bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Effects of Haloperidol and Dexmedetomidine on Delirium and Agitation in Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Soltani Farhad , Tabatabaei Seyedkamalaldin , Jannatmakan Farahzad , Nasajian Nozar , Amiri Fereshteh , Darkhor Roya , Moravej Mojtaba
Published: July 2021

Background: Patients under mechanical ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have a higher risk of delirium. To date, the ideal sedative combination for delirium treatment in terms of cost and side effects has not been determined. Objectives: This study was designed to compare the effects of haloperidol and dexmedetomidine on delirium in trauma patients under mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Methods: Sixty patients with a moderate traumatic brain injury were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the haloperidol group received 2.5 mg of haloperidol intravenously every eight hours for ten minutes daily, and the dexmedetomidine group received 0.5 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine via intravenous infusion every other day. Delirium, agitation, length of hospitalization, duration of mechanical ventilation, and need for sedation up to seven days were measured and recorded in both groups. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation scale (RASS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health evaluation (APACHE II) scales were used to determine the level of agitation in patients. The Confusion Assessment method (CAM)-ICU criteria were used to determine the incidence of delirium. Results: Based on the results of this study, age and sex of the two groups were not significantly different. The mean age of the patients was 36.83 years in the haloperidol group and 40.1 years in the dexmedetomidine group. After the intervention, there was no significant difference in terms of the level of consciousness, number of days required for ventilation (P = 0.17), and number of days in the ICU (P = 0.49); however, there was a significant difference between the two groups three to seven days after the intervention. Besides, there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the incidence of delirium five to seven days after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the incidence of delirium and the level of agitation; the patients in the dexmedetomidine group were calmer and experienced less delirium.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infection Within One Year After Treatment in Infants: Risk Factors and Prevalence
Authors: Wang Cheng-Yi , Song Chao-Min , Liu Guang-Hua
Published: July 2021

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is common in pediatric patients. Many studies showed that recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) are common in the year following treatment of MPP in infants, but the factors associated with the occurrence of RRTIs are rarely reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify these factors. Methods: This retrospective observational study included infants (< one year) who were clinically treated for MPP from January 2015 to December 2018. Clinical features and relevant data were collected on admission. The cases of the occurrence of RRTIs and the presence of related factors after one year of follow-up were investigated by questionnaires. The questionnaires contained the number of upper respiratory infections, tracheobronchitis, and pneumonia, the titers and course of MP-IgG and positive IgM antibody, eczema, pet ownership, interior decoration, inhaled or ingested allergens, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and gastrointestinal function. Independent significant risk factors for RRTIs were identified using binary logistic regression. Results: A total of 300 MPP cases were included, among which RRTIs occurred in 134 (44.7%) cases in the year following MPP treatment. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that a history of prematurity (OR = 6.336, 95% CI: 2.337 - 17.116, P ≤ 0.001), a history of exposure to inhaled or ingested allergens (OR = 2.527, 95% CI: 1.289 - 4.956, P = 0.007), and co-infection involving Chlamydia pneumoniae (OR = 2.787, 95% CI: 1.145 - 6.784, P = 0.024) were significantly and positively associated with RRTIs after MPP, while age (OR = 0.894, 95% CI: 0.825 - 0.970, P = 0.007) showed a negative correlation with RRTIs. Conclusions: RRTIs in the year following clinical treatment of MPP in infants are relatively common and significantly associated with the patient’s age, history of prematurity, history of exposure to inhaled or ingested allergens, and C. pneumoniae co-infection. Thus, these factors should be carefully assessed in pediatric MPP cases to predict the risk of RRTIs and appropriately manage the patient.
Association Analysis Between Interleukin 1 Beta Locus-511 Gene Polymorphism and Bipolar I Disorder: A Case-control Study in an Iranian Population
Authors: Talaei Ali , Mojahedi Mahya , Tavakkol-Afshari Jalil , Fayyazi Bordbar Mohammad Reza , Shakeri Mohammad Taghi , Roshani Zaferanloo Naz , Azad Mehdi
Published: July 2021

Background: Bipolar I disorder (BP-I) is one of the significant disabling psychiatric disorders resulting in severe deficits in the social and personal function of suffering patients. Among its etiologies, immunologic and genetic disturbances are two important areas of interest. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the potential role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-511 polymorphism in BP-I pathogenesis based on a previous pilot study. Methods: After diagnostic interviews held by two psychiatrists using structured clinical interview for DSM disorder (SCID), 102 bipolar-diagnosed hospitalized patients in Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, were selected and compared with 102 healthy individuals of the control group. The DNA was extracted from the blood samples of each group. Genetic locus -511 of IL-1β was defined by its specific primers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were also carried out. The two groups’ results were compared by SPSS-20 using the chi-square test. Results: There were no significant differences in the genotypic frequency of IL-1β locus -511 (P = 1) and C/T allelic frequency (P = 0.42) between bipolar and control groups. There was also no significant difference in the allelic frequency between psychotic and non-psychotic subgroups (P = 0.218) and suicidal and non-suicidal subgroups of bipolar patients (P = 0.829). The genotypic distribution of -511 IL-1β polymorphisms in the control group was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusions: In contrast with a previous pilot study, this study found no relationship between BP-I and genotypic and C/T allelic frequencies of -511 IL-1β polymorphism. There were also no associations between the allelic frequency and two subgroups of psychotic/non-psychotic and suicidal/non-suicidal of bipolar patients.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mousavi Fatemeh , Shojaei Parisa
Published: July 2021

Background: To begin an educational program for diabetic patients, the assessment of their current level of knowledge (K), attitude (A), and practice (P) was necessary. Objectives: This research aimed to estimate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of the general public, because of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A convenient sampling method was used to select 384 of every single person who was admitted to a research, educational and medical center, in the western north of Tehran, in 2018. KAP questionnaire on diabetes was completed, and the level of KAP was evaluated in diabetic and non-diabetic people using SPSS software. Results: The overall mean (± SD) of the knowledge, attitude, and practice was 12.13 ± 3.84, 5.52 ± 5 and 10.68 ± 51.96, respectively. Several linear regressions in the two groups for the total knowledge scores, total attitudes scores, and total practice scores displayed several significant (adjusted) associations. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that we need to increase the knowledge and attitude of patients with diabetes about a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a healthy diet, and weight loss.
Heidegger and the Critics
Authors: Ireland Julia A. ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

This paper uses the unpublished correspondence between Heidegger and Eduard Lachmann to contextualize Heidegger’s 1939 talk “‘Wie wenn am Feiertage…,’” which has been the focus of an excoriating critical response to Heidegger’s Hölderlinrezeption. Contra the protestations of critics like Paul de Man, the paper shows that Heidegger was fully aware of the intricacies of the hymn’s final manuscript page, using the correspondence with Lachmann to offer a reading of Heidegger’s inclusion of the variant referring to Semele’s ashes. It argues that Heidegger’s characterization of Semele’s incineration as a “Gegenspiel,” or counter-play, orients the possibility of a reception “without danger” that collapses the event of the hymn’s language into the treatment of the poem as an objective text. The paper’s central claim is that “danger” orients the mortal finitude of the hymn’s reception, whose excess as text becomes readable only against the testimony of Semele’s ashes.
Perdurant Time
Authors: Lally Róisín ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

Sustainability is a matter of time. For years, scientists have been warning us that our time is up, if we do not “bend the curve” of greenhouse gas emissions. Thinking about future generations calls into question our inherited relationship with nature and the time-scale shift to the Anthropocene. Arguably this trend began with the Industrial Revolution around 1750 and has reached catastrophic levels with the increase of tropical cyclones, wildfires, flash flooding, and heatwaves. The question on most people’s mind is, do we have time to change? Change may occur over eons, such as geological events with the appearance or disappearance of significant life-forms. It may be momentary, such as a flash of insight where our perception of the world changes. Or, indeed, change can happen retroactively - as physicists conceptualize - time can be diffracted, changing the past. This suggests three ontological structures of time. Time is atemporal where things endure and preserve their identity through change. Time is subjective. Or entities have different temporal parts wherein entities unfold through time, referred to as perdurants. Our time is a time of a geological shift. Many geologists agree that we are moving from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene, with the Doomsday Clock ticking ever closer to 12:00 midnight, deeply affecting the mood of the current generation. The battle cry for sustainability, already a contested word, has been appropriated by petroleum companies and big tech with promises of moving towards 50% lower carbon emissions by 2050. But when we read the fine print in their disclaimers, we find the language of “speculation,” “projection,” “forward looking,” and “risk,” rendering the term meaningless. This paper aims to extend the term sustainability to include all three ontologies of time. I will do this by (I) looking at Heidegger’s interpretation of Kant’s transcendental aesthetic in Section 3 of Heidegger’s 1929 monograph Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, where he overcomes subjective time and the ontology of endurance that accompanies it. (II) Heidegger interchanges between endurance and perdurance in, “The Principle of Identity” (1957) and “The Onto-theo-logical Constitution of Metaphysics” (1956) navigating a knife-edge between identity and difference. (III) I will conclude by suggesting, when thought in terms of perdurance, sustainability can bend the curve in our current trajectory towards ecological destruction, by reimagining a better world.
Heidegger the Obscure and Heraclitus the Obscure
Authors: Rose John M. ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

Heidegger’s works are useful in teaching undergraduates in a variety of ways besides simply introducing Heidegger as an important figure in the history of philosophy. This paper outlines the role of Heidegger in the structure of my Ancient Philosophy course, an intermediate level requirement in the history of philosophy for the philosophy major at Goucher College. The thematic role of Heidegger in the course is illustrated with the intersection of Heidegger’s and Heraclitus’ philosophies and their related pedagogy of following language in a polysemic movement that can break the spell of sclerotic ordinary language about beings. Both Heraclitus and Heidegger move from the ordinary opining of the natures of things to the enigma at the heart of language. The paper also references the effect of this pedagogy on students with writer’s block, or graphophobia, when faced with their first attempts at serious philosophical writing. I conclude with describing the outcome of overcoming the fear of writing.
The Game of Thrownness
Authors: Luft Eric v.d. ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this paper is to relate the concept of thrownness as Heidegger develops it in Being and Time to his later writings on technology and to our own environmental crisis. We can regard technology as either instrumentalism or art. The former leads to enframing, inauthenticity, and ruin. The latter leads to poiêsis, authenticity, and being at home in the world. As historical beings, we are thrown into this crisis and must choose. To live authentically, we must be true to our thrownness, engaging the world as we engage ourselves.
Theory and Practice on the Edge of Climate Catastrophe
Authors: Gower Jeffrey ,   Heidegger Circle
Published: July 2021

How should philosophy respond to the climate catastrophe? Comparing Stephen Gardiner’s criticism of the prevalence of economic cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in assessing climate policies with Trish Glazebrook and Matt Story’s Heideggerian criticism of technoscientific capitalism, I argue that thinking must attend to practices rendered invisible by dominant theories. While both accounts attempt to delimit and surpass the hegemony of economic calculation, Gardiner’s ideal theory remains committed to the metaphysical prioritization of theory over practice. With help from Derrida, I show how the Glazebrook/Story approach overcomes the sovereignty of theory by opening thinking to practices it cannot generate on its own.
Learning to Be a Failure
Authors: Copeland Todd ,   Marquette University Press
Published: July 2021

Challenged by personal suffering and new influences, American poet James Wright dramatically changed the character of his poetry during the years between the respective publications of Saint Judas (1959) and The Branch Will Not Break (1963). The nature of this poetic evolution can be traced in Wright’s treatment of a few frequently employed images of transformation, specifically those involving blossoms and jewels—the energies of which are alternatingly embodied by the poet or found to be unavailable to him.
Motion Simulation of Container Stacks on Deck
Authors: Wolf V. , Rathje H.
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with a numerical approach for time domain simulation of deck container stacks subject to sea induced loads. Essentials of the finite element approach and model validation employing full-scale test data are presented. Further, first results of numerical sensitivity studies regarding sea induced stack motions are outlined and preliminary comparison results with classification rules are given.
Outorgas de recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jaru em Rondônia: Amazônia meridional
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Paula Alves , Zuffo Catia Eliza , Goveia Grasiela Rocha Torres , Santos Osmair Oliveira dos
Published: July 2021

A Lei nº 9.433/1997 é um marco na gestão das águas no Brasil, apresentando como um de seus instrumentos a outorga de direito de uso dos recursos hídricos, que tem por finalidade assegurar o controle quantitativo e qualitativo dos usos da água e garantir o efetivo exercício do direito de acesso a todos. O objetivo desse estudo foi efetuar um levantamento das outorgas emitidas pela Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental (SEDAM), no período de 2010 a 2019 na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jaru, no Estado de Rondônia, localizada na Amazônia Meridional Brasileira, bem como elaborar um diagnóstico dos diferentes usuários e das finalidades de uso das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. Essas informações foram organizadas em tabelas e representações gráficas e georreferenciadas para a elaboração dos mapas de espacialização das outorgas. Os resultados possibilitaram caracterizar os usuários de água na bacia, sendo identificado que a grande maioria das outorgas foi de águas superficiais (84%) e, deste montante, o principal uso é para a piscicultura (79%); já em relação às outorgas emitidas para a utilização das águas subterrâneas, a bacia apresentou um total menor, cuja finalidade de uso dominante foi o doméstico (48%), seguido pelo uso industrial (44%). Também foi mapeado o desmatamento na área objeto de estudo, até agosto de 2019, através do Programa de Desmatamento (PRODES) Digital do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE) em função da expressiva ocupação por projetos do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). Em vista da elevada antropização da bacia e seus impactos negativos nas águas, faz-se necessário agilizar a instalação do Comitê da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jaru – Baixo Machado/RO; deflagrar uma ampla conscientização da sociedade, quanto à utilização racional da água, juntamente com uma campanha para regularização dos usuários de águas que ainda não possuem cadastro no órgão gestor dos recursos hídricos em Rondônia para que este colegiado, atualmente apenas legalmente instituído, tão logo seja implantado, possa priorizar ações de recuperação de áreas degradadas, a exemplo das matas ciliares e crescente escassez de água na bacia durante o período de estiagem, atuando na mediação de conflitos entre usuários de água.
Potencial energético de resíduos sólidos urbanos na Região do Grande ABC Paulista
Authors: Vieira Larissa Cruz , Candiani Giovano
Published: July 2021

Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) são um dos principais problemas dos grandes centros urbanos, envolvendo complexos desafios de gerenciamento. No Brasil, atualmente, apenas 59,5% dos resíduos produzidos são destinados para aterros sanitários. Os resíduos depositados nos aterros sanitários são biodegradados e possuem um potencial de produção de biogás, este apresenta cerca de 50% de gás metano, que captado no aterro pode torna-se uma fonte de calor e combustível, possibilitando a geração de energia.  Neste contexto, este trabalho, estimou geração de biogás/metano e o potencial energético, a partir dos RSU produzidos nos municípios da Região do ABC paulista. A região possui cerca de 56% do seu território em áreas de proteção de mananciais ou restrições ambiental, dificultando a instalação de novos aterros, e apenas o município de Santo André possui aterro sanitário próprio público, os outros seis municípios depositam seus resíduos no Aterro Lara (privado), localizado no município de Mauá. Para realização da estimativa de emissão de biogás foi utilizada uma modelagem matemática, baseado no método de decaimento de primeira ordem, do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental para Mudanças Climáticas). Foram coletados dados referentes a geração e a composição dos RSU destes municípios ajustando os parâmetros que compõe o modelo matemático do IPCC. Em relação a emissão de metano o valor máximo determinado foi de 18.993,07 m³CH4/h, com potencial de 32,84 MW, gerando 685,95 MWh de energia somando todos os municípios da região, podendo abastecer uma população de até 268 mil habitantes, correspondendo a 8% da população estimada destes municípios no ano de 2047. Espera-se que os resultados desse trabalho possam contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento, da previsão da geração de biogás e metano em aterro sanitário e, que também auxiliem no planejamento em relação ao aproveitamento energético dos RSU na Região do ABC paulista depositados em aterros sanitários.
Efeitos combinados do fósforo e análogo de brassinoesteroides na fase inicial da cana-de-açúcar: crescimento e fotossíntese
Authors: Ferreira Lucas , Lannes Luciola Santos , Figueiredo Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de , Faria Glaucia Amorim , Teixeira Marcelo Menossi , Gaspareto Rafaela Neris
Published: July 2021

Diante da iminente escassez de fósforo (P), surge a necessidade de pesquisas para compreensão de estratégias que venham contribuir ao fornecimento desse nutriente para agricultura. Publicações mostram que a atividade hormonal influência beneficamente sobre processos em que o P é vital para ocorrência, destacando os análogos de brassinoesteroides (BR) pela influência no crescimento meristemáticos, sugerindo sinergismo. São escassos os estudos com BR em grandes culturas e sua interação com o P, como a cana-de-açúcar. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e efeito da aplicação de doses do análogo de BR 24-epibrassinolide (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg.L-1), associado à presença ou ausência de fertilização fosfatada sobre os parâmetros de crescimento, fosfatase, micorrização e fotossíntese de plantas jovens de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em DBC com fatorial 4x2 com seis repetições. A aplicação dos BR proporcionou um incremento nos valores de massa seca radicular até o ponto máximo da curva de 1,27 mg.L-1. A interação P com BR beneficiou respectivamente em 30% e 48%  os valores de massa seca aérea nas doses 0,5 e 1,0 mg.L-1 do hormônio; e apresentou uma correlação de Pearson positiva das doses de BR com adição de P sobre essa variável. A presença de P estimulou todas as variáveis de crescimento da cana-de-açúcar. Os BR desencadearam um pico significativo na atividade da enzima fosfatase ácida na dose de 1,0 mg. L-1 e não afetaram a colonização micorrízica radicular. A temperatura interna da folha e condutância estomática responderam positivamente à adição de P. A assimilação liquida de CO2 aumentou na presença de P e dobrou em sua interação com BR. Foi constatado uma influência positiva do fósforo, dos brassinoesteroides, assim como sua interação sobre o desenvolvimento inicial da cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados agregam aos estudos a respeito dos BR e são pioneiros sobre a interação com P.
Contribuições para o desenvolvimento nos municípios do Tocantins: com ou sem usinas hidrelétricas?
Authors: Ribeiro Neto Derval Gomes , Rodrigues Patrícia Siqueira de Melo , Lima Ãdila Maria Taveira de , Seibert Carla Simone , Oliveira Lucimara Albieri de
Published: July 2021

Comumente a implementação de projetos desenvolvimentistas são propagados como uma forma de promover o desenvolvimento local e a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população da região, com promessas de alavancamento de índices que elevam o patamar de desenvolvimento dos municípios envolvidos no projeto. Rotineiramente, a ideia desses projetos é formulada e discutida entre os membros governamentais e empresariais, e seguem uma tendência global de desenvolvimento. Sobretudo, no Tocantins, estado do norte brasileiro, com pouco mais de 30 anos de emancipação, essas obras foram intensificadas com a justificativa da inserção da região no patamar de desenvolvimento almejado para o País, contribuindo com a infraestrutura necessária e multimodal, para atender as demandas nacionais, com a premissa do desenvolvimento local. Esses planos de desenvolvimento buscam implementar desde rodovias, ferrovias, hidrovias, como também as Usinas Hidrelétricas de Energia (UHE), priorizadas principalmente nas duas últimas décadas. Assim, fazendo um recorte entre esses projetos desenvolvimentistas, as Usinas Hidrelétricas de Energia (UHE’s) foram em maior número dentro dos limites do estado do Tocantins, sendo que no período de 20 anos, foram construídas quatro UHE’s: Lajeado, Peixe Angical, São Salvador e Estreito, com planejamento para a instalação de mais quatro usinas (Ipueiras, Tupiratins, Serra Quebrada e Marabá). Diante deste cenário, buscou-se realizar uma análise contextualizada de indicadores econômicos, sociais e ambientais urbanos num período de 10 anos (2000-2010), em três municípios já impactados e que novamente serão impactados pela UHE de Ipueiras, buscando contribuir com o debate da viabilidade socioambiental da implementação ou não dessa UHE. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de análise documental de dados secundários onde foram escolhidos indicadores que retratam aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais urbanos para os anos de 2000 e 2010, com o objetivo de discutir se a implementação de UHE contribuiu ou não com o desenvolvimento local do município que sedia ou é implicado por tal empreendimento. Os resultados demonstraram que a implementação das UHE´s não foram o fator determinante para a melhoria dos indicadores e apontam que as promessas de desenvolvimento para os municípios não foram alcançadas a partir desse empreendimento.
Cultura de gestão de riscos na mitigação de desastres ‘naturais’
Authors: Maciel Geraldo de Freitas , Toniati André Luis , Ferreira Fabiana de Oliveira
Published: July 2021

Este artigo destaca a necessidade de se fomentar ações integradas de Ciências Sociais, Exatas e de Engenharias, na mitigação de desastres 'naturais'. As reflexões aqui apresentadas propõem ações convergentes de agentes envolvidos nesta questão, que deverão repensar o modelo de desenvolvimento, privilegiando a cultura de gestão de riscos em detrimento da cultura do desastre. Algumas indagações e discussões acerca dos desastres são postas: ocorrem mais hoje que no passado? Como cada indivíduo percebe o desastre? Como conscientizar melhor a sociedade brasileira na garantia de seus direitos fundamentais, no contexto de desastres? No episódio do desastre de quem é a culpa? Como se (re)construir no pós-catástrofe – tristes e enriquecedores episódios de Mariana (2015) e Brumadinho (2019). Por fim, vivendo em momento de plena expansão do universo de riscos, conclama-se todos por trabalhar de forma colaborativa por uma engenharia mais social.
Pagamento por serviços ambientais por desmatamento evitado: proposta de estimação do custo de oportunidade do uso do solo para pecuária no Mato Grosso
Authors: Alves Vanessa da Paixão , Carvalho Abner Vilhena de , Guimarães Jarsen Luis Castro , Galvão Juarez Bezerra , Tanaka Filho Mario , Carvalho Ednéa do Nascimento , Almeida Rodolfo Maduro , Feitosa João Roberto Pinto
Published: July 2021

O mecanismo de redução de emissões provenientes do desmatamento e degradação florestal (REDD) foi um tema que ganhou mais relevância a partir da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança Climática (COP 13), realizada em 2007 em Bali. A partir de então, este se tornou o tema central das negociações entre as partes, que chegaram a um acordo sobre o REDD+ em 2010 realizado em Cancun (COP 16), onde o REDD passou a envolver a conservação, a administração sustentável de florestas e o aumento do estoque de carbono. A ideia básica do REDD é recompensar financeiramente os países dispostos e em condições de reduzir as emissões por desmatamento. Cogita-se que sistemas estaduais estejam considerando outras opções para o financiamento de suas ações de REDD+ pelo uso de incentivos positivos como tributos e pagamentos por serviços ambientais (PSAs). No caso do Estado do Mato Grosso com altas taxas de desmatamento induzidas, sobretudo, pela expansão da pecuária, a implementação de esquemas de PSAs como mecanismos financeiros para incentivar a redução de emissões de carbono por desmatamento surge como uma possibilidade de reverter esse quadro. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é estimar o custo do carbono suficiente para compensar o custo de oportunidade do uso da terra em regiões onde ocorre uma grande perda dos benefícios dos serviços ambientais devido ao desmatamento. O objetivo específico é investigar se os níveis de preço da tonelada de carbono em termos de rentabilidade compensam a preservação da floresta do ponto de vista privado em caso de implementação de PSA na região. Esta estimativa toma por base o cenário recente da pecuária no estado do Mato Grosso, assim, é pertinente o levantamento da rentabilidade desta atividade como uma proxy do custo de oportunidade do uso da terra associado as emissões de carbono pelo desmatamento.
Mobilidade urbana no contexto do município de Campina Grande/PB: uma abordagem à luz do paradigma das cidades sustentáveis
Authors: Félix Augusto César Trigueiro , Fontgalland Isabel Lausanne , Limeira Filho Amilson Albuquerque , Pereira Andressa Pedroza , Martins Maria de Fátima
Published: July 2021

O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar a concretude do plano diretor do município de Campina Grande/PB, com a intenção de resolver o seguinte problema: do ponto de vista técnico/empírico, a aplicação do plano diretor daquele município pode ser avaliada com base em dados sobre a frequência de uso do transporte público no período correspondente aos anos 2013 a 2018, obtidos através da realização de séries temporais? Para tanto, entende-se que esta pesquisa, longe de propor a solução de problemas recorrentes de mobilidade, se presta muito mais a lançar um novo olhar sobre o assunto, servindo de banco de dados para reflexão sobre questões políticas de mobilidade urbana, encontrando no paradigma da mobilidade sustentável seu ponto de partida e também o principal objetivo a ser alcançado. Para análise da tendência da série temporal utilizou-se o teste de Mann Kendall. Para observar as homogeneidades optou-se por realização de três testes: teste de homogeneidade normal padrão para um único ponto, teste de Pettitt e teste de Buishand. Os resultados encontrados na pesquisa mostram que existe uma tendência ao decrescimento desta demanda, e isto começou a acontecer de forma mais intensa no final de 2015, em contraponto ao aumento do número de viagens na cidade.
Artificial intelligence-assisted tools for redefining the communication landscape of the scholarly world
Authors: Razack Habeeb Ibrahim Abdul , Mathew Sam T. , Saad Fathinul Fikri Ahmad , Alqahtani Saleh A.
Published: July 2021

The flood of research output and increasing demands for peer reviewers have necessitated the intervention of artificial intelligence (AI) in scholarly publishing. Although human input is seen as essential for writing publications, the contribution of AI slowly and steadily moves ahead. AI may redefine the role of science communication experts in the future and transform the scholarly publishing industry into a technology-driven one. It can prospectively improve the quality of publishable content and identify errors in published content. In this article, we review various AI and other associated tools currently in use or development for a range of publishing obligations and functions that have brought about or can soon leverage much-demanded advances in scholarly communications. Several AI-assisted tools, with diverse scope and scale, have emerged in the scholarly market. AI algorithms develop summaries of scientific publications and convert them into plain-language texts, press statements, and news stories. Retrieval of accurate and sufficient information is prominent in evidence-based science publications. Semantic tools may empower transparent and proficient data extraction tactics. From detecting simple plagiarism errors to predicting the projected citation impact of an unpublished article, AI’s role in scholarly publishing is expected to be multidimensional. AI, natural language processing, and machine learning in scholarly publishing have arrived for writers, editors, authors, and publishers. They should leverage these technologies to enable the fast and accurate dissemination of scientific information to contribute to the betterment of humankind.
Direito à comunicação e saúde
Authors: Stevanim Luiz Felipe , Murtinho Rodrigo
Published: July 2021

O livro analisa a centralidade do direito à comunicação para a garantia da saúde (um direito humano fundamental) e dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Segundo os autores, o objetivo principal da obra é compreender as relações entre comunicação e saúde - ambas identificadas como expressões de cidadania - à luz dos direitos humanos. Para isso, Luiz Felipe Stevanim e Rodrigo Murtinho norteiam o desenvolvimento do livro a partir de uma questão central: direito à comunicação tem a ver com saúde? Em cinco capítulos, o volume apresenta referenciais teóricos e contextos em que as interfaces entre direito à comunicação e à saúde se fazem presentes. Temas como exclusão digital, proteção de dados pessoais e desinformação também são abordados.
T cell stiffness is enhanced upon formation of immunological synapse
Authors: Jung Philipp , Zhou Xiangda , Iden Sandra , Bischoff Markus , Qu Bin
Published: July 2021

T cells are activated by target cells via an intimate contact, termed immunological synapse (IS). Cellular mechanical properties, especially stiffness, are essential to regulate cell functions. However, T cell stiffness at a subcellular level at the IS still remains largely elusive. In this work, we established an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based elasticity mapping method on whole T cells to obtain an overview of the stiffness with a resolution of ~60 nm. Using primary human CD4+ T cells, we show that when T cells form IS with stimulating antibody-coated surfaces, the lamellipodia are stiffer than the cell body. Upon IS formation, T cell stiffness is enhanced both at the lamellipodia and on the cell body. Chelation of intracellular Ca2+ abolishes IS-induced stiffening at the lamellipodia but has no influence on cell-body-stiffening, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms of IS-induced stiffening at the lamellipodia and the cell body.
Quantitative mapping of dense microtubule arrays in mammalian neurons
Authors: Katrukha Eugene A , Jurriens Daphne , Salas Pastene Desiree M , Kapitein Lukas C
Published: July 2021

The neuronal microtubule cytoskeleton underlies the polarization and proper functioning of neurons, amongst others by providing tracks for motor proteins that drive intracellular transport. Different subsets of neuronal microtubules, varying in composition, stability, and motor preference, are known to exist, but the high density of microtubules has so far precluded mapping their relative abundance and three-dimensional organization. Here, we use different super-resolution techniques (STED, Expansion Microscopy) to explore the nanoscale organization of the neuronal microtubule network in rat hippocampal neurons. This revealed that in dendrites acetylated microtubules are enriched in the core of the dendritic shaft, while tyrosinated microtubules are enriched near the plasma membrane, thus forming a shell around the acetylated microtubules. Moreover, using a novel analysis pipeline we quantified the absolute number of acetylated and tyrosinated microtubules within dendrites and found that they account for 65–75% and ~20–30% of all microtubules, respectively, leaving only few microtubules that do not fall in either category. Because these different microtubule subtypes facilitate different motor proteins, these novel insights help to understand the spatial regulation of intracellular transport.
What We Remember and What We Forget: Selective Memory in the Holocaust
Authors:   United States Naval Academy, Camargo-Vemuri Maya ,   Johns Hopkins University, USA
Published: July 2021

Why remember atrocity? This paper considers how trauma shapes the political memory of atrocity. What we choose to remember about atrocity is largely determined by the visibility of events, but also impacted by social norms, normalized violence, and perceptions of atrocity. Certain events, although common or not necessarily unusual, are suppressed from memory (both in collective and individual narratives) due to fear, shame, guilt, or disgust. In genocide, we rarely hear about acts that induce emotions such as the ones mentioned, including acts of rape, prostitution, and parricide. Most often, such acts are omitted from the narrative because they are not normal crimes in the societies where they occur, and are seen as particularly horrific. The consequence of this omission is a skewed image or conception of genocide and what it does to the people who are part of it, either as victims or perpetrators. This paper determines that, however uncomfortable, unusual, or painful it is to remember such acts, the memory of such acts is necessary to understand the mechanics of atrocity and victimization. It uses a case study of the Holocaust, focusing on sexual violence, to illustrate the concepts of memory omission, skewed historical perception, and the necessity of understanding atrocity through accurate memory.
Materialized Trauma Narratives of Border Crossings
Authors:   School of Humanities, University of Eastern Finland, Kurki Tuulikki
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this article is to discuss the applicability of the concept of materialized narrative in the analysis of border and mobility related experiences. In this article, the concept and its analytical potential are discussed in three examples that address difficult, even traumatic experiences related to various kinds of border crossings in Finnish and Estonian contexts. The concept of materialized narrative allows the conceptualization of border and mobility related traumas in supplementary and alternative ways. The materialized narrative is defined as a form of narrative and non-narrative knowledge that is linked with objects that people carry with them across various borders and their difficult experiences. The aim of the concept is to bring together the narrative and non-narrative knowledge of traumatic experiences that is embodied in a material object. The research thesis of the article is to examine how a materialized narrative can function as a trauma narrative. The article argues that materialized narratives can function as instruments for processing traumatic experiences related to border crossings, similarly to autobiographical trauma narratives that are regarded to be among the most central narrative forms analyzed in multidisciplinary trauma research. The research material includes interviews and artwork accomplished in the project “A Lost Mitten and Other Stories: Experiences of Borders, Mobilities, and New Neighbor Relations” (funded by the Kone Foundation).
Routes to Forming an Affiliative Postmemory about Difficult Pages in History (Based on the Example of the Era of Political Repression)
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, Zevako Yulia V.
Published: July 2021

This article discusses the mechanism behind the formation in adolescents (representatives of the 4th generation) of an affiliative postmemory about one of the most controversial and complex subjects in Russian history – the era of political repression from the 1930s to the1950s. The first part of the article is devoted to questions of methodology and necessity, and to the possibilities of using an authentic space and an authentic artifact as mediators between past and present in memory practices. The basic ideas are the concepts of “postmemory” by Marianne Hirsch, “grief” by Alexander Etkind, and “affective management of history” by Sergey Oushakin. Additionally, there are the ideas of Varvara Sklez, Veronica Dorman, Olga Strelova, and Alexander Kotlomanov in relations to that very authentic space and/or artifact which helps to provoke and form the memory of complex pages of history, not from within, but from without, enabling the creation of a kind of “sensory laboratory” for the period. Thanks to this “feeling”, dry information is experienced and appropriated by a person through the strong emotions provoked, and the level of individual affiliative memory of the era of political repression is built up. The second part of the article describes two experiments which allowed me to analyse the effects of an authentic space (an immersive drama performance) and an authentic artifact (an archived investigation casefile) on adolescents.
Eesti- ja Liivimaa libahundipärimus rahvapärase ontoloogia muutumise peegeldajana
Authors:   Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore, Institute of Cultural Research, University of Tartu, Metsvahi Merili
Published: July 2021

The article gives a short overview of the Estonian werewolf tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries and a glimpse into the 19th–20th-century werewolf beliefs. The image of werewolf of the earlier and later periods is compared. The differences between the images of these two periods are explained with the help of the approaches of Tim Ingold and Philipp Descola, which ground the changes in the worldview taking place together with the shift from the pre-modern society into modernity. The mental world of the 16th–17th-century Estonian and Livonian peasant did not encompass the category of nature, and the borders between the human being and the animal on the one side and organism and environment on the other side were not so rigid as they are in today’s people’s comprehension of the world. The ability to change into a wolf was seen as an added possibility of acquiring new experiences and benefits. As the popular ontology had changed by the second half of the 19th century – the human mind was raised into the ultimate position and the animal was comprehended as being inferior – the transformation of a man into an animal, if it was seriously taken at all, seemed to be strange and unnatural.
Kuningas Hattušili I testament
Authors:   Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Mõttus Siim
Published: July 2021

From the Hittite kingdom in the Anatolian peninsula of the II millennium, the first known Indo-European-ruled political entity, the so-called bilingual testament of Hattušili I (ca. 1650–1620 BC) has long fascinated modern scholars. This article offers a translation of the original Hittite text into Estonian. The testament describes the turbulent political situation of the state’s earlier period, filled with the king’s unruly family members and many rebellions. Seemingly on his deathbed, King Hattušili I proclaimed that instead of the young Labarna, the previously designated heir, a new candidate – Muršili – would take his place, due to the former’s unkind nature. Labarna had not been the first to oppose Hattušili. His daughter and son had also done that, revolting against their father. The numerous problems related to inheriting the kingship in the early period of Hittite history have also prompted an ongoing discussion about the succession principles in Hittite society. Concerning the literary value, the testament is a masterpiece that incorporates historical exempla, metaphors, similes, direct speech, and rhetorical questions to enforce the king’s arguments and to persuade his audience – the upper echelons of the Hittite society. Despite its name, the testament seems to have more didactical than juridical purposes, as the king offers many instructions to his new heir – to be kind, abstemious, pious and, first and foremost, he orders to heed his wisdom and his will. The ones around the new designee are exhorted to be united and supportive to Muršili. As such, the text can be compared to some other proto-Fürstenspiegels, like “The Teaching for King Merikare” form Egypt’s Middle Kingdom, but it also bears parallels to Gen 49. All in all, the testament is a remarkable insight into Hittite history and society.
A new HSI denoising method via interpolated block matching 3D and guided filter
Authors: Xu Ping , Chen Bingqiang , Zhang Jingcheng , Xue Lingyun , Zhu Lei
Published: July 2021

A new hyperspectral images (HSIs) denoising method via Interpolated Block-Matching and 3D filtering and Guided Filtering (IBM3DGF) denoising method is proposed. First, inter-spectral correlation analysis is used to obtain inter-spectral correlation coefficients and divide the HSIs into several adjacent groups. Second, high-resolution HSIs are produced by using adjacent three images to interpolate. Third, Block-Matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) is conducted to reduce the noise level of each group; Fourth, the guided image filtering is utilized to denoise HSI of each group. Finally, the inverse interpolation is applied to retrieve HSI. Experimental results of synthetic and real HSIs showed that, comparing with other state-of-the-art denoising methods, the proposed IBM3DGF method shows superior performance according to spatial and spectral domain noise assessment. Therefore, the proposed method has a potential to effectively remove the spatial/spectral noise for HSIs.
Photosynthesis and respiration of the soft coral Xenia umbellata respond to warming but not to organic carbon eutrophication
Authors: Simancas-Giraldo Susana Marcela , Xiang Nan , Kennedy Meghan Moger , Nafeh Rassil , Zelli Edoardo , Wild Christian
Published: July 2021

Eutrophication with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as a far under-investigated stressor, and ocean warming, can strongly affect coral reefs and hard corals as major reefs ecosystem engineers. However, no previous studies have investigated the metabolic responses of soft corals to DOC eutrophication, or its interaction with ocean warming. Thus, we investigated respiration and photosynthesis response of Xenia umbellata, a common mixotrophic soft coral from the Indo-pacific, to (1) three levels of DOC eutrophication simulated by glucose addition over the first 21 days of experiment and (2) ocean warming scenarios where the temperature was gradually increased from 26 °C (control condition) to 32 °C over another 24 days in an aquarium experiment. We found no significant difference in response to DOC treatments and all corals survived regardless of the DOC concentrations, whilst subsequent exposure to simulated ocean warming significantly decreased gross photosynthesis by approximately 50% at 30 °C, and 65% at 32 °C, net photosynthesis by 75% at 30 °C and 79% at 32 °C, and respiration by a maximum of 75% at 30 °C; with a slight increase at 32 °C of 25%. The ratio between gross photosynthesis and respiration decreased by the end of the warming period but remained similar between controls and colonies previously exposed to DOC. Our findings suggest that soft corals may be more resistant than hard corals to DOC eutrophication and in consequence, may potentially experiment in less magnitude the negative effects of increased temperature or subsequently both stressors. The results of this study may contribute to explain the successful role of soft corals in phase shifts as reported from many coral reefs. Where predicted declines in reef ecosystems health due to increased eutrophication levels can be exacerbated by future warming.
MSBOTS: a multiple small biological organism tracking system robust against non-ideal detection and segmentation conditions
Authors: Wang Xiaoying , Cheng Eva , Burnett Ian S.
Published: July 2021

Accurately tracking a group of small biological organisms using algorithms to obtain their movement trajectories is essential to biomedical and pharmaceutical research. However, object mis-detection, segmentation errors and overlapped individual trajectories are particularly common issues that restrict the development of automatic multiple small organism tracking research. Extending on previous work, this paper presents an accurate and generalised Multiple Small Biological Organism Tracking System (MSBOTS), whose general feasibility is tested on three types of organisms. Evaluated on zebrafish, Artemia and Daphnia video datasets with a wide variety of imaging conditions, the proposed system exhibited decreased overall Multiple Object Tracking Precision (MOTP) errors of up to 77.59%. Moreover, MSBOTS obtained more reliable tracking trajectories with a decreased standard deviation of up to 47.68 pixels compared with the state-of-the-art idTracker system. This paper also presents a behaviour analysis module to study the locomotive characteristics of individual organisms from the obtained tracking trajectories. The developed MSBOTS with the locomotive analysis module and the tested video datasets are made freely available online for public research use.