bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a potentiometric sensor for the determination of carbamazepine and its application in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Cetin Alper , Özbek Oguz , Erol Arzu
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder and its treatment is carried out with anti–epileptic drugs. Carbamazepine has been in use since 1965, as a safe and effective anti–epileptic agent. In this paper, a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane carbamazepine selective potentiometric sensor was developed for the determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical formulations. Carbamazepine–tetraphenylborate (CBZ–TPB) ion−pair was synthesized as an electroactive component and PVC membrane sensors were prepared with different CBZ–TPB ratios. The membrane with the best analytical properties was determined as the one with 2.0% CBZ–TPB ion–pair, 33.0% PVC and 65.0% o–nitrophenyl octyl ether (o–NPOE).

RESULTS

The proposed sensor exhibited linear responses over the concentration range 1.0 × 10−5 – 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 (R2 = 0.999). The limit of detection was 9.60 × 10−6 mol L−1. The developed sensor showed high selectivity against carbamazepine over some ionic species investigated and also over other anti–epileptic drugs. The potentiometric response of the sensor was not affected by pH in the wide pH range of 4.0–9.0 and the response was fast, at ≈10s.

CONCLUSION

The fabricated carbamazepine–selective sensor was applied for the determination of carbamazepine contents of some pharmaceutical formulations. The potentiometric measurement results for the pharmaceutical formulations gave results with good agreement with data obtained using UV–visible spectroscopy. As a result, the developed carbamazepine selective potentiometric sensor can be considered as an alternative to other analytical methods for the determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical samples. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Direct transesterification of microalgae after pulsed electric field treatment
Authors: Papachristou I , Zhang S , Gorte O , Ochsenreither K , Wüstner R , Nazarova N , Frey W , Silve A
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

Lipid extraction is a major bottleneck for the commercialization of microalgae due to energy costs involved during solvent recycling. Direct transesterification offers the possibility to bypass the extraction step by immediately converting the lipids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, the efficiency of direct transesterification after pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment was evaluated. Freshly harvested Auxenochlorella protothecoides (A. protothecoides), cultivated either autotrophically or mixotrophically, was subjected to PEF. Two treatment energies were tested, 0.25 and 1.5 MJ kgdw−1, and results were compared with those for conventional two‐step transesterification.

RESULTS

For autotrophically grown A. protothecoides, the percentage of the total FAMEs recovered from untreated biomass and microalgae treated with 0.25 MJ kgdw−1 was 30% for both cases, while for 1.5 MJ kgdw−1 it was 65%. A 24 h incubation step between PEF treatment and direct transesterification significantly improved the results. Untreated biomass remained stable with 30% of FAMEs, while with both treatment energies a 97% FAME recovery was achieved. However, for mixotrophic A. protothecoides the process was not as effective. Approximately 30% of FAMEs were recovered for all three conditions immediately after PEF with only a marginal increase after incubation. The reason for this different behavior of the two cultivation modes is unknown and under investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the synergy between PEF and direct transesterification was proven to have potential, in particular for autotrophic microalgae. Its implementation and further optimization in a biorefinery therefore merit further attention. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Transcriptomic analyses reveal neuronal specificity of Leigh syndrome associated genes
Authors: Wahedi Azizia , Soondram Chandika , Murphy Alan E. , Skene Nathan , Rahman Shamima
Published: December 2022

Leigh syndrome is a rare, inherited, complex neurometabolic disorder with genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Features present in affected patients range from classical stepwise developmental regression to ataxia, seizures, tremor, and occasionally psychiatric manifestations. Currently, more than 100 monogenic causes of Leigh syndrome have been identified, yet the pathophysiology remains unknown. Here, we sought to determine the cellular specificity within the brain of all genes currently associated with Leigh syndrome. Further, we aimed to investigate potential genetic commonalities between Leigh syndrome and other disorders with overlapping clinical features. Enrichment of our target genes within the brain was evaluated with co‐expression (CoExp) network analyses constructed using existing UK Brain Expression Consortium data. To determine the cellular specificity of the Leigh associated genes, we employed expression weighted cell type enrichment (EWCE) analysis of single‐cell RNA‐Seq data. Finally, CoExp network modules demonstrating enrichment of Leigh syndrome associated genes were then utilised for synaptic gene ontology analysis and heritability analysis. CoExp network analyses revealed that Leigh syndrome associated genes exhibit the highest levels of expression in brain regions most affected on MRI in affected patients. EWCE revealed significant enrichment of target genes in hippocampal and somatosensory pyramidal neurons and interneurons of the brain. Analysis of CoExp modules enriched with our target genes revealed preferential association with pre‐synaptic structures. Heritability studies suggested some common enrichment between Leigh syndrome and Parkinson disease and epilepsy. Our findings suggest a primary mitochondrial dysfunction as the underlying basis of Leigh syndrome, with associated genes primarily expressed in neuronal cells.
Vitamin B5, a coenzyme A precursor, rescues TANGO2 deficiency disease‐associated defects in Drosophila and human cells
Authors: Asadi Paria , Milev Miroslav P. , Saint‐Dic Djenann , Gamberi Chiara , Sacher Michael
Published: December 2022

Mutations in the Transport and Golgi Organization 2 (TANGO2) gene are associated with intellectual deficit, neurodevelopmental delay and regression. Individuals can also present with an acute metabolic crisis that includes rhabdomyolysis, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias, the latter of which are potentially lethal. While preventing metabolic crises has the potential to reduce mortality, no treatments currently exist for this condition. The function of TANGO2 remains unknown but is suspected to be involved in some aspect of lipid metabolism. Here, we describe a model of TANGO2‐related disease in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that recapitulates crucial disease traits. Pairing a new fly model with human cells, we examined the effects of vitamin B5, a coenzyme A (CoA) precursor, on alleviating the cellular and organismal defects associated with TANGO2 deficiency. We demonstrate that vitamin B5 specifically improves multiple defects associated with TANGO2 loss‐of‐function in Drosophila and rescues membrane trafficking defects in human cells. We also observed a partial rescue of one of the fly defects by vitamin B3, though to a lesser extent than vitamin B5. Our data suggest that a B complex supplement containing vitamin B5/pantothenate may have therapeutic benefits in individuals with TANGO2‐deficiency disease. Possible mechanisms for the rescue are discussed that may include restoration of lipid homeostasis.
Incipient morphological specializations associated with fossorial life in the skull of ground squirrels (Sciuridae, Rodentia)
Authors: Gomes Rodrigues Helder , Damette Mathilde
Published: December 2022

Anatomical and biological specializations have been studied extensively in fossorial rodents, especially in subterranean species, such as mole‐rats or pocket‐gophers. Sciurids (i.e., squirrels) are mostly known for their diverse locomotory behaviors, and encompass many arboreal species. They also include less specialized fossorial species, such as ground squirrels that are mainly scratch diggers. The skull of ground squirrels remains poorly investigated in a fossorial context, while it may reflect incipient morphological specializations associated with fossorial life, especially due to the putative use of incisors for digging in some taxa. Here, we present the results of a comparative analysis of the skull of five fossorial sciurid species, and compare those to four arboreal sciurids, one arboreal/fossorial sciurid and one specialized fossorial aplodontiid. The quantification of both cranial and mandibular shapes, using three dimensional geometric morphometrics, reveals that fossorial species clearly depart from arboreal species. Fossorial species from the Marmotini tribe, and also Xerini to a lesser extent, show widened zygomatic arches and occipital plate on the cranium, and a wide mandible with reduced condyles. These shared characteristics, which are present in the aplodontiid species, likely represent fossorial specializations rather than relaxed selection on traits related to the ancestral arboreal condition of sciurids. Such cranial and mandibular configurations combined with proodont incisors might also be related to the frequent use of incisors for digging (added to forelimbs), especially in Marmotini evolving in soft to hard soil conditions. This study provides some clues to understand the evolutionary mechanisms shaping the skull of fossorial rodents, in relation to the time spent underground and to the nature of the soil.
Comparison of virtual reality and physical simulation training in first‐year radiography students in South America
Authors: Rowe David , Garcia Alejandra , Rossi Benito
Published: December 2022

Introduction

The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the learning outcomes achieved by first‐year radiography students educated with either virtual reality (VR) simulation training or physical simulation training. The implementation of VR has been proposed to enhance learning in radiography students and provide a more effective and efficient approach to simulation. However, the learning outcomes achieved with this approach have not been widely investigated.

Methods

Through stratified randomisation, 188 radiography students were allocated to one of two matched groups: a VR group (using Virtual Medical Coaching's Radiography simulation) and a physical simulation group (using Philips' X‐ray equipment). Both groups were taught 31 radiography views over one 25‐week semester. Both groups were assessed in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), using actors as patients in a physical X‐ray environment. Assessment was conducted by assigning objective count scores for five assessment criteria.

Results

The VR group achieved shorter OSCE duration and fewer errors in moving equipment and patient positioning: these results were statistically significant (P < 0.00). There was no significant difference in the frequency of errors in radiographic exposure setting between the VR and the physical simulation group. The current findings concur with the limited number of published studies concerning VR simulation in radiography.

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrated superior effectiveness and efficiency in the VR group. This provides preliminary evidence to introduce VR simulation in the host institution and provide evidence that it may be possible to replace the use of physical simulation across other years of the degree. Further research investigating these possibilities is warranted.
Old dogs, new tricks: MR‐Linac training and credentialing of radiation oncologists, radiation therapists and medical physicists
Authors: Hogan Louise , Jameson Michael , Crawford David , Alvares Stacy , Loo Conrad , Picton Maddison , Moutrie Zoe , Pagulayan Claire , Jelen Ursula , Dunkerley Nicolle , Twentyman Tania , de Leon Jeremy , Batumalai Vikneswary
Published: December 2022

The introduction of magnetic resonance (MR) linear accelerators (MR‐Linacs) into radiotherapy departments has increased in recent years owing to its unique advantages including the ability to deliver online adaptive radiotherapy. However, most radiation oncology professionals are not accustomed to working with MR technology. The integration of an MR‐Linac into routine practice requires many considerations including MR safety, MR image acquisition and optimisation, image interpretation and adaptive radiotherapy strategies. This article provides an overview of training and credentialing requirements for radiation oncology professionals to develop competency and efficiency in delivering treatment safely on an MR‐Linac.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in surfactant science: A personal view
Authors: Scheuing David R.
Published: December 2022

The overall goal of this review paper on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) is to provide non‐specialists and spectroscopists alike a motivational introduction to how this technique may be used to obtain unique structural information on a wide range of surfactant‐based systems. Two main topics are addressed—The structures of surfactant aggregates in solution and the interactions of surfactants in solution with solid surfaces. Infrared spectra can yield insights into the interactions of surfactants in mixed micelles as well as in microemulsions. The structures of adsorbed surfactant layers and their kinetics of formation may be elucidated from FT‐IR spectra obtained using attenuated total reflectance sampling techniques. Insights into the detergency process of solid oily soils may also be obtained from the spectra of phases formed at the soil‐surfactant solution interface. Future work in applying FT‐IR to the development of the hydrophilic–lipophilic difference + net average curvature (HLD‐NAC) framework is proposed. Spectral interpretation principles examined in many examples, particularly regarding surfactant hydration and the loci of oil solubilization, could be used in the further development of HLD‐NAC through application to some microemulsion systems that have recently been reported.
Optimization of enzyme‐assisted extraction of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Zingiber officinale, by response surface methodology
Authors: Sethunga Maheshika , Ranaweera Kamburawala Kankanamge Don Somathilaka , Munaweera Imalka , Gunathilake Katugampalage Don Prasanna Priyantha
Published: December 2022

Background

The present study exploredi the upshot of enzyme‐assisted extraction (EAE) on the extraction yield and main active compounds in the essential oils (EOs) of cinnamon, ginger, and clove bud and optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by applying Box–Behnken Design. The effects of the enzyme composition, enzyme concentration, and incubation time on extraction yield and the main active compounds of EOs were investigated.

Results

The preliminary single factor experiments revealed a significant increase in extraction yield and the main active compound of pre‐treated samples compared to the control. The statistical analysis of RSM revealed that the established model was fitted and there was a strong positive correlation between the factors and responses. The optimum conditions for cinnamon bark oil were 90% viscozyme at 1% concentration with 120 min of incubation time. The pre‐treatment of clove bud using 90% viscozyme percentage at 1% enzyme concentration at 109 min of incubation gave the maximized results. In contrast, the optimum conditions for EAE of ginger oil were 44.75% of Viscozyme, 1% of enzyme concentration, and 90 min of incubation time.

Conclusion

All the predicted optimal conditions were validated and the optimal conditions enhanced the extraction yields of cinnamon, ginger, and clove bud EOs by 16.97 ± 0.22%, 19.51 ± 1.39%, and 15.37 ± 0.39%, respectively. The cinnamaldehyde content, eugenol content, and alpha‐zingiberene content of each EO were increased by 17.88 ± 0.29%, 4.82% ± 0.09, and 11.05 ± 0.44%, respectively. Therefore, the overall study revealed that EAE using RSM significantly enhanced the extraction EO yields and main active components in cinnamon, clove bud, and ginger.
Spatial distribution of gut microbiota in mice during the occurrence and remission of hyperuricemia
Authors: Han Jiaojiao , Wu Qiaoli , Wang Ziyan , Lu Chenyang , Zhou Jun , Li Ye , Ming Tinghong , Zhang Zhen , Su Xiurong
Published: December 2022

Background

Previous studies have shown that anserine can alleviate hyperuricemia by changing the fecal microbiota of hyperuricemic mice.

Topic

However, the fecal microbiota could not fully represent the distribution of the whole gut microbiota. Knowing the spatial distribution of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota is therefore important for understanding its action in the occurrence and remission of hyperuricemia.

Methods

This study provides a comprehensive map of the most common bacterial communities that colonize different parts of the mouse gastrointestinal tract (stomach, duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon) using a modern methodological approach.

Results

The stomach, colon, and cecum showed the greatest richness and diversity in bacterial species. Three clusters of bacterial populations were observed along the digestive system: (1) in the stomach, (2) in the duodenum and ileum, and (3) in the colon and cecum. A high purine solution changed the composition and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota, and anserine relieved hyperuricemia by restoring the homeostasis of the digestive tract microbiota, especially improving the abundance of probiotics in the digestive tract.

Implication

This could be the starting point for further research on the regulation of hyperuricemia by gut microbiota with the ultimate goal of promoting health and welfare. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The generally useful estimate of solvent systems method facilitates off‐line two‐dimensional countercurrent chromatography for isolating compositions from Siraitia grosvenorii roots
Authors: Lu Fenglai , Sun Jiayi , Jiang Xiaohua , Yang Xuerong , Liu Hongwei , Yan Xiaojie , Chen Yueyuan , Li Dian‐Peng
Published: December 2022

Solvent system selection is a crucial and the most time‐consuming step for successful countercurrent chromatography separation. A thin‐layer chromatography‐based generally useful estimate of solvent systems method has been developed to simplify the solvent system selection. We herein utilized the method to select a solvent system for off‐line two‐dimensional countercurrent chromatography to separate chemical compositions from a complex fraction of the Siraitia grosvenorii root extract. The first‐dimensional countercurrent separation using chloroform/methanol/water (10:5.5:4.5, v/v/v) yielded four compounds with high purity and three mixture fractions (Fr I, III, and VII). The second‐dimensional countercurrent separation conducted on Fr I, III, and VII using the hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:6:4, 3:7:3:7, v/v/v) and chloroform/methanol/water (10:9:6, v/v/v) solvent systems, respectively, produced another four compounds. Four triterpenoids and four lignans were finally isolated, including two novel compounds. Hence, the generally useful estimate of solvent systems method is a feasible and efficient approach for selecting an applicable solvent system for separating complex samples. In addition, the off‐line two‐dimensional countercurrent chromatography method can improve both the peak resolution and the capacity of countercurrent chromatography.
Extraction and preparation of 5‐lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves
Authors: Liu Ruoyao , Zhang Yuchi , Li Sainan , Liu Chunming , Zhuang Siyuan , Zhou Xu , Li Yanjie , Zhang Yutong , Liang Jiaqi
Published: December 2022

In this study, an efficient method that employs 5‐lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase as biological target molecules in receptor–ligand affinity ultrafiltration–liquid chromatography was developed for the screening of enzyme inhibitors derived from the Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves. The effects of the extraction time, number of extraction cycles, ethanol concentration, and liquid–solid ratio on the total yield of the target compounds were investigated using response surface methodology, and the bioactive components were isolated using a combination of semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography and high‐speed countercurrent chromatography via a two‐phase solvent system consisting of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:6:2:6, v/v/v/v). Subsequently, 10 naturally‐occurring bioactive components in the Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves, including wogonin, ononin, isoquercitrin, calycosin‐7‐glucoside, 3‐hydroxy‐9,10‐dimethoxyptercarpan, hyperoside, 7,2′‐dihydroxy‐3′,4′‐dimethoxyisoflavan, baicalein, calycosin, and soyasaponin, were screened using affinity ultrafiltration to determine their potential effects against Alzheimer's disease. Consequently, all target compounds had purities higher than 95.0%, and the potential anti‐Alzheimer's disease effect of the obtained bioactive compounds was verified using molecular docking analysis. Based on the results, the back‐to‐back screening of complex enzyme inhibitors and separation of the target bioactive compounds using complex chromatography could provide a new approach to the discovery and preparation of natural active ingredients.
Our journeys through the fascinating world of proton radiation therapy
Authors: Bortfeld Thomas , Yan Susu
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this article is to share the excitement of the science of proton therapy, told by two physicists, who started their career in this area at different times. The authors' journey spans the evolution of proton therapy over the past 30 years, taking the reader from the time when it was an extremely exotic treatment modality until its more common use today. Over this time period, the authors' research and development aimed at an improved understanding of the physical benefits of intensity‐modulated proton therapy and arc therapy, treatment planning and optimization to take proton‐specific uncertainties into account, and imaging to measure the proton range in the patient. The final section focuses on emerging themes to democratize proton therapy by substantially reducing its size and price, for much greater affordability and global availability of this treatment modality.
A study of flex miniaturized coils for focal nerve magnetic stimulation
Authors: Colella Micol , Press Daniel Z. , Laher Rebecca M. , McIlduff Courtney E. , Rutkove Seward B. , Cassarà Antonino M. , Apollonio Francesca , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Liberti Micaela , Bonmassar Giorgio
Published: December 2022

Background

Peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) is emerging as a complement to standard electrical stimulation (ES) of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). PMS may stimulate sensory and motor nerve fibers without the discomfort associated with the ES used for standard nerve conduction studies. The PMS coils are the same ones used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and lack focality and selectiveness in the stimulation.

Purpose

This study presents a novel coil for PMS, developed using Flexible technologies, and characterized by reduced dimensions for a precise and controlled targeting of peripheral nerves.

Methods

We performed hybrid electromagnetic (EM) and electrophysiological simulations to study the EM exposure induced by a novel miniaturized coil (or mcoil) in and around the radial nerve of the neuro‐functionalized virtual human body model Yoon‐Sun, and to estimate the current threshold to induce magnetic stimulation (MS) of the radial nerve. Eleven healthy subjects were studied with the mcoil, which consisted of two 15 mm diameter coils in a figure‐of‐eight configuration, each with a hundred turns of a 25 μm copper‐clad four‐layer foil. Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) were measured in each subject using two electrodes and compared with those obtained from standard ES. The SNAPs conduction velocities were estimated as a performance metric.

Results

The induced electric field was estimated numerically to peak at a maximum intensity of 39 V/m underneath the mcoil fed by 70 A currents. In such conditions, the electrophysiological simulations suggested that the mcoil elicits SNAPs originating at 7 mm from the center of the mcoil. Furthermore, the numerically estimated latencies and waveforms agreed with those obtained during the PMS experiments on healthy subjects, confirming the ability of the mcoil to stimulate the radial nerve sensory fibers.

Conclusion

Hybrid EM‐electrophysiological simulations assisted the development of a miniaturized coil with a small diameter and a high number of turns using flexible electronics. The numerical dosimetric analysis predicted the threshold current amplitudes required for a suprathreshold peripheral nerve sensory stimulation, which was experimentally confirmed. The developed and now validated computational pipeline will be used to improve the performances (e.g., focality and minimal currents) of new generations of mcoil designs.
A micropolar shell model for hard‐magnetic soft materials
Authors: Dadgar‐Rad Farzam , Hossain Mokarram
Published: December 2022

Hard‐magnetic soft materials (HMSMs) are particulate composites that particles with high coercivity are dispersed in a soft matrix. Since applying the magnetic loading induces a body couple in HMSMs, the resulting Cauchy stress is predicted to be asymmetric. Therefore, the micropolar continuum theory can be employed to capture the deformation of these materials. On the other hand, the geometries and structures made of HMSMs often possess small thickness compared to the overall dimensions of the body. Accordingly, in the present contribution, a 10‐parameter micropolar shell formulation to model the finite elastic deformation of thin hard‐magnetic soft structures under magnetic stimuli is developed. The proposed shell formulation allows for using three‐dimensional constitutive laws without any need for modification to apply the plane stress assumption in thin structures. A nonlinear finite element formulation is also presented for the numerical solution of the governing equations. To alleviate the locking phenomenon, the enhanced assumed strain method is employed. Several examples are presented that demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed formulation.
Evaluation of evidence of prevention and management of facial pressure injuries in medical staff
Authors: Su Honghong , Lv Qian , Kong Yue , Zeng Huiling , Zhou Wenguang , Zhu Fangfang , Xu Baoling , Zhou Qijun
Published: December 2022

Aim

This systematic review evaluated the quality of evidence for the prevention and management of facial pressure injuries in medical staff.

Design

This review was presented in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines.

Methods

We retrieved the relevant studies from 19 databases. Using the literature evaluation standards and evidence grading system of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence‐Based Health Care Center, we evaluated the quality of the literature encompassing different types of research and assessed their levels of evidence.

Results

A total of 13 studies were included, including seven expert consensuses, two recommended practices, one clinical decision, one best practice information booklet, one systematic review and one randomized controlled trial. In the end, 31 best evidence were summarized, including skin cleaning and care, PPE placement and movement, reasonable use of dressings, treatment measures and education and training.
Positive affect and job performance in psychiatric nurses: A moderated mediation analysis
Authors: Ma Xiucheng , Wu Dongmei , Hou Xiaofeng
Published: December 2022

Aims

The aims of this research were (a) to determine if job satisfaction plays an intermediary role between positive affect and job performance; (b) to explore whether the mediating process of positive affect affecting job performance through job satisfaction is moderated by the work seniority of psychiatric nurses.

Design

A questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional study.

Methods

From January 2021 to May 2022, a total of 328 psychiatric nurses were recruited through online advertisements. Data regarding positive affect, job satisfaction, work seniority and job performance were obtained through survey questionnaires. The moderated mediation model was examined in this study utilizing the SPSS (Version 26.0) macro process 3.3, with job satisfaction as the mediation variable and work seniority as the moderation variable.

Results

Job performance and job satisfaction were both positively connected with positive affect, while job satisfaction was favourably correlated with job performance. Job satisfaction played a part mediating role between positive affect and job performance, with an effect value of 0.10, accounting for 22.22% of the total effect. And work seniority moderated the second half of the mediating process.

Conclusion

Positive affect positively affected job performance through two paths, directly or indirectly. Part of the intermediate role of job satisfaction between positive affect and job performance is regulated by seniority; that is, work seniority buffered the positive effect of positive affect on job performance.

Impact

This study revealed how positive affect works and elaborated the conditions to play a role, which greatly enriched the content of positive psychology and had important significance for deepening and expanding the relationship between positive affect and job performance. It also provided a reference for nursing managers to implement humanized management, build a high‐performance psychiatric nurse team and promote the long‐term development of psychiatric hospitals.

Patient or public contribution

Three hundred and twenty‐eight psychiatric nurses participated in the questionnaire. Trained staff were involved in data collection.
First evidence of hunting a tiger in the Early Eneolithic of the foothill zone of the Kopet Dagh
Authors: Kasparov Aleksei K. , Solov'yova Natalia F.
Published: December 2022

During excavations of the settlement‐site Ilgynly‐Depe in Southeastern Turkmenistan, for the first time, since investigations began in 1986, the remains of tiger were found. Two bones of this large predator were found in layers dated to the beginning of the third millennium BC. Among the bones that were found are the proximal part of the third hind metapodium and the second hind phalanx, possibly from the third digit of the hind leg. Characteristic cuts from skinning of an animal are on the second phalanx. This is the first evidence of hunting of large felid predators in the Chalcolithic time in South Turkmenistan.
Body surface area is a potential obesity index: Its genetic determination and its causality for later‐life diseases
Authors: Yu Xing‐Hao , Cao Rong‐Rong , Yang Yi‐Qun , Deng Fei‐Yan , Bo Lin , Lei Shu‐Feng
Published: December 2022

Objective

This study aimed to identify novel genetic factors that contribute to body surface area (BSA) and explore its relationship with complex traits and diseases.

Methods

Based on more than 330,000 European individuals in the UK Biobank, the first large‐scale genome‐wide association study for BSA was performed. Comprehensive genetic analysis and enrichment analysis were then performed to explore the biological function of the identified loci. The genetic correlations and causal associations between BSA and other anthropometry parameters, early growth indices, and later‐life diseases, respectively, were assessed by complex genetic approaches.

Results

Genome‐wide association study analysis identified a total of 456 conditionally independent single‐nucleotide polymorphism mapping genes with known functions in the regulation of adipogenesis and metabolism and enriched in adipogenesis‐related pathways. BSA was highly genetically correlated with obesity phenotypes, and all the studied anthropometry parameters from the UK Biobank were significantly positively associated with BSA. BSA was phenotypically associated with 13 chronic diseases and genetically associated with 6 diseases. Mendelian randomization analyses showed that BSA has a causal effect in increasing the risk of some diseases.

Conclusions

These findings increase understanding of genetic determinants for BSA and its relationship with complex traits and diseases, and BSA could be regarded as a potential obesity trait.
FSTL3 is highly expressed in adipose tissue of individuals with overweight or obesity and is associated with inflammation
Authors: Li Xiaoya , Zhang Hongwei , Ma Xiaojing , Wang Yufei , Han Xiaodong , Yang Ying , Yu Haoyong , Bao Yuqian
Published: December 2022

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the expression of follistatin‐like 3 (FSTL3) in adipose tissue in individuals with overweight or obesity and to explore the role of FSTL3 in human adipocytes, as well as the relationship between serum FSTL3 levels and fat distribution and inflammation.

Methods

This study enrolled 236 individuals (171 with overweight or obesity; aged 18–67 years). Bulk transcriptome sequencing was performed on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. The function of FSTL3 was studied in human adipocytes. Serum FSTL3 levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Adipose FTSL3 expression was higher in individuals with overweight or obesity than in individuals with normal weight. FSTL3 was mainly expressed in mature adipocytes and stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). FSTL3 suppressed inflammatory responses in human adipocytes, whereas FSTL3 knockdown promoted inflammatory responses. Serum FSTL3 levels were correlated with adipose FTSL3 expression and obesity‐related indicators (all p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum FSTL3 levels were independently associated with the visceral fat area and serum TNFα levels (both p < 0.05).

Conclusions

FSTL3 was highly expressed in adipose tissue in individuals with overweight or obesity and could suppress adipocyte inflammation. Serum FSTL3 levels might be considered as a biomarker of visceral obesity and inflammation.
The efficacy of GLP‐1RAs for the management of postprandial hypoglycemia following bariatric surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Llewellyn David C. , Logan Ellis Hugh , Aylwin Simon J. B. , Oštarijaš Eduard , Green Shauna , Sheridan William , Chew Nicholas W. S. , le Roux Carel W. , Miras Alexander D. , Patel Ameet G. , Vincent Royce P. , Dimitriadis Georgios K.
Published: December 2022

Objective

Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia is an increasingly recognized complication of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and gastric sleeve surgery that may detrimentally affect patient quality of life. One likely causal factor is glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), which has an exaggerated rise following ingestion of carbohydrates after bariatric surgery. This paper sought to assess the role of GLP‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in managing postprandial hypoglycemia following bariatric surgery.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus were systematically and critically appraised for all peer‐reviewed publications that suitably fulfilled the inclusion criteria established a priori. This systematic review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses Protocols (PRISMA‐P). It followed methods outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and is registered with PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; identifier CRD420212716429).

Results and Conclusions

Postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia remains a notoriously difficult to manage metabolic complication of bariatric surgery. This first, to the authors' knowledge, systematic review presents evidence suggesting that use of GLP‐1RAs does not lead to an increase of hypoglycemic episodes, and, although this approach may appear counterintuitive, the findings suggest that GLP‐1RAs could reduce the number of postprandial hypoglycemic episodes and improve glycemic variability.
Metabolically favorable adiposity and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Bland Victoria L. , Bea Jennifer W. , Going Scott B. , Yaghootkar Hanieh , Arora Amit , Ramadan Ferris , Funk Janet L. , Chen Zhao , Klimentidis Yann C.
Published: December 2022

Objective

This analysis assessed the putative causal association between genetically predicted percent body fat and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and, more specifically, the association between genetically predicted metabolically “favorable adiposity” (MFA) and aBMD at clinically relevant bone sites.

Methods

Mendelian randomization was used to assess the relationship of MFA and percent body fat with whole‐body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, and forearm aBMD. Sex‐stratified and age‐stratified exploratory analyses were conducted.

Results

In all MR analyses, genetically predicted MFA was inversely associated with aBMD for the whole body (β = −0.053, p = 0.0002), lumbar spine (β = −0.075; p = 0.0001), femoral neck (β = −0.045; p = 0.008), and forearm (β = −0.115; p = 0.001). This negative relationship was strongest in older individuals and did not differ by sex. The relationship between genetically predicted percent body fat and aBMD was nonsignificant across all Mendelian randomization analyses. Several loci that were associated at a genome‐wide significance level (p < 5 × 10−8) in opposite directions with body fat and aBMD measures were also identified.

Conclusions

This study did not support the hypothesis that MFA protects against low aBMD. Instead, it showed that MFA may result in lower aBMD. Further research is needed to understand how MFA affects aBMD and other components of bone health such as bone turnover, bone architecture, and osteoporotic fractures.
The efficacy of morning versus evening exercise for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Brooker Paige G. , Gomersall Sjaan R. , King Neil A. , Leveritt Michael D.
Published: December 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of morning versus evening exercise on weight loss, cardiometabolic health, and components of energy balance.

Methods

A total of 100 inactive adults with overweight or obesity were randomized to morning exercise (AMEx; 06:00–09:00), evening exercise (PMEx; 16:00–19:00), or wait‐list control (CON). AMEx and PMEx were prescribed 250 min·wk−1 of self‐paced aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Anthropometry and body composition, physical activity, and dietary intake were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak), resting metabolic rate, and blood markers were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Body composition and V̇O2peak were also measured at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.

Results

AMEx and PMEx lost weight during the intervention (mean [SD], AMEx, −2.7 [2.5] kg, p < 0.001; PMEx, −3.1 [3.4] kg, p < 0.001). V̇O2peak significantly increased in both intervention groups, and these changes were different from CON (AMEx, +4.7 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.034; PMEx, +4.2 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.045). There were no between‐group differences for resting metabolic rate or physical activity. At 12 weeks, total energy intake was significantly reduced in both AMEx and PMEx versus CON (AMEx, −3974 kJ, p < 0.001; PMEx, −3165 kJ, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Adults with overweight and obesity experience modest weight loss in response to an exercise program, but there does not appear to be an optimal time to exercise.
Semaglutide for cardiovascular event reduction in people with overweight or obesity: SELECT study baseline characteristics
Authors: Lingvay Ildiko , Brown‐Frandsen Kirstine , Colhoun Helen M. , Deanfield John , Emerson Scott S. , Esbjerg Sille , Hardt‐Lindberg Søren , Hovingh G. Kees , Kahn Steven E. , Kushner Robert F. , Lincoff A. Michael , Marso Steven P. , Fries Tea Monk , Plutzky Jorge , Ryan Donna H. ,   the SELECT Study Group
Published: December 2022

Objective

This paper describes the baseline characteristics of the Semaglutide Effects on Heart Disease and Stroke in Patients with Overweight or Obesity (SELECT) study, one of the largest cardiovascular (CV) outcome studies in the field of obesity, which evaluates the effect of semaglutide versus placebo on major CV events.

Methods

SELECT enrolled individuals with overweight or obesity without diabetes, with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, and/or peripheral artery disease. This study reports participants' baseline characteristics in the full study population and subgroups defined by baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; <5.7%, ≥5.7 to <6.0%, ≥6.0 to <6.5%), baseline waist to height ratio tertile, and qualifying prior CV event or condition.

Results

The study enrolled 17,605 participants (72.5% male) with an average (SD) age of 61.6 (8.9) years and BMI of 33.34 (5.04) kg/m2. The most common prior CV event was myocardial infarction (76.3% of participants), followed by stroke (23.3%) and peripheral artery disease (8.6%). Furthermore, 24.3% had a heart failure diagnosis. Two‐thirds of participants (66%) had HbA1c in the prediabetes range (5.7%‐6.4%). Across groups of increasing HbA1c, prevalence of all CV risk factors increased.

Conclusions

The enrolled population in SELECT includes participants across a broad range of relevant risk categories. This will allow the study to garner information about the CV benefits of semaglutide across these relevant clinical subgroups.
Real‐world effectiveness of the Bright Bodies healthy lifestyle intervention for childhood obesity
Authors: Samuels Stephanie L. , Hu Pamela , Maciejewski Kaitlin R. , Li Fangyong , Dziura James , Savoye Mary , Sharifi Mona
Published: December 2022

Objective

This study aimed to examine the extent to which Bright Bodies, a high‐intensity, family‐based pediatric weight management intervention, improved BMI for participants since publication of the randomized controlled trial establishing efficacy in 2007 and to describe adaptations to the program.

Methods

For participants enrolled from 2008 to 2018, linear mixed‐effects models were used to estimate monthly change in BMI expressed as percentage of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95) during participants' first beginner‐level program.

Results

The sample included 396 youth individuals (mean age: 11.7  [SD 2.8] years, 61.6% female, 37.1% non‐Hispanic Black, 26.3% Hispanic or Latino, 53.8% with public insurance, 80.1% with severe obesity). Across the 11 years, participants' %BMIp95 reduced on average by 1.63% (95% CI: 1.44%‐1.82%) per month during their first program (mean duration: 10 weeks) after adjusting for age, sex, season and year, starting %BMIp95, race and ethnicity, and insurance category. Greater reduction in %BMIp95 was associated with male versus female sex, spring/fall versus winter seasons, enrollment in 2008 to 2018 versus 2015 to 2018, and higher starting %BMIp95 (p value for all <0.001). Adaptations since 2007 included pragmatic changes to increase engagement and address funding shortages.

Conclusions

These results suggest sustained clinical effectiveness of Bright Bodies in the context of real‐world adaptations.
How we approach transfusions in a patient with high risk of alloimmunization from McLeod phenotype
Authors: Addams Joel , Hasan Rida A. , Saifee Nabiha H.
Published: December 2022

McLeod phenotype—caused by the missing Xk protein—is a very rare red cell phenotype, one characteristic of McLeod syndrome, and sometimes associated with X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Diagnosis of McLeod phenotype is important for appropriate transfusion management, because red blood cells from all healthy donors will have the Xk protein with its Kx antigen and can lead to red cell antibody formation without the ability to find compatible McLeod phenotype blood for transfusion. We offer a review and approach to diagnosis of the McLeod phenotype and special transfusion considerations.
A nationwide survey of late effects in survivors of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia in Japan
Authors: Ozono Shuichi , Sakashita Kazuo , Yoshida Nao , Kakuda Harumi , Watanabe Kenichiro , Maeda Miho , Ishida Yasushi , Manabe Atsushi , Taga Takashi , Muramatsu Hideki
Published: December 2022

We conducted a cross‐sectional study using a questionnaire to explore the late effects in survivors of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). The attending pediatric hematologists/oncologists completed the questionnaires. Of the 30 survivors, approximately 83% showed more than one late effect. The identified late effects included endocrine, dental, skin, ophthalmologic, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, neurocognitive, and cardiovascular dysfunction. The prevalence of short stature, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and nephrological complications was significantly elevated among survivors who were 12 years or more lapsed after HSCT. Therefore, a multidisciplinary follow‐up system for survivors of JMML is crucial.
Polylactide cocrystals and gels
Authors: Praveena N. M. , Akhila N. S. , Gowd E. Bhoje
Published: December 2022

Synthetic biodegradable polyesters have emerged as an alternative to conventional petroleum‐derived polymers for a diverse range of applications. Among these, polylactides are the most commercially successful biodegradable polymers. The presence of stereoregular chains makes poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) semicrystalline. The blending of enantiomeric PLLA and PDLA resulted in the stereocomplex formation due to non‐covalent interactions of enantiomeric chains. PLLA exhibits different crystalline forms depending on the crystallization conditions with different chain conformations, as well as different chain packing structures. PLLA and its blend with PDLA are known to form cocrystals with certain solvents. This review focuses mainly on the recent progress in understanding the cocrystal formation, polymorphic phase transitions of these cocrystals, gelation mechanism and stereocomplex formation in blend gels of polylactides.
A theoretical evaluation for new fused remote N‐heterocyclic silylenes (RNHSis) using density functional theory
Authors: Ghaghaei Masoud , Babazadeh Mirzaagha , Behmagham Farnaz , Edjlali Ladan , Vessally Esmail
Published: December 2022

In this research, we compare and contrast the stability, polarity, polarizability, band gap, and global reactivity of singlet (s) and triplet (t) fused benzene N‐heterocyclic silylene (1‐s and 1‐t) along with five numbered congeners (2x‐s, and 2x‐t, x = CH2, SiH2, GeH2, NH, PH, AsH, O, S, and Se) at DFT (density functional theory). All singlet and triplet remote N‐heterocyclic silylenes (RNHSis) appear as minima showing positive force constant. Every singlet RNHSi emerges as ground state and exhibits more stability than its corresponding triplet RNHSi. In going from 1‐s to 2x‐s species, the thermodynamic and kinetic stability is increased, so that higher ΔEs‐t (= Et − Es) and higher band gap or ΔEHOMO–LUMO (=ELUMO − EHOMO) is considered for 2CH2‐s, 2NH‐s, and 2O‐s structures. In going from second row to forth row of every group in the periodic table, electronegativity of heteroatoms have pronounced effect on the stability, polarity, polarizability, and band gap of 2x‐s species. These silylenes show more stability than the synthesized silylene by Kira. Every 2x‐t silylene shows higher nucleophilicity (about 1.6 times) than its corresponding 2x‐s analogous. Every singlet RNHSi reveals lower nucleophilicity (N), higher electrophilicity (ω), chemical potential (μ), and global hardness (η) than its triplet congener. Furthermore, 2x‐s silylenes benefit from stabilization effect of two heteroatoms synchronously in the fused five‐membered ring via mesomeric effect and π donation from the lone pairs of heteroatom to the formally vacant 3p orbital of the silylenic center. Hence, we predict higher stability as well as lower global reactivity of RNHSis than Kira's silylene will make them creditable for the synthetic research.