bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Intoxication
Authors: Tortum Fatma
Published: October 2024

Abstract:Toxicological emergencies are commonly encountered in emergency departments, necessitating prompt and efficient interventions. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) plays a critical role in such urgent cases. In cases of toxic exposure, ACLS ensures effective and timely intervention in the event of cardiac arrest.

The primary goals of ACLS include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting heart rhythm and rate. Specific treatment protocols for toxic agents should be implemented in cases of toxicological emergencies. For example, naloxone may be used for opioid poisoning, while sodium bicarbonate may be employed for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.

Early diagnosis, effective intervention, and appropriate treatment modalities are crucial in ACLS. Intervention strategies should be determined based on the type and dose of the toxin and the patient’s clinical condition. ACLS in toxicological emergencies requires a multidisciplinary approach and should be administered under the coordination of the emergency medicine team.

In conclusion, ACLS in toxicological emergencies is a vital emergency medicine procedure. Early diagnosis, rapid intervention, and appropriate treatment can significantly improve mortality and morbidity rates in patients exposed to toxic agents. Therefore, continuous education and updating of knowledge on ACLS in toxicological emergencies are essential for emergency medicine professionals.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Akgol Gur Sultan Tuna
Published: October 2024

Management of pulmonary embolism (PE) during resuscitation requires the rapid and effective handling of a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Pulmonary embolism typically occurs when a clot from deep vein thrombosis in the legs reaches the pulmonary arteries, significantly impacting oxygenation and blood circulation.

During resuscitation, the prompt diagnosis and management of PE are critical. The first step is to evaluate the patient’s symptoms and clinical findings. Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, and hypotension can suggest PE. In patients suspected of having PE, emergency imaging tests should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography is the most commonly used method for confirming PE.

Once PE is confirmed, the patient’s hemodynamic status is assessed. Hemodynamically unstable patients (presence of shock or hypotension) require immediate treatment. Thrombolytic therapy is used in these patients to rapidly dissolve the clot and can reduce mortality. However, thrombolytic therapy carries a risk of bleeding and should be administered cautiously.

In hemodynamically stable patients, anticoagulant therapy is initiated. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are generally preferred. These treatments prevent the clot from growing and reduce the risk of new clot formation. Additionally, it is important to identify and manage underlying risk factors to prevent PE. Conditions such as immobilization, cancer, or genetic clotting disorders should be addressed.

Management of PE during resuscitation requires a multidisciplinary approach. Collaboration among emergency medicine specialists, cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses ensures that the patient is treated quickly and effectively. Furthermore, after the patient is stabilized, a long-term follow-up and treatment plan should be established. In conclusion, the management of pulmonary embolism aims to reduce mortality and morbidity through rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies.
Thoracic Cage, Thoracic Muscles, Thoracic Cavity and Thoracic Organ Locations
Authors: Kavak Vatan
Published: October 2024

Separate bones and cartilages are connected to each other through joints and cartilages, partly synarthrosis and partly diarthros, to form the rib cage. The abundance of bones and joints and the fact that some parts of the ribs are made of cartilage tissue provide the rib cage with the opportunity to easily change its volume and at the same time the elasticity of its walls.The fact that the ribs and sternum are made of light bone tissue, the thinness of the ribs and their spaced arrangement ensure the lightness of the walls. These features of the chest walls are very important for the function of the chest cavity. We can activate the light walls by working less muscles and consuming less energy. By pulling the muscles while breathing. We can also put it into action. The chest cavity, which expands with the effect of the pulling force of the muscles while breathing, returns to its previous state and shrinks spontaneously, without the need for other muscles to work, thanks to the elasticity of its walls, as the effect of the muscles disappears. For this reason, the rib cage is responsible for protecting the important organs in the chest cavit.
Approach to Pericarditis
Authors: Yucelsen Can
Published: October 2024

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium, presenting with characteristic chest pain, electrocardiographic changes, and a pericardial friction rub. It is the most frequent form of pericardial disease and a common cause of chest pain, particularly affecting males between 20-50 years. The etiology includes viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma, and other conditions like uremia and hypothyroidism.

The pathophysiology involves the activation of the inflammatory cascade leading to pericardial effusion, which can range from serous to hemorrhagic in nature. Acute pericarditis is characterized by intense inflammation and effusion, while chronic pericarditis may lead to fibrosis and constrictive pericarditis.

Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, typical chest pain, EKG changes, and detection of pericardial effusion via echocardiography. Laboratory tests help rule out other conditions, and imaging techniques like CT and MRI can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment is generally symptomatic for viral/idiopathic cases, utilizing NSAIDs, colchicine, and sometimes corticosteroids. Purulent pericarditis requires surgical drainage and antibiotics, while tuberculous pericarditis needs specific anti-tuberculosis treatment. Pericardiocentesis is indicated for tamponade, and pericardiectomy for constriction.

The prognosis is typically benign for idiopathic and viral pericarditis, although recurrent episodes can affect the quality of life. Acute pericarditis usually resolves without long-term damage, but complications such as cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis can occur.
Tuberculosis: Treatment
Authors: Abakay Ozlem , Oruc Menduh
Published: October 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of droplets. Medication is the main component of TB treatment.

When starting tuberculosis treatment, first a case definition is made and the treatment regimen is determined. The treatment regimen consists of two periods: an initial period and a maintenance period. First-generation medications used in TB treatment: Isoniazid (INH), Rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin. Secondary medications used in the treatment of resistant TB. Treatment success rate increases with directly observed treatment.
Turkish Medical Pathology History I Hamdi Suat Aknar Biography
Authors: Canda Mehmet Serefettin
Published: October 2024

Antakya-Hatay, Turkey ( 10 September 1944). Reyhanlı: Oğuzhan Primary School, 1956 and Secodary School, 1960. Antakya High School (Science), 1963. METU English Preparatory School and Chemical Enginering 1963-1966, Aegean (Ege) Univ Medical Faculty, İzmir, MD, 1972, Aegean Univ and Atatürk Univ, Erzurum, Pathologist, 1975, Cumhuriyet Univ, Medical Faculty, Sivas, Lecturer, Dokuz Eylül Univ, Assoc Prof, İzmir, 1980, Prof, 1988, Atatürk Univ, Kars Veterinary Fak, Kars, 1988, Dokuz Eylül Univ İzmir (1989-2006) Rector of the Univ, Mustafa Kemal Univ (2006-2010) Antakya-Hatay, Advisor of he Rector, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, 2010. Reti red: Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Sept 10, 2010. Textbooks: Pathology (1978), Endocrine Pathology (1983, 1988), Digesiti ve System Pathology (1988) and G Pathology (1282, 1988). Neuropathology (1992). ICD Turkish version; ICD-O 2 (1992), ICD-O 3 (2002), ICD-O 3.1 (2018). Turkish Journal of Ecopathology,1995-2006. First Turkish Ecopathology Congress (2001, Izmir), Second Turkish Ecopathology Congress (2006, Elazig). Esteblishment: I’m founder of Depart of Pathology of Cumhuriyet Univ Faculty of Medicine in Sivas in 1977 and Depart of Pathology of Dokuz Eylül Univ Faculty of Medicine (formerly İzmir Medical Faculty) in 1979 in associati on with Prof. Dr. Tulay Canda. I study especially Neuropathol, Endocrine Pathol, Ecopathol and Cytopathol. Books: Tıp Dili Türkçe Klavuzu (1983), Özleşti rme Klavuzu (1993), Sarayevo’95 (1997), Bosna Savaşı ve Barış (2013), Antakya Halk Sözleri (1997), İnsan ve Kanser (1981), Halk İçin Kanser Blgileri (1979, 1986). The Development of Neuropathology in Turkey (2005) Tr J Ecopathol 2005;11(3).93-158. Turkish Pathology History I (Hamdi Suat Aknar Biography) (2022).
Dyslipidemia Screening
Authors: Aras Turgay
Published: October 2024

Dyslipidemia is lipoprotein metabolism disorders characterized by high total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, non-HDL-C, triglyceride (TG) and low HDL-C.Although lipid and lipoprotein levels vary according to age and gender, acceptable, borderline high and high values ​​have been determined for children.Dyslipidemia can occur for various reasons, such as dietary saturated and trans fats, consumption of refined carbohydrates and sugar, alcohol, medications, endocrine/metabolic/renal problems, infections and genetic factors.The frequency and duration of dyslipidemia screening are planned according to age and risk factors for early ASCVD and the presence of a history of familial hypercholesterolemia or early ASCVD.Screening includes TC, HDL-C, TG measured in fasting or postprandial states, and calculated LDL-C and non-HDL-C. If there are abnormalities, fasting lipid profiles are used for confirmation. Non-HDL-C is calculated by subtracting HDL-C from total cholesterol and is important for dyslipidemia screening.Screening Results: Acceptable levels; No further evaluation is required, regular screenings continue. Borderline high results; Diet and healthy lifestyle are recommended, no medical treatment is required. Scans may be repeated within a year. Abnormally high results; It should be confirmed with a fasting lipid profile, and dietary and lifestyle changes should be implemented. Medical treatment may be required, secondary causes should be investigated. In case of very high LDL-C (≥250 mg/dL), referral should be made to relevant specialists.Screening only those with certain risk factors such as familial hypercholestrolonemia, obesity, and diabetes causes many children with dyslipidemia to go undetected and increases the risk of atherosclerotic ASCVD and the severity of the disease at older ages. Therefore, screening for dyslipidemia in childhood is very important in terms of early diagnosis and control of dyslipidemia.
Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Guzelkas Ismail
Published: October 2024

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem genetic disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. CF is a progressive and life-shortening disease characterized by recurrent lung infection, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, malnutrition, growth and developmental delay. Since studies have shown that the course of the disease is better in cases diagnosed in the asymptomatic period, it has been included in newborn screening programs in many countries for early diagnosis. In this article, cystic fibrosis screening programs implemented will be discussed.
Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Yildirim Elif , Tan Huseyin
Published: October 2024

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by the loss of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. It has a global incidence of approximately 1 in 6,000 to 11,000 live births and is a significant hereditary cause of infant mortality. SMA is classified into five subtypes based on the age and maximal degree of function. These subtypes are; type 0 (the most severe form), type 1 (Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), type 2 (Dubowitz disease), type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease), and type 4 (adult form, the mildest form). The disease is caused by mutations in the motor neuron survival gene 1 (SMN1) on chromosome 5. Recent advancements in treatment, particularly with the drugs nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec and risdiplam have significantly improved the prognosis and motor functions of affected infants. The efficacy of these treatments is highly dependent on the timing of initiation, with the best outcomes observed in presymptomatic patients. Early intervention, ideally in the neonatal period, is crucial for maximizing therapeutic benefits. Expanding newborn screening programs and promoting early treatment strategies for SMA can transform the prognosis for affected infants, leading to healthier lives and reduced disease burden. These efforts are critical in ensuring that all children with SMA have the best possible start in life and can reach their full potential.
A Current Review on Diabetes Mellitus Induced Gut Microbiota and Histological Changes
Authors: Ragbetli Murat Cetin , Keskin Seda
Published: October 2024

Recent studies have highlighted the intricate relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and alterations in gut microbiota composition, as well as associated histological changes. Dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in microbial communities, has been observed in diabetic individuals, with decreased microbial diversity and altered abundance of specific taxa such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. These changes are implicated in promoting systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction. Concurrently, diabetic conditions influence gut barrier integrity and mucosal immunity, leading to histological alterations such as increased intestinal permeability and inflammation. The bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism underscore the potential of targeting the gut microbiome as a therapeutic approach in managing DM and its complications. Further research into the mechanistic links between gut microbiota dysbiosis, histological changes, and metabolic outcomes is crucial for developing targeted interventions to improve diabetic outcomes.
Diabetes Management with Current Guidelines.
Authors: Karadeniz Yusuf
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often coexist and share underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and can progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Individuals with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are at increased risk of developing NAFLD due to insulin resistance and the associated metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia and obesity. Insulin resistance promotes hepatic lipid accumulation and contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD by enhancing hepatic lipogenesis and suppressing fatty acid oxidation. Conversely, NAFLD exacerbates insulin resistance, creating a vicious cycle that further worsens glycemic control in diabetic patients. The presence of both conditions significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and other diabetes-related complications. Management strategies include lifestyle modifications such as weight loss and physical activity, along with pharmacological interventions targeting insulin resistance and liver inflammation. Early detection and comprehensive management of both diabetes mellitus and NAFLD are crucial to mitigate their combined impact on overall health outcomes.
The Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State
Authors: Kilic Nuray
Published: October 2024

The hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by severe hyperglycemia, hyperosmolality, and dehydration in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which is more common in type 1 diabetes, HHS typically occurs in older adults with type 2 diabetes who have significant insulin resistance, though it can also occur in type 1 diabetes under certain conditions. The pathogenesis of HHS involves a relative insulin deficiency combined with high levels of counterregulatory hormones such as glucagon, cortisol, and catecholamines, which lead to increased hepatic glucose production and impaired glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. This results in profound hyperglycemia, often exceeding 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L), and osmotic diuresis leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Clinical presentation includes altered mental status, profound dehydration, neurologic symptoms such as seizures or focal deficits, and signs of multiorgan dysfunction. Prompt recognition and management are crucial, focusing initially on fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline to restore intravascular volume and correct electrolyte abnormalities. Insulin therapy is essential to lower blood glucose levels gradually and reverse metabolic abnormalities. Close monitoring of electrolytes, renal function, and cardiovascular status is necessary to avoid complications such as cerebral edema, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular collapse. Prevention of HHS involves optimizing glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes through regular monitoring, adherence to prescribed medications, and timely medical intervention during periods of illness or stress.
Maternal Effects of Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Dulger Ozlem
Published: October 2024

Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can significantly impact maternal health during pregnancy. Pregestational diabetes increases the risk of complications such as preeclampsia, hypertension, and increased cesarean delivery rates. It also heightens the chances of developing diabetic ketoacidosis and worsens diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Gestational diabetes, on the other hand, can lead to macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and an increased likelihood of cesarean delivery. Both types necessitate close monitoring to mitigate risks and optimize maternal and fetal outcomes.
Antidiabetic Phytotherapy
Authors: Alp Harun
Published: October 2024

Phytotherapy, or the use of plant-based substances for medicinal purposes, has gained attention in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) due to its potential benefits and fewer side effects compared to conventional medications. Various plant extracts and herbal remedies have been studied for their antidiabetic properties, with mechanisms including enhancement of insulin secretion, improvement of insulin sensitivity, inhibition of carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and antioxidant effects. Commonly studied plants include bitter melon (Momordica charantia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and ginseng (Panax ginseng). Bitter melon, for instance, contains compounds that mimic insulin and may help regulate blood sugar levels. Fenugreek seeds have shown promise in reducing blood glucose levels and improving insulin sensitivity. Cinnamon extracts have been reported to lower fasting blood sugar levels by improving insulin signaling and glucose transport.While phytotherapy offers potential benefits, it’s crucial to note that scientific evidence supporting their efficacy and safety is still evolving. Standardization of dosage, potential interactions with medications, and variability in bioactive compounds among plant sources are important considerations. Therefore, individuals considering phytotherapy for diabetes management should consult healthcare professionals to ensure safe and effective integration with conventional treatments and monitoring of blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus: Effects on Cancer Risk Overview
Authors: Uguz Afife
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasingly recognized for its association with cancer risk and outcomes. Individuals with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer compared to the general population. The relationship between DM and cancer is multifactorial, involving shared risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and dietary habits. Mechanisms underlying this association include hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and alterations in growth factors like insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and adipokines. These metabolic disturbances can promote carcinogenesis by facilitating cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and enhancing angiogenesis. Moreover, diabetes management, including medications like metformin, has been studied for its potential protective effects against certain cancers. However, the impact of diabetes on cancer outcomes remains complex, influencing prognosis and treatment responses. Integrated approaches addressing both diabetes control and cancer screening are crucial in clinical practice to mitigate the dual burden of these chronic conditions and improve overall patient outcomes.
Pulmonary Hypertension in Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Pulmonary hypertension represents a significant complication of sarcoidosis, affecting both prognosis and quality of life for those afflicted. In sarcoidosis, PH often arises from pulmonary vascular involvement, characterized by vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and thrombotic events within the pulmonary circulation.

This chapter explores the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and therapeutic considerations specific to pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. By unraveling these complexities, we aim to enhance awareness, early detection, and management strategies to optimize outcomes for patients facing this challenging manifestation of sarcoidosis.
Ocular Sarcoidosis
Authors: Tetikkurt Cuneyt
Published: October 2024

Ocular sarcoidosis is a complex manifestation of sarcoidosis that can affect various structures within the eye, leading to significant morbidity if not properly managed. This chapter delves into the diverse clinical presentations of ocular sarcoidosis, which may include uveitis, conjunctivitis, scleritis, and other inflammatory conditions. The eyes serve as a unique site for both the diagnosis and monitoring of sarcoidosis, offering valuable insights into disease activity and response to treatment. By exploring the spectrum of ocular manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies, this chapter aims to equip ophthalmologists and healthcare providers with the knowledge necessary to effectively manage this challenging aspect of sarcoidosis.
Special Groups
Authors: Sukut Ozge
Published: October 2024

Health assessment of special groups, such as children, the elderly, and people with disabilities, requires diﬀ erent health assessment procedures to meet the special needs of specifi c populations that require specialized care because of their characteristics, circumstances, or vulnerabilities.

In pediatric patients, it is important to assess growth and development, immunization status, age-appropriate milestones and behaviors, and screen for childhood diseases and conditions.In the elderly, a comprehensive geriatric assessment is important, including physical, mental, and functional aspects; screening for age-related conditions such as cognitive decline, falls, and frailty; a review of medication and medication management to avoid polypharmacy; and an assessment of social support and potential caregiver needs.

For people with disabilities, it is important to assess the specifi c disability and its impact on daily living, look for secondary health issues related to the disability, and identify accessibility and adaptive support needs.Health care providers should strive to create a supportive and respectful environment, addressing the specific challenges and needs of each group. Cultural competence, individual needs, and potential barriers to care should be considered when assessing the health of special groups.
Respiratory System
Authors: Can Gulbeyaz
Published: October 2024

Respiratory assessment is an important component of medical practice that plays a fundamental role in evaluating the health and functionality of a person’s respiratory system. The respiratory system, which consists of the lungs, airways, and associated muscles, is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which is essential for sustaining life, and helps regulate the body’s acid-base balance by controlling carbon dioxide levels in the blood. An accurate and comprehensive examination of the respiratory system provides valuable insight into the condition of a person’s airway and aids in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of various respiratory diseases.

Healthcare professionals, from nurses to respiratory therapists to physicians, rely on respiratory assessment to provide important information about a patient’s breathing patterns, lung function and overall well-being. Systematic assessment allows nurses to detect early signs of respiratory dysfunction, monitor progression of existing conditions and tailor interventions to individual patient needs. The information obtained from a thorough respiratory assessment serves as the basis for clinical decisions and facilitates the development of personalized care plans.

This chapter address the importance of respiratory assessment in the clinical setting and highlight its role in detecting respiratory problems early and providing a foundation for informed medical care. As we navigate through this topic, it will become clear that a well-performed airway examination is an invaluable tool for healthcare providers who care about the well-being of their patients.
Combined Treatments for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Koca Sinan , Alkan Onur
Published: October 2024

Combining treatments in prostate cancer is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This approach can include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy, tailored to the individual’s specific condition. By targeting the cancer in multiple ways, the likelihood of controlling the disease increases. Additionally, combination therapies can help reduce the risk of recurrence and manage symptoms more effectively. In this chapter, the importance of combined treatments is depicted.
Role of Metastasectomy in Prostate Cancer Patients Following Curative Treatment
Authors: Tufekci Burak , Keles Ahmet
Published: October 2024

In this section, we explore the outcomes of metastasectomy in prostate cancer patients. Systemic treatments for low-volume metastatic prostate cancer often lead to various side effects. However, in carefully selected cases, direct treatment methods such as metastasectomy or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) are used to control the disease in its early stages, providing an alternative to systemic treatments. Metastasectomy is particularly preferred for isolated metachronous metastases identified by PSMA PET scans.
Enzalutamide Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bozkurt Yunus Erol , Turan Turgay
Published: October 2024

Enzalutamide (ENZ), a potent androgen receptor pathway inhibitor, gained FDA approval in 2012 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) post-docetaxel chemotherapy. It exhibits high affinity to the androgen receptor (AR), disrupting AR signaling crucial for prostate cancer growth. Notably, ENZ’s mechanism inhibits AR nuclear translocation and exerts apoptotic effects, distinct from older antiandrogens like bicalutamide. Clinical trials demonstrate ENZ’s efficacy across various stages of prostate cancer, from metastatic hormone-sensitive disease to non-metastatic CRPC, prolonging overall and radiographic progression-free survival. ENZ’s favorable outcomes in combination therapies highlight its role in advancing prostate cancer treatment paradigms.
Herbal Drugs for Oxidative Stress in Developmental Brain Disorders
Authors: Bati Bedia
Published: October 2024

In summary, neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial disorders marked by the degeneration and eventual death of nerve cells, leading to structural and functional deterioration. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis are notable examples of such diseases, impacting quality of life and often progressing rapidly. While there is currently no definitive cure for these conditions, treatment strategies focus on enhancing quality of life by slowing disease progression. However, chronic use of existing therapeutic interventions and medications can cause serious side effects. This situation has led patients to turn to alternative medicine practices.A prominent approach among complementary medicine practices is the use of medicinal plants with neuroprotective properties. These plants can aid in brain injury recovery and enhance learning and memory functions through the stimulation of new synapse formation. These plants containing phytochemicals may be effective in the developmental mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and may favourably affect the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical research on medicinal plants may make promising contributions to the development of naturally derived drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Chemical and Biologic Contaminated Medicinal Plants and Brain Health
Authors: Koc Ibrahim
Published: October 2024

Humans need medicinal plants to continue their lives in a healthy way. This need will continue in the past, present, and future. The earth can be polluted naturally or by human sources. Medicinal plants consumed by humans for various purposes can be affected by this pollution. One of the important points that people should pay attention to is the use of medicinal plants without biological and chemical contamination. In this compiled book chapter, scientific studies on chemically and biologically contaminated medicinal plants and brain health are included. The current study is original and is expected to contribute to those interested in the subject.
Effects of Global Warming on Floristic Diversity and Endemism
Authors: Kocyigit Mine
Published: October 2024

Climate change is a significant factor in the behavior of regime endemic structures. Endemic plants are species that are native to a particular region and usually grow in a limited area. The climate climate directly affects endemism by negatively affecting the living conditions and climate of these species. Signs of climate change, such as rising temperatures, precipitation patterns and increasing extreme weather conditions, may cause the habitat ranges of endemic plant species to shrink or disappear. This can lead to loss of natural habitat and migration of species. However, this ability to migrate may be limited as endemic plants are often adapted to specific habitats, increasing the risk of species extinction. Additionally, climate change may facilitate the spread of plant diseases and pests. Thus, endemic plants, especially newly stored ones, can be turned into products against pests. As a result, climate change poses a serious threat to endemic plants. In order to protect these species, habitat protection and restoration efforts need to be considered, as well as policies and measures that combat climatic conditions.
Effects of Global Warming on Insects: Current Approaches
Authors: Sirin Deniz , Taylan Mehmet Sait
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the extent in which insects are affected by global warming, but since it is hardly possible to fully disclose and examine the effects of global warming on insects, the most populous group in the world, in just one chapter or even a book, we have assumed here the task to provide a general overview of insects in relation to some current studies and approaches to insects in the context of global warming and climate change. We consider the level of these studies on an order basis, what are the general concerns and objects of study covered by these studies on global warming, and especially what are the responses of insects to global warming (particularly behavioural-migration one). Finally, we also envisage the scenarios that may occur under the effects of global warming.
New Perspectives and Sustainability Against Climate Change: Microalgae As Feed Sources
Authors: Sucu Mehmet Can , Sanli Nazmiye Ozlem
Published: October 2024

Food shortage due to climate change, which is a critical threat, requires an urgent solution. On the other hand, crops and cereal crops used for domestic livestock and poultry production as a source of quality and healthy protein create economic problems due to competition in both the resources and the land used in their production. Microalgae have been identified as a potential alternative raw material for animal feed due to their high content of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and other high-value products. The utilization of microalgae presents a promising alternative to conventional feed and food sources, capable of mitigating some of the impacts of climate change on food production systems. This chapter aims to investigate the potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed source, with a spotlight on their economic viability, nutritional value, and environmental benefits. By integrating microalgae into feed systems, we can address some of the pivotal challenges posed by climate change while fostering sustainable agricultural practices.
Introduction
Authors: Polat Mehmet Oguz
Published: October 2024

Child maltreatment and child abuse is a serious problem in Turkiye. This problem can be seen in all segments of society with its various dimensions and negatively affects the lives of children. These problems, which can manifest themselves in different ways such as physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and neglect, can inhibit children from growing up in a healthy way.

The frequency and severity of child maltreatment in Turkiye is alarming. In addition to the cases that are reflected in official statistics, there is silence and secrecy in many cases. This makes it difficult to report and prevent abuse. In addition, factors such as socio-economic factors, education level, family structure and cultural factors can also affect the prevalence of child abuse.

In Turkiye, various legal arrangements have been made to prevent child maltreatment and laws on children’s rights have been enacted. However, there are inadequacies and problems in implementation. There is a need to increase awareness-raising efforts to prevent child maltreatment, especially in family education, and to expand support services. This article aims to address all dimensions of child maltreatment.
Crude Protein Content and the Other Forage Quality Traits in Some Annual Plant Species From Different Families and Assessments with Biplot and Correlation Analysis
Authors: Sayar Mehmet Salih
Published: October 2024

High-quality forage in livestock feeding will significantly enhance both the yield and quality of animal products. In this respect, it is crucial to know in advance the forage quality traits to make the right choice. Accordingly, the research was fulfilled to determine forage crude protein content and the other forage quality traits in some annual plant species from different families. According to the variance analysis, it was determined that there were statistically highly significant (P<0.01) differences between the species in terms of all the of the examined traits, and the examined traits were found to be in the following ranges; dry matter content (DMC) 15.67–26.97%, crude protein (CP) content 11.93–24.11%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content 29.54–46.488%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content 38.30–62.89%, digestible dry matter (DDM) contents 52.33–65.89%, dry matter intake (DMI) 1.91–3.14%, metabolizable energy (ME) 7.67–10.27 MJ kg-1 DM, relative feed value (RFV) 77.5–160.2, calcium (Ca) content 6.72–18.72 g kg-1 DM, phosphorus (P) contents varied from 3.59–5.35 g kg-1 DM, magnesium (Mg) content 2.25–4.35 g kg-1 DM, potassium (K) content 28.58– 44.40 g kg-1 DM, Ca:P ratio 1.50–4.91 and K/(Ca+Mg) (tetany) ratio 1.34–3.94. Additionally, as a result of comparing the research results with the literature knowledge, it was understood that the Ca, P, Mg and K contents of the examined species were sufficient for the livestock needs. However, due to relatively higher-level K content and lower Ca and Mg contents, the tetany (K/(Ca+Mg) ratios of grasses species, Lolium multiflorum and Triticum aestivum, were found to be over the critical value (2.2) for grass tetany illness. Thus, when livestock intensively feed forages of the grass species, risk of getting grass tetany disease would be higher than the other species. On the other hand, the biplot analysis showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between CP, DDM, DMI, ME and RFV traits, and legume family species, Lathyrus sativus, Trifolium nigrescens and Pisum sativum spp. arvense came to fore in terms of these five traits. These legume species with having higher level the most important forage quality traits, their forage quality was found quite better than the other species.
Discover Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.): Our Alternative Protein Source
Authors: Ozdemir Selim , Cacan Erdal
Published: October 2024

The rapidly increasing world population and global climate change pose serious challenges to agricultural sustainability. In this context, researchers are focusing on the discovery and development of resilient, productive, and nutritious crops as alternatives to current agricultural practices. In this process, the quinoa plant, cultivated for thousands of years in the Andes Mountains region, stands out particularly for its high nutritional value and durability. Quinoa emerges not only as a significant source of human nutrition but also as a potential animal feed. Particularly noteworthy for its protein quality and content of essential amino acids, quinoa is important for its gluten-free nature and rich mineral, vitamin, antioxidant, and bioactive component content, which are beneficial for health. Quinoa can be processed for use in various industrial and food products, playing an important role as an alternative protein source in nutrition and animal feed sectors.
The Agricultural Importance of Alternative Protein Sources
Authors: Karakaya Ersin
Published: October 2024

Alternative protein sources have emerged as a significant topic from an agricultural perspective. Alternative protein sources include alternative plants, algae, fungi, insects, microbial proteins, in vitro or artificial meat, dairy-free vegan cheese, and other products produced through technologies such as biofermentation. The integration of alternative protein sources into agricultural production systems is seen as an important step towards a sustainable food system. This integration not only helps reduce environmental impacts but also plays a key role in meeting the protein needs of the growing global population in the future. This study was prepared to reveal the agricultural importance of alternative protein sources. In conclusion, considering global developments, it can be said that sooner or later insect-fortified foods, food ingredients, or cosmetic products will enter our lives. Therefore, urgent efforts are needed to start religious, scientific, and industrial studies to solve this current issue from an Islamic perspective.
Organic Aquaculture and Ecosystem Health
Authors: Turk Cebrahil
Published: October 2024

This paper explores the transformative potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in mitigating drought-related losses in agriculture. Drought poses a significant threat to global food security, necessitating innovative solutions to enhance agricultural resilience. AI technologies, including predictive analytics, precision farming, and automated irrigation systems, are examined for their ability to optimize water usage, improve crop yields, and provide timely insights for proactive decision-making. By integrating AI into agricultural practices, farmers can better

anticipate and respond to drought conditions, reducing the adverse impacts on both crop production and economic stability. The study highlights the promising role of AI in fostering sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security in the face of increasing climate variability.
Artificial Insemination in Honeybees
Authors: Turhan Munire
Published: October 2024

Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are not naturally found in the environment but are introduced through human activities. These substances include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and various synthetic compounds. The presence of xenobiotics in the environment has diverse and often detrimental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Xenobiotics can lead to water pollution, adversely affecting aquatic organisms. Fish and other aquatic life exposed to these chemicals may experience reproductive, growth, and behavioural issues. Accumulation of xenobiotics in soil can harm plant health and reduce agricultural productivity. These chemicals can also be absorbed by plants, entering the food chain and potentially impacting higher organisms. Some xenobiotics are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or endocrine disruptors. Human exposure to these chemicals can lead to various health problems. Studies on animals have shown that xenobiotics can disrupt organ functions and cause behavioural changes. To mitigate the accumulation of xenobiotics in the environment, biodegradation and bioremediation techniques are employed. These biological methods utilize microorganisms to break down xenobiotics into harmless compounds. However, some xenobiotics degrade very slowly, posing long-term environmental risks. Various regulations and management strategies have been developed to reduce the environmental harm caused by xenobiotics. These include safe chemical usage practices, waste management, and pollution monitoring. In conclusion, understanding and managing the environmental impacts of xenobiotics are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and protecting human health.
Antioxidant Properties of Bee Products and Evaluation of Some in Vitro Analyzes
Authors: Tahiroglu Veysel
Published: October 2024

Due to the different chemical contents of bee products such as honey, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, bee venom, beeswax and bee bread, it can be used as an antioxidant against damage that may be caused by oxidative stress. It covers highly reliable tests of the antioxidant capacities of bee products obtained from different geographical regions with different floristic characteristics through in vitro analysis; Studies are being carried out to determine total antioxidant level (TAS), total oxidant level (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI), which is a new indicator of oxidative stress level. Most bee products, which have functional food properties, have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, It is preferred by people as a health-protective and health-promoting food supplement due to its antidiabetic, anticancer and antihypertensive effects. Interest in bee products is also increasing due to the increasing interest in functional foods and healthy nutrition in society. In this respect, the antioxidant properties of bee products seem to have a significant potential in terms of both health and the food industry. In this respect, it can be seen that the analysis methods of bee products are improving day by day. In this section, attention is drawn to the antioxidant properties of bee products and the evaluation of some in vitro analyses.
Pharmacological and Phytochemical Contents of Thymbra Taxa
Authors: Taskin Turgut , Oksuz Mustafa , Yilmaz Beyza Nur , Ermanoglu Mizgin
Published: October 2024

Thymbra, known as Mediterranean thyme, is a genus of plants in the Lamiaceae family. Thymbra calostachya (Rech.f.) Rech.f., Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. &Azn., Thymbra spicata L. and Thymbra spicata subsp. intricata (P.H. Davis) R. Morales are species belonging to the genus Thymbra. The Eastern Mediterranean region is considered to be the genus’s gene center. The Thymbra genus comprises three species and five taxa in the Turkish flora, of which two are endemic. Many people use the dried or fresh leaves and flowers of Thymbra species as a spice in salads and other dishes, as well as in hot beverages. Folk medicine uses the plant’s aerial parts to treat rheumatism, colic, bronchitis, asthma, cough, and diarrhea The pharmaceutical industry uses Thymbra species as raw materials because of their significant pharmacological properties and phytochemical components, which have been found in numerous nations.
Medical Use of Cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum L.)
Authors: Gunes Kocinkag Vezire , Kocinkag Muhammed
Published: October 2024

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum L.) is a spice that is widely used especially in Asian cuisine and is also valuable for medicinal purposes. Thanks to the active ingredients it contains, Cardamom supports digestive health and can relieve stomach discomfort. Additionally, it has antioxidant properties and can reduce inflammation, thus having anti-inflammatory effects. Some research shows that cardamom has the ability to balance blood sugar levels, suggesting it may play a potential role in diabetes management. Additionally, cardamom has antimicrobial properties and can therefore be used to support oral health.
Zingiber Officinale Roscoe
Authors: Karadeniz Yonak Asli , Emre Gizem
Published: October 2024

Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale Roscoe and belonging to the Zingiberacae family, is a significant medicinal plant that is found natively in several countries including India, China, South East Asia, West Indies, Mexico, and other regions of the world. Since ancient times, this naturally occurring gold has been widely used as a spice and flavoring agent across the globe. The substance contains a diverse range of chemical components, including as phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. The primary health advantages of ginger are mostly ascribed to its phenolic components, specifically gingerols and shogaols. Extensive research has shown that ginger has numerous biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective, cardiovascular protective, respiratory protective, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, and antiemetic activities.
Cocos Nucifera L.
Authors: Eini Mehdi
Published: October 2024

Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) (Arecaceae) is ubiquitous in the tropics. In line with its intended use, this plant is given names such as "tree of heaven" and "tree of life". Coconut haustorium, which is rich in nutrients, has a nutritional composition of approximately 66% carbohydrates. Approximately 66% of the composition consists of carbohydrates, of which approximately 64% are soluble sugars. This substance, in addition to being rich in ingredients, contains significant amounts of dietary fiber, polyphenols and minerals. Coconut is widely used in cuisine, especially in Asia and tropical regions. The flesh of this fruit can be used fresh or dried, adding flavor and texture to dishes. Additionally, coconut oil is also used for cooking, cosmetic and medicinal purposes and is known to have antioxidant properties as well as supporting effects on skin and hair health.