bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural‐Urban Disparities in Access to Breast Cancer Screening: A Spatial Clustering Analysis
Authors: Chandak Aastha , Nayar Preethy , Lin Ge
Published: June 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine rural‐urban differences in access to breast cancer screening in a predominantly rural Midwestern state in the United States.

Methods

The study is a retrospective analysis of pooled cross‐sectional data for the years 2008 to 2012. We conducted hot spot analyses of the rate of late‐stage diagnosis of breast cancer at the census tract level in Nebraska for cases diagnosed between 2008 and 2012, using cancer registry data. We also conducted hot spot analyses of access to mammography facilities (distance to the nearest center) using data on mammography facilities from the US Food and Drug Administration and rates of screening using the National Private Insurance Claims data for year 2013.

Results

The spatial clustering analyses found that urban areas in Nebraska had lower distances to mammography centers, higher screening rates and lower rates of late‐stage diagnosis of breast cancer. Rural areas had higher distance to the mammography centers and higher rates of late‐stage at diagnosis for breast cancer.

Conclusions

The evidence from this study points to geographic disparities in access to screening for breast cancer. Mitigating the access issues that rural women face would require interventions specifically targeted to rural populations.
Durability of virologic response, risk of de novo hepatocellular carcinoma, liver function and stiffness 2 years after treatment with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir±ribavirin in the AMBER, real‐world experience study
Authors: Flisiak R. , Janczewska E. , Łucejko M. , Karpińska E. , Zarębska‐Michaluk D. , Nazzal K. , Bolewska B. , Białkowska J. , Berak H. , Fleischer‐Stępniewska K. , Tomasiewicz K. , Karwowska K. , Simon K. , Piekarska A. , Tronina O. , Tuchendler E. , Garlicki A.
Published: June 2018

We followed for 2 years patients treated with direct‐acting agents (DAA) to assess long‐term durability of virologic response, improvement of liver function, reduction in liver stiffness (LS) and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study included patients from 16 hepatologic centres involved in the AMBER, investigator‐initiated study on treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients within a programme preceding EU registration of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir±ribavirin. A total of 204 patients among 209 from the primary study were enrolled, 200 with available testing at 2‐year follow‐up (2yFU) with undetectable HCV RNA (198 responders and 2 nonresponders retreated). During 2yFU, 4 patients died, 17 had hepatic decompensation and 3 needed liver transplantation. De novo hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 4 and its recurrence in 3 patients. Significant decreases in bilirubin, MELD, Child‐Pugh scores and liver stiffness, and increases in albumin level were observed during 2yFU. Strengths of the study were a fixed period of post‐treatment follow‐up, prospective character of the study and high proportion of available patients from the primary study. The major weaknesses were lack of a comparative arm and relatively insufficient number of patients for subsets analysis. In conclusion, 2‐year follow‐up confirmed durability of virologic response after treatment of HCV infection with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir±dasabuvir±ribavirin. It was accompanied by significant improvement of major measures of hepatic function and reduction of hepatic stiffness. Successful therapy did not prevent hepatic decompensation, HCC or death in cirrhotics that support the need for longer than 2‐year monitoring for possible disease progression.
Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in sheep following pretreatment with Escherichia coli endotoxin
Authors: Riquelme J. , Cazanga V. , Jeldres J. , Pérez R.
Published: June 2018

The comparative pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (IVM), between healthy and in Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) injected sheep, was investigated after an intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg. Ten Suffolk Down sheep, 55 ± 3.3 kg, were distributed in two experimental groups: Group 1 (LPS): treated with three doses of 1 μg LPS/kg bw at −24, −16, and −0.75 hr before IVM; group 2 (Control): treated with saline solution (SS). An IV dose of 0.2 mg IVM/kg was administered 45 min after the last injection of LPS or SS. Plasma concentrations of IVM were determined by liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on non‐compartmental modeling. In healthy sheep, the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: elimination half‐life (2.85 days), mean residence time (MRT) (2.27 days), area under the plasma concentration curve over time (AUC, 117.4 ng day−1 ml−1), volume of distribution (875.6 ml/kg), and clearance (187.1 ml/day). No statistically significant differences were observed when compared with the results obtained from the group of sheep treated with LPS. It is concluded that the acute inflammatory response (AIR) induced by the intravenous administration of E. coli LPS in adult sheep produced no changes in plasma concentrations or in the pharmacokinetic behavior of IVM, when it is administered intravenously at therapeutic doses.
Determination of the intramammary dose of benzylpenicillin required to maintain an adequate concentration in the milk to inhibit Gram‐positive bacteria in the clinically normal udder for 24 hr
Authors: Abbeloos Elke , Pyörälä Satu , Rajala‐Schultz Päivi , Myllys Vesa
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the intramammary dose of benzylpenicillin required to maintain a concentration in the milk above theMICfor the Gram‐positive bacteria that cause mastitis. The product used in this study was a commercially available procaine benzylpenicillin in an oily suspension with micronized particles. Three dose levels were used: 200,000, 300,000, and 600,000 IU. Concentrations of benzylpenicillin in cow milk and plasma were determined after a single intramammary dose was administered into one quarter of each of the five cows in each treatment group. Samples were analyzed using anHPLC‐MS/MSmethod, which was validated during the study. Concentrations in the milk were well above theMICfor the target pathogens for all doses tested. There was a linear dose‐dependent increase in the meanAUCs of benzylpenicillin concentrations in plasma and milk. At the first milking, 12 hr after dosing, there was a significant difference between the mean milk benzylpenicillin concentrations in cows treated with a dose of 600,000 IU, and those treated with 200,000 or 300,000 IU. Although this study shows a linear relationship between the dose of procaine benzylpenicillin administered and the concentration in the milk in the healthy udder, it would be useful to conduct studies on cows with mastitis to define the optimum dose and duration of intramammary treatment with benzylpenicillin.
A Meta‐Analysis and Meta‐Regression of Incidental Second Language Word Learning from Spoken Input
Authors: de Vos Johanna F. , Schriefers Herbert , Nivard Michel G. , Lemhöfer Kristin
Published: June 2018

We meta‐analyzed the effectiveness of incidental second language word learning from spoken input. Our sample contained 105 effect sizes from 32 primary studies employing meaning‐focused word‐learning activities with 1,964 participants with typical cognitive functioning. The random‐effects meta‐analysis yielded a mean effect size of g = 1.05, reflecting generally large vocabulary gains from spoken input in meaning‐focused activities. A meta‐regression with three substantive and two methodological predictors also revealed that adult participants outperformed children in terms of word learning and that interactive learning tasks were more effective than noninteractive ones. Furthermore, learning scores were higher when measured with recognition than with recall tests. Methodologically, the use of a no‐input control group seemed to protect against an overestimation of learning effects, evidenced by smaller effect sizes. Finally, whether a pretest–posttest design was used did not influence effect sizes. All data and the analysis script are publicly available.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Data badge. All data and the analysis script are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/92vfw. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Differential response to renal replacement therapy in neonatal‐onset inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Porta Francesco , Peruzzi Licia , Bonaudo Roberto , Pieretti Silvia , Busso Marta , Cocchi Enrico , Conio Alessandra , Pagliardini Veronica , Spada Marco
Published: June 2018

Severe urea cycle defects (UCD), organic acidemias (OA) and maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) are life‐threatening disorders presenting in the first days of life. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an emergency option in affected newborns, mostly performed as ultima ratio. We report our 10‐year experience using emergency RRT in newborns with UCD, OA and MSUD. Twelve newborns (eight with UCD, two with methylmalonic acidemia and two with MSUD) underwent emergency RRT. The overall survival rate to RRT was 58.3%. Hyperammonemic newborns required earlier RRT with respect to MSUD patients (75 (65–102) vs 301 (192–410) h of life, P < 0.01). Hyperammonemic neonates surviving (n = 5) and non‐surviving (n = 5) the acute neonatal decompensation showed similar birth weight (P = 0.690), duration of intubation (P = 0.917), ammonia at onset (P = 0.916) and at the start of RRT (P = 0.426), age at RRT (P = 0.999) and duration of coma before RRT (P = 0.691). Remarkably, all survivors quickly responded to RRT, with ammonia concentration less than 300 μmol/L after 8 h of treatment. One patient with UCD successfully treated by neonatal RRT died at 4 months of life because of sepsis. All patients with MSUD had normalized leucine levels after 12 h of RRT, surviving the acute neonatal decompenstation. All long‐term survivors (five liver transplanted, one waiting for liver transplantation) currently show normal or near‐normal neurological development (48 ± 39 months of age). Early response to RRT was associated with survival irrespective of pre‐treatment picture. RRT can be considered even in huge neonatal metabolic decompensations. Early liver transplantation may be an option for select patients.
Once upon a time: Storytelling as a knowledge translation strategy for qualitative researchers
Authors: Bourbonnais Anne , Michaud Cécile
Published: June 2018

Qualitative research should strive for knowledge translation toward the goal of closing the gap between knowledge and practice. However, it is often a challenge in nursing to identify knowledge translation strategies able to illustrate the usefulness of qualitative results in any given context. This article defines storytelling and uses pragmatism to examine storytelling as a strategy to promote the knowledge translation of qualitative results. Pragmatism posits that usefulness is defined by the people affected by the problem and that usefulness is promoted by modalities, like storytelling, that increase sensitivity to an experience. Indeed, stories have the power to give meaning to human behaviors and to trigger emotions, and in doing so bring many advantages. For example, by contextualizing research results and appealing to both the reason and the emotions of audiences, storytelling can help us grasp the usefulness of these research results. Various strategies exist to create stories that will produce an emotional experience capable of influencing readers’ or listeners’ actions. To illustrate the potential of storytelling as a knowledge translation strategy in health care, we will use our story of discovering this strategy during a qualitative study in a nursing home as an example.
Employing stable isotopes to determine the residence times of soil water and the temporal origin of water taken up by Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a temperate forest
Authors: Brinkmann Nadine , Seeger Stefan , Weiler Markus , Buchmann Nina , Eugster Werner , Kahmen Ansgar
Published: June 2018

We assessed how the seasonal variability of precipitation δ2H and δ18O is propagated into soil and xylem waters of temperate trees, applied a hydrological model to estimate the residence time distribution of precipitation in the soil, and identified the temporal origin of water taken up by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica over 4 yr.

Residence times of precipitation in the soil varied between a few days and several months and increased with soil depth. On average, 50% of water consumed by trees throughout a year had precipitated during the growing season, while 40% had precipitated in the preceding winter or even earlier. Importantly, we detected subtle differences with respect to the temporal origin of water used by the two species.

We conclude that both current precipitation and winter precipitation are important for the water supply of temperate trees and that winter precipitation could buffer negative impacts of spring or summer droughts.

Our study additionally provides the means to obtain realistic estimates of source water δ2H and δ18O values for trees from precipitation isotope data, which is essential for improving model‐based interpretations of δ18O and δ2H values in plants.
Clinical features of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Sato Satoshi , Kanbe Tomoka , Tamaki Zenshiro , Furuichi Mihoko , Uejima Yoji , Suganuma Eisuke , Takano Tadamasa , Kawano Yutaka
Published: June 2018

Background

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, but these conditions are associated with high mortality. There have been few reports of SJS and TEN in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes of SJS and TEN in a group of Japanese children.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed pediatric cases of SJS and TEN, from 2000 to 2015.

Results

We identified 12 pediatric cases of SJS and three of TEN. Six (all SJS) were caused by infection, and eight of the cases (SJS, n = 5; TEN, n = 3) were drug induced. Respiratory complications were the most common in terms of organ involvement, followed by hepatitis and gastrointestinal symptoms. Thirteen patients were treated with systemic corticosteroids, and two patients were treated with supportive therapy only. Concomitant with corticosteroid, four patients were given i.v. immunoglobulin. One patient with severe TEN was treated with systemic corticosteroids combined with plasmapheresis and cyclosporine. None of the present patients died. One patient with TEN had severe sequelae, with bronchiolitis obliterans and ocular involvement.

Conclusions

SJS/TEN are rare, but are associated with severe complications. General pediatricians need to have up‐to‐date information regarding these conditions. The present study provides insights into the confirmation of the risk of SJS/TEN as well as the treatment of these diseases.
Reflections on the actor–partner interdependence model
Authors: Kenny David A.
Published: June 2018

The actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) has been widely successful and has become the default method for analyses of dyadic data in which both members of the pair have the same measurements. This article reviews the history of the development of the APIM, focusing on the original presentation of the model, a 1979 article by Kraemer and Jacklin. Also discussed are the topics of APIM patterns, whether the APIM is a dyadic model, and the automation of APIM analyses. Although the APIM is the most popular method for dyadic analysis, it should be recognized there are alternatives that should also be considered.
Long‐term outcomes of liver transplantation for hepatoblastoma: A single‐center 14‐year experience
Authors: Ramos‐Gonzalez Gabriel , LaQuaglia Michael , O'Neill Allison F. , Elisofon Scott , Zurakowski David , Kim Heung Bae , Vakili Khashayar
Published: June 2018

HB is the most common primary liver tumor in children. Complete tumor excision, either by partial resection or by total hepatectomy and liver transplantation, in combination with chemotherapy provides the best chance for cure. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent liver transplantation for HB and herein present our 14‐year single‐institution experience. Twenty‐five patients underwent liver transplantation for HB at a median age of 26 months (IQR: 15‐44). Graft survival was 96%, 87%, and 80% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. There were four patient deaths, three of them due to disease recurrence within the first year post‐transplant. Ten‐year overall survival was 84%. Three recipients initially presented with pulmonary metastases and underwent resection of metastatic disease, of which two are alive at 3.9 years. Of three patients who underwent salvage transplants, two are alive at 1.5 years after transplant. Non‐survivors were associated with lower median alpha fetoprotein value at presentation compared to survivors (21 707 vs 343 214; P = .04). In conclusion, the overall long‐term outcome of primary liver transplantation for HB is excellent. Tumor recurrence was the highest contributor to mortality. Even patients with completely treated pulmonary metastases prior to transplant demonstrated a favorable survival.
Fluoride varnish application, a quality improvement project implemented in a rural pediatric practice
Authors: Gnaedinger Ellen A.
Published: June 2018

Objectives

The United States has a public health crisis of dental caries in children's primary teeth. Fifty‐five percent of children have dental caries by age 8. The majority of these children are nonwhite and poor. Caries could be decreased by 40% if fluoride varnish (FV) application started with tooth eruption.

Design and Sample

A four‐month FV application QI project was implemented in a rural pediatric practice. The staff was trained by the Vermont Department of Health using the From the First Tooth protocol. Children aged 9, 18, 24, and 30 months.

Measures

Pre‐ and postproject questionnaires were completed. A caries risk tool assessed a child's risk and access to dental care. Completed FV applications were recorded and staff interviewed weekly.

Intervention

FV application was offered at well child checks (WCCs).

Results

Fifty‐six percent of sample patients received FV at their WCCs. Qualitative themes included the following: reasons subjects did/did not receive FV, ease of FV application, increased oral hygiene education, visit flow, application time, older children's FV need, and billing issues.

Conclusion

This economical, FV application program can be readily implemented by nurse practitioners and nurses in pediatric practices where children have inadequate dental care.
Using Action Research to prevent work‐related illness among rubber farmers in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Sena Wijitra , Nilvarangkul Kessarawan , Saranrittichai Kesinee , Smith John F. , Phajan Teerasak , Seetangkham Sansanee
Published: June 2018

Objectives

This research aimed to enhance self‐care among rubber farmers for preventing work‐related illness.

Design and Sample

The project used Action Research’s four phase iterative process: fact‐finding to understand the problems, action planning, action plan implementation, and evaluation and reflection on action plan impacts. Sixty‐six participants (46 rubber farmers and 20 community stakeholders) were purposively recruited from two villages in the top 10 rubber producing provinces in Northeastern Thailand.

Measures

Demographic and work‐related illness data were collected in face‐to‐face structured interviews, Focus group interviews and participant observations were used to collect data in each project phase. Night group meetings were held throughout the research phases. The intervention included training workshops and establishing a community health education team for ongoing farmer support.

Results

Results showed improved farmer self‐care behaviors and establishment of a community health education team to encourage farmers to care for themselves properly.

Conclusion

Community nurses, other health personnel, and the Thai government can build on initiatives like this to strengthen occupational health and safety practices and services policy for rubber farmers.
Sun sensitivity and sun protective behaviors during sun exposure among indoor office workers in the American Midwest
Authors: Jung Alesia M. , Dennis Leslie K. , Jacobs Elizabeth T. , Wondrak Georg T.
Published: June 2018

Background/purpose

Sun sensitivity, a confounder between sun exposure and sun protection, is often overlooked. We examined how sun exposure and sun protection behaviors among indoor workers varied by sun sensitivity.

Methods

Sun exposure and sun protection diaries over a 45‐day period from Midwestern United States indoor workers were examined. We categorized sun sensitivity (fair and non‐fair complexion) using tanning inability and sunburn tendency. Total exposure (sunrise to sunset) and peak exposure (10 am and 4 pm) lasting at least 60 minutes were examined. Percentages of time using sun protection were reported. We determined associations between fair complexion, mean sun exposure, and mean sun protection times with logistic regression.

Results

Fair individuals spent less time in the sun than non‐fair individuals, but a greater proportion of time using sun protection behaviors, including sunscreen with SPF 30+ (odds ratio (OR) = 1.36; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.98, 1.87)), or wearing long‐sleeved shirts (OR = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.24, 6.73).

Conclusion

Fair individuals spent less time in the sun and practiced more sun protective behaviors than non‐fair individuals. This complex association between sun sensitivity, sun protection and sun exposure has not consistently been addressed in studies of skin cancer.
Network Revenue Management with Cancellations and No‐Shows
Authors: Dai Jiangang , Kleywegt Anton J. , Xiao Yongbo
Published: June 2018

Customer cancellations and no‐shows have an important impact on the performance of an airline's revenue management system. In this study, we study airline network revenue management problems with customer cancellations and no‐shows, considering two types of demand models: independent‐demand and choice‐based‐demand models. In independent‐demand models, the booking request rates for different products are independent of the assortment of products offered by the airline (exogenous), whereas in choice‐based‐demand models they depend on the airline's assortment (endogenous). The stochastic problems of optimizing the booking policies for the two demand models are not tractable because of the high‐dimensional state space. Therefore, for each model, we use the corresponding deterministic, continuous‐time, and continuous‐state model, known as the fluid model. A booking policy based on the fluid solution can be implemented for the original stochastic, discrete model. This fluid policy is shown to be asymptotically optimal when the arrival rates become high and the seat capacities become large. In the independent‐demand setting, an optimal fluid solution can be computed by solving a convex optimization problem for which efficient algorithms exist, whereas for some choice‐based‐demand models, the fluid control problems are known to be intractable. We also develop mixed fluid policies for the independent‐demand setting, taking advantage of the real‐time booking state, to improve the performance over the fluid policy. In a factorial experiment of 20 small‐sized single‐leg problems, the revenue loss under one of the mixed fluid policies is demonstrated to be less than 1% of the optimal value for all problems.
Optimal Distribution Strategy for Enterprise Software: Retail, SaaS, or Dual Channel?
Authors: Li Shengli , Cheng Hsing Kenneth , Jin Yong
Published: June 2018

While the optimal distribution channel strategy of physical goods has been extensively studied, there is a lack of research for that of enterprise software as a digital good. This research analyzes the optimal distribution strategy of enterprise software by taking into account the distinct features of enterprise software for both the short‐run problem, in which the software quality is fixed, and the long‐run problem, in which the software quality becomes part of the strategic decisions. Our results indicate that in the presence of high unfit cost relative to the customization cost, the dual channel strategy exists and generates the highest profit for the firm and the highest social welfare. When the unfit cost is low relative to the customization cost, the SaaS channel strategy becomes the best strategy for both the firm in terms of profitability and society in terms of social welfare. This key finding is robust in that it holds for both the short‐run problem and the long‐run problem.
Effect of feeding pomegranate seed oil as a source of conjugated linolenic acid on Arabian stallion semen quality in cooled and postthawed condition
Authors: Nouri Houshang , Shojaeian Kamal , Jalilvand Ghasem , Kohram Hamid
Published: June 2018

The objective was to assess the influence of pomegranate seed oil supplementation on the quality of fresh, cooled and frozen–thawed Arabian breed stallion semen. Eight stallions (n = 4 per group) received their normal diet (control group) or normal diet top dressed with 200 ml of pomegranate seed oil (PSO group). Semen was collected every fifteen days for 90 days. Stallions were reversed across the treatments after a sixty‐day interval. In cooled and stored condition (2, 12 and 24 hr), spermatozoa motion characteristics, membrane integrity, viability, morphology and lipid peroxidation were analysed. In frozen–thawed semen, sperm dynamic characteristics were analysed by CASA, acrosome status and mitochondrial activity (evaluated by Flow cytometry) determined. The effects of treatment, time, semen type and their interactions were submitted to PROCMIX (SAS®), and means compared by the Tukey test. Also, collected semen samples were artificially inseminated to evaluate fertility and pregnancy rate after day 60 of the experiment. The results from fresh condition showed that semen volume, sperm concentration, abnormality and live sperm were not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). In cooled condition, the higher value for sperm plasma membrane integrity and viability was observed in PSO group compared to control after 24 hr cooled and stored in 5°C. In postthawed condition, the higher value for CASA total motility and acrosome status was observed in PSO group compared to control group (p < 0.05). One hundred and twenty‐six mares were artificially inseminated for fertility trial using control and PSO groups’ fresh semen. The average pregnancy rates were not significantly different between control and treated group (62.88% and 65.90%, respectively) (p > 0.05). We concluded that under the conditions of this study, dietary supplementation of 200 ml pomegranate seed oil seems to relatively improved Arabian horse sperm quality during storage in cooled and frozen condition via increasing plasma membrane integrity, viability and acrosome status, but did not improve the pregnancy rates.
Natural cavity restoration as an alternative to nest box supplementation
Authors: Valera Francisco , Václav Radovan , Calero‐Torralbo Miguel Ángel , Martínez Teresa , Veiga Jesús
Published: June 2018

Nest box supplementation is widely used to increase nest‐site availability for cavity nesting animals but the analysis of its effects on individuals breeding in natural cavities is often neglected. This study offers a novel restoration technique to revert abandonment of natural breeding sites by a secondary cavity avian bird, the European roller (Coracias garrulus), and other ecologically similar species. We found that, after a program of nest box supplementation with ensuing monitoring, rollers gradually abandon nesting in natural and seminatural cavities in favor of nest boxes because the latter are of higher quality. We examine whether reducing the entrance size of natural and seminatural cavities improves their suitability for rollers. A 6‐year program reduced the diameter of the entrance of sandstone cavities and cavities in bridges. This led to a high occupancy (59%) of manipulated nest‐sites. Manipulated sites were most frequently occupied by rollers and little owls (Athene noctua) (31 and 18% of sites, respectively). Manipulation did not affect clutch size or fledgling success. We suggest that nest‐site diversity and nesting in natural cavities should be preserved to reduce nest box dependence. Our study illustrates the value of nest boxes when used alongside restoration of natural breeding sites and provides insights for the management of natural cavities.
Red cell transfusion and clinical outcomes in acute pulmonary embolism: Harmful therapy or an indicator of sicker patients with poor prognosis?
Authors: Chunilal Sanjeev D. , Wood Erica M.
Published: June 2018

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Cost‐effective treatment, prevention and management of chronic respiratory conditions: A continuing challenge
Authors: Kane Sumit , Mahal Ajay
Published: June 2018

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DVC‐based image subtraction to detect microcracking in lightweight concrete
Authors: Chateau C. , Nguyen T. T. , Bornert M. , Yvonnet J.
Published: June 2018

This paper presents an image subtraction technique based on digital volume correlation to detect and extract the complex network of microcracks that progressively developed in a lightweight concrete sample submitted in situ to uniaxial compression and imaged by X‐ray computed tomography. From local digital volume correlation measurements, performed only on positions with sufficient image contrast, the mechanical transformation is estimated at all voxels within the whole sample using an adjusted interpolation procedure that computes an affine approximation of the local transformation. The deformed image (containing cracks) is thus transformed back to the same frame as the reference image (without cracks) to compute the difference between both images, taking into account possible brightness and contrast adjustments. The resulting subtracted image reveals the path of cracks, which is clearly visible without the underlying heterogeneous microstructure of the concrete. The detection accuracy is here estimated to one tenth of a voxel, allowing early‐age cracks to be detected while they would barely have been noticed on the X‐ray computed tomography images. Segmentation of the crack network is also made much easier. To overcome a low signal‐to‐noise ratio for the tiniest cracks, a Hessian‐based filter is used to extract the complex crack network. The cracks can be directly located in the microstructure segmented in the reference image and compared for all loading steps to characterise their initiation and propagation.
Contrary to popular belief, chinchillas do not have a pure rod retina
Authors: Sandalon Shai , Boykova Anna , Ross Maya , Obolensky Alexey , Banin Eyal , Ofri Ron
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To establish whether there is cone contribution to retinal function and structure in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), in view of the prevailing notion that this species possesses a pure rod retina.

Methods

Photopic electroretinography (ERG) responses to high‐intensity flashes (10 and 25 cd*s/m2) were recorded unilaterally in six pigmented chinchillas following 10 minutes of light adaptation (30 cd/m2). Retinas of two animals were studied histologically, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to detect the presence of short and medium/long wavelength cone photoreceptors.

Results

ERG recordings revealed photopic responses, albeit of low amplitudes. Histopathology demonstrated presumptive cone inner segments in the photoreceptor layer. Presence of cone photoreceptors was confirmed by IHC. Cone density was higher in the central retina, and red/green cones outnumbered blue cones.

Conclusions

Our results provide convincing evidence for the presence of functioning cone photoreceptors in the chinchilla retina, disproving the established belief that the species has a pure rod retina.
Entrepreneurial Leadership as a Determining Factor in the Internationalisation of Technology Driven Knowledge Intensive Services within Spanish SMEs
Authors: Camus Moller Juan Pablo , Morcillo Patricio , Fernandez-Crehuet Jose Maria
Published: June 2018

The aim of this research project is to generate a general framework to evaluate entrepreneurial leadership as a driving influence in the internationalisation process of a Knowledge Intensive SME and to understand behavioural patterns of entrepreneurial leadership which might influence its internationalization.The study uses a sample of 892 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the technology based knowledge intensive sectors from the Spanish Technological and Innovation Panel (PITEC) to analyse the impact of three dimension of entrepreneurial leadership -entrepreneurial and managerial elements; absorptive capacity and networks elements and strategic and innovative elements- upon exports as one of those preferred vehicles for SME internationalisation. The research uses linear and logistic regressions to examine the links of the different components of entrepreneurial leadership and shows the extent of a positive relationship between the proposed constructs of entrepreneurial leadership with the internationalisation of knowledge intensive SME in Spain.An additional value of the research is to provide a better understanding of the future of new enabling technologies for SMEs and their possible impact in any international endeavour where entrepreneurial leadership plays a critical function.
Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Petalomium (Acari: Neopygmephoridae) associated with ants from Iran
Authors: Abbasi-moqadam Fatemeh , Hajiqanbar Hamidreza , Mehrabadi Mohammad
Published: June 2018

In a survey on insect-associate heterostigmatic mites in northern forests of Iran, six species of the genus Petalomium Cross, 1965 (Acari: Pygmephoroidea: Neopygmephoridae) were collected from different ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). One species, P. mazandaranicum Abbasi-Moqadam and Hajiqanbar sp. nov., is new to science and described here. Other species, all new to mite fauna of Iran, are as follows: P. fimbrisetum Ebermann & Rack, 1982, P. heterotrichus Mahunka, 1970 (new for Asian fauna), P. rarus (Sevastianov, 1967), P. sawtschuki (Sevastianov, 1967), and P. scyphicum (Sevastianov, 1967). Petalomium heterotrichus is redescribed, three new ant hosts are recorded, and world distributions of all mites are reviewed.
Explaining intelligibility in speech-modulated maskers using acoustic glimpse analysis
Authors: Gibbs Bobby E. , Fogerty Daniel
Published: June 2018

Intelligibility was measured in speech-modulated noise varying in level and temporal modulation rate (TMR). Acoustic analysis measured glimpses available above a local signal-to-noise ratio criterion (LC). The proportion and rate of glimpses were correlated with intelligibility, particularly in relation to masker level or TMR manipulations, respectively. Intelligibility correlations for each metric were maximized at different analysis LCs. Regression analysis showed that both metrics measured at −2 dB LC were required to best explain the total variance (R2 = 0.49) for individual sentence intelligibility. Acoustic conditions associated with recognizing speech in complex maskers are best explained using multidimensional glimpse metrics.
Coupling Secretomics with Enzyme Activities To Compare the Temporal Processes of Wood Metabolism among White and Brown Rot Fungi
Authors: Presley Gerald N. , Panisko Ellen , Purvine Samuel O. , Schilling Jonathan S.
Published: June 2018

Wood decay, driven primarily by wood-degrading basidiomycetes, is an essential component of global carbon cycles, and decay mechanisms are essential for understanding forest ecosystem function. These fungi efficiently consolidate pretreatment and saccharification of wood under mild conditions, making them promising templates for low-cost lignocellulose conversion. Species are categorized as ligninolytic white rots and polysaccharide-selective brown rots, with considerable undescribed variability in decay mechanism that may manifest in the sequential variation in protein secretion over the progression of decay. Here we resolved spatially a temporal progression of decay on intact wood wafers and compared secretome dynamics in two white and two brown rot fungi. We identified several universal mechanistic components among decay types, including early pectinolytic “pretreatment” and later-stage glycoside hydrolase-mediated saccharification. Interspecific comparisons also identified considerable mechanistic diversity within rot types, indicating that there are multiple avenues to facilitate white and brown rots.
Cross-Reactivity against Multiple HIV-1 Epitopes Is Characteristic of HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones
Authors: Balamurugan Arumugam , Ng Hwee L. , Yang Otto O.
Published: June 2018

This study raises two issues related to HIV-1-specific CTL responses. These are key immune responses that retard disease progression in infected persons that are highly relevant to immunotherapies and vaccines for HIV-1. First, we make the novel observation that these responses are promiscuous and that CTLs targeting one epitope may cross-recognize other, completely distinct epitopes in the virus. While these are low-avidity interactions that do not appear to contribute directly to the antiviral activity of CTLs, this raises interesting biologic implications regarding the purpose of the phenomenon, such as providing a stimulus for these responses to persist long term. Second, the data raise a technical caveat to detection of CTL responses against particular epitopes, suggesting that some methodologies may unintentionally detect cross-reactivity and overestimate responses against an epitope.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pst/SenX3-RegX3 Regulates Membrane Vesicle Production Independently of ESX-5 Activity
Authors: White Dylan W. , Elliott Sarah R. , Odean Evan , Bemis Lynne T. , Tischler Anna D.
Published: June 2018

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
releases membrane vesicles (MV) that modulate host immune responses and aid in iron acquisition, although they may have additional unappreciated functions. MV production appears to be a regulated process, but
virR
remains the only characterized genetic regulator of vesiculogenesis. Here, we present data supporting a role for the
M. tuberculosis
Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system in regulating MV production. Deletion of
pstA1
, which encodes a transmembrane component of the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system, causes constitutive activation of the SenX3-RegX3 two-component system, leading to increased protein secretion via the specialized ESX-5 type VII secretion system. Using proteomic mass spectrometry, we identified several additional proteins hyper-secreted by the Δ
pstA1
mutant, including LpqH, an MV-associated lipoprotein. Nanoparticle tracking analysis revealed a 15-fold increase in MV production by the Δ
pstA1
mutant. Both hyper-secretion of LpqH and increased MV release required RegX3 but were independent of VirR, suggesting that Pst/SenX3-RegX3 controls MV release by a novel mechanism. Prior proteomic analysis identified ESX-5 substrates associated with MV. We therefore hypothesized that MV release requires ESX-5 activity. We constructed strains that conditionally express
eccD

5

, which encodes the predicted ESX-5 transmembrane channel. Upon EccD
5
depletion, we observed reduced secretion of the ESX-5 substrates EsxN and PPE41, but MV release was unaffected. Our data suggest that ESX-5 does not affect vesicle production and imply that further characterization of the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 regulon might reveal novel mechanisms of
M. tuberculosis
vesicle biogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
In Gram-negative bacteria, MV derived from the outer membrane have diverse functions in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, and several factors regulating their production have been identified. Though Gram-positive bacteria and mycobacteria that lack an outer membrane also produce vesicles with described roles in pathogenesis, the mechanisms of MV biogenesis in these organisms remain poorly characterized. Defining mechanisms of MV biogenesis might yield significant insights into the importance of MV production during infection. In
M. tuberculosis
, only a single genetic element,
virR
, is known to regulate MV production. Our work reveals that the Pst/SenX3-RegX3 signal transduction system is a novel regulator of MV biogenesis that controls MV production by a mechanism that is independent of both VirR and activation of the specialized ESX-5 protein secretion system. Understanding which genes in the RegX3 regulon cause increased MV production might reveal novel molecular mechanisms of MV release.
LVP keratoprosthesis: anatomical and functional outcomes in bilateral end-stage corneal blindness
Authors: Basu Sayan , Nagpal Ritu , Serna-Ojeda Juan Carlos , Bhalekar Swapnil , Bagga Bhupesh , Sangwan Virender
Published: June 2018

Purpose

To describe the anatomical and functional outcomes of the novel LVP keratoprosthesis (Kpro), developed as an alternative to the modified osteo-odonto keratoprosthesis (MOOKP), in eyes with end-stage corneal blindness where conventional corneal surgeries are contraindicated.

Methods

This prospective case series included 58 eyes of 56 patients (12 children and 44 adults) with severe bilateral keratopathy and completely dry, dermalised ocular surfaces who underwent unilateral LVP Kpro implantation from 2012 to 2016. In this two-stage procedure, an ocular surface labial mucous membrane grafting was performed, followed for 3 months by the implantation of the device under the engrafted mucosal flap. The primary outcome measures were anatomical retention rate and improvement in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The secondary outcome measure was rate of occurrence of complications.

Results

Mean postoperative follow-up was 2.5±1.1 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed an anatomical retention rate of 90.8%±3.9% at 1 year, 80%±5.7% at 2 years and 76.6%±6.5% at 3–5 years. The survival rates were comparable in children and adults (91% vs 72% at 5 years, p=0.258). About 61.5% of eyes maintained 20/400 or better vision and median BCVA improved from perception of light to 20/70 at 1 year postoperatively (p<0.0001). Complications like retroprosthetic membrane formation, glaucoma, vitritis, endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis occurred in 43%, 26%, 22%, 12% and 3% of the eyes, respectively.

Conclusion

The LVP Kpro is an effective procedure for the treatment of end-stage corneal blindness in completely dry eyes. The LVP Kpro can be particularly useful in situations where the MOOKP is contraindicated or difficult to perform.
Long-term visual outcome and its predictors in macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion treated with dexamethasone implant
Authors: Busch Catharina , Rehak Matus , Sarvariya Chintan , Zur Dinah , Iglicki Matias , Lima Luiz H , Invernizzi Alessandro , Viola Francesco , Agrawal Kushal , Sinawat Suthasinee , Couturier Aude , Mehta Aanchal , Juneja Rakesh , Jain Hardik , Agarwal Aniruddha Kishandutt , Goel Neha , Nagpal Manish , Gupta Vishali , Banker Alay , Loewenstein Anat , Okada Mali , Saatci Ali Osman , Mansour Ahmad M , Chhablani Jay
Published: June 2018

Background

To evaluate the functional long-term outcome in patients with macular oedema (MO) secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) treated with dexamethasone implant (DEX implant) and to identify its clinical predictors.

Methods

A 24-month, retrospective, multinational, real-world study. Chart review of patients with either naïve or recurrent MO secondary to CRVO/BRVO treated with DEX implant, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), demographic baseline characteristics and details of any additional treatment during follow-up.

Results

A total of 155 eyes (65 CRVO, 90 BRVO) from 155 patients were included. At 24 months, mean BCVA did not change significantly in CRVO (−2.1±24.5 letters, p=0.96) and BRVO patients (1.3±27.0 letters, p=0.07). A worse baseline BCVA (p<0.001), visual acuity (VA) gain ≥5 letters at 2 months (p=0.006) and no need for adjunctive intravitreal therapy after first DEX implant (p=0.001) were associated with a better final BCVA gain. Treatment-naïve patients (p=0.006, OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.57) and those with a baseline CST≤400 µm (p=0.02, OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.63) were identified as being less likely to need additional intravitreal therapy.

Conclusion

Clinical baseline characteristics and the early treatment response were identified as possible predictors for long-term outcome and the need of adjunctive intravitreal therapy in MO secondary to BRVO/CRVO treated by DEX implant.
Healthcare utilisation and expenditure of overweight and non-overweight children
Authors: Wijga Alet H , Mohnen Sigrid M , Vonk Judith M , Uiters Ellen
Published: June 2018

Background

Quantification of the burden of overweight on the healthcare system is becoming increasingly urgent for health policy, but accurate estimates are hard to obtain.

Methods

In order to assess healthcare utilisation and expenditure of overweight and non-overweight children, we linked, on an individual basis, data on body mass index from a birth cohort study with administrative health insurance claims data. In children aged 14–15 years, we compared utilisation and expenditure on general practice care, dental care, hospital/specialist care, prescribed medication, allied healthcare and mental healthcare of overweight children (overweight at age 11 and 14, n=80) and non-overweight children (no overweight at age 11 and 14, n=1253).

Results

For overweight children, mean 1-year healthcare expenditure was €837 per child and for non-overweight children €616. This difference was mainly due to significant differences in utilisation of hospital care (49% vs 37%) and mental healthcare (14% vs 7%) and to a lesser extent to higher expenditure per user.

Conclusion

Our results indicate the potential value of linking survey data to claims data in order to obtain insight into the healthcare costs of childhood overweight. Further studies should elucidate whether the observed differences are causally related to overweight.
Assessment of reliability-based design of stable slopes
Authors: de Koker Nico , Day Peter , Zwiers Andrew
Published: June 2018

The viability of applying reliability-based design in the limit equilibrium evaluation of slope stability is assessed. Two model slopes are designed according to the limit states specification of European standard EN 1997:2004 and reliability assessed using full Monte Carlo calculation with 106trials. Comparison of these results with reliability estimates obtained via a spectrum of different analysis techniques, broadly grouped into first-order reliability methods (FORM) and performance function moment estimation methods, indicates that FORM-based techniques are superior, with a first-order response surface method found to provide the best combination of accuracy, stability, and speed of convergence. In this way, accurate reliability indices for nonclosed form problems of the nature considered here can be obtained within 20–30 function calls, depending on the number of free parameters and required precision.