bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resource Use in Deep Litter Poultry System: Implications for Urban Food Security
Authors: Nsikak-Abasi A. Etim , NseAbasi N. Etim , Mohammed Jamal
Published: October 2020

As urbanization increases, the locus of poverty is slowly shifting from rural to urban areas in what is known as urbanization of poverty. Thus, understanding how urban food system operate and finding ways to ensure that they remain sustainable is a mounting preoccupation. But urban livestock production has the potential to provide a significant contribution to the urban food security now and in the future and can lift the urban poor out of poverty. Information on resource use in deep litter poultry system is largely limited. Stochastic production frontier functions was used for data from deep litter poultry farmers to examine their efficiency technically, output orientation and level of farm. Farmers’ consideration was through the multistage sampling procedure. Maximum likelihood based on estimation of parameters helped in the determination of efficiency. The study revealed that, land, water,medication, capital and labour. The result 0.76 mean efficiency suggests output from deep litter poultry production could be increased with available technology. Policies aimed at encouraging farmers to access productive resources would be sensible decision.

Citation: Etim, N. A., Etim, N. N. and Mohammed, J. Resource Use in Deep Litter Poultry System: Implications for Urban Food Security, 2020; 5(3): 38-44.

Received: April 4, 2020Accepted: September 30, 2020
O ensino da escrita na Educação Básica: reflexões a partir de produções discentes
Authors: Leonardeli Poliana Bernabe , Dos Santos Andrissa , Dos Santos Greizine Tamagnoni , De Souza Vitor Andre
Published: October 2020

O artigo objetiva analisar textos de alunos da Educação Básica matriculados no ano final do Ensino Fundamental I em uma escola pública estadual. A partir de tal análise buscou-se identificar se os educandos desenvolveram, na escrita, as habilidades previstas para a idade/ano de acordo com o que se prevê na nova BNCC. A pesquisa levantou a seguinte problemática: alunos do quinto ano matriculados em escola pública dominam as técnicas de escrita previstas? E, posteriormente, por que, nessa fase escolar, não possuem ainda as habilidades básicas da escrita de anos escolares anteriores? A hipótese a ser investigada baseou-se no fato de que essas crianças não foram atendidas de forma individualizada em suas produções textuais, uma vez que o desenvolvimento da escrita necessita desse acompanhamento, o que foi comprovado após o resultado da pesquisa apontar deficiências no domínio de habilidades de anos anteriores ao cursado pelos alunos.
Idealização e empirismo: Platão e Aristóteles – dois precursores controversos da Ciência Política
Authors: Prado Ediano Dionisio do
Published: October 2020

A Ciência Política enquanto investigação acurada das instituições, das formas de governo, dos sistemas partidários, das relações entre o Estado e a sociedade civil, é um ramo recente do saber objetivo. Todavia, as reflexões sobre a política remontam à antiguidade. Filósofos como Platão e Aristóteles edificaram contribuições indeléveis ao pensamento ocidental. A presente revisão acalenta como objetivo o delineamento das ideias políticas de Platão textualizadas na obra A República e das ideias políticas de Aristóteles registradas na obra A Política. Mestre e discípulo descortinam as questões políticas em sua associação com as questões éticas e epistemológicas. Alicerçados nas obras dos autores citados e de comentadores contemporâneos, selecionadas pela pertinência de seu conteúdo ao tema, em idioma português, a revisão conclui a relevância do estudo dos filósofos clássicos da antiguidade para compreendermos o percurso das discussões da ciência política.
Metodologia de ajuste de parâmetros para aquisição de imagens de boa qualidade utilizando uma câmera fotográfica semiprofissional comercial
Authors: Silva Agmar José de Jesus
Published: October 2020

Este trabalho se originou de uma atividade experimental em uma disciplina do curso de Mestrado em Ciências em Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais do Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Coppe/UFRJ). Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia prática de fotografia que consistiu na realização de uma série de quatro experimentos com diferentes ajustes de parâmetros e condições ambientais, visando analisar os efeitos de variação da abertura do diafragma (número f), velocidade do obturador, e fator ISO (sensibilidade) durante o processo de aquisição de imagens, assim como o efeito da luminosidade externa. Quando a abertura do diafragma variou de f/5,6 para f/22, isto é, de uma abertura maior para outra menor, a nitidez e a qualidade final da imagem melhoraram substancialmente, como resultado do aumento da profundidade de campo. Observou-se ainda, nesta mesma sequência, que as condições gerais de foco foram igualmente melhoradas. Ao se variar a velocidade do obturador, mantendo o fator ISO e o número f fixos, foi notado que velocidades rápidas do obturador produziam imagens mais escuras devido a menor incidência de fótons de luz que eram captados pelo sensor CCD da máquina. Por outro lado, conforme o fator ISO aumentava, mantendo fixos o número f e a velocidade do obturador, a sensibilidade à iluminação era incrementada, tornando a imagem mais clara. Por último, foi verificado que o uso de um anteparo (folha de alumínio) colocado próximo ao objeto, de forma que a maior parte da radiação emitida fosse transformada em luz difusa, ocasionou a quase total eliminação de sombra na fotografia, elevando significativamente a qualidade de imagem.
Casos investigativos como proposta metodológica na abordagem do tema de educação ambiental no Ensino Médio
Authors: Farias Leila de Jesus Da Silva , Dos Santos Clayane Carvalho , Gamela Raimundo Rafael , Moreira Walace Martins
Published: October 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a aceitação do estudo de casos investigativos enquanto metodologia de ensino em uma turma do 1º ano do Ensino Médio. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram elaborados três casos investigativos sobre temáticas ambientais de ocorrência corriqueira no município de Açailândia-MA, relacionando-os com o conteúdo de ácidos e bases. Os respectivos casos foram aplicados com três grupos de alunos durante o horário escolar. Cada discente, posteriormente, respondeu a um questionário estruturado na escala Likert e, em paralelo a este, elaborou um diário de caso para fins comparativos. Constatou-se que o estudo de caso investigativo na qualidade de metodologia escolar apresentou uma aceitação satisfatória por parte dos discentes. Todavia, na análise do diário de caso, observou-se que ele promoveu uma limitada inclusão de alunos portadores de alguma deficiência. Portanto, pondera-se que o estudo em questão se mostra relevante no tocante à melhoria da qualidade da aprendizagem. No entanto, deve ser feito com o planejamento adequado com o fito de proporcionar a inserção de todos os participantes no processo de ensino e aprendizagem.
Análise da modelagem 2D de dados gravimétricos da Província Alcalina de Goiás utilizando os interpoladores de mínima curvatura e IDW
Authors: Santos Raphael Di Carlo Silva dos
Published: October 2020

Obter a delineação de corpos alcalinos é de extrema importância para o mapeamento geológico, pois auxilia futuros estudos de prospecção. Apresentamos neste trabalho uma interpretação da anomalia gravimétrica Registro do Araguaia, pertencente à Província Alcalina de Goiás, que é caracterizada por uma série de pequenas intrusões magmáticas alcalinas de características ultramáficas a félsicas. A gravimetria é um método geofísico que consegue delinear esses corpos devido aos altos contrastes de densidade entre as intrusões e as rochas encaixantes. Apliquei a modelagem direta em um perfil de cada mapa gravimétrico interpolado, um através da mínima curvatura e outro através do inverso da distância ponderada (IDW, da sigla em inglês). A interpretação gravimétrica do perfil interpolado pela mínima curvatura mostra dois corpos sendo um aflorante, enquanto que o perfil interpolado pelo IDW mostra um corpo   com profundidade em relação à superfície de 16 m. O resultado referente ao IDW é o mais adequado, pois possui o menor erro médio quadrático do resíduo.
SEMI-AUTOMATED CRICKET BROADCAST HIGHLIGHT GENERATION
Authors: Ramlogan Sahil , Pooransingh Akash , Ringis Daniel
Published: October 2020

This paper provides an improvement to automated cricket highlight identiﬁcation from full broadcasts. Further reﬁnement is provided through semi- automated user veriﬁcation. This visual result is synchronized with an automated text extraction process. The visual result was successfully extracted at a rate of 97.5% using the ORB function. With user validation a false detection rate of 0% was realized. The metadata from the commentary was then successfully extracted and combined with the visual results to allow for easy searching of the highlight video using any search ﬁeld.
VALIDATION OF A SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPED FOR VALIDATING CFS AUTONOM
Authors: Ellis Ruel , Fernandez-Lopez Gerardo , Pounder Gerard
Published: October 2020

This paper analyses results from experiments performed using a previously-described, simulated environment that was developed for validation of Cognitive Function Synthesis, or CFS, Autonomy. Navigation performance of the Pioneer robot platform used the following metrics: Average Cycle Time per simulation run; Average Wall Contact per cycle; and Average Shock Treatment Activation per simulation run. Two ultrasound, or US, configurations were used while the robot navigated in either the ‘preconfigured-reflexes only’ mode or the ‘Braitenberg Obstacle Avoidance’ mode. Results from the “16 sensor” US configuration was generally found to be significantly different from that of the “8 sensor” configuration, independently of obstacle avoidance considerations. Robot performance, when subject to the Braitenberg Obstacle Avoidance algorithm, was also found to be significantly different from ‘preconfigured-reflexes only’ performance, regardless of US configuration. The difference in Shock Treatment and the Average Wall Contact, observed between the “16 sensor” US setting and the “8 sensor” configuration for the ‘Braitenberg Obstacle Avoidance’, are likely to be due to the coefficient values adopted for the rear US sensors together with robot position at experiment start. The use of this environment to enable statistical analysis of results, to determine significant difference in obstacle avoidance performance, validates its usefulness as a tool for CFS Autonomy validation.
SMART FARMING: ORGANIC COMMUNICATION CHANNELS (OCCS)
Authors: Roopnarine Aaron , Rocke Sean
Published: October 2020

Organic Communication Channels (OCCs) are any hydrocarbon-based media which can be used to communicate data. This has great potential when applied to cyber-physical systems such as with smart farming. This paper establishes the relevance (though a literature survey and consideration of possible use cases for this technology), feasibility (through channel characterisation experiments) and proposes the infrastructure for OCC systems. The results show feasible communication of voice, video and text is possible with the proposed infrastructure for OCC communication. Finally, the approach of the proposal is evaluated through considerations for future work.
RFID TAGS USED IN PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME FOR MOTORS AND GENERATORS
Authors: Aleong Tracy , Pun Kit Fai
Published: October 2020

In modern plant operations, a well-planned preventive maintenance programme is vital to reliable and long-life operation of motors and generators. Many companies lack such a programme due to the high cost and intricacy associated with employing major sensing techniques for monitoring live equipment status. This paper presents the findings of a pilot project that was to design a low cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based system paired with the Internet of Things (IoT) communications to create a preventive maintenance programme that could provide real-time updates for installed motors and generators at a particular site. The basic system would incorporate ultra-high frequency RFID sensor tags for monitoring vibration and temperature, fixed RFID readers with antennas, and a based unit (built around a personal computer) with access to the internet. This is an on-line RFID-based monitoring system. The RFID tags would allow the connection of the physical assets to the digital world having a direct effect to a company’s business drivers such as cost savings, greater operational efficiency, and increased productivity. Installing the basic system on a trial basis is recommended. It is anticipated that, the RFID based system could provide a long-term solution to the current problems of complex and expensive data collection
Resenha: Imigração haitiana no Brasil
Authors: Carvalho Joselene Ieda
Published: October 2020

BAENINGER, Rosana; PERES, Roberta; FERNANDES, Duval; SILVA, Sidney A.; ASSIS, Gláucia O.; CASTRO, Maria da Consolação; COTINGUIBA, Marília P. (orgs). 2016. Imigração haitiana no Brasil. Jundiaí, Paco Editorial.
Qazaq tіlіn ekіnshі tіl retіnde oqytýdyń zamanaýı ádіsterі [The Modern Methods of Teaching Kazakh as a Second Language]
Authors:   Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, I. Altynsarin National Academy of Education  (Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan), е-mail: karlygash-54@mail.ru, Qadasheva Q. , Asanova U.O. ,   Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Acting Professor of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan), е-mail: assanova_62@mail.ru, Myrzahanova A.Q. ,   Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Senior Lecturer of Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (Kazakhstan, Turkestan), е-mail: akbota.myrzaxanova@ayu.edu.kz
Published: October 2020

The extension of the social sphere of the state language, the increase of people number with the different social categories (government employees, entrepreneurs, politicians, foreigners, students, etc.) aspiring to study language, currently testify to the relevance of Kazakh language teaching as a second language.The rational use of technical means, the effective use of language modern teaching in the process of teaching Kazakh as a second language, helps to enhance the learning and cognitive activity of the student and increase interest in the subject. The article discusses the direct, consciously practical, audiolinguistic, audiovisual, suggestopedical methods of Kazakh language teaching and studies other methods of oral speech teaching and lesson examples are presented. Бүгінгі таңда мемлекеттік тілдің қоғамдық қызметі аясының кеңеюі, тілді үйренуге ынталы, әлеуметтік дәрежесі әр түрлі адамдардың көбеюі (мемлекеттік қызметшілер, бизнесмендер, саясаткерлер, шетелдіктер, студенттер және т.б.) қазақ тілін екінші тіл ретінде оқытудың өзекті екендігін айғақтай түседі. Қазақ тілін екінші тіл ретінде оқыту барысында техникалық құралдарды ұтымды қолданып, тілді оқытудың заманауи тәсілдерін тиімді пайдалану – тіл үйренушінің оқу-танымдық әрекетін белсендіріп, пәнге қызығушылығын арттыруға мүмкіндік туғызады. Мақалада қазақ тілін оқытуда тура, саналы-практикалық, аудиолингвалды, аудиовизуалды, суггестопедия және т.б. ауызша сөйлеуге үйрету әдістері қарастырылып, сабақ үлгілерінен өрнектер беріледі.
Ob ınnovatsıonnyh metodah obýchenııa anglııskomý ıazyký (ıgrovoı metod) [Some Ideas about Innovative Methods of Teaching English (Game Method)]
Authors:   Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, International Humanitarian and Technical University (Kazakhstan, Shymkent), e-mail: dekan52@mail.ru, Taýkebaeva R.B.
Published: October 2020

This article is devoted to the study of innovative methods of teaching a foreign language (English). Special attention is paid to the analysis of the phenomenon of «game method», which affects the formation of educational cognitive activity of students. The game (role-playing game) contributes to the full development of educational material, stimulates motivation and interest in communicating in English. The article also discusses the functions of the game method, analyzes the author's teaching practice. This article is of a theoretical nature, but in the process of teaching a foreign language, you can use its material to improve students' speech knowledge, skills and abilities. Данная статья посвящена изучению инновационных методов обучения иностранному языку (английскому языку). Особое внимание уделяется анализу феномена «игровой метод» («игра»), который влияет на формирование учебной и познавательной деятельности обучающихся. Игра (ролевая игра) способствует полноценному освоению учебного материала, стимулирует мотивацию и интерес к общению на английском языке. Также в статье рассматриваются функции игрового метода, анализируются цели и задачи ролевых игр на примерах из преподавательской практики автора. Данная статья носит теоретический характер, но в процессе обучения иностранному языку можно использовать ее материал для совершенствования обучающимися речевых знаний, навыков и умений.
Polıkýltýrnaıa kompetentsııa v sovremennyh ýslovııah [Multicultural Competence in Modern Conditions]
Authors:   PhD, M.H. Dulati Taraz Regional University  (Kazakhstan, Taraz), e-mail: gulnur_taraz@mail.ru, Isabekova G.B. , Abdrahman G.K. ,   Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, M.H. Dulati Taraz Regional University (Kazakhstan, Taraz),   E-mail: gulnara.abdrakhman@mail.ru, Sarmýrzın E.J. ,   PhD Doctoral Student, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan), e-mail: yerbol.sarmurzin@gmail.com
Published: October 2020

The article deals with the problem of increasing the attention of the pedagogical community to culture as a phenomenon of human existence. The formation of multicultural competence among teachers and students contributes to the ability to work and study in a foreign culture. Multicultural competence is considered as an integrative property of the individual, which reflects his ability to solve professional and everyday problems and tasks on the basis of a culture-centered system of values. The definition of «multiculturalism» most succinctly conveys the interaction of the principles of dialogue and interaction of various cultures. Multicultural personality is one of the components of the «basic culture of personality». First of all, a certain cultural and educational environment contributes to the formation of the «person of culture», a multicultural personality. В статье рассматривается проблема усиления внимания педагогической общественности к культуре как феномену человеческого бытия. Формирование поликультурной компетенции у педагогов и студентов способствует умению работать и обучаться в условиях инокультуры. Поликультурная компетенция рассматривается как интегративное свойство личности, которое отражает его способность решать профессиональные и повседневные проблемы и задачи на основе культуроцентрированной системы ценностей. Дефиниция «поликультурность» наиболее емко передает взаимодействие принципов диалога и взаимодействия разнообразных культур. Поликультурная личность является одной из составных частей «базовой культуры личности». Формированию «человека культуры», поликультурной личности способствует, прежде всего, определенная культурно-образовательная среда.
Abrasive wear study of an acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) rotary seal in dry and muddy contact using a micro-abrasion tester
Authors: Farfan Cabrera Leonardo Israel , Gallardo Hernandez Ezequiel Alberto , Resendiz Calderon Cesar David
Published: October 2020

Rotary dynamic seals are widely used in machinery in order to retain fluids and to exclude external contaminants by allowing the free shaft movement. One of the most recurrent failure of seals is caused by abrasive wear under prolonged sliding contact. It is mainly produced either by partial dry running (two-body abrasion) and/or by interacting with abrasive hard fine particles, which are immersed in the fluids generating three-body abrasive wear. This work aims to study both types of abrasion using a micro-scale abrasion tester. For this, small samples were extracted from an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) lip of an actual dynamic seal. The testing was conducted in dry contact to generate two-body abrasive wear, as well as in a wet/muddy environment in order to reproduce three-body abrasion. The load was selected in order to approach the actual mean contact pressure of seals against rotary shafts. Hence, a stress relaxation test of the NBR samples was carried out to characterize the viscoelastic behavior. The wear scar morphologies and wear progression were analyzed in detail by optical microscopy, SEM analysis and optical profilometry. Finally, the experimental test was suitable to reproduce two-body and three-body abrasion on the samples since the particular wear patterns on small wear scars were obtained by short experiments.
CaO stabilized ZrO2 coating intended to reduce corrosion on steel and aluminum substrates
Authors: Villarreal Iván , Aldás Miguel , Guerrero-Barragan Victor Hugo , Rosas-Laverde Nelly María , Debut Alexis
Published: October 2020

In this work, we studied the anticorrosive properties of sol-gel nanostructured calcium stabilized zirconia coatings, deposited onto 304 stainless steel and commercial aluminum substrates by dip-coating and spin-coating. During the ceramic oxide synthesis, zirconium oxychloride octahydrate was used as precursor and calcium acetate monohydrate was used as stabilizer of the cubic zirconia structure, in a precursor/stabilizer molar ratio of 0.84/0.16. The gel films deposited on steel and aluminum were heat treated at 550 y 600 °C during 5 and 10 min, respectively, and the adherence of the resulting ceramic films was evaluated. Continuous coatings were obtained that reached average thicknesses between 2 y 3 mm when deposited on stainless steel, and between 1.5 y 1.6 on aluminum, depending on the coating method. The corrosion resistance of the best-adhered coatings was evaluated during 500 h in a saline chamber, according to ASTM B117-11. All the substrate-coating combinations showed a very good corrosion resistance. For the two substrate types, the films deposited by dip-coating showed higher corrosion resistance than the ones deposited by spin-coating. The anticorrosive protective effect of the coatings was better for the aluminum substrates, compared to the stainless-steel substrates.
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy applied to the juice and rind characterization of Citrus latifolia with different quality of samples
Authors: Corzo-Ruiz Susan Cristina , Hernández-Rosas Francisco , Alvarado-Noguez Margarita Lizeth , Hernandez-Rosas Juan , Cruz-Orea Alfredo
Published: October 2020

The main purpose of the present study was to characterize the juice and rind of the Persian lime (Citrus latifolia) with different quality of samples, by means of the Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) technique. In agreement to the Mexican quality standards, the samples under study were classified into four degrees of quality i.e. Extra, Second, Third and Waste classes. We have used PAS to characterize the optical properties of each one of the samples. Thus, we have obtained the absorption spectra of the juice as well as in that part of the rind called flavedo. After that, using another different photoacoustic configuration, we have measured the water vapor permeability of the albedo; i.e. the innermost, white and spongy layer of the rind. Our results show that PAS is a reliable technique to get the grading quality of samples in situ of fresh fruits such as Persian limes by means of the study of some of their physical properties.
Thermal characterization of castor oil as additive in lubricant oil using photothermal techniques
Authors: Lara-Hernandez G. , Benavides-Parra J.C. , Cruz-Orea Alfredo , Contreras-Gallegos E. , Hernández-Aguilar C. , Flores Cuautle Agustin Jose de Jesus
Published: October 2020

Over the last years extensively research has been carried out on full or partial substitution of supplies resources coming from renewable resources on traditionally non-renewable, in the case of the automobile sector there are progresses in bio-combustibles (biofuel) and synthetic oils coming from vegetable sources. There are strong efforts to find oil additives which can improve oils features in automobile industry, by adding vegetables oils to commercial lubricant oils, is expected to improve oil thermal stability.  In the present research, different ratios of castor oil (ricinus comunis)-motor oil blends were obtained and their thermal properties were characterized by using the so-called Back and Front Photopyroelectric (BPPE/FPPE) techniques. Several oil-additives concentrations were measured and thermal diffusivities and effusivities as well as densities are reported, getting full thermal characterization for every concentration.
An experimental facility to study film growth on liquid phase, condensation and melting in downward-facing substrates
Authors: Sandoval-Ríos C. , Nieto-Pérez M. , Huerta Jorge A. , Pineda-Piñón J. , Rodríguez-Vázquez E.
Published: October 2020

Film growth, condensation and melting of materials are very important physical processes, involved in the development of semiconductor related industry processes, alkali metals and their oxides, and recently in nuclear fusion projects. The growth of low melting point thin films via liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) has drawn attention especially for the manufacture of semiconductor compounds containing indium, gallium, tin, lithium and their alloys, all characterized by a low melting point. That allows the growth of films in the liquid phase and subsequent control on crystallization morphology by manipulating quenching conditions.  LPE yields highly crystalline either thin (a few nm) or thick (100s of µm) films with high purity. If LPE is performed in downward-facing substrates, Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities appear, and this effect of gravity in the film growth has not been studied in depth. This paper presents the design, construction and preliminary testing of an experimental facility to study film growth from the liquid phase, and also condensation and melting processes. This facility consists of a thermal evaporator and a substrate holder where samples are placed facing down. The size of the sample holder and the ability to achieve controlled thermal gradients across it, would allow the study of temperature effect in grown films morphology, and also in condensation and melting phenomena such as dripping onset and critical angle for film/drop displacement. Besides, system allows to study condensation modes and surface roughness on the condensation dynamics of liquid films growing from the vapor phase.
Thermoelectrical characterization and comparative analysis of three finite element models of a MEMS thermal sensor
Authors: Gómez Franco Maribel , Ramírez Treviño Antonio , Figueras Eduard , Sauceda Carvajal Angel
Published: October 2020

This document presents the finite element modeling using ANSYS to obtain the thermal resistance of a MEMS thermal sensor. Additionally, the document describes a thermoelectrical characterization to find the sensor performance parameters. For modeling purposes, we divided the thermal sensor into four different thickness zones. We analyzed three different models, the first includes all materials layers, the second involves an equivalent thermal conductivity and an equivalent thickness for each zone, and the proposed model besides using an equivalent thermal conductivity by zone also considers the same thickness for all zones to reduce simulation time and to optimize thermal sensor design parameters. The first model evaluates three different boundary conditions, while the second and third models consider two different thermopile wide strips. The thermal resistance of the proposed model has a relative error of 11% in relation to the experimental value. The model, considering all layers and heat power applied to the surface as boundary conditions, has the lowest error (9%), while models considering the thermopile strips width have shown a higher error, 67%. As a result, the proposed model for heat transfer analysis simplifies complex geometries and reduces simulation time.
Study of LIPSS formation on bismuth thin films deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Reyes-Contreras Adela , Camacho López Marco Antonio , Romero-Salazar Lorena , Camps Enrique
Published: October 2020

In this work, we report the fabrication of bismuth thin films on glass substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition. A focused beam of a Nd:YAG laser (9 ns, 10 Hz, 1064 and 532 nm) was utilized to carry out the ablation of a high purity Bi target. The per pulse laser fluence was varied between 0.95 and 1.35 J/cm2, depending on the laser wavelength used. The deposits were characterized by SEM and XRD to analyze the surface morphology of thin films and their crystalline structure, respectively. The SEM micrographs showed differences in roughness, which increased with the laser wavelength. The diffractograms revealed the formation of Bi thin films with a polycrystalline structure or with a preferential orientation, depending on the mean kinetic energy of the plasma ions. The as deposited bismuth thin films were irradiated with a non-focused laser beam at low energies below the ablation threshold. In the laser treated area, it could be observed the formation of periodic structures, known as LIPSS (laser induced periodic surface structures). Depending on the crystallographic structure of the irradiated film, the formed LIPSS showed different characteristics, such as width and shape.
Amorphous Zr(OH)4 to t-ZrO2 transformed isothermally
Authors: Meza Galvez Jonathan , Olea Mejía Oscar , Hernández López Susana , Vigueras Santiago Enrique , Camacho López Marco Antonio
Published: October 2020

With the aim to study the transformation from the commercially amorphous Zr(OH)4 to the t-ZrO2, phase, the starting material was isothermally treated in a calorimeter at 350, 365, 370, 375 and 380 o C. The TGA coupled to the DSC technique was used to determine with high precision both the temperature and time necessary to achieve the amorphous Zr(OH)4 to  t-ZrO2 transformation. The mass loss and heat flow, as a function of time, were monitored to study the dehydroxylation of Zr(OH)4 and the crystallization processes, respectively. Raman spectroscopy was used to obtain evidence of the t-ZrO2 formation. The DSC results show an exothermic peak (typical of amorphous-crystalline transitions) related to the formation of t-ZrO2. Our results indicate that the time necessary to obtain the t-ZrO2 phase shortens when temperature increases.
Change of phase from ?-Bi2O3 to ?-Bi2O3 using the ceramic microwave-assisted approach and its increase of capacitance
Authors: Elizarraras Peñaloza Alejandro , Estrada Flores Miriam , Reza San Germán Carmen Magdalena , Díaz Barriga Arceo Lucía Graciela , Santiago Jacinto Patricia , Manríquez Ramírez María Elena
Published: October 2020

The use of microwaves for the synthesis of materials is very important due to its versatility, it is an economical option, friendly with the environment, generates a low energy demand and the syntheses are carried out in very short times. There are many methods that use microwaves to obtain materials, however, the simplest one is the ceramic method, which consists in blending by grinding the reagents or precursors, which are placed in a quartz cell and finally carried to the microwave oven for synthesis. The reagents used to carry out this research are ?-Bi2O3 and graphite. The phase change in the ?-Bi2O3 was obtained despite the differences in weight composition and the variation of power level and irradiation time inside the microwave oven. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to verify the phase and morphology of the samples before and after irradiation. The last step of this work was the capacitance measurement of the composites made of 0.39 g of alumina and 0.01 g of the product of graphite and bismuth oxide after irradiation at different conditions. The results demonstrated an increasing of capacitance in all the samples conformed by ?-Bi2O3/C/Al2O3.
Wear Study On Al-B4C Composite Material
Authors: Pavan N. , Harti Jaysaheel I. , Harishanand K. S.
Published: October 2020

There are various types of engineering materials used in both commercial as well as non-commercial applications, it becomes important to think about the life of the material, to prove about the economical aspect of the material. In order to increase the life, the conventional engineering materials fails in one or the other aspects. So the arrival of composite materials is important, which shows better mechanical properties than the regular engineering materials with lower weights. A study on the wear behaviour of a composite material (Al-B4C), under varying concentration of the reinforcement is made to understand the material usability under the cyclic operating conditions.
Procedural Steps for Understanding Jurisprudence and its Result in Contemporary Cataclysms:
الخطوات الإجرائية لفقه التوقع وثمراته في النوازل المعاصرة
Authors: Albloushi Noorah
Published: October 2020

This topic was chosen because of an
urgent need to unveil the jurisprudence of
the prediction, how it can be implemented,
and its impacts on the Sharia Law.
The current era is witnessing massive development and new concepts in every aspect of life. These concepts need to be
looked at from a jurisprudence perspective
in order to forecast the future and to prepare for it without forgetting the current
needs. And as for the reason for choosing it:
I found the urgent need to explain the originality of this art and to consider looking at
the stages of its application and its fruits
with regard to Islamic law and jurisprudence,
especially since these fruits come in harmony with the general guidance of the United
Arab Emirates, in adopting for the future vision a strategic approach in its policy, initiatives, and projects which the state supports
and encourages. Indeed, the importance of
the jurisprudence of the prediction lies in
the fact that the core of Sharia Law is ﬂexible. This indicates that the Sharia Law can
accommodate new concepts as it has been
shown throughout the centuries.
This study will try to answer the following questions:
1- What is the truth of the concept of the
expectation of jurisprudence?
2- What are the qualities required by individuals working in this feld?
What is the relationship between the
jurisprudence of prediction and Fundamentals of jurisprudence?
4- What are the main results of implementing jurisprudence of prediction?
Keywords: the jurisprudence of prediction, looking to the future, contemporary
cataclysms, Procedural steps.
إن عصرنا الحاضر يشهد من المستجدات والنوازل التي لا حصر لها في جميع نواحي الحياة، وهذه النوازل بحاجة إلى النظر الاجتهادي الدقيق؛ لاستشراف المستقبل وحسن الاستعداد لمواجهة مستجداته وأحداثه، واتخاذ الأسباب اللازمة لمواكبة تطوراته دون الإخلال بمتطلبات الحاضر.
وتكمن أهمية فقه التوقع في بيان أن شريعتنا ثابتة في أصولها لا تتغير، ومرنة في الوقت ذاته، قادرة على استيعاب كل نازلة من النوازل؛ لذلك سايرت شريعتنا الإسلامية كل تغير وتطور حدث عبر القرون المختلفة، والظروف المتباينة والأعراف المتجددة.
وأما سبب اختياره: فإني وجدت الحاجة ماسة في بيان أصالة هذا الفن وبيان النظر في مراحل تطبيقه وثمراته بالنسبة للشريعة والفقه الإسلامي، لا سيما أن هذه الثمرات تأتي متناغمة مع التوجهات العامة لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، في تبنيها للرؤية المستقبلية نهجًا استراتيجيًّا ثابتًا في سياستها ومبادراتها ومشاريعها، والتي تقوم الدولة بدعمها وتشجيعها والاحتفاء بها.
وسنحاول في هذه الدراسة الإجابة عن مجموعة من التساؤلات الرئيسة، وهي:
1- ما حقيقة مفهوم فقه التوقع ؟
2- ما الشروط اللازم توافرها في المشتغل بفقه التوقع ؟
3- ما صلة فقه التوقع بالأصول الفقهية والقواعد الأصولية ؟
4- ما الخطوات الإجرائية لفقه التوقع ؟
5- ما أبرز ثمرات تطبيق فقه التوقع في النوازل المعاصرة ؟
الكلمات المفتاحية: فقه التوقع، استشراف المستقبل، النوازل المعاصرة، الخطوات الإجرائية.
Restaurarea icoanei pe sticlă „Arhanghelii Mihail și Gavril” - Pavel Zamfir Zugravul. Studiu de caz
Authors:   Universitatea „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu, Bucur Mirel Vasile
Published: October 2020

The paper presents the elements that underpin the consideration of the painter Pavel Zamfir, author of the glass icon with the theme Archangels Michael and Gabriel, and the restoration work that we put in this case, presented in natural succession. It also presents how the dating of the icon was discovered, by the digital shooting against backlight. The following operations are presented in our paper: fragments gluing operations, consolidation of the paint layer, colour integration, consolidation and completion of the wooden cover. Finally, we expressed some recommendations regarding storage conditions and exposure.
Large-scale ion generation for precipitation of atmospheric aerosols
Authors: Ma Shaoxiang , Cheng He , Li Jiacheng , Xu Maoyuan , Liu Dawei , Ostrikov Kostya
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Artificial rain is explored as a remedy for climate change caused
farmland drought and bushfires. Increasing the ion density in the open air
is an efficient way to generate charged nuclei from atmospheric aerosols and
induce precipitation or eliminate fog. Here we report on the development of
a large commercial-installation-scale atmospheric ion generator based on
corona plasma discharges, experimental monitoring, and numerical modeling of
the parameters and range of the atmospheric ions, as well as the application of the
generated ions to produce charged aerosols and induce precipitation at the
scale of a large cloud chamber. The coverage area of the ions generated by
the large corona discharge installation with the 7.2 km long wire electrode
and applied voltage of −90 kV is studied under prevailing weather conditions
including wind direction and speed. By synergizing over 300 000 localized
corona discharge points, we demonstrate a substantial decrease in the decay
of ions compared to a single corona discharge point in the open air, leading
to large-scale (30 m ×23 m ×90 m) ion coverage. Once
aerosols combine with the generated ions, charged nuclei are produced. Higher wind speed has led to larger areas covered by the plasma-generated ions. The cloud chamber experiments (relative humidity 130±10  %) suggest that charged aerosols generated by ions with a density
of ∼104 cm−3 can accelerate the settlement of
moisture by 38 %. These results are promising for the development of
large-scale installations for the effective localized control of atmospheric
phenomena.
Simultaneous ground-based and in situ Swarm observations of equatorial F-region irregularities over Jicamarca
Authors: Aol Sharon , Buchert Stephan , Jurua Edward , Milla Marco
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Ionospheric irregularities are a common phenomenon in the low-latitude ionosphere. They can be seen in situ as depletions of plasma density, radar plasma plumes, or ionogram spread F by ionosondes. In this paper, we compared simultaneous observations of plasma plumes by the Jicamarca Unattended Long-term Investigations of the Ionosphere and Atmosphere (JULIA) radar, ionogram spread F generated from ionosonde observations installed at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), and irregularities observed in situ by Swarm in order to determine whether Swarm in situ observations can be used as indicators of the presence of plasma plumes and spread F on the ground. The study covered the years from 2014 to 2018, as this was the period for which JULIA, Swarm, and ionosonde data sets were available. Overall, the results showed that Swarm's in situ density fluctuations on magnetic flux tubes passing over (or near) the JRO may be used as indicators of plasma plumes and spread F over (or near) the observatory. For Swarm and the ground-based observations, a classification procedure was conducted based on the presence or absence of ionospheric irregularities. There was a strong consensus between ground-based observations of ionospheric irregularities and Swarm's depth of disturbance of electron density for most passes. Cases, where ionospheric irregularities were observed on the ground with no apparent variation in the in situ electron density or vice versa, suggest that irregularities may either be localized horizontally or restricted to particular height intervals. The results also showed that the Swarm and ground-based observations of ionospheric irregularities had similar local time statistical trends with the highest occurrence obtained between 20:00 and 22:00 LT. Moreover, similar seasonal patterns of the occurrence of in situ and ground-based ionospheric irregularities were observed with the highest percentage occurrence at the December solstice and the equinoxes and low occurrence at the June solstice. The observed seasonal pattern was explained in terms of the pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) of the vertical plasma drift. Initial findings from this research indicate that fluctuations in the in situ density observed meridionally along magnetic field lines passing through the JRO can be used as an indication of the existence of well-developed plasma plumes.
L-band vegetation optical depth as an indicator of plant water potential in a temperate deciduous forest stand
Authors: Holtzman Nataniel , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Kraatz Simon , Mavrovic Alex , Sonnentag Oliver , Pappas Christoforos , Cosh Michael H. , Langlois Alexandre , Lakhankar Tarendra , Tesser Derek , Steiner Nicholas , Colliander Andreas , Roy Alexandre , Konings Alexandra G.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Vegetation optical depth (VOD) retrieved from microwave radiometry correlates with the total amount of water in vegetation, based on theoretical and empirical evidence. Because the total amount of water in vegetation varies with relative water content (as well as with biomass), this correlation further suggests a possible relationship between VOD and plant water potential, a quantity that drives plant hydraulic behavior. Previous studies have found evidence for that relationship on the scale of satellite pixels tens of kilometers across, but these comparisons suffer from significant scaling error. Here we used small-scale remote sensing to test the link between remotely sensed VOD and plant water potential. We placed an L-band radiometer on a tower above the canopy looking down at red oak forest stand during the 2019 growing season in central Massachusetts, United States. We measured stem xylem and leaf water potentials of trees within the stand, and retrieved VOD with a single-channel algorithm based on continuous radiometer measurements and measured soil moisture. VOD exhibited a diurnal cycle similar to that of leaf and stem water potential, with a peak at approximately 5 AM. VOD was also positively correlated with both the measured dielectric constant and water potentials of stem xylem over the growing season. The presence of moisture on the leaves did not affect the observed relationship between VOD and stem water potential. We used our observed VOD-water potential relationship to estimate stand-level values for a radiative transfer parameter and a plant hydraulic parameter, which compared well with the published literature. Our findings support the use of VOD for plant hydraulic studies in temperate forests.
Imprint of chaotic ocean variability on transports in the Southwest Pacific at interannual timescales
Authors: Cravatte Sophie , Serazin Guillaume , Penduff Thierry , Menkes Christophe
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Southwest Pacific Ocean sits at a bifurcation where southern subtropical waters are redistributed equatorward and poleward by different ocean currents. The processes governing the interannual variability of these currents are not completely understood. This issue is investigated using a probabilistic modeling strategy that allows disentangling the atmospherically-forced deterministic ocean variability and the chaotic intrinsic ocean variability. A large ensemble of 50 simulations performed with the same ocean general circulation model (OGCM) driven by the same realistic atmospheric forcing that only differ by a small initial perturbation is analyzed over 1980–2015. Our results show that, in the Southwest Pacific, the interannual variability of the transports is strongly dominated by chaotic ocean variability south of 20° S. In the tropics, while the interannual variability of transports and eddy kinetic energy modulation is largely deterministic and explained by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), ocean nonlinear processes still explain 10 to 20 % of their interannual variance at large-scale. Regions of strong chaotic variance generally coincide with regions of high mesoscale activity, suggesting that a spontaneous inverse cascade is at work from mesoscale toward lower frequencies and larger scales. The spatiotemporal features of the low-frequency oceanic chaotic variability are complex but spatially coherent within certain regions. In the Subtropical Countercurrent area, they appear as interannually-varying, zonally elongated alternating current structures, while in the EAC region, they are eddy-shaped. Given this strong imprint of large-scale chaotic oceanic fluctuations, our results question the attribution of interannual variability to the atmospheric forcing in the region from point-wise observations and one-member simulations.
On the attribution of industrial-era glacier mass loss to anthropogenic climate change
Authors: Roe Gerard H. , Christian John Erich , Marzeion Ben
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Around the world, small ice caps and glaciers have been losing mass and retreating during the industrial era. Estimates are that this has contributed approximately 30 % of the observed sea-level rise over the same period. It is important to understand the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic components of this mass loss. One recent study concluded that the best estimate of the anthropogenic contribution over the industrial era was only 25 %, implying a predominantly natural cause. Here we show that the fraction of the anthropogenic contribution to the total mass loss of a given glacier depends only on the magnitudes and rates of the natural and anthropogenic components of climate change, and on the glacier's response time. We consider climate change over the past millennium using synthetic scenarios, paleoclimate reconstructions, numerical climate simulations, and instrumental observations. We use these climate histories to drive a glacier model that can represent a wide range of glacier response times to evaluate the anthropogenic contribution to glacier mass loss. The slow cooling over the preceding millennium, followed by the rapid anthropogenic warming of the industrial era means that, over the full range of response times for small ice caps and glaciers, the central estimate of the anthropogenic component of the mass loss is essentially 100 %. Our results bring assessments of attribution of glacier mass loss into alignment with assessments of others aspects of climate change, such as global-mean temperature. Furthermore, these results reinforce the scientific and public understanding of centennial-scale glacier retreat as an unambiguous consequence of human activity.