bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidental detection of breast cancer by 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CT in women suffering from neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Amthauer H. , Denecke T. , Steffen I. , Heuck F. , Stelter L. , Ruf J. , Elgeti F.
Published: October 2008

Aim: Somatostatin receptor (sstr) imaging using 68Ga- DOTATOC-PET/CT in neuroendocrine tumors (NET) is promising, suggesting a more sensitive detection of lesions with a low sstr-expression. This is also important for other sstr positive tumors, especially breast cancer whose incidence and age-range is similar to that of NET. Patients, methods: The PET/CT data of 33 consecutive women with NET (age: 33–78 years, mean 59) who underwent whole-body staging with 68Ga-DOTATOC was retrospectively analyzed for breast lesions. The data was read separately, side-byside and as fused images. Focal tracer uptake in the breast was semiquantitatively analyzed by comparing the lesional SUVmax to normal breast tissue using Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Breast cancer lesions were compared visually to concomitant NET- lesions. Results: In six of 33 patients (18%) breast lesions were observed on the CT-scans and classified in four patients (12%) as suspicious. The same lesions also showed a pathological tracer uptake on the corresponding PET-scan, visually and semiquantitatively (p<0.01). Histological reevaluation of the suspicious lesions revealed two patients with NET metastases. Two patients had primary breast cancer with lower tracer uptake than concomitant abdominal NET-lesions. Breast cancer diagnosis resulted in a change of the therapeutic regimen. Conclusion: 68Ga- DOTATOC-PET/CT not only improves the staging of NET-patients, but also increases the chance to detect sstr-positive breast cancer. Although these lesions may show a lower tracer uptake than NET, they must not be overlooked or misinterpreted as metastases. Further imaging and clarification by histopathology is warranted, as the confirmation of a secondary malignoma has great impact on further therapeutic proceedings.
Interactions between brain, psyche and thyroid
Authors: Huff W. , Dietlein M. , Kobe C. , Schicha H. , Schmidt M.
Published: October 2008

Interactions between brain, psyche and thyroid are known from historical descriptions of thyroidectomy (Kocher) and hyperthyroidism. However, their importance is often underscored in clinical routine. Thyroid hormone deficiency during pregnancy may result in irreversible mental retardation and requires levothyroxine substitution. TSH screening after delivery must identify newborns with congenital hypothyroidism: An early levothyroxine substitution and long term therapy control are required.

Hypothyroidism and depression have many symptoms in common. Cognitive deficits and depressive states are often found in overt hypothyroidism, psychotic derangements are rare. Levothyroxine improves hypothyroid symptoms and mental performance, mood and motivation. Psychic symptoms of hyperthyroidism include agitation, irritability, mood disturbances, hyperactivity, anxiousness and even panic attacks. Manic and delusional states are rare. In geriatric patients hyperthyroidism may be oligosymptomatic. In psychiatric patients more frequent but unspecific disturbances of thyroid laboratory values being reversible without specific therapy have to be distinguished from rather rare but causative organic thyroid diseases with therapeutic consequences. Some psychiatric drugs influence thyroid laboratory results. Hypothyroidism in depressive patients is a negative prognostic parameter and requires therapy. Psychiatric symptoms associated with hypothyroidism are usually reversible under levothyroxine within 4–8 weeks. The standard for hypothyroidism is mono-levothyroxine therapy.
FDG-PET in Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Dietlein M. , Mauz-Körholz C. , Engert A. , Borchmann P. , Sabri O. , Schober O. , Schicha H. , Kluge R. , Kobe C.
Published: October 2008

The high negative predictive value of FDG-PET in therapy control of Hodgkin lymphoma is proven by the data acquired up to now. Thus, the analysis of the HD15 trial has shown that consolidation radiotherapy might be omitted in PET negative patients after effective chemotherapy. Further response adapted therapy guided by PET seems to be a promising approach in reducing the toxicity for patients undergoing chemotherapy. The criteria used for the PET interpretation have been standardized by the German study groups for Hodgkin lymphoma patients and will be reevaluated in the current studies.
Contaminant
Authors: Pike Steve
Published: October 2008

For Contaminant, Steve Pike designed and crafted a structure of Monitor Cells and Monitor Vessels that set out ‘to apprehend and develop locally present microbes’. Proving to be a significant investigation into the monitoring capability and responsiveness of the structure, the installation also exemplified an emergent, morphological aesthetic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growing Semi‐Living Structures: Concepts and Practices for the Use of Tissue Technologies for Non‐Medical Purposes
Authors: Catts Oron , Zurr Ionat
Published: October 2008

For over a decade, artist/researchers Oron Catts and Ionat Zurr have led the Tissue Culture and Art Project (TC&A), hosted in SymbioticA ‐ The Centre of Excellence in Biological Arts, the School of Anatomy and Human Biology at the University of Western Australia. It has provided a unique context for their explorations, enabling them to pioneer new ways of growing tissue for artistic purposes outside the ethical strictures of medical laboratories, while also subverting and questioning scientific tools and techniques. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designer Surgeons
Authors: Cruz Marcos
Published: October 2008

The advances of ever more complex visualisation and 3‐D modelling techniques in medicine have brought a new emphasis to surgery in which the surgeon's role has become more concerned with design than reconstruction, as the aesthetic of the finished human product becomes the main focus and reason for surgery. Marcos Cruz looks at some art projects that have questioned and extended this application of surgery and design, as well as asking what the implications are for architecture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Cloning Clinic
Authors: Haines Nicola
Published: October 2008

Human cloning is positioned at the edge of the real and the imaginary, proving the extreme scenario for the possible and the acceptable. Here, Nicola Haines' proposal for a human cloning clinic situated in the Arsenale in Venice goes beyond traditional modes of representation, suggesting new codes and thus a new drawing language that combines scientific with architectural data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bodies without Organs ‐ BwO
Authors: Roche François
Published: October 2008

François Roche of R&Sie(n) advocates a means in which biological effects in architecture can go ‘beyond the realm of physiological transfers’. Introducing new spatial relationships, they surpass being a mere ‘“green” alibi’ and have the potential to transform architectural and urban space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uto‐Purification
Authors: Sugawara Yukihiko
Published: October 2008

Yukihiko Sugawara envisions a new dynamic process for transforming derelict post‐industrial sites into a fertile natural habitat. Human waste is applied sequentially and the indigenous ecosystem is reorganised as a catalyst for the newly verdant environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Living Buildings
Authors: Watts Bill , Affleck Sean
Published: October 2008

Plants and buildings may not naturally assimilate, but as Bill Watts of Max Fordham Consulting Engineers and Sean Affleck of Make Architects explain there are many benefits to their integration. Here they describe the two projects that they are collaborating on ‐ Algae Tower, and Thorpe Park in Leeds ‐ that harness the positives of vegetative growth. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designer Materials for Architecture
Authors: Armstrong Rachel
Published: October 2008

The advent of nanotechnology enables us to scrutinise biological particles and processes at a scale never realised before. Rachel Armstrong looks at nanoparticles' relationship to biological processes and the subsequent implications for the development of new responsive materials for architectural design. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design for Debate
Authors: Dunne Anthony
Published: October 2008

Advances in biotechnology shift not only the potential skill and knowledge set required of designers, but also, as Anthony Dunne explains, the thinking about applications to ethics, as the wider implications of working methods and products have a more far‐reaching impact on society. Dunne asked his students at the Royal College of Art in London to respond to this forthcoming challenge by coming up with some pertinent ‘what if’ scenarios. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethics, Architecture and Little Soft Machinery
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: October 2008

Through his drawings and narrative, Neil Spiller evokes a cybernetic world of reflexive spaces and symbolism. Here he explains how the breaking down of the boundaries between landscape and architecture, and a focus on biotechnology and ethics, allows him to straddle the real and the possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building Integrated Food Production
Authors: Yeang Ken , Guerra Michael
Published: October 2008

Ken Yeang combines forces with Michael Guerra, author of The Edible Container Gardener, to make the compelling case for the integration of space and facilities for food production in new and refurbished buildings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kalmar Museum of Art
Authors: Hebb Timothy Tore
Published: October 2008

Timothy Tore Hebb describes a new intervention by Tham & Videgård Hansson (TVH) in the medieval city of Kalmar in southeast Sweden. He describes how the ‘black box’ form of the museum is a metaphor for the contemporary situation while also responding innovatively to its historic setting. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new look at optimal control of a batch crystallizer
Authors: Corriou Jean‐Pierre , Rohani Sohrab
Published: October 2008

The dynamic optimization of batch crystallizers has been widely studied. A simplified method of optimization inspired from nonlinear model predictive control with a receding horizon is introduced and tested on many different objective functions with various constraints. The proposed optimization method with a receding horizon gives excellent results with no noticeable difference from those obtained by rigorous dynamic optimization and is well adapted to online dynamic optimization. Two different crystallizer models are compared. It is shown that the dynamic optimization problem is constituted of several subproblems related to the constraints on the crystallizer temperature, on the concentration compared to the metastable concentration or on the final moments. Finally, the authors propose simple online control algorithms that result in quasi‐optimal temperature profiles provided that the type and sequence of arcs have been previously determined. This method is well adapted to industrial situations. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Batch‐to‐batch control of characteristic points on the PSD in experimental emulsion polymerization
Authors: Dokucu Mustafa T. , Doyle Francis J.
Published: October 2008

An integrated batch‐to‐batch and in‐batch control algorithm to regulate the endpoint particle size distribution (PSD) in an experimental semibatch emulsion copolymerization reactor is presented. Partial least squares (PLS) models of the process are utilized in a model predictive control (MPC) framework to regulate the PSD. The high dimensionality of the PSD is reduced through the use of a new approach, where the heights and positions of the characteristic points on the distribution are used to represent the whole distribution. This approach enables one to shift control priorities on the positions of the modes of a distribution with respect to the heights of the modes as well as efficiently reducing the dimensionality of the problem. The proposed algorithm is first tested on the simulation of the plant and showed success in regulating the PSD both in set point changes and against persistent disturbances. The experimental validation of the algorithm included two case studies where the controller was found to be effective. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Lack of association of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism,5‐HTTLPR, includingrs25531with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption
Authors: Rasmussen Henrik , Bagger Yu , Tanko Laszlo B. , Christiansen Claus , Werge Thomas
Published: October 2008

We addressed the question whether5‐HTTLPR, a variable number of tandem repeats located in the 5′ end of the serotonin transporter gene, is associated with smoking or alcohol consumption. Samples of DNA from 1,365 elderly women with a mean age of 69.2 years were genotyped for this polymorphism using a procedure, which allowed the simultaneous determination of variation in the number of repeat units and single nucleotide changes, including the A > G variation atrs25531for discrimination between the LAand LGalleles. Qualitative and quantitative information on the women's current and previous consumption of cigarettes and alcohol were obtained using a questionnaire. Genotypes were classified according to allele size, that is, S and L with 14 and 16 repeat units, respectively, and on a functional basis by amalgamation of the LGand S alleles. Data were subjected to regression analyses. These analyses revealedPvalues for associations between5‐HTTLPRgenotype and alcohol and cigarette consumption in the range from 0.15 to 0.92. On adjustment for age and educational level, significance for the associations of5‐HTTLPRwith the smoking and alcohol consumption measures was not reached. We conclude that5‐HTTLPRis not an important determinant of smoking behavior and alcohol consumption in elderly women. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contact in the Andes: Bioarchaeology of systemic stress in colonial Mórrope, Peru
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Tam Manuel E.
Published: October 2008

The biocultural interchange between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres beginning in the late fifteenth century initiated an unprecedented adaptive transition for Native Americans. This article presents findings from the initial population biological study of contact in the Central Andes of Peru using human skeletal remains. We test the hypothesis that as a consequence of Spanish colonization, the indigenous Mochica population of Mórrope on the north coast of Peru experienced elevated systemic biological stress. Using multivariate statistical methods, we examine childhood stress reflected in the prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasias and porotic hyperostosis, femoral growth velocity, and terminal adult stature. Nonspecific periosteal infection prevalence and D30+/D5+ratio estimations of female fertility characterized adult systemic stress. Compared to the late pre‐Hispanic population, statistically significant patterns of increased porotic hyperostosis and periosteal inflammation, subadult growth faltering, and depressed female fertility indicate elevated postcontact stress among both children and adults in Mórrope. Terminal adult stature was unchanged. A significant decrease in linear enamel hypoplasia prevalence may not indicate improved health, but reflect effects of high‐mortality epidemic disease. Various lines of physiological, archaeological, and ethnohistoric evidence point to specific socioeconomic and microenvironmental factors that shaped these outcomes, but the effects of postcontact population aggregation in this colonial town likely played a fundamental role in increased morbidity. These results inform a model of postcontact coastal Andean health outcomes on local and regional scales and contribute to expanding understandings of the diversity of indigenous biological variation in the postcontact Western Hemisphere. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic admixture, self‐reported ethnicity, self‐estimated admixture, and skin pigmentation among Hispanics and Native Americans
Authors: Klimentidis Yann C. , Miller Geoffrey F. , Shriver Mark D.
Published: October 2008

The relationship between ethnicity and biology is of interest to anthropologists, biomedical scientists, and historians in understanding how human groups are constructed. Ethnic self‐identification in recently admixed groups such as Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans (NA) is likely to be complex due to the heterogeneity in individual admixture proportions and social environments within these groups. This study examines the relationships between self‐identified ethnicity, self‐estimated admixture proportions, skin pigmentation, and genetic marker estimated admixture proportions. These measures were assessed using questionnaires, skin color measurements, and genotyping of a panel of 76 ancestry informative markers, among 170 Hispanics and NAs from New Mexico, a state known for its complex history of interactions between people of NA and European (EU) ancestry. Results reveal that NAs underestimate their degree of EU admixture, and that Hispanics underestimate their degree of NA admixture. Within Hispanics, genetic‐marker estimated admixture is better predicted by forehead skin pigmentation than by self‐estimated admixture. We also find that Hispanic individuals self‐identified as “half‐White, half Hispanic” and “Spanish” have lower levels of NA admixture than those self‐identified as “Mexican” and “Mexican American.” Such results highlight the interplay between culture and biology in how individuals identify and view themselves, and have implications for how ethnicity and disease risk are assessed in a medical setting. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method to assess the sensitivity of sedimentary communities to fishing activities
Authors: Tyler‐Walters Harvey , Rogers Stuart I. , Marshall Charlotte E. , Hiscock Keith
Published: October 2008

Methods of sensitivity assessment to identify species and habitats in need of management or protection have been available since the 1970s.

The approach to sensitivity assessment adopted by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) assumes that the sensitivity of a community or biotope is dependent on the species within it. However, the application of this approach to sedimentary communities, especially offshore, is complex because of a lack of knowledge of the structural or functional role of many sedimentary species.

This paper describes a method to assess the overall sensitivity of sedimentary communities, based on the intolerance and recoverability of component species to physical disturbance. A range of methods were applied to identify the best combinations of abundant, dominant or high biomass species for the assessment of sensitivity in the sedimentary communities examined.

Results showed that reporting the most frequent species' sensitivity assessment, irrespective of the four methods used to select species, consistently underestimated the total sensitivity of the community. In contrast, reporting the most sensitive assessment from those species selected resulted in a range of biotope sensitivities from very low to very high, that was better able to discriminate between the sensitivities of the communities examined.

The assumptions behind the methodology, its limitations and potential application are discussed.

© Crown copyright 2008. Reproduced with permission of Her majesty's stationery office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of fish assemblages on coral reefs subjected to different management regimes in the Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil
Authors: Francini‐Filho Ronaldo Bastos , de Moura Rodrigo Leão
Published: October 2008

Marine protected areas (MPAs) range from multiple‐use areas (MUA) to absolute no‐take reserves (NTR). Despite their importance for fisheries management, there are few long‐term studies comparing benefits from different types of MPAs within the same region.

Fish assemblages were monitored for five years (2001–2005) in the largest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, Brazil). Monitoring included one community‐based MUA, two NTRs (one established in 1983 and another in 2001), and one unprotected area. Benthic assemblages at these areas, as well as fish assemblages on unprotected deeper reefs (25–35 m), were monitored from 2003 onwards.

Habitat characteristics strongly influenced fish assemblages' structure. This, together with the lack of data from before establishment of the MPAs, did not allow an unequivocal analysis of the effects of the MPAs.

Biomass of commercially important fish, particularly small carnivores, was higher in the older NTR. Biomass of black grouper Mycteroperca bonaci increased by 30‐fold inside NTRs during the study period, while remaining consistently low elsewhere.

A single herbivore species, the parrotfish Scarus trispinosus, dominated fish assemblages (28.3% of total biomass). Biomass of this species increased in 2002 on the younger NTR and on the MUA, soon after establishment of the former and banning of the parrotfish fishery in the latter. This increase was followed by a decline from 2003 onwards, after increased poaching and reopening of the parrotfish fishery.

Fish biomass increased in 2002 across the entire region. This increase was stronger in sites closer to deeper reefs, where fish biomass was up to 30‐times higher than shallow reefs: movement of fish from deeper to shallower areas may have played a role.

The effective use of MPAs in the Abrolhos Bank is still dependent on adequate enforcement and the protection of critical habitats such as deep reefs and mangroves.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Movements of fur seals following relocation from fish farms
Authors: Robinson S. , Gales R. , Terauds A. , Greenwood M.
Published: October 2008

The movement patterns of Australian and New Zealand fur seals trapped on salmon farms in south‐east Tasmania and relocated hundreds of kilometres away, were monitored using satellite telemetry. Australian fur seals released 470 km away by sea returned to farms after an average of 8.5±4.4 days (n=9 trips) and those released at 140 km returned after 3.2±0.8 days (n=4 trips). New Zealand fur seals (n=5 trips) averaged a return time of 6.8±1.2 days from 300 km.

When in south‐east Tasmania, both seal species undertook short trips to sea (mean 2.6 days) from haul‐out sites (minimum distance from farms 21 km) with 33% (1.8 days) of this time spent within 5 km of farms. Mean haul‐out duration was 1.1 days.

In summer, Australian fur seals repeatedly travelled between northern Bass Strait islands and southern Tasmanian waters following the Tasmanian east coast. Seals did not visit farms during this time.

Southern Tasmanian waters are important foraging grounds for fur seals and potential exists for a substantial number of seals to visit nearby fish farms. Farms provide predictable food resources from penned and escaped salmon, and wild fish attracted to the area.

Australian fur seals trapped at Tasmanian salmon farms regularly visited breeding colonies on islands in Victoria.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reproductive ecology of exotic Trachemys scripta elegans in an invaded area of southern Europe
Authors: Perez‐Santigosa Natividad , Díaz‐Paniagua Carmen , Hidalgo‐Vila Judith
Published: October 2008

The main reproductive parameters of exotic Trachemys scripta elegans in established populations from two ponds in southern Spain are described.

Females were found to reproduce at 5 years of age, although sexually mature individuals of 4 and 3 years of age were also detected. Annual reproductive frequency was estimated to be 80–86% of reproductive females. Mean clutch size was 11.5 eggs and was not correlated with maternal body size.

The number of follicles of different size in ovaries suggested that four or more clutches could be laid per season. Eggs were laid from April to June (inclusive) mainly during morning hours, when females were easily detected during nesting trips. 79.5% of eggs were fertile.

Reproductive parameters of this species in southern Spain were of similar or even higher values than in native areas, thus placing them among chelonian species of earlier maturity.

Although chelonians might never be considered explosive breeders, the number of T. s. elegans individuals could surpass that of native aquatic chelonians in southern Spain, where T. s. elegans reach maturity earlier, are more fecund and their eggs are more fertile.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Foot and Ankle Immobilization on Leg and Thigh Muscles' Volume and Morphology: A Case Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Grosset Jean‐François , Onambele‐Pearson Gladys
Published: October 2008

Our aim was to determine the time course of any changes in muscle volume and shape in the lower limbs following immobilization. A healthy young woman (29 years) had suffered a fracture of the fifth metatarsal of the right foot. MRI scanning of her right thigh and calf muscles had been performed 1 month before the injury (Pre) during a scan initially planned as a teaching tool, 2 days following a 4‐week immobilization period (Post), and after a 2‐month recovery period (Post+2). The results show muscle volume decrements in the triceps surae (TS), quadriceps (Quad), and hamstring (Ham) of 21.9%, 24.1%, and 6.5%, respectively, between the Pre and Post measurements. At Post+2, the Quad and TS muscle volumes were still 5.2% and 9.5% lower, compared with the Pre data. The Ham muscle volume, however, was 2.7% greater than at the Pre phase. Following recovery, the increase in individual TS muscles volume was limited to both proximal and medial (with respect to the knee joint) segments of the muscles. These results indicate very substantial and rapid losses in muscle volumes, both proximally and distally to the immobilization site. The results also show that recovery is far from complete up to 2 months post cast removal. The results have implications for the requirements for rehabilitation for orthopedic patients. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the Subcutaneous Lymph Vascular Network of the Human Leg in Relation to the Great Saphenous Vein
Authors: Schacht Vivien , Luedemann Wolf , Abels Christoph , Berens von Rautenfeld Dirk
Published: October 2008

The anatomical relationship between lymphatic collectors and veins is of clinical importance for preventing lymphedema secondary to lymphatic collector injury during surgical procedures. To identify areas at risk during surgical interventions, we performed an anatomical study of human legs. The lymphatic collectors of 42 legs of human cadavers were injected with Berlin Blue solution or contrast medium. After fixation, the collectors were dissected and their distances from the great saphenous vein were determined. We found that the lymphatic collectors on the dorsum of the foot ran in close parallel with the corium, whereas in the groin a greater number of lymphatic collectors clustered around the great saphenous vein. The ventromedial bundle that drains into the superficial inguinal nodes included 5–20 lymphatic collectors. The average width of the ventromedial bundle varied between 116 mm at the middle of the lower leg and 32 mm at the groin. Our study cannot confirm the previous observation of a bottleneck of the ventromedial bundle occurring at the knee, but does support the finding of an elongated bottleneck at the thigh and groin draining into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, the idea of one sentinel lymph node for a specific region of the leg is not supported by these data. These observations will help surgeons to plan incisions and dissections with respect to lymphatic collectors, thereby minimizing damage to them and reducing complications resulting from unnecessary lymphatic excisions. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bimodal Oscillation Frequencies of Blood Flow in the Inflammatory Colon Microcirculation
Authors: Tsuda Akira , Turhan Aslihan , Konerding Moritz , Ravnic Dino , Hanidziar Dusan , Lin Miao , Mentzer Steven J.
Published: October 2008

Rhythmic changes in blood flow direction have been described in the mucosal plexus of mice with acute colitis. In this report, we studied mice with acute colitis induced either by dextran sodium sulfate or by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Both forms of colitis were associated with blood flow oscillations as documented by fluorescence intravital videomicroscopy. The complex oscillation patterns suggested more than one mechanism for these changes in blood flow. By tracking fluorescent nanoparticles in the inflamed mucosal plexus, we identified two forms of blood flow oscillations within the inflammatory mouse colon. Stable oscillations were associated with a base frequency of approximately 2 cycles/sec. Velocity measurements in the upstream and downstream vessel segments indicated that stable oscillations were the result of regional flow occlusion within the mucosal plexus. In contrast, metastable oscillations demonstrated a lower frequency (0.2–0.4 cycles/sec) and appeared to be the result of flow dynamics in vessels linked by the bridging mucosal vessels. These blood flow oscillations were not directly associated with cardiopulmonary movement. We conclude that both the stable and metasable oscillating patterns reflect flow adaptations to inflammatory changes in the mucosal plexus. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of Islet Graft Survival Using a 3.0‐Tesla Magnetic Resonance Scanner
Authors: Jiao Yang , Peng Zhi‐Hai , Xing Tong‐Hai , Qin Jie , Zhong Cui‐Ping
Published: October 2008

Some studies have recently described a magnetic resonance (MR) method for detection of iron‐labeled islets transplanted into the liver. The aim of this work was to assess the survival of islet graft using a clinical 3.0‐T scanner. Islets from Lewis rats were cultured in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. One thousand iron‐labeled islets were transplanted into the portal vein of diabetic rats. Blood glucose levels were measured daily through day 14 post‐transplantation. MR imaging of the same section of the liver was performed on 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days post‐transplantation. The labeled islets were visualized by MR as distinct hypointensive spots distributed in the liver. There was a linear correlation between the relative value of delta R relaxometry multiplied by the cubic diameter (relative value of the iron volume, Ir) and blood glucose level on 14 days post‐transplantation in allograft and isograft (P < 0.05). The relative value of delta R relaxometry, diameter, and number of hypointensive spots could be calculated to assess the survival of the iron‐labeled islet grafts. Assessment of iron‐labeled islet grafts using a clinical 3.0‐T magnetic resonance scanner represents a useful method that has potential for clinical use. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Automated Self‐Similarity Analysis of the Pulmonary Tree of the Sprague–Dawley Rat
Authors: Einstein Daniel R. , Neradilak Blazej , Pollisar Nayak , Minard Kevin R. , Wallis Chris , Fanucchi Michelle , Carson James P. , Kuprat Andrew P. , Kabilan Senthil , Jacob Richard E. , Corley Richard A.
Published: October 2008

We present the results of an automated analysis of the morphometry of the pulmonary airway trees of the Sprague–Dawley rat. Our work is motivated by a need to inform lower‐dimensional mathematical models to prescribe realistic boundary conditions for multiscale hybrid models of rat lung mechanics. Silicone casts were made from three age‐matched, male Sprague–Dawley rats, immersed in a gel containing a contrast agent and subsequently imaged with magnetic resonance (MR). From a segmentation of this data, we extracted a connected graph, representing the airway centerline. Segment statistics (lengths and diameters) were derived from this graph. To validate this MR imaging/digital analysis method, airway segment measurements were compared with nearly 1,000 measurements collected by hand using an optical microscope from one of the rat lung casts. To evaluate the reproducibility of the MR imaging/digital analysis method, two lung casts were each imaged three times with randomized orientations in the MR bore. Diameters and lengths of randomly selected airways were compared among each of the repeated imaging datasets to estimate the variability. Finally, we analyzed the morphometry of the airway tree by assembling individual airway segments into structures that span multiple generations, which we call branches. We show that branches not segments are the fundamental repeating unit in the rat lung and develop simple mathematical relationships describing these structures for the entire lung. Our analysis shows that airway diameters and lengths have both a deterministic and stochastic character. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Requirement of TCTG(G/C) Direct Repeats and Overlapping GATA Site for Maintaining the Cardiac‐Specific Expression of Cardiac troponin T in Developing and Adult Mice
Authors: Harlan Shannon M. , Reiter Rebecca S. , Sigmund Curt D. , Lin Jenny Li‐Chun , Lin Jim Jung‐Ching
Published: October 2008

The cardiac‐specific −497 bp promoter of rat cardiac troponin T (cTnT) contains two similar modules, D and F, each of which possesses TCTG(G/C) direct repeats and A/T‐rich sites. To identify cis‐elements critical for cardiac specificity, a −249 bp promoter containing only module F and its site‐directed mutations were used to generate transgenic mice. Transgene expression of the −249 bp promoter remained cardiac‐specific, despite low and nonuniform expression. The nonuniform expression pattern of the transgene coincided with differential expression of HMGB1, which appeared to be the predominant form of HMGB family proteins in the heart. The HMGB1 binds to the A/T‐rich/MEF2‐like sites of the cTnT promoter, as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Mice carrying the −249 bp promoter with point mutations disrupting the direct repeats expressed transgene at lower levels in the heart and ectopically in the brain. Ectopic expression of transgene was also observed in developing limbs and head. These results suggest an important role for the direct repeat in determining the cardiac specificity. Furthermore, mice carrying a mutant promoter simultaneously disrupting the direct repeats and overlapping GATA site failed to express the transgene in any tissues tested. Therefore, the direct repeat and overlapping GATA site are critical for the expression level and cardiac specificity. The F module controls one level of cardiac specificity. For a uniform and high level of cardiac‐specific expression, the upstream element (−497 to −250 bp) is further required, possibly through the D enhancer module and the combination of Nkx2.5 and GATA sites. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Phylogenetic Significance of Anthropoid Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Rossie James B.
Published: October 2008

In this study, the phylogenetic significance of anthropoid paranasal sinus anatomy is explored. New information reported in recent years has precipitated new hypotheses of sinus homology and more than doubled the number of anthropoid genera for which confident assessments of sinus identity can be made. As a result, it is likely that the phylogenetic meaning of commonly cited characters such as the ethmoid and frontal sinuses will change. The traditional method of “character mapping” is employed to test hypotheses of sinus homology and to reconstruct the ancestral states for sinus characters in major anthropoid clades. Results show that most sinuses appear to be primitive retentions in anthropoids, with their absences in various genera representing losses. Accordingly, many of these sinuses are potential anthropoid synapomorphies. Anat Rec, 291:1485–1498, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric Oxide and the Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Lundberg Jon O.
Published: October 2008

The discovery within the paranasal sinuses for the production of nitric oxide (NO) has altered the traditional explanations of sinus physiology. This review article reports the ongoing investigation of sinus physiology beginning with the discovery of NO gas production in the paranasal sinuses that occurred in 1995, and the impact that finding has had both in the basic science and clinical arenas. It was shown that healthy paranasal sinus epithelium expresses an inducible NO synthase that continuously generates large amounts of NO, a pluripotent gaseous messenger with potent vasodilating, and antimicrobial activity. This NO can be measured noninvasively in nasally exhaled breath. The role of NO in the sinuses is likely to enhance local host defense mechanisms via direct inhibition of pathogen growth and stimulation of mucociliary activity. The NO concentration in a healthy sinus exceeds those that are needed for antibacterial effects in vitro. In patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and in cystic fibrosis, nasal NO is extremely low. This defect NO generation likely contributes to the great susceptibility to chronic sinusitis in these patients. In addition, the low‐nasal NO is of diagnostic value especially in PCD, where nasal NO is very low or absent. Intriguingly, NO gas from the nose and sinuses is inhaled with every breath and reaches the lungs in a more diluted form to enhance pulmonary oxygen uptake via local vasodilation. In this sense NO may be regarded as an “aerocrine” hormone that is produced in the nose and sinuses and transported to a distal site of action with every inhalation. Anat Rec, 291:1479–1484, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Morphogenetic Model of Cranial Pneumatization Based on the Invasive Tissue Hypothesis
Authors: Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Weissmann John D.
Published: October 2008

The interpretation of patterns of cranial pneumatization in terms of evolution, development, and function is controversial, because these structures exhibit extreme diversity and variability among and within taxa. However, there is general consensus that air‐filled spaces are formed by invasion of mucous epithelial tissue from the nasopharyngeal cavity into the surrounding cranial bones. This investigation presents a morphogenetic model of pneumatization, which combines empirical data about epithelial growth with physical concepts of surface growth. The study develops a model that defines growth equations with a minimum number of system parameters to simulate the invasion of mucous tissue and air‐filled spaces into the cancellous compartment of cranial bones. Computer simulations show that tuning a small set of model parameters permits generation of a wide diversity of morphologies mimicking natural air‐filled spaces. Comparison of virtual with actual morphologies yields new insights into possible factors controlling the process of cranial pneumatization. Anat Rec, 291:1446–1454, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Independence of Biomechanical Forces and Craniofacial Pneumatization in Cebus
Authors: Rae Todd C. , Koppe Thomas
Published: October 2008

Several different factors have been hypothesized as explanations of variation in primate paranasal sinus size. Biomechanical forces, particularly those associated with mastication, are frequently evoked to account for differences in primate craniofacial pneumatization. To test whether masticatory stresses are responsible for maxillary sinus volume diversity, two platyrrhine species of the genus Cebus (C. apella and C. albifrons) were examined. The former has been identified as a hard object feeder, and many morphological differences between the two species are attributable to differences in the mechanical properties of their respective diets. Sinus volumes were derived from serial coronal CT scans of the crania of adults. Several external cranial measurements were used to scale sinus volume relative to the size of the face. Relative measures of maxillary sinus volume were compared using standard statistical techniques. In all comparisons, the two capuchin species do not differ from one another significantly at P < 0.05. Thus, this “natural experiment” fails to support the interpretation that biomechanical forces acting on the facial skeleton substantially affect the degree of paranasal pneumatization in primates. This result suggests that it is unlikely that the maxillary sinus performs any function in relation to masticatory stress; other factors must be responsible for the variation in sinus volume among primates. Anat Rec, 291:1414–1419, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Paranasal Sinuses: The Last Frontier in Craniofacial Biology
Authors: Márquez Samuel
Published: October 2008

This special issue of the Anatomical Record explores the presence and diversity of paranasal sinuses in distinct vertebrate groups. The following topics are addressed in particular: dinosaur physiology; development; physiology; adaptation; imaging; and primate systematics. A variety of approaches and techniques are used to examine and characterize the diversity of paranasal sinus pneumatization in a wide spectrum of vertebrates. These range from dissection to histology, from plain X‐rays to computer tomography, from comparative anatomy to natural experimental settings, from mathematical computation to computer model simulation, and 2D to 3D reconstructions. The articles in this issue are a combination of literature review and new, hypothesis‐driven anatomical research that highlights the complexities of paranasal sinus growth and development; ontogenetic and disease processes; physiology; paleontology; primate systematics; and human evolution. The issue incorporates a wide variety of vertebrates, encompassing a period of over 65 million years, in an effort to offer insight into the diversity of the paranasal sinus complexes through time and space, and thereby providing a greater understanding and appreciation of these special spaces within the cranium. Anat Rec, 291:1350–1361, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cessation of Reproduction‐Related Spine Elongation After Multiple Breeding Cycles in Female Naked Mole‐Rats
Authors: Dengler‐Crish Christine M. , Catania Kenneth C.
Published: October 2008

The breeding female or “queen” naked mole‐rat has a uniquely elongated body morphology attributed to the lengthening of the lumbar vertebral column that occurs during pregnancy. It is unknown whether this vertebral growth is a continuous process, or associated only with early reproductive experience. We compared pregnancy‐related bone elongation in nascent primiparous queens and established queens to determine if this vertebral expansion was a lifelong process in these females. We also investigated the impact of lactation on vertebral elongation in these mole‐rats because it is known to be a time of significant bone loss in other mammals. Our data show that after eight or more pregnancies, established queens no longer experienced a net gain in lumbar spine length over the reproductive cycle, whereas the nascent breeders demonstrated significant spine lengthening over this time. Despite the lack of net spine lengthening in established breeders, our results indicated that these queens still experienced some pregnancy‐specific vertebral elongation. In naked mole‐rats, pregnancy‐induced bone elongation may serve the dual purposes of first lengthening the spine, and then once optimal spine size is achieved, serving as a homeostatic mechanism that prepares the spine for the mineral demands of lactation. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Paranasal Air Sinuses of Predatory and Armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and Their Contribution to Cephalic Structure
Authors: Witmer Lawrence M. , Ridgely Ryan C.
Published: October 2008

The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians Majungasaurus and Tyrannosaurus and the ankylosaurian ornithischians Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Their extant archosaurian outgroups, birds and crocodilians (exemplified by ostrich and alligator), display a diversity of paranasal sinuses, yet they share only a single homologous antorbital sinus, which in birds has an important subsidiary diverticulum, the suborbital sinus. Both of the theropods had a large antorbital sinus that pneumatized many of the facial and palatal bones as well as a birdlike suborbital sinus. Given that the suborbital sinus interleaves with jaw muscles, the paranasal sinuses of at least some theropods (including birds) were actively ventilated rather than being dead‐air spaces. Although many ankylosaurians have been thought to have had extensive paranasal sinuses, most of the snout is instead (and surprisingly) often occupied by a highly convoluted airway. Digital segmentation, coupled with 3D visualization and analysis, allows the positions of the sinuses to be viewed in place within both the skull and the head and then measured volumetrically. These quantitative data allow the first reliable estimates of dinosaur head mass and an assessment of the potential savings in mass afforded by the sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1362–1388, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Untersuchungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Verbindungen und Anschlüssen bei Luftdichtheitsschichten mittels Klebemassen und Klebebändern
Authors: Cammerer Johannes , Ackermann Thomas , Spitzner Martin H.
Published: October 2008

Die Ausbildung der luftdichten Gebäudehülle erfordert in vielen Fällen das Verkleben von luftdichten Bahnen untereinander und mit angrenzenden Bauteilen. Planungs‐ und Ausführungsempfehlungen für die Herstellung der Luftdichtheit von Gebäuden unter Verwendung von Luftdichtheitsschichten und Klebemitteln sind in DIN 4108‐7 beschrieben, wobei die Leistungsfähigkeit der Klebeverbindungen nicht bekannt ist.

Zur Untersuchung der Haltbarkeit von Verklebungen kurz nach der Verarbeitung und zur Untersuchung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Klebeverbindungen wurden Luftdichtheitssysteme ausgesucht, die von Herstellern als Kombinationen aus Luftdichtheitsbahnen und Klebemitteln angeboten werden. Die Schälwiderstände dieser Klebeverbindungen wurden nach unterschiedlichen Konditionierungen und nach beschleunigten Alterungen geprüft. Ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren prüft auch die Auswirkungen von Scherkräften auf die Klebeverbindungen.

Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen deutliche Unterschiede der ermittelten Schäl‐ und Scherkräfte zwischen den Produktkombinationen Klebemasse/Luftdichtheitsbahn der verschiedenen Hersteller. Der Einfluss der unterschiedlichen künstlichen Alterungen auf die Schälkräfte einer Produktkombination stellte sich dagegen als geringfügig heraus, wodurch eine zuverlässigere Beurteilung künstlicher Alterungsmethoden ermöglicht wird.