bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maps of Quaternary sediments and features in Austria and neighbouring countries at the scales of 1:500 000 and 1:1 500 000
Authors: Griesmeier Gerit E.U.
Published: June 2024

Today’s landscape and morphology of Austria is markedly affected by erosional and sedimentary processes active during the Quaternary. Particularly, large glaciers have shaped the landscape of the Eastern Alps. The presented maps at the scales of 1:500 000 and 1:1 500 000 aim to visualise areas, where deposition or erosion in different stages of the Quaternary prevailed. The maps (free download available) were generated with ArcGIS software using available map sheets at larger scales (1:50 000, 1:200 000). No additional field work has been conducted. The most obvious observation is that an extensive cover of Quaternary sediments predominantly occurs in the northern Alpine foreland, especially outside of Austria.

The maps show that large glacier tongues of the Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciations (Günz, Mindel, Riss and Würm) existed in the northern and southeastern alpine foreland. In the east, hardly any signs of glacial coverage are visible due to later fluvial cannibalisation of features partly deposited in narrow valleys. Bordering terminal moraines, extensive, terraced fluvial deposits occur within and around the Alps showing that river courses partly changed during the Pleistocene. Aeolian sediments often accompany these sediments, but also cover huge areas in the Vienna and Tulln Basin and the Little Hungarian plain. The distribution of large rockslide events shows that they mainly formed in glacially covered areas as a result of rock destabilisation after glacier retreat. Additionally, the map shows that the alpine foreland is subject of inhomogeneous uplift since the Neogene. For example, between Salzburg and Munich, wide areas are covered by Pleistocene deposits, whereas to the west of Munich and in Upper Austria, recent rivers incised deeper into Neogene sediments.
Who Were the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals? The Possibility of Their Dispersal Across Central Asia and Southern Siberia
Authors: Derevianko A. P.
Published: June 2024

My article in the previous issue, based on findings of archaeological excavations of Paleolithic sites in the Altai, primarily in Denisova Cave, as well as facts concerning the time of origin of Neanderthal anatomy and genetics in Europe, challenged the view, based on the genetic analysis of the Altaian Neanderthals, that they had migrated to the Altai before 175 ka BP and occupied Denisova Cave by turns with Denisovans. In fact, the Neanderthal occupation of the Altai began apparently no earlier than 60 ka BP. Thus far, Neanderthal fossils with a Micoquian Mousteroid industry have been found in three caves: Chagyrskaya, Okladnikov, and Strashnaya. This group of Neanderthals, evidencing the easternmost dispersal wave of those humans in Asia, was termed the Chagyrskaya group.
Archaeological Collections from the Jōmon Period in the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
Authors: Ivanova D. A.
Published: June 2024

This article presents an analysis and additional description of archaeological items of the Jōmon period from A.V. Grigoriev’s collection (No. 1294) at the Department of Archaeology of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS in St. Petersburg. The study focuses on the description of decorative motifs and the stylistic attribution of selected samples of pottery. The analysis is based on the published data about the Ōmori shell mound (Tokyo, Honshu Island), visited by Grigoriev in 1878 as a part of the expedition from the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. The early stage of the Japanese archaeology is described with reference to the Ōmori shell mound. Special attention is given to specific features of the Jōmon decorative style. The geographic location of the site suggests that the samples are associated with the Kasori B and Horinouchi styles. Contrary to the Russian tradition, the emphasis is made on stylistic interpretation rather than technology and typology. The combinations of large zonally arranged rectangular designs and spiral motifs are typical of the Kasori B style, to which several samples belong. Others reveal vertically and horizontally arranged patterns consisting of incised arcuate and straight lines, typical of the Horinouchi style.
Testing the Sample Preparation Method and Oxygen Isotopic Analysis of Tooth Enamel for the Reconstruction of the Birth Seasonality of Ovicaprines (the Case of Teeth from Istykskaya Cave, Eastern Pamir)
Authors: Babina K. A. , Shnaider S. V. , Bragina A. A. , Parkhomchuk E. V.
Published: June 2024

Cyclic variations of δ18O along the growth line of M2 and M3 molars provide information about the seasonality of enamel formation and thereby about reproductive seasonality in animals, taking into account the time of tooth eruption and full enamel maturation. Determination of birth seasonality of small ruminants is relevant to the reconstruction of pastoralist strategies. Two peaks of reproductive activity per year are one of the most reliable indicators of human control of the small ruminants. As part of this work, for the first time in Russia, a method of sample preparation and analysis of oxygen isotope ratios in the tooth enamel of small ruminants is proposed. Traditionally, breeding seasonality was evaluated by the isotopic analysis of carbonates, the content of which in dental enamel is only 4 %. According to a new approach, oxygen from a sample is converted to gaseous CO by the interaction of enamel with carbon in a helium flow under 1300 °С, enabling one to measure δ18O in all components of the dental enamel, including phosphates, which make up 90 % of enamel mass and are resistant to diagenesis. In this study, four sample preparation protocols depending on the degree of preservation of teeth and their age were tested: (A) cleaning and sampling of enamel, (B) treatment by H2O2, (C) treatment by NaOCl and CH3COOH, and (D) extraction of Ag3PO4. Results show that for assessing seasonality breeding, it suffices to evaluate the lowest and the highest δ18O along the tooth growth line. If the preservation of sample is good, minimal chemical treatment is enough to observe these extremes.
New Data on Armed Conflicts in the Altai During the Rouran Period: The Choburak I Cemetery
Authors: Seregin N. N. , Tishkin A. A. , Matrenin S. S. , Parshikova T. S. , Tur S. S.
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on a burial at a Rouran period cemetery, Choburak I, in the Chemalsky District, Republic of Altai, where altogether twelve burials were excavated by an expedition from the Altai State University. In kurgan 34a, a burial of a 30–35-year-old male with a horse was excavated. The burial goods included weapons, items of horse harness, utensils and domestic artifacts. The head of the buried individual had been replaced by the cranium of a ram, and certain postcranial bones revealed multiple injuries inflicted by a cutting weapon. The burial is attributed to the Dàlián tradition, associated with the Bulan-Koba culture. The analysis of the burial goods and a radiocarbon estimate suggest that the burial dates to the middle or second half of the 4th century AD. Injuries testify to armed conflicts, in which males had taken part, and support the belief that violence in the Altai was high during the Rouran period. The case is interpreted as one of decapitation. Given the parallels in adjacent regions, is can be hypothesized that the head of a ram had been used as a basis for a mask. Apparently, this peculiar custom was associated with the ritual in which the missing bodily part was replaced in specific cases of violent death.
New Findings Relating to Bone Processing from Chernyatino-2, Primorye
Authors: Leshchenko N. V. , Nikitin Y. G.
Published: June 2024

The article provides a detailed account of faunal materials from the Chernyatino-2 settlement in Russian Primorye. For the first time, a large series of bone blanks from a Bohai (698–926 AD) site is described, enabling us to reconstruct bone-processing techniques and types of tools used, expanding our knowledge of bone-working craft of that region. A detailed classification of bone and antler artifacts of domestic manufacture is presented. Certain artifacts are quite unusual. There are items relating to winter movement and hitherto unknown musical instruments, extending our knowledge of medieval Far Eastern musical culture. Also, we detail the species composition and proportion of domestic and wild animals. Predominant families and genera of fish are listed. The findings are discussed with reference to the role of environment in medieval subsistence strategy.
Boundaries, Structure, and Integrity of the Occupation Layer at the Gordinskoye I (Guryakar) Fortified Settlement, Udmurtia (9th–13th Centuries), According to Multispectral Imaging
Authors: Zhurbin I. V.
Published: June 2024

Science-based studies at Gordinskoye I (Guryakar) fortified settlement in northern Udmurtia (9th–13th centuries AD) were carried out. The occupation layer had been largely destroyed by plowing. The statistical analysis of multispectral images and segmentation of the generated images of vegetation distribution make it possible to assess the integrity of the occupation layer. The preliminary conclusion about the presence of its parts, varying in thickness, is based on the analysis of the configuration of areas of segmented multispectral images and the correspondence of diverse segments to relief features. Assessment of archaeological context and of the preservation of occupation layer (superficially disrupted, replaced, or transported) is possible only with the use of geophysical and soil studies and targeted excavations. The available reference data allow us to interpret individual segments present solely on the flat surface of the promontory. The assessment of the parameters of the occupation layer within the entire survey area is possible through the extrapolation of properties of vegetation segments with known characteristics. Based on the totality of data, it can be assumed that the built-up area of Guryakar was limited by the outer fortification line. A thick occupation layer is localized on the promontory, within two inner structural parts of the site. Two other parts of Guryakar, situated between the residence area and the outer fortification line, were probably used for utility purposes and manufacture. The deposition of the medieval occupation layer was less intense there. Additional markers of the fortifications, delimiting the boundaries of the settlement’s structural parts, are vertically oriented linear areas of the transported layer on slopes of the promontory.
Russian Orthodox Churches “Under the Bells”: Semantic Features and Origin of the Worldview
Authors: Mainicheva A. Y.
Published: June 2024

The religious foundations underlying the construction of Russian Orthodox churches “under the bells”, and the meaning and role of this notion, are analyzed with reference to the traditional worldview. Architectural features of such churches are described. They belong to a rare type, and have been constructed in Russia from the 14th century to the present time. Their multiple meanings, influenced by Byzantine and European traditions, related to the key Orthodox notions, are analyzed. The most basic of these was the idea of the ladder, symbolizing spiritual growth, as evidenced by dedication of churches “under the bells” to the Stylites, to preachers developing key Orthodox notions, and to converts engaged in spiritual maturation, as well as to miracles believed to influence human life in a profound way. Dedications to miracles and miraculous icons, associated with military glory, and to canonized warriors, patrons of the military, are based on the idea of the victorious and life-giving cross. The image of the bell as a divine messenger is embodied in the tradition of placing bells right above the liturgical space, making perception of the “voice of God” by the flock more direct. A conclusion is reached that the pillar-like edifices of churches “under the bells” represent the most meaningful elements of the Russian worldview, marking the Orthodox cultural landscape, whose central idea is that of spiritual maturation and triumphant Christian faith.
The Oral Panji Story Rendered by the Javanese Mask Puppet Show
Authors: Andalas E. F. , Dewi T.K. S. , Manuaba I.B P. , Itaristanti Itaristanti
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on the rendition of the oral Panji Story, registered in Unesco’s Memory of The Word Register in 2017, by the Javanese Mask Puppet Show. We demonstrate that in telling the story, the performer does not use a prepared script. The story is “fluid”, with several variations and innovations based on the performer’s interpretation. Its composition depends on both the context of the performance and its length. In Javanese culture, the creativity of the performer (dalang) extends only to the way he renders the story, whereas its title and the order of events are a “public property”. The nyantrik method is a mode whereby the tradition is passed down from one generation to another. The method not merely ensures the transfer of the performer’s knowledge and experience to other people, but maintains the connection with the Almighty. We analyze the specificity of rendering an oral story in traditional performing art.
Retrospective Examination of Risk Factors Affecting Iron Deficiency Anemia Using Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Terzi Erol , Sarıbacak Bünyamin , Ateş Mehmet Şirin
Published: June 2024

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common types of anemia worldwide. In recent years, new developments in the field of medicine have offered early diagnosis and treatment opportunities for anemia patients. In the field of data science, in parallel with the developments in medicine, significant developments are taking place in subjects such as data collection, storage, processing, and reporting. Interdisciplinary joint studies positively contribute to patients’ quality of life and lifespan. In this study, the accuracy of the statistical results was tested with Machine Learning Method (MLM) while investigating the factors that affect the correct prediction of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) diagnosis. In the first stage, the relationships between all variables in the data set and their effects on the differentiation of disease groups were investigated using univariate and multivariate statistical methods. In the second step, the data set was analyzed in detail using four different methods with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier. Weka 3.8 application was preferred for these operations. In the last stage, the results obtained in both stages were compared. Accordingly, it has been observed that hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), iron (Fe), and ferritin (FERR) have more effects on IDA. ANN (98.06%) is a better discriminator with a correct classification rate
Simulation of Two-Step Block Approach for Solving Oscillatory Differential Equations
Authors: John Sabo , Ayinde Abdullahi Muhammed , Oyedepo Taiye , Ishaq Adam Ajimoti
Published: June 2024

This study demonstrates the derivation of a two-step block scheme simulation through a linear block approach. The scheme's fundamental properties were thoroughly analyzed and found to fulfill all necessary conditions. The research focused on examining specific classes of oscillatory differential equations and comparing them to established methods. The findings indicate that the newly proposed methods exhibit superior accuracy and faster convergence compared to the existing methods investigated in this research. Consequently, the results highlight the improved precision and quicker convergence achieved with the new method. All computations were executed using Maple 18 software
Evaluating the Performance of Two NaI(Tl) Detectors Using a Combined Approach of Experiment and Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Yıldırım Aydın , İnal Gökçe
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study is to compare two identical NaI(Tl) detectors under the same conditions to reduce potential sources of error in future experiments. To this end, an experimental setup using both detectors was designed to measure the gamma spectrum of point sources. In order to verify the experimental results, the same setup was conducted by Monte Carlo simulations. The characteristics of the detectors, such as resolution and efficiency, were analyzed simultaneously to obtain possible differences. The resolution and efficiency of the detectors were found to be slightly different when their settings were the same, but within the expected range. The fitted data gave a standard deviation of 20.749±0.00693 keV for detector 1 and 19.698±0.00647 keV for detector 2 at 662 keV. The experimental data showed that one detector had a resolution of 6.9% and the other 7.2%. The simulation results and experimental data are in good agreement. In conclusion, it was observed that the high errors in the experimental data are due to the 20% uncertainty of the point sources.
Eradication Suggestions For Infectious Diseases Based on the Fractional Guinea-Worm Disease Model
Authors: Acay Öztürk Bahar
Published: June 2024

Guine-worm disease (GWD) is considered one of the most fascinating infectious diseases that almost no one is aware of. On the other hand, unfortunately, there is no medicine or vaccine to treat this tropical disease transmitted through drinking water. However, GWD is about to be miraculously eradicated. This feature makes it the first parasitic disease to be eradicated without biomedical interventions. Accordingly, this situation brings the question: How can a disease be eradicated without medicine, vaccine or immunity? In light of this question, the current study offers recommendations on how to stop the spread of infectious diseases. One of the best ways to eliminate existing diseases is to benefit from the strategies followed for diseases that have been eradicated. Our results obtained by utilizing the fractional Caputo derivative show that behavior change programs aimed at reducing or stopping the spread of infectious diseases are effective tools in eradicating the disease
Assessment of Indoor and Water Radon Concentrations in Esenyurt and Beylikdüzü Districts of Istanbul, Marmara Region, Turkey
Authors: Özdemir Firdevs Banu , Büyükuslu Halim , Özdemir Öge Tuba
Published: June 2024

The radon activity concentration measurements for indoor and tap water were studied in Esenyurt and Beylikdüzü districts of Istanbul Province, Turkey. The mean radon concentration value received from thirty-six passive radon detectors was obtained as 63.56 Bq/m3. The mean annual effective dose for indoor radon measurements is 1.60 mSv/y in this measurement period. The radon activity results of calculated tap water samples were under 0.8 Bq/L. The annual effective doses resulting from ingestion and inhalation were calculated to evaluate the health risk across various age groups. All radon measurement results, and the associated calculated data for ingestion and inhalation remained below the threshold values established by international organizations
The Nonlinear Optical Properties of Self-Assembled InAs/GaAs Quantum Dot: Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure and Temperature
Authors: Jaouane M. , El-bakkari K. , Al Emre Bahadır , Sali A. , Ungan Fatih
Published: June 2024

In this study, we have investigated the effects of temperature (T) and hydrostatic pressure (P) on both the nonlinear and linear optical properties of an InAs/GaAs core/shell quantum dot (QD) system with a Screened-Modified Kratzer potential (SMKP). To achieve this objective, we calculated the energy levels and their corresponding wave functions of the structure using the diagonalization method within the framework of the effective mass approximation. Analytical expressions for the absorption coefficients (ACs) and relative refractive index changes (RRICs) were derived using the compact-density-matrix approach. In our numerical calculations, we first determined the variation of the SMKP dependence, the dipole transition matrix element, and the electron energies of the ground (1s) and first excited state (1p) over a range of hydrostatic pressure (P) and temperature (T). As a result, the obtained numerical calculations revealed that changes in P and T influence both the magnitude and position of the resonant peaks that define the ACs and RRICs
Воспитание и развитие художественного вкуса у студентов-дизайнеров на примере искусства России XIX–XX вв.
Authors: Савина Евгения Борисовна
Published: June 2024

В статье анализируется влияние высоких стандартов русского искусства на формирующийся художественный вкус студентов. Автор отмечает необходимость знакомства новых поколений художников-дизайнеров с наследием отечественной культуры, в том числе с историей развития плаката как особого вида изобразительного искусства.
Partial Least Squares Regression Method to Predict Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids in Fish Oil Supplements
Authors: Barros Lopes Thiago Inácio , Andrade do Nascimento Tainara , De Souza Pereira Elba , De Oliveira Samuel Leite , Galvan Diego , Alcantara Glaucia Braz
Published: June 2024

Fish oil dietary supplements have been linked to various health benefits due to the high concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA). The potential use of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with partial least squares regression (PLSR) was assessed to determine the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and ω-3 PUFA in commercial fish oil capsules taking as a reference 1H NMR spectroscopy values. Comparing the results achieved by interval PLS (iPLS), synergy interval PLS (siPLS), and backward interval PLS (biPLS) algorithms, it was found that siPLS provided the best results. The proposed method predicted DHA with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.990, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.625%, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.941. EPA (R2=0.976, RMSECV=0.789%, and RMSEP=2.795%) and ω-3 PUFA (R2=0.978, RMSECV=2.667%, and RMSEP=3.980%). The results indicated that ATR-FTIR and siPLS provided a robust method that could be employed in the analysis and quality control of fish oil supplement capsules. This method has the advantage of being simple, fast, and non-destructive for quantitative analysis.
The Use of Social Media as a Learning Media Based on Multiple Representation to Increase Student Learning Motivation: Article Review
Authors: Pratiwi Juwita Karina , Widarti Hayuni Retno , Rokhim Deni Ainur
Published: June 2024

The use of social media can be used as a learning media as in the learning of chemistry. Utilization of social media as a medium of chemistry learning, is considered capable of increasing student motivation and digital literacy. This study aims to analyze the research trends of social media -based learning media, multiple representations of chemical materials and increase student learning motivation. This research method uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Research data obtained from 20 articles originating from the Eric and Google Scholar database. The SLR method is used to identify, review, evaluate and interpret all studies available in the field of subjects that are of interest to a phenomenon involving certain related research questions. Based on the literature review that has been done it can be concluded that research on social media as a learning medium for hydrolysis of salt -based multiple representation can be done with various considerations of the results of previous research.
Immunomorphological insights into clinical variants of bullous pemphigoid in Moscow Region patients
Authors: Molochkov Anthon V. , Molochkova Yulia V. , Monaenkova Maria K. , Guseva Alina A. , Molochkov Vladimir A. , Karzanov Oleg V. , Gureeva Marina A. , Kupriyanova Anna G.
Published: July 2024

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune blistering dermatosis in which the pathogenesis is primarily characterized by the production of autoantibodies IgG and IgE against hemidesmosomal proteins (BP180 and BP230) and the disruption of T-cell immune response regulation.
The classical understanding of the clinical course of bullous pemphigoid has undergone significant transformation in recent years due to the identification of numerous conditions that do not exhibit typical clinical presentations but are diagnosed as bullous pemphigoid based on immunofluorescence’s results. Often, when an atypical clinical form of bullous pemphigoid develops, a specialist physician may not have grounds to include bullous pemphigoid in the differential diagnosis. Consequently, specific diagnostic tests (such as immunomorphological examinations of skin biopsies) that would allow for the verification of this blistering dermatosis are not performed for the patient. Clearly, due to the absence of an accurate diagnosis, patients do not receive the necessary therapy. There is currently no information in the world literature regarding the frequency of atypical forms of bullous pemphigoid.
However, it is known that bullous pemphigoid is a relatively common blistering dermatosis in the population of European countries, with a prevalence ranging from 2.4 to 66 cases per million people, depending on the region.
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Health
Authors: Uğraş Tiryaki Ebru , Şimşek Erhan
Published: June 2024

General practices (GPs), called family physicians in certain countries, are the cornerstone of primary health care. The increase in average lifespan and, thereby, the number of chronic diseases has recently increased the workload of GPs and decreased the time spent on the patient. Implementations of Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems are essential in GPs to facilitate the jobs of health professionals. Implementing AI-driven systems is expected to help health professionals diagnose and treat. AI involves the machine simulation of human cognitive capabilities, encompassing a range of technologies, including deep learning and machine learning. AI is currently being used across various applications in medicine and continues to evolve, and its role in medicine is expected to become increasingly prominent. AI-enhance sensor systems can continuously monitor physiological parameters and generate personalized medicinal therapy. However, the employment of AI in GPs is still in the very early phase. AI is a tool to aid healthcare professionals in improving the accuracy and speed of diagnosis rather than a replacement for their expertise. This review will focus on applying artificial intelligence in general practices (GPs).
Effects of deformation on annealing and precipitation behavior of aluminum alloys
Authors:   , Wu Kun-Fong , Doherty Roger D
Published: June 2024

Several commercial aluminum alloys were used to study the effects of deformation on their annealing and precipitation behavior. The alloys were solution heat treated and quenched. Deformation was made by rolling at room temperature with reductions from 0% to 90%. Annealing was subsequent to cold rolling, annealing temperatures from 100[degrees]C to 400[degrees]C and annealing times from 0.5 hour to 24 hours. Conductivity and microhardness were used to measure the changes of properties after cold rolling and annealing. Microstructural evolution was carried out by using optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The supersaturated heat-treatable (precipitation hardening) Al-4wt% Cu, 2024, 6061 and 7475 aluminum alloys had hardening rates higher than those of non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys. As previously reported the strain hardening of aluminum alloys was increased by high solute levels. The increased microhardness [Delta]H was found to be described by [Delta]H = K[epsilon]^n, and K increased as the solute increased. On low temperature annealing, there was little loss of strain hardening by recovery until the electrical conductivity rose, indicating precipitation. Measurement of decreasing electrical conductivity and rapid strain hardening, especially in 7475 aluminum alloys, appears to indicate that GP zones formed during cold rolling. The conductivity of naturally aged 7475 aluminum alloys decreased after cold rolling-indicating that the GP zones are essentially stable during deformation. After applying high reduction ([greater than or equal to]60%) of cold-rolling prior to aging, no significant precipitation hardening was found on aging the 4 heat-treatable aluminum alloys. From TEM observation, round-shaped precipitates were found in alloys with 90% reduction and rod or plate-shaped precipitates were found in undeformed alloys. By using OM and TEM, it is confirmed that true recrystallization did not occur in heat-treatable Al-4wt% Cu, 2024, 6061 and 7475 aluminum alloys when annealing temperatures are below the solvus temperature. The subgrains appear to coarsen by extended recovery.
Characterization of receptor interactions with ALO and activation of signaling pathways
Authors:   , Wynosky-Dolfi Meghan Ann E. , Rest Richard F
Published: June 2024

Bacillus anthacis, a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for causing anthrax, produces virulence factors that alter host cellular signaling and immune functions. Anthrolysin O (ALO) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) produced by B. anthracis. This toxin has been shown to bind to cholesterol (1), bind to TLR4 (manuscript submitted) and signal through TLR4 (2). We wanted to further characterize ALO and the interaction between ALO and the membrane of macrophages. We know ALO binds to cholesterol [1]; however, low concentrations of ALO require the presence of Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) to signal [2]. Therefore, we wanted to determine if ALO binds to TLR4 and to characterize this interaction. Previously, pneumolysin, a CDC, was shown to bind to TLR4 positive cells [3]. Additionally, intermedilysin [4] and vaginolysin [5] bind to CD59, adding to the list of CDCs that can bind receptors along with cholesterol. We hypothesized that ALO binds directly to TLR4. Our data show that rALO binds directly to TLR4, and stimulates cells through TLR4-dependent and - independent mechanisms. Next, we wanted to further characterize the signaling pathways that ALO activated in macrophages. We hypothesize that ALO activated cells through TLR4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our data support our hypothesis that ALO signals through TLR4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We observed that ALO activates both MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways. The activation by ALO through TLR4-independent pathways is at least partially c-Src-dependent. These data indicate that TLR4 is not just a receptor for Gram-negative LPS; TLR4 can bind both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial components. These data together suggest that ALO binds to TLR4 activating signaling pathways, and binds to cholesterol within cell membranes causing activation of additional signaling pathways independent of TLR4. Thus, ALO can activate cells through multiple mechanisms.
Signal Separation Algorithm for Combinatoric Multi-Electrode Probe Design Enabling Increased Neural Recording Yield
Authors:   , Wycech Joanna , Giszter Simon F.
Published: June 2024

Neural signal recordings relay important information about the neuronal networks in the Central Nervous System (CNS), which allow the physician or an investigator to gain an understanding about the system's connections. Current computational approaches usually limit recordings to a single site on a wire. We seek instead, to exploit innovative work in the design of combinatoric multi-site electrode probes (Giszter et al.) using multisite wires. In this project, we utilize independent component analysis with reference (ICA-r) incorporated into a MATLAB algorithm to efficiently separate neural recording yields from each wire in the probe in a combinatoric design. First, we present a ₃C₂ combinatoric design with and without additive noise, with multiple neurons per recording-site. Additionally, we look at the signal-to-noise ratio of the noise carrying data, which is seen to vary depending on the type of noise introduced. Finally, we present an expanded combinatorics algorithm in a ₉C₄ design, once again with and without additive noise. For simple and expanded, pure signal scenarios, as well as in scenarios with added white noise, our algorithm allows for average achieval of 94% of original signal reconstruction. Additionally, we are able to identify the component neurons at each of the site, with 75% accuracy in the original ₃C₂ scenario. We have identified our opportunity statement as a chance to develop a novel signal processing tool to fully leverage the new multisite wire recording probe. Our project was driven by the claim that expanding the complexity of the design and test data will allow us to increase neural recording yield by at least an order of magnitude, while maintaining the precision of combinatoric multi-electrode probe signal separation.
Targeting CX3CR1 with Novel Antagonists for Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors:   , Shen Fei , Fatatis Alessandro
Published: June 2024

Recent evidence indicates that cancer cells, even in the absence of a primary tumor, recirculate from established secondary lesions by re-entering the blood circulation to further seed and colonize skeleton and soft-tissues (cross-seeding), thus precipitating the clinical progression to terminal disease. This study was undertaken to establish the implication of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 in the seeding of breast Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). To this end, we first showed that CX3CR1 is overexpressed in all four main molecular subtypes of breast adenocarcinoma and in skeletal metastases. Next, the functional role of CX3CR1 in metastatic seeding and progression was validated in animal models of metastasis using a neutralizing antibody and transcriptional suppression by CRISPR-interference (CRISPRi). Successively, newly synthesized, potent and selective small-molecule antagonists of CX3CR1 were successfully used to impair the seeding of breast CTCs to skeleton and soft-tissue organs in animal models. Further pre-clinical studies showed that interfering with CX3CR1 with our novel small-molecule inhibitors or conditionally silencing the receptor by CRISPRi prevented the cross-seeding of existing metastases and also blocked their growth, suggesting an additional role of CX3CR1 in tumor progression. Transcriptome analyses of metastatic tissues collected by Laser Capture Microdissection and interrogated by Nanostring technology identified several cancer-related genes that could mechanistically sustain the effects of CX3CR1 on the expansion of metastatic tumors. In conclusion, this study supports the development of CX3CR1 antagonists and their clinical use as novel and effective therapeutics to prevent or contain the metastatic disease in breast cancer patients.
Development and characterization of Hollow Polymeric Microcapsules for use as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound
Authors:   , Narayan Padma J. , Wheatley Margaret A.
Published: June 2024

This thesis concerns the development and characterization of a new type of rigid-shelled ultrasound contrast agent. A novel method was devised for producing hollow, gas-filled, polymer microcapsules, sized to less than 10 [mu]m in diameter for contrast imaging. This method involved the encapsulation of a solid, volatile core material, and its subsequent evacuation by sublimation. The biodegradable polymer, 50/50 poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide), was the main focus of this study. Polymer-based contrast agents have many advantages, such as their applicability for concomitant imaging and drug delivery. Three encapsulation techniques were evaluated: solvent evaporation, coacervation, and spray drying. The polymer molecular weight and polydispersity in the solvent evaporation and coacervation techniques strongly affected microcapsule size and morphology. Efficient mechanical agitation and shear were crucial for obtaining high yields in the desired size range (less than 6 [mu]m). In spray drying, a factorial design approach was used to optimize conditions to produce microcapsules. The main factors affecting spray drying were found to be the temperature driving force for drying and initial polymer concentration. The smallest microcapsule mean diameters were produced by spray drying (3-4 [mu]m) and solvent evaporation (5-6 [mu]m). Zeta potential ([zeta]) studies for all microcapsule types indicated that the encapsulation technique affected their surface properties due to the orientation of the polymer chains within nascent polymer droplets. Microcapsules with the most hydrophilic tendency were produced with solvent evaporation ([zeta] ~ -50 mV). In vitro acoustic testing revealed that the 20-41 [mu]m size fractions of coacervate microcapsules were the most echogenic. In vivo ultrasound studies with both solvent evaporation and coacervate microcapsules showed visible enhancement of the color Doppler image in the rabbit kidney for the samples less than 10 [mu]m in diameter. A mathematical model was also developed in this work, using the fully-compressible, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation, to predict acoustic phenomena in coupled gas and liquid systems. The model was validated in water by using a complete equation of state and proved to be appropriate for both thermoacoustic and ultrasound wave generation. This model can be extended to predict the oscillations of bubbles more accurately than the Rayleigh-Plesset equation, since it inherently includes viscous and thermal losses, and the compressibility of both the gas and liquid.
The Opportunities and Burdens of Online Test Processes
Authors: Gürbüz Akın , Canlı Bekir , Abi Mehmet
Published: June 2024

English language testing has been challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic as it required the test developers to instantly develop and implement online language tests in their unique contexts. In this regard, this study aims to investigate EFL language test writers’ reflections on their planning, development, administration, reporting, and reflection processes of a test in the emergency remote teaching environment and display the potential opportunities and burdens these processes have brought about. The data were collected by utilizing semi-structured interviews with nine test writers who had testing experience in language preparatory classes at three state universities in Turkiye. The results indicated that the test writers were mainly challenged by ensuring the security of the exams, adapting question types to online platforms, and dealing with technical problems which resulted in additional workload. However, amidst these challenges, the study also identified notable opportunities, including the practical application of exam procedures, the digital transformation of exams with a variety of resources, item banking, ecological benefits, and fostering professional development. Overall, this compulsory experience during the pandemic indicated numerous conveniences to enhance language testing and contribute to the development of robust language assessment and testing in the future.
A Guideline for the Use of Recent Inclusive Practices in EFL Higher Education Contexts
Authors: Yatağanbaba Esra , Gümüş Özge
Published: June 2024

The pursuit of inclusive education within English as a Foreign Language settings remains pivotal in ensuring equal learning opportunities for students with special needs (SSNs). The present research aims to address this gap by examining recent inclusive practices based on precedents and previous developments. However, the contemporary status of the research makes it necessary to explore historical developments and recent advancements in the field. The results of the comprehensive literature review advocates for inclusive pedagogies that cater the diverse needs of SSNs and suggest the need for educating EFL instructors in effective means to address the needs of SSNs. This paper offers an inclusive-practice-based guideline based on recent inclusive practices. Moreover, it provides potential directions for classroom practice and further research. Through collaboration and openness, the present research contributes to the discussion of ongoing discourse on inclusive education, particularly in the realm of EFL, and promotes the development of inclusive EFL classrooms conducive to the success of all learners.
Thematic Modeling of Preservice Mathematics Teachers’ Reflections on ChatGPT Use: Appraisals, Ethical Challenges and Aspirations
Authors: Kaplan Orhan
Published: June 2024

The global proliferation of generative AI is being debated because of its implication on education. Despite rapid adoption of ChatGPT-3.5 in educational settings, research is scarce as educators and institutions are not fully prepared to face the potential unforeseen and long-term consequences of ChatGPT on student learning dispositions. This study explored pre-service mathematics teachers' experiences with ChatGPT and their perceptions regarding its affordances, ethical issues, and potential uses in education and future teaching. Using a convenience sampling, 25 second- and third-year pre-service mathematics teachers (22 female and 3 male) participated in the study. Qualitative data were collected from semi-structured online interview forms and a subsequent focus group discussion, which were analyzed using thematic analysis methodology. A perceptual model of ChatGPT adoption (PMCA) including five main themes were developed: familiarity with ChatGPT, positive appraisals, dissatisfactory experiences and ethical concerns, aspirations to use in mathematics teacher education, and aspirations to use for prospective teaching. The research results showed that teacher candidates found using ChatGPT in their education useful, but they also expressed their concerns about the difficulties and ethics of using ChatGPT. This study aims to provide empirical evidence for educators, policy makers, and future research to contribute to the current conversations about AI in teacher education programmes.
Organizational Identification in Diverse Groups of Teachers
Authors: Özsarı Özlem , Kara Eray
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study is to address the organizational identification of vocational and culture course teachers working in vocational high schools and to determine the degree to which they fit with organizational identification models. The research was designed in phenomenology design. The research group consisted of 6 culture course and 6 vocational course teachers working in a public vocational high school in Giresun Province. The participants were selected from the school where the researcher worked on the basis of volunteerism by using the convenience sampling method. In this study, two separate focus group interviews were conducted to determine teachers' views on organizational identification, and the collected data were analyzed in the MAXQDA data analysis program, and the results were interpreted. As a result, it was determined that all teachers were identified with their schools in general, but vocational course teachers were more likely to identify with the institution for which they worked than were culture course teachers. While it was common among the cultural course teachers that they could object to assigned tasks, if necessary, all the vocational course teachers indicated that they could participate in assigned tasks voluntarily and showed that they identified more with their organizations.
Examining the Opinions of Prospective Mathematics Teachers on Sociomathematical Norms
Authors: Gülburnu Mehmet
Published: June 2024

The aim of the study is to examine prospective mathematics teachers’ opinions regarding the definition of sociomathematical norms, the factors (variables) that are effective in the establishment of sociomathematical norms, and the negotiation of sociomathematical norms. This study was conducted with 10 prospective teachers in the primary school mathematics teaching undergraduate program of a state university located in the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. The participants of the study, in which the special case approach was adopted, were prospective mathematics teachers in the course on “Sociomathematical Norms in Mathematics Teaching”. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classified under certain categories with content analysis. The results showed that prospective mathematics teachers defined sociomathematical norms according to individual (such as attitudes and beliefs) and social (such as rules, obligations, and expectations) perspectives. In addition, prospective mathematics teachers stated that sociomathematical norms are directly affected by factors such as students, teachers and classroom atmosphere, and indirectly by factors such as family and school. Finally, prospective mathematics teachers emphasized that the negotiation of sociomathematical norms can provide opportunities in terms of learning (skills and autonomy), teaching (participation and intervention) and management (communication and control). In this context, taking into consideration the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers regarding sociomathematical norms is valuable in terms of increasing the efficiency of mathematics applications.
Lupus de inicio tardío en un grupo de pacientes paraguayos
Authors: Montiel Jarolin Dora , Samudio Margarita
Published: June 2024

Introducción: Los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) diagnosticados después de los 50 años presentan una enfermedad menos severa y un curso clínico más leve. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas y de laboratorios del LES en pacientes de edad avanzada. Material y Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasverso, retrospectivo, de pacientes con el diagnóstico de LES, de inicio posterior a los 50 años de edad, que consultaron en el Hospital Nacional, en el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2016 y mayo de 2024. Resultados: Se estudiaron 30 pacientes entre 51 y 87 años (edad media: 62,5 años ± 8,5), 16 mujeres (53,3%) y 14 varones 14 (46,6 %). El tiempo de enfermedad previo al diagnóstico fue de 59,4 ± 8.3 (50-80) días. La duración de la enfermedad fue en promedio 5 años ± 5,1 (1-26). Las principales manifestaciones clínicas fueron las artralgias 26 (86,6%), artritis 22 (72,3%), pérdida de peso 10 (33,3%) y fiebre prolongada (30%). Presentaron comorbilidades 19 pacientes (63,3 %), siendo la hipertensión arterial la principal. El anti-DNA fue positivo en 12 pacientes (42,8%), el anti-Ro en 5/25 pacientes (20%), el anti-Sm en 2/26 (7,9%). La eritrosedimentación en la primera hora fue ≥ 20 mm en 17/23 (73,9%). El 100% recibió tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina, mientras que recibieron corticoides 26 (86.6%) pacientes, micofenolato mofetil 7 (24,4%), ciclofosfamida 4 (13,3%). La mortalidad fue del 6,6 %. Conclusión: Los principales hallazgos fueron artralgias y artritis, siendo menos frecuentes los casos graves. La mayoría presentó comorbilidades, siendo la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente. La mortalidad fue del 6,6% de causa cardiovascular.