bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Onomaturgy vs. Onomastics: An Introduction to the Namecraft of Ursula K. Le Guin
Authors: Robinson Christopher L
Published: September 2011

AbstractWhere literary onomastics focuses on names in the context of a narrative, literary onomaturgy focuses on ensembles of names that share common features in their construction, over and beyond the texts in which the individual names appear. This approach gives serious consideration to wordplay and free association that other critical perspectives would treat as irrelevant, yet maintains methodological rigor thanks to its model of name creation. It furthermore treats semantic content as an element of construction, on a par with sound and form, that can be displaced from one name to another. While many of these elements get woven into the narratives in which the names appear, others get left out of the texts, but reappear in the fabrication of other names. In Le Guin's namecraft these internominal relationships cut across different texts and imaginary worlds, are open to great variety, and possess aesthetic properties that make the ensembles worthy of study and admiration on their own merits.
What's in a Brand Name? A Note on the Onomastics of Brand Naming
Authors: Danesi Marcel
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis note looks at the main strategies used by marketers and manufacturers to name products. It gives an overview of these strategies, starting with the history of brand-naming and ending up with the current practice of using Internet-style strategies for naming products. The idea in brand-naming is to create a “code” of latent meanings for the product that the consumer can grasp either consciously or unconsciously.
Technique for partially strengthening electrical steel sheet of IPM motor using cavitation peening
Authors: Takakuwa O , Nishikawa M , Soyama H
Published: September 2011

Cavitation peening (CP), which utilises the impact caused by cavitation bubbles collapsing, can improve the fatigue strength of metallic materials as well as the yield stress and tensile strength. The rotor cores in interior permanent magnet motors use electrical steel sheet. In order to increase the permissible rotating speed of the motor and achieve high efficiency, the mechanical strength of the stress concentration area in the steel sheet where the magnet is pressed needs to be enhanced. In the present paper, to improve the yield stress and tensile strength, the steel sheet was peened by CP. The peening effect on these mechanical properties was evaluated by tensile and indentation tests. The experimental results from the tensile tests revealed that CP can increase the yield stress by 22% compared to that before CP. In addition, the yield stress and tensile strength increased along with the CP processing time.
High temperature interfacial evolution of Ti3Al/Al reaction couples
Authors: Xiu Z Y , Yang W S , Wang X , Liu Y M , Chen G Q , Wu G H
Published: September 2011

High temperature interfacial evolution by reaction between liquid Al and solid Ti3Al has been studied by observation of reaction couples isothermally reacted at 700, 800 and 900°C for different time intervals between 1 and 60 min respectively. Only TiAl3 phase was detected in Al/Ti3Al reaction couples up to 900°C. The reaction zone consisted of aluminide particles dispersed in an Al rich matrix. However, microstructures in the inner, central and marginal regions of reaction zone were different and were continuously changing across the width of reaction zone. A model corresponding to evolution progress was drawn schematically. A water quenched experiment confirmed the restriction effect of dispersed TiAl3 particles to Al matrix and suggested that TiAl3p/Al composite could be fabricated by this in situ reaction method.
Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of (Fe88Si12)95Al5 alloy prepared by aluminothermics
Authors: Fu L C , Yang J , Bi Q L , Liu W M
Published: September 2011

The (Fe88Si12)95Al5 alloy was prepared by an aluminothermics. The (Fe88Si12)95Al5 alloy is composed of spheroidic α-Fe(Si,Al) precipitate with size of 20–50 nm and γ-Fe(Si,Al) matrix. The yield strength and fracture strain in compression of the (Fe88Si12)95Al5 alloy are 1500 MPa and 23% respectively. The shear bands propagating in the compressive deformation are arrested by the precipitation particles that resulted in large ductility and high strength simultaneously.
Metal oxide applications in organic-based photovoltaics
Authors: Gershon T
Published: September 2011

Organic-based photovoltaics (PV) have attracted increasing attention in recent years and efficiencies exceeding 8% have recently been confirmed. These low cost, lightweight and mechanically flexible devices offer unique advantages and opportunities currently unavailable with crystalline silicon technology. Progress in the field of organic PV has been achieved in part due to the incorporation of transition metal oxides. These offer a wide range of optical and electronic properties, making them applicable in organic-based PV in many capacities. Transparent electrodes can be made from doped metal oxides. The high intrinsic charge carrier mobility of many undoped metal oxides makes them attractive as active materials and charge collectors. Metal oxides can increase the charge selectivity of the electrodes due to the energetic positioning of their valence and conduction bands. Thin films of these materials can manipulate the light distribution inside of organic devices, allowing for improved light harvesting. Metal oxides are stable and can be processed at low temperatures. Consequently, they have been demonstrated as suitable intermediate layer materials in tandem cells. Finally, oxygen-deficient metal oxides can improve the stability of the oxygen- sensitive organic semiconductors. The present work reviews the various applications of metal oxide layers in organic PV devices and summarises the challenges associated with organic/oxide interfaces.
Relationship between microstructure and deformation behaviour during dynamic compression in Ti–3Al–5Mo–5V alloy
Authors: Wu G Q , Song H , Sha* W , Zhang Z G
Published: September 2011

The relationship between microstructure and deformation and damage behaviour during dynamic compression in Ti–3Al–5Mo–5V alloy has been studied using several experimental techniques, including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements. It was found that the deformation behaviour during dynamic compression was closely related to deformation parameters. After dynamic deformation, the deformation shear band that formed in the titanium alloy had microhardness similar to that of the matrix. However, the microhardness of the white shear band was much higher than the matrix microhardness. The effects of deformation parameters, including deformation rate and deformation degree, on deformation localisation were investigated. Based on the results from the present work, the microstructure and deformation processing parameters can be optimised. In addition, treatment methods after dynamic compression were explored to restore alloy properties. Using post-deformation heat treatment, the microstructure and property inhomogeneity caused by shear bands could be largely removed.
Heparin and warfarin anticoagulation intensity as predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Heit John A. , Lahr Brian D. , Petterson Tanya M. , Bailey Kent R. , Ashrani Aneel A. , Melton L. Joseph
Published: September 2011

To test recommended anticoagulation measures as predictors of 180-day venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence, we identified all Olmsted County, MN residents with incident VTE over the 14-year period of 1984-1997, and followed each case (N = 1166) forward in time for VTE recurrence. We tested the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), international normalized ratio (INR), and other measures of heparin and warfarin anticoagulation as predictors of VTE recurrence while controlling for baseline and time-dependent characteristics using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Overall, 1026 (88%) and 989 (85%) patients received heparin and warfarin, respectively, and 85 (8%) developed VTE recurrence. In multivariable analyses, increasing proportions of time on heparin with an APTT ≥ 0.2 anti-Xa U/mL and on warfarin with an INR ≥ 2.0 were associated with significant reductions in VTE recurrence, while the hazard with active cancer was significantly increased. Time from VTE onset to heparin start, duration of overlapping heparin and warfarin, and inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement were not independent predictors of recurrence. At a heparin dose ≥ 30 000 U/d, the median proportion of time with an APTT ≥ 0.2 anti-Xa U/mL was 92%, suggesting that routine APTT monitoring and heparin dose adjustment may be unnecessary. In summary, lower-intensity heparin and standard-intensity warfarin anticoagulation are effective in preventing VTE recurrence.
Novel Redox Photocatalyst Pt–TiO2 for the Synthesis of 2-Methylquinolines from Nitroarenes
Authors: Selvam Kaliyamoorthy , Swaminathan Meenakshisundaram
Published: September 2011

An eco-friendly and efficient procedure for synthesis of 2-methylquinoline derivatives from nitroarenes has been developed by a simple one-pot reaction on the surface of platinum-loaded TiO2 with neat ethanol under UV irradiation without any harsh reagent according to green chemistry. TiO2 catalysts with various amounts of Pt loadings were prepared by photodeposition using chloroplatinic acid solution and characterized by XRD, BET, AFM, HR-TEM, XPS, and DRS. XRD patterns showed that the crystal structure of Pt–TiO2 still remained as anatase phase. The UV–vis spectra indicated that Pt promoted the absorption of visible light. The XPS measurements reveal that platinum particles are present mainly in metallic form. AFM and HR-TEM analysis revealed the presence of nonspherical shaped platinum nanoparticles of the diameter 3–12 nm. Pt–TiO2 on irradiation induces a combined redox reaction with nitroarene and alcohol and this is followed by condensation–cyclization of aniline and oxidation products to give 2-methylquinolines.
Cesium Carbonate Supported on Alumina for the Michael Addition of Diethyl Malonate to Methyl Acrylates
Authors: Hida Tetsunari , Komura Kenichi , Sugi Yoshihiro
Published: September 2011

The cesium salts supported on γ-Al2O3 were highly active catalysts for the Michael addition of diethyl malonate (1) to methyl acrylate (2) in toluene as solvent. The use of a limited amount of 2 gave diethyl [2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]malonate (3), however the formation of diethyl bis[2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]malonate (4) was enhanced by the increase in amounts of 2. Catalytic activities were easily recovered by the calcination of used catalysts. IR and XRD observations indicate that the active catalytic species are Cs2CO3 on Al2O3. The use of malononitrile enhanced the formation of the diadduct as principal products by addition to methyl acrylate. Other methyl acrylates, such as methyl methacrylate and methyl crotonate, gave low yield of the products.
Ordered Silylation of Layered Silicate RUB-51 with Half-Sodalite Cages
Authors: Asakura Yusuke , Matsuo Yuki , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: September 2011

Layered silicate RUB-51 with half-sodalite cages was silylated with dichlorodimethylsilane and trichloromethylsilane. RUB-51, which possesses two confronting Si–O−/Si–OH groups on the interlayer surface, was reacted with bi/tri-functional silylating agents to induce bidentate silylation. RUB-51 silylated with dichlorodimethylsilane was delaminated through ultrasonication in cyclohexane. Layered octosilicate, which also possesses two confronting Si–O−/Si–OH groups to form a bidentate state, was reacted with the same silylating reagents. The comparison of these silylated products derived from two different layered silicates reveals that the structures of silylated interlayer surfaces are varied by the arrangement of the two Si–O−/Si–OH groups. Silylated RUB-51 possesses zigzag grooves on the layer surfaces which will be useful for silicate-based nanomaterials design.
Cross-coupling of Aryl/Alkenyl Silyl Ethers with Grignard Reagents through Nickel-catalyzed C–O Bond Activation
Authors: Zhao Fei , Yu Da-Gang , Zhu Ru-Yi , Xi Zhenfeng , Shi Zhang-Jie
Published: September 2011

C–O activation and its application have drawn much attention since oxygen-based electrophiles are easily available, less toxic, and more environmentally benign. This letter presents systematically results on the Ni-catalyzed Kumada–Tamao–Corriu coupling based on siloxy arenes/alkenes, which provides a new strategy of silyl protection/C–C bond formation sequence in organic synthesis.
Pd(II)-catalyzed Cross-coupling of C(sp2)–H Bonds and Alkyl–, Aryl–, and Vinyl–Boron Reagents via Pd(II)/Pd(0) Catalysis
Authors: Wasa Masayuki , Chan Kelvin S L , Yu Jin-Quan
Published: September 2011

Pd(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling of ortho-C–H bonds in benzoic acid and phenylacetic acid amides with alkyl–, aryl–, and vinyl–boron reagents have been achieved via Pd(II)/Pd(0) catalysis, demonstrating the unprecedented versatility of C–H activation reactions.
Iridium-catalyzed ortho-C–H Borylation of Aryl Ketones with Bis(pinacolato)diboron
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Kikuchi Takao , Ishiyama Tatsuo , Miyaura Norio
Published: September 2011

ortho-Selective C–H borylation of aryl ketones with bis(pinacolato)diboron proceeded at 120 °C in octane in the presence of a catalytic amount of iridium(I) complexes comprising 1/2[Ir(OMe)(cod)]2 and AsPh3.
Palladium-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Aryl Iodides with β-Trimethylsiloxy-α-diazoesters: A Novel Approach toward β-Keto-α-arylesters
Authors: Shu Zhibin , Zhang Ji , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: September 2011

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of β-trimethylsiloxy-α-diazoesters with aryl iodides provides a new approach to β-keto-α-arylesters. It is shown that the β-trimethylsiloxy group can significantly suppress the direct 1,2-hydride shift from palladium carbene.
Iron-catalyzed Chemoselective Cross-coupling of α-Bromocarboxylic Acid Derivatives with Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Jin Masayoshi , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: September 2011

We have developed a simple and effective synthetic method of α-arylcarboxylic acid derivatives based on the iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of α-bromocarboxylic acid derivatives with aryl Grignard reagents. The reaction proceeds smoothly at −78 °C in a chemoselective manner to produce the coupling product in good to excellent yields.
Ruthenium-catalyzed Acylation of Arylpyridines with Acyl Chlorides via ortho-Selective C–H Bond Cleavage
Authors: Kochi Takuya , Tazawa Aoi , Honda Kazuki , Kakiuchi Fumitoshi
Published: September 2011

Ruthenium-catalyzed ortho-selective acylation of arylpyridines with acyl chlorides via C–H bond cleavage is described. Aromatic acyl chlorides as well as α,β-unsaturated acyl chlorides were coupled with arylpyridines to give aromatic ketones in the presence of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] as a catalyst and potassium carbonate as a base.
Synthesis and Properties of Acetylene-bridged N-Confused Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Toganoh Motoki , Takayama Takumi , Ritesh Nandy , Kimizuka Nobuo , Furuta Hiroyuki
Published: September 2011

Acetylene-bridged N-confused porphyrin (NCP) dimers were synthesized by Stille coupling reactions. Moderate electronic interaction between the NCP chromophores was observed in the inner-3H tautomers while strong interaction was observed in the inner-2H tautomers.
Kinetic Studies of the Ni-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Alkyl Halides and a Tosylate with Butyl Grignard Reagent in the Presence of 1,3-Butadiene
Authors: Iwasaki Takanori , Tsumura Asako , Omori Takehiro , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Terao Jun , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: September 2011

Kinetic studies of the nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of alkyl bromides, iodides, and tosylates with butyl Grignard reagents in the presence of butadiene were performed. The reaction rate was first order with respect to the halides and the nickel catalyst. The butyl Grignard reagent, at concentrations of ca. 0.4 M or higher, had little effect on the reaction rate. The relative reactivities and activation parameters were determined for these alkyl halides and a tosylate.
Copper-free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction in Phosphonium Amino Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fukuyama Takahide , Rahman Md Taifur , Maetani Shinji , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: September 2011

Phosphonium amino acid ionic liquids were found to be useful for the copper-free and amine-free Sonogashira coupling reaction. A hydrophobic and lipophobic ionic liquid permitted easy separation of the product from ionic liquid and catalyst, and the recovered ionic liquid containing Pd catalyst could be reused.
Kumada–Tamao–Corriu Coupling of Alkyl Halides Catalyzed by an Iron–Bisphosphine Complex
Authors: Hatakeyama Takuji , Fujiwara Yu-ichi , Okada Yoshihiro , Itoh Takuma , Hashimoto Toru , Kawamura Shintaro , Ogata Kazuki , Takaya Hikaru , Nakamura Masaharu
Published: September 2011

An iron(II) chloride complex possessing a sterically demanding ortho-phenylene-tethered bisphosphine ligand shows a high catalytic activity in the Kumada–Tamao–Corriu coupling of nonactivated alkyl halides with aryl Grignard reagents. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides can participate as an electrophilic coupling partner. A radical clock experiment using (iodomethyl)cyclopropane exclusively gives the corresponding ring-opening coupling product, suggesting intermediacy of alkyl radical species.
Triarylamines on [3]Radialene Scaffold: Novel [3]Radialene-based, Multistep, Wide-range Redox Systems with Remarkably Low Oxidation Potentials
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Yamada Nao , Enomoto Tetsuya , Kurata Hiroyuki , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji
Published: September 2011

Hexakis[4-(diarylamino)phenyl][3]radialene derivatives show remarkably low oxidation potentials, suggesting the intramolecular through-space interaction between the facing triarylamine moieties. This through-space interaction is confirmed by the ESR spectrum of the corresponding oxidized species.
Monovalent Nickel Complex Bearing a Bulky N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzes Buchwald–Hartwig Amination of Aryl Halides under Mild Conditions
Authors: Nagao Shinya , Matsumoto Taisuke , Koga Yuji , Matsubara Kouki
Published: September 2011

Monovalent nickel complex bearing a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and triphenylphosphine was synthesized and demonstrated to catalyze the Buchwald–Hartwig amination of aryl halides with diarylamines to form triarylamines under mild conditions.
Iron-catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Alkylamines with Arenes, Nitroalkanes, and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Yoneda Tomoki , Moriya Kohei , Ota Kensuke , Uchiyama Nanase , Nishikawa Ryo , Hayashi Tamio
Published: September 2011

FeCl3 in combination with t-BuOOt-Bu as an oxidant was found to catalyze oxidative coupling of alkylamines with arenes, nitroalkanes, and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to give arylmethylamines, β-nitroalkylamines, and 2-(aminomethyl)-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, respectively.
Synthesis of Phenanthridinones and Phenanthridine Derivatives through Palladium-catalyzed Oxidative C–H Coupling of Benzanilides
Authors: Ishida Naoki , Nakanishi Yuuta , Moriya Taisaku , Murakami Masahiro
Published: September 2011

A palladium-catalyzed oxidative C–H coupling reaction of benzanilides using molecular oxygen as the oxidant furnishes phenanthridinones. The palladium-catalyzed reaction in combination with simple derivatization provides an efficient access to a phenanthridine skeleton starting from readily available benzoic acids and anilines.
Palladium-catalyzed Direct C–H Bond Arylation of Simple Arenes with Aryltrimethylsilanes
Authors: Funaki Kenji , Kawai Hiroshi , Sato Tetsuo , Oi Shuichi
Published: September 2011

Direct C–H bond arylation of arenes with aryltrimethylsilanes catalyzed by PdCl2 in the presence of CuCl2 as an oxidant has been developed. In addition to the role as the oxidant, CuCl2 is found to be necessary for the selective cross-coupling reaction.
Palladium-catalyzed Highly Regioselective C-3 Arylation of Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine
Authors: Huang Chunhui , Giokaris Alexandros , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: September 2011

A direct palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective C-3 arylation of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine with aryl bromides has been developed. This reaction is quite general with respect to the aryl or hetaryl bromide.
Cross-coupling Reactions of Organoboranes: An Easy Method for C–C Bonding
Authors: Suzuki Akira , Yamamoto Yasunori
Published: September 2011

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between different types of organoboron compounds and various organic halides or triflates in the presence of base provides a powerful and general methodology for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. The Csp2–B compounds (such as aryl- and 1-alkenylboron derivatives) and Csp3–B compounds (alkylboron compounds) readily cross-couple with organic electrophiles to give coupled products selectively in high yields. Recently, the Csp–B compounds (1-alkynylboron derivatives) have been also observed to react with organic electrophiles to produce expected cross-coupled products. The overview of some of such coupling reactions is discussed here in this article.
A Hexameric Porphyrin Triangle Constructed by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-coupling Reaction
Authors: Song Jianxin , Anabuki Shoma , Aratani Naoki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: September 2011

A meso-to-β directly linked hexameric porphyrin triangle was synthesized by the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction via either one-pot or a stepwise route. Hexakis-zinc(II) complex of the porphyrin triangle exhibits a split Soret band in the absorption spectrum, reflecting the effective exciton coupling over the whole molecule.
Bis(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) as a Convenient Carbon Monoxide Source in Palladium-catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Amines, Alcohols, and Thiols
Authors: Nakaya Ryotaro , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: September 2011

Bis(cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron) ([CpFe(CO)2]2) serves as a carbon monoxide source in carbonylative coupling reactions. Treatment of aryl iodides with primary amines in the presence of DBU and [CpFe(CO)2]2 under palladium catalysis provides the corresponding benzamides in good yields. Similar reactions with phenols and thiols provide the corresponding benzoate esters and thioesters, respectively. A catalytic amount of DMAP as an additive promoted the carbonylative coupling reactions with primary alcohol and secondary amine.
Phosphane-free Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Imidazolesulfonates with Arylboronic Acids and Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Cívicos José Francisco , Gholinejad Mohammad , Alonso Diego A , Nájera Carmen
Published: September 2011

Aryl imidazole-1-sulfonates are efficiently cross-coupled with arylboronic acids and potassium aryltrifluoroborates using only 0.5 mol % of oxime palladacycles 1 under aqueous conditions at 110 °C. Under these simple phosphane-free reaction conditions a wide array of biaryl derivatives has been prepared in high yields. This methodology allows in situ phenol sulfonation and one-pot Suzuki arylation as well as the employment of microwave irradiation conditions.
Pd/C-catalyzed and Water-mediated Hiyama Cross-coupling Reaction Using an Electron-deficient Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Yanase Takayoshi , Mori Shigeki , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: September 2011

The Pd/C-catalyzed Hiyama cross-coupling reaction between a variety of aryl halides and aryltriethoxysilanes was developed. Since only small amounts of the 10% Pd/C (0.5 mol %) and phosphine ligand (1.0 mol %) are required for efficient reaction, the protocol would be practical for the construction of biphenyl derivatives.
An Improvement of Nickel Catalyst for Cross-coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl Carbonates by Using a Ferrocenyl Bisphosphine Ligand
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Shimizu Ryosuke
Published: September 2011

Aryl carbonates work as electrophilic substrates for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in the presence of the nickel catalyst, which is generated from [Ni(cod)2] and ferrocenyl bisphosphine, DCyPF. The nickel catalyst allowed the cross-coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with non-benzo-fused aryl carbonates as well as naphthyl substrates.
Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H Silylation of Methylboronic Acid Using a Removable α-Directing Modifier on the Boron Atom
Authors: Ihara Hideki , Ueda Akinori , Suginome Michinori
Published: September 2011

Ruthenium-catalyzed C–H silylation of methylboronic acid was achieved by use of 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)aniline as a removable α-directing modifier on the boron atom. Cross-coupling of the product, i.e., (phenyldimethylsilyl)methylpinacolborane, with aryl halides proceeded in the presence of a [PdCl2(dppf)] catalyst and CsOH as a base.
Divergent Synthesis of 2,5-Diarylphospholes Based on Cross-coupling Reactions: Substituent Effects on the Optical and Redox Properties of Benzene–Phosphole–Benzene π-Systems
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Kon Yusuke , Saito Arihiro , Kimura Yoshifumi , Murafuji Toshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

Divergent synthesis of 2,5-diarylphosphole derivatives was achieved by using two kinds of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. In addition, para- and P-substituent effects on the optical and redox properties of the benzene–phosphole–benzene π-systems were disclosed experimentally.
Synthesis and Properties of Seleno-analog MK-organic Dye for Photovoltaic Cells Prepared by C–H Functionalization Reactions of Selenophene Derivatives
Authors: Tamba Shunsuke , Fujii Ryosuke , Mori Atsunori , Hara Kohjiro , Koumura Nagatoshi
Published: September 2011

C–H arylation and homocoupling reactions of 2-formylselenophene were carried out with a palladium catalyst. By using these coupling reactions a seleno-analog of MK dye MK-49, which is an organic dye molecule of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), was synthesized. The performance of MK-49 as DSSC was compared with the corresponding thiophene dye MK-48.
Copper-catalyzed Conjugate Additions of Alkylboranes to Aryl α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Shido Yoshinori , Yoshida Mika , Sawamura Masaya
Published: September 2011

Conjugate addition of alkylboron compounds (alkyl-9-BBN) to aryl α,β-unsaturated ketones proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount (10 mol %) of [(IPr)CuCl] and t-BuOK. The alkylboranes are available through alkene hydroboration, and thus the overall process represents a reductive conjugate addition of alkenes to enone derivatives. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in both the alkenes and the α,β-unsaturated ketones.
Facile Preparation of Macrocycles with Triphenylamine Backbone via C–N Coupling Reaction
Authors: Tsuchiya Kousuke , Miyaishi Hiroko , Ogino Kenji
Published: September 2011

Cyclic oligomers composed of triphenylamine backbone were conveniently prepared via palladium-catalyzed one-pot synthesis. The condition for the preparation was optimized to give the cyclic oligomers with large ring sizes in good yield up to 73.7%. The type of base for the reaction dramatically influenced the yield of cyclic oligomers, and potassium tert-butoxide was the most effective for the cyclization. The composition of the cyclic oligomers was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a mixture of pentamer, hexamer, and heptamer. The cyclic pentamer was easily isolated by only recrystallization from tert-butyl methyl ether.
C–N and C–S Bond Forming Cross Coupling in Water with Amphiphilic Resin-supported Palladium Complexes
Authors: Hirai Yoshinori , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: September 2011

Catalytic C–N and C–S bond forming reactions of haloarenes with secondary amines and benzenethiols were achieved in water under heterogeneous conditions by the use of immobilized palladium complexes coordinated with the amphiphilic polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol) resin-supported di(tert-butyl)phosphane ligand to afford aryl(dialkyl)amines and diaryl sulfides in high yield.
Synthesis and Multistimuli-responsive Behavior of Octaethylporphyrin–Dihexylbithiophene–Dimethylaniline Triads Connected with Diacetylene Linkages
Authors: Yoshino Junro , Tsujiguchi Mizuki , Hayashi Naoto , Higuchi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2011

Octaethylporphyrin–dihexylbithiophene–dimethylaniline triads were synthesized. The triads showed color change from green to yellow upon addition of trifluoroacetic acid. VT-NMR and UV–vis measurements revealed acid- and heat-driven multistimuli-response behaviors. In comparison with pyridine-connected analogs, a porphyrin–bithiophene diad moiety connected with diacetylene linkage expands the difference in basicity between dimethylaniline and pyridine.
Exchange of Quinone and Hydroquinone Moieties in Mixed Solutions of Biquinone and Bihydroquinone
Authors: Hayashi Naoto , Matsui Kiyomi , Kanda Akifumi , Yoshikawa Takahiro , Nakagawa Hiroyuki , Yoshino Junro , Higuchi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2011

A mixture of biquinone (QQn) and bihydroquinone (HHn) bearing tert-butyl substituents at 5,5′- (n = 1) and 6,6′-positions (n = 2) yields hydroquinonylquinone (HQn) as an equilibrium product by quinone/hydroquinone exchange. The equilibrium constants for the formation of HQ1 are higher than those of HQ2 in all solvents. While the exchange between QQ1 and HH1 is slow, that between HQ1s occurs so rapidly in CDCl3 that it is observed in phase-sensitive 2D NOESY NMR spectra.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross Coupling Reactions of B-Allenyl-9-BBN
Authors: Radkowski Karin , Seidel Günter , Fürstner Alois
Published: September 2011

Despite the tremendously wide scope of the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling, boron-based allenylation reactions of aryl halides are virtually unknown. It is now demonstrated that the borate complex formed in situ from B-allenyl-9-BBN and NaOMe in DMF allows aryl- and heteroaryl iodides to be allenylated under mild conditions.
Palladium-catalyzed Regio- and Diastereoselective Allylic Alkylation in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kawatsura Motoi , Nobuto Hideyuki , Hayashi Shunsuke , Hirakawa Takuya , Ikeda Daiji , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: September 2011

Palladium-catalyzed regio- and diastereoselective allylic alkylations using ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent were demonstrated. The reaction using diethyl(2-methoxyethyl)methylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([N221ME][NTf2]) or ethylhexyldimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide ([N6211][NTf2]) as solvent realized the recyclable use of the palladium catalyst while maintaining excellent regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity.
Ligand-free Fe–Cu Cocatalyzed Cross-coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Aryl Halides
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Jena Ashis Kumar , Mohapatra Sasmita
Published: September 2011

Copper ferrite-nanoparticle-mediated cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with aryl halides under ligand-free conditions was demonstrated. The magnetic nature of the copper ferrite nanoparticles was exploited for easy and quantitative separation of the catalyst. Leaching of Fe and Cu to the reaction medium was found to be within permissible limit and the activity of the catalyst was almost unaltered up to three consecutive cycles.
Systematic Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Tetra(5-aryl-2-thienyl)thiophenes
Authors: Muraoka Hiroki , Tanifuji Takanori , Ogawa Satoshi
Published: September 2011

We have succeeded in the synthesis of a series of tetra(5-aryl-2-thienyl)thiophenes as aryl-functionalized tetrathienylthiophenes. Characterization of these chemicals was performed by physical and spectroscopic means. The electrochemical properties were examined by cyclic voltammetry. The CV of all compounds showed that the redox behavior and potentials were controlled by the electronic effect of the p-substituted phenyl groups introduced at the outer α-positions on the four thiophene units linked to the thiophene core.
Chemoselective Transfer of Allyl or Phenyl Group from Allyl(phenyl)germanes in Pd-catalyzed Reactions with Aryl Halides
Authors: Pitteloud Jean-Philippe , Liang Yong , Wnuk Stanislaw F
Published: September 2011

Treatment of chloro(phenyl)germanes with allylmagnesium bromide yielded allyl(phenyl)germanes. Coupling of the allyl(phenyl)germanes with aryl halides in 1,4-dioxane in the presence of aqueous NaOH and Pd catalyst resulted in Heck-type transfer of the allyl group providing the corresponding allylated aryls. On the other hand, reaction of allyl(phenyl)germanes with SbF5 intercalated in graphite in toluene and subsequent treatment of the resulting germanyl fluorides with TBAF generates reactive hypervalent fluorogermanates that undergo Stille-like Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with aryl halides in wet toluene to provide biaryls.
Introduction of Two Anthracene Moieties into Perylenebis(dicarboximide) Core by Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling toward Construction of Donor–Acceptor–Donor Arrays
Authors: Iwanaga Tetsuo , Ida Hiroko , Takezaki Makoto , Toyota Shinji
Published: September 2011

To create new π-conjugated compounds having a donor–acceptor–donor array, two 4-(9-anthrylethynyl)phenyl groups were introduced into a perylenebis(dicarboximide) structure at 1,6- or 1,7-positions by the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of corresponding dibromoperylenebis(dicarboximide) and boronic acid ester derivatives. The UV–vis and fluorescence spectra and the electrochemical data of these donor–acceptor–donor type compounds suggested weak electronic interactions between the anthracene units and the perylenebis(dicarboximide) unit.
Pd-catalyzed Highly Regio- and Stereocontrolled Direct Alkenylation of Electron-deficient Polyfluoroarenes
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhang Xingang
Published: September 2011

An effective and reliable method for Pd-catalyzed highly regio- and stereocontrolled direct alkenylation of electron-deficient polyfluoroarenes with alkenyl iodides has been developed. The advantages of this reaction are its high regio- and stereoselectivity, mild reaction temperature (70 °C), and the use of readily available Pd(PPh3)4. This approach provides a useful access to polyfluoroarylated derivatives of interest in both life and materials science.
Synthesis of Iron(III) Complex Bearing Tridentate β-Aminoketonato Ligand: Application to Iron-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reaction of Arylmagnesium Bromides with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshitaka , Ando Hiroaki , Nagaya Makoto , Hinago Hideto , Ito Takashi , Asami Masatoshi
Published: September 2011

A tridentate β-aminoketonato iron complex was prepared by the reaction of lithium β-aminoketonato with FeCl3. This iron complex was found to be an efficient catalyst for the cross-coupling reaction between arylmagnesium bromides and alkyl halides.
Spectral Shifts of the Environment-sensitive Fluorophore POLARIC™ in Heterogeneous Interfaces
Authors: Son Sang-Hyun , Yamagishi Yutaka , Tani Michiko , Yuasa Maiko , Yamada Koji
Published: September 2011

We have designed and synthesized amphiphilic environment-sensitive fluorophore, POLARIC™, from four building blocks using Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured in various micelles and vesicles. The results show that the emission wavelengths of these probes respond to the surface charge and stability of the self-assemblies.
Preparation of Head-to-tail π-Conjugated Poly(thiophene–pyridine) and Polypyrimidine by Organometallic Polycondensation
Authors: Fukumoto Hiroki , Fujiwara Yoshiki , Yamamoto Takakazu
Published: September 2011

The metalation of Br–ThPy–Br (Th: thiophene-2,5-diyl; Py: pyridine-2,5-diyl) and 2-iodo-5-bromopyrimidine with i-PrMgCl proceeds regioselectively. The cross-coupling polycondensation of regioselectively metalated intermediates gives head-to-tail π-conjugated poly(thiophene–pyridine) and polypyrimidine, respectively, and their packing structures in the solid state and optical data are discussed.
Stereocontrolled Formation of Styrenes by Pd(0)-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Photoactivated (E)-Alkenylgermanes with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Tseng Chih-Chung , Li Mungyuen , Mo Bingli , Warren Sarah A , Spivey Alan C
Published: September 2011

The stereocontrolled synthesis of (E)-configured styrenes via Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-couping of (E)-alkenylgermanes with aryl bromides is described. The germanes employed have bis(naphthalen-2-ylmethyl) substitution to allow photooxidative activation toward coupling and a C8F17-fluorous tag to facilitate purification by fluorous solid-phase extraction (F-SPE). The selectivities obtained suggest that a germyl-Stille rather than Heck-type mechanism predominates in the coupling step.
n-Type Field-effect Transistors Based on Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dione and the Bis(dicyanomethylene) Derivatives
Authors: Chen Shiyan , Bolag Altan , Nishida Jun-ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: September 2011

Two new compounds, 3,6-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dione (1) and 2,5-bis(dicyanomethylene)-3,6-bis(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (2), were synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) showed a relatively good mobility up to 0.039 cm2 V−1 s−1 in 1 and a better air stability in 2.
A search filter for increasing the retrieval of animal studies in Embase
Authors: de Vries Rob B M , Hooijmans Carlijn R , Tillema Alice , Leenaars Marlies , Ritskes-Hoitinga Merel
Published: September 2011

Collecting and analysing all available literature before starting a new animal experiment is important and it is indispensable when writing systematic reviews of animal research. In practice, finding all animal studies relevant to a specific research question turns out to be anything but simple. In order to facilitate this search process, we previously developed a search filter for retrieving animal studies in the most often used biomedical database, PubMed. It is a general requirement for systematic reviews, however, that at least two databases are searched. In this report, we therefore present a similar search filter for a second important database, namely Embase. We show that our filter retrieves more animal studies than (a combination of) the options currently available in Embase. Our search filters for PubMed and Embase therefore represent valuable tools for improving the quality of (systematic) reviews and thereby of new animal experiments.
Postpartum spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema: Hamman's syndrome
Authors: Kuruba Neeraja , Hla Thin Thin
Published: September 2011

This is a case report of a spontaneous pneumomediastinum and surgical emphysema in a 32-year-old woman presenting a few hours after forceps vaginal delivery with symptoms of chest tightness, shortness of breath and swelling in the neck, which resolved with conservative management. It is a rare but potentially dangerous complication of labour, which can be accurately diagnosed with clinical features and chest X-ray. The treatment is conservative as it is usually self-limiting and recurrence in subsequent pregnancies is extremely rare.
Paradoxical embolism, stroke and sclerotherapy
Authors: Parsi K
Published: September 2011

Sclerotherapy has been associated with 13 published cases of stroke since 1994. Four earlier reports implicated liquid sclerosants while nine recent cases have followed foam sclerotherapy. This adverse event represents a very rare complication of a very popular procedure. Ten of the 13 reported patients recovered completely with no long-term sequelae. A right-to-left shunt and in particular a patent foramen ovale (PFO) was the most consistent risk factor. Paradoxical gas emboli were observed in the brain-supplying or the intra-cranial arteries of five patients with an immediate onset of stroke after foam sclerotherapy. Paradoxical clot embolism was suspected in three patients with a delayed onset of stroke and concurrent venous thrombosis. In the remaining five cases, which included two cases with an immediate onset after liquid sclerotherapy, no specific cause was identified. Patients with a past history of cryptogenic stroke or a long life history of recurrent classic migraine attacks (with aura) have a higher risk of neurological adverse events and may benefit from preoperative screening and percutaneous closure of PFO.
Automated high-throughput screening of carbon nanotube-based bio-nanocomposites for bone cement applications
Authors: Gonçalves Paula P. , Singh Manoj K. , Silva Virgília S. , Marques Filipa , Marques Ana , LeDuc Philip R. , Grácio José , Marques Paula A. A. P. , Gonçalves Gil , Sousa António C. M.
Published: September 2011

In this work we demonstrate the potential of using an automated cell viability analyzer for developing high-throughput screening of orthopedic bioactive materials. We used a biomaterial of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based composite integrated with hydroxyapatite/polymethyl methacrylate (HA/PMMA) with controlled physical and chemical properties to evaluate the usefulness of morphometric analysis in conjunction with trypan blue dye exclusion assays in MG63 cell cultures. The MG63 cell line, derived from human bone osteo-sarcoma, is often used as a model for studying osteoblast-like cellular response to bioactive materials for orthopedic surgery. The viability analyzer, Vi-CELLTM XR, Beckman Coulter, was used with trypan blue dye exclusion method in cell suspensions obtained after trypsinization along with determining the distribution plots of cell diameter and circularity, which are critical cellular characteristics. In addition, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a typical representation of osteogenic activity of osteoblasts, was also measured spectro-photometrically using p-nitrophenol phosphate as the substrate. Comparative analysis of the frequency histogram of average cell diameter and circularity allowed for the analyses of significant alterations in cell morphology not only over time in control cultures (spherical vs. a flat morphology) but also with respect to PMMA and HA nanocomposites. After cell exposure to HA/PMMA/CNTs, a shift toward loss of cell circularity was observed. The appearances of more differentiated morphologic features were well correlated with the increase of secreted ALP activity. In conclusion, the evaluation of material-induced changes of cell morphology could represent a valuable prescreening test for bioactive properties.
Organic synthesis using carbon dioxide as phosgene-free carbonyl reagent
Authors: Liu An-Hua , Li Yu-Nong , He Liang-Nian
Published: September 2011

CO2 is very attractive as a typical renewable feedstock for manufacturing commodity chemicals, fuel, and materials since it is an abundant, nontoxic, nonflammable, and easily available C1 resource. The development of greener chemical methodologies for replacing the utility of hazardous and environmentally undesirable phosgene largely relies on ingenious activation and incorporation of CO2 into valuable compounds, which is of paramount importance from a standpoint of green chemistry and sustainable development. Great efforts have been devoted to constructing C–C, C–O, and C–N bond on the basis of CO2 activation through molecular catalysis owing to its kinetic and thermodynamic stability. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the versatile use of CO2 in organic synthesis as the alternative carbonyl source of phosgene, with the main focus on utilization of CO2 as phosgene replacement for the synthesis of value-added compounds such as cyclic carbonates, oxa-zolidinones, ureas, isocyanates, and polymers, affording greener pathways for future chemical processes.
Binaural masking level difference in skilled reading children and children with dyslexia
Authors: Putter-Katz Hanna , Feldman Irit , Hildesheimer Minka
Published: September 2011

Background: Combining stimuli arriving at both ears makes it possible to locate sounds in the environment and to better detect signals or understand speech in noise when the sound sources are separated spatially. The sensitivity of the binaural system to interaural differences in time and amplitude can be investigated by means of the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). The age at which the BMLD reaches adult levels appears to depend partly upon masker bandwidth. Less is known about the effect of masker’s level on the development of BMLD in children. In the present study we assessed the effect of masker level on the BMLD of 3rd and 5th grade skilled reading children. In view of possible binaural hearing effects in dyslexia, the BMLD of a group of 5th grade children with reading difficulties was measured.

Methods: Detection thresholds of 500 Hz pure tone were measured at noise levels of 40 dBHL, 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL.

Results: All subjects presented increased MLD values with the rise of noise intensity between 40 dBHL and 60 dBHL. Among the skilled readers the results showed that younger children had smaller BMLDs than older children at all masker levels. However, a significant group-by-intensity interaction indicated that although the reading disabled group had reduced BMLD values than older skilled readers at noise levels of 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL, no difference was found between their BMLD values and those of the young skilled readers at noise levels of 50 dBHL and 60 dBHL. Moreover, their BMLD values at noise level of 40 dBHL were higher than those of the 3rd grade typically reading students while no difference was found between them and 5th grade efficient readers.

Conclusions: These results support the existence of both quantitative and qualitative differences in binaural hearing of children with developmental dyslexia.
How specific is the learning in an auditory frequency discrimination task?
Authors: Zaltz Yael , Ari-Even Roth Daphne , Kishon-Rabin Liat
Published: September 2011

Background: There is ample evidence showing that frequency discrimination can dramatically improve with practice. Nevertheless, the ability to generalize the learning gains to conditions that were not encountered during training is still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the extent of generalization to the untrained ear, to an untrained frequency (2000 Hz) and to an untrained (noisy) environment by continuing to train the generalization conditions.

Methods: Twenty-one participants took part in two training phases. The first training phase included nine training sessions that consisted each of six threshold measurements of difference limen for frequency (DLF) at 1000 Hz, and a 10th testing session that consisted of three DLF thresholds at 1000 Hz. The generalization phase included four training sessions that consisted each of six DLF threshold estimates, two days at each generalization condition (each participant was trained in two out of three generalization conditions, thus the total number of participants trained in each generalization condition was 14). All DLF thresholds were estimated using a three-interval, two-alternative forced choice adaptive procedure.

Results: Results showed that (1) the initial thresholds in the generalization conditions were reduced following training, and (2) new learning was observed in the subsequent training sessions suggesting that the learning was partially specific to the trained ear, frequency and environment.

Conclusions: These results have important theoretical and clinical implications regarding the extent of the plasticity of the auditory system and the neural processes that underlie this plasticity.