bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How palliative care patients’ feelings of being a burden to others can motivate a wish to die. Moral challenges in clinics and families
Authors: Gudat Heike , Ohnsorge Kathrin , Streeck Nina , Rehmann‐Sutter Christoph
Published: May 2019

The article explores the underlying reasons for patients’ self‐perception of being a burden (SPB) in family settings, including its impact on relationships when wishes to die (WTD) are expressed. In a prospective, interview‐based study of WTD in patients with advanced cancer and non‐cancer disease (organ failure, degenerative neurological disease, and frailty) SPB was an important emerging theme. In a sub‐analysis we examined (a) the facets of SPB, (b) correlations between SPB and WTD, and (c) SPB as a relational phenomenon. We analyzed 248 interviews with 62 patients, their family caregivers, and professionals using grounded theory and interpretive phenomenological analysis. SPB appeared as important empathic concern in care situations. Patients expressed many sorts of concerns for others, but also perceived an altered self‐understanding that did not meet mutual expectations within relationships. In SPB associated with WTD three constellations were found: (a) WTD to unburden others; (b) patients decided against hastening death to prevent being a further burden to others (in these cases, the SPB counteracted the wish to die); and (c) both wishes for and against dying were sustained by SPB. These patients often felt paralyzed and suffered deeply. Family caregivers felt emotionally touched by SPB and tried to unburden patients by caring and compassion. We concluded that the impact of SPB on a WTD and the various meanings the facets of SPB have in balancing relationships need to be worked out individually. An early palliative and narrative approach is warranted.
Bouchardatine analogue alleviates non‐alcoholic hepatic fatty liver disease/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in high‐fat fed mice by inhibiting ATP synthase activity
Authors: Rao Yong , Lu Yu‐Ting , Li Chan , Song Qin‐Qin , Xu Yao‐Hao , Xu Zhao , Hu Yu‐Tao , Yu Hong , Gao Lin , Gu Lian‐Quan , Ye Ji‐Ming , Huang Zhi‐Shu
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose

Non‐alcoholic hepatic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in the liver and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents its advanced stage. R17 derived from bouchardatine, shows benefits in the metabolic syndrome, but has not been tested in the liver. The present study examined the pharmacological effects of R17 in a model of NAFLD/NASH and its mode of action.

Experimental Approach

The effects of R17 were examined in mice fed a high‐fat (HF) diet to induce the pathological characteristics of NAFLD/NASH and in cultures of HuH7 cells. We used histological and immunohistochemical techniques along with western blotting and siRNA. Generation of ROS and apoptosis were measured.

Key Results

Administration of R17 (20 mg·kg−1, i.p. every other day) for 5 weeks reversed HF‐induced hepatic triglyceride content, inflammation (inflammatory cytokines and macrophage numbers), injury (hepatocyte ballooning and apoptosis, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and fibrogenesis (collagen deposition and mRNA expression of fibrosis markers). In cultured cells, R17 reduced cell steatosis from both lipogenesis and fatty acid influx. The attenuated inflammation and cell injury were associated with inhibition of both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress. Notably, R17 activated the liver kinase B1‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by inhibiting activity of ATP synthase, rather than direct stimulation of AMPK.

Conclusion and Implications

R17 has therapeutic potential for NAFLD/NASH. Its mode of action involves the elimination of ER and oxidative stresses, possibly via activating the LKB1‐AMPK axis by inhibiting the activity of ATP synthase.
Non‐sedating antihistamines block G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels
Authors: Chen I‐Shan , Liu Chang , Tateyama Michihiro , Karbat Izhar , Uesugi Motonari , Reuveny Eitan , Kubo Yoshihiro
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose

A second‐generation antihistamine, terfenadine, is known to induce arrhythmia by blocking hERG channels. In this study, we have shown that terfenadine also inhibits the activity of G‐protein‐gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels, which regulate the excitability of neurons and cardiomyocytes. To clarify the underlying mechanism(s), we examined the effects of several antihistamines on GIRK channels and identified the structural determinant for the inhibition.

Experimental Approach

Electrophysiological recordings were made in Xenopus oocytes and rat atrial myocytes to analyse the effects of antihistamines on various GIRK subunits (Kir3.x). Mutagenesis analyses identified the residues critical for inhibition by terfenadine and the regulation of ion selectivity. The potential docking site of terfenadine was analysed by molecular docking.

Key Results

GIRK channels containing Kir3.1 subunits heterologously expressed in oocytes and native GIRK channels in atrial myocytes were inhibited by terfenadine and other non‐sedating antihistamines. In Kir3.1 subunits, mutation of Phe137, located in the centre of the pore helix, to the corresponding Ser in Kir3.2 subunits reduced the inhibition by terfenadine. Introduction of an amino acid with a large side chain in Kir3.2 subunits at Ser148 increased the inhibition. When this residue was mutated to a non‐polar amino acid, the channel became permeable to Na+. Phosphoinositide‐mediated activity was also decreased by terfenadine.

Conclusion and Implications

The Phe137 residue in Kir3.1 subunits is critical for inhibition by terfenadine. This study provides novel insights into the regulation of GIRK channels by the pore helix and information for drug design.
L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in stem cells and tissue engineering
Authors: Tan Yi‐zhou , Fei Dong‐dong , He Xiao‐ning , Dai Ji‐min , Xu Rong‐chen , Xu Xin‐yue , Wu Jun‐jie , Li Bei
Published: May 2019

L‐type voltage‐gated calcium ion channels (L‐VGCCs) have been demonstrated to be the mediator of several significant intracellular activities in excitable cells, such as neurons, chromaffin cells and myocytes. Recently, an increasing number of studies have investigated the function of L‐VGCCs in non‐excitable cells, particularly stem cells. However, there appear to be no systematic reviews of the relationship between L‐VGCCs and stem cells, and filling this gap is prescient considering the contribution of L‐VGCCs to the proliferation and differentiation of several types of stem cells. This review will discuss the possible involvement of L‐VGCCs in stem cells, mainly focusing on osteogenesis mediated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different tissues and neurogenesis mediated by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Additionally, advanced applications that use these channels as the target for tissue engineering, which may offer the hope of tissue regeneration in the future, will also be explored.
Non‐infectious granulomatous dermatoses
Authors: Schmitt Andrea , Volz Andreas
Published: May 2019

Granulomatous dermatoses comprise a wide range of etiologically and clinically distinct skin diseases that share a common histology characterized by the accumulation of histiocytes include macrophages.

While the pathogenesis of these disorders is not fully understood, the underlying mechanism is thought to involve a reaction pattern caused by an immunogenic stimulus. Antigen‐presenting cells and the effect of various cytokines play a key role. Our understanding of granulomatous reaction patterns has been advanced by insights drawn from observations of such reactions in patients on immunomodulatory therapy and in individuals with genetic immunodeficiency.

Traditionally, a distinction is made between infectious and non‐infectious granulomatous dermatoses. The present CME article addresses granulomatous skin diseases for which there is no evidence of a causative infectious agent. Common representatives include granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and cutaneous sarcoidosis.

Granulomatous dermatoses may be part of the clinical spectrum of various systemic disorders or may be associated therewith. Some neoplastic disorders may mimic granulomatous dermatoses histologically.

Given the pathogenetic diversity involved, the clinical presentation, too, is quite varied. Overall, however, each disorder is characterized by typical clinical features. The diagnosis always requires thorough clinicopathologic correlation.

Treatment is preferably based on the underlying pathogenesis and frequently involves anti‐inflammatory agents. In most cases, however, there is insufficient study data. The dermal nature of these disorders frequently poses a therapeutic challenge, especially with respect to topical treatment.
Understanding mortality in multiple myeloma: Findings of a European retrospective chart review
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Cavo Michele , Fink Leah , Gonzalez‐McQuire Sebastian , Leleu Henri , Mateos Maria‐Victoria , Raab Marc S. , Schoen Paul , Yong Kwee
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to provide real‐world data on the characteristics and treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) at the time of death.

Methods

The study was a retrospective patient chart review across France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK during 2016, and included patients who had died in the 3 months before the index date.

Results

Data from 786 patients were reviewed. At the time of death, 37% of patients were receiving active treatment, 12% were in a treatment‐free interval and 51% were receiving only supportive care. Death before and during active first‐line treatment was not uncommon (6% and 24% of patients, respectively) but these deaths were often not solely due to disease progression; factors such as renal failure and infection frequently played a role (in 30% and 20% of patients at first‐line, respectively). Most deaths at later lines were due to progressive disease. Cox model results suggested that early deaths were associated with advanced disease stage, high‐risk cytogenetics and poor response and relapse profiles.

Conclusions

These real‐world data could be used to help develop strategies for improving survival in patients with MM and to support management tailored to the stage of disease.
Improving the Lives of Teachers in the Early Care and Education Field to Better Support Children and Families
Authors: Cassidy Deborah J. , Lippard Christine , King Elizabeth K. , Lower Joanna K.
Published: May 2019

The future of healthy families demands highly capable external supports. Early care and education, particularly early care and education teachers, are well positioned to support families. However, early care and education teachers are faced with challenges to their own well‐being and that of their own families. Barriers to teacher well‐being include low compensation, lack of support for education and professional development, and a larger societal context that often devalues and inadequately supports the profession. The future of healthy families can be bolstered by addressing early care and education teacher well‐being—specifically wages, work environment, and professionalism—and increasing support for high‐quality early care and education from community and societal systems.
Structural and functional studies on Salmonella typhimurium pyridoxal kinase: the first structural evidence for the formation of Schiff base with the substrate
Authors: Deka Geeta , Kalyani Josyula N. , Jahangir Fathima Benazir , Sabharwal Pallavi , Savithri Handanahal S. , Murthy Mathur R. N.
Published: May 2019

A large number of enzymes depend on the ubiquitous cofactor pyridoxal 5′ phosphate (PLP) for their activity. Pyridoxal kinase (PLK) is the key enzyme involved in the synthesis of PLP from the three forms of vitamin B6 via the salvage pathway. In the present work, we determined the unliganded structure of StPLK in a monoclinic form and its ternary complex with bound pyridoxal (PL), ADP and Mg2+ in two different tetragonal crystal forms (Form I and Form II). We found that, in the ternary complex structure of StPLK, the active site Lys233 forms a Schiff base linkage with the substrate (PL). Although formation of a Schiff base with the active site Lys229 was demonstrated in the Escherichia coli enzyme based on biochemical studies, the ternary complex of StPLK represents the first crystal structure where the Schiff bond formation has been observed. We also identified an additional site for PLP binding away from the active site in one of the ternary complexes (crystal Form I), suggesting a probable route for the product release. This is the first ternary complex structure where the modeled γ‐phosphate of ATP is close enough to PL for the phosphorylation of the substrate. StPLK prefers PL over pyridoxamine as its substrate and follows a sequential mechanism of catalysis. Surface plasmon resonance studies suggest that StPLK interacts with apo‐PLP–dependent enzymes with μm affinity supporting the earlier proposed direct transfer mechanism of PLP from PLK to PLP‐dependent enzymes.
Creep‐fatigue deformation micromechanisms of a directionally solidified nickel‐base superalloy at 850°C
Authors: Rai R.K. , Sahu J.K. , Das S.K. , Paulose N. , Fernando C.
Published: May 2019

In the present exploration, it was attempted to understand the creep‐fatigue (CF) deformation micromechanisms of alloy CM 247 DS LC by conducting low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) and CF tests employing strain amplitude ranging from 0.6% to 1.0% at T = 850°C in the air and performing extensive electron microscopic examinations. The cyclic life of the alloy lessens for all CF tests conducted at 1 and 5 minute dwell time in comparison to LCF tests. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations confirmed that during CF tests substructure consists of dislocation loop, mixed dislocations, and γ' rafting, a typical creep deformation signature of nickel‐base superalloys, it also consists of features observed during fatigue deformation such as anti‐phase boundary (APB)‐coupled dislocations inside γ' precipitates and local tangles of dislocations. This confirms that the deformation of CF‐tested specimens is ascribed to the synergistic effect of both creep and fatigue. This fact was further verified by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examinations.
In‐situ microscopic analysis of ferritic ductile iron during tensile loading: Relation between matrix heterogeneities and damage mechanisms
Authors: Fernandino Diego O. , Boeri Roberto E.
Published: May 2019

An in‐situ microscopic analysis of the damage mechanisms of ferritic ductile iron under uniaxial tensile testing is carried out in this work. The experimental methodology combines specialized metallography techniques, in‐situ optical microscopy observation during loading, and digital image correlation analysis to obtain the strain values at the microscopic level. The results show that the crack initiation is preferentially located at matrix‐nodule interface and ferritic grain boundaries. The propagation of multiple cracks across the internodular ligaments that later coalesce into a single dominant crack is responsible for the final fracture. Noticeably, despite the heterogeneous nature of the Last‐to‐Freeze zones, the cracks propagate avoiding these microsegregated areas. The results provide new insights for the better understanding of the influence of ferritic ductile iron heterogeneities on the fracture process for quasistatic uniaxial loading.
Current status of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: History, clinical results and future directions
Authors: Hatano Kazuo , Tohyama Naoki , Kodama Takashi , Okabe Naoyuki , Sakai Mitsuhiro , Konoeda Koichi
Published: May 2019

External beam radiotherapy has changed dramatically over several decades with the improvement of computer hardware and software, and machinery developments. Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy is the most sophisticated technique for all cancer treatment with radiation therapy, and is widely disseminated and available for daily use in many countries. Several retrospective and prospective studies have shown that intensity‐modulated radiation therapy reduces the radiation dose in the organs at risk with diminished rates of acute and late toxicity, even with higher doses (>74 Gy). An important technique for the clinical use of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy is image‐guided radiation therapy. The clinical benefit for prostate image‐guided radiation therapy has been assessed by comparing the outcomes of patients with either the image‐guided radiation therapy or non‐image‐guided radiation therapy technique. These studies have shown that image‐guided radiation therapy significantly decreases acute and late rectal and bladder toxicities. Randomized trials and meta‐analysis have shown that higher doses result in better biochemical control. More recently, hypofractionated radiation therapy comparing hypofractionated radiation therapy versus conventional fractionated radiation therapy have shown that hypofractionated radiation therapy produces biochemical control and toxicity rated similar to those produced by conventional fractionated radiation therapy. The clinical use of ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy and simultaneous integrated boost technique is necessary to evaluate its further safety and benefits. Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy is also widely accepted in the field of salvage therapy and for the patients with distant oligometastases. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the history of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy, new techniques for intensity‐modulated radiation therapy, hypofractionation and future directions for prostate cancer.
Memory regulatory T cells home to the lung and control influenza A virus infection
Authors: Lu Chunni , Zanker Damien , Lock Peter , Jiang Xiangrui , Deng Jieru , Duan Mubing , Liu Chuanxin , Faou Pierre , Hickey Michael J , Chen Weisan
Published: May 2019

Memory regulatory T cells (mTregs) have been demonstrated to persist long‐term in hosts after the resolution of primary influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, whether such IAV infection‐experienced (IAV‐experienced) mTregs differentiate into a phenotypically and functionally distinct Treg subset and what function they play at the infection site remains poorly defined. In this study, we characterized the phenotype, examined the responsiveness and assessed the suppressive function of IAV‐experienced memory Tregs (mTregs). In comparison with inexperienced naïve Tregs (nTregs), mTregs exhibited elevated expression of CD39, CD69, CD103, cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4, leukocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 and programmed cell death‐1 and could be activated in an antigen‐specific manner in vitro and in vivo. When mTregs and nTregs were adoptively cotransferred into recipient mice, mTregs had a competitive advantage in migrating to the IAV‐infected lungs. mTregs were more capable of controlling in vitro proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and suppressed CD40 and CD86 upregulation on bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. Adoptively transferred mTregs, but not adoptively transferred nTregs, significantly attenuated body weight loss, lung pathology and immune cell infiltration into the infected lungs after IAV infection. These results suggest that mTregs generated after IAV infection differentiate into a phenotypically distinct and functionally enhanced Treg subset that can be activated in an antigen‐specific manner to exert immunosuppression. We propose vaccination to induce such mTregs as a potential novel strategy to protect against severe IAV infection.
Exploring Differentiated Disintegration in a Post‐Brexit European Union
Authors: Leruth Benjamin , Gänzle Stefan , Trondal Jarle
Published: May 2019

In the aftermath of the British referendum to leave the European Union and the European Commission's ‘White Paper on the Future of Europe’, it is not only time to take stock of the existing literature on differentiated integration, but also to rethink the perimeters of disintegration. We argue that phenomena such as Brexit embrace forms of differentiation which trigger the need for conceptualizing differentiated disintegration altogether. This article first sketches the path of the scholarly debate in a chronological way to grasp the breadth of existing literature. Second, it discusses differentiated disintegration as a potentially new area for research. Mapping several scenarios for future research, we propose that differentiated (dis)integration needs to be conceived as a negotiated, but profoundly path‐dependent process, which is structurally locked‐in, and deeply conditioned by pre‐existing organizations and institutions of European integration.
Cardiovascular outcomes of vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Chen Dong‐Yi , Li Yan‐Rong , Mao Chun‐Tai , Tseng Chi‐Nan , Hsieh I‐Chang , Hung Ming‐Jui , Chu Pao‐Hsien , Wang Chao‐Hung , Wen Ming‐Shien , Cherng Wen‐Jin , Chen Tien‐Hsing
Published: May 2019

Aims/Introduction

The cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of vildagliptin – a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor – in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke are unclear.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database on 3,750 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke within 3 months between 1 August 2011 and 31 December 2013. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by comparing 1,250 participants receiving vildagliptin with 2,500 propensity score‐matched participants. The primary composite outcome included CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction and non‐fatal stroke.

Results

The primary composite outcome occurred in 122 patients (9.8%) in the vildagliptin group and 263 patients (10.5%) in the control group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–1.11) with a mean follow‐up period of 9.9 months. No significant between‐group differences were observed for CV death (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.56–1.52), non‐fatal myocardial infarction (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.46–1.36) and non‐fatal stroke (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74–1.24). The vildagliptin group was at similar risks of hospitalization for heart failure (HF) or coronary intervention to the control group (P = 0.312 and 0.430, respectively). For patients with HF at baseline, the risk of hospitalization for HF was similar between the vildagliptin and control groups (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.57–1.88).

Conclusions

Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after a recent acute coronary syndrome or acute ischemic stroke, treatment with vildagliptin was not associated with increased risks of CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, non‐fatal stroke and hospitalization for HF.
Physical, chemical, textural, and thermal properties of cashew apple fruit
Authors: Singh Singam Suranjoy , Abdullah S. , Pradhan Rama Chandra , Mishra Sabyasachi
Published: May 2019

Cashew apple fruit (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an under‐valued and under‐utilized by‐product of the nut‐processing units in India. Despite its huge production and nutritive values, utilization of this fruit is very limited because of certain factors like lack of knowledge on its nutritional importance, astringency, perishability, and poor processing technologies. This study determined different physical, thermal, mechanical, and physicochemical properties of the cashew apple fruit and the importance of processing, machine designing, product‐development, and so on were discussed. The result showed that this fruit has a high moisture content of 85.62% (w.b.), which is the main reason for high softness and perishability. The fruit resembled an oblate‐ellipsoid shape (sphericity: 0.85) with an average dimension of length (50.34 mm), width (42.78 mm), and thickness (36.08 mm). The pH, total sugar, phenolic content, protein and ascorbic acid of this yellowish color fruit were 4.367, 10.573%, 365.303 mg/100 g GAE, 1.130% and 218.933 mg/100 g, respectively. The study also found that this fruit has low thermal properties (thermal conductivity: 0.57 W/m °C; specific heat capacity: 3.816 kJ/kg °C and thermal diffusivity: 0.143 × 10−7 m2/s). The results of this study will help in the commercial production of cashew apple products through product development and designing processing machines.

Practical Application

The cashew apple fruit can be taken as a functional food because of its richness in vitamins, dietary fibers, minerals, polyphenols, and other phytochemicals. The scarcity of scientific research on the characterization of engineering and physicochemical properties of this fruit is the main reason for its less popularity. The measured physical, mechanical, thermal, and physicochemical properties of this fruit will be useful to researchers, machine designers for industrial processing, food scientists and technologists in planning, designing and fabrication of postharvest handling equipment, grader, sorter, storage structures, packaging as well as product and by‐product development.
Strategic CSR: A Concept Building Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Vishwanathan Pushpika , van Oosterhout Hans (J.) , Heugens Pursey P. M. A. R. , Duran Patricio , van Essen Marc
Published: May 2019

This study develops the concept of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility (Strategic CSR) by meta‐analyzing the available empirical evidence on the relationship between CSR and corporate financial performance (CFP). Using meta‐analytic structural equation modeling on effect size data from 344 primary studies, our study documents four empirical mechanisms explaining how CSR positively affects CFP: by 1) enhancing firm reputation, 2) increasing stakeholder reciprocation, 3) mitigating firm risk, and 4) strengthening innovation capacity. We propose these four mechanisms to identify four causally relevant attributes that allow us to conceptually distinguish Strategic CSR from CSR more generally. Our findings indicate that the four mechanisms combined explain 20 per cent of the CSR‐CFP relationship, suggesting that considerable room remains for future empirical research. The development of an empirically informed, causal conceptualization of Strategic CSR responds to a long‐heard call for better‐specified concepts in empirical CSR research.
Role of the Citrus sinensis RNA deadenylase CsCAF1 in citrus canker resistance
Authors: Shimo Hugo Massayoshi , Terassi Carolina , Lima Silva Caio Cesar , Zanella Jackeline de Lima , Mercaldi Gustavo Fernando , Rocco Silvana Aparecida , Benedetti Celso Eduardo
Published: May 2019

Poly(A) tail shortening is a critical step in messenger RNA (mRNA) decay and control of gene expression. The carbon catabolite repressor 4 (CCR4)‐associated factor 1 (CAF1) component of the CCR4‐NOT deadenylase complex plays an essential role in mRNA deadenylation in most eukaryotes. However, while CAF1 has been extensively investigated in yeast and animals, its role in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the Citrus sinensis CAF1 (CsCAF1) is a magnesium‐dependent deadenylase implicated in resistance against the citrus canker bacteria Xanthomonas citri. CsCAF1 interacted with proteins of the CCR4‐NOT complex, including CsVIP2, a NOT2 homologue, translin‐associated factor X (CsTRAX) and the poly(A)‐binding proteins CsPABPN and CsPABPC. CsCAF1 also interacted with PthA4, the main X. citri effector required for citrus canker elicitation. We also present evidence suggesting that PthA4 inhibits CsCAF1 deadenylase activity in vitro and stabilizes the mRNA encoded by the citrus canker susceptibility gene CsLOB1, which is transcriptionally activated by PthA4 during canker formation. Moreover, we show that an inhibitor of CsCAF1 deadenylase activity significantly enhanced canker development, despite causing a reduction in PthA4‐dependent CsLOB1 transcription. These results thus link CsCAF1 with canker development and PthA4‐dependent transcription in citrus plants.
Transboundary extraction of groundwater in the presence of hydraulic fracturing
Authors: Poudel Biswo N. , Paudel Krishna P.
Published: May 2019

We studied transboundary groundwater management problems in the presence of hydraulic fracturing. We found that the presence of risk suggests there should be caution when considering hydraulic fracturing. Our results from the cooperative solution show a decrease in hydraulic fracturing and increase in the steady state survival rate of groundwater. We also provide a Pigouvian type tax that could be imposed on natural gas developers.
Shaping the Values of a Milk Cooperative: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Authors: Mu Liying , Dawande Milind , Mookerjee Vijay
Published: May 2019

Dairy cooperatives bestow upon farmers the virtues of controlling a large supply quantity of a relatively scarce product, that is, milk (e.g., higher bargaining power, fixed cost sharing, etc.). However, the cooperative structure also encourages individual farmers to free‐ride (i.e., provide low‐quality milk in the hope that other farmers provide good‐quality milk). The question arises: How can the benefits of a cooperative be retained, while eliminating free‐riding, especially when individual inspection costs are high? We examine this question from the perspective of a social planner, who wishes to achieve the simultaneous goals of quantity efficiency, quality efficiency, and minimal testing. The basic challenge in this quest is that of countering an endogenous value function associated with a coalition of farmers. This value function emerges from the joint interaction of three forces: (i) an individual farmer’s payment‐maximizing behavior, (ii) the testing policies employed by the cooperative, and (iii) the manner in which the revenue earned by a coalition is shared among the farmers (allocation rule). A novel allocation rule—that exploits individual incentives to guide the collective behavior of the farmers and thereby the value–function endogeneity—is proposed that achieves the planner’s goals in the presence of these forces. A modification to this allocation rule is made to address the goals of practicality, e.g., the presence of low‐income farmers and unintended variation in the quality of a farmer’s output. We examine our interventions in the light of sample data from actual dairy cooperatives to demonstrate the viability of our proposals.
To Lobby or Not to Lobby? Examining the Determinants of Nonprofit Organizations Taking the IRS 501(h) Election
Authors: Grasse Nathan , Ward Kevin D. , Miller‐Stevens Katrina
Published: May 2019

While public policy scholars are gaining a better understanding of the nonprofit sector's impact on the policy process, the sector's role in lobbying efforts has only been studied in a limited manner. Currently, nonprofit organizations' lobbying activities and expenditures are limited by federal regulations, which are often misunderstood by nonprofit leaders. This article uses 2003 IRS Form 990 data for all nonprofit organizations in the United States to examine the organizational determinants of 501(c)3 nonprofits taking the Internal Revenue Service's 501(h) election and whether organizations use h‐election in a manner consistent with patterns of strategic behavior. Results show that nonprofit organizations that are reliant on direct public support are more likely to take the h‐election, while those reliant on government grants are less likely to take the h‐election. Examining lobbying expenditures, we find nonprofits associate with 501(h) election in a pattern consistent with strategic behavior. The findings suggest that nonprofit organizations with certain revenue streams and in specific subsectors respond differently to this election decision, and that organizations may respond strategically to mechanisms regulating their political activity.
Improved, scalable techniques to cultivate fire mosses for rehabilitation
Authors: Grover Henry S. , Bowker Matthew A. , Fulé Peter Z.
Published: May 2019

As wildfires increase in extent and severity in the western United States, land managers need new tools to stabilize and rehabilitate impacted hillslopes. One potential tool is the use of three disturbance‐adapted mosses Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank), Funaria hygrometrica (Cord moss), and Bryum argenteum (Silvergreen moss), collectively known as fire mosses. By growing and adding vegetative propagules in the form of gametophyte fragments to burned hillslopes, land managers could potentially increase the rate of moss colonization and stabilize soils. A first step in developing a native plant materials rehabilitation technique is overcoming propagule limitations using ex situ cultivation. We focused on greenhouse cultivation of moss gametophyte fragments allowing us to grow vegetative propagules with control over atmospheric, edaphic, and hydrologic conditions. In this experiment, we grew fire mosses using an easily scalable technique and commercially available materials. We demonstrated repeated success growing these species in the greenhouse and fine‐tuned harvesting techniques to increase productivity. We found that fire moss achieved high cover in 2 months when grown on organic substrate with constant wicking hydration and a protective shade covering, but growth was not favored by addition of burned materials. We successfully upscaled our growing technique, and developed efficient harvest methods. This success overcomes an initial barrier to testing and developing fire mosses as a novel rehabilitation technique.
Xerostomia in patients on chronic hemodialysis: An update
Authors: Bossola Maurizio
Published: May 2019

Xerostomia, or dryness of oral cavity, is relatively common in patients on chronic hemodialysis and significantly impairs their quality of life. Xerostomia is often the consequence of reduced salivary flow resulting from atrophy and fibrosis of the salivary glands, an event that is of uncertain origin. Many medications commonly used in dialysis patients may also cause or exacerbate xerostomia. Its consequences may be serious and disturbing and include difficulties in chewing, swallowing, tasting, and speaking; increased risk of oral disease, including lesions of the mucosa, gingiva and tongue; bacterial and fungal infections, such as candidiasis, dental caries, and periodontal disease; interdialytic weight gain resulting from increased fluid intake; and a reduction in the quality of life. Therapeutically, stimulation of the salivary glands to increase the production of saliva mechanically by chewing‐gum, mouthwash, acupressure, or transcutaneous electrical stimulation has had modest success. However, the long‐term effectiveness of such treatments still needs to be investigated and defined. Xerostomia remains a frustrating and disturbing symptom for patients on hemodialysis. Further efforts should be made to find the causes and the mechanisms of the reduced salivary flow observed in patients on chronic hemodialysis.
Generation of cattle knockout for galactose‐α1,3‐galactose and N‐glycolylneuraminic acid antigens
Authors: Perota Andrea , Lagutina Irina , Duchi Roberto , Zanfrini Elisa , Lazzari Giovanna , Judor Jean Paul , Conchon Sophie , Bach Jean Marie , Bottio Tomaso , Gerosa Gino , Costa Cristina , Galiñanes Manuel , Roussel Jean Christian , Padler‐Karavani Vered , Cozzi Emanuele , Soulillou Jean Paul , Galli Cesare
Published: May 2019

Two well‐characterized carbohydrate epitopes are absent in humans but present in other mammals. These are galactose‐α1,3‐galactose (αGal) and N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) which are introduced by the activities of two enzymes including α(1,3) galactosyltransferase (encoded by the GGTA1 gene) and CMP‐Neu5Gc hydroxylase (encoded by the CMAH gene) that are inactive in humans but present in cattle. Hence, bovine‐derived products are antigenic in humans who receive bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) or those that suffer from red meat syndrome. Using programmable nucleases, we disrupted (knockout, KO) GGTA1 and CMAH genes encoding for the enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of αGal and Neu5Gc, respectively, in both male and female bovine fibroblasts. The KO in clonally selected fibroblasts was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected fibroblasts colonies were used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce cloned embryos that were implanted in surrogate recipient heifers. Fifty‐three embryos were implanted in 33 recipients heifers; 3 pregnancies were carried to term and delivered 3 live calves. Primary cell cultures were established from the 3 calves and following molecular analyses confirmed the genetic deletions. FACS analysis showed the double‐KO phenotype for both antigens confirming the mutated genotypes. Availability of such cattle double‐KO model lacking both αGal and Neu5Gc offers a unique opportunity to study the functionality of BHV manufactured with tissues of potentially lower immunogenicity, as well as a possible new clinical approaches to help patients with red meat allergy syndrome due to the presence of these xenoantigens in the diet.
Industria de la memoria colectiva. Apuntes para la sistematización de un concepto desde el estudio de caso documental chileno
Authors: Mora Galleguillos Gabriel Andrés
Published: May 2019

El presente artículo pretende abordar las problemáticas y efectos que se producen sobre la memorias colectivas cuando éstas son mediatizadas, teniendo en cuenta las relaciones de poder que formar parte de la estructura de los medios de comunicación, en especial de la televisión. Para aplicar la sistematización del concepto de Industria de la memoria, se utilizara como ejemplo lo acontecido en torno a las producciones documentales emitidas con ocasión al cuadragésimo aniversario del golpe de Estado en Chile (2013).
Políticos mentirosos y tramposos democráticos ¿Es la mentira política diferente de otras clases de mentiras?
Authors: Santos Castro Juan Samuel
Published: May 2019

En este artículo defiendo la idea de que existen diferencias relevantes entre la mentira común y la mentira política. Mi propósito es mostrar que las dificultades con la mentira política no tienen que ver solamente con cuestiones metafísicas o conceptuales acerca de la delimitación del ámbito de la política o del concepto de lo político, ni con la solidez de las excusas y justificaciones que se ofrecen en favor de los políticos mentirosos. Sostengo que la mentira política es una forma especial de mentira debido, primero, a la peculiaridad del uso del lenguaje en política y, segundo, a la función de las mentiras políticas, a saber, socavar diversas clases de condiciones epistémicas necesarias para la discusión imparcial de los desacuerdos sociales. En este trabajo dejo sin responder la pregunta de cuál sea la mejor forma de articular aquellas condiciones epistémicas en la discusión política democrática.
Development of Damage-Tolerant and Fracture-Resistant Materials by Utilizing the Material Inhomogeneity Effect
Authors: Kolednik O. , Kasberger R. , Sistaninia M. , Predan J. , Kegl M.
Published: May 2019

The improvement of fracture strength by insertion of thin, soft interlayers is a strategy observed in biological materials such as deep-see sponges. The basic mechanism is a reduction of the crack driving force due to the spatial variation of yield strength and/or Young's modulus. The application of this “material inhomogeneity effect” is demonstrated in this paper. The effectiveness of various interlayer configurations is investigated by numerical simulations under application of the configurational force concept. Laminated composites, made of high-strength tool steels as matrix materials and low-strength deep-drawing steel as interlayer material, were manufactured by hot press bonding. The number of interlayers and the interlayer thickness were varied. Fracture mechanics experiments show crack arrest in the first interlayer and significant improvements in fracture toughness, even without the occurrence of other toughening mechanisms, such as interface delamination. The application of the material inhomogeneity effect for different types of matrix materials is discussed.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Centripetal Compressor—Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of Off Design Conditions
Authors: Du Xuefei , Yu Dengtao , Luo Dan , Huang Diangui
Published: May 2019

Based on the design of the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) centripetal compressor, this paper adopts the orthogonal design test method to optimize the pear-shaped volute, designs the front guide vane with the third-order Bezier curve, and designs the outlet by the equal section method. The numerical simulation calculation and analysis of the design conditions and variable conditions of the SCO2 centripetal compressor are carried out. The results at design conditions show that the isentropic efficiency is 92%, the pressure ratio is 1.21, and the mass flow rate is 195.9 kg/s, which is close to the thermal design and level simulation results; the results of variable conditions show that the efficiency of the SCO2 centripetal compressor-flow and pressure ratio-flow characteristic line is similar to that of multistage axial flow compressor. The supercritical carbon dioxide centripetal compressor designed in this paper meets the design requirements, and its feasibility is proved through numerical simulation.
Locomotor Adaptations During RaceRunning in People With Neurological Motor Disorders
Authors: Shafizadeh Mohsen , Theis Nicola , Davids Keith
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to examine strategies to absorb impact shock during RaceRunning in participants with neurological motor disorders. For this purpose, 8 RaceRunning athletes (4 male and 4 female) voluntarily took part in the study. Each participant performed a series of 100-m sprints with a RaceRunning bike. Acceleration of the tibia and head was measured with 2 inertial measurement units and used to calculate foot-impact shock measures. Results showed that RaceRunning pattern was characterized by a lack of impact peak in foot–ground contact time and the existence of an active peak after foot contact. Due to the ergonomic properties of the RaceRunning bike, shock is attenuated throughout the stance phase. In conclusion, the results revealed that RaceRunning athletes with neurological motor disorders are capable of absorbing impact shock during assisted RaceRunning using a strategy that mimics runners without disabilities.
T cells iron out tumors
Authors: Hickman Heather D.
Published: May 2019

T cells induce tumor cell death through ferroptosis.
Genome Sequence of Classical Swine Fever Virus NIVEDI-165, Subtype 1.1, a Field Virus Strain Isolated from the Southern Part of India
Authors: Patil S. S. , Suresh K. P. , Amachawadi R. G. , Meekins David A. , Richt J. A. , Mondal Mainak , Hiremath J. , Hemadri D. , Rahman H. , Roy Parimal
Published: May 2019

The whole-genome sequence of an Indian field isolate of classical swine fever virus, NIVEDI-165, was found to be subtype 1.1, and it showed 89 to 99% amino acid identity and 84 to 99% nucleotide identity with four and five Indian classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolates, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a full-genome sequence of CSFV from South India.
Draft Genome Sequences of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida SNW-8.1 and PP3, Two Fish-Isolated Strains Containing a Type III Secretion System
Authors: Abushattal Saqr , Vences Ana , dos Santos Nuno M. S. , do Vale Ana , Osorio Carlos R.
Published: May 2019

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of two strains of the fish pathogen
Photobacterium damselae
subsp.
piscicida
, isolated from
Salmo salar
(SNW-8.1) and
Seriola quinqueradiata
(PP3). The identification of a type III secretion system in the two genomes furthers our understanding of the pathobiology of this subspecies.
High-Quality Draft Genome Sequences of Rare Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Surfaces of a Hospital
Authors: Tiago Igor , Alarico Susana , Maranha Ana , Coelho Catarina , Pereira Sónia Gonçalves , Empadinhas Nuno
Published: May 2019

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), some of which had multidrug-resistant profiles, were isolated from a tertiary care hospital setting. Although most NTM are nonpathogenic, contamination of hospital surfaces by these opportunistic pathogens poses a health risk to vulnerable inpatients.
Draft Genome Sequence ofNitrosomonassp. Strain APG5, a Betaproteobacterial Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from Beach Sand
Authors: Urakawa Hidetoshi , Skutas Jorie , Lopez Jose V.
Published: May 2019

Nitrosomonassp. strain APG5 (=NCIMB 14870 = ATCC TSA-116) was isolated from dry beach sand collected from a supralittoral zone of the northwest coast of the United States. The draft genome sequence revealed that it represents a new species of the cluster 6Nitrosomonasspp. that is closely related toNitrosomonas ureaeandNitrosomonas oligotropha.
Inflammatory flaccid myelitis in a patient with both anti-CRMP-5 IgG and CNS HIV escape
Authors: Arora Rajan P , Treister Andrew K , Karris Maile Y , Ellis Ronald J
Published: May 2019

Anticollapsin-responsive mediator protein 5 (CRMP-5) IgG is an antibody generally associated with small-cell lung cancer, which is known to cause paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including encephalitis, myelitis and neuropathy. HIV escape is a phenomenon in which a patient with low or undetectable levels of HIV RNA in plasma is found to have elevated levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We present a case of a 58-year-old HIV-positive woman with undetectable plasma viral load who developed a subacute flaccid paraparesis. Over the course of 4 months, she had a broad inflammatory and infectious workup that was unrevealing until repeat imaging showed an inflammatory myelitis. Workup was notable for elevated HIV RNA copies in CSF, as well as anti-CRMP-5 autoantibodies in serum. Despite changing her antiretroviral therapy and multiple modalities of immunomodulation, the patient failed to respond adequately to treatment. This case illustrates a complex clinical picture with a unique presentation of anti-CRMP-5 myelitis.
Clinician-targeted interventions to improve advance care planning in heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Schichtel Markus , Wee Bee , Perera Rafael , Onakpoya Igho , Albury Charlotte , Barber Sarah
Published: May 2019

Objective

Advance care planning (ACP) is widely advocated to contribute to better outcomes for patients suffering from heart failure. But clinicians appear hesitant to engage with ACP. Our aim was to identify interventions with the greatest potential to engage clinicians with ACP in heart failure.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE, Science Citation Index and PsycINFO for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to January 2018. Three reviewers independently extracted data, assessed risk of bias (Cochrane risk of bias tool), the quality of evidence (GRADE) and intervention synergy according to Template for Intervention Description and Replication. ORs were calculated for pooled effects.

Results

Of 14 175 articles screened, we assessed the full text of 131 studies. 13 RCTs including 3709 participants met all of the inclusion criteria. The intervention categories of patient-mediated interventions (OR 5.23; 95% CI 2.36 to 11.61), reminder systems (OR 3.65; 95% CI 1.47 to 9.04) and educational meetings (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.29 to 4.26) demonstrated a favourable effect to engage clinicians with the completion of ACP.

Conclusion

The review provides evidence from 13 published RCTs and suggests that interventions that involve patients to change clinical practice, reminder systems and educational meetings have the greatest effect in improving the implementation of ACP in heart failure.