bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The portfolio method as management support for patients with major depression
Authors: Nunstedt Håkan , Nilsson Kerstin , Skärsäter Ingela
Published: October 2013

Aims and objectives

To describe how patients with major depression in psychiatric outpatient care use the portfolio method and whether the method helps the patients to understand their depression.

Background

Major depressive disorder is an increasing problem in society. Learning about one's depression has been demonstrated to be important for recovery. If the goal is better understanding and management of depression, learning must proceed on the patient's own terms, based on the patient's previous understanding of their depression. Learning must be aligned with patient needs if it is to result in meaningful and useful understanding.

Design

Each patient's portfolio consisted of a binder. Inside the binder, there was a register with predetermined flaps and questions. The patients were asked to work with the questions in the sections that built the content in the portfolio.

Methods

Individual interviews with patients (n = 5) suffering from major depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994) were repeatedly conducted between April 2008 and August 2009 in two psychiatric outpatient clinics in western Sweden. Data were analysed using latent content analysis.

Results

The results showed that the portfolio was used by patients as a management strategy for processing and analysis of their situation and that a portfolio's structure affects its usability. The patients use the portfolio for reflection on and confirmation of their progress, to create structure in their situation, as a management strategy for remembering situations and providing reminders of upcoming activities.

Conclusions

Using a clearly structured care portfolio can enable participation and patient learning and help patients understand their depression.

Relevance to clinical practice

The portfolio method could provide a tool in psychiatric nursing that may facilitate patient understanding and increase self‐efficacy.
Molecular cloning of type I collagen cDNA and nutritional regulation of type I collagen mRNA expression in grass carp
Authors: Yu E. M. , Liu B. H. , Wang G. J. , Yu D. G. , Xie J. , Xia Y. , Gong W. B. , Wang H. H. , Li Z. F. , Wei N.
Published: October 2013

Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) are important Chinese freshwater fish, and in China, the faba bean has been used as the sole food source for grass carp to transform them into crisp grass carp. Because of this, crisp grass carp has become an economically important fish because of its increased muscle hardness. To study the nutritional regulation of type I collagen in faba bean‐fed grass carp, we isolated type I collagen alpha 2 (COL1A2) on the basis of our isolation of COL1A1. The COL1A2 cDNA was found to be 4899 bp in length and included a 4059‐bp coding sequence (CDS) and encoded a polypeptide of 1352 AA. The protein peptide molecular weight was 127.39 kD, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 9.37. The COL1A2 protein possessed five α‐helixes, eight β‐sheets, 16 regions of triple helical repeats, 21 low‐complexity regions, 10 function domains and two zinc‐binding sites; however, no calcium‐binding sites were observed. The mRNA expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was assessed in eight tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas, intestine, gills, skin, fin, kidney and spleen) from grass carp and crisp grass carp by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR. Expression of COL1A1 in the muscle, intestines and skin of crisp grass carp was higher than that in grass carp, and expression of COL1A2 in the muscle, gills, fin and skin of crisp grass carp was higher than that in grass carp. In the muscle of crisp grass carp, expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 was higher than that in grass carp, which was further confirmed by real‐time PCR, and collagen content also was enhanced. These results demonstrated that type I collagen was closely related to the increased muscle hardness of faba bean‐fed grass carp.
Transfer of the Virulence‐Associated Protein A‐Bearing Plasmid between Field Strains of Virulent and AvirulentRhodococcus equi
Authors: Stoughton W. , Poole T. , Kuskie K. , Liu M. , Bishop K. , Morrissey A. , Takai S. , Cohen N.
Published: October 2013

Background

Virulent and avirulent isolates ofRhodococcus equicoexist in equine feces and the environment and are a source of infection for foals. The extent to which plasmid transfer occurs among field strains is ill‐defined and this information is important for understanding the epidemiology ofR. equiinfections of foals.

Objectives

To estimate the frequency of transfer of the virulence plasmid between virulent and avirulent strains ofR. equiderived from foals and their environment.

Animals

None.

Methods

In vitro study; 5 rifampin‐susceptible, virulentR. equiisolates obtained from clinically affected foals or air samples from a farm with a history of recurrentR. equifoal pneumonia were each mixed with 5 rifampin‐resistant, avirulent isolates derived from soil samples, using solid medium, at a ratio of 10 donor cells (virulent) per recipient cell. Presumed transconjugates were detected by plating on media with rifampin and colony immunoblotting to detect the presence of the virulence‐associated protein A.

Results

Three presumed transconjugates were detected among 2,037 recipient colonies, indicating an overall estimated transfer frequency of 0.15% (95%CI, 0.03–0.43%). All 3 transconjugates were associated with a single donor and 2 recipient strains. Genotyping and multiplexPCRof presumed transconjugates demonstrated transfer of the virulence‐associated protein A‐bearing plasmid between virulent and avirulentR. equi.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Transfer of the virulence plasmid occurs with relatively high frequency. These findings could impact strategies to control or preventR. equithrough environmental management.
Efficacy of AST‐120 in Dogs with Chronic Idiopathic Enteropathies
Authors: Volkmann M. , Wirtherle N.C. , Beddies G.F. , Kohn B.
Published: October 2013

Background

Chronic idiopathic enteropathies (CIE) in dogs are complex diseases of unknown origin. AST‐120 is a spherical carbon adsorbent preparation with a high adsorption ability for low molecular substances.

Objectives

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of AST‐120 in dogs with CIE.

Animals

Ten client‐owned dogs with mild (n = 7) to moderate (n = 3) CIE.

Methods

Explorative, prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded pilot study. Dogs with chronic diarrhea and no or insufficient response to an elimination diet were included. The dogs received either AST‐120 (n = 5) or placebo (n = 5) for a duration of 21 days. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI) was used to assess disease severity at baseline and clinical outcome after 3 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, changes in body weight and the parameters stool consistency and frequency were compared within and between groups.

Results

The mean CIBDAI score decreased from 5.6 (SD 1.5) to 2.0 (SD 1.2) in the AST‐120 group (P = .125) and from 4.8 (SD .8) to 3.6 (SD 2.3) in the placebo group (P = .688). Compared with baseline, posttreatment CIBDAI scores decreased more than 60% in 4/5 dogs treated with AST‐120 and in 1/5 dogs treated with placebo (P = .206). Changes in CIBDAI scores, body weights, stool consistency, and frequency within and between groups did not achieve statistical significance after 3 weeks of treatment. No adverse effects of AST‐120 were noted.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study investigated potential efficacy of AST‐120 as an alternative therapy in dogs with mild‐to‐moderate CIE.
Evaluation of the Oral Fludrocortisone Suppression Test for Diagnosing Primary Hyperaldosteronism in Cats
Authors: Djajadiningrat‐Laanen S.C. , Galac S. , Boevé M.H. , Boroffka S.A.E.B. , Naan E.C. , IJzer J. , Kooistra H.S.
Published: October 2013

Background

Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) in cats is suggested by clinical signs and an elevated plasma aldosterone‐to‐renin ratio (ARR), but a test to confirm the diagnosis is lacking.

Hypothesis

Fludrocortisone does not suppress urinary aldosterone excretion in cats with PHA, but does so in cats with arterial hypertension because of other causes.

Animals

Nineteen client‐owned cats with arterial hypertension because of PHA (n = 9) or other causes (n = 10).

Methods

Prospective clinical study. The urinary aldosterone‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) was determined in morning urine before, during, and after 4 days of oral fludrocortisone administration in a dose of 0.05 mg/kg q12h. Arterial blood pressure and plasma potassium concentration were measured before and after fludrocortisone administration.

Results

A basal UACR above 46.5 × 10−9, the upper limit of the reference range, was found in 3 cats with PHA. All PHA cats had basal UACRs >7.5 × 10−9. In all non‐PHA cats with a basal UACR >7.5 × 10−9, fludrocortisone administration induced >50% suppression. In contrast, fludrocortisone administration resulted in <50% suppression in 6 of the 9 PHA cats. Neither basal UACR, nor UACR after suppression testing, correlated with the etiology of PHA (adenoma, adenocarcinoma, or suspected bilateral hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa). Fludrocortisone induced hypokalemia in 7 cats, but did not induce or exacerbate arterial hypertension.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Measuring the UACR before and after 4 days of administering fludrocortisone is a practical method of confirming most cases of PHA in cats, and of substantiating the absence of PHA in cats having an ARR within the reference range.
Treatment of Idiopathic Headshaking in Horses with Pulsed High‐Dose Dexamethasone
Authors: Tomlinson J.E. , Neff P. , Boston R.C. , Aceto H. , Nolen‐Walston R.D.
Published: October 2013

Background

Treatment of idiopathic headshaking in horses is complicated by an incomplete understanding of underlying pathophysiology and partially effective treatments. If an inflammatory etiology exists, corticosteroids could be beneficial.

Hypothesis

An anti‐inflammatory dose of dexamethasone reduces the signs of idiopathic headshaking in a field setting.

Animals

Convenience sample of 20 adult horses with idiopathic headshaking syndrome. Cases were recruited from the general population and diagnosed by attending veterinarians.

Methods

Prospective, blinded clinical trial. Pulsed dosing was with oral dexamethasone (60 mg PO Q24h × 4 days, q3 weeks for 4 months) or placebo (inert paste). Owners were blinded and asked to score the headshaking from 0 to 4 (4 = most severe) 3 days per week. The change in headshaking scores (HS) over each treatment pulse was compared between groups by ordinal logistic regression.

Results

Twelve horses completed the trial. There was no significant difference between treated or placebo horses (P = .987). Sun (P ≤ .001), wind (P = .028), and exercise (P ≤ .045) significantly increasedHS.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

No benefit of dexamethasone treatment was detected for idiopathic headshaking. The results confirmed previous reports of common triggers for headshaking behavior.
The EAL‐like protein STM1697 regulates virulence phenotypes, motility and biofilm formation in Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Ahmad Irfan , Wigren Edvard , Le Guyon Soazig , Vekkeli Santtu , Blanka Andrea , el Mouali Youssef , Anwar Naeem , Chuah Mary Lay , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Frank Ronald , Rhen Mikael , Liang Zhao‐Xun , Lindqvist Ylva , Römling Ute
Published: October 2013

The ubiquitous second messenger c‐di‐GMP regulates the switching of bacterial lifestyles from motility to sessility and acute to chronic virulence to adjust bacterial fitness to altered environmental conditions. Conventionally, EAL proteins being c‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterases promote motility and acute virulence phenotypes such as invasion into epithelial cells and inhibit biofilm formation. We report here that in contradiction, the EAL‐like protein STM1697 of Salmonella typhimurium suppresses motility, invasion into HT‐29 epithelial cell line and secretion of the type three secretion system 1 effector protein SipA, whereas it promotes rdar biofilm formation and CsgD expression. STM1697 can, however, functionally replace the EAL‐like protein STM1344 and vice versa, whereby both proteins neither degrade nor bind c‐di‐GMP. Like STM1344, STM1697 suppresses the transcription of class 2 and class 3 flagella regulon genes by binding to FlhD, a component of the master regulator of the flagella regulon FlhD4C2 and act additively under numerous conditions. Interestingly, the interaction interface of STM1697 with FlhD2 is distinct from its paralogue STM1344. We predict that the stand alone EAL domain proteins STM1697 and STM1344 belong to a subclass of EAL domain proteins in S. typhimurium, which are all involved in motility, biofilm and virulence regulation through interaction with proteins that regulate flagella function.
Transgenic expression of pectin methylesterase inhibitors limits tobamovirus spread in tobacco and Arabidopsis
Authors: Lionetti Vincenzo , Raiola Alessandro , Cervone Felice , Bellincampi Daniela
Published: October 2013

Plant infection by a virus is a complex process influenced by virus‐encoded factors and host components which support replication and movement. Critical factors for a successful tobamovirus infection are the viral movement protein (MP) and the host pectin methylesterase (PME), an important plant counterpart that cooperates with MP to sustain viral spread. The activity of PME is modulated by endogenous protein inhibitors (pectin methylesterase inhibitors, PMEIs). PMEIs are targeted to the extracellular matrix and typically inhibit plant PMEs by forming a specific and stable stoichiometric 1:1 complex. PMEIs counteract the action of plant PMEs and therefore may affect plant susceptibility to virus. To test this hypothesis, we overexpressed genes encoding two well‐characterized PMEIs in tobacco and Arabidopsis plants. Here, we report that, in tobacco plants constitutively expressing a PMEI from Actinidia chinensis (AcPMEI), systemic movement of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is limited and viral symptoms are reduced. A delayed movement of Turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) and a reduced susceptibility to the virus were also observed in Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPMEI‐2. Our results provide evidence that PMEIs are able to limit tobamovirus movement and to reduce plant susceptibility to the virus.
The rice RING E3 ligase, OsCTR1, inhibits trafficking to the chloroplasts of OsCP12 and OsRP1, and its overexpression confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: LIM SUNG DON , LEE CHANHUI , JANG CHEOL SEONG
Published: October 2013

Plant growth under low water availability adversely affects many key processes with morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular consequences. Here, we found that a rice gene, OsCTR1, encoding the RING Ub E3 ligase plays an important role in drought tolerance. OsCTR1 was highly expressed in response to dehydration treatment and defense‐related phytohormones, and its encoded protein was localized in both the chloroplasts and the cytosol. Intriguingly, the OsCTR1 protein was found predominantly targeted to the cytosol when rice protoplasts transfected with OsCTR1 were treated with abscisic acid (ABA). Several interacting partners were identified, which were mainly targeted to the chloroplasts, and interactions with OsCTR1 were confirmed by using biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Interestingly, two chloroplast‐localized proteins (OsCP12 and OsRP1) interacted with OsCTR1 in the cytosol, and ubiquitination by OsCTR1 led to protein degradation via the Ub 26S proteasome. Heterogeneous overexpression of OsCTR1 in Arabidopsis exhibited hypersensitive phenotypes with respect to ABA‐responsive seed germination, seedling growth and stomatal closure. The ABA‐sensitive transgenic plants also showed improvement in their tolerance against severe water deficits. Taken together, our findings lend support to the hypothesis that the molecular functions of OsCTR1 are related to tolerance to water‐deficit stress via ABA‐dependent regulation and related systems.
Transcatheter closure of coronary arterial fistula in children and adolescents
Authors: Wang Shu‐Shui , Zhang Zhi‐Wei , Qian Ming‐Yang , Zhuang Jian , Zeng Guo‐Hong
Published: October 2013

Background

Transcatheter closure of coronary arterial fistula (CAF) is being utilized increasingly as an alternative to surgical closure, but most of the literature on transcatheter closure of CAF in children and adolescents consists of case reports and reports of small series. The aim of this study was therefore to describe our experience of percutaneous closure of CAF in children and adolescents.

Methods

Between April 1998 and December 2012, 37 children and adolescents with congenital CAF underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure. After aortic root angiography and selective coronary angiography, a guidewire was positioned to the fistula. In some cases, an arteriovenous wire loop (AV loop) was created. The sheath passed along the wire to the site of the desired occlusion of the fistula. One or more occlusion devices were selected to embolize the fistula.

Results

Occlusion devices were placed in 33 procedures (32 patients). Occlusion was unsuccessful in five patients. Duct occluders were placed in 12 procedures, coils in 11 (10 patients), muscular ventricular septal occluders in six, and vascular plugs in four procedures. The tricuspid valve was injured in two patients. One patient with a giant CAF aneurysm had a thrombosis within the aneurysm after transcatheter closure. There were no deaths, fistula dissection or myocardial infarction.

Conclusion

Transcatheter closure of CAF is feasible in anatomically suitable cases, but injury to the tricuspid valve involved with AV loop methods can occur in closure procedures, and thrombus formation is possible in the blind pouch of the residual fistula after closure. Long‐term follow up after fistula closure is necessary.
Prevalence of MRSA colonization in Japanese neonatal care unit patients in 2011
Authors: Morioka Ichiro , Takahashi Naoto , Kitajima Hiroyuki ,   Committee for Infection Prevention and Vaccine Promotion of the Japan Society for Premature and Newborn Medicine
Published: October 2013

Background

The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a high‐risk setting for transmission of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The recent prevalence of colonization with MRSA in patients and its control measures are unknown in Japanese NICU. We investigated the prevalence of MRSA colonization in patients and measures to control and prevent health‐care‐associated transmission in Japanese NICU in 2011.

Methods

A nationwide survey was performed in facilities certified as training hospitals for neonatologists. Data in NICU and growing care units (GCU) were collected and analyzed regarding surveillance cultures for MRSA and the proportion of MRSA‐colonized patients in September 2011. Trends in the proportion of MRSA‐colonized patients and the measures to control and prevent health‐care‐associated MRSA transmission were investigated in the surveyed NICU in 2000, 2003, and 2011.

Results

A total of 168 NICU and 158 GCU were analyzed. The proportions of NICU and GCU that conducted regular surveillance cultures for MRSA were 81% and 66%, respectively. MRSA colonization was not found in 53% of NICU and in 45% of GCU. The percentage of NICU reported to be free of MRSA colonization increased over time. Use of alcohol‐based hand rub and gloves by clinical staff and cohorting for identified MRSA‐positive patients became more common in 2011 than in 2000 or 2003.

Conclusions

Approximately half of Japanese NICU did not observe any patients with MRSA colonization in September 2011. Control and prevention measures have changed to use of alcohol‐based hand rub and gloves in the last decade.
Two outbreaks of ESBL‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Sumer Sua , Turk Dagi Hatice , Findik Duygu , Arslan Ugur , Aktug Demir Nazlim , Ural Onur , Tuncer Inci
Published: October 2013

Background

In the present study, two epidemic episodes of extended spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were evaluated.

Methods

Routine and surveillance culture samples were taken from seven neonates with signs of infection in the NICU of Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine between 10 March and 25 April 2011, and between 11 June and 30 September 2011.

Results

ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae strains were isolated in six different samples (one wound, one blood, and four cerebrospinal fluid cultures) of the three neonates in the first episode and in 11 different samples (seven blood and four cerebrospinal fluid cultures) of the four neonates in the second episode. ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae was isolated from inguinal, axillar region, and stool samples of the nine colonized neonates in the second episode. It was determined on pulse field gel electrophoresis that all strains originated from two clones.

Conclusions

The deficiencies in the infection control measures in an NICU may transform into an epidemic rapidly. Therefore, periodic training, observation, and monitoring of compliance are important.
Close relationships between polar auxin transport and graviresponse in plants
Authors: Ueda J. , Miyamoto K. , Uheda E. , Oka M. , Yano S. , Higashibata A. , Ishioka N.
Published: October 2013

Gravitational force on Earth is one of the major environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Spacecraft and the International Space Station (ISS), and a three‐dimensional (3‐D) clinostat have been available to clarify the effects of gravistimulation on plant growth and development in space and on ground conditions, respectively. Under a stimulus‐free environment such as space conditions, plants show a growth and developmental habit designated as ‘automorphosis’ or ‘automorphogenesis’. Recent studies in hormonal physiology, together with space and molecular biology, have demonstrated the close relationships between automorphosis and polar auxin transport. Reduced polar auxin transport in space conditions, or induced by the application of polar auxin transport inhibitors, substantially induced automorphosis or automorphosis‐like growth and development, indicating that polar auxin transport is responsible for graviresponse in plants. This concise review covers graviresponse in plants and automorphosis observed in space conditions, and polar auxin transport related to graviresponse in etiolated Alaska and ageotropum pea seedlings. Molecular aspects of polar auxin transport clarified in recent studies are also described.
The Impact of Neonatal Care Resources on Regional Variation in Neonatal Mortality Among Very Low Birthweight Infants in Korea
Authors: Shim Jae Won , Kim Myo Jing , Kim Ee‐Kyung , Park Hyun Kyung , Song Eun Song , Lee Soon Min , Lee Jang Hoon , Jin Hyun‐Seung , Kim Eun Sun , Chang Yun Sil ,   Committee on Data Collection and Statistical Analysis, the Korean Society of Neonatology
Published: October 2013

Background

Faced with extremely low fertility rates and increasing numbers of low‐birthweight births in Korea, we examined the factors affecting the mortality of very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants in Korea.

Methods

A survey was conducted in 91 of 93 hospitals providing neonatal intensive care in Korea in 2009. Data included information on number of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) beds, medical workforce, resources in the NICU, birth and death.

Results

There was approximately one NICU per 4888 births, one NICU bed per 355 births, one mechanical ventilator per 739 births, one incubator per 327 births and one board‐certified neonatologist per 4683 births. Regional disparity existed in neonatal care resources and consequently in mortality rates. VLBW infants’ mortality was related to the NICU facility level, volume of VLBW infants and geographic regions. The capital city, Seoul, has the best NICU facilities and workforce, and the least mortality. Overall mortality rates before hospital discharge for <750, 750–999 and 1000–1499 g were 44.8%, 20.4% and 6.5% respectively. There was a two to threefold difference in the mortality rates across the regions. However, following adjustments for NICU facility level and volume of VLBW infants admissions, regional difference in mortality rates was markedly reduced in the <750 g and disappeared in the larger VLBW groups.

Conclusions

Regional disparity in mortality of VLBW infants in Korea is most marked in the lowest‐birthweight group, <750 g. This disparity is primarily due to lack of resources for neonatal intensive care in most of provincial areas.
Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Morbidity in Moderately Preterm Infants
Authors: Altman Maria , Vanpée Mireille , Cnattingius Sven , Norman Mikael
Published: October 2013

Background

Infants born preterm account for a substantial part of neonatal morbidity, with acute respiratory disorders being a dominating clinical problem. Whereas focus in recent studies has been on extremely and very preterm infants, less is known about contemporary rates and risk factors for acute respiratory morbidity in moderately and late preterm infants. The objective of this population‐based Swedish study was to establish rates for different acute respiratory diseases in moderately preterm infants, and to identify maternal, obstetric and neonatal risk factors for the two most common diagnoses, transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

Methods

The study included 4679 moderately preterm [gestational age (GA): 30 to 34 weeks], 15 036 late preterm infants (GA 35 to 36 weeks) and 451 479 term infants (GA: 37 to 41 weeks). All infants were born in 2004–2008.

Results

In moderately preterm infants, risk factors for TTN in multivariable analyses were multiparity, caesarean section before and after onset of labour, male sex, Apgar score 4–6 at 5 min and lower GA. Risk factors for RDS were multiparity, caesarean section before and after onset of labour, male sex, Apgar score <7 at 5 min and lower GA. Preterm rupture of membranes, antenatal corticosteroid treatment and being small for gestational age reduced the risk of RDS.

Conclusion

We conclude that acute respiratory morbidity in moderately preterm infants is common and predicted by multiparity, caesarean section, low Apgar score and male sex.
Characteristics in the First Vaginal Birth and Their Association with Mode of Delivery in the Subsequent Birth
Authors: Chen Jian Sheng , Ford Jane B. , Ampt Amanda , Simpson Judy M. , Roberts Christine L.
Published: October 2013

Background

The extent to which complications or adverse outcomes in a first vaginal birth may contribute to mode of delivery in the next birth remains unclear. This study examines the impact of the first birth on subsequent mode of delivery.

Methods

The study population included women with a first vaginal birth and a consecutive second birth. Data were obtained from linked birth and hospital records for the state of New South Wales, Australia 2000–09. The primary outcome was the mode of delivery for the second birth. Planned caesarean was modelled using logistic regression; intrapartum caesarean and instrumental delivery were modelled using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Of the 114 287 second births, 4.2% were planned caesarean, 3.0% were intrapartum caesarean and 4.8% were instrumental deliveries. Adjusted risk factors from the first birth for a planned second birth caesarean were third to fourth degree tear [odds ratio (OR) = 5.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6, 5.4]], severe neonatal morbidity (OR = 3.2 [95% CI 2.9, 3.6]), perinatal death (OR = 3.2 [95% CI 2.3, 4.4]), severe maternal morbidity (OR = 2.8 [95% CI 2.3, 3.3]), instrumental delivery, large infant, labour induction, epidural use, use of oxytocin for augmentation and episiotomy. Important risk factors (OR > 2) for intrapartum caesarean in the second birth were perinatal death or severe neonatal morbidity in the first birth. Risk factors for instrumental delivery in the second birth were perinatal death, preterm delivery and instrumental delivery.

Conclusions

Obstetrical interventions and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the first birth were associated with increased risk of operative delivery in the second birth.
AtFKBP16‐1, a chloroplast lumenal immunophilin, mediates response to photosynthetic stress by regulating PsaL stability
Authors: Seok Min Sook , You Young Nim , Park Hyun Ji , Lee Sang Sook , Aigen Fu , Luan Sheng , Ahn Jun Cheul , Cho Hye Sun
Published: October 2013

Arabidopsis contains 16 putative chloroplast lumen‐targeted immunophilins (IMMs). Proteomic analysis has enabled the subcellular localization of IMMs experimentally, but the exact biological and physiological roles of most luminal IMMs remain to be discovered. FK506‐binding protein (FKBP) 16‐1, one of the lumenal IMMs containing poorly conserved amino acid residues for peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity, was shown to play a possible role in chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis, and was also found to interact with PsaL in wheat. In this study, further evidence is provided for the notion that Arabidopsis FKBP16‐1 (AtFKBP16‐1) is transcriptionally and post‐transcriptionally regulated by environmental stresses including high light (HL) intensity, and that overexpression of AtFKBP16‐1 plants exhibited increased photosynthetic stress tolerance. A blue native‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/two‐dimensional (BN‐PAGE/2‐D) analysis revealed that the increase of AtFKBP16‐1 affected the levels of photosystem I (PSI)‐light harvesting complex I (LHCI) and PSI‐LHCI‐light harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplex, and consequently enhanced tolerance under conditions of HL stress. In addition, plants overexpressing AtFKBP16‐1 showed increased accumulation of PsaL protein and enhanced drought tolerance. Using a protease protection assay, AtFKBP16‐1 protein was found to have a role in PsaL stability. The AtPsaL levels also responded to abiotic stresses derived from drought, and from methyl viologen stresses in wild‐type plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AtFKBP16‐1 plays a role in the acclimation of plants under photosynthetic stress conditions, probably by regulating PsaL stability.
Forced Multiculturalism in the Neighbourhood: Ethnic Privilege and Boundary‐making in South Tel Aviv
Authors: Repeckaite Daiva
Published: October 2013

Ethnic migration from the former Soviet Union to Israel is widely considered to be a ‘laboratory of ethnicity’. Most of the research into this subject focuses on the cultural and linguistic factors of identity restructuring, whereas critical engagement with social status, class, and urban environment is a much newer development. Social, economic, and urban explanations of the remaining relevance of ‘old’ (ex‐USSR) identifications are particularly needed in the face of increasing alienation among various disadvantaged groups in Israel and the mobilization of large numbers of Russian‐speakers around nationalist political parties. On the basis of interviews, participant observations, and media analysis, this article argues that simultaneously deterritorialized and reterritorialized ideas of home and belonging shape this group's social and political mobilization patterns in contested city spaces. Further, I suggest that nationalist mobilization is a strategy to reach beyond ethno‐politics and make majority rather than minority claims.
Genuinely American: Croatian‐American Race, Manhood, and Nationalism in Postwar Pittsburgh
Authors: Duryea Scott N.
Published: October 2013

Especially during the turbulent years of the immediate postwar period, Croatian‐Americans found expediency in positioning their ethnic culture within the realm of acceptable white manhood and peaceful civilization. To be accepted was to be white, or to try to be white. Accordingly, Croatian‐Americans attempted to qualify themselves as authentic whites whose ethnicity meshed perfectly with the American way. This study examines the Croatian Fraternal Union's Zajedničar newspaper to demonstrate that during the postwar period, which was characterized by converging anxieties over disintegrating gender roles, acceptable whiteness, as structured by Protestant old immigrant Americans, and the perceived communist threat, Croatian‐Americans in Pittsburgh qualified themselves as authentically white and genuine American men and women to escape accusations of subversion.
Race, Religion, and Political Mobilization: South Asians in the Post‐9/11 United States
Authors: Mishra Sangay
Published: October 2013

In the days and months following 11 September 2001, South Asians in the United States were lumped together and racialized as ‘outsiders’ and ‘threatening’. The lumping of South Asians existed alongside their differential targeting based on particular religious identities such as Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh. The religious identity not only shaped and calibrated the racial hostility against different South Asian groups but also framed their responses to racial attacks. The primacy of religious identities in framing the group response to racial hostility made it difficult to build broader panethnic solidarity, thereby challenging the existing understanding of the dynamics of panethnic identity formation and mobilization. The foregrounding of religious identity by different South Asian groups was, in fact, in broad consonance with the multicultural institutional and ideological framework that provides institutional and discursive avenues for the deployment of exclusive and immutable identities.
Music and the Fight against Confederation in 1860s Montréal
Authors: Thompson Brian C.
Published: October 2013

In this article, I examine how music was used as an expression of French‐Canadian identity in nineteenth‐century Montréal. Focusing on the 1860s and a group of musicians and intellectuals opposed to Confederation, I explore their efforts to use performance, criticism, and composition in the (re)construction of French‐Canadian identity. My main sources of information are la Presse and l'Union nationale, two newspapers of the time that were strongly opposed to Confederation and which were vigorous in the promotion of musical events. Through an examination of the musical and political activities advertised and reviewed in the pages of these and other newspapers, we shall see how culture was used as a means to strengthen French‐Canadian nationalism. At the same time, while the musicians themselves may have sought an independent Québec, they remained open to other cultures and through their collaboration with non‐francophones articulated a form of civic nationalism.
Perceived Autonomy Support From Parents and Best Friends: Longitudinal Associations with Adolescents' Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Van der Giessen Daniёlle , Branje Susan , Meeus Wim
Published: October 2013

According to the self‐determination theory, experiencing autonomy support in close relationships is thought to promote adolescents' well‐being. Perceptions of autonomy support from parents and from best friends have been associated with lower levels of adolescents' depressive symptoms. This longitudinal study examines the relative contribution of perceived autonomy support from parents and best friends in relation to adolescents' depressive symptoms and changes in these associations from early to late adolescence. Age and gender differences were also investigated. Questionnaires about mother, father, and a best friend were filled out by 923 early adolescents and 390 middle adolescents during five consecutive years, thereby covering an age range from 12 to 20. Multi‐group cross‐lagged path analysis revealed concurrent and longitudinal negative associations between perceived parental autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms. No concurrent and longitudinal associations were found between perceived best friends' autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Results were similar for early and middle adolescent boys and girls. Prevention and treatment programs should focus on the bidirectional interplay during adolescence between perceptions of parental autonomy support and adolescents' depressive symptoms.
Approach and Positive Affect in Toddlerhood Predict Early Childhood Behavior Problems
Authors: Dollar Jessica M. , Buss Kristin A.
Published: October 2013

The aim of the study was to examine the moderating role of positive affect on the relation between approach behaviors and adjustment outcomes. One hundred eleven toddlers participated in a laboratory assessment of approach and positive affect at 24 months. Behavior problems were reported by a parent in the fall of the child's kindergarten year. Results supported our hypotheses that children who displayed high approach and high positive affect in both non‐threat and low‐threat contexts were rated as higher in externalizing behavior problems. On the other hand, for children showing low positive affect, increases in approach in a moderate‐threat context lowered the risk of developing internalizing behavior problems. Implications for these findings are discussed, including methodological considerations of differences among eliciting contexts and advantages of separating positive affect and approach.
OsACA6, a P‐type IIB Ca2+ATPase promotes salinity and drought stress tolerance in tobacco by ROS scavenging and enhancing the expression of stress‐responsive genes
Authors: Huda Kazi M. K. , Banu M. Sufara Akhter , Garg Bharti , Tula Suresh , Tuteja Renu , Tuteja Narendra
Published: October 2013

Calcium (Ca2+) regulates several signalling pathways involved in growth, development and stress tolerance. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is achieved by the combined action of channels, pumps and antiporters, but direct evidence for a role of Ca2+ATPase pumps in stress tolerance is lacking. Here we report the characterization of a Ca2+ATPase gene (OsACA6) from Oryza sativa, and elucidate its functions in stress tolerance. OsACA6 transcript levels are enhanced in response to salt, drought, abscisic acid and heat. In vivo localization identified plasma membranes as an integration site for the OsACA6–GFP fusion protein. Using transgenic tobacco lines, we demonstrate that over‐expression of OsACA6 is triggered during salinity and drought stresses. The enhanced tolerance to these stresses was confirmed by changes in several physiological indices, including water loss rate, photosynthetic efficiency, cell membrane stability, germination, survival rate, malondialdehyde content, electrolyte leakage and increased proline accumulation. Furthermore, over‐expressing lines also showed higher leaf chlorophyll and reduced accumulation of H2O2 and Na+ ions compared to the wild‐type. Reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in transgenic lines. The increased proline accumulation and ROS scavenging enzyme activities in transgenic plants over‐expressing OsACA6 efficiently modulate the ROS machinery and proline biosynthesis through an integrative mechanism. Transcriptional profiling of these plants revealed altered expression of genes encoding many transcription factors, stress‐ and disease‐related proteins, as well as signalling components. These results suggest that Ca2+ATPases have diverse roles as regulators of many stress signalling pathways, leading to plant growth, development and stress tolerance.
Have We Neglected the Role of Fetal Endothelium in Transplacental Transport?
Authors: Elad David , Levkovitz Riki , Jaffa Ariel J. , Desoye Gernot , Hod Moshe
Published: October 2013

Maternal‐to‐fetal transfer of nutrient and other substances occurs across the placental barrier (PB) which is made up of endothelial cells (EC) on the fetal side and the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) on the maternal side. Numerous studies were conducted to explore the transport characteristics across the STB layer, which is also considered as the major resistance for maternal‐to‐fetal exchange of materials. In contrast the layer of EC has received very little attention if at all. A recently developed viable co‐culture model of the PB revealed significant resistance of the EC layer for maternal‐to‐fetal transfer of glucose. This argues for a major contribution of the EC to overall transplacental transfer of nutrients. Accordingly, it is recommended to fill the void of knowledge and expand our understanding on the role of the feto‐placental endothelium for transplacental transport characteristics.
Effects of butorphanol versus dexmedetomidine sedation on intradermal allergen and histamine responses in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Milosevic Milivoj A. , Cain Christine L. , Frank Linda A. , Rohrbach Barton W.
Published: October 2013

Background

Sedation is commonly used during intradermal testing (IDT). Morphine and its derivatives have long been avoided because of their histamine‐releasing effects.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Butorphanol, an opioid agonist/antagonist, will not adversely affectIDTin dogs.

Animals

Ten client‐owned dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis.

Methods

Dogs were randomized to be sedated with butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg). RoutineIDTalong with intradermal injections of various dilutions of histamine were performed on the lateral thorax, followed 7 days later by the alternative sedative andIDTon the opposite side. The injection sites were subjectively scored and objectively measured by one investigator, blinded to the sedatives, and compared between groups.

Results

When the mean wheal diameters from the objective measurements of all antigens, including saline and histamine dilutions, were compared, butorphanol was associated with significantly smaller reactions than dexmedetomidine (P = 0.0001). There was a high level of agreement between sedatives when positive reactions subjectively scored as ≥3+ were compared (κ = 0.91). When mean wheal diameters of histamine at concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:400,000, 1:1,600,000 and 1:6,400,000 were compared, there were no significant differences between sedative types. Moreover, the percentage agreement when comparing subjective interpretation of all histamine dilutions between sedations was high (κ = 0.90). However, there was only 69% agreement beyond chance when objective and subjective interpretations of all antigens were compared between sedative groups.

Conclusions

Although butorphanol resulted in significantly smaller wheal size in comparison to dexmedetomidine, it did not affect the overall subjective interpretation of the results ofIDT.
Important considerations for protein analyses using antibody based techniques: down‐sizing Western blotting up‐sizes outcomes
Authors: Murphy Robyn M. , Lamb Graham D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract  Western blotting has been used for protein analyses in a wide range of tissue samples for >30 years. Fundamental to Western blotting success are a number of important considerations, which unfortunately are often overlooked or not appreciated. Firstly, lowly expressed proteins may often be better detected by dramatically reducing the amount of sample loaded. Single cell (fibre) Western blotting demonstrates the ability to detect proteins in small sample sizes, 5–10 μg total mass (1–3 μg total protein). That is an order of magnitude less than often used. Using heterogeneous skeletal muscle as the tissue of representation, the need to undertake Western blotting in sample sizes equivalent to single fibre segments is demonstrated. Secondly, incorrect results can be obtained if samples are fractionated and a proportion of the protein of interest inadvertently discarded during sample preparation. Thirdly, quantitative analyses demand that a calibration curve be used. This is regardless of using a loading control, which must be proven to not change with the intervention and also be appropriately calibrated. Fourthly, antibody specificity must be proven using whole tissue analyses, and for immunofluorescence analyses it is vital that only a single protein is detected. If appropriately undertaken, Western blotting is reliable, quantitative, both in relative and absolute terms, and extremely valuable.
Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Latticework Cooling Channels With Dimple Vortex Generators
Authors: Rao Yu , Zang Shusheng
Published: October 2013

A comparative experimental and numerical study has been conducted on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a latticework cooling channel with U-shaped subchannels combined with dimple vortex generators over the Reynolds number range of 7700–36,985. The average Nusselt number and friction factor of the latticework channel have been obtained. The comparisons between the experimental and numerical data have shown that the numerical computation model can reasonably well predict the heat transfer and pressure loss in the latticework cooling channels. Additional numerical computations were further performed to investigate the effects of subchannel configurations on the flow and heat transfer in the latticework channel, and three different subchannel configurations were studied, which are the dimpled U subchannel, U subchannel, and rectangular subchannel. The experimental data of the heat transfer and pressure loss of the latticework channel with dimpled U subchannels have also been compared with those of the ribbed channels and pin fin channel from the literature. The present study indicated that the superior heat transfer enhancement capability of the latticework cooling is mainly due to the remarkably increased heat transfer area, turning effects producing strong vortical flow in the subchannels, and the interactions between the flow in the crossing subchannels, as well as the interactions between the flow and the crossing ribs on the opposite side.
Parameter Design in Optimal Control Problems for Linear Dynamic Systems Using a Canonical Form
Authors: Jung Ui-Jin , Park Gyung-Jin , Agrawal Sunil K.
Published: October 2013

Control problems in dynamic systems require an optimal selection of input trajectories and system parameters. In this paper, a novel procedure for optimization of a linear dynamic system is proposed that simultaneously solves the parameter design problem and the optimal control problem using a specific system state transformation. Also, the proposed procedure includes structural design constraints within the control system. A direct optimal control method is also examined to compare it with the proposed method. The limitations and advantages of both methods are discussed in terms of the number of states and inputs. Consequently, linear dynamic system examples are optimized under various constraints and the merits of the proposed method are examined.