bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Well Can We Measure Graduate Over- Education and Its Effects?
Authors: Battu H. , Belfield C.R. , Sloane P.J.
Published: March 2007

Using data from two cohorts of graduates, this article examines three aspects of over-education. First, using three new measures, we present an estimate of graduate over-education in the UK. We find that the scale of over-education varies with measurement techniques, with weak correlations between the three measures. Second, across the three measures we estimate the effects of over-education on earnings and job satisfaction. The effects of over-education on earnings and job satisfaction are similar, not withstanding the measures identifying different individuals as being over-educated. One finding is that the effects of being over-educated are more significant for female graduates than male, although it is ambiguous which gender is more prone to over-education. Third, we examine another source of ambiguity regarding over-education, namely that firms upgrade the tasks they allocate to their employees who appear to be over-educated. We find that, for graduates, job quality for the over-educated is not converging to that of the appropriately educated.
The Changing Structure of the UK Economy
Authors: Ray George F.
Published: March 2007

The structural pattern of the economy is changing all the time. It has changed considerably in the past ten years (table 1), partly because of the emergence of oil production, but partly also because industries that previously constituted the mainstay of the UK economy—like steel, coal, textiles and mechanical engineering—have declined in importance whilst others, for example electronics and chemicals, have become the driving force of industry and certain types of services have grown out of all proportion to the national economy as a whole. This point can be illustrated by the fact that in the ten years to 1983 manufacturing output fell by 15 per cent, while at the same time the output of all services increased quite markedly and one section, banking, financial, business and professional services, insurance and leasing, grew by some 70 per cent.
Evaluation of Alternative Functional Designs in an Emergency Department by Means of Simulation
Authors: López-Valcárcel Beatriz González , Barber Pérez Patricia
Published: March 2007

We evaluate the efficiency of different functional structures, reorganization patterns and alternative allocation of eventual new resources in a hospital emergency department. This department was simulated as a queue system in a process approach with SIMSCRIPT II.5. The data adjustment to statistical distributions of probability was made with UNIFIT II. The network containing the intermediate service circuit of the patients, from their arrival to their leaving, was modelled through nine interconnected queue systems. Actual operations as well as eight different alternative scenarios were simulated and compared. Changes in human resources, arrival rates and service times of auxiliary diagnostics equipment were simulated.

We conclude that the medical classifying service should not be potentiated at the expense of the second level (general emergency doctors). Monitoring arrival times is also suggested. Collapses and saturation levels would occur if the arrival time were 12 patients per hour, being now almost 11 at some fixed times of the day. Expenditure in additional human resources would be more efficient socially than investment in auxiliary services equipment (Laboratory or X-Ray).
THE GENI MODEL: The Interconnection of Global Power Resources to Obtain an Optimal Global Sustainable Energy Solution
Authors: Dekker Paul-Michael , Meisen Peter , Bruton Amy B.
Published: March 2007

The Global Energy Network International (GENI) model quantifies the economic, environmental, and social benefits of developing remote renewable energy sources and linking them to population centers via long distance electrical transmission lines. The model investigates an optimal sustainable global energy solution by comparing the GENI alternative to those alternatives presented by the World Energy Council (WEC) and others.

This paper describes the work in progress accomplished by the GENI organization. The correlation between electricity and quality of life indicators is presented. Abbreviated problem and project definitions are presented.
Electrical Characterization of High-Speed Interconnects with a Parallel Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain Algorithm
Authors: Bataineh Abdulla , Lee Robert , Özgüner Füsun
Published: March 2007

Although the Finite Difference Time- Domain (FDTD) method is over 25 years old, its use for the analysis of crosstalk, propagation delay, and pulse distortion of signals on interconnects in high-speed integrated circuits is relatively recent. With the development of faster computers, the use of FDTD has become more widespread because it has shown itself to be an efficient tool for the full-wave modeling of complicated microstrip circuit interconnects. In this paper, we address the parallelization of the FDTD method on multi-dimensional processor meshes mapped onto a hypercube multiprocessor. The use of parallelization is a natural step for the modeling of circuits because of the tremendous computational requirements to simulate even the s implest interconnect geometries. Experimental results on the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube are given which demonstrate a linear speedup in computation time.
Simulation Technique For Evaluating Cell-Loss Rate in ATM Networks
Authors: Ani Cosmas I. , Halsall Fred
Published: March 2007

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the transmission and switching system that has been adopted for next generation multimedia networks. It is based on statistical multiplexing techniques and the performance of an ATM based network is quantified by the quality of service, QoS, delivered to the network users. QoS is defined in terms of the maximum cell loss rate and the delay/jitter allowable for a given network service connection. Normally, network performance is evaluated through the use of either mathematical or computer simulation modelling. The two model types differ in their individual limitations and the extent to which they can represent the real system. In this application, a computer simulation model has the advantage of flexibility and accuracy but is limited by the extent to which cell loss rate can be calculated. For video services, for example, a cell loss rate of 1 E-11 is specified which would require an unacceptably high amount of computer simulation time to investigate. In order to investigate such issues, therefore, this paper describes an approach which integrates both mathematical and computer simulation modelling. Simulation results are presented to prove the validity of the proposed approach, which is applicable for use in other application environments involving rare-event occurrences.
Assessing Correlation Structures with Subjective Information-An Interactive Approach
Authors: Kumar D. , Heatwole C.D. , Bruggeman A.C. , Woeste F.E.
Published: March 2007

The generation of correlated random variates requires a positive definite correlation matrix. This paper presents an interactive approach to generating a positive definite correlation matrix from subjective information. The procedure, implemented in a FORTRAN routine, facilitates assessment of correlation structures determined from subjective considerations by providing feedback on the feasibility of assumed correlation structures. The routine was verified by applying it to a positive definite correlation matrix reported in the literature. An application of the routine to a nonpositive definite correlation matrix used in a capital investiment simulation for a new papermaking technology illustrates how the procedure may be used to assess possible correlation structures with subjective information.
Information Fusion by Set Operation Information Fusion by Fuzzy Set Operation and Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Loskiewicz-Buczak Anna , Uhrig Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes novel multisensor information fusion methods based on fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. Unlike most fuzzy logic-based systems that perform reasoning by fuzzy IF-THEN rules, the reasoning in this work takes place by means of fuzzy aggregation connectives. These connectives are capable of combining information not only by union and intersection used in traditional set theories but also by compensatory connectives that better mimic the human reasoning process. The particular connective used in this work for the purpose of data fusion is the generalized mean aggregation connective. The distinctive feature of this information fusion method is that the optimal parameters of the aggregation connective are automatically found by a genetic algorithm. Both elitist and nonelitist strategies for genetic algorithms are investigated. Two different methods are developed. The first technique performs aggregation of evidence from two sensors in one step; if there are more sensors, information from the next sensor is fused with the data already aggregated. The second technique developed performs one step fusion from all the sensors available. The techniques devised are tested on a vibration monitoring problem and the results are described.
Virtual Mechanics Simulation and Animation of Rigid Body Systems with AERO
Authors: Keller Hartmut , Stolz Horst , Ziegler Andreas , Braunl Thomas
Published: March 2007

AERO is an animation system using physically based modelling. It allows the creation of virtual environrnents from scenes with simple three-dimensional geometrical objects (sphere, cylinder, box, point, plane). Objects can be linked to each other by a variety of methods (rod, spring, damper, joint). Realistic object movements are achieved by a simulation procedure, where forces can be applied to the objects in addition to gravity, friction, and air resistance. Wire frame animations can be generated in real time, depending on scene complexity and computer system performance. AERO generates scene description sequences, which can be used as input for ray tracing programs to generate photorealistic animations. AERO also enables stereo graphics output, camera control, and the mounting of the camera to an object in the scene.
Performance Evaluation of a Blackboard Using Stochastic Petri Nets
Authors: De Bosschere Koen , Almhana Jalal
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a general blackboard based system is studied using Stochastic Petri Nets (SPN). We show how the dynamic behavior of the blackboard can be modeled, and analyze the marking graph of the resulting stochastic Petri net. The net is simulated with respect to the number of available processors, the event interarrival time and the average unification time, and performance results are presented.
Object-Oriented Analysis, Modeling, and Simulation of a Notional Air Defense System
Authors: Barcio B.T. , Ramaswamy S. , Macfadzean R. , Barber K.S.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the analysis, modeling, and simulation of a notional air defense system using SMOOCHES (State Machines for Object-Oriented, Concurrent, Hierarchical Engineering Specifications). SMOOCHES is an object- oriented environment based on hierarchical state machines and extensions to Statecharts, specifically developed as an environment to specify, model, simulate and analyze / evaluate distributed, reactive systems. Using a high level system specification language, an object- oriented, hierarchical state specification of a radar tracking system with realistic constraints is derived. A graphical statechart representation of the tracking system behavior is also derived and implemented within the SMOOCHES environment.
Discrete Event Simulation to Evaluate Screening for Diabetic Eye Disease
Authors: Davies Ruth , Canning Chris
Published: March 2007

Discrete event simulation has been used to explore different models of screening for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and can cause blindness. The risk of blindness can be significantly reduced by screening and timely laser treatment. The simulation has been written in Pascal, using an extended version of Pascal_SIM, to explore the costs and benefits. The simulation models patients' disease progression and their screening, followed by treatment. The results shown are for patients with insulin- dependent diabetes.
Design of a Knowledge-Based Simulation Environment
Authors: Williams M. Douglas , Gorman Eddy C. , Shiva Sajjan G.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a design of a knowledge-based simulation environment based on techniques from conventional simulation methods, object-oriented programming methods, and knowledge- based programming methods. The environment has cooperating knowledge- based and simulation parts integrated into one modeling system. An idealized knowledge-based simulation model is presented along with a language for implementing such a model. This language is based on Symbolics Common Lisp with Flavors package. A model of the software development process is presented to illustrate the use of the knowledge-based simulation environment. This software development model is not intended to be a rigorous model of the software development process, but only to illustrate the use of the knowledge-based development environment which is presented in this paper.
Simulation in the Service of Society
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette
Published: March 2007

This month we present Part II of QUEST - An Ecosystem Scenario Tool from the Sustainable Develop ment Research Institute of the Univer sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Part I appeared in the July issue of S3. Since this project is still under development, the authors of QUEST invite feedback from readers. Sugges tions and comments may be addressed to Dave Biggs at: quest@sdri.ubc.ca
Evaluating options to increase production of a copper smelter aisle: A simulation approach
Authors: Welgama P.S. , Mills R.G.J. , Aboura K. , Struthers A. , Tucker D.
Published: March 2007

A case study involving the use of simulation to analyze options to increase production of a copper production facility in Australia is reported here. A detailed and accurate model was developed capturing the factors affecting production and materials handling. The study resulted in prototype software with an Excel-based interface that allows the user to do further experiments with the model. Animation was used throughout the life cycle of the simulation. The paper illustrates various modeling issues faced and how they were resolved in the modeling of this copper production process. The model allows for experimenting with many options to increase production, including change of pot sizes, casting rates, storage, and other resources' capacities. The study is an example for the usefulness of computer simulation technology to analyze manufacturing systems.
Planning Preventive Maintenance for a Fleet of Police Vehicles Using Simulation
Authors: Seong Jong Joo  , Levary Reuven R. , Ferris Mark E.
Published: March 2007

The operations of the St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department preventive maintenance facility are analyzed. Several preventive maintenance policies for a fleet of vehicles are developed in an effort to improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of facility operations. The preventive maintenance policies are simulated using GPSS models and then evaluated. The most appropriate policy is selected for implementation.
Stochastic Page Placement
Authors: Murray Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Imperfect virtual-to-physical page mappings cause excess conflict misses in direct-mapped CPU caches. Perfect place ment minimizes the conflict miss rate and is useful for determining an upper bound on direct-mapped cache performance. In this paper, we introduce a polynomial-time alternative to perfect placement called stochastic page placement. Our method combines a general optimization technique with trace-driven simulation to find a local minimum of the perfect page placement solu tion space. Two stochastic placement policies are presented: GA placement uses a genetic algorithm to compute virtual page mappings, and SA placement uses simulated annealing. Parallel distributed simulation algorithms for perfect placement and GA placement are also presented. For our workloads, GA placement generally outperforms SA placement, but other careful placement policies that exploit workload properties usually outperform stochastic placement.
New Software from CACI Products Company Helps Users Predict Throughput and Performance for Wireless to Wireline Network Integration
Authors: Neumeister Ken
Published: March 2007

This month CACI Products company announces three new add-on modules to COMNET III™, its award-winning object-oriented network simulation software. The three modules include: Application Profiler™, Circuit-Switched Module™, and Satellite and Mobile Module™. Application Profiler helps users predict the impact and performance for new client/server applications and architectures. Circuit-Switched Module helps users predict the impact and throughput of circuit-switched traffic over their networks. The third, Satellite and Mobile Module, helps users predict throughput and performance for wireless to wireline network integration, and is the focus of this article.
A Port Simulation Model as a Permanent Decision Instrument
Authors: Thiers Geert F. , Janssens Gerrit K.
Published: March 2007

Access to the port of Antwerp in Belgium is provided through locks connecting the river with the docks. The decision to build a container quay on the river, outside the port, will hinder through traffic. A simulation model is built to investigate the hindrance of the river quay. Detailed modelling of maritime traffic on the river, including navigation logic, tides and lock planning, are included. Simulation experiments are run based both on current real-life measurements and on traffic forecasts. The model is built and implemented in such a way that it is reusable and extendible for future decisions on infrastructure improvements or maintenance projects.
A Process Simulation Environment Based on Visual Programming and Dynamic Decoupling
Authors: Leva Alberto , Bartolini Andrea , Maffezzoni Claudio
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a visual environment for building process simulators which is specifi cally aimed at integrating the construction of a model and the organization of the corre sponding simulation code, providing the user with easy and extensive control of both phases. The environment relies entirely on a graphical programming language, which permits easy creation of flexible and effective user interfaces for the simulators. It adopts a modular approach, so as to simplify its maintenance and extension. A real-size case is treated to demonstrate the capacity of the proposed environment.
Simulation-Based Power Estimation for Low-Power Designs: A Fractal Approach
Authors: Radjassamy Rajakrishnan , Carothers Jo Dale
Published: March 2007

Low-power CMOS integrated circuit design requires accurate power estimation at every level in the hierar chy. In this paper, the Fractal Compaction Algorithm is presented. It is based on fractal concepts and is used to generate a compacted vector that allows fast, accurate simulation-based power estimation. Typi cally, power estimation methods are either dynamic or static. Dynamic methods simulate the design using specific input vector sets and estimate power. Though accurate, these methods require long simulation time for larger designs. Static power estimation methods, on the other hand, are based on analytical tools that estimate power quickly but with less accuracy. To achieve the accuracy of dynamic methods and the speed of static methods, one approach is to generate a com pact, representative vector set with switching behav ior similar to the original set. The algorithm gener ates a compact vector set by exploiting the correlation in the toggle distribution of the circuit's internal nodes. Experiments on ISCAS85 benchmark circuits with a vector set size of 4000 results in a compaction of 65.57X (max) and 38.14X (avg) with power estimation error of 2.40% (max) and 2.06% (avg). The reduction in simu lation time translates into a shorter design phase and quicker tape out. Compaction results for various vec tor sizes are also presented.
Catholic minorities and social integration
Authors: Goddijn Walter
Published: March 2007

La coexistence de plusieurs groupes religieux est le fait de la majorité des pays dans lesquels le catholicisme est implanté. Il est important aujourd'hui d'étudier dans une perspective œcuménique, non seulement les ques tions théologiques impliquées dans les relations entre les divers groupes religieux, mais aussi leurs aspects sociologiques et socio-psychologiques.

Le concept de minorité peut s'exprimer en termes numériques. Les types de minorités catholiques sont divers, selon qu'il s'agit d'un « reste » ou au contraire d'immigrants. Il y a aussi le concept sociologique de minorité, c'est-à-dire, groupe considéré comme plus ou moins marginal à la société globale. Les deux concepts ne se recouvrent pas nécessairement.

On peut distinguer, par rapport aux minorités (mis à part les régimes dictatoriaux), les minorités pluralis tes, avec existence à droits égaux et les minorités s'as similant, c'est-à-dire, se mélangeant avec le groupe dominant (ex. : U.S.A.).

La discrimination provoque souvent un développement d'énergie dans certains domaines de la vie du groupe minoritaire (compensation) mais aussi risque d'amener un état de pauvreté spiriturelle. De toute façon un état de tension existe entre les deux groupes. L'application de ces concepts peut être faite aux mino rités religieuses, catholiques et protestantes, par exem ple aux Pays-Bas et aux U.S.A. L'émancipation des catholiques a créé de fortes réactions chez les protes tants dans les deux pays. Le fait de vivre dans un milieu religieusement hétérogène a souvent comme résultat de renforcer la communauté religieuse, si l'équipement pastoral est suffisant. Un exemple frap pant est la Frise néerlandaise.

Les conditions dans lesquelles une telle cohésion est réalisée dépendent du processus de socialisation du groupe (famille, école, paroisse) et du contrôle social (conformité des attitudes). On note aussi une organisa tion très poussée de tous les secteurs de la vie sociale, sur une base confessionnelle. Il en résulte une attitude de non-participation aux objectifs profanes (société, culture), et un certain isolationisme.
Conséquences socio-culturelles de la concentration urbaine
Authors: Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

The concentration of functions in a city causes cer tain changes of behaviour in its citizens, notably, in their relations with the clergy and the parish.
Sixty years of psychology of religion
Authors: Tufari P.
Published: March 2007

Le récent ouvrage de M. Argyle, « Religious Beha viour » (le comportement religieux), vise à systéma tiser et à évaluer les acquisitions de la psychologie de la religion au cours des soixante dernières années. La méthode mise en oeuvre, à cet effet, par M. Argyle s'avère insuffisante. Il met trop exclusivement l'accent sur l'investigation statistique, excluant délibérément les études de cas. Les indices utilisés pour mesurer la religiosité ne sont pas soumis à une analyse critique. La « religion » dont il est question tout au long du livre n'est définie nulle part. On n'y trouve pas davantage de critères valables des motivations indi viduelles au plan religieux. Le rassemblement des faits se voit attribuer une priorité chronologique indue sur la recherche théorique. Enfin, la notion de norma lités, mise en oeuvre par M. Argyle, étant purement statistique, le sentiment religieux tend à être conçu comme d'autant plus « anormal » qu'il est plus élevé. Toute investigation dans le domaine qui nous occupe devrait être régie par les principes suivants :

1. L'étude empirique de la religion doit tenir compte à la fois des données relatives à la personnalité des sujets, au contexte social et aux modèles culturels.

2. L'interaction de ces différents facteurs doit être étudiée en tenant comtpe de leur organisation dyna mique dans les individus.

3. Le premier problème à résoudre = que veut-on mesurer ? D'où importance primordiale de l'étude préalable de « cas » pour mettre en relief les structu rations diverses de la personnalité religieuse.

4. L'analyse théorique doit nécessairement précéder la récolte des faits.

5. La définition préalable de la « religion » soumise à l'investigation psychologique postule la collaboration entre théologiens et psychologues.
Christian teacher training institutions in the developing countries since World War I: The second level
Authors: Spencer A.E.C.W.
Published: March 2007

En 1964-65, les écoles normales rattachées aux Eglises chrétiennes en Afrique étaient au nombre de 654, ce qui représentait 40% du total de ces institutions au niveau secondaire, 22% étant catholiques et 18% protestantes ou anglicanes. Dans la partie de l'Asie qui n'est pas sous régime communiste, il y en avait 214, soit 6% du total de ces institutions: 4% étant catholiques et 2% protestantes. En Océanie, on en comptait 20, ce qui constituait 27% de l'ensemble: 19% étaient catholiques et 8% protestantes. Pour l'Amérique latine les chiffres sont très peu certains et incomplets; il paraît cependant qu'en 1964-65 il y avait à peu près 1350 institutions, soit 27% du total de ces institutions au niveau secon daire : 26% seraient catholiques, tandis que les institutions protestantes n'atteindraient qu'1 %.

Entre 1922 et 1964-65, le nombre d'étudiants des écoles normales protestantes africaines a augmenté dans une proportion de 393%, passant d'environ 6000 unités à 29.500; cette augmentation s'est produite dans sa quasi totalité après la deuxième guerre mondiale. La croissance est beaucoup moindre en Asie: 11% seulement. Ceci est partiellement dû à la perte totale des missions chinoises ainsi qu'au passage des institu tions de niveau secondaire au niveau supérieur. En Océanie le nombre d'étudiants a diminué: il a passé de 600 à 200. En Amérique latine il a augmenté d'environ 750%, les étudiants passant, après la seconde guerre mondiale, de 700 à environ 6000.

Entre 1927 et 1964-65, le nombre d'étudiants des institutions catho liques africaines a fort augmenté: il est passé de 1900 à 37.000, soit une augmentation d'à peu près 1850%. Malgré la perte des missions de Chine, il y a eu en Asie (hormis les Philippines) une augmentation d'environ 140%: le nombre d'étudiants a passé de 5.250 à quelques 12.600. En Océanie cet accroissement a été de l'ordre de 540%, soit en chiffres absolus une augmentation allant de 80 unités à environ 500.

En ce qui concerne l'Amérique latine, les données dont on dispose se limitent aux territoires de mission.

Au niveau supérieur (universités et autres institutions d'enseignement supérieur), on dénombrait en Afrique environ 900 écoles normales chré tiennes, soit 5% du total de ce continent. En Asie, elles constituaient apparemment 40% du total des écoles (108.500 en chiffres absolus), mais il est possible que les données concernant le Japon (41.250, soit 61% du total national) soient inexactes. On ne peut rien affirmer de manière précise en ce qui concerne l'Amérique latine.
Quelques problemes posés par le dialogue entre Sociologie et Théologie pastorale
Authors: Dhooghe Jos
Published: March 2007

This article deals with a concrete attempt to make socio logy relevant to pastoral action through dialogue with pastoral theology, without falling into the errors of former pastoral sociology.

Four problem areas are identified: the normative character of theology, the fact that theology contains an implicit sociolo gical description of reality, the problems related to the fact that when theologians identify the « essence » of things, they state at the same time what reality « is » and « should be » whereas sociology is not interested in the « essence » and finally the problems related to the fact that theology pre tends to interpret aspects of reality in a prespective of « to tality ».
Religion in ,Britain : the Need for New Research Strategies (*)
Authors: Robertson. Roland , Campbell Colin
Published: March 2007

En Grande-Bretagne, la sociologie de la religion ne réussit pas à pénétrer sous la « surface » des phénoménes religieux et à rendre compte de l'ensemble des variations et déviations que connaissent dans la culture les formes religieuses. On constate donc un profond décalage entre les objectifs de la recherche courante et l'insistance mise par les spéculations théoriques sur le caractère fondamental de la dimension reli gieuse. Aussi est-il nécessaire d'inventer de nouvelles stra~ tégies de recherche, qui relient la théorie et la recherche empirique.

A la méthodologie habituelle du « coup par coup », on pour~ rait préférer une stratégie d'« éclectisme concerté », où se~ raient utilisées de manière coordonnée, dans des domaines historiques ou contemporains, des techniques réactives et non~ réactives. L'analyse historique est trop peu utilisée pour com~ prendre la dynamique du changement culturel. dans le reli~ gieux.

Dans cette perspective, deux procédures semblent pleines de promesses : 1°) des monographies sur un choix de « sites culturels », 2°) des recherches explicites qui vont dans. le sens de l'étude des paliers « profonds » du champ religieux global. Il est cependant essentiel que ces recherches histori~ ques soient menées de pair avec des études de type ethno~ logique et soient centrées sur l'analyse des 'interactions qui lient les orientations générales des phénomènes et les formes concrètes des catégories culturelles inculquées. Ce n'est qu'à condition d'entreprendre des recherçhes où des stratégies com plémentaires seront coordonnées,, que l'on pourra analyser avec succès les bases fondamentales de la religion.
Chronique FERES Chronicle
Authors: Dubach Alfred Th.
Published: March 2007

Uncertainty, of their-,role is, according to Swiss priests, the main reason why men leave the priesthood (This is leaving aside any question of their desire to have the right to marry). This article, based on research conducted in Switzerland during recent years on the professional situation of the priest, is an attempt to find out the root causes of the present role problem.

In order to create a new professional role for the priest it is necessary to take the whole picture of modern society into account. It will only be possible to create this role if the church thinks of itself as a modern institution which provides services and can meet contemporary society on equal terms and on familiar ground. It follows that the priest must bè regarded, as with other professions, in terms directly related to the modern world of work and that comparable professional conditions must be created for him. In the con~ text of modern society, the priest will only achieve authority and status if he can offer special talents and is capable of benefiting from the experience of modern management.
The Secular Practice and the Spirit of Religion
Authors: Goodridge R. Martin
Published: March 2007

Argumentant à partir du fait que des « pratiques séculières » en parfait accord avec l'esprit du capitalisme se sont déve loppées parmi certaines élites européennes bien avant le XVI e siècle, l'auteur réexamine les thèses de Max Weber concernant l'éthique protestante.

Il présente une typologie des attitudes et des actions pro fanes indicatrices de ces « pratiques séculières ». Il en fait une analyse quantitative et qualitative parmi les élites urbai nes à partir du XIe siècle.

C'est au sein de ces élites qu'un dissentiment religieux se manifeste le plus tôt : dès le Moyen Age. Ceux qui mani festent ces « pratiques séculières » étaient les plus disposés à participer aux mouvements dissidents du XVIe siècle.

L'auteur exprime enfin le souhait que, dans l'analyse socio logique, l'explication historique soit menée tant en termes subjectifs qu'en termes objectifs, assumant ainsi la dialectique qui existe entre, d'une part les attitudes et les pratiques quoti diennes et, d'autre part, les cadres institutionnels.
Perceptions of the Distribution of Mental Disorder in a South American City
Authors: Micklin Michael , Leon Carlos A.
Published: March 2007

Although sociologists have investigated a wide variety of factors characterizing the occupational roles and personal beliefs of health workers, few studies have been focused on orientations toward the epidemiology of disease. Yet the potential significance of these views for medical diagnosis and treatment has been argued in recent writings of medical sociologists. This study. examines perceptions of the distribution of mental disorder for a wide range of health workers in Colombia. Results indicate that while marked differences do exist, they are more closely related to differences in respondents' occupational specialization than to personal characteristics. Discussion centers on the implications of these findings for understanding differences in diagnostic and treatment orientations.
Relations Between Work Habits, Research Technologies, and Eminence in Science
Authors: Hargens Lowell L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines relations between the work habits of academic scientists and measures of scholarly eminence and productivity. Data for 549 facult' members in three disciplines in U. S. universities are examined in order to test previous arguments on the topic. Results are presented which are consistent with the hypothesis that associations between work habits and scholarly output vary with the level of predictability or routine in research work. To the extent that this level is a consequence of the underlying pattern of social integration in a scientificfield, these results imply that an understanding of scientific creativity andproductivity presupposes an understanding of patterns of social integration in science.
Dye Molecules as Bridges for Functional Modifications of Nylon: Antimicrobial Functions
Authors: Young Hee Kim  , Sun Gang
Published: March 2007

Dye molecules often contain reactive groups such as sulfonate, amino, and hydroxyl that serve as auxochromes in dyes, but are chemically reactive and potentially useful as linkers for attaching functional moieties to synthetic fibers. Using these reactive groups as a means of functionalizing textile materials is proposed and implemented in this study of modifying chemically stable polymers. As an example of this innovative finishing tech nology, acid dyed nylon 66 and nylon 6 fabrics are finished in a quaternary ammonium salt solution, and durable and refreshable antimicrobial functions are conferred on the fibers. Most acid dyes can be used with this method to incorporate quaternary ammonium salts into nylon fabrics. The add-on levels of the salts on the dyed and undyed fabrics are significantly different, evidence for the occurrence of interactions of dye molecules with salts. Quantitative antimicrobial evaluations of the treated fabrics reveal that there are significant reductions in bacterial populations up on surface contact with the finished fabrics. The bactericidal function of the fabrics survives through ten Launder-Ometer washes, according to AATCC test method 61-1994, equivalent to fifty machine washes.
Fiber Segment Length Distribution on the Yarn Surface in Relation to Yarn Abrasion Resistance
Authors: Choi K.F. , Kim K.L.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between yarn structure and abrasion resistance is studied. Yarn abrasion resistant properties are measured on a Shirley abrasion tester. A new yarn structural parameter, the average surface length (average segment length of a fiber on the yarn surface), is proposed. Experimental work determines the relationship between abrasion resistance and the average surface length of the yarn. Six worsted yam types with varying abrasion resistances are prepared for this purpose. This new parameter has a high correlation with yarn abrasion resistance.
A Qualitative Approach to Estimating Cotton Spinnability Limits
Authors: Krifa Mourad , Ethridge M. Dean
Published: March 2007

Cotton spinnability, or spinning potential, is traditionally determined based on the number of ends-down occurring under controlled spinning conditions. No yarn quality considerations are included in this spinning potential concept, which is representative only of the performance of a given fiber during spinning. Using measurements of thin places in ring spun yarns as the surrogate variable representing yarn quality, a new "quality potential" component is added to the traditional spinnability notion. Spinnability limits are o determined on the basis of yarn quality, and a new spinning potential definition that captures both critical aspects of spinning performance and yarn quality is advanced.
Equilibrium Moisture Relations for Textile Fibers
Authors: Toner Richard K. , Bowen Carol F. , Whitwell John C.
Published: March 2007

It is the purpose of this paper to present data on equilibrium moisture based upon the published work of Wiegerink [ 4] statistically recalculated by the present au thors. The study was first undertaken in the belief that Wiegerink's data could be made more useful if his curves of equilibrium moisture versus relative humidity could be extended with respect to temperature and relative humidity ranges and if the experimental variations in the data could be accurately minimized. In the analysis it was found that characteristic results for fibers could be explained in terms of physical-chemical principles which were presented and discussed in the first paper of this series [ 3]. The second publication [ 1] presented the mathematical details of the statistical correlation method.
Diffusion of Water Vapor Through Textiles
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Harrist Milton
Published: March 2007

One factor influencing the suitabilty of fabrics for clothing is resistance to the passage of water vapor. Measurement of the low resistances of woven fabrics requires a different technique from that for the high resistances of waterproofing and packaging materials, since the resistances are close to that of air itself, which may be used as a convenient comparison standard.

The resistance of a woven fabric depends on the kind of fiber, the thickness, and its tightness of weaving. With glass and vinyon, the resistance increases rapidly with density, showing that the main pathway through these materials is the air spaces. With cotton, viscose rayon, and wool, the tightest weaving produces resistances only four to eight times that of air, whereas those of ordinary fabrics range from two to four times that of air. This indicates that significant amounts of water vapor travel through the substance of the fibers themselves, which is confirmed by ex periments on viscose film (cellophane). Nylon and cellulose acetate are intermediate. The effects of resistant fibers are seen when the fraction of the volume occupied by fiber exceeds 40 percent; below this level all fabrics are closely similar, since the low-resistance pathway through the air spaces is sufficiently available.
Solution of the Problem of Producing Uniform Abrasion and Its Application to the Testing of Textiles
Authors: Schiefer Herbert F.
Published: March 2007

A general mathematical solution to the problem of producing uniform abrasion over a plane area of a specimen from every azimuthal direction was worked out. This solution requires that the abradant and the specimen rotate in the same direction and with the same angular velocity. The specimen may revolve about the center of the abradant with any angular velocity in the same direction as or in the opposite direction from its direction of rotation. The specimen must not extend beyond the boundary of the abradant. Simple revolution of abradant about specimen and of specimen about abradant without rotation of either are special solutions. The special solution in which the specimen does not revolve about the center of the abradant is the simplest one from mechanical considerations. A machine based upon this special solution is described and pre liminary results obtained with it are discussed.
Working of the Cotton Card and Its Mathematical Concepts
Authors: Oeser W.
Published: March 2007

The development of a method for the evaluation of carding intensity is traced. The measure suggested for use is the ratio of the number of wire points on the cylinder to the inches of fiber spread on the cylinder (wire points/inch of fiber length). The density of the wire clothing and the fineness of the raw material are considered in the evaluation.
Longitudinal Sectioning of Cords and Fabrics
Authors: Bailey T.L.W.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for making longitudinal sections of multi-ply yarns, cords, and fabrics. Photomicrographs are presented to show the alignment of single fibers, yarns, and plies at various planes along a length of the material. The ar rangement of yarns and plies is compared in a ZZS- and ZSZ-twisted cord. Lon gitudinal slices through the thickness of a fabric are presented to show the internal contact of warp and filling yarns. The pictures reduce the interference normally presented by the thickness of the fabric.
Shrinkproofing of Wool with Polyglycine from the Polymerization of Thiazolid-2:5-Dione
Authors: Bradbury J.H. , Leeder J.D.
Published: March 2007

Shrinkproofing of wool with thiazolid-2: 5-dione is not possible from aqueous solution but can be obtained from a range of organic solvents of low water affinity at tempera tures > 40°. The abrasion resistance of treated fabric is about 1.5-2 times that of untreated fabric but cost of treatment would be prohibitive in practice. Since the poly merization of dione is initiated by water in the wool, the polyglycine (number average degree, of polymerization about 18) cannot be attached by covalent bonds but by inter molecular hydrogen bonds. Descaling shows that most of the polyglycine is located in the scales a thin surface layer can be seen under the electron microscope. This surface layer reduces the directional frictional effect and produces shrinkproofing with a weight increase of the fiber of only 1%. It is most unlikely that spot welding of fibers with polyglycine is a contributing factor towards, shrinkproofing.
A Computer for the Automatic Processing of Fiber, Yarn, and Fabric Stress-Strain Data
Authors: Thorsen W.J.
Published: March 2007

During single-fiber tensile tests, major transitions in rheological behavior occur at the Young's modulus and yield-point regions. In the former region there is a transition from uncrimping (nonlinear spring) to approximate spring-like or Hookean behavior, and then to viscoelastic or plastic flow. In the latter region the transition is from Hookean extension to maximum plastic flow. The center of each transition region provides the basis of a new and better definition of the Young's modulus and yield points since these points are directly determined by the molecular-flow properties of the fiber. The uncrimping point is also defined on the basis that it is at or near the center of a transition from pure lielical spring to nonlinear spring and then to approximate Hookean behavior. An advantage of defining the parameters in this way is that they may be located through the use of the second and third stress derivatives as obtained by electronic analog computer techniques. Such techniques involve the use of inexpensive standard laboratory-type computer components. Thirty percent stretch and the ultimate tensile points may also be obtained. Voltage analogs of stress, strain, slope, and energy are stored in the computer's memory section at any of these points, or at any other selected stress or strain points. Twenty-one or more parameters may be computed and stored. Adaptations to yarn and fabric tensile tests and a modification to automatically dial in initial fiber length and reverse elongation are also descrihed. Through the use of analog-to-digital converters, these data may be automatically punched on cards or tape for storage or further analysis on a digital computer.
The Relation between Crystallite Orientation and Mechanical Properties of Mercerized Cottons
Authors: Shelat B.R. , Radhakrishnan T. , Iyer B.V.
Published: March 2007

Bundles of cotton fibers have been mercerized at various controlled stretches. The x-ray orientation factor, static elastic modulus, and load-extension behavior of these fibers have been determined. The effect. of changes in fine structure on changes in mechanical properties is discussed in terms of the above data.
Action of Oxidizing Agents on Cellulose and Hydrocellulose
Authors: Achwal W.B. , Nabar G.M.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the properties of cellulose during progressive hydrolysis by dilute sulfuric acid have been studied by measuring the changes in oxidative susceptibility, density, moisture regain, and DP. It is shown that hydrolysis decreases oxidative susceptibility, moisture regain, and DP but the density progressively increases and reaches a constant value at more or less the stage at which DP, moisture regain, and oxygen consumption reach a constant value. From a study of the chemical properties of the products of oxidation of cellulose and the various hydrocelluloses it is shown 'that the mechanism of oxidation, in spite of the changes indicated above, remains the same in both cases.
Effects of Tension During Resin Treatment on Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers and Yarns1
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Burgis Albert W. , Grant James N.
Published: March 2007

The effects of tension during resin treatment on the physical properties of yarns and fibers from the yarns were investigated on several cotton samples. The resins applied were of the melamine-formaldehyde and dimethylolethyleneurea types. The strength loss from slack treatments was the result of cross-linking of the internal fiber elements in unfavorable positions for stress equalization. Acid degradation was a factor in certain treatments. Low tensions during treatment were sufficient to prevent much of the strength loss. As elongation was reduced by tension, the energy to rupture was not greatly changed. The selection of high strength, high elongation cottons, and their premercerization increased the toughness. Tension before and during drying, followed by low tension during the cure, minimized the losses of toughness in yarns.
Wool Shrinkproofing Studies
Authors: Williams V.A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of inorganic salts on reaction and clearing rates for treatment of wool in neutral solution with potassium permanganate has been studied.

In addition to the manganese dioxide deposited on the fiber, reaction in distilled water produces a manganese dioxide sol, which makes qualitative observation of per manganate exhaustion difficult. No sol forms in salt solutions.

Permanganate exhaustion is fastest at low salt concentration and slowest in zero and saturated salt solutions. Above 1 molar added salt concentration, the permanganate exhaustion rates are in the order: NaNO3 > NaCl > Na2SO4. The nature of the salt has no effect on exhaustion rates below 1 molar. The variation in reaction rate with salt concentration may be explained in terms of either fiber or solution properties. However, activation energy for the reaction is in the range 5,500 to 8,000 cal/mole, which suggests that the rate-controlling step is diffusion through surface solution rather than diffusion through the fiber.

Rates of bisulfite clearing of manganese dioxide deposited on the fiber increase for permanganate treatments in increasing salt concentrations and reflect the depth of deposition of manganese dioxide. This is confirmed by optical microscopy.

Treatment of wool with aqueous permanganate, followed by bisulfite clearing, results in a wool weight decrease, which is greatest for treatments in saturated salt solutions.