bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) from the Apoplastic Wash Fluid of Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves
Authors: Eldahshoury Mahmoud K. , Katsarou Konstantina , Farley Joshua T. , Kalantidis Kriton , de Marcos Lousa Carine
Published: November 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membranous vesicles secreted by cells into their surrounding extracellular environment. Similar to mammalian EVs, plant EVs have emerged as essential mediators of intercellular communication in plants that facilitate the transfer of biological material between cells. They also play essential roles in diverse physiological processes including stress responses, developmental regulation, and defense mechanisms against pathogens. In addition, plant EVs have demonstrated promising health benefits as well as potential therapeutic effects in mammalian health. Despite the plethora of potential applications using plant EVs, their isolation and characterization remains challenging. In contrast to mammalian EVs, which benefit from more standardized isolation protocols, methods for isolating plant EVs can vary depending on the starting material used, resulting in diverse levels of purity and composition. Additionally, the field suffers from the lack of plant EV markers. Nevertheless, three main EV subclasses have been described from leaf apoplasts: tetraspanin 8 positive (TET8), penetration‐1‐positive (PEN1), and EXPO vesicles derived from exocyst‐positive organelles (EXPO). Here, we present an optimized protocol for the isolation and enrichment of small EVs (sEVs; <200 nm) from the apoplastic fluid from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves by ultracentrifugation. We analyze the preparation through transmitted electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting. We believe this method will establish a basic protocol for the isolation of EVs from N. benthamiana leaves, and we discuss technical considerations to be evaluated by each researcher working towards improving their plant sEV preparations. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Isolation and enrichment of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from the apoplastic fluid of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
Trace Iron‐Modified CeO₂‐Supported Core‐Shell CoO@Co Catalyst for Selective Conversion of Furfural to 1,5‐Pentanediol
Authors: Wang Shenyu , Zhang Junjie , Zhang Ying
Published: November 2024

In the conversion of furfural using non‐noble metal catalysts, preferential cleavage of the C2−O bond followed by hydrogenation of the C=C bond facilitates selective access to valuable 1,5‐pentanediol (1,5‐PeD). Herein, we developed CeO₂ loaded core‐shell CoO@Co nanoparticle catalysts. Adjusting Co loading, Fe doping, and reduction temperature improved reaction efficiency. 7Co‐0.2Fe/CeO₂ catalysts reduced at 500 °C demonstrated optimal performance. 1,5‐PeD produced at 54.76 mmol/gCo/h, representing the top activity levels among the reported catalysts. H₂‐TPR, XRD, HAADF‐STEM, FT‐IR, XPS, and XANES were employed to investigate the catalyst structure‐activity relationship. Co2+ cleaves furan ring C−O bond, Co⁰ promotes double‐bond hydrogenation. The CoO@Co structure favors the desired 1,5‐PeD production route. Trace Fe species optimize the Co2+/Co⁰ ratio, enhance the substrate adsorption, and inhibit the furan ring saturation. These findings emphasize the importance of fine‐tuning catalyst structure and composition for selectivity improvement.
Induced collagen type‐I secretion by hepatocytes of the melanoma liver metastasis is associated with a reduction in tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes
Authors: Mizuno Shodai , Bustos Matias A. , Hayashi Yoshinori , Abe Kodai , Furuhashi Satoru , Naeini Yalda , Xu Xiaowei , Bilchik Anton J , Hoon Dave S. B.
Published: November 2024

Background

Overall patients with melanoma liver metastasis (MLiM) have a dismal prognosis and poor responses to the standard of care treatment. Understanding the role of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is critical for discovering better strategies to overcome intrinsic therapy resistance in MLiM. The aim was to understand the crosstalk signalling pathways between hepatocytes and metastatic melanoma cells in the TME of MLiM.

Methods

Hepatocytes and melanoma tumour cells of MLiM were assessed using transcriptomic NanoString GeoMx digital spatial profiling (NGDSP) assay. Functional assays were performed using normal hepatocytes and MLiM‐derived cell lines. Validation was performed using multiplex immunofluorescence.

Results

In NGDSP analysis adjacent normal hepatocytes (ANH) had higher CXCR4 and COL1A1/2 levels than distant normal hepatocytes (DNH), while melanoma cells had higher TNF‐α levels. In vitro, MLiM cell lines released TNF‐α which upregulated CXCR4 and CXCL12 levels in ANH. CXCL12 activated CXCR4, which triggered AKT and NFκB signalling pathways. Consequently, AKT signalling induced the upregulation of collagen type I. MLiM were significantly encircled by a shield of collagen, whereas other liver metastases showed reduced levels of collagen. Of all the liver metastasis analyzed, the presence of collagen in melanoma liver metastasis was associated with a reduction in tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes.

Conclusions

MLiM modified ANH to increase collagen production and created a physical barrier. The collagen barrier was associated with a reduction of immune cell infiltration which could potentially deter MLiM immune surveillance and treatment responses.

Highlights

Spatial analyses of melanoma liver metastasis show that adjacent normal hepatocytes have increased collagen‐type I levels.

Melanoma liver metastases tumour cells secrete enhanced levels of TNF‐α to stimulate CXCR4/CXCL12 upregulation in adjacent normal hepatocytes.

Activation of CXCR4 promotes AKT and NF‐κB signalling pathways to promote collagen‐type I secretion in adjacent normal hepatocytes.

Elevated collagen levels were associated with reduced tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes
Influence of Human Hunting Strategies and Large Carnivore Presence on Population Dynamics of European Facultative Scavengers
Authors: Wenting Elke , Eikelboom Jasper A. J. , Siepel Henk , Broekhuis Femke , van Langevelde Frank
Published: November 2024

Ungulates serve as the primary carrion source for facultative scavengers in European ecosystems. In the absence of large carnivores, such as wolves (Canis lupus), human hunting leftovers are the main source of carrion for these scavengers. Additionally, wild boars (Sus scrofa) are heavily culled in many ecosystems and are both a significant prey species for wolves as well as a key scavenger. Nowadays, wolves and wild boars are re‐establishing their historical home ranges. However, it remains unclear how their presence influences the population dynamics of facultative scavengers under different scenarios of human hunting strategies. We simulated the biomass densities of all states in the trophic web including European scavengers and wolves using an ordinary differential equations (ODE) model. The presence of wolves led to a positive trend in scavenger biomass in general. However, in general, we found that plant‐based resources were more important for scavenger dynamics than carrion, regardless of whether the carrion originated from human hunting or wolf predation. Only when wolves were absent but boars present, the human hunting strategy became important in determining scavenger dynamics via carrion supply. In conclusion, our model indicates that population dynamics of facultative scavengers are not mainly driven by the availability of carrion, but rather by the presence of and competition for vegetation. Furthermore, our simulations highlight the importance of adapting human hunting strategies in accordance with the re‐establishment of wolf and boar as these can cause fluctuating population patterns over the years.
Genome‐Wide Development and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers in the Great Web‐Spinning Sawfly Acantholyda posticalis
Authors: Liu Mengfei , Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Hongbin , Li Guohong , Pei Mingyang , Liu Gege , Wang Mei
Published: November 2024

The great web‐spinning sawfly Acantholyda posticalis is notorious for damaging Pinus forests across the Palearctic region. At present, uncertainties persist regarding its intraspecies variation and presumed subspecies. To use as tools for future studies, herein we developed genome‐wide microsatellite markers for A. posticalis. Through searching, rigorous manual screening, and amplification trial, 56 microsatellite markers were obtained from the genome sequences. We characterized these markers across two populations from Shandong province (SD) and Heilongjiang province (HLJ) in China, and carried out cross‐amplification in three related species. Out of the 56 markers tested, 10, 31, and 15 were categorized into high, moderate, and low polymorphic levels, respectively, based on their polymorphic information content (PIC) values. Meanwhile, 28, 19, and 4 microsatellite loci were successfully cross‐amplified in Cephalcia yanqingensis, C. chuxiongica, and C. infumata, respectively, which could serve as potential molecular markers for their further studies. STRUCTURE and PCoA analyses revealed two distinct clusters corresponding to SD and HLJ, respectively, indicating a high resolution of these markers. Therefore，the 56 microsatellite markers identified here have the potential to serve as efficient tools for unraveling intraspecies variation and evolutionary history of A. posticalis.
Development of Numerical Analysis Method for Cathode Sheath Considering Electron Emission From Cathode in Vacuum Arc
Authors: Takagi Masahiro , Suzuki Hiroto , Suzuki Yuki , Nemoto Yusuke , Iwao Toru , Nakajima Tatsuhito
Published: November 2024

It is imperative to develop the simulation of vacuum arcs as a tool to aid electrode design in vacuum circuit breakers. Although the development of electromagnetic thermo‐fluid simulations for vacuum arcs has been reported, most of them do not take cathode sheath phenomena into account and have not been able to reproduce vacuum arc phenomena, especially cathode spots. As the first step, the cathode sheath voltage, cathode surface electric field, and temperature and field (T‐F) electron emission current were analyzed numerically on the basis of the space charge in the cathode sheath. In this study, the cathode sheath was assumed to exist when the charge density induced on the cathode surface is positive, and the temperature and density of vacuum arc plasma and cathode temperature, which are physical quantities obtained by electromagnetic thermo‐fluid simulation, were used as parameters of the analysis. As a result, the cathode sheath voltage, electric field, and electron emission current density can be calculated from the vacuum arc plasma temperature, density, and cathode temperature. Numerical results show that the electron emission current density has a dominant effect on the presence or absence of the cathode sheath.
Flywheel resistance training promotes unique muscle architectural and performance‐related adaptations in young adults
Authors: Banks Nile F. , Berry Alexander C. , Rogers Emily M. , Jenkins Nathaniel D. M.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study was to examine the skeletal muscle hypertrophic, architectural, and performance‐related adaptations in response to volume‐matched, total‐body flywheel versus traditional resistance training in a randomized, non‐exercise controlled study in physically active young adults. Thirty‐one healthy young adults (24 ± 3 y) were randomized to 10 weeks of traditional resistance training (TRT; n = 7F/5M), flywheel training (FWRT; n = 7F/4M), or a habitual activity control (CON; n = 5F/3M). Maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT), one repetition‐maximum (1RM) for the free weight squat and bench press, three repetition work maximum (3Wmax) for the flywheel squat and bench press, countermovement jump height, and broad jump distance, as well as site‐specific muscle hypertrophy, fascicle length (FL), and pennation angle, were measured. Both TRT and FWRT increased MVIT (p ≤ 0.021) and FFM (p ≤ 0.032) compared to CON. However, TRT promoted superior improvements in free weight squat and bench 1RM (p < 0.001), and FWRT improved flywheel 3Wmax squat and bench (p < 0.001). FWRT increased the FL and cross‐sectional area of the distal VL, countermovement jump height, and broad jump distance (p ≤ 0.048), whereas TRT increased the pennation angle and cross‐sectional area of the proximal VL. Therefore, 10 weeks of volume‐matched, total‐body traditional, and flywheel resistance training similarly increased maximal isometric strength and fat‐free mass. However, FWRT promoted unique skeletal muscle architectural adaptations that likely contributed to region‐specific VL hypertrophy and jump performance improvements. Thus, FWRT provides a novel training stimulus that promotes architectural adaptations that support improved athletic performance in a manner that is not provided by traditional resistance exercise training.
A Hybrid Approach of Buongiorno's Law and Darcy–Forchheimer Theory Using Artificial Neural Networks: Modeling Convective Transport in Al2O3‐EO Mono‐Nanofluid Around a Riga Wedge in Porous Medium
Authors: Shafiq Anum , Çolak Andaç Batur , Sindhu Tabassum Naz
Published: November 2024

The inspiration for this study originates from a recognized research gap within the broader collection of studies on nanofluids, with a specific focus on their interactions with different surfaces and boundary conditions (BCs). The primary purpose of this research is to use an artificial neural network to examine the combination of Alumina‐Engine oil‐based nanofluid flow subject to electro‐magnetohydrodynamic effects, within a porous medium, and over a stretching surface with an impermeable structure under convective BCs. The flow model incorporates Thermophoresis and Brownian motion directly from Buongiorno's model. Accounting for the porous medium's effect, the model integrates the Forchheimer number (depicting local inertia) and the porosity factor developed in response to the presence of the porous medium. The conversion of governing equations into non‐linear ordinary differential systems is achieved by implementing transformations. A highly non‐linear ordinary differential system's final system is solved using a numerical scheme (Runge–Kutta fourth‐order). Findings indicate that the porosity factor positively impacts the skin friction and the momentum boundary layer. The influence suggests an increment in the frictional force and a decline in the velocity profile. The volume fraction, Prandtl number, and magnetic number significantly impact the flow profiles. The skin friction data is tabulated with some physical justifications.
Changes in Postharvest Quality and Physiological Attributes of Strawberry Fruits Influenced by L‐Phenylalanine
Authors: Manda‐Hakki Karim , Hassanpour Hamid
Published: November 2024

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular fruit with rich nutrients and a delicious taste. But this fruit is very vulnerable to diseases and decay. Therefore, L‐phenylalanine (Phe) (0, 4, 8 mM) was considered to improve biochemical characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes in strawberry fruit cv. Sabrina under cold storage (5, 10, 15 days). After treatment and storage, traits including weight loss, total phenol (TP), antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin (TA), total flavonoid (TF), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein content and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) were evaluated at 5‐day intervals. Our findings showed that the treatment of L‐phenylalanine in different concentrations prevented the weight loss of the fruit compared to the control and maintained and increased TP, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, TA, TF, soluble protein and SOD, CAT, APX, POD, and PAL enzymes activity. Also, Phe decreased the MDA content and peroxidation of lipid. The results showed that 4 mM Phe is the best treatment for improving phytochemical characteristics and maintaining fruit quality. The findings indicated that Phe treatment may be useful to improve quality and increase postharvest shelf life in strawberry fruits.
Departures and Arrivals: On the Importance of Researching Dangerously
Authors: Breeden Roshaunda L. , Porter Christa J.
Published: November 2024

We begin the last article of this special issue by contextualizing the current landscape of higher education, in 2024. Then, employing a kitchen table dialogue approach, we summarize the diverse articles featured throughout this edition, shedding light on insights that stir both our spirits and intellect. Further, we delve into three key themes that were consistently raised by authors, underscoring the urgency of researching dangerously. Lastly, we conclude with a call to action to students, faculty, academic leaders, and journal editors, offering tangible strategies to propel us beyond the current status quo toward fostering institutional responsibility and accountability.
Thyroid Malignancies With Thymic Differentiation: Outcomes of Rare SETTLE and CASTLE Tumors
Authors: Tapescu Iulia , Kohler Abigail , Sangal Neel R. , Brant Jason A. , Brody Robert M. , Chao Timothy , Carey Ryan M.
Published: November 2024

Background

Spindle epithelial tumors with thymus‐like differentiation (SETTLE) and carcinomas showing thymus‐like differentiation (CASTLE) are rare intrathyroid tumors.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with SETTLE, CASTLE, and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) from 2004 to 2020 within the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics were compared. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression models.

Results

This study identified 19 patients with CASTLE, 11 with SETTLE, and 483 474 with PTC. CASTLE and SETTLE patients had larger tumors, lymphovascular invasion, and positive surgical margins. They were rarely treated with radioactive iodine treatment but frequently received external beam radiation and chemotherapy. Five‐year OS was significantly lower for CASTLE and SETTLE compared to PTC. SETTLE was associated with an increased risk of death.

Conclusion

SETTLE and CASTLE are rare intrathyroid tumors with worse survival compared to PTC, often managed with radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery.
The Future of the Health Professions: Navigating Shortages, Imbalances, and Automation
Authors: McKee Martin , Correia Tiago
Published: November 2024

The healthcare sector is undergoing significant transformation driven by workforce shortages, role imbalances, and technological advances. Traditional health professions, characterised by advanced knowledge and self‐regulation, face challenges from two key trends. First, there is a growing reliance on less‐trained workers, such as nursing assistants and physician associates, to fill gaps, raising concerns about patient safety and the quality of care. While these roles can assist in simpler tasks, their expanded responsibilities—often exceeding their training—can lead to adverse outcomes, particularly in critical medical scenarios. Second, the rise of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) offers both opportunities and risks. While AI shows promise in reducing administrative burdens and aiding specialized tasks like image recognition, its limitations hinder its broader adoption, such as reinforcing biases and failing to reason diagnostically. This editorial argues that uncritical reliance on these developments risks compromising healthcare quality. It calls for evidence‐based policymaking, robust oversight, and updated regulatory frameworks to ensure patient safety while adapting to these shifts. Getting the right balance between maintaining professional autonomy and integrating new roles and technologies is critical for building resilient healthcare systems capable of responding to future challenges.
A randomized trial of early cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients receiving postoperative IMRT with or without serial cardiac dose constraints
Authors: Cao Lu , Ou Dan , Qi Wei‐Xiang , Xu Cheng , Ye Ming , Fang Yue‐Hua , Shi Mei , Huang Xiao‐Bo , Lin Qing , Liu Tong , Cai Gang , Cai Rong , Chen Mei , Zhang Yi‐Bin , Su Xiu‐Xiu , Qian Xiao‐Fang , Shen Kun‐Wei , Chen Jia‐Yi
Published: November 2024

Optimal cardiac dose constraints in breast cancer (BC) patients undergoing postoperative intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) are unclear, although as low as possible is recommended. This trial proposes serial cardiac dose constraint to optimize cardiac safety. Postoperative BC patients eligible for anthracycline/taxanes‐based chemotherapy or HER2‐targeted therapy were randomized to cardiac safety arm with prespecified mean heart dose (MHD) (≤6 Gy), V30 (≤20%), and V10 (≤50%) constraints, or to a control arm with in‐house protocol (mainly MHD ≤8 Gy). The primary endpoint was cumulative incidence of newly onset cardiac events within 1‐year post‐RT. An exploratory analysis examined the relationship between whole heart dose metrics and those of substructures. Of 199 participants, 93 were in the cardiac safety and 106 in the control arm. The cardiac safety group showed lower MHD, V10, and V30. The 1‐year cardiac event incidence was slightly lower in the cardiac safety group (19.4%) compared to controls (24.9%). The LVEF and diastolic dysfunction rates were 0% and 5.4% in the study arm, and 1.9% and 8.8% in the control arm, respectively. The LAD, LV, and RV received the highest doses for left‐sided patients. For right‐sided patients, RA, RCA, and RV were most irradiated. The MHD, V10, and Dmax of heart significantly correlated with all substructure doses in either laterality. Our study supports the early cardiac safety profile using IMRT in BC patients receiving cardiac‐toxic systemic therapy, with serial cardiac dose constraints. Combined constraints on MHD and dose‐volume parameters are representative of the cardiac substructure dose.
Effects of social interaction on leisure item preference and reinforcer efficacy for children with autism
Authors: Kamlowsky Marissa E. , Dozier Claudia L. , Leslie Stacha C. , Kanaman Ky C. , Diaz de Villegas Sara C.
Published: November 2024

We replicated and extended Kanaman et al. (2022) by comparing outcomes of solitary (leisure items only), social (leisure items with social interaction), and combined (leisure items alone and leisure items with social interaction) stimulus preference assessments to determine the extent to which the inclusion of social interaction influenced the outcomes of preference assessments for five children with autism. We then conducted reinforcer assessments to determine the reinforcing efficacy of high‐ and low‐preferred leisure items when presented with and without social interaction. The results showed that both high‐ and low‐preferred items functioned as reinforcers to varying degrees for all participants and the inclusion of social interaction increased the reinforcing efficacy of some items for all participants. Additionally, the results showed that combined preference assessments predicted reinforcer assessment outcomes for two of five participants but produced false‐negative outcomes for three participants. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Ultrasonic Image Characteristics of Palatine Tonsils in Healthy Children and Analysis of Factors Influencing Image Quality
Authors: Cao Ying , Sun Lei , Li XiaoPeng , Zhang Qi , Gao Yue , Wang Hua
Published: November 2024

Objective

To explore the ultrasonic image characteristics of palatine tonsils in healthy children and the factors affecting image quality.

Methods

A total of 750 images of palatine tonsils were collected from 375 healthy children. According to ultrasonic image quality, the images were divided into three groups. Both systemic and local factors were analyzed among the different groups.

Results

The palatine tonsils showed quasi‐circular or flat oval, low echo or light and dark band arrangement, a striped medium echo, and a clear boundary. Age, height, weight, body mass index, body surface area, distance from the skin to the posterior margin of the tonsils, thickness of the anterior soft tissue of the tonsils, and thickness of the anterior submandibular gland of the tonsils were significantly different among the different image quality groups (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that height, weight, thickness of the anterior soft tissue of the tonsils, and thickness of the anterior submandibular gland of the tonsils were independent factors affecting the quality of the ultrasonic images of the palatine tonsils.

Conclusions

There are characteristic ultrasonic image manifestations of the palatine tonsils. Tonsil ultrasound image quality is affected by individual and local factors.
Pollen and Leaf Micromorphological Characteristics of Spiny Almonds (Prunus subgenus Amygdalus) in Iran
Authors: Bayat Nastaran , Attar Farideh , Sotoodeh Arash
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the micromorphological characteristics of pollen grains and leaf epidermal cells from 20 accessions across four species of spiny almonds using scanning electron microscopy. Thirteen quantitative traits of pollen grains, including exine sculpturing, were analyzed alongside qualitative features such as shape, exine sculpture type, and aperture type. Additionally, four quantitative and five qualitative features of the leaf epidermis were examined, focusing on cuticular ornamentation patterns, types of epicuticular wax, and stomatal measurements. The pollen grains were found to be isopolar monads, radially symmetric, medium‐sized, varying from prolate spheroidal to prolate, and exhibiting 3‐colporate to 3‐colpate structures. The exine sculpturing was generally striate with short and long ridges, with or without perforations, and could be classified into three types. Notably, in the Isfahan population of Prunus lycioides and the North Khorasan population of Prunus spinosissima, the exine sculpture types were distinctly different, being rugulate and reticulate, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis identified equatorial diameter, colpus length and width, and ridge width as key diagnostic markers for species identification within spiny almonds. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering further highlighted the significance of stomatal length, cuticular ornamentation patterns, and epicuticular wax types in differentiating among taxa. We conclude that groupings recognized in recent classifications of the subgenus Amygdalus (spiny almonds) remain challenging to delineate solely based on palynological data, as diverse pollen types are present across different clades and subclades. Furthermore, micromorphological leaf traits proved valuable in distinguishing certain spiny almond taxa, and the traits of epidermal cells may reflect the ecological adaptations of spiny almond species.
Adaptive frequency driving scan driver based on a‐InGaZnO TFTs for extremely low‐power displays
Authors: Moon Jinho , Kim Hyunwoo , Kim Yongchan , Chung Jae Woo , Lee Hojin
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we propose a novel scan driver combined with a logic circuit using amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐InGaZnO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) in order to enhance the electrical stability and reduce power consumption in display panels. The latest mobile displays with high resolution and refresh rates consume more battery power, which inevitably limits portability and usability. The proposed scan driver can mask the signal by combining the output stage with a logic circuit, thereby blocking the output pulse for static images. This allows the display panel to operate in a partial driving mode depending on the display content. Due to the masking of the scan driver's output pulses, the connected pixel circuits are consistently maintained in the same state as the previous frame, leading to a lower refresh rate and reduced power consumption. Furthermore, by constructing additional control signals, the proposed scan driver can operate stably in depletion mode under a ∆VTH = −3 V.
IGF2BP3‐dependent N6‐methyladenosine modification of USP49 promotes carboplatin resistance in retinoblastoma by enhancing autophagy via regulating the stabilization of SIRT1
Authors: Li Lei , Yang Ning , Sun Jian‐Hong , Wei Li‐Juan , Gao Yuan
Published: November 2024

Retinoblastoma (RB) poses significant challenges in clinical management due to the emergence of resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents, particularly carboplatin (CBP). In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying CBP resistance in RB, with a focus on the role of autophagy and the influence of ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 49 (USP49). We observed upregulation of USP49 in RB tissues and cell lines, correlating with disease progression. Functional assays revealed that USP49 promoted aggressive proliferation and conferred CBP resistance in RB cells. Furthermore, USP49 accelerated tumor growth and induced CBP resistance in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that USP49 facilitated CBP resistance by promoting autophagy activation. In addition, we identified insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3)‐mediated N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification of USP49 as a regulatory mechanism, wherein IGF2BP3 upregulated USP49 expression in an m6A‐dependent manner. Moreover, USP49 stabilized SIRT1, a protein associated with CBP resistance and autophagy, by inhibiting its ubiquitination and degradation. Rescue experiments confirmed the pivotal role of SIRT1 in USP49‐mediated CBP resistance. Our findings delineate a novel molecular network involving USP49‐mediated autophagy in promoting CBP resistance in RB, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention to enhance treatment efficacy and improve outcomes for RB patients.
Large‐Area Floating Display with Wafer‐Scale Manufactured Metalens Arrays
Authors: Kim Joohoon , An Jungkwuen , Kim Wonjoong , Seong Junhwa , Park Yujin , Lee Eunji , Kim Seokwoo , Moon Seokil , Lee Chang‐Kun , Lee Heon , Rho Junsuk
Published: November 2024

Metasurface‐based flat optics has a great potential to replace conventional bulky and heavy optical elements, consistent with the trend of miniaturizing optical elements. One of the trends is to broaden the operating area of the metasurface. The previous approaches are focused on expanding the metasurface area, which has intrinsic manufacturing and optical limitations. Here, this work presents the fabrication of wafer‐scale metalens arrays, and demonstrates the Gabor superlens composed of the metalens arrays, which behaves optically like a large lens system. A pair of fabricated 8‐inch‐sized metalens arrays are used to float the large‐area display, producing a real image in the air. This superlens is easily manufactured in a high‐throughput and cost‐effective manner using an argon fluoride dry scanner and a single reticle. Their capability for diffraction‐limited focusing and imaging is demonstrated. Considering the groundbreaking nature of imaging a large‐area display through the metalens arrays, this work shows a great potential for scaling up the optical display systems in a simple manner.
THE POWER OF CONTROL: TRANSFORMING EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN A POST‐PANDEMIC WORLD
Authors: Otting Laura Gassner
Published: November 2024

The author is a corporate and governmental advisor with a background in executive search and leadership advisory. She points to the changes in workplace motivation: a “list of motivating factors was given to each of us by a high school or college guidance counselor, meant to assist us in plotting out future educational paths based on the career choices expected of us by parents, teachers, friends, and potential employers.” These factors, in her words and further described in the article, are Mission, Leadership, Challenge, Scope of Impact, Acquisition of New Skills, Prestige, Personal Needs, and Money. She contends that “when we use the old metrics of success, and only them in only one order, we mistake filling in checkboxes for what our people really want: consonance.” She describes the latter as “the sense of frictionless belonging, of momentous stride, of core relevance.” The “new definition of success,” is built around, in her words, calling, connection, contribution, and control. Related factors are, in her words, flexible work arrangements, autonomy in task management, involvement in decision making, clear communication and expectations, professional development opportunities, empowering middle management, and leading with inspiration.
Asymptotic behavior of the Boussinesq equation with nonlocal weak damping and arbitrary growth nonlinear function
Authors: Ma Qiaozhen , Mo Yichun , Wang Lulu , Yao Lijuan
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we consider the asymptotic behavior of the Boussinesq equation with nonlocal weak damping when the nonlinear function is arbitrary polynomial growth. We firstly prove the well‐posedness of solution by means of the monotone operator theory. At the same time, we obtain the dissipative property of the dynamical system
associated with the problem in the space
and
, respectively. After that, the asymptotic smoothness of the dynamical system
and the further quasi‐stability are demonstrated by the energy reconstruction method. Finally, we show not only the existence of the finite global attractor but also the existence of the generalized exponential attractor.
Imaging treatment efficacy of repeated photodynamic therapy in glioblastoma using chemical exchange transfer saturation MRI
Authors: Leung Vivian W. M. , Park Se Weon , Lai Joseph H. C. , Chen Zilin , Huang Jianpan , Liu Yang , Hu Charles , Chan Kannie W. Y.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To observe the tumor responses during photodynamic therapy in a murine glioblastoma model using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI and to compare the treatment effectiveness between single photodynamic therapy (sPDT) and repeated PDT (rePDT).

Methods

After tumor cell implantation in NSG mouse brain (n = 27), mice were subjected to four PDT sessions (rePDT), sPDT after the administration of 5‐aminolevulinic acid 6 h before each session, and a non‐PDT session (control). A 630‐nm LED light was used to effectuate PDT. After 24 h for each PDT session, T2‐weighted and CEST MRI were performed over 7 days.

Results

We observed that rePDT resulted in a continuous suppression of tumors according to T2‐weighted images; thus, the tumor volume was the smallest among three groups on Day 7. Both CEST contrasts at 3.5 ppm (amide proton transfer, APT) and 3.5 ppm (relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement, rNOE) in the rePDT group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the control group starting from Day 5, which corresponds to lower protein and cellularity in tumors in the rePDT group, respectively. CEST contrast decreased by 17.9% at 3.5 ppm and 11.3% at 3.5 ppm for rePDT group. This was validated by histology, where we observed moderate correlations between APT with cell proliferation (R = 0.730, p < 0.01) and cell apoptosis (R = 0.715, p < 0.05) and moderate correlation between rNOE with cellularity (R = 0.796, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

rePDT has a better effect in tumor growth suppression when compared with sPDT, and CEST could be a robust and noninvasive mean to assess the molecular changes related to treatment efficacy.
Musculoskeletal mimics for lumbosacral radiculopathy. Part 2: Specific disorders
Authors: Jorgensen Shawn P. , Chiodo Anthony E.
Published: November 2024

Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a common disorder evaluated by the electrodiagnostic medicine (EDX) consultant. Making this task difficult is the abundance of radiculopathy mimics. Peripheral neurologic mimics are common, but musculoskeletal mimics are not rare and may be less familiar to many EDX consultants. Awareness of the most common musculoskeletal mimickers—particularly key historical and physical examination features that can distinguish them from radiculopathies—can lead to an accurate diagnosis for the patient and referring provider. Part 1 of this monograph covered theoretical issues surrounding why radiculopathy mimics occur. This second part reviews the most common musculoskeletal mimics, including facet arthropathy, myofascial pain syndrome, hip pathology, greater trochanteric pain syndrome, piriformis syndrome, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, hamstring pathology, iliotibial band syndrome, and plantar fasciitis. Diagnosis of these musculoskeletal mimickers is complicated by nonspecific physical examination and imaging findings, and diagnostic injections are frequently necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for most mimickers includes physical therapy, anti‐inflammatory medications, guided injections, and other conservative measures, only rarely followed by surgical intervention. EDX consultants can efficiently incorporate a few high‐yield maneuvers into their physical examination based on the location of the pain to provide answers to patients presenting with a musculoskeletal mimic of a lumbosacral radiculopathy.
Sleep Disturbance in Vestibular Migraine and Meniere's Disease: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Yang Chao‐Hui , Tsai Ming‐Hsien , Hwang Chung‐Feng , Yang Ming‐Yu
Published: November 2024

Objective

To investigate the differences in the prevalence of sleep disturbance between vestibular migraine (VM) and Meniere's disease (MD), and to determine whether poor sleep quality is correlated with dizziness handicap.

Study Design

Observational prospective study.

Setting

Tertiary Academic Medical Center.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with VM, MD, and healthy controls completed the Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ), which comprises 10 items assessing sleep quality. The MSQ total score was calculated by summing the scores of each item. The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) was used to evaluate the physical, emotional, and functional impacts of dizziness on daily life.

Results

A total of 87 participants (35 with VM, 39 with MD, and 13 healthy controls) were enrolled. Both the VM and MD groups had significantly higher MSQ total scores than the control group (P < .001). The VM group exhibited a higher prevalence of “difficulty falling asleep” (P = .015) and “headaches on awakening” (P = .012) than the MD group. Additionally, the MSQ total score was significantly correlated with the DHI total score in VM patients (P = .001, r = .518). VM patients with severe dizziness handicap had significantly higher MSQ total scores than those with mild handicap (P = .005).

Conclusion

This study highlights the high prevalence of sleep disturbance in both VM and MD patients. The severity of sleep disturbance is correlated with dizziness handicap in VM patients, emphasizing the importance of assessing sleep quality and promoting good sleep habits in the management of VM.
Oral frailty and its association with systemic health: A narrative review
Authors: Watanabe Yutaka , Matsuda Nami , Miura Kazuhito , Ohara Yuki , Iwasaki Masanori , Hirano Hirohiko , Ikebe Kazunori , Iijima Katsuya , Kono Yukari , Yamazaki Yutaka
Published: November 2024

This narrative review examined whether six measures of oral frailty (number of teeth present, chewing ability, articulatory oral motor skills, tongue pressure, difficulty in eating tough foods, and difficulty in swallowing fluids) were associated with an improvement in general health problems in older adults and whether interventions for oral functional decline would improve their general health status. We included longitudinal and intervention studies focusing on these six oral frailty parameters published between 2017 and 2020 in PubMed. The National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Toolkit for Quantitative Research was used to assess methodological quality. Twenty‐five longitudinal and four intervention studies met the eligibility criteria. Among the longitudinal studies, oral frailty (defined as the applicability of three or more of the six parameters) was associated with physical frailty, sarcopenia, need for nursing care, death, nutritional status, and home status; chewing and bite strength were associated with frailty and death; and dysphagia was associated with death. The intervention studies showed that five of the six oral frailty parameters could be improved, except the number of teeth. Further studies must be conducted on treatment methods to promote functional recovery in these five parameters and evaluate their relationship with the general health status.
Proposing Novel Biological Scaffolds for the Regeneration of the Dura Mater
Authors: Monazah Mohammad Mehdi , Alimohammadi Ehsan , Rostaminasab Gelavizh , Zarrintaj Payam , Rezakhani Leila
Published: November 2024

The dura mater protects underlying tissues and cerebrospinal fluid, but dural abnormalities can cause leaking and meningitis and wound infections. This review emphasizes the relevance of dural repair and the progress of dural reconstruction materials, focusing on biological scaffolds. A comprehensive assessment of dural substitution literature focused on composite, acellular, natural, synthetic, and homologous materials. Decellularized dura scaffolds as viable natural biomaterials for tissue engineering are explored in this overview of these materials' properties, effectiveness, and therapeutic uses. The evaluation also compares materials and assesses host tissue response in preclinical and clinical studies. The review highlights various dural substitution findings. There is no gold standard for dural repair, despite the variety of materials used. Replicating natural dura mater's mechanical and structural qualities is difficult. Recent research suggests that decellularized dura scaffolds can regenerate tissue while reducing inflammation and transplant rejection. Furthermore, the movement toward personalized medicine in this sector suggests that bespoke alternatives might be chosen depending on patient characteristics, improving treatment effects. Synthesizing dural replacement research and clinical uses in this review adds to knowledge. It tackles standard materials' shortcomings and shows how biological scaffolds might improve dural repair. The analysis opens the door to personalized dural repair research that might enhance patient outcomes and advance neurosurgery. The insights presented herein highlight the intriguing prospects for appropriate dural restorative materials, seeking to improve dural defect treatment.
Investigation on piezoresistive properties of reduced graphene oxide treated glass textiles based multifunctional sensors
Authors: Singh Sudhanshu , Kamble Zunjarrao , Neje Ghanshyam
Published: November 2024

Glass fabric‐reinforced composites (GFRC) and other revolutionary engineered materials find extensive application in the aerospace, construction, and automobile sectors. It is challenging to predict damage under real‐time stresses due to the anisotropic behavior of composite materials. This study presents the development of a glass textile‐based multifunctional composite sensor and demonstrates its application as a change in resistance or gauge factor in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. This sensor is coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanomaterial. Its electrical resistance is evaluated by examining the concentration of nanoparticles and varying geometrical parameters. A three‐point bending method assessed the piezoresistive behavior of the integrated sensor in the GFRC. The impact of sensor width and relative placements in the material's thickness direction within the composite samples is evaluated. Cyclic flexural testing was also performed to demonstrate real‐world applications. The research concludes that it can be utilized as a damage assessment technique for GFRC. The developed sensor can be used to provide an electrically conductive path or as a resistor in the field of E‐textiles. The developed piezoresistive sensor has the flexibility to be used as a multifunctional sensor for multiple purposes, such as force, torque, weight, pressure, flow, acceleration sensors, etc.

Highlights

Glass textile‐based multifunctional materials are reported as strain‐monitoring sensors.

Tailored sensor resistance could be achieved through rGO current conduction paths.

Glass textile‐based sensors could potentially be used in the field of E‐textile.
Study on the Mechanism of Raspberry (Rubi fructus) in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Based on UPLC‐Q‐Exactive Orbitrap MS, Network Pharmacology, and Experimental Validation
Authors: Wang Xiaoge , Zhang Xueyan , Liao Qiyuan , Rui Xuelin , Wang Rui
Published: November 2024

Aim

The aim of this study is to analyze the chemical composition of raspberry using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS) technology, predict the potential effects of raspberry in treating type 2 diabetes through network pharmacology, and conduct preliminary validation through in vitro experiments.

Methods

A Waters CORTECS C18 column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 2.7 μm) was used; mobile phase A consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and mobile phase B consisted of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Gradient elution was performed with full‐scan mode in both positive and negative ion modes, covering a mass range of m/z 100–1500. The chemical components of raspberry were analyzed and identified based on secondary spectra from databases and relevant literature. The disease targets related to type 2 diabetes were searched, and protein–protein interaction network analysis as well as gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted on the intersecting targets of the active components of raspberry and the disease. HepG2 cells were used for experimental validation, with high glucose‐induced insulin resistance models established. The CCK‐8 method was employed to assess the effects of raspberry on cell proliferation, while Western blotting was used to measure the expression of proteins related to the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway.

Results

A total of 47 components were identified, including 10 organic acids, 15 flavonoids, 12 phenols, 2 alkaloids, 4 terpenoids, 1 miscellaneous compound, 1 stilbene, 1 steroid and its derivatives, and 1 diterpenoid. Through database screening, seven active components were identified: kaempferol, epicatechin, ellagic acid, crocetin, stigmasterol, fisetin, and isorhamnetin. KEGG and GO results indicated that the therapeutic effects of raspberry on type 2 diabetes may be related to the advanced glycation end product (AGE)– receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) signaling pathway. Establishment of an insulin resistance model in HepG2 cells demonstrated that, compared to the control group, the raspberry treatment group upregulated p53 protein expression while downregulating the expression of RAGE, Akt1, and Caspase‐3 proteins.

Conclusion

This study preliminarily elucidates that the therapeutic effects of raspberry in treating type 2 diabetes may be mediated through the inhibition of the AGE–RAGE signaling pathway, providing important references for the study of the pharmacological basis and clinical application of raspberry.
Chondroitin sulfate in invertebrate development
Authors: Moriya Ayano , Nakato Eriko , Li Jin‐Ping , Nakato Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is one of the most evolutionarily conserved glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Although CS's function in skeletal development is well established in vertebrates, CS exists in more primitive animal species with no cartilage or bone, such as C. elegans and Drosophila, indicating that the original role of CS was not in the skeletal system. In this review, we focus on the roles of CS and the mechanisms of action during development of two genetically trackable model organisms, C. elegans and Drosophila.