bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friere's Dialogic Concept Enables Family Health Program Teams to Incorporate Health Promotion
Authors: Heidemann Ivonete T. S. B. , Almeida Maria C. P.
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: The study analyzes the possibility of incorporating health promotion measures into the work processes of Family Health Program teams at a primary health care clinic in Brazil.

Design and Sample: We used the participatory research concept developed in 1968 by Freire. The study sample comprised the end‐users of the health care system, together with 3 multidisciplinary teams. A total of 77 health care users and 55 health professionals participated in the study.

Measures: Culture circles composed of health care professionals, and users from different areas investigated generative topics, encoded/decoded topics, and engaged in critical probing for clarification. Topics affecting quality of life and health were heuristically evaluated.

Results: Although most topics were related to changing the focus of health care facilities, some were related to subsidizing community‐based interventions, improving environmental strategies, individual skills, and public policies. Incorporating the novel health promotion measures and creating an expanded full‐treatment clinic are important steps toward that goal.

Conclusions: Topics that can stimulate dialogue among the members of the culture circles include creating an environment of closer cultural contact, with repercussions for work processes, family health models, and general health models, as well as the inclusion of social aspects in the decision‐making processes related to health issues that affect the living conditions of the population.
Patriarchy and Historical Materialism
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: November 2010

Why does the world have the pattern of patriarchy it currently possesses? Why have patriarchal practices and institutions evolved and changed in the ways they have tended to over time in human societies? This paper explores these general questions by integrating a feminist analysis of patriarchy with the central insights of the functionalist interpretation of historical materialism advanced by G. A. Cohen. The paper has two central aspirations: first, to help narrow the divide between analytical Marxism and feminism by redressing the former's neglect of the important role female labor has played, and continues to play, in shaping human history. Second, by developing the functionalist account of historical materialism in order to take patriarchy seriously, we can derive useful insights for diagnosing the emancipatory challenges that women face in the world today. The degree and form of patriarchy present in any particular society is determined by the productive forces it has had at its disposal. According to historical materialism, technological, material, and medical advances that ease the pressures on high fertility rates (such as the sanitation revolution, vaccinations, birth control, and so on) are the real driving forces behind the positive modulations to patriarchy witnessed in the twentieth century.
Trust, Testimony, and Prejudice in the Credibility Economy
Authors: Marsh Gerald
Published: November 2010

In this paper I argue for a special kind of injustice I call “trust injustice.” Taking Miranda Fricker's work on epistemic injustice as my starting point, I argue that there are some ethical constraints on trust relationships. If I am right about this, then we sometimes have duties to maintain trust relationships that are independent of the social roles we play.
Use of the Cumulative Summation Technique to Quantitatively Assess a Surgical Learning Curve: Canine Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Hayes Graham M. , Ramirez Juan , Langley Hobbs Sorrel J.
Published: November 2010

Objective:To quantitatively assess a surgical “learning curve” using the cumulative summation (CUSUM) score technique.

Study Design:Application of a CUSUM technique to a consecutive series of surgical cases.

Animals:Consecutive primary cemented total hip replacement (THR; n=116) in 106 dogs.

Methods:Records of all dogs that had primary canine THR were reviewed. Data retrieved included date of surgery, postoperative complications, and duration of follow‐up. The 12‐week outcome was analyzed graphically and with a CUSUM technique.

Results:One hundred and one (87%) procedures were “successful” and 15 (13%) developed major complications within 12 weeks (failures). The CUSUM chart clearly demonstrated an initial “learning curve” of ∼44 THR.

Conclusion:The CUSUM technique can be used to demonstrate the learning curve for canine THR surgery.
Canine Sacroiliac Luxation: Anatomic Study of the Craniocaudal Articular Surface Angulation of the Sacrum to Define a Safe Corridor in the Dorsal Plane for Placement of Screws used for Fixation in Lag Fashion
Authors: Bowlt Kelly L. , Shales Christopher J.
Published: November 2010

Objective:To define a safe corridor in the dorsal plane relative to the articular surface for placement of a single screw in lag fashion to achieve stabilization of sacroiliac luxation in the dog.

Study Design:Cadaveric study.

Methods:Dorsoventral radiographs of denuded canine sacra (n=49) were taken to determine the safe corridor in the craniocaudal plane, and the maximum, optimum and minimum angles were calculated that would allow a screw inserted in lag fashion to engage at least 60% of the width of the sacral body without cranial or caudal penetration through the bone.

Results:The mean safe corridor in the dorsal plane is ∼24° wide. Mean craniocaudal minimum, optimum and maximum drill angles from the drill start point were 88°, 100°, and 111° from the articular surface, respectively. No single angle will completely avoid risk of screw penetration beyond the safe corridor cranially and caudally.

Conclusions:There is sufficient anatomic variation between different canine sacra that a single angle cannot be recommended for screw placement in the dorsal plane.

Clinical Relevance:A standard angle cannot be recommended for screw placement in lag fashion within the canine sacrum in the dorsal plane. Because of the narrow width of the safe corridor, preoperative measurements on radiographs are recommended and a range of angled drill guides may be useful to decrease surgeon margin of error.
Fanconi syndrome in a patient with β‐thalassemia major after using deferasirox for 27 months
Authors: Wei Hsin‐Yi , Yang Chao‐Ping , Cheng Chi‐Hui , Lo Fu‐Sung
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Deferasirox (DFRA) is a new approved oral iron chelator. Its advantages are that it is convenient and better tolerated and adhered to due to “once‐daily” oral dosage. However, its use in the field is limited and it is yet to be subjected to postmarketing surveillance.

CASE REPORT: A 18.75‐year‐old male with β‐thalassemia major received oral DFRA therapy due to transfusional iron overload for 27 months. He had received iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine injection together with oral deferiprone. However, his compliance was poor (very high routine serum ferritin level, ranging from 1059 to 6030 ng/mL). After 25 months of DFRA therapy, the serum ferritin level declined from 4097 to 1343 ng/mL. He experienced five hospital admissions including coma, Fanconi syndrome, hepatic dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia after using DFRA as oral iron chelator. After we discontinued DFRA, he recovered fully without hepatic dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, proteinuria, glucosuria, and hypophosphatemia.

CONCLUSIONS: Our case illustrates the potential risks of DFRA‐induced renal toxicity, hepatic dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia. Meticulous monitoring of kidney, liver, and hematopoietic function is mandatory for patients undergoing treatment with DFRA. Further investigation of the potential risk and adverse effects of long‐term DFRA use is necessary.
Assessment and Application of National Environmental Databases and Mapping Tools at the Local Level to Two Community Case Studies
Authors: Hammond Davyda , Conlon Kathryn , Barzyk Timothy , Chahine Teresa , Zartarian Valerie , Schultz Brad
Published: November 2010

Communities are concerned over pollution levels and seek methods to systematically identify and prioritize the environmental stressors in their communities. Geographic information system (GIS) maps of environmental information can be useful tools for communities in their assessment of environmental‐pollution‐related risks. Databases and mapping tools that supply community‐level estimates of ambient concentrations of hazardous pollutants, risk, and potential health impacts can provide relevant information for communities to understand, identify, and prioritize potential exposures and risk from multiple sources. An assessment of existing databases and mapping tools was conducted as part of this study to explore the utility of publicly available databases, and three of these databases were selected for use in a community‐level GIS mapping application. Queried data from the U.S. EPA's National‐Scale Air Toxics Assessment, Air Quality System, and National Emissions Inventory were mapped at the appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions for identifying risks of exposure to air pollutants in two communities. The maps combine monitored and model‐simulated pollutant and health risk estimates, along with local survey results, to assist communities with the identification of potential exposure sources and pollution hot spots. Findings from this case study analysis will provide information to advance the development of new tools to assist communities with environmental risk assessments and hazard prioritization.
A Social‐Cognitive Model of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Risk Perception and Recommended Behaviors in Italy
Authors: Prati Gabriele , Pietrantoni Luca , Zani Bruna
Published: November 2010

The outbreak of the pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 (swine flu) between March and April 2009 challenged the health services around the world. Indeed, misconceptions and worries have led the public to refuse to comply with precautionary measures. Moreover, there have been limited efforts to develop models incorporating cognitive, social‐contextual, and affective factors as predictors of compliance with recommended behaviors. The aim of this study was to apply a social‐cognitive model of risk perception and individual response to pandemic influenza H1N1 in a representative sample of Italian population. A sample of 1,010 Italians of at least 18 years of age took part in a telephone survey. The survey included measures of perceived preparedness of institutions, family members and friends’ levels of worry, exposure to media campaigns (social‐contextual factors), perceived coping efficacy, likelihood of infection, perceived seriousness, personal impact, and severity of illness (cognitive evaluations), affective response and compliance with recommended behaviors. Results demonstrated that affective response fully mediated the relationship between cognitive evaluations and social‐contextual factors (with the exception of exposure to media campaigns) and compliance with recommended behaviors. Perceived coping efficacy and preparedness of institutions were not related to compliance with recommended behaviors.
Emotions and Family Business Creation: An Extension and Implications
Authors: Stanley Laura J.
Published: November 2010

Morris, Allen, Kuratko, and Brannon found that family founders, nonfamily managers working in family firms, and nonfamily founders experience a wide range of emotions during the first 4 years of establishing a new business. They identify differences in the emotional experiences of these three groups. I extend their findings by suggesting that divergent emotional experiences may explain differences in risk–taking behavior between family and nonfamily firms, and between family firms. Furthermore, I suggest that family founders‘ early emotional experiences may affect the firm's culture, strategy, and decision–making processes well beyond the start–up phase.
Markets, Hierarchies, and Families: Toward a Transaction Cost Theory of the Family Firm
Authors: Gedajlovic Eric , Carney Michael
Published: November 2010

Why do family businesses exist? What factors explain their versatility, limitations, and success within and across different industrial and geographic contexts? We develop a transaction cost framework that addresses these questions. In doing so, we identify a class of assets we term generic nontradeables (GNTs), that are firm specific, but generic in application. While many types of firms may possess such assets, we reason that family firm governance provides relative advantages in developing, sustaining, and appropriating value from GNTs through combinations with other types of assets. We propose that these advantages, as well as some concomitant disadvantages, explain the versatility, limitations, and success of family business enterprise.
Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) and the Family Firm
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Kano Liena
Published: November 2010

Gedajlovic and Carney's application of transaction cost economics (TCE) thinking to the family business builds on TCE's concept of asset specificity. Our analysis augments this application. We focus on TCE's behavioral assumptions, which act as drivers of failed human commitments. We show that both the exposure and response to bounded rationality and bounded reliability challenges may be different in family firms versus Chandlerian hierarchies, and introduce the new concept of family–based human asset specificity.
Use of Cryoablation for Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias in 2010: Survey of Current Practices of Pediatric Electrophysiologists
Authors: COLLINS KATHRYN K. , SCHAFFER MICHAEL S.
Published: November 2010

Background:
 Cryoablation for arrhythmia substrates in pediatrics has been available since 2003. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current approach of pediatric electrophysiologists to the use of cryoablation in the current era.

Methods:
 We sent an Internet link to an online survey to all members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society. Individuals and not institutions were surveyed.

Results:
 A total of 70 responses were received. Responding physicians were largely invasive pediatric electrophysiologists (94%) who practice at mid‐ to high‐volume centers (>50 ablation procedures/year). Survey responders report that cryoablation was utilized for <50% of the ablation volume, and most utilize it for only 10%. With respect to specific arrhythmia substrates, 41% of responders use cryoablation as first‐line therapy for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. For accessory pathways, 94% report that cryoablation would only be utilized after mapping the accessory pathway to a “high‐risk location.” Other arrhythmia substrates considered for cryoablation would be accessory pathways mapped to high‐risk areas, junctional ectopic tachycardia, a parahisian ectopic atrial tachycardia, or an atrial tachycardia near the phrenic nerve.

Conclusion:
 For pediatric electrophysiologists who responded to the survey, radiofrequency energy remains the primary energy source for ablation. The current use of cryoablation technology is directed at arrhythmia substrates near the normal conduction system or other “high‐risk” areas. (PACE 2011; 34:304–308)
Symptomatic Sinus Tachycardia with Perpetuating Slow Pathway: Successful Treatment with Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: HUANG XIN‐MIAO , HU JIAN‐QIANG , LI ZHAO‐FENG , GUO ZHI‐FU , ZHOU BING‐YAN , CAO JIANG , QIN YONG‐WEN
Published: November 2010

We report a case of sinus tachycardia with perpetuating slow pathway (SP) conduction in a 42‐year‐old woman who developed severe symptoms as a result of atrioventricular (AV) desynchronization. The restoration of an AV synchrony, achieved with selective radiofrequency ablation of the SP, eliminated the symptomatic arrhythmia and may represent a reasonable therapeutic option despite the fact that the patient has no AV‐node reentrant tachycardia. This case demonstrates the importance of AV timing.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing of Cat Hair: An Informative Forensic Tool*
Authors: Tarditi Christy R. , Grahn Robert A. , Evans Jeffrey J. , Kurushima Jennifer D. , Lyons Leslie A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Approximately 81.7 million cats are in 37.5 million U.S. households. Shed fur can be criminal evidence because of transfer to victims, suspects, and/or their belongings. To improve cat hairs as forensic evidence, the mtDNA control region from single hairs, with and without root tags, was sequenced. A dataset of a 402‐bp control region segment from 174 random‐bred cats representing four U.S. geographic areas was generated to determine the informativeness of the mtDNA region. Thirty‐two mtDNA mitotypes were observed ranging in frequencies from 0.6–27%. Four common types occurred in all populations. Low heteroplasmy, 1.7%, was determined. Unique mitotypes were found in 18 individuals, 10.3% of the population studied. The calculated discrimination power implied that 8.3 of 10 randomly selected individuals can be excluded by this region. The genetic characteristics of the region and the generated dataset support the use of this cat mtDNA region in forensic applications.
DNAc: A Clustering Method for Identifying Kinship Relations Between DNA Profiles Using a Novel Similarity Measure*
Authors: Ntwari Aimé , Kelil Abdellali , Drouin Régen , Monga Ernest , Wang Shengrui , Brzezinski Ryszard , Bronsard Marc , Yan Ju
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  After decades of refinement, DNA testing methods have become essential tools in forensic sciences. They are essentially based on likelihood ratio test principle, which is utilized specifically, by using as prior knowledge the allele frequencies in the population, to confirm or refute a given kinship hypothesis made on two genotypes. This makes these methods ill suited when allele frequencies or kinship hypotheses are unavailable. In this paper, we introduce DNAc, a new clustering methodology for DNA testing based on a new similarity measure that allows an accurate retrieval of the degree of relatedness among two or more genotypes, without relying on kinship hypotheses or allele frequencies in the population. We used DNAc in analyzing microsatellite DNA sequences distributed among 12 genotypes from normal individuals from two distinct families. The results show that DNAc accurately determines kinship among genotypes and further gathers them in the appropriate kinship groups.
Intravascular Bullet Embolism to the Right Atrium
Authors: Springer Jeffrey , Newman William , McGoey Robin
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Bullet embolism is a relatively unusual complication of gunshot wounds. Embolism to the right atrium comprises <5% of all reported intravascular bullet emboli. We report an additional case of bullet embolus to the right atrium of a 0.38‐caliber bullet following a gunshot wound to the chest. The intracardiac bullet was recognized radiologically on presentation, but the patient was hemodynamically stable and managed conservatively, with the bullet left in place. The missile remained within the heart without clinical significance for several years and was recovered from the right atrium only at the time of autopsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a 0.38‐caliber bullet which embolized to the right atrium and remained inconsequential for an extended period of time.
Accidental Death from Hydromorphone Ingestion
Authors: Meatherall Robert , Lee Colin , Phillips Susan
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  A 15‐year‐old male orally consumed an unknown but fatal amount of sustained release hydromorphone. He was naïve to opioid use. No other drugs or alcohol were involved. The cause of death was acute aspiration‐related bronchopneumonia, secondary to hydromorphone ingestion; the manner of death was accidental. Hydromorphone and hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide were quantified in postmortem fluids by tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The hydromorphone concentrations in the peripheral blood, urine, and vitreous humor were 57, 4460, and 31 ng/mL, respectively. The hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide concentrations in the corresponding three fluids were 459, 36,400, and 40 ng/mL. Hydromorphone‐3‐glucuronide accumulation probably did not contribute significantly to the opiate toxicity. The proposed minimum lethal hydromorphone blood concentration in the nontolerant user is in the vicinity of 60 ng/mL.
Role of HLA‐G and NCR in protection of umbilical cord blood haematopoietic stem cells from NK cell mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Wang Ming , Qiu Yuhua , Wang Xuelei , Zhao Fang , Jin Min , Xu Ming , Rong Ruiming , Ge Hailiang , Zhang Yanyun , Wang Xiangdong , Zhu Tongyu
Published: November 2010

Allogeneic umbilical cord blood haematopoietic stem cells (UCB–HSCs) can be transplanted into a host with the intact innate immunity with limited immuno‐reaction, although the mechanisms remain unclear. The present studies aimed at investigating potential mechanisms of allogeneic UCB–HSCs escape from the cytolysis of natural killer (NK) cells. We compared UCB–HSCs ability to protect from NK‐mediated cytotoxicity with peripheral blood or bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells (PB‐HSCs and BM‐HSCs). HSCs expressed lower levels of natural cytotoxicity receptor ligands including NKp30L, NKp44L and NKp46L than monocytes. Blocking these ligands respectively or in combination could increase the resistance of HSCs against NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. High expression of HLA‐G was noticed on UCB–HSCs, rather than PB‐HSCs or BM‐HSCs, whereas blockade of HLA‐G significantly elevated NK cell mediated cytolysis to UCB–HSCs. Thus, we conclude that natural cytotoxicity receptors and HLA‐G on HSCs may contribute to the escape from NK cells, and activate and inhibitory NK cell receptors and their ligands can be novel therapeutic targets in cell transplantation.
Selecting fish‐based metrics responding to human pressures in French natural lakes and reservoirs: towards the development of a fish‐based index (FBI) for French lakes
Authors: Launois L. , Veslot J. , Irz P. , Argillier C.
Published: November 2010

Launois L, Veslot J, Irz P, Argillier C. Selecting fish‐based metrics responding to human pressures in French natural lakes and reservoirs: towards the development of a fish‐based index (FBI) for French lakes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 120–132. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Fish‐based indices of biotic integrity have been developed for many lotic systems but remain scarce for lakes. The goal of this study was to assess the responses of lentic fish assemblages to anthropogenic pressures when environmental variability was controlled for and to compare them between French natural lakes and reservoirs. Environmental features, catchment‐scale anthropogenic descriptors and fish data were collected from 30 natural lakes and 59 reservoirs throughout France. Functional fish metrics were regressed against both anthropogenic variables and the natural environmental conditions. Our results show that fish assemblages are appropriate ecological indicators for both natural and artificial lakes. They underline the necessity to control for the environment when developing indices at broad geographical scales. The relevant metrics differ between natural lakes and reservoirs, which challenges the attempts to use natural systems as references to assess the ecological potential of artificial ones.
The role of melatonin in glaucoma: implications concerning pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential
Authors: Agorastos Agorastos , Huber Christian G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Glaucoma is a frequent ophthalmologic condition leading to chronic progressive optic neuropathy, which can result in visual impairment and blindness. In addition, glaucoma is associated with a dysregulation of circadian rhythms, as well as with a high incidence of sleep disorders, depression, and anxiety. However, because of their high comorbidity in older age, these conditions have not received much scientific attention and are often undertreated. In the current paper, we review the available literature on the role of melatonergic mechanisms in glaucoma, regulation of circadian rhythms, and depression. The literature is presented as a narrative review, providing an overview on the most important and clinically relevant publications. Recently, there has been evidence for a progressive loss of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) because of oxidative stress in glaucoma. As ipRGC are responsible for the photic transduction to the circadian system and subsequent melatonin secretion, and melatonin is involved in the pathophysiology of circadian desynchronization, sleep disorder, and depression, an impairment of photo‐dependent melatonergic signaling may be a common pathway connecting glaucoma with these comorbidities. This fact, as well as the proven retinal neuroprotective role of melatonin, suggests that melatonergic drugs provide a potentially promising treatment strategy supplementing the management of intraocular pressure by pharmacological and surgical measures. Additionally, multidisciplinary treatment focusing on depression and normalization of circadian rhythms might be beneficial for glaucoma patients. Furthermore, glaucoma might be a useful model for studying the pathophysiological interactions between the melatonergic, circadian, and mood systems.
Melatonin improves the survival of cryopreserved callus of Rhodiola crenulata
Authors: Zhao Yan , Qi Li‐Wang , Wang Wei‐Ming , Saxena Praveen K. , Liu Chun‐Zhao
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  An important aspect of the function of melatonin seems to be the mediation of stress caused by environmental and chemical factors. In the cryopreservation process, environmental changes including osmotic injury, desiccation, and low temperature can impose a series of stresses on plants. In this study, we evaluated the role of melatonin in stress protection during the process of cryopreservation using callus of an endangered plant species Rhodiola crenulata. The survival rate of the cryopreserved callus significantly increased when the callus was pretreated for 5 days with 0.1 μm melatonin prior to freezing in liquid nitrogen. Analysis of antioxidative activity following the pretreatment of callus with 0.1 μm melatonin showed a significant reduction in malondialdehyde production during various steps of cryopreservation. Enhanced peroxidase and catalase activity was observed in the callus after pretreatment with 0.1 μm melatonin compared to the control. These observations provide new evidence of the antioxidant/anti‐stress function of melatonin, and it is the first report of its potential application in the preservation of elite endangered germplasm through the process of cryopreservation.
Chronic melatonin consumption prevents obesity‐related metabolic abnormalities and protects the heart against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in a prediabetic model of diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Nduhirabandi Frederic , Du Toit Eugene F. , Blackhurst Dee , Marais David , Lochner Amanda
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Obesity, a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, is associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant status. Melatonin, a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant, has powerful cardioprotective effects in lean animals but its efficacy in obesity is unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic melatonin administration on the development of the metabolic syndrome as well as ischemia–reperfusion injury in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity (DIO). Male Wistar rats received a control diet, a control diet with melatonin, a high‐calorie diet, or a high‐calorie diet with melatonin (DM). Melatonin (4 mg/kg/day) was administered in the drinking water. After 16 wk, biometric and blood metabolic parameters were measured. Hearts were perfused ex vivo for the evaluation of myocardial function, infarct size (IFS) and biochemical changes [activation of PKB/Akt, ERK, p38 MAPK, AMPK, and glucose transporter (GLUT)‐4 expression). The high‐calorie diet caused increases in body weight (BW), visceral adiposity, serum insulin and triglycerides (TRIG), with no change in glucose levels. Melatonin treatment reduced the BW gain, visceral adiposity, blood TRIG, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment index and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the DIO group. Melatonin reduced IFS in DIO and control groups and increased percentage recovery of functional performance of DIO hearts. During reperfusion, hearts from melatonin‐treated rats had increased activation of PKB/Akt, ERK42/44 and reduced p38 MAPK activation. Chronic melatonin treatment prevented the metabolic abnormalities induced by DIO and protected the heart against ischemia–reperfusion injury. These beneficial effects were associated with activation of the reperfusion injury salvage kinases pathway.
Exploring Relationships Among Maternal BMI, Family Factors, and Concern for Child's Weight
Authors: Payas Nydjie , Budd Geraldine M. , Polansky Marcia
Published: November 2010

PROBLEM:  In an effort to better understand child obesity, this study examined the association between family living location, family function, mother's body mass index (BMI), and mothers' attitudes and behaviors concerning child feeding. Recent research on obesity has shown there is limited information on family influence and parental perceptions and attitudes.

METHODS:  A cross‐sectional analysis was performed on data from 47 mothers of school‐aged children.

FINDINGS:  Urban African‐American mothers had higher BMIs and were significantly more concerned about their child's weight status than rural white mothers. Additionally, maternal BMI was associated with the total number of individuals in the household.

CONCLUSION:  Results suggest the importance in understanding the family and community and its influence on childhood obesity. Armed with knowledge about family factors and parents' beliefs and perceptions, nurses can develop interventions that can assist families and communities to focus on healthy children feeding and weight management.
Developmental Health of Infants and Children Subsequent to Foster Care
Authors: Bruskas Delilah
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Every day, the United States child welfare system is entrusted with the care of over 400,000 children through foster care. The majority of children entering this social setting are infants, the most developmentally vulnerable.

METHODS: Bronfenbrenner'shuman health ecology model andBowlby'sattachment theory are used to delineate the social setting of foster care and its impact on developmental health, and elucidates the relationship between childhood experiences and the overall continuum of health. Additionally, the notion of inherited genes and environmental influences or epigenetics toward gene expression will be explored.

RESULTS: Research points out that what happens in childhood matters; the consequences of not addressing childhood adversity and the associated risk factors of foster care increase a child's risk for poor developmental health and other major illnesses noted later in life such as cardiac disease, depression, and even premature death. Healthcare providers and others charged with caring for this vulnerable population who understand the social setting of foster care and its impact on developmental health may help identify and treat developmental problems earlier, thus potentially reducing long‐term effects of abuse and neglect.

CONCLUSION: Improvement plans that promote best practice for child welfare must include those that directly address the unique developmental needs of all infants and children in foster care itself. Such plans will ensure that foster care as an intervention to protect vulnerable children at risk does not create more harm by reducing the associated risks and maximizing benefits while in foster care, and ensures that those born genetically vulnerable and disproportionately susceptible to poor outcomes in adversity are also protected and provided opportunities that promote optimal developmental health.
Soulless Wills
Authors: Hacker Daphna
Published: November 2010

By analyzing wills submitted for execution to Israeli tribunals in the years 2000–2004, this article offers insights into the process of the legalization of death and family relations. The length, aesthetics, phrasing, and contents of the wills examined are all evidence of a process in which the personal wishes of testators are transformed into a standardized legal document that tells very little about the individual testator. The rarity of cases in which testators do use their wills to disclose personal sentiments and thoughts highlights the neglected potential of wills to constitute a unique, personal, and emotional parting statement. The article demonstrates that this potential embodies the different ways in which wills were perceived in ancient times. Inspired by these past and present examples and on the basis of a bifocal relational perception of inheritance, I argue that lawyers should adopt a broader human understanding of wills and offer their clients the option of leaving behind a will with a soul.
Physicochemical and microbiological quality of water from a pilot domestic rainwater harvesting facility in Ireland
Authors: O'Hogain S. , McCarton L. , McIntyre N. , Pender J. , Reid A.
Published: November 2010

Dublin Institute of Technology personnel were commissioned in 2005 by the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government in Ireland to assess the feasibility of utilizing harvested rainwater to replace treated mains water, for nonpotable uses. A pilot project was set up. The project involved the design, installation, commissioning and monitoring of rainwater harvesting facilities in a rural housing development. A monitoring programme was carried out to examine the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the harvested rainwater. Harvested rainwater was sampled monthly and tested. Analysis of the harvested rainwater quality showed a consistently high quality of raw water in general compliance with the requirements of the European Communities (Quality of Bathing Water) Regulations for 100% of samples and the European Communities (Drinking Water) Regulations, 2007 for 37% of sampling dates.
The Relatedness to Others in Physical Activity Scale: Evidence for Structural and Criterion Validity
Authors: Wilson Philip M. , Bengoechea Enrique Garcia
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to test the structural and criterion validity of scores derived from the Relatedness to Others in Physical Activity Scale (ROPAS). The participants (n1 = 893; n2 = 522) completed the ROPAS in addition to demographic questions (study 1) and well‐being indicators (study 2) using cross‐sectional, nonexperimental surveys. Confirmatory factor analysis (study 1) supported the tenability of a 6‐item ROPAS measurement model that was invariant across gender. Higher ROPAS scores were associated with greater perceived autonomy and competence and greater well‐being (study 2). Overall, these findings suggested the ROPAS displays a number of psychometric properties that render the instrument useful for investigating issues of belonging and connectedness with others in global physical activity settings.
Enhancing Positive Body Image in Women: An Evaluation of a Group Intervention Program
Authors: Devaraj Sowmya , Lewis Vivienne
Published: November 2010

Body image is a person's perception of how his or her physical body appears to him or her including feelings and attitudes toward it. A negative body image has been shown to affect women's health. A cognitive behavioral group intervention program called “Positive Bodies” was designed for women identifying as having body image concerns. Forty‐seven women aged 16–52 years completed the program, which targeted numerous risk factors important in the development and maintenance of body image dissatisfaction. Evaluation of the program showed improvements in body satisfaction and self‐esteem, decreases in physique anxiety, and body image distress consistent with the study's aims. Results indicate that focusing on risk factors in the development and maintenance of body image dissatisfaction is effective in improving women's body image.
Bacterial infections
Authors: DUA H
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Herpes simplex and zoster keratitis
Authors: LABETOULLE M
Published: November 2010

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) are two leading causes of corneal infection with potential severely impaired visual acuity. These two viruses share multiple characteristics, including the ability to become latent in the trigeminal ganglia, before reactivation and migration along the trigeminal fibers innervating the cornea. The clinical settings of keratitis may vary from an epithelial defect (dendritic of geographic) to a more severe disease involving the stroma and/or the endothelium. Classically, HSV keratitis occurs from the second decade of life, and associated skin disease is not frequent and only involves the eyelids. In contrast, VZV keratitis mostly occurs after the sixth decade, as an associated finding of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). However, several studies recently highlighted that the rate of HSV keratitis increases with age, even in elderly, and some other studies reported VZV keratitis in children, either isolated or associated with HZO. Antiviral drugs currently available are highly efficient to reduce the severity on ongoing HSV‐ or VZV keratitis, but preventive treatments still have to be optimized. For HSV keratitis, the usual preventive treatment, as defined by the HEDS study, only reduces the rate of relapses in a two‐fold manner, and the optimal dosage has not been settled for patient with severe herpetic disease. For VZV, the two vaccines against chickenpox and HZO probably will lead in the future to a reduction of the incidence of keratitis, but they are not widely used, even in most of developed countries.
Corneal involvement of eyelids infections
Authors: BRON AM , CREUZOT C
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Psychological preparation for the ophthalmic operation, suggestive techniques guiding the patient during the procedures
Authors: JAKUBOVICS E , KEKECS Z
Published: November 2010

Purpose An illness, pain, an emotionally demanding situation (e.g. an injury, being frightened) are associated with certain conditions of the psyche, in which suggestions have strong effects on people. During the operation the patient’s thoughts focus on their conditions and the challenges ahead. The fear of pain, temporary loss of usual references, being placed in helpless positions, the light from the microscope, the surgical drapes (which excluded the environmental stimuli), being confronted by alarming machines and seemingly incomprehensible actions of hospital staff, brings the spontaneously altered state of mind. Our working hypothesis was that if the patients are psychologically well prepared before the operation and if this is followed by positive verbal suggestions during the procedure, their pain relief requirement will be less and their condition will improve faster.

Methods We developed a specific verbal suggestion protocol for the patients and observed the patients’ psychological and physiological state in the perioperative period.

Results The protocol worked well in reducing patients’ fear and improved their satisfaction. This protocol is easy for doctors and staff to learn. Based on the literature and our studies, younger people are more susceptible.

Conclusion Except the excellent painless surgical technique, the comfortable environment, the psychological drive of patients around the procedure has a robust factor to improve the patients satisfactory.
Anaesthesia in cataract surgery
Authors: BODROGI P
Published: November 2010

I would like to give a review of anaesthetic methods used in cataract surgery. Retrobulbar (RB) anaesthesia via injection provides not only painlessness, but also akinesia and cuts off autonomic reflexes. Although unfortunatelly it has many possible sideeffects, like perforation of the globe, retrobulbar haemorrhage or injury of the optic nerve, it is still widely used. Parabulbar (PB) anaesthesia was introduced to eliminate traumatic sideeffects of RB, but it did not fulfill all expectations. There are also subconjunctival and sub‐Tenon anaesthesia, the latter also results in akinesia. Since the introduction of phacoemulsification topical anaesthesia has become current. Due to the gentle surgical technique, if the wound is corneal and there is no severe fluctuation of depth of the anterior chamber, it can provide sufficient anaesthesia. They apply it in form of drops, gel or special sponge. It can be replenished with intracameral Lidocain. Before surgery it is widely used to apply systemic sedatives, which helps to attenuate the patients' angst because of surgery. Supporting attitude of medical crew and positive verbal communication is also beneficial at this task. General anaesthesia is still the only possibility used in cataract surgery of children and other people unable to cooperate.
Techniques and complications of anaesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery and a new technique of local anaesthesia
Authors: GOMBOS K
Published: November 2010

Purpose Since the 1970s, the methods of vitrectomy procedures in ophthalmology have changed due to technical developments. Consequently certain procedures are less painful and less time consuming. On the other hand, due the modern technology more difficult cases can be operated, which may result in increase the time and strain of the operation.

Methods General anaesthesia (GA) is one possibility, but it may have lots of side effects, can cause serious life threatening complications, is time consuming, expensive and sometimes to organise general anaesthesia leads to delay of the operation, consequently possibly hindering the proper timing of it. Despite these, the GA seemed to be necessary when a longer procedure planned.

Results Using our method we could avoid some of the well‐known complications of RBA and PBA. Painless operations were provided and the surgeons were satisfied with the anaesthesia. The serum Lidocain level was lower in cRBA compared with the single dose technique. Moreover the presence of postoperative pain could be reduced by using anaesthesia via cannula.

Conclusion The benefits and disadvantages of cRBA will be apparent only by the spread of the new technique, which could also contribute to its improvement. This method means a perspective for postoperative pain relief. Hopefully more widespread use of this method helps continuous regional techniques to find their well deserved place in ophthalmic anaesthesia.
How to choose the best surgical procedure?
Authors: POURNARAS CJ
Published: November 2010

Purpose Dealing to the localization and sealing retinal breaks, the surgical success rate for the cure of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment greatly changed with the introduction of scleral buckling (SB), intraocular gas injection, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods In localized cases, pneumatic retinopexy and scleral buckling surgery (SB) remains the most popular surgical methods. Complicated cases with PVR grade B or C, giant tears, or macular holes are most commonly treated with primary pars plana vitrectomy. A large group of rhegmatogenous RDs with medium severity that comprise about 30% of all primary rhegmatogenous RDs in the Scleral Buckling versus Primary Vitrectomy in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment recruitment study, were treated by SB and PPV. Advances in vitrectomy instrumentation and wideangle imaging systems have increased the popularity of PPV.

Results The decision by the surgeon to use scleral buckling rather than PPV depends on a number of factors, including the lens status, size and location of breaks, patient compliance, and individual experience. Initial PPV may be successful for phakic patients. However, the SPR study shows a benefit of SB in phakic eyes with respect to BCVA improvement. Although no difference in BCVA was demonstrated in the pseudophakic trial, PPV was recommend for pseudophakic RD based on a better anatomical outcome.

Conclusion There was a significant trend towards more frequently employing primary PPV (with or without SB) for the management of primary RRD. A significant improvement in the primary success rates for RD, were shown for all retinal surgical modalities applied for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Failure of pattern recognition
Authors: PURVIN V , KAWASAKI A
Published: November 2010

Purpose This course focuses on areas of frequent diagnostic confusion in neuro‐ophthalmic diagnosis.

Methods The course uses a case‐based format. Cases are presented as unknowns, each illustrating the specific clinical feature or features that should point to the correct diagnosis.

Results We hope that highlighting common errors in this way will help inspire the clinician to master the material so that such “pitfalls” can be avoided.

Conclusion The common theme among the cases is that most neuro‐ophthalmic diagnoses derive from the history and careful examination rather than the results of ancillary testing.
Over‐reliance on negative test results
Authors: PURVIN V , KAWASAKI A
Published: November 2010

Purpose This course focuses on areas of frequent diagnostic confusion in the field of neuro‐ophthalmology.

Methods The course uses a case‐based method. Cases are presented as unknowns, each illustrating the specific clinical feature or features that should point to the correct diagnosis.

Results Certain tests may provide misleading information, apparently "ruling out" a particular disorder, when in fact that is the correct diagnosis. Examples include serologic tests for ocular myasthenia, falsely negative temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis and MRI scans in certain some disorders.

Conclusion In order to interpret the results of ancillary testing we must know the clinical features of the disease in question and the limitations of the tests we use.
Missing subtle signs
Authors: KAWASAKI A
Published: November 2010

Purpose To highlight some easily overlooked clinical findings which may be the key to arriving at the correct diagnosis.

Methods Case studies

Results Patient with unexplained visual loss, patient with oscillopsia, patient with red eye

Conclusion Recognition of subtle clinical findings is an important skill that improves with effort and experience on the part of the clinician

Commercial interest
Diagnostic look‐a‐likes
Authors: KAWASAKI A
Published: November 2010

Purpose To provide the clinician with specific tips on how to distinguish between two common “look‐alike” diagnoses

Methods Case studies

Results We will highlight the one best feature that differentiates the two disorders presented as look‐alikes

Conclusion It is important to recognize disorders that have similar presentation and to know how best to differentiate between them

Commercial interest