bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beneficial effects of ivabradine in patients with heart failure, low ejection fraction, and heart rate above 77 b.p.m.
Authors: Bouabdallaoui Nadia , O'Meara Eileen , Bernier Virginie , Komajda Michel , Swedberg Karl , Tavazzi Luigi , Borer Jeffrey S. , Bohm Michael , Ford Ian , Tardif Jean‐Claude
Published: October 2019

Aims

Ivabradine has been approved in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and elevated heart rate despite guideline‐directed medical therapy (GDMT) to reduce cardiovascular (CV) death and hospitalization for worsening HF. The median value of 77 b.p.m. is the lower bound selected for the regulatory approval in Canada, South Africa, and Australia. Patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) including symptoms, quality of life, and global assessment are considered of major interest in the global plan of care of patients with HF. However, the specific impact of GDMT, and specifically ivabradine, on PRO remains poorly studied. In the subgroup of patients from the Systolic Heart failure treatment with the If inhibitor ivabradine Trial (SHIFT) who had heart rate above the median of 77 b.p.m. (pre‐specified analysis) and for whom the potential for improvement was expected to be larger, we aimed (i) to evaluate the effects of ivabradine on PRO (symptoms, quality of life, and global assessment); (ii) to consolidate the effects of ivabradine on the primary composite endpoint of CV death and hospitalization for HF; and (iii) to reassess the effects of ivabradine on left ventricular (LV) remodelling.

Methods and results

Comparisons were made according to therapy, and proportional hazards models (adjusted for baseline beta‐blocker therapy) were used to estimate the association between ivabradine and various outcomes. In SHIFT, n = 3357 (51.6%) patients had a baseline heart rate > 77 b.p.m. After a median follow‐up of 22.9 months (inter‐quartile range 18–28 months), ivabradine on top of GDMT improved symptoms (28% vs. 23% improvement in New York Heart Association functional class, P = 0.0003), quality of life (5.3 vs. 2.2 improvement in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire overall summary score, P = 0.005), and global assessment [from both patient (improved in 72.3%) and physician (improved in 61.0%) perspectives] significantly more than did placebo (both P < 0.0001). Ivabradine induced a 25% reduction in the combined endpoint of CV death and hospitalization for HF (hazard ratio 0.75; P < 0.0001), which translates into a number of patients needed to be treated for 1 year of 17. Patients under ivabradine treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in LV dimensions when reassessed at 8 months (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In patients with chronic HFrEF, sinus rhythm, and a heart rate > 77 b.p.m. while on GDMT, the present analysis brings novel insights into the role of ivabradine in improving the management of HFrEF, particularly with regard to PRO (ISRCTN70429960).
Bioorthogonal Conjugation of Transition Organometallic Complexes to Peptides and Proteins: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Salmain Michèle , Fischer‐Durand Nathalie , Rudolf Bogna
Published: October 2019

The advent of bioorthogonal chemistry has revolutionized the common practices in protein bioconjugation and contributed to a large extent to the development of chemical biology, a discipline aimed at studying biological/biochemical processes/events in their natural setting (living cells, whole organisms) using dedicated chemical tools. This minireview intends to provide an up‐to‐date overview on the various bioorthogonal strategies implemented for the conjugation of transition organometallic entities to peptides, peptide nucleic acids and proteins with a focus on targeted applications, i.e. fluorescence‐ or radio‐labeling for imaging, controlled delivery of therapeutic agents and bioanalysis.
A Mechanistic Insight into the Cu(II)‐Catalyzed C–N and C–O Coupling Reaction of Arylglyoxylic Acids with Isatins; A DFT Investigation
Authors: Bottoni Andrea , Calvaresi Matteo , Marforio Tainah D. , Miscione Gian Pietro
Published: October 2019

We carried out a DFT computational investigation on the mechanism of the copper(II) catalyzed C–N, C–O cross coupling reaction involving isatin and phenylglyoxylic acid recently reported by Gogoi. The mechanistic hypothesis proposed by this author is overall confirmed. Our computations demonstrated that the initial decarboxylation is an exergonic reaction (–15.3 kcal mol–1). This process, which can occur rather easily under the used experimental conditions (95 °C for 24 hours), triggers the catalytic cycle with the formation of the initial active organometallic complex (I1). A copper acetate ligand deprotonates the isatin nitrogen. This enhances its nucleophilic character and makes possible the attack of nitrogen on the Cu atom. A reversible transformation connects the initial encounter complex between isatin and the active intermediate I1 and the intermediate where the metal atom inserts into the amide bond. The decarbonylation step represents the rate‐determining step of the entire process (activation free energy = 23.3 kcal mol–1). Copper does not change its oxidation state (II) in the course of the catalytic reaction. The mechanism never involves directly the isatin benzene ring: this is consistent with the fact that only slight changes in the reaction yield are observed when substituents are inserted at different positions of the aromatic ring.
Intermolecular Aminoallylation of Alkenes Using Allyl‐Oxyphthalimide Derivatives: A Case Study in Radical Polarity Effects
Authors: Lardy Samuel W. , Schmidt Valerie A.
Published: October 2019

A case study on the polarity effects of radical mediated intermolecular alkene aminoallylation is presented herein. This radical group transfer method pairs vinyl ethers with electronically deficient allyl‐oxyphthalimide derivatives to give difunctionalized products while illustrating the guiding effects of polarity on this radical reactivity.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Ortho C–H Methylation of Aromatic Amides with Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide as Methylation Reagent
Authors: Liu Da , Yu Lin , Yu Yongqi , Xia Zhen , Song Zenan , Liao Lihong , Tan Ze , Chen Xiang
Published: October 2019

A new efficient protocol for the ortho‐methylation of benzamides with DTBP has been developed via Ni(II)‐catalyzed C–H activation directed by 8‐aminoquinoline. This method is performed under base‐free, ligand‐free conditions and utilizes cheap and commercially available reagents. Moreover, the by‐product acetone derived from DTBP does not affect the purification of the product.
In Situ Construction of Multibuffer Structure 3D CoSn@SnOx/CoOx@C Anode Material for Ultralong Life Lithium Storage
Authors: Wang Zhiyuan , Dong Kangze , Wang Dan , Luo Shaohua , Liu Yanguo , Yi Tingfeng , Wang Qing , Zhang Yahui , Hao Aimin
Published: October 2019

Rapid progress of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) highly relies on high‐performance electrode materials. Herein, a novel nanocomposite of CoSn alloy with a multishell layer structure confined in 3D porous carbon is constructed through a facile freeze drying and annealing treatment method. The skillful design effectively relieves the volume expansion of the Sn‐based alloy and enhances the combination between CoSn and carbon. Profiting from the synergistic effect of the multibuffer structure alloy and cross‐linked porous carbon, CoSn@SnOx/CoOx@C displays high capacity (912.6 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1) and excellent cycling stability (almost no capacity decay at 10 A g−1 after 1000 cycles) when used as anode for LIBs. The presence of Sn–O/Co–O bond makes the nanoalloy tightly pinned on the carbon substance and the structure stability of electrode material is improved significantly. Furthermore, the porous carbon with plentiful defects offers abundant room for the volume expansion of Sn and ensures fast transport of electrons/ions. Cyclic voltammogram (CV) curves under different scan rates reveal that the charge storage of the nanocomposite is controlled by pseudocapacitive and ion‐diffusion mechanisms. This facile fabrication strategy and unique structure design can be extended to other composite materials for energy storage devices.
Piper betleoides C. DC.: Edible source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐rich essential oil
Authors: Kemprai Phirose , Bora Pranjit Kumar , Mahanta Bhaskar Protim , Sut Dristi , Saikia Siddhartha Proteem , Banik Dipanwita , Haldar Saikat
Published: October 2019

Betel leaf or ‘Paan’ (Piper betle) is an integral component of the addictive chewing stimulant ‘betel quid’ which is traditionally consumed by a large population in the Asian countries. Betel essential oil is also heavily used by the flavour industries. Often, it constitutes of carcinogenic and genotoxic phenylpropanoids. High incidence of the oral carcinogenesis in this part of the world has been linked to the chewing of betel quid as well as Paan. In this study, Piper betleoides C. DC. (wild Paan) was identified as the edible plant source from north‐east India possessing betel‐scented essential oil which was highly rich in sesquiterpenoids majorly germacrene D and β‐caryophyllene. Identity of the plant was confirmed through critical taxonomic studies. Further, the essential oil yield and composition were investigated across different vegetative (young and mature leaves, stem) and reproductive (male and female inflorescence) tissues of P. betleoides through gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The comparative quantitative investigation showed a high dominance by sesquiterpenoids (>90%) in the leaves of P. betleoides with no detection of phenylpropanoids. On the contrary, a high level of phenylpropanoids (>75%) was found in P. betle (Bangla Paan). In effect, P. betleoides can be a potential alternative source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐rich essential oil.
Intraoperative and postanesthesia care unit fluid administration as risk factors for postoperative complications in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing free tissue transfer
Authors: Dooley Bryan J. , Karassawa Zanoni Daniella , Mcgill Marlena R. , Awad Mahmoud I. , Shah Jatin P. , Wong Richard J. , Broad Clara , Mehrara Babak J. , Ganly Ian , Patel Snehal G.
Published: October 2019

Background

This study aims to evaluate the impact of perioperative fluid administration, defined as fluid delivered intraoperatively and in the postanesthesia care unit, on postoperative outcomes.

Methods

Medical records of 102 patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma undergoing free flap reconstruction between January 2011 and December 2015 were reviewed. The primary endpoint was development of a postoperative complication according to the Clavien‐Dindo classification. Perioperative factors recorded were Washington University Head and Neck Comorbidity Index, operating time, vasopressor use, blood loss, intraoperative fluid, and perioperative fluid.

Results

Greater perioperative fluid administration was independently associated with surgical complications, flap complications, overall incidence of any complication, and increased length of stay. Greater intraoperative fluid administration was independently associated with higher rates of surgical complications. Intraoperative delivery of vasopressors was not associated with flap or surgical complications.

Conclusion

Receiving less perioperative fluid was associated with fewer complications and decreased length of stay.
Cauchy's functional equation and Gaussian measures
Authors: Stroock Daniel W.
Published: October 2019

This article summarizes several examples of the way in which Gaussian measures can be used to obtain results about solutions to Cauchy's functional equation in both finite and infinite dimensions.
Effect of SWCNTs and MWCNTs Maxwell MHD nanofluid flow between two stretchable rotating disks under convective boundary conditions
Authors: Sreedevi P. , Reddy P. Sudarsana
Published: October 2019

The aim of the current analysis is to investigate heat and mass transfer characteristics of single and multi‐walled water‐based carbon nanotubes Maxwell nanofluid flow between continuously rotating stretchable disks under the sway of chemical reaction and radiation. Boundary conditions of the convective type of temperature are employed at both lower and upper rotating disks in the preparation. Similarity variables are employed to transform the governing partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The computational finite element method is applied to solve this nonlinear system of equations along with boundary conditions. The sway of different admissible parameters on the profiles of concentration, temperature, and velocity are inspected and revealed through graphs. Furthermore, the numerical solutions for rates of temperature, concentration, and rates of velocity are depicted in tabular form. It is revealed that temperature sketches deteriorate with augmented values of Deborah number at both upper and lower disks of single‐walled carbon nanotubes and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes with water‐based Maxwell nanofluids.
Enhanced recovery after surgery versus traditional care in total pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with transvaginal mesh
Authors: Gong Runqi , Hu Qing , Liu Dan , Zu Jianyu , Wu Ying , Xia Zhijun
Published: October 2019

Objective

To investigate the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on perioperative outcomes after total pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with transvaginal mesh.

Methods

A single‐center, retrospective observational cohort study involved 177 patients who underwent total pelvic floor reconstruction surgery with transvaginal mesh between August 2015 and November 2017. Eighty‐five patients treated according to a traditional protocol formed the control group and 92 patients treated using the ERAS pathway were assigned to the ERAS group. Registered outcomes included demographic characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative data (first assisted walking time, first intestinal exhaust time, length of stay, hospital costs), and complications.

Results

The first assisted walking time (40.6 ± 1.48 vs 23.56 ± 3.26 hours, P<0.001) and the first intestinal exhaust time (27.65 ± 11.63 vs 18.65 ± 10.68 hours, P<0.001) were earlier in the ERAS group. The implementation of the ERAS pathway was associated with shorter length of stay (121.35 vs 70.25 hours, P<0.001) and lower hospital costs (46 838.65 ± 2584.08 vs 42 793.57 ± 2560.3 RMB, P<0.001). There was no difference in surgical outcomes or postoperative complications between the two groups.

Conclusion

ERAS is safe, economical, and reliable after total pelvic floor reconstruction surgery and promotes perioperative recovery without increasing complication rates.
In vivo anti‐inflammatory efficacy of the combined Bowman‐Birk trypsin inhibitor and genistein isoflavone, two biological compounds from soybean
Authors: Sadeghalvad Mona , Mohammadi‐Motlagh Hamid‐Reza , Karaji Ali Gorgin , Mostafaie Ali
Published: October 2019

Soybean Bowman‐Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) and genistein, two biological compounds from soybean, are well‐known for their anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The aim of this study was designing a BBI‐genistein conjugate and then investigating its protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation in BALB/c mice, compared with the effects of combination of BBI and genistein. BBI was purified from soybean and the BBI‐genistein conjugate was synthesized. The BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally treated 2 hours before LPS induction. Our results showed that treatment with the combination of BBI and genistein greatly led to more reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (IFN)‐γ compared with the treatments of BBI alone, the BBI‐genistein conjugate, and genistein alone, respectively. Moreover, the expression of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ in the splenocytes was significantly downregulated along with improving host survival against the LPS‐induced lethal endotoxemia in the same way. Our data support a new combined therapy using BBI and genistein, as natural anti‐inflammatory agents, to develop a new drug for inflammatory diseases.
Emotion regulation in adults with Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY): Neurocognitive underpinnings and associations with mental health problems
Authors: van Rijn Sophie , Swaab Hanna
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate if language and executive functioning deficits in individuals with the 47,XXY chromosomal pattern contribute to emotion regulation problems and related symptoms of psychopathology.

Methods

A group of 26 adult men with 47,XXY completed measures of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, neurocognitive functioning, and symptoms of psychopathology.

Results

Atypical emotion regulation strategies were found in the XXY group, with increased expression of emotions (69%), avoiding (65%), distraction seeking (54%), and passive coping (54%). More difficulties in mental flexibility and attention regulation, and speeded responding were associated with more pronounced emotion expression (emotional outbursts). Emotion regulation problems were associated with symptoms of anxiety, depression, thought problems, and hostility.

Conclusion

This study has identified emotion regulation as a potential target for treatment and intervention, with a specific focus on executive functions in the management of emotions in individuals with 47,XXY.
Effect of shading and grafting on yield and quality of tomato
Authors: Milenković Lidija , Mastilović Jasna , Kevrešan Žarko , Bajić Aleksandra , Gledić Aleksandra , Stanojević Ljiljana , Cvetković Dragan , Šunić Lj , Ilić Zoran S
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

The need to increase marketable tomato yields and decrease losses due to sunburn and disease during the summer motivates farmers to adopt additional cultural practices such as shading and grafting. To investigate complex interactions among grafting, shading, and tomato cultivar, grafted and ungrafted tomatoes (cv. 'Optima' F1 and cv. 'Big Beef' F1) were grown in the soil under net‐house cover, using pearl and red nets, and in unshaded conditions (open fields). Tomato fruit at the red stage of maturity were used for the analysis of quality traits, and total and marketable yields were recorded during the whole production season.

RESULTS

Grafting and shading in tomato production might be considered as cultivation practices to increase the marketable tomato yield. A decrease in sugar content increased the uptake of some micro elements (Fe and Zn) and macro elements (Ca). In some cases, firmer and less elastic skin may be expected due to grafting. Shading with pearl net might result in fruit with lower firmness and higher total, and particularly malic, acid content.

CONCLUSION

Shading with colored nets and grafting provide alternative strategies for achieving higher fruit yields and avoiding or reducing a decrease in tomato quality caused by environmental stresses such as excessive radiation and temperature in the summer cropping season. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Pro‐vitamin A carotenoid content of 48 plantain (Musa AAB genome) cultivars sourced from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Blomme Guy , Ocimati Walter , Nabuuma Deborah , Sivirihauma Charles , Davey Mark , Buah Stephen , Van den Bergh Inge , Vutseme Lusenge , Bahati Liliane , Ekesa Beatrice
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is widespread in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). Unlike in developed countries, where the main source of vitamin A comes from meat, the diet of poor populations in SSA is largely plant based. It is thus important to identify local / popular plants with higher vitamin A content for combating VAD. Banana (including plantains) is an important staple food crop in this region. The identification and promotion of vitamin A‐rich banana cultivars could contribute significantly to the alleviation of VAD in areas heavily dependent on the crop. We assessed pro‐vitamin A carotenoid (pVACs) content in the fruit pulp of 48 local plantains from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, to identify cultivars that could help reduce VAD, especially among young children and women of reproductive age.

RESULTS

Mean pVACs content varied from 175–1756 μg/100 gfw in ripe fruits. Significant increases (P < 0.001) in total pVACs content occurred after ripening in all cultivars except ‘UCG II’. Retinol activity equivalents (RAE) in ripe fruits ranged from 12–113 μg/100 gfw. Fifteen plantain cultivars, including ‘Adili II’, ‘Nzirabahima’, ‘Mayayi’, ‘Buembe’, and ‘Sanza Tatu’ (associated with RAE values of 44 μg/100 gfw and above) can be considered as good sources of pVACs. Modest consumption (250 or 500 gfw) of the fruit pulp of the five best plantain cultivars at ripening stage 5 meets between 39–71% and 44–81% of vitamin A dietary reference intake (DRI) respectively, for children below 5 years old and women of reproductive age.

CONCLUSION

The 15 best plantain cultivars (especially the top 5) could potentially be introduced / promoted as alternative sources of pro‐vitamin A in banana‐dependent communities, and help to reduce cases of VAD substantially. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Treatment patterns and outcomes in goblet cell carcinoid tumors of the appendix
Authors: Fields Adam C. , Lu Pamela , Enzinger Andrea , Goldberg Joel , Irani Jennifer , Bleday Ronald , Nash Garrett , Melnitchouk Nelya
Published: October 2019

Background

Goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) tumors of the appendix are a rare malignancy. We aim to examine the overall survival per stage and the relationship between different treatment modalities and outcomes for patients with GCC tumors of the appendix.

Methods

We identified patients with GCC tumors of the appendix from the National Cancer Database. The main outcome was overall patient survival and cox proportional hazard models were used to ascertain predictors of survival.

Results

There were 2552 patients identified. The median age of diagnosis was 57 (interquartile range: 49‐65) and 52.3% of patients were female. The 5‐year survival for Stage I disease was 91.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.2%‐95.7%), for Stage II disease was 90.5% (95% CI: 85.8%‐93.7%), for Stage III disease was 57.0% (95% CI: 45.0%‐67.3%), and for Stage IV disease was 18.9% (95% CI: 9.3%‐31.0%). In a Cox proportional hazard model, older age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03‐1.12; P < .001), lymph node metastasis (HR: 6.9; 95% CI: 2.76‐17.01; P < .001), and positive surgical margins (HR: 2.9; 95% CI:1.13‐7.26; P = .003) were associated with worse overall survival for Stages I to III disease while only older age (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.002‐1.06; P = .04) was associated with worse overall survival for Stage IV disease.

Conclusions

Patients with GCC tumors of the appendix who have the nonmetastatic disease have a high 5‐year survival. We have identified several prognostic factors for GCC.
An assessment of transparency and reproducibility‐related research practices in otolaryngology
Authors: Johnson Austin L. , Torgerson Trevor , Skinner Mason , Hamilton Tom , Tritz Daniel , Vassar Matt
Published: October 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Clinical research serves as the foundation for evidence‐based patient care, and reproducibility of results is consequently critical. We sought to assess the transparency and reproducibility of research studies in otolaryngology by evaluating a random sample of publications in otolaryngology journals between 2014 and 2018.

Study Design

Review of published literature for reproducible and transparent research practices.

Methods

We used the National Library of Medicine catalog to identify otolaryngology journals that met the inclusion criteria (available in the English language and indexed in MEDLINE). From these journals, we extracted a random sample of 300 publications using a PubMed search for records published between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Specific indicators of reproducible and transparent research practices were evaluated in a blinded, independent, and duplicate manner using a pilot‐tested Google form.

Results

Our initial search returned 26,498 records, from which 300 were randomly selected for analysis. Of these 300 records, 286 met inclusion criteria and 14 did not. Among the empirical studies, 2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4%‐3.5%) of publications indicated that raw data were available, 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3%‐1.6%) reported an analysis script, 5.3% (95% CI: 2.7%‐7.8%) were linked to an accessible research protocol, and 3.9% (95% CI: 1.7%‐6.1%) were preregistered. None of the publications had a clear statement claiming to replicate, or to be a replication of, another study.

Conclusions

Inadequate reproducibility practices exist in otolaryngology. Nearly all studies in our analysis lacked a data or material availability statement, did not link to an accessible protocol, and were not preregistered. Taking steps to improve reproducibility would likely improve patient care.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 130: 1894–1901, 2020
Reconstruction of complex hand defects using trapezoidal osteocutaneous free fibular flap
Authors: Addosooki Ahmad , Said Elsayed , Kenawey Mohamed , Yousef Mohamed A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Traumatic defects of multiple metacarpal bones can be addressed using conventional or vascularized bone grafts. When associated with extensive skin and tendon loss, the treatment becomes more challenging. The aim of the study was to describe the results of using free osteocutaneous fibular flap placed in a new fashion for the reconstruction of complex hand defects.

Patients and Methods

Six patients with complex hand defects underwent reconstruction using free osteocutaneous fibular flap placed in trapezoidal fashion with two‐stage tendon reconstruction using fascia lata graft. The mean age at the time of injury was 34.7 years (range: 14–54 years). The injury was caused by motor vehicle accident in four patients, machine injury in one patient, and falling from height in one patient. All patients had extensive three or four metacarpal bones defects, segmental loss of tendons, and large skin defect ranging from 6 × 10 cm to 10 × 15 cm. The fibular graft was divided into three segments and positioned in a trapezoidal fashion with the middle bone segment placed transversely to support the bases of the proximal phalanges while the first and third bone segments were placed obliquely along the metacarpal axis converging toward the remaining metacarpal bases and/or carpal bones. At final follow‐up visit, the finger range of motion was assessed using the total active motion (TAM) scoring system. Functional outcome was evaluated by the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score. Active range of motion (AROM) of the pseudo‐metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint was measured. The handgrip strength was measured using Jamar hydraulic dynamometer.

Results

The mean length of the harvested fibular graft was 18 cm (range: 17–19). The mean size of the skin paddle was 7.5 × 13.1 cm (range: 6 × 10 cm to 10 × 15 cm). Fibular flaps survived in all patients. The mean follow‐up period was 30.8 months (range: 24–40 months). The mean time to achieve bone healing was 3.8 months (range: 3–5 months). The mean TAM was 185° (range: 165–204°) and TAM percentage was described as excellent in two patients and good in four patients. The mean AROM at the pseudo‐MP joint was 53.8° (range: 42–70°). The mean injured handgrip strength was 27.3 kg (range: 23–31 kg) and the mean grip strength ratio was 74.8% (range: 69–80%). The mean DASH score was 19.6 (range: 11.67–26.67). Pin tract infection, partial skin paddle necrosis, and wound infection were reported.

Conclusion

The fibular osteocutaneous flap arranged in trapezoidal fashion is a viable choice for the reconstruction of complex hand defects, particularly when the metacarpophalangeal joints are not preserved.
A linear programming based approach to the Steiner tree problem with a fixed number of terminals
Authors: Siebert Matias , Ahmed Shabbir , Nemhauser George
Published: October 2019

We present a set of integer programs (IPs) for the Steiner tree problem with the property that the best solution obtained by solving all IPs provides an optimal Steiner tree. Each IP is polynomial in the size of the underlying graph and our main result is that the linear programming (LP) relaxation of each IP is integral so that it can be solved as a linear program. However, the number of IPs grows exponentially with the number of terminals in the Steiner tree. As a consequence, we are able to solve the Steiner tree problem by solving a polynomial number of LPs, when the number of terminals is fixed.
Set Your Utility's Sights on Sustainable Water
Authors: Stahl Emily
Published: October 2019

AWWA held another thought‐provoking, skills‐building Sustainable Water Management Conference last spring. Over the years, the event has provided me with so much transferable value to the work I do that I have even convinced a few other Canadians to join me in attending! The most recent event, held March 31–April 3, 2019, in Tucson, Ariz., was no exception.
Material model of pulp fibres
Authors: Seidlhofer Tristan , Hirn Ulrich , Ulz Manfred
Published: October 2019

Pulp fibres are a part of the paper fibre network and contribute to its non‐linear rate‐dependent behaviour [1]. An appropriate material model helps to quantify and understand these mechanisms, which are highly relevant to industry. The development of the constitutive equations is based on cyclic uniaxial tension tests [2]. For that first a one dimensional viscoelastic, viscoplastic model was designed to fit experimental data. This one dimensional model is then ported to a three dimensional formulation with the logarithmic strain framework [3]. The investigation shows that pulp fibres have a distinct plastic behaviour, which could be the cause of the non‐linear behaviour on the macroscopic level of the network.
Three‐dimensional flow in a shear‐driven cube
Authors: des Boscs Pierre-Emmanuel , Kuhlmann Hendrik C.
Published: October 2019

The flow in a cubic cavity is studied when a constant shear stress is imposed on one of its square faces. The three‐dimensional basic flow undergoes a first steady, symmetry‐breaking, pitchfork bifurcation. On an increase of the Reynolds number the symmetry‐broken flow becomes time‐dependent via a Hopf bifurcation. Even though the basic flow is similar to the one in the lid‐driven cube, the sequence of bifurcations differs significantly.
Pseudo‐spectral computation of interfacial waves dynamics in an air/water turbulent sheared flow via a conformal mapping technique
Authors: Zonta Francesco
Published: October 2019

The dynamics of a deformable interface in a counter‐current air/water turbulent flow is analyzed here using the Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the Navier Stokes equations. An algebraic mapping technique is employed to transform the deformed physical domain into a rectangular domain, where the governing equations are solved by a pseudo‐spectral Fourier‐Chebyshev method. The problem is described by the Reynolds number (Reτ), the Weber number (We), and the Froude number (Fr). Keeping Reτ constant and varying We and Fr, we show that the interfacial waves growth is a two‐stage process. At the beginning, capillary forces always dominate and waves grow as t2/5. Later, when gravity becomes important, waves grow exponentially as et/5 (in the present configuration), until they reach a steady‐state condition. The importance of the form drag during the stage of exponential growth of waves is clearly addressed.
Chatter Stability Analysis of Milling Processes
Authors: Binder Roman , Ellermann Katrin , Sehrschön Harald
Published: October 2019

Full utilization of the available machine tool cutting performance is often inhibited by chatter vibrations which can lead to poor surfaces, reduced tool life, increased noise emissions and even damage to the machine tool. In this contribution, a systematic approach for modelling regenerative chatter based on measured, modal models of the machine tool is presented. Furthermore, three different methods for solving the governing equations and generating stability charts are compared.
Horizontal Faraday instability in a circular channel
Authors: Borcia Ion Dan , Borcia Rodica , Richter Sebastian , Xu Wenchao , Bestehorn Michael , Harlander Uwe
Published: October 2019

We study surface waves in a circular channel placed on a rotating table. The tank can rotate with constant velocity and/or can oscillate. For a glycerin‐water‐solution with high viscosity, oscillation amplitudes about 20 cm and frequencies of 0.5 Hz, we observe surface patterns generated by a parametric instability. The circular geometry of the channel assures in a natural way the periodic lateral boundary conditions often used in the numerical simulations. Up to our knowledge this is the first experiment which evidences the horizontal Faraday instability in a container without walls blocking the flow in the oscillation direction. Experimental and numerical results are compared and discussed.
Coupling Peridynamic Continuum Mechanics with an Analytical Solution
Authors: Becker Moritz , Müller Gerhard
Published: October 2019

Peridynamics is a nonlocal theory of continuum mechanics expressing the dynamic equilibrium of forces by using integro‐differential equations instead of partial differential equations. Thus, the equilibrium equations are still valid in case of discontinous displacement fields. In this study, we investigate the coupling between a harmonically excited peridynamic rod with a rod based on classical continuum mechanics by using the Arlequin‐method. The peridynamic region is solved by finite elements whereas for the classical region an analytical solution can be used.
Vibrations of an alpine ski under structural randomness
Authors: Eberle Robert , Oberguggenberger Michael
Published: October 2019

In alpine skiing the vibrations of the skis influence the performance of a skier considerably. An alpine ski can be modelled as an Euler‐Bernoulli beam with which the vibrations of the ski can be analysed mathematically. The main characterising property of a ski is its bending stiffness, which can be measured in the lab. Since a ski is a composite material the measured bending stiffness shows variations. These variations can be taken into account by adding a random field to an average bending stiffness. An experiment of a clamped ski is investigated theoretically.
A posteriori error control for the finite cell method
Authors: Di Stolfo Paolo , Düster Alexander , Kollmannsberger Stefan , Rank Ernst , Schröder Andreas
Published: October 2019

The paper presents some concepts of the finite cell method and discusses a posteriori error control for this approach. The focus is on the application of the dual weighted residual approach (DWR), which enables the control of the error with respect to a user‐defined quantity of interest. Since both the discretization error and the quadrature error are estimated, the application of the DWR approach provides an adaptive strategy which equilibrates the error contributions resulting from discretization and quadrature. The strategy consists in refining either the finite cell mesh or its associated quadrature mesh. Numerical experiments confirm the performance of the error control and the adaptive scheme for a non‐linear problem in 2D.
Characterization of aerodynamic performance of ducted wind turbines: A numerical study
Authors: Dighe Vinit V. , de Oliveira Gael , Avallone Francesco , van Bussel Gerard J. W.
Published: October 2019

The complex aerodynamic interactions between the rotor and the duct has to be accounted for the design of ducted wind turbines (DWTs). A numerical study to investigate the characteristics of flow around the DWT using a simplified duct–actuator disc (AD) model is carried out. Inviscid and viscous flow calculations are performed to understand the effects of the duct shape and variable AD loadings on the aerodynamic performance coefficients. The analysis shows that the overall aerodynamic performance of the DWT can be increased by increasing the duct cross‐sectional camber. Finally, flow fields using viscous calculations are examined to interpret the effects of inner duct wall flow separation on the overall DWT performance.
Constructing stable de Sitter in M-theory from higher curvature corrections
Authors: Blåbäck Johan , Danielsson Ulf , Dibitetto Giuseppe , Giri Suvendu
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We consider dimensional reductions of M-theory on 𝕋7/

$$ {\mathrm{\mathbb{Z}}}_2^3 $$

ℤ
2
3

with the inclusion of arbitrary metric flux and spacetime filling KK monopoles. With these ingredients at hand, we are able to construct a novel family of non-supersymmetric yet tachyon free Minkowski extrema. These solutions are supported by pure geometry with no extra need for gauge fluxes and possess a fully stable perturbative mass spectrum, up to a single flat direction. Such a direction corresponds to the overall internal volume, with respect to which the scalar potential exhibits a no-scale behavior. We then provide a mechanism that lifts the flat direction to give it a positive squared mass while turning Mkw4 into dS4. The construction makes use of the combined effect of G
7 flux and higher curvature corrections. Our solution is scale separated and the quantum corrections are small. Finally we speculate on novel possibilities when it comes to scale hierarchies within a given construction of this type, and possible issues with the choice of quantum vacuum.
A Perspective: Active Role of Lipids in Neurotransmitter Dynamics
Authors: Postila Pekka A. , Róg Tomasz
Published: October 2019

Synaptic neurotransmission is generally considered as a function of membrane-embedded receptors and ion channels in response to the neurotransmitter (NT) release and binding. This perspective aims to widen the protein-centric view by including another vital component—the synaptic membrane—in the discussion. A vast set of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical experiments indicate that NTs are divided into membrane-binding and membrane-nonbinding categories. The binary choice takes place at the water-membrane interface and follows closely the positioning of the receptors’ binding sites in relation to the membrane. Accordingly, when a lipophilic NT is on route to a membrane-buried binding site, it adheres on the membrane and, then, travels along its plane towards the receptor. In contrast, lipophobic NTs, which are destined to bind into receptors with extracellular binding sites, prefer the water phase. This membrane-based sorting splits the neurotransmission into membrane-independent and membrane-dependent mechanisms and should make the NT binding into the receptors more efficient than random diffusion would allow. The potential implications and notable exceptions to the mechanisms are discussed here. Importantly, maintaining specific membrane lipid compositions (MLCs) at the synapses, especially regarding anionic lipids, affect the level of NT-membrane association. These effects provide a plausible link between the MLC imbalances and neurological diseases such as depression or Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the membrane plays a vital role in other phases of the NT life cycle, including storage and release from the synaptic vesicles, transport from the synaptic cleft, as well as their synthesis and degradation.
Edaphic Endemism in the Amazon: Vascular Plants of the canga of Carajás, Brazil
Authors: Giulietti Ana M. , Giannini Tereza C. , Mota Nara F. O. , Watanabe Maurício T. C. , Viana Pedro L. , Pastore Mayara , Silva Uiara C. S. , Siqueira Marinez F. , Pirani José R. , Lima Haroldo C. , Pereira Jovani B. S. , Brito Rafael M. , Harley Raymond M. , Siqueira José O. , Zappi Daniela C.
Published: October 2019

Amazonia is one of the most diverse biomes worldwide, and, as well as luxuriant forest, it includes mountain areas which, despite their small surface area, display fascinating endemism. In these regions, the specificity of edaphic factors is mirrored by a highly specialised, isolated flora adapted to survive adverse conditions. The Serra dos Carajás in the Brazilian state of Pará is one of world’s largest iron ore reserves. Known locally as canga, this ironstone formation occupies an area of 115.9 km2, and supports campo rupestre of canga vegetation on outcrops that are mostly in the Floresta Nacional de Carajás (FLONA of Carajás) and Parque Nacional dos Campos Ferruginosos (PNCF). The recent publication of the Flora of the cangas of Carajás lists 856 species of seed plants and 186 species of ferns and lycophytes. This project assessed the canga endemic species growing in the region, and further expeditions guided by SDM were carried out in order to ascertain their distribution outisde the area. Departing from an initial list of 58 putative endemics, the final list comprises 38 species of vascular plants (c. 4% of the local flora). These are distributed in 31 genera and 22 families, including three monotypic genera: Carajasia (Rubiaceae), Monogereion and Parapiqueria (Asteraceae). From these, 24 are classified as Rare Species for Brazil and seven as Highly Restricted Endemic (EEO < 100 km2). An illustrated account is provided, as well as further SDM to detect other possible areas of distribution based on the studied species. The knowledge generated is aimed at directing appropriate conservation plans for the area.
Effect of BN nanodots on the electronic properties of α- and β-graphyne sheets: a density functional theory study
Authors: Majidi R. , Eftekhari H. , Bayat H. , Rahmani Kh. , Khairogli A. M.
Published: October 2019

The effect of BN nanodots with hexagonal shape on the electronic properties of α- and β-graphyne sheets is investigated. The structural and electronic properties of α- and β-graphyne sheets doped with BN nanodots are studied by using density functional theory. The cohesive energies of the systems indicate all considered structures are thermally stable. It is found that hexagonal BN nanodots can effectively open the band gap in α- and β-graphyne sheets. It means BN nanodots change α- and β-graphyne sheets from semimetal to semiconductor. The BN nanodots with different sizes are considered. It is found that band gaps of the studied α- and β-graphyne sheets doped with BN nanodots increase with the increase in the size of BN nanodots. Hence, α- and β-graphyne sheets doped with BN nanodots are promising materials for use in nanoelectronic devices based on semiconductors.
Photon decaying in de Sitter universe
Authors: Ahmadi Y. , Takook M. V.
Published: October 2019

The interaction between three photons is studied in de Sitter ambient space formalism. As a special case, the half harmonic generator is considered, i.e., one photon decays to two same-energy photons. The scattering matrix elements are presented which define the indirect gravitational effect on quantum field theory. The null curvature limit of scattering matrix is obtained for comparing it with its Minkowskian counterpart. The Hamiltonian of this interaction, in Minkowski space–time, was presented by using the quantum vacuum fluctuation in the one-loop approximation.
Frontonasal Malformation Diagnosis in the First Trimester: A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Neha
Published: October 2019

Different components of the face and the brain develop independently and ultimately unite at the midline. Disruptions in the development and fusion of craniofacial midline give rise to myriad of abnormalities broadly classified as frontonasal malformations. Here, we report a case diagnosed in the first trimester. The fetus had midline cleft of the face extending till forehead, cleft lip and palate, absent nasal tip and arhinia. There was associated alobar holoprosencephaly and polydactyly in all the four limbs. This case illustrates the importance of evaluation of facial profile, retronasal triangle and 3 D scanning at the time of first trimester screening.
Therapie der überaktiven Blase
Authors: Bauer Sophina , Lusuardi Lukas
Published: October 2019

Der Symptomenkomplex der überaktiven Blase (OAB) führt bei den Betroffenen zu einer ausgeprägten Minderung der Lebensqualität, die oftmals mit sozialer Isolation verbunden ist.

Nach einer genauen Diagnostik muss mit jedem Patienten und jeder Patientin individuell eine Therapie erarbeitet werden. Eine gute Kommunikation zwischen den Behandelnden und den Betroffenen stellt die Basis für den Therapieerfolg dar.

Die Erstlinientherapie besteht aus Adaptation des Verhaltens und der Trinkmenge sowie dem Blasentraining. Begleitend soll dazu ein Beckenbodentraining erfolgen. Führen diese Maßnahmen nicht zur erwünschten Besserung, kommen Anticholinergika zum Einsatz. Da es zu einer hohen Absetzrate aufgrund von Unverträglichkeiten bzw. Nebenwirkungen kommt, gewann in den letzten Jahren der neu etablierte Beta-3-Rezeptor-Agonist Mirabegron an Bedeutung. Seit 2019 ist auch die Kombinationstherapie der beiden oben genannten Substanzgruppen erstmals in den amerikanischen Leitlinien verankert und ermöglicht so einen breiteren Einsatz der oralen Therapie. Wenn alle konservativen Therapieoptionen ausgeschöpft sind, kommen minimalinvasive Verfahren wie die intravesikale Applikation von Botulinumtoxin oder die sakrale Neuromodulation zum Einsatz. Als Ultima Ratio bleibt bei immenser Lebensqualitätseinschränkung die Blasenaugmentation oder Harnableitung.

Die Therapie der OAB bei älteren Personen stellt durch Polymedikation und Multimorbidität eine besondere Herausforderung dar.
Measurement Error and the Specification of the Weights Matrix in Spatial Regression Models
Authors: Vande Kamp Garrett N.
Published: October 2019

While the spatial weights matrix $\boldsymbol{W}$ is at the core of spatial regression models, there is a scarcity of techniques for validating a given specification of $\boldsymbol{W}$. I approach this problem from a measurement error perspective. When $\boldsymbol{W}$ is inflated by a constant, a predictable form of endogeneity occurs that is not problematic in other regression contexts. I use this insight to construct a theoretically appealing test and control for the validity of $\boldsymbol{W}$ that is tractable in panel data, which I call the K test. I demonstrate the utility of the test using Monte Carlo simulations.