bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Impact of Speed and Road Surface on Whole Body Vibration and Heart Rate in Riders
Authors: Budiawan Wiwik , Nurkertamanda Denny , Gitowardojo Richard Jonathan , Zahra Zhafira Az
Published: November 2024

Motorcycles are the most commonly used vehicles in Indonesia. When riding, riders are exposed to two types of vibrations: hand-arm vibration (HAV) and whole-body vibration (WBV), which are produced by the engine and road surfaces. Prolonged exposure to WBV can have negative effects on health and psychological reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of road type and motorcycle speed on WBV exposure and heart rate. The WBV exposure was measured following the international standard ISO 2631-1 using an accelerometer sensor, while heart rate measurements were taken using the ‘Xiaomi Band 7’ and ‘Notify for Mi Band’ software. 9 males aged 20 – 22 years participated in this study. The results indicate that concrete roads have a higher WBV acceleration (4.268 ± 0.741 m/s²) and heart rate (92.805 ± 8.291 bpm) than asphalt roads (3.105 ± 0.324 m/s² and 82.184 ± 5.883 bpm, respectively). At 50 km/h, the average WBV acceleration was higher (4.178 ± 0.832 m/s²) than at 30 km/h (3.195 ± 0.407 m/s²), whereas for the rider's heart rate was (91.581 ± 8.980 bpm versus 83.409 ± 6.862 bpm).
Assessing the effect of mind maps on students’ writing skills accross self-efficacy levels in Islamic higher education
Authors: Sabarun  , Widiastuty Hesty , Normuslim  , Hamdanah  , Qodir Abdul , Nursamsu  , Azman Mohamed Nor Azhari
Published: November 2024

There has been much discussion on which writing technique is more appropriate for EFL classes. This study examined the interaction effect between Mind Map (MM) and self-efficacy (SE) levels on students’ argumentative writing skills at one of the Islamic Institutes in Palangka Raya. The design used a 2x3 analysis of variance to apply a posttest quasiexperiment. The 53 EFL individuals involved in this investigation were classified into two categories according to their writing strategies (x1) and levels of self-efficacy (x2). Two-way ANOVA yielded the following results: first, students' argumentative essay writing skills were significantly impacted by Mind Map, F (2, 47) = 58.06, p = 0.00, partial η2 = 0.71, and by self-efficacy, F (1, 47) = 20.95, p = 0.00, partial η2 = 0.31. Second, there was a statistically significant relationship between MM and SE in terms of students' ability to write argumentative essays, F (2, 47) =4.26, p=0.02. The study revealed that when the SE component was combined with MM, the mind map group performed better than the nonmind map group. The study highlighted a fresh approach to teaching writing through mind map techniques.
Experimental study of traction and drawbar pull of track-type lugged wheel in a soil bin
Authors: Taufiq Muhammad , Mandang Tineke , Hermawan Wawan , Desrial
Published: November 2024

Paddy fields with saturated and deep mud soil conditions can cause conventional traction devices like cage wheels on walking tractors to perform suboptimally. Therefore, a new traction device design, specifically a track-type wheel with additional lugs, is needed to replace the cage wheel on walking tractors. This study aims to analyze the traction performance and drawbar pull of the track-type lugged wheel experimentally in a soil bin. The tested prototype track-type lugged wheel has dimensions of 60 cm between axles, 20 cm in width, 8.5 cm in height, and a circumference of 152.4 cm. The experiment was conducted by applying horizontal pulling loads varying from 1 to 4 kg at a speed of 0.064 m.s-1 and an angular speed of 3.14 rad.s-1. The observed traction performance parameters included drawbar pull, sinkage, slip, and tractive efficiency. The results indicate that increasing horizontal load significantly increases drawbar pull. This increase in drawbar pull significantly affects sinkage and slip, causing them to rise, but it substantially decreases tractive efficiency, based on single-factor ANOVA with a P value < 0.05. The drawbar pull value that still results in optimal traction performance for sinkage (< 8.5 cm) is 32.72 N, while the value for maintaining normal slip limits (< 20%) and optimal tractive efficiency (> 65%) is 24.91 N. The modified lug design acts like a paddle, improving the traction efficiency of the wheel. Adjustments to the spacing and height of the lugs are required to maximize the traction performance of the track-type lugged wheel at increased drawbar pull levels. Therefore, the prototype track-type lugged wheel is most effective in paddy fields with saturated and muddy soil conditions.
The role of strategic alliances in achieving organizational success: A survey study on private banks in Baghdad
Authors: Hassairi Ahmed Foued , Hussein Hafsa Atallah
Published: November 2024

The study aims to analyze the relationship between strategic alliances, and the organizational success of banks, by analyzing the banks' objectives and benefiting from the results of this relationship. A hypothetical model was formulated that determines the relationship between the variables in addition to a set of hypotheses. An intentional sample was selected, consisting of (165) directors, assistant directors, supervisors, department heads, and members of the board of directors. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and the questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data, in addition to personal interviews. The study used a set of statistical methods to analyze the data: SPSS. Ver. 23, The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a great desire among banks to enter into strategic alliances. The bank's management knows the opportunities and threats to this alliance, with a significant correlation between the strategic alliance and organizational success.
Lung cancer detection and classification using LeNet-LSTM model on computed tomography images
Authors: Hossain Md. Imaran , Ahmad Shoaib , Hasan Sakib , Rahim Md. Abdur , Shin Jungpil
Published: November 2024

Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly diseases, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in lung tissues. It contributes significantly to rising global mortality rates. Medical professionals believe that early diagnosis of lung cancer using computed tomography (CT) screening can considerably reduce mortality in patients with lung nodules. However, the large quantity of CT images generated during screening might complicate the diagnosis procedure, making it difficult for radiologists to effectively identify nodules due to the volume of data. To address this challenge, various handcrafted and learned techniques have been developed to assist radiologists. In this study, we propose a hybrid LeNet-LSTM model for the classification of lung cancer. The LeNet model, which included convolutional and max-pooling layers, serves as the foundation for many modern deep-learning architectures. It consists of multiple convolutional layers followed by fully connected layers and employs activation functions. On the other hand, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks are designed to process sequential data, using advanced memory cells to overcome the vanishing gradient problem typically encountered in traditional recurrent neural networks. Our proposed model is evaluated against other pre-trained models as a feature extractor and compared to the latest classification techniques. The results demonstrate that our framework achieves 99.27% accuracy, 97.77% sensitivity, and a 99.26% F1-Score. These metrics indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms previous approaches, making it highly effective for lung cancer detection. This research holds significant potential for aiding medical professionals and improving patient outcomes by accurately distinguishing between benign, malignant, and normal tumors.
Assessment of service quality and farmers’ satisfaction of extension and advisory services received from agro-input dealers during COVID-19 in India
Authors: Mathuabirami V. , Karthikeyan C. , Mansingh J. Paul , Ihou Atsu F. Y. , Malliah Nirmala Devi , Ganesan Divya
Published: November 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic, agro-input dealers assumed a vital dual role by supplying essential agro-inputs and providing critical technical advisory services to farmers. The pandemic underscored the importance of these dealers evaluating the customer focus of their services, particularly in addressing the evolving needs of farmers during such challenging times. As the significance of service quality and customer satisfaction continues to rise across various sectors, this study sought to identify the key factors influencing farmers' satisfaction with the extension and advisory services provided by agro-input dealers. Utilizing the SERVQUAL approach and analyzing data from 350 respondents, the study explored the relationship between service quality and farmers' satisfaction. The results revealed that specific service quality dimensions namely, empathy, reliability, responsiveness, and tangible aspects had a substantial positive impact on farmers' satisfaction during the pandemic. These findings highlight the critical role that service quality plays as a strategic marketing tool for agro-input dealers, enabling them to secure a competitive edge in the market. To capitalize on these insights, the study recommends that agro-input dealers focus on enhancing the various dimensions of service quality, thereby improving farmers' satisfaction levels. By offering innovative solutions tailored to the unique challenges faced by farmers, dealers can not only meet but exceed expectations, fostering stronger customer loyalty. Understanding farmers' perceptions of service quality provides valuable insights that can be leveraged to refine services and, ultimately, boost sales performance. This approach ensures that agro-input dealers remain responsive to the needs of farmers, driving long-term success and resilience in the industry.
Mediating role of retirement planning to achieve retirement adequacy & retirement satisfaction: A structural equation model evaluation
Authors: Frank Daniel , Harrison Aradhana , Bai Vidya , Popescu Virgil , Birau Ramona , Prabhu K. Sudhir
Published: November 2024

The current study assimilates concepts from the theory of learned behaviourthrough interactions with the environmentwhere individuals make adaptive choices with a sample of 385 IT and ITES employees. The study conceptualized essential financial behaviours for effectiveretirement planning as a typology for retirement adequacy and satisfaction by providing empirical support for the validity of this typology. Retirement planning is the process of determining retirement income goals, and the actions and decisions necessary to achieve those goals. We found that retirement planning starts long before an individual retires as it is intrinsicand is influenced by individual’s attitude, knowledge, and information. Successful planning for retirement hinge on the propensity to save and invest for an unforeseen future with an intention of better tomorrow. Our findings provide support for the dynamic process of retirement planning and provide evidence that exogenous latent variable like savings attitude, borrowing pattern, investment decisions, insurance allocation and spending behaviour can facilitate retirement adequacy through financial security and satisfaction.
A pragmatic analysis of electronic business adoption by small-scale enterprises
Authors: Patro Chandra Sekhar , Devarakonda Udaya Bhaskar
Published: November 2024

Small scale enterprises have the potential to contribute to the growth of the Indian economy. Due to enormous advancements in technological development and communication, the modern business environment is shifting toward the digital age. Small scale enterprises need to leverage internet-based businesses to discover opportunities for trade to circumvent this dilemma. E-business is a business activity that involves the use of communication and information technology. E-business applications helps the firms in gaining access to new markets and reaching a wider customer base with low-cost internet initiatives. Nowadays, consumers are more likely to purchase products or services online, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. This is due to the widespread and increasing use of the internet throughout the world. The study's main objective is to ascertain the perceptions of small scale enterprises in adopting electronic business applications. Additionally, find the correlation among the determinants driving e-business practices and their effect on organizational efficiency. A structured questionnaire and a survey method were adopted, with a sample size of 80 small scale enterprises in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh state in India. The study found that the determinants financial advantage, ease of use, administrative assistance, IT competence, security & privacy, and social influence substantially correlate with organizational efficiency. The findings will help analyze the status of digital business adoption among small scale enterprises and identify the gaps in digital business implementation. Thus, the new entrant will be able to understand the benefits and risks of e-business applications and plan accordingly for enhancing organizational efficiency.
How education and experience shape managerial excellence: Creating strategy context from Kosovo SMEs
Authors: Shaqiri Drita , Havolli Refik , Krasniqi Enver , Krasniqi Dea
Published: November 2024

Given the importance of education and leadership experience in shaping SME strategies, diverse opinions exist regarding their impact on strategy development. This paper aims to empirically evaluate the perceptions of SME managers or owners during the year 2023 regarding the creation and use of strategies (CUS). The research identifies CUS as the dependent variable. At the same time, the manager’s education (MED), drafted business plan (DBP), previous experience in the field (PEX), managerial skills (MS), and new product development (NPD), are the independent variables. The study is based on a robust sample of 336 questionnaires collected between April and May 2024. Multinominal regression was applied as the econometric approach, along with several key tests for model validation, including the likelihood ratio test, ensuring the reliability of the results. The findings reveal that a manager’s education, previous experience in the field, and managerial skills have a statistically significant influence on CUS, whereas other variables show an insignificant impact. These insights underscore the critical role of educational and experiential factors in strategic decision-making within SMEs. This research contributes uniquely by differing from earlier studies in both the selection of variables and the applied methodology, fostering productive discussions among scholars, academics, and policy-making bodies. Additionally, the study’s limitations, such as the focus on a specific geographic region and industry, are acknowledged, suggesting avenues for future research to explore broader applications and contexts.
Development of social marketing in tourism: A bibliometric approach
Authors: Ananthian Raman Siddha Ananthian , Rajasekaran Sundara Rajan Cholapandiyapuram
Published: November 2024

This study explores the intersection of tourism and social marketing through a bibliometric analysis of academic publications in this area. The research investigates how knowledge on social marketing strategies in tourism has evolved, particularly concerning the promotion of sustainable practices and responsible travel behaviours. Data were extracted from the Scopus database, and various bibliometric methods were employed to analyse publication trends, authorship collaborations, and the contributions of different countries and institutions. The findings reveal a significant focus on micro-level interventions that aim to change individual tourist behaviours. However, the study identifies a gap in research addressing macro-level factors, such as public policy and systemic changes, which are essential for long-term sustainability in tourism. The analysis highlights the importance of a more comprehensive approach that combines micro, meso, and macro-level strategies to address complex issues like overtourism and environmental degradation. The study proposes a new framework for applying social marketing in tourism, advocating for a shift from focusing solely on individual behaviour change to considering broader systemic influences. This framework aims to guide future research and practical applications, contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 12 by promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns in the tourism industry.
Psychological challenges in academic and social contexts: A study of Hanoi law University students
Authors: Nguyen Nga Thi Thanh , Le Thuy Thi Thanh
Published: November 2024

This study examines the psychological challenges encountered by students in their academic pursuits and interpersonal interactions at Hanoi Law University. The study used a sample of 650 students from four different majors and all academic years. It employs two subscales, consisting of 8 items to measure obstacles in learning and 4 items to measure social relationships. The measurement is done using a 5-level Likert scale. The study will be conducted from August 2022 to September 2023 and will comprise the collecting, cleaning, and analysis of data using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicate prevalent issues such as lack of motivation (M=3.21, SD=0.89), attention deficits (M=3.23, SD=0.86), inadequate study skills (M=3.28, SD= 0.94), and time management problems (M=3.12, SD=0.99), alongside interpersonal challenges like communication confidence (M=3.17, SD=0.98) and emotional regulation (M=2.66, SD=0.97). The results emphasize the necessity of using focused teaching tactics and support structures to tackle these complex obstacles, thereby assisting students in attaining their academic and personal objectives. The study highlights the significance of motivation and efficient study techniques, together with excellent interpersonal abilities, in improving students' academic achievement and overall welfare.
Validation of the project-based problem learning (PBPL) model book in higher education
Authors: Husin Muhammad , Usmeldi  , Masdi Hendri , Simatupang Wakhinuddin , Fadhilah  , Hendriyani Yeka
Published: November 2024

This study evaluates the validity of the Project-Based Problem Learning (PBPL) Model Book designed for higher education settings. The primary objective is to assess the model's content validity by applying Aiken's V, focusing on critical aspects such as Content, Language, Structure and Organization. To achieve this, a panel of experts with relevant expertise in education reviewed the PBPL Model Book. Their evaluations were then subjected to rigorous statistical analysis using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), a technique that ensures the robustness and reliability of the validation process. The findings revealed that the average Aiken's V values for each category significantly exceeded the 0.85 threshold, which confirms the model's high validity and appropriateness for educational purposes. The methodological approach of this study is notable for its integration of expert judgment with advanced statistical validation techniques. This combination of qualitative and quantitative methods provides a comprehensive assessment of the PBPL Model Book's alignment with established educational standards. The results indicate that the model effectively incorporates project-based and problem-based learning principles, offering a structured and systematic framework designed to enhance student engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The high validity scores across all evaluated categories—Content, Language, Structure and Organization—demonstrate that the model is reliable and adaptable for use in various academic contexts. In contributing to the literature on educational models, the PBPL Model Book stands out as a well-validated tool that addresses theoretical and practical educational needs. Its emphasis on active learning methodologies ensures students are better prepared to address real-world challenges. Consequently, this model is a valuable resource for educators seeking to implement innovative teaching strategies within higher education. The PBPL Model Book supports advancing pedagogical practices and educational experience by fostering a dynamic and engaging learning environment.
The impact of economic restructuring on the development of circular economy in agriculture and green growth
Authors: Nguyen Van Thu , Nguyen Thi Hai Yen , Nguyen Thi Minh Phuong , Truong Cong Giap , Do Duc  Tai , Ha Thi Thu Phuong , Nguyen Van Hau , Thanh Nguyen Quang
Published: November 2024

This study examines the impact relationship of economic restructuring on the development of a circular economy in agriculture and green growth within the context of Vietnam. The quantitative research method is used by investigating and surveying and SPSS and AMOS-based data processing. The survey scale encompasses 538 samples, including individuals, households, and agricultural organizations and cooperatives distributed across the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of Vietnam. The research results have provided valuable scientific contributions by demonstrating the intermediary role of both factors: efficiency in mobilizing and utilizing capital and linkages in the production and consumption of agricultural products within the impact relationship of economic restructuring on the development of a circular economy in agriculture. Furthermore, the development of a circular economy has been proven to have a positive impact on green growth in agriculture. Concurrently, linkages in the production and consumption of agricultural products positively impact the efficiency in mobilizing and utilizing capital. Based on these findings, the study proposes several recommendations to contribute to the development of a circular economy and promote green growth in the agricultural sector in Vietnam.
Bibliometric analysis of policy on compulsory education: key findings from studies between 1965 and 2024
Authors: Thu Do Minh , Anh Trinh Hoa , Pham Hong Thi Thuy , Ngoc Hoang Thang , Nguyen Thang The
Published: November 2024

This bibliometric analysis investigates the evolution and impact of policies on compulsory education from 1965 to 2024. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset of academic publications, we analyze trends, key contributors, and the geographical distribution of research on this topic. The study reveals significant milestones in compulsory education policies that reaching the highest publications is in the period of 2020 and 2025, driven by socioeconomic changes and global educational initiatives. Notable peaks in research activity correspond to major policy reforms and international educational goals, reflecting the dynamic nature of educational policy research. Leading contributors include institutions and funding bodies from diverse regions that come from both developing and advanced countries, highlighting the global interest and collaborative efforts in this field. Key themes identified in the literature encompass educational access, quality, equity, and the long-term socioeconomic impacts of compulsory education, apart from documents relevant to economics and econometrics represented the particular characteristics of compulsory education that should be always considered in terms of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary. The findings underscore the critical role of policy in shaping educational outcomes and inform future research directions and policy-making processes while compulsory education has been more interested, but varied opportunies and quality of education has been more demanded also. Another important finding was lessons learned can be realized from comparisons of the similaties and differences. Research questions that could be asked include how to make compulsory education policy come into effect of the same regulations but different contexts. This analysis provides a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and researchers aiming to understand the historical and contemporary landscape of compulsory education policies.
Children Tv Series As Commodity In Culture Industry
Authors: Okditazeini Vannyora
Published: November 2024

This paper will elaborate the struggle of Jalan Sesama TV series in the mid of media and commodities rivalry in the culture Industry. Library research was carried out in doing meta synthesis analysis by exploring the concept of commodity proposed by Theodor Adorno. From the conceptual elaboration, it was found that media still provide place for Jalan Sesama TV Series to do its creation. However, sooner or later, it will be banished and became a weird TV series among others.
Quality of Irrigation Water in Sri Lanka – Status and	Trends
Authors: Silva E.I.L.
Published: November 2024

Already available and newly collected data sets on water chemistry of twenty reservoirs located in seven river basins in Sri Lanka were analyzed to determine the status and trends in irrigation related water quality characteristics. pH of irrigation water varied within a wide range but the upper limit did not exceed the proposed level suitable for irrigation water. Salinity was found beyond the threshold level (1.250 g l $^{-1}$ ) only in two reservoirs located downstream of the Malwathu Oya basin and the electrical conductivity had never reached above 1 mS cm $^{-1}$ . Sodium absorption ratio (SAR) was well below the threshold value of 6 meq l $^{-1}$ in the study reservoirs. Least square regression model showed that electrical conductivity was a good predictor of salinity and SAR. Time series data showed no marked changes in irrigation water quality of the reservoirs located in the Mahaweli river basin over the last forty three years with respect to EC levels but the EC of those proximate reservoirs receiving additional transfer water from the trunk stream of the Mahaweli river showed a progressive decrease following the trans basin diversion.
Water Quality in South Asia
Authors: Subramanian V.
Published: November 2024

There are significant differences in the water chemistry of the Himalayan and southern peninsular rivers. Large and small rivers also show different types of water quality. Liquid and solid waste definitely contribute to water quality in urban centres such as Delhi and even coastal regions, as near Mumbai, are affected by waste discharges. The sub-continent also suffers from problems associated with floride and also arsenic in different parts. Even drinking water shows contamination with metals and POP. Thus over one billion people, both qualitatively and quantitatively, are at water risk.

Water quality studies in such aspects as POP, heavy metals and microbiology are urgently needed – particularly in regions such as Nepal and Bhutan where data base is scanty. The intensive agricultural activity in the sub- continent is reflected in enhanced levels of nutrients in various water bodies in many parts of the region. Thus, water in south Asia may be thought no longer to represent natural water quality but shows impact of different types of human activities practically in every part of the sub-continent.
Sources of Groundwater in Crystalline Hard Rocks of Kandy Area,	Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayawardena U. de S.
Published: November 2024

Hydrogeological investigations were carried out to obtain sufficient information on groundwater availability in the fractured metamorphic rocks in Kandy district of Sri Lanka. 47 boreholes were drilled with the average depth of 90 metres and 24 high yielding wells were selected and long term pumping tests were carried out for each well using standard methods. The calculated total of pumping rates from all wells was 8150 metric cubes per day. Pump installation depth and dynamic water levels were also calculated and the pumping time was limited for 16 hours per day allowing eight hours for recovery. These groundwater supplies have been connected to the main public water supply and no serious problems have been recorded so far since the beginning of this project. This indicates that there are many hidden groundwater sources in hard rocky areas for future. Some recommendations to maintain the wells are given here.
Copper based Fenton's System for the Decolourization of Synthetic	Dyes and Dye Industry Effluents
Authors: Shah Vishal , Bhatt Manish , Stopka Pavel , Nerud František
Published: November 2024

The effectiveness of Cu(I) and Cu(II) Fenton's system to decolourize a wide range of structurally different synthetic dyes was investigated. The Cu(I)/peroxide system can effectively decolourize aridine orange, basic blue 17, bromo cresol purple, reactive blue 5, evans blue, Chicago sky blue, methyl orange, methyl red, neutral red, phenol red, reactive black 5, reactive brilliant violet and tropeolin 00 by more than 70% within 24 hours of incubation. Cu(II)/peroxide system can decolourize Chicago sky blue, reactive black 5, Remazol brilliant violet, poly R 478, reactive blue by more than 70% in 24 hours. Cu(II)/peroxide system was tested for its ability to decolourize industrial effluents and compared to other pyridine and succinic acid containing Cu(II) systems.
Behaviour and Distribution Pattern of Nutrients in River-Estuarine	Waters of Mahanadi, Orissa, India
Authors: Sundaray Sanjay Kumar , Pand Unmesh Chandra , Nayak Binod Bihari , Bhatta Dinabandhu
Published: November 2024

Seasonal and spatial distributions of nutrients (NO $_2$ -N, NO $_3$ -N, NH $_4$ -N, PO $_4$ -P, SiO $_4$ -Si, total nitrogen and total phosphorous) in relation to some physico-chemical features (DO, BOD, TSS, TDS, SO $_4^{2-}$ and Cl $^{-}$ ) were studied for 31 different stations of Mahanadi river-estuarine system. Results of nutrient concentrations exhibit pronounced seasonal variations and distribution pattern indicating large inputs possibly from two major fertilizer plants, municipal sewage from three major towns as well as agricultural runoff. The seasonal nutrients variation (except SiO $_4$ -Si) exhibits higher values during monsoon season in unpolluted stations and the reverse trend for polluted stations, which are related to agricultural runoff and regional anthropogenic activities respectively. Silicate shows a well-defined pattern of distribution with higher concentration during monsoon, which is slightly removed from the estuarine water of Mahanadi during pre-monsoon season. High organic contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus are well marked at Atharbanki creek into the Mahanadi river estuarine system.
Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides by Manganese Dioxide	and Alkaline Earth Metals
Authors: Farooq Robina , Shaukat S.F.
Published: November 2024

The hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides is facilitated by suspension of manganese dioxide. The concentration of organophosphorus pesticides in solution apparently decayed showing the second order kinetics. It was found that the rate constant value was highest at strong acidic conditions and it continued to decrease as the pH of the solution was increased gradually. In basic conditions, the rate constant value decreased to minimum. Manganese dioxide under acidic conditions converted into Mn $^{2+}$ ions, then these ions in water formed hexaaquomanganese (II) ion –[Mn(H $_2$ O) $_6$ ] $^{2+}$ . This ion then adsorbed itself on the S or O atom of the organophosphorus compound, thus weakens the bond between P–S. This reaction facilitated the attack of H $_2$ O or OH $^-$ ion and thus enhanced the efficiency of hydrolysis. It was studied that methidathion hydrolyzed more efficiently than omethoate. The rate constants of catalytic hydrolysis were increased with increasing the amount of MnO $_2$ . It was found that the pesticides had undergone adsorption on catalyst in the first few minutes and there was rapid drop of total phosphorus concentration. The decrease of total phosphorus adsorption and rate of hydrolysis with increasing pH was also observed. After the addition of alkaline earth metal cations (Ca $^{2+}$ and Mg $^{2+}$ ) along with magnesium, the rate of hydrolysis at near neutral conditions was successfully increased.
Comparative Study of Treatability of Atrazine Using Treated and	Untreated Wood Charcoal
Authors: Alam Md. J. B. , Chowdhury Rezaul Kabir
Published: November 2024

Removal of atrazine from aqueous phase was attempted in the range of 0–10 mg/l using various methods viz. adsorption by both treated and untreated wood charcoal. Atrazine was analyzed using gas chromatograph with OV-17 poropak stainless steel column. Although activated carbon is the major abatement methodology for many pesticides, treated wood charcoal showed higher removal efficiency than that of untreated wood charcoal. At pH 6.0, treated wood charcoal shows more than 90% removal efficiency.
Rural Poverty and Sustainability: The Case of Groundwater	Depletion in Iran
Authors: Karami Ezatollah , Hayati Dariush
Published: November 2024

The agricultural sector is the largest water user in the world and especially in Asia. Agriculture plays a basic role in Iran's national economy and it consumes about 93.5% of the total national water resource. Iran is a water scarce country and it has been confronted with drought disaster in many parts in recent years. Since the link between poverty and environmental degradation is rather complicated, it should be investigated based on the level, distribution and type of poverty, the type of environmental problem and the conditioning variables. Such a link has been seen when environmental degradation is related to rural households' livelihood, directly and when based on rural quality of life as the best index for rural poverty, in this research. The main objectives of this study were investigation of poverty and groundwater depletion relationship; take those regions confronted with groundwater depletion and compare water use productivity of farmers who live in such regions with those who live in regions with no groundwater depletion to improve the understanding of potential links. The research was conducted according to a theoretical framework. Research findings revealed that farmers who live in regions confronted with groundwater depletion have been entered in a dangerous competition with others to consume their groundwater resources, with such competition being the main reason for their water use productivity descending, severely. Poorer farmers were the loser of such competition. A conceptual model was derived from research findings. Several applicable recommendations have been presented at the end of the article.
Reduction in Methane Emission from Kerala Estuaries
Authors: Zachariah E.J. , Johny C.J.
Published: November 2024

Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide, and is expected to contribute nearly 18% of the total global warming during the present half-century. Wetlands are the largest natural source of methane. Kerala has a total of 127,930 ha of wetland area. Measurements show that methane fluxes from Kerala's coastal lakes have decreased during the past decade. This could be due to the reduction in coconut husk retting activity in these lakes. Results of methane flux measurements from some of the coastal lakes in Kerala and statistics relating to the quantity of husk retted are reported and discussed here.
Changing Trends of Water Level and Runoff during Past 100 Years of	the Yangtze River (China)
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Jiang Tong , Liu Chunling
Published: November 2024

Changing trends and periodicities of the water level and runoff during past more than 100 years in the Yichang, Hankou and Datong stations are detected with the help of the wavelet analysis, maximum entropy spectrum analysis and Mann-Kendall analysis. The results indicate that the runoff of the Datong station is in upward trend since about 1965; this upward trend is significant at 0.95 confidence level after 1993. The runoff of the Hankou station, however, is in upward trend since 1920, and reached the 0.95 significant level at 1960. The changing features of the runoff in the Yichang station are different from Hankou and Datong stations. The runoff of the Yichang station is in downward trend after 1960. The changing trends of the water level are similar to those of the runoff. As for the periodicities, the changes of the periodicities of the runoff over time is not significant, while periodicities have the obvious changes over time, that is, the periodicities of the water level are shorter over time. This result suggests that changes of the runoff are mainly the results of the climatic changes, less impacted by the human activities. While the water level changes are results of complex factors, that is to say, the changes of the water level are not only influenced by the climatic changes but also influenced by the human activities. Wavelet analysis results, together with the maximum entropy spectrum analysis, demonstrate that the periodicities of the water level become shorter over time, which means that the occurrence possibility of the higher water level is high over time. Therefore we can say that with the development of human activities, intensifying human interference with the river channel evolution and intensified human exploitation of the land in the Yangtze catchments exert increasing influences on the water level changes. Human activities play the increasingly important role in the water level changes in the Yangtze catchments. Wavelet analysis and Mann-Kendall analysis results indicate that, except the Yichang station, the water level and runoff in the Hankou and Datong stations show upward trend. Furthermore excessive precipitation because of global warming will intensify the flood in the Yangtze catchments. Therefore, in the near future, the Yangtze catchments will encounter greater and more serious flood disasters. This result is expected to draw more attention from the local governments.
Leachate Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites at Chennai,	India
Authors: Esakku S. , Selvam A. , Palanivelu K. , Nagendran R. , Joseph Kurian
Published: November 2024

The paper discusses the characteristics of leachates from municipal solid waste dumps at Chennai, India. Leachate samples from Perungudi and Kodungaiyur dumping grounds were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. Leachates were slightly alkaline. Total dissolved solids varied from 1391 to 8124 mg/L. The maximum chemical and biochemical oxygen demands recorded were 1370 and 58 mg/L, respectively. Heavy metals were in microgram levels. Pollution potential indicating parameter ratios BOD/COD and COD/DOC were < 0.1 and < 2, respectively. Results of the study indicated that the leachate quality of these sites were similar to those of aged or stabilized landfills. A comparison of the quality in the two sites showed that the pollution potential of Perungudi leachates was slightly higher than that of Kodungaiyur.
Box–Behnken Design of Experiments in the Adsorption of	Anionic Dyes on the Bio Polymer Chitosan
Authors: Sivakumar N. , Basker R. , Sridhar R.
Published: November 2024

The adsorption of anionic dye acid Orange 10 and acid Orange 51 on chitosan, a food processing industrial bio polymeric waste was studied. Box-Behnken model and analysis of variance (ANOVA) have been applied to the experimental adsorption studies. Response surface method with three levels of variances namely pH (6.7, 7.4, 9.2), particle size (0.100, 0.175 and 0.250 mm) and temperature (30, 45 and 60°C) were used in the identification of significant effects and interaction in the batch adsorption studies. A second order polynomial regression model has been developed using experimental data. From the results it was found that the selected variables as a strong effect on adsorption and also the experimental values were in good agreement with predicted values with the correlation coefficient value in the range of ≈ 0.99.
Study of Some Metals Speciation in Bida Municipal Wastes by	Sequential Extraction
Authors: Yisa J. , Gana P.J. , Jiya G.J.
Published: November 2024

Sequential extraction was applied to determine the chemical association of some heavy metals in municipal waste in Bida. The results of the study show that competition for the binding phase occurs, and oxidisable fraction was found to be more accessible to heavy metal than all other solid phases. Among the five heavy metals studied in these wastes, the mean of the amount of Pb bound to oxidizable fraction was the highest (102 mg/kg) and the lowest was Cu bound to the residual fraction (4.59 mg/kg). Loading plots obtained from the results of principal components analysis show the data point for Fe and Sn bound to exchangeable fraction clustered. It was observed that the municipal waste was not highly contaminated, with most metal concentrations below the permissible levels for the application to agricultural land as regulated by the US EPA.
Low Frequencies Ultrasonic Treatment of Sludge
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Behari J. , Kesari Kavindra Kr.
Published: November 2024

In the present investigation, ultrasonic (US) irradiation treatment technology has been adopted. The mechanism of action (cavitation and sonochemical reaction) of ultrasonic radiation is such that it acts as a potential tool for enhanced biodegradation and sonodegradation of waste and also recovery of resources from treated waste. In ultrasonic waste treatment technology the frequency of US and treatment time is a significant factor in determining optimal reaction conditions. The optimum frequency is substrate specific and low frequency is suitable for sewage sludge treatment. So we opted low frequency (35 kHz and 130 kHz) ultrasonic treatment over varying intervals of time to find out the possibilities to change the quality of sludge by ultrasonic irradiation. Primary sludge characterization parameters i.e. pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solid content, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were measured. Ultrasonic pre-treatment was carried out for 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. each (t $_1$ -t $_4$ ). Under following treatment, temperature rise, increase in the amount of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), total nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed. Both control and treated samples (t $_1$ -t $_4$ ) were analysed side by side. Very little change in total nitrogen was observed but significant decline level of phosphorus in samples were seen with increase of time of treatment. These data may provide useful information in the way to solve water and soil pollution by ultrasonic treatment.
Ecology of Phytoplankton in Tropical Waters: Introduction to the	Topic and Ecosystem Changes from Sri Lanka
Authors: Silva E.I.L.
Published: November 2024

Some aspects of ecology of phytoplankton in four distinct types of standing water bodies were diagnosed using the outcome of a long-term study conducted in Sri Lankan reservoirs on species composition and richness, temporal and seasonal patterns in relation to environmental variables. Nearly 150 taxa belonging to nine taxonomic groups were identified of which some have been reported in previous studies. The numerical analysis of the overall species lists shows that the taxonomic composition, species richness and sequential periodicity varies largely among different types of environments with higher resemblance for water bodies located at comparable eco-regions with similar morphological, hydraulic, hydro-chemical and trophic features. Relative abundance and species spectrum can be used to classify the water bodies into oligo-mesotrophic (large and deep canyon-shaped, newly built hydropower reservoirs), meso-eutrophic (dry zone irrigation tanks) and eutrophic-heterotrophic (urban water bodies) which show distinct annual trophic alteration influenced by monsoonal rainfall. Unlike in temperate regions, they exhibit non-rhythmic successional episodes, some prefer specific chemical environment and some taxa become more stable when essential nutrients are in surplus. The numerical dominance or biomass is not regulated by grazing but a large amount of phytoplankton biomass is lost during water release from the euphotic zone.
Ecological Status of Segara Anakan, Indonesia: A Mangrove-fringed	Lagoon Affected by Human Activities
Authors: Yuwono Edy , Jennerjahn T.C. , Nordhaus I. , Riyanto Erwin Ardli , Sastranegara M. Husein , Pribadi Rudhi
Published: November 2024

Segara Anakan is a mangrove-fringed shallow coastal lagoon in south central Java, Indonesia, which is of high ecological and economic value because of its richness and diversity in living natural resources. The economic demands of a growing population, however, strongly alter environmental conditions which affect the ecology of the living resources and ultimately the ecological balance and economic potential of the region. Preliminary results of recent investigations in conjunction with available information from the past decades indicate an increasing deterioration of environmental conditions, particularly through high riverine sediment inputs in the western part of the lagoon, oil pollution in the eastern part and inputs of effluents from agriculture particularly in the western part of the lagoon. The destruction of mangroves mainly through illegal logging leads to habitat changes which affect the ecology of organisms, particularly of economically important species. Benthic organisms are as diverse as in other tropical regions. Abundances are extremely high in the central lagoon, but lower by two orders of magnitude in the eastern part which is affected by the effluents of an oil refinery. Developing measures for the sustainable management of the lagoon's living resources requires an integrated understanding of ecosystem functions and their changes related to human activities and climate change. The multidisciplinary German-Indonesian SPICE (Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Marine Ecosystems) research programme is designed to obtain the necessary information in high temporal and spatial resolution.
Changing Patterns of Climate in Kuwait
Authors: Salam M. Abdul , Mazrooei Suad Al
Published: November 2024

Climatic changes are recognized as a major threat to the survival of species and integrity of ecosystems world over. Little research has been focused to assess the climatic changes in the state of Kuwait. In this context, a study was conducted at the department of biological sciences, Kuwait University to assess the changing climatic patterns of Kuwait. The variations in the average weather parameters between two periods (1962–1998 and 1999–2004) were studied. Distinct variations in the climatic patterns were noticed between these periods. Compared to 1962–1998 period, during 1999–2004 period, there was an increase in period mean maximum temperature by 1.29°C, period mean minimum temperature by 0.73°C and period mean temperature by 1.14°C. The period average rainfall increased by 18.67 mm while the period average pan evaporation increased by 0.97 mm d $^{-1}$ . The period average wind speed increased by 0.21 m s $^{-1}$ during the second period. The only weather parameter that showed a decreasing trend was relative humidity (period mean relative humidity by 1.14 percent). The change in the climatic patterns of Kuwait environment in terms of increasing temperature, wind speed and pan evaporation may be viewed with serious concerns. The increasing trend in the rainfall pattern is a happy signal from environmental and agricultural point of view. In the context of changing climatic patterns, it is necessary to assess the exact causes of the same and to take possible remedial measures.