bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical and low field magnetic resonance imaging features of osseous cyst‐like lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses
Authors: Mair T. S. , Sherlock C. E. , Blunden A.
Published: February 2016

Osseous cyst‐like lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) were diagnosed in 7 horses. The diagnosis was achieved radiographically prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in only one horse, and in the other 6 horses the diagnosis was made using low fieldMRI(retrospective evaluation of the radiographs after theMRIrevealed ill‐defined radiolucencies of thePSBs in 4 of these horses). The horses ranged in age from 3 to 12 years, and the affected limbs included 3 forelimbs and 4 hindlimbs. The onset of lameness was reported to be sudden in 6 horses and insidious in one, and the duration of lameness at the time ofMRIranged from 0.3 to 11 months. The degree of lameness in the 6 horses with sudden‐onset lameness was moderate to severe. Pain on flexion of the affected metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (fetlock) joint or exacerbation of the degree of lameness following fetlock flexion was recorded in 4 of the 7 horses. TheMRIfindings in all cases included a focal high signal intensity lesion (all magnetic resonance sequences) at various locations in onePSB. Both septic and nonseptic aetiologies were identified. Four of the 7 horses were subjected to euthanasia due to persistent lameness, one remained chronically lame and only 2 were able to return to their previous level of exercise.
Hmga2 is dispensable for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: White Andrew , Flores Aimee , Ong Jessica , Lowry William E.
Published: February 2016

Hmga2 functions as a chromatin‐associated factor during development, but is not expressed in most adult tissues. Expression of Hmga2 in adult tissues has been associated with a variety of human cancers. Numerous studies have implicated Hmga2 in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer progression through gain of function studies, but it is unclear whether Hgma2 is necessary for EMT, tumor formation or tumor progression. We deleted Hmga2 in two mouse models of squamous cell carcinoma and found this gene to be dispensable. In fact, EMT, tumor initiation and progression all appeared to be mostly unaffected by the absence of Hmga2. Tumors lacking the ability to induce Hmga2 proceeded to initiate cutaneous spindle cell and squamous cell carcinomas with all the typical pathological and molecular hallmarks of these cancers.
A comparative study of oribatid mite communities in red wood ant Formica polyctena nests and surrounding soil in a Finnish oak forest
Authors: Elo Riikka Aleksandra , Penttinen Ritva , Sorvari Jouni
Published: February 2016

Ant nests are also inhabited by other invertebrates, ant associates. The oribatid mite (Acari: Oribatida) fauna of nests is poorly known, both in terms of abundance and diversity.

We compared the oribatid assemblages within and outside red wood ant Formica polyctena nests in a Finnish oak forest. Altogether ten mounds were investigated and comparable samples were collected from adjacent soil 4 m from each mound.

A total of 10 529 specimens were recovered, 4959 of them in mounds and 5633 in soil. The specimens represented 74 species (and two higher taxa) belonging to 60 genera and 39 families. Significant differences in abundance or diversity were not observed between nests and soil habitats. For nest samples the abundance of specimens significantly correlated with diversity indicating that mounds form rich habitat patches with a diverse set of niches. Mound size had no effect on community composition.

The nest and soil habitats were predominantly occupied by different species resulting in dissimilarities in community composition; 34% of the species showed a preference for nest habitat and 50% for soil habitats, whereas16% were indifferent with equal abundances in both habitats. Nonetheless, most of the species with a preference for nests are frequently found in various habitats in nature, and may be classified as facultative myrmecophiles that maintain populations also in ant nests.

Ant nests host abundant and diverse oribatid assemblages, which differ from the fauna in adjacent soil, and wood ants are therefore important factors in maintaining biodiversity.
Investigation and modelling of natural convection and conduction heat exchange: study on food systems with modified starch by means of computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Cordioli Matteo , Rinaldi Massimiliano , Barbanti Davide
Published: February 2016

This study is focused on the effects of starch gelatinisation on heat exchange in food systems containing four modified starch concentrations (0, 2, 6 and 10%). Viscosity profiles of samples were experimentally measured: the effect of gelatinisation was evident, particularly at 6% and 10%, where the viscosity increased from 0.010 to 70 Pa s and to 1507 Pa s, respectively. The heat exchange rate showed a decrease with the increasing of starch concentration, and the effects were observed until 6%. Four Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models were also developed, experimentally validated (RMSE < 1.5 °C) and used to study the heat exchange. Velocity profiles showed that the convective flows slowed down from 2.5 to 0 mms−1 after the gelatinisation. Finally, the effects on the slowest heating/cooling zone (SHZ/SCZ) location in the CFD models were studied: at 0% and 2%, the SHZ settled 15 and 80 mm from the bottom of jars in heating and cooling phase, respectively. At 6% and 10%, before the starch gelatinisation phase, the SHZ was located in a similar position of the 0% and 2% while when the gelatinisation occurred the SHZ slightly moved towards the geometric centre (50 mm) as for an only‐conductive product.
Preparation of double‐network tofu with mechanical and sensory toughness
Authors: Hou Jun‐Jie , Yang Xiao‐Quan , Fu Shi‐Rao , Wang Meng‐Ping , Xiao Fan
Published: February 2016

In this study, sugar beet pectin and soy protein were used to prepare the double‐network (DN) modified‐tofu by sequential laccase and microbial transglutaminase treatments. The mechanical properties of modified‐tofu were analysed by uniaxial compression test and texture profile analysis. The DN modified‐tofu exhibited greater mechanical toughness than the corresponding single‐network modified‐tofu, while the ratio of soy glycinin to soy protein isolate reached and exceeded 50%. The enhancement of mechanical toughness may be mainly ascribed to the hierarchical microstructure which is observed in DN modified‐tofu by scanning electron microscopy. DN modified‐tofu provided a distinctive mechanical and sensory tough texture as compared to other tofu samples. In addition, the oral processing measurements indicated that DN modified‐tofu required higher jaw‐closing muscle activities, a greater number of chews and longer chewing duration to be processed. Furthermore, the chewing pattern of DN modified‐tofu was different from other tofu samples.
Structural changes induced by high speed jet on in vitro digestibility and hydroxypropylation of rice starch
Authors: Fu Zhen , Luo Shun‐Jing , Liu Wei , Liu Cheng‐Mei , Zhan Liu‐jing
Published: February 2016

Influences of high speed jet (HSJ) at different pressures (0, 80, 160, 250 MPa) on digestibility and hydroxypropylation of rice starch were evaluated. HSJ treatment increased the content of rapidly digestible starch and slowly digestible starch and decreased the content of resistant starch with increasing of the treatment pressure in native starch. The degree and the reaction efficiency of hydroxypropylation of rice starch increased with an increase in treatment pressure. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that both the crystalline structure and the overall granular structure were partially destroyed. Meanwhile, HSJ treatment led to degradation of starch molecules. The results suggested that the changes of starch structure resulted in decreasing gelatinisation enthalpy of rice starch and might be response for the changes of reactivity and its digestibility to some extent.
Degradation kinetics of total phenolic compounds, capsaicinoids and antioxidant activity in red pepper during hot air and infrared drying process
Authors: Zhou Linyan , Cao Zhenzhen , Bi Jinfeng , Yi Jianyong , Chen Qinqin , Wu Xinye , Zhou Mo
Published: February 2016

Degradation kinetics of total phenolic compounds, capsaicinoids and antioxidant activity in red pepper during both hot air drying and infrared drying were investigated, as well as the correlation between antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity was discussed in current study. The fractional conversion kinetic and first order kinetic models were proved to describe the changes of total phenolic compounds vs. drying time and moisture content, respectively. Degradation of capsaicinoids and antioxidant capacity vs. drying time and moisture content both followed fractional conversion kinetic model. Infrared drying accelerated the degradation rate of total phenolic compounds and capsaicinoids vs. drying time as compared with hot air drying at the same temperature; however, a contrary result was found that infrared drying decreased the degradation rate of both total phenolic compounds and capsaicinoids vs. moisture content. Total phenolic compounds exhibited a stronger relationship with antioxidant capacity of red pepper analysed by multiple linear regression analysis.
Effect of technological practices on individual betalains and antioxidant activity of Columbian betalain‐rich raw materials
Authors: Montes‐Lora Sandra , Hurtado Nelson , Mosquera Natalia , Heredia Francisco J. , Cejudo‐Bastante María Jesús
Published: February 2016

The effect of different technological practices on ulluco (ullucus tuberosus) and Opuntia dillenii has been scrutinised. Their stability at different pHs and temperatures of storage or processing over time was monitored. Our aim was focused on the determination of individual betalains and antioxidant activity, not previously conducted in conjunction with these raw materials. On the basis of the results, it could be asserted that the ullucus tuberosus and Opuntia dillenii were more suitable for being added to low‐acidic foods (pH 5 and 6), in the light of the higher values of betalains and antioxidant capacity (1.3‐fold higher compared with pH 4). With regard to the temperature, cold storage conditions (4 °C) were optimal to increase or maintain as possible the initial content of betalains and antioxidant capacity. After cooking (80 °C), the identified betalains completely disappeared, but the low‐acidic conditions (pH 6) favoured the greater antioxidant activity when kept at that temperature.
Effects of high solid concentrations on the efficacy of enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast cells and the taste characteristics of the resulting hydrolysates
Authors: Cui Chun , Qian Yangpeng , Sun Weizheng , Zhao Haifeng
Published: February 2016

Effects of solid concentrations on enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast cells and the taste characteristics of the resulting hydrolysates were examined. Results showed that increased solid concentrations ranging from 10% to 30% resulted in a mild increase in degree of hydrolysis (DH) of hydrolysates during the whole hydrolysis process, whereas an obvious inhibition effect on DH was found at hydrolysates with 40% of solid concentration. The levels of amino nitrogen and total nitrogen of supernatant with 40% of solid concentration were six‐fold higher than those of hydrolysates with 10% of solid concentration at all hydrolysis time. After 21 h of hydrolysis, there was no significant difference in molecular weight distributions of hydrolysates with different solid concentrations, while a significant increase in amino acid contents of hydrolysates with high solid concentrations was found. Results from sensory evaluation showed that the intensities of umami, mouthfulness and continuity in umami solution could be significantly improved by supplementing with the resulting hydrolysates with high solid concentrations.
Autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Newman M. P. , Blum S. , Wong R. C. W. , Scott J. G. , Prain K. , Wilson R. J. , Gillis D.
Published: February 2016

Over the past decade, the clinical spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis has expanded with the emergence of several new clinicopathological entities. In particular, autoimmune encephalitis has recently been described in association with antibodies to surface receptors and ion channels on neurological tissues. Greater clinician awareness has resulted in autoimmune encephalitis being increasingly recognised in patients with unexplained neurological and psychiatric symptoms and signs. The clinical spectrum of presentations, as well as our understanding of disease mechanisms and treatment regimens, is rapidly developing. An understanding of these conditions is important to all subspecialties of Internal Medicine, including neurology and clinical immunology, psychiatry, intensive care and rehabilitation medicine. This review provides a contemporary overview of the aetiology, investigations and treatment of the most recently described autoimmune encephalitides.
Genetic association of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile, and CD14 C‐159T polymorphisms with the risk of severe RSV infection: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Jiahui , Zhang Xiangning , Liu Shuming , Wang Ziyou , Chen Qicong , Wu Yongfu , He Zhiwei , Huang Zunnan
Published: February 2016

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in infants worldwide. It is recognized by Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR 4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in the innate immune response. Previous case–control studies reported the influence of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile, and CD14 C‐159T polymorphisms on the risk of severe RSV infection. However, a decisive conclusion has not been achieved. Therefore, we performed this meta‐analysis to examine the association between these three polymorphisms and the development of RSV bronchiolitis. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed, EMbase, Google Scholar Search, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biological Medicine, and Wanfang Databases. The data were extracted and pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated under six genetic models. A total of six studies with 1009 cases and 1348 controls, three studies with 473 cases and 481 controls, or four studies with 325 cases and 650 controls relating to each of the three polymorphisms were included in this meta‐analysis. The analyzed data indicated that all of these polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of severe RSV infection. This is the first meta‐analysis to investigate the relationship of TLR4 Asp299Gly, TLR4 Thr399Ile, and CD14 C‐159T polymorphisms with the risk of severe RSV infection. Although the results of this retrospective analysis indicated a lack of the association, more extensive multicentric studies with large sample sizes are necessary to provide a more reliable estimation of the association between these three polymorphisms and RSV bronchiolitis susceptibility.
Respiration Rate Measurement and Chemical Kinetic Modelling for Mung Bean Sprouts
Authors: Chen Junran , Hu Yunfeng , Wang Jianming , Yao Yao , Hu Hanyan
Published: February 2016

This work investigated the effects of temperature and gas concentration on respiration rate of mung bean sprouts in the closed system. Then, the chemical kinetic model was developed with the help of respiration data. Temperature and gas concentration both had significant effects on respiration rate of mung bean sprouts. Mung bean sprouts had higher respiration rate at higher temperature. The values increased from 10.21 to 66.86 mL/(kg h) and 13.00 to 68.71 mL/(kg h) for R_(CO_2) and (R_(O_2)) at the equilibrium position by increasing the temperature from 8 to 28C, respectively. And the production rate of CO2 (R_(CO_2)) and the consumption rate of O2 (R_(O_2)) were both decreased with increasing of carbon dioxide concentration and decreasing of oxygen concentration. Respiration rate of mung bean sprouts was successfully modelled using the chemical kinetic model. The coefficient of determinations of O2 and CO2 were respectively 0.9734 and 0.9851 indicating that the relationship between respiration rate O2 and CO2 concentrations fitted well with the chemical kinetic model. Moreover, the developed models were tested for their validity at 5C and 15C. Results of the mean absolute percentage error (MP) values at 5C and 15C were respectively 9.32 and 9.97 further confirmed that the chemical kinetic model can be used to predict the respiration rate.

Practical Applications

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is quite an effective technique that can postpone the quality worsening of fruits and vegetables. The respiration rates of fruits and vegetables is one of the most important factors to obtain optimum oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in modified atmosphere packages. Thus, modelling respiration rate of fruits and vegetables plays a critical part in designing MAP. The kinetic model was used to model respiration rate of mung bean sprouts. The study showed that respiration rates of mung bean sprouts were successfully modelled using the chemical kinetic model. Thereby, it can be provided as an analysis reference for the design of MAP for fruits and vegetables.
Classification of Apple Varieties Using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Fuzzy Discriminant C‐Means Clustering Model
Authors: Wu Xiaohong , Wu Bin , Sun Jun , Yang Ning
Published: February 2016

This research proposed a novel fuzzy clustering model, called fuzzy discriminant c‐means (FDCM) clustering, to classify apple varieties couple with near infrared spectroscopy. FDCM can not only partition samples but also extract discriminant information from them by introducing fuzzy linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) into fuzzy c‐means (FCM) clustering. The 200 apple samples of four apple varieties were made experiments to collect the near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the high dimensionality of NIR spectra data. FDCM and FCM were performed as classifiers to cluster the data, respectively. The clustering accuracy of FDCM achieved 97% which was higher than FCM, possibilistic c‐means and Gustafson–Kessel (GK) clustering. Furthermore, soluble solids content and total acidity of apples were measured, and the quantitative results showed that different types of apples contain different content of the nutritional composition. This makes it feasible for classification of apple varieties via NIR technology. The clustering results obtained in experiments showed that NIR spectroscopy combined with PCA and FDCM clustering could successfully discriminate apple varieties.

Practical Applications

Postharvest processing of apple is very important for the agricultural industry. For this purpose, the proposed fuzzy discriminant c‐means clustering model coupled with near infrared spectroscopy can be used to select higher quality of apples for grading and sorting machines.
Break of symmetry in regenerating tobacco protoplasts is independent of nuclear positioning
Authors: Brochhausen Linda , Maisch Jan , Nick Peter
Published: February 2016

Nuclear migration and positioning are crucial for the morphogenesis of plant cells. We addressed the potential role of nuclear positioning for polarity induction using an experimental system based on regenerating protoplasts, where the induction of a cell axis de novo can be followed by quantification of specific regeneration stages. Using overexpression of fluorescently tagged extranuclear (perinuclear actin basket, kinesins with a calponin homology domain (KCH)) as well as intranuclear (histone H2B) factors of nuclear positioning and time‐lapse series of the early stages of regeneration, we found that nuclear position is no prerequisite for polarity formation. However, polarity formation and nuclear migration were both modulated in the transgenic lines, indicating that both phenomena depend on factors affecting cytoskeletal tensegrity and chromatin structure. We integrated these findings into a model where retrograde signals are required for polarity induction. These signals travel via the cytoskeleton from the nucleus toward targets at the plasma membrane.
Stress symptoms among adolescents before and after scoliosis surgery: correlations with postoperative pain
Authors: Rullander Anna‐Clara , Lundström Mats , Lindkvist Marie , Hägglöf Bruno , Lindh Viveca
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to describe stress symptoms among adolescents before and after scoliosis surgery and to explore correlations with postoperative pain.

Background

Scoliosis surgery is a major surgical procedure. Adolescent patients suffer from preoperative stress and severe postoperative pain. Previous studies indicate that there is a risk of traumatisation and psychological complications during the recovery period.

Design

A prospective quantitative cohort study with consecutive inclusion of participants.

Methods

A cohort of 37 adolescent patients aged 13–18. To assess the adolescents' experiences before surgery and at six to eight months after surgery, the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children – Alternative version, Youth Self‐Report and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for children 12–18 were used. The Visual Analogue Scale was used for self‐report of postoperative pain on day three.

Results

Rates of anxiety/depression and internalising behaviour were significantly higher before surgery than six months after. Preoperative anger, social problems and attention problems correlated significantly with postoperative pain on day three. At follow‐up, postoperative pain correlated significantly with anxiety, social problems and attention problems.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate a need for interventions to reduce perioperative stress and postoperative pain to improve the quality of nursing care.

Relevance to clinical practice

Attention to preoperative stress and implementation of interventions to decrease stress symptoms could ameliorate the perioperative process by reducing levels of postoperative pain, anxiety, social and attention problems in the recovery period.
Do the Emotional Benefits of Optimism Vary Across Older Adulthood? A Life Span Perspective
Authors: Wrosch Carsten , Jobin Joelle , Scheier Michael F.
Published: February 2016

This study examined whether the emotional benefits of dispositional optimism for managing stressful encounters decrease across older adulthood. Such an effect might emerge because age‐related declines in opportunities for overcoming stressors could reduce the effectiveness of optimism. This hypothesis was tested in a 6‐year longitudinal study of 171 community‐dwelling older adults (age range = 64–90 years). Hierarchical linear models showed that dispositional optimism protected relatively young participants from exhibiting elevations in depressive symptoms over time, but that these benefits became increasingly reduced among their older counterparts. Moreover, the findings showed that an age‐related association between optimism and depressive symptoms was observed particularly during periods of enhanced, as compared to reduced, stress. These results suggest that dispositional optimism protects emotional well‐being during the early phases of older adulthood, but that its effects are reduced in advanced old age.
Effect of nano‐sized, elemental selenium supplement on the proteome of chicken liver
Authors: Gulyas G. , Csosz E. , Prokisch J. , Javor A. , Mezes M. , Erdelyi M. , Balogh K. , Janaky T. , Szabo Z. , Simon A. , Czegledi L.
Published: February 2016

The nano‐sized (100–500 nm) selenium has higher bioavailability and relatively lower toxicity compared to other selenium forms. The objective of the present study was to compare liver proteome profiles of broiler chicken fed with control diet without Se supplementation and diet supplemented with nano‐Se with 4.25 mg/kg DM. Differential proteome analyses were performed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE) followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Seven hundred and eight spots were detected, and 18 protein spots showed significant difference in their intensity (p < 0.05) between the two groups. In response to nano‐Se supplementation, the expression of 8 proteins was higher, and 5 proteins were lower in nano‐Se supplemented group compared to control group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the high dose of selenium supplementation induced a dietary stress. Selenium supplementation may influence the metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates and antioxidant system, and increase the quantity of cytoskeletal actin and the expression of actin regulatory protein as well.
Effects of different supplemental soya bean oil levels on the performance of prepubertal Saanen goats: Oestrogen and progesterone release
Authors: Bomfim G. F. , Merighe G. K. F. , de Oliveira S. A. , Rodrigues A. D. , Augusto L. , Teixeira I. A. M. A. , de Resende K. T. , Negrao J. A.
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of soya bean oil in the total diet on the growth rate, metabolic changes, and oestrogen and progesterone release in Saanen goats. After dietary adaptation, 21 prepubertal goats (weight of 29.12 ± 0.91 kg, 230 days old) were randomly distributed among three diets of D2: inclusion of 2% soya bean oil in the total diet; D3: basal diet – inclusion of 3% soya bean oil in the total diet; and D4: inclusion of 4% soya bean oil in the total diet. The basal diet (D3) was formulated to promote a daily gain of 0.140 kg. The goats were weighed, and their blood samples were collected weekly. Glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, urea, non‐esterified fatty acids, beta‐hydroxybutyrate, oestrogen and progesterone in the plasma were measured. Prepubertal goats that were fed D4 exhibited a significantly lower dry matter intake, urea and cholesterol levels compared with the goats that were fed D2 and D3. Indeed, goats that were fed D4 displayed a significantly lower final weight than goats that were fed D2 and D3. In contrast, the inclusion of soya bean oil in the diet increased the progesterone and oestrogen concentrations, and goats that were fed D4 released a significantly higher concentration of progesterone than those that were fed D2 and D3. Furthermore, the percentage of goats with a progesterone level greater than 1 ng/ml (functional Corpus luteum) was significantly higher among the goats that were fed D3 and D4 than among those that were fed D2. In this study, although the inclusion of 4% soya bean oil in the diet decreased dry matter intake and growth rate, it increased progesterone concentration and the percentage of goats with a functional Corpus luteum, suggesting that the inclusion of soya bean oil accelerated puberty in prepubertal goats.
Dietary lysine requirement for 7–16 kg pigs fed wheat–corn–soybean meal‐based diets
Authors: Kahindi R. K. , Htoo J. K. , Nyachoti C. M.
Published: February 2016

Two experiments were conducted to determine the lysine requirement of weaned pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] with an average initial BW of 7 kg and fed wheat–corn–soybean meal‐based diets. The experiments were conducted for 21 days during which piglets had free access to diets and water. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were determined on day 7, 14 and 21. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and 14 to determine plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentration. In experiment 1, 96 weaned pigs were housed four per pen and allocated to four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. The diets contained 0.99%, 1.23%, 1.51% and 1.81% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine, respectively, corrected analysed values. The rest of the AA were provided to meet the ideal AA ratio for protein accretion. Increasing dietary lysine content linearly increased (p < 0.05) ADG and G:F. In experiment 2, 90 piglets were housed three per pen and allocated to five dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. The five diets contained 1.03%, 1.25%, 1.31%, 1.36% and 1.51% SID lysine, respectively, corrected analysed values. Increasing dietary lysine content linearly increased (p < 0.05) G:F, linearly decreased (p < 0.05) day‐14 PUN and quadratically (p < 0.05) increased ADG and ADFI. The ADG data from experiment 2 were subjected to linear and quadratic broken‐lines regression analyses, and the SID lysine requirement was determined to be 1.29% and 1.34% respectively. On average, optimal dietary SID lysine content for optimal growth of 7–16 kg weaned piglets fed wheat–corn–SBM‐based diets was estimated to be 1.32%; at this level, the ADG and ADFI were 444 and 560 g, respectively, thus representing an SID lysine requirement, expressed on daily intake basis as, 7.4 g/day or 16.76 mg/g gain.
Misperception of tiredness in young adults with insomnia
Authors: Akram Umair , Ellis Jason G. , Myachykov Andriy , Barclay Nicola L.
Published: February 2016

People with insomnia often exhibit interpretive biases to cues associated with their condition. This study examined whether individuals with insomnia display an interpretive bias, such that they misperceive facial attributes of tiredness in a disorder‐consistent manner. The efficacy of providing feedback related to the accuracy of participants’ perception on later judgements of tiredness was further examined. Forty participants, 20 with DSM‐5‐defined insomnia disorder and 20 normal‐sleepers, participated. The perception of one's own facial appearance of tiredness was assessed twice over two consecutive days using a visual task whereby participants indicated when a morphing image of their face represented their current level of tiredness. Visual and verbal feedback, related to participants’ degree of misperception, was provided on completion of Day 1 testing. Overall, individuals with insomnia perceived their own face as significantly more tired than a baseline neutral photograph was, whereas normal‐sleepers perceived themselves as appearing more alert. This pattern of results was only apparent on Day 1. Although no group × day interaction was established, mean scores suggest an improvement in perception on Day 2 amongst individuals with insomnia only. These findings suggest that individuals with insomnia exhibit a misperception of their facial attributes of tiredness, interpreting them in a disorder‐consistent manner. This finding adds to the body of literature on cognitive models of insomnia, demonstrating more general cognitive biases in the disorder. Further, the results provide suggestive evidence that this misperception may be reformed.
Primary tooth size asymmetry in twins and singletons
Authors: Heikkinen T. , Harila V. , Ollikkala A. , Alvesalo L.
Published: February 2016

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To explore asymmetry values of antimeric deciduous tooth crown dimensions in three types of twins: monozygotic (MZ), dizygotic same‐sex (DZ) and opposite‐sex (OS) vs. single‐born controls.

Setting and sample population

Mesiodistal and labio‐lingual crown dimensions of second deciduous molars and mesiodistal canine and first molar crown dimensions of 2159 children at 6–12 years of age were evaluated, originating from the US cross‐sectional Collaborative Perinatal Study from the 1970s, including altogether MZ (n = 28), DZ same‐sex (n = 33) and OS (n = 39) pairs. Single born (n = 1959) were used as controls.

Material and methods

Dental casts were measured for comparison of variance relationships calculated from antimeric teeth, exhibiting fluctuating (FA), and directional (DA) asymmetry using anova.

Results

Significant differences appeared in MZ and OS girls in DA of deciduous canines, which gain size in the first and second trimester, and deciduous second molars, which finally stop crown growth during the early post‐natal period. Significantly, increased FA values appeared for lower deciduous canines and second molars, indicating greatest environmental stress in OS girls, MZ girls and DZ boys. Twin girls had more fluctuating and directional crown asymmetry than twin boys, but in some dimensions, the twins were more symmetric than controls.

Conclusions

Transmembrane hormonal influence between opposite‐sex twins, and late gestational stress factors, caused by placental malfunction and/or monochorionicity, may be involved in asymmetric growth of antimers, during critical periods of crown size gain.
The dynamics of protein body formation in developing wheat grain
Authors: Moore Katie L. , Tosi Paola , Palmer Richard , Hawkesford Malcolm J. , Grovenor Chris R.M , Shewry Peter R.
Published: February 2016

Wheat is a major source of protein in the diets of humans and livestock but we know little about the mechanisms that determine the patterns of protein synthesis in the developing endosperm. We have used a combination of enrichment with 15N glutamine and NanoSIMS imaging to establish that the substrate required for protein synthesis is transported radially from its point of entrance in the endosperm cavity across the starchy endosperm tissues, before becoming concentrated in the cells immediately below the aleurone layer. This transport occurs continuously during grain development but may be slower in the later stages. Although older starchy endosperm cells tend to contain larger protein deposits formed by the fusion of small protein bodies, small highly enriched protein bodies may also be present in the same cells. This shows a continuous process of protein body initiation, in both older and younger starchy endosperm cells and in all regions of the tissue. Immunolabeling with specific antibodies shows that the patterns of enrichment are not related to the contents of gluten proteins in the protein bodies. In addition to providing new information on the dynamics of protein deposition, the study demonstrates the wider utility of NanoSIMS and isotope labelling for studying complex developmental processes in plant tissues.
Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying seed vitamin E content in soybean with main, epistatic and QTL × environment effects
Authors: Li Haiyan , Wang Yan , Han Yingpeng , Teng Weili , Zhao Xue , Li Yongguang , Li Wenbin
Published: February 2016

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed contains small amounts of tocopherol, a non‐enzymatic antioxidant known as lipid‐soluble vitamin E (VE). Dietary VE contributes to a decreased risk of chronic diseases in humans and has several beneficial effects on resistance to stress in plants, and increasing VE content is an important breeding goal for increasing the nutritional value of soybean. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying VE content with main, epistatic and QTL × environment effects were identified in a population of F5 : 6 recombinant inbred lines from a cross between ‘Hefeng 25’ (a low‐VE cultivar) and ‘OAC Bayfield’ (a high‐VE cultivar). A total of 18 QTLs were detected that showed additive main effects (a) and/or additive × environment interaction effects (ae) in different environments. Moreover, 19 epistatic pairs of QTLs were found to be associated with α‐tocopherol (α‐Toc), γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc), δ‐tocopherol (δ‐Toc) and total VE (TE) contents. The QTLs identified in multienvironments could provide more information about QTL by environment interactions and could be useful for the marker‐assistant selection of soybean cultivars with high seed VE contents.
Airborne transmission from a neonate with Netherton syndrome during an outbreak of MRSA
Authors: Hara Shinya , Yamamoto Hikaru , Kawabata Atsushi , Azuma Teiji , Ishii Sachie , Okumura Naoya , Ito Yoshinori
Published: February 2016

We encountered a 4 month outbreak of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization or infection that was difficult to control despite implementation of standard prevention methods. A neonate with Netherton syndrome had accelerated scaling of the skin and continued positive results for MRSA from clinical samples. The results of air sampling suggested the possibility of airborne transmission. The MRSA outbreak stopped after the patient was transferred to an isolation room, suggesting that airborne MRSA can play a role in MRSA colonization. Isolation rooms should be considered in specific circumstances, as described in the present study.
Recommendations for utilization of the paracorporeal lung assist device in neonates and young children with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Gazit Avihu Z. , Sweet Stuart C. , Grady R. Mark , Boston Umar S. , Huddleston Charles B. , Hoganson David M. , Shepard Mark , Raithel Steve , Mehegan Mary , Doctor Allan , Spinella Philip C. , Eghtesady Pirooz
Published: February 2016

The management of decompensating critically ill children with severe PH is extremely challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Unfortunately, even with optimal care, these children might continue to deteriorate and develop inadequate systemic perfusion and at times cardiac arrest secondary to a pulmonary hypertensive crisis. Tools to support these children are limited, and at times, the team should proceed with offering extracorporeal support, especially in newly diagnosed patients who have not benefitted from medical therapy prior to their acute deterioration, in patients with severe pulmonary venous disease and in patients with alveolar capillary dysplasia. Currently, the only approved mode for extracorporeal support in pediatric patients with PH eligible for lung transplantation is ECMO. To decrease the risks associated with ECMO, and offer potential for increased duration of support, extubation, and rehabilitation, we transitioned four small children with refractory PH from ECMO to a device comprising an oxygenator interposed between the PA and LA. This work describes in great detail our experience with this mode of support with emphasis on exclusion criteria, the implantation procedure, and the post‐implantation management.
Effect of smoking status on the efficacy of the SMART regimen in high risk asthma
Authors: Pilcher Janine , Patel Mitesh , Reddel Helen K. , Pritchard Alison , Black Peter , Shaw Dominick , Holt Shaun , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard
Published: February 2016

Background and objective

The optimal management of people with asthma with a significant smoking history is uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine whether the efficacy/safety profile of single combination inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long acting beta‐agonist (LABA) inhaler maintenance and reliever therapy is influenced by smoking status.

Methods

We undertook secondary analyses from an open‐label 24‐week randomized study of 303 high risk adult asthma patients randomized to budesonide/formoterol 200/6‐µg‐metred dose inhaler for maintenance (two actuations twice daily) and either budesonide/formoterol 200/6‐µg‐metred dose inhaler one actuation (‘single ICS/LABA maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART)’ regimen) or salbutamol 100 µg 1–2 actuations for symptom relief (‘Standard’ regimen). Smoking status was classified in to three groups, as ‘current’, ‘ex’ or ‘never’, and a smoking/treatment interaction term tested for each outcome variable. The primary outcome variable was number of participants with at least one severe exacerbation.

Results

There were 59 current, 97 ex and 147 never smokers included in the analyses. The smoking status/treatment interaction term was not statistically significant for any of the outcome measures. With adjustment for smoking status, the number of participants with severe exacerbations was lower with the SMART regimen (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.26–0.77, P = 0.004; P value for interaction between smoking status and treatment 0.29).

Conclusion

We conclude that the favourable safety/efficacy profile of the SMART regimen applies to patients with high risk asthma, irrespective of smoking status.
Randomized clinical trial of a new cyanoacrylate flexible tissue adhesive (Adhflex) for repairing surgical wounds
Authors: Lloris‐Carsí José M. , Ballester‐Álvaro Jaime , Barrios Carlos , Zaragozá‐Fernández Cristobal , Gómez‐De la Cruz Carlos , González‐Cuartero Chelo , Prieto‐Moure Beatriz , Cejalvo‐Lapeña Dolores
Published: February 2016

The use of synthetic adhesives such as cyanoacrylates for closing surgical wounds remains controversial. In a multicenter, prospective and randomized clinical trial, we compared a new cyanoacrylate elastic tissue adhesive, Adhflex, with standard suturing methods for repairing surgical wounds. Sixty patients who underwent surgery for inguinal hernia were randomly chosen for Adhflex or standard silk suture. We evaluated wound closure time and parameters related to wound healing and complications using the Hollander Scale; overall surgeon, patient, and independent evaluator satisfaction with scar appearance using a visual analog scale; and scar cosmesis and cosmetic outcome using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. The major finding of this study was that surgical wound closure time (minutes) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) when using Adhflex (1.50 ± 0.63) than when using sutures (2.23 ± 0.66), reducing surgery costs. Patient, surgeon and independent evaluator satisfaction was greater with Adhflex (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the final cosmetic outcome of surgical wounds (p > 0.05). The results of this clinical trial showed that Adhflex could be considered a promising and suitable wound closure method. Undoubtedly, lower operating room times will reduce overall surgical costs. Cosmetic outcomes in the medium term are comparable to those seen with sutures, yet there is no need for dressing changes, postoperative wound checks, or removal of stitches or clips. The comfort of the patient is an important factor when considering wound closure methods. Registration number: Eudra CT2012‐002701‐22.
Equations of Motion for an Inextensible Beam Undergoing Large Deflections
Authors: Dowell Earl , McHugh Kevin
Published: February 2016

The Euler–Lagrange equations and the associated boundary conditions have been derived for an inextensible beam undergoing large deflections. The inextensibility constraint between axial and transverse deflection is considered via two alternative approaches based upon Hamilton's principle, which have been proved to yield equivalent results. In one approach, the constraint has been appended to the system Lagrangian via a Lagrange multiplier, while in the other approach the axial deflection has been expressed in terms of the transverse deflection, and the equation of motion for the transverse deflection has been determined directly. Boundary conditions for a cantilevered beam and a free–free beam have been considered and allow for explicit results for each system's equations of motion. Finally, the Lagrange multiplier approach has been extended to equations of motion of cantilevered and free–free plates.
Development of a Variable Stiffness Over Tube Based on Low-Melting-Point-Alloy for Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Zhao Ruzhen , Yao Yao , Luo Yun
Published: February 2016

Instruments used in endoscopic surgery (colonoscopy surgery or natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)) are flexible to be advanced in human body. However, when the end of the instrument reaches the target, the instrument should be rigid enough to hold its shape against external forces for better surgical accuracy. In order to obtain these two properties, a variable stiffness over tube based on low-melting-point-alloy (LMPA) is proposed in this paper. The structure exploits the phase transformation property of the LMPA which enables the stiffness change of the over tube by heating and cooling. A prototype was fabricated using a special molding method, and experiments were carried out to evaluate its variable stiffness property and response characteristics. According to experimental results, it costs 17 s to make the over tube transform from rigid state to flexible state and 18 s to make the over tube transform from flexible state to rigid state. The experimental results also indicated that the over tube is very rigid in rigid state and flexible in compliant state. A heat insulation layer was assembled to prevent human tissue from thermal damage. The temperature of the outer wall of the over tube was 42.5 °C when hot water of 80 °C was pumped into the over tube continually with the help of the heat insulation layer.
The usefulness of fetal Doppler evaluation in early versus late onset intrauterine growth restriction. Review of the literature.
Authors: Mureșan Daniel , Rotar Ioana Cristina , Stamatian Florin
Published: February 2016

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represents a serious condition that can lead to increased perinatal morbidity, mortality and postnatal impaired neurodevelopment. There are two distinct phenotypes of IUGR: early onset and late onset IUGR with different onset, patterns of evolution and fetal Doppler profile. In early onset preeclampsia the main Doppler modifications are at the level of umbilical artery, with progressive augmentation of the pulsatility index to absent or reverse end diastolic flow. The modifications of the cerebral, cardiac and ductus venosus circulation are generally present, but with different sequences. The late onset IUGR is determined by third trimester placental insufficiency that entails fetal hypoxia. The cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) and the pulsatility index of the middle cerebral artery (PI MCA) seems to be the main markers for both diagnosis and obstetrical management while umbilical Doppler PI is frequently normal. Also the sequence of Doppler alterations is neither specific nor complete. New protocols for the diagnosis and management of late onset IUGR need to be implemented.
Celiac disease in toddler with atypical onset. Case report.
Authors: Iacob Daniela , Fufezan Otilia , Farcău Dorin , Samaşcă Gabriel , Slavcovici Adriana , Gheban Dan
Published: February 2016

Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated disorder induced in genetically susceptible individuals after ingestion of gluten proteins. An early diagnosis is of highest importance. Ultrasound might show small-bowel intussusception. We present a toddler with one month history of diarrhea and abdominal ultrasound showing ileo-ileal intussusception. Specific serological markers for celiac disease were positive. The duodenal endoscopy showed normal architecture but pathology indicated fully developed celiac disease (Marsh 3c). In conclusion, toddlers, who have even a short history of diarrhea with ultrasound showing ileo-ileal intussusception, can be suspected of celiac disease by positive serologic markers and can be confirmed by duodenal biopsy and pathology.