bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cationic charge and hydrophobic index of cellulose‐based polymers on the semipermanent dyestuff process for hair
Authors: Ballarin B. , Galli S. , Mogavero F. , Morigi M.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

In this work, the effects of a new class of polymers generally used in hair and skin cleansing products, the SoftCAT (SofCAT SL and SoftCAT SX), on the dye uptake on the hair fibre and the fading effects has been studied. These polymers, based on quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethylcellulose, are cationic products that differ in viscosity, hydrophobic substitution index (HS) and/or cationic substitution (CS, % N). UV–Vis spectroscopy has been used to analyse the extracted dyes from the hair cuticle and the cortex. The results indicate that the presence of polymers in the dye bath improve both the quality of the dyeing process and the anti‐fading effect during the washing cycles. This phenomenon is postulated to be attributable to the polymers hydrophobically bonding with the dyes and so facilitating their increased penetration into the hair.
Stereological assessment of pancreatic beta‐cell mass development in male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats: correlation with pancreatic beta‐cell function
Authors: Paulsen Sarah Juel , Vrang Niels , Larsen Leif Kongskov , Larsen Philip Just , Jelsing Jacob
Published: August 2010

The present study was initiated to improve our understanding of pancreatic beta‐cell dynamics in male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats and hence provide a framework for future diabetes studies in this animal model. Male ZDF rats from 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20 and 26 weeks of age were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The animals were then euthanized and pancreases were removed for morphometric analyses of pancreatic beta‐cell mass. As evident by a marked fourfold increase in insulin secretion, insulin resistance developed rapidly from 6 to 8 weeks of age. Simultaneously, the pancreatic beta‐cell mass expanded from 6.17 ± 0.41 mg at 6 weeks of age, reaching a maximum of 16.5 ± 2.5 mg at 16 weeks of age, at which time pancreatic beta‐cell mass gradually declined. The corresponding changes in glucose/insulin homeostasis were analysed using a standard insulin sensitivity index (ISI), an area under the curve (AUC) glucose‐insulin index, or simple semi‐fasted glucose levels. The study demonstrated that male ZDF rats underwent rapid changes in pancreatic beta‐cell mass from the onset of insulin resistance to frank diabetes coupled directly to marked alterations in glucose/insulin homeostasis. The study underscores the need for a critical co‐examination of glucose homeostatic parameters in studies investigating the effects of novel anti‐diabetic compounds on pancreatic beta‐cell mass in the male ZDF rat. A simple assessment of fasting glucose levels coupled with information about age can provide a correct indication of the actual pancreatic beta‐cell mass and the physiological state of the animal.
Fetal and infant growth patterns of the mandibular symphysis in modern humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Coquerelle Michael , Bookstein Fred L. , Braga José , Halazonetis Demetrios J. , Weber Gerhard W.
Published: August 2010

Comparison of the early development of the mandibular symphysis between primates and modern humans is of particular interest in human palaeontology. Using geometric morphometric methods, we explored and compared the ontogenetic shape changes of 14 chimpanzee mandibles (Pan troglodytes) against 66 human CT‐scanned mandibles over the age range from fetal life to the complete emergence of the deciduous dentition in a visualization incorporating the deciduous tooth arrangement. The results reveal that the symphysis is anteriorly inclined in the youngest chimpanzee fetuses but develops an increasingly vertical orientation up until birth. At the same time, the anterior teeth reorient before a vertical emergence, and a symphyseal tuber appears on the labial side. When the deciduous canine emerges, the symphysis inclines anteriorly again, exhibiting the adult characteristic slope. These two phases are characterized by a repositioning of the simian shelf. Unlike chimpanzees, the human symphysis remains vertical throughout fetal development. However, the combination of morphological changes observed in chimpanzee fetuses is similar to that of modern humans after birth, as the mental region projects forward. By elongating the alveolar process, the inclination of the chimpanzee symphysis could be a key event for emergence of the deciduous canine, as space is lacking at the alveolar ridge in a vertical symphysis once the deciduous incisors and molars have emerged. The repositioning of the simian shelf suggests that the suprahyoid muscles have a significant influence on the anterior growth of the symphysis. The anteroposterior positioning of the basal symphysis in both species may be related to hyoid bone position during ontogeny.
Oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy: a register study
Authors: PARKES JACKIE , HILL NAN , PLATT MARY JANE , DONNELLY CAROLINE
Published: August 2010

Aim  To report the prevalence, clinical associations, and trends over time of oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method  Multiple sources of ascertainment were used and children followed up with a standardized assessment including motor speech problems, swallowing/chewing difficulties, excessive drooling, and communication impairments at age 5 years.

Results  A total of 1357 children born between 1980 and 2001 were studied (781 males, 576 females; median age 5y 11mo, interquartile range 3–9y; unilateral spastic CP, n=447; bilateral spastic CP, n=496; other, n=112; Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level: I, 181; II, 563; III, 123; IV, 82; IV, 276). Of those with ‘early‐onset’ CP (n=1268), 36% had motor speech problems, 21% had swallowing/chewing difficulties, 22% had excessive drooling, and 42% had communication impairments (excluding articulation defects). All impairments were significantly related to poorer gross motor function and intellectual impairment. In addition, motor speech problems were related to clinical subtype; swallowing/chewing problems and communication impairments to early mortality; and communication impairments to the presence of seizures. Of those with CP in GMFCS levels IV to V, a significant proportion showed a decline in the rate of motor speech impairment (p=0.008) and excessive drooling (p=0.009) over time.

Interpretation  These impairments are common in children with CP and are associated with poorer gross motor function and intellectual impairment.
Suicide risk in adolescents with chronic illness: implications for primary care and specialty pediatric practice: a review
Authors: GREYDANUS DONALD , PATEL DILIP , PRATT HELEN
Published: August 2010

Suicide in adolescents is a global tragedy. Research‐identified correlates of suicide in youth include depression, academic failure, loss of friends, social isolation, and substance abuse, among others. This review focuses on the potential link between chronic illness in adolescents and increased suicide risk. Research suggests that chronic illness is a risk factor for depression in adolescents that may induce suicide ideation and attempts; however, this risk may be increased even more in young adulthood if the underlying causes of depression are not resolved. This risk needs to be considered against the research data noting an increase in suicide attempts and completions, in each decade of life from adolescence into adulthood. Although more research is clearly needed, it can be concluded that suicide risks are seen in adolescents with chronic illness and all of these young people should be screened for depression and other risk factors for suicide on a regular basis.
Expression and regulation of a low‐density lipoprotein receptor exon 12 splice variant
Authors: Ling I‐Fang , Gopalraj Rangaraj K. , Simpson James F. , Estus Steven
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 614–624.

As low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) contributes to cholesterol and amyloid beta homeostasis, insights into LDLR regulation may facilitate our understanding of cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Previously, we identified LDLR isoforms that lacked exon 12 or exons 11–12 and that are predicted to encode soluble, dominant negative, LDLR. Moreover, these isoforms were associated with rs688, an exon 12 polymorphism that was associated with LDL‐cholesterol and Alzheimer’s disease risk. In this study, we present evidence that although the truncated LDLR isoforms are translatedin vitro, they represent < 0.1% of CSF proteins. As these LDLR isoforms likely represent a loss of mRNA‐encoding functional LDLR, we then focused upon identifying intron–exon boundary and exonic splicing enhancer elements critical to splicing. Exon 12 inclusion is enhanced by altering the 5′ splice site in intron 12 towards a consensus splice donor sequence, consistent with its being a weak 5′ splice site. Additionally, of the nine evolutionarily conserved putative splicing enhancer regions within exon 12, two regions that flank rs688 were critical to exon 12 inclusion. Overall, these results suggest that LDLR splice variants represent a loss of mRNA encoding functional LDLR and provide insights into the regulatory elements critical for LDLR exon 12 splicing.
A single prenatal exposure to the endocrine disruptor 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin alters developmental myelination and remyelination potential in the rat brain
Authors: Fernández M. , Paradisi M. , D’Intino G. , Del Vecchio G. , Sivilia S. , Giardino L. , Calzà L.
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 897–909.

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐dioxins, furans and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls are ubiquitous in foodstuffs of animal origin and accumulate in the fatty tissues of animals and humans. The most toxic congener is 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), a lipophilic endocrine‐disrupting molecule that accumulates in adipose tissue, placenta and milk. polychlorinated biphenyls and TCDD are known to interfere with thyroid hormone metabolism and signaling in the developing brain. As thyroid hormone is critical in the myelination process during development, we investigated the effect of a single dose of TCDD prenatal exposure (gestational day 18) on the myelination process. A semi‐quantitative analysis of oligodendrocyte markers at different stages of maturation was performed in the offspring’s medulla oblongata, cerebellum, diencephalon and telenchephalon at different postnatal days (2/3, 14, 30 and 135). The most significant alterations observed were: (i) cerebellum and medulla oblongata: altered expression of oligodendroglial lineage and platelet‐derived growth factor alpha receptor, myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNAs (P2/3, P135) and MBP protein (P135); (ii) diencephalon: increase in platelet‐ derived growth factor alpha receptor mRNA level (P2/3); (iii) telenchephalon: decrease in MBP mRNA expression. The oligodendroglial generation capability of adult neural stem/precursor cells obtained ex vivo from TCDD and vehicle‐treated dams was then explored. TCDD impairs neurosphere proliferation and retards CNPase‐positive cell generation from adult neurospheres.
Niemann‐Pick type C disease: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches
Authors: Rosenbaum Anton I. , Maxfield Frederick R.
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 789–795.

Cholesterol is an important lipid of mammalian cells. Its unique physicochemical properties modulate membrane behavior and it serves as the precursor for steroid hormones, oxysterols and vitamin D. Cholesterol is effluxed from the late endosomes/lysosomes via the concerted action of at least two distinct proteins: Niemann‐Pick C (NPC)1 and NPC2. Mutations in these two proteins manifest as NPC disease – a very rare, usually fatal, autosomal, recessive, neurovisceral, lysosomal storage disorder. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of action for NPC1 and NPC2 in mediating cholesterol efflux, as well as the different therapeutic approaches being pursued for the treatment of this lipid storage disorder.
Linking cardiometabolic disorders to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: a perspective on potential mechanisms and mediators
Authors: Bhat Narayan R.
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 551–562.

There is increasing evidence that the incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is significantly influenced by cardiovascular risk factors in association with a cluster of metabolic diseases including diabetes and atherosclerosis. The shared risk is also reflected in the dietary and lifestyle links to both metabolic disorders and AD‐type cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies with genetic and diet‐induced animal models have begun to illuminate convergent mechanisms and mediators between these two categories of disease conditions with distinct tissue‐specific pathologies. Although it is clear that peripheral inflammation and insulin resistance are central to the pathogenesis of the disorders of metabolic syndrome, it seems that the same mechanisms are also in play across the blood–brain barrier that lead to AD‐like molecular and cognitive changes. This review highlights these convergent mechanisms and discusses the role of cerebrovascular dysfunction as a conduit to brain emergence of these pathogenic processes that might also represent future therapeutic targets in AD in common with metabolic disorders.
Roles of two subtypes of corticotrophin‐releasing factor receptor in the corticostriatal long‐term potentiation under cocaine withdrawal condition
Authors: Guan Xiaowei , Wang Lina , Chen Chun‐Lin , Guan Yun , Li Shengnan
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 795–803.

The roles of two subtypes of corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptor in corticostriatal synaptic plasticity under cocaine withdrawal condition were examined in this study. Neither the resting membrane potential and input resistance of striatal neurons nor the long‐term potentiation (LTP) of corticostriatal slices were affected by cocaine withdrawal. CRF dose‐dependently enhancedin vitrocorticostriatal LTP in rats from both cocaine‐withdrawal and saline‐control groups. Yet, the enhancement of corticostriatal LTP by CRF (20, 40, 80 nM) was significantly greater in the cocaine‐withdrawal group than in the control group. CRF1‐selective antagonist (NBI 27914, 100 nM) attenuated the CRF‐induced enhancement of corticostriatal LTP in both groups, whereas the CRF2‐selective antagonist (astression2B, 100 nM) attenuated the enhanced corticostriatal LTP only in the cocaine‐withdrawal group. Importantly, urocortin2 (a CRF2‐selective agonist, 40 nM) selectively increased corticostriatal LTP in the cocaine‐withdrawal group, but not in the saline controls. The urocortin2‐induced enhancement of LTP was totally blocked by astression2B (100 nM). These results suggest that the CRF system modulate neuroadaptive changes in the corticostriatal circuit during cocaine withdrawal, and the CRF2in this area mediate an important mechanism that contributes to the relapse of cocaine addiction.
Photoreceptor rescue and toxicity induced by different calpain inhibitors
Authors: Paquet‐Durand François , Sanges Daniela , McCall Julianne , Silva José , Van Veen Theo , Marigo Valeria , Ekström Per
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 930–940.

Photoreceptor degeneration is the hallmark of a group of inherited blinding diseases collectively termed retinitis pigmentosa (RP); a major cause of blindness in humans. RP is at present untreatable and the underlying neurodegenerative mechanisms are largely unknown, even though the genetic causes are often established. The activation of calpain‐type proteases may play an important role in cell death in various neuronal tissues, including the retina. We therefore tested the efficacy of two different calpain inhibitors in preventing cell death in the retinal degeneration (rd1) human homologous mouse model for RP. Pharmacological inhibition of calpain activity in rd1 organotypic retinal explants had ambiguous effects on photoreceptor viability. Calpain inhibitor XI had protective effects when applied for short periods of time (16 h) but demonstrated substantial levels of toxicity in both wild‐type and rd1 retina when used over several days. In contrast, the highly specific calpain inhibitor calpastatin peptide reduced photoreceptor cell death in vitro after both short and prolonged exposure, an effect that was also evident after in vivo application via intravitreal injection. These findings highlight the importance of calpain activation for photoreceptor cell death but also for photoreceptor survival and propose the use of highly specific calpain inhibitors to prevent or delay RP.
Negotiated Measurement Rules in Debt Contracts
Authors: LI NINGZHONG
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates contractual definitions of net income and net worth and the cross‐sectional variation in definitions of net income in a large sample of private debt contracts to shed light on the debt contracting demand for accounting numbers. The descriptive evidence indicates that removing transitory earnings is one principal concern in the measurement of earnings but not in the measurement of net worth. In the extreme, contracts are never written on comprehensive income as an earnings concept, whereas accumulated other comprehensive income is included in net worth in most contracts. In contrast, conservative adjustment, in the sense of including certain types of negative earnings but not the corresponding positive earnings, does not seem to be a primary consideration in measuring net income and net worth. Cross‐sectionally, I find that net income is more likely to be defined differently from the GAAP when net income plays a more important role in a contract, when the loan maturity is longer, and when transitory earnings are less useful for debt contracting. Collectively, the evidence shows that debt contracting parties choose contracting variables in a manner consistent with efficient contracting, and that transitory earnings are relatively less useful in measuring firm performance for debt contracting.
Comparison of examination of thoracic radiographs and thoracic computed tomography in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma
Authors: Eberle N. , Fork M. , von Babo V. , Nolte I. , Simon D.
Published: August 2010

Appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) is a highly metastatic tumour in dogs. The aim of the study was to compare thoracic radiographs with thoracic computed tomography (CT) in the staging of canine appendicular OSA. In all, 39 canine patients histologically diagnosed with OSA were reviewed in the retrospective study. All dogs underwent radiographic examination as well as CT examination of the thoracic cavity. Pulmonary nodules were detected radiographically in two cases (5%), whereas the CT imaging showed that pulmonary nodules were evident in 11 cases (28%,P= 0.024). There was an improved detection of small pulmonary nodules in the lung parenchyma with CT (P= 0.021). The number of nodules in CT examination had a significant negative influence on survival time (P= 0.005). However, whether nodules were present in CT or not did not influence overall survival (P= 0.368). CT examination was superior to thoracic radiography in the screening and detection of pulmonary nodules in dogs with OSA.
Active or Passive Forest Restoration? Assessing Restoration Alternatives with Avian Foraging Behavior
Authors: Morrison Emily B. , Lindell Catherine A.
Published: August 2010

Active and passive restoration are two important strategies to aid the recovery of large areas of deforested and degraded tropical lands. Active restoration is where management techniques such as planting seeds or seedlings are implemented, and passive restoration is when no action is taken except to cease environmental stressors such as agriculture or grazing. We compared the habitat quality of active and passive restoration sites with similar land‐use histories and times since abandonment for insectivorous birds by measuring vegetation structure, arthropod biomass, and the foraging behavior of three resident bird species in southern Costa Rica. Although vegetation measures such as amount of understory cover and tree species richness and density differed between the two restoration strategies, arthropod biomass and foraging behavioral measures were similar. Our results suggest that while active and passive restoration strategies may lead to different vegetation structures, they may support similar biomass of foliage‐dwelling arthropods and be similarly used by foraging insectivorous birds. Passive restoration is generally less costlier than active restoration and, if local and landscape characteristics do not impede recovery, may be a viable alternative from the perspective of birds using the sites.
A Case of Unilateral Burning Mouth Syndrome of Neuropathic Origin
Authors: de Tommaso Marina , Lavolpe Vito , Di Venere Daniela , Corsalini Massimo , Vecchio Eleonora , Favia Gianfranco , Sardaro Michele , Livrea Paolo , Nolano Maria
Published: August 2010

The neuropathic origin of a case of unilateral burning mouth syndrome, previously diagnosed as psychogenic, was ascertained by intra‐oral mucosa biopsy, which showed a severe sensory fibers damage, probably caused by maxillary anesthetic block and dental surgery.
Role of 2 Common Variants of 5HT2A Gene in Medication Overuse Headache
Authors: Terrazzino Salvatore , Sances Grazia , Balsamo Francesca , Viana Michele , Monaco Francesco , Bellomo Giorgio , Martignoni Emilia , Tassorelli Cristina , Nappi Giuseppe , Canonico Pier Luigi , Genazzani Armando A.
Published: August 2010

(Headache 2010;50:1587‐1596)

Objective.— The aim of the present study was to evaluate a possible involvement of 2 polymorphisms of the serotonin 5HT2A receptor gene (A‐1438G and C516T) as risk factors for medication overuse headache (MOH) and whether the presence of these polymorphic variants might determine differences within MOH patients in monthly drug consumption.

Background.— Despite a growing scientific interest in the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of MOH, few studies have focused on the role of genetics in the development of the disease, as well as on the genetic determinants of the inter‐individual variability in the number of drug doses taken per month.

Methods.— Our study was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism on genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood of 227 MOH patients and 312 control subjects. Genotype‐specific risks were estimated as odds ratios with associated 95% confidence intervals by unconditional logistic regression and adjusted for age and gender. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was employed to identify significant predictors of the number of drug doses taken per month.

Results.— No significant association was found between 5HT2A A and 1438G and C516T gene polymorphisms and MOH risk. In contrast, a higher consumption of monthly drug doses was observed among 516T 5HT2A carriers (median 50, range 13‐120) compared to 516CC patients (median 30, range 12‐128) (Mann–Whitney U‐test, P = .018). In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, C516T 5HT2A polymorphism (P = .018) and class of overused drug (P = .047) emerged as significant, independent predictors of the monthly drug consumption in MOH patients.

Conclusions.— Although our results do not support a major role of the A‐1438G and C516T polymorphic variants of the 5HT2A gene in the susceptibility of MOH, our findings support an influence of the C516T polymorphism on the number of symptomatic drug doses taken and, possibly, on the drug‐seeking behavior in these patients.
Post‐Dural Puncture Headache: Part II – Prevention, Management, and Prognosis
Authors: Bezov David , Ashina Sait , Lipton Richard
Published: August 2010

Post‐dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a frequent complication of lumbar puncture, performed for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or accidentally, as a complication of epidural anesthesia. As PDPH can be disabling, clinicians who perform these procedures should be familiar with strategies for preventing this disorder. Since the best preventative measures sometimes fail, clinicians should also be familiar with the therapeutic approaches for PDPH. Herein, we review the procedure‐related risk factors for PDPH, the prognosis of PDPH and the studies of PDPH treatment. We divide the therapeutic approach to PDPH into 4 stages: conservative management, aggressive medical management, conventional invasive treatments, and the very rarely employed less conventional invasive treatments and provide management algorithm to facilitate treatment.
Changes of cytokine levels during granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor stem cell mobilization in healthy donors: association with mobilization efficiency and potential predictive significance
Authors: Lysák Daniel , Hrabětová Marcela , Vrzalová Jindra , Koza Vladimír , Navrátilová Jana , Svoboda Tomáš , Jungová Alexandra , Topolčan Ondřej
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood stem cells are an important source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for allogeneic transplantations. Some allogeneic donors mobilize HSCs poorly in response to the granulocyte—colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). The estimation of the mobilization result in an individual donor is difficult due to the absence of suitable predictive factors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed the concentrations and kinetics of certain cytokines induced by G‐CSF in 76 healthy donors and compared them with the mobilization efficiency.

RESULTS: The levels of the most cytokines increased after the G‐CSF application: sICAM, sVCAM, MMP‐9, interleukin (IL)‐6, TNF‐α, sE‐selectin, and fibronectin. The concentrations of SDF‐1α and IL‐8 decreased and VEGF and fractalkine remained unchanged. The premobilization concentrations of IL‐6 (p = 0.0093) and TNF‐a (p = 0.0006) correlated with preapheresis CD34+ cell count. The comparison of premobilization cytokine levels between better and worse mobilizers showed a difference for TNF‐α (p = 0.0006) and IL‐6 (p = 0.0682). The TNF‐α level below cutoff of 3.6 pg/mL implied approximately 20 times higher risk of poor mobilization (odds ratio, 19.9; p = 0.0002). The immunophenotyping of CD34+ cells suggested a negative correlation between Day +5 CD34+ count and expression of CD11a (p = 0.0319) and a positive correlation with CD44 antigen expression (p = 0.0096).

CONCLUSION: The concentrations of certain cytokines corresponded to the quality of HSC mobilization in healthy donors. Their levels measured before mobilization could probably serve as predictive factors for mobilization efficacy and prospectively detect donors who might profit from new mobilization molecules.
Evaluation of a new cell separator for collection of peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells in pediatric patients
Authors: Kim Suk‐Ran , Choung Hae‐Kyoung , Kim Dae‐Won , Sung Ki‐Woong , Kang Eun‐Suk
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the COM.TEC cell separator (Fresenius HemoCare GmbH) for collecting CD34+ cells in pediatric patients who were intended to have autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation, with respect to collection variables, prediction power of CD34+ cell yield, and influence on donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 26 pediatric solid tumor patients who received mobilization chemotherapy and granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor underwent CD34+ cell collection (n = 96) using the COM.TEC auto mononuclear cell (MNC) program. Patients were divided into a neuroblastoma (NBL) group and a brain tumor group according to the intensity of prior chemotherapy regimens. The collection variables, cellular variables of leukapheresis products, and the peripheral blood cell counts of patients were compared with those acquired using the COBE Spectra (GambroBCT). The CD34+ cell collection efficiency (CE) and the percentage ratios of actual to predicted CD34+ cell yield indicating prediction power were analyzed.

RESULTS: Using the COM.TEC auto MNC program, the processing rate was higher and the product volume was smaller (p < 0.05) than those of the COBE Spectra. Platelet (PLT) reduction in peripheral blood and PLT contamination of the products were significantly lower (p < 0.01). The median CE was less than 60% in both patient groups (50.0 and 48.4%, respectively). The actual collected CD34+ cell yields were medians of 66.9 and 76.1% of the predicted values in NBL group and brain tumor group, respectively.

CONCLUSION: PBPC collections by the COM.TEC cell separator had advantages of high processing rate, low product volume, and low contamination by PLTs of product. Low PLT loss was observed in pediatric patients who need to collect autologous PBPCs. However, applying CD34+ cell yield prediction was not practical for prospective scheduling of the next collection. More specified data need to be accumulated for more accurate prediction of CD34+ cell yield in pediatric patients.
The Role of Contracts on Quality and Returns to Quality in Offshore Software Development Outsourcing
Authors: Gopal Anandasivam , Koka Balaji R.
Published: August 2010

In this study, we examine how the different incentive structures inherent in two primary contract types—time and materials (T&M) and fixed price (FP)—influence the quality provided by the vendor in the software development outsourcing industry. We argue that the incentive structure of FP contracts motivates a vendor to be more efficient in the software development process, which results in higher quality as compared to projects executed under a T&M contract. We thus argue that vendors consistently staff FP projects with better trained personnel because they face the most risk on these contracts, resulting in better outcomes on these projects. We extend our analysis to propose that providing higher quality is associated with higher profit margins for the vendor only for FP contracts. We develop and test these hypotheses on data collected from 100 software projects completed by a leading Indian offshore vendor. The results provide strong support for our fundamental thesis that the drivers of and returns to quality vary by contract type. We discuss the implications of our research for both researchers and practitioners.
The Impact of the Online Channel on Retailers' Performances: An Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Xia Yusen , Zhang G. Peter
Published: August 2010

The use of the Internet as an additional sales channel offers traditional retailers opportunities to reach expanded markets while improving the efficiency of their operations. Although the potential benefits of the online channel are clear, there are significant variations in the scope and depth of online channel use among retailers. Drawing from data on more than 100 publicly traded companies, this study examines the impact of online‐channel use on retailers’ performance. The results suggest that the online channel provides significant improvements in sales, cost, inventory, and return on investments. In addition, we find that the timing of online‐channel adoption does not play a significant role in performance improvement, but having a local store presence does.
The Potential for Cannibalization of New Products Sales by Remanufactured Products*
Authors: Guide, Jr. V. Daniel R. , Li Jiayi
Published: August 2010

The potential for cannibalization of new product sales by remanufactured versions of the same product is a central issue in the continuing development of closed‐loop supply chains. Practitioners have no fact‐based information to guide practice at firms and academics have no studies available to use as the basis for assumptions in models. We address the cannibalization issue by using auctions to determine consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for both new and remanufactured products. The auctions also allow us to better understand the potential impact of offering new and remanufactured products at the same time, which provides us insights into the potential for new product cannibalization. Our results indicate that, for the consumer and commercial products auctioned, there is a clear difference in WTP) for new and remanufactured goods. For the consumer product, there is scant overlap in bidders between the new and remanufactured products, leading us to conclude that the risk of cannibalization in this case is minimal. For the commercial product, there is evidence of overlap in bidding behavior, exposing the potential for cannibalization.
How do additional alternatives affect individual choice under uncertainty?
Authors: Engle‐Warnick Jim , Escobal Javier , Laszlo Sonia
Published: August 2010

Abstract We show, in an artefactual field economics decision‐making experiment, that the addition of an alternative to a choice set can affect the measurement of farmers' risk preferences in rural Peru. We found that an alternative that would normally be considered irrelevant was chosen in Peru, and that it affected choice between other alternatives. In Montreal, the irrelevant alternative was not chosen, but also affected choices between other alternatives. Comparing choices made in Peru with those made in Montreal, we identify beliefs and cultural characteristics that are likely to lead to these results.
Trade taxes and international investment
Authors: Blanchard Emily J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper demonstrates that international investment disturbs the conventionally understood equivalence between import tariffs and export taxes. Fundamentally, remittances to foreigners introduce an additional pecuniary channel between countries so that two‐good Lerner Symmetry generally will not hold. Moreover, because tariffs subsidize investors in the local import competing sector while export taxes can extract rent from foreign investors in the export sector, the pattern of international investment will influence government preferences over trade policy instruments as well as levels. Notably, trade tax symmetry is restored by introducing a third policy tool in the form of a direct a tax on international remittances.
Lift‐Off PMN–PT Thick Film for High‐Frequency Ultrasonic Biomicroscopy
Authors: Zhu Benpeng , Han Jiangxue , Shi Jing , Shung Koping Krik , Wei Qing , Huang Yuhong , Kosec Marija , Zhou Qifa
Published: August 2010

Piezoelectric 0.65Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.35PbTiO3 (PMN–35PT) thick film with a thickness of approximately 12 μm has been deposited on the platinum‐buffered Si substrate using a sol–gel composite method. The separation of the film from the substrate was achieved using a wet chemical method. The lifted‐off PMN–35PT thick film exhibited good dielectric and ferroelectric properties. At 1 kHz, the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss were 3326 and 0.037, respectively, while the remnant polarization was 30.0 μC/cm2. A high‐frequency single‐element acoustic transducer fabricated with this film showed a bandwidth at −6 dB of 63.6% at 110 MHz.
A Theoretical Model on Size Effect of Dielectric Response in DC Bias Field in Barium Titanate Ceramic System
Authors: Sun Tieyu , Wang Xiaohui , Wang Han , Cheng Zhida , Zhang Xiaoquan , Li Longtu
Published: August 2010

Theoretical models of size effects in dielectric response according to DC bias field in submicrometer barium titanate ceramic system are discussed. The dielectric response contains two typical parts: intrinsic ferroelectric and the vibration of domain walls, and the total dielectric response is the summation of both. In this work, the size effects of the two parts are analyzed separately. With the combination of the two parts, a theoretical model on size effect in dielectric response in DC bias field is derived. Our research shows that finer grains help to decrease permittivity loss when a DC bias field is applied. Additionally, some commercial devices were measured to verify our model.
PTCH promoter methylation at low level in sporadic basal cell carcinoma analysed by three different approaches
Authors: Heitzer Ellen , Bambach Isabella , Dandachi Nadia , Horn Michael , Wolf Peter
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: PTCH promoter methylation at low level in sporadic basal cell carcinoma analysed by three different approaches. Experimental Dermatology 2010.

Abstract:  Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of skin cancer. Mutations of the PTCH hallmark gene are detected in about 50–60% of BCCs, which raises the question whether other mechanisms such as promoter methylation can inactivate PTCH. Therefore, we performed methylation analysis of the PTCH promoter in a total of 56 BCCs. The sensitivity of three different methods, including direct bisulphite sequencing PCR, MethyLight and high‐resolution melting (HRM), was applied and compared. We found that HRM analysis of DNA from fresh tissue [rather than formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue (FFPE)] was the most sensitive method to detect methylation. Low‐level methylation of the PTCH promoter was detected in five out of 16 analysed BCCs (31%) on DNA from fresh tissue but only in two (13%) samples on short‐time stored FFPE DNA from the very same tumors. In contrast, we were unable to detect methylation by HRM on long‐time stored DNA in any of the remaining 40 BCC samples. Our data suggest that (i) HRM on DNA extracted from fresh tissue is the most sensitive method to detect methylation and (ii) methylation of the PTCH promoter may only play a minor role in BCC carcinogenesis.
Quantitative detection of melanoma‐associated antigens by multimarker real‐time RT‐PCR for molecular staging: results of a 5 years study
Authors: Gkalpakiotis Spyridon , Arenberger Petr , Kremen Jaromir , Arenbergerova Monika
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Quantitative detection of melanoma‐associated antigens by multimarker real‐time RT‐PCR for molecular staging: results of a 5 years study. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 994–999.

Introduction:  Monitoring of circulating melanoma cells in the peripheral blood is a promising method for identifying a subgroup of patients with minimal residual disease.

Objectives:  To evaluate the prognostic impact of melanoma‐associated antigens by multimarker real‐time RT‐PCR for disease‐specific survival time.

Methods:  Five melanoma markers: Melan‐A, gp100, MAGE‐3, MIA and tyrosinase were detected by a quantitative multimarker real‐time reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR). We included 65 patients with resected melanoma in stage II–III. Peripheral blood samples were examined every 3 months for 2 years. The expression of melanoma markers in 2925 RT‐PCR assays was correlated with clinical staging results in total of 5 years.

Results:  Twenty‐seven patients relapsed during the study period and 26 of them revealed positive markers. MAGE‐3 was the most sensitive progression marker in single occurrence or in combination with MIA and gp100. The time distribution of metastases during the screened period was as follows: progression in the first year was observed in 40.7% patients, second year in 25.9%, third year in 18.6%, fourth and fifth year in 7.4% equally.

Conclusions:  Statistically significant tumor marker elevation during the first 2 years after the surgical treatment correlates with a worse prognosis of patients. In contrast, the group showing negative real‐time RT‐PCR results in 24 months serial blood testing was associated with prolonged 5‐year disease‐specific survival. Therefore, quantitative detection of melanoma‐specific molecular markers in the presented setting represents a useful tool for selecting patients in a higher risk of disease recurrence.
Vitamin D‐binding protein polymorphisms are not associated with development of (multiple) basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Flohil Sophie C. , De Vries Esther , Van Meurs Joyce B.J. , Fang Yue , Stricker Bruno H. Ch. , Uitterlinden André G. , Nijsten Tamar
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Vitamin D‐binding protein (VDBP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) may affect skin carcinogenesis. The objective was to test the association between two functional VDBP SNPs and the susceptibility to (multiple) basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Of the 7983 participants, 5790 (72.5%) and 5823 (72.9%) participants were genotyped for rs7041 and rs4588, respectively, and three haplotypes (Gc1s, Gc2 and Gc1f) were analysed. Two hundred and thirty‐three persons developed a BCC of whom 122 (52.4%) developed multiple BCCs during a mean follow‐up of 11.6 years. The VDBP genotype was not associated with (multiple) BCC development using Cox proportional hazards and Andersen‐Gill analyses, respectively. Stratifying age groups demonstrated that in the youngest age‐group, the A/T variant of rs7041 was associated with BCC development [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.88 (95%CI 1.10–3.20)], while homozygote Gc1s carriers had a significantly lower BCC risk [adjusted HR = 0.53 (95%CI 0.31–0.91)]. In conclusion, the VDBP polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to (multiple) BCCs, but age–gene interactions were observed.
Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of junior cyclists of different specialties and performance levels
Authors: Menaspà P. , Rampinini E. , Bosio A. , Carlomagno D. , Riggio M. , Sassi A.
Published: August 2010

This study analyzes the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of junior cyclists within different cycling specialties and different performance levels. One hundred and thirty‐two junior riders (16.8 ± 0.6 years, 177 ± 6 cm, 66.3 ± 6.7 kg) were tested for anthropometric, aerobic and anaerobic parameters. Cyclists were classified within specialties [uphill (UH) flat terrain (FT) all terrain (AT) and sprint (SP)] and performance levels, based on a seasonal ranking [low level (LL) medium level (ML) and high level (HL)]. The results of the two‐way analysis of variance showed that FT and SP have greater body dimensions than UH and AT (P<0.001). Concerning the relative aerobic parameters, AT and UH have higher values (P<0.001) than FT and SP [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 69.4 ± 3.6, 67.5 ± 5.0, 62.8 ± 4.5 and 61.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min, respectively] while absolute parameters resulted higher for FT and AT (P≤0.008). The relative power produced in the 5 s test was higher (P<0.001) for AT and SP than FT and UH (16.7 ± 1.1, 16.6 ± 0.6, 14.9 ± 1.7 and 14.4 ± 1.7 W/kg, respectively). Concerning the performance level, only the age and the aerobic parameters resulted differently within levels (VO2max: HL=67.3 ± 4.9, ML=65.5 ± 5.1 and LL=63.3 ± 5.2 mL/kg/min), with the highest values for HL (P≤0.007). In conclusion, juniors are specialized in the same way as professional cyclists and the aerobic characteristics are confirmed as significant in the performance level assessment.
Asthma is more prevalent in elite swimming adolescents despite better mental and physical health
Authors: Romberg K. , Tufvesson E. , Bjermer L.
Published: August 2010

An increased risk of developing asthma has been reported among swimmers exposed to chloramine in pool arenas. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms among elite aspiring swimmers compared with age‐matched controls with different degrees of physical activity. We also aimed to relate these findings to mental and psychosocial factors. One hundred and one elite swimmers and 1628 age‐matched controls answered a questionnaire containing questions about respiratory symptoms, lifestyle factors, mental and physical well‐being. The controls were divided into three different groups according to the degree of physical activity, no physical activity, recreational training and elite training. Swimmers reported significantly more asthma symptoms, with 36.6% having physician‐diagnosed asthma, compared with 16.2% among the controls. Use of regular medication was more common (14.9% vs 8.0%) and more swimmers reported an exacerbation of their asthma during the previous 12 months (16.8%) vs (5.8%) for the controls. Despite an increased prevalence of asthma symptoms, the swimmers reported best physical performance and best mental and physical well‐being. They also had a healthier lifestyle without smoking and low alcohol consumption.
Lower extremity joint loading during level walking with Masai barefoot technology shoes in overweight males
Authors: Buchecker M. , Wagner H. , Pfusterschmied J. , Stöggl T.L. , Müller E.
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Masai barefoot technology (MBT) shoes on lower extremity joint loading in overweight males during level walking. Therefore, lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle electromyographic signals of the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) were recorded in 10 overweight males at a self‐chosen walking speed with MBT shoes and conventional shoes. Selected peak joint moments, maximal joint force loading rates, mean muscle intensities, and co‐activation indices of the VL/BF, as well as of the VL/GM were analyzed and compared for the two shoe conditions using paired Student's t‐tests (α=0.05). Results showed that walking with MBT shoes reduced first peak knee adduction moments in overweight subjects. During midstance and terminal stance, increases in VL/GM co‐activation, accompanied by increases in VL and GM (only terminal stance) intensities were found for the MBT situation. Kinetic variables analyzed to assess ankle and hip joint loading did not exhibit any statistical differences. These results suggest that using MBT shoes diminishes medial compartment loads at the knee without overloading hip or ankle joints in overweight males. However, the additional muscle loading should not be overlooked, and warrants further investigation.
Hand disinfection in hospitals – benefits and risks
Authors: Kampf Günter , Löffler Harald
Published: August 2010

The WHO regards hand hygiene as an essential tool for the prevention of noso‐comial infections. The hygienic hand disinfection has a superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to hand washing and should be performed as the treatment of choice before and after a variety of activities at the point of patient care. Washing hands should be preferred when the hands are visibly soiled. Skin irritation is quite common among healthcare workers and is mainly caused by water, soap and long lasting occlusion. Compliance with hand disinfection in clinical practice is often low. Measures to improve compliance include training, provision of hand rubs where they are needed, and the responsibility of doctors to set a good example. Improved compliance in hand hygiene and targeted use of alcohol‐based hand rubs can reduce the nosocomial infection rate by up to 40 %. The benefit of hand disinfection is therefore much larger than possible risks.
Limited motor performance and minor neurological dysfunction at school age
Authors: Peters Lieke HJ , Maathuis Carel GB , Hadders‐Algra Mijna
Published: August 2010

Aim:  To investigate the relationship between motor performance and minor neurological dysfunction (MND) at school age.

Methods:  Two hundred and fifty‐three children (158 boys, 95 girls; mean age 8 years and 7 months) of whom 167 children received mainstream education and 86 children special education were neurologically examined according to Touwen. Special attention was paid to the severity of MND (simple or complex form) and type of dysfunction. Motor performance was assessed with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC), a parental questionnaire (Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire; DCD‐Q) and a teacher’s questionnaire (Motor Observation Questionnaire for Teachers; MOQ‐T).

Results:  Total scores of MABC, DCD‐Q and MOQ‐T were strongly related to the severity of MND and to dysfunctional coordination and fine manipulation. Mild dysfunction in posture and muscle tone was only weakly related to limited motor performance. Children with a MABC score < 5th percentile showed significantly more often complex MND than children with scores between the 5th and 15th percentile or >15th percentile (54% vs 17% and 10%).

Conclusion:  Limited motor performance is related to the severity and type of MND. Coordination problems and fine manipulative disability are strongly related to poor motor performance, mild dysfunctions of posture and muscle tone to a lesser extent.