bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional dilemmas for caregivers in Turkish home care settings in Germany
Authors: Basche Jan
Published: December 2018

While calling for culturally sensitive healthcare services in migrant communities, the international nursing literature on intercultural care predominantly describes nursing staff as lacking cultural competences and immigrant customers as lacking cleverness to navigate the labyrinths of national healthcare systems. Congruences in language, culture and religion in the customer-caregiver relationship can decisively improve the quality of care. However, they do not automatically guarantee smooth working processes in monocultural in-home settings. On the contrary, new problems occur here for Turkish caregivers which are unknown to the legions of native professionals who feel challenged by migrants and which go beyond differences such as age, sex, income or education. While no cultural or religious brokering is necessary between customers and personnel in the given context in Germany, new challenges arise when caregivers are expected to legally broker between customers and insurance companies or doctors. Conflicting expectations of customers and management as well as their own colliding social and professional roles put the caregivers in a quandary and must be competently managed.
The Dream of Sycorax in the Americas: Understanding Magical Realism in Indigo
Authors: Arargüç Mehmet Fikret , Asayesh Maryam Ebadi
Published: December 2018

Marina Warner’s Indigo retells The Tempest in the setting of Liamuiga and its main focus centers on giving a voice to the silenced female characters of The Tempest. Warner’s Sycorax is a shaman and adopts Dule/Caliban and Ariel, the children of slaves. The appearance of drowned slaves on the Liamuiga shoreline marks the beginning of Sycorax’s nightmare, forecasting the arrival of the English invaders whose first action is an attempt to burn Sycorax alive in her tree house. She survives, but later dies on the night of a bloody fight between indigenous islanders and the English. Her resting place becomes a shrine for the islanders, slaves and European inhabitants as her voice continues to be heard throughout the island. In this paper we intend to show how Warner uses the techniques of magical realist fiction to empower Sycorax and articulate her overarching dream of the return of peace and freedom to the colonized island of Liamuiga
Collective Resource Mobilisation for Economic Survival within the Kurdish and Turkish Communities in London
Authors: Karan Olgu
Published: December 2018

This paper proposes a new conceptual framework in understanding the dynamics within the Kurdish and Turkish (KT) owned firms in London by utilising Charles Tilly’s work concerning collective resource mobilisation. Drawing on 60 in-depth interviews with restaurant, off-licence, kebab-shop, coffee-shop, supermarket, wholesaler owners and various community organisations, the paper sheds light upon the questions of why and how the KT communities in London moved into, and are over represented and why Turkish Cypriots are absent in small business ownership. The re-search illustrates that members of the KT communities aligned in their interests to become small business owners after the demise of textile industry in the midst of 1990s in London. The interest alignment in small business ownership required activation of various forms of capital and transposition of social, cultural and economic capital into one another.
Cinematic Search for Identity in the Shade of Turkey’s 1960 Coup: The Social Realism Debate and The Hope
Authors: Hayir Celal , Kole Ayman
Published: December 2018

When the Turkish army seized power on May 27th, 1960, a new democratic constitution was carried into effect. The positive atmosphere created by the 1961 constitution quickly showed its effects on political balances in the parliament and it became difficult for one single party to come into power, which strengthened the multi-party-system. The freedom initiative created by 1961’s constitution had a direct effect on the rise of public opposition. Filmmakers, who generally steered clear from the discussion of social problems and conflicts until 1960, started to produce movies questioning conflicts in political, social and cultural life for the first time and discussions about the “Social Realism” movement in the ensuing films arose in cinematic circles in Turkey. At the same time, the “regional managers” emerged, and movies in line with demands of this system started to be produced. The Hope (Umut), produced by Yılmaz Güney in 1970, rang in a new era in Turkish cinema, because it differed from other movies previously made in its cinematic language, expression, and use of actors and settings. The aim of this study is to mention the reality discussions in Turkish cinema and outline the political facts which initiated this expression leading up to the film Umut (The Hope, directed by Yılmaz Güney), which has been accepted as the most distinctive social realist movie in Turkey.
Demographic gaps between Syrian and the European populations: What do they suggest?
Authors: Yucesahin Mustafa Murat , Sirkeci Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

Syrian crisis resulted in at least 6.1 million externally displaced people 983,876 of whom are in Europe while the rest are in neighbouring countries in the region. Turkey, due to its geographical proximity and substantial land borders with the country, has been the most popular destination for those fleeing Syria since April 2011. Especially after 2012, a sharp increase in the number of Syrian refugees arriving in Turkey was witnessed. This has triggered an exponential growth in academic and public interest in Syrian population. Numerous reports mostly based on non-representative sample surveys have been disseminated whilst authoritative robust analyses remained absent. This study aims to fill this gap by offering a comprehensive demographic analysis of the Syrian population. We focus on the demographic differences (from 1950s to 2015) and demographic trends (from 2015 to 2100) in medium to long term, based on data from World Population Prospects (WPP). We offer a comparative picture to underline potential changes and convergences between populations in Syria, Turkey, Germany, and the United Kingdom. We frame our discussion here with reference to the demographic transition theory to help understanding the implications for movers and non-movers in receiving countries in the near future.
Referential and vehicular languages in the process of migrant integration
Authors: Angulo Mónica Ibáñez
Published: December 2018

In this article I examined the strategies developed by Bulgarian immigrants living in Spain in order to promote the learning of Bulgarian language and culture among their children. Starting from the incorporated cultural capital brought by immigrants in the form of habitus (Bulgarian language and culture), I analyse how this devaluated cultural capital in the migratory context is effectively reconverted in other forms of cultural capital (objectified and institutionalized) through the development of non-formal and formal courses on Bulgarian language and culture. In this analysis I show the articulation between, on the one hand, the contexts where these informal, non-formal and formal courses take place and, on the other hand, the reconversion of different forms of social and cultural capital: the initial bonding social capital between family members and close group of compatriots is effectively reconverted into bridging and linking social capital as the organization of these courses requires and contributes to the diversification of social networks. The analysis has also a gender dimension given that in most cases, and certainly in the case of Burgos, women are the main social actors and makers of these strategies. The main objective of the article is to show the relevance of social interaction and social networks in the development of reconversion strategies of different forms of social and cultural capital. In addition, the article also expects to raise more awareness towards the relevance of mother-tongue learning in the migratory context.
Thinking about ‘transcultural capital’ and ‘transnational artistic practices’ of migrant Portuguese visual artists
Authors: Gabriel Leandro
Published: December 2018

This article is inspired by the idea of a transnational art world focused on migrants and the visual arts and it delivers a preliminary theoretical discussion. The article discusses the notion of ‘transcultural capital’ as a perspective within the study of contemporary migrations of artist. It also looks at the concept of ‘cultural scenes’ as places of significant cultural and artistic activities and amenities. Linked to these are ‘transnational artistic practices’ and the production of translocal geographies drawn by an overlap of the migratory destinations of artists and networks of places of creation, production and artistic dissemination which enhance different art markets. This article discusses the ways in which these different theories can contribute to our understanding of the mobility of cultural professionals and, in particular, of the emigration of Portuguese visual artists.
Çağdaş Cami Mimarisi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Özçakı Meltem
Published: December 2018

Religious buildings, since the very early ages, are structured through time in accordance with the social structures, changing belief systems, cultural differences, and technological developments. Each civilization studied the period prior to them, benefited from the past knowledge, and developed their own authentic architecture. An evaluation of the contemporary Turkish mosques shows that, instead of building through an understanding of past buildings, replicating structures have been built. Considering the number and characteristics of these practices, it is important that only a few mosques constitute architectural examples. The article examines the reasons why small number of modern mosques has been built whilst the new built mosques replicate the old architectural designs. The issue is discussed with reference to the idea of an “unchanging mosque typology; idealizing a particular era and style; ignoring the developments in technology and material resources; continuing with the accustomed style”. Throughout the concepts such as Islamic Architecture, Ottoman Architecture, social structure, aesthetic perception, meaning, material resources, approaches in ideological and design realms, the longing for past and criticism of the global are used. In the article, a project for Halide Edip Adıvar Complex National Architectural Project Competition is highlighted as a case which is designed by team members: Meltem Özçakı (leader), Yağız Ezer, Ali Derya Mutlu, Büşra Şık, Ecem Kocaarslan, Canan Ganiç and assistants: Mahmut Nimetoğlu, Kübra Çelik. The article ends with a commentary on traditional structures in the context of contemporary opportunities available through new technologies and materials.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Utilisation of Natural Resources in Nigeria
Authors: Akinwalere Susan Nwadinachi
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of FDI on the utilization of natural resources in Nigeria. This article uses annual data from 1970 to 2015 and employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, a testing procedure for level relationships developed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001). The ARDL cointegration approach examines the long-run relationship between FDI and natural resources on one hand and GDP on the other hand. The empirical results indicate that aggregate FDI has a positive and statistically significant impact on both natural resources and GDP in Nigeria. The ‘OIL’ variable presents a positive coefficient while GDP presents a negative estimated coefficient. From a policy point of view, countries such as Nigeria, endowed with natural resources, should pursue policies targeted at full deregulation (privatisation) of their natural resource sector to better utilise the abundance of their natural resources and attract additional FDI. Regarding GDP, there should be concerted efforts to boost the performance of the non-oil sector in Nigeria through more investments in the agricultural and industrial sectors which will make the growth of the economy spread across other sectors and, in turn, encourage national economic growth and development, reducing the possibility of the ‘resource curse’. This is the first paper that employs ARDL in determining the impact of FDI on the utilization of natural resources in Nigeria.
Science-based truth as news: Knowledge production and media in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Fischer-Tahir Andrea
Published: December 2018

This article examines aspects of the entanglement of (social) science, politics and media in Iraqi Kurdistan and investigates their representation in Kurdish newspapers, taking a quantitative study on genocidal persecution published by a Kurdistan government ministry as an example. It demonstrates how one and the same corpus of science-based ideas is appropriated and operationalised according to very different political agendas, and how the media itself conveys certain beliefs on the measurability of social experience and the truth value of science-based knowledge. Drawing on the broad debate in social science and the humanities on knowledge and the capitalist society, this article discusses aspects of the scientification of media and the politicisation of academic knowledge production. Berpêşkirina rastiyên li ser bingehên zanistiyê wekî nûçe: hilberana zanyariyê û medya li Kurdistana IraqêEv gotar astengên li ber zanyariya civakî, siyasî û medyayê li Kurdistana Iraqê û pêşkeşkirina wan di rojnameyên Kurdî da vedikole. Ev lêkolîn xwe dispêre xebateka çendaniyî/quantîtatîv ya nimûneyî li ser çespandina komkujînî ku ji layê Wezareta Hikûmeta Kurdistanê ve hatiye weşandin. Ev xebat nîşan dide bê di medyayê da fikrên zanistî çawan hatine guhertin û bikarînan li gor berjewendiyên siyasî yên ji hev gelek cuda. Ew herwisan destnîşan dike bê medya bi çi rengî baweriyên pûç hildiwerîne li ser pîvandariya serboriyên civakî û li ser rastiya zanyariyên zanistî. Bi bikarînana nîqaşên fereh di qada zanistiya civakî û beşerî da li ser zanyarî û civaka sermayedar, mijara vê gotarê nîqaşkirina wan nêrînan e ku medyayê wekî çavkaniyeka zanyariyên zanistî dihesibînin û wisan pêşkêş dikin. Ev gotar herwisan nîqaş dike li ser zanyariya akademîk ya ku di bin bandora siyasetê da tê hilberandin. حەقیقەتی بە زانستی کراو وەکوو نووچە: زانین بەرهەم هێنان و میدیا لە کوردستانی ئێراق ئەم کاغەزە لە سەر هیندێک لایەنی زانستی (کۆمەڵایەتی)، سیاسەت و میدیا لە کوردستانی ئێراق لێکۆلینەوە دەکات و هەروەها شێوازی بەرجەستەکردنەوە و نواندنەوەی ئەوان لە رۆژنامە کوردییەکان دا دەخاتە بەر تیشکی لێکدانەوە، وەکوو نموونە، لیکۆڵینەوەیەکی چەندییەتی (کوانتیتاتیڤ) لە سەر ستەمەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە ژینۆسیدەوە کە لە لایان وەزارەتخانەیەکی حکوومەتی هەریمی کوردستانەوە بڵاو کراوەتەوە.  ئەمە نیشانی داوە، چۆناوچۆن هەر هەمان کۆبیرۆکەی لە سەر زانست دارژتراو، بە ئاجێندایەکی سیاسی تەواو جیاواز وەرگیراوە و بە کارهێنراوە و هەروەها دەبیندرێت کە چۆناوچۆن خودی میدیا دەبیتە سەرچاوەی چەشنە باوەرییەک لە سەر بە پێوانکردنی ئەزموونی کۆمەڵایەتی و نرخی حەقیقەتی زانینی بە زانستی کراو. بە رێگای راوەستەکردن لە سەر گەنگەشەکانی نێو زانستی کۆمەڵایەتی و جیهانی زانین و کۆمەڵگای سەرمایەداری، ئەم نووسراوەیە، لایەنی بە زانستی کردنی میدیا و بە سیاسی کردنی زانستی ئاکادیمیک دەخاتە بەر باس و لێکۆلینەوە.وشە سەرەکییەکان: هەریمی کوردستان، میدیا، شالاوی ئەنفال، بەرهەمهێنانی زانین، ئانترۆپۆلۆژی میدیا
Editorial
Authors: Bruinessen Martin Van
Published: December 2018

Kurdish Studies has no intention to regularly cover and comment on recent events. However, we are definitely interested in publishing studies, based on serious research and critical reflection, that provide important background or new insights relevant to understanding these events. We would specifically encourage colleagues who could contribute to deepening our understanding of the developments in Syria (or, for that matter, developments affecting the Kurds of Iran, who rarely if ever hit the headlines and who are the most seriously under-studied part of Kurdish society).This special issue of Kurdish Studies is dedicated to studies of the Kurdish language, the oldest branch of Kurdish studies, and the first to find a degree of academic institutionalisation. Compared to other major Middle Eastern languages, Kurdish has received relatively little serious investigation, but there is a gradually growing corpus of empirical and theoretical research, of which the guest editors give a useful overview in the introduction.
The Kurds in the changing political map of the Middle East
Authors: Gunter Michael M
Published: December 2018

This article examines how the rise of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), the on-going Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) insurgency and current peace negotiations with the Turkish government, and the recently declared autonomy by the Syrian Kurds—largely under the leadership of the Democratic Union Party (PYD)—have empowered the Kurds and challenged the existing political map of the Middle East largely established after World War I. At the same time this article also considers the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) as one of the other main tipping points changing the Middle East political map. The roles and policies of Turkey and the United States to these transformations are also analysed.Keywords: Kurds; ISIS; Middle East; politics; Syria; Iraq; KRG; Turkey.Kurd di xerîteya siyasî ya Rojhilata Navîn a di guherînê deArmanca vê gotarê ew e tehlîl bike ka duristbûna Hukûmeta Herêma Kurdistanê, serhildana berdewam a Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê û danûstandinên aştiyê ligel hukûmeta Tirkiyeyê, û ew otonomiya ku kurdên Sûriyeyê, heyamên dawî, piranî di bin pêşengiya Partiya Yekîtiya Demokratîk de ragihandin çawa kurd bihêz kirine û çawa hevsengiya xerîteya siyasî ya Rojhilata Navîn, ya bi piranî li dû Şerê Cîhanî yê Yekem hatiye binecihkirin, xistiye ber birparsyaran. Gotar herwiha balê dikêşe ser peydabûna Dewleta Îslamî li Iraq û Sûriyeyê wek xaleke dîtir a werçerxanê di guherîna xerîteya siyasî ya Rojhilata Navîn de. Herwiha, dewr û siyasetên Tirkiye û Dewletên Yekgirtî yên Emerîkayê yên di barê van guherînan de jî hatine tehlîlkirin.
Review: Alevis in Turkey
Authors: Çalışkan Esin
Published: December 2018

This review analyses the recent contributions of Elise Massicard and Markus Dressler to Alevi studies. While Massicard employs methods of political sociology and transna-tional identity politics, Dressler is concerned with the intrinsic relation between the religious and the secular as well as the place of religion in nation-state building projects. Massicard argues that formulating Alevism is context and actor dependent and shaped simultaneously in its interaction with diverse actors, which she calls identity movement without an identity. The emphasis on the audience in defining Alevism might stem from the inadequacy of the universal language of religion to accommodate Alevi expression. Similarly, Dressler argues that the modern Alevi tradition was constructed at the intersection of Turkish nation building, modern religion discourse and Islamic apologetics and criticises the modernist discourse on religion such as the heterodoxy/orthodoxy binary for its insufficiency to capture the complexities of different contexts.
Professor Mirella Galletti
Authors: Blau Joyce
Published: December 2018

Professor Mirella Galletti, a great friend of the Kurds, died in Rome on 4 September 2012. Mirella's work is of inestimable value to the field of Kurdish Studies and her publications cover not only the history, society and traditions of the Kurds, but also the Christian minorities of the Middle East, particularly those of Iraq and Kurdistan.
Book Reviews
Authors: Studies Kurdish
Published: December 2018

Minoo Alinia, Honor and Violence against Women in Iraqi Kurdistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 190 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-137-36700-6).Fevzi Bilgin and Ali Sarıhan (eds.), Understanding Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2013, 250 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-7391-8402-8).Michael M. Gunter, Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War, Hurst Publishers, London, 2014, 169 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-84904-435-6).Mohammed Shareef, The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: Shock, Awe and Aftermath, New York and Oxon: Routledge, 2014, 234 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-0415719902).Latif Tas, Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, 208 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-1472422088).Galia Goran and Walid Salem (eds.), Non-State Actors in the Middle East: Factors for Peace and Democracy, Oxon: Routledge, 2013, 230 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-0415517058).Mehmed S. Kaya, The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, xii, 223 pp., (ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4). Shanna Kirschner, Trust and Fear in Civil Wars: Ending Intrastate Conflicts, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, 189 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-7391-9641-0).
Reflections on the Kurdish diaspora: An interview with Dr Kendal Nezan
Authors: Toivanen Mari
Published: December 2018

In this interview, Dr Kendal Nezan, the director of the Kurdish Institute in Paris, reflects on the development of the Kurdish diaspora, the current state of affairs concerning Kurdish movements in Europe and the past and present of the Kurdish Institute in Paris, first established in 1983. Nezan notes that the institute has been successful in creating a non-partisan public space open for Kurds from all corners of the world as well as to others interested in Kurdish history, language, culture and politics. Furthermore, the institute has been an important platform to raise awareness about the Kurdish cause in Europe. The continued functioning of the institute remains essential and, according to Nezan, not least for the second generation diaspora to be able to engage for the Kurdish cause. To this end, the institute has been negatively affected by the austerity policies of the French authorities and launched a donation campaign to draw contributions to ensure that it can continue to operate as an independent institute.
History of Ardalānids (1590-1810) by Sharaf al-Dīn bin Shams al-Dīn
Authors: Karimi Sara Zandi
Published: December 2018

This article is a critical translation of the “History of the Ardalānids.” In doing so, it hopes to make available to a wider academic audience this invaluable source on the study of Iranian Kurdistan during the early modern period. While a number of important texts pertaining to the Kurds during this era, most notably the writings of the Ottoman traveler Evliya Chalabi, focus primarily on Ottoman Kurdistan, this piece in contrast puts Iranian Kurdistan in general and the Ardalān dynasty in particular at the center of its historical narrative. Thus it will be of interest not only to scholars of Kurdish history but also to those seeking more generally to research life on the frontiers of empires.Keywords: Ẕayl; Ardalān; Kurdistan; Iran.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDîroka Erdelaniyan (1590-1810)Ev gotar wergereke rexneyî ya “Dîroka Erdelaniyan” e. Bi vê yekê, merema xebatê ew e ku vê çavkaniya pir biqîmet a li ser Kurdistana Îranê ya di serdema pêş-modern de ji bo cemawerê akademîk berdest bike. Hejmareke metnên girîng li ser Kurdên wê serdemê, bi taybetî nivîsînên Evliya Çelebî yê seyyahê osmanî, zêdetir berê xwe didine Kurdistana di bin hukmê Osmaniyan de. Lê belê, di navenda vê xebatê de, bi giştî Kurdistana Îranê û bi taybetî jî xanedana Erdelaniyan heye. Wisa jî ew dê ne tenê ji bo lêkolerên dîroka kurdî belku ji bo ewên ku dixwazin bi rengekî berfirehtir derheq jiyana li ser tixûbên împeretoriyan lêkolînan bikin jî dê balkêş be.ABSTRACT IN SORANIMêjûy Erdellan (1590-1810)Em wutare wergêrranêkî rexneyî “Mêjûy Erdellan”e, bew mebestey em serçawe girînge le ser Kurdistanî Êran le seretakanî serdemî nwê bixate berdest cemawerî ekademî. Jimareyek serçawey girîng le ser kurdekan lew serdeme da hen, diyartirînyan nûsînekanî gerîdey ‘Usmanî Ewliya Çelebîye, ke zortir serincyan le ser ‘Kurdistanî ‘Usmanî bûwe. Em berheme be pêçewanewe Kurdistanî Êran be giştî, we emaretî Erdelan be taybetî dexate senterî xwêndinewekewe. Boye nek tenya bo twêjeranî biwarî mêjûy kurdî, belku bo ewaney le ser jiyan le sinûre împiratoriyekan twêjînewe deken, cêgay serinc debêt.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gunes Cengiz , Mügge Liza , Smets Kevin , Jongerden Joost , Öpengin Ergin , Isik Ebubekir
Published: December 2018

Eve Hepburn (ed.), New Challenges for Stateless Nationalist and Regionalist Parties, London: Routledge, 2011, 186 pp., (ISBN: 1317965965).Paul White, The PKK: Coming Down From the Mountains, London: Zed Books, 2015, 216 pp., (ISBN: 9781783600373). Ibrahim Sirkeci, Jeffrey H. Cohen & Pınar Yazgan (eds.), Conflict, Insecurity and Mobility, Transnational Press London, London, 2016, 184 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-910781-09-8)  Janroj Y. Keles, Media, Diaspora and Conflict: Nationalism and Identity Amongst Turkish and Kurdish Migrants in Europe, London: I.B. Tauris, 2015, 256 pp., (ISBN: 9781784530396).Abdullah Öcalan, The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, London: Pluto Press, 2017, 153 pp., (ISBN: 9780745399768).Mistefa Aydogan, Rêbera Rastnivîsînê, Istanbul: Rûpel, 2012, 298 pp., (ISBN: 978-605-86516-0-9).
Kurds in the USSR, 1917-1956
Authors: Pohl Jonathan Otto
Published: December 2018

Soviet policy towards its Kurds fluctuated and remained fragmented, ambivalent, and inconsistent throughout the existence of the USSR. On one hand, the Soviet government provided for the material and cultural development of Kurds in Armenia and Azerbaijan during the 1920s and 1930s. On the other hand, in 1937 it deported a number of Kurds from Azerbaijan and in 1944 an even larger number from Georgia to Kazakhstan and Central Asia as special settlers. The Soviet government only freed Kurdish special settlers from the legal restrictions limiting their movement and other rights in April 1956. Former Kurdish special settlers, however, could not return to the Caucasus. The Kurds remained a diaspora group in the USSR without any national territory and only limited cultural institutions. Only in the late 1980s did this situation change.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIKurd li Yekîtiya Komarên Sosyalîst ên Sovyetan ji 1917 heta 1956Siyaseta Sovyetan beramber kurdên xwe, di hemû tarîxa YKSS de, pir caran guherî û hergav pirserî, xumam û nelihev bû. Li milekî, salên 1920an û 1930yan, dewleta Sovyetê îmkan dabîn kirin ji bo pêşketina çandî û samanî ya kurdên Ermenistan û Azerbeycanê. Li milê din, heman dewletê sala 1937an hejmareke kurdên Azerbeycanê û sala 1944an jî hejmareke pir mezintir a kurdên Gurcistanê wek muhacirên taybet şandine Qazaxistan û Asyaya Navendî. Dewleta Sovyetê şertên taybet ên li ser kurdên muhacir, yên ku bo nimûne nedihêlan ew ji cihekî biçin cihên din, bes di nîsana 1956an de rakirin. Lê belê, muhacirên kurd ên destê pêşiyê nekarîn bizivirine Qefqazyayê. Kurd li YKSS wek cemaeteke diasporayê veman bêyî ti erdekî xwe yê neteweyî û bi tenê bi hindek dezgehên çandî. Bi tenê salên dawî yên 1980an ev rewş guherî. ABSTRACT IN SORANIKurd le Yekyetî Sovîyet 1917 ta 1956Siyasetî Yekîyetî Sovyet le beramber Kurdekanî xoyda berz û nizmî be xoyewe bînîwe û le hemû temenî Yekîyetî Sovîyetda be şêweyekî natewaw, rarrayî û neguncaw mayewe. Le layenêkewe, ḧikumetî Yekîyetî Sovîyet, le nêwan sallekanî 1920 û 1930ekan, helumercî bo geşey binerretî û kultûrîy Kurdekan le Ermeniya û Azerbaycan rexisand. Le layenêkî tirewe, le sallî 1937 jimareyek le Kurdekanî le Azerbaycan derkird û tenanet le sallî 1944 jimareyekî zor ziyatir lewanî, wekû koçerî taybet, le Corciyawe rewaney Qezaxistan û Asyay Nawendî kird. Tenya le aprîlî 1956da, ḧikumetî Yekîyetî Sovîyet berbende yasayîyekanî le ser azadî hatûçû û mafekanî tirî em koçere taybetane hellweşandewe. Bellam, ew kurdaney ke pêştir kirabûn be koçer yan nêştecêy taybet boyan nebû bigerrênewe bo nawçey Qefqaz. Kurdekan wekû grupêkî diyaspora le Yekîyetî Sovîyetda manewe, bê ewey herêmêkî nîştimanîyan hebê û tenya çend enistîtoyekî kultûrîy sinûrdaryan pê dra. Tenya le kotayî heştakanî sedey bîstemda doxeke gorrankarî beserda hat.
TRANSLATION: The English-Turkish Conflict of Mosul
Authors: Elbe Joachim V. , Coban Ethem
Published: December 2018

This article is the English translation of Der englisch-türkische Mossulkonflikt by Dr. Joachim v. Elbe, a prominent German-American legal expert of the 20th century. The original article in German was published in 1929 in the first issue of Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law). The aim of translating this article is to present to the readers of Kurdish Studies the perspective of past publications documenting discussion on Kurds and statehood as well breaking language barriers and making such documents accessible to a wider audience. Moreover, this translation hopes to provide policymakers and scholars engaged in this topic with an overview of the legal history.Acknowledgement: This article is translated by Ethem Çoban from the original paper by Joachim v. Elbe published in 1929 with the title “Der englisch-turkische Mossulkonflikt” in Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrech, Heidelberg Journal of International Law ( HJIL ), vol.1, part.2, pp.391-418. Available at http://www.zaoerv.de/01_1929/1_1929_1_a_391_420.pdf, accessed: 01/09/2018.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDubendiya Îngilîz û Tirkan li ser MûsilêEv babet wergerra înglîzî ya babeteke bi nawnîşana Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt e û ji layê doktor Joachim v. Elbe ve hatiye nivîsîn, ku pisporekî diyar yê yasaya emerîkî-elmanî yê sedsala bîstem e. Babeta eslî li sala 1929 bi elmanî li jimareya yekem a Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Kovara Heidelberg bo Yasaya Navdewletî) de hatiye belavkirin. Armanca serekî ji wergêrana vê babetê ewe nêrîna weşan û nivîsarên demên borî ji bo belgekirina guftûgoyên li ser kurd û dewletdariyê bikevine ber bal û nezera xwînerên kovara Kurdish Studies, li gel şikandina rêgirîya zimanî û wisa bibe ku ev belge bikevine ber destê cemawerekî berfirehtir. Ji bilî van, ev werger hêvîdar e nezereke giştî li ser dîroka yasayî bo siyasetmedar û lêkolerên mijarê dabîn bike.ABSTRACT IN SORANIMilmilanêy înglîzî-turkî le MûsillEm babete wergêrranî înglîzîy babetêke be nawnîşanî Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt we le layen diktor Joachim v. Elbe nûsrawe, ke pisporrêkî diyarî yasayî emrîkî-ellmanîy sedey bîsteme. Babete esllîyeke le sallî 1929 be ellmanî le yekem jimarey Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Jorrnallî Heidelberg bo Yasay Nêwdewlletî) billaw kirayewe. Amancî serekî le wergêrranî em babete eweye rwangey billawkirawekanî rabirdû bo dokumêntkirdinî giftugokan le ser kurd û dewlletdarî bixirête ber dîdî xwêneranî Kurdish Studies, legell şkandinî rêgirîye zimanewanîyekan we wa bikrêt ew dokumêntane bikewne berdest cemawerêkî frawantir. Cige lewe, em wergêrrane hîwaxwaze têrrwanînî giştî leser dîrokî yasayî bo siyasetmedaran û twêjeran dabîn bikat.
Mapping social remittances
Authors: Boccagni Paolo , Decimo Francesca
Published: December 2018

The notion of social remittances has gained a central position, discursively at least, in the literature on the effects of emigration on home societies. In this editorial we briefly review the strengths and limitations that this concept has displayed, since its early coinage in transnational migration studies. More of-ten than not, social remittances have been treated in the literature in a peripheral vein, ancillary to different foci of research. This Migration Letters special issue aims to move the debate on the theme beyond this unsatisfactory state of things. More specifically, we argue for four lines of research on social remittances to be further developed: the tensions between individualization and home-society based obligations and pressures, which shape the development and circulation of social remittances; the need to explore the embeddedness of economic remittances within a broader range of socio-cultural remittances (rather than vice versa); the interfaces between the categories of social remittances and social capital; the complex ways in which physical and social distance between senders and recipients affects the circulation of social remittances, as well as their impact on migrants' communities of origin.
Rethinking social remittances and the migration-development nexus from the perspective of time
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Lamba-Nieves Deepak
Published: December 2018

This article explores how the conceptualization, management, and measurement of time affect the migration-development nexus. We focus on how social remittances transform the meaning and worth of time, thereby changing how these ideas and practices are accepted and valued and recalibrating the relationship between migration and development. Our data reveal the need to pay closer attention to how migration’s impacts shift over time in response to its changing significance, rhythms, and horizons. How does migrants’ social influence affect and change the needs, values, and mind-frames of non-migrants? How do the ways in which social remittances are constructed, perceived, and accepted change over time for their senders and receivers?
Migrants and their money are not all the same: Migration, remittances and family morality in rural South India
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: December 2018

The article analyses the relation between social remittances and migrant families through the perspective of migrant elites’ politics of identity in sending contexts. It argues for the importance of looking historically at how competing engagements with migration have led people to morally evaluate the suitability of remittances for kinship well-being. Migrant elites' conceptions of remittances are underpinned by a double meaning associated with ‘foreign money’, which is in turn highly influenced by local perceptions of different migrant destinations. On the one hand, money (as other goods) symbolizes loyalty towards the family and the community. On the other, money becomes the visible manifestation of distance between kin, and is locally judged insofar as it is not able to replace the lack of family care and affection. In the process, remittances emerge not only as a medium of family care, but also a social phenomenon through which the morality and possibility of kinship solidarity is questioned, if not invalidated.
New forms of intra-European migration, labour market dynamics and social inequality in Europe
Authors: Verwiebe Roland , Wiesböck Laura , Teitzer Roland
Published: December 2018

This article deals mainly with new forms of Intra-European migration, processes of integration and inequality, and the dynamics of emerging transnational labour markets in Europe. We discuss these issues against the background of fundamental changes which have been taking place on the European continent over the past two decades. Drawing on available comparative European data, we examine, in a first step, whether the changes in intra-European migration patterns have been accompanied by a differentiation of the causes of migration. In a second step, we discuss the extent to which new forms of transnational labour markets have been emerging within Europe and their effects on systems of social stratification.
Predicting return intentions in Madrid
Authors: Caro Raquel , Fernández Mercedes , Valbuena Consuelo
Published: December 2018

Although Spain has only recently turned out to be an immigrant-receiving country, because of the economic downturn, Spanish authorities are becoming increasingly concerned about return migration. The main aim of this paper is to analyse the underlying variables of return intention of migrants in the Autonomous Community of Madrid in order to extract policy implications in the return arena. The microdata source is the Regional Immigration Survey 2011–2012. Our main finding is that having a job in Spain is the most important constraint to returning. In any case, return intentions vary with age groups, so policy design should be different according to this variable.
Acculturation contexts: Theorizing on the role of inter-cultural hierarchy in contemporary immigrants’ acculturation strategies
Authors: Stephens Cristina S.
Published: December 2018

Recent efforts to expand the theoretical framework of acculturation have drawn attention to a variety of pre-migration and reception contexts that affect how immigrants engage with the culture of their country of destination. Building on John W. Berry’s seminal work, this article contributes to the development of acculturation theory by delineating the previously under-explored context of inter-cultural hierarchy. Employing a critical theory stance, the paper argues that immigrants’ response to western cultural dominance and the rise of neoliberal imperatives can influence, along with the above mentioned contexts, their acculturative strategies. The paper proposes distinctions between types of assimilation, integration and separation strategies that have the potential to capture immigrant’s risk of long-term psychosocial maladjustment in the country of destination.
Searching for ‘success’: generation, gender and onward migration in the Iranian diaspora
Authors: Kelly Melissa
Published: December 2018

This article uses the concepts of ‘transnational social fields’ and ‘habitus’ to explore the multifaceted role families play in shaping the aspirations of onward migrating youth. The article draws on biographical life history interviews conducted with the children of Iranian migrants who were raised in Sweden but moved to London, UK as adults. The findings of the study suggest that from a young age, all the participants were pressured by their parents to perform well academically, and to achieve high level careers. These goals were easier to achieve in London than in Sweden for several reasons. Interestingly, however, participants’ understandings of what constituted success and their motivations for onward migration were nuanced and varied considerably by gender. The study contributes to an understanding of the role of multi-sited transnational social fields in shaping the aspirations of migrant youths, as well as the strategies taken up by these migrants to achieve their goals.
Turkey’s refugees, Syrians and refugees from Turkey: a country of insecurity
Authors: Sirkeci Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

The European Union has faced one of its biggest crises with the rise of population inflows through its Eastern and Southern neighbours as well as movements within the Union. In 2016, the main debate that dominated Europe was on restricting migration within and into the EU along with concerns and objections to the refugee quota systems and the sharing of the burden among member states. Turkey emerged as a ‘gate keeper’ in this crisis and has since been at the centre of debates because of the large Syrian refugee population in the country and billions of Euros it was promised to prevent refugees travelling to Europe. The Syrian crisis produced over 4.8 million refugees with over 2.8 million were based in Turkey by the end of 2016. Turkey with its generous support for Syrian refugees has been confirmed as a ‘country of security’. This shadows the darker side of affairs as the very same country has also produced millions of asylum seekers since the 1980 military coup. Current circumstances and fresh evidence indicate that there will be more European Union bound refugees coming through and from Turkey.
News discourse and ideology: critical analysis of Copenhagen gang wars’ online news
Authors: Yazgan Pınar , Eroğlu Utku Deniz
Published: December 2018

Gang warfare is one of the social problems that draw attention in Denmark and it occupies an important place in the media discourse. However, the discriminatory and exclusionary effects of this discourse have been largely overlooked in many of the previous studies focusing on this problem. Taking this into account, this study examines the discriminatory aspects of the online news discourse covering these gang wars. In this way, it uncovers the forms of anti-immigrant bias in the news discourse in Denmark by examining articles from two online news articles of the newspaper Politiken’s and the news quoted from the same newspaper. Specifically, this study aims to demonstrate that the discriminatory and exclusionist discourse on the gang wars in Denmark may cause ethnic discrimination by producing negative social capital. The chosen sample of news articles have been analysed by devoting special focus on the concepts of ‘racism’, ‘exclusion’, ‘marginalisation’ and ‘negative social capital’ which are based on the critical discourse analysis of Teun A. van Dijk, who argues that news and media messages are ideological. The results of the analysis of the chosen news articles revealed that gang wars are not racism based wars as was claimed by the dominant media discourse
Migration and the Internet
Authors: Cooke Thomas John , Shuttleworth Ian
Published: December 2018

It is widely presumed that information and communication technologies, or ICTs, enable migration in several ways; primarily by reducing the costs of migration. However, a reconsideration of the relationship between ICTs and migration suggests that ICTs may just as well hinder migration; primarily by reducing the costs of not moving.  Using data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics, models that control for sources of observed and unobserved heterogeneity indicate a strong negative effect of ICT use on inter-state migration within the United States. These results help to explain the long-term decline in internal migration within the United States.
The Dutch battle for highly skilled migrants: policy, implementation and the role of social networks
Authors: Kulu-Glasgow Isik , Schans Djamila , Smit Monika
Published: December 2018

In recent years a growing competition for talent has emerged among developed nations. Policymakers across North-America, Australia and Europe have implemented targeted migration programs to attract global talent in order to gain the net positive effects associated with skilled migration. Research so far has mainly focused on analyzing such programs in traditional destinations for highly skilled migrants such as the United States, Canada and Australia. In this article we take the Netherlands as a case study of the more recent European involvement in the ‘race for talent’. We first describe how ‘highly skilled’ migrants are categorized in the various skilled migration schemes that exist in the Netherlands. Secondly, by using primary data on highly-skilled migrants who participated in one of these schemes we look at whether the policy measures attracted the intended target group. We conclude that policy measures that favor highly skilled migrants by themselves are not enough to attract talent. Having social capital in the Netherlands as well as the recruiting efforts of Dutch employers are more important in attracting highly skilled migrants. Also, being highly skilled does not necessarily mean that access to the Dutch labor market is without obstacles.
Elderly immigration to Hungary
Authors: Illés Sándor
Published: December 2018

In general, younger cohorts dominate in the international migration flows, but new form of migration develops, namely, the elderly migration. The old age international movement of people is a migratory phenomenon of the last decades of the 20th century. Parallel with the accelerating ageing process, the share of long-term elderly immigrants has been growing since the middle of nineties in Hungary. In the millennium every tenth long-term immigrants staying in Hungary was 60 years old and over. The share of persons over 60 gaining Hungarian citizenship also increased and stabilised around 12 per cent. The expansion of old-aged immigrants and new citizens is not advantageous under the prevailing legal rules in case of international migration policy preparing utility principles. If the elderly migration to Hungary becomes greater in level, it will be necessary to intervene into the spontaneous process. It is important to state that the emerging problems must be managed in a differentiated manner according to the types of the elderly migrants.
Entrepreneurship as Social Status: Turkish Immigrants’ Experiences of Self-Employment in Finland
Authors: Wahlbeck Östen
Published: December 2018

The article discusses the experiences of self-employment among immigrants from Turkey living in Finland. The immigrants are mainly active in the restaurant and fast food sector in Finland, primarily in small kebap and pizza businesses. The article argues that both economic and social aspects explain the experiences of self-employment. Despite economic hardship, the freedom and social status connected to entrepreneurship is highly valued. Self-employment provides a positive self-understanding and a good social status, which the immigrants from Turkey find it difficult to achieve by any other means in Finnish society
Sustainable Illegality: Gagauz Women in Istanbul
Authors: Unal Bayram
Published: December 2018

This study deals with survival strategies of illegal migrants in Turkey. It aims to provide an explanation for the efforts to keep illegality sustainable for one specific ethnic/national group—that is, the Gagauz of Moldova, who are of Turkish ethnic origin. In order to explicate the advantages of Turkish ethnic origin, I will focus on their preferential treatment at state-law level and in terms of the implementation of the law by police officers. In a remarkable way, the juridical framework has introduced legal ways of dealing with the illegality of ethnically Turkish migrants. From the viewpoint of migration, the presence of strategic tools of illegality forces us to ask not so much law-related questions, but to turn to a sociological inquiry of how and why they overstay their visas. Therefore, this study concludes that it is the social processes behind their illegality, rather than its form, that is more important for our understanding of the migrants’ survival strategies in destination countries.
Immigration and the US farm labour supply
Authors: Taylor J. Edward , Boucher Stephen R. , Smith Aaron , Fletcher Peri L. , Yúnez-Naude Antonio
Published: December 2018

This paper uses unique data from rural Mexico to examine the supply of immigrant hired labour to US farms. Econometric evidence indicates that immigration policy reforms had unintended consequences for farm labour supply. The long-term trend in migration from rural Mexico to US farms is decreasing, and in recent years, US farms have drawn more labour from remote and less developed areas of rural Mexico. Other high income countries, as well as some developing nations, mirror the US in reliance on foreign agricultural workers. Our analysis questions the sustainability of an agricultural system that depends on foreign sources of labour, and highlights the importance of labour productivity-enhancing technological change.
Remittances and the promise of financial democracy: critical reflections from the US-Mexico case
Authors: Bakker Matt
Published: December 2018

This article presents critical analysis of a recent "financial democracy" initiative carried out collaboratively between agencies of the Mexican and US governments.  The significant governmental work that officials put into the design of a low-cost remittance transfer service, marketing that service to banks and credit unions, and encouraging migrants to use it are described and analyzed.  Despite all this effort, the service has not been taken up by large numbers of migrants; different explanations for these dismal results are discussed.  The article concludes by emphasizing the value of the type of critical remittances research presented and suggesting a new critical research agenda.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sirkeci Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

The Remittance Landscape: Spaces of Migration in Rural Mexico and Urban USA by Sarah Lynn Lopez, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015, pp. 336, ISBN: 978-022620281-5.Migrant Remittances in South Asia: An Introduction edited by Md Mizanur Rahman, Tan Tai Yong, A K M Ahsan Ullah, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2014, pp. 302, ISBN: 978-1-137-35079-4.