bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qu'est-ce qu'un réfugié ? La construction politique d'une catégorie juridique
Authors: Lochak Danièle
Published: March 2013

L’ampleur et la complexité des questions soulevées par le phénomène des réfugiés ont contraint la communauté internationale, au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, à se saisir du problème pour tenter d’y apporter des solutions. Mais les instruments élaborés dans les enceintes de la diplomatie internationale restent étroitement tributaires des intérêts étatiques ; et la définition du « réfugié » reflète, à travers ses mutations successives, les enjeux politiques sous-jacents aux catégorisations juridiques.
Le Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR)
Authors: Bettati Mario
Published: March 2013

Le hcr est en charge de presque 34 millions de personnes, réfugiés, apatrides et personnes déplacées. Les réfugiés palestiniens ne relèvent pas de son mandat, ils sont confiés à une agence spéciale : l’ unwra . L’origine de l’agence réside dans l’initiative de Fridtjof Nansen qui créa le fameux passeport qui porte son nom et qui fut le premier haut commissaire de la sdn . Créé par la résolution 428 (v) du 14 décembre 1950, il est entré en fonction le 1 er janvier 1951. Ses compétences se sont élargies du seul plan européen vers l’universalisation et des seuls réfugiés aux apatrides puis aux personnes déplacées. Il exerce une activité normative originale dans ce domaine, mais éprouve des difficultés administratives et financières qui ne le mettent pas à l’abri de critiques.
Enjeux environnementaux et nouvelles catégories de migrants : de la sémantique à la géopolitique
Authors: Cambrézy Luc
Published: March 2013

La problématique environnementale et du réchauffement climatique a favorisé l’apparition de nouvelles définitions pour qualifier les migrations qui en résultent : « réfugiés environnementaux », « éco-réfugiés », « réfugiés climatiques » ... Non sans une certaine confusion, une intense réflexion est engagée en vue d’étendre le statut de réfugié à ces migrants. Plusieurs obstacles et arguments s’opposent cependant à cette évolution. Parmi ceux-ci, la souveraineté des États constitue le principal point d’achoppement avec des enjeux environnementaux qui, du local au global, sont sans frontières.
Retour sur un quart de siècle d'une revue « militante »
Authors: Briquet Jean-Louis , Sawicki Frédéric
Published: March 2013

Les auteurs proposent une « ego-sociologie » de Politix , dont ils ont été parmi les fondateurs et dont ils sont aujourd’hui encore membres actifs de la rédaction. Ils précisent ce qu’a été à l’origine le projet de cette revue « militante » : rompre avec l’académisme qui caractérisait le milieu disciplinaire ; développer le dialogue avec l’ensemble des sciences sociales ; élargir le champ d’analyse de la science politique en s’intéressant à la dimension sociale des phénomènes politiques. Ils reviennent ensuite sur les évolutions de la revue, sur les enjeux qui sont apparus avec les transformations des conditions de publication et d’évaluation tant des revues que des articles soumis.
Observer un collectif militant en milieu populaire
Authors: Mischi Julian
Published: March 2013

À partir surtout d’un travail de terrain mené auprès de syndicalistes cheminots, cette contribution traite de certains enjeux de la démarche ethnographique appliquée aux groupes militants. Alors que la socialisation militante est le plus souvent étudiée ex post , c’est-à-dire à partir d’entretiens au cours desquels les enquêtés reviennent sur leur parcours et leurs motivations, une telle démarche vise à saisir cette socialisation in situ , en observant les activités militantes sur plusieurs années. Néanmoins, la conduite d’entretiens et le travail documentaire s’avèrent essentiels pour prendre en compte les rapports de force qui encadrent les situations observées et inscrire les activités militantes dans leur configuration organisationnelle. La stratégie de recherche adoptée implique d’accepter le caractère en partie imprévisible de la construction du dispositif méthodologique. Elle offre aussi la possibilité, sous certaines conditions, de discuter de ses hypothèses de recherche avec les enquêtés devenus des alliés.
Localiser le terrain de l'international
Authors: Siméant-Germanos Johanna
Published: March 2013

Les formes d’actions transnationales, parce qu’elles renvoient, pour partie au moins, à des pratiques et configurations dans lesquelles la superposition routinière une société / un État est encore plus problématique qu’elle ne l’est déjà lorsque l’enquête est cantonnée à l’intérieur de frontières nationales, peuvent appeler à déployer des stratégies empiriques et théoriques particulières. C’est le propos de cet article que d’en exposer quelques-unes, qui renvoient à la question de l’identification du terrain et des processus d’internationalisation. L’article réfléchit aux moyens de saisir la division du travail dans ces organisations internationales, et au traçage des parcours individuels comme moyen de reconstituer les milieux de l’activisme international. Il examine enfin les possibilités ouvertes par des enquêtes collectives menées dans les événements internationaux.
Les systèmes de gestion de la performance pour la haute fonction publique, Quelle est la force des marchés bureaucratiques managériaux ?
Authors: Hondeghem Annie , Van Dorpe Karolien
Published: March 2013

Nous remarquons depuis quelques décennies d’importantes réformes dans le secteur public dans les pays de l’OCDE. Différentes formes de systèmes de gestion de la performance ont été mises en place, ce qui a eu des conséquences sur le rôle et la position des hauts fonctionnaires. Le marché bureaucratique ( public service bargain , PSB) traditionnel a été remis en question et remplacé (du moins en partie) par un PSB managérial. Notre article s’intéresse aux systèmes de gestion de la performance qui ont été introduits pour la haute fonction publique dans cinq pays (Canada, Royaume-Uni, Pays-Bas, Danemark et Belgique) et à leurs conséquences pour le PSB managérial. Lorsque le contrôle basé sur les résultats est important dans les différentes phases du cycle de gestion de la performance, on en conclut que le PSB managérial est fort. Nous allons voir que les pays anglo-saxons ont des systèmes de contrôle basé sur les résultats plus influents que les pays d’Europe continentale. Nous en concluons dès lors que dans les pays anglo-saxons, les PSB managériaux sont plus forts que dans les pays d’Europe continentale. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les systèmes de gestion de la performance pour la haute fonction publique présentent un niveau de contrôle basé sur les résultats différent. Si l’on suit les quatre étapes du processus de contrôle (planifier, faire, vérifier, réagir), on peut diviser le cycle de gestion de la performance en quatre phases : la planification, le contrôle, l’évaluation et l’action. En présence d’un contrôle basé sur les résultats important à chaque étape, on peut parler d’un marché bureaucratique ( public service bargain , PSB) managérial fort. En présence d’un contrôle basé sur les résultats modéré ou faible, en revanche, on parle d’un PSB managérial respectivement modéré ou faible. Chaque pays est libre d’opérer ses propres choix en ce qui concerne le système de gestion de la performance pour la haute fonction publique, mais il faut savoir que ces choix ont des conséquences sur les relations entre politique et administration.
La diversité raciale : une bénédiction pour les organisations ? Analyse de ses conséquences organisationnelles dans les services de police municipaux
Authors: Hur Yongbeom
Published: March 2013

Dans la présente étude, qui porte sur la diversité ethnique et raciale, nous vérifions une hypothèse implicite formulée par d’autres études sur la diversité, selon laquelle une main-d’œuvre diversifiée travaille mieux et profite davantage aux organisations. Sur la base des données issues de 464 services de police de villes de plus de 50 000 habitants, la présente étude constate une baisse des résultats en matière de lutte contre la criminalité et une augmentation des mouvements de personnel en présence d’une main-d’œuvre plus diversifiée. Selon les observations de notre étude, les responsables ont tout intérêt à envisager de mettre en place des pratiques de gestion de la diversité afin de limiter les conséquences négatives de la diversité tout en préservant et en renforçant ses bienfaits et de faire en sorte que cette diversification du personnel favorise l’amélioration de la productivité organisationnelle. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Selon les observations de notre étude, les responsables ont tout intérêt à envisager de mettre en place des pratiques de gestion de la diversité afin de limiter les conséquences négatives de la diversité raciale tout en préservant et en renforçant ses bienfaits et de faire en sorte que cette diversification du personnel favorise l’amélioration de la productivité organisationnelle.
Reprendre collectivement la main sur l'activité pour plus de sécurité : le cas des éboueurs
Authors: Dubois Carol , Lévis Grégory
Published: March 2013

Cet article est la synthèse d’une intervention dans le secteur de la collecte des déchets. L’entreprise commanditaire souhaite comprendre une recrudescence des accidents de travail, malgré un investissement financier important sur la sécurité. À travers des observations du travail et des entretiens avec les salariés à tous les niveaux hiérarchiques, le diagnostic met notamment en évidence une construction culturelle et identitaire particulière autour de la prise de risque. Les auteurs proposent de sortir d’une surenchère technologique et gestionnaire au profit d’une réflexion collective originale sur l’activité, afin de concilier à la fois respect du corps sur le long terme et qualité du service rendu au quotidien.
Zones d'ombre dans la prévention des risques cancérogènes
Authors: Legrand Émilie , Mias Arnaud
Published: March 2013

Par l’identification de mécanismes d’occultation présents dans les démarches de prévention, cet article révèle que la pertinence et l’efficacité des dispositifs mis en place restent parfois « ininterrogées ». Trois perspectives complémentaires sont successivement adoptées : les représentations des risques cancérogènes, les modalités de déploiement des pratiques de prévention et le rôle attribué au chsct dans le travail de prévention. L’analyse fine des démarches de prévention pointe les limites dans l’objectivation des liens entre santé et travail.
Questions de santé et questions de travail : quelles conciliations dans les commissions d'attribution des droits aux personnes handicapées ?
Authors: Bureau Marie-Christine , Rist Barbara
Published: March 2013

Les auteurs étudient, dans cet article, comment s’articulent différentes représentations des rapports entre santé et travail dans les commissions d’attribution des droits aux personnes handicapées. En accueillant des travailleurs rejetés aux marges du salariat pour raisons de santé, ces commissions se trouvent régulièrement confrontées à « ce que le travail fait à la santé » sous son versant le plus sombre, en termes d’usure physique et morale. Les membres des commissions doivent décider sans cesse jusqu’où il incombe aux maisons du handicap de pallier les défaillances du marché du travail et les dysfonctionnements des collectifs professionnels.
La sociologie en République démocratique du Congo : une science en quête d'identification
Authors: Mubangi Bet’ukany Gilbert , Lubanza Mukendi
Published: March 2013

Le problème de la sociologie au Congo n’est pas celui de son identité 3 mais plutôt de son identification. Avant son adaptation au contexte national, avant de penser à son originalité par rapport aux sociologies d’ailleurs, il est nécessaire que la sociologie soit connue et reconnue. De ce fait, parler de la sociologie au Congo revient à se demander comment sont formés les sociologues au Congo. À quelles attentes sociales la sociologie répond-elle ? Quelle est la place de cette discipline au sein du système éducatif congolais et comment se positionne-t-elle par rapport aux autres disciplines en sciences sociales ?
L'incertitude et le risque dans les sports de glisse liés aux vagues : entre mythe et réalité
Authors: Mariani Guillaume
Published: March 2013

À partir d’une analyse détaillée du contexte spatio-temporel des pratiques de surf, une enquête statistique fut menée auprès de 356 pratiquants chevronnés de sports de glisse dans les vagues : le surf, le windsurf et le kitesurf. Les six aspects majeurs de l’action « surfique » retenus, que sont le risque , le vertige , l’appareillage , la sauvagerie , la syntonisation avec la nature et la recherche de contrôle de la situation , ont été présentés aux répondants par l’utilisation de l’outil mathématique des comparaisons par paires de Condorcet. Les résultats montrent que, contrairement à un certain nombre d’analyses, ces pratiquants ne subliment ni la sauvagerie du milieu ni le risque. Ils leur préfèrent, dans un rapport dialogique, la recherche de vertige et la maîtrise dans une relation « syntonisatoire » avec l’élément naturel, initiant ainsi un autre discours sur ces sports à risque.
Le judo : une éducation pour faire face à l'incertain ? Le cas des compétitions sans catégories de poids pour les enfants au Japon
Authors: Colin Thierry , Joncheray Hélène , Iteya Misaki
Published: March 2013

Dans la première moitié du XX e siècle, l’enracinement du judo en France est accéléré par la représentation qu’il diffuse du plus petit qui vient à bout du plus fort. La motivation des pionniers est portée par l’espoir de l’infini progrès qu’offre le judo et du pouvoir de faire face à toute situation aussi incertaine soit-elle, quelle que soit sa condition. En 1960, avec la montée du sport et la nouvelle organisation des compétitions prévoyant des catégories de poids, cet espoir s’éteint. La conception philosophique du judo a laissé place à une perspective sportive moins idéalisée. Aujourd’hui, ceci est un fait établi et, de notre point de vue occidental, la compétition sans catégorie de poids de Kan Nai (Japon) pour les enfants se présente comme une pratique étrange en tout point. Elle prend toutefois un sens au Japon puisque depuis la rentrée scolaire 2012, les budô, dont le judô, sont matière obligatoire au collège. Les compétitions sans catégories de poids sont emblématiques d’une éducation que le Japon souhaite réhabiliter, une éducation pour faire face à l’incertain. Nous avons observé cette compétition pour tenter d’en comprendre les conditions de son organisation et sa signification culturelle.
Wintering Sea Duck Distribution Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States
Authors: Silverman E. D. , Saalfeld D. T. , Leirness J. B. , Koneff M. D.
Published: March 2013

Although monitoring data for sea ducks (Tribe Mergini) are limited, current evidence suggests that four of the most common species wintering along the eastern coast of the United States—long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca, surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata, and black scoter Melanitta americana—may be declining, while the status of American common eider Somateria mollissima dresseri is uncertain. The apparent negative trends, combined with the fact that sea duck life histories are among the most poorly documented of North American waterfowl, have led to concerns for these species and questions about the impacts of human activities, such as hunting, as well as catastrophic events and environmental change. During winter, thousands of sea ducks are found along the U.S. Atlantic coast, where they may be affected by proposed wind-power development, changes to marine traffic, aquaculture practices, sand mining, and other coastal development. Possible impacts are difficult to quantify because traditional winter waterfowl surveys do not cover many of the marine habitats used by sea ducks. Thus, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted an experimental survey of sea ducks from 2008 to 2011 to characterize their winter distributions along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Each year, data were collected on 11 species of sea ducks on >200 transects, stretching from Maine to Florida. In this paper, we describe distribution of common eider, long-tailed duck, white-winged scoter, surf scoter, and black scoter. Densities of the two species with the most northerly distribution, white-winged scoter and common eider, were highest near Cape Cod and Nantucket. Long-tailed duck was most abundant around Cape Cod, Nantucket Shoals, and in Chesapeake Bay. Surf scoter also concentrated within Chesapeake Bay; however, they were additionally found in high densities in Delaware Bay, and along the Maryland–Delaware outer coast. Black scoter, the most widely distributed species, occurred at high densities along the South Carolina coast and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Spatial patterns of high-density transects were consistent among years for all species except black scoter, which exhibited the most interannual variation in distribution. The distance from land, depth, and bottom slope where flocks were observed varied among species and regions, with a median distance of 3.8 km from land along the coastal transects and 75% of flocks observed over depths of <16 m. Common eider and long-tailed duck were observed closer to shore and over steeper ocean bottoms than were the three scoter species. Our results represent the first large-scale quantitative description of winter sea duck distribution along the U.S. Atlantic coast, and should guide the development of sea duck monitoring programs and aid the assessment of potential impacts of ongoing and proposed offshore development.
Non‐destructive prospecting and virtual reconstruction of the chapel of the Holy Spirit in Lecce, Italy
Authors: Gabellone Francesco , Leucci Giovanni , Masini Nicola , Persico Raffaele , Quarta Giovanni , Grasso Fabio
Published: March 2013

In this contribution, we show the results of a GPR measurement campaign, combined with temperature and humidity measurements, gathered in a Renaissance monument of the 16th century in Lecce, Southern Italy. The data are processed by means of standard processing and the results interpreted with the aid of an archive research. Moreover, the reconstruction is inserted into a 3D virtual reconstruction of the monument, achieved by means of a laser scanner.
Estimating the 3D position and inclination of a planar interface with a directional borehole radar
Authors: Ebihara Satoshi , Kawai Hideaki , Wada Kazushige
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we present a signal processing method suitable for estimating the position of a planar interface and its inclination using a directional borehole radar. The receiving directive antenna in a radar system is a coaxial‐fed circular dipole array antenna in a borehole (CFCAB), which we have proposed previously. The method combines least‐square fitting with a model of plane‐wave incidence and uses an inverse boundary scattering transform. This approach makes it possible to estimate parameters from measurements collected at only two narrowly separated depths of a radar sonde. We give a numerical example to verify the proposed method. In this simulation, the array data were generated with the Method of Moments modified for a borehole radar. We conducted field experiments in the Nakatatsu mine in Japan, where there is a fault in the skarn. We constructed a 3D image of the fault with a directional borehole radar and the signal processing method. The image agrees well with the information obtained from boring core samples and observations in the gallery.
Circulating Fibrocytes Prepare the Lung for Cancer Metastasis by Recruiting Ly-6C+ Monocytes Via CCL2
Authors: van Deventer Hendrik W. , Palmieri Daniela A. , Wu Qing Ping , McCook Everett C. , Serody Jonathan S.
Published: March 2013

Fibrocytes are circulating, hematopoietic cells that express CD45 and Col1a1. They contribute to wound healing and several fibrosing disorders by mechanisms that are poorly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that fibrocytes predispose the lung to B16-F10 metastasis by recruiting Ly-6C+ monocytes. To do so, we isolated fibrocytes expressing CD45, CD11b, CD13, and Col1a1 from the lungs of wild type (WT) and Ccr5−/− mice. WT but not Ccr5−/− fibrocytes increased the number of metastatic foci when injected into Ccr5−/− mice (73 ± 2 versus 32 ± 5; p < 0.001). This process was MMP9 dependent. Injection of WT enhanced GFP+ fibrocytes also increased the number of Gr-1Int, CD11b+, and enhanced GFP– monocytes. Like premetastatic-niche monocytes, these recruited cells expressed Ly-6C, CD117, and CD45. The transfer of these cells into Ccr5−/− mice enhanced metastasis (90 ± 8 foci) compared with B cells (27 ± 2), immature dendritic cells (31 ± 6), or alveolar macrophages (28 ± 3; p < 0.05). WT and Ccl2−/− fibrocytes also stimulated Ccl2 expression in the lung by 2.07 ± 0.05- and 2.78 ± 0.36-fold compared with Ccr5−/− fibrocytes (1.0 ± 0.06; p < 0.05). Furthermore, WT fibrocytes did not increase Ly-6C+ monocytes in Ccr2−/− mice and did not promote metastasis in either Ccr2−/− or Ccl2−/− mice. These data support our hypothesis that fibrocytes contribute to premetastatic conditioning by recruiting Ly-6C+ monocytes in a chemokine-dependent process. This work links metastatic risk to conditions that mobilize fibrocytes, such as inflammation and wound repair.
Thermo-fluid-dynamic modelling of a cold store for cheese maturation
Authors: Giametta Ferruccio , Fucci Flavio , Catalano Pasquale , La Fianza Giovanna
Published: March 2013

In this study, drying tests on fresh cheeses were carried out in a cold store equipped with a Munters MG90 dehumidifier that controls the humidity of the room air. In this system, the condensation/drainage stage is omitted since the humid room air is directed out of the cold store (process air) and the dried air is introduced by the dehumidifier inside the cold store. Eight air temperature probes were introduced in the store; two probes (HOBO U12-012, 1) HOBO – Onset Computer Corporation, Cape Cod, MA, USA) were also introduced and used to measure relative humidity and temperature together with an anemometer to analyse any changes in thermal and fluid dynamics in the cell environment. COMSOL multiphysics software (Comsol Group, Stockolm, Sweden) was used to simulate the store environment based on the finite elements method. This allowed us to compare and discuss the experimental data collected and the results obtained by the thermo- fluid-dynamic simulation.
Prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows from smallholder farms in Zimbabwe
Authors: Katsande Simbarashe , Matope Gift , Ndengu Masimba , Pfukenyi Davies M.
Published: March 2013

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical and clinical mastitis and the associated factors in cows from selected smallholder dairy farms in Zimbabwe. Physical examinations were conducted on all lactating cows for evidence of signs of clinical mastitis. Composite milk samples were collected from all lactating cows for bacterial culture and somatic cell counting. Cows were categorised as clinical if they exhibited clinical features of mastitis, or sub-clinical if no apparent signs were present but they had a positive bacterial isolation and a somatic cell count of at least 300 x 103 cells/mL. Farm-level factors were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The association of mastitis and animal- and herd-level factors were analysed using logistic regression. A total of 584 animals from 73 farms were tested. Overall, 21.1%(123/584) had mastitis, 16.3%(95/584) had sub-clinical mastitis and 4.8% (28/584) had clinical mastitis. Herd-level prevalence was 49.3%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (27.6%),  Escherichia coli (25.2%),  Staphylococcus aureus(16.3%), Klebsiella spp. (15.5%) and Streptococcus spp. (1.6%) were the most common isolates. In individual cows, pure dairy herds (OR = 6.3) and dairy crosses (OR = 3.1) were more likely to have mastitis compared to Mashona cows. Farms that used pre-milking teat dipping were associated with reduced mastitis prevalence. Further research is needed on the prevalence of mastitis and a comparison of data for both smallholder and commercial dairy farms in all regions of Zimbabwe should be undertaken.
Abstract 12
Authors: Gora Anamika , Yadav Suchitra , Mathur Sandeep , Sharma Balram , Saran Sanjay
Published: March 2013

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common dominant inherited disorder with highly variable expressivity. The highly variable clinical features of NF1 are because of there are many genetic modifiers that lie outside the NF1 gene, which influence NF 1 gene and account for a large fraction of the symptomatic variability seen in NF1. Mutation detection in the NF1 gene is complex due to its large size, the existence of several pseudo genes and the lack of clustering of the mutations. There are no clear mutation hotspots and the spectrum of mutations is very diverse, ranging from micro deletions affecting the entire NF1 gene to minor lesions that include a high proportion of splicing mutations.

Objective: Identification of the genetic mutation in mother son duo with neurofibromatosis.

Method: Whole exome analysis was performed to identify the genetic defect. The variants were prioritized using standard open-source computational pipelines.

Results: Whole exome sequencing and computational analysis identified a novel missense (c.4244A>G) at 17q11.2 cytogenetic location of NF 1 gene. Despite having the same genetic variant, absence ofpheochromocytoma in mother indicates heterogeneous presentation of neurofibromatosis type 1.

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing neurofibromatosis due to novel frameshift ANOS1 gene mutations. The report also exemplifies poor correlation of genotype and phenotype in neurofibromatosis cases.
Combination satellite and in-situ data for the determination of evapotranspiration over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ma Y. , Zhu Z. , Zhong L. , Wang B. , Han C. , Ma W.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. In this study, a new parameterization method based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, AVHRR (Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer) data and in-situ data is constructed and tested for deriving the regional evaporative fraction (EF) over heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the methodology was applied to the Tibetan Plateau area. Eight images of MODIS data (17 January 2003, 14 April 2003, 23 July 2003 and 16 October 2003; 30 January 2007, 15 April 2007, 1 August 2007 and 25 October 2007) and four images of AVHRR data (17 January 2003, 14 April 2003, 23 July 2003 and 16 October 2003) were used in this study for the comparison among winter, spring, summer and autumn and the annual variation analysis. The derived results were also validated by using the "ground truth" measured in the stations of the Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP) and the CAMP/Tibet (CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau). The results show that the derived EF in four different seasons over the Tibetan Plateau area is in good accordance with the land surface status. The EF show a wide range due to the strong contrast of surface features over the Tibetan Plateau. Also, the estimated EF is in good agreement with the ground measurements, and their absolute percent difference (APD) is less than 10% in the validation sites. The results from AVHRR were also in agreement with MODIS, with the latter usually displaying a higher level of accuracy. It is therefore concluded that the proposed methodology is successful for the retrieval of EF using the MODIS data, AVHRR data and in-situ data over the Tibetan Plateau area, and the MODIS data is the better one and it should be used widely for the evapotranspiration (ET) research over this region.
Retrieval of height-temporal distributions of particle parameters from multiwavelength lidar measurements using linear estimation technique and comparison results with AERONET
Authors: Veselovskii I. , Whiteman D. N. , Korenskiy M. , Kolgotin A. , Dubovik O. , Perez-Ramirez D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The results of application of the linear estimation technique to multiwavelength Raman lidar measurements performed during the summer of 2011 in Greenbelt, MD, USA are presented. We demonstrate that multiwavelength lidars are capable not only of providing vertical profiles of particle properties but also of revealing the spatio-temporal evolution of aerosol features. The night-time 3β + 1α lidar measurements on 21 and 22 July were inverted to spatio-temporal distributions of particle microphysical parameters, such as volume, number density, effective radius and the complex refractive index. The particle volume and number density show strong variation during the night while the effective radius remains approximately constant. The real part of the refractive index demonstrates a slight decreasing tendency in a region of enhanced extinction coefficient. The linear estimation retrievals are stable and provide 2 min resolution time series of particle parameters at different heights. AERONET observations are compared with multiwavelength lidar retrievals showing good agreement.
A novel salinity proxy based on Na incorporation into foraminiferal calcite
Authors: Wit J. C. , de Nooijer L. J. , Wolthers M. , Reichart G. J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Salinity and temperature determine seawater density and differences in both thereby control global themohaline circulation. Whereas numerous proxies have been calibrated and applied to reconstruct temperature, a direct and independent proxy for salinity is still missing. Ideally, a new proxy for salinity should target one of the direct constituents of dissolved salt, such as [Na+] or [Cl−]. This study investigates the impact of salinity on foraminiferal Na/Ca values by laser ablation ICP-MS analyzes of specimens of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida cultured at a range of salinities (30.0–38.6). Foraminifera at lower salinities (30.0 and 32.5) added more chambers (10–11) to their test over the course of the experiment than foraminifera cultured under higher salinity (36.1, 7–8 chambers, and 38.6, 6–7 chambers), suggesting that lower salinity promotes growth rates in this species. The Na/Ca of cultured specimens correlates significantly with seawater salinity (Na/Ca = 0.22S − 0.75, R2 = 0.96, p < 0.01) and size. Values for Na/Ca and DNa vary between 5.17 and 9.29 mmol mol−1 and 0.12–0.16 × 10−3, which is similar to inorganic precipitated calcite. The significant correlation between test size and Na/Ca results from co-variation with salinity. This implies that foraminiferal Na/Ca may well be a robust and independent proxy for salinity, enabling independent salinity reconstruction. The quantified effect of salinity on Mg/Ca in our culture experiment, furthermore allows a direct correction for the bias in Mg/Ca based temperature reconstructions caused by differences in salinity.
Enhancing the representation of subgrid land surface characteristics in land surface models
Authors: Ke Y. , Leung L. R. , Huang M. , Li H.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Land surface heterogeneity has long been recognized as important to represent in the land surface models. In most existing land surface models, the spatial variability of surface cover is represented as subgrid composition of multiple surface cover types. In this study, we developed a new subgrid classification method (SGC) that accounts for the topographic variability of the vegetation cover. Each model grid cell was represented with a number of elevation classes and each elevation class was further described by a number of vegetation types. The numbers of elevation classes and vegetation types were variable and optimized for each model grid so that the spatial variability of both elevation and vegetation can be reasonably explained given a pre-determined total number of classes. The subgrid structure of the Community Land Model (CLM) was used as an example to illustrate the newly developed method in this study. With similar computational burden as the current subgrid vegetation representation in CLM, the new method is able to explain at least 80% of the total subgrid Plant Functional Types (PFTs) and greatly reduced the variations of elevation within each subgrid class compared to the baseline method where a single elevation class is assigned to each subgrid PFT. The new method was also evaluated against two other subgrid methods (SGC1 and SGC2) that assigned fixed numbers of elevation and vegetation classes for each model grid with different perspectives of surface cover classification. Implemented at five model resolutions (0.1°, 0.25°, 0.5°, 1.0° and 2.0°) with three maximum-allowed total number of classes Nclass of 24, 18 and 12 representing different computational burdens over the North America (NA) continent, the new method showed variable performances compared to the SGC1 and SGC2 methods. However, the advantage of the SGC method over the other two methods clearly emerged at coarser model resolutions and with moderate computational intensity (Nclass = 18) as it explained the most PFTs and elevation variability among the three subgrid methods. Spatially, the SGC method explained more elevation variability in topography-complex areas and more vegetation variability in flat areas. Furthermore, the variability of both elevation and vegetation explained by the new method was more spatially homogeneous regardless of the model resolutions and computational burdens. The SGC method will be implemented in CLM over the NA continent to assess its impacts on simulating land surface processes.
Single Pass, Single Suture Technique for Repair of Traumatic Mydriasis
Authors: Angmo Dewang , Agarwal Tushar , Khokhar Sudarshan
Published: March 2013

Purpose

We describe a 52-year-old man with pseudophakia and traumatic mydriasis who presented with severe glare.

Methods

A modification of the Siepser sliding knot technique—single pass, single suture technique-allows the surgeon to create a locking knot at the extraocular space while maintaining a closed chamber, a safer and easier method for traumatic mydriasis repair.

Results

A reduction of pupil size from 8.0×7.8 mm to 5.5 mm was noted. The patient's complaint of glare was relieved and the glare acuity was 20/40 at 6 months follow-up.

Conclusions

We present a new, simpler application of the Siepser slipknot which can be used successfully for repair of traumatic mydriasis.
Primary Vitrectomy for the Treatment of Retinal Detachment in Highly Myopic Eyes with Axial Length over 30 mm
Authors: Dugas Brice , Bron Alain M. , Minoyan Grégoire , Aho Serge , Berrod Jean-Paul , Creuzot-Garcher Catherine P.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To assess the functional and anatomical outcome of primary vitrectomy without scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in highly myopic eyes with axial length over 30 mm.

Methods

In this retrospective, interventional case series, we evaluated the outcome of primary vitrectomy without scleral buckling in 67 highly myopic patients (67 eyes) with RRD. Anatomical success rate was defined as complete reattachment of the retina without definitive silicone oil tamponade.

Results

Retinal reattachment was achieved with a single surgery in 49 of 67 eyes (73.1%) and after 2 or 3 surgeries in 54 eyes (80.6%). The characteristics of retinal tears did not influence the final outcome. Multivariate analysis revealed that a longer axial length was the only factor associated with a higher failure rate, p = 0.0061. Mean preoperative visual acuity significantly increased after surgery, p = 0.0003.

Conclusions

The study demonstrated fair efficacy of vitrectomy and fluid–gas exchange in the treatment of retinal detachment in highly myopic eyes with an axial length over 30 mm.
Diurnal and Zonal Analysis of Corneal Surface Temperature in Young Healthy Adults
Authors: Moussa Sarah , Eppig Timo , Pattmöller Johanna , Zemova Elena , Seitz Berthold , Langenbucher Achim , Szentmáry Nóra
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To determine diurnal changes and zonal differences of corneal surface temperature in young healthy adults following blinking.

Methods

In this prospective, longitudinal, single–center study, 19 healthy left eyes of 19 healthy subjects (age 23.6 ± 2.2 years) were recruited. Corneal surface temperature (CST) was measured by the Ocular Surface Thermographer TG-1000 (Tomey, Germany) at 3 different time points: 8:00–10:00, 11:00–13:00, and 15:00–18:00. The CST was measured every second for 10 seconds immediately after blinking. We assessed the temperature at the corneal center and at 3 peripheral quadrants at 3 (temporal), 6 (inferior), and 9 (nasal) o'clock at the corneal limbus.

Results

Mean central/temporal/nasal/inferior corneal surface temperatures were, between 11:00 and 13:00, 34.1 ± 0.5°C/34.2 ± 0.6°C/34.4 ± 0.5°C/34.6 ± 0.5°C. During 10 seconds following eye opening and between time points 1, 2, and 3, the observed corneal surface temperature parameters did not change significantly (p≥0.3 for all). However, there was a significant difference between temperatures at the nasal limbal area and the center of the cornea (p≤0.03 at each time point). In addition, the temperature was warmer nasally than temporally until 6 seconds and 8–10 seconds after blinking (p≤0.05 for seconds 0–6; 8–10 at time points 1, 2, and 3).

Conclusions

In healthy subjects, corneal surface temperature does not change diurnally and is warmer nasally than centrally and temporally during the interblinking interval. Our study leads to the assumption that diurnal changes of corneal temperature indicate ocular surface abnormality or corneal pathology.
Clinicopathologic Significance of Histologic Grade, Pgp, and P53 Expression in Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Dhaliwal Ravinder S. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Ehrhart EJ , Valli Victor E. , Dervisis Nikolaos G.
Published: March 2013

To characterize the expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and p53 in different histologic grades of canine multicentric lymphosarcoma (LSA), 31 cases of LSA without prior treatment were studied. The expression levels of the Pgp and p53 proteins were evaluated for their clinicopathologic significance among standard histologic evaluation. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival samples of 31 previously untreated LSA cases to detect the expression of Pgp and p53. All dogs were subsequently treated with a combination chemotherapy protocol. Remission and survival durations were evaluated for correlation with histologic grade and presence of drug resistance markers. Of the 31 cases, 24 (80%) and 7 (22%) were positive for Pgp and p53, respectively. Overall, the median survival and duration of remission in the study was 246 days and 137 days, respectively. The National Cancer Institute working formulation histologic grade was not associated with either survival or duration of first remission (DOR). The Pgp protein expression and DOR and survival was not statistically significant. Expression of p53 was statistically correlated with survival.
Survey of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Concentrated Poultry Feed in Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Ariyo Adeniran Lateef , Anthony Makun Hussaini , Lami Muhammad Hadiza
Published: March 2013

In Nigeria, concentrated poultry feed is a vital component of animal production and health but there was no reliable mycogram in Niger state, Nigeria. As a result this study determined the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi in both commercial and privately milled concentrated poultry feeds. A total of 100 poultry feed samples consisting of 52 privately milled poultry feed and 48 commercial feed samples were collected. Mycoflora in the feed was determined. Nine fungi genera were isolated. The most frequently isolated fungi genera in both privately milled and commercial feed was Aspergillus spp which was about 40% of mould isolate. Penicillium spp is 20% in private feed and 13% in commercial feed. A total of 874 fungi were isolated consisting of 458 fungi species in privately milled feed and 416 fungi species found in commercial feed. Mycotoxigenic fungi genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria were isolated. Aspergillus flavus is the commonest isolated fungi species.
Solve it! Rectangles
Authors: Bair Sherry L. , Mooney Edward S.
Published: March 2013

A problem explores perimeter when area is known.
Cartoon Corner:Olympic (Picket) Fencing
Authors: Smith Stephen P. , Spangler David
Published: March 2013

A cartoon involving measurement is coupled with a full-page activity sheet.
Framing Measurement: An Art Gallery Installation
Authors: Bush Sarah B. , Karp Karen S. , Bennett Victoria Miller , Popelka Liz , Nadler Jennifer
Published: March 2013

An interdisciplinary activity connects mathematics and art from The Barnes Foundation museum in Philadelphia.
Posing Cognitively Demanding Tasks to All Students
Authors: Lambert Rachel , Stylianou Despina A.
Published: March 2013

One middle school teacher developed classroom routines to make challenging questions accessible to all learners in her class.
Dimensionless Investigations on Energy Conversion and Analysis of Interlayer Time in Laser‐Based Powder Bed Fusion of Polymers for Polyamide 12 with Nanoadditives and Polypropylene
Authors: Schlör Christian , Grünewald Moritz , Popp Kevin , Kusoglu Ihsan Murat , Barcikowski Stephan , Gann Stan , Schuffenhauer Thomas , Bastian Martin , Bierwisch Claas , Rudloff Johannes
Published: February 2025

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers design freedom and cost‐effective production of complex parts. Powder bed fusion of polymers using laser beam (PBF‐LB/P) is one of the most industrially relevant plastic AM techniques. Although the industrial importance of PBF‐LB/P is steadily increasing, the range of materials available is very limited. This study combines material and process data to determine the energy conversion using dimensionless parameters for unmodified and nanoadditive‐modified polyamide 12 (PA12) powders and polypropylene (PP) powder. Monolayers with different energy inputs are printed and their thickness is measured. The process is described by a dimensionless energy input value and an energy demand value to characterize the energy conversion during processing, considering important material and process parameters. Tensile tests are performed to verify the finding of suitable printing parameters. Furthermore, multilayer experiments are carried out to replicate the printing process in an application‐oriented experiment. This study investigates the influence of the interlayer time (ILT) on the resulting part properties of PA12 and PP. Experiments and numerical models are developed to study the stepwise thickness increase of the first ten layers and density of multilayer samples. The results demonstrate increasing density with higher ILTs, which is in accordance with the simulation predictions.
Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization of Incoloy825 High‐Temperature Alloy during Hot Deformation Based on Cellular Automata
Authors: Zhao Guanghui , Li Min , Liu Lifei , Li Yugui , Li Huaying , Li Juan
Published: February 2025

Thermal compression experiments are carried out on Incoloy825 high‐temperature alloy to study its thermal deformation behavior under different strain rates (0.01–10 s−1) and deformation temperatures (1000–1150 °C). The microstructure of Incoloy825 high‐temperature alloy under different deformation conditions is characterized using electron backscatter diffraction. Modified Laasraoui–Jonas (L–J) dislocation density model and thermal processing map at peak stress for Incoloy825 alloy are established. A cellular automaton (CA) is coupled to the DEFORM‐3D software to simulate the microstructure evolution during hot deformation, and numerical simulation of hot extrusion molding of tubes of Incoloy825 alloy is carried out based on the optimal thermal processing region determined by the thermal processing map. The results show that the average absolute relative error (AARE) between the simulated predicted and experimentally obtained values of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) volume fraction is 10.87%, indicating that the developed CA model can accurately predict the DRX behavior of Incoloy825 alloy. The best hot extrusion parameters of the Incoloy825 alloy tube are obtained through hot extrusion simulation: the initial temperature is 1150 °C, and the extrusion speed is 120–160 mm s−1.
A Mild Reductant NHC‐ligated Borane for N‑Formylation of Amines with CO2 under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Li Wangyu , Zhou Shiwen , Tang He , Chu Fengjian , Feng Hongru , Pan Yuan-Jiang
Published: February 2025

A convenient and efficient metal‐free protocol has been reported for formylation of various amines with carbon dioxide. This reaction could proceed under ambient conditions and show a broad substrate scope, encompassing primary amines, secondary amines, chiral amino acid esters and bioactive molecules. Furthermore, this method offers several advantages, including the preservation of substrate chirality, ease of separation and purification and the suitability of formic acid and formate salts as reactants in this reaction.
In Situ Growth of The Interpenetrating Structure UiO‐66‐NH2/MWCNTs‐OH for The Detection of Phosphoproteins in Human Sweat
Authors: Ying Zhiye , Bian Ce , Qiao Lijuan , Liu Bingxin , Gao Li
Published: February 2025

Phosphorylated proteins in human sweat are found to be closely associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Real‐time, non‐invasive detection of changes in the types and levels of phosphorylated proteins in sweat is of significant clinical value for the prevention and diagnosis of these diseases. This research introduces an electrochemical sensor based on an in situ‐grown interpenetrating network structure of UiO‐66‐NH2/MWCNTs‐OH, specifically designed for detecting phosphorylated proteins in sweat. The sensor is tested with common phosphorylated and non‐phosphorylated proteins, demonstrating excellent selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, with a limit of detection as low as 0.28 µmol L−1. Additionally, biotoxicity experiments conducted on SD rats and volunteers show that UiO‐66‐NH2/MWCNTs‐OH is biologically safe, making it suitable for use as a biosensor. Finally, the fabrication of the electrochemical sensing module provides a foundation for the development of subsequent wearable sensors.