bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twentieth‐Century Continental Ethics
Authors: Schroeder William R.
Published: January 2013

There have been at least four major movements in twentieth‐century Continental ethics: value realism; intersubjectivity theories; personal transformation theories; and “anti‐morality, creative‐response theories.” Value realism emerged from phenomenological investigations of the experience of value; it highlights the relationships among emotions and value. Its central figures include Brentano, Scheler, and Hartmann. Intersubjectivity theories are rooted in theories of recognition in Fichte and Hegel; they suggest that an entirely new ethical dimension emerges from the interweave of human reciprocity. Major exponents include Buber, Levinas, and Habermas. Personal transformation theories elaborate and refine self‐realization approaches that are central to Hegel, Marx, and Nietzsche; they ground ethics in the analysis of the human condition. Paradigm contributors include Sartre and Foucault. Finally, anti‐morality theories develop Nietzsche's harsh critique of morality – narrowly conceived, while creative response theories attempt to ground ethics in fidelity to specific, developing, significant events. Exemplary figures include Bergson and Badiou. All four movements provide grounds for ethics that differ from traditional emphases on consequences and/or duties. Below I explore some reasons for this tradition's rejection of those standard approaches.
Coercion
Authors: Lamond Grant
Published: January 2013

Coercion is thought to be morally and politically important for three main reasons. The first is that to have been coerced into doing something can form the basis for a claim that one is not responsible for the consequences of that action (seeResponsibility). The second is that coercing others means forcing or making them do something against their wills, and thus interferes with their freedom or Liberty (seeLiberty). To coerce another requires some justification for doing so. Finally, the ability to coerce others is an important form of social Power (seePower).
Collateral Damage
Authors: Coady C. A. J.
Published: January 2013

In connection with warfare and related forms of political violence (seeWar; Violence) the concept of collateral damage is morally important, analytically difficult, and subject to much abuse in its applications. In essence, the idea covers harms inflicted during war (or other acts of political violence, a qualification that will remain implicit in what follows) that are either incidental to the targeting involved or accidental. In either type of case the damage inflicted is claimed to be unintentional. For incidental damage, the harm done is unintended but foreseen; for accidental damage it is unintentional and unforeseen. If we accept the idea that intentional killing (seeHarm; Killing) of noncombatants is morally forbidden, then we should also address the question of collateral damage because much of it involves the harming or killing of noncombatants, which seems morally problematic even if it hasn't been brought about intentionally.
World Trade Organization
Authors: Barry Christian , Wisor Scott
Published: January 2013

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a multilateral trade organization that, at least partially, governs trade relations between its member states. The WTO (2011a) proclaims that its “overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and predictably.” The WTO is a “treaty‐based” organization – it has been constituted through an agreed, legally binding treaty made up of more than 30 articles, along with additional commitments by some members in specific areas. At present, 153 states are members of the WTO, which collectively make up over 97 percent of all trade worldwide (WTO 2011b). Together, the WTO treaty specifies the rights and obligations of its member states. To become a member of the WTO, a state must treat the agreement as a “single undertaking.” Members cannot chooseà la cartewhich agreements – for example, regarding tariffs, or trade in services or intellectual property – they want to accede to and which they do not. Instead, they must take on the obligations of the agreementin toto. The WTO is one of the most consequential governance institutions in the world, a lodestar of political debate about globalization (seeglobalization), attracting increased interest from moral and political philosophers in recent years (James 2006; Moellendorf 2005; Risse 2007; Brock 2009).
Family
Authors: Brighouse Harry , Swift Adam
Published: January 2013

The family is a central institution in most societies. Children are usually reared and socialized by adults, to whom they are related genetically, who live with them, and who have a great deal of power over them. Children usually maintain some sort of close connection with the people who reared them and those with whom they are reared into adulthood; these are usually lifetime relationships even when people stop sharing a home. In most societies property is passed down through the family and, in many, status is as well. Families socialize children: they exert great influence over both the children's prospective well‐being and the probability that they will contribute to society and treat other people well. There are too many philosophical debates about the family to cover in a short essay. Some are mainly concerned with the relationship between the family and the state, others with the relationships among family members. Is the family a natural, or a socially created institution? Is it part of a private sphere? Should governments encourage family formation and, if so, what kinds of family formation should they support? How should power over children be distributed between parents and the state? Who should pay the costs of raising children? Do children have rights against their parents (seeChildren's Rights)? Are there alternative institutions that would be better at raising children, and even if there are, would they be justified? This essay will primarily discuss the justification of the family as an institution for rearing children, and the kind of family that is justified.
Suárez, Francisco
Authors: Hill Benjamin
Published: January 2013

Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) was a Spanish Jesuit and theologian who resurrected and transformed the Thomistic conception of natural law (seeNatural Law; Aquinas, Saint Thomas). Suárez loosened the conceptual connections between rightness and law, a move that represented a significant step in the transition from medieval to modern ways of thinking about morality, which are also exemplified by Hugo Grotius (Irwin 2008, 91;seeGrotius, Hugo). Along with Francisco de Vitoria and Domingo de Soto, Suárez laid down the theoretical underpinnings of modern international law and just war theory.
Supervenience, Moral
Authors: Schmitt Johannes V.
Published: January 2013

Many philosophers working in metaethics (seeMetaethics) have argued that an action's moral properties and its nonmoral or descriptive properties are related in a special way: there can be no difference between two actions' moral properties without some difference in their descriptive properties. Or, to put it a little more formally, if an action (or an agent) a with descriptive properties D1… Dnhas some moral property M, thenanyaction b that has all and only(!) the descriptive properties D1… Dnis going to have the moral property M as well. This co‐variance relation between the moral property M and the descriptive properties D1… Dnis calledsupervenience. The property M is said to supervene on the properties D1… Dn.
Savior Siblings
Authors: Bennett Belinda
Published: January 2013

The term “savior sibling” is used to refer to a child conceived using
in vitro
fertilization with the intention that the child will, upon birth, be a compatible donor for another child who is ill (Spriggs and Savulescu 2002). Using preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), an embryo can be tested genetically to see if it is affected by a genetic condition (
see
Genetic Testing). Using tissue typing techniques, the embryo can also be tested to see if it would be a compatible donor for an existing child (Verlinsky et al. 2004). Subject to legal and regulatory requirements in the jurisdiction in which the procedure takes place, it may be possible for prospective parents to select between embryos and to choose one that would be a compatible donor for an existing child who is ill. The debate over savior siblings links in with broader debates about “designer babies” (
see
Reproductive Technology), although it has been argued that characterizing savior siblings as being on a slippery slope toward “designer babies” fails to appreciate the important differences between these categories, including the difference between using PGD to create a savior sibling so as to save a child's life, and selecting designer babies on the basis of trivial characteristics such as hair color (Sheldon and Wilkinson 2004: 534–5).
Slavery
Authors: Roberts‐Thomson Simon
Published: January 2013

Slavery is an institution that has been present within nearly every human society (Patterson 1982: vii). Although it is now widely seen as a paradigmatic case of injustice (seeJustice), slavery and related practices are still common. A recent report estimates that there are more than 12.3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor or sexual slavery, and 2.45 million of these people were the victims of human trafficking (International Labour Organization 2005: 12, 14). In philosophy, discussions of slavery usually focus on questions concerning the nature of slavery and the permissibility of slavery. Those concerned with the former topic seek to understand slavery and to distinguish it from other forms of status. The latter topic divides into three main areas: justifications of slavery, explanations of the injustice of slavery, and voluntary slavery.
Stoicism
Authors: Mitsis Phillip
Published: January 2013

Stoicism derives its name from the
stoa poikilê
, a painted colonnade in the Athenian Agora, where Zeno of Citium (333–262
BCE
) began teaching and attracting adherents to what was to become the most influential philosophical movement of the Hellenistic period, if not, perhaps, of all of Greek antiquity (
see
Ancient Ethics). For the next half millennium, large numbers of Greeks and Romans from all walks of life identified themselves as followers of Stoic doctrine and professed to live by its strenuous ethical mandates. Although often difficult to pin down, Stoic influence on Christian writers from St. Paul to Abelard has likewise been increasingly documented, while the self‐conscious attempt by Justus Lipsius, the Flemish humanist, to revive and merge Stoicism with Christianity in his hugely popular
De Constantia
(1583) was just the first of many modern attempts to find in Stoicism a refuge from the travails of everyday personal and political life. The notion that being ‘philosophical’ is to show a ‘stoic’ calm in the face of ill fortune perhaps demonstrates just how deeply ingrained such arguments became in the general imagination.
Methodology in Metaethics
Authors: Tersman Folke
Published: January 2013

One way of stating the difference between metaethics and normative ethics is as follows: while the aim of normative ethics is to answer moral questions, such as the question of whether euthanasia should be legalized, the aim of metaethics is rather to figure out what kind of questions they are. Do our answers to moral issues – our moral convictions – consist of true or false beliefs? Are the sentences and words (such as “right,” “wrong,” etc.) we use to express them in the business of stating facts? Which are the facts, if any, that make them true? These are some of the topics that metaethicists focus on (
see
Metaethics).
Quietism
Authors: McPherson Tristram
Published: January 2013

Quietism is a response to philosophical debate or theorizing perhaps most closely associated with the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein (
see
Wittgenstein, Ludwig). The quietist's aim is to
dissolve
a debate or apparent theoretical problem by showing that it rests on mistaken presuppositions. Recently, a number of influential philosophers have found quietism to be an attractive response to some or all of the debates that characterize contemporary metaethics. This essay briefly sketches the outlines of these debates, introduces some central quietist strategies, and identifies some central burdens that the quietist approach faces.
Sexuality in Religions
Authors: Kalbian Aline H.
Published: January 2013

Institutional religions derive much of their power from controlling and ordering human behavior. Sexual behaviors, in particular, are often the focus of intense attention because of their potential both to stabilize and to destabilize societies. Decisions about whom to have sex with, about the status of one's relationship to that person, and about specific sex acts are consequential ones, and have great impact on political and cultural arrangements. Moreover, both religion and sex are embodied practices that require individuals to interpret the meaning and purpose of their bodyvis‐à‐vislarger sets of concerns. In the context of religion, the believer might use her body to worship, or to engage in ritual cleansing as a way to express a connection to a transcendent other. In the context of sex, humans may use their bodies to experience pleasure in communion with another, to attract a mate, and/or to procreate. All of these actions express the desire to build community and to enhance human flourishing.
Inhibitory potential of fatty acids on key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes
Authors: Su Chun‐Han , Hsu Chun‐Hua , Ng Lean‐Teik
Published: January 2013

This study aimed to examine the inhibitory mechanisms of fatty acids on key enzymes related to type 2 diabetes, and their effects on starch digestion rate. Among the 10 fatty acids analyzed, oleic acid showed the strongest anti‐α‐glucosidase activity, followed by linoleic acid, and their activities were more potent than acarbose, but they possessed a weaker anti‐α‐amylase activity. Kinetic assays demonstrated that oleic acid and linoleic acid were competitive inhibitors, and their interactions with α‐glucosidase exhibited a character of static quenching, which indicates that they would bind to α‐glucosidase to form a complex. However, they had little effects on the secondary structures of α‐glucosidase. In vitro study showed that oleic acid and linoleic acid were more potent than acarbose in inhibiting starch digestion. Taken together, these results conclude that oleic acid and linoleic acid possess potent inhibitory effects on α‐glucosidase activity. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(4):415–421, 2013
Microwave‐Assisted Aqueous Synthesis of 6‐Ferrocenyl Pyridin‐2(1H)‐one Derivative
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Peng , Ding Jie , Ma Ning , Jiang Bo , Xu Li‐Chun , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: January 2013

A clean and green method for synthesizing a series of new ferrocenyl pyridin‐2(1H)‐one derivative was developed via the one‐pot reactions of aldehydes, Meldrum's acid, acetylferrocene, and ammonium acetate using high‐temperature water as a solvent and microwave heating. This method had several advantages such as good yields, reduced environmental impact, and convenient procedure.
Enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity by sodium butyrate involves hTERT downmodulation‐mediated apoptosis in human uterine cancer cells
Authors: Yu Meng , Kong Hong , Zhao Yan , Sun Xuefei , Zheng Zhihong , Yang Chunming , Zhu Yuyan
Published: January 2013

Activation of telomerase is a key element in oncogenesis and resistance to apoptosis for many cancers. Some histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) or chemotheraputic agents have been reported to downregulate the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). However, whether hTERT is involved in cell death of uterine cancer cells induced by combination of HDACi with chemotheraputic regents remain unknown. The present study shows that combining sodium butyrate (NaBu) and adriamycin (ADR) inhibits proliferation of uterine cancer cell lines in a concentration and time‐dependent manner. Growth inhibition was accompanied by caspase‐dependent apoptosis with reduced telomerase activity and decreased hTERT mRNA expression. Ectopic wild type (WT)‐hTERT suppressed the apoptosis induced by NaBu/ADR treatment, while knockdown of hTERT sensitized uterine cancer cells to ADR. Moreover, the addition of NaBu significantly enhanced ADR cytotoxicity for the primary uterine cancer cells with high hTERT expression. These data indicate that downregulation of hTERT is an important part of the mechanism by which NaBu enhances ADR‐induced apoptosis, and suggests that combining NaBu and ADR may be effective in treating uterine tumor with high telomerase activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multidimensional discontinuous SPH method and its application to metal penetration analysis
Authors: Xu F. , Zhao Y. , Yan R. , Furukawa T.
Published: January 2013

This paper presents a discontinuous smoothed particle hydrodynamics (DSPH) method to solve multidimensional discontinuous problems and the application of the method to metal penetration. The proposed DSPH method extends the original one‐dimensional approximate function via Taylor series expansions and the subsequent DSPH formulations to multidimensional space. A technique proposed within the method takes any particle on the opposite side in the computational domain as a key point for discontinuous treatment, and its association with the method completes the solution for multidimensional discontinuous problems. In addition to its ability to solve multidimensional discontinuous problems, the proposed DSPH method has further capabilities of accurate physics description and efficient computation. In the first set of numerical examples, the investigation of the proposed DSPH method and its comparative study with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method and corrective smoothed particle method have demonstrated the ability and superiority of the proposed DSPH method in solving multidimensional discontinuous problems. In the second set, the applicability of the proposed DSPH method to metal penetration has been validated by comparing the results of the proposed DSPH method to the experimental results and the behavioral analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual Practices and Migration Plans: a Qualitative Study of Urban Young Adults
Authors: Thulin Eva , Vilhelmson Bertil
Published: January 2013

The paper develops our understanding of how the Internet is integrated into migration processes and influences plans and decisions to move, drawing on in‐depth interviews with urban young adults planning to move. Our analysis is based on people's own experiences and perceptions, focusing on the pre‐migrant phase of interregional migration. Theoretically, the decision to move is an ongoing process and practice in which Internet use is increasingly prominent. Internet‐based information is assumed to increasingly be supporting and transforming individual migration plans. Results indicate that Internet use is integrated into most respondents' migration practices and is perceived as a necessity when accessing information about jobs, education, housing, and destinations. Its role varies between migration process phases, that is inspiration, screening and sorting, practical and emotional preparation, and post‐processing after settlement. In the inspiration phase, Internet‐based information builds migrant awareness of new opportunities in unfamiliar places, permitting larger and more distant geographical areas to be considered. The Internet is not perceived as a driving force per se, but instead a supportive agent. Internet use is believed to encourage individual interest in migration, transforming the overall meaning of migration and reducing the perceived friction of distance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single Port Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty: A Comparative Study of Short‐term Outcome with Conventional Laparoscopic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernioplasty
Authors: Kim Ji Hoon , Lee Yoon Suk , Kim Jin Jo , Park Seung Man
Published: January 2013

Background

Recently, single port laparoscopic surgery has begun to develop as an extension of minimally invasive surgery, but there have been only a few reports of single port laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (SPLTEP) hernioplasty. In addition, there are few comparative studies with conventional laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal (CLTEP) hernioplasty. The aim of the present study was to report our experience with SPLTEP hernioplasty and to compare short‐term outcomes for SPLTEP hernioplasty with CLTEP hernioplasty.

Methods

Data were prospectively collected for all patients undergoing SPLTEP hernioplasty for inguinal hernia at Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon, Korea. Data for the SPLTEP group (n = 76 patients enrolled between June 2010 and May 2011) were compared retrospectively with data for the CLTEP group (n = 93 patients enrolled between June 2009 and May 2010).

Results

There were no significant differences in patient demographics. This study showed no significant difference in terms of operative time between the two groups (SPLTEP group 54.0 min vs. CLTEP group 47.8 min; p = 0.07). There were no conversions to conventional TEP hernioplasty or transabdominal preperitoneal hernioplasty or open surgery in SPLTEP hernioplasty. Morbidity rates were 7.9 % (n = 6) in the SPLTEP group and 10.8 % (n = 10) in the CLTEP group, and the difference was not significant.

Conclusions

Single port laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal hernioplasty is technically feasible and the short‐term operative outcome is comparable to that of CLTEP hernioplasty. Future large‐scale prospective controlled studies and long‐term analysis are needed to establish the cosmetic outcomes, quality of life, long‐term recurrence rate, and long‐term complication rate of SPLTEP hernioplasty.
Colimits of accessible categories
Authors: PARÉ R. , ROSICKÝ J.
Published: January 2013

We show that any directed colimit of accessible categories and accessible full embeddings is accessible and, assuming the existence of arbitrarily large strongly compact cardinals, any directed colimit of accessible categories and accessible embeddings is accessible.
The Role of B Cells in Pregnancy: the Good and the Bad
Authors: Muzzio Damián , Zenclussen Ana Claudia , Jensen Federico
Published: January 2013

B lymphocytes are pleiotropic cells belonging to the adaptive arm of the immune system. Although B cells were classically regarded for their capacity to produce antibodies, in the recent years, several other functions were attributed to these cells. B cells can uptake, process and present antigens as well as produce several cytokines that further influence immunity.Mammalian pregnancies represent a fascinating phenomenon in which the maternal immune system must be able to ‘tolerate’ the semi‐allogenic fetus while simultaneously protecting the mother and the fetus against external pathogens. This requires a finely regulated balance between immune activation and tolerance. In this regard, B cells and the antibodies they produced were shown to actively participate in both, pregnancy well‐being as well as pregnancy‐associated pathologies.We discuss here the currently available information concerning the role of B cells in the context of pregnancy.
Mitigation of permanent deformation in base layer containing recycled asphalt aggregates
Authors: Bilodeau Jean-Pascal , Doré Guy , Depatie Jonas
Published: January 2013

The use of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates as replacement for new materials in the pavement base weakens the layer in regards to the resistance to permanent deformation under repeated loading. A mechanistic based design procedure is proposed to ensure that base layers containing RAP particles have a similar rutting behaviour to base layers made of virgin aggregates. The design procedure allows calculating an asphalt concrete thickness increase that is based on permanent deformation behaviour of base materials. The calculation approach is based on multistage triaxial permanent deformation tests performed on granular material samples with varied RAP content. The tests allowed proposing an equation that relates permanent strain rate, RAP content, and deviatoric stress, which is the basis of the design procedure. Design charts are proposed to select adequate thickness increase for the asphalt concrete layer according to the expected RAP content in the base layer and asphalt concrete modulus.
Total body irradiation: A transition from a Co‐60 treatment unit to an IMRT lateral‐field extended‐SAD technique
Authors: Kolokotronis Anastasia , Brunet‐Benkhoucha Malik , Roussin Étienne , St‐Pierre Julie , Marchand Eve‐Lyne , Bernard Maryse
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this work was to detail our center's experience in transitioning from a Co‐60 treatment technique to an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) based lateral‐field extended source‐to‐axis distance (e‐SAD) technique for total body irradiation (TBI).

Materials and Methods

An existing beam model in RayStation v.10A was validated for the use of e‐SAD TBI treatments. Data were acquired with an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator (LINAC) at an extended source‐to‐surface distance of 365 cm with an 18 MV beam. Beam model validation measurements included percentage depth dose (PDD), profile data, surface dose, build‐up region and transmission measurements. End‐to‐end testing was carried out using an anthropomorphic phantom. Treatments were performed in a supine position in a whole‐body Vac‐Lok at an e‐SAD of 400 cm with a beam spoiler 10 cm from the couch. Planning was achieved using IMRT, where multi‐leaf collimators were used to modulate the beam and shield the organs at risk. Beam's eye view projection images were used for in‐room patient positioning and in‐vivo dosimetry was performed for every treatment.

Results

The percent difference between the measured and calculated PDD and profiles was less than 2% at all locations. Surface dose was 83.8% of the maximum dose with the beam spoiler at a 10 cm distance from the phantom. The largest percent difference between the treatment planning system (TPS) and measured data within the anthropomorphic phantom was approximately 2%. In‐vivo dosimetry measurements yielded results within the 5% institutional threshold.

Conclusion

In 2022, 17 patients were successfully treated using the new IMRT‐based lateral‐field e‐SAD TBI technique. The resulting clinical plans respected the institutional standard. The commissioning process, as well as the treatment planning and delivery aspects were described in this work with the intention of supporting other clinics in implementing this treatment method.
Associations of renin–angiotensin system inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling and neuropathology
Authors: Tong Han , Capuano Ana W. , Mehta Rupal I. , Sood Ajay , Bennett David A. , Ahima Rexford S. , Arnold Steven E. , Arvanitakis Zoe
Published: July 2024

Objective

To examine the associations of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor use with postmortem brain insulin signaling and neuropathology.

Methods

Among Religious Orders Study participants, 150 deceased and autopsied older individuals (75 with diabetes matched to 75 without by age at death, sex, and education) had measurements of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1) and RAC‐alpha serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT1) collected in the prefrontal cortex using ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain infarcts, and cerebral vessel pathology data were assessed by systematic neuropathologic evaluations. RAS inhibitor use was determined based on visual inspection of medication containers during study visits. The associations of RAS inhibitor use with brain insulin signaling measures and neuropathology were examined using adjusted regression analyses.

Results

Of the 90 RAS inhibitor users (54 with diabetes), 65 had used only angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, 11 only angiotensin II receptor blockers, and 14 used both. RAS inhibitor use was associated with lower pT308AKT1/total AKT1, but not with pS307IRS‐1/total IRS‐1 or the density of cells stained positive for pS616 IRS‐1. RAS inhibitor use was not associated with the level of global AD pathology or amyloid beta burden, but it was associated with a lower tau‐neurofibrillary tangle density. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between diabetes and RAS inhibitors on tangle density. Furthermore, AKT1 phosphorylation partially mediated the association of RAS inhibitor use with tau tangle density. Lastly, RAS inhibitor use was associated with more atherosclerosis, but not with other cerebral blood vessel pathologies or cerebral infarcts.

Interpretation

Late‐life RAS inhibitor use may be associated with lower brain AKT1 phosphorylation and fewer neurofibrillary tangles.
Autobiographical memory of blind and sighted early teenagers: Memory accessibility, episodicity and phenomenology
Authors: Güneş‐Acar Naziye , Tekcan Ali İ.
Published: July 2024

Visual system is crucial to autobiographical memory. Research tended to show that blind adults may compensate for the loss of visual information in retrieval of their autobiographical memories. Much less is known about how blind children's autobiographical memory develops in the absence of visual information. Using cue‐word methodology, 36 sighted and 33 blind early teenagers were asked to recall memories and subsequently rated phenomenological qualities of their memories. Retrieval latency, the number of prompts provided, episodic and non‐episodic details reported for each memory were coded. In terms of memory accessibility, the blind group recalled comparable number of memories with comparable latency to retrieve memories, but they needed more prompting. Blind participants recalled similar number of episodic details; however, they reported more extraneous details, decreasing specificity. Blind early teenagers reported higher auditory imagery, a propensity to remember events from the first‐person perspective, and a tendency to remember events as coherent stories.
A (101¯0$10\bar{1}0$)‐Orientated ZnO Single Crystal Chem‐Voltaic Device Beyond Conventional Fuel Cells
Authors: Meng Xiaohua , Liu Bin , Yang Heqing , Liu Shengzhong
Published: July 2024

To date, new prototype device for directly converting chemical energy into electricity is still the most important pursuit although various types of fuel cells have been developed/commercialized. In this work, a novel () orientated ZnO single crystal device is reported that generates electricity using the usual redox reactions. The principle of the device is similar to that of a photovoltaic device, known as a chem‐voltaic device. The air‐KBH4 chem‐voltaic device has an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 2.14 ± 0.007 mV and a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 1.44 ± 0.007 µA. The Voc and Isc increase to 2.24 mV and 2.81 µA, respectively, by preadding H2O2. A similar phenomenon is also observed when glucose is used to substitute KBH4. When KBH4 or glucose solution is added to the ZnO () surface, it reacts with chemisorbed oxygen to produce free electrons. Due to the presence of the spontaneous electric field (Es) in the polar [0001] azimuth of ZnO, these free electrons move along the [0001] direction, producing an electric current. So chemical energy is converted into electricity. This finding opens up research on the chem‐voltaic cell.
Unconventional Ligand‐to‐Catalyst Ratio for the Distal C−C Bond Formation via C−H Activation and Chain‐Walking
Authors: Tang King Hung Nigel , Takahashi Haluhi , Tokutake Ryo , Shibata Takanori
Published: July 2024

A mechanism‐navigated enantioselective alkylation of an indole C2 C−H bond with an internal alkene was developed. Under the unconventional ligand‐to‐metal catalyst ratio, a moderate enantiomeric ratio (er), ranging from 70:30 to 88:12, was achieved with our original ligand. We propose that chain‐walking and bond formation are mechanistically independent and suggest that hydridoiridium generated from the C−H source does not play a role in the chain‐walking process.
Synthesis of Chromone‐3‐phosphonates via Arbuzov‐Type C−P Cross Coupling from o‐Hydroxyphenyl Enaminones and Phosphites
Authors: Cao Dingsheng , Wan Jie‐Ping , Liu Yunyun
Published: July 2024

With an in situ C−H iodination tactic, a method for the synthesis of chromone‐3‐phosphonates was developed with trialkyl/triaryl phosphites as the reaction partners of o‐hydroxyphenyl enaminones by palladium catalysis. The product formation consists of cascade C−H iodination, chromone annulation, and Arbuzov‐type C−P cross coupling as major transformations. In addition to providing an enaminone‐based synthetic method to chromone‐3‐phosphonates, the work shows the advantage of step economy by skipping the separate operation for preparing the iodo‐functionalized chromone intermediate.
Conjugated Carbonyl Compound‐Enhanced Hydrogels for Tactile Recognition
Authors: Zhan Xue‐Qing , Chen Han , Hong Zhi‐Ling , Leng Yong‐Ping , Zhu Chang‐Chang , Zhang Chang‐Bo , Tang Zhong‐Xiang , Chen Qian , Ma Ning , Tsai Fang‐Chang
Published: July 2024

Hydrogels that possess both self‐healing capabilities in tissue engineering and mechanical properties play a pivotal role in advancing flexible sensing and wearable bioelectronic devices technologies. The primary challenge in practical applications revolves around the delicate equilibrium between mechanical properties and self‐regeneration capabilities. Herein, the utilization of conjugated carbonyl compound PI‐COF (Polyimide‐Covalent organic framework) is proposed as reinforcing phases to interact with iron ions, thereby preparing PAA‐based double network hydrogel with high cross‐linking density. Through comprehensive component analysis, it has been determined that the existence of metal coordination bonds, hydrogen bonds along with π–π conjugate system imparts (PAA‐2DC)‐Fe3+/PEDOT: PSS hydrogel excellent self‐healing performance (3rd, 196.2%), elongation (1312%) and tensile strength (71 kPa). Additionally, the hydrogel exhibits remarkable conductivity (σ = 0.5 S m−1), strain sensing sensitivity (GF = 9.3), self‐adhesive properties and demonstrating its ability to differentiate between materials of various sizes and possesses antibacterial properties. These exceptional attributes highlight the potential of the hydrogel in tissue engineering and flexible sensing, simultaneously providing novel research ideas and theoretical basis.
Central nervous system multiple myeloma: A real‐world multi‐institutional study of the Greek Myeloma Study Group
Authors: Katodritou Eirini , Dalampira Dimitra , Delimpasi Sosana , Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos Ioannis , Karaolidou Fryni , Gkioka Annita‐Ioanna , Labropoulou Vasiliki , Spanoudakis Emmanouil , Triantafyllou Theodora , Kotsopoulou Maria , Michalis Eyrydiki , Vadikolia Chrysanthi , Papadopoulou Theodosia , Sevastoudi Aggeliki , Michael Michael , Daiou Aikaterini , Pentidou Aikaterini , Kostopoulos Ioannis , Palaska Vasiliki , Gavriatopoulou Maria , Kyrtsonis Marie‐Christine , Verrou Evgenia , Kastritis Efstathios , Dimopoulos Meletios‐Athanasios , Terpos Evangelos
Published: July 2024

Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a rare and aggressive complication of multiple myeloma (MM). We identified 54/4352 MM patients (1.2%), who developed CNS‐MM between 2000 and 2022. A matched‐control group of MM patients without CNS‐MM was used for comparisons. Median age was 63 years. Median time to CNS‐MM was 28 months; 6/54 experienced CNS‐MM at MM diagnosis. Abnormal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high‐risk cytogenetics, and extramedullary involvement (EMI), that is, soft tissue plasmacytomas and/or plasma cell leukemia (PCL), were more frequent in CNS‐MM versus controls (p < .05); 13/54 had PCL at CNS‐MM. The majority had leptomeningeal infiltration (LMI) (66%); 26% had CNS‐MM without systemic myeloma; EMI was the strongest predictor for CNS‐MM (OR: 6.3). Median overall survival (OS) of CNS‐MM patients versus controls was 43 months (95% CI: 32–54) versus 60 months (95% CI: 38–82) (p < .001); treatment of CNS‐MM included mainly bortezomib/thalidomide/chemotherapy whereas 20% received novel drugs/immunotherapy combinations; 28 patients underwent cerebrospinal fluid infusions; EMI was the strongest negative predictor for post CNS‐MM OS (p = .005; HR: 2.9). Treatment after 2016 predicted significantly for OS (p = .002; HR: 0.27). Median post CNS‐MM OS was 4 months (95% CI: 2.6–5.4); in patients treated after 2016 median OS was 12 months. In conclusion, we have demonstrated in this large real‐world series that survival of CNS‐MM remains poor; however, there is a positive impact of treatment after 2016, related to the efficacy of modern anti‐myeloma therapy; EMI significantly increases the probability to develop CNS‐MM and the risk of post CNS‐MM death, indicating a potential need for CNS prophylaxis for those patients.
Thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil: Mechanism, influencing factors, evaluation methods, and antioxidants
Authors: Zhang Xiaojin , Huang Xi , Li Jing , Tang Zhongping , Wang Jiangbing
Published: July 2024

Aviation lubricating oil, as the “blood of machine operation”, plays an important role in the lubrication, cooling, cleaning, sealing, rust prevention, and other aspects of aero‐engines, thereby ensuring the safe and stable long‐term endurance of aero‐engines under high‐speed and high‐temperature conditions. The thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil leading to decay is the most important factor causing lubricating oil failure, which will seriously affect the performance of aero‐engines and endanger flight safety. Here, we comprehensively summarize the oxidation mechanism of aviation lubricating oil, factors affecting thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, evaluation methods for thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, and antioxidants that inhibit thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil. We hope that this review can enhance readers' understanding of the thermal oxidation of aviation lubricating oil, stimulate broader interest, and promote more exciting development in this promising field.
Physicochemical Studies on Amino Acid Based Metallosurfactants in Combination with Phospholipid
Authors: Barai Manas , Manna Emili , Sultana Habiba , Mandal Manas Kumar , Manna Tuhin , Patra Anuttam , Roy Biplab , Gowda Vasantha , Chang Chien‐Hsiang , Akentiev Alexander V. , Bykov Alexey G. , Noskov Boris A. , Moitra Parikshit , Ghosh Chandradipa , Yusa Shin‐Ichi , Bhattacharya Santanu , Kumar Panda Amiya
Published: July 2024

Dicarboxylate metallosurfactants (AASM), synthesized by mixing N‐dodecyl aminomalonate, ‐aspartate and ‐glutamate with CaCl2, MnCl2 and CdCl2, were characterized by XRD, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy. Layered structures, formed by metallosurfactants, were evidenced from differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. Solvent‐spread monolayer of AASM in combination with soyphosphatidylcholine (SPC) and cholesterol (CHOL) were studied using Langmuir surface balance. With increasing mole fraction of AASM mean molecular area increased and passed through maxima at ~60 mol% of AASMs, indicating molecular packing reorganization. Systems with 20 and 60 mol% AASM exhibited positive deviations from ideal behavior signifying repulsive interaction between the AASM and SPC, while synergistic interactions were established from the negative deviation at other combinations. Dynamic surface elasticity increased with increasing surface pressure signifying formation of rigid monolayer. Transition of monolayer from gaseous to liquid expanded to liquid condensed state was established by Brewster angle microscopic studies. Stability of the hybrid vesicles, formed by AASM+SPC+CHOL, were established by monitoring their size, zeta potential and polydispersity index values over 100 days. Size and spherical morphology of hybrid vesicles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopic studies. Biocompatibility of the hybrid vesicles were established by cytotoxicity studies revealing their possible applications in drug delivery and imaging.
Proximity‐Dependent Activation of Split DNAzyme Kinase
Authors: Wang Jiayi , Chang Yangyang , Liu Meng
Published: July 2024

Binary (also known as split) nucleic acid enzymes have emerged as novel tools in biosensors. We report a new split strategy to split the DNAzyme kinase into two independent and non‐functional fragments, denoted Dk1sub and Dk1enz. In the presence of the specific target, their free ends are brought sufficiently close to interact with each other without the formation of Watson‐Crick base pairings between Dk1sub and Dk1enz, thus allowing the DNA phosphorylation reaction. We term this approach proximity‐dependent activation of split DNAzyme kinase (ProxSDK). The utility of ProxSDK is demonstrated by engineering a biosensing system that is capable of measuring specific DNA‐protein interactions. We envision that the approach described herein will find useful applications in biosensing, imaging, and clinical diagnosis.
Tandem Synthesis of Benzylidenemalononitrile Derivatives in/on Water under Visible Light
Authors: Kolb Daniel , Friedmann Kai , König Burkhard
Published: July 2024

Tandem processes are valuable tools that allow to build molecular complexity while reducing waste production and the number of steps of synthetic routes. In this work, the in situ photooxidation of benzyl alcohols to the corresponding benzaldehydes is coupled with a Knoevenagel condensation for the preparation of benzylidenemalononitrile derivatives. In this rapid one‐pot tandem process, sodium anthraquinone‐1,5‐disulfonate (SAS) and β‐alanine are employed as safe and inexpensive catalysts, while air is used as a terminal oxidant. Moreover, using water as reaction medium results in most cases in the precipitation of the target products, thus facilitating their isolation.
Firefly Interval Selection Combined With Extreme Learning Machine for Spectral Quantification of Complex Samples
Authors: Wang Shuyu , Zhang Xudong , Mpango Prisca , Sun Hao , Bian Xihui
Published: July 2024

Firefly algorithm (FA) combined with extreme learning machine (ELM) is developed for spectral interval selection and quantitative analysis of complex samples. The method firstly segments the spectra into a certain number of intervals. Vectors with 1 and 0, which represent the interval selected or not, are used as the inputs of the FA. The RMSEP value predicted by ELM model is used as the fitness function of the FA. The activation function and number of hidden layer nodes of ELM, number of spectral intervals, population number, environmental absorbance, and constant of FA are optimized. The predictive performance of FA‐ELM is compared with full‐spectrum PLS, ELM, genetic algorithm‐ELM (GA‐ELM), and particle swarm optimization‐ELM (PSO‐ELM) by one ultraviolet (UV) spectrum dataset of gasoil and three near‐infrared (NIR) spectral datasets of corn, wheat, and tablet samples. The results show that FA‐ELM has a better performance compared with its competitors in predicting monoaromatics, water, wheat kernel texture, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in gasoil, corn, wheat, and tablet samples.
Monomeric Fe(III)‐Hydroxo and Fe(III)‐Aqua Complexes Display Oxidative Asynchronous Hydrogen Atom Abstraction Reactivity
Authors: Molla Mofijul , Saha Anannya , Barman Suman K. , Mandal Sukanta
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of a series of novel monomeric aqua‐ligated iron(III) complexes, [FeIII(L5R)(OH2)]2+ (R=OMe, H, Cl, NO2), supported by an amide‐containing pentadentate N5 donor ligand, L5R [HL5R=2‐(((1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl)(pyridin‐2‐yl‐methyl)amino)‐N‐(5‐R‐quinolin‐8‐yl)acetamide]. The complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including electrochemistry and magnetic measurements. The Fe(III)‐hydroxo complexes, [FeIII(L5R)(OH)]1+, were generated in situ by deprotonating the corresponding aqua complexes in a pH ~7 aqueous medium. In another way, adding one equivalent of a base to a methanolic solution of the Fe(III)‐aqua complexes also produced the Fe(III)‐hydroxo complexes. The study uses linoleic fatty acid as a substrate to explore the hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) reactivity of both hydroxo and aqua complexes. The investigation highlights the substitution effect of the L5R ligand on reactivity, revealing a higher rate when an electron‐withdrawing group is present. Hammett analyses and(or) determination of the asynchronicity factor (η) suggest an oxidative asynchronous concerted proton‐electron transfer (CPET) pathway for the HAA reactions. Aqua complexes exhibited a higher asynchronicity in CPET, resulting in higher reaction rates than their hydroxo analogs. Overall, the work provides insights into the beneficial role of a higher imbalance in electron‐transfer‐proton‐transfer (ET‐PT) contributions in HAA reactivity.
The Influence of Disulfide, Thioacetal and Lanthionine‐Bridges on the Conformation of a Macrocyclic Peptide
Authors: Darling William T. P. , Wieske Lianne H. E. , Cook Declan T. , Aliev Abil E. , Caron Laurent , Humphrys Emily J. , Figueiredo Angelo Miguel , Hansen D. Flemming , Erdélyi Máté , Tabor Alethea B.
Published: July 2024

Cyclisation of peptides by forming thioether (lanthionine), disulfide (cystine) or methylene thioacetal bridges between side chains is established as an important tool to stabilise a given structure, enhance metabolic stability and optimise both potency and selectivity. However, a systematic comparative study of the effects of differing bridging modalities on peptide conformation has not previously been carried out. In this paper, we have used the NMR deconvolution algorithm, NAMFIS, to determine the conformational ensembles, in aqueous solution, of three cyclic analogues of angiotensin(1–7), incorporating either disulfide, or non‐reducible thioether or methylene thioacetal bridges. We demonstrate that the major solution conformations are conserved between the different bridged peptides, but the distribution of conformations differs appreciably. This suggests that subtle differences in ring size and bridging structure can be exploited to fine‐tune the conformational properties of cyclic peptides, which may modulate their bioactivities.
Real‐World Clinical Performance of a Novolimus‐Eluting Stent Versus a Sirolimus‐Eluting Stent
Authors: Chang Chun‐Chin , Sung Wei‐Ting , Lu Ya‐Wen , Chuang Ming‐Ju , Lee Yin‐Hao , Tsai Yi‐Lin , Chou Ruey‐Hsing , Huang Shao‐Sung , Huang Po‐Hsun
Published: July 2024

Introduction

The DESyne novolimus‐eluting coronary stent (NES) is a new‐generation drug‐eluting stent (DES) that is widely used, but clinical data are rarely reported for this stent. We compared the safety and effectiveness of the DESyne NES and the Orsiro bioresorbable polymer sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center, observational study. Between July 2017 and December 2022, patients who presented with chronic or acute coronary syndrome undergoing PCI with DESyne NES or Orsiro SES were consecutively enrolled in the present study. The primary endpoint, major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), was a composite of cardiovascular death, target‐vessel myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target‐lesion revascularization.

Results

A total of 776 patients (age 68.8 ± 12.2; 75.9% male) undergoing PCI were included. Overall, 231 patients with 313 lesions received NES and 545 patients with 846 lesions received SES. During a follow‐up duration of 784 ± 522 days, the primary endpoint occurred in 10 patients (4.3%) in the NES group and in 36 patients (6.6%) in the SES group. After multivariate adjustment, the risk of MACE did not significantly differ between groups (NES vs. SES, hazard ratio 0.74, 95% CI, 0.35–1.55, p = 0.425). The event rate of individual components of the primary endpoint was comparable between the two groups.

Conclusions

Favorable and similar clinical outcomes were observed in patients undergoing PCI with either NES or SES in a medium‐term follow‐up duration. Future studies with adequately powered clinical endpoints are required for further evaluation.