bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marine Bands in the Coal Measures of Britain and Germany
Authors: Stubblefield C. J. , Edwards W.
Published: May 2009

Dr. Bartenstein's results show considerable progress in the recognition of marine horizons within the belt of Westphalian strata lying between the Sarnsbank Coal Gastrioceras subcrenatum Marine Band and the Katharina Anthracoceras vanderbeckei Marine Band. Kukuk (1938, pp. 166–171) recognized in this stratal belt but twelve marine or Lingula horizons, whereas the author from his foraminiferal finds in the same strata adds evidence of six more marine incursions in Westphalia.
Note on the Age of the Rocks on the East Side of Newport Bay, Pembrokeshire
Authors: Myers J.
Published: May 2009

Graptolites found on the east side of Newport Bay, Pembrokeshire, support the original interpretation of the 1857 edition of the one-inch geological map of the area that the rocks there are of Ordovician age and not Silurian as shown in more recent maps.
An Upper Eocene Outlier at St. Ann's Hill, Chertsey
Authors: Midgley H. G.
Published: May 2009

An outlier of the Bagshot Series occurs at St. Ann' Hill, Chertsey, where beds of the Bagshot, Bracklesham, and Barton sub-divisions are exposed. The division into these beds by pebble bed junctions is suggested. Heavy mineral analyses using percentages of fresh and abraded grains of three indicator minerals, viz. tourmaline, rutile, and zircon, suggests that the divisions postulated are justified.
Pre-Cambrian Algal Limestone in Western Australia
Authors: Fairbridge Rhodes W.
Published: May 2009

Stromatolitic structures in the late Pre-Cambrian Yandanooka Series of Western Australia have been identified as calcareous algae of the genus Collenia. They are the first organic remains recognized in the Pre-Cambrian of this State. Distribution of the sediments containing these algae has been traced over 200 miles between Perth and Yandanooka. Erratic blocks of this material occur in the Permian tillites.
Speculations upon the Outline and the Mode of Disruption of Gondwanaland
Authors: King Lester
Published: May 2009

Certain small discrepancies in Du Toit's (1937) reconstruction of Gondwanaland are discussed and suggestions made as to its mode of disruption.
Axes of Active Warping in the New Zealand Seismic Region
Authors: Cotton C. A.
Published: May 2009

Geomorphic evidence is described of very recent upwarping of the shore of Hawke Bay north of Napier, and, as this is of local extent, the suggestion is made that here and in adjoining coastal districts folding is, or recently has been, in progress, with this and another upheaved rib farther to the north-east as anticlinal axes. The coastally drowned areas of Poverty Bay and the north-east and south-west corners of Hawke Bay have escaped the upheaval, and it is suggested that they occupy negative, or synclinal, axes of a fold pattern.

Recorded data are insufficient to show to what extent, if at all, the axes of transverse upheaval recognized in the coastal districts extend westward across the main geanticline of the island. All or most of the axial ranges in this belt have recently been rising, however, for this is indicated by the presence of terraces in the valleys of outflowing rivers and by the fact that the vertical intervals between terraces increase upstream.
Asterozoa and the Study of Palaeozoic Faunas
Authors: Spencer W. K.
Published: May 2009

This paper is an elaboration of the author's contribution to the 1938 British Association discussion on the distribution and migration of British Lower Palaeozoic faunas. It concerns mainly the faunas of Western Europe and North America and presents in summary the author's conclusions regarding faunal affinities and directions of immigration of the Asterozoan element in those areas. There is a notable agreement with Stubblefield's conclusions regarding the trilobite element, especially as concerns the Ordovician. The scope of the discussion is here extended to include notes on Devonian and Carboniferous faunas and some Cystid references. The paper concludes with some systematic notes, and three new generic names are proposed.
Porosity of Wind-Deposited Sands
Authors: Kolbuszewski J. , Nadolski L. , Dydacki Z.
Published: May 2009

To investigate the problem of porosity of wind deposited sands a sample of sand similar to Libyan Desert sand was used for wind tunnel experiments. Average velocity of wind—Average Porosity Curve was obtained for the first time, proving that low wind velocity produces higher porosity than high wind velocity, and that the relationship obtained agrees with the laws governing “vertical” deposition of sands.
The Order of Crystallization of the Minerals in some Caledonian Plutonic and Hypabyssal Rocks
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

The determination of the true order of crystallization of minerals in a plutonic intrusion is not an easy matter, but a good deal of information on the subject may be obtained if such an intrusion shows a chilled edge or if there are dykes of corresponding composition. Fortunately, some of the Caledonian plutonic rocks of Western Scotland which we are about to consider do show chilled margins, and there is a series of dyke rocks, loosely termed porphyrites and quartz-porphyries, covering practically the whole range of composition for the rocks on the assumed liquid line of descent.1 It has been possible to study large collections of these housed in the Geological Department of Manchester University and in the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Cambridge.
Revision of certain Lower Ordovician Faunas from Ireland
Authors: Reed F. R. C.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of the papers by Messrs. Gardiner and Reynolds on the Tourmakeady and Glensaul districts in the west of Ireland, with palaeontological appendices by the present author, Raymond (1925, p. 167) has compared the faunas with those of Newfoundland and pointed out some striking resemblances. Other Lower Ordovician faunas have since then been described from various foreign regions, and in the light of this increased knowledge the specimens in the collections from Ireland have been re-examined; this has resulted in revised generic identifications, though confirming the reference of the beds to the Lower Ordovician as the author originally maintained (1910, p. 271). The trilobites, several of which are now put in other genera, are mostly allied to or comparable with species of the Canadian and Ozarkian of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland which Poulsen (1937, p. 72) correlates with the Arenig and Tremadoc, and they also show resemblances to some of those of the Ceratopyge fauna (Brögger, 1896) of Europe and Western North America (Raymond, 1922) as well as with those of Newfoundland. The brachiopods, the determination of which had been found a matter of much difficulty owing to their poor preservation, possess affinities with many of the American Upper Ozarkian and Canadian species recently named by Ulrich and Cooper (1938), especially with those from Canada, rather than with any of the European forms with which they were previously compared or identified. The admixture of Upper Cambrian fossils with those of the Ceratopyge zone, especially in Nevada and the Mount Robson district, was noted by Raymond (1922, p. 20); and similar interrelations of the two faunas are also traceable in the present case. From the general aspect of the faunas from the Irish localities, Ulrich (1930, p. 19) was inclined to put the beds “about the middle or upper Chazyan”; Grabau (1935, p. 101), relying on the lists of brachiopods and trilobites in the present author’s original papers, would refer them to the Middle rather than the Lower Ordovician, but this view can no longer be held.
Mooreocrinus and Ureocrinus gen. nov., with Notes on the family Cromyocrinidae
Authors: Wright James , Strimple Harrell L.
Published: May 2009

In the course of discussions on Echinoderms between the senior and junior authors, the family Cromyocrinidae came under scrutiny and in view of a vital link of evidence in the form of a Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) specimen of Ulocrinus buttsi Miller and Gurley with the arms attached, found by the junior author a few years ago, the following interpretation of the family is suggested.
Periodical Events in the North Sea Basin
Authors: Umbgrove J. H. F.
Published: May 2009

The North Sea Basin is enclosed on its western and eastern sides by two axes of elevation, viz. the Pennines (a5 of Text-fig. 7) and the axis of Erkelenz (a3). The fault-zone of the Limburg coal district broadens towards the north-west into the graben of the central Netherlands. In the opposite direction it is connected with the Rhine-graben. The southern border of the North Sea Basin is formed by the Brabant Massif. It dates from at least pre-Carboniferous times, but its influence as a geanticlinal ridge of elevation was manifest in many Mesozoic and Cenozoic epochs. In a voluminous memoir Stevens (6) pointed out that the present morphology of Belgium—e.g. the pattern of the rivers—still reveals the influence of this important element.
Problems of Ammonite-Nomenclature X. The Naming of Pathological Specimens
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

Pathological individuals or monstrosities of ammonites (kakomorphs in Buckman’s terminology) have long been known and some have, rightly or wrongly, been given specific names. Indeed, they probably include a genus, namely Nipponites, Yabe, 1904, based on a unique specimen, the incredible tangle of which may represent only an extreme monstrosity of one of those Nostoceratids (Didymoceras, Emperoceras, etc.) which normally began life with a hamitid or ptychoceratid shell, then changed to a turricone and finished up with a helicoid body-chamber, often combining dextral and sinistral coiling in the same individual. A few authors have taken delight in collecting and describing such “cripples” (Engel, 1894, 1909; Wingrave, 1929); to other palaeontologists, however, they have caused nomenclatorial difficulties. Thus Crick (1901), when recording as Ammonites ramsayanus, Sharpe, a monstrosity in the Bath Museum, had to confess that Sharpe’s type specimen certainly was deformed and he thought the Bath specimen was also a malformation. Yet he added “being unable to refer them to any other species which had hitherto been described from the Chalk, it seemed desirable to retain, at least provisionally, Sharpe’s name”. Crick should have known, of course, that a specific name may be valid or invalid, but that it cannot be provisional. In other papers, however, dealing with deformed ammonites, Crick (1898, 1899, 1918) found the nomenclature less embarrassing.
Recent Views on Ice Sheets and Glaciers
Authors: Odell N. E.
Published: May 2009

The war has cut us off unfortunately from much that has been proceeding in other lands, even in the way of scientific research which was of ho military significance. The records of such research are scattered through many periodicals which are not always accessible as yet in this country.
The Granite Controversy
Authors: Reynolds Doris L.
Published: May 2009

This year, the 150th anniversary of Hutton's death, we are particularly reminded of the lively struggle of the eighteenth century between Vulcanists and Neptunists; the more so since that struggle finds its counterpart to-day in the divergence of opinion between two schools of petrology whose respective members might aptly be called Magmatists and Transformists. Much of the disagreement between the modern opponents arises from a belief on the part of the Magmatists that Hutton proved the magmatic origin of granite, and, in addition, the disagreement is probably strengthened by a misunderstanding of the views held by Transformists, and by lack of knowledge or experience of the evidence on which they base their conclusions. Indeed, Transformists might be tempted to preface their writings with the following very apposite quotation from Werner (1781):—

“I must here present a request to all who would judge of this theory, or communicate their sentiments on it to the public, viz. to begin by reading through the whole treatise, and then to peruse it a second time, with attention. Such a request will not only appear strange to many persons, but even superfluous ; I find myself, however, under the necessity of making it from the manner followed by some individuals with my book on the external characters of fossils. They have often represented me as saying quite the contrary of what I have expressly written. This may have been done by some, through design, but in by far the greater number of instances, it has happened from that work not having been read through ; and in this manner the public has frequently been led into an error, at least for some time.”
The Geology and Petrology of the Cockburn Law Intrusion, Berwickshire
Authors: Midgley H. G.
Published: May 2009

X.Summary

The Cockburn Law intrusion is a small sheeted boss of late Caledonian age, intruded into Silurian rocks of Llandovery age.

The following are the chief stages in its formation:—

1. The earliest igneous activity was the intrusion of basic rock, now only found as xenoliths. This intrusion was followed at some later stage by—

2. The main plutonic magma which assimilated the basic rock and country rock to produce the following hybrids—

(a) Hybrid hypersthene diorite, from contamination by the Silurian pelites and greywackes.

(b) Hybrid diopside diorite, from contamination by the basic rock.

(c) Hybrid pyroxene diorite, from contamination by material from both basic igneous and sedimentary rocks.

3. After the consolidation of the marginal hybrids the main body of the magma began to solidify, but had time to differentiate in place to give a composition ranging from adamellite through granite to granophyric microgranite.

4. The heat from the intrusion metamorphosed the Silurian sediments to biotite cordierite hornfels which grade insensibly into the hybrid hypersthene diorite.

5. Following the consolidation of the plutonic mass there was considerable activity by vapours to form pneumatolytic products, while differentiation of the residual magma produced the aplitic, acidic, and lamprophyric dykes.

The intrusion may form a cupola from a bathylith, which may possibly belong to a series of bathyliths lying in a Caledonian direction from Newry to the Firth of Forth.
Tetradella complicata (Salter) and some Caradoc species of the Genus
Authors: Harper J. C.
Published: May 2009

In this country the best known species of Tetradella is T. complicata (Salter), a form which is usually regarded as typical of Caradoc rocks and has been widely quoted in faunal lists as such. It happens, however, that this species was originally described as Beyrichia complicata, by Salter (Phillips and Salter, 1848, p. 352, pi. 8, fig. 16) from the Llandeilo Beds of Llan Mill, near Narberth, and it is extremely unlikely that it ever occurs in Caradoc beds. This confusion has no doubt arisen from the inaccuracies in Salter's original figure, the briefness of the accompanying description and the fact that McCoy figured what is obviously another species of Tetradella under the same name from the Caradoc Beds of Pont y Meibion (McCoy, 1851, pl. IE, fig. 3). At a later date T. R. Jones refigured T. complicata from Llan Mill with more accuracy than Salter and with a fuller description, but unfortunately figured under the same name a form from the Caradoc of Harnage, giving also a list of Llandeilo and Bala localities where T. complicata was supposed to occur (Jones, T. R., 1855, pp. 163–5, pl. vi, figs. 1–5). In addition to this figures have appeared in various textbooks and similar works of a general nature which are usually too poor for specific determination although it is obvious that in the main they cannot be referred to Tetradella complicata (Salter).
The Granitization Problem
Authors: Backlund Helge G.
Published: May 2009

The invaluable Presidential Addresses by Professor H. H. Read, entitled “Meditations on Granite”, Parts I and II, read to the Geologists’ Association in 1943 and 1944, seem to have aroused a great deal of interest in petrological quarters, more especially as these “meditations” are painted against the lively background of the historical development of ideas embracing a whole century and a half. Professor Read’s “meditations” are the more remarkable since they lead him to conclusions almost diametrically opposed to those propounded by Professor P. Niggli in an address delivered to the Zürich Geological Society at the February meeting of 1942, although both reviewers rely on about the same scope of historical “evidence”.
New Species of Taxocrinus and Synbathocrinus and other Rare Crinoids from the Carboniferous Limestone of Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper (Wright, 1935, p. 193) it was remarked that the crinoids of Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe, mainly consist of calices or thecae only and that specimens showing any part of the arms are extremely rare. In the paper cited, photographs were given of two specimens with arms, one being referred to a new species Cyathocrinus patulosus and the other to Pachylocrinus aff. longidactylus (Austin). Flexible crinoids belonging to the genus Euryocrinus, with part of the arm structure preserved, have also been recorded and a Poteriocrinid assigned to Pachylocrinus conicus (Phillips) (Wright, 1928, 1942). The latter species and P. aff. longidactylus mentioned above will probably have to be removed to another genus but it is not intended to discuss them at present. All these specimens were found at rather long intervals. I was therefore agreeably surprised on a recent visit to Coplow to find two fairly well-preserved crowns belonging to the genera Taxocrinus and Synbathocrinm and since the species represented by these specimens appear to differ from known forms they are now described in the present paper. An excellently preserved specimen of a species of Platycrinites was also found. This specimen shows a good part of the arm structure and although it is not possible to determine with certainty its specific identity the type of preservation exhibited by it is so rare at Coplow that it is here deemed worthy of being placed on record. Another specimen with arms, probably belonging to the same genus and found a few years ago is also recorded (Plate VII, fig. 1; Plate VIII, fig. 4).
The Physiographical History of Western Szechuans— A Review and Discussion
Authors: Whittington H. B.
Published: May 2009

Recent writings by Cotton (1944, 1945) and Richardson (1945) have drawn the attention of geologists in this country to the Pleistocene history of West China, and in particular to the river terraces and their mode of formation. Harland has now re-stated the problems of the physiographical history of Western Szechuan, and drawn attention to the gaps in our knowledge. This paper 1 is both complementary and supplementary to that of Richardson (1943; reviewed by Cotton, 1944). During the past two years I have had opportunity to study the geomorphology of the Border Ranges of north-western Szechuan, and this review is, therefore, accompanied by a discussion of certain points in the light of my own findings and the work of other writers.
Note on a Riebeckite-Bearing Rock from the Shetlands
Authors: Phillips F. Coles
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this note is to place on record the occurrence of the soda-bearing amphibole, riebeckite, in a particular type of dyke-rock in the Shetland Islands. To explain its field-relations a brief sketch of the general geology of the group is necessary.
The Age of the Duruma Sandstone, East Africa
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

West of the marine Jurassic rocks near Mombasa the Uganda Railway traverses for 46 miles a belt of sandstones and shales which are grouped together as the Duruma Sandstone. The few fossils hitherto obtained from this series have not given any definite evidence as to its age, which is, however, shown by the relations of the sandstones to the Kambe Limestone to be pre-Bathonian. The Mazeras Sandstone, one of the upper members, contains many trunks of Dadoxylon, the age of which, according to Professor Seward, may be anything from Trias to Kainozoic. An Estheriella and some plants were found in the Maji ya Chumvi beds by Maufe and have been regarded as either Permian or Triassic. The lowest division, the Taru Grit, has not yet yielded any certain fossil, but it has been regarded as continuous with the shales in the Sabaki Valley, which yielded the Permian mollusc, Paleanodonta fischeri, and with the plant bearing Tanga beds in the north-eastern corner of Tanganyika Territory. A bore in quest of water was made near Samburu Station to the depth of 527 feet in the Taru Grits. The cores are preserved by the Uganda Railway at Nairobi, and Mr. David Harris recently re-examined them and made the useful discovery of two fragments of fossil plants. They have been kindly sent to me by Dr. A. W. Rogers and examined by Professor A. C. Seward. He identifies them as a Voltzia and an Ullmania. For the drawings, Fig. 1, I am indebted to Mr. L. D. Currie. Both fossils are specifically indeterminable, but Professor Seward states that they certainly belong to the flora collected by Dr. Teale in the Tanga beds, which was described in 1922. Professor Seward assigns that flora to an age between the Upper Permian and the Rhaetic, and seems inclined to regard it as probably Trias.
On Caenophyllum, a remarkable New Genus of Carboniferous Coral
Authors: Clark Arthur E.
Published: May 2009

Included in a large assemblage of corals from the Lower Carboniferous Shales—referred to a Z horizon—overlying the Lower Carboniferous Sandstone anticline (K) on the north coast of Co. Sligo is a remarkable new genus—Caenophyllum—which forms the subject of this paper. Caenophyllum gen. nov. claims distinction in showing a very unusual life-history—quite unlike that of any known coral; and forms a very interesting example of abnormal coral ontogeny. The shales form cliffs at Pollarone, near Dromore West, Co. Sligo, and vary in height from 30 to 50 feet. They are cut off by the rising tide, and consequently have hitherto been neglected; but are of great importance in zonal work, as they contain a rich coral and Bryozoan fauna and thus form a starting point for zonal investigation.
The Magmatic Origin of the Sudbury Nickel Ores
Authors: Coleman A. P.
Published: May 2009

Professor Gregory, in a very interesting paper published in the Transactions of the Faraday Society, has advanced various arguments against the theory of the magmatic origin of the Sudbury nickel deposits and has quoted several authorities as opposing that theory. His brief account of the subject presents, unintentionally of course, only one side of the controversy in regard to those ores, and lest the deservedly great authority of his opinion should seem to settle the question, I wish to place before English geologists an outline of the arguments on the other side.
Columnar Structure in the Nubian Sandstone
Authors: Beadnell H. J. L.
Published: May 2009

In April, 1925, while mapping the coastal plain of the Red Sea south of Berenice for the Egyptian Government, I came across a remarkable example of columnar structure in sandstone, an illustration of which is shown in the accompanying photograph.
The Geological Map of South Africa
Authors: Dunn E. J.
Published: May 2009

A Splendid map of South Africa published by the Geological Survey of the Union has just reached me. Few will hail it with more pleasure than myself, for I know the country well, having spent fifteen years in helping to unravel its geology. This map marks a great advance on previous geological sketch-maps. To future workers it will be a great boon.
The Problem of Batholithic Intrusion
Authors: Richardson W. A.
Published: May 2009

Speculation as to the causes of the great intrusions known as batholiths is coeval with petrology as a science. Daly says that batholiths are “the least understood of all the intrusive bodies. If they were truly understood there would be no ‘problem’ of the igneous rocks”.1 This, no doubt, puts the matter too strongly, but there is nevertheless much truth in the statement, and the “problem” is of the greatest importance in petrogenic theory.
On Some Curious Marks on a Rock Surface
Authors: Challinor J. , Williams K. E.
Published: May 2009

This note is a record of the occurrence and character of some curious marks on a rock surface near Borth, Cardiganshire. We do not know of any previous description or reference to marks of this kind.
Note on the Occurrence of Thrust-Faulting in Western Newfoundland
Authors: Mook Charles C.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1918 a party under the direction of Mr. Hamlin Brooks Hatch carried on field studies in a section of the property of the Reid-Newfoundland Company in Western Newfoundland. A number of features of general scientific interest were noted, among which was faulting of the Appalachian type. The writer is indebted to Mr. Hatch for permission to publish this phase of the results of the latter's investigations.
A Note on the Youngest Beds of the Southern Province of Nigeria
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

The Colonial Office Report on the work of the Mineral Survey of Southern Nigeria for 1905–6 gave a few details on the occurrence of bitumen in Ijebu and a paper by Mr. R. Bullen Newton published in the Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Section 8, VIII, pp. 193–208, described some mollusca which fortunately were preserved in one or two of the shallow boreholes put down to afford information on the beds then named the “Ijebu Series”. No details of the beds passed through were, however, published, and the following note is intended to supplement the Report mentioned.
The Echinoid Genus Oligopygus De Loriol
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

A Hypothesis can be confirmed most effectively when the deductions drawn from it prove correct. When such deductions take a prophetic form, fulfilment becomes most convincing. It is gratifying thus to discover confirmation of the prognostications of a predecessor; I hope a certain ebullition of satisfaction may be pardoned since I am here in a position to use the often provocative expression “I told you so”!
The Distribution of Scandinavian Boulders in Britain
Authors: Phemister James
Published: May 2009

In the following pages the writer has attempted to collate the records of boulders of Scandinavian origin which are scattered through many publications. The lists of boulders in Table C of this paper are an amplified version of similar lists drawn up by T. Sheppard in 1895, and, in addition, lists of percentages of various types of boulders are shown in Tables A and B, those in A having been already recorded, while those in B are original. From a study of the statistics set out below the writer has ventured to make certain suggestions with regard to the debated question of the extension of a Scandinavian ice-sheet over Britain.
Nepheline-bearing Lavas and Intrusive Rocks from South of the Zambezi River, with a Note on an Outcrop of Karroo Lavas in the Buzi Valley, Portuguese East Africa
Authors: Teale E. O. , Smith W. Campbell
Published: May 2009

In reviewing the tectonic features of a portion of Portuguese East Africa, south of the Zambezi, one of the present writers alone (2), and also in conjunction with Capt. R. C. Wilson (1), advanced the view that the surface topography had to some extent been affected by the same movements which were associated farther north with the Rift Zone period of Eastern Africa. This opinion was arrived at from the consideration of the physiography, the observation of definite faulting in places, especially in western Sheringoma on an extension of the Nyasa-Shire line, and also of volcanic occurrences elsewhere in significant positions.
Eocene Cycles of Sedimentation
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

It must inevitably happen sometimes that an author does not quite convey to his readers the whole of his own conception of a subject. It may be perhaps that certain objects in his mental picture are to him so obvious as to be unworthy of emphasis, and he is apt to forget that to his readers no part of the picture is, in the first instance, obvious. From the recent paper by Messrs. A. K. Wells and S. W. Wooldridge (“The Mechanism of Sedimentation Cycles”, Geol. Mag., Vol. LX, December, 1923, pp. 545–50), it is evident that I have failed to convey, to them at least, the whole of my conception of the Anglo-Franco-Belgian Basin. I apologize, therefore, to readers of my Introduction to Stratigraphy for any lack of clarity, and I should like to thank Mr. Wells and Mr. Wooldridge for bringing the matter into the light of day and allowing me an opportunity of stating very simply my ideas, all of them already published, on the geography of the Anglo-Franco-Belgian Basin in Eocene times. Perhaps had my critics, before rushing into print, read pages 278–9 of my book as well as page 267, the occasion would never have occurred.
The Unconformable Base of the Coniston Limestone Series in the Lake District
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

During the course of a recent excursion of the Cambridge Sedgwick Club to the Coniston District, under the guidance of Professor J. E. Marr, important evidence was obtained upon the relationship of the Coniston Limestone Series to the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. A visit was paid to the area south-west of Torver Beck, when, after Professor Marr had pointed out the marked difference between the strike of the Coniston Limestone and that of the underlying Borrowdale rocks at High Pike Haw, the actual strongly discordant junction was located by Professor O. T. Jones and the writer. This was found to be one of unconformity and not a fault, and was traced by the party for some distance.
The Petrography and Correlation of the Igneous Rocks of the Torquay Promontory
Authors: Shannon W. G.
Published: May 2009

The Middle and Upper Devonian rocks of the Torquay Promontory give evidence of a volcanic phase in Middle Devonian times, recurring in the Upper Devonian, and completed by a hypabyssal phase, which was post-Culm and pre-Permian. The tuffs are basic in nature, of glass and lava fragments, cemented by calcite. The only lava recognized is a spilite, probably Upper Devonian.

Complementary rocks: a soda-porphyrite and an augite-lamp-rophyre, have been recognized at Babbacombe.

An albite-dolerite is described from Black Head, carrying small amounts of olivine and with the characteristic albite-segregation veins. This mass has been shown to include the Ilsham Manor and the Red Rocks outcrop at Babbacombe. Metasomatic change due to silicification is characteristic of its flanks: this is especially developed at Anstey's Cove, where quartz-hæmatite veins are later than the cleavage of the slates.

It has been shown that there is strong evidence for the post Culm date of this intrusion and hence for the tectonic movements of the area. The latter have been in the sequence:—tilting, intrusion, folding, thrusting, cleavage, and faulting, Some strike faults may be anterior to all these, but were repeated after the cleavage movements.
Fossil Ostracoda and their use in Stratigraphical Research
Authors: Merrett Edgar A.
Published: May 2009

Although much work has been done in connexion with fossil Ostracoda, little attempt seems to have been made to correlate the results arrived at, and, in consequence, much of the value of the work of such writers as Rupert Jones, R. S. Bassler, E. 0. Ulrich, etc., is in danger of being overlooked. The following is an attempt to collect together in an orderly manner the work of these and other writers, and at the conclusion it will be indicated by reference to the classification of the Purbeck Beds in the Vale of Aylesbury, the use which may be made of these minute fossils to settle questions of great geological importance in cases where no other evidence is forthcoming.
The Petrography of the Sands of the Upper Lias and Lower Inferior Oolite in the West of England
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

The main conclusions of the paper may be briefly stated thus:—

1. The deposits, which are of neritic facies, possess a characteristic and peculiar mechanical and mineralogical composition, differing therein from any other British deposit.

2. They exhibit a general constancy in grade from the Dorset coast to the Cotteswolds. Within this limit they conform to two chief types containing respectively 40 to 50 and 60 to 80 per cent, of the very fine sand grade (greater than 0·05 and less than 0·1 mm.). No variation of mechanical composition with hemeral change can be observed.

3. The sands are blue and glauconitic in depth. At the surface they are decalcified and are yellow and brown as a result of oxidation. Minerals such as pyrite and pyrrhotite occur only in depth.

4. The mineralogical composition indicates an abundance of highly angular brownish-pink to colourless garnets (possibly derived from rocks like those of the Lizard), but few red or purplish-red varieties; also of micas (including a pseudo-uniaxial, pale-green to colourless variety), together with chlorite, chloritoid, kyanite, staurolite, orthoclase, and microcline.

5. Tourmaline is only moderately common and is always the grey-brown variety.

6. The abundance of titanium-minerals is characteristic of the deposits. Red and yellow varieties of rutile and sagenite-webs are exceedingly abundant, and anatase, brookite, and sphene are locally so. A reciprocal relation may exist between the occurrence of sphene, ilmenite, and the oxides of titanium.

7. Epidote and glaucophane are rare.

8. Chlorite, chloritoid, glaucophane, kyanite, and staurolite increase in quantity as the deposits are traced southwards.

9. A change in lithology and mineralogy sets in as the deposits are followed north-eastwards into the Midlands and Yorkshire.

10. The sands differ markedly in petrology from the various Palæozoic rocks of Wales and the West Country, from the Trias, and from the Cretaceous and Eocene of Devon and Dorset.

11. The Ordovician, Domerian, Toarcian, and Aalenian of Normandy and Brittany have been examined petrologically for purposes of comparison, but show little resemblance to the sediments under discussion, having been derived locally from the Palæozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks.

12. It is concluded that the Lias–Inferior Oolite sands have been derived from the south or south-west, notably from rocks like those of western Brittany.

13. The rise of the Mendip axis was not sufficiently complete at this time to cut off the supply of sediment from the south or south-west. The deposits north and south of the ridge have the same general character.
A “Woodocrinus” Fauna from the Scottish Border
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

The majority of the crinoids recorded in this paper are from Penton Linns and a few from Harelawhill and Peterscrook in Liddesdale on the Scottish border. Peterscrook is really on the English side of the Liddel, which here forms the border line, but being quite a short distance from the other localities, it is thought advisable to include it here. The specimens in my own collection are the result of five visits at various times during recent years, the first of which, in the autumn of 1920, I was accompanied by my lamented friend, the late Mr. Robert Dunlop. My companion on the three following visits was Mr. James L. Begg, of Glasgow, and on the fifth visit Mr. J. G. Duncan, late of the Royal Scottish Museum and now of Kirkcaldy. To our combined efforts the following results are due. An account of these results may be of interest more especially since the crinoid fauna bears a remarkable resemblance to the “Woodocrinus” fauna discovered many years ago at Richmond in Yorkshire and first made known to geologists in the pages of the Geologist and later in the Geological Magazine.
A Further Study of the Nomenclature of Rocks
Authors: Wells A. K.
Published: May 2009

It is hardly necessary to point out how very important it is that those on whom falls the onus of naming a rock should decide which is the most fitting name only after very careful consideration. Some there are who profess to be above the petty worries of nomenclature, and from these only a loose application of rock names can be expected. This is liable to mislead those dealing with problems of petrogenesis, who are justified in assuming that those competent to carry out geological research are also competent to apply correct names to their discoveries. That this is often not the case can be easily demonstrated from quite recent papers. The difficulty arises from two causes: the lack of a system of rock classification which in any sense approaches the ideal, and a desire for brevity. Concerning the first difficulty it is sufficient to say that little advance in placing the nomenclature of rocks upon a firm and common basis is possible until one universally recognized system of rock classification is in use. It is still open for investigators to choose, without any set standard, which of several variable characters of a rock should be the criterion upon which the systematic position of the rock depends. Thus, one writer places mode of occurrence before micro-structure, while his neighbour deems it wise completely to ignore mode of occurrence and makes micro-structure the deciding factor.
The Geology of the British Virgin Islands
Authors: Earle K. W.
Published: May 2009

The geological structure of the British Virgin Islands correlates them indisputably with the Greater and not with the Lesser Antilles. The latter are composed essentially of Tertiary volcanic rocks of andesitic or basaltic type, with or without development of sedimentary strata which, when present, only dip at gentle angles and never show the violent effects of such dynamic forces as have been responsible for the folding and “up-ending” of the strata in the Virgin Islands. The tremendous depth of the channel separating the British Virgin Islands from the Lesser Antilles lias been ascribed to faulting, probably initiated in Pliocene times.

The work of Cleve (1), Hill (4), Vaughan (5), and others (6) in the American Virgin Islands, Porto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica, indicates that the British Virgin Islands form geologically only the eastern termination of that main group of islands and have been subjected to the same earth movements as them. The evidence for attributing a Cretaceous age to the sedimentary series has already been referred to.

With regard to the age of the folding and igneous intrusion, Vaughan considers that the folding took place between upper Eocene and middle Oligoccne times, and that the intrusion of the diorites took place at approximately the same date. (7)

Wythe Cooke considers that the igneous basal complex in the Dominican Republic certainly dates from Cretaceous time, but that part is probably older. He also considers that the stresses that folded and sheared these rocks were probably active during Eocene time or earlier, and that the intrusion of the great masses of dioritic rocks probably occurred before the deposition of the Eocene sediments.

According to Hill (4), however, “in mid-Tertiary times granitoid intrusions were pushed upward into the sediments of the Greater Antilles, the Caribbean, Costa Eican, and Panamic regions.” Frazer, on the other hand (8), considered the nuclear axis of Cuba and San Domingo, and possibly of all the Caribbean islands, to be Archaean, a view upheld also by Dr. W. Bergt. (9)

There is no doubt that the key to these problems lies in the larger islands of the Greater Antilles, for it is only there that unaltered fossiliferous sediments occur and can be studied in relation to the igneous intrusion and metamorphism. There appears, however, to the writer to be nothing either in the geological or faunal evidence necessarily indicating previous land connexion at any time between the Virgin Islands and the Lesser Antilles, ahd on this matter it is hoped to furnish further evidence at a later date.
Observations on the Micropetrology of South Wales Anthracite
Authors: Stuart Alan
Published: May 2009

The constitution and origin of anthracite has long been a question of absorbing interest, but until very recently the theories which were brought forward dealing with this subject, owing largely to the insurmountable difficulty of preparing thin slices upon which micropetrological work could be done, have lacked substantial evidence either to support or refute them. Lately, however, a new method which will materially widen our knowledge and advance research on the anthracite problem has been evolved.
Dimitobelidae—a new family of Cretaceous Belemnites
Authors: Whitehouse F. W.
Published: May 2009

The Cretaceous beds of the Southern Hemisphere contain a peculiar group of Belemnites which differs from all contemporary families previously described in that a ventral groove is never present. Hitherto, the individual species have been recorded either under the generalized name of Belemnites or else as members of such pre-existing genera as Actinocamax. In 1917, however, the independence of the group was recognized by Woods, who remarked that “ It is probable that the group of species to which B. lindsayi belongs should be regarded as a special section of Belemnites ”.
On Certain Xenoliths associated with the Contaminated Rocks of the Huntly Mass, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Read H. H.
Published: May 2009

Contaminated igneous rocks [1, pp. 177–83; 2, pp. 446–86; 3, pp. 128–46] are those resulting from the solidification of a magma which has been modified by reaction with xenoliths, usually of sedimentary origin. The Younger Gabbro masses of North-East Scotland provide what are probably the best examples of this phenomenon yet known, and their investigation will doubtless throw some light upon current petrogenetic theory.
The Oil Horizons of England.
Authors: Bromehead C. E. N.
Published: May 2009

During part of 1918 the writer investigated the Cannel Coal and other possible sources of oil, together with occurrences of free Petroleum in the Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland coalfields, and subsequently watched the Government borings for oil in Derbyshire. The main results of this work have already appeared in sundry Geological Survey Memoirs, but some general conclusions on the subject of Petroleum in England and the facts which suggested them are here put forward. The possible oil-bearing horizons are regarded as three in number: the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Derbyshire, the Coal Measures in various fields, and the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous strata of a part of the Sussex Weald. Before giving details, a few remarks on Petroleum in general are necessary.
The Problem of the Association of Acid and Basic Rocks in Central Complexes
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

One of the outstanding problems of petrogenesis at the present time is that offered by the remarkable association of sharply contrasted acid and basic rocks (e.g. granite-gabbro; granophyredolerite; pitchstone-tholeiite; and rhyolite-basalt) in igneous complexes such as those of the British Tertiary Province and those of the great lopoliths of Duluth and Sudbury in North America and the Bushveld in South Africa. The contrast was first recognized in the lavas of Iceland by Bunsen (1) and it led him to the conception that two fundamental magmas, respectively acid and basic, were concerned in the genesis of the igneous rocks of Iceland and similar provinces elsewhere. Bunsen's view, however, has had little influence in the development of petrological philosophy. The petrologists of the Geological Survey in this country, and Bowen and others in North America, have assembled a very weighty and reasonable mass of field and laboratory evidence supporting the hypothesis that the acid rocks are residual products arising from the crystallization-differentiation of basaltic magmas. In the recently published Ardnamurchan Memoir (2), for example, it is claimed that as a result of the early extraction from the Plateau Magma of olivine, pyroxenes, basic plagioclase, and iron ores, the residual magma would reach a composition “which would find expression as quartz-doleritic rocks with an acid mesostasis capable of mechanical separation and a separate existence as acid lavas or intrusions” (p. 95). Bunsen's two magmas are thus regarded as successive products from a single parent stock.
The Turoka Series of East Africa and the Nachipere Series of Nyasaland
Authors: Dixey F.
Published: May 2009

InTheGeologicalMagazine of November last, Dr. John Parkinson, referring to my paper on the “Geology of the Lower Shire—Zambezi Area ”, advanced reasons for regarding the Nachipere Series of Nyasaland as being younger than the Turoka Series of East Africa.
Old Shore Lines of Palestine
Authors: Blake G. S.
Published: May 2009

The object of this article is to bring up to date the known history of the earth's crust in the south-east Levant.
Postscript Notes on the Ballard Down and Ridgeway Faults
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Brydone's letter in the GeologicalMagazine (1936, p. 329) provides an opportunity to make some postscript remarks on this subject. In addition I have received letters from Mr. H. J. Osborne White and Mr. F. W. Shotton, containing stimulating criticism and suggestions, and I am grateful to them forallowing me to quote from what they wrote.
A Preliminary Note on the Geology of the Bristol Channel Islands, Steep Holme, Flat Holm, and Denny Island
Authors: Smith Stanley , Willan Gerald R.
Published: May 2009

During the last two or three years we have been mapping and working out the geological structure of the small islands in the eastern part of the Bristol Channel. Visits to these can only be made periodically, and our work is thus likely to extend over some considerable time. We consider it desirable, in fairness to other workers and to those interested in the Lower Carboniferous rocks, to publish the main facts as far as we have established them, leaving details and any discussion until the work is completed.
The Cairnsmore of Fleet Granite and its Metamorphic Aureole
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: May 2009

The Cairnsmore of Fleet granite is the second in point of size of the four plutonic masses which penetrate the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, being exceeded in area only by that of the Criffel. Its outline is roughly oval and it measures 11 miles by 7 miles, the long axis trending N.E.—S.W., exactly parallel to the strike of the rocks of the Southern Uplands.
The Flint Gravel Deposit of Orleigh Court, Buckland Brewer, North Devon
Authors: Rogers Inkermann , Simpson Brian
Published: May 2009

The deposit to be described is situated at Orleigh Court, in the parish of Buckland Brewer, some four miles west of south from Bideford, where it rests unconformably on the steeply dipping Upper Culm sandstones. Its greatest extent is from Orleigh Mill to Yeo Bridge, a distance of about three-quarters of a mile in a northwest to south-east direction, and from this line it extends to the south-west for an average distance of about one-third of a mile, only exceeding that amount to the south of the Higher Lodge. The only extensive section was seen in the Rookery, where 25 feet of material rest on a yellow clay. The highest point reached by the deposit, to the south-west of the Higher Lodge, is about 400 feet above O.D. From this point it slopes to the north-east, extending down to about the 100 ft. contour on the left bank of the River Yeo. It is possible that the north-eastern boundary does not reach such low levels as those indicated on the map, Text-fig. 1, for it is difficult to distinguish the original gravel from relatively recent hill wash; and, without a good deal of trenching or augering, it would not be possible to determine the boundary more closely than has been done in the present work.