bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Il caso Fiat Mirafiori. Ricostruire il radicamento: il global player e le istituzioni locali
Authors: Pacetti Valentina
Published: June 2021

- During the last 20 years, the automotive sector went through a number of important technological and organizational changes. Around 2000 Fiat falls in a deep crisis, whose roots can be found most of all in the lack of strategic anticipation: its top management was unable to anticipate the change, and its vision of company's and market's evolution was completely inadequate. A different interpretation of strategic anticipation can be proposed if we take into account local actors and local government: strategic anticipation can be recognised here in a quite shared vision of local system's future (position of the region in interna- tional competition, more or less decisive deep presence of automotive vs. "new" sectors, of industrial vs. service occupation ecc.). The most innovative feature of Fiat Auto restructuring is probably the intervention of local public actors (especially the regional and urban governments), in the form of the purchase of Mirafiori's unused areas and in the following constitution of an agency for their management. Even if this intervention was certainly not decisive for the rescue of Fiat, it certainly had a very strong influence in the rescue of Mirafiori plant whose further contraction was at the time very probable because it guaranteed the installation of a new production line in Turin.
Logiche istituzionali e allomorfismo in un campo organizzativo: le Agenzie per il Lavoro in Italia
Authors: Moschera Luigi , Consiglio Stefano , Berni Alessia , Cicellin Mariavittoria
Published: June 2021

This paper analyses the interaction among organizations and societal-level logics, in order to understand how and why organizations adopt different or similar forms and practices. Institutional logics are taken for granted practices and beliefs concerning the institutions of modern societies. Organizational forms, behaviours and managerial practices are manifestations of institutional logics. Through the study of the rise and evolution of the Temporary Work Agencies (TWAs) field, we aim to study the mutual interaction among field actors and institutional logics. Many studies focused on the influence of a dominant logic on practices and organizations of a field. This paper contributes to better comprehend how multiple institutional logics coexist in an organizational field. In particular we discuss the impact of multiple competing logics on the almost "young" TWAs' field. Our work brought out a new element: as a matter of fact the empirical research shows that institutional logics are not always consistent with related institutional pressures and with their effects on the organizational field and on organizational forms and managerial practices of the field's organizations.
Best practices and human resource management in the subsidiaries of multinational corporations: a comparison between Italy and Brazil
Authors: Frangi Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

Lo studio analizza la relazione tra le caratteristiche di alcune fondamentali pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane e il contesto istituzionale italiano e brasiliano in cui si inseriscono le filiali di tre grandi multinazionali. La ricerca affronta in primo luogo il dibattito in merito alla convergenza versus divergenza delle pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane a livello globale e, parallelamente, la relazione tra le linee guide gestionali stabilite dalle "case madri" delle multinazionali e la loro effettiva applicazione a livello delle filiali. Viene sottolineato come la possibilitŕ di ampia convergenza verso un unico modello gestionale abbia trovato sempre meno riscontro, e come anche nelle filiali delle multinazionali l'applicazione delle linee guida fornite dalle case madri trovino dei rilevanti limiti nel contesto istituzionale locale, in primo luogo nazionale. In seguito, lo studio compara le evidenze empiriche rilevate nelle pratiche di reclutamento, formazione e politiche salariali tra le filiali italiane e brasiliane di tre grandi multinazionali. I principali risultati ottenuti mostrano che queste pratiche di gestione di gestione delle risorse umane, anche a fronte di indicazioni comuni diffuse dalle "case madri", si strutturano secondo logiche opposte: una marcata dualitŕ nelle filiali brasiliane, con una netta differenza tra i pochi profili strategici e i molti lavoratori poco qualificati, mentre, comparativamente, tale dicotomia č meno evidente una all'interno delle filiali italiane. La spiegazione di tali differenti logiche viene ricercata guardando all'esterno delle imprese, con un focus specifico sul sistema educativo e sulle relazioni industriali. Il sistema educativo brasiliano č infatti strutturato secondo percorsi molto distinti, fin dai primi anni scolastici, tra classi popolari ed elite, che introducono marcate differenze di risorse di capitale umano nel mercato del lavoro. A ciň si sommano dinamiche di relazioni industriali di origine corporativa, in cui il sindacato č inefficace attore sociale nell'incidere sul crescente dualismo che ha luogo all'interno delle filiali. In Italia, invece, un sistema educativo ampiamente pubblico diviene accessibile opportunitŕ di crescita sociale. L'ambito delle relazioni industriali, inoltre, č caratterizzato dalla prevalenza di ampie dinamiche contrattate, e il sindacato, sia a livello nazionale che nelle singole filiali, agisce come rilevante forza equitativa. Lo studio proposto č un importante contributo alla comprensione delle pratiche di gestione delle risorse umane nelle multinazionali, soprattutto attraverso un approfondimento del caso brasiliano, paese poco studiato in questo ambito e di grande interesse attuale per il suo divenire economico. .
L'introduzione del performance management nelle Universitŕ italiane
Authors: Buseti Simone , Dente Bruno
Published: June 2021

L'ipotesi centrale del saggio č che gli strumenti di misurazione della performance possono essere un modo efficace per promuovere la professionalizzazione del management delle universitŕ, ma soltanto nel rispetto di due condizioni, entrambe necessarie: che l'introduzione di nuovi sistemi sia parte di una piů ampia azione di sviluppo, e che le strategie di cambiamento rispettino l'eterogeneitŕ delle amministrazioni e siano quindi incrementali e differenziate. Si tratta di due condizioni che il decreto 150/2009 sembra sottovalutare, implicando una semplicitŕ doppiamente erronea: l'omogeneitŕ delle amministrazioni target e la sufficienza di valutazione e misurazione ai fini del miglioramento delle performance. Il saggio presenta una ricerca sui sistemi di management e valutazione, attraverso l'analisi dei risultati di un questionario somministrato a circa un terzo degli atenei italiani. La ricerca ha sostanzialmente smentito tali premesse e ha restituito due risultati: un'analisi dello stato dei sistemi che fotografa il posizionamento degli atenei e un modello di relazione tra le diverse variabili oggetto d'indagine. Per quanto riguarda il primo risultato, il panorama complessivo mostra alcuni elementi generalmente solidi e diffusi (come il quadro organizzativo), elementi diffusi ma solo raramente considerati adeguati (ad esempio il controllo di gestione), elementi sostanzialmente assenti (tra tutti il sistema di gestione dei rischi). D'altra parte, il posizionamento degli atenei rivela uno scenario - oltre che generalmente poco soddisfacente - anche fortemente eterogeneo. Non solo quindi non č possibile immaginare una riforma basata sul principio "one size fits all", ma č necessario tutto al contrario sviluppare diversi approcci al cambiamento. Il saggio presenta tre possibili strategie di implementazione della riforma, che partendo dallo stato di sviluppo dell'amministrazione suggeriscono percorsi di cambiamento differenziato. Infine, l'ultima parte del saggio utilizza i dati della rilevazione per costruire un modello di relazione che conferma il rapporto ipotizzato tra i sistemi di valutazione e alcune precondizioni, individuate nel quadro organizzativo, nei sistemi di supporto e (in minor misura) nei sistemi di gestione del rischio e di presidio della qualitŕ. Il modello non propone un rapporto di stretta causalitŕ tra variabili (il che implicherebbe una sequenza cronologica stretta nei programmi di riforma), ma piuttosto di guardare al management come oggetto complesso, il cui miglioramento necessita di sviluppo armonico e forte integrazione tra le sue diverse parti.
L'orientamento dei figli di migranti nelle scuole medie superiori. Appunti su una ricerca in corso a Verona
Authors: Maher Vanessa
Published: June 2021

- The article presents an on-going research on the experience and perceptions of a sample of young students with foreign origins, who attend secondary and high schools in Verona, insofar as these perceptions can affect their educational and employment perspectives. The main aim of this qualitative research is to analyse the theme of second generation by giving voice to various relevant actors, including not only immigrant students but also their parents and teachers. Through a comparison of their perspectives and remarks, the preliminary observations presented here suggest the complexity and the different level of socialization between young students of immigrant origins and their Italian schoolmates, as well as immigrant families and teachers. The article proposes several possible approaches to understand the way in which the wider social and political environment influences the outcomes and decisions of the immigrant students. Keywords: Second Generation, Migrants Families, Intercultural Education, Immigration in Italy.
La secolarizzazione č moderna?
Authors: Brague Rémi
Published: June 2021

- The paper is focused on the connections between secularization and modernity, and calls into question an almost unanimously accepted and largely undisputed thesis, according to which it would be possible to explain one term (secularization) through the other (modernity). Drawing from medieval history and philosophy, the author challenges the validity of such a connection between secularization and modernity. While the term "secularization" is a modern coinage and has unfolded its effects only in the modern era, the circumstances that made the process of secularization possible took shape in the Middle Ages. The epicentre of the modern earthquake is located in the Middle Ages. More precisely, the author underscores the secularizing role of the Medieval Church and proves the counter-intuitive thesis that the defence of secularization was not promoted by the Empire, nor was the defence of the sacred championed by the Church. Things went exactly the other way around.

Keywords: secularization, saeculum, catholic church, state, middle ages
Etiche religiose. E lo spirito dei modelli di welfare state in Europa
Authors: Bassi Andrea
Published: June 2021

The paper is organized in four sections. Section one presents a brief overview of how the classical sociological theories deal with the religious phenomenon in Western societies. The following section discusses the secularization theory as offered by Norris and Inglehart in Sacred and Secular (2005), where the classic functionalist theory of secularization - that religion would gradually fade in importance and cease to be significant with the emergence of industrial society - is criticized and, a new theory of secularization as a social process linked to the level of existential (un)security occurring in a country is developed. Within this framework, the role of the welfare safety net, and other effective delivery of government services, is analyzed as a means for many people to reduce their vulnerability to sudden, unpredictable risks. Section three investigates the relationship between religion and social policies. Starting from the recognition that the role of religious denominations has been neglected by the comparative studies on welfare state models, we suggest a new classification of welfare systems based on the mainstream religions existing in a country. The different welfare regimes are analyzed along the line Catholic vs. Protestant (Southern vs. Northern welfare models), and along the line Lutherans vs. Calvinist reformed churches (East/West welfare systems). The fourth section illustrates five analytic dimensions of the relationship between religion and welfare state systems. The five dimensions are the following: the principles and the moral norms (precepts) of religious doctrines; the agencies and services directly managed by religious institutions; the political parties with a religious orientation; the cultural orientation and values of the public opinion; the relations between the Church and the public institutions.
Religione, valori e welfare state: il caso italiano
Authors: Colozzi Ivo
Published: June 2021

The article aims to analyze which aspects of the Italian welfare system are influenced (shaped) by the dominant religious culture, i.e. Catholicism. It also investigates whether the mechanism through which this influence has been able to shape the social legislation is represented by religion-inspired political parties or by the capacity of the religious culture to directly influence the value system of the majority of the Italian population. In the latter case even lay political parties and governments did contribute to implement in their social policy choices orientations referable to the dominant religious culture. Our argument unfolds through the following steps: 1) a short reconstruction of the Italian welfare state model; 2) an outline of the main principles of the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church on welfare issues and social policy topics; 3) an account of the prevailing values on social issues according the Italian population; 4) an evaluation of how much both the principles and the values are incorporated in the present Italian welfare state system; 5) some final remarks on the mechanism through which the Italian Catholic Church has contributed to determine the social protection system.
Le basi culturali delle politiche per la famiglia negli anni 1950 e 1960 e il ruolo dei valori religiosi
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit
Published: June 2021

The "housewife model of the male breadwinner marriage" is a specific cultural family model based on two main ideas: a separation of the "public" and "private" spheres, which in turn implies a corollary location for both genders, and the notion of protected childhood within the privacy of the household. It is considered to be the cultural basis of conservative family policies, but its influence differed across West European countries in the 1950s and 1960s. In the present chapter the Author discusses how these crossnational differences can be explained, paying particular attention on the specific relevance played by religious values. In this regard, it is a common assumption that the housewife model is embedded in Catholic religious values, whereas the Protestant religion supports more modern family models. In this essay, by contrast, it is argued that there was no direct link between the dominance of Catholic or Protestant religion and the cultural basis of the family policies in a given country. The Author shows that the origins and development of the housewife model were not connected with Catholic values and that its main supporter, in fact, was the urban bourgeoisie. This cultural model of family laid the ground for the overall gender culture, and gave a common trait to the different religious pillars of the Catholic, Calvinistic, and Lutheran religions. We surmise that factors other than differences in the dominant religion/s per se played a pivotal role, including the social role of the urban bourgeoisie, socio-economic structures, and the density of settlement.
Basic Elements of Entrepreneurship: Ideas from the Past
Authors: Karayiannis Anastassios D.
Published: June 2021

- In order to develop an entrepreneurial theory capable of holding true in an absolutist environment, there are basically two approaches: (a) researching the historical economic data; and (b) analyzing the economic views and ideas held throughout history. The present paper will follow the second approach and will endeavor to clarify that there exist some fundamental entrepreneurial motives, characteristics and functions that have remained the same, at least from the time of ancient Greece until the present epoch. On such grounds, an entrepreneurial theory may be developed with ingredients that are non-destructible with the passage of time and in terms of changing economic conditions, and thus may be used as a universally accepted model of entrepreneurship. JEL classification:B00; M13 Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial motives; entrepreneurial characteristics; entrepreneurial function
Dobb, Dasgupta et Tagore: trois sources méconnues de la pensée d'A. Sen
Authors: Gilardone Muriel
Published: June 2021

- Cet article cherche ŕ souligner le contexte académique et culturel d'émergence des apports de Sen ŕ la théorie du choix social, mettant en lumičre ses premičres influences. Notre objectif est de comprendre l'originalité de ses contributions, en particulier concernant ses orientations méthodologiques et éthiques. Il est par exemple remarquable que, malgré l'orientation néoclassique de sa recherche, deux influences majeures aient été Maurice Dobb et Amiya Dasgupta, auxquelles s'ajoute une vision du monde héritée de Rabindranath Tagore. Notre perspective permet d'expliquer pourquoi, fondamentalement, sa contribution ŕ l'économie normative ne peut ętre considérée comme une simple variation des développements néoclassiques et finit par s'éloigner complčtement du cadre arrowien. JEL classification:B310. Keywords: Amartya Sen; choix social; Amiya Dasgupta; Maurice Dobb; Rabindranath Tagore.
Ri-scoprire l'analisi dei casi devianti. Una strategia metodologica di supporto dei processi teorico-interpretativi nella ricerca sociale di tipo standard
Authors: Mauceri Sergio
Published: June 2021

- This article contains a reflection that intends to assert the heuristic fertility of integrating common procedural models with analysis of deviant cases. This analysis was originally proposed by Paul F. Lazarsfeld and promoted between the '40s and the '60s at Columbia School, without much impact on quantitative social research circles. Deviant cases are cases that do not display expected behaviour or attitudes. Instead of considering deviant cases irrelevant because they are residual, this procedural strategy accentuates their importance and promotes an in-depth study to maximize data quality and support interpretation processes of research results.
Una nuova cultura del dato
Authors: Aragona Biagio
Published: June 2021

- If one defines «data culture» as the connection between the moment statistical information is produced and the moment it is used at a theoretical and practical level, one can identify the concept's two main dimensions: the quantity of statistics used for social information and the totality of organizational, technological and methodological changes that characterize the production of statistical services over a certain period of time. Analyzing its history from the Seventies to today, it is possible to outline the changes that led to a «new data culture», which generates consequences both for producers and users of statistics: social researchers first and foremost, but the general public as well.
Lo stage tra orientamento ed empowerment del soggetto Uno studio di caso
Authors: Capogna Stefania
Published: June 2021

- The starting point is observation of the crisis of the traditional model of transfer, which has oriented education practice in the past. The meaning and value or alternating theory and practice in training are taken into consideration in order to assess the importance of internships as an empowering device for the subject, destined to increase young people's employment potential. This article aims to rethink internships as a guidance, training and pre-educating device that penetrates (or should) a wider area of innovative and shared teaching methods in the academic world.
Fatti sociali, individualismo cognitivo e determinismo individuale
Authors: Vitale Tommaso
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the controversy between social facts in Durkheim's theory and explanations founded on a radicalized version of methodological individualism, based on cognitive neurosciences and genetic explanations. The variation of suicide rates is a theme that provides a good illustration of the two approaches. After reviewing Durkheim's inheritance and the main criticisms of his theory, the difference between etiological and morphological typologies is discussed. The theme of legitimacy is then examined from the different perspectives of the two approaches: in the first case, it depends on institutions on the basis of individuals' cognitive processes, in the second it is based on universal elements present in individuals' biological constitutions.
Straniero e modernitŕ: riflessioni su Tonnies e Simmel
Authors: Cipollini Roberta
Published: June 2021

Between the late 1800s and the early 1900s, sociologists in Germany focused their interest on the beginning of modern times, the increase in social diversification, the affirmation of an individualistic orientation and, in particular, of metropolises and the appearance of new figures in urban spaces. Tönnies and Simmel concentrated their studies on the social figure of the foreigner as a metaphor of modernity and, though through different cognitive approaches, defined a strongly converging social representation. In both authors we find that the foreigner's ambivalence is based on traits such as lack of fixation in social space, mobility, freedom, individualistic orientation and objectivity. Their considerations differ however in regards to the perception of this figure as being an isolated individual or referred to as a «type»: in Tönnies we see the first orientation, whereas Simmel believes that the foreigner is perceived through reference to a social «type», thus with a more structured representation. In such a way Simmel anticipates a theme that will later be further developed by sociology and social psychology.
Modelli di volontariato in Europa. Tra etica e politica
Authors: Damari Claudia
Published: June 2021

Over recent years, the phenomenon of voluntarism has become ever more relevant at a national, European, and even international level. A number of assumptions, some of which problematic, loom over the circumstances and dy-namics of this complex historic and cultural event: among these, the issue of the multiple versions of voluntarism tied to the prevalence of a religious ethic orientation or a secular one. After reconstructing the conceptual basis of the contemporary theoretical and empiric assumptions of voluntarism, the second part of this essay analyses four of the most common welfare states, of which voluntary service is one of the possible institutional and organizational forms: the Scandinavian model, the Anglo-Saxon model, the Continental model and the Mediterranean model. In the likes of a meditative appendix, the reader is presented with a case truly original for a number of historical and cultural reasons: the case of Israel.
Stili organizzativi del volontariato italiano
Authors: Cirillo Antonella
Published: June 2021

The Author initially examines the organizational phenomenon of voluntarism within the broader context of the institutional restructuring processes of modern welfare, and proceeds to analyze the main structural characteristics of voluntary organizations in Italy and the different - and sometimes conflicting - organizational dynamics that can currently be found. These are, in general, consequence of the «tension» that has matured within the associations between the original mission and the professionalization of the services, between tradition and innovation. The aim is to analyze organizations' attitudes towards strategic management of change and towards the development of project management autonomy, essential to preserve social identity in the process of professionalizing services.
Rassegna bibliografica sul volontariato italiano (1991-2010)
Authors: Corchia Luca
Published: June 2021

In order to access and comprehend the transformations of Italian voluntarism, one method to gain a viewpoint internal to the social science, is to study the history of surveys, analysis and considerations which, starting from the passage of Law 266/1991, have grown, diversified and been directed to certain trends, following the dynamic evolution of their object of study.
Meccanismi invisibili: la lunga strada per il cambiamento comportamentale
Authors: Pawson Raymond
Published: June 2021

What conceptual platform guides a realistic evaluation of programs aimed to change behavior? Change is difficult and happens slowly: the subjects involved vary between hesitation, enthusiasm, reflection, comings and goings. This essay presents a model that is contrary to the mainstream tendency of treating programs as independent units of linear development. To evaluate program results it is necessary to discover the mechanisms that influence people's behavior: these are instead often «invisible» because tacit, too familiar, and therefore taken for granted (including waiting, announcing, filters in selection, and exit expectations). Such mechanisms can be understood by studying the phases, the variations in the implementation, the neglect and «blind alleys». Decision makers should also take into consideration these mechanisms and build programs that reflect paths to change instead of jumping-off points.
Effects, contexts, mechanisms operating in a quasi-experimental design
Authors: Decataldo Alessandra , Faggiano Maria Paola , Fasanella Antonio , Maggi Manlio
Published: June 2021

This action research has been conducted by the Department of Communication and Social Research of the «Sapienza» University of Rome in collaboration with the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA). The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of an information campaign on radioactivity and its risks, implemented by ISPRA, and directed towards students between 14 and 19 years of age in four cities of the Lazio region. The research was conducted using a quasi experimental design with pretest, post-test and non equivalent control group and did not follow a behaviorist concept of experiment, which would have proceeded on the basis of a simple stimulus-response pattern. Instead, the experimental variable, considered as the main stimulus, was taken into account together with contextual and dispositional characteristics, which can in theory intervene in the cause-effect relation but cannot be "manipulated" by the researcher.
Quale modello di partecipazione per la ricerca sociale? Riflessivitŕ nel rapporto tra ricercatore e attore sociale
Authors: Cataldi Silvia
Published: June 2021

The article begins with a brief overview of how the relationship between researcher and object of study has been approached in social sciences. The goal is to reflect further on the process of this study and to raise two essential questions: what kind of relationship develops between the researcher and the social actor? And what kind of participation is required from the social actor? To answer these questions the article proposes identifying four different models of participation, the effects of which are analyzed by rediscovering all the practices that include a particular involvement of the social actor in the research process.
Il problema dell'inclusione come "problema" di teoria sociale
Authors: Bonolis Maurizio
Published: June 2021

The theme of social inclusion can not be address in sociology without initially considering the definition of the concept of citizenship as formulated by Alfred Marshall. Given this introduction, duly argued philologically, Ralph Dahrendorf's contribution is considered. The latter makes Marshall's definition operational in terms of «subjective rights». Four categories of request for inclusion are thereby identified. Two are endogenous: a) through loss of inclusion; b) through risk of exclusion. Two are exogenous: c) through migration dynamics; d) through cultural change. These four types are considered in light of the work of Amartya Sen and Lawrence Friedman, with particular consequentialist attention (in the sense of Weber's «ethics of responsibility») to the repercussions that inclusion programs determine within institutional and noninstitutional areas of reference. The article's layout is also inspired by the principle of Weber's «technical critique of values». The question is: which sociocultural «costs» involve specific and different social policies of «inclusion»?
Perché gli anziani ci amano (nonostante tutto): l'anzianitŕ poliedrica tra rappresentazioni stereotipiche, complessitŕ identitaria e risorse nascoste
Authors: Poli Stefano
Published: June 2021

Identity Complexity and Hidden Resources of a Polyhedral Seniority) The progressive aging of the population throughout European countries calls for a revision of the role and the conditions of seniors. The goal of this essay is to underline the deeply polyhedral characteristics of seniority and old age in modern society, by discussing the results of a qualitative and qualitative study conducted in Genoa's metropolitan area, where there is a tradition of singular dynamics of aging of the population. This contribution identifies and distinguishes multiple senior profiles on the basis of the system of values, the condition and lifestyle of seniors; it underlines the need to rethink their role in society, increasing their range of opportunities and capabilities and removing commonplace misconceptions, in favor of a perspective that respects the life cycle and promotes active citizenship for a very relevant part of society.
Apologo. In onore di Franco Ferrarotti
Authors: Toscano Mario Aldo
Published: June 2021

Starting from one of Franco Ferrarotti's latest publications Atman. Il respiro del bosco (Ed. Empiria, Rome, 2012), this essay develops on the basis of the considerations in the last sections of the text, to which we refer. The interpretation key to this note, purposefully hermeneutic though unveiled in its conclusions, relates to the return to nature. The transition from culture to nature and to the nature of the trees is not seen, in the long trajectory described by Franco Ferrarotti, as a «regression», but rather as the achievement of a wisdom able to contemplate sine ira ac studio (without anger or concern) the enormous shortfallings and decline of the public and private life in our country. The solitude of the «naturalized» thought brings a glimpse of hope, in that memory resumes its course no more towards the past but towards the future. Ferrarotti's "lessons» interpret the dramatic sequences of our history, remain in the atmospheres of thought, and are «received» as such, fertile sources of underground action.
The Italian Wage Curve. The effects of the Recent Labour Market Reforms
Authors: Netti Nadia
Published: June 2021

- The paper examines some effects of the recent reforms aimed at increasing flexibility in the Italian labour market. It shows their incapability to respond to the "inclusion" problem which still characterises the country. New temporary low-skill jobs were created but the reforms have neither enforced industrial competitiveness nor increased productivity. Far from solving the problems of a dual economy, de-regulation of Italian labour market has reinforced them and has concurrently eroded civil rights thereby making a departure form standards of health and morality. Excessive turnover of workers and firms is a major obstacle to human capital accumulation. A hostile territory produces social inequality, poverty and under- consumption that severely compromises growth. Key words: Labor and Demographic Economics; Wages, Compensation and Labor Costs; Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials JEL Classification: J, J3, J31
Il regime tributario delle organizzazioni non profit. Alcune considerazioni critiche e una proposta di riforma degli incentivi per ridurre il turnover dei dipendenti
Authors: Villani Salvatore
Published: June 2021

- Reduction Non-profit organizations (NPOs) operating in Southern Italy show the following criticalities: low capital investments, small size and high financial problems. These ones, in turn, may affect workers' rights and rendered services quality. In fact, these organizations have long registered steady trends of temporary job and a related employees' turnover high rate, especially among the volunteers. This article proposes the introduction of a fiscal incentives system favoring and implementing workers' cooperation as well as great "entrusting" NPO employees, thus bringing turnover rate back to a physiological level. Through a theoretical model, the article shows how the age-related earning profiles suggested by E.Lazear (1979,1981) could be positively be used to improve the situation in this field of interest. JEL Classification: H200, H240, H300, L31 Key words: Tax incentives; Public Subsidies; Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents; Non Profit Organizations
Reviewing Bank Regulatory Objectives Under Uncertail Information
Authors: Agliardi Elettra
Published: June 2021

A bank liquidation policy problem is analysed within a Merton framework where an appropriate notion of capital adequacy is introduced. The value of the deposit insurance liabilities and bank equity are derived. The effects of capital requirements on risk-shifting and bank reorganization are discussed, with a comparison of different regulatory regimes (in keeping with the Basel I and II Accords) and their impact on banks' behaviour.
Alcune considerazioni sullo Shadow Banking System
Authors: Stefano Figuera
Published: June 2021

The financial intermediation system has been characterized by the emergence of new subjects and instruments modifying its organization. The development of the shadow banking system parallel to the traditional one has led to the demand, during the recent period of financial crisis, for a more efficient control to weather the growing systemic risk. This changing context leads the Author to consider some essential profiles of the monetary nature of the capitalist economy. Specifically, a need is perceived to reinterpret recent events in the light of the credit nature of money and the endogenous character of its supply, aspects on which scholars of the Keynesian school have long focused their attention. The Author considers particularly useful the indications deriving from the monetary production theory, especially with reference to the distinction among the various forms of financing, to understand such changes and adopt suitable strategies to handle them.
Tram, mobilitŕ e crescita urbana in Spagna, 1900-1936
Authors: Onyňn Banales José Luis
Published: June 2021

- The article focuses on the relationship between tramway networks and urban structure in Spain during the period 1900-1936. It states that this relationship should be studied after considering the use of transport and the mobility patterns of different classes, specially the working class. Once these factors have been studied it is possible to assert the impact of the tramway netmark on urban growth. The impact of the tramways on major Spanish cities did not take the form of a transport revolution that would radically changed the urban pattern. Tramways did not direct urban growth until use of tramway lines by the working class became general. This did not happen until World War I. Since then, skilled and some unskilled workers did change their mobility patterns and tramway use experienced a cycle of growth that continued until the late 1950s.
Le aziende di approvvigionamento d'acqua potabile nelle cittŕ e regioni spagnole, 1840-1970
Authors: Matés Juan Manuel
Published: June 2021

- The aim of the paper is to analyze the appearance of drinking water supply companies in Spain, and their geographical distribution in the peninsula. We also attempt to study the factors that have brought about their location in the different regions, as well as the size of the cities in which they were established. In this context, particular attention will be paid to the role of population growth and economic development as key issues in the setting up of the above-mentioned firms. After a brief introduction, we will provide a description of the regional division in the peninsula at the time, from both geographical and economic-historical perspectives. This division enables us to make comparisons between the different regions concerning the level of introduction of drinking water services controlled by private companies. The differences between developed and backward areas of the country are evident. The size and the rate of growth of the cities are relevant issues in this sense, and are discussed in the following paragraphs. We will finally draw some succinct conclusions, which illustrate the significant relationship between the regions with rapid urban and industrial growth, and the setting up of drinking water supply companies.
Reti di telecomunicazione: la diffusione urbana del telefono in Spagna, 1877-1930
Authors: Calvo Angel
Published: June 2021

- Cities were the natural environment for the spread of telephone services in the early phase of the new technology of vocal communication. The expansion of the telephone in the Spanish cities took place with a relative delay with respect to other European countries. The reasons for this relative delay were as much economic (rent and tariffs) as institutional, mainly the unstable government policy and the regime of concessions. The period between 1877-1930 analyzed here is rich in contrasts since it includes the passage from an overwhelming predominance of local networks, private as well as public, to a regime of virtual monopoly towards the creation of a system unified under a private monopoly with very few exceptions.
Dibattito politico e gestione della trasformazione: Vienna 1848-1891
Authors: Torello Francesca
Published: June 2021

- The plan for the Ring in Vienna is one of the most significant examples of urban transformation of a European capital in the nineteenth century. The plan was chosen from entries in a competition published in the Wiener Zeitung in 1858. It raised a number of issues that completely upset the existing balances between various opposing power centers: military authority vs. civilian society, municipal vs. state power, public vs. private property, and financial management tools vs. building codes. As opposed to the model plan in Paris, Vienna's plan was successful because the land involved was public and thus the government was not forced to use the politically dangerous means of expropriation by eminent domain. The financial crisis of 1873 that followed the collapse of the stock exchange did not leave any immediate effect on the city. The Christian Social Party won the 1885 elections and pushed for the creation of Greater Vien- na (GroB Wien) and for the public management of urban transportation, including the construction of a subway system. This was a turning point for urban development.
Il regolamento edilizio del 1902: la trasformazione della strada parigina
Authors: Mezzalama Giulia
Published: June 2021

- The transformation of streets in Paris at the beginning of 20th century can best be seen in the facades, whose design featured devices like bow windows and terraces that moved facades forwards and backward in relation to street lines. This transformation is chiefly the result of the building code of 1902 and its late 19th-century predecessors, which came out of a reaction against the allegedly repetitive and monotonous Haussmann- era architecture. The 1902 code established the regulations for determining the height and the degree of protuberance of city buildings. In fact, it set up a new system of relationships between the constructed and non-constructed surface areas. Therefore the city took on a new image that changed when prompted by the new regulations and the modern interpretations that were given to them. The application of these new regulations first resulted in an immediate rise in building heights as well as in a change in the building volumes marked by the changed facades and roofs. However, the obvious change in the building heights that affected roofs, bow windows, loggias, and turrets is not the only distinguishing feature of Parisian architecture in the early 1900s. There is also a transformation in the overall volumes of buildings, which went so far as to break up the uniform alignment of the facades on the streets and thus to vary a system of occupying the lots that had been established for centuries.
La cittŕ degli espressionisti: scenografie cinematografiche
Authors: Lamberti Claudia
Published: June 2021

- The essay compares the images of the city defined by the Expressionist movement and the city images in the films of the time. Expressionist architects discovered that film-set design gave them a chance to experiment with their artistic skills. At the same time, film studios could not shoot outdoors easily and so were forced to rely on constructed sets. All this worked out as an incentive for architectural invention. Sets became an apt proving ground for the new expressiveness of the architects as well as a way to experiment with the use of space without limits and constraints. This essay examines the cases of 6 films whose elements are specifically and directly attributable to the Expressionist culture. Here the case of the city encompasses both set design and the urban atmosphere in films linked with the avant-garde movements. The essay also provides a filmography of the most important films with urban settings shot by German artists in the 1920s and 1930s.
Artere urbane: tre diversi esperimenti nelle cittŕ americane
Authors: DiMento Joseph F.C.
Published: June 2021

- This essay examines the decision-making process that led to the building of the freeways and highways that cross metropolitan areas in the USA, focusing on the cases of Syracuse, New York; Memphis, Tennessee; and Los Angeles, California. There are many decisions concerning transportation that affect urban areas, but the most import of them have to do with state highways and interstates. This essay focuses on the phases and the events that led to the cities' decisions on the highways that cross urban centers. These decisions were laden with serious consequences on the formation, growth, and decline of various models of urban development. The sources of information consist mainly of interviews and investigations, archival records and statistics. The cases examined lead us to believe that the fate of cities in this area mostly depen- ded on powers beyond their control tied in with transportation. In any case, the decisions in each case are not analogous to those of other cases. The outcomes in each city depended on phenomena that interact with each other and depend on particular moments in history and on changeable factors, such as the chance to obtain federal and state funding, the set up of the environmental laws, and the specific philosophies of governmental administrations on fiscal questions and on how to maintain the city centers vital.
Geografie risorgimentali. Allestimenti celebrativi e trasformazioni urbane a Brescia, 1861-1895
Authors: Treccani Gian Paolo
Published: June 2021

All'indomani dell'annessione di Brescia al regno d'Italia (1859) si attuarono una serie di iniziative volte a commemorare da un lato i cosiddetti padri della patria, protagonisti della stagione risorgimentale, e dall'altro gli episodi che, nel 1849, videro la cittŕ insorgere contro il dominio austriaco dando luogo alla rivolta nota come Dieci giornate. Tutto ciň determinň un sostanziale processo di trasformazione della cittŕ antica, e in parte contribuě a definire il volto di quella moderna. Avvenne con la formazione d'importanti ambiti celebrativi costituti da statue dedicate agli eroi del Risorgimento (Garibaldi in primo luogo), con la sistemazione urbanistica realizzata attorno a queste sculture, la posa di lapidi, il restauro dei "monumenti nazionali" e, infine, con una nuova toponomastica che cancellando antichi nomi di strade e piazze ebbe l'ambizione di rifondare simbolicamente la cittŕ. Tale processo vide in Giuseppe Zanardelli, deputato liberale, ministro dei Lavori pubblici, della Giustizia e piů tardi Primo ministro del regno, un protagonista assoluto capace di concretizzare in queste operazioni l'ideale politico di unitŕ della nazione ma soprattutto di concepire questo progetto in un piů ampio programma di modernizzazione e progresso della societŕ bresciana.
Da ducato pontificio a capoluogo di provincia: il Risorgimento a Benevento
Authors: Delizia Francesco
Published: June 2021

Garibaldi non passň da Benevento. Tuttavia, la cittŕ ebbe un ruolo chiave nella conquista di Garibaldi del sud d'Italia, al punto che ricevette dall"eroe dei due mondi" il riconoscimento di cittŕ capoluogo di provincia. Negli anni che seguirono l'annessione all'Italia e la nomina a capoluogo di provincia l'impegno principale fu la definizione del nuovo assetto territoriale di una cittŕ fino a quel momento chiusa entro il circuito delle mura medievali; un perimetro rafforzato dalla collocazione della cittŕ alla confluenza di due fiumi, che fino a quella data aveva avuto il ruolo di limite dello spazio e delle funzioni urbane. L'impegno maggiore delle amministrazioni locali, il Governo provvisorio prima e poi i gruppi di orientamento moderato, esponenti della vecchia aristocrazia e proprietari terrieri, che prevalsero rapidamente sulla scena politica, fu dunque nell'affermare e consolidare il nuovo assetto territoriale ed a contenere focolai di ribellione che si accendevano in provincia. In questo quadro le questioni sociali, i bisogni della cittŕ, i grandi temi dell'urbanistica ottocentesca lasciavano il posto a scelte episodiche negli investimenti pubblici. Anche la costruzione di monumenti celebrativi dedicati ai protagonisti del Risorgimento fu un fenomeno marginale nello scenario delle trasformazioni urbane.
Dal grano al biscotto. Elementi per una storia della politica annonaria di Venezia fra XVII e XVIII secolo
Authors: Vertecchi Giulia
Published: June 2021

Approvvigionamento - Alimentazione - Conservazione e distribuzione dei grani Venezia, secc. XVII-XVIII

L'obiettivo di questo articolo č di delineare, attraverso l'analisi delle fonti archivistiche, i cambiamenti nel sistema annonario di Venezia nei secoli XVII e XVIII. Questi cambiamenti ebbero inizio con lo scoppio della guerra di Candia e si svilupparono nel secolo seguente. Il contributo si concentra su tre temi principali: in primo luogo il ruolo del biscotto per compensare le fluttuazioni del prezzo del grano e per abbassare i costi di stoccaggio del surplus. Il biscotto era un alimento facile da trasportare e conservare per le esigenze militari ed era certamente utilizzato come alimento per l'esercito e la flotta; tuttavia č che un fabbisogno di 4.700 tonnellate all'anno richiedeva ingenti risorse e un'organizzazione considerevole per seguire la produzione. Un secondo nucleo dell'articolo esamina il ruolo delle scorte, non tanto durante gli anni di penuria, ma soprattutto quando i raccolti erano abbondanti. In questo modo č possibile analizzare le strategie impiegate dal governo in un momento particolarmente critico, poiché i prezzi scendono negli anni in cui i raccolti sono abbondanti, ma č in questi anni che aumentano i costi di stoccaggio. In terzo luogo si affronta il problema di una forma di speculazione finanziaria grazie alla quale anche le persone piů ricche riuscivano a usufruire di un'agevolazione fiscale nel pagamento della principale imposta diretta, la decima. Una lettura attenta dei documenti «non-quantitativi» fornisce una comprensione della complessitŕ del rapporto tra politica fiscale e le scelte economiche del governo, portando alla luce la complessa composizione della societŕ e i suoi contrasti interni