bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Parameters
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

Having specified the various contextual factors and variables that may contribute to the generation of visions, let me attempt a definition of the major cognitive parameters that seem to be affected by Ayahuasca. In defining these parameters} in effect, I am attempting an answer to the major psychological question-what does Ayahuasca do to the human cognitive system? Theoretically, this is tantamount to the definition of modifications in the values of a series of specifications that together define what may be happening in the special state of mind that Ayahuasca induces.
Dynamics
Authors: Shanon Benny
Published: October 2023

In this chapter I continue with the ‘How?’ question and consider a number of patterns which, to my mind, are important determinants of the way Ayahuasca visualizations develop. Following my general (that is, not specific to my study of Ayahuasca) radical phenomenological approach to cognition, unlike most investigations in contemporary cognitive science my analysis does not deal with putative underlying mental representations and computational operations modelled in conjunction with them. In line with my attempt to offer a systematic and comprehensi1.re phenomenological account, I highlight patterns that are operative in the visionary experiences induced by Ayahuasca and that define configurations that are pivotal to their progression. This should be borne in mind even when I use terms such as ‘process’ and ‘mechanisms’. In all cases these should be read only in a formal-phenomenological sense, not one that reifies underlying structures and processes.
Intellectual and Cultural Creativity
Authors: Abulafia Anna Sapir
Published: October 2023

One of the features of the central Middle Ages was a sense people had that they were living in times that were distinct from the past. The many changes they were experiencing were often interpreted as signs that the end of the world was approaching. Different thinkers held different views about the nature of those changes. Some thought all was going from bad to worse; others were far more optimistic about the perfectibility of society in readiness for what might be the final stage of its history. The awareness that there was a difference between past and present led more and more people to think about the role of human beings in the course of history and their own particular role in the new present.
Independence
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

In Raja Rao’s Kanthapura (1938), the women of the village respond to imperial police brutality with long-suﬀering passive resistance. In Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie (1936), there are bold but unrealized plans for a Bombay workers’ strike against the colonial authorities. These 1930s colonial novels contrast strongly with later postcolonial examples of the genre. In Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s A Grain of Wheat (1967), for instance, a hero dies while carrying arms in the Kenyan anti-colonial struggle.
Changes in Home Production and Trends in Economic Inequality
Authors: Gottschalk Peter , Mayer susan E
Published: October 2023

It is widely recognized that ignoring home production understates aggregate output. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of ignoring home production in assessing trends in economic inequality, even though many studies have shown that home production is important to economic well-being, and that the amount of home production has decreased as the labour force participation of women has increased. For instance, Gronau (1980) estimated that in 1973 among white married-couple households the value of home production was equal to 70per cent of households’ money income aftertaxes. Among households with young children, the value of home production was nearly equal to households’ money income after taxes. Furthermore, Juster and Stafford (1991) show that women reduced time devoted to home production by more than 10 per cent between 1965 and 1981, a period of rapid increase in women’s labour force participation.
Domicile And Residence
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

It is not easy to distinguish between the rules of French and English law relating to domicile. In the case of the law of both countries, essentially it is the intentions of the individual concerned which are the paramount issue. The question is to what evidence must one look to support such intentions. When considering the acquisition of a domicile of choice, English law considers that residence in a country for a long period of time raises per se no presumption of the acquisition of a domicile of choice in that country.
Gifts Inter Vivos
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

In two most significant respects the French donation differs from the gift made under English law. In the first place, the rules relating to the reserve contained in C.civ.arts.913 to 930 apply to ‘les libéralités, soit par actes entre vifs, soit par testament’ so that the limitations placed on the maker of gifts during his lifetime are the same as those imposed on his testamentary generosity. There will be a final reckoning at the death of the donor. There is, however, another distinction of importance in that in English law, a perfect gift is irrevocable and if made by deed vests the subject matter of the gift in the donee even if he has not given his specific assent to that event.
Business Leases
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

The fundamental law on this subject is to be found in C.civ .arts.1709 to 1778. These articles cover the leasing of properties under what are known in French law as baux de droit commun (translatable as basic statutory law and not as common law). However, in certain important respects, this law is overlaid with the effect of special legislation which applies broadly to leases of premises for private occu­pation. A fair analogy would be to describe the law in England relating to leases as that enacted in Part V of the Law of Property Act 1925 but subject to the effect of various other Acts including and in particular the various Rent Acts when in force.
Immigration Policy and the Welfare System
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry
Published: October 2023

This book draws together and unifies analysis of immigration into the major EU countries and the US, making digestible and transparent the major trends and dramatic developments of the past decade. While the influence of the welfare state on immigration incentives is a key issue, various other influences on both legal and illegal migration are analyzud, together with the implications of migration for the market outcomes on these two continents.
The Psychology of Economic Decisions
Authors: Brocas Isabelle , Carrillo Juan D
Published: October 2023

This volume brings together contributions to the burgeoning research area of behavioral economics from a number of well-known international scholars in the field. Topics covered include 'irrational' conducts; imperfect self-knowledge; imperfect memory; time and utility; and experimental practices in psychology, economics, and finance. This book will provide a point of entry to anyone wishing to discover what the intellectual terrain between economics and psychology looks like.
On Large-sample Estimation for the Mean of a Stationary Random Sequence
Authors: Adenstedt Rolf K
Published: October 2023

A good survey of results appears in Anderson (1971). Watson (1967, 1972) and Zyskind (1967) consider coincidence of the BLUE and LSE for coefficients in general linear regression models with a fixed sample size. Kruskal (1968) treats this problem from a coordinate-free Hilbert space viewpoint.
Long-term Memory in Stock Market Prices
Authors: Lo Andrew W
Published: October 2023

That economic time series can exhibit long-range dependence has been a hypothesis of many early theories of the trade and business cycles. Such theories were often motivated by the distinct but nonperiodic cyclical patterns that typified plots of economic aggregates over time, cycles of many periods, some that seem nearly as long as the entire span of the sample. In the frequency domain such time series are said to have power at low frequencies.
The Detection and Estimation of Long Memory in Stochastic Volatility
Authors: breidt F Jay , Crato. Nuno , Lima Pedro de
Published: October 2023

A large body of research suggests that the conditional volatility of asset prices displays long-memory or long-range persistence. Furthermore, as we demonstrate below, this type of persistence cannot be appropriately modelled by autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (ARCH), generalized ARCH (GARCH), exponential GARCH (EGARCH) or standard (short-memory) stochastic volatility .models.
Efficient Tests of Nonstationary Hypotheses
Authors: Robinson P M
Published: October 2023

Versions of the score, likelihood-ratio, and Wald principles have been much used in testing for a unit root in a time series against autoregressive (AR) alternatives that are stationary or explosive. This is not a ‘standard’ problem: the test statistics often have nonstandard null and local asymptotic distributions. Sufficiency considerations suggest that some unit root tests developed against AR alternatives may have good power against such alternatives.
Postal Savings and Fiscal Investment in Japan
Authors: Cargill Thomas F , Yoshino Naoyuki
Published: October 2023

Japan’s Postal Savings System (PSS) and Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) are major institutional features of Japanese finance that support a wide ranging system of government financial intermediation. Despite their size and importance, they have not received extensive attention outside of Japan. These institutions manifest characteristics of the pre-liberalization regime and despite an official policy of liberalization since the mid 1970s, the PSS and FILP have increased their role in the financial system and economy. They resisted reform until 1998, and despite a series of reforms that became effective 01 April 2001, there is concern that reducing the role of government financial intermediation will be a slow and difficult process. The process is complicated by Japan’s depressed economy that is now in its second decade of stagnant or declining growth. The book provides an institutional, flow of funds, theoretical, and statistical overview of the PSS and FILP. The book evaluates the contributions these institutions have made to Japan’s economic growth and the problems these institutions create as Japan attempts to modernize its financial and economic system. The book provides a positive analysis of the role played by the PSS and the FILP in Japan’s impressive growth from 1950 to the late 1980s and the economic and financial distress of the 1990s. The book evaluates the reforms started in 1998 and provides a normative view of what direction reform of the PSS and FILP needs to take if the goals of the 1996 Big Bang announcement are to be realized. Despite the setbacks in the late 1990s and the first years of the new century, the 1996 Big Bang remains the operating framework for financial reform in Japan.
Old and New
Authors: Woolf Daniel
Published: October 2023

The Early Modern era is noteworthy for its great reverence for things that were very old, whether books, institutions, traditions, or even personal belongings.’ This respect for the objects (and, generally, the people) of the past manifested itself in a variety of ways. One of these was the growth of antiquarianism, which will concern us in ensuing chapters. But antiquarianism differs from the respect for antiquity from which it emerged in one critical respect: it extracted pieces of the past into modern scholarly works or display settings, for study or decoration rather than daily use; it exoticized an oldness previously deemed normal, even banal. Moreover, antiquarianism must be understood within a much larger mental context as a single aspect of a wider set of assumptions held in one form or another by most men and women from the fifteenth to the early eighteenth centuries. The most fundamental of these were: that old was better than new; that the older something was the better; and that the authority or legitimacy of a belief, practice, or institution, or even of an individual, was a function of its longevity and antiquity. Yet even these principles admitted of nuances, contradictions, and contested definitions, depending upon the context-and attitudes to innovation and novelty were not unaffected by two centuries of pro found material, intellectual, and social change.
The Cultivation of Heredity
Authors: Woolf Daniel
Published: October 2023

Throughout the Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the theme of ancestry recurs again and again in literature, politics, and ordinary social discourse. Like the notion of antiquity, to which it was often related, ancestry figures prominently in the early modern perception of the past and its relationship to the present. This chapter will explore some of the shifts in early modern attitudes to ancestry; the next chapter will deal more specifically with the relation between these changing perceptions and the social circulation of historical, and especially genealogical, knowledge, with special attention to what is often called the ‘pedigree craze’ of the late sixteenth century, and to the shift in attitudes to the legitimacy of imagined or fabricated lineages. Pride in one’s ancestors is in some form or other a characteristic of most cultures, but it is especially important to those in which individual identity is shaped by family ties and blood relationships. In some societies, the relationship to ancestors can be felt as religious experience.
A Science of Belonging: Poetry as Ecology
Authors: Burnside John
Published: October 2023

A small fishing town on the east coast of Scotland: November, 2002, the first day of the (pagan) year. The night was stormy and this morning the wind is still high; lines of townsfolk have formed at the breakwater to watch the great waves smash against the wall, coming out from rooms haunted by television and muzak, bringing their children to see, bringing cameras and binoculars, a little awed, in spite of themselves, at this great spectacle of the real.
Early Modern Catholicism
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Early Modern Catholicism makes available in modern spelling and punctuation substantial Catholic contributions to literature, history, political thought, devotion, and theology in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Rather than perpetuate the usual stereotypes and misinformation, it provides a fresh look at Catholic writing long suppressed, marginalized, and ignored. The anthology gives back voices to those silenced by prejudice, exile, persecution, or martyrdom while attention to actual texts challenges conventional beliefs about the period. The anthology is divided into eight sections entitled Controversies, Lives and Deaths, Poetry, Instructions and Devotions, Drama, Histories, Fiction, and Documents, and includes sixteen black and white illustrations from a variety of Early Modern sources. Amongst the selections are texts which illuminate the role of women in recusant community and in the Church; the rich traditions of prayer and mysticism; the theology and politics of martyrdom; the emergence of the Catholic Baroque in literature and art; and the polemical battles fought within the Church and against its enemies. Early Modern Catholicism also provides a context that redefines the established canons of Early Modern England, including such figures as Edmund Spenser, John Donne, John Milton, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.
Henry Garnet
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Henry Garnet (1555–1606) entered the Society of Jesus in Rome (1575) and lectured in Hebrew, mathematics, and metaphysics. Named superior of the English Mission in 1586, he organized the clergy, administered sacraments, ran printing presses, wrote polemical and devotional works, and evaded authorities for nearly two decades. On 25 July 1605, in confession and under its seal, Garnet heard of a plot against parliament from the Jesuit Oswald Tesimond. Though Garnet unsuccessfully tried to prevent this and any Catholic attempt at violence, the discovery of the plot led to his arrest, torture, and execution for complicity, 3 May 1606.
Juan de Mariana
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

A Spanish Jesuit, Juan de Mariana (1536–1624) taught theology in Rome and Paris and wrote an inXuential history of Spain, Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (1592). Though he frequently clashed with civil and ecclesiastical authorities, Spanish royalty supported the publication of Mariana’s most controversial work, De Rege et Regis Institutione (Toledo, 1599), which contained advice on raising a true Christian prince and, notoriously, some chapters defending tyrannicide.
Mary Ward
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

One year before Margaret Clitherow’s execution, her neighbours in York celebrated the birth of Mary Ward (1585–1645). Ward received training in the faith from strong women around her, especially her grandmother, Ursula Wright, who spent fourteen years in prison, and her cousin, Grace Babthorpe, one of Clitherow’s friends. These women created a strong community of prayer, faith, and charity. After trying several religious orders, Mary Ward in 1611 received a visionary message, ‘Take the same of the Society ‘, which she interpreted as a command to imitate the Society of Jesus in its mixing of contemplation and action.
Chidiock Tichborne
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born into a noble Catholic family, Chidiock Tichborne (1558?–86) joined the 1586 Babington plot to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne, for which he was executed on 20 September 1586. Tichborne repented on the gallows and left behind a moving letter to his wife and several verses, including the poignant lament below. This admired poem, ironically, Wrst appeared to the public in a pamphlet celebrating the foiling of the plot and the execution of the conspirators, Verses of Praise and Joy written upon Her Majesty’s Preservation (1586).
William Habington
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Born into a recusant family in the Catholic stronghold of Hindlip Hall, William Habington (1605–54) received his education in Paris and Saint-Omer. He wrote a tragicomedy, The Queen of Aragon (1640), and some prose, notably The History of Edward IV (1640). Habington married Lucy Herbert, for whom he wrote his principal work, Castara (1634), a series of love poems, which, furnished by Catholic devotions to Mary and Teresa, show 169 V. On the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic hope for the throne of England, see Fig. 6. 173. Caledonian Scottish.
Jane Lumley
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Jane Lumley (1537?–1577?), Catholic noblewoman, left behind in manuscript Isocrates translated into Latin, two Latin letters, and Iphigeneia at Aulis (1555?), the Wrst extant rendering of a Greek tragedy into English. Probably consulting the Greek original along with Erasmus’s Latin translation, her primary source, Lumley strips the Euripidean action to its bare bones, omits the choruses and lyric Xights, and produces a redactive but powerful paraphrase. Christianizing the terms and meaning of the ancient drama, she transforms the alien pagan sacriWce into a contemporary martyrdom.
Jacob Bidermann
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Jacob Bidermann (1578–1639) entered the Society of Jesus in 1594, taught at the Jesuit university in Dillingen, and served as theologian of the Society. He wrote a wide range of works in Latin—epigrams, hymns, a novel (Utopia), an epic (Herodias), devotional and philosophical treatises, and, most important, plays. Mingling scenes of comedy and tragedy, these plays well represent the important genre of Jesuit drama, which delighted audiences throughout Europe and educated them in Catholic doctrines and perspectives.
Venerable Bede
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Historian and Doctor of the Church, Venerable Bede (672–735) (venerabilis is an honoriWc title) lived as a monk at Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery. Consulting many ancient documents, Bede recounts the conversion of Great Britain to Christianity in his masterful Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. Thomas Stapleton, an exiled Catholic polemicist in Louvain, translated the Latin Historia in 1565 to show, as he says to the dedicatee, Queen Elizabeth, ‘in how many and weighty points the pretended reformers of the Church in Your Grace’s dominions have departed from the pattern of that sound and Catholic faith planted nicholas sander 399 the said island, having all things necessary ministered unto them, until they should hear farther of his pleasure.
Nicholas Sander
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Louvain humanist and polemicist (see controversies), Nicholas Sander (1530–81) depicted the religious changes in England as heretical schism. Sander’s De Origine et Progressu schismatis Anglicani (Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), revised by 238. bruit rumour. 239. Bertha daughter of Charibert, a Merovingian king of Paris. 243. abroad in an open place. 244. common converse. 248. in a table on a panel. 254. part impart. 256. minister provide. behoveful suitable. 257. Neither . . . that Nor do we forbid but instead allow that.
Desiderius Erasmus
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Dutch humanist, theologian, and scholar, Desiderius Erasmus (1459–1536, see controversies) also wrote Wction critical of the Church. Julius exclusus (1513), for example, depicts Pope Julius II denied admittance into heaven for his many crimes. The enormously popular Familiarium colloquiorum formulae (Colloquies, 1518, etc.), including The Pilgrimage of Pure Devotion below, satirizes superstitious practices and clerical proWteering while advocating true piety and service to the poor. Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, rebuked Erasmus for his criticisms; the theology faculty at the University of Paris banned the book; the Church listed the Colloquies in its index of prohibited works.
John Barclay
Authors: Miola Robert S
Published: October 2023

Scottish polemicist and writer, John Barclay (1582–1621), despite his Catholicism, found favour at the court of James I, doubtless through the inXuence of his father William, who had vigorously denied papal authority over kings (see Bellarmine, controversies). John Barclay held similar views and satirized the Jesuits but he defended the sacrament of the Eucharist, as well as the intercession of saints, miracles, and relics. Barclay wrote two Latin works of Wction that enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe, the satirical Euphormionis Lusinini Satyricon (1605–7) and Argenis (Paris, 1621), part historical roman a` clef, part romance. Excerpted below, Argenis achieved over Wfty editions in the next century and translation into every major European language, including a partial (now lost) English version by Ben Jonson, commissioned by King James I.
The Welfare State in the European Union
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

This book offers an account of the performance of the welfare state in the European Union, and explores its future prospects in an ever evolving setting. The objectives of the welfare state are twofold: to relieve poverty and to provide a sense of security for everyone. It can be shown that over the last four decades the welfare state has been quite successful in achieving these objectives, more visibly in the Nordic countries than in the Southern or the Anglo-Saxon ones. But today the welfare state is at a crossroad. It is facing a variety of challenges that include demographic aging, the changing role of families, increased opportunism, economic integration and declining job security. All these challenges call for a drastic reform of the welfare state, one that requires more control of abuses and more accountability. The authors that it is crucial that all the components of the welfare state be made as efficient as possible, and that if a choice has to be made between alleviating poverty and protecting individuals against lifetime risks, priority should be given to the first objective. This book devotes a chapter to each of the main social protection programs: health care, unemployment insurance, pensions and child policies. In addition, special consideration is given throughout to the necessary interdependence among the State, the market and the family.
Conclusion
Authors: Pestieau Pierre
Published: October 2023

Over the Spring of 1997, socialist prime ministers were elected in both France and the UK. Tony Blair succeeded Conservative governments that had ruled the UK for more than a decade. By contrast Lionel Jospin’s election was less of a rupture than that of Tony Blair’s, since the socialists had been in power in France two years before. Despite the common denomination of socialism, the difference between the two situations is tangible. For in the UK the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher first and of John Major later introduced drastic reforms into the British Welfare State. The power of the unions was broken and a number of social programs were abandoned, or tendered out to the private sector. As a result, one has the feeling that compared not only to France but to many other European countries, the UK is today quite different in its attitude towards entitlements, assistance and labor participation.
Labour Market Transitions of Men and Women During an Economic Crisis: Evidence From Indonesia
Authors: Thomas Duncan , Beegle Kathleen , Frankenberg Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

Indonesia is in the midst of a major financial, economic, and political cns1s. The magnitude and unexpected nature of the crisis are particularly stunning when contrasted with the country’s recent economic success. During the three decades prior to the crisis, Indonesia enjoyed sustained economic growth, accompanied by an impressive reduction in poverty, significant improvements in the health and human capital of the population and a shift in the structure of production away from agriculture towards higher paying manufacturing and service sector jobs. There are many ways one might summarize changes in the labour market; one often used metric is growth in hourly earnings which is likely to be related to changes in productivity. That growth has been dramatic. Real hourly earnings of the median female worker in the formal or market sector in 1997 was about twice that of the median female market sector worker a decade earlier; for men, real hourly earnings increased by about 50 per cent during this time (Smith et al.2002).
Missing the Partner and His Earnings: Income Situation and Labour Market Participation of Single Mothers in West and East Germany
Authors: Buchel Felix , Engelhardt Henriette
Published: October 2023

The number of single parent families has risen very rapidly in Germany in recent years.1 Several studies for West Germany show substantial differences in the economic well-being of single parents compared to families where both parents are present (e.g. DIW Wochenbericht 1993; McFate etal.1995; Roll 1992; Ruspini 1998). Habich and Krause (1997: 524) found a rapidly increasing poverty rate for West German single parents within a short time period.2A low income situation of single parent families seems mainly to be a problem of single mothers. Studies based on West German and on English data find that single fathers experience less likely poverty than single mothers (Burghes 1993; Neubauer 1993).3 The basic explanation for this finding is the well-known worse labour market position for women than for men.4
Theory and Principle in Cross-Border Insolvency
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: October 2023

The concept of insolvency –– and indeed its reality –– may be said to form part of the common experience of organized human society. With the evolution of such notions as property, obligation, credit, and commercial exchange, the elements are in place from which individuals may conduct their affairs with a view to enhancing the sum total of their material wellbeing. In a portion of cases, whether through misfortune, miscalculation or mismanagement (singly or in combination), the outcome will be less satisfactory. The hoped-for gains may fail to materialize; or losses may emerge which more than cancel out such gains as may accrue.
John Lydgate, The Temple of Glass
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

The Temple of Glass is one of several dream visions written by the hugely prolific John Lydgate (1371–1449), a Benedictine monk of the abbey at Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. Although much of his life must have been spent at Bury, Lydgate studied in Oxford for some years in the early fifteenth century, and lived for part of the 1420s and 1430s at Hatfield Broadoak in Essex, where he was appointed prior.
Charles of Orleans, Love’s Renewal
Authors: Boffey Julia
Published: October 2023

Charles of Orleans (1394–1465), well known since the fifteenth century as the author of many poems in French, was also probably responsible for an English sequence of lyrics and short narrative poems, corresponding in part to the French texts. Son of Louis of Orleans, who was brother to Charles VI of France, and of Valentina Visconti, daughter of the duke of Milan, Charles was given the upbringing and education appropriate to a future magnate, and was at 12 married to Isabelle, widow of the English king Richard II.
Women at Home and Abroad II: Fashionable Mammas and Natural Mothers
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

Mothers, like wives, attracted great attention in late eighteenth-century England. Both satirical and non-satirical (especially sentimental) images of mothers abounded. While prints of bad wives drew more attention than prints of good wives. Many images emphasized the need for good mothers to guarantee the health and security of the nation, and/or the individual family. This cult of motherhood was more than a visual phenomenon. This chapter explores the varied representation of mothers in satirical and sentimental prints, and relates this to debates about motherhood taking place in portraits, newspapers, and magazines.
Shop Floor Culture, Masculinity and the Wage Form
Authors: Willis Paul
Published: October 2023

Excruciating noise is probably the most unpleasant sensual concomitant of industrial work. Its invocation serves to remind, even those who pride themselves on their penetration of the consumer-egalitarian- liberal mythology, that not only are commodities produced under specific and determinate social conditions, but also that they are produced under specific and determinate experiential conditions. What is the human meaning and actual experience that lies behind our easy use of cars, cosmetics, clothes and buildings? What degree of frenzy, activity, boredom and suﬀering has been objectified into the thousand articles on glamorous display in the department store? Is the meaning and pleasure of these things as they are consumed any more important than the meaning of the drudge of their production? It is often forgot- ten that the main reality for most of the people, for most of the time, is work and the sound of work—the grind of production, not the purr of consumption, is the commonest mark of our industrial culture. […]
Black Masculinity: The Black Male’s Role in American Society
Authors: Staples Robert
Published: October 2023

This chapter concludes Robert Staples’s 1982 study of the black man in America. Staples’s book is divided into five parts: ‘Black Men and the Social System’, ‘Crime and Violence’, ‘sex and Sexuality’, ‘Male/Female Relationships’, and ‘Masculinity and Sexism’. The other chapter in Part V, and the one that immediately precedes the one reprinted here, takes a close look at ‘Black Manhood in the 1970s’. Additional chapters focus on such issues as race and masculinity in general, black male adolescence, the myth of black sexual superiority, homosexuality, the changing roles and relationships between black men and black women. I decided to include the last chapter in the book as it focuses most explicitly on the relationship between black masculinity and feminism. The significance of Staples’s analysis can be appreciated fully, of course, only with an understanding of the arguments he pursues in the chapters leading up to his conclusion.
Men Loving Men: The Challenge of Gay Liberation
Authors: Kinsman Gary
Published: October 2023

The limits of ‘acceptable’ masculinity are in part defined by comments like ‘What are you, a fag?’ As boys and men we have heard such expressions and the words ‘queer,’ ‘faggot,’ and ‘sissy’ all our lives. These words encourage certain types of male behavior and serve to define, regulate, and limit our lives, whether we consider ourselves straight or gay. Depending on who is speaking and who is listening, they incite fear or hatred.
‘Satan encount’ring Death, Sin interposing’: Milton’s Allegory and the Politics of Seeing
Authors: Calè Luisa
Published: October 2023

HOW can death be represented in pictures? Laurence Sterne went to one representational extreme in Tristram Shandy, where death is abstracted into a black rectangle. This aesthetic shock tactic neatly sidesteps the iconographic repertoire that Fuseli confronted when he depicted Death hovering between form and abstraction.
Satirical Prints of Women and the London Art Market
Authors: Mccreery Cindy
Published: October 2023

Miss Bailey,whose picture, painted by Hoppner, was so much the admiration of the town, at the last exhibition, has been just married to a young gentleman of considerable fortune in the country. That lady, though of a genteel family, was quite unknown in the polite world, till her charms were exhibited upon canvas. The print of Love in a Coffin— was published today—the family hath taken much pains to suppress everything on this subject—Lord Sackville took home his Culprit truant daughter I know no satire, no chastisement so severe against vice in people of fashion, as prints—for which I designed the above on Mrs. [?]Herbart.
Reforming the Body
Authors: Fissell Mary E
Published: October 2023

In 1540 Thomas Raynalde published the first printed book in English about pregnancy and childbirth. Five years later he published another edition, with a new section that explained the anatomy of women’s reproductive parts and the processes of conception. Called The Birth of Mankind or The Womans Book, this small text gave anyone who could read the rudiments of midwifery and offered advice on pregnancy and the care of the newborn. The work was, in part, a translation of a 1513 German text that was already becoming a best-seller. The English book became similarly popular, going into at least a dozen editions over the next century.
Going Public and the Option Value of Convertible Securities in Venture Capital
Authors: Hellmann Thomas
Published: October 2023

Venture capitalists specialize in the financing of new growth-oriented companies. As such they are sometimes hailed as one of the few investors that provides long-term finance.
Functional Participation: the Missing Link in the EU ‘s Legitimacy Debate
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

The concern about the legitimacy of the European polity can hardly be called a new topical issue of political debate and academic interest. In particular, since the beginning of the 1990s, the ‘democratic deficit ‘ has been at the centre of the debate on European institutional reform and the legitimacy of this sui generis polity has become a major topic of the European integration literature. However, this debate has long ignored the role of functional participation, i.e. formal structures ensuring the participation of interest groups in European policy-making.
The European Social Dialogue
Authors: Smismans Stijn
Published: October 2023

Three forms of functional participation have been analysed until now, namely, the EESC, tripartite advisory committees, and information agencies; the first two having mainly a role in regulatory policy-making, the latter in persuasive policy-making. The fourth form of functional participation under research is the European social dialogue. It can be part of the normal regulatory intervention but can equally be a regulatory alternative to such legislative action. Moreover, ‘social dialogue ‘ is strongly encouraged by the European social dimension of the 1990s preferring ‘new modes of governance ‘ to the ‘old regulatory Community method ‘.
The Transfer of Property in the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M
Published: October 2023

This book provides a detailed and up-to-date exposition of English and Scottish rules of choice of law in inter vivos transfers of property. It traces the development of the lex situs rule, and its application to inter vivos dealings with immovable property, tangible movable property (including the special case of cultural property), and intangible movable property (including indirectly held securities). The author offers two alternative models of suggested choice of law rules in property, introducing a greater degree of flexibility into choice of law rules in property, and formulates even-handed solutions to the complex problems of space, time and policy which arise in this area of the conflict of laws.
Conflict diamonds: the De Beers Group and the Kimberley Process
Authors: Bone Andrew
Published: October 2023

The concept of ‘conflict diamonds’ stems from the conflict in Angola and the failure of the international community to bring a lasting settlement to the civil war there through the combined efforts of the United Nations and a ‘troika’ of states comprising Portugal, Russia and the United States. In June 1998 the UN Security Council, exasperated by the perceived intransigence of União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), decided to impose comprehensive economic and political sanctions on the organization and its leadership through the adoption of Resolution 1176, which activated Resolution 1173.
A view from Africa
Authors: Adejumobi Said
Published: October 2023

The attacks of 11 September 2001 introduced a new configuration into the international political economy: they have increasingly shaped issues, interests, alliances, coalition building and the focus of global politics. Some have described the attacks as the most significant and shattering event since the end of the cold war and a watershed in global history. The attacks certainly constituted an epochal event that was to set its stamp on the beginning of the new millennium and on the direction of global politics in the 21st century.
Cooperation or Confrontation: Sustainable Water Use in an International Context
Authors: Luterbacher Urs , Wiegandt Ellen
Published: October 2023

‘The world is incurring a vast water deficit. It is largely invisible, historically recent, and growing fast. ‘1 It is also critical because it has far-reaching consequences, touching all sectors of society. Impending water scarcities can exacerbate social conflict, lead to food shortages, and cause or aggravate dis eases. Assuring access to sufficient water resources throughout the globe is a thus major challenge for the international community. The problem is even more pressing and complex because future quantity and quality of water are linked to other critical issues such as climate change, property rights, and economic development. Numerous regions of the world are particularly at risk of potential shortages due either to physical or social causes, or because of uncertainties about access generated by rapid and far-reaching political changes. The Middle East immediately comes to mind because water shortages are invariably linked to the broader conflict in which water has become a weapon. This area may be a harbinger of similar conflicts to come in other parts of the world. River systems such as the Mekong in Southeast Asia, the Syr and Amu Daria in Central Asia, the Nile in Africa, or the Colorado in North America are shared by countries whose needs are evolving and whose riparian States have unequal power relations. Competition for water in these regions is already, or can potentially become, linked to other political and economic developments to reinforce existing differences. The current international regime is insufficient to deal with these emerging issues.
Water Transfers: A Means to Achieve Sustainable Water Use
Authors: Dantarlock A
Published: October 2023

The United States and many other countries are entering a new era of water allocation: environmentally sustainable water use.1 This standard is not a simple river preservation concept because any national water policy must accommod ate a wide range of sustainable, non-wasteful consumptive uses.2 It is a more complex standard that recognizes that it is no longer possible to meet new demands for consumptive and non-consumptive uses by relying exclusively on the historic solution to increased water demand, supply augmentation through the construction of large, new carry-over storage reservoirs3 and trans-basin diversions which bring water from areas of origin to more arid areas of demand. The case for large darns and trans-basin diversions has been partially under mined by the potential impact of global climate change on water resources, the report of the World Commission on Darns,4 and the increased worldwide emphasis on the restoration of ecosystem degradation caused by the large-scale modification of the hydrologic regimes of rivers and lakes during the previous century. Thus, it will often be necessary to reallocate existing supplies.
Why Health Equity?
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: October 2023

‘The world . . . is not an inn, but a hospital ‘, said Sir Thomas Browne more than three and half centuries ago, in 1643. That is a discouraging, if not entirely surprising, interpretation of the world from the distinguished author of Religio Medici and Pseudodoxia Epidemica. But Browne may not be entirely wrong: even today (not just in Browne ‘s seventeenth-century England), illness of one kind or another is an important presence in the lives of a great many people. Indeed, Browne may have been somewhat optimistic in his invoking of a hospital: many of the people who are most ill in the world today get no treatment for their ailments, nor the use of effective means of prevention.
Social Causes of Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael
Published: October 2023

The relation between society and health is challenging and important for two complementary reasons. For economists and those concerned with social policy, health may be a marker, a way of keeping score of how well the society is doing in delivering well-being. In public health, our concern is not with economic performance, of which mortality may be an indicator, but with health status of which economic and social performance may be determinants. That is to say, I am concerned with how to lower mortality rates and improve health, and am therefore interested in the major influences that shape it. In this con- text, I am concerned with economic performance only as a means to an end.
Personal and Social Responsibility for Health
Authors: Wikler Daniel
Published: October 2023

In many cases, illness is not something that just happens to a person. We are more likely to remain healthy if we take care of ourselves. People who live prudently tend to live longer and to avoid disability. The best hope for many people who are seeking to maintain or improve health is to adopt healthier lifestyles.

These facts suggest a division of labour in the pursuit of health. In addition to maintaining a health system for prevention and therapy, society can try to create a healthy social and physical environment, and can also provide information on risk factors. For their part, individuals can use this information, along with their own knowledge and common sense, to maintain their health as best they can to reduce the need for care.
Disability-Adjusted Life Years: A Critical Review
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Hanson Kara
Published: October 2023

The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) has emerged in the international health policy lexicon as a new measure of the ‘burden of disease ‘. The conceptual framework for DALYs is described and justified in the paper ‘Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years ‘ (Murray 1994). Developed as an input into the World Bank ‘s World Development Report: Investing in Health (1993), DALYs are being used as a tool for policy-making in a wide range of countries (Bobadilla and Cowley 1995). According to some, the DALY concept has ‘the potential to revolutionize the way in which we measure the impact of disease, how we choose interventions, and how we track the success or failure of our intervention ‘ (Foege 1994: 1705).
Health Achievement and Equity: External and Internal Perspectives
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: October 2023

Judgements of health equity as well as aggregative achievements in health care are inescapably dependent on the assessment of individual states of health. There are, however, many complex issues in evaluating the state of health of a person. One of the major complexities arises from the fact that the person ‘s own understanding of his or her health may not be congruent with the appraisal of a medical expert. More generally, there is a conceptual contrast between the ‘internal ‘ view of health, as seen by the person in question, and ‘external ‘ views that others may take of the person ‘s state of health. The contrast goes well beyond incidental differences between two assessments, and can reflect different ideas as to what can be understood as ‘good health ‘ of a person.
Recovered Memory And False Memory
Authors: Brewin Chris R
Published: October 2023

Since the 1990s there has been a revival of interest in the accuracy of adults’ memory for 6.01 childhood events, in particular traumatic events, and the relationship of such memories to psychopathology. Although memory is at times unreliable, the integrity of memory over long periods can sometimes be impressive, provided its limitations are not exceeded. In general, memory for the gist of childhood events is often well retained, so long as such events were reasonably significant or were repeated sufficiently often. Memory for detail, for example of conversations that may have occurred years before, or memory that involves qualitative judgements, is less reliable.
GHG Emissions Trading Registries
Authors: Hobley Anthony , Hawkes Peter
Published: October 2023

In their simplest form National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Registries (National Registries) are electronic databases for recording and tracking Kyoto Units (that is, Assigned Amount Units (AAUs),1 Removal Units (RMUs),2 Certified Emission Reductions (CERs),3 and Emission Reduction Units (ERUs)4) and regional/domestic units (for example, EU Allowances). Such National Registries are in fact critical to any sophisticated system of emissions trading whether International Emissions Trading (IET) pursuant to Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol or regional trading such as will take place under the EU-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) Emissions Allowance Trading Scheme (EUETS).
COM Project Cycle and the Role of the UNFCCC Secretariat
Authors: Netto Maria , Schmidt Kai-Uwe Barani
Published: October 2023

The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides for three ‘market-oriented mechanisms‘: Joint Implementation QI), Emissions Trading (ETI, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). One purpose of these three mechanisms is to maximize the cost-effectiveness of climate change mitigation by providing an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abroad at lower cost. In particular, with the CDM, Parties to the Convention aimed at breaking new ground in promoting international investment in climate friendly technologies for the benefit of developing countries.