bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact dermatitis due to endotoxin in irradiated latex gloves
Authors: Shmunes Edward , Darby Thomas
Published: April 2006

This ease report describes contact dermatitis Of the dyshidrotic type of the hands of a worker subjected to minor trauma. The source of the irritation was linked to bacterial endotoxin in latex gloves. Irradiated sterilized gloves and software may contain significant endotoxin levels because the irradiation does not affect endotoxin itself. The irradiation of the bacteria actually increases endotoxin levels when the bacterial count is elevated. Sweating under these gloves may enhance entry into the skin with subsequent reaction as endotoxin is water soluble.
Guinea pig maximization tests with formaldehyde releasers
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Boman Anders , Hamann Knud , Wahlberg Jan E.
Published: April 2006

The guinea pig maximization test was used to evaluate the sensitizing potential of formaldehyde and 6 formaldehyde releasers (Forcide 78, Germall 115, Grotan BK, Grotan OX, KM 200 and Preventol D2). The tests were carried out in 2 laboratories (Copenhagen and Stockholm), and although we intended the procedures to be the same, discrepancies were observed, possibly due to the use of different animal strains, test concentrations and vehicles. The sensitizing potential was in general found to be stronger in Stockholm compared to Copenhagen: formaldehyde sensitized 509r of the guinea pigs in Copenhagen and 95% in Stockholm. For Grotan BK, the corresponding rates were 20% and 74%. Forcide 78, KM 200 and Preventol D2 sensitized 20% to 25% of the animals in Copenhagen, while Germall 115 and Grotan OX sensitized 60% to 70% of the animals in Stockholm.
Cross sensitivity in colour developers
Authors: Goh C. L. , Kwok S. F. , Rajan V. S.
Published: April 2006

Color developers are widely used and contact dermatitis and lichen planus‐like eruptions from them art well‐known. As a result of automation, there have been few recent reports of contact dermatitis from color developers. We describe here 4 cases of dermatoses from Kodak CD4 color developer and study that cross sensitivity to other color developers and PPD. Attempts were made to determine the purity of the patch test allergens to ensure that cross sensitivity was not the result of contamination and decomposition of the allergens.
The Scandinavian multicenter photopatch study
Authors: Wennersten Göran , Thune Per , Brodthagen Holger , Jansen Chister , Rystedt Ingela , Crames Marie , Emteystam Lennart , Fischer Torkel , Forsbeck Margit , Förstrom Lars , Hanmann Knud , Kalimo Kirsti , Karvonen Jakko , Knudsen Erik A. , Ljunggren Bo , Meding Birgitta , Skogh Marcus , Wulff Hans‐Christian , Larsen PolilØlholm
Published: April 2006

The Scandinavian photopatch test procedure has been applied to 745 patients with suspected photodermatoses during the years 1980‐1981. Our experience has been encouraging with the recording of several relevant reactions. A total of 132 positive photocontact reactions and 120 ordinary contact reactions Were seen. Photocontact reactions to musk ambrette (19 cases) and PABA (19 cases) were surprisingly frequent. The next most common photocontact reactions were to promethazine (24). chlorpromazine (22 cases and fentichlor (12). Ordinary contact reactions were observed to balsam of Peru (30). PABA (23), lichen mix (21), wood mix (14) and to perfume mix (10).
Reactions in selected patients to 22 fragrance materials
Authors: Malten K. E. , van Ketel W. G , Nater J. P. , Liem D. H.
Published: April 2006

182 patients on the basis of 6 criteria were suspected of suffering from contact sensitization to cosmetics. 77 (42%) gave a positive reaction to one or more of a series of 22 fragrance and flavor raw materials. The hands were most often involved. Cinnamic alcohol, hydroxycitronellal, eugentol, coumarin, and abitol gave the most common positive reactions; less frequent were cinnamic aldehyde, dihydrocoumarin and dimethylcitraconate. Their relevance could not be traced. However, the first 4 substances were the most frequently identified in 79 suspected cosmetics sent in for analysis by the patients or their physicians. The stability of room‐stored petrolatum‐fragrance mixtures should be checked.
Ficus carica; isolation and quantification of the photoactive components*
Authors: Zaynoun S. T. , Aftimos B. G. , Ali L. Abi , Tenekjian K. K. , Khalide U. , Kurban A. K.
Published: April 2006

The presence and levels of furocoumarins in several parts of Ficus carica including the milky sap, were investigated. The results show that psoralen and bergapten are the only significant photoactive compounds, and are present in appreciable quantities in the leaf and shoot sap but are not detected in the fruit or its sap. These compounds are more concentrated in the leaf sap compared to the shoot sap. The psoralen levels are several times higher than those of bergapten. Lower concentrations of both compounds are present in autumn compared to spring and summer.

These findings suggest that the reaction is induced primarily by psoralen. The response can follow contact with the leaf and shoot sap but not with the fruit sap, and is expected to occur more frequently from exposure to the leaf sap. The higher content of both photoactive compounds in spring and summer is partly responsible for the increased incidence of fig dermatitis during these seasons. Ingestion of the fruit does not cause photos ensitiszation and the absence of photoactive furocoumarins in the fruit and its sap remains unexplained.
Delayed dermal burns caused by dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
Authors: Slovak A. J. M. , Payne A. R.
Published: April 2006

A chemical operator handling dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) developed delayed and pain‐free burns on one of his feet 2 days after a supposed spillage of DMAD. The injuries were confirmed to be associated with DMAD by chemical analysis of the operator's safety boot and patch tests. DMAD easily penetrates some protective clothing and dilute solutions can still be hazardous: the toxic effect is compounded by being delayed and painless. The lachrymatory irritant properties of undiluted DMAD are not adequate warning of its presence or spillage in quantities sufficient to cause significant skin damage.
Allergic contact dermatitis from stearamidoethyl diethylamine phosphate: a cosmetic emulsifier
Authors: Taylor James S. , Jordan William P. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis to the emulsifier stearamidoethyl diethylamine phosphate was demonstrated in 4 patients. In 3 patients, the emulsifier was present in a commonly used over‐the‐counter dry skin lotion and in the 4th in a deodorant. In 2 cases, the patients overtly suspected that the product was the cause of the dermatitis. Patch tests to the products were positive. The emulsifier was identified as the contact allergen after testing with coded deletion and/or individual ingredient samples provided by the manufacturer. No apparent cross reactions were found from testing with the standard screening tray of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group or in one case to 2 structurally similar emulsifiers. No other positive reactions to the emulsifier were found after testing it routinely in one patch test clinic for 1 year. Repeated insult (prophetic) patch testing with the final formulation of the dry skin lotion (as performed by the manufacturer) was negative for sensitization and irritation.
Quantification of cutaneous oedema in patch test reactions by measurement of skin thickness with high‐frequency pulsed ultrasound
Authors: Serup Jørgen , Staberg Bent , Klemp Per
Published: April 2006

69 doubtful and positive patch test readings (?+21, +23, ++ 18, +++7) in 15 contact dermatitis patients were studied by measurement of skin thickness as an expression of allergic oedema. Exposed skin was compared with a regional control. Skin thickness was measured by 15 MHz pulsed ultrasound (A‐scan) to 0.1 mm accuracy. The ?+, +, ++, and +++ reactions could be separated by measurements of absolute difference in thickness (p < 0.001, p<0.001, p<0.02) between exposed and non‐exposed skin; the mean increases were 0.14, 0.49, 0.93, and 1.37 mm. The ?+, +, and ++ reactions, but not the +++ reactions, could also be separated by measurements of relative increase in skin thickness (p<0.001, p<0.001, n.s.); the mean increases were 7%, 25%, 50% and 55%. The normal thickness of the skin of the back was shown to have increased (p<0.02) in patients with +++ reactions only.

It is concluded that the high‐frequency ultrasound method is suitable for quantification of doubtful and positive patch test reactions. The +++ reactions are probably explained by the normal thick skin of the back, and they need no separate recording in patch testing. Standards of increase in skin thickness in doubtful and positive patch tests are defined: absolute increase (mm) was ?+≤0.2; +0.3–0.7; ++ 0.8–1.3 (+++≥ 1.4); relative increases were?+ < 15%; +15–45%, ++(+++ included)>45%.
The baboon syndrome: systemically‐induced allergic contact dermatitis*
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hjorth Niels , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The catchword “baboon syndrome” is used to denote a characteristic distribution pattern of systemic allergic contact dermatitis. Diffuse erythema of the buttocks, upper inner surface of the thighs, and axillae are characteristic features. We describe 3 cases provoked by ampicillin, nickel and mercury. The condition may be overlooked and suspected of being a textile dermatitis or seborrhoeie dermatitis of the elderly.
Hand dermatoses and sick‐leave: relationship between educational level, physical activity at work and housework as main occupation
Authors: Kavli Guinnar , Førde Olav H.
Published: April 2006

In parallel with a coronary risk factor survey in northern Norway, 14,667 men and women answered questions concerning health, life style, and social background. The occurrence of hand dermatoses varied only slightly within groups with different educational level and groups with different physical activity at work. Women with housework as their main occupation had a somewhat higher frequency of hand dermatoses than employed women.

Sick leave due to hand dermatoses was 4–5 times more frequent in both sexes in less educated compared to highly educated individuals, and more frequent in men and women with physically active jobs. These differences may partly reflect differences in the over‐all frequency of sick leave.
Allergy to 2 new corticoid molecules
Authors: Boujnah‐Khouadja A. , Brändle I. , Reuter G. , Foussereau J.
Published: April 2006

6 cases of hypersensitivity to Tixocortol pivalate and 3 to Amcinonide are reported. The 9 female patients all presented with features of contact dermatitis.
Vasoconstrictor and the anti‐inflammatory effects of 7 corticosteroids
Authors: Cruns M. B. , Nater J. P. , van Oostveen F. , van Der Valk P. G. M.
Published: April 2006

The vasoconstrictor effect of 7 proprietary corticosteroid creams was compared with their effect on patches of allergic contact dermatitis provoked by patch testing in 20 subjects. A parallel between the blanching effect on the normal skin and the anti‐inflammatory effect on the eczematous skin was generally found. A modified patch test method using the Finn chamber technique is described, which (with certain restrictions) offers an opportunity of studying the anti‐inflammatory effect of corticosteroids on allergic dermatitis under standard conditions.
Ethylenediamine contact dermatitis
Authors: Balato Nicola , Cusano Francesco , Lembo Giuseppe , Ayala Fabio
Published: April 2006

A retrospective study of 50 patients with ethylenediamine allergy revealed that 2 topical products containing ethylenediamine as a stabiliser are the main sources of sensitization in Italy. Some of these patients cross‐reacted to piperazine and diethylenetriamine, but none to ethylenediamine tetracetic acid.
Chlorocresol sensitivity induced by treatment of allergic contact dermatitis with steroid creams
Authors: Archer C. B. , MacDonald D. M.
Published: April 2006

A patient with contact dermatitis from nickel and cobalt developed sensitivity to chlorocresol contained in topical steroid creams. The use of chlorocresol in aqueous creams and topical steroids is reviewed.
Gold sensitivity blast transformation
Authors: Silvennoinen‐Kassinen S. , Niimäki A.
Published: April 2006

A 36‐year‐old female patient developed eczema from wearing gold jewellery. Epicutaneous skin tests were performed with gold leaf, potassium dicyanoaurate, gold sodium thiosulphate, gold chloride, sodium chloroaurate and potassium bromoaurate. The test was positive with gold sodium thiosulphate only. Blast transformation was induced with all the gold salts except sodium chloroaurate, and the positive responses seemed 10 be dose‐dependent.

In vitro gold salt‐induced reactions are useful in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis.
Shifts of delayed immune response to persulphates and other allergens
Authors: van Joost Th. , Stolz E. , van der Hoek J. C. S. , Clermonts E.
Published: April 2006

Certain chemicals such as persulphates and formaldehyde are able to induce both immediate and delayed type reactions in the skin. The levels of delayed type response to persulphates (at 48 and 74 h), obtained by epicutaneous tests were subjected to comparative studies of shifts (48 versus 72 h) and statistical analysis. The 95% confidence limit of the mean value of shifts to persulphates was significantly higher than that of a standard routine battery as a whole and, with the exception of formaldehyde, also to that of other individual constituents of this battery, In the case of persulphates, this difference in shifts was due to an extremely low mean value of delayed‐type response read at 48 h. The possible underlying mechanisms and the possible limiting rote of vaso‐active amines in the early evolution of delayed‐type response is discussed.
Age differences in poison ivy dermatitis
Authors: Lejman E. , Stoudemayer T. , Grove G. , Kligman A. M.
Published: April 2006

In both man and animals, cell‐mediated immunity diminishes with advanced age, Because poison ivy is a very common allergy, we evaluated age‐associated differences in the contact allergic reaction to Rhus. Oleoresin patch tests were applied to two age cohorts (18‐25 versus 65‐84) each of 14 healthy white subjects. In the elderly, the allergic reaction developed more slowly, the inflammatory response at peak was greatly diminished and the dermatitis lasted longer and seemed to be more pruritic.
Histological assessment of skin damage by irritants: its possible use in the evaluation of a ‘barrier cream’
Authors: Mahmoud G. , Lachapelle J. M. , van Neste D.
Published: April 2006

The histological changes induced by topical application of selected irritants are reported. The possible application of this methodology to the evaluation of the protective value of a silicone‐containing barrier cream is discussed. Although this crude method only allows objectivity of the later stages of a toxic reaction, it gives useful information about the potential protective effect of a silicone‐containing barrier cream.
Patch testing in children
Authors: Pevny Irmgard , Brennenstuhl Martin , Razinskas Garv
Published: April 2006

The results of 10 years of patch tests in children with eczema aged between 3 and 16 years are reported. 147 children were tested, of whom 104(71 %) reacted. 334(6.1%) of 5398 tests were positive and 302 were relevant. 3,539 tests were negative in the 104 children who reacted to at least one substance. 1,525 negative tests were found in 43 children who showed no positive reactions, making a total of 5,064 negative tests among 141 children.

The conclusions are: (i) Positive tests are relatively infrequent in children in relation to the large number of tests performed, (ii) The high number of negative results shows that the skin of children can be tested with the concentrations used for adults, and supports the allergic nature of the positive reactions in the series, which were relevant in 90% of the patients.
Purpuric vasculitis‐like eruption in a patient sensitive to balsam of Peru
Authors: Bruynzeel D. P. , van den Hoogenband H. M. , Koedijk F.
Published: April 2006

A case is reported of secondary dissemination of allergic contact dermatitis in a patient sensitive to balsam of Peru. The primary eruption was located in the face. The secondary lesions appeared as purpuric vasculitis‐tike eruptions on both legs. Such an unusual manifestation of contact dermatitis may cause considerable delay in establishing the correct diagnosis.
The sensitizing capacity of multifunctional acrylates in the guinea pig
Authors: Björkner Bert
Published: April 2006

The multifunctional acrylates used in ultraviolet (UV) curable resins act as cross‐linkers and “diluents”. They are usually based on di(meth)acrylate esters of dialcohols or tri‐and tetra‐acrylate esters of polyalcohols. In UV‐curable coatings, the most commonly used are pentaerythritol triacrylate(PETA), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA). In other uses, such as dental composite resin materials, the dimethacrylic monomers based on n‐ethylene glycol are the most useful. The sensitizing capacity of various multifunctional acrylates and their cross‐reactivity pattern have been investigated with the guinea pig maximization test. The tests show that BUDA (1,4‐butanediol diacrylate) and HDDA are moderate to strong sensitizers and that they probably cross‐react with each other. The n‐ethylene glycol diacrylates and methacrylates tested are weak or non‐sensitizers. Tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) is a moderate and neopentyl glycol diacrylate (NPGDA) a strong sensitizer, whereas neopentyl glycal dimethacrylate is a non‐sensitizer. The commercial PET A is a mixture of pentaerythritol tri‐and tetra‐acrylate (PETA‐3 and PETA‐4). PETA‐3 is a much stronger sensitizer than PETA‐4, Simultaneous reactions were seen between PETA‐3, PETA‐4 and TM PT A. The oligotriacrylate OTA 480 is a moderate sensitizer, but no concomitant reactions were seen with PETA‐3, PETA‐4 or TMPTA. Of the multifunctional acrylates tested, the di‐and triacrylic compounds should be regarded as potent sensitizers. The methacrylated multifunctional acrylic compounds are weak or non‐sensitizers.
Patch testing in children (II)
Authors: Pevny Irmoard , Brennenstuhl Martin , Razinskas Gary
Published: April 2006

The results of 10 years of patch testing in children aged 3–16 years are reported. The commonest allergens found were nickel, cobalt, para‐dyes and chromate. 26 cases are recorded in detail.
Chelating effect of EDTA on nickel
Authors: van Ketel W. G. , Bruynzeel D. P.
Published: April 2006

The chelating effect of disodium ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA) in nickel‐allergic patients was investigated. After pretreatment of the right half of the patient's back with 10% EDTA in a cream, and the left half of the back with the cream base only, various concentrations of nickel sulphate were patch tested on these areas. The blocking effect of the 10% EDTA cream appeared to be significant in comparison with that of the cream base only (p < 0.01).

A barrier cream with 10% EDTA might be of help in nickel‐allergic patients with eczema of the hands.
Erythema multiforme associated with contact dermatitis
Authors: Friedaman Stephen J. , Perry Harold O.
Published: April 2006

A garment worker developed erythema multiforme concurrently with allergic contact dermatitis of the hands Patch testing revealed sensitivity to nickel (which was present in her scissor) and to paraphenylenediamine (a commercial dye). During the course of the patch‐test evaluation, both the hand dermatitis and the erythema multiforme became exacerbated. Later, patch testing to only nickel sulfate resulted in the development of erythema multiforme on the face and hands. The allergic pathogenesis, involving the absorption of an allergen through the skin and resulting in a type III allergic reaction from nickel, is discussed.
Cytostatic agents and contact allergy: the efferent limb
Authors: Anderson C. D. , Groth O.
Published: April 2006

The effects upon the contact allergic reaction in the guinea pig or the 3 cytostatic agents most commonly used for their immunosuppressant properties, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and azothioprine, have been investigated in an experimental model which allows comparison of the qualitative and qualitative aspects of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate and the macroscopic response. The 3 agents were given in single, relatively high doses and had effects on the dermal inflammatory infiltrate which varied in nature, degree and time course. Changes often showed a cyclical development with time, with “rebound” often following initial changes. Although cyclophosphamide had the most marked effect, all agents affected the mononuclear, basophil and eosinophil dermal infiltrates at some point in the experiment. Cyclophosphamide was the only agent found to affect the total white cell count of peripheral blood, but the leukopenia did not affect recruitment of mononuclear cells to the dermis. In the period immediately after administration of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate, the macroscopic score increased. Whilst the mechanism of this effect, is unclear, it may be a manifestation of a basophil, perhaps IgE mediated reaction. Further manipulation of dose and dose interval may result in administration schedules relevant to the treatment of cell‐mediated hypersensitivity in clinical practice.
Contact dermatitis in tie and dye industry Workers
Authors: Mathur N. K. , Mathur A. , Banerjee K.
Published: April 2006

A survey of the ‘Tie and Dye’ industry of Jodhpur City in India was made to investigate occupational dermatoses. 49 (16.6%) of 250 workers had incapacitating dermatitis. Skin legions were seen mostly over the dorsa of the hands and fingers. 26 patients were patch tested with various dyes and chemicals; 14 were positive. Fast Red RC sail was the most potent sensitizer. Other dyes showing positive reactions were Orange GC salt, Bordeaux GP salt. Blue B salt, Red B base and naphthol.
Pustular reactions to hexafluorosilicate in foam rubber
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Loncke J. , Michiels J. L. , Degreef H. , Wahlberg J.
Published: April 2006

A case is reported of a foam rubber carrier with pustular lesions on the arms, wrists, thighs and trunk. Scratch and patch testing with the foam rubber components was negative. Animal testing revealed sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) one of the ingredients of the foam rubber, to be a pustulogen on previously damaged skin.
Contact allergy to phenol‐formaldehyde resins
Authors: Bruze Magnus , Fregert Sigerid , Zimerson Erik
Published: April 2006

Adverse reaction to phenol‐formaldehyde resins include depigmentation, irritant dermatitis, chemical burns and allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis from phenol‐formaldehyde resin has mainly been ascribed to resins based on paratertiary‐butyl phenol and formaldehyde, and such a resin is included in the ICDRG standard patch test series, based on phenol and formaldehyde, 26 patients were positive to at least 1 resin. The figures for positive reactions to paratertiary‐butyl phenol‐formaldehyde resin and the 2 other resins were 0.8%, 1.0% and 3.0% (440 tested subjects), respectively. Therefore, a battery of phenol‐formaldehyde resins should be used for screening purposes, since patch testing with the paratertiary‐butyl phenol‐formaldehyde resin is not sufficient to identify patients with contact allergy to phenol‐formaldehyde resins.

Several of the 26 patients were patch tested with the basic substances phenol, formaldehyde and paratertiary‐butyl phenol, but only 1 positive reaction to formaldehyde was noted. The sensitizing capacity of 2‐methylol phenol, 4‐methylol phenol and 2,4,6‐trimethylol phenol, all 3 compounds being possible ingredients of resins based on phenol and formaldehyde, was demonstrated; 5 of 14 resin positive patients reacted to at least 1 of these methylol phenols.
Patch tests with fragrance materials and preservatives
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Liem Dhiam H. , Nater Johan P. , van Ketel Willem G.
Published: April 2006

179 patients suspected of cosmetic allergy were patch tested with a series of 16 fragrance materials and 9 preservatives. In 67 patients (37.4%), for more of these substances gave positive reactions. In the group of fragrance materials, the largest numbers of positive patch test reactions were seen to isocugenol, oak moss, geraniol, α‐amylcinnamic alcohol, and a mixture of α‐amylcinnamic aldehyde and α‐hexylcinnamic aldehyde.

The fragrance mix in the ICDRG standard series detected nearly 80% of cases of contact allergy to fragrance materials other than its constituents. In the group of preservatives, Kathon CG® and quaternium‐15 scored the highest number of positive reactions. Its is argued that the commonly used patch test concentrate on of 2% for oak moss and geraniol may be too low to detect all cases of sensitization.
False‐positive, follicular and irritant patch teat reactions to metal salts
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

853 hard metal workers were patch tested with nicked nickel sulphate 5%, potassium dichromate 0.5% and cobalt chloride 1% each in petrolatum. Non‐allergic reactions appeared in 6.5% of the nickel tests, 13% of the chromium tests and 18.3% of the cobalt tests. Most of the individuals with positive, poral or pustular reactions were retested with serial dilutions of metal salts in pet, and in water. The accuracy of a positive initial nickel reaction was 83%, a chromium reaction 40% and a cobalt reaction 62%. The nonallergic reactions were partly reproducible and correlated with both the type of patch test material and with individual factors. Weak and moderately strong positive patch test reactions to metal salts may be irritant and should be checked with serial dilution tests ot at least be tested. A reduction of the cobalt chloride concentration from 1% to 0.5% in the standard test material is discussed.
Occupational dermatoses from cutting oils*
Authors: Alomar A. , Conde‐Salazar L. , Romaguera C.
Published: April 2006

230 patients with occupational dermatitis in I ho metallurgic industry were studied with standard patch tests (GEIDC) and an oil series. An occupational and clinical questionnaire survey was carried out, Responses to paraphenylenediamine, chrome, cobalt in the standard series, and benzisothiazolone, triethanolamine, and Grotan BK® were the main positive results.
Contact urticaria from diethyl fumarate
Authors: Lahti Arto , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

The contact urticariagenic properties of diethyl fumarate were studied using the guinea pig ear swelling assay and by open application on the human upper back skin. Diethyl fumarate caused non‐immunologic contact urticaria in both human and guinea pigskin, and the reactions exhibited similar dose dependency and timing of maximal response.
Dose‐response assessments of Kathon® biocide (I). Diagnostic use and diagnostic threshold patch testing with sensitized humans
Authors: Weaver James E. , Cardin Caroline , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Nearly all effective, commercially available preservatives possess skin sensitization potential. This manuscript describes a program of diagnostic patch and practical use testing of consumer products that contained Kathon® CG, a relatively new biocide. A series of threshold diagnostic patch tests demonstrated that the minimal elicitation concentration in occluded patch testing of allergic subjects considerably exceeded the concentrations of the biocide typically present in normal diluted use of the test products. Use testing Further confirmed a threshold exposure for elicitation: allergic reactions. It showed that even subjects who have delayed contact hypersensitivity to Kathon CG® used rinse‐off Personal care products preserved with this agent without experiencing elicitation of these allergies.
Irritant dermatitis from tri‐N‐butyl tin oxide in paint
Authors: Goh C. L.
Published: April 2006

Organo‐tin compounds are known irritants Tributyltin oxide is a common biocide in Some marine and other paints. An outbreak of irritant contact dermatitis in painters exposed to paints containing tributyl tin oxide is reported.
Work‐related hand eczema in atopics
Authors: Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

549 individuals with severe (group I). 406 with moderate (group 2)atopic dermatitis in childhood. 222 with respiratory allergy hut no a topic dermatitis in childhood (group 3), and 199 without personal of family atopy (group 4) were studied as to occupational health symptoms due to hand eczema. In groups 1, 2 and 4, there was a slightly significant difference (p < 0.05) between the frequency of hand eczema in individual with and without Occupational exposure in chemicals, water, soil or wear (friction). Despite no such work. 55% in group 1 and 44% in group 2 had developed hand eczema About 1/4 of the atopics in extreme risk occupations, such is ladies hairdressers and nursing assistants, had dot developed band eczema.

Altogether, 9% in groups 1 and 2 and 3% in group 4 had changed their jobs due to eczema, the majority from work with to work without exposure lo chemicals, water, soil nr wear. Social factors had usually contributed to the change. The healing rate after taking up a new occupation was 15% in group 1.36% in group 2 and 67% (4 out of 6) in group 4. The majority of the patients whose eczema had not healed had improved in their new occupations. It is claimed that medical reasons for change of occupation should be carefully weighed against social reasons.
Factors influencing the occurrence of hand eczema in adults with a history of atopic dermatitis in childhood
Authors: Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

A series of 955 persons aged 24–44 years, with atopic dermatitis in childhood, were interviewed in order to identify factors which increase the risk of developing hand eczema in adult life, or aggravate, already existing hand eczema. Endogenous (constitutional) factors were in general of greater importance than exogenous factors, viz. chemicals, water, soil and wear (friction). Eczematous involvement of the hands in childhood was of predominant importance. In individuals without such involvement, severe (widespread) dermatitis in childhood was a dominant factor. Other factors, each of them significantly more important than the exogenous ones, were persistent eczema on other parts of the body and dry/itchy skin. The factors female sex, family history of atopic dermatitis and simultaneous bronchial asthma/allergic rhinitis were associated with increased risk of developing hand eczema in adult life, but were of limited importance compared with the other endogenous and the exogenous factors.
Clonidine: irritant and allergic contact dermatitis assays
Authors: Maibach H.
Published: April 2006

Clonidine in petrolatum, clonidine transdermal device, and its placebo device were assayed for relative irritancy potential (21‐day cumulative irritancy, assay)and allergic contact dermatitis potential (Draize repeal insult patch test assay). Both Clonidine in petrolatum and the Clonidine transdermal device appear to be of minimal irritancy potential. Only the clonidine device demonstrated, rated, in the Draize assay (and in clinical trials), allergic contact dermatitis potential. Its relatively delayed onset of demonstration of allergic contact sensitization in clinical trials require investigation as to mechanism.
Atopic background in patients with occupational hand eczema
Authors: Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

Of 368 patients with hand eczema examined during the years 1978–79, at a Department of Occupational Dermatology, 39% had a history of atopic disease (dermatitis, asthma, or rhinitis). 28% of the patients had or had had atopic dermatitis. The % of atopics in the patient material was highest in the age range 20–24 years, in which 57% of the patients had a history of atopic dermatitis, compared with only 11% in the age range above 35 years. Of all patients with a history of atopy, 22% had developed allergic contact dermatitis, while the corresponding figure for non‐atopics was 45% (p < =0.001). Positive patch test reactions occurred in a significantly smaller number of individuals with past or present atopic disease than in non‐atopics. Atopics had not changed jobs because of hand eczema to a greater extent, but had healed to a lesser extent after change of occupation than non‐atopics (p < 0.01).
Nickel penetration in allergic individuals: bioavailability versus X‐ray micro‐analysis detection
Authors: Kalimo Kirsti , Lammintausta Kaija , Mäki Jouko , Teuho Juhani , Jansén Christer T.
Published: April 2006

Development of local allergic reactions after different application times with Finn Chambers was recorded in 34 nickel‐sensitive patients. Biologically significant amounts of nickel seemed to penetrate the skin within a few hours, although physical penetration was minimal. Nickel was detected only in the upper keratin cell layer with an X‐ray microanalysis method.
Experimental nickel sensitization in the guinea pig: comparison of different protocols
Authors: Lammintausta Kaija , Kalimo Kirsti , Janésn Christer T.
Published: April 2006

3 different sensitization protocols were compared for inducing delayed‐type nickel contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Open epicutaneous sensitization (OE) induced nickel allergy in 11/22 (50%) guinea pigs. When intradermal injections of Freund's complete adjuvant into the nickel‐painted skin was added to the same protocol. 4/13 (31 %) became sensitized. The guinea pig maximization protocol induced nickel allergy in only 7/31 (23%) of the animals. Compared with the 2 other methods, animals sensitized with open epicutaneous applications reacted more rapidly (maximum at 6 h) and strongly (2+ reaction in 12/22 of animals) in previous patch lest sites upon systemic (i p.) nickel challenge. Open epicutaneous sensitization of guinea pigs should he a useful model for studying cellular and immunological mechanisms in nickel contact sensitivity.
Evaluation of the protective value of an antisolvent gel by laser Doppler flowmetry and histology
Authors: Mahmoud G. , Lachapelle J M
Published: April 2006

In a previous histological study. we observed the protective efficiency of an antisolvent gel (Antixol3) against the skin irritation induced by epicutaneous application of n‐hexane for 15 and 30 rain. In [he present study, we tried to evaluate the prolix‐live efficiency of the Antixol gel against the cutaneous irritation induced by the application of toluene for 10 min. The possible application of laser Doppler flowmetry as h new objective method to test skin irritation and to evaluate the protective efficiency of burner creams of barrier creams and gels was confirmed by the histological findings.
Ammonium persulphate sensitivity in hairdressers
Authors: Kellett J. K. , Beck M.H.
Published: April 2006

12 of 49 professional hairdressers patch tested with ammonium persulphate gave positive reactions, in contrast to 1 of 118 patients who were not hairdressers. 7 out of 10 of these 12 patients have since given up hairdressing. The rate of degradation of ammonium persulphate in pet, and in aqueous solution was estimated, and found to be 24% in 6 months.
Contact dermatitis due to Centelase®
Authors: Santucci B. , Picardo M. , Centelase A.
Published: April 2006

The triterpenic fraction of the plant Centella Asiatica (Umbelliferae) causes cicatrization and stimulates skin growth, acting on the production of collagen fibres by fibroblasis. Centelase® contains the total triterpenic fraction and is used in the treatment of certain forms of scarring (1).

We report 2 cases of contact dermatitis due to Centelase cream.
Allergic cheilitis to azulene
Authors: Balato N. , Lembo G. , Nappa P. , Ayala R
Published: April 2006

A 26‐year‐old woman developed redness, scaling, cracking and dryness of the vermillion and skin surrounding the lips. She had used the same toothpaste (AZ‐15®) for some years. The clinical manifestations cleared rapidly with avoidance of the toothpaste and topical steroid therapy.
Occupational dermatitis in shrimp peelers
Authors: Kavli G. , Gram I. T. , Moseng D. , ØRpen G.
Published: April 2006

A total of 110 female shrimp production workers from 2 factories were invited to participate in an investigation of occupational skin problems, A questionnaire was filled in by 94 workers and 24 (20.2%) claimed skin problems due to working conditions. In 7 (6%), a diagnosis of occupational dermatitis of the hands was made. In 2, there were strongly positive reactions to shrimp. 5 had negative tests but a positive history of occupational provocation.
Contact dermatitis to Disperse Blue 106
Authors: Brandão F. Menezes , Altermatt C. , Pecegueiro M. , Bordalo O. , Foussereau J.
Published: April 2006

9 patients with typical textile dermatitis were found to be allergic to dark polyester blouses. Thin‐layer chromatography of the dyes extracted from the fabrics identified the presence of several dyes, from which Disperse Blue 106 was positive in all patients.
Human assay for identifying substances Which induce non‐allergic contact urticaria: the NICU‐test
Authors: Gollhausen Rainer , Kligman Alrert M.
Published: April 2006

The problems of non‐immunologic contact urticarogens are addressed from various points of view. A new test for evaluating substances which may cause non‐immunologic contact urticaria in humans the NICU test, is introduced. Characterustue data of widely known contact utticariogens are given.
Contact dermatitis to yellow iron oxide
Authors: Zugerman Charles
Published: April 2006

After epicutaneous patch testing, a 43‐year‐old non‐atopic white female with eyelid dermatitis was found to be allergic to yellow iron oxide used as a dye in her mascara. Yellow iron oxide, also known as limontic or yellow ochre, is a common cosmetic dye which has not previously been described as a source of contact dermatitis. Formulation of mascara as well as classification of naturally occurring iron oxides are discussed.
Enantiospecificity in allergic contact dermatitis A review and new results in Frullania‐sensitive patients
Authors: Benezra Claude , Stampf Jean‐Luc , Barbier Pierre , Ducombs Geirges
Published: April 2006

Allergic contact dermatitis is essentially enantiospceific: sensitization to one enantiomer generally does not imply elicitation to the mirror‐image allergens. Examples from patients allergic to Frullania. and from the literature (usnic acids. 4‐methoxydalbergioes, γ‐methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones, frullanolides) are discussed.
Contact urticaria and dermatitis from phosphorous sesquisulphide
Authors: Payero M. L. Pena , Correchek B. Lopez , Garcia‐Perez A.
Published: April 2006

Contact dermatitis from phosphorous sesquisulphide in matches is a well‐known clinical picture (1)
Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens
Authors: Edman Björn
Published: April 2006

A study of 1016 patients Over a period of 2 years has been performed by using the DALUK computer system in order to find correlations between eczema sties and particular allergens. The study includes control material of patients with other contact allergies or with negative patch tests. The investigation confirms some well‐known correlations, e.g., between lanolin allergy and dermatitis of the lower leg, and between nickel allergy and dermatitis of the palm. Several new correlations are also described. e.g., chromium allergy and dermatitis of the buck of the trunk, allergy to balsam of Peru and dermatitis of the forehead and cheek.
Induction in the guinea pig of delayed hypersensitivity to compound 48/80
Authors: Reller Herbert H. , Bybee Paul M.
Published: April 2006

Intradermal injection of compound 48/80 into the nuchal area of the guinea pig in an adjuvant/water emulsion induced strong delayed hypersensitivity Groups of 8 animals were injected weekly fur 1 weeks with 100 μl of 10%, 1%, 0.1% or 0% of compound 48/80 in the adjuvant/water emulsion. 6 of 8 animals in the highest concentration group died between 1 and 24 after the first injection The other concentrations produced no visible evidence of acute toxicity. 2 weeks after the lust injection, the animals were challenged with an open topical application of 1%, 0.1%. 0.01%, and 0% of compound 48/80 in m 3:7 propylene glycol/ethanol. The strongest reactions were found in the 0.1% induction group. Some degree of immunologic tolerance may have occurred in the 1% induction group resulting in somewhat weaker challenge responses.
Protective effect of gloves – compiled in a data base
Authors: Mellström Gunh
Published: April 2006

In order to be able to give up‐to‐date and relevant information to those who have to choose and recommend suitable protective gloves, a data base has been developed containing test data on protective effects against chemicals. Permeation data, clinical as well as experimental, have been collected and, after dermatological assessment, inserted into different files in a microcomputer.
Patch tests in Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides
Authors: Shupp David L. , Winkelmann K.
Published: April 2006

A retrospective series of 34 patients with the diagnoses of Sézary syndrome, pre‐Sézary syndrome, or mycosis fungoides had had patch testing. Of these, 27 had at least 1 positive reaction (11 of 12 with pre‐Sézary syndrome, 6 of 10 with Sézary syndrome, and 10 of 12 with mycosis fungoides). The highest average number of positive reactions was observed in patients with pre‐Sézary syndrome (4.7 per patients). There was no predominance of positive reactions to any one allergen, but 13 of the 27 patients reacted to a metal allergen. Only 1 of 5 patients who had photopatch testing had a positive result. This retrospective study revealed delayed contact hypersensitivity response in this group of patients and should serve as a basis for prospective consideration of contact dermatitis factors in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary states.
Method for assessment of experimental allergy in guinea pigs adapted to cosmetic ingredients
Authors: Dossou K. G. , Sicard C. , Kalopissis G. , Reymond D. , Schaefer H.
Published: April 2006

2 protocols are presented to predict and assess reactions after application of chemicals or cosmetic products, either raw materials or finished products. The first is an open epidermal induction and challenge, the intensity of the reaction being maximized by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant into the toot pad. The second allows detection of weaker allergens and is a quasi‐intradermal induction: both the adjuvant and test substance are injected into the foot pad. In both protocols, the challenge consisted of a single topical application in the lumbar region of 10 μl of test substance and components, allowing study of Cross‐sensitization, the large surface available permitting 6 different contacts.
Diagnostic patch test concentration for Kathon CG
Authors: Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Patch test studies. 21‐day cumulative irrtancy assays and Draize repeat insult patch tests with Kathon CG, were used to ascertain; in appropriate diagnostic patch test concentration. A dilution of 100 ppm a.i. (aq. or pet.) appears to have low irritancy potential. Further observations are required to verify if this concentration is high enough to detect most cases of scnsitization
Contact sensitivity and bioavailability of chlorocresol
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Carlsen Lars , Egsgaard Helge , Larsen Elfinn
Published: April 2006

Chlorocresol sensitization from 5 topical preparations was determined in guinea pigs using the cumulative contact enhancement test. Chlorocresol 5% in olive oil/acetone (4/1), and 5% in aqueous suspension stabilized with carbomer 941 were more sensitizing (55% and 60% of the animals positive, respectively) than chlorocresol 5% in propylene glycol with or without carbomer 941 (20% positive) The sensitization from a saturated aqueous chlorncresol solution (about 0.38% w/v) was comparable to that of a 5% propylene glycol solution containing 13 times more chlorocresol.

The fraction of the applied dose (from each preparation) that remained in the bandage material and the patch test skin site was determined by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry using an isotopic dilution technique.

From 0.2% to 1.6% of the applied doses remained at the patch test skin sites as free chlorocresol. 75% of the chlorocresol in aqueous suspension permeated the skin in contrast in 34% and 35% of the chlorocresol in olive oil/acetone (4/1) and propylene glycol, respectively. In spite of the same amount of chlorocresol absorption from the 2 latter preparations, they showed a significant difference in sensitizing capacity. No simple relationship between the sensitization rates and the calculated bioavailability was observed with the preparations tested.
Allergic and irritant potential of benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Hausten Uwe‐F. , Tegetmeyer Lucia , Ziegler Volker
Published: April 2006

Benzoyl peroxide (BP) is shown to be a weak allergen. Of 25 guinea pigs, only 5 were sensitized in the TINA lest. Before treatment, only 2 of 172 acne patients gave a positive patch test with 1% BP, but not with 0.1% BP. The following results suggest that BP is a strong irritant. The irritant potential ID50 in rabbis was 2.52% and thee IT50 was 2.31 days with 5% BP, 4.34 days with 1% and 8.35 days with 0.1% BP.

29% of acne patients and non‐exposed controls had a positive patch lest with 5% BP. However, only 11 of 155 acne patients and clinical signs of intolerance, which settled despite continued use in 10 cases. The possible reasons for this dichotomy are explored. Neither the irritant nor allergenic properties of BP impaired its clinical use.
Skin irritancy from nonanoic acid
Authors: Wahlberg Jan E. , Wrangsjö Karin , Hietasalo Ari
Published: April 2006

100 hospitalized patients with skin disease were patch tested with graded dilutions of nonanoic acid (NON), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and benzalkonium chloride (BENZ), Smooth dose‐response curves were obtained. The concentration needed to produce a discernible irritant reaction in 50% of the population (ID50) was found to be lower in cases of irritant than of allergic contact dermatitis; this finding warrants further study. Björnberg's observation that it is not possible to predict the strength of the reaction to one irritant by knowing the strength of the reaction to another was confirmed. Benzalkonium chloride caused a high frequency of pustular and/or billions reactions with scarring as a sequela. It is suggested that this irritant could be replaced by nonanoic acid in experimental studies of topical irritancy, since the test reactions from nonanoic acid were reproducible, easy to read and left no staining or scarring.
Allergy in hip arthroplasty
Authors: Waterman A. H. , Schrik J. J.
Published: April 2006

A prospective study was made in 85 patients of the relationship between implantation of metal‐to‐polyethylene hip prostheses and the incidence of delayed‐type allergy to components of the prostheses. It shows that sensitization to cobalt, nickel and chromate, and to methacrylate, can develop as a result of such implantation. Loosening did not occur in any of the cases of possible sensitization. Evidence of allergy to prosthetic components was not found in any of the 10 cases of loosening.
Structure‐activity aspects of 4 allergenic sesquiterpene lactones tacking the exocyclic α‐methylene at the lactone ring
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Schmalle H. W.
Published: April 2006

4 sesquiterpene lactones lacking the exocyclic α‐methylene at the lactone ring, but possessing further unsaturated centers such as a cyclopentenone ring or an epoxy group, were proved to be sensitizers in guinea pigs. Lack of substitution in the cyclopentenone ring and unsaturation in the side chains appear to be necessary prerequisites for nucleophilic attack. Our results suggest that to the estimated 650 potential sensitizing sesquiterpene lactones of the Compositae family, a further 50 sesquiterpene lactones should be added.