bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An identity perspective on coopetition in the craft beer industry
Authors: Mathias Blake D. , Huyghe Annelore , Frid Casey J. , Galloway Tera L.
Published: November 2017

Research Summary: To further our understanding of how and why organizations engage in coopetition, we explore cooperative and competitive actions in the craft beer industry. Through an inductive field study, including interviews with craft brewery owners, we propose collective identity and collective norms play a critical role in the persistence of coopetition over time. Our process model suggests that (a) an oppositional collective identity, (b) the shared belief that a rising tide lifts all boats, and (c) the shared belief that advice and assistance should be paid forward, can lead to the persistence of coopetition beyond market category emergence.

Managerial Summary: This paper develops a theory of how smaller, craft‐based organizations (i.e., “Davids”) encourage cohesion and cooperation amongst themselves when operating against an incumbent market of mass‐producers (i.e., “Goliaths”). An ideological opposition to existing players can lead to a shared belief that helping organizations like your own benefits everyone—the rising tide lifts all boats mentality. Similarly, when organizations first enter a market and receive help from established members, they can feel compelled to help others who enter the market after—the pay‐it‐forward mentality. Together, these mechanisms offer an explanation as to how and why coopetition might persist in a market category over time.
Secondary school science teachers' arguments for the particulate nature of matter
Authors: Gunnarsson Robert , Hellquist Björn , Strömdahl Helge , Zelic Dusan
Published: November 2017

How do secondary school science teachers justify the model of a particulate nature of matter, and how do the arguments they use relate to historical arguments? To find out, we individually interviewed 11 in‐service secondary school science teachers (certified to teach chemistry and/or physics in secondary school, and with 2 to 30 years of teaching experience) regarding their arguments for the particulate nature of matter and experiments that could demonstrate the existence of particles. The collected data were qualitatively analyzed. Three qualitatively different categories of arguments could be constructed from data: philosophical arguments, indirect experimental arguments, and direct experimental arguments. The indirect experimental arguments which is the largest category could be further divided into qualitatively different subcategories: nonspecific research and experiments, and chemical, physical, and subatomic experiments. Even though several experiments and arguments were suggested by the informants in our study, the arguments regarding the validity of the experiments were quite uncertain and vague. The experiments and arguments were used to corroborate the particulate nature of matter and taken for granted in advance rather than used to justify a model with particles. The outcome was discussed in relation to scientific arguments and experiments and in view of results from previous science education research. Based on our data, teacher education and in‐service teacher training, as well as teacher guides, were suggested to be more elaborate regarding contemporary knowledge, with direct experimental evidence for the particulate nature of matter being presented.
Flexure pitch bearing concept for individual pitch control of wind turbines
Authors: Juettner Michael , Hasse Alexander , Tremmel Stephan
Published: November 2017

The excessive use of individual pitch control (IPC) for fatigue load reduction is accompanied by the uncertainty of potential bearing failures. This problem, which is due to the small swivel angles associated with IPC, arises because of the rolling and sliding contacts that occur with the rolling element bearings that are typically used. The use of a flexure bearing is proposed as a way of bypassing this issue. The flexure bearing enables a certain range of motion to be exclusively provided by elastic deformation. This article presents a novel bearing concept that is based on the hypothesis that such a flexure bearing can handle the unfavorable load conditions associated with IPC better than a rolling element bearing. Methods for the dimensioning of the aforementioned flexure bearing are therefore presented. The loads, particularly the required elastic rotation angle of the flexure bearing, are determined first. A promising design for the flexure bearing itself is then chosen and adapted to meet the specific requirements of IPC. These methods are applied to develop an initial conceptual design of the novel bearing unit for a 3‐bladed wind turbine of about 3.6 MW. The result demonstrates the feasibility of the concept, and a final discussion presents further opportunities of the design that will make this concept satisfy the special requirements of IPC.
Corner contributions to holographic entanglement entropy in AdS4/BCFT3
Authors: Seminara Domenico , Sisti Jacopo , Tonni Erik
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We study the holographic entanglement entropy of spatial regions with corners in the AdS4/BCFT3 correspondence by considering three dimensional boundary conformal field theories whose boundary is a timelike plane. We compute analytically the corner function corresponding to an infinite wedge having one edge on the boundary. A relation between this corner function and the holographic one point function of the stress tensor is observed. An analytic expression for the corner function of an infinite wedge having only its tip on the boundary is also provided. This formula requires to find the global minimum among two extrema of the area functional. The corresponding critical configurations of corners are studied. The results have been checked against a numerical analysis performed by computing the area of the minimal surfaces anchored to some finite domains containing corners.
Superconformal Chern-Simons theories from del Pezzo geometries
Authors: Moriyama Sanefumi , Nosaka Tomoki , Yano Katsuya
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We present an explicit expression for the grand potential of the U(N )3 superconformal Chern-Simons theory with the Chern-Simons levels being (k, 0, −k). From the viewpoint of the Newton polygon, it is expected that the grand potential is given by the free energy of the topological string theory on the local D
5 del Pezzo geometry, though the explicit identification was a puzzle for years. We show how the expectation is realized explicitly. As a bonus, we can also study the

$$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2 $$

ℤ
2

orbifold of this theory and find the grand potential is now given in terms of the local E
7 del Pezzo geometry.
Chest X‐ray Prior to Thyroidectomy: Is It Really Needed?
Authors: Mikhael Alexandra , Patell Rushad , Tabet Michael , Bena James , Berber Eren , Nasr Christian
Published: November 2017

Background

Chest X‐ray (CXR) prior to thyroid surgery continues to be routinely obtained at some institutions despite the lack of evidence for its utility. This study aimed to determine the utility of preoperative CXR in patients undergoing thyroidectomy at a single institution.

Methods

In total, 594 thyroidectomy patients were included in the study. Demographics, CXR findings, anesthesia records and pathologic data were assessed. We investigated whether difficult intubation or cancer stage correlated with the presence of CXR abnormalities.

Results

Of the total cohort, 83% had a preoperative CXR and 67% had cancer on surgical pathology. In total, 56% had at least one CXR abnormality, the most frequent being skeletal abnormalities (25%), followed by tracheal deviation (16%). Of 78 patients (15.8%) with tracheal deviation on CXR, only 5% had a difficult intubation. Tracheal deviation was more commonly seen in non‐cancer cases compared to cancer cases (27 vs. 12%, p < 0.001). CXR impacted management in 4%. Among patients with cancer, a higher T‐stage (>2) was associated with higher rate of tracheal deviation compared to T1 (17 vs. 8%, p < 0.001). While patients with non‐metastatic cancer (n = 277) compared to metastatic cancer patients had a higher proportion of any abnormality on CXR (57 vs. 44%, p = 0.045), there was no significant difference for tracheal deviation, skeletal abnormalities or lung nodules. Of patients with nodules on CXR (n = 29), only 14% were found to have metastatic disease.

Conclusion

The utility of preoperative CXR in patients undergoing thyroidectomy is very limited. In the climate of value‐based care, routine use of this modality may be redundant and should only be ordered if clinically indicated.
Multi-scale account of the network structure of macaque visual cortex
Authors: Schmidt Maximilian , Bakker Rembrandt , Hilgetag Claus C. , Diesmann Markus , van Albada Sacha J.
Published: November 2017

Cortical network structure has been extensively characterized at the level of local circuits and in terms of long-range connectivity, but seldom in a manner that integrates both of these scales. Furthermore, while the connectivity of cortex is known to be related to its architecture, this knowledge has not been used to derive a comprehensive cortical connectivity map. In this study, we integrate data on cortical architecture and axonal tracing data into a consistent multi-scale framework of the structure of one hemisphere of macaque vision-related cortex. The connectivity model predicts the connection probability between any two neurons based on their types and locations within areas and layers. Our analysis reveals regularities of cortical structure. We confirm that cortical thickness decays with cell density. A gradual reduction in neuron density together with the relative constancy of the volume density of synapses across cortical areas yields denser connectivity in visual areas more remote from sensory inputs and of lower structural differentiation. Further, we find a systematic relation between laminar patterns on source and target sides of cortical projections, extending previous findings from combined anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments. Going beyond the classical schemes, we statistically assign synapses to target neurons based on anatomical reconstructions, which suggests that layer 4 neurons receive substantial feedback input. Our derived connectivity exhibits a community structure that corresponds more closely with known functional groupings than previous connectivity maps and identifies layer-specific directional differences in cortico-cortical pathways. The resulting network can form the basis for studies relating structure to neural dynamics in mammalian cortex at multiple scales.
Combined Short‐Path Distillation and Solvent‐Assisted Crystallization of Beef Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Authors: Dugan Michael E. R. , Gzyl Katherine E. , Rolland David C. , Vahmani Payam
Published: November 2017

Solvent‐assisted crystallization has previously been employed to remove long‐chain saturated fatty acids (≥ 18 carbons) from animal fat to improve its cold temperature biofuel properties. The same technology can be used for removing long‐chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) from animal fats for human consumption, but SFA remaining (i.e., 14:0 and 16:0) are more atherogenic than longer chain SFA. In the present study, an easy and efficient method was developed using short‐path distillation prior to solvent‐assisted crystallization for the more complete removal of SFA from beef tallow, and for the first time reports the distillation and crystallization behavior of polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products (PUFA‐BHP). Shorter chain SFA methyl esters (i.e., 14:0 and 16:0) were efficiently removed at 90 °C, 9.3 Pa, with a rotor speed of 70 rpm and either two cycles of distillation at 90 drops/min or three cycles at 110 drops/min. Stearic acid (18:0) was then effectively removed by crystallization at −20 °C using a sample to methanol ratio of 1:10. The remaining fraction enriched with PUFA‐BHP (i.e., rumenic acid, c9,t11‐18:2, and its precursor vaccenic acid, t11‐18:1) have potential use in disease model (i.e., cell culture and animal) studies to help further elucidate their bioactivity and mode of action, and may in the future have functional food or nutraceutical potential.
An Examination of the Relationship between Characteristics of Sect-Like Religiosity and Community Volunteering among U.S. Churchgoers
Authors: Polson Edward C.
Published: November 2017

Previous research indicates a robust relationship between religious participation and volunteering. However, religion is a multidimensional phenomenon and relatively few studies have examined the effects that different types of religiosity have on the likelihood of volunteering. In this article I extend our understanding of the link between religion and volunteering by examining the effect that several characteristics associated with sect-like religiosity have on the likelihood of community volunteering among U.S. churchgoers. My findings indicate a more nuanced relationship between volunteering and religious belonging, practice, and experience than previous studies have shown. Density of congregational friendship networks and frequency of evangelism are found to increase the likelihood of volunteering through and for religious congregations while supernatural experiences and frequency of evangelism are found to increase the likelihood of volunteering outside of the congregation. Religious strictness is found to decrease the likelihood of volunteering outside of the congregation. Implications for our understanding of the link between religion and volunteering are discussed as well as directions for future research.
Initial-boundary value problems in a half-strip for two-dimensional Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation
Authors: Faminskii Andrei V.
Published: November 2017

Initial-boundary value problems in a half-strip with different types of boundary conditions for two-dimensional Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation are considered. Results on global existence, uniqueness and long-time decay of weak and regular solutions are established.
Recurrence for the wind-tree model
Authors: Avila A. , Hubert P.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we give a geometric criterion ensuring the recurrence of the vertical flow on

\mathbb{Z}^{d}

-covers of compact translation surfaces (

d \geq 2

). We prove that the linear flow in the wind-tree model is recurrent for every pair of parameters and almost every direction.
Ethical Responsibility - An Arendtian Turn
Authors: Gardiner Rita A.
Published: November 2017

This article contends that Hannah Arendt’s writing can add value to current discussions on responsible leadership. Specifically, considering responsibility through an Arendtian lens offers insights that deepen our understanding of the interconnections among leadership, responsibility, and ethical action. Turning to Arendt can, therefore, increase our grasp of the complexities of leading responsibly. She shows how acting responsibly requires not only ethical forethought but also a willingness to judge for ourselves. Her emphasis on judgment enriches discussions on responsible leadership, encouraging us to think more deeply about what it might mean to act responsibly, and how such action connects with ethics. Examples of irresponsible action are explored as they concern individual and collective judgment in particular political and corporate contexts. Thus, it is by engaging with the messy realities of everyday life that an Arendtian turn can help us rethink leadership, ethics, and responsibility in new and productive ways.
Identification of Clostridium difficile Reservoirs in The Patient Environment and Efficacy of Aerial Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination
Authors: Yui Samuel , Ali Shanom , Muzslay Monika , Jeanes Annette , Wilson A. Peter R.
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE

To identify, using a novel enhanced method of recovery, environmental sites where spores of Clostridium difficile persist despite cleaning and hydrogen peroxide aerial decontamination.

DESIGN

Cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary referral center teaching hospital.

METHODS

In total, 16 sites representing high-frequency contact or difficult-to-clean surfaces in a single-isolation room or bed area in patient bed bays were sampled before and after terminal or hydrogen peroxide disinfection using a sponge swab. In some rooms, individual sites were not present (eg, there were no en-suite rooms in the ICU). Swab contents were homogenized, concentrated by membrane-filtration, and plated onto selective media. Results of C. difficile sampling were used to focus cleaning.

RESULTS

Over 1 year, 2,529 sites from 146 rooms and 44 bays were sampled. Clostridium difficile was found on 131 of 572 surfaces (22.9%) before terminal cleaning, on 105 of 959 surfaces (10.6%) after terminal cleaning, and on 43 of 967 surfaces (4.4%) after hydrogen peroxide disinfection. Clostridium difficile persisted most frequently on floor corners (97 of 334; 29.0%) after disinfection. Between the first and third quarters, we observed a significant decrease in the number of positive sites (25 of 390 vs 6 of 256). However, no similar change in the number of isolates before terminal cleaning was observed.

CONCLUSION

Persistence of C. difficile in the clinical environment was widespread. Although feedback of results did not improve the efficacy of manual disinfection, numbers of C. difficile following hydrogen peroxide gradually declined.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1487–1492
Factors Associated with Recent Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Multiethnic Smokers Residing in Public Housing
Authors: Geller Alan C. , Borrelli Belinda , Davine Jessica A. , Burtner Joanna , Heeren Timothy C. , Rees Vaughan W. , Adegoke Abdulkabir , Brooks Daniel R.
Published: November 2017

Introduction:Understanding factors associated with increased use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is critical to implementing cessation interventions for low-income individuals yet the factors associated with NRT use among low-income smokers are poorly understood.

Aims:Assess factors associated with NRT use among low-income public housing residents.

Methods: ‘Kick it for Good’ was a randomised smoking cessation intervention study conducted among residents of public housing sites in Boston, MA. Secondary, cross-sectional analyses were conducted on smokers from a community-based intervention cessation intervention who reported making a quit attempt and use of NRT in the past 12 months (n= 234).

Results:Among smokers who made a quit attempt in the past year, 29% reported using NRT. Black (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.38–0.71) and Hispanic (PR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.88) participants were less likely to report use of NRT compared with Whites. The prevalence of recent NRT use was greatest among those both asking for and receiving provider advice (PR = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.96–3.78).

Conclusions:Minority race and ethnicity and low provider engagement on NRT use were associated with lower NRT use. Providing barrier-free access to NRT and facilitating provider engagement with smokers regarding NRT use can increase NRT use among low-income populations.
The Lebyazhinka Burial Ground (Middle Volga Region, Russia): New 14C Dates and the Reservoir Effect
Authors: Shishlina N I , van der Plicht J , Turetsky M A
Published: November 2017

We report new accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dates of bones from humans, animals, and fish from grave 12 of the Lebyazhinka V Eneolithic burial ground in the middle Volga River region, Russia. Earlier conventional dates established a chronology. This has to be adjusted by new insights: the date has to be corrected for reservoir effects. For this purpose we redated bone from a human, and for herbivore and freshwater fauna from the same context, and included measurements of the stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N. The reservoir offset for the human appears to be about 700 14C yr.
Prediction of a new body shape index and body adiposity estimator for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study
Authors: Han Chengyi , Liu Yu , Sun Xizhuo , Luo Xinping , Zhang Lu , Wang Bingyuan , Ren Yongcheng , Zhou Junmei , Zhao Yang , Zhang Dongdong , Liu Xuejiao , Zhang Ming , Hu Dongsheng
Published: November 2017

To compare the ability of a body shape index (ABSI) and body adiposity estimator (BAE) to BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist:height ratio (WHtR) for predicting development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural adult Chinese. The prospective cohort study included 11 687 eligible participants who were free of T2DM at baseline. The risk of new-onset T2DM for ABSI, BAE, BMI, WC and WHtR quintiles was estimated by Cox proportional-hazards regression at follow-up. We also compared the power of ABSI and BAE to BMI, WC and WHtR for predicting the development of T2DM. With increasing ABSI, BAE, BMI, WC and WHtR, T2DM incidence was substantially increased (Ptrend<0·0001). After adjustment for multi-covariates, risk of T2DM was increased from the second to fifth quintile as compared with first quintile for ABSI (1·27; 95 % CI 0·95, 1·69; 1·35; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·82; 1·75; 95 % CI 1·33, 2·32 and 1·87; 95 % CI 1·40, 2·49; Ptrend<0·0001); BAE (1·82; 95 % CI 1·38, 2·41; 1·93; 95 % CI 1·38, 2·68; 2·73; 95 % CI 1·94, 3·84 and 4·18; 95 % CI 2·98, 5·87; Ptrend<0·0001); BMI (1·42; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·97; 1·62; 95 % CI 1·18, 2·23; 2·59; 95 % CI 1·92, 3·50 and 3·90; 95 % CI 2·90, 5·26; Ptrend<0·0001); WC (1·53; 95 % CI 1·08, 2·17; 1·66; 95 % CI 1·18, 2·33; 2·72; 1·97, 3·76 and 4·09; 95 % CI 2·97, 5·62; Ptrend<0·0001); and WHtR (1·40; 95 % CI 0·98, 1·99; 2·06; 95 % CI 1·47, 2·88; 2·90; 95 % CI 2·10, 4·01 and 4·22; 95 % CI 3·05, 5·85; Ptrend<0·0001). ABSI, BAE, BMI, WC and WHR were effective and comparable in discriminating cases from non-cases of T2DM. Risk of T2DM was increased with elevated ABSI and BAE, but the predictive ability for T2DM did not differ than that of BMI, WC and WHtR in a rural Chinese population.
Cambro-Ordovician vs Devono-Carboniferous geodynamic evolution of the Bohemian Massif: evidence fromP–T–tstudies in the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome, SW Poland
Authors: JASTRZĘBSKI MIROSŁAW , BUDZYŃ BARTOSZ , STAWIKOWSKI WOJCIECH
Published: November 2017

The pressure–temperature–deformation–time (P–T–d–t) record of metagranitic rocks and adjacent diverse rocks of the metavolcano-sedimentary group from the Orlica–Śnieżnik Dome (OSD) in SW Poland is examined. The study aims to better understand the course of the break-up of northern Gondwana and the overprinting Variscan tectonometamorphism in the NE Bohemian Massif. We test the existing hypotheses that explain the Cambro-Ordovician thermal event recorded in the meta-supracrustal group by (i) syn-deformational regional metamorphism or (ii) the contact metamorphism of the (meta)sedimentary rocks around the intruding ~490–500 Ma granitic magmas. In addition, we check the extent and timing of the Variscan prograde and retrograde medium-pressure metamorphism in the OSD. The results imply that Early Palaeozoic monazites, rarely preserved in both rock groups, document ~490–500 Ma volcanic and plutonic events related to the Gondwana's break-up and following disturbance of the Th–U–Pb system during younger, Variscan events. The monazite geochronology reveals no distinct Cambro-Ordovician thermal aureole around the post-granitic orthogneisses. However, no large-scale Variscan juxtaposition is evident between the two main OSD rock groups or within the meta-supracrustal rocks. ConsistentP–T–d–tresults for the meta-supracrustal rocks and the orthogneisses suggest that their precursors contacted before the Variscan tectonometamorphism. The directly contiguous ortho- and paragneisses together experienced tectonometamorphic processes at maximum depths that correspond to 7.5–8.0 kbar and maximum temperatures of ~600–620°C, as a result of the Variscan collision of Gondwana and Euramerica. The continental collision-related events intensified at ~360 Ma and ~330–340 Ma.
Morphological and molecular characterization of two new species ofAndracantha(Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from New Zealand shags (Phalacrocoracidae) and penguins (Spheniscidae) with a key to the species
Authors: Presswell B. , García-Varela M. , Smales L.R.
Published: November 2017

Two new species ofAndracantha(Polymorphidae) are described from the intestine of the shagsLeucocarbo chalconotus(Gray) andPhalacrocorax punctatus(Sparrman), and the penguinEudyptula minor(Forster) from southern South Island, New Zealand.Andracantha leucocarboin. sp. is distinguished from its congeners by having no genital or ventral trunk spines, but possessing a scattering of small spines between the anterior fields of spines. This is the first record of a species ofAndracanthafrom a penguin. Circumbursal papillae are illustrated in a scanning electron micrograph for the first time in the polymorphids.Andracantha sigman. sp. is distinguished by the sigmoid shape of its largest proboscis hook, hook VIII, and having the ventral field separated from the posterior disc field by an aspinous gap. A Maximum Likelihood tree fromcox1 and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) data showsA. leucocarboin. sp. to be more closely related toA. gravidathanA. sigman. sp. and the genusAndracanthaas sister toCorynosomaspp. Genetic distances between species ofAndracanthaare comparatively large. A key to the species ofAndracanthais provided.
Trypanosoma sp. diversity in Amazonian bats (Chiroptera; Mammalia) from Acre State, Brazil
Authors: dos Santos Francisco C.B. , Lisboa Cristiane V. , Xavier Samanta C.C. , Dario Maria A. , Verde Rair de S. , Calouro Armando M. , Roque André Luiz R. , Jansen Ana M.
Published: November 2017

Bats are ancient hosts of Trypanosoma species and their flying ability, longevity and adaptability to distinct environments indicate that they are efficient dispersers of parasites. Bats from Acre state (Amazon Biome) were collected in four expeditions conducted in an urban forest (Parque Zoobotânico) and one relatively more preserved area (Seringal Cahoeira) in Rio Branco and Xapuri municipalities. Trypanosoma sp. infection was detected by hemoculture and fresh blood examination. Isolated parasite species were identified by the similarity of the obtained DNA sequence from 18S rDNA polymerase chain reaction and reference strains. Overall, 367 bats from 23 genera and 32 species were examined. Chiropterofauna composition was specific to each municipality, although Artibeus sp. and Carollia sp. prevailed throughout. Trypanosoma sp. infection was detected in 85 bats (23·2%). The most widely distributed and prevalent genotypes were (in order) Trypanosoma cruzi TcI, T. cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma dionisii, T. cruzi TcIV and Trypanosoma rangeli. At least one still-undescribed Trypanosoma species was also detected in this study. The detection of T. cruzi TcI and TcIV (the ones associated with Chagas disease in Amazon biome) demonstrates the putative importance of these mammal hosts in the epidemiology of the disease in the Acre State.
Non-pharmacological interventions for Lewy body dementia: a systematic review
Authors: Connors Michael H. , Quinto Lena , McKeith Ian , Brodaty Henry , Allan Louise , Bamford Claire , Thomas Alan , Taylor John-Paul , O'Brien John T.
Published: November 2017

Lewy body dementia (consisting of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterised by visual hallucinations, fluctuating attention, motor disturbances, falls, and sensitivity to antipsychotics. This combination of features presents challenges for pharmacological management. Given this, we sought to review evidence for non-pharmacological interventions with patients with Lewy body dementia and their carers. Bibliographic databases were searched using a wide range of search terms and no restrictions were placed on study design, language, or clinical setting. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, rated study quality, and extracted data. The search identified 21 studies including two randomised controlled trials with available subgroup data, seven case series, and 12 case studies. Most studies reported beneficial effects of the interventions used, though the only sizeable study was on dysphagia, showing a benefit of honey-thickened liquids. Given the heterogeneity of interventions and poor quality of the studies overall, no quantitative synthesis was possible. Overall, identified studies suggested possible benefits of non-pharmacological interventions in Lewy body dementia, but the small sample sizes and low quality of studies mean no definite recommendations can be offered. Our findings underscore the clear and urgent need for future research on this topic.
The argument for single-purpose robots
Authors: Moerman Daniel E.
Published: November 2017

The argument by Lake et al. to create more human-like robots is, first, implausible and, second, undesirable. It seems implausible to me that a robot might have friends, fall in love, read Foucault, prefer Scotch to Bourbon, and so on. It seems undesirable because we already have 7 billion people on earth and don't really need more.
Human-like machines: Transparency and comprehensibility
Authors: Patrzyk Piotr M. , Link Daniela , Marewski Julian N.
Published: November 2017

Artificial intelligence algorithms seek inspiration from human cognitive systems in areas where humans outperform machines. But on what level should algorithms try to approximate human cognition? We argue that human-like machines should be designed to make decisions in transparent and comprehensible ways, which can be achieved by accurately mirroring human cognitive processes.
The fork in the road
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: November 2017

Machines that learn and think like people should simulate how people really think in their everyday lives. The field of artificial intelligence originally traveled down two roads, one of which emphasized abstract, idealized, rational thinking and the other, which emphasized the emotionally charged and motivationally complex situations in which people often find themselves. The roads should have converged but never did. That's too bad.
Don't shoot the giant whose shoulders we are standing on
Authors: de Ruiter Jan P. , de Ruiter Laura E.
Published: November 2017

Structural priming is a sufficient but not a necessary condition for proving the existence of representations. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Cognitive science relies on the legitimacy of positing representations and processes without “proving” every component. Also, psycholinguistics relies on other methods, including acceptability judgments, to find the materials for priming experiments in the first place.
Acceptability judgments still matter: Deafness and documentation
Authors: Hall Matthew L. , Mayberry Rachel I. , Ferreira Victor S.
Published: November 2017

The target article's call to end reliance on acceptability judgments is premature. First, it restricts syntactic inquiry to cases were a semantically equivalent alternative is available. Second, priming studies require groups of participants who are linguistically homogenous and whose grammar is known to the researcher. These requirements would eliminate two major research areas: syntactic competence in d/Deaf individuals, and language documentation. (We follow the convention of using deaf to describe hearing levels, Deaf to describe cultural identity, and d/Deaf to include both. Our own work has focused on Deaf signers, but the same concerns could apply to other deaf populations.)
Considering experimental and observational evidence of priming together, syntax doesn't look so autonomous
Authors: Lester Nicholas A. , Du Bois John W. , Gries Stefan Th. , Moscoso del Prado Martín Fermín
Published: November 2017

We agree with Branigan & Pickering (B&P) that structural priming experiments should supplant grammaticality judgments for testing linguistic representation. However, B&P overlook a vast (corpus-)linguistic literature that converges with – but extends – the experimental findings. B&P conclude that syntax is functionally independent of the lexicon. We argue that a broader approach to priming reveals cracks in the façade of syntactic autonomy.
Priming is swell, but it's far from simple
Authors: Ziegler Jayden , Snedeker Jesse , Wittenberg Eva
Published: November 2017

Clearly, structural priming is a valuable tool for probing linguistic representation. But we don't think that the existing results provide strong support for Branigan & Pickering's (B&P's) model, largely because the priming effects are more confusing and diverse than their theory would suggest. Fortunately, there are a number of other experimental tools available, and linguists are increasingly making use of them.
Three-dimensional tracking control of autonomous underwater vehicles with limited torque and without velocity sensors
Authors: Shojaei Khoshnam
Published: November 2017

Most of the previous works on the motion control of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) assume that (i) the vehicle actuators are able to tolerate every level of the control signals, and (ii) the vehicle is equipped with the velocity sensors in all degrees of freedom. These assumptions are not desirable in practice. Toward this end, this paper addresses the trajectory tracking control of the underactuated AUVs with the limited torque, without the velocity measurements and under environmental disturbances in a three-dimensional space. At first, a variable transformation is introduced which helps us to derive a second-order dynamic model for underactuated AUVs. Then, a saturated tracking controller is proposed by employing the saturation functions to bound the closed-loop error variables. This technique reduces the risk of the actuators saturation by decreasing the amplitude of the generated control signals. In addition, a nonlinear saturated observer is introduced to remove the velocity sensors from the control system. The proposed controller copes with the uncertain vehicle parameters, and constant or time-varying environmental disturbances induced by the waves and ocean currents. Lyapunov's direct method is used to show the semi-global uniform ultimate boundedness of the tracking and state estimation errors. Finally, some simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Minimally actuated serial robot
Authors: Mann Moshe P. , Damti Lior , Tirosh Gideon , Zarrouk David
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we propose a novel type of serial robot with minimal actuation. The robot is a serial rigid structure consisting of multiple links connected by passive joints and of movable actuators. The novelty of this robot is that the actuators travel over the links to a given joint and adjust the relative angle between the two adjacent links. The joints passively preserve their angles until one of the actuators moves them again. This actuation can be applied to any serial robot with two or more links. This unique configuration enables the robot to undergo the same wide range of motions typically associated with hyper-redundant robots but with much fewer actuators. The robot is modular and its size and geometry can be easily changed. We describe the robot's mechanical design and kinematics in detail and demonstrate its capabilities for obstacle avoidance with some simulated examples. In addition, we show how an experimental robot fitted with a single mobile actuator can maneuver through a confined space to reach its target.
From ‘ah’ to ‘bah’: social feedback loops for speech sounds at key points of developmental transition
Authors: GROS-LOUIS Julie , MILLER Jennifer L.
Published: November 2017

Social feedback is a driving force for speech development. A recent study provided a key finding to explain how contingent responses influence developmental change: infant speech-related vocalizations are contingent on responses to prior speech-related vocalizations (Warlaumont et al., 2014). However, the study did not distinguish between different speech-related vocalizations, vowel-like (V) and consonant–vowel (CV) vocalizations, which is important because CV vocalizations are a precursor to words. The present study explored parents’ responses to infants’ vocalizations and infants’ subsequent vocal production at a point when vocalizations become more like adult speech. The relative proportion of CVs following contingent responses to CV did not differ between 10- and 12-months-olds; however, there was only a significant contingent relationship between responses to CV and subsequent CV production in 12-month-olds. Results suggest a developmental transition and a social feedback loop for the production of more developmentally advanced sounds when infants are learning their first words.
Improved Three-Dimensional (3D) Resolution of Electron Tomograms Using Robust Mathematical Data-Processing Techniques
Authors: Sanders Toby , Arslan Ilke
Published: November 2017

Electron tomography has become an essential tool for three-dimensional (3D) characterization of nanomaterials. In recent years, advances have been made in specimen preparation and mounting, acquisition geometries, and reconstruction algorithms. All of these components work together to optimize the resolution and clarity of an electron tomogram. However, one important component of the data-processing has received less attention: the 2D tilt series alignment. This is challenging for a number of reasons, namely because the nature of the data sets and the need to be coherently aligned over the full range of angles. An inaccurate alignment may be difficult to identify, yet can significantly limit the final 3D resolution. In this work, we present an improved center-of-mass alignment model that allows us to overcome discrepancies from unwanted objects that enter the imaging area throughout the tilt series. In particular, we develop an approach to overcome changes in the total mass upon rotation of the imaging area. We apply our approach to accurately recover small Pt nanoparticles embedded in a zeolite that may otherwise go undetected both in the 2D microscopy images and the 3D reconstruction. In addition to this, we highlight the particular effectiveness of the compressed sensing methods with this data set.
Extreme salinity as a challenge to grow potatoes under Mars-like soil conditions: targeting promising genotypes
Authors: Ramírez David A. , Kreuze Jan , Amoros Walter , Valdivia-Silva Julio E. , Ranck Joel , Garcia Sady , Salas Elisa , Yactayo Wendy
Published: November 2017

One of the future challenges to produce food in a Mars environment will be the optimization of resources through the potential use of the Martian substratum for growing crops as a part of bioregenerative food systems.In vitroplantlets from 65 potato genotypes were rooted in peat-pellets substratum and transplanted in pots filled with Mars-like soil from La Joya desert in Southern Peru. The Mars-like soil was characterized by extreme salinity (an electric conductivity of 19.3 and 52.6 dS m−1under 1 : 1 and saturation extract of the soil solution, respectively) and plants grown in it were under sub-optimum physiological status indicated by average maximum stomatal conductance <50 mmol H2O m−2s−1even after irrigation. 40% of the genotypes survived and yielded (0.3–5.2 g tuber plant−1) where CIP.397099.4, CIP.396311.1 and CIP.390478.9 were targeted as promising materials with 9.3, 8.9 and 5.8% of fresh tuber yield in relation to the control conditions. A combination of appropriate genotypes and soil management will be crucial to withstand extreme salinity, a problem also important in agriculture on Earth that requires more detailed follow-up studies.
Framing nature: visual representations of ecological paradigms
Authors: Franzen Sarah M.
Published: November 2017

This paper provides a brief discussion on the implications and outcomes of ethnographic filmmaking as a means to understanding environmental perception among farming communities. I argue that the unique contribution of filmmaking as a research method lies in its epistemological ability to engage with diverse ways of knowing. In this paper, I provide a close examination of a vignette filmed during my research to demonstrate how this methodological and analytical approach can be used to reveal environmental perception and knowledge as processes, rather than as substances.
The fragile X mental retardation protein regulates tumor invasiveness-related pathways in melanoma cells
Authors: Zalfa Francesca , Panasiti Vincenzo , Carotti Simone , Zingariello Maria , Perrone Giuseppe , Sancillo Laura , Pacini Laura , Luciani Flavie , Roberti Vincenzo , D'Amico Silvia , Coppola Rosa , Abate Simona Osella , Rana Rosa Alba , De Luca Anastasia , Fiers Mark , Melocchi Valentina , Bianchi Fabrizio , Farace Maria Giulia , Achsel Tilmann , Marine Jean-Christophe , Morini Sergio , Bagni Claudia
Published: November 2017

The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is lacking or mutated in patients with the fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most frequent form of inherited intellectual disability. FMRP affects metastasis formation in a mouse model for breast cancer. Here we show that FMRP is overexpressed in human melanoma with high Breslow thickness and high Clark level. Furthermore, meta-analysis of the TCGA melanoma data revealed that high levels of FMRP expression correlate significantly with metastatic tumor tissues, risk of relapsing and disease-free survival. Reduction of FMRP in metastatic melanoma cell lines impinges on cell migration, invasion and adhesion. Next-generation sequencing in human melanoma cells revealed that FMRP regulates a large number of mRNAs involved in relevant processes of melanoma progression. Our findings suggest an association between FMRP levels and the invasive phenotype in melanoma and might open new avenues towards the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
Combinatorial metabolic engineering using an orthogonal tri-functional CRISPR system
Authors: Lian Jiazhang , HamediRad Mohammad , Hu Sumeng , Zhao Huimin
Published: November 2017

Designing an optimal microbial cell factory often requires overexpression, knock-down, and knock-out of multiple gene targets. Unfortunately, such rewiring of cellular metabolism is often carried out sequentially and with low throughput. Here, we report a combinatorial metabolic engineering strategy based on an orthogonal tri-functional CRISPR system that combines transcriptional activation, transcriptional interference, and gene deletion (CRISPR-AID) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This strategy enables perturbation of the metabolic and regulatory networks in a modular, parallel, and high-throughput manner. We demonstrate the application of CRISPR-AID not only to increase the production of β-carotene by 3-fold in a single step, but also to achieve 2.5-fold improvement in the display of an endoglucanase on the yeast surface by optimizing multiple metabolic engineering targets in a combinatorial manner.
Mussel larvae modify calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry to promote calcification
Authors: Ramesh Kirti , Hu Marian Y. , Thomsen Jörn , Bleich Markus , Melzner Frank
Published: November 2017

Understanding mollusk calcification sensitivity to ocean acidification (OA) requires a better knowledge of calcification mechanisms. Especially in rapidly calcifying larval stages, mechanisms of shell formation are largely unexplored—yet these are the most vulnerable life stages. Here we find rapid generation of crystalline shell material in mussel larvae. We find no evidence for intracellular CaCO3 formation, indicating that mineral formation could be constrained to the calcifying space beneath the shell. Using microelectrodes we show that larvae can increase pH and [CO32−] beneath the growing shell, leading to a ~1.5-fold elevation in calcium carbonate saturation state (Ωarag). Larvae exposed to OA exhibit a drop in pH, [CO32−] and Ωarag at the site of calcification, which correlates with decreased shell growth, and, eventually, shell dissolution. Our findings help explain why bivalve larvae can form shells under moderate acidification scenarios and provide a direct link between ocean carbonate chemistry and larval calcification rate.
The genetic basis for the adaptation of E. coli to sugar synthesis from CO2
Authors: Herz Elad , Antonovsky Niv , Bar-On Yinon , Davidi Dan , Gleizer Shmuel , Prywes Noam , Noda-Garcia Lianet , Lyn Frisch Keren , Zohar Yehudit , Wernick David G. , Savidor Alon , Barenholz Uri , Milo Ron
Published: November 2017

Understanding the evolution of a new metabolic capability in full mechanistic detail is challenging, as causative mutations may be masked by non-essential "hitchhiking" mutations accumulated during the evolutionary trajectory. We have previously used adaptive laboratory evolution of a rationally engineered ancestor to generate an Escherichia coli strain able to utilize CO2 fixation for sugar synthesis. Here, we reveal the genetic basis underlying this metabolic transition. Five mutations are sufficient to enable robust growth when a non-native Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle provides all the sugar-derived metabolic building blocks. These mutations are found either in enzymes that affect the efflux of intermediates from the autocatalytic CO2 fixation cycle toward biomass (prs, serA, and pgi), or in key regulators of carbon metabolism (crp and ppsR). Using suppressor analysis, we show that a decrease in catalytic capacity is a common feature of all mutations found in enzymes. These findings highlight the enzymatic constraints that are essential to the metabolic stability of autocatalytic cycles and are relevant to future efforts in constructing non-native carbon fixation pathways.
Eroded telomeres are rearranged in quiescent fission yeast cells through duplications of subtelomeric sequences
Authors: Maestroni Laetitia , Audry Julien , Matmati Samah , Arcangioli Benoit , Géli Vincent , Coulon Stéphane
Published: November 2017

While the mechanisms of telomere maintenance has been investigated in dividing cells, little is known about the stability of telomeres in quiescent cells and how dysfunctional telomeres are processed in non-proliferating cells. Here we examine the stability of telomeres in quiescent cells using fission yeast. While wild type telomeres are stable in quiescence, we observe that eroded telomeres were highly rearranged during quiescence in telomerase minus cells. These rearrangements depend on homologous recombination (HR) and correspond to duplications of subtelomeric regions. HR is initiated at newly identified subtelomeric homologous repeated sequences (HRS). We further show that TERRA (Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA) is increased in post-mitotic cells with short telomeres and correlates with telomere rearrangements. Finally, we demonstrate that rearranged telomeres prevent cells to exit properly from quiescence. Taken together, we describe in fission yeast a mode of telomere repair mechanism specific to post-mitotic cells that is likely promoted by transcription.
Manufacture of highly loaded silica-supported cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts from a metal organic framework
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Suarez Alma I. Olivos , Meijerink Mark , van Deelen Tom , Ould-Chikh Samy , Zečević Jovana , de Jong Krijn P. , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge
Published: November 2017

The development of synthetic protocols for the preparation of highly loaded metal nanoparticle-supported catalysts has received a great deal of attention over the last few decades. Independently controlling metal loading, nanoparticle size, distribution, and accessibility has proven challenging because of the clear interdependence between these crucial performance parameters. Here we present a stepwise methodology that, making use of a cobalt-containing metal organic framework as hard template (ZIF-67), allows addressing this long-standing challenge. Condensation of silica in the Co-metal organic framework pore space followed by pyrolysis and subsequent calcination of these composites renders highly loaded cobalt nanocomposites (~ 50 wt.% Co), with cobalt oxide reducibility in the order of 80% and a good particle dispersion, that exhibit high activity, C5 + selectivity and stability in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.