bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Consider a string of three masses, m1, m2, and m3. The mass mi is connected to the mass m  3 by a spring of stiffness kij. Theleft and right ends of the string are attached to “walls” (m0 = ∞, m4 = ∞) via springs of stiffnesses k01 and k34, respectively. Let x  i denote the position of the mass mi relative to its equilibrium position and let Fi denote the external force applied to m  i. Such a system is said to be positive real. This is a corollary of the colocation property together with the fact that the mechanical system could only dissipate energy. Many distributed parameters systems, provided they be dissipative with their rate sensors colocated with the force actuators, satisfy that property, so that through the simple spring-mass-dashpot example a large class of systems is invoked.
Cartesian Product Of Many Uncertainties
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapters, we have decomposed the space of uncertainty D × Ω as a whole, ignoring the fact that it is, actually, the topological product of two spaces, namely D and Ω. In this section, we investigate what can be gained by exploiting the Cartesian product structure of the generalized domain of uncertainty. It should be intuitively clear that the higher the dimension of a space, the more difficult it is to triangulate. Therefore, the natural question is whether, given a triangulation of D and a triangulation of Ω, we can construct a triangulation of D × Ω. This question is not trivial, because the Cartesian product of two simplexes is, unfortunately, not a simplex. Inspiring ourselves from the low-dimensional example of a 2-simplex topologically multiplied by a line segment, the Cartesian product of two simplexes is called prism. The crux of the matter is that a prism of arbitrary dimension can be decomposed into simplexes by a simple combinatorial rule, without the need to “visualize” the situation. This yields the so-called prismatic decomposition of D × Ω, constructed from simplicial decompositions of D and Ω, that will be very useful at several different places.
Game Of Hex Algorithm
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we introduce a tic-tac-toe game, called game of Hex, that is played on a board consisting of a gapless assembly of regular hexagons. The purpose of this “fun chapter” is twofold: First, we establish the combinatorial equivalence between the (dual of the) Hex board and the Q and prismatic triangulations introduced earlier. Next, and most importantly, the strategy for finding a winning path, developed in the highly “visual” environment of the Hex game, reveals the fundamental combinatorial algorithm that underlies the “simplicial algorithms” for finding the crossover. It is hoped that the game of Hex will provide the reader with a visual aid to understand the simplicial algorithms on Q-triangulation, to come in the next chapter.
Simplicial Algorithms Over Labeled Uncertainty Space
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

This chapter is in the same spirit as the computational geometry algorithm for searching the crossover, as developed in Chapter 6. Both chapters share in common the concept of polyhedral dissection of the space of uncertainty and the idea of approximating the crossover with an assembly of simplexes. However, contrary to Chapter 6, the approach developed in the present chapter is meant to be approximative, with a bit of heuristics, but has the definite advantage of obviating the need for the rather formidable apparatus of Delaunay triangulation, point location, and simplicial approximation.
Obstruction To Extending The Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

It should be intuitively clear at this stage that Kharitonov’s theorem and the “edge test” can be reformulated within the setup of obstruction theory: We perform a test on a low-dimensional skeleton of the uncertainty space and, if the test passes, there are no further obstructions to extending the Nyquist to the entire uncertainty space and the system is robustly stable. Gleaning on this insight, it should be clear that obstruction theory provides the conceptual framework to dispose of such issues as to when, why and how a test on a low-dimensional subset of uncertainty is enough to guarantee robust stability.
Homotopy Classification Of Nyquist Maps
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Since we have removed 0 + jO from the complex plane, the Nyquist map D × Ω (ℂ \ {0 + j0}, if it exists, could have a nontrivial homotopy class. The set of all possible homotopy classes of all such maps depends essentially on D. This chapter addresses the question as to what homotopy classes can be expected for a given uncertainty space. In case of such uncontractible uncertainty spaces as toris—multichannel phase margin problems—the set of all homotopy classes is quite large. The next question is to determine which of these homotopy classes yield closed-loop stability. Finally, given an uncertainty structure D, it is shown how the loop function L(s) induces a homotopy class of the map.
Affective Influences in Depression: Conceptual Issues, Cognitive Consequences, and Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Scott Walter D , Ingram Rick E
Published: November 2023

There are two facts about depression that are inescapable. The first is that depression is an extremely widespread problem. In a large-scale project that interviewed approximately 19,000 people in five U.S. cities, the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study found a lifetime prevalence rate of 6.3% and a 1-year prevalence rate of 3.7% for major depressive disorder (Weissman, Bruce, Leaf, Florio, & Holzer, 1991). In the same study, almost 30% of those assessed reported significant symptoms of depression. Projecting from these figures, then, literally millions of people in the United States suffer from substantial depressive symptoms.
Emotional Expression and Experience: A Psychosocial Perspective on Schizophrenia
Authors: Flack William F , Laird James D , Cavallaro, Lorraine A , Miller Daniel R
Published: November 2023

Basic research on emotion and clinical investigations of emotion in the various psychopathologies have proceeded largely independently of one another. In this chapter, we describe a program of research in which ideas and methods developed by academic social psychologists to study emotions are employed to investigate the problem posed by discrepancies between emotional behavioral expression and subjective experience of emotion in schizophrenia. We begin by summarizing our concepts of emotion and of schizophrenia, then review briefly the work that has been conducted on expressive behaviors and subjective emotional experiences of normals and of people diagnosed as schizophrenic. Finally, we describe how our perspectives on schizophrenia and on emotion might be linked up in a single theory.
Free Streamline Flows
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we briefly survey the extensive literature on fully developed cavity flows and the methods used for their solution. The terms “ free streamline flow” or “free surface flow” are used for those situations that involve a “free” surface whose location is initially unknown and must be found as a part of the solution. In the context of some of the multiphase flow literature, they would be referred to as separated flows. In the introduction to Chapter 6 we described the two asymptotic states of a multiphase flow, homogeneous and separated flow. Chapter 6 described some of the homogeneous flow methods and their application to cavitating flows; this chapter presents the other approach. However, we shall not use the term separated flow in this context because of the obvious confusion with the accepted, fluid mechanical use of the term.
The Function and Patterning of Interruptions in Conversation
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Men and women convey information about who they are, their intentions, and their relative positions through the way they speak. Gender differences in the use of language have drawn the attention of many researchers in linguistics, sociolinguistics, communication studies, and psychology. Interruptions, a speech form commonly viewed as a mechanism of power and dominance in conversation, have been of particular interest to the research community. Many researchers believe that interruptions provide a behavioral measure of dominance in everyday social experience because they involve a violation of the current speaker’s right to speak, are used to usurp that person’s tum, and are used to control the topic of conversation. Interruptions thus provide a measure that we can use to determine whether the greater power and dominance of men in society is reflected in ordinary face-to-face interaction between men and women. The Research Findings Interest in gender differences in interruptions was sparked by research by Don Zimmerman and Candace West, a study that has now been widely cited. Zimmerman and West recorded 31 segments of conversation in public places such as coffee shops and drugstores. Twenty of those conversations took place between samesex pairs-10 male pairs and 10 female pairs-and the remaining 11 conversations took place between mixed-sex pairs. All conversants were between the ages of 20 and 35.
Gender Stereotypes and the Perception and Evaluation of Participants in Interaction
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Many psychologists have argued that the locus of gender differences is in the eye of the beholder.1 We immediately recognize each participant in conversational interaction as a male or a female. To the extent that we hold stereotyped beliefs about men and women, these beliefs can lead us to form different expectations about what male and female participants are like and how they will behave. In this chapter I examine the nature of gender stereotypes and their influence on our perception, evaluation, and response toward participants in interaction. I look at the extent to which we bend our perceptions in the direction of sex role stereotypes and perceive gender differences that may not even be present. I also examine the way gender stereotypes cause us to evaluate males and females differently or to respond to them differently, even when their behavior is identical. To begin, we need to know what is meant by a stereotype. A stereotype is a set of beliefs about the characteristics presumed to be typical of members of a group. Stereotypes distinguish one group from another-for example, men from women, or blacks from whites. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, accurate or inaccurate. To the extent that they are accurate, stereotypes provide information that is useful in forming expectations to help guide behavior.
Conclusions, Explanations, and Implications
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The research reviewed in this book could be used to make a strong case for differences between the interaction styles of men and women. The same general findings emerge across many different subject populations, settings, and research methodologies. Men show a greater task orientation in groups, women a greater social-emotional orientation; men emerge more often as leaders in initially leaderless groups; men interrupt more; women pay more attention to the face needs of their conversational partners; women talk more personally with their close friends. People have drawn on this research evidence to popularize the view that men and women think differently, interpret the world differently, and interact differently. These ideas have had widespread appeal. Many people feel these depictions of men and women capture their own experience; the research findings mirror gender differences they see in their daily lives. I have argued, on the other hand, that the research evidence on gender and conversational interaction permits multiple interpretations-that the “facts” do not yield a single “truth.” I have gone back through the research literature to demonstrate that the data reveal the similarities between men and women to be far greater than the differences, and that knowledge of a person’s gender will give us little ability to accurately predict how a person will behave in many situations. Let me review the questions that have been raised throughout this book-questions that have been raised in scholarly journals and articles by feminist researchers over the past two decades but that have not had a major impact on popular conceptions about men and women.
In the Beginning
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

In the beginning of God’s creation of the heaven and the earth: the earth was without form and void, dark ness was on the face of the deep, and a wind from God vibrated over the surface of the waters. And God said, let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness ... And God said, Let the waters swarm abundantly with moving creatures that have life.
Nitric OxideA Simple Molecule with Complex Biologic Functions
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

In view of the fact that the properties of EDRF released from endothelial cells of the rabbit aorta by acetylcholine are, in many respects, similar to those of NO. generated in acidified nitrite solutions, it is pro posed that EDRF is NO.. While production of free radicals, including 02.- and HO., has generally been associated with cytotoxicity, the recognition that nitric oxide (NO) controls a myriad of important physiological activities, including the regulation of vascular tone (Furchgott, 1988; lgnarro, et al., 1988; Ma, et al., 1993), ushered in a new era in free radical research. Undeniably, NO. represents a novel class of transient messengers, as this free radical augments cell-cell communications and governs many intracellular events (Moncada and Higgs, 1991; Snyder, 1992; Forstermann, et al., 1994, 1995; Huang, et al., 1993, 1994, 1995; Rubbo, et al., 1996; Lander, 1997). Besides these critical homeostatic functions, NO. appears to be an integral part of host immune response, particularly effective against a number of intracellular pathogens (Nathan and Hibbs, 1991; De Groote and Fang, 1995; MacMicking, et al., 1995; Wei, et al., 1995). These and similar findings have had a profound influence on what would otherwise be a narrow view of free radicals in biology.
Methods of Free Radical Detection
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

The reduction of cytochrome c was shown to be mediated by univalently reduced oxygen (the super oxide radical), which is produced by xanthine oxidase and liberated into free solution.
Kinetics of Spin Trapping Free Radicals
Authors: Rosen Gerald M , Britigan Bradley E , Halpern Howard J , Pou Sovitj
Published: November 2023

Failure to observed a spin adduct does not prove the absence of radicals. It may simply reflect low rates of trapping or the formation of a short-lived spin adduct. The detection of free radicals, generated from either purified enzyme preparations, isolated cell suspensions, or animal models, is dependent upon the ability of the nitrone, the nitrosoalkane, or the ferro-chelate to compete favorably for the free radical with other biologic targets. The efficiency of spin trapping, most often the limiting factor in the identification of specific free radicals, is, therefore, reflected in the differing rate constants for a variety of similar, yet diverse, reactions (Ingold, 1973; Marriott, et al., 1980). Although, at first glance, the number and complexity of potential interactions may appear to be overwhelming, one should not be deterred by the effort required to obtain reliable estimates of specific rate con stants. The scope of the problem can be illustrated by considering the following example.
Assessing Relatedness and Evolutionary Divergence: Why the Genetic Evidence Alone Is Insufficient
Authors: Nichols Richard A
Published: November 2023

Modern molecular genetics provides such large quantities of precise data that there is a tendency to overlook its limitations. Certainly genetic studies can provide much evidence that is pertinent to conservation biology, including indications of past fluctuations in population size, the extent of gene flow between populations, and relatedness within populations. Part of my purpose here is to show that this genetic evidence can only be interpreted in conjunction with an understanding of a species’ biology, and hence to exhort conservation geneticists to make full use of their knowledge rather than to rely on the genetic information alone.
Molecular Genetics and the Conservation of Salmonid Biodiversity: Oncorhynchus at the Edge of Their Range
Authors: Nielsen Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

As with many extant vertebrates, the evolutionary history of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is complex and includes many periods of extinctions and radiations. This is especially true for the Oncorhynchus complex, where fossil records are scarce and current taxonomy is confused by extensive morphological, life history, and ecological variation (Behnke, 1992). The ancestral tetraploidy state of much of the salmonid genome, with the presence of many duplicate genes (Allendorf and Waples, 1996), further complicates the resolution of genetic relatedness, population structure, and local adaptation.
The Celestial Sphere
Authors: Evans James
Published: November 2023

To a naive observer it is by no means obvious that the sky has the shape of a dome or hemisphere. Indeed, the Egyptians in their art often represented the sky by the sky goddess, Nut, arched over the land, often, though not always, with her back flattened (see fig. 2.1). And the Egyptian hieroglyph for sky (|r~x|) is reminiscent of the flat roof of a long, low building.1 Although the stars themselves suggest no particular shape for the heaven, their motions do suggest a sphere: the Moon, stars, and planets are seen moving on parallel circles, climbing up together from the eastern horizon, crossing the sky, and going down together in the west. Even more suggestive are the circumpolar stars, which can be seen all night long, moving in circles about the celestial pole. Ptolemy pointed to exactly these facts of observation in trying to explain how his remote predecessors had come to the idea of a spherical heaven.2
Solar Theory
Authors: Evans James
Published: November 2023

A solar theory is a mathematical system that can be used to calculate the position of the Sun in the zodiac at any desired date. Mastery of the solar theory is a prerequisite for any serious study of the history of astronomy. In the first place, the motion of the Sun is much simpler than that of either the Moon or the planets, yet it involves many of the same features. The solar theory therefore serves as an excellent introduction to problems and techniques that are encountered in the planetary theory. Second, the solar theory is the foundation on which the whole of positional astronomy must be constructed. It is not possible to measure the position of any other celestial body until one has a working theory of the Sun, as Ptolemy himself says in the introduction to the third book of the Almagest.
Startle as a Personal Experience and as a Social Resource
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins an examination of how startles are experienced and played out in real lives. Laboratory studies tell only some of the story, in part because a laboratory isolates a person from the social context in which he or she ordinarily operates. The physical responses that have been most studied account for only some of the existential reality.
Latah: The Paradigmatic Startle-Matching Syndrome
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

The best known of the culturally labeled and elaborated versions of the startle-matching syndrome is the one found in Malaysia and Indonesia, where it is called latah.1 The origin of this term is not known; although a number of etymologies have been suggested, none are convincing. Latah is often said to be the Malay word for “nervous” or “ticklish” (e.g., Adams, 1951; Gimlette, 1939), but “jumpy” would be closer, though still not exactly equivalent.
Explaining Latah: The Importance of Descriptive Detail
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

Most early descriptions of latah in the Western scientific and popular literatures were written by colonial administrators and medical officers. Resident in Malaysia and interacting daily with Malays in many settings, their opportunities for observation were extensive. They were not, however, unbiased observers. As Little wood and Lipsedge (1989) have pointed out, accounts of culture-bound syndromes such as latah were used, often intentionally, to help justify the domination by a colonial power of a colonized people.
Game Theory and Animal Contests
Authors: Riechert Susan E
Published: November 2023

It is not at all surprising that the first application of game theory to a biological phenomenon dealt with the problem of animal conflict. Here is an area of biology that is pervasive. All animals and even plants, for that matter, compete for resources that may be present in limited supply. A common mechanism of resource defense is to exclude others from access to the resource. This is direct competition, as opposed to exploitation competition in which individuals that are better competitors take more of the limiting resource than do others.

Contests represent the means by which individuals or groups of individuals exclude others from resources. Most of our work on contests has been on male-male competition for mates and individuals fighting for territories or rank in a social hierar chy. It is important to note that contests include a much broader group of interactions than these two classes of disputes. Contests can take place between individuals be longing to closely related species or ecological equivalents that have similar feeding or space requirements (e.g., see discussion in Riechert&Hammerstein 1983). Con tests also occur between the sexes (e.g., Petrie&Lipsitch 1994), between juveniles and adults (e.g., Hansen 1986), between parents and their offspring and other close relatives (e.g., Chapais 1985), and between social groups (e.g., McEachron&Baer 1982).
Game Theory and Inheritance in the Conditional Strategy
Authors: Gross Mart R , Repka Joe
Published: November 2023

Many populations contain more than one behavioral or life-history phenotype within a sex, such as sneakers and fighters in animal mating systems (Gross 1996). Maynard Smith (1982) introduced game theory and the concept of the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in part to help explain the evolution of such alternative phenotypic tactics. He emphasized frequency-dependent selection, giving rise to alternative phe notypes with equal average fitnesses. He suggested that this could occur either through a mixed ESS in which each individual randomly plays one or both of the alternative tactics, such as fight with probability p and sneak with probability 1 – p, or through a genetically polymorphic evolutionarily stable state (ESSt) in which different individuals play different strategies within the population, such as a proportion p of individuals that are fighters and 1 – p that are sneakers. Theoretical analyses of the genetically monomorphic mixed ESS and the genetically polymorphic ESSt be came popular in the 1980s and remain so today. However, few examples of alternative phenotypes, which on close inspection are consistent with the conditions of the mixed ESS or ESSt, have been found in nature (Gross 1996).
Duality of Error and Policy Formation
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Grave errors of judgment are brought to our attention as a result of catastrophes immediately linked to wrong decisions. The explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in January 1986 is such a catastrophe; it will stand out for generations not because of a large loss of life but because of its dramatic character—a flaming explosion high in the sky—captured on television and replayed countless times. In addition, it is a clear and compelling example of how a wrong decision—“launch” instead of “don’t launch”—produced a catastrophe. The Challenger disaster clearly was the result of a decision made under uncertainty and thus increased the visibility of this topic.

In order to understand the situation confronting the launch managers, and its implications for judgment and policy, we need to approach the subject of probability, a highly technical, perhaps arcane, topic involving philosophy and mathematics. But this is not a technical book and there are thousands of books on statistics and probability, so we need not approach it very closely. All we need to do is to grasp the distinction between the two major views of probability so that we can see how they affect human judgment and social policy.
Is It Possible to Learn by Intervening?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I describe various modes of inquiry used by policymakers to reduce uncertainty. “Modes of inquiry” is a term introduced by C. W. Churchman. This is a useful idea, because it allows us to examine all manner of efforts to understand the world around us, not only purely scientific ones. We can examine all modes of inquiry in terms of how well they serve specific purposes; the critical examination of different modes of inquiry allows us to evaluate their characteristics in relation to how well they fit the needs of policymakers. In addition, examining modes of inquiry is critical to our purposes because different modes of inquiry make different demands on human judgment. We may find that some, indeed, all, are found wanting because they were designed for needs other than policy formation. As Churchman put it:

The current tendency in designing inquiring systems is to bolster science and its research as it is conceived today. But in every age when men have struggled to learn more about themselves and the universe they inhabit, there have always been a few reflective thinkers who have tried to learn how men learn, and by what right they can claim that what they profess to learn is truly knowledge.
Clifford Algebra For Flat n-Dimensional Spaces
Authors: Snygg John
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, we dealt with Clifford numbers in Euclidean 3-space. In Chapter 2, we dealt with Clifford numbers in Minkowski 4-space. This chapter is devoted to showing how these notions can be extended to “flat” spaces of any finite dimension.
Natural hybridization: Emerging patterns
Authors: Arnold Michael L
Published: November 2023

The discussion in Chapters 1 through 6 emphasizes natural hybridization as a process with evolutionarily significant consequences. This perspective motivates the research to discern which factors affect the outcome of reticulate events. This strategy dismisses the typological thinking that defines species as “good” or “bad” depending on whether they are involved in hybridization with related species. Furthermore, the approach that dismisses natural hybridization, either by denying its importance (i.e., hybrids are unfit) or by denying its existence (i.e., taxa that cross cannot be species and thus crosses between them do not represent natural hybridization), is rejected. This rejection is founded on the outlook that such an approach leads to a misunderstanding (or no understanding) of the evolutionary effects that may arise from reticulations.
Coevolution of the Great Spotted Cuckoo and Its Hosts
Authors: Arias-De-Reyna Luis
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) has come to be one of the most well-studied parasitic birds (Redondo and Arias-de-Reyna 1989; Soler 1990; Soler and M0ller 1990; Soler and Soler 1991; Zuniga and Redondo l992a,b; Redondo 1993; Arias-deReyna 1994; Soler et al. 1994). It differs from the two other most well-studied parasites, the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) and the brownheaded cowbird (Molothrus ater), in several critical ways. These two latter species show little geographic variation in the number of host species they use. In each region where it occurs, the common cuckoo specializes on several host species while the brown-headed cowbird acts as an extreme generalist and parasitizes numerous passerine species with which it co-occurs.
Behavior and Ecology of the Shining Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus
Authors: GILL Brain J
Published: November 2023

Chrysococcyx lucidus (Gmelin 1788), called the shining cuckoo in New Zealand and shining bronze cuckoo in Australia, is one of the small “glossy cuckoos” monographed by Friedmann (1968). In this review of the shining cuckoo’s behavior and ecology, I focus mainly on New Zealand data (Gill 1982c, 1983a), but make comparisons and contrasts with the situation in Australia (Brooker and Brooker 1989a,b) and New Caledonia (Hannecart and Letocart 1980) where possible. These references are the main sources of the data given, and for simplicity and readability they may not be cited at every point.
Potential Impacts of Cowbird Range Expansion in Florida
Authors: Cruz Alexander , Post William , Wiley James W , Ortega Catherine P , Nakamura tammie K , Prather John W
Published: November 2023

Avian brood or social parasitism is a reproductive strategy in which parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and depend on the hosts to incubate the eggs and care for the young. Host reproductive success is often reduced by parasitism because of: (i) egg removal or puncturing by the adult parasite; (ii) host desertion of the parasitized nest; (iii) breakage of host eggs when cowbird eggs are laid; (iv) short incubation period of cowbird eggs, 11 days compared with 12-14 days of most hosts, which give nestling cowbirds a head start; (v) reduced egg hatchability and fledgling success; and (vi) cowbird nestlings grow faster, beg more loudly and have larger gapes than host nestlings (Friedmann 1929; Payne 1977; Post and Wiley 1977a; Wiley 1985; Spaw and Rohwer 1987; Cruz et al. 1989; Weatherhead 1989; Rothstein 1990; Ortega and Cruz 1991; Sealy 1992; Robinson et al. 1993).
A Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
Authors: Bunson Margaret
Published: November 2023

From Aha, king of the 1st Dynasty at Memphis (2,290 BC), to the vast complex of pleasure palaces at Zerukha, this A-Z dictionary places more than 1,500 entries on the rich world of ancient Egypt right at the reader’s fingertips. The first single-volume of its kind, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt vividly combines the historical, religious, creative, artistic, military, and personal details of this venerable civilization on the Nile. This easy to use dictionary covers a wealth of information from the Predynastic period around 3,000 BC to the fall of the New Kingdom in 1,070 BC. Here are the many pharaohs who served as the guiding forces of Egypt, such as Djoser, the second king of the 3rd Dynasty, who, after dreaming the god Khnum had appeared to him complaining about the sorry state of his shrine, erected a new temple at Elephantine bringing a miraculous end to a famine that plagued Egypt of seven years. And, of course, there is King Tutankhamun, the most well-known pharaoh in modern times because of the discovery of his tomb. We are introduced to the many Egyptian queens, who, whether in command of the country or serving as a consort to the kings, remain intriguing figures in Egyptian history. There is Nefru-Sobek, the eighth ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and Tiy, a queen of the 18th Dynasty and the first queen of Egypt to have her name on official acts, even on the announcement of the king’s marriage to a foreign princess. The mortuary rituals, maintained throughout ancient Egypt’s history and evolving over the centuries, are covered, from simple burials on the fringes of the settlement region and the use of tombs as a place of transfiguration, to the elaborate processes of embalming and mummification. Here also is the art, architecture, and artistic themes that so vividly represent ancient Egyptian cultural expression – the great Step Pyramid, the earliest stone building of its size in the world; the Great Sphynx, seventy-five feet from base to crown and one-hundred and fifty feet long; scarabs, the beetle shaped amulets associated with the life-giving sun; and Satirical Papyrus, a unique collection of artistic works satirizing the state of the nation during the reigns of the last Ramessid kings. Abundantly illustrated with over 170 maps, charts, and drawings based on reliefs, paintings, and statues, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt is an extraordinary compendium illuminating the vitality, daring, and energy of the dynasties of ancient Egypt as they established new horizons of art, architecture, and spiritual insights on the human journey through time.
Race-A Political Lightning Rod
Authors: Reeves Keith
Published: November 2023

The voice of the people is but an echo chamber. The output of an echo chamber bears an inevitable and invariable relation to the input. As candidates and parties clamor for attention and vie for popular support, the people’s verdict can be no more than a selective reflection from amonJ; the alternatives and outlooks presented to them-V. 0. Key, The Responsible Electorate.The levels of support may vary with individual candidates and campaigns. But the evidence is overwhelming that black candidates in the main find it difficult to attract sizable white support.
In Pursuit of a Level Playing Field
Authors: Reeves Keith
Published: November 2023

OK, you want to be colorblind, and that’s fine. But we’ve got 30 percent ef white people who won’t vote for anybody black. How is that colorblind? -U.S. Congressman Melvin Watt of North Carolina, quoted in Nadine Cohodas, “Electing Minorities” fI’Jhe issue is whether a person like me, with my pigmentation, will have the opportunity to be elected to effice. While Reconstruction used poll taxes to suppress blacks from voting, this [court litigation challenging the constitutionality of raceconscious districting] is going in a more sophisticated way to silence us from having any meaningful role in the [political] process.
From Cattle Tanks to Carolina Bays The UtiIity of Model Systems for Understanding Natural Communities
Authors: Resetarits William J , Fauth John E
Published: November 2023

A primary goal of ecological research is to identify generalities that can simplify the natural world from a jumbled collection of special cases to an ordered array of classifiable sets. This goal is shared by all ecologists and stems from the belief that complex ecological systems operate on a finite set of principles. Once these are understood, ecologists expect some level of predictive ability with regard to ecological phenomena. It has long been recognized that perhaps the most serious constraint in ecological research is the sheer number of factors affecting natural systems, coupled with the large number of unique natural communities we hope to understand. A parallel consideration is that sufficient resources will never be available to study every system on the planet. Thus, the search for generality and predictive power is not simply an abstract theoretical pursuit but an absolutely essential component of the ecological research paradigm. Ecologists use observation, experimentation, and deduction to generate predictive models that simplify the natural world and permit general statements about how it works. Only by obtaining a fundamental and general comprehension of the processes that shape natural systems can we hope to understand not only those systems that are intensively studied but also those innumerable systems that will never be studied. And only then can our basic understanding give rise to the informed and broadly applicable conservation decisions necessary to keep the world working.
Ecology in a Bottle Using Microcosms to Test Theory
Authors: Lawler Sharon P
Published: November 2023

The science of ecology is brimming with models that portray how community and population dynamics might unfold through time (Kareiva 1989). Such models typically predict dynamics over hundreds of generations of the focal organisms. In contrast, most field experiments encompass just a few generations or less of the species studied. Because investigators seldom record long-term responses of populations to community structure, some key ecological theories have rarely been tested. This is a pervasive problem for models that predict population fluctuations and persistence through time (e.g., theories of predator-prey dynamics or metapopulation dynamics) or species composition and turnover in communities (e.g., island biogeography, assembly rules, succession, or alternative community states). Microcosms can be used as ‘‘biological accelerators’’ to test these theories because they contain organisms with short generation times (Lawton 1995). In addition, some microcosms are very large relative to the size and motility of their inhabitants. In this subset of microcosms, it becomes feasible to measure processes peculiar to large populations or those which require relatively large spatial scales.
Using Models to Enhance the Value of Information from Observations and Experiments
Authors: Marschall Elizabeth A , Roche Bernadette M
Published: November 2023

Ecologists use a number of approaches to understand how complex ecological processes and interactions affect population dynamics. A straightforward approach is to design manipulative experiments that directly measure effects on populations. This requires a replicated manipulation done at an appropriate spatial scale, usually one that encompasses a large portion of a population, and an appropriate temporal scale, usually one that encompasses several generations of a population. This approach limits the populations we can study to those that occur over a small area and those that have short generation times. Some ecologists have recognized these limitations and have chosen to study community and trophic dynamics at small scales (e.g., Morin, Lawler studies of patterns in microbial communities, this volume). Others are successfully taking this direct approach in larger systems (e.g., Brown, studies of desert ecosystems, this volume). But as systems get bigger we lose the ease of replication, and as life cycles get longer we lose the ease of encompassing multiple generations. Our ability to conduct replicated manipulative experiments at large spatial scales and long time scales to assess impacts on whole populations is severely limited by time, systems, and money.
Revelations and Limitations of the Experimental Approach for the Study of Plant-Animal Interactions
Authors: Marquis Robert J , Whelan Christopher J
Published: November 2023

Interactions between plants and animals are pervasive in nature. Perhaps for this reason, a rich natural history lore exists for plant-animal interactions from virtually every natural habitat on earth. Despite the encyclopedic description available for a large number of interactions of plants and animals, experimental investigation of these interactions has been attempted only rather recently. We feel the use of experiments in the field of plant-animal interactions has led to both greater establishment of causal relationships and increased fundamental understanding of these interactions. We emphasize, however, the necessity of a vital observational component to this and indeed to all ecological disciplines.
Experimental Approaches to the Study of Evolution
Authors: Travis Joseph , Reznick David N
Published: November 2023

The study of evolution, a historical phenomenon, can be frustrating; historical subjects are seldom amenable to experimentation, and inferences about them depend on arguments of plausibility and likelihood. Further, evolutionary change is usually slow relative to the rate at which human patience is exhausted, so the phenomena under scrutiny take a long time to unfold before they become recognizable history. Nonetheless, the power of the experimental method can be used to study, in real time, some of what has unfolded and why. Our goal in this chapter is to focus on such experimental approaches; we argue that these methods, when combined with historical or comparative approaches, allow direct tests of certain kinds of hypotheses about evolution. Specifically, we examine how experimental approaches can be used to test hypotheses about the action of selection in natural populations. First, we distinguish a variety of comparative and historical methods, discuss how experimental approaches ought to dovetail with those methods, and illustrate our points with a specific example. We then place these experimental approaches in a larger context and categorize the variety of expeimental approaches by their goals and methods. These experiments and methods are designed to measure the extent of genetic variation for the traits under scrutiny and to elucidate the action of natural selection. For clarity, we focus on the action of selection on morphological, physiological, or life history traits.
Freshwater Resource Development: Case Studies from Puerto Rico and Costa Rica
Authors: Scatena Catherine M Pringle Frederick N
Published: November 2023

The history of freshwater resource development and associated environmental problems in both Puerto Rico and Costa Rica illustrates how geography, climate, ecology, human population growth, and political and economic factors like globalization have interacted to shape water resource issues. The effects of these factors on aquatic resources and the ecosystem’ s sustainability are examined for specific regions of each country in two separate case studies. The first deals with conflicts be tween water use and the retention of biological integrity in the Caribbean National Forest of Puerto Rico. The second documents changing land use and aquatic deterioration in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica.
Evolutionary Control of Hiv and Other Sexually Transmitted Viruses
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

An Evolutionary Perspective on Sexually Transmitted Viruses At a press conference on April 23, 1984, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Margaret Heckler, forecasted the imminent development of a vaccine to prevent AIDS. Focusing on the newly developed process for mass production of HIV, she said “we also believe that the new process will enable us to develop a vaccine to prevent AIDS in the future. We hope to have such a vac9ine ready for testing in approximately two years” (Heckler 1984). Those two years came and went over a decade ago. Between then and now a disturbing realization has emerged: HIV is one of the most formidable pathogenic adversaries that the health sciences have ever confronted. One of the things that makes it so formidable is its great potential for evolutionary change; it is a continually moving target. This potential for evolutionary change also makes HIV a prime example of the need for an integration of evolutionary biology with medicine.
Paleolithic Nutrition Revisited
Authors: Eaton S Boyd , Eaton S B , Konner Melvin J
Published: November 2023

The nutritional needs of today’s humans arose through a multimillion-year evolutionary process, during nearly all of which genetic change reflected the life circumstances of our ancestral species (Eaton & Konner, 1985). But, since the appearance of agriculture 10,000 years ago and especially since the Industrial Revolution, genetic adaptation has been unable to keep pace with cultural progress (Neel, 1994; Rendel, 1970). Natural selection has produced only minor alterations during the past 10,000 years, so we remain nearly identical to our late Paleolithic ancestors (Tooby & Cosmides, 1990), and, accordingly, their nutritional pattern has continuing relevance. The preagricultural diet might be considered a possible paradigm or standard for contemporary human nutrition (Burkitt & Eaton, 1989; Eaton & Konner, 1985; O’Dea & Sinclair, 1983).
A Skeletal Theory of Institutions
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two aims. First, it articulates and defends a conception of institutions as the equilibria that result from the rational choices of individuals. Second, it shows that utilitarians face particular strategic problems in holding such a conception, specifically problems of equilibrium selection in worlds in which not everyone is a utilitarian and in which interpersonal comparisons of well-being are difficult. To open a conceptual space in which thinking about such problems is tractable, a simple analytical apparatus, the JC and v apparatus, is developed.
The Acceptability of Utilitarianism
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

Intuitions, Institutions, and Evidence

My sketch of what institutions utilitarianism require should now be, if not complete, at least full enough for its outlines to be discemable. It is now time to begin a summary assessment of the adequacy of utilitarianism as a theory of justice.
Ia Fiber Architecture: Implications for the Functional Role of Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Mendell Lorne M
Published: November 2023

Presynaptic inhibition was first advanced in the 1950s as an explanation for reduction in EPSP amplitude in motoneurons without any accompanying change in the postsynaptic membrane. At that time it was generally considered to play a role in selective control of inputs to those postsynaptic cells (reviewed in Burke and Rudomin, 1977). This problem arises from the convergence of many different functional inputs onto cells such as moto neurons (the final common path). Postsynaptic inhibition exerted at the cell body would reduce the efficacy of all inputs regardless of their source.
Neuronal Systems Involved In Modulating Synaptic Transmission From Group II Muscle Afferents
Authors: Jankowska Elzhieta , Riddell John S
Published: November 2023

Synaptic actions of group II muscle afferents are modulated by two neuronal systems. Neurons of the first system are spinal interneurons and operate by GABA-mediated presynaptic inhibition (associated with primary afferent depolarization; PAD). These neurons have several features in common with interneurons that mediate PAD of other afferent fibers. Neurons of the second system belong to supraspinal monoaminergic neurons that operate by releasing noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT), or dopamine (DA) and that either depress or facilitate synaptic transmission from group II muscle afferents.
Modulation of Excitatory Perineal Reflexes and Sacral Striated Sphincter Motoneurons During Micturition in the Cat
Authors: Shefchyk Susan J
Published: November 2023

During micturition, activation of the sacral parasympathetic outflow responsible for contracting the bladder occurs at the same time as a decrease in activity in the striated urethral sphincter muscle. This reciprocal pattern allows for the efficient emptying of the bladder in humans and in the cat (for review see deGroat, 1990; however, see Kruse et al., 1993 for differences in the rat). Failure of the mechanisms responsible for suppressing sphincter activity during micturition is a hallmark of many suprasacralneural lesions and is referred to as bladder-sphincter dyssynergia (for discussion see Rudy et al., 1988; Sethiet al., 1989). It is this inappropriate sphincter activity that often leads to deterioration of upper urinary tract function and thus represents a major clinical problem for such patients.