bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data envelopment analysis with fuzzy complex numbers with an empirical case on power plants of iran
Authors: Esfandiari Mahmood , Saati Saber
Published: June 2020

Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in complex environment is an idea that has recently presented for measuring the relative efficiencies of a set of Decision Making Units (DMUs) with complex inputs and outputs. The values of the input and output data in real-world problems appear sometimes as fuzzy complex number. For dealing with these types of data in DEA, we need to design a new model. This paper proposes a DEA model with triangular fuzzy complex numbers and solve it by using the concept of the data size and the α-level approach. This method transforms DEA model with fuzzy complex data to a linear programing problem with crisp data. In the following, a ranking model is also developed using the above approach to rank the efficient DMUs. The proposed method is presented for the first time by the authors and there is no similar method. Finally, we present a case study in the generators of the steam power plants to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methods in the power industry.
Computational method for highly constrained molecular dynamics of rigid bodies: Coarse-grained simulation of auxetic two-dimensional protein crystals
Authors: Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo Jorge A. , Wiesehan Garret , Ribeiro Raphael F. , Yuen-Zhou Joel
Published: June 2020

The increasing number of protein-based metamaterials demands reliable and efficient theoretical and computational methods to study the physicochemical properties they may display. In this regard, we develop a simulation strategy based on Molecular Dynamics (MD) that addresses the geometric degrees of freedom of an auxetic two-dimensional protein crystal. This model consists of a network of impenetrable rigid squares linked through massless rigid rods. Our MD methodology extends the well-known protocols SHAKE and RATTLE to include highly non-linear holonomic and non-holonomic constraints, with an emphasis on collision detection and response between anisotropic rigid bodies. The presented method enables the simulation of long-time dynamics with reasonably large time steps. The data extracted from the simulations allow the characterization of the dynamical correlations featured by the protein subunits, which show a persistent motional interdependence across the array. On the other hand, non-holonomic constraints (collisions between subunits) increase the number of inhomogeneous deformations of the network, thus driving it away from an isotropic response. Our work provides the first long-timescale simulation of the dynamics of protein crystals and offers insights into promising mechanical properties afforded by these materials.
A model for the competition between political mono-polarization and bi-polarization
Authors: Saintier Nicolas , Pablo Pinasco Juan , Vazquez Federico
Published: June 2020

We investigate the phenomena of political bi-polarization in a population of interacting agents by means of a generalized version of the model introduced by Vazquez et al. [Phys. Rev. E 101, 012101 (2020)] for the dynamics of voting intention. Each agent has a propensity p in [0,1] to vote for one of two political candidates. In an iteration step, two randomly chosen agents i and j with respective propensities pi and pj interact, and then pi either increases by an amount h>0 with a probability that is a nonlinear function of pi and pj or decreases by h with the complementary probability. We assume that each agent can interact with any other agent (all-to-all interactions). We study the behavior of the system under variations of a parameter q≥0 that measures the nonlinearity of the propensity update rule. We focus on the stability properties of the two distinct stationary states: mono-polarization in which all agents share the same extreme propensity (0 or 1), and bi-polarization where the population is divided into two groups with opposite and extreme propensities. We find that the bi-polarized state is stable for qqc, where qc(h) is a transition value that decreases as h decreases. We develop a rate equation approach whose stability analysis reveals that qc vanishes when h becomes infinitesimally small. This result is supported by the analysis of a transport equation derived in the continuum h→0 limit. We also show by Monte Carlo simulations that the mean time τ to reach mono-polarization in a system of size N scales as τ∼Nα at qc , where α is a nonuniversal exponent that depends on h.
Measurement of the dissociation rates of ion clusters in ionic liquid ion sources
Authors: Miller Catherine E. , Lozano Paulo C.
Published: June 2020

Ionic liquid ion sources utilize electric fields to evaporate and accelerate ions and ion clusters to ∼1 keV energies. Ion clusters may dissociate after evaporation, which is not a well-characterized phenomenon and has relevant consequences in many applications. We measure the dissociation rate-constants of ion clusters for several ionic liquids. It is found that ion cluster dissociation occurs on timescales of the order of 1–5 μs and follows a constant-rate equation in the region outside the ion source. Using the measured rate-constants, we estimate the post-emission ion cluster temperatures. We also qualify the way the electric field enhances the rate-constants. Finally, our work supports the hypothesis that ion clusters with many degrees of freedom have lower dissociation rates.
Plasmonic nitridation of SiO2/Si(100) surface covered with gold nanoparticles via nitrogen plasma-produced radicals and light
Authors: Kitajima Takeshi , Miyake Machiko , Honda Kohei , Nakano Toshiki
Published: June 2020

In this work, the optical response of gold nanoparticles was used for radical-induced nitridation of a SiO2/Si(100) surface. High-quality SiON thin films were successfully formed via radicals and light from a low-temperature, low-pressure nitrogen inductively coupled plasma at low substrate temperatures <200 °C. The SiO2 surface was covered with gold nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5.4 nm and irradiated with light and nitrogen radicals produced using a remote plasma. The combination of light, gold nanoparticles, and radicals including low-energy ions resulted in a conversion of the Si–O bond to Si–N, forming a nitrogen-rich SiON film. The SiON thin film (equivalent oxide thickness of 3 nm) formed at a low temperature and had a small leakage current (3 × 10–5 A cm–2) that was comparable to a thermal oxide. It could be inferred that hot electrons supplied by surface plasmon resonance, which is unique to the gold nanoparticles, or photoemission by ultraviolet rays promoted the reaction between the nitrogen radicals and the substrate surface.
Different types of band alignment at MoS2/(Al, Ga, In)N heterointerfaces
Authors: Singh Deependra Kumar , Roul Basanta , Pant Rohit , Chowdhury Arun Malla , Nanda K. K. , Krupanidhi S. B.
Published: June 2020

Heterojunction band offset parameters are critical for designing and fabricating junction-based devices as these parameters play a crucial role in determining the optical and electronic properties of a device. Herein, we report the band discontinuities at the MoS2/III-nitride (InN, GaN, and AlN) heterointerfaces. Few-layer MoS2 thin films are deposited by pulsed laser deposition on III-nitrides/c-sapphire substrates. Band offsets [valence band offset (VBO) and conduction band offset (CBO)] at the heterojunctions are determined by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The estimated band alignments are found to be type-I (VBO: 2.34 eV, CBO: 2.59 eV), type-II (VBO: 2.38 eV, CBO: 0.32 eV), and type-III (VBO: 2.23 eV, CBO: 2.87 eV) for MoS2/AlN, MoS2/GaN, and MoS2/InN, respectively. Such determination of the band offsets of 2D/3D heterojunctions paves a way to understand and design the futuristic photonic and electronic devices using these material systems.
Terahertz faraday rotation of magneto-optical films enhanced by helical metasurface
Authors: Li Teng-Fei , Li Yi-Lei , Zhang Zi-Yang , Yang Qing-Hui , Fan Fei , Wen Qi-Ye , Chang Sheng-Jiang
Published: June 2020

The Faraday rotation effect of both the La: yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film and the YIG metasurface were experimentally and numerically investigated in the terahertz (THz) region. A THz magneto-optic polarization measurement system was used to observe the transmission, resonance, and magneto-optical effect of the La:YIG film and YIG metasurface. The THz artificial chirality and resonance localization of the helical metasurface generate the superchiral THz field, which enhances the THz magneto-optical effect of the YIG film. The results show that the Faraday effect of the YIG metasurface is about three times that of the pure YIG film, whose differential rotation angle increases from 8° to over 24°. This work achieves more sensitively active polarization control of THz waves, which is of great significance for THz polarization conversion, sensing, and non-reciprocal transmission.
Deformation and leakage mechanisms at hydraulic clearance fit in deep-sea extreme environment
Authors: Li Li , Wu Jia-Bin
Published: June 2020

Hydraulic system is widely used as a power source in deep-sea operation equipment. The sealing performance and the relative movement of the parts in hydraulic components are significantly affected by the structural deformation at the clearance fit and the viscosity increase of the hydraulic fluid medium, which are both caused by high seawater pressure. In this paper, the deformation formula at the clearance fit in the deep-sea environment is deduced, which indicates that the deformed height of the fit clearance decreases linearly in the axial direction. A minimum clearance design criterion is proposed, and it is found that the smaller the difference between the bulk modulus of the matching parts and the fit radius are, the smaller the variation of the height of the fit clearance is under various working conditions and the smaller the required minimum initial height is. The leakage flow rate formula at the clearance fit in the deep-sea environment is deduced as well, which introduces modified factors to consider the effects of structural deformation, viscosity increase, and eccentricity. The calculation result shows that under the condition of 11 000 m deep sea, the leakage flow rate calculated by the classic formula is about five times larger than that of the modified formula. Multi-parameter fluid–solid-interaction simulations are carried out to verify the correctness of the deduced deformation and leakage flow rate formulas. The leakage flow rate of the situation with inclination involved is also analyzed through numerical simulations.
Numerical simulations of arc plasma under external magnetic field-assisted gas metal arc welding
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Ji , Jiang ChunLi , Wu ChuanSong
Published: June 2020

The arc plasma behavior for gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with an external compound magnetic field was numerically investigated. A three-dimensional finite element model for the external magnetic field (EMF) and a three-dimensional finite volume model for the arc plasma were established. The effects of the EMF on the redistribution of the temperature, fluid flow, pressure, and electromagnetic force in the arc plasma were compared with traditional GMAW under the same welding parameters. The control mechanism of the external compound magnetic field on the arc plasma behavior was analyzed. The results show that the magnitude of the additional electromagnetic force was much lower than that of the self-induced electromagnetic force, but it caused forward inclination and periodic swinging of the arc plasma. When an EMF was applied, the peak temperature decreased, and the temperature distribution was more uniform. The peak pressure was also much smaller than that without an applied EMF.
A generalized few-state model for the first hyperpolarizability
Authors: Alam Md Mehboob , Beerepoot Maarten T. P. , Ruud Kenneth
Published: June 2020

The properties of molecules depend on their chemical structure, and thus, structure–property relations help design molecules with desired properties. Few-state models are often used to interpret experimental observations of non-linear optical properties. Not only the magnitude but also the relative orientation of the transition dipole moment vectors is needed for few-state models of the non-linear optical properties. The effect of the relative orientation of the transition dipole moment vectors is called dipole alignment, and this effect has previously been studied for multiphoton absorption properties. However, so far, no such studies are reported for the first hyperpolarizability. Here, we present a generalized few-state model for the static and dynamic first hyperpolarizability β, accounting for the effect of dipole alignment. The formulas derived in this work are general in the sense that they can be used for any few-state model, i.e., a two-state model, a three-state model, or, in general, an n-state model. Based on the formulas, we formulate minimization and maximization criteria for the alignment of transition dipole moment vectors. We demonstrate the importance of dipole alignment by applying the formulas to the static first hyperpolarizability of ortho-, meta-, and para-nitroaniline. The formulas and the analysis provide new ways to understand the structure–property relationship for β and can hence be used to fine-tune the magnitude of β in a molecule.
Itinerant complexity in networks of intrinsically bursting neurons
Authors: Venkadesh Siva , Barreto Ernest , Ascoli Giorgio A.
Published: June 2020

Active neurons can be broadly classified by their intrinsic oscillation patterns into two classes characterized by spiking or bursting. Here, we show that networks of identical bursting neurons with inhibitory pulsatory coupling exhibit itinerant dynamics. Using the relative phases of bursts between neurons, we numerically demonstrate that the network exhibits endogenous transitions between multiple modes of transient synchrony. This is true even for bursts consisting of two spikes. In contrast, our simulations reveal that networks of identical singlet-spiking neurons do not exhibit such complexity. These results suggest a role for bursting dynamics in realizing itinerant complexity in neural circuits.
Effect of Thunbergia laurifolia leaves on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and liver antioxidant enzymes of broilers fed mycotoxin-contaminated feed
Authors: Donkotjan Chatchai , Benjanirut Chutamas , Angkanaporn Kris
Published: June 2020

Context Contamination of feedstuff with mixed mycotoxins is one of the frequent problems found in broiler chicken production, especially in tropical countries with a hot and humid climate, such as Thailand. Aims An in vivo study was conducted to examine the effects of Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. (TL) leaves on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chicks fed naturally mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Methods In total, 375 1-day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were allotted into five experimental groups, with five replicates each (15 chicks per replicate). The experimental groups were mycotoxin-free basal corn–soybean diet (T1, control), diet with mixed mycotoxins (aflatoxin, fumonisins, tricothecene and ochratoxin, T2), T2 diet but supplemented with 1% (w/w) yeast glucomannan (GM, T3), T2 diet but supplemented with 2% (w/w) TL (T4) and T2 diet but supplemented with both 2% (w/w) TL and 1% (w/w) GM (T5). Feed intake, bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, nutrient digestibility and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured at Days 21 and 42. Key results Broilers in T4 and T5 groups had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher nutrient digestibility than those in the other groups at Day 42, while broilers in the T3, T4 and T5 groups had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher glutathione peroxidase activity than those in the other groups. There was no difference in the growth performance among the groups, except chicks that received the mixed mycotoxin-contaminated feed had a higher feed conversion ratio and ate more feed than did those in the control group. Conclusion It is concluded that 2% TL and 1% GM helped ameliorate the adverse effect of mycotoxin, improving nutrient digestibility and increased the glutathione peroxidase activity, but without a significant change in growth rate. Implications Herbal plant TL can be used as an alternative mycotoxin adsorbent in broiler production.
Nano selenium improves humoral immunity, growth performance and breast-muscle selenium concentration of broiler chickens
Authors: Mohammadi Esmail , Janmohammadi Hossein , Olyayee Majid , Helan Javad Ashrafi , Kalanaky Somayeh
Published: June 2020

Context
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element and plays pivotal roles in poultry nutrition.

Aims
The present study was designed to compare the impact of dietary supplementation of different sources of Se on growth performance, Se concentration of breast meat, and immune response of broiler chickens.

Methods
In total, 300 1-day-old as hatched broilers were randomly allocated to six dietary treatments, with five replicates of 10 birds per each. The experimental diets were as follows: (1) corn–soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0.30 mg/kg of sodium selenite, (2) basal diet supplemented with 0.30 mg/kg of Se-enriched yeast, and (3–6) basal diet supplemented with 0.15, 0.30, 0.90 and 1.50 mg/kg of nano-Se respectively. Humoral immunity was assessed by antibody titer against a 5% sheep red blood-cell suspension and cellular immunity was measured by administration of phytohaemagglutinin-p at 38 days.

Key results
Results indicated that during the periods from 1 to 10 days, from 11 to 24 days, from 25 to 42 days and from 1 to 42 days, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ among the treatments (P > 0.05). Assessment of orthogonal contrasts at the whole phase of feeding showed that the average daily gain in the broilers fed organic Se was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in those fed inorganic Se, as well as nano-Se in comparison to organic Se; such effects were not observed in earlier feeding stages. Se supplementation significantly increased the Se concentration of breast muscle (P < 0.0001). The birds that received 1.50 mg/kg of diet nano-Se showed higher (P < 0.05) total immunoglobulin and IgG titers in primary and secondary immune responses against sheep erythrocytes respectively. Toe web swelling after 24 h and 48 h of receiving phytohaemagglutinin-p was not affected by Se supplementation (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
In conclusion, the addition of nano-Se gave better results than did inorganic (sodium selenite) and organic (yeast selenium) forms of Se in performance traits, breast meat Se concentration and antibody response of broilers.

Implications
Novel elemental nanometer particulates, including nano-Se, exhibit new characteristics and a different mode of actions in comparison with organic and inorganic forms of Se sources in poultry diets. Inclusion of the nano form of Se in broiler diets and study of productive performance, immunity responses and meat quality leads to improve balanced broiler diets formulation in view of Se.
Replacement of a protein–energy supplement by a same-cost maize-based supplement on performance and product quality of pasture-finished Nellore heifers
Authors: Souza Castro Laura Cristina , da Costa de Campos Wellington , Moraes de Oliveira Ivanna , Maciel Fernandes Rodolfo , Moretti Matheus Henrique , Toledo Piza Roth Marcella , Dutra de Resende Flávio , Rezende Siqueira Gustavo
Published: June 2020

Context
In the largest beef-producing countries in the world, the slaughter of female cows accounts for ~30–40% of all beef produced.

Aims
The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of a protein–energy supplement (PES) by a same-cost maize-based supplement (MBS) on the performance and final product of Nellore heifers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture during the wet season in Brazil.

Methods
Ninety-six Nellore heifers of bodyweight (BW) 281 ± 7.55 kg and aged 23 months were used. Six were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The remaining 90 heifers received one of the following three supplements with their predominantly pasture diet for 133 days: control, mineral salt ad libitum; PES, with protein 250 g/kg dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrient 600 g/kg DM, offered at 3 g/kg BW.day (as-fed basis); MBS, with crude protein 90 g/kg DM and total digestible nutrient 850 g/kg DM, offered at 7 g/kg BW.day (as-fed basis). The variables were evaluated in a completely randomised block design with 30 heifers per treatment.

Key results
Average daily gain and final BW were similar (P > 0.05) in PES and MBS treatments, and relative to the control increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain by ~24% and final BW by 7%. Pasture intakes were decreased, with substitution levels of 8.0% for heifers receiving PES and 10.4% for those receiving MBS. Carcass weight (kg/day) and carcass gain (g carcass/kg BW) were greater (P < 0.001) for heifers receiving MBS and PES than for the control group. Backfat depth was greater (P < 0.001) in heifers receiving MBS (7.91 mm) than in those receiving PES (6.25 mm), and the lowest (P < 0.001) measurement was observed in the control group (4.85 mm).

Conclusions
Maize-based supplement (7 g/kg BW.day) provided the same growth rate as PES (3 g/kg BW.day) but yielded heavier and slightly fatter carcasses of pasture-finished Nellore heifers during the wet season (133 days) with a similar cost, and with more total digestible nutrients than pasture plus mineral salt.

Implications
Maize-based supplement provided to Nellore heifers on pasture may improve performance despite lower pasture intakes but needs to be evaluated carefully in terms of costs involved.
1H,4H-Piperazine-diium Dichlorosulfonate: Structure Elucidation and its Dual Solvent–Catalyst Activity for the Synthesis of New Dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine Scaffolds
Authors: Zaharani Lia , Khaligh Nader Ghaffari , Mihankhah Taraneh , Johan Mohd Rafie
Published: June 2020

A new ionic liquid containing a 1H,4H-piperazine-diium ring and chlorosulfonate as a 1,4-dicationic core and counter ion, respectively, was designed and synthesised. The structure elucidation of this ionic liquid was conducted by 1D and 2D NMR, FT-IR, Raman, and mass spectrum analysis. The physical properties of this ionic liquid were determined and reported. Furthermore, the dual solvent–catalyst activity of piperazine-1,4-diium dichlorosulfonate was investigated for the synthesis of new dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines through a one-pot three-component reaction. The ionic liquid was retrieved and reused several times without reducing its catalytic efficiency.
Remarkable improvement of damping capacity in FeMn-based alloys by a long annealing
Authors: He Wei , Luo Qiang , Peng Huabei , Wen Yuhua
Published: June 2020

Effects of a long annealing up to 10 h were investigated on damping capacity and phase evolutions in FeMn-based alloys. The damping capacity in the Fe17.5Mn alloy rose with the annealing time. A highest damping capacity was obtained in the Fe16.5Mn10.5Cr alloy after 2 h annealing. The highest damping capacity was comparable in Fe17.5Mn and Fe16.5Mn10.5Cr alloys. A positive relationship between the damping capacity and the stacking faults existed in both the Fe17.5Mn and Fe16.5Mn10.5Cr alloys annealed for above 2 h. To reduce the amount of α′-martensites was favourable to the further improvement of damping capacity. The α′-martensites clustered locally in the Fe17.5Mn alloy, but they distributed inside the ϵ-martensite bands in the Fe16.5Mn10.5Cr alloy.
The Epstein-Barr virus-encoded G protein-coupled receptor BILF1 upregulates ICAM-1 through a mechanism involving the NF-қB pathway
Authors: Guo Qingwei , Gao Jie , Cheng Lu , Yang Xiaomei , Li Fu , Jiang Guosheng
Published: June 2020

Although the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is usually asymptomatic, a primary encounter with the virus can cause mononucleosis. EBV infection is also strongly associated with lymphoma and epithelial cancers. The structure and infection mechanism of EBV have been well studied, but the EBV-encoded G protein-coupled receptor, BILF1, is not fully understood. Here, it was found that the EBV BILF1 was expressed early in the viral lytic cycle and its ectopic expression strikingly upregulated the ICAM-1 expression in Raji cells. The positive effect of BILF1 on the ICAM-1 promoter was observed and the BILF1 deficiency attenuated ICAM-1 promoter activity. Moreover, NF-κB binding sites were important for the regulation of ICAM-1 promoter by BILF1. Furthermore, BILF1 reduced the constitutive level of the IқB-a protein and increased the amount of nuclear NF-қB in Raji cells. In conclusion, this study determined that BILF1 upregulated ICAM-1 in a mechanism involving NF-қB.
Studies on DNA-related enzymes to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying genetic information processing and their application in genetic engineering
Authors: Ishino Yoshizumi
Published: June 2020

Recombinant DNA technology, in which artificially “cut and pasted” DNA in vitro is introduced into living cells, contributed extensively to the rapid development of molecular biology over the past 5 decades since the latter half of the 20th century. Although the original technology required special experiences and skills, the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has greatly eased in vitro genetic manipulation for various experimental methods. The current development of a simple genome-editing technique using CRISPR-Cas9 gave great impetus to molecular biology. Genome editing is a major technique for elucidating the functions of many unknown genes. Genetic manipulation technologies rely on enzymes that act on DNA. It involves artificially synthesizing, cleaving, and ligating DNA strands by making good use of DNA-related enzymes present in organisms to maintain their life activities. In this review, I focus on key enzymes involved in the development of genetic manipulation technologies.
MiR-375-3p alleviates the severity of inflammation through targeting YAP1/LEKTI pathway in HaCaT cells
Authors: Cheng Shaohang , Di Zhenghong , Hirman Abdul Razaq , Zheng Heng , Duo Linna , Zhai Qianyu , Xu Jing
Published: June 2020

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a complicated pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate whether miR-375-3p could regulate AD through the Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) pathway. In this study, inflammatory response was induced by TNF-α and IFN-γ administration in HaCaT cells. We found that viability and inflammatory factor release, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, were negatively related to miR-375-3p expression in HaCaT cells. We also found that YAP1 overexpression down-regulated lympho-epithelial Kazal type inhibitor (LEKTI) levels and aggravated viability and inflammation in TNF-α and IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assay proved the targeted binding of miR-375-3p and YAP1 3ʹ-UTR. Additionally, the protective effect of miR-375-3p on inflammatory response in TNF-α and IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells could be impeded by YAP1 overexpression. Collectively, our results suggested that miR-375-3p could modulate HaCaT cell viability and inflammation through the YAP1/LEKTI pathway.
Novel cichlid-dominated fish assemblages in tropical urban reservoirs
Authors: Kwik J.T.B. , Lim R.B.H. , Liew J.H. , Yeo D.C.J.
Published: June 2020

Recent biodiversity surveys in the lentic habitats of Singapore revealed that non-native cichlids (at least 14 species from different origins) were the most abundant species in the reservoirs of Singapore. To understand the diversity and distribution patterns in six reservoirs (two inland and four coastal), we investigated the species richness and abundances of these cichlids. We also investigated foodwebs to characterise the trophic relationships of cichlids relative to the aquatic community using stable isotope and gut content analyses in each reservoir. Based on various sampling methods (electrofishing, netting and trapping), a total of 5,675 individual cichlids representing 14 species and two hybrids were caught. The three most abundant species (contributing to 66.8% of all cichlids) included the green chromide, Etroplus suratensis, the eartheater cichlid, Geophagus altifrons, and the Orinoco peacock bass, Cichla orinocensis. Based on a canonical correspondence analysis, we found that the distribution and abundances of cichlids appeared to be related to abiotic parameters such as salinity and dissolved oxygen, and that species richness and abundances of cichlids differed between coastal and inland reservoirs. We also found that the trophic positions of different cichlid species varied within and across the reservoirs surveyed, where sympatry between highly specialised as well as generalist cichlid species was commonly observed. This was reflected in both the gut contents as well as the empirical foodwebs generated. While we are unable to determine source and timing of the introductions of these cichlids, we are at least confident that many of the cichlids have already established in these six reservoirs. We postulate that the establishment success and the co-existence of this non-native group has come about through their ability to adapt to the conditions within each reservoir, and this is related to the life history strategies, feeding and behavioural patterns that these different cichlid species display.
International comparison CCQM-K112 biogas
Authors: Veen Adriaan M H van der , Zalewska Ewelina T , Osselen Deborah R van , Fernández Teresa E , Gómez Concepción , Beránek Jan , Oudwater Rutger J , Sobrinho Denise C , Brum Mariana C , Augusto Cristiane R , Fükö Judit , Büki Tamás , Nagyné Szilági Zsófia , Brewer Paul J , Downey Michael L , Brown Richard J C , Valkova Miroslava , Durisova Zuzana , Arrhenius Karine , Magnusson Bertil , Yaghooby Haleh , Tarhan Tanil , Engin Erinç , Konopelko L A , Popova T A , Pir M N , Efremova O V
Published: June 2020

At the highest metrological level, biogas standards are commonly prepared gravimetrically as PSMs (primary standard mixtures). This international key comparison addresses the composition of biogas, to support calibration and measurement services for this renewable energy gas. The mixtures contain nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, hydrogen and oxygen and represent the composition of biogas from landfills. The results in this Track C key comparison on the composition of biogas are generally good. Some of the datasets, especially that of oxygen, showed substantial extra dispersion, that could not be explained by the stated uncertainties.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Improving depth-of-interaction resolution in pixellated PET detectors using neural networks
Authors: Zatcepin Artem , Pizzichemi Marco , Polesel Andrea , Paganoni Marco , Auffray Etiennette , Ziegler Sibylle I , Omidvari Negar
Published: June 2020

Parallax error is a common issue in high-resolution preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) scanners as well as in clinical scanners that have a long axial field of view (FOV), which increases estimation uncertainty of the annihilation position and therefore degrades the spatial resolution. A way to address this issue is depth-of-interaction (DOI) estimation. In this work we propose two machine learning-based algorithms, a dense and a convolutional neural network (NN), as well as a multiple linear regression (MLR)-based method to estimate DOI in depolished PET detector arrays with single-sided readout. The algorithms were tested on an 8× 8 array of 1.53× 1.53× 15 mm3 crystals and a 4× 4 array of 3.1× 3.1× 15 mm3 crystals, both made of Ce:LYSO scintillators and coupled to a 4× 4 array of 3× 3 mm3 silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Using the conventional linear DOI estimation method resulted in an average DOI resolution of 3.76 mm and 3.51 mm FWHM for the 8× 8 and the 4× 4 arrays, respectively. Application of MLR outperformed the conventional method with average DOI resolutions of 3.25 mm and 3.33 mm FWHM, respectively. Using the machine learning approaches further improved the DOI resolution, to an average DOI resolution of 2.99 mm and 3.14 mm FWHM, respectively, and additionally improved the uniformity of the DOI resolution in both arrays. Lastly, preliminary results obtained by using only a section of the crystal array for training showed that the NN-based methods could be used to reduce the number of calibration steps required for each detector array.
Design and experimental evaluation of a novel bidirectional magnetorheological actuator
Authors: Diep Bao Tri , Hiep Le Dai , Nguyen Quoc Hung , Choi Seung-Bok , Kim Joo-Hyung
Published: June 2020

This research focuses on development of a new bidirectional magneto-rheological actuator (BMRA), especially for force feedback system. The BMRA composed of two input shafts rotating in opposite directions at the same speed, on which the two magnetic discs are assembled. The two discs are placed inside a housing which is connected to the output shaft. On each side of the housing, magnetic coils are integrated to create corresponding magnetic field on required. The gap between the discs and the housing is filled magnetorheological fluid (MRF). A thin wall is employed to separate the coils with the MRF. This allows the MRF duct being manufactured more easily and accurately. After a review of state of the art of MR actuators, the new configuration and working principle of the proposed BMRA is presented. After that, equation for calculation of the output torque of the proposed BMRA is derived and optimal design of the BMRA is conducted considering its maximum output torque and mass. Based on the optimal results, a prototype of the BMRA is manufactured and performance characteristics of the proposed BMRA are then investigated with both experimental and simulated results.
Status of 48Ca double beta decay search and its future prospect in CANDLES
Authors: Tetsuno K. , Ajimura S. , Akutagawa K. , Batpurev T. , Chan W. M. , Fushimi K. , Hazama R. , Iida T. , Ikeyama Y. , Khai B. T. , Kishimoto T. , Lee K. K. , Li X. , Matsuoka K. , Matsuoka K. , Mizukoshi K. , Mori Y. , Nakajima K. , Noithong P. , Nomachi M. , Ogawa I. , Ohsumi H. , Ozawa K. , Shimizu K. , Shokati M. , Soberi F. , Suzuki K. , Takemoto Y. , Takihira Y. , Tamagawa Y. , Tozawa M. , Trang V. T. T. , Umehara S. , Yamamoto K. , Yoshida S. , Kim I , Kwon D H , Kim H L , Lee H J , Lee M K , Kim Y H
Published: June 2020

CANDLES(CAlcium fluoride for the study of Neutrinos and Dark matters by Low Energy Spectrometer) is the experiment to search for the neutrino-less double beta decay(0vββ) of 48Ca with CaF2 scintillator. 48Ca has the highest Q
ββ
-value (4.3 MeV) among all isotope candidates for 0vββ. It enables us to measure signals with very low background condition. After rejection analysis with 131 days × 86 kg data for background events from radioactive contaminations in the CaF2 scintillators, no events are observed in the Q
ββ
-value region. As a result, the half-life of 48Ca is greater than 6.2 × 1022 yr (90% confidence level). For further high sensitive measurement of 48Ca 0vββ search, we have been developing the 48Ca enrichment and CaF2 scintillating bolometer techniques. In this paper, the latest result for CANDLES and the status of scintillating bolometer development are described.
Powers of 10: seeking ‘sweet spots’ for rapid climate and sustainability actions between individual and global scales
Authors: Bhowmik Avit K , McCaffrey Mark S , Ruskey Abigail M , Frischmann Chad , Gaffney Owen
Published: June 2020

Achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and related sustainability initiatives will require halving of global greenhouse gas emissions each decade from now on through to 2050, when net zero emissions should be achieved. To reach such significant reductions requires a rapid and strategic scaling of existing and emerging technologies and practices, coupled with economic and social transformations and novel governance solutions. Here we present a new ‘Powers of 10’ (P10) logarithmic framework and demonstrate its potential as a practical tool for decision makers and change agents at multiple scales to inform and catalyze engagement and actions, complementing and adding nuance to existing frameworks. P10 assists in identifying the suitable cohorts and cohort ranges for rapidly deploying climate and sustainability actions between a single individual and the globally projected ∼ 10 billion persons by 2050. Applying a robust dataset of climate solutions from Project Drawdown’s Plausible scenario that could cumulatively reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1051 gigatons (Gt) against a reference scenario (2190 Gt) between 2020 and 2050, we seek to identify a ‘sweet spot’ where these climate and sustainability actions are suitably scaled. We suggest that prioritizing the analyzed climate actions between community and urban scales, where global and local converge, can help catalyze and enhance individual, household and local practices, and support national and international policies and finances for rapid sustainability transformations.
Investigating public biodiversity conservation awareness based on the propagation of wildlife-related incidents on the Sina Weibo social media platform
Authors: Wu Yinglin , Xie Ling , Yuan Zengwei , Jiang Songyan , Liu Wenhua , Sheng Hu
Published: June 2020

The use of social media platforms (e.g. Twitter and Facebook) to raise public awareness towards wildlife conservation is an emerging discussion. However, little is currently known about the propagation pattern of wildlife-related information on social media. In this study, a quantitative model was developed based on 230 independent cetacean stranding incidents (2008–2018) across mainland China from a popular Chinese social media platform (Sina Weibo). This model enabled analysis of the post formation process, identification of the key factors influencing the popularity of the posts and wildlife-related incidents, and allowed investigation of public opinions. The results showed that central media users can increase the overall possibility of elevating incident popularity by ∼75 times, an attractive species or incident by ∼5 times, and a negative social ethics incident by ∼3 times. Traditional media users and celebrity influencers performed key roles in affecting the level of re-posting. Online audiences of highly popular posts predominantly encompassed both users from relatively developed regions and female users. It was observed that posts which became popular within ∼12 h retained their influence for ∼3 d. Post popularity was closely related to comment counts rather than forwarding in the first day of posting and the whole status retention time. Public opinion generally expressed a supportive attitude towards wildlife conservation, but lacked in-depth thinking, and individual responsibility was expressed through revival incidents. In order to raise public awareness towards biodiversity conservation, social media–based wildlife information dissemination should balance the content of attractive and non-charismatic species or incidents and include more positive emotions. Posts via traditional users (especially central media users) and opinion leaders (celebrities) can attract a highly educated audience and females, and thus evoke increased comment numbers during the first day of posting. This will help to popularise conservation knowledge and legislation with continuous efforts.
A-01 Comparing State Anxiety Between Concussed Athletes with and without a History of Sport Related Concussion
Authors: Anderson M , Zynda A J , Petit K M , Tomczyk C P , Covassin T
Published: June 2020

Objective

To compare state anxiety between concussed athletes with and without a history of sport related concussion (SRC).

Method

This study utilized a cross-sectional design. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered to athletes within 72 hours of SRC diagnosis. The STAI is a subjective, 40-item inventory that assesses state and trait anxiety; however, this study only examined the state anxiety component. Participants reported how they were feeling at the moment of testing on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much so). State anxiety scores range from 20–80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of state anxiety. An independent samples t-test was used to compare state anxiety between concussed athletes with and without a history of SRC. Statistical significance was set at p < .05.

Results

A total of 104 (18.12 ± 2.5 years; male = 65, female = 39) high school (n = 36) and collegiate (n = 68) athletes completed the STAI within 72 hours of SRC. Fifty-nine (56.7%) concussed athletes had no history of SRC and 45 (43.3%) athletes had a history of one or more SRCs. There was no significant difference in state anxiety between concussed athletes with (37.64 ± 9.22) and without (38.47 ± 9.44) a history of SRC (p = .65).

Conclusions

This study suggests that concussion history does not affect state anxiety after SRC. However, clinicians should continue to assess emotional changes after SRC in order to best manage and treat SRC.
A-02 Multifaceted Treatment of Sports Concussions and Resulting Conversion Disorder: A Case Study
Authors: Apps J N , Jandrisevits M
Published: June 2020

Objective

This case illustrates the complexities of concussion resulting in Conversion Disorder, rarely discussed in the literature, in a 12-year-old female. Diagnosis, treatment, and recurrence of symptoms through three injuries and retirement from sports are presented.

Method

Initial injury, with disorientation and amnesia, occurred following three impacts during a soccer tournament. Patient was a high average student, in a divorced family, who recently lost her maternal grandfather and began middle school. Subsequent to initial injury, she reported a loss of memory for all family members, colors and numbers. Family was seen by Neurology, multi-disciplinary Concussion Clinic (CC) providers, and cranial MRI was completed. Neuropsychological testing included IQ, academics, memory, executive functions, emotional, and effort testing. Return to play occurred seven months later, although school avoidance continued through a second injury. A third injury occurred 32 months after initial injury, with additional neuropsychological testing and retirement. Interventions included alternating courses of cognitive-behavioral therapy, family interventions, headache clinic, academic modifications, psychiatry, and continuous CC follow-up.

Results

All imaging results were normal. Neuropsychological results were average to above average in all areas except calculation tasks and effort testing, with minimal change over time. Significant relation between emotional symptoms, social stressors, self-concept, and cognitive symptoms supported Conversion Disorder. Lack of clearance to return to play motivated initial recovery. Multiple courses of varied interventions addressed complex self-identity issues.

Conclusions

As research indicates, diagnosis of conversion requires medical and psychological methods. The complex components of this case highlight change resulting from a CC coordinating equally complex medical and psychological treatment.
A-05 Self-Reported Symptomatology in Athletes with Autism Diagnosis
Authors: Bennett R , Horne K , Datoc A , McDonald B , Lashley L
Published: June 2020

Objective

To examine the relationship between athletes with and without Autism diagnosis and self-reported symptoms as measured by ImPACT.

Method

Participants were selected from an archival de-identified sports medicine ImPACT database. The sample (N = 232) was primarily male (72.4%) student athletes with a mean age of 15.41 years (SD = 1.292). Participants were divided into two groups: Autism diagnosis (n = 130); No diagnosis (n = 102). An independent samples t-test was conducted to analyze the variation of self-reported symptoms between athletes with and without an Autism diagnosis.

Results

The independent samples t-test revealed significant differences between diagnostic groups and self-reported cognitive (t = 5.832, p < .001, d = .72); sleep (t = 4.040, p < .001, d = .51); vestibular somatic (t = 4.154, p < .001, d = .53); and affective symptomatology (t = 3.988, p < .001, d = .51). Athletes with a diagnosis of Autism reported more symptoms overall in comparison to athletes without a diagnosis.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that prior psychological diagnoses play a significant role in symptom scores; however, the degree to which these symptoms can be attributed to the diagnosis itself or the concussion is unknown. It should be noted that individuals who have been diagnosed with Autism may already be at an increased risk of sleep difficulties, emotional regulation, and sensory stimulation within the environment. Therefore, differentiating the symptom scores from preexisting symptoms of Autism from a concussion can be beneficial when helping athletes return to play.
A-07 The Impact of Learning Disorders on Clinical Measures Following Concussion
Authors: Carpenter C M , Zynda A J , Stokes M A , Chung J S , Cullum C M , Miller S M
Published: June 2020

Objective

To examine differences in clinical measures between adolescents with dyslexia, ADD/ADHD, and those without a learning disorder (LD) following concussion.

Method

Data from the North Texas Concussion Registry (ConTex) were extracted. Participants ages 10–18 with a diagnosed concussion within 30 days of enrollment were included and categorized based on self-reported prior diagnosis of dyslexia, ADD/ADHD, and no history of LD. ImPACT, King-Devick (KD), SCAT-5 symptom log, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale were compared between groups using a one-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey test for multiple comparisons.

Results

Of 993 eligible participants, 68 had dyslexia, 141 had ADD/ADHD, and 784 had no history of LD. There were significantly more male participants in the ADD/ADHD group compared to the no LD group (64.5% vs. 50.3%, p = 0.002). No other demographic differences were noted between groups. In the dyslexia group, SCAT-5 symptom score was higher (36.22 vs. 28.27, p = 0.037) and ImPACT visual motor control was lower compared to the no LD group (28.87 vs. 32.99, p = 0.027). In the ADD/ADHD group, ImPACT symptom score was higher (30.69 vs. 20.94, p < 0.001) and visual motor control was lower compared to the no LD group (30.05 vs. 32.99, p = 0.009). KD time (62.1 sec), PHQ-8 (5.79), and GAD-7 (5.06) were higher in the ADD/ADHD group compared to the no LD group (56.5 sec, 4.32, 3.56; p = 0.022, p = 0.003, p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Differences in clinical measures were seen in participants with a history of dyslexia and ADD/ADHD that may aid providers in their evaluation following adolescent concussion.