bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species-Specific Foundations of Human War
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the demonic perspective, broader adaptationist claims, and inclusive fitness theory that are repeatedly challenged by evidence about chimpanzees and bonobos. It points out how explaining war means understanding why war exists, cultural variations in war, systemic interactions of war and society, and why actual wars happen all across human experience and applicable to the contemporary world. It cites Franz Boas’s famous description of culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society and stripped of its racialism and progressive social evolutionary stages. The chapter differentiates human culture from chimpanzee learned traditions. It highlights two unbridgeable gulfs between the species: human symbolic cognition and language, and cumulative development of social systems and material technology.
Applications
Authors: Ferguson R. Brian
Published: June 2023

This chapter looks at adaptationist arguments, war by nonstate people, and the archaeological record. It proceeds to where the demonic perspective does not tread, with large-scale war in the contemporary world and demonstrates a framework for understanding war, without the neo-Darwinism, an application that is perfect for paradigmatic comparison. It also talks about the Yanomami that became the type case of “primitive war” through the best-selling ethnography, The Fierce People, by Napoleon Chagnon. Chagnon portrays the Yanomami as undisturbed survivors of the Hobbesian stone age, the contemporary ancestors, with endless fighting over women and vengeance. The chapter emphasizes how the Yanomamo became the go-to case for evolutionary explanations of human war and are invoked for biologistic claims.
Interdisciplinarity from the Inside Out
Authors: Barrett Janet Revell
Published: June 2023

“The inside out” in the chapter’s title captures two themes related to interdisciplinarity as a way of viewing the curriculum: the educative nature of students’ experiences in schools and the way these experiences influence students’ engagement, and teachers’ beliefs about knowledge that make it more likely that students will form meaningful connections of lasting impact. Discussions of the nature of experience draw from the educational philosophy of John Dewey, contrasting school routines that stultify the imagination with portraits of lively student engagement, or educationally vital experiences, in which classrooms pulse with bright curiosity and energy. Dewey’s concept of educative and miseducative experiences offers another frame to view these distinctions. An exercise prompting reflection on teachers’ own school experience provides an opportunity for reframing practices. To encourage flexibility in curricular thinking, the concept of lateral knowledge is described—the use of broad disciplinary interests as paths of insight and curricular inspiration.
C-READY Program General Components
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter ushers in the expansion of the foundations of C-READY that were elaborated on in Part 1. Based on a neurodevelopmental conceptualization, this chapter introduces Part 2 of the book and explains how to effect change in the youth’s skill repertoire and the youth’s family to prepare for transition of care. The program’s conceptual framework lays the foundation for the intervention, session content, and caregiver involvement. It presents a theoretical model of how executive functioning impacts adaptive, social, academic, and medical areas. Topics covered include the referral process, identification, and steps to achieve goals all within a limited timeframe.
Preparing for C-READY
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter includes the preplanning aspects of the program, including schedules, program principles, such as reinforcement and reinforcement schedules, errorless learning, and levels of guidance. It explains how to triage referrals and ensure that a cognitive remediation program is a good fit for the youth. Caregivers may seek out a program to address a multitude of transition-of-care challenges. The chapter highlights early detection of potential liabilities and steps for interceding.
Necessary Qualifications and Training
Authors: Murdaugh Donna L. , O’Toole Kathleen M. , King Tricia Z.
Published: June 2023

This chapter outlines the clinical skill sets required for therapist participation in C-READY. The requirements include a background in clinical psychology, or ideally, clinical neuropsychology, to appreciate fully brain-behavior relationships involved in increasing coping strategies and skills in youth with neurological and medical challenges. Details are provided to assist with therapist training, responsibilities, and knowledge of clinical principles and intervention. The clinician needs to understand prerequisites for transition-of-care objectives; medical and/or developmental challenges, and their effects on independence; and family system characteristics.
Soviets Abroad
Authors: Scott Erik R.
Published: June 2023

Oksana Kasenkina’s dramatic “leap to freedom” showed how the Soviet Union advanced its extraterritorial claims even as increasing numbers of Soviet citizens traveled abroad. The resulting debates concerning embassy borders, diplomatic immunity, and diplomatic asylum revealed the unexpected emergence of a shared set of interests—and a level of tacit collusion—between the Soviet Union and United States. Ultimately these common grounds shored up diplomatic law against the coming wave of decolonization, the subsequent proliferation of embassies and consulates, and the mounting demands of post-colonial migrants. Just as Kasenkina’s story can be read as an effort to find a place for herself before she was finally hemmed into a Cold War narrative, decolonization involved the search for new forms of political expression but in the end saw post-colonial populations bound to a state system presided over by the superpowers.
The Eternal City
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

Belisarius did not idle for long in Constantinople after his triumph for his victory over the Vandals. By summer 535, he and his wife, Antonina, embarked on a new campaign to restore Roman rule to Italy, held by the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. The Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) provided Belisarius with a smaller army, perhaps hoping he would be able to negotiate a settlement with the Ostrogoths. The negotiations fell apart, and Belisarius captured Sicily and invaded southern Italy. By the end of 536, Belisarius and the Roman army entered the city of Rome peacefully, returning Roman rule to the city for the first time since 476. Once in the city, Belisarius and Antonina together deposed the Gothic sympathizer Pope Silverius and installed Vigilius, who would be more friendly to the Roman cause.
Trying Times
Authors: Parnell David Alan
Published: June 2023

In 540, Belisarius and Antonina were at the apex of their power and prestige. Belisarius had defeated Vandals and Ostrogoths, brought both their kings as prisoners to Constantinople, and been richly rewarded. But in 540, while Belisarius was still in Italy, the Persian King Khusro I (r. 531–579) invaded the Roman East. So in 541, Belisarius set off on a campaign of retaliation against the Persians, which saw him capture one fortress. Antonina meanwhile helped to disgrace the Praetorian Prefect John the Cappadocian. Then Belisarius and Antonina argued over their children, Theodosios and Photios. The plague emerged shortly thereafter, killing thousands and nearly killing the Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565). This sequence of events led to the recall and temporary disgrace of Belisarius.
The Pelvis and Hip Joint
Authors: Romita Nancy , Romita Allegra
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 investigates key factors that affect range of motion in the pelvis and the acetabulofemoral joint or hip joint. Unconscious mis-mapping of the skeletal structure of the pelvis and hip joint restrict a dancer’s full potential for range of motion and can lead to tension and pain. This chapter examines the key skeletal landmarks to improve the reader’s understanding of the movement function of the hip joint and prevent misalignment/mis-stacking. Movement explorations in this chapter help the reader discover tendencies for both the anterior and posterior tilt of the pelvis and provide strategies for recruiting dynamic alignment through pelvic neutral. Additionally, the chapter presents four factors that contribute to the range of motion in the hip joint. These four factors are unconscious postural habit, skeletal structure, excess muscular tension, and ligament laxity.
Myōe Shonin
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the second of the dream journalists, Myōe Shonin. Born in 1173 ce in Japan, he became an ascetic monk who advocated for religious reforms in the Kegon and Shingon schools of Buddhism. Myōe kept a journal of his dreams, visions, and meditation experiences for more than forty years. The intensity of his desire to emulate as closely as possible the life and being of the Buddha led Myōe on a lifelong quest for visionary experiences in waking and dreaming. In his dreams, Myōe received guidance, teachings, warnings, and anticipations. While dreaming, he entered a more fluid and open-ended spiritual realm, where he felt entirely at home, even when the dreams became strange or nightmarish.
Lucrecia de León
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the third of the dream journalists, Lucrecia de León. Born in 1568 in Madrid, the capital of great Spanish Catholic empire of King Philip II, Lucrecia became known from an early age as a vivid dreamer. A prominent Catholic priest became interested in her dreams and arranged to have someone come to her home each morning to record what she had dreamed. When her dreams turned in a critical direction against the king, Lucrecia was imprisoned and interrogated by the Inquisition, even though her dreams had accurately anticipated the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the British in 1588. The collection of her dreams recorded by Catholic priests have been preserved by the archivists of the Inquisition.
Emanuel Swedenborg
Authors: Bulkeley Kelly
Published: June 2023

This chapter introduces the fourth dream journalist, Emanuel Swedenborg. Born in 1688 in Sweden to a prominent family with connections to the Church, Swedenborg began his life as a talented scientist and engineer with wide-ranging interests. In the middle of his life, he shifted his interests from the natural world to the spiritual world. For the pivotal years during this transition, he kept a dream journal in which he chronicled his spiritual awakening. Due to the revelatory power and inspiring energy of these dreams, along with other paranormal experiences, Swedenborg went ahead to found a new church of mystical Christianity. The dream journal represents a remarkable first-person account of the emergence of a new religious outlook on life.
Necessary Conditions for Feeling Empathic Concern
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: June 2023

Necessary conditions for feeling empathic concern are proposed to be (a) perceiving the other as in need (either current need or vulnerability) and (b) intrinsically (rather than extrinsically) valuing the other’s welfare. Empathic concern is proposed to be a multiplicative function of these two conditions. Research is reviewed that supports this proposal. Other conditions sometimes thought necessary to experience empathic concern—the other’s perceived innocence, perceived similarity, and adoption of an imagine-other perspective—seem to have their effect on empathic concern through one or the other of the two proposed necessary conditions. Given these two necessary conditions, it’s unclear whether any species other than humans can experience empathic concern.
The Precarity of #MeToo in Pakistan
Authors: Zia Afiya Shehrbano
Published: June 2023

Aurat Marches, inspired by the #MeToo movement in the United States and held across many Pakistani cities since 2018, are successively larger, more intersectional, and more politically bold. They also are a target of religio-nationalist backlash—both virtual and offline. At first, the counterattacks were in reaction to the provocative slogans mocking those masculinist norms entrenched into religio-cultural patriarchal privileges. However, this adversarial reaction has also revealed troubling contradictions that have been brewing within new activism itself. These pivot around legal, religious, sexual, and feminist intergenerational politics where some strands within the younger generation in the feminist movement are ambiguous about or avoid confronting religious politics on matters of sexual autonomy and/or seeking legal recourse as a strategy. This chapter explores how the #MeToo/Aurat March in Pakistan has brought into relief some preexisting and unresolved challenges and paradoxes within feminist politics. These require urgent attention to prevent fragmentation and the possible defeat of an emergent new politics of resistance in Pakistan.
The Elevator Effect
Authors: Hazelton Morgan L.W. , Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: June 2023

The Elevator Effect: Contact and Collegiality in the American Judiciary presents a comprehensive, first-of-its-kind examination of the importance of interpersonal relationships among judges for judicial decision-making and legal development. Regarding decision-making, the authors demonstrate that more frequent interpersonal contact among judges diminishes the role of ideology in judicial decision-making to the point where it is both substantively and statistically imperceptible. This finding stands in stark contrast to judicial decision-making accounts that present ideology as an unwavering determinant of judicial choice. With regard to legal development, the book shows that collegiality affects both the language that judges use to express their disagreement with one another and the precedents they choose to support their arguments. Thus, the overriding argument of The Elevator Effect is that collegiality affects nearly every aspect of judicial behavior. The authors draw on an impressive and unique original collection of data since the American founding to untangle the relationship between judges’ interpersonal relationships and the law they produce. The Elevator Effect presents a clear and highly readable narrative backed by analysis of judicial behavior throughout the U.S. federal judicial hierarchy to demonstrate that the institutional structure in which judges operate substantially tempers judicial behavior.
A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice provides an applied guide for working with clients from a diverse set of intersectional identities within the context of evidence-based practice. The presented guidelines are derived from the consensus across published literature and established practice guidelines. The author also draws on her extensive clinical experience with a range of clients and therapy protocols/approaches, her active and ongoing research program in addressing health disparities, and considerable work in training clinicians across practice settings in incorporating diversity perspectives into evidence-based treatments to present practical ways to engage in culturally humble, socially just clinical practice. The presented guidelines cover the full trajectory of psychotherapy, spanning assessment, treatment, and relapse prevention, and further includes some considerations of these principles within the context of clinical supervision. The book provides worksheets, reflection exercises, and shorthand figures to assist clinicians of all training levels in making these concepts as applied and easy to use in clinical practice as possible.
Guideline 2
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a description, applied example, challenges, and practice tips around the second guideline prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice: practicing cultural humility. The chapter first expands on the concept of cultural humility and its connection to the concept of cultural competence. The chapter then presents a case example of how therapeutic alliance is threatened due to a significant cultural misstep and microaggression committed by the therapist toward their client, followed by a series of applied exercises for repairing such ruptures and actively building one’s cultural humility. It then returns to application of these steps to the presented case, ending with a discussion about the challenges associated with implementing this guideline, summaries of practice tips, and a commentary on how the pursuit of cultural humility is congruent with social justice approaches in clinical practice.
Guideline 3
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the third guideline pertaining to culturally humble assessment of clients’ presenting problems as prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. The chapter presents sample prompts for an open-ended and unstructured exploration and culturally competent assessment, along with a listing of standardized assessment tools that clinicians may use. The chapter then presents a case example to exemplify how such an assessment may look in practice, followed by a discussion of common challenges in the implementation of this guideline, and practical tips to improve one’s ability to more consistently engage in this skill in clinical practice. The chapter ends with a commentary on how efforts to balance the assessment and incorporation of the individual and group characteristics of clients align with social justice principles.
Guideline 5
Authors: Asnaani Anu
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a description, applied example, challenges, and practice tips around the fifth guideline prescribed in A Cultural Humility and Social Justice Approach to Psychotherapy: Seven Applied Guidelines for Evidence-Based Practice. The chapter begins with an exploration of various barriers that could impede engagement in evidence-based practice (i.e., stigma, differing views on the ideal therapist-client relationship, and lack of trust in therapy), and then provides a case example of how such barriers may be assessed and addressed within the context of therapy. The chapter also provides some sample prompts to explore potential barriers along with other practice tips, while acknowledging common challenges that may occur in implementing this skill. The chapter ends with a commentary on how this skill aligns closely with socially just and equity-oriented clinical practice.
Company Politics
Authors: Cross Elizabeth
Published: June 2023

Company Politics offers a new interpretation of political economy, imperialism, and the history of the corporation in the age of the French Revolution. The book addresses the history of the Nouvelle Compagnie des Indes, the final iteration of the French East India Company, interweaving national and imperial scales through the frame of the transnational corporate body. Despite its reputation for financial corruption, the New Company emerged from the unique circumstances that France faced in India as a weakened imperial power, in the face of the rise of the sovereign British East India Company (EIC). As India remained integral to the broader French imperial economy, officials and intellectuals accordingly reimagined French power subsisting through an informal empire of trade, rather than a territorial empire of conquest, while simultaneously reimagining the trading company as a private, “purely commercial” actor, rather than a sovereign company-state. In tracing its trajectories through Europe and the Indian Ocean world, the book explores how these fraught boundaries between the Company’s public and private attributes played out in disparate geopolitical and diplomatic contexts, revealing the limitations of metropolitan imperial ideologies. As both state and private financial actors clashed over the Company’s prerogatives, they envisioned new alignments between state and market, challenged the legitimacy of the Old Regime’s economic and imperial policies, and sought to revolutionize the underlying corporation itself. As a result, Company Politics argues that, as dynamic sites of corporate and imperial experimentation, French trading companies are integral to the broader histories of both capitalism and empire.
Content Naturalism as the Default View
Authors: Emery Nina
Published: June 2023

The argument in Chapter 1 leaves readers with two options. They can either accept methodological naturalism or revise their implicit commitment to content naturalism. This chapter argues that the default view should be to stick with the commitment to content naturalism and thus to also accept methodological naturalism. The chapter presents a series of worries for content naturalism, including the thought that science involves metaphysical presuppositions, that there is no clear distinction between metaphysics and science, and that metaphysics is merely the study of the possible. None of these worries ultimately undermines the case for content naturalism. The discussion then turns to the relationship between content naturalism and scientific realism. Content naturalism doesn’t require one to be a scientific realist, but it does require a match between one’s view about the aims of science and one’s view about the aims of metaphysics.
Conclusion
Authors: Emery Nina
Published: June 2023

The conclusion revisits the idea that metaphysicians cannot simply ignore questions about the relationship between metaphysics and science—these questions must be addressed directly. It then recaps the arguments for, consequences of, and concerns about methodological naturalism. It closes with a plea for further research into the extra-empirical aspects of theory choice in science––research that needs to be done jointly by philosophers of science, historians of science, and metaphysicians. Without this research, we cannot fully understand the potential implications of methodological naturalism on a wide range of philosophical debates. Nor can we decide, ultimately, whether to be methodological naturalists.
How the Qur'ān Works
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

How the Qur’ān Works: Reading Sacred Narrative focuses on Qur’ānic narrative and, specifically, repetition in Qur’ānic stories. This book begins its analysis looking at repetition on a large scale—structure—and moves to a small scale—root letters. The book takes a journey through the Qur’ān, often expansive, moving from one verse to another, one story to another, focusing on narratological elements while conducting a fine reading of Qur’ānic material in order to understand how these techniques enhance a theological agenda. It helps us to better understand particular Qur’ānic stories, Qur’ānic literary style and Qur’ānic theology. Why does repetition matter? Results of repetition, as we will see, are scales, echoes, and the making of structure, all of which develop, complicate and comment on the Qur’ān’s messages. Repetition forges patterns, connections and layers of meaning throughout the Qur’ān. It is part of the art of Qur’ānic literary technique. In this book, I am looking at what kinds of repetition occur in Qur’ānic stories and what purposes they serve. This book compares different Qur’ānic stories across chapters and revolves around the specific technique of repetition, focusing on different types of repetition throughout the book. This book is an intratextual, rhetorical, semantic and narratological analysis of the Qur’ān. Most of the Chapters of the book examine multiple Qur’ānic chapters, and are comparative within the Qur’ān. The book includes a number of figures and tables to explain literary techniques in detail.
Repetition in Structure
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

This chapter identifies large-scale structural patterns, providing and analyzing examples of parallels, reversals, swerves, triangles, and outliers in the Qur’ān. It evaluates how these structures contribute to our understanding of the stories in question and the Qur’ān more broadly. The chapter starts with the stories of Maryam and Zakariyyā and Ibrāhīm. The chapter looks at parallels, swerves, and reversals in the stories of Mūsā’s encounters with strangers, family members doing counterintuitive things, and the faith of prophets. Through the exclusion of a parallel story, one sees that repetition is a deliberate literary technique that serves to make theological points. The patterns of parallels, swerves, reversals, and triangles serve to organize information and stories in the Qur’ān, directing the audience to make comparisons between characters and stories, while also bringing out certain themes and theological points.
Repetition in Sūrat al-Qamar and a Comparison with Sūrat al-Shu‘arā’
Authors: Ozgur Alhassen Leyla
Published: June 2023

This chapter analyzes repetition in Sūrat al-Qamar, then compares it with Sūrat al-Shu‘arā’. By examining repetition to find literary patterns, this chapter unearths underlying themes in Sūrat al-Qamar. The main theme is the relationship between the audience and the Qur’ān, developed through a dynamic style and explicated through an exploration of people claiming something is ordinary or the same old thing, and disbelieving. This is contrasted with the idea that God is the one to decide what is or is not ordinary, and God can make the ordinary into the extraordinary. This is in fact all about God’s power versus human weakness. And, finally, the Qur’ān is a bridge between God and humans, which empowers and pushes the audience to action. While the refrain instills fear, it also pushes action through the belief that the Qur’ān gives salvation and stability and connects one with God.
“Alerting America”
Authors: Dunmire Patricia L.
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the discursive efforts of the Committee on the Present Danger (CPD) to reposition the Soviet Union as the nation’s radical Other and, concomitantly, to sustain America’s global preeminence. The concept of securitization from critical security studies is used to examine the temporal resources used to resituate the Soviet Union as America’s radical Other. The analysis examines two aspects of the spatio-temporal dimension of CPD discourse: its projection of alternative futures to create relations of identity and difference and its management of temporal distance to render the Soviet Union as an imminent threat. It also examines the iterative nature of the CPD project by analyzing its antecedent articulation in National Security Council Resolution 68 (NSC 68) and its contemporaneous performance by Ronald Reagan. The chapter shows that the securitization of the Soviet Union drew on rhetorical strategies used to construe an imminent Soviet threat in the 1950s and how Reagan legitimated the re-securitization of the Soviet Union and, thereby, reaffirmed America’s claim on the global future.
The Preface
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

Hegel begins the book by stating why prefaces to this kind of work cannot really be written. The reason is that in this kind of book, there can be no preannounced lesson to be learned, and the idea is that whatever it is that one learns, one has to learn it for oneself in going through the model cases laid out in the book. He says that in fact everything hangs on apprehending and expressing the true not merely as substance but also equally as subject. That “subject” is said to be “pure negativity,” which estranges itself and then restores itself. As it moves in that field of estrangement and restoration, it comes to understand that the true (what it seeks) is the whole and that it only comes into view as a result of what the book investigates.
Reason
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

Reason in conduct finds it problematic how particular people can strive through their own powers to become free individuals, and whether that demands that they distinguish themselves from the crowd of other particular people. Three figures represent this quest: those who seek to use others to their own realization (Faust and Don Juan); those who seek to instruct all others to become full individuals like themselves; and self-styled knights of virtue who contend with all these other supposedly wicked others following the “way of the world.” Each of these fails in a dialectically spectacular way, and we are led into a new shape that assumes that everybody already is a fully realized individual, which itself only creates an environment of mutual deception and self-deception. Attempts to salvage this as a view of the unity of the “I” and the “We” also fail, forcing us (the readers) to realize that this last failure changes the topic of the book entirely.
Spirit
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

Ancient Greece manifests itself in a moral ethos, Sittlichkeit, in which the individual is both fully absorbed (and therefore fully “in” all the relevant actions of the practice) and is fully reflectively, self-conscious about it. This seemingly perfect world is doomed to fall apart, and the Sophoclean tragedy of Antigone manifests this situation and hints at why it is ultimately self-destructive. Antigone is faced with three unconditional duties that are in contradiction with each other. She has an unconditional duty to perform burial rites on her dead brother, an unconditional duty to obey her uncle Creon’s forbidding her from doing so, and an unconditional duty not to make up her own mind about what her divinely mandated unconditional duties are. This shows that either the divine mandates make no sense or that finding oneself in such a contradictory situation is only a matter of blind luck. That itself raises the question for the Greeks about whether their success thus far is itself only a matter of luck. Ultimately, Greece’s luck runs out, and it conquered by Rome and is thus replaced by an empire within which this form of Sittlichkeit has no home.
Beautiful Souls
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2023

What holds the whole together is a shared view among individuals of there being a moral world order (expressed as a “We”) that is actualized by each individual attending to his own “conscience” in acting. This sets the stage for these people to turn even further inward and become “beautiful souls.” One of them says that since every case involves a lot of complicated facts, he never acts until he has all the facts available, and thus even if things turn out badly, he thus always does what is pure and right in the circumstances. The other says he never acts until he has all the facts, but since he never has all of them, he never acts but only judges. Each claims a purity that is invisible to the other, and each accuses the other of evil or hypocrisy. This sets the stage for both recognizing themselves second-personally in the other through mutual forgiveness and reconciliation.
Plato 2—Two Formulations of Agency
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2023

Both the Republic and Charmides defend a view of sôphrosunê as agency, the competence to act on one’s own behalf. But they do so from different perspectives: the former affective and the latter epistemic—the one focusing on desire, the other on self-knowledge. In the Republic, sôphrosunê is, in Book III, something to be taught through the right selections of poetry: to respect authority and to control one’s desires. In Book IV, it is one of the four cardinal (and exhaustive) virtues, analyzed as an agreement among the parts of the soul (or of the city) about ruling and being ruled. This analysis makes it very like justice. In the Charmides, sôphrosunê is analyzed as a form of knowledge about the attainment of states of knowledge in others and oneself. Of implicit concern is knowledge of what’s good. Neither dialogue gives a complete account of the virtue, but together they show Plato’s thinking about it.
A Theory of Trust Building
Authors: Robinson Sue
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 describes what an identity-aware care through listening and learning in order to build trust might look like in practice. I assert that when we view in aggregate all of these transformations happening around trust-building via engagement journalistsm, a paradigmatic pattern emerged that demonstrated a significant value system overhaul—the first of its kind in more than a centure for this profession. This conclusion to the book emphatically underscores that white journalists can no longer sit out the conversation about race. They must understand their whiteness in all its dimensions, especially in how it affects their journalism, how it influences reactions, and how much privilege and bias are wrapped up in it. This holds true for their liberalness and other identities as well. In addition, I ask that all journalists interrogate how they are bringing an ethic of care into their work as a way to assume new roles in the post-COVID world in which mainstream journalism has lost relevance. Finally, I emphasize how all of us participating in information exchange through all of our different platforms also have caring responsibilities in the way that we interact with political discourse. A series of recommendations punctuates the book.
Soul Loss and Retrieval
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter extends the ongoing relevance of Bon by considering the belief in the fluidity of five life elements and their centrality to Golengpas’ everyday lives. It offers ethnographic insights into the complex local cosmology/pantheon and people’s strong beliefs in a deep shamanic worldview. It looks at people’s beliefs about the idea of soul loss and the centrality of five life elements—mana-like substances that inhabit Tibeto-Burman imaginations—which as the foundation of a successful life can be easily threatened by the supernatural beings that make up the complex local cosmology. The chapter suggests that the underlying idea of soul loss and the shamanic mythos constituting the world of various classes of supernatural beings give the Bonpos an upper hand over the lay Buddhist priests in relation to dealing with illnesses believed to be caused by untamed entities, who are independent of Buddhist priests.
The Annual Rup Ritual
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T.
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides an exegesis of rup—the biggest annual Bon rite—in which the primordial Bon god Odé Gungyal is invited from a multilayered sky realm to the village. It considers the significance of Odé Gungyal and, for that matter, rup to the dung nobility under which lies their interest in keeping the annual rite going. It underlines the degree of negative consequences of appointing an official Bonpo and discusses a range of complications the unofficial Bonpos face at the village level. The chapter suggests that Bon beliefs are sustained by the persistence of the local nobility in whose lineage everybody is interested, given the prevalence of the remnants of highly stratified social structure.
Understanding the Global Cyber Threat
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter places the Israeli experience in the global context and provides critical background that will help readers frame the information in the book. It aims to be useful as both a refresher for experts in the field as well as accessible and valuable for those who may have no background in the cyber realm. The chapter begins by defining key terms. It then proceeds to a discussion of the growing dangers and opportunities, arising from both state and nonstate actors, posed by the global cyber realm to nations today and in the future. The chapter concludes with a discussion of those dangers and opportunities that are unique to the cyber realm, and those that are not.
Goldilocks and Other Cyber Quandaries
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter lays out key theoretical and policy quandaries that are important to both cyber theorists and practitioners. Given the comparatively new nature of the cyber realm, there is concern it presents a set of challenges that will be difficult to address. To examine this, this chapter looks at 10 quandaries posed by the cyber realm. These quandaries focus on issues around cyber strategy, deterrence, the concept of defeat in the cyber realm, how escalatory the cyber realm is, whether cyber is offense or defense dominant, and what impact cyber has on state power, military might, war, and diplomacy. This chapter examines the competing schools of thought on these issues to help place them in their broader strategic context and frame the arguments made in later chapters. The chapter concludes by arguing that while cyber has created important changes, the fundamental nature of warfare has not changed.
The Overall Cyber Threat to Israel
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

Beginning in the late 1990s, Israel recognized the cyber realm as a new and important threat to its security. This chapter looks in detail at the wide range of sources of these threats, including state actors and nonstate actors. It begins with a general overview of the threat and then presents the threats from state actors, including Russia, China, North Korea, Middle Eastern states, and even the United States and UK. It then examines attacks by nonstate actors, such as Hamas, Hezbollah, and others. Throughout, the chapter explores the wide range of targets that have been attacked in Israel, including the military, government agencies, power and water utilities, hospitals, and other civil and private infrastructure.
The Iranian Cyber Threat
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

Iran is an emerging actor in the cyber realm and a growing threat. Iran is also of particular importance to Israel’s security, in both the physical and cyber realms. This chapter, therefore, offers the most comprehensive discussion to date of Iran’s cyber strategy, institutions, capabilities, and actions. It further explores why Iran chose to focus on developing its cyber capabilities, including the major role played by Israel and the United States in those considerations. The chapter describes in detail Iranian cyberattacks aimed at both Israel and other countries around the world. It concludes by discussing the impact of Iran’s cyberattacks and notes that the ramifications are not entirely clear.
National Capacity Building
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes Israel’s cyber ecosystem and explores the cultural elements of how Israel built itself into a global cyber power, what the chapter calls “chutzpah gone viral.” It provides an overview of the civil cyber realm in Israel, including its size and scope, number of domestic and international companies, and investment in research and development. The chapter delineates the cultural reasons for Israel’s success and looks at four particular aspects: cyber R&D and technology spillovers, development of cyber human resources, Israel’s innovative cyber culture, and social networks. Building on all of this, the chapter explores the importance of the unique connections between the Israel Defense Force, and defense establishment generally, and the civil sector. The chapter argues that Israel’s national cultural strengths are well suited to success in the cyber realm and concludes by examining some potential dangers and opportunities for Israel moving forward.
Introduction
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: June 2023

We often think about what to do and actually do what we found to be a good thing to do. Is there a concept basic to such thinking, to practical reason? Immanuel Kant claimed that the concept of what we ought to do holds this role, whereas most ancient writers thought that the concept of the good is central. This book argues that ‘ought’ is not basic, indeed that it is not the case that we ought to do things. On the other hand, it argues that it is in terms not of good things simply, but of what it is good to do for somebody under the circumstances, that practical reason can be understood.
How to find out what are good things for one to do
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger
Published: June 2023

Through experience we find what is good for somebody to do under the circumstances. How we and others fared with what we and they did helps us see how to go on. Moral judgments in particular are not reached by a priori means, as Michael Smith suggests, nor does their categorical character on which Kant insists prohibit founding them on experience. The rationalism of this view is contested by Hume who gives the passions the determining role in action, by Bernard Williams who requires that agents be able to act for the reason that something is good to do, and by several contemporary writers for whom an action’s value must be grounded in the agent’s valuing. Both Hume’s and the contemporary authors’ claims, however, lack sufficient support, whereas Williams’ practicality requirement is consistent with the view defended here.
Dwight’s Journal of Music
Authors: Faucett Bill F.
Published: June 2023

Dwight founded his eponymous Dwight’s Journal of Music in 1852. Although there has long been a certain romanticism that accompanies the notion that Dwight founded the Journal out of desperation, that notion belies two characteristics that he possessed in abundance: a spirit of entrepreneurialism and the ability to spot a business opportunity. As he grew as a businessman, he also grew as a critic. Dwight was influenced by European writers and periodicals, none more than English critic Henry F. Chorley and Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, one of Germany’s leading music publications. Within Dwight’s small circle of friends and supporters, Dwight’s Journal was an immediate hit. But others implored him to banish from its pages “German mysticism and Boston transcendentalism.” Changes for the better—and for the worse—occurred in April 1859, when Dwight’s Journal commenced publication under the auspices of Oliver Ditson & Company.
The End of Dwight’s Journal of Music
Authors: Faucett Bill F.
Published: June 2023

If Dwight’s Journal managed to survive persistent financial struggles, competition proved a more formidable foe. The Civil War created a revolution in the newspaper business, and when the conflict ended, the publication of concert reviews and other music-related news soared. The rise of newspapers and music criticism in Boston negatively impacted Dwight’s Journal, and a public feud with his nemesis, Benjamin Edward Woolf of the Saturday Evening Gazette, only exposed cracks in Dwight’s critical hegemony. Further upsets attended the end of Dwight’s twenty-year publishing relationship with the Ditson company. Dwight’s Journal of Music, a consistent and reliable arbiter of musical taste for just short of thirty years, breathed its last with the issue of September 3, 1881.
Politicizing Islam in Central Asia
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

A study of Islamist emergence and mobilization in Central Asia from 1917 through 2022, this book explores the causes, dynamics, and variation in Islamist movements—within the USSR, and then in post-Soviet Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. During the Soviet era, atheist state repression politicized Islam. By the 1970s, those passing on narratives of religious oppression encountered new ideologies promising justice through an Islamic state—Islamist ideas and models seeping into the USSR from the Middle East, Afghanistan, and South Asia. A new generation of young mullahs in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan became religious entrepreneurs and founded a first wave of Islamist movements to challenge communism. From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, a second wave emerged, this time in response to post-Soviet state oppression of religion. This wave included the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, which attempted to compete as a peaceful, Islamic democratic party; the transnational, pro-caliphate Hizb ut-Tahrir, which sought to overthrow the Central Asian regimes nonviolently; and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which began by declaring jihad against the Karimov regime but then intertwined itself with al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. A third Islamist wave emerged following the rise of ISIS. Central Asians became one of the largest regional groups of foreign fighters in Syria, as thousands joined either ISIS or al-Qaeda. After the Syrian caliphate collapsed, many continued waging jihad in Afghanistan. The book explains the strategies and relative success of each movement. In each case, state repression of Islam and Islamist ideology motivated and enabled Islamist mobilization.
Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 1 develops the book’s arguments and analytical framework, reviewing the elements of an ideational approach to religion and politics and establishing the process by which Islamist emergence and mobilization take place in Central Asia. Four key variables shape how this process unfolds over time: religious repression, Islamist ideology, religious entrepreneurs, and associational space. State repression of Islam triggers contention, political exclusion, and latent politicization of Muslim identity under conditions of virtually no associational space. Islamist ideas spread, inspiring religious entrepreneurs to emerge and organize an underground opposition. Increasing associational space and political opportunity are likely to trigger open mass mobilization. The chapter also examines the three strategies used by religious entrepreneurs to facilitate mass mobilization in high-risk, authoritarian contexts: ideological adaptation, emphasizing congruence with a local religious and historical context; building sacred authority; and developing both local and transcommunal networks.
Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 7 uses focus groups and interviews with communal leaders to argue that Tajiks were overwhelmingly pious, but not radical. Consequently, much of society was open to or actively supportive of the mainstream ideas about Islam and politics proposed by the IRPT, but strongly opposed to the more radical, antisystemic ideas and militant strategies of other Islamists. Many Tajiks—across regions, genders, and socioeconomic groups—favored ideas about national Islamic revival, state support for Islamic education, Muslim religious freedom, justice, and an end to corruption and repression through nonviolent means. Many were skeptical of Western democracy but supported integrating shariat and democracy in some way. While most Tajik respondents understood jihad as a militant defense of their religion and country, most also rejected other forms of violence and especially suicide bombing and terrorism, whether used in Tajikistan or against Israel, the West, or Russia.