bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon footprint analysis of fossil power plants in Bangladesh: measuring the impact of $${CO}_{2}$$ and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Rahman Shaon Md Tariqur , Hashan Antor Mahamudul , Sharon Md Mahabubur Rahman , Saha Shekhor
Published: May 2024

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have increased substantially due to industrialization and the rapid growth in energy demand in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive carbon footprint analysis of fossil power plants in Bangladesh, focusing on the impact of GHG emissions. We evaluate the carbon footprint of fossil power plants based on their power generation capacity, fuel type, specific emission rates, and global warming potential (GWp) for various GHGs. The emission factor approach has been used in conjunction with the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology. Findings of the study indicate that fossil power plants in Bangladesh contribute significantly to the country's overall carbon footprint, with $${CO}_{2}$$

CO

2

and other GHG emissions being the primary drivers. Furthermore, we evaluate Bangladesh's GHG emissions in comparison with neighbouring countries to determine its position. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil-based power plants, we find that Bangladesh has relatively low emissions compared to its neighbours and developing countries in Asia. Nevertheless, Bangladesh has witnessed a significant increase in coal-fired power generation in recent years, which has emerged as a significant contributor to emissions. Following an analysis of GHG emissions from fossil fuel power plants, we recommend adopting advanced technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) with improved energy efficiency systems and integrating renewable energy sources into the power generation mix. We conclude our analysis by highlighting the importance of transitioning to cleaner, sustainable energy sources to reduce future carbon emissions.
Improving Procedural Justice in Anti-Dumping Investigations
Authors: Yilmazcan Abdulkadir
Published: May 2024

By synthesizing both theoretical and empirical insights, this book offers a distinctive perspective on procedural justice within the context of anti-dumping investigations. The book highlights the disjunction between the provisions outlined in the World Trade Organization's Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) and the practical encounters faced by stakeholders such as exporters, regulatory bodies, and legal experts affiliated with the WTO. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research encompasses a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of procedural complexities alongside empirical investigations involving key stakeholders such as WTO legal experts, Chinese exporters, and investigating authorities. Furthermore, this book underscores the potential for enhancing procedural justice through either a comprehensive reform of the ADA or concrete measures such as a standardized anti-dumping questionnaire. Such improvements offered in the book have the potential to curtail the misuse of anti-dumping investigations, consequently mitigating a substantial number of disputes that might be brought before the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism.
Max Stirner and Nihilism
Authors: Dowdall Tim
Published: May 2024

A reassessment of the controversial, yet still influential nineteenth-century German philosopher that explores the contentious issue of whether he was, as his critics frequently claim, a nihilist.
Party Politics and Populism in Zambia
Authors: Sishuwa Sishuwa
Published: May 2024

Analysis of the political history of Zambia through a study of Michael Sata shows the importance of individual political leadership to the success of opposition parties in Africa.
Effects of distortion on a BLI fan
Authors: Mårtensson H. , Rasimarzabadi F.
Published: May 2024

The BLI (boundary layer ingestion) concept for propulsion seeks to improve the energy efficiency of aircraft propulsion. This is achieved by accelerating low momentum flow ingested from boundary layers and wakes developed over the fuselage through the fan. A major challenge that needs to be overcome to realise the benefits is that the fan needs to work efficiently in distorted flow. Understanding the effects of distortion on the aerodynamic performance and the distortion transfer through the fan is therefore essential to future designs. A BLI fan, designed at reduced scale, is used for analytic modelling and experiments in a rig designed for this purpose. The test rig replicates BLI conditions for a fan installed at the aircraft tail cone. An unsteady model that includes all blades and vanes of the fan, as well as the nacelle and the by-pass duct of the test rig is used for CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. Test results are used to confirm that the CFD model is representative of the aerodynamics of the fan. The tests are conducted using varying fan operating conditions but also tests with an added distortion screen. Analysis results are then used to investigate the effects of distortion on the fan efficiency, as well as on the overall efficiency. The fan efficiency is found to be moderately decreased depending on the level of and extent of inlet circumferential distortion. In terms of overall energy efficiency, a net improvement over a similar fan in clean inlet flow is found.
Sweatshops and Labour Law: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Ignoring Labour Law in Developing Countries
Authors: Muchlinski Peter , Arnold Denis G
Published: May 2024

Academic defenders of sweatshops argue that disregarding labour rights will result in increased welfare in the developing nations where transnational corporations (TNCs) operate. They argue that TNCs should ignore local labour laws in the best interests of the poor. In this article we criticise this ‘ignore the law’ position regarding sweatshops on three separate grounds. First, it fails to acknowledge the demands for businesses to respect the rule of law as part of the development process. Second, it utilises an inadequate account of voluntary contractual bargaining which overlooks how employment practises operate in sectors prone to utilising sweatshop labour, leading to coercive employment conditions incompatible with human dignity and free choice. Third, it fails to adequately account for labour law and international labour standards, which embody a strong moral conception of dignity at work and observance of fundamental human rights in protecting workers against abuse through the resulting legal duties placed on states and corporate actors. We conclude that poverty reduction requires the support of both private and public actors. Advocating the side-stepping of labour laws distracts from the important work of institution building necessary to protect workers and facilitate economic growth consistent with decent work, sustainable development, fairness and human dignity as embodied in international labour standards.
The effects of fermented vegetables on the gut microbiota for prevention of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Baron Melissa , Zuo Bin , Chai Jianmin , Zhao Jiangchao , Jahan-Mihan Alireza , Ochrietor Judy , Arikawa Andrea Y.
Published: May 2024

This study investigated the impact of regular consumption of fermented vegetables (FVs) on inflammation and the composition of the gut microbiota in adults at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Eighty-seven adults ages 35–64 were randomized into an FV group, who consumed 100 g FVs daily at least five times per week for eight weeks, or a usual diet (UD) group. Blood and stool samples were obtained before and after the intervention. Dependent samples t tests and adjusted linear models were used for within- and between-group comparisons. The mean age and body mass index of participants were 45 years and 30 kg/m2, and 80% were female. Bloating or gas was the most common side effect reported (19.3% FV group vs. 9.4% UD group). There were no changes in C-reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein-receptor 1, angiopoietin-like protein 4, trimethylamine oxide, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein or bacterial alpha diversity between groups. Our findings indicate that consuming 100 g of FVs for at least five days per week for eight weeks does not change inflammatory biomarkers or microbial alpha diversity as measured by the Shannon index. It is possible that higher doses of FVs are necessary to elicit a significant response by gut bacteria.
Exploring preference for delivery methods for a psychosocial intervention for prenatal anxiety: A qualitative study from a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Authors: Atiq Maria , Nazir Huma , Rahman Atif , Malik Abid , Atif Najia , Surkan Pamela J.
Published: May 2024

Objective

This qualitative study explores therapists’ and participants’ preferences for delivery methods (face-to-face and phone sessions) of a cognitive behavioral therapy-based psychosocial intervention for prenatal anxiety delivered in a tertiary care hospital.

Setting

The research was conducted in a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan, where a shift from face-to-face to phone-based therapy occurred during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Participants

Twenty in-depth interviews and a focus group discussion were conducted with participants and therapists, respectively. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Participants generally preferred face-to-face sessions for rapport building, communication, and comprehension. However, barriers like venue accessibility, childcare, and lack of family support hindered engagement. Telephone sessions were favored for easy scheduling and the comfort of receiving the session at home, but there were challenges associated with phone use, distractions at home, and family members’ limited mental health awareness. A mix of face-to-face and telephone sessions was preferred, with rapport from in-person sessions carrying over to telephone interactions.

Conclusion

This study underscores the need for adaptable intervention delivery strategies that consider cultural norms, logistical challenges, and individual family dynamics. By combining the benefits of both delivery methods, mental health interventions can be optimized to effectively address prenatal anxiety and promote well-being in resource-constrained settings like Pakistan.
THE WIGNER PROPERTY OF SMOOTH NORMED SPACES
Authors: HUANG XUJIAN , LIU JIABIN , WANG SHUMING
Published: May 2024

We prove that every smooth complex normed space X has the Wigner property. That is, for any complex normed space Y and every surjective mapping
$f: X\rightarrow Y$
satisfying
$$ \begin{align*} \{\|f(x)+\alpha f(y)\|: \alpha\in \mathbb{T}\}=\{\|x+\alpha y\|: \alpha\in \mathbb{T}\}, \quad x,y\in X, \end{align*} $$

where
$\mathbb {T}$
is the unit circle of the complex plane, there exists a function
$\sigma : X\rightarrow \mathbb {T}$
such that
$\sigma \cdot f$
is a linear or anti-linear isometry. This is a variant of Wigner’s theorem for complex normed spaces.
Girth Alternative for subgroups of
$PL_o(I)$
Authors: Akhmedov Azer
Published: May 2024

We prove the Girth Alternative for finitely generated subgroups of
$PL_o(I)$
. We also prove that a finitely generated subgroup of Homeo
$_{+}(I)$
which is sufficiently rich with hyperbolic-like elements has infinite girth.
Innovation Under Pressure
Authors: Almeida Heitor , Fos Vyacheslav , Hsu Po-Hsuan , Kronlund Mathias , Tseng Kevin
Published: May 2024

Firms become more efficient at innovation activities when they face pressure to meet earnings per share (EPS) targets using stock repurchases. Using a regression-discontinuity framework, we find that incentives to engage in “EPS-motivated buybacks” are followed by more citations and higher values for firms’ new patents. We trace these effects to improved allocation of R&D resources and a greater focus on novel innovation. The positive effects are concentrated among ex ante “innovation-efficient” firms that achieve better patenting outcomes after reorganizing (but not cutting) their R&D investments. Our findings illustrate that short-term earnings pressure can act through a free cash flow channel that motivates more efficient spending.
Predicting noise-induced hearing loss with machine learning: the influence of tinnitus as a predictive factor
Authors: Soylemez Emre , Avci Isa , Yildirim Elif , Karaboya Engin , Yilmaz Nihat , Ertugrul Süha , Tokgoz-Yilmaz Suna
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to determine which machine learning model is most suitable for predicting noise-induced hearing loss and the effect of tinnitus on the models’ accuracy.

Methods

Two hundred workers employed in a metal industry were selected for this study and tested using pure tone audiometry. Their occupational exposure histories were collected, analysed and used to create a dataset. Eighty per cent of the data collected was used to train six machine learning models and the remaining 20 per cent was used to test the models.

Results

Eight workers (40.5 per cent) had bilaterally normal hearing and 119 (59.5 per cent) had hearing loss. Tinnitus was the second most important indicator after age for noise-induced hearing loss. The support vector machine was the best-performing algorithm, with 90 per cent accuracy, 91 per cent F1 score, 95 per cent precision and 88 per cent recall.

Conclusion

The use of tinnitus as a risk factor in the support vector machine model may increase the success of occupational health and safety programmes.
First photographic record of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Sanyal Oyndrila , Bashir Tawqir , Rana Manoj , Chandan Pankaj
Published: May 2024

The snow leopard Panthera uncia is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. It is the least well-known of the large felids because of its shy and elusive nature and the inaccessible terrain it inhabits across the mountains of Central and South Asia. We report the first photographic record of the snow leopard in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, India. During our camera-trapping surveys, conducted using a grid-based design, we obtained eight photographs of snow leopards, the first at 3,280 m altitude on 19 September 2022 and subsequent photographs over 3,004–3,878 m altitude. We identified at least four different individuals, establishing the species’ occurrence in Kiyar, Nanth and Renai catchments, with a capture rate of 0.123 ± SE 0.072 captures/100 trap-nights. We also recorded the presence of snow leopard prey species, including the Siberian ibex Capra sibirica, Himalayan musk deer Moschus leucogaster, long-tailed marmot Marmota caudata and pika Ochotona sp., identifying the area as potential snow leopard habitat. Given the location of Kishtwar High Altitude National Park, this record is significant for the overall snow leopard conservation landscape in India. We recommend a comprehensive study across the Kishtwar landscape to assess the occupancy, abundance, demography and movement patterns of the snow leopard and its prey. In addition, interactions between the snow leopard and pastoral communities should be assessed to understand the challenges facing the conservation and management of this important high-altitude region.
Distinct evolutionary lineages of Schistocephalus parasites infecting co-occurring sculpin and stickleback fishes in Alaska
Authors: Heins David C. , Moody Kristine N. , Arostegui Martin C. , Harmon Brian S. , Blum Michael J. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: May 2024

Sculpins (coastrange and slimy) and sticklebacks (ninespine and threespine) are widely distributed fishes cohabiting 2 south-central Alaskan lakes (Aleknagik and Iliamna), and all these species are parasitized by cryptic diphyllobothriidean cestodes in the genus Schistocephalus. The goal of this investigation was to test for host-specific parasitic relationships between sculpins and sticklebacks based upon morphological traits (segment counts) and sequence variation across the NADH1 gene. A total of 446 plerocercoids was examined. Large, significant differences in mean segment counts were found between cestodes in sculpin (mean = 112; standard deviation [s.d.] = 15) and stickleback (mean = 86; s.d. = 9) hosts within and between lakes. Nucleotide sequence divergence between parasites from sculpin and stickleback hosts was 20.5%, and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis recovered 2 well-supported clades of cestodes reflecting intermediate host family (i.e. sculpin, Cottidae vs stickleback, Gasterosteidae). Our findings point to the presence of a distinct lineage of cryptic Schistocephalus in sculpins from Aleknagik and Iliamna lakes that warrants further investigation to determine appropriate evolutionary and taxonomic recognition.
Factors contributing to readmission in patients with psychotic disorders, with a special reference to first follow-up visit in outpatient care
Authors: Suokas Kimmo , Lindgren Maija , Gissler Mika , Liukko Emmi , Schildt Laura , Salokangas Raimo K. R. , Rissanen Päivi , Gauffin Tapio , Näätänen Petri , Holm Minna , Suvisaari Jaana
Published: May 2024

Background

Timely outpatient follow-up and readmission after discharge are common quality indicators in psychiatric care, but their association varies in previous research. We aimed to examine whether the impact of outpatient follow-up and other factors on readmission risk evolves over time in people with non-affective psychotic disorder (NAP).

Methods

The Finnish Quality of Care Register includes all people diagnosed with NAP since January 2010. Here, we followed patients with a hospital discharge between 2017 and 2021 until readmission, death, or up to 365 days. Time of the first outpatient follow-up appointment, length of stay (LOS), number of previous hospitalizations, psychosis diagnosis, substance use disorder (SUD), residential status, economic activity, gender, age, year, and region were included. Follow-up time was divided into five periods: week 1, weeks 2–4, weeks 5–13, weeks 14–25, and weeks 26–52, and each period was analyzed separately with Cox regression.

Results

Of the 29 858 discharged individuals, 54.1% had an outpatient follow-up within a week. A total of 10 623 (35.6%) individuals were readmitted. Short LOS increased the readmission risk in the first four weeks, whereas lack of outpatient follow-up raised the risk (adjusted HRs between 1.15 (95% CI 1.04–1.26) and 1.53 (1.37–1.71) in weeks 5–52. The number of previous hospitalizations remained a consistent risk factor throughout the follow-up, while SUD increased risk after 4 weeks and living without family after 13 weeks.

Conclusions

Risk factors of readmission vary over time. These temporal patterns must be considered when developing outpatient treatment programs.
Biofusion design and parameter optimization for a novel passive assisted knee exoskeleton robot based on eight-bar mechanism
Authors: Wei Jun , Zhang Shizhao , Zhang Jianjun
Published: May 2024

In an effort to alleviate the issue of knee joint fatigue and injury during lower limb ambulation, a novel passive assisted exoskeleton robot with human–machine interaction is investigated to assist the movement of the human knee joint. The design of the exoskeleton configuration takes into consideration the physiological structure and gait function of the knee joint, ensuring that it satisfies the requirements for motion, force, and gait function of the knee joint. To explore the interaction between the wearer and the exoskeleton, a human–machine kinematic model after wearing exoskeleton is established, which is instrumental in analyzing the integration motion of the wearer and exoskeleton. In addition, the dynamic and static models of the knee joint after wearing the exoskeleton are established, utilizing the Newton–Euler method and force polygon method, respectively, to evaluate the effectiveness of the exoskeleton. Moreover, the size parameters and spring stiffness of the exoskeleton are optimized, using both human body kinematic model and mechanic model. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the exoskeleton in proving assistance is evaluated through human body simulation, using OpenSim. The results indicate that the exoskeleton significantly reduces the knee joint torque by 48.42%.
Rewriting the law of international organizations: Whither the Asia Pacific?
Authors: Duxbury Alison
Published: May 2024

The law of international organizations is often described in terms of both its universality and its unity. Writers in this field begin their texts with an acknowledgement that there are common legal principles that have been developed by, and can be applied to, a variety of international organizations. The idea that there are legal principles applicable to multiple organizations – whatever their membership, location, powers, technical functions, or financial resources – is also implicit in the reports of the International Law Commission discussing the immunities, responsibilities, and law-making capacity of international organizations. But despite this search for common principles, a question remains whether international institutional law is based on the practice of all, or at the very least, a range, of organizations. Writers in this field have tended to focus on the activities of organizations based in either Europe or North America, including the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the European Union, and Council of Europe. This article argues that the omission of the principles and practices of organizations outside Europe and the United Nations’ system, specifically Asia Pacific organizations, undermines the claim of international institutional law to be universal. It explores the way in which a more inclusive approach – one that pays attention to the perspectives of Asia Pacific organizations – could illuminate certain features of the law and lead international lawyers to reconceive some of its central principles.
Whole-body SAR measurements of millimeter-wave base station in reverberation chambers
Authors: Eilers Bischoff Jens , Joshi Paramananda , Colombi Davide , Xu Bo , Törnevik Christer
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a method for measuring whole-body specific absorption rate (WBSAR) of millimeter-wave base stations (BSs) in a reverberation chamber (RC). The absorbed power in the phantom from the equipment under test (EUT) and hence WBSAR is determined as the difference between the total radiated power with and without the phantom. A chamber transfer function is determined and used to include only the absorption in the phantom due to direct illumination from the EUT, i.e., excluding absorption due to the RC multipath reflections. The measurement method was evaluated at 28 GHz using a horn antenna and a commercial massive multi-input–multi-output BS. The experimental results are in good agreement with simulations. The proposed method allows for measurements of WBSAR within 3 minutes, which is much shorter than traditional approaches. The method is suitable for compliance assessments of BS products with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection 2020 electromagnetic field exposure guidelines, which extend the applicability of WBSAR as basic restrictions up to 300 GHz.
Evidence of a Low‐Velocity Zone in the Upper Mantle Beneath Cumbre Vieja Volcano (Canary Islands) Through Receiver Functions Analysis
Authors: Ortega‐Ramos V. , D'Auria L. , Granja‐Bruña J. L. , Cabrera‐Pérez I. , Barrancos J. , Padilla G. D. , Hernández P. , Pérez N. M.
Published: May 2024

Oceanic volcanic islands have a complex internal structure due to their geological evolution. La Palma is the second youngest in the Canary Islands. Historical eruptions occurred in the Cumbre Vieja (CV) volcanic system, including the last 2021 Tajogaite eruption. The seismicity before, during, and after the Tajogaite eruption provides valuable information for a better understanding of deep volcanic processes. We applied the receiver function technique to image the crustal and upper mantle structures beneath the CV volcanic complex. We investigated the first 50 km of the lithosphere, identifying various seismic discontinuities. After a thin layer of recent volcanic rocks, we found a layer corresponding to the old oceanic crust. Beneath the Moho, we found a significant decrease in the seismic velocities until about 37 km of depth. This low‐velocity layer corresponds to a zone of partial melting with interconnected magmatic chambers that feed the volcanic activity in CV.
GRAPES: Earthquake Early Warning by Passing Seismic Vectors Through the Grapevine
Authors: Clements T. , Cochran E. S. , Baltay A. , Minson S. E. , Yoon C. E.
Published: May 2024

Estimating an earthquake's magnitude and location may not be necessary to predict shaking in real time; instead, wavefield‐based approaches predict shaking with few assumptions about the seismic source. Here, we introduce GRAph Prediction of Earthquake Shaking (GRAPES), a deep learning model trained to characterize and propagate earthquake shaking across a seismic network. We show that GRAPES’ internal activations, which we call “seismic vectors”, correspond to the arrival of distinct seismic phases. GRAPES builds upon recent deep learning models applied to earthquake early warning by allowing for continuous ground motion prediction with seismic networks of all sizes. While trained on earthquakes recorded in Japan, we show that GRAPES, without modification, outperforms the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system on the 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest, CA earthquake.
The Response of Taupō Volcano to the M7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake
Authors: Schuler J. , Hreinsdóttir S. , Illsley‐Kemp F. , Holden C. , Townend J. , Villamor P.
Published: May 2024

Several studies suggest that large earthquakes (M > 7.0) can act as external triggers of volcanic unrest, and even eruption. This triggering is attributed to either ground shaking (dynamic stresses) or to permanent ground deformation (associated with static stress changes). However, large earthquakes are rare and testing triggering hypotheses has proven difficult. We use geodetic data to show that the 13 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (Mw 7.8) triggered local deformation of up to 11 mm at Taupō volcano, 500 km away, which lasted for approximately twelve days. Using elastic geodetic models, we infer that the observed deformation was caused by either aseismic fault slip or a dike intrusion. We then use strong motion data from the surrounding area to show that the Kaikōura earthquake caused maximum dynamic stress changes in the range of 0.15–0.9 MPa in the vicinity of Taupō volcano and conclude that these dynamic stress changes triggered local faulting or dike activity and the associated deformation at Taupō volcano.
A Correlated‐K Parameterization for O2 Photolysis in the Schumann‐Runge Bands
Authors: Ji Aoshuang , Tomazzeli Orlando G. , Palancar Gustavo G. , Chaverot Guillaume , Barker Mackenzie , Fernández Rafael P. , Minschwaner Kenneth , Kasting James F.
Published: May 2024

A recent study comparing ozone column depths and methane lifetimes at varied atmospheric O2 (pO2) levels calculated in the Kasting‐group 1‐D photochemical model and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) 3‐D model (Ji, Kasting, et al., 2023; https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.230056) has exposed weaknesses in both models in parameterizing photolysis in the O2 Schumann‐Runge bands, 175–205 nm. WACCM6 does a good job for Earth's present atmosphere but neglects scattering, which becomes important at low pO2. The 1‐D model includes scattering but is based on an out‐of‐date band model, and it neglects the temperature dependence of photolysis at low pO2. We have revised and improved the 1‐D photochemical model by replacing the old O2 photolysis algorithm with a new correlated‐k parameterization, which improves accuracy for all O2 levels and all temperature profiles. The WACCM6 parameterization was also included in the 1‐D model for comparative purposes. The correlated‐k and WACCM6 photolysis algorithms agree well for both the present atmosphere and for an atmosphere containing 10−3 times the present O2 level, but only if multiple scattering is included at low pO2. The correlated‐k parameterization will be made available to photochemical modeling groups who might choose to adopt it.
Constraints on Growth and Stabilization of the Western Superior Craton From Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Roots E. A. , Frieman B. M. , Hill G. J. , Smith R. S. , Craven J. A. , Calvert A. J. , Snyder D. B.
Published: May 2024

A data set consisting of 376 broadband and long‐period MT measurements was used to generate the first ever 3D resistivity model of the Archean western Superior Craton. The modeled resistivity structure is compared to coincident seismic reflection data. The observed geophysical signatures are interpreted within the context of the late stages of crustal growth and cratonization of the region via the progressive accretion of terranes against the initial cratonic core. The northern‐most terranes comprising the cratonic core exhibit a nearly homogenous highly resistive crust. The lower crust of the southern terranes contains largely continuous low resistivity bands which run subparallel to major terrane boundaries and corresponding fault systems. In some cases, low resistivity features are coincident with dense packages of sub‐horizontal to listric reflections within the mid‐ to lower crust. These resistivity structures are inferred to represent preserved geoelectric signatures of late to post‐orogenic magmatic pulses likely related to delamination of locally overthickened crust. Increased mantle heat flow resulted in partial melting of the lower crust and upper mantle and upward migration of CO2‐rich melts and fluids through crustal weak zones corresponding to shear and/or suture zones formed during terrane amalgamation. Thermal softening of the mid‐ to lower crust led to orogenic collapse and reactivation of the crustal shear zones, resulting in formation and interconnection of graphitic films which were preserved within the stable craton. These results have implications for the tectono‐magmatic history of the western Superior Craton, as well toward the understanding of the geodynamic regime of the Archean Earth.
CO2‐Dependence of Longwave Clear‐Sky Feedback Is Sensitive to Temperature
Authors: Xu Yue , Koll Daniel D. B.
Published: May 2024

CO2 absorbs and emits radiation, which allows it to act both as radiative forcing and feedback. Recent work has shown CO2’s feedback effect becomes dominant in hothouse climates, giving rise to a non‐monotonic climate sensitivity around 310 K. However, CO2’s feedback effect in colder climates is less clear. We use a line‐by‐line model to explore the CO2‐dependence of the longwave clear‐sky feedback and identify a dividing temperature. Above 290 K, feedback increases with CO2 concentration; below 290 K, feedback decreases with CO2 concentration. We explain this dependence in terms of spectral competition under CO2 increases. In hot climates, CO2’s moderate feedback replaces near‐zero feedback from the H2O bands; in cold climates, CO2’s moderate feedback replaces the large feedback from the surface. Given that global mean temperature is currently close to 290 K, our results suggest that feedback CO2‐dependence is weak at present but can be important in past and future climates.
Fast and Slow Responses of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to Antarctic Meltwater Forcing
Authors: Shin Yechul , Geng Xin , Oh Ji‐Hoon , Noh Kyung‐Min , Jin Emilia Kyung , Kug Jong‐Seong
Published: May 2024

Antarctic meltwater discharge has been largely emphasized for its potential role in climate change mitigation, not only by reducing global warming, but also by stabilizing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Despite the tremendous impact of the AMOC on the climate system, its temporal evolution in response to the meltwater remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the meltwater impacts on the AMOC based on the GFDL CM2.1 experiments and discover its fast weakening and slow strengthening to the Antarctic meltwater discharge. Cold ocean surface caused by meltwater spread throughout the globe and eventually strengthened the AMOC. However, in the early stages, the tropical temperature response could stimulate the Rossby wave teleconnection, modulating atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic, and weakening convection and even the AMOC. This counterintuitive evolution implies a potential destabilizing effect of Antarctic meltwater, underscoring the importance of the atmospheric dynamics in the interaction between the two poles.
Decadal Variability of Ice‐Shelf Melting in the Amundsen Sea Driven by Sea‐Ice Freshwater Fluxes
Authors: Haigh Michael , Holland Paul R.
Published: May 2024

The ice streams flowing into the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, are losing mass due to changes in oceanic basal melting of their floating ice shelves. Rapid ice‐shelf melting is sustained by the delivery of warm Circumpolar Deep Water to the ice‐shelf cavities, which is first supplied to the continental shelf by an undercurrent that flows eastward along the shelf break. Temporal variability of this undercurrent controls ice‐shelf basal melt variability. Recent work shows that on decadal timescales the undercurrent variability opposes surface wind variability. Using a regional model, we show that undercurrent variability is induced by sea‐ice freshwater fluxes, particularly those north of the shelf break, which affect the cross‐shelf break density gradient. This sea‐ice variability is linked to tropical Pacific variability impacting atmospheric conditions over the Amundsen Sea. Ice‐shelf melting also feeds back onto the undercurrent by affecting the on‐shelf density, thereby influencing shelf‐break density gradient anomalies.
Emerging Influence of Enhanced Greenland Melting on Boundary Currents and Deep Convection Regimes in the Labrador and Irminger Seas
Authors: Schiller‐Weiss Ilana , Martin Torge , Schwarzkopf Franziska U.
Published: May 2024

Freshwater input from Greenland ice sheet melt has been increasing in the past decades from warming temperatures. To identify the impacts from enhanced meltwater input into the subpolar North Atlantic from 1997 to 2021, we use output from two nearly identical simulations in the eddy‐rich model VIKING20X (1/20°) only differing in the freshwater input from Greenland: one with realistic interannually varying runoff increasing in the early 2000s and the other with climatologically (1961–2000) continued runoff. The majority of the additional freshwater remains within the boundary current enhancing the density gradient toward the warm and salty interior waters yielding increased current velocities. The accelerated boundary current shows a tendency to enhanced, upstream shifted eddy shedding into the Labrador Sea interior. Further, the experiments allow to attribute higher stratification and shallower mixed layers southwest of Greenland and deeper mixed layers in the Irminger Sea, particularly in 2015–2018, to the runoff increase in the early 2000s.
Particle Scattering in the Presence of Moderate to Strong Adiabatic Focusing
Authors: Florinski V.
Published: May 2024

Starting from the Vlasov‐Boltzmann equation, we derive corrections to the quasi linear Fokker‐Planck pitch angle scattering coefficient caused by a non‐uniformity of the background magnetic field. Integration of the perturbed particle distribution function is performed along a modified unperturbed trajectory that takes into account the effects of focusing and mirroring on pitch angle and gyrophase. We calculate the changes to the quasi‐linear scattering rate owing to a variations in the field strength and the gyrophase drift that affects the resonance between particles and magnetic fluctuations. It is shown that the scattering coefficient has an oscillating behavior in pitch angle when the focusing lengthscale is comparable to the correlation length of the turbulence and the particle's Larmor radius. The applicability of analytic results are demonstrated with a simple model of charged particles trapped in a magnetic field of a planet. It is suggested that the pitch angle diffusion coefficient could become negative for the case of very strong focusing.
Population health implications of exposure to pervasive military aircraft noise pollution
Authors: Jacuzzi Giordano , Kuehne Lauren M. , Harvey Anne , Hurley Christine , Wilbur Robert , Seto Edmund , Olden Julian D.
Published: May 2024

Background

While the adverse health effects of civil aircraft noise are relatively well studied, impacts associated with more intense and intermittent noise from military aviation have been rarely assessed. In recent years, increased training at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, USA has raised concerns regarding the public health and well-being implications of noise from military aviation.

Objective

This study assessed the public health risks of military aircraft noise by developing a systematic workflow that uses acoustic and aircraft operations data to map noise exposure and predict health outcomes at the population scale.

Methods

Acoustic data encompassing seven years of monitoring efforts were integrated with flight operations data for 2020–2021 and a Department of Defense noise simulation model to characterize the noise regime. The model produced contours for day-night, nighttime, and 24-h average levels, which were validated by field monitoring and mapped to yield the estimated noise burden. Established thresholds and exposure-response relationships were used to predict the population subject to potential noise-related health effects, including annoyance, sleep disturbance, hearing impairment, and delays in childhood learning.

Results

Over 74,000 people within the area of aircraft noise exposure were at risk of adverse health effects. Of those exposed, substantial numbers were estimated to be highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed, and several schools were exposed to levels that place them at risk of delay in childhood learning. Noise in some areas exceeded thresholds established by federal regulations for public health, residential land use and noise mitigation action, as well as the ranges of established exposure-response relationships.

Impact statement

This study quantified the extensive spatial scale and population health burden of noise from military aviation. We employed a novel GIS-based workflow for relating mapped distributions of aircraft noise exposure to a suite of public health outcomes by integrating acoustic monitoring and simulation data with a dasymetric population density map. This approach enables the evaluation of population health impacts due to past, current, and future proposed military operations. Moreover, it can be modified for application to other environmental noise sources and offers an improved open-source tool to assess the population health implications of environmental noise exposure, inform at-risk communities, and guide efforts in noise mitigation and policy governing noise legislation, urban planning, and land use.
Single-structure 3-axis Lorentz force magnetometer based on an AlN-on-Si MEMS resonator
Authors: Tu Cheng , Ou-Yang Xu-heng , Wu Ying-jie , Zhang Xiao-sheng
Published: May 2024

This work presents a single-structure 3-axis Lorentz force magnetometer (LFM) based on an AlN-on-Si MEMS resonator. The operation of the proposed LFM relies on the flexible manipulation of applied excitation currents in different directions and frequencies, enabling the effective actuation of two mechanical vibration modes in a single device for magnetic field measurements in three axes. Specifically, the excited out-of-plane drum-like mode at 277 kHz is used for measuring the x- and y-axis magnetic fields, while the in-plane square-extensional mode at 5.4 MHz is used for measuring the z-axis magnetic field. The different configurations of applied excitation currents ensure good cross-interference immunity among the three axes. Compared to conventional capacitive LFMs, the proposed piezoelectric LFM utilizes strong electromechanical coupling from the AlN layer, which allows it to operate at ambient pressure with a high sensitivity. To understand and analyze the measured results, a novel equivalent circuit model for the proposed LFM is also reported in this work, which serves to separate the effect of Lorentz force from the unwanted capacitive feedthrough. The demonstrated 3-axis LFM exhibits measured magnetic responsivities of 1.74 ppm/mT, 1.83 ppm/mT and 6.75 ppm/mT in the x-, y- and z-axes, respectively, which are comparable to their capacitive counterparts.
Salidroside promotes the repair of spinal cord injury by inhibiting astrocyte polarization, promoting neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation
Authors: Qian Dingfei , Dong Yuan , Liu Xiaole , Yu Haichao , Song Zelong , Jia Chengqi , Zhang Zhen , Cao Shiqi , Hu Fanqi , Zhang Xuesong
Published: May 2024

Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a formidable challenge, lacking effective treatments. Following SCI, neural stem cells (NSCs) migrate to SCI sites, offering a potential avenue for nerve regeneration, but the effectiveness of this intrinsic repair mechanism remains suboptimal. Salidroside has demonstrated pro-repair attributes in various pathological conditions, including arthritis and cerebral ischemia, and the ability to curtail early-stage inflammation following SCI. However, the specific role of salidroside in the late-stage repair processes of SCI remains less defined. In this investigation, we observed that continuous salidroside treatment in SCI mice improved motor function recovery. Immunofluorescence-staining corroborated salidroside’s capacity to stimulate nerve regeneration and remyelination, suppress glial scar hyperplasia, reduce the activation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes, and facilitate NSCs migration towards the injured region. Mechanistically, in vitro experiments elucidated salidroside’s significant role in restraining astrocyte proliferation and A1 polarization. It was further established that A1 astrocytes hinder NSCs proliferation while inducing their differentiation into astrocytes. Salidroside effectively ameliorated this inhibition of NSCs proliferation through diminishing c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway phosphorylation and restored their differentiation into neurons by suppressing the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway. In summary, our findings suggest that salidroside holds promise as a therapeutic agent for traumatic SCI treatment.
Bortezomib exerts its anti-cancer activity through the regulation of Skp2/p53 axis in non-melanoma skin cancer cells and C. elegans
Authors: Prabhu Kirti S. , Ahmad Fareed , Kuttikrishnan Shilpa , Leo Rari , Ali Tayyiba Akbar , Izadi Mahmoud , Mateo Jericha M. , Alam Majid , Ahmad Aamir , Al-Shabeeb Akil Ammira S. , Bhat Ajaz A. , Buddenkotte Joerg , Pourkarimi Ehsan , Steinhoff Martin , Uddin Shahab
Published: May 2024

Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), encompassing basal and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. While surgical removal remains the conventional therapy with a 95% 5-year cure rate, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the role of Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, in NMSC. Using two NMSC cell lines (A431 and A388), we examined the effects of BTZ treatment. Our results demonstrated that 48 h of BTZ treatment led to downregulating Skp2 expression in both A431 and A388 cells while upregulating p53 expression, specifically in A388 cells. These alterations resulted in impaired cellular growth and caspase-dependent cell death. Silencing Skp2 in A388 cells with siRNA confirmed the upregulation of p53 as a direct target. Furthermore, BTZ treatment increased the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio, promoting mitochondrial permeability and the subsequent release of cytochrome C, thereby activating caspases. We also found that BTZ exerted its antitumor effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), as blocking ROS production significantly reduced BTZ-induced apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, BTZ treatment induced autophagy, which is evident from the increased expression of microtubule-associated proteins nucleoporin p62 and LC-3A/B. In addition to cell lines, we assessed the impact of BTZ in an in vivo setting using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our findings demonstrated that BTZ induced germline apoptosis in worms even at low concentrations. Notably, this increased apoptosis was mediated through the activity of CEP-1, the worm’s counterpart to mammalian p53. In summary, our study elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying BTZ-induced apoptosis in NMSC cell lines and C. elegans. By targeting the skp2/p53 axis, inducing mitochondrial permeability, generating ROS, and promoting autophagy, BTZ demonstrates promising anti-cancer activity in NMSC. These findings provide novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies for controlling the unregulated growth of NMSC.
Implication of thermal signaling in neuronal differentiation revealed by manipulation and measurement of intracellular temperature
Authors: Chuma Shunsuke , Kiyosue Kazuyuki , Akiyama Taishu , Kinoshita Masaki , Shimazaki Yukiho , Uchiyama Seiichi , Sotoma Shingo , Okabe Kohki , Harada Yoshie
Published: May 2024

Neuronal differentiation—the development of neurons from neural stem cells—involves neurite outgrowth and is a key process during the development and regeneration of neural functions. In addition to various chemical signaling mechanisms, it has been suggested that thermal stimuli induce neuronal differentiation. However, the function of physiological subcellular thermogenesis during neuronal differentiation remains unknown. Here we create methods to manipulate and observe local intracellular temperature, and investigate the effects of noninvasive temperature changes on neuronal differentiation using neuron-like PC12 cells. Using quantitative heating with an infrared laser, we find an increase in local temperature (especially in the nucleus) facilitates neurite outgrowth. Intracellular thermometry reveals that neuronal differentiation is accompanied by intracellular thermogenesis associated with transcription and translation. Suppression of intracellular temperature increase during neuronal differentiation inhibits neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, spontaneous intracellular temperature elevation is involved in neurite outgrowth of primary mouse cortical neurons. These results offer a model for understanding neuronal differentiation induced by intracellular thermal signaling.
Self-assembly of nanocrystal checkerboard patterns via non-specific interactions
Authors: Wang Yufei , Zhou Yilong , Yang Quanpeng , Basak Rourav , Xie Yu , Le Dong , Fuqua Alexander D. , Shipley Wade , Yam Zachary , Frano Alex , Arya Gaurav , Tao Andrea R.
Published: May 2024

Checkerboard lattices—where the resulting structure is open, porous, and highly symmetric—are difficult to create by self-assembly. Synthetic systems that adopt such structures typically rely on shape complementarity and site-specific chemical interactions that are only available to biomolecular systems (e.g., protein, DNA). Here we show the assembly of checkerboard lattices from colloidal nanocrystals that harness the effects of multiple, coupled physical forces at disparate length scales (interfacial, interparticle, and intermolecular) and that do not rely on chemical binding. Colloidal Ag nanocubes were bi-functionalized with mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface ligands and subsequently assembled at an air–water interface. Using feedback between molecular dynamics simulations and interfacial assembly experiments, we achieve a periodic checkerboard mesostructure that represents a tiny fraction of the phase space associated with the polymer-grafted nanocrystals used in these experiments. In a broader context, this work expands our knowledge of non-specific nanocrystal interactions and presents a computation-guided strategy for designing self-assembling materials.