bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Selection Method of Water Supply Pipe Diameter by Number of Sprinkler Heads Based on Mass Flow Rate
Authors:   Form of Public Safety and Culture, Nam Jun Seok
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study is that there are two methods for designing firefighting piping: the hydraulic calculation method and the conventional piping method. In the field, the conventional piping method according to the ‘Fire Safety Performance Standards for Sprinkler Equipment’ [Appendix 1] is preferred. There is no mention of the basis and physical meaning of the number of heads for each water supply pipe diameter in the conventional piping method, and the types of pipes that can be used have also increased. Since there was no confirmation as to whether it was appropriate to calculate the number of heads according to [Appendix 1] for each type of pipe, an attempt was made to establish a basis through comparison of regulations in each country and hydrodynamic calculations.
The research method was to confirm the basis of the ‘Fire Safety Performance Standards for Sprinkler Equipment’ [Appendix 1] through analysis of relevant standards in the US, UK, and Korea. Based on the flow rate in the pipe, the mass flow rate-based head and the number of pipe heads were calculated and compared. As for the type of pipe, KS D 3507, which is the most commonly used, was used as a standard, and KS D 5301 and 3595 pipes were compared to determine whether the number of heads was appropriate. In addition, in order to check the limits of branch piping based on the flow speed limit of branch piping (6 ㎧) and the flow speed limit of other piping (10 ㎧), 25A (25 Su), 32A (30 Su), 40A (40 Su), we checked for changes by increasing the number of branch pipes to 50A (50 Su).
Through this study, it was confirmed that the basis for the method for calculating water supply pipe diameter by number of sprinkler heads is in NFPA 13. Based on the pipe flow rate, the number of heads was calculated by comparing the head number based on mass flow rate for the head and pipe. Using KS D 3507 as the calculation standard in [Appendix 1], it was confirmed that KS D 5301 and 3595 pipes can be sufficiently used as a result of comparative comparison considering the degree of irradiation. In addition, as a result of increasing the number of branch pipes, it was determined that it was appropriate to use branch pipes up to 40A, and it was confirmed that there was no change as the number of branch pipes increased.
Through comparison of the standards and the number of heads based on mass flow rate, the basis of ‘Fire Safety Performance Standards for Sprinkler Equipment’ [Appendix 1] was confirmed, and it was confirmed that all KS D 3507, 5301, and 3595 are applicable. In the case of KS D 3595, there are 60 Su and 75 Su as names corresponding to 65A, so it was judged that flexibility in design could be achieved.
Understanding domestic violence incidents using crime script analysis
Authors: Boxall Hayley , Boyd Chloe , Dowling Christopher , Morgan Anthony
Published: December 2023

Finding ways to reduce repeat domestic violence requires an understanding of both violent relationships and what happens during violent incidents. The current study uses crime script analysis to describe incidents of men’s violence against women. The results provide new insights into the situational factors present when arguments escalate to violence. These findings highlight the important role of third parties (eg friends and other family members) and the potential for bystander intervention. They also show the significance of emotion and intoxication. The ability of police to de-escalate violence is highlighted. Most importantly, the findings illustrate how crime script analysis can be applied to domestic violence to help identify ways to intervene to prevent repeat violence and reduce harm to victims.
Diversionary pathways for Aboriginal youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Authors: Blagg Harry , Tulich Tamara
Published: December 2023

This article reports on a study undertaken in three Indigenous communities in the West Kimberley region of Western Australia (WA) intended to develop diversionary strategies for young people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Rates of FASD in the West Kimberley were comparable to those of high-risk populations internationally and there are concerns that youths with FASD are being enmeshed in the justice system. Further, under WA law they are at risk of being held in indefinite detention if found unfit to stand trial. Besides recommending legislative reform, the authors urge a ‘decolonising’ approach, meaning maximum diversion into community owned and managed structures and processes, able to offer a culturally secure environment for stabilising children with FASD. The study calls for reform of police diversionary mechanisms and the creation of mobile ‘needs focused’ courts, offering comprehensive screening and rapid entry into on-country programs with strong Aboriginal community involvement.
Impact of ballistic evidence on criminal investigations
Authors: Morgan Anthony , Jorna Penny
Published: December 2023

The challenges associated with investigating serious crime, particularly organised crime, are well known. Increasingly, police are turning to new information technologies to support traditional investigative techniques. Automated ballistic information technology allows police to link cases that would otherwise not be known to be related. By linking investigations, police can identify new leads and suspects. The current study used interviews with investigators in two states to understand what impact ballistic evidence has on criminal investigations into firearm crime. The results revealed a significant number of cases benefited from linked investigations—including cold cases and cases involving organised crime groups. This research helps to demonstrate the potential value of technology to law enforcement, and the circumstances in which it is most effective.
Plea negotiations: An empirical analysis
Authors: Flynn Asher , Freiberg Arie
Published: December 2023

Negotiating guilty pleas (‘plea bargaining’) is a central element of criminal justice processes in Australia, yet little is known outside the legal community about the frequency and outcomes of plea negotiations. This study addresses this important knowledge gap through qualitative and quantitative analysis of cases that were resolved through negotiated guilty pleas in Victorian courts. The study found that negotiations are used in almost all cases of guilty pleas across all court levels and often involve an extensive negotiation process. The study highlighted differences in the way negotiations play out in summary and indictable courts and identified 14 different forms of plea negotiation.
Use and misuse of prescription drugs among police detainees
Authors: Patterson Eileen , Sullivan Tom , Ticehurst Andrew
Published: December 2023

This paper examines patterns of prescription drug use among a sample of police detainees recruited for the 2016 Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program. Forty percent of police detainees engaged in non-medical use of prescription drugs. Those who reported non-medical use were more likely than other detainees to have obtained their income from illegitimate sources in the past 30 days, to consider themselves drug dependent and to have used an illicit drug in the last 30 days or 12 months. Prescription drug use was also associated with property offences. These findings show that non-medical use disproportionately affects police detainees. Risks also exist for first response officers who may need to respond to detainees intoxicated by these substances. To disrupt pharmaceutical diversion processes occurring, further research is needed on where, how and why people involved in non-medical use of prescription drugs obtain their medication. Research into the relationship between crime and prescription drug use will also permit a greater understanding of the impact these drugs have on the community.
似忠非忠：從〈長干行〉葉譯本與龐譯本之比較論效忠的迷思
Authors: 蔡嘉瑩 蔡嘉瑩
Published: December 2023

本文以唐代詩人李白《長干行》的兩個英譯本為題，論述翻譯既不是「忠實」也不是「自由」的問題。英譯本的兩位譯者分別是著名中國和比較文學學者葉維廉和美國現代主義詩人龐德。按傳統保守的翻譯批評，前者往往被視作 「忠於原文」的譯者而後者為「自由發揮」的譯者。但如果從敘事框架和文化話語的視角探討此一問題，「忠實」和「自由」兩者看似極端，但其實都是合理的產出，因為兩者分別符合譯者的創作目的和所在文化語境的需求。只有當「效忠」的意識型態被強加於譯文之上，我們才會將其中一個譯本貼上標籤，說這是 「好的譯文/忠實的譯文/不違反中華文化的譯文」，另一個譯本就淪為「不好的譯文/過於自由的譯文/有東方主義色彩的譯文」。但正如本雅明在《譯者的任務》中指出，「文學作品的本質不是陳述或傳遞訊息」且「任何旨在發揮傳遞功能的翻譯只能傳遞訊息，即一些非關文學本質的內容。」 依此論述，則葉譯本之準確性其實是矛盾的，因為其準確性是建立在非文學性訊息的翻譯。本文透過葉譯本與龐譯本的比較，從文本框架、標題、聲音、敘事脈絡、文學典故的處理、音樂性等方面，指出龐德的翻譯才是翻譯文學的本質，即詩意。以此論據，「忠於原文」 僅能作為一種偽客觀的翻譯準則，一種虛構的正義，對於譯者、譯評、翻譯教師來說，實為警言，而非衡量翻譯「品質」的標準。

 

This paper examines two English translations of the Chinese poem “Chang Gan Xing” (長干行) by the Tang dynasty poet, Li Po (AD 701-62). The respective translators are Wai-lim Yip, a renowned scholar of Chinese and Comparative Literature, and Ezra Pound, the American modernist poet. The two translators are examples that occupy, traditionally speaking, the two extremes of translation: one conscientious of being “faithful,” the other of being “free.” But if approached from a framing and discourse perspective, the translations are no longer matters of faithfulness or freedom. Both are justifiable in that both created a translation meaningful for their own purposes and contexts. Only when the discourse of “fidelity” is imposed—like any other ideology is imposed—do we start labeling one as “good/faithful/ethical,” the other as “bad/free/orientalizing.” As Walter Benjamin points out in “The Task of the Translator,” the “essential quality” of a literary work “is not statement or the imparting of information” and “any translation which intends to perform a transmitting function cannot transmit anything but information—hence, something inessential.” Under this argument, Yip’s translation is paradoxically the accurate translation of the inessential. By comparing his translation with Pound’s, in terms of the frame, title, voice, narrative arc, the treatment of literary allusions, and musicality, this paper seeks to explain why it is Pound who is translating the “essential,” the poetic. “Fidelity,” in this case, serves more as a construct and cautionary tale of pseudo-objectivity for translators and those who profess to teach or review translations, rather than the yardstick against which “quality” is measured.”

 
羅德達爾中譯研究：劉清彥、任溶溶與其譯文
Authors: 羅偉安 羅偉安
Published: December 2023

本論文從社會學角度，集中研究羅德達爾童書中譯本兩位出版甚豐的譯者：台灣的劉清彥和中國的任溶溶。文章探究兩位譯者的場域和習性，以及應用什麼翻譯策略處理達爾小說中的創新用語。結果發現，兩位譯者都以語意翻譯法處理達爾異常的語言形式；而無法於譯文重造同樣效果時，他們都偏向譯意，以符合兒童文學翻譯的規範，著重可讀性，也即是兒童文學的場域規範。縱使兩位譯者都具有豐厚的文化和象徵資本，可是其譯本都幾乎沒有譯者序，忽略譯者的角色，皆因兒童文學處於多元文學系統的邊緣，這也印證場域力量大於譯者的習性和能動力。此外，兩位譯者的習性都含有「召命」情操，很少將文化和象徵資本轉化為經濟資本。結論強調，要更深入分析譯文表現，應同時考慮譯者的習性與能動力。

 

From a sociological perspective, this study centres on two prolific Chinese language translators of Roald Dahl’s children’s books. It investigates the field and habitus of Liu Ching-Yen from Taiwan, and Ren Rongrong from China, and analyzes their translation strategies in handling the creative language in a few of Dahl’s novels. It is found that both followed the convention of semantic faithfulness in their treatment of Dahl’s linguistic anomalies. Where it is difficult to re-create the anomaly in the target language, they tend to opt for the sense over the form in line with their own translation norms for readability in children’s literature, which is also a conventional norm in the field. Despite their enormous symbolic and cultural capital, few of their translated works contain a translator’s preface for their visibility. This is one of the prominent features in translated children’s literature, which is peripheral in the literary polysystem. It also evidences the superior power of field over translators’ habitus and agency. In addition, because of their “vocational” ethos, they seldom convert their symbolic capital into economic one. This study highlights the importance of the habitus and agency of the translators in the analysis of translated works for more depth.

 
International Fair of Plovdiv in Bulgaria’s Trade Relations with Underdeveloped Countries in the Second Half of the 1950s
Authors: Mitova Mirena
Published: December 2023

Josef Stalin’s death in 1953 was the cause of a change in the policy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Eastern bloc. If this led to a tentative détente on the European continent in East-West dialogue, Nikita Khrushchev’s new policy toward the Third World strained competition with the United States for strategic influence over postcolonial countries. Eastern European states were encouraged to increase their contact with the former colonies at all levels. Therefore, participation of underdeveloped countries increased at the International Fair Plovdiv in the 1950s. Research curiosity, however, was sparked by the following questions: What was the place of the International Fair Plovdiv in the context of struggle for Third World countries and markets? Did Bulgaria use it only as a weapon in the Eastern bloc’s common diplomacy, or did it have economic benefits for expanding trade relations with underdeveloped countries? This article tries to answer these questions by referring to archival documents, reports in periodicals, and Bulgarian and foreign publications on the subject.
Unlocking Fluency: Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in Tertiary Speaking Classes - Insights from Bangladeshi Teachers and Students
Authors: Khan Milon Md Rashed , Ishtiaq Muhammad , Mohammed Ali Tamanna , Imam Md Sartaz
Published: December 2023

This research delves into the perceptions of teachers and students regarding the implementation of task-based language teaching (TBLT) in tertiary education, with a specific focus on the teaching of speaking skills in a private university setting in Bangladesh. Employing qualitative analysis, this study engages with ten students and two English instructors through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations to understand their viewpoints on TBLT practices and the methods employed by instructors. The findings reveal a positive reception of task-based language teaching, particularly in the context of speaking classes, where it is perceived to enhance the overall learning environment. Both teachers and students express a favorable view of TBLT, emphasizing its effectiveness in promoting language acquisition. The study suggests that the successful implementation of TBLT in speaking classes is contingent upon the instructor's comprehensive understanding of task-based language instruction, influencing their application of expertise within the classroom setting. This research contributes valuable insights into the dynamics of TBLT in tertiary education in Bangladesh, shedding light on its impact on speaking instruction. The results underscore the significance of instructors' proficiency in task-based language instruction, emphasizing its potential to positively shape the language learning experience at the tertiary level.
Application of Digital Technologies by Small and Medium Enterprises in Bangladesh
Authors: Thakur Oli Ahad
Published: December 2023

Bangladesh, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and a population marked by entrepreneurial spirit, has witnessed a notable surge in the growth of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs). Even though digital technologies are becoming more and more important for improving business processes, there is a noticeable lack of qualitative research that focuses on the opportunities and subtle difficulties SMEs in Bangladesh face when implementing and adopting digital technologies. This study aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the current state of digital technology adoption among SMEs in Bangladesh, exploring the diverse applications, challenges faced, and opportunities created. The study applied a qualitative research method. Data has been collected from ten participants to attain the research objectives. The study finds that digital technologies were used during the pandemic, as SMEs all over the world turned to online marketing, digital banking, e-commerce, and remote work to get by. SMEs in Bangladesh demonstrated their adaptability and resilience by utilizing digital marketing, mobile payments, and online platforms. The rise in online shopping is increasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there are certain obstacles to overcome, like restricted internet access and cybersecurity worries, most people agree that SMEs can benefit greatly from the application of digital transformation.
Effect of Rhesus factor incompatibility on maternal outcome (fertility): A comprehensive review
Authors: Eric Omo Irinmwinuwa  , Chikodili Adolphus Mbah  , Godwin Bernard Oyate  , Onyekwuo Chinonye Festa  , Angela Adaugo John-Iganga
Published: December 2023

Rh incompatibility, also known as Rh disease, is defined as a condition that occurs when a woman with Rh-negative blood type is exposed to Rh-positive blood cells, leading to the development of Rh antibodies. The incidence of occurrence is more frequently among those of Caucasian (North American and European) descent (15% to 17%) compared to those of African (4% to 8%) or Asian descent (0.1% to 0.3%). Worldwide, the prevalence of Rh disease is estimated to be 276 per 100,000 live births, which is significant considering that an estimated 50% of untreated cases of haemolytic disease of the neonate (HDN). HDN will either die or develop brain damage due to the disease. The condition is due to: If a Rhesus negative (Rh-) woman is impregnated by a man with Rhesus negative (Rh-) there wouldn’t be any problem. If a Rhesus negative woman (Rh-) is impregnated by a man with Rhesus positive (Rh+) and the baby inherited the rhesus positive (Rh+) from the father there will be a problem or when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to the Rh D antigen, the D antigen is perceived as a foreign threat leading to the haemolysis of the fetal erythrocytes, common signs and symptom include; Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes, lethargy, heart failure, enlarged organs. It can be prevented and treated by administering an injection of RhoGAM during the second trimester, and 28th week of pregnancy respectively, exchange transfusions either before birth or after delivery. Phototherapy is also another treatment modality which break down excess bilirubin into less toxic substance that the new borns liver can remove.
Patient Outcomes of Non-Operative Versus Operative Management of Humeral Shaft Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Khan Badal , Khan Mir Behram , Shahwani Khurram Shahzad , Mandokhail Eid Muhamad , Shahwani Muhamad Bakhsh , Ahmed Sagheer
Published: December 2023

Objective: To determine the non-surgical versus surgical outcomes in individuals who suffered from humeral shaft fractures. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was undertaken at the Department of Orthopedics Bolan Medical College Hospital Quetta, Pakistan between 09-March-2019 to 08-October-2019. A total number of 248 patients who presented with humeral shaft fractures having age 20-60 years were included in this study. Eligible patients were randomly grouped into two equal sets. Group I: were allotted to patients in whom non-operative management of humeral shaft fractures was done. In group II patients: operative management was done. Surgical outcomes were noted in terms of delayed union and radial nerve palsy. Study outcomes were noted after 1 month of principal procedure. Results: The mean age of individuals included in this study was 45.46±9.64 years. Mean body mass index (BMI) of patients was 25.44±4.63 kg/m2. Mean duration of fracture to surgery was 8.80±8.07 days. There were 169 (68.15%) male patients and 79 (31.85%) female patients. Delayed union was found in 27 (21.80%) patients in non-operative groups versus 19 (15.30%) in patients who underwent operative management (p-value of 0.191). On comparison of frequency of radial nerve palsy between the groups, radial nerve palsy was found in 12 (9.70%) patients in non operative group versus 16 (12.90%) in patients in operative group (0.422). Conclusion: The study revealed that the non-surgical management of humeral shaft fractures gives outcomes that are comparable to operative management. We did not find any evidence of significant difference in the frequency of delayed union and radial nerve palsy between the groups. Keywords: humeral shaft fractures, operative management, non-operative management.
Frequency of Postoperative Ileus after Exploratory Laparotomy in Patients Admitted at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: . Ghansham, , Ullah Najeeb , Kumar Vijay , Patoli Saba , Burki Bilal , Ali Mehwish , Mansoor Mahwash
Published: December 2023

Introduction: To determine the frequency of postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy in patients admitted at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted at Department of Surgery, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi, from June 2018 to June 2021. Methods: Data was prospectively collected from patients after taking a verbal consent. 165 patients who met the diagnostic criteria were included. Quantitative data was presented as simple descriptive statistics giving mean and standard deviation and qualitative variables was presented as frequency and percentages. Effect modifiers were controlled through stratification to see the effect of these on the outcome variable. Post stratification chi square test was applied taking p-value of ≤0.05 as significant Results: A total of 165 patients underwent exploratory laparotomy were included in this study. Mean age, duration of surgery, duration of symptoms, height and weight in our study was 44.21±7.24 years, 2.12±1.65 hours, 10.35±3.21 hours, 148.11±18.47 cm and 58.21±11.25 respectively. 76 (46.1%) were male and 89 (53.9%) were female. Out of 165 patients, 42 (25.5%) and 123 (74.5%) had and did not have postoperative ileus. Conclusion: Postoperative ileus occurs commonly after abdominal operations and is one of the limiting factors preventing early hospital discharge. Enhanced recovery programs, grouping together all measures for prevention or cure of POI by addressing the mechanisms of POI can reduce the duration of hospitalization, morbidity and interval to resumption of transit. Keywords: Postoperative ileus, surgery, mortality, morbidity and exploratory.
Effectiveness of a Dental Health Counseling for Parents in Preventing Caries among School-Going Children
Authors: Shami Sarah , Asif Sadia , Naveed Shajee , Zahir Huma , Zafar Shaista , Fazal Sabeen , Zafar Muhammad Naveed Uz
Published: December 2023

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of dental counseling for parents of young school-going children in increasing use of fluoride toothpaste and tablets thus, preventing dental caries. Methodology: An intervention study was conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry, HBS Dental Hospital, Islamabad between December 2018 and June 2020. A total of 1605 school-going children aged 3 to 18 years were included in the study. During the study, 667 could not be reached after six months of study. For further comparison, a control group of 315 participants were also included. The control group included children between the age of 3-17 years with similar demographics as the intervention group. The intervention group was counseled about the use of fluoride toothbrushing and tablets.Brushing instructions and training were reinforced at each visit. Parents were further dismayed from providing their child with sugary beverages and snacks. Results: The study revealed that the frequency of consuming carbonated drinks (p=0.0005) and the rate of unsupervised toothbrushing (p=0.017) were statistically different. Consumption of carbonated drinks was significantly higher in the control group (p=0.0002). The proportions of unsupervised toothbrushing in the intervention group was significantly lower than the control (p<0.0001). The lack of fluoride toothpaste was significantly lower in the intervention group as compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study found that dental health counseling was significantly associated with decreased dental caries and improved dental practices among school-going children. Proper counseling for use of fluoride toothpaste is effective in improving the dental health status among the pediatric population. Dental health practitioners should encourage parents to provide healthy diets to children and reinforce the habit of toothbrushing to the adequate prevention of dental decay. Keywords: caries, dental health, DMFT, fluoride, toothbrushing
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Sheraz Sehrish , Khan Zeeshan Ghias , Kazi Shuja Anwar , Kazmi Fatima Hasan , Shaikh Nehal , Saleem Aniqa
Published: December 2023

Background: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is an emerging concern among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD in Type 2 DM patients and to identify associated factors that may contribute to its occurrence. Methodology: Conducted in a tertiary care center's general medicine department from May 2020 to June 2021, this cross-sectional study enrolled 400 type-II diabetic patients, aged 35 years and above. Comprehensive interviews were performed to determine disease duration and medication usage and to exclude alternative causes of NAFLD. Physical examinations, including measurements of BMI and waist-hip circumference, along with abdominal ultrasonography, were utilized to detect and grade fatty liver. Results: The sample consisted of 217 females (59.8%) and 146 males (40.2%), with 67.2% having a diabetes diagnosis for over 10 years. NAFLD was identified in 69.1% of patients, more frequently in females (69%). A significant relationship was established between NAFLD occurrence and the duration of DM, BMI, and waist-hip ratio (p < 0.05). Conclusion: NAFLD was found in a striking majority of the diabetic population studied, approximately 70%, with a higher prevalence in females. Factors significantly linked to NAFLD incidence included the duration of diabetes and elevated measures of obesity and waist circumference. These findings underscore the need for heightened awareness and targeted interventions for this patient population. Keywords: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Type-II Diabetes Mellitus (DM), prevalence, risk factors.
Incidence of Dental Caries in Relation with Cariogenic food and Socioeconomic Status among Pediatric Patients
Authors: Azfar Marium , Islam Sana Adeeba , Sajjad Batool , Khawar Nosheen , , Omer Syed Ahmed , Shaikh Waheed Gul
Published: December 2023

Background: One of the most prevalent oral health conditions in children around the world is dental caries, which has painful and distressing effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of dental caries and the utilization of cariogenic food among children aged 5 to 10 years old in private and public schools. Study design: The study was conducted in the Department of Community Dentistry, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi , from June 2022 to December 2022. Methods: The total participants of this study were 150 child both male and female who suffered tooth decay or caries and mouth cavity. The age range was 5 to 10 years. A self-structured questionnaire about eating habits, caries status, socioeconomic status, and an oral cavity assessment was used during the study. The children divided into two groups, private and government school related to the specific areas of food habit. The data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Participants had dental caries in 87% of cases. More than 80% of people with low socioeconomic status had multiple caries. In 80% of the participants, who regularly ate the cariogenic food, multiple caries were discovered. Cariogenic foods and tooth decay were found to be significantly correlated, p 0.05. Conclusions: Children under the age of 10 years had a high prevalence of dental caries in the study. Children from lower middle class families were more likely to have dental caries. In patients with a high prevalence of caries, frequent consumption of sweetened beverages and medications as well as a lack of regular use of fluoridated rinses were all positively correlated with an increased number of teeth. These findings imply that in order to increase oral hygienic and awareness of dental care and evaluate on the basis of school child to promote oral health and protection. Keywords: Dental caries, cariogenic food, Tooth decay, Socioenomic status.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Manisa
Authors: Bilgi Nejdet
Published: December 2023

Saruhan/Manisa was one of the four sanjaks of Aydın Province during the National Struggle. It consisted of eleven districts together with its center. Its total population in 1919 was 438,372. Approximately 88% of this population was Muslim and 12% was non-Muslim. Manisa came under the threat of occupation with the Armistice of Mondros. It was occupied on May 25, 1919, ten days after the occupation of Izmir. On May 29, Turgutlu was occupied. The Greeks also occupied Akhisar, but withdrew after five days. Soon after, the Kuvâ-yı Milliye fronts formed on the Akhisar-Soma and Salihli-Alaşehir lines. The Greek advance was halted by these fronts for nearly a year. After reinforcing their forces in the occupied area, the Greeks launched a new advance on June 20, 1920. Akhisar on June 22, Salihli on June 23, Alaşehir, Soma and Kırkağaç on June 24, Kula on June 28, Eşme on June 29, Gördes on July 15 and Demirci on July 21. Among these accidents, Gördes and Demirci were occupied four times. The Akıncı detachments in the region constantly distrupted the Greek army. Therefore, the Greeks had to retreat from time to time. The Greek army was defeated on August 30, 1922. It retreated towards Izmir, burning and destroying the places it passed through. The first center of Saruhan Sanjak liberated by Turkish troops was Eşme on September 3, 1922. On September 8, Manisa and finally on September 13, Soma came under the control of Turkish troops.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Uşak
Authors: Tutsak Sadiye
Published: December 2023

The Turkish people living on the lands of the Ottoman Empire, which was among the empires that collapsed after World War I, fought for independence against the Entente states under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. After the occupation of Izmir on May 15, 1919, Uşak came to the forefront as a settlement that gave serious support to the activities of the Kuvâ-yı Milliye in Western Anatolia behind the front until it was occupied by Greek forces on August 29, 1920. The activities carried out by the Uşak Central Committee had a very important place in strengthening the resistance of the people behind the front against the Greek forces advancing towards the interior of Western Anatolia. In this process, while the spirit of the Kuvâ-yı Milliye was getting stronger and stronger, it is a remarkable development that a congress affiliated with the Bolsheviks was established in Uşak. The fact that non-Muslims, especially ethnic Greeks, acted together with the Greeks against the people of Uşak, who were subjected to occupation despite providing important services behind the front line against the advance of Greek troops, caused deep scars among the people who had lived together with them for centuries. While the Greeks, who were defeated with the Great Offensive launched from Afyon, could not hold on in Uşak and retreated towards İzmir, the Greek Commander-in- Chief General Trikupis, who was taken prisoner with his entourage, was brought before Mustafa Kemal Pasha, which was the clear sign of the end of the War of Independence. It was not easy to heal the wounds of this occupation period, which deeply shook the people of Uşak socially and economically, during the Republican period. In this study, archives, memoirs and printed works will be used to examine the socio-cultural and economic events that the local people experienced during this period.
Millî Mücadele’de Batı Anadolu Eşrafı
Authors: Kıranlar Safiye
Published: December 2023

"Eşraf", which has the same meaning as terms such as "âyan", "âyan-ı memleket", "mütegallibe", "mütehayyizan", "vücuh", which define the provincial elites, is an intermediary element that provides reconciliation between the state center and the provinces. The relations of the notables with the state transformed over time. This situation shows subtle but important differences for the Western Anatolia region, where feudal ties were broken as a result of being included in the market economy much earlier than in other parts of the country. The gentry of Western Anatolia increased their influence by adding their income from trade to their property wealth and added the important attribute of being educated. This article focuses on the notables of Western Anatolia, whose contribution to the National Struggle is constantly emphasized, but it is not clear what this contribution was or was not. Since the emphasis throughout the article will be on the activities of the notables of the region in the National Struggle, the change in the status of this group and the legal and administrative processes will be briefly emphasized. In addition, the reason why Western Anatolia, which includes the entire Aegean region, the south of the Marmara region, the west of the Mediterranean region and Eskişehir from the Central Anatolia region in today's geographical division, is chosen as the area of interest of the article is because these are the areas where the fate of the liberation struggle was determined. After defining the term "eşraf" in the article, the activities of the eşraf in the period from the occupation of Izmir to the signing of the Mudanya Armistice will be explained. In the creation of the text of the article, academic works describing the years of the National Struggle in almost every province in the Western Anatolia region will contribute. In addition, archival documents, printed works and periodicals of the period are included in the scope of the evaluation, as well as the memoirs written by military and civilian people who participated in the National Struggle will also be used as a source.
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Antalya
Authors: Çelebi Mevlüt
Published: December 2023

"Antalya was a region that the Italians wanted to seize before World War I. Antalya was promised to Italy with the secret treaties signed during the war. Antalya was occupied by the Italians on March 28, 1919. The people of Antalya protested the occupation of the city by the Italians. The Ottoman Government, who could not show a military resistance against the occupation, was content with the protest. The people of Antalya, who also protested the occupation of İzmir, were organized by establishing associations. Not content with this, they gave all kinds of support to the National Struggle, which was initiated under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha in Anatolia. They provided aid to meet the needs of the Turkish army as well as helping the immigrants. Antalya is one of the important centers of the War of Independence. Ankara served as the administrative center and Antalya as the spiritual center. Despite being under Italian occupation, Antalya was the Ankara Government’s window to abroad. Antalya port was the exit gate for the delegations and officials of the Ankara Government going abroad. The entrance gate of various materials from Europe to Anatolia was Antalya. The international connection of Anatolia was provided through Antalya. Antalya made an important contribution to the victory of the Turkish army."
"Mondros Mütarekesi Sonrasında Güney Marmara ve Bölgede Kuvâ-yı Milliye Hareketinin Oluşması"
Authors: Sofuoğlu Adnan , Bilgin Taner
Published: December 2023

"World War I ended for the Ottoman Empire with the Armistice of Mondros (30 October 1918). Thus, it was hoped that the state of war would end and a lasting peace would be achieved. However, contrary to the expectations of the Istanbul Government, this armistice agreement, instead of ending the war and ensuring a lasting peace, facilitated the occupations of the Entente states in line with their ambitions. The states of Britain and France occupied the Ottoman lands, which they had shared with secret treaties during World War I, in accordance with the provisions of the Armistice. Greece, which joined the war on the side of the Entente states towards the end of the war, took action to occupy Western Anatolia in line with its Megali Idea goal. Venizelos, the leader of the Greek Government, who applied to Lloyd George immediately after the armistice, had this request accepted at the Paris Peace Conference and landed troops in Izmir on 15 May 1919. The occupation of Izmir by the Greeks was an event that triggered the National Struggle. With the announcement of the occupation, reactions emerged in various parts of the country. The region called South Marmara also showed its reaction against the occupation and organised rallies and congresses. Along with this, armed resistance was started. Ali Bey (Çetinkaya) in Ayvalık district of Balıkesir immediately mobilised his forces against the Greek advance. In Bursa, Bekir Sami Bey (Günsav) took the responsibility to lead the resistance. Similarly, various resistance organisations were established against the occupation in other cities of the Southern Marmara region. In this section, the developments in the South Marmara region following the Armistice of Mondros will be discussed."
Çukurova ve Çevresinin Coğrafî-Stratejik Önemi ve Bölgenin İşgal Edilmesinin Sebepleri
Authors: Günay Nejla
Published: December 2023

"Çukurova, located in the middle of the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Region, is a geographical term that refers to Adana and its surroundings. Adana is bordered by Kayseri to the north, Kahramanmaraş and Gaziantep to the east, Niğde and İçel to the west, and Hatay to the southeast. Adana and its surroundings have coasts, important ports such as Mersin and Iskenderun, and large and fertile plains in the interior. From these fertile plains and parts of the Taurus Mountains, there are roads to these ports and inland. The reasons such as the proximity of the region to Syria and Egypt, and the cultivation of industrial products such as cotton and citrus, caused England and France to be interested in these regions and enter into competition. After the First World War, Çukurova and its surroundings were occupied first by England and then by France. A repatriation decree was issued for Armenians who had previously been sent to other regions. Meanwhile, some Armenians who had joined the ""Eastern Armenian Legion"" came to occupy their homeland wearing French uniforms. The French decided to keep the Armenians in Adana, Antep, Maraş and Urfa, regardless of their hometown, so that they could form a majority in their occupation areas. This view was also shared by the British General Allenby. In this way, England would assume the protection of the Armenians in Çukurova, and thus gain their intimacy. However, the simultaneous dispatch and resettlement of thousands of people would have strained the occupation armies. According to the Armistice of Mudros signed with the Allies, Turkish troops in Northern Syria and Çukurova would be disbanded and the Turkish army would withdraw to Ulukışla. Mustafa Kemal Pasha, seeing that this would leave the Turkish people in the region completely defenseless, advised the Turkish leaders to prepare for the resistance."
Millî Mücadele’nin Eşiğinde Tarsus Gazetesinin İşgali Sunma Biçimleri
Authors: Doğruözoğlu Ayçin Ecem
Published: December 2023

"Tarsus, one of the oldest cities in Anatolia, has become a center for trade and agriculture due to its continuous development throughout history. Its geographical and spiritual characteristics have made it a site of struggle for various states throughout time. The fact that it was one of the first places occupied by the Allied Powers during the Armistice period further demonstrates this situation. The year 1919 marked the transition period between the World War I and the Turkish War of Independence Periods. As World War I also affected the civilian population, it led to social and psychological destruction, hunger, and poverty. As Tarsus became a natural border with Syria, it quickly became a city where people who migrated to Anatolia due to security concerns sought shelter, and negative effects could be directly observed. The French, with their attempts to transform Tarsus into a colony and leave a dependent state when they left the region, divided the ethnic groups in Mersin and Tarsus and tried to impose their own culture and also implemented the Armenian Policy. Through decrees, they interfered in Turkish production and trade and obtained resources for themselves. Such practices made life difficult for Turks; especially after the congresses held to organize the National Struggle, censorship and dismissal decisions were taken to keep Turks away from the administration, commercial life and daily life. The historical data on the daily life of Tarsus in 1919 were obtained from the Tarsus newspaper. The focus of the study is the social, economic, and political practices in Tarsus during the French settlement process in the region."
Maraş Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti Başkanı Mirzazade Arslan Toğuzata Bey
Authors: Saydam Orhan
Published: December 2023

"After the signing of the Armistice of Mudros, Maraş was occupied first by the British and then by the French. The biggest supporters of these invasions were the Armenians who returned to the city and served in the French army. As a result of the increase in the attacks of the Armenians against the Turks, the people of Maraş decided to organize and resist. Mustafa Kemal Pasha sent Kılıç Ali to Elbistan to organize the Maraş resistance. The Maraş Defense of the Law Society was established there. Mirzazade Arslan Bey was elected as the chairman of this society, and then he organized the people of Maraş for resistance. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the biography of Arslan Bey, who took an important role in the national struggle of Maraş and became one of the symbols of the liberation of the city. Arslan Bey's family, education life and what duties he did will be investigated. In this study, besides archival documents, Arslan Bey's memoirs and interviews he gave to various magazines will be used. In addition, Arslan Bey's son Mahmut Toğuz will be asked for information, and the interview conducted with him, other memoirs and research on the subject will be used."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Aksaray
Authors: Doğan Hamdi
Published: December 2023

"Aksaray is one of the cities in Cappadocia region. Aksaray was taken under Turkish rule by the Anatolian Seljuk State in 1077 and kept its importance during the Ottoman Empire period as well. During the National Struggle, Aksaray became one of the unoccupied settlements. Despite this, Aksaray and its surroundings did not remain idle against the invasion attempts and during the National Struggle process, they showed their reaction to these unjust occupations by sending protest telegrams and holding rallies. Again, residents from Aksaray and its surroundings participated in the battles in the National Struggle and it is an important settlement that gave many martyrs in these battles. In this study, although Aksaray, one of the important centers of Anatolia, was not occupied, the aids it made on the fronts, its efforts to organize, its telegrams in support of the national struggle and our young people from Aksaray who were martyred on the fronts during the National Struggle will be mentioned. In order to understand national values much better, it is necessary to analyze the events experienced during the period of national struggle. In this respect, the necessary research has been utilized in the study. In addition, this study is an expanded version of the paper presented at the II. International Aksaray Symposium (October 26-27, 2017)."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Çorum
Authors: Kalemli Hüseyin
Published: December 2023

"After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the World War I and its withdrawal from the war by signing the Armistice of Mondros, the Entente states occupied many regions of Anatolia. In the face of the occupation of Anatolian lands by the Entente states, the resistance movements that emerged in the form of Kuvâ-yı Milliye and Association for Defence of National Rights later turned into a total National Struggle movement. The transformation of the National Struggle movement into this form started with Mustafa Kemal Pasha's departure to Samsun and culminated in the liberation of the country's lands from occupation at the end of the Great Offensive. The success of the Turkish War of Independence was also registered with the Lausanne Peace Treaty. Even though Çorum was not occupied during the period of the National Struggle as it was during the First World War, it was in an important position in many respects. During the National Struggle period, the effects of Greek gangs were seen in Çorum, although they were not felt as much as in other cities in the region. One of the most important problems of Çorum was the security and public order problem created by local gangs. While these gangs everywhere turned into national resistance forces, this was not the case in Çorum. In addition, the tendency towards the Anatolian national movement in Çorum started later than other places, especially due to the pro-Istanbul Government administrators and the influence of the Freedom and Unionists. However, under any circumstances, the people of Çorum ignored such individuals and groups and took a stance in favor of the National Struggle. Mustafa Kemal Pasha's departure to Samsun and the decisions taken afterwards further clarified this attitude. The organization of Association for Defence of National Rights in Çorum was completed and a clear stance in favor of the Anatolian national movement was put forward. A representative from Çorum attended the Sivas Congress. Deputies from Çorum were elected and sent to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey opened in Ankara. The people of Çorum resisted the internal rebellions that emerged during the National Struggle and tried to affect their own cities, and they were always sensitive to military developments. With this feeling, they both contributed financially to the National Struggle and sent many congratulatory and congratulatory telegrams to the Assembly."
Millî Mücadele Döneminde Kırşehir
Authors: Öz Enes
Published: December 2023

"Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, Anatolia showed a great resistance against the occupations after World War I. In this resistance, the inner regions that have not yet been occupied made great efforts to organize and support the National Struggle. Kırşehir also became one of the cities that came to the fore in support of the National Struggle. The patriotic people of Kırşehir showed their reaction to the occupations by organizing around Association for Defence of National Rights. In addition, Mustafa Kemal Pasha came to Kırşehir before moving to Ankara, and with the contacts he made here, he personally observed the point of view of the people of the region in favor of the National Struggle. The people of Kırşehir followed the developments during the National Struggle closely, they created public opinion thanks to the protest telegrams they sent to the relevant people after the news of the occupation, while also instilling morale in the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye with the congratulatory telegrams they sent after the victory news from the front. In addition, Kırşehir, which showed great benefits in the fields of manpower, backward service, support and supply during the National Struggle and contributed to the process in administrative terms thanks to the representatives it sent to the I. Grand National Assembly of Türkiye."