bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMOSYSTEMATIC AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF JUNIPERUS PINCHOTII SUDW.
Authors: Adams R. P.
Published: April 2006

Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. was analyzed for areas of population differentiation and possible hybridization with other species of Juniperus, utilizing both morphological and chemical (terpenoid) characters. The volatile terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas chromatography. Numerical methods included: analysis of variance; SNK tests; contour mapping of individual characters; differential systematics; and numerical taxonomy. Juniperus pinchotii appears to be a somewhat variable taxon with some quite divergent populations in the trans‐Pecos region of west Texas where it is morphologically similar to J. monosperma Sarg. No evidence of introgression was detected but some hybridization with J. monosperma in the Palo Duro Canyon of the Texas Panhandle was confirmed.
THE GENERIC NAME HORMIDIUM AS APPLIED TO GREEN ALGAE
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Mattox Karl R. , Blackwell Will H.
Published: April 2006

Hormidium Kützing 1843 (non Lindley ex Heynhold 1840, Orchidaceae) is shown to have been lectotypified with H. velutinum, a schizogoniaceous alga. Hormidium sensu Klebs 1896 comprises ulotrichaceous algae. Although intended to apply to ulotrichaceous algae, Chlorhormidium Fott 1960 can be associated only with schizogoniaceous algae inasmuch as the name was proposed as a substitute for Hormidium Kützing. Klebs's concept of Hormidium is therefore described as a new genus, for which the name Klebsormidium is proposed.
OSBECKIA CHINENSIS L. AND O. ZEYLANICA L.f. (MELASTOMATACEAE)
Authors: Hansen C.
Published: April 2006

Mainly on the basis of the correspondence between Linnaeus and Osbeck in 1752, I point out that contrary to some recently published opinions, specimens brought by Osbeck, and not the figure of E. maderaspatana, are the types of O. chinensis; subsequently the species is typified. To avoid further confusion due to the rather poor differential characters of O. chinensis and zeylanica in most writings, a set of valuable differential characters is given.
ALLIUM DESCENDENSL., A NOMEN AMBIGUUM
Authors: Kollmann Fonia
Published: April 2006

Conflicting interpretations ofAllium descendensL. made it necessary to determine the original usage of this epithet in Linnaeus'sSpecies Plantarum(1753).

The single sheet (419.15) of this species in the Linnaean Herbarium, named by Linnaeus, is from SE. Russia, whereas Linnaeus quoted Helvetia as its area of distribution. Thus, the Linnaean specimen cannot be considered as the type. No illustration cited inSpecies Plantarumis adequate to serve as lectotype of the species. It is also possible that the species was based on a cultivated plant of unknown origin.

As the name A.descendensL. was applied in later literature to several spscies, it is recommended that it be rejected as anomen ambiguum.
A SOLUTION OF THE STARTING POINT PROBLEM IN THE NOMENCLATURE OF FUNGI
Authors: Demoulin V. , Hawksworth D. L. , Korf R. P. , Pouzar Z.
Published: April 2006

The present system of disparate starting points for fungi is shown to be incapable of producing a stable unambiguous nomenclature. Its faithful application not only imposes an intolerable sterile bibliographic burden on taxonomists but also forces them to make subjective biological decisions. A solution to this problem exists in Prop. 32 for modification of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. This proposal would give a single starting point date of 1753 for all fungi but would retain the protected status granted by the existing Art. 13.1.f to names used by Fries in his Systema vol. 2 and 3 extend it to vol. 1 and to Persoon's Synopsis for the names for which this was the starting point book. The advantages for nomenclatural stability and simplicity of this proposal are outlined, and contrasted with the catastrophic changes that would arise from adoption of the current Prop. 31 (which we therefore strongly oppose).
HYBRID POPULATIONS OF HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS AND H. MICROCEPHALUS AFTER 22 YEARS
Authors: Heiser Charles B.
Published: April 2006

Three hybrid swarms of H. divaricatus, a species generally of open or semi‐open habitats, and H. microcephalus, a species generally found in shaded areas, were studied in 1950, 1961, and 1972. In one population considerable hybridity was still evident in 1972, probably the result of continued disturbance in the area. Although the habitat has become more closed in the other two sites, H. divaricatus‐like plants were dominant in one and the sole representatives at the other in 1972. These results may be partly explained by H. divaricatus being the more abundant species in these two localities in 1950 and by its greater life span. That H. divaricatus may owe its increased shade tolerance to introgression from H. microcephalus is also suggested as a possibility.
A GENERAL SYSTEM FOR CODING TAXONOMIC DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Dallwitz M. J.
Published: April 2006

A generalized system for the concise representation and manipulation of taxonomic descriptions is described. The system is versatile, easy to understand, and designed to minimise coding errors. The descriptions can replace natural‐language descriptions both at the time of recording and in publications. The descriptions are also computer‐readable, and a program is available for translation into natural language and into the formats required by some key‐generation and numerical‐classification programs.
A COMPARISON OF MULTIVARIATE METHODS FOR THE DETECTION OF HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: Adams Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Principal component analysis (PCA), Wells' hybrid distance diagram, principal coordinate analysis (PCO) using weighted Gower metrics, and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were compared using data from artificial crosses of sunfish (Lepomis) and putative hybridization in Juniperus. The results were similar between the two data sets in that using the weighted characters (F ratios from ANOVA of the parents) produced well resolved parental groups and generally ordinated the hybrids between the parents. The F weighted PCO and Wells' distance diagrams were found to be better suited for the analysis of hybridization than PCA or CVA. Several limitations of PCA and CVA are discussed.
HETEROBASIDION (FOMES) ANNOSUM AND THE BONDARZEWIACEAE
Authors: Stalpers Joost A.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic position of Heterobasidion annosum is discussed. The species is closely related to Bondarzewia and has to be placed in the Bondarzewiaceae. This family includes the Amylariaceae and the Echinodontiaceae.
GENUS COMMUNITIES AS A SYSTEMATIC TOOL IN THE STUDY OF NEW WORLD BOTRYCHIUM (OPHIOGLOSSACEAE)
Authors: Wagner W. H. , Wagner Florence S.
Published: April 2006

Problems in the taxonomy of Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae) are outlined and discussed. Species interpretation has been controversial because many taxa are little known, poorly collected, highly variable, and subtly differentiated. A method of study based upon the tendency of the species to co‐exist with each other in the same habitats is discussed, and examples from our field work are given. The “Genus Community Method” and the related “Mutual Associates Method” allow critical comparisons to be made. Cohabitation of two or more species without successful interbreeding demonstrates biological discreteness and confirms that the character differences are most likely genetically fixed. A summary of our knowledge of what pairs of species have been found to co‐exist is given for subg. Sceptridium and subg. Botrychium. For the former, the major associations occur in eastern North America and tropical America north of Panama, including the Antilles. For the latter, the major associations occur in western North America. As many as seven species may grow together in one habitat. We conclude that the genus may not be as difficult taxonomically as previously believed. By discovering and analyzing genus communities of Botrychium, we can show which taxa are consistently and persistently distinct.
ATLAS OF DISTRIBUTION OF VASCULAR PLANTS IN POLAND (ATPOL)
Authors: Zając Adam
Published: April 2006

The Atlas of Distribution of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL) is a new project in floristic cartography in eastern central Europe being realized by the cartogram method. The basic map unit is a square 10km x 10km. The whole of the Polish vascular flora (about 2400 taxa) is being included. The data are being gathered and processed using electronic data processing (EDP).

The concept of ATPOL was proposed by J. Komas in 1966 as a continuation and extension of the already well advanced local cartographic projects which cover various physiographic, historic or administrative regions of Poland (e.g. the Carpathians, the Silesia, the former Lublin voivodship in central‐eastern Poland, etc.), as well as some taxonomic or ecological plant groups (e.g. the trees and shrubs, Browicz, 1963–1976).
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF ENCALYPTA AFFINIS (MUSCI): MAINTENANCE OF CONTINUITY BETWEEN EPITHET AND TAXONOMIC CONCEPT
Authors: Horton Diana G.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic concept of E. affinis is well established historically and the epithet affinis has been fairly consistently applied to this taxon, particularly recently. Even though the original description and illustrations were, at least in part, based upon plants of E. affinis, the potential type specimens presently in the original author's herbarium consist of another distinct, and probably only distantly related species, E. alpina. As the specimen in the collector's herbarium consists of both E. affinis and E. alpina, it is concluded that the original description was based upon a mixed collection, a portion of which has since been removed. Therefore, E. affinis is lectotypified in the collector's herbarium in order to maintain the continuity established between the taxonomic concept and the epithet, in accordance with Recommendation 7B of the ICBN.
POLYPLOIDY IN THE FLORA OF PAKISTAN IN RELATION TO LATITUDE, LIFE FORM, AND TAXONOMIC GROUPS
Authors: Baquar S. R.
Published: April 2006

This is the first attempt in Pakistan to relate frequency of polyploidy to life‐form and geographical distribution. In dicotyledonous plants the degree of ploidy was found to be at all levels from triploid to decaploid while in monocotyledonous plants, tetraploids and pentaploids were noted. The perennials, in dicots as well as in monocots, had a higher percentage of polyploidy than annuals, being 47.6% in dicots and 40.0%) in monocots in contrast to 39.6%) and 21.6% in annual dicots and monocots respectively. Six large families investigated for percentage of polyploidy ‐ Malvaceae, Solanaceae, Gramineae, Compositae, Leguminosae and Convolvulaceae ‐ showed 90.0%, 89.7%, 30.4%), 22.2%, 19.2%) and 85.7%) respectively, which supports earlier conclusions, that percentage of polyploidy varies from family to family as much or more than from one latitude to another.
AN AUTOMATED DATA BANK FOR GRASS GENERA
Authors: Watson L. , Dallwitz M. J.
Published: April 2006

An automated taxonomic data bank for grass genera is described, and an example of an automatically typeset generic description is presented. There are 324 generic descriptions currently available, coded in DELTA format. These are provided on microfiche, translated into English by CONFOR, along with a sample key to eu‐panicoids generated by the program KEY.
THE HERBARIA OF LEHMANN AND SONDER IN STOCKHOLM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ECKLON AND ZEYHER COLLECTION
Authors: Nordenstam Bertil
Published: April 2006

The Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm (S) acquired the greater part of J. G. C. Lehmann's private herbarium in 1860–61 and O. W. Sonder's South African collection in 1875. Type specimens for the early volumes of Flora capensis are to be sought in Stockholm whenever “Herb. Sond.” is cited, although substantial sets of duplicates, or fragments, exist in Lyon (LY) and Melbourne (MEL). The most complete Ecklon & Zeyher collection, including the unicates, is also in S, where lectotypification of Ecklon & Zeyher's taxa is recommended. Statistics for the genera Aspalathus and Crassula are provided as evidence. Because of these early acquisitions, the Stockholm herbarium also contains various other original specimens, e.g. from J. G. C. Lehmann (including his Hepaticae), C. G. D. Nees von Esenbeck, E. Meyer, F. Buchenau and G. Bentham.
THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION OF POACEAE SUBFAMILY POOIDEAE, WITH NOTES ON SOME CONTROVERSIAL GENERA
Authors: Macfarlane T. D. , Watson L.
Published: April 2006

Following morphological and anatomical study of 230 species of Poaceae, representing 156 genera putatively of subfamily Pooideae, the subfamily has been recircumscribed in detail. A subfamily description is provided giving frequencies of states for characters; the 148 genera included are listed, and reasons are given for excluding others.
THE EVOLUTION OF KARYOTYPE AND POLYPLOIDY IN ARBOREAL PLANTS
Authors: Grant William F.
Published: April 2006

Although relatively few biochemical studies have been carried out on woody plants, interesting correlations (and discrepancies) have been noted between nuclear DNA content and several parameters such as geographic range (latitude), ecological adaptation, nuclear volume, and karyotypic differences such as chromosome length. Hybridization between genomes with complements possessing chromosomes of different relative sizes, B chromosomes, and repetitious DNA and heterochromatin, have been reasons advanced for changes in karyotypes and nuclear DNA response. B chromosomes may not be as rare in tree species as previously considered. It may be expected that DNA‐RNA hybridization and Giemsa staining procedures will reveal differences in karyotypes between species in genera where genomes at present exhibit only moderate differences between species. While successful callus production has been induced for a number of woody species, so far no haploid trees have been produced. In Betula there appears to be little barrier to cross fertilization and plants with different euploid chromosome numbers have been obtained from seed from the same parental tree.
BETALAINS AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐ELEMENT PLASTIDS IN GISEKIA L. (CENTROSPERMAE)
Authors: Mabry Tom J. , Behnke H.‐Dietmar , Eifert Imre J.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of betalains and P‐type sieve‐element plastids in Gisekia africana and G. pharnaceoides supports the alliance of this genus with the betalain‐containing centrospermous families.
SYNOPSIS DU NOUVEL ORDRE DES SARCINOCHRYSIDALES (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Gayral Mme P. , Billard Mme C.
Published: April 2006

Une description formelle d'un nouvel ordre de Chrysophyceae distinct des Ochromonadales et des Chromulinales est donnée. L'ordre est fondé sur le genre‐typeSarcinochrysiscaractérisé par des monades à appareil flagellaire latéral formé de deux fouets hétéromorphes. Deux sous‐ordres (Sarcinochrysidineae et Chrysomeridineae) et deux familles nouvelles (Sarcinochrysidaceae et Nematochrysopsidaceae) sont définis; des modifications sont apportées dans la diagnose de deux autres familles et dans celle de genres antérieurement décrits.
WILLIAM ROXBURGH'S ‘BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SWIETENIA (MAHOGANY)‘ AND OTHER OVERLOOKED BINOMIALS IN 36 VASCULAR PLANT FAMILIES
Authors: Mabberley D. J.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclatural history of Soymida febrifuga (Meliaceae) is examined and the name shown to be valid, the specific name published by Roxburgh in 1793, the generic, like several other generic names in Meliaceae, by Mirbel and Cassini in 1830, and the combination in 1832. In establishing this, other overlooked binomials were brought to light such that a new combination in Hymenodictyon (Rubiaceae) is necessary. Names published in reports of societies' proceedings are discussed with the result that Barclaya (Nymphaeaceae) becomes Hydrostemma, in which two new combinations are proposed. A list of a further 108 overlooked names of plants, principally from Eurasia, is appended. Their recognition requires that Dianthus erinaceus (Caryophyllaceae) be known as D. webbianus, and Smilax rigida (Liliaceae) becomes S. myrtilius, while one name in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) remains obscure; the earliest name for Tulipa eichleri (Liliaceae) may be T. persica.
SYSTEMATIC BOTANY AND THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION: AN OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS RECOMMENDED FOR SUPPORT BY THE SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY PROGRAM IN 1980‐81
Authors: Beaman John H.
Published: April 2006

Research projects in systematic botany reviewed and recommended for support by the National Science Foundation Systematic Biology Program in fiscal years 1980 and 1981 are described. These 104 projects include three studies primarily concerned with phenomena rather than taxa, 28 monographs or revisions, 46 characterizing various aspects of selected taxa, 24 inventories, and three service functions.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROTOLOGUES OF NEW GENERA WITH NEW SPECIES IN FORSSKÅL'S FLORA AEGYPTIACO‐ARABICA
Authors: Friis I.
Published: April 2006

It is shown that a well‐defined scheme in agreement with the Linnaean method has been used in writing up diagnoses and descriptions of new genera with new species in the 'Descriptiones' of Forsskål's Flora Aegyptiaco‐Arabica. Frequent deviations from this scheme by the editor of Forsskål's posthumous work do not prevent us from distinguishing between generic diagnoses, generic descriptions, specific diagnoses, and specific descriptions. The specific epithet of the first new species in a new genus is often published elsewhere in the Flora. The consequences of these observations for the validity of a number of names are shown. The following names, valid under the modern Code, are dealt with in more detail:Alternanthera, withA. achyranthes; Chadara (=GrewiaL., 1753), withC. tenax, C. arborea(wrongly indicated as the type of I.N.G.), andC. velutina; Charachera (=LantanaL., 1753), withC. tetragona, andC. viburnoides(wrongly indicated as the type by I.N.G.);Micrelium (=EcliptaL., 1771), withM. asteroidesandM. tolak(wrongly indicated as the type by I.N.G.);Turia (=LuffaMiller, 1754), withT. sativa(lectotype, selected here),T. leloja, T. gijef, andT. moghadd.The generic namesSaelanthus, SuaedaandCathaare not validly published, and as a consequence none of the specific epithets published in combination with these generic names.Zilla, withZ. myagrioides, is validly published under the present Code. The generic nameElcajais considered validly published, butElcaja rokais not.
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR ESTABLISHING DISCRETE CHARACTERS FROM MEASUREMENT DATA, APPLICABLE TO CLADISTICS
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

A new procedure for coding quantitative measurements and ranges of measurements onto discrete characters suitable for input into existing cladistic analyses programs is presented. The procedure consists of rank ordering the ranges by their minimum values first, then by their midrange values. The rationale for coding ranges is presented and justified from the taxonomist's point of view. A detailed example is given and tested on a data set consisting of nine species of the genus Hordeum. Cladistic programs that deal directly with intra‐OTU variability are needed.
TAXONOMY IN WINTERACEAE
Authors: Vink Wim
Published: April 2006

After a review of a number of characters of the Winteraceae, two topics are discussed. Firstly, it is argued that determination factors of place, size, form, and function of petals and stamens can become unlocked and fixed again in a different way, giving rise to a new form: the stamen with a petaloid appendage, which consequently has to be considered as derived. Secondly, the differences between the Old World sectionTasmanniaand the New World sectionDrimysof the genusDrimysare discussed on the basis of two alternative clado‐eventograms. It is suggested that the low chromosome number of sectionTasmanniais an apomorphy and thatDrimysin its wide sense should be upheld.
ON THE USE AND CITATION OF TRUE AND FALSE HOMONYMS
Authors: Goetghebeur Paul , Plassche Dominique Vande
Published: April 2006

Here is a plea for a more unambiguous citation of misidentifications; they should not be confused with homonyms. Second, for homonymic basionyms and names based on them, should they be saved or rather abolished once and forever?
AMERICAN CODE AND LATER LECTOTYPIFICATIONS OF LINNAEAN GENERIC NAMES DATING FROM 1753: A CASE STUDY OF DISCREPANCIES
Authors: McNeill J. , Odell E. Ann , Consaul Laurie L. , Katz Deborah S.
Published: April 2006

The typification of the 112 Linnaean generic names dating to 1753, for which American Code lectotypifications differ from later ones, is reviewed in the light of two proposals to amend the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature at the XIV International Botanical Congress at Berlin in 1987. As part of the review,Dioscorea sativaL. is lectotypified and thus synonymized underD. villosa, andAgrostis albaL. is placed in synonymy underPoa nemoralisL. The two proposals (Proposals 291 and 297) were both included in the report of the Committee on Lectotypification, and are found to have differential effects in 58 of the 112 cases examined. It is shown that adoption of the provision to remove all constraints on the priority of American Code lectotypifications would result in nomenclatural changes in 48 cases as against 10 if the proposal to adopt 1935 as the starting date for priority of lectotypification was adopted. Moreover, with priority of American Code lectotypifications, changes would arise in the names of subdivisions of families in 4 cases and in names very widely accepted at the generic level in 21 cases, whereas no such changes would occur if a 1935 starting date were adopted. The generic names involved includeAgrostis, A ndropogon, Apium, Cleome, Cucurbita, Draba, Elymus, Ophrys, Scabiosa, ScirpusandSisymbrium.At the infrageneric level (including 7 cases in which a few authors recognize segregate genera), changes would be required in 26 cases if Proposal 297 (American Code priority) were adopted on its own, but in only 10 if Proposal 291 (1935 start) were accepted. The authors conclude that stability of nomenclature, at least at the levels of genera and subdivisions of genera of phanerogams, is better served by establishing 1935 as the starting date for priority of lectotypification.
A CHRONOLOGY OF COLOR CHARTS AND COLOR TERMINOLOGY FOR NATURALISTS
Authors: Paclt J.
Published: April 2006

Color charts for use in taxonomic descriptions of plants and animals have been published from time to time since 1686. A listing of these includes about 30 titles, some of which have been published in more than one edition. The most important color charts and treatises dealing with color terminology for naturalists are commented upon in chronological order of publication. Standard abbreviations are used to refer to the more or less currently available color atlases: R.C. (1905 — Répertoire de Couleurs), M.S. (1929—Munsell Book of Color), C.U.C. (1936—Séguy's Code universel des Couleurs), H.C.C. (1939/42— [British] Horticultural Colour Chart), P.F.A. (1957—[German] Horticultural Color Chart), R.H.S.C.C. (1966—R.H.S. Colour Chart), and M.C.C. (1970—Rayner's Mycological Colour Chart).
AGAIN ON THE SECTIONS IN TARAXACUM (CICHORIACEAE) (STUDIES IN TARAXACUM 6)
Authors: Kirschner Jan , Stepdnek Jan
Published: April 2006

The sectional nomenclature in Taraxacum (Cichoriaceae) is discussed (cf. Richards, Taxon 34:633–644, 1985). The status of Dahlstedt's sectional names and their typification are dealt with. Results of this analysis are compared with infrageneric taxa published by Handel‐Mazzetti (1907) and with the Richards paper. Attention is paid to the typification of the sections Palustria, Borealia, Ceratophora, Erythrosperma and Subvulgaria. The name T. sect. Vulgaria (Dahlst.) Dahlst. is shown to be illegitimate; a new section is described to accommodate the most common group of dandelions in central and northwestern Europe. A list of corrections and additions to the Richards sectional list is added.
THE ORIGIN OF ANGIOSPERMS: AN UNRECOGNIZED ANCESTRAL DICOTYLEDON,HEDYOSMUMCHLORANTHALES), WITH A STROBILOID FLOWER IS LIVING TODAY
Authors: Leroy Jean‐F.
Published: April 2006

The male flower ofHedyosmum(Chloranthaceae) has been described by all authors for almost two centuries as unistaminate, naked, and ebracteate. It is not so at all, but a flower that bears up to several hundred stamens, spirally arranged along an axis. It is an extraordinary structure in the angiosperms, precisely a gymnosperm cone‐like male flower and closely associated with many other primitive characters (in particular the pollen that is known by a similar monosulcate type as early as the lower Cretaceous time). Hence, there is a very strong probability in favour of the primitiveness of this structure, and its adaptation, which seems to be wind pollination. In particular, theHedyosmumstamen is considered here not according to the general view as a reduced flower, but as a transformed bract. The female flower pattern is like the male one, but more reduced; it theoretically is an axis with several phyllomes, one of which being the carpel, the others, fused with one another and with the ovary, representing the (generally trimerous) perianth which is homologous to the more or less fused sterile phyllomes at the bottom of the male flower. The partial female inflorescence is basically an ordinary spike and the male one a cyme, but there are reasons for believing that the two inflorescence patterns are closely related with one another. There is a “spectacular” evolutionary trend from the common ancestor of bothHedyosmumandAscarina(another Chloranthaceae), the latter genus being possibly insect‐pollinated and having male flowers only 1‐5‐staminate. The new interpretation of theHedyosmumflower reported here leads me to think very seriously that some (many?) angiosperm trends must have had a chloranthoid origin.
NICKEL AND ZINC ACCUMULATION BY SPECIES OF THLASPI L., COCHLEARIA L., AND OTHER GENERA OF THE BRASSICACEAE
Authors: Reeves Roger D.
Published: April 2006

Accumulation of nickel to levels exceeding 1000 μg/g of dry matter, already found in many species of Thlaspi L. from Europe and western U.S.A., is also characteristic of seven species of this genus growing on ultramafic soils in Cyprus, Turkey, northern Syria and Japan. Two Turkish serpentineendemic species of Cochlearia behave in the same way, but many other members of the Brassicaceae from nickel‐rich soils show only slightly elevated nickel levels.

Zinc accumulation is known to occur in some European Thlaspi species, in Cochlearia pyrenaica and in Arabidopsis thaliana on zinc‐rich soils. Some Thlaspi species, however, accumulate high levels of zinc even when they are not associated with known zinc mineralisation.

Abnormal metal uptake by many species of Thlaspi and Cochlearia is a property of fundamental importance in considerations of the taxonomy and distribution in these genera.
A REDESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS PLOEOTIA DUJ. (EUGLENOPHYCEAE)
Authors: Fanner Mark A. , Triemer Richard E.
Published: April 2006

A colorless euglenoid was isolated from a sample of seawater collected from a New Jersey salt marsh in March 1984. This organism has been continuously maintained in the laboratory for the past three years. Though evidently belonging to a different species, this euglenoid bore remarkable similarities to Serpenomonas costata, previously described from the same sample. In ultrastructural features such as pellicle, flagellar apparatus, and feeding apparatus the organisms are nearly identical and there is little doubt that the two species belong to the same genus. Subsequent investigation revealed that the second species is Ploeotia vitrea Dujardin (1841), despite the fact that a feeding apparatus was neither mentioned nor illustrated by Dujardin. It has therefore become necessary to transfer S. costata to Ploeotia as a new combination, and to redescribe that genus to account for features that were not observed when the original description was made.
Typification of the Linnaean species ofAralia (Araliaceae)
Authors: Wen Jun , Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Wen, Jun & Reveal, J. L.: Typification of the Linnaean species ofAralia (Araliaceae). ‐ Taxon41: 69–75. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated for the four species ofAralia (Araliaceae)described by Linnaeus in 1753. The possible origins and fates of the original material is speculated upon with the suggestion that several of the critical specimens are seemingly missing or mistakenly labelled.
Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs).
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Demeke Tigst
Published: April 2006

Adams, R. P. & Demeke, T.: Systematic relationships in Juniperus based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). – Taxon 42: 553–571. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

44 taxa of Juniperus were analysed using RAPDs, similarity measures and principal coordinate analyses (PCO). The three sections of Juniperus (sect. Caryocedrus, sect. Juniperus, sect. Sabina) were found to be distinguished by RAPDs. The genus appears to be naturally divided into three major sections with two series (serrate and smooth leaf margins) in J. sect. Sabina. Additional examinations of specific and infraspecific taxa confirms earlier taxonomic work based on leaf terpenoids. Computer software (PCO3D from R.P.A.) for PCO is introduced for the analysis of RAPDs. RAPDs were found to be of taxonomic use ranging from sectional to varietal levels.
Isozyme variation and species delimitation among diploid populations of the Puccinellia nuttalliana complex (Poaceae): character fixation and the discovery of phylogenetic species
Authors: Davis Jerrold I. , Goldman Douglas H.
Published: April 2006

Davis, J. I. & Goldman, D. H.: Isozyme variation and species delimitation among diploid populations of the Puccinellia nuttalliana complex (Poaceae): character fixation and the discovery of phylogenetic species. – Taxon 42: 585–599. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Phylogenetic species, the minimal elements appropriate as terminals in phylogenetic analysis, are population systems that are differentiated by unique (i.e., diagnostic) character combinations. Within the predominandy polyploid Puccinellia nuttalliana species complex, two diploid taxonomic species are recognized on the basis of morphology. Isozyme variation was analysed in 11 diploid populations identified as P. lemmonii and one identified as the rare P. parishii, and variation profiles were generated for each population, reflecting each allele as either absent, present and fixed, or present and not fixed. Population Aggregation Analysis (PAA) grouped these populations into two distinct isozyme species that correspond precisely in membership to the species recognized previously on the basis of morphology; thus, isozyme patterns are congruent with those of morphology. Mean genetic identities among populations of P. lemmonii are not unusually high for conspecific plant populations, nor are genetic identities between populations of the two species unusually low.
A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas
Authors: Austin Daniel F. , Huáman Zósimo
Published: April 2006

Austin, D. F. & Huáman, Z.: A synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the Americas. – Taxon 45: 3‐38. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A total of 339 taxa (327 species, five varieties, five subspecies) currently are recognized in the Americas, with the caveat that additional taxa exist that are unstudied and undescribed. Those species recognized are placed, when possible, in infrageneric categories. Known distributions are given for each taxon. Synonyms and names of uncertain application are listed.
Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics
Authors: Parnell J. , Waldren S.
Published: April 2006

Parnell, J. & Waldren, S.: Detrended correspondence analysis in the ordination of data for phenetics and cladistics. – Taxon 45: 71‐84. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Most methods of morphometric and phylogenetic analysis do not permit the incorporation of both categorical and quantitative data. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to produce ordination diagrams of strictly categorical data from a cladistic analysis, and mixed data from a morphometric study of hybridization. In both cases it proved preferable to standardize the data prior to DCA, because increased separation on ordination was found when larger scale ranges were used. A standardization is suggested, such that characters are scaled on a range from 1 to the total number of characters scored; this will produce more informative ordinations if large numbers of characters are scored. When used in conjunction with appropriate cladograms this phenetic technique may help reveal features such as homoplasy which are not readily apparent in cladograms, while the capability of DCA to combine both categorical and quantitative characters is especially useful in morphometric studies and in areas of evolutionary biology, e.g. chronistic studies of extinction events in morphospace.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON C. A. AND P. C. CANDARGY
Authors: Diemar Susan , Seberg Ole
Published: April 2006

In the late nineteenth century C. A. and P. C. Candargy made the first extensive inventory of the flora and vegetation of the island of Lesvos (Greece), and P. C. Candargy published a revision of the Hordeae (=tribus Triticeae, Poaceae). The activities of the Candargys are poorly known as are most of their publications. The present biography and bibliography provides some biographical data and clarifies their botanical writings. For each taxonomic paper the approximate date of publication is given.
Assessing the relative contribution of variables in canonical discriminant analysis
Authors: Tardif Bernard , Hardy Jean
Published: April 2006

Tardif, B. & Hardy, J.: Assessing the relative contribution of variables in canonical discriminant analysis. – Taxon 44: 69‐76. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A procedure by which subsets of variables can be selected and their relative importance assessed in canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) is discussed. It is apparent from a review of the literature that only the standardized coefficients can be used for this purpose. However, an example relative to morphological variation of chives (Allium schœnoprasum L.) in eastern North America indicates that it would be hazardous, at least with small sample size, to select variables by the magnitude of their standardized coefficients alone, considering their exceeding instability when different sets of observations are included in the analysis. We argue that selection of variables, to be conducted with confidence, should be based upon t‐values associated with jackknife standardized coefficients.
Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants
Authors: Hamilton Clement W. , Reichard Sarah H.
Published: April 2006

Hamilton, C. W. & Reichard, S. H.: Current practice in the use of subspecies, variety, and forma in the classification of wild plants. —Taxon41: 485–498. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Infraspecific classification of plants continues to be practiced commonly by taxonomists: c. 8 % of species monographed in 26 major journals and series during the period 1987–1990 were subdivided. Of those, c. 42 % were divided into subspecies only, 52 % into varieties, 3 % into formae, and 3 % into taxa of more than one level. Subspecies and varieties are usually defined as requiring some integrity — geographic, ecologic, and/or phylogenetic — beyond the morphological. Despite some attempts to differentiate between subspecies and variety, they are largely equivalent in practice. European taxonomists tend to favor subspecies, whereas their counterparts in the United States usually employ variety. Formae usually are defined as lacking any extramorphological integrity. Given the general inconsistency of practice found, it is imperative that more authors state briefly their philosophy of infraspecific taxonomy so their classifications may be interpreted more clearly. Taxonomists collectively should promote greater standardization of infraspecific classification.
Studies on the reproductive biology and palynology ofChortolirionBerger(Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)in southern Africa
Authors: Smith Gideon F.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F.: Studies on the reproductive biology and palynology ofChortolirionBerger(Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)in southern Africa. ‐Taxon40: 61–73. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

While conducting biosystematic investigations towards a revision of the smaller genera of the subfamilyAlooideaeof theAsphodelaceaein southern Africa to be published in theFlora of southern Africa, I became aware thatChortolirion bergerianumDinter had not been dealt with in recent treatments of this genus. A comparative palynological and morphological study indicates thatC. bergerianumandC. angolense(Baker) A. Berger sensu lato are conspecific. Pollen grains of these taxa are free, monosulcate, bilaterally symmetrical, medium in size and have a perforated tectum.

The morphological investigation and in‐vitro and in‐vivo pollen germination studies also confirmed thatChortolirionBerger represents an assemblage of both reproductive and vegetative characters that makes it unique in theAlooideae.However, the differences on which five species were previously based inChortolirionare nothing more than local variations of a variable and widespread taxon.C. bergerianumshould be included inC. angolense, the only species ofChortolirion.The taxonomic history ofC. bergerianumis also briefly discussed.
A rapid, non‐destructive osmium tetroxide technique for preparing pollen for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Tiedt L. R.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F. & Tiedt, L. R.: A rapid, non‐destructive osmium tetroxide technique for preparing pollen for scanning electron microscopy. ‐Taxon40: 195–200. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A new, rapid, non‐destructive technique for the preparation of pollen is described, in which dissected anthers are fixed with osmium tetroxide vapour. This method permits the examination without modifying the pollen grain morphology and ultrastructure and the natural state of hydration. Apertural structures are perfectly preserved and neither debris nor artifacts are deposited on the grains. The pollen cementing substances, such as pollenkitt, remain intact and can assist in the functional interpretation of pollen types. This new method may help to obtain optimal structural and functional information from pollen study.
SERFIS: A METHODOLOGY FOR MAKING MULTI‐HERBARIA SPECIMEN DATABASES A REALITY
Authors: Macrander A. Michael , Haynes Robert R.
Published: April 2006

The Southeastern Regional Floral Information System (SERFIS), a multi‐institutional specimen‐based database, is being developed at the University of Alabama. At maturity, it will contain full label data for specimens housed in the nearly 120 herbaria of the southeastern United States. Specimen labels are photographed with still frame video cameras. Each label image is recorded digitally to disk on a microcomputer. These label images are viewed by trained data entry personnel and keyed into HERB, the SERFIS data management system. In the process of developing this regional database, institutional databases are being established at each participating herbarium to provide computerized collection management capabilities within each. The resultant SERFIS database is to be managed as a research resource for systematic and conservation investigations.
HAGSTRÖM'S CONCEPT OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN POTAMOGETON L. (POTAMOGETONACEAE)
Authors: Les Donald H. , Sheridan Donna J.
Published: April 2006

Hagström's concepts of relationships in Potamogeton, as reflected by the subgeneric, sectional, and subsectional divisions in his classification of the genus are investigated by reconstruction of an evolutionary “tree” deduced from phylogenetic inferences stated in his monograph. These relationships are explored in the context of results from phenetic and cladistic numerical analyses performed using characters taken from the Hagström monograph that are scored for 26 subsections. The Hagström classification represents an amalgam of phenetic and cladistic interpretations and the hierarchy does not depict accurately fundamental evolutionary relationships indicated by numerical analyses. Recommendations are provided for developing and testing evolutionary hypotheses that are independent of relationships inferred by this long‐standing but problematic classification.
A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 2. Vegetative and floral anatomy
Authors: Dickison William C.
Published: April 2006

Dickison, W. C: A re‐examination of Sanango racemosum. 2. Vegetative and floral anatomy. – Taxon 43: 601‐618. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A study of floral and vegetative anatomy of the woody, monotypic Amazonian genus Sanango was undertaken in an attempt to help clarify the relationships of the genus. Detailed descriptions of leaf, stem, nodal, wood, and floral anatomy are presented. Wood is characterized by a combination of solitary and grouped vessels with elements having few‐barred scalariform perforation plates, imperforate tracheary elements with very reduced pit borders, exceptionally tall and broad heterocellular rays, and vasicentric axial parenchyma. Of special interest is the presence in Sanango of a very uncommon multilacunar nodal structure having split‐lateral traces. Stems possess cortical vascular bundles. Leaf stornata are anisocytic and distributed in clusters on the undersurface of the lamina. Anatomical evidences suggest that Sanango is most closely related to the Scrophulariales, sharing many important features with me Gesneriaceae.
Greguss's morphogenera of homoxylous fossil woods: a taxonomic and nomenclatural review
Authors: Philippe Marc , Zijlstra Gea , Barbacka Maria
Published: April 2006

Philippe, M., Zijlstra, G. & Barbacka, M.: Greguss's morphogenera of homoxylous fossil woods: a taxonomic and nomenclatural review. – Taxon 48: 667‐676. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Greguss proposed several generic names for homoxylous woods in the 1950s and 1960s. Several are, however, not validly published or fall into synonymy. The present review is based on the re‐examination of the original material and protologues. The new combination Agathoxylon parenchymatosum is proposed as a consequence of such re‐examination.
On the typification of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae (Selaginellaceae)
Authors: Korall Petra , Karis Per Ola
Published: April 2006

Korall, P. & Karis, P. O.: On the typification of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae (Selaginellaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 841–844. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The holotype of Selaginella novae‐hollandiae is located, and the history of the original material is discussed.
Lectotypification of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae)
Authors: Wallnöfer Bruno
Published: April 2006

Wallnöfer, B.: Lectotypification of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae). ‐ Taxon 50: 887–889. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The lectotype of Diospyros cayennensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae) is designated here as a specimen collected by J. Martin in French Guiana. As a result, D. cayennensis becomes the correct name for what has been known as D. ierensis Britton.
Viburnales: cytological features and a new circumscription
Authors: Benko‐Iseppon Ana Maria , Morawetz Wilfried
Published: April 2006

Benko‐Iseppon, A. M. & Morawetz, W.: Viburnales: cytological features and a new circumscription. – Taxon 49: 5‐16. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Cytological studies carried out in 98 species (22 genera out of eight families: Caprifoliaceae, Sambucaceae, Viburnaceae, Adoxaceae, Valerianaceae, Dipsacaceae, Morinaceae, and Calyceraceae) of the Dipsacales s.l. and the eventually related families Cornaceae, and Hydrangeaceae point to a very close relationship between the Viburnaceae, Sambucaceae and Adoxaceae, corroborating the inclusion of these families into an order different from the Dipsacales, namely the Viburnales. Many cytological features shared by these families differ strongly from the Dipsacales s.str., especially (1) chromosome size and morphology, (2) the presence of cold induced chromosome regions (CIRs), (3) interphase nuclear structure, and (4) chromosome condensing behaviour at prophase. Cornaceae and Hydrangeaceae present similar interphase nuclei, but differ from the Viburnales by other karyomorphological characters. The results are discussed with respect to previous morphological, embryological, and molecular findings.
Deep phylogenetic relationships among “plants” and their implications for classification
Authors: Mishler Brent D.
Published: April 2006

Mishler, B. D.: Deep phylogenetic relationships among “plants” and their implications for classification. – Taxon 49: 661–683. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

There has been tremendous recent progress in understanding the relationships of plants, due to two different advances, whose cumulative impact has been great. One advance is theoretical and methodological—a revolution in how any sort of data can be used to reconstruct phylogenies. The other is empirical—the sudden availability of copious new data from the DNA level. This review briefly sets these advances in their historical context, then covers both as to their promise and problems. An important distinction between “shallow” and “deep” phylogenetic studies is developed, and morphological and molecular data are compared as potential phylogenetic markers in that context. Recent results on relationships of plants in general and green plants in particular are then considered. Future directions for classification, particularly the need for rank‐free taxonomy, are also discussed in light of the rapidly improving resolution of plant relationships.
Lectotypification of Hypochaeris leontodontoides and other notes on the Hypochaeris laevigata group (Asteraceae)
Authors: de Mera Antonio Galán , Orellana José Alfredo Vicente
Published: April 2006

Galán de Mera, A. & Vicente Orellana, J. A.: Lectotypification of Hypochaeris leontodontoides and other notes on the Hypochaeris laevigata group (Asteraceae). ‐ Taxon 47: 115–116. 1998.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

Hypochaeris leontodontoides is here lectotypified by a specimen in the Ball collection in London (BM). Some systematic and nomenclatural aspects of the taxa of the H. laevigata group are discussed.
On the evolutionary origins of the cacti
Authors: Hershkovitz Mark A. , Zimmer Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2006

Hershkovitz, M. A. & Zimmer, E. A.: On the evolutionary origins of the cacti. – Taxon 46: 217‐232. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Understanding evolutionary responses of plants to desert environments depends upon phylogenetic knowledge of desert plants. The diverse American desert family Cactaceae has been presumed, on the basis of distinctiveness, to be phylogenetically isolated and relatively ancient (> 65 million years old). Using maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the rapidly evolving internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), we show that the cacti are phylogenetically nested among other aridity‐adapted lineages of the angiosperm family Portulacaceae. The ITS divergence between pereskioid cacti and the genus Talinum (Portulacaceae) is less than that between many Portulacaceae genera. Synthesis of the ITS data with morphological and chloroplast DNA evidence suggests an origin of cacti in mid‐Tertiary, C. 30 million years ago, and a later Tertiary diversification coincident with development of the American desert. This, in turn, implies that the diversification rate in cacti was much higher than in their nearest relatives. The present results illustrate the central role of phylogenetic reconstruction in ecological and evolutionary theory.