bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines, the RANKL/OPG Axis, and the Immunoskeletal Interface in Physiological Bone Turnover and Osteoporosis
Authors: Weitzmann M. Neale
Published: February 2013

Although it has long been recognized that inflammation, a consequence of immune-driven processes, significantly impacts bone turnover, the degree of centralization of skeletal and immune functions has begun to be dissected only recently. It is now recognized that formation of osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells of the body, is centered on the key osteoclastogenic cytokine, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Although numerous inflammatory cytokines are now recognized to promote osteoclast formation and skeletal degradation, with just a few exceptions, RANKL is now considered to be the final downstream effector cytokine that drives osteoclastogenesis and regulates osteoclastic bone resorption. The biological activity of RANKL is moderated by its physiological decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin (OPG). New discoveries concerning the sources and regulation of RANKL and OPG in physiological bone turnover as well as under pathological (osteoporotic) conditions continue to be made, opening a window to the complex regulatory processes that control skeletal integrity and the depth of integration of the skeleton within the immune response. This paper will examine the interconnection between bone turnover and the immune system and the implications thereof for physiological and pathological bone turnover.
Positron Emission Tomography—Computer Tomography Scan Used as a Monitoring Tool Following Cellular Therapy in Cerebral Palsy and Mental Retardation—A Case Report
Authors: Sharma Alok , Sane Hemangi , Paranjape Amruta , Gokulchandran Nandini , Kulkarni Pooja , Nagrajan Anjana , Badhe Prerna
Published: February 2013

Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the non-progressive neurological diseases caused by damage to the brain tissue at birth, which leads to physical, cognitive and perceptive symptoms. Even after lifelong medical and therapeutic management there are residual deficits which affect the quality of life of the patients and their families. We examined a maximally rehabilitated, 20 year old male suffering from CP and Mental Retardation (MR). He had diplegic gait and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score of 44 with affected fine motor activities, balance, speech and higher functions. Positron Emission Tomography—Computer Tomography (PET-CT) scan identified frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, left cerebellar lobes, amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampus as the affected areas. He was treated with cellular therapy of Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Mono-Nuclear Cells (MNCs) transplantation followed by multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Six months following therapy, PET-CT scan showed significant increase in metabolic activity in all four lobes, mesial temporal structures and left cerebellar hemisphere, also supported by clinical improvement in IQ, social behavior, speech, balance and daily functioning. These findings provide preliminary evidence to support the efficacy of cellular therapy for the treatment of CP with MR. PET-CT scan can also be viewed as an impressive tool to monitor the effects of cellular therapy.
Towards the Assignment for the Ground Scalar Meson
Authors: Feng Xue-Chao , Chen Peng , Shang Ji-Min
Published: February 2013

Combining three complementary approaches, nonrelativistic constituent quark model, Regge phenomenology, and meson-meson mixing, we obtain the mass relations which relate different meson multiplets. With the help of known meson masses, these relations can be used for the prediction of unknown meson states masses. The utility of this new analysis technique is applied for the scalar meson and results in a possible allocation scheme for the ground scalar meson.
A Novel Porous Gelatin Composite Containing Naringin for Bone Repair
Authors: Chen Kuo-Yu , Lin Kuen-Cherng , Chen Yueh-Sheng , Yao Chun-Hsu
Published: February 2013

As Gu-Sui-Bu (GSB) is a commonly used Chinese medical herb for therapeutic treatment of bone-related diseases, naringin is its main active component. This study elucidates how various concentrations of naringin solution affect the activities of bone cells, based on colorimetric, alkaline phosphatase activity, nodule formation, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity assays to determine the optimal concentration of naringin. GGT composite was obtained by combining genipin cross-linked gelatin andβ-tricalcium phosphate. GGTN composite was prepared by mixing GGT composite with the predetermined concentration of naringin. Porous GGT and GGTN composites were then made using a salt-leaching procedure. The potential of the composites in repairing bone defects was evaluated and comparedin vivoby using the biological response of rabbit calvarial bone to these composites. Consequently, the most effective concentration of naringin was 10 mg/mL, which significantly enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteoclast activity, and nodule formation without affecting the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts and mitochondrial activity of mixed-bone cells. Radiographic analysis revealed greater new bone ingrowth in the GGTN composite than in the GGT composite at the same implantation time. Therefore, the GGTN composite is highly promising for use as a bone graft material.
An Internal Standard-Assisted Synthesis and Degradation Proteomic Approach Reveals the Potential Linkage between VPS4B Depletion and Activation of Fatty Acidβ-Oxidation in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Liao Zhongping , Thomas Stefani N. , Wan Yunhu , Lin H. Helen , Ann David K. , Yang Austin J.
Published: February 2013

The endosomal/lysosomal system, in particular the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs), plays an essential role in regulating the trafficking and destination of endocytosed receptors and their associated signaling molecules. Recently, we have shown that dysfunction and down-regulation of vacuolar protein sorting 4B (VPS4B), an ESCRT-III associated protein, under hypoxic conditions can lead to the abnormal accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and aberrant EGFR signaling in breast cancer. However, the pathophysiological consequences of VPS4B dysfunction remain largely elusive. In this study, we used an internal standard-assisted synthesis and degradation mass spectrometry (iSDMS) method, which permits the direct measurement of protein synthesis, degradation and protein dynamic expression, to address the effects of VPS4B dysfunction in altering EGF-mediated protein expression. Our initial results indicate that VPS4B down-regulation decreases the expression of many proteins involved in glycolytic pathways, while increased the expression of proteins with roles in mitochondrial fatty acidβ-oxidation were up-regulated in VPS4B-depleted cells. This observation is also consistent with our previous finding that hypoxia can induce VPS4B down-regulated, suggesting that the adoption of fatty acidβ-oxidation could potentially serve as an alternative energy source and survival mechanism for breast cancer cells in response to hypoxia-mediated VPS4B dysfunction.
Generalized Projectively Symmetric Spaces
Authors: Latifi Dariush , Razavi Asadollah
Published: February 2013

We study generalized projectively symmetric spaces. We first study some geometric properties of projectively symmetric spaces and prove that any such space is projectively homogeneous and under certain conditions the projective curvature tensor vanishes. Then we prove that given any regular projective s-space (, ), there exists a projectively
related connection , such that (, ) is an affine s-manifold.
Effects of Emotional Response on Adherence to Antihypertensive Medication and Blood Pressure Improvement
Authors: Keeley Robert D. , Driscoll Margaret
Published: February 2013

Background. Developing interventions to improve medication adherence may depend upon discovery of novel behavioral risk factors for nonadherence.Objective. Explore the effects of emotional response (ER) on adherence to antihypertensive medication and on systolic blood pressure (SBP) improvement.Design. We studied 101 adults with diabetes and hypertension. The primary outcome, 90-day “percentage of days covered” adherence score, was determined from pharmacy refill records. The secondary outcome was change in SBP over 90 days. ER was classified as positive, negative, or neutral.Results. Average adherence was 71.6% (SD 31.4%), and negative and positive ER were endorsed by 25% and 9% of subjects, respectively. Gender moderated the effect of positive or negative versus neutral ER on adherence (interactionP=0.003); regardless of gender, negative and positive ER were associated with similarly high and low adherence, respectively, but males endorsing neutral ER had significantly higher adherence than their female counterparts (85.6% versus 57.1%,Fvalue = 15.3,P=0.0002). Adherence mediated ER's effect on SBP improvement: among participants with negative, but not positive or neutral, ER, increasing adherence and SBP improvement were correlated (Spearman’sr=0.49,P=0.02).Conclusions. Negative, but not positive or neutral, ER predicted better medication adherence and a correlation between medication adherence and improvement in SBP.
Partial Actions and Power Sets
Authors: Ávila Jesús , Lazzarin João
Published: February 2013

We consider a partial action(X,α)with enveloping action(T,β). In this work we extendαto a partial action on the ring(P(X),Δ,∩)and find its enveloping action(E,β). Finally, we introduce the concept of partial action offinite typeto investigate the relationship between(E,β)and(P(T),β).
The Optimized Transport Scheme of Empty and Heavy Containers with Novel Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Qu Lianwei , Chen Kang , Hongli Bao , Ma Jingshu , Tao Wan
Published: February 2013

To design the transport scheme of empty and heavy containers reasonably, a model with objective maximizing the route benefits is proposed. The model considered two factors: (1) the fluctuation of cargo transport demand and the switching of different voyages; (2) the optimal transport scheme of empty and heavy containers in slack and brisk seasons and the handover process of these two seasons. In order to solve this model, a novel GA is developed. With this model and algorithm, the optimal transport scheme of empty and heavy containers is put forward, and the optimization allocation of resources can be realized. The case study about China-Europe route proves that this model can improve the liner company's benefits effectively.
Existence Analysis of Traveling Wave Solutions for a Generalization of KdV Equation
Authors: Long Yao , Chen Can
Published: February 2013

By using the bifurcation theory of dynamic system, a generalization of KdV equation was studied. According to the analysis of the phase portraits, the existence of solitary wave, cusp wave, periodic wave, periodic cusp wave, and compactons were discussed. In some parametric conditions, exact traveling wave solutions of this generalization of the KdV equation, which are different from those exact solutions in existing references, were given.
Influence of Relapse in a Giving Up Smoking Model
Authors: Huo Hai-Feng , Zhu Cheng-Cheng
Published: February 2013

Smoking subject is an interesting area to study. The aim of this paper is to derive and analyze a model taking into account light smokers compartment, recovery compartment, and two relapses in the giving up smoking model. Stability of the model is obtained. Some numerical simulations are also provided to illustrate our analytical results and to show the effect of controlling the rate of relapse on the giving up smoking model.
Dermoscopic Features of Facial Pigmented Skin Lesions
Authors: Goncharova Yana , Attia Enas A. S. , Souid Khawla , Vasilenko Inna V.
Published: February 2013

Four types of facial pigmented skin lesions (FPSLs) constitute diagnostic challenge to dermatologists; early seborrheic keratosis (SK), pigmented actinic keratosis (AK), lentigo maligna (LM), and solar lentigo (SL). A retrospective analysis of dermoscopic images of histopathologically diagnosed clinically-challenging 64 flat FPSLs was conducted to establish the dermoscopic findings corresponding to each of SK, pigmented AK, LM, and SL. Four main dermoscopic features were evaluated: sharp demarcation, pigment pattern, follicular/epidermal pattern, and vascular pattern. In SK, the most specific dermoscopic features are follicular/epidermal pattern (cerebriform pattern; 100% of lesions, milia-like cysts; 50%, and comedo-like openings; 37.50%), and sharp demarcation (54.17%). AK and LM showed a composite characteristic pattern named “strawberry pattern” in 41.18% and 25% of lesions respectively, characterized by a background erythema and red pseudo-network, associated with prominent follicular openings surrounded by a white halo. However, in LM “strawberry pattern” is widely covered by psewdonetwork (87.5%), homogenous structureless pigmentation (75%) and other vascular patterns. In SL, structureless homogenous pigmentation was recognized in all lesions (100%). From the above mentioned data, we developed an algorithm to guide in dermoscopic features of FPSLs.
Mitochondria as a Potential Regulator of Myogenesis
Authors: Wagatsuma Akira , Sakuma Kunihiro
Published: February 2013

Recent studies have shown that mitochondria play a role in the regulation of myogenesis. Indeed, the abundance, morphology, and functional properties of mitochondria become altered when the myoblasts differentiate into myotubes. For example, mitochondrial mass/volume, mtDNA copy number, and mitochondrial respiration are markedly increased after the onset of myogenic differentiation. Besides, mitochondrial enzyme activity is also increased, suggesting that the metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation as the major energy source occurs during myogenic differentiation. Several lines of evidence suggest that impairment of mitochondrial function and activity blocks myogenic differentiation. However, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of myogenesis by mitochondria. Understanding how mitochondria are involved in myogenesis will provide a valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms that regulate the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of mitochondria as a potential regulator of myogenesis.
On Paranorm Zweier -Convergent Sequence Spaces
Authors: Khan Vakeel A. , Ebadullah Khalid , Esi Ayhan , Khan Nazneen , Shafiq Mohd
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we introduce the paranorm Zweier -convergent sequence spaces , , and , a sequence of positive real numbers. We study some topological properties, prove the decomposition theorem, and study some inclusion relations on these spaces.
Bacteriophage-Derived PeptidaseCHAPKEliminates and Prevents Staphylococcal Biofilms
Authors: Fenton Mark , Keary Ruth , McAuliffe Olivia , Ross R. Paul , O'Mahony Jim , Coffey Aidan
Published: February 2013

New antibacterial agents are urgently needed for the elimination of biofilm-forming bacteria that are highly resistant to traditional antimicrobial agents. Proliferation of such bacteria can lead to significant economic losses in the agri-food sector. This study demonstrates the potential of the bacteriophage-derived peptidase,CHAPK, as a biocidal agent for the rapid disruption of biofilm-forming staphylococci, commonly associated with bovine mastitis. PurifiedCHAPKapplied to biofilms ofStaphylococcus aureusDPC5246 completely eliminated the staphylococcal biofilms within 4 h. In addition,CHAPKwas able to prevent biofilm formation by this strain. TheCHAPKlysin also reducedS. aureusin a skin decolonization model. Our data demonstrates the potential ofCHAPKas a biocidal agent for prevention and treatment of biofilm-associated staphylococcal infections or as a decontaminating agent in the food and healthcare sectors.
Molecular Implications of the PPARs in the Diabetic Eye
Authors: Ciudin Andreea , Hernández Cristina , Simó Rafael
Published: February 2013

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains as the leading cause of blindness among working age individuals in developed countries. Current treatments for DR (laser photocoagulation, intravitreal corticosteroids, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, and vitreoretinal surgery) are applicable only at advanced stages of the disease and are associated with significant adverse effects. Therefore, new pharmacological treatments for the early stages of the disease are needed. Emerging evidence indicates that peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (PPARs) agonists (in particular PPARα) are useful for the treatment of DR. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far from being elucidated. This paper mainly focuses on PPARs expression in the diabetic eye, its molecular implications, and the effect of PPAR agonists as a new approach for the treatment of DR. The availability of this new strategy will not only be beneficial in treating DR but may also result in a shift towards treating earlier stages of diabetic retinopathy, thus easing the burden of this devastating disease (Cheung et al. (2010)).
Endophytic Actinomycetes: A Novel Source of Potential Acyl Homoserine Lactone Degrading Enzymes
Authors: Chankhamhaengdecha Surang , Hongvijit Suphatra , Srichaisupakit Akkaraphol , Charnchai Pattra , Panbangred Watanalai
Published: February 2013

Several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria employN-acyl-L-homoserine lactone (HSL) quorum sensing (QS) system to control their virulence traits. Degradation of acyl-HSL signal molecules by quorum quenching enzyme (QQE) results in a loss of pathogenicity in QS-dependent organisms. The QQE activity of actinomycetes in rhizospheric soil and inside plant tissue was explored in order to obtain novel strains with high HSL-degrading activity. Among 344 rhizospheric and 132 endophytic isolates, 127 (36.9%) and 68 (51.5%) of them, respectively, possessed the QQE activity. The highest HSL-degrading activity was at151.30±3.1 nmole/h/mL from an endophytic actinomycetes isolate, LPC029. The isolate was identified asStreptomycesbased on16S  rRNAgene sequence similarity. The QQE from LPC029 revealed HSL-acylase activity that was able to cleave an amide bond of acyl-side chain in HSL substrate as determined by HPLC. LPC029 HSL-acylase showed broad substrate specificity from C6- to C12-HSL in which C10HSL is the most favorable substrate for this enzyme. In anin vitropathogenicity assay, the partially purified HSL-acylase efficiently suppressed soft rot of potato caused byPectobacterium carotovorumssp.carotovorumas demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HSL-acylase activity derived from an endophyticStreptomyces.
A Note on Four-Dimensional Symmetry Algebras and Fourth-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Fatima A. , Ayub Muhammad , Mahomed F. M.
Published: February 2013

We provide a supplementation of the results on the canonical forms for scalar fourth-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) which admit four-dimensional Lie algebras obtained recently. Together with these new canonical forms, a complete list of scalar fourth-order ODEs that admit four-dimensional Lie algebras is available.
A Novel Peptide-Based SILAC Method to Identify the Posttranslational Modifications Provides Evidence for Unconventional Ubiquitination in the ER-Associated Degradation Pathway
Authors: Anania Veronica G. , Bustos Daisy J. , Lill Jennie R. , Kirkpatrick Donald S. , Coscoy Laurent
Published: February 2013

The endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway is responsible for disposing misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum by inducing their ubiquitination and degradation. Ubiquitination is conventionally observed on lysine residues and has been demonstrated on cysteine residues and protein N-termini. Ubiquitination is fundamental to the ERAD process; however, a mutant T-cell receptor α (TCRα) lacking lysine residues is targeted for the degradation by the ERAD pathway. We have shown that ubiquitination of lysine-less TCRα occurs on internal, non-lysine residues and that the same E3 ligase conjugates ubiquitin to TCRα in the presence or absence of lysine residues. Mass-spectrometry indicates that WT-TCRα is ubiquitinated on multiple lysine residues. Recent publications have provided indirect evidence that serine and threonine residues may be modified by ubiquitin. Using a novel peptide-based stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC) approach, we show that specific lysine-less TCRα peptides become modified. In this study, we demonstrate that it is possible to detect both ester and thioester based ubiquitination events, although the exact linkage on lysine-less TCRα remains elusive. These findings demonstrate that SILAC can be used as a tool to identify modified peptides, even those with novel modifications that may not be detected using conventional proteomic work flows or informatics algorithms.
Quantity Discount Supply Chain Models with Fashion Products and Uncertain Yields
Authors: Peng Hongjun , Zhou Meihua
Published: February 2013

This paper explores the quantity discount coordination models in the fashion supply chain with uncertain yields and random demand. The paper proves that, under the independent and noncoordinated decision patterns, there exists a Nash equilibrium between the supplier and the manufacturer which reduces the supply chain's profit margin. In order to achieve the “optimal” centralized supply chain expected profit margin, new quantity discount models have been established. Both the supplier-oriented and the manufacturer-oriented Stackelberg supply chain gaming models are investigated. Our analytical and numerical analyses show that the quantity discount contract proposed in this paper can largely reduce the negative influence brought by the uncertainty of yields and demand. Therefore, the profit margin of supply chains based on quantity discount can reach the optimal level of the supply chain under the centralized setting.
Role of Obesity in the Risk of Breast Cancer: Lessons from Anthropometry
Authors: Amadou Amina , Hainaut Pierre , Romieu Isabelle
Published: February 2013

An estimated 1.38 million new cases of breast cancer (BC) are diagnosed each year in women worldwide. Of these, the majority are categorized as invasive ductal cell carcinoma. Subgroups of BC are frequently distinguished into five “intrinsic” subtypes, namely, luminal A, luminal B, normal-like, HER2-positive, and basal-like subtypes. Epidemiological evidence has shown that anthropometric factors are implicated in BC development. Overall consistent positive associations have been observed between high body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the risk of BC among postmenopausal women, while conflicting results persist for premenopausal BC, both for BMI and for other anthropometric parameters as well as across ethnic groups. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that body size, body shape, and weight gain during childhood or adolescence may play a role in the risk of BC. In this paper, we describe the evidence linking anthropometric indices at different ages and BC risk, in order to improve our understanding of the role of body fat distribution in the risk of BC, investigate differences in these associations according to menopausal status and ethnic groups, and discuss the potential biological mechanisms linking body size and BC risk.
MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Regulation, Function, and Clinical Implications
Authors: Sun Jie , Lu Haiqi , Wang Xian , Jin Hongchuan
Published: February 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the third cause of cancer‐related death. Poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HCC makes it difficult to be diagnosed and treated at early stage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding single‐stranded RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length, posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression by base pairing with the 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Aberrant expression of miRNAs is found in many if not all cancers, and many deregulated miRNAs have been proved to play crucial roles in the initiation and progression of cancers by regulating the expression of various oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. In this Paper, we will summarize the regulations and functions of miRNAs aberrantly expressed in HCC and discuss the potential application of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HCC and their potential roles in the intervention of HCC.
An NMR Investigation of Phase Structure and Chain Dynamics in the Polyethylene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Authors: Li Wei , Hou Linxi , Chen Zhongren
Published: February 2013

Novel exfoliated and interacted polyethylene (PE)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization were characterized by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The phase structure and molecular mobility were investigated by proton and carbon NMR under static and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) conditions. The results showed that incorporation of MMT layer enhanced the polyethylene crystallinity behavior. The chain mobility of crystalline phase, interphase and amorphous phase was hindered in the nanocomposites. The phase structure and chain dynamics were also investigated upon changing the temperature. The orthorhombic and monoclinic phases were detected according to the 13CP/MAS NMR. Quantitative characterization of the phase structure was also conducted by 13C DP/MAS upon changing the temperature. Finally, the difference in the phase structure and chain dynamics in each phase of PE/nanocomposites was compared based on the NMR results when fiber filler was introduced.
Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Fiji, 1995–2010
Authors: Singh Sheetalpreet , Bingwor Frances , Tayler-Smith Katherine , Manzi Marcel , Marks Guy B.
Published: February 2013

Setting. A nationwide study in Fiji.Objective. To describe the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and its relationship to the incidence of notified cases of rubella in Fiji from 1995 to 2010.Design. Descriptive, retrospective review of all recorded congenital abnormalities associated with live births in Fiji over 16 years.Results. There were 294 infants who met the criteria for CRS. Of these, 95% were classified as “suspected” cases, 5% were “clinically confirmed,” and none were “laboratory confirmed cases”. There was a significant linear increase over the study period in the incidence of CRS (odds ratio 1.045 per year, 95% CI 1.019 to 1.071,P≤0.001). There was no significant association between the incidence of CRS and the reported incidence of rubella (P=0.3).Conclusion. There is a rising trend in reports of suspected CRS cases in Fiji. This highlights the need to strengthen surveillance for CRS through improvements in clinical and laboratory diagnosis to confirm or exclude suspected cases. It is also important to ensure high coverage of rubella vaccination in Fiji.
From Cheetahs to Chimpanzees: A Comparative Review of the Drivers of Human-Carnivore Conflict and Human-Primate Conflict
Authors: Dickman Amy J.
Published: February 2013

Human-wildlife conflict is a growing conservation threat, and is increasingly of importance to primate conservationists. Despite this, relatively little work has been done to date on the drivers of human-primate conflict, especially compared to other conflict-causing taxa such as large carnivores. However, the drivers of conflict are often very similar across species, so conflict researchers can learn important lessons from work conducted on other taxa. This paper discusses 8 key factors which are likely to affect how hostile people are towards wildlife and any damage they cause – 6 of these are common to both carnivores and primates, while one is much more applicable to carnivores and the other is specific to primates. These conflict drivers involve numerous social and cultural factors, and highlight the importance of truly understanding the local drivers of conflict in order to develop effective mitigation strategies.
Avoidance of Mammalian Predators by Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in a Risk Landscape
Authors: Burnham Dawn , Riordan Philip
Published: February 2013

Primates and felids often occupy the same landscape, hence evolutionary theory predicts that proximate predator-prey mechanisms will influence both groups’ ecology. Erythrocebus patas are potentially vulnerable to a number of predators and exhibit an array of morphological and behavioural predator avoidance strategies. Here, two concurrent studies, one on E. patas and one on the mammalian carnivore assemblage, in the Acacia drepanolobium woodland of Sweetwaters Game Reserve (SGR), Laikipia, Kenya, provided an opportunity to explore interactions between the two taxa, and serve as an example whereby data from different methodologies can be interpreted together. Static interaction models of predation risk due to leopards, lions, black-backed jackals and spotted hyaenas were developed and interpreted with actual and potential dietary information, collected during the study and from the literature, respectively. This amalgamation of field data showed that E. patas in SGR avoided areas with the highest risk of encountering leopards. Furthermore, the patterns of E. patas ranging suggested that males travelling in small bachelor groups were less affected by other predators than females in large social groups. Bachelor males avoided only the most risky areas of the reserve.
The Evolutionary History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study
Authors: Meloro Carlo , Elton Sarah
Published: February 2013

In this article we briefly review primate interactions with predators throughout their evolutionary history. Like today, predators of past primates were taxonomically diverse, including crocodilians, aquatic mammals, hyaenids, raptors and other primates. There is strong evidence for felid predation of extinct primates, with most work undertaken on the African Plio-Pleistocene fossil record. Felid predation of Plio-Pleistocene primates from other areas, including Europe, is much less well understood, so we explored co-occurrence and potential interaction between carnivorans (with particular reference to felids) and Macaca sylvanus, which was widespread and present in Europe from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene. Over its tenure in the fossil record, M. sylvanus co-occurred with a diverse array of carnivorans, including canids and hyaenids, but medium-sized felids probably posed the most significant predation risk. It is likely, however, that human predation was a major factor contributing to macaque extinction in Europe.
Predation by Mammalian Carnivores on Nocturnal Primates: Is the Lack of Evidence Support for the Effectiveness of Nocturnality as an Antipredator Strategy?
Authors: Burnham D. , Bearder S.K. , Cheyne S.M. , Dunbar R.I.M. , Macdonald D.W.
Published: February 2013

The apparent paucity of accounts of predation, particularly by felids, on nocturnal primates is confirmed by a quasi-systematic review of 1,939 publications which revealed just 1 case of a felid eating a nocturnal primate. This instance was amongst only 51 direct reports of predation by vertebrates on nocturnal primates (90% were on Madagascar, where 56% of approx. 110 nocturnal primate species occur), of which 41% were by birds of prey. These findings prompt discussion of two possibilities: (a) nocturnality is, in part, an effective antipredator adaptation, and (b) knowledge of nocturnal primates is so biased by their elusiveness and, for predation, underreporting (e.g. inadequate mechanisms to publish opportunistic observations) that understanding of their biology urgently necessitates both the collation of field observations and innovative research. Interspecific comparisons facilitate deductions about the role of predation in the evolution of primate nocturnality and associated traits, but intraspecific comparisons of changing activity rhythms in response to different levels of predation risk offer the most compelling insights into the functional significance of these adaptations.
Metabolism-Related Cytokine and Hormone Levels in the Serum of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Bouronikou Eleni , Georgoulias Panagiotis , Giannakoulas Nikolaos , Valotassiou Varvara , Palassopoulou Maria , Vassilopoulos George , Papadoulis Nikolaos , Matsouka Panagiota
Published: February 2013

Background: A number of cytokines secreted from the bone marrow stromal cells and circulating hormones related to bone, adipose tissue and glucose metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Methods: Serum levels of cytokines related to the metabolism of bone tissue [osteocalcin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)], adipose tissue (adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin) and glucose [insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)] were determined in 72 patients suffering from MDS, mostly of the low-risk group according to FAB classification, and 41 healthy individuals (controls). Results: Adiponectin and osteocalcin serum levels were significantly elevated in the MDS patients. Leptin, insulin and IGF-1 serum levels were reduced. No difference was found in the serum levels of PTH and ghrelin. Leptin levels were reversibly associated with patient blast count. Conclusion: Increased serum levels of adiponectin and low levels of IGF-1 in MDS patients may counterbalance the increased rate of apoptosis in the pool of hematopoietic progenitors. Osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts regulates the renewal and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. Hormones and cytokines either secreted by the cells of the bone marrow stroma or transferred by the microcirculation act on hematopoietic progenitors and may regulate their differentiation, apoptosis and proliferation rate in MDS.
A Retrospective Study of the Novel Combination of Paclitaxel and S1 for Pretreated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Aono Nana , Ito Yuri , Nishino Kazumi , Uchida Junji , Kumagai Toru , Akazawa Yuki , Okuyama Takako , Yoshinami Tetsuhiro , Imamura Fumio
Published: February 2013

Background: Recently, multiple-line chemotherapy has become popular for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The survival time of patients is influenced by patient characteristics and subsequent treatments. Methods: The usefulness of paclitaxel plus S1 (PTX+S1) was evaluated in 46 pretreated NSCLC patients. Time from the start of individual regimens till the start of the next one (TNR) was calculated for regimens administered to the study population including PTX+S1 and analyzed by the shared frailty Cox model. Results: The response rate and the median progression-free survival time of PTX+S1 were 32.6% and 253 days, respectively. Substantial difference in TNR was observed in epidermal growth factor receptor mutation status and in line and type of regimens, but not in stage, age, sex, performance status and histology, by univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that PTX+S1 was only one factor to prolong TNR. Conclusion: Because of long progression-free survival and long TNR, further evaluation of PTX+S1 is necessary.
Association between IL-1RN VNTR, IL-1β -511 and IL-6 (-174, -572, -597) Gene Polymorphisms and Urolithiasis
Authors: Çoker Gurkan Ajda , Arisan Serdar , Arisan Elif Damla , Sönmez Nurettin Cem , Palavan Ünsal Narçin
Published: February 2013

Urolithiasis is a common multifactorial urological disorder that is characterized by stone formation. Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are pro-inflammatory cytokines that might be linked with urolithiasis. The single nucleotide polymorphisms within the IL-1 and IL-6 cytokine genes altered the cytokine expression levels. Our aim was to investigate the potential of IL-1β (-511 C>T), IL-6 (-174 G>C, -572 G>C, -597 G>A) and IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphisms to be a genetic marker for urinary stone disease. The polymorphisms studied in the promoter regions of IL-1β and IL-6 genes did not reveal a strong association with urolithiasis when compared to the control group (p = 0.293, 0.871, 0.921, 0.536, respectively). However, a significant difference was observed between control and patient groups for IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism (χ2 = 6.131, d.f. = 2, p = 0.047). Our data provide evidence that IL-1RN VNTR gene polymorphism may be involved in the pathogenesis of urinary stone formation, contributing to genetic susceptibility for urolithiasis.
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Downregulate the Activity and Expression of DNA Methyltransferase and Enhance Bcl-2/E1B-19-kDa Interacting Protein-3-Induced Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Deng Qian , Huang Chun-mei , Chen Ni , Li Li , Wang Xiao-dong , Zhang Wen , Bi Feng , Tang Qiu-lin , Li Zhi-ping , Wang Wei
Published: February 2013

Bcl-2/E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) is a proapoptotic protein whose expression level is often low in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells due to the BNIP3 gene promoter DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). It is known that chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppress CRC through inducing tumor apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced apoptosis of CRC cells are not well defined. In this study, we observed that the expression level of BNIP3 in colon cancer cells was significantly increased by treatment with therapeutic agents and radiation in vitro. The BNIP3 protein level in CRC tissues from patients who received preoperative concurrent chemotherapy was significantly higher than in those who received surgery alone. Furthermore, treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation significantly decreased the DNMT1 expression level and enzymatic activity. Both expression level and activity of DNMT1 were inversely correlated with the expression level of BNIP3 in colon carcinoma cells after treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Consistent with increased BNIP3 expression, chemotherapeutic agents and radiation induced colon carcinoma cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these observations, we conclude that chemotherapy and radiotherapy inhibit DNMT1 expression to upregulate BNIP3 expression to promote CRC cell apoptosis. And, BNIP3 may play a role in the caspase-dependent apoptosis pathways, mainly during treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
First Insights into the Social Organisation of Goodman’s Mouse Lemur (Microcebus lehilahytsara) – Testing Predictions from Socio-Ecological Hypotheses in the Masoala Hall of Zurich Zoo
Authors: Jürges Vivian , Kitzler Johanne , Zingg Robert , Radespiel Ute
Published: February 2013

Following current socio-ecological hypotheses, the social organisation of a species is mainly determined by resource quality and distribution. In the case of Microcebus spp., a taxon-specific socio-ecological model was formulated earlier to explain their variable social organisation. The aim of this study was to test predictions from this model in Goodman’s mouse lemur based on a data set from animals living in the semi-free colony of Zurich Zoo. During a 2-month study, we observed 5 females and 5 males using radiotelemetry. We collected data on space use and social behaviour, on sleeping sites and on sleeping group composition. Predictions were only partly confirmed. As expected, Goodman’s mouse lemurs were solitary foragers with an increased level of sociality due to crowding effects at the feeding stations. In contrast to the prediction, females and males formed unisexual sleeping groups, which were stable in females and of a fission-fusion type in males. Whereas the formation of sleeping groups by both sexes may be triggered by thermoregulatory benefits, the formation of unisexual sleeping groups may result from divergent interests of the sexes. We conclude that the existing model for the evolution of mouse lemur social organisation needs to be refined.
Effect of Hypoxic-Ischemic Insults on the Composition of Fatty Acids in the Brain of Neonatal Rats
Authors: Suganuma Hiroki , Okumura Akihisa , Kitamura Yohei , Shoji Hiromichi , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: February 2013

Background: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n–3), comprise a major component of brain membrane phospholipids. The effect of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic insults on brain fatty acid composition is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in brain fatty acid composition during development and in response to hypoxic-ischemic insults in neonatal rats. Methods: Postnatal day 7 pups were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: a control group or a hypoxic-ischemic group in which hypoxia-ischemia was produced by left common carotid artery occlusion and exposure to 8% oxygen for 1.5 h. Various brain fatty acids were measured on postnatal days 8, 10 and 14. Results: On postnatal day 14, the ratio of DHA to total fatty acids increased in the control group, but not in the hypoxic-ischemic group (p < 0.05). We observed no significant differences in arachidonic acid content in the brain between the two groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that hypoxic-ischemic insults interfere with accumulation of brain DHA in developing rats. DHA supplementation may be beneficial for treating neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Type 2 Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia
Authors: Veloso Carlos E. , Vianna Raul N. , Pelayes David E. , Nehemy Márcio B.
Published: February 2013

Background/Aims: The aim of this paper is to report the treatment of type 2 nonproliferative idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT) with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). Methods: Retrospective case series of 10 eyes of 5 patients with type 2 IMT. All patients received 3 monthly IVB injections. Visual acuity (VA), fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at baseline and 4 weeks after each injection. Results: Four weeks after the third IVB injection, VA remained stable for all patients. All eyes showed some decrease in fluorescein leakage, and there was a mild decrease in central macular thickness. One year later, VA, OCT and FA findings returned to the baseline levels. Conclusion: IVB did not improve VA in cases of type 2 IMT.
Mineralisation of Developmentally Hypomineralised Human Enamel in vitro
Authors: Crombie F.A. , Cochrane N.J. , Manton D.J. , Palamara J.E.A. , Reynolds E.C.
Published: February 2013

Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a problematic and costly condition. Caries remineralising agents are often recommended for MIH management despite the lack of evidence that these lesions have the capacity for increasing their mineral content. Following surface layer removal ± NaOCl pre-treatment and 14-day exposure to a CPP-ACFP solution at pH 5.5, MIH lesions were analysed using transverse microradiography and polarised light microscopy. Lesions were highly variable but treatment with the remineralising solution increased mineral content (1,828 ± 461 vol% min·µm, %R = 17.7 ± 5.7) and porosity decreased demonstrating the proof of concept that the mineral content of developmentally hypomineralised enamel can be improved after eruption.
Characterization of Vitamin C-Induced Cell Sheets Formed from Primary and Immortalized Human Corneal Stromal Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Grobe Gesa Maria , Reichl Stephan
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of primary human corneal stromal cells (HuFib cells) and SV40-immortalized human corneal keratocytes (HCK cells) to synthesize their own extracellular matrix induced by vitamin C supplementation. Therefore, the amount of collagen secreted and resulting biomechanical properties based on the culture duration were assessed. Cells were cultivated for several weeks with or without vitamin C. The amount of collagen secreted by the cells was quantified based on the culture duration. Cell viability was simultaneously determined via the MTT assay. Collagen secretion was increased as a result of vitamin C supplementation. The effect was stronger in primary cells. In addition, vitamin C supplementation had a positive effect on HuFib cell viability. Vitamin C supplementation induced the formation of detachable cell sheets in both primary and immortalized cells. The biomechanical properties of the sheets were evaluated using a static material testing machine, and the ultrastructure of the cell sheets was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The cell sheets formed from HuFib cells had a higher percentage of light transmission between 400 and 800 nm and were superior in terms of E-modulus and ultimate strength testing. Indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot confirmed the presence of collagen type I in the HuFib and HCK cell cultures. Stimulating secretion of the extracellular matrix in corneal stromal cells is a promising approach for corneal stroma reconstruction for tissue engineering applications.
Magnet Removal and Reinsertion in a Cochlear Implant Recipient Undergoing Brain MRI
Authors: Migirov Lela , Wolf Michael
Published: February 2013

Background: Recent advances in cochlear implants (CIs) and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have led to increasing numbers of implanted patients who have undergone brain MRIs for various reasons. This paper first describes the surgical procedure for removing the magnet before an MRI and its subsequent reinsertion immediately afterwards in a CI recipient. Method: After the administration of local anesthesia, the magnet was removed by a surgical incision made along the posterior margin of the receiver-stimulator. The flap was elevated and the capsule over the implant was incised. The magnet was removed, maintained under sterile conditions and reinserted immediately after the completion of the 1.5-Tesla MRI. Results: The patient was able to wear her device immediately after surgery. Large CI-associated artifacts were observed on the MRIs irrespective of sequences. The function of the device was not altered by either the MRI or the surgical procedure. Conclusion: The proposed surgical incision that follows the posterior margins of the receiver-stimulator allows the wearing of the device immediately after the surgical procedure. An MRI has limited diagnostic value for lesions located on the implanted side due to unavoidable artifacts, even after the magnet has been removed.
Prostate Disease Risk Factors among a New Zealand Cohort
Authors: Karunasinghe Nishi , Han Dug Yeo , Goudie Megan , Zhu Shuoton , Bishop Karen , Wang Alice , Duan He , Lange Katja , Ko Sarah , Medhora Roxanne , Kan Shiu Theng , Masters Jonathan , Ferguson Lynnette R.
Published: February 2013

Background: Prostate cancer is a leading public health burden worldwide, and in New Zealand it is the most commonly registered cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths among males. Genetic variability and its associations with diet, demographic and lifestyle factors could influence the risk of this disease. Methods: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a group of antioxidant genes and related markers were tested between patient and control cohorts, adjusted for significant differences between basic lifestyle and demographic characteristics. Results: Increasing age, smoking and low serum selenium levels were significantly associated with an increased risk for prostate disease. Alcohol consumption increased the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. A significant reduction in alcohol consumption was recorded with prostate disease. Three SNPs, namely GPx1 rs1050450, SEL15 rs5845 and CAT rs1001179, were significantly associated with prostate disease risk. A cumulative risk of prostate cancer was noted with 6 risk alleles. A lower GPx activity was recorded with prostate disease compared to the controls. However, the GPx1 rs1050450 allele T in association with prostate cancer recorded a significantly higher GPx activity compared to the controls. Conclusions: These data point to a possibility of identifying individuals at risk of prostate cancer for better management purposes.