bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It felt fluent but I did not like it: fluency effects in faces versus patterns
Authors: Gerger Gernot , Forster Michael , Leder Helmut
Published: January 2016

Whether you like a person or not is often appraised in a glance. However, under such short presentation durations stimuli are harder to perceive and, according to hedonic fluency theory-which holds that higher fluency is linked to higher liking-thus, are liked less. Given that liking considerably influences person perception, we tested how shorter and longer presentation durations affect liking for faces and compared this with abstract patterns. To capture facets of fluency of processing we assessed felt fluency, liking, and certainty ratings. Following predictions of fluency theory, longer presentation durations led to higher felt fluency, certainty, and positively affected liking judgments in the abstract patterns. In faces, felt fluency and certainty also increased with longer durations. However, with longer durations, faces were liked less, and liking was not related to felt fluency. In other words, in contrast to hedonic fluency theory, faces are more attractive when only seen for a short amount of time. Thus, fluency does not inevitably lead to more positive evaluations—it rather depends on the stimulus category. We discuss these findings in terms of the special status that faces have with regard to human perception and evaluation.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Differential Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Hussain Nehal , Charalampopoulos Athanasios , Ramjug Sheila , Condliffe Robin , Elliot Charlie A. , O'Toole Laurence , Swift Andrew , Kiely David G
Published: January 2016

The most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease (LHD) was previously rheumatic mitral valve disease. However, with the disappearance of rheumatic fever and an aging population, nonvalvular LHD is now the most common cause of group 2 PH in the developed world. In this review, we examine the challenge of investigating patients who have PH and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HF‐pEF), where differentiating between pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and PH‐LHD can be difficult, and also discuss the entity of combined precapillary and postcapillary PH. Given the proven efficacy of targeted therapy for the treatment of PAH, there is increasing interest in whether these treatments may benefit selected patients with PH associated with HF‐pEF, and we review current trial data.
General considerations
Authors: Merry Alan , Walker Isabeau , Wilson Iain , Batchelor Nicholas , Campbell Bruce
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides an overview of some helpful principles for the anaesthetist, including cultivating a culture of good practice and safety in the operating room, preoperative investigation (including cardiopulmonary exercise testing), preoperative fasting, and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism.
Perioperative arrhythmias
Authors: Dean John
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes perioperative cardiac arrhythmias. These comprise narrow complex arrhythmias, broad complex arrhythmias, and heart block. The chapter describes the perioperative management of pre-existing arrhythmias (such as atrial fibrillation), including the patient with an implanted pacemaker or defibrillator. It also describes the management of arrhythmias which may arise during the course of anaesthesia.
Respiratory disease
Authors: Herbert Lara , McCormick Bruce
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with respiratory disease. It describes the assessment of respiratory function and preoperative respiratory investigations, and ventilatory strategies to reduce pulmonary complications. Common respiratory conditions covered include respiratory tract infection, smoking, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, obstructive sleep apnoea, sarcoidosis, restrictive pulmonary disease, and the patient with a transplanted lung. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. Recommendations for the patient who may require post-operative respiratory support (e.g. non-invasive ventilation) are provided.
Bone, joint, and connective tissue disorders
Authors: Berry Colin
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those musculoskeletal disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice. Topics covered include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scoliosis, and achondroplasia. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described.
Neurological and muscular disorders
Authors: Teasdale Andrew , Halsall Jane
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those neurological or muscular disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including malignant hyperthermia. Other topics covered include epilepsy, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord lesions, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease, dystrophia myotonica, and the muscular dystrophies. For each topic, preoperative investigation and optimization, treatment, and anaesthetic management are described. For malignant hyperthermia, trigger-free anaesthetic techniques are described, as well as the management of an acute episode.
Psychiatric disorders and drugs
Authors: O’Donnell Aidan
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the anaesthetic management of the patient with those psychiatric disorders which are relevant to anaesthetic practice, including dementia, alcoholism, and anorexia nervosa. Psychiatric medications which can affect anaesthetic practice are described, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antipsychotic drugs, and lithium. Anaesthesia for drug-misusing patients and electroconvulsive therapy is described. Sedation of agitated patients on the ward is discussed.
Thoracic surgery
Authors: Todd Claire , McCormick Bruce
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of thoracic surgery. It begins with general principles of thoracic surgery, including isolation of the lungs, one-lung ventilation, and providing analgesia for thoracic surgery. Surgical procedures covered include rigid bronchoscopy and bronchial stent insertion, mediastinoscopy, wedge resection, lobectomy, pneumonectomy, thoracoscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, drainage of empyema and decortications, lung volume reduction surgery and bullectomy, repair of bronchopleural fistula, pleurectomy and pleurodesis, oesophagectomy, and surgical management of chest injuries.
Endocrine surgery
Authors: Ford Pete
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of endocrine surgery. Surgical procedures covered include thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, and phaeochromocytoma.
Urological surgery
Authors: Daugherty Mark
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of urological surgery. Surgical procedures covered include cystoscopic procedures, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (including TURP syndrome), robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, transurethral resection of bladder tumour, nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy, prostatectomy (including radical prostatectomy), radical cystectomy, percutaneous stone removal, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, and renal transplantation. It concludes with a series of vignettes about minor urological procedures.
Gynaecological surgery
Authors: Saddler John
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of gynaecological surgery. It begins with a discussion of general principles. Surgical topics covered include hysteroscopic procedures, evacuation of retained products of conception, suction termination of pregnancy, laparoscopy, sterilization, tension-free vaginal tape, hysterectomy (vaginal and abdominal), and ectopic pregnancy. It concludes with a series of vignettes about minor gynaecological procedures.
Maxillofacial and dental surgery
Authors: Martin Alastair , Bowden John
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of maxillofacial and dental surgery. It describes sedation for dentistry and anaesthesia for dental procedures, including extractions. It then gives an overview of maxillofacial surgery. Specific surgical procedures covered include extraction of buried or impacted teeth, repair of fractures of the maxilla, orbit, facial skeleton, and mandible, facial reconstructive surgery, and maxillary or mandibular osteotomy.
Ophthalmic surgery
Authors: Gayer Steve
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of ophthalmic surgery. It begins with a description of general principles, including anatomy of the globe and orbit, and a discussion of different ocular block techniques. Surgical procedures covered include cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, strabismus surgery, vitreoretinal surgery, dacrocystorhinostomy, and repair of penetrating eye injuries. It concludes with a series of vignettes of various other ophthalmic procedures.
Anaesthesia for radiology
Authors: Dix Philippa
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of patients for computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning or interventional radiology procedures. It describes the particular hazards associated with the CT and MRI scanning rooms and recommends appropriate anaesthetic techniques. Interventional radiology procedures include angioplasty, stenting, embolization, chemotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, thrombolysis, and vertebroplasty or cementoplasty.
Obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia
Authors: Eldridge James , Jaffer Maq
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the pregnant patient, for labour analgesia as well as surgical intervention. It begins with a description of the physiological and pharmacological changes of pregnancy. It describes methods of labour analgesia, including remifentanil, and epidural analgesia and its complications such as post-dural puncture headache. It describes anaesthesia for Caesarean section (both regional and general), failed intubation, antacid prophylaxis, post-operative analgesia, retained placenta, in utero fetal death, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and the hypertension, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome), massive obstetric haemorrhage, placenta praevia and morbidly adherent placenta (placenta accreta, increta, and percreta), amniotic fluid embolism, maternal sepsis, and maternal resuscitation. It discusses co-morbidity in pregnancy, such as obesity and cardiac disease, and the patient who requires non-obstetric surgery while pregnant. It provides information on safe prescribing in pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Paediatric and neonatal anaesthesia
Authors: Berg Simon , Campbell Stewart
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the neonate, infant, and child. It begins with a description of neonatal physiology, then discusses fluid management, anaesthetic equipment, and the conduct of anaesthesia in children, including post-operative analgesia. Regional anaesthetic techniques in children are discussed, including caudal, epidural, spinal, and regional nerve blocks. Surgical procedures covered include repair of diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis/exomphalos, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, patent ductus arteriosus, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, herniotomy, penile circumcision, orchidopexy, hypospadias, cleft lip and palate, congenital talipes equinovarus, femoral osteotomy, and inhaled foreign body. It concludes with a discussion of paediatric medical problems, stabilization of the critically ill child, and paediatric sedation.
The critically ill patient
Authors: Nolan Jerry
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of the critically ill patient suffering from trauma or life-threatening illness. It begins by describing the principles of immediate trauma care, and the primary and secondary surveys. It then goes into more detail about head injuries, chest injuries, abdominal injuries, pelvic fractures, spinal injuries, limb injuries, burns, multiple trauma, post-cardiac arrest resuscitation care, and septic shock. It concludes by describing the transfer of the critically ill patient to the operating theatre or to another unit.
Anaesthetic emergencies
Authors: McIndoe Andrew
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses anaesthetic emergencies. It begins with a description of adult basic life support and advanced life support. It goes on to describe the management of acute problems, including narrow and broad complex tachycardia, severe hypo- or hypertension, severe hypoxia, laryngospasm, air/gas embolism, gastric aspiration, status asthmaticus, pulmonary oedema, failed intubation, the cannot-intubate-cannot-ventilate scenario, malignant hyperthermia anaphylaxis, intra-arterial injection, and unsuccessful reversal of neuromuscular blockade. It concludes with the management of paediatric emergencies, including paediatric advanced life support, ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia, neonatal resuscitation, the collapsed septic child, paediatric major trauma, acute severe asthma, and anaphylaxis, as well as with a discussion of paediatric drug doses and equipment.
Practical anaesthesia
Authors: Ross Nicki , Arumugakani Gururaj , Wood Philip , Thomas Rhys , Dawes Rob , Mercer Simon , Jagdish S. , Bodenham Andrew , Bunker Nicholas , Saddler John , Myles Paul
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses a collection of practical topics of relevance to the anaesthetist. Topics covered include herbal medicines, blood exposure incidents, target-controlled infusions, death on the table, dealing with a complaint, anaphylaxis follow-up, latex allergy, long-term venous access, enhanced recovery and cardiac output monitoring, depth of anaesthesia monitoring, neuromuscular blockade and reversal, evidence-based anaesthesia, and the Cochrane Collaboration. There is a section on military anaesthesia which includes damage control resuscitation, medical emergency response team, the Triservice Anaesthesia Apparatus, and military uses of total intravenous anaesthesia.
Post-operative nausea and vomiting
Authors: Dashfield Adrian
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting. It begins with some general principles, including the definition and incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting, and goes on to describe risk factors and the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting. It concludes with a table of antiemetic drugs.
Regional anaesthesia
Authors: Shonfeld Adam , Harrop-Griffiths William
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the techniques of regional anaesthesia and analgesia. It begins with an overview of regional anaesthesia and goes on to describe safe practice and local anaesthetic agents. Techniques of locating nerves are then discussed, including ultrasound, and needle design is explored. Nerve blocks of the neck, upper limb, trunk, lower limb, and the neuraxis (spine) are described. Coagulation disorders, nerve injury, and the management of local anaesthetic toxicity are discussed. The chapter concludes with a dermatome map and tables of recommended nerve blocks for particular operations.
Drug formulary
Authors: Wilson Joanna , Ballisat Ben
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides a drug formulary which is pertinent to the anaesthetist. Adult and paediatric doses of over a hundred drugs are provided, and a series of infusion regimes is presented. The chapter concludes with a table of medical gas cylinders and their contents, a table of minimum alveolar concentration values, and a discussion of antibiotic prophylaxis.
Cell cycle control
Authors: Carr Simon M. , La Thangue Nicholas B.
Published: January 2016

All cells arise by the division of existing cells in a highly regulated series of events known as the cell cycle. Whilst duplication of other cellular contents occurs throughout all stages of the cycle, chromosomal DNA is replicated only once at a stage known as S phase. Once this is complete, distribution of chromosomes and other cellular components occurs during the final stage of the cell cycle, known as M phase, or mitosis. The cell cycle is therefore regulated in a temporal fashion, so that entry into subsequent cell cycle stages only occurs once the previous stage has been completed. A number of signalling mechanisms monitor the integrity of cell cycle progression, and later cell cycle stages can be delayed if any errors need correction. This chapter gives an overview of the major control mechanisms that regulate cell cycle progression, and how these are circumvented during the onset of cancer.
Genetic instability
Authors: Wilding Jennifer , Bodmer Walter
Published: January 2016

Most cancers are thought to exhibit some form of genetic instability, which can either be at the nucleotide or chromosome level. It is tempting to speculate that because genetic instability accelerates the rate of accumulation of mutations, it would act as a necessary driving force for the development and progression of cancer, and there has been much debate as to whether there is an absolute requirement for genetic instability during tumorigenesis. Although the mechanism of the acquired genetic instability is clear in many germline cancer-predisposing syndromes, the molecular basis for genetic instability in sporadic cancers remains unclear. This chapter will give a very brief summary of the main features of the major DNA damage response and repair pathways, the germline mutations in genes within these pathways which predispose to cancers, and an overview of some of the possible mechanisms through which sporadic cancers may become genetically unstable.
Cancer, immunity, and inflammation
Authors: Roxburgh Campbell S.D. , McMillan Donald C.
Published: January 2016

The chapter focuses on the role of immunity and inflammation in established cancer. From the evidence reviewed it is clear that immune and inflammatory responses, innate, humoral and adaptive, local and systemic, are intimately linked to the tumour and themselves and impact on cancer survival. It is also possible to identify key mediators that may be targeted in the cancer patient. However, further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these immune and inflammatory responses are activated, maintained, and interact. Therapeutic intervention using non-selective anti-inflammatory agents is widely advocated and likely to become part of routine clinical practice in the near future. Selective therapeutic intervention directed at the immune and inflammatory responses in cancer is in its infancy. Therefore, it would appear that, at least in non-hereditary disease, immune and inflammatory responses are of key, if not of prime, importance in tumour progression and dissemination.
Cancer and metabolism
Authors: Snell Cameron , Gatter Kevin C. , Harris Adrian L. , Pezzella Francesco
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers the relationship between cancer and metabolism. It discusses the role of angiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming in influencing tumour growth. The transcription factors that orchestrate the metabolic switch are discussed. The chapter presents an overview of the contribution of tumour suppressors to increased glycolysis. The metabolic changes that support uncontrolled proliferation such as lactate and pH levels, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species are discussed. The chapter also covers the contribution of metabolic genes with oncogenic or tumour suppressor activity to metabolic transformation, the upregulation of lipid biosynthesis in cancer, and glycogen synthesis in cancer. The chapter concludes with a description of the potential strategies for targeting metabolic transformation.
Viruses
Authors: Boshoff Chris
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers the relationship between viruses and cancer, which account for up to 15% of all human cancers. It discusses the aetiology of cancer regarding herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Hodgkin disease (HD), post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Multicentric Castleman’s Disease (MCD), papillomaviruses (HPV), Human T-cell Leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Many of these are associated with viral infections are preventable, either at an individual level or societally, and are more common in immunocompromised individuals. Worldwide, particularly in underdeveloped countries, the greatest impact on global cancer health would be on the reduction or elimination of virally-associated hepatocellular cancer and cervical cancer by immunization for HBV and HPV.
Aetiology and progression of cancer
Authors: van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B. , Kampman Ellen
Published: January 2016

Worldwide, there is a large difference in cancer rates. These rates may change over generations when people move from one part of the world to another. This occurs because these generations adapt their lifestyle to that of the host country, indicating that lifestyle factors are important in the aetiology of cancer. In this chapter an overview of established associations between body fatness, physical activity, diet, and other lifestyle factors and the development of cancer is given. About one-third of all cancers worldwide are caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. Evidence-based recommendations for the general population to decrease their risk of cancer have been set. Guidelines for individuals who are diagnosed with cancer, however, are lacking, due to limited evidence on the role of lifestyle during and after cancer treatment. Research should now be directed towards the role of body fatness, physical activity, diet, and other lifestyle factors in cancer progression.
Practice points for radiation oncology
Authors: Seidlitz Annekatrin , Combs Stephanie E. , Debus Jürgen , Baumann Michael
Published: January 2016

Radiotherapy is an indispensable treatment modality in modern oncology with curative potential in applying ionizing radiation in a wide spectrum of malignancies. Radiotherapy is often combined in multidisciplinary concepts with surgery or cytostatic drugs, and increasingly also with molecular-targeted therapies. The aim of radiotherapy is to achieve uncomplicated local or locoregional tumour control, that is to permanently inactivate all cancer cells in the irradiated volume without inducing severe normal tissue reactions. This aim can be reached for a substantial proportion of patients with modern high-precision radiation treatment planning and application technologies. Clinical and radiobiological principles guide the radiation oncologist in time-dose volume prescription of radiotherapy and in selection of the optimal radiation treatment plan for the individual patient. The scope of this chapter is to summarize important basic biological, physical, and clinical principles and practice points of radiotherapy of relevance for the non-radiation oncologist.
Principles of clinical pharmacology
Authors: Ong Michael , Banerji Udai
Published: January 2016

This chapter aims to provide a practical overview of basic pharmacological principles in the context of anticancer therapy. Key concepts are introduced for pharmacokinetics, the study of ‘what the human body does to the drug’, and pharmacodynamics, the study of ‘what the drug does to the human body’. Factors affecting anticancer drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are described, and examples of pharmacokinetic applications are given, including dosing by body surface area, drug interactions, dose adjustment according to organ function, pharmacokinetic modelling, pharmacogenomics, and drug development. The importance of proof-of-mechanism and proof-of-concept pharmacodynamic biomarkers and how they affect definition of dose, schedule of administration, and ultimately efficacy of a drug is explained. Practical examples drawn from both conventional chemotherapeutic agents and novel targeted anticancer drugs are used to illustrate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles relevant to practising oncologists.
Cancer control planning
Authors: Samiei Massoud
Published: January 2016

Despite all the progress made in cancer research and in the fight against cancer, the disease cannot be completely eradicated in the foreseeable future. A logical public health measure must therefore focus all efforts on preventing and confining the disease, i.e. a systematic and coordinated approach to reduce the impact of cancer on populations. Such an organised approach is called cancer control. It forms part of a holistic and coordinated approach, called a national cancer control plan/ programme (NCCP), involving the public sector, non-governmental organizations, academia, and the private sector. Policy makers and cancer advocacy groups should consider cancer control planning, and its financing and implementation, a public health necessity and not an option. The model proposed here is a hybrid one. The success of cancer control planning depends greatly on the availability and functionality of local cancer data and knowledge, in addition to adequate resources and government commitment.
Pancreatic cancer
Authors: Weitz Jürgen , Büchler Markus W. , Sykes Paul D. , Neoptolemos John P. , Costello Eithne , Halloran Christopher M. , Bergmann Frank , Schirmacher Peter , Bork Ulrich , Fritz Stefan , Werner Jens , Brunner Thomas , Smyth Elizabeth , Cunningham David , Untch Brian R. , Allen Peter J.
Published: January 2016

Pancreatic cancer comprises of several different exocrine and endocrine malignant diseases. The most common form is pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the tenth most common solid cancer in most of Western countries, which is discussed in this chapter. The lifetime risk of developing such a disease is 1.5%, with a mean age of diagnosis in the seventh decade. Unfortunately, no specific symptoms of this disease exist. Typically, patients present with unspecific abdominal discomfort, weight loss, and early satiety. More specific symptoms are painless jaundice and signs of endocrine or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Management of pancreatic cancer is complex and should best be performed by a multidisciplinary team. The individual components of such an approach are described in this chapter.
Hepatobiliary cancers
Authors: Poston Graeme J. , Stern Nicholas , Evans Jonathan , Healey Priya , Palmer Daniel , Mallath Mohandas K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers primary hepatobiliary cancers and includes information on epidemiology, biliary cancer (gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma), hepatobiliary cancer (hepatitis B HBV, hepatitis C HCV, liver flukes, and pathology), imaging of hepatobiliary (HB) cancers (endoscopic ultrasound, interventional biliary endoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography, direct endoscopic cholangioscopy, multidisciplinary management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), assessment of severity of cirrhosis, surgery (resection, liver transplant, loco-regional treatments), medical management of HCC, and management of biliary tract cancer (surgical management of gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma). All of these cancers are presently increasing in incidence. The reason for the increase in primary biliary cancers is unclear, but the increase in hepatocellular carcinoma, a major global public health problem, is linked to the prevalence of viral hepatitis and lifestyle changes, especially obesity.
Peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Richard Alexander H. , Baratti Dario , Chua Terence C. , Deraco Marcello , Hassan Raffit , Pennati Marzia , Perrone Federica , Sugarbaker Paul H. , Thomas Anish , Turner Keli , Yan Tristan D. , Zaffaroni Nadia
Published: January 2016

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy arising from the serosa of the abdominal cavity; its natural history is hallmarked by intra-abdominal disease progression. Peritoneal mesothelioma patients generally present with abdominal pain and/or ascites. Pathologically, a positive immunostain for calretinin has markedly increased the accuracy of diagnosis. A new staging system combining extent of tumour burden measured by the peritoneal cancer index (PCI), abdominal nodal status and extra-abdominal metastases has been demonstrated to reliably stratify patient outcomes after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy (HIPEC). Over the past decade, the management of these patients has evolved as a multimodality treatment similar to ovarian cancer treatment and now involves CRS and HIPEC.
Cancer of the breast
Authors: Piccart Martine , Gathani Toral , Zardavas Dimitrios , Azim Hatem A. , Sotiriou Christos , Viale Giuseppe , Rutgers Emiel J.T. , Krause Mechthild , Arnedos Monica , Delaloge Suzette , Andre Fabrice , Ades Felipe
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers the epidemiology of breast cancer, reproductive and non-reproductive risk factors, as well as aspects of the molecular biology and classification of breast cancer. It presents an overview of the major oncogenic signaling pathways in breast cancer, along with the major findings from next generation sequencing studies in breast cancer, and the role of gene expression signatures in predicting response to primary systemic therapy. The chapter also covers the pathology of breast cancer, and discusses the surgical management of breast cancer in detail. Furthermore, there is an overview of radiotherapy treatment strategies for breast cancer, which is followed by a detailed overview of the medical management of breast cancer with chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy, and bone-modifying agents. Finally, the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer is discussed using case studies.
Tumours of the eye and orbit
Authors: Ezra Daniel G. , Rose Geoffrey E. , Pe’er Jacob , Coupland Sarah E. , Seregard Stefan , Luyten G.P.M. , Moll Annette C.
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides information about the tumours of the eye and orbit, including benign and malignant lesions of the conjunctiva and ocular adnexa as well as intraocular tumours, such as uveal melanoma, vascular tumours, and lymphoma of the retina and CNS. The chapter also provides information on the symptoms and signs of such lesions, the recommended examination and imaging procedures, the principles of management and treatment, assessment of quality of life, as well as on prognosis, histopathology, differential diagnoses, and molecular biology. Each section discusses not only optimal potentially curative management, but also long-term follow-up and maintenance of vision.
Cancer of unknown primary site
Authors: Pavlidis Nicholas , Pentheroudakis George
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers cancer of unknown primary site (CUP), and includes information on epidemiology, molecular biology, pathology, and multidisciplinary management of clinicopathological subsets. Previously, these tumours were diagnosed and treated based on clinical presentation, light microscopy and clinical intuition. Today, the majority of cancers of unknown primary site are becoming less unknown, more accurately classified, and appropriately treated by the use of multiplex or genome-wide expression profiling platforms. These techniques allow for precise and correct knowledge of the true tumour origin, leading to more rational and effective treatment. However, there also may be genetic signatures that are primary-independent, pro-metastatic, and possibly CUP-specific.
Susceptibility of Maize Inbreds and Incidence of Symptomless Infection by the Head Smut Pathogen, Sphacelotheca reiliana
Authors: Anderson S. J. , Simmons H. E. , French-Monar R. D. , Munkvold G. P.
Published: January 2016

A real-time PCR assay was used to compare seedling infection by Sphacelotheca reiliana, the causal agent of head smut, among five inbred genotypes representing low, moderate, and high susceptibility to the disease. Seeds were coated with teliospores and planted in autoclaved field soil in a growth chamber. Incidence of seedling infection at growth stage V3 differed between an inbred genotype of low susceptibility and those of moderate and high susceptibility, but did not differ between the high and moderately susceptible groups (P < 0.05). The real-time PCR assay was also used to compare infection status at early and late vegetative stages with observable symptoms in the field. We detected infection via real-time PCR in maize at both growth stages during field trials conducted in Texas and California but observed no disease symptoms (smutted ears or tassels). Notably, the fungus was present in up to 31% of the ear shoots in plots without disease symptoms. The real-time assay can be a useful tool for screening seedling-stage host resistance, and for better understanding the progress of infection in different maize genotypes. The field data suggest that asymptomatic infection is much more common than previously thought, and may have important implications for the epidemiology of this fungus under diverse plant resistance and growing conditions.

Accepted for publication 11 December 2015. Published 5 January 2016.
Synchronization of discrete-time multi-agent systems under input sets with limited precision
Authors: Meng Yang , Wang Zi
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to study that for multi-agent systems, how to find proper control protocols to ensure synchronization when the input set of each agent is not the whole real axis but a discrete set, and how the coarseness of imprecise input sets affect the synchronization control of the multi-agent systems.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses a relative state feedback method and non-linear mapping functions to design a proper control protocol which matches the coarseness of the input set and ensures synchronization. For theoretical analysis, the paper uses an error analysis method and mathematic induction to prove the effectiveness of the designed control protocol. The paper also uses a numerical example to show the correctness of the theoretical results.

Findings

– The paper provides a method for protocol design when the input set of each agent is imprecise. The paper establishes a bi-direction relationship which suffices for synchronization between the coarseness of the input set and the synchronization precision, and finds that this relationship describes how the coarseness of the input set affects the synchronization control of the multi-agent system.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper only studies the case with logarithmically distributed and uniformly distributed discrete input sets. The authors are encouraged to study the synchronization control of multi-agent systems under input sets with more general distributions.

Practical implications

– The paper includes implications for coordination control of multi-agent networks when the actuator of each agent is with a limited capacity, which leads to the case of discrete input sets with limit precision.

Originality/value

– This paper fulfils an identified need to study how the coarseness of the input set of each agent affects the synchronization control of the whole multi-agent system.
Capacity building in construction health and safety research, education, and practice in Pakistan
Authors: Azhar Salman , Choudhry Rafiq M.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present findings of a capacity building project on construction health and safety that is recently completed in Pakistan. The major objectives of this project are: first, to benchmark the current state of construction health and safety practices in Pakistan and to identify the data needs for continuous performance measurement; second, to develop health and safety guidelines; third, to develop adequate educational and training material; and finally, to improve the existing regulatory infrastructure for worker health and safety.

Design/methodology/approach

– Mixed-methods approach is adopted for data collection which included site observations, surveys, semi-structured interviews, and case studies. The methodology consists of following major tasks: first, literature review and study of best practices; second, investigation of existing safety practices and development of guidelines; third, educational and training programs for construction professionals and educators; and finally, development of a strategic framework for continuous improvement in construction safety culture, laws, and practices. Collected data were analyzed using various qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods.

Findings

– The enforcement of health and safety regulations on construction sites is very limited in Pakistan. Procedures for formulating, implementing, and monitoring safety rules and regulations are weak, and the implementation of safety management systems does not occur on most construction sites. The paper presents a detailed plan to improve the health and safety culture, laws, and practices in Pakistan.

Practical/implications

– Detailed proposals for improving existing construction health and safety laws and regulations are prepared for relevant regulatory and statutory bodies and ministries in Pakistan. From an educational perspective, comprehensive health and safety training material are developed and training workshops are conducted in major cities of Pakistan. Over 1,000 construction professionals benefited from these workshops.

Social/implications

– The project helped in raising awareness about construction health and safety in Pakistan.

Originality/value

– The project benchmarked existing health and safety practices in Pakistan. It identified data needs for continuous monitoring of health and safety performance and provided a mechanism for collecting such data. The project produced international standard health and safety training material that can fulfill the local needs. The project deliverables are extremely helpful for other developing countries in the region.
Interlending and document supply: a review of the recent literature; 91
Authors: McGrath Mike
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to review the current library and information science (LIS) literature for document supply, resource sharing and other issues such as open access (OA) that have an impact on the service.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach is based on the scanning of about 150 journals, reports, Web sites and blogs.

Findings

– Nearly all material reviewed is freely available, continuing the trend of increasing OA. As always, these days, much is happening on the OA front. Big deals and Scholarly Communications are reviewed along with ebooks, users and of course ILL.

Originality value

– The only regular literature review that focuses on interlending, document supply and related issues.
Different‐sized grazers have distinctive effects on plant functional composition of an African savannah
Authors: van der Plas Fons , Howison Ruth A. , Mpanza Nokukhanya , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M. , Olff Han
Published: January 2016

Grazing ungulates play a key role in many ecosystems worldwide and can form diverse assemblages, such as in African savannahs. In many of these ecosystems, present‐day ungulate communities are impoverished subsets of once diverse assemblages. While we know that excluding all ungulates from grasslands can exert major effects on both the structure and composition of the vegetation, how different individual ungulate species may have contrasting effects on grassland communities remains poorly understood.

Here, we performed a long‐term ‘Russian doll’ grazing exclosure experiment in an African savannah to test for the effects of different size classes of grazers on grassland structure and composition. At five sites, grazer species of decreasing size class (ranging from white rhino to scrub hare) were excluded using four fence types, to experimentally create different realized grazer assemblages. The vegetation structure and the grass functional community composition were characterized in 6 different years over a 10‐year period. Additionally, animal footprints were counted to quantify the abundance of different ungulate species in each treatment.

We found that while vegetation height was mostly driven by total grazing pressure of all species together, ungulate community composition best explained the functional community composition of grasses. In the short term, smaller ungulate species (‘mesoherbivores’) had strongest effects on vegetation composition, by shifting communities towards dominance by species with low specific leaf area and low nutritional value. In the long term, large grazers had stronger but similar effects on the functional composition of the system. Surprisingly, the largest ‘mega‐herbivore’, the white rhinoceros, did not have strong effects on the vegetation structure or composition.

Synthesis. Our results support the idea that different size classes of grazers have varying effects on the functional composition of grassland plant communities. Therefore, the worldwide decline in the diversity of ungulate species is expected to have (had) major impacts on community composition and functioning of grassland ecosystems, even if total grazing pressure has remained constant, for example, due to replacement by livestock.
The Commons Select Committee System in the 2015–20 Parliament
Authors: Marsh Ian
Published: January 2016

The House of Commons select committees witnessed some of the most constructive political theatre of the 2010‐2015 Parliament. Recall Rupert Murdoch's public contrition, Margaret Hodge's assault on MNC tax evasion and Keith Vaz's timely interrogations of G4S, etc. The committees also embraced social media and adopted public engagement as a key task. These developments all reflect a newly emboldened system. In recent months, four reports have been published which reflect on these developments. They also look forward to the further substantial development of committee activity. The system thus sets sail with an abundance of specific suggestions, including ideas that could have far wider and more far‐reaching democratic implications.
Isolation and Characterization of Spore‐Forming Bacilli (SFB) from Shepherd's Purse (Capsella bursa‐pastoris)
Authors: Lee Won‐Jun , Kim Hye‐Bin , Kim Keun‐Sung
Published: January 2016

Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa‐pastoris), native to Europe, is commonly consumed fresh and sometimes inadequately washed before consumption in Korea. The objective of this study was to characterize isolates of spore‐forming bacilli (SFB) in samples of fresh Shepherd's purse. Three genera were identified: Bacillus (9 species), Paenibacillus (3 species), and Brevibacillus (1 species). None of the genes of the hemolysin BL (HBL) and nonhemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) complexes, or of the emetic toxin, was detected in the 25 SFB isolates, except for 2 Bacillus pseudomycoides isolates, where all 3 genes of the HBL enterotoxin complex were detected. There were significant sequence variations between the 2 species (Bacillus cereus and B. pseudomycoides) in the 3 genes of the HBL enterotoxin complex. These findings may provide insights into the diverse characteristics of the B. pseudomycoides HBL enterotoxin complex. Antibiotic resistance was assessed using 8 antibiotics. Among the 25 SFB isolates, 11 showed resistance to antibiotics, of which 5 were multiresistant. Assessment of the spoilage potential showed that all 25 SFB isolates could produce enzymes that can cause spoilage of foods. In conclusion, our findings may serve as integrative information for food research and industrial sectors.
Ketamine exposure during embryogenesis inhibits cellular proliferation in rat fetal cortical neurogenic regions
Authors: Dong C. , Rovnaghi C. R. , Anand K. J. S.
Published: January 2016

Background

Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine, an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist, must be considered due to its widespread uses for sedation/analgesia/anesthesia in pediatric and obstetric settings. Dose‐dependent effects of ketamine on cellular proliferation in the neurogenic regions of rat fetal cortex [ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ)] were investigated in this in vivo study.

Methods

Timed‐pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats at embryonic day 17 (E17) were given with different doses of ketamine intraperitoneally (0, 1, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 100 mg/kg). Proliferating cells in the rat fetal brains were labeled by injecting 100 mg/kg of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally. BrdU‐labeled cells were detected by immunostaining methods. The numbers of BrdU‐positive cells in VZ and SVZ of rat fetal cortex were employed to quantify proliferation in the developing rat cortex.

Results

Ketamine dose‐dependently reduced the number of BrdU‐positive cells in VZ (P < 0.001) and SVZ (P < 0.001) of the rat fetal cortex. SVZ showed greater susceptibility to ketamine‐induced reduction of proliferation in rat fetal cortex, occurring even at clinically relevant doses (2 mg/kg).

Conclusion

These data suggest that exposure to ketamine during embryogenesis can dose‐dependently inhibit the cellular proliferation in neurogenic regions of the rat fetal cortex.
Low tidal volume ventilation preconditioning ameliorates lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury in rats
Authors: Zhang Y. , Gao J. , Wang C.‐J. , Zhou L.‐J. , Fang X.‐Z. , Yang L.‐Q.
Published: January 2016

Background

Effects of low tidal volume (LTV) ventilation preconditioning in endotoxin‐induced acute lung injury (ALI) have not been studied. We investigated the effect of LTV ventilation pre‐treatment on ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to four groups (n = 8 each): (1) sham rats injected (i.p.) with 0.9% (physiologic) saline; sham rats pre‐treated with tidal volume 6 ml/kg ventilation for 1 h followed by injection (i.p.) of physiologic saline (mechanical ventilation; MV‐saline group); (2) LPS group (rats injected with LPS (i.p.); rats pre‐treated with tidal volume 6 ml/kg ventilation for 1 h before injection (i.p.) with LPS (MV‐LPS group). Animals were observed for 6 h. ALI extent was evaluated by lung wet‐to‐dry ratio, Evans Blue Dye extravasation, and histologic examination. We measured levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and IL‐6. Apoptotic index (AI) and the expression of pulmonary RhoA, ROCK2 mRNA, and ROCK1 protein in lung alveolar cells was determined.

Results

Lipopolysaccharide caused severe ALI, as evidenced by increases in ALI extent, impairment of pulmonary functions, and increases in pulmonary levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and AI. LTV ventilation preconditioning mitigated LPS‐induced increases in release of pulmonary pro‐inflammatory cytokines and AI of alveolar cells. Expression of pulmonary RhoA, ROCK2 mRNA, and ROCK1 protein was upregulated by LPS and reduced by LTV ventilation pre‐treatment.

Conclusion

Low tidal volume ventilation preconditioning can attenuate release of pulmonary pro‐inflammatory cytokines and decrease the AI induced by severe sepsis. Early protection seems to be mediated partly through inhibition of activation of a Rho pathway.