bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plus ça Change…? Multiraciality and the Dynamics of Race Relations in the United States
Authors: Bean Frank D. , Lee Jennifer
Published: January 2009

The issue of race has long cast a shadow on the founding mythology of the United States, but today some scholars argue race is declining in significance, as evidenced by the rise of interracial unions and the fact that the offspring of such unions can now officially acknowledge their mixed‐race backgrounds. However, the sizeable growth of the Asian and Latino populations in the United States through immigration complicates the issue. Seemingly neither black nor white, the new immigrants are generating increased diversity and raising questions about whether today's color line replicates the old Black–White demarcation. The research results introduced in this article suggest the contemporary color line in the United States more reflects a Black/non‐Black division than a White/non‐White one.
Physiologic Determinants of Mitral Inflow Pattern Using a Computer Simulation: Insights into Doppler Echocardiography in Diverse Phenotypes
Authors: Dodson John A. , Horn Evelyn M. , Dickstein Marc , Ferber Paul , King Donald L. , Burkhoff Daniel , Maurer Mathew S.
Published: January 2009

Background: Although echo Doppler recordings of mitral inflow patterns are often employed clinically to identify “diastolic dysfunction,” abnormal flow profiles may be seen in a diverse set of disorders in which the specific physiologic determinants are not well defined. Methods: We used a validated cardiovascular simulation model to assess the effects of four hemodynamic parameters on Doppler measures of LV filling: (1) total blood volume, (2) diastolic stiffness (LV Beta), (3) systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and (4) pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In each simulation, we calculated instantaneous flow through the mitral valve as a function of time. Results: Increases in blood volume led to an increase in the E:A ratio and a decrease in deceleration time (DT), such that for every 100 mL of volume, DT decreased by ∼3 ms. Increases in LV Beta increased the E:A ratio and decreased DT such that for every 0.005 mmHg/mL increase in LV Beta, DT decreased by ∼8 ms. While changes in SVR did not significantly alter the Doppler pattern, increases in PVR effected a prolongation of DT and an impaired relaxation E:A pattern. Increasing blood volume and LV Beta simultaneously was additive, while increasing PVR attenuated the effect of increasing volume on the E:A ratio. Conclusions: Computer simulations demonstrate that both blood volume and LV stiffness significantly impact the mitral inflow profile indicating that both filling pressure and intrinsic properties of the ventricle are contributors. These data confirm that there are multiple determinants of the Doppler mitral inflow pattern and suggest a new approach toward understanding complex physiologic interactions.
Myocardial interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC) in caveolin‐1 KO mice
Authors: Gherghiceanu M. , Hinescu M. E. , Popescu L. M.
Published: January 2009

We compared, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructure of interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC) in normal mammalian myocardium versus caveolin‐1 null mice. TEM showed that myocardial ICLCs of caveolin‐1‐deficient mice retain their main ultrastructural characteristics, for example, location among cardiomyocytes, close vicinity to nerves and/or blood capillaries, specialized cell‐to‐cell junctions, presence of 2–3 typical processes, which are very long (several tens of micrometres), but are very thin (0.1–0.2 μm) and moniliform. However, the most striking modification of myocardial ICLC in caveolin‐1 KO mice was the absence of caveolae. Beyond this main observation, three other findings could be reported: (1) the absence of caveolae in capillary endothelium, (2) persistence of (some) caveolae at the level of cardiomyocte sarcolemma or vascular smooth muscle cell sarcolemma and (3) (un)expected ultrastructural modifications such as increased thickness of capillary basement membrane and increased autophagy of several cardiomyocytes.
LDL and UV‐oxidized LDL induce upregulation of iNOS and NO in unstimulated J774 macrophages and HUVEC
Authors: PERSSON KARIN , SAUMA LILIAN , SÄFHOLM ANNETTE , XU LIHUA , LI WEI , YUAN XI‐MING
Published: January 2009

Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) diminishes NO production from activated macrophages. The interaction between LDL and inactivated macrophages is neglected and controversial. This study examines the effect of LDL, 7‐oxysterols and iron compounds on NO production in unstimulated J774 macrophages. J774 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were either incubated for 24 h with native LDL (LDL) or ultraviolet (UV)‐oxidized LDL (UVoxLDL), in the absence or presence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐ or an endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)‐inhibitor. J774 cells were also incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the absence or presence of an iNOS‐ or an eNOS‐inhibitor. Nitrite was analysed as a marker of NO production. The mRNA levels of iNOS were evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. LDL and UVoxLDL significantly increased NO production from unstimulated J774 macrophages. This increase in NO was accompanied by enhanced expression of iNOS mRNA, and was inhibited by the iNOS inhibitor. Furthermore, NO production was elevated and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity was reduced in HUVEC following the exposure to LDL and UVoxLDL. In conclusion, LDL may serve as an important inflammatory activator of macrophages and HUVEC, inducing inducible nitric oxide production but diminishing ACE. After its oxidation, this function of LDL may be further enhanced and may contribute to the regulation and progression of atheroma formation.
Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus‐1 infection in the mouse model
Authors: GOSZTONYI GEORG , BORCHERS KERSTIN , LUDWIG HANNS
Published: January 2009

Equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) is a major equine pathogen causing respiratory diseases, abortions and severe neurological disorders. The basis of neurological disturbances is, as in other organs, infection of endothelial cells, followed by vasculitis, thrombosis and ischaemic damage of the parenchyma. Here, a murine model was used to explore the mechanism of entry to, and spread within the brain, the cell affinity of the agent and the modulating role of the immune defence, which are all factors governing the pathogenesis of the neurological disease. Because controversial views exist about these mechanisms, we undertook a neuropathological study with intranasally infected adult mice. EHV‐1 entered the brain through the olfactory neuroepithelium and along the olfactory nerves, and spread transsynaptically in rostro‐caudal direction, using olfactory and limbic neuronal networks. Exclusively neurons were infected. The cellular immune reaction exerted a restraining effect on virus dissemination. Following nasal infection, the olfactory route was the major pathway for virus entry and dissemination, involvement of the trigeminal nerve in virus spread seems much less probable. In the adult mouse brain EHV‐1 behaves as a typical neurotropic agent, using, similarly to other herpesviruses, the neuronal networks for dissemination. Vasculitis, the predominant type of lesion in natural infection, and endothelial cell positivity for EHV‐1 were detectable only in the lung. Thus, this agent exhibits in the mouse a dual affinity: it is neurotropic in the brain, and endotheliotropic in visceral organs. Consideration of pathogenetic aspects of equine and experimental murine EHV‐1 infections also helps a better understanding of human herpetic brain disease.
C‐type natriuretic peptide in prostate cancer
Authors: NIELSEN SOEREN JUNGE , IVERSEN PETER , REHFELD JENS F. , JENSEN HELLE LONE , GOETZE JENS PETER
Published: January 2009

C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is expressed in the male reproductive organs in pigs. To examine whether the human prostate also expresses the CNP gene, we measured CNP and N‐terminal proCNP in prostate cancer tissue extracts and performed immunohistochemical biopsy staining. Additionally, proCNP‐derived peptides were quantitated in plasma from patients with prostate cancer. Blood was collected from healthy controls and patients before surgery for localized prostate cancer. Tissue extracts were prepared from tissue biopsies obtained from radical prostatectomy surgery. N‐terminal proCNP, proCNP (1–50) and CNP were measured in plasma and tissue extracts. Biopsies were stained for CNP‐22 and N‐terminal proCNP. Tissue extracts from human prostate cancer contained mostly N‐terminal proCNP [median 5.3 pmol/g tissue (range 1.0–12.9)] and less CNP [0.14 pmol/g tissue (0.01–1.34)]. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of the peptides in prostatic epithelial cells. The N‐terminal proCNP concentrations in plasma were marginally lower in patients with localized prostate cancer compared with control subjects [13.8 pmol/l (11.0–17.2) vs. 15.1 pmol/l (10.4–23.2), p=0.002] but not enough to justify the use of N‐terminal proCNP as a cancer marker. Further research is needed to establish whether measurement of proCNP‐derived peptides may offer clinical information.
Canine neoplasia – Introductory paper
Authors: GAMLEM HANS , NORDSTOGA KNUT , GLATTRE EYSTEIN
Published: January 2009

The paper gives a brief introduction to canine oncology, including its comparative aspects as basis for recording tumours in the animal kingdom. In an abbreviated presentation of the Norwegian Canine Cancer Project for the years 1990 – 1998, the data (n=14,401) were divided into age groups, each of two years, into different categories of tumours, and into age and gender. As expected, cutaneous histiocytoma was the dominant tumour type in both sexes during the two first years of life. In the age group 2 – 3.99 years histiocytoma was still the largest group in males, but was surpassed by benign epithelial skin tumours in females. After the age of 4 years, benign epithelial skin tumours constituted the greatest circumscribed group in males, and mammary tumours in females, although the summated other tumours, not explained in this survey, dominated overall in males. Maligancies (cancer) were shown in the same way, by corresponding groups of gender and age. While mastocytoma was the most common tumour and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma the second most common during the two first years of life in females, the situation was reversed in males. Later, mammary tumours dominated in females, while different tumour types not further specified in this summarized report dominated in males, until the end of the age registration (above 14 years). Number, sex and location of most common tumours are shown in a tabular outline.

Comparative aspects between human and dog tumours are considered: mammary and testicular neoplasia seemed more frequent in dogs than in humans in Norway, while intestinal, pulmonary and prostatic malignancies were less common in dogs. In our study, vascular tumours and tumour‐like lesions constituted about 3% of the total data. As benign vascular tumours are incompletely reported to the human Cancer Registry, no dependable comparison may be made, but malignant vascular tumours have been on the rise during the last decades in the Norwegian human population, more so in men then in women.

Finally, the article deals briefly with the development of endothelial cells, and the sparse information on causal factors of vascular tumours.
Canine vascular neoplasia – histologic classification and immunohistochemical analysis of 221 tumours and tumour‐like lesions
Authors: GAMLEM HANS , NORDSTOGA KNUT
Published: January 2009

A light microscopic evaluation of 221 canine vascular tumours and tumour‐like lesions, supplemented by immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand Factor, CD31, vimentin), revealed a high degree of conformity with similar conditions in humans. Four main categories of tumours are reported, i.e. benign types: haemangiomas (n=127) and lymphangioma (n=1); tumour‐like lesions: papillary endothelial hyperplasia (n=8) and vascular ectasias (n=2); neoplasms of intermediate malignancy: haemangioendotheliomas (n=27), and the obvious malignant form: angiosarcomas (n=57). Further classification showed that all subtypes had their human counterparts. Papillary endothelial hyperplasia and arteriovenous and venous haemangiomas are described for the first time in dogs. The combination of conventional histopathologic methods and immunohistochemistry was in many cases very useful diagnostically, the latter technique being in some cases indispensable for establishing a definite diagnosis. In general CD31 was the most useful marker for tumours originating from endothelial cells, especially for poorly differentiated haemangiosarcomas.
Canine vascular neoplasia – a population‐based clinicopathologic study of 439 tumours and tumour‐like lesions in 420 dogs
Authors: GAMLEM HANS , NORDSTOGA KNUT , ARNESEN KRISTEN
Published: January 2009

This paper deals with a population‐based material collected during the years 1990 – 1998, and comprises 439 tumours and tumour‐like vascular processes from 420 dogs. Anatomic location, age, breed and gender are reported. A distinction is made between benign neoplasms, tumours of intermediate malignancy, and obvious malignant processes (angiosarcomas). Clinical behaviour, comprising recurrence and metastatic disposition, is included. Subclassification is done according to criteria used in human oncology. More than one half (242 of 439) occurred in the skin, and a great majority of skin processes (223 of 242) represented benign tumours or tumour‐like lesions. The next most common site of summarised lesions was the spleen, with 110 cases, with only 17 processes in this organ being defined as benign. Splenic involvement was followed by the liver, with 13 out of 17 processes being angiosarcomas. Eleven of 12 heart tumours were angiosarcomas. A majority of skin haemangiomas was of the cavernous type (108 of 211), and more than one half (10 of 14) of the capillary haemangiomas were located on dorsal sites of the extremities. The mixed capillary/cavernous haemangiomas had a more diffuse distribution, although 20 of 31 were found in the skin of the hind limbs. Only one lymphangioma and one case of angiomatosis were observed. Most tumour‐like proliferations were papillary endothelial hyperplasias. Recurrence occurred in 17 dogs, some of which had received a primary benign diagnosis. Primary metastases were observed in 63 animals, the majority in the spleen and heart. Dissemination involved a further 23 cases (22 had angiosarcoma). The male/female rate of benign tumours was 0.78, for tumour‐like processes 1.83, intermediate malignant tumours 1.65, and angiosarcomas 1.60. With few exceptions, there was an overweight of all subclassified vascular lesions in animals more than 6 years of age.
Finding essential scales of spatial variation in ecological data: a multivariate approach
Authors: Jombart Thibaut , Dray Stéphane , Dufour Anne‐Béatrice
Published: January 2009

The identification of spatial structures is a key step in understanding the ecological processes structuring the distribution of organisms. Spatial patterns in species distributions result from a combination of several processes occuring at different scales: identifying these scales is thus a crucial issue. Recent studies have proposed a new family of spatial predictors (PCNM: principal coordinates of neighbours matrices; MEMs: Moran's eigenvectors maps) that allow for modelling of spatial variation on different scales. To assess the multi‐scale spatial patterns in multivariate data, these variables are often used as predictors in constrained ordination methods. However, the selection of the appropriate spatial predictors is still troublesome, and the identification of the main scales of spatial variation remains an open question. This paper presents a new statistical tool to tackle this issue: the multi‐scale pattern analysis (MSPA). This ordination method uses MEMs to decompose ecological variability into several spatial scales and then summarizes this decomposition using graphical representations. A canonical form of MSPA can also be used to assess the spatial scales of the species‐environment relationships. MSPA is compared to constrained ordination using simulated data, and illustrated using the famous oribatid mites dataset. The method is implemented in the free software R.
A spatial model of bird abundance as adjusted for detection probability
Authors: Marcos Gorresen P. , McMillan Garnett P. , Camp Richard J. , Pratt Thane K.
Published: January 2009

Modeling the spatial distribution of animals can be complicated by spatial and temporal effects (i.e. spatial autocorrelation and trends in abundance over time) and other factors such as imperfect detection probabilities and observation‐related nuisance variables. Recent advances in modeling have demonstrated various approaches that handle most of these factors but which require a degree of sampling effort (e.g. replication) not available to many field studies. We present a two‐step approach that addresses these challenges to spatially model species abundance. Habitat, spatial and temporal variables were handled with a Bayesian approach which facilitated modeling hierarchically structured data. Predicted abundance was subsequently adjusted to account for imperfect detection and the area effectively sampled for each species. We provide examples of our modeling approach for two endemic Hawaiian nectarivorous honeycreepers: ‘i‘iwiVestiaria coccineaand ‘apapaneHimatione sanguinea.
Surgical repositioning of a traumatically intruded permanent incisor in a patient with rheumatic fever: case report
Authors: Dias Rosana Sales , Neto João Arruda Cajazeira , De Carvalho Fernanda Matias , Moreira Neto José Jeová Siebra
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Intrusive luxation of permanent teeth is a relatively uncommon type of injury to the periodontal ligament. However, it is one of the most severe types of dentoalveolar trauma. By definition, intrusive luxation consists of the axial displacement of the tooth into the alveolar bone, accompanied by comminution or fracture of the alveolar bone. Here we report the treatment management of a traumatically intruded immature permanent central incisor by surgical repositioning undertaken in a 10‐year‐old child with rheumatic fever 10 days after sustaining a severe dentoalveolar trauma. The intraoral examination showed the complete intrusion of the permanent maxillary right central incisor and the radiographic examination revealed incomplete root formation. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy was prescribed and the intruded tooth was surgically repositioned and endodontically treated thereafter. The postoperative course was uneventful, with both clinically and radiographically sound conditions of the repositioned tooth up to 3 years and 2 months of follow‐up. These outcomes suggest that surgical repositioning combined with proper antibiotic prophylaxis and adequate root canal therapy may be an effective treatment option in cases of severe intrusive luxations of permanent teeth with systemic involvement.
Knowledge of firefighters with special paramedic training of the emergency management of avulsed teeth
Authors: De Carvalho Cardoso Leandro , Poi Wilson Roberto , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Da Silveira Rodrigues Thaís , Manfrin Thais Mara
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Immediate replantation into the socket is the ideal procedure in cases of accidental avulsion of permanent teeth. In Brazil, firefighters with special paramedic training are in charge of providing first‐aid care to victims of road accidents and might have to deal with tooth avulsions. This study assessed the knowledge of firefighters regarding the emergency management of avulsed teeth. Information was collected from a questionnaire submitted to 110 volunteer firefighters in seven cities in the São Paulo State (Brazil). The results revealed that 70.9% of the respondents did not know what tooth avulsion was; 53.6% did not know what tooth replantation was or defined it incorrectly; 60% would not act properly in tooth avulsion cases; 20.9% did not consider replantation of the avulsed tooth into the socket as a treatment option; the ideal time interval for tooth replantation was unknown to 40% of the interviewees; 90% of the participants answered that they would not be able to perform tooth replantation. Among those who considered themselves unable to perform tooth replantation, 47.3% chose saline as the best storage medium for an avulsed tooth, 21.8% chose milk, 3.6% chose the patient’s mouth and 20% reported not knowing where to store the tooth; 81.8% of the firefighters reported not to have ever received any specific directions on tooth replantation and 100% of them considered this knowledge a requirement for first‐aid care to accident victims. In conclusion, the knowledge of the surveyed firefighters regarding emergency management after tooth avulsion was unsatisfactory in several aspects that are important for the success of replantation procedures. Firefighters with special paramedic training should be educated on how to proceed in cases of dentoalveolar traumas and tooth avulsions in order to improve treatment prognosis and increase the survival rate of replanted teeth.
German general dentists’ knowledge of dental trauma
Authors: Krastl Gabriel , Filippi Andreas , Weiger Roland
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of German general dentists on different scenarios in dental traumatology, as well as to analyse, whether there was any correlation between practitioners’ perceptions of their knowledge and their actual expertise. A questionnaire containing questions on demographic data and knowledge was handed out to general dentists at the beginning of different lectures in dental traumatology given by the authors. A total number of 181 questionnaires were evaluated. Sixty‐three per cent of the dentists considered their knowledge as being sufficient or comprehensive, while only 37% indicated to have fragmentary knowledge in dental traumatology. Irrespective of the self‐assessment, 40% of the questions were answered correctly. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend towards slightly better knowledge for dentists whose graduation was more recent. On the basis of the findings of this study, it can be suggested that the level of knowledge among general dentists in Germany is rather poor on different scenarios regarding dental traumatology and their self‐assessment is inaccurate.
Does a free‐of‐charge distribution of boil‐and‐bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?
Authors: Zadik Yehuda , Levin Liran
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the compliance effectiveness of free‐of‐charge distribution of boil‐and‐bite mouthguards to amateur sportsmen who exercise and play without a formal team, a coach, or regulations. Several infantry units in the Israel Defense Forces distributed maxillary boil‐and‐bite mouthguards to their recruits. Target companies from these battalions and from similar battalions (comparison group ‐mouthguards not supplied), were selected. Soldiers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Of the 630 male participants, 272 received a mouthguard and 358 served as the comparison group. No differences were found between groups regarding demographic parameters or overall trauma cases. When compliance to a free‐of‐charge distributed boil‐and‐bite mouthguard was assessed, 93 (34.2%) participants reported using the mouthguard during sport activities. Compliance was high for martial arts, but low for other sports. Although the number of self‐reported sport‐related oral/dental trauma cases was similar between mouthguard users and non‐users, the users group showed less severe injuries. However, free distribution to young amateur sportsmen does not affect oral and dental trauma unless accompanied by education and motivation.
Extraction of upper first molar resulting in fracture of maxillary tuberosity
Authors: Altuğ Hasan Ayberk , Sahin Sermet , Sencimen Metin , Dogan Necdet
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Fracture of the maxillary tuberosity sometimes can happen when pneumatization of the maxillary sinus extends between the roots of upper molars. Some factors may lead to this complication including prominent or curved roots, chronic periapical infection, hypercementosis, root ankylosis and tooth fusion. This paper reports a case with fracture of the maxillary tuberosity following extraction of an upper first molar in general dental practice. Prevention from any complication during extractions of maxillary molars with large antral enlargement is possible with careful preoperative examination and accurate surgical planning. The general dentist should be prepared to refer such cases to an oral surgeon when facing difficulties like the presented case.
Oral carcinoma associated with implant‐supported overdenture trauma: a case report
Authors: Gallego Lorena , Junquera Luis , Llorente Santiago
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  With the advent of predictable implant support and retention, the implant‐supported overdenture (IOD) has become an accepted treatment modality, but some complications could be observed. We present a case report of squamous cell carcinoma developed in an edentulous ridge in relation to bar retaining IOD chronic trauma, in a patient with no history of previous oral cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first case described in the literature and suggests that primary malignancy can appear as a chronic traumatic ulcer and that a high degree of vigilance is required in the follow up of these patients.
Delayed replantation of rat teeth after use of reconstituted powdered milk as a storage medium
Authors: Dos Santos Cláudia Letícia Vendrame , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Poi Wilson Roberto , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Sundefeld Maria Lúcia Marçal Mazza , Negri Márcia Regina
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  Minimal extraoral dry storage period and moist storage for the avulsed tooth are identified as key steps for the treatment protocol of tooth replantation. Among the possible moist storage media, bovine milk has stood out because of its capacity of preserving the integrity of the periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers. This condition has attracted the attention to investigate the use of powdered milk, which is one of the presentation forms of bovine milk, as a feasible storage medium in cases of delayed tooth replantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing process after delayed replantation of rat teeth stored in reconstituted powdered milk and long shelf‐life (ultra high temperature) whole milk. Forty maxillary right rat incisors were assigned to four groups (n = 10): group I – the teeth were extracted and immediately replanted into theirs sockets; group II – the teeth were stored for 60 min in 200 ml of freshly reconstituted powdered milk; group III – the teeth were stored for 60 min in 200 ml of long shelf‐life whole milk; group IV – the teeth were kept dry for the same time. All procedures were performed at room temperature. Next, the root canals of teeth in groups II, III, and IV were instrumented, filled with a calcium hydroxide‐based paste, and replanted into their sockets. All animals received systemic antibiotic therapy and were killed by anesthetic overdose 60 days after replantation. The pieces containing the replanted teeth were removed, fixed, decalcified, and paraffin‐embedded. Semi‐serial 6‐μm‐thick sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histomorphological analysis. There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups I and IV regarding the presence of replacement resorption and PDL remnants on root surface. The powdered milk and long shelf‐life whole milk presented similar results to each other and may be indicated as storage media for avulsed teeth.
An audit of the time to initial treatment in avulsion injuries
Authors: Kargul Betul , Welbury Richard
Published: January 2009

Abstract –  The prognosis of avulsed teeth depends on prompt and appropriate treatment. Good outcome requires education of the general public and non‐dental professionals.

Aim:  Retrospective observational survey of case records of avulsion injuries attending a dental hospital trauma clinic.

Method:  Data collected included: hospital number, date of birth, gender, source of patient’s referral, date of trauma, number of avulsed teeth, place of initial presentation, storage, hours till initial presentation, and initial treatment.

Results:  One hundred and twenty teeth with avulsion were identified in 75 children. The mean age of the patients was 9.8 years (SD = 2.3 years) at the time of trauma with avulsions recorded in 44 (58.7%) boys and in 31 (41.3%) girls. Only 51 (42.5%) teeth were stored in an appropriate medium before attendance at any site and only 48 (40%) of the teeth were seen within 1 h. 83.3% received emergency treatment at general hospital, 89.7% in dental practice and 92.9% at dental hospital.

Conclusions:  A minority of avulsion injuries were seen within the first hour and a minority were in appropriate storage medium at presentation. Geographical location plays a huge role in the time taken to reach secondary care. However, improving public and non‐dental professional knowledge about tooth storage in avulsion injuries is critical to long‐term prognosis of the teeth.
Differential Effect of Imatinib and Synergism of Combination Treatment with Chemotherapeutic Agents in Malignant Glioma Cells
Authors: Ren Huan , Tan Xiaoqing , Dong Yucui , Giese Alf , Chou Ting Chao , Rainov Nikolai , Yang Baofeng
Published: January 2009

Abstract:  Imatinib mesylate (STI571, Gleevec®) is a signal transduction inhibitor and novel anti‐cancer agent. It selectively inhibits aberrantly activated tyrosine kinases in malignant cells, for example, bcr‐abl in leukaemia, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor and stem cell factor receptor (c‐Kit) in solid cancers including malignant glioma. However, recently published clinical studies with imatinib monotherapy in patients with malignant glioma demonstrated only very modest anti‐tumour activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological activity of imatinib, its cellular mechanisms of action and its synergism with other chemotherapeutic agents in human malignant glioma cells in culture. Expression of PDGF/R and c‐Kit was analyzed by RT‐PCR. Proliferation was measured by MTT assays and drug synergy was assessed by the Chou–Talalay method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry and migration by monolayer migration assays. Multi‐immunoblot was performed on imatinib‐treated and control malignant glioma cells. Results indicate that imatinib is more effective in inhibiting cell colony formation and migration rather than proliferation. Imatinib treatment caused cell cycle arrest of glioma cells in G0–G1 or G2/M, with significant elevation of a few cyclin‐dependent kinases. Furthermore, imatinib acted synergistically with chemotherapy agents, such as the DNA alkylating agent, temozolomide, and riboneucleotide reductase inhibitors, for example, hydroxyurea at varied effective dose levels. In conclusion, imatinib exerts varied biological effects on malignant glioma cells in culture. Synergistic interaction of imatinib with chemotherapy agents may be related to cell cycle control mechanisms and could be potentially important in a clinical setting.
Effects of Trade Barriers on U.S. and World Apple Markets
Authors: Devadoss Stephen , Sridharan Prasanna , Wahl Thomas
Published: January 2009

Regional apple demand and supply parameters using Bayesian estimation were utilized to develop a spatial equilibrium model for the world apple market. A baseline scenario with existing tariffs was developed; a reduced tariff and free trade scenarios were simulated. Comparison of these scenarios with the baseline shows that apple trade is significantly greater under trade liberalization. China increases its exports by 174% under free trade and replaces France as the largest exporter. U.S. exports increased by about 140% to all regions except to Canada and Southeast Asia. Results confirm the importance of transportation costs and the interlinkages of prices in the world market in determining the trade flows.

Nous avons utilisé des paramètres régionaux de l'offre et de la demande de pomme, déterminés à l'aide d'une estimation bayésienne, pour élaborer un modèle d'équilibre spatial du marché mondial de la pomme. Nous avons élaboré un scénario de base utilisant des tarifs douaniers existants et nous avons simulé des scénarios utilisant des tarifs douaniers réduits et le libre‐échange. Une comparaison de ces scénarios avec le scénario de base montre que le commerce de la pomme est significativement plus important dans un contexte de libéralisation des échanges. La Chine augmente ses exportations de 174 p. 100 dans un contexte de libre‐échange et détrône la France en tant que premier exportateur mondial. Les exportations des États‐Unis augmentent d'environ 140 p. 100 dans toutes les régions sauf au Canada et en Asie du Sud‐Est. Les résultats confirment l'importance des coûts de transport et des liens entre les prix sur le marché mondial dans la détermination du flux des échanges commerciaux.
Examining the Adoption of Product and Process Innovations in the Canadian Food Processing Industry
Authors: Brewin Derek G. , Monchuk Daniel C. , Partridge Mark D.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we study the factors associated with innovation in the food processing industry using a survey of Western Canadian food processors. Our primary motivation is to gain a better understanding of the mechanics of innovation related to the adoption of product and process innovation. In particular, we consider the jointness ofex postrealizations of product and process innovations, and assess whether there are underlying differences that result from innovations developed inhouse versus those developed externally by a third party. Using a multivariate probit model, we find evidence of significant interrelationships between product and process innovations that are developed inhouse. These findings suggest that firms that conduct both process and product innovations inhouse are better able to enjoy complementarities that arise in the discovery process. We also find that firms are more likely to innovate in response to keeping pace with competitors.

Dans le présent article, nous examinons les facteurs liés à l'innovation dans l'industrie de la transformation alimentaire, à l'aide d'un sondage effectué auprès des transformateurs agroalimentaires dans l'Ouest canadien. L'objectif principal vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de l'innovation liés à l'adoption de nouveaux produits et procédés. Nous examinons les liens entre les réalisations ex post de nouveaux produits et procédés, et nous évaluons s'il existe ou non des différences sous‐jacentes découlant du développement de produits à l'interne par rapport au développement de produits à l'externe par des tiers. À l'aide d'un modèle probit multivariable, nous montrons qu'il existe une interdépendance considérable entre les nouveaux produits et procédés élaborés à l'interne. Ces résultats autorisent à penser que les entreprises qui mettent au point de nouveaux produits et procédés à l'interne sont mieux en mesure de profiter des avantages complémentaires qu'engendre le processus de découverte. Les entreprises sont également plus enclines à innover pour suivre les concurrents.
Willingness‐to‐Pay for Fresh Brand Name Beef
Authors: Froehlich Eve J. , Carlberg Jared G. , Ward Clement E.
Published: January 2009

Willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for hypothetical brand name fresh beef products was measured using the Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak experimental auction procedure. Auctions were conducted in a field setting in and around Winnipeg, Manitoba during the summer of 2006. Four hypothetical brands were developed to individually represent local/Canadian, natural, guaranteed tender, and Angus attributes, respectively. It was found that WTP was highest, approximately $1.31 per 12 ounce steak, for branded steaks associated with the natural, guaranteed tender, and Angus attributes. It was further discovered that WTP is positively affected by preference for the brand name, frequency with which beef is consumed, and the male gender. Conversely, confidence in selecting beef tended to reduce WTP, while effects of age, education, and income were uncertain. It is concluded that the industry should explore opportunities to market higher value products both domestically and abroad if the cost of doing so does not exceed WTP premiums.

Nous avons évalué, à l'aide de la procédure d'enchères expérimentales Becker‐DeGroot‐Marschak, la volonté de payer (VdP) des consommateurs pour des produits de bœuf frais de marques hypothétiques. Nous avons organisé des enchères à, et aux alentours de, Winnipeg au Manitoba, au cours de l'été 2006. Quatre marques hypothétiques ont étéélaborées pour représenter respectivement les caractéristiques suivantes: bœuf canadien ou local, bœuf naturel, bœuf à tendreté garantie et bœuf Angus. Nous avons noté une VdP plus élevée, soit d'environ 1,31 $ par bifteck de 12 onces, pour le bœuf naturel, le bœuf à tendreté garantie et le bœuf Angus. Nous avons également observé que la préférence pour la marque, la fréquence de consommation de bœuf et le sexe masculin avaient une influence favorable sur la VdP. Réciproquement, la confiance dans le choix du bœuf avait tendance à diminuer la VdP, tandis que l'influence de l'âge, de la scolarité et du revenu était incertaine. Nous avons conclu que l'industrie devrait examiner les possibilités de vendre des produits à plus grande valeur, tant au pays qu'à l'étranger, si le coût n'excède pas les bonifications que les consommateurs sont prêts à payer.
REDUCING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: AN EVALUATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE JUSTICE SYSTEM‐COMMUNITY COLLABORATION*
Authors: VISHER CHRISTY A. , HARRELL ADELE , NEWMARK LISA , YAHNER JENNIFER
Published: January 2009

Research Summary

In 1999, three communities were selected to participate in a research demonstration designed to test the feasibility and impact of a coordinated response to intimate partner violence that involved the courts and justice agencies in a central role. The primary goals of the Judicial Oversight Demonstration (JOD) were to increase victim safety, hold offenders accountable, and reduce repeat offending using coordinated community services and integrated justice system policies in intimate partner violence court cases. The partnerships differed from earlier coordinated community responses to domestic violence by placing special focus on the role of the court, specifically the judge, to facilitate offender accountability in collaboration with both nonprofit service providers and other criminal justice agencies. This article presents the results of an impact evaluation of this demonstration in all sites. The demonstration received mostly positive responses from justice system agencies, service providers, offenders, and victims. Improvements were made in offender monitoring, consistent sanctioning, and increased supervision. However, these changes did not translate into gains in victim perceptions of their safety or into reductions in repeat violence in all sites.

Policy Implications

The demonstration had minimal impact on changing offender attitudes and behavior. The mixed results of the evaluation indicate that the most effective justice system responses to intimate partner violence must include a focus on protecting victims, close monitoring of offenders, and rapid responses with penalties when violations of court‐ordered conditions are detected. Indications were found that JOD strategies were effective for some subgroups, including younger offenders with fewer ties to the victim and offenders with extensive arrest histories. The observed reductions in intimate partner violence in selected subgroups in the JOD sites may suggest a fruitful way to begin designing new intervention strategies, including prevention programs for men and women.
TOWARD A NATIONAL ESTIMATE OF POLICE USE OF NONLETHAL FORCE*
Authors: HICKMAN MATTHEW J. , PIQUERO ALEX R. , GARNER JOEL H.
Published: January 2009

Research Summary

Despite frequent calls for national data on police use of force, the literature is dominated by unrepresentative samples from a small number of primarily urban jurisdictions, inconsistent definitions of force, and differing universes for the computation of rates. Among 36 publications that report on the amount of nonlethal force used by the police, rates vary from 0.1% to 31.8%. To improve our ability to estimate the amount of nonlethal force in the United States, we employ data from two sources: the Police‐Public Contact Survey (PPCS) and the Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ). Using comparable measures from these surveys, we estimate that the police use or threaten to use force in 1.7% of all contacts and in 20.0% of all arrests. The PPCS accounts for 87% of the total force incidents derived from both surveys. Males, youths, and racial minorities report greater rates of police use of force, but multivariate models highlight the role of potentially provoking behaviors on the likelihood and severity of force.

Policy Implications

Improved estimates from the combined PPCS‐SILJ samples support the proposition that police use force infrequently and at the lower end of the severity scale. Reported amounts of force vary based on respondent race, sex, and age, but greater variation in police use of force is explained by suspect behavior. The combined PPCS‐SILJ sample provides a more representative basis for estimating the rate and correlates of nonlethal force. State and local estimates from less representative samples can be interpreted in light of these findings. National estimates could be improved by devoting sufficient resources to support the collection of agency records of both lethal and nonlethal force.
The Functions of Munc18‐1 in Regulated Exocytosis
Authors: Burgoyne Robert D. , Barclay Jeff W. , Ciufo Leo F. , Graham Margaret E. , Handley Mark T.W. , Morgan Alan
Published: January 2009

The activation of regulated exocytosis occurs by a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Synaptotagmins act as the Ca2+ sensors, whereas the machinery that allows fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane consists of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, including syntaxin 1, SNAP‐25, and VAMP. Within the pathway leading to exocytosis, there is an essential requirement for a member of the conserved Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein family, which in neurotransmitter and neurohormone release in mammalian cells is Munc18‐1. The exact role of Munc18‐1 and the steps within exocytosis in which it acts have been intensively investigated. Current evidence suggests that Munc18‐1 acts via distinct modes of interactions with syntaxin 1 and the other SNARE proteins and influences all of the steps leading to exocytosis, including vesicle recruitment, tethering, docking, priming, and membrane fusion.
Ca2+‐Dependent Actin Coating of Lamellar Bodies after Exocytotic Fusion: A Prerequisite for Content Release or Kiss‐and‐Run
Authors: Miklavc Pika , Wittekindt Oliver H. , Felder Edward , Dietl Paul
Published: January 2009

Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant, a lipoprotein‐like substance reducing the surface tension in the lung, by regulated exocytosis of secretory vesicles termed lamellar bodies (LBs). This secretory process is characterized by a protracted postfusion phase in which fusion pores open slowly and may act as mechanical barriers for release. Combining dark‐field with fluorescence microscopy, we show in ß‐actin green fluorescent protein‐transfected pneumocytes that LB fusion with the plasma membrane is followed by actin coating of the fused LB. This is inhibited by cytoplasmic Ca2+ chelation or the phospholipase D inhibitor C2 ceramide. Actin coating occurs by polymerization of actin monomers, as evidenced by staining with Alexa 568 phalloidin. After actin coating of the fused LB, it either shrinks while releasing surfactant (“kiss‐coat‐and‐release”), remains in this fused state without further action (“kiss‐coat‐and‐wait”), or is retrieved and pushed forward in the cell on top of an actin tail (“kiss‐coat‐and‐run”). In the absence of actin coating, no release or run was observed. These data suggest that actin coating creates a force needed for either extrusion of vesicle contents or retrieval and intracellular propulsion.
Exocytotic Properties of Human Pancreatic β‐cells
Authors: Braun Matthias , Ramracheya Reshma , Johnson Paul R. , Rorsman Patrik
Published: January 2009

Pancreatic β‐cells secrete insulin in response to elevated blood glucose via Ca2+‐dependent fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane (regulated exocytosis). While exocytosis has been extensively investigated in rodent β‐cells, studies on human β‐cells are scarce. We have characterized the exocytotic properties of human β‐cells by insulin release measurements, carbon fiber amperometry, and capacitance measurements using the patch‐clamp technique. Voltage‐clamp depolarizations evoked capacitance increases in single β‐cells in a time‐ and voltage‐dependent manner. The capacitance responses as well as insulin release from intact islets were strongly amplified by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. Exocytosis was more dependent on Ca2+ influx through P/Q‐type than L‐type Ca2+ channels, reflecting the relative contribution of these channels to the total Ca2+ current. Exocytosis (as monitored by capacitance or amperometric measurements) decreased during repetitive stimulation as a result of inactivation of Ca2+ channels as well as depletion of a readily releasable pool of granules. These results reveal both similarities and differences between human and rodent β‐cells.
Identifying Critical Components of Native Ca2+‐triggered Membrane Fusion
Authors: Furber Kendra L. , Churchward Matthew A. , Rogasevskaia Tatiana P. , Coorssen Jens R.
Published: January 2009

Ca2+‐triggered membrane fusion is the defining step of exocytosis. Despite realization that the fusion machinery must include lipids and proteins working in concert, only of late has work in the field focused more equally on both these components. Here we use isolated sea urchin egg cortical vesicles (CV), a stage‐specific preparation of Ca2+‐sensitive release‐ready vesicles that enables the tight coupling of molecular and functional analyses necessary to dissect molecular mechanisms. The stalk‐pore hypothesis proposes that bilayer merger proceeds rapidly via transient, high‐negative curvature, intermediate membrane structures. Consistent with this, cholesterol, a major component of the CV membrane, contributes to a critical local negative curvature that supports formation of lipidic fusion intermediates. Following cholesterol depletion, structurally dissimilar lipids having intrinsic negative curvature greater than or equal to cholesterol recover the ability of CV to fuse but do not recover fusion efficiency (Ca2+ sensitivity and kinetics). Conversely, cholesterol‐ and sphingomyelin‐enriched microdomains regulate the efficiency of the fusion mechanism, presumably by contributing spatial and functional organization of other critical lipids and proteins at the fusion site. Critical proteins are thought to participate in Ca2+ sensing, initiating membrane deformations, and facilitating fusion pore expansion. Capitalizing on a novel effect of the thiol‐reactive reagent iodoacetamide (IA), potentiation of the Ca2+ sensitivity and kinetics, a fluorescently tagged IA has been used to enhance fusion efficiency and simultaneously label the proteins involved. Isolation of cholesterol‐enriched CV membrane fractions, using density gradient centrifugation, is being used to narrow the list of protein candidates potentially critical to the mechanism of fast Ca2+‐triggered membrane fusion.