bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tiling Robotics: A New Paradigm of Shape‐Morphing Reconfigurable Robots
Authors: Samarakoon S. M. Bhagya P. , Muthugala M. A. Viraj J. , Elara Mohan Rajesh
Published: November 2024

The ability of reconfigurable robots to adapt to varying tasks and environments furnishes versatility and efficiency in their operations. In this article, tiling robots are introduced as a novel paradigm of shape‐morphing reconfigurable robots, defining them as polyform‐inspired machines capable of transforming between at least two polymorphic shapes. In the study, the existing and future designs of tiling robots by varying base shapes and polygon selections are explored, identifying a significant gap for further exploration of polyforms in their design. The various reconfiguration‐enabling mechanisms and locomotion mechanisms of tiling robots are comparatively analyzed. Summarized electromechanical developments, along with a proposed generalized kinematic model and control scheme, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of tiling robots. A comparison of tiling robots with other established reconfigurable robots is conducted to position tiling robotics within the broader landscape of reconfigurable robotics. The introduction of a new naming convention addresses the absence of a standardized nomenclature for tiling robots. In this article, highlighting the current focus on area coverage in autonomy algorithms of tiling robots, future developments in diverse application domains like logistics, entertainment, and education are anticipated, emphasizing the adaptability of tiling robots as a critical feature for their proliferation across various domains.
Sex‐specific topological structure associated with dementia via latent space estimation
Authors: Wang Selena , Wang Yiting , Xu Frederick H. , Tian Xinyuan , Fredericks Carolyn A. , Shen Li , Zhao Yize ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

We investigate sex‐specific topological structures associated with typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia using a novel state‐of‐the‐art latent space estimation technique.

METHODS

This study applies a probabilistic approach for latent space estimation that extends current multiplex network modeling approaches and captures the higher‐order dependence in functional connectomes by preserving transitivity and modularity structures.

RESULTS

We find sex differences in network topology with females showing more default mode network (DMN)‐centered hyperactivity and males showing more limbic system (LS)‐centered hyperactivity, while both show DMN‐centered hypoactivity. We find that centrality plays an important role in dementia‐related dysfunction with stronger association between connectivity changes and regional centrality in females than in males.

DISCUSSION

The study contributes to the current literature by providing a more comprehensive picture of dementia‐related neurodegeneration linking centrality, network segregation, and DMN‐centered changes in functional connectomes, and how these components of neurodegeneration differ between the sexes.

Highlights

We find evidence supporting the active role network topology plays in neurodegeneration with an imbalance between the excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that can lead to whole‐brain destabilization in dementia patients.

We find sex‐based differences in network topology with females showing more default mode network (DMN)‐centered hyperactivity, males showing more limbic system (LS)‐centered hyperactivity, while both show DMN‐centered hypoactivity.

We find that brain region centrality plays an important role in dementia‐related dysfunction with a stronger association between connectivity changes and regional centrality in females than in males.

Females, compared to males, tend to exhibit stronger dementia‐related changes in regions that are the central actors of the brain networks.

Taken together, this research uniquely contributes to the current literature by providing a more comprehensive picture of dementia‐related neurodegeneration linking centrality, network segregation, and DMN‐centered changes in functional connectomes, and how these components of neurodegeneration differ between the sexes.
Discrimination, social support, and wellness among BIPOC counseling students
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Kim Isak , Mumbauer‐Pisano Jayna , Kim Taewon , Zeligman Melissa
Published: November 2024

We investigated the relationship between discrimination, wellness, and social support among counseling students who identified as Black, Indigenous, or people of color (BIPOC). Results indicated that perceived discrimination negatively predicted counseling students’ wellness, and social support played a buffering role in the negative effect of perceived discrimination on wellness.
Exploring signs of central sensitization in adolescents with hypermobility Spectrum disorder or hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome
Authors: Schubert‐Hjalmarsson Elke , Fasth Anders , Ickmans Kelly , Söderpalm Ann‐Charlott , Lundberg Mari
Published: November 2024

Background

Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) and Hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) are two overlapping heritable connective tissue disorders characterized by joint hypermobility, chronic pain, impaired body perception, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Central sensitization has been proposed as a plausible explanation for symptoms like widespread pain, fatigue, mood disorders, and sleep disturbances in patients with HSD/hEDS.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate signs of central sensitization, including exercise‐induced hypoalgesia (EIH), and fatigue severity in adolescents with HSD/hEDS.

Methods

In this prospective, experimental, case–control study, thirty‐seven adolescents with HSD/hEDS and 47 healthy adolescents (all aged 13–17 years) were included. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured at four muscle groups using a pressure algometer. EIH was evaluated by measuring PPTs on two muscle groups immediately after an exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. Participants also completed questionnaires on fatigue and cognitive/emotional factors.

Results

The study demonstrated significantly lower PPTs in four different muscle groups in adolescents with HSD/hEDS compared to the healthy control group. Both groups achieved a significantly higher PPTs after exercise in the muscle involved in the activity. Adolescents with HSD/hEDS reported higher fatigue levels and more cognitive/emotional difficulties than the control group.

Conclusion

Adolescents with HSD/hEDS showed generalized hyperalgesia measured through PPTs at different body sites. EIH was partly affected in adolescents with HSD/hEDS, presenting as unchanged pain sensitivity in the remote muscle. Pain should be considered as a phenomenon that is influenced by different biopsychosocial factors, including possible central sensitization, which increase its complexity.

Significance statement

This study breaks new ground by showing signs of central sensitization, including diminished EIH, in adolescents with HSD or hEDS. Given that exercise is a key element in pain management, these findings offer valuable insights when developing treatment plans for adolescents with HSD or hEDS.
Food Security Status and Associated Drivers Among Climate Migrant Households in Bangladesh: Insight From Urban Informal Settlements
Authors: Hoque Farhana , Khan Md. Ayatullah , Urme Irin Azhar , Sultana Rashmia , Al Imran Sardar
Published: November 2024

Climate migrants and their food accessibility are a pressing issue in Bangladesh that has not been adequately addressed in previous studies. This research aimed to examine the food security status and its associated drivers among climate migrant households' residing in urban informal settlements in Khulna city. This study was conducted in three selected wards (12, 21, and 31) known for their urban informal settlements and high concentrations of climate migrants. Data were collected on socioeconomic, demographic, COVID‐19 impacts, and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale using an interview schedule. Descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi‐square test and binary logit model) were used to analyze the data. The study found a large portion of households to be food insecure (83.3%). Several socio‐demographic and economic issues, including the household head's education, occupation, and health, the number of working members, monthly income, savings, debt, and access to a safety net, were identified as significant drivers of food insecurity. Moreover, COVID‐19 impacts, considering loss of employment, income, and savings, shortages of daily needs, and price hikes on food items, were identified as the significant contributors to food insecurity. Responsible stakeholders may utilize the outcomes of this study to combat food insecurity and hunger among climate migrants residing in urban informal settlements through necessary policy measures.
Aromatherapy was used to explore the sedative and hypnotic effects of Moringa seed essential oil on insomnia rats
Authors: Wei Shaofeng , Chen Ruijie , Liu Xiaoyi , Ma Haoran , Peng Yang , Wu Xiefei , An Yong , Wang Xinru , Luo Peng
Published: November 2024

Moringa is a type of plant that is used both for medicinal and food. Moringa seed (MS) are rich in volatile oil and have initially been employed to treat diseases of the nervous system. Insomnia, a prevalent neurological disorder, has led to this study's aim: to extract the essential oil from MS and analyze its potential to improve sleep. This study utilized petroleum ether for the thermal extraction of the essential oil from MS, which was then subjected to compositional analysis using Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS). P‐chlorophenyl alanine (PCPA) was used to induce an insomnia model in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Following the successful establishment of the model, the MS essential oil was administered at concentrations of 10%, 5%, and 2.5% to investigate its sedative and hypnotic effects. The efficacy of the MS essential oil was assessed by observing the general condition of rats in each group, conducting an open field test, a pentobarbital sodium righting test, and measuring the serum 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine) levels and hypothalamic GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) content. GC–MS analysis of the MS essential oil revealed a rich composition, including oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stigmasterol, and γ‐stigmasterol, among other substances. Through the assessment of the rats' general condition, behavioral tests, and blood biochemical assays, it was inferred that MS essential oil aromatherapy can reduce the rat's locomotor activity, increase their interest in activity and exploration, enhance the serum 5‐HT levels, and elevate hypothalamic GABA content. Consequently, it can be concluded that MS essential oil has a sedative and hypnotic effect.
Nutritional, Functional, and Microbial Quality of Wheat Biscuits Enriched With Malted Pearl Millet and Orange Peel Flours
Authors: Ramashia Shonisani Eugenia , Ntsanwisi Matimu Delicate , Onipe Oluwatoyin Oladayo , Mashau Mpho Edward , Olamiti Gbeminiyi
Published: November 2024

In this study, composite biscuits were produced by combining wheat flour (WF) with different proportions of malted pearl millet (MPM) flour (8%, 16%, 24%, and 32%) and orange peel (OP) flour (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), using 100% WF as a control. The investigation covered the functional properties, viscosity, and thermal properties of the flours, along with the proximate composition, antioxidant, physical properties, color attributes, and microbial quality of the composite biscuits. As MPM and OP flour (OPF) contents increased, water absorption capacity, dispersibility, and foaming power increased, while the viscosities of both hot and cold pastes decreased. The thermal properties of the composite flours, including onset, peak, and final temperatures (ranging between 74.19°C and 100.76°C), showed an upward trend with increasing proportions of MPM and orange peel flour (OPF). There was an increase in moisture content (3.43%–4.93%), ash (4.50%–5.59%), crude protein (11.70%–13.41%), and crude fiber (11.44%–16.24%) of biscuits with the incorporation of MPM and OPF. Similarly, the diameter (4.12–4.60 mm), thickness (9.00–10.00 mm), and hardness (7.53–8.75 N) of the biscuits were increased. Antioxidant properties were evident, with an increased total phenolic content (1.40–3.56 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (2.91–6.79 mg QUE/100 g), vitamin C (0.79–1.01 mg/g), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (1.78–8.64 mg GAE/g). Conversely, color attributes—L* (31.90), a* (10.82), b* (19.59), hue angle (30.42), and chroma (53.66)—were found to decrease with higher levels of MPM and OPF. Microbial quality showed decreased total counts, coliforms, yeasts, and mold in biscuits containing MPM and OPF. Overall, the inclusion of MPM and OPF enhanced the nutritional quality of the biscuits and could reduce reliance on imported wheat.
Dear Kathleen: An Immersed Reflexive Inquiry of Sex Work, Sexual Violence, and College Students
Authors: Stewart Terah J. , Snow Olivia , Linder Chris
Published: November 2024

Within scholarship and public discourse, the concepts sex work and sexual violence are often conflated. More specifically, sex work is specifically framed as sexual violence that relies on a prevalent oppression paradigm analytic with respect to erotic labor(ers). This necessarily impacts research and scholarship on sex workers, and it informs the experiences of college students engaged in sex work. Situated as an immersed reflexive inquiry, we analyze the bounds of sex work, sexual violence, and what, if any, nexus exists between them through our personal, professional, and academic experiences in tandem with an artifact (a reflexive letter) written by a college student sex work to her past self. We interrogate implications and offer a clear perspective on whether sex work is sexual violence and why it matters.
Infants adapt their pointing frequency to experimentally manipulated parent responsiveness but not parent pointing
Authors: Kaletsch Katharina , Liszkowski Ulf
Published: November 2024

Infant pointing is predictive of later language development, but little is known about factors enhancing the development of pointing. The current study investigated two possible social learning mechanisms in the development of pointing. Given that infants observe their caregivers' pointing gestures from early on, one possibility is learning via imitation. A second possibility is that caregivers' contingent reactions to infant communication promote communicative exchange, including pointing. To test which of these behaviours influences infants' pointing frequency, we manipulated parents' pointing frequency and their responsive behaviour via instructions in a cross‐sectional 2 × 3 design. We randomly assigned 12‐months‐old infants (N = 131, 65 females) and one of their parents to six different experimental groups. Participants were predominantly central Europeans from middle to high socioeconomic backgrounds. Data were collected with an online remote adaption of the decorated‐room paradigm. Parents successfully adapted their behaviours to the instructions. Parents' increased responsiveness, but not their increased pointing in general, significantly enhanced infants' pointing frequency (d = 0.36). Regression results further revealed that parents' responsive pointing positively predicted infants' pointing frequency. Findings question direct imitation accounts of pointing and identify responsive social interactions, including responsive pointing, as factors enhancing the occurrence of pointing in infancy.

Highlights

Imitation and responsive social interaction are possible social learning mechanisms in the development of pointing.

Experimental manipulation of parental behaviours reveals that infant pointing increases when parents are particularly responsive, but not when parents point a lot in general.

Parents' responsiveness through pointing gestures may be especially suited to enhance infants' pointing frequencies.
Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and prediction of antibiotic resistance by nanopore adaptive sampling
Authors: Sun Yunke , Li Xiaonan , He Jiale , Zhao Lingguo , Chen Qingliang , Lei Lei , Chen Jun , Zhong Lin , Li Guobao , Xia Yu , Bao Yanmin , Zhang Yingdan , Yang Liang
Published: November 2024

Background

Microbial infections, particularly in children, require rapid and accurate diagnostics. It is difficult to differentiate pathogens from commensal organisms, and it is impossible to identify antibiotic resistance genes that belong to pathogens with current methods. Third‐generation sequencing provides rapid library preparation and real‐time data acquisition. Nanopore normal sampling (NNS) enables unbiased sequencing of clinical samples without amplification, aiding pathogen identification and antimicrobial resistance gene prediction. However, clinical samples often contain a considerable amount of human DNA, potentially masking pathogen data. Nanopore adaptive sampling (NAS) aims to selectively enrich pathogens, promising improved diagnostics for acute infections and better treatment decisions in clinical practice. This study aimed to determine the utility of NAS in enhancing the real‐time detection of pathogens and predicting AMR in infectious disease outbreaks.

Methods

This study used NAS technology to rapidly and directly detect Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from 28 pediatric patients at Shenzhen Children's Hospital. We assessed the efficacy of NAS compared with that of NNS by evaluating the number of microbial reads and the amount of microbial DNA data. We then compared the accuracy of detecting pathogens between NNS and NAS and between NAS and real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays. Furthermore, we predicted antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and examined AMR genes associated with pathogens.

Results

NAS showed up to a 14.67‐fold increase in the amount of microbial DNA data from patients' samples compared with NNS within the initial 2.5 h of sequencing. Additionally, NAS reduced the amount of host DNA data by up to 6.67‐fold compared with NNS. Unlike TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction assays, NAS technology identified dominant pathogens and provided detailed insight into the abundance of the microbial community. Furthermore, NAS was able to predict AMR profiles of microbial communities and attribute specific AMR traits to individual microbes within the samples.

Conclusion

This study shows that NAS advances the clinical diagnosis because it can rapidly detect pathogens directly from patients' samples and provides antimicrobial resistance information for clinical guidance. These abilities further facilitate the application of NAS in personalized treatment, reduce the misuse of broad‐spectrum antibiotics, and promote patients' recovery.
A comprehensive survey of penicillin allergy education among United States Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy
Authors: Kufel Wesley D. , Jeffres Meghan N. , Bland Christopher M. , Jones Bruce M. , Staicu Mary L. , Justo Julie Ann , Bookstaver P. Brandon , Avery Lisa M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Pharmacy students should be prepared to evaluate, manage, and de‐label penicillin allergies. It is unknown if, and to what extent, education about allergy management is included within the curriculum of United States Colleges and Schools of Pharmacy (USCSP). This study sought to evaluate if and how penicillin allergy education is delivered and assess faculty perceptions of student readiness.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, multicenter, observational survey was developed by infectious diseases (ID) pharmacy faculty and sent to ID faculty or department chairs at 138 USCSP. The 39‐item questionnaire was divided into demographics, incorporation of targeted or aligned penicillin allergy education in the program, penicillin allergy topics delivered, and respondents' perceptions of penicillin allergy education.

Results

The survey response rate was 53% (73/138). The USCSP demographics included established for >20 years (65.8%), curriculum length of 4 years (83.6%), semester format (74.0%), and class size of 51–100 students (42.5%). Respondents described the incorporation of targeted or aligned penicillin allergy delivery (47.9%). Targeted delivery occurred in either the required (57.5%) or elective curriculum (31.4%). Topics included definitions/epidemiology (92.8%), cross‐reactivity (92.8%), pathophysiology (88.1%), patient assessment (73.8%), skin testing (71.4%), and desensitization (71.4%). Delivery methods were lecture‐based (92.8%) and case‐based (66.7%). The median perception (scale of 1–10) of student preparedness for evaluating and managing penicillin allergies after completion of the required and elective curriculum was 5.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 3.7–7.0) and 5.0 (3.0–7.3), respectively. Most (52.1%) perceived that penicillin allergy education deserves more time. Faculty from 45% of responding USCSP perceived students to be prepared to evaluate and manage penicillin allergies. Prepared students were more likely to have received case‐based education (54.5% vs. 25.0%, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Penicillin allergy education in USCSP varies considerably. Most ID pharmacist faculty perceived that many students were unprepared to evaluate and manage penicillin allergies, and that more time should be allocated to penicillin allergy education.
Glucose Upregulates ChREBP via Phosphorylation of AKT and AMPK to Modulate MALT1 and WISP1 Expression
Authors: Chen Syue‐Ting , Chang Kang‐Shuo , Lin Yu‐Hsiang , Hou Chen‐Pang , Lin Wei‐Yin , Hsu Shu‐Yuan , Sung Hsin‐Ching , Feng Tsui‐Hsia , Tsui Ke‐Hung , Juang Horng‐Heng
Published: November 2024

Glucose can activate the carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) transcription factor to control gene expressions in the metabolic pathways. The way of ChREBP involvement in human prostate cancer development remains undetermined. This study examined the interactions between prostate fibroblasts and cancer cells under the influences of ChREBP. Results showed that high glucose (30 mM) increased the phosphorylation of AKT at S473 and AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) at S485 in human prostate fibroblast (HPrF) cells and prostate cancer PC‐3 cells. High glucose enhanced the expression of ChREBP, which increased the expressions of fibronectin, alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), and WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), magnifying the cell growth and contraction in HPrF cells in vitro. The cell proliferation, invasion, and tumor growth in prostate cancer PC‐3 cells were enhanced by inducing the expressions of ChREBP, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1), and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition markers with high glucose treatment. Moreover, ectopic ChREBP overexpression induced NF‐κB signaling activities via upregulating MALT1 expression in PC‐3 cells. Our findings illustrated that ChREBP is an oncogene in the human prostate. High glucose condition induces a glucose/ChREBP/MALT1/NF‐κB axis which links the glucose metabolism to the NF‐κB activation in prostate cancer cells, and a glucose/ChREBP/WISP1 axis mediating autocrine and paracrine signaling between fibroblasts and cancer cells to promote cell migration, contraction, growth, and invasion of the human prostate.
New perspectives of the role of skeletal muscle derived extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the ‘dying back’ hypothesis
Authors: Sbarigia Carolina , Rome Sophie , Dini Luciana , Tacconi Stefano
Published: November 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord, and is characterized by muscle weakness, paralysis and ultimately, respiratory failure. The exact causes of ALS are not understood, though it is believed to combine genetic and environmental factors. Until now, it was admitted that motor neurons (MN) in the brain and spinal cord degenerate, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis. However, as ALS symptoms typically begin with muscle weakness or stiffness, a new hypothesis has recently emerged to explain the development of the pathology, that is, the ‘dying back hypothesis’, suggesting that this degeneration starts at the connections between MN and muscles, resulting in the loss of muscle function. Over time, this damage extends along the length of the MN, ultimately affecting their cell bodies in the spinal cord and brain. While the dying back hypothesis provides a potential framework for understanding the progression of ALS, the exact mechanisms underlying the disease remain complex and not fully understood. In this review, we are positioning the role of extracellular vesicles as new actors in ALS development.
The Scutulum and the Pre‐Auricular Aponeurosis in Bats
Authors: Pedersen Scott C. , Snipes Chelsie C. G. , Carter Richard T. , Müller Rolf
Published: November 2024

The external ear in eutherian mammals is composed of the annular, auricular (pinna), and scutellar cartilages. The latter extends between the pinnae, across the top of the head, and lies at the intersection of numerous auricular muscles and is thought to be a sesamoid element. In bats, this scutulum consists of two distinct regions, (1) a thin squama that is in contact with the underlying temporalis fascia and (2) a lateral bossed portion that is lightly tethered to the medial surface of the pinna. The planar size, shape, and proportions of the squama vary by taxa, as does the relative size and thickness of the boss. The origins, insertions, and relative functions of the auricular muscles are complicated. Here, 30 muscles were tallied as to their primary attachment to the pinnae, scutula, or a pre‐auricular musculo‐aponeurotic plate that is derived from the epicranius. In contrast to Yangochiroptera, the origins and insertions of many auricular muscles have shifted from the scutulum to this aponeurotic plate, in both the Rhinolophidae and Hipposideridae. We propose that this functional shift is a derived character related primarily to the rapid translations and rotations of the pinna in high‐duty‐cycle rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats.
HBV Antigen‐Guided Switching Strategy From Nucleos(t)ide Analogue to Interferon: Avoid Virologic Breakthrough and Improve Functional Cure
Authors: Huang Da , Yuan Zhize , Wu Di , Yuan Wei , Chang Jiang , Chen Yuying , Ning Qin , Yan Weiming
Published: November 2024

Little is known for factors associated with virologic breakthrough (VBT) after switching from nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) to pegylated interferon alpha (Peg‐IFN‐α) for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Eighty patients who received 48‐week Peg‐IFN‐ɑ and NA combination therapy followed by Peg‐IFN‐ɑ monotherapy for additional 48 weeks were included in this study. HBV‐related markers including HBV DNA, HBsAg, HBcrAg, HBeAg, cccDNA, and immunological biomarkers were dynamically evaluated. Twelve (15.0%) patients experienced VBT after switching to Peg‐IFN‐ɑ and exhibited significantly lower rates of HBsAg loss after therapy completion (0% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.014). The patients with HBcrAg≥ 5 log10U/mL and HBsAg≥ 100 IU/mL had the highest risk of VBT and failed to achieve subsequent HBsAg clearance. Intrahepatic cccDNA level was significantly higher in patients with HBcrAg≥ 5 log10U/mL than those with HBcrAg< 5 log10U/mL. Notably, in contrast to patients with HBcrAg< 5 log10U/mL or with HBsAg< 100 IU/mL who had obviously restored HBV‐specific CD8+T cell, Tfh or B cell responses before NA cessation, those with HBcrAg≥ 5 log10U/mL or with HBsAg≥ 100 IU/mL exhibited lackluster immunities before NA cessation and notable diminished immune responses thereafter. Monitoring HBcrAg and HBsAg levels, which correlated with poor immune responses during sequential Peg‐IFN‐ɑ strategy, may help to avoid VBT and improve functional cure of CHB.
Multiple Genotypes and Reassortants of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Co‐Circulating in Hangzhou in Southeastern China, 2013–2023
Authors: Wen Yanping , Ni Zhimin , Hu Yan , Wu Jun , Fang Yezhen , Zhang Guozhong , Huang Renjie , Cheng Shi , Cao Feifei , Xu Qihao , Yu Yue , Liu Min , Yu Hongnv , Huo Liangliang , Li Jun
Published: November 2024

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a tick‐borne infectious disease caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV), is becoming a significant public health threat due to its high mortality rate. Knowledge of SFTSV in southeastern coastal China is limited. The whole genomes of 66 SFTSV strains collected from 2013 to 2023 in Hangzhou, a coastal city in China, were amplified and sequenced to elucidate the geography‐related genetic and pathogenic diversity. Hangzhou SFTSVs could be classified into five pure genotype groups (A, B‐2, D, E, and F); genotype A was dominant, and genotype E was significantly associated with SFTS fatality. An unclassified sublineage of the L segment was proposed as a novel B‐4 subgenotype. Seven types of genetic reassortants (abbreviated as B‐3B‐3B‐1, CCA, B‐2AB‐2, B‐2CB‐2, DFD, B‐4FF, and B‐4B‐2B‐1 for the L, M, and S segments) were identified, including three novel forms. Six recombination events and ten amino acid substitutions were identified in the Hangzhou viruses. Collectively, our results demonstrated that all known SFTSV genotypes co‐circulated in Hangzhou, leading to a gradual increase in genetic diversity and the generation of novel reassortants. Increased surveillance is urgently needed in Hangzhou, a critical region for SFTSV genetic exchange.
BIC/FTC/TAF Benefits People Living With HIV After Omicron Breakthrough Infection in Shortening Duration of Symptoms, Enhancing Specific Immune Response and Increasing Total CD4 Cells
Authors: Wang Ni , Lin Qing , Fan Huimin , Wang Yixuan , Shu Chang , Wang Na , Zhang Dazhi
Published: November 2024

The clinical manifestations of variability in PLWH with SARS‐CoV‐2 acquired may be attributed to the use of ART drugs. Omicron breakthrough infection and reinfection in 27 PLWH treated with BIC/FTC/TAF and 51 PLWH treated with TDF/3TC/EFV were investigated, and humoral and cellular immunity after Omicron breakthrough infection were also compared. The results showed that Omicron breakthrough infection symptoms in BIC/FTC/TAF‐treated had a shorter duration, and BIC/FTC/TAF could further reduce the duration of symptoms when re‐infected. It was also found that the BA.5 specific IgG titers of BIC/FTC/TAF‐treated were significantly increased and increased with the extension of the duration of BIC/FTC/TAF. In cellular immunity, the use of BIC/FTC/TAF was also found to increase not only BA.5‐specific B lymphocytes and BA.5‐specific CD4+T lymphocytes, but also total CD4+T cells. In conclusion, compared to TDF/3TC/EFV, BIC/FTC/TAF can help PLWH shorten the duration of COVID−19 symptoms, enhance SARS‐CoV‐2 specific humoral and cellular immune responses, help to expand the total CD4+T cells increase in PLWH after Omicron infection and may be more beneficial for PLWH with high risk of infection in the context of COVID‐19 normalization.
Impact of Tobacco Use on Herpes Simplex Virus Infections: Findings From a National Survey
Authors: Zhang Jiafeng , Zhang Shuangxia , Wang Huiquan , Sun Meng , Zhu Yunxia , Zhou Lin
Published: November 2024

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, primarily caused by HSV‐1 and HSV‐2, are prevalent worldwide and carry significant health implications. The impact of tobacco use on HSV infections, however, remains underexplored. This cross‐sectional study utilized the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2009–2016) to investigate the link between Tobacco use and HSV infections among U.S. adults. Smoking status, volume, and serum cotinine levels were analyzed, alongside demographic and behavioral factors. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to adjust for confounders such as sexual behavior. Our study involved 5693 participants to explore the relationship between tobacco use and HSV infection. We found that smokers, particularly current smokers, have a significantly increased risk of both HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 infections compared to non‐smokers. Specifically, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for HSV‐1 in current smokers was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.16–1.59, p < 0.001), and for HSV‐2, it was 2.37 (95% CI: 1.88–3, p < 0.001). The risk escalates with the intensity of smoking. Elevated serum cotinine levels correlated with an increased risk of HSV infection (HSV‐1:1.13 [95% CI:1.09–1.18, p < 0.001]; HSV‐2:1.33 [95% CI:1.25–1.41, p < 0.001]). After PSM for factors such as age, gender, sexual behavior, and condom use, these associations remained significant. Tobacco use is significantly associated with an increased risk of HSV infections, highlighting the importance of reducing tobacco exposure in public health strategies against HSV. Further, longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causality and explore underlying mechanisms.
Climate Extremes in the New Zealand Region: Mechanisms, Impacts and Attribution
Authors: Salinger M. James , Trenberth Kevin E. , Diamond Howard J. , Behrens Erik , Fitzharris B. Blair , Herold Nicholas , Smith Robert O. , Sutton Phil J. , Trought Michael C. T.
Published: November 2024

As global surface temperatures have increased with human‐induced climate change, notable compound climate extremes in the New Zealand (NZ) region associated with atmospheric heatwaves (AHWs) and marine heatwaves (MHWs) have occurred in the past 6 years. Natural modes of variability that also played a key role regionally include the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and changes in the location and strength of the westerlies as seen in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Along with mean warming of 0.8°C since 1900, a negative phase of the IPO, La Niña phase of ENSO and a strongly positive SAM contributed to five compound warm extremes in the extended austral summer seasons (NDJFM) of 1934/35, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2021/22 and 2022/23. These are the most intense coupled ocean/atmosphere (MHWs/AHWs) heatwaves on record with average temperature anomalies over land and sea +0.8°C to 1.1°C above 1991–2020 averages. The number of days above 25°C and above the 90th percentile of maximum temperature has increased, while the number of nights below 0°C and below the 10th percentile has decreased. Coastal waters around NZ recently experienced their longest MHW in the satellite era (1982‐present) of 289 days through 2023. The estimated recurrence interval reduces from 1 in 300‐years for the AHW event during the 1930s climate to a 1 in 25‐year event for the most recent decade. Consequences include major loss of ice of almost one‐third volume from Southern Alps glaciers from 2017 to 2021 with rapid melt of seasonal snow in all four cases. Above‐average temperatures in the December/January grape flowering period resulted in advances in veraison (the onset of ripening); and higher‐than‐average grape yields in 2022 and 2023 vintages. Marine impacts include widespread sea‐sponge bleaching around northern and southern NZ.
Health risks of potentially toxic elements in Cyprinus carpio in the karst plateau lake, China
Authors: Yang Dan , An Na , Yang Xin , Zheng Jiao , Yan Lingbin , Yu Lifei
Published: November 2024

Background

Elevated potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in aquatic products could threaten the health of ordinary consumers. Levels of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in Cyprinus carpio in karst plateau freshwater Lake, Caohai Lake, China were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and evaluated using a risk method with Monte Carlo simulation.

Result

Levels of Cr, As, Pb, and Hg in muscle tissue were substantially lower than those in viscera. The maximum concentration of muscle‐bound Cr, As, Pb, and Hg were less than the standard references set by Chinese Food Codex (GB 2762‐2022). The levels of Cr, As, Pb, and Hg in muscle tissue were independent of fish weight and length. The hazard index of all investigated elements in muscle tissue were less than one for adults and children, whereas the target hazard quotients of muscle‐bound PTEs for children were higher than those for adults. Results indicated that exposure duration was the largest contributor to the hazard quotient of Cr, As, and Hg, whereas the concentration of Pb in muscle was the most sensitive factor affecting the variation in hazard quotient of Pb.

Conclusion

There is no risk related to the normal intake of muscle‐bound Cr, Pb, As and Hg with the consumption of Cyprinus carpio. A better definition of the probability distribution for exposure duration and PTEs concentration could result in a more accurate hazard quotient. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mass Spectrometry Advances in Analysis of Glioblastoma
Authors: Al Shboul Sofian , Singh Ashita , Kobetic Renata , Goodlett David R. , Brennan Paul M. , Hupp Ted , Dapic Irena
Published: November 2024

Some cancers such as glioblastoma (GBM), show minimal response to medical interventions, often only capable of mitigating tumor growth or alleviating symptoms. High metabolic activity in the tumor microenvironment marked by immune responses and hypoxia, is a crucial factor driving tumor progression. The many developments in mass spectrometry (MS) over the last decades have provided a pivotal tool for studying proteins, along with their posttranslational modifications. It is known that the proteomic landscape of GBM comprises a wide range of proteins involved in cell proliferation, survival, migration, and immune evasion. Combination of MS imaging and microscopy has potential to reveal the spatial and molecular characteristics of pathological tissue sections. Moreover, integration of MS in the surgical process in form of techniques such as DESI‐MS or rapid evaporative ionization MS has been shown as an effective tool for rapid measurement of metabolite profiles, providing detailed information within seconds. In immunotherapy‐related research, MS plays an indispensable role in detection and targeting of cancer antigens which serve as a base for antigen‐specific therapies. In this review, we aim to provide detailed information on molecular profile in GBM and to discuss recent MS advances and their clinical benefits for targeting this aggressive disease.
The Impact of Depression and Anxiety Comorbidities on Acute Postoperative Pain After DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Carol , Tang Megan , Shah Reanna , Frost Jamie , Kim Esther , Shamamian Peter E. , Oleru Olachi , Seyidova Nargiz , Henderson Peter W. , Taub Peter J.
Published: November 2024

Background

Depression and anxiety have a complex association with opioid dependence, though their impact on acute postoperative pain is unclear. The present study investigated the impact of depression and anxiety on acute postoperative pain and opioid requirements following deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction.

Methods

Patients receiving DIEP flap breast reconstruction were retrospectively identified from 2019 to 2023. Patients were classified into the psychiatric comorbidity (PC) group based on a history of depression or anxiety diagnoses, or the control group. Pain (0–10 Numerical Rating Scale [NRS]) scores and cumulative inpatient opioid requirements (in morphine milli‐equivalents [MMEs]) were compared between groups. Linear regression analysis assessed the association of psychiatric comorbidities with pain outcomes.

Results

In total, 557 patients were included, of which 11.4% reported a psychiatric history. The PC group was younger (50.0 vs. 52.7 years, p = 0.032) and more frequently reported current marijuana use (15.6% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.001) and former smoking (51.6% vs. 24.5%, p < 0.001). The PC group had higher mean (2.5 vs. 2.0, p < 0.001) and maximum pain scores (8.6 vs. 7.8, p = 0.003) than the control group, which corresponded to higher opioid requirements (256 vs. 223 MMEs, p = 0.041). Psychiatric comorbidities were associated with higher average and maximum pain scores (p < 0.01) while current marijuana use was associated with higher opioid requirements (p = 0.033).

Conclusion

Patients with depression or anxiety comorbidities tended to have greater acute postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Marijuana use was also more prevalent, potentially exacerbating pain outcomes, and risk of opioid dependence. These findings will inform patient discussions and targeted interventions to mitigate opioid misuse.
Impact of Persistent Alopecia on Quality of Life in Childhood Cancer and Transplant Survivors
Authors: Kim Eun Jae , Hlobik Madeline , Berbert Laura , Brace‐O'Neill Jill , Vrooman Lynda , Huang Jennifer T.
Published: November 2024

Background

While alopecia associated with chemotherapy, radiation, or hematopoietic stem‐cell transplant (C/R/HSCT) is transient in most children, prior reports indicate nearly one in seven childhood cancer survivors suffer from persistent alopecia after their treatment is completed. The objective of our study was to better characterize the impact of C/R/HSCT‐associated persistent alopecia on patient quality of life.

Procedure

A cross‐sectional cohort study of patients with a history of C/R/HSCT who were seen at Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Hospital Dermatology from August 2023 to February 2024 for any indication was conducted. Patients who completed their C/R/HSCT treatment regimen >6 months prior to visit were invited to fill out a survey on patient experience with persistent alopecia, including a modified Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI). Participants also underwent a full scalp examination.

Results

Twenty one out of 47 (44.7%) patients in our cohort self‐reported persistent alopecia. For nine additional patients, alopecia was not self‐reported but noted by a dermatologist on exam. Median self‐reported alopecia severity was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 2–5.25) on a visual analog scale of 1–10. The most common pattern of alopecia was diffuse thinning. Median CDLQI score was 5 (IQR 2–7) for those with persistent alopecia, indicating a small negative effect of disease on patient quality of life. Fifteen (31.9%) patients report receiving information about persistent alopecia prior to their C/R/HSCT.

Conclusions

Nearly half of childhood cancer and transplant survivors evaluated by dermatology suffered from persistent alopecia, which negatively impacted their quality of life. Better counseling on persistent alopecia should be provided to childhood cancer patients.
Effective Use of ALK Inhibitors in EML4::ALK‐Positive Lymphatic Malformations
Authors: Apsel Winger Beth , Dowd Christopher F. , Shimano Kristin A. , Devine W. Patrick , Mathes Erin , Frieden Ilona , Schaefer Carrie , Kothari Alok
Published: November 2024

Genetically targeted medications are emerging as important therapies for lymphatic malformations (LMs) unresponsive to sirolimus. We describe two patients with EML4::ALK‐positive LMs, one with Gorham Stout disease and one with a large genitourinary (GU) LM, who were successfully treated with ALK inhibitors. This report adds ALK inhibitors to the growing toolbox of molecularly targeted therapies for LMs.
Extended Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for Development of Hot Desert Test Cycle Proposal
Authors: Adothu Baloji , Mathiak Gerhard , Aly Shahzada Pamir , Alheloo Ahmad , Almheiri Ali , Alberts Vivian , Jäckel Bengt , Gottschalg Ralph , Shiradkar Narendra S. , Abdallah Amir A. , Garcia Juan Lopez , Salvador Michael , Hoex Bram , John Jim Joseph , Kazem Hussein A. , Alam Muhammad Ashraful
Published: November 2024

A growing number of gigawatt‐scale photovoltaic (PV) power plants are being established in hot desert regions worldwide, which are favored for their vast available land, high solar irradiance, long sunshine hours, and relatively low maintenance needs. This study combines insights from global PV experts on degradation rates, failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and desert weather conditions to develop a hot desert test cycle (HDTC). The average degradation rate for PV modules installed in hot desert regions over the past 10 years is estimated to be around 1.63% per year. Eighteen failure modes were identified and analyzed using FMEA. According to the results, the main degradation mechanisms include UV light‐induced degradation (UVLID), thermomechanical failures in interconnects and fingers, light‐elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LeTID), and abrasion of the glass and antireflection coatings. A radar map comparison shows that desert environments experience UV exposure, ambient, and module temperatures that are more than twice as high as those in moderate climates. The HDTC protocol was developed based on FMEA results and desert‐specific weather conditions. It includes tests for desert UV exposure, temperature cycles, mechanical loads, and sand/brush abrasions. To ensure consistency across countries, there is a plan to establish an internationally recognized standard that complements existing IEC standards. As the industry grows, desert regions are expected to place greater emphasis on adopting desert‐specific testing standards for the qualification and evaluation of PV modules.
Cu2O/TiO2 Heterostructure‐Based Photoelectrochemical Photodetector with Enhanced Performance and Stability
Authors: Chen Yue , Yao Bowen , Yang Han , Qiao Hui , Huang Zongyu , Qi Xiang
Published: November 2024

Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure is prepared by electrodepositing Cu2O on rutile phase TiO2 particles. The morphology, structural, and optical properties of Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure are determined by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and UV–vis absorption spectrum. The Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure photoelectrochemical‐type photodetector is constructed based on this heterostructure. Experimental results show that the photoresponsivity and visible light absorption of the Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure are significantly enhanced compared to those of TiO2 and Cu2O which demonstrate that the Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure with a special interfacial structure is conducive to accelerating the separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers. The photoresponsivity and photocurrent density of Cu2O/TiO2 can reach 154 μA W−1 and 15.6 μA cm−2 at 0 V. In addition, the photocurrent density of the Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure steadily increases with the enhancement of irradiation power density. Moreover, no significant attenuation of the photocurrent density is observed in the prepared Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure after 1800 s of photo‐on/off cycles. These results suggest that the Cu2O/TiO2 heterostructure‐based photodetector holds great potential in the photodetection field.