bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous supercritical emulsions extraction: A new technology for biopolymer microparticles production
Authors: Porta G. Della , Falco N. , Reverchon E.
Published: October 2010

Supercritical emulsion extraction (SEE) was recently proposed for the production of biopolymer microparticles starting from oil‐in‐water emulsions. This technology can improve the product quality because of the fast and selective extraction of the dispersed oily phase by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). However, until now, SEE was proposed in batch configuration, sharing with the traditional processes an intrinsically discontinuous operation and problems of batches reproducibility and process yield. In this study, by using a countercurrent packed column, the SEE process was proposed in a continuous operating mode (SEE‐CM) for the production of poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles. The new process design takes advantage of the large contact area between the SC‐CO2 and emulsion allowing the production of PLGA microparticles with controlled and narrow size distributions in only few minutes. SEE‐CM operating parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow rate ratios were analyzed and the process efficiency in terms of recovered material and its size distribution compared with SEE (batch mode operation) and conventional evaporation technology. PLGA microparticles showed a mean particle size between 1–3 µm (depending on the droplet sizes) with a SD that was always smaller than that associated with particles produced by discontinuous processes. Single and double emulsions were successfully treated and the microparticles physico‐chemical properties showed no morphological and structural differences between the SEE‐CM‐produced microparticles and the ones obtained by conventional evaporation technology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:676–686. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Economic comparison of multiple techniques for recovering leaf protein in biomass processing
Authors: Bals Bryan , Dale Bruce E.
Published: October 2010

Leaf protein concentrates (LPC) can be used as a valuable co‐product to cellulosic biofuel production and can also mitigate the food versus fuel controversy. Two major approaches have been considered for LPC production: a well‐characterized mechanical pressing method and a less studied method involving aqueous extraction with recovery using ultrafiltration. Experimental results with switchgrass extracts show low protein recovery after filtration, particularly if protein is recovered after cellulose hydrolysis. Economic modeling suggests that aqueous extraction costs less than mechanical pressing, but due to lower protein yields and lower quality, overall profit is higher for mechanical pressing versus aqueous extraction ($26/Mg feedstock vs. $14/Mg). If modest improvements can be made in extraction yields, filtration recovery, and protein quality, then the profitability of the aqueous extraction approach can be increased to $37/Mg feedstock. This study suggests that aqueous extraction is a viable alternative for LPC co‐production in a biorefinery if key improvements can be made in the process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:530–537. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcome of laparoscopic duodenal switch for morbid obesity
Authors: Magee C J , Barry J , Brocklehurst J , Javed S , Macadam R , Kerrigan D D
Published: October 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic duodenal switch (LDS) as a treatment option in a selected group of patients with morbid obesity.

Methods

This retrospective analysis of a prospective database assessed the frequency of all complications and alterations in weight, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidity and quality of life.

Results

One hundred and twenty-one patients underwent LDS between April 2003 and March 2009. Median preoperative weight was 160 kg and median BMI 55 kg/m2. All procedures were performed laparoscopically. The in-hospital mortality rate was zero. No ileoduodenal anastomotic stenosis was encountered. There were four clinical leaks (3·3 per cent) managed by laparoscopic drainage and placement of a feeding jejunostomy. Median percentage excess weight loss was 75 per cent at 12 months and 90 per cent at 24 months. Thirty-six of 40 diabetic patients had complete resolution of diabetes within 1 year. There were significant improvements in other obesity-related co-morbidity. Only a few patients developed postoperative protein deficiency, and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies were easily managed with oral supplementation.

Conclusion

The LDS procedure is a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity and its associated co-morbidity in selected patients.
The greening dutchman: Philips' process of green flagging to drive sustainable innovations
Authors: Arnold Marlen Gabriele , Hockerts Kai
Published: October 2010

Sustainability innovation research often focuses on the interrelation and the interaction of influencing factors and actors while neglecting the importance of firm internal initiatives. Based on a longitudinal case study of the Dutch company Royal Philips Electronics, we develop the concept of ‘green flagging’ as a groundbreaking corporate sustainability innovation strategy. This paper describes how Philips uses this approach in its Green Flagship Program (GFP). Philips' GFP is particularly interesting since it sets specific targets across all its business units, thus driving the integration of sustainability innovation into its core business. This study suggests that the impact of sustainability innovations can be improved by focusing on sustainability as an explicit goal as well as processes and projects instead of merely concentrating on content and structure. We discuss the possibilities and limitations of these findings for theory and research on sustainability innovation strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Preliminary results on a study to locate the pterygopalatine fossa using mathematical formulae
Authors: Du Plessis M. , Navsa N. , Bosman M.C.
Published: October 2010

Blocking the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) has been shown to be effective in treating most orofacial pain including that associated with trigeminal neuralgia. However, the technique is not widely used, and we propose it to be due to the vague descriptions of the techniques in the literature. The aim of this study was therefore to achieve an alternative method of locating the PPF. One hundred and sixty skulls from the department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, were used. Distinct landmarks (both anthropometric and clinical) accompanied by existing and new anthropometric measurements were used to define the location of the PPF. Regression analysis was used to measure the reliability of predicting the location of the PPF. From the results, two mathematical formulae were devised (one for each side). These formulae were tested on 47 cadavers by inserting a needle at the calculated points after which the areas where dissected to determine whether or not the needle had entered the PPF. Our results showed an accuracy of 65.2% on the right and 54.4% on the left. In conclusion, improvement in the accuracy of the technique could aid in the management of various pain disorders as well as pain management during surgery. Clin. Anat. 23:931–935, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An anterior fibulocalcaneus muscle: An anomalous muscle discovered in the anterior compartment of the leg
Authors: Lambert H. Wayne , Atsas Stavros
Published: October 2010

Anomalous fibulocalcaneus muscles were discovered bilaterally in the anterior compartment of the leg during a routine dissection of a 76‐year‐old Caucasian male in the medical gross anatomy laboratory. These muscles originated from the fibula, anterior crural septum, and the investing fascia of the fibularis tertius, and they passed anterior to the lateral malleolus and inserted on the calcaneus, anterosuperior to the fibular trochlea. To our knowledge, these anterior fibulocalcaneus muscles have not been described previously. Clin. Anat., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Developments in Liquid Membrane Permeation with Support Layers
Authors: Fritz M. , Siebenhofer M.
Published: October 2010

In einer Zeit steigender Rohstoffpreise und Rohstoffverknappung rücken Themen wie das Recycling von Schwermetallen in das Interesse der Öffentlichkeit. Die technologische Entwicklung der Flüssigmembranpermeation mit gestützten Membranen ist eine potenzielle Basis, um ein effizienteres Schwermetallrecycling umzusetzen. Verfahrenstechnische Fortschritte für die industrielle Umsetzung der Flüssigmembranpermeation mit gestützten Membranen werden erläutert.
Eingangsvoraussetzungen von Studienanfängern im Fach Chemie
Authors: Busker Maike , Parchmann Ilka , Wickleder Mathias
Published: October 2010

An vielen Universitäten steht zu Beginn des Chemiestudiums eine Veranstaltung zur Allgemeinen Chemie oder Einführung in die Chemie. Diese wendet sich zum einen an Studienanfänger mit einer sehr unterschiedlichen schulischen Vorbildung im Fach Chemie und zum anderen häufig an Studierende unterschiedlicher Studiengänge. Damit richtet sich diese Veranstaltung zumeist an eine in doppelter Hinsicht heterogene Lerngruppe. Der Beitrag stellt eine empirische Analyse von Studieneingangsvoraussetzungen im Fach Chemie vor, in der das Fachwissen sowie die Interessen von Studienanfängern erhoben wurden, um auf Basis dieser empirischen Untersuchungen ein Übungskonzept zu entwickeln, in dem die heterogenen Lernvoraussetzungen gezielt aufgegriffen werden können.
Polycyclic N‐Benzamido Imides with Potent Activity against Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Torres Eva , Duque María D. , Camps Pelayo , Naesens Lieve , Calvet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Vázquez Santiago
Published: October 2010

The synthesis and antiviral activity of a series of novel polycyclic analogues of the orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor tecovirimat (ST‐246) is presented. Several of these compounds display sub‐micromolar activity against vaccinia virus, and were more potent than cidofovir (CDV). The more active compounds were about 10‐fold more active than CDV, with minimum cytotoxic concentrations above 100 μM. Chemical manipulations of the two carbon–carbon double bonds present in the compounds were carried out to further explore the structure–activity relationships of these new polycyclic imides. Hydrogenation of the two carbon–carbon double bonds decreases antiviral activity, whereas either cyclopropanation or epoxidation of the double bonds fully eliminates the antiviral activity.
Extended multi‐flip‐angle B1 mapping: A 3D mapping method for inhomogeneous B1 fields
Authors: Weber Hans , Paul Dominik , Elverfeldt Dominik V. , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: October 2010

Quantitative, three‐dimensional mapping of the B1 field per unit current is necessary for comprehensive characterization of the performance of radiofrequency coils. A mapping method with high dynamic range is required, particularly for surface and array coils with inhomogeneous B1 fields. For many applications, the main magnetic field cannot be assumed to be uniform across the sensitive volume of the RF coil. B1 mapping methods relying on on‐resonance conditions thus yield erroneous results. We have, therefore, developed an extension of the multi‐flip‐angle approach (ExMFA) for B1 mapping in inhomogeneous B0 and B1 fields with high dynamic range. Based on simulations and experimental data, ExMFA is compared to the commonly used double‐angle and the standard multi‐flip‐angle approaches with special focus on applications in inhomogeneous excitation fields. Comparative evaluation reveals the improved performance of the ExMFA approach. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 203–214, 2010
A four‐channel hole‐slotted phased array at 7 Tesla
Authors: Lopez M.A. , Ehses P. , Breuer F.A. , Ponce I.P. , Gareis D. , Jakob P.M.
Published: October 2010

In recent years, the phased array coil technology has found more and more its way in applications at high field small animal systems. However, these coil arrays are usually based on simple loops and are mostly used in rat imaging studies only. Mouse imaging studies are limited to the use of linear arrays or volume resonators. Recently, a novel surface coil design based on the hole‐slot magnetron's geometry was introduced to MRI. The hole‐slot magnetron is a vacuum tube which operates e.g. as a high frequency oscillator in radar applications. It has been shown that the magnetron surface coil allows for a deeper RF penetration than a conventional coil both at 1.5 and 4 Tesla.

The objective of this work was to find an optimal loop coil based on the hole‐slot magnetron geometry in order to build a volume phased array for cardiac imaging with improved SNR on the centre of the sample. To achieve this goal, different magnetron loops were simulated and evaluated towards their performance. Based on these results the best performing hole‐slot magnetron geometries were built and compared. In addition, the magnetron loop (referred as hole‐slotted coil) with the best sensitivity was compared with conventional simple loop geometries. Furthermore, a four channel hole‐slotted phased array based on the magnetron's design theory was built, evaluated and compared with a conventional four channel array. The four channel hole‐slotted array shows improved RF penetration depth over the four channel array with simple loop geometry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 226–236, 2010.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of intrathoracic and intra‐abdominal spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions
Authors: Bean Sarah M. , Baker Allyson , Eloubeidi Mohamad , Eltoum Isam , Jhala Nirag , Crowe Ralph , Jhala Darshana , Chhieng David C.
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND.

The role of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) in the evaluation of spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions is unclear. This study reviews the use of EUS‐FNA in diagnosing intrathoracic and intra‐abdominal spindle and mesenchymal cell lesions at an academic institution.

METHODS.

All EUS‐FNA specimens with a significant spindle or mesenchymal cell component were retrieved. Follow‐up was comprised of clinical correlation, chart review, or evaluation of subsequent tissue specimens, including FNAs, biopsies, and/or surgical resections. Lesions were categorized as either inflammatory/reactive or neoplastic.

RESULTS.

Forty‐four EUS‐FNA specimens were retrieved from 39 patients (21 men and 18 women with a median age of 61 years [range, 20‐88 years]). Anatomic sites included 19 lymph node specimens, 15 gastrointestinal tract specimens, 7 pancreatic specimens, and 4 other anatomic site specimens. Twenty‐two cases were inflammatory/reactive lesions, including 17 granulomatous lesions and 5 cases of chronic pancreatitis. Twenty‐two cases were neoplastic, including 14 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 2 smooth muscle tumors, 2 sarcomatoid carcinomas, 2 melanomas, 1 sarcoma, and 1 solitary fibrous tumor. A specific cytologic diagnosis was rendered in 30 cases (81%). Immunocytochemistry was performed on 21 neoplastic cases and contributed to the differential diagnosis in 18 cases. No false‐positive findings were encountered. Three false‐negative results were identified and were attributed to sampling error.

CONCLUSIONS.

Spindle cell neoplasms are rarely encountered on EUS‐FNA. The differential diagnosis encompasses a wide variety of benign and neoplastic entities. Correlation of cytomorphology and ancillary studies yields a high diagnostic accuracy of spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions on EUS‐FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Emotion
Authors: LeDoux Joseph E.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

What is Emotion?

Brain and Emotion: Historical Landmarks

Sham Rage

Papez Circuit

Psychic Blindness

Visceral Brain and Limbic System

Organization of Limbic Forebrain

Current Status of Limbic System Concept

Basic Circuits of Limbic Forebrain

Emotional Evaluation: Central Coding of Stimulus Significance

Sensorilimbic Connections and Emotion

Parallel Sensory Pathways to Amygdala: Unique Roles in Emotional Processing

Neurotransmission and Modulation in Affective Processing Pathways

Neural Systems Governing Emotional Expression

Expression of Emotional Behavior

Expression of Autonomic Changes Associated With Emotional Behavior

Emotional Expression: Conclusions

Mechanisms of Emotional Experience

Brain Mechanisms of Emotion: Conclusions
Attention: Behavior and Neural Mechanisms
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M. , Watson Robert T. , Valenstein Edward , Goldberg Michael E.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Behavioral Enhancement of Sensory Response as a Physiological Analogue of Attentional Processes

Arousal

Selective Attention

Relationships Between Selective Attention and Arousal

Intention

Frontal Lobes

Centromedian‐Parafascicularis‐Frontocortical‐Thalamic Reticular Nucleus System

Catecholamine Systems

Hemispheric Asymmetries of Attention and Intention

Attention

Intention

Summary and Conclusions
Electrophysiology of Cognition
Authors: Hillyard Steven A. , Picton Terence W.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Event‐Related Potentials

Classification

Nomenclature

Recording Techniques

Measurement

Neural Bases of Event‐Related Potentials

Field Potentials in the Nervous System

Scalp Distribution

Depth Recordings

Event‐Related Magnetic Fields

Blood Flow and Metabolism

Clinical Applications of Event‐Related Potentials

Evaluation of Sensory Function

Applications to Neurology

Disorders of Higher Nervous Functions

Preparation and Anticipation

Movement‐Related Potentials

Contingent Negative Variation

Clinical Studies

Selective Attention

EarlyERPExperiments

Auditory Attention

Interpretation of Auditory Negative‐Difference Wave

Visual Attention

Somatosensory Attention

Question of Peripheral Sensory Gating

Attentional Channels

Multidimensional Stimulus Selection

Disorders of Attention

Overview:ERPsand Selective Attention

Cognitive Processing

Stimulus Probability and Expectancy

Signal Detection and Decision Confidence

Stimulus Relevance

Stimulus‐Evaluation Processes

Mental Chronometry

Stimulus Meaning

CognitiveERPsin Children

Aging and Dementia

Psychiatric Conditions

Animal Models ofERPs

Overview:ERPsand Cognitive Processing

Language and Hemispheric Specialization

ERPsPreceding Speech

AuditoryERPsto Speech Sounds

Phonetic Processing

VisualERPsto Words

Probe‐Stimulus Technique

Linguistic Decision Making

Stimulus Meaning

Contextual Effects in Language

Semantic Mismatch and Semantic Priming

Language Disorders

Overview:ERPsand Language

Concluding Observations
Cerebral Lateralization and Specialization in Human Central Nervous System
Authors: Nass Ruth D. , Gazzaniga Michael S.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Left Hemisphere Specialization for Language

Aphasia and Left Hemisphere Specialization: Dissociation of Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Language

Right Hemisphere Contributions to Language

Aberrant Organization for Language

Left Hemisphere Specialization for Motor Control

Supramodal Theories of Apraxia

Definition of Apraxia and Motor‐Programming Device

Neural Organization of Praxis

Hemispheric Specialization for Intelligence and Consciousness

Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence

Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness

Right Hemisphere Specialization

Specialization for Perceptuospatial Skills

Manipulospatial Dominance: Motor Component

Right Hemisphere Auditory Processing

Hemispheric Specialization for Emotion

Clinical Studies

Experimental Studies

Ontogenesis of Hemispheric Specialization

Left Hemisphere Specialization for Language

Left Hemisphere Specialization for Motor Control

Right Hemisphere Specialization for Perceptuospatial Functions

Corpus Callosum
Kinetics of the Actin–Myosin Interaction
Authors: Walker Jeffery W.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Crossbridges and Sliding Filaments

Regulation

Myosin and ActomyosinATPase

Rates of Specific Steps

Energetics of Specific Steps

Cardiac versus Skeletal ActomyosinATPase

The Crossbridge Cycle in Muscle

Energy Transduction and Muscle Mechanics

Transient Kinetics in Fibers Using Caged Compounds

Analysis of Specific Steps

Cardiac Muscle

In Vitro Motility

Atomic Structures of Actin and Myosin

Myosin S1

Actomyosin

Comparison of Structural Models to Other Models

Recent Progress

Regulation

The Steric Blocking Model

Kinetic Regulation

Dual Regulation of the Crossbridge Cycle

Phosphorylation and Protein Isoform Switching

Summary and Concluding Comments
Morphogenesis of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Atherosclerosis and Cell Culture
Authors: Ross Russell , Kariya Beverly
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Smooth Muscle Cells

Morphology and Growth Characteristics

Problems With Studies of Diploid Cells—Variability in Response

Senescence in Culture

Growth Requirements in Culture

Platelet Factors and Growth Control

Connective Tissue Formation by Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture

Endothelium

Fibroblasts

Appendix

Surgical Procedures for Dissection of Thoracic Aorta

Preparation of Primary Cultures and Maintenance of Secondary Cultures

Preparation of Pooled Monkey Serum for Stock Cultures and Dose‐Response Curves

Preparation of Monkey Blood Serum and Monkey Plasma Derived Plasma Serum for Growth Curves

Growth Curves
Chemical Energetics of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Paul R. J.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Aspects

Energy Metabolism of Vascular Smooth Muscle

Biochemistry ofATPSynthesis

Energy Sources

Respiration of Vascular Tissue

Aerobic Glycolysis

ATPProduction

Energy Stores

Energy Utilization and Its Relation to Contractility

Chemical Energetics of Isometric Contraction

Energetics Under Other Mechanical Conditions

Tension Cost of Vascular Smooth Muscle

Is Tension Cost Dependent on Stimulus?

Relaxation Speed Theory of Tension Cost

Rüegg's Approach

Factors Underlying Low Tension Cost

Physiological Correlates

Metabolic Cost of Vascular Regulation of Circulation

Physiological Role of Dependence of Force and Metabolism on Tissue Length

Coordination of Contractility and Energy Metabolism

Answers and Questions
Processing of Angiotensin and Other Peptides by the Lungs
Authors: Ryan Una S.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Historical Background

Pulmonary Metabolism

Angiotensin I

Bradykinin

AngiotensinII

AngiotensinIII

Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme: KininaseII

Cellular and Subcellular Sites of Relevant Pulmonary Enzymes

Immunocytochemistry

Pulmonary Endothelial Cells as a Model System

Clinical Implications

Actions of Peptide Hormones on Lungs

Other Peptides

Discussion and Future Directionsa
Lung Metabolism of Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, Thromboxane, and Leukotrienes
Authors: Bakhle Y. S. , Ferreira Sergio H.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

History of Eicosanoids

Overview of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis

Antagonists of Eicosanoids and Inhibitors of Their Synthesis

Lung Pharmacology of Eicosanoids

Inactivation of Eicosanoids in Lung

Synthesis of Eicosanoids by Lung

Synthesis From Exogenous Arachidonic Acid

Synthesis From Endogenous Arachidonic Acid
Lipoproteins and Lipoprotein Lipase
Authors: Hamosh Margit , Hamosh Paul
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

History

Lipoproteins

Chylomicrons

Very‐Low‐Density Lipoproteins

Low‐Density Lipoproteins

High‐Density Lipoproteins

Lipoprotein Lipase

History of Lipoprotein Lipase

Distribution of Lipoprotein Lipase

Regulation of Lipoprotein Lipase Activity

Ontogeny of Lipoprotein Lipase

Characteristics of Lipoprotein Lipase

Mechanisms of Hydrolysis of Circulating Triglycerides

Characteristics of Lipolytic Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase

Lipoprotein Lipase in Lung

Tissue Distribution and Regulation of Activity

Lung Lipoprotein Lipase in Disease

Origin

Functions
Wave log‐domain filters using lattice sections
Authors: Fragoulis N.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the design of log‐domain filters with uncommon transfer functions is considered, using the wave log‐domain design method. To this end, the concept of log‐domain wave equivalent of a lattice section is introduced, as a new building block, in order to enable the design of filters with transfer functions dealing with amplitude and phase response at the same time. This building block is very useful when the phase and the group delay response of the filter is significant. The functionality of this design approach is verified through a design example and simulation results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel N(3),N(4)‐Bridging Coordination Mode of 1‐R‐Tetrazole‐5‐thiolates – Synthesis, X‐ray Diffraction, Magnetic Properties and Quantum‐Chemical Study of a Macrocyclic Dinickel Complex Coligated by 1‐Methyltetrazole‐5‐thiolate
Authors: Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Syre Ronny , Lach Jochen , Matulis Vadim E. , Gaponik Pavel N. , Ivashkevich Oleg A. , Kersting Berthold
Published: October 2010

The dinuclear nickel(II) complex [Ni2L(μ‐ClO4)]ClO4, where L2– represents a 24‐membered macrocyclic bis(triamine–thiophenolate) ligand, reacts with 1‐methyltetrazole‐5‐thiol and triethylamine to give the complex [Ni2L(μ‐SCN4Me)]ClO4, which was subjected to metathesis with NaBPh4 yielding [Ni2L(μ‐SCN4Me)]BPh4. This new complex was characterized by elemental analysis, UV/Vis/NIR and IR spectroscopy. The structure of [Ni2L(μ‐SCN4Me)]BPh4 was determined by X‐ray crystallography, showing the 1‐methyltetrazole‐5‐thiolate ligand in an N(3),N(4)‐bridging mode generating a bis(octahedral) N3Ni(μ‐S)2(μ‐SCN4Me)NiN3 core. Quantum chemical calculations of the molecular electrostatic potential, natural population analysis and total energies of possible structures of [Ni2L(μ‐SCN4Me)]+ are in agreement with the structural data obtained. Temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that the NiII ions in the dinuclear complex are weakly ferromagnetically coupled showing a coupling constant J of 19.5 cm–1 (H = –2JS1S2).
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct C–H Alkenylation, Alkynylation, Benzylation, and Alkylation of (Hetero)arenes
Authors: Messaoudi Samir , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouâd
Published: October 2010

Direct functionalization of (hetero)aromatic C–H bonds has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the functionalization of organic molecules. In the past decade, while many efforts have focused on the direct arylation of (hetero)arenes, much less attention has been devoted to the direct alkenylation, alkynylation, and benzylation of (hetero)arenes. This microreview summarizes the development in this area to date, with the focus on how the substrate scope has been expanded through selection of more appropriate synthetic methods, such as the careful choice of catalysts, ligands, bases and reaction conditions.
Tandem Michael Addition/Aldol Reaction of Allenic Ketones with Alkyl Vinyl Ketones: Versatile Synthesis of 2‐Alkynyl 1,5‐Diketones, 4‐Alkynyl‐3‐hydroxycyclohexanones and 4‐Alkynylcyclohexenones
Authors: Malhotra Deepika , Liu Le‐Ping , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: October 2010

The reactivity of alkynylenolate was investigated in the reactions of allenic ketones and vinyl ketones. We found that different products could be obtained under different conditions. The tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF)‐mediated Michael addition of allenic ketones to vinyl ketones gave 2‐alkynyl 1,5‐diketones as the product. Under stronger basic conditions, a tandem Michael addition/aldol reaction of the two starting materials occurred in one pot, and 4‐alkynyl‐3‐hydroxycyclohexanone could be isolated at low temperature, whereas 4‐alkynylcyclohexenones was obtained at room temperature. It should be noted that only one diastereoisomer of 4‐alkynyl‐3‐hydroxycyclohexanone was isolated from the reaction even when ethyl vinyl ketone was used as the Michael acceptor, as determined by1H and13C NMR spectroscopy. The configurations of the diastereoisomers were confirmed by NOESY spectroscopy.
A new gravity‐driven microfluidic‐based electrochemical assay coupled to magnetic beads for nucleic acid detection
Authors: Laschi Serena , Miranda‐Castro Rebeca , González‐Fernández Eva , Palchetti Ilaria , Reymond Frédéric , Rossier Joël S. , Marrazza Giovanna
Published: October 2010

In this work, the characterisation and the optimisation of hybridisation assays based on a novel, rapid and sensitive micro‐analytical, gravity‐driven, flow device is reported. This device combines a special chip containing eight polymer microchannels, with a portable, computer‐controlled instrument. The device is used as a platform for affinity experiments using oligonucleotide‐modified paramagnetic particles. In our approach, both hybridisation and labelling events are performed on streptavidin‐coated paramagnetic microparticles functionalised with a biotinylated capture probe. Modified particles, introduced in the microchannel inlet of the chip, accumulate near the electrode surface by virtue of a magnetic holder. After hybridisation with the complementary sequence, the hybrid is labelled with an alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The electrochemical substrate for alkaline phosphatase revelation is p‐aminophenyl phosphate. Solutions and reagents are sequentially passed through the microchannels, until enzyme substrate is added for in situ signal detection. Upon readout, the magnet array is flipped away, beads are removed by addition of regeneration buffer, and the so‐regenerated chip is ready for further analysis. This protocol has been applied to the analytical detection of specific DNA sequences of Legionella pneumophila, with an RSD=8.5% and a detection limit of 0.33 nM.
Collision of a long DNA molecule with an isolated nanowire
Authors: Araki Noritoshi , Aydil Eray S. , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: October 2010

We provide an experimental test of the universal behavior arising in simulations of the electrophoretic collision of a long DNA molecule with an isolated, thin post. Our experiments take advantage of a robust protocol to embed matrices of circa 100 nm radius ZnO nanowires in a microfluidic channel. The density and height of the nanowires are easily controlled by the seeding and growth conditions. Single‐molecule videomicroscopy of λ‐DNA electrophoresis in a sparse nanowire array shows that the average holdup time decays exponentially with the impact parameter, in agreement with simulations. Only at the largest electric field studied here does the hooking probability approach that for an infinitesimally thin post.
Experimental analysis of cross‐sectional flow motion in a large amplitude meandering bend
Authors: Termini Donatella , Piraino Mafalda
Published: October 2010

Flow in meandering bends is characterized by the formation of a large cross‐sectional central‐region circulation cell. The width‐to‐depth ratio is one of the most important parameters affecting the entity of the cross‐circulation motion. In steep outside bends, beside the central‐region cell, a counter‐rotating circulation cell often forms in the upper part of the outer‐bank. In spite of its practical importance, the evolving mechanisms of both the circulation cells and their role on boundary shear stress distribution in bends are not yet fully understood. The aim of the present paper is to gain some insight into how cross‐sectional flow motion evolves along meandering bends. Experiments have been carried out in a laboratory meandering channel of large amplitude, over a deformed‐rigid bed, for two values of the width‐to‐depth ratio. The three‐dimensional flow velocity field has been measured in detail at five cross‐sections, almost equally spaced along the channel reach between two consecutive apex sections. The measurements have been carried out on a fine grid by an acoustic Doppler velocity profiler. The distributions of the cross‐sectional flow (e.g. cross‐sectional flow velocity, net transversal flux) and turbulent kinetic energy are analyzed in each investigated section. Measurements show that the counter‐rotating circulation cell is evident only in the case of ‘small’ width‐to‐depth ratio. Such circulation cell begins at the bend entrance and it is fully developed at the bend apex; then it decays. At the bend apex, the core of maximum velocity is found near the bed at about the separation between the central and the outer‐bank circulation cells. Moreover, the presence of the counter‐rotating circulation cell allows the bank shear stress to maintain low values in the outer‐side of the bend. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular characterization of AML with ins(21;8)(q22;q22q22) reveals similarity to t(8;21) AML
Authors: Rücker Frank G. , Bullinger Lars , Gribov Alexander , Sill Martin , Schlenk Richard F. , Lichter Peter , Döhner Hartmut , Döhner Konstanze
Published: October 2010

In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), nonrandom clonal chromosome aberrations are detectable in ∼55% of adult cases. Translocation t(8;21)(q22;q22) resulting in the 5′RUNX1/3′RUNX1T1 fusion gene occurs in ∼8% of AML cases. Also, ins(8;21) and ins(21;8) have been described that show a broad heterogeneity at the molecular level with inserted fragment sizes ranging from 2.4 to 44 Mb. Microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) in 49 intermediate‐risk AML and RT‐PCR‐based screening in 532 AML cases allowed the detection of ins(21;8)/ins(8;21) in three cases; arrayCGH and subsequent RT‐PCR revealed an ∼0.5 Mb sized inserted fragment generating the 5′RUNX1/3′RUNX1T1 fusion gene in one case with a submicroscopic ins(21;8)(q22;q22q22) whereas the other two cases were identified by banding analysis and RT‐PCR, respectively. Gene expression profiling (GEP) and a detailed review of the literature highlighted similar biological features of AML cases with ins(21;8)/ins(8;21) and t(8;21)(q22;q22). Our study demonstrates the potential of high‐resolution array‐based analysis and GEP and provides further evidence that AML with insertions generating the 5′RUNX1/3′RUNX1T1 fusion not only biologically resemble the t(8;21)(q22;q22) AML subgroup, but might also share its prognostically favorable clinical behavior. Thus, similar treatment options should be considered in these patients. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The New Semmering Base Tunnel project – an interdisciplinary challenge /
Authors: Gobiet Gerhard , Haas Dieter
Published: October 2010

After receiving the commission to develop a New Semmering Base Tunnel in early 2005, the ÖBB‐Infrastruktur (Bau) AG (Austrian Railways) undertook a three‐year route selection process leading to the determination of the Pfaffensattel route as the best variant for the New Semmering Base Tunnel. Extensive design work on this route is underway at the moment in all disciplines. The aim is to produce the documentation to hand in for official approval by the early part of this year, and this should show a wide understanding and agreement of all project parties as well as technical quality.

Extensive geological and hydrogeological investigations, full‐coverage surveying and the mapping and recording of all relevant environmental data over a wide area required a considerable effort. The interdependencies of the individual professions with the resulting extra design work, and working with the many affected landowners produced major challenges for the entire project team, which was only mastered through the personal commitment of all parties involved in the project and an increased application of extra resources.

Nach dem Auftrag der Projektentwicklung eines Semmering‐Basistunnel neu im Frühjahr 2005 konnte von der ÖBB‐Infrastruktur (Bau) AG in einem dreijährigen Auswahlprozess die Trasse Pfaffensattel als beste Variante für den Semmering‐Basistunnel neu ermittelt werden. Für diese Trasse laufen derzeit umfangreiche Planungen in allen Fachbereichen. Ziel ist es bis zum Frühjahr dieses Jahres genehmigungsfähige Einreichprojekte für die erforderlichen Behördenverfahren zu erstellen, die neben der fachlichen Qualität auch eine breite Kenntnis und Zustimmung aller Beteiligten aufweisen.

Umfassende geologische und hydrogeologische Erkundungen, flächendeckende Vermessungen sowie großräumige Kartierungen und Erhebungen aller umweltrelevanten Grundlagen stellten dafür einen erheblichen Aufwand dar. Die gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten der einzelnen Fachgebiete zueinander, die daraus resultierenden zusätzlichen Planungsarbeiten und die Zusammenarbeit mit vielen betroffenen Grundeigentümer stellten dauernde riesige Herausforderungen für das gesamte Planungsteam dar, die nur durch den persönlichen Einsatz aller Projektbeteiligten und durch einen verstärkten Einsatz zusätzlicher Ressourcen abgedeckt werden konnten.
Geomechanical knowledge gained from the Paierdorf investigation tunnel in the section through the Lavanttal main fault zone /
Authors: Schubert Peter , Hölzl Harald , Sellner Peter , Fasching Florian
Published: October 2010

One of the main goals of the ground investigation for the Koralm Tunnel project was the detailed investigation of the Lavanttal fault systemwhich lies in the contact between the Koralm crystalline and the neogenic formations of the Lavanttal. The above‐ground investigation programme (mapping, core drilling, geophysics) was able to deliver the first estimation of the geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical rock conditions of the fault zone many hundreds of metres thick (fig. 1). The Paierdorf investigation tunnel, which has now been constructed, clarified the thickness and the internal structure of the fault zone as well as the hydraulic and mechanical rock properties along the tunnel. Equally important was the practical experience gained by tunnelling through the fault zone. The knowledge gained from the Paierdorf investigation tunnel will be used in further design work for the mechanical driving of this very heterogeneous region of rock.

Eines der wesentlichen Erkundungsziele für das Projekt Koralmtunnel stellt die detaillierte Erkundung des Lavanttaler Störungssystems, insbesondere die im Kontaktbereich zwischen dem Koralmkristallin und dem Neogen des Lavanttals verlaufende Hauptstörungszone, dar. Mit den übertägigen Erkundungsarbeiten (Kartierungen, Kernbohrungen, Geophysik) konnten erste Einschätzungen bezüglich der geologischen, hydrogeologischen und geotechnischen Gebirgsverhältnisse dieser mehrere hundert Meter mächtigen Störungszone gewonnen werden (Bild 1). Mit dem nun gebauten Erkundungstunnel (EKT) Paierdorf wurden die Mächtigkeit, der interne Aufbau der Störungszone sowie die hydraulischen und mechanischen Gebirgsverhältnisse im Bereich der Tunneltrasse abgeklärt. Ebenso wichtig waren die praktischen Erfahrungen der tunnelbautechnischen Bewältigung der Störungszone. Die Erkenntnisse aus dem EKT sollen in die weiteren Planungsschritte für das maschinelle Auffahren dieses sehr heterogenen Gebirgsbereichs einfließen.
Results from the Untersammelsdorf test field for the planning of tunnelling work /
Authors: Schachinger Tobias , Gaube Herbert , Krainer Georg
Published: October 2010

In the western part of the Koralmbahn railway line, tests were carried out as part of planned specialised civil engineering works in silty to sandy still water sediments in order to find out about the interaction of jet grouting and dewatering measures with this ground, which is considered to be as geotechnically relatively unfavourable. Small‐scale tunnelling work was also carried out to gain experience for the later tunnel construction work in this area. The most important discoveries were: that the jet grouting trials achieved jet grout columns with a diameter of 1.5 m within the still water sediments; and the simulation of a tunnel drive was able to demonstrate that stable conditions at the face can be achieved with the chosen advance support measures. The evaluated results made it possible to optimise the design of the tunnel structures and the forecast performance rates for the grouting works.

Im westlichen Bereich der Koralmbahn sind im Rahmen geplanter Spezialtiefbaumaßnahmen in schluffigen bis sandigen Stillwassersedimenten Versuche durchgeführt worden, um Erkenntnisse über die Interaktion von DSV‐ und Entwässerungsmaßnahmen mit diesem geotechnisch als relativ ungünstig geltenden Gebirge zu erlangen. Zusätzlich wurden durch kleinmaßstäbliche Vortriebsarbeiten Erfahrungen für die späteren Tunnelbauarbeiten in diesem Bereich gewonnen. Als wichtigste Erkenntnisse können genannt werden: Bei den Versuchen zu DSV‐Arbeiten waren in den Stillwassersedimenten DSV‐Säulen mit einem Durchmesser von 1,5 m zu erreichen; durch die Simulation eines Tunnelvortriebs konnte demonstriert werden, dass mit den gewählten Vorraussicherungsmaßnahmen stabile Verhältnisse im Bereich der Ortsbrust erzielbar sind. Basierend auf den ermittelten Ergebnissen können die bisherige Planung der Tunnelbauwerke sowie die prognostizierten Leistungsansätze bei den DSV‐Maßnahmen optimiert werden.
Current state of design, investigation and construction works at the Koralm Tunnel /
Authors: Harer Gerhard , Koinig Josef
Published: October 2010

The Koralmbahn railway line between Graz and Klagenfurt is an essential link in the Baltic‐Adriatic Corridor. The new high‐speed line will create new capacities and significantly better conditions for environmentally friendly goods transport by rail. The current journey times for passengers will be reduced considerably. The Koralm Tunnel with a length of 32.9 km is the most important section of the new Koralmbahn. The article reports on the current state of design, investigation and construction at the Koralm Tunnel and examples of further development are presented.

Die Koralmbahn zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt stellt ein maßgebliches Teilstück im Rahmen des Baltisch‐Adriatischen Korridors dar. Mit dieser neuen Eisenbahn‐Hochleistungsverbindung werden neue Kapazitäten und deutlich verbesserte Voraussetzungen für den umweltfreundlichen Bahngüterverkehr geschaffen. Im Personenverkehr wird die derzeitige Fahrzeit erheblich reduziert. Der Koralmtunnel stellt mit einer Länge von rund 32,9 km das Kernstück der neuen Koralmbahn dar. Im Artikel wird über den aktuellen Stand der Planung, der Erkundung und der baulichen Umsetzung beim Koralmtunnel berichtet, und es werden projektspezifische Weiterentwicklungen exemplarisch vorgestellt.
Material technology developments in shield tunnelling – annular gap mortar, high‐strength concrete and fire‐protection concrete /
Authors: Gipperich Christof , Schaab Andreas , Otremba Hermann‐Josef
Published: October 2010

Mechanical tunnel drive methods are gaining ever more significance on account of their mechanisation and efficiency. Mechanical boring can achieve particularly high advance rates in combination with segment lining systems. In order to investigate the load bearing capacity and robustness of segments, high‐strength and ultra high‐strength concrete segments were made by HOCHTIEF as part of the European Integrated Project TUNCONSTRUCT (www.tunconstruct.org), investigated through numerical simulation and in the laboratory, and then load tested at STUVA in Cologne. The results included an increase of load‐bearing capacity in bending of up to 20 %.

The development of segments made of high‐strength concrete does indeed enable higher load bearing capacities, but there are applications under very high overburden and related pressure where this alone is not sufficient. For such cases, a compressible mortar has been developed for the annular gap filling. This has a compression potential of up 50 % and is capable of absorbing deformation of the rock mass and thus reducing the loading of the segment lining. This type of mortar has been successfully used in a large‐scale trial in 2009 at the Jenbach Tunnel in the Inn valley, including the manufacture of the mortar on the construction site, the transport chain to the TBM and the injection into the annular gap.

Maschinelle Vortriebsverfahren gewinnen durch ihre hohe Mechanisierung und Effizienz weiter an Bedeutung. Besonders in Kombination mit Tübbingauskleidungssystemen können sie hohe Vortriebsleistungen ermöglichen. Um die Steigerung der Tragfähigkeit und Robustheit von Tübbings zu untersuchen, wurden von HOCHTIEF im Rahmen des Europäischen Verbundforschungsprojekts TUNCONSTRUCT (www.tunconstruct.org) Tübbings aus hochfesten und ultrahochfesten Betonen hergestellt, rechnerisch und labortechnisch untersucht und bei der STUVA, Köln, Belastungstests unterzogen. Dabei konnte unter anderem eine Steigerung der Biegetragfähigkeit von bis zu 20 % festgestellt werden.

Die Entwicklung von Tübbings aus höherfesten Betonen ermöglicht zwar höhere Tragfähigkeiten, dennoch gibt es bei sehr hohen Überlagerungsdrücken Anwendungsfälle, bei denen dies alleine nicht ausreicht. Für solche Anwendungen wurden komprimierbare Ringspaltmörtel entwickelt, die mit einem Stauchpotenzial von bis zu 50 % in der Lage sind, Gebirgsverformungen aufzunehmen und so die Belastung auf den Tübbingausbau zu vermindern. Ein solcher Mörtel wurde im Jahr 2009 beim Tunnelvortrieb Jenbach im Inntal in einem Großversuch erfolgreich einem Praxistest unterzogen, bei dem der Herstellungsprozess des Mörtels auf der Baustelle, die Transportkette zur TVM und das Einbringen in den Ringspalt erprobt wurden.
Process‐oriented numerical simulation of shield‐supported tunnelling in soft soils /
Authors: Nagel Felix , Stascheit Janosch , Meschke Günther
Published: October 2010

A numerical simulation model for the analysis of shield‐supported tunnelling processes based on the finite element method is presented. The process‐oriented computational representation of the tunnel drive enables forecasts of the effects of different tunnelling process parameters, like support and grouting pressures or the advance rate, on ground deformations and stresses, groundwater conditions or the loading of the shield machine and segment lining. This requires, in addition to the realistic numerical modelling of the sequential tunnelling process, the supporting measures and the surrounding ground, to employ adequate numerical models to describe the intricate interactions between the ground and the tunnelling process resulting from the face support, the contact between shield skin and ground, the shield tail grouting, the steering of the machine and the lining. These process‐oriented interactions determine the structural behaviour above and behind the machine to a considerable degree. Selected numerical applications demonstrate the capabilities of the simulation model described here for the analysis of interaction mechanisms in mechanical tunnelling.

Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert ein auf der Methode der Finiten Elemente basierendes Simulationsmodell zur Analyse schildgestützter Tunnelvortriebsprozesse. Die prozessorientierte Abbildung des Tunnelvortriebs ermöglicht Prognosen der Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Vortriebsparameter, wie Stütz‐ und Verpressdrücke oder der Vortriebsgeschwindgkeit, auf die Bodenverformungen und ‐beanspruchungen, die Grundwasserverhältnisse oder die Belastungen von Schildmaschine und Tübbingausbau. Dies erfordert neben der wirklichkeitsnahen numerischen Abbildung des sequentiellen Vortriebsprozesses, der Prozesskomponenten und des umgebenden Baugrunds adäquate numerische Modelle zur Beschreibung der vielfältigen Boden‐ Prozess‐Interaktionen infolge der Ortsbruststützung, des Kontakts zwischen Schildmantel und Baugrund, der Schildschwanzverpressung, der Maschinensteuerung und des Ausbaus. Diese prozessabhängigen Wechselwirkungen prägen das strukturmechanische Verhalten vor, über und hinter der Tunnelvortriebsmaschine in erheblichem Umfang. Ausgewählte Beispielrechnungen demonstrieren die Möglichkeiten des vorgestellten Simulationsmodells für die Analyse von Interaktionsmechanismen im maschinellen Tunnelvortrieb.