bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain Perception, Brain Connectivity, and Neurochemistry in Healthy, Capsaicin-Sensitive Subjects
Authors: Heba Stefanie , Sczesny-Kaiser Matthias , Sucker Kirsten , Bünger Jürgen , Brüning Thomas , Tegenthoff Martin , Schmidt-Wilcke Tobias
Published: October 2020

Most of the occupational exposure limits (OELs) are based on local irritants. However, exposure to much lower concentrations of irritant substances can also lead to health complaints from workers. Exposure to irritants is often accompanied by strong unpleasant odors, and strong odors might have distracting effects and hence pose a safety risk. The findings obtained in human exposure studies with chemically sensitive, stressed, or anxious persons suggest that their ability to direct attention away from the odorous exposure and to focus on a cognitive task is reduced. In addition, after repeated odor exposure, these persons show signs of sensitization, i.e., difficulties in ignoring or getting used to the exposure. The question arises as to whether certain health conditions are accompanied by a change in sensitivity to odors and irritants, so that these persons are potentially more distracted by odors and irritants and therefore more challenged in working memory tasks than nonsusceptible persons. In our study, susceptible persons with sensory airway hyperreactivity (“capsaicin-sensitive”) respond more strongly to mechanical skin stimuli than controls and show altered network connectivity. Capsaicin-sensitive subjects have a lower pain threshold and thus are more sensitive to mechanical skin stimuli. The intrinsic functional connectivity of their saliency network is higher, and the lower the GABAergic tone of the thalamus, the higher their pain sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. It seems that the increased communication between resting-state networks promotes a stronger perception of the sensory input signal. The results can be used to inform about actual risks (i.e., attention diversion and increased risk of accidents) and “pseudo” risks such as odor perception without a negative impact on one’s well-being. This way, uncertainties that still prevail in the health assessment of odorous and sensory irritating chemicals could be reduced.
Secretory Mucin 5AC Promotes Neoplastic Progression by Augmenting KLF4-Mediated Pancreatic Cancer Cell Stemness
Authors: Ganguly Koelina , Krishn Shiv Ram , Rachagani Satyanarayana , Jahan Rahat , Shah Ashu , Nallasamy Palanisamy , Rauth Sanchita , Atri Pranita , Cox Jesse L. , Pothuraju Ramesh , Smith Lynette M. , Ayala Sudhua , Evans Christopher , Ponnusamy Moorthy P. , Kumar Sushil , Kaur Sukhwinder , Batra Surinder K.
Published: October 2020

Secreted mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) is the most abundantly overexpressed member of the mucin family during early pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia stage I (PanIN-I) of pancreatic cancer. To comprehend the contribution of Muc5ac in pancreatic cancer pathology, we genetically ablated it in an autochthonous murine model (KrasG12D; Pdx-1cre, KC), which mirrors the early stages of pancreatic cancer development. Neoplastic onset and the PanIN lesion progression were significantly delayed in Muc5ac knockout (KrasG12D; Pdx-1 cre; Muc5ac−/−, KCM) animals with a 50% reduction in PanIN-2 and 70% reduction in PanIN-3 lesions compared with KC at 50 weeks of age. High-throughput RNA-sequencing analysis from pancreatic tissues of KCM animals revealed a significant decrease in cancer stem cell (CSC) markers Aldh1a1, Klf4, EpCAM, and CD133. Furthermore, the silencing of MUC5AC in human pancreatic cancer cells reduced their tumorigenic propensity, as indicated by a significant decline in tumor formation frequency by limiting dilution assay upon subcutaneous administration. The contribution of MUC5AC in CSC maintenance was corroborated by a significant decrease in tumor burden upon orthotopic implantation of MUC5AC-depleted pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, MUC5AC potentiated oncogenic signaling through integrin αvβ5, pSrc (Y416), and pSTAT3 (Y705). Phosphorylated STAT3, in turn, upregulated Klf4 expression, thereby enriching the self-renewing CSC population. A strong positive correlation of Muc5ac with Klf4 and pSTAT3 in the PanIN lesions of KC mouse pancreas reinforces the crucial involvement of MUC5AC in bolstering the CSC-associated tumorigenic properties of Kras-induced metaplastic cells, which leads to pancreatic cancer onset and progression.

Significance:

This study elucidates that de novo expression of MUC5AC promotes cancer cell stemness during Kras-driven pancreatic tumorigenesis and can be targeted for development of a novel therapeutic regimen.
Hormonal Regulation of Semaphorin 7a in ER+ Breast Cancer Drives Therapeutic Resistance
Authors: Crump Lyndsey S. , Wyatt Garhett L. , Rutherford Taylor R. , Richer Jennifer K. , Porter Weston W. , Lyons Traci R.
Published: October 2020

Approximately 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor–positive (ER+ breast cancer), and endocrine therapy has improved survival for patients with ER+ breast cancer. However, up to half of these tumors recur within 20 years. Recurrent ER+ breast cancers develop resistance to endocrine therapy; thus, novel targets are needed to treat recurrent ER+ breast cancer. Here we report that semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A) confers significantly decreased patient survival rates in ER+ breast cancer. SEMA7A was hormonally regulated in ER+ breast cancer, but its expression did not uniformly decrease with antiestrogen treatments. Additionally, overexpression of SEMA7A in ER+ cell lines drove increased in vitro growth in the presence of estrogen deprivation, tamoxifen, and fulvestrant. In vivo, SEMA7A conferred primary tumor resistance to fulvestrant and induced lung metastases. Prosurvival signaling was identified as a therapeutic vulnerability of ER+SEMA7A+ tumors. We therefore propose that targeting this pathway with inhibitors of survival signaling such as venetoclax may prove efficacious for treating SEMA7A+ tumors.

Significance:

SEMA7A predicts for and likely contributes to poor response to standard-of-care therapies, suggesting that patients with SEMA7A+ER+ tumors may benefit from alternative therapeutic strategies.
Effects of HER Family–targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity in HER2-expressing Breast Cancer
Authors: Collins Denis M. , Madden Stephen F. , Gaynor Nicola , AlSultan Dalal , Le Gal Marion , Eustace Alex J. , Gately Kathy A. , Hughes Clare , Davies Anthony M. , Mahgoub Thamir , Ballot Jo , Toomey Sinead , O'Connor Darran P. , Gallagher William M. , Holmes Frankie A. , Espina Virginia , Liotta Lance , Hennessy Bryan T. , O'Byrne Kenneth J. , Hasmann Max , Bossenmaier Birgit , O'Donovan Norma , Crown John
Published: October 2020

Purpose:

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one mechanism of action of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), like lapatinib, may have added therapeutic value in combination with mAbs through enhanced ADCC activity. Using clinical data, we examined the impact of lapatinib on HER2/EGFR expression levels and natural killer (NK) cell gene signatures. We investigated the ability of three TKIs (lapatinib, afatinib, and neratinib) to alter HER2/immune-related protein levels in preclinical models of HER2-positive (HER2+) and HER2-low breast cancer, and the subsequent effects on trastuzumab/pertuzumab-mediated ADCC.

Experimental Design:

Preclinical studies (proliferation assays, Western blotting, high content analysis, and flow cytometry) employed HER2+ (SKBR3 and HCC1954) and HER2-low (MCF-7, T47D, CAMA-1, and CAL-51) breast cancer cell lines. NCT00524303 provided reverse phase protein array–determined protein levels of HER2/pHER2/EGFR/pEGFR. RNA-based NK cell gene signatures (CIBERSORT/MCP-counter) post-neoadjuvant anti-HER2 therapy were assessed (NCT00769470/NCT01485926). ADCC assays utilized flow cytometry–based protocols.

Results:

Lapatinib significantly increased membrane HER2 levels, while afatinib and neratinib significantly decreased levels in all preclinical models. Single-agent lapatinib increased HER2 or EGFR levels in 10 of 11 (91%) tumor samples. NK cell signatures increased posttherapy (P = 0.03) and associated with trastuzumab response (P = 0.01). TKI treatment altered mAb-induced NK cell–mediated ADCC in vitro, but it did not consistently correlate with HER2 expression in HER2+ or HER2-low models. The ADCC response to trastuzumab and pertuzumab combined did not exceed either mAb alone.

Conclusions:

TKIs differentially alter tumor cell phenotype which can impact NK cell–mediated response to coadministered antibody therapies. mAb-induced ADCC response is relevant when rationalizing combinations for clinical investigation.
Association between Dialysis Modality and Infectious Diseases: Peritoneal Dialysis versus Hemodialysis
Authors: Banshodani Masataka , Kawanishi Hideki , Moriishi Misaki , Shintaku Sadanori , Tsuchiya Shinichiro
Published: October 2020

Introduction: For dialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease, infectious diseases (IDs) are the most common causes of hospitalization and death. However, the association between dialysis modality and IDs remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between the dialysis modality and IDs. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study compared the emergency hospitalization and mortality for IDs between peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. After propensity score matching, the risk factors were evaluated by the Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: A total of 260 patients were compared – 130 of 135 PD and 130 of 706 HD patients. When the modality-specific ID (PD-catheter ID/peritonitis- and vascular access-related ID) was excluded, no significant differences in emergency hospitalization and mortality rates for overall IDs were observed between the PD and HD groups. Serum ferritin (HR, 2.17; CI, 1.06–4.43; p = 0.03) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (HR, 1.24; CI, 1.01–1.52; p = 0.04) were significant predictors of emergency hospitalization for IDs, whereas age (HR, 1.12; CI, 1.05–1.19; p < 0.001), male (HR, 3.38; CI, 1.01–11.3; p = 0.048), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (HR, 6.87; CI, 2.18–21.7; p = 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (HR, 10.7; CI, 3.55–32.1; p < 0.001), and CCI (HR, 1.79; CI, 1.27–2.52; p < 0.001) were significant predictors of ID mortality. When modality-specific ID was included, the emergency hospitalization rate for overall IDs was higher in the PD groups, and PD was a significant predictor of emergency hospitalization for IDs, whereas no significant difference in mortality rate for overall IDs was found between the PD and HD groups. Conclusions: ID events were not associated with dialysis modality when modality-specific ID was excluded, whereas the risk of modality-specific IDs was higher in PD than HD. Serum ferritin and ALP as well as age, male sex, CRP, and CCI were the risk factors for ID events.
Diet and Activity Budget in Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii at Nabugabo, Uganda: Are They Energy Maximizers?
Authors: Arseneau-Robar T. Jean M. , Changasi Amtul H. , Turner Evan , Teichroeb Julie A.
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Colobine monkeys are specialized folivores that use foregut fermentation to digest leaves. The slow process of fermentation forces them to spend a lot of time resting and to minimize their energy expenditure to subsist on a lower-quality diet. Methods: We recorded the diet and activity budget of Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii, which form a three-tiered multi-level society, at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda, over 12 months using scan sampling on adults and subadults, to determine whether they utilize the energy minimization strategy typical of colobines. Results: We found that the annual diet was primarily comprised of high-quality food resources (young leaves 65% and fruit 31%), and fruits were the only plant part the monkeys selected when available. Both the fruits and young leaves of some species were preferred food items in some months, and mature leaf consumption correlated negatively with preferred food availability. Mature leaves appear to be a fallback food for this population but are rarely relied upon (3%). The C. a. ruwenzorii at Nabugabo spent less time resting (40%) and more time moving (25%) than is typical for other species of black-and-white colobus. Discussion/Conclusion: The high-quality diet of this population appears to allow them to utilize an energy maximization strategy. Their reliance on food items that tend to be clumped in space and time likely explains the frequent fission-fusion behaviour that we observe between core units. Our findings demonstrate that the foraging strategies of colobines may be more flexible than was previously thought and illustrate how food availability and distribution can impact primate social organization.
A Case of UDP-Galactose 4′-Epimerase Deficiency Associated with Dyshematopoiesis and Atrioventricular Valve Malformations: An Exceptional Clinical Phenotype Explained by Altered N-Glycosylation with Relative Preservation of the Leloir Pathway
Authors: Febres-Aldana Christopher A. , Pelaez Liset , Wright Meredith S. , Maher Ossama M. , Febres-Aldana Anthony J. , Sasaki Jun , Jayakar Parul , Jayakar Anuj , Diaz-Barbosa Magaly , Janvier Michelin , Totapally Bala , Salyakina Daria , Galvez-Silva Jorge R.
Published: October 2020

The generalized form of UDP-galactose-4′-epimerase (GALE) deficiency causes hypotonia, failure to thrive, cataracts, and liver failure. Individuals with non-generalized forms may remain asymptomatic with uncertain long-term outcomes. We report a 2-year-old child compound heterozygous for GALE p.R51W/p.G237D who never developed symptoms of classic galactosemia but has a history of congenital combined mitral and tricuspid valve malformation and pyloric stenosis, and presented with pancytopenia. Variant pathogenicity was supported by predictive computational tools and decreased GALE activity measured in erythrocytes. GALE function extends to the biosynthesis of glycans by epimerization of UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine and -glucosamine. Interrogation of the Gene Ontology consortium database revealed several putative proteins involved in normal hematopoiesis and atrioventricular valve morphogenesis, requiring N-glycosylation for adequate functionality. We hypothesize that by limiting substrate supply due to GALE deficiency, alterations in N-linked protein glycosylation can explain the patient’s phenotype.
Role of Platelets in Detection and Regulation of Infection
Authors: Portier Irina , Campbell Robert A.
Published: October 2020

Platelets are classically known as essential mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis. However, in recent years, platelets have gained recognition for their inflammatory functions, which modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. Platelets contain various immunoreceptors that enable them to act as sentinels to recognize intravascular pathogens. Upon activation, platelets directly limit pathogen growth through the release of AMPs (antimicrobial proteins) and ensure pathogen clearance through activation of immune cells. However, aberrant platelet activation can lead to inflammation and thrombotic events.
Genome-Wide Association Study Highlights
APOH
as a Novel Locus for Lipoprotein(a) Levels—Brief Report
Authors: Hoekstra Mary , Chen Hao Yu , Rong Jian , Dufresne Line , Yao Jie , Guo Xiuqing , Tsai Michael Y. , Tsimikas Sotirios , Post Wendy S. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Rotter Jerome I. , Larson Martin G. , Thanassoulis George , Engert James C.
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Lp(a) (lipoprotein[a]) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and plasma levels are primarily determined by variation at the
LPA
locus. We performed a genome-wide association study in the UK Biobank to determine whether additional loci influence Lp(a) levels.

Approach and Results:

We included 293 274 White British individuals in the discovery analysis. Approximately 93 095 623 variants were tested for association with natural log-transformed Lp(a) levels using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, genotype batch, and 20 principal components of genetic ancestry. After quality control, 131 independent variants were associated at genome-wide significance
(P
≤5×10
-8
). In addition to validating previous associations at
LPA
,
APOE
, and
CETP
, we identified a novel variant at the
APOH
locus, encoding β2GPI (beta2-glycoprotein I). The
APOH
variant rs8178824 was associated with increased Lp(a) levels (β [95% CI] [ln nmol/L], 0.064 [0.047–0.081];
P
=2.8×10
-13
) and demonstrated a stronger effect after adjustment for variation at the
LPA
locus (β [95% CI] [ln nmol/L], 0.089 [0.076–0.10];
P
=3.8×10
-42
). This association was replicated in a meta-analysis of 5465 European-ancestry individuals from the Framingham Offspring Study and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (β [95% CI] [ln mg/dL], 0.16 [0.044–0.28];
P
=0.0071).

Conclusions:

In a large-scale genome-wide association study of Lp(a) levels, we identified
APOH
as a novel locus for Lp(a) in individuals of European ancestry. Additional studies are needed to determine the precise role of β2GPI in influencing Lp(a) levels as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
Prevention of Complications in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Fordyce Christopher B. , Katz Jason N. , Alviar Carlos L. , Arslanian-Engoren Cynthia , Bohula Erin A. , Geller Bram J. , Hollenberg Steven M. , Jentzer Jacob C. , Sims Daniel B. , Washam Jeffrey B. , van Diepen Sean ,   On behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; and Stroke Council
Published: October 2020

Contemporary cardiac intensive care units (CICUs) have an increasing prevalence of noncardiovascular comorbidities and multisystem organ dysfunction. However, little guidance exists to support the development of best-practice principles specific to the CICU. This scientific statement evaluates strategies to avoid the potentially preventable complications encountered within contemporary CICUs, focusing on those that are most applicable to the CICU environment. This scientific statement reviews evidence-based practices derived in non–CICU populations, assesses their relevance to CICU practice, and highlights key knowledge gaps warranting further investigation to attenuate patient risk.
Troponin and Other Biomarker Levels and Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID‐19: Derivation and Validation of the HA
2
T
2
COVID‐19 Mortality Risk Score
Authors: Manocha Kevin K. , Kirzner Jared , Ying Xiaohan , Yeo Ilhwan , Peltzer Bradley , Ang Bryan , Li Han A. , Lerman Bruce B. , Safford Monika M. , Goyal Parag , Cheung Jim W.
Published: October 2020

Background

The independent prognostic value of troponin and other biomarker elevation among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are unclear. We sought to characterize biomarker levels in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 and develop and validate a mortality risk score.

Methods and Results

An observational cohort study of 1053 patients with COVID‐19 was conducted. Patients with all of the following biomarkers measured—troponin‐I, B‐type natriuretic peptide, C‐reactive protein, ferritin, and
d
‐dimer (n=446) —were identified. Maximum levels for each biomarker were recorded. The primary end point was 30‐day in‐hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used to construct a mortality risk score. Validation of the risk score was performed using an independent patient cohort (n=440). Mean age of patients was 65.0±15.2 years and 65.3% were men. Overall, 444 (99.6%) had elevation of any biomarker. Among tested biomarkers, troponin‐I ≥0.34 ng/mL was the only independent predictor of 30‐day mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 4.38;
P
<0.001). Patients with a mortality score using hypoxia on presentation, age, and troponin‐I elevation, age (HA
2
T
2
) ≥3 had a 30‐day mortality of 43.7% while those with a score <3 had mortality of 5.9%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the HA
2
T
2
score was 0.834 for the derivation cohort and 0.784 for the validation cohort.

Conclusions

Elevated troponin and other biomarker levels are commonly seen in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. High troponin levels are a potent predictor of 30‐day in‐hospital mortality. A simple risk score can stratify patients at risk for COVID‐19–associated mortality.
Spillover Effects of Early-Life Medical Interventions
Authors: Daysal N. Meltem , Simonsen Marianne , Trandafir Mircea , Breining Sanni
Published: October 2020

We investigate the effects of early-life medical treatments on the treated children and their families. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits changes in medical treatments across the very low birth weight (VLBW) cutoff. Using administrative data from Denmark, we establish that VLBW children have better health and higher test scores. We find that these benefits spill over to other family members: mothers enjoy better mental health, and siblings have higher test scores. Maternal mental health improvements seem to be driven by better focal child health and sibling spillovers by improved interactions within the family and parental compensating behavior.
“Let Me Take a Selfie”: Implications of Social Media for Public Perceptions of Wild Animals
Authors: Lenzi Christian , Speiran Siobhan , Grasso Chiara
Published: October 2020

Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.
“Confine Your Women!”: Diachronic Development of Islamic Interpretive Discourse on the Creation of Woman
Authors: von Schöneman Katja
Published: October 2020

This article explores the diachronic development of Islamic interpretive discourse on the Qurʾanic passage khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā, present in the first verse of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ and conventionally understood as the creation of the primeval couple, Adam and Eve. The analyses, performed within a theoretical framework of feminist discourse analysis, focus on ten medieval Sunni commentaries (tafāsīr) from the late third/ninth to the ninth/fifteenth centuries. The study reveals that the concept of nafs wāḥida, single soul, was interpreted as the first man, Adam, and the mate created from this soul, zawj, as Eve, the latter being created from the former’s rib in all the exegetic accounts examined. These elaborated exegetic suppositions on human creation were strengthened throughout the classical period of tafsīr. Interpretive information both accumulated and transformed in Islamic interpretive tradition through three discursive stages, characterised as normativisation, consolidation, and expanding the concept.
No edge effect on quantity of prey captured in the forest-dwelling tetragnathid orb spider Metellina mengei
Authors: Richards Madeline A. , Hesselberg Thomas
Published: October 2020

Among the most damaging anthropogenic effects for ecosystems is habitat fragmentation. One of its consequences is the creation of edges, which results in more exposed habitats that have different ecological and behavioural effects on the different species that live there. However, the nature and magnitude of these effects remain unknown for most of the animals and plants inhabiting these edge habitats. This study intends to determine if quantity of prey capture by a woodland population of the orb spider Metellina mengei is subjected to edge effects. By observing the prey capture of this species at edge and interior locations of a woodland, we found no significant effects of edge on the number of prey captured or the average prey length. Instead, we found that inclination of the web, but not web area or other measured web parameters, had a significant effect on prey capture. Therefore, this species of spider may be minimally affected by its location within the woodland and more affected by its surrounding microhabitat, which raises the possibility that non-specialised invertebrate predators could be less impacted by fragmentation than generally recognised.
Applicability of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book in Civil Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Al-Hyari Omar Hisham
Published: October 2020

In 2017, the FIDIC launched a new edition of its Red Book—a recommended construction-related contract for building and engineering works designed by the employer. The roots of this book were influenced by the common law legal system, whereas many countries follow the civil law legal system. Amongst the latter countries is the United Arab Emirates, which has attracted construction parties from all over the world. Those who wish to use the Red Book amongst such parties should be acquainted with the local limitations on its applicability. Such acquaintance can provide them with a proper understanding of their rights and obligations. This article discusses these limitations using the doctrinal research method, which included, inter alia, an examination of all relevant decisions by local higher courts during the 2009-2019 period. The discussion shows that such limitations can be confronted owing to conflicts with local judicial jurisprudence and/or mandatory statutory provisions.
New eremoneuran flies (Diptera: Eremoneura) from Cretaceous Charentese amber

Authors: JOUAULT CORENTIN , SOLÓRZANO-KRAEMER MÓNICA M. , PERRICHOT VINCENT
Published: October 2020

A new genus and two new species of Eremoneura are described from mid-Cretaceous amber of the Charentes region, in south-western France. Chimeromyia vulloi sp. nov., from early Cenomanian amber of Fouras, is the first record of Chimeromyiidae from France. It extends the geographical distribution of this family, which was hitherto known only from Cretaceous ambers of Lebanon, Spain, and Myanmar. A key to all known species of Chimeromyia is provided. Additionally, a specimen from latest Albian–earliest Cenomanian amber from Archingeay, which was studied using synchrotron imaging, is described as Francomyina incomparabilis gen. et sp. nov., and is left unassigned to family within Eremoneura. The affinities of both new species are discussed.
Philodendron guadarramanum (Araceae), a new species from Tabasco, Mexico

Authors: DÍAZ JIMÉNEZ PEDRO , AGUILAR-RODRÍGUEZ PEDRO A. , CROAT THOMAS B. , CEDEÑO-FONSECA MARCO , ALARCÓN MONTANO MARTIN , YOVEL YOSSI , MACSWINEY G. M. CRISTINA
Published: October 2020

We describe and illustrate Philodendron guadarramanum, a new species of Araceae from Tabasco, Mexico. This species grows in montane cloud forest and evergreen tropical rainforest at elevations between 700 and 1100 m. It is similar to Philodendron purulhense, but differs from that species by having petioles broadly and sharply sulcate adaxially, with an acute medial rib, leaf blades with more basal veins and more primary lateral veins per side, and inflorescences more numerous per axil.
Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) of the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais, Brazil, with six new species and taxonomic novelties

Authors: COTA MATHEUS MARTINS TEIXEIRA , RANDO JULIANA GASTALDELLO , MELLO-SILVA RENATO
Published: October 2020

Floras are still important for modern biodiversity studies, as they generate basic information, as well as improve understanding on the diversity of an area. This study aimed to the taxonomic study of the species of Chamaecrista from the Diamantina Plateau in Minas Gerais, Brazil, discussing morphological characteristics of the species and presenting taxonomic novelties. The work was based on the survey of herbaria collections, literature review and field expeditions. Descriptions, an identification key, illustrations of diagnostic features, photographic plates, and commentaries are presented for the 64 species of Chamaecrista from the Diamantina Plateau. Six new species are described, two lectotypifications (C. aurivilla and C. brachystachya) and one neotypification are made (C. echinocarpa), 11 new synonyms and taxonomic changes are proposed for C. astrochiton, C. claussenii, C. echinocarpa, C. exsudans, C. multipennis, and C. orbiculata. Chamaecrista sect. Xerocalyx is treated as a species complex with four taxa although more studies are needed to better understand this group.
Revisiting the Causal Connection between the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s and the Shutdown of Labrador Sea Deep Convection
Authors: Kim Who M. , Yeager Stephen , Danabasoglu Gokhan
Published: October 2020

The Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA) of the 1970s is the most pronounced decadal-scale low-salinity event observed in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA). Using various simulations with the Community Earth System Model, here we offer an alternative view on some aspects of the GSA. Specifically, we examine the relative roles of reduced surface heat flux associated with the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and extreme Fram Strait sea ice export (FSSIE) in the late 1960s as possible drivers of the shutdown of Labrador Sea (LS) deep convection. Through composite analysis of a long control simulation, the individual oceanic impacts of extreme FSSIE and surface heat flux events in the LS are isolated. A dominant role for the surface heat flux events for the suppression of convection and freshening in the interior LS is found, while the FSSIE events play a surprisingly minor role. The interior freshening results from reduced mixing of fresher upper ocean with saltier deep ocean. In addition, we find that the downstream propagation of the freshwater anomaly across the SPNA is potentially induced by the persistent negative NAO forcing in the 1960s through an adjustment of thermohaline circulation, with the extreme FSSIE-induced low-salinity anomaly mostly remaining in the boundary currents in the western SPNA. Our results suggest a prominent driving role of the NAO-related heat flux forcing for key aspects of the observed GSA, including the shutdown of LS convection and transbasin propagation of low-salinity waters.
Measurement of Small-Scale Surface Velocity and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rates Using Infrared Imaging
Authors: Metoyer Shelby , Barzegar Mohammad , Bogucki Darek , Haus Brian K. , Shao Mingming
Published: October 2020

Short-range infrared (IR) observations of ocean surface reveal complicated spatially varying and evolving structures. Here we present an approach to use spatially correlated time series IR images, over a time scale of one-tenth of a second, of the water surface to derive underlying surface velocity and turbulence fields. The approach here was tested in a laboratory using grid-generated turbulence and a heater assembly. The technique was compared with in situ measurements to validate our IR-derived remote measurements. The IR-measured turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates were consistent with in situ–measured dissipation using a vertical microstructure profiler (VMP). We used measurements of the gradient of the velocity field to calculate TKE dissipation rates at the surface. Based on theoretical and experimental considerations, we have proposed two models of IR TKE dissipation rate retrievals and designed an approach for oceanic field IR applications.
The Impact of Height-Independent Errors in State Variables on the Determination of the Daytime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth Using the Bulk Richardson Approach
Authors: Lee Temple R. , Pal Sandip
Published: October 2020

Rawinsonde observations have long been used to estimate the atmospheric boundary layer depth (BLD), which is an important parameter for monitoring air quality, dispersion studies, weather forecast models, and inversion systems for estimating regional surface–atmosphere fluxes of tracers. Although many approaches exist for deriving the BLDs from rawinsonde observations, the bulk Richardson approach has been found to be most appropriate. However, the impact of errors in the measured thermodynamic and kinematic fields on the estimated BLDs remains unexplored. We argue that quantifying BLD error (δBLD) estimates is equally as important as the BLDs themselves. Here we quantified δBLD by applying the bulk Richardson method to 35 years of rawinsonde data obtained from three stations in the United States: Sterling, Virginia; Amarillo, Texas; and Salt Lake City, Utah. Results revealed similar features in terms of their respective errors. A −2°C bias in temperature yielded a mean δBLD ranging from −15 to 200 m. A +2°C bias in temperature yielded a mean δBLD ranging from −214 to +18 m. For a −5% relative humidity bias, the mean δBLD ranged from −302 to +7 m. For a +5% relative humidity bias, the mean δBLD ranged from +2 to +249 m. Differences of ±2 m s−1 in the winds yielded BLD errors of ~±300 m. The δBLD increased as a function of BLD when introducing errors to the thermodynamic fields and decreased as a function of BLD when introducing errors to the kinematic fields. These findings expand upon previous work evaluating rawinsonde-derived δBLD by quantifying δBLD arising from rawinsonde-derived thermodynamic and kinematic measurements. Knowledge of δBLD is critical in, for example, intercomparison studies where rawinsonde-derived BLDs are used as references.
Gold Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Three-Dimensional Contour Imaging of an Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Khedr Amal A. , Sliem Mahmoud A. , Abdel-Harith Mohamed
Published: October 2020

In the present work, nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was used to analyze an aluminum alloy. Although LIBS has numerous advantages, it suffers from low sensitivity and low detection limits compared to other spectrochemical analytical methods. However, using gold nanoparticles helps to overcome such drawbacks and enhances the LIBS sensitivity in analyzing aluminum alloy in the current work. Aluminum was the major element in the analyzed samples (99.9%), while magnesium (Mg) was the minor element (0.1%). The spread of gold nanoparticles onto the Al alloy and using a laser with different pulse energies were exploited to enhance the Al alloy spectral lines. The results showed that Au NPs successfully improved the alloy spectral lines intensity by eight times, which could be useful for detecting many trace elements in higher matrix alloys. Under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, the Boltzmann plot was used to calculate the plasma temperature. Besides, the electron density was calculated using Mg and H lines at Mg(I) at 285.2 nm and Hα(I) at 656.2 nm, respectively. Three-dimensional contour mapping and color fill images contributed to understanding the behavior of the involved effects.
Effect of evening light exposure on sleep in bipolar disorder: A longitudinal analysis for repeated measures in the APPLE cohort
Authors: Esaki Yuichi , Obayashi Kenji , Saeki Keigo , Fujita Kiyoshi , Iwata Nakao , Kitajima Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Sleep disturbance, a core feature of bipolar disorder, is associated with residual mood symptoms, mood episode recurrence and suicide ideation. We investigated the effect of evening light exposure on sleep in patients with bipolar disorder.

Methods:

In this longitudinal analysis, we measured the sleep parameters of 207 outpatients with bipolar disorder using actigraphy at their homes for seven consecutive nights. We measured the white-light illuminance and the irradiance of each wavelength during the 4 hours before each participant’s bedtime. We used mixed-effect linear regression analysis for repeated measures to evaluate the effect of evening light exposure on subsequent sleep parameters.

Results:

The median white-light illuminance was 25.8 lux (interquartile range, 12.9–50.1 lux). In a multivariable model adjusted for potential confounders, we found higher white-light illuminance to be significantly associated with lower sleep efficiency (per log lux: 95% confidence interval = [−1.328, −0.133]; p = 0.017), prolonged sleep-onset latency (95% confidence interval = [0.006, 0.172]; p = 0.035) and longer wake after sleep onset (95% confidence interval = [1.104, 4.459]; p = 0.001). This effect size was larger in the younger age group (aged < 44 years) stratified by median age. Higher irradiance of the blue wavelength range was significantly associated with longer wake after sleep onset, a result similar to those for the green and red wavelength ranges.

Conclusion:

We observed significant associations between evening light exposure and subsequent sleep in patients with bipolar disorder. The effects of various light wavelengths on sleep in bipolar disorder require further investigation.
The crashworthiness performance of integrally woven sandwich composite panels made using natural and glass fibers
Authors: Dastan Tohid , Safian Aida , Sheikhzadeh Mohammad
Published: October 2020

As a way to save petroleum resources, considerable efforts were made in the last three decades to develop green composites. Green composites are a category of composite materials in which at least one phase (reinforcement or matrix) is made from renewable resources. An attempt was made to present a simple fabrication process to produce hollow integrally woven sandwich composites. In addition, the potential of jute fibers to be utilized as piles in the core of an integrally woven sandwich composite was assessed and compared to the counterparts made using glass fibers. The crashworthiness performances of integrally woven sandwich composite samples considering the effect of relative density, pile material and the presence of polyurethane foam were investigated through performing quasi-static flat-wise compression tests. Based on the findings, the foam-filled integrally woven sandwich composites exhibited stable compression load-displacement response and better energy absorption properties over pure foam, which make them appropriate for automobile interior components. Moreover, a computational cost-efficient finite element modeling was presented and subsequently validated with experimental results.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry
Authors: Shan T. , Tay F.R. , Gu L.
Published: October 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that utilizes machines to mimic intelligent human behavior. To appreciate human-technology interaction in the clinical setting, augmented intelligence has been proposed as a cognitive extension of AI in health care, emphasizing its assistive and supplementary role to medical professionals. While truly autonomous medical robotic systems are still beyond reach, the virtual component of AI, known as software-type algorithms, is the main component used in dentistry. Because of their powerful capabilities in data analysis, these virtual algorithms are expected to improve the accuracy and efficacy of dental diagnosis, provide visualized anatomic guidance for treatment, simulate and evaluate prospective results, and project the occurrence and prognosis of oral diseases. Potential obstacles in contemporary algorithms that prevent routine implementation of AI include the lack of data curation, sharing, and readability; the inability to illustrate the inner decision-making process; the insufficient power of classical computing; and the neglect of ethical principles in the design of AI frameworks. It is necessary to maintain a proactive attitude toward AI to ensure its affirmative development and promote human-technology rapport to revolutionize dental practice. The present review outlines the progress and potential dental applications of AI in medical-aided diagnosis, treatment, and disease prediction and discusses their data limitations, interpretability, computing power, and ethical considerations, as well as their impact on dentists, with the objective of creating a backdrop for future research in this rapidly expanding arena.
Clinical spectrum, aetiology and predictors of acute febrile encephalopathy at a tertiary hospital in south India – A prospective observational study
Authors: Job Manoj , Mathuram Alice J , Turaka Vijay P , Carey Ronald AB , Iyyadurai Ramya , Rajan Sudha J
Published: October 2020

Acute febrile encephalopathy is a common syndrome in the tropics with high mortality encountered by emergency physicians. In order to study the aetiology of acute febrile encephalopathy and its mortality and functional outcome over one year, data on all patients >18 years of age with short duration of fever (<14 days) and altered mental status were collected and followed up until one month after discharge. Non-infectious aetiology, found in 29%, portends a poor outcome.
Anger and confrontation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey in the UK
Authors: Smith Louise E , Duffy Bobby , Moxham-Hall Vivienne , Strang Lucy , Wessely Simon , Rubin G James
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To investigate factors associated with anger or confronting others due to COVID-19.

Design

Online cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Data were collected between 17 and 20 July 2020.

Participants

A total of 2237 participants living in the UK aged 16–75 years.

Main outcome measures

Reporting having had arguments, felt angry or fallen out with others because of COVID-19. Reporting having confronted or reported someone to the authorities, or that you had been confronted or reported to the authorities, for not wearing a face covering; not keeping your distance from others or being in too large a group; or alternatively following recommended measures too carefully. We used logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with anger and confrontation.

Results

Most participants reported having had arguments, feeling angry or fallen out with others because of COVID-19 (56%, n = 1255). Twenty-two percent (n = 500) of participants reported that they had confronted or reported someone. Fourteen percent (n = 304) of participants reported that they had been confronted or reported by someone. Confronting someone, having been confronted and feeling angry or having had arguments were strongly associated with each other. Anger and confrontation were associated with younger age, greater likelihood of experiencing significant financial difficulties due to the pandemic, greater perceived risk of COVID-19 and getting information about COVID-19 from social media.

Conclusions

Measures put in place to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have caused considerable strain. Increased support, clear messaging on the rationale for easing restrictions and combatting misinformation on social media may all help decrease tension.
First-degree atrioventricular block in acute anterior myocardial infarction
Authors: Zabeh Arvin , Jahanafrouz Masoumeh , Kazemi Babak , Pourafkari Leili , Davarmoin Ghiti , Separham Ahmad
Published: October 2020

Background

There is paucity of data regarding the prognostic implications of first-degree atrioventricular block in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction as a distinct group. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of prolonged PR interval with hospital clinical outcomes in patients with treated with thrombolysis.

Methods

Three hundred consecutive patients with a first acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing thrombolysis between October 2017 and March 2018, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups based on PR interval on admission: PR interval ≤200 ms, and PR interval > 200 ms. Hospital mortality and complications were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

Of the 300 patients, 26 (8.66%) had first-degree atrioventricular block on initial presentation. Overall, hospital death occurred in 20 (6.66%) patients. Patients with PR interval > 200 ms had a higher hospital mortality rate (26.9%) than those without (4.7%, p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, only left ventricular systolic function and PR interval were independent predictors of hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.031; 95% confidence interval: 1.008–1.056, p = 0.009 for PR interval).

Conclusion

In patients with a first acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis, first-degree atrioventricular block was associated with increased hospital mortality and a worse prognosis.
“It’s none of your business”: Adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets about their engagement in problem behaviors
Authors: Metzger Aaron , Romm Katelyn , Babskie Elizabeth , Alvis Lauren
Published: October 2020

Although parental knowledge of youth behavior is associated with less adolescent engagement in problem behaviors, many adolescents keep their engagement in various activities secret from their parents. However, less research has examined why youth keep secrets about their engagement in problematic activities. The current study examined adolescents’ reasons for keeping secrets from their parents regarding their engagement in problematic and multifaceted behaviors (alcohol use, risky cyber behaviors, problematic peer associations, and romantic behaviors), as well as the role of parental rules and youth age and gender on adolescents’ secrecy reasons. Participants were 161 parent-adolescent dyads (Adolescent Mage = 14.42, SD = 1.73, range = 12–18, 82% white, 60% female). The current study utilized a sample of adolescents who reported both engaging in the specific behavior and reported keeping secrets from their parents regarding their engagement in the behavior. Results demonstrate that adolescents’ reasons for secrecy differed across various forms of problematic and multifaceted behaviors. Additionally, both individual characteristics (adolescent gender and age) and parental rules (parent and teen report) were associated with adolescents’ secrecy reasoning. However, the pattern of these associations varied depending on the type of behaviors adolescents were keeping secret from their parents.
Early invasive strategy for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Li Ying , Wang Cuancuan , Nan Yue , Zhao Hui , Cao Zhongnan , Du Xinping , Wang Kuan
Published: October 2020

Objective

Patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) benefit from coronary intervention, but the optimal timing for an invasive strategy is not well defined. This study aimed to determine whether an early invasive strategy (<12 hours) is superior to a delayed invasive strategy.

Methods

Twelve studies of nine randomized, controlled trials of 8586 patients were included.

Results

There were no significant differences in all-cause death (risk ratio [95% confidence interval]) (0.90, [0.77–1.06), re-myocardial infarction (re-MI) (0.95 [0.70–1.29]), major bleeding (0.97 [0.77–1.23]), and refractory ischemia (0.74 [0.53–1.05]) when we compared use of early and delayed invasive strategies. Furthermore, analysis of the effect of the chosen strategy on high-risk patients showed that the rate of composite death or re-MI was significantly decreased in patients with either a Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score >140 or with elevated troponin levels (risk ratio 0.82 [0.72–0.92]; risk ratio 0.84 [0.76–0.93], respectively).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis shows that an early angiographic strategy does not improve clinical outcome in patients with NSTE-ACS. An early invasive strategy might reduce the rate of composite death or re-MI in high-risk patients with GRACE risk scores >140 or elevated cardiac markers.