bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL OUTLINE OF DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR ESCAPE FROM A SPECIALIZED TREATMENT INSTITUTION
Authors: Деркач Я. В.
Published: October 2021

Without going into a discussion about the periodization of the history of Ukrainian legislation, the author notes that we adhere to the generally accepted position, according to which the history of our country is divided into three general periods. The first period – before the revolution of 1917, the second period – from the revolution of 1917 to the declaration of independence of Ukraine in 1991, the third period – from the declaration of independence of Ukraine in 1991 to the present. In the article, the author conducted a study of the historical and legal development of the legislation on criminal liability for fleeing from a specialized medical institution (from Russkaya Pravda to the Criminal Code of 1903). As a result of the study, the author found that during the reign of «Russkaya Pravda» there are the first mentions of cases of coercion to the mentally ill. Moreover, for a long time Ruska Pravda and customary law operated in the Ukrainian territories as the main sources of regulation of legal relations. The third Chapter of the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishment of 1845 reflected the question «On the imposition of punishment for crimes» In Art. 98 the legislator provides a list of reasons for which the act should not be at fault. In Art. 101 of the Criminal and Correctional Penal Code of 1845 provided for the imprisonment of patients with mental disorders in the building for the insane. Thus, in the Criminal and Correctional Penal Code of 1845 there were two types of mentally ill persons: from birth and acquired in the process of life. Persons who committed violent crimes and were found to be mentally ill were sent to special homes for the insane for detention and treatment. Exit from which was prohibited until the decision of senior management. There was no criminal liability for fleeing from such houses. Thus, the Criminal and Correctional Penal Code of 1845 can be considered the first criminal law, which provided for the forced removal of sick people from society in special homes for the insane. In 1903, during the reign of Russian Emperor Nicholas II (Romanov), a new collection of criminal law was approved under the title «Criminal Code» of March 22. In the Criminal Code of March 22, 1903, the provisions contained in the Criminal and Correctional Penal Code of 1845 were revised. Rape has been added to the list of criminal acts for which the mentally ill are sent for involuntary treatment.
FACTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF AMBASSADORS OF THE GALICIAN REGIONAL SEJM
Authors: Криховецький І. З.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the legal basis of the organization of the Galician Sejm, defines the process of factional organization of Ukrainian and Polish ambassadors. It is the Sejm faction that qualifies as a voluntary association of deputies of the Sejm with the aim of clear organization of work and internal communication. Given that the legal basis for the organization of the Sejm factions in the XIX century. did not exist, deputies were guided solely by practical needs – the presence of 15 votes to make a decision on the Sejm or block the resolution. In addition, the Sejm factions of Ukrainian and Polish ambassadors were formed taking into account national and political factors. At the same time, the Ukrainians were dominated by the national, which, given the small number of ambassadors, allowed to effectively oppose the Poles. For Poles, the political current was dominant, because from the first years of the Sejm's existence, 5 political currents-parties stood out among them, forming their own factions in the Sejm, which even had different views on the «Ukrainian question». It is noteworthy that during the 1860s and 1870s Ukrainian deputies joined Polish Sejm factions, and vice versa – Polish deputies of rural origin were often members of the Ukrainian Sejm faction «Russian Club», because they were guided primarily by social issues. The social affiliation of deputies had a significant influence on factional and general Sejm activities. Thus, if in the 1860s and early 1870s the Ukrainian Sejm ambassadors were dominated by representatives of the clergy, it was only at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. political leadership passes to the secular intelligentsia – lawyers, lawyers. Instead, among the Polish political factions, power belonged to the secular intelligentsia, who belonged to the wealthy strata of society. At the same time, it was the Ukrainian Sejm faction that differed in its clear organizational design and discipline. It is stated that for more than 50 years of the Sejm activity, no normative acts regulating the process of formation of the Sejm factions have been issued either by the central government or by the Sejm itself. The creation of Sejm factions was the competence of the deputies themselves or political groups, which were represented in the highest representative body of the region.
DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS IN UKRAINE: QUESTIONS OF THEORY
Authors: Мандзій С. В.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that the difficult situation in the eastern regions of our country, the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, led to forced internal displacement of persons in Ukraine, and thus the emergence of a new entity that needs rights and freedoms. The legal form of state fixation of relations that arise in the system of its relations with a person, as well as the relations of persons with each other, is carried out precisely by normative consolidation of a set of rights and obligations that form the legal status of the subject. In this context, the category of the structure of this legal phenomenon, and hence the elements that are part of its content, becomes important. The purpose of this article is to study the structural elements that are part of the legal status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, the analysis of the interaction of such elements of the structure with each other and with other legal phenomena. The article is devoted to research of problematic issues of determining the structural elements of the legal status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, analysis of relationships between them, as well as other legal phenomena that affect the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of this entity. Author analyzes various doctrinal approaches to the issue of filling the internal structure of the legal status and on this basis proposes those elements that are part of the structure of this legal category. In particular, it is proved that the position of scholars regarding the allocation of a narrow and broad approach to determining the structural elements of the legal status is quite artificial. It is emphasized that freedoms should also be considered as a structural element of a person's legal status, as they are formally defined in regulations. This is confirmed by the very title of the second section of the Basic Law of Ukraine: "Rights, freedoms and responsibilities of man and citizen." Moreover, the second article of the Law of Ukraine “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons” stipulates that Ukraine shall take all possible measures provided by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, international treaties, which have been approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. observance of the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons.
LEGAL ACTIVITY AS A VARIETY OF LEGAL WORK
Authors: Анохін В. О.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that in terms of building the rule of law in Ukraine, administrative and tax reform, proclamation of the strategy of European integration of Ukraine, harmonization of domestic legislation to the conditions of the European Union, legal work plays an important role. Since the implementation of legal work, firstly, requires certain legal knowledge, and secondly, to carry out legal work is impossible without certain organizational and governmental powers, so defining the essence of legal work, we can say that this is a specialized activity of persons with legal knowledge and organizational powers, organizes the implementation of legislation and thus ensures a certain level of legality in the activities of the entity. It is emphasized that the essence of legal work is manifested in the fact that it is a set of measures to comply with state discipline and legality in business, management, executive and administrative activities and other spheres of life in order to ensure the fullest exercise of rights and obligations languages of the subjects of legal relations in the observance, protection and defense of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of man and citizen, as well as the interests of enterprises, institutions, organizations and the state. It has been found that any social activity is based on certain principles. The principles of legal practice are enshrined in the texts of regulations, as well as in acts of corporate importance, research and development. There is a relationship between the principles of law and legal forms of society in which these principles are embodied, so in the field of legal work there are principles of law, which, on the one hand, are the ideological basis of legal activity, as ideal scientific constructions or models of activity. and a form of theoretical understanding of reality, and on the other hand, as enshrined in the texts of regulations - constitute its regulatory framework. It is determined that the main principles of legal activity should include: legality of the lawyer's actions and his decisions; equality of subjects before law and law; independence of the lawyer in conducting business from own interests and external pressure; impartiality, validity of decisions; professionalism; justice, humanity, democracy, etc.
TO THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING THE CONCEPT, ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE REGION
Authors: Загрійчук М. Ю.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that despite the development of digital technologies in most countries, in Ukraine this process has been hampered by many trends that have remained since the Soviet Union and in fact denied any digital development. However, today the digital transformation is a matter of national importance, in particular, in terms of development of individual regions of the country. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legislation and scientific views of a number of domestic scientists, on the basis of which the author's definition of the concept of "digital transformation of regions" is proposed. Existing examples of the introduction of digital technologies in the life of the regions are analyzed. It is emphasized that the digital transformation of the regions is a set of various measures of both national nature and those applied by local authorities, as well as directly by local governments. A large number of strategies, concepts and programs have been developed in this area, each of which provides for the creation and operation of mobile services, Internet resources, data banks, information systems and other digital innovations. It is concluded that the content of digital transformation is expressed in the vectors of these activities, which are grouped into groups, each of which is implemented to: first, improve the management of various spheres of society, for example, health, education, security, operation of utilities, local taxation, etc.; secondly, facilitating the interaction of the population of the regions with the authorities and local self-government, in particular, by providing the possibility of "online" communication with the representatives of these bodies and receiving appropriate services/consultations; thirdly, the development of the information infrastructure of the regions, in the perspective of providing accessible and efficient Internet and other means of communication; fourth, the integration of the latest information technologies into the work of local authorities and local governments in order to improve the functionality of their activities.
SYSTEM OF CONTROL OVER THE ENTITIES PROVIDING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Литвин І. І.
Published: October 2021

The study discusses the general principles of building the education system in some foreign countries that are part of the European Union and are allied to Ukraine, were from the Soviet camp and faced similar problems for Ukraine to reform their own state institutions and national legislation (Poland and Estonia), as well as the relevant legal framework. It is noted that Poland began to reform the education system in the 1990s, where the general trend in the management and control of educational institutions is decentralization and increasing the autonomy of the latter. It is emphasized that during 1990-1999, not only at the level of legislation, but de facto local governments began to play a major role in the change and control of secondary education. It is indicated that the main laws regulating the functioning of secondary education are the Laws "On the Education System" of 1991 and the Law "On Education" of 2016. The provisions of the Law "On Education" of 2016 are highlighted, the main links of the Polish secondary education system are revealed. In accordance with the provisions of this Law, the powers of the Minister in the implementation of state policy in the field of secondary education, coordination and control in which aspects are indicated. The role and powers of the curator of education as a special official in exercising control over institutions providing secondary education services in the voivodship are disclosed on the basis of the said Law, it is noted that control over the activities of such institutions. The content of the concept of pedagogical supervision and the role and place in it of the Minister of Education and Science as a representative of the central government, curators of education and school management are revealed. The norms of the Law "On Higher Education and Science" of 2018, which contains norms on the control of higher education institutions in Poland, are covered. The basic administrative and legal bases for the control of education in Estonia in accordance with Estonian national law are also defined.
TO CHARACTERIZE THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY
Authors: Олійник О. О.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that in accordance with the Basic Law of the state in Ukraine recognizes and operates the principle of the rule of law, which provides for the rule of law in society, its basic, fundamental importance in regulating public relations. The effect of this principle ensures the existence and actual effect of legal norms that regulate human life and the relations arising in its context, leaving no room for any alternatives, including norms of morality or religion. At the same time, it is necessary to recognize the fact that different social relations have different intensity of legal regulations expressed in legal documents. This point also concerns the issue of legal support for the activities of the National Council for Anti-Corruption Policy. The special place of this body among other subjects of anti-corruption determines the need to analyze the legal basis of its work and sources of legal status. The purpose of the article is to characterize the legal framework for combating corruption in Ukraine in general, as well as the activities of the National Council for Anti-Corruption Policy in particular. The article, based on the analysis of the current legislation, identifies which laws and regulations are the basis of the National Council for Anti-Corruption Policy. The provisions of each official document are analyzed and the norms regulating separate vectors of work of the National Council are allocated. The key shortcomings of the existing system of normative and legal basis of the work of the National Council on Anti-Corruption Policy have been identified. It is concluded that the legal basis of the National Council for Anti-Corruption Policy is the rules of many legal documents on various aspects of anti-corruption, as well as the organization of certain areas of government, including the President of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Despite the significant number of legal provisions on the basics of its work, most of the rules are indirect and only partially regulate the functioning of the National Council in certain areas. In addition, only one bylaw, the Decree of the President of Ukraine, directly addresses the legal status of the National Council and its key aspects.
LEGAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT OF ACTIVITIES OF ECONOMIC COURTS
Authors: Павлюк І. Ю.
Published: October 2021

Legal bases of organizational, financial and logistical support of commercial courts, which meet the standards of the modern rule of law and contribute to the effective functioning of the judicial system as a whole, are the most important guarantee of the status of judges and quality administration of justice, especially in commercial courts. Subject to full compliance with the principles of organizational support for the functioning of commercial courts, the procedure of commercial litigation is effectively and comprehensively implemented. Given the next round of judicial reform in Ukraine, we can see the relevance of the study primarily as a study of the legal framework for organizational support of commercial courts to establish areas for updating legislation in this area. The purpose of the article is to study and systematize the legal basis of organizational support of commercial courts in Ukraine. The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis of organizational support of commercial courts in Ukraine. There are determined that the components of the mechanism of organizational support of the court are: 1) subjects of management of commercial courts - the President of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Supreme Court, the Commercial Court of Cassation, chairmen of commercial courts, the High Qualification Commission, the High Council of Justice municipality; 2) subjects of organizational support of the activity of commercial courts - the State Judicial Administration and its territorial administration, the staff of commercial courts. It is proposed to disclose legal acts of the state in this area regarding two groups: general and special. The main legal bodies dealing with the organizational support of commercial courts, individual entities, studying their main tasks and strengthening, which is enshrined in the relevant legislation. The constant process of reforming the judicial system and the adoption of relevant bylaws in the framework of organizational support of commercial courts in Ukraine is emphasized.
INTERACTION OF THE NATIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU OF UKRAINE WITH INDIVIDUAL ENTITIES OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE
Authors: Сорський О. І.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine is the only law enforcement agency with a special status that performs the functions of combating and stopping corruption offenses. But, it is obvious that the forces of this state law enforcement body alone cannot qualitatively fight such a negative social phenomenon as corruption in public authorities. It is worth noting that real success in the fight against corruption can be achieved only through constant and fruitful interaction of this body with other public authorities. Moreover, such cooperation is facilitated by a fairly good construction of state bodies that perform various functions and tasks, including the detection and prevention of corruption, and they can really help the National Bureau of Ukraine in the fight against corruption. The article considers some aspects of the interaction of the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine with the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine, the State Audit Office of Ukraine, the National Agency for Prevention of Corruption, law enforcement agencies to detect and combat corruption and crimes, exposing perpetrators of corruption offenses. It was found that the interaction of the National Bureau with the National Agency for Prevention of Corruption has its own specific features and is characterized by the following factors: 1) the method of information exchange (electronic), 2) has a special level of information protection, 3) measures control by the parties to the interaction. A general characteristic of such interaction is that its procedure is clearly defined by laws and regulations of Ukraine and it is carried out in order to perform the tasks and functions assigned to the National Bureau. It is concluded that the interaction is both procedural and managerial in nature. Emphasis is placed on the outdated legal regulation of cooperation between the National Bureau and the State Audit Office of Ukraine and the lack of a legislative procedure for involving the National Bureau as a specialist representative of the State Audit Office of Ukraine.
INSTITUTE OF CONTROL AND SUPERVISION ACTIVITY AND PROCEDURAL INDEPENDENCE OF THE INVESTIGATOR: ASPECTS OF CORRELATION
Authors: Мірковець Д. М.
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the article is to study aspects of the relationship between the procedural independence of the investigator and the institute of control and supervisory activities in the pre-trial investigation, taking into account scientific approaches, modern regulations and law enforcement. Aspects of the relationship between the procedural independence of the investigator and the institute of control and supervision in the pre-trial investigation are studied. The elements of procedural independence of the investigator are determined. The expediency of coordination of the key decisions of the investigator by the head of the pre-trial investigation body is substantiated. It is emphasized that a necessary condition for ensuring the procedural independence of the investigator is the establishment of reasonable limits for the organization of pre-trial investigation. It is no coincidence that a significant number of procedural scholars consider the observance of procedural independence of the investigator as one of the principles of the organization of pre-trial investigation. And there is no need to deprive the head of the pre-trial investigation body of procedural powers. After all, it is this entity, acting on the side of the prosecution and using the procedural powers to organize the investigation, really ensures the legality and validity of the actions and decisions of the investigator, thereby protecting the rights of participants in criminal proceedings. It was found that the independence of the investigator allows him to make procedural decisions (and bear full responsibility for them), evaluating the evidence only on his inner conviction, based on a comprehensive, complete and impartial investigation of all circumstances of criminal proceedings, evaluation of each piece of evidence affiliation, admissibility, reliability, and the set of evidence collected - in terms of sufficiency and interconnectedness. It is concluded that the institute of control and supervision should not deprive the investigator of procedural independence, but, on the contrary, should contribute to the provision of procedural guarantees for participants in criminal proceedings and strengthen the rule of law in investigative activities. Only a properly regulated mechanism for organizing a pre-trial investigation, if properly applied, will not only not limit, but, on the contrary, significantly increase the procedural independence of the investigator and ensure high comprehensiveness, completeness and impartiality of the investigation of criminal proceedings.
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROBLEMS OF OPERATIONAL AND EXPLORATORY DOCUMENTATION
Authors: Саковський А. А.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the article is that the Constitution of Ukraine stipulates that a person, his life and health, honor and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in our state as the highest social value. The activity of law enforcement bodies and judicial authorities in the state is aimed at ensuring the implementation of this provision of the Basic Law of Ukraine. Protection of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities is one of the tasks of criminal proceedings which is achieved through the implementation of others - by prompt and full disclosure of crimes, exposing the perpetrators and ensuring the proper application of the Law. The purpose of the article is to determine the current state of scientific developments of operational and investigative documentation in the process of combating crime by units of the National Police of Ukraine. The state of scientific development of problems of operative-search documentation by generalization and systematization of results of monographic works of domestic and foreign scientists, and also scientific researches on the researched subjects, stated in manuals, methodical recommendations, lectures and scientific articles of different historical periods is analyzed. For in-depth study of these issues, the chronological principle of presentation of the material was chosen, which provides an opportunity to highlight the defining ideas and views of the formation of modern operational and investigative documentation. It was found that today, in the legal literature and practice, along with the term "operational documentation" has become widespread concept of "operational and technical documentation" of criminal offenses, as these terms are used not only in forensic, operational and investigative, but also other aspects , where they have different meanings, although identical in meaning, which is the need to ensure compliance of the process of operational and technical documentation of criminal offenses with the requirements of applicable regulations governing the admissibility, procedure and conditions of its implementation. It is stated that the study indicates the need and relevance for modern theory and practice of ORD conducting at the monographic level of a comprehensive study of theoretical, legal and organizational and tactical principles of operational and investigative documentation in the fight against crime by the National Police of Ukraine.
TO THE ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL MEDICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Топчій В. В. , Шаховніна М. О.
Published: October 2021

The urgency of the outlined issues for Ukraine is growing primarily in the context of the reform processes of the health care system of Ukraine and the current criminal legislation. In general, the analysis of the scientific literature shows that the debatable issues regarding the application of the law on criminal liability for illegal medical activities are still unambiguously resolved, which negatively affects law enforcement practice, and therefore requires comprehensive study and development of proposals to improve criminal law in this area. Despite the huge number of examples of illegal medical activities in Ukraine, the issues related to the forensic characterization of these criminal offenses are quite complex in nature, as these criminal offenses have a high level of latency and insufficient functional certainty of prosecution. The article considers some elements of the forensic characteristics of illegal medical activities. forensic characterization of illegal medical activity should be considered as a model of information on forensic evidence of a criminal offense, due to forensic research and practice of the prosecution, which aims to ensure an effective process of its investigation in case of lack of data - circumstances to be established. It is noted that the components of the forensic characteristics are: the method of committing a criminal offense; the circumstances, time and place of the crime; tools and means of committing a criminal offense; trace picture; the identity of the offender and the identity of the victim as interrelated and interdependent elements. It is concluded that in order to avoid illegal medical activity it is necessary: first, to establish by law a body that would control the implementation of medical activities and conduct investigations in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine on crimes against life and health. which is responsible for medical activities; secondly, to hold a series of lectures, seminars, meetings with the public and try to convince them that illegal medical activities can lead to serious consequences; thirdly, to legislate normative legal acts or amend the Criminal Code of Ukraine to establish tougher sanctions against entities engaged in illegal medical activities.
Financial Levers of State Support for Rural Development: European Experience and Domestic Realities
Authors:   Polissia National University, Abramova I. V.
Published: October 2021

The article is aimed at substantiating financial levers of state support for rural development from a theoretical and methodological viewpoint, taking into account European and domestic experience, and at developing practical recommendations for their perfecting. The study has been carried out according to the general methodological scheme of the systemic approach using the following methods: statistical and economic, computational and structural, abstract-logical, comparative and analytical, etc. The European experience of providing state support for rural development is analyzed, and ways to adapt it to the Ukrainian reality are outlined. Taking into consideration the cost structure in the joint budget of the European Union, it is clear that the EU member states pay special attention to solving economic, environmental and social issues in the context of sustainable rural development. It is determined that rural communities in Ukraine are in extremely difficult conditions, as unemployment and poverty remain widespread; the level of social, medical, educational, and cultural services provided for the rural population remains low; the infrastructural development of rural settlements is unsatisfactory. Emphasis is placed on the fact that financial support for agriculture and rural areas in Ukraine is focused mainly on their economic development. It is proved that sustainable rural development will be possible through naturally combining its economic, social and environmental components. It is determined that the key role in this process belongs to the state. It is argued that due to such levers of influence as budget financing, soft loans, tax and investment incentives, etc., the state can positively influence the diversification and development of entrepreneurship, increase jobs and employment in rural areas. Emphasis is placed on the necessity to form a social protection system, as well as cultural basis for rural development, provide support for and improvement of the environmental conditions in rural areas.
Scientific Views on the Structure of the Elements in the Financial Security Management System in Economic Sectors
Authors:   Lviv National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies named after S. Z. Gzhytskyi, Kunytska-Iliash M. V.
Published: October 2021

It has been clarified that the process of ensuring the financial security of the economy is closely correlated with the establishment of an appropriate management system in this area. The article is aimed at substantiating scientific views on the structure of the elements in the financial security management system in economic sectors. To achieve this goal, it is ascertained that the financial security management system of an economy provides for grounding links and means of interaction with both senior systems (financial security of regions and the state, economic security, national security), and lower systems (financial security of enterprises). It is proved that structural aspects of financial security management in an industry relate to constructing an internal system of elements and organizing their interaction in order to form the unique properties and capacity of the system by management areas. A set of structural elements of the financial security management system in an economic sector is determined, which can be divided into several groups, namely: formation of an institutional and management structure; identification of strategic and tactical guidelines; introduction of a system of economic incentives and support; provision of information and analytical monitoring and control tools; and use of regulatory tools. It is proved that the effectiveness of the financial security management system in an industry is largely determined by the quality of the organizational management structure, rational choice of strategic and tactical guidelines, effectiveness of economic incentives and support, coordination of information and analytical monitoring and control, ability to use broad regulatory tools.
Hybrid Threats: Essence, Characteristics, Preconditions for Escalation
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, Kalyuzhna N. H. , Kovtun T. K. ,   Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics
Published: October 2021

The article aims at clarifying the essence of hybrid threats through systematizing their key characteristics and determining preconditions for conflict escalation. Common definitions of hybrid threats are considered and the lack of a unified approach to their interpretation is emphasized given their diversity and comprehensive nature. The high destructive potential of hybrid threats due to their hidden nature and focus on the most vulnerable aspects of the hybrid aggression object are substantiated. The specifics of carrying out hybrid threats in the economic sphere is analyzed, and the example of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation shows that the economic sphere serves as a space for hiding and deformalizing a hybrid conflict. The essence of the synergetic effect made by the synchronous realization of hybrid threats in different confrontation areas is considered. It is demonstrated that the key feature of hybrid conflicts is their staying outside the legally justified intervention of other states and international organizations. Emphasis is placed on the rapid spread of hybrid threats in the economic sphere and on the special risks that conflicts hybridization creates for economically weak states. Another important feature of hybrid threats is identified, namely, the high probability of their escalation due to unforeseen events, the global pandemic COVID-19 in particular. It is substantiated that the expected risk of the post-pandemic period is the transition of most national economies to protectionist policies, which will inevitably increase the risk of hybrid threats escalation for economically weak states due to the desire of more powerful states to protect their national economic interests. Having analyzed the specifics of hybrid threats and understanding hybridity as a result of combining different forms, the authors identify the key characteristics of hybrid threats and further combine them into the following groups according to their essence: general aspects; specifics of methods and tools; areas of implementation; prerequisites for efficiency.
Figuring out the Levels, Types, and Sources of Writing Anxiety Among Undergrad ESL Students in Pakistan
Authors: Solangi Atia Ali , Memon Sadia , Lohar Shoukat Ali
Published: October 2021

Effective English writing skills are essential for students’ academic, professional, and even personal growth. Particularly, in a country where The English language is used as a second language or co-official language. Because Effective writing is considered as an instrument to measure students’ intellectual ability and academic performance. Anxiety/ apprehension can adversely affect students’ English language writing skills due to several factors. The prime objective of this study was to figure out the extent, types, and sources of writing anxiety in undergrad ESL students. 200 ESL undergrad students were selected as the sample for the research study and two survey questionnaires were adopted as a tool for data collection; SLWAI by Cheng (2004) and CWAI by Razaeaia and Jafari (2014). Data analysis indicated that the extent of writing anxiety in undergrad ESL students was moderate and avoidance anxiety was found to be the leading type of anxiety experienced by ESL students. Moreover, fear of writing tests, lack of topic knowledge, pressure for perfection in written work, and fearing of teachers ‘negative comments and evaluations were found as the main sources of writing anxiety in undergrad ESL students.
Utilizing Process Approach through IELTS Essay Practice in Teaching Writing for Medical Students through Online Teaching
Authors: Zanaty Dina
Published: October 2021

Mastering the skill of writing means mastering a very powerful tool of expression. Hence, English language teaching is an integral part of training medical students in Egypt. Developing ‘writing skills’ is essential for their future career after graduation. Due to smartphones, autocorrect devices, and pre-prepared writing templates available online; students lack the competence in a very indispensable skill in their academic progress which is ‘writing’. The main goal of this study is to investigate how ‘writing’ could be developed through the process approach in an academic semester during the period of quarantine in Egypt from 15th of March, 2020 to 30th of May, 2020, which coincidentally became an online teaching semester due to Covid-19 circumstances, an experiment involved (230) students in Oral and Dental Medicine Faculty at Delta University in their first year of study. There was a variety of research methods involved in this paper which included the theoretical and the practical ones in addition to inductive-deductive ones, observation, and analyzing techniques to reach data and statistical values of students. The results revealed a great improvement estimated by more than 60% in students writing performance after the application of this approach and demonstrating an ability to use proper terms and conjunctions in academic writing.
Study on the Continuation Task of China’s New College Entrance Examination Based on the Interactive Alignment Theory
Authors: Ouyang Ying
Published: October 2021

With the extensive implementation of China’s new college entrance examination policy, the Continuation Task in the new college entrance examination has attracted wide attention from the academic circle, which also gives rise to plentiful relevant research. In the past, most of the research only focused on university foreign language education, which was rarely involved in English teaching in primary and secondary schools. Based on the Interactive Alignment Theory, this paper is going to analyze and study the Continuation Task, and try to put forward some teaching strategies for the teaching of the new task, so as to improve student's English proficiency level. According to the research, this paper finds out that "The Continuation Task" can give full play to the alignment effect between reading and writing, promote writing through reading, and thus promote the improvement of students' foreign language proficiency. Therefore, this essay can provide some insights into the teaching of English in high schools.
Repair Practices in Phone Conversations: A Case Study of Chinese English Speakers
Authors: LIU Jiahao , Peng Yiting
Published: October 2021

Repair, one key concept in conversation analysis, usually refers to the ways of dealing with troubles of speaking, understanding, and hearing in the talk (Schegloff et al., 1977). This paper focuses on the latter two trouble sources, i.e., troubles of hearing and understanding. The study here, of a dataset of interactions concerning information inquiries between two Chinese learners of English and eight service employees in hotels or airlines, investigates how the repair is initiated and completed via phone through the perspective of conversation analysis. It mainly explores (a) how trouble sources are identified by the recipient over the phone; (b) how the repair is initiated in phone conversations; and (c) how repair strategies and repair avoidance are used based on the recipients’ identification of the trouble source type and the importance of the mistake or misunderstanding, in the service industry. The results showcase that Chinese English speakers encounter troubles of understanding and hearing in phone conversations frequently. A selection of initiators and strategies are identified, such as repair preface (e.g., ‘I mean’) and pre-framing. The analysis also illustrates that the service personnel involved tend to either accept the customer’s candidate understanding to avoid the repair or continuously make repairs on their own turns to clarify. Such empirical evidence further supports and validates Kitzinger’s (2013) idea that a) specific repair forms and practices are constrained by a range of local factors, and b) people adopt diversified methods and strategies to ‘fix’ troubles of hearing and understanding.
A Pragmatic Study of Humor in Iraqi Facebook Comments
Authors: Merzah Zaid Najah
Published: October 2021

The main goal of this study is to determine how comments are made by Iraqis on Facebook (a social media platform) to express humor and to discover whether these comments follow specific linguistic principles or not. There are millions of humorous comments on different types of posts, but only political posts were chosen in this research because of the importance of these posts. In the writer’s view, the politics of Iraq is greatly important as it dictates much of the situation that people currently live in. This means that there is also a lot of engagement by a lot of persons in Iraq with politics using humor, and there are therefore a large number of political posts using humor. This study relied on a specific method in analyzing data (namely comments selected from Facebook). 28 comments were selected for analysis by determining whether they follow the maxims of cooperative principles on the one hand and whether they follow any form of breaking of cooperative principles from another aspect. The arguments of Attardo were proven where he said that a person cannot be considered uncooperative in the conversation just because he said something funny or tried to be funny (Attardo, 2001). Moreover, the results showed that two forms of maxims of cooperative principle are followed several times, which are the maxims of relation and manner. It also showed that the least principle that is followed is the maxim of quality. There were also instances where maxims were not observed. It was found that the question of whether there would be flouting and violation of rules in the comments is most dependent on the commenter.
Moving Average Indicator and Trade Set-up as Correlates to Investment Trading in Stock Market: Basis for e Predictability Primer
Authors: Alvior Elizabeth B.
Published: October 2021

Moving average (MA) is one of the many indicators that retail investors can be used when trading their investment in the stock market or any financial market. The inclusion of moving average to trade set-up serves as the guidelines of the retail investors to properly execute the trades. The trade set-up with moving average includes different time frames, numbers of MA and MA with combination to other indicators. The 21 Day MA, 3 different timeframes of MA, 21 MA, and 50 MA for the crossover, and indicators like MACD are the most preferred by the retail investors to add in the trade set-up. The retail investor agrees that the moving average indicator is useful when entering and exiting the trades, when finding the Support and Resistance (SAR) area, predicting new trends, a combination of moving average crossover, MA in combination with other technical indicators. The quantitative method is used to emphasize how MA indicators help the investment trading of retail investors and the statistical result shows the significant relationship between the number of time periods or frames like 9, 21, 50, 100, and 200 Moving Average in entering and exiting the trades. Part of the results shows how Moving Average Convergence and Divergence (MACD) in combining to MA results in an insignificant relationship when exiting and entering the trades. Another result about MACD or Volume Analysis in combining to MA when predicting new trends shows an insignificant relationship. This means that moving average indicators and the trade setup with a proper understanding of each can combine and deliver a better investment result to retail investors.
Pleiotropic Effects of MicroRNA in Health and Disease
Authors: Dumitras Eduard Alexandru , Ciocoiu Manuela , Grigoras Ioana
Published: October 2021

MiRNAs are small, 19-25 nucleotides long strands of RNA that are non-coding and control the effects of messenger RNA. With more than 30.000 miRNAs, their roles are extensive. Since their discovery, it has been demonstrated that they are key elements in many important cellular functions, such as homeostasis, metabolism, development, and senescence. Due to rapid scientific progress, the role of miRNAs and the impact of their dysregulation on major human pathologies are being progressively recognized. Increasing evidence suggests their importance in medicine as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy responsiveness, as well as potential therapeutic targets, making them potentially useful tools for clinical practice. This paper aims to review some of the most important and newest miRNAs interrelation with cardiovascular, neurological, renal, autoimmune, hepatic, infectious diseases, and cancer.
Chemical Components of Aqueous Extracts of Melia azedarach Fruits and Their Effects on The Transcriptome of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: PENG HONG , WANG YING-SI , WANG JIE , LI SU-JUAN , SUN TING-LI , LIU TONG , SHI QING-SHAN , ZHOU GANG , XIE XIAO-BAO
Published: October 2021

Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of numerous and varied clinical infections. Crude aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach fruits inhibit the planktonic growth and initial biofilm formation of S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the biofilm topologies became sparse and decreased as the concentration of the aqueous extracts increased. RNA-Seq analyses revealed 532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after S. aureus exposure to 0.25 g/ml extracts; 319 of them were upregulated, and 213 were downregulated. The majority of DEGs were categorized into abundant sub-groups in the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Finally, untargeted UHPLC-MS/MS analyses of the aqueous extracts of M. azedarach fruits demonstrated a highly complex profile in positive and negative electrospray ionization modes. The extracts primarily consisted of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, organoheterocyclic compounds, and benzenoids annotated by abundant lipid maps and KEGG pathways. Overall, this study provides evidences that the aqueous extracts of M. azedarach fruits can control S. aureus infections and sought to understand the mode of action of these extracts on S. aureus.
Glukosa Darah dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Leptobarbus Hoevenii Pada Sistem Resirkulasi
Authors: Putri Febi Febriana , Sugihartono Muhammad , Ghofur Muarofah
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal density of jelawat (L. hoevenii Blkr) fry in rearing with a recirculation system. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, where the treatments were: Treatment A: stocking density 5 fish/L, Treatment B: stocking density 10 birds/L, Treatment C: stocking density 15 birds/L and Treatment D : Stocking density of 20 fish/L. Parameters observed were survival, blood glucose and water quality. The results showed that the average blood glucose was 56 mg/dl and the average survival of jelawat fish was 99.62%. The results of water quality measurements show that the temperature ranges from 28.5o-29 oC, water pH ranges from 6.4-6.7, dissolved oxygen ranges from 5-5.4 ppm, carbon dioxide values ranges from 2.1-5.1 ppm, ammonia ranges from 0.0011-0.0018.