bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology and Surface Properties of Poly (L-lactic acid)/Captopril Composite Nanofiber Membranes
Authors: Wei Anfang , Wang Juan , Wang Xueqian , Hou Dayin , Wei Qufu
Published: November 2018

In this study, Poly (L-lactic acid)/Captopril composite nanofiber membranes were electrospun for drug delivery. Different mass fractions of Poly (L-lactic acid), different ratios of Captopril and the influences of PEG4000 added in the spinning solution are discussed. The morphology, chemical components, the surface areas and pore sizes, wettability of the composite nanofiber membranes were investigated. The results showed that the diameters of the composite nanofibers increased with the increase of Poly (L-lactic acid) mass fractions, the diameters decreased with the increase of Captopril content as well as the addition of the surfactant. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) showed the chemical components of Captopril remained unchanged when it was electrospun into the composite nanofibers. The surface areas pore width and pore volume of the composite nanofibers became a little larger than those of poly (L-lactic acid) nanofibers, and the wettability of the composite nanofiber membranes was better than those of poly (L-lactic acid) nanofiber membranes. Wettability was improved by an increase of the drug load amount.
Accreditation of Novel Roselle Grafted Fiber Reinforced Bio-Composites
Authors: Chauhan Ashish , Kaith Balbir
Published: November 2018

The reaction parameters for the graft co-polymerization of efficient Butyl acrylate (BA) monomer onto Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) stem fiber were optimized and used to further explore the additive effect of methyl acrylate (MA), vinyl acetate (VA) and styrene (Sty) on percentage grafting, properties and the behavior of the fiber, in binary vinyl monomeric mixtures. The graft co-polymers were characterized by XRD, TGA, DTA, SEM and FTIR techniques and evaluated for physico-chemical changes like moisture absorption, swelling behavior, dye uptake studies and chemical resistance against 1N NaOH and 1N HCl. With increase in percentage grafting the percentage crystallinity, crystallinity index, and hydrophylicity were reduced whereas there was an increase in physico-chemico-thermal resistance, hydrophobicity, miscibility with organic solvents as a result of morphological transformation in these fibers. These modified graft copolymers were then used as reinforcement in phenol-formaldehyde polymer matrix as reinforcement and evaluated mechanically for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, stress at the limit of proportionality and hardness. The composites reinforced with grafted fiber had better strength than raw fiber reinforced composites and phenoplast.
Manufacturing Technique and Deodorization Effectiveness against Ammonia Gas of Bamboo Charcoal/Spandex Complex Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Lou Ching-Wen , Lu Chao-Tsang , Lin Ching-Wen , Chen An-Pang , Jang Shr-Bin , Lin Jia-Horng
Published: November 2018

This research creates bamboo charcoal/spandex (BC/S) complex yarns from spandex and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarn. In order to manufacture a BC/S complex yarn with better mechanical properties in tensile strength and strain, the expanded multiples of the spandex are changed, as are the wrap counts of the BC/S complex yarn and the speed of the rotor twister. The resulting spandex has a maximum breaking strength of 4.52 g/d when the expanded multiple is 3.5, and the BC/S complex yarn has a wrap count of 2 turns/cm. Furthermore, the maximum breaking elongation is 24.57% when the expanded multiple is 3.5, and the wrap count is 4.5 turns/cm. This paper also explores the ammonia gas adsorption properties (deodorization) of BC/S complex yarn, and discovers that polyester knitted fabric is capable of deodorizing 39% of NH3, while 1.2% bamboo charcoal/polyester knitted fabric can deodorize 53% of NH3, and BC/S complex knitted fabric can deodorize 55%-61% of NH3.
An Investigation on Adding Polypropylene Fibers to Reinforce Lightweight Cement Composites (LWC)
Authors: Bagherzadeh Roohollah , Pakravan Hamid Reza , Sadeghi Abdol-Hossein , Latifi Masoud , Merati Ali Akbar
Published: November 2018

The influence of polypropylene fibers has been studied in different proportioning and fiber length to improve the performance characteristics of the lightweight cement composites. Fibers used in two different lengths (6mm and 12mm) and fiber proportions (0.15% and 0.35%) by cement weight in the mixture design. Hardened concrete properties such as: 7- and 28-day compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and shrinkage were evaluated.

Fiber addition was seen to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concrete. Compared to unreinforced LWC, polypropylene (PP) reinforced LWC with fiber proportioning 0.35% and 12 mm fiber length, caused 30.1% increase in the flexural strength and 27% increase in the splitting tensile strength. Increased fiber availability in the LWC matrix, in addition to the ability of longer PP fibers to bridge on the micro cracks, are suggested as the reasons for the enhancement in mechanical properties.
In Vitro Fatigue Properties of Prototype Woven Vascular Prosthesis with Poly (trimethylene terephthalate) Filaments as Circumferential Yarns
Authors: Chen Ying , Ding Xin , Li Yuling , Zhao Xueqian
Published: November 2018

As far as we know, fatigue properties of woven vascular prosthesis with PTT filaments as circumferential yarns which could improve compliance due to their lower initial modulus and better elasticity had not yet studied. In this study viscoelastic properties of PTT filaments were studied and fatigue properties of woven vascular prostheses with PTT filaments as circumferential yarns were tested using an accelerated fatigue tester. The changes of each property before and after the fatigue testing show evidence of fatigue. It will be more evidence of fatigue with increasing fatigue cycles and PTT tubular samples show better fatigue behavior compared to PET tubular samples.
Efficiency of Microwave Heating of Weakly Loaded Polymeric Nanocomposites
Authors: Tsai Chen-Chih , Rubin Binyamin , Tatartschuk Eugen , Owens Jeffery R. , Luzinov Igor , Kornev Konstantin G.
Published: November 2018

Electrical and thermal conductivity of materials are typically correlated, while some applications, including thermoelectrics, require these parameters to be controlled independently. Such independent control of thermal and electromagnetic properties can be achieved by using nanocomposites. In this study, nanocomposites were produced by mixing a small amount of carbon nanofibers (CNF), carbon coated cobalt (Co), and nickel nanowires (NiNW) with paraffin, which has low thermal and almost zero electrical conductivity. The fraction of nanoinclusions in the paraffin matrix was very low (below 1%). We showed that the thermal properties of nanocomposites are essentially the same as those of pure paraffin, while electromagnetic properties are significantly different. To determine the dependence of the heating rate on filler concentration, paraffin-based samples were heated in a microwave oven. We found that the heating rate of nanocomposites made of carbon nanofibers is much greater than that of any other nanocomposites. These findings suggest that at 2.45 GHz frequency, the heating rate is mostly controlled by the electrical losses in the fillers. The theoretical model predicts that the heating rate increases linearly with the particle concentration, which is in agreement with the experimental data.
Surface Differential Scanning Calorimeter for Evaluation of Evaporative Cooling Efficiency
Authors: Burtovyy Ruslan , Rubin Binyamin , Kesimci Mahmut O. , Luzinov Igor , Owens Jeffery , Kornev Konstantin G.
Published: November 2018

We developed a Surface Differential Scanning Calorimeter for the quantitative analyses of thermodynamic and heat transfer properties of thin fibrous and porous samples. It has been demonstrated that the calorimeter is capable of measuring cooling power as well as temperature decrease in a reliable and reproducible way. Considering its low cost the equipment can be a valuable option for studying cooling/heating systems in laboratory settings.
Fabrication of Melt Spun Polypropylene Nanofibers by Forcespinning
Authors: Raghavan Bharath , Soto Haidy , Lozano Karen
Published: November 2018

Melt spinning of polypropylene nonwoven nanofiber mats is demonstrated using Forcespinning. The effects of rotational speed and melt flow rate of polymer on fiber diameter were studied. It was observed that melt flow rate of the polymer plays a major role in nanofiber formation and uniformity. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-Ray Diffraction analysis indicate that the crystallinity of nanofibers was decreased when compared to bulk polypropylene and the appearance of an oriented meso-phase (β phase) became evident with nanofiber development. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that melt spinning of polypropylene using the Forcespinning method did not cause molecular degradation of the polymer.
Frictional Electrification on Polymeric Flat Surfaces
Authors: Liu Lu , Seyam Abdelfattah Mohamed , Oxenham William
Published: November 2018

The electrostatic charge on nylon, polypropylene (PP), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) after rubbing against stainless steel and against each other was examined using a newly developed rubbing device with automated features. It is observed that the charge generated on PTFE and PP increases as the contact force increases, while the charge generated on nylon is not affected by the contact force. It is also found that the charge generated on PTFE and nylon due to friction is more than that due to repeated contacts and separations, however, this difference was not observed on PP. Furthermore, the charge generated on these three polymers is not affected by the rubbing speed at the levels of 27, 47, 95 mm/min. In addition, the triboelectric series of these three polymers and stainless steel is investigated by rubbing against each other.
Evaluation of Sereni Fiber Reinforced Composite
Authors: Chauhan Ashish , Kaith Balbir
Published: November 2018

Sereni stem fiber, due to low weight and high tensile strength was selected as backbone for graft copolymerization with binary vinyl monomeric mixture to explore its effect on percentage grafting, properties and the behavior of the modified fiber. The graft co-polymers were reinforced in a phenoplast matrix to form fiber reinforced composites and were characterized by XRD, TGA, DTA, SEM and FTIR techniques. Moisture absorbance, chemical resistance in acid and base and assessment of flexural strength, young's modulus, stress at the limit of proportionality, and hardness of the composite were studied in comparison to the phenoplast.
Effect of Two-Step Surface Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Hollow Integrated Core Sandwich Composites with GF/CF Hybrid Face Sheets
Authors: Yu Kejing , Cao Haijian , Qian Kun , Li Hongshun , Wang Juanjuan
Published: November 2018

In this study, the effect of a two-step surface treatment on the mechanical properties of hollow integrated core sandwich composites with glass fiber/carbon fiber (GF/CF) hybrid face sheets were investigated. The presence of functional groups on the surface during the two-step treatment was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The results of tensile strength on single filaments indicated that no extra loss of fiber strength was observed after the two-step surface treatment for both the glass and carbon fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data confirmed the positive effect of the two-step surface treatment on the hollow integrated core sandwich fabric with GF/CF hybrid face sheets. It was found that the hollow integrated core sandwich composites with GF/CF hybrid face sheets showed significant improvements in tensile strength, bending strength and compression strength after the two-step surface treatment, which indicated the two-step surface treatment was efficient.
Theoretical Review of Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
Authors: Rastar Amir , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail , Rashidi Abosaced , Bidoki Scycd Mansour
Published: November 2018

Nanoparticles are used in a variety of applications and their usage is growing vastly because of their superior characteristics, such as high specific area of contact, great mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity, and high optical scattering efficiency.. Among these numerous properties, optical properties play an important role in either the type of application in which nanoparticles may be utilized or the type of the nanoparticle which may be used for a desired outcome. Many textile products including fibers, fabrics, and textile composites benefit from these capacities of nanoparticles. This paper is a review about the theoretical methods for obtaining optical properties of nanoparticles, noticing that the particle type is selected based on generally used particles like TiO2 in order to acquire needed properties.
Abrasive Elements and Abrasion Resistance Tests for Car Seat Upholstery
Authors: Jerkovic Ivona , Pallarés Josep Maria , Ardanuy Monica , Capdevila Xavier
Published: November 2018

The weight of textile components in automobiles is expected to rise to 35 kg by 2020, and the average lifetime of a vehicle is about 12 years. Car seats are the most important part of the interior decoration, and polyester is the most widely used material in car seat covering. Abrasion resistance tests are used to quantify the duration of car seat upholstery in normal usage, and this is one of the most important requirements. Several testing methods, standards, and car producer specifications have been developed to define the abrasion resistance of specified materials, and pre-tests have been taken to identify parameters for this research.

The objective of this study was to compare three abrasion tests with different abrasive elements using car seat upholstery structures. Comparison among abrasion testers and abrasive papers shows statistically significant differences. The relationship between weight loss and abrasion cycles can be modelled by regression equations.
Fabrication of the Colored PMIA Fibers by Wet Spinning: Effect of Spinning Parameters on the Coagulation Process
Authors: Liu Liqi , Chen Lei , Hu Zuming , Yu Junrong , Jing-Zhu  , Sun Jinliang , Ren Musu
Published: November 2018

The poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) fiber, which can be prepared by wet spinning, is a kind of aromatic polyamide fiber. The spinning parameters could influence the performance and structure of the colored PMIA fiber such as the diffusion coefficient and coagulation bath. In this study, the PMIA spinning solutions doped with Color Inde purple 120 were first commixed in a pressurizer and then spun into a coagulation bath under a pressure about 0.3 MPa. In the coagulation bath, the pure or dope-dyed PMIA fibers were prepared by wet spinning at 323 K, and then the as-spun fibers were extracted by an ultrasonic oscillation method. The effects of jet stretch ratio, temperature, and concentration of the coagulation bath on the ratio of diffusion coefficient of solvent to coagulator were analyzed during the spinning process of dope-dyed PMIA fibers. The properties and structures of the colored PMIA fibers were characterized by SEM. Finally the most optimized spinning technology of the dope-dyed PMIA fiber was obtained and the dope-dyed PMIA fibers were successfully fabricated through wet spinning.
An Experimental Study of Compression Behavior of Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric
Authors: Liu Yanping , Hu Hong
Published: November 2018

This paper presents an experimental study of the compression behavior of a typical warp-knitted spacer fabric which is specially developed as a cushioning material for human body protection. The fabric has a highly heterogeneous and discontinuous structure and exhibits a complicated compression behavior. Different test boundary conditions and sample sizes were first adopted to conduct compression tests of the fabric. Then, the compression behavior of the fabric was analyzed based on its compression load-displacement curve obtained under a selected test condition. The potential compression mechanism of the fabric was identified with support of the image analysis of the fabric structure at different compression stages. The study provides some useful information for designing warp-knitted spacer fabrics for impact protection.
Development of Rapid Continuous Dyeing Process for Heavy-Weight Nylon 6,6 Carpet
Authors: Dong Hongming , Carr Wallace , Cook Fred L. , Nam Sunghyun
Published: November 2018

An improved continuous dyeing process for coloration of heavy-weight (60–70 oz/yd2), residential nylon 6,6 carpet is reported. By inserting a slot steam applicator after the dye pad and before the box steamer to preheat the carpet to around 180°F (greater than the nylon wet glass transition temperature of ~150°F), the required dwell time of the padded carpet in the atmospheric steamer is greatly reduced (0.3–0.5 of normal). The improved continuous coloration process provides a route to beck-quality, level-dyed, heavy-weight nylon 6,6 carpets at production speeds 2–3X those of conventional lines.
Statistical Model for Predicting Compressed Air Consumption on Air-Jet Looms
Authors: Jabbar Abdul , Ahmed Shakeel , Hussain Tanveer , Haleem Noman , Ahmed Faheem
Published: November 2018

Compressed air is a major component of energy costs incurred in the weaving of textile fabrics on air-jet looms. The consumption of compressed air in air-jet weaving depends on different process variables. In this study, the effect of weft yarn count, reed count, fabric width and loom speed on the compressed air consumption of air-jet loom was determined using response surface methodology. Fabric width was found to be the most dominant factor affecting the air consumption followed by loom speed, reed count, and weft yarn count respectively. A statistical model for predicting the compressed air consumption on air-jet loom was developed. The prediction ability and accuracy of the developed model was assessed by the fitted line plot between the predicted and actual air consumption values. The prediction model may be used for optimizing the production planning, estimating the share of compressed air cost in weaving a particular fabric style, and in identifying any air wastages in the weaving shed by comparing the actual compressed air consumption with that predicted by the model which was developed under controlled conditions without any air leakages.
Preparation of Antibacterial Silk and Analysis of Interface Formation Mechanism
Authors: Chen Xiaoli , Wei Liqiao
Published: November 2018

Nano-Ag-loaded SiO2 antibacterial agent (Ag/SiO2) was prepared by a chemical reduction method and served as a modifier to endow silk fabric with antibacterial activity. Impregnated antibacterial silk (I-silk) and grafted antibacterial silk (G-silk) were obtained by dipping method and grafting with coupling agent KH550, respectively. The morphologies and valence-bond structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The washing fastness and antibacterial performance of G-silk were detected by the washing test and oscillation flask method. The results show that the chemical structure of G-silk changed in comparison with that of natural silk. The antibacterial rates of G-silk against E. coli and S. aureus were 96.5% and 92.8%, respectively. And it was still over 80% even after being washed for 30 times, suggesting good wash fastness and long-acting antibacterial activity.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Nylon 6/ Titanium Dioxide Micro and Nano-Composite Multifilament Yarns
Authors: Shayestehfar Shima , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail , Khajavi Ramin , Rashidi Abo-Saeed
Published: November 2018

In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide particles (TiO2 micro and nano) on the physical and mechanical properties of Nylon 6–based multifilament yarns was investigated. For this reason, master-batches of Nylon 6/TiO2 micro and nano-particles were prepared by melt compounding before spinning and then multifilament composites incorporating 0.03, 0.33, 0.5 and 0.7% TiO2 micro and nano-particles were successfully spun in a melt-spinning machine.

Characterization of these composite multifilament yarns was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Characterization of mechanical strength properties including tenacity and elongation at break of the resultant composites are discussed as a function of filler loading.

Through the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it was found that incorporating micro titanium dioxide caused severe aggregation at the nylon fiber surface. By contrast, the diffusion of nano-particles within bulk of multifilament yarns was much more consistent, although aggregation of the titanium dioxide nano-particles still appeared. The results manifested the improvement of mechanical properties of the nano-composites containing TiO2 nano-particles.
Study on the Comfort of Knitted Elastic Fabrics based on Compressive Deformation Behavior
Authors: Pazireh Ehsan , Gharehaghaji Ali Akbar , Haghighat Ezzatollah
Published: November 2018

Comfort is one of the most important factors influencing the performance of apparel such as knitted elastic clothing, woven elastic shirts and elastic velvet fabrics. The compressive behavior of knitted elastic fabric affects the excellence in comfort. This study aimed to investigate the comfort of knitted elastic fabric based on compressive load. For this purpose, fabrics were produced with three different stitch densities (loop sizes), and compressive load tests were applied at three various penetration depths. According to these parameters, 9 fabric samples were prepared. Each sample was tested 30 times; therefore, the total number of examined cases was 270. The compressive load was measured using special designed tools, which were installed on the Instron tensile tester. The effects of penetration depth and loop size on compressive load were evaluated by using the CCD statistical model with four repeats of each experiment. The results indicate that the loop size and penetration depth have significant influence on the compressive load, which is modeled by a third order equation with R2 of 0.999 between applied model and experimental data. Consequently, the comfort could be predicted in terms of loop size and penetration depth. Utilizing this method can help apparel manufactures produce knitted elastic clothing with high comfort, according to the end use of garment.
Defect Detection on Patterned Fabrics Using Distance Matching Function and Regular Band
Authors: Jing Junfeng , Yang Panpan , Li Pengfei
Published: November 2018

In this paper, regular band is presented to detect defects on patterned fabrics. Patterned fabrics are firstly disposed by fabric average to form object images mixed with positive and negative pixels in this proposed method. Distance matching function is computed to determine the periodic distance of patterned fabrics. The obtained periodic distance would be the length and width of regular band on row and column. Two features are calculated with regular band. The threshold of defect segmentation is extracted from the training step. Two features of regular band negotiating the threshold are considered as a fabric defect. Regular band method in this paper can avoid patterned interference and obtain perfect results in defect detection of patterned fabrics. Various defects on patterned fabrics can be inspected, and speedy defect detection could prove the performance ability in practice.
Cellulose Nanocrystals: Dispersion in Co-Solvent Systems and Effects on Electrospun Polyvinylpyrrolidone Fiber Mats
Authors: Going Ryan J. , Sameoto Dan E. , Ayranci Cagri
Published: November 2018

This study reports a method to achieve dispersion of freeze-dried Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a water-methanol co-solvent system using purely mechanical means; in this case, magnetic stirring and sonication. During this study, no chemical modifiers or surfactants of any kind were added during the dispersion process as they increase the cost and duration of the manufacturing process for CNC reinforced composites and nanocomposites. The effect of CNC loading (0-20wt% of PVP) and preparation method on solution viscosity, dispersion, and mechanical properties of electrospun PVP/CNC nanocomposite fiber mats were examined. In particular, this study demonstrates that pre-dispersion of the hydrophilic CNCs in pure deionized water before the addition of methanol and PVP is critical to improving dispersion and achieving greater homogeneity of the system. All samples were examined for birefringence by polarized light microscopy, which was correlated to the level of CNC dispersion within the polymer matrix. The effect of CNC loading on the mechanical properties of the composite mats was investigated via tensile testing. Humidity was identified as an important factor affecting the PVP nanofiber morphology and strength, though its effects were not characterized in this study.
A Review of Isolation Gowns in Healthcare: Fabric and Gown Properties
Authors: Kilinc F. Selcen
Published: November 2018

The threat of emerging infectious diseases including Ebola hemorrhagic fever, pandemic influenza, avian influenza, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and SARS has highlighted the need for effective personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect healthcare workers (HCWs), patients, and visitors. PPE is a critical component in the hierarchy of controls used to protect HCWs from infectious hazards. HCW PPE may include gowns, respirators, face masks, gloves, eye protection, face shields, and head and shoe coverings. Important research has been conducted in certain areas, such as respirators and protective masks, but studies in other areas, particularly gowns, are scarce.

Gowns are identified as the second-most-used piece of PPE, following gloves, in the healthcare setting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Guideline for Isolation Precautions, isolation gowns should be worn to protect HCWs’ arms and exposed body areas during procedures and patient-care activities when anticipating contact with clothing, blood, bodily fluids, secretions and excretions. Isolation gowns currently available on the marketplace offer varying resistance to blood and other bodily fluids depending on the type of the material, its impermeability, and wear and tear. While some studies show no benefit of the routine use of isolation gowns, others demonstrate that its use is associated with a reduced infection rate. This paper reviews isolation gowns in healthcare settings, including the fabrics used, gown design and interfaces, as well as critical parameters that affect microorganism and liquid transmission through fabrics.
Woven Fabrics Behavior in Pure Shear
Authors: Penava željko , Penava Diana šimić , Nakić Marija
Published: November 2018

Shear behavior is one of the most important mechanical characteristics that contributes to the performance and appearance of woven fabrics. Because of anisotropy, shear properties of woven fabric are tested in various directions. This research is focused on the experimental study of shear properties of plain woven fabric when shear force acts on specimens that are cut at different angles to the direction of the weft. Tests were conducted on woven fabric specimens that were fastened in two parallel clamps of the tensile tester. Five cotton woven fabrics of different weft density and of the same warp density were used. The research results show a very high degree of correlation between shear force and its axial component for all directions of the cutting specimen, and likewise between the relative extension of the diagonal of the specimen and the vertical displacement of the specimen. The initial shear modulus of woven fabrics was determined experimentally and theoretically.
Development of Flexi/Dual Winding System
Authors: Kanade Pragnya Sanjiv
Published: November 2018

A string wound cartridge can be produced on a Random or Precision winding system. Both of them have certain disadvantages, making them unsuitable for applications like dyeing and filtration. Winders designed to operate on the step precision principle could be a solution to the above mentioned issues.

Commercial winders working on step precision winding principles are available in the market. They are recommended by manufacturers when packages for dyeing are to be produced but commercial, electronically controlled filter winders on dual principle are rare to find. It was thought of applying step precision winding principles to produce wound cartridges for filtration end uses with the intention of improving their performance. This paper describes improvement in the existing electronic filter winder so that it can be operated on dual principle. This system allows programmable selection of traverse/wind ratio so that it gets changed automatically step wise. Compared to mechanical systems, it is less complicated, there is ease of changeover, is more flexible, and also offers choice of operating mode. Beside this, it was possible to produce graded cartridges successfully showing better filtration efficiency and lower pressure drop.
Modification of Rabbit Yarn by Milk Protein Grafting and Cross-Linking
Authors: Jiali Li , Tonghua Zhang , Lan Cheng , Min Guo
Published: November 2018

Rabbit yarn was treated by milk protein grafting and cross-linking to improve its abrasion resistance performance and breaking strength. Grafting ratio and washing fastness of the rabbit yarn after graft modification were tested. The surface morphology of the rabbit yarn before and after graft modification was observed by a scanning electron microscope(SEM). The mechanical properties and friction performances of the treated and untreated rabbit yarns were also tested. The treated yarns were utilized to design and weave rabbit hair-knitted fabric. The anti-pilling resistance of the rabbit hair-knitted fabric was tested by circular locus method; the pills were then counted and weighed. The stiffness of the fabric was observed. Results showed that milk protein could obviously be grafted on the fiber surface, resulting in a rougher surface of the treated fabric than that of the untreated ones. The average grafting ratio is 3.701%. The protein retention ratio of the rabbit yarn treated by milk protein grafting and cross-linking is 99.312%. The breaking strength of the rabbit yarn was enhanced and friction performance improved significantly after treatment. The pilling grade of the fabric significantly improved and the stiffness of the fabric was reduced.
Part II. Predicting the Pilling Tendency of the Cotton Interlock Knitted Fabrics by Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Kayseri Gonca Özçelik , Kirtay Erhan
Published: November 2018

Artificial neural network (ANN) is a mathematical model inspired by biological neural networks and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. The aim of the second part of the study is to determine models for estimating the pilling propensity of the interlock knitted fabrics produced from yarns of different yarn counts (Ne 20, Ne 30, Ne 40) and yarn twist coefficients (αe=3.2, αe=3.6, αe=4.0) spun by using seven different cotton types harvested from different regions. The fabrics were manufactured in three different tightness factors, including dense, medium, and loose, by changing the yarn length utilized in each course of the fabrics. The models for pilling degree, total pill number, total weighted pill number, average pill area, and average pill height of the fabrics evaluated by PillGrade Objective Pilling Grading System, were derived by using a neural network method. In order to define the effective properties on pilling formation, sensitivity analysis was carried out. All models indicated relatively good estimation power. Fabric cover factor and short fiber content were found as the most significant parameters influencing the pilling propensity feature of the interlock knitted fabrics.
Study on Fabric Surface Roughness and its Influence on Worsted Fabric Abrasion Resistance
Authors: Mooneghi Sara Asghari , Varkiyani S. Mohammad Hosseini , Saharkhiz Siamak
Published: November 2018

Surface roughness is of paramount importance in predicting tactile properties of fabrics. This study aimed at investigating surface roughness and the effect of this property on the abrasion resistance of worsted fabrics. Nine different groups of worsted fabrics were produced. The fabrics had three weave types and three areal densities. A non-contact laser based system was developed to scan the surface of the fabrics. In order to extract the surface roughness profile, a new method of data analysis was presented. Several two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) roughness parameters were introduced and calculated. Statistical analysis proved that the effect of weave type and weft density was significant on all of the 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters at a confidence range of 95%. However, the 3D parameters provided the surface roughness with just one number in comparison with the 2D ones (warp and weft directions). Therefore, the 3D parameters provided a better indication for the surface roughness which had the effect of both warp and weft directions. Results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between the abrasion resistance and the 3D roughness parameters.
Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Rope
Authors: Han Guangting , Tao Xiaowei , Li Xianbo , Jiang Wei , Zuo Wenqian
Published: November 2018

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber (UHMWPE) exhibits outstanding strength to weight balance due to high molecular orientation, high crystallinity and low density. For these reasons, is widely used in applications demanding high strength high modulus fibers. This paper systematically studies the relationships between the mechanical properties of ropes made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber and several attributes of the rope construction. By studying the structure of the rope, a formula relating the Young's modulus and twist angle was developed. It was found that the breaking strength and the elongation of the rope were closely related to the twist angle. Finally, the breaking strength of the rope had a positive correlation with the diameter of the rope. The retention rate of fatigue strength studied in this paper was kept above 100%. These results may provide useful guidance to the industrial production of the UHMWPE based ropes.
Regenerablity and Stability of Antibacterial Cellulose Containing Triazine N-halamine
Authors: Li Lin , Ma Kaikai , Liu Yin , Liu Ying , Li Rong , Ren Xuehong , Huang Tung-Shi
Published: November 2018

A reactive triazine derivative, 2,4-dichloro-6-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine (DCHT), was prepared through the controlled hydrolysis of cyanuric chloride in water solution. The reaction was characterized with 13C NMR study. The reaction solutions could be directly used to treat cellulose fibers. A pad-dry-cure method was employed to immobilize the triazine derivative onto cotton. The covalently bound triazine moieties on cotton could be transformed into N-halamine structures after a chlorine bleaching treatment. The biocidal efficacies of the treated samples with different chlorine loadings were further examined. The storage and release testing showed that the antimicrobial function of the N-halamine modified cotton fabrics was durable and renewable. These advantages make the triazine N-halamine modified cotton as an attractive candidate in a broad range of application fields.
Ag/Tio2/AOF as an Easily Reused and Highly Active Catalyst for Dye Photo-Degradation
Authors: Tao Tingxian , Xu Jiabin , Song Hui , Liu Rongmei , Wu Zhichuan
Published: November 2018

A novel TiO2 loaded with Ag photocatalyst covering on a modified fiber surface was prepared by coordination-hydrolysis combined with a photo-reduction process. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) and ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS). Compared with powder TiO2, the TiO2/amidoxime fiber (TiO2/AOF) and Ag/TiO2/amidoxime fiber (Ag/TiO2/AOF) exhibited a significant absorption edge of red-shift from ultraviolet to visible light region. The samples’ visible-light photodegradation activities were investigated and the results showed that the Ag/TiO2/AOFs exhibit excellent photocatalytic activities-about 99% decomposition rate of Rhodamine B with 100 minutes of visible light irradiation. The catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity and is easily recovered and reused.
A Comparative Study of Physical Properties of Yarns and Fabrics Produced from Virgin and Recycled Fibers
Authors: Yuksekkaya Mehmet Emin , Celep Gizem , Dogan Gamze , Tercan Mevlut , Urhan Basak
Published: November 2018

Products that are produced by various industries such as agriculture, food, mining, chemistry, and textile cannot meet the needs of humankind since the world's population continues to grow exponentially. Furthermore, the reduction in natural resources forced researchers to produce new synthetic products by utilization of technology and led them to study recycling of existing natural resources. This study compares some properties of yarns and fabrics produced by virgin and recycled polyester and cotton fibers. Virgin cotton, recycled cotton, virgin polyester, recycled polyester fibers, and blends of these fibers were used to manufacture open end rotor yarns. Single jersey fabrics were knitted from these yarns. Physical properties of yarns and fabrics such as tensile strength, unevenness, yarn imperfections, burst strength, pilling and coefficient of kinetic friction were measured and statistically compared. Although generally the properties of yarns and fabrics produced from virgin fibers were better than that of produced from recycled fibers, producing textile products with optimum quality is stressed in this study.
Study on the Preparation of the AOPAN/MMT Composite Nanofibers and Their Application for Laccase Immobilization
Authors: Feng Quan , Wu Dingsheng , Huan Shan , Li Man , Li Xin
Published: November 2018

In this paper, a novel nano-material was prepared, and then was applied for enzyme immobilization. Amidoxime ployarcylonitrile /montmorillonite (AOPAN/MMT) composite nanofibrous membranes were generated by electrospinning and amidoxime modification, then the nanofiber membranes were modified by glutaraldehyde; the modified AOPAN/MMT composite nanofibers were applied in laccase immobilization by adsorption and crosslinking method. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the morphology of the nanofibers, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to provide information on the surface chemistry of original and modified nanofibers. At the same time, the optimization of immobilization conditions and the relative properties of the immobilized laccase were also studied in this thesis. According to the experimental results the optimum conditions of laccase immobilization were obtained: glutaraldehyde concentration, crosslinking time, enzyme immobilization time were determined as 5%, 10 h and 12 h, respectively. The immobilized laccase showed a better stability resistance to temperature and pH change. Comparison of storage stabilities showed that the immobilized laccase retained more than 62.6% of its initial activity when stored at 4°C for 20 days. However, the free laccase lost most of its activity under the same conditions. The immobilized laccase retained 64.5% of its initial activity after 10 repeated batches of reaction.
Optimization of Knitted Fabric Comfort and UV Protection using Desirability Function
Authors: Ghosh Anindya , Mal Prithwiraj , Majumdar Abhijit , Banerjee Debmalya
Published: November 2018

The present study deals with the optimization of multiple quality parameters of single jersey and 1×1 rib knitted fabrics using the desirability function approach. Comfort properties such as air permeability, thermal conductivity and safety properties such as UV protection are combined to yield an ‘overall desirability’ varying from zero to one. The overall desirability has been maximized versus target values for air permeability, thermal conductivity and UV resistance. Experimental validation confirms that the proposed method can be used to design a knitted fabric with desired comfort and UV resistance characteristics.
2D woven/ 3D orthogonal Woven Non-crimp E-glass Fabric as Reinforcement in Epoxy Composites using Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Molding
Authors: Nayak Suhas Yeshwant , Heckadka Srinivas Shenoy , Sadanand Ramakrishna Vikas , Bharadwaj Kapil , Pokharna Harsh Mukut , Sanjeev Ananthakrishnan Rajaraman
Published: November 2018

E-glass/Epoxy composites were fabricated using Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Moulding (VARIM) in fiber weight fractions of 40%, 45%, 50% and 55 percent. E-glass fiber in the form of 2D plain woven fabric of 320 gsm and 3D orthogonal woven non-crimp fabric with 1830 gsm were considered for reinforcement. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) of both the composites were evaluated and compared to explore the possibility of 3D fabric as an alternative over the plain weave fabric. Improvement in mechanical properties was seen with increase in fiber content in both the composites. Results support the view that 3D orthogonal weave fabric can be used in lieu of plain weave fabric as it exhibited improved mechanical properties. Morphological studies were used to analyze the fracture mechanisms.
Esterification of Cochineal Carmine Used for Dyeing Cationic Modified Cotton with High Color Fastness
Authors: Luo Yan , Li Mengya , Du Juan
Published: November 2018

In order to reduce the electronic cloud density for higher color fastness, ester groups were introduced into cochineal carmine matrix structure. The optimum esterification conditions were selected by varying the level of acid-binding agent, the reaction temperature, the reaction time, and the amount of acetylation reagent. The structure and properties of esterified cochineal carmine was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectrometry and metallographic microscopy. The build-up property, dyeability, light fastness, perspiration and rubbing fastness of cochineal carmine before and after esterification on cationic modified cotton were investigated. The results show that the optimum esterification condition is treating 1.0 g cochineal carmine with 50 mL acetic anhydride and 4.0 g anhydrous sodium acetate at 80°C for 2.0 hours. The acid perspiration fastness and wet rubbing fastness of the resulting dyed samples were increased by one grade. The perspiration fastness to alkalis and the light fastness were improved by one-half grade.
Development of a Sewing Machine Controller for Seam Pucker Reduction using Online Measurement Feedback System
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Sul In Hwan , Kim Sungmin
Published: November 2018

An automated sewing machine controller and a three-dimensional measurement system have been developed to find the optimum sewing condition that minimizes seam pucker. It is already known that there are various factors affecting the seam pucker. However, the selection of sewing conditions for reducing seam pucker has relied on the experience of skilled workers. In this study, thread tension, presser foot pressure, and stitch length were chosen as the parameters. Parameter settings were controlled by a computer, which enabled the automatic generation of samples with various combinations of sewing conditions. The seam pucker grade was determined from the scanned three-dimensional sample using a fractal dimension calculation. The optimum sewing conditions for a given sample can be determined from this result. The efficiency of the system was verified by comparing the newly developed method with the existing subjective evaluation method.
Comparing the Prediction Capabilities of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Nonlinear Regression Models in Pet-Poy Yarn Characteristics and Optimization of Yarn Production Conditions
Authors: Yıldirimm Kenan , Ogut Hamdi , Ulcay Yusuf
Published: November 2018

In the manufacture of yarn, predicting the effect of changing production conditions is vital to reducing defects in the end product. This study compares, for the first time, non-linear regression and artificial neural network (ANN) models in predicting 10 yarn properties shaped by the influence of winding speed, quenching air temperature and/or quenching air speed during production. A multilayer perceptron ANN model was created by training 81 patterns using the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) algorithm. The hyperbolic tangent, or TanH, activation function and logistic activation functions were used for the hidden and output layers respectively. Results showed that the ANN approach exhibited a greater prediction capability over the nonlinear regression method. ANN simultaneously predicted all of the 10 final properties of a yarn; tensile strength, tensile strain, draw force, crystallinity ratio, dye uptake based on the colour strengths (K/S), brightness, boiling shrinkage and yarn evenness, more accurately than the non-linear regression model (R2=0.97 vs. R2=0.92). These results lend support to the idea that the ANN analysis combined with optimization can be used successfully to prevent production defects by fine tuning the production environment.
Effect of the Distribution of Fiber Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Silk Fibroin/Polycaprolactone Nanofiber Mats
Authors: Yin Yunlei , Xiong Jie
Published: November 2018

In this study, Silk Fibroin (SF)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) composite nanofiber mats were fabricated using an electrostatic spinning technology employing different drum rotation speeds. The morphology and tensile performance of the resulting nanofiber mats were characterized using thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy, multi-layer image fusion technology, pore size distribution analysis and uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests. The analytical results showed that the drum rotation speed had little effect on the diameter of the nanofibers, but it did effect the physical orientation of the nanofibers. When the drum rotating speed was lower than 2.38 m s-1, the nanofibers were randomly distributed, and there was no obvious mechanical anisotropy in the fiber mats. However, when the rotation speed was as high as 11.88 m s-1, the nanofibers were fully uniaxially oriented, which provided high mechanical anisotropy to the fiber mats. The distribution of the size of the aperture of the nanofiber mats was related to the distribution in the fiber orientation. If the degree of orientation of the fibrous layer was high, the variation in the individual fibers was low and the pore diameter of fibrous mats was smaller as a result of the centralized fiber distribution. In the case of the SF/PCL composite nanofiber mats fabricated with different drum rotation speeds, the variation in the mechanical performance of the resulting mat in biaxial tension was consistent with its performance in uniaxial tension; however, it was found that the fracture mechanism of fiber mats varied in biaxial tension and uniaxial tension.