bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perfil de atención de salud en gestantes y niños de 0-71 meses de edad, de un Puesto de Salud del Cono Norte - Carabayllo, Lima-Perú
Authors: Pachas-Barrionuevo Flor de María , Sánchez Huamán Yhedina D. , Carrasco-Loyola Milagros B. , Suaréz Rodriguez Mario , Villena-Sarmiento Rita
Published: March 2016

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las causas mas frecuentes de atenciones de salud general y bucal en gestantes y niños menores de 6 años de edad, de un servicio público del Ministerio de Salud. Evaluar las estadísticas del cuidado de salud, forma parte de la educación integral en salud pública que se brinda en la Facultad de Estomatología Roberto Beltrán. Se revisaron las estadísticas de atención del año 2006; 283 gestantes fueron evaluadas, encontrándose 206 casos de bajo riesgo obstétrico y 77 de alto riesgo. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: vaginitis (67%), anemia (8%) e infección del tracto urinario (8%). El papanicolau fue efectuado en 81% de las madres gestantes, 19% (n=54) acudió para control de puerperio, 17% (n=48) recibió administración de sulfato ferroso y 12% (n=34) acudieron para control del recién nacido. El100% de las gestantes recibió atención odontológica correspondiente a eliminación de placa bacteriana, el 70% (n=199) recibió consejería nutricional, 80% (n=227) consejería integral. Sin embargo, no fueron orientadas sobre los cuidados de salud bucal de su futuro bebé. En los niños menores de 6 años de edad: los cuatro primeros diagnósticos de morbilidad correspondió a problemas de vías respiratorias altas. La enfermedad diarreica aguda ocupó el quinto lugar de incidencia en los dos primeros años de vida. La caries dental en dentina sólo se reportó a los 4y 5 años de edad (4,6% y 7,2% respectivamente) y el diagnóstico de pulpitis a los 5 años de edad (2,1%).
Tratamiento temprano de maloclusión II division 2: Reporte de un caso
Authors: Silva-Esteves Raffo José F. , Amez-Atapoma Jacquelyn , Bustinza Gómez Paola G.
Published: March 2016

Se puede iniciar el tratamiento temprano de la maloclusión clase II división 2 en la dentición mixta, usando diferentes tipos de aparatología, el objetivo en esa fase es lograr una función muscular equilibrada, una relación molar clase I y mejorar el entrecruzamiento vertical y horizontal.Se reporta el caso de un niño de 9 años 4 meses, en dentición mixta primera fase con maloclusión clase II división 2 y discrepancia alveolo dentaria superior de -7,3 mm e inferior de -8,4mm. El tratamiento incluyó el uso de una placa de expansión con plano de mordida anterior, aparato extraoral ortodóntico de tracción cervical y lip bumper, obteniendo resultados satisfactorios en 18 meses.
Evaluación de los cambios esqueléticos verticales posttratamiento ortodóntico de la expansión maxilar rápida con aparato de Haas y Hyrax
Authors: Awuapara-Flores Shereen , Meneses López Abraham
Published: March 2016

El propósito del estudio fue determinar si los cambios esqueléticos verticales producidos por la ERM son perjudiciales para el tratamiento de los pacientes dolicofaciales y si existen diferencias entre ambos tipos de aparatos. Material y métodos: Evaluamos las dimensiones esqueléticasverticales en las radiografías cefalométricas laterales pre y post tratamiento ortodóntico de 12 pacientes tratados (Gt) con ERM (aparato de Haas o Hyrax); y, un grupo control (Gc) de 12 pacientes tratados con aparatología fija y con características similares al Gt. Resultados: Lasmedias iniciales y finales para las medidas lineales (AFAT, AFAI, AFPT, AFPS) aumentan para ambos grupos y en las medidas angulares (SN-PPº, SN-PMº) se observa una disminución en el ángulo SN-PP para el Gt. Al comparar los valores finales encontramos un plano palatino másparalelo al plano SN en el Gt. No se encontraron diferencias significativas al analizar los pacientes tratados por aparato o al comparar los distintos patrones faciales. Conclusiones: No existen diferencias significativas en los efectos esqueléticos verticales producidos por los aparatos de Haas o Hyrax y los efectos indeseados producidos por la EMR son despreciables, por lo que no existen contraindicaciones para realizar este procedimiento en pacientes dolicofaciales.
Situación bucal de pobladores con discapacidades en el distrito de San Luis - Lima
Authors: Soto-Veliz Rosario , Vallejos-Ragas Raúl , Campos-Sánchez Rosario , Ouslanova Polina , Agüero Cortez Zoraida , Bernal-Garayar Noel , Camargo Hurtado Jesús , De la Cruz Calvo Carolina
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Establecer el estado de la salud bucal de personas con diversas discapacidades, residentes en un distrito de clase media-baja de la ciudad de Lima. Materiales y métodos: Se examinó a residentes registrados en la Oficina Municipal de Atención de la Persona con Discapacidad -OMAPED, de San Luis, como parte de la primera fase del desarrollo del Sistema de atención Odontológico Especializado a implementar. La clasificación utilizada, incluía la discapacidad a) Motora b) Sensorial y c) Mental. La información bucal recabada, fue el CPOD, apiñamientodentario (Van der Linden), el Índice de Higiene Oral simplificado de Greene y Vermillion (IHOs), y la presencia de bolsas periodontales, piezas extruidas y atrición dental. Resultados: El total examinado fue de 102 personas, considerando válidos finalmente 89. Las edades oscilaron entre6 y 93 años. Del total, el 42,2% presentaban discapacidad motora; 35,3% discapacidad mental y el 9,8% discapacidad sensorial. El CPOD, reflejaba un incremento progresivo con el paso de los años, siendo mas pronunciado a partir de los 51 años, donde se observó, el valor mínino de18 y el máximo de 32. Entre los componentes del CPOD, las piezas perdidas prevalecieron en los 3 grupos de discapacidad, siendo mayor en los subgrupos motor y sensorial. También llama la atención que las obturaciones eran muy escasas. Conclusiones: La condición bucal de laspersonas con discapacidad se deteriora rápidamente con la edad.
Disposición del conducto dentario inferior en el cuerpo mandibular. Estudio anatómico y tomográfico
Authors: Gutiérrez-Ventura Freddy , Beltrán-Silva Jorge A. , Huamaní-Parra Jaime , Abanto Silva Lillie E.
Published: March 2016

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la distancia entre el conducto dentario inferior (CDI) y las tablas óseas lingual (TL), vestibular (TV) y basal (RB) en cuatro sectores del cuerpo mandibular. Se utilizaron diez mandíbulas que presentaban la región premolar y molar edéntula.Se evaluaron a través de tomografía espiral convencional (Cranex TOME multifuctional unit, Soredex, Finlandia) y en examen visual directo posterior a la osteotomía. Se realizaron mediciones desde el CDI hasta TL, TV y RB; a nivel del segundo premolar, primer molar, segunda molar ytercer molar. Los resultados obtenidos se evaluaron con las pruebas ANOVA, Kolmogorov-Smirnov y test de Levene que demostraron homogeneidad entre las medidas de los especimenes y las tomografías (p>0,05). Para referir las medidas se utilizó ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis donde se encontró que el diámetro del CDI y la distancia hacia la TL eran constantes en los cuatro sectores del cuerpo mandibular (p>0,05). El diámetro del CDI presentó un rango de 2,3 mm a 2,6 mm y la distancia a TL de 2,5 mm a 2,8 mm. Las distancias a RB y TV presentaban diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). El presente estudio demuestra que el diámetro del CDI en el cuerpo mandibular tiende ha ser constante y el CDI recorre el cuerpo mandibular con mayor proximidad a la TL.
Amelogenésis imperfecta: Criterios de clasificación y aspectos genéticos
Authors: Gonzales-Pinedo Clara O. , Perona-Miguel del Priego Guido
Published: March 2016

La amelogénesis imperfecta es una alteración del esmalte que se puede presentar tanto en dentición decidua como permanente con diversas consecuencias negativas para los pacientes.La presente revisión describe los criterios diagnósticos, clasificación, etiología, casos esporádicos en los que se ha relacionado con otras alteraciones clínicas o enfermedades sistémicas, y su tratamiento; enfatizando la etiología y clasificación de esta alteración puesto que son las áreas en las que se han realizado muchos avances en los últimos años, especialmente relacionado con los aspectos genéticos.
Avulsión en la dentición decidua: ¿Reimplantar o no?
Authors: Paredes-Martínez Evelyn Roxana , Díaz-Pizán María Elena
Published: March 2016

Un traumatismo se describe como una lesión que resulta de una fuerza externa y es uno de los problemas de salud que enfrenta la sociedad actualmente. No tiene un patrón predecible de intensidad y no solo deja daños físicos sino que también existe un impacto psicológico en lavíctima. Los traumatismos dentoalveolares se pueden presentar solos o asociados con otras injurias a los tejidos blandos. Dentro de todos ellos, la avulsión dentaria representa del 7 al 13% de todas las lesiones dentales en la dentición primaria y consiste en el desplazamiento completo del diente de su posición original en el alveolo. El tratamiento de las piezas deciduas que han sufrido avulsión debe ir dirigido a la prevención del desarrollo de alteraciones en los dientes permanentes sucedáneos.
Características cefalométricas en niños con maloclusión clase II-1 de 12 a 14 años de edad en ciudades con distinta altitud geográfica
Authors: Meneses-López Abraham , Liñán-Durán Carlos
Published: March 2016

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las características craneofaciales y dentarias de niños con maloclusión Clase II-1 nacidos de ancestros y residentes a distintas altitudes geográficas. Se analizaron los datos cefalométricos de 150 niños de 8 a 12 años de edad, 50 niños de cada una de las ciudades de Lima (150 msnm), Cusco (3,800 msnm), y Cerro de Pasco (4250 msnm) quienes se habían seleccionado verificando que tuvieran estado nutricional normal mediante el parámetro talla /edad. El Análisis de varianza (ANOVA) muestra una diferencia estadísticamentesignificativa para la AFAI, (p<0,05); y altamente significativa para las demás características cefalométricas (p<0,01) entre los distintos grupos analizados. En conclusión, la relación esquelética clase II se debe principalmente a una combinación de protrusión maxilar y retrusiónmandibular en las tres ciudades. Sin embargo, en los niños de las ciudades de altura, hay una alta prevalencia de casos de protrusión ó retrusión pura, con retrusión y palatinización acentuada delos incisivos superiores en niños de las ciudades de altura.
Efecto del extracto etanólico de Melissa officinalis (toronjil) en la modificación de la conducta del niño ansioso en la consulta dental
Authors: Pardo-Aldave Karina , Díaz-Pizán María Elena , Villegas-Vilchez León Faustino , Bernabé-Ortiz Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del extracto etanólico de Melissa officinalis (toronjil), a dosis de 3 y 6 mg/kg, contra placebo en el comportamiento de niños ansiosos de 6 y 7 años de edad, durante el examen clínico dental. Materiales y Métodos: Ensayo clínico randomizado a doble ciego en el cual participaron 90 niños (51 niñas y 39 niños) provenientes del Centro Materno Infantil de Zapallal (Lima, Perú). Los participantes no tenían experiencia odontológica previa y presentaban ansiedad dental, que fue diagnosticada con la Escala de Imagen Facial. Se conformaron 3 grupos, de los cuales los 2 primeros recibieron una dosis única por vía oral del extracto etanólico (3 y 6 mg/kg respectivamente) mientras que el grupo restante recibió placebo. El examen clínico dental fue realizado 30 minutos después de la administración del jarabe o placebo. Durante el examen clínico fue evaluada la conducta de cada niño mediante la Escala Conductual de Frankl. Resultados: Al evaluar la conducta sobre el examen clínico dental se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados (Prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, P=0,016), encontrándose esta diferencia entre niños que recibieron placebo y extracto etanólico de 6mg/kg (P=0,008) así como entre niños que recibieron extracto etanólico de 3 y 6 mg/kg (P=0,017). Sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia entre aquellos que recibieron placebo y extracto etanólico de 3 mg/kg (P=0,759). Conclusión: Al evaluar el comportamiento del niño ansioso, durante el examen clínico dental, por medio de la Escala Conductual de Frankl se observó que el extracto etanólico de M. officinalis mostró tener un mayor efecto comparado con un placebo, siendo más efectiva la dosis de 6 mg/kg.
Efecto del mineral trióxido agregado, cemento portland e hidróxido de calcio en el proceso de reparación de perforaciones radiculares en dientes de Canis familiaris
Authors: Bedoya-Soria Alfonso Eugenio , García-Rupaya Carmen Rosa
Published: March 2016

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del Mineral Trióxido Agregado (MTA), el Cemento Portland (CP) y el Hidróxido de Calcio (Ca(OH)2) en el proceso de reparación de perforaciones radiculares en dientes de perros. Se utilizaron 4 perros mestizos de 1 año de edad. Mediante sedación endovenosa, se efectuaron tratamientos de conductos a 60 dientes para realizar perforaciones radiculares intencionadas e inmediatamente tratarlos con cada uno de los cementos a evaluar. Las muestras se obtuvieron a los 15 y 60 días, sacrificando a los animales, medianteuna inyección letal. El proceso de reparación fue evaluado con un análisis histológico de las muestras, aplicándosele el test de Kruskal-Wallis, y el test U de Mann-Whitney. 15 días después del tratamiento, se obtuvieron 6 casos con proceso de reparación al usar MTA, 2 casos al usar CP y ninguno al usar Ca(OH)2, encontrándose diferencias significativas, (P<0,05), el resto mostró infiltrado inflamatorio con presencia de polimorfonucleares, linfocitos e histiocitos. 60 días después del tratamiento, se obtuvieron 4 casos con proceso de reparación al usar MTA, 3 casos al usar CP y solo un caso al usar Ca(OH)2, no encontrándose diferencias significativas,(P>0,05), el resto mostró tejido conectivo con infiltrado inflamatorio, presencia de polimorfonucleares, linfocitos e histiocitos y algunas células plasmáticas. Como conclusión el MTA indujo una mejor respuesta en el proceso de reparación de las perforaciones radiculares que el CP y el Ca(OH)2 a los 15 días y una similar respuesta que el CP a los 60 días.
Uso de inhibidores de metaloproteinasas en la terapia periodontal
Authors: Fosquiera Eliana Cristina , Tay Chu Jon Lidia Yileng , Herrera-Morante Daniel Rodrigo , Pillati Gibson L. , Santos Fabio André dos
Published: March 2016

Las metaloproteinasas de la matriz (MMPs) son una familia de enzimas proteolíticas metalodependientes que promueven la degradación de los  componentes de la matriz extracelular, siendo una de las principales responsables por la degradación de colágeno durante la destrucción de los tejidos periodontales. El desequilibrio entre la degradación y la producción de colágeno debido a los altos niveles de MMPs en los tejidos periodontales inflamados, promueve la pérdida de inserción periodontal. Las enzimas liberadas degradan el colágeno que forma la base estructuraldel periodonto, promoviendo así la destrucción tisular. La actividad de las MMPs en el substrato de la matriz extracelular es regulada por la transcripción y activación de las proenzimas inactivas, la interacción con componentes específicos de la matriz extracelular y principalmente por losinhibidores tisulares endógenos de metaloproteinasas (TIMPs). En la terapia periodontal han sido administradas dosis subantimicrobianas de doxiciclina como coadyuvante al raspaje y alisado radicular, debido a sus propiedades de inhibición en la actividad de las MMPs. En este estudio,fueron revisados aspectos importantes de las MMPs, discutiéndose el papel de los TIMPs y de los inhibidores sintéticos de metaloproteinasas, el uso de dosis subantimicrobianas de doxiciclina, así como de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) en la terapia periodontal. Ya que las MMPs participan activamente del proceso destructivo de la enfermedad periodontal, es importante el uso de inhibidores sintéticos de estas enzimas en la terapia periodontal con la finalidad de minimizar la destrucción del periodonto.
Influencia del flujo de dializado en el aclaramiento de Urea, Creatinina y Ácido Úrico en diálisis peritoneal
Authors: MIYAHIRA A. Juan , CIEZA Z. Javier
Published: March 2016

Con el objetivo de determinar la influencia del flujo de dializado (Qd) en el aclaramiento de urea, creatinina y ácido úrico, se evaluaron 22 sesiones de diálisis peritoneal, realizadas en igual número de pacientes a quienes se les realizaba el procedimiento por primera vez y cuya indicación fue uremia. Se mantuvo constante la temperatura de dializado, la proporción de recambios hipertónicos y ultra filtración, no se administró drogas intraperitoneales, salvo heparina y se utilizó la técnica manual. Sedividieron en 3 grupos: 1.5, 1.9 y 2.5 Lt/h de Qd. No se encontró diferencias significativas en los aclaramientos de solutos, ni en la transferencia de masa, entre los 3 grupos. La relación D/P (concentración del soluto en el dializado entre su concentraciónen sangre), disminuyó al incrementarse el Qd en forma lineal, para los 3 solutos. No se encontró diferencia significativa en la pérdida peritoneal de proteínas entre los 3 grupos, sin embargo, se observó una tendencia a ser menor al incrementar el Qd.
Compromiso Reumatológico (CR) en infección Meningocócica
Authors: Manuel FERRANDIZ , CALVO Armando , SILICANI Armando
Published: March 2016

Se comunica la experiencia en el manejo del compromiso reumatológico en infección por Neisseria meningitidis en el HCH entre 1968 y 1988. Tuvimos 9 pacientes con compromiso musculoesquelético: poliartritis, oligoartritis y reumatismo extraarticular, con tiempo de aparición y duración variable. En todos, el cultivo de líquido sinovial fue negativo.El manejo divide a los pacientes en dos grupos, uno que responde con tratamiento antibiótico y drenaje articular y otro que requiere antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. El pronóstico fue bueno en todos.
Prevalencia de síntomas depresivos en pacientes ambulatorios
Authors: FIGUEROA ALVARADO Marcos R , PAMO REYNA Oscar G
Published: March 2016

El inventario de Beck fue tomado a 224 pacientes (114 varones 110 mujeres) de los consultorios externos de Medicina del Hospital Dos de Mayo en Lima, entre mayo y julio de 1990, para determinar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos. Ellos tenían entre 18 y 65 años de edad y se registraron datos de filiación y síntomas. Se halló que el 64.7% de ellos tenía síntomas de “depresión leve” y el 49.6% de “depresión moderada”. El ser varón nacido en provincias y tener bajo nivel de escolaridad correlacionó con la presencia de síntomas depresivos (p<0.01). Concluimos que la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos es alta en los pacientes ambulatorios de medicina y que algunas características puedan predecir su presencia.
Metabolismo del Calcio
Authors: CIPRIANI Enrique
Published: March 2016

A fin de simplificar la comprensión del metabolismo del calcio, es necesario establecer la presencia de tres universos diferentes pero interrelacionados; ellos son: a) el balance total del calcio en el organismo, b) el equilibrio en la concentración del calcio en elespacio extracelular (espacios intersticial y vascular) y c) la regulación del nivel de calcio intracelular y los mecanismos bioquímicas involucrados.
In-Situ Visualization of Multidimensional Imbibition in Dual-Porosity Carbonates
Authors: Alshehri Amar J. , Kovscek Anthony R.
Published: March 2016

Oil recovery by waterflood is usually small in fractured carbonates because of selective channeling of injected water through fractures toward producers, leaving much of the oil trapped in the matrix. One option to mitigate the low recovery is to reduce fracture uptake by increasing the viscosity of the injected fluids by use of polymers or foams. Another option, that is the objective of this work, is to inject surfactant solutions to reduce capillary effects responsible for trapping oil and allow gravity to segregate oil by buoyancy. Analysis of gravity and capillary forces suggests that such segregation is achievable in the laboratory, provided that cores are moderately long and oriented vertically. Besides investigating the role of gravity on oil recovery, the effect of surfactant-flood mode (secondary-flood mode and tertiary-flood mode) on the ultimate recovery (UR) was also investigated.

To investigate the predictions of this analysis, coreflood experiments were conducted by use of carbonate cores and monitored by an X-ray computed-tomography (CT) scanner featuring true vertical positioning to quantify fluid saturation history in situ. Novel aspects of this work include cores that are oriented both horizontally and vertically to maximize gravitational effects as well as a special core holder that mimics aspects of fractured systems by use of the whole core. This paper discusses the contrast in experimental results in vertical and horizontal orientation with and without surfactant.

To study gravity effects, surfactant reduced interfacial tension (IFT) from 40 to 3 mN/m. For this mode of recovery, ultralow IFT is not preferred because some capillary action is needed to aid injectant transport into the matrix. The vertical experiment showed that gravity has the potential of improving oil recovery at low IFT. Another surfactant was used to study the flood-mode effect; this surfactant reduced IFT from 40 to 0.001 mN/m (ultralow IFT). In this study, two experiments were conducted: a tertiary-surfactant-flood experiment and a secondary-surfactant-flood experiment. The secondary-flood experiment showed an improvement in recovery with the early implementation of the surfactant flood relative to the tertiary-flood experiment.

This work highlights the importance of gravity at low IFT in terms of mobilizing trapped oil and also the effect of flood mode on UR. Moreover, this work emphasizes the use of surfactant solutions as a method of enhancing oil recovery in fractured resources not necessarily because of wettability alteration but mainly because of gravity effects. Experimental results are presented primarily as 1D and 3D reconstructions of in-situ oil- and water-phase saturation obtained by use of X-ray CT.
New Insight on Carbonate-Heavy-Oil Recovery: Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Post-Solvent Carbon Dioxide Foam/Polymer-Enhanced-Foam Flooding
Authors: Telmadarreie Ali , Trivedi Japan J.
Published: March 2016

Carbonate reservoirs, deposited in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), hold significant reserves of heavy crude oil that can be recovered by nonthermal processes. Solvent, gas, water, and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injections are the main methods for carbonate-heavy-oil recovery in the WCSB. Because of the fractured nature of carbonate formations, many advantages of these production methods are usually in contrast with their low recovery factor. Alternative processes are therefore needed to increase oil-sweep efficiency from carbonate reservoirs. Foam/polymer-enhanced-foam (PEF) injection has gained interest in conventional heavy-oil recovery in recent times. However, the oil-recovery process by foam, especially PEF, in conjunction with solvent injection is less understood in fractured heavy-oil-carbonate reservoirs. The challenge is to understand how the combination of surfactant, gas, and polymer allows us to better access the matrix and efficiently sweep the oil.

This study introduces a new approach to access the unrecovered heavy oil in fractured-carbonate reservoirs. Carbon dioxide (CO2) foam and CO2 PEF were used to decrease oil saturation after solvent injection, and their performance was compared with gas injection. A specially designed fractured micromodel was used to visualize the pore-scale phenomena during CO2-foam/PEF injection. In addition, the static bulk performances of CO2 foam/PEF were analyzed in the presence of heavy crude oil. A high-definition camera was used to capture high-quality images.

The results showed that in both static and dynamic studies the PEF had high stability. Unlike CO2 PEF, CO2 foam lamella broke much faster and resulted in the collapse of the foam during heavy-oil recovery after solvent flooding. It appeared that foam played a greater role than just gas-mobility control. Foam showed outstanding improvement in heavy-oil recovery over gas injection. The presence of foam bubbles was the main reason to improve heavy-oil-sweep efficiency in heterogeneous porous media. When the foam bubbles advanced through pore throats, the local capillary number increased enough to displace the emulsified oil. PEF bubbles generated an additional force to divert surfactant/polymer into the matrix. Overall, CO2 foam and PEF remarkably increased heavy-oil recovery after solvent injection into the fractured reservoir.
Monitoring of Stem Water Content of Native and Invasive Trees in Arid Environments Using GS3 Soil Moisture Sensors
Authors: Saito Tadaomi , Yasuda Hiroshi , Sakurai Miyu , Acharya Kumud , Sueki Sachiko , Inosako Koji , Yoda Kiyotsugu , Fujimaki Haruyuki , Abd Elbasit Mohamed A.M. , Eldoma Ahmed M. , Nawata Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas

Stem water content of trees was successfully monitored using GS3 capacitance sensors.

Temperature calibration was essential for correct interpretation of monitoring data.

The monitoring clarified water use characteristics of the trees in arid environments.

Dielectric soil moisture sensors have the potential for nondestructive and real‐time monitoring of the stem water content (θst) of living trees. This study was conducted to investigate the water use characteristics of trees in drylands through monitoring of θst using newly developed capacitance sensors (GS3). The plants used for data collection were Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (mesquite, invasive) in Sudan and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (tamarisk, invasive) and Prosopis pubescens Benth.(screwbean mesquite, native) in the United States. The GS3 probes were installed into the trunks of two trees for each species. Stem‐specific calibration equations and temperature calibration equations were derived through laboratory experiments and analysis of field observation data. The temperature calibration equations reduced inappropriate variations of θst caused by daily fluctuations in stem temperature, suggesting that these are essential for correct interpretation of monitoring data of θst in arid environments. The θst of the mesquite trees in Sudan clearly increased after heavy rainfall events and started decreasing when the soil water content became close to the wilting point. These findings indicate that mesquite trees use soil water in rainy seasons, even though they are generally considered to use groundwater through deep tap roots. The θst of neither species in the United States responded clearly to rainfall events, indicating that they depend on shallow saline groundwater. The θst of the tamarisk decreased monotonically throughout the monitoring period, apparently in response to feeding damage caused by the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diohabda sp.), which had been released for biological control of tamarisk.
Hydrologic Response to Effluent Infiltrating from At‐Grade Line Sources to Shallow Groundwater
Authors: Weldeyohannes Amanuel Oqbit , Dyck Miles , Kachanoski Gary
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas

Quantifying hydrologic responses helps in groundwater risk assessment.

Signal analysis is a robust tool for separating regional and local input signals.

Temporal change in vadose zone thickness is critical for onsite wastewater treatment.

Understanding of wastewater flow and transport processes through soil‐based onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) remains a challenge. An extensive field research program was executed in Alberta, Canada to investigate the treatment effectiveness of a new, litter‐fermented‐humic layer (LFH), at‐grade, soil‐based OWTS. The site had been receiving secondarily treated and ultraviolet (UV)‐disinfected effluent via pressurized, at‐grade laterals for 4 yr before the start of this research. The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrologic response of a shallow groundwater table to effluent infiltration. Following a detailed site characterization of groundwater flow direction and wastewater plume extent, daily groundwater fluctuation, effluent and atmospheric fluxes were monitored for more than 2 yr. Considering the local existing regulatory requirement of 7‐d effluent travel depth through the vadose zone to achieve a treatment objective, weekly cycle hydrologic responses were interpreted using signal analysis tools. Findings indicated (i) a significant hydrologic response to effluent infiltration from the at‐grade laterals at a weekly scale, and (ii) effluent reaches the groundwater within 1 wk of application approximately 15% of the time in the spring and summer periods when effluent loading rates are ≥5 cm3 cm−2 d−1 and the water table is ≤0.5 m below the ground surface. These conditions also coincided with the significant 7‐d cycle of the effluent input function, which is a function of the weekly cycle of facility use, that is, more intensive facility use on weekends. The results presented in here contribute significantly to the understanding of wastewater flow and transport under boundary conditions typical of OWTS and shallow groundwater conditions.
Highly sensitive colorimetric determination of malathion using gold nanoparticles
Authors: Kohzadi Tayebeh , Roushani Mahmoud
Published: March 2016

A highly sensitive method is presented for the colorimetric determination of malathion using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this approach, the synthesized AuNPs solution was stabilized by the citrate anions as their repulsion protected the AuNPs from aggregation. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized morphologically by using transmission electron microscopy technique. Malathion caps the surface of AuNPs and induces the aggregation of AuNPs in Britton–Robinson buffer solution. The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the decrease in the plasmon resonance band of the AuNPs at 527 nm after 9 min. The effect of reaction variables on the reaction sensitivity was investigated and furthermore, the interference of common ions was effectively avoided. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range 3.3 × 10−7 to 3.3 × 10−6 mol/L of malathion with good precision and accuracy and the detection limit was down to 1.5 × 10−7 mol/L. The developed approach does not use complex and expensive instruments. The high sensitivity of the proposed method allowed its successful application to wheat and water samples. Thus, the proposed strategy can serve as a powerful method for the rapid diagnosis of malathion in agriculture products.
A nonlinear simulation method based on a combination of multilayer perceptron and decision trees for predicting non-deposition sediment transport
Authors: Ebtehaj Isa , Bonakdari Hossein , Zaji Amir Hossein
Published: March 2016

This article presents a fast and powerful new hybrid decision tree (DT) method based on multilayer perceptron neural networks (MLP-NN) to determine the limiting velocity in sediment transport for preventing solid matter deposition. The parameters with the greatest influence on limiting-velocity prediction are exploited from the literature in order to present the MLP-DT-based model in this study. The effect of each parameter presented as part of functional relationships in previous studies is first surveyed by means of sensitivity analysis with the MLP-NN. After identifying the most effective parameters, the hybrid MLP-DT method is used to predict the limiting velocity. A comparison between MLP (R2 = 0.957, MARE = 0.072, RMSE = 0.434, SI = 0.107, BIAS = 0.029) and MLP-DT (R2 = 0.975, MARE = 0.063, RMSE = 0.328, SI = 0.081, BIAS = −0.01) shows that the MLP and DT combination leads to increased MLP-NN ability to predict the required limiting velocity and prevent sediment deposition. The approach developed in this study yields explicit expressions for practical applications.
Improving Outcomes in Patients Receiving Dialysis: The Peer Kidney Care Initiative
Authors: Wetmore James B. , Gilbertson David T. , Liu Jiannong , Collins Allan J.
Published: March 2016

The past decade has witnessed a marked reduction in mortality rates among patients receiving maintenance dialysis. However, the reasons for this welcome development are uncertain, and greater understanding is needed to translate advances in care into additional survival gains. To fill important knowledge gaps and to enable dialysis provider organizations to learn from one another, with the aim of advancing patient care, the Peer Kidney Care Initiative (Peer) was created in 2014 by the chief medical officers of 14 United States dialysis provider organizations and the Chronic Disease Research Group. Areas of particular clinical importance were targeted to help shape the public health agenda in CKD and ESRD. Peer focuses on the effect of geographic variation on outcomes, the implications of seasonality for morbidity and mortality, the clinical significance of understudied disorders affecting dialysis patients, and the debate about how best to monitor and evaluate progress in care. In the realm of geovariation, Peer has provided key observations on regional variation in the rates of ESRD incidence, hospitalization, and pre-ESRD care. Regarding seasonality, Peer has reported on variation in both infection-related and non–infection-related hospitalizations, suggesting that ambient environmental conditions may affect a range of health outcomes in dialysis patients. Specific medical conditions that Peer highlights include Clostridium difficile infection, which has become strikingly more common in patients in the year after dialysis initiation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the treatments for which have the potential to contribute to sudden cardiac death. Finally, Peer challenges the nephrology community to consider alternatives to standardized mortality ratios in assessing progress in care, positing that close scrutiny of trends over time may be the most effective way to drive improvements in patient care.
Mountains as actors in the Bolivian Andes: The interrelationship between politics and ritual in the Kallawaya ayllus
Authors: Alderman Jonathan David
Published: March 2016

Abstract: This essay will examine the way that a Bolivian Andean people, the Kallawayas, incorporate mountains—seen as beings with agency in their own right—into their structure of kinship and politics. The Kallawayas interpret mountains as inhabited by ancestral spirits, who are incorporated into the local political structure as authorities. This understanding of the mountains denies the Western separation of politics and nature. I follow de la Cadena (2014) in positing mountain spirits, known as machulas, and humans, known as runa, as mutually constituting one another within the socio-territorial space of the ayllu. In this space nature and politics are not divided but intertwined. However, the political organisation of the Kallawaya communities has undergone profound changes in recent decades that have affected the ritual relationship between the Kallawayas and the mountain spirits. The manner in which Kallawayas incorporate their ancestors as authorities therefore provides evidence for the propensity of ritual to reflect social structure.
Quantitative morphometric analysis of the myenteric nervous plexus ganglion structures along the human digestive tract
Authors: Mandic Predrag , Filipovic Tatjana , Gasic Milos , Djukic-Macut Natasa , Filipovic Milan , Bogosavljevic Ivan
Published: March 2016

Background/Aim. All the functions of the digestive system are controlled,
guided and initiated by the autonomic nervous system. A special part of this
system placed in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract is known as the
enteric or metasympathetic nervous system. The aim of this study was to
analyse myenteric nervous plexus in different parts of the digestive tract.
Methods. We examined the myenteric nervous plexus of the esophagus, stomach,
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon and rectum in tissue samples taken
from 30 cadavers of persons aged 20-84 years. After standard histological
processing sections were stained with hematoxylineosin, cresyl violet (CV)
and AgNO3 method. Multipurpose test system M42 was used in morphometric
analysis. The results were analyzed by t-test and analysis of variance.
Results. The number of neurons per cm2 surface was the lowest in the
esophagus (2.045 ? 310.30) and the largest in the duodenum (65,511 ? 5,639).
The statistical processing showed significant differences (p < 0.001) in the
number of neurons between the esophagus and all other parts of the digestive
tract. The maximal value of the average surface of the myenteric nervous
plexus neurons was observed in the esophagus (588.93 ? 30.45 ?m2) and the
lowest in the stomach (296.46 ? 22.53 ?m2). Conclusion. There are differences
in the number of ganglion cells among different parts of the human digestive
tract. The differences range from a few to several tens of thousands of
neuron/cm2. The myenteric nervous plexus of the esophagus was characterized
by a significantly smaller number of neurons but their bodies and nuclei are
significantly larger compared to other parts of the digestive tract.
Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool to assess plaque accumulation and enamel demineralization in orthodontics
Authors: Miller Cara C. , Burnside Girvan , Higham Susan M. , Flannigan Norah L.
Published: March 2016

Objective: 

To assess the use of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool during orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods: 

In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, 33 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment were randomly allocated to receive oral hygiene reinforcement at four consecutive appointments using either white light (WL) or Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF) images, taken with a device, as visual aids. Oral hygiene was recorded assessing the QLF images for demineralization, by fluorescence loss (ΔF), and plaque coverage (ΔR30). A debriefing questionnaire ascertained patient perspectives.

Results: 

There were no significant differences in demineralization (P  =  .56) or plaque accumulation (P  =  .82) between the WL and QLF groups from T0 to T4. There was no significant reduction in demineralization, ΔF, in the WL, or the QLF group from T0–T4 (P > .05); however, there was a significant reduction in ΔR30 plaque scores (P < .05). All the participants found being shown the images helpful, with 100% of the QLF group reflecting that it would be useful to have oral hygiene reinforcement for the full duration of treatment compared with 81% of the WL group (OR 2.3; P < .05).

Conclusions: 

Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital can be used to detect and monitor demineralization and plaque during orthodontics. Oral hygiene reinforcement at consecutive appointments using WL or QLF images as visual aids is effective in reducing plaque coverage. In terms of clinical benefits, QLF and WL images are of similar effectiveness; however, patients preferred the QLF images.
An Inverse Relationship Between Age of Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Complication Risk and Mortality: The Impact of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Al-Saeed Abdulghani H. , Constantino Maria I. , Molyneaux Lynda , D’Souza Mario , Limacher-Gisler Franziska , Luo Connie , Wu Ted , Twigg Stephen M. , Yue Dennis K. , Wong Jencia
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the prevalence of complications in 354 patients with T2DM diagnosed between 15 and 30 years of age (T2DM15–30) with that in a duration-matched cohort of 1,062 patients diagnosed between 40 and 50 years (T2DM40–50). It also examined standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) according to diabetes age of onset in 15,238 patients covering a wider age-of-onset range.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Complication status was assessed according to a standard protocol and extracted from our electronic database. Survival status was ascertained by data linkage with the Australian National Death Index. SMRs were calculated in comparison with the background Australian population and analyzed according to age of onset.

RESULTS

After matching for duration, despite their younger age, T2DM15–30 had more severe albuminuria (P = 0.004) and neuropathy scores (P = 0.003). T2DM15–30 were as commonly affected by metabolic syndrome factors as T2DM40–50 but less frequently treated for hypertension and dyslipidemia (P < 0.0001). An inverse relationship between age of diabetes onset and SMR was seen, which was the highest for T2DM15–30 (3.4 [95% CI 2.7–4.2]). SMR plots adjusting for duration show that for those with T2DM15–30, SMR is the highest at any chronological age, with a peak SMR of more than 6 in early midlife. In contrast, mortality for older-onset groups approximates that of the background population.

CONCLUSIONS

The negative effect of diabetes on morbidity and mortality is greatest for those diagnosed at a young age compared with T2DM of usual onset. These results highlight the growing imperative to direct attention toward young-onset T2DM and for effective interventions to be applied before middle age.
Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Mu-Hong , Lan Wen-Hsuan , Hsu Ju-Wei , Huang Kai-Lin , Su Tung-Ping , Li Cheng-Ta , Lin Wei-Chen , Tsai Chia-Fen , Tsai Shih-Jen , Lee Ying-Chiao , Chen Ying-Sheue , Pan Tai-Long , Chang Wen-Han , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Bai Ya-Mei
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

Studies have suggested the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)–related risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. However, the association between ASD and type 2 DM remains unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for enrolling 6,122 adolescents and young adults with ASD and 24,488 age- and sex-matched control subjects between 2002 and 2009 and monitored them until the end of 2011. Participants who developed type 2 DM during the follow-up period were identified.

RESULTS

Adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] 2.71 [95% CI 1.64–4.48]) and young adults (HR 5.31 [95% CI 2.85–9.90]) with ASD had a higher risk of developing type 2 DM than those without ASD, after adjustment for demographic data, atypical antipsychotics use, and medical comorbidities. Sensitivity analyses after excluding first year (HR 3.03 [95% CI 2.03–4.51]) and first 3-year (HR 2.62 [95% CI 1.62–4.23]) observation periods were consistent. Short-term (HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.20–3.23]) and long-term (HR 1.64 [95% CI 1.02–2.63]) use of atypical antipsychotics were associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent type 2 DM.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents and young adults with ASD were more likely to develop type 2 DM during the follow-up. In addition, those with ASD using atypical antipsychotics exhibited a high risk. Therefore, further research is necessary to investigate the common pathophysiology of ASD and type 2 DM.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Hypoglycemia-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Recovery in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Inkster Berit E. , Zammitt Nicola N. , Ritchie Stuart J. , Deary Ian J. , Morrison Ian , Frier Brian M.
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain whether hypoglycemia in association with sleep deprivation causes greater cognitive dysfunction than hypoglycemia alone and protracts cognitive recovery after normoglycemia is restored.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Fourteen adults with type 1 diabetes underwent a hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic clamp on two separate occasions. Before one glucose clamp, the participants stayed awake overnight to induce sleep deprivation. Participants were randomized and counterbalanced to the experimental condition. Cognitive function tests were performed before and during hypoglycemia and for 90 min after restoration of normoglycemia.

RESULTS

Cognitive impairment during hypoglycemia did not differ significantly between the sleep-deprived and non–sleep-deprived conditions. However, in the sleep-deprived state, digit symbol substitution scores and choice reaction times were significantly poorer during recovery (P < 0.001) and hypoglycemia symptom scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001), even when symptoms that may have been caused by sleep deprivation, such as tiredness, were removed.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypoglycemia per se produced a significant decrement in cognitive function; coexisting sleep deprivation did not have an additive effect. However, after restoration of normoglycemia, preceding sleep deprivation was associated with persistence of hypoglycemic symptoms and greater and more prolonged cognitive dysfunction during the recovery period.
Selecting Expertise in Context
Authors: Wilhelm Anne Garrison , Chen I-Chien , Smith Thomas M. , Frank Kenneth A.
Published: March 2016

Given prior research indicating that teachers can learn through their social network interactions with colleagues, it is important to understand more about the choices teachers make about whom to go to for advice. In this study, we investigated the degree to which middle school mathematics teachers change from whom they seek advice when confronting new teaching standards and external accountability pressures (e.g., standardized tests). We found that colleagues’ ability to improve student achievement was significantly related to advice seeking. In particular, teachers were more likely to seek new advice from colleagues who were better at improving student achievement. In contrast, relative differences in other types of expertise were not associated with advice seeking.
A Post Publication Review of "Tragedy: Facebook, Aboriginal Peoples and Suicide"
Authors: McKinley Amber Cheri , Ritchie David , Burmeister Oliver Kisalay
Published: March 2016

A short post publication review of a recent AJIS paper.
Practical Implementation of Stability Bracing Strength and Stiffness Guidelines for Steel I-Girder Bridges
Authors: Coletti Domenic A. , Grubb Michael A.
Published: March 2016

Traditionally, cross frames for straight steel I-girder bridges have been designed with consideration of little more than wind loads and criteria for individual member slenderness. While this practice has usually resulted in acceptable designs, the lack of quantification of design loads has been disconcerting to some engineers, and some have questioned if this practice is sufficient. Recent research has advanced the state of the art in bridge engineering, particularly in the area of cross-frame design. NCHRP Report 725 provides key insights and practical guidance for the analysis of straight steel I-girder bridges with moderately to significantly skewed supports, specifically in the area of calculation of cross-frame forces; this work recommends the use of refined structural analysis methods for these bridges, which directly calculate the forces in individual cross-frame members. Meanwhile, research by Yura and Helwig has produced guidelines for assessing the minimum strength and stiffness requirements for bracing members such as the cross frames of straight steel I-girder bridges with little or no skew, for which simplified line-girder analysis methods, which do not produce any assessment of cross-frame member forces, are commonly used. However, specific guidance is lacking with regard to practical implementation of these guidelines within the context of composite steel I-girder bridge design performed under the provisions of the AASHTO load and resistance factor design specifications for bridge design. This paper recommends appropriate load factors and load combinations for use with these guidelines and provides a discussion of recommendations for their implementation in positive- and negative-moment regions of multiple-span continuous steel I-girder bridges.