bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instructional System Design for Aircrew Training
Authors: Johnson Steven L. , Buckenmaier Chester C. , Sugarman Robert C.
Published: January 2012

The use of a systems approach in the development of training programs is a relatively new innovation. This paper describes the methodology and output of the Instructional System Development (ISD) for the four crewmembers of the B-1 air vehicle. One of the most important attributes of the ISD approach is that only performance requirements necessary for completion of the mission are of importance. From the ensemble of these performance requirements and the entering skills and knowledges, the training objectives are identified. Subsequent to the determining of the skills and knowledges for which training is necessary, the objectives (criteria) that the student must meet and the conditions under which they will be accomplished, are specified. Tests are developed to measure the trainee's accomplishment of these criterion objectives. The methods and media considered for the instructional system are quite diverse. The simulation technology of importance to the B-1 training program includes not only complex flight and procedural trainers, but also electronic warfare simulators. The end product of the ISD effort is an efficient training program that is mission oriented rather than training for training's sake.
Man Machine Interactive Imaging and Data Processing Using High Speed Digital Mass Storage
Authors: Alsberg H. , Nathan R.
Published: January 2012

The role of vision in teleoperation has been recognized as an important element in the man-machine control loop. In most applications of remote manipulation, direct vision cannot be used. To overcome this handicap, the human operator's control capabilities are augmented by a “tele”-vision system. This medium provides a practical and useful link between workspace and the control station from which the operator performs his tasks.

The function of the video system is to reproduce the original scenes in pictorial form. Systematic errors in terms of photometry, resolution, geometry and perhaps color can be removed by decalibration procedures. Human performance deteriorates when the images are degraded as a result of instrumental and transmission limitations. Recovering images from various degradation effects is commonly referred to as restoration. Image enhancement is used to bring out selected qualities in a picture to increase the perception of the observer.

At the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) of JPL, we employ a general purpose digital computer (IBM 360/44) utilizing an extensive special purpose software system (VICAR) to perform an almost unlimited repertoire of processing operations. This approach has proven to be most flexible, versatile and suitable for experimental work.

Guided by the experience of the IPL and the recent advances in LSI technology, we are reporting on special hardwired algorithms which have speeded up the processing by several orders of magnitude. Although quantum limited imaging was made possible by noise removal and contrast enhancement as part of a development in electron microscopy, these methods and experiences are transferrable to other teleoperator applications. The processing and enhancement of images are controlled by the operator/scientist matching his perceptual needs to optimally adjust the instrument. Central to the near real time image processing is a high speed digital solid state mass memory operating at input/output speeds compatible with standard TV rates. Thus, the operator, as the most important link in the loop, is provided with a real time interactive display which enables him to perceive the remote workspace as required to execute remote manipulation tasks.
Boating Operator Performance Stressors
Authors: Clarke Robert M. , Miller James M.
Published: January 2012

Mechanical shock, heat stress, motion sickness, vibration, noise and alcohol effects on man were studied for their potential safety ramifications in small boat operations. The mechanical shock, vibration, noise and heat stressors were found to be the hazards in the small boat environment which could be the subject of immediate remedial actions. The minimum limits of intensity and/or duration of exposure necessary to cause either physiological or psychological decrement are suggested for these latter three stressors based on the limited research in the area. Needed, additional areas for research are outlined.
Effects of Lens Color on Target Visibility for Air-Sea Rescue
Authors: MacLeod S. , Hilgendorf R. L. , Searle R. G.
Published: January 2012

Visual detection of life rafts in the sea presents a difficult task which might be aided by use of appropriate sunglasses designed to reduce glare and atmospheric attenuation while enhancing target-to-background contrast. To evaluate this possibility, target acquisition performance associated with the following types of sunglass lenses was compared with that of the unaided eye: Hazemaster, Oakley Doc, Cosmetan and N-15.

A circular 1:1000 scale terrain model was used to simulate an air-sea rescue operation under conditions of relatively low daylight illumination. Observers searched for targets while making simulated banking turns. Performance measures were response time and number of targets found. Results showed the Oakley Doc to be the best and the Cosmetan to be the worst of the lens alternatives. However, no filter was found to be superior to the unaided eye. The data agree with recent target acquisition studies in showing no advantage for yellow sunglass lenses. The results are also consistent with the assumption that supposed enhancement properties of colored lenses may well be offset by losses in light transmission associated with their use.
Human Factors Role in Equipment Definition and Facility Layout for the Space Computational Center and the Norad Computer System Improvement Program
Authors: Van Arsdel John H.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of the 427M Improvement Program is to replace and update the computer, communications, and display facility used to support the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) and the Aerospace Defense Command in accomplishing their assigned missions, through 1980.

The interface between the human operators and the several complete computer systems of the Space Computational Center (SCC) and NORAD is the Interactive Display Console. The SCC/NCS (NORAD Computer System) Graphic Display Console must meet specific Air Force readability, look-angle, accessibility, and maintenance requirements, as well as the restrictive space, weight, and power requirements. Both the SCC and NCS display presentations require extensive use of display vectors to construct maps and backgrounds in addition to presenting the data. The problems of legibility require evaluating the advantages of stroke-generation techniques over the raster-scan technology in producing straight, clearly defined vectors. Also, the system requires a highly reliable, modularly expandable, high-throughput system which would apply to both the SCC and NCS man/machine interface requirements. To effectively maintain the display console hardware, it should be identical for both the SCC and NCS segments; however, the segments must be addressable for different functional operations and displayed information. Thus the operational parameters were assigned to software programs.

Functions of the SCC include space catalog maintenance, space sensor system status, space weapons support, system control and support, programming support, and personnel subsystem support. To perform these functions within the allowable time constraints, a highly automated and highly interactive computer system is needed.

The Human Factors role in console definition, man/computer interface considerations, and facility layout problems will be discussed in the paper.
Toward a Criterion of Training Device Acceptance
Authors: Mackie Robert R.
Published: January 2012

A composite criterion of training device acceptance was developed on the basis of users' ratings of: 10 simulation factors; the felt importance of each simulation factor; 12 effectiveness and convenience factors; the relative number of positive statements volunteered about each trainer to a series of open-end questions; and two objective measures of actual trainer usage.

Sixteen training devices were classified as having “high”, “moderate,” or “low” acceptance on the basis of this composite criterion. Various design features found to be common to trainers in these three categories are then examined. Certain characteristics of the users themselves, and the manner in which the trainer is used, are also related to the level of acceptance. The significant role of a “trainer advocate” in enhancing trainer acceptance is emphasized.
A Human Factors Evaluation of the American Kitchen
Authors: Hoag LaVerne L. , Van Dyke Robert H.
Published: January 2012

Kitchen design is evaluated using counter space, counter location and counter height as the criteria. A survey of apartment kitchens showed that designers generally follow the guidelines for total counter space, but the allocation of counter space to the different work centers makes the designs inadequate. An experimental study shows that the standard 36 high counter surface is not at the correct height for many kitchen tasks and a simple, economical design for adjustable cabinets is presented.
A Monte Carlo Algorithm for Workplace Optimization and Layout Planning - Wolap
Authors: Rabideau Gerald F. , Luk Rickie H.
Published: January 2012

In this paper, a computer algorithm for the design and optimization of workplace layout is presented. Known as WOLAP ( Workplace Optimization and LAyout Planning), this algorithm attempts to include many, if not all, relevant human factors variables and design-constraining factors, and it utilizes a unified Monte Carlo approach.

The results obtained to date with WOLAP appear to be as valid and accurate as those obtained with other promising approaches. One obvious advantage of WOLAP is that many quantitatively optimized solutions can be obtained at the same time. This permits designers to consider and evaluate various mathematically optimal alternatives against any pertinent qualitative criteria, e.g. human engineering principles of arrangement, to come up with the best possible and technically feasible design in a relatively short time. Currently, WOLAP is capable of handling up to thirty instrument-components. Its program and data can easily be handled by most small computers.
Commercial Motor Carrier Driver Hazards
Authors: Miller James M.
Published: January 2012

Pressures from new government legislation (OSHA), organized labor, government regulatory bodies and litigation are forcing designers to consider more carefully the driver's exposure to hazards. Noise, vibration, heat, carbon monoxide and fatigue are the performance stressors discussed. Safety considerations such as visibility workspace comfort, entry-exit and crash worthiness are also presented from the perspective of what standards, practices or information are available or required for truck and bus cab interior design.
Limited Vocabulary Natural Language Dialogue
Authors: Kelly Michael J.
Published: January 2012

Subjects cooperatively solved credible, realworld problems while communicating through a computer controlled teletype system and using three different sizes of available vocabulary in a simulation of a limited vocabulary natural language computer system. Although subjects sometimes exhibited frustration with the small vocabularies, analyses of 21 dependent measures indicated that they were able to interact and solve the problems about as successfully as did their counterparts who completed the same problems with no vocabulary restrictions. The results indicate that, at least for the kinds of problems tested here, it should be possible to develop a vocabulary of limited size which is still efficient to use in the type of interactive communication that might characterize natural language computer systems of the future.
Industrial Design Case History: Developing a Safer Gas Monitor
Authors: Bally Alexander
Published: January 2012

Developing an enclosure for a portable, industrial gas monitor began with observation of users. Analysis indicated that product form and method of auditory display may be directly related to user safety. Concepts of safety-enhancing forms were generated; a brief field simulation with mock-ups identified the final approach; auditory and compatible visual displays were devised. A final overview describes other design features of the product as it is being marketed today.
Criterion Referenced Measures of Technical Proficiency in Maintenance Activities
Authors: Foley John P.
Published: January 2012

The paper concerns instruments used in the determination of how effeciently maintenance men perform the various tasks of their jobs. Currently, a great deal of reliance is placed on unvalidated job-knowledge tests, theory tests, school marks, supervisors' ratings for such determination. This paper presents a composite of the results of many research and development efforts concerning the empirical validity of such instruments. These results indicate that these measurement instruments have low empirical validity. The limitations of traditional systems effectiveness measures are also discussed. Although job task performance tests (JTPT) have much higher empirical validity, such tests have had very limited use because of their relatively high costs in time, personnel and equipment. As a result of the foregoing findings, the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL) supported a series of efforts to develop better criterion referenced JTPT, and to attempt the development of paper and pencil symbolic substitute tests of high empirical validity. The paper describes the model battery of 48 criterion referenced JTPT, which has been developed to cover all key maintenance activities such as checkout, align/adjust, remove/replace, troubleshooting, test equipment and soldering. During this development many factors were considered including the identification and classification of tasks to be measured, the hierarchal relationship of maintenance tasks, the most effective order of their measurement and the ease of test administration. This battery was developed as a model of JTPT to be used on the job and in training. It was also intended as a battery of criterion tests for the validation of paper and pencil symbolic substitute tests. Batteries of graphic and video symbolic substitute tests were developed and given limited validations. The validation of graphic symbolic substitute tests indicated that the symbolics for all activities, with the exception of soldering, have promise. The paper discusses the requirements for additional refinement and validation for the various graphic tests. An unsuccessful effort to develop video symbolic substitute tests is also mentioned. Suggestions are made for the application of criterion referenced JTPT for the improvement of maintenance efficiency.
Three-Dimensional Profiles of Movements of Human Body Joint Centers
Authors: Deivanayagam S. , Ayoub M.M. , Kennedy Kenneth
Published: January 2012

Certain results of an experimental ingestigation on motion profiles, in three-dimensional space for various body landmarks while the hand moves from one location to another are presented here. Grip, wrist, elbow and shoulder joint centers were of primary consideration for this study. A photogrammetric technique was adopted to record the movement and to extract the required information later. Seven subjects participated and 30 movements were performed by each of them under three different seat configurations and six controller locations. This research was initiated for the purpose of developing computer models in aircraft cockpits.
Ergonomics and Standards
Authors: Metz Bernard G.
Published: January 2012

After recalling the 1973 IEA Symposium “ergonomics and standards”, the constitution and scope of ISO/TC 159 “ergonomics” are outlined. Some features of the work of this technical committee and of its sub-committees are commented: financial problems, scientific problems, ethical problems. Particular caution is suggested for producing standards related to optimal or permissible values of factors or effects in man-equipment-environment systems. At all events, ergonomics standards are not self-evident; their proper use requires an adequate understanding of ergonomical concepts, criteria and methods on the side of designers, producers, consumers, social partners and policy-makers.
Integrating Human Factors Models into Statistical Quality Control
Authors: Drury C. G.
Published: January 2012

Recent progress in the Statistical Quality Control field has led to the design of Sampling plans which do not assume perfect inspection. Simple methods now exist for analyzing the effect of inspector error on the operating characteristic (OC) curve of a plan and further for re-designing the plan so that a predetermined OC curve is obtained.

However, the usual assumption made about human inspection error is that it is constant. Many studies show that Type 1 and Type 2 inspector error change systematically with many variables such as input quality, complexity of item inspected, type of fault, standards, individual differences, etc. This paper develops a methodology for including an explicit human inspector model into the sampling plan design. A particular model integrating visual search and decision making (proposed earlier by the author) is used to demonstrate the feasibility of including explicit human inspector data in the design process.

The applications of this model to single and double sampling plans are discussed, together with evidence for the validity of the model under laboratory and field conditions.
The Influence of Forearm and Wrist Orientation on Static Grip Strength as a Design Criterion for Hand Tools
Authors: Terrell Robert , Purswell Jerry L.
Published: January 2012

The amount of force required to use a hand tool and its relationship to the user's capacity to exert this force is a critical design criterion of hand tools, often affecting the immediate safety of the tool user and the propensity of the tool to cause injury to the user with long-term use. Because the wrist is often placed in deviated positions, the available data on grip strength with an undeviated wrist configuration may not be applicable to the design of many hand tools. This study demonstrates the decreases in grip strength due to wrist deviations and forearm rotation. The position of maximal static grip strength is the neutral wrist with a supinated forearm. Decrements from the neutral position for wrist flexion, hyperextension, radial flexion and ulnar flexion are 30%, 22%, 18% and 15%, respectively. The pronated forearm allows only 87% of the strength of the supinated forearm, and the differences between the supinated and the midposition forearm are not significant.
Operator-Oriented Evaluation Methods for Medical Emergency Radio Systems
Authors: Schiro S. G. , Drury C. G.
Published: January 2012

Ambulance to hospital radio communications systems are becoming increasingly part of the emergency health care delivery system. Their aim is to forewarn the hospital emergency department of patient arrival and to make possible medical input whilst the patient is being transported. An evaluation of one such system is reported.

Reliability of the communications equipment was found to improve to a high level after an initial “shake down” period, both in terms of component and human reliabilty. Thus, the major evaluation effort was at the human/system interface. Evaluation methods included testing knowledge of use of radio operators, recordi and analysis of radio messages and detailed observation of the time history of emergency department operations by physician-observers.

Observation of almost 400 emergency ambulance runs showed that the emergency departments were usually well prepared, although this was not always perceived by the ambulance staff. One third of all radio calls from ambulance to hospital were answered by non-medical staff. On 70% of all calls the ambulance staff was judged to have provided adequate information on the patient.

The knowledge of use test showed that training programs need revision. There were significant differences between (a) types of ambulance companies (Hospital Based, Commercial, Volunteer, etc.), (b) frequency of use levels of the radio, and (c) age levels of ambulance personnel. More frequent radio users and younger personnel scored more highly.

Recommendations for changes included eliminating non-emergency use of the radio, removing particular areas of local poor reception, institution of planned check-out and back-up procedures for radio equipment and changes in the radio layout within vehicles and hospitals.
Physician Error and the Malpractice Problem
Authors: Rudov Melvin H.
Published: January 2012

From experiences as the Director of Research of the Secretary's Commission on Medical Malpractice, and from the results of a study he is performing in conjunction with the Anesthesia Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, the author is reporting on the emergence of a major need for the ergonomist to direct his attention to physician performance problems. Nine problem areas are described, and examples of the types of errors that are occurring are presented. It is suggested that one of the major ways of alleviating the current medical malpractice crisis is by reducing the number of errors that physicians make.
Mental Load in Clerical Work
Authors: Udris Ivars , Barth Hansruedi
Published: January 2012

In the domain of clerical work increasing rationalization and automatization have caused conditions with tayloristic attributes, analogous to industrial work. Therefore it is required to do increased research work on the conditions of work load and on psychological strain in clerical work. The subject of the present study was the measurement of subjective strain (mental load) and the judgement of the work load (occupational strain) by two methods of self description. 120 clerks in two administrative branches were investigated. The results indicate some clues for an evaluation of attributes of mental overload and underload connected with “repetitive” vs. “non repetitive” clerical work.
Causal Factors in Select Work Accidents: Investigation of Worker Fatalities
Authors: Cohen H. Harvey
Published: January 2012

As part of a NIOSH project dealing with causal factors in select work accidents, a collection of worker fatality case studies is described. Although only eight worker deaths have been analyzed thus far, certain general trends implicating human factors deficiencies are emerging. Three case reports are presented which illustrate four frequently observed problems: (1) inadequate or lacking hazard protection, (2) inadequate employee safety training in hazard recognition and avoidance, (3) inadequate employee supervision, and (4) lack or violation of specific safety rules and job procedures. The need for in-depth accident investigations for better understanding accident etiology is discussed.
The Application of Ergonomics in the Design of a Computer Console for Emergency Services: A Case Study
Authors: Wood John
Published: January 2012

A detailed case-study is presented of the systematic application of ergonomics to the design of computerized workstations. These workstations, for handling emergency calls, incorporate radio and telephone equipment as well as computer displays and keyboards. The use of systems analysis techniques, the preparation of performance specifications; the design and use of ergonomic rigs and the running of trials for evaluation of prototypes are discussed.
The Development of a Portable Non-Invasive System for Analysing Human Movement
Authors: O'Brien C. , Paradise M.G.A.
Published: January 2012

In the study of human movements, subjects are usually constrained by trailing wires or by having to remain within the field of view of a camera or other optical device. This paper describes the development of a fully portable system which allows the subject to move about quite freely in carrying out their normal daily activities. Compact straingauge electrical transducers are used to detect postural changes and to measure angular displacements at joints. The output from these transducers are fed into a battery operated miniature cassette tape recorder worn by the subject.

The cassette tapes, which have a recording capacity of several hours, are played back at high speed and the output fed directly into a computer for analysis. In addition to data on angular displacements, velocities and accelerations associated with particular movements, statistical information can be obtained about a person's movement and posture throughout the day.
Rapid Adjustment of Circadian Rhythms in Shift Worker of an Oil Refinery
Authors: Reinberg Alain , Vieux Norbert , Laporte Antoine , Ghata Jean , Migraine Colette
Published: January 2012

Some subjects (selected shift-workers) are able to rapidly adjust (within 1 or 2 days) the timing of their physiological circadian rhythms to changes of work-rest schedule in the 24 h scale. In shift workers, able to adjust quickly, the rapid rotation of shifts (3-4 days) seems to be well tolerated from a chronophysiological point of view. This fact has to be kept in mind since, socially as well as psychologically the rapid rotation is preferred to the conventional weekly shift.
Effects of Simultaneous Dynamic and Static Work on Heart-Rate and Oxygen Consumption
Authors: Legars M. , Sanchez J. , Dutta S. , Monod H.
Published: January 2012

To this day, the cardiac and energetic costs of simultaneous static and dynamic muscular tasks have not been extensively studied. This paper deals with the repercussions on heart-rate and oxygen consumption of experimental muscular tasks characterized by simultaneous dynamic and static components. The results demonstrate that the cost of the double tasks, for the two parameters studied, is not additive but multiplicative. These conclusions are compared with existing studies, and their ergonomic applications underlined.
An Evaluation of EMG of the Frontalis Muscle as an Indicator of Change of Workload — A Pilot Study
Authors: Cochran David J. , Maddali Ganesh
Published: January 2012

Evaluation of a person's overall physical effort has traditionally been performed by measuring such easily quantifiable parameters as heart rate and oxygen consumption. Electromyography of a particular muscle, while being an acknowledged indicator of the amount of effort of that muscle, may not necessarily be an indicator of overall physical effort. Research conducted in recent years tends to show that mild stress changes were reflected in the EMG of the frontalis. This study is an attempt at seeking a relationship between the EMG of the frontalis and the workload. Heart rate and frontalis EMG were recorded at three different rates of work. Results indicate that the relationship between workload and heart rate is significant, while that between workload and frontalis EMG is not significant.
A Heart Rate Index for Assessing Heat Stress
Authors: Dayal Deepak , Ramsey Jerry D.
Published: January 2012

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop an index capable of assessing the magnitude of heat stress imposed on young heat acclimatized men exposed to variable work, climatic conditions, and clothing properties. In order to achieve this objective, two different heat stress indices were developed and evaluated based upon two separate biophysical models. For your heat acclimatized men subjected to hot environmental conditions, one of these biophysical models predicts the heart rate, while the other predicts the rectal temperature response. The predicted physiological responses obtained from these models were then used separately to derive the two heat stress indices. The heat stress indices were tested experimentally, and also by using data generated by other investigators. Based on test results, the index derived from the heart rate predictive model (Heart Rate Index) has been recommended.
The Relationship between Integrated EMG and Oxygen Uptake during Treadmill and Bicycle Exercise
Authors: Fukunaga T. , Yuasa K. , Kobayashi M. , Miyagawa T. , Fujimatsu H. , Asahina K.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study is to measure the integrated EMG in relation to the oxygen uptake during submaximal treadmill and bicycle exercises. Seven healthy adult subjects performed five minute exercise at three different submaximal work intensities on the same day. The EMG activity in right thigh and leg muscles was measured from m. rectus femoris, m. biceps femoris, m. tibialis anterior and m. gastrocnemius by means of four pairs of surface electrodes sealed with collodion to the skin at a distance of 3 cm apart over the belly of muscles. The EMG activity was not likely modified by the possible fatigue during 5 minutes submaximal exercise in this experiment. In the treadmill walking, there was a rectilinear relationship between integrated EMG activity from four muscle groups and percent of VO2max. On the bicycle exercise the correlation coefficient between them was generally lower than that on the treadmill walking. The product of integrated EMG and volume of the same muscle groups was considerably linearly related to oxygen uptake during treadmill and bicycle exercise (the correlation coefficient was 0.945, p < 0.001 in treadmill and 0.710, p < 0.001 in bicycle).
Training Spatial Skills for Air-Traffic Control
Authors: Schneider Walter , Vidulich Michael , Yeh Yei-Yu
Published: January 2012

Guidelines for microprocessor based skill trainers are presented. A training program for air traffic control (ATC) of rendezvous for inflight refueling is described. The program seeks to optimize practice for developing automatic component skills. The program sequences the trainee through 10 stages to develop spatial skills for ATC. The resulting training program can develop fast, accurate, and reliable performance on the individual components with only a few hours' training per component. The proposed approach is contrasted with current training methods. The general applicability of the guidelines to microprocessor based skill trainers is described.
An Empirical Investigation of Ergonomics in the International Retail Workstations
Authors: Hoffman Mark S.
Published: January 2012

A study as conducted to assess the impact of the International regulations on throughput in retail checkout workstations using “state-of-the-art” POS (Point Of Sale) equipment. Productivity measures were derived for the various workstation configurations recommended in the German guidelines as well as those designed from empirical sources. A cross-validation of these data to performances from domestic workstations was made to assess the potential impact of similar ergonomic standardization in the United States.
Human Aspects of Office Filing: Implications for the Electronic Office
Authors: Cole I.
Published: January 2012

The report summarises a survey of thirty office filing systems, and the factors which influence information storage and retrieval behaviour. Factors fall into three categories: information characteristics, dealing with features of information received; information organisation, which characterises users' access requirements; and conceptual considerations, which address the interaction of users' cognitive processes with externally stored information.
Analysis of Occupant Thermal Comfort Questions Arising from Designing Buildings to Satisfy the City of Seattle Energy Code
Authors: Emery A.F. , Heerwagen D.R. , Kippenhan C.F.
Published: January 2012

How the building envelope may affect occupant thermal comfort has been investigated. Alternative envelopes for a high-rise office building, which were chosen to comply with the City of Seattle Energy Conservation Code, were employed. The thermal comfortability of the resulting office settings was studied using the simulation program OFFICE which employs the Fanger Comfort Equation.
Human Factors Dimensions in the Evolution of Increasingly Automated Control Rooms for Near-Earth Satellites
Authors: Mitchell Christine M.
Published: January 2012

NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center provides both the control and ground support for all of NASA's unmanned near-earth satellites and the communications for manned missions (e.g., the space shuttle). Recently, Goddard has become very concerned with the human factors aspects of their current and proposed command and control environments, particularly those which are being considered for increased application of automation. This paper describes current activities as well as proposed research.
Rural Road Delineation at Night: The Influence of Road-Side Post Location and Frequency on Curve Direction Estimates
Authors: Triggs T. J. , Meehan J. W. , Harris W. G.
Published: January 2012

Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of road-side posts in providing long term delineation information. In order to explore the role of this type of cue further, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different road-post configurations on the judgements of curve direction by subjects. Specifically, the effect of positioning posts on the inside only, outside only, or both sides of the curve and the influence of post frequency along the road were examined. A range of road contours and distances to the commencement of curves were included in the experimental stimuli. Static views of rural road scenes were presented to subjects in a laboratory situation, and on each trial they were required to make speeded judgements of whether a right-hand or left-hand curve was presented. The results showed that road-side posts provide significantly better information if they are presented on the outside rather than the inside of the curve. Overall, posts on both sides of the road did not result in faster judgements than posts only on the outside of the curve. Subjects performed better in the higher-frequency post condition than in the lower frequency condition, but there was no marked interaction between the post frequency and post location variables. The findings have implications for the cost-benefits of rural road delineation schemes.
Training Effectiveness Analysis: Where the Operator Meets the Equipment
Authors: Maitland Anthony J.
Published: January 2012

A Training Effectiveness Analysis (TEA) was performed during the preparation for the final operational testing of the M1 (ABRAMS) Main Battle Tank. The results of the analysis of the training program for tank operators are discussed to illustrate the usefulness of TEA in the developmental process of Army training programs.
Of Designers, Artists and Human Engineers: Interactive Microcomputer Graphics as Design Aids
Authors: Blake Tyler
Published: January 2012

This interactive session focuses on the user interface problems found in popular graphic systems designed for microcomputers, and discusses their utility for several computer-aided design tasks.
Visual/Perceptual Aspects of an F-4G Accident
Authors: Kellogg Robert S.
Published: January 2012

This paper is the result of the author's participation in the investigation of an F-4G accident which occurred during a Red Flag (tactical warfare) exercise. The aircraft crashed in an area which was strongly suggestive of visual/ perceptual problems. Investigation of the crash site revealed that the terrain potential for visual/perceptual misinterpretation was clearly present. The incident is discussed in the light of low level, high speed flight.
Methodology and the Use of Dual and Complex-Task Paradigms in Human Factors Research
Authors: Ackerman Phillip L. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: January 2012

Two problem situations are discussed with respect to the multiple task literature, one stemming from statistical artifacts derived by inappropriate data-analytic procedures and the other caused by a failure to utilize specific models which map theory into data-level descriptions. These issues are discussed as they apply to individual differences research and to investigations of cognitive processes, resources, and systems in multiple task performance. Examples and illustrations of these issues are provided.
A Human Factors Research Program for Underground Metal and Non-Metal Mines
Authors: Helander Martin G. , Peay James M.
Published: January 2012

To identify human factors problems, unstructured interviews were performed with mine management, safety personnel, and mine workers. Altogether about 100 persons were interviewed at nine mine locations and work activities in each mine were inspected. Seventy-seven human factors problems were identified. A questionnaire was used to prioritize the research issues. It was evaluated by human factors mining experts, MSHA (Mining Safety and Health Authority) inspectors, mine management personnel, and mine safety personnel. Eighteen issues for research were selected for further research.
Predictive Relationships for Cab Dimensioning in Low-Coal Mining Machines
Authors: Cooksey Ray W. , Hartley Craig S. , Burks J. Alton
Published: January 2012

A system of predictive relationships is presented to assist designers in laying out operator workspaces for underground low-coal mining machines. The low-coal mining environment (less than 1.22m (48 in.) seam height) imposes a unique set of constraints on design which must be addressed if operator safety and comfort are to be maintained. User population, cab dimensions, operator posture and seating, visibility, machine vibration, and control/display locations are all areas of vital importance to the design of a properly dimensioned low-coal operators cab. Several of these issues were evaluated using two-dimensional 1/4 inch scale drawing board manikins. Parameters such as cab height, cab length, knee angles, seat pitch, backrest angles, foot angles, and foot control forces were systematically varied in drawing board layouts using 95th percentile male, 5th percentile male, and 5th percentile female manikins. Linear and quadratic regression equations were then fitted to the plotted points to produce a series of figures showing the predictive relationships among the various parameters. These figures can serve as valuable design aids for solving cab dimensioning problems in low-coal mining machines.
The Effect of Altitude on Absolute Hearing Threshold Levels
Authors: Mekjavic I. B. , Sinclair D. , Steele D. , Longridge N. S.
Published: January 2012

The present study investigates the effect of hypobaric environments on absolute hearing thresholds for pure tones at octave frequencies between 250 Hz and 8 kHz. Absolute hearing thresholds were obtained for ten subjects at ambient pressure (732 mmHg) and at an altitude of 6500 feet (582 mmHg), relative to the laboratory. Subjects were decompressed in a hypobaric chamber at a rate of 500 ft./min. and were subjected to the low pressure environment for one hour before being compressed to a normobaric environment, at a rate of 300 ft./min. Absolute hearing threshold levels obtained at altitude, after the one hour exposure to the hypobaric ambient and on descent to normobaric conditions, were compared with scores obtained prior to the hypobaric exposure.

In order to compare the frequency averaged threshold shifts at octave frequencies of 250 Hz, 500 Hz and 1 kHz, for the altitude and normobaric conditions, the audiometer was calibrated at ambient pressures of 732, 582 and 512 mmHg.

The results of the study indicate a slight increase in sensitivity of the audiometer headphones with altitude and an insignificant difference between the mean frequency averaged threshold shifts for the pre-exposure test and the three experimental conditions (at the onset of hypobaria, after a one hour exposure to the altitude and on descent to surface).
Evaluating Human-Computer Dialog Styles: Command vs. Form/Fill-in for Report Modification
Authors: Ogden William C. , Boyle James M.
Published: January 2012

This study compared three human-computer interface designs for a report modification task. The designs varied as a function of dialog style. One design represented a command dialog style, another design represented a form fill-in style, and the third design was a hybrid of the two styles. The performance of computer naive subjects was recorded as they used all three interface designs to make changes to the format of a computer generated tabular report. Results indicated that subjects performed better with and preferred to use the interface based on the form fill-in style. The conclusion was that a human-computer interface designed around a form fill-in dialog style will benefit naive computer users engaged in tasks like the report formatting task, which require the modification of a small set of parameters.
The Effect of Organization on Learning Menu Access
Authors: Liebelt Linda S. , McDonald James E. , Stone Jim D. , Karat John
Published: January 2012

This study examines whether different ways of organizing items in a menu produce differences in the menu's learnability. A paired associate learning paradigm was employed in which subjects were required to learn to associate a three-letter response with each target item (an exemplar of a natural category). Responses were structured hierarchically such that terminal clusters of items shared the first two letters of their responses. Two methods of structuring the items were compared: Organized and Random. In the Organized menus, the items in a terminal cluster were all members of the same natural category. In the Random menus, items were assigned to terminal clusters such that no two category exemplars appeared in the same cluster. The meaningfulness of the choice points in the Organized menus yielded faster and more accurate performance than was observed on the Random menus. Implications for the structuring of menu systems are discussed.
Subjective Workload Assessment in a Memory Update Task
Authors: Eggemeier F. Thomas , Crabtree Mark S. , Zingg Jennifer J. , Reid Gary B. , Shingledecker Clark A.
Published: January 2012

Twelve subjects performed a short-term memory task under several difficulty levels and rated the workload associated with each condition using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). SWAT ratings proved more sensitive than memory error to task difficulty variations in all but one of the most difficult memory conditions. Most importantly, SWAT ratings demonstrated their greatest relative sensitivity at the lowest levels of workload. The results are interpreted as supporting the applicability of SWAT as a sensitive workload index.
Computer System Response Time and Psychophysiological Stress II
Authors: Weiss Stuart Martin , Boggs George , Lehto Mark , Shodja Sogand , Martin David J.
Published: January 2012

With the advent of time-shared interactive systems, the psychological impact of system response time (SRT) and SRT variability (SRTV) has become an important issue. Carbonell, et. al. (1968) have suggested that both SRT and SRTV may influence system user performance and satisfaction. A number of studies have been reported that address this issue, but results have been mixed.

In this experiment, twenty subjects ( Ss) executed keyboard entries to control the temperature of a simulated industrial process via time-shared process control computer. Temperature was displayed in analog form on a CRT. The task was to maintain the temperature within upper and lower bounds that were clearly indicated on the display. The experimental design consisted of repeated measures with SRT and SRTV as experimental factors. Three SRT's were employed (2, 6 and 10 seconds) with two levels of SRTV (σ2 = 0 and σ2 = 0.33 seconds). Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored during experimental conditions. Task errors were defined as temperature excursions beyond the displayed bounds.

Significant main effects were not obtained for MBP or HR. Significant differences for error rate (performance) were noted for SRT ( F(2, 15) = 23.10, p < .05), subjects x SRT ( F37, 15) = 1.66, p < .001), and SRT x SRTV ( F(1, 15) = 13.14, p < .05). Error data are consistent with the Carbonell et. al. suggestion that long and variable SRT may affect user performance. The results are discussed in terms of their incongruity with current literature.
Color Your Computer Gray
Authors: Nelson Michael A.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a technique which may be used to expand the utility of microcomputer-generated visual imagery for the study of visual performance by permitting the display of gray shades. This capability is not usually available in microcomputers, and is highly desirable in order to present visual stimuli with contrast variation.
Integrating Human Factors into Product Development within Industry
Authors: Weiman Novia
Published: January 2012

Twenty years ago, when electronic instruments were simple to use, there was little interest in applying human factor principles to products. Now, however, as products become more complex because of increased capabilities, there is a real need for human factor specialists to play a key role in the design and final use of those products. This is especially true in electronic industry companies, where microprocessor chips have brought about more capability than a front panel can handle.
Facility Requirements for Cockpit Traffic Display Research
Authors: Chappell Sheryl L. , Kreifeldt John G.
Published: January 2012

There is a great deal of research being conducted on the efficacy of a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). The facilities used in this research vary from elaborate combinations of simulators to one piloted simulator with additional aircraft controlled by a person at a keyboard. This study examined the facility requirements to adequately research the implementation of CDTI's in terms of simulator fidelity and the number of CDTI-equipped simulators. The facility was used in two configurations. There were three air carrier simulator cabs and four general aviation (GA) pilots with continuous analog autopilot control. In the lower-fidelity configuration, there were two single-piloted simulator cabs and five GA aircraft controlled by one keyboard operator. The number of CDTI-equipped simulators was zero, two, or seven. All aircraft flew an instrument approach in terminal airspace under full control of an air traffic controller. Comparisons across conditions of simulator fidelity and the number of CDTI-equipped aircraft were made.

Differences were found due to the presence of a CDTI. With a CDTI in their aircraft, there were more pilot/controller communications, the variance of intercrossing times at the middle marker was greater, and GA pilots made more speed and altitude changes. The horizontal flight path was longer without CDTI. The number of communications went up as the number of CDTI-equipped aircraft increased. However, this was the only measure showing a difference due to the number of aircraft with CDTI. Measures showing a difference due to simulator type were: altitude and localizer error at the outer marker, intercrossing time at the outer and middle marker, horizontal path length, number of communications, aircraft separation violations, and GA pilots' speed, heading and altitude changes. Differences due to the facility simulation configuration were the number of GA pilot speed, heading and altitude changes and the aircraft intercrossing times at the outer and middle marker. The latter suggests a difference in the air traffic control of the simulators and may have an inplication in CDTI research.