bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of 2‐Aroyl‐3,3‐bis(alkylsulfanyl)acrylaldehydes and Hydroxylamine Hydrochloriode: Facile Synthesis of Differently Substituted Isoxazoles.
Authors: Mathews Annie , Sasikala Karunalayam A. , George Sholly C. , Krishnaraj Kooramattom U. , Sreedevi Naduthottiyil K. , Prasanth Marathu , Anabha Engoor R. , Devaky Karakkattu S. , Asokan Chittoorthekkathil V.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of 4′‐Bromomethyl‐2‐(N‐trityl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl) Biphenyl.
Authors: Wang Guo‐xi , Sun Bao‐ping , Ru Zong‐ling
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Procedure for the α‐Methylation of Simple Pyridines.
Authors: Broering Martin , Kleeberg Christian
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Vicarious Nucleophilic Amination of Nitroquinolines by 1,1,1‐Trimethylhydrazinium Iodide.
Authors: Grzegozek Maria
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Aryl‐bis(6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil‐5‐yl)‐methanes by Reaction of 6‐Amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Bansal Ranju , Kumar R. Sunil , Kumar Gulshan , Thota Sridhar , Thamotharan S. , Parthasarathi V. , Linden Anthony
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Quinoxalines in the Ionic Liquid 1‐n‐Butylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate ([Hbim]BF4) at Ambient Temperature.
Authors: Potewar Taterao M. , Ingale Sachin A. , Srinivasan Kumar V.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Benzoxazines via Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Xu Xiaobing , Liang Linfeng , Liu Jun , Yang Jingyu , Mai Lugen , Li Yanzhong
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Reactivity of α‐Carbanions Derived from Alkylidenephosphoranes Toward 2‐(1λ5‐Diazynylidene)‐1H‐indene‐1,3‐(2H)dione. General Approach to Conjugated Oxadiazines, Pyridazines and Spiro[3]pyrazoles.
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Khidre Maha D. , Khidre Rizk E.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Oxathiocine Derivatives by Wittig Olefination and Intramolecular Heck Reaction via an 8‐endo‐Trig Cyclization.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Sinha Biswajit
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Friendly Accomplishment of the Extended Kabachnik—Fields Reaction; a Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates and α‐Aminophosphine Oxides.
Authors: Keglevich Gyoergy , Szekrenyi Anna
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tricarbonylchromium Complexes of [5]‐ and [6]‐Metacyclophane: An Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Authors: van Eis Maurice J. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , van Loon Sander , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , de Wolf Willem H. , van Zeist Willem‐Jan , Bickelhaupt Friedrich
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Macrocyclic Trypanosomal Cysteine Protease Inhibitors.
Authors: Chen Yen Ting , Lira Ricardo , Hansell Elizabeth , McKerrow James H. , Roush William R.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kumada—Corriu Cross‐Coupling Route to the Anticancer Agent Combretastatin A‐4.
Authors: Camacho‐Davila Alejandro A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Aspergillide B (Ib) and Structural Discrepancy of Aspergillide A (Ia).
Authors: Hande Sudhir M. , Uenishi Juni'ichi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoskiving: A New Method to Produce Arrays of Nanostructures
Authors: Xu Qiaobing , Rioux Robert M. , Dickey Michael D. , Whitesides George M.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Noble Metals on the Nanoscale: Optical and Photothermal Properties and Some Applications in Imaging, Sensing, Biology, and Medicine
Authors: Jain Prashant K. , Huang Xiaohua , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , El‐Sayed Mostafa A.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Colloidal Chemical Synthesis and Formation Kinetics of Uniformyl Sized Nanocrystals of Metals, Oxides, and Chalcogenides
Authors: Kwon Soon Gu , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoiridium Complexes for Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Labeling
Authors: Heys J. Richard
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 5‐Membered Heteroaromatics
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds Using Oxaloacetic Esters
Authors: Yamashkin S. A. , Zhukova N. V.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Sugar‐Derived Nitrones and Their Utilization in Synthesis
Authors: Fisera L.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 20 Years of Research on Brassinosteroids at the Steroids Laboratory of IQS
Authors: Capdevila Enric , Molist Meritxell , Vilaplana‐Polo Marc , Brosa Carme
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Systems for Carbonylation of Aryl Halides
Authors: Boyarskii V. P.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiro Skeletons: A Class of Privileged Structure for Chiral Ligand Design
Authors: Ding Kuiling , Han Zhaobin , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surfactant‐Type Catalysts in Organic Reactions.
Authors: Shiri Morteza , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of the Plants of the Genus Calophyllum
Authors: Su Xiao‐Hui , Zhang Man‐Li , Li Li‐Geng , Huo Chang‐Hong , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Shi Qing‐Wen
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Engineering of DNA: Molecular Beacons
Authors: Tan Weihong , et al. et al.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) —A Novel Class of Porous Materials
Authors: Mishra Lallan , Prajapati Rishikesh , Govil Girjesh
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Leukocyte transmigration is modulated by chemokine‐mediated PI3Kγ‐dependent phosphorylation of vimentin
Authors: Barberis Laura , Pasquali Christian , Bertschy‐Meier Dominique , Cuccurullo Alessandra , Costa Carlotta , Ambrogio Chiara , Vilbois Francis , Chiarle Roberto , Wymann Matthias , Altruda Fiorella , Rommel Christian , Hirsch Emilio
Published: March 2009

Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase γ (PI3Kγ) plays a fundamental role in mediating leukocyte migration to inflammation sites. However, the downstream cytoplasmic events triggered by its signaling activity are still largely obscure. To address this issue, tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylated proteins of chemokine‐stimulated WT or PI3Kγ‐null macrophages were investigated. Among the proteins analyzed, the intermediate filament vimentin was found as a downstream effector of the PI3Kγ signaling pathway. Specific analysis of the phosphorylation state of vimentin in macrophages showed that this protein becomes rapidly phosphorylated in both tyrosine and serine residues upon chemokine stimulation. In the absence of PI3Kγ or the kinase activity of PI3Kγ (PI3KγKD/KD), phosphorylation of vimentin was reduced. PI3Kγ‐null macrophages displayed impaired chemokine‐driven vimentin fiber disassembly as well as reduced ability to transmigrate across endothelial cells. While WT macrophages infected with a vimentin mutant resistant to N‐terminal serine phosphorylation showed a reduction in transendothelial migration, infection of PI3Kγ‐null macrophages with a vimentin mutant mimicking serine phosphorylation of N‐terminal residues rescued the transendothelial migration defect. These results define vimentin N‐terminal phosphorylation and fiber reorganization as a target of chemokine‐dependent PI3Kγ signaling in leukocytes.
Desymmetrization of meso‐N‐Acylaziridines with Benzenethiols Promoted by α,α‐Diaryl‐L‐prolinols
Authors: Lattanzi Alessandra , Della Sala Giorgio
Published: March 2009

α,α‐Diaryl‐L‐prolinols were disclosed to promote the desymmetrization of meso‐N‐acylaziridines with benzenethiols to afford the products in good yields and moderate enantioselectivities (up to 61 % ee), which can be greatly improved to >90 % ee after a single recrystallization. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Homocoupling of Arylboronic Acids Catalyzed by 1,10‐Phenanthroline‐Ligated Copper Complexes in Air
Authors: Kirai Naohiro , Yamamoto Yoshihiko
Published: March 2009

The efficient homocoupling of arylboronic acids was achieved by using the catalytic combination of inexpensive copper salts and 1,10‐phenanthroline as a ligand. The homocoupling reaction proceeds at ambient temperature in air without any additives such as base or oxidant. This method tolerates various substituents on the arylboronic acids such as halogens, carbonyls, and a nitro group. As a result, 25 symmetrical biaryls were obtained from readily availablearylboronic acids in 19–92 % isolated yields. A binuclear (μ‐hydroxido)copper complex is assumed as the catalytically active species, which undergoes efficient transmetalation with arylboronic acids to produce dinuclear arylcopper complexes. The binuclear structure is assumed to be essential for the bimetallic reductive elimination of biaryls as well as the oxidative restoration of the catalyst.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The structural behaviour of timber joints subjected to bi‐axial bending
Authors: Chang Wen‐Shao , Shanks Jonathan , Kitamori Akihisa , Komatsu Kohei
Published: March 2009

This study investigates the structural performance of interior, exterior and corner traditional timber joints found in a traditional temple in Japan subjected to bi‐axial bending. A total of 36 half‐scale specimens were fabricated and tested under both uni‐axial and bi‐axial cyclic bending for comparison of their structural behaviour. The results show that the corner joints exhibit lower rotational stiffness than the interior and exterior joints. Further, connections subjected to only uni‐axial moments exhibit better performance with regard to moment resistance, energy dissipation and stiffness degradation as compared with those subjected to bi‐axial moments. Hence, this study suggests that if the timber joints are subjected to bi‐axial bending, this effect on timber joints should be considered during the design and evaluation process in the future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatic recruitment of the inflammatory Gr1+ monocyte subset upon liver injury promotes hepatic fibrosis #
Authors: Karlmark Karlin Raja , Weiskirchen Ralf , Zimmermann Henning W. , Gassler Nikolaus , Ginhoux Florent , Weber Christian , Merad Miriam , Luedde Tom , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank
Published: March 2009

In addition to liver-resident Kupffer cells, infiltrating immune cells have recently been linked to the development of liver fibrosis. Blood monocytes are circulating precursors of tissue macrophages and can be divided into two functionally distinct subpopulations in mice: Gr1hi (Ly6Chi) and Gr1lo (Ly6Clo) monocytes. The role of these monocyte subsets in hepatic fibrosis and the mechanisms of their differential recruitment into the injured liver are unknown. We therefore characterized subpopulations of infiltrating monocytes in acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Inflammatory Gr1hi but not Gr1lo monocytes are massively recruited into the liver upon toxic injury constituting an up to 10-fold increase in CD11b+F4/80+ intrahepatic macrophages. Comparing wild-type with C-C chemokine receptor (CCR2)-deficient and CCR2/CCR6–deficient mice revealed that CCR2 critically controls intrahepatic Gr1hi monocyte accumulation by mediating their egress from bone marrow. During chronic liver damage, intrahepatic CD11b+F4/80+Gr1+ monocyte-derived cells differentiate preferentially into inducible nitric oxide synthase–producing macrophages exerting proinflammatory and profibrogenic actions, such as promoting hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, T helper 1–T cell differentiation and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) release. Impaired monocyte subset recruitment in Ccr2
−/− and Ccr2
−/−
Ccr6
−/− mice results in reduced HSC activation and diminished liver fibrosis. Moreover, adoptively transferred Gr1hi monocytes traffic into the injured liver and promote fibrosis progression in wild-type and Ccr2
−/−
Ccr6
−/− mice, which are otherwise protected from hepatic fibrosis. Intrahepatic CD11b+F4/80+Gr1+ monocyte-derived macrophages purified from CCl4-treated animals, but not naïve bone marrow monocytes or control lymphocytes, directly activate HSCs in a TGF-β–dependent manner in vitro. Conclusion: Inflammatory Gr1+ monocytes, recruited into the injured liver via CCR2-dependent bone marrow egress, promote the progression of liver fibrosis. Thus, they may represent an interesting novel target for antifibrotic strategies. (Hepatology 2009;50:261–274.)
Redundancy of the effect of TGFβ1 and β‐NGF on the second meiotic division of rat spermatocytes
Authors: Perrard Marie‐Hélène , Durand Philippe
Published: March 2009

We have previously shown that in cocultures of late pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes (PS/DS) with Sertoli cells, β‐nerve growth factor (β‐NGF) or transforming growth factor (TGFβ1) regulates the second meiotic division by blocking secondary spermatocytes in metaphase II, and thereby lowers round spermatid formation. In this study, we raised the question if β‐NGF and TGFβ1 have additional or redundant effects on this step. Hence, we addressed the effect of β‐NGF in combination with TGFβ1, as compared to those of β‐NGF or TGFβ1 separately, on the completion of meiosis by rat late PS/DS. Identification and counting of meiotic cells were performed by cytological methods. Under our culture conditions, some late PS/DS differentiated into round spermatids. When β‐NGF in combination with TGFβ1 was added to the culture medium, the numbers of PS/DS and of secondary spermatocytes were not modified by the treatment. By contrast, the number of round spermatids was about 2‐fold lower in treated cultures than in basal cultures, and an increase in metaphase II, but not metaphase I, over basal values was observed. Similar results were found when either β‐NGF or TGFβ1 was added to the culture medium. These results indicate a redundancy between β‐NGF and TGFβ1 on the negative regulation of the second meiotic division of rat spermatocytes. This suggests that β‐NGF and TGFβ1 share some common pathway of regulation of this step. In addition, these results reinforce the view that the adjustment of the number of round spermatids supported by Sertoli cells is a key event of the spermatogenic process. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An efficient and facile synthesis of pyrimidine and quinazoline derivatives via one‐pot three‐component reaction under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Rong Liangce , Han Hongxia , Wang Haiying , Jiang Hong , Tu Shuajiang , Shi Daqing
Published: March 2009

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An efficient and convenient method for the preparation of pyrimidine and quinazoline derivatives by the one‐pot reaction of aromatic aldehydes, cyclic ketones and guanidine carbonate, in the presence of sodium hydroxide under solvent‐free condition was reported. This method has the advantages of excellent yields, mild reaction conditions, easy work‐up, and being environmentally friendly over the existing procedures. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
γ‐Radiolysis of 2′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine derivatives with sulfur‐containing substituents
Authors: Kuroda Tokuyuki , Hisamura Koji , Nakamizo Nobuhiro , Otsuji Yoshio
Published: March 2009

2′‐Deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine (5‐FUdR) derivatives having various types of sulfur‐containing substituents at the 5′‐O‐position were synthesized and their γ‐radiolyses were studied in aqueous solutions. The γ‐radiolysis of compounds having 1,3‐dithiol‐2‐yl and 1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl substituents at the 5′‐O‐position efficiently gave 5‐FUdR, specifically via the attack of hydroxyl radical. On the other hand, the γ‐radiolysis of a compound having a sulfonylmethyl substituent at the 5′‐O‐position gave less efficiently 5‐FUdR, specifically via the attack of the hydrated electron. The mechanistic features of these reactions are discussed.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR spectral characterization of 1,6‐dioxapyrene and related compounds. An unusual coupling interaction through hydrogen bond in three precursors
Authors: Platzer N. , Buisson J.‐P. , Demerseman P.
Published: March 2009

The 1H and 13C nmr studies of 1,6‐dioxapyrene show the disruption of extended delocalization of the π electrons in this recently synthesized heterocyclic skeleton. A surprising coupling interaction through hydrogen bonding was detected in the precursors bearing formyl and hydroxyl groups in peri positions.
Methyl substituent effects for methyltryptophans in 13C nmr
Authors: Lee Minsu , Phillips Robert S.
Published: March 2009

The 13C and 1H nmr spectra of methyltryptophans 2–5 in 0.1 N sodium deuteroxide methanol‐d4 were assigned based on 1‐D and 2‐D nmr techniques, including COSY, inverse‐detected direct (HMQC) and long‐range (HMBC) correlation. Methyl substituent effects in chemical shifts (SCS) for the indole ring of tryptophan were calculated and compared with those of indole. The correlations were linear except for 4‐methyltryptophan, which suggest structural changes in the indole ring of 4‐methyltryptophan and 4‐methylindole. The results of molecular modeling and NOE experiments supported that suggestion.
On triazoles. XXVII. The acylation, carbamoylation and thiocarbamoylation of tetrahydropyrido[4,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidinones
Authors: Rivó Endre , Reiter József
Published: March 2009

Isomeric 6,7,8,9‐tetrahydropyrido[4,3‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐5(10H)‐ones 3, and ‐6(10H)‐ones 4 were synthesised. Isomers 3 were converted to their 7‐acyl 7, 7‐carbamoyl 8 and 7‐thiocarbamoyl 9 derivatives.
Ring‐chain‐transformations : Synthesis of ω‐functionalized alkylthio‐1,2,4‐triazoles by reaction of cyclic S‐analogous N‐cyano or N‐aroylcarbonimidoesters with hydrazines
Authors: Pätzel Michael , Schulz Andreas , Liebscher Jürgen , Richter Wolfgang , Richter Monika
Published: March 2009

Cyclic N‐cyanocarbonimidodithioesters 4 or N‐aroylcarbonimidothioic acid esters 10 react regioselectively with arylhydrazines and methylhydrazine by a ring chain transformation reaction forming ω‐functionalized 3‐alkylthio‐1,2,4‐triazoles 8 and 11 or 5‐alkylthio‐1,2,4‐triazoles 9.
A direct synthesis of indolocarbazoles via new dinitroterphenyl precursors
Authors: Kistenmacher Axel , Müllen Klaus
Published: March 2009

The two indolocarbazoles 2 and 4 were synthesized via the reductive ring closure of dinitrodiphenylbenzenes with triethylphosphite as reducing agent in a high boiling solvent. The electrochemical behaviour of the title systems is discussed.
Kinetic study on the anelation of heterocycles. 3. Pyrazino[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives synthesized by the hinsberg reaction
Authors: Abasolo Maria Inés , Fernández Beatriz M. , Magrini Edgardo
Published: March 2009

A kinetic study on the obtainment of pyrazinopyrimidine derivatives (pteridines) was performed. The regioselective synthesis of compounds 6‐methylpyrazino[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐7(8H)‐one (5a) and 7‐methylpyraz‐ino[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐6(5H)‐one (5b), in good yields, was expected by the Hinsberg reaction because the synthesis of both isomers analytically pure was never reported to date. This Hinsberg reaction gave good results to obtain compound 5a, regioselectively and in good yields, either in pH 5 aqueous buffer solution or in methylene chloride, among several organic solvents. However, structural and solvation factors prevented the synthesis of the isomer 5b, which was regioselectively formed in very acid solutions (Ho  −0.89), but in very poor yield.
Studies on pyrrolidones. Synthesis and N‐alkylation of β‐enaminoesters derived from pyroglutamic acid
Authors: Fasseur Dominique , Rigo Benoît , Leduc Catherine , Cauliez Pascal , Couturier Daniel
Published: March 2009

The condensation of iminoether 7, derived from pyroglutamic acid (4), with active methylene reagents such as Meldrum's acid or methyl cyanoacetate, lead to β‐enaminoesters 2. Solid‐liquid phase transfer N‐alkylation of these compounds is described.
Natural product chemistry. Part 153 . Synthesis and possible anticancer activity of 8‐nitronoracronycine
Authors: Reisch Johannes , Dziemba Peter
Published: March 2009

Since the strategy for the synthesis of 9‐, 10‐ and 11‐nitronoracronycine [3,4] could not be applied to the 8‐nitronoracronycine 9, we here report the preparation of the latter by a fusion of methyl 2‐amino‐6‐nitrobenzoate 2 and phloroglucinol 3. The fusion of 2 and 3 gave 1,3‐dihydroxy‐8‐nitro‐9(10H)‐acridinone 6. Subsequent methylation, demethylation and reaction with 2‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐3‐butyne afforded the desired 8‐nitronoracronycine 9. Compound 9, 1,3‐dimethoxy‐10‐methyl‐8‐nitro‐9(10H)‐acridinone 7 and 1,3‐dihydroxy‐10‐methyl‐8‐nitro‐9(10H)‐acridinone 8 were tested by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for possible anticancer activity.
Addition‐rearrangement reactions of 5‐imino‐Δ3‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolines with trichloroacetonitrile
Authors: L'Abbé Gerrit , Albrecht Ernestine , Toppet Suzanne
Published: March 2009

The reactions of 2‐alkyl‐3‐phenyl‐Δ3‐1,2,4‐thiadiazolin‐5‐imines 5a,b with trichloroacetonitrile at room temperature yield rearranged products, which are shown by 1H and 13C nmr spectroscopy to exist in two tautomeric structures 6 and 7.
Synthesis of mesoionic triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalines
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Kawano Tae , Katoh Ritsuko , Takada Atsushi , Kim Ho Sik , Okamoto Yoshihisa
Published: March 2009

The reaction of 6‐chloro‐2‐(1‐methylhydrazino)quinoxaline 4‐oxide 1 or 6‐chloro‐2‐(1‐methylhydrazino)‐quinoxaline 5 with phenyl isothiocyanate under reflux in N,N‐dimethylformamide gave 7‐chloro‐3‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐3‐ium‐1‐thioate 4, which was also obtained by refluxing of 6‐chloro‐2‐[1‐methyl‐2‐(N‐phenylthiocarbamoyl)hydrazino]quinoxaline 4‐oxide 2b or 6‐chloro‐2‐[1‐methyl‐2‐(N‐phenylthiocarbamoyl)hydrazino]quinoxaline 6 in N,N‐dimethylformamide.
Acid catalyzed rearrangements in the arylimino indoline series. Part IV. Reactions of 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl‐derivatives)‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole with trichloroacetic and hydrochloric acids. Crystal structure of 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole
Authors: Cardillo Barbara , Conti Carla , Giorgini Elisabetta , Greci Lucedio , Stipa Pierluigi , Tosi Giorgio , Rizzoli Corrado , Sgarabotto Paolo , Ugozzoli Franco
Published: March 2009

2‐Phenyl‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole reacts with indole, 2‐methylindole and 1,2‐dimethylindole in the presence of stoichiometric trichloroacetic acid to form 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl‐derivatives)‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole, which during a longer period of time (16 hours) undergoes indolyl transposition to carbon‐3 and elimination of aniline affording the 3,3′‐bis‐indolyls. In the case of 1,2‐dimethylindole the intermediate coming from the indolyl migration may undergo a nucleophilic addition to carbon‐2 of another molecule of indole; the new intermediate leads to the formation of 2‐phenyl‐3,3′‐di‐(1,2‐dimethylindol‐3‐yl)‐3H‐indole by elimination of aniline and migration to carbon‐3 of the second molecule of indole. By treatment with hydrochloric acid in refluxing ethanol, 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl‐derivatives)‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole afford to 3,3′‐bis‐indolyls and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl‐derivatives)‐3H‐indol‐3‐one (indoxyls). The crystal structure of 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐phenyl‐2‐(indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐phenylimino‐3H‐indole is also reported. The latter compound does not give rearrangement products by acid treatment, only untreatable tarry material.
Difunctional heterocycles: A convenient one pot synthesis of novel bis(benzoxazoles) from bis(o‐aminophenols)
Authors: Jois Yajnanarayana H. R. , Gibson Harry W.
Published: March 2009

New bis(benzoxazoles) 14 and 17 have been synthesized in excellent yields from the corresponding bis(o‐aminophenols) by refluxing with triethyl orthoformate. 6,6′‐Bis(benzoxazole) (14) has also been prepared utilizing Gold's reagent. Compound 14 is inert to Reissert reaction conditions. However, the Reissert reaction on 5,5′‐bis(benzoxazole) (17) led to ring opened product 20.
Development of transient head cavities during early organogenesis of the Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)
Authors: Kundrát Martin , Janáček Jiří , Martin Samuel
Published: March 2009

Three consecutive pairs of head cavities (premandibular, mandibular, and hyoid) found in elasmobranchs have been considered as remnants of preotic ‘head’ somites—serial homologues of the myotomic compartments of trunk somites that give rise to the extraoccular musculature. Here, we study a more derived vertebrate, and show that cavitation is more complex in the head of Crocodylus niloticus, than just the occurrence of three pairs of cavities. Apart from the premandibular cavities, paired satellite microcavities, and unpaired extrapremandibular microcavities are recognized in the prechordal region as well. We observed that several developmental phenomena occur at the same time as the formation of the head cavities (premandibular, satellite, extrapremandibular, mandibular, and hyoid) appear temporarily in the crocodile embryo. These are 1) rapid growth of the optic stalk and inflation of the optic vesicle; 2) release of the intimate topographical relationships between the neural tube, notochord and oral gut; 3) tendency of the prechordal mesenchyme to follow the curvature of the forebrain; and 4) proliferation of the prechordal mesenchyme. On the basis of volumetric characters, only the hyoid cavity and hyoid condensation is comparable to the trunk somitocoel and somite, respectively. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the climate shift around mid 1970s on the relationship between wintertime Ural blocking circulation and East Asian climate
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Wen , Zhou Wen , Chan Johnny C. L. , Barriopedro David , Huang Ronghui
Published: March 2009

Blocking variability over the Ural Mountain region in the boreal winter and its relationship with the East Asian winter climate is investigated. The climate shift around mid 1970s has been shown to exert a significant influence on the blocking pattern. In contrast with the years before 1976/1977, the Ural blocking signal after 1976/1977 is found to propagate less into the stratosphere and more eastward in the troposphere to East Asia, which therefore exerts more influence on the East Asian winter climate. This enhanced Ural blocking–East Asian climate relationship amplifies the impact of Ural blocking on East Asia and, with the background of decreasing Ural blocking, contributes to the higher frequency of warm winters in this region. Further analyses suggest that the NAM‐related stratospheric polar vortex strength and its modulation on the propagation of atmospheric stationary waves can account for this change, with the key area being located in the North Atlantic region. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Nonstationary models for exploring and mapping monthly precipitation in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd C. D.
Published: March 2009

Spatial statistical algorithms are used widely for both the exploration and mapping of environmental variables such as precipitation amount. One limitation of standard approaches to characterization and spatial interpolation is the usual assumption of stationarity. In short, spatial variation is assumed to be constant across the region of interest. Much research effort has been extended in developing approaches that allow for local variation in spatial structure. Simple moving window approaches are examples of such developments. The purpose of this paper is to apply selected methods for exploring and mapping monthly precipitation amount in the UK. Global regression, moving window regression (MWR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) are used to explore the relationship between altitude and precipitation amount. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) is used as a basic approach to spatial prediction. Global and local variogram models are estimated and modelled to assess variation in spatial structure of precipitation amount and to inform spatial prediction using ordinary kriging (OK), kriging with an external drift (KED) and simple kriging with local means (SKlm). In the latter case, local means are derived using global regression, MWR (using ordinary least squares (OLS) and generalized least squares (GLS)) and GWR. The importance of choice of algorithm for the estimation of the variogram and for spatial prediction is assessed. The benefits of local as against global approaches and multivariate as against univariate prediction procedures are considered. It is demonstrated that use of elevation data to inform the prediction process reduces prediction errors and that there is also a small reduction in prediction errors when local variogram models are used. In this study, KED based on local variogram models provides more accurate predictions (as judged by cross‐validation statistics) than any other approach. The paper concludes by considering some key issues and possible avenues for future work. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Mulberry nutrient management for silk production in Hubei Province of China
Authors: Chen Fang , Lu Jianwei , Zhang Mingchu , Wan Kaiyuan , Liu Dongbi
Published: March 2009

The silk industry is important for south China's rural economy. Leaves of mulberry (Morus spp.) are used for silkworm production. Hubei province is one of the main silk‐producing provinces in China. The objectives of this research were to survey the fertilization practices in the mulberry‐producing regions in the province and to determine the best nutrition‐management practice for mulberry plantations. A survey and a series of field experiments with N, P, K, and micronutrients were conducted from 2001 to 2002. In addition, a silkworm‐growth experiment was also conducted by feeding leaves harvested from various fertilization treatments. The results indicate that poor soil fertility and unbalanced fertilization were the main factors limiting mulberry‐leaf yield and quality in Hubei province. Nitrogen fertilization of mulberry has reached a high level (454 kg ha–1 y–1) in Hubei province, but P‐ and K‐fertilization rates have not been matched with N‐fertilization rates as farmers are not aware of the significance of P and K. Balanced fertilization showed positive nutrient interactions with respect to mulberry yield and quality. Potassium application increased yield and quality (protein and sugar concentration) of mulberry leaves. Silkworm growth and cocoon quality were improved when silkworms were fed with the leaves derived from K‐fertilized plants in comparison with those taken from control plots. Application of Mg, S, and B also significantly improved leaf sugar, essential and total amino acid concentrations, but did not increase leaf yield significantly. It is concluded that a fertilizer dose of 375 kg N ha–1, 66 kg P ha–1, and 125 kg K ha–1 is suitable for the cultivation of mulberry in the Hubei province along with Mg, S, and B, wherever necessary, for the improvement of yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
Does nitrogen concentration affect relative uptake rates of nitrate, ammonium, and glycine?
Authors: Warren Charles R.
Published: March 2009

Plant roots are exposed to a variety of nitrogen forms (e.g., nitrate, ammonium, amino acids) and take up these forms at different rates. Many studies have investigated whether plants prefer nitrate, ammonium, or amino acids; but studies may not be comparable because they used substrate concentrations between 100 and 2000 μmol L–1. This study tests the hypothesis that substrate concentrations from 10 to 1750 μmol L–1 affect plant preference for N forms. Nitrogen uptake by the herb Ocimum basilicum and the evergreen tree Eucalyptus regnans was examined by placing roots of intact seedlings in equimolar mixtures of nitrate, ammonium, and glycine in which one of the N forms was 15N‐labelled (and 13C‐labelled in the case of glycine). In both species, preference for N forms was affected by substrate concentration. At 10 μmol L–1 (O. basilicum) or 10 and 50 μmol L–1 (E. regnans), rates of N uptake did not differ among N forms. At substrate concentrations of 50 μmol L–1 and greater O. basilicum took up ammonium the fastest, glycine the slowest, and nitrate at an intermediate rate. At substrate concentrations from 100 to 1750 μmol L–1, E. regnans took up ammonium the fastest with glycine and nitrate taken up at slower rates. The absence of significant differences at lower concentrations was a true biological effect rather than a function of larger relative errors. This study demonstrates that substrate concentration has a large effect on plant preference for N forms, and sounds a warning for studies of N nutrition that do not consider the concentration‐dependence of plant preference for N forms.
State‐ and time‐resolved rotational relaxation signatures in two‐color resonant four‐wave mixing spectra
Authors: Chen X. , Settersten T. B. , Kouzov A. P.
Published: March 2009

Two‐color resonant four‐wave mixing (TC‐RFWM) is advertised as a unique spectroscopic device, enabling direct time‐resolved measurement of the collisional state‐to‐state transfer characteristics (rates and correlation times). These characteristics are phase‐sensitive and open wider opportunities to study the rotational relaxation processes. Further perspectives are offered by the recently recorded collision‐induced picosecond TC‐RFWM signals of OH. Their quantitative interpretation is now under development.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering studies of (GaP)n/(InP)n (n = 1, 1.7, 2) short‐period superlattice structures
Authors: Rho H. , Lim J.‐R. , Song J. D. , Choi W. J. , Lee Y. T.
Published: March 2009

We report Raman scattering from (GaP)n/(InP)n (n = 1, 1.7, 2) short‐period superlattice (SPS) structures to study the effect of lateral composition modulation (LCM) on the behavior of optical phonons. Cross‐sectional transmission electron microscope images revealed that LCM was formed with complex pattern in the n = 1.7 and n = 2 samples grown at 490 °C. Interestingly, both the InP‐ and the GaP‐like longitudinal optical (LO) phonon energies increased systematically as the number of monolayers was increased from n = 1 to n = 2. A significant broadening of the phonon line shapes was also observed for the n = 1.7 and n = 2 samples. In contrast, for samples grown at 425 °C, both the increase of the LO phonon energies and the broadening of the phonon line shapes were observed only when n = 1.7. Our results demonstrate that the optical phonons in the (GaP)n/(InP)n SPS structures are significantly affected in the occurrence of LCM related to the growth temperature and the number of monolayers.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of horse DNA in food and feedstuffs using a polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Martín Irene , García Teresa , Fajardo Violeta , Rojas María , Hernández Pablo E , González Isabel , Martín Rosario
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Development of accurate methods for rapid identification of animal materials in food and feedstuffs is essential to protect consumers and also to enforce feed bans. The aim of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the specific detection of horse DNA in food and feedstuffs.

RESULTS: The primers designed amplified a horse‐specific fragment of 114 bp of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. The specificity of the primers was verified by PCR analysis of DNA from 32 non‐target species including mammals, birds, fish and plant species. The PCR assay developed allowed the detection of raw and heated horse tissues in muscle/oats mixtures even when the concentration of horse‐derived materials was reduced to 1 g kg−1.

CONCLUSION: The performance of the method was not affected by prolonged heat treatment (up to 133 °C for 20 min at 300 kPa), and consequently it could be very useful in verifying the origin of raw materials in food and feedstuffs submitted to denaturing technologies, for which other methods cannot be applied. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Prospects for measurement‐based quantum computing with solid state spins
Authors: Benjamin S.C. , Lovett B.W. , Smith J.M.
Published: March 2009

This article aims to review the developments, both theoretical and experimental, that have in the past decade laid the ground for a new approach to solid state quantum computing. Measurement‐based quantum computing (MBQC) requires neither direct interaction between qubits nor even what would be considered controlled generation of entanglement. Rather it can be achieved using entanglement that is generated probabilistically by the collapse of quantum states upon measurement. Single electronic spins in solids make suitable qubits for such an approach, offering long coherence times and well defined routes to optical measurement. We will review the theoretical basis of MBQC and experimental data for two frontrunner candidate qubits – nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centres in diamond and semiconductor quantum dots – and discuss the prospects and challenges that lie ahead in realising MBQC in the solid state.
Self‐Assembled Nanogel of Hydrophobized Dendritic Dextrin for Protein Delivery
Authors: Ozawa Yayoi , Sawada Shin‐ichi , Morimoto Nobuyuki , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: March 2009

Highly branched cyclic dextrin derivatives (CH‐CDex) that are partly substituted with cholesterol groups have been synthesized. The CH‐CDex forms monodisperse and stable nanogels with a hydrodynamic radii of ≈10 nm by the self‐assembly of 4–6 CH‐CDex macromolecules in water. The CH‐CDex nanogels spontaneously trap 10–16 molecules of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled insulin (FITC‐Ins). The complex shows high colloidal stability: no dissociation of trapped insulin is observed after at least 1 month in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 8.0). In the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA, 50 mg · mL−1), which is a model blood system, the FITC‐Ins trapped in the nanogels is continuously released (≈20% at 12 h) without burst release. The high‐density nanogel structure derived from the highly branched CDex significantly affects the stability of the nanogel–protein complex.

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A Micellar Complex of a Conjugated Polyelectrolyte for Efficient FRET to Dye‐Labeled DNA
Authors: Nayak Rati Ranjan , Nag Okhil Kumar , Kang Mijeong , Jin Youngeup , Suh Hongsuk , Lee Kwanghee , Woo Han Young
Published: March 2009

A polymer–surfactant micellar complex has been studied as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor to fluorescein‐labeled DNA (ssDNA‐Fl). In water, the molar absorptivity and fluorescence quantum efficiency of cationic poly(fluorene‐co‐phenylene) (c‐PFP) are substantially increased in the presence of non‐ionic surfactants. A TEM microscopic study shows the formation of a nanowire micellar complex of c‐PFP and the surfactants. About a 400% enhancement of the FRET signal is measured in c‐PFP/ssDNA‐Fl with Brij 30, relative to that without surfactants. The signal amplification is successfully modulated using different types of non‐ionic surfactants which perturb the complexation, fine‐structure of the complex (i.e., donor‐acceptor separation), and the resulting energy transfer process.

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