bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psammoma body: A product of dystrophic calcification or of a biologically active process that aims at limiting the growth and spread of tumor?
Authors: Das Dilip K.
Published: April 2009

Psammoma bodies (PBs) are concentric lamellated calcified structures, observed most commonly in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), meningioma, and papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary but have rarely been reported in other neoplasms and nonneoplastic lesions. PBs are said to represent a process of dystrophic calcification. Despite numerous ancillary studies over a span of three and half decades, formation of PBs remains a poorly understood mechanism. Ultrastructural study of PTC has shown that thickening of the base lamina in vascular stalk of neoplastic papillae followed by thrombosis, calcification, and tumor cell necrosis leads to formation of PBs. Studies on serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary and meningioma, however, revealed that collagen production by neoplastic cells and subsequent calcification was responsible for the formation of PBs. The existence of some precursor forms of PBs was reported in meningiomas and more recently in PTC, which were mostly in the form of extracellular hyaline globules surrounded by well‐preserved neoplastic cells or in a smaller number of cases intracytoplasmic bodies liberated from intact tumor cells. Cellular degeneration and necrosis, leading to the disappearance of neoplastic cells, were noticed by us only around PBs but not around the precursor forms. Based on the above findings, it is suggested that rather than being the outcome of dystrophic calcification of dead or dying tissue, PBs may indeed represent an active biologic process ultimately leading to degeneration/death of tumor cells and retardation of growth of the neoplasm. It may also serve as a barrier against the spread of neoplasm. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine needle aspiration findings in malignant ameloblastoma: A case report and differential diagnosis
Authors: Reid‐Nicholson Michelle , Teague Daniel , White Barry , Ramalingam Preetha , Abdelsayed Rafik
Published: April 2009

We present a case of malignant ameloblastoma presenting in the posterior mandible and cervical lymph nodes of an African American child. This case is somewhat unusual in that the patient was an adolescent and presented with metastatic disease. This partly clinical as well as cytologic diagnosis was facilitated by the presence of typical ameloblastoma cytology in multiple cervical lymph nodes adjacent to the histologically confirmed intraosseous ameloblastoma. Although cytology is helpful in diagnosing ameloblastoma, its features are by no means definitive as there are several cytologic mimics. A high index of suspicion is therefore necessary to confirm or exclude ameloblastoma when evaluating any jaw lesion and/or adjacent enlarged lymph nodes by cytologic examination. Adequate sampling is paramount to accurate diagnosis, and is especially important when attempting to distinguish ameloblastoma from ameloblastic carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of a well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma in the inguinal hernia sac: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Wheeler Yurong Y. , Burroughs Frances , Li Qing K.
Published: April 2009

Well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma (WDPM) is an uncommon subtype of epithelioid mesothelioma. In contrast to malignant epithelioid mesothelioma, WDPM has a low malignant potential and an indolent clinical course. WDPM may be difficult to diagnose and differentiate from benign reactive mesothelial cells and other malignant neoplasm on cytology specimens due to the presence of papillary or tubulopapillary clusters of tumor cells. We report a case of a 63‐year‐old Asian male with a slowly growing left inguinal hernia mass for several years and a concurrent 8 cm mass in the peritoneal wall. The cytology of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the left inguinal hernia and peritoneal masse reveal cellular specimens with numerous individual and tubulopapillary clusters of epithelioid mesothelial cells in a background of scant hyalinized material. Tumor cells show minimal cytological atypia. The differential diagnoses are broad and include reactive mesothelial cells, WDPM, and other malignant neoplasm. The follow‐up surgical resection of masses reveals features of WDMP. It is important to recognize this entity in the differential diagnosis, because the clinical management of WDPM is quite different from that of malignant neoplasm. On the basis of the published data in the literature, it suggests that in male patients, the WDPM occurs predominantly in pleural cavity of older men in their 50s, and about half of the patients have history of asbestos exposure. However, the data is limited and insufficient for a definitive conclusion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathological diagnosis of metastatic pleomorphic liposarcoma in the lung: A report of a case correlated with the histopathology of the primary tumour
Authors: Apostolou George , Biteli Maria , Chatzipantelis Paschalis
Published: April 2009

Pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLS) is morphologically defined by the presence of pleomorphic lipoblasts in a background of high‐grade sarcoma. Representing the rarest variant of liposarcoma, PLS frequently metastasizes, most commonly to the lungs. We present the case of a 72‐year‐old male patient with pulmonary metastatic PLS. The primary tumour was located in the back thoracic wall. Cytopathological confirmation of the metastasis to the lung was offered using bronchoscopical sampling methods. Bronchial brushing and washing of the visible metastatic lesion revealed pleomorphic spindle‐shaped cells of high‐grade sarcoma with occasional lipoblasts. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Its characteristic features demonstrated by fine‐needle aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Urano Makoto , Kiriyama Yuka , Takakuwa Yasunari , Kuroda Makoto
Published: April 2009

Tall cell variant (TCV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma is a rare tumor, which is usually associated with poor outcome, and pathologists often face the dilemma of proper diagnosis of TCV, not only by cytology but also histology. To allow surgeons to determine aggressiveness of the tumor before operation, it is important for pathologists to detect tall cell features correctly by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). However, the current criteria and definition of TCV are still controversial and confounded by another problem, the differential diagnosis from poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDC).

In this report, we describe two cases of TCV and present characteristic FNAC findings. The tumor cells had a peculiar shape, which included tall, columnar, and oxyphilic cytoplasm with “eccentric,” basally located nuclei. We propose new terms for these cells, such as “tail‐like cells” or “tadpole cells.”

In the surgically‐resected specimens, both cases exhibited remarkable extrathyroidal invasion accompanying prominent vascular invasions. They showed high Ki‐67 (MIB‐1) labeling index by immunohistochemistry, which indicated a higher proliferation activity of TCV than conventional form of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Furthermore, we discuss in this report the problematic issue of differential diagnosis of TCV from PDC and oxyphilic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of pleural metastases from a carcinosarcoma or true malignant mixed tumor of the parotid gland mimicking a mesothelioma
Authors: Khadse Prashant , Prabhash Kumar , Pramesh C. S. , Chaturvedi Pankaj , Shet Tanuja
Published: April 2009

Malignant mixed tumor of the parotid is known to have odd sites for metastases. We describe the fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of pleural metastasis from a malignant mixed tumor misdiagnosed as a mesothelioma on cytology at the onset.

A 47‐year‐old man presented to us with breathlessness and a massive pleural effusion with pleural‐based nodules. He had been operated 2 years before for a pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid and had a healthy scar at that site. FNAC from the pleural lesions showed myxoid background substance with entrapped cuboidal epithelial cells with atypical nuclei, which were interpreted as mesothelial cells. These cells in contrast to the usual mesothelial cells were not arranged in sheets but rather were huddled in places and formed a pseudoacinar pattern and blended with the myxoid substance.

After the diagnosis of a mesothelioma, patient received pemetrexed and cisplatin based chemotherapy with partial response. While on chemotherapy tumor recurred at the primary site in parotid and was confirmed to be a carcinosarcoma on a FNAC and biopsy.

To conclude, pleural metastases from a true malignant mixed tumor of the parotid gland can be misdiagnosed as mesothelioma and could occur in the absence of uncontrolled disease at primary site. Both mesotheliomas and pleomorphic adenomas metastatic to the pleura are biphasic tumors, but in a patient with history of pleomorphic adenoma, the latter should be kept as a foremost possibility. Attention to the cytomorphology of tumor cells will also assist in confirming the diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A correlation study of diagnostic fine‐needle aspiration with histologic diagnosis in cystic neck lesions
Authors: Moatamed Neda A. , Naini Bita V. , Fathizadeh Payman , Estrella Julie , Apple Sophia K.
Published: April 2009

The clinical diagnosis of a mass in the neck region encompasses a wide spectrum of differential diagnosis. Fine‐needle aspiration is a quick and safe technique, which can provide useful information for initial assessment and further therapeutic measures. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in cystic neck lesions. Of 142 patients with FNA for cystic neck masses during 2002–2007, 92 cases were selected with a follow‐up histologic diagnosis, excluding the cystic colloid nodule of the thyroid. The cases were divided into salivary gland cystic neck (37 patients) and non‐salivary cystic neck (55 patients) mass groups. False‐positive and false‐negative diagnoses were applied only to the malignant lesions after confirmation by histopathology. In the first group, nine malignant and 28 benign diagnoses were made by FNA; of which three were false‐negative. In the second group, there were nine malignant and 46 benign diagnoses with three false negatives. The overall performance of the FNA showed 76% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In conclusion, FNA of the cystic neck lesions offers an invaluable and highly specific initial diagnostic approach for the management of the patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration biopsy cytomorphology of primary pulmonary germ cell tumor metastatic to the brain
Authors: Arabi Haitham , Shah Mahendra , Saleh Husain
Published: April 2009

Extragonadal germ cell tumors are uncommon and such tumors originating from the lung parenchyma are extremely rare. This is a case of 68‐year‐old female who was admitted with complaints of right‐sided weakness, inability to maintain her balance, right‐sided headache, and bloody sputum. Her workup revealed two enhancing brain lesions and large lung mass involving the left lower lobe. Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of the lung followed by craniotomy was performed and the patient was initially diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain based on the cytomorphology of the lung FNA and histology of the brain mass. However, retrospective investigation revealed markedly elevated alpha fetoprotein (AFP) of which the cytopathologist was unaware at the time of diagnosis. A review of the cytology and surgical specimen slides, as well as immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the brain tumor and FNA cell block were preformed. On the basis of the slides review, clinical findings, and immunostaining results, a diagnosis of primary pulmonary mixed germ cell tumor, containing choriocarcinoma and yolk sac elements, with brain metastases, was retrospectively made. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological features of carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini in voided urine cytology
Authors: Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Hirakawa Eiichiro , Kushida Yoshio , Kadota Kyuichi , Ishikawa Masashi , Haba Reiji
Published: April 2009

Carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini (CCDB) is a rare histological type of renal cell carcinoma. This article describes the cytological features of CCDB in voided urine, confirmed on the basis of the histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The CCDB cells occurred singly in loose aggregates and in small clusters, occasionally in a rosette‐like structure. There were various types of cancer cells, including round to oval, spindle, and tadpole‐like cells. The nuclei usually showed coarse chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, and lacy to vacuolated cytoplasm. CCDB of the kidney is a rare cytodiagnostic challenge in voided urine cytology alone. When the cytological diagnosis is considered, it is necessary to perform immunocytochemistry and correlate the clinical history and imaging studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of the diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma masked by florid lymphocytic thyroiditis; A potential pitfall: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bongiovanni Massimo , Triponez Frederic , McKee Thomas A. , Kumar Neeta , Matthes Thomas , Meyer Patrick
Published: April 2009

The diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (DSV–PTC) is a rare tumor with aggressive behavior that requires aggressive treatment. Despite characteristic clinical and histological features that easily permit diagnosis, pre‐operative fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosis is often challenging and thus delays diagnosis. We describe the cytological features of a case of DSV–PTC diagnosed by FNAC in a 30‐year‐old woman presenting with an ill‐defined mass in her neck lasting for 2 months. Ultrasonograpy revealed a heterogeneous enlargement of both thyroid lobes suspicious for a lymphoproliferative syndrome. Flow cytometry showed a suspect B‐lymphocyte population. FNAC showed in five out of six slides an overwhelming presence of slightly atypical monomorphic small lymphocytes. The remaining slide showed syncytial tissue fragments of follicular cells with nuclear enlargement and pleomorphism, irregular nuclear membrane, grooves with scattered intranuclear inclusions, squamous metaplastic epithelium, and abundant psammoma bodies. A diagnosis of DSV–PTC was rendered and confirmed by total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Our report supports the possibility of obtaining a preoperative diagnosis of DSV–PTC by FNAC. In the case of diffuse thyroid enlargement, adequate sampling of the thyroid and the presence of the combination of features described in our case permitted the diagnosis of this PTC variant. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implications of the proposed thyroid fine‐needle aspiration category of “follicular lesion of undetermined significance”: A five‐year multi‐institutional analysis
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Morton M. J. , Cramer Harvey M. , Hirschowitz Sharon
Published: April 2009

National Cancer Institute State of the Science Conference on thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) summarized diagnostic terminology. Six diagnostic categories were proposed including “follicular lesion of undetermined significance” (FLUS). FLUS was defined as findings neither convincingly benign nor sufficiently atypical for a diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm” or “suspicious for malignancy.” It was proposed that this category represent less than 7% of thyroid FNAs. A search of the cytology records at three University Hospitals was performed for the term FLUS or older equivalent terms. Usage of FLUS was compared between institutions and among pathologists. Surgical pathology outcome for FLUS cases was determined. Twenty‐eight pathologists evaluated 6,872 cases at the three institutions. Use of FLUS varied among pathologists (2.5 to 28.6%). Frequency of use of FLUS among institutions varied from 3.3 to 14.9%. FLUS cases [127 of 673 (18.9%)] underwent surgical exploration with malignancy identified in 36 cases (28.3%) undergoing resection. Use of FLUS varied substantially among pathologists and institutions. FLUS category requires more rigorously defined morphologic criteria for it to become a useful guide in clinical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric analysis of testis cord formation in Sox9‐EGFP mice
Authors: Nel‐Themaat Liesl , Vadakkan Tegy J. , Wang Ying , Dickinson Mary E. , Akiyama Haruhiko , Behringer Richard R.
Published: April 2009

Sox9‐EGFP knockin mice were generated to label Sertoli cells and visualize testis cord formation during development. Confocal microscopy and morphometric analysis of developing cords were performed. Serial histological sections were used for three‐dimensional cord reconstruction. Initially, gonad length decreased from embryonic day (E) 11.5 to E13.5, but increased thereafter, while gonad width doubled every 12 hours from E11.5 through E14.5. At E12.5, the average number of cords was 12.5, whereas this decreased to 10.4 at E13.5 and E14.5. Cord number at a given time point varied between gonads and influenced dimensions. The initial cords that formed were complex and branches were common. Time‐lapse imaging revealed an intricate behavior of the Sertoli–germ cell mass and cellular exchange between connected neighboring cords. These results suggest that cord formation is a highly dynamic process that subsequently becomes refined to establish the final number of seminiferous tubule precursors. Developmental Dynamics 238:1100–1110, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dyslexia and psycho‐social functioning: an exploratory study of the role of self‐esteem and understanding
Authors: Terras Melody M. , Thompson Lucy C. , Minnis Helen
Published: April 2009

Individuals with dyslexia may have lower self‐esteem and exhibit more emotional and behavioural difficulties than those without reading problems. However, the nature of any relationship between self‐esteem and psychopathology remains unknown. This exploratory study assessed levels of self‐esteem using the Self‐Perception Profile for Children (Manual for the Self‐Perception Profile for Children. University of Denver, CO: Denver; 1985) and psycho‐social adjustment using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 1997; 38: 581–586) and examined child and parent understanding, attitudes and the perceived impact of reading difficulties on daily life. Sixty‐eight children assessed as dyslexic on the basis of discrepancy scores (mean age 11.2 years; 44 male), and their parents, participated. No global self‐esteem deficit was found, but the mean score for both child and parent‐rated scholastic competence was significantly lower than that of the general population. Rates of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties were significantly higher than in the general population and were correlated with self‐esteem. For children who had high global self‐worth, both children and their parents had more positive attitudes towards their reading difficulties and were less likely to perceive a negative impact on relationships. The association between academic self‐esteem and emotional symptoms is consistent with the proposed link between dyslexia and internalizing difficulties. Good self‐esteem and a good understanding of dyslexia may help children avoid some of these difficulties. Further research with larger more representative samples is necessary as understanding the factors that promote successful psycho‐social adjustment is essential to the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dyslexic entrepreneurs: the incidence; their coping strategies and their business skills
Authors: Logan Julie
Published: April 2009

This comparative study explores the incidence of dyslexia in entrepreneurs, corporate managers and the general population. It examines the suggestion that dyslexic entrepreneurs develop coping strategies to manage their weaknesses, which are subsequently of benefit in the new venture creation process. Results of this study suggest that there is a significantly higher incidence of dyslexia in entrepreneurs than in the corporate management and general US and UK populations and some of the strategies they adopt to overcome dyslexia (such as delegation of tasks) may be useful in business. The study was undertaken in two parts. First, entrepreneurs and corporate managers completed an online questionnaire, which combined questions about their company, their management or leadership role and their business skills together with questions that were designed to explore the likely incidence of dyslexia. A follow‐up study that made use of a semi‐structured questionnaire explored business issues and educational experience in more depth with those who had been diagnosed as dyslexic and those who did not have any history of dyslexia or any other learning difficulty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulimia nervosa symptoms in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD
Authors: Mikami Amori Yee , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Arnold L. Eugene , Hoza Betsy , Hechtman Lily , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Abikoff Howard B.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

We investigated body image dissatisfaction and bingeing/purging characteristics of bulimia nervosa (BN) in the ongoing prospective follow‐up of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method:

Participants were 337 boys and 95 girls with ADHD and 211 boys and 53 girls forming a local normative comparison group (LNCG), reassessed in midadolescence (mean age, 16.4), 8 years after original recruitment.

Results:

Youth with childhood ADHD showed more BN symptoms in midadolescence than did LNCG youth, and girls demonstrated more BN symptoms than did boys, with effect sizes between small and medium. Childhood impulsivity, as opposed to hyperactivity or inattention, best predicted adolescent BN symptoms, particularly for girls. Among youth with ADHD, treatment received during the follow‐up period was not associated with BN pathology.

Discussion:

Both boys and girls with ADHD may be at risk for BN symptoms in adolescence because of the impulsivity central to both disorders. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome
Authors: Allison Kelly C. , Lundgren Jennifer D. , O'Reardon John P. , Geliebter Allan , Gluck Marci E. , Vinai Piergiuseppe , Mitchell James E. , Schenck Carlos H. , Howell Michael J. , Crow Scott J. , Engel Scott , Latzer Yael , Tzischinsky Orna , Mahowald Mark W. , Stunkard Albert J.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

To propose criteria for diagnosis of the night eating syndrome (NES).

Method:

An international research meeting was held in April 2008, and consensus criteria for NES diagnosis were determined.

Results:

The core criterion is an abnormally increased food intake in the evening and nighttime, manifested by (1) consumption of at least 25% of intake after the evening meal, and/or (2) nocturnal awakenings with ingestions at least twice per week. Awareness of the eating episodes is required, as is distress or impairment in functioning. Three of five modifiers must also be endorsed. These criteria must be met for a minimum duration of 3 months.

Discussion:

These criteria help standardize the definition of NES. Additional aspects of the nosology of NES yet to be fully elaborated include its relationship to other eating and sleep disorders. Assessment and analytic tools are needed to assess these new criteria more accurately. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
Binding of LBP‐1a to specific immunoglobulin switch regions in vivo correlates with specific repression of class switch recombination
Authors: Repetny Karen J. , Zhong Xuemei , Holodick Nichol E. , Rothstein Thomas L. , Hansen Ulla
Published: April 2009

Upon stimulation of mature B cells, class switch recombination (CSR) can alter the specific immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region that is expressed. In a tissue culture cell line, we previously demonstrated that inhibition of late SV40 factor (LSF) family members enhanced IgM to IgA CSR. Here, isotype specificity of CSR regulation by LSF family members is addressed in primary mouse splenic B cells. First, we demonstrate that leader‐binding protein‐1a (LBP‐1a) is the prevalent family member in B lymphocytes. Second, we demonstrate by ChIP that LBP‐1a binds genomic sequences around mouse switch (S) regions in an isotype‐specific manner, in accordance with computational predictions: binding is observed to Sμ and Sα, but not to the tested Sγ1, regions. Importantly, binding of LBP‐1a is tightly regulated, with occupancy at genomic S regions dramatically decreasing following LPS stimulation. Finally, the consequence of DNA‐binding by LBP‐1a is determined using bone marrow chimeric mice in which LSF/LBP‐1 activity is inhibited in hematopoietic lineages. Upon in vitro stimulation of such primary B cells, CSR occurs with a higher efficiency to IgA, but not to IgG1. These results are supportive of a model whereby LBP‐1a represses CSR in an isotype‐specific manner via direct interaction with S regions involved in the recombination.
Functional TLR9 modulates bone marrow B cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Rudnicka Weronika , Burakowski Tomasz , Warnawin Ewa , Jastrzebska Magdalena , Bik Magdalena , Kontny Ewa , Chorazy‐Massalska Magdalena , Radzikowska Anna , Buler Marcin , Maldyk Pawel , Maslinski Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2009

TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG‐rich, pathogen‐derived DNA sequences and represents the component of the innate immune system that heavily influences adaptive immunity and may contribute to the immunological disturbances in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Accumulating data indicate that BM of RA patients participates in the pathogenesis of this disease as a site of proinflammatory cytokines overproduction and lymphocytes activation. Here, we investigated the functionality of TLR9 and its role in the modulation of RA BM B‐cell functions. We report that BM B cells isolated from RA patients express TLR9 at the mRNA and protein levels acquired at the stage of preB/immature B‐cell maturation. Stimulation of BM CD20+B cells by CpG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotide‐enhanced expression of activation markers (CD86 and CD54) triggered IL‐6 and TNF‐α secretion and cell proliferation. Significantly higher levels of eubacterial DNA encoding 16S‐rRNA were found in BM samples from RA than osteoarthritis patients. Moreover, RA BM B cells exerted higher expression of CD86 than their osteoarthritis counterparts, suggesting theirin situactivationviaTLR9. Thus, our data indicate that TLR9 may participate in direct activation and proliferation of B cells in BM, and therefore could play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.
Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Copper Terephthalate Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Carson Cantwell G. , Hardcastle Kenneth , Schwartz Justin , Liu Xiaotao , Hoffmann Christina , Gerhardt Rosario A. , Tannenbaum Rina
Published: April 2009

In this paper, we report on a high‐throughput (gram quantities) solvothermal method for the synthesis of copper terephthalate metal–organic frameworks in dmf. While the structure of MOF‐2 and some of the associated polymorphs are well known, we know of no equivalent structural studies for the isostructural copper terephthalate (Cu–tpa). The material we have made crystallizes in the C2/m space group. Cu–tpa also exhibits reversible solvent‐exchange properties. These properties make this material useful for potential applications in gas storage and catalysis applications. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Highly Efficient Recyclable CoIII–salen Complexes in the Catalyzed Asymmetric Aminolytic Kinetic Resolution of Aryloxy/Terminal Epoxides for the Simultaneous Production of N‐Protected 1,2‐Amino Alcohols and the Corresponding Epoxides in High Optical Purity
Authors: Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Prathap K. Jeya , Agrawal Santosh , Kumar Manish , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: April 2009

Chiral CoIII–salen complexes 1–6 bearing different substituents at the 3,3′‐ and 5,5′‐positions of the salen unit, namely H, tBu, morpholinomethyl, and piperidinomethyl, have been synthesized. These complexes were used as catalysts in an environmentally benign protocol for the highly enantioselective aminolytic kinetic resolution (AKR) of racemic aryloxy/terminal epoxides with various carbamates as the nucleophile in the presence of different ionic liquids at room temperature. Excellent yields (>99 % with respect to the nucleophile) of N‐protected 1,2‐amino alcohols with high regio‐ and enantioselectivities (ee >99 %) were achieved with the simultaneous formation of the corresponding epoxides with high chiral purity (ee up to >99 %) and in quantitative yields with catalyst 1 in the ionic liquid [bmim]PF6 as the reaction medium in around 5 h. The catalyst is recyclable in this ionic‐liquid‐mediated AKR process (up to six cycles with no loss of performance), and the process is five times faster than the homogeneous process performed with conventional organic solvents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The application of CE‐MS in the trace analysis of environmental pollutants and food contaminants
Authors: Robledo Virginia Rodríguez , Smyth William Franklin
Published: April 2009

In this review, selected applications of CE‐MS in recent years have been highlighted for the separation, detection and determination of environmental pollutants and food contaminants in selected samples. Trace analysis by CE‐MS of analytes such as low molecular mass amines, nitroaromatics, alkylphosphonic acids, azo dyes, antidepressants, and antibiotic drugs, among others, in air, sediment and water samples have been reviewed. The CE‐MS analysis of pesticides such as triazolopyrimidine sulphoanilides, different types of antibiotics (sulphonamides, β‐lactones, quinolones and tetracyclines) and other exogenous compounds such as acrylamide and toxic oligopeptides in food samples has also been reviewed. The review gives details on the fragmentations, where available, that the ionic species exhibit in‐source and in ion trap, triple quadrupole and ToF MS analysers. A critical evaluation is also given of these recent CE‐MS analytical methods for the separation, detection and determination of trace levels of such pollutants and contaminants with analytical information on the treatment of the samples, CE separation conditions, linearity ranges, LODs and recoveries from the different matrices presented.
Neutral analyte focusing by micelle collapse in partial‐filling MEKC with UV and ESI‐MS detection
Authors: Quirino Joselito P. , Haddad Paul R.
Published: April 2009

Analyte focusing by micelle collapse is investigated as an on‐line sample preconcentration technique in partial‐filling MEKC with detection using UV and ESI‐MS. Enhancement in peak height sensitivity of more than a 100 was obtained for model alkylphenylketones and dialkylphthalates using analyte focusing by micelle collapse‐partial‐filling MEKC with UV or ESI‐MS detection.
Development of a CE‐ESI‐ITMS method for the enantiomeric determination of the non‐protein amino acid ornithine
Authors: Domínguez‐Vega Elena , Sánchez‐Hernández Laura , García‐Ruiz Carmen , Crego Antonio L. , Marina Maria Luisa
Published: April 2009

Unequivocal enantiomeric determination by CE‐MS2of the non‐protein amino acid ornithine (Orn), previously derivatized with FITC, was carried out in this work. A CE‐tandem MS system was used to combine the potential of CE in chiral separations with the sensitivity and selectivity of tandem MS detection. The electrospray‐coaxial sheath flow interface conditions were optimized and an IT analyzer working in the MS2mode was employed to provide the best sensitivity and selectivity. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of linearity (r2>0.99), precision (RSD from 1.3 to 2.3% for migration times and from 11.0 to 18.6% for corrected peak areas), and LOD (2×10−9 M). Interestingly, the CE‐MS2method developed allowed a sensitivity enhancement of 100 folds with respect to UV detection. The results demonstrated the feasibility for carrying out quantitative CE‐ESI‐MS2determinations of Orn enantiomers in beers. Thus,L‐Orn was found in the 16 beer samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from 1×10−6to 2×10−5 M, whereas the percentages ofD‐Orn with respect to the total amount of Orn reached values between 1.5 and 10.0%.
Novel oncogene amplifications in tumors from a family with Li–Fraumeni syndrome
Authors: Rieber Juliane , Remke Marc , Hartmann Christian , Korshunov Andrey , Burkhardt Birgit , Sturm Dominik , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Wittmann Andrea , Greil Johann , Blattmann Claudia , Witt Olaf , Behnisch Wolfgang , Halatsch Marc‐Eric , Orakcioglu Berk , von Deimling Andreas , Lichter Peter , Kulozik Andreas , Pfister Stefan
Published: April 2009

Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) represents an inherited tumor syndrome that is typically caused by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53. TP53 dysfunction secondarily disturbs the genetic integrity of the cell. Here, we report a family with LFS harboring a germline TP53 mutation (R248W) located in the functional domain of the protein that binds to the minor groove of the DNA. In this family, tumors of the central nervous system were diagnosed as primary malignancies in all carriers of the mutation. The index patient developed an anaplastic medulloblastoma with unusual genomic profile exhibiting six distinct high‐level genomic amplifications, two of them targeting the MYCN and GLI2 genes, respectively. In an extrarenal rhabdoid tumor from the same patient, we found a novel high‐level amplification of the MYC oncogene. The father of this patient was diagnosed with myxopapillary ependymoma (WHO °I), whereas a brother died from an early relapse of a choroid plexus carcinoma. The analysis of this LFS familiy thus revealed novel oncogene amplifications as different second hits that are likely to also play a role in the pathogenesis of their sporadic counterparts. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geoarchaeology of the Mockingbird Gap (Clovis) site, Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico
Authors: Holliday Vance T. , Huckell Bruce B. , Weber Robert H. , Hamilton Marcus J. , Reitze William T. , Mayer James H.
Published: April 2009

The Mockingbird Gap site is one of the largest Clovis sites in the western United States, yet it remains poorly known after it was tested in 1966–1968. Surface collecting and mapping of the site revealed a dense accumulation of Clovis lithic debris stretching along Chupadera Draw, which drains into the Jornada del Muerto basin. We conducted archaeological testing and geoarchaeological coring to assess the stratigraphic integrity of the site and gain clues to the paleoenvironmental conditions during the Clovis occupation. The 1966–1968 excavations were in stratified Holocene eolian sand and thus that assemblage was from a disturbed content. An intact Clovis occupation was found elsewhere in the site, embedded in the upper few centimeters of a well‐developed buried Bt horizon formed in eolian sand, representing the regional Clovis landscape. Coring in Chupadera Draw revealed ∼11 m of fill spanning the past ∼11,00014C years. The stratified deposits provide evidence of flowing and standing water on the floor of the draw during Clovis times, a likely inducement to settlement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Topaz Basin archaeological obsidian source in the transition zone of central Arizona
Authors: Shackley M. Steven
Published: April 2009

The Classic Period Migration Project involves the analysis of archaeological sites at Perry Mesa in central Arizona and resulted in the discovery of several small marekanite1 obsidian artifacts that signaled a previously unlocated source. The source was eventually located in the Topaz Basin area of the upper Cienega Creek stream basin, southwest of Camp Verde, Arizona.2 While this locality solves the “unknown” sources in the Perry Mesa archaeological assemblage, it has not appeared in the archaeological record of Arizona with any frequency. The glass itself is an excellent medium for tool production, so its near absence in the archaeological record is likely attributable to social/territorial causes as well as limited secondary deposition, and along with other “minor” sources points to the archaeological utility of understanding these smaller sources. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stratigraphy and formation processes of the Upper Pleistocene deposit at Gruta da Oliveira, Almonda karstic system, Torres Novas, Portugal
Authors: Angelucci Diego E. , Zilhão João
Published: April 2009

Gruta da Oliveira is a cave located in the Almonda karstic system in central Portugal. Its Upper Pleistocene fill is made up of gravitational sediments with varied biogenic and anthropogenic inputs. The archaeological sequence (35–70 ka) is fairly homogeneous, reflecting a predominantly moist climatic context modulated by millennial‐scale variations. Human occupation was almost continuous throughout. In the richer archaeological layers (8–14), the anthropogenic components are in primary position, and post‐depositional processes are restricted, although penecontemporaneous biological activity—such as hyena scavenging—overprinted the record. In layers 15–19, the excavated area corresponds to the footslope of a talus, where accumulation proceeded mainly through runoff and where the lithics and bones derive from occupations situated ca. 5m outward. The base of the deposit is >2m from the current base of the excavation, suggesting that Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS)‐4 and OIS‐5 sediments underlay the deposit already exposed. This study confirms the archaeological integrity of the Mousterian assemblages found in the different layers, and, given the dates for layer 8, supports the hypothesis that Neanderthals survived in western Iberia until at least 35,000–38,000 calendar years ago. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Freshwater availability as the constraining factor in the Middle Paleoindian occupation of North‐Central Florida
Authors: Thulman David K.
Published: April 2009

The locations of reliable surface water exposures during the Middle Paleoindian period (10,800–10,200 14C yr B.P.) in north‐central Florida are reconstructed and compared to the concentrations of Middle Paleoindian projectile points. Estimates of water table levels and surface water flow in Florida's karst geology confirm prior climate reconstructions for that time indicating the area was arid and supported a xeric ecology in most upland locales. Surface water flow data from recent extreme droughts and water table estimations are used to identify the areas of highest probability for surface water availability. The distribution of the highest concentrations of Middle Paleoindian points correlates with the areas of highest probability, indicating that scarce surface water sources were the strongest constraint on occupation location during that time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Archaeofacies analysis: Using depositional attributes to identify anthropic processes of deposition in a monumental shell mound of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil
Authors: Villagran Ximena S. , Giannini Paulo C.F. , DeBlasis Paulo
Published: April 2009

In the coast of Santa Catarina State (southern Brazil), a large population of monumental shell mounds characterizes a highly dynamic coastal setting. In this paper, sedimentary facies analysis was adapted for description, sampling, and interpretation of shell mound complex and repetitive archaeostratigraphic successions. Archaeofacies identification in the field, according to depositional attributes, is tested by contrasting field description with multi‐element chemical analyses, total carbon and nitrogen determinations, and micromorphological descriptions. Two vertical sequences at the black deposit of Jabuticabeira II shell mound were studied and preliminary results showed that: (1) depositional attributes are a reliable base for archaeofacies identification in the field, (2) the formation process of this site involved a sequence of anthropic depositional processes, where burned refuse was redeposited over the shell mound following a ritual construction pattern, and (3) the black deposit includes a double palimpsest that refers to provenance and meaning of mound construction material. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late Holocene evolution of Tiber river delta and geoarchaeology of Claudius and Trajan Harbor, Rome
Authors: Giraudi Carlo , Tata Cristiana , Paroli Lidia
Published: April 2009

This study provides new information on the evolution of the Tiber delta during the late Holocene, and describes the record of sedimentation in the Port of Claudius and Trajan. The Tiber flowed into the Tyrrhenian Sea in the area of the Port of Claudius and Trajan between the 8th and 5th centuries B.C. The harbor basins excavated by the Romans during the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. were filled with sediments containing saltwater fauna, then brackish‐water fauna, and finally by alluvial and marsh deposits. The Port of Claudius and Trajan was silted in as a consequence of episodes of alluviation that correlate with environmental events, possibly triggered by global climate changes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Astrocyte function and role in motor neuron disease: A future therapeutic target?
Authors: Blackburn Daniel , Sargsyan Siranush , Monk Peter N. , Shaw Pamela J.
Published: April 2009

Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) and perform a variety of tasks, from axon guidance and synaptic support, to the control of the blood brain barrier and blood flow. To perform these roles, there is a great variety of astrocytes. In this review, we summarize the function of astrocytes, in particular, their role in maintaining homeostasis at the synapse, regulating neuronal signaling, protecting neurons from oxidative damage, and determining the fate of endogenous neural precursors. The review also highlights recent developments indicating the role of astrocytes in motor neuron disease (MND), emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets and agents in cell replacement therapy. The Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene that has been implicated in 20% of cases of familial MND must be expressed in the glial cells as well as motor neurons to produce the disease state in murine models of disease. Selectively reducing mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) in astrocytes does not affect disease onset but slows disease progression, whereas reducing mSOD1 in motor neurons delays disease onset and slows early disease but has less effect on life span. This suggests that glial cells represent potential therapeutic targets in MND. However, the lack of specific markers for astrocytes, their precursors, and sub‐types means that our knowledge of astrocyte development/differentiation and response to injury lags far behind our understanding of function. Only by filling this knowledge gap can astrocytes be effectively targeted or replaced to successfully treat chronic CNS disorders such as MND. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conditional deletion of β1‐integrin in astroglia causes partial reactive gliosis
Authors: Robel Stefanie , Mori Tetsuji , Zoubaa Saida , Schlegel Jürgen , Sirko Svetlana , Faissner Andreas , Goebbels Sandra , Dimou Leda , Götz Magdalena
Published: April 2009

Astrocytes play many pivotal roles in the adult brain, including their reaction to injury. A hallmark of astrocytes is the contact of their endfeet with the basement membrane surrounding blood vessels, but still relatively little is known about the signaling mediated at the contact site. Here, we examine the role of β1‐integrin at this interface by its conditional deletion using different Cre lines. Thereby, the protein was reduced only at postnatal stages either in both glia and neurons or specifically only in neurons. Strikingly, only the former resulted in reactive gliosis, with the hallmarks of reactive astrocytes comprising astrocyte hypertrophy and up‐regulation of the intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin as well as pericellular components, such as Tenascin‐C and the DSD‐1 proteoglycan. In addition, we also observed to a certain degree a non‐cell autonomous activation of microglial cells after conditional β1‐integrin deletion. However, these reactive astrocytes did not divide, suggesting that the loss of β1‐integrin‐mediated signaling is not sufficient to elicit proliferation of these cells as observed after brain injury. Interestingly, this partial reactive gliosis appeared in the absence of cell death and blood brain barrier disturbances. As these effects did not appear after neuron‐specific deletion of β1‐integrin, we conclude that β1‐integrin‐mediated signaling in astrocytes is required to promote their acquisition of a mature, nonreactive state. Alterations in β1‐integrin‐mediated signaling may hence be implicated in eliciting specific aspects of reactive gliosis after injury. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic mechanisms facilitating oligodendrocyte development, maturation, and aging
Authors: Copray Sjef , Huynh Jimmy Long , Sher Falak , Casaccia‐Bonnefil Patrizia , Boddeke Erik
Published: April 2009

The process of oligodendrocyte differentiation is regulated by a dynamic interaction between a genetic and an epigenetic program. Recent studies, addressing nucleosomal histone modifications have considerably increased our knowledge regarding epigenetic regulation of gene expression during oligodendrocyte development and aging. These results have generated new hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the decreased efficiency of endogenous remyelination in response to demyelinating injuries with increasing age. In this review, we present an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene expression at specific stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation as well as the changes that occur with aging. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and function of P2Y receptors on Müller cells of the postnatal rat retina
Authors: Wurm Antje , Erdmann Ines , Bringmann Andreas , Reichenbach Andreas , Pannicke Thomas
Published: April 2009

In the postnatal and mature retina, many processes are controlled by the action of nucleotides. Their effects are partly mediated via activation of metabotropic P2Y receptors. However, little is known about the developmental regulation and cellular localization of P2Y receptor subtypes. Combining immunohistochemical and neurophysiological methods, we investigated the developmental expression of P2Y receptors on Müller cells, the principal macroglial cells of the retina. The P2Y1 and the P2Y4 receptors, but no other subtypes, were unequivocally localized on Müller cells. P2Y1 was expressed from postnatal day 5 (P5) on and mediated a calcium response to ATP in Müller cells as well as a volume regulatory signaling cascade preventing Müller cells from swelling under hypotonic conditions. Differentiation of Müller cells was accompanied by a change of the calcium response pattern; the calcium responses in Müller cell endfeet persisted, but ATP responsiveness of Müller cell somata disappeared. P2Y4 immunoreactivity was observed in Müller cell endfeet and synaptic terminals of rod bipolar cells from P20 on. Activated protein kinases were detected by immunohistochemistry; p‐ERK occurred in Müller cells and amacrine cells, whereas p‐Akt was detected in bipolar cells. Our data indicate that purinergic signaling via P2Y1 and P2Y4 receptors might contribute to differentiation processes in the postnatal retina. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.