bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional and monthly and clear-sky aerosol direct radiative effect (and forcing) derived from the GlobAEROSOL-AATSR satellite aerosol product
Authors: Thomas G. E. , Chalmers N. , Harris B. , Grainger R. G. , Highwood E. J.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Using the GlobAEROSOL-AATSR dataset, estimates of the instantaneous, clear-sky, direct aerosol radiative effect and radiative forcing have been produced for the year 2006. Aerosol Robotic Network sun-photometer measurements have been used to characterise the random and systematic error in the GlobAEROSOL product for 22 regions covering the globe. Representative aerosol properties for each region have been derived from the results of a wide range of literature sources and, along with the de-biased GlobAEROSOL AODs, were used to drive an offline version of the Met Office unified model radiation scheme. In addition to the mean AOD, best-estimate run of the radiation scheme, a range of additional calculations were done to propagate uncertainty estimates in the AOD, optical properties, surface albedo and errors due to the temporal and spatial averaging of the AOD fields. This analysis produced monthly, regional estimates of the clear-sky aerosol radiative effect and its uncertainty, which produce annual, global mean values of (−6.7 ± 3.9) W m−2 at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and (−12 ± 6) W m−2 at the surface. These results were then used to produce estimates of regional, clear-sky aerosol direct radiative forcing, using modelled pre-industrial AOD fields for 1750 calculated for the AEROCOM PRE experiment. However, as it was not possible to quantify the uncertainty in the pre-industrial aerosol loading, these figures can only be taken as indicative and their uncertainties as lower bounds on the likely errors. Although the uncertainty on aerosol radiative effect presented here is considerably larger than most previous estimates, the explicit inclusion of the major sources of error in the calculations suggest that they are closer to the true constraint on this figure from similar methodologies, and point to the need for more, improved estimates of both global aerosol loading and aerosol optical properties.
Dissolved organic matter composition and bioavailability reflect ecosystem productivity in the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Shen Y. , Fichot C. G. , Benner R.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved amino acids (TDAA) were measured in high (Chukchi Sea) and low (Beaufort Sea) productivity regions of the Western Arctic Ocean to investigate the composition and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Concentrations and DOC-normalized yields of TDAA in Chukchi surface waters were relatively high, indicating an accumulation of bioavailable DOM. High yields of TDAA were also observed in the upper halocline of slope and basin waters, indicating off-shelf transport of bioavailable DOM from the Chukchi Sea. In contrast, concentrations and yields of TDAA in Beaufort surface waters were relatively low, indicting DOM was of limited bioavailability. Yields of TDAA in the upper halocline of slope and basin waters were also low, suggesting the Beaufort is not a major source of bioavailable DOM to slope and basin waters. In shelf waters of both systems, elevated concentrations and yields of TDAA were often observed in waters with higher chlorophyll concentrations and productivity. Surface concentrations of DOC were similar (p > 0.05) in the two systems despite the contrasting productivity, but concentrations and yields of TDAA were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in the Chukchi than in the Beaufort. Unlike bulk DOC, TDAA concentrations and yields reflect ecosystem productivity in the Western Arctic. The occurrence of elevated bioavailable DOM concentrations in the Chukchi implies an uncoupling between the biological production and utilization of DOM and has important implications for sustaining heterotrophic microbial growth and diversity in oligotrophic waters of the Central Arctic basins.
A hierarchical approach on groundwater-surface water interaction in wetlands along the upper Biebrza River, Poland
Authors: Anibas C. , Verbeiren B. , Buis K. , Chormański J. , De Doncker L. , Okruszko T. , Meire P. , Batelaan O.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. As recognized in the European Water Framework Directive, groundwater-dependent wetlands and their diverse ecosystems have important functions which need to be protected. The vegetation in such habitats is often dependent on quality, quantity and patterns of river discharge and groundwater-surface water interaction on a local or reach scale. Since groundwater-surface water exchange studies on natural rivers and wetlands with organic soils are scarce, more functional analysis is needed. To this end we combined different field methods including piezometer nests, temperature as tracer and seepage meter measurements. Some of these measurements were used as inputs and/or as validation for the numerical 1-D heat transport model STRIVE. In transient mode the model was used to calculate spatially distributed vertical exchange fluxes from temperature profiles measured at the upper Biebrza River in Poland over a period of nine months. Time series of estimated fluxes and hydraulic head gradients in the hyporheic zone were used to estimate the temporal variability of groundwater-surface water exchange. This paper presents a hierarchical approach for quantifying and interpreting groundwater-surface water interaction in space and time. The results for the upper Biebrza show predominantly upward water fluxes, sections of recharge, however, exist along the reach. The fluxes depend more on hydraulic gradients than on riverbed conductivity. This indicates that the fluvio-plain scale is required for interpreting the exchange fluxes, which are estimated on a local scale. The paper shows that a conceptual framework is necessary for understanding the groundwater-surface water interaction processes, where the exchange fluxes are influenced by local factors like the composition of the riverbed and the position of the measurement on a local scale, and by regional factors like the hydrogeology and topography on a fluvio-plain scale. The hierarchical methodology increases the confidence in the estimated exchange fluxes and improves the process understanding. The accuracy of the measurements and related uncertainties, however, remain challenges for wetland environments. Gaining quantitative information on groundwater-surface water interaction can improve modeling confidence and as a consequence helps to develop effective procedures for management and conservation of valuable groundwater dependent wetlands.
The 2011 marine heat wave in Cockburn Sound, southwest Australia
Authors: Rose T. H. , Smale D. A. , Botting G.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. Over 2000 km of Western Australian coastline experienced a significant marine heat wave in February and March 2011. Seawater temperature anomalies of +2–4 °C were recorded at a number of locations, and satellite-derived SSTs (sea surface temperatures) were the highest on record. Here, we present seawater temperatures from southwestern Australia and describe, in detail, the marine climatology of Cockburn Sound, a large, multiple-use coastal embayment. We compared temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in 2011 with data from routine monitoring conducted from 2002–2010. A significant warming event, 2–4 °C in magnitude, persisted for > 8 weeks, and seawater temperatures at 10 to 20 m depth were significantly higher than those recorded in the previous 9 yr. Dissolved oxygen levels were depressed at most monitoring sites, being ~ 2 mg l−1 lower than usual in early March 2011. Ecological responses to short-term extreme events are poorly understood, but evidence from elsewhere along the Western Australian coastline suggests that the heat wave was associated with high rates of coral bleaching; fish, invertebrate and macroalgae mortalities; and algal blooms. However, there is a paucity of historical information on ecologically-sensitive habitats and taxa in Cockburn Sound, so that formal examinations of biological responses to the heat wave were not possible. The 2011 heat wave provided insights into conditions that may become more prevalent in Cockburn Sound, and elsewhere, if the intensity and frequency of short-term extreme events increases as predicted.
Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics
Authors: Boeckli L. , Brenning A. , Gruber S. , Noetzli J.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The objective of this study is the production of an Alpine Permafrost Index Map (APIM) covering the entire European Alps. A unified statistical model that is based on Alpine-wide permafrost observations is used for debris and bedrock surfaces across the entire Alps. The explanatory variables of the model are mean annual air temperatures, potential incoming solar radiation and precipitation. Offset terms were applied to make model predictions for topographic and geomorphic conditions that differ from the terrain features used for model fitting. These offsets are based on literature review and involve some degree of subjective choice during model building. The assessment of the APIM is challenging because limited independent test data are available for comparison and these observations represent point information in a spatially highly variable topography. The APIM provides an index that describes the spatial distribution of permafrost and comes together with an interpretation key that helps to assess map uncertainties and to relate map contents to their actual expression in the terrain. The map can be used as a first resource to estimate permafrost conditions at any given location in the European Alps in a variety of contexts such as research and spatial planning. Results show that Switzerland likely is the country with the largest permafrost area in the Alps, followed by Italy, Austria, France and Germany. Slovenia and Liechtenstein may have marginal permafrost areas. In all countries the permafrost area is expected to be larger than the glacier-covered area.
LOW FIELD 1H NMR INVESTIGATION OF PLASTICIZER AND FILLER EFFECTS IN EPDM
Authors: Pazur Richard J. , Lee D. , Walker F. J. , Kasai Maxim
Published: July 2012

A series of compounds based on peroxide-cured EPDM were prepared with varying amounts of paraffinic plasticizer and carbon black. Modeling of the NMR relaxation signal was successfully carried out by either a biexponential or triexponential fitting procedure. It was found the degree of plasticization correlated directly with the average molar mass between chain entanglements (Me) calculated from the short decay constant T21. Values of Me correlated to the dynamic properties (storage modulus and tan δ) in the unvulcanized state, thus providing a measure of processability. An increase in carbon black concentration brought about a decrease in Me because of increased interactions between the filler and the polymer chain. A new parameter Mchain–filler is introduced to estimate the average molar mass between polymer chains and fillers. Compared with the chain entanglement density, the overall magnitude of this interaction appears to be weak in the mobile zone of the compound matrix. As in the case of plasticization, a relatively good correlation is obtained between Me and the dynamical properties in the unvulcanized state. Compression-set resistance is shown to directly follow the average molar mass between cross-links (Mc) before and after aging. The carbon black study results can be understood within the context of a morphological model containing different zones of chain mobility—a thin shell of immobilized chains, an intermediate zone of limited mobility, and a dominant mobile phase consisting mainly of entangled and cross-linked polymer chains.
POPULATION BALANCE MODEL FOR VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER WITH DELAYED-ACTION ACCELERATOR AND PREVULCANIZATION INHIBITOR
Authors: Anandhan M , Kaisare Niket S , Kannan K , Varkey Bijo
Published: July 2012

Our objective is to extend the population balance equation model for vulcanization of natural rubber in the presence of N-t-butylbenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (TBBS) as an accelerator and N-(cyclohexylthio)phthalimide (CTP) as a retarder. The experiments performed by using the oscillating disk rheometer are used to track the evolution of crosslink density in natural rubber. The model quantitatively predicts the trends observed in the vulcanization mixture at various temperatures, including capturing the effects of changing the initial amounts of TBBS and CTP. This model is able to capture all the key trends involved in the retarder chemistry. Specifically, both experiments and model show that addition of CTP delays the scorching time by a few minutes, without affecting the final crosslink concentration. The model qualitatively predicts trends in the major species reported in the literature. The model can reliably predict and explain the trends of monosulfidic, disulfidic, and polysulfidic crosslinks in a conventional and efficient TBBS-accelerated system. Finally, reaction path analysis is performed for the vulcanization process, which is able to clearly identify the key reaction mechanisms in the induction, crosslinking, and postcrosslink zones during the curing process.
Vascular Access in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in Libya
Authors: Alashek Wiam A. , McIntyre Christopher W. , Taal Maarten W.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

A native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) represents the optimal form of Vascular Access (VA) for patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). In Libya there are several barriers to AVF creation including lack of adequate preparation for dialysis and surgical services. We aimed to conduct the first comprehensive study of VA utilisation in HD patients in Libya.

Methods

A prospective observational study included all adult patients receiving HD treatment in 25 HD facilities in Libya from May 2009 to Nov 2011. Researchers gathered data regarding VA through interviews with staff and patients as well as medical records. Patients with definitive VA were re-interviewed after 1 year.

Results

At baseline the majority of patients (91.9%; n=1573) were using permanent VA in the form of AVF or arteriovenous graft. Patients with permanent VA were more likely to be male and less likely to be diabetic than those with CVCs. Most patients had commenced HD using a temporary CVC (91.8%). VA-related complications were: thrombosis (46.7%), aneurysm (22.6%), infection (11.5%) and haemorrhage (10.2%). Incident VA thrombosis was reported by 14.7% in 1 year. Independent risk factors for incident thrombosis were female gender and diabetes. Hospitalisation for VA related complications was reported by 31.4%.

Conclusions

Few patients in Libya initiate HD with definitive VA, but most achieve it thereafter. Improved dialysis preparation and increased provision of surgical services are required to increase the proportion of patients initiating HD with definitive VA and should be a priority in rebuilding health services in Libya after the recent conflict.
Molecular Dynamics of Fluids: The Gaussian Overlap Model
Authors: Kabadi Vinayak N. , Steele William A.
Published: July 2012

Computer simulation results are reported for model Gaussian overlap molecules with orientation independent well depths (GOCE systems) at different anisotropies. A procedure is developed for the comparison of the thermodynamics of these systems with equivalent 12‐6 site‐site systems. Comparison of thermodynamic properties of prolate systems with those for site‐site diatomics showed good agreement, especially at low anisotropies. The structures of these two systems indicated that relative molecular orientations around the T shape are more favored for site‐site diatomics than in the GOCE case. The thermodynamics of the oblate benzene‐like GOCE system (K = 0.50) were studied and results were obtained that do not agree well with the experimental data for liquid benzene. Comparison of the structure of this GOCE system with recent simulations using a six‐centered site‐site potential for benzene showed that the GOCE fluid is less structured than the site‐site model.
Statistical Mechanics of Non‐Spherical Molecules: Spherical Harmonic Expansions on Non‐Spherical Surfaces II Gay‐Berne Gaussian Overlap Potential
Authors: Kabadi Vinayak N.
Published: July 2012

Pseudo‐spherical harmonic expansions of two body functions such as pair potential and pair correlation functions are proposed for molecular systems interacting by the Gay‐Berne Gaussian overlap potential (GOBG potential) and the site‐site diatomic potential. It is shown that the choice of surfaces representing the repulsive cores of the potentials provides rapid convergence of the series, thereby allowing for the calculation of thermodynamic properties and for the study of the orientational structure of the fluids by series resummations. Significant differences in the structures of the GOBG and the site‐site diatomic liquids are brought out using this technique.
Vapor‐Liquid Equilibria for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Benzene, Toluene and n‐Butyraldehyde
Authors: Kassmann K.‐D. , Knapp H.
Published: July 2012

Isothermal vapor‐liquid equilibria were investigated in a pressure controlled, dynamic still with vapor and liquid recirculation. The temperature, the pressure and the compositions of the vapor and the liquid phase were determined for benzene/toluene at 313.15 K and 334.15 K, n‐butyraldehyde/benzene at 313.15 K and 343.15 K, n‐butyraldehyde/toluene at 313.15 K and 333.15 K and for the ternary mixture at 313.15 K.—The experimental binary VLE‐data were reduced: a point‐to‐point consistency test was performed, with a maximum likelihood method binary parameters were fitted for five popular activity coefficient models. The experimental ternary VLE‐data could be used to check the adequacy ofgE‐models.
Li2UCl6, Na2UCl6 and Cs2UCl6 compounds: Enthalpies of phase transitions and electrical conductivity in the solid and liquid states
Authors: Gaune‐Escard M. , Fouque Y. , Bros J. P. , Wisniowski M. , Bogacz A.
Published: July 2012

Using several experimental techniques (electrical conductivity measurement, differential thermal analysis and differential enthalpic analysis), the Li2UCl6, Na2UCl6 and Cs2UCl6 Compounds have been investigated. —The joint examination of thermograms and phase diagrams suggests that the fusion of Li2UCl6 and Na2UCl6 compounds is preceeded by small thermal effects which are not always reproducible. —Melting temperatures and enthalpies of transformation and fusion have been measured: magnified image These new results were compared with those previously found for similar compounds. The calorimetric and electrical experimental values obtained for Li2UBr6 and Li2UCl6 allowed a parallelity to be established: the very close values of entropy of fusion, 61 and 57 J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively, suggest that the melting mechanism is similar for both compounds. —On the other hand, in spite of similar entropies of fusion, Li2UCl6 and Na2UCl6 exhibit a strongly different behaviour of the electrical conductivity. The electrical properties of Li2UCl6, Na2UCl6 and Cs2UCl6 were also tentatively compared with those of Li2UBr6 and Na2UBr6 but only a qualitative interpretation can be put forward. —However the similar premelting effects and entropies of fusion (13.8 and 15.8 J · mol−1 · K−1 respectively) found for Na2UBr6 and Cs2UCl6 suggest a similar melting mechanism for both compounds. Therefore high temperature structural investigations would be essential and the clue to the electrical and thermodynamic behaviours of Li2UCl6, Na2UCl6 and Cs2UCl6.
The dielectric constant of chlorodifluoromethane to 200 MPa
Authors: Uematsu M. , Franck E. U.
Published: July 2012

The static dielectric constant ϵ of chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF2, was measured between 233 and 368 K and from 0.5 to 200 MPa. (Tc = 369 K). The high pressure capacitor cell and the procedure are described. At 233 K ε increases from 9.84 to 12.19 with pressures from 0.5 to 200 MPa. At 298 K the increase reaches from 6.24 to 8.75 with pressures from 2.5 to 200 MPa. At 368 K and 200 MPa ε = 6.70 is found. At the critical point ε is equal to 2.35. Adjusted functions of ϵ in dependence of temperature and pressure and of temperature and density are given. Tables and diagrams with data at round T and p‐values as well as with data for liquid and gas along the coexistence curve are given. Kirkwood correlation factors between 1.0 and 1.20 were found.
Electrochemical in‐situ investigations on polycrystalline gold electrodes with oscillating quartz crystals: The electrosorption valency and heterogeneity constant of halide and sulphate adlayers
Authors: Stöckel Wolfgang , Schumacher Rolf
Published: July 2012

The electrochemical formation and decay of halide and sulphate adlayers on polycrystalline gold electrodes were followed in‐situ in the monolayer range with oscillating quartz crystals. In addition, potentiodynamic techniques were applied to gain information on charge transfer and interfacial capacitance for these processes. From the obtained data the electrosorption valency γ and heterogeneity constantCwere evaluated. Following data were obtained.

    γ= −0.06;    γ= −0.34;

    γSo4−= −0.5;    CBr−= 35.5 kJ/mol.
Modeling the sediment yield from landslides in the Shihmen Reservoir watershed, Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Zong‐Xian , You Gene J.‐Y. , Lee Hong‐Yuan , Chiu Yu‐Jia
Published: July 2012

Landslides generate enormous volumes of sediment in mountainous watersheds; however, quantifying the downstream transport of landslide‐derived sediment remains a challenge. Landslide erosion and sediment delivery to the Shihmen Reservoir watershed in Taiwan was estimated using empirical landslide frequency–area and volume–area relationships, empirical landslide runout models, and the Hydrological Simulation Program‐ FORTRAN (HSPF). Landslide erosion rates ranged from 0.4 mm yr‐1 to 2.2 mm yr‐1 during the period 1986–2003, but increased to 7.9 mm yr‐1 following Typhoon Aere in 2004. The percentage of landslide sediment delivered to streams decreased from 78% during the period 1986–1997 to 55% in 2004. Although the delivery ratio was lower, the volume of landslide sediment delivered to streams was 2.81 × 106 Mg yr‐1 in 1986–1997 and 8.60 × 106 Mg yr‐1 in 2004. Model simulations indicate that only a small proportion of the landslide material was delivered downstream. An average of 13% of the landslide material delivered to rivers was moved downstream during the period 1986–1997. In 2004, the period including Typhoon Aere, the annual fluvial sediment yield accounted for approximately 23% of the landslide material delivered to streams. In general, the transfer of sediment in the fluvial system in the Shihmen Reservoir watershed is dominantly transport limited. The imbalance between sediment supply and transport capacity has resulted in a considerable quantity of landslide material remaining in the upper‐stream regions of the watershed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender diversity in leadership succession: Preparing for the future
Authors: Virick Meghna , Greer Charles R.
Published: July 2012

The development of gender diversity in leadership positions is a critical need for many companies as they develop strategies for how they will compete in the future. In this article, we test hypotheses about diverse leadership succession, using survey and archival data. Survey data were collected from executives and managers who responded to questions about their succession planning, successors, and the context of diversity in their work environments. Results indicate that the nomination of women as successors was positively associated with more favorable diversity climates for women. Furthermore, we found that the nomination of female successors was positively associated with the performance of incumbent managers who nominated them as their successors. We also found that the performance of incumbent managers moderated the relationship between diversity climate and the nomination of female successors. Lower‐performing incumbents were less likely than higher‐performing incumbents to nominate women as successors when the diversity climate was unfavorable. When the diversity climate was favorable, lower performers were more likely and higher performers were equally likely to nominate women as successors. We found no differences in the degree of objectivity in incumbents' descriptions of the strengths of female successors versus their male counterparts or in the degree of subjectivity in their developmental needs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concordance between physiological arousal and subjective distress among vietnam combat veterans undergoing challenge testing for PTSD
Authors: Marx Brian P. , Bovin Michelle J. , Suvak Michael K. , Monson Candice M. , Sloan Denise M. , Fredman Steffany J. , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Keane Terence M.
Published: July 2012

This study examined concordance between physiological arousal and subjective distress during a laboratory challenge task. Data were collected during the multisite VA Cooperative Study 334 in the early 1990s examining psychophysiological arousal among combat‐exposed Vietnam veterans with (n = 775) and without (n = 369) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study participants were presented with 6 standardized neutral scenes and 6 standardized combat scenes. Participants provided a subjective rating of distress after each slide. During the presentation, levels of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded. Using linear mixed effects modeling, both HR level and SC level exhibited significant positive associations with subjective distress ratings (pr = .33, p < .001 and pr = .19, p < .001, respectively). Individuals with PTSD demonstrated greater concordance between their distress ratings and SC level during exposure to combat slides than participants without PTSD (pr = .28, p < .001 vs. pr = .18, p < .001). Although a significant association was found between subjective distress and HR reactivity and SC reactivity, these findings were not moderated by PTSD status. The results of these analyses suggest that patients' reports of distress during exposure‐based treatments might serve as approximate measures of actual physiological arousal.
Center‐out echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging with correction of gradient‐echo phase and time shifts
Authors: Labadie Christian , Hetzer Stefan , Schulz Jessica , Mildner Toralf , Aubert‐Frécon Monique , Möller Harald E.
Published: July 2012

A procedure to prevent the formation of image and spectral Nyquist ghosts in echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging is introduced. It is based on a novel Cartesian center‐out echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging trajectory, referred to as EPSICO, and combined with a correction of the gradient‐echo phase and time shifts. Processing of homogenous sets of forward and reflected echoes is no longer necessary, resulting in an optimized spectral width. The proposed center‐out trajectory passively prevents the formation of Nyquist ghosts by privileging the acquisition of the center k‐space line with forward echoes at the beginning of an echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging dwell time and by ensuring that all k‐space lines and their respective complex conjugates are acquired at equal time intervals. With the proposed procedure, concentrations of N‐acetyl aspartate, creatine, choline, glutamate, and myo‐inositol were reliably determined in human white matter at 3 T. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Late effects of total body irradiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children under 3 years of age
Authors: Levy Jean M. Mulcahy , Tello Tiffany , Giller Roger , Wilkening Greta , Quinones Ralph , Keating Amy K. , Liu Arthur K.
Published: July 2012

Background

Total body irradiation (TBI) is an important component of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) for pediatric malignancies. With increasing survival rates, late effects of SCT become more important. Younger children may be at particular risk of late effects of radiation and SCT.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed outcomes of children less than 3 years of age who received TBI as part of their preparative regimen for SCT at Children's Hospital Colorado. Clinical information including the date of last follow‐up, most recent lab values, and physiologic tests were extracted from the medical record.

Results

Of 81 patients who underwent SCT, 19 received TBI and of those, 15 were long‐term survivors available for review. Late effects occurring in greater than 50% of the children included abnormalities involving endocrine, metabolic, renal, cataracts, and neurocognitive systems. Other organs involved less commonly included liver, skeletal, and cardiac abnormalities. Solid tumors were a rare finding with only one patient developing a benign osteochondroma and no identified secondary malignancies.

Conclusions

TBI has been shown to be an important part of the preparative regimen for patients undergoing SCT. Our results, similar to other studies, suggest TBI in patients less than 3 years of age will likely result in multi‐organ dysfunction including endocrine, metabolic, renal, eye, and neurocognitive abnormalities. A longitudinal study with standardized testing of these systems would further clarify the late effects concerns in this patient population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 700–704. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of short circuit current gains by an anti‐reflective textured cover on silicon thin film solar cells
Authors: Ulbrich Carolin , Gerber Andreas , Hermans Ko , Lambertz Andreas , Rau Uwe
Published: July 2012

The influence of a retro‐reflective texture cover on light in‐coupling and light‐trapping in thin film silicon solar cells is investigated. The texture cover is applied to the front glass of the cell and leads to a reflectance as low as r ≈ 3% by reducing the reflection at the air/glass interface and indirectly also reducing the reflections from the internal interfaces. For weakly absorbed light in the long wavelength range, the texture also enhances the light‐trapping in the solar cell. We demonstrate an increase of the short circuit current density of exemplary investigated thin film silicon tandem solar cells by up to 0.95 mA cm−2 and of the conversion efficiency by up to 0.74% (absolute). For a planar microcrystalline solar cell, the enhancement of light‐trapping was determined from the reduced reflection in the long wavelength range to be up to 17%, leading to an increase of the external quantum efficiency of up to 12%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S. W. D. K. GANDAH (1927–2001): INTELLECTUAL AND HISTORIAN FROM NORTHERN GHANA
Authors: Lentz Carola
Published: July 2012

S. W. D. K. Gandah was the son of an influential chief and witnessed first-hand the way the conflicts, pressures and transformations of colonial rule played out on the ground in northern Ghana. Belonging to the first generation of educated northerners, he put his literary and intellectual attainments to original use throughout his life. In addition to an autobiography (The Silent Rebel), he wrote a fascinating history of his father (Gandah-yir), extracts from which are published here. In this introduction I discuss the author's development as a writer and local historian. I analyse his ambivalent perspective on Chief Gandah's life, as loyal son, but also critic of many aspects of village life – a perspective typical of a first generation of indigenous intellectuals who embodied both a traditional upbringing and new values instilled through Western education. I look at Kumbonoh's reflections on the task that he has set himself for his Gandah-yir manuscript, namely reconciling oral tradition, local memories, and written history in an attempt to produce a historical account not only for his immediate family and the wider Dagara community, but for a broader readership.
Parameter setting within a socially realistic linguistics
Authors: Wilson John , Henry Alison
Published: July 2012

This article considers the theoretical and practical relationship between core linguistics and sociolinguistics in relation to the emergence of Principles and Parameters Theory. Parameters were introduced into core Chomskyan linguistics in an effort to account for variation between languages. However, as we argue – and as has long been known in sociolinguistics – languages (French, Italian etc.) are social rather than abstract products. In this sense, core linguistics may need to pay more attention than it has in the past to aspects of actual variation in order to understand the limits and range of parameters. Thus we argue that dialects of languages in themselves have parameters, and as such may be defined within parametric limits. Here we believe there is something of interest to sociolinguists, in terms both of structural definitions and of overall historical development. In general, then, while variation has always been central to sociolinguistics, it is now central, in one sense, to core linguistics; and here we have the opportunity to explore ways in which sociolinguistics and core linguistics may relate to each other in their interest in variation. (Parameters; variation; dialect; Belfast; Ireland)
Language policy, language education, language rights: Indigenous, immigrant, and international perspectives
Authors: Hornberger Nancy H.
Published: July 2012

Indigenous languages are under siege, not only in the US but around the world – in danger of disappearing because they are not being transmitted to the next generation. Immigrants and their languages worldwide are similarly subjected to seemingly irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. This article discusses a number of such cases, including Shawandawa from the Brazilian Amazon, Quechua in the South American Andes, the East Indian communities of South Africa, Khmer in Philadelphia, Welsh, Maori, Turkish in the UK, and Native Californian languages. At a time when phrases like “endangered languages” and “linguicism” are invoked to describe the plight of the world's vanishing linguistic resources in their encounter with the phenomenal growth of world languages such as English, the cases reviewed here provide consistent and compelling evidence that language policy and language education serve as vehicles for promoting the vitality, versatility, and stability of these languages, and ultimately promote the rights of their speakers to participate in the global community on and IN their own terms. (Endangered languages, immigrant languages, indigenous languages, language revitalization, linguicism)
Higher order terms of radiative damping in extreme intense laser-matter interaction
Authors: Pandit Rishi R. , Sentoku Yasuhiko
Published: July 2012

The higher order terms of the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation have been derived, and their effects are studied via a relativistic collisional particle-in-cell simulation. The dominant group of terms up to the fourth order of the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equation is identified for ultra-intense laser-matter interactions. The second order terms are found to be the damping terms of the Lorentz force while the first order terms represent friction in the equation of motion. Because the second order terms restrict electron acceleration during the laser interaction, electrons/ions are prevented from over-accelerating. Radiative damping becomes highly significant when I≥ 1022 W/cm2 while Bremsstrahlung will be saturated, thus radiative damping will be a dominant source of hard x-rays in regimes at extreme intensities.
Organizing geriatric services
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Using geriatric services 14

Acute services for older people 16

The older patient in intensive care 17

The great integration debate 18

Admission avoidance schemes 20

Day hospitals 22

Specialty clinics 24

Intermediate care 26

The National Service Framework for Older People
28

Community hospitals ...
Drugs
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Pharmacology in older patients 126

Prescribing ‘rules’ 128

Taking a drug history 130

HOW TO . . . Improve concordance 132

Drug sensitivity 134

Adverse drug reactions 135

ACE inhibitors 136

HOW TO . . . Start ACE inhibitors 137

Amiodarone 138

HOW TO . . . Manage amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction 139

Analgesia 140...
Cardiovascular
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

The ageing cardiovascular system 256

Chest pain 258

Stable angina 260

HOW TO . . . Rationalize antianginals in older patients 261

Acute coronary syndromes 262

Myocardial infarction 266

Hypertension 268

Hypertension: treatment 270

HOW TO . . . Use antihypertensives in a patient with comorbid conditions 271

Arrhythmia: presentation 272...
Death and dying
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Breaking bad news 638

HOW TO . . . Break bad news 639

Bereavement 640

HOW TO . . . Promote a ‘healthy bereavement’ 641

Palliative care 642

Symptom control in the terminally ill 644

HOW TO . . . Prescribe a subcutaneous infusion for palliative care 646

Documentation after death 648

Other issues after death ...
Toxicology
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Poisons: general principles 180

Diagnosis of poisoning 182

Poisons: supportive care 183

Reducing absorption of poison 184

Antidotes for poisons 186

Opioid poisoning 188

Salicylate poisoning 189

Paracetamol poisoning 190

Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning 194

Benzodiazepine poisoning 196

Clomethiazole poisoning 196

Phenothiazine poisoning 196

Barbiturate poisoning ...
Major trauma
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Major trauma: treatment principles 320

Investigations in major trauma 322

Airway obstruction: basic measures 324

Airway obstruction: surgical airway 326

Tension pneumothorax 328

Chest wall injury 330

Traumatic pneumothorax 334

Haemothorax 335

Chest drain insertion 336

Pulmonary contusions and aspiration 338

Penetrating chest injury 340...
Ear, nose and throat
Authors: Wyatt Jonathan P. , Illingworth Robin N. , Graham Colin A. , Hogg Kerstin , Clancy Michael J. , Robertson Colin E.
Published: July 2012

Ear, nose, and throat foreign bodies 546

Ear examination 548

Vertigo 549

Cochlear implants 549

Earache 550

Epistaxis 552

Nasal fracture 553

Sore throat 554

Facial nerve palsy 556

Salivary gland problems 557

Dental emergencies 558

All sorts of FBs may become lodged in the external auditory canal, including insects, vegetable matter, and various inert objects. The patient may present with pain, deafness, discharge or, in the case of live insects, an irritating buzzing in one ear....
Through the creative lens of the artist: society's perceptions of death in children
Authors: Bertman Sandra
Published: July 2012

This chapter scrutinizes how society grapples with the meaning of death in children, especially as portrayed in the creative arts. The bereaved, who often feel cut off from those who go about the routine of their everyday lives, can find suitable companionship with writers and artists who have shaped and ordered their own personal anguish. The bereaved can find a few ideas, or even one idea, that they can cling to, perhaps latching on to a simple statement such as Lisa Schnell’s ‘I am still Claire’s mom,’ rewriting it to fit their own situation. The palliative caregiver can offer unobtrusively, or at least have available, poems, memoirs, biographies, photographs, paintings, photocopies, or even brief quotations, in the hope that a few of these might be exactly the right prescription for the pain. Paintings and poems console us by connecting us to others whose suffering reminds us of our own helplessness, our shared fears of death, and our common mortality. Reminding us that we are not alone, art offers us lifelines. It enables us to shift perspective, to borrow the lens of an artist, and to refl ect anew. And so — back to newspapers, hard data, music, poetry, and paradox. In the words of the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, ‘We have art in order not to die of the truth.’
Pharmacological approaches to pain. 3: Adjuvants for neuropathic and bone pain
Authors: McCulloch Renée
Published: July 2012

The Latin word ‘adjuvans’ means to help or facilitate, particularly to reach a goal. Adjuvants are defined as drugs with a primary indication other than pain that have analgesic properties in some painful conditions. They include numerous drugs in diverse classes. They are often considered to be second-line strategies, but according to the World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder they should be instituted as soon as a pain type that might respond is identified. They occur at all three steps of the pain ladder. Although they can be used alone, adjuvants are often prescribed in combination with other medication — such as opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or paracetamol (acetaminophen) — in anticipation of a synergistic response. They are therefore referred to as ‘co-analgesics.’ Identifying a patient’s pain syndrome by forming a clear understanding of the clinical scenario in combination with careful assessment and measurement of pain is important for both diagnosis and treatment.
Neurological and neuromuscular conditions and symptoms
Authors: Hauer Julie M. , Faulkner Kate W.
Published: July 2012

Symptoms associated with the nervous system are common in paediatric palliative care. There are many challenges in managing these symptoms and caring for these children. Palliative care clinicians are in an ideal position to improve quality of life in this population, but are hampered by the limited literature for guiding management of these symptoms. Other challenges include the uncertainty of the prognosis of many of the conditions where there is impairment of the nervous system, assessment of the presence and source of distressing symptoms in non-verbal children with severe neurological impairment (SNI), and the lifelong nature of many of the symptoms encountered in such children. Many of the conditions are rare, affecting only 1 in 1500–2000 people, which further limits knowledge of the specific aspects of each condition. Parents face significant uncertainty about the risks and benefits associated with treatment decisions. In addition, as research is ongoing and ‘cutting-edge’ for some of these conditions, parents make decisions while simultaneously hoping that some breakthrough treatment will be developed. This chapter addresses several aspects of palliative care in the management of neurological and neuromuscular symptoms. The first section provides a brief overview of the major life-limiting conditions of the nervous system. The second section reviews the neurological symptoms that palliative care practitioners may encounter, and the range of therapeutic approaches that are used.
Depression, anxiety, and delirium
Authors: Muriel Anna C. , McCulloch Renée , Hammel Jim F.
Published: July 2012

The assessment and treatment of psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and delirium are complicated in the paediatric palliative care population. Research is limited by the lack of standardized measures, studies that have involved small sample sizes, and the diffi culty in distinguishing between disease and psychological symptoms. Most evidence is extrapolated from the adult palliative care literature, as well as the paediatric psychological and psychiatric literature. Nonetheless, patient-centred care requires that we assess and address these symptoms, which may be difficult to fit into clear diagnostic criteria, but which have a tremendous impact on quality of life. Careful history taking, active listening, and direct observation are an important beginning, and may in and of themselves begin to reduce patient and family distress. Collaboration with mental health professionals to provide specific assessment and non-pharmacological management can also inform the need for psychopharmacological intervention implemented by psychiatrists or palliative care clinicians. Although the data are limited, clinicians can use the available information, as well as their clinical judgement and experience, to inform interventions that can reduce suffering and improve quality of life.
Intensive-care units
Authors: Carter Brian , Craig Finella
Published: July 2012

Intensive-care and palliative care teams may at first seem to be polar opposites — with one focusing on the utilization of advanced technologies directed towards saving or prolonging life, and the other focusing on providing comfort and support, accepting death as a likely outcome. However, the one place that provides a natural interface for these teams with different goals is the ICU. Here children and families face potential or inevitable death, and even alongside attempts to save or prolong life, they need the care that is at the heart of palliation. Where ICU and palliative care meet, children can receive the most advanced technology alongside skilled, holistic, supportive care, and both teams can work together with families to facilitate appropriate support as goals change. Palliative care is now increasingly being integrated into the care of patients and families in both the neonatal and paediatric ICU settings. With focused research aimed at healthcare service delivery, effective symptom management, and the role of palliative care consultants in the ICU, the potential to broaden and improve palliative care in the ICU will be further advanced for all children and their families. The surprise is not that these two services should be integrated, but rather that it has taken us so long to realize the importance of such integration.
International aspects
Authors: Marston Joan , Chambers Lizzie
Published: July 2012

CPC is a relatively new and emerging specialism with great potential for helping children and families who are living with lifethreatening illnesses in all parts of the world. A range of models of care have been established in both the resource-rich and resourcelimited countries. There seems to be growing recognition of the need to develop services for these children and families, but the overall picture is one of huge variance in different parts of the world, a relatively small evidence base, a great need for further education and training, and considerable scope for further development. Broader awareness of the values and philosophy of palliative care and also of its place in society in relation to children is needed. Altering a society’s views can be a difficult and very gradual process, especially when some of these views are deeply embedded in cultural norms and rooted in people’s own subconscious fears of death. Factual information about the potential benefits of palliative care, and about pain relief and opioids, needs to be widely available for the general public in order to raise their expectations and demands of their local healthcare system. Those working in paediatric palliative care need to work closely alongside adult palliative care organizations that are already active across the world, highlighting the special needs of children. As the field of paediatric palliative care increases in size, we will need to enhance the international roles of our own children’s organizations, and continue to develop these paediatric networks.
Ultrasound Fundamentals and Equipment
Authors: Jacob Adam K.
Published: July 2012

Chapter 6 provides a general overview of ultrasound principles and equipment. The overview begins with a description of the sound wave and its cycle, frequency, wave length, and amplitude. Next, the discussions turns to the sound wave's behavior in reaction to different tissue types, angle, and structure depth. Various types of image artifacts and their causes are also covered. Equipment review includes probe selection, image optimization, conducting gel, and probe stands.