bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I know what you're probably going to say: Listener adaptation to variable use of uncertainty expressions
Authors: Schuster Sebastian , Degen Judith
Published: July 2019

Pragmatic theories of utterance interpretation share the assumption that listeners reason about alternative utterances that a speaker could have produced, but didn't. For such reasoning to be successful, listeners must have precise expectations about a speaker's production choices. This is at odds with the considerable variability across speakers that exists at all levels of linguistic representation. This tension can be reconciled by listeners adapting to the statistics of individual speakers. While linguistic adaptation is increasingly widely attested, semantic/pragmatic adaptation is underexplored. Moreover, what kind of representations listeners update during semantic/pragmatic adaptation -- estimates of the speaker's lexicon, or estimates of the speaker's utterance preferences -- remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigate semantic/pragmatic adaptation in the domain of uncertainty expressions like might and probably. In a series of web-based experiments, we find 1) that listeners vary in their expectations about a generic speaker's use of uncertainty expressions; 2) that listeners rapidly update their expectations about the use of uncertainty expressions after brief exposure to a speaker with a specific usage of uncertainty expressions; and 3) that listeners' interpretations of uncertainty expressions change after being exposed to a specific speaker. We present a novel computational model of semantic/pragmatic adaptation based on Bayesian belief updating and show, through a series of model comparisons, that semantic/pragmatic adaptation is best captured by listeners updating their beliefs both about the speaker's lexicon and their utterance preferences. This work has implications for both semantic theories of uncertainty expressions and psycholinguistic theories of adaptation: it highlights the need for dynamic semantic representations and suggests that listeners integrate their general linguistic knowledge with speaker-specific experiences to arrive at more precise interpretations.
Separable neural representations of sound sources: Speaker identity and musical timbre
Authors: Ogg Mattson , Moraczewski Dustin , Kuchinsky Stefanie E. , Slevc L. Robert
Published: July 2019

Human listeners can quickly and easily recognize different sound sources (objects and events) in their environment. Understanding how this impressive ability is accomplished can improve signal processing and machine intelligence applications along with assistive listening technologies. However, it is not clear how the brain represents the many sounds that humans can recognize (such as speech and music) at the level of individual sources, categories and acoustic features. To examine the cortical organization of these representations, we used patterns of fMRI responses to decode 1) four individual speakers and instruments from one another (separately, within each category), 2) the superordinate category labels associated with each stimulus (speech or instrument), and 3) a set of simple synthesized sounds that could be differentiated entirely on their acoustic features. Data were collected using an interleaved silent steady state sequence to increase the temporal signal-to-noise ratio, and mitigate issues with auditory stimulus presentation in fMRI. Largely separable clusters of voxels in the temporal lobes supported the decoding of individual speakers and instruments from other stimuli in the same category. Decoding the superordinate category of each sound was more accurate and involved a larger portion of the temporal lobes. However, these clusters all overlapped with areas that could decode simple, acoustically separable stimuli. Thus, individual sound sources from different sound categories are represented in separate regions of the temporal lobes that are situated within regions implicated in more general acoustic processes. These results bridge an important gap in our understanding of cortical representations of sounds and their acoustics.
SIMULASI TERMODINAMIKA GASIFIKASI BLACK LIQUOR PABRIK PULP LARUT KRAFT SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Authors: Hamsar Hamsar , Helwani Zuchra , Bahruddin Bahruddin
Published: July 2019

Industri pulp di Riau menghasilkan 8,5 juta ton black liquor/tahun, merupakan biomassa dengan panas pembakaran 13,8 MJ/kg sehingga memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai sumber energi alternatif dan terbarukan. Salah satu teknologi pengolahan black liquor adalah proses gasifikasi yang dapat menghasilkan gas bakar tipe medium. Penelitian ini mempelajari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi proses gasifikasi black liquor menjadi gas sintesis, dengan melakukan simulasi proses dalam entrained flow gasifier menggunakan agen gasifikasi oksigen. Beberapa tahap yang dipergunakan untuk menunjukkan seluruh proses gasifikasi, yaitu dekomposisi/pirolisis black liquor, pembakaran zat volatile, gasifikasi arang/char dan pemisahan gas-padatan. Umpan black liquor yang digunakan dengan nilai ultimate (basis kering): 34,0% C; 3,2% H; 4,8% S; 35,8% O, 18,2% Na; 3,1% K; 0,1% N; dan nilai proksimat (basis kering): kadar air 19,3%; zat volatile 38,3%, fixed carbon 11,8%; abu 30,6%. Variabel penelitian: temperatur 600-1200oC, ER 0,2-0,5 dan tekanan 1-35 atm. Pada tekanan 10 atm dan ER 0,5, peningkatan temperatur 600 sampai 1200oC menyebabkan produk syngas bertambah (41,21-81,45%), mengurangi konversi CH4 (8,96-6,04%) dan CO2 (9,28-3,79%). Equivalent ratio berpengaruh terhadap temperatur proses gasifikasi, optimal antara 0,5. Menaikkan tekanan operasi gasifier tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap produk komposisi syngas, tetapi desain tekanan tinggi operasi untuk mempertimbangkan penggunaan alat yang lebih efektif dan efisien sehingga akan mengurangi biaya investasi, tekanan optimal adalah 10 atm.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Siswa Penerima Beasiswa Dengan Metode Topsis
Authors: - STMIK Nusa Mandiri Jakarta Retno Sari
Published: July 2019

Abstract - The scholarships are the provision of assistance to individuals for the sustainability of education pursued. In the selection of scholarship recipients made from the school that makes the selection of scholarship recipients selected subjects and not appropriate criteria. With the above problems then applied decision support system TOPSIS method in the assessment of scholarship recipients who have 4 criteria of welfare status, education of the head of the household, occupation status and residence statue. In this student assessment there are 5 alternatives that are A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. Of the five alternatives are eligible to receive a scholarship that is A1 with a preference value 0.8460

Keywords: Decision Support System, Scholarship, TOPSIS

Abstrak – Beasiswa merupakan pemberian bantuan kepada perorangan untuk keberlangsungan pendidikan yang ditempuh. Dalam melakukan pemilihan siswa penerima beasiswa yang dilakukan dari pihak sekolah yang membuat pemilihan siswa penerima beasiswa dipilih secara subjektid dan tidak sesuai kriteria. Dengan adanya permasalahan di atas maka diterapkan sistem pendukung keputusan metode TOPSIS dalam penilaian siswa penerima beasiswa yang memiliki 4 kriteria yaitu status kesejahteraan, pendidikan kepala rumah tangga, status kedudukan dalam pekerjaan dan statu pengguasaan tempat tinggal. Dalam penilaian siswa ini terdapat 5 alternatif yaitu A1, A2, A3, A4 dan A5. Dari kelima alternatif tersebut yang berhak menerima beasiswa yaitu A1 dengan nilai prefensi 0.8460

Kata Kunci: Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Beasiswa, TOPSIS
THE IMPROVEMENT OF WINTER WHEAT SOWING METHODS AND RATES IN THE ZAVOLZHIE
Authors: Goryanin O. I. , Shakurov I. Sh. , Dzhangabaev B. Zh. , Goryanina T. A.
Published: July 2019

At present winter wheat is the leading grain crop in the Volga region and Russia. However, it’s necessary to improve its cultivation technologies to increase its efficiency. The purpose of the work is to identify the optimum sowing methods and rates of winter soft wheat with the application of disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ in the climatic conditions of the Middle Zavolzhie. In 2015–2018 there was estimated the influence of two sowing methods (row and wide-row) and five sowing rates of the winter wheat variety ‘Svetoch’ when applying disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ in comparison with the control variety. It has been established that the highest net income (12251.5–12498.3 rubles/ha) and level of profitability (107.7–121.5%) were obtained on options with the sowing rate of 2.0–4.0 million/ha. The highest breeding rate was found in the usual ordinary sowing rate of 1 million/ha to 100 (in 2016), which is in 2–4 times higher than when sown with the rate of 2.0–5.0 million/ha. The obtained regularity indicates the prospects of this sowing rate when cultivating seeds of high reproductions for seed production purposes, both in ordinary row sowing (the width of the spacing is 15 cm), and in wide-row sowing (30 cm). When sowing 2.0 million/ha or more, there was established a prevalence of ordinary row sowing over wide-row sowing on 0.4 t/ha (or 16.9%). The application of disinfectant ‘Stsenik Kombi’ is recommended in winter wheat cultivation.
SEARCH FOR THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ALLELIC POLYMORPHISM OF THE PPD AND VRN GENES WITH THE VARIABILITY OF THE MAIN ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE TRAITS OF WINTER BARLEY
Authors: Alabushev A. V. , Dontsova A. A. , Filippov E. G. , Dontsov D. P. , Pepchuk I. N. , Teplyakova S. B. , Potokina E. K.
Published: July 2019

Winter barley is an important agricultural crop whose grain is used for fodder and food purposes. The main advantage of winter barley over spring barley is in an earlier ripening period, the ability to use winter and early spring moisture reserves, due to which winter barley produces a yield in 1.5–2 times higher than spring barley. Because of increasing climate aridity in the south of the country, the development of early ripening winter barley varieties, as well as varieties with an alternative type of development (facultative wheat) is of great importance. The length of the growing period (especially ‘sprouts-earing’ phase) and responsiveness to barley vernalization is controlled by the Ppd and Vrn genetic systems. It is known that the Ppd and Vrn genes have a pleiotropic effect, that is, they affect many traits, including the general adaptability and seed productivity of plants. Therefore, among the analyzed traits, the dependence of which on the allelic diversity of the genes is required to be established, there should be present not only the starting time of earing and responsiveness to vernalization, but also other economically valuable traits (productivity parameters, lodging degree, etc.). The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of allelic polymorphism of the studied genes on the variability of the main economically valuable traits. The object of the research was 94 varieties of local (Zernograd, Rostov region, Russia) and other district breeding. It has been identified that the research tests were successful for only one of the five tested marker systems. It was the marker system for the Vrn-H2 gene, which determines the type of barley development (winter, spring, facultative). The polymorphism of the Vrn-H2 gene significantly influences on the protein percentage in the kernels and on the resistance of varieties to lodging.
THE USE OF SWEET SORGHUM AS A SOURCE OF NUTRITIOUS SUBSTANCES FOR HUMAN (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Authors: Kovtunova N. A. , Kovtunov V. V.
Published: July 2019

At present many countries are actively working over the use of sorghum in the food industry as juice, syrup, as well as for the production of alcohol and bioethanol. We do not consider the use of sweet sorghum as a sugar substitute in the food industry and a source of renewable energy in Russia. The main purpose of sorghum, until recently, was fodder. Green mass of sweet sorghum can be used to produce green fodder, hay, haylage, silage, grass meal, granules, etc. In terms of nutritional value, sorghum syrup is next best to sugar-containing products from sugar beet, sugar cane, while its cultivation is more economical and its yields are more stable in any conditions of cultivation. Sweet sorghum syrup in its pure form is more easily digested by the human body than in crystals, and may be used in the production of healthy food consumed by everyone including people with diabetes. This allows us to conclude about the relevance of these studies. Thus, the ARC “Donskoy” varieties, harvested in the phase of ‘wax ripeness of kernels’, produced 37–46 t/ha of green mass with 13–16% sugar in the juice of the stems, and the yield of ‘liquid’ sugar was 2.86–3.81 t/ha. In this country sorghum is unfortunately paid too little attention from both science and production. To sow fodder sweet sorghum on 10–20 hectare is not difficult, and the efficiency of such sowing is quite obvious: about 25 tons of seeds of sweet sorghum, about 65 tons of leaves, stems for silage or hay, about 10 tons of food syrup and more than 100 tons of pulp or bagasse used for making high-quality silage can be obtained from 10 hectares. Sorghum syrup is the most valuable product that can be used in the confectionery industry and in the feeding of all animals.
GENETICS OF THE TRAITS IN THE RICE HYBRID ‘SVETLY X MAVR
Authors: Kostylev P. I. , Krasnova E. V. , Aksenov A. V. , Balyukova E. S.
Published: July 2019

Rice can form not only white, but also red, brown and black kernels. In black rice pericarp contains anthocyanin pigment, which has antioxidant activity and is beneficial to human health. The article is devoted to the development of new rice lines with black pericarp on the basis of the hybrid ‘Svetly × Mavr’. The purpose of the work is to develop rice new lines with black seed vessel on the genetic background of the variety ‘Svetly’. There has been carried out a genetic analysis of varying quantitative traits that affect rice productivity. Cleavage by pericarp color occurred according to the dihybrid scheme according to the type of recessive epistasis in the ratio 9:3:4. The black color of the pericarp was formed with the presence of two dominant Pb and Pp genes in the genotype, the brown one was determined by the Pb gene, and the white one was determined by the other combinations of genes. Inheritance of plant height occurred according to the overdominance of large values of the trait. Parental forms differed in the allelic state of two pairs of genes. Along the panicle length, there has been determined partial negative dominance and monogenic differences of the hybridized varieties. According to ‘number of spikelets per panicle’, there has been identified an overdominance of a larger value of the trait and the interaction of two pairs of genes. According to ‘1000-kernel weight’, there has been established partial dominance of large values of the trait and monogenic differences of the initial parental forms. There have been selected the best recombinant forms combining a compact erect panicle and grains with a black seed vessel, and there has been developed starting material for practical breeding. The study was carried out on the fields of the Experimental Station “Proletarskaya” of the Rostov Region in 2018.
The role of CD-20 positive b-lymphocytes in secondary kidney damage
Authors: Dyadyk O.O. , Beketova Y.I. , Surgai N.M.
Published: July 2019

In recent years, has increased interest in the study of the new aspects of the function of B cells in chronic kidney disease, namely, the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, the presentation of antigen, activation of T cells, the role in tissue fibrosis, neolymphangiogenesis (i.e., de novo formation of lymphatic vessels) and ectopic lymphogenesis, the formation of tertiary lymphatic organs in places of inflammation of tissues. Our goal is to study the specificity and intensity of the expression of the immunohistochemical marker CD20 in secondary glomerulonephritis, which will give a new insight into the prognosis and relevance of the pathogenetically determined approach to treating these patients with contemporary targeting therapy. The new data suggests reflections on the role of these intra-lymphoid clusters of rich B-lymphocytes in a local immune response with subsequent fibrotic impairment in chronic kidney diseases. We conducted a study of kidney biopsy from 2014 to 2017. All the tissues we studied were stained according to generally accepted methods of histological and histochemical research. Immunohistochemical staining included monoclonal murine antibodies to CD20 (clone L26), rabbit polyclonal antibodies to IgA, IgG, IgM (DAKO). All slides were dyed with Mayer's hematoxylin. The data obtained by us provide an opportunity to state that the detection of a large number of CD20 positive B-lymphocytes in infiltrates of different localization in patients with autoimmune kidney impairment (all cases with vasculitis, some cases with SFV, patients with Goodpasture syndrome) is effective in prescribing specific biological treatment in form of the drug rituximab, which is a monoclonal antibody to the surface antigen of B-lymphocytes CD20. Cases with other secondary kidney lesions require further study of the role of CD20 positive B-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of kidney changes.
Morphometric characteristics of the collagen of periimplant zones by using suture material of different structure and chemical composition with the aim of correction of age skin changes
Authors: Turkevуch M.
Published: July 2019

Morphometric analysis of collagenogenesis of perimplant zones was carried out at application of suture material of different structure and chemical composition for the purpose of establishing the quantitative composition of collagen. The thickness of the sleeve wall was measured using ImageJ ver.1.48u (1,2) using the “straight line” tool. The collagen density of the clutch wall and the collagen density in the surrounding tissues were measured by converting the images into black and white format, followed by obtaining a binary image using the “threshold” function of the ImageJ program. It is established that according to the indicators of thickness of a collagen sleeve and its density leaders are materials LLS. In terms of the density of collagen in tissues close to the clutch, the absolute leader is LLS material. In general, according to the values of all three parameters, the absolute leader in the intensity of collagen formation as the walls of the muffle and surrounding tissues is the LLS material, in the second place, on the aggregate of the three indicators, the materials NS and EV are located.
Dynamics of changes in the immune system and antioxidant protection in the treatment of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Ishcheikin K. E. , Petrushenko V. V. , Grebeniuk D. I. , Zatserkovna O. M. , Malyk L. M. , Liakhovchenko N.F.
Published: July 2019

The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of changes in the immune system indices and antioxidant protection when fluoroquinolones are included in the treatment regimen for acute edematous pancreatitis. The study included 86 patients with a diagnosis of acute edematous pancreatitis. Group I (n=40) consisted of patients who received treatment according to national and local standards and protocols, group II (n=46) — patients who additionally received fluoroquinolones as part of a comprehensive treatment. The control group consisted of 48 conditionally healthy people in whom laboratory and instrumental diagnostics were carried out similarly to those in patients with acute pancreatitis. According to the purpose and objectives of the study, the state of the immune system and the antioxidant defense system was studied. In patients with acute pancreatitis, changes in the indicators of the immune status were revealed, manifested by the formation of a secondary immunodeficiency with the addition of an autoimmune component. The traditional scheme of pharmacotherapy of acute pancreatitis without the use of antibiotics made it possible to partially correct the indicators of immune status. The use of ciprofloxacin in the complex pharmacotherapy of acute pancreatitis contributed to the normalization of the studied parameters. Thus, the use of fluoroquinolones in the complex pharmacotherapy of acute pancreatitis made it possible to effectively normalize the state of the immune system, cytokine and antioxidant statuses.
Features of histological differential diagnostics of a tenosynovial giant cell tumor of diffuse type and non-specific inflammatory lesions of the articular capsule
Authors: Hryhorovska A.V.
Published: July 2019

Tenosynovial giant cell-tumor is a benign tumor of the synovial layer of the joints; for a long time to characterize this nosology, the term “villous- nodular synovitis” was used and considered it as a kind of inflammatory post-traumatic process in the joint capsule, and only in-depth studies of the properties of TSGCT at the molecular and cytogenetic levels proved its neoplastic nature. The purpose — to determine the peculiarities of approaches to differential diagnosis of TSGCT with exudative-proliferative syndromes, based on the clinical and morphological studies of biopsy-resection material. The study was performed on 95 cases of TSGCT of diffuse type of different localization, 56 cases of rheumatoid arthritis and 48 cases of non-specific post-traumatic pigmented synovitis. Grades of expressiveness of morphological indicators were evaluated according to the visual-analog scale from low to high with an increase of x100. Hypertrophic, hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in the articular capsule in cases of nonspecific pigmented synovitis are limited to a synovial layer. Hemosiderin is found in the cytoplasm of synovial cells and in siderophages. Nodular and solid proliferators, signs of invasion in adjacent tissues, are absent, which is an important feature in the differential diagnosis of lesions of the joint capsule, rich in clusters of macrophage siderocytes. At histological examination in isolated tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis signs of chronic non-specific productive-infiltrative and exudative inflammation of different activity were found — a cluster of mononuclears and plasmacites with the formation of small lymphoid follicles in its own synovial plate, hyperemia of the microcirculatory bed, and fibrin layers. The difference between the described synovitis from TSGCT is the absence of nodular proliferators, infiltrative changes in the deep departments of the capsule, hemorrhages, clumps of hemosiderin and large epithelioid synovitis, which is characteristic of tumors. TSGCT is characterized by polymorphism of histological changes and different degrees of prevalence in joint structures, which in many cases complicates its differential diagnosis.
Neuroendocrine tumors from an unknown primary source: immunohistochemical and morphometric features
Authors: Poslavska O.V. , Usova O.M.
Published: July 2019

Neuroendocrine tumors belong to the group of favorable carcinomas of unknown primary location, but 90% of them are poorly differentiated by tumors that require immunohistochemistry to establish histogenesis of cells. The aim is to investigate the complex of morphological, morphometric and immunohistochemical characteristics of cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma without primary localization for improvement of verification algorithms of the primary source. Histological, morphometric and immunohistological characteristics of the biopsy material were established for 107 patients with neuroendocrine tumors without primary localization. The statistical analysis of the parameters of planes, perimeters and the circle coefficient of cells was performed in ImageJ and Microsoft Excel programs with the calculation of minimum, maximum, median (M), arithmetic mean (χ) and standard deviation (SD). The analysis of the distribution of observation groups was carried out according to the t-criterion. The most frequent localization of such neuroendocrine tumors is described in the retroperitoneal region, mediastinum and peripheral lymph nodes (40%), liver (25%) and bones (10–15%). With a decrease in the degree of differentiation of neuroendocrine tumors, the size of cell nuclei and the proliferation index in all studied groups significantly increased (all p <0.05).
The features of KRAS gene transcriptional activity and significance in colorectal cancer
Authors: Shyshkin М. А. , Tumanskiy V. A.
Published: July 2019

Colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRA) is the result of numerous mutations accumulation. The aim of the work was to study KRAS gene transcriptional activity at I, II, III, and IV stages of CRA development and to analyze the correlations between KRAS and Ki-67, TP53, CDH1, CTNNB1 genes transcriptional activity. Pathohistological and molecular-genetic study of surgical material from 40 patients with CRA, as well as sectional material of 10 fragments of the distal colonic wall was conducted. The following statistical methods were used: descriptive statistics, χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. It was established that CRA is characterized by increased KRAS transcriptional activity: Me of mRNA expression is 0.42 (0.36; 0.43) at stage I, 1.31 (1.09; 2.91) at stage II, 1.75 (1.31; 2.93) at stage III, and 2.91 (1.85; 3.50) at stage IV. Decreasing of Ki-67 gene transcriptional activity was revealed: Me of mRNA expression is 3.20 (2.31; 3.59) at stage I, 2.92 (1.80; 3.50) at stage II, 1,27 (1.19; 2.08) at stage III, and 0.52 (0.28; 1.04) at stage IV. As about TP53 gene, increasing of transcriptional activity was detected: Me is 2.15 (0.82; 2.30) at stage I, 2.80 (1.32; 4.50) at stage II, 3.80 (2.32; 6.50) at stage III, 7.80 (5.99; 8.92) at stage IV. Also, a direct medium correlation between the KRAS and TP53 transcriptional activity levels was revealed. There is a decreasing of CDH1 transcriptional activity: Me is 0.88 (0.42; 1.14) at stage I, 0.48 (0.23; 1.13) at stage II, 0.15 (0.09; 0.36) at stage III and 0.08 (0.04; 0.41) at stage IV. A reverse medium correlation between KRAS and CDH1 was revealed. The study of CTNNB1 gene mRNA at different stages of CRA indicated the absence of statistically significant difference: Me is 2.88 (2.38; 5.38) at stage I, 3.83 (2.59; 5.99) at stage II, 2.02 (1.38; 6.95) at stage III, and 2.27 (1.23; 2.93) at stage IV. So, KRAS gene transcriptional activity increases from I to IV stages in CRA, affecting apoptosis and adhesive properties of cancer cells.
الاستثناء الذي يعقب الجمل المعطوفة وأثر الخلاف فيه في اختلاف الفقهاء
Authors: المجاهد محمد سعيد خليل , Mohammed Al Gharbi
Published: July 2019

يهدف البحث إلى بيان حكم الاستثناء الذي يعقب الجمل المعطوفة، فجاء البحث ليجيب على الأسئلة الآتية: ما معنى الاستثناء؟ وأين يقع محل النزاع بين العلماء في عودة الاستثناء الذي يعقب جملًا متوالية؟ وما هي أهم التطبيقات التي تنبني على هذا الخلاف؟

ولقد جعلناه مؤلفًا من مبحثين، الأول: في الاستثناء معناه وحكمه بعد الجمل المتعاطفة، والمبحث الثاني: في مسائل تطبيقية على قاعدة الاستثناء الذي يعقب الجمل المعطوفة.

أما المبحث الأول ففيه مطالب خمسة، نذكر في المطلب الأول: معنى الاستثناء، ثم نعرج في المطلب الثاني: على تحرير محل النزاع بين العلماء في عودة الاستثناء الذي يعقب جملًا متوالية إلى جميع تلك الجمل أو هو مختص بالأخيرة فقط، وفي المطلب الثالث: نذكر أقوال العلماء في الاستثناء الذي يعقب جملًا معطوفة بالواو ونحوها من حروف العطف إذا صلح عوده إليها أهو ظاهر في رجوعه إلى جميع تلك الجمل أم يرجع إلى ما يليه منها فقط، وفي المطلب الرابع: نقف على أدلة العلماء لنتمكن من الترجيح، ويأتي في المطلب الخامس دور مناقشة الأدلة. 

وأما المبحث الثاني فلقد ذكرنا فيه التطبيقات، وتكلمنا عن أربع منها، وقع فيها الخلاف بين العلماء في عودة المستثنى على الجمل، وبالتالي اختلف العلماء في الأحكام بناءً على ذلك.

وتوصلنا إلى نتائج لعل من أهمها: أن الخلاف في عودة الاستثناء إنما يختص الجمل المتعاطفة لا المفردات ولا الجمل غير المتعاطفة، وأن الدليل إذا نهض على عودة الاستثناء إلى جميع الجمل أو إلى بعضها أُخِذَ به، وأن الراجح أن الاستثناء الذي يعقب الجمل المعطوفة عائد إلى جميع تلك الجمل ما لم يمنع من عوده مانع لا من نفس اللفظ ولا من خارج عنه، وأن أقوال المفصلين عائدة إلى قول الجمهور.
Design an Equivalent Left Ventricular Assist Device for Medical Equipment Labs
Authors: Nazeeh N N , Aljobouri H A , Odai M
Published: July 2019

LVAD is a mechanical pump supporting a weak heart function and blood flow. Sometimes, the heart may not recover fast enough to take over the pumping action immediately after surgery, in such patients a temporary support device has been employed to maintain the pumping action until the patient’s own heart recovers. This device can be considered as a temporary alternative before the process of artificial heart transplantation. In this work, a new equivalent Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) is designed and implemented as a simple circuit for medical equipment labs. The presented LVDA consists of a mechanical motor, tubes, a power source, and microcontroller. The output results show the range of readings near the percentage ranges of the left ventricular pumping of the human adult. This work is significant for the biomedical equipment’s lab. The researcher can deal with the function of the important medical devices which are artificial that can record different readings.
Determination of Uterus Absorbed Dose by Patients following Myocardial Perfusion Scan using TLD and Conjugate View Methods
Authors: Shanei A , Heydari F , Moslehi M
Published: July 2019

Introduction: The determination of patient’s absorbed dose is the first step of radiation protection which depends on the quantification of organ activity in nuclear medicine. The aim of the present study was to determine the absorbed dose by patient’s uterus following myocardial perfusion scan with 99mTC-sestamibi using Theroluminescnce dosimetry (TLD) and conjugate-view methods.Material and Method: In this study, each patient was injected 15 to 20 mCi (based on their weight) of 99mTC-sestamibi. Myocardial perfusion scan from twenty two patients (females) were acquired by gamma camera at 15, 60 and 90 minutes after 99mTC-sestamibi injection. To determine the amount of activity in uterus, conjugate view method was applied on images. Then, MIRD equation was used to estimate absorbed dose in uterus of patients. Moreover, uterus absorbed dose was determined using TLD method. At the end, absorbed dose values obtained in conjugate view method were compared with the data obtained from TLD method.Results: The average amount of uptake for 99mTC-sestamibi by heart was calculated 3.077±0.067 percent of injected dose. The uterus activity at the intervals of 15, 60 and 90 minutes after injection of 99mTC-sestamibi was 0.044±0.015, 0.031±0.014 and 0.026±0.013 mCi, repectively. The uterus absorbed dose per unit of injected activity (mGy/MBq × 10−4) obtained 5.258±0.500 using TLD method.Conclusion: The results of this study were in good agreement with similar studies. Dosimetry using TLD, in comparison with the conjugate view method, demonstrates more accurate results.
Mobilizing a Social Justice Agenda
Authors: Mitchell Claudia
Published: July 2019

As this issue of Girlhood Studies went to press, two very dramatic moments in the history of girls and young women were in the public eye. One was the large 8000-strong gathering of NGOs, researchers, politicians, and activists from 165 countries at the Women Deliver Global Summit on gender equality that took place in Vancouver, Canada, from 3 to 6 June 2019. There, according the program, the focus was on how power can both hinder and drive progress and change for a world that is more gender equal. On 3 June, the long-awaited report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) in Canada was released, with its 231 recommendations or calls for social justice to address what is now acknowledged as being part of what was (and continues to be) cultural genocide. Both the Global Summit and the report on MMIWG are reminders of the need for the blend of scholarship and activism that is so critical to advancing issues of equity and to implementing recommendations to achieve this. This unthemed issue with its broad range of geographic locations, concerns, and methods and its attention to activism, along with scholarship that features work from both the humanities and social sciences, is key in relation to mobilizing a social justice agenda.
Silence and the Regulation of Feminist Anger in Young Adult Rape Fiction
Authors: Altrows Aiyana
Published: July 2019

Bringing rape stories into popular discussion was a crucial success of the Second Wave Women’s Liberation movement. Popular culture is now inundated with rape stories. However, the repetitive scripts and schemas that dominate these are often informed by neoliberal individualism that is antithetical to feminism. The contradictions that characterize the tensions between feminism and neoliberalism in these texts are typically postfeminist, combining often inconsistent feminist rhetoric with neoliberal ideology. By examining the use of the silent victim script in young adult rape fiction, in this article I argue that most young adult rape fiction presents rape as an individual, pathological defect and a precondition to be managed by girls on an individual basis, rather than an act of violence committed against them.
Black Girls and Dolls Navigating Race, Class, and Gender in Toronto
Authors: Seow Janet
Published: July 2019

Doll play is critical in the formation of young black girls’ gender, race, and class identities. In this article, I use textual analysis that emphasizes how physical changes in dolls correspond to contextual shifts in society over the last seven decades, and qualitative research with ten Afro-Caribbean girls and young women in Toronto to reveal the racial and cultural meanings of dolls in young people’s everyday lives and how doll play is complicated by racist and classist representations of dolls. By exploring what doll play meant to them, I show how it helps black girls understand racial and gendered norms. Through doll play, girls reveal an understanding of their racialized identities and marginalization as they demonstrate unacknowledged skills in their ability to navigate barriers that reinforce racial inequalities and social hierarchies in girls’ material culture in a multicultural Toronto.
Latina Girls' Sexual Education in the (New) Latinx Diaspora
Authors: Clonan-Roy Katherine
Published: July 2019

In 1988, Michelle Fine explored the ways in which damaging patriarchal discourses about sexuality affect adolescent girls, and hinder their development of sexual desire, subjectivities, and responsibility. In this article, I emphasize the durability and pliability of those discourses three decades later. While they have endured, they shift depending on context and the intersections of girls’ race, class, and gender identities. Calling on ethnographic research, I analyze the intersectional nuances in these sexual lessons for Latina girls in one (New) Latinx Diaspora town.
“Green” Synthesis of Cytotoxic Silver Nanoparticles Based on Secondary Metabolites of Lavandula Angustifolia Mill.
Authors: Belova M. M. , Shipunova V. O. , Kotelnikova P. A. , Babenyshev A. V. , Rogozhin E. A. , Cherednichenko M. Yu. , Deyev S. M.
Published: July 2019

In this study, we used green synthesis to prepare silver nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous plant and callus extracts of the narrow-leaved lavender Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 35.4 1.6 nm and 56.4 2.4 nm nanoparticles, colloidally stable in phosphate-buffered saline, were synthesized using the plant extract and the callus extract, respectively. NPs were characterized by spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. We studied the dynamics of the nanoparticle synthesis and evaluated the cytotoxic properties of the plant extract-based NPs. Modification of NPs with bovine serum albumin demonstrated that blockage of the nanoparticle surface completely suppressed NP cytotoxic activity in vitro. The synthesized NPs possess localized surface plasmon resonance properties and are of small sizes, and their surface can be modified with protein molecules, which makes them promising agents for cancer theranostics.
İlaç Erupsiyonları
Authors: ÖZÇELİK Sinan
Published: July 2019

İlaç erupsiyonu önemli bir sağlık
sorunudur. Çoğu ilaç erupsiyonu hafif seyrederken, bazıları hayatı tehdit edici
özellikte, çok az bir kısmı da ölümcül olabilmektedir. İlaç erupsiyonları her
türlü dermatozu taklit edebilir. Tüm güçlüklere rağmen ilaç erüpsiyonu tanısı
esas olarak klinik bulgulara dayanır. Klinik yaklaşımda esas olan ilaç
ilişkisinin ortaya konmasıdır. Bu açıdan yapılacak bir nedensellik
değerlendirmesi için Naronjo İlaç Yan Etki Olasılık Ölçeği ve Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü - Uppsala İzlem Merkezi’ne ait Nedensellik Değerlendirme Sistemi gibi
geliştirilmiş birtakım ölçekler vardır. Reaksiyon şüphesi olan olgularda
kullanılmalıdır. İlaç reaksiyonlarında öncelikli yaklaşım önlenmesine yönelik
çalışmalara ağırlık verilmesidir. Bunun için mutlak ihtiyaç olmadıkça ilaçlar
kullanılmamalı, toplum bu konuda tekrar tekrar bilgilendirilmeli ve akılcı ilaç
kullanımına önem verilmelidir.
PERBEDAAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH METODE POIN OF CARE TEST (POCT) DENGAN PHOTOMETER PADA SAMPEL SERUM DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS JEREWEH
Authors: Endiyasa Endiyasa , Ariami Pancawati , Urip Urip
Published: July 2019

Glukosa darah adalah istilah yang mengacu kepada kadar glukosa di dalam darah.  Beberapa kasus pernah terjadi, orang yang diperiksa glukosa darah antara glukosa darah puasa dan glukosa darah sewaktu dengan menggunakan alat POCT tidak menunjukkan perbedaan hasil padahal ini terjadi pada penderita Diabetes Melitus dan pernah dilakukan Cross Check secara photometer menunjukkan perbedaan atau hasil sesuai dengan kondisi Diabetes Melitus. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahuiperbedaan kadar glukosa darah metode POCT dengan Photometer pada sampel serum.  Rancanga penelitian merupakan  penelitian observasional Analitik, sasaran penelitian adalah semua pasien rawat jalan yang memeriksa glukosa darah di Laboratorium Puskesmas Jereweh, pada penelitian inidiperoleh jumlah sampel 52 orang,data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan uji Mann-Whitney, dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% atau α = 0.05.Hasil penelitianyang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa nilai signiﬁkan (p) sebesar = 0,084 (> dari α 0,05), yang berarti pada α = 5% tidak ada  perbedaan yang bermakna dari hasil kadar glukosa darah metode POCT (Poin Of Care Test) dengan metode photometer pada sampel serum. Kesimpulan, tidak ada perbedaan yang yang bermakna dari hasil kadar glukosa darah metode POCT (Poin Of Care Test) dengan metode photometer pada sampel serum.
Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Menggunakan Metode Picture And Picture Kelas III SDN-1 Kasongan Lama Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017
Authors: Karlina Nova , Putra Chandra Anugrah
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas dan peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik dalam pembelajaran IPS pada materi jenis � jenis pekerjaan dengan menggunaka metode picture and picture di kelas III SDN-1 Kasongan Lama.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan subjek penelitian seluruh peserta didik kelas III yang berjumlah 20 orang. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif didasarkan pada hasil siklus pada tiap proses pembelajaran.

Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa : (1) Aktivitas peserta didik pada saat proses pembelajaran IPS dengan menggunakan metode picture and picture pada kelas III SDN � 1 Kasongan Lama lebih aktif. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil rata � rata aktivitas peserta didik pada siklus I yaitu 3.3 yang termasuk kategori (baik) dan hasil rata � rata aktivitas guru pada siklus I diperoleh nilai 3,4 yang termasuk kategori (baik); (2) ada peningkatan hasil belajar IPS peserta didik setelah proses pembelajaran dengan menggunakan metode picture and picture pada peserta didik di kelas III SDN-1 Kasongan Lama. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil belajar peserta didik pada siklus I diperoleh nilai rata � rata yaitu 80 dengan persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar klasikal mencapai 90%.
Kinerja Kepolisian Resor Seruyan dalam Menangani Kasus Narkoba Jenis Pil Koplo di Kabupaten Seruyan
Authors: Irwani Irwani , Rifa'i Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This study aims to study and find out the performance of the police at Seruyan Resort in treating cases of pill type Koplo drugs in Seruyan district. To find out Seruyan resort police performance in handling cases of pill type Koplo drugs in Seruyan, I used five performance measurement indicators according to Dwiyanto namely productivity, service quality, responsiveness, Responsibility, and accountability. In conducting this research, I use qualitative research methods, this method is meant to describe the performance of police resort Seruyan in dealing cases drug type Koplo pills in Seruyan. In qualitative research, the problem is still temporary and will develop or change after researchers are in the field. The data source consists of the primary source (the head of the Criminal Investigation Unit, the head of the drug Reserve Unit, the community, and the suspected illegal drugs case). The technique is data-related with interviews, observations, and documentation. The results showed that Seruyan resort police performance in handling cases of pill type Koplo drugs in Seruyan district seen from the five indicators according to Dwiyanto, there are still problems faced such as information on arrest That are leaked by certain parties to distributors, distributors who flee or concealed by the family such as out of town or in the woods.
Pengaruh Budaya Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Kantor Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Gunung Mas Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Mambang Mambang , Harmini Harmini
Published: July 2019

This research aims to determine the influence of work culture on the performance of employees in the Office of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Gunung Mas Regency of Central Kalimantan, by applying hypothesis as follows: "There is a real positive influence or influence Working culture to employees ' performance. " The method used in this study is quantitative. The samples in this study amounted to 45 people, using a total sampling technique. Technical data collection using questionnaires that are distributed to the employees of the Ministry of Religious Affairs at Gunung Mas District office. The data analysis technique in this study uses the simple linear Regret method
Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan Asuransi Prudential di Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Siren Siren , Pranata Erik
Published: July 2019

The research aims to understand how much the influence of work discipline has on employee productivity from Prudential City Palangka Raya employees. The research methods used in this study are quantitative research methods. Data collection in the form of observations and questionnaires. The data analysis technique in this study used the correlation analysis of the product moment according to Sugiyono (2012:212). The results concluded that the work discipline of Prudential insurance employees in the city of Palangka Raya is still lacking and not as expected. Judging from employees often come late, the salary received is improper, lack of appreciation, absence of written sanctions and lack of immediacy as Co-Office. Working discipline is very positive and significant towards the work productivity of insurance employees in the city Palangka Raya. From the results obtained by using the product correlation formula when the value is Rxy 0.995948.
Pengelolaan Arsip Dinamis pada Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Irwani Irwani , Ika Ika
Published: July 2019

This study aims to find out, 1) the management of dynamic records, 2) the factors that influence the management of documents, 3) the obstacles faced in archive management in the Library and Archives Office of the City of Palangka Raya. This study used qualitative research methods. The informants in this study were Administrative Section Staff, Dynamic Records Management Section Staff, and archivists at the Library and Archives Service Office of Palangka Raya City. Data is collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The steps in analyzing data are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Checking the validity of the data is done by testing credibility with the strategy, including extending observations, research perseverance, triangulation, peer discussion, and member checking. The results of this study indicate that in general the management of dynamic records in the Library and Archives Office of the City of Palangka Raya includes: the creation of dynamic archives which include the creation of incoming letters and outgoing letters. Use of archives which include borrowing archives that use borrowed archive sheets and rediscovering archives that use a control card and archive search list. Obstacles in the management of records in the form of lack of filing rooms, lack of budgets in the procurement of archival facilities, and the lack of an archive staff
Konseling Kelompok Gestalt Dengan Reversal Technique Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Tentang Self-Management Dalam Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas VIII di SMP
Authors: Depie Depie , Fatchurahman Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman tentang self-management dalam belajar pada peserta didik dapat ditingkatkan melalui konseling kelompok Gestalt dengan Reversal Technique. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam jenis penelitian eksperimen. Desain yang digunakan adalah Equivalent Time Series Design dan pola eksperimen yang digunakan adalah pre-test and post-test. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 8 peserta didik terdiri dari 3 peserta didik berkategori rendah dan 5 peserta didik berkategori sedang.. Pada hasil pre-test diperoleh pengelolaan diri peserta didik berada pada kategori rendah dan sedang dengan skor 50-79, dan setelah pemberian treatment berupa layanan konseling kelompok diperoleh hasil post-test pengelolaan diri berada pada kategori tinggi dengan skor 95-108. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan Pengelolaan diri peserta didik. Hasil uji hipotesis Asymp.Sig. (2- tailed) adalah 0,012. Karena nilai Asymp. Sig. ? taraf nyata (a/2 = 0,05) sehingga Ho ditolak
Peran Konselor Dalam Penanggulangan Pergaulan Bebas di Kalangan Remaja (Studi Kasus di SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Palangkaraya)
Authors: Nurochman Heru , Setiawan Muhammad Andi
Published: July 2019

Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana peranan konselor dalam menanggulangi perilaku pergauan bebas yang terjadi di kalangan remaja sekolah. Subyek penelitian guru Bimbingan dan Konseling dan peserta didik SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Palangkaraya. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitinya dengan menggunakan wawancara, obsevasi analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam penelitian ini diharapkan tersusun sebuah laporan fisik penelitian dan ditambah dengan jurnal nasional tidak terakreditasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwasanya konselor memiliki peranan yang sangat vital. Faktor penyebab terjadinya pergaulan bebas terdiri dari 2 faktor yaitu factor internal dan eksternal. Faktor internal ialah faktor yang bersumber dari individu itu sendiri seperti kurangnya pemahaman agama dan remaja yang memiliki mental yang lemah. Adapun faktor eksternal ialah faktor yang bersumber dari luar yaitu lingkungan yang tidak kondusif seperti kurangnya perhatian orangtua, keadaan keluarga yang kurang harmonis (broken home), pengaruh lingkungan setempat, dan pengaruh media sosial. Upaya Konselor dalam mengatasi pergaulan bebas remaja di SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Palangkaraya yaitu dengan layana klasikal, konseling individu, dan bimbingan konseling kelompok.