bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network Rail: a new approach to coastal asset management – North Wales case study
Authors: Kenn Graham , Dane Alec , Giles Kevin
Published: February 2017

Network Rail Wales Route, in partnership with JBA Consulting, has recently developed a new coastal asset management methodology for assessing the risks posed by coastal processes to the Network Rail Wales Route’s portfolio of coastal, estuarine and river defence assets and the rail track infrastructure that they protect. The system has been designed in accordance with best practice guidance, to provide a consequence-based asset risk assessment. This considers the physical condition of the asset in combination with the risk from coastal erosion, wave overtopping and still water level flooding. In order for the coastal asset management plan to be effective over an extended time frame, these risks are analysed in the present day and for three future time epochs: 2025, 2055 and 2115. Analysing the future risk profile allows the development of a long-range view of likely future maintenance and capital liabilities. The coastal asset management system developed includes a number of innovative data capture, analysis and presentation techniques. These tools simplify large volumes of data relating to complex processes. This analysis provides the quantitative evidence base necessary for Network Rail to develop a holistic, whole-portfolio asset management plan to help better in allocating and prioritising funding for defence improvements.
Large-scale physical modelling of soil-filled masonry arch bridges
Authors: Augusthus-Nelson Levingshan , Swift Gareth , Melbourne Clive , Smith Colin , Gilbert Matthew
Published: February 2017

The presence of soil backfill has been shown to have a significant influence on the load-carrying capacity of masonry arch bridges, with the soil fill providing a number of important functions, including inter alia, the distribution of surface loads and passive resistance to arch deformation during loading. Large-scale physical modelling allows high-quality data to be collected under controlled conditions, while enabling essential aspects of the interaction between the soil fill, the masonry arch and the abutments to be observed. This paper considers the design and construction of a unique test facility that allows large-scale soil-filled masonry arch structures to be studied under both quasi-static and cycling loading regimes. The key challenges that were needed to be overcome to develop this facility are presented and discussed.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyponatremia: Compilation of the Guidelines
Authors: Hoorn Ewout J. , Zietse Robert
Published: February 2017

Hyponatremia is a common water balance disorder that often poses a diagnostic or therapeutic challenge. Therefore, guidelines were developed by professional organizations, one from within the United States (2013) and one from within Europe (2014). This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia, comparing the two guidelines and highlighting recent developments. Diagnostically, the initial step is to differentiate hypotonic from nonhypotonic hyponatremia. Hypotonic hyponatremia is further differentiated on the basis of urine osmolality, urine sodium level, and volume status. Recently identified parameters, including fractional uric acid excretion and plasma copeptin concentration, may further improve the diagnostic approach. The treatment for hyponatremia is chosen on the basis of duration and symptoms. For acute or severely symptomatic hyponatremia, both guidelines adopted the approach of giving a bolus of hypertonic saline. Although fluid restriction remains the first-line treatment for most forms of chronic hyponatremia, therapy to increase renal free water excretion is often necessary. Vasopressin receptor antagonists, urea, and loop diuretics serve this purpose, but received different recommendations in the two guidelines. Such discrepancies may relate to different interpretations of the limited evidence or differences in guideline methodology. Nevertheless, the development of guidelines has been important in advancing this evolving field.
Early Thoughts and Preparations for GST in India
Authors: Sury M  M
Published: February 2017

The introduction of Goods and Service Tax (GST) has been one of the most ambitious and dynamic tax reforms in the history of India. Recommended first in 2003 by the Task Force on Implementation of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, the implementation of GST has seen many roadblocks since the introduction of the idea. However, it now stands ready to be rolled out after considerable deliberations and addressing of pertinent issues. This paper traces the preparations in India for the introduction of GST, starting from the time when the idea was introduced in the Parliament till after eleven years when it stands ready to be implemented. It is attempt to enable us to appreciate the magnitude of efforts of the policy makers in making India a common dynamic market.
Near-Infrared (NIR) Western Blot Detection (PVDF membrane) v1
Authors: Biosciences LI-COR
Published: February 2017

Infrared fluorescence detection with Odyssey Family Imaging Systems provides a quantitative two-color detection method for Western blots. This protocol is designed to help you achieve success with NIR Western blot detection methods, using the PVDF membrane. Read the entire protocol carefully before beginning your optimization experiments.
Health Food Supplements (Health Food) Highly Nutritious From Chlorella And Oil Catfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus)
Authors: Syahrul Syahrul , Dewita Dewita
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The utilization of microalgae as a food ingredient considered effective, because in addition to alternative food sources also contains nutrients chlorella microalgae in particular is very good for health. This microalgae rich in protein (60.5%), fat (11%), carbohydrates (20.1%), water, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals Besides these microalgae contain pigments (chlorophyll), tocopherol and the active component (antimicrobial and antioxidants). This is what underlies microalgae is very useful to be used as a source of raw materials of health food supplements. Currently the health food supplements have become a necessity for people to maintain their health in order to remain vibrant. This study aims to produce high nutritious health food supplements from raw material chlorella enriched with fish protein concentrate and oil catfish. The method used in the manufacture of high nutritious health food supplement is a method of microencapsulation with different formulations. The results showed that the best formulations based on the profile of amino acids, fatty acids and standards AAE per day especially essential fatty acids oleic and linoleic is formulation B (chlorella 2%, 1% fish oil and fish protein concentrate 1%.
A Study of the Process and Types of Deindustrialization in the Visegrád Countries
Authors: Hegyi-Kéri Ágnes
Published: February 2017

My goal in this article is to analyze the process of deindustrialization from the aspect of the labor market. Accepting the definition of the relevant literature, I define deindustrialization as a decline in the number of workers employed in industry and a drop in their ratio on the labor market. My experimental question is whether deindustrialization was present in the Visegrád countries between 1993 and 2015, and if so, what kinds can be identified. In this work I merge the observations of developed countries regarding deindustrialization and also expand upon the methodology for defining the types of deindustrialization.
Modern Transformations of Economics: Neuroeconomics
Authors: Mkrtchyan Tatevik
Published: February 2017

Traditionally, economists have not been interested in the neural underpinnings of human behavior. According to the classical decision-making theory, a decision-maker is a perfectly rational cognitive agent ignoring the influence of emotions. However, in recent years this model has been challenged by prospect theory, which identifies heuristics and biases that influence human choice. A recent approach known as neuroeconomics is a transdisciplinary field that tries to shed light on the computational and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the decision-making process, integrating ideas and methods from the fields of psychology, neuroscience, economics and computer science. Neuroeconomics gives researchers an opportunity to look into the “black box” of the human brain, which will give an opportunity to investigate how people make choices, how the brain calculates gains and losses, the roles of emotions and cognition, etc. The aim of this paper is to survey findings from the neuroeconomic literature and investigate the implications of this knowledge for understanding human behavior in various contexts.
Methods of Choosing an Optimal Portfolio of Projects
Authors: Yakovlev Anatoliy , Chernenko Maksym
Published: February 2017

This paper presents an analysis of existing methods for a portfolio of project optimization. The necessity for their improvement is shown. It is suggested to assess the portfolio of projects on the basis of the amount in the difference between the results and costs during development and implementation of selected projects and the losses caused by non-implementation or delayed implementation of projects that were not included in the portfolio. Consideration of capital and current costs components are required for the portfolio of projects efficiency calculation. An optimization model for a portfolio of projects is developed. Consideration of social and economic factors that contribute the integral assessment of the portfolio of project and methods for their calculation are proposed.
Study of amniotic fluid and its co-relation with pregnancy outcome in high risk pregnancies
Authors: Rashid Shazia , Abrol Shivani , Jabeen Farhat , Fareed Perveen
Published: February 2017

Background: Amniotic fluid is an important part of pregnancy sac and helps in fetal development. There is a consistent association between low AFI and conditions like pregnancy induced hypertension, postdated pregnancy and IUGR resulting in poor fetal outcome. In fact, high risk patients with low amniotic fluid index need to deliver quickly. So, an assessment of amniotic fluid volume has become an important component of antenatal testing for the high risk pregnancy. The objective was to study the correlation between Amniotic fluid index less than 5 cm (AFI˂5) and adverse perinatal outcome in high risk pregnancies.Methods: It was a hospital based prospective, comparative study. 150 high risk patients were selected from inpatient department of obstetrics and Gynecology Government Medical College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India over a period of one and half year. High risk pregnancies belonging to study group with AFI˂5 were demographically matched with high risk pregnancies with AFI >5 serving as comparison group. Perinatal outcome, rate of caesarean section and early intervention need were compared between the two groups.Results: 77.3% women in study group underwent caesarean section as compared to 28% in control group to prevent adverse perinatal outcome. 60% babies in study group had APGAR score less than 6 at 1 minute compared to only 8% in control group. 61.4% babies in study group needed NICU admission compared to 10.7% in study group.Conclusions: AFI is predictor of adverse outcome for high risk pregnancies. The early recognition alerts an obstetrician to prevent perinatal catastrophe if timely intervention is done along with antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring.
A cross-sectional, multi-centric, epidemiology study to determine the prevalence of insomnia and related sleep habits in Indian hypertensive patients
Authors: Karnik Rajiv , Peethambaran Karthik , Adsule Samir
Published: February 2017

Background: Hypertension is a leading risk factor affecting mortality and disability-adjusted life years worldwide. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia, co-morbid medical conditions, lifestyle attributes, related sleep habits and sleep quality among Indian hypertensive patients.Methods: Adults (≥18 years) with newly diagnosed or known history of hypertension, willing to participate were enrolled in this cross-sectional, epidemiological study. Several variables including lifestyle attributes, sleep habits, quality, medications, demographics, medical/surgical history and other details pertaining to hypertension were analyzed. Insomnia was assessed by Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) in patients not identified in the past one month.Results: All the 657 enrolled patients completed the study (mean age: 55.4±11.61 years; men: 53.7%; women: 46.3%). Prevalence of insomnia among hypertensive population was approximately 47.2% (n=310; 95% CI: 43.4, 51.0). Number of patients newly diagnosed with insomnia by AIS scale was higher compared with patients already diagnosed with insomnia (34.9% [95% CI: 31.2, 38.5] vs. 12.3% [95% CI: 9.81, 14.8]). Common medical conditions associated with hypertension were diabetes mellitus (61.1%) and dyslipidemia (28.3%). More than half of the hypertensive patients with insomnia had sleep-related problems once or twice a week. Further, the daytime impact of insufficient sleep on wellbeing and functioning was markedly decreased in insomniac patients.Conclusions: Prevalence of insomnia among patients suffering from hypertension was higher than that reported in general Indian population in various studies. Present study shows that about 75% insomniac cases were undiagnosed, indicating that insomnia diagnosis may have been missed in a large proportion of hypertensive patients.
Mini incision appendectomy: an analysis of 70 cases
Authors: B. S. Sundaravadanan , P. B. Sudarshan , S. Prabu Shankar
Published: February 2017

Background: Appendicitis is a common surgical emergency world over, requiring surgical intervention immediately or as elective procedure to avoid complications. Various methods of appendisectomy are in practice, which includes conventional and laparoscopic appendectomy. One other method of appendectomy called mini appendisectomy is performed in selected patients. This study analyses the advantage, feasibility and utility of using mini incision Appendectomy for patients with appendicitis at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, a teaching tertiary care hospital, Chennai, India.Methods: A total number of 70 cases diagnosed with appendicitis underwent this technique of mini incision appendisectomy mostly under spinal anesthesia. The study period was from 2013 to 2016, for 4 years duration.  Patients detailed history, physical examination, operative details, post-operative complications, length of hospital stay, pain scores, analgesic requirements and patient satisfaction scores were collected.Results: Mini-incision appendectomy was performed in 70 patients with 2 cases (2.8%) which required an extension of the incision to 3.5 cm. Wound infection occurred in 2 patients which was treated conservatively. The average operating time was 25 minutes (20-45 minutes). No post-operative mortality. Patients had minimal post-operative pain.Conclusions: Hence mini incision appendectomy is a safe and advantageous technique in performing appendectomy in all hospitals.
Identification of Flavonoids (Quercetin, Gallic acid and Rutin) from Catharanthus roseus Plant Parts using Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Nisar Asma , Mamat Awang Soh , Hatim Md Irfan , Aslam Muhammad Shahzad , Ahmad Muhammad Syarhabil ,   School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,   School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,   School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,   School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.,   School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian, Jejawi 3, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
Published: February 2017

Green technology is the most important topic in the pharmaceutical field because it reduces the cost of medicines and minimizes the environmental impact of the field and is better for human health and safety. Green chemistry emphasizes that the solvent should be nontoxic, safe, cheap, green, readily available, recyclable, and biodegradable. Deep eutectic solvents, a new type of green solvent, have some renowned properties—for instance, high thermal stability, low vapor pressure, low cost, biodegradability, and high viscosity. In this study, deep eutectic solvents made up of choline chloride-glycerol (1:2) were used for the extraction and isolation of flavonoid (rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin) from Catharanthus roseus plant parts, flower petal, leaves, stem, and root. The amounts of rutin and quercetin in flower petal are 29.46 and 6.51%, respectively, whereas, rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin amounts in leaves are 25.16, 8.57, and 10.47%, respectively. In stem the amounts of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin are 13.02, 5.89, and 7.47%, respectively. In root, only quercetin has been obtained that is 13.49%. The HPLC is an analytical method, which was found to be an excellent technique for determination of rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin using deep eutectic solvent extraction from plant parts of Catharanthus roseus.
The Impact of Authentic Context in an EAP setting on Reading Motivation
Authors: Zohoorian Zahra , Naeini Ma'ssoumeh Bemani , Rahimi Ali
Published: February 2017

While authenticity is recurrently associated with higher motivation, the question remains how an authentic context can affect reading motivation in an EAP setting. To investigate the effect, two groups of 30 EAP students were selected through cluster random sampling as control and experimental groups. A mixed methods approach was employed to collect data. The quantitative method encompassed the administration of the reading motivation questionnaire and the qualitative methods were the focus group interview and diary writing. Having administered the pretest of the reading motivation questionnaire at the beginning of the study, the researchers administered the posttest after the 8-week intervention of providing an authentic context. The findings revealed that the experimental group (Authentic context) had a higher reading motivation after the intervention as compared to the control group (traditional context). The interview findings also supported the quantitative findings. Moreover, the data from the diaries shed more light on the studentsâ€™ general views of the two contexts such as their impressions of the tasks and activities, impressions of what was enjoyable and what was not, and the reactions to the instructor and the peers.Key term: reading motivation, EAP, authentic text; authentic task, authentic contextÂ
The concept of “pets” as perceived by 4-8 year-old children
Authors: Koç Çilekçiler Nuray , Arslan Reyhane
Published: February 2017

A number of studies examining the interaction of children with animals have shown the benefits of animals on the physical, mental, emotional and social development of children. Especially thanks to pets, children can learn a great many things like love of nature and animals, in addition to developing a sense of responsibility and loyalty and building good relationships. This study aimed to put forward the concept of â€œpetsâ€ as perceived by children aged between four and eight. The study group used in this research consisted of kindergarten and 1st - 2nd grade primary school children (n = 94) from Bursa Province (Turkey) over the 2014-2015 school year. Semi-structured interview questions and the childrenâ€™s drawings of â€œpet themedâ€ pictures were employed as data collection tools. A document review of the collected data was conducted and analyzed using content analysis techniques. According to the results obtained, while a large number of the children knew the concept of â€œpetsâ€, they had different ideas about the characteristics of pets, as was revealed in their drawings. Moreover, regarding the perception of pets, there appeared to be a difference between children who had pets and those who did not.Keywords: early childhood, child, pets, perception.
Co-authorship networks and institutional collaboration in works about Learning, Teaching and Education Leadership
Authors: Haba Julia , Haba Clara , Osca-Lluch Julia
Published: February 2017

Bibliometric indicators, based on the statistical analysis of quantitative data from scientific literature, constitute currently in an essential tool for the study of research activity. In the last years, the use of bibliometric indicators as a complement to other scientific indicators to analyse the research situation of a country, its evolution in its time and their position in the international context, has been extended. Collaboration is a characteristic feature of modern science and it is very difficult to measure this aspect. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted to count the combined signatures done by two or more authors, with the analysis of the institutional affiliation mentions and geographical provenance of these authors, constitute a very reasonable and coherent way to estimate this collaboration. To know roughly the peculiarities of patterns of institutional collaboration of researchers working on issues of Learning, Teaching and Education Leadership, we have analysed the institutions where these researchers have worked. Two types of collaboration have been distinguished: national collaboration (between institutions from the same country) and international (between institutions from different countries), using as source of information the communications submitted at the World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Education Leadership (WCLTA) included in the database Web of Science (WoS). The programs used to build collaborative networks were Pajek and Ucinet.A remarkable characteristic is that even if 73% of the works done by co-authorship (done by 2 or more authors), only in 6.19% there was an institutional collaboration. Works done by institutional collaboration move from a range of 52 papers done by institutions in two different countries up to 4 works done by institutions from four countries. The countries with a higher rate of national collaboration are Turkey, Spain, Romania, Czech Republic and Peopleâ€™s R. China. Only 0.80% of the works were made in international institutional collaboration by researchers working in 14 different countries. Of all these country, Turkey, Spain, Italy and Portugal standout being the countries that have participated in a larger number of works carried out with researchers and institutions from other countries.

Key works: institutional collaboration, Learning, Teaching and Education Leadership, Collaboration networks, scientific production
Growth and viability of juvenile humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) supplemented with inorganic and organic selenium
Authors: Hamzah Muhaimin , Suprayudi Muhammad Agus , Utomo Nur Bambang Priyo , Manalu Wasmen
Published: February 2017

This study was conducted to determine the effects of inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) and organic selenium (selenomethionine) supplementation on growth and viability of juvenile humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatment being tested was source and dosages of selenium ie., inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) supplementation with dosages of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg Se/kg diet and organic selenium (selenomethionine) with dosages of 1, 2, and 4 mg Se/kg diet. Another treatment was unsupplemented selenium. Juveniles humpback grouper at an initial average length of 6,39±0,41 cm and body weight of 4,49±0,65 g were reared in 90×40×35 cm3 aquaria and fed artificial diet (pellet) two times daily (08.00 and 16.00) at satiation. Fishes were reared for 40 days at a stocking density of 12 fish per aquarium on sea water with salinity of 30–31 ppt and temperature of 28–29 °C. The results of this study showed that the source of selenium supplementation (inorganic or organic) affected growth performance, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activity, and blood profiles of the experimental fish. Generally, it was found that selenomethionine supplementation resulted in better fish performance than sodium selenite. In sodium selenite supplementation, survival declined with the increased dosages of Se in the diet, and the supplementation at dosage of 0,5 mg Se/kg diet showed a toxic effects. Histopatological test showed that there were damage in livers, kidneys, and intestines of fish supplemented with sodium selenite from 0.5 to 4 mg Se/kg diet. On the contrary, supplementation of selenomethionine up to 4 mg Se/kg did not show any signs of toxicity and the survival was on 86.11 to 97.22%. Feed efficiency, protein retention, lipid retention, and Se retention indicated that a dosage of 4 mg Se/kg selenomethionine supplementation was the best dosage.

Keywords: selenium, viability, growth, Cromileptes altivelis, humpback grouper
The gonad growth of Anguilla bicolor bicolor induced by hormone combination of HCG, MT, E2, and antidopamine
Authors: Zahri Abdul , Sudrajat Agus Oman , Junior Muhammad Zairin
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to stimulate eel gonad growth by intramuscularly injection with a hormonal combination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), methyltestosterone (T), estradiol (E2) and antidopamine (A) meanwhile 0.9% NaCl solution was used as control. Estradiol concentration in the blood serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Stimulation with hCG 20 IU/kg in combination with MT 3 mg/kg and 10 μg/kg antidopamine (hTA treatment) very effective for increased the growth of gonads with indicators gonadosomatic index (GSI) of 4.80%, hepatosomatic index 1.01% and concentration of E2 2.49±0.67 ng/mL were significantly different (P<0.05) than others treatment after ten weeks of application. Key words: hormone, gonad growth, maturation, Indonesian short finned eel  ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan gonad yang distimulasi oleh kombinasi human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), metiltestosteron (MT), estradiol (E2) dan antidopamin (A). Ikan sidat disuntik dengan hormon dan 0,9% NaCl sebagai kontrol secara intramuskular. Pengukuran konsentrasi hormon E2 dalam serum darah dengan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Stimulasi dengan hCG 20 IU/kg dikombinasi dengan MT 3 mg/kg dan antidopamin 10 μg/kg (perlakuan hTA) sangat efektif untuk feminisasi dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan gonad dengan indikator indeks gonadosomatik (GSI) 4,80%, indeks hepatosomatik 1,01% dan konsentrasi E2 2,49±0,67 ng/mL, secara signifikan berbeda pada taraf P<0,05 dibandingkan perlakuan lain setelah sepuluh minggu aplikasi. Kata kunci: hormon, pertumbuhan gonad, maturasi, sidat
Penentuan pH optimum untuk pertumbuhan kepiting bakau Scylla serrata dalam wadah terkontrol
Authors: Hastuti Yuni Puji , Nadeak Horas , Affandi Ridwan , Faturrohman Kurnia
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT One of the abiotic factors that affects the growth and the survival of crabs is pH. The optimum pH media will give maximum impact on mangrove crabs because it is related with the osmoregulation process. This study aimed to examine the effect of pH on the survival rate (SR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of mangrove crab Scylla serrata through the reaction of physiological condition. This study consisted of the treatments with the pH medium 5 (A), pH medium 6 (B), pH medium 7 (C), and pH medium 8 (D).  The crab’s maintenance in different pH gave a significant effect (P<0.05) on the survival rate of the crabs. The pH treatments also gave a significant effect (P<0.05) on the SGR of the crabs. The low level of crab stress at pH 7 was described by  the total value of high hemocyte and the high osmotic load so that the pH 7 was the optimum condition for the crabs. Keywords: pH, survival, specific growth rate, mangrove crabs  ABSTRAK Salah satu faktor abiotik yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup kepiting adalah pH. Media pH optimum akan memberikan dampak maksimum pada kepiting bakau karena terkait dengan proses osmoregulasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pH pada tingkat kelangsungan hidup (SR) dan laju pertumbuhan spesifik (SGR) kepiting mangrove Scylla serrata melalui reaksi kondisi fisiologis. Penelitian ini terdiri atas perlakuan dengan media pH 5 (A), sedang pH 6 (B), sedang pH 7 (C), dan menengah pH 8 (D). Pemeliharaan kepiting di pH yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan (P<0,05) pada tingkat kelangsungan hidup kepiting. Perlakuan pH juga memberikan efek yang signifikan (P<0,05) pada SGR dari kepiting. Rendahnya tingkat stres kepiting pada pH 7 digambarkan oleh nilai total hemosit tinggi dan beban osmotik tinggi sehingga pH 7 adalah kondisi optimum untuk kepiting. Kata kunci: pH, kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, kepiting mangrove
Penentuan bobot kayu apu Pistia stratiotes L. sebagai fitoremediator dalam pendederan ikan gurami Lac. ukuran 3 cm
Authors: Nirmala Kukuh , Wardani Sulistia , Hastuti Yuni Puji , Nurusallam Wildan
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT The use of high stocking density in nursery causes a decrease of  water quality. Technology that can be used to solvethe low water quality in nursery of giant goramy was phytoremediation using Pistia stratiotes L. Purpose of this research was to determine the best weight ratio between P. stratiotes L. and 33 L water in nursery giant goramy size 3 cm. Giant goramy size 3 cm was maintained in an aquarium and was treated with different weight of P. stratiotes L. consisted of 45 g, 90 g, 135 g, and controls P. stratiotes L. 0 g. Cleaning and water change was done once a week. This research showed that the treatment of P. startiotes L. 45g/33 L water gave the best result in survival rate, absolute length of the growth, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and economically profitable. Keywords: phytoremediation, water lettuce, Osphronemus goramy L., nursery  ABSTRAK Penggunaan padat tebar tinggi pada pendederan ikan gurami mengakibatkan kualitas air menjadi buruk. Salah satu teknologi yang bisa digunakan untuk mengatasi kualitas air yang buruk pada pendederan ikan gurami adalah fitoremediasi menggunakan tanaman kayu apu. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan bobot kayu apu dengan volume air 33 L pada pendederan ikan gurami ukuran 3 cm. Ikan gurami ukuran 3 cm dipelihara di dalam akuarium dan diberi perlakuan bobot tanaman kayu apu berbeda yaitu 45 g, 90 g, dan 135 g, serta kontrol  (kayu apu 0 g). Penyiponan dan pergantian air dilakukan setiap satu minggu sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kayu apu 45 g/33 L air menunjukkan hasil tingkat kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan panjang mutlak, laju pertumbuhan bobot harian, efisiensi pakan yang paling baik, serta lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol (kayu apu 0 g). Kata kunci: fitoremediasi, kayu apu, Oshpronemus goramy L., pendederan
Aspek biologi reproduksi ikan pari blentik Neotrygon kuhlii di perairan Selat Sunda
Authors: Abubakar Salma , Boer Mennofatria , Sulistiono ,
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT Bluespotted stingray fish Neotrygon kuhlii is the important fish economically captured from Sunda Strait. Intensive fishing could decrease bluespotted stingray stock. This study was aimed to know the length-weight, and reproduction characteristic. The reproduction characteristic covered the size of first gonad maturity, the level and also index of gonad maturity of bluespotted stingray fish in Labuan Fishing Dock, Banten. The result showed the equilibrium of length-weight of female fish was about W=0.0007L2,1496. Meanwhile, the male fish was about W=0.0000L2.251. Male fish was better than female fish according their relatively condition factor. Decreasing of the factor condition was caused by feeding habit to grow the reproduction cells. The size of first gonad maturity for the female and male respectively were about 550–799 dan 550–760 mm. The highest level maturity even female or male was on IV achieved in June and Juli 2013. Increasing the index (IKG) was followed by the level of gonad maturity. Kata kunci: bluespotted stingray, reproductive characteristic, condition factor, Sunda Strait  ABSTRAK Ikan pari blentik Neotrygon kuhlii merupakan salah satu sumberdaya ikan ekonomis penting dan sebagai hasil penangkapan di Selat Sunda. Penangkapan yang intensif dapat mengakibatkan penurunan stok ikan pari blentik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui panjang bobot, dan  karakteristik reproduksi. Karaktersitik reproduksi itu sendiri meliputi ukaran pertama kali matang gonad, tingkat kematangan gonad dan indeks kematangan gonad ikan pari blentik di perairan Selat Sunda yang didaratkan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Labuan, Banten. Berdasarkan hubungan panjang bobot ikan pari betina diperoleh persamaan hubungan panjang dan bobot untuk ikan pari blentik betina W=0,0007L2,1496. Sementara itu pada ikan jantan, persamaan hubungan panjang bobot W=0,0000L2,251. Ikan pari blentik jantan mempunyai faktor kondisi yang relatif lebih besar daripada ikan pari betina. Penurunan nilai faktor kondisi disebabkan bagian terbesar dari makanan yang dikonsumsi digunakan untuk perkembangan sel-sel reproduksinya. Kisaran ukuran pertama kali matang gonad ikan pari blentik betina 550–799, sedangkan untuk ikan pari jantan adalah dengan kisaran panjang total tubuh 550–760 mm. Tingkat kematangan gonad tertinggi ikan betina dan jantan (TKG IV) ditemukan pada bulan Juni dan Juli 2013. Indeks kematangan gonad (IKG) ikan pari semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya TKG. Keywords: ikan pari blentik, karakteristik reproduksi, faktor kondisi, Selat Sunda
La volatilidad del tipo de cambio paralelo en Venezuela 2005-2015
Authors: Castillo Paredes Laura Daniela , Ramoni Perazzi Josefa
Published: February 2017

El tipo de cambio paralelo constituye una de las principales variables económicas para la toma de decisiones en Venezuela. Para analizar el comportamiento de esta variable tomando en cuenta sus características inherentes, exceso de curtosis, persistencia y asimetría, se hace una síntesis teórica de los principales  modelos estocásticos de volatilidad  y, se estima un conjunto de modelos.  El modelo que mejor ajusta el comportamiento de la variable es un EGARCH (1,1), que captura el efecto asimétrico de las perturbaciones estocásticas sobre la serie. Ante choques negativos (depreciación del tipo de cambio paralelo), la volatilidad asociada se incrementa, pero para choques positivos (apreciación del tipo de cambio paralelo), se mantiene constante.
Rasgos de historia de un fenómeno y una teoría
Authors: Zambrano Leal Armando
Published: February 2017

Desde el inicio de la Revolución Francesa y hasta bien entrado el siglo XX, la historia del sistema escolar francés muestra tres temas importantes: la gratuidad, la obligatoriedad y la democratización. Este último dará lugar al nacimiento del fracaso escolar, categoría sociológica importante, producto de las críticas que, de un lado, los sociólogos le dirigieron al poder que tuvo la psicología y la psicoterapia en el espacio escolar y, de otro lado, el resultado de importantes estudios estadísticos realizados a partir de 1950. La sociología clásica dominó, durante cerca de cuatro décadas, las investigaciones sobre el fenómeno pero hacia 1987 emergió una nueva teoría conocida como relación con el saber. Su sustrato teórico recoge los aportes de la antropología, el psicoanálisis y la socio-antropología. Producto de nuestras investigaciones, el presente artículo sitúa los elementos históricos del fracaso escolar, como fenómeno sociológico y la relación con el saber, como teoría.
Un acercamiento a las elecciones del México del siglo XIX
Authors: Gantús Inurreta Fausta Estela , Salmerón Castro Alicia
Published: February 2017

En este artículo reflexionamos sobre el sentido e importancia de las prácticas electorales decimonónicas en México. Especialmente nos interesa ofrecer una idea general de cómo se fue construyendo la institución electoral y conformando una cultura política en torno al sufragio durante el periodo. La elección, en tanto mecanismo vinculado a la soberanía del pueblo y a la representación política, constituyó la fuente de legitimidad de todo régimen republicano, pero fue también un espacio de negociación política fundamental para la edificación de los poderes públicos y la gobernabilidad del nuevo país. En estas páginas presentamos algunos de los rasgos principales de los marcos normativos que rigieron los procesos electorales de carácter nacional a lo largo del siglo XIX en México, para acercarnos luego a algunas prácticas del sufragio como el camino para entender valores y significados conferidos por la población a los comicios.
1910 Colombian constitutional reform and the electoral system (1910-1914)
Authors: Acuña Rodríguez Olga Yanet
Published: February 2017

In 1910 in Colombia a constitutional reform took place. It was promulgated through Legislative Act 03 and its aim was to strengthen the development of democracy, as a strategy for mediating the bipartisan conflict that Colombian society had been living through since the XIX century. Therefore, governments needed to be legitimated periodically and systematically through the ballot box. Although the elections were not enough to define a democratic political system,  they were associated with the expression of representative democracy. The objective of this work is to analyze in what way the constitutional reform was intended to introduce an electoral system that would allow the elites to solve the problems of governability and representation, without significantly expanding the number of voters. The study of the elections is mainly carried as from political history, which allows for the analysis of how the constitutional reform was a strategy of the elites to reorganize the political and economic context after the thousand-day war (1898-1902), and thus avoid the development of a new conflict. Through the constitutional reform, representative democracy, centered on elections as a mechanism for legitimating power, was called for, and a new form of electoral organization was established which had its center in the capital of the country and from there links were made to the processes carried out in the departments and municipalities.
La emergencia de la oposición política en México, 1949-1952. Dos propuestas de reforma electoral
Authors: Ayala López José Fernando
Published: February 2017

El presente artículo analiza, a partir de las herramientas metodológicas de la historia política y la historia institucional, la primera propuesta para la implementación de un sistema electoral de representación proporcional en México y sus principales repercusiones en la formulación de leyes electorales posteriores. Dicha iniciativa fue presentada por el Partido Popular ( PP ) de Vicente Lombardo Toledano, en 1951, durante la XLI Legislatura (1949-1952). Este hecho se correlaciona con la emergencia de la oposición política en la Cámara de  Diputados, ya que a la par de la propuesta del PP , el Partido Acción Nacional ( PAN ), el mismo año, propuso una iniciativa de reforma electoral. Ambas propuestas propiciaron un debate legislativo que identificaba la importancia de las elecciones como instrumentos de control político por parte del Estado y proponía su reformulación. En este sentido, la principal aportación de este trabajo es hacer visibles los discursos pro reformas electorales en correlación con la emergencia de la oposición política en un período en que se suele pensar que el autoritarismo los vedaba.
Reflexiones sobre el concepto cultura política y la investigación histórica de la democracia en América Latina
Authors: Rodríguez Franco Adriana
Published: February 2017

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre cómo el concepto cultura política se ha constituido en una herramienta analítica fundamental para la historia política y, específicamente, para la historiografía que se ha dedicado en las últimas dos décadas al estudio de la instauración y desarrollo de la democracia en América Latina. Para tal fin, el texto se enfocará en el tránsito de dicha categoría desde la ciencia política hacia la historia y la forma en que esta se ha adaptado a las necesidades de interpretación histórica de  las realidades políticas occidentales y latinoamericanas. Se pondrá de relieve que dicho tránsito no ha estado exento de cuestionamientos y debates, pero definitivamente ha sido un factor clave en la renovación de los estudios historiográficos sobre lo político y, particularmente, para el posicionamiento de la democracia como objeto de estudio de la historiografía latinoamericana.
1968 en la producción literaria en Colombia Individuo, violencia y sociedad
Authors: Acevedo Tarazona Álvaro
Published: February 2017

Este artículo analiza algunas obras literarias recepcionadas en Colombia durante el año de 1968 con el fin de ofrecer una mirada de la sociedad, el individuo y la violencia como representación social e indicador de impacto cultural. Mediante la identificación de tres tópicos, el individuo, la violencia y la sociedad, se intentará realizar un acercamiento al consumo literario en Colombia como un indicador del deseo de cambio, articulado a la revolución cultural planetaria de 1968. A través de la identificación de los textos más leídos en Colombia durante este año, y con base en su impacto en la opinión pública y en la cultura, se analizará la relación individuo-violencia-sociedad con el objetivo de visibilizar algunos procesos organizativos de los años sesenta y setenta no solo en Colombia sino en América Latina. Por tanto, el artículo está dividido en tres grandes apartados independientes pero interconectados y en cada uno de los cuales, se hace un análisis de algunos de los consumos literarios más importantes de esta época y cada apartado finaliza con el estudio de la incidencia de estos textos en la población colombiana.
Analisis Break Even Point (BEP) Usahatani Pembibitan Sapi Potong di Kabupaten Sleman
Authors: Emawati Shanti
Published: February 2017

The research was conducted to calculate the break even point (BEP) of cattle breeding farm. Research was done from January to May 2007, located in Sleman District. Survey methods was done to collect primary data at the farm level and secondary data from related institution. Purposive sampling was applied to sellect farmers’ respondent. The BEP with calf sales calculation of keeping Simmental, Ongole and Limousine grade cattle were 8, 9 and 7 cows per farmer respectively, which mean that farmers will annually benefited from keeping cattle when the number of cows was larger than those of BEP.

 

Key words : cattle breeding farm, BEP analysis
Integritas Advokat dan Kebebasannya Dalam Berprofesi : Ditinjau dari Penegakan Kode Etik Advokat
Authors: Nugroho Fiska Maulidian
Published: February 2017

Profesi advokat tentu bukan semata-mata untuk mencari kekayaan secara materiil atas jasa hukumnya. Hal itu disebabkan karena setiap advokat yang menjalankan profesinya, diwajibkan untuk berpedoman kepada kode etik advokat. Perilaku seorang advokat yang menaati kode etik mencerminkan sikap patuh kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, Undang-Undang Advokat, dan Kliennya. Oleh karena itu, integritas seorang advokat harus diperjuangkan, agar layak disebut sebagai officium nobile. Integritas seorang advokat dipandang harus sejajar dengan kebebasan yang didapatkan, kemandiriannya, dan rasa tanggungjawab. Tujuan penelitian ini tidak lain adalah dapat memberikan masukan terhadap integritas advokat, yang bebas seta mandiri yang tidak telepas dari tanggungjawabnya berdasarkan kode etik. Metode penelitian hukum ini menggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan konseptual. Selain itu kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah, advokat patut menjaga integritasnya sebagai seorang advokat, dan berperilaku atas kode etik advokat. Namun, penegakan kode etik tersebut selama ini banyak mengalami kendala dalam penegakannya, terutama tidak adanya Wadah Tunggal Organisasi Advokat yang diatur secara tegas dan jelas.   Kata Kunci : Integritas, Advokat, Kebebasan, Kode Etik
Assessment of Civil Servants’ General Competencies while Implementing the Civil Service Competency Model in Lithuanian Municipalities
Authors: Liukinevičienė Laima , Buivydienė Lina
Published: February 2017

This paper presents summarized results of a survey on the new Civil Service Competency Model implemented in the Republic of Lithuania. Mažeikiai District Municipality was chosen for this survey.This complex study using qualitative research (semi-structured individual interviews) and quantitativeresearch (questionnaire with closed questions for opinion investigation) methods confirmed scientists’ opinion about the benefits of a centralised assessment of key competencies in the selection process and showed that a general aptitude test should be continuously revised and updated. Municipal authorities emphasised that specific and so far not assessed but very important competencies, such as decision making, project development, managerial, should be assessed. 25 civil servants from MažeikiaiDistrict Municipality, who took part in the competition for a position and passed a general aptitude test, supported centralised assessment of general competencies as contributing to the objectivity and transparency of the selection process.
The Absent Minority in Welfare Planning: Entitling or Overburdening Citizens with Responsibility?
Authors: Perttola Laura , Pernaa Hanna-Kaisa
Published: February 2017

In Finnish health care and social welfare legislation, a shift towards strengthening the individual’s right to participate has been significant during the past two decades. While the traditional presumption of citizen involvement and developing of deliberative democracy lies on normality and social activism, it is becomingapparent that the substantial amount or Finnish social and healthcare expenditure is used by one tenth of citizens who do not fit into this category and can be considered as large-scale consumers of the services. We refer to this group, identified by high service consumption and low participation, as the absent minority. In this paper, we illuminate the legislative and participative possibilities of involving and acknowledging this group in communal welfare service development.
Coagulation and electrocoagulation for co-treatment of stabilized landfill leachate and municipal wastewater
Authors: Verma Mohini , Kumar R. Naresh
Published: February 2017

Landfill leachate and municipal wastewater at various ratios (1:20, 1:10, 1:7 and 1:5) were subjected to coagulation and electrocoagulation (EC). Alum was used in conventional coagulation at pH 6 and aluminum plate as electrode was used in EC at a current density of 386 A/m2 with 5 cm inter electrode spacing. Treatment efficiency was assessed from removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. At 1:5 ratio of landfill leachate to municipal wastewater, highest COD removal was with 3.8 g/L alum whereas highest turbidity removal was with 3.3 g/L alum during coagulation. EC exhibited almost similar removal efficiency for all the parameters at different ratios tested except for COD which was considerably higher at 1:20 ratio. Aluminum consumption from electrode was 0.7 g/L following EC as compared to 3.8 g/L alum used in coagulation. The amount of sludge produced was found to be higher with EC as compared to coagulation which could be due to the fact that the electrochemical method was performed for a longer duration than conventional coagulation. For minimal sludge generation, EC reaction time should be ∼30 min. Further studies with EC process on costing and sludge generation will help to advance the technology for wastewater treatment.