bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bildung eines oxoäthylverzweigten Zuckers aus Thymidindiphosphatglucose und Pyruvat mit einem zellfreien. System aus Streptomyces aureofaciens / Formation of an Oxoethyl-branched Sugar from Thymidine Diphospho-ᴅ-glucose and Pyruvate with a Cell Free System from Streptomyces aureofaciens
Authors: Matern Ulrich , Grisebach Hans
Published: August 2018

Incubation of thymidine diphospho(TDP)-ᴅ-[U-14C] -glucose with a cell-free extract from Streptomyces aureofaciens and subsequent hydrolysis of the nucleotide sugars led to the formation of 4 radioactive products (I -IV ). Addition of pyruvate to the incubation caused an increase in the amount of I I I and a decrease in that of II. Product I was identified as 4-keto-6-deoxyglucose. Product III was isolated on a preparative scale as the methylglycoside and was identified as α-methyl- 2,6-dideoxy-4-C-[1'-oxoethyl]-ʟ-lyxo-hexopyranoside (Fig. 1, 3) from its NM R spectrum and by its borate complex formation, which established the cis configuration of the hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-4. The oxoethyl-branched sugar formed in the cell-free system is epimer at C-3 with the sugar formed in vivo by S. aureofaciens. The reason for this difference is not clear. Product II could be tentatively formulated as 4-keto-2,6-dideoxy-ʟ-lyxo-hexopyranose (6 ) on the basis of its chromatographic and chemical properties and its reduction by sodiumborohydride to two sugars. The products II - IV were also obtained when TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose was the substrate of the reaction.

Addition of thiaminepyrophosphate to the incubation in the presence of pyruvate did not increase the yield of III . The increasf in the amount of III formed in the presence of pyruvate could be inhibited by addition of glyoxylic acid. After incubation of [α-14C]-hydroxethyl-thiaminepyrophosphate with TDP-glucose in the cell-free extract no radioactive III could be detected.
Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in menschlicher Haut / Determination of Trace Elements in Human Skin
Authors: Feuerstein H , Oschinski J
Published: August 2018

The elements Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Mo and W have been determined in human skin using the neutron activation technique. The values are compared to values published in the literature. The values are scattering over a wide range, leading to the assumption of an uneven distribution of the trace elements in human skin. From the results of a special sample it is concluded that carrying a golden ring over a longer period of time will not contaminate the skin by gold or copper. The investigation of a skin sample where gold has been plated out showed a maximum of the gold concentration beneath the skin surface.
Versuche zur lysosomalen Zytolyse-Kettenreaktion der Krebszellenschädigung / Experiments to the Lysosomal Cytolysis Chain Reaction of Cancer Cells Damage
Authors: Ardenne M. von , Reitnauer P. G.
Published: August 2018

After explaining the significance of a cytolysis chain reaction within the set of problems encountered in cancer therapy, all our previous studies on the lysosomal chain reaction and its problems are summarized. It follows a report on a new fundamental in vitro test showing that, at pH = 5.8, T = 42 °C and in cell suspensions with high cell volume portion (ƐZ = 4 0 · 10-3), EMAC cells are damaged very much quicker than in suspensions of only low cell volume (ƐZ = 2·10-3). Furthermore, there is an increase in acidic phosphatase in the suspension milieu of high cell densities. In addition, it can be pointed out that the observed damaging of cells is closely linked with the complete inhibition of glucose metabolism.

The described findings are to be taken as a strong circumstantial evidence for the efficiency of cell damaging chain reactions.
Serotonine-Nucleotide Interaction Studied by PMR. Explanation of the Variability in Association Constants Obtained from Chemical Shifts of Different Protons
Authors: Lawaczeck R , Wagner K
Published: August 2018

A study of the association of serotonine with 5'-AMP by PM R spectroscopy is described. The association constants obtained from the chemical shift of non-equivalent protons show considerable variation outside experimental error, a fact which wT as reported by several authors. To support the suppositon that small amounts of complexes of different stoichiometry, — which in general can hardly be detected — , are responsible for this phenomenon, computer simulation of various hypo­ thetical systems were investigated. The results clearly demonstrate that the neglect of minor fractions of complexes of different stoichiometries lead to significant variation in the association constants calculated for different protons, provided that these protons experience different magnetic enviro-ments in the different complexes.
Chlorophyll a and Cytochrome c at a Heptane-Water Interface
Authors: Karan Jeffrey , Brody Seymour Steven
Published: August 2018

The surface pressure was measured as a function of area/molecule for chlorophyll a (Chl) and cytochrome c (Cyt) at a heptane-water interface. At a surface pressure of 6 dyn/cm the area per molecule of Chl(A6) = 113 ± 6 Å2, for reduced Cyt c (red. Cyt) the A6 = 5000 ± 300 Å2 and for oxidized Cyt c (ox. Cyt) A6= 4100 ± 250 Å2. Cyt appears to denature at the interface. Irradiation results in a decrease of the A6 for Chl to A6= 100 ± 5 Å2. There appears to be interaction between Chi and red. Cyt in a mixed film no interaction is observed between Chi and ox. Cyt
Involvement of the Superoxide Free Radical Ion in Photosynthetic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Elstner Erich F. , Heupel Adelheid
Published: August 2018

Photosynthetic oxygen reduction by isolated chloroplast lamellar systems has been studied with the aid of superoxide dismutase. Two mechanisms of oxygen reduction by illuminated chloroplast lamellar systems can be differentiated:

1. In the presence of low potential electron acceptors like AQ or MV the superoxide free radical ion is the product of autooxidation of the reduced acceptor. Addition of superoxide dismutase has no influence on the initial rates of oxygen reduction.

2. Stimulation of photosynthetic oxygen reduction by o-diphenols is only observed in the absence of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate; apparently the superoxide free radical ions is involved in both initiation and propagation of a chain reaction.

If the ferredoxin-stimulated photosynthetic oxygen reduction is measured, both ascorbate and superoxide dismutase are active as inhibitors. By heating suspensions of chloroplast lamellar systems, a substance is released into the supernatant which exhibits the activity of an oxygen reducing factor (ORF) with properties similar to o-diphenols: The stimulation of photosynthetic oxygen reduction is reversed by addition of either SDM or ascorbate. A reaction sequence for photosynthetic oxygen reduction in the presence of ferredoxin is considered, which is initiated by the superoxide free radical ion produced by autooxidation of reduced ferredoxin; the superoxide free radical ion "activates" an endogenous oxygen reducing factor, which in this "active" state can reduce oxygen to O2·-. The presence of either superoxide dismutase or ascorbate yields in chain termination by scavenging the superoxide free radical ion
Skin Photosensitization and Cross-Linkings Formation in Native DNA by Furocoumarins
Authors: Dall’Acqua F. , Marciani S. , Vedaldi D. , Rodighiero G.
Published: August 2018

Correlation between cross-linkages formation in native DNA and skin photosensitizing activity of furocoumarins
Gamma Irradiation of Uridine and Uridylic Acid in Aerated A queous Solutions: Identification of the Major Product
Authors: Ducolomb R , Cadet J , Teoule R
Published: August 2018

The major product of uridine gamma irradiation in aerated aqueous solution (10-3 ᴍ, pH ~6) has been identified: N-(β-ᴅ-ribofuranosyl) -formamide. Thin-layer silica gel chromatography and spectroscopic methods (mass spectrometry. NMR, IR, optical rotation) enabled us to isolate and characterize this product.

It may be assumed that this substance resulted from the hydrolytic degradation of unstable hydroxy-hydroperoxides. It was also prepared by uridine oxydation with pertrifluoracetic acid.

A similar major compound in the radiolysis of uridylic acid has been found
Influence of the pH in the OH Radical Attack on the Pyrimidic Ring
Authors: Teoule R , Cadet J
Published: August 2018

The attack of OH radical on pyrimidic ring preferential­ ly took place at position 5 at neutral pH and at position 6 at low acidic pH. The trans isomers were always the major products. These conclusions arose from studies involving comparison with synthetic peroxides: c£s-6-hydroperoxy-5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine (1), as-5-hydroperoxy-6-hydro-xy-5,6-dihydrothymine (2) , frans-6-hydroperoxy-5-hydroxy-5.6-dhydrothymine (3) and ?rans-5-hydroperoxy-6-hydroxy-5.6-dihydrothymine (4) .

The NMR coupling constants of the OH-6 proton with H-6 allowed us to assign unambiguously the structures of these peroxides in agreement with 18O mass spectrometry results. G radiolytic values and NMR data are given
Electrotaxis of the brittle star
Authors: Rakshit Benode , Brahmachary R. L.
Published: August 2018

Brittle stars exhibit a very remarkable taxis in electric field. All the arms become oriented to the cathode and the animal physically approaches to this electrode
Charge Transfer Interactions between Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide and Cupric Ions
Authors: Hillerbrand M. , Lohmann W. , Penka V. , Ehling U.
Published: August 2018

The interaction of Cu2+ with isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and some of its derivatives has been investigated by means of electron spin resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and optical absorption studies. It could be shown that an interaction exists between the metal ions and the hydrazine side chain in addition to the very weak interaction with the ring nitrogen. The results obtained indicate the formation of a charge transfer complex.
Electronic Structure and Spatial Arrangement of C2v-Coordinated Ferric Iron in Metmyoglobin, Metmyoglobin Fluoride, and Methemoglobin
Authors: Eicher Hermann
Published: August 2018

Electronic Structure, Metmyoglobin, Metmyoglobin Fluoride, Methemoglobin The electronic term scheme of ferric iron in metmyoglobin, metmyoglobin fluoride, and met­ hemoglobin is evaluated by a Hamiltonian which involves the Coulomb repulsion of the 3d electrons, their interaction with the C2v-coordinated ligands, and spin-orbit coupling. The adjustable parameters of the theory were determined by a least squares fit to experimental EPR, susceptibility, and far-infrared data reported in the literature. According to these results, the structural properties of the ferric ion and its neighboring ligands were discussed by means of group theoretical arguments: An increasing out of plane position of the ferric ion is found in the sequence metHb- metMb -MbF which corresponds to an increasing binding strength with the axial ligands.
Gas Chromatographie Determination of Subnanogram Amounts of the Juvenile Hormone Methyl (2E, 6E)-10,ll-epoxy-3,7,ll-tri- methyl-2,6-dodecadienoate (JH III) in Insect Material by Electron Capture Detection
Authors: Van Broekhoven L , Van Der Kerk A , Hoof -Van , Salemink C
Published: August 2018

Using an electron capture detector, a sensitive gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of the juvenile hormone methyl(2E, 6E)-10, 11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate (JH III) in insect material. The sensitivity in electron capture detection of the bisheptafluorobutyrate was determined. The work-up procedure was checked by adding known amounts of JH III to insect material. The method seems equally applicable to all three juvenile hormones.
Ribose Conformations in the Common Purine(ß)ribosides, in Some Antibiotic Nucleosides, and in Some Isopropylidene Derivatives: A Comparison
Authors: Westhof Eric , Röder Oskar , Croneiss Ingrid , Lüdemann Hans-Dietrich
Published: August 2018

With the use of PMR the ribose conform ations have been studied in the tem perature range - 60 to + 40 °C in ND3 solutions of adenosine (A), guanosine (G), inosine (I), xanthosine (X), purineriboside (P R), 2-am inopurineriboside (2am P R), N6-isopentenyladenosine (N6ipA), 8-bromo-adenosine (8-BrA), 8-bromoguanosine (8-BrG), formycin B (F), tubercidin (T), isopropylidene-adenosine (iA), and isopropylideneguanosine (iG). The analysis is based on the two-state S ⇄ N model of the ribose m oiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam . The compounds studied can be classified into two groups: 1. A, I, G, X, PR , 2am PR, N6ipA, and T show a small tem perature dependence of the S ⇄ N equilibrium and [ S ] ~ 0 .6 ; 2. 8-BrA, 8-BrG, and F have a stronger tem perature dependence and [S] ~ 0 .8 . W ithin these two groups the sim ilarities observed are greater than observed in the solid state. Some therm odynam ic conclusions about the S ⇄ N and the syn ⇄ anti equilibria are presented. The results support the previously proposed correlation of the S state of the ribose with the syn conform ation of the base and of the N state of the ribose with the anti conform ation of the base. Furtherm ore, it is derived that the gg rotam er is correlated with the S state of the ribose and therefore stabilizes the syn conformation of the base.
Temperature Sensitive Events between Photoreceptor and Circadian Clock?
Authors: Hamm Ursula , Aroli M , Chandrashekaran K , Olfgang Engelmann W
Published: August 2018

The phase shifting action of low temperature pulses of 6 °C and 2 h duration administered to the various phases of the Drosophila pseudoobscura circadian rhythm and the action of light pulses given 30 min after the beginning of these low temperature pulses have been investigated. The phase response curve obtained from experiments with light pulses during low temperature cannot be ex­ plained on the basis of a straightforward and sequential phase shifting of the oscillation by the various transitions in the pulses. The response curve, after the slight phase shifting action of the temperature pulses is corrected for, resembles the standard phase response curve 4 for light pulses (at 20 °C) in its wave form but not in its time course. Our curve is shifted in time in a manner that indicates that the light pulses accompanying the low temperature pulses arrived at phase points 1.5 h later than the actual phases at which they were given. We attribute this delay to a slowing down of the information that is apparently transmitted by a process that is temperature dependent.
Poncimarin, a New Coumarin from Poncirus trifoliata L.
Authors: Guiotto A. , Rodighiero P. , Quintily U.
Published: August 2018

A new coumarinic derivative (Poncimarin; C19H22O5; m.p. 140 °C) was isolated from unripe fruits of Poncirus trifoliata L. which from spectroscopic evidences was formulated as 7-(2,3-epoxy-3-methyl butyloxy)-8-(2,3-epoxy-3-me-thyl butyl) coumarin.
Bariumanreicherung in den Müllerschen Körperchen der Loxodidae (Ciliata, Holotricha) / Accumulation of Barium in Müller's Bodies of the Loxodidae (Ciliata, Holotricha)
Authors: Hubert G. , Rieder N. , Schmitt G. , Send W.
Published: August 2018

It is shown by energy-dispersive x-ray analysis that the Müller’s bodies of Loxodidae consist of BaSO4. Therefore statocyst function can be assumed for these bodies. The route of biosyntheses is not yet investigated.
Over-Production of Porphyrins and Heme in Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Philipp-Dormston W. K. , Doss M.
Published: August 2018

In Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and A chromobacter metalcaligenes δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase appear to be the rate limiting enzymes of porphyrin and hemebiosynthesis. Bypassing of these enzymes by addition of 6-aminolevulinic acid or porphobilinogen results in overproduction of tetrapyrroles.
Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane I. Maximal Antibody Binding and Adsorption of Antibodies to Lipids
Authors: Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

The binding of antibodies onto the lamellar system of Antirrhinum majus was determined in dependence on the serum addition. The unspecific adsorption of serum proteins was taken into account or eliminated. The binding of antibodies as a function of the amount of serum added is seen from a saturation curve. From an antiserum obtained by hyperimmunization with stroma-freed chloroplasts, the chloroplasts bind maximally 1 gram antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloro­ plasts. From an antiserum to the proteins of the thylakoid membrane prepared in the same way an equal amount of antibodies is adsorbed. It is assumed that with this amount the surface of the lamellar system accessible to antibodies is completely covered by antibodies. For an antiserum to monogalactosyl diglyceride a maximal antibody binding of 0.16 g, for sulphoquinovosyl diglyceride 0.12 g and for phosphatidyl glycerol 0.13 g of antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts are obtained. The significance of these results with respect to the molecular surface structure of the thylakoid membrane is discussed.
Die pCO2-/pO2-Optode: Eine neue p CO2- bzw. pO2-Meßsonde zur Messung des pCO2 oder pO2 von Gasen und Flüssigkeiten / The pCO2-/pO2-Optode: A New Probe for Measurement of pCO2 or pO2 in Fluids and Gases
Authors: Lübbers D. W. , Opitz N.
Published: August 2018

To measure pO2 or pCO2 in gases or fluids the fluorescence indicators pyrene butyric acid or β-methylumbelli-feron were used, which were separated from a measuring medium by a gas-permeable membrane. For p CO2 the pH changes in NaHCO3 solution were monitored by methyl-umbelliferon. Changes in its fluorescence signal, S, were measured at λ (emission) = 445 nm. Excitation was brought about by light of wavelength λ1 = 318 nm (fluorescence signal S1) , and λ2 = 357 nm (fluorescence signal S2). Drawing lg(S2/S1) against lg(pCO2-1), one obtains a straight line between a p CO2 of 10 and 70 Torr. The response time is about 3 to 4 s (90%). For pO2 , pyrene butyric acid is used (λ (excitation) = 342 nm; λ(emission) = 395 nm). A linear increase in pO2 between 0 and 300 Torr yields a linear increase in the reciprocal fluorescence signal. The response time is about 3 s (90%).
Die Crista acustica der Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera) / The Crista acustica of the Tettigonioidea (Orthoptera)
Authors: Schumacher R.
Published: August 2018

The number of scolopidia of the crista acustica of the Tettigonioidea is species-specific. First electron microscopic investigations of these scolopidia show that each of them is composed of 4 cells: A bipolar sense cell, an enveloping cell, a scolopale cell and a cap cell. The dendrite of the sense cell terminates in a cilium which is anchored within the dendrite with a root, which divides into numerous rootlets. There are two basal bodies at the base of the cilium. The tip of the cilium projects into the cap of the cap cell.
Cadmium-Isocitrate Complex: Its Stability as a Function of Ionic Strength
Authors: Scoppa P.
Published: August 2018

The complexation of cadmium by isocitrate has been studied at 25 °C and pH 7.5 in a range of ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.16. The formation constant of the complex between cadmium and tribasic isocitrate varies from 860 M-1 at μ= 0.16 to approximately 24,500 M-1 at infinite dilution. These data allow the distribution of the chemical forms of cadmium added to the incubation mixtures for the assay of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase to be calculated.
The Location of the Calcium Precipitating Protein in the Sarcoplasmic Membrane
Authors: Hasselbach Wilhelm , Migala Andrea , Agostini Bruno
Published: August 2018

Sarcoplasmic Membranes, Calcium Precipitating Protein, Fluram Fluram, a fast reacting reagent for primary amino groups does not label proteins enclosed in reconstituted sarcoplasmic vesicles (SR vesicles) when applied at low reagent/protein ratios. Hence, Fluram does not penetrate through SR membranes under these conditions. Likewise, the mem­ branes of erythrocytes prevent the reagent from reacting with hemoglobin. However, at high reagent/protein ratios the membranes of the SR vesicles disintegrate. In contrast, liposomal membranes prepared from SR lipids are not affected even at a high degree of labeling. Disintegration of SR membranes starts to occur when the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction is completely substituted by Fluram and the transport protein is labeled with 3-4 mol of Fluram per 100 000 d. When closed SR vesicles are labeled at low Fluram/protein ratios, the calcium precipitating protein is four times more intensely labeled than the transport protein. The labeling of the calcium transport protein in closed vesicles excludes its location in the intravesicular space. In SR vesicles solubilized with deoxycholate the relative degree of labeling of the calcium precipitating protein remains unchanged while the transport ATPase is more intensely labeled at the expense of the labeling of the amino lipids. The relative degree of labeling of the protein components depends not only on the number of labable groups but also on the rates with which these groups react with Fluram. Therefore, the experimental data do not give quantitative in­ formation concerning the distribution of the protein components in the SR membranes.
Über den Abbau des Sinapins während der frühen Ontogenese der Keimlinge von Sinapis alba L. / Degradation of Sinapine during the Early Development of Sinapis alba L.
Authors: Bopp Martin , Lüdicke Werner
Published: August 2018

The amount of sinapine in immature seeds of Sinapis alba is very low; it increases during ripening. Most of the sinapine is located in the cotyledons. Hypocotyls and roots contain only traces of it. During the early development of seedlings the amount of sinapine in the cotyledons decreases in 26 °C very rapidly. Simultaneously the amount of a substance X increases. Darkness retarded both these processes. The same effect has a temperature of 10 °C. In both cases the increase of X is completly proportional to the decrease of sinapine. Therefore X is probably a derivative of sinapine. After pretreatment with 26 °C the decrease of sinapine in the cold is stronger. The amount of sinapic acid increases only in the at a very low level for a long period.
Nitrogen Fixing Activity in Separated from Plant Cell Cultures
Authors: Werner D. , Wilcockson J. , Kalkowski B.
Published: August 2018

Induced by soy bean tissue cultures in socalled “tissue chambers”, Rhizobium japonicum str. 61-A-96 developed nitrogenase activity separated from the plant cells. The activity proceded for 48 h with a rate of 1 × 10-8 nmol C2H4 h-1 cell-1, which is about 6% of the activity measured for bacteroids from Rhizobium japonicum in nodules of Glycine max.
A Cell for Simultaneous Measurements of Optical and Electrical Properties of Black Lipid Membranes
Authors: Noll Günter G.
Published: August 2018

A universal cell was constructed, which allows measurements of the resistance (d. c.), capacity, optical reflectivity, and spectral absorption of blade lipid films simultaneously. These measurements reflect different properties of the films, supplementary to each other. The purpose is to eliminate differences of experimental conditions especially in recombination experiments with proteins. The cell is totally symmetric, can be completely disassembled, and the parts are exchangeable. It allows application of several methods for film production, and is held together simply by mechanical pressure, without need of any sealing agent. The inner parts are exclusively of glass and teflon. The fluid volume of the cell is 7 -15 ml and the better than 1014 Ohms.
Mixed Monomolecular Films of Chlorophyll and Cytochromes
Authors: Chin P , Brody S. S.
Published: August 2018

Mixed monomolecular films of cytochrome (Cyt) and chlorophyll (Chl) were spread at a nitrogen-water interface. A large interaction is observed between reduced Cyt f and Chl a in a mixed film. Oxidized Cyt f and Chl a in a mixed film show little evidence for interaction. Mixed monomolecular films of Chl a with either reduced or oxidized Cyt c appears to result in denaturation of the protein at the surface.

A light reaction is observed only in mixed films of reduced Cyt f and Chl a.
Enzymic Capacities for Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. Activation and de novo Synthesis of Enzymes
Authors: Schneider Hansjörg A. W.
Published: August 2018

A previously published working model for the regulation of chlorophyll formation has been tested studying early steps of chlorophyll and porphyrin biosynthesis in developing cotyledons of Helianthus annuus. The activities of δ-aminolevulinate synthetase (ALAS), δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), and the porphobilinogenase complex (PBGase) at any given time have been found to be strongly associated with endogenous developmental processes. Highest activities in dark­ness have been observed at times when maximum chlorophyll formation would have occurred had the plants been exposed to light. Only in the case of ALAS was the maximum activity in light much greater than that observed in the dark.

Density labeling experiments and other data suggest that enzyme synthesis is mediated both by development and by illumination. Moreover, ALAS activity appears to be subject to inhibition, presumably by products of the porphyrin biosynthesis, as indicated by halflife experiments. Rapid enzyme degradation in the absence of light seems to be less probable. Slight ALAS activity in darkness is present as long as the plastids are not fully developed.

In contrast to findings with cell cultures of tobacco, in Helianthus cotyledons ALAS certainly plays the main role in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Nevertheless, increasing activities of the succeeding enzymes, located in the plastids, ensure that increased concentrations of δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) are drawn into the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The experiments corroborate the suggestion that chlorophyll biosynthesis is controlled by different but interdependent mechanisms. The dominant regulatory mechanism is dependent on the stage of development.
Ultrastructural Changes in in vitro Ageing Spinach Chloroplasts
Authors: Kulandaivelu G. , Hall D. O .
Published: August 2018

Ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts have been studied in detail. Prolonged storage caused swelling of the chloroplasts due to the increase in the thickness and spacing of the thylakoid membranes. The increase in the thickness of the membrane is partly accompanied by the release of lipids. Addition of crystalline bovine serum albumin was found to stabilize the membrane structures. Storage of the chloroplasts at 77 °K even though it resulted in complete breakage of the whole chloroplasts, maintained the thylakoid structures in a highly intact form.
Variations in Melanin and Riboflavin Content of Amphibian Liver under the Influence of Reserpine and Amphetamine
Authors: Kokolis Nikos
Published: August 2018

By means of paper chromatography, Lactobacillus casei test and the staining method with the Feulgen reaction, the effects of reserpine and amphetamine on riboflavin and melanin were studied in the liver of Triturus cristatus. It was demonstrated that the concentrations of both melanin and riboflavin can be altered by the influence of these drugs. From the results obtained it is suggested that riboflavin shows a correlation with the density of melanin.
Initiation in einem Polyribosomen-abhängigen Protein-synthetisierenden zellfreien System aus Saccharomyces / Initiation in a Polyribosome-Dependent Protein-Synthesizing Cell-Free System from Saccharomyces
Authors: Schulz-Harder Bernd , Lochmann Ernst-Randolf
Published: August 2018

A method to prepare polyribosomes from yeasts by using the french-press is described. The highest yield of polyribosomes was derived from late log-phase cells. These polyribosomes, incubated in a cell-free system, were able to reinitiate protein synthesis, which was shown by inhibiting aminoacid incorporation by aurintricarboxylic acid, edeine and sodiumfluoride. We developed the translational system in order to look for the optimal ion-conditions of a DNA-dependent protein-synthesizing system. We found out that at the optimal MgCL2-concentration (6 mᴍ) protein synthesis was strongly inhibited by Mangan ions which are required for transcription in yeast. If protein-synthesis was carried out with 2 mᴍ and 3 mᴍ MgCl2 maximal aminoacid incorporation was observed at 2 mᴍ and 1.5 mᴍ MnCl2.
Notizen: Galactans and Anti-Galactans from Invertebrates
Authors: Uhlenbruck G. , Steinhausen G. , Baldo B. A.
Published: August 2018

Antibody-like substances with anti-carbohydrate specificities directed against different structures of galactans have been detected in several invertebrates.
Notizen: „Synthetische“ Aiptasia mutabilis RAPP (Coelenterata) / „Synthetical“ Aiptasia mutabilis RAPP (Coelenterata)
Authors: Czygan Franz-C.
Published: August 2018

After being cultivated in the dark for some months and after being fed with food free of carotenoids during the time Aiptasia mutabilis (Coelenterata) loses its symbiontic algae (rich in brown fucoxanthin) and becomes transparent white. This disarranged symbiosis may be regenerated under light cultivation by adding different species of Chlorophyceae (Chlorella, Dunaliella) and Chrysophyceae (Ochromonas, Cyclotella), but not of Cyanophyceae (Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anacystis). - This changeable life system between coelenterata and algae may be a good example for further studies of the endosymbiosis problem.
Notizen: Isosativan: an Isoflavan Phytoalexin from Trifolium hybridum and other Trifolium Species
Authors: Ingham John
Published: August 2018

An isoflavonoid phytoalexin isolated from the fungusinfected leaves of Trijolium hybridum has been identified as 7,4′-dimethoxy-2′-hydroxyisoflavan.
Notizen: The Dorsal Eye of Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroplera) (A Light- and Electronm icroscopical Study)
Authors: Wolburg-Buchholz Karen
Published: August 2018

The superposition eye of Cloeon dipterum is a clear zone type of compound eye. The central ommatidia have two rhabdomes, at different levels, a small apical and a main basal one. The number of basal rhabdomes is greater than the number of dioptric apparatuses. This and the role of the retinula cell processes is discussed with regard to super­ position or light-guide theory.
Notizen: Valine-Induced Inhibition of Growth of Haploid Tobacco Protoplasts and Its Reversal by Isoleucine
Authors: Bourgin Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2018

Valine-Isoleucine Interaction, Tobacco Protoplasts ʟ-valine inhibits the division of haploid tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. This inhibition is reversed by simultaneous addition of ʟ-isoleucine to the culture medium.
1H and 13C NMR Study of Proton Transfer in Azoles. Mechanism of Proton Transfer in Pyrazole in Solutions Containing bis-(Acetylacetonato) Nickel (II)
Authors: Babin V. N. , Zavelovidi E. B. , Fedin E. I.
Published: August 2018

Proton Transfer, Pyrazole, Outer-Sphere Coordination Proton transfer in pyrazole systems involving interaction with a paramagnetic transition metal complex has been studied with 1H and 13C NMR techniques. Kinetics of the ligand exchange in the pyrazole complex of bis-(acetylacetonato) nickel (II) has been investigated, and hyperfine coupling constants for the interaction of the nickel unpaired electron with the ligand nuclei in the complex have been determined. Catalytic admixtures of bis-(acetylacetonato) nickel (II) are shown to modify the mechanism of the proton transfer in pyrazole. The spectral data are discussed in terms of outer-sphere coordination and cooperative proton transfer effects.
MO Calculations of Some Thymine Radicals at the INDO Level
Authors: Westhof E , Van Rooten M
Published: August 2018

The results of MO INDO calculations of some thymine radicals are presented. These include as well as the hydrogen addition radicals the hydroxyl addition radicals to C5 and to C6 of the C5=C6 double bond of the thymine molecule. The radicals resulting from hydrogen abstraction from the methyl group and from the nitrogen N1 are also studied. Except for radicals where the main spin density is localized on nitrogen atoms, the agreement between experimental and theoretical couplings is satisfactory.
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons of the Liverwort, Dumortiera hirsuta
Authors: Matsuo Akihiko , Uto Seiryû , Nakayama Mitsuru , Hayashi Shûichi
Published: August 2018

Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of the hexane extract from Dumortiera hirsuta were analyzed by a combining method of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and ten sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, (δ-elemene, α-copaene, β-bourbonene, β-elemene, γ-elemene, β-pompene, γ-muurolene, α-muurolene, bazzanene and cuparene, were identified.
Localization of the Tri-and Digalactosyl Diglyceride in the Thylakoid Membrane with Serological Methods
Authors: Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

Trigalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from leaves of Urtica dioica and characterized by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and by its fatty acid composition. An antiserum to the trigalactolipid was obtained by immunization of rabbits. By means of inhibition experiments with oligosaccharides and mono-and digalactosyl glycerol it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards the α-galactosyl-(1 → 6) -α-galactosyl-(1 → 6) -β-galactosyl-(1 → 1) -glycerol con­figuration of the trigalactosyl diglyceride. Monogalactosyl diglyceride and sulfoquinovosyl diglyce­ ride do not react with this antiserum. However, a cross reaction was observed with digalactosyl diglyceride. The presence of antibodies to tri-and digalactosyl diglyceride was demonstrated in antisera to different chloroplast preparations of Antirrhinum majus and Spinacia oleracea.

The antiserum to the trigalactolipid agglutinates stroma-freed chloroplasts. Membrane fragments obtained by the ultra sonication were precipitated. The antiserum is exhausted by trigalactosyl di­glyceride but not by digalactosyl diglyceride or digalactosyl glycerol. The antiserum treated with digalactosyl glycerol and digalactosyl diglyceride also agglutinated stroma-freed chloroplasts. 1 g stroma-freed chloroplasts binds 0.17 g antibodies to trigalactolipid. Membrane fragments bind more antibodies to trigalactolipids than stroma-freed chloroplasts. From the agglutination tests it follows that the antigenic determinants of the trigalactolipid and the digalactolipid are localized in the outer surface as well as in the surface directed towards the inside of the thylakoid membrane.
Notizen: Kämpferol-3-(O-sinapoylsophorosid)-7-glucosid, ein neues Flavonoid aus Brassica napus L. (Cruciferae)/Kaempferole-3-(O-sinapoylsophoroside)-7-glucoside, a New Flavonoid from Brassica napus L. (Cruciferae)
Authors: Stengel Brigitte , Geiger Hans
Published: August 2018

Along with kaempferole-3-sophoroside-7-glucoside and some minor flavonoids the hitherto unknown kaempferole-3- (O-sinapoylsophoroside)-7-glucoside has been isolated from the seed of Brassica napus L. c. v. Petranova; its structure is prooved.
Studies on Mammalian Pheromones, II. Further Compounds from the Pedal Gland of the Bontebok ( Damaliscus dorcas dorcas)
Authors: Burger B. V. , Roux Maritha le , Garbers C. F. , Bigalke R.C. , Pachler K.G.R. , Wessels P.L. , Christ V. , Maurer K. H.
Published: August 2018

The identification of four further major constituents of the pedal gland exudate of the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, viz. α-terpineol, 2-n-heptylpyridine, m-cresol and (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide and the investigation of the stereochemistry of the double bond in (Z) -6-dodecen-4-olide by means of iterative computer analysis are described. An improved synthesis of this compound is outlined.
Analytische Untersuchungen des Wehrsekretes von Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora) / Analytical Investigations of the Defensive Secretion from Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora)
Authors: Röper Harald
Published: August 2018

The defensive secretion of Peripatopsis moseleyi (Onychophora) consists of 84% water and 16% protein and free amino acids. The secretion’s defensive effectiveness is an anti-predator “sticking” action. The secretion is flung out of the oral papillae in liquid state. It is then denaturized by the air and develops increasingly sticky white threads, probably through the devel­opment of disulfide bridges from the protein content.

The elastic properties of the secretion threads indicate a micellar structure. The defensive secretion contains no volatile organic components or carbohydrates. This was confirmed by gas- liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography.

After acidic hydrolysis of the secretion the following amino acids were determined quantita­tively: aspartic acid, threonine, serine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, cysteine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine and arginine. A “rare” amino acid was not identified. Tryptophane was not present (basic secretion hydrolysis). The quantita­tive determination of free amino acids, based on the total content, showed the following results: glycine (40.9%), glutamic acid (10.8%), aspartic acid (2.65%), lysine (1.3%).

This result shows, that the secretion is stored in a watery glycine/glutaminic acid buffer in the oral papillae of Peripatopsis moseleyi.

High voltage paper electrophoreses and gel filtration experiments with dextran and agarose gels showed, that the secretion protein consists of, at least, two fractions with different molecular weight.
Inhibition of Photosystem II-Reactions in Blue-Green Algae by the Antisera to Lutein and Neoxanthin
Authors: Schmid Georg H. , List Helga , Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

An antiserum to lutein agglutinates thylakoids of Nostoc muscorum and Oscillatoria chalybea. From this it follows that lutein is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane of these blue-green algae. The same result is obtained for an antiserum to neoxanthin. As neoxanthin is supposed not to occur in blue-green algae it follows that in this case the antibody action should be directed towards a carotenoid with allenic structure. The antisera to lutein and neoxanthin inhibit in both investigated algal species photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen-evolving side of photosystem II. Moreover, the inhibition sites of both antisera are identical in Nostoc muscorum and are located between the sites of electron donation of the artificial electron donors tetramethyl benzidene and diphenylcarbazide. In the case of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea the inhibition sites of both antisera differ. Whereas the inhibition site of the antiserum to neoxanthin lies again between the sites of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine and di­phenylcarbazide, the inhibition site of the antiserum to lutein appears to be situated at least partially beyond the site of electron donation of tetramethyl benzidine.

The degree of inhibition of electron transport reactions with Nostoc muscorum is for both antisera 50 - 60 per cent and is pH-dependent. The pH-optimum lies at pH 7.2 for the antiserum to neoxanthin and at 7.8 for the antiserum to lutein.

In comparison to this data the same antisera inhibit electron transport in chloroplasts from higher plants only by 20%. This low degree of inhibition in higher plants is apparently due to the fact that the surfaces of the thylakoids are not accessible to antibodies within the grana. In contrast to this the thylakoid surfaces of blue-green algae are fully accessible because the thylakoids are unstacked.

The thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea have the tendency towards aggregation. Therefore, the results concerning the accessibility of the carotenoids to antibodies are not so clear cut as with Nostoc muscorum.
Multiple Effects of Amobarbital on Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells. Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Postius Stefan , Schneider Friedhelm
Published: August 2018

The inhibition of the proliferation of hyperdiploid Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension cultures by amobarbital is coupled to an increased glycolytic activity as shown by lactic acid pro­ duction and glucose consumption; higher concentrations of amobarbital than 1 mᴍ enhance the ATP/ADP ratio of the total cell. The actual activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase of intact cells is completely inhibited in the presence of 2 mᴍ amobarbital as was shown by the 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C] pyruvate or the incorporation of 14CO2 into the total lipid fraction of the cells from [U-14C] pyruvate or from [U-14C] lactate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is completely inhibited by 1 mᴍ amobarbital in vitro. The activity of α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by amobarbital, too, as was shown by measuring the 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C] glutamate with intact cells.

It is suggested that the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the presence of amobarbital is the result of a direct action on the enzyme as well as the consequence of a change in the cellular redox state or its energy charge.
99.26 per cent Water Content in the Fresh-water Medusa Craspedacusta sowerbii
Authors: Ludwig Herbert W.
Published: August 2018

The fresh-water medusa Craspedacusta sowerbii (Hydrozoa: Limnomedusae) contains 99.26% water, 0.67% organic matter, and 0.07% inorganic materials. Its cation concentrations are compared to those of Aurelia aurita, sea-water, and habitat water.
Determination of the Liquid Scintillation Counting Efficiency of 3H and/or 14C Labelled Samples Independently of the Degree of Colour and/or Chemical Quenching
Authors: Atallah Khaled , Rauschenbach Peter , Simon Helmut , Berthold Fritz , Kolbe Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

A value R is obtained by the ratio of the summed, coincident pulses of both photomultipliers to the coincident pulses of one photomultiplier in the same selected range of the external standard puls height spectrum. This value R together with the external standard channel ratio (ESCR) show the extent of chemical and/or colour quenching in a field described by a set of calibration samples with increasing chemical or colour quenching (Fig. 3). The counting efficiency of samples with different and unknown proportion of chemical and/or colour quenching can be determined much more accurate than by any calibration approach using the ESCR only (Table VI). The method can be used for 3H samples with a counting efficiency ≧10% and 14C samples of ≧5%, respectively. The new correction procedure is also applicable for 3H and 14C double-labelled compounds.
The Solubility of Insect Juvenile Hormone in Aqueous Solutions and Its Adsorption by Glassware and Plastics
Authors: Giese Ch. , Spindler K. D. , Emmerich H.
Published: August 2018

The C18 juvenile hormone of insects can be dissolved in aqueous solutions up to a concentration of 2.5 - 3.0 × 10-5 M; changes in pH, buffer composition and ionic strength hardly affect this solu­bility. The hormone is salted out gradually by increasing ammonium sulphate concentrations. The juvenile hormone is bound to proteins such as bovine serum albumin or goat immunoglobulin G and can be kept in solution by these proteins up to 10-3 M. The hormone is strongly absorbed by many commonly used plastic materials but only to a lesser extent by glass and teflon.
Schwermetalle in höheren Pilzen Cadmium, Zink und Kupfer Heavy Metals in Higher Fungi Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper
Authors: Meisch Hans-Ulrich , Schmitt Johannes A. , Reinle Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

In a series of 190 samples, higher fungi, especially from the genus Agaricus, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy on their content of the trace metals cadmium, zinc, and copper. Cd was found to be present in high concentrations in some Agaricus species belonging to special taxonomic groups. In relation to soil concentrations, Cd is highly enriched in some Agaricus spec., the enrichment being a taxonomic criterion of special value. Among the remaining genera of higher fungi, only Leucoagaricus and Amanita showed similiar enrichment properties for cadmium. The chemically related metals Zn and Cu were found to be relative uniformely distributed in all analyzed fungi. No synergistic or antagonistic relationship between Cd and the other two metals could be detected in the mushrooms.
Activation of Chromatin-Bound DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) in Plant Storage Tissue Slices
Authors: Kahl Günter , Wechselberger Manfred
Published: August 2018

Chromatin, RNA Polymerase, Potato Tuber Tissue, Aging Phenomenon The synthesis of RNA by chromatin-bound RNA polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) from white potato tubers proceeds at a low rate, which is enhanced after slicing the tissue, however. Concomitantly DNA template availability as measured with saturating amounts of Escherichia coli polymerase is diminished drastically. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis proved that the RNA synthesized on chromatin of intact tubers is different from that synthesized on chromatin of sliced tissue.

The RNA polymerase of white potato tubers is dependent on all four ribonucleoside triphos­ phates and a divalent metal ion such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ and totally inhibited by the presence of pyrophosphate. Actinomycin D blocks the formation of the RNA product, which could be shown to be a heteropolymer by nearest neighbour frequency technique. The Km of the chromatin-bound enzyme with regard to ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP was 5.1 X10-5 M, 1.6X10-5 M, 0.9X10-5 M and 0.45 X 10-5
M/1 respectively, α-amanitin inhibits the overall activity to about 50%, which indicates the presence of equal amounts of polymerase I and polymerase If.
Effect of the Herbicide San 6706 on Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments and Prenylquinones in Raphanus and in Hordeum Seedlings
Authors: Lichtenthaler H. K. , Kleudgen H. K.
Published: August 2018

The pyridazinone herbicide San 6706 blocks chlorophyll and carotenoid formation simultaneously in a correlated way in both Raphanus and Hordeum seedlings. With decreasing carotenoid content the carotenoid precursor phytoene appears in San 6706-treated plants.

The accumulation of the chloroplast prenylquinones (plastoquinone-9, α-tocopherol, α-tocoquinone and vitamin K1) is much less affected. This indicates that the biosynthesis of C20- and C45-prenyl chains (geranyl-geraniol, phytol and solanesol) which are incorporated in prenylquinones is not blocked by San 6706.

It is assumed that the block of chlorophyll and carotenoid formation is due to one basic inhibition mechanism. The possibility that San 6706 may interfere with chloroplast ribosome formation, is discussed.
X-Ray Structure of Two Naturally Occuring Cinnamylidene-butenolides
Authors: Reinhardt R. , Hansel R.
Published: August 2018

X-Ray An X-ray analysis of two compounds isolated from Piper sanctum confirmed the trans configuration for 5-(methoxy) -cinnamyliden-4-methoxy-but-3-enolide (= piperolide [1]) and for 5-[trans-(2) -β-γ epoxy-α-methoxy-cinnamyliden]-4-methoxy-2 (5H) -furanon (= epoxypiperolide [2]). The stereochemistry of the semicyclic double bond is in favour of the Z-isomeres.
Purification of a Glycoprotein from Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)
Authors: Frenzel B. , Kaaden . R. , Mussgay M.
Published: August 2018

A precipitating antigen of bovine leukemia virus was isolated by isoelectric focusing and Sephadex gel filtration. In SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it was found to be a homogeneous protein with a relative molecular weight of 69 000 daltons. Because of its relative molecular weight and staining characteristics it was designated as BLV gp69. A protein with the same molecular weight could also be demonstrated in BLV particles. In 34 out of 35 sera from cattle affected by enzootic bovine leukosis antibodies against gp69 were detected, whereas the sera from 197 animals, free of bovine leukosis, did not react in immunodiffusion test.
Parakristalline Körper in jungen Oocyten der Schmerle Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) / Paracristalline Bodies in Young Oocytes of the Loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae)
Authors: Riehl Rüdiger
Published: August 2018

Young Oocytes of the Loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) Young oocytes of the loach, Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.), were studied by electron microscopy. Fistular paracristalline bodies are found in the oocytes during state I. They consist of many osmiophilic particles with a diameter of 150 - 300 Å. Ultrahistochemical experiments have demonstrated that the paracristalline bodies are mainly composed of pro­ teins. The paracristalline bodies are yolk precursors.