bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foetal gluten immunogenic peptides during pregnancy: a new determinant on the coeliac exposome
Authors: Moreno María de Lourdes , González-Rovira María , Martínez-Pancorbo Cristina , Martín-Cameán María , Nájar-Moyano Ana María , Romero Mercedes , de la Hoz Esther , López-Beltrán Cristina , Mellado Encarnación , Bartha José Luis , Brodin Petter , Rodríguez-Herrera Alfonso , Sainz-Bueno José Antonio , Sousa Carolina
Published: July 2024

Background

The increasing incidence of coeliac disease is leading to a growing interest in active search for associated factors, even the intrauterine and early life. The exposome approach to disease encompasses a life course perspective from conception onwards has recently been highlighted. Knowledge of early exposure to gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in utero could challenge the chronology of early prenatal tolerance or inflammation, rather than after the infant’s solid diet after birth.

Methods

We developed an accurate and specific immunoassay to detect GIP in amniotic fluid (AF) and studied their accumulates, excretion dynamics and foetal exposure resulting from AF swallowing. One hundred twenty-five pregnant women with different gluten diets and gestational ages were recruited.

Results

GIP were detectable in AF from at least the 16th gestational week in gluten-consuming women. Although no significant differences in GIP levels were observed during gestation, amniotic GIP late pregnancy was not altered by maternal fasting, suggesting closed-loop entailing foetal swallowing of GIP-containing AF and subsequent excretion via the foetal kidneys.

Conclusions

The study shows evidence, for the first time, of the foetal exposure to gluten immunogenic peptides and establishes a positive correlation with maternal gluten intake. The results obtained point to a novel physiological concept as they describe a plausible closed-loop circuit entailing foetal swallowing of GIP contained in AF and its subsequent excretion through the foetal kidneys. The study adds important new information to understanding the coeliac exposome.
Pseudonectria keratitis—emerging pathogenic fungi in the eye
Authors: Zhu Yongze , Nan Peng , Zhu Zhongliang , Ji Youqi , Zhuo Bingqian , Xu Wei , Ge Yumei
Published: July 2024

Background

Infectious keratitis, a significant contributor to blindness, with fungal keratitis accounting for nearly half of cases, poses a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to its delayed clinical presentation, prolonged culture times, and the limited availability of effective antifungal medications. Furthermore, infections caused by rare fungal strains warrant equal attention in the management of this condition.

Case presentation

A case of fungal keratitis was presented, where corneal scraping material culture yielded pink colonies. Lactophenol cotton blue staining revealed distinctive spore formation consistent with the Fusarium species. Further analysis using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identified the causative agent as Fusarium proliferatum. However, definitive diagnosis of Pseudonectria foliicola infection was confirmed through ITS sequencing. The patient’s recovery was achieved with a combination therapy of voriconazole eye drops and itraconazole systemic treatment.

Conclusion

Pseudonectria foliicola is a plant pathogenic bacterium that has never been reported in human infections before. Therefore, ophthalmologists should consider Pseudonectria foliicola as a possible cause of fungal keratitis, as early identification and timely treatment can help improve vision in most eyes.
Projecting the economic burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany from 2010 until 2040
Authors: Voeltz Dina , Vetterer Maximilian , Seidel-Jacobs Esther , Brinks Ralph , Tönnies Thaddäus , Hoyer Annika
Published: July 2024

Background

The aim is to estimate age- and sex-specific direct medical costs related to diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Germany between 2010 and 2040.

Methods

Based on nationwide representative epidemiological routine data from 2010 from the statutory health insurance in Germany (almost 80% of the population’s insurance) we projected age- and sex-specific healthcare expenses for type 1 and 2 diabetes considering future demographic, disease-specific and cost trends. We combine per capita healthcare cost data (obtained from aggregated claims data from an almost 7% random sample of all German people with statutory health insurance) together with the demographic structure of the German population (obtained from the Federal Statictical Office), diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality. Direct per capita costs, total annual costs, cost ratios for people with versus without diabetes and attributable costs were estimated. The source code for running the analysis is publicly available in the open-access repository Zenodo.

Results

In 2010, total healthcare costs amounted to more than €1 billion for type 1 and €28 billion for type 2 diabetes. Depending on the scenario, total annual expenses were projected to rise remarkably until 2040 compared to 2010, by 1–281% for type 1 (€1 to €4 billion) and by 8–364% for type 2 diabetes (€30 to €131 billion). In a relatively probable scenario total costs amount to about €2 and €79 billion for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2040, respectively. Depending on annual cost growth (1% p.a. as realistic scenario vs. 5% p.a. as very extreme setting), we estimated annual per capita costs of €6,581 to €12,057 for type 1 and €5,245 to €8,999 for type 2 diabetes in 2040.

Conclusions

Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on Germany which is projected to increase substantially until 2040. Temporal trends in the incidence and cost growth are main drivers of this increase. This highlight the need for urgent action to prepare for the potential development and mitigate its consequences.
Mechanisms of regulation of glycolipid metabolism by natural compounds in plants: effects on short-chain fatty acids
Authors: Li Jiarui , Zhao Jinyue , Tian Chuanxi , Dong Lishuo , Kang Zezheng , Wang Jingshuo , Zhao Shuang , Li Min , Tong Xiaolin
Published: July 2024

Background

Natural compounds can positively impact health, and various studies suggest that they regulate glucose‒lipid metabolism by influencing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This metabolism is key to maintaining energy balance and normal physiological functions in the body. This review explores how SCFAs regulate glucose and lipid metabolism and the natural compounds that can modulate these processes through SCFAs. This provides a healthier approach to treating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in the future.

Methods

This article reviews relevant literature on SCFAs and glycolipid metabolism from PubMed and the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). It also highlights a range of natural compounds, including polysaccharides, anthocyanins, quercetins, resveratrols, carotenoids, and betaines, that can regulate glycolipid metabolism through modulation of the SCFA pathway.

Results

Natural compounds enrich SCFA-producing bacteria, inhibit harmful bacteria, and regulate operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance and the intestinal transport rate in the gut microbiota to affect SCFA content in the intestine. However, most studies have been conducted in animals, lack clinical trials, and involve fewer natural compounds that target SCFAs. More research is needed to support the conclusions and to develop healthier interventions.

Conclusions

SCFAs are crucial for human health and are produced mainly by the gut microbiota via dietary fiber fermentation. Eating foods rich in natural compounds, including fruits, vegetables, tea, and coarse fiber foods, can hinder harmful intestinal bacterial growth and promote beneficial bacterial proliferation, thus increasing SCFA levels and regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. By investigating how these compounds impact glycolipid metabolism via the SCFA pathway, novel insights and directions for treating glucolipid metabolism disorders can be provided.
Aprotinin in high-risk isolated coronary artery bypass graft patients: a 3-year propensity matched study
Authors: Makam Rishab , Balaji Ayush , Al Munaer Marwan , Bajaj Shantanu , Hussein Nabil , Loubani Mahmoud
Published: July 2024

Background

Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, has been used variably in cardiac surgery amidst ongoing debates about its safety following several previous studies. This study assesses the outcomes of aprotinin in high-risk isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (iCABG) patients.

Methods

The study retrospectively analysed a cohort of 1026 iCABG patients, including 51 patients who underwent aprotinin treatment. Logistic regression powered score matching was employed to compare aprotinin patients with a control group, in a propensity-matched cohort of 96 patients. The primary outcome measured was in-hospital death, with secondary outcomes including renal dysfunction, stroke, myocardial infarction, re-exploration for bleeding or tamponade, and postoperative stay durations.

Results

The aprotinin cohort had high-risk preoperative patients with significantly higher EUROSCORE II values, 7.5 (± 4.2), compared to 3.9 (± 2.5) in control group. However, aprotinin group showed no statistically significant increase (p-value: 0.44) in hospital mortality with OR 2.5 [95% CI 0.51, 12.3]. Major secondary outcome rates of renal replacement therapy and postoperative stroke compared to the control group were also statistically insignificant between the two groups.

Conclusion

This study suggests that aprotinin may be safely used in a select group of high-risk iCABG patients. The reintroduction of aprotinin under specific conditions reflects its potential benefits in managing bleeding in high-risk surgeries, but also underscores the complexity of its risk-benefit profile in such critical care settings. Nonetheless, it highlights the importance of carefully selecting patients and conducting additional research, including larger and more controlled studies to fully comprehend the potential risks and benefits of aprotinin.
The burden and its determinants of mental health distress among adolescents dwelling in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tinsae Techilo , Shumet Shegaye , Takelle Girmaw Medfu , Rtbey Gidey , Melkam Mamaru , Andualem Fantahun , Nakie Girum , Segon Tesfaye , Koye Selam , Fentahun Setegn , Alemu Wondale Getinet , Tadesse Gebresilassie
Published: July 2024

Background

Adolescent mental health issues are emerging as a significant public health concern across many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the aggregated prevalence and contributing risk factors of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa.

Methodology

A comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and HINARI databases was conducted to identify relevant articles on the prevalence and risk factors associated with mental health distress among African adolescents, published up to December 2023. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated using the I² statistical test. Potential publication bias was assessed through a funnel plot and Egger’s statistical test. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO under reference number CRD42023494665.

Results

Eighteen studies encompassing data from 37,016 adolescents were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa was found to be 27.34% (95% CI: 23.18–31.50). The occurrence of mental health distress is observed in older adolescents at a prevalence of 29.44% (95% CI: 23.26–35.66) and in younger adolescents at 24.73% (95% CI: 11.96–37.51). Significant risk factors identified included bullying victimization, with an odds ratio (POR) of 1.30 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.46), and experiencing hunger, with an odds ratio (POR) of 2.10 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.91).

Conclusion

The findings indicate a high prevalence of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa, highlighting the widespread impact on this demographic. These results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to prevent and address mental health distress among adolescents. Further research on a global scale is essential to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies tailored to this age group.
Effects of storage conditions on the stability of qPCR reagents: implications for environmental DNA detection
Authors: Lopez Mark Louie D. , Crichton Ellika M. , Allison Michael J. , Dema Anna H. , Bonderud Matthew T. , Helbing Caren C.
Published: July 2024

Objective

Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection is a transformative tool for ecological surveys which in many cases offers greater accuracy and cost-effectiveness for tracking low-density, cryptic species compared to conventional methods. For the use of targeted quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based eDNA detection, protocols typically require freshly prepared reagents for each sample, necessitating systematic evaluation of reagent stability within the functional context of eDNA standard curve preparation and environmental sample evaluation. Herein, we assessed the effects of long-term storage and freeze–thaw cycles on qPCR reagents for eDNA analysis across six assays.

Results

Results demonstrate qPCR plates (containing pre-made PCR mix, primer-probe, and DNA template) remain stable at 4 °C for three days before thermocycling without fidelity loss irrespective of qPCR assay used. Primer-probe mixes remain stable for five months of − 20 °C storage with monthly freeze-thaw cycles also irrespective of qPCR assay used. Synthetic DNA stocks maintain consistency in standard curves and sensitivity for three months under the same conditions. These findings enhance our comprehension of qPCR reagent stability, facilitating streamlined eDNA workflows by minimizing repetitive reagent preparations.
Proposal of a method to analyze children’s flood risk exposure and risk perception using GPS tracking data and questionnaire survey
Authors: Sakamoto Jun , Laudari Suresh , Fujioka Masaki , Hara Tadashi
Published: July 2024

Background

Climate change has made the relationship between disaster and sustainable development more critical. Especially in developing countries, disasters frequently devastate local communities and hinder progress. Children are at a higher risk during catastrophes; however, their knowledge of disaster risk is limited. Education for disaster risk reduction can bring the necessary changes for a safe society. School disaster prevention education can raise awareness through lectures and games, but interactive dialogues between students and teachers can be more effective. Also, GPS tracking can be a valuable tool for understanding people’s behavior during disasters.

Methodology

This study proposes a method to analyze the relationship between students’ daily behavior and their experiences of flood damage and preparedness for disaster risk. It is a simple method using questionnaires and GPS loggers and can be applied in mountainous areas in developing countries where equipment is inadequate. The proposed method will be used to understand the current state of disaster risk among children and identify disaster risk reduction issues. The study area lies in Paluntar Municipality, Gorkha district, Nepal. Forty-five students from two schools in the region participated in the study.

Results

The results showed that students who commute to school in areas inundated by heavy rainfall in recent years were not adequately prepared for disasters, even though they had experienced flood damage in the past and were significantly more concerned about future harm. Our field observations and interviews of teacher-student relationships showed that students were very attentive to their teachers’ instruction. Teachers understand the dangers of heavy rainfall and how to prepare for it, but students need to learn how to deal with it. In other words, the school staff’s disaster education to the students effectively reduces disasters. Early warning is needed when severe floods are expected during the rainy season.
Endogenous Estrogens and Brain Activation During Verbal Memory Encoding and Recognition in the Postmenopause
Authors: Schroeder Rachel A , Thurston Rebecca C , Wu Minjie , Aizenstein Howard J , Derby Carol A , Maki Pauline M
Published: July 2024

Context

Changes in verbal memory have been reliably reported across the menopause transition. To understand the role of endogenous estrogens in verbal memory performance, this study assessed the associations of endogenous estradiol and estrone with brain network connectivity during a verbal memory fMRI task.

Objective

Determine associations of endogenous estrogens with memory systems in the postmenopausal brain and evaluate clinical significance.

Methods

In the MsBrain cohort (n = 199, mean age 59.3 ± 3.9 years, 83.9% White), we examined the cross-sectional association of serum estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1), measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task of word encoding and recognition. To characterize the clinical significance of those associations, we examined the magnitude of activation in relation to a neuropsychological measures of memory and affect.

Results

Endogenous E2 was positively associated with activation in temporal and frontal cortices during encoding and negatively associated with one prefrontal region during recognition (P < .05). Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus was associated with memory performance (β [SE] = 0.004 [0.002]; P < .05), and anxiety (β [SE] = −0.100 [0.050]; P < .05). The left middle frontal gyrus was associated with memory performance (β [SE] = 0.006 [0.002]; P < .01), depression, and anxiety. The left superior temporal gyrus (STG) was associated with depression (β [SE] = −0.083 [0.036]; P < .05) and anxiety (β [SE] = −0.134 [0.058]; P < .05). E1 was positively associated with activation in a range of brain areas including bilateral STG and right superior frontal gyrus during encoding (P < .05). Activation of the left insula and precentral gyrus were associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. None related to memory.

Conclusion

The function of brain areas critical to memory performance varies with estrogen levels in the postmenopause, even though those levels are low. Higher levels of E2 may facilitate memory performance through enhanced function of temporal and frontal cortices during encoding of verbal material.
A Giant Basal Meningoencephalocele Repair in a Neonate: A Case Report
Authors: Vogler Andrew , Tovar Alexis , Kim Eugene , Le Sang , Lo Carl
Published: July 2024

Primary encephaloceles are congenital mesodermal defects that result in brain tissue protruding through the skull. These defects most commonly occur occipitally but can be present anywhere in the calvarium. Meningoencephaloceles are a subclassification that includes herniation of the meninges. Basal meningoencephaloceles with cleft palate defects are the rarest form, with very few reports discussing anesthetic implications. We report a case of a giant basal meningoencephalocele that involves the nasal and oral cavities with a risk of thecal sac rupture.
The genome sequence of the four-banded longhorn beetle, Leptura quadrifasciata Linnaeus, 1758
Authors: Mitchell Ryan , Poloni Riccardo ,   Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: July 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Leptura quadrifasciata (the four-banded longhorn beetle; Arthropoda; Insecta; Coleoptera; Cerambycidae). The genome sequence is 1,403.9 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 10 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.45 kilobases in length.
Randomised controlled trials in vascular access devices in emergency departments: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Xu Hui (Grace) , Duff Jed , Marsh Nicole
Published: July 2024

Background:

The significance of vascular access devices for patients in the emergency department (ED) is undeniable. When it comes to evaluating the effectiveness of interventions, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) stand out as the most reliable sources of evidence compared with other study designs.

Aim:

To explore and synthesise the findings from RCTs related to vascular access devices in the ED setting.

Methods:

A systematic search will be conducted in electronic medical databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Pubmed, CINAHL and Embase databases. All RCTs focusing on peripheral intravenous catheters, central venous catheters and intraosseous catheters, published in English and Chinese in peer-reviewed journals within the past decade, will be included.

Conclusion:

This scoping review will summarise the current state of evidence for vascular access devices in the ED setting. This will identify gaps in the literature and, in turn, assist clinicians and researchers in pinpointing areas for future exploration and provide a valuable guide for future research.
Rapid haemostasis to achieve dressing longevity: evaluation trial results using StatSeal catheter exit site protection
Authors: Hastings Angela , Barton Andrew
Published: July 2024

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are vital in delivering intravenous therapy. Despite their advantages, PICCs can lead to complications such as catheter exit site bleeding, which can cause patient distress and increase infection risk. This study evaluated the efficacy of StatSeal, a topical haemostatic device, in managing PICC exit site bleeding. StatSeal uses a hydrophilic polymer and potassium ferrate to form a seal, reducing access site bleeding and minimising dressing changes. For this study, Patients were recruited at Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust; the trial involved 177 patients with StatSeal, and shows that 99% did not require additional dressing changes within the standard 7-day period. The findings demonstrate StatSeal's effectiveness in improving patient outcomes by reducing exit site bleeding and associated complications, enhancing the efficiency of vascular access maintenance and potentially lowering associated healthcare costs. The trial emphasises the importance of innovative solutions such as StatSeal to advance PICC care and improve patient experience.
Practice learning is key to our future
Authors: Foster Sam
Published: July 2024

Sam Foster, Executive Director of Professional Practice, Nursing and Midwifery Council, looks at the work being carried out in the UK and internationally to ensure that we can build and sustain the nursing workforce
Tibial insert design significantly alters knee kinematics using a single cruciate-retaining total knee implant
Authors: Faschingbauer Martin , Hambrecht Jakob , Schwer Jonas , Martin John R. , Reichel Heiko , Seitz Andreas
Published: July 2024

Aims

Patient dissatisfaction is not uncommon following primary total knee arthroplasty. One proposed method to alleviate this is by improving knee kinematics. Therefore, we aimed to answer the following research question: are there significant differences in knee kinematics based on the design of the tibial insert (cruciate-retaining (CR), ultra-congruent (UC), or medial congruent (MC))?

Methods

Overall, 15 cadaveric knee joints were examined with a CR implant with three different tibial inserts (CR, UC, and MC) using an established knee joint simulator. The effects on coronal alignment, medial and lateral femoral roll back, femorotibial rotation, bony rotations (femur, tibia, and patella), and patellofemoral length ratios were determined.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found regarding coronal alignment (p = 0.087 to p = 0.832). The medial congruent insert demonstrated restricted femoral roll back (mean medial 37.57 mm; lateral 36.34 mm), while the CR insert demonstrated the greatest roll back (medial 42.21 mm; lateral 37.88 mm; p < 0.001, respectively). Femorotibial rotation was greatest with the CR insert with 2.45° (SD 4.75°), then the UC insert with 1.31° (SD 4.15°; p < 0.001), and lowest with the medial congruent insert with 0.8° (SD 4.24°; p < 0.001). The most pronounced patella shift, but lowest patellar rotation, was noted with the CR insert.

Conclusion

The MC insert demonstrated the highest level of constraint of these inserts. Femoral roll back, femorotibial rotation, and single bony rotations were lowest with the MC insert. The patella showed less shifting with the MC insert, but there was significantly increased rotation. While the medial congruent insert was found to have highest constraint, it remains uncertain if this implant recreates native knee kinematics or if this will result in improved patient satisfaction.

Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(7):592–600.
Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Influences of Misleading Drug Advertisements in Egypt
Authors: Adel Noha
Published: July 2024

Abstract: This article investigates the potential impact of misleading advertisements on television viewers in Egypt. Through a mixed-method approach employing textual analysis and survey methods, the researcher gathered data about eleven misleading ads aired on Egyptian television and a questionnaire administered to 200 adults aged 18 and above. The results indicated that the ads for cosmetic, supplemental, and health-related products frequently used deceptive claims and persuasive appeals to promote the products and capture the attention of consumers. While the ads had cognitive and affective influences on viewers, they did not trigger significant behavioral responses. This finding suggests that misleading ads for health-related products have a limited impact on purchase behavior, with cognitive and affective influences on viewers not necessarily leading to significant behavioral responses. However, the study highlights that these ads can still pose societal risks in areas such as health, ethics, and finance.
“Implicit and Explicit Connections”: Race and Class in Season 2 of The Wire
Authors: Stasi Paul
Published: July 2024

Abstract: This essay argues that season 2 of The Wire —often neglected in considerations of David Simon’s groundbreaking show—is, in fact, central to its understanding of the complicated intersection of race and class under contemporary neoliberalism. Focusing on a set of dockworkers in Baltimore’s port, season 2 offers us a kind of prehistory of season 1, demonstrating how the steady erosion of work leads directly to the criminal activities we observed in the first season. What separates the first and second seasons is not only, or even primarily, race, as is often assumed, but rather the presence of the union, which provides a form of support for both Black and white dockworkers that is absent from the inner-city corners. If The Wire illustrates the ways in which racialization is reinforced by people’s lived environments, it also shows how it can be countered by a different form of sociality, one grounded in experiences the working classes have in common, which can mitigate, if never entirely efface, the lived reality of racialized capital. Season 2 thus offers one way we might overcome the racialized divisions that persist in contemporary American life.
A Review of Gregory Jones-Katz’s Deconstruction : An American Institution
Authors: Laga Barry
Published: July 2024

Abstract: Gregory Jones-Katz’s Deconstruction: An American Institution is an intellectual history that traces the development of deconstruction at Yale University. Jones-Katz describes the develop of Literature X, a course that transforms all cultural representations into “texts”; the institutionalization of deconstruction at Yale; the ripple effect of deconstruction among feminists; and the de Man affair. Jones-Katz concludes by ruminating on conversations about posthistory, the socioeconomics that financed the heyday of literary studies, and the fate of the iconic figures who made the Yale School and deconstruction famous.
The Resumptive View of the Cantonese Dummy keoi5 Revisited
Authors: Lai Jackie , Cheung Lawrence , Sun Yenan
Published: July 2024

本文关注粤语代名词“佢”在句尾的一个特殊用法，并从各个角度比较了接应词说和虚位说这两种已有观点。我们指出Yip and Ahenkorah (2022)将句尾“佢”当作接应词的分析存在一系列的问题，而将其分析为非主语虚位成分可以避免这些问题。本文的结论支持了Matthews and Yip (1994／2011)等传统语法对句尾“佢”的描述。
On simulating light diffraction by layered structures with multiple wedges
Authors: Bykov Dmitry A. , Bezus Evgeni A. , Doskolovich Leonid L.
Published: July 2024

Layered structures containing small-angle wedges are widely used as linear variable filters (LVFs) in microspectrometers, sensors, and hyperspectral imaging systems. Here, we propose a method based on the scattering matrix formalism allowing one to describe the optical properties of layered structures with multiple wedges. As examples, we consider a single-wedge LVF with Bragg claddings and an LVF with three wedges, the latter exhibiting a flat-top resonant transmission peak. We show that the proposed method provides a two orders of magnitude increase in speed compared to the rigorous numerical simulations based on the Fourier modal method. At the same time, as we demonstrate, the results obtained with these two methods are very close to each other. The proposed approach is promising for the design and investigation of LVFs containing several wedge-shaped layers.
Non-mechanical beam steering for high-speed optical wireless communications via electrowetting on dielectric
Authors: Mane Mithilesh K. , Ali Amjad , Tehseen Riffat , Mahmood Arfan , Xu Jing
Published: July 2024

Electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) is used for non-mechanical optical beam steering (OBS) in optical communication systems. High-capacitance ion gel is used to construct an efficient electrowetting interface that facilitates dynamic OBS. This integration facilitates precise control of beam steering and data transmission efficiency in optical wireless communication systems. An EWOD-based liquid prism (LP) manipulates beam direction via electrowetting. The theoretical framework is supported by the Young and Young-Lippmann equations for precise optical path control. We present a theoretical and experimental demonstration of a two-dimensional beam steering system using an EWOD-based LP, with beam steering up to 14.82° and 14.39° along the X and Y axes, respectively. The system achieves data rates of 1.9 Gbps in free-space optics (FSO) and 1.7 Gbps in underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems, with a measured bit error rate that adheres to the standard threshold of the forward error correction limit. Our results suggest that the EWOD-based LP system offers a compact, efficient, and versatile design for optical devices in both FSO and UWOC systems.
Optimization of low-loss, high birefringence parameters of a hollow-core anti-resonant fiber with back-propagation neural network assisted hyperplane segmentation algorithm
Authors: Liu Zihan , Chen RongLiang , Wen Jialin , Zhou Zhengyong , Dong Yuming , Yang Tianyu
Published: July 2024

In engineering, optimizing parameters often involves computationally expensive tasks, especially when dealing with multi-dimensional variables and multiple performance metrics. This falls under the category of multi-objective black-box optimization. To address this, we propose two optimization algorithms for low and medium-dimensional spaces, incorporating relaxation conditions for hyperplane segmentation. For the specific parameter optimization of HC-ARF, we employed a two-stage approach. It combines a BP neural network as a surrogate model with a hyperplane separation optimization algorithm. This method efficiently optimizes both confinement loss (CL) and birefringence, using a weighted sum approach to identify their Pareto sets. We validate the effectiveness and stability of the surrogate model by comparing it with traditional optimization algorithms. Exhaustive experiments confirm the superiority of this algorithm and the results show that our optimized structure achieves impressive performance metrics, including a loss of 0.8 dB/m, a birefringence of 2.2×10−4, and a critical bending radius of 0.5 cm under optimal parameters.
mHealth interventions for postpartum family planning in LMICs: A realist review
Authors: Chandrasekar Abinaya , Warren Emily , Free Caroline , Mbogua Judie , Curtin Esther , Gazeley Ursula , Wong Geoffrey , Church Kathryn , McCarthy Ona
Published: July 2024

The unmet need for family planning is a pervasive public health concern in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have been designed and implemented in LMIC settings to address this issue through health information dissemination via voice calls, apps, and short message services (SMS). Although the impact of mHealth programmes on postpartum family planning outcomes have been systematically reviewed, the contexts, conditions, and mechanisms underpinning programme engagement and their impact on outcomes remain unclear. This study aims to formulate hypotheses in the form of context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) of whether, how, why, for whom, and in what contexts mHealth interventions implemented in LMICs influence postpartum family planning (PPFP) outcomes. We conducted a realist review of peer-reviewed and grey literature. Peer-reviewed literature was identified through MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Grey Literature was identified through The National Grey Literature Conference, FHI 360, Guttmacher Institute, Population Council, and MSI Reproductive Choices. Inclusion criteria were updated as the review progressed. Narrative data were analysed using dimensional analysis to build CMOCs. Two overarching concepts (underpinned by 12 CMOCs) emerged from the 37 included records: mobile phone access, use, and ownership as well as women’s motivation. Women’s confidence to independently own, access, and operate a mobile phone was a central mechanism leading to mHealth programme engagement and subsequent change in PPFP knowledge, awareness, and outcomes. Receiving family and social support positively interacted with this while low digital literacy and harmful gender norms pertaining to prescribed domestic duties and women’s household influence were barriers to programme engagement. Intrinsic motivation for health improvement functioned at times both as a context and potential mechanism influencing mHealth programme engagement and PPFP outcomes. However, these contexts rarely occur in isolation and need to be evaluated as co-occurring phenomena. (Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42023386841).
Comparison of medical students’ perceptions of patient safety: Focusing on simulation training using a high-fidelity simulator
Authors: Lee Ji Eun , Yu Ji Hye , Lee Su Kyung , Lee Jang Hoon , Jung Hyun Joo
Published: July 2024

Patient safety education is necessary for the provision of high-quality medical services. A significant aspect of patient safety education is simulation training, which allows medical students to experience realistic clinical environments. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of patient safety education using simulation training. We retrospectively analyzed the results of a 30-question questionnaire survey on the perceptions of patient safety before and after simulation training, which was completed by 40 medical students who participated in clinical practice between June and December 2021. A paired t-test was performed by calculating the mean and standard deviation for each item. We found that students’ overall perceptions of patient safety improved after training. Specifically, after simulation training, attitudes toward patient safety were maintained at the same level as before training, while students’ self-efficacy of patient safety increased. Simulation training is effective in improving students’ perceptions of patient safety, and increasing students’ confidence can improve their clinical performance. To maintain this effect, repeated learning is required, and theoretical classes and simulation training should be used appropriately for patient safety education in the future.
Comparative karyotypic study of fifteen cyprinids (Cyprinidae, Cyprininae) species. An insight into the chromosomal evolution of the tribe Systomini
Authors: Buasriyot Phichaya , Sassi Francisco de Menezes Cavalcante , Donbundit Nuttasuda , Supiwong Weerayuth , Kaewsri Sarawut , Jumrusthanasan Sarun , Seetapan Kriengkrai , Pinthong Krit , Tanomtong Alongklod , Yanukun Klodthida , Muanglen Nawarat , Liehr Thomas , de Bello Cioffi Marcelo
Published: July 2024

The family Cyprinidae is the largest freshwater fish group with 377 genera and over 3,000 described species. However, this group of fish has very limited cytogenetics and advanced molecular cytogenetics information. Therefore, in this study the karyotypes and other chromosomal characteristics of 15 species in the tribe Systomini (Cyprininae) were examined using Ag-NOR staining along with fluorescence in situ hybridization (5S and 18S rDNA). All species share a similar karyotype (2n = 50; NF = 88–100) in both sexes and no differentiated sex chromosome was observed. Chromosomes bearing NOR sites ranged from one to four pairs among the species, mostly mapped adjacent to telomeres in the short arms of distinct pairs in all analyzed species. This difference indicates an extensive rearrangement of chromosomes including genomic differences. The use of the 5S and 18S rDNA probe confirmed the Ag-NOR sites interstitially located in the telomeric regions of distinct chromosomes, characterizing an interspecies variation of these sites. In most of its analyzed species, the signals of 18S rDNA probe corresponded to the Ag-NOR regions, except in Barbonymus altus, B. gonionotus, B. schwanenfeldii and Puntius brevis having these signals on the same as Ag-NOR regions and other sites.
Examining recovery experiences as a mediator between physical activity and study-related stress and well-being during prolonged exam preparation at university
Authors: Reschke Tom , Lobinger Thomas , Reschke Katharina
Published: July 2024

Prolonged study periods such as preparing for comprehensive exams pose a significant source of chronic stress for university students. According to the Conservation of Resources Theory, the replenishment of resources during leisure time is essential to a successful stress recovery process. This study examined the role of recovery experiences as a mediator of the relationship between physical activity as one specific recovery activity and both study-related stress and well-being. We applied a longitudinal design and approached students on three measurement occasions over seven months. The sample consisted of N = 56 advanced law students enrolled at one large German university who were all in their exam preparation to take their final exams. Students gave self-reports on their respective levels of physical activity (predictor), and recovery experiences (mediator), as well as on their study-related stress and well-being (outcomes). Results showed a negative trend in recovery-related variables and the outcomes as exam preparation progressed. There were mostly small correlations between physical activity and both stress and well-being at each measurement occasion. Recovery experiences partially mediated the relationship between physical activity and the outcomes on some measurement occasions. Our results suggest that the positive effects of recovery experiences related to physical activity become more sustained as exam preparation progresses and have a particularly positive impact on well-being. Future research can build on these findings by further examining recovery as an important means to help students better cope with long-lasting and stressful study periods.
“Sickness has no time”: Awareness and perceptions of health care workers on universal health coverage in Uganda
Authors: Ifeagwu Susan C. , Nakaboga Kikonyogo Ruth , Nakkazi Suzan , Beinomugisha Joshua , Ojiambo Wandera Stephen , Kiwanuka Suzanne N. , King Rachel , Van Bortel Tine , Brayne Carol , Parkes-Ratanshi Rosalind
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Each person having access to needed health services, of sufficient quality, and without suffering financial hardship, defined as universal health coverage (UHC) by the World Health Organization, is critical to improve population health, particularly for vulnerable populations. UHC requires multisectoral collaboration and good governance, and this will require buy-in of key stakeholders; but their views are under-documented. The aim of this stakeholder analysis was to explore the awareness and perceptions of UHC by health care workers (HCWs) in Uganda.

Methods

A mixed-methods study was conducted based on primary data from HCWs including an online QualtricsXM survey of 274 HCWs (from a database of persons who had received training at an academic institution), 23 key informant semi-structured interviews, and one eight-person focus group discussion. Data was collected from February to April 2022. Microsoft Excel and R Programme were used for quantitative analyses and NVivo version 12 for qualitative analyses.

Results

HCWs attributed a high level of importance to UHC in Uganda. Participants discussed national communication and management practices, organisational roles, health financing and power dynamics, health care demand and the impact of and learnings from COVID-19. Four main themes–each with related sub-themes–emerged from the interview data providing insights into: (1) communication, (2) organisation, (3) power, and (4) trust.

Conclusion

There is a critical need for better communication of UHC targets by policymakers to improve understanding at a grassroots level. Results indicated that ensuring trust among the population through transparency in metrics and budgets, strong accountability measures, awareness of local cultural sensitivities, sensitisation of the UHC concept and community inclusion will be essential for a multisectoral roll out of UHC. Further provision of quality health services, a harmonisation of efforts, increased domestic health financing and investment of HCWs through fair remuneration will need to underpin the delivery of UHC.
Utility of a bone health clinic in bridging the osteoporosis care gap: Prescribing habit review at an academic institution
Authors: Riley Marisa , Crossman Derek , Kocis Paul , Hassenbein Susan , Fox Edward
Published: July 2024

Objective

To analyze osteoporosis medication prescribing trends across specialties in the context of a Bone Health Clinic.

Introduction

Osteoporosis affects over 10 million adults in the US, taking a significant toll on patients and the healthcare system. Although screening methods and treatments are improving, the disease remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. This study aims to evaluate the prescribing trends of osteoporosis medication among department specialties to delineate the benefits of a bone health clinic.

Methods

Retrospective data collection identified and analyzed patients within the Penn State Health system prescribed one of the following osteoporosis medications: Bisphosphonate, denosumab, romosozumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, or raloxifene. Date range: 4/18/2016 to 4/14/2021. Data collection identified the specialty origin of prescriptions for osteoporosis medications across various medical specialties (e.g., orthopaedics, family medicine, and internal medicine).

Results

10,736 prescription orders were issued to patients with an average age of 68 years. Non-Hispanic Caucasian patients received 88.6% of prescriptions, followed by Asian (3.4%) and African American (2.2%). Female patients accounted for 87.8% of all prescriptions. The Bone Health Clinic under two orthopaedic providers wrote 3,619 prescriptions, averaging 361.9 prescriptions per provider per year—marking the highest rate among specialties. The clinic prescriptions constituted 33.7% of all prescriptions across specialties. Orthopaedic surgery prescribed the most denosumab, romosozumab, teriparatide, and abaloparatide prescriptions, and had the highest number of male osteoporosis patients compared to other specialties (15.6%), consequently prescribing the most male prescriptions (578).

Conclusion

Establishing a bone health clinic dedicated to osteoporosis management leads to significantly higher prescription rates per provider, increased utilization of anabolic therapies compared to other specialties, and more male patients being treated—an often-neglected population in osteoporosis.
Animal welfare with Chinese characteristics: Chinese poultry producers’ perceptions of, and attitudes towards, animal welfare
Authors: Yang Qing , Dwyer Cathy M. , Vigors Belinda , Zhao Ruqian , Langford Fritha M.
Published: July 2024

China’s poultry industry faces challenges in adopting and sustaining cage-free systems for poultry production. Effective interventions are crucial to support producers transitioning from cages to alternative systems or maintaining cage-free systems to improve animal welfare. However, little is known about how Chinese poultry producers perceive animal welfare in relation to cage-free systems and the importance of animal welfare in poultry production. Through a qualitative interview study with 30 Chinese farm owners, managers and senior managers from large-scale egg and broiler farms using cages and non-cage systems (collectively referred to as “producers”), this paper explores Chinese poultry producers’ attitudes and perceptions regarding animal welfare and welfare in different poultry housing systems. Template analysis was used to analyse the data from semi-structured interviews, which generated themes related to the participants’ awareness and understanding of the concept of animal welfare, the factors that impacted their choices of different housing systems, and the perceived priorities in poultry production. The responses revealed that the participating producers had a strong awareness and knowledge of animal welfare. However, the participants’ understanding of the term is heterogeneous: generally, egg producers emphasised natural behaviours, whereas broiler producers prioritised health and productivity. Nevertheless, profitability, leadership, and organisational policies primarily influenced housing system choices rather than animal welfare values. Economic motives drove egg producers towards cage-free systems, prompted by consumers’ and companies’ demand for cage-free eggs committed to transitioning away from cages by 2025. In conclusion, tailored interventions for different poultry sectors within China are necessary. While animal welfare values matter, economic incentives seem more promising for steering the shift towards and maintaining cage-free poultry production.
Preparation and application of an economical and environmentally friendly hydrate inhibitor in gas field development
Authors: Liao Dong , Su Gui , Liang Lei , He Jian , Ye Haifeng , Xiao Qinghua , Xiong Yujia , Wang Dong , Liu Lang , Luo Xingyu
Published: July 2024

The prevention and control of natural gas hydrates is an important link in ensuring winter production. Traditional thermodynamic inhibitors, like methanol, are commonly utilized due to their low unit costs and pricing, but they come with considerable safety issues when used on-site due to their high toxicity, flammability, and explosive potential. A cost-effective and eco-friendly hydrate inhibitor was created by combining light polyol amine with other ingredients to solve this problem. At a concentration of 30%, the product has a flash point greater than 80°C and a solidification point of -45°C. With success rates of 99% and 100%, respectively, it was used for winter casing pre-injection anti-freezing operations and balancing tank defoamer anti-freezing operations. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of this inhibitor in preventing the formation of natural gas hydrates. In wintertime on-site anti-freezing activities, the projected cost can be substituted for methanol, as it is essentially equivalent to methanol.