bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Livestock Predation—Insights From Problem Animal Control Registers in Botswana
Authors: SCHIESS‐MEIER MONIKA , RAMSAUER SANDRA , GABANAPELO TEFO , KÖNIG BARBARA
Published: June 2007

Abstract:Problem Animal Control Registers, where farmers report livestock losses due to predators as a prerequisite for financial compensation, allow quantifying the human‐predator conflict. We analyzed such registers from the Kweneng District of Botswana to assess the impact of native predators on livestock over 3 years. Leopards (Panthera pardus), lions (Panthera leo), wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) altogether claimed 2,272 head of livestock. During 2002, the year with the highest impact, the number of animals reported depredated (954) represented 0.34% of the livestock in the district. Leopards and lions caused 64% of the losses. Leopard livestock predation mainly affected calves and was consistent over the district and over time. In contrast, lion predation concentrated on adult cattle, was characterized by local hot spots close to reserve borders, decreased with increasing distance to a reserve, and increased during 2002, an unusually dry year. Interviews with 60 farmers and herders within 30 km of Khutse and Central Kalahari Game Reserves revealed an annual loss of 2.2% of their livestock to predators. Here, small farms (max. 100 domestic animals) suffered relatively higher losses than large, commercial farms, not only due to predation (small farms: 11.7%; large farms: 1.0%) but also from other causes (small: 12.6%; large: 2.8%), even though herders on large farms guarded 5 times more livestock per person than those on small farms. To reduce livestock predation in most of the district where lions are absent, we recommend maternity corrals for pregnant females and calves to better protect vulnerable calves during day and night. In areas close to a reserve where lions roam, herders' incentives to keep all livestock protected in a corral at night have to be enhanced because, according to the registers, only 3 predation cases were reported to have happened inside a corral.
Salamander Dispersal Across a Forested Landscape Fragmented by a Golf Course
Authors: MCDONOUGH CHRISTIN , PATON PETER W. C.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: We assessed dispersal behavior of 78 radiotagged adult spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) at a 36‐hole golf course in southeastern Connecticut, USA. Lake of Isles Golf Course is atypical of most golf courses in North America because it is much larger (461 ha) than average 18‐hole golf courses (54 ha) and deciduous forests accounted for 70% landscape composition on the course. We tracked individuals an average of 164 days as they emigrated from 3 seasonal pools surrounded by golf course fairways and one pool located in contiguous forest (control pool) from March through December 2004. Males and females dispersed similar distances at the control pool, averaging 71 ± 10 m. However, females migrating across the golf course dispersed twice as far (214 ± 25 m) as males on the golf course (102 ± 15 m) and both genders at the control pool. Over 40% the salamanders at the golf course crossed fairways; thus, fairways were not a dispersal barrier to adult spotted salamanders. Previous researchers have suggested establishing a 164‐m life zone around breeding ponds to protect pond‐breeding amphibian populations. Our results suggest that strategies that protect core upland habitat within 164 m of wetland boundaries would include 82% of adult males and only 50% of adult females. Empirical estimates based on our telemetry study suggest that core terrestrial habitat would have to extend 370 m to protect 95% of adult females, which is much farther than previous estimates.
Texas Latino College Student Attitudes Toward Natural Resources and the Environment
Authors: LOPEZ ANGELICA , TORRES CRUZ C. , BOYD BARRY , SILVY NOVA J. , LOPEZ ROEL R.
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Latinos in the United States are an increasing segment of the population and are becoming important stakeholders in the management of natural resources. Although Latinos have been included in attitudinal research on environmental concerns, few studies have focused exclusively on Latino attitudes toward natural resources and the environment. We surveyed Texas college and university students of Mexican descent (n = 635) to determine their environmental concerns. Using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), we determined an environmental concern score for each respondent and compared this index to several demographic variables. We found that gender, a political candidate's environmental position, mother's education, combined parental income, and, to a lesser degree, the number of grandparents born in the United States and religiosity (church attendance), were important model variables. We hypothesized that acculturation would be an important factor in predicting NEP scores; however, acculturation level was not an important predictor in our study, which we attribute to both the nature of our sample (i.e., highly acculturated college students) and small sample sizes of less‐acculturated college students. We recommend that future research consider determining the importance of acculturation in Latino attitudes toward natural resources and the environment.
Alternative Policy Designs and the Socio-Political Construction of Childcare
Authors: Rigby Elizabeth , Tarrant Kate , Neuman Michelle J.
Published: June 2007

Policy makers and advocates have a variety of tools from which to choose when designing childcare policy. Policy design choices, such as whether to provide childcare assistance through a new government program or via a voucher for use in the private market, are in fact social, political, moral, and value-laden choices that shape the nature of young children's experiences in care settings. Although rarely discussed, these choices also privilege particular social constructions of childcare by defining our understanding of the policy problem and the characteristics of the target populations. In addition, policy designs institutionalize and legitimize particular forms of governmental involvement in children's lives — as well as give power and voice to some interests over others — resulting in a new political context for future policy debates. To better illustrate these socio-political effects, this article documents and compares these consequences of five common childcare policy designs.
Evaluation of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable extracts for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis
Authors: Kawcak Christopher E. , Frisbie David D. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Werpy Natasha M. , Park Richard D.
Published: June 2007

Objective—To evaluate the use of a combination of avocado and soybean unsaponifiable (ASU) extracts for the treatment of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses.

Animals—16 horses.

Procedures—Osteoarthritis was induced via osteochondral fragmentation in 1 middle carpal joint of each horse; the other joint underwent a sham operation. Horses were randomly allocated to receive oral treatment with ASU extracts (1:2 [avocado-to-soybean] ratio mixed in 6 mL of molasses; n = 8) or molasses (6 mL) alone (placebo treatment; 8) once daily from days 0 to 70. Lameness, response to joint flexion, synovial effusion, gross and histologic joint assessments, and serum and synovial fluid biochemical data were compared between treatment groups to identify effects of treatment.

Results—Osteochondral fragmentation induced significant increases in various variables indicative of joint pain and disease. Treatment with ASU extracts did not have an effect on signs of pain or lameness; however, there was a significant reduction in severity of articular cartilage erosion and synovial hemorrhage (assessed grossly) and significant increase in articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan synthesis, compared with placebo-treated horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although treatment with ASU extracts did not decrease clinical signs of pain in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis, there did appear to be a disease-modifying effect of treatment, compared with findings in placebotreated horses. These objective data support the use of ASU extracts as a disease-modifying treatment for management of osteoarthritis in horses.
Association between frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia in small-breed dogs
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Thompson Margret S. , Winegardner Kevin R. , Dewey Curtis W. , Scarlett Janet M.
Published: June 2007

Objective—To determine whether frontal-sinus size is associated with syringohydromyelia.

Sample Population—Medical records and magnetic resonance images of 62 small-breed dogs.

Procedures—Medical records and magnetic resonance images were reviewed retrospectively for evaluation of frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia. A Yates-corrected 2-tailed χ2 test was used to determine whether an association existed between absent or miniscule frontal sinuses and syringohydromyelia. The strength of the association was evaluated by means of prevalence and odds ratios.

Results—Absent or miniscule air-filled frontal sinuses were detected in 28 of 62 (45%) dogs, and syringohydromyelia was detected in 12 of 62 (19%) dogs. Syringohydromyelia was detected in 10 of 28 dogs with absent or miniscule frontal sinuses (prevalence, 36%; 95% confidence interval, 16% to 55%) and in 2 of 34 dogs with larger frontal sinuses (prevalence, 6%; confidence interval, 0% to 15%). The probability of detecting syringohy-dromyelia in dogs with absent or miniscule air-filled frontal sinuses was significantly greater than the probability of detecting it in dogs with larger frontal sinuses. The prevalence ratio was 6.1, and the odds ratio was 8.9.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An association between frontal-sinus size and syringohydromyelia was identified in small-breed dogs, suggesting that the pathogenesis of syringohydromyelia in some instances may involve abnormal development of the entire or supratentorial part of the cranium, as opposed to being limited to the infratentorial part.
Response of healthy dogs to infusions of human serum albumin
Authors: Cohn Leah A. , Kerl Marie E. , Lenox Catherine E. , Livingston Robert S. , Dodam John R.
Published: June 2007

Objective—To evaluate the clinical and immunologic response in healthy dogs to infusions of human serum albumin (HSA).

Animals—9 healthy purpose-bred mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Each dog was administered a 25% HSA solution once or twice. Various physical examination and laboratory variables were serially evaluated. Antibody against HSA was assayed before and after infusion by use of an ELISA. Intradermal testing was also conducted. A repeated-measures ANOVA or Friedman repeated-measures ANOVA on ranks was used to compare results for the variables.

Results—Adverse clinical reactions were observed after the first or second infusion in 3 dogs. Anaphylactoid reactions were observed in 1 of 9 dogs during the first infusion and in 2 of 2 dogs administered a second infusion. Two dogs developed severe edema and urticaria 6 or 7 days after an initial infusion. All dogs developed anti-HSA antibodies. Positive responses for ID tests were observed in 8 of 9 dogs. Short-term increases were detected in blood protein, total bilirubin, and calcium concentrations after HSA infusion. Serum cholesterol concentrations and platelet counts decreased after HSA infusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of HSA resulted in profound reactions in 2 of 9 dogs administered a single infusion and in 2 of 2 dogs administered a second infusion. This indicates that there is risk of life-threatening adverse reactions to HSA infusion in healthy dogs.
Intrathecal morphine overdose in a dog
Authors: da Cunha Anderson F. , Carter Jennifer E. , Grafinger Michael , Montgomery Heather , Marks Steven L. , Posner Lysa P. , Burns Patrick
Published: June 2007

Case Description—A healthy 6-year-old 28.5-kg (62.7-lb) spayed female Boxer undergoing surgical repair of a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament was inadvertently administered an overdose of morphine (1.3 mg/kg [0.59 mg/lb]) via subarachnoid injection.

Clinical Findings—50 minutes after administration of the overdose, mild multifocal myoclonic contractions became apparent at the level of the tail; the contractions migrated cranially and progressively increased in intensity and frequency during completion of the surgery.

Treatment and Outcome—The myoclonic contractions were refractory to treatment with midazolam, naloxone, phenobarbital, and pentobarbital; only atracurium (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV) was effective in controlling the movements. The dog developed hypertension, dysphoria, hyperthermia, and hypercapnia. The dog remained anesthetized and ventilated mechanically; treatments included continuous rate IV infusions of propofol (1 mg/kg/h [0.45 mg/lb/h]), diazepam (0.25 mg/kg/h [0.11 mg/lb/h]), atracurium (0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/h [0.045 to 0.14 mg/lb/h]), and naloxone (0.02 mg/kg/h [0.009 mg/lb/h]). Twenty-two hours after the overdose, the myoclonus was no longer present, and the dog was able to ventilate without mechanical assistance. The dog remained sedated until 60 hours after the overdose, at which time its mentation improved, including recognition of caregivers and response to voice commands. No neurologic abnormalities were detectable at discharge (approx 68 hours after the overdose) or at a recheck evaluation 1 week later.

Clinical Relevance—Although intrathecal administration of an overdose of morphine can be associated with major and potentially fatal complications, it is possible that affected dogs can completely recover with immediate treatment and extensive supportive care.
Effects of short-term light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration
Authors: White Gary , McClure Scott R. , Sifferman Roger , Holste John E. , Fleishman Candis , Murray Michael J. , Cramer Luiz G.
Published: June 2007

Objective—To determine the effects of 8 days of light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and determine the efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration.

Design—Randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial.

Animals—102 horses with normal-appearing gastric mucosa on endoscopic examination that were in light to heavy training.

Procedures—Horses at 4 trial locations were allocated into replicates and sham dosed orally (empty syringe) or treated with a paste formulation of omeprazole (1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/ lb], PO) once daily for 8 days. Training regimens varied among locations and included early training for western performance events; walking, trotting, and cantering in a mechanical exerciser; and race training (2 locations). Prevalences of gastric ulceration at the completion of the 8-day treatment period were compared between groups.

Results—At the end of the 8-day treatment period, the proportion of omeprazole-treated horses free from gastric ulceration (88%) was significantly higher than the proportion of sham-dosed horses free from gastric ulceration (27%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results showed that horses in light to heavy training for as short as 8 days were at risk of developing gastric ulcers and that administration of omeprazole paste decreased the incidence of gastric ulcers.
Prevalence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cow-calf herds enrolled in a voluntary screening project
Authors: O'Connor Annette M. , Reed Matthew C. , Denagamage Thomas N. , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Sorden Steven D. , Cooper Vickie L.
Published: June 2007

Objective−To report the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in calves and calf groups (ie, calves from the same farm) in beef breeding herds and evaluate the ability of biosecurity risk assessment questionnaires to identify calf groups with positive results for BVDV.

Design−Nonrandom survey.

Animals−12,030 calves born in spring from 102 operations.

Procedures−Cow-calf producers that voluntarily enrolled in a screening project submitted ear notch specimens from calves and answered a 29-question survey instrument. Ear notch specimens were tested for BVDV with an antigen-capture ELISA (ACE), and ear notch specimens with positive ACE results for BVDV were immediately retested by performing immunohistochemistry (IHC). Follow-up testing, 3 to 4 weeks after initial positive ACE results, was done by use of a second IHC test and virus isolation on a subsequently submitted ear notch specimen from the same calves to identify those that were persistently infected (PI).

Results−102 producers submitted ear notch specimens for BVDV screening. Initially, 24 of 12,030 calves had positive ACE results for BVDV. A second ear notch specimen was submitted for 20 of these 24 calves. Of 20 retested calves, 12 had positive ICH results for BVDV, confirming PI status. The 12 PI calves came from 4 calf groups (3 singletons and 1 calf group with 9 PI calves).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance−Prevalence of BVDV in calf groups was low, and questions designed to identify high-risk biosecurity behaviors had little value in identifying calf groups with positive results for BVDV.
20 Jahre Binding-Waldpreis | 20th Binding Forest Prize award
Authors: Bachmann Peter
Published: June 2007

On 1st June 2006 the Binding Forest Prize was awarded for the twentieth time. Awardees were forest owners who exploit their forests in accordance with the principle of sustainability,while taking into account ecological potential and the social infrastructure and who achieve long-term economic success. The aim of the prize is to provide impulses and motivation. Earlier prizewinners come from 16 different cantons and are evenly distributed over Switzerland's diverse language regions. The prize sum comprises CHF 50 000 as well as a contribution of CHF 150 000 towards future projects. The award ceremony takes place in Basel and is complemented with a celebration in the winner's home community. In addition,an illustrated celebratory pamphlet will be published. The prize-winning work and the use of project promotion funds cover a wide range of themes that characterise modern forest management.
Arolle et climat océanique: l'importance des facteurs micro-stationnels | Swiss stone pine and oceanic climate: the importance of microsites
Authors: Doutaz Jacques , Bugmann Harald , Frey Hans-Ulrich
Published: June 2007

Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) is a species that typically grows in continental areas. Nevertheless it can also be found in a few oceanic areas on the north side of the Alps, such as in the Forêt du Lapé (Commune of Charmey, FR). In this forest the majority of the Swiss stone pines are located on large boulders,particularly on the margins of the summit of the boulders, i.e. in those parts where the snow melts the earliest in spring. The micro-relief seems to be a very important factor, because it tends to reproduce continental conditions even if the mesoclimate is oceanic. This microscale continentality – involved by the micro-relief – could be an explanation for the presence of Swiss stone pine in the oceanic parts of the Alps.
Utilisation du milieu forestier par les chauves-souris (Mammalia: Chiroptera) du canton de Neuchâtel – implications pour la gestion sylvicole | Utilization of woodland resources by bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Canton Neuchâtel (Switzerland) – consequences for silviculture
Authors: Jaberg Christophe , Bohnenstengel Thierry , Amstutz René , Blant Jean-Daniel
Published: June 2007

We investigated utilization of wooded vs non wooded areas by 22 bat species in Canton Neuchâtel (Switzerland). Diet, habitat use and roost selection were analysed more thoroughly in Barbastella barbastellus, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Myotis bechsteini and Plecotus auritus. Forests appeared to produce more bat occurrences than open habitats. Thermophilous deciduous woodlands were preferred by three species during foraging activities. R. ferrumequinum foraged in semi-open habitats. For roosting, dead trees were used by B. barbastellus and old woodpecker cavities were the main roosts of M. bechsteini. Small defoliating geometrid moths were the main preys of B. barbastellus. Consequences for silviculture are discussed.
Man, forestry, and forest landscapes. Trends and perspectives in the evolution of forestry and woodland history research
Authors: Agnoletti Mauro
Published: June 2007

From the middle of the 19th century forestry strongly favoured the economic approach of attaining the maximum forest rent,an approach that was extended to most of the world under the framework of the «imperial forestry» model. Forest history in this period dealt primarily with the history of forestry and economic aspects. Forestry was changed during the 1950s, 1960s,and 1970s, by the rapid growth of the world's population and its economy, but was challenged by the rise of concern for the environment. In the following years forest history began to develop new approaches. The UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 advocated the notion of sustainable development,from which the criteria of Sustainable Forest Management are derived. These principles, however, neglected culture,history and landscape values. This problem has consequently been addressed by number of initiatives of the iufro group on forest and woodland history, supporting the need to include these values in SFM.
Waldaufseher und Waldfrevler in Chur zwischen 1750 und 1840 Durch die Analyse von interaktiven Konfliktfeldern zum besseren Verständnis des vorindustriellen Waldes | Forest wardens and forest offenders in Chur between 1750 and 1840. This analysis of interactive fields of conflict seeks to arrive at a better understanding of pre-industrial forests
Authors: Spinatsch Jörg
Published: June 2007

This study is an attempt to unravel the complexity of preindustrial illicit forest abuse. By means of a survey on forest crime, together with associated existing fields of conflict,the importance of the forest for the people of the time, with particular emphasis on the illicit aspect, are illustrated. As an example, we have looked at the relationship between the forest wardens and forest offenders in Chur between 1750 and 1840. The focus of the analysis is on the ambivalence of this relationship, conditioned as it is by both conflictual and cohesive elements. Exerts taken from court records of the time illustrate the proximity of disagreements and collaboration.
Les populations alpines et leurs forêts communales | Alpine populations and their communal forests (reviewed paper)
Authors: Finger-Stich Andréa
Published: June 2007

In order to increase the involvement of local actors in forest management the article proposes a sociological analysis of the perceptions and actions engaging residents in relation with their local forest. The present case studies of alpine communities in Switzerland and France show how conflicts, values and ways of interaction vary according to the actors and depending on the relative importance of the service sector of the territories in question.
Participatory process as a tool to resolve conflict
Authors: Mitchell-Banks Paul
Published: June 2007

The very nature of participatory processes raises the issues (and sources of conflict) more effectively – and a key aspect of successful participatory process is to openly acknowledge and embrace the source of the disputes and then focus on finding acceptable tradeoffs that have to be made. Common sense,trust, respect, patience, really focussing on understanding the needs, concerns and limits of all participants all go a long way to facilitating positive outcomes. A process that is transparent in nature and which embraces a philosophy of being traceable,accountable and reproducible is also key.
The involvement of stakeholders in a forest policy reform process: Democracy promotion and power redistribution (reviewed paper)
Authors: Kouplevatskaya Irina
Published: June 2007

Participation is often presented as a tool to promote democracy, but it also leads to the redefinition of issues, decisions as well as to power redistribution among stakeholders. Based on empirical evidence drawn from the forest policy reform in Kyrgyzstan (a former constituent republic of the Soviet Union) and from an analysis of basic theoretical frameworks for participation, the paper treats the question of power in relation to decision-making and participatory processes as well as the impact that participation has on the empowerment of some groups of stakeholders.
Cover Picture: Assembly and Photoinduced Organization of Mono‐ and Oligopeptide Molecules Containing an Azobenzene Moiety (Adv. Funct. Mater. 9/2007)
Authors: Matsuzawa Y. , Ueki K. , Yoshida M. , Tamaoki N. , Nakamura T. , Sakai H. , Abe M.
Published: June 2007

An illustration of the phototriggered organization and dispersion of tri‐peptide‐substituted azobenzene derivatives, as reported on p. 1507 by Yoko Matsuzawa and co‐workers. The tri‐peptide units form a beta‐sheet structure through hydrogen bonding to assemble a fibrous network system. Cis–trans photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety leads to a large polarity change of the component molecule to break and re‐form hydrogen bonds between the tri‐peptide units.

Assembled systems consisting of an azobenzene moiety as the photofunctional component and valyl units as the network backbone are investigated. The molecular ordering of these assemblies is examined by spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The number of valyl units greatly influences the molecular order in the organized systems. Only N‐(L‐valyl‐L‐valyl‐L‐valyl)azobenzene‐4‐carboxamide (3) forms a complete β‐sheet structure in this artificial assembly. Upon photoirradiation, the azobenzene moieties isomerize completely, revealing the reversibility in the structural organization through the flexibility of the β‐sheet network in this system.
A Gas hold‐up model for slurry bubble columns
Authors: Chilekar Vinit P. , Singh Chattarbir , Schaaf John van der , Kuster Ben F. M. , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: June 2007

A phenomenological model of the gas bubble hold‐up in slurry bubble columns is presented. The slurry moves upward in the core of the column and downward in the annulus, resembling the riser and downer of an air‐lift loop reactor, respectively. The model virtually divides the column in a riser and a downer. The cross‐sectional areas of the riser and the downer are experimentally found to be approximately equal. A macroscopic momentum balance over the riser and downer gives the liquid circulation velocity. The gas bubble hold‐up is modeled for two size classes: small and large. In the homogeneous regime only small gas bubbles are present. Above the regime transition velocity the churn‐turbulent regime exists, characterized by the presence of small and large gas bubbles. High speed video imaging shows that the gas flow up to the regime transition velocity generates small gas bubbles and that the gas flow in excess of the regime transition velocity generates large gas bubbles. Small gas bubbles are present in the riser and in the downer and have a constant slip velocity. The Wallis drift‐flux model describes the small gas bubble hold‐up in the riser and in the downer. Large gas bubbles are only present in the riser. The rise velocity of the large gas bubbles is the sum of the liquid velocity and the slip velocity according to the Davies‐Taylor equation. The large gas bubble hold‐up is obtained from the volume of gas flowing in large gas bubbles and the rise velocity of the large gas bubbles. For a given column diameter, column height, regime transition velocity, and physical properties of a gas–liquid system, the model predicts the total gas hold‐up, the hold‐up of the small and the large gas bubbles, and the average superficial liquid velocity in the riser and in the downer. Two parameters in the model are determined from experiments in a 29‐cm ID bubble column: the ratio of the small gas bubble hold‐up in the downer to that in the riser, and the energy dissipation at the top and bottom of the column. The model describes the gas hold‐up and liquid velocity data from literature with these parameter values within an error of 6%. The model shows that there is no effect of scale on the gas hold‐up for columns larger than 15 cm in diameter. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Continuous coating of discrete areas of a flexible web
Authors: Bower C. L. , Simister E. A. , Bonnist E. , Paul K. , Pightling N. , Blake T. D.
Published: June 2007

The use of surface energy (wettability) contrast to direct liquid into designated areas, so that flexible substrates can be coated with a discrete pattern in a continuous, roll‐to‐roll manner is described. The method makes use of a substrate prepatterned with lyophilic and lyophobic regions. When this substrate is over‐coated with the target liquid, the liquid withdraws from the lyophobic areas and collects on the lyophilic ones. The surface‐energy pattern and the liquid can be applied by a variety of different methods, but we have focused on printing the patterns by flexography and slide coating the target liquid. A benefit of the technique is that coatings of subsequent layers with the same pattern are self‐aligned with the previous layer, since they are directed by the same surface energy pattern. The capability is also demonstrated to perform simultaneous multi‐layer patterned coating in a single‐pass operation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Hypermethylation of the p15INK4B gene promoter in B‐chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Papageorgiou Sotirios G. , Lambropoulos Stefanos , Pappa Vassiliki , Economopoulou Christina , Kontsioti Frinta , Papageorgiou Efstathios , Tsirigotis Panagiotis , Dervenoulas John , Economopoulos Theofanis
Published: June 2007

The p15 gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene that encodes a member of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Inactivation of p15 by promoter hypermethylation has been postulated as a possible way by which tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in cancer. In this study, we examined the methylation status of the p15 gene promoter in 34 patients with B‐Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (B‐CLL), by the Methylation‐Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction. Selective methylation of the p15 gene promoter was found in 4/34 cases (11.8%). According to Rai staging, the four patients with methylated p15 were staged on diagnosis as: 1 on Stage 0, 1 in Stage I, 1 in Stage III, and 1 in Stage IV. Our results suggest that methylation of the p15 gene promoter can be detected in a small subset of B‐CLL patients, at all stages of the disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphic Alu insertions in five North‐West Italian populations
Authors: Santovito A. , Selvaggi A. , Cervella P. , Castellano S. , Bigatti M. P. , Sella G. , Delpero M.
Published: June 2007

We analyzed the frequencies of eight human polymorphic Alu insertion loci in population samples from five towns in North‐West Italy: Postua, Cavaglià, Biella, Torino, and Genova. All loci under scrutiny were found to be polymorphic in all samples, with the two exceptions of locus A25 in Postua, which was fixed for the absence of the Alu element, and APO in Genova, where the Alu insertion was fixed. Heterozigosity values were highly variable in all loci. FST values for all loci indicate that most of the variability is found within populations, while between population variability is lower. In the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis plot, the studied populations are separated from the main group represented by European populations. The Postua sample is set apart also from neighboring towns as Cavaglià and Biella, confirming previous observations of the demographic isolation of this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:589–592, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMI, income, and social capital in a native Amazonian society: Interaction between relative and community variables
Authors: Brabec Marek , Godoy Ricardo , Reyes‐García Victoria , Leonard William R.
Published: June 2007

Researchers have shown interest in the relation between (a) social capital and individual income and (b) the individual health of people of industrial nations. The socioeconomic complexity of industrial nations makes it difficult to arrive at firm conclusions. We circumvent the obstacle by using data from a small‐scale rural society of foragers‐farmers in the Bolivian Amazon (Tsimane'). We examine the interactions between the outcome (BMI) and relative income, relative social capital, village income, and village social capital. We test three hypotheses: people in villages with more social capital should have higher BMI, the positive association between social capital and BMI will be more marked among the less well‐off, and better‐off people who display generosity will have higher BMI than better‐off people who do not. On the methodological side we show the importance of: focusing on relative measures of income and social capital, estimating interaction between community and relative measures of income and social capital, and showing results through contour plots that summarize the relation between BMI and pairs of explanatory variables. On the substantive side we find evidence that village social capital and village income complement each other and are associated with higher BMI, the rich who are stingy have lower BMI than the rich who display generosity, and increase in village income might reduce individual incentives to invest in social capital. We explore interactions between explanatory variables and their influence on BMI, and end by recommending the use of an experimental research design to obtain unbiased estimates of causal effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:459–474, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple mortality optima due to heterogeneity in the birth cohort: A continuous model of birth weight by gestational age‐specific infant mortality
Authors: Fang Fu , Stratton Howard , Gage Timothy B.
Published: June 2007

Birth weight and gestational age are both important predictors of infant survival. Covariate Density Defined mixture of logistic regressions (CDDmlr), a method that accounts for unobserved heterogeneity, has been applied to birth outcomes using birth weight alone. This paper investigates a CDDmlr model of birth outcomes that includes birth weight and gestational age. Applications to four birth cohorts, composed of all non‐Hispanic singleton African/European American female/male live births in New York State from 1985–1988, are presented. Multiple birth weight by gestational age optimal (minimal) mortalities are observed in the birth weight by gestational age‐specific mortality surface. Multiple optima have not been mentioned in the published literature, but they do appear in some published plots of birth weight by gestational age mortality. It is possible that misreporting of gestational age contributes to this phenomenon, but it cannot completely explain the locations of the local optima. The global optimum is associated with a “normal” fetal development subpopulation, while the local optima are due to a subpopulation that accounts for most low birth weight, intrauterine growth retarded, pre‐term, post‐term, and small for gestational age births, as well as, births with misestimated gestational ages. These two subpopulations have significantly different birth weight by gestational age‐specific mortality surfaces. Consequently, the presence of multiple optima can be attributed to heterogeneity in the birth cohort. Comparisons of CDDmlr based on birth weight by gestational age and birth weight alone might statistically identify births with “erroneous” gestational age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:475–486, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of methods to evaluate changes in relative body mass index in pediatric weight control
Authors: Paluch Rocco A. , Epstein Leonard H. , Roemmich James N.
Published: June 2007

Our objective was to compare three BMI‐based adiposity measures to assess change in pediatric weight control: LMS z‐BMI, BMI sympercent, and percent overBMI. Comparison 1 presents changes of +1.0, −1.0, and −2.0 BMI units for 36 hypothetical children (7‐, 11‐, and 15‐year‐old children with BMI values from 19–39 kg/m2). Comparison 2 presents effect sizes over 12 months and the relationship between baseline and change for 140 8–12‐year‐old children with BMI values ranging from 21 to 37 kg/m2. Comparison 1 showed smaller changes in z‐BMI than BMI sympercent or percent overBMI for equal changes in BMI when initial BMI values are greater. Comparison 2 showed similar effect sizes for the three measures, since there is a reduction in both standard deviation and magnitude of LMS z‐BMI values as the BMI values increase. The three measures perform differently when considering the relationship of initial value to change. Initial percent overBMI shows a negative relationship with change, as heavier children show larger changes, LMS z‐BMI shows a positive relationship, as children with lower baseline values show larger changes, and BMI sympercent changes were inconsistently related to baseline BMI sympercent values. Although all three measures result in similar effect sizes when evaluating treatment over time, we conclude that LMS z‐BMI is less appropriate for comparing individuals and percent overBMI is the only measure that shows heavier children have greater change. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:487–494, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating inbreeding in large, semi‐isolated populations: Effects of varying generation lengths and of migration
Authors: Pattison J.E.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate two important assumptions used in a recently reported new method of estimating inbreeding in large, relatively isolated populations over historic times. The method, based on modeling the genealogical “paradox,” produces values of Pearl's coefficients, Z, a measure of inbreeding or genealogical coalescence, as a function of time. In this study, the effects on inbreeding of two important assumptions made in earlier studies, namely those of using a constant generation length and of ignoring migration, have been investigated for the population of Britain. First, by relating the median age of women at childbirth to the development level of various societies, the variation of the generation lengths for different periods in historic Britain were estimated. Values of Z for two types of varying generation lengths were then calculated and compared with the case of constant generation length. Second, the population curve for Britain used in earlier studies was modified to obtain the subpopulation at any time during the past two millennia that was descended from the pre‐Roman British Celts. Values of Z for the case with migration were then calculated and compared with the case for no migration. It is shown that these two assumptions may be taken into account if and when required. Both the effect of a varying generation length and the effect of migration on Z were found to be 20–40%, when no known value of inbreeding was used, and 2–5%, when a known value of inbreeding was used. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:495–510, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advancing biocultural models by working with communities: A partnership approach
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Ravenscroft Julia , Gallo Mia , Denham Melinda
Published: June 2007

Culture and human behavior are recognized today as major forces acting on human biological variation around the world. Studies of the relationships between biology and processes, such as modernization, urbanization, and social stratification, are prominent in our journals and meetings. An ongoing study of the interrelationships between toxicant exposure (organochlorines, lead, and mercury), health, and culture among youth of the Mohawk Nation at Akwesasne is located within this context and is used to analyze the strengths and challenges of a partnership approach to biocultural research. To assist in modeling the complex relationships between health, behavior, and culture, we have employed concepts from contemporary social theory, integrated qualitative and quantitative research, and implemented community‐based research principles to develop a partnership approach to research in human biology. The community is directly involved in identifying research goals, developing research protocols appropriate for local cultural sensitivities and complexities, implementing the protocols in the field, and collaborating in the analysis and publication of results. We show the utility of this approach for understanding the relationships of toxicants to behavior and biological outcomes (adolescent growth, sexual maturation, and endocrine system alteration); as well as how it facilitates the agency of participants and communities involved in research, and brings greater social engagement to the development of the new human biology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:511–524, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selected anthropometric measurements of Akwesasne Mohawk youth: Skinfolds, circumferences, and breadths
Authors: Gallo Mia V. , Schell Lawrence M.
Published: June 2007

Nationally, Native American youth have been shown to be at risk for overweight, and an increased prevalence of obesity among Native American children has been consistently reported. We describe skinfolds, circumferences, and body breadths to assess body size and shape of Akwesasne Mohawk youth (n = 271) between the ages of 10.0 and 16.99. Akwesasne is a sovereign nation with territory in New York state and Canada. Sex‐ and age‐specific comparisons were made to reference values published from the Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics and from the Third National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES III). Akwesasne youth have thicker skinfolds and larger circumferences than youth in the national surveys. Additionally, these cross‐sectional data indicate that body fat is more centrally distributed in Akwesasne Mohawk boys and girls. Given the numerous studies emphasizing the importance of body fat distribution as a risk factor for chronic, obesity‐related diseases prevalent within Native American communities, and the high level of fatness presented in this study, more concerted efforts need to be applied to help reduce the development of overweight in children from an early age. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:525–536, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do children take the same number of steps every day?
Authors: Wickel Eric E. , Eisenmann Joey C. , Pangrazi Robert P. , Graser Susan V. , Raustorp Anders , Tomson L. M. , Cuddihy Thomas F.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the day‐to‐day variability in pedometer‐assessed physical activity (steps/day). A total of 1,443 children aged 6–12 years from the United States (195 boys, 254 girls), Sweden (257 boys, 252 girls), and Australia (229 boys, 256 girls) wore a pedometer for 4 consecutive weekdays. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine daily differences in steps/day and the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each individual to describe the day‐to‐day variability. Overall, mean steps/day were higher among boys (14,698 ± 3,373 steps/day) than girls (12,086 ± 2,929 steps/day). Significant differences were found between the 4 monitoring days for the entire sample; however, the absolute mean differences were small (55–958 steps) with an overall effect size of 0.01. This trend was apparent regardless of age, gender, and country. Individual CVs ranged from ∼2 to 88% and the overall mean CV approximated 22%. An age‐related increase in the mean CV was observed between 6‐ and 12‐year‐old children. The age × gender × country interaction was not significant (P > 0.05). These findings have implications toward the proper design, analysis, and interpretation of studies regarding physical activity among children. Beyond this aspect, our results lend insight into potential age‐related biological mechanisms that may also influence daily levels and patterns of physical activity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:537–543, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Docosahexaenoic acid and shore‐based diets in hominin encephalization: A rebuttal
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. , Plourde Mélanie , Stewart Kathy , Crawford Michael A.
Published: June 2007

Carlson and Kingston ([2007]: Am J Hum Biol 19:132–141) propose that preformed dietary docosahexaenoic acid (an omega‐3 fatty acid in fish) did not have a significant role in hominin encephalization. Their position hinges on claiming that humans are able to make sufficient docosahexaenoic acid from the plant‐based “parent” omega‐3 fatty acid—α‐linolenic acid. They also suggest that hominin fish consumption occurred too late to have materially influenced encephalization. The authors quantify here a summary of the published data showing that humans cannot make sufficient docosahexaenoic acid to maintain normal infant brain development. The authors also provide evidence that the fossil record shows that some of the earliest hominins were regularly consuming fish. Hence, we reject Carlson and Kingston's position and reiterate support for the concept that access to shore‐based diets containing docosahexaenoic acid was necessary for hominin encephalization beyond the level seen in the great apes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:578–581, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conceptualizing information, technology, and people: Comparing information science and information systems literatures
Authors: Sawyer Steve , Huang Haiyan
Published: June 2007

Through this article, we highlight that there are discernibly different patterns among conceptualizations of information, technology, and people across information systems and information science literatures. We do this to clarify the differences in these two areas of scholarship and to further encourage the substantial overlap possible, but not yet engaged, in the research pursued in these areas. We engage this by analyzing published literature in these areas to frame our discussion of the challenges and opportunities for scholars in information science and information systems disciplines to engage in collaborative work.
One‐Dimensional, Cofacial Porphyrin Polymers Formed by Self‐Assembly of meso‐Tetrakis(ERE Donor) Zinc(II) Porphyrins
Authors: Suijkerbuijk Bart M. J. M. , Tooke Duncan M. , Spek Anthony L. , van Koten Gerard , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M.
Published: June 2007

A series of meso‐tetrakis‐(ERE donor) zinc(II) porphyrins nZn (ERE donor=4‐R‐3,5‐bis[(E)‐methyl]phenyl; 1Zn: E=NMe2, R=Br; 2Zn: E=NMe2, R=H; 3Zn: E=OMe, R=Br; 4Zn: E=OMe, R=H) have been synthesized in excellent yields. As a result of the combination of a Lewis acidic site and eight Lewis basic sites within one molecule, monomeric molecules of nZn self‐assemble to form one‐dimensional porphyrin polymers [nZn]∞ in the solid state, as confirmed for 1Zn and 3Zn by X‐ray crystallography. The coordination environment around the zinc(II) ions in these polymers is octahedral. They are ligated by four equatorial nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin and two apical E atoms (E=N, O) provided by the EBrE donor groups of adjacent nZn molecules. Complexes 2Zn and 4Zn did not form single crystals, but solid‐state UV/Vis analysis points to the formation of similar structures. Solution UV/Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that interactions between 1Zn and 2Zn monomers in the polymers are stronger than between 3Zn and 4Zn monomers. Interestingly, they also revealed that the presence of a neighboring bromine atom in the EBrE donor groups has a considerable influence on the coordination properties of the benzylic N or O atoms. The zinc(II) ions of the porphyrins most likely adopt only hexacoordination in the solid state, owing to the unique predisposition of Lewis acidic and basic sites in the nZn molecules. Several parameters of the aggregates, for example, the interplanar separation between porphyrins and the zinc–zinc distances, change as a function of the coordinating E groups. The high degree of modularity in their synthesis makes these zinc(II) porphyrins an interesting new entry in noncovalent multiporphyrin assemblies.