bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF METAL NANOOXIDES ON CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYURETHANES
Authors: Burdikova Tatyana V. , Ivshin Sergey S. , Zenitova Lyubov A.
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of studies on the possibility of modifying the polyurethane matrix by the introduction into their structure of nanoscale fillers. The influence of the nature and content of nanosize additives of metal oxides (Al2O3, Fe2O3, CuO) on the physicomechanical properties of filled polyurethane compositions based on SKU PFL-100 prepolymer manufactured by Kazan Synthetic Rubber Plant JSC cured with 4,4'-methylene bis-(orthochloraniline) (MOCA) was studied. Dispersion analysis of the studied fillers is made. It was shown that the studied powders are prone to agglomeration. According to the specific surface area of the particles, the studied metal oxide powders are arranged as follows: Al2O3 - Fe2O3 - SiO2 - CuO. A discussion was made of the contribution of such factors as the area of interfacial contact, the structure and adsorption properties of the particle surface to the interaction at the oxide-polyurethane interface. It is shown that the decisive factor affecting the level of physical and mechanical properties is the nature of the filler (hydrophilicity, particle surface structure). The nature and concentration of nanosized particles of metal oxides were evaluated for the physicomechanical properties of the polymer under study. The initial and modified compositions were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. As a result of the studies, the basic laws that determine the effect of nanoscale additives of metal oxides on the properties of polymer systems are determined. It was shown that the introduction of 1% of the studied excipients is optimal. The highest values of physical and mechanical characteristics were recorded for polyurethane samples filled with copper oxide. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that by adding iron oxide additives it is possible to increase the heat-resistant properties of the polymer at operating temperatures up to 300 °C.
OXIDATIVE ROASTING OF INDUSTRIAL SPENT CATALYSTS CO-Mo/Al2O3 HYDROPROCESSING WITH LIM
Authors: Sokolova Yulia V. , Chepikov Anton N.
Published: November 2020

The oxidative roasting of industrial spent catalyst Co-Mo/Al2O3 for the hydrotreatment of diesel fuel with lime in an air atmosphere was studied. Using the data of DTA, TG and X-ray phase analysis, it was found that during roasting, the sulfur and carbon oxides forms CaSO4 and CaCO3, and Mo is converted to calcium molybdate. Using the filtering fixed bed of reagents, the kinetics of roasting was studied. It was found that in the temperature range of 550 – 600 °C with air, supply rate of 3 l/min the process ends in 38 - 44 min for ground and non-ground catalyst. The optimal parameters (lime consumption, temperature, and time of roasting) of the absorption of sulfur oxides during roasting were determined. The degree of sulfur and carbon oxides adsorption is 96 and 36%, respectively. Separation of roasting products using unmilled spent catalyst is proposed into a small fraction (contains a mixture of CaSO4, CaCO3 and CaO) and a coarse (consists of Al2O3, CaMoO4, CoO) fractions, and their separate processing. It has been shown that in the separate processing of roast fractions by a sodium carbonate solution, it is possible to separately obtain alumina (catalyst base) with cobalt oxide, a molybdenum-containing solution, and also a mixture of sulfate, carbonate and oxide calcium. The used method of roasting the spent hydrotreating catalyst with lime will allow hazardous waste of hazard class 3-4 to be disposed of without hazardous waste gas costs. It allows one to obtain, during further processing, molybdenum and cobalt compounds, as well as finely divided alumina.
New generation surface synthetic of alfalfa sowing (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Buhaiov V. D. , Horenskyy V. M. , Mamalyga V. S. , Smulskaya I. V.
Published: November 2020

Aim. Evaluation of starting material on a complex of economically valuable features and creation with its participation of a variety-synthetics of alfalfa sowing. Methods. Field, laboratory. Results. The results of research and creation of a synthetic variety of alfalfa of sowing Radoslav at the Institute of forages and agriculture of Podillya of NAAS are presented. Listed on the State Register of Plant Varieties Eligible for Distribution in Ukraine (hereinafter – the Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine) (Certificate of State Registration No. 15196001 of March 14, 2019, Patent for the Plant Variety of Radoslaw No. 190654 of May 5, 2019). When evaluating fodder and seed productivity in the research fields of the institute, the preference for the Radoslav variety to the Sinyukh standard was established. Extensive testing of the suitability of the variety for propagation (SPD) in 5 research points of the Polesia zone and 4 ˗ of the Forest-Steppe Institute of Plant Variety Examination confirmed higher rates of fodder and seed productivity and growth rate of the specified variety compared to the conventional standard. Conclusions. In order to enhance the efficiency of the breeding process aimed at the creation of synthetic varieties, clonal genotypes should be used, which, along with the complex of economically valuable traits, are distinguished by a high overall combining ability. It is recommended to use synthetic alfalfa of sowing Radoslaw in clean and mixed crops with other perennial herbs for production of high-quality forages in the soil-climatic zones of Polissya and Forest-steppe.

Keywords: Medicago sativa L., clone, synthetic variety, dry matter, seeds.
The use of Tn5-mutants Bradyrhyzobium japonicum for regulation of prooxidant-antioxidant processes in soybean plants under drought condition
Authors: Kots S. Ya. , Mamenko T. P. , Yakymchuk R. A.
Published: November 2020

Aim. To investigate the use of soybean seed inoculation by nodule bacteria obtained by transposon mutagenesis to ensure the effective formation and functioning of symbiotic systems by regulating prooxidant - antioxidant processes and reducing the negative effects of drought on crop productivity. Methods. Microbiological, physiological, biochemical methods, gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. Results. It has been proved that due to the activation of protective antioxidant enzymes of catalase, ascorbate and guaiacol peroxidase in soybean roots and root nodules, adaptive rearrangements of plant metabolism occur aimed at stabilizing the content of prooxidants, hydrogen peroxide, in drought conditions. At the same time, the specific nitrogen-fixation activity of soybean root nodules undergoes no significant changes and indicates the preservation of the effective functioning of the symbiotic apparatus, is the result of activation of protective antioxidant processes and adaptation of the soybean symbiotic system with the participation of Tn-5 mutant Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 to dehydration conditions. Conclusions. The use of inoculation of soybean seeds with the Tn-5 mutant Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 leads to regulation of prooxidant - antioxidant protective processes in plants, helps to increase their nitrogen-fixation potential and maintain grain yield under prolonged exposure to drought. Keywords: soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), hydrogen peroxide, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, drought.
Adaptive abilities of corn hybrids under different irrigation modes and moisture supply in the arid Steppe of Ukraine
Authors: Lavrynenko Iu. O. , Vozgegova R. A. , Bazaliy V. V. , Marchenko T. Yu. , Ivanyv M. O.
Published: November 2020

Aim. The study presents the results of the research on the productivity features and adaptability parameters of domestic corn hybrids under different irrigation modes and water supply under conditions of the Arid Steppe. Methods. The general scientific, special selection genetic, computational and comparative research methods were used. The research object was modern corn hybrids of domestic selection of different maturity groups. The hybrids were sown under different irrigation modes (common sprinkling, drip irrigation, sub-irrigation). Results. The retrospective analysis of the productivity of main grain crops in the area of the Arid Steppe over a 130-year period showed that the highest rates of an increase in productivity were recorded in corn. An annual increase in its productivity was 31 kg/ha per year and it was due to the use of new varieties (hybrids) and the improvement of growing techniques. Irrigation made it possible to realize potential productivity of new hybrids and increase the productivity from 6.59 to 82.3 c/ha. Productivity rose 12.5 times over a 130-year period, the annual increase being 58 kg/ha per year. Without irrigation the grain productivity was the highest in early-maturing hybrids – 3.28 and 3.05 t/ha indicating their high drought resistance. The use of these hybrids is appropriate under conditions of water-saving irrigation modes on irrigated lands with a low hydro-module and on dry massifs. A fall in the productivity under other irrigation modes was from 0.41 to 1.93 t/ha. Conclusions. Under irrigation conditions it is necessary to use corn hybrids with a genetically programmed reaction to optimal growing conditions (an optimal mode of soil moisture and mineral nutrition).

Keywords: hybrid, corn, irrigation, adaptability, drought resistance, grain, selection.
Use of the collection of the buckwhears genus in breeding programs
Authors: Diyanchyk M. V. , Vilchynska L. A.
Published: November 2020

Aim. Using the hybridization method on the basis of the ecological and geographical principle of parental pairs selection, to create a new source material in the selection of buckwheat and conduct a comprehensive assessment of it. Methods. Testing, material evaluation, analysis of plants, yield and grain quality were carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods of the State variety testing. Results. A new source material was created and evaluated in the selection of buckwheat based on the attraction to the hybridization of samples from the collection of the buckwheat genus, in particular, varieties Snezhen, Botansoba, Nokheda, Prymorska 7, collection sample No. 4013, Victoria Podilska, Belorussian early ripening, Arosa. Hybrid samples are compared with the Victoria standard variety. It was revealed that direct and reverse hybrids of the first generation from crossing varieties: Botansoba and Snezhen, Snezhen and Victoria Podilska, Nokheda and Snezhen are characterized by higher yields by 0.38–0.80 c/ha compared to the standard. Conclusions. We plan to continue testing the best breeding numbers in the following nurseries of the breeding process. Better with biometric and yield indicators, we plan to use breeding numbers in the breeding programs of the Scientific Research Institute of Cereal Crops of the PDATU. Keywords: hybridization, growing season, biometric parameters, yield.
Genetic diversity of spring common barley varieties at hordein loci
Authors: Sirant L. V. , Sandetska N. V.
Published: November 2020

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the varieties of hordein loci of spring barley suitable for cultivation in Ukraine. Methods. To identify the genotype by the loci of the hordein, we used the method of separating the hordeins in polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) in acidic medium by the Brzezinski method with modifications. Results. In 26 varieties of spring barley, genotypes were identified by the hordein loci of Hrd A, Hrd B and HrdF. Differences between alleles of storage protein loci were found in the frequency with which they were distributed among varieties. Conclusions. Found a high level of allelic variability. In barley varieties there is a tendency for the distribution of certain alleles of loci of hordein storage proteins of barley: Hrd A (A2,A4, A12,A18, A23, A32), Hrd B (B1, B5, B6, B8, B17, B19, B21,B29, B35,B67, B164, ), Hrd F (F1, F2, F3, F0).

Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., spring barley, storage proteins, hordeins, alleles.
Assessment of mutagenic activity of toxic waste polygon (Kalush) soil’s chemical pollution by the level of cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Valyuk V. F. , Yakymchuk R. A. , Sobolenko L. Yu. , Sorokina S. I.
Published: November 2020

Aim. To study the frequency and spectrum of cytogenetic disorders in Triticum aestivum L. with prolonged action on soil xenobiotic seeds of toxic waste storage areas and to explore the level of their mutagenic activity in comparison with the action of NMS’s moderate and high concentrations. Methods. Cytogenetic disorders induced by soil’s chemical contamination of toxic waste landfill of Dombrovsky Quarry dump (Kalush city) and influence of NMS’s moderate and high concentrations were determined in the cells of the meristem root using the ana-thelophase method. Results. Soil’s chemical contamination of the studied objects exhibits high mutagenic activity, which exceeds the control level by 1.8–3.8 times and does not yield to the mutagenic activity of NMS’s moderate concentrations. The high frequency of chromosomal aberrations at the low concentration of hexachlorobenzene in the soil of the Dombrovsky Quarry dumps is a consequence of its complex interaction with natural mineral compounds of the mountain chemical raw materials. Conclusions. The increasing of the spectrum of cytogenetic disorders induced by chemical soil contamination the proportion of bridges and the chromosomal rings testify radiomimetic properties of the mutagenic factors. The increasing of the number of cells with multiple aberrations indicates a high genotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene and the risk of serious genetic consequences in the case of falling it’s into the environment.

Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., toxic waste, mitosis disorders, chromosomal aberrations, mutagenic activity.
Effects of rhodioloside on the neurological functions of rats with total cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and cone neuron injury in the hippocampal CA1 region
Authors: Zhang Yue , Guo Xinqing , Wang Guohua , Liu Jidan , Liang Peiyu , Wang Huan , Zhu Chunyan , Wu Qiong
Published: November 2020

Rhodioloside, the main effective constituent of Rhodiola rosea, demonstrates antiaging and antioxidative stress functions and inhibits calcium overloading in cells. These functions imply that rhodioloside may exert protective effects on hippocampal neurons after total cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, male Wistar rat models of total cerebral ischemia were constructed and randomly divided into four groups: sham-operation, ischemia/reperfusion, low-dosage, and high-dosage groups. The result showed that rhodioloside treatment reduced the apoptosis rates of hippocampal neurons and the histological grades of cone cells in the hippocampal CA1 region, but neuronal density was significantly increased. Besides, the protein expressions of Bcl-2/Bax and p53 were measured and found Bcl-2/Bax was increased and p53 protein level was reduced. Therefore, rhodioloside might have protective effects on rats with ischemia/reperfusion brain injury.
Appraisal of Main Extreme Parameters of Earthquakes in Nigeria Using the Weibull Equations
Authors: Abong A. A. , Asuquo B. U. , Ushie C. A.
Published: November 2020

This study investigated earthquake occurrences in Nigeria using the Weibull equations. The data employed in this study was the historical and instrumental data recorded from 1933 to 2018. The relationship between intensity scale and Richter magnitude scale given by Gutenberg and Richter

was used to convert from intensity scale to Richter scale. The Weibull equations were used to compute probabilities and return periods of earthquakes. The findings of the study revealed that the return period for an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 on Richter’s scale is 86 years; an earthquake of magnitude 4.7 is 34.4 years; an earthquake of magnitude 4.2 is 17.2 years and earthquake of magnitudes 2-3.7 is between 5.56-14.3years. This implies that Nigeria may not likely experience any earthquake of magnitude 6.5 till the year 2025 since earthquake of magnitude 6.5 last occurred in 1939 but the probability of occurrence is 1.16% or 0.0116. Earthquakes of highest magnitudes 6.5, 4.7 and 4.2 on Richter’s scale for a 100 year period which indicate the most hazardous in the location with probabilities exceedance of 1.16%, 2.91% and 4.65% were evaluated. It was observed that as the time increases the probability of occurrence of these earthquakes increases with it and vice versa with magnitude 4.2 having (99.1%), magnitude 4.7 having (94.8%) and magnitude 6.5 having (80.07%). But earthquake forecast or prediction is still a complicated issue due to saturation of earthquake magnitudes and variation in seismic data collection by different seismic stations and networks. The implication of this study is that the findings will help Nigeria government to protect its people, infrastructures and the constructions that are going to take place especially earthquake – prone areas like southwestern Nigeria.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Yazicioglu Osman , Borat Oguz
Published: November 2020

UAVs performance is improved, in addition to GPS, they can find routes with artificial intelligence and various techniques, and can fly autonomously. The global UAV market was US$ 25.59 billion in 2018. It is estimated that the market will reach US$70.28 billion by 2029. The first three UAV manufacturers were DCL (USA), Parrot (France) and Yuneec (PRC) and are now being produced in many countries. Aircrafts are exposed to various risks: an aerodynamic stall due to inconsistent sensor readings and inadequate response, hitting a flock of geese or flying objects, pilot being unable to prevent the plane repeatedly nosediving despite following procedures. Therefore, procedures issued by aviation agency for aircraft type certification require an aircraft manufacturer (“applicant”) to demonstrate that its design complies with all applicable agency’s regulations and requirements. Safety risk management is a key component of a safety management system and involves fundamental activities such as identifying safety hazards, and assessing the risks and mitigation. Risk management is an integral component of safety management and involves some essential steps.Take into account any current mitigation measures and assess the seriousness in terms of the worst possible realistic scenario. The risk assessment considered five operational environments; remote, rural, suburban, urban, and congested. Reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety assessment are important study in the development of UAVs. This kind of study is mandatory to increase the reliability of the UAV, its availability, and to reduce repair and maintenance costs.
Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Listeria Species Isolated from Ready-to-eat Mixed Vegetable Salad Sold in Fast Food Eateries in Port Harcourt
Authors: Eruteya Onoriode C.
Published: November 2020

Aims: The study aim to evaluate the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species in ready-to-eat (RTE) mixed vegetable salad sold in selected fast food eateries in Port Harcourt.

Study Design: This work was based on a completely randomized design with two replications and the average values calculated for mean comparison.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was done in Food and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, between June and December, 2018.

Methodology: The study evaluated the occurrence and antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species isolated from 100 samples of ready-to-eat (RTE) mixed vegetable salad sold in selected fast food eateries in Port Harcourt, using standard procedures involving Fraser broth, polymycin? acriflavin lithium chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol (PALCAM) agar, Mueller Hinton agar and multiple antibiotic disc.

Results: Of the 100 samples examined, 14% were positive for Listeria species. The Listeria isolates were identified on the basis of their physiological and biochemical characteristics as L. innocua (56.52%), L. welshimeri (34.78%) L. grayi (8.70%). The antibiotic susceptibility results reveal varying resistance against gentamicin (8.69%), augmentin (66.67%), amoxicillin (58.33%), erythromycin (25.00%), tetracycline (45.83%), cotrimoxazole (37.50%), chloramphenicol (41.67%) and cloxacillin (62.50%).

Conclusion: Although no L. monocytogenes was detected in the samples examined, the presence of L. innocua often reported as masking L. monocytogenes in growth media is a source of concern to public health experts and a potential threat to consumers.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Integrated with Vacuum Tubes Solar Water Heater
Authors: AlQdah Khaled S. , Alfredi Abdullah , Alnuman Nasser , Aljohani Mohannad , Almutairi Mishary , Alhazmi Abdulmajeed
Published: November 2020

Heat exchanger is a device used to accomplish the transfer of heat from one fluid to another. There are a wide variety of applications regarding shell and tube heat exchangers in the fields of petroleum and industrial applications, due to its enhanced heat transfer characteristics. This project was designed to establish an insight of detailed design and performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger based on energy and mass conservation laws. Solar water heating system techniques were used to provide the system with necessary hot water. One of these techniques was to evacuate tube solar heating system which can be considered as a more efficient way to supply this system with hot water. To enhance the system performance, proper material selection for shell and tubes structure and flow pipe network based on their availability in the local markets was brought into consideration as well. Furthermore, the implemented design was examined under Medina climatic conditions for its cost-effectiveness, simplicity, execution and sustainability. It was found that the heat exchanger efficacy, performance and the vacuum tube efficiency were in highly acceptable ranges and cost effective. In addition, the vacuum tube solar water heating was found to be a clean and safe source of renewable energy. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the system effectiveness was conducted and the outlet temperature determined for the system varied between 44 to 50ºC for the heat exchanger whereas the vacuum tube exit temperature was elevated up to 84 to 90ºC. The efficiency of the solar collector was found to be 61.84%.
Aspect, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Aspect refers to the grammatical devices a language uses to describe temporal activities or durations (e.g. whether or not an action is completed or continuing).
Augmentative and Diminutive
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

“Augmentative” and “diminutive” are terms which reflect how languages can specify relative size, with augmentative referring to largeness and diminutive referring to smallness.
Case, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Case refers to the particular markers on a word that reflects its grammatical relationship to the other words of sentence. It can also refer to the grammatical category of that word.
Classes of Signs
Authors: Parmentier Richard J.
Published: November 2020

This entry presents an overview of the history of thought about signs and semiosis in Western thought. It discusses classical authors, such as Aristotle, medieval authors, such as the Stoics and St. Augustine, and modern writers, such as Saussure and Peirce. The central part of the entry presents a systematic overview of Peirce's critique and synthesis of the classical and medieval traditions in formulating the distinctions central to modern semiotics.
Color and Color Nomenclature
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Color naming has been a critical area of research in anthropology, linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science for over a century, largely because it is an area where potentially empirical experiments and fieldwork can shed light on the complex relationships between language, thought, and culture – not the least important being the nature vs. nurture debate. However, as Dedrick writes “[v]irtually every element of this research tradition is contested” and the whole subject has been a battleground of “high controversy” – methodologically, theoretically, and philosophically. And there is much that is simply not yet understood. Some of this research is reviewed here, especially the arguments for and against universalist interpretations vs. linguistic relativity and the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. An attempt to reconcile these two positions is offered.
Common Ground
Authors: Clark Herbert H.
Published: November 2020

Common ground is the type of shared information that two people need in order to do things together – play tennis, walk side by side, or talk. Two people's common ground is not given
a priori
, but is something they have to infer. People base these inferences on two main sources of information – the cultural communities they both belong to, and their joint personal experiences. Conversation emerges with the structure it does to enable the participants to accumulate the common ground they need in an orderly way.
Computational Linguistics
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The interdisciplinary field of computational linguistics is the scientific study of language involving computers – eitherusingcomputers, or examining languagefroma computational perspective (e.g. modeling natural language using computer representations, machine translation, text data mining, speech synthesis).
Durkheim, Émile
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) is commonly considered to be one of the key founders of sociology, and along with those like Max Weber and Karl Marx, of modern social science in general. He stressed functionalism and an empirical approach to studying social issues like suicide, religion, the divisions of labor in society, and education.
Emic vs. Etic
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Emics vs. etics – or the insider/outsider debate – refers to how people classify the world. Terms locals use are called emic categories, and terms outsiders use are called etic categories.
Endangered Languages and Language Death
Authors: Dorian Nancy C.
Published: November 2020

Language death is familiar historically from the extinction of attested languages, but it continues as a contemporary phenomenon in a large and increasing number of cases. Features of the external setting, such as political and demographic subordination, disfavor transmission, as do negative attitudes within the speaker community arising from psychosocial subordination. Imperfect transmission gives rise to marked structural change in the declining language, as do one‐way borrowing and ongoing interference if language contact is intense and long lasting.
Ergativity
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Ergativity refers to a relationship between case and transitivity in a language, whereby the subjects of intransitive verbs and the objects of transitive verbs take the same case marker.
Fillmore, Charles
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Charles Fillmore (1929–2014) was an important autonomous linguist whose work has had a lasting influence in linguistic anthropology. He is primarily known for his theoretical work in case grammar, frame semantics, corpus and computational linguistics, and natural language understanding – and how these relate to pragmatics and discourse.
Formulaic Language
Authors: Frog
Published: November 2020

Formulaic language refers to linguistic units more complex than dictionary headwords. Terms and definitions for formulae vary in emphasis and in where they describe the limits of formulaic language on a continuum of complexity and on a continuum of variability, yet the general phenomenon is fundamental to how language works. Current approaches to formulaic language generally fall into three main branches:
langue
‐centered approaches, discourse‐centered approaches, and approaches centered on oral poetry. Terms and definitions for formulaic language are here addressed as research tools that have been used with different aims in a variety of disciplines.
Garfinkel, Harold
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Harold Garfinkel (1917–2011) was an influential American sociologist and professor at UCLA from 1954 until his death in 2011. He is noted for proposing “ethnomethodology” as critical research paradigm.
Jakobson, Roman
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Roman Jakobson (1896–1982) was a linguist and literary theorist who had a lasting impact in a variety of fields including Slavic studies, semiotics, anthropology, folklore, and poetics. He is considered one of the key founders of both literary and linguistic “structuralism,” and what is often is called the Russian formalist school.
Language and Creativity: Play
Authors: Reynolds Jennifer F.
Published: November 2020

In linguistic anthropology “play” – as interactional frame or sociocultural activity – is considered a special form of social action, a source of metacultural revelation and reflection, and generative of emerging forms of (socio)linguistic structures and sociocultural organization. Current research addresses how all forms of play (e.g. speech play, verbal art, pretense, and many other non‐literal frames of interaction) mediate identities and identifications, social relations and the forms of human creativity and reflexivity that these engender. Ethnographically based studies moreover favor theoretical heterodoxy over orthodoxy, engaging approaches from other subfields and related disciplines (e.g. education, folklore, psychology, sociology). This is especially the case for research in language socialization and peer cultural studies that adopt a “both/and” translinguistic spirit, much like the phenomena under investigation. Scholars must continuously recalibrate their theoretical frameworks and shift perspective to grasp that which by design exploits ambiguity and poses interpretive puzzles for participants and analysts alike.
Language Change
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: November 2020

This entry examines the discursive work and conditions that are necessary for language change to be recognized. Using data from interviews and online newspapers, it models one way of examining language change. It does this using a framework that sees all social life as discursively evaluated and constructed. In doing so, it points to the infrastructures required to enable language change to become widely recognized, while highlighting some of the consequences of such discourses of change.
Lévi‐Strauss, Claude
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Claude Lévi‐Strauss (1908–2009) was perhaps the most famous, and most important, anthropologist of the last half of the twentieth century. Known for his work in mythology, kinship theory, and cognition, he showed the value of using structural linguistic models in the general study of human cultural behavior.
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in Africa
Authors: Ference Meghan E.
Published: November 2020

Nearly one‐third of all the earth's languages, over 2000, are spoken on the continent of Africa. Classification around African languages draws social boundaries and is emotionally charged, with deep historical roots, important to personal identity as well as local and national politics. Problems in language classification can be traced to the colonial project. As white, European, colonial officers and early anthropologists encountered Africa's vast language diversity, they often fixed languages in place, while yoking them to African identity. Africa's many growing urban centers are densely multilingual environments. As many of the oldest African languages have fewer speakers, new languages and hybrid dialects are continually generated and transformed in Africa's cities. Multilingual urban African youth play a crucial role in shaping the linguistic pluralism of modern African nations and this contribution should not be overlooked. Urban youth languages act as an interethnic bridge in the Africa's rich urban environment.
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in Meso‐ and South America
Authors: Niño‐Murcia Mercedes
Published: November 2020

This entry examines the variety and nomenclature of indigenous languages in their interaction with imperial European languages from the fifteenth century onward. Groups resisted or accommodated Europeans by learning their languages, with consequences for both European and indigenous tongues. In modernity most indigenous languages have lost speakers or perished, but some groups resist language inequality or negotiate language maintainance. Language loyalties have become political banners in such contexts as the Mexican Chiapas uprising of 1994, the EcuadorianJatariyor Quechua “uprising” of 1990 (which was stimulated by Shuaran‐speaking Amazonians), Aymara political movements in Bolivia, and Colombia's Confederación Regional Indígena (CRI).
Linguistic Diversity and Plurality in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Cotter William M.
Published: November 2020

The Middle East and North Africa covers an immense geographic region and includes within its boundaries a great deal of social, cultural, political, and linguistic diversity. Although a number of majority languages are spoken throughout the region, with Arabic being the largest, the region as a whole shows substantial language diversity, with the region's languages cutting across a number of different language groups and families. The broader geopolitics of the region have also played a meaningful role in shaping the trajectory of these languages and their future vitality. This entry provides a broad overview of a selection of the many languages spoken in the Middle East and North Africa while noting how many of these languages fit into the region's broader social and political life.
Linguistic Imperialism
Authors: Perley Bernard C.
Published: November 2020

Linguistic imperialism is a process or set of processes by which speakers of a perceived prestige language suppress and/or marginalize the speakers of subordinated languages. In addition to a set of processes enacted by privileged populations, linguistic imperialism requires a set of conditions that sustain ideologies of power and unequal social relations in favor of those who speak the perceived prestige language. All iterations of linguistic imperialism are dependent upon contemporaneous configurations of historical relations, language ideologies, and social imaginaries. A critical view of the historical arc of linguistic and imperial change offers insights into common contingencies that transcend temporally specific linguistic imperial instances. Among those contingencies are plurality of language ideologies, emergent social relations, and the mutability of social imaginaries.
Nonhuman Primates and Language: Vocal Communication
Authors: Pedersen Janni
Published: November 2020

The vocal behavior of nonhuman primates has been studied primarily from the perspective of human language evolution, but also in their own right. Features such as voluntary control, learning, reference, and rule‐based sequencing have all been demonstrated to exist in in varying degrees in nonhuman primate vocal communication. The Pan‐version of the FOXP2 gene, involved in human language, differs from the human versions in two point mutations, and modern computer simulations indicate that the differences in vocal abilities is rather an issue of fine neurological motor‐control than placement of the larynx.
Politeness
Authors: Brown Penelope
Published: November 2020

Politeness is a lay term for a matter of importance to humans: broadly, expressing care in handling an interlocutor in social interaction. It therefore has an enormous literature, from etiquette books to historical accounts of mores to philosophers of ethics. Systematic attempts to account for what appear to be universal patterns of politeness in actual language use began in the 1970s with Lakoff, Brown and Levinson, and Leech. This entry provides an overview of this early framework‐setting and the various critiques of it, indicates the range of topics addressed in politeness research, and points to three important developments: efforts to look at polite language usage in its sequential interactional context, attention to politeness in relation to different kinds of impolite, overtly rude interactions, and exploration of the biological underpinnings of face and politeness in the evolution of human sociality and its instantiation in the brain.
Repair: Error and Correction
Authors: Clemente Ignasi
Published: November 2020

Repair refers to a set of interactional practices to deal with possible problems in speaking, hearing, and understanding. Extending well beyond the specific practice of correcting errors, repair provides a systematic infrastructure for the maintenance of intersubjectivity. Two aspects of the organization of repair are the distinction between initiating repair and resolving it, as well as the distinction between self‐repair on one's own talk and other‐repair on other speakers' talk.
Sentence as Unit of Analysis
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

There is really no agreed‐upon definition of a “sentence,” though it is often said that a sentence is the most basic unit of a language upon which all the rules of its grammar can operate. Sentences are sometimes distinguished as abstract objects or constructs in a language system vs. actual utterances, which presumably are manifestations of these abstractions in the system.
Tense
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Tense refers to the grammatical devices a language uses to describe temporal relationships.
Global Linguistic Flow, in Media
Authors: Ferguson Jenanne
Published: November 2020

Through tracing the development and integration of theories related to global “scapes,” hybridity and mimicry, and (re‐)localization, a variety of frameworks for understanding and analyzing global linguistic flows is described. The history of these ideas within linguistic anthropology is discussed, in light of connections to a variety of key concepts (e.g. intertextuality), and various ethnographic case studies are presented to showcase the application of these theories within linguistic anthropological and sociolinguistic research. Through discussions of indigenous and minoritized language media and language usage in online spaces, as well as an in‐depth look at the mobility of popular musical genres (e.g. hip hop), speakers' agency in localizing and creating new linguistic practices and texts is highlighted. Despite an imbalance of power between “world” languages in circulation such as English versus more local languages, global linguistic flows do not necessarily result in the wholescale erasure of local forms. Rather, they may add to the dynamism and transformation of those forms in myriad vital ways, through the provision of generic frameworks as well as linguistic items that may be relocalized to convey unique local meanings.
Jespersen, Otto
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943) was one of the most influential language scholars in both Europe and America before World War II. His range of interests was truly catholic, covering everything from philology to sociolinguistics. Among language‐and‐gender scholars, however, he is most well known today for his provocative chapter on “The Woman,” in his widely popular bookLanguage, which continues to incite controversy and argument.
Reasons for Hospitalization and In‐Hospital Mortality in Adult Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Manadan Augustine M. , Kambhatla Soumyasri , Gauto‐Mariotti Estefania , Okoli Chimuanya , Block Joel A.
Published: November 2020

Objective

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with an increased risk of hospitalization. Multiple studies have reported SLE flare, infection, and cardiovascular (CV) events as the most common reasons for hospitalization. The aim of this study was to use a large US population–based database to comprehensively analyze all indications for adult SLE hospitalization and reasons for in‐hospital mortality.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of SLE hospitalizations in 2017 from the National Inpatient Sample database. The “reason for hospitalization” and “reason for in‐hospital mortality” in patients with SLE were divided into 19 categories based on their principal International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐10) diagnosis.

Results

A total of 180 975 hospitalizations carried either a principal or secondary ICD‐10 code for SLE. The leading reasons for hospitalization were CV (16%), rheumatologic (13%), infectious (11%), respiratory (10%), and gastrointestinal (10%). SLE itself was the principal diagnosis in only 6% of the hospitalizations. In‐hospital death occurred in 1 of every 50 SLE hospitalizations. Infectious (37%) and CV diagnoses (21%) were the most common reasons for in‐hospital death, with sepsis being the most frequent reason for death.

Conclusion

This analysis represents the only report to date that comprehensively categorizes the reasons for hospitalization and reasons for in‐hospital mortality of patients with SLE on a US national level. SLE itself was the principal diagnosis for only a small percentage of hospitalizations. CV diagnoses were the most common reason for hospitalization. In‐hospital death occurred in 1 of every 50 SLE hospitalizations. Infectious and CV diagnoses were the most common reason for in‐hospital death.
High Triplet Energy Hosts for Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Yaxiong , Yun Ju Hui , Wang Lei , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: November 2020

Blue organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been a bottleneck for OLEDs lighting and flexible displays. Improving the operational lifetimes and simultaneously decreasing efficiency roll‐off while maintaining high quantum efficiency is currently a challenge in the scientific community and industry. Optimizing the fabrication process of devices and developing stable and efficient luminescence and transporting materials and developing host materials with high triplet energy is an effective way to overcome this obstacle. On the one hand, the host material can disperse the blue emitters to reduce the possibility of exciton annihilation. On the other hand, it can adjust the carrier transport, exciton formation, and energy transfer in the device. In recent years, many efforts have been undertaken for the design, synthesis, and applications of the novel host. A systematic summary and comments on the recent advances of high triplet energy hosts for blue OLEDs are provided here, which specifically include bipolar transport hosts, single thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) hosts, TADF assistant hosts, exciplex hosts, exciplex free type mixed hosts, and electroplex hosts. Moreover, future prospects for host for high performance blue OLEDs are also proposed.
Preintercalation Strategy in Manganese Oxides for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Review and Prospects
Authors: Zhao Qinghe , Song Aoye , Ding Shouxiang , Qin Runzhi , Cui Yanhui , Li Shuning , Pan Feng
Published: November 2020

Manganese oxides (MnO2) are promising cathode materials for various kinds of battery applications, including Li‐ion, Na‐ion, Mg‐ion, and Zn‐ion batteries, etc., due to their low‐cost and high‐capacity. However, the practical application of MnO2 cathodes has been restricted by some critical issues including low electronic conductivity, low utilization of discharge depth, sluggish diffusion kinetics, and structural instability upon cycling. Preintercalation of ions/molecules into the crystal structure with/without structural reconstruction provides essential optimizations to alleviate these issues. Here, the intrinsic advantages and mechanisms of the preintercalation strategy in enhancing electronic conductivity, activating more active sites, promoting diffusion kinetics, and stabilizing the structural integrity of MnO2 cathode materials are summarized. The current challenges related to the preintercalation strategy, along with prospects for the future research and development regarding its implementation in the design of high‐performance MnO2 cathodes for the next‐generation batteries are also discussed.
Biomimetic Diselenide‐Bridged Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles as an X‐ray‐Responsive Biodegradable Carrier for Chemo‐Immunotherapy
Authors: Shao Dan , Zhang Fan , Chen Fangman , Zheng Xiao , Hu Hanze , Yang Chao , Tu Zhaoxu , Wang Zheng , Chang Zhimin , Lu Junna , Li Tianyu , Zhang Yuan , Chen Li , Leong Kam W. , Dong Wen‐fei
Published: November 2020

Chemotherapy causes off‐target toxicity and is often ineffective against solid tumors. Targeted and on‐demand release of chemotherapeutics remains a challenge. Here, cancer‐cell‐membrane‐coated mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) containing X‐ray‐ and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive diselenide bonds for controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX) at tumor sites are developed. DOX‐loaded MONs coated with 4T1 breast cancer cell membranes (CM@MON@DOX) show greater accumulation at tumor sites and prolonged blood circulation time versus an uncoated control in mice bearing 4T1 orthotopic mammary tumors. Under low‐dose X‐ray radiation, the DOX‐loaded MONs exhibit carrier degradation‐controlled release via cleavage of diselenide bonds, resulting in DOX‐mediated immunogenic cell death at the tumor site. Combination with a PD‐L1 checkpoint blockade further enhances inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis with low systemic toxicity. Together, the findings show the promise of these biomimetic, radiation‐responsive diselenide‐bond‐bridged MONs in chemo‐immunotherapy.
Bioinspired Transport Surface Driven by Air Flow
Authors: Zhang Tianzhan , Wang Yuefeng , Dai Bing , Xu Tailin
Published: November 2020

Directional transportation as is a common phenomenon in nature, has significant potential in advanced devices and technology. Most of the studies focus on the directional transport of water on an anisotropic surface with gradients in Laplace pressure. However, rare attentions are paid to on‐demand transportation of macroscale object on static microscale anisotropic structure. Herein, bioinspired by the phenomenon that the breath air promotes the mucus gel transport in trachea, a transport system by combining static microcilia with anisotropic structure, water layer, and air‐blowing device, realizing directional transport of macroscale object under air flow is fabricated. Owing to the anisotropic friction, the anisotropic microcilia arrays achieve transporting centi‐scale hydrogel slice when air flow along their tilted direction. In contrast, air flow against their tilted direction results in hard transport. By introducing cobalt nanoparticles into microcilia, the transport direction can also be easy tuned by regulating the magnetic field. This contribution should expand more properties and functions of anisotropic surface, and provides a clue to design the next generation of micro‐electromechanical systems.