bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of thyroid transcription factor‐1 with the efficacy of immune‐checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nakahama Kenji , Kaneda Hiroyasu , Osawa Masahiko , Izumi Motohiro , Yoshimoto Naoki , Sugimoto Akira , Nagamine Hiroaki , Ogawa Koichi , Matsumoto Yoshiya , Sawa Kenji , Tani Yoko , Mitsuoka Shigeki , Watanabe Tetsuya , Asai Kazuhisa , Kawaguchi Tomoya
Published: July 2022

Background

We aimed to identify the relationship between thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) expression of lung adenocarcinoma and the efficacy of immune‐checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.

Methods

This retrospective multicenter study comprised patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma treated with ICI monotherapy. We collected clinical medical records including data on TTF‐1 expression and analyzed the relationship between TTF‐1 expression and programmed death‐ligand 1 tumor proportion score (PD‐L1 TPS), objective response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Results

In total, 108 patients with lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed. The rate of TPS ≥1% and ≥50% in patients with positive TTF‐1 expression was significantly higher than that in patients with negative TTF‐1 expression (88% vs. 60%, p < 0.001; 65% vs. 24%, p < 0.001). The ORR was significantly higher in TTF‐1 positive patients than in TTF‐1‐negative patients (38% vs. 8%, p = 0.003). Among patients with TPS ≥50% and 1%–49%, the ORR in TTF‐1 positive and negative patients was 48% (26/54) versus 17% (1/6) (p = 0.21), and 32% (6/19) versus 11% (1/9) (p = 0.37), respectively. The ORR for patients with TPS <1% was 0% in both the TTF‐1 negative and positive cases. The median PFS and OS was significantly longer in TTF‐1‐positive patients than in TTF‐1‐negative patients (5.4 vs. 1.6 months, p < 0.001; 18.2 vs. 8.0 months, p = 0.041). Multivariate analysis revealed that TTF‐1‐negative status was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for PFS.

Conclusion

Patients with TTF‐1‐positive status receiving ICI monotherapy showed better outcomes than those with TTF‐1‐negative lung adenocarcinoma.
DAF‐2/insulin IGF‐1 receptor regulates motility during aging by integrating opposite signaling from muscle and neuronal tissues
Authors: Roy Charline , Molin Laurent , Alcolei Allan , Solyga Mathilde , Bonneau Benjamin , Vachon Camille , Bessereau Jean‐Louis , Solari Florence
Published: July 2022

During aging, preservation of locomotion is generally considered an indicator of sustained good health, in elderlies and in animal models. In Caenorhabditis elegans, mutants of the insulin‐IGF‐1 receptor DAF2/IIRc represent a paradigm of healthy aging, as their increased lifespan is accompanied by a delay in age‐related loss of motility. Here, we investigated the DAF‐2/IIRc‐dependent relationship between longevity and motility using an auxin‐inducible degron to trigger tissue‐specific degradation of endogenous DAF‐2/IIRc. As previously reported, inactivation of DAF‐2/IIRc in neurons or intestine was sufficient to extend the lifespan of worms, whereas depletion in epidermis, germline, or muscle was not. However, neither intestinal nor neuronal depletion of DAF‐2/IIRc prevented the age‐related loss of motility. In 1‐day‐old adults, DAF‐2/IIRc depletion in neurons reduced motility in a DAF‐16/FOXO dependent manner, while muscle depletion had no effect. By contrast, DAF‐2 depletion in the muscle of middle‐age animals improved their motility independently of DAF‐16/FOXO but required UNC‐120/SRF. Yet, neuronal or muscle DAF‐2/IIRc depletion both preserved the mitochondria network in aging muscle. Overall, these results show that the motility pattern of daf‐2 mutants is determined by the sequential and opposing impact of neurons and muscle tissues and can be dissociated from the regulation of the lifespan. This work also provides the characterization of a versatile tool to analyze the tissue‐specific contribution of insulin‐like signaling in integrated phenotypes at the whole organism level.
The Impact of Directors’ Foreign Experience on Environmental Information Disclosure: Evidence from Heavily Polluting Chinese Firms
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Jameel , Tian Gaoliang , Ayaz Muhammad , Zhang Xia
Published: July 2022

Based on manually collected data relating to board internationalization, measured as directors' experience gained in developed countries, this paper explores the relationship between directors' foreign experience and the environmental information disclosure of Chinese heavily polluting firms from 2016 to 2019. We find that directors' foreign experience has a significant positive impact on environmental information disclosure. These findings are robust and consistent across various analytical models. In addition, empirical evidence shows that the positive effect of directors' foreign experience on environmental information disclosure is more significant in state‐owned enterprises and firms with foreign ownership. Our research has important implications for policy‐makers and regulators.
Diagnosis and management of allergy and respiratory disorders in sport: An EAACI task force position paper
Authors: Price Oliver J. , Walsted Emil S. , Bonini Matteo , Brannan John D. , Bougault Valérie , Carlsen Kai‐Håkon , Couto Mariana , Kippelen Pascale , Moreira André , Pite Helena , Rukhadze Maia , Hull James H.
Published: July 2022

Allergy and respiratory disorders are common in young athletic individuals. In the context of elite sport, it is essential to secure an accurate diagnosis in order to optimize health and performance. It is also important, however, to consider the potential impact or consequences of these disorders, in recreationally active individuals engaging in structured exercise and/or physical activity to maintain health and well‐being across the lifespan. This EAACI Task Force was therefore established, to develop an up‐to‐date, research‐informed position paper, detailing the optimal approach to the diagnosis and management of common exercise‐related allergic and respiratory conditions. The recommendations are informed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts including allergists, pulmonologists, physiologists and sports physicians. The report is structured as a concise, practically focussed document, incorporating diagnostic and treatment algorithms, to provide a source of reference to aid clinical decision‐making. Throughout, we signpost relevant learning resources to consolidate knowledge and understanding and conclude by highlighting future research priorities and unmet needs.
Syncope with QT‐interval prolongation and T‐wave inversion in anterior and inferior leads: Foreboder of a life‐threatening condition?
Authors: Li Jing‐Xiu , Wang Jing , Li Xue‐Qi , Gao Min
Published: July 2022

Even though patients with pulmonary embolism usually present with respiratory distress and tachycardia, the patient presented with syncope only. Typical ECG changes associated with PE include right axis deviation, right bundle‐branch block, S1Q3T3 pattern, arrhythmia, nonspecific ST‐segment changes, QR pattern in lead V1, Brugada ECG pattern, and T‐wave inversions in the precordial leads. However, his electrocardiogram showed QT‐interval prolongation and simultaneous T‐wave inversions in the inferior and anterior leads. This ECG pattern is crucial for diagnosing PE. The patient underwent computed tomography‐pulmonary angiography, which revealed pulmonary embolism. At the same time, these ECG changes should be differentiated from those of long QT syndrome, myocardial ischemia, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, post‐pacing T‐wave memory, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
A Cultural Phenomenology of Qigong: Qi Experience and the Learning of a Somatic Mode of Attention
Authors: Lazzarelli Alessandro
Published: July 2022

In Chinese body culture, the construct of qi 氣—literally translated as breath or energy—is at the heart of several programs of self‐cultivation, as well as other domains of bodily knowledge related to the subjective and inter‐subjective realm of everyday life. Also, among Chinese societies and communities, discourses on qi have assumed social significance in the milieus of politics, religion, and popular culture. Therefore, it appears to be the case that a concern for the qi experience is significant to both the Chinese sensorium and its sociocultural context. However, while this category is ubiquitous, we are still left with the question of how people learn, elaborate, and make sense of it. By drawing from an in‐depth ethnographic study of a group of neidan qigong 內丹氣功 practitioners in Taipei, Taiwan, the aim of this article is twofold. To a greater extent, it investigates what role qigong, a mind‐body practice to cultivate and balance the vital energy, plays in the individual learning, elaboration, and understanding of the qi sensory experience. To a lesser extent, it considers this case study in the broader sociocultural context, in order to demonstrate that a first‐person approach to the qi experience can contribute to understanding the dynamics between embodied learning, consciousness, and society.
Neuro‐plastic Shamanism? Towards a Political Ontology of Whiteness and the Psychedelic Zeitgeist
Authors: Keel Mat
Published: July 2022

This paper argues for reorienting our investigation of the psychedelic zeitgeist towards the longitudinal history of psychedelia with a committed attention to its relationship to colonialism. It demonstrates that clinical psychedelic medicine appears to sustain the reproduction of modern colonial whiteness in line with Elizabeth Povinelli’s theorization of late liberalism. It also challenges the notion of a restricted or segregated academic area for psychedelic studies. Instead, it is imperative to place discussions of contemporary plant medicine in line with broader contemporary discussions in cultural anthropology around political ontology and decoloniality. This paper attempts to demonstrate that doing so may challenge our understanding of whiteness—reinterpreting it—by recourse to the history of the psychedelic counterculture, as a form of complex trauma, and thus potentially demonstrating new implications for decoloniality and its praxis.
Paediatric emergency departments should manage young febrile and afebrile infants the same if they have a fever before presenting
Authors: Orfanos Ioannis , Sotoca Fernandez Jorge , Elfving Kristina , Alfvén Tobias , Eklund Erik A.
Published: July 2022

Aim

Our aim was to evaluate the risk of bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, and urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants ≤60 days who presented to paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) after having fever at home. We also investigated any differences between infants who were afebrile or febrile on presentation.

Methods

This was a multicenter retrospective study of infants ≤60 days presented to four Swedish PEDs during 2014–2020 with reported fever at home. We used relative risks (RR) to compare the prevalence of UTI, bacteremia, and bacterial meningitis between the infants who were afebrile and the infants who were still febrile when they presented to the PED.

Results

The cohort comprised 1926 infants, and 702 (36%) were afebrile on presentation. The prevalence of UTI in the afebrile and febrile infants was 6.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5–8.2] versus 14.2% (95% CI 12.3–16.2), corresponding to an RR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.31–0.59). In infants ≤28 days, the RR for meningitis was 1.05 (95% CI 0.18–6.23) for afebrile versus febrile infants. Five times more febrile infants underwent a lumbar puncture.

Conclusion

Infants who were afebrile on presentation underwent fewer lumbar punctures, but they had similar rates of bacterial meningitis to febrile infants. Different management approaches are not justified.
Letter: sex disparities in presentation and prognosis of 1110 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sun Li‐Yang , Jia Hang‐Dong , Liang Lei , Huang Dong‐Sheng , Yang Tian
Published: July 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to El‐Khateeb et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16489

This letter is linked to Nicole E. Rich et al's article. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15917.
Editorial: tradipitant has promise for treating gastroparesis but leaves gastric function alone—authors’ reply
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Zheng Ting
Published: July 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Khanna et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17065
Financial Literacy and Retirement Spending: A University Student Perspective
Authors: Richardson Jeremy , Alpert Karen , Tanner Mark , Birt Jacqueline
Published: July 2022

Financial provision for retirement consists of two phases, accumulation and decumulation. Young people as an age group have generally been ignored in previous research and there has been little research investigating financial literacy levels of young people and attitudinal aspects of their decision making. As such, this paper examines university students’ views on decumulation. We find that student predictions of their costs in retirement are inaccurate, and this is driven by overconfidence and somewhat mitigated by better financial literacy. Furthermore, when planning for retirement income, the Age Pension is expected to be used the least while interestingly personal savings are expected to be used more than superannuation. The biggest drivers of the different levels of usage for the different funding sources are opinions on the effectiveness and understanding of superannuation. These results demonstrate that there is a lack of understanding of the costs of living and the characteristics of the different pillars of the Australian retirement system. Increasing skills and knowledge in financial literacy and of the Australian retirement system is paramount. The implications of our findings are of interest to government, finance professionals and academics from an education and research perspective.
Going Concern Uncertainty: What Do Firms Disclose?
Authors: Bradbury Michael , Fargher Neil , Potter Brad , Taylor Stephen
Published: July 2022

We examine disclosure of going concern uncertainties by Australian companies. We begin by outlining the extant reporting framework applicable from accounting and auditing standards, and compare the approach to this issue taken across several different countries – Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. We then examine reporting of going concern uncertainties for a selection of 127 Australian companies reporting at 30 June 2020 that also receive modified audit reports highlighting going concern issues. Our results indicate substantial variation in the specific requirements of audit and accounting standards impacting going concern disclosure across jurisdictions, with relevant disclosure guidance for Australian entities primarily contained in auditing, rather than accounting, standards. Not surprisingly then, we also observe significant variation in management reporting practices. These results inform our understanding of existing disclosure requirements and highlight how regulatory reliance on auditor discussion of going concern issues likely results in relatively limited management disclosure. We suggest that additional guidance may be required from accounting standard setters and also regulators with respect to management discussion of going concern uncertainty.
Paediatric oral formulations: Why don't our kids have the medicines they need?
Authors: Juárez‐Hernández José Eduardo , Carleton Bruce C.
Published: July 2022

Medication use in children represents 15–20% of total drug sales. More than 50% of children receive at least one prescription medication a year. Despite this, few drugs have a paediatric formulation available. Furthermore, 80% of paediatric prescriptions are considered off‐label. Off‐label use is defined as the use of products that differ in dose, indication or route of administration from the one established in the summary of product characteristics. Off‐label use is associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions, including therapeutic failure. The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have made changes to regulations to incentivize the development of paediatric formulations.

Novel paediatric formulations can ease drug administration, reducing medication errors, increasing dosing acceptability, medication adherence and improve safety. Two routes for paediatric drug approval are available, the traditional, requiring clinical trials and the formulation bridging path, where these formulations need to demonstrate equivalence with the existing adult formulations.

New formulations seeking regulatory approval require bioequivalence studies, but the regulatory framework, which states that bioequivalence data are obtained from adults and then extrapolated to children, may be disregarding important physiological differences between these two populations of patients.

It is important to ensure that drugs for children have been appropriately studied and are properly manufactured for them. Adequately designed studies will provide data that will improve our understanding of how drug disposition differs between adults and children and will pave the way for children to get the best possible treatment.
Asymmetrical responding to male versus female other‐race categories in 9‐ to 12‐month‐old infants
Authors: Damon Fabrice , Quinn Paul C. , Méary David , Pascalis Olivier
Published: July 2022

Faces can be categorized along various dimensions including gender or race, an ability developing in infancy. Infant categorization studies have focused on facial attributes in isolation, but the interaction between these attributes remains poorly understood. Experiment 1 examined gender categorization of other‐race faces in 9‐ and 12‐month‐old White infants. Nine‐ and 12‐month‐olds were familiarized with Asian male or female faces, and tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category. Both age groups showed novel category preferences for novel Asian female faces after familiarization with Asian male faces, but showed no novel category preference for novel Asian male faces after familiarization with Asian female faces. This categorization asymmetry was not due to a spontaneous preference hindering novel category reaction (Experiment 2), and both age groups displayed difficulty discriminating among male, but not female, other‐race faces (Experiment 3). These results indicate that category formation for male other‐race faces is mediated by categorical perception. Overall, the findings suggest that even by 12 months of age, infants are not fully able to form gender category representations of other‐race faces, responding categorically to male, but not female, other‐race faces.
It is double pleasure to deceive the deceiver: Machiavellianism is associated with producing but not necessarily with falling for bullshit
Authors: Blötner Christian , Bergold Sebastian
Published: July 2022

Machiavellianism is a personality trait emphasizing fraud at others' expense. It is yet unclear whether Machiavellianism is also predictive of less obvious deception, for example inaccurate or meaningless information supposed to gain advantages and to avoid disadvantages (i.e., bullshit). Similarly, it is unclear whether those high in Machiavellianism can recognize bullshit claims and valuable information as such (i.e., bullshit sensitivity). In this study, we investigated whether different facets of Machiavellianism are prone to the production of different sorts of bullshit and how these facets of Machiavellianism relate to bullshit sensitivity. In a sample of 525 participants (72% women), we found that the manipulative side of Machiavellianism (Machiavellian approach) was linked to persuasive bullshitting, that is, the production of bullshit intended to gain desired resources. Likewise, the distrustful side of Machiavellianism (Machiavellian avoidance) went along with higher evasive bullshitting, which means spreading information that ought to prevent individual disadvantages. Next, we found that those high in Machiavellian avoidance, but not Machiavellian approach, were better at differentiating information from bullshit. These links were robust irrespective of different levels of cognitive ability. Ultimately, we discussed future directions for research on bullshitting and disseminating deceptive information in general.
Battling parenting: The consequences of secure care interventions on parents
Authors: Allgurin Monika , Enell Sofia
Published: July 2022

Secure care in Sweden is the most intrusive child welfare intervention, and children and their family members have restricted contact. For each child in secure care, there are at least twice as many affected family members and parents who must manage the consequences of this institutionalization. Clearly, it is just as important to understand how secure care affects parents as it is to understand how secure care affects children. To address this issue, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 11 parents to eight children who had been placed in secure care during their childhood, focusing on the institutional and societal structures that affected these parents and their parenting. With a narrative approach, stories alluding to a metaphor of war are identified. These stories reveal how all parents (but especially single mothers) are affected by their diverse socio‐economic positions and the rigid frames of family life presumed by child welfare interventions. In these narratives, parenting emerges as a social practice rather than a skill. Above all, the stories demonstrate a great deal of vulnerability and sensitivity of parenting. The findings raise critical questions about the meaning and overarching consequences of institutional interventions in a family life.
Relationship between childbirth and access to postsecondary education among young women ageing out of foster care
Authors: Shpiegel Svetlana , Dworsky Amy , Day Angelique , Ludeke Rachel , Ventola Marissa
Published: July 2022

Early childbirth is common among young women ageing out of foster care and may impede their educational progress. However, few studies have explored access to postsecondary education among young mothers who have been in foster care. The present study used data from a large, national sample of young people in foster care (National Youth in Transition Database, NYTD) to examine the link between early childbirth and young women's access to postsecondary education between ages 19 and 21, controlling for an array of covariates. The study sample included 2,207 young women who had completed a high school diploma or GED by age 19 and who participated in three NYTD interviews at ages 17, 19 and 21. Childbirth between ages 19 and 21 was linked to decreased access to postsecondary education. However, no relationship was found between access to postsecondary education and childbirth by age 17 or childbirth between ages 17 and 19. Implications for policy, practice and research are discussed.
Reconstructive surgical therapy of peri‐implantitis: A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Derks Jan , Ortiz‐Vigón Alberto , Guerrero Adrián , Donati Mauro , Bressan Eriberto , Ghensi Paolo , Schaller Dennis , Tomasi Cristiano , Karlsson Karolina , Abrahamsson Ingemar , Ichioka Yuki , Dionigi Carlotta , Regidor Erik , Berglundh Tord
Published: July 2022

Objective

To evaluate the potential benefit of the use of a bone substitute material in the reconstructive surgical therapy of peri‐implantitis.

Methods

In this multicenter randomized clinical trial, 138 patients (147 implants) with peri‐implantitis were treated surgically, randomized by coin toss to either a control (access flap surgery) or a test group (reconstructive surgery using bone substitute material). Clinical assessments, including probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding and suppuration on probing (BOP & SOP) as well as soft tissue recession (REC), were recorded at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Marginal bone levels (MBL), measured on intra‐oral radiographs, and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) were recorded at baseline and 12 months. No blinding to group allocation was performed. The primary outcome at 12 months was a composite measure including (i) implant not lost, (ii) absence of BOP/SOP at all aspects, (iii) PPD ≤5 mm at all aspects and (iv) ≤1 mm recession of mucosal margin on the buccal aspect of the implant. Secondary outcomes included (i) changes of MBL, (ii) changes of PPD, BOP%, and buccal KM, (iii) buccal REC and (iv) patient‐reported outcomes.

Results

During follow‐up, four implants (one in the test group, three in the control group) in four patients were removed due to disease progression. At 12 months, a total of 69 implants in the test and 68 implants in the control group were examined. Thus, 16.4% and 13.5% of implants in the test and control group, respectively, met all predefined criteria of the composite outcome. PPD reduction and MBL gain were 3.7 mm and about 1.0 mm in both groups. Reduction in mean BOP% varied between 45% (test) and 50% (control), without significant differences between groups. Buccal REC was less pronounced in the test group (M = 0.7, SD = 0.9 mm) when compared to controls (M = 1.1, SD = 1.5 mm). PROs were favorable in both groups without significant differences. One case of allergic reaction to the antibiotic therapy was recorded. No other adverse events were noted.

Conclusions

Surgical therapy of peri‐implantitis effectively improved the clinical and radiographic status at 12 months. While the use of a bone substitute material did not improve reductions of PPD and BOP, buccal REC was less pronounced in the test group. Patient satisfaction was high in both groups.
A comparison between self‐reported hand eczema and self‐reported signs and symptoms of skin lesions indicating hand eczema
Authors: Yüksel Yasemin Topal , Thyssen Jacob P. , Nørreslet Line Brok , Flachs Esben Meulengracht , Ebbehøj Niels Erik , Agner Tove
Published: July 2022

Background

The accuracy of self‐reported hand eczema (HE) is currently unclear, and it is unknown how well self‐reported signs and symptoms of skin lesions that indicate HE correlate with self‐reported HE.

Objectives

To correlate self‐reported signs and symptoms of skin lesions on the hands with self‐reported HE, to assess the sensitivity and specificity, and to suggest a definition for HE.

Method

Seven hundred ninety‐five (47.8%) of 1663 invited healthcare workers completed a digital questionnaire, and were asked to report if they experienced HE or any of the following skin signs/symptoms in past 11 months: scaling, erythema, fissures, vesicles, dryness, itch, stinging.

Results

HE during the past 11 months was reported by 11.9%. Of these, 91.4% reported at least one skin sign versus 32.3% of those without self‐reported HE. The highest sensitivity and specificity were found for erythema (77.4% and 78.2%, respectively) and itch (78.5% and 78.6%, respectively), both separately and combined. The combination of ≥2 signs (erythema, scaling, fissures and vesicles) and itch, reached a sensitivity of 52.7% and specificity of 93.9%.

Conclusion

The marked difference between self‐reported HE and signs/symptoms highlights the importance of differentiating between data based on self‐reported HE and signs/symptoms. As a first step towards diagnostic HE criteria, ≥2 signs combined with itch could be considered, but clinical studies are needed to verify the precision.
Acute hemodynamic responses from low‐load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction in young and older individuals: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cross‐over trials
Authors: Pedon William R. , Lima Francisco V. , Cipriano Gerson , da Silva Weder A. , Fernandes Marcos V. S. , Gomes Natalia S. , Chiappa Adriana M. G. , Pena de Sousa Rafael , Pereira da Silva Maria Eduarda , Chiappa Gaspar R.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To summarize the existing evidence on the acute response of low‐load (LL) resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on hemodynamic parameters.

Data Sources

MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Scopus), SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science and MedRxiv databases were searched from inception to February 2022.

Review Methods

Cross‐over trials investigating the acute effect of LLRE + BFR versus passive (no exercise) and active control methods (LLRE or HLRE) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure responses.

Results

The quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, risk of bias using the RoB 2.0 tool for cross‐over trials and certainty of the evidence using the GRADE method. A total of 15 randomized cross‐over studies with 466 participants were eligible for analyses. Our data showed that LLRE + BFR increases all hemodynamic parameters compared to passive control, but not compared to conventional resistance exercise. Subgroup analysis did not demonstrate any differences between LLRE + BFR and low‐ (LL) or high‐load (HL) resistance exercise protocols. Studies including younger volunteers presented higher chronotropic responses (HR) than those with older volunteers.

Conclusions

Despite causing notable hemodynamic responses compared to no exercise, the short‐term LL resistance exercise with BFR modulates all hemodynamic parameters HR, SBP, DBP and MBP, similarly to a conventional resistance exercise protocol, whether at low or high‐intensity. The chronotropic response is slightly higher in younger healthy individuals despite the similarity regarding pressure parameters.
Brain lesion type, corticospinal tract organization, and task demands may be predictive of mirror movements and motor outcomes in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Dewey Deborah
Published: July 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Kuo et al. on pages 264–273 of this issue.
Increased fetal epicardial fat thickness: A reflecting finding for GDM and perinatal outcomes
Authors: Iskender Cantekin , Yakut Yücel Kadriye , Dereli Murat Levent , Sağlam Erkan , Çelen Şevki , Çağlar Turhan , Engin‐Üstün Yaprak
Published: July 2022

Objective

To study the value of fetal epicardial fat thickness (EFT) in gestational diabetes mellitus in the third trimester of pregnancy and its relationship with clinical parameters and perinatal outcomes.

Methods

A total of 80 participants, including 40 with diagnosed GDM and 40 healthy pregnant women, were included in the study. Demographic data were obtained from medical records. Sonographic examinations were performed, such as amniotic fluid value, fetal biometric measurements, and Doppler parameters of the umbilical artery. Fetal EFT values were measured at the free wall of the right ventricle using a reference line with echocardiographic methods. Correlation tests were performed to evaluate the relationship between fetal EFT and clinical and perinatal parameters.p < .05 were interpreted as statistically significant.

Results

The fetal EFT value was statistically higher in the GDM group than in the control group (p: .000). Spearman and Pearson correlation tests revealed statistically significant but weak positive correlations between fetal EFT value, 1‐h 100‐g OGTT, birth weight, and BMI (r: .198,p: .047;r: .395,p: .012;r: .360,p: .042, respectively). The optimal fetal EFT threshold for predicting GDM disease was found as 1.55 mm, with a specificity of 74.4% and sensitivity of 75.0%. Statistically significant differences between the two groups in umbilical artery Doppler resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) were not found (p: .337;p: .503;p: .155;). BMI and amniotic fluid volume were higher in the GDM group compared to the control group (p: .009;p < .01).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that increased fetal EFT may occur as a reflection of changes in glucose metabolism in intrauterine life. Future studies with larger series, including the study of neonatal metabolic parameters, will contribute to the understanding of the importance of fetal EFT in determining the metabolic status of the fetus.
Artificial intelligence in echocardiography: Review and limitations including epistemological concerns
Authors: Karakuş Gültekin , Değirmencioğlu Aleks , Nanda Navin C.
Published: July 2022

Background and Purpose

In this review we describe the use of artificial intelligence in the field of echocardiography. Various aspects and terminologies used in artificial intelligence are explained in an easy‐to‐understand manner and supplemented with illustrations related to echocardiography. Limitations of artificial intelligence, including epistemologic concerns from a philosophical standpoint, are also discussed.

Methods

A narrative review of relevant papers was conducted.

Conclusion

We provide an overview of the usefulness of artificial intelligence in echocardiography and focus on how it can supplement current day‐to‐day clinical practice in the assessment of various cardiovascular disease entities. On the other hand, there are significant limitations, including epistemological concerns, which need to be kept in perspective.
Therapeutic benefits of noninvasive somatosensory cortex stimulation on cortical plasticity and somatosensory function: A systematic review
Authors: Sasaki Ryoki , Watanabe Hiraku , Onishi Hideaki
Published: July 2022

Optimal limb coordination requires efficient transmission of somatosensory information to the sensorimotor cortex. The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is frequently damaged by stroke, resulting in both somatosensory and motor impairments. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to the primary motor cortex is thought to induce neural plasticity that facilitates neurorehabilitation. Several studies have also examined if NIBS to the S1 can enhance somatosensory processing as assessed by somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEPs) and improve behavioural task performance, but it remains uncertain if NIBS can reliably modulate S1 plasticity or even whether SEPs can reflect this plasticity. This systematic review revealed that NIBS has relatively minor effects on SEPs or somatosensory task performance, but larger early SEP changes after NIBS can still predict improved performance. Similarly, decreased paired‐pulse inhibition in S1 post‐NIBS is associated with improved somatosensory performance. However, several studies still debate the role of inhibitory function in somatosensory performance after NIBS in terms of the direction of the change (i.e., disinhibition or inhibition). Altogether, early SEP and paired‐pulse inhibition (particularly inter‐stimulus intervals of 30–100 ms) may become useful biomarkers for somatosensory deficits, but improved NIBS protocols are required for therapeutic applications.
Expression and function of resolvin RvD1n‐3 DPA receptors in oral epithelial cells
Authors: Balta Maria G. , Schreurs Olav , Hansen Trond V. , Tungen Jørn E. , Vik Anders , Glaab Enrico , Küntziger Thomas M. , Schenck Karl , Baekkevold Espen S. , Blix Inger Johanne S.
Published: July 2022

Chronic inflammatory responses can inflict permanent damage to host tissues. Specialized pro‐resolving mediators downregulate inflammation but also can have other functions. The aim of this study was to examine whether oral epithelial cells express the receptors FPR2/ALX and DRV1/GPR32, which bind RvD1n‐3 DPA, a recently described pro‐resolving mediator derived from omega‐3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and whether RvD1n‐3 DPA exposure induced significant responses in these cells. Gingival biopsies were stained using antibodies to FPR2/ALX and DRV1/GPR32. Expression of FPR2/ALX and DRV1/GPR32 was examined in primary oral epithelial cells by qRT‐PCR, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. The effect of RvD1n‐3 DPA on intracellular calcium mobilization and transcription of beta‐defensins 1 and 2, and cathelicidin was evaluated by qRT‐PCR. FPR2/ALX and DRV1/GPR32 were expressed by gingival keratinocytes in situ. In cultured oral epithelial cells, FPR2/ALX was detected on the cell surface, whereas FPR2/ALX and DRV1/GPR32 were detected intracellularly. Exposure to RvD1n‐3 DPA induced intracellular calcium mobilization, FPR2/ALX internalization, DRV1/GPR32 translocation to the nucleus, and significantly increased expression of genes coding for beta‐defensin 1, beta‐defensin 2, and cathelicidin. This shows that the signal constituted by RvD1n‐3 DPA is recognized by oral keratinocytes and that this can strengthen the antimicrobial and regulatory potential of the oral epithelium.
Russia–Ukraine crisis: The effects on the European stock market
Authors: Ahmed Shaker , Hasan Mostafa M. , Kamal Md Rajib
Published: July 2022

We examine the effect of the Russia–Ukraine crisis on the European stock markets. Because of increased political uncertainty, geographic proximity and the ramifications of the fresh sanctions imposed on Russia, the European stock markets tended to react negatively to this crisis. We find that on 21 February 2022, when Russia recognized two Ukrainian states as autonomous regions, European stocks incurred a significant negative abnormal return. Moreover, the negative stock price reactions continued in the post‐event period. The magnitude of the stock price reactions to this crisis exhibits considerable variation across industries, countries and size of the company.
Orderbook demand for corporate bonds
Authors: Krebbers Arthur , Marshall Andrew , McColgan Patrick , Neupane Biwesh
Published: July 2022

We examine the determinants of investor demand for corporate bond offerings using novel data on the primary market orderbook size. We find that credit risk and bond market presence are significant in explaining investor demand. These effects are more pronounced during the crisis periods including the global financial crisis and eurozone crisis as well as during the postcrisis periods. Our results also highlight the size of the bond investor order depends on information asymmetry costs and the benefit of diversifications, as investor demand is lower for new issuers as well as very frequent issuers. The levels of investor demand have important economic consequences for bond issuers as high investor demand shortens the time to subsequent bond issues and potentially reduces the firm's cost of capital at issuance.
Afforestation can lower microbial diversity and functionality in deep soil layers in a semiarid region
Authors: Kong Weibo , Wei Xiaorong , Wu Yonghong , Shao Mingan , Zhang Qian , Sadowsky Michael J. , Ishii Satoshi , Reich Peter B. , Wei Gehong , Jiao Shuo , Qiu Liping , Liu Liling
Published: July 2022

Afforestation is an effective approach to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems, but often depletes deep soil moisture. Presently, it is not known how an afforestation‐induced decrease in moisture affects soil microbial community and functionality, hindering our ability to understand the sustainability of the rehabilitated ecosystems. To address this issue, we examined the impacts of 20 years of afforestation on soil bacterial community, co‐occurrence pattern, and functionalities along vertical profile (0–500 cm depth) in a semiarid region of China's Loess Plateau. We showed that the effects of afforestation with a deep‐rooted legume tree on cropland were greater in deep than that of in top layers, resulting in decreased bacterial beta diversity, more responsive bacterial taxa and functional groups, increased homogeneous selection, and decreased network robustness in deep soils (120–500 cm). Organic carbon and nitrogen decomposition rates and multifunctionality also significantly decreased by afforestation, and microbial carbon limitation significantly increased in deep soils. Moreover, changes in microbial community and functionality in deep layer was largely related to changes in soil moisture. Such negative impacts on deep soils should be fully considered for assessing afforestation's eco‐environment effects and for the sustainability of ecosystems because deep soils have important influence on forest ecosystems in semiarid and arid climates.
A millennium of increasing diversity of ecosystems until the mid‐20th century
Authors: Martins Inês S. , Dornelas Maria , Vellend Mark , Thomas Chris D.
Published: July 2022

Land‐use change is widely regarded as a simplifying and homogenising force in nature. In contrast, analysing global land‐use reconstructions from the 10th to 20th centuries, we found progressive increases in the number, evenness, and diversity of ecosystems (including human‐modified land‐use types) present across most of the Earth's land surface. Ecosystem diversity increased more rapidly after ~1700 CE, then slowed or slightly declined (depending on the metric) following the mid‐20th century acceleration of human impacts. The results also reveal increasing spatial differentiation, rather than homogenisation, in both the presence‐absence and area‐coverage of different ecosystem types at sub‐global scales—at least, prior to the mid‐20th century. Nonetheless, geographic homogenization was revealed for a subset of analyses at a global scale, reflecting the now‐global presence of certain human‐modified ecosystem types. Our results suggest that, while human land‐use changes have caused declines in relatively undisturbed or “primary” ecosystem types, they have also driven increases in ecosystem diversity over the last millennium.
Climatic legacy effects on the drought response of the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Van Passel Johanna , de Keersmaecker Wanda , Bernardino Paulo N. , Jing Xin , Umlauf Nikolaus , Van Meerbeek Koenraad , Somers Ben
Published: July 2022

Extreme precipitation and drought events are predicted to become more intense and more frequent over the Amazon rainforest. Because changes in forest dynamics could prompt strong feedback loops to the global climate, it is of crucial importance to gain insight into the response of tropical forests to these recurring extreme climatic events. Here, we evaluated the Amazon forest stability (resistance and resilience) to drought in the context of past dry and wet climatic events using MODIS EVI satellite imagery and cumulative water deficit anomalies. We observed large spatial differences in the occurrence of extreme climatic events from 1980 to 2019, with an increase in drought frequency in the central and northern Amazon and drought intensity in the southern Amazon basin. An increasing trend in the occurrence of wet events was found in the western, southern, and eastern Amazon. Furthermore, we found significant legacy effects of previous climatic events on the forest drought response. An extreme drought closely preceding another drought decreased forest resilience, whereas the occurrence of a recent drier‐than‐usual event also decreased the forest resistance to later droughts. Both wetter‐than‐usual and extreme wet events preceding an extreme drought increased the resistance of the forest, and with similar effects sizes as dry events, indicating that wet and dry events have similarly sized legacy effects on the drought response of tropical forests. Our results indicate that the predicted increase in drought frequency and intensity can have negative consequences for the functioning of the Amazon forest. However, more frequent wet periods in combination with these droughts could counteract their negative impact. Finally, we also found that more stable forests according to the alternative stable states theory are also more resistant and resilient to individual droughts, showing a positive relationship between the equilibrium and non‐equilibrium stability dynamics.
Effects of short‐term managed honey bee deployment in a native ecosystem on wild bee foraging and plant–pollinator networks
Authors: Weaver James R. , Ascher John S. , Mallinger Rachel E.
Published: July 2022

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are important agricultural pollinators, and there is increasing demand for forage habitat for managed colonies. However, there is also evidence that pasturing honey bee colonies within natural landscapes may negatively affect wild bees through resource competition.

To assess resource competition between managed honey bees and wild bees, we conducted repeated, short‐term deployments of honey bee colonies within Florida forests coinciding with seasonal wildflower bloom, and compared wild bee foraging with and without honey bee colonies present over multiple seasons.

We recorded over 2000 bee visits including 196 pairwise bee–plant interactions. Deploying honey bee colonies was associated with a reduction in wild bee foraging rates, and honey bee and wild bee foraging rates were significantly, negatively correlated. Honey bees disproportionately visited resources with high floral density. Honey bee foraging preferences differed significantly from genera with small‐bodied (Lasioglossum, Perdita, Augochlorella), and/or specialist species (Perdita, Andrena), as well as with Megachile, but overlapped with genera including larger‐bodied (Bombus, Habropoda, Osmia, Xylocopa) and/or generalist species (Bombus, Xylocopa, Agapostemon). Deploying honey bee colonies did not significantly affect plant–pollinator network metrics.

These results illustrate that short‐term honey bee colony deployment can negatively affect wild bee foraging and that competition may be greater for certain genera, particularly larger‐bodied bees or those with generalist diets though less for smaller‐bodied and/or specialist bees. Our short‐term, low‐density deployment treatments may have precluded significant effects on network metrics and likely underestimate the effects of typical higher density and longer‐term honey bee deployment.
Present status and future directions: The restoration of root filled teeth
Authors: Mannocci Francesco , Bitter Kerstin , Sauro Salvatore , Ferrari Paolo , Austin Rupert , Bhuva Bhavin
Published: July 2022

This narrative review will focus on a number of contemporary considerations relating to the restoration of root filled teeth and future directions for research. Clinicians are now more than ever, aware of the interdependence of the endodontic and restorative aspects of managing root filled teeth, and how these aspects of treatment are fundamental to obtaining the best long‐term survival. To obtain the optimal outcomes for patients, clinicians carrying out endodontic treatment should have a vested interest in the restorative phase of the treatment process, as well as an appreciation for the structural and biomechanical effects of endodontic‐restorative procedures on restoration and tooth longevity. Furthermore, the currently available research, largely lacks appreciation of occlusal factors in the longevity of root filled teeth, despite surrogate outcomes demonstrating the considerable influence this variable has. Controversies regarding the clinical relevance of minimally invasive endodontic and restorative concepts are largely unanswered with respect to clinical data, and it is therefore, all too easy to dismiss these ideas due to the lack of scientific evidence. However, conceptually, minimally invasive endodontic‐restorative philosophies appear to be valid, and therefore, in the pursuit of improved clinical outcomes, it is important that the efficacies of these treatment protocols are determined. Alongside an increased awareness of the preservation of tooth structure, developments in adhesive bonding, ceramic materials and the inevitable integration of digital dentistry, there is also a need to evaluate the efficacy of new treatment philosophies and techniques with well‐designed prospective clinical studies.