bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite markers-aided dissection of iron, zinc and cadmium accumulation potential in Triticum aestivum
Authors: Rasheed Asima , Ahmad Javed , Nadeem Majid , Rashid Muhammad Abdul Rehman , Azeem Farrukh
Published: April 2023

Background

Wheat is a staple cereal food around the globe. It provides a significant source of proteins, carbohydrates, and other micronutrients to humans. When grown on cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils, the uptake of trace elements e.g., iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) has also been affected drastically that in turn affected the wheat grain.

Methods

In this study, wheat accessions were used to investigate the impact of soil application of Zn (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) and Cd (0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg) on accumulation of these elements in wheat grains. A total of 45 Fe, Zn, and Cd transporter-related genes were used to design 101 gene-specific SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers.

Results

In response to Cd stress, application of 20 mg/Kg Zn improved Fe (64.6 ug/g) and Zn (48.3 ug/g) accumulation in wheat grains as well as agronomic traits. Marker trait association revealed that SSR markers based on NAM-B1 gene (PR01 and PR02) were associated with Zn accumulation. Similarly, SSR markers based on TaVTL5-2B_5 (PR19 PR20), TaVTL5-2B_2 (PR25, PR26), TaVTL5-2D_3 (PR30), TaVTL2-2A (PR31), TaVTL1-6A (PR32), and TaVTL2-2D_1 (PR37) were significantly associated with Fe accumulation, while HMA3-5B1 (PR62) and TaNRAMP3-7D (PR89) were linked to Cd accumulation in grains. The highly associated markers may be used in marker-assisted selection of suitable wheat genotypes for breeding bio-fortified varieties with low Cd accumulation.
Comparison of Intermediate Fidelity Simulation with PowerPoint Presentation and Video Lectures for Imparting the Skills of Normal Delivery to Undergraduate Students-A Research Protocol
Authors: Pajai Sandhya , Pathak Swanand , Gopal KS Uplabdh
Published: April 2023

Introduction: In the modern era, which is heavily driven by multimedia, traditional ways of teaching medical students are insufficient. Techniques based on simulations might be crucial in closing this educational gap that exists. A curriculum built on the cognitive, psychomotor, and emotional learning domains, which were first introduced about 50-year-ago, is receiving more and more attention in medical education. The highest standards of care, patient safety and error prevention, patient autonomy, and resource allocation are the main goals of these reforms. Experiential (or “hands-on”) learning is becoming more and more popular in medical education, however, using real patients to conduct this type of learning raises ethical and legal issues and is less socially acceptable. With the help of simulation, learning possibilities like immersion, reflection, practice, and feedback can be offered without the hazards associated with a similar real-life experience. The precise artificial recreation of a difficult real-world process is called simulation. Need of study: Despite the many benefits of fidelity-based learning, it is not widely incorporated as an excellent learning tool in many institutions and Obstetrics and Gynaecology departments. Hence, authors plan to study the effectiveness of an intermediate fidelity simulator in improving the skills of normal delivery in medical students. Aim: To assess skill development and teaching for normal delivery through PowerPoint presentation and video lectures, then compare it with skill development through Intermediate fidelity simulation in undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional, observational study after due ethical approval will be conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India from September 2022 to August 2023. An introductory lecture will be taken for a batch of 160 students of 3rd year. Pre-Objective Structured Clinical Examination (pre-OSCE) will be conducted and then two groups of students will be formed. Group A will be taught with video PowerPoint presentation-based lectures meanwhile intermediate fidelity will be used as a method for teaching normal delivery for Group B. Post-OSCE will be conducted for both groups. Results will be analysed using student’s paired t-test for statistical significance.
Multifactorial Intraoperative Uterine Scar Dehiscence: A Case Report
Authors: Himmat Thacker Shriya , Kaware Sadhana Prasad
Published: April 2023

Now-a-days, the number of Caesarean section (c-section) has increased, also the complications of c-section has increased. Obstetricians often encounter uterine scar dehiscence during delivery by c-section. However, it is rare to find a uterine scar dehiscence which is extending over one-third of the anterior uterine wall and it is yet to build the best surgical approach for repairing this rare complication of c-section or a torn anterior wall during delivery. Herein, a 23-year-old female who is Rhesus factor (Rh) negative G2P1L1 with seven months of amenorrhea came with chief complaints of pain in the abdomen since morning. On ultrasonography, severe oligohydramnios was diagnosed as Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) was >5 cm. Hence, the patient was taken for emergency Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS), Lower Uterine Section (LUS) was papery thin, uterovaginal fold of peritoneum was opened and the bladder was pushed down. One-third of the anterior uterine wall was involved. LUS was sutured using vicryl No. 1 and complete haemostasis was achieved. As uterine scar dehiscence is not preventable, efforts should be made to manage it efficiently and repair the myometrium safely.
Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis Masquerading as Giant LipomaA Rare Case Report
Authors: . Paridhi , Bahadur Shalini , Gupta Madhuvan , Kalhan Shivani , Singh Deeksha
Published: April 2023

Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis (NLCS) is an idiopathic, rare skin hamartoma. It occurs due to ectopic deposition of adipocytes in dermis. There are two main clinical forms of NLCS- classic and solitary. Both have different clinical presentations but histologically they show similar morphology characterised by bundles of mature adipocytes in the superficial and deep dermis separated by bundles of collagen. The hallmark of this lesion is absence of connection between subcutaneous fat and adipocyte clusters in dermis.Though NLCS is benign developmental disorder and remains static for a long time, it can be cosmetically unpleasant if grows to a large size. Herein, authors report a case of a 21-year-old male with a solitary painless pedunculated lump in right thigh for 10 years that clinically presented as giant lipoma due to its soft consistency, cut surface of the mass was yellow and fibrofatty. There was no connection of these adipocytes seen with the subcutaneous fat. Focal collections of adipocytes were also seen around the blood vessels. Sparse perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate also noted. Final diagnosis of NLCS was made.
Electron Transfer Reaction of Theobromine and Permanganate Ion in Aqueous Acidic Media
Authors: Jones Frank , Anweting Idongesit Bassey , Okon Idongesit  Edem
Published: April 2023

Electron transfer reaction of theobromine (hereafter referred to as TB) and permanganate ion has been studied using spectrophotometric technique under pseudo first-order conditions at T = 24, [H+] = 3.2 × 10–1 mol dm–3and I = 1.0 mol dm–3 (Na2SO4). Stoichiometric study depicted that two moles of TB were consumed by one mole of permanganate ion. The rate of the reaction is first order in both [TB] and [MnO4-] and second order overall. It was observed that, [H+] and ionic strength respectively enhanced the rate of the reaction in the range studied. Michaelis-Mentens analysis showed no evidence of intermediate complex formation. Added anions and cations were observed to catalyze the reaction rate. The reaction conforms to the rate law as shown below: 
 
 -d [MnO4-]/dt = (a+b [H+]) [TB] [MnO4-]                                                                                   
 where a = 0.041 dm3mol–1 s–1 and   b= 0.028 dm3mol–1 s–1.
The reaction thus occurs by an outer-sphere pathway and plausible mechanism is proposed for the reaction.
Factors that Influence the Buying Behaviour of Ready to Eat Food Products
Authors: Satnam  , Kumar Amit , Dwivedi Pritesh , Singh Vinaypal , Siwach Anshu
Published: April 2023

The present investigated was conducted at Dadri, Gautam Buddh Nagar, UP. Out of 50 respondents this data has been collected from research area. 13% people opinion is about RTE food is easily available now days in the market. 14% consumers purchase the food on the basis of their taste. About 8% people buying that food because their family preferand like the ready to eat food and 1% people are those who are buying that food to influence by other and 10% also those were convenient from other users. Mostly around 15% consumers were those always buying consuming the RTE food for saving their cooking and preparation time. In the end rest 0% people nil due to the no data.

On the other hand, there were few respondents out of 100% those have valid reason based on their past consumption experience to purchase ready to eat (RTE) food. Firstly, there was around 4% people those were unable to buy RTE food due to the lack of their awareness and knowledge also. Approximately 6% consumers were those who dislike the RTE products due to any valid reason. Around 26% people were not able to buy the RTE food products due to the high price of product. Nearby 20% consumers dislike the products due their low quality.

4% consumers were unable to buy the RTE food products due to the unavailability. Approximately 34% people dislike the products because according to them, Ready to Eat food are too much health conscious because those are available in the form of extra fat, extra fibers, etc. Less than 6% consumers are those who haven’t any valid reason to buy RTE food products.
An Application of ARIMAX Model to Examine the Effect of Climatic Factors on the Annual rice Production in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md. Roshidul , Chowdhury Arman Hossain
Published: April 2023

Rice is the world’s third main crops and around 160 million of people in Bangladesh  consume it as a staple food. As a climate vulnerable country, the effect of climatic factors on rice production in Bangladesh is noticeable. Therefore, the study aimed to examine  the impact of climatic factors on annual rice production in Bangladesh. We compiled a yearly dataset including rice production, mean temperature (˚C), relative humidity (%) and precipitation (mm/day) from 1981 to 2020. The entire data were analyzed by using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Explanatory Variables (ARIMAX) model. We found that mean temperature had a negative impact on the rice production (β = -13518243, 95% CI: -19868503, -7167982). Relative humidity had both positive impact on the rice production (β = 1824456, 95% CI:  418585, 2230327). Precipitation had both positive and negative impact on the rice production. In conclusion, mean temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation are three factors that may have an influence on the annual rice production in Bangladesh. Since Bangladesh has a hot, humid environment, it is therefore advised that breeders create rice types that use less water and are more effective in high temperatures.
Estimation of HIV Prevalence among Women in Kenya in the Presence of Mediation Using Latent Trait Analysis
Authors: Mola Tilence , Mbete Drinold A. , Alila David , Keli Robert
Published: April 2023

Estimating prevalence in cause-effect relationships where the mediator variables are assumed to be latent is not usually easy. However, the use of proper indicators and statistical model can make the measurement and use of such constructs easy. Structural Equation Modeling makes it possible to analyze simultaneously both the relationship between the latent variable and the links between the latent variable and their indicators.The 2018 Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey data was used to validate the model developed. The maximum likelihood was used to estimate the model parameters. The findings of the study were, there is a relationship between education attainment and knowledge /awareness of HIV/AIDS. The results further show that education level is not associated with HIV prevalence after controlling for a number of socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral factors. These findings can inform policy makers in formulation of appropriate HIV/AIDS management (policies) and intervention strategies aimed at reducing HIV/AIDS prevalence that has remained a challenge in many developing countries.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Herbal Antidotes of Viper Snakes through In-silico Docking Analysis of their Bioactive Components Targeting Phospholipase A2
Authors: Adithya R. Sathish , Kanimozhi S.
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Snake bite is common in Rural areas. Many toxic snakes produce neurotoxic, Myotoxic, and hemotoxic effects. Snake venom is rich in metalloproteinases and Phospholipases. PhospholipaseA2 accounts for most of the toxic effects of Viper snakes. Many herbal antidotes have been in practice in the Siddha system which lacks scientific evidence.

Aim: This study aims to rule out the Binding pose and affinity of bioactive components derived from certain herbs with the target by forming hydrogen bonds so that the function of Phospholipases A2 with PDB – 2QOG would be hindered.

Materials and Methods: From the listed plants 6 bioactive components were selected and In-Siico docking analysis was done with the target2QOG. Andrographolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR), Aristolochic acid(49 ASP, 52 TYR), Genistein(49 ASP, 52 TYR), and Nimbolide (49 ASP, 52 TYR) revealed a maximum of 2 interactions (50%) with the core active amino acid residues present on the target2QOG. Piperic acid (48 HIS) and Linoleic acid(48 HIS) reveal 1 interaction with the core active amino acid residues present on the target 2QOG.

Conclusion: Based on the results it was concluded that the bio-active compounds Andrographolide, Aristolochic acid, and Genistein present in the herbal ingredients possess significant binding against the target enzyme phospholipases A2.
High Density Planting and Meadow Orcharding in Guava for Higher Return
Authors: Nautiyal Pankaj , Arora Indu , Dongariyal Ankit , Pandey Shivangi , Semwal Ankit , Agrawal Khusboo , Khaniya Saugat , Rathore Arun Singh
Published: April 2023

Due to the extensive tree canopy, the traditional method of cultivation has had difficulty achieving the intended levels of productivity. As a result, it became necessary to enhance the current manufacturing system in addition to impressing with its productivity. There is a current tendency for fruit trees to be planted more densely or in meadow orchards to control tree size, keep desired architecture, and make operations like pruning, pest control, and harvesting easier. The meadow orchard system is a novel idea for guava planting, providing densities of 5000 trees per hectare at a spacing of 1 m by 2 m. In contrast to conventional well-branched trees, this system is controlled to create a simpler and smaller structured framework starting in the first year. Guava trees are topped and hedged to encourage the development of fruit buds in the first year. Regular topping and pruning helped to reduce the size of the tree canopy. In the first year after sowing, trees produced flowers and fruit.
Effect of Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of (Fragaria x ananassa) in Dehradun Valley of Uttarakhand
Authors: Semwal Ankit , Nautiyal Pankaj , Arora Indu , Dongariyal Ankit , Pandey Shivangi , Thaledi Damini
Published: April 2023

The Present experimental research was conducted during the year 2020-21 at Horticulture Research block, School of Agriculture Sciences, SGRR University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand to study the “Effect of Mulching on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) in Dehradun Valley of Uttarakhand”. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications and three treatments. The treatments were comprised with different mulching materials viz. control as without mulching (T1), straw mulching (T2) and Polythene mulching (T3). The planting of cultivar “Chandler” was done on first week of November, 2020 and observations were recorded at 30 DAT, 60 DAT, 90 DAT, 120 DAT, and 150 DAT and at final harvest. Significant results were obtained for different attributes of growth, yield, and quality as well as in terms of economics under the treatment of black polythene mulching (T3). The results showed that the Number of Flowers per Plant (24.08),  Plant spread (48.06 cm), Fruit length (4.22 cm), Fruit diameter (3.80 cm), Fruit texture (5.9 lb), T.S.S. (8.92 0Brix) and Total juice content (84.05 %) However, the control (T1) reported maximum Titrable acidity (0.92 %).
Spontaneous Intraperitoneal Rupture of Hydatid Cysts of the Liver with Encapsulating Peritonitis: A Case Report
Authors: Jbilou Aymane , Aggouri Younes , Tarif Badr , Ahallat Anass , Aitlaalim Said
Published: April 2023

Background: Spontaneous rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst resulting in biliary peritonitis is an infrequent but severe complication that requires urgent surgical intervention and has high rates of morbidity and mortality. There are very few reported cases of this complication in the medical literature.

Case Presentation: We present an unusual case of a 64-year-old male who presented with acute peritonitis due to biliary peritonitis resulting from the spontaneous rupture of a large hydatid cyst of the liver, as seen on contrast-enhanced computed tomography, which also showed intraperitoneal fluid. During the operation, approximately 4L of infected bile was found in the peritoneal cavity, and a cystobiliary communication was observed with rupture of the anterior wall of the cyst. Treatment involved unroofing the cyst and closing the communication. The patient was free of recurrence and in good health after 6 months of follow-up.

Conclusion: Although this complication is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in patients living in endemic areas.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulator and Micronutrient on Growth, Flowering, and Physical Quality Parameters of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cv. Dehradun
Authors: Nand Viveka , Dwivedi A. K. , Tripathi V. K.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out at Horticulture Garden, Department of Fruit Science, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during two subsequent years i.e., 2020 and 2021. Sixteen treatments viz., four levels of GA (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and Zn (0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7%) were studied in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Spraying was done twice i.e., before flowering (07 Feb.) and at pea stage (05 April) during both the years. Application of GA  60 ppm and Zinc 0.7% increases length of new shoot (24.41 and 24.44 cm), number of leaves per shoot (23.55 and 24.06), length of panicle (34.89 and 35.96 cm), number of fruit per panicle (21.11 and 22.19), length of fruit (4.21 and 4.30 cm), diameter of fruit (4.22 and 4.29 cm), fruit weight (20.22 and 21.16 g), weight of pulp (13.69 and 13.70 g), and pulp stone ratio (4.65 and 4.62) in both respective years and reduced days required to flowering after first spray (22.13 and 21.30) days, length of seed (2.16 and 2.14 cm), diameter of seed (1.32 and 1.30 cm), weight of seed (3.20 and 3.17 g) and rind weight (2.54 and 2.52 g). We suggest that the foliar application of GA (60ppm) and Zn (0.7%) may be included in strawberry farming for profitable yields and high GA and Zn concentration in strawberry fruit in the plains of Northern India.
Effect of Gypsum and Foliar Application of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Kumar Kuruva Ravi , Dawson Joy , Sanjay Chintale Yallaling
Published: April 2023

At the Crop Research Farm (CRF), Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Zaid season 2022, a field experiment was carried out. The experiment consisted of 10 distinct treatments using three replications of a Randomized Block Design for the management of Gypsum and Zinc nutrients. Evaluation of the "Effect of gypsum and foliar application of zinc on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)" was the major goal of the experiment. Gypsum levels were 200, 300, and 400 kg/ha. In contrast, three levels of zinc were applied topically at 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm. From the current experiment, it can be inferred that Gypsum 400 kg/ha + Zinc 4000 ppm can ensure the profitable production of groundnuts. (T9).
Predicting Crop Yield Using Deep Learning and Remote Sensing
Authors: Bharadiya Jasmin Praful , Tzenios Nikolaos Tzenios , Reddy Manjunath
Published: April 2023

The art of predicting crop production is done before the crop is harvested. Crop output forecasts will help people make timely judgments concerning food policy, prices in markets, import and export laws, and acceptable warehousing. It is possible to reduce the socioeconomic effects of crop loss brought on by a natural disaster, such as a flood or a drought, and to organize humanitarian food assistance. It has been suggested that deep learning, which lets the model to automatically extricate features and learn from the datasets, could be useful for predicting agricultural yields. This review helps to understand that how vegetation indices and environmental variables affect agricultural output by revealing gaps in our understanding of deep learning methodologies and remote sensing data in a specific area. Literature review of 2011-2022 has been collected from different databases and sites and analyzed to meet the aims of this review. The study mainly focused on the benefits of machine learning, and remote sensing for forecasting crop yield. The most often employed form of remote sensing is satellite technology, namely the usage of the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer. Vegetation indices referred to as the most often employed attribute for forecasting crop yield, according to the results. This review compares all these techniques and pros and cons related to them.
Efficacy of Localised Application of Tranexemic Acid and Mefenamic Acid Tablet Powder in Extraction Sockets for Control of Post Extraction Bleeding and Pain in Dental Practise
Authors: Devika J. , Sequeira Joyce P.
Published: April 2023

Background: Post extraction bleeding and pain are two common complications in routine dental practice .There are no studies in which Tranexamic acid and Mefenamic acid combination powder is used locally to control post extraction bleeding and pain.

Methodology: This study was conducted in 18 patients indicated for orthodontic extraction of mandibular first premolar and   right side was the study side in which pre crushed TRANSET MF powder was placed and compared to the left side which was the control side .Post extraction bleeding immediately and 30 min post extraction was compared along with pain using VAS pain scale on 1,2,3,7 th day post extraction.

Results: There was statistically significant difference in time of post extraction bleeding between study side (less time) and the control side .There is statistically significant difference in pain scale; less pain perceived in the study side than the control side.

Conclusion: This study is the first one to  evaluate the efficacy of  crushed TRANSET MF Tablet  Powder in post extraction  sockets and has shown significant results in reducing post extraction  pain and bleeding  with no  local and systemic side effects .Hence this   will be a simple  and cost effective technique  that can reduce both  post extraction bleeding  and  pain.
Diferenciais de rendimentos entre ocupados na indústria farmacêutica e demais indústrias no Brasil 2000 / 2015
Authors: Da Silva Filho Luís Abel , Alves Andreza da Silva , E Silva William Gledson , Mariano da Silva Jorge Luiz
Published: April 2023

Objetiva-se analisar os efeitos das características socioeconômicas e demográficas dos ocupados formais na indústria brasileira, comparandoos entre aqueles ocupados na indústria farmacêutica e aqueles ocupados nos demais setores da indústria. Recorreu-se aos Microdados da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais – RAIS do Ministério da Economia do Brasil – MEB para os anos de 2000, 2005, 2010 e 2015. Estimaram-se equações mincerianas de rendimentos por meio de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, com contrafactuais para os ocupados na indústria farmacêutica e os ocupados nos demais setores industriais. Os resultados mostram que o efeito diploma é mais bem remunerado na indústria farmacêutica em todos os anos, mostrando que quanto mais intensiva em tecnologia é a atividade industrial, melhor são suas condições de remuneração.
Leap‐dynamics: efficient sampling of conformational space of proteins and peptides in solution
Authors: Kleinjung Jens , Bayley Peter , Fraternali Franca
Published: July 2002

A molecular simulation scheme, called Leap‐dynamics, that provides efficient sampling of protein conformational space in solution is presented. The scheme is a combined approach using a fast sampling method, imposing conformational ‘leaps’ to force the system over energy barriers, and molecular dynamics (MD) for refinement. The presence of solvent is approximated by a potential of mean force depending on the solvent accessible surface area. The method has been successfully applied to N‐acetyl‐L‐alanine‐N‐methylamide (alanine dipeptide), sampling experimentally observed conformations inaccessible to MD alone under the chosen conditions. The method predicts correctly the increased partial flexibility of the mutant Y35G compared to native bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. In particular, the improvement over MD consists of the detection of conformational flexibility that corresponds closely to slow motions identified by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.
NGF‐mediated alteration of NF‐κB binding activity after partial immunolesions to rat cholinergic basal forebrain neurons
Authors: Gu Zezong , Toliver‐Kinsky Tracy , Glasgow Joel , Werrbach‐Perez Karin , Perez‐Polo J. Regino
Published: July 2002

There are age‐associated cognitive and cholinergic deficits in the neurotrophin‐dependent cholinergic basal forebrain neurons (CBFNs). There are also increases in the activity of the transcription factor NF‐κB in the aged rodent brain that may reflect chronic enhancement of stress response signaling. We used partial immunolesions (PIL) to CBFN to examine the role of endogenous NGF on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and NGF‐mediated NF‐κB alteration after cholinergic deafferentation. We injected 192 IgG‐saporin, an immunotoxin selectively taken up by neurotrophin receptor p75NTR‐bearing neurons, into lateral ventricles, followed by infusions of anti‐NGF to assess NF‐κB, ChAT and NGF responses to PIL after anti‐NGF infusion. Treatment with anti‐NGF decreased ChAT activity by 17–34% in the cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb and PIL decreased ChAT activity by 47–73%. Changes in AChE activity levels paralleled those observed for ChAT after PIL. NGF protein levels in the olfactory bulb, but not the cortex or hippocampus, increased significantly after PIL treatment. Infusion of anti‐NGF abolished the PIL‐induced eight‐fold NGF increase in CNS. NF‐κB binding activity to the IgG‐κB and ChAT specific NF‐κB consensus sequences, increased in the cortex but not hippocampus after PIL followed by anti‐NGF infusion. It is likely that immunolesion‐induced changes in ambient NGF levels may perturb NF‐κB activity.
Design of a Molecular Chaperone‐Assisted Protein Folding Bioreactor
Authors: Kohler Reto J. , Preuss Monika , Miller Andrew D.
Published: July 2002

Escherichia coli molecular chaperone GroEL and co‐chaperone GroES are well known to assist the folding/refolding of a diverse range of substrate proteins. Despite this, there have been relatively few reports of the GroEL/GroES molecular chaperone system being used as a biotechnology tool for protein folding/refolding. In this paper, a solution‐phase protein folding bioreactor is described that involves the complete GroEL/GroES system. The main features of this bioreactor are the use of a stirred‐cell concentrator fitted with a 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff membrane and an attached buffer reservoir. This bioreactor system was used successfully for assisted‐batch refolding of guanidinium chloride (Gu‐HCl) unfolded mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH). We believe that protein folding bioreactor systems of this type could have wide potential utility for the folding/refolding of unfolded protein substrates.
Synthesis and immunological studies of α‐conotoxin chimera containing an immunodominant epitope from the 268–284 region of HSV gD protein
Authors: Mezô G. , Hudecz F. , Drakopoulou E. , Vita C. , Paál V. , Rajnavölgyi É.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: We have synthesized and characterized new chimeric peptides by inserting an epitope of the glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) serotype 1 as ‘guest’ sequence in the ‘host’ structure of α‐conotoxin GI, a 13‐residue peptide (ECCNPACGRHYSC) isolated from the venom of Conus geographus. The 276–284 region of HSV gD‐1 selected for these studies is highly hydrophilic and adopts a β‐turn. The α‐conotoxin GI also contains a β‐turn in the 8–12 region, stabilized by two disulfide bridges at positions 2–7 and 3–13. Thus, the tetramer sequence of α‐conotoxin, 8Arg‐His‐Tyr‐Ser12 has been replaced by Asp‐Pro‐Val‐Gly (DPVG), identified previously as the epitope core. The syntheses were performed by Fmoc strategy on Rink resin and DTNB or air oxidation were applied for the formation of the first 3–13 disulfide bond in the presence of guanidinium hydrochloride. For the formation of the second disulfide Cys2‐Cys7 three different oxidation procedures [iodine in 95% acetic acid, air oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide/1 m HCl or Tl(tfa)3 in trifluoroacetic acid (TFE)] were compared. The high‐performance liquid chromatography purified peptides were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry and amino acid analysis. The bicyclic HSV‐α‐[Tyr1]‐conotoxin chimeric peptide and native α‐conotoxin GI showed similar circular dichroism spectra in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and in a PBS‐TFE 1 : 1 (v/v) mixture, which might suggest that these compounds also share similar secondary structures. In immunologic studies the characteristics of the primary and of the memory immunoglobulin (Ig) M‐ and IgG‐type antibody responses showed that the bicyclic HSV‐α‐[Tyr1]‐conotoxin chimera is capable to induce strong antibody responses in C57/Bl/6 mice but was poorly immunogenic in CBA and BALB/c mice. Data obtained with the C57/Bl/6 serum indicate that the polyclonal antibodies recognize the DPVG motif presented in the bicyclic HSV‐α‐[Tyr1]‐conotoxin and some reactivity was also found with the monocyclic but not with the linear form of the chimera. Results with two IgM type monoclonal antibodies from a bicyclic HSV‐α‐[Tyr1]‐conotoxin immunized C57/Bl/6 mouse also point to the specific interaction with the DPVG sequence. Taken together these studies suggest, that the relative intensity of DPVG‐specific responses was found to be dependent on the mouse strain and on the conformation of the chimeric molecules. We found that the IgM monoclonal antibodies are able to recognize the linear DPVG sequence, while the majority of IgG antibodies is directed to the same motif in a conformation stabilized by double cyclization.
Peptide analogs from E‐cadherin with different calcium‐binding affinities
Authors: Yang W. , Tsai T. , Kats M. , Yang J.J.
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Cadherins are a family of calcium‐dependent cell‐surface proteins that are fundamental in controlling the development and maintenance of tissues. Motif B of E‐cadherin seems to be a crucial calcium‐binding site as single point mutations (D134A and D134K) completely inactivate its adhesion activity. We analyzed peptide models corresponding to motif B (amino acids 128–144) as well as selected mutations of this motif. Our NMR studies showed that this motif B sequence is actually an active calcium‐binding region, even in the absence of the rest of the cadherin molecule. We found that the binding affinity of this motif is very sensitive to mutations. For example, our peptide P128‐144 with the native calcium‐binding sequence has an affinity of Kd 0.4 mm, whereas the mutants P128‐144/D134A and P128‐144/D134K containing the replacement of Asp134 by Ala and Lys, have Kd values of only 1.5 and 11 mm, respectively. Removing Asp at position 134, which correlates with the loss of adhesion activity, decreases calcium‐binding affinity 20‐fold. Ala132, along with residues Asp134, Asp136 and Asn143, is involved in calcium binding in solution. We also demonstrated that the calcium‐binding affinity can be increased ≈ 3‐fold when an additional Asp is introduced at position 132. In 50% organic solvent, this binding affinity of peptide P128‐144/A132D (17‐mer) from E‐cadherin is similar to that of peptide P72–100/C73–77–91A (29‐mer) from α‐lactalbumin.
Severe pyridine nucleotide depletion in fibroblasts from Lesch–Nyhan patients
Authors: FAIRBANKS Lynette D. , JACOMELLI Gabriella , MICHELI Vanna , SLADE Tina , SIMMONDS H. Anne
Published: July 2002

The relationship between a complete deficiency of the purine enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and the neurobehavioural abnormalities in Lesch—Nyhan disease remains an enigma. In vitro studies using lymphoblasts or fibroblasts have evaluated purine and pyrimidine metabolism with conflicting results. This study focused on pyridine nucleotide metabolism in control and Lesch—Nyhan fibroblasts using radiolabelled salvage precursors to couple the extent of uptake with endocellular nucleotide concentrations. The novel finding, highlighted by specific culture conditions, was a marked NAD depletion in Lesch—Nyhan fibroblasts. ATP and GTP were also 50% of the control, as reported in lymphoblasts. A 6-fold greater incorporation of [14C]nicotinic acid into nicotinic acid— adenine dinucleotide by Lesch—Nyhan fibroblasts, with no unmetabolized substrate (20% in controls), supported disturbed pyridine metabolism, NAD depletion being related to utilization by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in DNA repair. Although pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations were similar to controls, Lesch—Nyhan cells showed reduced [14C]cytidine/uridine salvage into UDP sugars. Incorporation of [14C]uridine into CTP by both was minimal, with more than 50% [14C]cytidine metabolized to UTP, indicating that fibroblasts, unlike lymphoblasts, lack active CTP synthetase, but possess cytidine deaminase. Restricted culture conditions may be neccesary to mimic the situation in human brain cells at an early developmental stage. Cell type may be equally important. NAD plus ATP depletion in developing brain could restrict DNA repair, leading to neuronal damage/loss by apoptosis, and, with GTP depletion, affect neurotransmitter synthesis and basal ganglia dopaminergic neuronal systems. Thus aberrant pyridine nucleotide metabolism could play a vital role in the pathophysiology of Lesch—Nyhan disease.
Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): the importance of water availability
Authors: Churkina G. , Running S. W. , Schloss A. L. , Intercomparison ThE. Participants OF. ThE. Potsdam NpP. Model
Published: July 2002

Given that neither absolute measures nor direct model validations of global terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP) are feasible, intercomparison of global NPP models provides an effective tool to check model consistency. For this study, we tested the assumption that water availability is the primary limiting factor of NPP in global terrestrial biospheric models. We compared a water balance coefficient (WBC), calculated as the difference of mean annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration to NPP for each grid cell (0.5° × 0.5° longitude/latitude) in each of 14 models. We also evaluated different approaches used for introducing water budget limitations on NPP: (1) direct physiological control on evapotranspiration through canopy conductance; (2) climatological computation of constraints from supply/demand for ecosystem productivity; and (3) water limitation inferred from satellite data alone. Plots of NPP vs. WBC showed comparable patterns for the models using the same method for water balance limitation on NPP. While correlation plots revealed similar patterns for most global models, other environmental controls on NPP introduced substantial variability.
Imaging properties of high aperture multiphoton fluorescence scanning optical microscopes
Authors: HIGDON P. D. , TÖRÖK P. , WILSON T.
Published: July 2002

A theory for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in high aperture scanning optical microscopes employing finite sized detectors is presented. The effect of polarisation of the fluorescent emission on the imaging properties of such microscopes is investigated. The lateral and axial resolutions are calculated for one‐, two‐ and three‐photon excitation of p‐quaterphenyl for high and low aperture optical systems. Significant improvement in lateral resolution is found to be achieved by employing a confocal pinhole. This improvement increases with the order of the multiphoton process. Simultaneously, it is found that, when the size of the pinhole is reduced to achieve the best possible resolution, the signal‐to‐noise ratio is not degraded by more than 30%. The degree of optical sectioning achieved is found to improve dramatically with the use of confocal detection. For two‐ and three‐photon excitation axial full width half‐maximum improvement of 30% is predicted.
Patch‐Clamp Analysis of the Mechanism of PACAP‐Induced Excitation in Rat Supraoptic Neurones
Authors: Shibuya I. , Tanaka K. , Sutarmo Setiadji V. , Noguchi J. , Harayama N. , Ueta Y. , Yamashita H.
Published: July 2002

In neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of rats, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)causes an increase in [Ca2+]i, and stimulates somatodendritic vasopressin (VP) release. In this report, to elucidate the ionic mechanism of the action of PACAP, membrane potentials and ionic currents were measured from SON neurones in slice preparations or from dissociated SON neurones. In the current clamp mode, PACAP depolarized membrane potentials of both phasic and non‐phasic neurones and increased the firing rate. Moreover, simultaneous measurements of membrane potentials and [Ca2+]i revealed that the membrane depolarization correlated well with increases in [Ca2+]i. In the voltage‐clamp mode, PACAP induced inward currents at a holding potential of −70 or −80 mV in a dose‐dependent manner and the time course of the currents was similar to that of the PACAP‐induced membrane depolarization. The averaged reversal potential of the PACAP‐induced currents obtained from dissociated SON neurones was −33 mV, which was close to the reversal potential of non‐selective cation currents in SON neurones. The currents were rapidly and reversibly inhibited by a cation‐channel blocker, gadolinium. Analysis of synaptic inputs into SON neurones in slice preparations revealed that PACAP had little or no effects on the frequency of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These results suggest that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) activates PACAPreceptors in the postsynaptic membrane of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurones, and that the activation of PACAP receptors leads to opening of non‐selective cation channels, depolarization of the membrane potential, and increase in the firing rate in SON neurones. Such mechanisms may account for the PACAP‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i and vasopressin (VP) release observed in SON neurones.
Can models of post‐traumatic stress disorder contribute to the application of cognitive therapy by nurse therapists when dealing with individuals affected by the Omagh bombing? An overview
Authors: McGARVEY B.
Published: July 2002

As mental health professionals practising in an evolving multidisciplinary trauma and recovery team in Omagh, Northern Ireland, the by now infamous Omagh bombing of 15 August 1998 brought abruptly to attention the potential for adverse psychological consequences resulting from exposure to such trauma. As nurse therapists, this event provoked interest in the entity of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as being one of the possible negative psychological consequences, and the relevance and application of cognitive theory and practice in its treatment. Whilst recognizing that there is no single cognitive theory or model of anxiety disorder, this paper focuses on the approach of Beck and allied approaches when referring to cognitive theory and practice. It is intended to proffer a broad overview of areas the authors consider relevant in order to develop an appreciation of the entity of PTSD, and its evolution, having given a synopsis of the event that provoked interest. Finally, acknowledgement and a brief explication of some of the theoretical models of PTSD to date will be made, and the relevance and application of cognitive theory and principals in the treatment of the disorder will be considered.
K+ channels of Cf‐9 transgenic tobacco guard cells as targets for Cladosporium fulvum Avr9 elicitor‐dependent signal transduction
Authors: Blatt Michael R. , Grabov Alexander , Brearley Jane , Hammond‐Kosack Kim , Jones Jonathan D. G.
Published: July 2002

The Cf‐9 gene encodes an extracytosolic leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) protein that is membrane anchored near its C‐terminus. The protein confers resistance in tomato to races of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum expressing the corresponding avirulence gene Avr9. In Nicotiana tabacum the Cf‐9 transgene confers sensitivity to the Avr9 elicitor, and leads on elicitation to a subset of defence responses qualitatively similar to those normally seen in the tomato host. One of the earliest responses, both in the native and transgenic hosts, results in K+ salt loss from the infected tissues. However, the mechanism(s) underlying this solute flux and its control is poorly understood. We have explored the actions of Avr9 on Cf‐9 transgenic Nicotiana using guard cells as a model. Much detail of guard cell ion channels and their regulation is already known. Measurements were carried out on intact guard cells in epidermal peels, and the currents carried by inward‐ (IK,in) and outward‐rectifying (IK,out) K+ channels were characterized under voltage clamp. Exposures to Avr9‐containing extracts resulted in a 2.5‐ to 3‐fold stimulation of IK,out and almost complete suppression of IK,in within 3–5 min. The K+ channel responses were irreversible. They were specific for the Avr9 elicitor, were not observed in guard cells of Nicotiana lacking the Cf‐9 transgene and, from kinetic analyses, could be ascribed to changes in channel gating. Both K+ channel responses were found to be saturable functions of Avr9 concentration and were completely blocked in the presence of 0.5 μM staurosporine and 100 μM H7, both broad‐range protein kinase antagonists. These results demonstrate the ability of the Cf‐9 transgene to couple Avr9 elicitation specifically to a concerted action on two discrete K+ channels and they indicate a role for protein phosphorylation in Avr9/Cf‐9 signal transduction leading to transport control.
Non‐vascular intervention with real‐time CT fluoroscopy
Authors: Law Eu Meng , Little Andrew F , Salanitri John C
Published: July 2002

The emerging technology of CT fluoroscopy (CTF) represents the first opportunity for real‐time CT guidance in non‐vascular intervention. As with any new technology, its efficacy requires validation before widespread application can be advocated. A review of our initial experience is presented with particular attention to room, procedure and fluoroscopy time savings, complication rates and dosimetry. Computed tomography fluoroscopy is useful for pulmonary, pelvic, retroperitoneal and other deep organ lesions that are not easily accessible by other modalities. Computed tomography fluoroscopy decreases procedure time by at least a factor of 2 compared with conventional CT (C‐CT) guidance, resulting in improved throughput in a busy interventional CT department. Accurate targeting of small lesions, previously considered inaccessible, can also be achieved with CTF. Exposure to the physician’s hands can be reduced to a level that is acceptable to the International Commission on Radiological Protection guidelines.
Paradoxical embolism: Computed tomography demonstration
Authors: Kaye J , Hayward M
Published: July 2002

Paradoxical emboli are rare and often presumptively diagnosed. A case of paradoxical embolism, in which both the arterial and venous emboli were documented on CT, is described.
Efficacy and safety of transurethral alprostadil therapy in men with erectile dysfunction
Authors: Williams  , Abbou  , Amar  , Desvaux  , Flam  , Lycklama à Nijeholt  , Lynch  , Morgan  , MÜller  , Porst  , Pryor  , Ryan  , Witzsch  , Hall  , Place  , Spivack  , Gesundheit on behalf of the Muse Study Group
Published: July 2002

Objective

 To examine the safety and efficacy of transurethral pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction, involving the use of a novel therapeutic system to administer alprostadil (prostaglandin E1) to the urethral mucosa in a double‐blind, randomized, parallel, placebo‐controlled study conducted in five countries in Europe.

Patients and methods

 In an outpatient setting, patients with primarily organic erectile dysfunction of at least 3 months’ duration were treated with transurethral alprostadil, in an open‐label, dose‐escalating study. Testing stopped when the dose provided an erection sufficient for intercourse, as assessed by the patient and the investigator. Patients who achieved a sufficient response were then randomized to either active medication at the selected dose or to placebo for use at home for 3 months. After each home administration, patients recorded in diaries whether or not sexual intercourse occurred and any adverse reactions to the drug.

Results

 A total of 249 patients were treated in an outpatient setting; of these patients, 159 (64%) achieved an erection sufficient for intercourse and were randomized (1:1) to either active medication or placebo for home treatment. Of the patients randomized to alprostadil for home treatment, 69% reported intercourse at least once, compared with 11% of patients randomized to placebo (P<0.001). The most common adverse reaction, urethral pain/burning, was reported by 7% of patients in the clinic. Most patients (83%) graded transurethral alprostadil as causing minimal or no discomfort in the clinic. No patient reported priapism or developed penile fibrosis.

Conclusion

 Alprostadil delivered transurethrally by this system was well tolerated and effective in treating erectile dysfunction.