Assessment of Psychosocial and Neonatal Risk Factors for Trajectories of Behavioral Dysregulation Among Young Children From 18 to 72 Months of Age
Authors: Hofheimer Julie A. , McGrath Monica , Musci Rashelle , Wu Guojing , Polk Sarah , Blackwell Courtney K. , Stroustrup Annemarie , Annett Robert D. , Aschner Judy , Carter Brian S. , Check Jennifer , Conradt Elisabeth , Croen Lisa A. , Dunlop Anne L. , Elliott Amy J. , Law Andrew , Leve Leslie D. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , O’Shea T. Michael , Salisbury Amy L. , Sathyanarayana Sheela , Singh Rachana , Smith Lynne M. , Aguiar Andréa , Angal Jyoti , Carliner Hannah , McEvoy Cindy , Ondersma Steven J. , Lester Barry ,   Program Collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, Smith Phillip B , Newby Laura K , Jacobson Lisa P , Catellier Diane J , Gershon Richard C , Cella David , Teitelbaum Susan L , Stroustrup Annemarie , Lampland Andrea L , Hudak Mark L , Mayock Dennis E , Washburn Lisa K , Duarte Cristiane , Canino Glorisa J , Ferrara Assiamira M , Karr Caherine J , Mason Alex , Marsit Carmen J , Pastyrnak Steven L , Neal Charles , Carter Brian S , Helderman Jennifer B , Ganiban Jody M , O'Connor Thomas G , Simhan Hyagriv , Kerver Jean , Barone Charles , McKane Patricia , Paneth Nigel , Elliott Michael R , Schantz Susan L , Silver Robert M , Wright Rosalind J , Bosquet-Enlow Michelle , Maselko Joanna A 
Published: April 2023

Importance

Emotional and behavioral dysregulation during early childhood are associated with severe psychiatric, behavioral, and cognitive disorders through adulthood. Identifying the earliest antecedents of persisting emotional and behavioral dysregulation can inform risk detection practices and targeted interventions to promote adaptive developmental trajectories among at-risk children.

Objective

To characterize children’s emotional and behavioral regulation trajectories and examine risk factors associated with persisting dysregulation across early childhood.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study examined data from 20 United States cohorts participating in Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, which included 3934 mother-child pairs (singleton births) from 1990 to 2019. Statistical analysis was performed from January to August 2022.

Exposures

Standardized self-reports and medical data ascertained maternal, child, and environmental characteristics, including prenatal substance exposures, preterm birth, and multiple psychosocial adversities.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Child Behavior Checklist caregiver reports at 18 to 72 months of age, with Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP = sum of anxiety/depression, attention, and aggression).

Results

The sample included 3934 mother-child pairs studied at 18 to 72 months. Among the mothers, 718 (18.7%) were Hispanic, 275 (7.2%) were non-Hispanic Asian, 1220 (31.8%) were non-Hispanic Black, 1412 (36.9%) were non-Hispanic White; 3501 (89.7%) were at least 21 years of age at delivery. Among the children, 2093 (53.2%) were male, 1178 of 2143 with Psychosocial Adversity Index [PAI] data (55.0%) experienced multiple psychosocial adversities, 1148 (29.2%) were exposed prenatally to at least 1 psychoactive substance, and 3066 (80.2%) were term-born (≥37 weeks’ gestation). Growth mixture modeling characterized a 3-class CBCL-DP trajectory model: high and increasing (2.3% [n = 89]), borderline and stable (12.3% [n = 479]), and low and decreasing (85.6% [n = 3366]). Children in high and borderline dysregulation trajectories had more prevalent maternal psychological challenges (29.4%-50.0%). Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that children born preterm were more likely to be in the high dysregulation trajectory (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.76; 95% CI, 2.08-3.65; P &amp;lt; .001) or borderline dysregulation trajectory (aOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.06-1.76; P = .02) vs low dysregulation trajectory. High vs low dysregulation trajectories were less prevalent for girls compared with boys (aOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36-1.01; P = .05) and children with lower PAI (aOR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.51-2.49; P &amp;lt; .001). Combined increases in PAI and prenatal substance exposures were associated with increased odds of high vs borderline dysregulation (aOR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.08-1.53; P = .006) and decreased odds of low vs high dysregulation (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.92; P = .005).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of behavioral dysregulation trajectories, associations were found with early risk factors. These findings may inform screening and diagnostic practices for addressing observed precursors of persisting dysregulation as they emerge among at-risk children.