bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Florida Freezes and the Role of Water in Citrus Cold Protection
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R. , Wheaton T. Adair , Tucker David H. P.
Published: September 2022

Citrus is a major international tree fruit crop. In the United States, citrus production surpasses the combined production of apples, peaches, cherries, pears, nectarines, apricots, plums, avocados, olives, figs, and dates (14). As one of the major industries in Florida, agriculture is the 2nd largest generator of income in the state. Citrus is the primary agricultural industry in Florida, and Florida is the largest producer of citrus in the United States.
A Trickle Irrigation System for Recycling Residential Wastewater on Fruit Trees
Authors: Gamble Joseph
Published: September 2022

Certainly trickle (or drip) irrigation is not new to horticulture. In the early 1970s Chapin (1, 2, 3, 4), Gustafson (7, 8), and Hall (9) pioneered its use in horticultural crops in the United States. Kenworthy (10, 11, 12, 13) had introduced the concept of trickle irrigation to fruit growers in western Michigan by 1972. It appeared to be a “natural”; many growers already had deep wells (for hydrocooling cherries) available as excellent water sources. Since then the use of trickle irrigation has spread rapidly throughout the horticultural industry on a worldwide scale. Most draw on deep-well water or on canal, river, or lake water, which may require treatment, filtration or both to render it usable. However, the use of a trickle system for waste disposal was a new application of an existing technology.
Recycling Irrigation Runoff on Container Ornamentals
Authors: Skimina Conrad A.
Published: September 2022

Public Law 84-660 was approved by the U.S. Congress in 1956 (1) and amended as Public Law 92-500 by the Congress in 1972 (2). These laws are the Water Pollution Control Acts that set the standards for clean water. These laws prescribe point-discharge requirements of the federal government, the states, and Regional Water Quality Control Boards to prevent pollution and to maintain the integrity of receiving waters. In addition the state of California has the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act (3).
Water Conservation and Recycling in Ornamentals Production
Authors: Hasek Raymond F. , Sciaroni R. H. , Branson Roy L.
Published: September 2022

Most areas of northern California have ample water supplies from reservoirs, aqueducts, or deep wells, but some regions are not as fortunate. Such a region is Half Moon Bay located just 35 km south of San Francisco along the coastal plain. Several large producers of ornamental plants and cut flowers are located in the vicinity. Competition between homeowners and producers of ornamentals for available water in this area became critical by 1977 as a result of urban sprawl. In addition state and regional agencies began taking action to curtail polluted runoff waters from ornamental production sites. Locally the Coastside County Water District Water Quota Ordinance of 1977-78 instituted a water quota system with strong penalties for noncompliance. Statewide the California Fish and Game Code (1) was strictly enforced to prevent certain classified materials from passing into the waters of the state. The combination of these developments activated a search by growers for better use or reuse of irrigation water and separation of clean runoff waters from those that might be nutrient laden or otherwise polluted.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Scorza Ralph
Published: September 2022

The potentials of interspecific hybridization have been explored since the discovery of sex in plants. The rationale for interspecific hybridization ranges from curiosity concerning the evolution of species to the transfer of a single trait into a cultivar. Breeders of ornamental plants have utilized interspecific hybridization to produce novel plant and flower forms so vital to the trade.
Evaluation of New Floricultural Crops: a Systems Approach
Authors: Armitage A. M.
Published: September 2022

New crops for pot plant and cut flower production are perhaps in greater demand in this country now than ever before. European research programs for new cultivars have generally been ahead of those here and a greater range of crops is commonly produced by European growers than in America. Research results from European countries are not often published in readily available journals and are difficult to translate, and production data often pertain only to the environment in which the plants were produced. (15).
Direct Seeding of Selected Forbs into an Established Grassland
Authors: Zajicek Jayne M. , Sutton Richard K. , Salac Sotero S.
Published: September 2022

Grassland management techniques and dates of seeding for field establishment of 5 species of forbs (wild flowers) were investigated from 1981-1983. Management treatments included burning, mowing, herbicide followed by mowing, and an untreated control. All 3 treatments had no significant affect on seedling establishment. Fall seeding gave best emergence for black samson (Echinacea angustifolia D.C.) and butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L.). Spring seeding gave maximum emergence of prairie coneflower [Ratibida pinnata (Venten.)Barhn.] and purple prairieclover [Petalostemum purpureum (Venten.)Rydb.]. Rough gayfeather (Liatris aspera Michx.) displayed low emergence in both spring and fall seeding dates. Stand counts and winter survival responses to seeding dates were similar to emergence response for each species.
Time of Application of Calcium Sprays to Increase Fruit Calcium and Reduce Fruit Pitting of Apples Sprayed with TIBA
Authors: Stahly Edward A.
Published: September 2022

Calcium concentration of ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus × domestica Borkh.) apples was reduced with a single, early application of 50 ppm TIBA. Early, midseason, and late sequences of 3 sprays of CaCl2 (3.6 g/1) were applied to evaluate timing effectiveness for increasing fruit Ca concentration and decreasing fruit pitting. Mid-June, July, and August sprays increased fruit Ca concentration less than later sprays, but more effectively reduced fruit pitting. Chemical name used: 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA).
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Peterson John C.
Published: September 2022

The floriculture and ornamental nursery crop production industries have implemented significant modifications in cultural technologies within the past 2 decades. This resulted from efforts to enhance crop quality and productivity and to reduce production costs.
Spurway/Acid Extraction Procedures
Authors: Markus D. K.
Published: September 2022

Forty years ago, C.H. Spurway defined “the objective of soil testing as control of soil fertility for greenhouses” (18). His definition is still valid today, but greenhouse soil has since been replaced by new types of distinctly different growth media.
Bulk Solution Displacement
Authors: Nelson P. V. , Faber W. R.
Published: September 2022

Soil solution is the aqueous liquid phase of the soil and its solutes consisting of ions dissociated from the surfaces of the soil particles and other soluble materials (11). It can be divided into 2 components: that portion of the electric double layer in which cations and anions are dissociated from the surfaces of root-media particles but are not in equilibrium with each other, and the bulk solution outside this layer. The electric double layer refers to a negatively charged soil particle surface and the balancing cations dissolved in the soil solution. The balancing cations become less dense with increasing distance from the soil surface to a point where dissolved anions are in equilibrium with cations; i.e., ions are not influenced by the exchange surface. At this point we leave the electric double layer and enter the bulk solution. The terms soil solution and bulk solution are nearly synonymous from the standpoint of nutrient uptake. It would be more desirable for ornamentalists to use bulk solution, since many root media do not contain soil, and bulk solution better represents the immediately available nutrient pool.
Problems in the Analysis of Organic and Lightweight Potting Substrates
Authors: Bunt A. C.
Published: September 2022

Most potting mixes currently used for raising greenhouse crops, vegetable transplants, and hardy ornamental shrubs in containers do not contain mineral soil; these mixes are often known as “soilless”, “lightweight”, or “artificial” media. Their popularity has increased steadily over the last 3 decades, principally for reasons of convenience or economic advantage. The chemical and physical characteristics of these media are, however, very different from those of the traditional potting mixes based on mineral soil.
Vegetative and Fruiting Responses of Grapes to Chlorsulfuron and Oryzalin
Authors: Warmund M. R. , Patterson W. K.
Published: September 2022

Chlorsulfuron was applied alone at 0.018 kg·ha−1 and in combination with 3.4 kg·ha−1 of oryzalin at rates of 0.018, 0.035, 0.070, and 0.140 kg·ha−1 to a mature ‘Chancellor’ grape (Vitis × sp.) vineyard. Oryzalin was also applied alone at 3.4 kg·ha−1. Oryzalin plus chlorsulfuron treatments provided excellent weed control. The vegetative growth of vines was reduced in the oryzalin plus chlorsulfuron treatments at rates of 0.07 and 0.14 kg·ha−1 as compared to the control. Oryzalin used alone and oryzalin plus chlorsulfuron used at the lowest rate were the only treatments that did not adversely affect vine growth or fruit quality. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N-[[(4-≎ methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide (chlor-sul-≎ furon); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin).
Growth Retardants as an Aid to Adapting Freesia to Pot Culture
Authors: Gianfagna T. J. , Wulster G. J.
Published: September 2022

Freesia (Freesia hybrida Bailey) corms were treated with paclobutrazol or ancymidol as a 5 mg a.i. soil drench, or with paclobutrazol as a 250 ppm preplant corm soak treatment. Both growth retardants significantly reduced plant height and inflorescence length, but had no effect on number of flowering spikes per pot or number of days to flowering. The preplant corm soak treatment was even more effective for height control than the soil drench application. Both compounds can be used to reduce plant height, allowing the adaptation of freesia to pot plant culture. Chemical names used : β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4 triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) and α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidi nemethanol (ancymidol).
Poststorage Application of TAL Prolong on Apples from Controlled Atmosphere Storage
Authors: Chu C. L.
Published: September 2022

A poststorage application of TAL Pro-long reduced the softening of low-oxygen-(LO) stored ‘McIntosh’ and controlled-atmosphere-(CA) stored ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh) during a 21-day shelf-life period at 15°C and 90% to 95% RH. The treatment did not affect fruit firmness of CA-stored ‘McIntosh’ or ‘Empire’ apples but did retard the loss of ground color in ‘McIntosh’. No physiological disorder was found in any treated fruit.
The Speed at which Ethephon Enters Cucumber Leaves
Authors: Miller Conrad H. , Sheets Susan M.
Published: September 2022

Monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were treated with ethephon solutions with or without a surfactant, and after predetermined time intervals, the foliage was rinsed thoroughly with tap water, simulating rainfall. A significant increase in pistillate flowers, relative to those produced by untreated plants, was accepted as an indication of ethephon activity. Greenhouse experiments involved foliage-ethephon contact times of 0.5 to 24 or more hours. Subsequent experiments, conducted in the field, had contact time intervals of 0.25 to 2 hours. Ethephon activity (increased numbers of pistillate flowers) resulted after only 0.5 hours contact time with the foliage, prior to rinsing with overhead irrigation. A surfactant added to the solutions enhanced action of ethephon in the field but not in the greenhouse. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Chemical Defoliation of Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with CuEDTA
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. , Fritts Robert
Published: September 2022

In 2 test years, the copper chelate, CuEDTA, had a significant effect on leaf abscission of budded and seedling fruit trees. Several apple cultivars, ‘Bing’ cherry, ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pear, and seedlings of apple, pear, and cherry were treated with single or double applications (at a 4-day interval) of 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75% solutions. Except for ‘d’Anjou’ pear, the 0.50% concentration produced 80% leaf abscission. Relatively high levels of abscission were also produced by the 0.25% treatment. Chemical name used: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, cupric disodium salt (CuEDTA).
Tolerance to Terbacil in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Gupton C. L.
Published: September 2022

Several plants in a Vaccinium ashei Reade collection were tolerant of terbacil. To determine whether the tolerance is heritable, progeny of crosses between a selection from these plants and 3 rabbiteye blueberry cultivars were compared with progeny of 3 rabbiteye × rabbiteye cultivar crosses. Significantly less leaf damage by terbacil occurred in offspring of the selection than in those of rabbiteye cultivars. Tolerance to terbacil appeared heritable, suggesting that the tolerant plants constitute usable germplasm for a breeding program. Chemical names used: 5-chloro-3-(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2, 4(1H, 3H)-pyrimidinedione (terbacil).
Growth of Ovaries of Parthenocarpic and Nonparthenocarpic Tomato Genotypes in Vitro
Authors: Hall C. B. , Scott J. W. , George W. L.
Published: September 2022

Newly opened flowers of 4 parthenocarpic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes, PSET-1 (pat-2), ‘Severianin (pat-2), RP 75/59, and Stock 2524 (pat), and 3 nonparthenocarpic genotypes, ‘Walter’, ‘Flora-Dade’, and ‘Homestead 24’, were excised and placed on nutrient media. The ovaries of the parthenocarpic genotypes increased in diameter and weight to a much greater extent than the ovaries of the nonparthenocarpic genotypes during a 6-day period at 25°C. In other comparisons, the parthenocarpic genotypes had larger ovaries than the nonparthenocarpic genotypes after 2, 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 days. The ovaries of buds excised 1 and 3 days before anthesis and at anthesis from PSET-1 and ‘Severianin’ were larger after 6 days than those excised from ‘Walter’ and ‘Flora-Dade’.
Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Callus Cultures of Nonbulbing Onions
Authors: Shahin E. A. , Kaneko K.
Published: September 2022

Seeds of Allium fistulosum L. ‘Japanese Bunching’ onion and A. fistulosum × A. cepa L. ‘Beltsville Bunching’ onion were germinated on a modified B5 medium containing 4.5 μM 2,4-D and 4.6 μM kinetin. Within 2 weeks after seed germination, prolific callus grew from radicles. Callus was embryogenic and formed shoots when transferred to a similar medium containing 7.0 μM kinetin. Rooting of shoots was induced by transferring to an IBA-fortified medium. Several thousand plants were grown to maturity and selfed and the resulting seeds were grown in the field for further evaluations. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); N-(2-fur-anylmethyI)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Relationship of the pH of Medium to Growth of ‘Bluecrop’ Highbush Blueberry in Vitro
Authors: Wolfe Dwight , Chin Chee-Kok , Eck Paul
Published: September 2022

Growth of ‘Bluecrop’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) on Lloyd and McCown's woody plant medium was significantly unaffected by initial pH adjustments from 4.0 to 6.0 but was reduced significantly at pH 6.5. The expiants altered the pH of the medium during a 10-week culture period. A negative correlation between the final pH of the medium and growth was observed.
Sources of Resistance to Bacterial Spot in Tomato
Authors: Scott J. W. , Jones J. B.
Published: September 2022

Two hundred eight-four Lycopersicon spp. genotypes reported to have some resistance to bacterial pathogens of tomato (L. esculentum Mill.) were inoculated in the field with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (XCV), the incitant of bacterial spot, and rated for disease severity in summer 1982 and/or summer 1983. One line tested in 1983, Hawaii 7998, had no definite XCV lesions and later was determined to be resistant to XCV in the laboratory. Genotypes with the highest levels of resistance during 2 years of testing were: Ohio 4013-3, Ohio 4014-4, Heinz 1568-F3, [(Subarctic Delite × MH1) × H603] F5, L556, ‘Campbell-28’, PI 127813, Heinz 603-F11, PI 224573, ‘Monense’, ‘Heinz 2990’, and PI 324708. Genotypes with highest levels of resistance in one year of testing were PI 379032 and ‘Burgess Crack Proof. In 1982, PI 270248- ‘Sugar’ had a high level of resistance to XCV on fruit, but foliage was susceptible.
External Leaf Features of Tissue-cultured ‘Silvan’ Blackberry
Authors: Donnelly D. J. , Skelton F. E. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: September 2022

‘Silvan’ blackberry (Rubus sp.) has 3 types of leaf hairs: multiseriate stalked, multicelled head colleters; thick-walled unicellular hairs; and setose hairs (multiseriate trichomes that taper from a stout base). In culture, ‘Silvan’ blackberry leaves were unifoliolate, smaller, and thinner, with less cuticle and a decreased number of trichomes compared to mature leaves of greenhouse-grown plants, which were tri- or pentafoliolate. Cultured leaves had permanently open stomata, raised guard cells, and an altered stomatal and trichome distribution compared to greenhouse-grown plant leaves. Stomatal index was unaffected, but leaf size in vitro was only 1% to 2% of greenhouse control leaf area. Leaves of shoots in multiplication medium were half as large as those of plantlets in rooting medium.
‘Alderman’ Plum
Authors: Luby J. J. , Alderman W. H. , Munson S. T. , Wildung D. K. , Gray W. H. , Hoover E. E. , Stushnoff C.
Published: September 2022

‘Alderman’ is a large, sweet, cold-hardy, Japanese-type plum hybrid involving Prunus salicina Lindl. and P. americana Marsh. It is being introduced by the Univ. of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station for use in cold climates where other high-quality, Japanese-type plums may suffer winter injury. ‘Alderman’ was named after W.H. Alderman in commemoration of his 100th birthday in 1985 and in recognition of his many accomplishments as a scientist and administrator in horticultural science at the Univ. of Minnesota.
‘Ohio 832’ Tomato
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Gould W. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Ohio 832’ is an early, main-season, processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) suitable for hand or machine harvest with fruit qualities that make it especially suitable for juice, sauce, and coreless whole-pack. ‘Ohio 832’ was released by Ohio State Univ., 3 Oct 1985. Several thousand acres of this tomato have been grown by the processing industry in the eastern and mid-western United States. It has been well received by growers and processors and use is increasing.
‘Odem’ Grape
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Asaph R. , Baron I.
Published: September 2022

In a breeding program for table grapes initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, one of the objectives has been to breed late-ripening cultivars of Vitis vinifera. A late-ripening plant selected from a cross of ‘Zeni’ and ‘Toufahi’, made in 1969, is being named ‘Odem’.
Ashs Publications Manual; Abbreviation For Metric Ton
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Johnson Hunter
Published: September 2022

My congratulations to the authors of the ASHS Publications Manual. I expect the manual is the most complete and up-to-date reference of its kind available. It should be required reading of all authors submitting manuscripts to ASHS publications, could very well serve as a guide to writing theses, and would be helpful to anyone writing in English.
Legume Cover Crops for Improving Crop and Soil Management in the Southern United States
Authors: Hoyt Greg D. , Hargrove William L.
Published: September 2022

Legumes were an important component of crop rotations in the southern United States before World War II. In the post-war years, however, inexpensive and abundant fertilizer N diminished the role of N-fixing plants in cropping systems. There has been little research since 1960 on winter legumes in terms of their contribution to soil and crop management. Recent escalated costs of fertilizer N manufacture and concern over soil erosion has renewed interest in legumes and their role in cropping systems. Winter legume cover crops may provide significant quantities of fixed N while conserving soil and water resources and sustaining or improving soil productivity. This review presents both old and new information on the role of legumes in improving soil and crop management, particularly in the southern United States.
Effect of Nitrogen and Pruning on Primocane Fruiting Red Raspberry ‘Amity’
Authors: DeGomez Thomas E. , Martin Lloyd W. , Breen Patrick J.
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen was applied to red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L. cv. Amity) in the spring (March, April, and May) at 67 and 135 kg·ha−1, and 3 pruning treatments were imposed: a) pruning of dormant floricanes at 0 cm (ground level); b) pruning of dormant floricanes at 0 cm plus cutting back primocanes to 40 cm in mid-May; and c) pruning dormant floricanes to 20 cm. Date of flowering, time interval from flowering to fruit maturity, and fruit size were unaffected. High N (135 kg·ha−1) increased yield late in the harvest season, increasing total yield by 14% (8.1 vs. 7.0 MT·ha−1). Pruning back the current season primocanes increased the number of branched canes but reduced yield per cane and did not increase total yield.
Weed Control in Field-grown Boxwood and Photinia
Authors: Wehtje G. , Gilliam C. , Whitwell T. , Pounders C. , Webster W.
Published: September 2022

Oryzalin, simazine, and metolachlor alone and in combination were evaluated for weed control in field-grown Korean boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc. ‘Koreana’) and Photinia (Photinia × fraseri) at Belle Mina, Ala., over a 3-year production period. Treatments were applied twice during each growing season. Greatest control of the annual grass and broadleaf weed species was with oryzalin tank-mixed simazine at rates of either 2.2 + 0.8 or 3.4 + 1.1 kg a.i. per ha−1, respectively. These treatments were not injurious to either species and consistently resulted in the highest growth indices. No injury was detected when additional liners of boxwood were planted in the treated plots at the termination of the experiment. Chemical names used: 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 6-chloro-N,N’-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (simazine); and 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor).
Use of Reduced Atmospheric Pressure for Control of the Green Peach Aphid on Harvested Head Lettuce
Authors: Aharoni Yair , Apelbaum Akiva , Copel Azika
Published: September 2022

The influence of reduced atmospheric pressure on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) heads was determined. Exposing lettuce heads to a pressure of 2.66 kPa for 52 hr resulted n 100% aphid mortality, whereas the lettuce marketing quality was not affected. In view of the marked requirement for aphid-free lettuce heads, commercial use of the nonchemical reduced pressure method is suggested.
Low-ethylene CA Storage of ‘McIntosh’ Apples in a Semi-commercial Sized Room
Authors: Liu F. W. , Turk J. R. , Samelson D. , Kenyon D. J.
Published: September 2022

‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) sprayed with 1000 or 2000 mg·liter−1 daminozide in July 1982 were harvested in September and stored in a semicommercial sized, low-ethylene controlled atmosphere (CA) room at 2.2 to 3.3°C until May 1983. An ethylene scrubber containing 45 kg of potassium permanganate-alumina beads and a blower kept the ethylene concentration below 0.05 μl·liter−1 throughout the storage period. Fruit samples were taken out of storage periodically for quality and shelf life evaluations. Most of the apples taken out in Apr. 1983 were still preclimacteric. Apples stored in the low-ethylene CA until May lost only 3.5% of their original flesh firmness. Comparable apples lost 24.2% of firmness in a commercial CA storage without ethylene scrubbing. During a 6-day holding period in air at 20°, the rates of softening of apples from both low-ethylene and commercial CA storage were substantially faster than the rate of softening of freshly harvested apples. Chemical names used: butanediolic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
A Nursery Irrigation–Syringe System that Monitors Environmental Parameters
Authors: Rionda M. Cuello , Davies F. T.
Published: September 2022

A digital automated irrigation-syringe system (DAIS) that monitors environmental conditions for efficient plant cooling and water usage is described. The device consists of a short-cycle syringe irrigation control (intermittent irrigation) for reducing heat load and a long time cycle control for applying larger volumes of water during predetermined irrigation cycles. The syringe (intermittent irrigation) control is operated by selecting threshold levels based on soil and air temperatures and soil moisture. The longer time cycle control is based on a 24-hr cycle that provides regular cyclic irrigation adjusted for daily irrigation number(s) and time length of each irrigation. The DAIS can be used in nursery container and greenhouse production and can be applied to modeling of growth at different water regimes to determine water requirements for optimum crop growth.
In Vitro Propagation of Florists’ Hydrangea
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. , Seckinger Gary R. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: September 2022

The effects of repetitive subculturing, cytokinin species and concentration, basal medium, and gelatinizing constituent were studied to maximize shoot multiplication of Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb. ‘Rose Supreme’ shoot tip cultures. Cytokinin treatments of BA or 2iP at 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 μm were incorporated into woody plant medium (WPM) solidified with 6 g·liter−1 Sigma agar. Cultures grown on 8 μm BA produced the greatest number of useable shoots per 4-week subculture. No treatment stimulated shoot multiplication until the 2nd subculture, after which shoot multiplication remained constant within treatments through the 5th subculture. Results indicate no difference in number of shoots produced per subculture on modified Gamborg's B5, modified Murashige and Skoog basal medium, or WPM when incorporating 8 μm BA and 6 g·liter−1 Sigma agar. No difference in shoot multiplication was observed between 6 g·liter−1 Sigma agar and 2 g·liter−1 Gel-Rite when incorporated into WPM containing 8 μm BA. However, culture fresh weight and shoot length was greater for cultures on Gel-Rite than for cultures on agar. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA) and N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (2iP).
SPS: A System for Priming Seeds Using Aerated Polyethylene Glycol or Salt Solutions
Authors: Akers Stuart W. , Holley Kevin E.
Published: September 2022

Potential benefits of priming seeds were first indicated by Levitt and Hamm in 1943 (14), reported for vegetable seed in 1963 by Ells (7), and summarized in 1975 by Hey-decker et al. (11). Effective priming causes the treated seed to germinate earlier and with greater uniformity than untreated seed (11). To date, the technique of priming seeds has been used to solve problems concerning thermodormancy (9), cold soil temperatures (15), and to increase the rate and uniformity of crop emergence (7, 10, 11). However, the methodology of priming, especially for PEG solutions, has not been readily adaptable to handling the large amounts of seed that would be required for commercial use (4, 10). Although the successful use of the SPS to ‘bulk’ prime carrot (12) and pepper (3) seeds has been reported, the design of the SPS and the methodology of its use have not been adequately described. Therefore, this report describes the SPS and the methodology that makes it functional.
Early Scale Propagation Results in Forcible Bulbs of Easter Lily
Authors: Matsuo E. , Tuy J. M. van
Published: September 2022

Bulb scales from different anatomical positions of Easter lily (Lilium lon-giflorum Thunb.) were field-propagated after the parent bulb had been treated for 0, 5, 10, or 15 weeks at 0°, 10°, 20°, or 30°C. Increasing the duration of bulb storage prior to propagation decreased the harvest weight of newly generated bulbs. Outer or middle scales increased weights of bulbs and numbers of forcible commercial bulbs. The innermost scales resulted in low weights and few forcible commercial bulbs.
Extension Volunteer Weather Observers Improve Services to Horticulture
Authors: Johnson G. L. , Perry K. B. , Sanders D. C.
Published: September 2022

A volunteer weather observing network sponsored by the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service has been a valuable asset to horticulturists, agricultural meteorologists, and weather forecasters. Real-time temperature and precipitation data are used to assess microclimates and to compute derived parameters such as chilling hours and growing degree days. The procedures used to establish the network plus an example of its usefulness during a critical frost night are described.
Two-dimensional Partitioning of Yield Variation
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Bowen P. A. , Jolliffe P. A.
Published: September 2022

Total variation in yield per plant of long English cucumbers is partitioned by regression procedures into increments of variation due to successive morphological components. Variation in these increments is partitioned further by conventional analysis of variance. The results of this 2-way partitioning describe how treatments produce differences in yield through their effects on yield component variation. The method (2dimensional partitioning, TDP) offers a simple way to account for growth and yield variation in crops.
A Seed-cleaning Sluice for Fleshy-fruited Vegetables from Small Plots
Authors: Steiner Jeffrey J. , Letizia Benjamin F.
Published: September 2022

A major difficulty in conducting seed production research with fleshy-fruited vegetables [e.g., pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)] is recovering and cleaning the seeds. Once seeds have matured within the fruit, it is necessary to crush the fruit and extract the seeds from the pulp.
‘Supreme’, ‘Beta-White’, and ‘One-Up’ Cauliflower
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Cash J. N.
Published: September 2022

Three cauliflower [Brassica oleraceae L. (Botrytis group)] cultivars, Supreme, Beta-White, and One-Up, from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station have performed well in the northern United States and Canada during the summer and fall in a few Southern states during the fall, winter, and spring. These cultivars produce marketable heads at 28° to 35°C (82-95°F) growing temperatures. The plant provides limited curd protection, so the leaves must be tied on large heads. These cultivars freeze well and have good raw and cooked flavor.
‘Grazia’ and ‘Patrizia’ Bush Bean
Authors: Allavena A. , Fadda A. , Soressi G. P. , Salamini F.
Published: September 2022

‘Grazia’ (MV44) and ‘Patrizia’ (MV60) are yellow-podded bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed by the Experimental Institute for Vegetable Crops, Montanaso, Italy. These new bean cultivars were the result of a breeding effort started in 1971, using ‘Meraviglia di Venezia’ to develop bush, yellow-podded cultivars resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) suitable for mechanical harvesting. ‘Meraviglia di Venezia’ traditionally grown in Italy for the fresh market, is a wax pole bean cultivar with yellow, flat, fleshy pods. It can be referred to as ‘Burpee Golden Pole’, selected by the Burpee Company from an unknown European cultivar.
Wisconsin 1983 Cucumber
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Staub J. E. , Williams P. H. , Palmer M. J.
Published: September 2022

Wisconsin 1983 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was released in Feb. 1984 by the USDA and the Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison to provide breeders with a line having high fruit quality and multiple-disease resistance to produce hybrid cultivars and germplasm for breeding purposes. (Resistance identified in green house evaluation for anthracnose and downy mildew was confirmed in field tests conducted by E.V. Wann, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, ARS/USDA, Charleston, S.C.)
Tomato Mutants: Freaks, Anomalies, and Breeders' Resources
Authors: Rick Charles M.
Published: September 2022

The ghost mutant illustrated on the cover is one of the myriad monogenic variants known in the tomato. Although determined by a single gene (gh) of known chromosomal location, the homozygote is remarkably variable. It emerges with normal or slightly bleached cotyledons; the first true leaf is a mosaic of totally white and normal green areas; the subsequently developed leaves may have mostly green tissue, but are generally entirely white or light yellow phase; and either white or yellow phase can revert to patches or longitudinal stripes of the green phase. All selfed progeny from any of these phases are solely of gh phenotype. Although this mutant has elicited great interest as a possible example of transposable element activity, such activity has not been proven.
Tropical Horticulture: A Challenge
Authors: Fernandez Carlos Enrique
Published: September 2022

The ASHS Tropical Region was founded in 1951 by a group of enthusiastic horticulturists working in the Caribbean and Latin America. This group was greatly inspired by Wilson Popenoe, a visionary in tropical horticulture who was dedicated to actions supporting agricultural development and the conservation of resources in Central America.
Root Systems of Vegetable Crops: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: September 2022

Roots have several vital functions in crop plants, including providing anchorage, absorbing and conducting water and nutrients, providing a “sink” (and sometimes a storage location) for assimilates, and synthesizing certain phytohormones. Yet, the statement made by Weaver and Bruner in 1927 (5) remains true today: “The roots of plants are the least known, least understood, and least appreciated parts of the plant”. This lack of understanding can be attributed to the fact that roots are usually out of sight, and to the tedious and difficult nature of root studies in situ.
Root System Effects on Lodging of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Kahn Brian A.
Published: September 2022

Lodging may be defined as “the state of permanent displacement of stems from their upright position” (31). Diverse factors are known to bring about lodging. Plants may be inherently weak and susceptible to lodging due to such traits as a low stem lignin content (4, 49) or a small root system (31, 40, 45). Plants may be weakened due to damage by insects or pathogens (24, 31). Cultural practices can increase lodging through increased plant populations (13, 31, 54), high fertilization rates (31, 54), irrigation (31, 54), or damage from cultivation (18). Both stem lodging and root lodging may occur. In stem lodging, the plant bends over or breaks at any point along its stem. In root lodging, straight and intact stems lean over from the ground level due to a disturbed or an inherently weak root system (31).
Presprouting, Root Size, and Cutting Related to Plant Production by Bedded Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: September 2022

Presprouting of ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] seed roots accelerated emergence from the plant bed and enhanced early, midseason, and total plant production. Small presprouted roots produced as many or more early and midseason plants as were produced by large presprouted roots, but small presprouted roots produced lighter-weight plants. Cutting the sweet potato roots before bedding did not affect plant weight nor enhance early or midseason plant production. Late season plant production was increased from transverse halves, which was reflected as a trend toward an increased total number of plants from transverse halves. Whole roots deteriorated less when presprouted than when not presprouted. Roots cut into longitudinal halves or cut transversely at the proximal tip deteriorated more when they had been presprouted than when not presprouted. Presprouting did not affect deterioration of transverse halves. Both whole roots and transverse halves had more plant primordia remaining after 5 weeks of harvest when they had been presprouted. Transverse halves had more plant primordia than whole roots when either presprouted or not presprouted. This may indicate potential for increasing total plant production with combinations of presprouting and transverse cutting of either root size.
Efficacy of a Hydrophilic Gel as a Transplant Aid
Authors: Henderson Janet C. , Hensley David L.
Published: September 2022

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of a hydrophilic gel used as a medium amendment or root dip on plant response to moisture deficits. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling roots were dipped in water or hydrophilic gel solution (7.4 g·liter−1) and planted in sand or a 1 sand : 1 very fine sandy loam mixture (v/v). Seedlings were also planted in the same medium amended with 3 kg·m−3 hydrophilic gel. Leaf water potentials and stomatal resistances were determined at various times after a final irrigation. Significantly greater leaf water potentials occurred in new transplants in sand amended with gel than in control or root-dipped plants. No effect on either leaf water potential or stomatal resistance was apparent for any treatment in finer textured soils. There were no treatment effects on plants exposed to the same gel treatment and allowed to establish for 2 weeks prior to withholding water.
In Vitro Propagation of Ferocactus acanthodes (Cactaceae)
Authors: Ault James R. , Blackmon William J.
Published: September 2022

Tissue culture propagation of Ferocactus acanthodes (Lemaire) Br. & Rose was achieved by culturing apical explants from seedlings germinated in vitro. Axillary shoot proliferation was accomplished by culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) mineral salts supplemented with 9 g·liter−1 agar, 87.6 mm sucrose, 1.1 mm NaH2PO4·H2O, 0.9 mm inositol, 0.2 mm adenine, 46.5 μm kinetin, 5.4 μm NAA, 8.1 μm nicotinic acid, 4.9 μm pyridoxine·HCl, and 3.0 μm thiamine·HCl. Shoot proliferation competence did not diminish through five subcultures. Shoots were rooted on the shoot proliferation medium minus kinetin, NAA, and adenine. Rooted shoots were established successfully in soil under high humidity in the greenhouse. Chemical names used: 1-napthalene-acetic acid (NAA), N(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin).
The Effect of Sucrose and Ancymidol on the in Vitro Rooting of Nodal Sections of Asparagus
Authors: Desjardins Yves , Tiessen H. , Harney P. M.
Published: September 2022

Increasing the concentration of sucrose in media containing 5 μm ancymidol increased rooting, with about 95% rooting of two asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) selections (Guelph-97, ‘Jersey Centennial’) obtained with 7% sucrose. In the absence of ancymidol, there was no evidence that increased sucrose concentration increased rooting. The increased rooting was not due to an osmotic effect, since the replacement of sucrose by an equimolar concentration of mannitol did not improve rooting. Chemical names used; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin), and α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
An Evaluation of the Effect of Three Cytokinins on Plating Efficiency in Protoplast Populations of Potato
Authors: Langille Alan R. , Prouty Karen Lee
Published: September 2022

Protoplasts were isolated from potato Solanum tuberosum L. leaves (‘Russet Burbank’) and plated in cell layers containing either BA, kinetin, or 2iP at concentrations of 0, 0.005, 0.05, or 5.0 mg·liter−1. After 17 days in culture, plating efficiencies were determined and BA at the 0.5 and 0.05 mg· liter−1 concentrations was associated with significantly higher plating efficiencies than the other two sources. The methodology for following development of individual protoplasts is discussed. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); and N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP).
Rubidium Uptake as an Indicator of Citrus Root Damage
Authors: Wutscher H. K. , Schroeder W. J.
Published: September 2022

Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings grown in pots in a greenhouse had 1.8 times as much rubidium in the leaves when larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus L., the West Indian sugarcane rootstalk borer, were feeding on their roots than weevil-free control trees. Manually inflicted damage to the roots simulating weevil damage had a similar effect. Rubidium uptake could be used to detect root damage as a nondestructive substitute for visual inspection of the roots.
Collecting Pyrus Germplasm in Yugoslavia
Authors: van der Zwet T. , Stankovic D. , Ristevski B.
Published: September 2022

During the early 1900s, several plant exploration trips to the Orient were made to collect Pyrus species from Japan, China, Korea, and Manchuria to search for resistance to fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.]. Following numerous inoculations in various tree tissues, Reimer (15) reported the four most important species, ranked in descending order of blight resistance, as follows: P. ussuriensis Maxim, P. calleryana Deche, P. betulaefolia Bunge, and P. pyrifolia (Burn.) f. Nak. Pyrus ussuriensis and P. pyrifolia were used in earlier breeding programs and are the parent species of many oriental cultivars. However, their textures and flavors have not been accepted by most Americans. P. calleryana also has been used in the USD A pear breeding program, and selections of the 3rd backcross generation appear useful only for resistance.
A Modular Assimilation Chamber for Carbon Exchange Rate Measurements of Turf
Authors: Akers Stuart W. , Green Robert L.
Published: September 2022

A modular assimilation chamber (MAC) was developed for rapid examination of CO2 exchange rate (CER) of multiple turfgrass replicates. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Enoble’) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Houndog’) were grown in Cone-tainers with attached base plates under greenhouse conditions. A chamber top was sealed to the base plate to complete the MAC. It then was used under laboratory conditions to measure CER by an open, differential CO2 method or by closed chamber-syringe sampling method. The two-module concept provided a relatively simple tool for making rapid, multiple measurements of CER when used as part of a closed system. However, a larger chamber volume is needed for closed system measurements because: 1) CER values were significantly larger with the open system, rapid drops in CO2 concentration occurred during closed-system measurements, and CER measurements after 2 min of closure were significantly lower than those made after 1 min of closure.
‘Maya’ and ‘Vesna’—Two New Yugoslav Peach Cultivars
Authors: Mišić P. D. , Todorović R. R. , Pavlović V. Ž. , Jovanović Lj. M. , Vinterhalter D. V. , Mirković M. A. , Dragutinović S. J. , Lekić N. K.
Published: September 2022

The Beograd region is the largest peach producing area in continental Yugoslavia. The peach breeding program at the station in Beograd began in 1974 (1) with the goal to develop hardy, self-fertile, productive, large, attractive, firm, good-quality, yellow-fleshed, freestone peach cultivars, ripening mainly after ‘Redhaven’.
U.C. PMR 45 and U.C. Top Mark Fusarium Wilt-resistant (Fom-3) Muskmelon Breeding Lines
Authors: Zink F. W. , Gubler W. D.
Published: September 2022

U.C. PMR 45 and U.C. Top Mark fusarium wilt-resistant (Fom-3) are andromon-oecious, salmon orange fleshed, western shipping-type muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) breeding lines. They have value as germ-plasm sources for selection as well as for the development of commercial hybrids.
PMR Honeydew Muskmelon
Authors: McCreight James D. , Bohn G. Weston , Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

Greenflesh Honeydew (GFHD) musk-melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an erratic performer in the varied environments of Arizona, California (Imperial Valley and San Joaquin Valley), and Texas. The vines are susceptible to powdery mildew caused by Sphaero-theca fuliginea (Schlecht. ex. Fr.) Poll, and the cucurbit mosaic viruses including papaya ringspot virus (watermelon mosaic virus, see ref. 3), watermelon mosaic virus 2, and zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Common quality defects of the fruit include traces of net, nonuniform shapes and sizes, low soluble solids, thin flesh, the cavity becoming watery prior to best edibility, and poor flavor. This report describes PMR Honeydew, a recently released powdery mildew resistant honeydew breeding line.
Irrigation Scheduling for Young Highbush Blueberry Plants in Arkansas
Authors: Byers Patrick L. , Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

A moisture accounting method was used to schedule trickle irrigation on 3-year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) ‘Bluecrop’ planted in 140-liter barrels. Crop coefficients (K) of 1.00, 0.75, and 0.50 were used to relate Class “A” Weather Bureau pan evaporation to consumptive water use during three growth stages. No significant differences were found in yield, total berry number, average berry size, berry pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS : acids ratio, and vegetative growth among the irrigation treatments. Significant differences in initiated flower buds were seen, but no trends were noted. An average water savings over the entire season of 57.0%, 67.7%, and 78.5% of the currently recommended irrigation rate of 3.8 liter·day−1 was observed when irrigation was scheduled using K values of 1.00, 0.75, and 0.50, respectively. A K value of 0.75 was considered to be the optimum crop coefficient for young highbush blueberries growing under Arkansas conditions.
Effect of Daminozide, Chlormequat, and Paclobutrazol on Growth and Fruiting of ‘Clapp's Favorite’ Pears
Authors: Embree Charles G. , Craig William E. , Forsyth Frank R.
Published: September 2022

Young ‘Clapp's Favorite’ pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) received soil-applied paclobutrazol at 6 g (a.i.) per tree in Nov. 1983, or foliar sprays of daminozide at 2000 ppm or two sprays of chlormequat at 1600 ppm in June, 1984. Terminal growth was reduced by daminozide and chloromequat the year of treatment and suppressed by chlormequat and increased by paclobutrazol the following year. The number of flower clusters per limb was increased by daminozide and chlormequat. All growth regulators reduced average leaf area and fruit stem length. Fruit length was reduced by paclobutrazol and average fruit weight by daminozide and paclobutrazol. The growth regulators did not affect flesh firmness, soluble solids, or yield. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide), 2-chloro-N, N, N-trime-thylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat), β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Citrus Whitefly Preference Among Four Ornamental Host Plants
Authors: Hicks C. B. , Oliver A. D.
Published: September 2022

The citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), prefers Gardenia jasminoides Ellis cv. August Beauty to G. jasminoides cv. Radicans, Viburnum odoratis- simum Ker-Gawl, and Ligustrum sinense Lour. cv. Variegata for egg deposition. Mean numbers of citrus whiteflies found in subsequent life stages (after the egg) remained significantly higher on G. jasminoides cv. August Beauty. These four host plants of the citrus whitefly are major production and landscape items in the south; therefore, segregation of cultivars most heavily infested by the pest is an important consideration when planning control strategies.