bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is physical therapy effective following extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and retrograde intrarenal surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Authors: Peng Linjie , Wen Junjun , Zhong Wen , Zeng Guohua
Published: July 2020

Background

Physical therapy, including percussion, inversion, vibration and combinations, was clinically performed to improve the stone free rate (SFR) following lithotripsy procedures. However, physical therapy is not widely accepted in clinical practice owing to lack of high level evidence support and a standard protocol. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of physical therapy in improving SFR following extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS).

Methods

Systematic review of literature from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Embase was performed in March 2019. The efficacy and safety of physical therapy after ESWL and RIRS were assessed by meta-analysis of SFR and complication rate.

Results

A total of 8 prospective studies with 1065 patients were enrolled. When compared to non-intervention, physical therapy provided a higher SFR (OR:3.38, 95% CI: 2.45–4.66, p < 0.0001) at all time points (week 1, week 2 and month 1), while there was no significant difference in complications such as hematuria, lumbago, dizziness and urinary tract infection (OR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.62–1.13; p = 0.237). In subgroup analysis of different stone locations, lower calyx stone (OR: 3.51; 95%CI: 2.21–5.55; p < 0.0001), upper ureter and renal pelvic stones (OR:2.79; 95%CI:1.62–4.81; p = 0.0002) had a higher SFR after physical therapy, while there was no significant improvement in SFR in upper and middle calyx stones. In subgroup analysis of different techniques, EPVL (external physical vibration lithecbole, OR:3.47; 95%CI:2.24–5.37; p < 0.0001) and PDI (percussion, diuresis and inversion, OR:3.24; 95%CI:2.01–5.21; p < 0.0001) were both effective in improving SFR when compared to non-intervention.

Conclusions

Physical therapy is effective in improving the SFR after ESWL and RIRS, especially for lower calyx stones, upper ureter and renal pelvic stones, while without significant side effects. External physical vibration lithecbole (EPVL) might provide a relative uniformed and repeatable protocol for clinical practice of physical therapy.

Trial registration

PROSPERO 2019 CRD42019130228.
Validation of the Japanese version of the barriers questionnaire II in cancer pain management: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sakakibara Naoki , Komatsu Hiroko , Takahashi Mikako , Yamauchi Hideko , Yamauchi Teruo , Doorenbos Ardith Z.
Published: July 2020

Background

The Barriers Questionnaire II (BQ-II) was developed to assess barriers to effective pain management. In this study, we aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the newly developed Japanese version of the BQ-II (JBQ-II).

Methods

This study used a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted an ambulatory infusion center for cancer in a general hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Participants were 120 Japanese patients with cancer and 21 Japanese health professionals with experience in pain management. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to calculate reliability. Test–retest reliability was assessed with Spearman’s intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Construct, criterion-related, and discriminant validity were assessed using information about pain management, daily life, mental health, and subjective health.

Results

The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.90 for the JBQ-II, and all ICCs exceeded 0.70 (P < 0.01). Factor analysis showed the JBQ-II had a virtually identical structure to the BQ-II, and path analysis supported the JBQ-II constructs. The JBQ-II was weakly correlated with poor mental state (r = 0.36, P < 0.01). Patients’ JBQ-II scores were significantly higher than health professionals’ scores.

Conclusion

The JBQ-II is a valid and reliable measure of patient-related barriers to pain management among Japanese adult patients with cancer.
Multi-modality self-attention aware deep network for 3D biomedical segmentation
Authors: Jia Xibin , Liu Yunfeng , Yang Zhenghan , Yang Dawei
Published: July 2020

Background

Deep learning based on segmentation models have been gradually applied in biomedical images and achieved state-of-the-art performance for 3D biomedical segmentation. However, most of existing biomedical segmentation researches take account of the application cases with adapting a single type of medical images from the corresponding examining method. Considering of practical clinic application of the radiology examination for diseases, the multiple image examination methods are normally required for final diagnosis especially in some severe diseases like cancers. Therefore, by considering the cases of employing multi-modal images and exploring the effective multi-modality fusion based on deep networks, we do the research to make full use of complementary information of multi-modal images referring to the clinic experiences of radiologists in image analysis.

Methods

Referring to the human radiologist diagnosis experience, we discuss and propose a new self-attention aware mechanism to improve the segmentation performance by paying the different attention on different modal images and different symptoms. Firstly, we propose a multi-path encoder and decoder deep network for 3D biomedical segmentation. Secondly, to leverage the complementary information among different modalities, we introduce a structure of attention mechanism called the Multi-Modality Self-Attention Aware (MMSA) convolution. Multi-modal images we used in the paper are different modalities of MR scanning images, which are input into the network separately. Then self-attention weight fusion of multi-modal features is performed with our proposed MMSA, which can adaptively adjust the fusion weights according to the learned contribution degree of different modalities and different features revealing the different symptoms from the labeled data.

Results

Experiments have been done on the public competition dataset BRATS-2015. The results show that our proposed method achieves dice scores of 0.8726, 0.6563, 0.8313 for the whole tumor, the tumor core and the enhancing tumor core, respectively. Comparing with the U-Net with SE block, the scores are increased by 0.0212,0.031,0.0304.

Conclusions

We present a multi-modality self-attention aware convolution, which have better segmentation results based on the adaptive weighting fusion mechanism with exploiting the multiple medical image modalities. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and prominent application in the multi-modality fusion based medical image analysis.
Dietary fish oil supplement induces age-specific contractile and proteomic responses in muscles of male rats
Authors: Russ David W. , Dimova Kalina , Morris Emily , Pacheco Marguerite , Garvey Sean M. , Scordilis Stylianos P.
Published: July 2020

Background

Dietary fish oil (DFO) has been identified as a micronutrient supplement with the potential to improve musculoskeletal health in old age. Few data are available for effects of DFO on muscle contractility, despite the significant negative impact of muscle weakness on age-related health outcomes. Accordingly, the effects of a DFO intervention on the contractile function and proteomic profile of adult and aged in an animal model of aging were investigated.

Methods

This preliminary study evaluated 14 adult (8 months) and 12 aged (22 months) male, Sprague-Dawley rats consuming a DFO-supplemented diet or a control diet for 8 weeks (7 adult and 6 aged/dietary group). Animal weight, food intake and grip strength were assessed at the start and end of the FO intervention. In situ force and contractile properties were measured in the medial gastrocnemius muscle following the intervention and muscles were processed for 2-D gel electrophoresis and proteomic analysis via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, confirmed by immunoblotting. Effects of age, diet and age x diet interaction were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA.

Results

A significant (P = 0.022) main effect for DFO to increase (~ 15%) muscle contractile force was observed, without changes in muscle mass. Proteomic analysis revealed a small number of proteins that differed across age and dietary groups at least 2-fold, most of which related to metabolism and oxidative stress. In seven of these proteins (creatine kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, pyruvate kinase, parvalbumin, beta-enolase, NADH dehydrogenase and Parkin7/DJ1), immunoblotting corroborated these findings. Parvalbumin showed only an effect of diet (increased with DFO) (P = 0.003). Significant age x diet interactions were observed in the other proteins, generally demonstrating increased expression in adult and decreased expression aged rats consuming DFO (all P > 0.011). However, correlational analyses revealed no significant associations between contractile parameters and protein abundances.

Conclusions

Results of this preliminary study support the hypothesis that DFO can enhance musculoskeletal health in adult and aged muscles, given the observed improvement in contractile function. The fish oil supplement also alters protein expression in an age-specific manner, but the relationship between proteomic and contractile responses remains unclear. Further investigation to better understand the magnitude and mechanisms muscular effects of DFO in aged populations is warranted.
Radiotherapy after the easing of public restrictions during COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Wang Weiping , Hu Ke , Qiu Jie , Zhang Fuquan
Published: July 2020

The daily new confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases have decreased in some European and Asian countries. Many countries and areas have started to ease public restrictions. Here, we share our experiences and recommendations on how to conduct radiotherapy after public restrictions have eased or upon reopening. Firstly, COVID-19 nucleic acid test screening should be performed for all new admitted patients in areas with enough test capability. Secondly, radiotherapy can be conducted reference to consensus or recommendations on radiotherapy during COVID-19. Thirdly, it is not the time to consider compromising the guidance and the guidance on radiotherapy workflow and protection procedures still should be strictly followed.
Patterns, management, and outcomes of traumatic pelvic fracture: insights from a multicenter study
Authors: Abdelrahman Husham , El-Menyar Ayman , Keil Holger , Alhammoud Abduljabbar , Ghouri Syed Imran , Babikir Elhadi , Asim Mohammad , Muenzberg Matthias , Al-Thani Hassan
Published: July 2020

Background

Traumatic pelvic fracture (TPF) is a significant injury that results from high energy impact and has a high morbidity and mortality.

Purpose

We aimed to describe the epidemiology, incidence, patterns, management, and outcomes of TPF in multinational level 1 trauma centers.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with TPF between 2010 and 2016 at two trauma centers in Qatar and Germany.

Results

A total of 2112 patients presented with traumatic pelvic injuries, of which 1814 (85.9%) sustained TPF, males dominated (76.5%) with a mean age of 41 ± 21 years. In unstable pelvic fracture, the frequent mechanism of injury was motor vehicle crash (41%) followed by falls (35%) and pedestrian hit by vehicle (24%). Apart from both extremities, the chest (37.3%) was the most commonly associated injured region. The mean injury severity score (ISS) of 16.5 ± 13.3. Hemodynamic instability was observed in 44%. Blood transfusion was needed in one third while massive transfusion and intensive care admission were required in a tenth and a quarter of cases, respectively. Tile classification was possible in 1228 patients (type A in 60%, B in 30%, and C in 10%). Patients with type C fractures had higher rates of associated injuries, higher ISS, greater pelvis abbreviated injury score (AIS), massive transfusion protocol activation, prolonged hospital stay, complications, and mortality (p value < 0.001). Two-thirds of patients were managed conservatively while a third needed surgical fixation. The median length of hospital and intensive care stays were 15 and 5 days, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 4.7% (86 patients).

Conclusion

TPF is a common injury among polytrauma patients. It needs a careful, systematic management approach to address the associated complexities and the polytrauma nature.
Genome-wide studies reveal the essential and opposite roles of ARID1A in controlling human cardiogenesis and neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Liu Juli , Liu Sheng , Gao Hongyu , Han Lei , Chu Xiaona , Sheng Yi , Shou Weinian , Wang Yue , Liu Yunlong , Wan Jun , Yang Lei
Published: July 2020

Background

Early human heart and brain development simultaneously occur during embryogenesis. Notably, in human newborns, congenital heart defects strongly associate with neurodevelopmental abnormalities, suggesting a common gene or complex underlying both cardiogenesis and neurogenesis. However, due to lack of in vivo studies, the molecular mechanisms that govern both early human heart and brain development remain elusive.

Results

Here, we report ARID1A, a DNA-binding subunit of the SWI/SNF epigenetic complex, controls both neurogenesis and cardiogenesis from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) through distinct mechanisms. Knockout-of-ARID1A (ARID1A−/−) leads to spontaneous differentiation of neural cells together with globally enhanced expression of neurogenic genes in undifferentiated hESCs. Additionally, when compared with WT hESCs, cardiac differentiation from ARID1A−/−hESCs is prominently suppressed, whereas neural differentiation is significantly promoted. Whole genome-wide scRNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq analyses reveal that ARID1A is required to open chromatin accessibility on promoters of essential cardiogenic genes, and temporally associated with key cardiogenic transcriptional factors T and MEF2C during early cardiac development. However, during early neural development, transcription of most essential neurogenic genes is dependent on ARID1A, which can interact with a known neural restrictive silencer factor REST/NRSF.

Conclusions

We uncover the opposite roles by ARID1A to govern both early cardiac and neural development from pluripotent stem cells. Global chromatin accessibility on cardiogenic genes is dependent on ARID1A, whereas transcriptional activity of neurogenic genes is under control by ARID1A, possibly through ARID1A-REST/NRSF interaction.
Quantitative phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (sweet Orange) peels
Authors: Oikeh Ehigbai I. , Oviasogie Faith E. , Omoregie Ehimwenma S.
Published: July 2020

Background

Citrus sinensis is one of the most abundant citrus species consumed. Orange peels are a waste by-product of the fruit and may potentially contain useful phytonutrients with biological relevance.

Methods

Fresh and dry peels of sweet orange were subjected to Soxhlet extraction and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content were determined using standard methods. Antimicrobial activities against five (5) bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and three (3) fungal strains (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum) was carried out by observing the zone of inhibition using disc diffusion method.

Results

The total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content was higher in the fresh peel extract compared to the dry peel extract. Antimicrobial activities revealed that the fresh peel extract had better antibacterial activities against all bacterial strains and one fungal strain studied compared to the dry peel extract. Growth of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum were however better inhibited by the dry peel extract than the fresh peel extract.

Conclusion

This study investigated the phenolic content and antimicrobial activities of fresh and dry Citrus sinensis peel extracts. The results from the study conclude that the fresh Citrus sinensis peel extract contains more phenolics and possesses better antimicrobial activities against the studied microbial strains compared to the dry peel extract. The findings in this study suggest that drying plant parts before extraction for phytonutrients may lead to loss of active components.
Effect of forward head and rounded shoulder posture on hand grip strength in asymptomatic young adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mosaad Dalia Mohammed , Abdel-aziem Amr Almaz , Mohamed Ghada Ismail , Abd-Elaty Enas Anwr , Mohammed Karima Salah
Published: July 2020

Background

Forward head and rounded shoulder posture (FHRSP) is a common clinical postural misalignment. It leads to flexion posture of the spine which increases the amount of tension on the nerve roots, which inversely affects muscle strength and function of the upper extremity. So, this study was conducted to examine the effect of FHRSP on hand grip strength in asymptomatic young adults and to explore the relationship between the craniovertebral angle (CVA) and hand grip strength.

Results

There was no significant difference in hand grip strength between the groups (p = 0.812). There was no correlation between the CVA and right and left hand grip of the normal group (p = 0.840, 0.816 respectively), rounded shoulder posture (RSP) group (p = 0.523, 0.650 respectively), and FHRSP group (p = 0.855, 0.736 respectively). Regarding the right and left hand grip strength, there was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.798, 0.826 respectively). The right hand grip strength was significantly higher than the left hand for all groups (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

This study displayed that hand grip strength was not affected by FHRSP nor RSP in asymptomatic young adults. Moreover, the degree of the CVA was not associated with an inverse effect on hand grip strength.
Thermal acclimation offsets the negative effects of nitrate on aerobic scope and performance
Authors: Gomez Isaza Daniel F. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: July 2020

Rising temperatures are set to imperil freshwater fishes as climate change ensues unless compensatory strategies are employed. However, the presence of additional stressors, such as elevated nitrate concentrations, may affect the efficacy of compensatory responses. Here, juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) were exposed to current-day summer temperatures (28oC) or a future climate-warming scenario (32oC) and simultaneously exposed to one of three ecologically relevant nitrate concentrations (0, 50 or 100 mg L−1). We measured indicators of fish performance (growth, swimming), aerobic scope (AS) and upper thermal tolerance (CTMAX) to test the hypothesis that nitrate exposure would increase susceptibility to elevated temperatures and limit thermal compensatory responses. After 8 weeks of acclimation, the thermal sensitivity and plasticity of AS and swimming performance were tested at three test temperatures (28, 32, 36oC). The AS of 28oC-acclimated fish declined with increasing temperature, and the effect was more pronounced in nitrate exposed individuals. In these fish, declines in AS corresponded with poorer swimming performance and a 0.8oC decrease in CTMAX compared to unexposed fish. In contrast, acclimation to 32oC masked the effects of nitrate; fish acclimated to 32oC displayed a thermally insensitive phenotype whereby locomotor performance remained unchanged, AS was maintained and CTMAX was increased by ∼1oC irrespective of nitrate treatment compared to fish acclimated to 28oC. Growth was however markedly reduced in 32oC-acclimated compared to 28oC-acclimated fish. Our results indicate that nitrate exposure increases the susceptibility of fish to acute high temperatures, but thermal compensation can override some of these potential detrimental effects.
Virtual monoenergetic images preserve diagnostic assessability in contrast media reduced abdominal spectral detector CT
Authors: Lennartz Simon , Große Hokamp Nils , Zäske Charlotte , Zopfs David , Bratke Grischa , Glauner Andreas , Maintz David , Persigehl Thorsten , Chang De-Hua , Hickethier Tilman
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

To investigate if low-keV virtual monoenergetic images (VMI40keV) from abdominal spectral detector CT (SDCT) with reduced intravenous contrast media application (RCM) provide abdominal assessment similar to conventional images with standard contrast media (SCM) dose.

Methods:

78 patients with abdominal SDCT were retrospectively included: 41 patients at risk for adverse reactions who received 44 RCM examinations with 50 ml and 37 patients who underwent 44 SCM examinations with 100 ml of contrast media (CM) and who were matched for effective body diameters. RCM, SCM images and RCM-VMI40keV were reconstructed. Attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of liver, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes, psoas muscle, aorta and portal vein were assessed ROIs-based. Contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) of lymph nodes vs aorta/portal vein were calculated. Two readers evaluated organ/vessel contrast, lymph node delineation, image noise and overall assessability using 4-point Likert scales.

Results:

RCM were inferior to SCM images in all quantitative/qualitative criteria. RCM-VMI40keV and SCM images showed similar lymph node and muscle attenuation (p = 0.83,0.17), while for all other ROIs, RCM-VMI40keV showed higher attenuation (p ≤ 0.05). SNR was comparable between RCM-VMI40keV and SCM images (p range: 0.23–0.99). CNR of lymph nodes was highest in RCM-VMI40keV (p ≤ 0.05). RCM-VMI40keV received equivalent or higher scores than SCM in all criteria except for organ contrast, overall assessability and image noise, where SCM were superior (p ≤ 0.05). However, RCM-VMI40keV received proper or excellent scores in 88.6/94.2/95.4% of the referring cases.

Conclusions:

VMI40keV counteract contrast deterioration in CM reduced abdominal SDCT, facilitating diagnostic assessment.

Advances in knowledge:

SDCT-derived VMI40keV provide adequate depiction of vessels, organs and lymph nodes even at notable CM reduction.
Pomiędzy filozofią a nauką – rozważania o francuskich korzeniach wiedzy o polityce na Akademii Krakowskiej w dobie reform kołłątajowskich
Authors: Włodarski Bartosz
Published: July 2020

Between Philosophy and Science – Reflections on the French Roots of Political Science at the Cracovian University in the Era of Kołłątaj’s Reforms

This paper aims to present the history of the political sciences at the Academy of Cracow during its reorganisation by Hugo Kołłataj in the 18th century. Kołłątaj and other patriots – professors and representatives of the law faculty, precursors of French physiocratic political doctrine in Poland – established „The Chair of the Law of Nature, Economical and Political Law and Law of Nations”. It was the institutional and theoretical base for all political sciences at that time. The plan of developing this particular branch of science was put into practice by Antoni Popławski – great philosopher, reformer and the author of the first book on physiocracy in Poland inspired by dr. Quesnay’s doctrine. The article also presents the origin of the 20th century’s modern political sciences rooted in the knowledge of the 18th Central Crown School – at present known as the Jagiellonian University.
Extremal properties of the distance spectral radius of hypergraphs
Authors: Wang Yanna , Zhou Bo
Published: July 2020

The distance spectral radius of a connected hypergraph is the largest eigenvalue of its distance matrix. The unique hypertrees with minimum distance spectral radii are determined in the class of hypertrees of given diameter, in the class of hypertrees of given matching number, and in the class of non-hyperstar-like hypertrees, respectively. The unique hypergraphs with minimum and second minimum distance spectral radii are determined in the class of unicylic hypergraphs. The unique hypertree with maximum distance spectral radius is determined in the class of $k$-th power hypertrees of given matching number.
Foodbanks as paradoxes of policy and society
Authors: Lawson Louise , Kearns Ade
Published: July 2020

In this article we explore the informal relationship between foodbanks and the state during the period of welfare reform, using evidence from a qualitative study of foodbank users in Glasgow, UK. We examine how changes in the welfare state are reflected in what foodbanks do, how they operate, and the expectations and experiences of foodbank users. Our research framework contains three paradoxes: people are knowingly failed by recent welfare reforms and subsequently referred by state and third sector agencies to charitable foodbanks; the voluntary sector cannot adequately support vulnerable people who have needs that are more than food-related, due to state cutbacks; and community food initiatives play a role in helping people in severe financial hardship, but are fundamentally different from and not a replacement for foodbanks. We show that in the case of foodbanks, the voluntary sector–state relationship is more profound and consequential for foodbanks and citizens than any formal arrangements would suggest.
Online detection of halogen atoms in atmospheric VOCs by the LIBS-SPAMS technique
Authors: Zhang Qihang , Liu Yuzhu , Chen Yu , Zhangcheng Yuanzhe , Zhuo Zeming , Li Lei
Published: July 2020

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the major pollutants in the atmospheric and indoor environment. The direct detection of halogen atoms in VOCs via laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is highly challenging work because of the high ionization energy of these halogen elements. In this paper, the LIBS system combined with a self-designed single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) system were applied to the direct online detection of VOCs in the atmosphere. The experimental parameters of LIBS experiment were optimized in the measurement of ambient air. Under the best experimental conditions, the characteristic peaks of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, as well as argon, were observed in the LIBS spectra of air. Then, LIBS and SPAMS measurements were performed on Halon 2402, Freon R11 and iodomethane samples under the atmospheric pressure. The characteristic spectral lines of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine were observed and recorded in LIBS spectra. The SPAMS measurements also provide the elemental compositional information of individual VOCs aerosol particles in real time, which is an effective supplement to LIBS analysis. In addition, the different isotopes of bromine and chlorine can be clearly distinguished at the same time. Finally, the home-built portable Raman spectrometer was utilized to analyze the vibrational modes and get the “spectral fingerprint” of VOCs. All the results indicate that the direct online detection performed by the LIBS and SPAMS techniques could provide elemental and isotopic information of halogen atoms in atmospheric VOCs.
Adjustable amplitude-phase hybrid gratings: intensity-sharing management between diffraction orders
Authors: Rasouli Saifollah , Amiri Pouria
Published: July 2020

In this work, we propose a method for designing an adjustable amplitude-phase hybrid grating in which by relative lateral shearing of its amplitude and phase parts, the intensity share between different diffraction orders can be controlled. The method is based on superimposing two pure-amplitude and pure-phase gratings with sinusoidal or binary profiles having the same periods and lines’ orientations. It is shown that, in the diffraction of a Gaussian beam from such hybrid gratings, the intensity share of each of the diffraction orders is related to the shear value and the amplitude of the transmission functions of the superimposed pure-amplitude and pure-phase gratings. For instance, when both of the amplitude and phase profiles are sinusoidal and the shear value between them is a quarter of the period, for given values of the transmissions amplitudes of the profiles, all positive (or negative) diffraction orders are removed. We also show that, by changing the values of the transmission's amplitudes, the intensity share for the higher orders can be increased. This kind of grating might find application in optical switching and in devices requiring power sharing between different channels such as in beam-steering devices, in optical interconnects, and in optical fiber communication.
Fadraciclib (CYC065), a novel CDK inhibitor, targets key pro-survival and oncogenic pathways in cancer
Authors: Frame Sheelagh , Saladino Chiara , MacKay Craig , Atrash Butrus , Sheldrake Peter , McDonald Edward , Clarke Paul A. , Workman Paul , Blake David , Zheleva Daniella
Published: July 2020

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) contribute to the cancer hallmarks of uncontrolled proliferation and increased survival. As a result, over the last two decades substantial efforts have been directed towards identification and development of pharmaceutical CDK inhibitors. Insights into the biological consequences of CDK inhibition in specific tumor types have led to the successful development of CDK4/6 inhibitors as treatments for certain types of breast cancer. More recently, a new generation of pharmaceutical inhibitors of CDK enzymes that regulate the transcription of key oncogenic and pro-survival proteins, including CDK9, have entered clinical development. Here, we provide the first disclosure of the chemical structure of fadraciclib (CYC065), a CDK inhibitor and clinical candidate designed by further optimization from the aminopurine scaffold of seliciclib. We describe its synthesis and mechanistic characterization. Fadraciclib exhibits improved potency and selectivity for CDK2 and CDK9 compared to seliciclib, and also displays high selectivity across the kinome. We show that the mechanism of action of fadraciclib is consistent with potent inhibition of CDK9-mediated transcription, decreasing levels of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain serine 2 phosphorylation, the pro-survival protein Myeloid Cell Leukemia 1 (MCL1) and MYC oncoprotein, and inducing rapid apoptosis in cancer cells. This cellular potency and mechanism of action translate to promising anti-cancer activity in human leukemia mouse xenograft models. Studies of leukemia cell line sensitivity identify mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene status and the level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family proteins as potential markers for selection of patients with greater sensitivity to fadraciclib. We show that the combination of fadraciclib with BCL2 inhibitors, including venetoclax, is synergistic in leukemic cell models, as predicted from simultaneous inhibition of MCL1 and BCL2 pro-survival pathways. Fadraciclib preclinical pharmacology data support its therapeutic potential in CDK9- or CDK2-dependent cancers and as a rational combination with BCL2 inhibitors in hematological malignancies. Fadraciclib is currently in Phase 1 clinical studies in patients with advanced solid tumors (NCT02552953) and also in combination with venetoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (NCT03739554) and relapsed refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (NCT04017546).
Discursos de resistência em cenários de crise democrática
Authors: De Sá Israel , Batista Braga Amanda , Ribeiro dos Santos Jocenilson
Published: July 2020

Esperamos, com este conjunto de textos, contribuir para uma reflexão acerca da política contemporânea e, mais especificamente, sobre as lutas antiautoritárias. Do mesmo modo que Foucault entendida a filosofia como um contrapoder, buscamos deslocar este nosso trabalho, com a contribuição inequívoca dos autores dos artigos e ensaios, da simples prática acadêmica para o interior das formas de resistência; isto porque tratar a política e as lutas antiautoritárias de uma perspectiva teórica das ciências humanas é, sem dúvida, colocar-se na resistência.
Ideologia, memória, sentido
Authors: Grigoletto Evandra , Stockmans De Nardi Fabiele
Published: July 2020

Analisamos, no presente artigo, sob o viés da análise do discurso pecheuxtiana, o funcionamento discursivo do enunciado “Não pense em crise, trabalhe”, observando, sobretudo, os sentidos de trabalho e trabalhador que se inscrevem nesse enunciado e em suas diferentes (re)atualizações em discursos de resistência. Partindo das noções de ideologia, memória e resistência, concluímos, a partir das análises realizadas, que tal enunciado produz-se como um enunciado dividido (COURTINE, 2009), o qual mobiliza duas formações discursivas antagônicas: uma na qual se inscreve o discurso do governo Temer, e outra na qual se inscrevem os discursos de resistência à ordem governamental. Assim, num jogo entre o formulável e o não formulável, o sentido instituído e a deriva, a memória e a atualidade, observamos o funcionamento da ideologia dominante, mas também o funcionamento daquilo que produz furo nessa ideologia: a resistência.
Análise de discurso de filiação francesa
Authors: Guth Alencar
Published: July 2020

A Análise de Discurso (AD) de filiação francesa rompeu com o estruturalismo e com o gerativismo, que buscavam formalizar a ciência linguística nos anos 1960 e 1970. A “disciplina de interpretação”, como ficou conhecida a AD, passou a considerar o sujeito e a história nos estudos da linguagem. Essa AD tem base no materialismo histórico, na linguística e na teoria do discurso, todos perpassados pela psicanálise (PÊCHEUX; FUCHS, 1997). Neste trabalho, embasado na AD, apresento gestos de análise de alguns discursos em torno das eleições presidenciais brasileiras de 2018, momento em que o país sofreu intensa polarização ideológica. Esse fato mexeu com os discursos dos políticos e do povo, refletindo-se nas representações da bandeira nacional: a bandeira oficial e seu escrito positivista “Ordem e Progresso” se tornaram materialidades do discurso conservador, enquanto os progressistas tiveram que fazer deslizamentos da representação original dessa bandeira a fim de produzirem outros sentidos.
Divisões nos sentidos de 'mulher'
Authors: Ortiz Brandão Renata
Published: July 2020

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise semântico-argumentativa da palavra mulher em materialidades enunciativas distintas: 1) o dizer da senadora do PSL Soraya Thronicke, presidente do grupo PSL Mulher, e 2) o dizer da Rede NAMI, uma ONG formada por grafiteiras que propõe ações para o combate da violência de gênero e para o desenvolvimento do protagonismo social da mulher. O objetivo é refletir sobre o político no funcionamento da linguagem, a partir de uma posição materialista, e compreender as divisões de sentido na tomada da palavra, que se dá no confronto entre os diferentes lugares a partir dos quais os falantes são agenciados a dizer, bem como entre filiações a posições ideológicas distintas. Ao analisar a distribuição desigual entre os modos de dizer da/sobre a mulher, lançamos luz para o embate entre os sentidos produzidos pela normatividade e pelos movimentos sociais de resistência, como a Rede NAMI.
A constituição do sujeito ativista de Direitos Humanos em comentários virtuais sobre a morte de Marielle Franco
Authors: Ferreira Ângela Paula Nunes , Domingos Douglas de Oliveira , Baracuhy Regina
Published: July 2020

A morte de Marielle Franco, vereadora carioca e ativista dos Direitos Humanos, desencadeou embates discursivos na web. De um lado, seus aliados clamavam por justiça. De outro, os críticos a ironizavam e propagavam fake news que amenizavam o fato de Marielle ter sido brutalmente assassinada. Neste artigo, fruto de reflexões em nível de mestrado e doutorado no Círculo de Discussão em Análise do Discurso (CIDADI), nos propomos a analisar, à luz dos estudos discursivos foucaultianos, a constituição do sujeito ativista dos Direitos Humanos a partir do acontecimento discursivo morte de Marielle Franco. Para tanto, procedemos a uma análise arqueogenealógica dos comentários da publicação de pesar feita pelo partido “PSOL Carioca”, compartilhada no perfil de facebook oficial da vereadora Marielle Franco assim que se tornou pública a sua morte. Nos comentários analisados, depreendemos, pelo menos, duas regularidades discursivas que apresentam posicionamentos sociais opostos acerca da função do sujeito ativista de Direitos Humanos, a partir das práticas divisoras que ora o subjetivam como “defensor de bandidos”, ora o subjetivam como “guerreiros”.
Радикализация и неравенство в нарративах второго городского поколения мусульманской северокавказской молодежи
Authors: Поляков Святослав Игоревич , Епанова Юлия Валентиновна
Published: July 2020

Одной из ключевых тем в теоретических дебатах о причинах радикализации является ее связь с неравенством. При этом исследователи рассматривают воздействие как объективного неравенства, под которым понимаются структурные ограничения в доступе определенных социальных групп к экономическим, политическим и культурным ресурсам, так и субъективного неравенства, то есть несправедливого в восприятии членов сообщества распределения указанных ресурсов.
В статье на материале 21 полуструктурированного глубинного интервью с молодыми людьми с Северного Кавказа исследуются смыслы, приписываемые исламистской радикализации, и ее взаимосвязи с различными измерениями и пониманиями неравенства. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в нарративах религиозная радикализация внутри Северо-Кавказского региона связана с воспринимаемой несправедливостью и рассматривается информантами как кумулятивная реакция на притеснения религиозной молодежи в результате мер по борьбе с терроризмом. Радикализация северокавказской молодежи с опытом миграции за пределы региона связана с горизонтальным неравенством и трактуется как реакция на ситуацию двойного исключения — со стороны общества, в котором социальные лифты заблокированы этнической и религиозной ксенофобией, и со стороны родительской семьи, стремящейся контролировать своих младших членов и навязывающей им собственные представления о самореализации и карьере.
Благодарность. Статья основана на материалах международного исследовательского проекта «Диалог о радикализации и равенстве», получившего финансирование в рамках программы исследований и инноваций НОRIZON-2020 Европейского союза в соответствии с соглашением о гранте № 725349.
Настоящая публикация отражает только точку зрения авторов. Европейская Комиссия и Исполнительное агентство по исследованиям не несут ответственности за любую информацию, содержащуюся в ней.
Особенности жизненных стратегий молодежи в условиях Арктики
Authors: Недосека Елена Владимировна , Шарова Екатерина Николаевна
Published: July 2020

Цель работы — представить региональный контекст социализации молодых людей, проживающих в особых условиях, детерминированных рядом объективных обстоятельств, а также субъективными факторами. В качестве теоретико-методологической рамки работы выступил рискологический подход Ю.А. Зубок, на основе которого сделан акцент на социальной обусловленности жизненных стратегий молодежи Арктической зоны РФ. Последние рассматриваются через средовые факторы риска макро- и мезоуровня в условиях Арктики, а также через деятельностные факторы риска, реализующиеся на микроуровне через планы, установки, ориентиры, выборы и другие элементы жизненных стратегий. Представлен обобщающий анализ статистических данных и материалов социологических исследований по теме жизненных стратегий, проводимых во всех регионах, входящих в Арктическую зону РФ. Эмпирическую базу статьи составили результаты социологических исследований, проведенных методом анкетного опроса среди различных групп населения, в том числе и молодежи, в Мурманской области в период с 2014 по 2018 гг. под руководством авторов статьи.
В результате исследований получены систематизированные данные об отношении молодежи к проживанию в регионе, миграционных установках и наличии миграционного опыта, ожиданиях и притязаниях молодежи в различных сферах, социально-групповых и статусных характеристиках молодых северян. Выявлены основные противоречия между управленческими решениями органов власти федерального и регионального уровней, отраженными в основных документах, и фактическим положением дел, представленным статистическими показателями и результатами социологических исследований. С одной стороны, в стратегических документах декларируется отказ от вахтовой модели освоения Севера в пользу комплексного социально-экономического развития, в том числе направленного на удержание и привлечение человеческих ресурсов, на повышение качества и уровня жизни населения. С другой стороны, отмечается неуклонное снижение численности населения, преимущественно за счет миграционного оттока молодежи, что демонстрирует низкую удовлетворенность условиями жизни в регионе, возможностями самореализации в различных сферах.
Experimental Study of the Performance Characteristics of Sandy Soil Debris Flow under the Effect of Artificial Rainfall
Authors: Yao Z. X.
Published: July 2020

The mechanisms and dynamic processes that drive debris flows are complex and require a multidisciplinary approach to study. A major component of debris flow is soil-water interaction, which is difficult to examine internally in a slope but can be studied using physical tests. In this paper, the results of a debris flow experiment in sandy soil are presented, with the aim of studying the performance of such soil when subjected to artificial rainfall. The method involves advanced data acquisition techniques, image measurement, and image analysis. The results show that the debris flow undergoes backward sliding failure in layers and blocks and has a large impact force. The failure can be divided into four stages: rainwater infiltration, start-up, main failure, and postfailure. The characteristic parameters, such as sand displacement, soil particle velocity, pore water pressure, and particle long-axis orientation, are analyzed. We show that the essential processes of sliding failure are hierarchical: sliding failure develops from a mesoscopic slope, followed by formation of a potential sliding surface in the sandy soil when subjected to rainfall, and ultimately a local sliding mass forms. Particle collision and separation can also be observed, along with expansion of the sliding mass until the debris flow occurs at the macroscopic scale. In practice, the complex soil-water interactions are hidden within the debris flow, which means that when monitoring and providing warnings of debris flows it will be necessary to examine global deformation, key local movement, and external deformation that occurs with changes in soil-water parameters for prediction purposes. This is over and above monitoring of conventional surface subsidence. This work provides an experimental method for studying other kinds of soil debris flow mechanisms, including key physical parameters, and may also be useful for developing engineering treatment and early warning systems.
An Analysis of Variability in “CatWalk” Locomotor Measurements to Aid Experimental Design and Interpretation
Authors: Aceves Miriam , Dietz Valerie A. , Dulin Jennifer N. , Jeffery Unity , Jeffery Nicholas D.
Published: July 2020

Preclinical studies in models of neurologic injury and disease rely on behavioral outcomes to measure intervention efficacy. For spinal cord injury, the CatWalk system provides unbiased quantitative assessment of subtle aspects of locomotor function in rodents and so can powerfully detect significant differences between experimental and control groups. Although clearly of key importance, summary group-level data can obscure the variability within and between individual subjects and therefore make it difficult to understand the magnitude of effect in individual animals and the proportion of a group that may show benefit. Here, we calculate reference change intervals (RCIs) that define boundaries of normal variability for measures of rat locomotion on the CatWalk. Our results indicate that many commonly-used outcome measures are highly variable, such that differences of up to 70% from baseline value must be considered normal variation. Many CatWalk outcome variables are also highly correlated and dependent on run speed. Application of calculated RCIs to open access data (https://scicrunch.org/odc-sci) on hindlimb stride length in spinal cord-injured rats illustrates the complementarity between group-level (16 mm change;p = 0.0009) and individual-level (5/32 animals show change outside RCI boundaries) analysis between week 3 and week 6 after injury. We also conclude that interdependence among CatWalk variables implies that test “batteries” require careful composition to ensure that different aspects of defective gait are analyzed. Calculation of RCIs aids in experimental design by quantifying variability and enriches overall data analysis by providing details of change at an individual level that complement group-level analysis.
The Interpreting Ability on Science Kinematics Graphs of Senior High School Students in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Amin B. D. , Sahib E. P. , Harianto Y. I. , Patandean A. J. , Herman H. , Sujiono E. H.
Published: July 2020

This research was a descriptive case study. The purpose of this research was to describe the student’s ability to interpret the kinematics graph. The subjects of the study were 347 students of class XI science in the even semester of 2018/2019 in Luwu Raya, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The research data were obtained from multiple-choice test results using instruments adapted from Test of Understanding Graph – Kinematics 2.6 and the results of in-depth interviews to find out the reasons learners choose answers and casual factors. The results of the study based on descriptive data analysis were 90 students or 25.94% in the low category, and 257 students or 74.06% were in the very low category. These results indicate the ability to interpret the graphs of students were still low, with the average achievement in answering questions on each of the highest indicators was 20.99 % on indicators identifying graphs based on the description. While the lowest average achievement was11.91%, which is the indicator to identify the graph that has a different variable. Base on the qualitative data analysis, the results are students had difficulties in solving the test, as follows: a) the difficulty in distinguishing symbol of the variables on the graph, b) the difficulty in determining the formula for solving test in graphical form, c) to determine when the curve on the graph v-t decreases then the object will move with speed slowed. The factors causing these difficulties are because students did not understand deeply about how to read graphs, how to solve test in graphical form, and did not understand the formula used to solve the test.