bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of access to water: livestock farming in the Nyagatare District, Rwanda
Authors: Niyonzima Théophile , Stage Jesper , Uwera Claudine
Published: December 2013

In Rwanda, access to water is seen as a significant constraint to development in both urban and rural areas. The government and foreign donors give priority to improving access to water for agricultural use. In this paper we study whether and, if so, to what extent the revenue generated by livestock farming in the Nyagatare District is affected by the distance that cattle need to go in order to reach the nearest water point. Our findings suggest that this distance does not affect the revenue from livestock farming much, indicating that improved access to water is not a major constraint to livestock farming at present. Therefore, other water needs can be given greater weight.
Critical elements in implementations of just-in-time management: empirical study of cement industry in Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad Imran , Iftikhar Mehwish , Bhatti Mansoor Nazir , Shams Tauqeer , Zaman Khalid
Published: December 2013

In recent years, inventory management is continuous challenge for all organizations not only due to heavy cost associated with inventory holding, but also it has a great deal to do with the organizations production process. Cement industry is a growing sector of Pakistan’s economy which is now facing problems in capacity utilization of their plants. This study attempts to identify the key strategies for successful implementation of just-in-time (JIT) management philosophy on the cement industry of Pakistan. The study uses survey responses from four hundred operations’ managers of cement industry in order to know about the advantages and benefits that cement industry have experienced by Just in time (JIT) adoption. The results show that implementing the quality, product design, inventory management, supply chain and production plans embodied through the JIT philosophy which infect enhances cement industry competitiveness in Pakistan. JIT implementation increases performance by lower level of inventory, reduced operations & inventory costs was reduced eliminates wastage from the processes and reduced unnecessary production which is a big challenge for the manufacturer who are trying to maintain the continuous flow processes. JIT implementation is a vital manufacturing strategy that reaches capacity utilization and minimizes the rate of defect in continuous flow processes. The study emphasize the need for top management commitment in order to incorporate the necessary changes that need to take place in cement industry so that JIT implementation can take place in an effective manner.
Bridges or buffers? Motives behind Immigrants’ Religiosity
Authors: Garcia-Muñoz Teresa , Neuman Shoshana
Published: December 2013

This study reviews and evaluates the motives and incentives behind immigrants’ religiosity, focusing on the two sides of the Atlantic – Europe and the United States. The contribution of the study is mainly empirical, trying to identify indicators for the type of incentive – whether immigrants’ religiosity serves as a ‘bridge’ or a ‘buffer’ in the process of adaptation to the receiving country. The statistical analysis draws on data from several waves of the European Social Survey (ESS), the American General Social Survey (GSS), and the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). Estimation of extended ‘mass participation equations’ and ‘prayer equations’ leads to the following findings: (a) immigrants are indeed more religious than the populations in the receiving countries, both in Europe and in the United States; and (b) while in the United States the religiosity of immigrants serves as a bridge between the immigrants and the local population, in Europe it has mainly the function of a buffer and of a “balm for the soul”. There is an extensive literature on the ‘bridge versus buffer’ (or ‘bridge versus boundary’) theories and their different implications in the United States and in Europe. However, to the best of our knowledge, our paper presents an innovative attempt to disentangle the two types of motives and to show that while the former is more relevant in the United States, the latter dominates in Europe.

JEL codes

J11; J15; Z12; Z13
High-Dose Cytarabine in Induction Treatment Improves the Outcome of Adult Patients Younger Than Age 46 Years With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results of the EORTC-GIMEMA AML-12 Trial
Authors: Willemze Roelof , Suciu Stefan , Meloni Giovanna , Labar Boris , Marie Jean-Pierre , Halkes Constantijn J.M. , Muus Petra , Mistrik Martin , Amadori Sergio , Specchia Giorgina , Fabbiano Francesco , Nobile Francesco , Sborgia Marco , Camera Andrea , Selleslag Dominik L.D. , Lefrère Francois , Magro Domenico , Sica Simona , Cantore Nicola , Beksac Meral , Berneman Zwi , Thomas Xavier , Melillo Lorella , Guimaraes Jose E. , Leoni Pietro , Luppi Mario , Mitra Maria E. , Bron Dominique , Fillet Georges , Marijt Erik W.A. , Venditti Adriano , Hagemeijer Anne , Mancini Marco , Jansen Joop , Cilloni Daniela , Meert Liv , Fazi Paola , Vignetti Marco , Trisolini Silvia M. , Mandelli Franco , de Witte Theo
Published: December 2013

Purpose

Cytarabine plays a pivotal role in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most centers use 7 to 10 days of cytarabine at a daily dose of 100 to 200 mg/m2 for remission induction. Consensus has not been reached on the benefit of higher dosages of cytarabine.

Patients and Methods

The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell' Adulto (GIMEMA) Leukemia Groups conducted a randomized trial (AML-12; Combination Chemotherapy, Stem Cell Transplant and Interleukin-2 in Treating Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia) in 1,942 newly diagnosed patients with AML, age 15 to 60 years, comparing remission induction treatment containing daunorubicin, etoposide, and either standard-dose (SD) cytarabine (100 mg/m2 per day by continuous infusion for 10 days) or high-dose (HD) cytarabine (3,000 mg/m2 every 12 hours by 3-hour infusion on days 1, 3, 5, and 7). Patients in complete remission (CR) received a single consolidation cycle containing daunorubicin and intermediate-dose cytarabine (500 mg/m2 every 12 hours for 6 days). Subsequently, a stem-cell transplantation was planned. The primary end point was survival.

Results

At a median follow-up of 6 years, overall survival was 38.7% for patients randomly assigned to SD cytarabine and 42.5% for those randomly assigned to HD cytarabine (log-rank test P = .06; multivariable analysis P = .009). For patients younger than age 46 years, survival was 43.3% and 51.9%, respectively (P = .009; multivariable analysis P = .003), and for patients age 46 to 60 years, survival was 33.9% and 32.9%, respectively (P = .91). CR rates were 72.0% and 78.7%, respectively (P < .001) and were 75.6% and 82.4% for patients younger than age 46 years (P = .01) and 68.3% and 74.8% for patients age 46 years and older (P = .03). Patients of all ages with very-bad-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and/or FLT3-ITD (internal tandem duplication) mutation, or with secondary AML benefitted from HD cytarabine.

Conclusion

HD cytarabine produces higher remission and survival rates than SD cytarabine, especially in patients younger than age 46 years.
Accommodations Quality for Students Who Are d/Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie W. , Leppo Rachel
Published: December 2013

Students who are d/Deaf or hard of hearing often receive accommodations that are intended to increase access to the educational environment. The authors provide the results of a large national study of accommodations use in secondary and postsecondary settings. The article focuses on three aspects of accommodations use: access, quality, and consistency. The participants were 1,350 professionals working with a diverse group of students who were d/Deaf or hard of hearing in a variety of roles, including educators, administrators, interpreters, vocational rehabilitation agency staff, and allied service providers. Data were collected from both a national survey and a series of focus groups conducted over a 1-year period. The authors discuss the results in light of the crucial nature of accommodations during the transition into a variety of educational, training, and employment options.
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents’ Processing of Pictures and Written Words for Taxonomic Categories in a Priming Task of Semantic Categorization
Authors: Li Degao , Gao Kejuan , Wu Xueyun , Chen Xiaojun , Zhang Xiaona , Li Ling , He Weiwei
Published: December 2013

Inspired by Research by , the authors examined Chinese deaf and hard of hearing adolescents’ responses to pictures for taxonomic categories of basic level (exemplar pictures) preceded by exemplar pictures, and to written words for taxonomic categories of basic level (exemplar words) preceded by exemplar words or by written words for those of superordinate level (category names), in a priming task of semantic categorization. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was manipulated. The adolescents were less aware of taxonomic relations and were more likely to show the advantage of pictures over written words than their hearing counterparts. Their processing of exemplar primes steadily deepened as SOA increased, reaching its deepest level when SOA was 237 ms. Their processing of category names seemed immune to changes in SOA, probably because of their fuzzy representations of taxonomic categories of superordinate level.
Local smoothing for the Schrödinger equation with a prescribed loss
Authors: Christianson Hans , Wunsch Jared
Published: December 2013

We consider a family of surfaces of revolution, each with a single periodic geodesic which is degenerately unstable. We prove a local smoothing estimate for solutions to the linear Schrödinger equation with a loss that depends on the degeneracy, and we construct explicit examples to show our estimate is saturated on a weak semiclassical time scale. As a byproduct of our proof, we obtain a cutoff resolvent estimate with a sharp polynomial loss.
Unitary equivalences for reductive p -adic groups
Authors: Barbasch Dan , Ciubotaru Dan
Published: December 2013

We establish a transfer of unitarity for a Bernstein component of the category of
smooth representations of a reductive $p$-adic group to the associated Hecke algebra,
in the framework of the theory of types, whenever the Hecke algebra is an affine Hecke
algebra with geometric parameters, in the sense of Lusztig (possibly extended by a group
of automorphisms of the root datum). It is known that there is a large class of such
examples (detailed in the paper). As a consequence, we establish relations between
the unitary duals of different groups, in the spirit of endoscopy.
Shearing coordinates and convexity of length functions on Teichmüller space
Authors: Bestvina M. , Bromberg K. , Fujiwara K. , Souto J.
Published: December 2013

We prove that there are Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates for the Teichmüller space of a finite area hyperbolic surface with respect to which the length functions are convex.
Burkholder inequalities for submartingales, Bessel processes and conformal martingales
Authors: Bañuelos Rodrigo , Osȩkowski Adam
Published: December 2013

The motivation for this paper comes from the following question on comparison of
norms of conformal martingales $X$, $Y$ in $\Bbb{R}^d$, $d\geq 2$. Suppose that $Y$
is differentially subordinate to $X$. For $0
1$ is not an integer, which has further interesting applications to stopped
Bessel processes and to the behavior of smooth functions on Euclidean domains. The
inequality for conformal martingales, which has its roots on the study of the $L^p$
norms of the Beurling-Ahlfors singular integral operator, extends a recent result of
Borichev, Janakiraman, and Volberg.
Ricci flow and the metric completion of the space of Kähler metrics
Authors: Clarke Brian , Rubinstein Yanir A.
Published: December 2013

We consider the space of Kähler metrics as a Riemannian submanifold of the space of Riemannian metrics, and study the associated submanifold geometry. In particular, we show that the intrinsic and extrinsic distance functions are equivalent. We also determine the metric completion of the space of Kähler metrics, making contact with recent generalizations of the Calabi-Yau Theorem due to Dinew and Guedj-Zeriahi. As an application, we obtain a new analytic stability criterion for the existence of a Kähler-Einstein metric on a Fano manifold in terms of the Ricci flow and the distance function. We also prove that the Kähler-Ricci flow converges as soon as it converges in the metric sense.
On partially and globally overdetermined problems of elliptic type
Authors: Farina Alberto , Valdinoci Enrico
Published: December 2013

We consider some elliptic pde’s with Dirichlet and Neumann data prescribed on some portion of the boundary of the domain and we obtain rigidity results that give a classification of the solution and of the domain. In particular, we find mild conditions under which a partially overdetermined problem is, in fact, globally overdetermined: this enables us to use several classical results in order to classify all the domains that admit a solution of suitable, general, partially overdetermined problems. These results may be seen as solutions of suitable inverse problems—that is to say, given that an overdetermined system possesses a solution, we find the shape of the admissible domains. Models of this type arise in several areas of mathematical physics and shape optimization.
Szegő’s problem on curves
Authors: Totik Vilmos
Published: December 2013

For a system of smooth Jordan curves asymptotics for Christoffel functions is established almost everywhere for measures belonging to Szegő’s class.
The Teitelbaum conjecture in the indefinite setting
Authors: Seveso Marco Adamo
Published: December 2013

Let $f$ be a new cusp form on $\Gamma_0(N)$ of even weight $k+2\geq 2$.
Suppose that there is a prime $p\parallel N$ and that we may write
$N=pN^{+}N^{-}$, where $N^{-}$ is the squarefree product of an even number
of primes. There is a Darmon style ${\cal L}$-invariant ${\cal
L}^{N^{-}}(f)$ attached to this factorization, which is the Orton ${\cal
L}$-invariant when $N^{-}=1$. We prove that ${\cal L}^{N^{-}}(f)$ does not
depend on the chosen factorization of $N$ and it is equal to the other
known ${\cal L}$-invariants. We also give a formula for the computation of
the logarithmic $p$-adic Abel-Jacobi image of the Darmon cycles. This
formula is crucial for the computations of the derivatives of the $p$-adic
$L$-functions of the weight variable attached to a real quadratic field
$K/\Bbb{Q}$ such that the primes dividing $N^{+}$ are split and the primes
dividing $pN^{-}$ are inert.
Zygmund vector fields, Hilbert transform and Fourier coefficients in shear coordinates
Authors: Šarić Dragomir
Published: December 2013

We parametrize the space ${\cal Z}$ of Zygmund vector fields on the unit circle in terms of
infinitesimal shear functions on the Farey tesselation. Then we express the Hilbert transform
and the Fourier coefficients of the Zygmund vector fields in terms of the above parametrization
by infinitesimal shear functions. Finally, we compute the Weil-Petersson metric on the Teichm\"uller
space of a punctured surface in terms of shears.
The Specter of Tantalus: Didactic Latency in De rerum natura
Authors: Holm Seth
Published: December 2013

At the end of his third book, Lucretius concludes his arguments against the fear of death and the neurotic desires brought on by this fear with a metaphor that has been difficult for interpreters to fathom: et sitis aequa tenet vitai semper hiantis (3.1084). This paper offers a new reading of this passage as a tacit reference to the myth of Tantalus, which functions as a latent mythological allegory for chronic psychological dissatisfaction. This reading solves local problems of interpretation and, more significantly, provides insight into the didacticism of Lucretius’s sub-surface polemic against myth.
Caesar’s Comet, the Julian Star, and the Invention of Augustus
Authors: Pandey Nandini B.
Published: December 2013

Octavian is credited with turning a comet seen in 44 b.c.e. into a symbol of Julius Caesar’s divinity and using it to advance his own political aims. Yet historical evidence argues against this account. Moreover, representations of the sidus Iulium (Julian star) on coins and in poetry adopt diverse and autonomous perspectives on the princeps . The idea that Augustus circulated the sidus as part of an image campaign seems instead to originate with Ovid, whose deification narrative at Metamorphoses 15.745–851 retrojected the princeps ’s mature power onto his early career and fueled the belief that Augustus gained and maintained power through propaganda.
A Brief History of Athenian Political Comedy (c. 440–c. 300)
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: December 2013

This paper reassesses the production-pattern of politically engaged comedy of the Aristophanic type, traditionally considered the hallmark of the Old Comic period, in light of recent work on the comic fragments, and finds that such plays were relatively infrequent, produced only when demagogues were ascendant by poets who opposed them, and that this pattern seems to hold for the fourth century as well.
Dolios in Odyssey 4 and 24: Penelope’s Plotting and Alternative Narratives of Odysseus’s νόστος
Authors: Haller Benjamin S.
Published: December 2013

The abortive messages that Dolios almost but never conveys from Penelope to Laertes and from Laertes’ farm to Penelope in Books 4 and 24 of the Odyssey allude to alternative versions of Odysseus’s νόστος in which Odysseus returned to Ithaca with an armed band and expelled the suitors with the knowing collusion of Penelope and Laertes. By referencing these epichoric variants, Homer creates a narrative opening for his original audience to infer that Penelope and Laertes conspire to use the palace and Laertes’ farm as power centers from which to lead the insurrection against the suitors upon Odysseus’s return, while at the same time articulating norms of licit and illicit means of trickery through the divergent fates of Dolios and his “bad seed” offspring Melanthios and Melantho.
The Poetics of the Catalogue in the Hesiodic Theogony
Authors: Faraone Christopher A.
Published: December 2013

Some Hesiodic catalogues praise the individual named last as superlative and worthy of greater description or narrative. This traditional feature reveals different levels of composition. The catalogues of the Muses or the Titans, for example, reveal two versions, one claiming that groups operate collectively and another stressing the individual agency of the last-named sibling (Calliope or Cronus). In other cases the original framework of the catalogue seems to have been extended by additional names that aim at a different compositional scheme. Plato’s myth of the locusts in the Phaedrus (259c–d) and the closing verses of the famous Catalogue of Ships in Iliad 2 may reflect the same phenomenon.
Wackernagel’s Law and the Fall of the Lydian Empire
Authors: Goldstein David
Published: December 2013

This paper offers a novel reading of the Delphic oracle’s response to Croesus’s question of whether he should attack Persia (Herodotus 1), by focusing on a previously unacknowledged feature of the oracular answer: the preposing of the adjective μεγάλην. Preposing is a construction in which an element occurs before the start of the clause proper. In the oracle’s response, preposing serves a corrective function. As preposing creates surface exceptions to Wackernagel’s Law, it is only through an accurate understanding of the “Law” that we can even detect this construction. Working within a framework of (neo-) Gricean pragmatic theory, I detail the semantic and pragmatic contribution of preposing in the oracular response. More broadly speaking, I suggest that Gricean pragmatics can provide new insights into classical texts by offering a principled method for decoding implicit meaning.
A Tale of Two Sisters: Studies in Sophocles’ Tereus
Authors: Coo Lyndsay
Published: December 2013

This paper aims to reassess the role of sister- and siblinghood in the fragmentary Tereus of Sophocles, a play unusual in its dramatization of a close and collaborative relationship between two sisters. The plot hinges on their recognition and reunion, and the all-female bond of sisterhood is shown to outweigh both wife-husband and mother-son obligations. Finally, a close reading of three fragments suggests that the play was characterized by the language and imagery of siblinghood, which reflect the thematic centrality of sisterhood to this tragedy.
Catholic Chaplains in the Civil War
Authors: Fabun Sean
Published: December 2013

Many Catholics, particularly the clergy, saw the American Civil War as an opportunity to demonstrate their legitimacy as Americans. Therefore, the Catholic chaplains ministering to military personnel were not only important outlets of faith for Catholic soldiers who fought in the war but also were ambassadors to the wider American population. Their ministries brought new Catholics into the fold, undermined popular prejudices, and encouraged toleration. The author examines the ministries of these Catholic chaplains, seeking a better understanding of their role in, and perception of, the Civil War and the ways in which they helped to promote Catholicism in the United States.
The Catholic Church in Chile and The Social Question in the 1930s: The Political Pedagogical Discourse of Fernando Vives Del Solar, S.J.
Authors: Bruno-Jofré Rosa
Published: December 2013

The author examines the political pedagogical discourse of Chilean Jesuit Fernando Vives del Solar (1871–1935), focusing on the conceptual field configuring his discourse. Of particular relevance are his repudiation of injustice as a central element of his religious calling, his religious and political formation influenced by European developments, his reading of Pope Leo XIII’s Rerum Novarum , his role in the Social League (Liga Social) , and his confrontations with sectors of the church hierarchy and the Conservative Party. His social work and the crisis leading to his dismissal from the Catholic Action can be understood in the context of new political configurations and a renewed Catholic Christian social language, which were eventually manifested in the Falange Nacional and the Christian Democratic Party.
A Digital Tutorial for Ancient Greek Based on John Williams White’s First Greek Book
Authors: Rydberg-Cox Jeff
Published: December 2013

This article describes a hybrid approach to Ancient Greek that combines online tutorial exercises with flexible face-to-face meetings and assessment within the Blackboard Course Management System. The goal of this system is to enable the Classics program at the University of Missouri-Kansas City to offer its three-course beginning Greek sequence concurrently so that students begin in any semester, work independently online while receiving any necessary help in a tutorial environment from the professor or a peer tutor, and continue their Greek studies at any time during their academic career without being constrained by a rigid three-semester rotation.
The Landscape and Heritage of Pindar’s Olympia
Authors: Eckerman Christopher
Published: December 2013

Olympia provided Pindar with material that he could use in his narratives of praise, and Pindar manipulated the primeval landscape, the ancient man-made monuments, and the mythological heritage of Olympia. Whether using Alpheios, the hill of Kronos, the Pelopion, or the ash altar of Zeus, Pindar weaves rich connections between the heritage-laden physical landscape of Olympia and his patrons, so that his patrons can bolster their social status. Similarly, Pindar composes myths that revolve around the origins of Olympia, astutely connecting ancient and contemporary practice to reinforce the importance of the present moment’s ideological relationship to the past.
The Necklace of Eriphyle and Pausanias’ Approach to the Homeric Epics
Authors: Duffy William S.
Published: December 2013

Pausanias’ debunking of the necklace of Eriphyle at Amathus at Pausanias 9.41.2–5 provides evidence about one of the key elements of his writing style: his use of the Homeric epics. Pausanias rests virtually his entire argument about the necklace on a single line of the Odyssey , despite the existence of more developed alternatives. This confidence in the exact wording of Homer is consistent with examples from elsewhere in the Periegesis . However, it is fundamentally different from the approach other Roman-era Greek writers and other Greek historians and geographers. Pausanias may therefore have had a unique approach to the Iliad and Odyssey.
Velleius Paterculus: The Soldier and the Senator
Authors: Connal Robert T.
Published: December 2013

Velleius Paterculus spent many years as soldier and senator before writing his brief history in honor of Marcus Vinicius. In this paper, I suggest that his history reveals tensions between the public attitudes of Velleius the senator and the opposing convictions of Velleius the former soldier. While the senator dutifully praises the peace brought about by Augustus and Tiberius, the soldier continues to distrust peace, and to consider war the proper business of a Roman. This leads Velleius to undermine his praise of Augustan and Tiberian virtues, when he finds them inappropriate to actual or potential foreign enemies.
Pederasty and Flavian Family Values in Statius, Siluae 2.1
Authors: Busch Austin
Published: December 2013

Statius, Siluae 2.1 represents Melior’s relationship with the boy Glaucias as both paternal and erotic, at once commemorating the man’s love for his recently deceased alumnus and giving voice to anxiety that some readers, for a variety of reasons, may have felt about the profoundly intimate relationship he enjoyed with his slave and deliciae . Statius subtly likens their relationship to treatment of slave boys that Domitianic moral legislation innovatively rendered illicit, problematizing masters’ removal of child slaves from their parents’ care for sexual use. Siluae , book 2 in fact contains a number of consolatory poems that raise questions about the treatment of slaves.
Augustus’ Mime of Life (Suetonius, Aug . 99.1)
Authors: Power Tristan
Published: December 2013

This paper defends the reading mimum in the death scene of Suetonius’ Life of the emperor Augustus. This reading is supported by the evidence of the biographer’s manuscript tradition, a similar passage in Cicero, and the parallel report by the historian Dio.
A Note on Alcibius and the Structure of Nicander’s Theriaca
Authors: Overduin Floris
Published: December 2013

The editor of the modern standard text of Nicander’s Theriaca transposed lines 541–556 from their original place and inserted them between lines 508 and 509. His reasons are defensible from a technical point of view, but in this way the compositional structure of the poem is harmed unwantedly. This note suggests maintaining the original structure, based on the mirrored presence of the hunter Alcibius in the poem. This dual presence itself mirrors two earlier digressions in the poem. Aesthetic arguments should thus prevail over practical ones.
“Christ the Power and Wisdom of God”: Biblical Exegesis and Polemical Intertextuality in Athanasius’s Orations against the Arians
Authors: Anatolios Khaled
Published: December 2013

Three times in the Orations against the Arians , Athanasius quotes from Asterius’s exegesis of 1 Cor 1.24. In this paper, I show how Athanasius extracts four motifs from this discussion, and uses them to distinguish his own doctrinal position from Asterius, Marcellus, and Eusebius of Caesarea: the eternity of the Son; the Son’s being as “proper to the essence of the Father”; the co-existence of Father and Son; and the generativity of the divine nature. Athanasius hides this complex engagement in order to achieve a polemical simplification of the post-Nicene debates into the binary framework of “orthodoxy” vs. “heresy.”
The Triumph of Pro-Nicene Theology over Anti-Monarchian Exegesis: Cyril of Alexandria and Theodore of Heraclea on John 14.10–11
Authors: Crawford Matthew R.
Published: December 2013

This article begins by identifying a previously unknown quotation in Cyril of Alexandria’s Commentary on the Gospel of John as an extract from the Johannine commentary of Theodore of Heraclea, a leading member of the fourth-century Eusebian alliance. I argue that the relevant fragment from Theodore’s commentary dealing with John 14.10–11 reveals his attempt to oppose Marcellus’s Monarchian exegesis of John 10.38. In order to do so he drew upon third-century anti-Monarchian authors, most notably Origen. Cyril responded to Theodore’s exegesis in a thoroughly pro-Nicene fashion, demonstrating that his exegesis fell short of the pro-Nicene consensus that developed in the latter half of the fourth century. Cyril’s chief criticisms of Theodore’s exegesis are that he applied corporeal categories to the Son, that he implied that the Son does not share the Father’s infinity, and that he failed to adequately distinguish the Father/Son relationship from the Creator/creation relationship. This small episode highlights the shifting doctrinal concerns from the fourth to the fifth centuries, as well as the centrality of biblical exegesis to theological formulation during these years.
Experience, Freedom, and Canon in the Work of Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Samellas Antigone
Published: December 2013

This article explores the notion of experience in the work of Gregory of Nyssa. It examines the nature of the qualified empiricism of the Cappadocian Father and its relation to some of the basic assumptions of the school of Medical Empiricism. Its main thesis is that the key reason for Gregory’s valorization of experience as an inevitable step to one’s moral maturation was his conviction that only through the exercise of their free will might humans learn to be virtuous. The article also examines in what sense experience conferred authority on the spiritual guide and Gregory’s debt to the Greek philosophical tradition in his understanding of the notion of the ‘canon.’
Helena: The Subversive Persona of an Ideal Christian Empress in Early Byzantium
Authors: Georgiou Andriani
Published: December 2013

The present paper explores the ways in which the social memory of the mother of Constantine the Great was reconstructed, judged, and appreciated between the late fourth and ninth centuries, in an effort either to qualify or challenge commonly held perceptions of her. My evaluation of the symbolic significance that clergy and laity accorded to Helena broadens our understanding of the official position of empresses in the world of Byzantine politics: both empress and emperor mattered in terms of power, without suggesting that the former was of equal importance to the latter. The portrayals of Helena involve their own paradoxical and subversive qualities.
Jerome’s She-Wolf
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2013

Patricia Cox Miller has shown how Jerome’s ambivalent Christian desert is encapsulated in the Vita Pauli by the mythological centaur and satyr, creatures that were both hypersexual threats and helpful guides. This note suggests that Jerome uses the she-wolf ( lupa ) in a similar way. The lupa ’s association in Roman culture with the prostitute suggests, on the one hand, the erotic dangers of Antony’s relationship with Paul. On the other hand, its role in Rome’s foundation myth also implies nurture and the regenerative capabilities of monastic life.
Transcendental Meditation: Sustainability Studies and Dickinson’s Breath
Authors: Curran Jesse
Published: December 2013

This essay frames Dickinson as a poet relevant to contemporary ecological thinking and sustainability studies by examining the meditative awareness embedded in her poetic production. In particular, the essay theorizes Dickinson’s “breath poetics,” or the consistent attention she drew to conscious breathing, as a tool to endure suffering that also serves as the metaphorical vitality of her verse. Turning to poems such as “Through what transports of Patience” (Fr 1265), “I’ve dropped my brain - my soul is numb” (Fr1088), “Pain - has a Element of Blank - ” (Fr760), and “Great streets of silence lead away” (Fr1166), Dickinson’s breath poetics are read in relation to instances of temporal dissolution and dilation, punctuated pauses, and deixis, which signal textual inscription of meditative consciousness. In order to frame Dickinson’s breath poetics as a sustainable practice, the essay turns to Buddhist and Yogic texts, which offer fluid and established discourses concerning the distinct and interdependent stages of meditative engagement. In addition, the essay situates Dickinson’s contributions within a tradition of American meditation as articulated by Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, Olson, Cavell, and Cameron. And while this essay positions Dickinson in relation to Eastern meditative philosophies, it also substantiates this move by establishing her as a poet relevant to the deployment of sustainability praxis. Breath awareness facilitates a presentminded capacity to both entertain and endure the epistemological rupture implicit in fronting the radical interconnectivity and related personal responsibility associated with ecological awareness.
Emily Dickinson’s Asian Consumption
Authors: Hsu Li-Hsin
Published: December 2013

This essay investigates Emily Dickinson’s depictions of Asia by looking at the notion of material, especially narcotic, consumption in five of her poems. Although she rarely travelled, her Asiatic landscape oscillates between literary Orientalism, sensationalist reportage, and patriotic commentaries to account for the geopolitical contestation between Asia, Europe, and the United States. The relationship between the East and the West in the mid-nineteenth century was punctuated by several international encounters, such as the Anglo-Sino Opium Wars and Sino- American peace treaties. These poems of Asian representation, with their focus on the intricate relationship between possession and consumption, especially as seen through the Western employment of Asian workers and consumption of Asian material and cultural goods, reflect Dickinson’s deeper understanding of the transglobal interchange of her time. The paper looks at how her Boston Chinese Museum experience, in which opium consumption featured prominently, might have influenced Asiatic representation in her poems. It also examines the depictions of Chinese immigrants in the American West by Dickinson’s correspondents, such as Samuel Bowles and Helen Hunt Jackson, to see how they provide a fertile ground for Dickinson to conceive her Asiatic landscapes. By exploring how the social and cultural portrayals of Asia are adopted and appropriated in these poems, the essay suggests that they indicate Dickinson’s consistent engagement with an emerging consumer society in America that involved a transglobal circle of production and consumption, and her poems expose its problematic process that promoted international exchange but did not necessarily guarantee equality, progress or liberty. Furthermore, Dickinson’s positioning of the United States between the old worlds of Asia and Europe implies her early receptiveness to the patriotic discourses of her time, and her later, more reflective stance on United States culture. Her Asian “consumption” in these poems, particularly her association of Asia with consumerism and narcotic consumption, simultaneously evokes and unsettles the intended control of contemporary Orientalist discourses concerning the racial other.
Deconstructing Dickinson’s Dharma
Authors: Katz Adam
Published: December 2013

Often in comparison with Eastern thought, Dickinson’s poetry has been interpreted in terms of how it deploys an apophatic modality to negate or silence language in favor of various figurations of the transcendent. Conversely, her poetry has also been interpreted as proleptic of postmodernism by deploying a semiotic modality to block transcendence and return the reader to the immanence of the text’s language. Both these interpretations view Dickinson as witness to a gulf between immanent language and its transcendent referent, though the interpretations diverge in terms of which side of this gulf they see her pursuing and valuing. While in many respects incompatible, these two interpretations have both been so convincingly argued that they point to a third modality that encompasses both. This essay uses the term “communication” to describe the intricate co-presence of the apophatic and semiotic modalities within individual Dickinson poems. The essay concludes that Theravada Buddhism, which has not yet been compared to Dickinson’s thinking, is an especially illuminating comparative paradigm for her poetics of communication.
Dickinson’s “power to die” from a Transcultural Perspective
Authors: Kang Yanbin
Published: December 2013

Whereas most Western scholars emphasize the rebellious, bold, and highly selfconscious Dickinson, there is another side of her poetry that is illuminated by seeing her affinities with Daoism and Chan Buddhism, and in particular their highly valued qualities of passivity and peace. Words like passive, inactive, or bland, although they sound condemnatory to Western ears, are positive attributes within the context of these Chinese philosophies. Non-desire, non-contention, non-ego, and non-action marked by a detached blandness are illustrated in her image clusters. This essay will highlight this strand of negative wisdom celebrated in some of her poems, both by marking general similarities between Dickinson’s poetry and the teachings of Dao and by developing the idea epitomized by what she calls the “power to die” in “My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun - ” (Fr764).
The Junghar Mongol Legacy and the Language of Loyalty in Qing Xinjiang
Authors: Brophy David
Published: December 2013

In light of recent scholarly interest in the Qing empire’s handling of ethnic and religious differences, David Brophy explores the place of Islam, and the Muslims of Xinjiang, within the Qing imperium. Qing multilingualism and ideological pluralism rarely extended to the language and faith of Xinjiang’s Muslims. Some scholars have seen this as evidence that the Qing sought, but ultimately failed, to treat the Muslims of Xinjiang as one of its constituencies. Through an analysis of translation practices, Brophy argues that the Qing had a view of Inner Asian Muslims that derived from the latter’s role as go-betweens in diplomatic and trade relations with the Junghar Mongols. As a result, Qing officials found among these Muslims collaborators who were capable of meeting the Qing empire on the common ground of Mongolian concepts of rulership; thus they felt no need to develop a distinctly Islamic justification for ruling in Xinjiang.
Legacy of Success: Office Purchase and State-Elite Relations in Qing China
Authors: Zhang Lawrence
Published: December 2013

Revisiting the enduring debate on meritocracy in late imperial Chinese history, Lawrence Zhang examines the system of office purchase ( juanna 捐納) and its effects on the composition and nature of Qingdynasty officialdom. Through extensive quantitative analysis of the number of officials who purchased their way into the bureaucracy, and by weighing the costs and benefits of the juanna institution, Zhang argues that this institution was no less important than the civil service examinations in the recruitment of bureaucrats by the imperial center. Wealth was the key to unlocking this path of advancement and continued to play a role in the competition for success even among those who had already been certified as eligible for office. Those who purchased offices were given guarantees for appointments, an advantage that was afforded to no other group and opened up the possibility of hereditary office-holding among nationally prominent families.
Inscribing and Ascribing Merit: Buddhist Vows and the Hōryūji Shaka Triad
Authors: Walley Akiko
Published: December 2013

Akiko Walley reconsiders the long-debated question of the reliability of an inscription on the back of the mandorla of the seventh-century bronze Shaka triad at the Golden Hall of Hōryūji, Nara. First, she analyzes the function of inscriptions on Buddhist statues in the seventh-century archipelago by focusing on precisely where they were placed. Although these inscriptions appeared on the surface of the statues, they were, she observes, typically positioned away from the gaze of general worshipers. Accordingly, Walley argues that the inscriptions were meant as private communications whose purpose was to reaffirm significant family connections that had been lost through death. Next, Walley demonstrates that the Kashiwade family, which was named as the chief commissioner of the Shaka triad in its inscription, was in dire need of such affirmation; on the basis of this finding, she concludes that the inscription was likely placed at the moment of the statue’s origin.
Into the Sunset: Ch’ŏndogyo in North Korea, 1945–1950
Authors: Young Carl
Published: December 2013

Ch’ŏndogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way) was active in both the religious and political spheres during the Japanese colonial period between 1910 and 1945. Ch’ŏndogyo believers and organizations were important in the March First Movement of 1919 and various moderate nationalist movements in the 1920s and 1930s. Most of its membership was located in the northern provinces of Korea during this time. The division of the peninsula strongly affected Ch’ŏndogyo in both the northern and southern zones and eventually contributed to the weakening of its religious and social organizations on both sides of the dividing line. This article will focus on developments in Ch’ŏndogyo in what became North Korea, taking into account both internal and external processes. National division led to the creation of separate religious and political organizations in the North and the South because of the increasing difficulties in communication between the two zones. In the North, tensions between those within the religion that favored increasing cooperation with the nascent Communist regime and those that wanted greater religious and political autonomy eventually led to the end of autonomy for Ch’ŏndogyo’s political party, the Ch’ŏndogyo Ch’ŏngudang (Ch’ŏndogyo Young Friends’ Party), and the destruction of its religious institutions.
North Korean Refugees and the Politics of Evangelical Mission in the Sino-Korean Border Area
Authors: Jung Jin-Heon
Published: December 2013

This article examines evangelical missionary work intimately tied with humanitarian aid for North Korean refugees in the Sino-North Korean border area as an emblem of South Korean churches’ North Korean mission. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, with limited access to certain field sites due to local security concerns, I shed light on refugees’ religious conversion as a complex cultural project and process in which ideas of and practices for religious freedom and salvation become immensely contested in the very logic of “saving,” in both humanitarian and biblical terms. My primary concerns in this Chinese context are twofold: the problems of evangelical missionary works associated with universal human rights discourses and the church as an intra-ethnic contact space where refugees’ religious and social lives are pre-figured. Based on fieldwork in the Yanbian area, this ethnography discusses empirical questions about religious conversion, intra-ethnic interactions, and salvation.
The Posal between the Mudang and Buddhist: In-between and Bypassing
Authors: Bruno Antonetta L.
Published: December 2013

Buddhism and Musok in Korea have been closely interrelated in many ways for a long time. Their affinities and similarities are acknowledged in terms of inclusiveness, inter-relationships and syncretism, while their differences are underlined by exclusiveness and specificities. In the classification of religions Musok is considered a popular religion, not an institutionalized religion like Buddhism. There has been little scholarly interest in the religious phenomenon that stands between Musok and Buddhism. This space is occupied by the hybrid religious figure of the posal . The posal is a religious officiant sharing her name with Buddhist officiants and also displaying similarities in her religious practices with the mudang . The posal ’s religious identity, as I argue in this paper, threatens Musok and Buddhism. From the posal ’s perspective, Musok and Buddhism are both institutional and thus have clearly outlined beliefs. Indeed, from this perspective, Musok is not less institutionalized than Buddhism. The analysis of the relationship between the posal and Musok and between the posal and Buddhism is based on data collected from mudang and Buddhist blogs and other websites. The discourse analysis will demonstrate the ambiguous boundaries of identities between the religious figures of the mudang , posal and Buddhists and how the posal ’s lack of institutional identity and status cause the mudang and Buddhist to use their institutional authorities to curse the posal in two respects: spiritually and socially.
Buddhists in the Two Koreas: North-South Interactions
Authors: Senécal Bernard
Published: December 2013

Northern Buddhists are often described as the “most active and powerful” North Korean religious organization. Moreover, many Korean Buddhists see their tradition as an indigenous one, unlike Christianity, which they deem “imported.” Accordingly, Buddhist representatives from both sides of the DMZ believe that a merger of North and South Korean Buddhism is an essential key to the peninsula’s reunification. However, that vision comes up against a number of obstacles. Firstly, no matter how dynamic it is, the Chobulyŏn 朝佛聯, which is the North Korea’s sole Buddhist body, has remained subordinate to the Chuch’e sasang 主體思想 (or Juche, Self-Reliance ideology) since its birth in 1972. Secondly, many Southern Christian groups, untroubled by their “imported nature”, compete fiercely with Buddhists for the religious conquest of the North. Thirdly, two other factors have hampered the efforts made by Southern Buddhists to get closer to their Northern counterparts: the lack of continuity characterizing the reunification policies of the last four Southern presidential administrations; and the Chogyejong’s 曹溪宗 lack of autonomy regarding those policies. Despite these obstacles, Venerable P’ŏpt’a 法舵 (b. 1945), alias the Bodhisattva of Reunification, maintains that it is imperative to keep engaging North Korean Buddhists as they are, and to keep providing material help to Northerners—especially food—through Buddhist channels. Doing otherwise would not only be counter to the spirit of universal compassion which typifies Mahāyāna Buddhism, but also leave Southern Buddhists unprepared in the case of unexpected political changes in P’yŏngyang.
Mapping Japan in Chosŏn Korea: Images in the Government Report Haedong chegukki
Authors: Robinson Kenneth R.
Published: December 2013

The Chosŏn Korea government compiled a handbook on relations with Japanese and Ryukyuan contacts in the early 1470s. This report, titled Haedong chegukki and extant today as a printing from 1512, included several maps of Japan prepared by the Chosŏn government. Historians of cartography and foreign relations commonly refer to these images as Japanese Gyōki-style maps of Japan based upon the design of the Japanese islands and provinces. However, Korean mapmakers compiled these maps to be read and for state use, thus placing Japan as a foreign country and inscribing into the images discourses of interaction that would be legible to government officials.