bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accessible Judgments as a Practical Means to Reengage African Interest and Salvage the International Criminal Court
Authors: Kane Matthew C.
Published: July 2015

Accessible Judgments as a Practical Means to Reengage African Interest and Salvage the International Criminal Court

To ensure its continued viability, the International Criminal Court must find “practical” ways to appeal to its African (and global) audience, options that do not require substantial additional funding or revisions to the Rome Statute while remaining true to fundamental principles of international justice. Subject to such limitations, this article examines the “end product” of the ICC – the judgments authored by the Trial Chambers to date. Unfortunately, these opinions are simply incomprehensible to any but a few specially trained, highly interested stakeholders. They are extraordinarily complex and lengthy and fail to emphasize or address issues that are clearly important to the audiences in states where atrocities have occurred. The article reviews existing judgments and provides suggestions for future improvements, thereby increasing accessibility to African leadership, civil society organizations, and the public at large. Such efforts will contribute to increased legitimacy and, consequently, the long-term impact and relevancy of the Court.
Gestão de Custos em Projetos da Secretaria de Defesa Social de Minas Gerais
Authors: Campos Luiza Hermeto Coutinho
Published: July 2015

Este artigo dispõe sobre o gerenciamento de projetos no âmbito da Administração Pública, tendo em vista a escassez de material científico acerca desta metodologia gerencial sob a perspectiva não privada. Assim, o cerne do trabalho é o programa governamental Choque de Gestão, que trouxe a Gestão de Projetos ao Estado de Minas Gerais, no qual foram estabelecidas rotinas de monitoramento e instrumentos para gestão, baseados na Metodologia Estruturada de Planejamento e Controle de Projetos (MEPCP) para diversas áreas de conhecimento delimitadas pelo Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). Inserido neste contexto, o gerenciamento de custos é uma área basilar e complexa da gestão de projetos e, ao lidar com as diversas peculiaridades típicas da gestão orçamentária no setor público, a dificuldade é majorada. Para a pesquisa foi desenvolvido um estudo retrospectivo dos custos de um projeto da Secretaria de Estado de Defesa Social. Os resultados apontaram, em linhas gerais, que os procedimentos adotados não foram efetivos e que a utilização de recursos públicos não está sendo feita de maneira otimizada. Além disso, não há, ao final do projeto, uma avaliação do processo e, dessa maneira, não há verificação das falhas e boas práticas que trazem o feedback necessário para
Avaliação da Produção científica sobre o Alinhamento entre a TI e o Negócio e o Gerenciamento de Portfólio de Projetos
Authors: Neto João Souza , Orlandi Tomás Roberto Cotta
Published: July 2015

O objetivo do presente estudo é identificar referências cientificamente relevantes dos últimos cinco anos sobre o Alinhamento entre a Tecnologia da Informação – TI e o Negócio nas organizações, e também sobre a Gestão de Portfólio de Projetos – GPP como possível mecanismo para promoção deste alinhamento. A metodologia utilizada foi a realização de pesquisas exploratórias sistemáticas em bases de dados associados ao Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, a Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Dissertações e Teses – BDTD do IBICT, e a seleção e análise de artigos do portal Web of Knowledge. Com base no conjunto de publicações localizadas, foram determinadas as principais abordagens sobre alinhamento TI - Negócio e Gestão de Portfólio de Projetos. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam ainda uma diminuta produção científica atual diretamente relacionada aos temas pesquisados e à sua correlação.
Proposta de Método de Mensuração da Complexidade em Projetos
Authors: Souza Pinto Jefferson , Novaski Olívio , Anholon Rosley , Carpim Besteiro Élen Nara
Published: July 2015

O trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um instrumento de avaliação de projetos – uma Escala de Mensuração em graus numéricos – que contempla um conjunto de variáveis do atributo complexidade e incerteza em projetos. Do ponto de vista do Método, a pesquisa caracteriza-se como exploratória, pois se baseou no referencial teórico disponível sobre o assunto, levantamento de campo e desenvolvimento de uma Escala de Mensuração por meio de técnicas estatísticas. Pelo referencial teórico, identificou-se um conjunto de variáveis que foram avaliadas por 32 gestores de projetos que, por meio de um questionário, validaram um grupo de 14 variáveis, as quais passaram por análises de técnicas estatísticas de análises multivariadas – o Escalonamento Multidimensional e a Análise de Clusters. Os resultados das análises evidenciaram 10 variáveis que possuem maior aderência ao atributo complexidade e que, passam a compor a Escala de Mensuração. Esta análise permitiu a composição da referida escala, resultando na confecção de uma escala que faz convergir à classificação do atributo a um único ponto em relação à complexidade dos projetos. A Escala de Mensuração desenvolvida pode ser utilizada de forma rápida para qualquer projeto de diferentes tipos e portes de organização, tendo apenas como pré-requisito a identificação das variáveis dos projetos.
O Processo de Tomada de Decisão para a Seleção de Projetos em uma PME do Setor de Engenharia
Authors: Filho Nestor De Oliveira , Silveira Franciane Freitas , Sant Ana Paula Sanches
Published: July 2015

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o processo, as características e os fatores influenciadores da tomada de decisão para a seleção de novos projetos. O método escolhido foi o estudo de caso único realizado em uma média empresa brasileira do setor de engenharia. Os resultados permitiram constatar que a empresa-alvo realiza a tomada de decisão de forma menos complexa do que apresentam os modelos teóricos sobre o tema, o que não seria necessariamente um problema. Contudo, o processo apresenta algumas deficiências, entre elas, a falta de periodicidade na tomada de decisão, deixando a decisão de empreitar novos projetos para os clientes solicitantes, a falta de uma análise mais robusta para suportar a tomada de decisão, pois a análise fica restrita aos fatores organizacionais em detrimento de fatores ambientais e possui um cunho personalista sujeito a experiências, limitações e preconceitos pessoais do principal decisor da organização. Indica-se como contribuição teórica a necessidade do desenvolvimento de uma literatura que destaque as melhores práticas para a tomada de decisão nas pequenas e médias empresas, sobretudo, as brasileiras. Como contribuição prática para os gestores, indica-se a necessidade de tratar com maior importância o aperfeiçoamento dos estágios do processo de tomada de decisão e para os governos e associações ligadas às pequenas e médias empresas, a necessidade de patrocínio de programas voltados ao tema.
Speeches of the Planície Goitacá on cyberspace: documenting the language originally from the Baixada Campista
Authors: Souza Carlos Fabiano de
Published: July 2015

The Baixada Goitacá, or Baixada Campista, is a region known for having an interesting linguistic universe, at times neglected by speakers of the new generations. It can be said that due to the growth of the Norte-Fluminense region many words and expressions used long ago seem to have fallen in disuse. This current work aims at investigating the Facebook fanpage, Campista Cabrunco, regarded as a virtual space that allows rescuing and documenting the linguistic expressions typically found in the Planície Goitacá, thus maintaining alive and passing on the linguistic memory of past generations through cyberspace.
The subject/language relationship in written texts by PROEJA students
Authors: White Marlúcia Alves Secundo
Published: July 2015

In this article, I discuss the subject/language relations hip of texts written by students of the National Program for the Integration between Professional and Basic Education for young and adults (PROEJA), at the Federal Institute of Sergipe, Aracaju campus. I analyze linguistic phenomena and singularities of two texts selected from the students’ production. The analyzed data illustrate the language variety used by the students in their speech community, and identify the type of relationship established among them, the language used by them, and the language represented by the school.
Land use in Permanent Preservation Areas of the Feliz Lembrança Stream Basin, Alegre, ES, Brazil
Authors: Mendes Natália Gomes de Souza , Correia Tamíres Partélli , Santos Alexandre Rosa dos , Gonçalves Saulo Boldrini
Published: July 2015

The study aimed to define the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) of hills and mountains tops, water courses and springs in the Feliz Lembrança stream basin (Alegre/ES), as well as identify which land uses predominate over others. PPA located in the margins of water courses of watershed, showed the largest area (154.40 ha), followed by the tops of hills and mountains (122.07 ha), and PPA in the springs had the smallest area (25.06 ha). The study showed that the predominant use of the soil within the PPA was pasture, for a total of 152.57 ha (54.83%). Only 19.63% of the area of PPA (53.96 ha) are covered by forest cover, showing their marked susceptibility, due to fragmentation of the landscape.
Spatial analysis of forest fragments of the Rio da Prata subwatershed in Ibiraçu and Aracruz, ES, Brazil
Authors: Silva Samuel Ferreira da , Mendes Natália Gomes de Souza , Bermudes Wanderson Lyrio , Santos Alexandre Rosa dos , Garcia Giovanni de Oliveira
Published: July 2015

The aim of this work was to map forest fragments in the Rio da Prata subwatershed, in Ibiraçu and Aracruz — ES, as well as to analyze the structure of the forest landscape by metric indexes and landscape ecology. Mapping was obtained by photo interpretation in a scale of 1:5,000. A hundred and sixty-four fragments were found, representing 40.69% of the Rio da Prata subwatershed total area. Very small fragments (<5 ha) were predominating in the subwatershed, totalizing 138 fragments. Therefore, the forest constitution in the subwatershed is mostly made up of fragments smaller than 5 ha, indicating an elevated degree of forest fragmentation.
Factors that affect sprouting and tillering of sugar cane
Authors: Manhães Carmen Maria Coimbra , Garcia Ricardo Ferreira , Francelino Francisco Maurício Alves , Francelino Helenilson de Oliveira , Coelho Fábio Cunha
Published: July 2015

Currently, Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugar cane. Various factors can interfere in the productivity and technological quality of sugar cane, which in the end, represent the integration of the different conditions to which the culture was exposed. Some of the most relevant aspects for good final yielding or stand of plants are related to planting practices. These practices directly affect the ability of sprouting and tillering of sugar cane. Based on a review of the literature, this article aims to report the various factors that can affect sprouting and tillering of sugar cane.
Antioxidant activity and content of tannins, phenols, ascorbic acid and sugar in Cereus fernambucensis
Authors: Souza Rodrigo Diniz de , Nunes Clara dos Reis , Pereira Silvia Menezes de Faria , Oliveira Rodrigo Rodrigues de , Oliveira Daniela Barros de
Published: July 2015

Cereus fernambucensis, popularly known as manacaru, is known by the sweet taste of the fruit. Clinical research shows that phenolic antioxidants from fruits, grains and vegetables are the main factors that contribute to reducing the incidence of diseases, and contributing to health. Thus, we assessed the levels of tannins, total phenols, ascorbic acid and sugars in manacaru, taking into account the antioxidant activity.
CONTEMPORARY CHANGES IN THE HOTEL PRODUCT FOR SPA AND WELLNESS TOURISM AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Kadieva Snejinka
Published: July 2015

The paper focuses on modern changing trends of hotel product for spa and wellness tourism based on successful international experiences. Opportunities for applying such practices in Bulgaria are outlined, aiming at providing the Bulgarian spa and wellness hotel product with competitive advantages. The objective of this paper is to identify specific distribution channels for the specializes hotel product, directed at tourists with motivation of buying spa and wellness holidays, thus attracting a greater tourist flow to Bulgaria.
ВЕРСКИ ТУРИЗАМ И МОГУЋИ НЕГАТИВНИ ЕФЕКТИ У ОДНОСУ НА МАНАСТИРЕ
Authors: Mićunović Gordana , Novaković Nataša , Stefanović Goran
Published: July 2015

Верски туризам заузима значајно место на глобалном нивоу. Колико се туризмам бави верским туризмом у Србији и од каквог значаја је ова грана туризма за даљи развој туризма у нашој земљи. Да ли поред позитивних ефеката може имати и негативне ефекте, и у коликој мери. Да ли би стављање акцента на верски туризам у Србији приметно утицало на смањење броја незапослених? Неоспорно је да свакодневне посете манастирима од стране туриста, не и верника, ометају рад и начин живота свештеника. Крајњи ефекат посета верским објектима, поред позитивног ефекта за културу и културно наслеђе, може да резултира преобликовањем манастира у музеје а тако СПЦ губи на значају.
АНАЛИЗА МОТИВАЦИОНИХ ФАКТОРА У ППТ-СЕРВОУПРАВЉАЧИ АД У РЕСТРУКТУРИРАЊУ
Authors: Pecić Ljiljana
Published: July 2015

Oвај рад се бави анализом резултата добијених кроз истраживање фактора који мотивишу запослене у предузећу ППТ-Сервоуправлјачи АД у реструктурирању. Истраживање је спроведено са циљем да се утврди шта запослени мисле о појединим сегментима рада, а у тренутку када се налазе пред приватизацијом. За истраживање је коришћена анкета која је специјално дизајнирана за ове потребе, а запослени су исказали симпатије према теми и самим истраживачима.  Резултати су показали да су највише задовољољни сарадњом са надређенима,  а најмање платама. Истраживање ће, у случају приватизације, бити поновљено у року од годину дана и упоређивање тих резултата ће сигурно допринети у тумачењу српсле националне радне културе.
Clarification: Impact on Ultrafiltration Membrane Fouling in Drinking Water Treatment
Authors: Darracq Guillaume , Chokki Jeannette , Ragot Alexis , Bigarnet Xavier , Baron Jean , Joyeux Michel
Published: July 2015

The impact of different pretreatment conditions (powdered activated carbon [PAC] addition, iron chloride coagulation, and anionic polymer addition) on ultrafiltration membrane fouling was studied. Experiments were carried out at laboratory scale with new membranes and at pilot scale with used membranes. Results show that PAC has a positive effect—or at least, no negative effect—as long as backwashing allows effective removal of the filtration cake. On the other hand, excess PAC can generate irreversible fouling. Iron chloride has no negative impact for either native or used fibers as long as acid backwashes are effective. Inversely, an anionic polymer has a negative impact in every case—causing irreversible membrane fouling—despite its effectiveness in the clarification process. Test results also confirm that aged membranes are more sensitive to fouling than are pristine membranes. Their more hydrophobic structure is caused by the consumption of the hydrophilic agent under the effect of repeated contact with chlorinated water.
Starvation promotes concerted modulation of appetitive olfactory behavior via parallel neuromodulatory circuits
Authors: Ko Kang I , Root Cory M , Lindsay Scott A , Zaninovich Orel A , Shepherd Andrew K , Wasserman Steven A , Kim Susy M , Wang Jing W
Published: July 2015

The internal state of an organism influences its perception of attractive or aversive stimuli and thus promotes adaptive behaviors that increase its likelihood of survival. The mechanisms underlying these perceptual shifts are critical to our understanding of how neural circuits support animal cognition and behavior. Starved flies exhibit enhanced sensitivity to attractive odors and reduced sensitivity to aversive odors. Here, we show that a functional remodeling of the olfactory map is mediated by two parallel neuromodulatory systems that act in opposing directions on olfactory attraction and aversion at the level of the first synapse. Short neuropeptide F sensitizes an antennal lobe glomerulus wired for attraction, while tachykinin (DTK) suppresses activity of a glomerulus wired for aversion. Thus we show parallel neuromodulatory systems functionally reconfigure early olfactory processing to optimize detection of nutrients at the risk of ignoring potentially toxic food resources.
Tubulin cofactors and Arl2 are cage-like chaperones that regulate the soluble αβ-tubulin pool for microtubule dynamics
Authors: Nithianantham Stanley , Le Sinh , Seto Elbert , Jia Weitao , Leary Julie , Corbett Kevin D , Moore Jeffrey K , Al-Bassam Jawdat
Published: July 2015

Microtubule dynamics and polarity stem from the polymerization of αβ-tubulin heterodimers. Five conserved tubulin cofactors/chaperones and the Arl2 GTPase regulate α- and β-tubulin assembly into heterodimers and maintain the soluble tubulin pool in the cytoplasm, but their physical mechanisms are unknown. Here, we reconstitute a core tubulin chaperone consisting of tubulin cofactors TBCD, TBCE, and Arl2, and reveal a cage-like structure for regulating αβ-tubulin. Biochemical assays and electron microscopy structures of multiple intermediates show the sequential binding of αβ-tubulin dimer followed by tubulin cofactor TBCC onto this chaperone, forming a ternary complex in which Arl2 GTP hydrolysis is activated to alter αβ-tubulin conformation. A GTP-state locked Arl2 mutant inhibits ternary complex dissociation in vitro and causes severe defects in microtubule dynamics in vivo. Our studies suggest a revised paradigm for tubulin cofactors and Arl2 functions as a catalytic chaperone that regulates soluble αβ-tubulin assembly and maintenance to support microtubule dynamics.
Claire Painter, J. R. Martin y Len Unsworth: Reading Visual Narratives: Image Analysis in Children’s Picture Book
Authors: Maturana Araneda Carmen Luz
Published: July 2015

sin resumen
Effect of Peritoneal Incision on Immediate Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tanrikulu Yusuf , Cagsar Mithat , Yalcin Boran , Kokturk Furuzan , Yilmaz Gokhan , Temi Volkan
Published: July 2015

Hernia repair is a common surgical procedure, and postoperative pain is an inevitable result of hernia surgery. The prevention of postoperative pain is of considerable importance in terms of patient comfort and early discharge. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a peritoneal incision on pain in the early postoperative period. This was a prospective clinical study with 75 patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Patients were divided into 5 groups: indirect hernia, group 1; Lichtenstein repair with peritoneal incision, group 2: indirect hernia, Lichtenstein repair without peritoneal incision, group 3; all hernias, trans-abdominal preperitoneal repair, group 4; all hernias, total extraperitoneal repair, and direct hernia, Lichtenstein repair with no peritoneal incision, group 5. Groups were compared in terms of postoperative pain scores at 3 different times and complications. There were 62 males and 13 females; their average age was 51.25 years. The visual analog scale (VAS) scores were lower in groups 2, 4, and 5, and there were differences among groups and within each group according to VAS changes assessed at all time points (P < 0.05). There was no difference, according to VAS analysis, between open and laparoscopic surgery groups. There was a difference according to VAS changes in each group between hernia sides (P < 0.001). Peritoneal incision is a significant risk factor for postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair. However, surgical procedure was not a risk factor although VAS scores were higher in open versus laparoscopic surgery.
Dairy Products, Imitation
Authors: Noznick Peter P. , Atamer Zeynep , Hinrichs Jörg
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definition of Imitation Milk3.Ingredients4.Manufacture5.Products6.Standards and Quality Control7.Nutrition8.Toxicology9.Economic Aspects and Sustainability
Diazo Compounds and Diazo Reactions
Authors: Forstinger Klaus , Metz Hans Joachim , Koch Peter
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Introduction

2.
Aliphatic Diazo Compounds

3.
Aromatic Diazo Compounds

3.1.
Diazonium Salts

3.1.1.
Properties

3.1.2.
Diazotization

3.1.3.
Other Methods of Preparation

3.1.4.
Uses

3.2.
Diazotates

3.3.
Diazosulfonates

3.4.
Triazenes

3.5.
Other Aromatic Diazo Compounds

3.6.
Analysis

4.
Diazo Reactions

4.1.
Chemical Transformation with Retention of the Diazo Group

4.2.
Reactions at the Diazo Group

4.3.
Dediazotization (Replacement of the Diazo Group)

5.
Environmental Protection

6.
Safety

7.
Toxicology
Methylamines
Authors: Roose Peter
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.History2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Synthesis4.2.Purification5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health [34]
Corrosion, 1. Electrochemical
Authors: Feser Ralf , Gräfen Hubert , Horn Elmar‐Manfred , Schlecker Hartmut , Schindler Helmut
Published: July 2015

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Basic Electrochemistry2.1.Electrochemical Equilibrium2.2.Electrochemical Kinetics2.2.1.Corrosion Elements2.2.2.Mixed Electrode and Mixed Potential2.2.3.Overpotential and Polarization2.3.Current Density – Potential Curves2.4.Hydrogen Overpotential and Acid Corrosion2.5.Oxygen Overpotential and Oxygen Corrosion2.6.Protective Film Formation and Passivity3.Types of Electrolytic Corrosion3.1.Uniform and Nonuniform Surface Corrosion3.2.Forms of Localized Corrosion without Applied Mechanical Stress3.2.1.Pitting Corrosion3.2.2.Crevice Corrosion3.2.3.Selective Corrosion3.2.3.1.Intergranular Corrosion3.2.3.2.Spongiosis3.2.3.3.Dezincification3.2.3.4.Line‐ and Layer‐Type Corrosion3.3.Forms of Local Corrosion under Mechanical Stress3.3.1.Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.1.Unalloyed and Low‐Alloy Steels3.3.1.2.Stainless Steels3.3.1.3.Nonferrous Metals3.3.1.4.Special Types of Stress Corrosion Cracking3.3.1.5.Hydrogen‐Induced Cracking at Low Temperatures3.3.1.6.Hydrogen Corrosion at Elevated Temperatures3.3.2.Corrosion Fatigue3.3.3.Differentiation Between Types of Corrosion Cracking
The global land rush and climate change
Authors: Davis Kyle Frankel , Rulli Maria Cristina , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: July 2015

Climate change poses a serious global challenge in the face of rapidly increasing human demand for energy and food. A recent phenomenon in which climate change may play an important role is the acquisition of large tracts of land in the developing world by governments and corporations. In the target countries, where land is relatively inexpensive, the potential to increase crop yields is generally high and property rights are often poorly defined. By acquiring land, investors can realize large profits and countries can substantially alter the land and water resources under their control, thereby changing their outlook for meeting future demand. While the drivers, actors, and impacts involved with land deals have received substantial attention in the literature, we propose that climate change plays an important yet underappreciated role, both through its direct effects on agricultural production and through its influence on mitigative or adaptive policy decisions. Drawing from various literature sources as well as a new global database on reported land deals, we trace the evolution of the global land rush and highlight prominent examples in which the role of climate change is evident. We find that climate change—both historical and anticipated—interacts substantially with drivers of land acquisitions, having important implications for the resilience of communities in targeted areas. As a result of this synthesis, we ultimately contend that considerations of climate change should be integrated into future policy decisions relating to the large‐scale land acquisitions.
In situ determination of surface relaxivities for unconsolidated sediments
Authors: Duschl Markus , Galvosas Petrik , Brox Timothy I. , Pohlmeier Andreas , Vereecken Harry
Published: July 2015

NMR relaxometry has developed into a method for rapid pore‐size determination of natural porous media. Nevertheless, it is prone to uncertainties because of unknown surface relaxivities which depend mainly on the chemical composition of the pore walls as well as on the interfacial dynamics of the pore fluid. The classical approach for the determination of surface relaxivities is the scaling of NMR relaxation times by surface to volume ratios measured by gas adsorption or mercury intrusion. However, it is preferable that a method for the determination of average pore sizes uses the same substance, water, as probe molecule for both relaxometry and surface to volume measurements. One should also ensure that in both experiments the dynamics of the probe molecule takes place on similar length scales, which are in the order of some microns. Therefore, we employed NMR diffusion measurements with different observation times using bipolar pulsed field gradients and applied them to unconsolidated sediments (two purified sands, two natural sands, and one soil). The evaluation by Mitra's short‐time model for diffusion in restricted environments yielded information about the surface to volume ratios which is independent of relaxation mechanisms. We point out that methods based on NMR diffusometry yield pore dimensions and surface relaxivities consistent with a pore space as sampled by native pore fluids via the diffusion process. This opens a way to calibrate NMR relaxation measurements with other NMR techniques, providing information about the pore‐size distribution of natural porous media directly from relaxometry.
The science and practice of river restoration
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Lane Stuart N. , Wilcox Andrew C.
Published: July 2015

River restoration is one of the most prominent areas of applied water‐resources science. From an initial focus on enhancing fish habitat or river appearance, primarily through structural modification of channel form, restoration has expanded to incorporate a wide variety of management activities designed to enhance river process and form. Restoration is conducted on headwater streams, large lowland rivers, and entire river networks in urban, agricultural, and less intensively human‐altered environments. We critically examine how contemporary practitioners approach river restoration and challenges for implementing restoration, which include clearly identified objectives, holistic understanding of rivers as ecosystems, and the role of restoration as a social process. We also examine challenges for scientific understanding in river restoration. These include: how physical complexity supports biogeochemical function, stream metabolism, and stream ecosystem productivity; characterizing response curves of different river components; understanding sediment dynamics; and increasing appreciation of the importance of incorporating climate change considerations and resiliency into restoration planning. Finally, we examine changes in river restoration within the past decade, such as increasing use of stream mitigation banking; development of new tools and technologies; different types of process‐based restoration; growing recognition of the importance of biological‐physical feedbacks in rivers; increasing expectations of water quality improvements from restoration; and more effective communication between practitioners and river scientists.
Estimating rates of debris flow entrainment from ground vibrations
Authors: Kean J. W. , Coe J. A. , Coviello V. , Smith J. B. , McCoy S. W. , Arattano M.
Published: July 2015

Debris flows generate seismic waves as they travel downslope and can become more dangerous as they entrain sediment along their path. We present field observations that show a systematic relation between the magnitude of seismic waves and the amount of erodible sediment beneath the flow. Specifically, we observe that a debris flow traveling along a channel filled initially with sediment 0.34 m thick generates about 2 orders of magnitude less spectral power than a similar‐sized flow over the same channel without sediment fill. We adapt a model from fluvial seismology to explain this observation and then invert it to estimate the level of bed sediment (and rate of entrainment) beneath a passing series of surges. Our estimates compare favorably with previous direct measurements of entrainment rates at the site, suggesting the approach may be a new indirect way to obtain rare field constraints needed to test models of debris flow entrainment.
On the size and velocity distribution of cosmic dust particles entering the atmosphere
Authors: Carrillo‐Sánchez J. D. , Plane J. M. C. , Feng W. , Nesvorný D. , Janches D.
Published: July 2015

The size and velocity distribution of cosmic dust particles entering the Earth's atmosphere is uncertain. Here we show that the relative concentrations of metal atoms in the upper mesosphere, and the surface accretion rate of cosmic spherules, provide sensitive probes of this distribution. Three cosmic dust models are selected as case studies: two are astronomical models, the first constrained by infrared observations of the Zodiacal Dust Cloud and the second by radar observations of meteor head echoes; the third model is based on measurements made with a spaceborne dust detector. For each model, a Monte Carlo sampling method combined with a chemical ablation model is used to predict the ablation rates of Na, K, Fe, Mg, and Ca above 60 km and cosmic spherule production rate. It appears that a significant fraction of the cosmic dust consists of small (<5 µg) and slow (<15 km s−1) particles.
Mw dependence of the preseismic ionospheric electron enhancements
Authors: Heki K. , Enomoto Y.
Published: July 2015

Ionospheric electron enhancement was reported to have occurred ~40 min before the 2011 Tohoku‐oki (Mw9.0) earthquake, Japan, by observing total electron content (TEC) with Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers. Their reality has been repeatedly questioned due mainly to the ambiguity in the derivation of the reference TEC curves from which anomalies are defined. Here we propose a numerical approach, based on Akaike's information criterion, to detect positive breaks (sudden increase of TEC rate) in the vertical TEC time series without using reference curves. We demonstrate that such breaks are detected 25–80 min before the eight recent large earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) of 8.2–9.2. The amounts of precursory rate changes were found to depend upon background TEC as well as Mw. The precursor times also showed Mw dependence, and the precursors of intraplate earthquakes tend to start earlier than interplate earthquakes. We also performed the same analyses during periods without earthquakes to evaluate the usefulness of TEC observations for short‐term earthquake prediction.
Comparison of co‐located independent ground‐based middle atmospheric wind and temperature measurements with numerical weather prediction models
Authors: Le Pichon A. , Assink J. D. , Heinrich P. , Blanc E. , Charlton‐Perez A. , Lee C. F. , Keckhut P. , Hauchecorne A. , Rüfenacht R. , Kämpfer N. , Drob D. P. , Smets P. S. M. , Evers L. G. , Ceranna L. , Pilger C. , Ross O. , Claud C.
Published: July 2015

High‐resolution, ground‐based and independent observations including co‐located wind radiometer, lidar stations, and infrasound instruments are used to evaluate the accuracy of general circulation models and data‐constrained assimilation systems in the middle atmosphere at northern hemisphere midlatitudes. Systematic comparisons between observations, the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses including the recent Integrated Forecast System cycles 38r1 and 38r2, the NASA's Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalyses, and the free‐running climate Max Planck Institute–Earth System Model–Low Resolution (MPI‐ESM‐LR) are carried out in both temporal and spectral domains. We find that ECMWF and MERRA are broadly consistent with lidar and wind radiometer measurements up to ~40 km. For both temperature and horizontal wind components, deviations increase with altitude as the assimilated observations become sparser. Between 40 and 60 km altitude, the standard deviation of the mean difference exceeds 5 K for the temperature and 20 m/s for the zonal wind. The largest deviations are observed in winter when the variability from large‐scale planetary waves dominates. Between lidar data and MPI‐ESM‐LR, there is an overall agreement in spectral amplitude down to 15–20 days. At shorter time scales, the variability is lacking in the model by ~10 dB. Infrasound observations indicate a general good agreement with ECWMF wind and temperature products. As such, this study demonstrates the potential of the infrastructure of the Atmospheric Dynamics Research Infrastructure in Europe project that integrates various measurements and provides a quantitative understanding of stratosphere‐troposphere dynamical coupling for numerical weather prediction applications.
Measurements of the complex refractive index of volcanic ash at 450, 546.7, and 650 nm
Authors: Ball J. G. C. , Reed B. E. , Grainger R. G. , Peters D. M. , Mather T. A. , Pyle D. M.
Published: July 2015

The detection and quantification of volcanic ash is extremely important to the aviation industry, civil defense organizations, and those in peril from volcanic ashfall. To exploit the remote sensing techniques that are used to monitor a volcanic cloud and return information on its properties, the effective complex refractive index of the volcanic ash is required. This paper presents the complex refractive index determined in the laboratory at 450.0 nm, 546.7 nm, and 650.0 nm for volcanic ash samples from eruptions of Aso (Japan), Grímsvötn (Iceland), Chaitén (Chile), Etna (Italy), Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland), Tongariro (New Zealand), Askja (Iceland), Nisyros (Greece), Okmok (Alaska), Augustine (Alaska), and Spurr (Alaska). The Becke line method was used to measure the real part of the refractive index with an accuracy of 0.01. The values measured differed between eruptions and were in the range 1.51–1.63 at 450.0 nm, 1.50–1.61 at 546.7 nm, and 1.50–1.59 at 650.0 nm. A novel method is introduced to derive the imaginary part of the refractive index from the attenuation of light by ash. The method has a precision in the range 10−3–10−4. The values for the ash imaginary refractive index ranged 0.22–1.70 × 10−3 at 450.0 nm, 0.16–1.93 × 10−3 at 546.7 nm, and 0.15–2.08 × 10−3 at 650.0 nm. The accuracy of Becke and attenuation methods was assessed by measuring the complex refractive index of Hoya neutral density glass and found to have an accuracy of <0.01 and <2 × 10−5 for the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, respectively.
Getting the Picture: Effects of Sketch Plans and Photographs on Children's, Adolescents' and Adults' Eyewitness Recall
Authors: Jack Fiona , Martyn Elise , Zajac Rachel
Published: July 2015

We compared the effects of three types of visual aid on free recall across three age groups in an eyewitness paradigm. Child, adolescent and adult participants (N = 144) viewed a short film depicting a non‐violent crime and, following a brief delay, gave a free‐recall account. Participants then described the event once again, with the aid of their own sketch plan, a provided sketch plan or photograph, or with no visual aid. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded for the type and accuracy of information reported. Across all age groups, relative to the control condition, all three visual aids increased the amount of new information reported during the second free‐recall account and helped participants to maintain accuracy. All three visual aids therefore had a positive effect on participants' performance; in a forensic setting, however, witnesses' own sketch plans are likely to be the safest, most easily applied and most time effective.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Sacroiliitis at Diagnosis of Juvenile Spondyloarthritis by Radiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Clinical Examination
Authors: Weiss Pamela F. , Xiao Rui , Biko David M. , Chauvin Nancy A.
Published: July 2015

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of sacroiliitis at diagnosis of juvenile spondyloarthritis (SpA) and the accuracy of physical examination and back pain to detect sacroiliitis, using imaging as the reference standard.

Methods

We performed a prospective cross‐sectional study of 40 children with newly diagnosed juvenile SpA and 14 healthy controls. Subjects were assessed using physical examination, anteroposterior pelvic radiograph, and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Differences in clinical features between those children with and without sacroiliitis were assessed by Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon's rank sum test for continuous variables. Accuracy of physical examination and back pain for detection of sacroiliitis was determined using MRI as the reference standard. Predicted probability of sacroiliitis was determined using exact multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Eight children (20%) with juvenile SpA had active sacroiliitis. Of those subjects with active changes on MRI, 7 of 8 (88%) also had evidence of erosions or sclerosis. Five children (13%) with juvenile SpA and 1 control (7%) had nonperiarticular bone marrow edema. Of the subjects with active sacroiliitis, only 3 (38%) reported a history of back pain or tenderness on palpation of the sacroiliac joints. The positive and negative predictive values of clinical examination features and back pain for detection of sacroiliitis were low. The estimated probability of having sacroiliitis was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.40–1.00) in HLA–B27–positive patients with an elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) level.

Conclusion

Active sacroiliitis by MRI is common at diagnosis in juvenile SpA and is frequently asymptomatic. Children who are HLA–B27–positive and have elevated CRP levels have the highest probability of sacroiliitis.
Painting and Direct Writing of Silver Nanostructures on Phosphate Glass with Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Jacobs Kyle E. , Ferreira Placid M.
Published: July 2015

Surfaces with silver nanostructures are useful, due to their potential to resonate strongly with visible light. This report demonstrates a process for the directed extraction of silver at the surface of a transparent superionic conductor. A focused electron beam incident on superionic AgIAgPO3 glass results in localized negative charge deposition, which is neutralized by the electrochemical reduction of free silver ions. This process was characterized for beam energies ranging from 1 to 12 kV and primary beam fluence ranging from 50 pC μm−2 to 35 nC μm−2. For electron fluence less than 2.5 nC μm−2 the process produces vibrant coloration of the glass which can be tuned throughout the entire visible spectrum. Fluence greater than 2.5 nC μm−2 results in the controlled writing of bulk silver on the surface, with a minimum line width as small as 400 nm and narrow gaps as small as 50 nm. The high ionic conductivity of the substrate is shown to be a vital component to the process, allowing the wide range of colors to be produced along with the controlled, nondendritic growth of silver structures.
Magnetite Nanostructured Porous Hollow Helical Microswimmers for Targeted Delivery
Authors: Yan Xiaohui , Zhou Qi , Yu Jiangfan , Xu Tiantian , Deng Yan , Tang Tao , Feng Qian , Bian Liming , Zhang Yan , Ferreira Antoine , Zhang Li
Published: July 2015

Bacteria‐inspired magnetic helical micro‐/nanoswimmers can be actuated and steered in a fuel‐free manner using a low‐strength rotating magnetic field, generating remotely controlled 3D locomotion with high precision in a variety of biofluidic environments. They are therefore envisioned for biomedical applications related to targeted diagnosis and therapy. In this article, a porous hollow microswimmer possessing an outer shell aggregated by mesoporous spindle‐like magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) and a helical‐shaped inner cavity is proposed. The fabrication is straightforward via a cost‐effective mass‐production process of biotemplated synthesis using helical microorganisms. Here, Spirulina‐based fabrication is demonstrated as an example. The fabricated microswimmers are superparamagnetic and exhibit low cytotoxicity. They are also capable of performing structural disassembly to form individual NPs using ultrasound when needed. For the first time in the literature of helical microswimmers, a porous hollow architecture is successfully constructed, achieving an ultrahigh specific surface area for surface functionalization and enabling diffusion‐based cargo loading/release. Furthermore, experimental and analytical results indicate better swimming performance of the microswimmers than the existing non‐hollow helical micromachines of comparable sizes and dimensions. These characteristics of the as‐proposed microswimmers suggest a novel microrobotic tool with high loading capacity for targeted delivery of therapeutic/imaging agents in vitro and in vivo.
Synthesis of Heterocycle‐fused Pyridine N‐Oxides from Oximes and Diazo Compounds via RhIII‐Catalyzed CH Activation and Annulation
Authors: Sun Peng , Wu Youzhi , Yang Tie , Wu Xiaoming , Xu Jinyi , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan
Published: July 2015

A RhIII‐catalyzed tandem CH activation and CN bond formation reaction between oximes and diazo compounds for the synthesis of heterocycle‐fused pyridine N‐oxides has been developed. The reaction exhibits good functional group tolerance and regioselectivity. After simple transformation, the 1‐substituted, 1,3‐disubstituted, 1,4‐disubstituted and 1,3,4‐trisubstituted heterocycle‐fused pyridines were all obtained in high efficiency. Moreover, this strategy has also been expanded to the synthesis of a key intermediate for the construction of one potential anti‐HIV agent.

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Miniaturized Supercapacitors: Focused Ion Beam Reduced Graphene Oxide Supercapacitors with Enhanced Performance Metrics
Authors: Lobo Derrek E. , Banerjee Parama Chakraborty , Easton Christopher D. , Majumder Mainak
Published: July 2015

Miniaturization of energy storage devices with enhanced performance metrics can reduce the footprint of microdevices being used in our daily life. Micro‐­supercapacitor architectures with planar geometry provides several advantages, such as, the ability to control and reduce the distances ions travel between two electrodes, easy integration to microdevices, and offer the potential of being extended into 3D without compromising the interelectrode distances. Here, focused ion beam (FIB) technology is used to directly write miniaturized planar electrode systems of reduced graphene oxide (FIB‐rGO) on films of graphene oxide. Using optimized ion beam irradiation, interdigitated FIB‐rGO electrode designs with 40 μm long and 3.5 μm wide fingers with ultrasmall interelectrode spacing of 1 μm demonstrate a large capacitance (102 mF cm−2), ultrasmall time response (0.03 ms), low equivalent series resistance (0.35 mΩ cm2), and retain 95% of the capacitance after 1000 cycles at an ultrahigh current density of 45 mA cm−2. These performance metrics show remarkable improvements on several counts of supercapacitor performance over existing reports due to the miniaturized electrode dimensions and minimal damage to the graphene sheets. It is believed that these results can provide avenues for large‐scale fabrication of arrayed, planar, high‐performance micro‐supercapacitors with a small environmental footprint.
Integrating expanders into heat exchanger networks above ambient temperature
Authors: Fu Chao , Gundersen Truls
Published: July 2015

The integration of expanders into heat exchanger networks (HENs) is a complex task since both heat and work are involved. In addition, the role of streams (as hot or cold), the utility demand, and the location of pinch points may change. With certain well‐defined conditions, four theorems are proposed for the integration of expanders into HENs above ambient temperature with the objective of minimizing exergy consumption. A straightforward graphical methodology for above ambient HENs design including expanders is developed on the basis of Grand Composite Curves (GCCs). It is concluded that to achieve a design with minimum exergy consumption, stream splitting may be applied and expansion should be done at pinch temperatures, hot utility temperature, or ambient temperature. In the majority of cases, however, and in line with the concept of Appropriate Placement from Pinch Analysis, expansion at pinch temperatures gives the minimum exergy consumption. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3404–3422, 2015
Kinetic insight into electrochemically mediated ATRP gained through modeling
Authors: Guo Jun‐Kang , Zhou Yin‐Ning , Luo Zheng‐Hong
Published: July 2015

A detailed kinetic model was constructed using the method of moments to elucidate the electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP). Combined with electrochemical theory, the reducing rate coefficient relevant to the overpotential in eATRP was coupled into the kinetic model. The rate coefficients for eATRP equilibrium and the reducing rate coefficient were fitted to match the experimental data. The effects of catalyst loading, overpotential, and application of programmable electrolysis on the eATRP behavior were investigated based on the tested kinetic model. Results showed that the apparent polymerization rate exhibited a square root dependence on catalyst loading. In addition, a more negative potential accelerated the polymerization rate before the mass transport limitation was reached. This phenomenon indicated that the polymerization rate could be artificially controlled by the designed program (i.e., stepwise and intermittent electrolysis programs). What is more, the normal ATRP, photo‐ATRP, and eATRP were compared to obtain a deeper understanding of these ATRP systems. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4347–4357, 2015
Heat and hydration status: Predictors of repeated measures of urine specific gravity among Tsimane’ adults in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Rosinger Asher
Published: July 2015

Objective

Hydration status is critical to physiological and cognitive health, yet it is unclear how populations living in hot‐humid environments experiencing lifestyle transitions manage this underexplored facet of heat adaptation. This study assesses the predictors of repeated measures of hydration status for adults from two villages (close and distant from a market town) in the Bolivian Amazon.

Materials and Methods

Interviews and focal follows were conducted with 36 Tsimane’ (50% male). Urine samples, temperature, activity levels, and anthropometrics were measured pre‐interview and post‐follow and yielded a small panel (72 observations). Urine samples were analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG), a biomarker of hydration, with a refractometer.

Results

The mean USG was 1.020 g/ml (SD ± 0.008) with men (1.022 ± 0.008) slightly more dehydrated than women (1.018 ± 0.007). Using 1.020 as the criteria for clinical dehydration, 42% of the participants were dehydrated at both intervals and 21% were extremely dehydrated. Controlling for activity level, village membership, and covariates in random‐effects linear regression models, each degree centigrade increase was associated with a USG increase of 0.0008 g/ml (P = 0.000). Adults from the village closer to the market town had significantly higher USG (B = 0.0041; P = 0.04) than those in the distant village. Dehydration was predicted to occur at 29°C, just above the thermoneutral range, and extreme dehydration at 37°C.

Discussion

These findings suggest that hotter temperatures coupled with lifestyle transitions may create conditions that increase vulnerability to dehydration among rural populations through landscape modifications and diet changes. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:696–707, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.