bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow velocity and cell pair number effect on current efficiency in plating wastewater treatment through electrodialysis
Authors: Min Kyung Jin , Kim Joo Hyeong , Oh Eun Joo , Ryu Jun Hee , Park Ki Young
Published: April 2020

Electrodialysis has been used for treating toxic substances such as heavy metals and minimizing secondary environmental pollution problems effectively. However, electrodialysis depends on the operating parameters as well as fluid dynamics and electrical properties. This study provides design elements for the treatment of heavy metal-containing wastewater by electrodialysis. We found that the limiting current density (LCD) is proportional but not completely linear to the diluate concentration over a threshold value. In contrast, it is linear to the linear flow velocity for the whole range. As the number of cell pairs increases, because linear flow velocity and LCD increase, the removal efficiency of heavy metals also increases. Therefore, for highly concentrated wastewater, increasing the linear flow velocity, the applied voltage, and the number of cell pairs can effectively improve removal efficiency. It was found that the current efficiency is as low as 17% when the removal efficiency of heavy metals exceeds 95%. Thus, it is necessary to select an operating range that optimizes the operating and initial investment costs for the effective removal of heavy metals using electrodialysis.
Characterization and optimization of calorific value of low grade coal by statistical experiment and modelling
Authors: Park Sangchul , Zaib Qammer , Park Hung-Suck
Published: April 2020

The effects of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, and airflow) on gross calorific value (GCV) and proximate analysis of low grade coal were systematically investigated. The factorial experiments were conducted according to the statistical experimental design. The results were empirically modeled, statistically tested, and experimentally verified to quantify the change in GCV and proximate analysis of coal directed by environmental factors. The GCV of the coal were most affected by the humidity followed by the temperature. The GCV was increased from 5,365 to 5,986 (kcal/kg) through the decrease in humidity from 80 to 29 (% R.H.) and increase in temperature from 28 to 36 (°C). This increase in GCV could be attributed to the decrease in moisture content of the coal from 16.2 to 7.1 (%). Also, the optimized environmental conditions were identified where GCV ≈ 6,000 kcal/kg of the coal could be obtained. This study can be helpful in (i) managing the variability in GCV of a coal at different places, environment, and weather conditions and, thereby, settling the disputes between buyers and sellers over its variability and (ii) in maintaining the optimum conditions to enhance the GCV of the low grade coal in the power plants.
The influence and benefits of technology as a strategy in organizations
Authors: Vargas-Hernánez José G. , Alcántara Salcedo María Teresa
Published: April 2020

The article presents a description of "The Influence and Benefits of Technology as a Strategy in Organizations." Technology is considered as a competitive advantage, which allows organizations to benefit, this technology means that these companies can maintain themselves and acquire a position interesting within the market, now organizations are interested in the acquisition of technology, this acquisition takes value because of the economic importance that can come from having the best technology within the organization. The document presents information about technology as a key strategy, which can help companies to create a competitive advantage within the market.
Italy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: April 2020

This 2020 Article IV Consultation with Italy reflects discussions with the Italian authorities in January 2020 and is based on the information available as of January 28, 2020. It focuses on Italy’s medium-term challenges and policy priorities and was prepared prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. It, therefore, does not cover the outbreak or the related policy response, which has since become the overarching near-term priority. The outbreak has greatly amplified uncertainty and downside risks around the outlook. Staff is closely monitoring this health crisis and will continue to work on assessing its impact and the related policy response in Italy and globally. The overarching challenges are to raise growth and enhance resilience. The IMF staff projects growth in Italy to be the lowest in the European Union over the next five years. High public debt remains a key source of vulnerability. Substantial progress has been made in strengthening bank balance sheets, but important weaknesses remain. In order to durably raise growth and reduce vulnerabilities, Italy needs faster potential growth and medium-term fiscal consolidation.
Modelling nitrification inhibitor effects on N2O emissions after fall- and spring-applied slurry by reducing nitrifier NH4+ oxidation rate
Authors: Grant Robert F. , Lin Sisi , Hernandez-Ramirez Guillermo
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Reductions in N2O emissions from nitrification inhibitors (NI) are
substantial but remain uncertain because measurements of N2O emissions
are highly variable and discontinuous. Mathematical modelling may offer an
opportunity to estimate these reductions if the processes causing
variability in N2O emissions can be accurately simulated. In this
study, the effect of NI was simulated with a simple, time-dependent
algorithm to slow NH4+ oxidation in the ecosystem model ecosys. Slower
nitrification modelled with NI caused increases in soil NH4+
concentrations and reductions in soil NO3- concentrations and in
N2O fluxes that were consistent with those measured following fall and
spring applications of slurry over 2 years from 2014 to 2016. The model
was then used to estimate direct and indirect effects of NI on seasonal and
annual emissions. After spring slurry applications, NI reduced N2O
emissions modelled and measured during the drier spring of 2015 (35 % and
45 %) less than during the wetter spring of 2016 (53 % and 72 %).
After fall slurry applications, NI reduced modelled N2O emissions by
58 % and 56 % during late fall in 2014 and 2015 and by 8 % and 33 %
during subsequent spring thaw in 2015 and 2016. Modelled reductions were
consistent with those from meta-analyses of other NI studies. Simulated NI
activity declined over time so that reductions in N2O emissions
modelled with NI at an annual timescale were relatively smaller than those
during emission events. These reductions were accompanied by increases in
NH3 emissions and reductions in NO3- losses with NI that
caused changes in indirect N2O emissions. With further parameter
evaluation, the addition of this algorithm for NI to ecosys may allow emission
factors for different NI products to be derived from annual N2O
emissions modelled under diverse site, soil, land use and weather.
Drivers and modelling of blue carbon stock variability in sediments of southeastern Australia
Authors: Ewers Lewis Carolyn J. , Young Mary A. , Ierodiaconou Daniel , Baldock Jeffrey A. , Hawke Bruce , Sanderman Jonathan , Carnell Paul E. , Macreadie Peter I.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Tidal marshes, mangrove forests, and seagrass meadows are
important global carbon (C) sinks, commonly referred to as coastal “blue
carbon”. However, these ecosystems are rapidly declining with little
understanding of what drives the magnitude and variability of C associated
with them, making strategic and effective management of blue C stocks
challenging. In this study, our aims were threefold: (1) identify ecological,
geomorphological, and anthropogenic variables associated with 30 cm deep
sediment C stock variability in blue C ecosystems in southeastern Australia, (2) create a predictive model of 30 cm deep sediment blue C stocks in southeastern
Australia, and (3) map regional 30 cm deep sediment blue C stock magnitude
and variability. We had the unique opportunity to use a
high-spatial-density C stock dataset of sediments to 30 cm deep from 96 blue
C ecosystems across the state of Victoria, Australia, integrated with
spatially explicit environmental data to reach these aims. We used an
information theoretic approach to create, average, validate, and select the
best averaged general linear mixed effects model for predicting C stocks
across the state. Ecological drivers (i.e. ecosystem type or ecological vegetation class) best explained variability in C stocks,
relative to geomorphological and anthropogenic drivers. Of the
geomorphological variables, distance to coast, distance to freshwater, and
slope best explained C stock variability. Anthropogenic variables were of
least importance. Our model explained 46 % of the variability in 30 cm
deep sediment C stocks, and we estimated over 2.31 million Mg C stored in the
top 30 cm of sediments in coastal blue C ecosystems in Victoria, 88 % of
which was contained within four major coastal areas due to the extent of
blue C ecosystems (∼87 % of total blue C ecosystem area).
Regionally, these data can inform conservation management, paired with
assessment of other ecosystem services, by enabling identification of
hotspots for protection and key locations for restoration efforts. We
recommend these methods be tested for applicability to other regions of the
globe for identifying drivers of sediment C stock variability and producing
predictive C stock models at scales relevant for resource management.
Potential predictability of marine ecosystem drivers
Authors: Frölicher Thomas L. , Ramseyer Luca , Raible Christoph C. , Rodgers Keith B. , Dunne John
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Climate variations can have profound impacts on marine
ecosystems and the socioeconomic systems that may depend upon them.
Temperature, pH, oxygen (O2) and net primary production (NPP) are
commonly considered to be important marine ecosystem drivers, but the
potential predictability of these drivers is largely unknown. Here, we use a
comprehensive Earth system model within a perfect modeling framework to
show that all four ecosystem drivers are potentially predictable on global
scales and at the surface up to 3 years in advance. However, there are
distinct regional differences in the potential predictability of these
drivers. Maximum potential predictability (>10 years) is found
at the surface for temperature and O2 in the Southern Ocean and for
temperature, O2 and pH in the North Atlantic. This is tied to ocean
overturning structures with “memory” or inertia with enhanced predictability
in winter. Additionally, these four drivers are highly potentially
predictable in the Arctic Ocean at the surface. In contrast, minimum
predictability is simulated for NPP (<1 years) in the Southern
Ocean. Potential predictability for temperature, O2 and pH increases
with depth below the thermocline to more than 10 years, except in the
tropical Pacific and Indian oceans, where predictability is also 3 to
5 years in the thermocline. This study indicating multi-year (at surface)
and decadal (subsurface) potential predictability for multiple ecosystem
drivers is intended as a foundation to foster broader community efforts in
developing new predictions of marine ecosystem drivers.
Annual 30-meter Dataset for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Chen Fang , Zhang Meimei , Guo Huadong , Allen Simon , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Haritashya Umesh K. , Watson C. Scott
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Climate change is intensifying glacier melting and lake development in High Mountain Asia (HMA), which could increase glacial lake outburst flood hazards and impact water resource and hydroelectric power management. However, quantification of variability in size and type of glacial lakes at high resolution has been incomplete in HMA. Here, we developed a HMA Glacial Lake Inventory (Hi-MAG) database to characterize the annual coverage of glacial lakes from 2008 to 2017 at 30 m resolution using Landsat satellite imagery. It is noted that a rapid increase in lake number and moderate area expansion was influenced by a large population of small glacial lake (≤ 0.04 km2), and faster growth in lake number occurred above 5300 m elevation. Proglacial lake dominated areas showed significant lake area expansion, while unconnected lake dominated areas exhibited stability or slight reduction. Small glacial lakes accounted for approximately 15% of the lake area in Eastern Hindu Kush, Western Himalaya, Northern/Western Tien Shan, and Gangdise Mountains, but contributed > 50 % of lake area expansion in these regions over a decade. Our results demonstrate proglacial lakes are a main contributor while small glacial lakes are an overlooked element to recent lake evolution in HMA. Regional geographic variability of debris cover, together with trends in warming and precipitation over the past few decades, largely explain the current distribution of supra- and proglacial lake area across HMA. The Hi-MAG database are available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3700282, it can be used for studies on glacier-climate-lake interactions, glacio-hydrologic models, glacial lake outburst floods and potential downstream risks and water resources.
More dynamic than expected: An updated survey of surging glaciers
in the Pamir
Authors: Goerlich Franz , Bolch Tobias , Paul Frank
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The investigation of surging glaciers using remote sensing has recently seen a strong increase as freely available satellite data and digital elevation models (DEMs) can provide detailed information about surges that often take place in remote or inaccessible regions. Apart from analysing individual surges, satellite information is increasingly used to collect capable data on surging glaciers. Related inventories have recently been published for several regions in High Mountain Asia including the Karakoram, parts of the Pamir and western Kunlun Shan, but information for the entire Pamir is solely available from a historic database listing about 80 glaciers with confirmed surges. Here we present an updated inventory of confirmed glacier surges for the Pamir that considers results from earlier studies and is based on a systematic analysis of Landsat image time series (1988 to 2018) and DEM differences. Actively surging glaciers were identified from animations, flicker images and the typical elevation change patterns. Selected historic and contemporary very high-resolution imagery were used to confirm surges. In total, we identified 206 spatially distinct surges within 186 glacier bodies, mostly clustered in the northern and central part of the Pamir. Where possible, minimum and maximum glacier extents were digitized, but often interacting tributaries made a clear separation challenging. Most surging glaciers (n = 70) are found in the larger size classes (> 10 km2), but two of them are very small (
Investigating the environmental response to water harvesting structures: a field study in Tanzania
Authors: Eisma Jessica A. , Merwade Venkatesh M.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Sand dams, a popular water harvesting structure employed
by rural communities, capture and store water for use during the dry season
in arid and semi-arid regions. Most sand dam research has been performed on
the “ideal” sand dam, despite approximately 50 % of sand dams not
functioning as intended. This research involves a 1-year long, in-depth field
study of three sand dams in Tanzania, one of which is essentially
non-functioning. The study investigated a sand dam's impact on
macroinvertebrate habitat, vegetation, and streambank erosion and explored a
sand dam's water loss mechanisms. Surveys of macroinvertebrate assemblage
were performed each season. Vegetation surveys were performed every other
month, and erosion was recorded semi-monthly. Water table monitoring wells
were installed at each sand dam, and measurements were taken twice a day.
The study found that sand dams are too homogeneous to provide the sustenance
and refugia macroinvertebrates need at different life stages. The
non-functioning sand dam has a thick layer of silt preventing infiltration
of rainwater. The functioning sand dams store a significant amount of water,
but most is lost to evapotranspiration within a few months of the last
rainfall. Unlike the non-functioning sand dam, the functioning sand dams
have a positive impact on local vegetation and minimal impact on erosion.
Sand dams can increase the water security of a community, but site
characteristics and construction methods must be strongly considered to
maximize the sand dam's positive impact.
Global assessment of how averaging over spatial heterogeneity in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration affects modeled evapotranspiration rates
Authors: Rouholahnejad Freund Elham , Fan Ying , Kirchner James W.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Accurately estimating large-scale evapotranspiration (ET) rates is essential to understanding and predicting global change. Evapotranspiration models
that are applied at a continental scale typically operate on relatively large spatial grids, with the result that the heterogeneity in land surface
properties and processes at smaller spatial scales cannot be explicitly represented. Averaging over this spatial heterogeneity may lead to biased
estimates of energy and water fluxes. Here we estimate how averaging over spatial heterogeneity in precipitation (P) and potential
evapotranspiration (PET) may affect grid-cell-averaged evapotranspiration rates, as seen from the atmosphere over heterogeneous landscapes
across the globe. Our goal is to identify where, under what conditions, and at what scales this “heterogeneity bias” could be most important but
not to quantify its absolute magnitude. We use Budyko curves as simple functions that relate ET to precipitation and potential
evapotranspiration. Because the relationships driving ET are nonlinear, averaging over subgrid heterogeneity in P and PET will lead to biased
estimates of average ET. We examine the global distribution of this bias, its scale dependence, and its sensitivity to variations in P vs.
PET. Our analysis shows that this heterogeneity bias is more pronounced in mountainous terrain, in landscapes where spatial variations in P and PET
are inversely correlated, and in regions with temperate climates and dry summers. We also show that this heterogeneity bias increases on average,
and expands over larger areas, as the grid cell size increases.
Large and irreversible future decline of the Greenland ice-sheet
Authors: Gregory Jonathan M. , George Steven E. , Smith Robin S.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We have studied the evolution of the Greenland ice-sheet under a range of constant climates typical of those projected for the end of the present century, using a dynamical ice-sheet model (Glimmer) coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model (FAMOUS-ice AGCM). The ice-sheet surface mass balance (SMB) is simulated by the AGCM, including its dependence on altitude within AGCM gridboxes. Over millennia under a warmer climate, the ice-sheet reaches a new steady state, whose mass is correlated with the initial perturbation in SMB, and hence with the magnitude of global climate change imposed. For the largest global warming considered (about +5 K), the contribution to global-mean sea-level rise (GMSLR) is initially 2.7 mm yr−1, and the ice-sheet is eventually practically eliminated (giving over 7 m of GMSLR). For all RCP8.5 climates, final GMSLR exceeds 4 m. If recent climate were maintained, GMSLR would reach 1.5–2.5 m. Contrary to expectation from earlier work, we find no evidence for a threshold warming that divides scenarios in which the ice-sheet suffers little reduction from those which it is mostly lost. This is because the dominant effect is reduction of area, not reduction of surface altitude, and the geographical variation of SMB must be taken into account. The final steady state is achieved by withdrawal from the coast in some places, and a tendency for increasing SMB due to enhancement of cloudiness and snowfall over the remaining ice-sheet, through the effects of topographic change on atmospheric circulation. If late twentieth-century climate is restored, the ice-sheet will not regrow to its present extent, owing to such effects, once its mass has fallen below a threshold of about 4 m of sea-level equivalent. In that case, about 2 m of GMSLR would become irreversible. In order to avoid this outcome, anthropogenic climate change must be reversed before the ice-sheet has declined to the threshold mass, which would be reached in about 600 years at the highest rate of mass-loss within the likely range of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Pathogenesis and clinical perspectives of extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Kim Jung Min , Cheon Jae Hee
Published: April 2020

A considerable number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), which can present either before or after IBD diagnosis. Unraveling the pathogenic pathways of EIMs in IBD is challenging because of the lack of reliable criteria for diagnosis and difficulty in distinguishing EIMs from external pathologies caused by drugs or other etiologies. Optimizing treatment can also be difficult. Early diagnosis and management of EIM revolve around multidisciplinary teams, and they should have the resources necessary to make and implement appropriate decisions. In addition, specialists of the affected organs should be trained in IBD treatment. Furthermore, patient awareness regarding the extraintestinal symptoms of IBD is of paramount importance for improving patient understanding of disease and health outcomes. Herein, we review the pathogenesis and clinical perspectives of EIMs in IBD.
Exploring Vocabulary Learning Strategies Used by EFL Learners in the Supportive Studies in Turbah University College
Authors: Hage Yaser Hussien
Published: April 2020

This study aims at investigating the vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) employed by supportive studies students of Turbah University College. The participants were 288 divided almost equally; males were 145 and females were 143. The study conducted in the 1st semester 2019/2020. Data was collected using a questionnaire adapted from Schmitt (1997) taxonomy. Data was analyzed with SPSS program, version 22. The results of this study demonstrated a changeable rate of using strategies in the five categories; determination, social, memory, cognitive and metacognitive. The overall mean score of strategies indicates a medium usage of strategies. Metacognitive and determination strategies were the most and the least used respectively. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the use of VLSs attributed to academic major; Arts students outperformed Science students in such use. The results also showed that female students were more active users of VLSs. However, no statistically significant differences in the use of VLSs attributed to gender factor.
First record of Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) neglectus Reiss, 1988 in Slovakia
Authors: Štillová Veronika , Ščerbáková Soňa
Published: April 2020

Here, we present the first record of Demicryptochironomus (Irmakia) neglectus Reiss, 1988 in Slovakia. Samples were taken using the Chironomid Pupal Exuviae Technique (CPET) from two reservoirs. Two pupal exuviae (out of the 500 ind. collected) were recorded in Kráľová reservoir and in one individual was found in Sĺňava reservoir (out of the total 514 ind. collected). Since the CPET method mostly allows species level identification of chironomids, its usage is helpful in discovering the real chironomid diversity of Slovakia. Moreover, it helps to define ecological requirements of species we have little information about, such as the present one.
Descriptions of two interesting chironomid pupae collected in Yunnan Province, China (Chironomidae: Chironominae)
Authors: Wei Jinxing , Tang Hongqu
Published: April 2020

Descriptions of two Chironomini pupal types collected in Yunnan Province are given. Among known genera, both types closely resemble that of the North American Hyporhygma Reiss, 1982, but the spine and spinule pattern of the dorsal abdomen does not fit within the current taxonomic boundaries, and represent an endemic component in the Oriental region. A new genus description is expected when associated adults are available.
Clunio boudouresquei sp. n. and Thalassosmittia ballestai sp. n., two Tyrrhenian marine species occurring in Scandola Nature Reserve, West Corsica (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Moubayed-Breil Joel , Dominici Jean-Marie
Published: April 2020

Clunio boudouresquei sp. n. and Thalassosmittia ballestai sp. n. are diagnosed and described based on associated material of male adults, pharate male adults and pupal exuviae recently collected in the marine littoral zone of Scandola Nature Reserve (Cala Litizia, Punta Palazzu, Focolara Bay, West Corsica). While C. boudouresquei sp. n. is described as male and female adults and pupal exuviae, T. ballestai sp. n. is described only as male adult and pupal exuviae. On the basis of some atypical characters found in the male adult and pupal exuviae, both C. boudouresquei sp. n. and T. ballestai sp. n. appear to belong, to a local Tyrrhenian element. Biological cycles of both new species are closely related to alternation between marine and terrestrial ecological conditions, which are strongly reinforced during spring tides of lunar rhythms. Larval stages of both new species are typically marine shore dwellers of the intertidal zone along seacoasts of the Tyrrhenian sub-region, where the biological and ecological quality of marine coastal habitats are being seriously damaged by various anthropogenic activities. In the latter sites, the Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie pavements (trottoirs, encorbellements) are actually threatened by the massive proliferation of Sea Mussels (Mytilidae), which predominate when changes in water quality and level of pollution become increasingly high. The two new species are considered as pertinent biological indicators of the marine coastal habitats around the Tyrrhenian Region, in particular, those delimited by the mid-littoral large bio-constructions of the red calcified alga L. byssoides, where the larvae of C. boudouresquei sp. n. are exclusively confined. Such threatened species are considered biogeographic Tyrrhenian representatives and indicators of global warming and local climate change in the region, particularly to a rising sea level. Comments on the taxonomic position, ecology and geographical distribution of the new species are given.
A cross-sectional survey on patient perception of subject payment for research
Authors: Karagic Merhunisa , Chin Justin , Lin Jun H. , Silverberg Nanette , Lee-Wong Mary
Published: April 2020

Background: Research subjects may receive payment for their participation. Multiple models for payment have been proposed, however, the most ethical model is not completely clear.Objective: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and quantify the public’s perception and to identify demographic determinants influencing said perceptions.Methods: Patients from a New York City medical clinic were queried using an adapted survey on medical research compensation consisting of 6 opinion-style questions pertaining to the payment of subjects enrolling in clinical trials and 9 demographic questions. Pearson’s chi-squared tests of independence with two-tailed alpha of 0.05 and correction for multiple testing were performed to determine statistical significance.Results: 440 respondents were recruited for participation, with broad distribution across age, race, and socioeconomic levels. For research payment, surveyed respondents preferred the market model (n = 265, 62%) compared to the reimbursement model (n = 72, 16.8%) or wage payment model (n = 64, 15%) and no payment (n = 27, 6.3%). Patients under the age of 60 were more likely to choose the market model (p = .01) compared to those over 60 selecting the reimbursement model (p = .001). 88.7% (n = 377) of respondents indicated they did not perceive clinical trial payment to be a bribe, with non-white patients being more likely to identify payment as a bribe (p = .025). 73.2% of respondents (n = 344) believed that poorer individuals were more likely to enroll. Patients without high school education and patients 60 years of age or older were more likely to believe that payment (p = .006 and p < .001, respectively) would have no influence on enrollment than those with high school education.Conclusions: Differences in mind-set towards clinical trials demonstrate older patients and individuals without a high school education may have differing opinions with regards to financial incentives in clinical trials. Sensitivity towards these attitudes may require alternative models of payment for future clinical trials.
Orthopaedic Surgical Selection and Inpatient Paradigms During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: Massey Patrick A. , McClary Kaylan , Zhang Andrew S , Savoie Felix H. , Barton R. Shane
Published: April 2020

The novel coronavirus pandemic, also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has placed an immense strain on healthcare systems across the entire world. Consequently, multiple federal and state governments have placed restrictions on hospitals such as limiting “elective surgery” and recommending social or physical distancing. We review the literature on several areas that have been affected including surgical selection, inpatient care, and physician well-being. These areas affecting inpatient paradigms include surgical priority, physical or social distancing, file sharing for online clinical communications, and physician wellness. During this crisis, it is important that orthopaedic departments place an emphasis on personnel safety and slowing the spread of the virus so that the department can still maintain vital functions. Physical distancing and emerging technologies such as inpatient telemedicine and online file sharing applications can enable orthopaedic programs to still function while attempting to protect medical staff and patients from the novel coronavirus spread. This literature review sought to provide evidence-based guidance to orthopaedic departments during an unprecedented time. Orthopaedic surgeons should follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) when appropriate, have teams created using physical distancing, understand the department's policy on elective surgery, and engage in routines which enhance physician wellness.
Emociones y decisión de voto los componentes de voto en las elecciones generales de 2016 en España
Authors: Jaraiz Erika , Lagares Nieves , Pereira María
Published: April 2020

El estudio de las emociones ha resurgido en los últimos veinte años desde diferentes espacios disciplinares y con diferentes enfoques teóricos y engranajes metodológicos, si bien su incorporación en el ámbito de la ciencia política no ha sido sencillo. Bajo una lectura complementaria de la relación que emociones y razón guardan entre ellas, nos proponemos en este trabajo realizar un análisis del papel que las emociones puedan tener en la decisión de voto. Para ello, el convulso y confuso contexto político que se produjo en las elecciones generales de 2016 en España, tras un intento fallido de formación de gobierno, resulta el escenario idóneo en el cual analizar y estudiar el impacto que en la decisión de voto de los electores jugó, junto a otros componentes tradicionales, el elemento emocional.
Construction and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Perceptions and Attitudes towards Genetically Modified Organisms in the Mexican Urban Population
Authors: Montesinos-Lopez Osval Antonio , Franco-Perez Emeterio , - Kismiantini , Alberto Valenzo Jimenez Marco , Luna Espinoza Ignacio , Sanely Gaytan Lugo Laura , Sandoval Carrillo Sara
Published: April 2020

Introduction: this paper presents the development and validation of an instrument to measure the perceptions and attitudes about the production and consumption of the Mexican urban consumers towards genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Method: The proposed questionnaire contains 63 questions that encompassed 11 latent factors that was applied to 14,720 people of the Mexican urban population aged between 18 to 65 years. This measuring questionnaire was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: we found that it is acceptable the proposed instrument for measuring perceptions and attitudes towards genetically modified organisms (PAGMOs) for the urban Mexican population. Discussion and Conclusion: The same instrument (construct) it is suitable for each of the 8 regions studied since with the multi-group CFA performed we found evidence that this is valid for each of the regions under study. Also, the analysis of the questions of the proposed instrument revealed that participants have a low general knowledge, a high distrust towards GMOs, want labeling of genetically modified (GM) products and not perceive their social values and positive health effects beyond increasing agricultural productivity.
A Comparison of a General Linear Model and the Ratio Estimator
Authors: Marzjarani Morteza
Published: April 2020

In data analysis, selecting a proper statistical model is a challenging issue. Upon the selection, there are other important factors impacting the results. In this article, two statistical models, a General Linear Model (GLM) and the Ratio Estimator will be compared. Where applicable, some issues such as heteroscedasticity, outliers, etc. and the role they play in data analysis will be studied. For reducing the severity of heteroscedasticity, Weighted Least Square (WLS), Generalized Least Square (GLS), and Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) will be deployed. Also, a revised version of FGLS is introduced. Since these issues are data dependent, shrimp effort data collected in the Gulf of Mexico for the years 2005 through 2018 will be used and it is shown that the revised FGLS reduces the impact of heteroscedasticity significantly compared to that of FGLS. The data sets will also be checked for the outliers and corrections are made (where applicable). It is concluded that these issues play a significant role in data analysis and must be taken seriously. Further, the two statistical models, that is, the GLM and the Ratio Estimator are compared.
Study on the Influence of Metallic Powder in Near-Dry Electric Discharge Machining
Authors: Sundriyal Sanjay , Vipin  , Walia Ravinderjit Singh
Published: April 2020

Near-dry electrical discharge machining (ND-EDM) is an eco-friendly process. In this study, an approach has been made to make the machining process more efficient than ND-EDM with the addition of metallic powder with the dielectric medium to machine EN-31 die steel. Powdermixed near-dry EDM (PMND-EDM) has several advantages over the ND-EDM or conventional electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, such as a higher material removal rate (MRR), fine surface finish (Ra), sharp cutting edge, lesser recast layer, and lower deposition of debris. The output response variables are MRR, Ra, residual stress (RS) and micro-hardness (MH) of the machined surfaces. Further study of the workpiece was performed, and a comparative study was conducted between ND-EDM and PMND-EDM. In this proposed method of machining, the MRR, Ra, and MH increased by 17.85 %, 16.36 %, and 62.69 % while RS was reduced by 56.09 %.
Gaussian Mixture Model Based Classification Revisited: Application to the Bearing Fault Classification
Authors: Panić Branislav , Klemenc Jernej , Nagode Marko
Published: April 2020

Condition monitoring and fault detection are nowadays popular topic. Different loads, enviroments etc. affect the components and systems differently and can induce the fault and faulty behaviour. Most of the approaches for the fault detection rely on the use of the good classification method. Gaussian mixture model based classification are stable and versatile methods which can be applied to a wide range of classification tasks. The main task is the estimation of the parameters in the Gaussian mixture model. Those can be estimated with various techniques. Therefore, the Gaussian mixture model based classification have different variants which can vary in performance. To test the performance of the Gaussian mixture model based classification variants and general usefulness of the Gaussian mixture model based classification for the fault detection, we have opted to use the bearing fault classification problem. Additionally, comparisons with other widely used non-parametric classification methods are made, such as support vector machines and neural networks. The performance of each classification method is evaluated by multiple repeated k-fold cross validation. From the results obtained, Gaussian mixture model based classification methods are shown to be competitive and efficient methods and usable in the field of fault detection and condition monitoring.
Age Limits in Youth Justice: A Comparative and Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Leenknecht Jantien , Put Johan , Veeckmans Katrijn
Published: April 2020

Age Limits in Youth Justice

In each youth justice system, several age limits exist that indicate what type of reaction can and may be connected to the degree of responsibility that a person can already bear. Civil liability, criminal responsibility and criminal majority are examples of concepts on which age limits are based, but whose definition and impact is not always clear. Especially as far as the minimum age of criminal responsibility (MACR) is concerned, confusion exists in legal doctrine. This is apparent from the fact that international comparison tables often show different MACRs for the same country. Moreover, the international literature often seems to define youth justice systems by means of a lower and upper limit, whereas such a dual distinction is too basic to comprehend the complex multilayer nature of the systems. This contribution therefore maps out and conceptually clarifies the different interpretations and consequences of the several age limits that exist within youth justice systems. To that extent, the age limits of six countries are analysed: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Northern Ireland. This legal comparison ultimately leads to a proposal to establish a coherent conceptual framework on age limits in youth justice.
Human Rights Provisions in General Corporate Lending
Authors: de Boer W.B. , Scheltema M.
Published: April 2020

Human Rights Provisions in General Corporate Lending

This article focusses on the role of banks in the area of human rights and corporate lending. By including contractual provisions on human rights in loan documentation, banks can manage human rights risks. Banks could hereby build on the emerging practice of the ‘sustainability linked loans’ by including predetermined sustainability targets focused on human rights. The international loan market currently lacks a level playing field on including human rights provisions. This article concludes with providing guidance for human rights provisions in loan agreements, based on standard loan market (LMA) documentation.
Populism as a Visual Communication Style
Authors: Straetemans Kevin
Published: April 2020

Populism as a Visual Communication Style: An Exploratory Study of Populist Image Usage of Flemish Block/Interest in Belgium (1991-2018)

This article analyses the visual communication of the Flemish populist right-wing party Vlaams Blok/Vlaams Belang, and investigates whether or not the party uses a specific populist communication style in its campaign posters, whether or not its visual style evolves over time and how the party distinguishes itself from other (right-wing) parties in its use of images. To do this, the image use will be compared with the CVP/CD&V and the Volksunie/N-VA. This use of images will be investigated by analysing election posters from 1991 to 2018. The analysis shows that there is indeed a ‘populist visual style’. These items consist mainly of (negative) metaphors, false dilemmas, caricatures and the use of so-called ‘agonic’ visual techniques.
The idea of Meliorism in scientific creativity of Professor Maria Dudzikowa. Assumptions and one example
Authors: Górniewicz Józef
Published: April 2020

The article discusses the idea of Meliorism present in the scientific autput of Professor Maria Dudzikowa. I analyze in detail the content of the book „On the difficult art. of self-creation”, seeling in the content references to the idea of Meliorism.
NATIONAL QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK AND CREATIVE DIDACTIC WORK - ACADEMIC TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES - REPORT FROM RESEARCH
Authors: Okraj Zofia
Published: April 2020

The aim of this article is to present excerpts from results of research concerning academic teachers’ experiences in the field of creative didactic work in the context of National Qualification Framework (introduced in 2011). Research was conducted in line with Howard Gruber’s theoretical-methodological approach The evolving systems approach to creative work. For the author of the research the most important were individual meanings given by academic teachers to sentences in the document. It was also significant to observe how teachers implement these meanings in their didactic work regarding: invention, implementation and promotion of new didactic solutions including: concepts, methods, techniques, original models of workshops, students’ grading systems etc.
Teaching teamwork by means of teamwork.
Reflections on the margins of classwork with students on reading M. Dudzikowa, Think your own self. …Mini-essays for class teachers
Authors: Bochno Ewa
Published: April 2020

Abstract:
In the article, the author attempts to answer the question whether it will be possible to counteract the ongoing atomisation of pupils’ and teachers’ relations at school as well as students’ and lecturers’ relations at universities by teaching teamwork by means of teamwork.
The paper is a self-reflexion on author’s own didactic activities, and as such, it makes use of a description of the work on essays Think your own self ... Mini-essays for class teachers by Maria Dudzikowa, which are incorporated into the curriculum of the course of Pedagogy.
Keywords:
Teamwork, academic didactics, experience
To teach and not to shock. The Czech Brethren’s and Lutherans’ theatre in Leszno as an educational tool - casus of the drama Susanna, ex Danielis 13, tragoedia (1646)
Authors: Chemperek Dariusz
Published: April 2020

The school theatre in a Protestant gymnasium in Leszno bloomed between 1639 and 1656 thanks to, amongst others, Jan Amos Komenski. One of the plays staged there was a drama Susanna, ex Danielis 13, tragoedia (1646) probably written by Jan Jerzy Szlichtyng who used the virtuous Susanna’s theme from the Bible in an original and yet utilitarian way. The author reduced theological and moral content, present in other adaptations of this theme, in order to focus on showing the stages of court proceedings in Poland, so the young actors – Lesnaeum students – had a chance of gaining some valuable knowledge about the law and practice the useful court rthetoric in Latin.
The first act of the play, being an introduction to the main theme of the play (law and rhetoric in court) was taken by Szlichtyng (?) from a neolatin drama of Nikodem Frischlin, namely Susanna comoedia nova (1577). The comparative analysis of the original and the 17th century’s adaptation leads to a conclusion about the decorum of manners in the Protestant gymnasium. The Polish author removed not only the sexual abuse thread – Susanna strongly molested by the elders and forced to prostitution – but also passages from Frischlin regarding the use of rhetoric in ars amandi, as well as the heroine’s tirades proving her intelligence and scriptural erudition. As a result, the elders’ image has been a little whitewashed and Susanna appears solely as a chaste and noble wife. Such a representation of the heroine – honest but not too sophisticated – and elders – cunning but not too lecherous – was in a harmony with the 17th century’s cultural conventionalities unfamiliar with mulier docta and demanding that youth respects the elderly.
NEET- social group of young people, who is at risk of social and professional exclusion
Authors: Barszcz Patryk
Published: April 2020

In this article was presented casus of NEET in youth in current Polish society. This term is used when we say about Youth at the age of 15 to 29, who is not active in labour market. NEETs are not in employment, education or training. The main aim of this work was to present the phenomenon of NEET in reference to social exlusion. It was made an analysis of NEET in Europe in last dacade 2007-2017. This article also presented the causes and effects of this style of live in Youth people. The main bibliography was reports from Eurostat, which informed about situation of Youth in labour market and periodical of social exclusion.
JOB BURNOUT OF TEACHERS – PRESENTATION OF CHOSEN CONCEPTIONS AND RESEARCHES
Authors: Rowicka Agnieszka , Błaszczak Iwona
Published: April 2020

Nowadays job burnout is concerned to be a serious problem not only in the individual but also in the social dimension. Extensive researches point out that it is a common and, at the same time, strongly escalating issue, which in particular concerns representatives of social services’ workers. Especially affected are teachers, doctors, nurses, police people, rescue workers, psychotherapist, so the ones who are professionally involved with commitment to another ones and close interaction with them. Undoubtedly such kind of job could become a source of satisfaction and fulfilment, however, at the same time, itexposes to bearing high psychological charges, especially in the situations connected with high expectations, going beyond one’s possibilities. In this article, given the burning issue, which isteachers’ job burnout in modern education, the author presented key theoretical conceptions and empirical researches of prominent representatives who work on this topic.
Once More about the Selection Procedure for the Linear Ordering Method
Authors: Kukuła Karol , Luty Lidia
Published: April 2020

In this paper once again the issue of selecting the method of linear ordering was analyzed as a response to proposed procedure presented in Kisielińska’s paper (2016). It was shown in two examples that the ranking depends on the method used, and the differences are significant. Underlined the need to apply several methods before the construction of the final ranking and eliminating the “outliers” rankings. The article proposes a procedure for their elimination. It is based on the arithmetic mean and deviation of average measures of rankings’ similarity obtained with the use of several linear ordering methods. The research shows that when choosing a linear ordering methods calculations should be carried out using several procedures and make a selection using the already existing solutions in the literature or verify with the experts of analyzed subject.
Classifier Combination and Selection Methods at the Corporate Bankruptcy Prediction
Authors: Lach Bartłomiej
Published: April 2020

The author of this article decided to investigate the efficiency of using classifier combination and selection methods at the prediction of corporate bankruptcy in Poland. The study allowed us to compare the predictions from 4 individual classifiers: linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, artificial neural network and random forest with the predictions from 9 classifier combination and selection methods. Moreover, the author analyzed the influence of the number of variables in models on performances of the correct classification for all considered methods.