bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Arene‐Alkene Cycloaddition
Authors: Remy Richard , Bochet Christian G.
Published: November 2016

Review: 197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon—Carbon Bond Forming Reactions via Photogenerated Intermediates
Authors: Ravelli Davide , Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: November 2016

Review: 485 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbozincation Reactions of Carbon—Carbon Multiple Bonds
Authors: Sklute Genia , Cavender Hannah , Marek Ilan
Published: November 2016

Review: 213 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate‐Based Organocatalysts in Direct Asymmetric Aqueous Aldol Reaction
Authors: Mondal Mohabul A. , Mandal Debashis
Published: November 2016

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Tishchenko Reaction
Authors: Koskinen Ari M. P. , Kataja Antti O.
Published: November 2016

Review: scope and limitations of the Tishchenko reaction and its variants; 430 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Self‐Assembly: Thermodynamics and Kinetics
Authors: Wang Juan , Liu Kai , Xing Ruirui , Yan Xuehai
Published: November 2016

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Therapeutic Potential of Coumarins as Antiviral Agents
Authors: Hassan Mohd. Zaheen , Osman Hasnah , Ali Mohamed Ashraf , Ahsan Mohamed Jawed
Published: November 2016

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization and Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals
Authors: Izutsu Ken‐ichi , Koide Tatsuo , Takata Noriyuki , Ikeda Yukihiro , Ono Makoto , Inoue Motoki , Fukami Toshiro , Yonemochi Etsuo
Published: November 2016

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Functionalized Electrophosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Han Fu‐Quan , Han Chun‐Miao , Xu Hui
Published: November 2016

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Chain and Monolayered Conjugated Polymers for Molecular Electronics
Authors: Zhang Zhao‐Yang , Li Tao
Published: November 2016

Review: 70 refs.
Synthesis of Carbon Monoxide from Hydrogen and Magnesite/Dolomite
Authors: Baldauf‐Sommerbauer Georg , Lux Susanne , Aniser Wolfgang , Siebenhofer Matthäus
Published: November 2016

The calcination of magnesite and dolomite is a state of the art technology step in minerals processing. The concomitantly produced carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the flue gas, with all its negative effects on the global carbon balance. Reductive calcination of magnesite and dolomite to carbon monoxide (CO) and methane would open a window to reuse CO2 and produce value‐added carbonaceous products. The conversion of more than 70 % of the CO2 emitted during reductive calcination of the magnesite content of a mixed magnesite/dolomite (1:1 mol/mol) to CO at moderate temperature is feasible without admixture of catalyst.
Mass‐Selected Circular Dichroism of Supersonic‐Beam‐Cooled [D4]‐(R)‐(+)‐3‐Methylcyclopentanone
Authors: Lepelmeier Jörn , Titze Katharina , Kartouzian Aras , Boesl Ulrich , Heiz Ulrich
Published: November 2016

UV spectroscopy and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments on supersonic‐beam‐cooled deuterated (R)‐(+)‐3‐methylcyclopentanone ([D4]‐(R)‐(+)‐3‐MCP) have been performed by using a laser mass spectrometer. The spectral resolution not only allowed excitation and CD measurements for single vibronic transitions but also for the rotational P, Q, and R branches of these transitions. The investigated
transition showed the largest anisotropy factor ever observed for chiral molecules in the gas phase, which, due to residual saturation of the excited transition, represents only a lower limit for the real anisotropy factor. Furthermore, one‐color (1+1+1) and two‐color (1+1′) resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) measurements were performed and the effusive‐beam (room temperature) and supersonic‐beam results for [D4]‐(R)‐(+)‐3‐MCP were compared. These results allowed a differentiation between single‐step ECD (comparable to conventional ECD) and cumulative ECD (only possible in multiphoton excitation) under supersonic‐beam conditions.
Evaluation of Hollow Golden Icosahedrons: Bonding and Spherical Aromatic Properties of [Au11E]3− Superatoms (E=Se and Te) from Relativistic DFT calculations, Persistent Structures?
Authors: Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: November 2016

Two novel clusters were proposed according to the superatom model involving a favorable inclusion of Se and Te into a Au12 cage leading to [Au11E]3− clusters. Such structures retain a hollow gold‐based icosahedron with spherical aromatic character, according to the 18‐valence electron rule. Interestingly, it is shown that despite the favorable electronic structure and aromatic behavior, the titled structure is further found to be a local minimum in the potential surface, which exhibits a planar isomer as a plausible candidate for the lowest‐energy structure. The proposed strategy employed to vary the electron count of the cage is useful for the further design of novel spherical aromatic superatoms and ligand‐protected clusters, for which the main variation is generated directly in the surface of the cluster, in addition to the extensive formation of endohedral clusters with different heteroatoms.
Effects of Liquid Medium and Ablation Wavelength on the Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Formed by Pulsed‐Laser Ablation
Authors: García Guillén Grisel , Zuñiga Ibarra Veronica Anahi , Mendivil Palma Maria Isabel , Krishnan Bindu , Avellaneda Avellaneda David , Shaji Sadasivan
Published: November 2016

Pulsed‐laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is a green synthesis technique to obtain semiconductor nanomaterials in colloidal form. Herein, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were synthesized by the pulsed‐laser ablation of a CdS target in different liquid media by using λ=532 and 1064 nm outputs from a pulsed (10 ns, 10 Hz) Nd:YAG laser at different ablation fluence values. The morphology, structure, crystalline phase, elemental composition, optical, and luminescent properties of CdS nanomaterials were analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. By changing the liquid medium and ablation wavelength, CdS nanoparticles with different morphology and size were formed, as demonstrated by using TEM analysis. The crystallinity and chemical states of the ablation products were confirmed by using XRD and XPS analyses. The optical bandgap of the CdS nanoparticles was dependent on the ablation wavelength and the fluence. These nanocolloids presented different green emissions, which implied the presence of several emission centers. CdS nanocolloids in distilled water catalyzed the photocatalytic decay of methylene blue dye under light irradiation from a solar simulator.
Channeling‐enhanced EDX for polarity resolved crystal orientation determination
Authors: Winkelmann Aimo , Nolze Gert
Published: November 2016

Using channeling‐enhanced energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), we demonstrate polarity sensitive orientation determination of a non‐centrosymmetric crystal in the scanning electron microscope. The authors observe a characteristic asymmetry in the channeling‐enhanced, angle‐dependent EDX data of a GaAs sample, which is in good agreement to simulations using the dynamical theory of diffraction for the incident electron beam. This allows us to assign the orientation of the GaAs crystal according to the non‐centrosymmetric point group. The method shown here overcomes the limitation of a reduced point‐group sensitivity of electron backscatter diffraction patterns and electron channeling patterns for crystalline phases that contain atoms of approximately equal electron scattering cross sections.
Growth of oriented GaN nanowires by controlling nucleation conditions
Authors: Zong Yang , Huang Hui , Song Wenbin , Lv Rui , Zhao Danna , Liu Zhe , Guang Qiyilan , Guo Jingwei , Tang Zhenan
Published: November 2016

GaN nanowires (NWs) were grown on GaN(0001) coated sapphire substrate with Ni/Au catalyst by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Nucleation conditions were investigated for improving the growth orientation of NWs. With decreasing catalyst thickness from 5nm/5nm to 2nm/2nm, the NW orientation was improved and the NW morphology was changed from taper to cylindrical, due to the varying of growth mode. Vertical alignment of NWs can be further improved by inserting an additional high‐temperature (850 ℃) nucleation step with an optimum V/III flow ratio of 20.
Separation and identification of antidepressants by acrylate‐based monolithic column capillary electrochromatography with UV detection
Authors: Fu Hanzhuo , McCord Bruce R.
Published: November 2016

This paper details a method for separation and identification of six antidepressant compounds using an acrylate‐based porous monolithic capillary. Detection takes place using CEC coupled with UV or mass spectrometric detection. The CEC‐UV method provides an effective and efficient method for the separation and identification of the analytes. Spiked urine samples were utilized to check method capability, and a liquid–liquid extraction procedure was developed to perform sample extraction. Detection limits ranged from 10 to 30 ng/mL.
Toxicological perspective on the osmoregulation and ionoregulation physiology of major ions by freshwater animals: Teleost fish, crustacea, aquatic insects, and Mollusca
Authors: Griffith Michael B.
Published: November 2016

Anthropogenic sources increase freshwater salinity and produce differences in constituent ions compared with natural waters. Moreover, ions differ in physiological roles and concentrations in intracellular and extracellular fluids. Four freshwater taxa groups are compared, to investigate similarities and differences in ion transport processes and what ion transport mechanisms suggest about the toxicity of these or other ions in freshwater. Although differences exist, many ion transporters are functionally similar and may belong to evolutionarily conserved protein families. For example, the Na+/H+-exchanger in teleost fish differs from the H+/2Na+ (or Ca2+)-exchanger in crustaceans. In osmoregulation, Na+ and Cl− predominate. Stenohaline freshwater animals hyperregulate until they are no longer able to maintain hypertonic extracellular Na+ and Cl− concentrations with increasing salinity and become isotonic. Toxic effects of K+ are related to ionoregulation and volume regulation. The ionic balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids is maintained by Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), but details are lacking on apical K+ transporters. Elevated H+ affects the maintenance of internal Na+ by Na+/H+ exchange; elevated HCO3− inhibits Cl− uptake. The uptake of Mg2+ occurs by the gills or intestine, but details are lacking on Mg2+ transporters. In unionid gills, SO42− is actively transported, but most epithelia are generally impermeant to SO42−. Transporters of Ca2+ maintain homeostasis of dissolved Ca2+. More integration of physiology with toxicology is needed to fully understand freshwater ion effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:576–600. © 2016 The Authors. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A new record and key to the genus Alyxoria (lichenized Ascomycota) in India
Authors: Joseph Siljo , Jagadeesh Ram T. A. M. , Sinha G. P. , Ramachandran V. S.
Published: November 2016

The lichen species Alyxoria culmigena (Lib.) Ertz collected from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is reported as a new record to India. A detailed description and figures of new record along with distribution map and key to all known Alyxoria species in India are provided.
Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in the Massif Central (France). Introduction and one new Species Alchemilla reflexa sp. nov
Authors: Frost‐Olsen Peter
Published: November 2016

A new species of Alchemilla L. (Rosaceae), A. reflexa Frost‐Ols., is described and illustrated. A. reflexa is characterized by deflexed indumentum on petioles and stems, orbicular leaves with imbricate basal lobes and crimson‐magenta coloured basal stipules. It is distributed in the Massif Central, France, where it is widespread, and in northeastern Pyrenees (déps. Ariège and Aude). A. reflexa is compared with two species previously recorded from the Massif Central with doubt, A. exigua Buser and A. strigosula Buser and with A. filicaulis Buser that can be misidentified as A. reflexa in the field. An introduction to past treatments of Alchemilla in the Massif Central is provided as well as a discussion of some morphological elements used for delimiting Alchemilla taxa.
Differential Expression of Estrogen Receptor Variants in Response to Inflammation Signals in Human Airway Smooth Muscle
Authors: Aravamudan Bharathi , Goorhouse Katelyn J. , Unnikrishnan Ghanashyam , Thompson Michael A. , Pabelick Christina M. , Hawse John R. , Prakash Y. S. , Sathish Venkatachalem
Published: November 2016

The prevalence of asthma is higher in pre‐pubescent and aging males, and in post‐pubertal females, strongly indicating that sex steroids (especially estrogen) may be an important modulator in lung disease. We recently demonstrated that airway smooth muscle (ASM) expresses both alpha and beta forms of the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ) in males and females, and that these receptors regulate intracellular [Ca2+] and ASM contractility. Although both ERα and ERβ have multiple splice variants, it is unclear if and how the expression of these variants is modulated under conditions such as chronic inflammation/asthma. In order to test the hypothesis that the differential expression of ERα and ERβ variants contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma, we profiled the expression of various ERα and ERβ genes in asthmatic and inflamed (TNFα‐ or IL‐13‐treated) ASM. Gene expression was assessed at both the mRNA and protein levels in asthmatic ASM cells or non‐asthmatic cells treated with TNFα (20 ng/ml) or IL‐13 (50 ng/ml). We observed marked variation in the expression of ER isoforms in response to inflammatory stimuli, and in non‐asthmatic versus asthmatic ASM. Changes in protein levels of ERα and ERβ corresponded with the observed differential mRNA patterns. Pharmacological studies implicate cytosolic (p42/44 MAPK and PI3 K) and nuclear (NFκB, STAT6, and AP‐1) signaling pathways as putative mechanisms that mediate and/or regulate effects of inflammation on ER expression. We conclude that variations in ASM ER expression profiles occur with inflammation and that ER variants could contribute to estrogen signaling in airway diseases such as asthma. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1754–1760, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐107 is downregulated and having tumor suppressive effect in breast cancer by negatively regulating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Gao Bo , Hao Shuai , Tian Wuguo , Jiang Yan , Zhang Shu , Guo Lingji , Zhao Jianjie , zhang Gang , Yan Jie , Luo Donglin
Published: November 2016

Background:

In the present study, we investigated the possible tumor suppressive effect of microRNA‐107 (miR‐107) in human breast cancer.

Methods:

Gene expression of miR‐107 in breast cancer cell lines and clinical breast tissues was evaluated by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). MiR‐107 was stably overexpressed in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells via lentiviral transduction. Its role in regulating in vitro cancer proliferation, cell cycle, invasion and in vivo tumor growth was evaluated by MTT, flow cytometry, transwell and in vivo tumorigenicity assays, respectively. Association of miR‐107 and its downstream target, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), was evaluated by luciferase assay and qRT‐PCR. BDNF was further upregulated in miR‐107‐overexpressed MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells to evaluate its role in regulating breast cancer with respect to in vitro proliferation, cell cycle and invasion.

Results:

MiR‐107 was markedly downregulated in both breast cancer cell lines and breast tumors. MiR‐107 overexpression was markedly suppressed with respect to in vitro breast cancer proliferation, cell cycle progression and invasion, as well as with respect to in vivo development of breast cancer xenograft. BDNF was found to be the downstream target of miR‐107 in breast cancer. BDNF upregulation functionally facilitated in vitro proliferation, cell cycle progression and invasion in miR‐107‐overexpressed breast cancer cells.

Conclusions:

MiR‐107 is downregulated and has a tumor suppressive effect in breast cancer, likely through regulation via its inverted downstream target of BDNF.
Reconstructing the anterior part of the nervous system of Gordius aquaticus (Nematomorpha, cycloneuralia) by a multimethodological approach
Authors: Henne Stephan , Friedrich Frank , Hammel Jörg U. , Sombke Andy , Schmidt‐Rhaesa Andreas
Published: November 2016

The Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) and Nematoda (round worms) are sister taxa (together Nematoida) and closely related to Scalidophora (Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera). To date, all species were assumed to possess a specific brain type, i.e., the “cycloneuralian” brain that forms a ring‐shaped neuropil around the pharynx and is composed of anteriorly and posteriorly located somata. However, descriptions of the nematomorph nervous system are rare and somewhat variable, calling in to question the validity of the cycloneuralian condition. To clarify whether there is a typical cycloneuralian pattern in the nematomorph brain, we investigated the anterior end of Gordius aquaticus with different methods: histology, immunohistochemistry and micro‐CT analysis. Three‐dimensional reconstructions were made from histological serial sections. The brain is composed of a central neuropil and a ring‐shaped structure with associated somata. The unpaired ventral nerve cord emerges from the posteroventral part of the brain. A pharynx/esophagus is absent. In addition to the brain, a peripheral nerve plexus was detected. In summary, we interpret the architecture of the brain as potentially derived from a cycloneuralian structure, but being highly modified. The central position of the neuropil is possibly a consequence of the reduction of the anterior intestinal system as a result of the parasitic lifestyle. The ring‐shaped arrangement of the somata may be a remnant of a cycloneuralian arrangement, after the two rings of somata (= cycloneuralian condition) either fused or one ring was reduced to form one massive ring‐shaped structure in G. aquaticus. J. Morphol. 278:106–118, 2017. ©© 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Low‐cysteine alpha‐keratins and corneous beta‐proteins are initially formed in the regenerating tail epidermis of lizard
Authors: Alibardi L. , Michieli F. , Dalla Valle L.
Published: November 2016

During tail regeneration in lizards, the stratified regenerating epidermis progressively gives rise to neogenic scales that form a new epidermal generation. Initially, a soft, un‐scaled, pliable, and extensible epidermis is formed that is progressively replaced by a resistant but non‐extensible scaled epidermis. This suggests that the initial corneous proteins are later replaced with harder corneous proteins. Using PCR and immunocytochemistry, the present study shows an upregulation in the synthesis of low‐cysteine type I and II alpha‐keratins and of corneous beta‐proteins with a medium cysteine content and a low content in glycine (formerly termed beta‐keratins) produced at the beginning of epidermal regeneration. Quantitative PCR indicates upregulation in the production of alpha‐keratin mRNAs, particularly of type I, between normal and the thicker regenerating epidermis. PCR‐data also indicate a higher upregulation for cysteine‐rich corneous beta‐proteins and a high but less intense upregulation of low glycine corneous protein mRNAs at the beginning of scale regeneration. Immunolabeling confirms the localization of these proteins, and in particular of beta‐proteins with a medium content in cysteine initially formed in the wound epidermis and later in the differentiating corneous layers of regenerating scales. It is concluded that the wound epidermis initially contains alpha‐keratins and corneous beta‐proteins with a lower cysteine content than more specialized beta‐proteins later formed in the mature scales. These initial corneous proteins are likely related to the pliability of the wound epidermis while more specialized alpha‐keratins and beta‐proteins richer in glycine and cysteine are synthesized later in the mature and inflexible scales. J. Morphol. 278:119–130, 2017. ©© 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Assessing the health of the in situ global surface marine climate observing system
Authors: Berry David I. , Kent Elizabeth C.
Published: November 2016

The in situ surface marine climate observing system includes contributions from several different types of observing platforms. Most observations come from mobile platforms, e.g. ships or surface drifting buoys. Climate applications using marine observations often require fields of environmental parameters to be constructed on regular spatiotemporal grids. User requirements are therefore typically presented in terms of parameter uncertainty at particular space and timescales. It is therefore important to relate the characteristics of marine observations, in terms of their expected quality and sampling distribution, to these requirements. A simple method to estimate the instrumental uncertainty in fields derived from a mixture of observation types is presented. This method enables preliminary assessment of the extent to which the available observations meet the stated user requirements.

Example observing system adequacy assessments are presented for two climate variables, sea surface temperature (SST) and marine air temperature (MAT) using in situ data. The method is also applicable to gridded data sets constructed from combined in situ and satellite data. While the global metrics for SST show an improvement in observing system adequacy over time, the adequacy for MAT is declining. The assessments can determine the most efficient approach to improving observing system adequacy. For in situ SST the best approach would be to increase the number of different platforms making observations. For MAT, increasing the number of observations overall, regardless of platform and increasing the geographical coverage is required to reduce the uncertainty.

The assessments would be improved by more extensive evaluation of uncertainties associated with each different variable for each platform type. It would also be beneficial to review the completeness of the user requirements: e.g. to include user requirements relating to the stability of averages on large space and timescales required for climate monitoring, or for constructing estimates of air–sea exchange.
Determination of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rat plasma by UHPLC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Yang Zhixin , Zhang Wenjun , Li Xia , Shan Baisong , Liu Jiajia , Deng Weizhe
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rat plasma by using rutin as the internal standard. Then, the developed method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rats after dosing the flavonoid extract from Sophora flavescens. Plasma samples were processed using a liquid–liquid extraction procedure with ethyl acetate. The analysis was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring with an electrospray ionization source in negative ionization mode. Quantitative ion transitions of m/z 423.2→161.2, 437.2→161.1, and 609.3→300.3 were monitored for sophoraflavanone G, kurarinone, and rutin, respectively. The calibration curves of the two analytes exhibited good linearity (r2>0.9923) over the range of 0.1–200 ng/mL for sophoraflavanone G and 0.1–1000 ng/mL for kurarinone. Relative standard deviations were less than 13.2% for the intra‐ and inter‐day precisions and no more than 12.6% for the recovery, showing good precision and satisfactory accuracy of the developed method. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone after a single intravenous (25 mg/kg) and oral (500 mg/kg) administration of the flavonoid extract from S. flavescens, and the absolute bioavailability for sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone was about 36 and 17%, respectively.
Kinetic Analysis of Molecular Permeabilities of Free‐Standing Polysaccharide Composite Films
Authors: Iijima Kazutoshi , Kimura Takayuki , Sato Ryo , Takahashi Tomoki , Hashizume Mineo
Published: November 2016

This study is performed in order to assess the molecular permeabilities of composite films of chondroitin sulfate C (CS) and chitosan (CHI) prepared by the hot press technique. Permeation behaviors are evaluated using horizontal diffusion cells and four substrates with different charges: methylene blue (MB), orange II (OR), l‐tryptophan (Trp), and 4‐methylumbelliferyl β‐d‐galactopyranoside (MUG). Permeability coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and partition coefficients are calculated from permeation curves. When MB and OR are used as the permeants, permeability coefficients in solutions with higher pH or ionic strength are greater than in those with lower pH or ionic strength. Permeability coefficients at pH 5.9 at which Trp carries zero net charge are as follows: Trp > MB ≈ MUG > OR. The diffusion coefficients and partition coefficients obtained indicate that CS/CHI films permeate these molecules based on a partition mechanism at lower pH and a pore model at higher pH. These characteristics appear to reflect the unique microenvironment of films consisting of polyion complexes of oppositely charged polysaccharides.

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Scaling Laws of Bottle‐Brush Polymers in Dilute Solutions
Authors: Chatterjee Debarati , Vilgis Thomas A.
Published: November 2016

The structural determination and manipulation of bottle‐brush polymers, a class of polymers with serially grafted side‐chains, is challenging due to the interplay of side‐chain and backbone interactions over various length scales. The present work performs a detailed analysis, using molecular dynamics simulation techniques, to unravel these interactions by probing the distinct rod to a flexible real‐chain with self‐avoiding walk (SAW) type crossover in the backbone static structure factor. This analysis elucidates the deviation from flexible chain behavior, while also providing a quantitative measure of persistence length, . Significantly, the results identify a trend in which is consistent with the debated theoretical prediction of , where Ns is the number of monomers in each side‐chain of the bottle‐brush polymer.

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How an Economic Recession Affects Qualitative Entrepreneurship: Focusing on the Entrepreneur's Exit Decision
Authors: Kwak Gihyun , Lee Jeong‐Dong
Published: November 2016

This study analyzes how an economic recession affects entrepreneurship from a qualitative perspective. We define entrepreneur as a person who takes risks under uncertainty. Based on this definition, an entrepreneur's exit decision is modeled using real options theory to measure entrepreneur's willingness to accept uncertainty. We find that entrepreneurs who entered before a recession exit when their critical revenue stream reaches 0.16 times the average revenue stream value. The equivalent value for entrepreneurs who enter during an economic recession is 0.33 times the average revenue stream. Furthermore, when uncertainty doubles, the exit probability of entrepreneurs who enter during an economic recession is approximately 2.75 times higher than that of entrepreneurs who enter before recession. We conclude that the majority of entrepreneurs who enter during an economic recession are qualitatively disadvantaged, which leads to the overall decrease in qualitative entrepreneurship. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Low‐Quality Advantage in Vertical Product Differentiation
Authors: Schubert Stefanie
Published: November 2016

By assuming a triangular distribution of consumers' willingness to pay for quality, this paper makes use of the stylized fact that low‐income households are more numerous than high‐income households, and thus, income distributions are right‐skewed. Accordingly, we present a straightforward two‐firm, two‐stage vertical product differentiation model with quality‐dependent marginal production costs, where the firm offering the low‐quality product has the larger market share and profit than the top‐quality competitor. This can be termed low‐quality advantage and may explain the success of large retailers serving the masses by offering low‐quality products. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐high‐field RF coil development for evaluating upper extremity imaging applications
Authors: Raval Shailesh B. , Zhao Tiejun , Krishnamurthy Narayanan , Santini Tales , Britton Cynthia , Gorantla Vijay S. , Ibrahim Tamer S.
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a custom‐designed 7  T MRI coil and explore its use for upper extremity applications.

An RF system composed of a transverse electromagnetic transmit coil and an eight‐channel receive‐only array was developed for 7  T upper extremity applications. The RF system was characterized and evaluated using scattering parameters and B1+ mapping. Finite difference time domain simulations were performed to evaluate the B1+ field distribution and specific absorption rate for the forearm region of the upper extremity. High‐resolution 7  T images were acquired and compared with those at 3 T.

The simulation and experimental results show very good B1+ field homogeneity across the forearm. High‐resolution images of musculotendinous, osseocartilaginous, and neurovascular structures in the upper extremity are presented with T1 volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination, T2 double‐echo steady state, T2* susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), diffusion tensor imaging, and time‐of‐flight sequences. Comparison between 3  T and 7  T is shown. Intricate contextual anatomy can be delineated in synovial, fibrocartilaginous, interosseous, and intraosseous trabecular structures of the forearm, as well as palmar and digital vascular anatomy (including microvascular detail in SWI).

Ultra‐high‐field 7  T imaging holds great potential in improving the sensitivity and specificity of upper extremity imaging, especially in wrist and hand pathology secondary to bone, ligament, nerve, vascular, and other soft or hard tissue etiology.
An in vivo study of the orientation‐dependent and independent components of transverse relaxation rates in white matter
Authors: Gil Rita , Khabipova Diana , Zwiers Marcel , Hilbert Tom , Kober Tobias , Marques José P.
Published: November 2016

Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) provides information that allows the estimation of white‐matter (WM) fibre orientation and distribution, but it does not provide information about myelin density, fibre concentration or fibre size within each voxel. On the other hand, quantitative relaxation contrasts (like the apparent transverse relaxation,
) offer iron and myelin‐related contrast, but their dependence on the orientation of microstructure with respect to the applied magnetic field, B0, is often neglected. The aim of this work was to combine the fibre orientation information retrieved from the DWI acquisition and the sensitivity to microstructural information from quantitative relaxation parameters. The in vivo measured quantitative transverse relaxation maps (R2 and
) were decomposed into their orientation‐dependent and independent components, using the DWI fibre orientation information as prior knowledge.

The analysis focused on major WM fibre bundles such as the forceps major (FMj), forceps minor (FMn), cingulum (CG) and corticospinal tracts (CST). The orientation‐dependent R2 parameters, despite their small size (0–1.5 Hz), showed higher variability across different fibre populations, while those derived from
, although larger (3.1–4.5 Hz), were mostly bundle‐independent. With this article, we have, for the first time, attempted the in vivo characterization of the orientation‐(in)dependent components of the transverse relaxation rates and demonstrated that the orientation of WM fibres influences both R2 and
contrasts.
Pulmonary perfusion quantification with flow‐sensitive inversion recovery (FAIR) UTE MRI in small animal imaging
Authors: Tibiletti Marta , Bianchi Andrea , Stiller Detlef , Rasche Volker
Published: November 2016

Blood perfusion in lung parenchyma is an important property for assessing lung function. In small animals, its quantitation is limited even with radioactive isotopes or dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI techniques. In this study, the feasibility flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) for the quantification of blood flow in lung parenchyma in free breathing rats at 7 T has been investigated. In order to obtain sufficient signal from the short T2* lung parenchyma, a 2D ultra‐short echo time (UTE) Look‐Locker read‐out has been implemented. Acquisitions were segmented to maintain acquisition time within an acceptable range. A method to perform retrospective respiratory gating (DC‐SG) has been applied to investigate the impact of respiratory movement. Reproducibilities within and between sessions were estimated, and the ability of FAIR‐UTE to identify the decrease of lung perfusion under hyperoxic conditions was tested. The implemented technique allowed for the visualization of lung parenchyma with excellent SNR and no respiratory artifact even in ungated acquisitions. Lung parenchyma perfusion was obtained as 32.54 ± 2.26 mL/g/min in the left lung, and 34.09 ± 2.75 mL/g/min in the right lung. Application of retrospective gating significantly but minimally changes the perfusion values, implying that respiratory gating may not be necessary with this center‐our acquisition method. A decrease of 10% in lung perfusion was found between normoxic and hyperoxic conditions, proving the feasibility of the FAIR‐UTE approach to quantify lung perfusion changes.
On the finite‐time capture of a fast moving target
Authors: Bakolas Efstathios
Published: November 2016

In this work, we propose a feedback control law that enforces capture of a moving target by a slower pursuer in finite time. It is well known that if this problem is cast as a pursuit‐evasion differential game, then the moving target can always avoid capture by taking advantage of its speed superiority, provided that both the target and the pursuer are employing feedback strategies in the sense of Isaacs. Thus, in order to have a well‐posed pursuit problem, additional assumptions are required so that the pursuer can enforce capture of the faster target in finite time provided that it emanates from a set of ‘favorable’ initial positions, which constitute its winning set. In particular, we assume that the target's velocity either is constant and perfectly known to the pursuer (perfect information case) or can be decomposed into a dominant component, which is constant and known to the pursuer, and a second component that is uncertain and unknown to the pursuer (imperfect information case). It turns out that in both cases, the winning sets of the pursuer are pointed convex cones which have a common apex and a common axis of symmetry but different opening angles. We subsequently propose continuous feedback laws that enforce finite‐time capture while the pursuer never exits its winning set before capture takes place, for both cases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric 8p11 eosinophilic myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS): A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sarthy Jay F. , Reddivalla Naresh , Radhi Mohamed , Chastain Katherine
Published: November 2016

The 8p11 eosinophilic myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) is an aggressive neoplasm driven by translocation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and often transforms to leukemias and lymphomas that are refractory to treatment. The first case was identified in 1983, and to date over 70 cases have been reported in the literature. Despite those reports, no consensus exists on management of this condition, and inconsistency in treatment regimens is even more pronounced in the pediatric literature. We report a case of a male infant with the 8p11 EMS, review the published pediatric experience with EMS, and discuss treatment strategies for this enigmatic hematological disorder.
Measuring pediatric hematology–oncology fellows’ skills in humanism and professionalism: A novel assessment instrument
Authors: Kesselheim Jennifer C. , Agrawal Anurag K. , Bhatia Nita , Cronin Angel , Jubran Rima , Kent Paul , Kersun Leslie , Rao Amulya Nageswara , Rose Melissa , Savelli Stephanie , Sharma Mukta , Shereck Evan , Twist Clare J. , Wang Michael
Published: November 2016

Background

Educators in pediatric hematology–oncology lack rigorously developed instruments to assess fellows’ skills in humanism and professionalism.

Procedure

We developed a novel 15‐item self‐assessment instrument to address this gap in fellowship training. Fellows (N = 122) were asked to assess their skills in five domains: balancing competing demands of fellowship, caring for the dying patient, confronting depression and burnout, responding to challenging relationships with patients, and practicing humanistic medicine. An expert focus group predefined threshold scores on the instrument that could be used as a cutoff to identify fellows who need support. Reliability and feasibility were assessed and concurrent validity was measured using three established instruments: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Flourishing Scale (FS), and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE).

Results

For 90 participating fellows (74%), the self‐assessment proved feasible to administer and had high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81). It was moderately correlated with the FS and MBI (Pearson's r = 0.41 and 0.4, respectively) and weakly correlated with the JSPE (Pearson's r = 0.15). Twenty‐eight fellows (31%) were identified as needing support. The self‐assessment had a sensitivity of 50% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31–69) and a specificity of 77% (95% CI: 65–87) for identifying fellows who scored poorly on at least one of the three established scales.

Conclusions

We developed a novel assessment instrument for use in pediatric fellowship training. The new scale proved feasible and demonstrated internal consistency reliability. Its moderate correlation with other established instruments shows that the novel assessment instrument provides unique, nonredundant information as compared to existing scales.
Weatherability of conventional composites and nanocomposites of PVC and rutile titanium dioxide
Authors: Hamid Redhwi Halim , Nahid Siddiqui Mohammad , Andrady Anthony L. , Muhammad Younas , Syed Hussain
Published: November 2016

Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] composites with 0 to 4 wt% of either conventional or nanoscale rutile titanium dioxide filler were injection molded. Rutile titania absorbs solar UVR efficiently and is typically used in rigid PVC formulations as an opacifier and protects the polymer from light‐induced degradation. A comparison of the stabilization effectiveness of the two types of fillers were assessed by monitoring the change in tensile properties and development of light‐induced surface yellowing of the composites on exposure outdoors as well as under laboratory accelerated conditions. A comparison of the conventional and nanoscale uncoated rutile tiania as a light‐stabilizer in rigid PVC is reported. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2135–2141, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Multifunctional sensors based on silicone hydrogel and their responses to solvents, pH and solution composition
Authors: Zhao Zheng‐Bai , Li Hui , Lu Qu‐Liang , Li Yan‐Li , Jiang Yong
Published: November 2016

In this paper, multicomponent silicone hydrogels were prepared by the copolymerization of the hydrophobic silicon‐containing monomer bis(trimethylsilyloxy) methylsilylpropyl glycerol methacrylate with two hydrophilic monomers 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and N‐vinyl pyrrolidone. The response of the silicone hydrogels to different stimuli was evaluated by observing the swelling ratios of the hydrogels. The results show that the hydrogels display different responses to variations in pH and solvent. Multifunctional sensors were then prepared based on the silicone hydrogels to detect the pH value of solutions, the types of solvent and the ethanol percentage in water. The results could be obtained by visual inspection and the sensors were reusable. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Odd‐even effect during layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyelectrolytes inspired by marine mussel
Authors: Wang Weina , Xu Yisheng , Han Haoya , Micciulla Samantha , Backes Sebastian , Li Ang , Xu Jun , Shen Weihua , von Klitzing Regine , Guo Xuhong
Published: November 2016

Biomimetic polyelectrolyte of Dopa modified poly(acrylic acid) (PAADopa) was synthesized taking advantage of Dopa, the major unit of marine adhesive proteins. Zinc crosslinked PAADopa (PAADopa‐Zn) were formed at acidic pH for more compact structure and assembled with the positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) to build robust polyelectrolyte multilayers at high salt concentration. Effects of pH, crosslinking degree, and salt concentration on polymer structure, film building process, and morphology were investigated, respectively. An “odd‐even” effect was observed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and AFM in the presence of zinc ion, which becomes more obvious with an optimum crosslinking degree (Zn/Dopa = 2.0) under high salt concentration (0.6 M NaCl). It indicates the different swollen properties of PEI chain and PAADopa‐Zn complexes during the layer‐by‐layer building process under optimum crosslinking degree of PAADopa‐Zn at high salt concentration. Such odd‐even phenomenon of the biocompatible system is of critical importance for understanding the mechanism of layer formation and film structures. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 245–255
Optical generation of electron–hole pairs in phosphor and boron co‐doped Si nanocrystals in SiO2
Authors: Chung Nguyen Xuan , Limpens Rens , Lesage Arnon , Fujii Minoru , Gregorkiewicz Tom
Published: November 2016

We investigated experimentally optical generation of electron–hole pairs in layers of silicon nanocrystals co‐doped with phosphor and boron, dispersed in a solid‐state matrix of silicon dioxide. The study was performed at room temperature. From the red‐shift of the photoluminescence spectrum and the enhanced absorption at low energies appearing upon doping, the formation of additional levels inside the bandgap has been confirmed. By comparing the transient induced absorption at two excitation energies, below and well above twice the emission energy, the evidence of carrier multiplication in co‐doped silicon nanocrystals has been obtained for the first time.

Effect of doping on optical characteristics of silicon nanocrystals
Comprehensive characterization of AlGaN/GaN metal‐oxide‐semiconductor high‐electron mobility transistors with TiO2 gate dielectric
Authors: Lin Yu‐Shyan , Lu Chi‐Che , Hsu Wei‐Chou
Published: November 2016

AlGaN/GaN metal‐oxide‐semiconductor high‐electron mobility transistors (MOS‐HEMTs) on Si substrates with TiO2 gate dielectrics are fabricated. The dc and power characteristics of AlGaN/GaN MOS‐HEMTs are compared with that of metal‐gate HEMTs fabricated on the same material. The gate leakage current for the MOS‐HFET is more than two orders of magnitude smaller than for the HEMT at 300 K. The high‐speed performance potential of the MOS‐HEMT with an fT = 10.44 GHz and an fmax = 13.8 GHz is confirmed. The MOS‐HEMT shows higher extrinsic transconductance, breakdown voltage, high‐frequency and power characteristics relative to the HEMT. Furthermore, experimental results reveal that this studied MOS‐HEMT is feasible for use at high temperatures.
In Situ Formation of Polysulfonamide Supported Poly(ethylene glycol) Divinyl Ether Based Polymer Electrolyte toward Monolithic Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Wen Huijie , Yue Liping , Chai Jingchao , Ma Jun , Hu Pu , Ding Guoliang , Wang Qingfu , Liu Zhihong , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan
Published: November 2016

Sodium ion battery is one of the promising rechargeable batteries due to the low‐cost and abundant sodium sources. In this work, a monolithic sodium ion battery based on a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, MoS2 layered anode, and polyether‐based polymer electrolyte is reported. In addition, a new kind of polysulfonamide‐supported poly(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether based polymer electrolyte is also demonstrated for monolithic sodium ion battery via in situ preparation. The resultant polymer electrolyte exhibits relatively high ionic conductivity (1.2 mS cm−1) at ambient temperature, wide electrochemical window (4.7 V), and favorable mechanical strength (25 MPa). Moreover, such a monolithic Na3V2(PO4)3/MoS2 sodium ion battery using this polymer electrolyte delivers outstanding rate capability (up to 10 C) and superior cyclic stability (84%) after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C. What is more essential, such a polymer electrolyte based soft‐package monolithic sodium ion cell can still power a red light emitting diode lamp and run finite times without suffering from any internal short‐circuit failures, even in the case of a bended and wrinkled state. Considering these aspects, this work no doubt provides a new approach for the design of a high‐performance polymer electrolyte toward monolithic sodium ion battery with exceptional rate capability and high safety.
In Celebration of Virginia Olesen's Uncanny Sociological Eye
Authors: Clarke Adele E. , Ruzek Sheryl Burt
Published: November 2016

Symbolic interactionism dwells deep in the intellectual bones of Ginnie Olesen, manifest in sundry ways across a long and ambitious academic career. Here, we briefly sketch her background and then trace her scholarship featuring her interactionist and feminist contributions in four main areas: professional socialization, women, health and healing studies, qualitative methods/feminist methodologies, and the sociology of emotions/interactionist social psychology of illness. We conclude with cherished memories.
Impact of aspirin on trophoblastic invasion in women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler at 11–14 weeks: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Scazzocchio E. , Oros D. , Diaz D. , Ramirez J. C. , Ricart M. , Meler E. , González de Agüero R. , Gratacos E. , Figueras F.
Published: November 2016

Objective

Defective trophoblastic invasion is a key feature in many cases of pre‐eclampsia (PE). Uterine artery (UtA) Doppler is a validated non‐invasive proxy for trophoblastic invasion. The aim of this study was to explore whether low‐dose aspirin, administered from the first trimester, improves trophoblastic invasion, evaluated by UtA Doppler during the second and third trimesters in women defined as high risk by abnormal first‐trimester UtA Doppler.

Methods

This randomized Phase‐II study had a triple‐blind, parallel‐arm, controlled design. Singleton pregnancies with abnormal mean UtA Doppler at 11–14 weeks and absence of other major risk factors for PE received 150 mg extended‐release aspirin or identical‐appearing placebo tablets from study inclusion to 28 weeks. Main outcome measure was UtA pulsatility index (PI) at 28 weeks' gestation. Secondary outcomes included frequency of development of PE and growth restriction/small‐for‐gestational age (SGA).

Results

A total of 155 women completed the follow‐up and were analyzed. No difference in mean UtA-PI was found between women in the aspirin and placebo groups at 28 weeks (mean UtA‐PI Z‐score (mean ± SD), 0.99 ± 1.48 vs 0.85 ± 1.25; P = 0.52). Seven women developed PE: four (5%) in the aspirin group and three (4%) in the placebo group. There was a trend toward lower incidence of SGA in the aspirin group (8.8% vs 17.3%; P = 0.11).

Conclusion

In women with defective trophoblastic invasion, as reflected by abnormal UtA Doppler, low‐dose aspirin started in the first trimester does not have a significant effect on UtA impedance as pregnancy progresses; however, the study was underpowered to detect potential small effects . Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.