bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and the Stages of Objective Memory Impairment (SOMI) system in preclinical AD
Authors: Petersen Kellen K. , Rabin Laura , Grober Ellen
Published: January 2025

Background

Self‐awareness of declining cognition in the absence of objective cognitive impairment is called subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Herein, we examine the association of SCD measured by the Cognitive Function Index (CFI; Amariglio, et al. 2015) with the Stages of Objective Memory Impairment (SOMI) system (Grober, et al. 2018) that classifies cognitively normal individuals into one of five stages based on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT; Grober & Buschke, 1987) and that maps onto the presence of AD pathology (Grober, et al. 2022 & Petersen, et al. 2023). In early SOMI stages (SOMI‐1, 2) there is increasing retrieval difficulty; in later stages (SOMI‐3/4) storage deficits emerge.

Methods

We used baseline data from 4109 neuropsychologically normal, older adults from the Anti‐Amyloid Anti‐Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer’s (A4) Study. All participants had amyloid PET measures and completed the FCSRT used for determing SOMI classification. Additionally, all participants and study partners completed the CFI. An adjusted CFI score was used that excluded three items that assess functional rather than cognitive ability. CFI positivity was defined by cutoffs, 7.8 and 6.5 for participant and partner versions respectfully, representing one standard deviation above the mean. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post hoc analysis was used to assess differences of CFI scores between SOMI stages.

Results

We found fewer A+ participants were SOMI‐0 compared to A‐ participants (34.1% vs. 42.7%, p<0.001, Figure 1). Additionally, more A+ participants were SOMI‐3/4 compared to A‐ participants (15.4% vs. 10.3%, p<0.001). Among A+ participants, memory impairment (SOMI‐2/3/4) was more prevalent among those with self‐perceived SCD (34.9%) than those without SCD (29.5%, p = 0.016). Similarly, among A+ participants, prevalence of memory impairment was higher among those with partner‐perceived SCD (40%) than those without (28%, p<0.001). Post hoc results found higher SOMI stages were associated with higher partner and study partner CFI scores except between SOMI‐2 and SOMI‐3/4 (p<0.05 for all, Figure 2).

Conclusions

Memory impairment was found to be more prevalent among A+ participants with self‐ and partner‐rated SCD. SCD increases with increasing memory impairment.
Not the age but education and vitamins a secret to good auditory memory and attention
Authors: Agrawal Deepashri , Menon Meenakshi , Narayanasamy Rajitha , Malo Palash K , Lingegodwa Abhishek Mensegere , R Meghana , Vishwanath Vindhya , Mallikarjun Divya N , M Amitha C , Velavarajan Goutham , Partha Ajith , Arvind Prathima , Hameed Shafeeq K Shahul , HS Sunitha , Singh Sadhana , Stezin Albert , Sundarakumar Jonas S. , Issac Thomas Gregor
Published: January 2025

Background

Auditory attention and memory are the understudied aspects of cognition. Poor performance on cognitive tasks is assumed to be due to peripheral hearing loss, which is not always the case. Auditory processing issues may affect the auditory recall and attention tasks even though the hearing and cognition are normal. Education and nutrition influence cognitive function, including auditory attention and memory. Education provides individuals with strategies essential for effective auditory processing, while nutrition plays a crucial role in supporting brain health and optimal cognitive functioning. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between education, nutrition, and auditory cognition in adults, especially when the peripheral hearing and CDR scores are normal.

Method

Educational backgrounds were assessed based on years of schooling and academic achievements, nutritional status was evaluated through blood sample biochemistry. The hearing is assessed through a handheld audiometer, and cognition through a CDR score. Auditory attention and memory through standardized cognitive tests, immediate and delayed recall and Digit span forward and backwards.

Result

The results revealed that education played a very significant role in our study. Subject with postgraduate and above education levels performed better compared to primary education level on auditory attention (B(S.E.) = ‐0.49 (0.19), p < 0.01), Logical memory‐ immediate (B(S.E) = ‐3.93 (0.85), p<0.001) and delayed recall (B (S.E) = ‐4.5 (0.86), p<0.001) tasks and Digit Span forward (‐1.2 (0.35), p<0.01) and digit span backward tasks (B (S.E) = ‐0.98 (0.27), p<0.001). Additionally, older individuals with Vitamin D insufficiency (B (S.E.) = ‐0.44 (0.2), p < 0.05) and Vitamin B12 deficiency exhibited poorer auditory attention, Immediate memory (B (S.E.) = ‐7.2 (2.90), p < 0.05) and delayed memory (B (S.E.) = ‐6.3 (2.91), p < 0.05) performance, respectively.

Conclusion

This study highlights the role of auditory processing and importance of good education and proper nutrition in supporting auditory cognition. Investing in quality education and promoting healthy dietary habits, including adequate intake of Vitamin D and Vitamin B12, can contribute to better outcomes, particularly in the domain of auditory cognition. These findings underscore the need for proper hearing assessments, diet, and education for comprehensive interventions to optimize cognitive functions.
TER‐Ox: Simultaneous Monitoring of Epithelial Barrier Function (TER) and Mitochondrial Respiration (Ox)
Authors: Naber Tobias , Winter Katharina , Wegener Joachim
Published: January 2025

Epithelial barrier function and cellular respiration are key cellular phenotypes in health and disease and as such involved in the progression of many pathological disorders. Accordingly, the molecular drivers are targeted extensively in drug development using appropriate disease models in vitro. So far, quantification of barrier function and metabolic respiration had to be conducted in individual phenotypic assays, making it impossible to track changes simultaneously in a single cell layer over longer periods. We have developed an assay platform that allows for simultaneous monitoring of both, the epithelial barrier function and metabolic activity of cell layers cultured on permeable substrates label‐free and non‐invasively. Therefore, we designed a stainless‐steel measurement chamber capable of combining impedance spectroscopy and ratiometric fluorescence‐based oxygen mapping. In this platform, the barrier function is quantified as the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) while the respiratory activity is expressed as the apparent oxygen consumption rate (AOCR) yielding the name TER‐Ox for the combined setup. We validated the TER‐Ox system by studying the epithelial cell lines MDCK‐I, MDCK‐II, and A549, covering a wide range of barrier tightness. Results of the combined TER‐Ox setup were compared to established but individual readouts of barrier function (cellZscope®) and oxygen consumption (VisiSens TD®). Also, we show that differences in both parameters are readily monitored while treating cell layers with modulators affecting the electron transport chain (Antimycin A and malonoben) or barrier integrity (Cytochalasin D).
Functional Carbon Interlayer with Indium Oxide‐Rich Nanoparticles for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ma Ting , Xiao Yibo , Lv Xiaoxia , Yue Haixia , Huang Yaxin , Li Xin , He Na , Zhan Changzhen , Bai Yu , Nan Ding
Published: January 2025

Lithium–sulfur batteries are gaining a lot of attention from researchers due to their high energy density, high theoretical specific capacity, and low raw material prices. Nevertheless, the dissolution and diffusion of certain polysulfides during charge and discharge cycles result in a shuttle effect, while reduced sulfur utilization remains a barrier to their commercial viability. In this study, we propose the use of carbon nanofibers enriched with indium oxide nanoparticles (be called In2O3@CNF) as a functional interlayer for lithium–sulfur batteries. The interlayer of this innovation serves a dual purpose. Indium oxide nanoparticles can adsorb polysulfide to inhibit the shuttle effect, and accelerate the catalytic transformation of polysulfide to enhance the reaction kinetics. As a result, the electrochemical performance of the battery with the In2O3@CNF interlayer exhibited remarkable improvements. The initial discharge capacity was 1187 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and the capacity retention was 77.5 % after 100 cycles. Furthermore, even at a higher current density of 1 C, the battery demonstrated a substantial initial capacity of 997 mAh g−1, maintaining a capacity retention of 589 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles. Notably, the battery exhibited stable Coulombic efficiency (CE) and minimal single‐cycle capacity decay (0.1 %).
Ensemble‐based soil liquefaction assessment: Leveraging CPT data for enhanced predictions
Authors: Moayedi Far Arsham , Zare Masoud
Published: January 2025

This study focuses on predicting soil liquefaction, a critical phenomenon that can significantly impact the stability and safety of structures during seismic events. Accurate liquefaction assessment is vital for geotechnical engineering, as it informs the design and mitigation strategies needed to safeguard infrastructure and reduce the risk of catastrophic failures. To enhance the accuracy of classification problems associated with liquefaction, we employ ensemble methods, leveraging diverse machine learning techniques such as support vector machines, stochastic gradient descent, multi‐layer perceptron neural networks, K‐nearest neighbors, and decision trees. The research encompasses data exploration and a subsequent division for performance assessment, followed by hyperparameter tuning through GridSearchCV to optimize model effectiveness. Among the ensemble methods employed, AdaBoost stands out as the most accurate, achieving precision of 85%, recall of 84%, F1 score of 83%, Jaccard index of 72%, and overall accuracy of 84%. However, K‐nearest neighbors and decision trees exhibit higher false negative values compared to other methods. Notably, both ensemble approaches provide acceptable estimations, with false negative values ranging from 0 to 1 and false positive values between 7 and 10. The decision tree, while predicting the lowest false positive rate, has a higher false negative count, rendering it less favorable for practical applications.
Ultra‐high‐flux passive cooling enabled by a sweating‐inspired hygroscopic membrane
Authors: Sui Zengguang , Li Fuxiang , Sui Yunren , Lin Haosheng , Wu Wei
Published: January 2025

Passive thermal management in electronics has disadvantages of low efficiency and high cost. Herein, experimental and numerical studies on the geometric optimization of a hygroscopic‐membrane heat sink (HMHS) are conducted. The HMHS is based on water evaporation from a membrane‐encapsulated hygroscopic salt solution, in which pin fins are used for thermal conductivity enhancement. A comprehensive heat and mass transfer model is developed and validated. To obtain the HMHS configuration with the maximum cooling performance, an approach that couples the Taguchi method with numerical simulations is utilized. The contribution ratio of each design factor is determined. Experimentally validated results demonstrate that the maximum temperature reduction provided by the HMHS can be further improved from 15.5°C to 17.8°C after optimization, achieving a temperature reduction of up to 21°C at a fixed heat flux of 25 kW/m2 when compared with a similarly sized fin heat sink. Remarkably, the optimized HMHS extends the effective cooling time by ∼343% compared with traditional phase‐change materials, achieving a maximum temperature reduction ranging from 7.0°C to 20.4°C. Meanwhile, the effective heat transfer coefficient achieved is comparable with that of forced liquid cooling. Our findings suggest that the proposed cooling approach provides a new pathway for intermittent thermal management, which is expected to be used for thermal regulation of electronics, batteries, photovoltaic panels, and LED lights.
“Similar stacking”‐inspired compressive strain of heterogeneous phosphide for efficient hydrogen evolution
Authors: Xu Tianyi , Jiao Dongxu , Fan Jinchang , Dong Yilong , Jin Zhaoyong , Zhang Lei , Zhang Wei , Zhao Jingxiang , Zheng Weitao , Cui Xiaoqiang
Published: January 2025

Strain effects have garnered significant attention in catalytic applications due to their ability to modulate the electronic structure and surface adsorption properties of catalysts. In this study, we propose a novel approach called “similar stacking” for stress modulation, achieved through the loading of Co2P on Ni2P (Ni2P/Co2P). Theoretical simulations reveal that the compressive strain induced by Co2P influences orbital overlap and electron transfer with hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, the number of stacked layers can be adjusted by varying the precursor soaking time, which further modulates the strain range and hydrogen adsorption. Under a 2‐h soaking condition, the strain effect proves favorable for efficient hydrogen production. Experimental characterizations using X‐ray diffraction, high‐angel annular dark‐field scanning transmission election microscope (HAADF‐STEM), and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy successfully demonstrate lattice contraction of Co2P and bond length shortening of Co–P. Remarkably, our catalyst shows an ultrahigh current density of 1 A cm−2 at an overpotential of only 388 mV, surpassing that of commercial Pt/C, while maintaining long‐term stability. This material design strategy of similar stacking opens up new avenues of strain modulation and the deeper development of electrocatalysts.
Stereospecific Radical Bromination of β‐Aryl Alcohols with Thiourea Additives Through A Serendipitous Discovery of A 1,2‐Aryl Migration
Authors: Assy Habib , Mishra Uttam K. , Rösler Tom , Khurana Raman , Lemcoff N. Gabriel , Reany Ofer
Published: January 2025

The development of new protocols for stereospecific and stereoselective halogenation transformations by mild reaction conditions is a highly desirable research target for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Following the straightforward methodology for directly transforming a wide scope of alcohols to alkyl bromides and chlorides using substoichiometric amounts of thioureas and N‐halo succinimides (NXS) as a halogen source in a single step, we noticed that in apolar solvents bromination of chiral secondary alcohols did not produce the expected racemates. In this study, the stereochemical aspects of the bromination reaction were examined. Surprisingly, bromination of (±)‐threo‐ or (±)‐erythro‐3‐phenyl‐2‐butanols revealed a single diastereomeric brominated product with retention of configuration. The scope of these reactions was expanded on several β‐aryl alcohols. During these studies, an unexpected stereospecific 1,2‐migration of the phenyl group was shown to take place. The proposed mechanism of the 1,2‐phenyl migration involves the formation of a spiro[2,5]octadienyl radical, which is then attacked by a bromide radical at any of the two cyclopropyl positions anti to the phenyl position, leading to products that retain the stereoisomeric configuration of the starting material.
Catalyst‐Free Photooxidative N‐Acylation of Azoles with Aldehydes
Authors: Gong Nianfeng , Zhao Zelin , James Young David , Cao Xiangqian , Ren Zhi‐Gang , Li Hong‐Xi
Published: January 2025

A catalyst‐free photochemical N‐acylation of azoles with aldehydes has been developed using inexpensive BrCCl3 as the oxidant. This transition‐metal‐ and photocatalyst‐free amidation proceeded efficiently with a wide variety of substrates to give the corresponding N‐acylazoles, including for the late modification of pharmaceutically active molecules, and on a gram‐scale.
Beyond the Toll‐Like Receptor 4. Structure‐Dependent Lipopolysaccharide Recognition Systems: How far are we?
Authors: De Chiara Stefania , De Simone Carone Luca , Cirella Roberta , Andretta Emanuela , Silipo Alba , Molinaro Antonio , Mercogliano Marcello , Di Lorenzo Flaviana
Published: January 2025

With an enormous potential in immunology and vaccinology, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are among the most extensively studied bacteria‐derived molecules. LPS centered studies are countless, and their results reverberate in all areas of the life sciences, including chemistry, biology, genetics, biophysics, and medicine. Most of these research activities are focused on the LPS‐induced immune response activation by means of Myeloid Differentiation protein‐2/Toll Like Receptor 4 (MD‐2/TLR4) complex, which currently is the most largely explored LPS sensing pathway. However, the enormous structural variability of LPS allows interactions with numerous other receptors involved in a wide range of equally important immunological scenarios. In this review, we explore these additional LPS recognition systems, which operate within interconnected signaling cascades, highlighting their role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and their involvement in the development of severe human diseases. Understanding these pathways, their interconnections, and the crosstalk between them and TLR4/MD‐2 is essential for guiding the development of pharmacologically active molecules that could specifically modulate the inflammatory response, paving the way to new strategies for combating immune‐mediated diseases and resistant infections.
PMDA Perspective on Use of Real‐World Data and Real‐World Evidence as an External Control: Recent Examples and Considerations
Authors: Asano Junichi , Sugano Hiromi , Murakami Hiroyuki , Noguchi Atsushi , Ando Yuki , Uyama Yoshiaki
Published: January 2025

Recent discussions about the utilization of real‐world data (RWD) and real‐world evidence (RWE) have been more focused on drug development for regulatory approval rather than during the post‐marketing stage. In Japan, RWD/RWE have been practically utilized as an external control for drug approval. Most cases were related to orphan diseases where the feasibility of conducting randomized controlled clinical trials was generally low. The utilization of RWD/RWE as an external control provides additional information that can support regulatory review for drug approval. However, many points should be taken into consideration through all stages of a study that is based on RWD/RWE, including planning, analysis, and interpretation. In this article, we present our recent review experience focusing on efficacy evaluations with an external control based on RWD/RWE that were submitted as a part of new drug applications in Japan, and we describe our regulatory consideration of the utilization of RWD/RWE for drug evaluation and approval. Points described in this article promote appropriate drug development based on RWD/RWE and facilitate a proper discussion about RWD/RWE utilization with PMDA. Further accumulation of regulatory experience in PMDA with RWD/RWE utilization will enhance our knowledge and contribute to better regulatory decision making for drug approvals based on RWD/RWE.
Advanced Alkali Metal Batteries Based on MOFs and Their Composites
Authors: Li Wenting , Li Chengze , Guo Jin , Jiang Tianhao , Kang Wei , Pang Huan
Published: January 2025

The integration of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) with functional materials has established a versatile platform for a wide range of energy storage applications. Due to their large specific surface area, high porosity, and tunable structural properties, MOFs hold significant promise as components in energy storage systems, including electrodes, electrolytes, and separators for alkali metal‐ion batteries (AIBs). Although lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used, their commercial graphite anode materials are nearing their theoretical capacity limits, and the scarcity of lithium and cobalt resources increases costs. Although zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) suffer from limited cycling stability, they are attractive for their low cost, high capacity, and excellent safety. Meanwhile, potassium‐ion (PIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) show promise due to their affordability and abundant resources, but they encounter issues such as short cycle life and low energy density. This review outlines the applications of MOF composites in LIBs, SIBs, and ZIBs, introduces common synthesis methods, and forecasts future development directions and challenges in energy storage applications. We emphasize how the understanding can lay the foundation for developing MOF composites with enhanced functionalities.
A High‐Efficiency Codesign Method for Bandgap Circuit by Submodule Optimization
Authors: Yang Yunqi , Chen Dongdong , Wang Xianglong , Li Di , Yang Yintang
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a high‐efficiency codesign method for bandgap circuit (BGR) circuit by submodule optimization is proposed. In the proposed method, the BGR circuit is divided into operation amplifier module (OPM) and reference voltage generation module (RVGM) to be separately optimized to improve the optimization design efficiency. Firstly, the OPM is optimized based on neural network (NN) model and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. NN models are established to describe the relationship between design parameters and performance metrics of OPM, and then the parameters of OPM are optimized by PSO algorithm according to the established optimization function with constraints. The parameters of RVGM are optimized based on the optimized OPM. The high‐accuracy approximate equations of temperature coefficient (TC) are established based on compensation functions. The TC, total area, and total power consumption are co‐optimized by interior point method. According to the optimized parameters of OPM and RVGM, the verifications are conducted by Cadence. The results show that the proposed method can greatly improve the design efficiency of BGR circuit, whose total running time is only 552.5 s. Meanwhile, the optimized TC is 4.76 ppm/°C over −40°C–125°C at 2.5‐V supply, and the optimized area and power consumption are 0.0187 mm2 and 288.5 μW. The Monte Carlo results show that Vref has a standard deviation of 1.503 mV, which is only 0.12% across 1000 runs, so the Vref is very stable. Therefore, the proposed codesign method can be used to effectively optimize the BGR circuit.
Aβ‐reactive T cell polyfunctionality response as a new biomarker for mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Chiu Yen‐Ling , Yan Sui‐Hing , Fan Yang‐Teng , Chang Chiung‐Fang , Hung Ruo‐Wei , Liu Yi‐Chien , Yang TienYu Owen , Chuang Yi‐Fang
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves neuroinflammation and amyloid plaque deposition, yet the role of amyloid‐reactive immune response in neurodegeneration remains unclear. We investigate amyloid‐reactive T cell levels in the Epidemiology of Mild Cognitive Impairment Study in Taiwan (EMCIT) and Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (TPMIC) cohorts.

Method

Using diverse amyloid peptide formulations, we established a polyfunctionality assay for five T cell functions and compared mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients to control subjects in both cohorts.

Results

In both cohorts, MCI individuals exhibit higher amyloid‐reactive T cell responses than controls. In the TPMIC cohort, CD4+ and CD8+ total response frequencies are notably elevated in MCI (CD4: 1.3%, CD8: 1.91%) versus controls (CD4: 0.15%, CD8: 0.28%; both p < 0.001). Amyloid‐reactive T cell response outperforms plasma phosphorylated tau 181 (p‐tau181) in discriminating MCI (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve CD4+: 0.97; CD8+: 0.96; p‐tau181: 0.72; both p < 0.001).

Discussion

Amyloid‐reactive T cell polyfunctional response distinguishes MCI from normal aging and could serve as a novel MCI biomarker.

Highlights

Amyloid‐reactive polyfunctional T cell responses can be detected in the peripheral circulation.

Amyloid‐reactive T cell response is significantly enhanced in individuals with mild cognitive impairment compared to age‐matched, cognitively unimpaired individuals.

The unique discriminative accuracy of amyloid‐reactive T cell response is significantly higher than phosphorylated tau181 and is not a result of overall T cell hyperreactivity.

Future studies are needed to determine the predictive role of amyloid‐reactive T cell responses in disease progression and if the amyloid‐reactive immune response could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegeneration.
(Epistemic) Injustice and Resistance in Canadian Research Ethics Governance
Authors: Clairmont Sarah , Doerksen Emily , Gunay Alize Ece , Friesen Phoebe
Published: January 2025

This article brings a philosophical perspective to bear on issues of research ethics governance as it is practiced and organized in Canada. Insofar as the processes and procedures that constitute research oversight are meant to ensure the ethical conduct of research, they are based on ideas or beliefs about what ethical research entails and about which processes will ensure the ethical conduct of research. These ideas and beliefs make up an epistemic infrastructure underlying Canada's system of research ethics governance, but, we argue, extensive efforts by community members to fill gaps in that system suggest that these ideas may be deficient. Our aim is to make these deficiencies explicit through critical analysis by briefly introducing the philosophical literature on epistemic injustice and ignorance, and by drawing on this literature and empirical evidence to examine how injustice and ignorance show up across three levels of research ethics governance: research ethics boards, regulations, and training. Following this critique, and drawing on insights from the same philosophical tradition, we highlight the work that communities across Canada have done to rewrite and rework how research ethics as a site of epistemic resistance is practiced.
3D structure reconstruction of plant‐based meat substitute through X‐ray microscopy method
Authors: Hu Anna , Zhang Jinchuang , Shi Aimin , Ma Xiaojie , Wang Qiang
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The texture of plant‐based meat substitute is closely related to its microstructure. X‐ray microscopy (XRM) is a non‐destructive imaging technology that can provide high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) images of the internal structure of objects. XRM can visualize the 3D structure of meat‐like fibrous structure and realize 3D reconstruction of fibrous structure.

Methods

This research method provides a more comprehensive spatial characterization of the plant protein fibrous structure formation process by 3D analysis through several steps of plant‐based meat substitute preparation, freeze‐drying and XRM measurement of the extrudate.

Expected Outcomes

The non‐invasive nature of XRM makes it possible to visualize the internal structure without destroying fibrous structure. The research results provide new research methods and theoretical basis for the study of “plant‐based meat substitute” and other foods.
Analysis of MHD Flow With Convective Boundary Conditions Over a Permeable Stretching Surface Using a Physics‐Informed Neural Network
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar Jyoti , Kalita Bhaskar , Saharia Gautam K.
Published: January 2025

In this study, we examine the impact of heat and mass transfer of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow through a stretching permeable surface while considering a chemical reaction and convective boundary conditions. A physics‐informed neural network (PINN) approach is employed to obtain precise solutions, representing a key novelty of this work. The governing partial differential equations were transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying similarity transformations. These equations are integrated into the PINN's loss function to enforce initial and boundary conditions, enabling the model to learn effectively during training. We analyze various parameters related to velocity, thermal, and concentration distributions and present the results graphically. The findings indicate that injecting fluid leads to a reduction in the velocity gradient as the fluid moves away from the surface, whereas suction has the opposite effect, increasing the velocity gradient. The velocity parameter significantly reduces the velocity boundary layer thickness, an effect further enhanced by the magnetic parameter. The thermal and concentration boundary layers are primarily affected by the Schmidt and Prandtl numbers. Additionally, the reaction parameter slows the concentration boundary layer near the sheet, while the convective parameter increases the temperature at the plate's surface. Our proposed method shows significant agreement with previous studies, validating its effectiveness in solving complex MHD flow problems. These findings provide deeper insights into fluid dynamics in MHD flows and have implications for applications involving heat and mass transfer, such as in chemical reactors, cooling systems, material processing, and environmental management.
M‐site dependent terahertz intrinsic absorption in MXenes
Authors: Fei Yang , Wang Qiuxiang , Wang Feng , Zhang Guozheng , Hu Min , Ding Tianpeng , Zhao Tao , Xiao Xu
Published: January 2025

Ultrathin terahertz (THz) absorbing films are critical as building blocks for THz devices and systems. Although few‐layer Ti3C2Tx MXene assemblies have approached the terahertz (THz) intrinsic absorption limit, it remains important to explore the THz intrinsic absorbing properties of other MXenes, which may elucidate the mechanism of THz‐matter interactions for the future guidance of material design. In this study, eight representative MXenes with different M‐sites were systematically analyzed. Surprisingly, the Ti2CTx thin film with direct current (DC) conductivity 26 times lower than that of the Ti3C2Tx film possessed similar high THz absorbing properties. Due to the significantly lower electron concentration of Ti2CTx compared to that of Ti3C2Tx, we concluded that the exceptional THz intrinsic absorption of Ti2CTx stemmed from its high terahertz electron mobility (μTHz), which was attributed to its low electron effective mass (m*). Because the THz intrinsic absorption was determined by THz conductivity, which was proportional to the ratio of electron density (n) to electron effective mass (m*), we proposed that optimizing n/m* was crucial for achieving high THz intrinsic absorption in MXenes. This study not only explored the underlying THz‐matter interaction mechanism in MXenes but also provided guidance for designing high THz absorption materials.

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Longitudinal Associations Between Youth Information Management With Mothers and Self‐Esteem: The Role of a Sense of Control
Authors: Peng Shisang , Hawk Skyler T.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Adolescents' information management behaviors involve calibrating interactions between the self and parents, which could serve as either risk or protective factors for self‐esteem. Since a sense of control over life outcomes is a protective factor for overall well‐being, it might account for links between youth information management and self‐esteem. This longitudinal study examined whether youth's sense of control mediated associations between concealment and voluntary disclosure and their self‐esteem, at both the between‐ and within‐person levels.

Methods

Late adolescents in Hong Kong (N = 350; 39.7% male; MageT1 = 18.20) completed 16 bi‐weekly reports of concealment and disclosure with mothers, their sense of control, and self‐esteem. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyzed both concurrent and temporal associations.

Results

At the between‐person level, a diminished sense of control mediated relationships that higher concealment and lower disclosure respectively held with lower self‐esteem. Within‐person effects of concealment remained consistent across models examining concurrent and time‐lagged associations. Greater concealment negatively predicted both concurrent and subsequent sense of control, which, in turn, predicted lower self‐esteem. The concurrent associations model revealed that a stronger sense of control mediated a positive link between disclosure and self‐esteem. The temporal associations model did not find significant time‐lagged effects of disclosure.

Conclusions

Concealment might be detrimental to adolescents' sense of control and self‐esteem both temporarily and enduringly, while routine disclosures could provide temporary contributions to healthy self‐perceptions. This research also emphasizes that a sense of control could be a focal point for interventions targeting youth who exhibit problematic information management.
A Newly Synthesized Benzimidazolium Salt: 1‐(2‐Cyanobenzyl)‐3‐(4‐Vinylbenzyl)‐1H‐Benzo[D]imidazol‐3‐ium Chloride as a Potential Anticancer Agent for Colon Cancer Treatment, In Vitro Study
Authors: Bitgen Nazmiye , Cakir Mustafa , Akkoc Senem , Donmez‐Altuntas Hamiyet
Published: January 2025

Colon cancer is one of the most common cancer‐related deaths. Drug resistance is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment. Numerous pharmacological and biochemical investigations have documented the benzimidazole ring's anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Within the scope of our project, the effect of newly synthesized benzimidazolium salt (BS) on cell proliferation was tested with MTT assay, and its effect on apoptosis and cell cycle was tested with annexin V and PI in the two different colon cancer cell lines (HT‐29 and DLD‐1). Our study examined the expressions of some genes related to apoptosis and, additionally, caspase activities with the multicaspase kit.

BS showed an antiproliferative effect at lower doses in HT‐29 colon cancer cells. When HT‐29 cells were exposed to a 20 µM dosage, they showed increased caspase activity and apoptosis compared to DLD‐1 cells. HT‐29 accumulated in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, whereas DLD‐1 cells accumulated more in the S phase. In HT‐29 cells, colony formation was inhibited; however, in DLD‐1 cells, this effect was insufficient.

Based on the apoptosis‐death pathway, BS is expected to have anti‐cancer effects. As a result of this work, this chemical was thoroughly examined in two different colon cancer cell lines, and additional, more comprehensive initiatives are being planned in light of the information obtained from this study.
Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions from croplands and unmanaged natural ecosystems across a large environmental gradient
Authors: Piñeiro‐Guerra Juan Manuel , Lewczuk Nuria A. , Della Chiesa Tomás , Araujo Patricia I. , Acreche Martín , Alvarez Carolina , Alvarez Carina R. , Chalco Vera Jorge , Alejandro Costantini , José De Tellería , Petrasek Marcos , Piccinetti Carlos , Picone Liliana , Portela Silvina I. , Posse Gabriela , Martin Seijo , Videla Cecilia , Yahdjian Laura , Piñeiro Gervasio
Published: January 2025

Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, with long atmospheric residence time and a global warming potential 273 times higher than CO2. N2O emissions are mainly produced from soils and are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors that can be substantially altered by anthropogenic activities, such as land uses, especially when unmanaged natural ecosystems are replaced by croplands or other uses. In this study, we evaluated the spatial variability of N2O emissions from croplands (maize, soybean, wheat, and sugar cane crops), paired with the natural grasslands or forests that they replaced across a wide environmental gradient in Argentina, and identified the key drivers governing the spatial variability of N2O emissions using structural equation modeling. We conducted on‐farm field measurements over 2 years at nine different sites, including a wide environmental gradient (mean rainfall from 679 to 1090 mm year−1 and mean temperatures from 13.8°C to 21.3°C), with diverse plant species life forms, and ecosystems, from the Semiarid Chaco forests in the Northwest of Argentina to the Pampas grasslands in the Southeast. On average, agricultural systems emitted more than twice N2O (+120%), had higher soil water content (+9%), higher soil temperatures (+3%), higher soil nitrate content (+19%) but lower ammonium (−33%) than natural ecosystems. We found that land use was the main driver of N2O emissions by directly affecting soil NO3− contents in both natural ecosystems and croplands. Urgent management practices aimed at reducing N2O emissions from croplands are needed to mitigate their contributions to global climate change.
Use of Occipital Vessels in Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Preclinical Evaluation
Authors: Vos Derek J. , Hadford Stephen , Ciolek Peter J. , Genther Dane J. , Fritz Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Objectives

To assess the use of occipital vessels for microvascular anastomosis in head and neck free tissue transfer reconstruction.

Methods

A literature search was undertaken to identify studies utilizing the occipital vessels for microvascular anastomosis in free tissue transfer. Following literature review, 30 anatomic cadaveric dissections on 15 fresh unfixed cadavers were performed to evaluate the occipital artery and identify a reliable vein within reasonable proximity. In addition, vessel caliber pre‐ and post‐dilation was recorded, along with vessel geometry.

Results

The mean (SD) artery diameter was 2.0 (0.4) mm pre‐dilation and 2.8 (0.56) mm post‐dilation. An accompanying occipital vein was identified in 20% of dissections (n = 6), with a mean (SD) vein diameter of 1.85 (0.85) mm pre‐dilation and 3.5 (0.93) mm post‐dilation. When an accompanying occipital vein was not present, the external jugular vein was identified as a suitable vessel for venous outflow. This vessel was identified from 1.0 to 5.0 cm from the mastoid tip, with a mean of 3.3 cm.

Conclusions

The occipital artery may be reliably identified using a limited post‐auricular incision. An accompanying occipital vein may be present in a minority of cases; however, the external jugular vein may be easily identified by extending this incision. The occipital vessels may be useful in reconstruction of posterior scalp defects or for use in vessel‐depleted necks.

Level of Evidence

N/a Laryngoscope, 2025
Anisotropic Third‐Harmonic Vortex Beam Generation with Ultrathin Germanium Arsenide Fork Gratings
Authors: Deka Jayanta , Gao Jie , Yang Xiaodong
Published: January 2025

Optical vortices have the tremendous potential to increase data capacity by leveraging the extra degree of freedom of orbital angular momentum. On the other hand, anisotropic 2D materials are promising building blocks for future integrated polarization‐sensitive photonic and optoelectronic devices. Here, highly anisotropic third‐harmonic optical vortex beam generation is demonstrated with fork holograms patterned on ultrathin 2D germanium arsenide flakes. It is shown that the anisotropic nonlinear vortex beam generation can be achieved independent of the fork grating orientation with respect to the crystallographic orientation. Furthermore, 2D fork hologram is designed to generate multiple optical vortices having different topological charges with strong anisotropic responses. These results pave the way toward the advancement of 2D material‐based anisotropic nonlinear optical devices for future applications in photonic integrated circuits, optical communication, and optical information processing.
Trendbericht Festkörperchemie und Materialforschung 2025
Authors: Kieslich Gregor , Steinberg Simon
Published: January 2025

Wie die Festkörperchemie im vergangenen Jahr Grundlegendes aufgeschlüsselt hat und den Übergang von Grundlagenforschung zur Anwendung gemeistert hat, verrät dieser Bericht. Es geht unter anderem um metallorganische Gerüstverbindungen, stickstoffhaltige Materialien, Elektronenstrukturen in Clustern und Intermetallika sowie optimierte Batterien.
EuChemS‐Nachwuchsworkshop in Galway
Authors: Rebelein Johannes , Traube Franziska
Published: January 2025

Zum vierten Young Investigator Workshop (YIW) der EuChemS Chemistry for Life Science Division trafen sich vom 12. bis 13. Juli 2024 in Galway vierzehn Nachwuchsgruppenleiterinnen und ‐leiter aus ganz Europa, die zu chemischer Biologie forschen.
Stress Distribution Around Arbitrarily Shaped Shallow Buried Tunnels in Transversely Isotropic Rock Mass
Authors: Ai Zhi Yong , Liang Qi , Ye Zi Kun , Hu Ke Xin
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the stress solutions around shallow buried tunnels with arbitrary shapes in transversely isotropic rock mass are derived. First, the hybrid penalty function method is employed to derive the mapping function from an arbitrarily shaped tunnel to a unit circle in the complex plane. Then the complex function method and the Schwartz alternating method are used to derive the solution of the studied problem. A MATLAB program is developed on the basis of the presented theory. Thereafter, the finite element results of ABAQUS are compared with those obtained by the presented solutions, which confirms the theoretical and computational accuracy of the proposed approach, and the impacts of transverse isotropy, tunnel depth, and tunnel shape on the surrounding rock stresses are discussed.
Evaluating Feasibility of an Exercise Intervention Including Physical Assessment During the First 6 Months of Cancer Treatment in Children and Adolescents in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schmidt‐Andersen Peter , Pouplier Anna , Faigenbaum Avery D. , Beth Christina Kirkeby , Olsen Clara Cæcilie , Lykkedegn Sine , Hasle Henrik , Müller Klaus , Larsen Hanne Baekgaard , Fridh Martin , Christensen Jan
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The aim was to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled exercise intervention, including physical assessments, in children and adolescents during the first 6 months of cancer treatment.

Materials and methods

A sample of children and adolescents (n = 84, 6‒17.9 years) from an ongoing trial (INTERACT: NCT04706676) was randomly assigned to an integrative neuromuscular training (INT) intervention or active control intervention during treatment. The following inter‐related feasibility domains were assessed: availability, acceptance, and attrition. Further, we assessed adherence to INT and physical assessments. Adverse events related to exercise and physical assessments were also reported.

Results

We found feasible rates within the availability and attrition domains. While the INT group demonstrated feasible group‐level adherence rates, individual adherence to prescribed intervention demands was suboptimal. Physical assessments after 6 months of cancer treatment showed feasible rates.

Conclusion

This study offers insights into the feasibility of an early‐initiated INT intervention designed for children and adolescents undergoing cancer treatment. To ensure an optimal frequency of exercise in future studies, a flexible approach to hospital‐based INT and a structured strategy for home‐based exercise should be considered. Future trials should prioritize outcomes to minimize the length and timing of assessment.
Supraleitende Mikrowellenkontrolle von Zinn‐Fehlstellen
Authors: Karapatzakis Ioannis , Hunger David
Published: January 2025

Quantennetzwerke zur Verteilung verschränkter Zustände könnten künftig sichere Kommunikation, vernetzte Quantensensoren und die Verknüpfung von Quantencomputern ermöglichen. Dafür werden langlebige Quantenspeicher benötigt, die effizient mit Licht adressiert werden können. Unser Team konnte nun erstmals mit einem supraleitenden Mikrowellenleiter volle Quantenkontrolle und lange Quantenspeicherzeiten für ein einzelnes Zinn‐Fehlstellenzentrum in Diamant demonstrieren.
Nuklearer Zweiphotonenzerfall unter der Lupe
Authors: Korten Wolfram , Litvinov Yuri , Stöhlker Thomas
Published: January 2025

Beim nuklearen Zweiphotonenzerfall sendet ein angeregter Atomkern simultan zwei Photonen aus. Dieser sehr seltene Zerfallsmodus kann einerseits Informationen über eine Reihe von fundamentalen Eigenschaften des Atomkerns geben. Dazu zählt seine Polarisierbarkeit, je nachdem in welchem Anregungszustand er sich befindet. Andererseits kann er aber auch helfen, die nuklearen Grundlagen des doppelten Betazerfalls besser zu verstehen.
Self‐reported physical activity more than 1 year after stroke and its determinants in relation to the WHO recommendations
Authors: Kähler Maria , Nilsson Hanna M. , Rosengren Lina , Jacobsson Lars , Lexell Jan
Published: January 2025

Background

Physical activity (PA) after stroke has significant health benefits if it is conducted regularly, with sufficient intensity and duration. Because of the health benefits, it is important to identify those below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level of PA. However, few studies have assessed the level of PA after stroke in relation to the WHO recommendations and which sociodemographic factors and stroke characteristics are associated with those below the WHO recommendations.

Objective

To assess survivors of stroke at least 1 year after onset and (1) describe their self‐reported level of PA; (2) explore the association between PA, sociodemographics, and stroke characteristics, and (3) determine the characteristics of those below the WHO recommended level of PA.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive survey.

Setting

Community settings.

Participants

Data were collected from 160 survivors of stroke (mean age 73 years, 46% women, mean time since stroke onset 35 months).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare Physical Activity Questionnaire and the following sociodemographics and stroke characteristics: gender, age, marital status, vocational situation, need for home help, use of mobility devices, time since stroke onset, first‐time stroke, type of stroke, location of stroke, and stroke treatment.

Results

Two thirds (66.3%) of the participants were below the WHO recommendations. The hierarchical regression analysis explained 13% of the variance in PA with need for home help as a single significant contributor. Those who did not meet the WHO recommendations were significantly older, more likely to live alone, and in need of home help and mobility devices.

Conclusions

A majority of survivors of stroke do not meet the WHO recommended level of PA. Future studies should assess how other factors characterize those who are physically inactive. This knowledge could help rehabilitation professionals to target interventions and self‐management programs to promote PA among survivors of stroke.