Newton novel magnetic instrument. Potential application to unveil key questions as the origin of the Moon
Authors: Mesa Uña José Luis , Díaz Michelena Marina , de Frutos Hernánsanz Francisco Javier , Aroca Hernández-Ros Claudio , Pérez Jiménez Marina , Maicas Ramos Marco , Sanz Lluch María del Mar , Lavín García Cristina , Marante Reinel , Langlais Benoit , Kilian Rolf , Rivero Miguel Ángel 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;The main objective of this contribution is to present the evolution of NEWTON novel magnetic susceptometer for planetary exploration, a state of the art sensor for the measurement of the complex magnetic susceptibility developed in the frame of an EU H2020 funded project [1].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The magnetic susceptibility is a complex parameter dependent on the external magnetic field amplitude, direction and frequency. NEWTON susceptometer has been developed to determine the magnetic susceptibility of rocks and soils, with the capability to determine not only the real part but also the imaginary part of the susceptibility.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The calibration and validation process for the susceptometer prototype casted very good results in comparison with other commercial and high resolution laboratory devices, reaching a resolution in the order of &amp;#967; = 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8722;4&lt;/sup&gt; (I.S. Vol. Susceptibility), representative of Earth, Moon and Mars rocks. The critical parts of the prototype have been subjected to different tests, i.e. vibration and TVT, to verify the capability to withstand the hard environmental conditions of interplanetary missions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work we discuss the potential contribution of NEWTON instrument on the technical and scientific objectives achievement in future investigations on the Moon, either as payload during in-situ exploration with rovers or in sample return missions, providing a useful tool for fast in place sample analysis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There are still open questions regarding Moon&amp;#8217;s magnetic field and geological characteristics of the satellite. Most hypotheses to explain the magnetic characteristics and anomalies on the lunar surface invoke a thermally driven core dynamo during its Pre-Nectarian and Nectarian history [2]. However, this theory is problematical given the small size of the core and the required strong magnetic field strength of an ancient dynamo. Further investigations on the lunar samples from missions [3] indicate ancient magnetic fields with intensities of &lt;1 to 120 &amp;#956;T for the period between 4.2 to 4.0 Ga. This huge range of intensities may indicate that the Moon&amp;#8217;s magnetic field experienced extreme high temporal variations [2]. Even if considering large uncertainties, dynamo models should consider paleointensities of at least ~35 &amp;#956;T for this high-field period.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The use of scientific instruments like NEWTON susceptometer in rover exploration missions could shed some light on the ancient dynamo magnetic field, the magnetic and mineral composition of the lunar crust and other unanswered questions from the Moon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Acknowledgements:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This project has received funding from the European Union&amp;#8217;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 730041 and the Spanish Programme of Research, Development and Innovation oriented to the challenges of the society under grant ESP2017-88930-R.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1]&amp;#160;M.Diaz Michelena, J.L Mesa U&amp;#241;a, M. Perez Jimenez, M. Maicas Ramos, P. Cobos Arribas, C. Aroca Hernandez-Ros, Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, volume 263, pages 471-479 (2017)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Tikoo, S.M., Weiss, B.P., Cassata, W.S., Shuser, D.L., Gattacceca, J., Lima, E.A., Suavet, C., Nimmo, F. &amp; Fuller, M.D. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 404: 89-97 (2014)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Tsunakawa, H., Takahashi, F., Shimizu, H., Shibuya, H., &amp; Matsushima, M. Icarus 228: 35-53 (2014).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Fuller, M. (1974). Reviews of Geophysics, 12 &amp;#8211; 1, 101-103 (1974)&lt;/p&gt;