bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Słownik historyczny terminów gramatycznych online" jako baza materiałowa do badań nad kształtowaniem się polskiej terminologii gramatycznej
Authors: Decyk-Zięba Wanda , Stąpor Izabela
Published: December 2024

This article is focused on the first online Historical Dictionary of Grammatical Terms, which is being created by the Department of the History of Polish Language and Dialectology at the University of Warsaw and the Laboratory of the History of Language at the University of Warsaw, and is funded by the NPRH project. The authors of the dictionary aim at collecting terms from as many sources as possible and to create a database that would enable researchers to rewrite the history of Polish grammatical terminology but also to show its formation contextualised across different time periods. Additionally, we hope that the material will allow us to estimate the contribution of individual grammarians to codifying Polish grammatical terminology. The article presents the general idea of the lexicon, its design, and the structure of the dictionary, which allows multifaceted queries of the database.
Design and Prototype Testing of a Smart SMA Actuator for UAV Foldable Tail Wings
Authors: Cheng Yan , Wang Jun , Li Rui , Gu Xiaojun , Zhang Yahui , Zhu Jihong , Zhang Weihong
Published: December 2024

The foldable tail wing system of UAVs offers advantages such as reducing the envelope size and improving storage space utilization. However, due to the compact tail wing space, achieving multi-modal locking and unlocking functionality presents significant challenges. This paper designs a new smart SMA actuator for the use of UAV foldable tail wings. The prototype testing demonstrated the advantages and engineering practicality of the actuator. The core content includes three main parts: thermomechanical testing of the SMA actuation performance, structural design of the actuator, and the fabrication and actuation testing of the prototype. The key parameters related to actuation performance, such as phase transformation temperature and actuation force, were determined through DSC and tensile testing. The geometric parameters of the tail wing were determined through kinetics and kinematic analyses. Through the linkage design of two kinematic pairs, the SMA actuator enables both the deployment and locking of the tail wing. The prototype testing results of the folding tail wing show that, after vibration and temperature variation tests, the SMA actuator is still able to output an actuation stroke of 2.15 mm within 20 ms. The SMA actuator integrates locking for both modes of the tail wing and unlocking during mode transitions, offering advantages such as fast response and minimal space requirements. It provides an effective solution tailored to the needs of the foldable tail wing system.
How Does Cultural Upbringing Influence How University Students in the Middle East Utilize ChatGPT Technology?
Authors: Aad Samar , Dagher Grace K. , Hardey Mariann
Published: December 2024

The Middle East, with its diverse cultures and adherence to social norms, offers a relevant case study for exploring the current research question. Using established theories of social interaction and technology acceptance, this research examines how cultural background shapes student interactions with ChatGPT. Analyzing data from 202 online surveys, our findings underscore the gender-based disparities in ChatGPT use, potentially revealing consequences for technology adoption within the Middle East. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how cultural upbringing influences AI utilization and paves the way for developing more culturally sensitive and inclusive AI systems. By promoting a more equitable and informed approach to AI adoption in the Middle East and beyond, this research offers valuable insights for future research directions and technology applications.
Individual Wrong or Systemic Failure? Moral Judgements About the Integrity of Politicians in the Wake of Dutch Integrity Scandals
Authors: Van Ginkel-Kempenaar Willianne , Kerkhoff Toon
Published: December 2024

This article focuses on moral judgements about the integrity of politicians expressed by various actors in public opinion in the wake of Dutch integrity scandals. The research assesses the link between a supposed act on the one hand and moral judgements of the actors involved on the other in an effort to improve our understanding of how political integrity is perceived and how it is used in public and political debate. This exploratory study takes three Dutch case studies of supposed conflicts of interest. Each case offers a view on judgements concerning political integrity from various media outlets, focused on three different levels: judgements of personal integrity, role integrity and political system integrity. This novel theoretical construct serves to see whether and, if so, how moral judgements about political integrity are linked to systemic (dis)satisfaction with government and politics. In addition—and focusing on the Dutch context only—the article assesses how people’s supposed place on a political ideological spectrum from left to right might influence their moral judgement. The article underscores the theoretical notion that the meaning of political integrity is inherently subject to varied interpretation and context of place and time. This also has important practical implications for managing and improving political integrity.
Effects of Mixed Saline and Fresh Water Sprinkler Irrigation on the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community of Summer Maize
Authors: Wang Tieqiang , Guo Zikang , Wang Hanbo , Li Weidong , Sheng Wenxu , Zhang Shuantang , Zhang Dasheng
Published: December 2024

Mixing saline and fresh water can help to increase the agricultural water utilization rate and solve the water shortage situation, but its role on rhizosphere microbes is unknown. This study revealed the effects of mixed saline and freshwater sprinkler irrigation at different proportions on the rhizosphere soil microbial community of summer maize. Compared to freshwater sprinkler irrigation, sprinkler irrigation with 2 g·L−1 of mixed saline and fresh water significantly increased the bacterial α-diversity and significantly affected the structure and composition of bacterial communities, increasing the number of OTUs, the ACE index, and the Shannon index in the rhizosphere soils, whereas sprinkler irrigation with 3 g·L−1 did not lead to significant changes. In addition, there was a significant difference in β-diversity between the mixed saline and freshwater sprinkler irrigation and the freshwater sprinkler irrigation. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the 2 g·L−1 and 3 g·L−1 sprinkler irrigation treatments were closer to each other, but both were at a greater distance from the freshwater sprinkler irrigation, indicating that mixed saline and freshwater irrigation significantly affected the structure of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities. Ammonium nitrogen, alkaline dissolved nitrogen, and total nitrogen all affected the soil bacterial community structure by more than 10%, with ammonium nitrogen being the most influential environmental factor. The relative abundance of most microbes in the mixed saline and freshwater sprinkler treatments was positively correlated with ammonium nitrogen, especially in the 2 g·L−1 treatment, while that of most microbes in the freshwater sprinkler treatment was negatively correlated with ammonium nitrogen. In conclusion, selecting a sprinkler irrigation model with a mineralization level of mixed saline and freshwater not exceeding 2 g·L−1 could enhance the rhizosphere soil microbial community while conserving water resources.
The Response of the Annual Rotation Width of Tea Trees to Climate Change in the Brown Mountains of Yunnan Province
Authors: Wu Xiaolong , Hu Haibo , Liang Di , Fu Peili , Qin Lei
Published: December 2024

Yunnan is located in the southwestern part of China, with rich tea tree germplasm resources and diversified geomorphological and climatic features, which help us to carry out research related to tea tree chronology and provide scientific and effective support information for enriching the database of tree rings in western Yunnan. This study took the Brown Mountain tea tree in Xishuangbanna as the research object, collected tea tree sample cores through tree growth cone sampling, measured the width of the annual rings, cross-dated them, and established a chronology of the width of the annual rings of the tea tree. The R language was used to analyze the response function of the tea tree’s annual ring chronology with the climatic factors of the study site, discussed the relationship between the radial growth of the tea tree in subtropical regions and climatic factors, and determined the main factors that affected the radial growth of the tea tree. The results of the study showed that the chronology of the tea tree’s whorl width spanned 70 years (1954–2023), with an average annual growth rate of 1.283 mm/year; the average sensitivity was 0.514, which indicated that the chronology contained richer climatic information. The representativeness of the sample group of the whorl width index (EPS) was 0.716, indicating that the consistency of the growth inter-annual variations was better among the different trees. The radial growth was correlated with climatic factors such as temperature and moisture; the radial growth of the tea tree was usually more sensitive to moisture availability, limited by hydrological and climatic factors throughout the rainy season of the year, and positively correlated with the temperature in summer and autumn. In terms of the stability of the radial growth of the tea tree in relation to the climatic response, the growth of the tea tree in the study area may have benefited from future warming of the climate and reduction in precipitation.
Optimization Design and Atomization Performance of a Multi-Disc Centrifugal Nozzle for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Sprayer
Authors: Zhu Zhaoyan , Yang Mengran , Li Yangfan , Wongsuk Supakorn , Zhao Cheng , Xu Lin , Zhang Yongping , He Xiongkui , Wang Changling
Published: December 2024

The nozzle is a crucial component in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers. The centrifugal nozzle offers unique advantages; however, there is a scarcity of published research regarding the structural parameters, spraying parameters, and practical applications specifically for UAV spraying. Furthermore, there is a need for UAV-specific nozzles that demonstrate high efficiency and excellent atomization performance. In this present study, a multi-disc centrifugal nozzle (MCN) capable of controlling droplet size was designed and optimized. The droplet size spectra with different atomizing discs were tested, and indoor and field tests were conducted to investigate the atomization and spray deposition characteristics of the MCN. It was found that the MCN with six atomizing discs with a curved groove, a disc angle of 120°, and a disc diameter of 77 mm demonstrated better atomizing performance. The volume median diameter was 96–153 μm, and the relative span was 1.0–1.3. Compared with the conventional hydraulic nozzle, this nozzle increased the effective spray swath width from 2.5–3.0 m to 4.0–5.0 m and promoted the average deposition rate by 132.4% at a flying height of 1.0 m and a flying speed of 3.0 m/s, which tends to raise the operation efficiency by four to five times. This study can provide a reference for the design and optimization of centrifugal nozzles for a UAV sprayer and the selection of operating parameters in aerial spraying operations.
Protective Role of Triacontanol (Myricyl Alcohol) Towards the Nutrients Uptake and Growth in Brassica rapa L. Under Cadmium Stress
Authors: Ahmed Shakil , Akram Aleeza , Sardar Rehana , Yasin Nasim Ahmad , Fatima Mariam , Jabbar Muhammad , Lackner Maximilian
Published: December 2024

Agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals gradually affects crop yield and its quality. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that severely affects crop yield, such as Brassica rapa L. (turnip), which is grown in arid and semiarid regions worldwide. It also affects seed germination and seedling development. The exogenous application of triacontanol (Tria, C30H61OH) has the potential to alleviate heavy metal-induced toxic effects and promote crop yield even in contaminated environments. Therefore, in the present work, Tria was tested to lessen the toxicity of Cd to turnip plants. The current study aimed to determine how seed priming and foliar application of Tria (10 and 20 ppm) influence the morphophysiological and yield characteristics of turnip plants under Cd-induced growth inhibition. Cd reduced turnip growth by affecting its morphology, biomass, and yield parameters. On the other hand, Tria at 20 ppm via SP+FS (seed priming + foliar spray) enhanced plant growth by increasing its root and leaf fresh weight by 80 and 54%, Chl a (59%), Chl b (27%), phenolic content (39%), and mineral contents of Mg (60%) and K (39%) compared with those in the plants treated with only Cd. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity was enhanced by up to 48% and ascorbic acid content by up to 96% in Cd-treated plants. These findings suggest that Tria application via both methods improved turnip yield by increasing tolerance to Cd toxicity. Therefore, this study paves the way for further exploration into a very cheap and economical way of enhancing crop production against Cd stress for farmers.
Evaluation of the Egner–Riehm DL and Mehlich 3 Tests for the Determination of Phosphorus: The Influence of Soil Properties on Extraction Efficiency and Test Conversion
Authors: Korzeniowska Jolanta , Stanislawska-Glubiak Ewa
Published: December 2024

The leaching of phosphorus (P), together with nitrogen (N), into deep water and runoff from fields into surface water has caused the dangerous phenomenon of eutrophication, which threatens the Baltic Sea. This process has led to a revision of fertilizer recommendations for farmers in most European countries. The basis for proper recommendations is the determination of soil P using a soil test. There are many different soil tests used in Europe for the determination of plant-available P in soil, which is primarily the result of the different soil conditions in the individual countries. In Poland, two soil P tests are currently used: the Egner–Riehm DL (DL) test and the Mehlich 3 (M3) test. The aim of our study was to determine the extraction efficiency of the DL and M3 tests, to explore the possibility of converting the results of one test to another, and to compare the diagnostic value of the tests. For this purpose, a collection of 237 soil–plant sample pairs was taken from maize fields in Poland. The phosphorus content was determined in all the soil and plant samples, with two methods used in the soil samples: DL and M3. The results of our study show that it is not possible to state unequivocally which test extracts more P from the soil. The extraction efficiency of the tests depends on the specific soil properties, particularly pH and texture. The most reliable conversion of DL test results to M3 is possible for soils that contain a 21–35% fraction characterized by particles less than 0.02 mm in diameter, regardless of soil pH. Furthermore, the DL test has better diagnostic value than M3, especially for alkaline soils.
Response of Metabolic Gene Panel to Organic Loading Stress in Propionate-Degrading Methanogenic Anaerobic Digesters
Authors: Silveira Kris Anthony , Diaz Soraya Zahedi , Calenzo Anna , O’Flaherty Vincent , Fermoso Fernando G.
Published: December 2024

Propionate, a critical intermediate in anaerobic digestion, and its syntrophic removal, is sensitive to stress. To our knowledge, this study investigates for the first time the response of a metabolic gene panel to organic loading rate (OLR) stress in propionate-degrading methanogenic consortia in lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The experimental phases included stabilisation (1.4–2.8 g COD/L/day), electroactive enrichment, OLR shock (6 g COD/L/day), and early recovery. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the abundance of key functional genes (16SrRNA, mcrA, pilA, and hgtR). During stabilisation, ~200 mLCH₄/h was produced, the mcrA/16SrRNA ratio was 0.78–2.64, and pilA and hgtR abundances were 1.29–2.27 × 105 and 2.12–4.37 × 104 copies/gVS. Following the OLR shock, methane production ceased entirely, accompanied by a sharp decline in the mcrA/16S ratio (0.08–0.24) and significant reductions in pilA (1.43-log) and hgtR (1.34-log) abundance. Partial recovery of pilA and hgtR abundance (1.19 × 105 and 8.57 × 104) was observed in the control reactor after the early recovery phase. The results highlight the utility of mcrA, 16SrRNA, pilA, and associated ratios, as reliable indicators of OLR stress in lab-scale UASB reactors. This study advances the understanding of molecular stress responses in propionate-degrading methanogenic consortia, focusing on direct interspecies electron transfer in process stability and recovery.
Trustworthy AI: Securing Sensitive Data in Large Language Models
Authors: Feretzakis Georgios , Verykios Vassilios S.
Published: December 2024

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed Natural Language Processing (NLP) by enabling robust text generation and understanding. However, their deployment in sensitive domains like healthcare, finance, and legal services raises critical concerns about privacy and data security. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for embedding trust mechanisms into LLMs to dynamically control the disclosure of sensitive information. The framework integrates three core components: User Trust Profiling, Information Sensitivity Detection, and Adaptive Output Control. By leveraging techniques such as Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), Named Entity Recognition (NER), contextual analysis, and privacy-preserving methods like differential privacy, the system ensures that sensitive information is disclosed appropriately based on the user’s trust level. By focusing on balancing data utility and privacy, the proposed solution offers a novel approach to securely deploying LLMs in high-risk environments. Future work will focus on testing this framework across various domains to evaluate its effectiveness in managing sensitive data while maintaining system efficiency.
Historical Research on Aerosol Number Concentrations, Classifications of Air Pollution Severity and Particle Retention: Lessons for Present-Day Researchers
Authors: Goodman Patrick , McGillicuddy Eoin J. , Harrison R. Giles , Rich David Q. , Scott John A.
Published: December 2024

Research into the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure has repeatedly considered smaller particles, to the point where particle number concentration might be a more relevant metric than mass concentration. Here, we highlight some historical research which developed metrics for air pollution severity based on particle number concentration. Because this work was published in a national journal and prior to the internet and open access, this historical research is not easy to find, and it was more through the history of the aerosol research community in Ireland that this work is now being presented. Multiple online searches for published research papers on “particle number concentrations” and “air pollution severity” were undertaken. Even when specific searches were undertaken using the author names and publication year, these featured papers were not found on any internet search. O’Dea and O’Connor proposed that air pollution severity could be classified based on particle number concentration of condensation nuclei, with ‘little’ air pollution <50 × 103 particles per cm3, ‘mean’ 50–70 × 103 particles per cm3, ‘strong’ 70–100 × 103 particles per cm3, and ‘very strong’ >100 × 103 particles per cm3. Applying their assumptions on density and mean particle size, equated to mass concentrations for a mean of 6 µgm−3, strong at 8.5 µgm−3, and very strong >10 µgm−3. These are consistent with the current WHO guideline values for PM2.5. Additionally, we highlight the 1955 work by Burke and Nolan on the retention of inhaled particles, where ~40% of the inhaled number concentration is retained in the respiratory system. This is also consistent with the more recently published work on particle retention. In summary, the proposed categories of pollution severity, based on number concentrations, could form a basis for the development of future guidelines. This paper highlights that sometimes research has already been published, but it is difficult to find. We challenge researchers to find publications from their own countries which pre-date the WWW to inform current and future research. Additionally, there is scope for a repository for such information on historical publications. We have presented historical research on aerosol number concentrations, classifications of air pollution severity, and particle retention, which present lessons for current researchers.
Comparative Analysis of Cross-Protective Immunity Among Three Geographically Distinct Isolates of Eimeria kongi
Authors: Fang Sufang , Meng Linghai , Shi Yubo , Hao Chengyu , Gu Xiaolong , Du Fangchen , Cui Ping , Tang Xinming
Published: December 2024

Coccidiosis is one of the most significant diseases affecting the rabbit industry and is caused by Eimeria. In a previous study, we identified a new species of Eimeria kongi (E. kongi-ZJK) from the northern region of China (Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province) and studied its pathogenicity and immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and cross-immunogenicity from different geographical isolates of E. kongi for vaccine development. Two geographical isolates of E. kongi-QD from Qingdao, Shandong Province (eastern China), and E. kongi-CD from Chengdu, Sichuan Province (southwestern China), were isolated and identified. The pathogenicity, immunogenicity, and cross-immunogenicity among the three geographical isolates were evaluated. The pathogenicity results showed that after infecting rabbits with doses of 1 × 103 or fewer sporulated oocysts of E. kongi-QD and E. kongi-CD, the rabbits exhibited clinical symptoms but recovered quickly, indicating lower pathogenicity. Immunogenicity studies revealed that after immunizing rabbits with 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. kongi-QD and E. kongi-CD for 14 days, followed by challenge with 1 × 104 homologous sporulated oocysts, the oocyst reduction rates in the immunized groups were 99.39% and 99.12%, respectively, compared with the non-immunized groups, demonstrating good immunogenicity. In cross-immunogenicity studies, rabbits were immunized with 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. kongi-ZJK, E. kongi-QD, or E. kongi-CD and then challenged with 1 × 104 sporulated oocysts of heterologous isolate. The immunized groups showed no significant clinical symptoms, and the oocyst reduction rates ranged from 55.9% to 98.4%. E. kongi-CD exhibited cross-protection against E. kongi-ZJK and E. kongi-QD, making it an ideal candidate formulation for vaccine development.
Surveillance of Drug Residue Profiles in Gallus gallus domesticus (Silkie Chickens) in Taiwan
Authors: Ke Chiao-Hsu , Chen Jr-Wei , Lin Chen-Si
Published: December 2024

Veterinary drugs are extensively utilized in poultry farming for purposes such as disease prevention, disease treatment, and feed efficiency enhancement. However, the application of these drugs can lead to unacceptable residues in edible products. This study aimed to investigate the residue profiles of veterinary drugs in silkie chickens. A total of 130 chicken samples were collected from two major retail markets in Taiwan between 2022 and 2024. The analysis of drug residues was conducted using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The overall detection rate of drug residues was 57.7%, and most of these residues were found to be below the maximum residue limits. Among the detected drugs, trimethoprim was the most prevalent, followed by nicarbazin, robenidine, decoquinate, diclazuril, and sulfamonomethoxine. Notably, there was a 31.4% chance that different samples from the same flock would yield varying results. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between drug residues and sample weight. In conclusion, this study provides valuable epidemiological data on drug residue profiles in silkie chickens in Taiwan. In the future, it is highly recommended that veterinary drug residues be continuously monitored, and food product sampling protocols be adjusted annually to ensure ongoing compliance with safety standards and protect consumer health.
Genetic Analysis of the Brown Bear Sub-Population in the Pindos Mountain, Central Greece: Insights into Population Status and Conservation
Authors: Tsalazidou-Founta Tzoulia-Maria , Karaiskou Nikoleta , Mertzanis Yorgos , Sofos Ioannis , Psaroudas Spyros , Vavylis Dimitrios , Koutis Vaios , Spyrou Vassiliki , Tragos Athanasios , Tsaknakis Yannis , Touloudi Antonia , Giannakopoulos Alexios , Chatzopoulos Dimitrios , Billinis Charalambos , Satra Maria
Published: December 2024

Habitat fragmentation poses a significant threat to the existence and reproduction of large carnivores, such as brown bears, as it affects the genetic connectivity of populations and, consequently, their long-term viability. Understanding the genetic makeup and dispersal patterns in areas where brown bears live is crucial for developing effective conservation plans and promoting human-brown bear coexistence. In this study, 214 hair samples were collected non-invasively from brown bears and were genetically analyzed using fifteen specific microsatellite loci to shed light on the genetic status and demography of a sub-population residing in Central Greece (Trikala-Meteora area). The broader Central and South Pindos regions have not been studied for over a decade; however, high levels of genetic diversity, a lack of heterozygosity deficiency, and no signs of inbreeding, along with an estimated effective population size (Ne = 99), confirm the good conservation status of this sub-population. Moreover, the existence of a natural and apparently functional corridor in Central Pindos was demonstrated by bear movements between the western and eastern parts of the project area, enhancing the sustainability of the population. These findings will contribute to future efforts to conserve natural corridors that enable functional connectivity among large areas of brown bear territories in Greece.
New Insights on the Diversity, Ecology and Genetic Population Structure of Anisakis spp. from Fish and Cetacean Hosts from Northeast Atlantic Waters
Authors: Ramilo Andrea , Rodríguez Helena , López Miguel , González Ángel F. , López Alfredo , Pierce Graham J. , Pascual Santiago , Abollo Elvira
Published: December 2024

In the last 25 years, nematode parasites of the genus Anisakis have attracted international attention from various socio-economic sectors, with serious concern about the impact of these parasites on seafood quality and safety, and public health (related to both zoonoses and allergy). A knowledge-based understanding of the population structure of Anisakis spp. is useful to provide valuable data about the infection dynamics, host specificity and its ability to adapt to local environments and to climate change by adapting to the food-web structure. This study first aimed to investigate the taxonomic biodiversity of Anisakis spp. collected from commercial fish and cetacean species from the most significant Northeast Atlantic fishing grounds and evaluate the ecological connections of A. simplex and A. pegreffii (L3 and adults) in cetaceans and fish from NW Spain, through the analysis of their genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 1399 Anisakis spp. L3 larvae from six fish species and 475 adults from six cetacean species were identified using the ITS rDNA region as a molecular marker. Molecular identification allowed for the first detection of A. berlandi in European waters parasitizing the long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas and the first report of A. nascettii and A. zhiphidarum infecting the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, as well as the identification of A. simplex, A. pegreffii and the hybrid genotype between both species. The analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 2 gene of A. simplex and A. pegreffii, the most prevalent species in FAO area 27, revealed panmictic populations for both species with high haplotype diversity. The predatory–prey relationship involving two major fish species (European hake and blue whiting) and the common dolphin appears to provide an important mechanism for maintaining genetic diversity and structure in major Anisakis species in the NE Atlantic.
Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Streptococcal Keratitis: An 18-Year Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Hospital in China
Authors: Cheng Zhen , Shi Qingquan , Peng Bo , Zhang Zijun , Wei Zhenyu , Wang Zhiqun , Zhang Yang , Chen Kexin , Xu Xizhan , Lu Xinxin , Liang Qingfeng
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Our aim was to investigate risk factors, clinical characteristics, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of cornea-isolated Streptococcus species collected at a tertiary hospital in China over 18 years. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed data from 350 patients diagnosed with Streptococcal keratitis at Beijing Tongren Hospital between January 2006 and December 2023, including demographics, risk factors, clinical signs, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) imaging, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Results: The predominant type was Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 108, 29.8%), followed by Streptococcus mitis (n = 90, 24.9%) and Streptococcus oralis (n = 85, 23.5%). Main risk factors included previous ocular surface disease (24.6%), ocular surgery (21.4%), and trauma (16.3%). Significant differences in clinical characteristics were observed among S. pneumoniae, S. oralis, and S. mitis regarding infiltration location (p = 0.038) and size (p = 0.037), as well as hypopyon presence (p = 0.006). IVCM revealed deeper inflammatory cell distribution and structural disruption as the disease progressed. Resistance rates of aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and fluoroquinolones have increased, with significant differences among species for amikacin (p = 0.010), gentamicin (p = 0.007), and others. Poor outcomes correlated with disease duration over one month, central corneal ulcers, dense infiltrations, hypopyon, and scar tissue presence on IVCM. Conclusions:Streptococcal keratitis is a complex ocular infection with multiple risk factors. S. pneumoniae, S. mitis, and S. oralis are the primary causative agents, exhibiting varying clinical features and antibiotic resistance patterns. Key factors associated with poor outcomes include long disease duration, central corneal ulcers, and severe infiltration.
Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Polyphenolic Compounds in Blueberry Extract: Functional Effects and Mechanisms
Authors: Qin Yue , Guo Jielong , Lin Yuchen , You Yilin , Huang Weidong , Zhan Jicheng
Published: December 2024

Blueberries are rich in polyphenols, which exhibit significant anti-diabetic activity. In this study, polyphenolic compounds with potential hypoglycemic activity were identified from blueberry polyphenol extract (BPE). This research focused on assessing the hypoglycemic effects of BPE and its polyphenolic compounds (dihydroquercetin and gallic acid) on diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD), as well as the related fundamental mechanisms. The findings revealed that BPE treatment effectively reduced levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) by decreasing hepatic oxidative stress, regulating lipid metabolism disorders and improving insulin resistance. Investigations into the insulin signaling pathway revealed that BPE can modulate the expression of Egfr, Insr, Irs-1, Pi3k and Akt, thereby influencing glucose metabolism. This study provides a research foundation for considering blueberry polyphenols as a nutritional dietary supplement for the prevention and intervention of diabetes.
Correction: Aleem et al. Characterization of SOD and GPX Gene Families in the Soybeans in Response to Drought and Salinity Stresses. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 460
Authors: Aleem Muqadas , Aleem Saba , Sharif Iram , Wu Zhiyi , Aleem Maida , Tahir Ammara , Atif Rana Muhammad , Cheema Hafiza Masooma Naseer , Shakeel Amir , Lei Sun , Yu Deyue , Wang Hui , Kaushik Prashant , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Bhat Javaid Akhter , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: December 2024

In the original publication [...]
Changes in Carotenoids and Quality Parameters of Sweet Paprika (Capsicum annuum) After an Accelerated Heat Treatment
Authors: Ferrando Belén Olga , Baenas Nieves , Periago María Jesús
Published: December 2024

Paprika, obtained from dried red pepper (C. annuum), is valued for its characteristic colour and flavour. Its carotenoid content, which is important for both sensory and nutritional quality, varies depending on several factors (agronomic conditions and technological treatment with special attention to the drying methods) that influence the colour and antioxidant capacity of the samples. This study investigated the effect of an accelerated thermal treatment (80 °C for 8 h) applied to evaluate the oxidative stability of the carotenoids and the colour of ground paprika depending on its origin (Peru or China). Changes in quality parameters (ASTA index and CIELAB colour), carotenoid content and profile (HPLC-DAD) and lipophilic antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS•+ methods) were evaluated. Untreated Chinese samples had 30% more total carotenoids than Peruvian samples, but this was not reflected in ASTA units, indicating that at least a 50% carotenoid variation is required for significant differences. Treatment resulted in a carotenoid loss of 70% in Peruvian and 30% in Chinese samples, with changes in total carotenoids correlating positively with antioxidant capacity. Both origins had similar carotenoid profiles, with β-carotene being the predominant carotenoid, while distinct contents were observed between the origins. The higher content of esterified carotenoids in Chinese peppers resulted in better thermal stability. The results highlight the necessity for tailored production processes to maintain nutritional integrity and antioxidant capacity.
Effectiveness and Mechanisms of CdS/Porous g-C3N4 Heterostructures for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Wastewater in Visible Light
Authors: Yan Ran , Mao Yuqing , Zhu Meirong , Wu Chuandong , Zuo Wei , Zhu Weichen , Zhao Chenxin , Tian Yu , Zhang Jun , Qiu Jie
Published: December 2024

In this study, CdS/porous g-C3N4 heterostructures were successfully synthesized via in situ co-precipitation to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) under visible light. The heterostructures, particularly at a 2:1 mass ratio of CdS to porous g-C3N4, demonstrated significant improvements in both adsorption and photocatalytic performance. The adsorption and degradation rates increased 4-fold and 9.64-fold, respectively, compared to pure porous g-C3N4, with optimal removal rates achieved at a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (·O2−) were the primary active species driving the degradation process, while hydroxyl radicals (·OH) played a minimal role. The composite material also maintained over 70% degradation efficiency after five cycles, indicating excellent stability. This research presents a promising route for the photocatalytic treatment of wastewater containing persistent organic pollutants, offering practical insights into dosage optimization, reaction kinetics, and mechanistic pathways that enhance performance.
Comparing Average and Peak Physical Demands and Well-Being Status During Basketball Back-to-Back Games
Authors: García Franc , Vicens-Bordas Jordi , Espasa-Labrador Javier , Peña Javier , Calleja-González Julio
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the impact of consecutive basketball games on the physical demands and well-being of young players under 18 years old (U-18), focusing on the peak demands (PD). Monitoring 17 players over 10 games (5 weekends), external load expressed as relative distance (RD) (m·min−1), high-speed running distance covered (HSR) (m·min−1), maximal accelerations (ACC) (n·min−1), and maximal decelerations (DEC) (n·min−1) normalized by playing time were assessed, and the Hooper index was used to evaluate wellness status. Additionally, linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models were employed to detect differences, revealing a significant decrease in RD·min−1 (F = 4.71, p = 0.04) during the second back-to-back game. ACC·min−1 also exhibited significant differences (χ2 = 6.44, p = 0.01) between players in one or two games. However, the PD remained unchanged. Conversely, the Hooper index significantly improved between games (2.67 arb. u. [95% CI 0.11–5.24]; p = 0.04, d = 1.25 large), indicating enhanced well-being on the second competition day. Although RD·min−1 differences suggest the onset of residual fatigue, U-18 teams seem to adapt correctly to a two-game schedule through player auto-regulatory pacing and squad rotation. The positive change in wellness on the second day suggests a need for a comprehensive approach to assessing basketball performance.
Power-Assisted Scissors Reduce Adductor Pollicis Muscle Fatigue: A Comparative Study in Female College Students
Authors: Koizumi Kohei , Sasao Kumiko , Senju Yoshihiro , Hamaguchi Toyohiro
Published: December 2024

Hand fatigue commonly occurs in repetitive tasks, such as cutting with scissors, leading to discomfort, reduced productivity, and musculoskeletal disorders. Recent advances in assistive technology have introduced power-assisted scissors to reduce the muscular load. Pinching and grasping mainly involve the adductor pollicis muscles of the hand. Measuring the electromyographic (EMG) activity of these muscles provides valuable insights into the muscular effort required for such tasks. Studies have indicated that power-assisted devices can effectively reduce muscle strain and fatigue. However, research on the effect of power-assisted scissors on adductor pollicis muscle activity is limited. This study examines the differences in adductor pollicis muscle activity using power-assisted scissors versus traditional scissors. The experiment consisted of 20 participants performing a scissor manipulation task with and without power assistance. Frequency analysis of the adductor pollicis muscle EMG data indicated that scissors with power assistance significantly reduced muscle fatigue (95% confidence interval, 10.705 [4.523–19.751], p < 0.01, η2 = 0.01). Understanding the efficacy of power-assisted scissors has significant implications for occupational health—particularly in professions that involve extensive manual cutting, such as tailoring and hairdressing. This study can contribute to the design of ergonomic tools that enhance comfort and reduce musculoskeletal disorder risks.
Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties and Damage Mechanism of Saturated Coal-Measure Sandstone in an Open Pit Mine Under the Freeze–Thaw Effect
Authors: Cao Yue , Xu Zhijun , Tai Lianhai , Kong Zheng , Wu Peng , Li Chong , Mao Xianbiao
Published: December 2024

The damage and degradation of coal-measure sandstone in cold-region open-pit mines due to freeze–thaw effects has become one of the significant factors inducing instability in the rock mass of open-pit mine slopes. This study conducts experiments on the physical and mechanical properties of saturated coal-measure sandstone under varying freeze–thaw cycle counts and freezing temperatures, revealing the intrinsic mechanisms of damage and degradation in saturated coal-measure sandstone due to freeze–thaw effects. The experimental results indicate that, with an increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles and a decrease in the freezing temperature, the elastic modulus and peak compressive strength of the specimens exhibit an exponential decrease. In contrast, the peak strain shows an exponential increase. However, compared to the freezing temperature, the increase in the freeze–thaw cycle frequency leads to a more significant change in the mechanical parameters of the specimens, indicating that the frequency of freeze–thaw cycles has a more pronounced effect on the deformation resistance of saturated coal-measure sandstone than the freezing temperature. The failure mode of coal-measure sandstone specimens under uniaxial compressive loading primarily exhibits shear failure; however, as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases and the freezing temperature decreases, the specimens begin to exhibit tensile failure modes, which gradually develop into a combined tensile and shear failure mode. Based on the experimental data, two sets of surface equations were fitted to characterize the relationship between the mechanical properties (peak compressive strength, elastic modulus) of the specimens and the experimental parameters (number of freeze–thaw cycles, freezing temperature). The research findings can provide references and insights for engineering disasters caused by the degradation of coal-bearing sandstone in cold-region open-pit mines.
Modeling of Characteristics of Complex Microstructure and Heterogeneity at the Core Scale
Authors: Chen Yiwei , Dong Pingchuan
Published: December 2024

Complex pore structures and strong matrix heterogeneity distinguish carbonate rocks, but there is a lack of comprehensive methods to describe these characteristics. In this study, a integrated approach is proposed to improve the accuracy and adaptability of velocity prediction methods, using a modified squirt flow model based on microcrack structures to characterize complicated pore structures, and a mixed random medium model to represent significant heterogeneity. In addition, the microcrack structure is obtained by inversion, but different from the D-Z method, each group of microcracks corresponds to a different equivalent medium model, so as to improve the accuracy of the inversion results. And the modified squirt flow model takes into account the attenuation caused by local flow between microcracks. The random medium model simulates the inhomogeneous body in the core by adjusting the autocorrelation length a and b, the rounding coefficient n, and the angle θ. A comparative study of the measured data of five limestone and dolomite samples reveals that the P-wave prediction error of the new model is less than 5%, whereas the Biot model is less than 10%, implying that the prediction accuracy of the new model is better.
Methods for Determining Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Milk: A Review
Authors: Żbik Klara , Górska-Horczyczak Elżbieta , Zalewska Magdalena , Wierzbicka Agnieszka , Półtorak Andrzej
Published: December 2024

This review aims to compile and present information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk, their effects on human health, relevant legal regulations, and methods for their detection. PAHs are hazardous environmental pollutants that can accumulate in milk due to their lipophilicity and feed, water, and grass contamination. Also, high-temperature processing in the milk industry can contribute to their formation. PAHs are recognized for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, posing significant risks to human health. Milk presents a unique analytical challenge as a complex matrix; the fats where hydrophobic PAHs tend to accumulate are “trapped” within the membranes of casein micelles. This complexity makes the extraction and analysis of PAHs more demanding than other food matrices. Developments in chromatographic techniques provide effective methods for detecting PAHs in milk, ensuring adherence to regulatory standards. The proper planning of research and the use of these techniques will lead to accurate results. This review focuses specifically on methods for extracting and isolating PAHs from milk, and instrumental methods for their detection and quantification. Such a review may be valuable for researchers looking for methods to analyze PAHs in milk and dairy products.
Boosting Model Interpretability for Transparent ML in TBM Tunneling
Authors: Sioutas Konstantinos N. , Benardos Andreas
Published: December 2024

Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) are essential for excavating metro tunnels, reducing disruptions to surrounding rock, and ensuring efficient progress. This study examines how machine learning (ML) models can predict key tunneling outcomes, focusing on making these predictions clearer. Specifically, the models aim to predict surface settlements (ground sinking) and the TBM’s penetration rate (PR) during the Athens Metro Line 2 extension to Hellinikon. For surface settlements, four artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed, achieving an accuracy of over 79%, on average. For the TBM’s PR, both an XGBoost Regressor (XGBR) and ANNs performed consistently well, offering reliable predictions. This study emphasizes model transparency mostly. Using the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) library, it is possible to explain how models make decisions, highlighting key factors like geological conditions and TBM operating data. With SHAP’s Tree Explainer and Deep Explainer techniques, the study reveals which parameters matter most, making ML models less of a “black box” and more practical for real-world metro tunnel projects. By showing how decisions are made, these tools give decision-makers confidence to rely on ML in complex tunneling operations.
Diatoms as an Indicator of Water Quality in the Kuils River, Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Kuturo Leona , Malaza Ntokozo , Paulse Arnelia Natalie , Mpungose Philani
Published: December 2024

Rivers are crucial hydrological cycle components, supporting ecosystems and human activities. Managing and protecting river water quality is essential. Diatoms, microscopic algae, are widespread and sensitive to changes in water quality, making them effective bioindicators. This study focused on the Kuils River in the Western Cape, South Africa, where diatom sampling was conducted at four sites. Their communities are affected by different physicochemical parameters, such as changes in pH, salinisation, eutrophication, and organic enrichment. A total of 98 diatom species were identified. The Omnidia software was used to calculate the Generic Diatom Index, Specific Pollution Index, and Trophic Diatom Index. Historical physicochemical data such as pH, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphorus were obtained from the Department of Water and Sanitation between 2019 and 2021 and were used to provide a reference for comparing diatoms. The results showed clear signs of pollution, as shifts in diatom species composition were observed. Pollution-tolerant species such as the Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W Smith 1856, Navicula viridula (Kützing) Ehrenberg 1838, Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Schaarschmidt 1880, and Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compère 2001 dominated, while less pollution-tolerant species like Gomphonema parvulum f.saprophilum Lange-Bertalot and E. Reichardt 1993 and Stephanocylus meneghinianus (Kutzing) Kulikovskiy, Genkal, and Kociolek 2022 were less abundant. Both diatom indices and physicochemical data indicated poor water quality in the Kuils River. The study concludes that diatoms are a valuable tool for biomonitoring river water quality and recommends their use alongside traditional physicochemical methods for future assessments of river systems.