bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ageing of polymeric insulating materials and insulation system design
Authors: Montanari Gian Carlo , Mazzanti Giovanni
Published: December 2002

This paper presents an overview of the problem of modelling the ageing of polymeric insulating materials used for electrical applications; a relation between ageing and life models; the different approaches brought to phenomenological or chemical–physical life models; the need to search for diagnostic properties and to investigate the prevailing degradation mechanisms as a function of applied stresses and material morphology; and the way design stresses are chosen and reliability evaluations of insulation systems are carried out.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Covalent immobilization of fluorescent indicators in photo‐ and electropolymers for the preparation of fibreoptic chemical sensors
Authors: Uttamlal Mahesh , Sloan William D , Millar David
Published: December 2002

A photo‐ and an electrochemical method for the immobilization of fluorescein derivatives for the preparation of fibreoptic pH and Ca2+ sensors are presented. The methods results in the covalent attachment of the indicator in a polymer matrix. In the electrochemical approach, a fluorescein‐derivatized thiophene, thiophene‐3‐acetylfluoresceinamide (TAF), has been prepared and electrochemically polymerized onto Pt‐coated indium tin oxide glass. The fluorescence intensity responses as a function of pH, for TAF and polyTAF, are similar to that of fluorescein in solution. In the photochemical approach, two fluorescein derivatives have been prepared, fluorescein acrylamide (FA) and calcein acrylamide (CA). CA is sensitive to both pH and Ca2+. FA and CA have been immobilized covalently within polyacrylamide and polyacrylamide/[(3‐methacryoylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) copolymers using photoinitiated radical polymerization directly on the end of a chemically‐modified glass surface. The spectroscopic properties of the bound FA and CA are similar to FA and CA in free solution, respectively; however, the cationic properties of the polymers result in a shift in the pKa of the indicator. The electrochemical and photochemical immobilization of fluorescent indicators within polymer matrices is an ideal arrangement, because it improves the operational lifetime of the chemical sensors.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Clustering of poly(ethylene oxide) in water revisited
Authors: Ho Derek L. , Hammouda Boualem , Kline Steven R.
Published: December 2002

The dynamic light scattering results presented in this letter demonstrate that the clustering of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) can be observed even in ultrapure, freshly double‐distilled and filtered deionized water. It is confirmed that the filtration of solutions removes the clustering structure and that a steady‐state amount of PEO in clusters is reformed in filtered solutions within 24 h. Adding a drop of chloroform to unfiltered aqueous solutions of PEO temporarily alters the clustering structure, but it prevents the clustering of PEO in filtered solutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 135–138, 2003
Phase diagrams of poly(siloxane)/liquid crystal blends
Authors: Gogibus Nicolas , Benmouna Farida , Ewen Bernd , Pakula Tadeusz , Coqueret Xavier , Benmouna Mustapha , Maschke Ulrich
Published: December 2002

Phase diagrams of blends of poly(methylphenylsiloxane) in short PMPS and two low molecular weight liquid crystals (4‐cyano‐4′‐n‐pentyl‐biphenyl and an eutectic mixture of paraphenylenes) are reported. Two polymers with very different weight‐average molar masses are considered in an evaluation of the loss of miscibility resulting from a known increase in the weight‐average molar mass. The experimental diagrams have been constructed via polarized optical microscopy and are rationalized in terms of the Flory–Huggins theory of isotropic mixtures and the Maier–Saupe theory of nematic order. The results show a good agreement between the theory and experiments and reveal a remarkable enhancement of miscibility with respect to similar systems involving poly(dimethylsiloxane). Variations of the interaction parameter with the temperature are compared for different systems of polysiloxanes. The effects of the nature of the liquid crystal and the polymer molar mass on the χ parameter are evaluated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 39–43, 2003
Transient and athermal effects in the crystallization of polymers. II. Nonisothermal crystallization
Authors: Sajkiewicz Paweł
Published: December 2002

Nonisothermal crystallization of several polymers was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The results indicated that as in the case of isothermal processes, crystallization starts with nucleation on noncompletely melted crystalline residues. It is assumed that if the crystalline residues are subcritical at melting temperatures, they can become stable by an athermal mechanism during cooling. There is also some contribution of nucleation on heterogeneities. The next mechanism of nucleation is a classical homogeneous process occurring by thermal fluctuations. The results showed the non‐steady‐state character of the nonisothermal crystallization of polymers. In the investigated range of cooling rates, the non‐steady‐state character of nonisothermal crystallization of polymers is dominated by the transient thermal effects. In the range of high temperatures, the transient homogeneous nucleation can be interpreted with the Ziabicki model, and the steady‐state rate determined from nonisothermal experiments coincides with the rate determined in isothermal crystallization. The athermal nucleation occurring at the beginning of crystallization from noncompletely melted aggregates seems to be independent of the applied cooling rate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 68–79, 2003
Intercalated poly(vinylidene fluoride)/clay nanocomposites: Structure and properties
Authors: Priya L. , Jog J. P.
Published: December 2002

The preparation and characterization of melt‐intercalated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/clay nanocomposites are reported. Organophilic clay (clay treated with dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride) was used for the nanocomposite preparation. The composites were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). XRD results indicated the intercalation of the polymer in the interlayer spacing. The incorporation of clay in PVDF resulted in the β form of PVDF. DSC nonisothermal curves showed an increase in the melting and crystallization temperatures along with a decrease in crystallinity. Isothermal crystallization studies show an enhanced rate of crystallization with the addition of clay. DMA indicated significant improvements in the storage modulus over a temperature range of −100 to 150 °C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 31–38, 2003
Antihyperglycaemic effect and acute toxicity of Securigera Securidaca L. seed extracts in mice
Authors: Hosseinzadeh H. , Ramezani M. , Danaei A. R.
Published: December 2002

The antihyperglycaemic activity of a Securigera securidaca aqueous infusion and an ethanol maceration extract of seeds was studied in normoglycaemic, glucose‐induced hyperglycaemic and alloxan‐induced diabetic mice. The acute toxicity of the ethanol extract was more than that of the aqueous one. The phytochemical analysis showed that the seed extracts were rich in flavonoids. The intraperitoneal and oral administration of the aqueous and ethanol extracts significantly reduced blood glucose in alloxan‐induced diabetic mice. In normoglycaemic and glucose‐induced hyperglycaemic mice, the blood glucose levels were not significantly different from the control. Glibenclamide was not able to lower blood glucose in alloxan‐induced diabetic mice, while it significantly lowered the blood sugar in normoglycaemic mice. The results indicate that S. securidaca seed extracts significantly reduce blood glucose in alloxan‐induced diabetic mice by a mechanism different from that of sulfonylurea agents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of long‐term Aloe vera ingestion on age‐related disease in male Fischer 344 rats
Authors: Ikeno Yuji , Hubbard Gene B. , Lee Shuko , Yu Byung Pal , Herlihy Jeremiah T.
Published: December 2002

The effects of long‐term Aloe vera ingestion on age‐related diseases were investigated using male specific pathogen‐free (SPF) Fischer 344 rats. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: Group A, the control rats fed a semi‐synthetic diet without Aloe vera; Group B, rats fed a diet containing 1% freeze‐dried Aloe vera filet; Group C, rats fed a diet containing 1% charcoal‐processed, freeze‐dried Aloe vera filet; and Group D, rats fed the control diet and given whole leaf charcoal‐processed Aloe vera (0.02%) in the drinking water. This study demonstrates that life‐long Aloe vera ingestion produced neither harmful effects nor deleterious changes. In addition, Aloe vera ingestion appeared to be associated with some beneficial effects on age‐related diseases. Groups B exhibited significantly less occurrence of multiple causes of death, and a slightly lower incidence of fatal chronic nephropathy compared with Group A rats. Groups B and C rats showed the trend, slightly lower incidences of thrombosis in the cardiac atrium than Group A rats. Therefore, these findings suggest that life‐long Aloe vera ingestion does not cause any obvious harmful and deleterious side effects, and could also be beneficial for the prevention of age‐related pathology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial effect of Melia azedarach flowers on rabbits
Authors: Saleem Rubeena , Ahmed Syed Iqbal , Shamim Syed Mohammad , Faizi Shaheen , Siddiqui Bina Shaheen
Published: December 2002

A methanol extract of Melia azedarach flowers showed potent antibacterial action in rabbits suffering from a skin infection produced by Stapyhlococcus aureus. The healing effects were found comparable to neomycin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha suaveolens
Authors: Oumzil H. , Ghoulami S. , Rhajaoui M. , Ilidrissi A. , Fkih‐Tetouani S. , Faid M. , Benjouad A.
Published: December 2002

The essential oils (EO) of Mentha suaveolens, a wild Labiatae, which grows in several regions in Morocco, were characterized and their antimicrobial activity assessed. The main aromatic constituents of this plant, as characterized by IR, NMR and MS studies, were pulegone, piperitenone oxide (PEO) and piperitone oxide (PO) occurring in different amounts depending on the subspecies. These constituents as well as a series of other aromatic products such as carvone, limonene and menthone, were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 19 bacteria including Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative and against three fungi, using solid phase and microtitration assays. Pulegone‐rich essential oil inhibited efficiently all the micro‐organisms tested with MICs ranging between 0.69 and 2.77 ppm. Among the components from Mentha suaveolens EO, pulegone was the most effective against the tested microorganisms, followed by PEO and PO. The structure–activity relationship is discussed on the basis of the activity of the other aromatic derivatives tested such as carvone, limonene, menthone and the profile of the essential oils of Mentha suaveolens was compared with other Mentha species. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypolipidaemic activity of methanol extract of Aleurites moluccana
Authors: Pedrosa R. C. , Meyre‐Silva C. , Cechinel‐Filho V. , Benassi J. C. , Oliveira L. F. S. , Zancanaro V. , Dal Magro J. , Yunes R. A.
Published: December 2002

The lipid‐lowering action of the leaves of the Aleurites moluccana methanol extract was studied in Triton W‐1339 and high‐fat‐diet fed rats. The serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL‐ and HDL‐cholesterol and triglycerides) and body weight were found to be lowered by A. moluccana (300 mg/kg, b.w.) in rats with Triton‐induced hypercholesterolaemia and on a hyperlipaemic diet. The results suggest that the lipid lowering action of this natural product is mediated through inhibition of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and reduction of lipid absorption in the intestine. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the central properties of several Hypericum species from the Canary Islands
Authors: Prado Begoña , Rabanal Rosa M. , Sánchez‐Mateo Candelaria C.
Published: December 2002

The infusions of the aerial parts in blossom of Hypericum canariense, H. glandulosum, H. reflexum and H. grandifolium (Hypericaceae) were evaluated for their pharmacological activity on the central nervous system in mice using various behavioural models including locomotor and muscle relaxant activity, effect on normal body temperature, pentobarbital‐induced sleep, oxotremorine and tetrabenazine‐induced syndrome, apomorphine‐induced hypothermia and 5‐hydroxytryptophan‐induced head twitches, as well as a forced swimming test. These infusions did not alter significantly the locomotor activity, pentobarbital induced sleeping time and body temperature, with the exception of H. canariense which produced a slight but significant hypothermia. Additionally, no muscle relaxant or anticholinergic activity were observed. These infusions antagonized the ptosis and/or motor depression induced by tetrabenazine as well as shortening the immobility time in the forced swimming test. The observations suggest that the infusions of these Hypericum species possess antidepressant activity in mice, without inducing muscle relaxation, anticholinergic and sedative properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potent suppressive activity of fresh and dried peels from Satsuma mandarin Citrus unshiu (Marcorv.) on hydroperoxide generation from oxidized linoleic acid
Authors: Higashi‐Okai Kiyoka , Kamimoto Kyoko , Yoshioka Aya , Okai Yasuji
Published: December 2002

The effects of various extracts prepared from fresh and dried peels of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marcov.) on hydroperoxide generation from oxidized linoleic acid were compared under different extraction conditions. The cold‐and hot‐water extracts of fresh peels showed significant suppressive activity against hydroperoxide generation in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the methanol or acetone extract of fresh peels did not exhibit significant suppressive effects. The commercially available ascorbic acids equivalent to their concentrations in the water extracts of fresh peels showed roughly equal antioxidative activities compared with those of the water extracts of fresh peels. Although the cold‐ and hot‐ water extracts of dried peels indicated a considerable reduction of ascorbic acid concentration, they exhibited much higher antioxidative activities than those of the fresh peels. The methanol extract of dried peels also showed significant antioxidative activities, but did not contain significant ascorbic acid. These results suggest that the fresh peels of Satsuma mandarin have potential antioxidant activities, and the drying treatment of fresh peels caused an enhancement of the antioxidant activity. The pharmacological significance of this finding is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approaching the problem of bioequivalence of herbal medicinal products
Authors: Loew D. , Kaszkin M.
Published: December 2002

Herbal medicinal products (HMP) contain exclusively herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations (HDP) and are a complex mixture of different compounds, which may act in an agonistic, synergistic, complementary, antagonistic or toxic way. A specific scientific challenge is for methods to prone the bioequivalence of herbal drug preparations (HDP). Depending on the type of herbal drug preparations, different approaches are possible. If the constituents responsible for therapeutic activity are known, the concept of essential similarity used with chemically defined substances can be fully applied. For extracts with unknown active markers, data on defined chemical constituents are useful for control purposes (charge conformity), but not sufficient to prove bioequivalence. In this case bioassays or pharmacological studies, which measure therapeutically relevant activity, should be used. A phytogeneric is only comparable to the innovator preparation under the following conditions: (i) pharmaceutical equivalence (standardization), (ii) biopharmaceutical equivalence (in vitro dissolution), (iii) bioequivalence with different endpoints (in vitro model, animal model) or (iv) clinical study. An uncritical substitution of herbal drug preparations without considering these scientific criteria should be avoided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived stress in adults: prevalence and association of depression, anxiety and medication in a Swedish population
Authors: Bergdahl Jan , Bergdahl Maud
Published: December 2002

The objectives were to measure the prevalence of perceived stress in adults and to evaluate gender and age differences in stress level. Association between perceived stress and depression, anxiety and medication was also studied. A total of 1275 subjects (581 men and 694 women) were randomly selected in equal age groups. Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). Two PSQ cut‐off scores, moderate and high stress level, were yielded by using mean score and standard deviation. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety with the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The intake of medications was registered and classified. The prevalence of moderate stress was estimated to be 10.0 per cent, lowest in the 60–69‐year and highest in the 40–44‐year age group. Women of 30–34 years had a higher frequency of moderate stress (11.1 per cent) than men in the same age group (5.9 per cent). The prevalence of high stress was 4.0 per cent, higher in women (5.5 per cent) than in men (2.2 per cent). Women in the age groups 30–34 years (12.7 per cent) and 35–39 years (8.1 per cent) reported a greater proportion of high stress than the men (0 per cent for both age groups). Low and moderate stress were associated with STAI and high stress with the BDI. The BDI attitudes self‐punitive wishes, sleep disturbances and loss of appetite were associated with high stress. High stress was associated with psychotropic drugs. Antidepressants comprised the majority of psychotropic drugs used. It was concluded that women in the 30 to 39‐year age group are exposed to high stress and are therefore a vulnerable group. Anxiety is more important in moderate stress levels and depression in high stress levels. Clinicians should be aware of the suicidal risk associated with high stress levels. It seems that psychotropic drugs alone are not sufficient to reduce stress levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress management for mental health professionals: a review of effective techniques
Authors: Edwards Deborah , Hannigan Ben , Fothergill Anne , Burnard Philip
Published: December 2002

This paper presents the findings of a systematic review of the current evidence for the effectiveness of stress management interventions for those working in the mental health field. Research articles from 1966 to 2000 which reported studies undertaken in the United Kingdom and which specifically identified participants as mental health workers were included in the review. Studies from other European countries and from the USA were examined as potential models of good practice. The review demonstrated that a great deal is known about the sources of stress at work, about how to measure them and about their interaction and impact on a range of outcome indicators. What was found to be lacking was a translation of these results into practice, into research that assessed the impact of interventions that attempted to moderate, minimize or eliminate some of these stressors. Three papers were retrieved which reported intervention strategies for workers classified as working within the mental health arena. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is performance driven by industry‐or firm‐specific factors? A new look at the evidence
Authors: Hawawini Gabriel , Subramanian Venkat , Verdin Paul
Published: December 2002

In this study we revisit the question of whether firms' performance is driven primarily by industry or firm factors, extending past studies in two major ways. Firstly, in a departure from past research, we use value‐based measures of performance (economic profit or residual income and market‐to‐book value) instead of accounting ratios (such as return on assets). We also use a new data set and a different statistical approach for testing the significance of the independent effects. Secondly, we examine whether the findings of past research can be generalized across all firms in an industry or whether they apply to a particular class of firms within the same industry. We find that a significant proportion of the absolute estimates of the variance of firm factors is due to the presence of a few exceptional firms in any given industry. In other words, only for a few dominant value creators (leaders) and destroyers (losers) do firm‐specific assets seem to matter significantly more than industry factors. For most other firms, i.e., for those that are not notable leaders or losers in their industry, however, the industry effect turns out to be more important for performance than firm‐specific factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failed takeover attempts, corporate governance and refocusing
Authors: Chatterjee Sayan , Harrison Jeffrey S. , Bergh Donald D.
Published: December 2002

Hostile takeover attempts oftentimes signal that a target firm has an over‐diversified and ineffective corporate strategy. What does this signal mean when takeover attempts fail? Drawing from agency theory, we argue that target firms managed by independent directory boards are likely to ignore the takeover attempt and not refocus their firms' strategy. Conversely, target firms managed by nonindependent boards are more likely to view the failed takeover attempt as a ‘wake‐up call’ and will refocus their firms' strategy so as to preserve the firm's survival. These arguments are tested using a sample of 76 firms that were targets of failed hostile takeover attempts. Logistic regression analyses confirm the predictions. This study suggests that in the aftermath of a failed takeover attempt board of director characteristics can help predict changes in corporate strategies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic determinants of decisions not to settle patent litigation
Authors: Somaya Deepak
Published: December 2002

Settlement outcomes in patent litigation are modeled as resulting from strategies pursued by firms with their patented technologies. Hypotheses are derived for two types of influences: the use of patents as isolating mechanisms to protect valuable strategic stakes, and their ‘defensive’ role in obtaining access to external technologies through mutual hold‐up. Parameter estimates from a sample selection probit model provide support for the strategic stakes hypotheses, while the evidence for mutual hold‐up is inconclusive. Interindustry comparisons show that nonsettlement of patent suits in both research medicines and computers is increased by strategic stakes and, in addition, mutual hold‐up appears to play an important role in computer patent suits. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
D1 dopamine receptors in the mouse prefrontal cortex: Immunocytochemical and cognitive neuropharmacological analyses
Authors: Lidow Michael S. , Koh Phil‐Ok , Arnsten Amy F.T.
Published: December 2002

Dopamine D1 receptors have critical neuromodulatory influences on the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region affected in many neuropsychiatric disorders. When D1 receptor agents are administered to rats or monkeys performing working memory tasks, an “inverted U” dose/response function is typically observed, whereby either too little or too much D1 receptor stimulation impairs working memory. There are two subtypes of D1 receptors, the D1A and the D1B (also known as the D1 and D5, respectively), but the relative contributions of these subtypes to prefrontal cortical function are not known, as there are no pharmacological agents that can distinguish between these receptors. Thus, genetically altered mice are needed to address this question. However, it is not known whether the mouse prefrontal cortex contains both D1A and D1B receptor subtypes, nor is it known whether mice will exhibit responses to D1 receptor agonists similar to those seen in rats and monkeys. The current study examined these issues by immunostaining the mouse brain with specific antibodies directed at the D1A and D1B receptor subtypes and by assessing the effects of increasing doses of a D1 receptor agonist, SKF81297, on spatial working memory performance in mice. Results indicate that mice are generally similar to monkeys and rats, expressing both D1A and D1B receptors in the prefrontal cortex and exhibiting an inverted “U” dose/response curve when administered SKF81297. Synapse 47:101–108, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[11C]‐DASB, a tool for in vivo measurement of SSRI‐induced occupancy of the serotonin transporter: PET characterization and evaluation in cats
Authors: Ginovart Nathalie , Wilson Alan A. , Meyer Jeffrey H. , Hussey Doug , Houle Sylvain
Published: December 2002

The in vivo pharmacological profile of [11C]‐DASB, a new radioligand developed for in vivo imaging of the serotonin transporter (SERT), was evaluated in the cat brain using positron emission tomography (PET). The in vivo distribution of [11C]‐DASB binding was consistent with the known distribution of SERT sites in the cat brain in vitro with high uptakes of radioactivity in the midbrain and thalamus, intermediate levels in striatum, and modest to low levels of radioactivity in the neocortex and cerebellum, respectively. [11C]‐DASB binding potential (BP) values ranged from about 0.2 in the neocortex to 2.2 in the midbrain. Radioligand binding in all brain regions except cerebellum was markedly reduced following pretreatment with fluoxetine and citalopram, but was unaffected by pretreatment with GBR12909, maprotiline, and haloperidol, indicating specificity of [11C]‐DASB binding to the SERT. Two cats were each examined using PET and [11C]‐DASB in a longitudinal fashion (from 30 min and up to 24 days) following a single i.v. dose of: 1) fluoxetine, and 2) citalopram at different dosages. Both drugs induced similar degrees of SERT occupancy at 30 min postinjection (∼90%). A comparison of citalopram and fluoxetine pharmacokinetics in the same animal and at the same dosage (1 mg/kg) showed that citalopram SERT occupancy and plasma half‐lives were 9 times and 14 times shorter, respectively, than those of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. In addition, studies performed after injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine suggested that high levels of synaptic serotonin may compete with [11C]‐DASB for binding on the SERT. These studies indicate that [11C]‐DASB is a suitable PET radioligand for measuring drug occupancy of the SERT in vivo and has potential for monitoring in vivo changes in serotonin levels. Synapse 47:123–133, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term intravaginal maximal electrical stimulation for refractive detrusor instability
Authors: Yalcin O.T. , Hassa H. , Sarac I.
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of intravaginal maximal electrical stimulation for the treatment of refractive detrusor instability. Methods: Thirty‐five consecutive patients, treated by maximal electrical stimulation for pure refractive detrusor instability were evaluated subjectively by patient's questionnaires and 24‐h urinary diary and objectively by 1‐h standardized pad test and subtracted cystometry before and 1 week after the treatment. Paired‐t and χ2‐tests were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: Thirty‐one (88.6%) of the 35 patients were found to be either cured or improved, subjectively. The overall objective success rates based on the 1‐h pad test and subtracted cystometry were 80.0% and 74.3%, respectively. The results of all subjective and objective assessment tests, except postvoiding residual urine volume, improved significantly after the treatment (P<0.01). No significant adverse effect related to the treatment was observed, except vaginal irritation noted only by 5 (14.3%) patients. Conclusion: Maximal electrical stimulation could offer a safe, non‐invasive and effective treatment for patients with detrusor instability who respond poorly to other conservative therapies.
F3/contactin, a neuronal cell adhesion molecule implicated in axogenesis and myelination
Authors: Falk Julien , Bonnon Carine , Girault Jean‐Antoine , Faivre‐Sarrailh Catherine
Published: December 2002

A general feature of the cell adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin family (Ig‐CAMs) is to display a modular structure that provides a framework for multiple binding sites for other recognition molecules. Among this family, F3/contactin is a glycan phosphatidyl‐inositol (GPI)‐anchored molecule expressed by neurons that displays the distinctiveness to exert heterophilic but no homophilic binding activities. The Ig domains of F3/contactin were shown to interact with the L1 family of Ig‐CAMs, including L1, NrCAM, and neurofascin. Binding between F3/contactin and NrCAM is known to modulate axonal elongation of the cerebellar granule cells and to control sensory axon guidance. F3/contactin mediates neuron—glial contacts through its association with extracellular matrix components (tenascin‐R, tenascin‐C) and RPTPβ/phosphacan, influencing axonal growth and fasciculation. Another major role of F3/contactin is to organize axonal subdomains at the node of Ranvier of myelinated fibers in interplay with other Ig‐CAMs, through its binding with caspr/paranodin at paranodes and the voltage‐gated sodium channels in the nodal region. The F3/contactin deficient mice display a severe ataxia correlated with defects in axonal and dendritic projections in the cerebellum. These mice also display defects in nerve influx conduction due to the disruption of the axo‐glial contacts at paranodes. Finally, the recent identification of a Drosophila homologue of F3/contactin indicated that this family of GPI‐anchored CAMs plays a conserved function in axonal insulation.
Expression of slow skeletal myosin heavy chain 2 gene in Purkinje fiber cells in chick heart
Authors: Machida Shuichi , Noda Setsuko , Takao Atsuyoshi , Nakazawa Makoto , Matsuoka Rumiko
Published: December 2002

In avian, there are three slow skeletal myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, slow skeletal MHC 1, 2, and 3. While slow skeletal MHC 3 has been characterized, slow skeletal MHC 1 and 2 are not yet fully studied. To determine the complete sequence of slow skeletal MHC 2, we isolated six overlapping cDNA clones, each encoding a portion of chick slow skeletal MHC 2, using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The entire slow skeletal MHC 2 cDNA consisted of 5927 nucleotides including a 104 bp 3’‐untranslated region and encoded 1941 amino acids. Using one of the cDNA clones, we made a probe for in situ hybridization. We also used immunohistochemistry to localize slow skeletal MHC 2 in skeletal and cardiac tissues. These studies showed that in addition to its expected expression in the adult chicken slow skeletal muscle, slow skeletal MHC 2 was expressed in the subendocardial cluster of cells and around the blood vessels within the ventricle of late embryos and adults. This isoform was not expressed in the myocardium throughout the life of the chicken. Based on morphological criteria as well as rich desmin expression, we concluded that the subendocardial cluster of cells were Purkinje cells. Although the physiological significance of the slow skeletal MHC expression remains elusive at this time, this MHC isoform may be used as a specific marker for Purkinje cells.
Arachidonic acid cytotoxicity in leukocytes: implications of oxidative stress and eicosanoid synthesis
Authors: Pompeia Celine , Freitas Jofre J.S , Kim Jung S. , Zyngier Szulim B. , Curi Rui
Published: December 2002

Arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced cytotoxicity was evaluated in leukocytes: the human leukemia cell lines HL‐60, Jurkat and Raji and in rat lymphocytes. Such cytotoxicity was dose‐ and time‐dependent. At concentrations below 5 μM, AA was not toxic; at 10–400 μM, AA induced apoptosis and at concentrations beyond 400 μM, necrosis. The minimum exposure time to trigger cell death was of around 1 h, but the effect was increased by longer exposure times until 6–24 h. Apoptosis was morphologically characterized by a decrease in cell and nuclear volume, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation and the presence of lipid bodies, without changes in organelle integrity. Biochemically, AA‐induced apoptosis was associated with internucleosomal fragmentation and caspase activation, evaluated by PARP cleavage and the use of a caspase inhibitor. Necrosis was characterized by increased cell volume, presence of loose chromatin, appearance of vacuoles, loss of membrane integrity and of the definition of organelles. The apoptotic effect of AA was studied as to oxidative—reductive imbalance and the participation of eicosanoids. Apoptotic AA treatment was accompanied by an increase in the quantity of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), low‐level chemiluminescence and in the glutathione disulfide/reduced glutathione ratio, indicating oxidative stress. The addition of tocopherol, ascorbate, prostaglandin E2 and lipoxygenase inhibitors delayed cell death, whereas the inhibition of cyclooxygenase promoted AA‐induced cell death. Cell treatment with AA was accompanied by increased cellular production of LTB4. AA, therefore, is cytotoxic at physiological and supraphysiological concentrations, causing apoptosis and necrosis. Cell treatment with apoptotic concentrations of AA involves oxidative stress and changes in eicosanoid biosynthesis.
The relationship between predisposing factors, premorbid function and symptom dimensions in psychosis: an integrated approach
Authors: Guerra Almudena , Fearon Paul , Sham Pak , Jones Peter , Lewis Shon , Mata Ignacio , Murray Robin
Published: December 2002

Background.

Increasing evidence suggests psychosis may be more meaningfully viewed in dimensional terms rather than as discrete categorical states and that specific symptom clusters may be identified. If so, particular risk factors and premorbid factors may predict these symptom clusters.

Aims.

(i) To explore, using principal component analysis, whether specific factors for psychotic symptoms can be isolated. (ii) To establish the predictors of the different symptom factors using multiple regression techniques.

Method.

One hundred and eighty-nine inpatients with psychotic illness were recruited and information on family history, premorbid factors and current symptoms obtained from them and their mothers.

Results.

Seven distinct symptom components were identified. Regression analysis failed to identify any developmental predictors of depression or mania. Delusions/hallucinations were predicted by a family history of schizophrenia and by poor school functioning in spite of normal premorbid IQ (F = 6.5; P < 0.001); negative symptoms by early onset of illness, developmental delay and a family history of psychosis (F = 4.1; P = 0.04). Interestingly disorganisation was predicted by the combination of family history of bipolar disorder and low premorbid IQ (F = 4.9; P = 0.003), and paranoia by obstetric complications (OCs) and poor school functioning (F = 4.2; P = 0.01).

Conclusion.

Delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms and paranoia all appeared to have a developmental origin though they were associated with different childhood problems. On the other hand, neither mania nor depression was associated with childhood dysfunction. Our most striking finding was that disorganisation appeared to arise when a familial predisposition to mania was compounded by low premorbid IQ.
The Impact of Inflation on ROE, Growth and Stock Prices
Authors: Reilly Frank K.
Published: December 2002

Using the constant growth dividend discount model (DDM), it can be shown that the critical factor which determines whether common stocks will be able to be an inflation hedge is the growth rate of dividends. In turn, the growth of dividends is mainly impacted by the aggregate return on equity (ROE). Using the DuPont formula, it is clear that the main variable that drives the aggregate ROE in an inflationary environment is the profit margin.

Following from this background, this article updates and extends an earlier analysis that involves an analysis ofROE and its componentsfor the 40-yearperiod 1956-1995. The analysis demonstrates that the aggregate ROE is currently at about the same level as in the 1960's, but the components have changed, that is, there has been a decline in total asset turnover and profit margin, but a significant increase in financial leverage that has compensated for the declines in turnover and profit margin. It is further shown that there have been periods of high and low inflation since 1956, and the negative impact of inflation of the implied growth rate is confirmed, which helps explain why investigators find consistent empirical results that common stocks are poor inflation hedges.
Financial Planning and College Saving Recommendations
Authors: Eyssell Thomas H.
Published: December 2002

Continuing increases in the cost of higher education, along with an ever-changing financial aid environment, suggest that financial planning is more important than ever for those seeking to send a child to college.One commonly used aid to thefinancial planner is the "college savings table, " which is ubiquitous in both thepopularpress, as well as the literature geared towardfinancial planners. Although they are intended to simplify the planning process, some of these tables may lead to misallocation of family resources. The tables generally purport to show how much money parents must save monthly tofund four years of college at a specifiedfuture date. We demonstrate that these tables often employflawed methodology. Upon correction (and given reasonable assumptions about investor behavior, growth rates in tuition costs, and investment yields), the monthly savings necessary tofund a given level of college expenses can be substantially less than those reported. Additionally, published tables typically provide the planner with a limited range of investment yield assumptions, suggesting a narrow range of porrfolio possibilities. We provide a series of tables which allow the financial planner to estimate required savings for various combinations of investment yields and tuition growth rates.
The Merrill Lynch Web Site (www.ml.com)
Authors: Kahl Douglas
Published: December 2002

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Erratum
Authors: Lahey Karen Eilers
Published: December 2002

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Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling and systolic function in elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Palazzuoli A. , Bruni F. , Puccetti L. , Pastorelli M. , Angori P. , Pasqui A.L. , Auteri A.
Published: December 2002

Background:

Recent studies have shown that carvedilol therapy in patients with heart failure improves clinical outcome and survival, however, the effects of such treatment on left cardiac morphology and function in elderly patients with severe heart failure has not been widely studied.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of carvedilol at short‐ and long‐term on left ventricular size and performance with mono‐ and two‐dimensional echocardiography, in subjects with dilated cardiomyopathy, NYHA III functional class, low LV ejection fraction (EF<35%) and mean age of >70 years.

Methods:

We studied 48 patients, previously randomized to treatment with either carvedilol or placebo, and we performed echocardiographic evaluation at the start, and after 3 and 12 months. Left ventricular diameters, LV mass and fractional shortening were calculated by Deveraux formula; left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction were measured by area–length formula; pulmonary pressure was calculated by tricuspid reflow.

Results:

After 3 months, only LV end‐diastolic diameter was lower in the carvedilol group compared to the placebo group. Nevertheless, after 12 months, patients on carvedilol treatment showed a LV geometric and functional improvement compared to placebo. We found significant differences in: diastolic (P<0.01) and systolic diameters (P<0.001); on LV mass (P<0.002); on LV systolic volume (P<0.03); and on LV ejection fraction (P<0.01). Pulmonary pressure was also reduced in beta‐blocker subjects (P<0.001).

Conclusions:

Carvedilol therapy for 12 months reduced LV diameters and volumes. Thus, improving cardiac remodeling and LV systolic function in elderly patients with severe heart failure. Several months of therapy are required for these favorable effects to occur, as these changes do not occur in the short term.
Heart failure in primary care: qualitative study of current management and perceived obstacles to evidence‐based diagnosis and management by general practitioners
Authors: Khunti Kamlesh , Hearnshaw Hilary , Baker Richard , Grimshaw Gill
Published: December 2002

Background:

Chronic heart failure is a common clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Despite the evidence that appropriate treatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors can improve morbidity, primary care studies show that patients with heart failure are incorrectly diagnosed and inadequately treated.

Aim:

To explore general practitioners' accounts of their management of patients with heart failure and identify the perceived obstacles to diagnosis and management.

Methods:

We conducted this qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews in 18 general practices. The practices were stratified on the basis of size, location, and the level of practice development. The interviews were based on a schedule of open questions based on the literature on diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure. Transcriptions of the audiotaped interviews were independently analysed by two researchers and analysis was based on open coding using a constant comparative approach. Categories were reduced to major themes.

Results:

General practitioners suspect heart failure when patients present with breathlessness or ankle oedema. Many general practitioners reported that they would diagnose heart failure after respiratory examination and a positive finding of basal crepitations. Many general practitioners arrange a chest X‐ray to establish the diagnosis and some arrange an electrocardiogram. A few general practitioners mentioned that they diagnosed heart failure with a trial of diuretics. Obstacles to diagnosis were mentioned by most general practitioners and included lack of facilities for appropriate investigations (especially echocardiography) and lack of time and expertise. Obstacles to management included lack of time, high cost of drugs, difficulty with diagnosis, selection bias towards younger patients and not having the confidence to initiate angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Many general practitioners were unaware of the impact angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors can have on morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

Although symptoms of heart failure are not sufficiently specific for diagnosing patients with heart failure, many general practitioners in European countries treat people with suspected heart failure on the basis of symptoms and signs alone. This study has identified many obstacles to the diagnosis and management of heart failure that may explain why patients are inadequately managed in primary care. Specific implementation strategies need to be tailored to overcome these obstacles.
Effects of the calcineurin dependent signaling pathway inhibition by cyclosporin A on early and late cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction
Authors: Youn Tae‐jin , Piao Hainan , Kwon Jin‐sook , Choi So‐young , Kim Hyung‐sam , Park Dae‐gyun , Kim Dong‐woon , Kim Young‐gyu , Cho Myeong‐chan
Published: December 2002

Background:

The calcineurin‐mediated signaling pathway has been implicated as one of the crucial pathways in cardiac hypertrophy. However, the role of calcineurin pathway on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) has not been well defined.

Methods:

Infarcted rats (n=45) were randomized into calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA) or vehicle groups, 3 days after MI and treated for 2 weeks (early post‐MI cardiac remodeling stage), or randomized 17 days after MI and treated for 2 weeks (late remodeling stage).

Results:

Calcineurin pathway inhibition during the early cardiac remodeling stage attenuated the myocardial hypertrophy after MI (P<0.05). However, left ventricular dimensions were further increased and fractional shortening deteriorated with calcineurin inhibition during this stage (P<0.05, each). During late remodeling stage, CsA treatment did not affect myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dilation following MI.

Conclusion:

Our results strongly support the hypothesis that calcineurin pathway mediates compensatory myocardial hypertrophy during the early remodeling stage after MI. However, the calcineurin pathway does not seem to affect the late remodeling after MI.
Morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with chronic heart failure—a pilot study
Authors: Johnson M.J. , McDonagh T.A. , Harkness A. , McKay S.E. , Dargie H.J.
Published: December 2002

Background:

Chronic heart failure (CHF) patients can experience significant breathlessness despite maximum medication for their heart failure. Morphine has long been used to relieve symptoms in acute failure, but there is little evidence about this potentially useful palliative therapy in CHF.

Aims:

To determine the efficacy of morphine for the relief of breathlessness in patients with CHF.

Method:

Ten out‐patients with NYHA III/IV CHF entered a randomised, double‐blind, placebo controlled, crossover pilot study. The active arm was 4 days of 5 mg oral morphine four times daily (2.5 mg morphine if creatinine >200 μmol/l). There were 2 days wash‐out between active and placebo arms.

Results:

6/10 patients indicated that morphine improved their breathlessness. On morphine, the median breathlessness score fell by 23 mm (P=0.022) by day 2. The improvement was maintained. Sedation scores increased until day 3 (P=0.013), reducing on day 4. Four patients developed constipation (P=0.026). On placebo, there was no significant difference in breathlessness or sedation. One patient had constipation. There were no significant differences in either arm in nausea, quality of life scores, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, or catecholamines. Brain natriuretic peptide fell in both arms; significantly in the morphine arm.

Conclusion:

Morphine relieves breathlessness due to CHF. A larger study is indicated.