bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protozoan Infections
Authors: Van Voorhis Wesley C
Published: January 2021

Protozoans cause a number of important infectious diseases. This chapter discusses malaria, babesiosis, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis; in addition, the chapter describes the intestinal protozoan infections caused by Giardia lamblia; Dientamoeba fragilis; Entamoeba histolytica; Blastocystis hominis; the coccidial organisms Cystoisospora belli, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora cayetanensis; Balantidium coli; and microsporidia. Figures illustrate the taxonomy of pathogenic protozoans; the life cycle of malaria; identification of species of malaria based on forms seen on blood smears; Babesia parasites in erythrocytes; the life cycle, tachyzoites, and tissue cysts ofToxoplasma gondii; G. lamblia trophozoites and cysts; a D. fragilis trophozoite; E. histolytica cyst and trophozoite forms; Entamoeba coli; clinical involvement in amebiasis; B. hominis; cysts of Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Cystoisospora; Acanthamoeba polyphaga cyst and histopathologic features; histopathology of Naeglaria meningoencephalitis;Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis cutaneous infection; amastigotes of Old World leishmaniasis; the insect vector for Chagas disease; Romaña sign in acute Chagas disease;Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei. Tables list the differentiating features of Plasmodium species that cause malaria; dosages, principal side effects, and main limitations of antimalarial drugs; and forms of New World leishmaniasis. A sidebar provides Internet links on protozoan infection. 
This review contains 22 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 121 references.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Principles In Allergy
Authors: Grayson Mitchell H. , Mustillo Peter
Published: January 2021

The incidence of allergic diseases, like asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergy, is increasing in Westernized countries. This chapter discusses the importance of taking a careful and focused history and physical examination, as well as the laboratory studies that can be used to demonstrate the presence of allergic sensitization. Treatment for allergic disease is discussed, with an emphasis on new biologic therapies that have been developed. Finally, the chapter explores relatively new studies on the potential for interventions to prevent food allergy. 

Allergy is defined as an untoward physiologic event mediated by immune mechanisms, usually involving the interaction between an allergen and the allergic antibody, immunoglobulin E (IgE). Allergic reactions typically occur due to exposure to either airborne allergens, foods, drugs, chemicals, or Hymenoptera (such as wasps, bees and fire ants). Allergies manifest in numerous ways, including allergic asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria, eczema, and in its most severe form, anaphylaxis.

This review contains 4 videos, 5 figures, 4 tables and 42 references
Key Words: Delayed allergic reaction (Alpha-gal), Allergy diagnosis, Measurement of specific IgE, Allergy and asthma therapies, Anticytokine therapy (dupilumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab), AntiIgE therapy (omalizumab), Allergy skin testing, Basophil histamine release assay
Liver and Pancreas Transplantation
Authors: Thompson Julie A , Kukla Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

More than 6,000 liver transplantations are performed annually in the United States. Enhancements in patient selection and surgical technique and the availability of more powerful immunosuppressive agents have resulted in steady improvement in patient survival. As a result, liver transplantation has been accepted as the standard of care for patients with severe acute or chronic liver disease in whom conventional modalities of therapy have failed. The major obstacle to patients receiving the procedure is the critical shortage of donor organs. Many more recipients of liver transplantation are now receiving the bulk of their care from general internists, gastroenterologists, and primary care physicians. As a result, recognition of potential long-term complications and the need for appropriate immunizations and regular screening visits have become increasingly important. This chapter discusses who qualifies as a candidate for liver transplantation, contraindications to transplantation, timing of transplantation, operative procedures, complications of transplantation (e.g., perioperative and surgical complications, immunologic complications, infectious complications, complications of medical and immunosuppressive therapy, and disease-specific complications), and transplantation outcome. Pancreas transplantation, which aims at providing physiologic insulin replacement, is a therapy that reliably achieves euglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The discussion of pancreas transplantation focuses on topics such as evaluation of candidates for transplantation (including islet transplantation); contraindications to transplantation; operative procedures; outcome survival; and the effect of transplantation on disorders associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The figures show estimated 3-month survival as a function of the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, the sections of the liver that can be used for transplantation, an algorithm for evaluation of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus being considered for pancreas transplantation, and an illustration of enteric drainage technique used in whole pancreas transplantation. The tables provide the common indications for liver transplantation, the scoring system for the Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification of liver disease severity, drug interactions with immunosuppressants, and immunization recommendations for liver transplant patients. This chapter contains 4 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, 101 references, 5 MCQs, and 1 teaching slide set.
Allergic Reactions to Hymenoptera
Authors: Golden David B. K.
Published: January 2021

Allergic reactions to insect venom can occur in individuals of all ages and may be preceded by a number of uneventful stings. These allergic reactions can be fatal. In the United States, at least 40 deaths due to insect stings occur each year; this number may be higher as some unexplained deaths may be caused by insect stings. This review details the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and acute and preventive treatment for allergic reactions to Hymenoptera. Figures show the honeybee, the European hornet, the Eastern yellow jacket, the red imported fire ant, the paper wasp, and the appearance of a pustule resulting from the sting of a fire ant. Tables list the risk of systemic reactions and clinical recommendations based on reaction to previous stings and venom skin test or serum immunoglobulin E test results, stinging insects of the order Hymenoptera, risk factors for severe reactions to stings, and risk factors for relapse after discontinuing venom immunotherapy.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 62 references.
Chronic Kidney Failure and Dialysis
Authors: Durvasula Raghu V , Himmelfarb Jonathan
Published: January 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome arising from progressive kidney injury, formerly known as chronic renal failure, chronic renal disease, and chronic renal insufficiency. It is classified into five stages based primarily on glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This article discusses the epidemiology of CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis. The section on diagnosis looks at clinical manifestations and physical findings, laboratory (and other) tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. A short section on differential diagnosis is followed by a discussion of treatment, including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Long-term complications of patients on dialysis include cardiovascular disease, renal osteodystrophy, dialysis-related amyloidosis, and acquired cystic disease (renal cell carcinoma). The final section addresses prognosis and socioeconomic burden. Figures include the classification system for CKD, prevalence of CKD in the United States, rising prevalence, risk of, and leading causes of ESRD in the United States, plus the changing prevalence of ESRD over time, clinical manifestations of uremia, and an overview of hemodialysis circuit. Tables look at the burden of CKD relative to other chronic disorders, the specific hereditary causes of kidney disease, and situations when serum creatinine does not accurately predict GFR. Other tables list equations for estimating GFR, the causes of CKD without shrunken kidneys, and clinical features distinguishing chronic kidney disease from acute kidney injury. ESRD and indications for initiation of dialysis are presented, as well as typical composition of dialysate and reasons for failure of peritoneal dialysis. This chapter contains 71 references.
Ectopic Pregnancy and Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Levens Eric D. , DeCherney Alan H.
Published: January 2021

Ectopic pregnancy, the implantation of an embryo outside the endometrial cavity, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the first trimester. The embryo may be implanted in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdomen, or cervix, with the fallopian tubes being the site of implantation in 95% of cases. If left untreated, ectopic pregnancy can result in rupture of the fallopian tube, which can lead to hemorrhagic shock and death. The signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy and diagnosis and treatment are detailed in the chapter. Spontaneous abortion, defined as a natural termination of a pregnancy before 20 weeks’ gestation, occurs in almost 30% of known pregnancies and an estimated 50% of all conceptions. Causes include genetic, environmental, endocrine, and immunologic factors; anatomic abnormalities; antiphospholipid syndrome; and polycystic ovary syndrome. 
This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables, and 42 references.
Keywords: Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, early pregnancy loss, vaginal spotting
Approach to the Patient with Benign Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Sloan J Mark , Seldin David C
Published: January 2021

Hematology principally concerns the function and disorders of the formed elements of the blood—red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets—as well as those factors governing hemostasis. Hematologists have been a powerful force in basic biomedical and translational research. Their work, propelled partly by the ease of collection of blood and bone marrow for study, has enabled an understanding of many blood disorders at a fundamental molecular level. Techniques developed for the study of hematology are often adopted by other disciplines. This chapter discusses the anatomy of the hematopoietic system, hematopoiesis and the bone marrow, physical examination of the hematology patient, evaluation of the complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear, and coagulation. Tables delineate CBC parameters with normal ranges; peripheral smear findings, descriptions, and RBC indices and significance; laboratory findings in erythrocytosis; diseases commonly associated with eosinophilia and useful workup; common medications strongly associated with thrombocytopenia; and the 4Ts score for determining pretest probability of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Figures depict the three fractions of centrifuged blood, the lymph node, hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy procedure, architecture of the bone marrow microenvironment, petechiae, WBC types found in the smear of peripheral blood, the direct antiglobulin test, myeloid cells, and the coagulation system.
This review contains 10 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 40 references.
The Clinical Use of Nonimaging Exercise Stress Testing
Authors: Kumar Aswini , Muthuswamy Brinda , Duvall W Lane , Thompson Paul D
Published: January 2021

Exercise stress testing is an exceptionally useful cardiovascular test providing a wealth of information that can be used in patient management. It can be used in the diagnosis and/or management of chest pain, hypertension, arrhythmia, and heart failure.  Non-imaging exercise stress testing not only helps evaluate the etiology of clinical symptoms but also provides an opportunity to evaluate ECG changes with exercise, total exercise capacity, heart rate response or chronotropic index, blood pressure response, heart rate recovery, and to make estimates of the risk of coronary artery disease using tools such as the Duke Treadmill Score.  These parameters, individually and collectively, provide valuable information on the likelihood of disease and an individual’s prognosis. In addition, exercise testing is inexpensive, quick and widely available compared to imaging studies. 
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 68 references. 
Keywords: blood pressure response, chronotropic incompetence, coronary artery disease, Duke Treadmill Score, exercise physiology metabolic equivalents (METs), exercise stress test, exercise treadmill test, exercise-induced hypertension, heart rate recovery, maximal exercise capacity, ST-segment deviation
Movement Disorders
Authors: Robottom Bradley J. , Hawley Jason S. , Weiner William J.
Published: January 2021

The term movement disorders encompasses a wide range of conditions that cause abnormal movements. This review discusses hypokinetic movement disorders, including bradykinesia, akinesia, akinetic rigid syndrome, and Parkinsonism, an akinetic rigid syndrome that is one of the most common of all the movement disorders which is most often a manifestation of Parkinson disease (PD). The review looks at the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of PD. Other parkinsonian syndromes include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, multiple system atrophy, vascular parkinsonism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, drug-induced parkinsonism, and dementia associated with Parkinson disease. Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremor, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and chorea. They include Huntington disease, Wilson disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, and essential tremor. Figures in this review include examples of generalized dystonia, moderate parkinson disease, affected handwriting, Kayser-Fleischer ring, cervical dystonia, head deviation, and writer's cramp. Tables provide clinical definitions, clues to drug-induced parkinsonism, and a list of drugs that can cause parkinsonism. This review contains 129 references.
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Authors: Amato Anthony A , Salajegheh Mohammad Kian
Published: January 2021

The three main components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) include the presynaptic region, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic region. The NMJ acts as an interface between the motor nerve and muscle by converting the motor nerve electric currents into chemical signals and then back into electric currents in the muscle. This chapter reviews electrodiagnostic testing in NMJ disorders, including repetitive nerve stimulation and single-fiber electromyography. Myasthenia gravis, congenital myasthenic syndromes, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, botulism, and organophosphate poisoning and other toxins are discussed, including epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis. Tables include an overview of neuromuscular disorders, drugs with adverse effects on the NMJ, common immunomodulatory agents used for treatment of myasthenia gravis, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and toxins and venoms. Figures illustrate the NMJ structure and function, structure of the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions, electrodiagnostic studies in NMJ disorders, and dysfunction of the NMJ in acetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis.
This chapter contains 5 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, 65 references, and 5 MCQs.
Acute Viral Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L. , Brosch Jared R.
Published: January 2021

Acute viral meningitis refers to inflammation of the meninges of the brain in response to a viral pathogen. Viruses cause meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, or a combination of these, meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. Viral meningitis is typically a self-limited disorder with no permanent neurologic sequelae. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Tables describe Wallgren’s criteria for aseptic meningitis, important arboviral infections found in North America, herpes family viruses and meningitis, classic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities with viral meningitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for confirming arboviral meningitis, basic CSF studies for viral meningitis, and etiology of CSF pleocytosis. Figures depict common causes of viral meningitis, nuchal rigidity, examination for Kernig sign, and Brudzinski sign for meningeal irritation.
This chapter contains 4 figures, 12 tables, 19 references
Keywords: Meningitis, viral infection, encephalitis, enterovirus, herpesvirus, lumbar puncture, arbovirus, aseptic meningitis, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign
Neurology of Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Rosenbaum Richard B.
Published: January 2021

This review examines the neurologic complications of several rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and related diseases, vasculitis, spinal osteoarthritis and spondylosis, and primary Sjögren syndrome. Tables describe the categories of neurologic complications of lupus, the prevalence of neurologic manifestations among patients with lupus, distribution of nerve involvement among patients with mononeuritis multiplex caused by microscopic polyangiitis, sensitivity of combined superficial peroneal nerve and peroneus brevis muscle in patients with suspected vasculitis, sites of central nervous system involvement among patients with parenchymal neuro-Behçet syndrome, and localization of cervical radiculopathy. Figures include a radiograph of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, magnetic resonance imaging showing diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement and the cervical patient with lupus, and photographs of a muscle biopsy of a patient with vasculitis nephropathy and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy secondary to temporal arteritis.
This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables, and 77 references
Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, vasculitis, spinal osteoarthritis, spondylosis, Sjögren syndrome, neurologic deficit, radiculopathy, Sciatica
Surgical Management of Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Ofshteyn Asya , Popowich Daniel
Published: January 2021

Fecal incontinence is a common yet socially stigmatized condition that results from a complex interplay of various etiologies. In commonly seen scenarios, obstetric injuries can result in fecal incontinence after assisted or uncomplicated vaginal births and can become symptomatic years after delivery. Postpartum women may initially present to their obstetrician-gynecologist or urogynecologist with fecal incontinence symptoms and require appropriate evaluation, initial management, and possible referral to further specialists. This chapter outlines the surgical assessment, work-up, and management of fecal incontinence.

This review contains 21 figures, 1 tables, and 97 references.
Keywords: Fecal incontinence, postpartum complications, pudendal nerve neuropathy, anal sphincter injury, operative management, preoperative workup, sacral nerve stimulation, MRI defecography, endanal ultrasound
Biology of Aging
Authors: Bharadia Deepak , Minasian Raquel , Sinha Indranil
Published: January 2021

With aging, there are multiple internal and external factors that are associated with age-related changes in skin and soft tissue.  As Plastic Surgeons, we very commonly evaluate and treat elderly patients, often offering ‘anti-aging’ treatments.  An understanding of the science behind aging as well as common patterns of change seen in soft tissue may allow us to refine our treatments.  This review provides an overview of mechanisms underlying aging, as well common clinical scenarios with aging regarding anatomic sites commonly treated by Plastic Surgeons including the face, breast, and abdomen.  Separately, we discuss aging associated changes to specific tissue types, including skin, fat, muscle, and bone.  Knowledge of factors related to aging and concepts related to safe interventions to reverse or mitigate age-related changes and integral to our ability to care for the elderly population.
 
This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables and 69 references
Key Words : Cellular senescence, mitochondrial theory, free radical theory, inflammation, protein damage hypothesis, glycation hypothesis, atrophy, lipotoxicity, rhytids, involution
Microtia and Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Kaufman-Goldberg Tal , Ganske Ingrid M. , Rogers-Vizena Carolyn R.
Published: January 2021

Microtia is a congenital anomaly where the ear is smaller than normal and often missing its usual architecture. It is frequently accompanied by conductive hearing loss. Severity of microtia is highly variable. It can be an isolated anomaly, associated with other findings, or part of a syndrome. A coordinated approach is warranted to manage both aesthetic and functional concerns. Hearing rehabilitation options include bone conducting hearing aids that can be implanted or worn with a headband, and construction of the auditory canal for suitable candidates. Three treatment options for auricular construction should be considered. First, autologous construction that involves costal cartilage harvest, framework creation and implantation, lobule transposition, tragal and conchal construction, and ear elevation. Brent’s and Nagata’s methods are described, however various modifications exist. Second, alloplastic construction, as pioneered by Reinisch, consisting of a porous polyethylene framework covered by a temporoparietal facia flap, local flaps and skin grafts. Third, auricular prosthesis, mainly those retained with osseointegrated implants, that is an alternative to plastic surgery and suitable for certain microtia patients. Options are reviewed along with their advantages and disadvantages. 
 This review contains 5 tables, 10 figures, and 50 references
Key Words: microtia, anotia, ear construction, auricle construction, autologous ear construction, alloplastic ear construction, ear prosthesis, hearing rehabilitation
Female Pelvic Pain: Assessment
Authors: Castellanos Mario , King Louise P
Published: January 2021

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women is responsible for greater than 10% of referrals to gynecologists. A majority of them will remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated. Over time, CPP may lead to a syndrome that results in disability, loss of employment, and discord within relationships. This review discusses how to achieve a comprehensive assessment of CPP from a variety of causes.

This review contains 12 figures, 2 tables and 57 references
Key Words: dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, pelvic floor dysfunction, pelvic pain, pudendal neuralgia, somatic pain, visceral pain
Endoscopic Correction of Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Garcia-Roig Michael , Kirsch Andrew J.
Published: January 2021

Management of vesicoureteral reflux may involve a period of observation while the patient is on continuous antibiotic prophylaxis while awaiting spontaneous resolution. There are several indications for surgical correction that include non-resolution after a period of observation, parent preference, or breakthrough infections while on antibiotic prophylaxis, just to name a few. Endoscopic injection for correction of vesicoureteral reflux is an effective, minimally invasive method of treatment. Successful treatment is dependent on surgical technique, with a success rate of 77 to 94% with the double hydrodistension implantation technique (HIT) and uniform endpoints of injection. We aim to describe the double HIT technique for endoscopic injection along with tips and tricks for a successful result.  

 
This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables and 26 references

Keywords: Vesicoureteral reflux, minimally invasive, febile urinary tract infection, voiding cystourethrogram, deflux, dextranomer/hyaluronic acid, children, cystoscopy, pyelonephritis, endoscopy
Urothelial Carcinoma: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Diagnosis
Authors: Hutchinson Ryan , Lotan Yair
Published: January 2021

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the primary cancer arising from the lining of the urinary tract. It is a costly disease to manage both for individual patients and the healthcare system as a whole. We present a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostic pathway currently used in the management of this disease and examine current trends and avenues forward. Epidemiologically, the disease varies widely worldwide, both in frequency and in causation. Multiple agents including tobacco use, industrial exposures, Schistosoma infection, and herbal medicines all cause UCs with unique attributes. Current diagnostic management is the result of decades of technologic advancement in urology and continues to rapidly evolve both with respect to surgical devices and molecular biomarkers. Both strategies are giving providers better information to make treatment decisions than ever before. We hope to provide the reader a timely overview of these aspects of UCs and provide a strong introductory fund of knowledge that will be useful both in clinical and academic practices.
 
This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables, and 49 references
Key Words: biomarkers, bladder tumor, cancer staging, cystoscopy, diagnostic modalities, epidemiology, pathogenesis, tobacco smoking, urine cytology, urothelial carcinoma
Medical Management of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Vascular Surgery Patients
Authors: Chung Jayer
Published: January 2021

There is an epidemic of cardiovascular disease in the United States, which is responsible for approximately one death every 40 seconds in the United States. Whereas the overall mortality attributable to cardiovascular disease is decreasing, the overall prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors is increasing. Optimal management of atherosclerotic risk factors can have profound effects on morbidity and mortality after vascular surgical procedures. This review covers risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis; the evaluation of patients with vascular disease; management of tobacco abuse, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and antiplatelet agents; and perioperative medical management concerns in vascular surgery. Tables highlight investigational biomarkers for atherosclerosis, behavioral modification recommendations to be used to improve smoking cessation, Eighth Joint National Committee guidelines for blood pressure management, definitions of high- and moderate-intensity statin therapy, and potential future areas of research. Algorithms lay out the effects of cigarette smoke, the proposed mechanism of statin pleiotropy as it pertains to the vasculature, and the proposed mechanisms of the role of hyperglycemia in atherogenesis.
This review contains 3 figures, 6 tables, and 79 references.
Vicisitudes de la labor docente en un contexto de violencia por el crimen organizado
Authors: Herrera Mijangos Santos Noé , Luna Reyes Dayana , Escobar Torres Jorge Gonzalo , Serrano Díaz Janet
Published: January 2021

La institución educativa tiene el mandato social de transmitir la cultura de la comunidad que la sostiene, pero en muchas ocasiones olvidan su función básica porque padecen de violencias, marginación y pobreza, entre otras problemáticas. La metodología de esta investigación es cualitativa, de corte descriptivo e interpretativo. El objetivo consistió en describir las diversas violencias externas e internas que sufren los profesores de un Colegio de Bachillerato Tecnológico ubicado en el Estado de México. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad y grupos focales, así como observaciones naturalistas sustentadas en el análisis institucional, también conocido como etnografía escolar. Los resultados evidencian violencia externa perpetrada por el crimen organizado, así como violencia interna ejercida por el director y los estudiantes. Ambas cuestiones generan que los profesores cedan en su labor docente por las amenazas de algunos delincuentes y ante la incompetencia del Estado, la laxitud de las normas institucionales, la falta de apoyo de la sociedad, los directivos y los padres de familia. Las violencias en la institución de análisis son un reflejo de la dinámica social, económica y política, similar a los resultados encontrados en otras investigaciones del país. La escuela tiene episodios alarmantes de violencia, al igual que muchas otras alrededor del mundo, y ha alcanzado un estatuto de naturalización como fenómeno social. De igual manera, se advierte cómo la educación formal pierde importancia en términos de movilidad social para los estudiantes debido a las ganancias económicas que obtienen de forma inmediata por participar con el crimen organizado.
Sintesis dan Karakteristik Struktur, Sifat Fisis, dan Sifat Mekanik Komposit Aspal Silika dengan Variasi Komposisi Aspal Silika (20%:80%wt; 15%:85%wt; 10%:90%wt)
Authors:   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Widwiyantoro Enang , Sembiring Simon ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Syafriadi Syafriadi ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Suprihatin Suprihatin ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141
Published: January 2021

Synthesis and characterization of asphalt silica composites with various compositions have been carried out 20%: 80%wt; 15%: 85%wt; 10%: 90%wt. Silica synthesis was carried out using the sol-gel method. The materials used are rice husks, solid asphalt, distilled water, gasoline, NaOH 1,5% and HNO3 10%. This research was conducted for knowing the effect variations composition of asphalt silica on the phase structure, physical, and mechanical properties. The results of characterization asphalt silica composites with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) obtained nothing change of phase and so that the phase structure still amorphous that consist of amorph silica and amorph carbon. The result of water adsorbent testing obtained that all variation was infest the standard, which was above 10%. The result compressive strength testing obtained the variation 15%:85%wt got the highest value amount 47,55 Mpa.
Analisis Potensi Energi Listrik Pikohidro dari Sumber Air Pegunungan Serta Upaya Peningkatan Daya Listrik dengan Memanfaatkan Rangkaian Joule Thief
Authors:   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Soleh Ahmad Badrus , Supriyanto Amir ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141, Surtono Arif ,   Departement of Physics, University of Lampung, Indonesia, 35141
Published: January 2021

The research about picohydro power plant system has been developed in recent years. However, there is a problem in output power when using too small water debit on it. Output power can improved with a generator module and joule thief module. The generator module uses a turbine that the diameter is 4 cm to drive a permanent magnet generator while the joule thief module consists of a charger controller to control charging process of battery, 3200 mAh lithium-ion battery for storing electric power generated by the generator and a joule thief circuit to increase the electrical power that stored in the battery. This device has been tested by using 7 variations of water debit that is 0.06 liters/second, 0.066 liters/second, 0.071 liters/second, 0.077 liters/second, 0.093 liters/second, 0.138 liters/second, and 0.14 liters/second. The results showed that the increasement of power generated when water debit are increased. The maximum power generated in this power generation system is 7.75 W and its able to supply power for LED lights 220 V 3 W for 165 minutes.
Revisión del baremo de acceso al Cuerpo de Catedráticos de Enseñanza Secundaria en Educación Física: otra medalla para el deporte de élite
Authors: Rodríguez de la Cruz Julio César
Published: January 2021

El ingreso en el Cuerpo de Catedráticos de Enseñanza Secundaria ha estado paralizado en Castilla y León durante más de veinte años. Ha sido un largo periodo en el que los profesores de Secundaria han tenido coartadas sus posibilidades de promoción interna a un nivel de desempeño profesional superior.

Aunque el curso 2019-2020 ha supuesto una reactivación del proceso de acceso a la condición de Catedrático de Enseñanza Secundaria, la convocatoria oficial ofertada ha suscitado algunas críticas en varios sectores educativos. Partiendo de una breve aproximación a la figura del Catedrático, el objeto principal de este artículo es revisar esas críticas y sacar a la luz otras relacionadas con el baremo de méritos publicado, en el que el deporte de élite vuelve a cobrar protagonismo en la Educación Física escolar.
SAGA GIS for Information Extraction on Presence and Conditions of Vegetation of Northern Coast of Iceland Based on the Landsat TM
Authors: Lemenkova Polina
Published: January 2021

The paper aims to evaluate the presence and condition of vegetation by SAGA GIS. The study area covers northern coasts of Iceland including two fjords, the Eyjafjörður and the Skagafjörður, prosperous agricultural regions. The vegetation coverage in Iceland experience the impact of harsh climate, land use, livestock grazing, glacial ablation and volcanism. The data include the Landsat TM image. The methodology is based on computing raster bands for simulating Tassel Cap Transformation (wetness, greenness and brightness) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) sensitive to high biomass. The results include modelled three bands of brightness, greenness and wetness. Greenness variation shows the least values in ice-covered areas (-56.98 to -18.69). High values (-23.48 to 9.12) are in the valleys with dense vegetation, correlating with the geomorphology of the river network, the vegetation-free areas and ocean which corresponds to the peak of 30.87 to 41.19. The bell-shaped data distribution shows frequency 43.19–141.74 for vegetation indicating healthy state and canopy density. Maximal values are in ice-covered regions and glaciers (64°N-65°N). Very low values (0 to -20) show desertification and mountainous rocks. Moderate values (20-40) indicate healthy vegetation. The most frequent data: -28,17 to 11,8. The EVI shows data variations (-0.14 to 0.04). The study contributes both to the regional studies of Arctic Iceland and methodological approach of remote sensing data processing by SAGA GIS.
Staphylococcus Sp. Strain MY 83295F: A Potential P,P’-DDT-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Pesticide Contaminated Soil
Authors: Murtala Ya’u , Nwanguma Bennett C , Ezeanyika Lawrence Us
Published: January 2021

Although DDT has been on the ban list by the Stockholm Convention for its environmental degradation, still a wave of emerging shreds of evidence has proved its circulation in developing countries. The intensity of environmental degradation and human health problems posed by residual DDT and its metabolites become of serious ecological concern, warranting a search for novel strains with a capacity to biodegrade these environmental contaminants. A new strain of the genus Staphylococcus was isolated from pesticide-contaminated soil. The 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analyses were used to identify the isolate and the 16S rRNA partial gene sequence was deposited in the NCBI GenBank as Staphylococcus sp. strain MY 83295F. The isolate was capable of growing in up to 60 mg L−1 of p,p’-DDT as the sole carbon source at an optimum pH of 6.5 and optimum temperature of 30°C within 120 h. Zn2+ has demonstrated a stimulatory effect on the growth of the strain in p,p’-DDT containing medium. However, Fe, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, and Cr ions showed inhibitory effects on the strain’s growth in the medium. The strain could be a handy tool for the bio-cleansing of residual p,p’-DDT in the contaminated environment.
Protective Effect of Naturally-Derived Antioxidants Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity: A Review
Authors: Rahaman Md. Mizanur , Sharmin Shabnam , Atolani Olubunmi , Adeyemi Oluyomi Stephen , Islam Mohammad Torequl
Published: January 2021

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drug known to induce hepatotoxicity when consumed in excess. Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidation of cellular proteins and enzymes are directly involved in its toxic mechanisms. However, antioxidants can be helpful to inhibit or restrict the oxidative damage. Besides synthetic antioxidants, naturally-derived substances can be used to serve the purpose. In this paper, a thorough literature review revealed that APAP combined with food-derived natural antioxidants exhibit a protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
Preliminary Study of the Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on a Semi-Natural Grassland in Vlăhiţa, Harghita Mountains, Romania
Authors: Molnár Katalin , Nyárádi Imre-István , Bíró-Janka Béla , Simó István , Bálint János , Domokos Erzsébet
Published: January 2021

The aim of the research was to examine the effect of different fertilizers on the floristic composition and biomass yield of the semi-natural grassland used as hayfield near Vlăhița locality (Harghita County, Romania) in order to improve its management. In the same time the qualitative structure of the studied grassland was evaluated after the first application of the fertilizers. The vegetation survey was made before mowing, and a total of 84 plant taxa were identified. The studied plant community belongs to the associationFestuco-Agrostetum capillarisHorv. 1951. From the 31 fodder species, 13 had very good or good nutritional value. The qualitative structure analysis indicates that the vegetation has developed under moderate anthropogenic pressure. Beside the Euro-Asian elements the Circumpolar and the Cosmopolite elements were well represented. Many species with high tolerance for temperature, soil pH, and soil mineral nitrogen content were registered. After the first application of fertilizers in all treated plots the biodiversity increased compared to the control plot. Fertilized plots also had a significantly higher biomass yield than the control plot. All fertilizers reduced the proportion of the species with good nutritional value from the Poaceae family. Organic fertilizer affected positively the proportion of other plant families than Poaceae and Fabaceae. Long-term experiments are necessary to evaluate the response of the vegetation on treatment with organic fertilizer in order to optimize productivity of the hayfield and sustain species richness.
Breast Cancer Prediction Using Stacked GRU-LSTM-BRNN
Authors: Dutta Shawni , Mandal Jyotsna Kumar , Kim Tai Hoon , Bandyopadhyay Samir Kumar
Published: January 2021

Breast Cancer diagnosis is one of the most studied problems in the medical domain. Cancer diagnosis has been studied extensively, which instantiates the need for early prediction of cancer disease. To obtain advance prediction, health records are exploited and given as input to an automated system. The paper focuses on constructing an automated system by employing deep learning based recurrent neural network models. A stacked GRU-LSTM-BRNN is proposed in this paper that accepts health records of a patient for determining the possibility of being affected by breast cancer. The proposed model is compared against other baseline classifiers such as stacked simple-RNN model, stacked LSTM-RNN model, stacked GRU-RNN model. Comparative results obtained in this study indicate that the stacked GRU-LSTM-BRNN model yields better classification performance for predictions related to breast cancer disease.
Hindsight, insight and foresight: Some reflections on reforming the public service
Authors: Boyle Richard
Published: January 2021

This article starts off by presenting a brief history of public service reform initiatives in Ireland, at both central and local government level, from the foundation of the state to the present day. Reasons for the reforms and the main issues addressed are highlighted. Common themes are identified. These common themes provide the basis for identifying and examining five enduring reform challenges: building the capability of public servants; involving and empowering the public; coordination and collaboration; centralisation versus decentralisation; and policy and evidence. Drawing from insights from previous reform efforts, and particularly those following the financial crisis, suggestions are made as to what steps might be taken in the next phase of reform to deal with them.
Reform and policymaking: Theory and practice in the Irish housing context
Authors: Umfreville Paul , Sirr Lorcan
Published: January 2021

It is often a crisis that is the necessary catalyst for change, and the financial crash provided the stimulus for the recent raft of public sector reforms since 2010. A new decade provides an opportunity to assess the reforms, and to question where the reform around housing sits in relation to theoretical approaches to the policy process. The Irish public policy process is the result of a historical mix of ideological and cultural practice, social policy and political process, and it is this complexity which provides its uniqueness. However, theories of the policy process aid effective analysis of policy landscapes, and the use of elements from a range of approaches enables a fuller understanding of that complexity. By offering a theoretical perspective, and providing the reader with a different outlook, we explore the drivers for, and outcomes of, change in the Irish housing context. We find that the reform agenda is itself a means of maintaining the current, as it is unlikely that the reforms implemented since 2010 will address the structural flaws evident in the housing crisis. Instead, a more likely outcome is that the reforms are a necessary change so as to maintain the status quo.
Experimental Analysis of Single Point Incremental Forming of Truncated Cones in DC04 Steel Sheet
Authors: Krasowski B. , Kubit A. , Trzepieciński T. , Slota J.
Published: January 2021

Experimental tests to form truncated cones were carried out on a 3-axis milling machine. 0.8-mm thick low-alloy DC04 steel sheets were used as test material. The profile tool-path trajectory was generated using the EDGECAM software. The slope angle and diameter of the base of the conical shaped drawpieces were 70°-72° and 65 mm, respectively. The drawpiece heights were up to 75 mm. The full synthetic lubricant 75W85 was used to reduce the frictional resistance. The effect of selected incremental forming parameters on the formability of the DC04 sheet and the susceptibility to crack formation have been analysed and discussed. It was found that the surface roughness of the workpiece is strongly influenced by step depth. By controlling the feed rate, it is possible to prevent failure of the material.
Controllability of nonlocal non-autonomous neutral differential systems including non-instantaneous impulsive effects in 𝕉
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Authors: Kavitha Velusamy , Arjunan Mani Mallika , Baleanu Dumitru
Published: January 2021

This manuscript involves a class of first-order controllability results for nonlocal non-autonomous neutral differential systems with non-instantaneous impulses in the space 𝕉
n
. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing the controllability of mild solutions are set up. Concept of evolution family and Rothe’s fixed point theorem are employed to achieve the required results. A model is investigated to delineate the adequacy of the results.
Intersectional soft sets theory applied to generalized hypervector spaces
Authors: Muhiuddin G.
Published: January 2021

The notion of θ-generalized int-soft subfields, θ-generalized int-soft algebras over θ-generalized int-soft subfields, and θ-generalized int-soft hypervector spaces are introduced, and their properties and characterizations are considered. In connection with linear transformations, θ-generalized int-soft hypervector spaces are discussed.
Coprinellus deminutus (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricomycetes), A Rare Fungus Newly Recorded from Russia
Authors: Shiryaeva Olga S. , Kalmykova Olga G.
Published: January 2021

Coprinellus deminutus is a very rare species that is known only from three localities in Europe. This paper presents new records of the species in Russia (two new localities in the protected areas of Orenburg Region, the European part of Russia). It expands this species geographic distribution to the Urals. A description of the species and its habitats is provided.
Chara baltica (Charophyceae, Charales) from the Black Sea Region and Taxonomic Implications of Extrastipulodes
Authors: Romanov Roman , Korolesova Daria , Afanasyev Dmitry , Zhakova Liubov
Published: January 2021

Chara baltica (Hartm.) Bruz. was found in the bays of the northern part of the Black Sea as a result of our joint efforts for clarification of some charophyte species from the region. The species was reported new to Ukraine. This is the first reliable record of this species in the Black Sea Region and Russia. In the studied populations, C. baltica had a variable arrangement of stipulodes because of the presence of extrastipulodes as a common trait. The morphology of the specimens studied may suggest a possible explanation of old uncheckable regional records of C. horrida Wahlst., species known from the Baltic Sea only. The worldwide range of C. baltica was summarised with a map according to the published records, GBIF data and some checked specimens. It highlighted the records, which need to be confirmed. The presence of extrastipulodes in the specimen studied, as well as the indication and illustration of some species of charophytes, allowed to suggest several additions to the terminology of charophyte morphology useful for further studies. Their application was demonstrated with the specimens studied and the illustrations published elsewhere.
Povilas Snarskis’ Collection of the Poaceae Specimens, Newly Discovered in the Herbarium of Vilnius University
Authors: Tupčiauskaitė Jūratė , Rimgailė-Voicik Radvilė , Rasimavičius Mindaugas
Published: January 2021

We newly found a collection of the Poaceae specimens deposited at the Herbarium of Vilnius University (WI), collected by Povilas Snarskis mainly from eastern Lithuania in 1943–1960. The collection consisted of 67 herbarium sheets representing 28 species, including endangered species Glyceria lithuanica. The collection provided new data on abnormal growth forms of common Lithuanian grasses and the distribution of rare and endangered Poaceae species in eastern and southern Lithuania. The discovered Glyceria lithuanica specimen is the oldest of all known records of the species in Lithuania.
Lichens and Allied Fungi from the Praviršulio Tyrelis State Nature Reserve (Central Lithuania)
Authors: Yatsyna Aleksandr , Stukonis Vaclovas , Gliwa Bernd
Published: January 2021

The paper presents the results of the inventory of lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied saprobic fungi from the Praviršulio Tyrelis State Nature Reserve. A total of 199 species were recorded, including 183 lichens, eight lichenicolous and eight non-lichenised saprobic fungi. Four lichenised species (Micarea pseudomicrococca, Parmelia serrana, Sclerophora amabilis and Thelocarpon laureri) were reported new to Lithuania. Three protected species, Cetrelia olivetorum, Cladonia parasitica and Hypotrachyna revoluta, were also observed.