bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transfer of Computer Knowledge and Skills to the Workplace: The Perspective of Primary School Heads
Authors: Bulawa Philip
Published: November 2016

The use of computer technology in schools has become a topical subject of enquiry among researchers globally. As in other countries, the government of Botswana has come up with policy on the use of computer technology in public schools in its effort to improve teaching and learning. For this initiative to be achieved, higher education institutions in the country are expected to provide knowledge and skills to school management teams and members of their teaching staff on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). This descriptive and qualitative study sought to find out whether primary school heads are using the computer knowledge and skills they acquired during in-service training at the University of Botswana in their schools. Using purposive sampling, 22 participants out of 26 who had volunteered to participate in the study responded to the questionnaire about the use of computers by school heads in primary schools. The result of the study shows that while school heads are willing to use computers in their schools, they have encountered some challenges, many of which are external and therefore, beyond their control. Further revealed is that there are a few school heads that do not see the use of computers as a priority, in spite of the knowledge and skills they possess. The study recommends further research to find out from regional officers the intervention measures that may be put in place to enable school heads to effectively use computer technology in primary schools.
Method and Theory of Early Farming: The Orinoco and Caribbean Coasts of South America
Authors: Roosevelt Anna C.
Published: November 2016

The early and mid 20th century was a time of great interest in the rise of agriculture and its role in the evolution of civilizations societies in particular environments. Late 20th century efforts to reconstruct the nature and history of prehistoric farming societies in the northern lowlands of South America ranged from expansive hypotheses to regional case studies using archaeobotanical technologies then available. Since 2000, a large number of regional studies using expanded and refined methods have produced broadly interesting results. Approaches from the fields of geography and earth sciences are being recruited increasingly. The resulting empirical evidence does shed light on aspects of the history of human use of some plants but, as always, has raised more questions than it solved. Many of the problems interpreting the processual and evolutionary significance of these findings are methodological ones. This article reviews what seem to be the most important methodological and interpretive issues of this area of research for the tropical lowlands (up to c. 1500 m a.s.l) of northern South America.
On the roman villas on the south of province of Dalmatia (Several examples from the area of East Herzegovina)
Authors: Samardžić Gligor
Published: November 2016

This paper presents the data regarding Roman villas in the valley of the Trebišnjica River in East Herzegovina (south of province of Dalmatia). The bases for successful research of Roman villas in this region are original written records and material remnants on the terrain (epigraphic monuments, remnants of buildings, settlements, and roads, fragments of bricks, roof tiles, processed stone, Roman ceramics, glass, vessels and amphorae, fragments of frescoes, mosaics, torcularium, money etc.). Archeological discoveries point out that continuity of populating this region could be traced from prehistorical period until modern age. The area which will be researched in this paper is located near the Trebišnjica River. It is the area with very convenient climate conditions for the development of agriculture and livestock farming. It caused this region to be populous in ancient time. In this paper we will present discoveries from Roman time from the locations of Crkvina-Prežani (villa urbana), Dračeva strana (villa rustica), Potkućnice (villa rustica) and villa rustica very close to bank of the Trebišnjica River (Panik) southern from Bileća, Mirina and Lijeska villa rustica (Bihovo) near Trebinje, as well as the location of Tanoge in Ljubomir (villa rustica) northern from Trebinje.
Teachers' folk pedagogies
Authors: Ilić Marina , Bojović Žana , Sudzilovski Danijela
Published: November 2016

In the last few decades, a large portion of scientific literature has been dedicated to the questions of realization of teaching and its improvement. However, one question remains in the background - folk pedagogies and their influence on teaching. The main objective of this paper is to help us get acquainted with this phenomenon that exists in the teaching practice, its significance and pedagogical implications. In the first part of the paper, we deal with definitions of folk pedagogies and related concepts and their mutual relationship, in order to analyze the similarities and differences in the meaning of the concepts in use. Starting from important determinants of teachers' folk pedagogies, we will attempt to reassess some of the proposed methods and ways to raise consciousness about teachers' folk pedagogies, methods to analyze and change them. Based on the existing knowledge on teachers' folk pedagogies, we will try to point out their significance and implications they have on education practice. Starting from the existing findings about folk pedagogies, we have separated three important implications for educational practice: a) teachers should be viewed as creators of their own coherent theories about learning and teaching; b) changing and improving one's teaching practice is a result of the teacher's willingness to reflect on his or her own folk pedagogies; and c) teachers' folk pedagogies should be seen as the starting point for teacher professional development programs.
Language of globalized media as a hate generator on the Balkans
Authors: Kostadinović Maja
Published: November 2016

The Language of hatred in its basic war inciting sense has almost disappeared from media. However, its mutants still may come out into public though intolerance or political settlements. There is no community insensitive to some kinds of hatred. Neither developed democratic nor, even less communities in new Balkan states. Members of minority groups are specially under impact - from ethnic via religious to those specially vulnerable community groups such as handicapped, with specific diseases and juveniles and alike. This paper is about that tolerance and hatred which still exists in media on Balkan. The writer points to the relationship of journalists to those minority groups and offers some of possible ways for improving the relationship between them.
Textbooks in the EFL classroom: Defining, assessing and analyzing
Authors: Radić-Bojanić Biljana , Topalov Jagoda
Published: November 2016

The aim of this paper is to define textbooks, analyze their advantages and disadvantages and to explicate the process of textbook selection and reasons for analyzing textbooks. The paper describes two reasons for performing a textbook analysis: evaluating for potential and evaluating for suitability, and further states various processes of textbook content analysis including the analysis of the stated aims and objectives, learner needs, their abilities and preferences, as well as the establishment of criteria in relation to previously set objectives. The paper concludes by stating that the task that teachers are faced with when selecting and evaluating textbooks is not that is an easy one, but it is crucial. With the assistance of clear guidelines and detailed criteria, they should be able to make an informed decision and choose a textbook that is most suitable for the requirements of their specific classroom context.
Quantae psychologiae?: Una vel multae?
Authors: Todorović Milorad
Published: November 2016

Concerned with the study of empirical correlations between elements of behavior and external circumstances, and especially with the research of these empirical relationships in a much simpler manner than it would be suitable for their complex nature, many psychologies rarely look at the fundamental issues of capability, or assumptions, of their own noetic efforts. Instead, there are multiple "views" that pretend to be psychological theories. The concept of psychology as a study of soul necessarily relies on the concept of science, and on the concept of soul as its subject. It is still the case - especially in academic circles - that the ruling concept of science is the modern, Cartesian, scientific concept where natural science is the only paradigm of science. When applied to the science of soul, that scientific paradigm inevitably gives different variations of reductionist psychology: from experimental psychology to neurophysiology. The truth (or factual knowledge as content) of such studies of soul must inevitably be reduced and scarce, namely, a reduced and scarce knowledge of soul itself. General psychological theory, of course, cannot be a compromise formation of disparate attitudes, rules and principles, nor can it, epistemologically, be an eclectic knowledge of mental phenomena. If different psychological theories, approaches, and points of view, which are sometimes, pretentiously, being called schools, see each mental theme or content in a totally different way, then it is necessary to examine the type, quality and place of the truth those psychologies strive for. It is not logical to expect such different approaches to reach the same truth, the same understanding of the correlations of psychological facts. In that case, the most logical question that can be asked is whether it is the same area of research and whether it is the same science about psyche.
“Olhar o mar como anfíbio”: humor e política em Luiz Rettamozo
Authors: Moraes Everton de Oliveira
Published: November 2016

O artista gaúcho Luiz Carlos Rettamozo atuou intensamente na cena cultural curitibana da década de 1970. Da capital paranaense, Rettamozo buscou participar de uma movimentação que ocorria no Brasil naquele momento, isto é, aquela de um conjunto de poetas, músicos e artistas plásticos que Eduardo Viveiros de Castro sintetizou ao chamar de “tropical-concreta”. Tal movimentação foi vivenciada por uma geração que tinha no humor, entendido de forma ampla, como poética e não apenas como atitude cômica, um modo privilegiado de atuação, uma espécie de “arte das artes”, que permitia jogar com os paradoxos, ambiguidades e avessos da sociedade brasileira. O que interessa apontar neste artigo, por meio da análise da temporalidade própria de alguns dos cartuns e experimentações visuais de Rettamozo, é precisamente o modo como o artista buscou investir no humor não apenas como forma de contestação política à ditadura militar, então instalada no país, mas também como modo de desativar os dispositivos de poder postos para funcionar tanto pelo Estado como pelo mercado, que perpassavam a vida cotidiana brasileira, produzindo um clima de “sufoco”. Palavras-chave: Rettamozo; Humor; Tempo; Política.
El humor político clandestino. ¿La crítica más temida de todo régimen?
Authors: Gómez Diego Hernando
Published: November 2016

Resenha da obra:Várnagy, Tomás: “Proletarios de todos los países… ‘Perdonadnos!” El humor político clandestino en los regímenes de tipo soviético y el papel deslegitimador del chiste en Europa central y oriental (1917-1991). Buenos Aires: EUDEBA (Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires), 2016. 372 páginas.
Nascidos em um país que não existe mais: dois testemunhos sobre o cotidiano na República Democrática Alemã. Uma entrevista com Jürgen e Uta Menzel
Authors: Reis Antero Maximiliano
Published: November 2016

Jürgen e Uta Menzel nasceram em Berlim, na República Democrática Alemã (RDA), e por lá viveram mais de 30 anos, até a queda do Muro, em 9 de novembro de 1989 . Uta Menzel nasceu em 1957, formou-se em economia do povo e atualmente trabalha como controladora de finanças. Jürgen Menzel nasceu em 1953, formou-se em engenharia elétrica e trabalha atualmente no setor de tecnologia da informação. Ambos ainda residem em Berlim, oficialmente reunificada em 3 de outubro de 1990. O casal esteve no Brasil, visitando a cidade de Florianópolis no mês de julho de 2013, quanto dispôs-se a participar de uma roda de conversa realizada no Centro de Ciências Humanas e da Educação, na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Na ocasião expuseram suas memórias e experiências acerca de seu cotidiano na extinta RDA. Neste dia, Jürgen e Uta concordaram em nos conceder a entrevista que segue abaixo. Os entrevistados foram devidamente esclarecidos sobre todos os procedimentos relacionados à entrevista e sua publicação, estando estes de pleno acordo. Entrevista concedida em: 23/07/2013 em Florianópolis
La inefabilidad en el lenguaje natural
Authors: Picazo Jaque Claudia
Published: November 2016

English Title: "The Ineffability of Natural Language"Resumen: Los casos de variación en las condiciones de satisfacción de enunciados sin deícticos, junto con la asunción de un principio de proposicionalidad, han llevado a filósofos como Carston a defender la idea de que nuestros pensamientos son inefables, esto es, no codificables en lenguaje natural. En contra de este enfoque argumentaré (i) que esta teoría no se aplica al pensamiento consciente, (ii) que, contra el argumento de la desambiguación, el principio de proposicionalidad no es obligatorio y (iii) que podemos explicar tanto los casos exitosos de comunicación como aquellos en los que es necesario que el hablante precise qué quería decir sin recurrir a pensamientos inefables. Abstract: Cases of variation in the satisfaction-conditions of non-indexical sen- tences, together with a principle of propositionality, have led some philosophers, as Carston, to defend the idea that our thoughts are ineffable, i.e., they cannot be articulated in natural language. Against this view I will argue (i) that this theory cannot be applied to conscious thought, (ii) against the disambiguation argument, the principle of propositionality is not mandatory and (iii) we can explain successful instances of communication as well as those cases in which the speaker needs to make clear what he means without having recourse to ineffable thoughts.Palabras clave: infradeterminación, contextualismo, conceptos ad hoc, efabilidad, Carston, Travis.Keywords: underdeterminacy, contextualism, ad hoc concepts, effability, Carston, Travis.
Over-supply in Public Transportation: Case Study of Bus and Metro Lines in Harbin City, China
Authors: Feng Shumin , Shen Xianghao , Hu Baoyu
Published: November 2016

As the two most important modes in public transportation, the coordinated development of bus and metro networks significantly influences the efficiency of public transportation. However, two parallel bus and metro lines belonging to different operators may lead to supply competition and consequently yield over-supply. Taking two parallel bus and metro lines in Harbin city, China as a case study, this paper, drawing on game theory, establishes a utility model based on the two lines’ frequencies, and reveals and explains the fundamental reason for the over-supply problem using a Nash equilibrium. In an attempt to resolve this issue, the study proposes a new operation mode: integrating frequencies of the two modes to obtain larger total profits then reallocating the total profits to the two modes. The case study shows that this new operation mode can effectively solve the over-supply problem while satisfying both operators of the two modes, and hence having practical value.
A transmission-virulence evolutionary trade-off explains attenuation of HIV-1 in Uganda
Authors: Blanquart François , Grabowski Mary Kate , Herbeck Joshua , Nalugoda Fred , Serwadda David , Eller Michael A , Robb Merlin L , Gray Ronald , Kigozi Godfrey , Laeyendecker Oliver , Lythgoe Katrina A , Nakigozi Gertrude , Quinn Thomas C , Reynolds Steven J , Wawer Maria J , Fraser Christophe
Published: November 2016

Evolutionary theory hypothesizes that intermediate virulence maximizes pathogen fitness as a result of a trade-off between virulence and transmission, but empirical evidence remains scarce. We bridge this gap using data from a large and long-standing HIV-1 prospective cohort, in Uganda. We use an epidemiological-evolutionary model parameterised with this data to derive evolutionary predictions based on analysis and detailed individual-based simulations. We robustly predict stabilising selection towards a low level of virulence, and rapid attenuation of the virus. Accordingly, set-point viral load, the most common measure of virulence, has declined in the last 20 years. Our model also predicts that subtype A is slowly outcompeting subtype D, with both subtypes becoming less virulent, as observed in the data. Reduction of set-point viral loads should have resulted in a 20% reduction in incidence, and a three years extension of untreated asymptomatic infection, increasing opportunities for timely treatment of infected individuals.
Structural characterization of CYP260A1 from Sorangium cellulosum to investigate the 1α‐hydroxylation of a mineralocorticoid
Authors: Khatri Yogan , Carius Yvonne , Ringle Michael , Lancaster C. Roy D. , Bernhardt Rita
Published: November 2016

In this study, we report the crystal structure of the cytochrome P450 CYP260A1 (PDB 5LIV) from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56. In addition, we investigated the hydroxylation of 11‐deoxycorticosterone by CYP260A1 by reconstituting the enzyme with the surrogate redox partners adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase. The major product of this steroid conversion was identified as 1α‐hydroxy‐11‐deoxycorticosterone, a novel Δ4 C‐21 steroidal derivative. Furthermore, we docked the substrate into the crystal structure and replaced Ser326, the residue responsible for substrate orientation, with asparagine and observed that the mutant S326N displayed higher activity and selectivity for the formation of 1α‐hydroxy‐11‐deoxycorticosterone compared to the wild‐type CYP260A1. Thus, our findings highlight the usefulness of the obtained crystal structure of CYP260A1 in identifying biotechnologically more efficient reactions.
10Be measurements in bedrock constrain erosion beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet margin
Authors: Young Nicolás E. , Briner Jason P. , Maurer Josh , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: November 2016

Glacial erosion is a key process driving landscape evolution, but it remains unclear what factors dictate the rate at which subglacial erosion occurs. Moreover, estimates of subglacial erosion that do not rely on sediment flux techniques are rare. Here, we present in situ 10Be measurements from bedrock surfaces in western Greenland with well‐constrained ice‐cover histories to quantify the erosion rate beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet margin during historical times. We calculate an abrasion rate of 0.72 ± 0.35 mm yr−1 and a likely total basin‐wide erosion rate (abrasion + quarrying) of ~1–1.8 mm yr−1, which are at least 1 order of magnitude higher than typical subglacial erosion rates in other polar landscapes. A compilation of published 10Be data suggests that the southwestern Greenland Ice Sheet acts as a particularly effective erosional agent within the broader Baffin Bay‐Greenland region over millennial to glacial‐interglacial timescales, suggestive of a basal ice sheet thermal regime controlled by regional climate.
Diagnostic sea ice predictability in the pan‐Arctic and U.S. Arctic regional seas
Authors: Cheng Wei , Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth Edward , Bitz Cecilia M. , Ladd Carol , Stabeno Phyllis J.
Published: November 2016

This study assesses sea ice predictability in the pan‐Arctic and U.S. Arctic regional (Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort) seas with a purpose of understanding regional differences from the pan‐Arctic perspective and how predictability might change under changing climate. Lagged correlation is derived using existing output from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE), Pan‐Arctic Ice‐Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System, and NOAA Coupled Forecast System Reanalysis models. While qualitatively similar, quantitative differences exist in Arctic ice area lagged correlation in models with or without data assimilation. On regional scales, modeled ice area lagged correlations are strongly location and season dependent. A robust feature in the CESM‐LE is that the pan‐Arctic melt‐to‐freeze season ice area memory intensifies, whereas the freeze‐to‐melt season memory weakens as climate warms, but there are across‐region variations in the sea ice predictability changes with changing climate.
A new look at solar dimming and brightening in China
Authors: Wang Yawen , Wild Martin
Published: November 2016

Published estimates on the magnitude of solar dimming and brightening in China show large discrepancies and inconsistencies in its seasonal variations. A nationwide reorganization of the surface solar radiation (SSR) network during 1990–1993 contributed to these uncertainties, which is reflected in a sudden upward jump in the published composite SSR time series. This jump is found to be prevalent in 23 out of 130 stations due to both natural (7 stations) and operational factors (16 stations). After eliminating the stations containing artifacts and discontinuous records, a new magnitude of solar dimming and brightening was estimated for China, and seasonal trends were determined. A transition from dimming to brightening remains in the SSR trend in China after excluding the affected stations and associated jump, in line with the global SSR trend.
Methane mole fraction and δ13C above and below the trade wind inversion at Ascension Island in air sampled by aerial robotics
Authors: Brownlow R. , Lowry D. , Thomas R. M. , Fisher R. E. , France J. L. , Cain M. , Richardson T. S. , Greatwood C. , Freer J. , Pyle J. A. , MacKenzie A. R. , Nisbet E. G.
Published: November 2016

Ascension Island is a remote South Atlantic equatorial site, ideal for monitoring tropical background CH4. In September 2014 and July 2015, octocopters were used to collect air samples in Tedlar bags from different heights above and below the well‐defined Trade Wind Inversion (TWI), sampling a maximum altitude of 2700 m above mean sea level. Sampling captured both remote air in the marine boundary layer below the TWI and also air masses above the TWI that had been lofted by convective systems in the African tropics. Air above the TWI was characterized by higher CH4, but no distinct shift in δ13C was observed compared to the air below. Back trajectories indicate that lofted CH4 emissions from Southern Hemisphere Africa have bulk δ13CCH4 signatures similar to background, suggesting mixed emissions from wetlands, agriculture, and biomass burning. The campaigns illustrate the usefulness of unmanned aerial system sampling and Ascension's value for atmospheric measurement in an understudied region.
Distinct responses of the low‐latitude ionosphere to CME and HSSWS: The role of the IMF Bz oscillation frequency
Authors: Rodríguez‐Zuluaga J. , Radicella S. M. , Nava B. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. , Mora‐Páez H. , Alazo‐Cuartas K.
Published: November 2016

In this work an attempt to identify the role of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the response of the ionosphere to different solar phenomena is presented. For this purpose, the day‐to‐day variability of the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) and the main ionospheric disturbances are analyzed during one coronal mass ejection (CME) and two high‐speed solar wind streams (HSSWSs). The EIA parameters considered are the zonal electric field and both the strength and position of its northern crest. The disturbances being the prompt penetration of magnetospheric electric field (PPMEF) and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF) are studied using the magnetic response of their equivalent current systems. In accordance, ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers and magnetometers at geomagnetic low latitudes in the American sector are used. During both phenomena, patterns of PPMEF related to fluctuations of the IMF are observed. Diurnal and semidiurnal magnetic oscillations are found to be likely related to DDEF. Comparisons among the EIA parameters and the DDEF magnetic response exhibit poor relation during the CME in contrast to good relation during the HSSWSs. It is concluded that the response of the low‐latitude ionosphere to solar phenomena is largely determined through the oscillation frequency of the IMF Bz by affecting the generation of the PPMEF and DDEF differently. This is seen as an effect of how the energy from the solar wind is transferred into the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system.
Effects of ULF waves on local and global energetic particles: Particle energy and species dependences
Authors: Li L. Y. , Yu J. , Cao J. B. , Wang Z. Q. , Yu Y. Q. , Reeves G. D. , Li X.
Published: November 2016

After 06:13 UT on 24 August 2005, an interplanetary shock triggers large‐amplitude ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves (|δB| ≥ 15 nT) in the Pc4–Pc5 wave band (1.6–9 mHz) near the noon geosynchronous orbit (6.6 RE). The local and global effects of ULF waves on energetic particles are observed by five Los Alamos National Laboratory satellites at different magnetic local times. The large‐amplitude ULF waves cause the synchronous oscillations of energetic electrons and protons (≥75 keV) at the noon geosynchronous orbit. When the energetic particles have a negative phase space density radial gradient, they undergo rapid outward radial diffusion and loss in the wave activity region. In the particle drift paths without strong ULF waves, only the rapidly drifting energetic electrons (≥225 keV) display energy‐dispersive oscillations and flux decays, whereas the slowly drifting electrons (<225 keV) and protons (75–400 keV) have no ULF oscillation and loss feature. When the dayside magnetopause is compressed to the geosynchronous orbit, most of energetic electrons and protons are rapidly lost because of open drift trajectories. The global and multicomposition particle measurements demonstrate that the effect of ULF waves on nonlocal particle flux depends on the particle energy and species, whereas magnetopause shadowing effect is independent of the energetic particle species. For the rapidly drifting outer radiation belt particles (≥225 keV), nonlocal particle loss/acceleration processes could also change their fluxes in the entire drift trajectory in the absence of “Dst effect” and substorm injection.
Highly localized unique electrodynamics and plasma irregularities linked with the 17 March 2015 severe magnetic storm observed using multitechnique common‐volume observations from Gadanki, India
Authors: Patra A. K. , Chaitanya P. Pavan , Dashora N. , Sivakandan M. , Taori A.
Published: November 2016

In this paper we study equatorial electrodynamics and plasma irregularities linked with the 17 March 2015 severe magnetic storm in the Indian sector by using common volume observations made by the Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer, airglow imager, Digisonde, and GPS receiver established at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). Observations show that with the initiation of the storm at ~06:00 UT on 17 March, which happened to be midday in the Indian sector, the low‐latitude ionosphere responded in tune with the storm‐induced electric field and by the sunset time the base of the F layer ascended to an altitude of 470 km with a peak upward velocity of 50 m s−1 eventually manifesting equatorial plasma bubble and irregularities causing strong GPS scintillation. The most important finding found in this study is the confinement of plasma bubble and irregularities in a narrow longitude zone of 69°E–98°E. Results also show reversal of zonal drift of the irregularities from ~120 m s−1 eastward drift to ~120 m s−1 westward drift in a time span of ~30 min. Both observations are shown to be linked with very special electrodynamical conditions induced by the magnetic storm‐related electric field in the dusk sector. Intriguing details of the longitudinally localized electrodynamics and plasma irregularities are discussed in terms of prompt penetration and disturbed dynamo electric field effects.
Complex spatiotemporal evolution of the 2008 Mw 4.9 Mogul earthquake swarm (Reno, Nevada): Interplay of fluid and faulting
Authors: Ruhl C. J. , Abercrombie R. E. , Smith K. D. , Zaliapin I.
Published: November 2016

After approximately 2 months of swarm‐like earthquakes in the Mogul neighborhood of west Reno, NV, seismicity rates and event magnitudes increased over several days culminating in an Mw 4.9 dextral strike‐slip earthquake on 26 April 2008. Although very shallow, the Mw 4.9 main shock had a different sense of slip than locally mapped dip‐slip surface faults. We relocate 7549 earthquakes, calculate 1082 focal mechanisms, and statistically cluster the relocated earthquake catalog to understand the character and interaction of active structures throughout the Mogul, NV earthquake sequence. Rapid temporary instrument deployment provides high‐resolution coverage of microseismicity, enabling a detailed analysis of swarm behavior and faulting geometry. Relocations reveal an internally clustered sequence in which foreshocks evolved on multiple structures surrounding the eventual main shock rupture. The relocated seismicity defines a fault‐fracture mesh and detailed fault structure from approximately 2–6 km depth on the previously unknown Mogul fault that may be an evolving incipient strike‐slip fault zone. The seismicity volume expands before the main shock, consistent with pore pressure diffusion, and the aftershock volume is much larger than is typical for an Mw 4.9 earthquake. We group events into clusters using space‐time‐magnitude nearest‐neighbor distances between events and develop a cluster criterion through randomization of the relocated catalog. Identified clusters are largely main shock‐aftershock sequences, without evidence for migration, occurring within the diffuse background seismicity. The migration rate of the largest foreshock cluster and simultaneous background events is consistent with it having triggered, or having been triggered by, an aseismic slip event.
Genomics implicates adaptive and innate immunity in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: Gagliano Sarah A. , Pouget Jennie G. , Hardy John , Knight Jo , Barnes Michael R. , Ryten Mina , Weale Michael E.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

We assessed the current genetic evidence for the involvement of various cell types and tissue types in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in relation to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases.

Methods

We obtained large‐scale genome‐wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We used multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, as a positive control. We applied stratified LD score regression to determine if functional marks for cell type and tissue activity, and gene‐set lists were enriched for genetic heritability. We compared our results to those from two gene‐set enrichment methods (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and enrichr).

Results

There were no significant heritability enrichments for annotations marking genes active within brain regions, but there were significant heritability enrichments for annotations marking genes active within cell types that form part of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. We found this for MS (as expected) and also for AD and PD. The strongest signals were from the adaptive immune system (e.g., T cells) for PD, and from both the adaptive (e.g., T cells) and innate (e.g., CD14: a marker for monocytes, and CD15: a marker for neutrophils) immune systems for AD. Annotations from the liver were also significant for AD. Pathway analysis provided complementary results.

Interpretation

For AD and PD, we found significant enrichment of heritability in annotations marking gene activity in immune cells.
CNT‐Based Artificial Hair Sensors for Predictable Boundary Layer Air Flow Sensing
Authors: Slinker Keith A. , Kondash Corey , Dickinson Benjamin T. , Baur Jeffery W.
Published: November 2016

While numerous flow sensor architectures mimic the natural cilia of crickets, locusts, bats, and fish, the prediction of sensor output for given flow conditions based on the sensor properties has not been achieved. Challenges include difficulty in determining the electromechanical properties of the sensors, limited working knowledge of the boundary layer, low sensitivity to small hair deflections, and lack of models for large deflections. Within this work, hair sensors are fabricated using piezoresistive arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without traditional microelectromechanical processing. While correlating the CNT array electromechanical properties to synthesis conditions remains a challenge, a consistent, proportional, and predictable response to steady, boundary‐determined air flow is obtained using theory and measurement for various lengths of hairs. The moment sensitivity is shown to scale inversely with the CNT length and stiffness to a typical maximum of 1.3 ± 0.4% resistance change nN−1 m−1. The normalized CNT piezoresistivity is constant (1.1 ± 0.2) for a majority of the more than two dozen sensors examined despite the orders‐of‐magnitude variability in both sensitivity and CNT compressive modulus. The sensor sensitivity and noise both distinctly change as the flow transitions from steady and laminar to turbulent, suggesting the sensor may be capable of detecting flow transitions.
Lenticular‐Lens‐Based Colored Antiglare Dashboard Surfaces
Authors: Ji Chengang , Zhu Guodong , Zhang Cheng , Nam Sunghyun , Li Qiaochu , Xia Liangping , Zhang Weiguo , Banerjee Debasish , Guo Lingjie Jay
Published: November 2016

All current vehicle dashboards are black in order to prevent any veiling glare that interferes safe driving. Here, the authors report on a novel design of surface that can impart color to the dashboard and does not cause veiling glare to the driver. This is made possible by covering a substrate with alternating absorber/colored stripes with specially designed lenticular lens arrays, where reflected light rays are controlled out of the veiling glare range while at the same time create visual colors to drivers. As an experimental demonstration, a 3.5 cm2 square sample is fabricated by imprinting method. The presented approach provides a new application of lenticular lenses and can be potentially applied to embellish vehicles' interiors. Due to the small pitches (≈50 µm) of lenses, the proposed method can even be extended for vehicle displays with high resolutions if integrating with active devices.
Quantum Confinement and Gas Sensing of Mechanically Exfoliated GaSe
Authors: Wu Yecun , Zhang Duan , Lee Kangho , Duesberg Georg S. , Syrlybekov Askar , Liu Xiao , Abid Mourad , Abid Mohamed , Liu Yanqi , Zhang Lisheng , Coileáin Cormac Ó , Xu Hongjun , Cho Jiung , Choi Miri , Chun Byong Sun , Wang Haomao , Liu Huajun , Wu Han‐Chun
Published: November 2016

GaSe layers with thicknesses ranging from a monolayer to 100 nm are successfully mechanically exfoliated for use in gas sensing. In combination with density functional theory calculations, general guidelines to determine the number of layers using Raman spectra are presented. With decreasing layer numbers, quantum confinement induces a red‐shift for out‐of‐plane modes and a blue‐shift for in‐plane modes. The relative Raman shifts of the out‐of‐plane vibrational modes and grow exponentially with decreasing stack thickness from 100 to 1 layers. Moreover, the change in first‐order temperature coefficient (χ) also increases exponentially as the number of layers is reduced, with the value of the first‐order temperature coefficient of the mode of monolayer GaSe (≈−1.99 × 10−2 cm−1 K−1) being almost double that of 100 layer GaSe (≈−1.22 × 10−2 cm−1 K−1). Finally, the exfoliated GaSe is used for gas sensing and shows high sensitivity, displaying a minimum detection limit of 4 ppm for NH3 at room temperature, confirming the potential of mechanically exfoliated GaSe in high‐sensitivity gas sensors.
Electric Field and Mobility Dependent First‐Order Recombination Losses in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Stolterfoht Martin , Shoaee Safa , Armin Ardalan , Jin Hui , Kassal Ivan , Jiang Wei , Burn Paul , Meredith Paul
Published: November 2016

The origin of photocurrent losses in the power‐generating regime of organic solar cells (OSCs) remains a controversial topic, although recent literature suggests that the competition between bimolecular recombination and charge extraction determines the bias dependence of the photocurrent. Here the steady‐state recombination dynamics is studied in bulk‐heterojunction OSCs with different hole mobilities from short‐circuit to maximum power point. It is shown that in this regime, in contrast to previous transient extracted charge and absorption spectroscopy studies, first‐order recombination outweighs bimolecular recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. This study demonstrates that the first‐order losses increase with decreasing slower carrier mobility, and attributes them to either mobilization of charges trapped at the donor:acceptor interface through the Poole–Frenkel effect, and/or recombination of photogenerated and injected charges. The dependence of both first‐order and higher‐order losses on the slower carrier mobility explains why the field dependence of OSC efficiencies has historically been attributed to charge‐extraction losses.
Novel findings of left ventricular non‐compaction cardiomyopathy, microform cleft lip and poor vision in patient with SMC1A‐associated Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Wenger Tara L. , Chow Penny , Randle Stephanie C. , Rosen Anna , Birgfeld Craig , Wrede Joanna , Javid Patrick , King Darcy , Manh Vivian , Hing Anne V. , Albers Erin
Published: November 2016

Relatively few patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) due to SMC1A mutation have been reported, limiting understanding of the full extent of the phenotype. Compared to children with classic NIPBL‐associated CdLS, patients with SMC1A‐associated CdLS have a milder physical phenotype with prominent intellectual disability, high rate of cleft palate and absence of limb reductions. We present a patient with SMC1A‐associated CdLS who had typical features including developmental delay, seizure disorder, feeding difficulties, hirsutism, and cleft palate. She also was found to have three novel features: (i) left ventricular non‐compaction (LVNC) cardiomyopathy; (ii) microform cleft lip; and (iii) severe hyperopia and astigmatism. These features have implications regarding potential insight into the pathogenesis of the disorder, screening, and medical management. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has previously been reported in SMC1A‐associated CdLS, but to our knowledge this is the first reported child with LVNC. Previous reports have included children with isolated clefts of the palate without involvement of the lip. When cleft palate alone is associated with a disorder, the underlying pathophysiology for clefting is sometimes secondary due to mechanical blocking of the fusion of the palatal shelves with the developing tongue. The presence of microform cleft lip in this patient suggests that the pathophysiology of clefting in SMC1A is primary rather than secondary. Few studies report ophthalmologic findings specific to SMC1A. Based on these findings, LVNC cardiomyopathy and cleft lip should be considered features of SMC1A‐associated CdLS. All patients should receive echocardiogram and undergo thorough ophthalmologic evaluation as part of routine CdLS care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth references for Tsimane forager‐horticulturalists of the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Blackwell Aaron D. , Urlacher Samuel S. , Beheim Bret , von Rueden Christopher , Jaeggi Adrian , Stieglitz Jonathan , Trumble Benjamin C. , Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Growth standards and references currently used to assess population and individual health are derived primarily from urban populations, including few individuals from indigenous or subsistence groups. Given environmental and genetic differences, growth may vary in these populations. Thus, there is a need to assess whether international standards are appropriate for all populations, and to produce population specific references if growth differs. Here we present and assess growth references for the Tsimane, an indigenous population of Bolivian forager‐horticulturalists.

Methods

Mixed cross‐sectional/longitudinal anthropometrics (9,614 individuals; 30,118 observations; ages 0–29 years) were used to generate centile curves and Lambda‐Mu‐Sigma (LMS) tables for height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age, body mass index (BMI)‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐height (WFH) using Generalized Additive Models for Location Shape and Scale (GAMLSS). Velocity curves were generated using SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). Tsimane ≤5 years were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) standards while those >5 years were compared to WHO school age references. All ages were compared to published references for Shuar forager‐horticulturalists of the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Results

Tsimane growth differs from WHO values in height and weight, but is similar for BMI and WFH. Tsimane growth is characterized by slow height velocity in childhood and early adolescent peak height velocity at 11.3 and 13.2 years for girls and boys. Tsimane growth patterns are similar to Shuar, suggesting shared features of growth among indigenous South Americans.

Conclusions

International references for BMI‐for‐age and WFH are likely appropriate for Tsimane, but differences in height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age suggest Tsimane specific references may be useful for these measures.
Lorentz force and the optical pulling of multiple rayleigh particles outside the dielectric cylindrical waveguides
Authors: Mahdy M.R.C. , Mehmood M. Q. , Ding Weiqiang , Zhang Tianhang , Chen Zhi Ning
Published: November 2016

The stimulating connection between the counter‐intuitive optical pulling effects and the Lorentz force has not been investigated in literature. This work demonstrates that multiple absorbing or non‐absorbing dielectric Rayleigh objects can be pulled locally with gradientless travelling waves outside a finite‐sized cylindrical nano or micro waveguide, if it is made up of a hollow core along with the cladding of at least two different dielectrics of appropriate refractive indices. Lorentz force analysis reveals that the bound surface charges of Rayleigh scatterer experience backward force, which overcomes the positive bulk force and ultimately results in the net pulling of the scatterer for several spatial regions outside the waveguide. Finally, in order to control the pulling of multiple Rayleigh particles based on scattering force and binding force, we have proposed a possible cylindrical coupler set‐up. This work may open a new window of optical pulling force due to the exclusion of conventional structured tractor beams along with the artificial exotic matters.
Growth and decay of a two‐dimensional oxide quasicrystal: High‐temperature in situ microscopy
Authors: Förster Stefan , Flege Jan Ingo , Zollner Eva Maria , Schumann Florian Otto , Hammer Rene , Bayat Alireza , Schindler Karl‐Michael , Falta Jens , Widdra Wolf
Published: November 2016

The recently discovered two‐dimensional oxide quasicrystal (OQC) derived from BaTiO3 on Pt(111) is the first material in which a spontaneous formation of an aperiodic structure at the interface to a periodic support has been observed. Herein, we report in situ low‐energy electron microscopy (LEEM) studies on the fundamental processes involved in the OQC growth. The OQC formation proceeds in two steps via of an amorphous two‐dimensional wetting layer. At 1170 K the long‐range aperiodic order of the OQC develops. Annealing in O2 induces the reverse process, the conversion of the OQC into BaTiO3 islands and bare Pt(111), which has been monitored by in situ LEEM. A quantitative analysis of the temporal decay of the OQC shows that oxygen adsorption on bare Pt patches is the rate limiting step of this dewetting process.

image
Improving the flame‐retardant efficiency of aluminum hydroxide with fullerene for high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Pan Yanqun , Han Ligang , Guo Zhenghong , Fang Zhengping
Published: November 2016

The influence of fullerene (C60) on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/aluminum hydroxide (ATH) composites was studied. After the addition of three portions of C60to an HDPE–ATH (mass ratio = 100:120) composite, a V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 vertical combustion test was achieved, and the limiting oxygen index increased by about 2%. The results of cone testing also showed that the addition of C60effectively extended the time to ignition and the time to maximum heat‐release rate while cutting down the peak heat‐release rate. Thus, fewer flame retardants were needed to achieve a satisfactory flame retardance. Consequently, the adverse effects on the mechanical properties because of the high level of flame‐retardant loading was reduced, as evidenced by the obvious enhancements in the tensile strength, elongation at break, and flexural strength. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy proved that C60was an efficient free‐radical scavenger toward HO· radicals. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that in both N2and air atmospheres, C60increased the onset temperature of the matrix by about 10 °C because of its enormous capacity to absorb free radicals evolved from the degradation of the matrix to form crosslinked network, which was covered by aluminum oxide. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44551.
Comb‐like polymer with sulfo groups and its dispersion and rheological properties in aqueous ceramic suspensions
Authors: Zhu Yinhui , Fang Ying , Min Yahong , Huang Xiaojun , Li Wensheng , Yuan Jianmin , Wang Shuangyin , Wu Zhenjun
Published: November 2016

Two types of new comb‐like polymers were formed as dispersants for aqueous ceramic suspensions with isoprenyloxy poly(ethylene glycol ether), acrylic acid, maleic anhydride as the main starting materials. During the synthesis, one comb‐like polymer introduced sodium methylallyl sulfonate (SMAS) into the reaction media, whereas the other did not. The chemical structure and molecular weight were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The effects of the polymers on the dispersion, ζ potential and rheological properties of the kaolin suspensions are discussed in detail. The results indicate that SMAS facilitated chain transfer, controlled the effective charge density of the surface, and increased the electrostatic repulsion force. The kaolin suspensions displayed shear‐thinning behavior on the basis of the electrostatic and steric effects of the comb‐like polymers. The apparent viscosity decreased from 1088 to 258 mPa s with the assistance of the SMAS‐prepared comb‐like polymer as a dispersant. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44563.