bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative glycomic profiling of isotopically permethylated N‐glycans by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Hu Yunli , Desantos‐Garcia Janie L. , Mechref Yehia
Published: March 2013

RATIONALE

Mass spectrometry based comparative glycomics is essential for disease biomarker discovery. However, developing a reliable quantification method is still a challenging task.

METHODS

We here report an isotopic labeling strategy employing stable isotopic iodomethane for comparative glycomic profiling by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS). N‐Glycans released from model glycoproteins and blood serum samples were permethylated with iodomethane ('light') and iodomethane‐d1 or ‐d3 ('heavy') reagents. Permethylated samples were then mixed at equal volumes prior to LC/ESI‐MS analysis.

RESULTS

Peak intensity ratios of N‐glycans isotopically permethylated (Heavy/Light, H/L) were almost equal to the theoretical values. Observed differences were mainly related to the purity of 'heavy' iodomethane reagents (iodomethane‐d1 or ‐d3). The data suggested the efficacy of this strategy to simultaneously quantify N‐glycans derived from biological samples representing different cohorts. Accordingly, this strategy is effective in comparing multiple samples in a single LC/ESI‐MS analysis. The potential of this strategy for defining glycomic differences in blood serum samples representing different esophageal diseases was explored.

CONCLUSIONS

LC/ESI‐MS comparative glycomic profiling of isotopically permethylated N‐glycans derived from biological samples and glycoproteins reliably defined glycan changes associated with biological conditions or glycoproteins expression. As a biological application, this strategy permitted the reliable quantification of glycomic changes associated with different esophageal diseases, including high grade dysplasia, Barrett's disease, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collision‐induced dissociation studies of caffeine in positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry using six deuterated isotopomers and one N1‐ethylated homologue
Authors: Bier Dirk , Hartmann Rudolf , Holschbach Marcus
Published: March 2013

RATIONALE

In order to deepen the understanding of electrospray ionisation collision‐induced dissociation (ESI‐CID) fragmentation reactions of xanthine derivatives for the identification of metabolites using low‐resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, basic experiments using caffeine (1,3,7‐trimethylxanthine) as model compound have been performed.

METHODS

Six deuterium isotopomers and one N1‐ethylated homologue of caffeine have been synthesized and their ESI fragmentation spectra have been obtained by using LC/MS in combination with either standard or perdeuterated eluent mixtures.

RESULTS

One result of these studies is the finding that the positive charges of the ESI‐CID caffeine fragments are caused by the addition of protons. Furthermore, the performed experiments allow the determination of all molecular formulae of each ESI‐CID caffeine fragment.

CONCLUSIONS

As basic CID reactions of caffeine have been elucidated in this work, the developed fragmentation scheme may serve as a valuable tool for the interpretation of ESI‐CID fragmentation spectra of more complex xanthine derivatives and their respective metabolites. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular‐level characterization of reactive and refractory dissolved natural organic nitrogen compounds by atmospheric pressure photoionization coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Osborne Daniel M. , Podgorski David C. , Bronk Deborah A. , Roberts Quinn , Sipler Rachel E. , Austin David , Bays James S. , Cooper William T.
Published: March 2013

RATIONALE

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant fraction of the total dissolved nitrogen pool in most surface waters and serves as an important nitrogen source for phytoplankton and bacteria. As with other natural organic matter mixtures, ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) is the only technique currently able to provide molecular composition information on DON. Although electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most commonly used ionization method, it is not very efficient at ionizing most DON components.

METHODS

Positive‐ and negative‐mode atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled with ultrahigh resolution FTICRMS at 9.4 T were compared for determining the composition of DON before and after bioassays. Toluene was added as the APPI dopant to the solid‐phase DON extracts, producing a final sample that was 90% methanol and 10% toluene by volume.

RESULTS

Positive‐mode (+) APPI proved significantly more efficient at ionizing DON; 62% of the formulas that could be assigned in the positive‐ion spectrum contained at least one nitrogen atom vs. 31% in the negative‐ion spectrum. FTICR mass spectral data indicated that most of the refractory DON compounds (i.e. nonreactive during the 5 days of the incubation) had molecular compositions representative of lignin‐like molecules, while lipid‐like and protein‐like molecules comprised most of the small reactive component of the DON pool.

CONCLUSIONS

From these data we conclude that (+) APPI FTICRMS is a promising technique for describing the molecular composition of DON mixtures. The technique is particularly valuable in assessing the bioavailability of individual components of DON when combined with bioassays. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonfragile observer‐based H ∞  sliding mode control for Itô stochastic systems with Markovian switching
Authors: Kao Yonggui , Li Wei , Wang Changhong
Published: March 2013

The paper is devoted to investigating sliding mode control for a class of nonlinear uncertain stochastic systems with input nonlinearity and Markovian switching. A nonfragile observer subjected to the transition rates of the modes is designed. By some specified matrices, the connections among the designed sliding surfaces corresponding to every mode are established. The state estimation‐based sliding mode control law is derived to guarantee the reachability of the sliding surface in finite time interval. The sufficient conditions on asymptotically stochastic stability of the error system and sliding mode dynamics with a given disturbance attenuation level are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, an example is provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When does the top homology of a random simplicial complex vanish?
Authors: Aronshtam Lior , Linial Nathan
Published: March 2013

Several years ago Linial and Meshulam (Combinatorica 26 (2006) 457–487) introduced a model called of random n‐vertex d‐dimensional simplicial complexes. The following question suggests itself very naturally: What is the threshold probability at which the d‐dimensional homology of such a random d‐complex is, almost surely, nonzero? Here we derive an upper bound on this threshold. Computer experiments that we have conducted suggest that this bound may coincide with the actual threshold, but this remains an open question. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 26–35, 2015
Oct4 Interaction with Hmgb2 Regulates Akt Signaling and Pluripotency
Authors: Campbell Pearl A. , Rudnicki Michael A.
Published: March 2013

In pluripotent stem cells, bivalent domains mark the promoters of developmentally regulated loci. Histones in these chromatin regions contain coincident epigenetic modifications of gene activation and repression. How these marks are transmitted to maintain the pluripotent state in daughter progeny remains poorly understood. Our study demonstrates that Oct4 post-translational modifications (PTMs) form a positive feedback loop, which promotes Akt activation and interaction with Hmgb2 and the SET complex. This preserves H3K27me3 modifications in daughter progeny and maintains the pluripotent gene expression signature in murine embryonic stem cells. However, if Oct4 is not phosphorylated, a negative feedback loop is formed that inactivates Akt and initiates the DNA damage response. Oct4 sumoylation then is required for G1/S progression and transmission of the repressive H3K27me3 mark. Therefore, PTMs regulate the ability of Oct4 to direct the spatio-temporal formation of activating and repressing complexes to orchestrate chromatin plasticity and pluripotency. Our work highlights a previously unappreciated role for Oct4 PTM-dependent interactions in maintaining restrained Akt signaling and promoting a primitive epigenetic state.
Developing Rods Transplanted into the Degenerating Retina of Crx-Knockout Mice Exhibit Neural Activity Similar to Native Photoreceptors
Authors: Homma Kohei , Okamoto Satoshi , Mandai Michiko , Gotoh Norimoto , Rajasimha Harsha K. , Chang Yi-Sheng , Chen Shan , Li Wei , Cogliati Tiziana , Swaroop Anand , Takahashi Masayo
Published: March 2013

Replacement of dysfunctional or dying photoreceptors offers a promising approach for retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Several studies have demonstrated the integration and differentiation of developing rod photoreceptors when transplanted in wild-type or degenerating retina; however, the physiology and function of the donor cells are not adequately defined. Here, we describe the physiological properties of developing rod photoreceptors that are tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter of rod differentiation factor, Nrl. GFP-tagged developing rods show Ca2 + responses and rectifier outward currents that are smaller than those observed in fully developed photoreceptors, suggesting their immature developmental state. These immature rods also exhibit hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) induced by the activation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. When transplanted into the subretinal space of wild-type or retinal degeneration mice, GFP-tagged developing rods can integrate into the photoreceptor outer nuclear layer in wild-type mouse retina and exhibit Ca2 + responses and membrane current comparable to native rod photoreceptors. A proportion of grafted rods develop rhodopsin-positive outer segment-like structures within 2 weeks after transplantation into the retina of Crx-knockout mice and produce rectifier outward current and Ih upon membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization. GFP-positive rods derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells also display similar membrane current Ih as native developing rod photoreceptors, express rod-specific phototransduction genes, and HCN-1 channels. We conclude that Nrl-promoter-driven GFP-tagged donor photoreceptors exhibit physiological characteristics of rods and that iPS cell-derived rods in vitro may provide a renewable source for cell-replacement therapy.
Factors affecting reflex pelvic floor muscle contraction patterns in women with pelvic floor disorders
Authors: Yang J.‐M. , Yang S.‐H. , Huang W.‐C. , Tzeng C.‐R.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To explore factors affecting the presence of two reflex pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) patterns in women with pelvic floor disorders.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of pelvic floor ultrasonography and urodynamic data for 667 consecutive symptomatic women with pelvic floor disorders. We identified on ultrasonography the presence or absence of two reflex PFMC patterns, anorectal lift (ARL) and inward clitoral motion (ICM), preceding or occurring during coughing, and evaluated their associations with possible factors affecting reflex PFMC reactivity, including patient demographics, pelvic organ prolapse stages, ultrasonography findings and urodynamic data.

Results

Of the 667 women, 560 (84.0%) clearly demonstrated reflex ARL and 536 (80.4%) demonstrated ICM. There were significant differences in age (P < 0.001), parity (P = 0.033) and menopausal status (P = 0.005) between women with and those without reflex ICM before or during coughing. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that age was the only independent factor associated with presence of reflex ICM (odds ratio, 0.93 (95% CI, 0.88–0.99), P = 0.017). In contrast, no significant differences were noted between women with and without reflex ARL.

Conclusions

Increasing age is negatively associated with the presence of reflex ICM during coughing in symptomatic women with pelvic floor disorders. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Upscaling solute transport in porous media from the pore scale to dual‐ and multicontinuum formulations
Authors: Porta G. , Chaynikov S. , Riva M. , Guadagnini A.
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Relationship between dual continuum and pore‐scale transport formulations

Dependence of mass transfer coefficients of MRMT models on pore‐scale processes

Analytical expressions for the coefficients of the upscaled two‐equation model
Assessing chronic and climate‐induced water risk through spatially distributed cumulative deficit measures: A new picture of water sustainability in India
Authors: Devineni Naresh , Perveen Shama , Lall Upmanu
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Spatially distributed measure of water stress integrates supply and demand

Metric assesses risk posed by within year and over-year variations in supply

Much of the water concerns could be alleviated without significant modifications
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Preoperative Liver Optimization with Multidisciplinary Approach. Toward a Better Outcome
Authors: Ratti Francesca , Cipriani Federica , Ferla Fabio , Catena Marco , Paganelli Michele , Aldrighetti Luca A. M.
Published: March 2013

Introduction

The diagnosis and treatment of hilar tumors requires a multidisciplinary approach based on the synergy of radiologists, surgeons, oncologists, and gastroenterologists. Klatskin tumor is a relatively rare disease with a poor prognosis. Currently, the only possible treatment is represented by the removal of the tumor associated with radical surgery, even though its results are still jeopardized by significant morbidity and mortality. A proper preoperative optimization of the patient, including staging laparoscopy, biliary drainage, and portal vein embolization, may improve short‐term outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short‐ and long‐term impact of preoperative optimization in patients affected by hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods

From January 2004 to May 2012, 94 patients with preoperative diagnosis of Klastkin tumors were candidates for surgery at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit of the Hospital San Raffaele in Milan. The data of all patients were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. The outcome was evaluated in terms of perioperative morbidity and mortality and overall and disease‐free survival. Short‐term outcome of patients undergoing preoperative optimization was compared with outcome of patients who did not undergo it in terms of intraoperative data, morbidity and mortality.

Results

Of 94 patients undergoing surgery, 80 underwent hepatic and biliary confluence resection. Fourteen patients were considered unresectable due to the presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis or advanced disease seen during staging laparoscopy or at laparotomy and therefore were excluded from the analysis. Seventy‐five (93.7 %) patients underwent major liver resections: in 14 of these, surgery was performed at a distance of 30–40 days from PVE. In 55 patients, biliary drainage was preoperatively placed for palliation of obstructive jaundice. The postoperative morbidity rate was 51.2 % and mortality 6.2 %. The most frequent cause of death was postoperative liver failure. Five‐year survival rate was 29 %. Patients undergoing preoperative optimization experienced a significant reduction of postoperative morbidity, especially in terms of infectious related events.

Conclusions

Klatskin tumor remains a disease associated with poor prognosis, but a correct preoperative diagnostic and therapeutic management provides tools to perform this type of surgery with acceptable morbidity and mortality, thus improving long‐term results.
Incidence and Treatment of Local Site Recurrences Following RFA of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Nielsen Karin , van Tilborg Aukje A. J. M. , Meijerink Martijn R. , Macintosh Matessa O. , Zonderhuis Babs M. , de Lange Elly S. M. , Comans Emile F. I. , Meijer Sybren , van den Tol M. Petrousjka
Published: March 2013

Background

Patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) who are ineligible for curative surgery are potential candidates for radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Although RFA has emerged as a well accepted and documented treatment modality, there are still some reservations because of initially high rates of local site recurrences (LSR). The aim of the present study was to evaluate LSR levels following RFA treatment, with a specific focus on re‐treatment and survival.

Patients and methods

All patients ineligible for curative resection of CRLM and undergoing RFA alone or in combination with resection were prospectively included from July 2000 to December 2010 and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with untreatable extrahepatic disease were excluded. FDG PET–CT was conducted at 3–6 month intervals after RFA. Patients with LSR were evaluated for re‐treatment.

Results

A total of 132 patients were treated with RFA, which was combined with resection in 64 patients. A total of 290 lesions were ablated, with a mean number of 2.19 per patient and a mean size of 2.2 cm. Median survival was 41 months, with a 3‐ and 5‐year survival of, respectively, 60 and 30.8 %. Following initial RFA, 39 patients developed an LSR in 40 ablated lesions, and local recurrence was strongly related to lesion size. Re‐treatment could be performed in 26/39 patients, of whom eight remained disease‐free.

Conclusions

Radiofrequency ablation can be applied to CRLM of less than 3 cm with curative intent. In the absence of extensive intrahepatic or extrahepatic disease, renewed treatment of local recurrences should be considered and is often successful.
Purification, characterization and cloning of a thermotolerant isoamylase produced from Bacillus sp. CICIM 304
Authors: Li Youran , Niu Dandan , Zhang Liang , Wang Zhengxiang , Shi Guiyang
Published: March 2013

A novel thermostable isoamylase, IAM, was purified to homogeneity from the newly isolated thermophilic bacterium Bacillus sp. CICIM 304. The purified monomeric protein with an estimated molecular mass of 100 kDa displayed its optimal temperature and pH at 70 °C and 6.0, respectively, with excellent thermostability between 30 and 70 °C and pH values from 5.5 to 9.0. Under the conditions of temperature 50 °C and pH 6.0, the K  m and V  max on glycogen were 0.403 ± 0.018 mg/mg and 0.018 ± 0.001 mg/(min mg), respectively. Gene encoding IAM, BsIam was identified from genomic DNA sequence with inverse PCRs. The open reading frame of the BsIam gene was 2,655 base pairs long and encoded a polypeptide of 885 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 101,155 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of IAM shared less than 40 % homology with that of microbial isoamylase ever reported, which indicated it was a novel isoamylase. This enzyme showed its obvious superiority in the industrial starch conversion process.
Explanatory Multidimensional Multilevel Random Item Response Model: An Application to Simultaneous Investigation of Word and Person Contributions to Multidimensional Lexical Representations
Authors: Cho Sun-Joo , Gilbert Jennifer K. , Goodwin Amanda P.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents an explanatory multidimensional multilevel random item response model and its application to reading data with multilevel item structure. The model includes multilevel random item parameters that allow consideration of variability in item parameters at both item and item group levels. Item-level random item parameters were included to model unexplained variance remaining when item related covariates were used to explain variation in item difficulties. Item group-level random item parameters were included to model dependency in item responses among items having the same item stem. Using the model, this study examined the dimensionality of a person’s word knowledge, termed lexical representation, and how aspects of morphological knowledge contributed to lexical representations for different persons, items, and item groups.
Pro‐ and Antioxidative Effect of α‐Tocopherol on Edible Oils, Triglycerides and Fatty Acids
Authors: Jerzykiewicz Maria , Ćwieląg‐Piasecka Irmina , Jezierski Adam
Published: March 2013

Using advanced electron paramagnetic resonance techniques (EPR), oxidation of crude vegetable oils and their components (fatty acids and triglycerides) by radicals generated from hydrogen peroxide was investigated. The correlation rotational times were determined allowing us to characterize radicals formed during edible oils oxidation. Additionally 1H‐ and 14N‐hyperfine coupling constants differentiate the fatty acids dependently on their unsaturation. The acids with a higher number of unsaturated bonds exhibit higher AN values of PBN/·lipid adduct. The waste oil with high free fatty acids content underwent the oxidation reaction more efficiently, however due to saturation and the high content of the fatty acids the carbon‐centered radicals formed (upon hydrogen peroxide radicals) and their PBN (N‐tert‐butyl‐α‐phenylnitrone) adducts were less stable. The antioxidant effect was dependent on the amount of α‐tocopherol added. In small amounts of up to 0.35 mg/1 g of fatty acid or triglyceride, it inhibited the creation of PBN/·lipid adducts while with higher amounts it intensified adduct formation. The α‐tocopherol (AT) addition influence was also studied as spin scavenging dependence and indicated that any addition of the antioxidant in the investigated samples led to free radical scavenging and the effect increased with the increase in AT content.
The Bmi‐1/NF‐κB/VEGF story: another hint for proteasome involvement in glioma angiogenesis?
Authors: Vlachostergios Panagiotis J. , Papandreou Christos N.
Published: March 2013

Angiogenesis is an essential process for sustaining tumor growth, particularly in cancer cell types with rapid proliferation, including malignant glioma. Bmi‐1 is a transcriptional regulator of the polycomb group involved in repression of gene expression by altering the state of chromatin at specific promoters. Bmi‐1 overexpression was previously implicated in glioma tumorigenesis, proliferation, self‐renewal, apoptotic resistance and invasiveness. In a recent study, Jiang et al. (PLoS One 8:e55527, 2013) have revealed the involvement of Bmi‐1/NF‐κB/VEGF pathway in promoting glioma cell‐mediated tubule formation and migration of endothelial cells and neovascularization both in vitro and in vivo. NF‐κB inhibition reversed these effects, supporting a role for Bmi‐1 in glioma angiogenesis. Given the intimate association of Bmi‐1 and NF‐κB with the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, a better understanding of protein turnover in angiogenic signaling, discussed here, provides novel implications for anti‐angiogenic treatment strategies in gliomas.
Intimate partner violence and symptoms of reproductive tract infections among married Indian women
Authors: Winter Amy , Stephenson Rob
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the association of 3 types of intimate partner violence (IPV)—verbal, physical, and sexual—with self‐reported symptoms of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among married Indian women.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis of population‐based data from the 2005–2006 Indian National Family Health Survey‐3 was conducted. The sample comprised 65 610 married Indian women of reproductive age (15–49 years).

Results

Overall, 23.9% of women experienced at least 1 type of IPV, and 9.6% reported at least 1 RTI symptom in the year preceding the survey. Verbal, physical, and sexual IPV each demonstrated a significant independent effect on the reporting of genital sores and abnormal genital discharge. Additionally, the more types of IPV a woman experienced, the higher her odds of also reporting genital sores and abnormal genital discharge.

Conclusion

No single type of IPV explains women's risk of RTIs; rather, there are multiple pathways by which women's experience of IPV can result in RTIs. Sexual and reproductive healthcare that incorporates IPV support services is needed to meet the special needs of abused women. Additionally, RTI screening should be considered by non‐governmental organizations providing care for women who have experienced IPV, especially those who report multiple types of violence.
Attitudes and knowledge of Georgian physicians regarding cervical cancer prevention, 2010
Authors: Bednarczyk Robert A. , Butsashvili Maia , Kamkamidze George , Kajaia Maia , McNutt Louise‐Anne
Published: March 2013

Objective

To document Georgian physician's knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning HPV, Pap smear testing, and HPV vaccination, and to assess whether physician practice might change with additional education and training.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted using a self‐administered written survey of 288 physicians practicing in 7 healthcare institutions in Tbilisi, Rustavi, and Batumi, Georgia. Data were collected on demographics, conduct of and perceived barriers to Pap smear testing, knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination, and willingness to receive education and training about HPV and cervical cancer. Univariate counts and proportions were calculated. Pap smear testing and barriers were compared across demographics using bivariate and Poisson regression with robust error variance methods.

Results

Overall, 54% of physicians never performed Pap smears; most reported testing was not their responsibility. Most (88%) obstetricians/gynecologists performed Pap smears. Younger physicians were more likely to perform Pap smears. Approximately 48% of physicians actively offered the HPV vaccine. Most physicians were receptive to increased education and training about HPV and cervical cancer.

Conclusion

Age‐related differences in the conduct of and attitudes toward Pap smear testing exist among Georgian physicians. There is an opportunity to increase Pap smear testing and provide evidence‐based HPV vaccine counseling in Georgia.
Medical education and family planning: Developing future leaders and improving global health
Authors: Landy Uta , Blodgett Madeline , Darney Philip
Published: March 2013

Well‐trained medical professionals are key to improving global reproductive health and reducing rates of unsafe abortion, but medical training often fails to prepare practitioners to provide essential family planning services. The field of medical education is currently undergoing reformation to better meet the needs of a global population, and comprehensive, integrated family planning training will be an important part of those reforms. Family planning training is not only vital to address global reproductive healthcare demand, but integrates effectively with cornerstones of current medical education reform: competency‐based education, leadership development, collaboration with practitioners of all levels, and global health context. Examples of successful integration of family planning education are outlined, and recommendations for integrating family planning into medical education detailed at the 2012 FIGO World Congress are discussed.
On the composition and origin depth of basaltic magma in the upper mantle
Authors: Sharapov V.N. , Perepechko Yu.V. , Kuznetsov G.V. , Sorokin K.E.
Published: March 2013

The depths of mantle melting zones can be constrained by forward (in terms of physicochemical thermodynamics) or inverse (in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics) modeling. However, there is discrepancy in this respect between fluid-dynamic models of decompression melting in convecting upper mantle and thermodynamic models of basaltic magma sources beneath mid-ocean ridges. We investigate the causes of the mismatch in melting depth predictions with reference to the magmatic systems of the Basin and Range Province in the western margin of North America. The inverse solutions turn out to represent melts from different substrates (depth facies) in the lithospheric mantle, while modeling decompression melting in convecting fertile upper mantle refers to the depths the faults in spreading zones never reach. The discrepancy between forward and inverse solutions may be due to the fact that the respective depth estimates correspond to different levels of the same mantle–crust magmatic systems.
New data on the magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval, Nordvik Peninsula (northern East Siberia)
Authors: Bragin V.Yu. , Dzyuba O.S. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Shurygin B.N.
Published: March 2013

The results of this study were used to identify a reversed polarity magnetozone, referred to as M17r, in Berriasian sections of the Nordvik Peninsula (northern East Siberia) within the normal polarity magnetozone (M18n) from previous studies. The new magnetozone embraces the Volgian–Ryazanian boundary (Chetaites chetae/C. sibiricus zonal boundary). It was also found that the former magnetozone M17r at Nordvik, which includes the C. sibiricus/Hectoroceras kochi zonal boundary should correspond to magnetozone M16r. Using magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic criteria proves that the Boreal C. sibiricus Zone is correlated with at least the major part of the Tethyan Tirnovella occitanica Zone, and the Boreal H. kochi Zone is correlated with the lower part of the Malbosiceras paramimounum Subzone of the Tethyan Fauriella boissieri Zone.
Heat Transfer
Authors: Nellis Gregory , Klein Sanford
Published: March 2013

This textbook provides engineers with the capability, tools and confidence to solve real-world heat transfer problems. It includes many advanced topics, such as Bessel functions, Laplace transforms, separation of variables, Duhamel's theorem and complex combination, as well as high order explicit and implicit numerical integration algorithms. These analytical and numerical solution methods are applied to topics not considered in most textbooks. Examples include heat exchangers involving fluids with varying specific heats or phase changes; heat exchangers in which axial conduction is a concern; and regenerators. Derivations of important results are presented completely, without skipping steps, which reduces student frustration and improves readability and retention. The examples are not trivial 'textbook' exercises; they are rather complex and timely real-world problems that are inherently interesting. This book integrates the computational software packages Maple, MATLAB®, FEHT and Engineering Equation Solver (EES) directly with the heat transfer material.
Volume displacement effects during bubble entrainment in a travelling vortex ring
Authors: Cihonski Andrew J. , Finn Justin R. , Apte Sourabh V.
Published: March 2013

When a few bubbles are entrained in a travelling vortex ring, it has been shown that, even at extremely low volume loadings, their presence can significantly affect the structure of the vortex core (Sridhar & Katz, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 397, 1999, pp. 171–202). A typical Euler–Lagrange point-particle model with two-way coupling for this dilute system, wherein the bubbles are assumed subgrid and momentum point sources are used to model their effect on the flow, is shown to be unable to capture accurately the experimental trends of bubble settling location, bubble escape and vortex distortion for a range of bubble parameters and vortex strengths. The bubbles experience significant amounts of drag, lift, added mass, pressure and gravity forces. However, these forces are in balance with each other as the bubbles reach a mean settling location away from the vortex core. The reaction force on the fluid due to the net summation of these forces alone is thus very small and is unable to affect the vortex core. By accounting for fluid volume displacement due to bubble motion, experimental trends on vortex distortion and bubble settling location are captured accurately. The fluid displacement effects are studied by computing various contributions to an effective volume displacement force and are found to be important even at low volume loadings. As the bubble size and hence bubble Reynolds number increase, the bubbles settle further away from the vortex centre and have strong potential for vortex distortion. The net volume displacement force depends on the radial pressure force, the radial settling location of the bubble, as well as the vortex Reynolds number. The resultant of the volume displacement force is found to be roughly at $4{5}^{\circ } $ with the vortex travel direction, resulting in wakes directed towards the vortex centre. Finally, a simple modification to the standard point-particle two-way coupling approach is developed wherein the interphase reaction source terms are consistently altered to account for the fluid displacement effects and reactions due to bubble accelerations.
Large-eddy simulation of three-dimensional dunes in a steady, unidirectional flow. Part 1. Turbulence statistics
Authors: Omidyeganeh Mohammad , Piomelli Ugo
Published: March 2013

We performed large-eddy simulations of flow over a series of three-dimensional dunes at laboratory scale (Reynolds number based on the average channel depth and streamwise velocity was 18 900) using the Lagrangian dynamic eddy-viscosity subgrid-scale model. The bedform three-dimensionality was imposed by shifting a standard two-dimensional dune shape in the streamwise direction according to a sine wave. The statistics of the flow are discussed in 10 cases with in-phase and staggered crestlines, different deformation amplitudes and wavelengths. The results are validated qualitatively against experiments. The three-dimensional separation of flow at the crestline alters the distribution of wall pressure, which in turn may cause secondary flow across the stream, which directs low-momentum fluid, near the bed, toward the lobe (the most downstream point on the crestline) and high-momentum fluid, near the top surface, toward the saddle (the most upstream point on the crestline). The mean flow is characterized by a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, with core radius of the order of the flow depth. However, for wavelengths smaller than the flow depth, the secondary flow exists only near the bed and the mean flow away from the bed resembles the two-dimensional case. Staggering the crestlines alters the secondary motion; the fastest flow occurs between the lobe and the saddle planes, and two pairs of streamwise vortices appear (a strong one, centred about the lobe, and a weaker one, coming from the previous dune, centred around the saddle). The distribution of the wall stress and the focal points of separation and attachment on the bed are discussed. The sensitivity of the average reattachment length, depends on the induced secondary flow, the streamwise and spanwise components of the channel resistance (the skin friction and the form drag), and the contribution of the form drag to the total resistance are also studied. Three-dimensionality of the bed increases the drag in the channel; the form drag contributes more than in the two-dimensional case to the resistance, except for the staggered-crest case. Turbulent-kinetic energy is increased in the separated shear layer by the introduction of three-dimensionality, but its value normalized by the plane-averaged wall stress is lower than in the corresponding two-dimensional dunes. The upward flow on the stoss side and higher deceleration of flow on the lee side over the lobe plane lift and broaden the separated shear layer, respectively, affecting the turbulent kinetic energy.
Rapid gravitational adjustment of horizontal shear flows
Authors: White Brian L. , Helfrich Karl R.
Published: March 2013

The evolution of a horizontal shear layer in the presence of a horizontal density gradient is explored by three-dimensional numerical simulations. These flows exhibit characteristics of both free shear flows and gravity currents, but have complex dynamics due to strong interactions between the turbulent features of each. Vertical vortices produced by horizontal shear are tilted and stretched by the gravitational adjustment, rapidly enhancing vorticity. Shear intensification at frontal convergences produces high-wavenumber vertical vorticity and the slumping of the density interface produces horizontal Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices typical of a gravity current. The interaction between these instabilities promotes a rapid transition to three-dimensional turbulence. The flow development depends on the relative time scales of shear instability and gravitational adjustment, described by a parameter $\gamma $ (where the limits $\gamma \rightarrow \infty $ and $\gamma \rightarrow 0$ represent a pure gravity current and a pure mixing layer, respectively). The growth rate of three-dimensional instability and the mixing increase for smaller $\gamma $. When $\gamma $ is sufficiently small, there are two distinct regimes: an early period of during which the interface grows rapidly, followed by horizontal diffusive growth. Numerical results are consistent with field observations of tidal separation flows in the Haro Strait (Farmer, Pawlowicz & Jiang, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans., vol. 36, 2002, pp. 43–58), including the magnitude of downwelling vertical currents, horizontal scales of surface vortex features and mixing rate.
Off-plane motion of a prolate capsule in shear flow
Authors: Dupont C. , Salsac A.-V. , Barthès-Biesel D.
Published: March 2013

The objective of this study is to investigate the motion of an ellipsoidal capsule in a simple shear flow when its revolution axis is initially placed off the shear plane. We consider prolate capsules with an aspect ratio of two or three enclosed by a membrane, which is either strain-hardening or strain-softening. We seek the equilibrium motion of the capsule as we increase the capillary number$\mathit{Ca}$, which measures the ratio between the viscous and elastic forces. The three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction problem is solved numerically by coupling a boundary integral method (for the internal and external flows) with a finite element method (for the wall deformation). For any initial inclination with the flow vorticity axis, a given capsule converges towards a unique equilibrium configuration which depends on$\mathit{Ca}$. At low capillary number, the stable equilibrium motion is the rolling regime: the capsule aligns its long axis with the vorticity axis, while the membrane tank-treads. As$\mathit{Ca}$increases, the capsule takes a complex wobbling motion at equilibrium, precessing around the vorticity axis. As$\mathit{Ca}$is further increased, the capsule long axis oscillates about the shear plane, while the membrane rotates around a capsule cross-section that also oscillates over time (oscillating–swinging regime). The amplitude of the oscillations about the shear plane decreases as$\mathit{Ca}$increases and the capsule finally takes a swinging motion in the shear plane. It is found that the transitions from rolling to wobbling and from wobbling to oscillating–swinging depend on the mean energy stored in the membrane.
Visualization of the Ludford column
Authors: Andreev Oleg , Kolesnikov Yurii , Thess André
Published: March 2013

When a liquid metal flows around a truncated cylinder in the presence of a magnetic field which is parallel to the axis of the cylinder, a stagnant region develops above the cylinder. We call this region a Ludford column. The Ludford column represents the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) analogue of the well-known Taylor columns in rotating flows. Whereas Taylor columns can be easily visualized using dye, the visualization of Ludford columns has remained elusive up to now because liquid metals are opaque. We demonstrate that this fundamental limitation of experimental MHD can be overcome by using a superconducting 5 T magnet. This facility permits us to perform MHD experiments in which the opaque liquid metals are replaced with a transparent electrolyte while maintaining the key MHD effects. We report results of a series of flow experiments in which an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid flows around a bar with square cross-section (which for simplicity shall be referred to as a cylinder). We vary the Reynolds number in the range$5\lt Re\lt 100$and the Hartmann number in the range$0\lt Ha\lt 14$. The experimental procedure involves flow visualizations using tracer particles as well as velocity measurements using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Our experiments provide direct access to the Ludford column for the first time and reveal the spatial structure of this basic feature of MHD flows.
An Intervention to Improve Motivation for Homework
Authors: Akioka Elisabeth , Gilmore Linda
Published: March 2013

A repeated measures design, with randomly assigned intervention and control groups and multiple sources of information on each participant, was used to examine whether changing the method of delivery of a school's homework program in order to better meet the students’ needs for autonomy, relatedness and competence would lead to more positive student attitudes to homework, and whether there would also be a positive change in overall motivation. The participants were 104 male students aged 10 to 12 years who attended a single sex high school. There was no overall intervention effect on motivation; however, the intervention appeared to have a protective effect on the quality of motivation.
Purba Pakistan Zindabad: Bengali Visions of Pakistan, 1940–1947
Authors: BOSE NEILESH
Published: March 2013

This paper details the history of the concept of Pakistan as debated by Bengali intellectuals and literary critics from 1940–1947. Historians of late colonial South Asia and analysts of Pakistan have focused on the Punjab along with colonial Indian ‘Muslim minority’ provinces and their spokesmen like Muhammed Ali Jinnah, to the exclusion of the cultural and intellectual aspects of Bengali conceptions of the Pakistan idea. When Bengal has come into focus, the spotlight has centred on politicians like Fazlul Huq or Hassan Shahid Suhrawardy. This paper aims to provide a corrective to this lacuna by analyzing Bengali Muslim conceptualizations of the idea of Pakistan. Bengali Muslim thinkers, such as Abul Mansur Ahmed, Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, and Farrukh Ahmed, blended concepts of Pakistan inside locally grounded histories of the Bengali language and literature and worked within disciplines of geography and political economy. Many Bengali Muslim writers from 1940 to 1947 creatively integrated concepts of Pakistan in poetry, updating an older Bengali literary tradition begun in earlier generations. Through a discussion of the social history of its emergence along with the role of geography, political thought, and poetry, this paper discusses the significance of ‘Pak-Bangla’ cultural nationalism within late colonial South Asian history.
A Marginalized Voice in the History of ‘Hindi’
Authors: KUMAR AISHWARJ
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the history of ‘Hindi’1as a modern Indian language in Bihar between 1850 and 1900. It looks beyond the North-Western Provinces, hitherto the focus of most studies of Hindi, and issues that were important here but not in Bihar like, for example, the ‘Hindi’-Urdu conflict. Instead, it looks at how the ways in which the history of ‘Hindi’ unfolded in Bihar and was distinct from that in other parts of North India. It demonstrates how the regional languages of Bihar were more crucial to the development of ‘Hindi’ in this region than standardized ‘Hindi’, at least until the early twentieth century. A prime focus in this paper is Sir George Abraham Grierson who postulated the theory of an independent ‘Bihari’ language and collected materials to support it. These materials reflect the continuing popularity of Bihari cultural traditions throughout the nineteenth century despite the avowed support for a standardized ‘Hindi’ by the colonial government and the intelligentsia of Bihar. They add a dimension to the historical development of ‘Hindi’ that was distinctive to Bihar. Focussing on this, this paper stresses the part played in the history of ‘Hindi’ by an agent whose voice was marginalized and later ignored or suppressed in canonical accounts of its development as a modern Indian language.
Putting ‘The Grave’ into Social Policy: State Support for Funerals in Contemporary UK Society
Authors: WOODTHORPE KATE , RUMBLE HANNAH , VALENTINE CHRISTINE
Published: March 2013

There is a long tradition in the assessment of UK social policy of examining benefit entitlement and access, yet little attention has been paid towards benefits associated with bereavement and, in particular, what happens for those people who cannot afford a funeral and require state assistance. This is despite the fact that every year approximately one in ten deaths in the UK results in a claim to the Department for Work and Pensions’ Funeral Payment for a contribution towards funeral costs. Beyond a paper in this journal over ten years ago, no research has been conducted into how the scheme is administered and what happens to those people who claim. Drawing on a study with both successful and unsuccessful Funeral Payment claimants, funeral directors and key stakeholders, this paper evaluates the Funeral Payment in terms of eligibility and entitlement, and timing and cost. It argues that closer attention needs to be paid to the issue of financial support for funerals to avoid the evolution of an unwieldy system at a time when the UK death rate is predicted to rise owing to the ageing of the population.
Defining anxious depression: a review of the literature
Authors: Ionescu Dawn F. , Niciu Mark J. , Henter Ioline D. , Zarate Carlos A.
Published: March 2013

The diagnosis of anxious depression is presently inconsistent. The many different definitions of anxious depression have complicated its diagnosis, leading to clinical confusion and inconsistencies in the literature. This article reviewed the extant literature in order to identify the varying definitions of anxious depression, which were then compared using Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Notably, these suggest a different clinical picture of patients with anxious depression. For instance, relying on The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnoses yields a clinical picture of a comparatively mild or transient disorder; in contrast, using dimensional criteria such as DSM criteria combined with additional rating scales—most commonly the anxiety somatization factor score from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)—yields a more serious clinical picture. The evidence reviewed here suggests that defining anxious depression in a dimensional manner may be the most useful and clinically relevant way of differentiating it from other types of mood and anxiety disorders, and of highlighting the most clinically significant differences between patients with anxious depression versus depression or anxiety alone.