bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING WEAK GARCH REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Francq Christian , Zakoïan Jean-Michel
Published: July 2002

The classical definitions of GARCH-type processes
rely on strong assumptions on the first two conditional
moments. The common practice in empirical studies, however,
has been to test for GARCH by detecting serial correlations
in the squared regression errors. This can be problematic
because such autocorrelation structures are compatible
with severe misspecifications of the standard GARCH. Numerous
examples are provided in the paper. In consequence, standard
(quasi-) maximum likelihood procedures can be inconsistent
if the conditional first two moments are misspecified.
To alleviate these problems of possible misspecification,
we consider weak GARCH representations characterized by
an ARMA structure for the squared error terms. The weak
GARCH representation eliminates the need for correct specification
of the first two conditional moments. The parameters of
the representation are estimated via two-stage least squares.
The estimator is shown to be consistent and asymptotically
normal. Forecasting issues are also addressed.
THE DENSITY OF A QUADRATIC FORM IN A VECTOR UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
ON THE n-SPHERE
Authors: Hillier Grant
Published: July 2002

There are many instances in the statistical literature
in which inference is based on a normalized quadratic form
in a standard normal vector, normalized by the squared
length of that vector. Examples include both test statistics
(the Durbin–Watson statistic) and estimators (serial
correlation coefficients). Although much studied, no general
closed-form expression for the density function of such
a statistic is known. This paper gives general formulae
for the density in each open interval between the characteristic
roots of the matrix involved. Results are given for the
case of distinct roots, which need not be assumed positive,
and when the roots occur with multiplicities greater than
one. Starting from a representation of the density as a surface
integral over an (n − 2)-dimensional hyperplane,
the density is expressed in terms of top-order zonal polynomials
involving difference quotients of the characteristic roots of the
matrix in the numerator quadratic form.
Energy budgets of fish populations in two tributaries of the Paraná River, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Penczak T. , Agostinho A. A. , Hahn N.S. , Fugi R. , Gomes L. C.
Published: July 2002

The energy budget of all fish populations was estimated in two small tributaries of the Paraná River (Paraná, Brazil). Total energy consumed by fish in the Caracu and the Agua do Rancho Rivers was 4.1 and 1.8 MJ m−2 y−1, and food items consumed were 2284 and 994.5 g wet weight m−2 y−1, respectively. The gross (K1) and net (K2) ecological efficiency coefficients were very low, but 43.2 and 59.6% of the total fish diet in these two streams, respectively, consisted of plant detritus. In both fish communities, omnivorous (opportunist) species dominated and specialists were rare. Although the Caracu River was more affected by human activity than was the Agua do Rancho, ecological efficiency coefficients calculated for the dominant fish populations were not significantly different.
Body size and host plant specialization: a relationship from a community of herbivorous insects on Ficus from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Novotny Vojtech , Basset Yves
Published: July 2002

The relationships between body size and host specificity were studied in leaf-chewing and sap-sucking insect communities, including 792 species, feeding locally on 15 species of Ficus in a lowland rain forest in Papua New Guinea. A negative correlation between body size and host specificity, i.e., the tendency for large species to feed on numerous Ficus hosts and those smaller to have a more restricted host range, was found within both the sap-sucking and the leaf-chewing community. A more detailed analysis, which divided herbivorous species into three sap-sucking and four leaf-chewing guilds, revealed that the correlation between body size and host specificity was caused by differences in these traits between the guilds, while no such correlation was detected within any of the guilds. As the changes in feeding mode, defining various guilds, were unique evolutionary events, it is uncertain whether there is a functional relationship between feeding mode, body size and host specificity, or whether their correlation is only coincidental. It is suggested that, in the sap-sucking community at least, the positive body size versus host specificity correlation is a coincidental by-product of the causal relationship between the feeding mode and both the body size and host specificity. The causes of analogous patterns in a leaf-chewing community require further investigation. Methodological problems in the analysis of tropical insect communities, dominated by rare species, are discussed.
EXPONENTIALITY WITHIN CLASS ℒ AND STOCHASTIC EQUIVALENCE
OF LAPLACE ORDERED SURVIVAL TIMES
Authors: Bhattacharjee M. C.
Published: July 2002

We obtain necessary and sufficient moment conditions
for exponentiality among all class ℒ aging distributions.
This result, which solves an open problem, is derived as
a consequence of the answer to a more general question
of investigating conditions for stochastic equivalence
of Laplace ordered nonnegative r.v.'s and its ramifications.
THE CULTURAL CONTEXT IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING.Martin Pütz (Ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1997. Pp. vii + 243. $51.95
paper.
Authors: Wolff Dieter
Published: July 2002

This volume consists of a collection of 13 papers from the 23rd International L.A.U.D.
conference on “The Cultural Context in Communication Across Languages” held at
the University of Duisburg, Germany, in March, 1997. The conference was concerned with two
different aspects of cross-cultural communication: business communication and the cultural
dimension of foreign language teaching. The papers dealing with this second aspect are collected
in the present volume.
SECOND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING: MEASURES OF
FLUENCY, ACCURACY, AND COMPLEXITY. Kate Wolfe-Quintero, Shunji
Inagaki, and Hae-Young Kim. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1998. Pp. viii
+ 187. $20.00 paper.
Authors: Polio Charlene G.
Published: July 2002

Second language development in writing: Measures of fluency, accuracy, and complexity is a technical report that reviews 39 studies examining measures of writing development. It is a comprehensive, lucid, and carefully researched piece of work analyzing an untidy body of literature. This volume is essential reading for anyone doing quantitative research in L2 writing. The studies included in this review are those that have attempted to correlate potential linguistic measures of writing development with writing proficiency, not simply studies that have used the various measures as dependent variables to examine the effects of some instructional treatment. Complicating the picture is the fact that indicators of writing proficiency are varied, as is the case with indicators of oral proficiency (Thomas, 1994). Each of these indicators, including standardized tests, levels in various language programs, and holistic measures, has its own set of problems. For example, of the 16 studies using holistic scales, only half reported interrater or intrarater reliability.
The compact closed bicategory of left adjoints
Authors: KATIS PIERGIULIO , WALTERS ROBERT F. C.
Published: July 2002

We show that, for any braided compact closed bicategory [Bscr ], the bicategory
Ladj ([Bscr ]) of left adjoints in [Bscr ] also admits a braided compact closed structure.
On topological invariants of real analytic singularities
Authors: SZAFRANIEC ZBIGNIEW
Published: July 2002

Let F = (f1, …, fm):
(Kn, 0) → (Km, 0),
where K is either R or C, be an analytic
mapping defined in a neighbourhood of the origin. Let Br ⊂ Kn
be a closed ball of small radius r centred at the origin. For any regular value
y ∈ Km close to the origin, the fibre
Wy = F−1(y) ∩ Br
is called the Milnor fibre of F. We assume that
m [les ] n, because in the other case Wy is void.

Several authors investigated the topology of the Milnor fibres. Let us recall the
most important results in the complex case. Let [Oscr ]C,0 denote the ring of germs of
analytic functions f: (Cn, 0) → C.
E. G. R. Taylor and the Vinland Map
Authors: Richey Michael
Published: July 2002

The Eva G. R. Taylor Lecture is jointly sponsored by the Institute with the Royal
Geographical Society, the Hakluyt Society and the Society for Nautical Research to enable
a lecture to be given every year by a distinguished scholar in one or other of the branches
of knowledge to which Professor Taylor made such notable contributions. The 1999 lecture
was presented at a meeting held at the Royal Geographical Society on 30 November 1999.
Michael Richey first describes the events leading up to the dramatic announcement by Yale
University in 1974 that the famous Vinland Map it had acquired some nine years before
might well be a fake; and then the steps taken to try to rehabilitate it. Professor Taylor was
almost certainly the first scholar to set down in detail the reasons for believing the map to
be a forgery. The map remains a mystery, for while the evidence seems for the most part to
point towards forgery, who by and when and why remain in the air. Michael Richey is a
Gold Medallist and a former Director of the Institute.
GPS and Cellular Radio Measurement Integration
Authors: Kitching Ian D.
Published: July 2002

In many combined GPS/cellular radio receivers, the cellular radio segment is not used to aid
the positioning process. Recently proposed Assisted-GPS systems use the communications
channel to improve receiver time-to-first-fix and the GPS tracking sensitivity. However, the
cellular radio signals can also be used for locating the receiver. Studies using the GSM mobile
communication system have shown positional accuracy comparable to that of SA-degraded
GPS. To achieve maximum performance (accuracy, availability, integrity and reliability),
both sources of positioning information, GPS and cellular, should be regarded as sensor
inputs to an integrated navigation system. In this way the benefits of both systems can be
fully exploited to produce an optimal navigation solution.
Collision Regulations and Fast Craft
Authors: Pike R. D.
Published: July 2002

I wrote a paper for this Journal called Fast Craft and
Collision Regulations two years ago that was an attempt to highlight weaknesses in the
current Colregs that had become apparent through the advent of large fast craft,
mainly fast ferries. The paper offered possible amendments to the Colregs in order to
correct the situation and bring some order to this increasingly complex situation. The
matter of amendments to the Colregs was discussed at length right up to IMO sub-committee
level, but amendment of the current Colregs was rejected largely because
of the diversity of opinion about this subject. Without a consensus, it is difficult to
effect change and with hindsight the proposals presented in my paper were too
complex, and perhaps too far reaching. The purpose of this second paper is to propose
a much simpler solution, one which takes into account current practice and which
does not close the door to more defined action in the future.
Himalayan yew: stand structure, canopy damage, regeneration and conservation strategy
Authors: RIKHARI H.C. , PALNI L.M.S. , SHARMA S. , NANDI S.K.
Published: July 2002

Taxus baccata L. subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilger has come into prominence in recent times due to its uncontrolled harvesting from the Himalayan wilds for the extraction of the anti-cancer drug Taxol. It is a very slow growing tree with poor regeneration, and the extent of canopy damage is likely to have serious consequences on biomass yield, plant survival and natural regeneration by affecting 'seed' output. The present study in the Jageshwar area of the Central Himalaya aimed to determine the stand and canopy structure, microsite characteristics, extent of canopy removal, and regeneration in human-disturbed and undisturbed sites. The number of trees, saplings and seedlings varied amongst plots. Leaf area index and canopy volume increased with increasing circumference at breast height. Of the total canopy volume, 57.4% was found to have been removed from the study area (9.54 ha; representing about 8% of the total T. baccata habitat). Regeneration of the species was found to be better in moist and shady microsites at undisturbed locations than in disturbed sites. Efforts made thus far for its conservation, and future strategies are discussed.
Modelling the impact of prior immunity, case misclassification and bias on case-control studies in the investigation of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis
Authors: HUNTER P. R.
Published: July 2002

Cryptosporidiosis is the most common cause of outbreaks of disease linked to mains water
supply in the United Kingdom and the second commonest in the United States. Recent
evidence has suggested that prior population immunity may have an impact on the
epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks and in particular prior immunity may reduce the power
of case-control studies for demonstrating association between disease and water consumption
behaviour. However, the degree of impact of prior immunity on the power of epidemiological
studies is not yet clear. This paper reports the results of some simple mathematical models of
outbreaks of waterborne disease in populations with varying levels of immunity due to prior
water and non-water exposure. The basic outbreak model was run on a spreadsheet. To
determine the impact of prior immunity on case-control studies, further analysis was done
using a Monte Carlo method to simulate sampling from cases and controls. It was found that
moderate degrees of prior immunity due to water associated disease could markedly reduce the
relative risk of water consumption on illness in waterborne outbreaks. In turn this would
reduce the power of case-control studies. In addition, this model was used to demonstrate the
impact of case misclassification and recall bias on case-control studies. Again it was found that
within the model, the results of case-control studies could be significantly affected by both
these sources of error. Anyone conducting epidemiological investigations of potentially
waterborne outbreaks of disease should be aware of the epidemiological problems. Mistakes
from case-control studies will be minimized if the outbreak team pays considerable attention to
the descriptive phase of the investigation and if case-control studies are conducted as soon as
possible after an outbreak is detected.
Genomic fingerprinting of shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains: comparison of pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE) and fluorescent amplified-fragment-length polymorphism (FAFLP)
Authors: HEIR E. , LINDSTEDT B.-A. , VARDUND T. , WASTESON Y. , KAPPERUD G.
Published: July 2002

For epidemiological studies of shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, rapid,
reproducible and highly discriminative methods are required. In this study, we examined the
performance of the fluorescent amplified-fragment-length polymorphism (FAFLP) technique for
epidemiological fingerprinting of STEC isolates and compared it to the acknowledged
fingerprinting method pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 88 STEC isolates,
including 82 of serotype O157[ratio ]H7 or O157[ratio ]H−, were subjected to fingerprinting by both PFGE
and FAFLP. The isolates included sporadic and epidemiologically related strains of both
animal and human origin from widespread geographical locations. The FAFLP fingerprint
patterns confirmed the clonal nature of STEC O157 strains. Among the 82 O157[ratio ]H7/H−
isolates belonging to 49 distinct groups of epidemiological unrelated isolates, 24 FAFLP
profiles and 51 PFGE patterns were obtained. Thus, PFGE had a higher discriminatory power
than FAFLP and overall correlated better to available epidemiological data. Consequently, the
PFGE technique remains the method of choice in epidemiological investigations of STEC
infections.
An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with
consumption of sandwiches: implications for the control of
transmission by food handlers
Authors: PARASHAR U. D. , DOW L. , FANKHAUSER R. L. , HUMPHREY C. D. , MILLER J. , ANDO T. , WILLIAMS K. S. , EDDY C. R. , NOEL J. S. , INGRAM T. , BRESEE J. S. , MONROE S. S. , GLASS R. I.
Published: July 2002

Although food handlers are often implicated as the source of infection
in outbreaks of
food-borne viral gastroenteritis, little is known about the
timing of infectivity in relation to illness.
We investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak among employees of a manufacturing
company and
found an association (RR=14·1, 95% CI=2·0–97·3)
between disease and eating sandwiches
prepared by 6 food handlers, 1 of whom reported gastroenteritis which had
subsided 4 days
earlier. Norwalk-like viruses were detected by electron microscopy or reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in stool specimens from several company
employees, the
sick food handler whose specimen was obtained 10 days after resolution
of illness, and an
asymptomatic food handler. All RT-PCR product sequences were identical,
suggesting a
common source of infection. These data support observations from recent
volunteer studies
that current recommendations to exclude food handlers from work for 48–72
h after recovery
from illness may not always prevent transmission of Norwalk-like viruses
because virus can be
shed up to 10 days after illness or while exhibiting no symptoms.
Assessing the sensitivity of STD surveillance in the Netherlands:

an application of the capture–recapture method
Authors: REINTJES R. , TERMORSHUIZEN F. , van de LAAR M. J. W.
Published: July 2002

The capture–recapture method was used to estimate the sensitivity
of case finding in two
national STD surveillance systems: (1) STD registration at municipal health
services (STD-MHS);
(2) statutory notification by clinicians (NNS). To identify those cases
common to both
surveillance systems, cases from 1995 were compared using individual identifiers.
Estimated
sensitivities for syphilis were: STD-MHS 31% (95% CI: 27–35%), NNS
64% (56–71%); and
for gonorrhoea: STD-MHS 15% (14–18%), NNS 22% (19–25%). The
combined sensitivity of
both systems was 76% for syphilis and 34% for gonorrhoea. Differences in
the sensitivity of
the systems were significant. The NNS was more sensitive than the STD-MHS,
and the
identification of cases was significantly more sensitive for syphilis than
for gonorrhoea. A
stratified analysis showed comparable results for the two sexes. Knowledge
on the sensitivity of
surveillance systems is useful for public health decisions and essential
for international
comparisons.
An update on safety studies of SAD B19 rabies virus vaccine
in target and non-target species
Authors: VOS A. , NEUBERT A. , AYLAN O. , SCHUSTER P. , POMMERENING E. , MÜLLER T. , CHIVATSI D. CHAI
Published: July 2002

SAD B19 is an attenuated vaccine virus for oral vaccination of carnivores against rabies. The
safety of SAD B19 was investigated in 16 animal species by different routes of administration.
During the observation period all animals given the vaccine virus, irrespective of the route of
administration, did not show any clinical signs of rabies, with the exception of certain rodent
species. In these animals a low residual pathogenicity was observed, however transmission of
the vaccine virus to control animals was not demonstrable. No vaccine virus could be detected
in the saliva of the six mammal species examined. Furthermore, the genetical stability was
shown for SAD B19 through passaging in neural tissue of dogs, foxes and mice. From the
results presented here on innocuity and stability, it can be concluded that SAD B19 rabies
vaccine is suitable for oral vaccination campaigns for carnivores against rabies.
Molecular epidemiological study on tetracycline resistance R
plasmids in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7
Authors: MAKINO S. , ASAKURA H. , OBAYASHI T. , SHIRAHATA T. , IKEDA T. , TAKESHI K.
Published: July 2002

Restriction patterns obtained with EcoRI and Southern hybridization were used for the
differentiation of tetracycline-resistant (Tetr) R plasmids in enterobaemorrhagic Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157[ratio ]H7 isolates from a mass outbreak at a kindergarten in Obihiro-City, Hokkaido,
Japan, 1996. Two kinds of Tetr R plasmids of 50 and 95 kb were detected. The 50-kb plasmids
were identical to each other, while the 93-kb plasmids were of three types that were very
similar to each other. The tet genes of both 50- and 95-kb R plasmids were 100% identical
to the tet gene of pSC101 and all plasmids hybridized to a probe for tet. Because food-origin
O157 strains were sensitive to tetracycline, we concluded that such Tetr R-plasmids might
transfer to drug-sensitive O157 strains in the infected individuals.
The duration of human ocular Chlamydia trachomatis
infection is age dependent
Authors: BAILEY R. , DUONG T. , CARPENTER R. , WHITTLE H. , MABEY D.
Published: July 2002

We studied the relationship between age and prevalence, duration and incidence of clinical and
laboratory evidence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a cohort of Gambian subjects
examined bi-weekly for 6 months. The duration of disease and infection, estimated by stratified
survival analysis, proportional hazards regression and Weibull modelling, was markedly age-dependent. The estimated median duration of disease was 13·2 weeks in 0–4-year-old subjects
and 1·7 weeks in those age 15 and over. Adjustment for multiple infections, and for missing
observations did not alter this trend. The cumulative incidence rate of disease was reduced
threefold with age. More rapid disease resolution is the main source of reduction in prevalence
of active trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis infection with age; disease incidence was reduced
to a lesser extent. This age-dependent resolution may be effected by adaptive cellular immune
mechanisms. Mechanisms responsible for natural immunity should receive appropriate
emphasis in vaccine design.
Population status and behaviours of the Samoan flying fox (Pteropus samoensis) on Tutuila Island, American Samoa
Authors: Brooke Anne P.
Published: July 2002

The small population and limited range of the Samoan flying fox Pteropus samoensis has generated concern regarding the survival of this large, diurnally active bat. During 1995–96, surveys were conducted monthly in six study valleys on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to assess population size. The amount of diurnal and nocturnal activity was investigated to gauge the accuracy of diurnal surveys, and territorial behaviours were observed to determine how they influenced local dispersion. Individuals showed long‐term fidelity to a series of roosts and small core areas that were used both nocturnally and diurnally. Territorial defence was observed only of temporary feeding territories in fruiting or flowering trees. Bats defended food resources by aerial patrols and extended aerial chases in which intruders were frequently bitten. Foraging movements changed seasonally, with up to 80% of individuals observed bypassing study valleys. The mean density of bats observed within the study valleys was 6.1 bats/km2 (range = 0.9–18.5 bats/km2). Pteropus samoensis were active both nocturnally and diurnally with greatest activity in late afternoon and evening, 16:00–22:00. Because bats were most active at night, it is probable that daytime surveys of flying bats undercount the number of individuals present. Greatest densities were found in valleys that were contiguous with large tracts of forest inaccessible to people. Most observations of roosting bats were of solitary males on dead branches that jutted above the forest canopy, while females and dependant young roosted below the canopy, hidden within vegetation. Adult male–female pairs were rarely seen together other than during the mating period in August–January. The population has increased following a ban on hunting, but reliance on mature forest makes long‐term species survival dependant on protection of the limited mature forest remaining and continued hunting restrictions.
Limb excursion during quadrupedal walking: how do primates compare to other mammals?
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Schmitt Daniel , Lemelin Pierre , Hamrick Mark
Published: July 2002

Primate quadrupeds are said to use relatively large limb excursions for mammals of their body size. Until recently, this claim was based on a comparison of hindlimb excursion data derived from small samples of primates and non‐primates. Using video recordings collected at zoos and primate research centres, the present study documents this contrast on much wider samples of quadrupedal mammals. The results indicate that while on average hindlimb excursion is relatively larger in quadrupedal primates, this contrast is somewhat less dramatic than first reports suggested. Comparisons between the data reported here and previously collected forelimb excursion data reveal a surprising asymmetry between the fore‐ and hind excursions for most mammalian species. Most commonly, forelimb excursion exceeds that of the hindlimb. We suggest that this is related to a complementary asymmetry in limb length (forelimbs shorter than hind) for the purpose of achieving equal step lengths for both pairs of limbs. Relatively large hindlimb excursions in primates have been related to a mechanism that reduces stresses on the forelimbs and then recovers mechanical energy during gait. We suggest that large excursions of both the fore‐ and hindlimbs are linked to other alterations in gait parameters, such as step length, contact time, and limb compliance, that have been adopted in quadrupedal primates to facilitate locomotion along slender arboreal substrates.
Developmental systems and psychopathology
Authors: SAMEROFF ARNOLD J.
Published: July 2002

Efforts to understand the etiology of adult mental disorders by studying children has
produced unanticipated changes in our understanding of pathology, individual development, and
the role of social context. Among these are the blurring of the division between mental illness
and mental health, the need to attend to patterns of adaptation rather than personality traits, and
the powerful influences of the social world on individual development. Current developmental
views place deviancy in the dynamic relation between individuals and their contexts. At another
level, when we view the history of developmental psychopathology, dialectical developmental
processes are evident as we trace how patterns of adaptation of researchers, expressed in
theoretical models and empirical paradigms, increasingly have come to match the complexities
of human mental health and illness.
EDITORIAL: A HOT opportunity
Authors: Wadler Philip
Published: July 2002

The Java phenomenon means that programmers that once laughed at garbage
collection and strong typing have started to use it daily, and this opens up a
wonderful opportunity for the functional programming community.

Bob Harper coined the acronym HOT to summarise much of what functional
programmers have to offer the world: expertise in languages that are Higher-Order
and Typed. Bob argued for a broad interpretation of these terms, so that Higher-Order includes languages where objects contain methods (even though functions are
not first-class citizens), and Typed includes both static and dynamic typing. By
these criteria Java is HOT, and so are Haskell, ML and Scheme.
Very abstract specifications: a formalism independent approach
Authors: CERIOLI MAURA , REGGIO GIANNA
Published: July 2002

Two operations are presented for a modular approach to the definition
of frameworks for
rigorous development of software, formally represented as institutions.

The first generalizes models, allowing them to have more structure than
the minimum
required by their declared signatures, as happens for software modules,
which may have
local routines that do not appear in their interface.

The second extends sentences, and their interpretation in models, allowing
sentences on
richer signatures to be used as formulae for poorer ones.

Combining the application of these operations, powerful institutions
can be defined, like
those for very abstract entities, or for hyper-loose
algebraic specifications.

The compatibility of different sequential applications of these operations
and properties of
the resulting institutions are also studied.
Temporal algebra
Authors: von KARGER BURGHARD
Published: July 2002

We develop temporal logic from the theory of complete lattices,
Galois connections and
fixed points. In particular, we prove that all seventeen axioms of Manna
and Pnueli's sound
and complete proof system for linear temporal logic can be derived from
just two postulates,
namely that ([oplus ], &[ominus ]tilde;) is a Galois connection and that
([ominus ], [oplus ])
is a perfect Galois connection. We also obtain a similar result for
the branching time logic CTL.

A surprising insight is that most of the theory can be developed without
the use of
negation. In effect, we are studying intuitionistic temporal logic. Several
examples of such
structures occurring in computer science are given. Finally, we show temporal
algebra at
work in the derivation of a simple graph-theoretic algorithm.

This paper is tutorial in style and there are no difficult technical
results.
To the experts in
temporal logics, we hope to convey the simplicity and beauty of algebraic
reasoning as
opposed to the machine-orientedness of logical deduction. To those familiar
with the
calculational approach to programming, we want to show that their methods
extend easily
and smoothly to temporal reasoning. For anybody else, this text may serve
as a gentle
introduction to both areas.
Abstract and behaviour module specifications
Authors: CORNELIUS FELIX , BALDAMUS MICHAEL , EHRIG HARTMUT , OREJAS FERNANDO
Published: July 2002

The theory of algebraic module specifications and
modular systems was developed initially
mainly on the basis of equational algebraic specifications. We show that
it is in fact almost
independent of what kind of underlying specification framework is chosen.
More specifically,
we present a formulation where this framework appears as an indexed category
or,
equivalently, specification frame. The ensuing theory is
called the theory of abstract module
specifications. We are able to prove main results concerning the correctness
and
compositionality of abstract module specifications in a purely categorical
way, assuming the
existence of pushouts of morphisms between abstract specifications that
allow model
amalgamation, functor extension and/or suitable free constructions.
Then, by instantiating
the theory of abstract module specifications to the behaviour specification
frame in the sense
of Nivela and Orejas, we obtain a theory of behaviour module specifications.
Observational trees as models for concurrency
Authors: KASANGIAN STEFANO , LABELLA ANNA
Published: July 2002

Given an automaton, its behaviour can be modelled as the sets of strings over an alphabet A
that can be accepted from any of its states. When considering concurrent systems, we can
see a concurrent agent as an automaton, where non-determinism derives from the fact that
its states can offer a different behaviour at different moments in time. Non-deterministic
computations between a pair of states can then no longer be described as a ‘set’ of strings in
a free monoid. Consequently, between two states we will have a labelled structured set of
computations, where the structure describes the possibility of two computations parting from
each other while maintaining the same observable steps. In this paper, we shall consider
different kinds of observation domains and related structured sets of computations.
Structured sets of computations will be organised as a category of generalised trees built
over a meet-semilattice monoid formalizing the observation domain. Theorems allowing us
to introduce the usual concurrency operators in the models and relating different models
will then be obtained by first considering ordinary functors (on and between the observation
domains), and then lifting them to the categories of structured sets of computations.
HOMALIUM PALAWANENSE, A NEW SPECIES OF FLACOURTIACEAE FROM PALAWAN ISLAND (PHILIPPINES)
Authors: REGALADO J. C. , SOEJARTO D. D. , MADULID D. A.
Published: July 2002

A new species of Flacourtiaceae, Homalium palawanense, from Palawan, Philippines is described and illustrated.
AN UNEXPECTED NEW TAXON OF SALSOLA (CHENOPODIACEAE) FROM TURKEY
Authors: FREITAG H. , DUMAN H.
Published: July 2002

Salsola cyrenaica subsp. antalyensis (Chenopodiaceae) from the S Anatolian coast near Finike is illustrated and described as a new subspecies. Its anatomy, relationships, ecology and phytogeography are discussed. The new subspecies differs from subsp. cyrenaica by the reduced number of flowers per leaf axil, very dense axillary hairs, the smaller size of most floral organs, mostly 3 instead of 2 stigmas and 5 not 3 wings on the fruit. The new taxon grows in a narrow coastal strip of c.2km only, in open dwarf-shrub communities on limestone rocks from sea level to c.40m. It is the first representative of the S. longifolia group, sect. Coccosalsola, from Turkey and from the northern shores of the Mediterranean.
INVENTORY OF A MESOTROPHIC CALLISTHENE CERRADÃOIN THE PANTANAL OF MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Authors: GUARIM V. L. M. S. , MORAES E. C. C. , PRANCE G. T. , RATTER J. A.
Published: July 2002

This study treats some structural aspects of a population of Callisthene fasciculata (Spr.) Mart. growing on a ridge in the Pantanal of Poconé, in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The project was carried out in 1ha of cerradão (savanna forest) at Fazenda Retiro Campo Largo, Poconé. Callisthene fasciculata is a common species in the cerradão. Formations of C. fasciculata, regionally denominated `carvoeiro' and/or `carvoal', occur frequently. This species is of economic importance because of its use for fence posts, charcoal and firewood. Data on its population structure were analysed and are presented based on the circumference class categories at breast height (cbh) and variation in height. The 869 individual trees in the sample hectare included 17 families and 33 species, and were dominated by the 229 individuals of C. fasciculata.
INTRODUCTION. EVOLUTION, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE APIALES (ARALIACEAE AND APIACEAE)
Authors: WATSON M. F. , PLUNKETT G. M. , DOWNIE S. R. , LOWRY II P. P.
Published: July 2002

The family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) can be credited with two major landmarks in botanical history: the first systematic monographic treatment of any plant group (Morison, 1672), and the first international symposium dedicated to systematic research on a plant family (Heywood, 1971). The 1970 symposium on the Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae held at the University of Reading, UK, resulted from the large body of research interest in the family around the world at that time, and helped to stimulate further work on the Apiaceae. It also provided a model for similar symposia on major plant groups in the years to follow, including Asteraceae (Heywood et al., 1977), Brassicaceae (Vaughan et al., 1976), Lamiaceae (Harley & Reynolds, 1992), Solanaceae (Hawkes et al., 1979), and Fabaceae (Summerfield & Bunting, 1980; Polhill & Raven, 1981). Growing interest in umbellifers soon resulted in a second international symposium on the family held at the Centre Universitaire de Perpignan, France, in 1977 (Cauwet-Marc & Carbonnier, 1982). Although a large role of this second symposium was to review progress on a major co-operative research programme focused mainly on the tribe Caucalideae, participants with other interests were also involved, and wider developments in the systematics of the family were discussed.
Kruzhok Culture: the Meaning of Patronage in the Early Soviet Literary World
Authors: Walker Barbara
Published: July 2002

The formation of a relationship between early Soviet writers and the young Soviet state was conditioned by a pre-Revolutionary culture of patronage and clientelism among Russian literati. This culture enabled them to exert considerable influence over the state as they pushed it, via numerous state-based literary patrons, to provide them with a growing system of welfare and privilege in return for political support. In the literary battles of the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin took control over all patronage chains and established himself as the single de facto patron of the literary world. His personality cult emerged from this process.
Conflicts between Individual Health and Nature Preservation
Authors: JAMETON ANDREW
Published: July 2002

The article by Jessica Pierce and Christina Kerby,
“The Global Ethics of Latex Gloves: Reflections on
Natural Resource Use in Healthcare,” raises some
important but seldom asked questions about the use of natural
resources in healthcare. They take for their example latex
gloves, which are in wide everyday use, especially since
the establishment of principles of universal precautions
in infection control as a reaction to the spread of HIV.
They trace the production of latex gloves back through
rubber processing to their origins in Malaysian rubber
plantations and elsewhere. They then ask, but do not answer,
some hard questions about the ethics of our relationship
as patients to the impact of the materials we use on communities
and the environment. To draw out their theme more starkly,
consider the rumor widespread in South America that some
babies purportedly adopted by Northerners are sold and
cut up for their organs. Suppose this story were true;
suppose your donated organ were obtained in this way. You
would probably be so revolted by the immorality of its
acquisition that you would refuse to accept it. But now
take a morally more ambiguous case, as Pierce and Kerby
intend. Suppose that the process of obtaining latex gloves
is part of the gradual erosion of the Malaysian environment,
and that workers in latex factories are poorly paid. Now,
should or would you refuse to use latex gloves? Should
or would you even be more selective in their use? The practice
of universal precautions presumes a virtually unlimited supply
of gloves; yet to react to resource scarcity with selective
precautions hazards discrimination. Is there any way
philosophically to balance the local justice issue of
discrimination in comparison to injustice on a global scale
and to future generations?
Thomson's Violinist and Conjoined Twins
Authors: HIMMA KENNETH EINAR
Published: July 2002

It is commonly taken for granted that abortion
is necessarily impermissible if the fetus is a person with
a right to life. In her influential essay “A Defense
of Abortion,” Judith Jarvis Thomson offers what I
will call the violinist example to show that merely
having a right to life does not in and of itself give rise
in the fetus to a right to use the mother's body.
On Thomson's view, if the fetus has a right to use
the mother's body that precludes terminating its life
by means of an abortion, it is because the mother did something
to give the fetus that right. Thus she concludes that the
proposition that the fetus is a person does not imply that
abortion is morally impermissible.
Genetic Knowledge and Third-Party Interests
Authors: BOETZKES ELISABETH
Published: July 2002

Recent discussions of genetic information have
highlighted the need for ethical disclosure guidelines.
For instance, the (Canadian) Royal Commission on New Reproductive
Technologies points out the range of third-party interests
in genetic information and the lack of clear ethical and
professional guidelines governing its dissemination.
Among the more worrying interests are those of insurance
companies and prospective employers. However, also worrisome
is the problem of negotiating the first-party interest
in privacy (from which the professional obligation of confidentiality
arises) and strong third-party claims from family members.
The survey by Knoppers and Laberge of consent forms currently
used in DNA testing in Canada shows that fewer
than half mention access by family members, and only three
out of 20 alert subjects to the possibility of finding
nonpaternity. Both the Royal Commission and the Knoppers
research group recommend integrated, national consent standards,
with the Knoppers group explicitly approving a “reasonable
person” standard of disclosure. While endorsing the
call for integrated consent guidelines, in this paper I
intend to raise some doubts about the adequacy of the reasonable
person standard in light of gender differences in reproductive
burden and risk perception.
Comparisons in Hoare's Find Algorithm
Authors: KIRSCHENHOFER PETER , PRODINGER HELMUT
Published: July 2002

We study the number of comparisons in Hoare's
Find algorithm. Using trivariate generating
functions, we get an explicit expression for the variance of
the number of comparisons, if
we search for the jth element in a random permutation
of n elements. The variance is also
asymptotically evaluated under the assumption that j
is proportional to n. Similar results
for the number of passes (recursive calls) are given, too.
Obstetric antecedents of cerebral palsy
Authors: Blair Eve
Published: July 2002

Cerebral palsy has been defined as a group of non-progressive disorders of movement or posture due to a defect or lesion of the immature brain.1 Cerebral palsy is defined by clinical description only; there is no definitive test. It is not informative about aetiolgy, pathology or prognosis. The definition of cerebral palsy also lacks precision in that neither the age at which the brain is mature nor the severity of the disorder required are specified. Brain development is most rapid in utero and early childhood but continues at a diminished rate throughout life. There is therefore no biological rationale for choosing any particular age to define brain maturity. The defining age below whcih cerebral palsy may be recognised therefore varies between centres for pragmatic reasons usually associated with assertainment. For example, in Western Australia the criterion is set at 5 years,2 since by this age any central motor impairments of congenital or neonatal origin will be apparent and can usually be differentiated from progressive disorders or isolated motor delay. Thus the definition includes a group of children with post-neonatally acquired brain damage resulting in movement disorder. Post-neonatally acquired cerebral palsy differs from presumed congenital or perinatal cerebral palsy in that there is usually no doubt that it was caused by a specific post-neonatal event such as meningitis or head trauma. Although there is an excess of perinatal morbidity amoung children acquiring cerebral palsy post-neonatally,3 suggesting a prior vulnerability in some cases, post neonatally acquired cerebral palsy will not be considred further in this review.
Evaluation of two sperm antigens, rSMP-B and YWK-II, as targets for immunocontraception
Authors: Takikawa Masaya , Kamada Masaharu , Maegawa Masahiko , Yamano Shuji , Irahara Minoru , Aono Toshihiro , Futaki Siroh , Ohmoto Yasukazu , Koide Samuel S.
Published: July 2002

To determine whether sperm membrane components, rSMP-B and YWK-II, are

suitable candidates as immunocontraceptives in humans, antifertility

activities of the antibodies to the peptide fragments, rSMP-229 and

rSMP-230 of rSMP-B and YAL-198 of YWK-II, were examined. In a previous

report, anti-rSMP-230 antibody was shown to immobilise human sperm and

to block human fertilisation, and the antigen (rSMP-230) to interact

with antisperm antibodies found in sera of infertile women. Antibody

to the second synthetic peptide, rSMP-229, corresponding to a different

segment of rSMP-B, mimicked the biological activities of the anti-rSMP-230

antibody. Anti-YAL-198 antibody significantly, although weakly, inhibited

human fertilisation. In the murine model, the anti-rSMP-B antibodies blocked

in vitro fertilisation of mouse eggs but had no influence on embryo

growth. Anti-YAL-198 antibody, however, arrested the growth of zygotes. In

conclusion, rSMP-B, a human sperm protein, is a promising candidate in the

development of an immunocontraceptive for human application. A second

sperm protein, YWK-II, is effective as an antifertility immunogen in

experimental animals.
ROBERT AND ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1996
Authors: Donaldson Sandra M. , Brotton Melissa
Published: July 2002

The following abbreviations appear in this year’s bibliography:

BSN Browning Society Notes

DAI Dissertation Abstracts International

NCL Nineteenth Century Literature

TLS Times Literary Supplement

VLC Victorian Literature and Culture

VP Victorian Poetry

VR Victorian Review

VS Victorian Studies

An asterisk* indicates that we have not seen the item. Cross references with citation numbers between 51 and 70 followed by a colon (e.g., C68:) refer to William S. Peterson’s Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning: An Annotated Bibliography, 1951–1970 (New York: Browning Institute, 1974); higher numbers refer to Robert Browning: A Bibliography 1830–1950, compiled by L. N. Broughton, C. S. Northup, and Robert Pearsall (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1953).
A potential vorticity view of synoptic development
Authors: Hoskins Brian
Published: July 2002

A physical discussion of vorticity and its change by stretching and tilting is presented. The discussion naturally leads on to the conservation of quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity, q, and the flow associated with anomalies in q. The extension to full potential vorticity (PV) and the associated conservation and inversion properties is made. The use for illustrating and understanding synoptic developments of maps of PV on isentropic surfaces and potential temperature (θ) on PV surfaces is shown by considering two recent examples in the North Atlantic–Europe regions. The first is a summer situation and the second is the major blocking in January 1996. Concluding comments about the role of diabatic processes and other possible uses of these diagnostics are made. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
The relationship between air pollution emissions and income: US Data
Authors: CARSON RICHARd T. , JEON YONGIL , McCUBBIN DONALD R.
Published: July 2002

Considerable interest has focused on the possible existence of an environmental Kuznets curve, whereby pollution first increases but later falls with increasing income. Empirical studies have concentrated on a wide spectrum of countries and run into inevitable problems of data comparability and quality. We avoid these problems by looking at seven types of air emissions across the 50 US states and find all seven pollutants decrease with increasing per capita income. We also find strong evidence of heteroscedasticity with respect to the income–emissions relationship: lower-income states display much greater variability in per capita emission levels than higher-income states. Additionally, we look at the best measured of these emissions, air toxics, for the period 1988–94. Using a simple sign test, we find support for the notion that an increase in income is associated with a decrease in per capita emissions. However, the change in emissions appears to be unrelated to the magnitude of the change in income. We do find, though, that the reduction in per capita emissions is increasing both in terms of the 1988 level of per capita emissions and income. Possible implications of these results for the development process are discussed.
Benefit-cost analysis, environment, and health in the developed and developing world
Authors: PEARCE DAVID W.
Published: July 2002

Arrow et al. revisit the case for using benefit-cost analysis in a developed country, the USA, where markets work reasonably efficiently and where the capacity to implement such studies is undoubted. Their recommendations deserve wholehearted support in that context, particularly their recommendation 1 calling for a comparison of gains and losses from regulatory actions. Those who have not worked in government will recognise that most decisions are not in fact made with any form of calculus that we might describe as 'cost benefit thinking'. Indeed, the whole process of policy priority setting is all too often ad hoc, reactive, crisis-based and over-responsive to often ill-informed pressure groups (of all kinds).