bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Pollution on Children’s Health: A Call for Global Accountability and Enforcement
Authors: Kharytonov Mykola M. , Hernandez Anne P. , Vasylyeva Tetyana L.
Published: March 2013

Environmental pollution in large industrial centers has had a negative impact on the population’s health, specifically among children.
Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the literature, focusing on the impact of environmental pollutants from urban and metropolitan areas on pediatric health.
Disregard for the Earth’s atmosphere can negatively impact our fragile ecosystem and create a global toxicity. The impact of industrial growth and economic development has become paramount to modern society. Unfortunately, future generations will pay the consequences of the world’s failure to implement regulations to secure a safe environment for our children’s health and development.
Pollutants penetrate an organism through different routes and change physiological processes, which leads to a decrease in microbial resistance by weakening the child’s immune system. The major contaminants are: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lead, manganese, sulfur dioxide, airborne fine particles, and nitrogen dioxide. Xenobiotics negatively affect the morphological, functional, biochemical parameters, genetics, and epigenetics of the body. It is well documented that the physical development and psychological well-being of children is adversely affected by pollution. The accumulation of heavy metals and other contaminants adversely affected a child’s health has been found in the pediatric population.
An effort has been made to develop detoxicant remedies, in particular, some enterosorbents and natural adaptogens. Research is ongoing to improve medical rehabilitation of children, who already are affected. Public education and regulations regarding emerging non-pollutant industrial technologies is called for. A global system of accountability and enforcement regarding environmental protection needs to be implemented.
L’État et l’économie de marché aujourd’hui
Authors: de Oliveira Amanda Flávio , Lorenzato Cristina , Issalys Pierre
Published: March 2013

Dans l’article qui suit, l’auteure se propose de montrer comment le Brésil adapte son droit et ses institutions en fonction des difficultés économiques de notre époque. Elle décrit et commente les politiques publiques en matière de concurrence, de protection des consommateurs et de propriété intellectuelle, de manière à rendre compte de l’état actuel de leur évolution. Elle met aussi en lumière le fait que toutes ces politiques ont été substantiellement remaniées en fonction des effets de la crise économique mondiale sur l’économie brésilienne.
L’enseignement du droit et les nouvelles technologies : sommes-nous prêts pour un enseignement-apprentissage en réseau ? Le cas d’un projet pilote d’enseignement de la légistique
Authors: Soares Fabiana de Menezes , Lorenzato Cristina , Issalys Pierre
Published: March 2013

Les modes de formation et de circulation des modèles juridiques, et la circulation de ces modes eux-mêmes à l’ère technologique, impliquent une nouvelle approche de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage du droit. Dans ce nouveau cadre, qui n’est déjà plus de l’ordre de l’imaginaire, réfléchir, enseigner et transmettre des compétences relatives à la conception et à l’élaboration d’actes normatifs n’est pas une tâche facile pour les facultés de droit. C’est ce qui a amené l’auteure à tenter cette expérience qu’a été et que reste le réseau legistica.ning comme milieu d’enseignement et d’apprentissage dans le contexte du cours de légistique donné à la Faculté de droit de l’Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG).
Le droit de rétention en France et au Québec : une sûreté mobilière fonctionnelle
Authors: Benadiba Aurore
Published: March 2013

Le droit de rétention, traditionnellement fondé sur la détention, se présente comme un réflexe naturel : l’individu refuse de donner satisfaction à celui qui n’honore pas ses propres engagements. Ce principe de justice privée a été intégré dans les codes civils québécois et français qui en comptent de multiples applications au point d’y voir un droit de rétention plural. Le lien de connexité entre la créance invoquée et la chose détenue en est la condition essentielle. Le Québec l’appréhende à la fois comme une exception d’inexécution et une priorité. La France, sans le qualifier clairement, le présente comme un des effets du gage avec et sans dépossession. Au-delà des aspects techniques comparatifs, l’auteure démontrera que le droit de rétention emporte les mêmes effets dans les deux droits : l’opposabilité à l’égard des tiers et même parfois au propriétaire non tenu à la dette. Selon l’auteure, le droit de rétention répondrait à une définition fonctionnelle de la notion de sûreté et mériterait d’être assujetti à une publicité.
Molecular weight determination of poly(phenylene sulfide ether)
Authors: Gu Aiqun , Li Zuocai , Yu Zili , Xu Lingjie
Published: March 2013

Poly(phenylene sulfide ether) and poly(phenylene sulfoxide ether sulfide ether) (PPSOESE) were successfully prepared and their structures were proved by several analytical techniques in the present work. The molecular weight (MW) of PPSOESE, a soluble polymer in common organic solvent at room temperature, was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Based on the conversion reaction of the two polymers, the MW of PPSE was calculated and correlated with its intrinsic viscosity. As a result, the Mark‐Houwink equation for PPSE was concluded. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Properties of poly(lactic acid) and poly(ethylene oxide) solvent polymer mixtures and nanofibers made by solution blow spinning
Authors: Oliveira Juliano E. , Moraes Eduardo A. , Marconcini José M. , C. Mattoso Luiz H. , Glenn Gregory M. , Medeiros Eliton S.
Published: March 2013

The properties of mixtures of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were studied in polymer solutions by dilute solution viscometry, and in‐solution blow‐spun nanofibers were studied by microscopy (scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy) and thermal and spectral analysis. Three mixtures of PLA and PEO (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) were solution‐blended in chloroform. Dilute solvent viscometry indicated that the 3:1 mixture of PLA and PEO had a higher miscibility coefficient value than the other mixtures. The neat polymers and mixtures were solution‐blow‐spun into nanofibers. The fiber diameters were smallest in the neat polymers. Transmission electron micrographs revealed a core/sheath structure for the sample mixtures. X‐ray analysis indicated that the crystallinity was positively correlated with the PEO content. Fibers from the mixtures had contact angle measurements similar to those of the neat PEO. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy of the mixtures indicated interactions between ester and ether groups, which were attributed to dipole–dipole interactions between the ester groups of PLA and the ether groups of PEO. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Polypropylene‐based wood polymer composites—Effect of a maleated polypropylene coupling agent under dry and wet conditions
Authors: Sobczak Lukas , Lang Reinhold W. , Reif Martin , Haider Andreas
Published: March 2013

Polypropylene (PP)‐based wood polymer composites with 40 and 60 m % wood content, respectively, have been prepared, employing two different wood types and 0.0–20.0% (based on wood content) of a maleated polypropylene (MA‐PP) coupling agent (CA). The main objective of this research was to find out if the optimum CA content is dependent on wood filler particle size. Tensile and flexural properties, as well as impact strength, heat deflection temperature, and water absorption served as indicator properties for the CA influence. For all properties, there is an optimum or the onset of a plateau occurring between 8.0 and 13.0 m % MA‐PP content. Flexural properties were determined after 28 days of water submersion as well, for both wet and redried specimens, revealing that the mechanical properties can be restored to a large extent in sufficiently coupled compounds. A dependence of the MA‐PP content optimum on particle size was not detected. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Formation of polyamide 12 membranes via thermal–nonsolvent induced phase separation
Authors: Chang Hsu‐Hsien , Beltsios Konstantinos , Lin Dar‐Jong , Cheng Liao‐Ping
Published: March 2013

The thermal–nonsolvent induced phase separation method was used for the fabrication of porous membranes from polyamide 12 (PA12), an attractive engineering polymer; the water/formic acid (FA)/PA12 ternary system is explored in detail. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffractometry, tensile strength analysis, and water flux were used to characterize the structure and properties of the fabricated membranes. The morphology of the membranes was found to depend on the FA content in the bath. The top surface of the membrane becomes less dense with increasing FA content in the bath. The cross section and bottom surface of all membranes exhibited a cellular morphology, except for the case of the novel procedure of dope precipitation in a cold neat solvent (FA) bath. In all cases membranes exhibited a crystallinity of ca. 38% with a melting point of ca. 179°C; tensile strengths in excess of 10 MPa were found possible in some cases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of agglomeration and pressing process on the properties of flat pressed WPC panels
Authors: Benthien Jan T. , Thoemen Heiko
Published: March 2013

This study discusses the influence of agglomeration process, press type and press parameters, on the physical and mechanical properties (water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), internal bond strength, module of elasticity, and module of rupture) of flat pressed wood–plastic composite panels. Additionally, the effects of coupling agent and polymer's melt flow rate on panel properties are investigated. The compounding of the raw materials is done using a heating cooling mixer and a die ring agglomerator (DRA). Test panels are made using a laboratory scale single‐daylight press, an industrial single‐daylight press, and an industrial scale continuous double belt press (DBP). The best results were obtained using the DRA and the continuous DBP, with 24 h WA and TS values of below 1%, and a modulus of elasticity of more than 4500 N mm−2. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Rapid cortical bone loss in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Nickolas Thomas L , Stein Emily M , Dworakowski Elzbieta , Nishiyama Kyle K , Komandah-Kosseh Mafo , Zhang Chiyuan A , McMahon Donald J , Liu Xiaowei S , Boutroy Stephanie , Cremers Serge , Shane Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients may have high rates of bone loss and fractures, but microarchitectural and biochemical mechanisms of bone loss in CKD patients have not been fully described. In this longitudinal study of 53 patients with CKD Stages 2 to 5D, we used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT), and biochemical markers of bone metabolism to elucidate effects of CKD on the skeleton. Median follow-up was 1.5 years (range 0.9 to 4.3 years); bone changes were annualized and compared with baseline. By DXA, there were significant declines in areal bone mineral density (BMD) of the total hip and ultradistal radius: −1.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] −2.1 to −0.6) and −2.4% (95% CI −4.0 to −0.9), respectively. By HRpQCT at the distal radius, there were significant declines in cortical area, density, and thickness and increases in porosity: −2.9% (95% CI −3.7 to −2.2), −1.3% (95% CI −1.6 to −0.6), −2.8% (95% CI −3.6 to −1.9), and +4.2% (95% CI 2.0 to 6.4), respectively. Radius trabecular area increased significantly: +0.4% (95% CI 0.2 to 0.6), without significant changes in trabecular density or microarchitecture. Elevated time-averaged levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone turnover markers predicted cortical deterioration. Higher levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D predicted decreases in trabecular network heterogeneity. These data suggest that significant cortical loss occurs with CKD, which is mediated by hyperparathyroidism and elevated turnover. Future investigations are required to determine whether these cortical losses can be attenuated by treatments that reduce PTH levels and remodeling rates.
Connexin 43 Channels Protect Osteocytes Against Oxidative Stress–Induced Cell Death
Authors: Kar Rekha , Riquelme Manuel A , Werner Sherry , Jiang Jean X
Published: March 2013

The increased osteocyte death by oxidative stress (OS) during aging is a major cause contributing to the impairment of bone quality and bone loss. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we show that H2O2 induced cell death of primary osteocytes and osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells, and also caused dose-dependent decreased expression of gap junction and hemichannel-forming connexin 43 (Cx43). The decrease of Cx43 expression was also demonstrated with the treatment of other oxidants, rotenone and menadione. Antioxidant reversed the effects of oxidants on Cx43 expression and osteocyte cell death. Cx43 protein was also much lower in the osteocytes from 20-month-old as opposed to the 5-week-old or 20-week old mice. Dye transfer assay showed that H2O2 reduced the gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). In contrast to the effect on GJIC, there was a dose-dependent increase of hemichannel function by H2O2, which was correlated with the increased cell surface expression of Cx43. Cx43(E2) antibody, an antibody that specifically blocks Cx43 hemichannel activity but not gap junctions, completely blocked dye uptake induced by H2O2 and further exacerbated H2O2-induced osteocytic cell death. In addition, knockdown of Cx43 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased the susceptibility of the cells to OS-induced death. Together, our study provides a novel cell protective mechanism mediated by osteocytic Cx43 channels against OS.
Correlations of ion structure with multiple fragmentation pathways arising from collision‐induced dissociations of selected α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid anions
Authors: Greene Lana E. , Grossert J. Stuart , White Robert L.
Published: March 2013

Under conditions of collision‐induced dissociation (CID), anions of α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids usually fragment to yield the distinctive hydroxycarbonyl anion (m/z 45) and/or the complementary product anion formed by neutral loss of formic acid (46 u). Further support for the known two‐step mechanism, involving an ion‐neutral complex for the formation of the hydroxycarbonyl anion from the carboxyl group, is herein provided by tandem mass spectrometric results and density functional theory computations on the glycolate, lactate and 3‐phenyllactate ions. A fourth, structurally related α‐hydroxycarboxylate ion, obtained by deprotonation of mandelic acid, showed only loss of carbon dioxide upon CID. Density functional theory computations on the mandelate ion indicated that similar energy inputs were required for a direct, phenyl‐assisted decarboxylation and a postulated novel rearrangement to a carbonate ester, which yielded the benzyl oxide ion upon loss of CO2. Rearrangement of the glycolate ion led to expulsion of carbon monoxide, whereas the 3‐phenyllactate ion showed the loss of water and formation of the benzyl anion and the benzyl radical as competing processes. The fragmentation pathways proposed for lactate and 3‐phenyllactate are supported by isotopic labeling. The relative computed energies of saddle points and product ions for all proposed fragmentation pathways are consistent with the energies supplied during CID experiments and the observed relative intensities of product ions. The diverse reaction pathways characterized for this set of four α‐hydroxycarboxylate ions demonstrate that it is crucial to understand the effects of structural variations when attempting to predict the gas‐phase reactivity and CID spectra of carboxylate ions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative Pain Management after Spinal Fusion Surgery: An Analysis of the Efficacy of Continuous Infusion of Local Anesthetics
Authors: Reynolds Richard A. K. , Legakis Julie E. , Tweedie Jillian , Chung YoungKey , Ren Emily J. , BeVier Patricia A. , Thomas Ronald L. , Thomas Suresh T.
Published: March 2013

Spinal fusion surgery is a major surgery that results in severe postoperative pain, therefore pain reduction is a primary concern. New strategies for pain management are currently under investigation and include multimodal treatment. A 3-year retrospective analysis of patients with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery was performed at our hospital, assessing patient pain scores, opioid use, and recovery. We evaluated the effect of adding continuous infusion of local anesthetics (CILA) to a postoperative pain management protocol that includes intraoperative intrathecal morphine, as well as postoperative patient-controlled analgesia and oral opioid/acetaminophen combination. The study compared 25 patients treated according to the standard protocol, with 62 patients treated with CILA in addition to the pain management protocol. Patients in the CILA group used nearly 0.5 mg/kg less opioid analgesics during the first 24 hours after surgery.
Why Are Spine Surgery Patients Lost to Follow-up?
Authors: Daffner Scott D. , Hilibrand Alan S. , Riew K. Daniel
Published: March 2013

Long-term outcome studies are frequently hindered by a decreasing frequency of patient follow-up with the treating surgeon over time. Whether this attrition represents a “loss of faith” in their index surgeon or the realities of a geographically mobile society has never been assessed in a population of patients undergoing spinal surgery. The purpose of this article is to determine the frequency with which patients who have undergone prior surgery and develop new problems attempt to follow-up with their index spine surgeon. The study design was a population survey. All patients seen at two university-based spine centers over a 3-month period were surveyed regarding prior spine surgery. The questionnaire asked details of the previous operation, whether the patient had sought follow-up with their index surgeon, why the patient did not continue treatment with that surgeon, and whether the patient was satisfied with their prior treatment. Sixty-nine patients completed the survey. Prior operations were lumbar (53 patients) and cervical (16). When asked the reason for not seeing their prior surgeon, 10 patients (15%) stated that they (the patient) had moved and 16 (23%) responded that their surgeon no longer practiced in the area. Thirteen (19%) were unhappy with their previous care, 22 (32%) were seeking a second opinion, and 7 (10%) were told they needed more complex surgery. Thirty-seven (54%) discussed their symptoms with their original surgeon before seeking another surgeon. Although 32 patients (46%) had not discussed their new complaints with their index surgeon, only 3 patients (4%) chose not to return to their prior surgeon despite having the opportunity to do so. Forty-nine patients (71%) were satisfied with their prior surgical care, and 42 patients (61%) would undergo the index operation again. Most of the patients seen at the authors’ practices after undergoing prior spine surgery elsewhere failed to follow up with their prior spine surgeon for geographical reasons. It appears that the majority of patients who develop new spinal complaints will seek out their treating surgeon when possible. This suggests that patient attrition over long-term follow-up may reflect a geographically mobile population rather than patient dissatisfaction with prior treatment.
Comparing modes of communication
Authors: Reithofer Karin
Published: March 2013

This paper addresses the topic of quality assessment in interpreting, from a perspective that defines quality as equivalent effect of source text and target text. The experimental study described uses an innovative methodology based on comprehension testing, to evaluate the widely accepted norm that an interpretation should produce the same effect — in the sense of effect on the listener’s knowledge of a specific subject — as the original. More specifically, the study compares communicative effect between a marketing-related speech of about 15 minutes in non-native English and its simultaneous interpretation into German. The comparison is thus between two directly competing modes of communication, the use of English as a lingua franca being seen by many interpreters as a threat to their profession. Three experimental runs were completed, involving an Italian speaker comfortable with English as a medium for lecturing and a total of 139 listeners attending professionally oriented Austrian university courses. Results showed that in this setting the interpretation led to a better cognitive end-result in the audience than the original speech in non-native English.
The phonology of rhythm from Classical to Modern Portuguese
Authors: Frota Sónia , Galves Charlotte , Vigário Marina , Gonzalez-Lopez Verónica , Abaurre Bernadete
Published: March 2013

The prosodic change that has been reported to have occurred from Classical to Modern Portuguese is investigated by means of a new approach to the study of rhythm in language change. Assuming that rhythm is a by-product of the presence/absence of a set of properties in a given linguistic system, we computed frequency information on rhythm-related properties from written texts of the 16th to the 19th centuries, by means of the electronic tool FreP. Results show a change in the distributions of properties related to word stress and prosodic word shape after the 16th century, indicating that the prosodic change occurred between the 16th and 17th centuries. A predictive analysis based on Bayesian statistics provided strong support for the timing of the change, and successfully modelled our data showing a timeline consistent with the direction of the prosodic shift towards the integration of stress-timing properties into Romance syllable-timed rhythm.
Birth, Death and Resurrection of Connectives in today’s online Piedmontese
Authors: Miola Emanuele
Published: March 2013

This article deals with the diachronic development of three interclausal connectives attested in Piedmontese from 16th-century written texts to today’s wiki-Piedmontese, i.e. the variety of Piedmontese used on wikipedia. After discussing the case of the plain borrowing of però ‘but, still’ from Italian into Piedmontese, I focus on the grammaticalization path which gave rise to the counterexpectational meaning of tutun, today widespread in wiki-Piedmontese (but almost unattested in spoken Piedmontese). Second, the history of maraman is put under scrutiny: maraman develops from a plain adverbial ‘immediately’ to a hypothetical connective ‘if, in the unfortuate case that’, and eventually back to adverbial uses, but with the new meaning of ‘gradually’. Finally, I discuss the developments of tutun and maraman as cases of contact-induced grammaticalization (or aborted grammaticalization due to the contact languages) and show how non-lexical items such as connectives are used by Piedmontese ausbauizers.
On calculating the reliability of the comparative method at long and medium distances
Authors: Ratcliffe Robert R.
Published: March 2013

The high degree of contradiction and incompatibility between two independently produced Afroasiatic comparative lexica (Ehret 1995, Orel & Stolbova 1995) calls into question the reliability of the comparative method at deep time depths. The discrepancy could only have arisen if one or both sources contain a large number of chance or spurious matches. This article first documents the discrepancy between the two comparative lexica, and then attempts to explain it. The central proposal is that the evaluation of a proposed reconstruction must go beyond qualitative evaluations of individual proposed cognate sets and incorporate quantitative tools for evaluating the probable degree of chance matches within the reconstruction as a whole.
Cross-linguistic influence in bilingual development
Authors: Serratrice Ludovica
Published: March 2013

Since seminal work in the late ‘80s the general consensus in the literature is that children who are regularly exposed to two languages from birth or soon after can acquire them as largely independent systems. In recent years the focus has shifted from the issue of language differentiation to the degree of interaction between the two systems, and to the factors affecting such cross-linguistic influence. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current proposals about the determinants and the manifestation of language interaction in young simultaneous bilinguals.
Child second language acquisition from a generative perspective
Authors: Haznedar Belma
Published: March 2013

This chapter reviews current work on child second language acquisition from a generative perspective. The primary goal is to identify characteristics of child L2 acquisition in relation to child first language (L1) acquisition and adult second language (L2) acquisition and to discuss its contribution to these sister fields both in typical and atypical domains. The chapter is organized into three sections, covering L1 influence in child L2 acquisition, the acquisition of functional architecture in child L2 acquisition, and the issue of morphological variability. Also included in the last section are the relatively new and fast developing areas of research in atypical child L2 acquisition research.
“How do I apply narrative theory?”
Authors: Harding Sue-Ann
Published: March 2013

Since the publication ofTranslation and Conflict: A Narrative Account(Baker 2006), there has been a growing interest in applying socio-narrative theory to Translation Studies, with Baker’s ideas extended and applied to several different areas of inquiry. This article gives a brief overview of these projects, and discusses in more depth the example of my own application and development of narrative theory. This includes a revised typology of narratives, the combination of narratological and sociological approaches, an intratextual model of analysis, and a new emphasis on the importance of narrators and temporary narrators in the (re)configuration of narratives. The article ends with a brief discussion on further topics within Translation and Interpreting Studies to which narrative theory might be applied.
Load-managed problem formats
Authors: Washbourne Kelly
Published: March 2013

Does the “expert blind spot”, our “unconscious competence”, lead us to undermine the effectiveness of our translation assignments? This study characterizes the translation task as schema-based, and thus prone to cognitive overload for the learner. Accordingly, schema acquisition tasks featuring reduced-goal specificity and goal-free problems for training the novice are reviewed. The argument is put forward that we need 1) to use more scaffolding to reduce cognitive load, 2) to vary task architecture for learning (including the use of planning pre-tasks), and 3) to provide diagnostic help for the student translator to attain context-independence for ‘high road transfer’. Formats for expertise modeling are considered—reverse tasks, completion examples, and other whole-task models—as instructional designs for load-managed translation tasks that improve problemsolving, schema acquisition, process-orientation, and metacognitive monitoring.
Establishment of the Lotus japonicus Gene Expression Atlas (LjGEA) and its use to explore legume seed maturation
Authors: Verdier Jerome , Torres‐Jerez Ivone , Wang Mingyi , Andriankaja Andry , Allen Stacy N. , He Ji , Tang Yuhong , Murray Jeremy D. , Udvardi Michael K.
Published: March 2013

Lotus japonicus is a model species for legume genomics. To accelerate legume functional genomics, we developed a Lotus japonicus Gene Expression Atlas (LjGEA), which provides a global view of gene expression in all organ systems of this species, including roots, nodules, stems, petioles, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds. Time‐series data covering multiple stages of developing pod and seed are included in the LjGEA. In addition, previously published L. japonicus Affymetrix data are included in the database, making it a ‘one‐stop shop’ for transcriptome analysis of this species. The LjGEA web server (http://ljgea.noble.org/) enables flexible, multi‐faceted analyses of the transcriptome. Transcript data may be accessed using the Affymetrix probe identification number, DNA sequence, gene name, functional description in natural language, and GO and KEGG annotation terms. Genes may be discovered through co‐expression or differential expression analysis. Users may select a subset of experiments and visualize and compare expression profiles of multiple genes simultaneously. Data may be downloaded in a tabular form compatible with common analytical and visualization software. To illustrate the power of LjGEA, we explored the transcriptome of developing seeds. Genes represented by 36 474 probe sets were expressed at some stage during seed development, and almost half of these genes displayed differential expression during development. Among the latter were 624 transcription factor genes, some of which are orthologs of transcription factor genes that are known to regulate seed development in other species, while most are novel and represent attractive targets for reverse genetics approaches to determine their roles in this important organ.
Food choice of two bacteria-feeding nematode species dependent on food source, food density and interspecific competition
Authors: Weber Sebastian , Traunspurger Walter
Published: March 2013

Feeding selectivity and flexibility are generally poorly understood behaviours of free-living nematodes. In the present study, the food choice and feeding habits of two bacteria-feeding, free-living species, Panagrolaimus cf. thienemanni and Poikilolaimus sp. (Nematoda), isolated from Movile Cave (Romania), were examined with respect to food source, food density and interspecific competition. These two species coexist in a very stable environment, compete for the same food resources, and play a major role in Movile Cave’s food web. Panagrolaimus and Poikilolaimus were found to favour significantly the bacterium Escherichia coli as a food source compared with glucose or algae. High densities of E. coli (109 cells ml−1) were preferred by Panagrolaimus, in contrast to the low densities (106 cells ml−1) preferred by Poikilolaimus. This result held true when the two species were exposed to intra- and interspecific competition, when Panagrolaimus significantly preferred E. coli at densities of 109 cells ml−1, whereas Poikilolaimus, while not significantly preferring a fixed bacterial density, was nonetheless attracted to densities of 105 – 107 cells ml−1. These density-related differences in food choice could explain the ability of these species to coexist without competitive exclusion in the same stable environment of Movile Cave.
The Struggle for Entry into Ghana’s Commercial Transport Sector
Authors: Kufuor Kofi Oteng
Published: March 2013

Government erected entry barriers to the commercial transport market in Ghana offers an opportunity to explore socio-economic problems with particular reference to developing countries. Our study focuses on the clash between market incumbents in Ghana’s commercial transport sector and new entrants, motorbike operators who sell their services to passengers and are thus competing with incumbents. Using the New Institutional Economics as a tool for analysis we examine the tensions in the market and how the law is used to suppress competition and what can be done to overcome this suppression of market activity.
The White Lekythoi and the Dating of Tomb 1
Authors: Simon Erika , Wehgartner Irma
Published: March 2013

Abstract

The central purpose of this paper is to establish the date of the burial of tomb 1.

The four white lekythoi, which were found in it, will be discussed concerning shape, use of colours, ornament, style and subject. The conclusion will be that these lekythoi are dated between 430 and 425 B.C.
Aulos and Harp: Questions of Pitch and Tonality
Authors: Hagel Stefan
Published: March 2013

Abstract

This study addresses the question of pitches and pitch structures that may have been played on the excavated instruments, assessing string lengths and their implications as well as searching for a plausible effective length for the aulos including its reed, based on computer-modelling the behaviour of the oscillating air column. The results are discussed in the context of our present knowledge about pitch ranges that were typically used in ancient music.
Authority as ‘Resultant Voice’: Towards a Stylistic and Musical Anthropology of Effective Speech in Archaic Rome
Authors: Bettini Maurizio
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Analysis of a large number of texts from the archaic period of Roman culture shows that the authoritative character of a solemn utterance (a prophecy, the formula uttered by a praetor, a religious praefatio) was based principally on specific sound patterns. From these utterances’ use of parallelisms, phonic echoes and syllabic repetitions there emerged a sort of ‘resultant voice’, which made their exceptional character immediately apparent. From the perspective of their intended hearers, the sound-construction of these pronouncements had the capacity to arouse what the Romans called delectatio: that is, the disposition to believe in the truth and validity of what they were hearing. That the Romans included all these acoustic phenomena within a single perceptual domain is demonstrated by the fact that music, too, had the power to produce delectatio—and by the fact that the verb cano and its derivatives refer as much to musical as to poetic expression.
The Debate on logos and diastēma in Porphyry’s Commentary on Ptolemy’s Harmonics
Authors: Raffa Massimo
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Introducing his commentary on Ptol. Harm. I.5, Porphyry discusses at length the vocabulary of musical intervals and in particular the question whether the words λόγος and διάστηµα should or not be used as synonyms. This paper aims, on the one hand, at analysing the way in which he chooses and arranges his sources; on the other hand, at restoring them to the original debate to which they belong—a debate in which a seminal role seems to have been played by Plato’s Timaeus and the contributions of its early commentators (Eratosthenes, Aelianus, Panaetius) in the framework of post-Aristoxenian harmonics.
Missio Dei: Envisioning an Apostolic Reading of Scripture
Authors: Wagner J. Ross
Published: March 2013

A theological account of the nature and function of Scripture in the church is properly situated within the larger context of the missio Dei, God's merciful self-communication to the world in Jesus Christ through the power of the Spirit. Exegetical soundings in 2 Corinthians, Philippians, 1 Peter, and 1 John illustrate the fruitfulness of an “apostolic hermeneutic” that attends to the ways in which these texts address and form the church as the community of the reconciled who are called into fellowship with the triune God as active participants in God's own work of reconciliation.
Missio Dei: Integrating Theological Formation for Apostolic Vocation: Presidential Address
Authors: Guder Darrell
Published: March 2013

John Flett's proposal for a trinitarian understanding of the missio Dei that is rooted in the undivided being and act of God requires not only a theology of the church that cannot separate God's mission from the church's existence and purpose; it calls for a re-casting of the theological disciplines for the sake of missional formation of church leaders. For doctrinal and systematic theology, this would entail re-thinking the Nicene marks of the church. As a further step, Karl Barth's missional exposition of the gospel of reconciliation could prove to be the effective corrective to the missional reductionism of Western ecclesiologies.
Toward a Missional Theology of Participation: Ecumenical Reflections on Contributions to Trinity, Mission, and Church
Authors: Swart Jannie , Hagley Scott , Ogren John , Love Mark
Published: March 2013

The question concerning the Triune God's relationship to the world is constitutive for any understanding of a congregation's life in mission. A socially embodied theology of participation finds its condition of possibility in the life of the Triune God. This condition of possibility provides a theology of participation with an understanding of the life of the Triune God as a community of love in mutual relationality and genuine otherness. We propose as a ground for a theology of participation this more social trinitarian understanding, rather than an understanding of God as single acting Subject.
Missio Dei: Some Implications for the Church
Authors: Laing Mark
Published: March 2013

During the early twentieth century, Protestant mission theology gradually became more church-centric. At the IMC Willingen conference in 1952, the missio Dei concept (although not the actual term) emerged. This shifted the Protestant understanding of the source of mission from an ecclesio- or anthropocentric source to a theocentric source, the Triune Godhead. This was a major (and contested) theological advance. This article explores some of the implications of missio Dei theology for the church. Problems and developments with the concept are examined in the conclusion.
Dancing with Elephants: Accountability in Cross-Cultural Christian Partnerships
Authors: Rowe Jonathan Y.
Published: March 2013

“Partnership” is a popular term in Christian mission. This article examines the key practice of accountability in cross-cultural partnerships, using the theological rubric of creation, fall, redemption and consummation. On this basis, the author highlights the shadowed side of many current approaches to accountability, and proposes that an adequate view of accountability in cross-cultural Christian partnerships involves unavoidable risk. The key for both partners, therefore, is to foment trust in mutually accountable relationships.
The Silk Letter of Alexander Sayông Hwang: Introduction and Abridged Translation
Authors: Hwang Alexander Y. , Kim Lydia T.
Published: March 2013

In 1801, Alexander Sayông Hwang, a Catholic from the Korean aristocracy, wrote a long letter on silk to the Bishop of Beijing. The letter contains a first-hand description of the persecutions against the new religion, martyrdom stories, the arrest and execution of the first missionary to reach Korea, and an appeal to the bishop for assistance. The appeal to the Bishop of Beijing included a plan for foreign invasion in hopes that this would force the Korean government to end the Korean government's persecution of Catholics. This article contains an introduction to the letter and an abridged translation.
Missionary Kids in National Schools: A Viable Option?
Authors: Wrobbel Karen A.
Published: March 2013

Study in host country national school offers missionary kids significant linguistic and cultural benefits. However, there may be opportunity costs in first-language development and adjustment to the home culture. This research investigates how study in a second-language, K-12, host country national school relates to university-level academic success in the first language using SAT scores, college GPA, honors in college, and plans for graduate study as proxy indicators. These data do not evidence an academic disadvantage for the national school-experienced subjects in comparison to other internationally experienced missionary kids or in comparison to the general population of college students.
Arioi for Christ: An Exploration of Early Missions by Society Islanders
Authors: Tzan Douglas D.
Published: March 2013

In the early nineteenth century, the Society Islands were a major source of missionaries to other Pacific Islands. Examination of social factors influencing this missionary movement, however, is lacking. Society Islanders (Maohi) entered into Christian mission at their own initiative and were influenced both by evangelical Christianity and an institution within Maohi culture known as the Arioi. The Arioi are described and historical sources are used to illustrate continuities in the Arioi-Christian encounter, missions from Raiatea, and those to the Hawaiian Islands. The practices of the Arioi provided a successful model for Maohi Christian missions that had a lasting impact.
Renewing the Church for Mission: A Holistic Understanding of Renewal for Korean Protestant Churches
Authors: Jung Joseph
Published: March 2013

As Protestant churches in Korea navigate their own problems in the midst of stagnation and even decline, they are increasingly inquisitive about their own identity, understanding of renewal, and ways of evangelism. The purpose of this paper is mainly focused on how to renew Korean Protestant churches through a holistic paradigm of renewal that moves beyond the reigning false dualistic paradigm. First, I will discuss a holistic understanding of renewal for the Korean church, tracing two foundations: an ecological understanding of church, and a holistic understanding of conversion. Then, I will explore one successful model (Wesley) and one failing model (the Western church's cultural captivity) in the history of Christianity, asking why the reigning, falsely dualistic paradigm is so problematic and why a holistic paradigm for renewal is so essential to the churches in Korea. These will lead to my thesis: vitalizing energy for renewal comes from holding a holistic understanding of renewal. As a conclusive remark, I shall propose three renewal tasks for the future of Korean Protestant churches and insert a case study to exemplify these models in the context of Korea.
Mission, Millennium, and Politics
Authors: Brandner Tobias
Published: March 2013

The article introduces the Back to Jerusalem Movement, a missionary vision from the East, and explains how this movement merged with a broader historical vision of Pentecostalism. It also shows how the movement, linked to a millennialist understanding of history, adds new interpretation to the history of millennialism and covenantal theology. Finally, by describing this movement's stance in the context of a parallel westward political outreach, the article critically reflects on the cultural and historical background of this interpretation of history and on its political implications.
Evangelical International Relations in the Post-Colonial World
Authors: Chapman Alister
Published: March 2013

The Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization was riven by conflicts between evangelicals from the West and the South. These conflicts have traditionally been explained in terms of theological differences, but this article explores the part played by the different cultural and intellectual contexts of the participants, changes in international affairs over time, and the nature of the evangelical tradition itself. It thus provides a historical case study of the complexity of interactions between Christians from different countries. Understanding this history should help contemporary conversations in missionary situations and elsewhere. The article also suggests that diversity has posed particular problems for evangelicalism, a stream of Christianity rooted in both individualism and certainty.
The Birds of the Air
Authors: Meneses Eloise Hiebert
Published: March 2013

The tension between Christ and culture is as old as Christianity itself. The current model in missions suggests that culture should be disturbed as little as possible in the process of planting the seed of the gospel. This model tacitly ignores indigenous evils, such as injustice, and fails to acknowledge the challenge that Christ issues to all cultures as Lord. In fact, even the most careful introduction of the gospel produces a backlash when elements of the cultural status quo realize what they are going to lose. This process is demonstrated by an investigation into the role that Christians have had in defending the marginalized and producing culture change in India.

With what can we compare the kingdom of God, or what parable will we use for it? It is like a mustard seed, which, when sown upon the ground, is the smallest of all the seeds on earth; yet when it is sown it grows up and becomes the greatest of all shrubs, and puts forth large branches, so that the birds of the air can make nests in its shade. (Mark 4:30–32)1
Paul and Evangelism
Authors: Yinger Kent L.
Published: March 2013

The necessity and relative importance of evangelism have been topics of serious missiological debate since the early twentieth century. This is particularly the case with the evangelicals, who are often characterized by passionate commitment to personal evangelism “to the ends of the earth.” However, recent work on mission and evangelism in Paul's letters has raised disturbing questions in regard to this missiological conviction. Congregational and individual passion for evangelism do not appear to be “Pauline.” This article introduces readers of Missiology to this vigorous and growing missiological debate among New Testament scholars, and examines possible responses by mission practitioners.
The Conflicting Legacy of Adoniram Judson
Authors: La Seng Dingrin
Published: March 2013

A conflicting legacy of Adoniram Judson is twofold and yet to be made known to the world. Judson had a negative view of Burmese Buddhism, and he attempted to replace it with Christianity. However, Judson accepted that Buddhism, together with its sacred language (i.e., Pali), was indispensable to him, and that without it he would not have been able to accomplish his translation work. Buddhism provided Christianity with vocabulary and a worldview in its local appropriation in Burma. This dual provision is indicated by two short tracts that Judson himself wrote in Burmese
“Eating the Flesh of Our Sons and Daughters”
Authors: Fox Frampton F.
Published: March 2013

The article begins with a composite case study of actual at risk children in an Indian red light district, highlighting the often overlooked role of parents. After a quick overview of the literature related to children-at-risk and Child Theology, the article develops a motif from the Old Testament through which to consider the largely ignored role of parents who introduce risk by commoditizing their children. The literature reveals various ways in which parents are directly responsible for children being at risk and how this dimension of mission approach is overlooked in mission efforts. A preventative missional approach is encouraged, taking into account the pivotal responsibility of the parents.
Old Church and New Evangelism
Authors: Ross Kenneth R.
Published: March 2013

Taking Scotland as a case study, this article recognizes the extent to which the people of historically Christian European nations have ceased to practice the faith. The values of European societies have been shaped by centuries of Christian influence, yet there is need for churches to embrace the challenge of offering social witness from a much more peripheral position. The authenticity of such witness is expressed less by words than by action: doing the truth. Worldwide missionary experience can help equip the churches to cross this new frontier. Key to the task is the formation of vital Christian community.
Female Genital Mutilation in Africa
Authors: Schafroth Verena
Published: March 2013

In this article, I will discuss the widespread occurrence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in African society and will then present a candid look at the prevalence of FGM in the African Church and its responses to FGM in the past. The health implications of FGM are grave and have given rise to widespread eradication campaigns in secular society. However, the church in Africa is still slow in responding properly to this situation. I propose that FGM is a violation of the God-given female body and should be eradicated in the Christian Church by forming ‘pledge associations,’ using appropriate education and alternative initiations rites.