bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Search for a 5·5 MeV Level in 7Li
Authors: Harvey PJ
Published: May 2011

A level at about 5�5 Me V excitation energy in 7Li has been predicted theoretically on the basis of anum ber of models (Balashov 1959; Olegg 1962; Ohesterfield and Spicer 1963) but the only one of these that also accounts for the other levels below 8 MeV, with correct spin and parity, is a rotational model put forward by Ohesterfield and Spicer.
A Quantum Mechanical Calculation of the Radial Distrbution Function for a Plasma
Authors: Barker AA
Published: May 2011

A quantum mechanical calculation of the radial distribution function g".m.(r) for unlike particles in a hydrogenous plasma is presented. Results for a neutral plasma over a range of temperatures show that gq.m.(r) differs significantly from the corresponding classical distribution function g.(r) = exp(fJel/r) when r is less than a chosen distance r" the value of which is temperature dependent. The effect of shielding, the relative contribution from scattered and bound states, and the relation to percentage ionization are discussed.
Compressional Alfvén Wave Propagation Below Ion Cyclotron Frequency
Authors: Cross RC , Lehane JA
Published: May 2011

When the compressional wave cutoff frequency is below ion cyclotron frequency both compressional and torsional Alfven waves may be present simultaneously. Oompressional wave measurements in this regime are particularly important because of their relevance to certain ion cyclotron resonance heating experiments. This paper extends the work of others in this important regime.
Astrophysical Consequences of the Existence of Charged Intermediate Vector Bosons
Authors: Campbell JA
Published: May 2011

Two-photon annihilation into a neutrino-antineutrino pair, which is forbidden to the lowest order in the coupling constant for weak interactions if the conventional form of weak interaction is assumed, is permitted at that order if it is supposed that the reaction is carried by a charged intermediate vector boson (W). The rate of loss of energy in stellar evolution through this process is calculated. Evolutionary time scales derived with and without this rate are compared with results from astronomical observations. Comparisons with present data are inconclusive, but further observations and calculations that may give more accurate information concerning the question of the existence of charged W mesons are suggested.
The Excited Atomic Hydrogen Lines 126a and 127a in HII Regions
Authors: McGee RX , Gardner FF
Published: May 2011

Forty radio sources have been observed for the presence of the hydrogen recombination lines 126", at 3248�708 MHz and 127", at 3172�864 MHz with a 6' arc aerial beam and a receiver with 48 channels of 37 kHz bandwidth each. Detections were made in 34 sources, all of which were either HI! regions or optically unidentified thermal sources.
An Interpretation of the Distribution of Metre Wavelength Radio Emission
Authors: Yates KW
Published: May 2011

A recent 85 MHz survey of the southern sky had an absolute calibration accuracy and resolution comparable with a number of surveys made for the northern skies. By combining the results of these surveys in both hemispheres a complete sky map has been produced, and in this paper an analysis is made of the distribution of the medium and high latitude emission. A fundamental difficulty encountered is the identification and isolation of the spurs of emission projecting from the galactic plane. Two hypotheses are proposed. The first attributes the spurs to a large-scale feature associated with the galactic core and the remaining emission to a galactic halo. The second postulates the origin of the spurs within the local spiral arm, which is itself considered to contribute significantly to the high latitude background. An upper-limit estimate of the emissivity of the local arm is made from currently available independent data. Using this result a model local arm is proposed, which, together with an isotropic component from beyond the Galaxy and a small additional galactic component, explains the observed distribution.
Inelastic Scattering of Deuterons from 56Fe
Authors: Majumder AR , Sen Gupta HM
Published: May 2011

Inelastic scattering has been found to be an extremely useful tool in studying the collective states in nuclei. Following the early work of Cohen and Rubin (1958) there has been tremendous interest in the investigation of vibrational states, particularly in the first 2+ and "anomalous" 3- states, in even-even nuclei and in their possible interplay with the well-defined single-particle levels in stripping and pickup reactions and even in (p, n) reactions (Guglet 1960). These states in 56Fe have recently been studied mostly through the inelastic scattering of a-particles (McDaniels et al. 1960) and protons (Matsuda 1962; Aspinall, Brown, and Warren 1963; Brown, Warren, and Middleton 1966). Except for a few measurements on some of these states (Jahr et al. 1961; Gofman and Nemets 1962) no systematic information is vailable on the inelastic scattering of deuterons from 56Fe. The present work was undertaken with this in view, and in this communication we report on the properties of a few levels of 56Fe, including the 2+ state at O� 844 MeV and the 3- state at 4�503 MeV, deduced from the inelastic scattering of 12 MeV deuterons
Equilibrium Poloidal Magnetic Fields in Rotating Stars
Authors: Davies GF
Published: May 2011

Solutions are presented for equilibrium poloidal dipole magnetio fields in a uniformly rotating upper main-sequenoe star with no meridional oiroulation ourrents. An upper limit is found for the ratio of kinetio energy of rotation to the magnetio field energy. The perturbations to the struoture of the star are also given
Gamma Radiation from the Reactions 20Ne(a, a´g1.63)20Ne and 20Ne(a, p?0.44)23Na
Authors: Spear RH , Wright IF
Published: May 2011

Excitation functions for y-radiation from the reactions ,oNe(a, a'Y1-63)20Ne and 2�Ne( a, pyo.,,)23N a have been studied for bombarding energies from 3�96 to 6�08 MeV. Angular distribution measurements provide spin and parity assignments of 2+ for 24Mg levels at excitation energies of 12�74 and 12� 81 MeV, and 4+ or 5- (possibly 6+) for a level at 12�98 MeV.
The Solar Wind and Jovian Decametric Radio Emission
Authors: Slee OB , Higgins CS
Published: May 2011

Spaced-receiver observations of the 19�7 MHz radio emission from Jupiter during 1963 and 1964 demonstrate that many of the so-called bursts with quasiperiods of 1-10 sec are caused by the sweeping of an interplanetary diffraction pattern across the receiver by the motion of scattering irregularities in the solar wind. Measurements made on these scintillations include arrival time differences at spaced receivers, scintillation rate, angular position scintillation, and the width of the scattered angular power spectrum.
A Study of the 3·00 MeV Level of 27Al via 24Mg(a, p?)27Al
Authors: Kean DC , Elliott RV , Spear RH
Published: May 2011

It is at present considered (Thankappan 1966) that the weak-coupling- model is more appropriate to the 27 Al nucleus than the strong-coupling (Nilsson) model, which has been applied with some success to 25Mg, 25Al, and other lighter nuclei in the 2s-1d shell (Gove 1960). Thankappan (1966) has interpreted the low-lying J = ~, ~, ~, ~, and ~ levels as a multiplet formed by the coupling of a IdG/, proton hole to the first excited (2+) state of 28Si. This model is able to fit simultaneously the level positions and many of the ,,-ray transition rates. The proton inelastic scattering cross sections (Crawley and Garvey 1965) are also in better agreement with this model than with the strong-coupling model. The 3�00 MeV level has for some time been regarded as the low-lying J1r = ;+ state predicted by Thankappan's excited-core model, but the experimental evidence is somewhat contradictory. Towle and Gilboy (1962) claimed an unambiguous assignment of J = ~ from inelastic neutron scattering; the ,,-ray correlation results of Lawergren (1964) are consistent with this assignment. Wakatsuki and Kern (1966) used ,,-ray correlation methods to make a firm assignment of J = i, but it is not obvious that the data used to exclude a J = ; assignment were. free of contributions from the 2� 98 MeV level. In addition, those authors made the dubious assumption that the reaction proceeds through an isolated level of the compound nucleus, and the mixing ratio obtained for the 3�00 to 0 transition is inconsistent with a recent lifetime measurement (Broude, Smulders, and Sharpey-Schafer 1967). Sheppard and van dar Leun (1967), using a Ge(Li) ,,-ray spectrometer, have measured gamma.-gamma correlations in the 26Mg(p,'Y'Y)27Al reaction and claim a definite assignment of J =;. Gove et al. (1967a, 1967b) have performed a D.W.B.A. analysis of the angular distributions in the 28Si(d,3He)27Al reaction using a magnetic spectrograph to resolve the 2�98 and 3�00 MeV levels; they conclude that the 3�00 MeV level has J = I or~. This raises the possibility that the 3�00 MeV "level" is, in fact, a doublet, one member of which has J =; and the other, populated in the (d, SHe) reaction, J = I or~.
Interpretation of the Radio Rotation Period of Jupiter in Terms of the Cyclotron Theory
Authors: McCulloch PM
Published: May 2011

Since 1961 the most intense source of Jovian decametric emission has drifted with respect to system III longitude by about + 100 per year (Douglas and Smith 1963; Smith et al. 1965). Interpreted as a change in the rotation rate, this would imply that the period increased by approximately 1�1 sec around 1960. Runcorn (1967) and Hide (1967) have interpreted this as a change in the rotation rate of the solid body of Jupiter, in which angular momentum is exchanged between Jupiter's core and the Great Red Spot.
Variational Calculations for Three?Body S?States with Coulomb Interactions
Authors: Delves LM , Kalotas T
Published: May 2011

A general purpose programme designed to deal economically with the S-states of arbitrary systems interacting only via the static Coulomb interactions is described. Its aim is to simplify the calculation of the matrices of arbitrary operators with respect to the basis chosen; 'these matrices are then available for use in a variety of variational calculations. A number of illustrative calculations are presented which yield both upper and lower bounds for the energy of some typical systems and expectation values for a number of operators.
Multipole Analysis. I. Theory, and Geomagnetic Multipoles 1965·0
Authors: James RW
Published: May 2011

A reduction of order procedure is outlined which allows virtually any order multipole analysis for a general spherical surface harmonic to be rapidly carried out. The geomagnetic multipoles, to order eight, are found for the epoch 1965� 0 and the theory is used to obtain the spherical harmonic coefficients when the dipole axis is chosen as polar axis.
Observations of the Linear Polarization of Radio Sources at 6 cm Wavelength
Authors: Morris D , Whiteoak JB
Published: May 2011

The polarizations of 45 sources have been measured at 6 cm wavelength and have been compared with values obtained at longer wavelengths. The resulting wavelength dependence has been studied in relation to the spectra of the sources. For the quasi. stellar objects in particular, polarization features at short wave� lengths are associated with the young components of the source which radiate at high frequency. However, it is not possible to distinguish between radio galaxies and quasi-stellar objects solely on the basis of polarization data.
The Optical Spectrum of Vela X
Authors: Milne DK
Published: May 2011

The optical spectra of two filaments in the nebula Stromlo 16 (the radio source Vela X) were obtained with the photoelectric spectrum scanner. Electron temperature stratification over the filaments has been deduced from the intensity ratios between certain lines in these spectra. Indications are of a small-sized high temperature region with an electron temperature Te ~ 10� oK together with a much greater volume of cooler gas with Te ~ 10' oK. The former region is bright in the lines of OIlI whilst the latter region is bright in the lower excitation lines of OIl, Il, and H. The collisionally excited nature of these spectra confirms previous conclusions that this object is the remnant of a supernova.
Radio Sources in Clusters of Galaxies
Authors: Mills BY , Shobbrook RR , Stewart-Richardson D
Published: May 2011

Fifty-eight clusters from Abell's catalogue have been examined for radio emission using the Arecibo l000 ft reflector and the Molonglo 1 mile Cross. The positions, sizes, and flux densities at 408 MHz of 30 radio sources close to these clusters have been measured. Nineteen of these offer reasonable identifications with galaxies or blue stellar objects. Thirteen appear to be identifiable with individual cluster galaxies. No evidence for integrated cluster emission has been obtained. It has been concluded that either the centroid of radio sources may sometimes be well displaced from the parent galaxies or, in a significant number of cases, the only detectable radio source in a cluster is associated with a faint cluster galaxy, not a giant.
Accurate Positions and Some Optical Identifications for 67 Radio Sources Between Declinations +20° and +27°
Authors: K Merkelijn Jeannette , Shimmins AJ , Bolton JG
Published: May 2011

Thirty-four identifications have been made from a total of 67 radio sources for which accurate positions have been measured with the 210 ft telescope. Nineteen of these are ga1a.:xies and 15 possible quasi-stellar objects. Only one of the identifications has been previously suggested.
An Exact Solution of Boltzmann's Equation for a Rigid Sphere Gas
Authors: Brooker PI , Green HS
Published: May 2011

The second approximation to Boltzmann's equation, in Chapman and Cowling's form, is solved exactly for a rigid sphere gas by using appropriate transformations to reduce the integral equation to a differential equation, which is solved numerically. The values of the transport coefficients, calculated directly from this solution for the velocity distribution function, are in good agreement with those obtained from the usual approximation techniques. A solution for part of the third approximation, with a term of zero order in V, the velocity of a molecule relative to the stream velocity, is also obtained analytically.
Ornstein - Zernike Relation for a Disordered Fluid
Authors: Baxter RJ
Published: May 2011

The Ornstein–Zernike equation for a homogeneous fluid relates the direct correlation function c(r) and the indirect correlation function h(r). In this paper it is shown that if c(r) vanishes beyond a range R then a third function Q(r) can be introduced which is related to c(r) and h(r) by equations that involve the functions only over the range (O,R). The analytic solution of the Percus–Yevick approximation for hard spheres can then be obtained very simply and, as c� normally tends rapidly to zero with increasing r, it is expected that the results should be of use in numerical calculations based on the Percus–Yevick, convolution-hypernetted chain, or similar approximations.
The Interaction Energy of an Ion Pair with Overlapping Hydration Shells. I. A Truncated Spheres Model
Authors: Ross DK , Levine S
Published: May 2011

The energy of interaction of two univalent ions of opposite charge with overlapping hydration shells and in an aqueous medium is discussed in terms of a truncated spherical cavity model. The general trend of the effective dielectric constant considered as a function of the separation between the ion centres is found to be in agreement with some earlier results on a spheroidal cavity model. The present investigation has the advantage that the boundary of the ion pair , varies continuously with separation and hence that no matching of a two� sphere model onto a spherical cavity model is required. It is found that the effective dielectric constant has a maxinum value at very small ion overlap.
The Formal Nonequilibrium Theory of Partially Ionized and/or Nonuniform Gas Mixtures
Authors: Bydder EL , Liley BS
Published: May 2011

Starting from Boltzmann�like equations, moment equations for a general gas mixture are developed. The equations are closed, and the collision integrals evaluated, by using Grad's 13�moment approximations for the velocity distribution functions. The collision integrals are determined for all possible types of binary encounters, which include recombination and attachment, spontaneous fission and natural decay, charge exchange and elastic collisions, and excitation and fission� and fusion�like processes. The derivation of transport relationships is considered, while the extension of the results to include such direct radiative phenomena as absorption, photoionization, stimulated emission, and Compton scattering is also briefly discussed.
Directional Correlations of Gamma Rays in the Decay of 36 hr 82Br
Authors: Gupta SL , Bajaj MM
Published: May 2011

Coincidence and gamma-gamma directional correlation measurements are made for the 10 cascades of s2Kr: 1648-777, 1008-1044, 1317-777, 619-1475, 555-1317,555-619,828-1044,828-(1044)-777,698-777, and 619-698 keV, of which the cascade 1008-1044 keV has been attempted for the first time. The results permit a unique spin assignment of 5 for the 2829 ke V level from the directional correlation of the 1008-1044 keV cascade and a spin of 3 to the level at 2425 keV from that of the 1648-777 keV cascade. Multipole character and admixture are determined for the transitions 1648, 1475, 1044, 1008, 555, 828, 698, 619, and 1317 keV. Computed E2 partial half-lives for the last two transitions are compared with the predictions of the single-particle estimate and the nonaxial rotor model.
Optical and Radio Observations of the Flare Star UV Ceti in Australasia During September?October 1967
Authors: Higgins CS , Solomon LH , Bateson FM
Published: May 2011

This paper presents the results of a joint radio-optional programme of observations in Australasia on the flare star UV Ceti during an observing period in September October 1967 organized by Commission 27 of the International Astronomical Union.
Supernova Remnants as Radio Sources
Authors: Kesteven MJL
Published: May 2011

The results of a survey with the 1 mile Molonglo cross-type radio telescope of nonthermal galactic sources are discussed in terms of supernova remnant theories. The contour maps obtained indicate that most sources are consistent with a portion of a shell of emission. The results suggest that a remnant's spectral index is independent of its age. A supernova remnant evolutionary path is also derived, and compared with the path predicted by the various theories.
Cosmic Ray Intensity Increase on January 28, 1967
Authors: Sud LV
Published: May 2011

During the present solar cycle, which started in October 1964, the ground-based cosmic ray detectors have so far recorded two increases in the intensity of cosmic rays. The first one was observed on July 7,1966 and the other on January 28,1967. Both these events were somewhat unusual in their characteristics.
The Properties of a Drifting and Diffusing Pulse of Electrons and Townsend's Coefficient of Ionization aT
Authors: Huxley LGH
Published: May 2011

When diffusion is active in an ionizing stream of electrons the experimental Townsend coefficient of ionization exT is not simply the ratio Vl/W of Vi, the average rate of volume ionization per electron, to the drift speed W of the electrons, as was implied by Townsend's interpretation of exT, but is given by the formula (Huxley 1959)
Application of Reaction Matrix Theory to Meson Processes
Authors: Cook JL
Published: May 2011

The possible application of reaction matrix theory to pion-nucleon processes is discussed. It is found that suitable boundary conditions can remove the effects of the nucleon-pion cloud, leading to the conventional R-matrix formalism. A simple dynamical channel.coupling scheme is proposed which permits full analysis of experiments.
On the Problem of Unresolved Resonances in Neutron Spectroscopy
Authors: de L Musgrove AR
Published: May 2011

A direct method of calculating the probability for missing levels in slow neutron spectroscopy is described. The method gives a criterion for missing levels based on the Breit-Wigner resonance profile between adjacent levels and does not depend on correcting an observed distribution of resonance parameters to the theoretically expected one.
Charge Exchange Collisions Involving Multielectron Atoms (Lithium and Sodium)
Authors: Lodge JG , May RM
Published: May 2011

The cross section for forming both ground state and excited state hydrogen atoms by charge exchange between protons and lithium or sodium atoms is calculated. These calculations are performed using the Brinkman-Kramers approximation along with a multiplicative correction factor; the target lithium and sodium atoms are first described by simple "effective-Z" wavefunctions, and then the lithium case is treated more accurately both by including the inner electrons and by using a more accurate numerical lithium wavefunction.
The Characteristic Loss Spectra of the Second and Third Series Transition Metals
Authors: Lynch MJ , Swan JB
Published: May 2011

Characteristic electron energy loss spectra are presented for the second and third series transition metals Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag, and Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au. An identification of most of the spectral features in terms of collective and individual particle excitations is made.
The Stability of a Rotating Liquid Mass Held Together by Surface Tension
Authors: Ross DK
Published: May 2011

The stability of a drop of incompressible fluid held together by the action of surface tension and made to rotate rigidly about an axis is determined, the effect of gravity being neglected. Two distinct problems are investigated. In the first is considered an isolated drop in the form of a surface of revolution and the manner in which its stability changes with angular speed is investigated. At zero angular speed, where the drop is spherical, infinitesimal disturbances are shown to be stable and beyond a certain critical angular speed a new linear series of equilibrium forms emerges, the original series becoming unstable.
On the Relationship Between Recent Measurements of Cosmic Ray Electrons, Nonthermal Radio Emission from the Galaxy, and the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Rays
Authors: Webber WR
Published: May 2011

Utilizing recent measurements of the cosmic ray electron spectrum at the Earth and the effects of solar modulation on this spectrum, possible limits on the local interstellar electron spectrum have been determined. Synchrotron emission from these interstellar electrons is then compared with the local (disk) volume emissivity of nonthermal radio emission as deduced from a study of radio intensity profiles along the galactic equator. The detailed spectrum and magnitude of radio emissivity can be reproduced from the electron spectrum only for very stringent, conditions on the magnitude of the local interstellar magnetic field, and the amount of solar modulation of cosmic rays. Specifically it is found that B -L "'" 7 !-,G, and the residual modulation parameter KR "'" 0�75 GV. If solar modulation effects on the cosmic ray electron component are negligible then an implausibly high local field of "'" 20 !-,G is required.
Study of a Complete Sample of Cosmic Radio Sources
Authors: Davidson W
Published: May 2011

An examination is made of the redBhifts and intrinsic powers of the identified radio sources in a complete sample taken from the Cambridge 3C Revised catalogue. The sample consists of the 89 sources of the catalogue having flux density S178 ~ 15 X lO-26 Wm-2Hz-l and I bIll> 15�, of which 71 are now identified. The subset of the sources having SU8 ~ 30 X lO-26 Wm-2 Hz-l, in which there are 23 sources with 22 identified, is also considered. Where redBhifts for the radio sources were not available (in 16 cases out of the 71 identified) these were calculated from the observed visual apparent magnitudes using the Einstein-de Sitter cosmology, and alternatively the Milne cosmology.
Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Magnetic Fields on Kelvin?Helmholtz Instability
Authors: Sharma RC , Srivastava KM
Published: May 2011

This paper discusses the effect of a general oblique magnetic field on the stability of two superposed fluids in relative horizontal motion. The stable and unstable cases at the interface (z = 0) between two uniform fluids with constant denRities and velocities of streaming are separately discussed. The combined effect of horizontal and vertical magnetic fields is to increase the wavelength at which the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability sets in.
Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Magnetic Fields on Rayleigh?Taylor Instability
Authors: Sharma RC , Srivastava KM
Published: May 2011

A general equation studying the combined effect of horizontal and vertical magnetic fields on the stability of two superposed fluids has been obtained. The unstable and stable cases at the interface (z = 0) between two uniform fluids, with both the possibilities of real and complex n, have been. separately dealt with. Some new results are obtained. In the unstable case with real n, the perturbations are damped or unstable according as 2(k'-k~L2)_(<X2- or < 0 under the physical situation (35). In the stable case, the perturbations are stable or unstable according as 2(k2_k~L2)+(<Xl- or < 0 under the same physical situation (35). The perturbations become unstable if HIlIH 1- (= L) is large. Both the cases are also discussed with imaginary n.
The Temperature at 120 Km Altitude in April?May 1965
Authors: Sheppard LM
Published: May 2011

Grenade glow clouds were observed at Woomera in April-May 1965 following the firing of five Skylark sounding rockets. The glow cloud experiments formed part of the British programme for upper atmosphere wind measurement. Special observations of the glow clouds were made by the Baker-Nunn camera station at Woomera.
Investigation of the Plasma Produced by a Normal Ionizing Shock Wave Using Polychromator Techniques
Authors: Brennan MH , Fletcher J , Morrow R , Westwood WD
Published: May 2011

Measurements of the electron density of a transient hydrogen plasma have been made by a study of the Stark broadening of the emitted Hfl radiation. The plasma is formed by the passage of a strong ionizing shock wave through a neutral gas in the pressure range 100 .;;; p .;;; 400 mtorr. The instantaneous Stark� broadened line profiles have been constructed by simultaneously sampling the light intensities at a number of wavelengths within the Hflline by the use of an eight. channel poly. chromator.
Computed Electron Microscope Images of Lines of Dilation
Authors: Humble P
Published: May 2011

Theoretical micrographs of the electron microscope images of lines of dilation in elastically isotropic crystals have been computed. The symmetry properties, the condition for invisibility, and the intensity of the images compared with those of dislocations have been investigated.
The Linear Polarization of Radio Sources Between 11 and 20 cm Wavelength. I. Observations
Authors: Gardner FF , Morris D , Whiteoak JB
Published: May 2011

Observations are presented of the linear polarization of 366 sources observed with the Parkes 210 ft telescope at frequencies of 2650, 1660, and 1410 MHz. Parameters derived from the results, namely rotation measure, intrinsic polarization angle, and depolarization, are tabulated together with other pertinent physical properties. The source list includes 64 quasars, 119 radio or normal spiral galaxies, and 31 galactic objects; the remainder are unidentified objects or doubtful identifications.
The Linear Polarization of Radio Sources Between 11 and 20 cm Wavelength. II. Polarization and Related Properties of Extragalactic Sources
Authors: Gardner FF , Whiteoak JB
Published: May 2011

The polarization properties of quasars, radio galaxies, and unidentified objects at 11 and 20 cm wavelength are discussed and compared with other source characteristics. For some quasars, scintillation and spectral data are in accord with current ideas that the sources comprise a small component radiating only at high frequencies and a larger component with a radiation spectrum similar to radio galaxies. The polarization is associated with this second component. For radio galaxies, the lower polarization of scintillators and a decrease of luminosity with increasing polarization suggest that sources of high brightness have low polarization. In spectral and polarization characteristics, the unidentified sources are similar to radio galaxies. Source evolution is discussed; the results suggest that quasars and radio galaxies evolve separately rather than represent different stages of a single evolutionary sequence.
A Low Latitude Survey from lII = 27° to 38° at 1410 and 2650 MHz
Authors: Beard M , Kerr FJ
Published: May 2011

This paper presents contour maps of a region of the Milky Way at 1410 and 2650 MHz. A list of sources with values of flux densities and peak temperatures is given.
Sudden Increases in Cosmic Ray Intensity
Authors: Anda R , Aparicio B , Sud LV , Zubieta M
Published: May 2011

At different times during a period of continuous recording of cosmic rays large increases in the intensity of cosmic radiation have been observed. Most of these are associated with formations on the visible side of the Sun. However, there are two exceptions: Carmichael et al. (1961) believe that the November 20,1960 increase in intensity was due to a solar flare on the reverse side of the Sun, and Sud (1968) has shown that the intensity increase of January 28,1967 also may not be connected with chromospheric eruptions on the visible side of the Sun.
Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons. I. Quasi-Compound Nucleus Theory
Authors: Bertram WK
Published: May 2011

The Feynman propagator formalism is used to derive a theory for the inelastio soattering of neutrons, in whioh the soattering amplitude oontains direct and compound nucleus-like parts. The relation between this and the Feynman-diagram method of Shapiro is established.
Threshold of Damage by Xenon Ions in Gold and Silver
Authors: Ogilvie GJ
Published: May 2011

Gold and silver crystals have been bombarded with xenon ions and the minimum ion energy E t that causes damage has been measured. This threshold depends on the orientation of the crystal in a manner that is consistent with a damage mechanism in which energy is directed along <110) directions. For gold E!10 = 16. 5 e V, E!l1 = 20� 5 e V, and E!OO = 23�5 e V, while for silver all values are 1 e V less. The accuracy is � 0 . 5 e V. The relationship of these values to those obtained for damage of metals by electron bombardment is examined.
Fine Structure in the Spectra of Solar Radio Bursts
Authors: Ellis GRA
Published: May 2011

Observations are described of solar radio burst spectra in the frequency range 25-100 MHz with a time resolution of 0�02 sec. The types of bursts that were observed included (1) fast drift storm bursts with a mean frequency-time slope of 1�9 MHzsec-1, a mean bandwidth !!.f'"-' 0�03 MHz, and a mean duration !!.T of 0�6sec; (2) drift pair bursts with dffdt = 1�2MHzsec-1 and !!.f= 0�45 MHz; and (3) split pair bursts with dffdt = 0�08 MHzsec-1, !!.f = 0�05 MHz, and !!.T = 1�4 sec. In addition, chains of split pa.ir bursts were frequently observed, the chain resembling a type I burst with fine structure.
A Map of M?42 and M?43 at a Wavelength of 1·94 cm
Authors: Gordon MA
Published: May 2011

A radio map of the Orion A region, made with a beamwidth of 2' . 2 arc and a pointing accuracy of llN arc r.m.s., resolves the two nebulae, agrees well with optical photographs, and confirms that the emission peak of M - 42 lies some 30N arc east of the Trapezium.
Radio Emission from 16 Possible Supernova Remnants
Authors: Milne DK , Hill ER
Published: May 2011

Sixteen radio sources, thought to be supernova remnants, have been observed at several frequencies between 408 and 2700 MHz. These data, together with previously published observations, have been used to derive spectra for these sources. The validity of the supernova remnant classification of certain of these sources is questioned.
Vacuum Polarization Interaction Between Protons, Effective Range Parameters, and Triplet Phases
Authors: Brolley JE
Published: May 2011

The scattering cross section is formulated in terms of the Coulomb, vacuum polarization, and nuclear amplitudes. Comparison is made with available data; the search variables being the effective range parameters and a strength factor A for the vacuum polarization, as well as two triplet parameters. The strength factor A attained the value 0�92 at optimum fit and new values of the effective range parameters are obtained. Scattering experiments are suggested that should have appreciable sensitivity to the vacuum polarization amplitude. Estimates of the triplet phases and spin polarization are given.
Diffraction Contrast from Dissociated Frank Dislocations. II. Comparison of Experimental and Computed Electron Micrographs
Authors: Clarebrough LM , Morton AJ
Published: May 2011

Experimental and computed images for edges of Frank dislocation loops in quenched copper-aluminium alloys and in quenched silver are compared. The comparison shows that Frank dislocations are dissociated in these materials. By matching the computed and experimental images, the degree of dissociation is determined and the stacking fault energy of the various materials is estimated.
Elevation Angles of Ground Backscatter at 16 MHz and Large-Scale Ionospheric Tilts
Authors: Mir A
Published: May 2011

A technique of recording the elevation angle by a phase comparison method is described and applied to ground backscatter echoes at 16 MHz. It is shown that the results may be explained in terms of ionospheric tilts of 1 � or 2� near sunset.
Observations of 23 Planetary Nebulae at 408 MHz
Authors: Le Marne AE
Published: May 2011

Various observers (e.g. Slee and Orchiston 1965; Davies et al. 1967; Hughes 1967; Thompson and Colvin 1967; Thompson, Colvin, and Stanley 1967; Kaftan-Kassim 1968) have so far detected nearly 100 planetary nebulae a.t high radiofrequencies (~3 GHz). In this range, the nebulae have been shown to be optically thin, their spectra being almost flat. Wherever possible, the radio flux densities have been compared with hydrogen recombination line observations.
The Spin of the 2·78 MeV State of 19Ne
Authors: Baugh DJ , Nurzynski J , Rosalky DM , Osman CH
Published: May 2011

The 20Ne(3He,o<)19Ne reaction was studied at 10 and 15 MeV bombarding energy. A DWBA analysis was performed indicating an I = 4 or I = 5 transition to the 2�78 MeV state in 19Ne.
Propagation of Shock Waves in a Polytrope with a Toroidal Magnetic Field. II. Solution of Complete Differential Equations
Authors: Sinha NK
Published: May 2011

The differential equations for the shock parameters along shock rays in the case of propagation of a spherically developed shock wave in a polytrope with a toroidal magnetic field, obtained in Part I, have been integrated numerically for a particular set of initial values. The results are compared with the corresponding results in Part I obtained by neglecting certain small terms and it is found that the effect of this omission is not significant. This substantiates the results and justifies the simplification made in Part 1.
6 cm Observations of Nonthermal Radio Sources Near the Galactic Plane
Authors: Milne DK
Published: May 2011

Brightness distributions and flux densities at 5000 MHz are presented for 17 nonthermal sources (possible supernova remnants) together with their spectra derived from these and other observations. For most sources a comparison has been made between the brightness distribution at 5000 MHz and that obtained with comparable resolution at 408 MHz with the Molonglo 1 mile Cross.
The ??Decay of 8B, and 2+ States Of 8Be
Authors: Clark GJ , Treacy PB , Tucker SN
Published: May 2011

The {l-decay of 8B has been investigated by measuring the energy distribution of the <x-particles from subsequent breakup of 8Be. The data have been analysed, in conjunction with data from <X-o< elastic scattering, in a three-level R-matrix formalism. Consistent fits are obtained for a channel radius of 6�0�0�5 fm, and the existence of a broad 2+ state of 8Be near 12�0 MeV, of width 14 MeV, is confirmed.
Energy Loss by Fast Test Ions in a Plasma
Authors: May RM
Published: May 2011

We consider the energy loss by a fast test ion in a plasma and tabulate numerical results for the corrections to the usual dominant "InA" term in the loss rate (for all values of the ratio between test ion and plasma electron thermal speeds). As a preliminary consideration, we present a derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation which treats both close collisions and cooperative plasma effects fully; the resulting equation is not new but the derivation is novel and has simplicities which facilitate calculation.
Some Particle Distributions and Plasma?Magnetic Field Boundaries
Authors: W Walsh Eleanor
Published: May 2011

Three properties of the plasma sheath in quadrupole and hexapole geometries are investigated: the variation of the magnetic field, particle density, and electrostatic potential in the transition layer. Some comparison is made with experimental results.
Electric Field Modification of Precipitation Spectra
Authors: Catchpoole JR
Published: May 2011

The superposition of a parallel eleotrio field along the direotion of the Earth's magnetio field results in a ohange in the precipitation into the ionosphere. The extent of the total additional ionization oaused is dependent not only on the number of magnetospherio eleotrons displaoed, but also on the details of energy and pitch distributions as they enter the denser lower atmosphere. The dependenoe of preoipitated pitoh distribution on the original spiralling field line and on the superimposed field is found.
Statistical Mechanics of Simple Dense Fluids Using Functional Integration
Authors: Storer RG
Published: May 2011

The use of functional integration in developing approximate equations of state for simple dense fluids is outlined. The repulsive (short range) and attraotive parts of the potential are treated separately and the grand partition function is expressed in terms of a functional integral which involves knowledge of the thermodynamio properties of the "short.range system". Two separate prooedures are outlined to obtain approximate equations of state for dense fluids from this exact functional integral.
Backscatter Echo from Land and Sea at 16 MHz
Authors: Mir A
Published: May 2011

Comparison is made of absolute backscatter coefficients for land and sea. measured at elevation angles between 8� and 30� at Brisbane. An explanation of the wide disparities that exist between individual measurements is given in terms of the presence or absence of various sizes of trees.
A Survey of the Southern Sky at 153 MHz
Authors: Hamilton PA , Haynes RF
Published: May 2011

Recent low frequency surveys of the sky have shown the galactic plane in absorption as a region bf low brightness. The analysis of this absorption has provided information on the distribution of ionized hydrogen in the galactic plane (Ellis and amilton I966). The extension of this analysis required a number of surveys at igher frequencies, where absorption effects are less evident, and this paper presents he result of such a survey at 153 MHz.
NKAP is required for T cell maturation and acquisition of functional competency
Authors: Hsu Fan-Chi , Pajerowski Anthony G. , Nelson-Holte Molly , Sundsbak Rhianna , Shapiro Virginia Smith
Published: May 2011

Newly generated T cells are unable to respond to antigen/MHC. Rather, post-selection single-positive thymocytes must undergo T cell maturation to gain functional competency and enter the long-lived naive peripheral T cell pool. This process is poorly understood, as no gene specifically required for T cell maturation has been identified. Here, we demonstrate that loss of the transcriptional repressor NKAP results in a complete block in T cell maturation. In CD4-cre NKAP conditional knockout mice, thymic development including positive selection occurs normally, but there is a cell-intrinsic defect in the peripheral T cell pool. All peripheral naive CD4-cre NKAP conditional knockout T cells were found to be functionally immature recent thymic emigrants. This defect is not simply in cell survival, as the T cell maturation defect was not rescued by a Bcl-2 transgene. Thus, NKAP is required for T cell maturation and the acquisition of functional competency.
Hierarchical organization and early hematopoietic specification of the developing HSC lineage in the AGM region
Authors: Rybtsov Stanislav , Sobiesiak Malgorzata , Taoudi Samir , Souilhol Céline , Senserrich Jordi , Liakhovitskaia Anna , Ivanovs Andrejs , Frampton Jon , Zhao Suling , Medvinsky Alexander
Published: May 2011

The aorta-gonad-mesonephros region plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development during mouse embryogenesis. The vascular endothelial cadherin+ CD45+ (VE-cad+CD45+) population contains the major type of immature pre-HSCs capable of developing into long-term repopulating definitive HSCs. In this study, we developed a new coaggregation culture system, which supports maturation of a novel population of CD45-negative (VE-cad+CD45−CD41+) pre-HSCs into definitive HSCs. The appearance of these pre-HSCs precedes development of the VE-cad+CD45+ pre-HSCs (termed here type I and type II pre-HSCs, respectively), thus establishing a hierarchical directionality in the developing HSC lineage. By labeling the luminal surface of the dorsal aorta, we show that both type I and type II pre-HSCs are distributed broadly within the endothelial and subendothelial aortic layers, in contrast to mature definitive HSCs which localize to the aortic endothelial layer. In agreement with expression of CD41 in pre-HSCs, in vivo CD41-Cre–mediated genetic tagging occurs in embryonic pre-HSCs and persists in all lymphomyeloid lineages of the adult animal.
Recollements of Gorenstein derived categories
Authors: Gao Nan
Published: May 2011

A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of recollements of bounded Gorenstein derived categories of CM-finite Gorenstein Artin algebras is given.
SVA: software for annotating and visualizing sequenced human genomes
Authors: Ge Dongliang , Ruzzo Elizabeth K. , Shianna Kevin V. , He Min , Pelak Kimberly , Heinzen Erin L. , Need Anna C. , Cirulli Elizabeth T. , Maia Jessica M. , Dickson Samuel P. , Zhu Mingfu , Singh Abanish , Allen Andrew S. , Goldstein David B.
Published: May 2011

Summary: Here we present Sequence Variant Analyzer (SVA), a software tool that assigns a predicted biological function to variants identified in next-generation sequencing studies and provides a browser to visualize the variants in their genomic contexts. SVA also provides for flexible interaction with software implementing variant association tests allowing users to consider both the bioinformatic annotation of identified variants and the strength of their associations with studied traits. We illustrate the annotation features of SVA using two simple examples of sequenced genomes that harbor Mendelian mutations.

Availability and implementation: Freely available on the web at http://www.svaproject.org.

Contact:  d.ge@duke.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Identifying Carers
Authors: Simon Chantal
Published: May 2011

Acarer is a person who, without payment, provides support to a partner, child, relative, friend or neighbour who could not manage without help. This could be due to age, physical or mental illness, addiction or disability. Although the Quality and Outcomes Framework rewards practices for identifying carers, only a small proportion of carers are on practice carer registers. Without identifying carers, it is impossible for carers to be involved in patient care or supported in primary care. This article outlines the challenges that you are likely to encounter trying to identify carers and ways in which more carers might be identified in primary care.
The range of treatments for pain due to cancer
Authors: Hoskin Peter
Published: May 2011

Cancer pain will comprise a complex clinical picture often including a number of individual pains each with a somatic source and a variable but significant affective component requiring careful detailed assessment for each patient. The mainstay of management will be analgesics used according to the principles of the analgesic ladder but these should be augmented by appropriate adjuvant drugs such as non-steroidals, anxiolytics and antidepressants and for neuropathic pain, in particular, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Non-drug treatments including acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), massage and supportive psychotherapy may have a major role in selected patients. Whenever possible specific anticancer treatment should be considered to address the underlying cause of the pain. Knowledge of the primary tumour and details of previous treatment will inform options for systemic treatment with chemotherapy or hormone manipulation.

Radiotherapy has a major role in the management of bone metastases, cerebral metastases and pain due to progressive local tumour infiltration. Surgery for pathological fracture, vertebral collapse and bowel obstruction, and stenting for oesophageal, bronchial, ureteric and superior vena cava obstruction should also be considered.
The development and efficacy of the WHO analgesic ladder
Authors: Caraceni Augusto , Grond Stefan
Published: May 2011

Use of the WHO analgesic ladder can control pain due to cancer for the majority of patients. The ladder is based on simple principles such as: simplicity in the choice of analgesic; simplicity in the choice of route; individualization of dose, particularly of strong opioids; continuous pain requires continuous medication; use of adjuvant analgesics; treatment of adverse effects to allow adequate dose titration. The principles of the WHO ladder should be applicable in all care settings. While there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the method, these would now be impossible as it is accepted as the gold standard worldwide.
Opioid receptors
Authors: Urch Catherine E.
Published: May 2011

There are four members of the opioid receptor family mu, delta, kappa and ORL-1. G protein linked receptors. Acute response to ligand binding differs from chronic response. Acute response includes dimerisation, endocytosis and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, cAMP systems and hyperpolarization of the neuron. Chronic response includes altered G protein, adenylyl cyclase proteins, increased phosphorylation, receptor modulation, rectification of hyperpolarization and attenuation of extreme inhibition. New altered receptor activation and cell inhibition state achieved. Polymorphisms in receptor and enzyme pathways give insight into inter-individual response.
Management of adverse effects
Authors: Fallon Marie , McConnell Sandra
Published: May 2011

Opioids may cause CNS, GI, autonomic and cutaneous adverse effects. Adverse effects must be differentiated from comorbid conditions and drug interactions. Opioid adverse effects may be treated by decreasing dose of opioids, opioid switching, changing the route of administration and/or symptomatic management. Opioid toxicity must be screened for and treated without delay.
Oxycodone
Authors: Reid Colette , Kalso Eija
Published: May 2011

Oxycodone is a potent opioid analgesic. It has an analgesic and side effect profile similar to morphine. It is an alternative to morphine in patients with moderate to severe cancer pain with inadequate analgesia or unacceptable side effects due to morphine.
Hydromorphone
Authors: Ahmed Naeem , Urch Catherine E.
Published: May 2011

Hydromorphone is a potent opioid analgesic. It has an analgesic and side effect profile similar to morphine. It is an alternative to morphine in patients with moderate to severe cancer pain with inadequate analgesia or unacceptable side effects due to morphine.
Methadone
Authors: Makin Matthew
Published: May 2011

Methadone is a potent opioid analgesic with other non-opioid properties. It has an analgesic and side effect profile similar to morphine. It is difficult to use because of a long and variable half-life. Conversion to methadone from other opioids is complex so it is best used in specialist settings.