bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gravity Anomalies And Crustal Structure Of The Eastern Part Of The Verkhoyansk Fold-And-Thrust Belt, NE Russia: Evidence From The Junction Area Of The Adycha-Elga And Allakh-Yun Tectonic Zones
Authors: Solovyov Evgeny , Fridovsky Valery , Savvin Denis , Kychkin Vadim
Published: December 2021

The results of geophysical studies of the junction area of the Adycha-Elga and Allakh-Yun tectonic zones of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt located on the submerged eastern margin of the Siberian craton are presented. Three structural-mineral complexes are recognized: Archean-Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic-Middle Carboniferous, and Upper Carboniferous-Early Mesozoic. The Early Jurassic plume-related basaltic volcanism and suprasubduction Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous granitoids, regional Brungadin and Suntar faults are identified. The goal of the research is to identify deep heterogeneities and clarify the structure of the Earth’s crust in the junction area of the Adycha-Elga and Allakh-Yun tectonic zones of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt. The analysis of gravitational anomalies is carried out, their transformations are performed – distinguishing the medium and low-frequency components, the vertical derivative Vzz, and calculating the equivalent distribution of sources of density masses at depth. It is determined that the hidden granitoids of the Adycha-Elga tectonic zone are located mainly in linear zones of decompaction at a depth of about 3.5 km. In the Allakh-Yun zone, a large gravitational minimum has been identified, where it is assumed that there is a magma granitoid chamber occurring at a depth of about 9 km. The model of the deep structure of the territory is based on the analysis of materials on the reference seismic profile 3-DV with the use of gravimetric data and the regional structure of the territory. According to the results of the wave pattern interpretation, the thickness of the lithosphere varies from 41 to 44 km. The thickness of the Upper Carboniferous-Triassic terrigenous rocks is 8-12 km, Mesoproterozoic - Middle Carboniferous carbonate-terrigenous complex is up to 12 km. The Archean-Paleoproterozoic crystalline basement occurs at a depth of 19-21 km. The Conrad discontinuity is assumed at a depth of about 30 km. Intense deformations of the crystalline basement are recognized, and trans-crust faults are identified.
Probabilistic Analysis of the Obstruction of Water Sources Due to the Occurrence of Rainfall-Triggered Mass Movements
Authors: Giraldo Laura Ortiz , Hernández Blanca Adriana Botero , Gutiérrez Johnny Alexander Vega
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a methodology for the probabilistic estimation of the obstruction of water streams generated by shallow mass movements triggered by rainfall. The study focuses on the Ovejas River, a tributary stream of the Medellín River, in the jurisdiction of the municipality of San Vicente in the department of Antioquia (Colombia). The occurrence of a mass movements was evaluated by deterministic and probabilistic methods based on the automation of processes of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial modeling. The spatial distribution of the mass movement hazard was estimated in terms of Factor of Safety (FoS) values by the deterministic method with physical basis SLIDE (Slope - Infiltration - Distributed Equilibrium), which allows the hazard zonation by calculating a FoS for rainfall-induced mass movements with different return periods. The rainfall regimes of the study area are estimated by means of a simple scaling Log Normal Model. On the other hand, the Probability of Failure (PF) analysis was performed under Rosenblueth’s punctual estimates method (PEM), which allows incorporating the uncertainty of the soil parameters. Subsequently, the resulting zones with high hazard that could detach and reach the Ovejas River channel are identified as sources for runout modeling by means of the Flow R model, thus estimating the extent of mass movement in probabilistic terms. In all the analyzed scenarios, the sliding material from the critical stability zones has a high probability of spreading to the riverbed of the main river. This analysis makes possible to identify those areas of the riverbed that should be analyzed with more detail and require possible intervention for the protection of the riverbed.
Groundwater contamination risk assessment based on advection-dispersion equation
Authors: Madear Gelu , Madear Camelia
Published: December 2021

The consequences of contaminated groundwater can seriously affect sustainable development; present and future generations being seriously affected by inadequate drinking water quality, loss of water supply, degraded surface water systems, high remediation costs, more expenses for other water supplies, and likely health issues. Therefore, an effective way to protect groundwater resources is by assessing the risk of groundwater contamination. An assessment of groundwater pollution should be performed to determine the level of risk posed by soil and groundwater contamination and establish if remediation strategies are required to protect controlled waters from site-derived contamination. Furthermore, if remediation is deemed necessary, site-specific remedial targets should be derived. A case study is presented, where a Conceptual Site Model was derived based on a “Source-Pathway-Receptor” exposure mechanism using historical information. Primary sources of contamination at the site are residual contamination within the soil and groundwater, and samples were collected from the site and tested in the laboratory; the concentration of water samples was compared to Romanian Drinking Water Standards. The following potential migration pathways have been identified: Leaching from soil and Migration of contaminated groundwater. The Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment (DQRA) has modelled the leaching of contaminants from the site via infiltration and vertical migration to the groundwater and subsequent lateral groundwater migration, with dilution and attenuation process active, to the compliance point, using Ogata-Banks equation. The results of this assessment indicate that the concentration of contaminants does not represent a significant risk to controlled waters.
Innovative Technologies for the Production of Ceramic Building Materials from Waste of Natural (Exogenous) Processes
Authors: Shapakidze Elena , Kamushadze Izolda , Gabunia Lamara , Gejadze Ioseb , Skhxvitaridze Rajden , Makadze Mirian , Petriashvili Tamar
Published: December 2021

The main material for the modern construction business is cement/concrete, the production of which is associated with high energy and material costs and, most importantly, high CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Based on this, the development of technologies for new energy-efficient building materials - substitutes for Portland cement is of great importance. One of the ways to solve this problem could be the wider use of ceramic building materials, the production of which requires less energy and is not associated with high CO2 emissions compared to the production of Portland cement. The subject of this article is the development of innovative technologies for the production of ceramic building materials in Georgia (ordinary building bricks and clinker bricks) by using unconventional raw material - clay shale aluvium which is a waste of natural (exogenous) processes. As the main component of the ceramic mass, we used clay shale aluvium from the Duruji river bed near the town of Kvareli, which made it possible to reduce the firing temperature and improve the quality of the finished product. X-ray phase, petrographic and electronic microscopic studies have shown that ceramic products, both building and clinker bricks, made with the use of Kvareli shale, under the same firing conditions, have been obtained with a denser structure ensuring higher physical and mechanical features as compared to clay Metekhi, which is currently used by the brick factory in Georgia. The use of shale accumulated in the region of Kvareli in various areas of the economy (including production of ceramic building materials) will make it possible to clear the adjacent territory from risky deposits of natural alluvium, which threatens to flood the city and provide companies engaged in production of ceramic building materials with low-cost and environmentally friendly raw materials.
Adsorption of H2S from Thermal Water Using Clinoptilolite
Authors: Akhalbedashvili Lali , Beruashvili Tsira , Jalagania Sophio , Janashvili Nona , Merabashvili Nino
Published: December 2021

The goal was to study and develop the composite adsorbents to uptake H2S from thermal water on the base of natural zeolite clinoptilolite (CL) from deposit of Georgia and activated carbon (AC). Cation-modified forms of CL have been prepared by wet-milling method. The crystalline structure and content of prepared adsorbents have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, IR-and AAS methods. Adsorption experiments carried out varying the ratio zeolite: AC, composite: solution, duration of contact, granulation degree. The results obtained showed that modification of CL by ion-exchanging method with metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, Mn2, Cu2+) has improved the adsorption capacity. Adsorption equilibrium reached in seven-fifteen minutes, and adsorption activity grows in a row: DeCL < CL < CuDeCL < MnDeCL < FeDeCL < ZnDeCL < AC/CL. The sorption capacity ranged from 0.68 mg/g to 28.17 mg/g. pH of thermal water before sorption was 8.97 and in filtrates changed in very wide ranges – from 10.44 until 3.55 depending on type of modification. Presence of multivalent cations of metals in the zeolite confirmed to be an essential factor determined the adsorption activity in relation to H2S, adsorption occurs via both physical sorption and chemisorption. Most active was composite AC/CL with ratio AC:CL, equal 3:2. The difference for H2S between decationated and cation-exchanged forms of CL may be explained by the change of surface potential. Polarity of zeolites depends on Si/Al ratio, which by-turn depends on conditions of acid treatment.
Monitoring of soil structure
Authors: Kokocňska-Pakiet Elzbieta
Published: December 2021

Based on data from the Central Office of Construction Supervision, there were 5455 construction disasters in Poland between 2008 and 2019. Four thousand twenty-three disasters were caused by random events, of which 110 were caused by landslides. Most of these events took place in 2010, when there were up to 94 disaster-related landslides. Landslides have been occurring with different intensity, significantly influencing the current structure of the Earth surface. In natural conditions, without human intrusion, these phenomena have a character of long-term processes that activate depending on the changes of natural external conditions such as ground saturation with water, area deforestation, high degradation or slopes erosion. Everyone who had contact with landslides knows that it is not a sudden phenomenon, but a process - chain of events occurring one after another and developing with time. This phenomenon forces constant necessity of getting more detailed knowledge of the processes mechanism and character and phenomena occurring inside the slopes. That is why slope monitoring plays such an important role in understanding the mechanism of landslides. In Poland, most structures of this type belong to the second or third geotechnical category in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy (2012). The law obliges the owner of the land on which this type of structure is located to perform inspections and monitoring of its condition. The monitoring of the slope protecting the liquid waste landfill facility located at the food processing plant was analysed in the article. In 1997, the slope was subject to a construction disaster in consequence of washout by the Oder River and too high irrigation of the ground structure. Following the disaster, the slope with the waste reservoirs slid into the river polluting it. Since the reconstruction, the slope is subject to constant monitoring of the external geometry and checking the condition of the ground building the dam. The paper discusses the applied monitoring methods and shows the methodology of conducting the measurements. The results of slope settlement were analysed and compared with model calculations. In conclusion, modern monitoring techniques were shown, which could be applied to this type of structures.
The model identification of buildings horizontal displacements with the use of a free geodetic network
Authors: Mrówczyńska Maria , Sztubecki Jacek , Ziçba Zofia , Wilczyńska Izabela
Published: December 2021

The geodetic monitoring of engineering structures, their displacements, and deformations, carried out permanently or periodically, allows obtaining information on the technical condition of facilities. The achieved information enables determining the necessary changes in using objects and minimizing future errors in the similar object’s design. The measurement results are subject to geometric interpretation based on the determined displacement parameters of the object’s shape and the approximation of the vector displacement field. Due to the influence of random factors characterized by a change in time and varying intensity, the deformation measurements performed during the operation of the facilities are of great importance for the safety of structures and engineering structures. In actual tasks of determining the object’s deformation and building a geometric model of displacements, the dominant method is the differential method, the advantage of eliminating systematic errors in measurement results while maintaining the geometric structure of the measurement and control network. The displacement’s geometric model, built based on measurements and calculations, can build a dynamic model of a building object, additionally considering such causes of deformation as, for example, own and usable weight, wind pressure, changes in ambient temperature, or ground vibrations. The article proposes approaches using the free alignment of linear and angular observations made in a geodetic network to determine horizontal displacements of an engineering object. This method may be necessary to study displacements of various parts of the object, thus analyzing its deformation. Free alignment allows for an optimal fit of the equalized network into the approximate network by imposing additional conditions (compared to the classic least squares method) on the vector of estimates of increments to approximate coordinates and the value of the covariance matrix. As an example of applying the proposed approach, the actual data received from the geodetic monitoring of the building structure was used. The structure was a road viaduct located along Wojska Polskiego Street in Bydgoszcz. The object of measurements and analyses was represented by finite sets of fixed points, subject to periodic observations over two years. The authors tested the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and compared the obtained results with the values of horizontal displacements, which were calculated based on the classic study of geodetic monitoring results using the least-squares method. The accuracy analysis of the obtained values of the geodetic network horizontal displacements using free alignment and the least-squares method was also performed. The results indicate the possibility of using the presented approach to identify the geometric model of horizontal displacements without losing the accuracy of their determination.
New Measurement Methods for Structure Deformation and Objects Exact Dimension Determination
Authors: Pavelka Karel , Zahradník David , Sedina Jaroslav , Pavelka Karel
Published: December 2021

The current rapid development of technologies enables new procedures for deformation and the detecting of construction defects and their modelling and monitoring in BIM. New instruments were developed for fast and sufficiently accurate mapping like personal mobile laser scanners (PLS). In the world of photography, the size of camera sensors is bigger, and the photographs are sharper. The rapid development of computer performance enables automatic and complex calculations, which lead to large sets of detailed 3D data and a high degree of automation. This influences photogrammetry and its methods. The results are more detailed and more accurate. Deformation, defects and exact dimensions (metrology) of different structures or objects can be currently measured by digital close-range photogrammetry. Cracks and cavities are monitored for structure status detection. This is important for planning reconstruction and for financial reasons. For structures like cooling towers, chimneys, or bridges can be created on a 3D model with a high texture resolution for finding and monitoring cracks and cavities. Deformations or defects that were found must be in scale, and measurable for the calculation of the scope of repair work and its price. The generated 3D object model can then be used for further measurements, for the price estimation of renovation, and for the creation of a BIM, in which all processes can be modelled and watched. Deformation can be monitored over time by creating additional models after a defined period. Captured 3D models from different periods can be compared in software like CloudCompare to determine the progress of degradational changes. The trend of the aging of the structure can be traced, which will be helpful for the reasonable planning of reconstruction. Based on the rapid development and miniaturization of measuring devices, new, smaller, easier to use, and more perfect devices are constructed. This also applies to the new group of laser scanners constructed for basic measurement and structure modeling for BIM. Conventional laser scanners can be accurate, but they are relatively large and heavy, difficult to transport and measuring with them is relatively slow (stop and go type). If the project goal is the classic construction, documentation of the object, data transfer to BIM or basic documentation of objects, PLS is the ideal device. Thanks to the development of accurate IMU (inertial measurement unit) and SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) technologies, these devices are on the rise. The forthcoming article will inform about the methods of accurate close-range photogrammetry and mobile laser scanning and will show their advantages with specific examples.
Comparison of Digital Terrain and Surface Models for next Usage in a Chosen Locality
Authors: Valetta Alessandro , Chromcak Jakub , Danisovic Peter , Gaspar Gabriel
Published: December 2021

There are many possibilities for applications of digital terrain model and digital surface model due to their georeferenced character. The informational system of georeferenced data of Slovakia called ZBGIS gives new opportunities of downloading digital data in various formats. It is possible to download ortophotomosaics, ZBGIS raster at various scales, point cloud but digital terrain models and digital surface models with great possibilities of their application in GIS calculations as well.
Flood Hazard Calculation by Using a Digital Terrain Model
Authors: Muzik Juraj , Seidlova Anna , Kudelcikova Maria , Kongar-Syuryun Cheynesh , Mihalik Jan
Published: December 2021

Due to the global warming and the high environmental burden to the country, the risk of flood hazards increases hand in hand with the climate changes. It is not the only hazard, but parts of this hazard may be eliminated by using flood barriers, flood defences, etc. There are anthropogenic possibilities of the flood barriers’ application, such as dams, bags, regulated riverbeds. There are also protections with natural elements that can used, namely water gardens, water stages, balanced vegetation planting. The strength, dimension and position may be calculated from the proper terrain data.
Activities of a Mine Surveyor and a Geologist at Design Bases in a Limestone Quarry
Authors: Mikolas Milan , Mikusinec Jozef , Abrahamovsky Jan , Dibdiakova Jana , Tyulyaeva Yulia , Srek Jakub
Published: December 2021

At the beginning of this article, the main historical milestones of Povážská cementáreň (cement plant) Ladce, a.s. (PCLA) are presented. The main parameters of the Butkov quarry are also specified (sources of the mineral resources) such as the size of the protected deposit area, the mining area, etc. Another part of the article is devoted to proposals for future mining process. There are two projects in connection with the basic investment plan for PCLA modernization. The first one is the preparation of the survey area for limestone - the stages above the current E15 and the other one is the preparation of the survey area for marl - the Moskové locality. Both of these projects were realized in association with Považskň cementáreň, a.s., Ladce and VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava. An integral part of this article based on the project are also simulation of graphic models and diagrams. The last part of the article documents ways of the cooperation of Butkov Quarry and Považskň cementáreň, a.s., Ladce with the public. The management of the Butkov Quarry and Považskň cementáreň, a.s. have come to realize that their cooperation with the public on cultural and social activities helps both, the public and the quarry (include cement plant).
Using of Laser Scanners in Pavement Management
Authors: Decky Martin , Kovac Matus , Duris Lukas , Pisca Peter
Published: December 2021

The presented article introduces the utilization of laser scanning technology in the field of pavement management (PM) systems. Thanks its many advantages that allow objectification of road surface characteristics in a more holistic and sophisticated way, right decision-making within the PM, both at the network and project level. Specifically, outputs from the installed road scanners, such as SRS, Trimble CX and Lynx SG1 Mobile Mapper, have been combined to improve the accuracy. There has been found data correlation dependence of the development of rut depth for non-rigid pavements by evaluation of data from measurements at the public transport stop Hurbanova in Žilina during the years 1994 to 2018.
Some Remarks on Registration Techniques of Point Clouds Obtained from Terrestrial Laser Scanning
Authors: Muszyński Zbigniew , Kujawa Paulina
Published: December 2021

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a measurement technique used for many geodetic applications (such as determination of displacement and deformation of building objects or monitoring of engineering structures) as well as for non-geodetic applications (for example in forestry, archeology or geotechnics). Despite the high level of automation, the measurement with a laser scanner and the processing of the results consist of many stages and depend on many factors. The most important factors are: the features of measurement object (size, material, availability), required accuracy, speed of scanning, required scan density, type of reference frame, registration method, planned visualization, and 3D modelling method. In this article, the authors focused on the type of registration technique of point clouds obtained from TLS. The most popular strategies of registration were discussed. The practical application of the selected technique was presented on the example of measurement of the railway gauge of the viaduct. Due to the characteristic object (narrow and long railway line) and considering the local reference frame of point clouds as well as the need of minimization of the measurement time, the hybrid registration method in the nested variant was selected.
Typomorphism of Placer Gold and Prerequisites for the Discovery of Gold Ore Occurrences in the Southern Part of the Lena-Anabar Trough (North-East of The Siberian Platform)
Authors: Gerasimov Boris
Published: December 2021

The article examines the results of exploratory work carried out in the southern part of the Lena-Anabar trough in the north-eastern part of the Siberian platform. Alluvial deposits of the Polovinnaya river, which belongs to the Uele-Udzhinsky placer cluster, were sampled for predictive assessment of commercial prospects for placer occurrences of gold. The mineralogical-geochemical features of the placer gold were studied in order to identify potential primary sources. It is proved that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits are the main sources of gold. Its typomorphic features are small size (-0.5 mm), toroidal and flake shape, shagreen surface with casts of pressing of the minerals, and high fineness (950-999 %). The internal structures of gold particles are represented by thick high-grade shells, translation lines and high-grade intergranular veinlets. Along with this, the discovery of the autochtonous gold of ore habit in the studied gold area suggested the presence of an additional primary source. Very small size (-0.2 mm) and angular-lumpy shapes of the individuals, almost unrounded surface and low fineness are typical features of slightly altered gold. The discovery of small (3-4mm) fragments of hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks in the alluvium of the Polovinnaya river confirms the above assumption. The epigenetic mineral composition of these fragments is represented by pyrite, potassium feldspar, fluorapatite, and quartz. Micro-X-ray spectral analysis determined the smallest (first microns) mineral phases of native gold, argentite, galena, sphalerite and greenockite in them. It is worth noting that the described fragments are quite fragile, and they are destroyed with a slight impact with a steel needle. The fragility of these fragments indicates the close proximity of the rewashed ore occurrences. In addition, increased gold content in small classes of heavy concentrate material of small-volume samples was determined according to atomic absorption analysis. All this together is a prerequisite for the discovery of ore occurrences with finely-dispersed and fine gold. It is assumed that the ore occurrences can be localized in the Anabar-Eekit fault zone, which extends parallel to the Pronchishchev ridge, through the Anabar-Olenek trough, to the Sololiy uplift of the Olenek arch. In the area of the Olenek arch, this zone is associated with superimposed gold-bearing low-temperature hydrothermal mineralization, expressed by K-feldspathization and sulfidization of the Permian deposits.
Petrographic and Petrochemical Characteristics of Suevite Matrix, Western Part of the Kara Astrobleme (Russia)
Authors: Maksimenko Nadezhda , Shumilova Tatyana
Published: December 2021

The Kara Astrobleme is a unique geological object located in the northwestern part of the Arctic zone of Russia. Impactites from the Kara crater are diamondiferous to various degrees. At present the Kara suevites are relatively poorly studied. Until now the petrographic features of the matrix have been described in general terms, and petrochemically the cementing mass of the suevites has not yet been studied. In 2015 suevite breccias of the southern part of the Kara Astrobleme were subdivided into three different types. It was later suggested that the suevites of the western part of the impact crater, located at the Put’yu and Sayakha rivers, could be type II suevites, but at the same time they had a number of distinctive features which might be associated with different formation conditions of these rocks. Hence it is relevant to study the matrix of the suevites of the mentioned areas to clarify their facies and formation features. The paper presents results of a comprehensive study with a detailed description of the suevite matrix at Put’yu and Sayakha rivers conducted for the first time for the suevites of the Kara Astrobleme. Through optical and microprobe studies we described petrographic and petrochemical features of the cementing mass of the suevites. We discovered that the matrix of the studied rocks was characterized by the similarity of the mineralogical composition, but differing in structural and content features. We found that all the studied rocks belonged to the aerodynamic ejection facies, within which they differed in the temperature conditions of formation which might be associated with the different initial position of the suevite material in the impact cloud. The research results clarify the type and facies of suevites in other areas of the impact structure that will allow defining facies variability and detail characteristics of suevite breccias of the Kara Astrobleme. The obtained data demonstrate genetic regularities of impactites and allow predict the diamond content of the Astrobleme as a whole.
The Influence of Hydrogeological Factors on the Railway Stability in the Areas of Island Permafrost Distribution (by the Example of the Trans-Baikal Railway, Russia)
Authors: Melnikov Andrey , Kuznetsov Pavel
Published: December 2021

Changes in the geocryological situation at the road base and in the adjacent territory should be predicted based on an analysis of regional features of the “climate – landscape – cryolithozone – construction” system. These relationships are manifested in various ways across various cryolithozone regions, with these differences being rather poorly understood. In this regard, in 2019, the Melnikov Permafrost Institute (Yakutsk, Russia) and the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources of the Chinese Academy of Sciences signed an agreement on joint research work in order to elucidate the evolution of frozen soils, as well as to justify the application of certain measures to stabilise the permafrost environment. These projects aim to study the cryolithozone response along the routes of projected high-speed highways and existing railway tracks. Since 2019, the Institutes’ representatives along with specialists from the Tynda permafrost station (the branch of Russian Railways), North-Eastern Federal University (Neryungri, Russia), Zabtransproekt (Chita, Russia) and the Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology of the Siberian Branch of RAS (Chita, Russia) have been investigating individual sections of the Far Eastern and Trans-Baikal railways in Russia. Some areas here are characterised by the continuous distribution of permafrost soils, while others – by island permafrost distribution. These areas share such common features, as the significant lifetime of linear structures (lasting for several tens of years) and the presence of deformations of the railway track, which appeared in the first years after construction. Railway track sections installed in high-temperature frozen soils are of particular interest for monitoring. However, the construction deformations are not always caused by frozen soil degradation. This article presents the results of surveys at one of such objects – a section of the track confined to the Chernovskaya station of the Trans-Baikal railway.
Influence of Control Points Configuration on the Mobile Laser Scanning Accuracy
Authors: Kalvoda Petr , Nosek Jakub , Kalvodova Petra
Published: December 2021

Mobile mapping systems (MMS) are becoming widely used in standard geodetic tasks more commonly in the last years. The paper is focused on the influence of control points (CPs) number and configuration on mobile laser scanning accuracy. The mobile laser scanning (MLS) data was acquired by MMS RIEGL VMX-450. The resulting point cloud was compared with two different reference data sets. The first reference data set consisted of a high-accuracy test point field (TPF) measured by a Trimble R8s GNSS system and a Trimble S8 HP total station. The second reference data set was a point cloud from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) using two Faro Focus3D X 130 laser scanners. The coordinates of both reference data sets were determined with significantly higher accuracy than the coordinates of the tested MLS point cloud. The accuracy testing is based on coordinate differences between the reference data set and the tested MLS point cloud. There is a minimum number of 6–7 CPs in our scanned area (based on MLS trajectory length) to achieve the declared relative accuracy of trajectory positioning according to the RIEGL datasheet. We tested two types of ground control point (GCP) configurations for 7 GCPs, using TPF reference data. The first type is a trajectory-based CPs configuration, and the second is a geometry-based CPs configuration. The accuracy differences of the MLS point clouds with trajectory-based CPs configuration and geometry-based CPs configuration are not statistically significant. From a practical perspective, a geometry-based CPs configuration is more advantageous in the nonlinear type of urban area such as our one. The following analyzes are performed on geometry-based CPs configuration variants. We tested the influence of changing the location of two CPs from ground to roof. The effect of the vertical configuration of the CPs on the accuracy of the tested MLS point cloud has not been demonstrated. The effect of the number of control points on the accuracy of the MLS point cloud was also tested. In the overall statistics using TPF, the accuracy increases significantly with increasing the number of GCPs up to 6. This number corresponds to a requirement of the manufacturer. Although further increasing the number of CPs does not significantly increase the global accuracy, local accuracy improves with increasing the number of CPs up to 10 (average spacing 50 m) according to the comparison with the TLS reference point cloud. The accuracy test of the MLS point cloud was divided into the horizontal accuracy test on the façade data subset and the vertical accuracy test on the road data subset using the TLS reference point cloud. The results of this paper can help improve the efficiency and accuracy of the mobile mapping process in geodetic praxis.
Seismic Analysis of a Limestone Rock Slope Through Numerical Modelling: Pseudo-Static vs. Non-Linear Dynamic Approach
Authors: Bolla Alberto , Paronuzzi Paolo
Published: December 2021

In the present work, a seismic analysis was performed in advance on a limestone rock slope (height = 150 m) outcropping along the Tagliamento River valley, in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, north-eastern Italy. The analysed slope is characterised by strong rock mass damage, thus resulting in a critical stability condition (unstable volume = 110,000–200,000 m3). The seismic analysis was performed adopting the 2D finite difference method (FDM) and employing both a pseudo-static approach and a non-linear dynamic approach. Model outcomes demonstrate that the seismic motion induces internal, localised ruptures within the rock mass. Some important differences in the mechanical behaviour of the rock slope were highlighted, depending on the specific modelling approach assumed. When adopting a pseudo-static approach, the slope failure occurs for PGA values ranging between 0.056 g and 0.124 g, depending on the different initial static stability condition assumed for the slope (Strength Reduction Factor SRF = 1.00–1.15). According to the non-linear dynamic approach, the slope failure is achieved for PGA values varying between 0.056 g and 0.213 g. Pre-collapse slope displacements calculated with the pseudo-static approach (12–15 cm) are much more greater than those obtained through the non-linear dynamic approach (0.5–3 mm). The modelling results obtained through the non-linear dynamic analysis also testify that the seismic topographic amplification is 1.5 times the target acceleration at the slope face and 2.5 times the target acceleration at the slope toe.
Reducing Blasting-Induced Ground Vibrations at the Velkolom Čertovy Schody-Západ Quarry
Authors: Šrek Jakub , Mikoláš Milan
Published: December 2021

The study discusses the use of the electronic initiation system and software modeling to reduce ground vibrations induced by blasting works. The main part compares non-electric and electronic initiation systems, namely how the system-type affects the peak vector sum (PVS). The study evaluates blasting works conducted between 2011 and 2020 at the Velkolom Čertovy schody quarry. KonĘprusy limestone deposit mined from a quarry Velkolom Certovy schody belongs to one of the most significant mining locations in the Czech Republic. The main mining technology used in breaking rock mass at the Velkolom Čertovy schody quarry is blasting (namely bench blasts and overburden blasts). Blasting generates ground vibrations that affect the surroundings of the quarry. The information on ground vibrations is continuously collected at the predetermined measurement sites through a monitoring network. The network constantly monitors peak particle velocity (PPV), PVS, frequency, and other parameters. The key measurement site appears to be Prošek Dome (M15) in the Koneprusy Caves. At this measurement site, the limit value of the PVS is stipulated at 3.0 mm s-1. If this value is exceeded, it is necessary to establish measures which lead to blasting restrictions (e. g. decrease in the weight of the deck charge, bench blast rows reduction). To meet the criteria, the Velkolom Čertovy schody-západ quarry started to use the electronic initiation system (E*STAR) along with the specialized software Paradigm for vibration modeling. This study, using data collected at the measurement sites Prošek Dome (M15) and KonĘprusy No. 19, compares the PVS generated by the non-electric initiation system (Shock*Star) without modeling and by the electronic initiation system (E*STAR) with modeling. As reference years for non-electric initiation were stipulated years 2011, 2012, 2013, and for electronic initiation years 2018, 2019, and 2020. An analysis of 467 bench blasts executed at the quarry was conducted - or rather, the analysis of the PVS values collected at the pre-selected measurement sites. The analysis shows that the average value of the PVS at the measurement site Prošek Dome (M15) decreased from 2.05 mm s-1 to 1.64 mm s-1 when using the electronic initiation system with vibration modeling. The decrease in the PVS value was observed at the measurement site KonĘprusy No. 19 as well, namely from 0.48 mm s-1 to 0.31 mm s-1. In addition, significantly fewer occasions of exceeding the PVS limit value were reported at the measurement site Prošek Dome (M15), specifically from 6.7 % to 2.7 % of the blasting works conducted within the selected reference years. The study also describes fundamental principles of work with the Paradigm software. Based on the vibration analysis, parameters of the bench blasts need to be adjusted: timing, number of deck charges or rows, etc. Finally, the study summarizes the benefits of the electronic initiation system with modeling.
Statistical Analysis and Trend Detection of the Hydrological Extremes of the Danube River at Bratislava
Authors: Mitková Veronika Bacová
Published: December 2021

The territory of the Danube River Basin is one of the most flood-endangered regions in Europe. The flow regime conditions of the Danube River are continually changing. These changes are the result of natural processes and anthropogenic activities. In the present study, we focused on the statistical analysis and trend detection of the hydrological extremes of the Danube River at Bratislava. This paper firstly analyses the changes in correlation between water levels of the Danube River at Bratislava and Kienstock. Studied period of 1991-2013 included one or three hour measured water levels of the Danube River at Bratislava and Kienstock and shorter periods (1991–1995, 1999–2002, and 2004—2013) were selected for identification of the water level changes at Bratislava. One of the factors that recall the necessity to establish empirical - regression relationships was increasing of water levels of the Danube River at Bratislava (due to sediments accumulation at Bratislava). The results of the analysis indicated an increasing of water levels corresponding to the same flood discharges observed in the past. We also can say that travel time of the Danube floods between Kienstock and Bratislava did not change significantly during the analysed period. In the second part of the paper, we have identified changes in commonly used hydrological characteristics of annual maximum discharges, annual discharges and daily discharges of the Danube River at Bratislava during the period of 1876–2019. We examined whether there is a significant trend in discharges of the Danube River at Bratislava.
Mineralogical Criteria for Genetic Relationship of Igneous and Carbonatite Rocks of the Tomtor Massif (Siberian Platform)
Authors: Okrugin Alexander , Zhuravlev Anatolii
Published: December 2021

The Tomtor massif, located in the north-east of the Siberian Platform, is a polychronous zonal-ring complex of alkaline ultrabasic rocks and carbonatites containing a unique deposit of Nb and REE. A comparative analysis of the typomorphic features of minerals of different types of silicate rocks and carbonatites of the Tomtor massif is given in order to establish their convergent features. In order to exclude the mutual influence of rocks formed at different times on each other, samples were taken from different dispersed independent pipe-like bodies of melteigites, a sheet body of alkaline picrites and a transverse dike of carbonatite located south of the Tomtor massif, as well as from alkaline syenites from the southern margin of the massif. It is shown that interesting convergent features are identified in the rock-forming and accessory minerals, including rare-metal ore minerals of different silicate igneous rocks and carbonatite formations. Rock-forming minerals - pyroxenes, micas, feldspars, feldspathopids, garnets, as well as basic and rare carbonates, oxide ore minerals, including Cr-containing spinelides, and sulfide and other exotic phases have such features. The confirmation of the convergence of a group of obvious high-temperature early magmatic elements-MgO, Cr, and Ni - with a group of CaO, CO2, H2O, P2O5, and Y components forming carbonatite derivatives was the most interesting nuance in this regard. Existence of such polychromous complicated ore-magmatic ring complexes as Tomtor massif indicates occurrence of intraplate deep large magma-generating hearths in lithosphere mantle. Such easily fusible hearths, conserved in lithosphere mantle of residual melts of kimberlite, alkali-picrites, carbonatite compositions, under the subsequent favorable geodynamic settings, are subject to rapid flotation, undergoing decompression melting and forming concentric-zonal platform complexes of alkali ultrabasic rocks with carbonatites
Simulation of Soil Compaction by a Tractor Passing
Authors: Bukovská Pavla , Burg Patrik , Masán Vladimir , Cížková Alice
Published: December 2021

Several methods for agricultural soil compaction evaluation are known. However, there is a lack of knowledge about a soil elasticity, which could be an important factor for final level of compaction. The paper deals with a possibility of evaluation of soil elasticity using automatic computerized oedometer. A simulation of tractor passing was performed as a part of research focused on the monitoring of soil conditions in vineyards. Cyclic loading test of five loading cycles (loading 300 kPa and un-loading 5 kPa) was performed and vertical deflection was observed, which changed in dependency on change of vertical stress. Course of vertical deformation indicates the ability of soil to relax when the load subsides. The paper presents pilot results, that show good potential of using oedometer for soil elasticity evaluating. Information on the elastic behaviour of soil will make it possible to design and apply means for improving soil elasticity and thus help to mitigate the effects of soil compaction.
Monitoring of Elastic Deformations of the Hydraulic Structure Gabcíkovo
Authors: Škvarka Juraj , Bednárová Emilia , Slávik Ivan , Takácová Monika
Published: December 2021

The settlement and its calculations and monitoring are among the main factors influencing the structure and operability of hydraulic structures. Our paper focuses on the hydraulic structure Gabcíkovo which consists of the hydropower plant with an installed capacity of 720 MW and two navigation locks to ensure international ship transportation. Conventional geodetic methods of classical or very precise leveling with state-of-the-art measuring instruments are currently used to monitor deformations on navigation locks of hydraulic structure Gabcíkovo. In their subsoil, there are gravelly sediments to a depth of about 400 m. Under the gravel sediments, there are Neogene clays and silts. From the beginning of construction, deformations are measured on all structures using special tachymetric devices to monitor the elastic displacements. The obtained measured values are then processed in time dependences and compared with the limit values. During the current almost 30-year operation of the navigation locks, filling and emptying cycles, loading and unloading of the subsoil can be counted in the tens of thousands. The impact of the long-term operation, but especially the current innovation and modernization of navigation locks, aimed at increasing the safety and intensity of transport brings new knowledge and experiences. During the implementation of required improvement related to this project, the right navigation lock is empty for more than a year. The created technical conditions made it possible to monitor the influence of long-term unloading on the subsoil on the vertical displacements in detail. This unusual load condition is a motivation to present the results of measurements in the presented paper.
Groundmass Chromospinellides from Kimberlites of Khompu-May Kimberlite Field
Authors: Oparin Nikolay , Oleynikov Oleg
Published: December 2021

The current paper presents the results of studying chromites of kimberlite mesostasis forming the Manchary, Aprelskaya, Erel, Turakhskaya, and Artemova pipes within the Khompu-May kimberlite field (central Yakutia). Despite shared texture and structural characteristics and mineral composition of the kimberlites, chromospinellide composition is distinctive in each pipe. Groundmass chromium spinel of the Aprelskaya and Erel kimberlite pipes is characterized by the highest aluminum oxide content (>10 wt. %). Chromites from the Erel and Turakhskaya pipes as well as a fraction of grains from the Manchary pipe with titanium oxide (<4 wt. %) form a field of common composition by Cr2O3 and TiO2 content. The Aprelskaya and Artemova pipes show up to 17 wt. % TiO2 in chromites. Such a difference in titanium content correlates with perovskite content in kimberlite groundmass of the Khompu-May field. The results of the study revealed two trends in evolution of chromospinellide microcrystals (R. Mitchell, 1986) – ulvöspinel associated with typical kimberlites and titanomagnetite characteristic of micaceous kimberlites. Chromospinellides of the Aprelskaya pipe demonstrate the ulvöspinel trend only, suggesting earlier spinel crystallization relative to groundmass mica. Spinellides from the Erel and Artemova pipes follow the titanomagnetite trend only, being crystallized after formation of mesostasis mica. Spinellides from the Manchary and Turakhskaya pipes meet the ulvöspinel and titanomagnetite trend, indicating two stages of mineral crystallization relative to phlogopite.