bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituents of Essential Oils from Dasymaschalon bachmaensis and Phaeanthus vietnamensis
Authors: Huong Le T. , Chau Dao T.M. , Sam Ly N. , Thang Tran D. , Dai Do N. , Ogunwande Isiaka A.
Published: March 2019

The present paper reports the volatile compounds identified in the essential oils of Dasymaschalon bachmaensis N.S. Lý, T.H. Lê, T.B. Vương & N.Đ.Đỗ and Phaeanthus vietnamensis Bân (Annonanceae) grown in Vietnam. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaf, stem and bark of the plants. The combined techniques of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for the analysis of the chemical constituents of the oil samples. The major constituents of the leaf oil of D. bachmaensis were limonene (25.7%), eugenol (11.5%), α-phellandrene (11.3%) and benzyl benzoate (9.0%) while the stem contained benzyl benzoate (35.3%), ( Z)-13-docosenamide (12.4%) and limonene (9.4%) In addition, ( Z)-13-docosenamide (23.2%), limonene (25.3%) and α-phellandrene (11.5%) were present in the bark. However, limonene (31.8%), ( Z)-9-octadecamide (20.2%) and α-phellandrene (13.8%) were the compounds occurring in higher amount in the leaf oil of P. vietnamensis while the bark was dominated by ( Z)-9-octadecamide (57.4%) and benzyl benzoate (15.0%). The volatile constituents of both D. bachmaensis and P. vietnamensis are reported for the first time
Antileishmanial Potentialities of Croton linearis Leaf Essential Oil
Authors: Díaz Jesús García , Arranz Julio César Escalona , Batista Denise da Gama Jaén , Fidalgo Lianet Monzote , Acosta Jorge de la Vega , de Macedo Maíra Bidar , Cos Paul
Published: March 2019

The essential oil was obtained from Croton linearis Jacq. leaves. Its chemical composition was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 82 compounds were identified, being the principal components: guaiol (7.93%); eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol (4.94%) and guaia-3,10(14)-dien-11-ol (4.52%). Antimicrobial activity was determined against six Candida spp., three bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa) and two parasites ( Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi). The selectivity index (SI) was computed through the determination of it cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice and murine fibroblasts L929 cells. Colorimetric microdilution methods as well as direct counting in optical microscopes were performed. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against L. amazonensis (IC50Promastigote: 20.0 ± 4.9 μg/mL; IC50Amastigote: 13.8 ± 4.3 μg/mL), moderate activity against T. cruzi (IC50Trypomastigote: 197.26 ± 8.7 μg/mL) and weak activity against P. aureginosa. Cytotoxicity values were CC50= 89.1 ± 3.4 μg/mL for macrophages BALB/c and CC50= 306 ± 110 μg/mL for L929 cells, rendering a SI of 6 for amastigote form of L. amazonensis. Croton linearis Jacq. leaf essential oil, therefore, could be a potential candidate for future investigations regarding Leishmaniasis treatment.
Antiacne-causing Bacteria, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Elastase and Anti-Collagenase Activities of Blend Essential Oil comprising Rose, Bergamot and Patchouli Oils
Authors: Wongsukkasem Nuntapol , Soynark Orawan , Suthakitmanus Montira , Chongdiloet Emprang , Chairattanapituk Chidchanok , Vattanikitsiri Peamjit , Hongratanaworakit Tapanee , Tadtong Sarin
Published: March 2019

Blended essential oil comprising rose, bergamot and patchouli (RBP) oils with the volume ratio of 6:3:1, respectively have been tested for various biological activities. The blended oil showed antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.003125 %v/v and 0.125 %v/v, respectively. For antioxidant, blended oil showed the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.67 %v/v and 0.14 %v/v while tested with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic acid) (ATBS) assays, respectively. Blended oil also has anti-tyrosinase activity with 45±4.6%tyrosinase inhibition at 4 mg/mL concentration using modified dopachrome method. However it has no activity on anti-collagenase and anti-elastase.
Tubeimoside-1, Triterpenoid Saponin, as a Potential Natural Cancer Killer
Authors: Zafar Muhammad , Sarfraz Iqra , Rasul Azhar , Jabeen Faiza , Samiullah Khizar , Hussain Ghulam , Riaz Ammara , Ali Muhammad
Published: March 2019

Nature, an expert craftsman of molecules, has generated extensive array of bioactive molecular entities. It persists as an inexhaustible resource for discovery of drugs and supplied enormous scaffold diversification for development into effectual drugs to treat multiple pathological conditions. This review provides an update on the sources, biological, and pharmacological effects of nature's gift, a triterpenoid saponin, tubeimoside-1 which is a major bioactive constituent of the bulb of Bolbostemma paniculatum. Tubeimoside-1 is known to possess various pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-HIV, and anti-inflammatory. Recently, anti-proliferative potential of tubeimoside-1 has been widely studied. The present review article seeks to cover the recent developments of tubeimoside-1′s pharmacological position in the arena of herbal drugs, providing an insight into its current status in therapeutic pursuits. This anti-cancer triterpenoid saponin fight cancer progression by induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting metastasis by specifically targeting multiple signaling pathways those are usually deregulated in various cancers. The reported data recommend tubeimoside-1′s mutitarget activity in preference to single effect that may perform an imperative role towards developing tubeimoside-1 into potential pharmacological drug.
Nitrogenous Compounds Produced by the Deep Sea Derived Fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005
Authors: Luo Xiaowei , Zhou Xuefeng , Liu Yonghong
Published: March 2019

Four nitrogenous compounds, including two new compounds methyl-4-((1-hydroxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)–3-methyl-4-oxobutanoate (1), 4-((1-acetoxy-3-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)–3-methyl-4-oxobutanoic acid (2), and two amino acid derivatives (3, 4), were isolated from the deep sea derived fungus Leptosphaeria sp. SCSIO 41005, together with a cyclohexanone derivative (5) as new natural compound and other three known compounds (6–8). Their structures were elucidated by means of comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic methods. All the compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antiviral activities.
Design and Evaluation of Licochalcone A Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Yoon Goo , Cheon Seung Hoon , Shim Jung Hyun , Cho Seung Sik
Published: March 2019

New derivatives of licochalcone A were synthesized and evaluated for their potential anticancer activities. Compounds 6 (( E)-N-(4-(3-(5-bromo-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy phenyl) acryloyl) phenyl)-4-isopropylbenzamide) and 8 (1-(3-dimethylamino-phenyl)-3-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propenone) showed potent activity against the screened cancer cell lines with that of compound 6 ranging from 6.9 ± 0.2 μM to 22.9 ± 3.1 μM, and that of compound 8 from 4.2 ± 0.5 μM to 11.8 ± 0.7 μM. Both compounds showed stronger cytotoxicity than that of licochalcone A. These two candidates have very different substituents and could be considered as promising lead compounds for further development of potent anticancer agents.
A New Flavone from the Leaves of Astronia formosana
Authors: Chen Yu-Chang , Weng Jing-Ru
Published: March 2019

A new flavone, 5,4′-dihydroxy-7,3′-dimethoxy-6,8-dimethylflavone (1), together with four known compounds, ursolic acid (2), β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (3), β-sitosterol (4) and lupeol (5) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Astronia formosana. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectroscopic data analyses. Compound 1 showed the slight cytotoxicity against MCF-7, SCM-1, and SCC2095 cell lines with IC50 values of 29.3 ± 9.2, 20.5 ± 10.2, and 25.7 ± 2.9 μM, respectively.
Isoflavonoids from Desmodium heterophyllum Aerial Parts
Authors: Ha Le Minh , Luyen Nguyen Thi , Phuong Ngo Thi , Huyen Do Thi Thanh , Huong Le Mai , Quan Pham Minh , Hiep Nguyen Tuan , Dat Nguyen Tien
Published: March 2019

Five isoflavanoids including one new, (3 R)–2′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxy-6-methylisoflavanone (1), were isolated from the aerial parts of Desmodium heterophyllum. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. Their inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase were evaluated. Genistein (5) and dalbergioidin (2) inhibited both enzymes. Their IC50 values were found at 110.4 and 162.8 μM for α-amylase, and at 257.3 and 412.6 μM for α-glucosidase, respectively.
Goji Berry Fruit Extracts Suppress Proliferation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibiting EGFR-Mediated ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways
Authors: Cumaoglu Ahmet , Bekci Hatice , Ozturk Ebru , Yerer Mukerrem Betul , Baldemir Ayse , Bishayee Anupam
Published: March 2019

There are only a few scientifically robust mechanistic studies with Lycium fruits, also known as Goji berry, that have addressed preventive or therapeutic intervention of breast cancer. In the present study, we aim to investigate the antiproliferative effects of both Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji berry red fruit) and Lycium ruthenicum (Goji berry black fruit) extracts against triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cells and explore the possible mechanisms of their anticancer effects. IC50 values were 87.0 and 79.4 μg/mL for goji berry black fruit extract and goji berry red fruit extract, respectively. Pretreatment with both extracts inhibited phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERK) in epidermal growth factor-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. The present study also examined whether the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway was involved in the regulation of Goji berry extract-induced cell death. Furthermore, treatment with Goji berry fruit extracts inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, but enhanced pro-apoptotic Bax expression at transcriptional levels and induced cancer cell apoptosis by activation of pro-apoptotic caspase-9 and caspase 3. Goji berry fruit extracts caused death of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by inhibiting EGFR/ERK-mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. This study suggests that Goji berry fruit extracts might be beneficial for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
Characterization and Quantitation of Polyphenolic Compounds in Senna splendida from the Northeast of Brazil
Authors: de O. Maia Irvila Ricarte , Trevisan Maria Teresa Salles , de V. Silva Maria Goretti , Klika Karel Douglas , de Brito Edy , Silva Lorena Mara Alexandre e , Pinto Francisco das Chagas Lima , Breuer Andrea , Owen Robert W.
Published: March 2019

A total of 27 polyphenolic compounds were detected, identified and quantitated in methanol extracts of various botanical parts of Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S. Irwin & Barneby. On a dry weight basis, the higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds was detected in the leaves (28.524 g/kg) and roots (13.884 g/kg). By contrast, the values in the flowers (6.331g/kg) and bark of Senna splendida (2.736 g/kg) were considerably lower. The major component in Senna splendida leaves was quercetin diglucoside, (7.887 g/kg), in the roots methoxy oxyresveratrol (4.485 g/kg), in the flowers quercetin-3- O-rhamnoside-4′- O-glucoside (2.885 g/kg), and in the bark quercitrin (quercetin rhamnoside; 0.881 g/kg). The composition of the polyphenolic compounds in the flowers, leaves and bark were dominated by flavonoids at > 98%, whereas the composition was quite different in the roots, of which the major components were napththapyrones (54 %) and stilbenes (39 %) with a very low contribution from flavonoids (5 %) and phenolic acids (2 %).
Influence of Catechin Fraction and High Molecular Fraction from Green Tea Extract on Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus Strains
Authors: Janiak Michał Adam , Amarowicz Ryszard , Rostek Danuta
Published: March 2019

Green tea is known for its health-promoting properties. It is a complex mixture of polyphenols, and as interest in finding new possibilities for plant extracts as food additives grows, there is a need to investigate the potential interactions of these additives with food ingredients such as microorganisms. Lactic acid bacteria are widely used in food technology. The catechin fraction (CF) and high molecular weight fraction (HMW) from green tea extracts were obtained from Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and characterized by SE-HPLC-DAD, with CF also characterized by RP-HPLC-DAD. To investigate the antimicrobial properties of green tea fractions, the dilution plating method was performed. SE-HPLC demonstrated clear differences between two of the fractions. The addition of the fractions to growth medium demonstrated that the HMW was a less selective anti-microbial agent than CF, which unequally modulated the growth of the tested strains. Growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus 151 was promoted after the addition of both fractions. Bifidobacterium animalis 25527 was identified as the most sensitive strain.
Variation of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacities in Different Organs of Lilium pumilum
Authors: Liang Zhen-Xu , Zhang Jin-Zheng , Sun Mei-Yu , Zhang Yan-Long , Zhang Xu-Hong , Li Hui , Shi Lei
Published: March 2019

Lilium pumilum DC has been used as an important medicinal and edible plant species in China. To provide sufficient experimental evidence for further utilization of wild L. pumilum, 12 organs were evaluated for phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities. The results showed that (-)-epicatechin was the most abundant phenolic compound, and salicylic acid as the most abundant phenolic acid. The leaf, flower bud, petal and upper stem had higher phenolic compound contents and stronger antioxidant capacities.
Satureja subspicata and S. horvatii Extracts Induce Overexpression of the BCl-2 Family of Anti-apoptotic Genes and Reduce Micronuclei Frequency in Mice
Authors: Čakar Jasmina , Lojo Naida Kadrić , Haverić Anja , Hadžić Maida , Lasić Lejla , Zeljković Sanja Ćavar , Haverić Sanin , Bajrović Kasim
Published: March 2019

Satureja subspicata and S. horvatii are endemic species of the Balkan Peninsula and often used in traditional medicine in Bosnia and Herzegovina to treat different health conditions. We aimed to analyze the unevaluated apoptotic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of two Satureja species, as well as their content of phenolics that are mainly responsible for the plant's biological activity. Apoptotic and geno/cytotoxic activities of S. subspicata and S. horvatii were investigated in vitro in human lymphocyte culture and in vivo in mice. The content of the main phenolics in plant extracts was determined by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-MS-MS (UHPLC–MS/MS). Genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of Satureja extracts were evaluated in vitro by applying a cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay in human lymphocyte culture and in vivo applying a mice reticulocytes micronucleus assay. SALSA RT-MLPA R011-C1 apoptosis assay was used for measuring the relative expression of 44 genes associated with the regulation of the apoptotic pathways in human lymphocyte cultures treated with different concentrations of two Satureja extracts. The first analysis of phenolic compounds in S. horvatii and S. subspicata determined by an UHPLC-MS/MS method revealed high levels of rosmarinic and caffeic acids. Minor genotoxic potential was determined in relation to the tested concentrations while no cytostatic and cytotoxic effects were revealed in vitro. However, when applied in concentrations of 200 mg/kg per os, aqueous extracts of two Satureja species significantly decreased frequency of reticulocytes micronuclei in treated mice against controls. Extracts of S. subspicata and S. horvatii in concentrations of 0.2 mg/mL, regardless of solvent used, downregulated pro-apoptotic and upregulated anti-apoptotic genes, showing anti-apoptotic activity. Our results indicate that the registered anti-genotoxic and anti-apoptotic activity is most likely related to the high level of phenolic acids (particularly rosmarinic and caffeic) in the tested extracts.
Composition and Chemical Variability of Ivorian Xylopia rubescens Trunk Bark Oil
Authors: Yapi Thierry Acafou , Ouattara Zana A. , Boti Jean-Brice , Tonzibo Zanahi Félix , Ahibo Coffy Antoine , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Tomi Félix
Published: March 2019

Nine samples of Xylopia rubescens Oliv. (Annonaceae) trunk bark oil have been analyzed by combination of GC(RI) and 13C NMR. The contents of the major components varied substantially from sample to sample: (8 Z,11 Z,14 Z)-heptadeca-8,11–14-trien-2-one (14.7–33.0%), furanoguaia-1,4-diene (0–36.8%) and β-pinene (0.9–29.0%). The content of a few components reached punctually an appreciable amount: α-pinene (up to 10.7%), germacrene D (up to 12.0%), bicyclogermacrene (up to 10.0%) and spathulenol (up to 10.0%). X. rubescens trunk bark oil displayed a fair chemical variability.
Zingiber vuquangensis and Z. castaneum: Two Newly Discovered Species from Vietnam and Their Essential Oil Constituents
Authors: Huong Le T. , Huong Trinh T. , Huong Nguyen T. T. , Chau Dao T. M. , Sam Ly N. , Ogunwande Isiaka A.
Published: March 2019

The chemical constituents of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Zingiber vuquangensis Lý N.S., Lê T.H., Trịnh T. H., Nguyễn V.H., Đỗ N.Đ. and Zingiber castaneum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn collected from Vu Quang National Park, Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam were analysed by GC and GC-MS. β-Pinene (24.7% and 26.1%) and β-caryophyllene (12.3% and 13.9%) were the main constituents in the leaf oil and stem oil of Zingiber vuquangensis. On the other hand the root oil contained bornyl acetate (20.9%), zerumbone (14.1%) and α-humulene (9.6%) while β-pinene (19.6%), 1,8-cineole (15.6%), α-pinene (10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.4%) were the significant compounds of the fruit oil. The leaf oil Zingiber castaneum was dominated by β-pinene (30.6%), α-pinene (9.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.4%) and bicycloelemene (9.1%). The compounds occurring in higher quantity in the stem oil were β-caryophyllene (14.7%), δ-cadinene (9.8%), bicycloelemene (8.4%) and α-cubebene (7.8%). However, camphene (15.1%), 1,8-cineole (13.6%), linalool (11.3%) and δ-3-carene (8.5%) were the main compounds of the root oil while ( E)-nerolidol (23.2%), ( Z)-9-octadecenamide (17.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.8%) were the main constituents of the fruit oil. The essential oil did not exhibit noticeable antimicrobial effects. This is the first report on the volatile compositions of Z. vuquangensis and Z. castaneum.
Composition, in vitro Cytotoxicity, Anti-mildew and Anti-wood-decay Fungal Activities of the Bark Essential Oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata var. konishii from Taiwan
Authors: Su Yu-Chang , Hsu Kuang-Ping , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: March 2019

In this study, cytotoxicity, anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the bark essential oil and its constituents from Cunninghamia lanceolata var. konishii were evaluated in vitro against three human cancer cell lines, seven mildew fungi, and four wood decay fungi, respectively. The main compounds responsible for the cytotoxicity, anti-mildew, and anti-wood decay fungal activities were also identified. The essential oil from the barks of C. lanceolata var. konishii was isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The bark oil mainly consisted of ferruginol (15.1%), β-caryophyllene (11.2%), α-cadinol (10.9%) and cedrol (10.1%). The essential oil exhibited cytotoxic activity against human oral, liver, and lung cancer cells. The active source compounds were α-cadinol, cedrol, β-caryophyllene, and ferruginol. The bark oil was shown to have excellent anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities, the active compounds being evaluated as α-cadinol, cedrol, and ferruginol.
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Athamanta turbith ssp. haynaldii Volatiles
Authors: Petrović Goran M. , Stamenković Jelena G. , Mitić Violeta D. , Stojanović Gordana S. , Zlatković Bojan K. , Jovanović Olga Č.
Published: March 2019

The fresh aerial parts of essential oils and headspace volatiles of two populations of Athamanta turbith ssp. haynaldii were analyzed in detail by GC and GC/MS analyses. In headspace samples, 32 compounds were identified, representing 98.4% and 98.8% of the total volatiles and were dominated by hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, representing over 60% of both. Germacrene D was the major component, followed by terpinolene and myristicin. The essential oils of A. turbith consisted mainly of phenylpropene compounds with myristicin being the major compound. Fifty two compounds were identified in the oil isolated from Perućac and 57 from Kremna, accounting for 99.0% and 99.6% of total detectable components, with myristicin (52.3% and 50.8%, respectively) being the major component. In both samples, myristicin, germacrene D and δ-cadinene make up over 78% of the total oil composition. Antioxidant activity was measured using four different assays: DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and TRP method. It was found that the essential oil showed low antioxidant capacities compared with standard antioxidant compounds.
Plaunol A from Croton stellatopilosus Inhibits Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Premprasert Charoenwong , Tewtrakul Supinya , Wungsintaweekul Juraithip
Published: March 2019

A clerodane diterpene (plaunol A) and three flavonoids (vitexin; luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin-4'-O-glucoside) were isolated from stems and leaves of Croton stellatoliosus Ohba, using series of chromatographic techniques. Evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells revealed that, only plaunol A exhibited the inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production with the IC50 of 11.69 μM. This was no cytotoxic effect to the cells at a concentration of 100 μM, by MTT assay. Determination of mRNA levels by qRT-PCR, indicated that plaunol A suppressed the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells.
Anti-cholinesterase Activity of Crude Drugs Selected from the Ingredients of Incense Sticks and Heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa
Authors: Murata Kazuya , Tanaka Kanae , Akiyama Reina , Noro Ibuki , Nishio Arisa , Nakagawa Sayaka , Matsumura Shinichi , Matsuda Hideaki
Published: March 2019

An effective agent for the treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is needed due to the number of patients in the acute curve. In our research program to investigate effective agents for AD, we focused on crude drugs which consisted of incense sticks widely used in Asian countries including Japan. We selected 9 drugs as “aromatic” crude drugs and 2 as basal crude drugs. Among the samples tested, the essential oil obtained from the leaf of Cryptomeria japonica showed the most potent anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with 64.8% of inhibition at 100 μg/mL. In addition, no sample showed significant inhibition against β-secretase. From these results, the crude drugs selected in this study may be effective for AD therapy rather than prevention. The active principles of anti-acetylcholinesterase were investigated by activity-guided fractionation, and kaur-16-ene, nezukol and ferruginol were successfully identified, the IC50 values were 640, 300 and 95 μM, respectively. Kaur-16-ene and nezukol inhibited acetylcholinesterase in the mixed type mode, while ferruginol inhibited it in the competitive mode. In addition, nezukol and ferruginol showed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity, the IC50 values were 155 and 22 μM, respectively. We also focused on the heartwood of Chamaecyparis obtusa, since this tree has been used as a building material for the heartwood of C. japonica. Ethyl acetate extract of C. obtusa showed anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of 37.7% inhibition at 100 μg/mL. The active principle was determined to be (-)-hinokinin by activity-guided fractionation and the IC50 value was 176 μM. These results suggest that the leaf of C. japonica and heartwood of C. obtusa may be suitable agents for AD therapy when administered through the nasal system as an aroma supplement.
Synthesis of Ester-linked Taxol-glycoside Conjugate and Its Application to Drug Delivery System Using Immunoliposome Targeted with Trastuzumab and Cetuximab
Authors: Hamada Hiroki , Okada Shouta , Masuoka Noriyoshi , Hamada Hatsuyuki , Shimoda Kei , Mikuni Katsuhiko , Fujitaka Yuya
Published: March 2019

Synthesis of ester-linked glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, was investigated by chemical synthetic procedure. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency of taxol for liposomes was much improved by modification with glucosyl ester group. The immunoliposomes containing the glycoside prodrug of taxol, i.e., 7-glycolyltaxol 2″- O-α-D-glucopyranoside, exhibited effective anti-tumor activities.
A New Noroleanane from the Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii
Authors: Xu Liang , Tang Chun-Feng , Wu Cui , Ma Yu-Cui , Chao Zhi-Mao
Published: March 2019

A new noroleanane named as karounitriol (1), together with four known compounds, 7-oxodihydrokarounidiol (2), isokarounidiol (3), karounidiol (4), and stigmasta-7,22-dien-3β-ol were isolated from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. Structure of the new compound was elucidated as 3α,7β,29-trihydroxy-D:C-friedo-olean-8-ene on the basis of spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D NMR (1H, 13C), 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, DEPT, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), IR, and MS studies.
New fast “One-pot” Technique for the Production of Glycyrrhetinic Acid from the Roots of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Authors: Lekar Anna V. , Borisenko Sergey N. , Vetrova Elena V. , Maksimenko Elena V. , Khizrieva Salima S. , Borisenko Nikolai I. , Minkin Vladimir I.
Published: March 2019

The aim of this work was to develop and study a fast “one-pot” procedure for the production of glycyrrhetinic acid (GLA) from the roots of licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using subcritical water (SBW). Technique requires no use expensive and toxic organic solvents. For the first time the new method was used for the production of glycyrrhetinic acid (aglycone of glycyrrhizic acid) by “one-pot” technique. HPLC was used to determine the quantitative compositions of the obtained products. It has been shown that variation of only one parameter of the process (temperature) allows alteration of composition of the products obtained by new “one-pot” technique. The “one-pot” procedure developed for the production of GLA in SBW is faster (12 folds) than conventional methods that use expensive and toxic organic solvents. The proposed procedure has the excellent potential for the future development of the fast and low cost technologies for the production of GLA and its derivatives in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.
Configurational Study of an Aporphine Alkaloid from Annona purpurea
Authors: Ontiveros-Rodríguez Julio C. , Burgueño-Tapia Eleuterio , Porras-Ramírez Javier , Joseph-Nathan Pedro , Zepeda L. Gerardo
Published: March 2019

Purpureine (1), norpurpureine (2), and 3-hydroxyglaucine (4) were isolated from the leaves of Annona purpurea. A vibrational circular dichroism study for the absolute configuration determination of 1 provides evidence for the mutually dependent atropisomerism, local chirality of the sole stereogenic center, and the geometry of the tetrahedral nitrogen atom in aporphine alkaloids. The observed change in the optical rotation sign between 2 and its hydrochloride 3 might explain why this compound has been reported as dextrorotatory and levorotatory from the same botanical source. Furthermore, 1H and 13C NMR spectra of 1, 2 and 4 were fully assigned for the first time.
Inhibitory Activities against Methioninase, Collagenase and Release of Matrix Metalloprotease-1 from Human Gingival Fibroblast by Heartwood Extract from Pterocarpus marsupium
Authors: Anraku Takuya , Deguchi Takahiro , Yokota-Honda Mami , Kawata Takuya , Fujita Takanori , Yoshioka Yuri , Matsumura Shinichi , Matsuda Hideaki , Murata Kazuya
Published: March 2019

In our research program to investigate novel agents for anti-malodor activity from natural plant resources, we focused on Pterocarpus marsupium, which has been used as a “toothbrush tree” in Asian countries for many years. A 50% ethanol extract (PM-ext) was prepared and tested for anti-methioninase and anti-collagenase activity along with suppressive activity against matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 from interleukin-1β stimulated human gingival fibroblast. PM-ext showed moderate anti-methioninase and anti-collagenase activity as 35 and 33% at 500 μg/mL, while PM-ext showed suppression of MMP-1 release at 10 μg/mL. The active principles of MMP-1 release suppression were revealed as pterostilbene, (+)-liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and α- epi-coatline A. Among them, pterostilbene showed suppression at 0.5 μM, which was the most potent of the four compounds.
Flavonoids from the Flowers of Citrus ‘Hebesu’
Authors: Miyashita Tomoka , Adhikari-Devkota Anjana , Hori Kengo , Watanabe Masato , Watanabe Takashi , Devkota Hari Prasad
Published: March 2019

2( S)-3’,4'-dimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone 7- O-neohesperidoside (1), hesperidin (2), astragalin (3), trifolin (4), nicotiflorin (5), narirutin (6), rutin (7), kaempferol 7- O-rutinoside (8), tangeretin (9) and nobiletin (10) were isolated from the MeOH extract of flowers of Citrus ‘Hebesu’. Structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of physical and spectral data. Absolute configuration and complete NMR spectral data for compound 1 are reported for the first time in this paper.
Phytochemical Investigation of the Fern Asplenium ceterach (Aspleniaceae)
Authors: Tomou Ekaterina-Michaela , Skaltsa Helen
Published: March 2019

The fern Asplenium ceterach L. (syn. Ceterach officinarum Willd.) is used in local traditional medicine against kidney stones, gallstones, to facilitate diuresis and to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. The aim of this study was first to investigate the chemical composition of this fern and then to study the chemical profile of the herbal preparations used in local medicine due to its diuretic properties. In total, nine secondary metabolites from the methanol extract of the aerial parts have been isolated; three flavonoids, namely kaempherol-3- O- β-D-gentiobioside (1), quercetin-3- O- β-D-glucuronide (2), quercetin-3- O- β-D-gentiobioside (3), three phenolic acids, i.e. caffeic acid (4), chlorogenic acid (5) and p-coumaroyl-4- O- β-D-glucoside (6), as well as three phenols, 4-vinyl-phenol-1- O- β-D-glucopyranoside (7), 3-(1- O- β-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (8), and 4- β- O-D-glucosyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (9). Moreover, the cyclohexane residue has been submitted to GC-MS and NMR analyses and revealed the presence of ethyl esters of palmitic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Finally, based on NMR, TLC and HPLC analyses, it was evident that the chemical fingerprints of all herbal preparations were quite similar, with chlorogenic acid being the main compound and caffeic acid present only in traces.
New Tetrahydrofuran Type Lignan from Viburnum chinshanense
Authors: Zhang Huifang , Liu Yaqin , Zhang Huawei , Chen Jianbo , Wang Kuiwu
Published: March 2019

Chemical investigation of the roots of Viburnum chinshanense Graebn has resulted in the isolation and characterization of one new trtrahydrofuran type lignan, chinshanol A (1). The structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic and spectrometric means.
Phenolic Compounds from the Aerial Parts of Malva verticillata and their Anti-diabetic Effect
Authors: Ko Jung-Hwan , Nuankaew Wanlapa , Joo Sun-Woo , Kim Hyoung-Geun , Thi Nhan Nguyen , Lee Yeong-Geun , Kang Tong Ho , Baek Nam-In
Published: March 2019

The EtOAc, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions from the aerial parts of Malva verticillata have been shown to promote significant recovery from alloxan-induced pancreatic islet (PI) damage in zebrafish larvae at 10 μg/mL. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the principal active components of these plant parts and their pharmacological properties. Repeated SiO2 and octadecyl SiO2 column chromatography with the aerial parts of M. verticillata led to isolation of four phenolic compounds; these compounds were identified as benzyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (1), (-)-secoisolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), transferulic acid (3), and trans-ferulic acid methyl ester (4) on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses including infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectroscopy. Compounds 14 were first isolated from M. verticillata in this study. Furthermore, compounds 1–4 recovered alloxan-induced PI damage in zebrafish. Especially, compound 3 recovered the size of the injured PIs by 83.8% ( p=0.0007) compared to the alloxan-induced group, while compound 4 by 33.4% ( p=0.0072). It is the first report that trans-ferulic acid (3) exhibited the protective effect on zebrafish larvae PIs damaged by alloxan.
Identification of the Chemical Constituents in Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Responsible for Thermogenesis
Authors: Nishidono Yuto , Saifudin Azis , Nishizawa Mikio , Fujita Takashi , Nakamoto Masatoshi , Tanaka Ken
Published: March 2019

To compare the thermogenic properties of crude drugs derived from ginger, the activities to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) of methanol extracts of “Shokyo” (dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubens), “Kankyo” (steamed and dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubens), “Red ginger” (Indonesian dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. rubrum) and “White ginger” (Indonesian dried rhizome of Z. officinale var. amarum), were examined. The extracts of the four specimens were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results showed that “Shokyo” and “White ginger” strongly stimulated PGC-1α and that the amount of [10]-shogaol (6) in these was higher than in “Kankyo” and “Red ginger”. Gingerol-related compounds were isolated or prepared in order to identify the compounds responsible for stimulating PGC-1α. As a result, [10]-gingerol (3), [10]-shogaol (6), [10]-gingerdiols (11, 12) and [10]-gingerdiols 3,5-diacetate (17, 18) were identified as the active constituents, while the main constituents, [6]-gingerol (1) and [6]-shogaol (4), did not show any significant PGC-1α activity. These results suggest that gingerol-related compounds with long alkyl side chains contribute to the thermogenic properties of ginger.
Toxicity and Anti-inflammatory Activities of an Extract of the Eleutherine bulbosa Rhizome on Collagen Antibody-induced Arthritis in a Mouse Model
Authors: Hanh Pham Thi Bich , Thao Do Thi , Nga Nguyen Thi , Phuong Ngo Thi , Hung Le Ngoc , Thien Do Truong , Ha Le Minh
Published: March 2019

As a continuation of our interest in the anti-inflammatory activities of Vietnamese plants, we searched for novel anti-inflammatory agents in Eleutherine bulbosa and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of the rhizome of E. bulbosa (EBE) on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro and in a collagen antibody-induced arthritic (CAIA) mouse model in vivo. Treatment of the CAIA mice with EBE decreased the incidence of arthritis, especially at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight. A significant ( P<0.05) decrease in the arthritis score was seen after high-dose EBE treatment between days 10 and 14 in comparison with the negative control. The serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 in the mice were measured using commercial ELISA kits. The results suggest that an ethanol extract of the E. bulbosa rhizome has beneficial effects on inflammatory cytokine regulation in an experimental CAIA model.
Volatiles of Tanacetum macrophyllum Obtained by Different Extraction Methods
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Matović Milić , Todosijević Marina , Stanković Jovana , Cvetković Mirjana , Marin Petar D. , Tešević Vele
Published: March 2019

Terpene compounds of Tanacetum macrophyllum as 1) essential oils, obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), 2) essential oil extracts, obtained by simultaneous hydrodistillation and extraction (SDE) and 3) volatiles, obtained by Static Headspace GC-MS analysis (HS) were processed. Monoterpenes were the most dominant (49.2%, 49.5% and 90.4%, respectively). Profiles of essential oils obtained by HD and SD were quite similar, with oxygenated monoterpenes (39.3% and 39.4%) being the most abundant. In HS volatiles oxygenated monoterpenes also dominated (57.4%). Total sesquiterpenes were abundant in HD and SDE volatiles (38.2% and 39.2%, resp.), where sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were prevalent (27.3% and 28.7%, resp.). Germacrene D was dominant in HD and SDE oils (22.0% and 23.3%, resp.) and 1,8-cineole in HS volatiles (34.3%). To our knowledge, this is the first use of Headspace technique on T. macrophyllum. Furthermore, this is the first comparison of different techniques of volatile extraction in T. macrophyllum.
Mangifera indica Bark Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Biological Activities in Comparison with Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts
Authors: Kemegne Gislaine Aurelie , Nyegue Maximilienne Ascension , Kamdem Sylvain Leroy Sado , Etoa François-Xavier , Menut Chantal
Published: March 2019

Ethnobotanic surveys have revealed the use of Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) bark for the treatment of infectious diarrhea. The essential oil of M. indica bark is described for the first time for its chemical composition, radical scavenging activity (DPPH method) and antimicrobial properties. The total phenols content of its water and ethanol bark extracts as well as their radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties were also evaluated. Four commercial plant extracts were also studied for a comparison purpose. The antimicrobial activities were measured for all samples against three Gram (-): Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella and two Gram (+): Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus bacteria. The M. indica bark essential oil was characterized by the association of two major sesquiterpenes: ( E)-β-caryophyllene (60.3%) and α-humulene (36.7%). It presented the lowest ratio of concentration to inhibition zone diameter on all the strains. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of M. indica bark were characterized by high contents of total phenols compounds and high radical scavenging activity compared to the essential oil. Finally, the interesting combination of the antibacterial and antiradical activities of the aqueous M. indica bark extract justifies the traditional use of this plant part in decoction form for the treatment of diarrheal infections.
Monoaminergic Involvement in Decreased Locomotor Activity of Mice Treated with α and β-amyrin from Protium heptaphyllum
Authors: Aragão Gislei F. , de Moraes Filho Manoel O. , Bandeira Paulo N. , Junior Antônio P. Frota , Oliveira de Yasmin Ingrid S. , Balacó Claudina F. Alves , de Moraes Maria Elisabete A.
Published: March 2019

A triterpenic mixture of α and β-amyrin (AMY) extracted from Protium heptaphyllum has demonstrated several pharmacological effects, including activity in the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AMY administration on locomotor activity of mice by the open field test using some monoaminergic agonists and antagonists and the cerebral cortex levels of monoamines and their major metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mice were treated acutely with AMY at doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg given intraperitoneally and with the pharmacological agents and placed in open field test, then the animals were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex extracted, and monoamines were assayed in tissue homogenates. AMY at 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg decreased locomotor activity of animals by 25, 31 and 39%, respectively in the open field test. Ondasentron, doxazosin, oxymetazoline and clonidine did not reverse the inhibitory effect of 5 mg/kg AMY. Venlafaxine and yohimbine reversed the inhibitory effect of 5 mg AMY. In the cortex, the 5-HT and 5-HIAA were significantly reduced by the administration of AMY. NE and HVA were also reduced with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg AMY, while Dopamine and DOPAC were not increased with AMY. In conclusion, AMY decreased locomotor activity of animals accompanied by a decrease in 5-HT and NE levels in the cerebral cortex, this locomotor effect is reversed by drug that blocker the α-2-adrenoreceptor.
Production of the Anticancer Compound Withaferin A from Genetically Transformed Hairy Root Cultures of Withania Somnifera
Authors: Yousefian Zeynab , Hosseini Behnaz , Rezadoost Hassan , Palazón Javier , Mirjalili Mohammad Hossein
Published: March 2019

Withanolides (WTDs), well-known medicinally important compounds of Withania somnifera, including the anticancer compound withaferin A (WFA), are biosynthesized from their dedicated precursor squalene. Condensation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) molecules to produce squalene is catalyzed by squalene synthase (SQS). In the present study, the Arabidopsis thaliana squalene synthase gene ( AtSQS1) was transformed in W. somnifera by Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 (pRiA4). The AtSQS1 gene was detected in 87.88 % of induced transformed hairy roots (THRs). The results showed that the growth index (GI) of THRs after five weeks of culture was 2-fold higher than that of adventitious hairy roots (AHRs). The biomass doubling time of THRs and AHRs was 18 and 30 days, respectively. Quantitative evaluation of WFA in the studied roots showed that THRs contain 1.51-fold more WFA (330±0.87μg g−1 dry weight (DW)) than AHRs (218±0.17μg g−1 DW). These findings can be used for the production of WFA as a valuable anticancer compound through controlled and scaled up cultures of W. somnifera THRs.
Skin Anti-aging Assays of Proanthocyanidin Rich Red Rice Extract, Oryzanol and Other Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Yodkeeree Supachai , Thippraphan Pilaiporn , Punfa Wanisa , Srisomboon Jatupol , Limtrakul(Dejkriengkraikul) Pornngarm
Published: March 2019

Red rice is a variety of rice that has more nutritious than white or brown rice. It is also a good source of many potent anti-aging phytochemicals. However, the compounds in red rice extract that exhibit skin anti-aging properties have not been investigated. In this study, the main bioactive compounds in red rice extract (RRE) including proanthocyanidin, catechin, hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol were studied in order to determine their anti-skin aging properties. The effects on skin degradation were assessed by inhibitory enzymatic activity against collagenase and matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). The production levels of collagen and hyaluronic acid obtained from human skin fibroblasts were determined by ELISA. Anti-melanogenesis activity of the bioactive compounds were investigated in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. The activity of collagenase and MMP-2 was strongly inhibited by proanthocyanidin and catechin, while hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid and oryzanol had no effect. Moreover, proanthocyanindin and catechin significantly induced collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis in human fibroblast cells. Proanthocyanidin and oryzanol reduced the melanin content in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Proanthocyanidin, but not oryzanol, significantly decreased cellular tyrosinase activity. However, the bioactive compounds obtained from red rice extract had no effect on mushroom tyrosinase activity. In addition, proanthocynidin and catechin, exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, whereas oryzanol slightly inhibited this action. Taken together, these results suggest that proanthocyanidin, catechin, and oryzanol are the bioactive compounds in red rice that exhibit the greatest levels of anti-skin aging properties.
Difficulties to Determine the Absolute Configuration of Guaiaretic Acid
Authors: Ortega Alfredo R. , Burgueño-Tapia Eleuterio , Joseph-Nathan Pedro
Published: March 2019

An account of the difficulties to determine the absolute configuration (AC) of guaiaretic acid (1a), using contemporary methodology, is described in commemoration of the century of its structure elucidation. In fact, the herein studied molecule was the derived diacetate 1b, since the natural lignan slowly decomposes upon manipulation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction of 1b demonstrated the structure, but calculation of Flack and Hooft parameters to know the AC was unsuccessful since the crystals were triclinic, P-1, which is a centro-symmetric space group. In turn, manual band to band comparison of experimental and DFT B3LYP/DGDZVP calculated VCD spectra of 1b allowed ascertaining its AC, although automatic comparison using the Compare VOA software was not very successful. This behavior is associated to the fact that the studied molecule has a sole stereogenic center located on the acyclic portion of a carbon chain possessing two quite similar substituents. The behavior is discussed in relation to cases where the molecular flexibility also generates a very large number of conformers.
Comparison of Chemical Constituents in Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex Processed by “Sweating” and “Non Sweating” based on Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Authors: Zhao Hui , Yan Ying , Wang Cheng-cheng , Zou Li-si , Liu Xun-hong , Chen Shu-yu , Shi Jing-jing
Published: March 2019

Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex (MOC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which is always preliminarily processed by “sweating”. To explore the effects of primary processing on chemical constituents in MOC and the potential chemical markers for differentiating the samples processed by “sweating” and “non sweating”, a method is proposed based on ultra fast liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-Triple TOF MS/MS) and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. The obtained data were analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The nonvolatile constituents were identified according to MS accurate mass and MS/MS spectrometry fragmentation information, combined with the software of database search and literatures comparison. The volatile constituents were identified according to the NIST05 library and literatures. All of the results demonstrated that the chemical constituents in MOC samples processed by “sweating” and “non sweating” were clearly distinguished. Seventeen nonvolatile differential constituents and five volatile differential constituents were identified and presented in different change laws. This study will provide the basic information for revealing the difference of chemical constituents in MOC processed by “sweating” and “non sweating” and comprehensive evaluation of its quality.