bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of strophanthidin on electrolyte excretion in the chicken
Authors: Orloff Jack , Burg Maurice
Published: December 2017

Strophanthidin, a cardiac aglycone, interferes with Na+, K+ and H+ ion transport by the renal tubule cells of the chicken. Injection of 250–500 µg/min. of the aglycone into the renal-portal circulation results in a predominantly unilateral increase in Na+ excretion and alkalinization of the urine. K+ excretion diminishes if initially elevated by prior administration of KCl or K2SO4. The concordant changes in K+ and H+ ion secretion associated with depressed reabsorption of Na+ are in contrast to reciprocal alterations in K+ and H+ ion transport observed with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The data have been interpreted as indicating that the aglycone inhibits a contraluminal Na+, K+ exchange pump (analogous to that in other tissues) and that the urinary changes are secondary to this and not a consequence of a primary reduction in the capacity of a linked Na+, K+, H+ ion exchanger on the luminal border.
Rates of acetate turnover and lipid synthesis in normal, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats
Authors: Dayton Seymour , Dayton Joan , Drimmer Fred , Kendall Forrest E.
Published: December 2017

Sodium acetate-1-C14 was administered to anesthetized rats by continuous intravenous infusion, with simultaneous administration of d,l-α-amino-γ-phenylbutyric acid. Radioactivity measurements were made of respiratory CO2, cholesterol, fatty acids and urinary acetylamino acid. From the radioactivity data, calculations were made of rates of acetate turnover and of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids from acetate. Data on these metabolic functions are given for normal rats on a stock diet and for animals on a lipid-free ration. Similar experiments were carried out in rats fed thyroid powder and thiouracil. The rate of acetate turnover, and rates of synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids from acetate, were found to be directly proportional to the basal oxygen consumption rates of the animals. The altered rates of lipid synthesis from acetate resulted, in the main, from absolute changes in rates of the reactions involved, and only to a small extent from shifts in the relative magnitudes of different pathways of acetate metabolism.
Renal tubular secretion of uric acid in the mongrel dog
Authors: Lathem Willoughby , Davis Bernard B. , Rodnan Gerald P.
Published: December 2017

Renal tubular secretion of uric acid was demonstrated in mongrel dogs receiving sodium urate intravenously when an osmotic diuresis was induced by the administration of mannitol. Under these conditions the excretion of urate was greatly augmented and in the majority of experiments the renal clearance of urate exceeded the clearance of creatinine. The high rate of excretion was attributed to a combination of tubular secretion and reduced urate reabsorption, the latter resulting from osmotic diuresis. The administration of probenecid at the height of diuresis tended to reduce the clearance of urate, suggesting that this drug may inhibit tubular secretion of urate. A study of the effect of urinary pH on uric acid excretion indicated that this acid is not excreted by nonionic diffusion.
Competitive inhibition of renal transport of p-aminohippurate by other mono-substituted hippurates
Authors: Essig Alvin , Taggart John V.
Published: December 2017

Competitive inhibition of PAH transport by hippurate substituted in the ortho-, meta-, or para-position by a methyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, or nitro group has been studied with slices of rabbit kidney cortex. Meta-substituted hippurates are better inhibitors of PAH transport than are the corresponding para-substituted hippurates, which, in turn, are generally better inhibitors than the corresponding ortho-compounds. Within the meta- and para-series inhibitory effectiveness was directly related to the weight or bulk of the substituent group. An inverse relation was noted between the rate of transport and the capacity to inhibit PAH transport. No correlation was noted between inhibitory effectiveness and alteration of electron distribution on the benzene ring.
Temperature coefficients of cochlear potentials
Authors: Butler Robert A. , Konishi Teruzo , Fernández César
Published: December 2017

Guinea pigs were subjected to hypothermia; cochlear potentials and cochlear temperatures were measured. The cochlear microphonic and endocochlear potential decreased during cooling. The mean Q10 of the cochlear microphonic potential was 1.58. Q10's of the endocochlear potential were with one exception, appreciably lower, ranging from 1.14 to 1.26. The summating potential almost always increased when temperature was lowered and frequently showed considerable variability within the same animal. Input-output functions were obtained at different stages of hypothermia. The form of these functions remained approximately the same for the cochlear microphonic and summating potentials. On the other hand, the form of the input-output function of the nerve response was markedly altered by cooling.
Distribution equilibria of sulfate in vitro between red blood cells and plasma
Authors: Richmond Jonas E. , Hastings A. Baird
Published: December 2017

Rabbit and dog blood was incubated in vitro in various gas mixtures with carrier-free Na2S35O4. The pH and the ratio of distribution of sulfate ion between red blood cells and plasma were determined. These ratios are pH dependent. The curve for these distribution ratios as a function of pH is lower than, but parallel to the curve of the square of the blood chloride ratios. This suggests that although the Gibbs-Donnan Law describes the change in sulfate ion distribution ration with changes in pH, there is significant binding of sulfate by plasma constituents. The rate constant for the penetration of radiosulfate into red blood cells incubated in vitro was found to be K = 0.045 ± 0.02/min. at pH 7.35 ± 0.05. The rate constant for the efflux of radiosulfate from Na2S35O4-labeled red blood cells into plasma was K = 0.06 ± 0.015/min. at pH 7.35 ± 0.05.
Some simple geometric and mechanical characteristics of mammalian blood vessels
Authors: Evans Robert L. , Pelley John W. , Quenemoen Lowell
Published: December 2017

Cross sections, relative thicknesses, longitudinal and circumferential distensibilities and propagation velocities of main arteries of dogs, cats and rabbits were measured in vivo and shortly after excision. A few measurements of main veins and pulmonary arteries were also made in the dog and indicated that the three types of vessels have comparable moduli of elasticity in distention. With a few exceptions, the main arterial cross sections are commensurate with the corresponding flows (as shown by Levy and Blalock's measurements, for example) and have marked tapers in only a few regions (which include the proximal descending aorta, the celiac axis and the iliac bifurcation). Comparable measurements were obtained in vivo and soon after excision, and both showed wide individual variations among the genetically mongrel population.
Changes in fibrinogen level after infusion of thrombin and thromboplastin
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , Milojevic Susan
Published: December 2017

Dogs, rabbits and rats were infused with dilute solutions of thrombin or thromboplastin. Changes in fibrinogen levels were estimated by two methods. One method measured precipitable fibrinogen and the other measured changes in coagulability. In rabbits an infusion rate of 2–3 u of topical thrombin per minute was well tolerated. Significant decreases in fibrinogen were observed with as little as 100 u of thrombin. In dogs 5 u/min. was tolerated and 200 u were required to show significant change in fibrinogen level. Complete defibrination was achieved in both species with larger total doses. Rats were refractory to topical thrombin administered in this way. They tolerated a rate of infusion equal to that of the rabbit and showed only slight changes in fibrinogen with 100 u of thrombin. Thromboplastin was often more effective in decreasing fibrinogen levels in the rat but was quite variable in its action. In all three species the fibrinogen level was significantly elevated 24 hours after an infusion. Saline was as effective as thrombin or thromboplastin in this regard.
Approach-avoidance dissociations in rat brain
Authors: Olds James
Published: December 2017

Two electrode pairs were implanted in each rat, one in dorso-medial tegmentum or medial hypothalamus and one in lateral hypothalamus. Four sequential tests were repeatedly administered in a two-pedal Skinner box: hypothalamic self-stimulation, tegmental self-stimulation, hypothalamic escape, and tegmental escape. Results indicate that with electrodes in medial forebrain bundle regions of hypothalamus, there is self-stimulation but no escape; with electrodes in dorso-medial tegmentum, there is escape but no self-stimulation. In both cases, this holds for all suprathreshold stimulus levels. With electrodes placed more medially in hypothalamus, or lower in tegmentum, the same electrode may yield both self-stimulation and escape depending on the nature of the test.
Relation of dietary cholesterol and fat to atheromatosis in laying and nonlaying hens
Authors: Ivy A. C. , Setty C. S. N. , Suzuki R.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-four female chicks received a diet containing 0.05% cholesterol, 3% fat and 22% protein for 6 months. Then, 12 of them, 6 good layers and 6 non- or poor layers, received a diet containing 0.03% cholesterol, 2.4% fat and 14.25% protein for 52 weeks. The other 12 received a diet containing 0.08% cholesterol, 7% fat (6.5 gm/100 gm of diet being beef tallow, m.p. 42°C) and 17.44% protein, the relative energy values being 774 and 1001 calories, respectively. These diets were fed 12 months, at the end of which period the chickens were 18 months of age. In the 12 hens on the ‘low-fat, low-cholesterol’ diet, the incidence and severity of atheromatosis was 25% and 5%, respectively; in the 12 on the ‘high-fat’ diet it was 75% and 25%, respectively. There was no difference in the incidence and severity of atheromatosis between the ‘layers’ and ‘nonlayers.’ Since egg laying is associated with a marked hyperlipemia and not a hypercholesterolemia, these results show also that a hyperlipemia alone though present for almost one year does not increase the rate of accumulation of cholesterol in the arteries of hens.
Oxidation of citrate by mitochondria from guinea pig heart, liver and kidney
Authors: Gertler Menard M. , Mancini Dino
Published: December 2017

There is no unanimity concerning the ability of mitochondrial systems from heart, liver and kidney to oxidize citrate. This disparity stems partly from lack of uniformity in the choice of species and partly from the mode of tissue preparation. The present results have been obtained with mitochondria prepared from guinea pig heart, liver and kidney. The QNOO2 for citrate at 2 mm ATP level is highest in kidney, 590, followed by liver, 417 and heart, 255. Kidney and liver oxidations are accompanied by phosphorylations while oxidation of citrate in the cardiac preparations are unaccompanied by any phosphorylation. Further differences are manifested by lowering ATP level in the medium to 0.33 mm. There is a decrease in the QNOO2 in liver and kidney with no change in phosphorylation ability, while the QNOO2 in the heart is increased by 25%. Greatest changes are those observed by addition of DPN and TPN which inordinately increase QNOO2 in the heart muscle, particularly at lower levels of ATP. Addition of CoA has virtually no effect on the QNOO2 or P/O ratios in any of the tissue preparations.
Stimulation of taurocholic acid synthesis and biliary excretion of lipids
Authors: Kay Robert E. , Entenman Cecil
Published: December 2017

The rates of excretion of taurocholic acid and lipids in the bile of the isolated perfused liver and the bile fistula rat were determined. In the bile fistula rats, there was, during the first 12 hours after cannulation, a fall in the excretion of taurocholic acid, which was then followed by an increase in the rate of excretion. The excretion of free cholesterol and phospholipids followed the same excretion pattern as for taurocholic acid, whereas the biliary excretion of glycerides and cholesterol esters was nearly constant. Livers perfused immediately after cannulation of the bile duct excreted only very small amounts of bile acids and lipids in the bile. On the other hand, when livers were perfused 48 hours after cannulation, the bile acids were excreted at a greatly accelerated rate and increased amounts of free cholesterol and phospholipids appeared in the bile. The infusion of cholic acid into a liver, perfused immediately after cannulation of the bile duct, gave rise to an increased biliary excretion of bile acids, free cholesterol and phospholipids.
Renal conversion of fructose to glucose
Authors: Salomon Lothar L. , Lanza Frank L. , Smith David E.
Published: December 2017

Aspects of renal metabolism of fructose have been studied in rats without interference from the liver but without hypoglycemia. Data were obtained which suggest that added renal venous glucose found after injection of fructose arose nearly quantitatively from fructose. The decrease in concentration of fructose or increase of glucose on passage of blood through the kidney permitted calculation of a clearance value closely similar to the inulin/Diodrast clearance fraction of rats, suggesting that conversion of fructose to glucose may be a process connected with tubular transport. Randomization of radioactivity during conversion of fructose-6-C14 led to appreciable accumulation of label in C-1 of renal venous glucose. This was analogous to events during intestinal transport of fructose in guinea pigs, which had been shown to be caused by intermediate scission into three carbon units. A similar mechanism thus may operate in renal tissue of rats. Glomerular filtration seemed to persist after ureteral ligation, tending to explain persistence of conversion of fructose to glucose at a reduced level. No appreciable net contribution of glucose to blood by the kidney was found when no injections were given or when saline alone was administered.
Prothrombin activation with trypsin as enzyme
Authors: Landaburu Ricardo H. , Barnhart Marion I. , Seegers Walter H.
Published: December 2017

Prothrombin activation with trypsin only involves a random type of proteolysis in which the thrombin yield is small. In the presence of glycerol or certain lipids of interest in blood coagulation and classified as procoagulants, proteolysis of prothrombin with trypsin is made more specific and the thrombin yield is high. The effectiveness of lipids in functioning synergistically with trypsin is, in general, like their procoagulant effect with thrombin. Thus, the clotting factors are seen as catalysts in a proteolytic process, regardless of whether thrombin or trypsin is the enzyme. Trypsin-thrombin was isolated by chromatography on cellulose. Its sedimentation constant in Svedberg units was found to be approximately the same as for other thrombin preparations. Both terminal amino acids were found to be arginine. Most likely trypsin splits a lysine-arginine bond in prothrombin, and also a bond where arginine is attached to an amino group of another amino acid. Acetylated prothrombin was not found to be activated with trypsin. Under appropriate conditions the activation of prothrombin in the presence of trypsin is a zero order reaction.
Hemodynamics of circle of Willis in the dog
Authors: Ayala Giovanni , Himwich Williamina A.
Published: December 2017

Blood pressure changes due to the progressive closing of each of the carotid and each of the vertebral arteries were studied at various arterial levels, including femoral and one lingual, both linguals, and lingual and branch of the middle cerebral artery. The changes in lingual artery pressure were closely related to changes in systemic pressure, especially with regard to the degree of recovery which followed the initial drop in pressure caused by clamping one or more of the main arteries to the brain. The anastomotic nature of the circle of Willis was demonstrated in animals in which the posterior communicating artery or the basilar artery had been clipped. Under these experimental conditions, clipping of the basilar artery removed all functional connections between the carotid and vertebral circulations. Qualitatively, the lingual artery pressure appeared to be a good reflection of pressure in an arterial branch in the cerebral cortex. Quantitatively, the cortical pressure remained significantly higher than the lingual pressure until the last main artery to the brain was closed.
Radioactive oxygen 15 in study of kinetics of oxygen of respiration
Authors: Ter-Pogossian Michel , Spratt John S. , Rudman Sanford , Spencer Andrew
Published: December 2017

Among the major components of living matter, oxygen is the only one which has not, heretofore, been extensively traced by means of radioactive techniques. A system for the production and purification of radioactive oxygen 15 has been developed. Oxygen 15 decays with a half-life of 2.25 min by the emission of positrons. The isotope is prepared by irradiation of nitrogen by means of cyclotron-accelerated deuterons. Air tagged with O15 has been applied to the study in dogs of a) the kinetics of the transfer of oxygen from pulmonary gases to blood, b) the rate of incorporation of oxygen into water during metabolism, c) the rate of exchange of plasma water with tissue water.
Free fatty acid production by rabbit lung tissue in vitro
Authors: Heinemann H. O.
Published: December 2017

Lipolytic activity of mammalian lung tissue was demonstrated in the rabbit either by incubating minced tissue samples with substrate or by perfusing the whole organ with a mixture of triglycerides in saline. The enzyme involved in the lipolytic process has the characteristics of a lipoprotein lipase. No evidence was found that plasma lipoprotein lipase activity is increased by perfusion through the lung.
Binding of anions by connective tissue: dermis and cartilage
Authors: Engel M. B. , Joseph N. R. , Laskin D. M. , Catchpole H. R.
Published: December 2017

Binding of various anions to dermis and cartilage was studied in vivo by a potentiometric method. The anions used were: fluoride, ascorbic acid, alizarin red S, the three isomeric dihydroxybenzoic acids, and succinic acid. By measuring colloidal charge in relation to pH, titration curves of connective tissue colloids were determined in normal states and in the presence of anions. Above the isoelectric point (pH 2.2–2.5) the negative charge is lowered. This was attributed to the binding of the anion, with a simultaneous uptake of protons. The magnitude of the effect depends on the nature of the anion and on the properties of the colloidal components. It is suggested that anions produced in metabolism may be bound to extracellular substances, thereby affecting the distribution of all other ions.
Lactic dehydrogenase activities of heart and skeletal muscle of exercised rats
Authors: Gollnick Philip D. , Hearn George R.
Published: December 2017

Adult male albino rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, with an approximate initial body weight of 340 g were exercised for 5 weeks on a training program consisting of swimming for one-half hour daily in water at 37 C. Pair-fed, nonexercised animals served as controls. All exercised animals gained less body weight than did their controls. The adrenals and heart ventricles of the exercised animals were enlarged, whereas the kidneys and gastrocnemii were smaller. Unit and total protein of the heart ventricles were greater for the exercised animals. Lactic dehydrogenase activities were determined in the heart ventricles and gastrocnemii. The activities were expressed in terms of unit, actual total, and relative total values. After exercise, the activities of the heart ventricles were increased, whereas those of the skeletal muscle were unchanged.
Respiratory alkalosis and hypokalemia in dogs exposed to simulated high altitude
Authors: Smith D. C. , Barry J. Q. , Gold A. J.
Published: December 2017

Exposure of restrained, unanesthetized dogs to a simulated altitude of 30,000 ft consistently resulted in respiratory alkalosis and marked hypokalemia. When alkalosis was prevented by increasing the pCO2 of inspired air during decompression, a smaller but statistically significant decrease in plasma potassium concentration still occurred. In comparison with previous studies, the hypokalemia observed in these restrained, unanesthetized dogs was greater than that found in either unrestrained or anesthetized dogs subjected to the same decompression stress. Consequently, the suggestion is made that in the unanesthetized, restrained dog, the hypokalemic response not attributable to respiratory alkalosis is of adrenal mediation and results from the "stress" of restraint plus hyperventilation, rather than to hypoxemia or the decompression stress, per se.
Hyperthermia, lactic acid infusion, and the composition of arterial blood and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Alexander S. C. , Workman R. D. , Lambertsen C. J.
Published: December 2017

The effect of an approximately 2 C rise in body temperature on arterial and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate concentration, pH, Pco2, and [HCO3–] was studied in eight artificially ventilated dogs maintained at constant end-tidal Pco2. The combined effect of hyperthermia and intravenous lactic acid infusion on CSF lactate concentration was also studied in three additional dogs. In normothermia the lactate concentration, Pco2, and [HCO3–] in the CSF were significantly higher than in arterial blood, whereas CSF pH was significantly lower than arterial pH. Rise in body temperature at constant end-tidal (and arterial) Pco2 resulted in no significant change in lactate concentration of blood or CSF, a parallel fall in arterial and CSF pH, a decrease in both arterial and CSF [HCO3–], and a rise in CSF PCO2. An intravenous lactic acid infusion had no measurable effect on CSF lactate concentration. A general entrance of lactate ion into the CSF from blood or brain does not appear to play a role in respiratory control during hyperthermia. The possibility remains that lactate enters CSF during exercise but from the brain rather than from the circulating blood. Limitations of the conventional pH scale preclude assessment of changes in hydrogen ion activity during hyperthermia.
Dependence of high serum aldolase on local circulation of injured muscle
Authors: Kitiyakara Amara , Murmanis Imants
Published: December 2017

Studies were made on the relationship between local circulatory conditions of skeletal muscles subjected to a tourniquet ischemia and serum aldolase level. It was shown that during ischemia there was a rapid loss of aldolase activity of the injured muscles without a corresponding rise of the enzyme in the serum. Removal of the tourniquet after 4 hr of ischemia was followed by a partial resumption of local circulation evidenced by the staining of the damaged muscles by bromphenol blue introduced into the general circulation. A rapid rise of serum aldolase and further loss of aldolase activity of the injured muscles were closely associated with the partial re-establishment of the local circulation. In addition, uninjured muscles of the contralateral limb underwent a secondary damage demonstrated by a temporary decrease of aldolase activity and a prolonged retention of the dye. If the ischemia was maintained for 24 hr, removal of the tourniquet failed to re-establish the local circulation, and, consequently, there was no rise in serum aldolase nor secondary damage to the uninjured muscles.
Taste sensitivity in various strains of mice
Authors: Hoshishima Keiichiro , Yokoyama Sadasuke , Seto Katsuo
Published: December 2017

The present study was designed to elucidate the differences in taste sensitivity in various strains of mice, and to study the relationship between taste sensitivity and color of the fur. Taste thresholds for four kinds of taste substance, i.e., sodium chloride, saccharine, acetic acid, and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), were measured with three black and three white strains of mice. Taste sensitivity in mice with hypofunction of the suprarenal body, thyroid gland, and liver was also studied to clarify the bearing of the functions of those organs on the sense of taste. The taste sensitivity of mice differed according to strain. A white strain (aa) showed the lowest taste thresholds for all substances tested, whereas a black strain (0–61) showed the highest. Other strains showed intermediate thresholds, the white strains showing lower ones except in the case of saccharine. Hypofunction of the suprarenal body, thyroid gland, and liver caused a rise in the taste thresholds: a) after cauterization of the suprarenal body, the threshold for acetic acid was raised, whereas those for other taste substances were unchanged; b) reduction of thyroid and hepatic functions resulted in a rise of the taste thresholds for saccharine, acetic acid, and PTC.
Excretion of ammonia injected into renal artery
Authors: Balagura Sulamita , Pitts Robert F.
Published: December 2017

Certain characteristics of the ammonia secretory mechanism in the dog have been studied by the method of Chinard. Ammonium chloride or acetate and creatinine were rapidly injected into one renal artery and a series of urine samples were collected separately from the two ureters. In acidosis, injected ammonia appears in the urine earlier than does creatinine, indicating that some fraction enters the tubule from the blood downstream from the glomerulus. The maximum rate of excretion of ammonia relative to the dose administered is usually less than that of creatinine, indicating that filtered ammonia is in part reabsorbed from the tubular urine. Finally, the excretion of ammonia is much prolonged relative to creatinine, indicating that it continues to be added to the tubular urine from cellular stores built up from both filtrate and peritubular blood. In alkalosis, the time course of excretion of creatinine is unchanged from that observed in acidosis. However, the excretion of ammonia is abolished. That which enters the tubule in the filtrate is completely reabsorbed. These data are consistent with the view that ammonia diffuses freely in both directions across the renal tubular epithelium as free base and distributes among tubular urine, tubular cells, and peritubular blood in accordance with their respective hydrogen ion concentrations.
Myocardial blood flow determined with krypton 85 in unanesthetized dogs
Authors: Herd J. A. , Hollenberg M. , Thorburn G. D. , Kopald H. H. , Barger A. C.
Published: December 2017

Serial, rapid measurements of left ventricular myocardial blood flow in trained, unanesthetized dogs have been made by injecting krypton 85 through chronically implanted coronary artery catheters and counting with an external scintillation detector. Precordial radioactivity declined as a single exponential function during the first 2 min after injection, suggesting a single rate of myocardial blood flow. Simultaneous estimations with Kr85 and blood flowmeters in acute experiments established the accuracy and reproducibility of the technique. Myocardial blood flows between 40 and 55 ml/100 g/min were observed repeatedly in three well-trained, unanesthetized dogs in the basal state.
Calcium and cardiac relaxing substance: significance for excitation and inotropy
Authors: Honig Carl R. , Stam Allan C. , Mahan Parker E.
Published: December 2017

The action of soluble cardiac relaxing substance (RS) on the Mg-stimulated actomyosin ATPase of cardiac myofibrils was studied as a function of Ca concentration. Though 2.5 x 10–6 m soluble Ca inhibits skeletal relaxing substance, between 8 x 10–6 and 1 x 10–3 m ionized Ca were without effect on cardiac relaxing substance. It is concluded that the mechanism by which cardiac RS influences ATP hydrolysis involves more than simple chelation of ionized Ca. If these experiments describe the in vivo behavior of cardiac RS it seems likely that the particulate relaxing factor functions in excitation-contraction coupling and the soluble relaxing factor solely as a control of contractile strength.
Effects of potassium and rubidium on muscle cell bicarbonate
Authors: Hudson James B. , Relman Arnold S.
Published: December 2017

A tissue CO2 content method was used to study the effects of Rb and K on skeletal muscle bicarbonate and pH in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of large loads of RbCl or KCl in normal rats produced extracellular acidosis and a transient intracellular alkalosis in muscle (and also in renal cortex). This supports previous suggestions that rapid exchange of administered cation for intracellular hydrogen occurs. In K-deficient alkalotic rats, loading with RbCl or KCl caused a greater fall in extracellular bicarbonate but a smaller rise in muscle bicarbonate. Muscle bicarbonate was unchanged by the alkalosis of K depletion or the reduction in extracellular bicarbonate resulting from chronic feeding of Rb. After the acute RbCl and KCl loads, repair of intracellular alkalosis occurred within 6 hr, associated with a transient sharp rise in tissue citrate content. It is suggested that production of citrate and other metabolic acids may play a role in stabilizing cellular acid-base balance.
Distribution of an ammonia load in the normal rat
Authors: Rosado Adolfo , Flores Gustavo , Mora Jaime , Soberón Guillermo
Published: December 2017

An intraportal load of ammonium chloride was administered to normal rats. Blood from the hepatic vein, liver, muscle, and brain was analyzed for its ammonia and glutamine content at various times after the load, to determine the distribution of the ammonia injected. The effect of the ligation of the renal pedicle, of the dose administered, of the size of the animal, and of the administration of a second dose on the rate of the ammonia disappearance from the blood, and the influence of the ligation of the hepatic pedicle on the distribution of the ammonia load were also investigated. It was observed that the muscle is highly efficient in removing ammonia from the circulation; the metabolite apparently is actively retained in this tissue. When the liver is excluded the capacity of the animal to handle the ammonia load is greatly impaired. Under this condition glutamine synthesis is depressed and the ability of muscle to fix ammonia is diminished.
Active transport of iron by intestine: effects of oral iron and pregnancy
Authors: Manis James G. , Schachter David
Published: December 2017

The active transport of iron has been studied further with everted gut sacs and loops of duodenum in the rat. The two-step absorptive mechanism appears to be one of the cellular processes which regulates iron absorption. A single dose of iron by mouth decreases both the net mucosal uptake and the net serosal transfer of iron, as studied with gut sacs in vitro. As little as 0.1 mg Fe is effective; the inhibition observed with 4.0 mg Fe persisted for approximately 17 hr. The reduction in transport appears to result, in part at least, from a direct effect of Fe on the intestine. The active transport mechanism also responds adaptively to the level of Fe in the diet. Late pregnancy increases the Fe transport, as observed with gut sacs in vitro and duodenal loops in vivo, and the effect is primarily on the serosal transfer step.
Role of induced histamine in tourniquet shock in mice
Authors: Schayer Richard W.
Published: December 2017

Development of tourniquet shock in mice is accompanied by a progressive activation of histidine decarboxylase, the enzyme which produces histamine, in traumatized tissue and in all nontraumatized tissues tested except spleen. Involvement of absorbed endotoxins appears to be unimportant. In adrenalectomized mice, maintained on saline and hydrocortisone and given adrenergic blocking agents, a mild trauma is lethal; histidine decarboxylase activation occurs. Since the only apparent major defect of these mice is reduced ability to exert catecholamine actions, excessive vasoconstriction seems to be only an ancillary factor in delayed shock, not an essential one. The present findings, along with previously published evidence relating induced histamine synthesis to microcirculatory regulation, suggest that the fundamental process leading to shock after fluid loss is activation of histamine synthesis in or near cells of the capillaries to restore an adequate supply of blood to the tissues. Since induced histamine synthesis is controlled by local conditions, opening of the capillary beds proceeds independently of the over-all circulatory picture; finally, homeostasis can no longer be maintained.
Inhibition by thiocyanate of accumulation of radioiodine by thyroid gland
Authors: Wollman Seymour H.
Published: December 2017

An investigation was made to determine whether the inhibition by thiocyanate of the thyroidal accumulation of radioiodine can be accounted for by the well-known inhibition of the iodide concentrating mechanism, or whether, in addition, there is a direct effect on the iodination process. At the lower concentrations of serum thiocyanate the decrease in the thyroidal accumulation of radioiodine was proportional to the ratio of the thyroid and serum radioiodide concentrations (T/S) and no appreciable effect on the rate of incorporation of radioiodide per unit of thyroidal radioiodide into protein-bound I131 (PBI131) was observed. At higher serum thiocyanate concentrations the fraction of the thyroid radioiodide incorporated into PBI131 per minute decreased as the uptake decreased whereas the T/S was relatively constant. However, at this higher range of concentrations no unambiguous interpretation of the effect of thiocyanate could be made because of the lack of information about the distribution of radioiodide in the internal compartments of the thyroid. A comparison was made also of the effect of thiocyanate on the T/S when the iodination process was permitted with the effect on the T/S when iodination was blocked.
Gustatory nerve responses in the chicken
Authors: Halpern Bruce P.
Published: December 2017

Multiunit neural activity was recorded from the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve of ten chickens following chemical, thermal, or mechanical stimulation of the tongue. Ferric chloride and sucrose octa-acetate (SOA) gave responses at low concentrations, while sugars were effective only at or above 0.5 m. In half the chickens, 24 C water gave large magnitude responses (exceeding all solutions), and at 38 C, responses to Ringer's solution were 0.6 of those to water. In the other chickens, 24 C water did not produce large responses, and Ringer's gave responses equal to water. Chicken taste preference behavior is discussed in relation to the neural response to ferric chloride, sucrose octa-acetate, and sugars.
Intestinal transport of certain N-substituted amino acids
Authors: Hagihira Hiroshi , Wilson T. Hastings , Lin Edmund C. C.
Published: December 2017

Sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine and betaine were transported against concentration gradients by everted sacs of hamster small intestine. These compounds shared a common transport system which differed from that which acted on most neutral l-amino acids. The N-methyl derivatives of glycine, while competing with each other, had no effect on the transport of l-valine. Furthermore, l-valine and l-methionine, which were powerful inhibitors of the transport of most other neutral l-amino acids, had little effect on the absorption of betaine. Two other N-substituted amino acids, l-proline and hydroxy-l-proline, possessed affinity for both transport systems, a greater affinity being shown for the betaine carrier than for the neutral amino acid carrier. It is postulated that the transport system for N-substituted amino acids is important for the absorption of l-proline and hydroxy-l-proline in vivo.
Urinary and biliary excretion of dyes in acidosis and alkalosis in the dog
Authors: Lew Hoon Sang , Lee Eun Cha , Lee Keun Shil , Hong Suk Ki
Published: December 2017

Excretion of various phenol red derivatives [phenol red (PSP), bromphenol blue (BPB), and bromcresol green (BCG)] was studied in anesthetized dogs in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Similar studies were also made on a phthalein dye, Bromsulphalein (BSP), for comparison. In general, the rate of urinary excretion was greatest in PSP and decreased in BPB, BSP, and BCG in that order; the rate of biliary excretion was greatest in BSP and decreased in the following order; BPB, PSP, and BCG. Although alkalosis slightly augmented the urinary excretion of phenol red derivatives, it lowered the excretion of BSP. It is postulated that this differential rate of urinary excretion of various phenol red derivatives is primarily due to the difference in the rate of tubular secretion rather than that in subsequent reabsorption. The biliary excretion of the dye was practically identical in both acidosis and alkalosis, and this was attributed to the fact that the difference in hepatic bile pH between acidosis and alkalosis was very small. However, the biliary dye excretion was proportional to the rate of bile flow. The gall bladder acidified bile to a similar extent in both acidosis and alkalosis.
Exchange and diffusion of potassium in kidney cortex slices
Authors: Foulkes E. C.
Published: December 2017

In kidney cortex slices from rats and rabbits, cell K is known to be distributed between a diffusible compartment (Kd) and a nondiffusible pool (Knd). In the cold, Knd fails to exchange with extracellular Na or K despite the high permeability of the outer cell membrane to both Na and K. The Knd compartment is freely accessible only to metabolically linked K fluxes, whereas both active and passive fluxes occur into Kd. The distribution of K between Kd and Knd is altered by ouabain, cyanide, dinitrophenol, Ca, and other agents. This effect occurs in the absence of changes in the total K content of the cells and may represent an intracellular action of the drugs. The response of Knd to alterations in pH in vitro corresponds to the influence of acidosis or K deficiency in vivo. Together with the previous finding of a functional difference between Kd and Knd in vitro, the fact that the distribution of cellular potassium between two compartments can be altered by treatment of intact animals, as well as in slices, suggests that this potassium compartmentation may possess physiological significance.
Pitressin or aldosterone effects in rats with adrenal and neurohypophyseal deficiency
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Sréter Frank A. , Nakashima Miyoshi , Friedman Constance L.
Published: December 2017

Equilibrium distribution of water, sodium, and potassium was studied in rats given Pitressin tannate or aldosterone for 2 weeks in the absence of both adrenal and neurohypophysis. Pitressin shifts water from environment into cells (gastrocnemius, aorta) and produces a loss of sodium from both compartments such that both [Na]o and [Na]i decrease. This is accompanied by a rise in [K]o and a fall in [K]i, in large part explicable in terms of the water shift. Aldosterone shifts water from cells to environment and induces a gain in sodium in both compartments such that both [Na]o and [Na]i increase. This is accompanied by a fall in [K]o and a tendency to a rise in [K]i, in large part explicable in terms of the water shift. Pitressin and aldosterone thus produce basically opposite effects on the transcellular distribution of salt and water. The adrenal-deficient state depends negatively on the absence of adrenal function and positively on unopposed but not necessarily excessive neurohypophyseal function. In contrast, diabetes insipidus requires positive unopposed adrenal function and hence, not surprisingly, is inhibited by chlorothiazide.
Water, electrolyte, glycogen, and histamine content of rat uterus during pregnancy
Authors: Connolly Mary R. , Bitman Joel , Cecil Helene C. , Wrenn T. Randall
Published: December 2017

Changes in uterine and placental constituents were studied during pregnancy in the rat. Amounts of H2O, Na, Cl, K, glycogen, and histamine were determined at 3-day intervals throughout gestation. The most dramatic changes were observed in the concentrations of glycogen and histamine. Interdecidual tissue showed a fivefold increase in glycogen from day 9 to 21. Histamine decreased steadily in this tissue until at term there was less than half the initial value. Both fetal and maternal placenta contained more H2O than interdecidual uterus, and electrolytes were lower. Maternal placental tissues showed marked H2O depletion on day 15 but returned to former levels subsequently. The K level of the fetal placenta decreased sharply at term. Cl and Na in placental tissues were low at day 15. Glycogen in maternal placenta quadrupled during the last 8 days, whereas glycogen in fetal placenta diminished to one-third its earlier value. Histamine content of the fetal placenta increased during the last half of pregnancy.
Ca45 and Sr89 movements with contraction of depolarized smooth muscle
Authors: Sperelakis Nick
Published: December 2017

Previous findings showed that contractions of depolarized muscle bypass excitation-contraction coupling and that Sr replaces Ca in the contractile machinery but not in coupling. Polarized and K-depolarized thin strips of circular layer of cat intestine were subjected to electric fields. Washout curves for Ca45 from resting muscles were composed of two exponentials with half-times of 8 min and 60 min. Ca influxes were increased in contracting muscles in both polarized and depolarized conditions. Resting influx was greater in K-Tyrode than in normal Tyrode's solution. With Sr the ratio of influxes of stimulated to resting polarized muscles was not significantly different from 1.0; contractions of polarized muscles were weak due to uncoupling. Uncoupling produced by 20 mm/liter Mg resulted in a ratio of Ca influxes of stimulated to resting polarized muscles not significantly different from 1.0. It is suggested that Ca entrance is not the sole coupling event and that increased Ca or Sr influx is more closely related to contraction than to changes in membrane potential.
Liver and spleen as venous reservoirs
Authors: Guntheroth Warren G. , Mullins Gay L.
Published: December 2017

The diameter of the liver and spleen was measured in 37 intact unanesthetized dogs. Fright always produced vigorous contraction of the spleen but no appreciable change in the liver. Running on a treadmill caused splenic contraction in only one-half the instances. The liver usually got larger or did not change with exercise. Epinephrine caused prompt contraction of the spleen and a variable response of the liver with no change in over one-half the trials. Several other drugs produced splenic contraction, apparently through reduction of blood pressure. Hemorrhage invariably produced splenic contraction, with average volume changes of 8% of the total blood volume. Hemorrhage caused a gradual decrease in liver size in only one-half the animals. Hypoxia caused extremely vigorous contractions of the spleen, usually accompanied by an increase in liver size. In short, in the dog the spleen is a precisely regulated reservoir, but the liver is not. However, vigorous exercise may be initiated and maintained without contributions from either organ.
Hemopoietic restoration in lethally X-irradiated mice injected with peritoneal cells
Authors: Cole Leonard J.
Published: December 2017

The capacity of intravenously injected cells from peritoneal fluid, peripheral blood, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow of mice to restore hematopoiesis in lethally X-irradiated (880 rad) isogenic recipients, was investigated. Thirty-day survival and visible colony formation in the spleen were employed as the criteria. Administration of 6 x 106 or 11 x 106 peritoneal cells, and 6.4 x 106 or 15 x 106 peripheral leukocytes afforded protection against mortality, and elicited colonies in the spleen; comparable effects were observed after injection of 1.1 x 105 marrow cells. The injection of 34 x 106 adult lymph node cells or of 9 x 106 thymus cells from newborn mice had no effect on mortality, nor did they elicit spleen colony formation. A correlation appears to exist between the capacity of isogenic cells to restore hemopoiesis in lethally irradiated mice, and their ability to elicit visible colony formation in the spleen. Evidently normal peritoneal cell populations and peripheral blood leukocytes contain hemopoietic stem-cell elements, with a frequency 30–50 times lower than among bone marrow cells. No evidence was adduced to support the concept that normal lymphoid tissue lymphocytes give rise to hemopoietic cell lines.
Age changes in plasma proteins of the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: Ringle David A. , Dellenback Robert J.
Published: December 2017

The effect of animal age on plasma protein composition was studied in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Values for plasma protein fractions separated by electrophoresis were obtained from bromophenol blue-stained paper strips by elution and by scanning techniques, both of which yielded similar results. Total plasma proteins increased with age from 1 day to 28 months. Maximum albumin concentrations were attained at 3 months and maximum (adult) γ-globulin-fibrinogen concentrations at 28 months. A fast α2-globulin fraction was found in plasma from the youngest age group (1–3 days) but absent in older groups. No sex-related differences in plasma proteins were found for gerbils at 3 and 6 months. Age-related changes in gerbil plasma proteins are similar to changes found during the life span of many other mammalian species.
Regulation of electrolyte composition of fetal rat plasma
Authors: Adolph E. F. , Hoy P. A.
Published: December 2017

Is fetal plasma a transudate of maternal plasma? Cl, Na, and K concentrations were measured in plasmas obtained by cardiac puncture of exposed rat fetuses while the maternal rat was under pentobarbital anesthesia. At rest, Cl had 0.95 x the maternal concentration, Na 1.00, and K 1.6x. When hypertonic NaCl was infused into a maternal vein, the Cl in the fetal plasma increased only half as much as in the maternal plasma, a steady differential being maintained at 1–3 hr. In contrast, Na increased alike in both plasmas. When electrolytes were depleted from the mother by intraperitoneal dialysis, both Na and Cl were lost proportionately. Sucrose solution added to the mother's blood diluted the electrolytes of her plasma but increased them in the fetal plasma by withdrawal of water. Analysis of the fetuses showed that water moved out from the fetuses while Na and Cl moved inward after NaCl was given to the mother; depletion of the mother led only to movement of Na and Cl from the fetus. Thus Cl and K are maintained in fetal plasma, when sampled in the above manner, at concentrations differing from those of maternal plasma; and circumstances were found in which these differences are exaggerated. Therefore fetal plasma is not a transudate.
Effect of trauma on rat serum proteolytic activity
Authors: Beard E. Letitia , Hampton John K.
Published: December 2017

The effect of Noble-Collip drum trauma on serum proteolytic activity of normal and trauma-resistant rats has been investigated. Rats were subjected to a range of 0–480 Noble-Collip drum revolutions (40 rev/min). Rat serum samples from arterial blood were assayed in terms of their ability to lyse casein-I131. This analysis reflected serum proteolytic enzyme (plasmin) concentration. Intensive trauma (240 revolutions and above) produced statistically significant increases in serum proteolytic activity in nonadapted and trauma-resistant rats. The level of serum proteolytic activity for both rat groups rose progressively with each increase in trauma dose. In this drumming range, (240–480 revolutions) the mean serum proteolytic activity of the nonadapted rats was consistently higher than the corresponding mean value for trauma-resistant rats at each trauma dose. It was concluded that the ability of rats to limit the production of serum proteolytic activity in response to trauma may be associated with their resistance to trauma.