bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
149 Effects of Microbial Phytase on Standardized Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus in Feed Phosphates Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Diaz Diego A Lopez , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: October 2023

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of increased microbial phytase on total tract digestibility of P in feed phosphates when fed to growing pigs. A source of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP), and magnesium phosphate (MgP) were procured. Three basal diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, and 4,000 units of microbial phytase (FTU) and no addition of feed phosphates. Nine phosphate-containing diets were formulated by adding each of the 3 feed phosphates and 3 levels of phytase. A P-free diet was formulated to determine the basal endogenous P loss. A total of 117 growing barrows (BW = 15.56 kg; SD = 1.68) were divided into 3 blocks of 39 pigs and allotted to the 13 diets for a total of 9 pigs per diet. During the experiment, pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates equipped with a slatted floor, a feeder, and a nipple drinker. Fecal samples were quantitatively collected for 4 days after 5 days of adaptation using the marker-to-marker approach. Fecal samples were dried and ground before analysis. Fecal samples, feed ingredients, feed phosphates, and diet samples were analyzed for P, Ca, and dry matter and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) were calculated. The ATTD and STTD of P in the 3 feed phosphates were calculated using difference procedure. The statistical model included the level of phytase and the P source as the fixed effects and the random effects of period and replicate within period. Contrast statements were used to test for linear and quadratic effects of increasing phytase in diets and the model included diet as the fixed effect and period and replicate as the random effects. Pig was the experimental unit. Results indicated that the ATTD and STTD of P in all diets increased (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of 500 or 4,000 FTU, but the ATTD and STTD of P in feed phosphates were not affected by the inclusion of phytase (Table 1). This indicates that the increases in ATTD and STTD of P that were observed in the mixed diets when phytase was used were due to the release of P from phytate in corn and soybean meal and not from an increase in digestibility of P in feed phosphates. However, MgP had a lower (P < 0.05) STTD of P than MCP and MSP. In conclusion, microbial phytase does not increase the digestibility of P in MCP, MSP, or MgP, but the digestibility of P in MgP is less than in MCP and MSP.
152 The Effect of a Multi-Enzyme Containing Xylanase, β-Glucanase, Protease and Amylase Added to a High-Fiber Corn-Based Diet in Comparison to a Conventional Diet, on the Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Vinyeta-Punti Ester , Tactacan Glenmer , Kumar Arun , Velayudhan Deepak E
Published: October 2023

This study evaluated the effect of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance in weaned pigs fed a wheat-barley-rye-based diet containing fiber-rich by-products and with a low level of highly digestible protein and energy ingredients. Two experimental runs were performed, each with 96 (DE x DL) × Pi pigs [24–26 days of age; 8.0 ± 0.06 kg initial body weight (BW)] assigned to two treatments in 24 pens per run (4 pigs/pen, 2 males and 2 females; 12 pens/treatment/run) in a randomized block design. Pigs were allocated to treatment on the day of weaning. Treatments comprised: 1) a nutritionally adequate wheat-barley-rye-soybean meal-based diet with added wheat bran and rapeseed meal, containing 750 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (ALT), and 2) the same diet supplemented with a multi-enzyme containing 4,000 U/kg xylanase, 200 U/kg β-glucanase, 2,000 U/kg protease and 100 U/kg amylase (ALT+multi-enzymes). Diets were formulated in two phases (Pre-starter, d 0–14; starter, d 15–42) and fed ad libitum as pelleted diets for 42 days. The analyzed content of crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in ALT diets were, respectively, 4.0% and 11.5% in pre-starter, and 4.2% and 14.8% in starter phase. Body weight was measured at the start and end of each phase, feed intake was determined weekly. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using IBM SPSS 21 including run as a random effect. During pre-starter phase, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were greater in pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, by 8.4% (232 vs 214 g/day) and 6.7% (300 vs. 281 g/day), respectively, although this was not statistically significant (Table 1). During starter phase, pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes exhibited increased ADG vs. ALT (+35 g/day or 5.5%; P < 0.05). For the overall period (d 0 to 42), pigs fed ALT+multi-enzyme were, on average, 1.3 kg heavier than pigs fed ALT (P < 0.05), ADG was increased by +32 g/day (4.4%; P < 0.05) and FCR tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced (1.48 vs 1.44). Total feed costs per kg BW gain, exclusive of the cost of the enzymes, tended to be reduced in ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, (-0.014 USD/kg BW gain, overall; P = 0.09). These results demonstrate that the multi-enzyme supplemented on top of phytase improved growth performance. Given the established mode of action of the individual enzymes, this may have been mediated by enhanced digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the ALT diet. In conclusion, supplementing a high-fiber mixed diet containing by-products and low inclusion of highly digestible energy and protein ingredients with a multi-enzyme complex improved growth performance in weaned pigs and led to economic benefit.
317 Awardee Talk: Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase for Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Kim Sung Woo
Published: October 2023

The objective of this research was to investigate the functional roles of phytase and xylanase in nursery pigs and broiler chickens. These enzymes have been widely studied and have shown consistent results improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance. However, recent studies have raised the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could also have potential effects on intestinal and bone health, and intestinal microbiota. The first study studied at the effects of a bacterial 6-phytase on nutrient digestibility and retention of nursery and growing pigs. The results showed that supplementing a bacterial 6-phytase in pig diets can be a potential alternative for reducing high levels of inorganic phosphorus sources while still increasing the digestibility and utilization of phosphorus by the animals. The second study investigated the efficacy and optimal level of a bacterial 6-phytase supplemented beyond traditional dose levels on bone and intestinal health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results revealed that the supplementation of the bacterial 6-phytase enhanced bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in nursery pigs. The third study aimed to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on the intestinal microbiota and morphology, bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens. The results showed that phytase supplementation had potential benefits on the microbiota by reducing potential harmful bacteria and increasing beneficial bacteria. Additionally, phytase had positive effects on bone health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The fourth study examined the functional roles of xylanase on the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results showed that xylanase supplementation had beneficial effects on intestinal health by reducing the digesta viscosity, the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and the oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa. All of these factors collectively reflected in improvements on the intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. In conclusion, the results of these studies reaffirmed the benefits of phytase and xylanase related to nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs and broiler chickens, as well as showed potential benefits on intestinal health and microbiota of the animals. Supplementing these enzymes could also contribute to a reduction in feed costs and environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis and breakdown of antinutritional factors in animal diets.
223 Impact of Bump Feeding in Late Gestation on Reproductive Performance and Body Weight and Body Condition at Pre- and Post-Farrowing and at Weaning in Hyper Prolific Gilts
Authors: Blanco Patricia , Huerta Isaac , Montoro Jordi Camp , Shevchenko Serhii , Magallón Pablo , Ros Maria , Lopez Adrian , Calderon Diaz Julia A , Molina Jose Antonio , Vier Carine M , Sala Rúben , Herrero Juan Manuel , Orlando Uislei A
Published: October 2023

The study aimed to quantify the effect of increasing the feeding level during late gestation on reproductive performance, body weight (BW) and body condition (BC) at pre- and post-farrowing and at weaning in gilts. A total of 815 PIC Camborough X54 gilts were individually weighed at day 90 of gestation and assigned to two feeding levels in a randomized complete block design. Gilts received either 2.3 kg/d [4.95 Mcal/d of net energy (NE) and 11.5 g/d of standard ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys); CONTROL] or 3.1 kg/d (6.67 Mcal/d of NE and 15.5 g/d of SID Lys; BUMP) from 90 d until farrowing. Gilts were housed in group pens during gestation and feed was provided using a feed box setting. Feed contained 2.15 Mcal/kg of NE and 5 g/kg of SID Lys. Caliper information was individually collected at day 90 of gestation to assess BC. Caliper and BW measurements were collected pre-farrowing and at weaning and their difference was calculated. Additionally, post-farrowing 48 h BW was predicted using the following equation: Gilt 48h post-farrow BW = -20.81 + (0.98 × pre-farrow BW). Total born (TB), born alive (BA), stillborn (SB), and mummified (MM) were collected for each gilt at farrowing, and their percentage per litter was calculated and used for analysis. Data were analyzed using a general linear model considering gilt as the experimental unit. The model included treatment as fixed effect and gilt as random effect. Caliper or BW at 90 days of gestation were considered as covariable for BW and BC analysis, respectively. Alpha for determination of significance was 0.05 and trend were identified at 0.10. BUMP gilts were 7.5 and 7.4 kg heavier than CONTROL gilts at pre- and post-farrowing, respectively (P < 0.001; Table 1). The BW at weaning did not differ between treatments (P = 0.32); however, BUMP gilts lost 6.3 kg BW more than CONTROL gilts (P < 0.001; Table 1) during the lactation period. Regarding BC, caliper at pre-farrow was 0.3 units greater for BUMP gilts compared with CONTROL gilts (P < 0.001; Table 1). No differences were observed in caliper loss during the lactation period and at weaning between treatments (P > 0.05; Table 1). The BUMP gilts tended to have 0.5 more TB compared with CONTROL gilts (P = 0.054; Table 1). Nevertheless, TB is related to the early gestation period and embryo survivability. No differences were observed in BA, SB and MM between treatments (P > 0.05; Table 1). In summary, increasing the feeding level by 0.9 kg/d in late gestation resulted in increased gilt weight and caliper at pre-farrow, and greater weight loss during the lactation period. Although reproductive performance traits were not altered by treatments, these will be followed in subsequent parities.
224 Average Daily Feed Intake in Previous Lactations is Associated with Subsequent Reproductive Performance in Sows
Authors: Magallón Pablo , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Ros Maria , Lopez Adrian , Blanco Patricia , Sala Rúben , Shevchenko Serhii , Lara José Manuel , Fernández Pilar , Van De Stroet Denise , Calderon Diaz Julia A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Huerta Isaac
Published: October 2023

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of average daily feed intake (ADFI) in previous lactations on subsequent reproductive performance in multiparous sows. Data for this study were collected from 2017 to 2022 at Grangenia, a 2,800 L03 PIC sows farrow-to-wean commercial multiplier from Grupo Kerbest and integrated with Grupo UVESA. The farm is located in Ávila, Spain. In total, data on ADFI during lactation and litter size traits were available for 10,425 sows. Born alive (BA), stillborn (SB) and mummified (MM) piglets were expressed both as total numbers and as percentage from total born (TB) piglets. Sow parity was classified as parity 2, 3, 4 and 5+. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models in R v4.1.2. For all traits, initial models included ADFI for the immediate previous parity as a linear and quadratic predictor. ADFI ranged from 1.3 to 9.6 kg/day. Linear mixed models revealed that ADFI in the previous lactation had a positive linear association (P < 0.001, Table 1) with all studied traits except with BA % and SB % where a quadratic association (P < 0.001) was also observed (quadratic slope = 0.018 ± 0.0044 and - 0.016 ± 0.0051, respectively). Results indicate that on average, sows in the lower ADFI limit would have 2.1 TB, 1.6 BA, 0.13 SB and 0.16 MM less when compared with sows in the upper ADFI limit across all parities. The BA % decreased and SB% increased when ADFI in the previous parity was between 4.5 and 6 kg across all parities. Under the conditions of this study, increasing ADFI in the previous lactation improved subsequent reproductive performance across all parities. It is likely that this effect was at least partly mediated through the greater number of follicles with optimal preovulatory size, luteinizing hormone secretion, ovulation rates, and embryo mortality, although this requires further investigation. A limitation of this study was that it was not possible to elucidate if the observed effect of ADFI in the previous parity was mediated through greater amino acid and/or energy intake due to the observational nature of this study. Nonetheless, our results highlight the importance of optimal sow nutritional management during the lactation period for improved lifetime reproductive performance.
220 Impact of Bump Feeding During Late Gestation on Reproductive Performance of Over-Conditioned Sows
Authors: Anderson Brooke , Rosero David S , Canavate Sergio , Leiva Samuel F , Vier Carine M , Hidalgo Hugo , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A
Published: October 2023

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of bump-feeding during late gestation on reproductive performance of multiparous over-conditioned sows. A total of 220 PIC Camborough sows were assigned to one of three feeding levels in a completely randomized design. Caliper was individually collected at d 90 of gestation from a larger group of sows to assess body condition, and only sows from parity 1+ and considered over-conditioned by the sow caliper were selected for the study. Sows were equally balanced by parity (P1 and P2 as young, and P3+ as mature) when allocated to treatments. All sows were fed a common gestation diet containing 3.20 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) per kg and 0.56% standardized ileal digestible lysine, but feed drop-boxes were adjusted to different feeding levels according to treatment. Treatments consisted of 5.09 Mcal of ME/d (1.59 kg/d; CONTROL), 6.54 Mcal of ME/d (2.04 kg/d; 0.45kg-BUMP), or 8.00 Mcal of ME/d (2.49 kg/d; 0.90kg-BUMP); and fed to sows from d 90 of gestation until they were moved to the farrowing room. Sows were housed in crates during gestation. Sow body weight (BW) and caliper measurements were collected at pre-farrowing and weaning, and their difference was calculated. Additionally, post-farrowing 48h BW was predicted using the following equation: 48h post-farrow BW = -20.81 + (0.98 × pre-farrow BW). Total born, born alive (BA), stillborn (SB), and mummified were collected for each sow at farrowing. Individual piglet BW were recorded at birth, at cross-foster, and at weaning. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model considering sow as the experimental unit. Models included treatment, parity group, and their interaction as fixed effects. Covariates were included if they were statistically significant and improved model fit. There was no treatment by parity group interaction for any response criteria. There was no evidence for differences between treatments for caliper at d 90 of gestation, caliper pre-farrow, caliper at weaning, or caliper change between d 90 to pre-farrow and pre-farrow to weaning (P >0.10; Table 1). Sows that received 0.90 kg-BUMP were marginally heavier at farrow than CONTROL sows (P < 0.10), with those receiving 0.45 kg-BUMP intermediate. CONTROL sows lost less BW during lactation compared with 0.45kg-BUMP sows (P < 0.05), with 0.90 kg-BUMP sows intermediate. Sows receiving 0.45kg-BUMP from d90 of gestation to farrowing had greater percentage BA piglets and decreased percentage SB compared with sows receiving 0.90 kg-BUMP (P < 0.05), with CONTROL sows intermediate. There was no evidence (P >0.10) for treatment differences for piglet birth weight, litter and piglet BW gain, or percentage weaned piglets. In summary, increasing the feeding level for over-conditioned sows during late gestation did not impact sow reproductive or litter performances.
218 Simple Blending of Gestation and Lactation Diets During the Transition Period Minimizes Losses in Back Fat Depth Around Parturition for Primi and Multiparous Sows
Authors: Gregory Nicole , Huber Lee-Anne
Published: October 2023

Fifty of each primiparous and multiparous sows were used to evaluate a blending feeding program using gestation and lactation diets during the transition period on sow back fat depth (BF), blood metabolites, and litter growth performance. Sows were randomly assigned to one of two feeding programs in a 2×2 factorial design (n = 25) from 104 ± 1 days of gestation: 1) a unique daily blend of standard gestation [0.58% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and 2419kcal/kg NE] and lactation diets (0.95% SID lysine and 2507kcal/kg NE) until day 5 after farrowing to meet estimated daily SID lysine and net energy requirements (NRC, 2012; TRAN) or 2) approximately 2 kg per day of a standard lactation diet until farrowing (CON). Upon farrowing, sows on the CON feeding program received step-up access to the lactation diet according to a feeding curve. Five days after farrowing, both groups received ad libitum access to the lactation diet until weaning (20.0 ± 0.3 days). Sow body weight (BW) and BFwere measured on day 104 and 110 of gestation (BW only), after farrowing, and at weaning. Fasted blood samples were collected from sows at farrowing and weaning. Litters were standardized to 13 ± 1 piglets and were not provided creep feed. During gestation, TRAN sows consumed more feed than CON sows, which was especially evident for multiparous sows (2.95 vs. 2.13 ± 0.08kg/d for TRAN vs. CON; interaction and main effect; P < 0.05). During lactation, average daily feed intake was not influenced by feeding program but was greater for multi versus primiparous sows (5.98 vs. 4.20 ± 0.30kg; P < 0.001). At all time points, BW was greater for multi versus primiparous sows, regardless of feeding program (P < 0.05). During the gestation period, TRAN sows tended to have greater average daily gain (1.43 vs. 1.00±0.39kg/d; P=0.061) and had less back fat loss (-0.18 vs. -0.92 ± 0.37mm; P < 0.05) versus CON sows, regardless of parity. Only after farrowing, TRAN sows had greater BW and BF than CON sows, regardless of parity (221.5 vs. 215.5 ± 4.1kg and 17.0 vs. 16.3 ± 0.4mm; P < 0.05), but at weaning there were no feeding program-related differences in BW or BF. No feeding program-related differences were observed for litter characteristics, but litter birth weight and piglet BW at weaning were greater for multi versus primiparous sows (P< 0.01). Only after farrowing, serum BHBA (11.9 vs. 19.4 ± 7.8mmol/L) and NEFA (0.34 vs. 0.56 ± 0.10mmol/L) concentrations were less and serum glucose concentrations (4.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.2mmol/L) were greater for TRAN versus CON sows (P < 0.05), regardless of parity. Therefore, a simple transition feeding program using standard gestation and lactation diets reduced energy mobilization by multi and primiparous sows in late gestation, with no impact on subsequent lactation performance.
217 Effect of Sow Feeder Design on Sow Body Weight, Litter Performance, and Feeder Cleaning Criteria
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Coble Kyle , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: October 2023

During lactation, maximizing sow feed intake is critical to sustaining sow body weight (BW) and milk production for litter growth. Farrowing stall design can affect sow feed intake because a good feeder should minimize feed wastage and spoilage and improve sow feed intake by enhancing the accessibility of feed and matching the feed intake pattern of the sow. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeder design on sow BW, litter performance, and feeder cleaning criteria during the summer. A total of 600 sows (Line 3, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were conducted in 2 sequential groups with 300 sows per group. Five 60-stall farrowing rooms (15 stalls per row and 4 rows per room) with tunnel ventilation were used for each group. At approximately d 110 to 112 of gestation, sows were blocked by body condition score (BCS), parity, and offspring sire (Line 2 or Line 3 sires), then randomly allotted to 1 of 3 feeder designs: PVC tube feeder; Rotecna ball feeder (Rotecna, Agramunt, Spain); or SowMax rod feeder (Hog Slat, Newton Grove, NC) with 200 sows per feeder design. The 3 feeder designs were placed in one of 3 sequential stalls with the sequence (Rotecna, SowMax, then PVC tube) continued in each row in all rooms to balance for any environmental effects. After farrowing, sows had ad libitum access to lactation feed. For litter performance data, only piglets from sows bred to Line 2 boars were recorded (441 litters). Line 3 piglets were not included in litter performance data, but sows of these piglets were included in sow BW and feed disappearance data. After weaning, the time for cleaning each feeder design was recorded on a subsample of 67 feeders. There was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) in sow entry BW, exit BW, BW change, or litter performance among the different feeder designs (Table). However, sows using the SowMax feeders had decreased (P < 0.05) total feed disappearance, average daily feed disappearance, and feed cost per kg of litter weight gain than those fed with the PVC tube feeders, with sows using the Rotecna feeders intermediate. There was a marginal difference (P < 0.10) between feeder designs in cleaning time, with PVC tube feeders requiring less time than the Rotecna feeders; however, cleaning time varied greatly between the personnel doing the cleaning. In conclusion, using a SowMax feeder reduced feed disappearance with no effects on sow and litter performance compared with a PVC tube feeder.
206 Development and Validation of an Indigestible Protein Index to Investigate the Effects of Protein Content in Weaned Pigs: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Babatunde Olufemi O , Rodrigues Lucas A , Htoo John K , Mendoza Maria S , Columbus Daniel A
Published: October 2023

Increased proteolytic fermentation may lead to negative effects on gastrointestinal health and function, which ultimately impact on performance. The objective was to develop and validate, by investigating performance and gut structure outcomes, an index of indigestible protein content (IDP) in weaned pigs. Ninety-four studies reporting growth performance [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain: feed (GF), initial (IBW) and final body weight (FBW)] and duodenal histomorphometries [villus height (VH), crypt depth([CD), and villus height: crypt depth ratio (VCR)] variables of pigs fed different protein content (CP) and sources in the diet were included. Diets were recalculated using a common database to generate the IDP from each study. Studies were grouped by similarity in performance in two clusters (C1 and C2) by hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC). The effects of cluster were investigated. Quadratic response plateau (QRP) models were fitted to assess the interrelationships between ADG, ADFI, GF, VH, CD, and VCR with the dietary CP or calculated IDP content within cluster. Pigs from C2 had greater IBW (6.3 vs. 8.8 ± 0.2kg), FBW (10.2 vs. 17.2 ± 0.7kg), ADG (0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.0kg/d), and ADFI (0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1kg/d) compared with C1 (P < 0.05). There was no effect of cluster (P > 0.05) on VH (405.5 vs. 405.5 ± 15.8μm), CD (232.5 vs. 220.7 ± 10.1μm), or VCR (1.9 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3μm). Pigs from C1 achieved break point (BP) and plateau (Pl) for VH (BP = 24.25%, Pl = 96.32μm; P < 0.05) when fed increasing CP content and for ADG (BP = 2.32%, Pl = 0.28kg/d; P < 0.05) and GF (BP = 2.18%, Pl = 0.83kg/kg; P < 0.05) when fed increasing calculated IDP content. Pigs from C2 fed increasing content of calculated IDP achieved BP and Pl for ADG (BP = 3.04%, Pl = 0.54kg/d; P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that calculated IDP might be a reliable index to investigate the effects of proteolytic fermentation on pig performance, particularly in the immediate post-weaning phase.
209 Lowering Dietary Crude Protein Concentration Decreases Nitrogen Excretion and pH of Urine and Slurry in 15-kg Nursery Pigs
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G
Published: October 2023

The objective of the present work was to determine the effects of reucing dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations with essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on nitrogen balance, urinary pH, and slurry pH in nursery pigs. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 15.2 kg (standard deviation = 0.7) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A quadruplicated 3 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with 3 experimental diets and 2 periods per square was employed. Experimental diets based on corn, soybean meal, whey powder, fish meal, and blood plasma were formulated to contain 19.4% CP, 17.5% CP, and 15.7% CP by reducing inclusion rates of soybean meal. All experimental diets were supplemented with EAA to meet all EAA requirements. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 24-hour collection period followed by a 4-day collection period. On day 5, feces and urine were collected for 24 h and the feces and urine were mixed in a ratio of fecal weight and urine weight at the end of collection to obtain slurry samples. Then, pH of urine and slurry samples was measured immediately. On days 6 and 10, chromic oxide was added at 0.5% in morning meals as a marker and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces. Urine collection was initiated at 1000 h on day 6 and terminated at 1000 h on day 10. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were performed to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary CP concentrations on the response variables. Daily N intake was linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P < 0.05). Daily fecal and urinary N excretions linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P < 0.05), whereas N retention rate as % of intake was linearly increased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P < 0.05). The urine pH and slurry pH were linearly decreased with decreasing dietary CP concentrations (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lowering dietary CP concentrations decreased N excretion and pH of urine and slurry.
210 Effects of Soybean Meal and Functional Amino Acids on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hart Morgan D , Cemin Henrique S , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of soybean meal (SBM) concentration and functional amino acids (FAA) threonine, tryptophan, and methionine supplementation above the requirements on the growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 2,592 pigs (initial BW = 6.1 kg), placed in pens of 36 mixed-sex pigs, were used in a 33-d trial. Pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of SBM (25 or 31%) and three FAA regimens (Low, Medium, and High) with 12 replicates per treatment. Amino acid ratios were: 58.5% SID Thr:Lys, 55% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 16.5% SID Trp:Lys for the Low treatment; 65% SID Thr:Lys, 58% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 18.5% SID Trp:Lys for the Medium treatment; and 71% SID Thr:Lys, 66% SID Met+Cys:Lys, and 23.5% SID Trp:Lys for the High treatment. Diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 19 in pellet form and phase 2 from d 19 to 33 in mash form. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 19, and 33 to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS (Table 1). From d 0 to 19, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive effects. Pigs fed the Low FAA ratios had the poorest G:F (P = 0.004). From d 19 to 33 and overall (d 0 to 33), there was an interaction (P ≤ 0.031) for G:F, where pigs fed 25% SBM had improved G:F with Medium or High FAA whereas those fed 31% SBM had improved G:F only with High FAA. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for differences on ADG or ADFI throughout the study. In conclusion, our findings suggest a minor positive effect of FAA supplementation, with no effects of SBM on performance of weaned pigs.
215 Compensatory Growth Following One or Two Weeks of Lysine Restriction at Weaning
Authors: Faris Richard , Hackenhaar Leandro
Published: October 2023

At weaning it is increasingly common to feed low crude protein (CP) and low standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (LYS) diets for improved health outcomes. This nutrient restriction often leads to decreased growth. Compensatory growth in this discussion is a period of enhanced growth that occurs after a period of nutrient restriction. This experiment was conducted to determine if compensatory growth occurs after one or two-weeks restriction of SID LYS at weaning. For the experiment, pigs (n = 252; ~23.5 days of age, 7.24 ± 1.02 kg BW, 8 reps/treatmentt, 5 or 6 pigs/pen) were randomly allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatment main effects were SID LYS/CP (0.07 or 0.065) or duration of SID LYS restriction (1.2% SID LYS for 0, 1, or 2 weeks). When not restricted, pigs were fed a diet with 1.5% SID LYS. After the first 14 days, all pigs consumed a common diet for 24 days with 1.35% SID LYS. Body weight, feed disappearance, visual fecal scores, and visual piglet scores were measured. Visual fecal scores (1 = normal to 4 = watery) and visual pig appearance scores (1 = pale and hairy to 4 = normal color and well-rounded muscle) were assessed on ordered likert scales to determine the probabilities of observing a more normal stool quality and a worse visual appearance, respectively. Performance data were analyzed as a general linear model. Stool quality and visual appearance were analyzed as a generalized linear mixed model. Pairwise comparisons with Tukey adjustment were used for treatment LSmean separation. No effect of SID LYS/CP or interaction of SID LYS/CP and SID LYS program was detected. Results for the main effect of SID LYS program is presented in Table 1. Restricting SID LYS for the first week resulted in decreased ADG and gain:feed (P < 0.05; Table 1). This same effect was observed in week 2. However, those pigs that moved from 1.2% SID LYS in week 1 to 1.5% SID LYS in week 2 had the similar ADG and gain:feed during week 2 as the pigs that consumed 1.5% SID LYS for both weeks. Pigs that had two weeks of SID LYS restriction had lower body weight at d 38 (P< 0.05), whereas pigs with one week of SID LYS restriction had similar body weight at d 38 to unrestricted LYS fed pigs. In addition to performance, unrestricted LYS decreased stool quality (P<0.05) but improved the visual appearance of pigs (P < 0.10) at d 14 and d 38. In conclusion, pigs can have compensatory growth when SID LYS is restricted from 1.5% to 1.2% for one week, but not two weeks.
230 Effect of Supplementing a Bacillus Spp-Based Probiotic on Performance, Body Temperature, and Intestinal Histology of Heat Stressed Pigs
Authors: González Fernanda , Morales Adriana , Valle Alan , Hernández Cecilia , Arce Néstor , Avelar Ernesto , Mendoza Maria S , Htoo John K , Cervantes-Ramírez Miguel
Published: October 2023

The integrity of the small intestine epithelia may become compromised when pigs are exposed to heat stress (HS) increasing the risk of health deterioration. Dietary supplementation with probiotics can help animals to maintain a healthy intestinal environment. An experiment was conducted with 80 pigs [21.6 ± 3.4 kg body weight (BW); 2 pigs/pen] exposed to either HS or thermal neutral (TN) conditions to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet with a Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 based probiotic on performance, body temperature, and intestinal histology. Treatments were: TN pigs fed a control diet without (TN-C) or with 0.05% probiotic (TN-P), and HS pigs fed a control without (HS-C) or with 0.05% probiotic (HS-P). The control diet (1.05% SID Lys) adequate in all nutrients was formulated with wheat, soybean meal, and feed-grade Lys, Thr, and Met. Feed and water were freely available during the 21-days (d) experiment. At the end, pigs were sacrificed to collect intestinal samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum to analyze the epithelia histology. Additionally, 12 ileal cannulated pigs kept in the HS room fed the same diets (6/diet) were implanted with a thermometer that registered body temperature (BT) at 5-min intervals. Ambient temperature (AT) inside the HS and TN rooms ranged from 19 to 25 °C and from 30 to 38.5 °C, respectively. The BT of HS-P pigs was less than that of HS-C pigs from 1400 to 2400 h (P< 0.05). There was no diet x AT interaction effect for performance variables. Body weight gain, feed intake, and gain:feed was less but respiration rate was greater in HS than in TN pigs regardless of the diet (P < 0.01). Probiotic supplementation increased BW gain and gain:feed (P < 0.05) of both TN and HS pigs, but feed intake was not affected. Exposure to HS decreased villi height in jejunum and ileum, but increased crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (P < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation increased villi height in duodenum and ileum, whereas crypt depth decreased but villi height:crypt depth increased in the three segments of the small intestine (P < 0.05). These data confirm the negative effect of HS exposure on performance, body temperature, and intestinal histology of pigs. These results also suggest that supplementing with 0.05% Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 probiotic may help to counteract the negative effects of HS on performance and intestinal histology of pigs.
235 Interactive Effects of Zinc Oxide and Mannan Oligosaccharides on Nursery Swine Performance
Authors: Soto Jose A , Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: October 2023

Peer-reviewed data have suggested that Mannan oligosaccharide [Actigen (ACT)] could positively influence gut barrier function and limit pathogenic bacteria adhesion to epithelial cells, thus representing a feasible alternative or a complement to pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery swine diets. To scrutinize this hypothesis, a total of 2,592 pigs (initial BW 6.9 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a 37-day trial to determine the interactive effects of ZnO and ACT on nursery pig performance. Pens of 36 mixed sex pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 12 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of zinc (100 or 3,000 ppm) and ACT (0, 400, and 800 ppm). Diets were fed in two phases: phase 1 from d 0 to d 21 and phase 2 from d 22 to d 37, which represented the experimental and common diets, respectively. No significant ZnO × ACT interactions (P > 0.10) were observed in growth performance or dead and removals in this study (Table 1). From d 0 to d 21, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had greater (P < 0.0001) ADFI, greater (P < 0.0001) ADG, and improved (P < 0.0001) feed efficiency compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm Zn. From d 22 to d 37, pigs initially fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn had reduced (P = 0.009) ADG and poorer (P = 0.0009) G:F, without evidence for differences (P = 0.615) in ADFI, compared with pigs fed diets containing 100 ppm of Zn. Additionally, pigs fed diets containing 3,000 ppm of Zn marginally increased (P = 0.077) removals prevalence compared with pigs fed diets with less Zn concentration. However, pigs fed diets with 3,000 ppm Zn and incremental levels of ACT marginally decreased (linear, P = 0.083) dead and removals prevalence. In conclusion, pigs fed pharmacological ZnO concentration increased overall growth performance, yet it was drastically worsened when Zn was reduced to basal levels, despite ACT supplementation. Additionally, whereas pigs fed the greatest Zn level marginally increased morbidity occurrence, ACT marginally reduced morbidity and mortality.
225 The Effect of Different Analytical Methods on Assessment of Bone Mineralization of Various Rib Bones in Response to Dietary P, Phytase, and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Moore Brianna , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: October 2023

Pigs (n = 350; initial body weight = 11.9 ± 0.56 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on the assessment of rib bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Currently, there is little information available describing the effect of rib location (2nd through 10th) on measures of bone mineralization including density and ash. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. Pens of pigs were assigned dietary treatments consisting of: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient); 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate; 3) P at 0.33% STTD P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase; 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D; 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), and 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). After feeding diets for 28-days, eight pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. The 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th ribs were collected from each pig and analyzed for bone density and non-defatted bone ash. All bones were cleaned of tissue and then dried at 105°C for 7 d and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 24 h. Bone density was measured on each bone based on Archimedes principle. There was no interaction between bone and dietary treatment for bone density and non-defatted bone ash (P > 0.05; Table). Therefore, interpretation of results will focus on the effect of bone and treatment on measures of mineralization. Pigs fed deficient P (0.19%) had less bone density and ash percent compared with treatments fed NRC and industry levels of P. For bone density, there was a significant main effect of bone (P = 0.001), with the 10th rib having greater bone density than all other treatments and the 3rd rib having greater bone density than the 5th rib. Bone density of the 2nd and 7th ribs did not differ (P >0.05) from either the 3rd or 5th ribs. For non-defat bone ash, 10th rib had the greatest (P < 0.05) bone ash, followed by the 2nd rib which was greater (P < 0.05) than the 3rd rib, with the 5th and 7th ribs having the least non-defat bone ash percent. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on the bone being measured. When measuring all of the bones, the 10th rib has the greatest value for bone density and bone ash percent, while the 5th rib has the least value for both bone density and bone ash percent compared with the rest of the bones analyzed. These results can help guide diagnostic investigations and aid in comparing results across different bones used to measure bone mineralization.
247 Hybrid Rye in Commercial Grow-Finish Production Diets: A Case Study
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Brattain Becca S , Knott Jeffrey S
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of hybrid rye in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs would not affect growth performance. A total of 1,177 pigs (initial body weight: 25.75 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with 40 experimental pens, 30 pigs per pen, sex split evenly within pen, and pen as the experimental unit. There were 2 experimental phases with a control diet containing corn (CON) and three diets containing increasing levels of hybrid rye replacing corn (LOW, MOD, or HIGH) formulated within each phase: 10%, 20%, or 30% in phase 1 and 20%, 40% or 50% in phase 2, respectively. Prediction equations were used to calculate net energy values of hybrid rye and diets were formulated to be isocaloric, with the addition of choice white grease (CWG) as hybrid rye was increased in the diet to compensate for predicted energy values. Pigs were provided ad libitum access to feed and water. Pig body weights and feed consumption were recorded on d 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 90, 100, and 118. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed were calculated. Data were analyzed with R using linear and quadratic contrast statements to evaluate effects of increasing levels of hybrid rye in the diet, and another contrast statement to compare the control diet with the combined rye dietary treatments. Average daily feed intake was linearly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) if hybrid rye was added to the diet on d 56, 70, 84 and 90, and in the overall experimental period. Average daily gain linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05, d 90, d 100; P ≤ 0.10, d 28) or was not affected by dietary treatment throughout the experiment. Consequently, addition of hybrid rye resulted in a linear increase (P ≤ 0.05) in gain:feed on d 28 and d 90, with a tendency for a linear increase (P ≤ 0.10) also observed on d 70 and d 100. The hybrid rye treatment groups had a greater (P ≤ 0.05; overall; P ≤ 0.10; d 56) gain:feed compared with the corn-based control group, indicating improved efficiency. There were also no differences (P ≥ 0.21) among treatments in the average selling body weight on d 90, d 100, or d 118. However, it is possible that the energy value of hybrid rye was greater than predicted, and that the inclusion of CWG in the diet resulted in improvements in growth performance due to the greater energy content. Therefore, it may be concluded that hybrid rye is a suitable ingredient in swine rations with or without the addition of CWG to improve or maintain feed efficiency and market weight during the growing-finishing phase of production.
252 Imprecision in Nutrition Leads to More Desired Feed Intake in Growing and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Aldenhoven Noud , Gutierrez Nestor A , Jaworski Neil W
Published: October 2023

There is a general consensus that analyzing nutrients in feed as best as possible will lead to better animal performance and reduced costs for the farmer. Precision is defined by how close repeated nutrient measurements in the same feed agree with each other. From an economical point of view, improving the precision of all nutrients in the feed as best as possible is sub optimal, as analyzing nutrients in feed takes time and increases costs. We show that imprecision of nutrients in feed can be linked to over-eating in growing and finishing pigs, hence reduced profit for the farmer. Therefore, we solved a min-max problem, where we minimize the cost and time analyzing nutrients in feed, while maximizing the profit for the farmer to find the best economical precision. We propose a mathematical model and use the NRC Swine requirement system model [NRC (2012)] to connect the daily feed intake of the animal with the precision of the nutrients in the feed. The model assumes that the pig will eat ad libitum for maximal potential and will not be hindered by physical or environmental restrictions. It is assumed that the animal will eat an amount of feed sufficient to attain its potential growth [Emmans (1981)]. The (desired) feed intake is calculated from the requirements of the pig and estimated energy and amino acids in the feed. The true feed intake will be different from the estimated feed intake because there are precision errors in the estimation of the energy and amino acids in the feed. As we cannot know the true nutrient values and true feed intake, we must consider the estimated nutrient values and feed intake as stochastic variables. Using Monte-Carlo we simulate the stochastic feed intake and calculate the average difference between the expected and true feed intake. The Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrated two interesting results. Firstly, growing and finishing swine will eat, on average, more than predicted, when precision is above 1.5% (P < 0.03). Secondly, an increase in precision in nutrient composition of diets yields a decreased excessive feed intake, but shows diminishing returns when precision becomes small. We estimate that economically the best precision of nutrient estimations in the feed is below 2%. In the case of 2% precision, pigs will, on average, eat between 0.065 kg and 0.497 kg more than expected (P = 0.05), while the compound feed producer will not, on average, add more nutrition in the feed than needed (P = 0.01). References: NRC, Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 2012. G.C. Emmans, A Model of the growth and feed intake of ad libitum fed animals, particularly poultry, BSAP Occasional Publication 5, 103-110, 1981.