bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular convergence analyses identify candidate genes for low susceptibility to the ash dieback pathogen
Authors: Kelly Laura J. , Coates Sarah E. R. , Lee Steve J. , Rossiter Stephen J. , Buggs Richard J. A.
Published: February 2025

The detection of molecular convergence can be an effective approach for uncovering loci underlying adaptive traits that have evolved independently between lineages. Within the genusFraxinus(ash trees) low susceptibility to the fungal pathogenHymenoscyphus fraxineus, the causative agent of the ash dieback disease (ADB) epidemic, is observed in three independent lineages of known or plausible natural hosts. Here, we seek to identify the genetic basis of this trait, which is key to the future survival ofFraxinus excelsiorpopulations in Europe. We analysed 4,300 protein-coding loci for amino acid convergence between lineages with low susceptibility. After filtering for potential false positives, we find 62 genes that have a signal of excess convergence betweenFraxinuslineages with low ADB susceptibility. Eleven of these loci have additional evidence for a role in defence against fungal pathogens, with a further 17 linked to more general immunity or defence, or to other functions relevant to the response against ADB such as cell wall biogenesis. Two of the loci we detect have previously been identified as differentially expressed inF. excelsiorin response to infection byH. fraxineusin controlled inoculations. The set of candidate loci discovered here complements those reported by previous genomic studies ofF. excelsior, and can be targeted in efforts to mitigate the devastation caused by this deadly disease by informing breeding programmes involving hybridisation and marker-assisted back-crossing.
Influence of a nontrivial Polyakov loop on the quarkonium states
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Dong Lihua , Guo Yun
Published: February 2025

Using a hybrid approach based on a phenomenological heavy-quark potential model and the background field effective theory, we assess the influence of a nontrivial Polyakov loop on the in-medium properties of the heavy quarkonium states. Without resorting to any temperature-dependent parameter, the lattice simulations on the complex heavy-quark potential are well reproduced with the potential model in which the screening masses are determined by the background field effective theory. Because of the reduced screening strength near the deconfining temperature, a nontrivial Polyakov loop leads to a dramatic increase in the binding energies, together with a moderate decrease in the decay widths. In general, a more tightly bounded quarkonium state can be expected, although the increase in the dissociation temperatures is significant only for relatively large-size bounded states. Our results indicate that the background field modification on the binding and decay of the quarkonium states may have a notable impact on the density evolution of quarkonia during the expansion of the fireball, and thus on the final observed quarkonium spectra.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Mechanical loss reduction at low temperature after crystallization in a titania-tantala film
Authors: Murray Peter G. , Steinlechner Jessica , Isa Hafizah Noor , Cummings Rebecca B. , Robie Raymond , Craig Kieran , Abernathy Matthew R. , Bassiri Riccardo , Fejer Martin M. , Hough James , MacLaren Ian , Rowan Sheila , Martin Iain W.
Published: February 2025

Due to its excellent optical properties, such as low absorption and scattering, amorphous Ta2O5 is commonly used as an optical coating material, often in combination with SiO2 layers to produce a highly reflective stack. However, the high mechanical loss of Ta2O5 limits the thermal-noise performance of such coatings when used in precision measurement applications. Doping with TiO2 has previously been shown to slightly reduce the mechanical loss, but it is still very high compared to many other materials, particularly at low temperatures. In this paper, we present a detailed study of different heat treatment temperatures and of Ti concentrations of up to nominally 75%. We show a significant mechanical-loss reduction for the mixture with the highest Ti cation content, which crystallized after heat treatment at 500°C. The resulting loss is much lower than that of pure TiO2 or that of Ta2O5 after crystallization, making further studies highly interesting, in particular investigations of scattering which may pose a major drawback for optical applications.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
A two-in-one expression construct for biophysical and structural studies of the human pregnane X receptor ligand-binding domain, a pharmaceutical and environmental target
Authors: Carivenc Coralie , Laconde Guillaume , Blanc Pauline , Amblard Muriel , Bourguet William , Delfosse Vanessa
Published: February 2025

The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR) is known to crystallize in two different crystal forms, P212121 or P43212, depending on the construct and the strategy used for protein production, as well as the presence or absence of the coactivator-derived peptide SRC-1. In order to facilitate biophysical and structural studies, a versatile construct was designed that allows access to both forms. This was achieved by introducing a thrombin cleavage site between the PXRLBD and the SRC-1 peptide fused to its C-terminus. Here, we describe the expression, purification and crystallization processes of this novel construct and report two new structures of PXRLBD that were obtained thanks to this strategy.
From Vodka to Craft Beer: The Craft Beer Revolution in the Baltic States
Authors: Fertő Imre , Viira Ants‐Hannes , Stalgiené Aldona , Bakucs Zoltán
Published: February 2025

The once flourishing beer sector of the Baltic states was decimated and homogenised into low‐quality mass‐produced beer during Soviet times. Against this background, the article examines the micro‐ and craft beer scenes in the Baltic States, exploring their historical growth, regulatory changes, cultural and economic factors, and the key differences across the three countries. The focus is on Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, where craft beer has once again gained prominence over traditional spirits like vodka.

This shift reflects the broader cultural and economic changes in the region. In Lithuania, the revival of ancient farmhouse brewing techniques has been central to the craft beer movement. Latvia, with its strong German‐influenced brewing history, has seen the craft beer sector emerge as a competitive force, despite the dominance of large breweries. However, Latvian microbreweries face challenges from established players. Estonia, despite a late start, has rapidly developed a thriving craft beer industry, driven by its strong digital infrastructure and entrepreneurial spirit, particularly in urban centres like Tallinn. The shift from vodka to beer in the Baltic States reflects deeper socio‐economic changes shaped by regulatory frameworks, cultural evolution, and economic restructuring, resulting in dynamic and diverse beer markets across the region.
Conformational, physiochemical, and functional properties of quinoa protein isolate influenced by thermal treatment
Authors: Chang Jiaojiao , Zhao Yong , Xu Jingwen
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the effect of various thermal treatments, including atmospheric boiling (AB), high‐pressure boiling (HPB), and baking (B), on the conformational, physicochemical, and functional properties of quinoa protein isolate (QPI), as well as its in vitro digestibility. Thermal treatment resulted in QPI denaturation, unfolding, and more exposure of hydrophobic groups, which was reflected as the reduced content of α‐helix and increased contents of β‐sheet and β‐turn. The reduced content of free sulfhydryl (SH) groups and total SH groups in thermally treated QPI also indicated that thermal treatment promoted QPI denaturation and unfolding. The functionalities of QPI, such as solubility, oil‐holding capacity, emulsification index, emulsion stability, and gel strength, were improved by thermal treatment, wherein HPB‐QPI > AB‐QPI > B‐QPI > control QPI. Thermal treatment improved in vitro digestibility of QPI and the contents of essential amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids compared to those of control QPI. HPB‐QPI showed the highest digestibility in vitro up to 88.26%, and the highest content of essential amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids up to 497.17 mg/g and 344.45 mg/g, respectively. This study provided new insights into the conformational behaviors and functionalities of QPI through thermal processing for benefiting their applications in the food industry.

Practical Application

Through thermal treatment, the functional properties of quinoa protein were significantly enhanced, leading to improvements in plant‐based beverages, emulsified foods, and baked goods, thereby expanding its range of applications in the food industry.
The Long and the Short of It: Nanopore‐Based eDNA Metabarcoding of Marine Vertebrates Works; Sensitivity and Species‐Level Assignment Depend on Amplicon Lengths
Authors: Doorenspleet Karlijn , Jansen Lara , Oosterbroek Saskia , Kamermans Pauline , Bos Oscar , Wurz Erik , Murk Albertinka , Nijland Reindert
Published: February 2025

To monitor the effect of nature restoration projects in North Sea ecosystems, accurate and intensive biodiversity assessments are vital. DNA‐based techniques and especially environmental (e)DNA metabarcoding is becoming a powerful monitoring tool. However, current approaches rely on genetic target regions under 500 bp, offering limited taxonomic resolution. We developed a method for long‐read eDNA metabarcoding, using Nanopore sequencing of a longer amplicon and present DECONA, a read processing pipeline to enable improved identification of marine vertebrate species. We designed a universal primer pair targeting a 2 kb region of fish mitochondrial DNA and compared it to the commonly used MiFish primer pair targeting a ~ 170 bp region. In silico testing showed that 2 kb fragments improved accurate identification of closely related species. Analysing eDNA from a North Sea aquarium showed that sequences from both primer pairs could be assigned to most species, and additional species level assignments could be made through the 2 kb primer pair. Interestingly, this difference was opposite in eDNA from the North Sea, where not the 2 kb but the MiFish primer pair detected more species. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using long‐read metabarcoding for eDNA vertebrate biodiversity assessments. However, our findings suggests that longer fragments are less abundant in environmental settings, but not in aquarium settings, suggesting that longer fragments may provide a more recent snapshot of the community. Thus, long‐read metabarcoding can expand the molecular toolbox for biodiversity assessments by improving species‐level identification and may be especially useful when the temporal origin of the eDNA signal is better understood.
What a relief: How do firms respond to competitors' listing delays?
Authors: Jia Ning , Qian Jiaqi , Tian Xuan , Yu Jinxin
Published: February 2025

We examine the effect of product market competitors' listing delays on incumbent firms' defensive strategies, including efforts in customer retention and acquisition as well as merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. To establish causality, we use four regulation‐induced IPO suspensions in China that expose firms already approved for an IPO to indeterminate listing delays. Using a difference‐in‐differences design, we find that incumbent firms reduce efforts in customer retention and acquisition, as manifested in an increase in accounts receivable turnover and a decrease in selling expenses. Incumbent firms also reduce M&A activities, including high‐premium and horizontal ones. The effects are stronger for incumbent firms that are subject to more intensive competition from the suspended firm, face larger competitive pressure from existing public firms, and are more financially constrained. Additionally, incumbent firms' managers reduce competition‐related disclosures, and the firms' financial performance improves after competitors' listing delays. Consistent with the findings based on listing delays, we find that incumbent firms increase efforts in customer retention and acquisition and M&As surrounding competitors' IPO application and approval. Our paper sheds new light on the IPO peer effect, especially on how incumbent firms respond to the product market competitor's capital market entry.
Rise of the south: How Arab‐led maritime trade transformed China, 671–1371 CE
Authors: Chen Zhiwu , Lin Zhan , Peng Kaixiang
Published: February 2025

China's center of socioeconomic activities was in the North prior to the Tang dynasty but is in the South today. We demonstrate that Arab and Persian Muslim traders triggered that transition when they came to China in the late seventh century, by lifting maritime trade along the South Coast and re‐creating the South. Between 742 and 1393 CE, prefectures with better access to maritime trade, or higher porcelain trade participation, experienced significantly higher population growth, but the predictive coefficient weakened substantially after the maritime trade ban of 1371 CE. These findings are robust after controlling for many confounding factors.
Exposure to potentially teratogenic medications before and during the first trimester of pregnancy compared to women of childbearing age: A retrospective analysis of Swiss claims data (2015–2021)
Authors: Marxer Carole A. , Graber Sereina M. , Surbek Daniel , Panchaud Alice , Meier Christoph R. , Spoendlin Julia
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Exposure to potentially teratogenic medications during pregnancy is underinvestigated in Switzerland. We aimed to assess exposure to potential teratogens preconceptionally, during the first trimester, and in women of childbearing age, and specifically explore the effectiveness of the valproate pregnancy prevention program (2018).

Material and Methods

Retrospective study using the Swiss Helsana claims database. In a pregnancy cohort (2015–2021) and a cohort of women of childbearing age (2021 and 2018), we defined three 90‐day time periods: (1) first trimester, (2) preconceptional period (days 180–90 before pregnancy), and (3) January 01, 2021, and March 31, 2021 (women of childbearing age). During all periods, we quantified the exposure prevalence to at least one dispensed weak, proven, and unequivocally potent teratogen overall and by age strata. We quantified the exposure prevalence to each individual teratogen, and to valproate during pregnancy by calendar year to compare its use before and after the introduction of a pregnancy prevention program (2018). We investigated the use of systemic retinoids particularly isotretinoin in women of childbearing age.

Results

Of 34 584 pregnant women, 1.4% were exposed to potential teratogens during the first trimester (weak: 1.3%, proven: 0.06%, unequivocally potent: 0.04%). During the preconceptional period, 2.9% were exposed to any teratogen compared to 4.7% of women of childbearing age (Ntotal = 95 059). Systemic glucocorticoids were the most prevalent weak teratogens during all time periods (75% of all claimed teratogens during the first trimester). In the first trimester, the antibiotic cotrimoxazole and the thyreostatic thiamazole (weak teratogens), ranked second and third, followed by the antiseizure medications carbamazepine and topiramate (proven teratogens). Among women of childbearing age, exposure to weak and proven teratogens increased with age, whereas exposure to unequivocally potent teratogens decreased with age. This was due to 2.3% of women <26 years who claimed systemic isotretinoin. Valproate use during pregnancy decreased after the introduction of a pregnancy prevention program (2.39/10 000 pregnancies [2015–2018] vs. 0.93/10 000 pregnancies [2019–2021]).

Conclusions

Most medications with potential teratogenic effects dispensed to women of childbearing age and pregnant women were in the group of weak teratogenicity level, and many women discontinued treatment before pregnancy. Preliminary evidence suggests the valproate pregnancy prevention program in Switzerland may be beneficial.
Involvement of the somatosensory‐autonomic reflex and muscarinic receptors in exacerbation of allergic pulmonary inflammation by electroacupuncture
Authors: Liu Shuyan , Ge Jiayi , Liu Weili , Zhuang Zhidi , Liu Shenbin
Published: February 2025

Background and Purpose

Emerging evidence suggests that electroacupuncture (EA) could cause autonomic reflexes to modulate visceral functions. However, the efficacy and underlying mechanisms for somatic stimulation on allergic pulmonary inflammation (API) remain elusive.

Experimental Approach

Mice were administered intranasal Papain to induce API. Distinct current (0,0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA) of EA at the back BL13, hindlimb ST36 and forelimb LU5 acupoint were then carried out. The control group underwent the same procedure but without current stimulation. Changes in API was assessed using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of EA effects on API.

Key Results

EA at the back region but not limb regions, in a current intensity‐dependent manner, exacerbated API, primarily causing a decrease in the survival rate and intensified inflammation in the lung, including the infiltration of lung type 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophils, and lung pathology scores. Blocking local thoracic sensory nerves with lidocaine or lung‐innervated autonomic nerves with hexamethonium eliminates the EA‐produced detrimental effects. Chemical pulmonary sympathectomy with 6‐OHDA further enhanced lung pathology scores, but inhibiting the activity of pulmonary muscarinic receptors was sufficient to prevent the exacerbation of API induced by EA.

Conclusion and Implications

Our findings suggest that BL13 EA induces a somatic‐autonomic reflex involving the pulmonary muscarinic receptors, thereby exacerbating API. The selective and intensity‐dependency activation of body thoracic regions in driving pulmonary autonomic pathways could help optimise stimulation parameters, enhancing both efficacy and safety in modulating API.
Occupational Balance and Life Satisfaction in Parents of Children With Autism
Authors: Yazici Gülşah Zengin , Yildirim Kardelen
Published: February 2025

Background

Having a child with disabilities can affect occupational balance, which is a known risk factor for health and well‐being. The objective of this study was to examine the occupational balance and life satisfaction of parents of children with autism and neurotypical development in Turkey.

Methods

The cross‐sectional study included 140 parents of children with autism and 140 parents of children with typical neurodevelopment. The occupational balance of parents was evaluated using the Turkish Occupational Balance Questionnaire‐11 (OBQ11‐T), while their life satisfaction was assessed using the Contentment with Life Scale (CLAS).

Results

A significant difference was observed between the groups with regard to the OBQ11‐T total score and the scores of Items 4 and 9 (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant discrepancy was observed in the CLAS total scores between the two groups. A positive correlation was observed between the OBQ11‐T and CLAS total scores of parents of children with autism (r = 0.875; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The findings suggest that occupational therapists should support parents of children with autism by addressing the balance between obligatory and discretionary activities, as well as the connections between work, home, family, leisure, rest and sleep. Assessing life satisfaction and its influencing factors is also essential. Therapists should implement tailored interventions to promote roles, routines and occupational participation, ultimately improving life satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance of targeted strategies to enhance occupational balance and well‐being. Future research should explore causal mechanisms through longitudinal and interventional studies to deepen understanding and improve outcomes.
The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Depressive Symptoms in Primary School Children: The Mediating Role of Friendship Quality and the Moderating Role of Teacher–Student Relationship
Authors: Yang Qin , Ai Yachun , Chi Yan , Guo Xuanru , Liu Shuangjin , Qi Qi , Hu Yiqiu
Published: February 2025

Background

This study drew on social ecosystem theory, the comprehensive model of family socialization and the multiple‐attachment theory to explore three key aspects: the association between family functioning and depressive symptoms in primary school children, the mediating role of friendship quality and the moderating role of teacher–student relationship in these associations.

Methods

A total of 1024 students in Grades 4 through 6 from five schools in Hunan Province were surveyed using the Short Form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Family Caring Index Questionnaire, the Friendship Quality Questionnaire (FQQ) and teacher–student relationship Subscale of the ‘My Class’ questionnaire.

Results

(1) Depressive symptoms were significantly negatively correlated with family functioning, friendship quality, and teacher–student relationship. (2) Family functioning was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in primary school children. (3) Friendship quality mediated the relationship between family functioning and depressive symptoms. (4) Teacher–student relationship moderated the relationship between family functioning and friendship quality, as well as between friendship quality and depressive symptoms in primary school children.

Conclusions

Effective family functioning was significantly associated with improved friendship quality in primary school children, which in turn was associated with lower depressive symptoms. This association was further strengthened by a positive teacher–student relationship. These findings provide valuable insights for developing collaborative interventions within the family–school framework to address childhood depression.
In Vitro Assessment of the Potential Effect of Vertical Peri‐Implant Soft Tissue Thickness on Nonsurgical and Surgical Implant Surface Decontamination Methods
Authors: Rahner Annika , Eickholz Peter , Gueth Jan‐Frederik , Zahn Tuǧba , Dahmer Iulia , Petsos Hari
Published: February 2025

Objectives

In vitro analysis of the influence of vertical peri‐implant soft tissue thickness (STT) on nonsurgical and surgical implant surface decontamination efficacy.

Material and Methods

A total of 360 implants were dipped in indelible color to imitate biofilm contamination, distributed to 30°, 60° or 90° angulated bone defect models and in subgroups of 40 assigned to a decontamination method (CUR: curette; SOSC: soundscaler; APA: air powder abrasion). Of these, 20 were subjected to a simulated STT of 1.5 or 3.0 mm, of which 10 were cleaned within a nonsurgical (NST) or surgical (ST) treatment. Uncleaned implant surface was determined by photographs. Surface changes were assessed using scanning electron micrographs (SEM).

Results

The overall cleaning efficacy decreased significantly (APA > SOSC > CUR, p < 0.001). Cleaning efficacy failed to show a significant difference between both STTs (STT1.5: 63.68%, STT3.0: 63.26%; p = 0.877). Within respective STT, cleaning efficacy differed depending on the method and the approach (STT1.5: CUR: p = 0.169, SOSC: p = 0.004, APA: p < 0.001; STT3.0: CUR p < 0.001, SOSC: p < 0.001, APA: p < 0.001; STT1.5/NST, CUR: 82.34%, SOSC: 74.98%, APA: 93.60%; STT1.5/ST, CUR: 79.85%, SOSC: 65.37%, APA: 50.12%; STT3.0/NST, CUR: 83.19%, SOSC: 70.85%, APA: 92.31%; STT3.0/ST, CUR: 80.00%, SOSC: 64.61%, APA: 46.49%). Analysis of variance revealed significant associations of color remnants with the approach, the method used, and the defect angulation (p < 0.001). SEMs showed less surface damages after use of APA.

Conclusions

In this In Vitro study no statistically significant influence of STT on the efficacy of surface decontamination could be detected. Treatment method, defect angle and approach were confirmed as predictors for the cleaning efficacy.
Large‐Scale Production of Expandable Hepatoblast Organoids and Polarised Hepatocyte Organoids From hESCs Under 3D Static and Dynamic Suspension Conditions
Authors: Wu Haibin , Wang Jue , Liu Shoupei , Wang Yiyu , Tang Xianglian , Xie Jinghe , Wang Ning , Shan Huanhuan , Chen Sen , Zhang Xueyan , Zeng Weiping , Chen Chuxin , Fu Yinjie , Lai Liangxue , Duan Yuyou
Published: February 2025

To date, generating viable and functional hepatocytes in large scale remains challenge. By employing 3D suspension condition with the support of low concentration Matrigel, a novel culture system was developed to generate expandable hepatoblast organoids (HB‐orgs) and mature polarised hepatocyte organoids (P‐hep‐orgs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in both dishes and bioreactors. scRNA‐seq and functional assays were used to characterise HB‐orgs and P‐hep‐orgs. hESC‐derived HB‐orgs could proliferate at least for 15 passages, leading to 1012 in total cells in 4 weeks. P‐hep‐orgs differentiated from HB‐orgs displayed characteristics of mature hepatocytes with polarisation. Moreover, single‐cell RNA sequencing exhibited that over 40% of cells in P‐hep‐orgs were highly fidelity with human primary hepatocytes. Eventually, large‐scale production of P‐hep‐orgs could be generated from massively expanded HB‐orgs within 1 week with similar number in bioreactors, which were achieved by the enhancements in energy metabolism contribute to the expansion of HB‐orgs and maturation of P‐hep‐orgs in bioreactors. By providing a cost‐efficient and robust platform, our study represents a significant step toward manufacturing large‐scale functioning hESC‐derived hepatocytes for cell‐based therapeutics, disease modelling, pharmacology and toxicology studies.
Risk Factors for Prognosis of Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Anlotinib Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Xie Congyi , Chen Jinzhan , Yang Shuwen , Ye Feiyang , Lin Zhenyang , Xu Yijiao , Yang Yimin , Tong Lin
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Anlotinib is widely used in the treatment of lung cancer. However, there remains a lack of predictive biomarkers to effectively gauge the response to anlotinib therapy. We conducted a retrospective study to preliminarily explore potential risk factors that might predict outcomes in lung cancer patients undergoing anlotinib treatment.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed lung cancer patients treated with anlotinib at our hospital between 1 June 2018 and 1 June 2021. Data were gathered from electronic medical records. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients, progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were described. Predictive factors related to treatment efficacy were preliminarily analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, clinical stage IV (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.52, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–5.82, p = 0.0311), N‐terminal fragment brain natriuretic peptides (NT‐pro‐BNP) > 300 pg/mL (HR = 2.54, 95% CI, 1.17–5.52, p = 0.0183), and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) > 16.3 ng/mL (HR = 1.70, 95% CI, 1.03–2.81, p = 0.0389) were associated with shorter OS, whereas age (HR = 0.96, 95% CI, 0.94–0.99, p = 0.0055) was associated with a longer PFS in fully adjusted model. Kaplan–Meier analyses of cumulative risk factors (clinical stage IV, NT‐pro‐BNP > 300 pg/mL, and NSE > 16.3 ng/mL) indicated that patients with a greater number of coexisting risk factors had significantly shorter OS (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Clinical stage IV, NT‐pro‐BNP level, and NSE level were identified as independent prognostic factors for lung cancer patients undergoing anlotinib treatment. Patients with multiple high‐risk factors may derive limited benefit from anlotinib.
Identifying Spatial Patterns of Egg Nursery Habitat for a Demersal Shark in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: Conservation and Management Implications
Authors: López Miguel , Clavel‐Henry Morane , Bahamon Nixon , Vigo Maria , Balcells Marc , Sánchez‐Márquez Antoni , Navarro Joan , Company Joan B.
Published: February 2025

Aim

Oviparous elasmobranchs lay benthic eggs with long incubation periods, many of which also require habitat‐forming sessile organisms for their development. However, they are threatened by bottom‐trawling fishing impacts. Here, we aimed to identify the suitable habitat distribution of small‐spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) egg nursery areas, assess their current protection extent by an existing no‐take MPA network and their coverage by other delimited spatial‐based conservation areas.

Location

Balearic Sea, northwestern Mediterranean.

Methods

Egg cases were collected over 5 years (2018–2022) by a bottom‐trawling monitoring programme along the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. We used these occurrences and various environmental variables (bathymetry, slope, sea bottom temperature, sea bottom dissolved oxygen and seabed type) to model the habitat suitability of egg nurseries for the species using maximum entropy modelling.

Results

Sea bottom temperature was the most important variable explaining habitat suitability of egg nurseries. Small‐spotted catshark eggs were found either attached to or in the same samples as various species of habitat‐forming sessile organisms. We found only 3.6% (381 km2) of the modelled suitable egg nursery habitat in the Balearic Sea to be currently covered by an implemented no‐take MPA network. At the same time, 52% of said MPAs are inadvertently protecting suitable egg nursery habitats (and their associated benthic community), as they were not initially planned with elasmobranchs as conservation targets. Important shark and ray areas (ISRA‐IUCN) were also observed to cover egg nursery habitat (4502 km2 or 15.52%) within their boundaries.

Main Conclusions

While half of the current MPA surface is providing protection to this elasmobranch species' egg nursery areas and their associated benthic communities, they are not sufficient for their conservation. However, mapping the distributions of these essential fish habitats can help towards the 2030 European conservation target of ‘strictly protecting’ 10% of marine environments.
Experts in the Loop: Why Humans Will Not Be Displaced by Machines when there Is “No Right Answer”
Authors: HOY TOM , VAN HOFWEGEN JANNEKE
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the resilience of human expertise in an age of Large Language Models (LLMs) and establishes a framework and methodology for the ongoing value of human experts alongside conversational AI systems. Our framework identifies three themes that define the unique value of human expertise: curating knowledge, personalizing interactions, and offering a perspective. For each theme, we outline strategies and tactics used by human experts that AI struggles to meaningfully replicate at scale. We contrast this with complementary strategies that AI systems are uniquely positioned to offer. Finally, we provide design and engineering principles to guide product teams seeking to shape the implementation of this emerging technology in a way that augments, rather than automates, human experts across consumer domains. The framework and methodology are described in practice through a case study of travel planning—a domain where there is “no right answer”.
Sankofa; Look Back, Side‐eye the Future
Authors: OFORI SASHA
Published: February 2025

PechaKucha Presentation Abstract

This PechaKucha is an invitation into my journey, probing questions such as: What is the true meaning of empathy; self‐empathy. How does it manifest, especially in the African context? How do I safeguard my well‐being while being fully present for those I serve and work with? What lessons from my experience of being a full‐time caregiver can inform my approach to “empathy” as researcher? This a practical inquiry of a researcher; researching from within using methodologies inherent to our work to initiate these conversations. Because, in looking back and reflecting within ‐ we might have a glimpse of the future ahead.
A Life Model for Very High Cycle Fatigue Under Rolling Contact Loading and Its Application in Shattered Rim of Railway Wheels
Authors: Gao Pengcheng , Liu Xiaolong , Zhang Sijin , Ma Deqing , Luo Kelian , Wang Wenjing
Published: February 2025

A life model for very high cycle fatigue under rolling contact loading (VRCF) and its application in shattered rim of railway wheels were investigated in this study. A model was proposed to describe the relationship among fatigue life, material hardness, inclusion size, and location in VRCF, by combining the Lunberg–Palmgren model and Murakami model. A typical VRCF behavior of shattered rim with a crack initiated from the interior inclusion and fatigue life of more than 107 cycles was identified. The predicted results obtained from the VRCF model showed good agreement with the real shattered rims.
Modelling Urbanisation in Cities in the Global South: A Review of Progress and Framework for the Future
Authors: Agyemang Felix S. K. , Sahana Mehebub
Published: February 2025

Over the past several decades, urbanisation has been a key feature of cities in the Global South, and many scholars have used urban expansion models as tools to not only study this phenomenon, but to also predict likely evolution of cities in the region. Yet, there is limited knowledge of how urbanisation in the Global South has been modelled. In this study, we examine how urbanisation has been modelled in cities in the Global South, highlighting progress made and identifying key emerging issues for future research. Based on a review of 149 articles, we find an increasing preference for hybrid models that combine simple modelling approaches with more complex deep learning approaches. However, the advantages of hybrid approaches over stand‐alone models in terms of prediction power has not been strongly established in the literature. We also find that most of the applications do not directly account for the social processes that generate the urban expansion patterns we observe in the region. As a result, the validation of most models has been limited to the ‘where’ (locations) and ‘when’ (time) and not the ‘who’ (socio‐economic characteristics of occupants of location at a given point in time). The application of the models is highly localised as most studies do not model more than one city. This review could serve as a foundation for improving how urbanisation is modelled in the Global South.
Political Instrumentalism and Epistemic Communities in Global Governance a Network Analysis of the International Organization for Migration
Authors: Lacatus Corina
Published: February 2025

Global governance systems, including international organizations (IOs), turn to academic experts to achieve a variety of policy‐related outcomes. Existing scholarship offers valuable insights into the two main functions of expertise for international organizations–instrumental and symbolic. I draw on network analysis to propose a third function–political instrumentalism–where IOs use experts' degree of connectedness to other actors to exert influence in politicized areas of policymaking and in domestic contexts in which they are less well‐networked. To this end, IOs foster epistemic communities through networks that have the characteristics of small‐world and scale‐free networks. I illustrate this with a descriptive network analysis of the International Organization for Migration's work in migrant health. Analyzing data from IOM documentation (2016–2022), I find that IOM fosters a complex (small world and scale‐free) network through an epistemic community in which academics and researchers hold powerful positions. These positions in the network can help to serve political instrumental purposes to expand IOM's influence and visibility in domestic environments in a highly politicized area of policymaking–migrant health.
The Utility of Vascular Access Intervention via the Distal Radial Artery Approach in Hemodialysis Patients With Vascular Dysfunction
Authors: Watanabe Shingo , Masuda Ryo , Usui Michio
Published: February 2025

Background

Although case reports exist on vascular access intervention through the distal radial artery approach, there is a dearth of clinical studies reporting its safety and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the safety and long‐term outcomes of vascular access intervention utilizing the distal radial artery approach.

Methods

Patients who underwent forearm arteriovenous fistula vascular access intervention at our hospital were divided into two groups: The distal radial artery approach (DRA group, N = 46) and the outflow vein approach (Vein group, N = 122). Patient characteristics, procedure results (procedure success rate, contrast medium dose, fluoroscopy dose), and one‐year primary patency rates were compared between the two groups.

Findings

The procedure success rate was 100% in both groups. The DRA group demonstrated significantly lower contrast medium dose, fluoroscopy dose, and fluoroscopy time compared to the Vein group. No bleeding complications, arterial occlusion, or steal syndrome occurred in the DRA group. There was no significant difference in the one‐year primary patency rate between the two groups.

Discussion

Vascular access intervention utilizing the distal radial artery approach offers benefits in reducing contrast medium and fluoroscopy dose compared to the outflow vein approach. Moreover, it demonstrates acceptable safety and patency rates.
Impact of the revised Japanese indication criteria for deceased donor liver transplantation on liver cirrhotic patients of Child–Pugh classification B with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Seki Akihiro , Yamashita Tatsuya , Terashima Takeshi , Nakanuma Shinichi , Okazaki Mitsuyoshi , Kido Hidenori , Nishitani Masaki , Miyazawa Masaki , Takata Noboru , Hayashi Tomoyuki , Nakagawa Hidetoshi , Horii Rika , Nio Kouki , Yamada Shinya , Takatori Hajime , Shimakami Tetsuro , Honda Masao , Yagi Shintaro , Yamashita Taro
Published: February 2025

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the revised deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) criteria on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients newly eligible under the Child–Pugh classification B (CP‐B), by focusing on the prognosis and the risk of HCC recurrence beyond the Japan criteria while on the waiting list.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out on 1155 patients diagnosed with HCC at Kanazawa University Hospital between 2006 and 2021. Prognosis and recurrence were analyzed for patients eligible for DDLT under the revised criteria.

Results

Of the 1155 patients, 57 (4.9%) were eligible for DDLT according to the revised criteria. Five patients who underwent liver transplantation had a better prognosis compared to others who received treatments like radiofrequency ablation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Patients with Child–Pugh score (CP) score of 7, a single tumor, and low des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin (DCP) levels had favorable outcomes without transplantation, although long‐term survival was superior with transplantation. However, 27.5% of eligible patients experienced recurrence or death within 30 months, which might disqualify them from DDLT. A scoring algorithm was developed based on CP score ≥8, multiple tumors, and DCP > 100 IU/dL. Patients with scores of 1 or 2 had 5‐year survival rates of 40% and 30%, respectively, and most would meet the Japan criteria after 30 months. For patients with a score of 3, living donor liver transplantation should be prioritized.

Conclusions

The revised DDLT criteria improve access to transplantation for CP‐B patients with HCC, but the risk of progression or recurrence during the waiting period remains. Careful evaluation, bridging therapies, and continuous assessment are crucial for optimal outcomes.
‘I Shouldn't Really Be Here’: University Students' Perceptions and Experiences of Transitioning to University With a Contextual Offer Admission
Authors: Bagnall Charlotte L. , James Lucy A. , Skipper Yvonne
Published: February 2025

Universities may offer students from disadvantaged personal or socioeconomic contexts a lower threshold for entry compared to students from a more stable or affluent background; this is termed a contextual offer. Examples may include having a health condition, disability or living and going to school in a less affluent area. While there has been extensive debate on how to enact these offers, the experiences of students who attend university with a contextual offer have been lacking in the literature. In this study, we interviewed five students from two UK Universities to explore their experiences of transitioning to university with a contextual offer. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Our findings suggest that students felt that their offer had given them opportunities they would not have had, which not only raised their ambitions and expectations but also negatively impacted their self‐belief as many students worried about their academic abilities. Students also discussed how their contextual offer had negatively impacted their sense of belonging, both academically and socially, at university, leading to feelings of difference and lower self‐efficacy; however, these feelings were ameliorated by knowing others with contextual offers. Finally, students felt that there was a need for greater awareness of contextual offers to reduce stigma and ensure that others could benefit from them. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.
Integrated speed optimization and multivisit drone routing: a mathematical programming approach
Authors: Meskar Mahla , Ahmadi‐Javid Amir
Published: February 2025

This paper considers a last‐mile delivery system in which drones are used to deliver parcels to customers within a predefined delivery‐time limit, while drones can perform multiple multivisit trips. The effects of both drone speed and load weight are considered on energy consumption in all flight phases, including takeoff, cruise, hovering, and landing phases, using a realistic nonconvex formula. The problem determines the routes of the drones and their speeds during the cruise flight phases, with the aim of minimizing the total consumed energy. The paper initially examines the problem for the discrete case where the speeds are selected from a finite list of options. The initial formulation of the problem is a mixed‐integer nonlinear program that cannot be solved efficiently. Using a novel approach that changes the problem's input space, a mixed‐integer linear program is proposed and enhanced by valid inequalities. Utilizing an efficient preprocessing algorithm, the proposed linear formulation is able to solve problem instances with up to 100 customers. Next, the paper studies the problem for the continuous case in which the speeds can take values from a specified interval. It is first demonstrated how the continuous case can be solved optimally when no delivery‐time limit is imposed. Then, it is shown that the continuous case can be solved approximately using the discrete case. A method for computing the approximation error is also presented, which can be used to determine an appropriate level of discretization.
Ecological Analysis of Technology Use Among Children in Collaborative Design Contexts
Authors: Toprani Dhvani , Borge Marcela
Published: February 2025

Background

In this paper, we extend findings from previous iterations of a design‐based project called ThinkerSpaces design studios that promotes human‐centred design among children. ThinkerSpaces design studios is a play‐based afterschool club that follows principles of embedded design by prioritising learner agency, exploration and ongoing reflection for the purpose of improvement.

Methods

In this study, we wanted to examine the difference in collaborative interactions across different technological conditions and the learning outcomes these conditions provided. Thus, we created three comparative technology conditions, that is, physical, screen and mixed technologies, each of which represented a collaborative learning environment dominated by a particular kind of technology. We ran three different sections of the club to vary these technology conditions and control when we introduced them. We use a mixed‐methods approach to analyse the data and capture distinct aspects of the learning ecology to understand the following questions: (RQ1) How do collaborative interactions differ as young learners engage with different technologies; and (RQ2) What does productive and unproductive talk looked like across conditions and what learning opportunities do they provide. Our population included 36 third to seventh grade learners enrolled across three club section. Learners were placed into four triads in each section for a period of 14–18 weeks.

Findings

We found that physical technologies produced the most productive talk, followed by the mixed technology condition. Screen‐based technologies produced the most unproductive talk. However, when we further investigated unproductive talk, we discovered that unproductive talk supported different forms of agency and creativity that facilitated learners' ability to develop digital fluency. Students also learned how to regulate collaborative activity around technology. We use these findings to propose changes in technology integration approaches in teaching and learning.

Contribution

We end the paper by proposing a collective technology integration framework that helps facilitators design learning environments that promote learner agency in the process of technology integration.
Knowledge (Co‐)Construction Among Artificial Intelligence, Novice Teachers, and Experienced Teachers in an Online Professional Learning Community
Authors: Jin Fangzhou , Peng Xiangmei , Sun Lanfang , Song Zicong , Zhou Keyi , Lin Chin‐Hsi
Published: February 2025

Background

There are various challenges to teachers' use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) for professional learning. Although GenAI is expected to play a transformative role in teachers' learning, its impact on them remains subtle.

Objectives

Guided by community of practice, this paper examines the integration of GenAI into an online professional learning community (OPLC) to facilitate knowledge co‐construction among GenAI, novice teachers and experienced teachers.

Methods

We used a mixed‐methods approach that included topic modelling and sentiment analysis on the quantitative side and content analysis for the qualitative data.

Results

We identified the top three latent themes in the OPLC's discourse—(1) generating instructional material, (2) assessment, and (3) pedagogy—and six distinct teacher‐GenAI interaction profiles. For novice teachers, these included ‘engaged AI explorers’, ‘selective satisfiers’ and ‘silent strategists’; and among experienced teachers, we discerned ‘careful critics’, ‘reflective realists’ and ‘cautious contemplators’. Novice teachers exhibited technological adaptivity, while experienced ones engaged reflectively with content and focused more on students, and GenAI proved effective at providing instructional materials.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate how GenAI can contribute to knowledge co‐construction, as a facilitator of rather than a replacement for human interaction.