bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Deashing Treatment on the Coal Structure and Surface Groups
Authors: Hao Shi Xiong , Liu Xing Yong , Yu Zu Xiao
Published: September 2013

One Datong (China) coal was deashed by a mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and distilled water. The textures of the coal samples were investigated by N2 adsorption at 77 K. The surface groups on coals were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the coal texture has been changed after deashing treatment. The XPS results showed that the dominant forms of carbon on the surface of raw coal are C-C and C-H, the dominant forms of oxygen are COO-and C-O, and dominant forms of sulphur is thiophenes sulphur. The de-ashing treatments resulted in the elimination of sulphur and a decrease of oxygen adsorbed on the coal surface.
Research on the Process Mineralogy of a Copper Ore in Yunnan Province
Authors: Zhang Zhong Hui , Lan Yao Zhong
Published: September 2013

This paper studies of the relationship between mineralogical characteristics and beneficiation of a copper ore in terms of process mineralogy.The study shows that the copper ore embraces little sulfide,its gangue minerals are deficient of ferrum and calcium,gangue minerals and copper minerals embedded micro-fine cloth, Fully grinding mill can make the mineral cleavage, and thus get good separation of minerals.
Laboratory Studies of Vanadium Precipitation with Flue-Gas Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Wu Zhen Xiu , Sun Zhao Hui , Chen Wen Long , Du Guang Chao
Published: September 2013

The exploratory experiments of precipitating vanadium which simulated the process conditions in a vanadium plant with the indexes of vanadium loss and the cost were tested with industrial sulfuric acid and flue-gas sulfuric acid in laboratory, respectively. The technology optimizations were studied by selecting the experimental group with the lowest vanadium loss and cost. The results indicate that the vanadium loss and cost are the lowest by one-step vanadium precipitation with flue-gas sulfuric acid, and the optimum processes are as follows: the pH of solution is adjusted to 2.2 after adding the vanadium precipitation agent; the precipitation is proceeded 1 hour at 99°C or 100°C. The vanadium loss and cost per 1000 kg V2O3 are respectively 3.06 kg and 763.18 yuan by the optimum processes, which are much less than the processes with industrial sulfuric acid.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Anti-Breast Cancer Activity of 3-Acyl-5-hydroxybenzofurans
Authors: He Bi Feng , Li Xiao Yan , Liu Xue , Luo Hua Jun , Huang Nian Yu , Deng Wei Qiao
Published: September 2013

A series of four 3-acyl-5-hydroxybenzofuran derivatives (4a-4d) were synthesized by one-pot method under microwave irradiation from aldehydes, dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFA) and benzoquinone in high yields. These compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and ESI-MS, which were also tested for in vitro anti-proliferative activity against human breast cancer ER(+)-MCF-7 and ER(-)-MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The bioactive compound 4d exhibited the best anti-breast cancer activity against MCF-7 cells with the IC50 values of 43.08 μM. The compound might be used as a potential anti-tumor agent for the further structure modifications and development.
Effect of Liquid Polishing System on Color Stability of Bleached Enamel
Authors: Chen Xiu Lan , Chen Huang Qin
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of liquid polishing system (BisCover) on color stability of the bleached enamel upon exposure to a staining agent-red wine. Forty specimens were prepared. They were divided into 2 groups and different procedures, including only bleaching with Opalescence PF (PF) or Opalescence regular (R) gels, and application of BisCover after blaeching (PF-B, R-B) were used. Unbleached specimens were served as control groups (control-1 and control-2). The specimens were stored for 48 h in red wine. The color of all specimens was measured before and after exposure with a spectrophotometer, and total color change (ΔE*) were calculated. The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukeys post hoc analysis (α=0.05). PF-B and R-B groups demonstrated significantly less color change than PF and R groups. the control-1 and control-2 groups had the least color change. No significant difference were observed between PF and R group. BisCover improved the color stability of bleached enamel in red wine.
Recrystallization of Ag and Ag-La Alloy Wire in Wire Bonding Process
Authors: Hsueh Hao Wen , Hung Fei Yi , Lui Truan Sheng
Published: September 2013

Sliver wire was the novel material to replaced gold wire in wire bonding process, and rare earth element was often added to improve the properties of silver wires. The annealing effect (at 225°C~275°C for 30min) on the tensile mechanical properties of silver wires with φ=20μm was investigated. In addition, the microstructural characteristics and the mechanical properties before and after an electric flame-off (EFO) process were also studied.
Free-air ball (FAB) of 85μm diameter from 20μm diameter pure silver wire was too huge for bonding process, otherwise the silver wire was added 0.05 wt.% lanthanum to form Ag-La alloy wire to reduce the diameter of FAB. FAB of Ag-La alloy wire with a 55μm diameter, and can avoid short-circuited. In addition, microstructures, tensile properties and the micro-hardness of Ag-La alloy wires indicated that the best annealing temperature was 425 °C.
Characterization of Rheological Properties of Low Density Polyethylene in Torque Rheometers
Authors: Jian Xiao Xia , Zhou Wei Liang , Xiao Le Qin , Hu Xiu Li , Zheng Qi Long
Published: September 2013

A method to evaluate the rheological properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) using torque rheometer was developed and the parameter of Power rate model were obtained by fitting balance torque and balance temperature. The rheological parameters of polymer melts were evaluated on the basis of previous equation by introducing the apparent filling degree in torque rheometer, the results show the temperature compensated torque (Mtc) increase from 5.685 Nm to 6.972 Nm, while apparent filling degree change from 0.65 to 0.85 at the rotor speed of 29.98 rpm. TheMtcalso increase from 2,900 Nm to 3.528 Nm and increase by 0.628 Nm at the rotor speed of 4.985 rpm, while it increase by 1.287 Nm from 5.685 Nm to 6.972 Nm at the rotor speed of 29.99 rpm, which means the higher the rotor speed, the more influence on the torque. The other relative rheological parameters, such as the activation energy (ΔE), the Non-Newton (n), etc., calculated in this model, indicate the effect of apparent filling degree on the polymer melting rheology. The calculated values were compared with those derived from capillary rheolometer, the results show the apparent viscosity decrease with the increase shear rate in exponential function, the change rules of apparent viscosity are good agreement from two kinds test methods.
The Similarity of Pattern Recognition between Inscriptions on Oracle Bones and Cuneiform
Authors: Li Jin Feng , Kuang Hong Hai
Published: September 2013

The similartity of pattern recognition between inscriptions on oracle bones and cuneiform have been studied in the paper. Samples of inscriptions on oracle bones and cuneiform were taken into computer images.By analysis of inscriptions on oracle bones, and cuneiform ,a new arithmetic was chosed and a standard inflexion curve of word can be gotten. There are curves by the arithmetic in images. The standard inflexion curve of inscriptions on oracle bones and curves in cuneiform were compared.If both of curves look very similar,there is an arithmetic which can be used in pattern recognition of inscriptions on oracle bones and cuneiform .this work was supported by the fundamental research funds for the central universities (xdjk2010c053)
A Study on the Modular Designed the Elderly-Specific Bag Based on Touch
Authors: Hu Xiao Ping , Feng Xia , Zhou Ya , Men De Lai
Published: September 2013

Bag is an important stuff in daily life, which is used to carry personal necessary articles. The elderly people usually cant distinguish the articles in the bag easily due to the decrease of vision with age. Moreover, because of the poor immunity, the elderly people are easy to be infected by bacteria. The purpose of this paper is to design an elderly-specific bag which can help elderly people distinguish the articles by touch and avoid infection due to the contamination of food and drug by mixed together with money and keys etc. Questionnaires were prepared and given to 80 aged people to determine the stuffs which they usually carry in the bags. After statistical analysis, graphic symbols were designed to characterize the stuffs that the elderly people carry most often in daily life. These symbols were tested by the aged people to determine which is the most suitable to characterize the correspond stuff. After that a bag with these symbols and modular was designed.
Finite Element Analysis of Tianerya Trench-Buried Inverted Siphon
Authors: Xie Xiang Zan
Published: September 2013

This paper adopts universal finite element calculation software to carry out finite element analysis for Tianerya trench-buried inverted siphon. Researching variation law of the inverted siphons stress and displacement in construction process and operational process. The calculation results further shown design schemes rationality and safety. The analysis results provide a certain reference for design of trench-buried inverted siphon structure.
Force Analysis of Wire Mesh Concrete U-Shaped Aqueduct
Authors: Xie Xiang Zan
Published: September 2013

This paper adopts finite element method to carry out simulation analysis for Bachimen wire mesh concrete U-shaped aqueduct. Deducing variation law of the aqueducts stress and displacement in construction process and operational process, researching the rationality of aqueduct structure design scheme. Analysis results show that, Bachimen wire mesh concrete aqueduct structure is reasonable, force of aqueduct structure is explicit, it meets the requirements for design. The research results provide a certain reference for design of wire mesh concrete U-shaped aqueduct structure.
Applying Hilbert Curve in Facilities Layout
Authors: Huang Tsun Hung , Chen Shui Chuan , Cheng Chien Hsin , Wu Cheng Yan
Published: September 2013

Manufacturing product and providing service in a quick and economic way is the common goal of enterprises under the impact of globalization automation. In the methods of lowering cost and increasing productivity, facilities layout is of the most important. How to arrange, distribute and integrate the facilities of an enterprise in order to maximize the performance is particularly important. It is costly and time consuming to rearrange facilities layout after mass production, and largely impact the operation of enterprise negatively. Thus, this study applying Hilbert space filling layout method to reach better space utilization by considering department placement direction, geometry, size, and the order of placement. The proposed model also contemplate material flow factor cost (MFFC), shape ratio factor (SRF), area utilization factor of overall layout, and even the quantified adjacency of departments to derive minimal total layout cost by genetic algorithm. By introduce the model to a real case, we find it suitable for the complex and tedious production and material flow, especially in the small and medium enterprises.
Micro Grid Technology Research Based on the Distributed Generation
Authors: Sang Ying Jun , Fan Yuan Yuan
Published: September 2013

The paper presents the concept and structure of micro grid technology based on distributed generation, and especially introduces the key technology of micro network which includes five parts: micro-grid planning and design, micro-grid communication technology, micro-grid power electronic technology, micro-grid control and energy management system. At last problems need to be solved in the future have been put forward and discussed in this paper.
Effect of Sodium Tripolyphosphate on Color Stability of In-Office Bleached Teeth
Authors: Chen Huang Qin , Huang Bin
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polyanionsodium tripolyphosphate (STP) on color stability of the bleached enamel upon exposure to a staining agent-red wine. Thirty specimens were prepared and bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Then, they were divided into three groups and immersed in different experiment solutions, including distilled and deionized water (DDW, negative control), 2% STP (PH 9.0) and 1000 ppm NaF aq. (positive control), before and after red wine stain challenge, 3 times per day. The color of all specimens was measured before and after exposure to red wine with a spectrophotometer, and total color change (ΔE*) were calculated. The data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and the means were compared by Tukeys post hoc analysis (α=0.05). STP treatment group demonstrated significantly less color change than DDW and NaF groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between DDW and NaF group. It can be concluded that the staining susceptibility of bleached enamel decreased after application of polyanion sodium tripolyphosphate.
Anodized Preparation of Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays and Photocatalytic Degradation of Chloramine Phosphorus
Authors: Luo Hui
Published: September 2013

Anodic oxidation processing titanium foil in an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid+ glacial acetic acid+polyethylene glycol constant pressure, Synthesized by high-density ordered TiO2nanotube arrays. Calculate the degradation rate of chloramine phosphorus, TiO2nanotubes catalytic performance test.The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the morphology and structure of the nanotubes, Visits oxidation time on the morphology and size of the nanotube arrays, mapping and analysis of current - time curve. An average particle diameter d of the sample may be calculated the strongest diffraction peak of the plane FWHM ,So chloramine phosphorus selection of organic phosphorus drugs for the photocatalytic degradation object, Molybdenum blue spectrophotometry measured and calculated degradation rate, Study of heat treatment temperature and anodizing time photocatalytic degradation, And the sol - gel prepared TiO2 thin film and photocatalytic comparative experiments.
Advances of Graphene for Adsorption of Dyes in Wastewater
Authors: Yang Jing Yi , Chen Yu Qiong , Ma Ying Chuan , Zhang Xin , Luo Ling Ling , Zhong Shu Xian , Chen Jian Rong
Published: September 2013

Graphene is a fascinating new member of carbon materials with honeycomb and one-atom-thick structure, consisting of 2D hexagonal lattices of sp2 carbon atoms covalently bonded. Graphene has a huge theory specific surface area (over 2600 m2 g1), good thermal conductivity, high values of Youngs modulus and fracture strength, high thermal stability and chemical stability and fast mobility of charge carriers, etc.. In recent years, many researchers found graphene have outstanding adsorption capacity of dyes in aqueous solution due to its high specific surface area. This paper summarized the graphene, graphene oxide and functionalized graphene removing various dyes in wastewater.
Design of Control System of Acceleration and Deceleration of Stepper Motor Based on ATMEGA128
Authors: Wang Jian Min , Wei Hai Bo
Published: September 2013

Stepper motor is a common electromagnetic device, the corresponding circuit of control and driver, effective algorithm of acceleration and deceleration play a very important role in improving overall performance. Many advantages were achieved using the control system based on ATMEGA128, such as higher simplicity, low cost, high reliability, high torque at low speeds, and high motion accuracy. At the same time, by using algorithm of acceleration and deceleration, the efficiency of stepper motor is further enhanced, and the actual effect of control of stepper motor is smooth and has good results.
The Study of Mathematical Model of the Solar Cell
Authors: He Su Xia , Yue Lin Qin , Zhao En Guang , Liu Jian Chao
Published: September 2013

This paper mainly discusses the mathematical model of the solar cell and it I-V characteristic curve equation , discusses the the relationship between parameters. When changes of light intensity and temperature,We uesed measured value for the reference data , the value of ,,,are tested in 25°C,1000W/m2 the battery is the 3909 battery of Suntech. Then we given the Calculate value of ,,,in 25°C,800W/m2, 200W/m2. We uesed measured value for the reference data , the value of ,,,are tested in1000W/m2, 30°C, the battery is the 4209 battery of Suntech. then we given the Calculate value of ,,,in 40°Cand60°C. Finally ,we analysised the change of the four parameters with light intensity and temperature changes, it shows that the calculation results is consistent with the test data. It can reflect the relationship between I-V characteristic and the changes of light intensity and temperature. This study will help us to give the I-V characteristic and data directly , also help us to study solar cell easyly in any environment
Research on DC Grid Power Characteristics and DC Active Power Filtering
Authors: Tang Si Wen , Li Yin Long , Luo Li Wen , Yang Xi Jun
Published: September 2013

When nonlinear load is powered by DC grid, harmonic currents and distortion power are produced. At first, the concept of the DC active power filter (DC-APF) is presented in this paper after the analysis of instantaneous power and power factor in the DC network. The DC-APF includes the parallel type, the series type and the series-parallel type, etc. The circuit topologies and the working principles of two kinds of DC-APF are proposed and analyzed: (1) the general type, which can compensate harmonic currents and reactive currents; (2) the correction type, which can track the DC voltage. The comprehensive simulation analysis of the double-bridge half-controlled DC-APF by means of MATLAB/SIMULINK and the experiment of the correction type prove the validity and the feasibility of these topologies and operating principles.
Experimental Study of the Effects of Different Space Forms on SAW Passive Wireless Temperature Measurement System
Authors: Yue Hai Fang , Lou Jie
Published: September 2013

The passive wireless temperature measurement system based on SAW is a better method than the fiber optic and the infrared temperature measurement in measuring the temperature of electrical equipment, but the environmental characteristics have an effect on it. In this paper, the effects of open space and closed space on the system are studied by experiments. The open space has a greater effect on temperature measuring signal because of the polarization direction of the antenna; In the closed space of the metal cabinet, whether there is sheet metallic object near the senor or not, it has no effects on the signal, which is mainly because that the reflections of electromagnetic signals by the internal walls of the metal cabinet make the signal power enhanced between the reader and the sensor through multi-angle reflections. Therefore, this type of measurement system is more suitable for the metallic objects in metal cabinet.
Study on the Cloud Computing Architecture for Smart Grid Application
Authors: Fan Bang Kui , Ding Guan Jun , Long Teng , Lan Hai Bin , Wang Jing
Published: September 2013

In view of the increasing demands of data storage, information process, interoperability and so on in smart grid construction, this paper presents the cloud computing architecture for smart grid application, based on introducing of the cloud computing technology which has strong capability of distributed computing and storage. And the aim of the paper is to overcome the drawbacks of traditional power grid information platform in computation, storage, information process, etc., and promote the smart grid development. First of all, the essential connotation and performance demands of smart grid are described. Second, the development process and main properties of cloud computing are summarized in the paper. Then, the feasibility of constructing cloud computing architecture for smart grid application is analyzed and discussed. Based on that, the structure composition of the architecture is proposed, and the main functions of each part are discussed in detail. It shows that the architecture can effectively implement amalgamation and interoperability among physical layer, information process and application system, as well as the power energy, information stream and business flow in smart grid are highly integrated, which can offer support for smart grid construction. Finally, the related conclusions are drawn, and some future research directions are given.
Microgrid Protection Based on Specific Current Injection
Authors: Li Jun , Chen Zhi Fei , Qian Jun Xia , Zhang Hui Gang
Published: September 2013

Considering that microgrid (MG) can be controlled flexibly, its short circuit-current is limited and power flow is bidirectional. The paper presents a new relay protection scheme of microgrid based specific harmonic injection method. The injective harmonic flows all over microgrid and the amplitude of specific harmonic current will enhance in fault occasion. So the above characteristic can solve the problem of fault position and the symmetric characteristic can complete the identification of fault type. The discussion about the compatibility of microgrid protection and conventional distribution network line protection. At last, the combined microgrid model is built in Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation result demonstrated that the above method can complete the identification of fault position and type and it also can coordinate with the traditional line protection well.
Expert Library-Based Data Verification for National-Regional-Provincial Power Grid Integration Security Correction
Authors: Men De Yue , Ji Xin , Cai Zhi , Dong Wei , Dai Sai , Jin Xue Zhu
Published: September 2013

With the construction of national UHV power grid, the grid structure has become increasingly complex, and the national regional and provincial power grid has become increasingly interlinked. In order to more accurately grasp the future operation, grid security and stability, and clearly grasped the weak links of the grid the State Grid Corporation launched a NRPPGI (national-regional-provincial power grid Integration, NRPPGI) model in Security Correction. Data Verification is an important data prevention mechanism of NRPPGI Security Correction. In view of the characteristics and requirements of NRPPGI security checking data, this paper presents a data verification method based on expert library. The system power balance, the unit operating constraints, data completeness and rationality are considered as the quality Index of the received data. This paper also has data correction based on the verification results of the expert library. Verified by actual grid operation, the calibration data can significantly improve the calculation accuracy and convergence rate in the security correction and dispatching plan compared to the original data.
Dynamic Communication for Smart Metering: Leading Edge for Sustainable Energy and PHEV
Authors: Syed Zahurul Islam , Mariun Norman , Lutfi Othman , Hashim Hizam , Izham Zainal Abidin
Published: September 2013

The urgency of moving towards optimization of existing energy distribution via Smart Grid (SG) is crucial due to promising opportunities such as energy efficiency, reduced carbon emissions, and improved power reliability. This paper focuses on wireless communication network for smart meter linking Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to Smart Grid (SG). This paper also gives evidence that before smart meter is deployed, its communication infrastructure has to be precise to ensure proper operation, functionality and safety. This paper also provides an overview of how smart meter can contribute the penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (PHEV) to the grid and its uncertain load.
Regional Power Planning Optimization Model and Scenario Analysis Considering the Environmental Cost
Authors: Wang Zong Wu , Huang Guo He , Li Xiao Kun
Published: September 2013

In this study, a regional power planning optimization model (RPPOM) is developed considering the environmental cost and the restriction of resource and environment, based on interval linear programming and mixed integer linear programming. Model is applied to a case study on the power planning in Henan province, and scenario analysis is conducted. Interval solutions associated with scenario of pollution control have been obtained. They can be used for generating decision alternatives and helping decision makers identify desired power policies for power planning to meet the growth in electricity demand considering the constraints of resources and environment with a minimized system cost. Scenario analysis of environmental pollution control at different levels can also be tackled.
Impacts of Short-Term Generation Rights Transaction on Transmission Loss for Power System
Authors: Xue Mei Juan , Yao Li Xiao , Liu Jia Jun , Yao Feng Xin
Published: September 2013

This paper calculate the transmission loss caused by generation right trade and its impact on system based on the DC power flow equation. This method takes into account each power flow state and more accord with the practical situation of generation right trade. By analyzing the mechanism and process of generation right trade, to the unreasonable method that averagely allocate the trading power in trading hours under the daily generation right trade mode, this paper propose a method to fit a trading power allocation curve based on cubic spline interpolation and power system. The curve can be adjusted by trading power and replace the traditional averagely allocate method. Combined with three kinds of allocating situation, the rationality of this paper has been tested on IEEE-13 bus system.
Reactive Power Optimization of Distribution System Incorporating Distributed Generations and Running Cost
Authors: Chen Shu Heng , Zhang Chang Hua , Chen Luan
Published: September 2013

An improved reactive power optimization algorithm of distribution system is presented, which incorporates distributed generations and running cost. By this method, the comprehensive cost can be reduced to the potential minimum value. Firstly, based on the function between the operations of preliminary main equipments and the comprehensive cost, the optimization model is presented to reduce the comprehensive cost. Secondly, the traditional back/forward sweep method is improved by updating DGs reactive power amount during each iterative step timely. The changing value is gained according to the voltage deviation amount. Thirdly, a novelty hybrid PSO algorithm is presented, which can adapt binary variables and discrete variables in unison. Lastly, the algorithm is realized on the platform of VC++ 6.0 and the case study is done. The results have proved that this method can reduce the comprehensive cost and the optimization problem can be solved quickly.
The Framework and Key Technologies of Power Grid Operation Track Oriented Automatic Smart Dispatch
Authors: Tang Bi Qiang , Yang Sheng Chun , Yu Yi Jun , Pan Ling Ling , Feng Shu Hai
Published: September 2013

The rapid development of smart grid in China has put forward higher requirements to the power grid dispatch, and it is necessary to develop adaptable smart grid dispatch support system. Based on the existing technical achievements of smart grid dispatch, a power grid operation track oriented automatic smart dispatch system is proposed to accurately grasp the trend of grid operation status. The concept and characterization method of grid operation track are introduced. The overall objective of automatic smart dispatch is presented. And the framework of automatic smart dispatch system is proposed, mainly including awareness & forecasting, analysis & assessment, decision support and automatic control. Moreover, the key technologies of automatic smart dispatch are pointed out.
Modeling and Simulation for Quantitative Assessment of Process Level Networks in Substation Based on OPNET
Authors: Hu Chun Chao , Ma Kai , Cai Ze Xiang , Shao Xiang Chao , Huang Cheng Qiao , Feng Shan Qiang
Published: September 2013

The substation process level networks modeling based on OPNET provides the solution for the quantitative assessment of process level networks. To meet the demand in substation automation system application, it analyzes the modeling requirements of entity equipment, IEC 61850 standard and optimization strategies. From the prospective of OPNET operating system, model library and user-defined modeling methods it researches the adaptation of OPNET and process level networks modeling, and it analyzes the substation process level network modeling based on OPNET with the demonstrations of SV/GOOSE, merging unit and protection IED, VALN modeling, providing the solution for the quantitative assessment of process level networks. Finally it proposes the modeling and simulation platform for quantitative assessment of process level networks in substation basing on an 110kV substation. This paper provides an effective tool for the quantitative assessment of process level networks and substation automation system.
Hierarchical Simulated Annealing-Reinforcement Learning Energy Management for Smart Grids
Authors: Li Xin , Zang Chuan Zhi , Qin Xiao Ning , Zhang Yang , Yu Dan
Published: September 2013

For energy management problems in smart grid, a hybrid intelligent hierarchical controller based on simulated annealing (SA) and reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed. The SA is used to adjust the parameters of the controller. The RL algorithm shows the particular superiority, which is independent of the mathematic model and just needs simple fuzzy information obtained through trial-and-error and interaction with the environment. By means of learning procedures, the proposed controller can learn to take the best actions to regulate the energy usage for equipments with the features of high comfortable for energy usage and low electric charge meanwhile. Simulation results show that the proposed load controller can promote the performance energy usage in smart grids.
Energy Performance Contracting and its Application in HVAC
Authors: Wang Zi Biao , Fan Chang Na , Tian Wei Long , Zhang Xiao Ying
Published: September 2013

This article elaborates the origin and development of energy performance contracting (EPC) and its implementation process, and summarizes the EPCs applications in the field of HVAC. At the same time, it analyzes the model of energy-saving benefit sharing which is applied to HVAC.
Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of CO2-Based Foam Fracturing Fluid
Authors: Jing Ze Feng , Wang Shu Zhong , Luo Xiang Rong
Published: September 2013

Heat transfer characteristics of the CO2-based foam fracturing fluid were investigated on the large-scale test loop of foam fracturing fluid. The relationship between thermal conductivity coefficient and shear rate was introduced into the expression of the convective heat transfer coefficient. Thus the expression of the convective heat transfer coefficient of power-law fluid was revised. The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient of the fracturing fluid increases with the increase of the pressure, the foam quality and the shear rate. The convective heat transfer coefficient of the foam fracturing fluid calculated by the revised calculation formula is highly consistent with the experimental data at low pressure. The deviation is bigger at high pressure, but still within 20%.
Technical Feasibility of Small-Scale GTL Process towards Heat Integration: A Case Study of Nongtum A Reservoir in Thailand
Authors: Rungumrong Dumrong , Pana-Suppamassadu Karn , Narataruksa Phavanee , Sornchamni Thana
Published: September 2013

Natural gas can be a raw material to produce synthetic liquid fuels via Gas to Liquid process (GTL). The process is consist of 4 main parts which are cleaning unit, reforming unit, Fischer-Tropsch unit (FT) and product upgrading unit. To evaluate potential of having this kind of process for Nongtum A Reservoir, Thailand, technical feasibility of GTL process towards heat integration needed to be done. This work presented a process model, combined heat and power (gas generation) of Nongtum A Reservoir by using the total heat integration concept. Volume of natural gas at Nongtum A Reservoir is 56,634 m3/day at 10 bar, and 40 deg.C. ResuIts of the model simulation are the overall thermal efficiency of 10.32% to 14.88%, gasoline product of 435 to 575 bbl/day, and diesel product of 621 to 947 bbl/day depending upon a split ratio of natural gas to gas generation.
Characterization of Multiblock Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfone) as Proton Exchange Membranes
Authors: Lin Hai Dan , Yang Xiao Ying , Sun Cheng Xun
Published: September 2013

A new series of hydrophobic-hydrophilic multiblock sulfonated poly (arylene ether ketone)-b-poly (arylene ether ketone) copolymers were successfully synthesized and evaluated for use as proton exchange membranes (PEMs). The membrane properties of block copolymers including ion exchange capacities (IECs), water uptake and proton conductivities were characterized for the multiblock copolymers and compared with random sulfonated poly (arylene ether) s and other multiblock copolymer membranes at similar ion exchange capacity value. This series of multiblock copolymers showed moderate conductivities up to 0.063 S/cm at 80 °C with very low water uptake of 19%. Therefore, they are considered to be promising PEM materials for fuel cells.
Synthesis on Spiropyran/ SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ Photochromic Phosphor and its Solvent Effects
Authors: Yu Sheng Fei , Luo Wu Sheng
Published: September 2013

6-nitro-1,3',3'-trimethyl-indoline spiropyrans (SP) was synthesized, which is a photochromic compound. SP/SAO-ED composite phosphor was prepared with an organic ligand SP coated on the surface of SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+(SAO-ED) phosphor by the interfacial coordination chemistry method. The effect of the solvent on the properties of SP/SAO-ED phosphor was investigated, and the effects of the solvent effect on the UV maximum absorption wavelength and fading kinetics of SP and SP/SAO-ED were also studied. Results showed that SP/SAO-ED composite phosphor has higher photochromic and photoluminescent properties when the prepared parameter is chloroform as solvent. The UV maximum absorption wavelength of open-loop SP and SP/SAO-ED is decreasing with the increasing of the solvent polarity, which is the negative color effect. The fading reaction kinetic equations meets with the first order reaction, and the rate constant is decreasing with the increasing of the solvent polarity.
Synthesis and Properties of Hyperbranched Dispersant for High Concentration of CWS
Authors: Dai Jin Xu , Zhang Guang Hua , Han Wen Jing
Published: September 2013

The 1.5 generation hyperbranched molecule was synthesized with dehydroabietylamine as the core by means of Michael addition reaction and amidation condensation reaction with ethylenediamine and methyl acrylate as raws by divergent method. Then, the dispersant was synthesized by means of the 1.5G hyperbranched molecule as initiator by reaction with 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. The structure of products were identified by IR spectra and 1HNMR spectra. The influences of dispersant on apparent viscosity,rheological behaviour and static stability of coal water slurry prepared from Shenfu coal are studied. The results showed that as the slurry concentration reach at 67% the dosage of the dispersant was 0.4% (m/m), the viscosity of the coal water slurry was only at 987 mPa·s. The rheological investigation indicates that the slurry pumped with dispersant is pseudoplastic fluid.
Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption in Municipalities of China
Authors: Ji Yi Jun , Zhao Ya Fei , Xie Xiao Lin , He Ying
Published: September 2013

Cities are major consumers of global energy. This paper conducts a comparative analysis on economic and social situation, the scale, intensity, and structure of energy consumption in four municipalities, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and Chongqing, definitudes the comparative advantages and unfavorable factors of each municipality in terms of energy conservation and energy structural adjustment optimization, and then suggests several countermeasures for each municipality to promote their sustainable utilization of energy, which may provide reference for other cities.
Study on Prediction of Coal Demand by the Improved Artificial Fish-Swarm Neural Network
Authors: Wu Chang You , Zhang Shun Tang , Yang Jing Hong
Published: September 2013

This paper first briefly discussed the basic principle of wavelet neural network, and pointed out the shortcomings and deficiencies existing in wavelet neural network , thus put forward the improved artificial fish-swarm neural network model, and solved the disadvantages of wavelet neural network in the training process. Finally the improved artificial fish-swarm neural network model is applied to the prediction of coal demand in our country, and the predicted results can prove that the model is scientific and feasible.
Model Research on Comprehensive Efficiency Evaluation of Heating Reconstruction Project
Authors: Li Ze Hong , Zhang Xiao Dan
Published: September 2013

Combined heat and power generation is also called the heating reconstruct project, comprehensive benefit evaluation of heating reconstruction project provide a more scientific basis for project construction and project operation, strengthen scientificalness for decision-making , avoid investing blindly and improve investing returns of the project. To begin with, it is emphasize on the analysis of the project whole, and then established evaluation index system and comprehensive evaluation model based on financial and non-financial data collecting of the project. At the third, evaluating the financial feasibility, project environmental benefit and social benefit evaluation of the heating reconstruction project. Eventually, it comes to a conclusion for a validation of heating reconstruction project feasibility.
Pure Electric Vehicle Driving State Data Collection Terminal Design and Telematics Applications
Authors: Yang Jing Feng , Zhang Nan Feng , Li Yong , Xue Yue Ju , Li Ting
Published: September 2013

Based on the current driving recorder with satellite positioning function technical standards, a pure electric vehicle driving state data collection terminal is designed in this paper. Through the interface technology, the terminal reads batteries, motor speed, current, power and other information of pure electric vehicles that is different from traditional driving recorder data from traditional power vehicles, and then establish the corresponding monitoring platform. Comparing the content of telematics services with the traditional vehicles and pure electric vehicles, this paper illustrates the basic application and market of pure electric vehicle driving state data collection terminal.
The Design and Analysis on 200 Liters Large Material Barrels with Double L-Rings
Authors: Zhang De Qiang , Li Yu , Li Jin Hua
Published: September 2013

Structural design and optimization of 200 liters large material barrels with Double L-ring are studied, Stacking stress analysis and optimization analysis in SolidWorks Simulation Finite Element Analysis plug-in three-dimensional model of the material barrel, Plug-in of Finite Element Analysis SolidWorks simulation is used to get the result of analysis for stacking stress, optimization and dropping test. Stress contours, strain contours, the stress data of optimization are obtained by function of static analysis and optimization. The result of analysis is very close to the results of the theoretical calculations. It shows that the optimization design to improve product quality and efficiency has a very important theoretical and practical value.
Units Commitment Optimization of Pumping Station Based on Velocity Uniformity Analysis
Authors: Liang Xing
Published: September 2013

The Realizable k-ε turbulent model is employed to simulate the flow pattern in forebay of pumping station, and the precision of simulated results is verified by experimental data. And then the flow pattern of the different unit commitments is simulated to acquire the flow characteristics in forebay, such as circulating flow and velocity distribution, and the velocity uniformity of forebay is analyzed to search the optimal units commitment. The research results show that: under the different unit commitment, the characteristics of flow in forebay is so different that the effect of the diversion piers is not always advantageous; comparing the velocity uniformity, the optimal operation strategy is to try to operate the middle pumps, and the operation strategy of operating pumps on both sides is better than that of opening pumps on one side.
The Research on the Reliability Distribution Model of Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Li Xue , Yang Chuan Gui , Zhu Xiao Cui
Published: September 2013

A method is introduced to analyze the reliability of wire cut electrical discharge machining by using the the failure data. It requires the least square method to estimate the parameters of the distribution model of the time between failures, utilizes the K-S test to test the hypothesis which distribution the reliability data obey, analyzes the common faults, and gives improvement approachs. Results show the fact that the time between failures obey thelognormal distribution, which provides the theoretical basis for improving the reliability of wire cut electrical discharge machining and have important application value.
Study on Portable Multifunctional Laser Lighter
Authors: Wu Zhi Chao , Li Yi Tong , Xu Hao , Gao Ying Ming , She Xin Yu
Published: September 2013

With the improvement of peoples ideological awareness, people are becoming more and more attention to environmental protection and low carbon energy. According to the behavior of most people smoking in daily life, a portable multifunctional laser lighter is studied in this paper, which can effectively save the energy consumption and pollution of matches, fuel oil lighter. The laser lighter is mainly composed of two sets of sources. One source is the ignition source, which is the laser with power of 600mW and wavelength of 435nm. By design of optical system, the behaviors of lit cigarette, lit fireworks and ignite the paper are realized. The other source is the indicator source, which is the laser with the power of 20mW and wavelength of 650nm. We can realize the function of the tour guide indicating, projection screen indicating and a star pen by the design of zoom optical system. Using the software of solidworks, the mechanical design and safety design of the lighter is reasonable, and the overall size is 45mm × 25mm × 100mm. The device not only has the advantages of multifunction, portability and practicality, but also formed the basis for the further development of product.
Establishing Quality Evaluation System of Complete Sets of Equipment for Water Treatment
Authors: Wang Zi , Song Li Ming
Published: September 2013

This paper establishes quality evaluation systems ofcomplete sets of equipment for water treatmentbased on defining the notion and analyzing the development and characteristic of water treatment equipment industry andcomplete sets of equipment. 24 unit operations and corresponding equipment in water treatment were chosen and determined as independent devices ofcomplete sets of equipment for water treatment. Four-layer, which is destination layer, criterion layer, feature layer and index layer, of quality evaluation system are established. 26 quality items are selected according to wastewater treatment practice and some national & industrial standard. Evaluation index describes what index is needed to evaluate quality ofcomplete sets of equipment for water treatment. Evaluation methodology describes how to conduct evaluation of selected indexes. Evaluation rule describes when and in what condition the evaluation was conducted. This work will standardize product quality ofcomplete sets of equipment for water treatmentand promote healthy development of environmental protection equipment industry.
Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Microalgae-Derived Biodiesel Using a Chemically Modified Immobilized Lipase
Authors: Yin Chun Hua , Miao Na , Yuan Shou Li , Dong Xue , Yan Hai
Published: September 2013

Optimized synthesis conditions for biodiesel from microalgae oil and methanol using a modified immobilized lipase from Candida sp. as catalyst were investigated. The methanol tolerance of the immobilized lipase modified with succinic anhydride was determined. The results showed that the modified enzyme exhibited higher stability in methanol as compared with the unmodified enzyme. Then, the modified immobilized enzyme was applied to synthesize biodiesel using methanol and microalgae oil from Chlorella sp. Cells as substrates and the synthesis conditions were optimized. Tert-butanol was the most suitable organic solvent for biodiesel synthesis. The molar ratio of the reactants was found to be an important parameter affecting the yield of biodiesel. When the molar ratio of the methanol to Chlorella oil is 5:1, the yield of biodiesel catalyzed by modified lipase reaches the maximum of 92.5%. While the native immobilized Candida sp. lipase is used as catalyst, the yield of biodiesel get the maximum of 82.4% at the methanol / Chlorella oil molar ratio of 4. The reuse stabilities of the modified enzyme and unmodified enzyme were also studied in the present work. These experimental results proved that the immobilized lipase modified with succinic anhydride was suitable for the synthesis of microalgae-derived biodiesel.
Analysis of 3D Printing Technology in China - Taking Avic Heavy Machinery Co.,Ltd (600765) as an Example
Authors: Zhang Ji De , Wang Shu Fang , Luan Yan Hui
Published: September 2013

Recently, 3D printing technology has obtained the rapid development which brings immeasurable changes. It is considered to be one of the main marks of the third industrial revolution. The shares of Avic Heavy Machinery co., Ltd (600765) involving 3D printing technology continuously hardened six times in January 2013.Taking it as an example, we expound the connotation and advantages of 3D printing technology seriously and also elaborate the background of 3D printing technology. In addition, by analyzing its operation ability, profitability and growth capacity, we find the shares of Avic Heavy Machinery co., Ltd (600765) hardened on account of 3D concept hype, and not its performance. Then we describe the existing problems in the development of 3D printing technology in our country. Finally we give some corresponding suggestions to the development of 3D printing technology from three angles.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Pressure Wave in Combination Electronic Unit Pump High Pressure Pipeline
Authors: Qaisar Hayat , Fan Li Yun , Tian Bing Qi , Xiu Zhen Ma
Published: September 2013

High pressure (HP) fuel pipeline is one of the major components of Combination Electronic Unit Pump (CEUP) diesel fuel injection system and has significant contribution in building up of high pressure required during fuel injection cycle. A MATLAB numerical model of pressure wave inside HP fuel pipeline of CEUP system using damped wave equation has been developed in MATLAB to study and simulate pressure wave propagation through fuel pipeline at various operating conditions of diesel engine. Finite Difference method has been applied to model and simulate pressure equation at various equidistant locations of fuel pipeline. Dynamic variations of fuel properties as a function of varying pressure have also been incorporated. The MATLAB model has been validated by comparing simulated pressures with those of experimentally validated AMESim numerical model of CEUP fuel injection system. Quantitative comparisons were also done using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Index of Agreement (IA). Results show that MATLAB numerical model is quite accurate especially at low cam rotational speeds and low cam angles.