bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simplified Mode Classification for Traditional Anglo-American Song Tunes*
Authors: Cazden Norman
Published: April 2006

This paper might well be subtitled, Why call it Ionian Heptatonic when we mean Major?

In the rosy romantic image invoked long ago by Chappell and Wooldridge, as also on the European continent by Combarieu, the archaic song of the common people has ever been drawn by instinctive tropism towards the musical forms and formulas taught over the centuries by a benevolent Church. These writers, no more alert than many among their modern successors to the observation that their information necessarily went back ultimately to Church-sponsored sources alone, sensed a natural linkage between melodic mode usages in popular tunes and the theoretical classifications that had been ordained, though retroactively, for the ancient sacred chant, and they took this connection to be symbolic and symptomatic of a profound cultural and psychological impulse.
Singing Traditions of a Bilingual Parish in North-West Ireland
Authors: Shields Hugh
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1968 I recorded 91 songs and song fragments from the local oral tradition of a district in Donegal, the North-West county of Ireland. The district happens to be roughly co-terminous with the ecclesiastical and old civil parish of Glencolumbkille, which contains the larger part of the South-West Donegal gaeltacht (native Irish-speaking area). Since the number of monoglot Irish speakers here is now negligible, the parish is bilingual wherever Irish is spoken. The 91 items I recorded were in the proportion 34 Irish, 58 English: one song being sung in the two languages.
Volksmusik Und Musica Humana
Authors: Wiora Walter
Published: April 2006

In den bald drei Jahrzehnten seines Bestehens hat sich der International Folk Music Council weit ausgebreitet: über Europa und Amerika, über Länder der anderen Erdteile von Israel und Libanon bis Japan, vom Norden bis zum Süden Afrikas und in die Ferne bis Hawaii, Australien und Neuseeland. Diese Entwicklung setzt sich fort. Wie in ähnlichen Verbänden führt sie dazu, auf einem Sektor der Kultur die Menschheit im ganzen zu umspannen.
The Double-Reed Aerophone in India
Authors: Deva B. C.
Published: April 2006

A recent article by Jairazbhoy in Ethnomusicology is perhaps the first cogent account of the oboe in India. Here I wish to offer a few comments on his paper and give some supplementary material and ideas.
The Formalization of English Decoration Patterns
Authors: Bebbington Brian
Published: April 2006

Many patterns realized in the decoration of English folksongs are observed to recur with sufficient regularity to justify their formalization. The purpose of formalizing observed phenomena is to present them as data in a concise and unambiguous way, and such that subjective statements are avoided or replaced by statements which are empirically verifiable. Statements that certain non-English decoration patterns are “long wavering lines of ‘endless melody',” that “speak of tears, of fear, of trembling submission” for instance, are at best merely subjective and at worst automorphic. And since they say nothing of what exactly is under consideration their truth or falsity is beyond assertion. As with all science, in folksong study we must be clear about our observations and about their presentation. We suggest such a position may perhaps be achieved by formalizing our observations as demonstrated in this paper. Equally important is the forecasting of place and form of occurrence of such observed phenomena so that generalizations can be made about their future behaviour. Present behaviour is implied in objective description.
Improvisation Dans La Musique Des Peuples De La Moyenne Volga
Authors: Vikár László
Published: April 2006

Dans la région de la Moyenne Volga l'improvisation a un rôle important dans la tradition musicale des peuples de langues turque et fïnnoougrienne. Au cours des recherches des dernières dix années nous avons surtout observé ce phénomène dans l'interprétation des chansons folkloriques tartares et bashkires, mais nous l'avons rencontré aussi dans les villages tchérémisses, votiaks et mordves, là où ces derniers ont subi une influence tartare lors de la coexistence séculaire. Cette influence se manifeste dans l'emprunt de certaines mélodies, dans la ressemblance des styles mélodiques, mais plus encore dans le domaine de l'ornementation.
Le cont-chanté comme lieu d'accumulation d'un savoir musical
Authors: Dauphin Claude
Published: April 2006

L'enjeu de toute démarche ethnologique repose sur le coefficient d'efficacité des procédés de validation. En face du produit sonore, le musicologue dénote une multiplicité de réalités: intervalles, courbes mélodiques, caractères de l'intonation (voix nasillarde, voix de fausset, voix grave), rapidité de l'exécution (allure métronomique). La liste pourrait encore s'allonger. Le seuil de l'ethnomusicologie est franchi au moment où s'établit une hiérarchisation de ces données objectives en fonction de la valeur signifiante attribuée à tel paramètre dans telle population.
Are The Modes Outmoded?
Authors: Bronson Bertrand H.
Published: April 2006

The following remarks are intended as a very partial reply to Professor Norman Cazden's attack on the employment of conventional modal terminology in the analysis of British-American traditional song-tunes. [Refs. here to IFMC Yearbook III (1971), 45–78, and to his “Notes on the Analysis of Traditional Song Tunes” in Edith Fowke, Lumbering Songs from the Northern Woods. American Folklore Society, Memoir Series Publications, Vol. 55, 1970, pp. 11–22].
Folk Music and Dance in African Education
Authors: Omibiyi Mosunmola
Published: April 2006

The increasing encroachment of technology and industrialization on folk traditions of the world has given great impact to the struggle for their preservation and continuity. Scholars in such fields as anthropology, folklore, enthnomusicology, to mention a few, continue in their search for the best solution to this problem. An approach in years past, and to a great extent recently, has been ironically by documentation on tapes, on phonographs, on paper and even in motion and still pictures, all of which are products of technology.
Sound Films for Combined Notation
Authors: Moyle Alice M.
Published: April 2006

There have been many new developments in the production of moving film with synchronous sound track. In this all too familiar medium, developments are usually taken for granted and are not generally noticed. Areas of technology which have combined to produce ‘sync-sound’ have at the same time offered to a field of study, which some may prefer to call ethnochoreology, others ethnomusicology, a research facility the efficacy of which has not yet, in this writer's opinion, been fully explored. Because of this, the full impact of this facility on the practice and study of folk music and dance can not yet be properly gauged.
Microwave Breakdown Field in a Resonant Spherical Cavity
Authors: Tomala R. , Jordan U. , Anderson D. , Lisak M.
Published: April 2006

In the present work, the microwave breakdown threshold in a gas‐filled spherical resonator, is determined for the case when the cavity is excited in its lowest order mode, which implies that the microwave field strength depends on both radius and azimuthal angle. A semi‐analytical approximation of the breakdown threshold is found using a direct variational approach. The variational predictions are compared with the results of full numerical calculations and demonstrate very good agreement
Titanium–Alkaline Earth Molecular Oxides as Supports for Carbanions Derived from μ3‐Ethylidyne Groups
Authors: Martín Avelino , Mena Miguel , Morales‐Varela María del Carmen , Santamaría Cristina
Published: April 2006

Treatment of the μ3‐ethylidyne complex [{TiCp*(μ‐O)}3(μ3‐CMe)] (1) (Cp* = η5‐C5Me5) with the alkaline earth amides [M{N(SiMe3)2}2(thf)2] (M = Mg, Ca, Sr) promotes the deprotonation of the alkylidyne moiety μ3‐CMe and leads to the oxoheterometallocubane derivatives [{(thf)x(Me3Si)2NM}(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐CCH2)}] [M = Mg, x = 0 (2a); Ca, x = 1 (3); Sr, x = 1 (4)]. In the case of the magnesium amide, complex 2a is obtained together with the isomer [{(Me3Si)2NMg}(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐η2‐CHCH)}] (2b). The addition of pentamethylcyclopentadiene (C5Me5H) or triphenylmethanol (Ph3COH) to these compounds causes the displacement of the amide fragment to give the heterometallocubanes [RM(μ3‐O)3{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐C2H2)}] [R = C5Me5, M = Ca (5), Sr (6); R = Ph3CO, M = Mg (7a,b), Ca (8), Sr (9)]. This substitution can also be performed on 3 and 4 by treatment with the starting complex 1, which gives the corner‐shared doublecubanes [M{(μ3‐O)3(Ti3Cp*3)(μ3‐CCH2)}2] [M = Ca (11), Sr (12)]. Complexes 2a,b do not react with 1, and heating of this mixture affords the edge‐linked double cubane [Mg(μ4‐O)(μ3‐O)2{Ti3Cp*3(μ3‐CCH)}]2 (10). The combination of the barium reagents [Ba(CH2Ph)2] or [Ba{N(SiMe3)2}2] with 1 leads to the corner‐shared double cubane [Ba{(μ3‐O)3(Ti3Cp*3)(μ3CCH2)}2] (13). The molecular structures of 3 and 10 have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Fluorous Synthesis of Hydantoin‐, Piperazinedione‐, and Benzodiazepinedione‐Fused Tricyclic and Tetracyclic Ring Systems (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 9/2006)
Authors: Zhang Wei , Lu Yimin , Chen Christine Hiu‐Tung , Curran Dennis P. , Geib Steven
Published: April 2006

The cover picture shows a range of molecular scaffolds that can be achieved through fluorous enhanced diversity‐oriented synthesis. Construction of the ring skeletons is accomplished by multicomponent reactions followed by post‐condensation modifications. The reactions are accelerated by microwave irradiation, and purifications are facilitated by fluorous separation. This new solution‐phase synthetic technique is presented in the Short Communication by W. Zhang et al. on p. 2055 ff.
Preparation of Porosity–Graded SOFC Anode Substrates
Authors: Holtappels P. , Sorof C. , Verbraeken M. C. , Rambert S. , Vogt U.
Published: April 2006

Porosity graded anode substrates for solid oxide fuel cells are considered to optimise the gas transport through the substrate by maintaining a high electrochemical activity for fuel oxidation at the anode/solid electrolyte interface. In this work, the fabrication of porosity graded anode substrates, made from nickel oxide and yttria‐modified zirconia and produced by dry uni‐axial pressing, are described. Using carbon as pore formers and adjusting the particle size distribution in the ceramic NiO‐YSZ masses, samples with gradually changing porosity are built up. The sintering behaviour of the individual layers is analysed and partly adjusted so the multi‐layer support can be co‐fired together with the YSZ electrolyte layer. In the oxidized state, four‐layer, porosity graded anode supported half‐cells with a dense YSZ electrolyte are demonstrated.
Estimating and predicting multivariate volatility thresholds in global stock markets
Authors: Audrino Francesco , Trojani Fabio
Published: April 2006

We propose a general double tree structured AR‐GARCH model for the analysis of global equity index returns. The model extends previous approaches by incorporating (i) several multivariate thresholds in conditional means and volatilities of index returns and (ii) a richer specification for the impact of lagged foreign (US) index returns in each threshold. We evaluate the out‐of‐sample forecasting power of our model for eight major equity indices in comparison to some existing volatility models in the literature. We find strong evidence for more than one multivariate threshold (more than two regimes) in conditional means and variances of global equity index returns. Such multivariate thresholds are affected by foreign (US) lagged index returns and yield a higher out‐of‐sample predictive power for our tree structured model setting. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem Action of TpMsNiCl and Supported Cp2ZrCl2 Catalysts for the Production of Linear Low‐Density Polyethylene
Authors: Kuhn Maria Cristina A. , da Silva Jaqueline L. , Casagrande Adriana C. A. , Mauler Raquel S. , Casagrande Osvaldo L.
Published: April 2006

Summary: Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples with different properties were prepared from ethylene, without the addition of an α‐olefin co‐monomer, using a combination of the catalyst precursors TpMsNiCl (TpMs = hydridotris(3‐mesitylpyrazol‐1‐yl) and Cp2ZrCl2/SMAO‐4, by varying the nickel loading mole fraction (xNi). Upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), this binary catalytic system showed activities varying from 12.3 to 309.1 kg of PE · (mol[M] · atm · h)−1. The properties of the polymeric materials are influenced by xNi as well as by the temperature of polymerization, affording the copolymers with a melting point (Tm) between 118 and 135 °C. The GPC results show that the molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm w}$) of the polymers is sensitive to the xNi. In all of the cases studied, the GPC curves displayed monomodal molecular weight distributions (MWDs) with the average molecular weight varying from 30 000 to 507 000 g · mol−1. Studies using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) show that the formation of different polymeric materials is associated with the branching content, with the stiffness varying according to the xNi and the temperature used in the polymerization reaction.

Overview of the copolymerization process, from ethylene in the presence of MAO, mediated by catalysts 1 and 2/SMAO.

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Overview of the copolymerization process, from ethylene in the presence of MAO, mediated by catalysts 1 and 2/SMAO.
Salicylaldiminato Pyrrolylaldiminato Group 4 Metal Alkene Polymerization Catalysts: Combining High Activity with High Comonomer Incorporation
Authors: Pennington Dale A. , Coles Simon J. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Bochmann Manfred , Lancaster Simon J.
Published: April 2006

Summary: Treatment of Zr{3‐But‐2‐(O)C6H3CHN(C6F5)}Cl3(THF) with K[2‐(C6H5NCH)C4H3N] yields Zr{3‐But‐2‐(O)C6H3CHN(C6F5)}{2‐(C6H5NCH)C4H3N}Cl2, the first example of a (salicylaldiminato)(pyrrolylaldiminato)zirconium complex. The catalytic behavior of both the new zirconium pre‐catalyst and its titanium analogue have been determined. The titanium system is the more effective catalyst for both ethene homopolymerization and copolymerizations with hex‐1‐ene, norbornene, and cyclopentene. The titanium catalyst combines the high productivities of the bis(salicylaldiminato) parent complex with the more favorable comonomer incorporation of the bis(pyrrolylaldiminato) series.

Copolymerizations with pre‐catalysts 1 and 2.

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Copolymerizations with pre‐catalysts 1 and 2.
Thermodynamic Limitations of the Reptation Model
Authors: Fatkullin Nail , Kimmich Rainer
Published: April 2006

Summary: The paper deals with the question whether the tube/reptation model of polymer chain dynamics is compatible with general laws of statistical physics. Based on a relation between the mean squared fluctuation of the number of segments in a given volume element and the isothermal compressibility of the polymer system, it follows straightforwardly that the tube/reptation model predicts fluctuations larger than permitted by thermodynamics on the time scale t ≳ τR, where τR is the Rouse relaxation time.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Dextran Extension at Constant Pulling Speed
Authors: Neelov Igor , Adolf David , Ratner Marina , Zhicol Oleg , McLeish Tom
Published: April 2006

Summary: A dextran monomer and a 10mer under constant pulling speed were studied using the atomistic simulations. Molecular dynamics (MD) with the new Amber‐Glycam04 forcefield were performed. The main result of the present Amber‐based MD simulations is that the experimental plateau of the force‐extension dependence for dextran can be explained by a transition of the glucopyranose rings in the dextran monomers from a chair (4C1) to a inverted chair (1C4) conformation whereas chair to boat transitions occur at higher forces. Density functional (DFT) calculations of monomer were also performed for a monomer at different fixed end‐to‐end distances (lengths) to clarify the molecular mechanism of dextran extension. These DFT calculations confirm the existence of an inverted chair (1C4) conformation at intermediate extensions and its possible important contribution to the plateau in the experimental force‐extension dependence of dextran.
Improving kp Data Originating from PLP Number Distributions
Authors: Kornherr Andreas , Olaj Oskar Friedrich , Schnöll‐Bitai Irene , Zifferer Gerhard
Published: April 2006

Summary: Based on certain features, especially the width of the so‐called extra peaks in the simulated number‐chain‐length distribution (CLD) of polymers prepared by pulsed laser polymerization (PLP), it is calculated by which factor the positions of the points of inflections and maxima deviate from the theoretical L0 data that are to be used for the evaluation of kp. These corrections are for slightly chain‐length‐dependent termination by disproportionation or combination and cover a wide range of chain‐lengths and primary radical production. They can be applied either to the point of inflection on the low‐molecular weight side of the extra peaks or to the peak maximum. On average, the mean error that is about −2.5% for uncorrected data from first‐order points of inflection is reduced to the order of less than 1% even if no assumption concerning the mode of termination is made. The situation is similar for the positions of the first‐order peak maxima where the mean error of about +7% likewise can be cut down to less than 1% if the proper correction function is chosen. Second‐ and third‐order peaks data, which are a priori less falsified, yield still better results after correction. Mass sensitivity of the detection process has comparatively little effect: it is only for unrealistically high extents of chain‐length dependence in detection that considerable falsifications are to be expected. As an additional result it turned out that correction functions obtained for number distributions are also applicable to mass spectrometry raw distributions $x(l) \cdot \sqrt l$ and even for mass distributions x(l) · l provided Poissonian broadening is the only broadening process.

Number distribution xC(l) calculated for termination by combination times attenuation function F1(l).

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Number distribution xC(l) calculated for termination by combination times attenuation function F1(l).
Constant‐time solution to database searching by NMR ensemble computing
Authors: Hsueh C.‐C. , Chen C.‐Y.
Published: April 2006

Brüschweiler's Ensemble algorithm requires n = log N queries to discover the wanted object from the database of the size N. In this paper, we use a new oracle query function g(.) to improve Brüschweiler's algorithm such that only one query is needed for searching the single object. Our algorithm extends from one ancillary qubit to n ancillary qubits. We then construct the oracle query function g(.) satisfying g(x) = 0 for all input x, except for one, say x = z, where g(z) = z. We first prepare 2n qubits, including n qubits for representing the elements and n ancillary qubits for storing the result of the oracle query function. After one query, we obtain z by measuring these ancillary qubits. Our algorithm can efficiently discover the wanted object if N ≤ 230 according to current NMR spectrometer technology.
All‐polymer microfluidic particle size sorter for biomedical applications
Authors: Fernandez Javier G. , Mills Christopher A. , Rodríguez Romen , Gomila Gabriel , Samitier Josep
Published: April 2006

The design and method for the production of an all‐polymer microfluidic particle sorter, for use in biomedical applications, is described. The sorter is made from biocompatible materials with properties, such as high optical transparency, that make it useful in a biological laboratory. The method of sorting is designed to be gentle on biological species, using a method of guiding the particles towards the filter, and has been successfully used to separate latex beads depending on their diameters. Preliminary qualitative experiments have been able to separate beads of 45 and 90 μm in diameter from a mixture of the two. These dimensions are on the same scale as those of some eukaryotic cells. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Fe–Si and Co–Si amorphous thin films due to Si nano‐segregation
Authors: Díaz J. , Valvidares S. M. , Morales R. , Alameda J. M.
Published: April 2006

Fe–Si and Co–Si amorphous thin films with Si concentrations above their eutectic point were deposited by magnetron sputtering. The films had a well defined uniaxial magnetic anisotropy induced by evaporating the Si atoms at an oblique angle of incidence. Their anisotropy energy and coercive field, measured by the transverse Kerr effect, increased with the temperature, suggesting that the distribution of Si concentration was not homogeneous giving rise to regions with different Curie temperatures. A model was proposed where the anisotropic distribution of Si would explain the origin of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in these films and the anomalous behaviour of their anisotropy energy and coercivity with the temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
II–VI semiconductor quantum dot quantum wells: a tight‐binding study
Authors: Pérez‐Conde J. , Bhattacharjee A. K.
Published: April 2006

We have studied the electronic structure, exciton states and optical spectra of spherical semiconductor quantum dot quantum wells (QDQW's) by means of a symmetry‐adapted tight‐binding (TB) method. We have investigated two classes of QDQW's: CdS/HgS/CdS, based on a CdS core which acts as a barrier, with a thin HgS well layer intercalated between the core and a clad layer of CdS. The second class of QDQW's is based on ZnS cores covered with CdS layers which act in this case as a well. The calculated values of the absorption onset show a good agreement with the experimental data. Large photoluminescence Stokes shifts are also predicted. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study of CO adsorption on Au/alumina substrates
Authors: Fernández E. M. , Balbás L. C.
Published: April 2006

Aiming to understand the role of the substrate in the adsorption of carbon monoxide on gold clusters supported on metal‐oxides, we have started a study of that process on two different alumina substrates: a fully relaxed stoichiometric (Al2O3)20 cluster, and the Al terminated (0001) surface of α‐Al2O3. Here we present first principles calculations for the adsorption of CO on a gold atom supported on these alumina substrates. The (Al2O3)20 cluster has atomic and electronic structures with similarities to those of amorphous alumina, and offers more different sites than the (0001) surface to bind gold clusters. In both cases, atomic Au adsorbs on top of a three coordinated Al atom with similar environment, being the binding energy higher in the case of the cluster substrate. CO absorbs preferentially on top of the Au atom, but in the case of cluster substrate, CO adsorbs also bridging Au and a neighbor O atom. This result suggest that the activity towards CO adsorption is larger for the Au/(amorphous‐cluster) than for Au/(0001)‐surface alumina substrate. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Soft Computing Techniques Applied to Combinatorial Catalysis: A New Approach for the Discovery and Optimization of Catalytic Materials
Authors: Serra Jose M. , Corma Avelino , Valero Soledad , Argente Estefania , Botti Vicente
Published: April 2006

A soft computing technique based on the combination of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed for the discovery and optimization of new materials when exploring a high‐dimensional space. This technique allows the experimental design in the search of new solid materials with high catalytic performance when exploring simultaneously a large number of variables such as elemental composition, manufacture procedure variables, etc. This novel integrated architecture allows one to strongly increase the convergence performance when compared with the performance of conventional GAs. It is described how both artificial intelligence techniques are built to work together. Moreover, the influence of algorithm configuration and the different algorithm parameters in the final optimization performance have been evaluated. The proposed optimization architecture has been validated using two hypothetical functions, based on the modeled behavior of multi‐component catalysts explored in the field of combinatorial catalysis.
Dye‐Modified and Photoswitchable Macrocycles by Multiple Multicomponent Macrocyclizations Including Bifunctional Building Blocks (MiBs)
Authors: Kreye Oliver , Westermann Bernhard , Rivera Daniel G. , Johnson Dean V. , Orru Romano V. A. , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: April 2006

The multiple multicomponent macrocyclization including bifunctional building blocks (MiB) strategy is suitable to obtain macrocycles with inherent dye or photoswitchable subunits. Provided as dicarboxylic components in Ugi‐MiBs, these functional subunits can be combined with natural like biarylether and peptoid moieties.
Allozymic variation in Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus
Authors: Stamatis Costas , Triantafyllidis Alexander , Moutou Katerina A. , Mamuris Zissis
Published: April 2006

Allozyme starch gel electrophoresis was used to investigate the genetic structure of Nephrops norvegicus populations in an extended sampling scheme. Nine populations from the North Sea and Aegean Sea were sampled and analysed using ten enzymatic systems corresponding to 15 putative loci. Values of heterozygosity were similar between Atlantic and Mediterranean population samples, ranging from 0.165 to 0.187. Genetic distance estimates, FST analyses and tests for genetic differentiation revealed a heterogeneous genetic structure within the sampling area of N. norvegicus. No evidence was found of past separation of Atlantic and Mediterranean populations, agreeing with the results of previous allozymic and mitochondrial genetic studies of N. norvegicus. Data are compared with genetic studies of other marine crustaceans and fish, and the implications for management of N. norvegicus stocks are discussed.
ASSOCIATION OF HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES WITH CHILD MORTALITY IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Authors: ANDOH SAMUEL Y. , UMEZAKI MASAHIRO , NAKAMURA KEIKO , KIZUKI MASASHI , TAKANO TAKEHITO
Published: April 2006

The associations between household demographic variables and mortality of children aged less than five years were investigated using data from the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, Western Africa. Of the total of 1992 children born to women included in the study population during the 5-year period preceding the survey, 260 (13%) had died and 1732 (87%) were alive at the time of the survey. Logistic regression analyses used to compare biosocial variables between the deceased and living children showed that the sex of the child, birth interval and mother’s occupation were associated with child’s survival status. After adjusting for their effects, household demographic variables (i.e. number of household members, number of household members under 5 years [HM−5Y], number of household members 5 years or older [HM+5Y], the proportion of HM−5Y among all household members, and the ratio of HM−5Y to HM+5Y) were shown to be associated with the child’s survival status. This study provided insight into the effects of intra-household competition among children and availability of care-givers as potential determinants of child survival. The results indicate that improvement of the childcare environment and reproductive intervention are necessary to reduce child mortality in West African countries.
Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s
Authors: SARKAR JAYABRATA
Published: April 2006

The decade of the 1930s provided a near perfect backdrop for a leftist surge in Indian national politics whose trajectory so far had been mapped under the political leadership of Gandhi. It had its moments of excitement, glory and disappointments. Although ample opportunities presented themselves to the Left to decisively influence the nationalist struggle during this period, it failed in its endeavour to play a historical role, beaten by a smarter, tactful, opportunist ‘Old guard’, the ‘right-wing’ leadership of the Indian National Congress, who, as events indicated in the later years, left behind all scruples to cling to political power.
When Jus ad Bellum Meets Jus in Bello: The Occupier's Right of Self-Defence against Terrorism Stemming from Occupied Territories
Authors: CANOR IRIS
Published: April 2006

Can an occupier invoke the right of self-defence against terrorism stemming from territories which it occupies? In its Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory the International Court of Justice responded to this question in the negative. This article critically analyses the reasoning presented by the Court concerning the specific question of the right of self-defence, not least in the light of the fact that it was harshly criticized by a number of judges in their individual opinions and by the Supreme Court of Israel in the subsequent Mara'abe (Alfei Menashe) case. It is also suggested that the issues discussed in this article, such as state responsibility for an armed attack, the principle of effective control, and the interplay between jus ad bellum and jus in bello, loom beyond the scope of the concrete question and concern more theoretical issues of international law.
Emotion und Volition bei regelmäßigem Gesundheitsverhalten
Authors: Schüz Benjamin
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Vorhersage von Gesundheitsverhalten kann dadurch verbessert werden, dass man neben Intentionen Ausführungsplanung berücksichtigt. Wie gut sich die Planung auf das Verhalten auswirkt, kann aber auch davon abhängen, ob negative Emotionen vorherrschen, z.B. wenn Personen ängstlich erregt sind. Ob solche Effekte bei der regelmäßigen Benutzung von Zahnseide auftreten, wird hier untersucht. In einer Studie mit drei Messzeitpunkten im Abstand von sechs Wochen wurden 157 Teilnehmer zu Interdentalhygiene, Intentionen, Ausführungsplanung und negativen prospektiven Emotionen (Dentalangst und Furcht vor Verletzungen) befragt. Zusätzlich wurde zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt ein objektives Maß für Verhalten (Residualzahnseide) erhoben. Die Ergebnisse von hierarchischen Regressionsanalysen - die getrennt für die Gruppen der hochängstlichen und der niedrigängstlichen Personen gerechnet wurden - zeigen, dass die Effekte der Ausführungsplanung von negativen Emotionen abhängen. Teilnehmer, die mehr Furcht vor Verletzungen verspürten, profitierten weniger von Ausführungsplanung als Teilnehmer, die wenig Furcht berichteten. Vorschläge für einfach durchzuführende Planungsinterventionen und für weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.
An Introduction to Cochlear Implant Technology, Activation, and Programming
Authors: Moore Jan A. , Teagle Holly F. B.
Published: April 2006

Over the last decade, cochlear implantation has become an increasingly viable alternative for the treatment of profound sensorineural hearing loss in children. Although speech and hearing professionals play an important role in the communicative, social, and academic development of children with cochlear implants, many may be unfamiliar with recent advances in implant technology. This article provides an overview of the components of cochlear implant systems and the speech processing strategies that are currently being used by toddlers, preschoolers, and school-age children. A brief description of cochlear implant surgery and the procedures for programming these devices are also included. Finally, information regarding the use of assistive listening technology in the classroom is presented.
From Ear to Cortex
Authors: Nittrouer Susan
Published: April 2006

Phoneme-sized phonetic segments are often defined as the most basic unit of language organization. Two common inferences made from this description are that there are clear correlates to phonetic segments in the acoustic speech stream, and that humans have access to these segments from birth. In fact, well-replicated studies have shown that the acoustic signal of speech lacks invariant physical correlates to phonetic segments, and that the ability to recognize segmental structure is not present from the start of language learning. Instead, the young child must learn how to process the complex, generally continuous acoustic speech signal so that phonetic structure can be derived.

This paper describes and reviews experiments that have revealed developmental changes in speech perception that accompany improvements in access to phonetic structure. In addition, this paper explains how these perceptual changes appear to be related to other aspects of language development, such as syntactic abilities and reading. Finally, evidence is provided that these critical developmental changes result from adequate language experience in naturalistic contexts, and accordingly suggests that intervention strategies for children with language learning problems should focus on enhancing language experience in natural contexts.
Psychoacoustic Performance in Children Completing Fast ForWord Training
Authors: Thibodeau Linda M. , Friel-Patti Sandy , Britt Lana
Published: April 2006

It has been hypothesized that one cause of children's language disorders is poor temporal processing. When children are not able to follow the rapid modulations in the speech signal that cue phonemic information, development of critical language concepts might be missed. It has also been suggested that intensive auditory training on a hierarchy of temporal tasks may significantly improve language processing. Temporal processing was evaluated in children with normal language and those with language impairment who were enrolled in an intensive computerized auditory training program. The psychoacoustic tasks were aimed at evaluating the ability to (1) process signals arriving in very close succession, and (2) discriminate signals changing rapidly in frequency.

Three dependent variables included thresholds for brief tones presented in three conditions: quiet, just before a masker, and simultaneously with a masker. A fourth dependent variable was the minimum detectable change in a tone sweeping up in frequency. Despite minimal changes in performance over the five-week period, there were overlaps in performance on all tasks between the groups suggesting a complex relationship between temporal processing and language development. Children with language impairment who had better performance on the masking and frequency discrimination tasks showed greater success on the auditory training program.
Blending Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Language Research and Intervention
Authors: Brinton Bonnie , Fujiki Martin
Published: April 2006

Best practice in speech-language pathology should be informed by current research findings. Traditional research methods are not always geared to address some of the complex, individual questions that arise in clinical intervention, however. Qualitative research methods may provide useful tools for bridging the gap from research to practice. Combinations of qualitative and quantitative procedures may be particularly helpful in sorting out some of the important issues surrounding language intervention in both clinical and research contexts. Examples of research blending qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as the case study of Sid, an 11-year-old boy with specific language impairment, are presented to illustrate how a combination of procedures can be used to enhance language research and intervention.
An Objective and Time-Efficient Method for Determining Severity of Childhood Speech Delay
Authors: Johnson Carol A. , Weston Audrey D. , Bain Barbara A.
Published: April 2006

To address the need for an efficient and valid approach to determining the severity of a child’s speech delay, this study compared 2 types of sampling procedures to derive a measure of percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982). PCC scores of twenty-one 4- to 6-year-old children with speech delay derived from both an imitative sentence task and a conversational task were compared. Scores did not differ significantly and corresponded favorably with a reference criterion (S. M. Benner, 1992) for determining clinical equivalence. The imitative approach required considerably less time to complete. Thus, the sentence imitation procedure offers a valid and efficient alternative to conversational sampling. However, clinicians should consider individual child characteristics when choosing an imitative approach.
Narrative Skills in Children With Selective Mutism
Authors: McInnes Alison , Fung Daniel , Manassis Katharina , Fiksenbaum Lisa , Tannock Rosemary
Published: April 2006

Selective mutism (SM) is a rare and complex disorder associated with anxiety symptoms and speech-language deficits; however, the nature of these language deficits has not been studied systematically. A novel cross-disciplinary assessment protocol was used to assess anxiety and nonverbal cognitive, receptive language, and expressive narrative abilities in 7 children with SM and a comparison group of 7 children with social phobia (SP). The children with SM produced significantly shorter narratives than children with SP, despite showing normal nonverbal cognitive and receptive language abilities. The findings suggest that SM may involve subtle expressive language deficits that may influence academic performance and raise additional questions for further research. The assessment procedure developed for this study may be potentially useful for language clinicians.
Measurements of Loudness Growth in 1/2-Octave Bands for Children and Adults With Normal Hearing
Authors: Ellis Melisa R. , Wynne Michael K.
Published: April 2006

The loudness growth in 1/2-octave bands (LGOB) procedure has been shown previously to provide valid estimates of loudness growth for adults with normal hearing and those with hearing loss (Allen, Hall, & Jeng, 1990), and it has been widely incorporated into fitting strategies for adult hearing aid users by a hearing aid manufacturer. Here, we applied a simple modification of LGOB to children and adults with normal hearing and then compared the loudness growth functions (as obtained from end-point data) between the two age groups. In addition, reliability data obtained within a single session and between test sessions were compared between the two groups. Large differences were observed in the means between the two groups for the lower boundary values, the upper boundary values, and the range between boundaries both within and across all frequencies. The data obtained from children also had greater variance than the adult data. In addition, there was more variability in the data across test sessions for children. Many test-retest differences for children exceeded 10 dB. Adult test-retest differences were generally less than 10 dB. Although the LGOB with the modifications used in this study may be used to measure loudness growth in children, its poor reliability with this age group may limit its clinical use for children with hearing loss. Additional work is needed to explore whether loudness growth measures can be adapted successfully to children and whether these measures contribute worthwhile information for fitting hearing aids to children.
Continuing Education in Audiology
Authors: Helfer Karen S.
Published: April 2006

A sample of audiologists practicing in the New England states was surveyed about topics of interest for continuing education, desire to obtain a professional doctoral degree, and preferred learning modes for completing continuing education activities and doctoral education. Two hundred sixty-eight completed surveys were returned. Respondents indicated interest in a wide range of continuing education topics, with the greatest amount of interest in areas related to technology. The majority of respondents preferred to complete continuing education activities via traditional, face-to-face programming, whereas most respondents indicated interest in using both traditional and distance-learning methods to upgrade to a professional doctoral degree. Results of the survey also showed that a large proportion of audiologists are undecided about their desire to obtain a professional doctoral degree.
Doctor of Audiology Program at the University of Florida
Authors: Holmes Alice E. , Griffiths Scott K.
Published: April 2006

The University of Florida on-campus AuD program is described. To date, 63 students have been enrolled in this program. Sixteen doctoral-level audiology faculty teach in this program, either in the classroom or clinically. Coursework spans all areas included in the audiology scope of practice. The curriculum also has classes taught by faculty in other related disciplines, such as medicine, neuroscience, pharmacology, and counseling. Clinical practicum experiences throughout the program occur in a major health science center on campus, along with a number of other clinical sites. With the support of a large faculty and the availability of a wide variety of clinical placements, the University of Florida AuD program provides the necessary knowledge and skills for students to become autonomous professionals.
The AuD Program at Gallaudet University
Authors: Ackley R. Steven , Mahshie James , Lasasso Carol
Published: April 2006

Gallaudet University was among the first universities to address the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association mandate to universities to convert the entry level clinical audiology degree from a master's degree to a clinical doctoral (AuD) degree. The Gallaudet AuD program was approved in 1998 and graduated its first AuD class in 2002. The purpose of this article is to describe the Gallaudet AuD program, the process of converting from a master's program to an AuD program, the impact of converting the program, and current challenges. It is hoped that this description will be useful to those who are currently developing AuD programs.
Interference and Enhancement Effects on Interaural Time Discrimination and Level Discrimination in Listeners With Normal Hearing and Those With Hearing Loss
Authors: Smith-Olinde Laura , Besing Joan , Koehnke Janet
Published: April 2006

It is known that many listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) have difficulty performing binaural tasks. In this study, interference and enhancement effects on interaural time discrimination and level discrimination were investigated in 4 listeners with normal hearing (NH) and 7 listeners with SNHL. Just-noticeable differences were measured using 1/3-octave narrowband noises centered at 0.5 and 4 kHz. Noises were presented in isolation and together at equivalent sound pressure level (EqSPL) and equivalent sensation level (EqSL). Each noise served as target and distractor in the dual-band conditions. Congruent conditions included interaural differences in both noises that varied together, and incongruent conditions included an interaural difference in one noise with the second noise diotic. No significant enhancement effects were observed for either group in either task. Interference effects for the NH group were limited to the interaural level discrimination task in the 0.5-kHz target and 4-kHz distractor condition. Performance of participants with SNHL was similar to that of the NH group for interaural time discrimination with noises at EqSL but not EqSPL. In interaural level discrimination, listeners with SNHL demonstrated interference with a 4-kHz target and 0.5-kHz distractor. Results indicated that the relative levels of low- and high-frequency targets and distractors could affect binaural performance of individuals with SNHL but that in some conditions listeners with SNHL performed similarly to those with normal hearing. Implications of these results for binaural clinical tests and hearing aid fitting strategies are discussed.
Effects of Test Order on Most Comfortable and Uncomfortable Loudness Levels for Speech
Authors: Punch Jerry , Rakerd Brad , Joseph Antony
Published: April 2006

This study examined test-order effects on most comfortable loudness (MCL) and uncomfortable loudness (UCL) levels for spondaic words in 2 groups of 30 normal hearing listeners each. For Group 1, MCL was measured first, followed by UCL. For Group 2, UCL was measured first, and then MCL. A retest was conducted for both groups. Results showed that MCL was significantly elevated for Group 2, but not for Group 1. There was no effect on UCL for either group. In a follow-up experiment, the magnitude of the test-order effect on MCL increased significantly when MCL measurements followed UCL measurements closely in time. These results argue for management of the ordering and temporal spacing of MCL and UCL testing in clinical loudness measurements.
Linear and Nonlinear Analysis of the Stability of Gestural Organization in Speech Movement Sequences
Authors: Ward David , Arnfield Simon
Published: April 2006

Recent procedures have been developed that allow the analysis of gestural stability across repetitions of phrase-length utterances by linearly normalizing aspects of the articulatory signal. This process produces an index of variability called spatiotemporal index, or STI (Smith, Goffman, Zelaznik, Ying, & McGillem, 1995). Consistent findings that different STIs underlie changes in speaking rates in normally speaking adults have been found in subsequent studies by Smith and colleagues. However some researchers have raised concerns that linearlynormalized data do not adequately account for the nonlinear aspects in the articulatory signal (Lucero, Munhall, Gracco, & Ramsey, 1997). The present study compared findings from linear and nonlinear normalization procedures in the analysis of lower-lip displacement of phrase-length utterances for a group of 8 speakers and across three rates. Findings indicated that at a group level, gestural stability, although higher for each rate contingency, was similar to that found in earlier STI studies. However, variability was greater, and 4 of the 8 subjects failed to consistently demonstrate greater stability at habitual rate, followed by fast and then slow rate. A nonlinearly normalized analysis of the same data produced significantly lower stability indices, and variability was also reduced. It is argued that a nonlinear normalization procedure based on lower-lip displacement holds advantages in the analysis of phrase-length speech data over both linear and alternative nonlinear normalization techniques.