bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criterion knowledge: A moderator of using the recognition heuristic?
Authors: Hilbig Benjamin E. , Pohl Rüdiger F. , Bröder Arndt
Published: April 2009

The recognition heuristic (RH) claims that people base inferences on recognition only. This has been questioned by several studies which found that additional knowledge was influential. However, in some of these studies, participants' additional knowledge might have encompassed criterion knowledge thus rendering any inferential strategy superfluous. The present study was therefore designed to test the effect of criterion knowledge on use or non‐use of the RH. Eighty‐one participants made pair‐wise comparisons with respect to the size of Belgian cities and also provided estimates of the cities' actual size. We found that relative criterion knowledge (i.e., knowledge about the relative position of an object on the criterion dimension) did indeed play some role, but its exclusion left the main critical findings intact, nonetheless. We thus conclude that previous studies conducted in the paradigm of natural recognition should not be generally refuted by the argument of participants possessing criterion knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Goal attainment as a resource: The cushion effect in risky choice above a goal
Authors: Jeffrey Scott A. , Onay Selcuk , Larrick Richard P.
Published: April 2009

Goals are a ubiquitous part of life and have been shown to change behavior in many domains. This research studied the influence of goal attainment on risky choice behavior. Previous research has shown that goals tend to increase risk‐seeking behavior when potential outcomes fall below a goal. We examined a new problem: Choice behavior when all potential outcomes in a choice set achieve or exceed the goal. Two studies show a “cushion effect” of goal attainment on choice under risk. When all possible outcomes of all options are above a salient and specific goal, decision makers are more likely to choose a risky option over a certain outcome with equal expected value (EV). We hypothesized that the attainment of a goal serves as a cushion that softens the negative emotions associated with receiving a gamble's low outcome. This allows risk taking that would otherwise be unattractive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why are maximizers less happy than satisficers? Because they maximize positive and negative outcomes
Authors: Polman Evan
Published: April 2009

Although extant research suggests maximizing is related to objectively positive outcomes (e.g., job offers), I propose maximizing may be simultaneously and positively related to objectively negative outcomes (e.g., job rejections). Specifically, I argue maximizers bear more instances of positive and negative outcomes than satisficers, and that in spite of their positive outcomes—yet because of their negative outcomes—maximizers are less happy than satisficers. In Study 1, participants took the alternate uses test; as expected, maximizing was related to seeking alternatives, yet, maximizing was also related to seeking low‐quality alternatives. Moreover, the number of low‐quality alternatives partially mediated the relationship between maximizing and negative affect. In Study 2, the impact of maximizing on experiencing negative affect was further assessed by examining whether maximizing is related to seeking and choosing low‐quality alternatives. Participants played the Iowa Gambling Task; it was found maximizing was related to alternating among decks, and in particular, sampling bad decks; ultimately, maximizing was related to winning less money, and experiencing more negative affect. Finally, in Study 3, participants responded to questionnaires about positive and negative life outcomes; it was found that maximizing was simultaneously related to experiencing more positive and more negative outcomes, and that negative outcomes predicted happiness to a greater degree than positive outcomes. These findings suggest an irony of maximizing: It produces both positive and negative outcomes, contributing to literature explaining why maximizers are less happy than satisficers, and ultimately whether happiness is a matter of choice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic coherence and fallacies in estimating joint probabilities
Authors: Wolfe Christopher R. , Reyna Valerie F.
Published: April 2009

In three experiments on joint probability estimation, gist representations were manipulated with analogies, and the suboptimal strategy of ignoring relevant denominators was counteracted with training in using 2 × 2 tables to clarify joint probability estimates. The estimated probabilities of two events, as well as their conjunctive and disjunctive probabilities, were assessed against two benchmarks, logical fallacies and semantic coherence—a constellation of estimates consistent with the relationship among sets. Fuzzy‐trace theory (FTT) predicts that analogies will increase semantic coherence, and a table intervention affecting denominator neglect will both increase semantic coherence and reduce fallacies. In all three experiments, analogies increased semantic coherence. In both experiments training participants to use 2 × 2 tables, such tables reduced fallacies and increased semantic coherence. As the relations among sets in the problem materials progressed in cognitive complexity from identical sets, mutually exclusive sets, and subsets to overlapping sets, fallacies generally increased, and semantic coherence generally decreased. These findings indicate that denominator neglect is pervasive, but that it can be remedied with a straightforward intervention that clarifies relations among sets. Further, intuitive gist‐based probability estimation can be improved through the use of simple analogies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture
Authors: Tibbitt Mark W. , Anseth Kristi S.
Published: April 2009

Methods for culturing mammalian cells ex vivo are increasingly needed to study cell and tissue physiology and to grow replacement tissue for regenerative medicine. Two‐dimensional culture has been the paradigm for typical in vitro cell culture; however, it has been demonstrated that cells behave more natively when cultured in three‐dimensional environments. Permissive, synthetic hydrogels and promoting, natural hydrogels have become popular as three‐dimensional cell culture platforms; yet, both of these systems possess limitations. In this perspective, we discuss the use of both synthetic and natural hydrogels as scaffolds for three‐dimensional cell culture as well as synthetic hydrogels that incorporate sophisticated biochemical and mechanical cues as mimics of the native extracellular matrix. Ultimately, advances in synthetic–biologic hydrogel hybrids are needed to provide robust platforms for investigating cell physiology and fabricating tissue outside of the organism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 655–663. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of eugenol and carvacrol‐grafted chitosan nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Fei , Shi Zhilong , Neoh K.G. , Kang E.T.
Published: April 2009

Essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activity while chitosan is a biocompatible polymer with antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria. In this work, nanoparticles with both antioxidant and antibacterial properties were prepared by grafting eugenol and carvacrol (two components of essential oils) on chitosan nanoparticles. Aldehyde groups were first introduced in eugenol and carvacrol, and the grafting of these oils to chitosan nanoparticles was carried out via the Schiff base reaction. The surface concentration of the grafted essential oil components was determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The antioxidant activities of the carvacrol‐grafted chitosan nanoparticles (CHCA NPs) and the eugenol‐grafted chitosan nanoparticles (CHEU NPs) were assayed with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antibacterial assays were carried out with a representative gram‐negative bacterium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and a gram‐positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The grafted eugenol and carvacrol conferred antioxidant activity to the chitosan nanoparticles, and the essential oil component‐grafted chitosan nanoparticles achieved an antibacterial activity equivalent to or better than that of the unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity assays using 3T3 mouse fibroblast showed that the cytotoxicity of CHEU NPs and CHCA NPs were significant lower than those of the pure essential oils. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 30–39 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell density effect in the baculovirus‐insect cells system: A quantitative analysis of energetic metabolism
Authors: Bernal Vicente , Carinhas Nuno , Yokomizo Adriana Y. , Carrondo Manuel J.T. , Alves Paula M.
Published: April 2009

The cell density effect (i.e., the drop in the specific productivity in the baculovirus‐insect cells expression system when cells are infected at high cell densities) has been extensively described in the literature. In this article, a model for the central metabolism of serum‐free suspension cultures of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells is proposed and used to investigate the metabolic basis for this phenomenon. The main metabolic pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acids cycle, glutaminolysis, and amino acids metabolism), cellular growth and energetics were considered. The analysis of the stoichiometric model allowed further understanding of the interplay of the consumption of carbon and nitrogen sources in insect cells. Moreover, metabolic flux analysis revealed that Sf9 cells undergo a progressive inhibition of central metabolism when grown to high cell densities, for which the incorporation of amino acids carbon backbones into the TCA cycle (mainly glutamine) and the down‐regulation of glycolysis are partially responsible. Following infection by baculovirus and cellular division arrest, central energy metabolism depended on the infection strategy chosen (cell concentration at the moment of infection and multiplicity of infection), inhibition being observed at high cell densities. Interestingly, the energetic status of the culture correlated with the decrease in cellular production of baculovirus, meaning that there is room for process optimization through the application of metabolic engineering techniques. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 162–180 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of a gastrointestinal tract microscale cell culture analog used to predict drug toxicity
Authors: Mahler Gretchen J. , Esch Mandy B. , Glahn Raymond P. , Shuler Michael L.
Published: April 2009

The lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest surface exposed to the external environment in the human body. One of the main functions of the small intestine is absorption, and intestinal absorption is a route used by essential nutrients, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to enter the systemic circulation. Understanding the effects of digestion on a drug or chemical, how compounds interact with and are absorbed through the small intestinal epithelium, and how these compounds affect the rest of the body is critical for toxicological evaluation. Our goal is to create physiologically realistic in vitro models of the human GI tract that provide rapid, inexpensive, and accurate predictions of the body's response to orally delivered drugs and chemicals. Our group has developed an in vitro microscale cell culture analog (µCCA) of the GI tract that includes digestion, a mucus layer, and physiologically realistic cell populations. The GI tract µCCA, coupled with a multi‐chamber silicon µCCA representing the systemic circulation, is described and challenged with acetaminophen. Proof of concept experiments showed that acetaminophen passes through and is metabolized by the in vitro intestinal epithelium and is further metabolized by liver cells, resulting in liver cell toxicity in a dose‐dependent manner. The µCCA response is also consistent with in vivo measurements in mice. The system should be broadly useful for studies on orally delivered drugs or ingestion of chemicals with potential toxicity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 193–205 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling and simulation of liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed ion exchange system for continuous protein recovery
Authors: Mazumder Jahirul , Zhu Jingxu , Bassi Amarjeet S. , Ray Ajay K.
Published: April 2009

Liquid–solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) is an integrated two‐column (downcomer and riser) system which can accommodate two separate processes (adsorption and desorption) in the same unit with continuous circulation of the solid particles between the two columns. In this study, a mathematical model based on the assumption of homogeneous fluidization was developed considering hydrodynamics, adsorption‐desorption kinetics and liquid–solid mass transfer. The simulation results showed good agreement with the available experimental results for continuous protein recovery. A parametric sensitivity study was performed to better understand the influence of different operating parameters on the BSA adsorption and desorption capacity of the system. The model developed can easily be extended to other applications of LSCFB. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 111–126 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Step change in the efficiency of centrifugation through cell engineering: co‐expression of Staphylococcal nuclease to reduce the viscosity of the bioprocess feedstock
Authors: Balasundaram B. , Nesbeth D. , Ward J.M. , Keshavarz‐Moore E. , Bracewell D.G.
Published: April 2009

Cell engineering to enable step change improvements in bioprocessing can be directed at targets other than increasing product titer. The physical properties of the process suspension such as viscosity, for example, have a major impact on various downstream processing unit operations. The release of chromosomal DNA during homogenization of Escherichia coli and its influence on viscosity is well‐recognized. In this current article we demonstrate co‐expression of Staphylococcus aureus nuclease in E. coli to reduce viscosity through auto‐hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Viscosity reduction of up to 75% was achieved while the particle size distribution of cell debris was maintained approximately constant (d50 = 0.5–0.6 µm). Critically, resultant step change improvements to the clarification performance under disc‐stack centrifugation conditions are shown. The cell‐engineered nuclease matched or exceeded the viscosity reduction performance seen with the addition of exogenous nuclease removing the expense and validation issues associated with such additions to a bioprocess. The resultant material dramatically altered performance in scale‐down mimics of continuous disc‐stack centrifugation. Laboratory scale data indicated that a fourfold reduction in the settling area of a disc‐stack centrifuge can be expected due to a less viscous process stream achieved through nuclease co‐expression with a recombinant protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 134–142 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow‐dependent entrapment of large bioparticles in porous process media
Authors: Trilisky Egor I. , Lenhoff Abraham M.
Published: April 2009

The need for purification of biomolecules extends to larger bioparticles as well. For example, virus purification is required for production of many vaccines and gene delivery vectors, and understanding virus removal in porous media is also important in downstream processing of therapeutic proteins and in purification of water in soils. A convective entrapment mechanism for retention of large bioparticles is discussed here based on retention of such bioparticles in pore constrictions at high enough flow rates, even under non‐binding conditions. A simple equation to predict whether such entrapment is expected to occur in a given system is derived based on a Péclet number that is proportional to the flow rate and to the cube of the bioparticle diameter. To test the theory, adenovirus was spiked onto chromatographic beds. As expected from the theory, under non‐interacting conditions a progressively larger amount of virus becomes trapped with increasing flow rate. The entrapment is reversible upon flow rate reduction, which, within the proposed model, is based on the possibility of diffusive escape from pore constrictions. This mechanism can be exploited for virus purification or removal, and the theory is also consistent with the anecdotal evidence that monoliths and membranes are more difficult to clean than conventional chromatographic beds, especially at high flow rates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 127–133 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental architecture of a DSP based signal generation for PWM inverter
Authors: Cuma Mehmet Uğraş , Teke Ahmet , Tümay Mehmet , Bayindir K. Çağatay , Özgür M. Salih
Published: April 2009

This article presents the analysis and design of an experimental study on the implementation of digital signal processor (DSP) controlled single‐phase pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter based on Simulink and Real Time Workshop in Matlab. Each stage of PWM signal generation using DSP is comprehensively presented to ease the design and analysis of complicated control algorithms in DSP based solutions. The article also enhances knowledge more about experimental studies in the laboratory. The performance of the DSP based PWM inverter design is analyzed through simulation studies under various switching frequencies and the theoretical considerations are successfully validated with experimental prototype based on TMS320F2812 DSP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 561–571, 2011
Curve fairing using integral spline operators
Authors: Caliò F. , Miglio E. , Rasella M.
Published: April 2009

In the context of the reverse engineering process one of the main problems is the smoothing (i.e. the elimination of the noise) of curves and surfaces reconstructed starting from a set of scattered points. This process of smoothing is usually called fairing. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm for planar curve fairing. This algorithm is automatic (no interaction with the user is required) and is composed of two steps: first a global rough fairing is performed on the whole curve and then a local fine fairing is carried out to improve the quality of the final curve. The mathematical tool at the base of the algorithm is an integral spline operator characterized by a shape parameter. This operator is variation‐diminishing. In order to choose the best value for the shape parameter, a suitable functional related to the curvature is minimized. Some test cases are presented in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm: both academic and a real world test case are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A current‐mode automatic frequency tuning system for filters with current mirrors
Authors: Souliotis George
Published: April 2009

A new current‐mode automatic frequency tuning system is proposed in this paper. The system is based on the master–slave technique and is suitable for integrated current‐mode filters based on current mirrors. Automatic control is accomplished by controlling the bias current of the current mirrors employed in the master and slave filters. The proposed scheme has been applied in the leapfrog and wave filters and the corresponding simulation results confirm its validity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface and Chemical Characterization of PolyLA Thin Films Fabricated Using Plasma Polymerization
Authors: Easton Christopher D. , Jacob Mohan V. , Shanks Robert A. , Bowden Bruce F.
Published: April 2009

Polymer thin films derived from the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia (LA) are fabricated using plasma polymerization, and their surface and chemical characteristics investigated. The surface morphology of the polyLA films is examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The polymer is found to be uniform and pinhole free, and the average roughness of the films is found to be less than a nanometer and independent of the RF power employed during fabrication. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of the polyLA film is performed. Comparison of the FTIR spectra for polyLA film with that of the starting monomer demonstrates that many of the original functional groups are retained during the polymerization process. Bands assigned to CC stretching are lost due to their participation in the polymerization reactions. With increased RF power employed during fabrication, a decrease in intensity of most of the remaining bands in the FTIR spectra for the polyLA films is found. This is attributed to reactions such as dehydration of hydroxyl, cyclization, and aromatization associated with alkenes. In addition, it is found that the duration of exposure to UV irradiation and ion bombardment has an insignificant effect on the chemical structure of the polyLA film. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the polymer fabricated at low RF power reveals the presence of aromatics in the chemical structure. Water contact angle measurements demonstrate that the polyLA films range from mildly hydrophilic to mildly hydrophobic, and are stable while in contact with water.
A biologically inspired mobility control framework for energy conservation in sensor networks
Authors: Rao Jayanthi , Biswas Subir
Published: April 2009

This paper presents a paradigm for extending network life by introducing energy‐aware mobility in wireless sensor networks. The concept of controlled mobility for energy saving has been motivated by a natural grouping behavior that is observed in Emperor penguins in the Antarctic region. During the winters, a group of those penguins form a closely huddled group to improve their collective heat insulation. Individual penguins within a group exhibit a local mobility pattern that ensures that each individual spends roughly equal amount of time at the periphery of the group, where heat loss is the maximum. As a result, the total heat loss of the group is thought to be evenly distributed across all the individuals. In this paper, we first draw a parallel between the heat loss of a penguin at the group periphery, and the routing energy burden of sensor nodes near the aggregating base stations in a sensor network. Then we develop a fully distributed and localized mobility control algorithm for collective extension of the network life. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controlled mobility paradigm can significantly extend a sensor network's operating life even in situations where the energy cost of physical node movement is modeled as high as up to four orders of magnitude larger than the energy cost for packet transmission. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender ratios for reading difficulties
Authors: Hawke Jesse L. , Olson Richard K. , Willcut Erik G. , Wadsworth Sally J. , DeFries John C.
Published: April 2009

The prevalence of reading difficulties is typically higher in males than females in both referred and research‐identified samples, and the ratio of males to females is greater in more affected samples. To explore possible gender differences in reading performance, we analysed data from 1133 twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair had a school history of reading problems and from 684 twin pairs from a comparison sample with no reading difficulties. Although the difference between the average scores of males and females in these two samples was very small, the variance of reading performance was significantly greater for males in both groups. We suggest that a greater variance of reading performance measures in males may account at least in part for their higher prevalence of reading difficulties as well as for the higher gender ratios that are observed in more severely impaired samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicomponent Reactions of Indole, Ethyl Glyoxylate and Anilines: From Friedel–Crafts to Aza‐Diels–Alder Reactions Catalysed by Scandium Triflate
Authors: Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe , Mella Mariella , Toscanini Marco , Boiocchi Massimo
Published: April 2009

The multicomponent reaction (MCR) of indole (1), ethyl glyoxylate (2) and 3,4‐dimethoxy‐ or 3,4‐methylenedioxyanilines (3a,b) give, in analogy to Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indole, expected acetates 4a,b. When the reactions are catalysed by scandium triflate, however, a completely different reaction pathway is followed and two pairs of diastereomeric aza‐Diels–Alder adducts (7a,b and 8a,b) are isolated, which result from the reactions in which the ethyl 2‐(arylimino)acetates (azomethynes of 2 with 3a,b) behave as heterodienes and indole is the dienophile. These products, whose structures were confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis of 7a, are not derived from the scandium‐catalysed rearrangement of 4a,b, because when these latter are treated with Sc(OTf)3, the rearrangement produces acetates 5a,b only. The limits of the aza‐Diels–Alder reaction were investigated by performing the MCR on substituted anilines 3f–k. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Religious identity consolidation and mobilization among Turkish Dutch Muslims
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Yildiz Ali Aslan
Published: April 2009

This paper investigates religious identity consolidation in terms of the endorsement of the rights of Dutch Muslims to publicly express their identity, and identity mobilization in terms of the attitude towards normative forms of political organization. Identity consolidation and mobilization were examined as a function of the content of Muslim identity. A distinction was made between an individualized and a communal interpretation of what it means to be a Muslim, in addition to orthodox belief. Personal meaning and personal certainty as two aspects of an individualized interpretation were found to be positively associated to the endorsement of Muslim expressive rights, but not to the attitude towards political organization. Behavioural involvement and Muslim group interdependence were positively associated with identity organization. Orthodoxy was related to both identity consolidation and mobilization. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term scheduling of a wind generation and hydrogen storage in the electricity market
Authors: Tina G. , Brunetto C.
Published: April 2009

Intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) are promising to be the future of electricity generation. In particular wind generation, owing to its stochastic behaviour, has to be carefully managed. Its lack of sufficient predictability decreases the energy value in the current framework of electrical markets, therefore, beyond a certain threshold; this kind of generation into the electrical system represents a problem for the transmission system operator (TSO) during its despatching service. The coupling of wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a storage medium (i.e. hydrogen) could improve the programmability of such generation plants in electrical markets.

In this paper, an economical optimization tool has been developed in order to find the short‐term scheduling so as to maximize the economic revenues in the day‐ahead electricity market of a storage plant coupled with a wind farm. This tool needs as input the forecasts of both wind generation power and market prices, obtained with the adoption of pre‐processing input data algorithm based on different methods that involve both statistical and probabilistic approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissolved gas analysis of transformers using fuzzy logic approach
Authors: Aghaei J. , Gholami A. , Shayanfar H. A. , Dezhamkhooy A.
Published: April 2009

The power transformer is a major apparatus in a power system, and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. Failure of one power transformer may cause long interruptions in supply, costly repairs and loss revenue. The analysis of oil‐immersed gases as a useful and effective method can prevent main faults through diagnosing internal faults of power transformers and proposing preventive operations. Usually the relation between faults and the reason of their existence in power equipments is complicated. Therefore, fuzzy logic method is proper option in the diagnosis of transformers internal faults. In this paper, three fuzzy methods are used for specifying the internal faults of transformer through the ratio method of oil‐immersed gases. Finally, comparing with commonly used methods, the proposed methods found effective enough. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forensic evaluation of clothing flammability
Authors: Hirschler M. M. , Zicherman J. B. , Umino Peter Y.
Published: April 2009

A set of 17 commercial garments were purchased, categorized based on their fabric composition and fire tested. Three fire exposures were used: (a) a simile of the United States regulatory test for apparel fabrics (16CFR1610), (b) a small vertical candle on a small swatch of fabric and (c) a candle applied to a full garment, placed on a mannequin. Comparisons were made between the results of the various tests and of the various fabrics tested. A general correlation was observed whereby increased fabric areal density [weight/unit fabric area] resulted in improved fire performance. Where outliers to this generalization were observed the improved fire performance was due to the superior inherent fire performance of specific fabric types such as silk. Overall, the quantitative behavior with regard to flame spread rate observed after ignition of cellulosic, thermoplastic and blended fabrics was more heavily dependent on fabric areal density than on their chemical composition. Two key conclusions are that very lightweight fabrics constitute a potential danger and that the United States regulatory value, set at 88.3g/m2 (2.6oz/yd2), represents an essentially arbitrary cut‐off in this regard. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison between the experimental and estimated evaporation paths from emulsions
Authors: Al‐Bawab Abeer , Odeh Fadwa , Bozeya Ayat , Aikens Patricia A. , Friberg Stig E.
Published: April 2009

The evaporation paths in linalool emulsions were experimentally determined using a rotary evaporator coupled to a vacuum pump and calculated from vapour pressures for a series of emulsions with varied oil/water (O/W) ratios. The evaporation paths were comparable to an acceptable degree, suggesting that determination of the evaporation path under reduced pressure, combined with a straightforward calculation using vapour pressures, can be used to estimate the evaporation under different relative humilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds from Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Ali Muhammad , Hussain Abdullah Ijaz , Shahid Muhammad
Published: April 2009

The present study was conducted to examine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil, methanol and ethanol extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds native to Pakistan. The seed essential oil and extract yields from fennel seeds were found to be 2.81 and 6.21–15.63% w/w, respectively. GC and GC–MS analysis of the fennel essential oil revealed the presence of 23 compounds, with trans‐anethol (69.87%), fenchone (10.23%), estragole (5.45%) and limonene (5.10%) as the major components. The fennel seed extracts contained appreciable levels of total phenolic contents (627.21–967.50 GAE, mg/100 g) and total flavonoid contents (374.88–681.96 CE, mg/100 g). Fennel essential oil and extracts also exhibited good DPPH radical scavenging activity, showing IC50 32.32 and 23.61–26.75 µg/ml, and inhibition of peroxidation 45.05 and 48.80–70.35%, respectively. Of the fennel essential oil and solvent extracts tested, 80% ethanol extract exhibited the maximum antioxidant activity, whereas the essential oil showed appreciable antimicrobial activity against selected strains of bacteria and pathogenic fungi. The results of the present investigation demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) variations in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fennel essential oil and extracts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐step Taylor‐characteristic‐based Galerkin method for incompressible flows and its application to flow over triangular cylinder with different incidence angles
Authors: Bao Yan , Zhou Dai , Zhao Yao‐Jun
Published: April 2009

An alternative characteristic‐based scheme, the two‐step Taylor‐characteristic‐based Galerkin method is developed based on the introduction of multi‐step temporal Taylor series expansion up to second order along the characteristic of the momentum equation. Contrary to the classical characteristic‐based split (CBS) method, the current characteristic‐based method does not require splitting the momentum equation, and segregate the calculation of the pressure from that of the velocity by using the momentum–pressure Poisson equation method. Some benchmark problems are used to examine the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and to compare with the original CBS method, and the results show that the proposed method has preferable accuracy with less numerical dissipation.

We further applied the method to the numerical simulation of flow around equilateral triangular cylinder with different incidence angles in free stream. In this numerical investigation, the flow simulations are carried out in the low Reynolds number range. Instantaneous streamlines around the cylinder are used as a means to visualize the wake region behind, and they clearly show the flow pattern around the cylinder in time. The influence of incidence angle on flow characteristic parameters such as Strouhal number, Drag and Lift coefficients are discussed quantitatively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ten years of cholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Rodda Joanne , Walker Zuzana
Published: April 2009

In this editorial we have summarised ten years of evidence relating to the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's and other dementias. We have presented this evidence in the context of the evolution of public and professional awareness of dementia and its management and prescribing patterns over this time frame. We also briefly outline recent political and legal events surrounding the 2007 NICE guidance and the possible long‐term impact of cholinesterase inhibitors on clinical practice. Whilst cholinesterase inhibitors continue to play a part in the management of Alzheimer's disease, it is possible that their most important legacy will be their contribution to the increased awareness and recognition of dementia as a neurodegenerative disease and the resulting transformation of old age psychiatry services. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FGFR2 intronic polymorphisms interact with reproductive risk factors of breast cancer: Results of a case control study in Japan
Authors: Kawase Takakazu , Matsuo Keitaro , Suzuki Takeshi , Hiraki Akio , Watanabe Miki , Iwata Hiroji , Tanaka Hideo , Tajima Kazuo
Published: April 2009

Recently, 2 genome‐wide association studies demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene at intron 2 are significantly associated with the risk of female breast cancer. As the next step, it is necessary to evaluate the interaction between these SNPs and known risk factors of breast cancer because such an evaluation could elucidate mechanisms of carcinogenesis and lead to preventive advances. We conducted a case‐control study of 456 newly and histologically diagnosed breast cancer cases and 912 age‐ and menopausal status‐matched noncancer controls. The impact of 5 FGFR2 intronic SNPs on the risk of breast cancer and the interactions between these SNPs and various known risk factors of breast cancer were evaluated in both pre and postmenopausal women. We observed a statistically significant association between 4 SNPs and breast cancer risk and these 4 SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium in the Japanese population. rs2420946 was associated with a population‐attributable risk of 17.7%. We found that FGFR2 polymorphisms interact with family history of breast cancer (interaction p = 0.003) and reproductive risk factors, namely, age at menarche (interaction p = 0.019) and parity (interaction p = 0.026). Of note, a significant association between body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 and FGFR2 polymorphism was observed among postmenopausal women (trend p = 0.012), but not among premenopausal women. In contrast, BMI < 25 had no significant association with this polymorphism regardless of menopausal status. These findings suggest that FGFR2 intronic SNPs affect the reproductive hormone‐related pathway and contribute to the development of female breast cancer in the Japanese population. © 2009 UICC
Expression of the macrophage antigen CD163 in rectal cancer cells is associated with early local recurrence and reduced survival time
Authors: Shabo Ivan , Olsson Hans , Sun Xiao‐Feng , Svanvik Joar
Published: April 2009

Expression of the macrophage antigen CD163 in breast cancer cells is recently shown to be related to early distant recurrence and shortened survival. In this study, 163 patients with rectal cancer, included in the Swedish rectal cancer trial and followed up for a median of 71 months, were examined for the expression of CD163 in the primary tumors. The cancer cells expressed CD163 in the primary tumors in 23% (n = 32) of the patients. In pretreatment biopsies from 101 patients, 10 had CD163‐positive cancers and these patients had earlier local recurrence (p < 0.044) and reduced survival time (p < 0.045) compared with those with CD163‐negative tumors. When studying surgical specimens from 61 patients randomized to preoperative irradiation (5 × 5 Gy delivered in 1 week), it was found that 31% were CD163 positive whereas the corresponding figure was only 17% for 78 patients who were nonirradiated (p < 0.044), which tentatively may be consistent with X‐rays inducing fusion. In CD163‐positive tumors there was a reduced apoptotic activity as measured with the Termina deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biotin‐dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) technique (p = 0.018). There tended also to be an increased proliferation activity measured as an expression of Ki‐67 non significant (NS). It is concluded that primary rectal cancers may express CD‐163, and this phenotypic macrophage trait is related to early local recurrence, shorter survival time and reduced apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of CD163 is more common after irradiation. © 2009 UICC
Downregulation of SERPINB13 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas associates with poor clinical outcome
Authors: de Koning Pieter J.A. , Bovenschen Niels , Leusink Frank K.J. , Broekhuizen Roel , Quadir Razi , van Gemert Jan T.M. , Hordijk Gerrit J. , Chang Wun‐Shaing W. , van der Tweel Ingeborg , Tilanus Marcel G.J. , Kummer J. Alain
Published: April 2009

Tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is associated with various genetic changes such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on human chromosome 18q21. This chromosomal region maps a gene cluster coding for a family of intracellular serine protease inhibitors (serpins), including SERPINB13. As SERPINB13 expression in HNSCC has recently been shown to be downregulated both at the mRNA and protein levels, here we investigated if such a low SERPINB13 expression is associated with histopathological and clinical parameters of HNSCC tumors and patient survival. By generating specific antibodies followed by immunohistochemistry on a well‐defined cohort of 99 HNSCC of the oral cavity and oropharynx, SERPINB13 expression was found to be partially or totally downregulated in 75% of the HNSCC as compared with endogenous expression in non‐neoplastic epithelial cells. Downregulation of SERPINB13 protein expression in HNSCC was significantly associated with the presence of LOH at the SERPINB13 gene in the tumors (p = 0.006), a poor differentiation grade of the tumors (p = 0.001), the presence of a lymph node metastasis (p = 0.012), and a decreased disease‐free (p = 0.033) as well as overall (p = 0.018) survival of the patients. This is the first report demonstrating that downregulation of SERPINB13 protein expression in HNSCC is positively associated with poor clinical outcome. Therefore, SERPINB13 seems to act as an important protease inhibitor involved in the progression of HNSCC. © 2009 UICC
Processing of MIA protein during melanoma cell migration
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer , Bosserhoff Anja‐Katrin
Published: April 2009

MIA (melanoma inhibitory activity) protein, identified as a small 11 kDa protein highly expressed and secreted by malignant melanoma cells, plays an important functional role in melanoma development, progression and tumor cell invasion. Recent data describe a direct interaction of MIA protein with cell adhesion receptors integrin α4β1 and integrin α5β1 and extracellular matrix molecules. By modulating integrin activity MIA protein mediates detachment of melanoma cells from surrounding structures resulting in enhanced invasive and migratory potential. However, until today a detailed understanding of the processes of MIA function is missing. In this study, we show that after binding of MIA protein to integrin α5β1, MIA protein is internalized together with this cell adhesion receptor at the cell rear. This mechanism enables tumor cells to migrate in a defined direction as appropriate for invasion processes. Treatment of melanoma cells with PKC‐inhibitors strongly reduced internalization of MIA protein. Endocytosis is followed by dissociation of MIA–integrin complexes. In acidic vesicles MIA protein is degraded while integrins are recycled. Treatment of melanoma cells with MIA inhibitory peptides almost completely blocked the MIA protein uptake into cells. As MIA protein has a major contribution to the aggressive characteristics of malignant melanoma in particular to formation of metastasis, it is important to elucidate the MIA functional mechanism in tumor cells to find novel therapeutic strategies in the fight against skin cancer. © 2009 UICC
DN‐R175H p53 mutation is more effective than p53 interference in inducing epithelial disorganization and activation of proliferation signals in human carcinoma cells: Role of E‐cadherin
Authors: Rieber Manuel , Strasberg Rieber Mary
Published: April 2009

One of the hallmarks of carcinomas is epithelial disorganization, linked to overexpression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP) like MMP‐9, loss of intercellular E‐cadherin and activation of epidermal growth receptor (EGFR/erbB1). Since the p53 tumor suppressor pathway is inactivated in most human cancers due to gene mutations or defective wt p53 signaling, we now investigated in human wt p53 breast carcinoma MCF‐7 cells, whether single treatment with the p53 transactivation pharmacological inhibitor pifithrin‐α, transient p53 siRNA interference or stable insertion of a dominant‐negative (DN) R175H p53 mutant increase: (i) EGFR/erbB1 activation, (ii) MMP‐9 expression and (iii) loss of surface E‐cadherin. Transient abrogation of wt p53 function increased phosphorylation of EGFR/erbB1 and MMP‐9 expression. However, all these effects were much more pronounced in cells stably transduced with the dominant negative–Arg‐175His mutant p53 (DN‐R175H mutant p53), which also showed loss of epithelial cytoarchitecture and extensive E‐cadherin downregulation. Collectively, these results support the notion that the DN‐R175H mutant p53 exerts a gain of oncogenic function by promoting disruption of E‐cadherin intercellular contacts and activation of proliferation signals. Our data suggests that epithelial shape and growth control are unequally affected depending on how wt p53 function is impaired and whether partial or full tumor suppressor activity is lost. © 2009 UICC
Evaluating the dynamic employment effects of training programs in East Germany using conditional difference‐in‐differences
Authors: Bergemann Annette , Fitzenberger Bernd , Speckesser Stefan
Published: April 2009

This study analyzes the employment effects of training in East Germany. We propose and apply an extension of the widely used conditional difference‐in‐differences estimator. Focusing on transition rates between nonemployment and employment, we take into account that employment is a state‐ and duration‐dependent process. Our results show that using transition rates is more informative than using unconditional employment rates as commonly done in the literature. Moreover, the results indicate that due to the labor market turbulence during the East German transformation process the focus on labor market dynamics is important. Training as a first participation in a program of Active Labor Market Policies shows zero to positive effects both on re‐employment probabilities and on probabilities of remaining employed with notable variation over the different start dates of the program. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health and work of the elderly: subjective health measures, reporting errors and endogeneity in the relationship between health and work
Authors: Lindeboom Maarten , Kerkhofs Marcel
Published: April 2009

This paper explores the interrelation between health and work decisions of older workers. For this, two issues are of relevance. Firstly, health and work may be endogenously related because of direct causal effects of health on work and vice versa, and because of unobservables that may affect both observed health and work outcomes. Secondly, social surveys usually contain self‐assessed health measures and research indicates that these may be subject to endogenous, state‐dependent reporting bias. A solution to the ‘Health and Retirement Nexus’ therefore requires an integrated model for work decisions, health production and health reporting mechanisms. We formulate such a model and estimate it on a longitudinal dataset of older Dutch males. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From experimental setup to data analysis in transcriptomics: copper metabolism in the human pathogen Candida albicans
Authors: Hauser Nicole C. , Dukalska Marija , Fellenberg Kurt , Rupp Steffen
Published: April 2009

Transcript profiling by microarray analysis offers a great opportunity to reveal unknown effects in a comprehensive context. To be able to interpret the data, some basic issues in experimental setting and design including type and number of replications have to be considered and are discussed in this work. In order to facilitate and automate data interpretation, the experimental data were projected and clustered by Correspondence Analysis, subsequently associated with gene ontology (GO) terms for functional classification.

We applied the technology to investigate copper metabolism in the human pathogen Candida albicans. The presented dataset gives an example of how different fluorescent labeling, biological and technical replicas and data analysis strategies for microarray experiments may influence the final outcome of the results. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiplexed optical pathogen detection with lab‐on‐a‐chip devices
Authors: Schulze Holger , Giraud Gerard , Crain Jason , Bachmann Till T.
Published: April 2009

Infectious diseases are still a main cause of human morbidity and mortality. Advanced diagnostics is considered to be a key driver to improve the respective therapeutic outcome. The main factors influencing the impact of diagnostics include: assay speed, availability, information content, in‐vitro diagnostics and cost, for which molecular assays are providing the most promising opportunities. Miniaturisation and integration of assay steps into lab‐on‐a‐chip devices has been described as an appropriate way to speed up assay time and make assays available onsite at competitive costs. As meaningful assays for infectious diseases need to include a whole range of clinical relevant information about the pathogen, multiplexed functionality is often required for which optical transduction is particularly well suited. The aim of this review is to assess existing developments in this field and to give an outlook on future requirements and solutions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)