bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Development of Postganglionic Sympathetic Trunk Neurons in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Katan S.
Published: July 2008

The main object of this investigation was to determine at which embryonic age the axonal endings of the first outgrowing sympathetic trunk neurons reach the shank musculature of the chick embryo. Horseradish peroxidase was injected in the shank musculature at different embryonic ages. Labelling of the sympathetic trunk perikarya was considered as evidence for the presence of sympathetic axonal endings in the injected area of the shank musculature. The earliest labellings were found at 8 days of incubation in the sympathetic ganglia attributed to the ischiadic plexus. The comparison of the subsequent developmental stages of sympathetic trunk neurons with the developmental stages of motoneurons, primary spinal sensory neurons and postganglionic ciliary neurons showed that the sympathetic trunk neurons are the last to establish contacts with their targets in the periphery.
Über Endothelzellen in Zottengefässen der reifen menschlichen Plazenta
Authors: Nikolov S.D. , Schiebler T.H.
Published: July 2008

In the microcirculatory system of mature human placental villi (small arteries, arterioles and venules respectively, pre- and postcapillaries, capillaries, and postcapillary venules) two endothelial cell types do exist. Numerous micropinocytotic vesicles are common to both types. In addition type I cells are distinguished by bundles of filaments which are probably contractile. Type II cells, however, are marked by a highly developed rough endoplasmatic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles. In all vascular parts examined type I cells predominate. The number of endothelial cells with secretory granules decreases in the direction of the venous vascular bed.
Elements of Structure and Ultrastructure of the BIood-Thymus Barrier in ACTH Involuted Thymus
Authors: Ranga V. , Ispas A.T. , Chirulescu A.R.M.
Published: July 2008

The ACTH influence upon the thymus may be a reliable model for stress involution. In this case, the cortical lymphocytic depletion is accompanied by mast cell accumulation and increased caliber of the blood vessels. The blood-thymus barrier which has an active role in involution shows an enriched transport activity of the endothelial cells, great enlargement of the basement membrane, increased macrophage activity within the perivascular space with elevated values of acid phosphatase activity, and thickening of the fibrillar network. The epithelioreticular cells show plenty of vacuoles in their cytoplasm, the mitochondria undergo swelling processes, and their cristae are diminished. The ultrastructural data show that lymphocyte depletion is carried out by macrophage-mediated lymphocytolisis. But by counting the peripheral blood cells an earlier mechanism is revealed; i.e. migration through the enlarged but more permeable blood-thymus barrier. The epithelioreticular cells do not seem to have an active, direct implication in any of the phenomena.
Study of Venous Segments in the Spleens of Buffalo and Dog
Authors: Gupta S.B. , Gupta S.C. , Gupta C.D.
Published: July 2008

By preparing the corrosion cast of the splenic vein and its intrasplenic tree, venous segments have been observed in the spleens of buffalo and dog. The buffalo spleen showed the presence of two venous segments (a dorsal and a ventral) in 85% of cases and three (a dorsal, an intermediate and a ventral) in 15% of cases. The spleen of the dog revealed only two venous segments (a dorsal and a ventral) in all the specimens. The results are compared with descriptions available in the literature.
Some Aspects of the Innervation of the Abdominal and Pelvic Organs in the Human Female Fetus
Authors: Baljet B. , Drukker J.
Published: July 2008

The autonomic abdominal and pelvic nerve plexuses of the human female fetus, were studied by an in toto acetylcholinesterase method in order to obtain data on innervation of the ovaries, uterus, ureter and umbilical cord. The results of this study indicate that in the human fetus there is no anatomical evidence for the concept of a distinct regional nervous supply towards the organs of the abdomen and the pelvis. The ureteric nerve plexus contains small ganglia and the input for this plexus is found along the entire ureter. In the umbilical cord nerve plexuses were found along the blood vessels and urachus up to 30 mm from the umbilicus. The innervation of the skin does not continue in the superficial layer of the umbilical cord.
Electromyographic Study of Some Muscles of the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Authors: Machado de Sousa O. , Furlani J.
Published: July 2008

The authors performed an electromyographic study on behavior of the rectus abdominis and the external and internal oblique muscles on 20 young healthy male volunteers during the performance of many movements of the trunk in the standing and supine positions. Concentric needle electrodes were used in connection with a model Te-4, Teca electromyograph of direct recording on paper.
Extraction in Dilute Ethanol of Formaldehyde-Fixed Dissecting Specimens
Authors: Björkman Nils , Christensen Karen Meyn
Published: July 2008

To overcome the legally imposed limit on atmospheric concentration of formaldehyde of 1 ppm a method for fixation and storage of material for dissection has been developed. After intraarterial installation of formaldehyde the specimens were extracted in dilute ethanol and stored in the extraction fluid or enclosed in plastic sheets or bags, in a refrigerator. With this method the atmospheric formaldehyde concentration was kept below 0.5 ppm.
Electron Microscopic Study of Retrograde Axonal Transport of Horseradish Peroxidase in the Wall of the Small Intestine in the Cat
Authors: Fehér Erzsébet
Published: July 2008

The intracellular distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transported intra-axonally from the mesenteric nerve to the wall of the small intestine has been examined electron microscopically. After 2 days, some of the neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses showed an accumulation of HRP. The HRP reaction product consisted of fine, discrete cytoplasmic granules and it was located in lysosome-like dense bodies with a 400–500 nm of diameter. The morphological features of the labelled neurons, with synapses occurring on their surfaces, were apparently different from those of unlabelled neurons. Some nerve fibers were also labelled and could be found in all layers of the small intestine. The labelled neurons project directly towards the celiac ganglia, and due to the synapses on their surfaces, it is supposed that these neurons collect information from other local nerve cells and centripetally convey them to the prevertebral ganglia.
Reflexive Gap Junctions on Uterine Luminal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Murphy C.R. , Swift J.G. , Mukherjee T.M. , Rogers A.W.
Published: July 2008

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been used to search for reflexive gap junctions on apical projections of uterine luminal epithelial cells in the rat. These structures were found in 5 of the 6 animals in the study and consisted of from 15 to over 70 intramembranous particles which ranged in size from 7 to 9 nm. Some suggestions on the function of these enigmatic junctions are discussed.
Morphological Integrity of the Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion after Prolonged Incubation in vitro
Authors: Sansone Frances M. , McIsaac Robert J. , Tomasulo Joseph A.
Published: July 2008

The outer capsule of rat superior cervical ganglia is usually removed before in vitro studies are initiated. An ultrastructural study was undertaken to determine if any morphological disruption results as a consequence. Intact ganglia were fixed by either aldehyde immersion or perfusion. Desheathed ganglia were immersed in aldehyde fixative immediately following the removal of the capsule or after a 5-hour incubation period in a modified Krebs-Ringer solution. Ganglionic transmission, monitored by observing the compound postganglionic action potential evoked by periodic preganglionic nerve stimulation during the incubation period, was not diminished. Some minor disruption of mitochondrial cristae was observed in neurons but ganglionic morphology was generally well preserved. These findings support the use of desheathed rat ganglia as a valid in vitro model.
Glycosidases vis-à-vis Lipid Metabolism in the Central Nervous System of the Hedgehog (Paraechinus micropus)
Authors: Sood P.P. , Mohanakumar K.P. , Chauhan A.K.
Published: July 2008

The distributions of β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase in the forebrain of the hedgehog are quite similar to the distribution of phospholipids. Both enzymes and the phospholipids are mainly localized in the fibrous components. Their pattern of distribution is also identical to myelin staining. The functional significance of enzymes in lipid and myelin metabolism is discussed.
The Distal Nephron in the Chick Embryo as a Target Tissue for 1-Alpha-25-DihydroxycholecaIciferoI
Authors: Narbaitz R. , Stumpf W.E. , Sar M. , De Luca H.F.
Published: July 2008

A histological and ultrastructural study as well as an autoradiographic analysis after injection of tritiated 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) were conducted on the distal convoluted tubules of chick embryos. Distal tubules in the embryo were shown to have the same spatial distribution as described for the adult kidney; they presented a convoluted portion located in the vicinity of the central intralobular veins and straight portions irradiating from this region towards the periphery. The epithelium in these tubules was well differentiated; its cells had numerous interdigitating folds in their lateral boundaries which were especially numerous at the basal ends. This device greatly increased the membrane surface available for interchange and was interpreted as an expression of active water and/or mineral transport. Nuclear concentration of radioactivity was found 2 h after injection of tritiated 1,25-DHCC in both the pars convoluta and the pars recta of the distal tubules. This concentration could be blocked by the previous administration of large amounts of nonradioactive 1,25-DHCC. These facts were interpreted as indicating that distal convoluted tubules in the chick embryo are functionally differentiated and contain target cells for 1,25-DHCC.
Myelination of the Human Fetal Phrenic Nerve
Authors: Woźniak Witold , O'Rahilly Ronan , Bruska Malgorzata
Published: July 2008

The formation of the myelin sheath of the human phrenic nerve has been studied by electron microscopy in fetuses aged 15, 17, and 23 postovulatory weeks. At 15 weeks, the phrenic nerve is composed mainly of large bundles of axons surrounded by lemmocyte processes. However, fibres at the beginning of myelination are present and show one or one and a half turns of lemmocyte process. At 17 weeks, an increasing number of myelinating fibers can be noted, and the formation of compact myelin and laminated perineurium is detectable. The phrenic nerve presents a mature form by 23 postovulatory weeks. At this time many axons have acquired a thick, compact myelin sheath. However, fibres at early stages of myelin formation are still visible.
Thyroid Calcitonin Cells and Unusual Follicles in the Fox
Authors: Srivastav Ajai Kumar , Swarup Krishna
Published: July 2008

The thyro-parathyroid complex of foxes was cut into serial sections. For demonstration of calcitonin (C) cells the sections were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, PAS-hematoxylin, Davenport’s silver impregnation and lead hematoxylin. The C cells are oval and rounded in shape and unevenly distributed. The isthmus and the parathyroid glands are completely devoid of C cells. Certain unusual follicles are seen in the thyroid of the fox.
Anatomy of the Rat Middle Ear
Authors: Hellström Sten , Salén Bengt , Stenfors Lars-Eric
Published: July 2008

The rat is of value in otological research for many reasons. For instance, the middle ear structures are easily approachable. Recently a couple of studies in the rat have been published concerning the healing pattern of tympanic membrane perforations and mucosal changes following Eustachian tube blockade including the otitis media with effusion. Essential for the evaluation of these studies is a detailed knowledge of the rat anatomy. The present paper describes the anatomical landmarks of the rat middle ear as seen under the otomicroscope.
Fluorescence Histochemical Studies on the Noradrenergic Innervation of the Canine Larynx
Authors: Hisa Yasuo
Published: July 2008

The origin and course of noradrenergic nerve fibers contained in laryngeal nerves and their destinations in the larynx of the dog were investigated using fluorescence histochemistry. The superior laryngeal nerve, including the internal and external branches and the recurrent laryngeal nerve were found to contain many noradrenergic nerve fibers and these laryngeal nerves were the only noradrenergic nerve supply channels for the larynx. The superior laryngeal nerve received noradrenergic nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglion below the nodose ganglion. The recurrent laryngeal nerve is considered to receive noradrenergic nerve fibers originating from the middle cervical ganglion directly, and those originating from the superior cervical ganglion via the vagus nerve. The cricothyroid muscle received noradrenergic nerve fibers from the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and other intrinsic muscles received them from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The submucosal glands in the supraglottic and epiglottic regions received the noradrenergic nerve fibers from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and those in the subglottic region were innervated by noradrenergic nerve fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Elektronenmikroskopische und immunfluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen zum Aufbau des knöchernen Labyrinths
Authors: Bogusch G. , Samandari F. , Barrack H.-J.
Published: July 2008

The bony labyrinth of the guinea pig is composed of the inner endosteal, the intermediate endochondral and the outer periosteal layer. In addition, the endosteal layer is partially covered by an endosteal cell layer. At the boundary to the spatium perily-phaticum the endosteal layer is coverd by an osmiophilic line. Osmiophilic lines also appear as a coating of bone cavities and canaliculi as well as on the periphery of the interglobular spaces in the endochondral layer. Osmiophilic lines were also found at the boundary between the three layers. Within the endochondral and especially the endosteal layer, the collagen fibrils are relatively loose and cover spindle-shaped areas which possess protein-carbohydrate complexes. In the periosteal layer the collagen is arranged in lamellae. Here, it was found that the protein-carbohydrate complexes are not quite as numerous. The high concentration of protein-carbohydrate complexes in all of the three layers is possibly responsible for the exceptional hardness of the otic capsule. Collagen type I is demonstrable in all three of the above layers. Collagen type III was also found to be present in the endosteal and the periosteal layer. The interglobular spaces of the endochondral layer contain only collagen type II and a cartilage-specific proteoglycan. The occurrence of the interglobular spaces, the strand-like formation of the collagen fibres, the areas with the protein-carbohydrate complexes, and the existence of collagen type III support the assumption that the bony labyrinth of the adult guinea pig remains at a low level of development. However, the uniform mineralization, the abundance of osmiophilic lines, and the small amount of the cytoplasm in the osteocytes lead to the conclusion that in the bony labyrinth very little change or transformation actually occurs.
Cytology of Milk in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Nordin W. , Lee C.S.
Published: July 2008

Identification, total and differential counts of cell populations in guinea pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were carried out. The cellular concentration in colostrum was high, but there was a dramatic decline in milk collected at the peak of lactation. Advancement of mammary gland involution was associated with a dramatic increase in cellular concentration. The neutrophil was the predominant cell type in colostrum, milk and early involution secretion. Macrophages were present at all stages of lactation and became the predominant cell as involution advanced. The proportion of lymphocytes was low and remained constant throughout the various stages of lactation. Small numbers of eosinophils and epithelial cells were present in most of the samples examined.
Surface Projection of Arterial Segments in the Human Kidney
Authors: Longia G.S. , Kumar Vinod , Saxena S.K. , Gupta C.D.
Published: July 2008

Study of intrarenal arterial segments of human kidney by the corrosion cast method has been carried out on 100 kidneys obtained within 24 h of death. The five arterial segments which are normally described, namely, apical, upper, middle, lower and posterior, were reduced to four in 46% of the kidneys due to either absence of the apical segment or fusion of the upper and middle or middle and lower segments. The number of segments was very rarely (1%) reduced to three due to the absence of the posterior and apical segments. The apical segment was absent in 15%. The upper and middle segments were combined in 14% and the middle and lower segments in 17%. The surface projections of different segments were variable depending upon the intrarenal branching pattern of the segmental arteries.
Zur arteriellen Blutversorgung des Magen-Darm-Traktes der Schliefer (Hyracoidea)
Authors: Rahm S. , Frewein J.
Published: July 2008

In 5 dendrohyraxes, 6 heterohyraxes, and 7 procaviae the three main visceral arteries have been studied. In all hyracoidea the Arteria coeliaca divides into the Arteria lienalis, Arteria hepatica communis, and Arteria gastrica sinistra. Occasionally the latter two arteries run together for 7–15 mm before they separate. The Arteria mesenterica cranialis gives rise to the Arteriae pancreaticoduodenales caudales, Arteriae jejunales, Arteria colica media, and Arteria colica dextra and continues as Arteria ileocolica. Some animals had an Arteria colica media accessoria which supplied the first half of the colon descendens. In all other animals the entire colon descendens was supplied by the Arteria colica sinistra which originates in the Arteria mesenterica caudalis. Branches of the Arteria rectalis cranialis extend close to the anus.
Ultrastructural Localization of Calcium in Human Uterine Tube Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lindenbaum E.S. , Peretz B.A. , Beach D.
Published: July 2008

Microbiopsies of 38 specimens of human Fallopian tube fimbrial epithelium obtained during hysterosalpingectomy operations were processed for electron microscopic observation. Calcium localization was demonstrated utilizing the pyroantimonate-osminium-tetroxide technique. Calcium deposits were consistently observed as scattered granules in the nuclei, nucleoli, and cell membranes of secretory and ciliary cells regardless of the stage of the menstrual cycle. On the other hand, mitochondrial-bound calcium was observed in the ciliary cells during the preovulatory phase, coinciding with relatively high estrogen levels, and was not found during the peri- and postovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. It appears that there is cellular calcium which is relatively stable and is probably part of the structural components of the cells. The ciliary cell mitochondrial calcium appears to be more labile and is therefore available for mobilization and utilization in the metabolic processes associated with the periovulatory phase.
Distribution of Carotid Body Type I Cells and Periadventitial Type I Cells in the Carotid Bifurcation Regions of the Dog
Authors: Clarke J.A. , de Burgh Daly M.
Published: July 2008

The bilateral distribution of carotid body type I cells was investigated in 5 mongrel dogs and compared with the arrangement of type I cells in 3 beagles by serially sectioning the carotid bifurcation regions. The distribution of type I cells was not affected by the pedigree of the dogs. In both mongrel dogs and beagles type I cells were arranged in close proximity to the wall of the ascending pharyngeal artery within a division of connective tissue with defineable but irregular borders. Occasionally, type I cells were observed in relation to the occipital and external carotid arteries. This association of type I cells and connective tissue formed the principal mass of the carotid body. Caudally, and separate from the principal mass, isolated groups of periadventitial type I cells lay freely in the connective tissue adjacent to the internal and external carotid arteries in both mongrel dogs and beagles. Less commonly, and in mongrel dogs only, periadventitial type I cells were noted alongside the carotid bifurcation and the rostral end of the common carotid artery. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the distribution of carotid body type I cells and periadventitial type I cells from the left and right carotid bifurcation regions were made. In all specimens rostral-caudal dimensions of the distribution of carotid body type I cells and periadventitial type I cells were recorded and compared bilaterally.
Zur Ultrastruktur kollagener Fibrillen in normalen und veränderten Blutgefässen
Authors: Fischer N. , Staubesand J.
Published: July 2008

Following the examination of diseased and experimentally damaged blood vessels with the electron microscope, it has been possible to describe two fundamental reaction patterns of the vascular collagen. From the point of view of their ultrastructural appearance, these may be designated intrafibrillar and interfibrillar collagen dysplasia. The term intrafibrillar dysplasia includes all ultrastructural anomalies of the single fibril. The term interfibrillar dysplasia is reserved for changes of the entire bundle of fibrils into a form no longer functionally adapted to the demands made on the vessel wall.
Cyto- and Myeloarchitectural Studies on the Lateral Tuberal Nucleus in Simian Callithricidae and Prosimiae
Authors: Fujii Masako
Published: July 2008

The cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture of the lateral tuberal nucleus (LTN) were examined in five species of Callithricidae and in 21 species of Prosimiae. In this study, the LTN of the Callithricidae is described in detail and the LTN of prosimian Lemuriformes is clearly demonstrated for the first time. The LTN could not be detected in other prosimians, Lorisiformes, Tarsiformes and Tupaiiformes. In coronal sections, the LTN of Callithricidae is a round nucleus embedded within the longitudinal fiber bundles in the lateral hypothalamic area. The cytological characteristics and the rostracaudal extent of the nucleus are the same as in the LTN of higher primates and man. In prosimian Lemuriformes (Daubentonia madagascariensis, all Indrioidea examined and some Lemuroidea), the LTN is similar to that of the Callithricidae, although it is smaller and less prominent.
Extraocular Muscles in the Lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L.
Authors: Witaliński Wojciech , Łabuda Halina
Published: July 2008

Six extraocular muscles of the river lamprey, Lαmpetrα fluviαtilis L., were studied with the light and electron microscope. On the basis of morphology and histochemistry three types of muscle fibres were distinguished: thin, thick mitochondria-rich and thick multifibrillar fibres. In the thin fibres, 2.8–22.4 μm in diameter, myofibrils are distributed peripherally and show strong ATPase activity. The mitochondria are located paraxially. In the thick mitochondria-rich fibres, 19.4–31.0 μm in diameter, myofibrils are also located peripherally, whereas the central part of the fibre is densely packed with very numerous mitochondria possessing tubular cristae. Thick multifibrillar fibres, with a diameter similar to that of the former type, contain thin myofibrils scattered over the entire cross-section of the fibre. The activity of myofibrillar ATPase is lower in both types of thick fibres than in the thin ones. The tubules of the T system were observed frequently only in the thick multifibrillar fibres. The extraocular muscles of the lamprey are composed of large quantities of muscle fibres. Thin and thick fibres do not form separate layers, but are more or less uniformly distributed throughout the muscle. Many muscle fibres show structural features suggesting their degeneration.
Neuronal Losses in Mice following both Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure to Phenobarbital
Authors: Bergman Arieh , Feigenbaum Jeffrey J. , Yanai Joseph
Published: July 2008

Mice were given phenobarbital (PhB) during neonatal development (NeoB group) and during pre- and neonatal development (Pre- and NeoB group). Prenatal exposure was accomplished transplacentally by feeding the pregnant mothers 3 g PhB/kg milled food on gestation days 9–18. Neonatal exposure was conducted directly by injecting the neonates daily with 50 mg PhB/kg on postnatal days 2–21. The brains of these animals were studied at age 50 days using H & E staining. Consistant with previous studies, NeoB animals had a 14–20% smaller cerebellar layer area than controls, 32% fewer cerebellar Purkinje cells and 34% fewer granule cells than controls. NeoB mice had a 14–18% smaller hippocampal layer and 17% fewer hippocampal pyramidal cells than controls. The number of the hippocampal granule cells was not reduced by early PhB administration. NeoB mice had an 18% smaller cerebral cortex area and 22% fewer cortical cells than controls. The pre- and NeoB animals did not differ from controls in the area of their cerebellar layers, but they did have fewer cerebellar Purkinje and granule cells. Similarly, the Pre- and NeoB animals did not differ from controls in the area of their hippocampal layers, but they had fewer pyramidal cells. The Pre- and NeoB animals had a smaller cerebral layer area than controls but did not differ significantly from controls in the number of cortical neurons. It was suggested that exposure to PhB during prenatal and neonatal periods is not additive. On the contrary, tolerance or compensatory mechanisms may develop after prenatal exposure and lessened the effect of subsequent neonatal PhB exposure.
Histochemically Detectable Lipoprotein Lipase Activity in Adipose Tissue of Pigs and Normal and Decapitated Pig Fetuses
Authors: Hausman G.J.
Published: July 2008

The development of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was determined cytochemically in sections from normal and decapitated pig fetuses. Cellular LPL activity was first evident in 60-day-old fetuses. Capillaries were stained for LPL activity in 85-day-old and older fetuses and in young pigs. Cellular synthesis of LPL and capillary staining were not concurrent events. LPL activity developed after adipocyte differentiation and after structural development of capillaries. The cellular and capillary staining of fat cell clusters throughout development and in decapitated fetuses indicated a possible inverse relationship between cellular synthesis of LPL and capability of capillaries to transport LPL to luminal sides. These observations indicate that LPL activity develops in a pattern quite distinct from that observed in vitro. This discrepancy may be due to the involvement of blood vessels in the in vivo developmental pattern.
Radioautographic Study of Incorporated Proteins into Chicken Peripheral Nerve Myelin during Development
Authors: Chouchkov C. , Dolapchieva S. , Itchev K. , Galabov G.
Published: July 2008

The synthesis and transfer of proteins from the Schwann cell cytoplasm to the myelin sheath and axon of chicken embryos have been investigated with electron microscope radioautography. At early time intervals after the intravenous injection of 3H-proline into 18-day-old chicken embryos, the newly synthesized proteins are mainly collected in the Schwann cell cytoplasm with a preponderance in the Golgi area. Later, the bulk of labeled proteins migrate along the myelin sheath and a small portion is transferred to the axon. Most of the transferred proteins are conveyed through the regions of inner and outer mesaxons.
Morphological Alterations in the Medial Preoptic Area After Prenatal Administration of Phenobarbital
Authors: Yanai Joseph , Woolf Mervyn , Feigenbaum Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2008

Pregnant Sabra mice received 3 g phenobarbital per kilogram milled food from gestational days (GD) 9 to 18 as their only food source; control females received milled food. All the females were divided into three groups and injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of 3H-thymidine on GD 13, 15 or 17. At 50 days of age the offspring were perfused with 10% neutral formalin and their brains removed and prepared for autoradiography. Matching sagittal sections of the offspring were selected for the study of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus. The total number of cells per section was not significantly different between males and females, however, there was a greater cellular packing density (cell/mm2) in females (p < 0.05). This sex difference disappeared in treated offspring, possibly due to a 76% decrease on GD 13 in the rate of cell proliferation in females (number of labeled cells but not in males (p < 0.001); the greatest decrease in the number of labeled cells occurred in the sexually dimorphic areas of the MPOA (p < 0.001). The area of the sagittal section of the MPOA did not differ significantly between sexes or treatments.
The effect of dynamic loading on the growth of epiphyseal cartilage in the rat
Authors: Simon Mark R.
Published: July 2008

The Hueter-Volkmann law of epiphyseal pressures describes an inverse relationship between static compressive forces parallel to the axis of epiphyseal growth and the rate of growth of that cartilage. Studies of histological sections of the epiphyseal plate of the fourth metatarsals of (a) control, (b) bipedal and (c) bipedal rats with amputation of the fifth metatarsal show that dynamic compressive forces can stimulate epiphyseal cartilage growth. Within certain parameters, both the relief and increase of dynamic compression accelerate epiphyseal growth. It is the amount and kind of loading that are important factors to accelerate epiphyseal growth.
Quantitative histomorphological studies on the spinal ganglia of the Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Rao G.S.
Published: July 2008

Spinal ganglia of C3, C7, T5, T12, L2 and L5 spinal dorsal roots were studied. These ganglia vary in their size. Their greatest cross-sectional area was at C7 (2.12 cm2) in the cervical region and at Ls (1.39 cm2) in the lumbar region. The neurons were either spherical or oval in contour. The smallest neurons (mean size 68.50 × 55.64 μm) were located in the T5 ganglion, while some of the largest neurons (mean size 79.17 × 63.34 μm) were noticed in the C3 ganglion. As for their cross-sectional area, the ganglionic neurons at the L5 level were the largest (3,713.16 μm2), while the least value (2,994.60 μm2) was noted in T5 ganglionic cells. The amphicytes (satellite cells) were clearly defined. The neuronal cytoplasm revealed finely granular Nissl material. The neurons exhibit a pale-staining, centrally located vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Few multipolar cells with eccentric nuclei were noted in the L5 ganglion.
Reaktion der peripheren vestibulären Ganglienzellen unter experimentellen Belastungen am Meerschweinchen
Authors: Samandari Farhang
Published: July 2008

The effects of adequate stimuli upon the ganglion cells of the ganglion vestibulare and ganglion geniculi n.facialis were studied in the guinea pig labyrinth. During experimental examination, swelling up to 112% as well as shrinkage up to 35% were noticed. These volume changes do not coincide with the changes occurring in the corresponding sensory nuclei during the same stimulus. As the ganglion cells receive their impulses from various sensularies, they are responsible for several types of movement. A periodical increase and decrease of the nuclear volume are assumed to be an expression of the general total activity. The cells of the ganglion geniculi respond very strongly to these movement stimuli, which are not regarded to be adequate. Consequently it was proved that strong inadequate excitations can also influence the neighboring ganglion cells. In the cytoplasm, strong excitations lead to variations in the Niss) content. An intensive material exchange between the cytoplasm and the karyoplasm is assumed to be a cause for the changes of the nuclei volumes. But only the relation between the cell nuclei and the cell somata is altered. The volume of the whole cell remains approximately constant.
Neuronal-vascular relationship in experimental ischaemic anoxia
Authors: Deb Samar , Sensharma G.C. , Singh Shamer
Published: July 2008

The concept of temporal and spatial relationship between neuronal and vascular changes in the central nervous system following different kinds of anoxia still remains debatable, in that it is uncertain if anoxia-ischaemia primarily produces vascular changes in the brain or it initially damages the cerebral neurons. The present investigation has been undertaken to denote the sequential relationship between neuronal and vascular changes following experimental cerebral ischaemic anoxia. Adult healthy albino rats were subjected to ischaemic anoxia by bilateral clamping of their common carotid arteries for varying intervals of 5, 10 and 15 min. The animals of each group were subsequently sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 after the clamping procedure, for light-microscopic study of their brains. Our findings are characterized by initial vascular changes, which appear to have resulted in ‘no-reflow’ leading subsequently to neuronal damage. The latter, in turn, secondarily caused damage to the microvasculature.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen an Myozyten der Aorta thoracica der Maus
Authors: Heine H. , Schaeg G.
Published: July 2008

The reactivity of myocytes has been ultrastructurally investigated. Pieces of aorta thoracic from mice were organ-cultured on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs incubated for 14 days. The outstanding finding were individual myocytes of the media – probably in a particular cytoenergetic stage – undergoing necrosis. They were enclosed from almost unaffected myocytes. Transferred to in vivo conditions, these findings may serve as a model for a participation of myocytes in the development of disseminated multifocal arteriosclerotic plaques. The reactivity of the myocytes as to their ability of proteoglycan and lipid synthesis was opposed to Benditt’s hypothesis of the genesis of an arteriosclerotic plaque caused by a monoclonal cell line originating from a mutated myocyte of the artery wall near the site of the plaque. The hypothesis of Kaunitz has been discussed, according to which the high serum cholesterin level with severe arteriosclerosis may be rather a consequence of cholesterin synthesis by the ‘reparative’ tissue of the arteriosclerotic lesion than its reason.
Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egernia cunninghami
Authors: Loo S.K. , Swan M.
Published: July 2008

Epithelial mucins of the gastro-intestinal tract of Egerina cunninghami, an Australian lizard, were investigated by several histochemical stains. The results obtained showed that the gastro-intestinal tract of this reptile has several types of mucus-secreting cells. Mucins secreted by the oesophagus, intestines and cloaca were predominantly acid-sulphated mucins, while the mucus neck cells of the gastric glands produced neutral mucins and the epithelial cells lining the gastric surface secreted a mixture of both neutral and acid mucins.
A neuronal nucleolar trigger mechanism traceable by a routine staining method
Authors: Iyengar Bhanu
Published: July 2008

In experimental Wilson’s disease produced by the intracardiac injection of copper sulphate, it is seen that the glia-neuronal interactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of neural lesions. A ‘trigger’ copper-RNA particle is transferred from the oligodendroglial nucleus to activate the neuronal nucleolus causing a flooding of the neurone with RNA. This trigger particle stains differently with Masson’s trichrome, giving a bright red colour. This altered reaction gives an insight into the feedback process for the formation of ribosomal RNA in the neurones. The alteration appears to lead to a block in the repressor activity of the neuronal RNA formation.
New capillary collagen of cutaneous scars
Authors: Alvarez-Morujo A.J. , Alvarez-Morujo A.
Published: July 2008

The capillary collagen of several human keloids was studied. In the majority of the preparations, the collagen had the appearance of an amorphous mass where the amorphous material of the intercellular component was mixed with the newly formed collagen. The vessels of these regions offered neither definite form nor structure but rather a mixture of well-formed fibers and of other fibers still in the process of formation. The principal characteristic of the newly formed vascular collagen was its distribution in the form of rings, each of which was united in turn to other rings. Fibers could be seen radiating from the periphery of these rings and served to join the rings to the surrounding intercellular amorphous substance. The vessels presented different disposition and structures depending upon their grade of development, which is never complete.
Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity in several mammalian orders
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: July 2008

This study tries to determine whether a phylogenetic trend exists in the sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and whether domestication has an effect on it. The problems were studied in the metatarsals of marsupials, insectivores, rodents and primates including Homo, and in various skeletal sections of wild and domesticated rats and dogs. No clear phylogenetic trend could be found and domestication cannot be shown to have an effect on diminishing skeletal robusticity. Sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity seems to be highly species-specific and to have a mosaic distribution in a given taxon. Conclusions on phylogenetic trends of sexual dimorphism of skeletal robusticity and the effect of culture on it seem to be premature.
Das Septum intermusculare posterius cruris
Authors: Reimann R.
Published: July 2008

In 100 cadavers the macroscopic structure of the posterior crural intermuscular septum and its relation to the muscles arising there have been examined. The areas of origin of these muscles show standard sizes well to be marked off. The dilatation and the localization of those standard sizes have been evaluated and the distal limiting marks of the areas of origin have been depicted showing the relative dimensions in regard to the length of the fibula. At the front of the septum the area of the peroneus longus muscle extends down to the seventh tenth part of the fibula. Farther down the peroneus brevis arises from the septum between the seventh and ninth tenth. At the back of the septum the soleus muscle arises between the distal edge of the gap for the common peroneal nerve and the second fourth of the fibula. Farther down the area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle extends down to the ninth tenth of the fibula. There are only few exceptions to these standard data. The distal limiting mark of the area of the soleus muscle shows a large range of variation (one fourth of the length of the fibula), thus indicating the progressive tendency of evolution of this muscle. The ‘chimpanzee type’ of the human soleus arises in an area reaching far downwards at the fibula and the septum, the ‘gorilla type’ shows a small area of origin there. Contradictory description in textbooks discussing the origins of muscles arising from the posterior crural intermuscular septum have been checked. Areas of the septum without origins, as well as gaps for nerves and vessels, are described.
Functional and hormonal control of pelvic width in the rat
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse
Published: July 2008

Absolute sacral dimensions of the rat are influenced by muscular, ovarian and testicular action, and all affect absolute sacral length more than absolute width. However, relative to trunk-length dimensions are rather stable and drop with a higher level of significance only in castration combined with estrogen or progesterone treatment. Relative pelvic width, as expressed by the transverse interiliac distance, is greatly widened in extreme muscular hypofunction but the sacrum does not participate in this widening. The widening results from a broadening of the proximal part of the ilium, following a general response of long bones to extreme muscular hypofunction. Pelvic width is reduced in castration and ovariectomy with and without testosterone or estrogen treatment, but not in the combination of castration with progesterone treatment. Changes of sacral width are, however, more often independent from than concomitant with the width changes of the pelvis. The transverse interventral spine distance is dependent on rectus femoris muscle activity and drops drastically in hind-leg removal. It also drops in castration and particularly when castration is combined with estrogen treatment; but progesterone adds little to the effect of castration alone. The effect of ovariectomy alone or combined with testosterone treatment is negligible.
Microfibrils in the myotendon junctions
Authors: Ajiri Teizo , Kimura Tadanao , Ito Ryosaku , Inokuchi Seiichiro
Published: July 2008

Myotendon junctions in the rectus abdominis muscles of bull frogs were examined by the fixation combination of tannic acid and glutaraldehyde using electron microscopy. The features observed on myotendon junctions were the following: (1) There were many deep invaginations of muscle cell membrane at the end of the muscle fibers. Terminal thin filaments of myofibrils were attached to the electron-dense layer lining under the muscle cell membrane on the lateral walls of invaginations. (2) The basement membrane covering the muscle cell membrane was thicker in the invaginations than on the other sites of muscle fibers. (3) Collagen fibers in the invaginations gradually tapered off toward the bottom of the invaginations. But it was not seen that the collagen fibers were attached to both the basement membrane and cell membrane of muscle cells. (4) On the observations using the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation, it was clearly seen that the microfibrils extend from the outer leaflets of the cell membrane to the collagen fibers in invaginations via the basement membrane. It was concluded that the myofibrils might be fastened to the collagen fibers of the tendon by the intermediates of the microfibrils.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Serotonin-Containing Cell Bodies in the Brain Stem of the Dog
Authors: Kojima M. , Takeuchi Y. , Goto M. , Sano Y.
Published: July 2008

The distribution of serotonin-containing neurons in the brain of the dog was studied by use of PAP immunohistochemistry. The lower brain stem was endowed with extensively scattered serotonergic cell bodies, a large portion of which was located in the raphe nuclei. At the same time, prominent distribution of serotonergic neurons in lateral areas outside the raphe nuclei was also demonstrated. Our observations on the brain stem were, in principle, consistent with those on rats, cats and monkeys, with only minor differences.
The Development of the Human Phreno-Oesophageal Membrane
Authors: Botros K.G. , El-Ayat A.A. , El-Naggar M.M. , State F.A.
Published: July 2008

23 human fetal diaphragms were used to study the structural changes of the phreno-oesophageal membrane at the different prenatal ages. 2 human adult diaphragms were used for comparison. This membrane was found to be formed by both the superior and inferior diaphragmatic fasciae. The phreno-oesophageal membrane was mainly formed by the superior fascia at early stages of development and by the inferior at later ages. The collagenous and elastic components of this membrane increased gradually with age. The crural muscle fibres forming the boundary of the oesophageal hiatus at 10 weeks showed gradual regression and was replaced by tendinous fibres. The latter formed secondary insertion in addition to the primary one in the central tendon. The strip of striated muscle, which was occasionally present at the lower end of the oesophagus, could be attributed to failure of recession of the crural muscle bordering the hiatus. The functional significance of the phreno-oesophageal membrane in the process of deglutition and vomiting and for prevention of hiatus hernia is discussed.
Two Types of Capillaries in the Rat Renal Glomerulus
Authors: Rovenská Emília
Published: July 2008

Electron-microscopic examination of rats renal glomeruli revealed that Zlábek’s thin intercapillary anastomoses (TIAs) are thin vessels which interconnect the ordinary glomerular capillaries, while branching off abundantly. The lumens of the TIAs are irregular, mostly closed, frequently cleft-like; the width of lumens is about 0.9–0.1 µm. The TIAs are situated in the intercapillary (mesangial) areas of renal glomeruli; they represent a special equipment which probably influences the glomerular plasma flow rate and the glomerular ultrafiltration.
Effect of Denervation or Castration on Ultrastructural and Histochemical Properties of Feline Bulbocavernosus Muscle
Authors: Hughes Betsy J. , Bowen John M. , Campion Dennis R. , Bradley William E.
Published: July 2008

The histochemical and ultrastructural changes in the mature feline bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM) induced after 10 days of denervation or castration were compared. Control BCM, denervated BCM, and BCM from castrated cats reacted similarly for myosin ATPase (predominantly dark staining) and for succinic dehydrogenase (predominantly high). Staining for phosphorylase was decreased in the denervated BCM and BCM from castrated cats. Intrafiber lipid content was reduced after denervation or castration. The appearance of lysosome-like structures in BCM from both treatment groups was the most obvious ultrastructural alteration. Other ultrastructural changes were focal and infrequent.
The Stapedial Artery in the Rat
Authors: Albiin N.A. , Hellström S. , Salén B. , Stenfors L.-E.
Published: July 2008

Arteria stapedialis in the rat was studied in healthy rats and in experimental otitis media with effusion (OME). The mean diameters of the vessel was calculated to approximately 460 μm (healthy) and 430 μm (otitic) (no significant difference). The tunica intima consisted of an endothelium and a well-developed elastica interna. The tunica media was composed of 2–3 layers of smooth muscle cells. The adventitia was thicker than the media and consisted of bundles of collagan fibers. The artery in the middle ear cavity was quite naked covered only with the middle ear mucosa. The stapedial artery did not appear to be involved in the production of effusion in experimentally induced OME.
Anatomic Topographical Relationship of the Intraspinal Accessory Root to the Upper Cervical Roots and to the Vessels of the Cranial Cervical Region
Authors: Hagenah R. , Kosak M. , Freckmann N.
Published: July 2008

The object of this investigation was to provide a statistical interpretation of macroscopic anatomic findings in the cranial cervical region, which is very rich in variation. In this way rare nervous and vascular variations could be related statistically. The first cervical posterior root demonstrated the most striking variations, which, according to anlage and connection with the accessory nerve, was divided into four anlage types of formation. In this way it was shown that in only 23% of the cases, no posterior C-1 root had been formed. It was further demonstrable that in at least part of the cases the accessory nerve was sensibly mixed with the first posterior root. Furthermore, nervous structures and peculiarities in the vessels were investigated. Special courses taken by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, in addition to those already known, were statistically interpreted. Nervous as well as vascular contact and courses were analyzed, especially in relation to their topography to the accessory nerve, in order to provide clinicians with possibilities for explanations of irritations or compressions of this cranial nerve.