bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to regulate access and benefit-sharing: Stakeholder insights on provider country legislation
Authors: Sirakaya Ays
Published: June 2019

The over-arching aim of the access and benefit-sharing (ABS) of genetic resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol is to enable fair distribution of benefits between the users (such as universities and biotech companies) and providers (such as biodiversity-rich countries) so as to both open the doors for innovation and create incentives for biodiversity conservation.

Access to genetic resources is crucial not only for research related to conservation of genetic resources, but essential to many different research disciplines in general. Therefore, access to genetic resources in general as well as benefit-sharing from that access is a key element of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15 Target 6 of the and in order to secure research as well as environmental sustainability and resource availability.

ABS is a rapidly developing and evolving field that is shaped by the implementation of the Parties. This means that the national implementation of the Parties determines how ABS goals are realised and how ABS principles find form within regulatory mechanisms. These principles are found in international legal documents such as the CBD as well as the Nagoya Protocol. Additionally, decisions and guidelines drafted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity shape these principles that are then to be fulfilled by the Parties when drafting their ABS laws by means of implementing these principles into their national legal systems.

This article reviews a portion of these national ABS laws, implemented by provider countries throughout the world with the aim of describing the different types of regulatory mechanisms provider countries use. This descriptive approach is then followed by an empirical comparative analysis through semi-structured stakeholder interviews in order to identify the most beneficial regulatory mechanisms according to ABS experts that belong in four different stakeholder groups (provider countries, academic users, industrial users and collections).
Improving The Documentation For End Users Of Living Atlases Around The World
Authors: Villaverde Cristina , Lecoq Marie-Elise , Martin David , Figueira Rui , Robertson Tim , García Katia Cezón , Pamerlon Sophie , Vignes Lebbe Régine
Published: June 2019

A Living Atlas is an informatics infrastructure that aggregates biodiversity data from multiple sources and makes it freely available and usable online. It is based on the Atlas of Living Australia platform and has been adopted since 2014 by numerous GBIF Nodes and other organizations to support integrated access and use of their national biological and environmental information. Its implementation at national level has been justified by the need to provide data services tailored to the specific needs of national users and communities at a level of detail not offered in international portals.

As all these countries and organizations share the same technology to make biodiversity data available, it makes perfect sense to synchronize efforts in producing documentation that can be useful for all of them. The Living Atlases Community has been working on improving the national atlases documentation for end-users during the last year. Efforts were focused in producing two video tutorials Fig. 1 about different components of the Atlas tools and practical online exercises about how to use these data portals. Resources are available in different languages so they can meet the needs of all users.

During this presentation, we will show the videos and make a demonstration of the documentation available. We will also present a draft roadmap for enhancing this important part of the community and collect inputs from participants in the symposium.
Snakes use microhabitats created by the great capricorn beetle Cerambyx cerdo in southwest Poland
Authors: Gottfried Iwona , Borczyk Bartosz , Gottfried Tomasz
Published: June 2019

Niche engineering is considered one of the most important interspecific interactions that shape ecosystems, but this kind of interaction network has not been sufficiently studied so far. Here we present the first observation of grass snake Natrixnatrix in the galleries of Cerambyxcerdo. We recorded three grass snake individuals basking and hiding inside the C.cerdo galleries. We suggest the presence of this beetle species may create new environmental niches and improve habitat quality for snakes and other vertebrates.
A new cryptic species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Eastern Amazon, revealed by integrative taxonomy
Authors: Guimarães Erick Cristofore , Silva de Brito Pâmella , Feitosa Leonardo Manir , Carvalho Costa Luis Fernando , Ottoni Felipe Polivanov
Published: June 2019

Hyphessobryconcarusp. nov.is described based on five different and independent methods of species delimitation, making the hypothesis of this new species supported by an integrative taxonomy perspective. This new species has a restricted distribution, occurring just in the upper Pindaré river drainage, Mearim river basin, Brazil. It is a member of the rosy tetra clade, which is characterized mainly by the presence of a dark brown or black blotch on dorsal fin and absence of a midlateral stripe on the body.Hyphessobryconcarusp. nov.is distinguished from the members of this clade mainly by the shape of its humeral spot, possessing few irregular inconspicuous vertically arranged chromatophores in the humeral region, or sometimes a very thin and inconspicuous humeral spot, and other characters related to teeth count, and color pattern. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the rosy tetra clade was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1. In addition, a new clade (here termedHyphessobryconmicropterusclade) within the rosy tetra clade is proposed based on molecular data, comprisingH.carusp. nov.,H.micropterus,H.piorskii, andH.simulatus, and withH.carusp. nov.andH.piorskiirecovered as sister species. Our results suggest cryptic speciation in the rosy tetra clade and, more specifically, in theH.micropterusclade. We recommend the use of integrative taxonomy for future taxonomic revisions and species descriptions when dealing with species complexes and groups containing possible cryptic species.
« Quand on a la terre sous l’ongle » : Le modelage dans le monde grec antiqueColloque international, 3-5 avril 2019, Aix-en-Provence.
Authors: Aurigny Hélène
Published: June 2019

Hélène AURIGNY (AMU, Centre Camille Jullian) et Laura ROHAUT (LabEx Archimède, Université de Montpellier) ont organisé les 3, 4 et 5 avril 2019 un colloque international sur le modelage de figurines dans le monde grec antique, qui s’est déroulé salle Duby à la Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme, 5 rue du Château de l’Horloge, 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France.
Policy Designing via System Dynamics
Authors: Şenaras Arzu Eren
Published: June 2019

This chapter aims to explain system dynamics approach. System dynamics approach was developed by Jay Forrester from MIT during the 1950s to analyze especially the complex behavior in administration with computer simulation in social sciences. System dynamics is a form of systems approach as a methodology to understand the dynamic behavior of complex systems. The basis of system dynamics is to understand how system structures cause system behavior and system events. System dynamics deals with how things change over time. Almost all are interested in how the past formed the present moment and how today's actions determine the future.
Accountability via Financial Disclosures
Authors: Ghoorah Ushi
Published: June 2019

Social economy sector (SES) organizations are dependent on their funders and, similar to non-profit organizations, are vulnerable to the risk of mission drift as well as to concerns about the extent to which they are accountable for their fund flows. This chapter explores the general public's perceptions of the relative importance of specific financial disclosures which the public believes SES organizations should publish as part of their provision of accountability. Using a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 400 Australian individuals, the chapter observes that the public perceives financial disclosures relating to sources of funds, mission-related expenses, and the financial sustainability of SES organizations as important. It is recommended that SES organizations cater to the general public's information needs as a way of improving their accountability, reducing information asymmetry, and eventually increasing general trust and confidence in their operations.
Social Accounting in the Social Economy
Authors: Lazcano Larraitz , San-Jose Leire , Retolaza Jose Luis
Published: June 2019

This chapter was based on one of the largest Spanish cooperative groups, which is part of the social economy sector (SES). Added value is a useful concept; however, after analyzing this case, the authors found that social accounting provides additional information about the social value that companies generate. Then, by applying social accounting complemented by a value-added statement, these companies belonging to the SES can quantify, monetize, and compare their social value and added value, and demonstrate their contribution to society. Social accounting is necessary to demonstrate and understand the value of social economy companies, since their value is not always fundamentally centered on commercial activity; at least not only. They can monitor their effort in terms of specific social values that are not part of the market. Because of this, their value is not reflected in traditional financial statements.
Circular Economy for India
Authors: Krishnamurthy Saravan , Fudurich Geoffrey , Rao Prakash
Published: June 2019

The stewardship of resources for the good of the people is an ancient concept in India, practiced by revered kingdoms. This chapter discusses the original ideals of stewardship and how colonization caused a deterioration of this philosophy in favor of materialistic wealth generation. Colonization followed by the development of an industrialized and capitalistic leaning in the economy brought wealth and increased consumption for Indian people and also created multiple waste-related issues. These issues require a drastic overhaul of waste management practices, with particular attention to industrial ecology. Modern stewardship by India's CSR community is essential to prevent further environmental degradation due to poor waste management practices. The circular economy holds promise as a new economic system and philosophy that can refocus society towards the values of stewardship espoused by the nation's ancestors, while transitioning to a circular economy.
Defining the Concept of Brand Equity With Radical Transparency
Authors: Veselinova Elena , Samonikov Marija Gogova
Published: June 2019

Every company must seek the formula that works best for its particular culture and industry. There is no one right way to transform a conventional company into a value driven company. But all the authentically responsible companies subscribe to a set of principles about: the mission, vision, transparency, working, responsibility, openness, authenticity and innovation – all this put in an agenda for value driven companies which are prepared for the challenges we all face. This chapter analyses how the transformational forces: the tangible worth of intangible assets, the war for top-grade talent, the impressive power of inspired employees, the transparent supply chains, the global impact of NGOs, the informed global consumer reshape the business landscape. The insurgent companies that seize on these drives will create real value and increase their long-term profitability. The concept of radical transparency in business gives the companies the opportunity to win the battle for success differently from the competitors, which would ensure the company's sustainable growth and profitability, arousing from the well-shaped relationships with the stakeholders who provide value for the company. The company's brand would be a synonym for those connections.
The Impact of Integrated Marketing Communications on Hotel Brand Equity
Authors: Šerić Maja , Gil-Saura Irene , Mollá-Descals Alejandro
Published: June 2019

The Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) approach appeared as a response to the need for more sophisticated marketing communication discipline in a confusing tourism marketing environment. This chapter examines the impact of IMC on the hotel brand equity dimensions, i.e. brand image, perceived quality, and brand loyalty. Moreover, it estimates the moderating effect of national culture on the relationships examined. The study is approached from the customer perspective and uses survey methodology to assess guests' perception of IMC and brand equity in the hotel contexts. In particular, 335 hotel guests participated in the empirical investigation while staying in high-quality hotels in Rome, Italy. The findings reveal that IMC exerts a positive impact on hotel brand equity. Furthermore, the inter-relationship exists between the three dimensions of hotel brand equity. In general, national culture does not exert a significant impact within the posited model.
Consumer-Brand Relations
Authors: Garg Ruchi , Chikkara Ritu , Suman Himanshu , Pande Shashan , Sharan Rahul , Panda Tapan Kumar
Published: June 2019

This research adapted Stemberg's (2003) triangular theory of hate to explore consumer brand relationships. Authors discussed that the protean character of Consumer brand relations (CBRs) in negative way has not been explored by prior conceptualizations in consumer research. The study conceptual scheme, in conformity with Stemberg's theory, was centred on the view that three psychological processes such as motivation, cognition, and emotion interact in several combinations to govern the nature of consumers' relations with brands. Authors' conceptualized eight kinds of CBRs by considering every combination of the three underlying psychological components. Authors have adopted the scale of hate from interpersonal relationship literature and tested it in context of consumer brand relationship. The managerial and theoretical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed in detail.
Social Identity Matters
Authors: Helal Guida , Ozuem Wilson
Published: June 2019

Fashion brands' online presence provide a platform for customers to supplement social identity based on associations with brands, and ultimately this can shape brand perceptions among customers through promised functional and symbolic benefits. Social media has matured into the prime channel for regular interactions and the development of brand-customer relationships that enrich social identity. Drawing on social identity theory, the current chapter examines how the evolving social media platforms impact on brand perceptions in the fashion apparel and accessories industries. The chapter focuses on theoretical implications and managerial implications. The concluding section offers some significant roles that social media and social identity may play in keeping up with the design and development of marketing communications programmes.
Role of Renewable Energy Techniques to Design and Develop Sustainable Green Building
Authors: Tomar Pradeep
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents the role of renewable energy techniques to design and develop a sustainable framework for green building. The first viewpoint is identified with the earlier structure and the low encapsulated energy building materials for the design and development of a framework for green building. The primary perspective is to manage energy protection using renewable energy techniques in the green building. Green building interchangeably can be used with the term's sustainable construction or green construction. So, durable construction means using environmentally responsible and resource-efficient procedures in development to be ensured of sustainability throughout the lifetime of the building. This chapter also presents the combination of renewable, energy-based technology for green building construction and sustainability with the economics of renewable energy.
Characterization of γδ T Cell Effector/Memory Subsets Based on CD27 and CD45R Expression in Response to Mycobacterium bovis Infection
Authors: Guerra-Maupome Mariana , Palmer Mitchell V , Waters W Ray , McGill Jodi L
Published: June 2019

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide. Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine TB and zoonotic TB infection. γδ T cells are known to participate in the immune control of mycobacterial infections. Data in human and nonhuman primates suggest that mycobacterial infection regulates memory/effector phenotype and adaptive immune functions of γδ T cells. To date, the impact of M. bovis infection on bovine γδ T cells and their effector and memory differentiation remains unknown. In this study, we show that circulating γδ T cells from M. bovis–infected cattle can be differentiated based on the expression of CD27, which is indicative of their capacity to respond to virulent M. bovis infection: CD27+ γδ T cells proliferated in response to M. bovis Ag and, thus, may comprise the adaptive γδ T cell compartment in cattle. We further show that bovine M. bovis–specific γδ T cells express surface markers characteristic of central memory T cells (CD45R−CD27+CD62Lhi) and that M. bovis–specific CD4 and γδ T cells both upregulate the expression of the tissue-homing receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 during infection. Our studies contribute significantly to our understanding of γδ T cell differentiation during TB infection and provide important insights into the link between phenotypic and functional subsets in the bovine. Accurate characterization of γδ T cell effector and memory-like responses induced during mycobacterial infection will contribute to improved strategies for harnessing the γδ T cell response in protection against TB for humans and animals.
Communities’ perceptions of health hazards induced by climate change in Mount Darwin district, Zimbabwe
Authors: Ncube Alice , Tawodzera Magaret
Published: June 2019

Climate change contributes toward many global challenges, such as increases in diseases in some communities, thereby accelerating health hazards to disasters. Establishing the extent to which local communities understand and perceive climate change and related health hazards is important for effective disaster risk management strategies. The objective of this study was to investigate communities’ perceptions of health hazards induced by climate change in Mount Darwin district of Zimbabwe. This was in the light that besides the visible indications that climate is changing, the local people still perceive the climate change phenomenon as mystical or even a non-event. The study was situated within the social capital theory contextualised within the climate change, disaster management and the knowledge and perception realm constructed through social relationships, networks and interactions. A mixed-method research approach was used to assess the extent of knowledge and perceptions related to climate change and climate change-related health hazards. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to survey 204 participants from 10 wards in Mount Darwin, Zimbabwe. Respondents were purposively selected as they were mostly characterised by high vulnerability levels. While 38% of the respondents were not aware of climate change, 7% correctly identified climate change as caused by both natural and man-made forces. Most (89%) of the respondents stated that hazards occur mainly because of meteorological and hydrological causes. The study therefore recommended further education and awareness programmes to deepen community understanding of climate change. Despite the communities having some knowledge gaps and lacking an in-depth understanding of how climate change alters disease, there was some vital information within the Mount Darwin community that could have been used in local disaster risk management initiatives.
The effect of action potential simulation therapy on blood flow
Authors: Kruger T. , Lamb M. , Piek E. , Van der Walt M. , Van Schalkwyk M. , Welding R.
Published: June 2019

Action potential simulation therapy (APS) is mostly used for the relief of pain in a variety of conditions. However, the APS user’s guide (Lubbe & Van Zyl, 1997) also lays claim to an effect of increased blood flow which has not yet been supported by published scientific research. The above study was carried out to determine whether APS has an effect on the blood supply of the area under treatment. Ten voluntary, healthy men were used as experimental subjects. Factors that could affect their blood flow and that served as exclusion criteria, could not be found. Blood flow was normalised by a resting period of 30 minutes before application. A radioactive substance (99m Tc-sestamibi) was injected intravenously. The blood flow baseline was determined by means of tomographic studies on a gamma camera. A standard application of APS was administered for 16 minutes at 2mA. Blood flow was determined immediately after this. Two further measurements with an interval of 15 minutes were taken thereafter. Although associated non-parametric confidence intervals for the median difference in blood flow from baseline was not statistically or clinically significant, the blood flow of 8 experimental subjects increased after 41 minutes of administration, while it decreased in only 2 experimental subjects. After the ensuing 15 minutes (thus at 56 minutes) the blood flow of 6 experimental subjects increased and that of 4 decreased. It can therefore not be stated with certainty that APS increases blood flow in the area under treatment.
Chronic illness and quality of life
Authors: Eales C. J. , Stewart A. V. , Noakes T. D.
Published: June 2019

The major objective of medical care is to preserve life. If patients cannot be cured and are left with residual chronic diseases then the aim is to provide them with the means to lead a life of quality within the confines of their disease. Rehabilitation in chronic disease means restoring or creating a life of acceptable quality. This is achieved by restoring the patient to optimal physiological and psychological health compatible with the extent of the disease and in doing so improve the quality of life. Improved quality of life is the best indicator of successful rehabilitation. Patients with chronic diseases are increasingly expected to become partners when decisions are made regarding their therapy and therefor their evaluation of the outcome is of great importance. There are a number of shortcomings with quality of life evaluations and the most important one is that it does not seem to be adequately defined. Another major problem is that this evaluation usually focuses on aspects of physical function and few studies include subjective indicators. It is generally felt that the opinion of the spouse or caregiver should be included.
Semistable Higgs bundles, periodic Higgs bundles and representations of algebraic fundamental groups
Authors: Lan Guitang , Sheng Mao , Zuo Kang
Published: June 2019

Let

k

be the algebraic closure of a finite field of odd characteristic

p

and

X

a smooth projective scheme over the Witt ring

W(k)

which is geometrically connected in characteristic zero. We introduce the notion of
Higgs–de Rham flow
and prove that the category of periodic Higgs–de Rham flows over

X/W(k)

is equivalent to the category of Fontaine modules, hence further equivalent to the category of crystalline representations of the étale fundamental group

\pi_1(X_K)

of the generic fiber of

X

, after Fontaine–Laffaille and Faltings. Moreover, we prove that every semistable Higgs bundle over the special fiber

X_k

of

X

of rank

\leq p

initiates a semistable Higgs–de Rham flow and thus those of rank

\leq p-1

with trivial Chern classes induce

k

-representations of

\pi_1(X_K)

. A fundamental construction in this paper is the inverse Cartier transform over a truncated Witt ring. In characteristic

p

, it was constructed by Ogus–Vologodsky in the nonabelian Hodge theory in positive characteristic; in the affine local case, our construction is related to the local Ogus–Vologodsky correspondence of Shiho.
TF‐CPABE: An efficient and secure data communication with policy updating in wireless body area networks
Authors: Chandrasekaran Balaji , Balakrishnan Ramadoss , Nogami Yasuyuki
Published: June 2019

The major challenge in wireless body area networks (WBAN) is setting up a protected communication between data consumers and a body area network controller while meeting the security and privacy requirements. This paper proposes efficient and secure data communication in WBANs using a Twofish symmetric algorithm and ciphertext‐policy attribute‐based encryption with constant size ciphertext; in addition, the proposed scheme incorporates policy updating to update access policies. To the best of the author's knowledge, policy updating in WBAN has not been studied in earlier works. The proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of message size, energy consumption, and computation cost, and the results are compared with those of existing schemes. The result shows that the proposed method can achieve higher efficiency than conventional methods.
Comparison of GATS Messages to SAE ATIS Standards
Authors:   V2X Core Technical Committee
Published: June 2019

This SAE Information Report provides a comparative summary between the various messages found in the SAE ATIS standards work (notably SAE J2313, J2353, J2354, J2369 and J2374) and that found in the GATS standard (Global Automotive Telematics Standard). GATS is a message set meant to be deployed on mobile phone systems based on the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) phone system which is being deployed in European markets and which the SAE may need to harmonize with as part of the World Standards activities of TC204. This document provides an overview of the various types of supported messages and how they compare with US terms and messages. Some selected features of the GATS work are recommended for assimilation into the next revision of ATIS standards. No attempt at determining a U.S. policy in this regard is provided. This document seeks to provide the reader familiar with SAE ATIS with a high level overview of technical knowledge of the GATS approach in similar areas.
RDS Phrase Lists
Authors:   V2X Core Technical Committee
Published: June 2019

This SAE Standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing “Radio Data Systems” (RDS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. They can be used both over the RDS subcarrier transmission media as part of a 37-bit long “Group 8a message” as well as being used to provide a common content list of phrases used in a wide number of other media and applications.

This document SHALL define the normative index values to be used, extending the CEN established list to provide phrases needed by US practitioners. This standard provides non-normative textual phrases which MAY be used by implementers to ensure intelligible results. This document SHALL follow the formats and rules established in SAE J2540 in the expressions, manipulations, and use of such tables.

It should be pointed out that within the rules established by this document a variety of final table are all considered “compliant” with the document, and may vary as fits the needs of implementers.
Steroid Refractory Giant Cell Arteritis with Bilateral Vertebral Artery Occlusion and Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Infarction
Authors: Healy Sarah , Simpson Mark , Kitchen William J , Jacob Anu , Crooks Daniel , Rathi Nitika , Biswas Shubhabrata , Fletcher Nicholas , Huda Saif , Sekhar Alakendu
Published: June 2019

Giant cell arteritis is the most common primary systemic vasculitis in adults aged ≥50 years and peaks in the eighth decade of life. Common symptoms include headache, scalp tenderness and jaw claudication. Elevated acute phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) are present in >90% of patients. Visual loss is a well-recognised complication, but approximately 2–4% of giant cell arteritis patients experience stroke, most frequently in the vertebrobasilar territory. We describe a 72-year-old male who developed bilateral vertebral artery occlusion and middle cerebellar peduncle infarction secondary to giant cell arteritis in spite of high-dose steroids.
Entre o lance e a chance: lógica interna numa final de badminton
Authors: Gomes-da-Silva Pierre Normando , Sousa-Cruz Rodrigo Wanderley de , Arruda Emerson Pereira de Souza
Published: June 2019

Este estudo investigou a lógica interna do badminton ressaltando a importância de decifrar a complexidade das suas interações comunicativas para a educação física escolar. Foi analisada a final individual feminina das Olímpiadas Escolares (etapa 12-14 anos), realizada na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. A pesquisa é descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados e procedimento de observação direta. Identificamos que as interações motrizes nesse jogo esportivo exigem muita rapidez nas tomadas de decisão e escolhas táticas eficientes, sob a pena de precipitações e antecipações da adversária. Evidenciamos que as interações de contracomunicação revelam estágio de concentração das jogadoras, capacidade de “leitura” de jogo, antecipação tática. Destarte, é um estudo que possibilita conhecimentos aplicáveis tanto no mundo do esporte de rendimento quanto na prática pedagógica escolar.
O que ensinar sobre dança no ensino médio?
Authors: Diniz Irlla Karla dos Santos , Darido Suraya Cristina
Published: June 2019

O objetivo desse estudo foi delinear caminhos formativos para a dança no Ensino Médio (EM) a partir de investigações nas Propostas Curriculares Estaduais (PCE), na Segunda versão da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) e nos relatos de professores que trabalham com a formação inicial em Educação Física com as disciplinas de dança. Para tanto, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa qualitativa que utilizou-se da análise documental e de entrevistas-semiestruturadas como instrumentos para coleta de dados. Como principais resultados, evidenciamos que ainda há dúvidas sobre o caminho formativo da dança no EM, entretanto, as análises indicaram interfaces com as danças populares, de salão e urbanas, além da relevância de aspectos mais específicos como os elementos histórico-culturais, o ritmo e a criatividade.
Protest at Sea: the Arctic Sunrise Case and the clarification of Coastal States Rights
Authors: Garbaccio Grace Ladeira , Silveira Paula De Castro
Published: June 2019

Protestos no mar são cada vez mais uma ferramenta usada por organizações não governamentais para pressionar os Estados Costeiros a desistirem da pesquisa e da exploração de petróleo no Ártico. No entanto, apesar de suas boas intenções ou das brilhantes bandeiras que arvoram, esses protestos podem configurar uma grave ameaça aos direitos dos Estados Costeiros e são um perigo real para o meio ambiente. Tendo isso em mente, é de extrema importância entender como os Estados Costeiros poderiam, legitimamente, agir em face de um protesto desse tipo. Um dos casos críticos mais importantes com relação a esse tipo de eventos ocorreu em 2013, quando ativistas do Greenpeace protestaram contra as instalações russas de petróleo, o Prirazlomnaya, localizado na plataforma continental russa no mar de Pechora, na Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE) da Rússia. Esse caso resultou em jurisprudência relevante. Neste artigo, será analisado esse caso e sua importância para esclarecer a extensão da jurisdição do Estado Costeiro sobre um protesto no mar que poderia interferir nas atividades de pesquisa e de exploração.
Effect of antenatal exercise on mode of delivery in gestational diabetic females: a single-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Awad Eman , Ahmed Hamada , Yousef Amal , Saab Ibtissam M.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common in pregnancy. Maternal consequences might include an increased rate of caesarean delivery. This study was conducted to determine the effect of an exercise program on the mode of delivery in gestational diabetic females.

Methods

A prospective, randomized, single-blind, pre-post-test, controlled trial was performed. Overall, 60 pregnant females with GDM were included, at their 20–24 weeks of gestation, aged 25–35 years, with body mass index not exceeding 40 kg/m2. The participants were randomly assigned into 2 equal groups: group A, undergoing an exercise program with a moderately restricted diet and insulin therapy, and group B (control group), receiving solely the same diet protocol with insulin therapy.

Results

The chi-square test revealed significant differences between the groups in the mode of delivery (p < 0.05), with a significant decrease in caesarean deliveries in group A. Group A showed a statistically significant difference in neonates’ Apgar scores at the 1st and 5th minute of life (p < 0.05) compared with the participants in group B.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that antenatal exercises can be considered effective in decreasing labour complications and shifting the mode of delivery towards normal, complication-free delivery in females with GDM and their offspring.
Revisiting properties and concentrations of ice-nucleating particles in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in the Canadian Arctic during summer
Authors: Irish Victoria E. , Hanna Sarah J. , Xi Yu , Boyer Matthew , Polishchuk Elena , Ahmed Mohamed , Chen Jessie , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Gosselin Michel , Chang Rachel , Miller Lisa A. , Bertram Allan K.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Despite growing evidence that the ocean is an important
source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere, our
understanding of the properties and concentrations of INPs in ocean surface
waters remains limited. We have investigated INPs in sea surface microlayer
and bulk seawater samples collected in the Canadian Arctic during the summer
of 2016. Consistent with our 2014 studies, we observed that INPs were
ubiquitous in the microlayer and bulk seawaters; heat and filtration
treatments reduced INP activity, indicating that the INPs were likely
heat-labile biological materials between 0.22 and 0.02 µm in diameter;
there was a strong negative correlation between salinity and freezing
temperatures; and concentrations of INPs could not be explained by
chlorophyll a concentrations. Unique in the current study, the spatial
distributions of INPs were similar in 2014 and 2016, and the concentrations
of INPs were strongly correlated with meteoric water (terrestrial runoff
plus precipitation). These combined results suggest that meteoric water may
be a major source of INPs in the sea surface microlayer and bulk seawater in
this region, or meteoric water may be enhancing INPs in this region by
providing additional nutrients for the production of marine microorganisms.
In addition, based on the measured concentrations of INPs in the microlayer
and bulk seawater, we estimate that the concentrations of INPs from the
ocean in the Canadian Arctic marine boundary layer range from approximately
10−4 to <10-6 L−1 at −10 ∘C.
Seasonal features and origins of carbonaceous aerosols at Syowa Station, coastal Antarctica
Authors: Hara Keiichiro , Sudo Kengo , Ohnishi Takato , Osada Kazuo , Yabuki Masanori , Shiobara Masataka , Yamanouchi Takashi
Published: June 2019

Abstract. We have measured black carbon (BC) concentrations at
Syowa Station, Antarctica, since February 2005. The measured BC
concentrations in 2005–2016 were corrected to equivalent BC (EBC)
concentrations using Weingartner's method. Seasonal features of EBC
concentrations, long-range transport from mid-latitudes to the Antarctic
coast, and their origins were characterized. Results show that daily median
EBC concentrations were below the detection limit (0.2 ng m−3) to 63.8 ng m−3
at Syowa Station (median, 1.8 ng m−3; mean, 2.7 ng m−3
during the measurement period of February 2005–December 2016). Although
seasonal features and year-to-year variations in EBC concentrations were
observed, no long-term trend of EBC concentrations was clear during our
measurement period. Seasonal features of EBC concentrations showed a spring
maximum during September–October at Syowa Station. To elucidate EBC
transport processes, origins, and the potential source area (PSA), we
compared EBC data to backward trajectory analysis and chemical transport
model simulation. From comparison with backward trajectory, high EBC
concentrations were found in air masses from the marine boundary layer. This
finding implies that transport via the marine boundary layer was the most
important transport pathway to EBC concentrations at Antarctic coasts. Some
EBC was supplied to the Antarctic region by transport via the upper free
troposphere. Chemical transport model simulation demonstrated that the most
important origins and PSA of EBC at Syowa Station were biomass burning in
South America and southern Africa. Fossil fuel combustion in South America
and southern Africa also have important contributions. The absorption
Ångström exponent (AAE) showed clear seasonal features with 0.5–1.0
during April–October and maximum (1.0–1.5) in December–February. The AAE
features might be associated with organic aerosols and mixing states of EBC.
Quantifying the aerosol effect on droplet size distribution at cloud top
Authors: Hernández Pardo Lianet , Toledo Machado Luiz Augusto , Amore Cecchini Micael , Sánchez Gácita Madeleine
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This work uses the number concentration-effective diameter phase-space to test cloud sensitivity to variations in the aerosol population characteristics, such as the aerosol size distribution, number concentration and hygroscopicity. It is based on the information from the top of a cloud simulated by a bin-microphysics single-column model, for initial conditions typical of the Amazon, using different assumptions regarding the entrainment and the aerosol size distribution. It is shown that the cloud-top evolution can be very sensitive to aerosol properties, but the relative importance of each parameter is variable. The sensitivity to each aerosol characteristic varies as a function of the parameter tested and is conditioned by the base values of the other parameters, showing a specific dependence for each configuration of the model. When both the entrainment and the bin treatment of the aerosol are allowed, the largest influence on the droplet size distribution sensitivity was obtained for the median radius of the aerosols and not for the total number concentration of aerosols. Our results reinforce that the cloud condensation nuclei activity can not be predicted solely on the basis of the w∕Na supersaturation-based regimes.
Shipborne measurements of ClNO2 in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula during summer
Authors: Eger Philipp G. , Friedrich Nils , Schuladen Jan , Shenolikar Justin , Fischer Horst , Tadic Ivan , Harder Hartwig , Martinez Monica , Rohloff Roland , Tauer Sebastian , Fachinger Friederike , Drewnick Frank , Brooks James , Darbyshire Eoghan , Sciare Jean , Pikridas Michael , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Shipborne measurements of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were made during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign in summer 2017. The dataset includes measurements over the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf) with observed ClNO2 mixing ratios ranging from the limit of detection to ≈ 600 pptv. We examined the regional variability in the generation of ClNO2 via the uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to Cl-containing aerosol and its importance for Cl-atom generation in a marine boundary layer under the (variable) influence of emissions from shipping and oil industry. The yield of ClNO2 formation per NO3 radical generated was generally low (median of ≈ 1–5 % depending on the region), mainly as a result of gas-phase loss of NO3 dominating over heterogeneous loss of N2O5, the latter being disfavoured by the high temperatures found throughout the campaign. The contributions of ClNO2 photolysis and OH-induced HCl oxidation to Cl-radical formation were derived and their relative contributions over the diel cycle compared. The results indicate that over the northern Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Oman the formation of Cl-atoms will enhance the oxidation rates of some VOCs, especially in the early morning.
The silicon isotopic composition of choanoflagellates: implications for a mechanistic understanding of isotopic fractionation during biosilicification
Authors: Marron Alan , Cassarino Lucie , Hatton Jade , Curnow Paul , Hendry Katharine R.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The marine silicon cycle is intrinsically linked with carbon cycling in the oceans via biological production of silica by a wide range of organisms. The stable silicon isotopic composition (denoted by δ30Si) of siliceous microfossils extracted from sediment cores can be used as an archive of past oceanic silicon cycling. However, the silicon isotopic composition of biogenic silica has only been measured in diatoms, sponges and radiolarians, and isotopic fractionation relative to seawater is entirely unknown for many other silicifiers. Furthermore, the biochemical pathways and mechanisms that determine isotopic fractionation during biosilicification remain poorly understood. Here, we present the first measurements of the silicon isotopic fractionation during biosilicification by loricate choanoflagellates, a group of protists closely related to animals. We cultured two species of choanoflagellates, Diaphanoeca grandis and Stephanoeca diplocostata, which showed consistently greater isotopic fractionation (approximately −5 to −7 ‰) than cultured diatoms (−0.5 to −2 ‰). Instead, choanoflagellate silicon isotopic fractionation appears to be more similar to sponges grown under similar DSi concentrations. Our results highlight that there is a taxonomic component to silicon isotope fractionation during biosilicification, possibly via a shared or related biochemical transport pathway. These findings have implications for the use of biogenic silica δ30Si produced by different silicifiers as proxies for past oceanic change.
Rapid environmental responses to climate-induced hydrographic changes in the Baltic Sea entrance
Authors: Charrieau Laurie M. , Ljung Karl , Schenk Frederik , Daewel Ute , Kritzberg Emma , Filipsson Helena L.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. The Öresund (the Sound), which is a part of the Danish straits, is linking the marine North Sea and the brackish Baltic Sea. It is a transition zone where ecosystems are subjected to large gradients in terms of salinity, temperature, carbonate chemistry, and dissolved oxygen concentration. In addition to the highly variable environmental conditions, the area is responding to anthropogenic disturbances in e.g. nutrient loading, temperature, and pH. We have reconstructed environmental changes in the Öresund during the last c. 200 years, and especially dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity, organic matter content, and pollution levels, using benthic foraminifera and sediment geochemistry. Five zones with characteristic foraminiferal assemblages were identified, each reflecting the environmental conditions for respective period. The largest changes occurred ~ 1950, when the foraminiferal assemblage shifted from a low diversity fauna, dominated by the species Stainforthia fusiformis to higher diversity and abundance, and dominance of the Elphidium group. Concurrently, the grain-size distribution shifted from clayey – to more sandy sediment. To explore the causes for the environmental changes, we used time-series of reconstructed wind conditions coupled with large-scale climate variations as recorded by the NAO index, as well as the ECOSMO II model of currents in the Öresund area. The results indicate increased changes in the water circulation towards stronger currents in the area since the 1950's. The foraminiferal fauna responded quickly (
Acoustic wave propagation in rivers: an experimental study
Authors: Geay Thomas , Michel Ludovic , Zanker Sébastien , Rigby James Robert
Published: June 2019

Abstract. This research has been conducted to develop the use of
passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) in rivers, a surrogate method for bedload
monitoring. PAM consists in measuring the underwater noise naturally
generated by bedload particles when impacting the river bed. Monitored
bedload acoustic signals depend on bedload characteristics (e.g., grain size
distribution, fluxes) but are also affected by the environment in which the
acoustic waves are propagated. This study focuses on the determination of
propagation effects in rivers. An experimental approach has been conducted
in several streams to estimate acoustic propagation laws in field
conditions. It is found that acoustic waves are differently propagated
according to their frequency. As reported in other studies, acoustic waves
are affected by the existence of a cutoff frequency in the kilohertz region. This cutoff frequency is inversely proportional to the water depth: larger water depth enables a better propagation of the acoustic waves at low frequency.
Above the cutoff frequency, attenuation coefficients are found to increase
linearly with frequency. The power of bedload sounds is more attenuated at
higher frequencies than at low frequencies, which means that, above the
cutoff frequency, sounds of big particles are better propagated than sounds
of small particles. Finally, it is observed that attenuation coefficients
are variable within 2 orders of magnitude from one river to another.
Attenuation coefficients are compared to several characteristics of the
river (e.g., bed slope, surface grain size). It is found that acoustic waves
are better propagated in rivers characterized by smaller bed slopes. Bed
roughness and the presence of air bubbles in the water column are suspected
to constrain the attenuation of acoustic wave in rivers.