bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Åland Islands Question: Irredentism and Autonomism in the ‘Archipelago of Peace’
Authors: Paci Deborah
Published: December 2020

Abstract Lying in the Baltic sea, at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, 70km from the Finnish coast and 36 km from that of Sweden, the archipelago of Åland is an autonomous Finnish province. What distinguishes the archipelago is its Swedish monolingualism, autonomous government recognized by international treaties, and demilitarization. This article proposes some reflections on the concept of sovereignty in Åland in the 20th century particularly on two key elements the island’s strategic position and its autonomy. After a historical overview of Åland in the 1800s, emphasizing their strategic relevance in the Baltic, I will focus on the irredentist period, in which emerged secessionist movement that called for the island’s anexation to Sweden.
D. Fr. Timóteo do Sacramento: administração diocesana, reforma de costumes e conflitos na Amazônia Portuguesa (1697-1713)
Authors: Muniz Pollyanna Gouveia Mendonça
Published: December 2020

RESUMO São raros os estudos sobre o episcopado na Amazônia Portuguesa do século XVII. Em 1697, Fr. Timóteo do Sacramento foi o segundo bispo a assumir a diocese do Maranhão, território amplo que englobava as capitanias do Maranhão e do Grão-Pará. O objetivo do artigo é analisar a administração diocesana e os conflitos que marcaram o governo desse prelado. Objetivando corrigir os desviantes, ele determinou prisões e excomungou várias pessoas nas cidades de São Luís e Belém. Pelo cruzamento de diferentes acervos documentais, alguns deles inéditos, é possível acompanhar como esse antístite atuou no governo de sua diocese. Para demonstrar a complexidade da introdução da jurisdição episcopal, analisaremos os conflitos do bispo com autoridades eclesiásticas, com membros do clero regular e com autoridades do reino.
Avaliação da Prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout em Estudantes de Medicina
Authors: Rodrigues Camila Serra , Deus Márcia Luísa Albuquerque de , Andrade Flávia Teixeira de , Rezende Giovanna Breda , Mariano Lucas de Ávila , Sé Alexandre Brandão
Published: December 2020

Abstract: Introduction: Burnout Syndrome (BS) is related to chronic occupational stress, present in the life of medical students. This syndrome comprises three basic dimensions: I- emotional exhaustion; II- increased mental distancing from the work itself or feelings of negativism and cynicism related to the work itself; and III - reduced professional effectiveness. This study aims to assess the prevalence, risk factors for the development and symptoms associated with Burnout Syndrome in medical students from a district college, in addition to establishing a profile of students with a higher risk of having a BS diagnosis. Method: This is a cross-sectional observational study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) - Student Survey questionnaire, specific version for students, which is a questionnaire of sociodemographic factors, one of predictive factors and another of possible somatic symptoms associated with BS were applied. The sample was obtained by convenience and its representativeness was calculated in relation to the total number of students. A student was considered to be at moderate or high risk of developing BS when they had one or two altered BS dimensions, respectively. Results: 67.11% of the total students regularly enrolled from the 1st to the 6th year of the medical course answered the questionnaires. Of the total sample, 80.63% of male students and 81.06% of female students were identified as having a high or moderate risk for BS. The sociodemographic factors associated with the risk of developing BS were: age, who the student lives with, having children and doing paid work. The most statistically significant predictor was the self-management of tasks proposed by the Medical School. Conclusion: The prevalence of high risk and diagnosis of BS found among medical students was 26.44% and 3.95%, respectively. Differences were identified between the high-risk profiles for female and male students.
Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts in surface water destined for public supply in the state of Goiás, Brazil
Authors: Silva Débora Pereira da , Scalize Paulo Sérgio
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT The protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are etiological agents responsible for the transmission of gastroenteritis, mainly due to the consumption of contaminated water. Their (oo)cysts are resistant to adverse environmental conditions, as well as to most conventional water treatment processes. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of (oo)cysts of these protozoans in surface water collected for human consumption in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Fifteen samples of raw water were collected to assess the occurrence of (oo)cysts of the protozoa using the Membrane Filtration method, in addition to turbidity and pH analyses. Recovery rates in tests with ultrapure water reached the USEPA (2012) criteria for Giardia (78.1% ± 0%) and for Cryptosporidium (60.6% ± 32.6%); however, recovery in raw water was lower due to turbidity. All samples (n = 15) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, with a maximum concentration of 250 oocysts/L, demonstrating that these protozoa are disseminated in the aquatic environment of the state of Goiás and pose a risk to public health. Due to the use of water sources for public consumption, it is recommended that public authorities and sanitation companies act to preserve and maintain water courses, carry out periodic monitoring of treatment plants that supply the Cerrado, Santana and São Manoel streams and improve existing treatment technologies. The results did not allow to infer whether animal load and grazing area promote an increase in contamination of the lotic aquatic systems.
Bank and Nonbank Competition for Small Business Credit: Evidence from the 1987 and 1993 National Surveys of Small Business Finances
Authors: Cole Rebel A. , Wolken John D. , Woodburn R. Louise
Published: December 2020

Using newly available data from the Board's 1993 National Survey of Small Business Finances together with data from the 1987 survey, this article analyzes competition between banks and nonbanks in the U.S. market for small business credit. It explores nonbank competition as an explanation for the decline in banks' share of business lending by examining sources of credit used by small firms. It examines both the bank and nonbank shares of the dollar amount of credit to small businesses, including how these shares have changed from 1987 to 1993, and the incidence of small business borrowing, which is defined as the percentage of firms using credit of a certain type or from a particular source. Overall, the results indicate that small businesses obtained a higher percentage of their credit from nonbanks in 1993 than in 1987 but that this difference was small--about 2.0 percentage points.
The Mexican Peso Crisis: Implications for International Finance
Authors: Truman Edwin M.
Published: December 2020

The Mexican peso crisis has raised legitimate questions about Mexican economic policies before and during the events of December 1994 and January 1995, but its propagation through international financial markets has also pointed to broader questions about those markets. This article considers the international financial implications of the peso crisis from three perspectives: the creditors and their markets, the countries receiving large capital inflows, and the functioning of the international financial system.
Credit Risk, Credit Scoring, and the Performance of Home Mortgages
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bostic Raphael W. , Calem Paul S. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

This article examines the ways institutions involved in mortgage lending assess credit risk and how credit risk relates to loan performance. An increasingly prominent tool used to facilitate the assessment of credit risk in mortgage lending is credit scoring based on credit history and other pertinent data, and the article presents new information about the distribution of credit scores across population groups and how credit scores relate to the performance of loans. In addition, this article takes a special look at the performance of loans made through nontraditional underwriting practices and "affordable" home lending programs.
The Role of Expectations in the FRB/US Macroeconomic Model
Authors: Brayton Flint , Mauskopf Eileen , Reifschneider David L. , Tinsley Peter A. , Williams John C.
Published: December 2020

In the past year, the staff of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System began using a new macroeconomic model of the U.S. economy referred to as the FRB/US model. This system of mathematical equations, describing interactions among economic measures such as inflation, interest rates, and gross domestic product, is one of the tools used in economic forecasting and the analysis of macroeconomic policy issues at the Board. The FRB/US model replaces the MPS model, which, with periodic revisions, had been used at the Federal Reserve Board since the early 1970s. A key feature of the new model is that expectations of future economic conditions are explicit in many of its equations. Because of this clear delineation of expectations, the FRB/US model can be used to study issues that would be difficult or impossible to study with the MPS model. For example, the new model can show how the economy's response to specific events, such as a reduction in defense spending, may vary considerably with the speed at which the public recognizes that the event has occurred or will occur.
U.S. International Transactions in 1996
Authors: Stevens Guy V. G.
Published: December 2020

After stabilizing in 1995, the U.S. current account deficit widened in 1996 to $165 billion. The deficit increased sharply in the first three quarters of the year, but, because of strong export growth, narrowed significantly in the fourth quarter. The widening of the deficit by $17 billion was the net result of moderate-to-strong growth in all the key components of the current account: exports and imports of goods and services, income from U.S. and foreign portfolio and direct investments, and net unilateral transfers.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 1996
Authors: Nelson William R. , Owen Ann L.
Published: December 2020

U.S. commercial banks had another very good year in 1996. Profits posted strong growth, preserving the high levels of return on equity and return on assets that have prevailed over the past four years. Helping to boost profits were continued strong growth of interest-earning assets, a slight widening of the net interest margin, significant gains in noninterest income, and continued containment of noninterest expenses. Return on assets edged up despite a slight increase in provisioning for loan and lease losses relative to assets. Delinquency and charge-off rates stayed low for business loans but climbed throughout the year for consumer loans.
Thrift Involvement in Commercial and Industrial Lending
Authors: Pilloff Steven J. , Prager Robin A.
Published: December 2020

How important a role do thrift institutions play in local banking market competition? This article looks at a key aspect of that issue by examining the commercial and industrial lending of commercial banks and thrifts during the 1990s. Generally, thrifts were far less involved in C&I lending than banks during the period, but their involvement varied considerably with such factors as local deposit market concentration and institution size, charter type, and ownership status.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 1997
Authors: English William B. , Nelson William R.
Published: December 2020

U.S. commercial banks had another excellent year in 1997. Their return on equity remained in the elevated range that it has occupied for five consecutive years, and their return on assets reached a new high. Banks maintained their profitability while also adding significantly to assets. The year's strong economic growth increased the demand for credit; banks more than met that demand, gaining market share. In addition, banks departed from the pattern of recent years by sharply increasing their holdings of securities. Compared with 1996, banks earned a somewhat lower average rate on their interest-earning assets and paid a bit more on their liabilities, but these developments were more than offset by higher fee income and increased efficiency. Loan losses remained low relative to loans.
Recent Changes to the Federal Reserve's Survey of Terms of Business Lending
Authors: Brady Thomas F. , English William B. , Nelson William R.
Published: December 2020

The Federal Reserve's quarterly Survey of Terms of Business Lending, which has been conducted for more than twenty years, collects information on interest rates and other characteristics of commercial bank business loans. The survey has been changed from time to time to recognize innovations in bank lending practices and to improve the measurement of the desired information. The most recent changes took effect with the May 1997 survey. The major improvement was the addition of an item measuring loan risk. In addition, the reporting panel, which had been limited to domestically chartered commercial banks was expanded to include a sample of U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks, which now account for a significant proportion of business lending to U.S. firms. This article discusses the most recent changes made to the survey and presents some information now available from the new items being reported. It also summarizes information about the use of loan risk ratings from consultations conducted with a sample of the survey respondents during the process of planning the revisions to the survey.
The Launch of the Euro
Authors: Bertaut Carol C. , Iyigun Murat
Published: December 2020

The introduction on January 1, 1999, of the euro--the single currency adopted by eleven of the fifteen countries of the European Union--marked the beginning of the final stage of Economic and Monetary Union and the start of a new era in Europe. The creation of a single currency and a single monetary policy has provided both extraordinary challenges and exceptional opportunities within Europe. This article reviews the organization, objectives, and targets of the euro area's new central bank and discusses some of the early challenges it has faced in setting and implementing monetary policy with the new common currency. It discusses the initial functioning of the payment system and the interbank market and reviews the effects to date of the single currency on European bond and equity markets, on the banking system, and in euro-area transactions.
The Treasury Securities Market: Overview and Recent Developments
Authors: Dupont Dominique , Sack Brian P.
Published: December 2020

The market for U.S. Treasury securities is by many measures the largest, most active debt market in the world, and the securities play a pivotal role in world financial markets. The market has evolved over time in keeping with the changing needs of both the Treasury and investors. After describing the market's structure and examining the factors driving the demand for Treasury securities in some detail, this article discusses recent developments, including the introduction of inflation-indexed securities and a decline in the issuance of Treasury securities.
Trends in Home Purchase Lending: Consolidation and the Community Reinvestment Act
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bostic Raphael W. , Calem Paul S. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

Consolidation among banking institutions has substantially changed the structure of the banking industry. Between 1975 and 1997, the number of commercial banks and savings associations declined more than 40 percent. Over the same broad period, the market for home mortgage lending has also changed substantially. Notably, home mortgage lending is no longer primarily the province of banking institutions operating in the communities in which they have banking offices. In recent decades, mortgage and finance companies and banking organizations operating outside their local communities have gained a significant share of the mortgage market. These changes have fueled debate regarding their effects on the provision of home mortgage loans. One particular concern is that, as a consequence of these changes, lower-income and minority borrowers and borrowers in lower-income and minority neighborhoods may face reduced access to mortgage credit. This article examines the relationship between consolidation among banking organizations in local markets and changes in home purchase lending over the 1993-97 period, both in terms of total lending and lending to lower-income and minority borrowers and neighborhoods. Because credit availability is believed to be essential to the economic health and vitality of neighborhoods, the article also examines the relationship between consolidation and changes in home purchase lending by institutions in those areas where they have responsibilities under the Community Reinvestment Act.
U.S. International Transactions in 1998
Authors: Morisse Kathryn A.
Published: December 2020

U.S. external deficits widened substantially in 1998 because of the disparity between the rapid pace of U.S. economic growth and sluggish growth abroad and also because of the decline in the price competitiveness of U.S. goods associated with the appreciation of the dollar. The nominal current account deficit reached $233 billion in 1998, compared with $155 billion in 1997; the 1998 deficit was 2.7 percent of U.S. gross domestic product, the largest share since 1987. Most of the widening in the deficit was in trade in goods and services. The financial crises in Asia that emerged in the second half of 1997 caused U.S. exports to drop sharply in the first half of 1998. Robust U.S. domestic demand was largely responsible for the brisk rise in imports during the year. Net investment income was negative in 1998 for the second consecutive year. Cumulative deficits in the current account, and the associated capital inflows that have persisted since 1982, have resulted in payments of income on foreign investment in the United States growing more rapidly than receipts of income on U.S. investments abroad. The fallout from the financial crises in emerging markets is likely to have further negative consequences for U.S. external balances in 1999.
Productivity Developments Abroad
Authors: Gust Christopher J. , Marquez Jaime R.
Published: December 2020

This article reviews recent productivity trends in foreign industrial countries. The focus of the analysis is on whether productivity abroad has accelerated to an extent comparable to that observed in the United States. The authors find that foreign labor productivity, unlike that of the United States, has not accelerated in the latter half of the 1990s and discuss the role played by information technology in influencing foreign productivity trends as well as cyclical and methodological factors that are important in the analysis of these trends.
Treasury and Federal Reserve Foreign Exchange Operations
Authors: Kos Dino
Published: December 2020

During the third quarter of 2001, the dollar depreciated 7.3 percent against the euro and 4.1 percent against the yen. On a trade-weighted basis, the dollar ended the quarter 2.6 percent lower. Economic data released even before the terrorist attacks on September 11 suggested that the U.S. economic slowdown would likely be more protracted than previously expected, which generally weighed on the dollar. The attacks heightened pre-existing concerns about the weakness of the U.S. economy and lent further momentum to the general trends that prevailed earlier in the quarter. The U.S. monetary authorities did not intervene in the foreign exchange markets during the quarter.
Supervision of Large Complex Banking Organizations
Authors: DeFerrari Lisa M. , Palmer David E.
Published: December 2020

The long-term trends of consolidation and innovation in the U.S. banking system have intensified over the past decade. A small number of banking organizations now hold a larger portion of the banking system's assets, and, at the same time, their activities have become more complex. As a result, the Federal Reserve has altered its approach to the supervision of the largest, most complex banking organizations (LCBOs). This new approach focuses on the most important risks facing U.S. banking organizations and the ways in which these risks are managed. This article discusses the Federal Reserve's risk-focused supervision program as applied to LCBOs.
Financial Services Used by Small Businesses: Evidence from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances
Authors: Bitler Marianne P. , Robb Alicia M. , Wolken John D.
Published: December 2020

Using newly available data from the 1998 Survey of Small Business Finances, this article offers preliminary findings regarding the characteristics of small businesses in the United States and their use of credit and other financial services. The main goals of the survey are to provide information on credit accessibility for small businesses, their use of financial services, and the sources of those services. The survey also provides a general-purpose database that can be used to study small business financing. Preliminary findings suggest that although the financial landscape has changed markedly since the previous survey in 1993, financing patterns and the use of particular suppliers have not.
Treasury and Federal Reserve Foreign Exchange Operations
Authors: Schwarz Krista B.
Published: December 2020

During the second quarter of 2001, the dollar appreciated 3.3 percent against the euro and depreciated 1.2 percent against the yen. On a trade-weighted basis, the dollar ended the quarter nearly unchanged against the currencies of the United States' major trading partners. Over the quarter, market perceptions that the U.S. economy would emerge from its downturn sooner than the euro area provided underlying support for the dollar. The U.S. monetary authorities did not intervene in the foreign exchange markets during the quarter.
The Evolution of the Federal Reserve's Intraday Credit Policies
Authors: Coleman Stacy Panigay
Published: December 2020

One of the Federal Reserve's roles is to provide payment services to depository institutions and to the U.S. Treasury. Many of the nation's transfers of funds--whether they are large-dollar payments for financial market transactions or small-value business and consumer payments--settle through depository institutions' accounts held at the Federal Reserve for reserve-maintenance purposes and transaction processing. If a depository institution has insufficient balances during the day to cover its debits, it will run a negative balance or "daylight overdraft" in its Federal Reserve account until sufficient funds are received later in the day. Because depository institutions generally hold a relatively small amount of funds overnight in their Federal Reserve accounts in relation to the trillions of dollars of payments processed by the Federal Reserve each day, the Federal Reserve extends intraday credit to ensure the smooth functioning of the U.S. payment system. To reduce the risks that depository institutions present to the Federal Reserve through their use of daylight credit and to address the risks that payment systems, in general, present to the banking system and other sectors of the economy, the Federal Reserve Board in 1985 developed a payments system risk (PSR) policy. One of the primary goals of the PSR policy is to control depository institutions' use of Federal Reserve intraday credit, and as the policy has evolved, the Board has adopted specific methods for controlling daylight overdrafts. The history of the Board's PSR policy, trends in daylight overdraft and payment activity, and a possible future policy direction are discussed in this article.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2001 Annual Revision
Authors: Corrado Carol , Gilbert Charles , Morin Norman J.
Published: December 2020

In late 2001, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System published the annual revision of its index of industrial production and the related measures of capacity and capacity utilization for the period January 1992 to October 2001. The updated measures reflect the incorporation of newly available, more-comprehensive source data and the introduction of improved methods for compiling a few series.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2002
Authors: Carlson Mark A. , Perli Roberto
Published: December 2020

Despite the lackluster performance of the U.S. economy, the profitability of the U.S. commercial banking industry was again high in 2002, and the return on bank assets reached its highest level in more than three decades. Profitability was spurred in considerable part by declines in market interest rates to extraordinarily low levels. Short-term interest rates were low throughout 2002 as a result of the Federal Reserve&#x27;s aggressive easing the year before in response to economic weakness, and longer-term rates fell to multidecade lows by year-end. Nevertheless, the yield curve steepened on average, benefiting net interest margins. The decline in longer-term interest rates also boosted realized gains on securities. The low interest rates strengthened the ability of households and businesses to service their debt, which also supported bank profitability. Finally, a change in accounting rules that largely eliminated the requirement to amortize goodwill caused a one-time drop in expenses. Despite the largest decline in commercial and industrial loans since the 1990-91 recession, the expansion of bank balance sheets quickened last year, driven primarily by real estate lending and substantial acquisitions of securities. Equity capital rose slightly faster than assets, and regulatory capital ratios also improved a bit, benefiting from an increased share of assets with low regulatory risk weights.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2003
Authors: Carlson Mark A. , Perli Roberto
Published: December 2020

Amid a strengthening economic expansion, U.S. commercial banks remained highly profitable in 2003. Return on assets reached a record level for the second year in a row, and return on equity was near the top of its recent range. Banks&#x27; profits were bolstered by decreased loan-loss provisions as a rising economy and considerable debt refinancing at very low interest rates led to lower delinquency rates on business and household loans. Fees associated with record mortgage refinancing activity and robust corporate bond issuance boosted non-interest income. Increases in non-interest expense were generally modest, although compensation-related costs rose more briskly. Lower long-term interest rates in the first part of the year allowed banks to realize gains on the sale of some of their securities, but they also contributed to a further shrinking of net interest margins. Banks&#x27; balance sheets expanded briskly, as the strong housing market and heavy refinancing activity boosted residential mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. Business loans ran off for a third year, albeit at a slower pace than in 2002 and 2003. Banks&#x27; regulatory capital positions strengthened further, as the growth of assets with low regulatory risk weights outpaced that of assets with higher risk weights.
Summary of Papers Presented at the Conference "Models and Monetary Policy: Research in the Tradition of Dale Henderson, Richard Porter, and Peter Tinsley"
Authors: Faust Jon , Orphanides Athanasios , Reifschneider David L.
Published: December 2020

On March 26 and 27, 2004, the Federal Reserve Board held a conference in Washington, D.C., on the application of economic models to the analysis of monetary policy issues. The papers presented at the conference addressed several topics that, because they are of interest to central bankers, have been a prominent feature of Federal Reserve research over the years. In particular, the papers represent research in the tradition of work carried out over the past thirty-five years at the Federal Reserve by three prominent staff economists -- Dale W. Henderson, Richard D. Porter, and Peter A. Tinsley. Thus, the conference partly served as a celebration of the contributions made by these individuals to policy-related research since the late 1960s. Among the specific topics addressed at the conference were the influence of uncertainty on policymaking; the design of formal rules to guide policy actions; the role of money in the transmission of monetary policy; the determination of asset prices; and econometric techniques for estimating dynamic models of the economy.
Fair Value Accounting
Authors: Bies Susan Schmidt
Published: December 2020

Advocates of fair value accounting believe that fair value is a more relevant, more useful measure for financial reporting than historical cost. However, fair value accounting poses many challenges. In remarks before the International Association of Credit Portfolio Managers, Governor Susan Schmidt Bies shared the Federal Reserve's views on the proposed standards for valuing assets and liabilities currently measured or disclosed at fair value that were recently issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Governor Bies's remarks highlighted fair value measurement issues, considerations for credit portfolio management, and the accounting treatment of credit derivatives.
Community Banks and Rural Development: Research Relating to Proposals to Revise the Regulations that Implement the Community Reinvestment Act
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Canner Glenn B. , Mok Shannon C. , Sokolov Dan S.
Published: December 2020

Since 1977, the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) has required that federally insured banking institutions be evaluated on their records of helping to meet the credit needs of their local communities. In 1995, the agencies responsible for bank supervision substantially revised the regulations that implement the CRA. The revisions were intended to emphasize performance rather than process, to reduce unnecessary regulatory burden, and to increase consistency in CRA evaluations. Since 1995, "large" institutions, generally those with assets of $250 million or more, have been evaluated under a three-part test, whereas "small" institutions, generally those with assets of less than $250 million, have been subject to comparatively streamlined evaluations. In 2004 and 2005, the agencies put forth several proposals to extend the eligibility for streamlined examinations and an exemption from data reporting to more institutions by raising the asset-size threshold from $250 million to $500 million o
New Information Reported Under HMDA and Its Application in Fair Lending Enforcement
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Canner Glenn B. , Cook Robert E.
Published: December 2020

In 2002 the Federal Reserve Board amended its Regulation C, which implements the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975, to expand the types of information that lenders covered by the law must disclose to the public about their home-lending activities. The amendments are intended to improve the quality, consistency, and utility of the reported data and to keep the regulation in step with recent developments in home-loan markets. Data reported for 2004 are the first to reflect the changes in the reporting rules. This article presents a first look at these greatly expanded data and considers some of their implications for the continuing concerns about fair lending. The analysis highlights some key relationships revealed in an initial review of the types of data that are new for 2004. Some parts of the analysis focus on nationwide statistics, and others examine patterns across groups of lenders, loan products, and various groupings of applicants, borrowers, and neighborhoods. The authors explore, in particular and in some depth, the strengths and limitations of the information on loan pricing. They also describe how the new data are being used to enhance fair lending enforcement activities.
Recent Changes in U.S. Family Finances: Evidence from the 2001 and 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances
Authors: Bucks Brian , Kennickell Arthur B. , Moore Kevin B.
Published: December 2020

Reviews changes in the income and wealth of U.S. families between 2001 and 2004. The discussion draws on data from the Federal Reserve Board's triennial Survey of Consumer Finances for those years and also uses evidence from earlier years of the survey to place the 2001-04 changes in a broader context.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2006
Authors: Carlson Mark A. , Weinbach Gretchen C.
Published: December 2020

The U.S. commercial banking industry continued to be quite profitable in 2006, and industry assets grew considerably. The strength in profitability and growth of bank balance sheets last year reflected favorable U.S. financial market conditions and the generally solid economic expansion. Industry return on equity advanced from its 2005 level, and the return on assets edged up to match its highest annual level in recent decades.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2007
Authors: Bassett William F. , King Thomas B.
Published: December 2020
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2009 Annual Revision
Authors: Hall Anne E.
Published: December 2020

On March 27, 2009, the Federal Reserve published revisions to its index of industrial production (IP) and the related measures of capacity and capacity utilization. The overall contour of total IP is little changed by the revision. Industrial output rose steadily at an average annual rate of 2.3 percent from 2004 through 2007, then fell sharply in 2008 at a rate of negative 6.7 percent.
The 2008 HMDA Data: The Mortgage Market during a Turbulent Year
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bhutta Neil , Brevoort Kenneth P. , Canner Glenn B. , Gibbs Christa N.
Published: December 2020

The data that mortgage lending institutions reported for 2008 under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA) reflect the ongoing difficulties in the housing and mortgage markets. This article presents a number of key findings from a review of the 2008 HMDA data. In particular, it documents a reduction in lending activity that was experienced by all groups of borrowers, highlights the Federal Housing Administration's greatly expanded role in the mortgage market, and examines how atypical changes in the interest rate environment affected the incidence of reported higher-priced lending in 2008 relative to earlier years.
Consumer Experiences with Credit Cards
Authors: Canner Glenn B. , Elliehausen Gregory E.
Published: December 2020

This article examines consumers' behavior, experiences, and attitudes regarding credit cards in the aftermath of the Great Recession and the implementation of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009. The data for the article are primarily from a nationwide consumer survey sponsored by the Federal Reserve that was conducted in February 2012. The article discusses economic conditions in the period leading up to the survey because recent events may greatly influence survey responses. Many survey questions were identical or similar to those in earlier consumer surveys, making it possible to track changes in consumer experiences with, and attitudes about, this important financial product.
Awareness regarding birth spacing family planning methods among antenatal mothers
Authors: Rajan Vidhya , Kandasamy Saraswathi
Published: December 2020

Background: According to WHO, the ideal interval between two pregnancies is 24 months. In India the contraceptive needs of young couples especially in the area of spacing pregnancies is largely unmet. Hence this study is undertaken to know the pre-existing knowledge of our antenatal population regarding contraceptive methods available for birth spacing. Aim of the study was to the knowledge and attitude regarding birth spacing family planning methods among antenatal mothers.Methods: It was a cross sectional study. Antenatal mothers attending the antenatal outpatient department of SBMCH, who are intending to have another child are invited to participate in this study. With informed consent, they are asked to fill a questionnaire, with questions regarding their knowledge and attitude towards the advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptive methods for birth spacing. The results of the study were analyzed by statistical analysis inrespect to various demographic factors of the population.Results: Total 92%of antenatal mothers were aware of health benefits associated with birth spacing. Yet only 45% were willing to adopt a method of contraception. Condoms is the most commonly preferred method for contraception (33.3%) and fear for side effects (43%) is the most common reason for not accepting a particular method of contraception.Conclusions: Though the awareness regarding the need and methods available for birth spacing methods of are widely prevalent in our urban based population, there is still a high percentage of mothers with misconceptions regarding the side effects associated with the birth spacing methods. Hence health education and counselling would improve the acceptance of contraceptive methods for birth spacing.
Mathematical modelling for malaria under resistance and population movement
Authors: Montoya Cristhian , Romero Leiton Jhoana P.
Published: December 2020

In this work, two mathematical models for malaria under resistance are presented. More precisely, the first model shows the interaction between humans and mosquitoes inside a patch under infection of malaria when the human population is resistant to antimalarial drug and mosquitoes population is resistant to insecticides. For the second model, human–mosquitoes population movements in two patches is analyzed under the same malaria transmission dynamic established in a patch. For a single patch, existence and stability conditions for the equilibrium solutions in terms of the local basic reproductive number are developed. These results reveal the existence of a forward bifurcation and the global stability of disease–free equilibrium. In the case of two patches, a theoretical and numerical framework on sensitivity analysis of parameters is presented. After that, the use of antimalarial drugs and insecticides are incorporated as control strategies and an optimal control problem is formulated. Numerical experiments are carried out in both models to show the feasibility of our theoretical results.
Intensity Profiles in Active Shape Model
Authors: Naoui Moulkheir , Belalem Ghalem
Published: December 2020

Active shape model is a deformable model which has proven very successful results in the field of image segmentation. The success of ASM model lies in its ability to find the right positions of all landmark points which define the object shape. Intensity profiles are an important part of the Active Shape Models (ASM) which help steer and optimize matching process. However, their simplicity in the standard version of the ASM turns into weakness. The difficulties are met when they are applied to complex structures. The main purpose of this paper is to give a review and discussion about the alternatives proposed in the literature that provide more elaborated intensity models and their impact on the performance of ASM.
Predicting Kids Malnutrition Using Multilayer Perceptron with Stochastic Gradient Descent
Authors: Ranjeeth Sama , Latchoumi Thamarai Pugazhendhi
Published: December 2020

The capability of predicting malnutrition kids is highly beneficial to take remedial actions on kids who are under 5 year’s age. In this article, Kid’s malnutrition predictive model is created and tested with our own collected dataset. We find the issues of kids malnutrition by the use of Machine Learning (ML) models. From ML-models, a multi-layer perceptron is used to classify the data neatly. Optimizing technique stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) classifier methods are integrated to classify the data more effectively. To select the best features, from the feature selection (FS) technique filter-based method used. After selecting the best features, selected features are pass to the classifier model then the model will classify the data. Results with the MLP-SGD classifier were good than the other classifiers but after feature selection, the performance of the model was increased more. It will help in improving the analysis of malnutrition kid’s data. The sample data are collected from parents who are having kids less than five years of age at Repalle town, Andhra Pradesh, India.
An Analysis of Pedagogical Instabilities in the Non-Government Teachers (GTTs)
Authors: Razak hazami Lalu Abdul , Mahyuni Mahyuni , Nuriadi Nuriadi
Published: December 2020

This paper was aimed to investigates pedagogical competence in the non-government teachers in Jerowaru District, East Lombok. The method used in this study was a descriptive-qualitative study where the purpose was to describe the phenomena that occur regarding the lack of non-government teachers’ competencies in the teaching and learning process. The study was focused on analyzing three vocational schools in Jerowaru District where the total population of teachers was 60 teachers with 50% which means that 30 of them were purposively taken as a sample in the study. The result shows that many of the non-government teachers are unstable in terms of pedagogical competence. The main cause of the problem that occurred came from the facilities and access to the internet so that they lack material and media support in the teaching in the learning process. Besides, salary also becomes concerned for these teachers, where they only received one salary in a matter of three months. Regarding covid-19, the assistance provided by the relevant government is also inadequate so that it clearly affected their teaching competence.
Market Analysis of Patchouli Oil in Aceh Jaya Aceh Province
Authors: Vonna Adinda Gusti , Indra Indra , Nugroho Agus
Published: December 2020

Patchouli from Aceh is a source of patchouli oil producer with the best quality in the world. Aceh Jaya is one of the areas that is very suitable for the development of patchouli cultivation in Aceh and produces patchouli oil which exported to abroad. In the marketing process will involve institutions marketing institutions whose role is to convey the results of production from producer farmers to consumers. This research was conducted to determine the structure, behavior and performance of the patchouli market in the patchouli marketing process in Aceh Jaya. The method used was in-depth interviews assisted by questionnaires to be analyzed in a qualitative description by using Concentration Ratio for The Biggest Four (CR4). The results of the study showed that, the patchouli oil market structure in Aceh Jaya was highly concentrated and leads to monopoly, while the behavior of marketing institutions in determining the choice of patchouli oil marketing channels in Aceh Jaya was divided into 3 types namely, channel 1: farmers- small collectors-cooperatives-exporters-consumers; channel 2: farmer – small collector- bog collector- exporter-consumer; channel 3: farmer-cooperative-exporter-consumer. Judging from the marketing margin and farmer's share, the most efficient market performance was channel 3.
Virtual Learning and Training Needs in a Peripheral Region of Colombia
Authors: R. Bernal Francisco , Guzmán Nidia , M. Andrade Juan
Published: December 2020

This research seeks to identify necessary elements that allow students to improve self-regulation of learning and self-efficacy in their results in order to achieve a thorough education based on the experience of undergraduate users with their virtual platform. A quantitative method was used, involving a survey questionnaire which would subtract the objective aspects of data collection. The sample was determined according to simple random sampling. As part of the research, the perceptions of students and professors was analyzed, inquiring them on their levels of selfregulation and self-efficacy. Considering the results, the appreciation of the platform was positive while opinions were divided as for the levels of selfregulation and their conception of self-efficiency.
The Formation of Skills to Visualize by the Tools of Computer Visualization
Authors: Semenikhina Olena , Kudrina Olga , Koriakin Oleksii , Ponomarenko Lyudmila , Korinna Hanna , Krasilov Andrii
Published: December 2020

The article presents the aspects of the formation skills to visualize with the use of specialized software. The authors note about the importance of visual representation of information content, which allows speeding up the perception and processing of text, data arrays, etc. Basic methods of visualization are described. The special course is described, which main aim is to form skills to visualize by the tools of computer visualization. The method for processing results of educational achievements is based on the statistical sign test.
Perceptions of Selected Stakeholders on the Use of Tablets for University Teaching
Authors: Christopher Fernandez Simon , John Mammen Kuttickattu
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of lecturers and managers as selected stakeholders on the use of tablet computers in teaching at a South African university. The study adopted a mixed method approach. A sample of 14 lecturers from a population of 25 voluntarily participated in the survey. Additionally, five lecturers and nine managers were interviewed. Findings showed that both stakeholders had viewed tablets as an effective teaching tool. Furthermore, teaching skills of the lecturers were enhanced due to the use of tablets and it made completion of their work faster.
Saving Hospitals Will Save Lives: A Report of an Experience in Hospital Management during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 Outbreak
Authors: Mehrpour Saeed , Rabie Hamid , Sharafi Mohammad Hasan , Rafati Masoud , Jafary Mohammadreza , Nabian Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2020

The article's abstract is not available.
Impact of Coronavirus Disease-2019 on Orthopedic and Trauma Cases at Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran: An Experience from High Trauma Center
Authors: Shafiei Seyyed Hossein , Abootalebi Mohammad Hossein , Fallah Yusof , Siavash Babak , Golbakhsh Mohammadreza
Published: December 2020

Background: The recent outbreak of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in China has rapidly spread throughout the world and significantly affected orthopedic and trauma cases all over the world. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopedic and trauma cases at Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Methods: The study was conducted using the database of Orthopedics Department at Sina Hospital. It consisted of data before four and after four months of the COVID-19 outbreak. The demographic data of the patients with orthopedic problems and trauma, including sex, age, and type and mechanism of trauma was studied.
Results: In total, data of 1033 patients was studied, including 597 and 436 patients before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, respectively. In this period of time, the potion of patients with laceration and upper limb injuries increased significantly (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002, respectively). Additionally, the proportion of low energy trauma and high energy trauma respectively increased and decreased (P = 0.055).
Conclusion: Because of the outbreak and consequent lockdown in many countries, cases of orthopedics and trauma very significantly reduced. This resulted in less workload on orthopedic surgeons and residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Decreases in trauma cases and road traffic accidents were also reported by most centers around world.