bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Zimbabwean Uniformed Women in Peacekeeping in Africa
Authors: Kurebwa Jeffrey , Ndlovu Sikhulekile
Published: January 2020

This study sought to assess the contribution of Zimbabwean uniformed women in peacekeeping in Africa with specific reference to Liberia and East Timor. The study found out that despite being a key ingredient for successful operational impact in any peacekeeping mission, the contribution was not greatly appreciated due to a variety of factors. The study also noted that uniformed women peacekeepers were grappling with a plethora of challenges ranging from language and cultural barriers, a low number of female peacekeepers, gender stereotypes, to a non-family status of most United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions. The study concludes that UN member states should vigorously conduct more sustained recruitment of women into national institutions such as military, police and prisons and correctional service to increase the pool of personnel for subsequent deployment to peacekeeping duties. The UN should look at the possibility of reviewing some of its policies to reduce the negative impact caused by the prolonged absence of peacekeepers away from their families.
Chemoradiation in locally advanced Ca Cx
Authors: Dhankhar Rakesh , Chhabra Sandeep , Dahiya Kiran , Ghalaut Veena Singh , Singh Sunder , Gupta Keerti
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (nGAL) has been reported to be unregulated in many cancers and to suppress tumor suppressor genes like p53 leading to cell proliferation. Studies to report its relationship with carcinoma cervix (Ca Cx) are still scant.

Materials and Methods:

Serum nGAL levels were analyzed in 30 patients of histopathologically proven locally advanced Ca Cx at the time of diagnosis and 3 weeks after standard chemoradiation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These patients underwent either brachytherapy or supplementary external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) depending on the response of treatment. The results were analyzed statistically by applying Student's paired t-test.

Results:

no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in patients of Ca Cx before and after treatment or when compared stage wise, histopathological grade wise, or response wise. But the levels were found to increase when duration of treatment was ≥8 weeks (P = 0.040) and to decrease significantly when duration of treatment was <8 weeks (P = 0.0052). The nGAL levels also increased significantly after treatment in patients who received EBRT and supplementary radiotherapy (P = 0.019) while the pre- and post-treatment difference in nGAL levels was not statistically significant in patients who received EBRT + intracavitary brachytherapy (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

As the duration as well as modality of treatment is quite important in Ca Cx, shorter duration associated with better results and lower nGAL levels, nGAL might prove to be a useful biomarker although further studies are needed to support the claim.
Herbal supplement usage among cancer patients
Authors: Kanimozhi Thirunavukkarasu , Hindu Kalluru , Maheshvari Yuvaraj , Khushnidha Y. Gulab , Kumaravel Mahendrian , Srinivas K. Satish , Manickavasagam M. , Mangathayaru Kalachaveedu
Published: January 2020

Background:

Herbal supplements (HS) are one of the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicines in cancer. Reduced therapeutic efficacy of prescription anticancer agents through unwarranted herb–drug interactions is a major efficacy/safety concern. In view of the rising cancer prevalence in India along with a high degree of reliance and cultural acceptability in favor of traditional medicine drugs, prevalence data exclusively of HS usage during cancer treatment are of considerable epidemiological significance.

Methodology:

This questionnaire-based prospective observational study aimed at estimating the prevalence of HS among cancer patients during treatment at our tertiary care medical center. Taken on a population of 220 patients within a period of 9 months, data were generated by a customized validated questionnaire and the same processed by IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version XXIV, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Differences between HS use and nonuse with respect to demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics were assessed by Chi-square test. For examining the latter variables as possible predictors of HS usage, they were entered into bivariate logistic regression with odds ratio and confidence intervals calculated for each.

Results:

Out of 220 patients, 57 (26%) were HS users and 163 (74%) were nonusers. Majority of the users (42.1%) were on self-prepared folklore herbal medicine postdiagnosis of cancer (57.9%), the most common reason cited being symptom palliation (35.1%) on the advice of friends and family (64.9%). Fear of disapproval was the most common reason cited (68.4%) for not disclosing HS usage to the physician.

Conclusion:

Chemotherapy and unemployment are predictors of HS usage, and there is a significant association between occupation status and HS usage. This first study on HS prevalence among South Indian population proposes the need for a more robust evidence base for understanding all aspects of HS use in cancer.
Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-NaI3-Octreotide/tyr3-octreotate positron emission tomography/computed tomography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography in localization of tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 syndrome
Authors: Patil Virendra , Goroshi Manjunath , Shah Hina , Malhotra Gaurav , Hira Priya , Sarathi Vijaya , Lele Vikram , Jadhav Swati , Lila Anurag , Bandgar Tushar , Shah Nalini
Published: January 2020

The optimum imaging modality for the screening of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-associated tumors is not well established. Here, we compare the performance of contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) versus 68Ga DOTA-NOC/TATE PET/CT in MEN1 patients. The retrospective case record study is conducted at a tertiary health-care center. Thirty-four patients, who have undergone both CECT and 68Ga DOTA-NOC/TATE PET, were included in the analysis. CECT had higher per-lesion sensitivity than 68Ga DOTA-NOC/TATE PET/CT for the detection of parathyroid lesions, (82.6% vs. 24.6%, P < 0.001). 68Ga DOTA-NOC/TATE PET/CT had higher per-lesion sensitivity than CECT for the detection of metastases (85% vs. 47.5%, P < 0.001) and gastrinomas (90% vs. 10%, P = 0.003). When combined use of the two imaging modalities is compared to CECT alone (63.7% vs. 93.1%, P = 0.00012) and 68Ga-DOTA-NOC/TATE PET/CT alone (74.1% vs. 93.1%, P = 0.0057), it provided significantly higher per-lesion sensitivity for the detection of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). 68Ga-DOTA-NOC/TATE PET was more sensitive for the detection of gastrinomas and metastases than CECT, whereas it was less sensitive for the detection of parathyroid lesions than CECT. The combined use of both the imaging modalities significantly increases the sensitivity for detection of GEP-NETs.
Workplace Environment and Productivity: Employees'
Reaction towards the Quality of Physical Environment in
Rented Saudi Workplaces
Authors: Adel Mohammad A. Binyaseen Adel Mohammad A. Binyaseen
Published: January 2020

Research concerned with enhancing productivity in
workplaces has considered physical environment as a key issue.
Recent trends in workplace design always call for the need to use
physical environment as a tool to encourage productivity. Due to the
growing evidence which relates physical environment with
productivity, this paper examines employees' satisfaction with their
physical environment in five rented Saudi workplaces. The research is
prompted by the need to demonstrate to Saudi governmental
organizations that the existing situation of rented workplaces does not
provide employees with enough support to perform their jobs
effectively. Results out of five rented workplaces belonging to
Municipality of Makkah revealed some dissatisfaction of different
staff groups with nine important aspects of physical environment in
workplaces. Satisfaction with Privacy, services and workspace area
were found to be the strongest predictors of overall workplace
satisfaction (OWS). Moreover, employees considered satisfaction with
these predictors as important factors to achieve productivity.
تأثير مدى توافر عوامل الأمن والسلامة في وسائل النقل المدرسي على استخدامها داخل مدينة الرياض كمثال للمدن الكبرى في المملكة العربية السعودية
Authors: أمير محمد العلوان أمير محمد العلوان
Published: January 2020

يهدف البحث إلى التعرف على تأثير مدى توافر عوامل الأمن والسلامة الرئيسية في وسائل النقل المدرسي الحالية في مدينة الرياض كمثال للمدن الكبرى في المملكة على استخدامها، وبيان الآثار المترتبة عليها، وأهم مقترحات وحلول الأمن والسلامة الرئيسية التي سوف تسهم في زيادة استخدام وسائل وحافلات النقل المدرسي داخل المدينة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم تصميم استبانة للحصول على البيانات اللازمة موجهة للسكان بجميع فئاتهم، وتم التأكد من صدق وثبات هذه الاستبانة. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن جميع عوامل الأمن والسلامة الرئيسية في وسائل النقل المدرسي لها تأثير بدرجة كبيرة على استخدامها، وأن تأثير هذه العناصر المختلفة تتفاوت من عنصر إلى آخر داخل كل عامل من هذه العوامل. كما أن هناك تبايناً وفروقات واضحة في آراء أفراد عينة البحث تجاه درجة التأثير والحلول المقترحة– باختلاف الخصائص الشخصية. وأوضحت النتائج أن الإناث وكذلك المراحل الأولية - الروضة والتمهيدي والابتدائية - وكذلك أولياء الأمور ذوو الدخول المرتفعة والمراتب الوظيفية العليا أكثر تأثراً بمدى توافر عوامل الأمن والسلامة في وسائل النقل المدرسي على استخدامها. أما فيما يتعلق بالحلول والمقترحات فهي متقاربة وعلى نفس المستوى من التأثير تقريبا وكلها تؤكد أهمية توفير عوامل الأمن والسلامة فيما يتعلق بالتصميم الداخلي والخارجي للحافلة، وكذلك الصيانة الدورية للحافلة، وتأهيل وتدريب قائدي الحافلات، ودعم ورفع كفاءة الإدارات المنظمة لوسائل النقل المدرسي.
تقنية BIM كأداة تطبيقية في مناهج التصميم الشامل؛ لتقليص الفجوة بين الدراسة الأكاديمية والواقع المهني لمادة التصميم المعماري
Authors: ولاء السيد يوسف ولاء السيد يوسف
Published: January 2020

. إن الهدف الأسمى لتطوير التعليم المعماري هو ربطه بسوق العمل؛ لتقديم كادر مهني كفء بالمجال. لكن يشكل العامل الزمني عائق في تحقيق الأهداف وتحديد دقة النتائج؛ لأن زمن مخرجات التطوير بسوق العمل يختلف عن زمن المدخلات بالمرحلة الدراسية، والذي قد يكون ذا معايير سوقية مختلفة. يتطلب ذلك رصد آني مستمر لمعايير سوق العمل لتطبيقها في الدراسة الأكاديمية، ولا سيما لمادة التصميم المعماري، التي هي أهم مادة بالمرحلة الدراسية، بينما في سوق العمل تكون أحد مراحل التصميم الشامل للمشروعات. فبدارسة سوق العمل العالمي بداية القرن الواحد والعشرين؛ وُجد أن ظهور تقنية BIM جعل ممارسة التصميم المعماري مهنياً أكثر حرفية بشكل أكاديمي النهج؛ الأمر الذي أدى استغلاله بشكل علمي منضبط إلى تطوير تدريس العملية التصميمية. لمادة التصميم المعماري أهمية قصوى فهي ترتكز على مجموعة من أسس وعلوم التصميم التي تغذي مهارات المعماري ولا يمكن المساس بها. يقترح البحث أن يكون التطوير من خلال مادة التصميم الشامل لتكون مادة تطبيقية تحقق تكامل التصميم المعماري مهنياً وأكاديمياً. فيكون المأمول تحقيق تأثير إيجابي متبادل بين الدراسة الأكاديمية والواقع المهني. وتحويل التعليم التقليدي إلى تعليم تقدمي بتقنيات الحاسب، دون التأثير السلبي على المعايير الأكاديمية أو الذاتية للقائمين على التعليم المعماري بالمؤسسات الأكاديمية.
Shareowners, Stakeholders & the Global Oversize Economy. The Coca-Cola Company Case
Authors: Brondoni Silvio M.
Published: January 2020

Since 2010, globalisation has imposed a new view of the competitive environment in which competitors are not always direct rivals. On the contrary, as a result of alliances and agreements, certain firms can become mega-organisations that have the potential to change the long-term competitive structure of sectors (oversize economy). In the emerging oversize economy, mega corporations (The Coca-Cola Company, McDonald’s, Apple, for instance) manage competition adopting firm policies focused on shareownership, co-ownership and stock splits. The Coca-Cola Company accountability for sustainability creates a range of outcomes including diverse beverage products; economic benefits such as jobs, taxes paid and community investment; ecosystem impacts and initiatives; and customer and shareowner value.
Platforms of knowledge: architectural heritage practice and the information age in South Africa
Authors: Barker Arthur , Swart Johan
Published: January 2020

The intellectual basis for preservation and conservation is formed by the study, record and dissemination of the works of humanity. Due to the negative impacts of exponential city growth, through densification and the impact of climate change, more considered design approaches need to be made for the reuse and adaptation of buildings in historical contexts. The fast pace of project design, and implementation, in the 21st century, has fostered the need for directly accessible architectural heritage knowledge. Therefore, architectural heritage practice demands access to curated information to ensure considered, and appropriate, design responses. This is important, not only for heritage and other related practitioners, but also for researchers and students. The advent of the Information Age initiated new methodologies for archiving knowledge. These developments provided architectural heritage practice with extended platforms of knowledge, either born-digital or founded on analogue principles. But what are these digital architectural heritage knowledge platforms in South Africa? Where are they located and how is information curated? How accessible is the information and how useful is it for heritage assessment practitioners? This article will describe the development of analogue architectural platforms and their development into digital formats. Thereafter, the nature of architectural heritage practice in South Africa will be defined through an assessment of legislation and professional practice. Then the types of information needed for architectural heritage practice to be effective will be explained. A selection of currently available architecturally related heritage platforms (with a digital bias) will be located and described, followed by a critique of their effectiveness. A number of case studies will then be highlighted to determine the effectiveness of the work of heritage assessment practitioners. The article will conclude by suggesting ways of adding value to current, and future, digital information platforms to cater to the pressing needs of architectural heritage practice in South Africa.
A functional analysis of two 3D-scanned antique pistols from New Zealand
Authors: LaRocco John , Paeng Dong-Guk
Published: January 2020

Preservation of historical weapons requires continual and careful maintenance. Digital three-dimensional (3D) scanning can assist in preservation and analysis by generating a 3D computer model. New Zealand presents a special case for historical preservation, owing to the rapid import of European goods in a culture previously unexposed to metalworking. This, and the subsequent British colonization, led to upheaval and war. The most intense conflict between British and Maori forces was in the New Zealand Land Wars of the mid-19th century. The primary handheld firearms used in this period were black-powder muzzle-loaders, and the variety of armed factions involved in the war resulted in an eclectic range of weapons used. Two antique muzzle-loading pistols from this period were scanned and analyzed. Insights were gained into the history of double-barreled muzzle-loading pistols and transitional revolvers. The double-barreled pistol was determined to have been a flintlock pistol from a century prior to the Land Wars, later converted to percussion cap ignition. The transitional revolver was an intermediate step between the multi-barrel pepperbox pistol and the “true” revolver, but it remained in use throughout the Victorian era. Both types of firearms were effectively obsolete elsewhere in the world by the time of the Land Wars, but the conflict created a demand for a variety of weapons. While the pistols analyzed in this study are decommissioned and no longer in working order, the 3D models made from the samples afforded a unique glimpse into New Zealand’s history. The methodology detailed over the course of the study can be applied to other historical firearms in order to facilitate preservation, investigation, and experimentation.

Highlights:

Preservation of historical machines requires continual maintenance, including replacement of worn or missing parts.

A combination of 3D scanning and digital models was used to analyze two antique pistols from New Zealand: a converted flintlock pistol and a transitional revolver.

The method of making and analyzing digital models detailed in this study offers a way to facilitate historical preservation, experimental archaeology, and functional analysis.
Pressupostos metafísicos para a fundamentação da moral em Schopenhauer
Authors: Dalcol Mônica Saldanha , Alós Anselmo Peres
Published: January 2020

A reflexão acerca da natureza da fundamentação da moral possui uma longa trajetória na filosofia. Uma das principais é proposta desenvolvida pelo filósofo alemão Arthur Schopenhauer, que fundamenta a moralidade a partir da compaixão. Nesse artigo, analisaremos quais são os pressupostos metafísicos necessários para a formulação de uma ética da compaixão.
Making Functional Cognition a Professional Priority
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir , Edwards Dorothy Farrar , Baum Carolyn , Furniss Jeremy , Skidmore Elizabeth , Wolf Timothy , Leland Natalie E.
Published: January 2020

Functional cognition is a critical domain of concern for occupational therapy practice. As the health care system moves to assessing value through achievement of quality outcomes, the field of occupational therapy must address the inclusion of functional cognition in evaluation and treatment. Evidence indicates that impaired cognition contributes to risk of hospital readmission and poor overall health outcomes across diagnostic groups. Moreover, expenditure on occupational therapy services that address functional cognition has been shown to lower hospital readmission rates. To improve client outcomes, occupational therapists must consistently screen for and, when appropriate, evaluate and treat functional cognition impairments and consider functional cognition in the discharge planning process. Occupational therapy professionals must make a proactive, coordinated effort to establish the profession’s role in evaluating and treating clients’ limitations in functional cognition as a means to achieving improved quality care and client outcomes.
Women Faculty in Postsecondary Agricultural and Extension Education: A Fifteen Year Update
Authors: Cline Lauren Lewis , Rosson Haley , Weeks Penny Pennington
Published: January 2020

Women faculty membership in the American Association for Agricultural Education was 14.6% in 2003 and is now 21.9%. With strategic goals to build a more inclusive and collaborative culture within the association, the need to recruit and retain diverse faculty remains in agricultural and extension education (AEE). The purpose of this critical inquiry study was to provide an updated profile of women faculty in postsecondary AEE by describing the current organizational climate and mentoring experiences. Following the basic interpretive qualitative methodology, a census of women faculty in AEE was conducted. Four emergent themes described women faculty’s perceptions of the unique challenges, opportunities, and mentoring experiences in AEE: (a) contributors to a positive work environment, (b) contributors to a toxic work environment, (c) mentoring experiences in the profession, and (d) work-life integration. Women faculty valued encouragement, collaboration, transparency, and mentorship within the profession. Sexism, marginalization, and unhealthy competition were identified as barriers. Women faculty held three conflicting perceptions of work-life integration. Opportunities to create a more inclusive organizational culture with intentional mentorship for women faculty in AEE should be considered. Continued critical research to promote the inclusion of diverse faculty in AEE is recommended.
Making Sense of the Buzz: A Systematic Review of "STEM" in Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Education Literature
Authors: Scherer Hannah H. , McKim Aaron J. , Wang Hui-Hui , DiBenedetto Catherine A. , Robinson Kelly
Published: January 2020

The world demands individuals with knowledge and skills in agriculture, food, and natural resources (AFNR) paired with proficiency in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) concepts. Current models for STEM education call for interdisciplinary approaches in which learners address real-world challenges, indicating high potential for collaboration with researchers and practitioners in AFNR. The purpose of this study was to articulate the state of the 2010-2017 literature for STEM in AFNR education to inform future research, innovations in practice, and interdisciplinary collaborations. Using a systematic review approach and qualitative analysis techniques, 52 peer-reviewed STEM in AFNR education articles were analyzed for general characteristics, instructional approaches, STEM subjects, relationship between STEM subjects, relationship between STEM and AFNR, justifications, foci, and operationalization of STEM in research. Within each category, we identified themes that resulted in a summary of STEM in AFNR education in which future research and practice could align. Results indicated STEM in AFNR serves a range of populations, science and math are well represented, engineering is poorly represented, and mechanisms through which STEM learning occurs are often inadequately described. We recommend a collaborative and interdisciplinary future for STEM and AFNR education because both communities are pursuing common aims.
Preservice Teachers' Experiences in a Required Reading in the Content Area Course
Authors: Hasselquist Laura , Naughton Meredith , Kitchel Tracy
Published: January 2020

Strong literacy skills are needed to be successful in the 21st century. All teachers are charged with developing students’ literacy skills and abilities. To help better prepare preservice teachers for this task, students at the University of Missouri are required to take a Reading in the Content Area (RICA) course. This intrinsic case study focused on preservice agriculture teachers who were nearing completion of the RICA course. Two focus groups were conducted with a total of nine participants. Four themes emerged from the data: 1. students held misconceptions and concerns that were dispelled, 2. the structure and content made it an impactful, yet incomplete, experience, 3.they recognized the importance of literacy in agricultural education, and finally 4) they were still hesitant to use literacy in their future classrooms. Recommendations for practice include:adding a literacy component to microteaching experiences, developing confidence surroundingliteracy assessment abilities, and providing preservice teachers with literacy strategies specific to agricultural education.
Trends and Impact of FFA Affiliation on National FFA Organization Student Membership: A Secondary Analysis of Existing Data
Authors: Sheehan C. Zane , Moore Lori L.
Published: January 2020

FFA, School-Based Agricultural Education’s student leadership organization, has experienced significant membership growth in recent years. From 1990-2010, FFA membership increased 31%, yet has experienced a similar increase (28%) in just the last eight years, the same time affiliation became a membership option. The purpose of this study was to examine recent FFA membership trends based on current membership options: optional dues-based membership and mandatory affiliation membership. A secondary analysis of FFA chapter membership roster records and annual state reports during the previous four complete academic years beginning in 2013-2014, was completed following the steps of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). As of 2017, over two-thirds (70.57%) of chapters are still dues-paying chapters. However, when analyzing membership type by FFA members, over half (51.54%) of all FFA members are members through affiliation. When looking at members within each region, the majority of members from the Central, Eastern, and Southern region are dues paying members while the majority of members in the Western region are affiliated members. Additionally, a stronger relationship may exist between national recognition and FFA affiliated chapters than for FFA dues; there may be a relative advantage in national award programs for affiliated chapters.
STEM Knowledge, Learning Disabilities and Experiential Learning: Influences of Sequencing Instruction
Authors: Smith Kasee L. , Rayfield John
Published: January 2020

Career and technical education (CTE) courses, including agricultural education courses, are home to a disproportionately large number of students with learning disabilities. Agricultural education has been sought as a potential solution to teaching abstract STEM concepts through experiential learning methods. Abstract concepts are noted in the literature as particularly difficult for students with learning disabilities to grasp. This study was designed to describe the changes in pretest and posttest scores on STEM content tests for students when accounting for their preference for grasping information through experiential learning theory and their learning disability classification. When instruction was sequenced to match student learning preference, change scores for students with learning disabilities were increased. When instruction was opposite student preference, students with learning disabilities had lower change scores than those without a learning disability classification. Results highlight the importance of sequencing instruction for both students with and without learning disabilities. Examining students through experiential learning theory may provide a platform for mitigating the effects of learning disabilities on student achievement.
Evaluating the Role of Leader Member Exchange in Leadership Development Program Satisfaction
Authors: Lamm Kevan W. , Priest Kerry L.
Published: January 2020

Today’s agricultural leaders face complex challenges. On a global scale, pressing issues around land use, food production and security, natural resource management, energy consumption, and climate change drive the need for systemic, innovative, collaborative solutions. For over four decades, adult agricultural leadership programs have represented an intentional investment in fostering leadership development and community participation in response to changing needs of rural and agricultural communities. The current study sought to investigate the role of leader member exchange (LMX) between leadership program participants with their program directors and the satisfaction participants had with their program experience. Through regression analysis LMX was found to be a statistically significant predictor of program satisfaction. Therefore, a recommendation is for program directors, and leadership educators more generally, to be cognizant of not only the content of programs, but also of the relationships they are forming with participants throughout a leadership development program.
Using Adoption and Perceived Characteristics of Fertilizer Innovations to Identify Extension Educational Needs of Florida's Resedential Audiences
Authors: Warner Laura A. , Silvert Colby J. , Benge Matt
Published: January 2020

The objective in this study was to explore factors that shape how residents manage their home landscapes, and we applied Rogers’ (2003) Diffusion of Innovations to understand fertilizer practices and implications for Extension programming to address non-point source pollution. Data were drawn from a statewide survey of 1,197 Floridians. We identified the extent to which Floridians were using 10 residential fertilizer best practices, how Floridians’ perceived characteristics of fertilizer innovations related to adoption, and evaluated how the educational needs pertaining to fertilizer use differed among non-innovative and innovative individuals. Respondents were most engaged in practices such as reading fertilizer packages and labels to apply the correct amount and least engaged in soil testing to inform fertilizer applications as well as asking their landscape professional about training. Floridians perceived the five characteristics of fertilizer best practices at a moderate level overall, and of these, characteristics, compatibility, trialability, and relative advantage predicted adoption. Innovative individuals were more interested in learning from colleagues, neighbors, and public organizations such as Cooperative Extension and government organizations. They were also more interested in learning by visiting an Extension office or through social media than those who were non-innovative. This study may inform policy- making such as local landscape ordinances and planning of Extension behavior change programs.
What Moves You? How SBAE Teachers Navigate Program Migration
Authors: Haddad Becky , Velez Jonathan J. , Stewart Josh
Published: January 2020

Little data exists to examine the stigmatized phenomenon of program mobility within agricultural education. Our research starts the conversation through interviews with eight School-Based Agricultural Education (SBAE) teachers across the United States, using qualitative phenomenology, to provide a unique perspective of retention through migration. We define teacher migration as a program move while choosing to remain in SBAE. Utilizing the theoretical lens of expansive learning through activity systems (Engeström, 2009), we present teacher migration as a means to learn and grow in the craft of teaching within SBAE, particularly among teachers with more than eight years of experience. Although additional efforts are needed to quantify migration within SBAE, and to examine the common narrative, our research reveals program migration to be a relational issue. In our study, participants expressed community, opportunity to learn, and time as functions of support through a career transition. They identified resources and expectations as challenges faced in the migration process. Our research provides a starting place for conversations around teacher migration through a focus on the assets of experience, viewing migration as a means of retention rather than as a function toward attrition.
Describing the Differences in the Professional Development Needs of Traditionally and Alternatively Certified Agriculture Teachers in Louisianna
Authors: Stair Dr. Kristin , Figland Whitney , Blackburn Dr. Joey , Smith Dr. Eric
Published: January 2020

For decades, teacher education programs have suffered from teacher shortages in many content areas. Due to high teacher turnover rate there has been an increase in the number of teachers who are entering the field through alternative certification programs. It has been noted that the professional development needs of traditionally and alternatively certified teachers may differ drastically. The purpose of this study was to identify the professional development needs of agriculture teachers in Louisiana based on certification type. Data were collected at each of the three Louisiana FFA Leadership Camp sessions during the Louisiana Agriculture Teacher’s Association meeting held on the first day of camp. In all, 190 agriculture teachers registered for camp and 164 completed the instrument, representing an 86.0% response rate of camp attendees and 62.8% of the total agriculture teacher population. The results from this study indicated that professional development related to Program Management was the only statistically significant difference between the two groups. Specifically, the traditionally certified teachers felt a greater need for professional development in this area. Based on this research, there may be less difference in the professional development needs of teachers based on certification type in Louisiana than expected compared to previous research.
Beyond Magic Words and Symbols: Rethinking Common Practices in Quantitative Research
Authors: Johnson Donald M. , Shoulders Catherine W.
Published: January 2020

One of the keystones of scientific disciplines is the production and dissemination of quality, valid research. Within the Journal of Agricultural Education, traditions passed down from mentor to mentee have led to the establishment of magic words and symbols that, while used to meet criteria for acceptance for publication, actually obscure and obfuscate the research process. When used inappropriately, these terms can suggest appropriate methodology to the uninformed reader or reviewer, perpetuating the publication and dissemination of invalid research. Using the theory of planned behavior as a framework, this research note seeks to highlight some of the more common magic words and symbols used in manuscripts within the Journal of Agricultural Education and offers information to enable researchers to cease inappropriate use of these terms in an effort to enhance the validity of research published within the journal. This research note was an invited presentation at the 2019 American Association for Agricultural Education Conference and was approved for publication by the Chair of the Journal of Agricultural Education’s Editing Managing Board.
Earth's radiation belts' ions: patterns of the spatial-energy structure and its solar-cyclic variations
Authors: Kovtyukh Alexander S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Spatial-energy distributions of the stationary fluxes of protons,
helium, and ions of the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen (CNO) group, with energy from E
∼100 keV to 200 MeV, in the Earth's radiation belts (ERBs), at L∼1–8, are considered here using data from satellites during the period from
1961 to 2017. It has been found that the results of these measurements line up
in the {E,L} space, following some regular
patterns. The ion ERB shows a single intensity peak that moves toward Earth
with increasing energy and decreasing ion mass. Solar-cyclic (11-year)
variations in the distributions of protons, helium, and the CNO group ion fluxes
in the ERB are studied. In the inner regions of
the ERB, it has been observed that fluxes decrease with increasing solar activity and that the
solar-cyclic variations of fluxes of Z≥2 ions are much greater than those
for protons; moreover, it seems that they increase with increasing atomic
number Z. It is suggested that heavier ion intensities peak further from the
Earth and vary more over the solar cycle, as they have more strong
ionization losses. These results also indicate that the coefficient DLL of the radial diffusion of
the ERB ions changes much less than the ionization loss rates of ions with
Z≥2 due to variations in the
level of solar activity.
Anomalies in the carbonate system of Red Sea coastal habitats
Authors: Baldry Kimberlee , Saderne Vincent , McCorkle Daniel C. , Churchill James H. , Agusti Susana , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. We use observations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)
and total alkalinity (TA) to assess the impact of ecosystem metabolic
processes on coastal waters of the eastern Red Sea. A simple,
single-end-member mixing model is used to account for the influence of
mixing with offshore waters and evaporation–precipitation and to model
ecosystem-driven perturbations on the carbonate system chemistry of coral
reefs, seagrass meadows and mangrove forests. We find that (1) along-shelf
changes in TA and DIC exhibit strong linear relationships that are
consistent with basin-scale net calcium carbonate precipitation; (2) ecosystem-driven changes in TA and DIC are larger than offshore variations
in >70 % of sampled seagrass meadows and mangrove forests,
changes which are influenced by a combination of longer water residence
times and community metabolic rates; and (3) the sampled mangrove forests
show strong and consistent contributions from both organic respiration and
other sedimentary processes (carbonate dissolution and secondary redox
processes), while seagrass meadows display more variability in the relative
contributions of photosynthesis and other sedimentary processes (carbonate
precipitation and oxidative processes). The results of this study highlight
the importance of resolving the influences of water residence times, mixing
and upstream habitats on mediating the carbonate system and coastal air–sea
carbon dioxide fluxes over coastal habitats in the Red Sea.
Carbon dioxide dynamics in an agricultural headwater stream driven by hydrology
and primary production
Authors: Wallin Marcus B. , Audet Joachim , Peacock Mike , Sahlée Erik , Winterdahl Mattias
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Headwater streams are known to be hotspots for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere and are hence important components in landscape carbon balances. However, surprisingly little is known about stream CO2 dynamics and emissions in agricultural settings, a land-use type that globally cover ca 40 % of the continental area. Here we present continuously measured in-situ CO2 concentration data from a temperate agricultural headwater stream covering more than one year of open-water season. The stream CO2 concentrations during the entire study period were generally high (median 3.44 mg C L−1, corresponding to partial pressures (pCO2) of 4778 µatm) but were also highly variable (IQR = 3.26 mg C L−1). The CO2 concentration dynamics covered a variety of different time-scales from seasonal to hourly, and with an interplay of hydrological and biological controls. The hydrological control was strong (although with both positive as well as negative influences dependent on season) and CO2 concentrations changed rapidly in response to rainfall and snowmelt events. However, during growing-season baseflow and receding flow conditions, aquatic primary production seemed to control the stream CO2 dynamics resulting in elevated diel patterns. Given the observed high levels of CO2 and its temporally variable nature, agricultural streams clearly need more attention in order to understand and incorporate these considerable dynamics in large scale extrapolations.
The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) v1.0: a multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – design and overview
Authors: Marsh Christopher B. , Pomeroy John W. , Wheater Howard S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Despite debate in the rainfall–runoff hydrology literature about the merits
of physics-based and spatially distributed models, substantial work in cold-region hydrology has shown improved predictive capacity by including
physics-based process representations, relatively high-resolution semi-distributed and
fully distributed discretizations, and the use of physically identifiable
parameters that require limited calibration. While there is increasing
motivation for modelling at hyper-resolution (< 1 km) and snowdrift-resolving scales (≈ 1 to 100 m), the capabilities of
existing cold-region hydrological models are computationally limited at
these scales. Here, a new distributed model, the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM), is
presented. Although designed to be applied generally, it has a focus for
application where cold-region processes play a role in hydrology. Key
features include the ability to do the following: capture spatial heterogeneity in the surface
discretization in an efficient manner via variable-resolution unstructured
meshes; include multiple process representations; change,
remove, and decouple hydrological process algorithms; work at both a
point and spatially distributed scale; scale to multiple spatial
extents and scales; and utilize a variety of forcing fields (boundary and
initial conditions). This paper focuses on the overall model philosophy
and design, and it provides a number of cold-region-specific features and
examples.
The Canadian atmospheric transport model for simulating greenhouse gas evolution on regional scales: GEM–MACH–GHG v.137-reg
Authors: Kim Jinwoong , Polavarapu Saroja M. , Chan Douglas , Neish Michael
Published: January 2020

Abstract. In this study, we present the development of a regional
atmospheric transport model for greenhouse gas (GHG) simulation based on an
operational weather forecast model and a chemical transport model at
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), with the goal of improving our
understanding of the high-spatiotemporal-resolution interaction between the
atmosphere and surface GHG fluxes over Canada and the United States. The
regional model uses 10 km×10 km horizontal grid spacing and 80 vertical
levels spanning the ground to 0.1 hPa. The lateral boundary conditions of
meteorology and tracers are provided by the global transport model used for
GHG simulation at ECCC. The performance of the regional model and added
benefit of the regional model over our lower-resolution global models is
investigated in terms of modelled CO2 concentration and meteorological
forecast quality for multiple seasons in 2015. We find that our regional
model has the capability to simulate the high spatial (horizontal and vertical)
and temporal scales of atmospheric CO2 concentrations based on
comparisons to surface and aircraft observations. In addition, the bias
and standard deviation of forecast error in boreal summer are reduced by
the regional model. Better representation of model topography in the
regional model results in improved simulation of the CO2 diurnal cycle
compared to the global model at Walnut Grove, California. The new regional
model will form the basis of a flux inversion system that estimates regional-scale fluxes of GHGs over Canada.
Numerical investigation on the power of parametric and nonparametric tests for trend detection in annual maximum series
Authors: Totaro Vincenzo , Gioia Andrea , Iacobellis Vito
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The need to fit time series characterized by the presence of a trend or change points has generated increased interest in the investigation of nonstationary probability distributions in recent years. Considering that the available hydrological time series can be recognized as the observable part of a stochastic process with a definite probability distribution, two main topics can be tackled in this context: the first is related to the definition of an objective criterion for choosing whether the stationary hypothesis can be adopted, whereas the second regards the effects of nonstationarity on the estimation of distribution parameters and quantiles for an assigned return period and flood risk evaluation. Although the time series trend or change points are usually detected using nonparametric tests available in the literature (e.g., Mann–Kendall or CUSUM test), the correct selection of the stationary or nonstationary probability distribution is still required for design purposes. In this light, the focus is shifted toward model selection criteria; this implies the use of parametric methods, including all of the issues related to parameter estimation. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of parametric and nonparametric methods for trend detection, analyzing their power and focusing on the use of traditional model selection tools (e.g., the Akaike information criterion and the likelihood ratio test) within this context. The power and efficiency of parameter estimation, including the trend coefficient, were investigated via Monte Carlo simulations using the generalized extreme value distribution as the parent with selected parameter sets.
Model for leisure boat activities and emissions – implementation for the Baltic Sea
Authors: Johansson Lasse , Ytreberg Erik , Jalkanen Jukka-Pekka , Fridell Erik , Eriksson K. Martin , Lagerström Maria , Maljutenko Ilja , Raudsepp Urmas , Fischer Vivian , Roth Eva
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The activities and emissions from leisure boats at the Baltic Sea have been modelled in a comprehensive approach for the first time, using a new simulation model leisure boat emissions and activities simulator (BEAM). The model utilizes survey data to characterize the national leisure boat fleets. Leisure boats have been categorized based on their size, usage and engine specifications and for these sub-categories emission factors for NOx, PM2.5, CO, NMVOCs and releases of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from anti-fouling paints have been estimated according to literature values. The modelling approach also considers the temporal and spatial distribution of leisure boat activities, which are applied to each simulated leisure boat separately. According to our results the CO and NMVOC emissions from leisure boats, as well as Cu and Zn released from antifouling paints, are significant when compared against the emissions originating from registered commercial shipping in the Baltic Sea. CO emissions equal 70 % of the registered shipping emissions and NMVOC emissions equal 160 % when compared against the modelled results at the Baltic Sea in 2014. Modelled NOx and PM2.5 from the leisure boats are less significant compared to the registered shipping emissions. The emissions from leisure boats are concentrated on the summer months of June, July and August and are released in the vicinity of inhabited coastal areas. Given the large emission estimates for leisure boats, this commonly overlooked source of emissions should be further investigated in greater detail.
Glacier algae accelerate melt rates on the south-western Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Cook Joseph M. , Tedstone Andrew J. , Williamson Christopher , McCutcheon Jenine , Hodson Andrew J. , Dayal Archana , Skiles McKenzie , Hofer Stefan , Bryant Robert , McAree Owen , McGonigle Andrew , Ryan Jonathan , Anesio Alexandre M. , Irvine-Fynn Tristram D. L. , Hubbard Alun , Hanna Edward , Flanner Mark , Mayanna Sathish , Benning Liane G. , van As Dirk , Yallop Marian , McQuaid James B. , Gribbin Thomas , Tranter Martyn
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is the largest
single contributor to eustatic sea level and is amplified by the growth
of pigmented algae on the ice surface, which increases solar radiation
absorption. This biological albedo-reducing effect and its impact upon sea
level rise has not previously been quantified. Here, we combine field
spectroscopy with a radiative-transfer model, supervised classification of
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and satellite remote-sensing data, and runoff modelling to calculate
biologically driven ice surface ablation. We demonstrate that algal growth
led to an additional 4.4–6.0 Gt of runoff from bare ice in the
south-western sector of the GrIS in summer 2017, representing 10 %–13 %
of the total. In localized patches with high biomass accumulation, algae
accelerated melting by up to 26.15±3.77 % (standard error, SE). The year 2017
was a high-albedo year, so we also extended our analysis to the particularly low-albedo 2016 melt season. The runoff from the south-western bare-ice zone attributed to algae was much higher in 2016 at 8.8–12.2 Gt, although the
proportion of the total runoff contributed by algae was similar at 9 %–13 %. Across a 10 000 km2 area around our field site, algae covered
similar proportions of the exposed bare ice zone in both years (57.99 %
in 2016 and 58.89 % in 2017), but more of the algal ice was classed as
“high biomass” in 2016 (8.35 %) than 2017 (2.54 %). This interannual
comparison demonstrates a positive feedback where more widespread, higher-biomass algal blooms are expected to form in high-melt years where the
winter snowpack retreats further and earlier, providing a larger area for bloom
development and also enhancing the provision of nutrients and liquid water
liberated from melting ice. Our analysis confirms the importance of this
biological albedo feedback and that its omission from predictive models
leads to the systematic underestimation of Greenland's future sea level
contribution, especially because both the bare-ice zones available for algal
colonization and the length of the biological growth season are set to
expand in the future.