bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship between cognitive disengagement syndrome and social withdrawal in adolescents: the mediating role of social anxiety and the moderating role of gender
Authors: Kaçmaz Cihangir , Çelik Osman Tayyar , Tunç Yunus
Published: February 2025

Increasing evidence for the psychological, physiological and social multidimensional effects of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome has made CDS a focus of interest for researchers. Understanding the effects of CDS is critical for individuals’ social and psychological well-being. The purpose of this study is to investigate the connections among Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS), social anxiety, and social withdrawal. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 431 high school students in a province of Turkey. Data were collected using the Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Scale, Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ) and Social Anxiety Scale. Direct and indirect effects of CDS are discussed. It was also revealed that social anxiety mediated the relationship between CDS and social withdrawal and gender had a moderating effect. The relationship between CDS and social anxiety is stronger in female adolescents, and the indirect effect of CDS on social withdrawal is higher in females. The research results have important implications based on the effect of CDS on social interactions.
Assessing mine ventilation optimization and friction factor determination for underground mines
Authors: Niubó Maria , de Felipe José Juan , Bascompta Marc , Pérez-Ràfols Francesc , Vives-Costa Jordi , Sanmiquel Lluís , López Joan-Antoni
Published: February 2025

The determination of the friction factors in an underground excavation are crucial to reach an adequate model of the ventilation system and, consequently, to select the ventilation system and improve the comfort and safety of the mine. The diversity of calculation methods and experimental data sources makes it necessary to carry out a state of the art on this matter. An assessment of the friction factors is provided for different types of underground mining, soft and hard rock mining. Some data using TBM (tunnel boring machine) is also gathered and analyzed. Considering the excavation system, support applied, and mining method. A particular focus on the different techniques to obtain the friction factor values has also been described, including the new approaches available.
Recent progress of direct ammonia fuel cells: from materials to transportation applications
Authors: Huang Yi , Feng Ji-Hong , Yi Yue , Duan Fei , Liu Xin-Hua , Tian Guang-Yu , Gu Jun , Bian Hai-Dong , Li Jun
Published: February 2025

Ammonia is a promising zero-carbon alternative fuel. Direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs), as an efficient ammonia-fueled power system, have an extremely high application value in the field of transportation for decarbonization. Metals are essential components for catalysts and electrolytes in DAFCs, with catalysts being critical to their overall performance. Currently, ammonia-fueled solid oxide fuel cells with Ni-based catalysts have reached peak power densities exceeding 1000 mW·cm−2. In the case of anion exchange membrane fuel cells, platinum-group metal catalysts can achieve a peak power density of 410 mW·cm−2. Despite these advancements, further development of more efficient, stable, and cost-effective catalysts is necessary to meet the demands for high efficiency and power density in transportation power systems. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements of metal materials in DAFCs, as well as the potential applications of DAFCs in the transportation sector.

Graphical Abstract
3D-Bioprinted Light-Sensitive Cell Scaffold Based on Alginate-Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Biophotonics Applications
Authors: Ciocca Manuela , Febo Camilla , Gentile Giovanna , Orlando Antonio , Massoumi Fahimeh , Altana Antonio , Cantarella Giuseppe , Zanon Alessandra , Gaiardo Andrea , Lugli Paolo , Petti Luisa
Published: February 2025

The field of biotechnology has rapidly grown in recent years leading to unprecedent achievements in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Among latest high-tech available technologies, 3D bioprinting can be surely considered the most promising to develop complex structures mimicking organs and tissues, as well as functional 3D cell scaffolds. If supplemented with organic functional materials, engineered cell scaffolds can be used as bioelectronic interfaces and biomedical sensors. In this work, a novel 3D-bioprinted cell scaffold enhanced with light-responsive organic semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (100-nm hydrodynamic diameter, absorbance spectra peak at λ = 496 nm, and emission spectra peak at λ = 645 nm) is presented. The light-sensitive cell scaffold offers excellent biocompatibility and support of cell growth. The 3D-bioprinted biocompatible light-sensitive cell scaffolds can be used for light control and modulation of cellular activities in a 3D and real-mimetic tissue/organ-like environment, paving the way to new applications in neural engineering and regenerative medicine.
Modeling and identification of a small fixed-wing UAV using estimated aerodynamic angles
Authors: Løw-Hansen Bogdan , Hann Richard , Gryte Kristoffer , Johansen Tor Arne , Deiler Christoph
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an experimental study on developing and validating a simulation-ready aerodynamic model for the Skywalker X8 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) using a hybrid output error method (OEM). Building on previous efforts, we introduce an updated 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear aerodynamic model and its linearized form. The key features of this work include the model’s identification in the stability frame, achieved using estimated angle of attack and sideslip angle, and the use of a propulsion system model to obtained the motor speed data. The stability frame parameterization allows for direct comparisons with a larger set of UAV models and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, often presented in terms of lift and drag analysis. Key advancements include a residual distribution analysis that was successfully applied to identify and correct weaknesses in the initial drag and side force models. Additionally, the paper addresses the unique combination of challenges faced during this study and describes strategies for managing strong winds during experiments, use of a propulsion system model to obtain motor speed data, and utilization of estimated aerodynamic angles. The resulting model is validated against a separate set of maneuvers comprising 10-s-long sequences that include estimated body states, force and moment coefficients, and estimated air data states, (

$$V_a$$

V
a

,

$$\alpha$$

α

,

$$\beta$$

β

), for both lateral and longitudinal maneuvers.
Cognitive Cells: From Cellular Senomic Spheres to Earth’s Biosphere
Authors: Baluška František
Published: February 2025

Cells are central for life, starting some 3.7 billion years ago with the assembly of the first primordial cells in the primeval and prebiotic oceans of the young Earth’s environment. Details of this abiogenesis are still missing but since the first competent, self-reproductive cell emerged, life has been based on continuous cell divisions. Accordingly, all present cells can be traced directly to the very first cells. Our senomic concept of cell sentience based on bioelectromagnetic fields postulated that all cells are sentient and that life and sentience are coterminous. Archaea and bacteria are the most ancient cellular organisms and they still exhibit a unicellular lifestyle. Some two billion years after the emergence of life on Earth, eukaryotic cells were symbiotically assembled from archaeal and bacterial cells. Eukaryotic cells later coalesced to form true multicellular organisms in partnership with bacteria and archaea, forming holobionts, including fungi, plants, and animals. All organisms living presently are integrated into the Earth’s biosphere, which permeates all three major ecological habitats: the geosphere, hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. Coexistence of such vast assemblies of collaborating cells necessitates a highly elevated level of integration, which originates at the level of the senomic spheres of individual prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells across the whole of Earth’s biosphere corresponding to the hypothetical Gaia concept.
Fundamentals of laboratory diagnostics in allergology
Authors: Arsenis Christos , Taka Styliani , Skevaki Chrysanthi
Published: February 2025

The diversity of allergic disorders and their associated underlying mechanisms render allergy diagnosis particularly challenging. There is a palette of available in vivo and in vitro tests, while result interpretation must always be made in conjunction with clinical history. The focus of the present article is on laboratory diagnostics, where several diagnostic tests have been developed targeting different parts of the allergic cascade. The results of these tests may indicate the presence of clinical allergy but also provide information on disease severity, treatment options, and therapy responsiveness. First-line testing involves allergen specific IgE (sIgE) antibody measurements, and several considerations are required when choosing the exact test. Among others, the allergens to be tested, the use of allergen extracts versus molecular components, cross-reactivity aspects, cost, and geographical sensitization patterns need to be considered. There are technical distinctions between main commercially available automated platforms, which is often reflected by differences in their test results. Diagnostically challenging cases can be supplemented by tests assessing the key effector cells, i.e., basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils, as well as by tests targeting several of the released mediators, including tryptase, lipids, and histamine. Overall, non-IgE-based laboratory tests need additional standardization and research to support their clinical utility.
Enhancing Thermal Protection in Lithium Batteries with Power Bank-Inspired Multi-Network Aerogel and Thermally Induced Flexible Composite Phase Change Material
Authors: Li Zaichao , Cao Feng , Zhang Yuang , Zhang Shufen , Tang Bingtao
Published: February 2025

Thermal runaway (TR) is considered a significant safety hazard for lithium batteries, and thermal protection materials are crucial in mitigating this risk. However, current thermal protection materials generally suffer from poor mechanical properties, flammability, leakage, and rigid crystallization, and they struggle to continuously block excess heat transfer and propagation once thermal saturation occurs. This study proposes a novel type of thermal protection material: an aerogel coupled composite phase change material (CPCM). The composite material consists of gelatin/sodium alginate (Ge/SA) composite biomass aerogel as an insulating component and a thermally induced flexible CPCM made from thermoplastic polyester elastomer as a heat-absorbing component. Inspired by power bank, we coupled the aerogel with CPCM through the binder, so that CPCM can continue to ‘charge and store energy’ for the aerogel, effectively absorbing heat, delaying the heat saturation phenomenon, and maximizing the duration of thermal insulation. The results demonstrate that the Ge/SA aerogel exhibits excellent thermal insulation (with a temperature difference of approximately 120 °C across a 1 cm thickness) and flame retardancy (achieving a V-0 flame retardant rating). The CPCM exhibits high heat storage density (811.9 J g−1), good thermally induced flexibility (bendable above 40 °C), and thermal stability. Furthermore, the Ge/SA-CPCM coupled composite material shows even more outstanding thermal insulation performance, with the top surface temperature remaining at 89 °C after 100 min of exposure to a high temperature of 230 °C. This study provides a new direction for the development of TR protection materials for lithium batteries.
Importance of the second D–T campaign at JET for future fusion tokamak devices
Authors: Garcia J. ,   JET Contributors
Published: February 2025

In 2021, JET conducted a second deuterium–tritium campaign (DTE2) aimed at broadening, refreshing, and improving the understanding of deuterium–tritium plasmas that was initially acquired during the first deuterium–tritium campaign (DTE1) in 1997. The objective of DTE2 was to tackle crucial scientific, operational, engineering, and theoretical/modeling challenges associated with the utilization of deuterium–tritium plasmas for fusion energy production. DTE2 has yielded vital findings that enhance the understanding and blueprint of forthcoming tokamak devices like ITER or DEMO. In DTE2, it has been unambiguously demonstrated the impact of alpha particles generated by fusion deuterium–tritium reactions on electron heating and destabilization of Alfvén modes, as well as the impact of Tritium on several scientific topics such as plasma turbulence and transport, L–H transition and impurity source. Of utmost importance, an entire generation of scientists has been educated on the substantial disparities in the physics and operational aspects of Deuterium and deuterium–tritium plasmas. This recent deuterium–tritium campaign at JET brings us closer to the efficient production of energy through deuterium–tritium fusion reactions.
Palliativmedizin: Management von GI-Symptomen
Authors: Masel Eva Katharina
Published: February 2025

Maligne intestinale Obstruktionen entstehen durch inkurable Tumoren oder Metastasen im Bauchraum und sind häufig eine Komplikation fortgeschrittener Krebserkrankungen wie von kolorektalen Karzinomen und Ovarialkarzinomen. Sie betreffen meist den Dünndarm (60 %), das Kolon (33 %) oder beide Abschnitte und führen zu Symptomen wie Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Bauchschmerzen und Veränderungen des Stuhlgangs. Bei kompletter Obstruktion kommt es zu einem nahezu fehlenden Stuhlgang, während bei inkompletter Obstruktion intermittierender Stuhlgang möglich ist. Eine präzise Unterscheidung zwischen den beiden Formen ist klinisch oft schwierig. Die Behandlung umfasst symptomatische Maßnahmen, wie Flüssigkeitszufuhr, Ernährung, Schmerzmanagement, und gegebenenfalls chirurgische oder interventionelle Verfahren. Bei Patient:innen mit schlechter Prognose wird eine palliative Versorgung mit Fokus auf Lebensqualität bevorzugt. Ein häufiges Symptom bei fortgeschrittenen Krebserkrankungen ist der hepatobiliäre Pruritus, der durch die Ansammlung von Gallensalzen in der Haut entsteht, ursächlich ist häufig eine Cholestase. Die Therapie umfasst medikamentöse Ansätze sowie symptomatische Maßnahmen wie Kühlkompressen und Feuchtigkeitscremes. Ein weiteres Symptom im Palliativbereich ist die opioidinduzierte Obstipation, die durch den Einsatz von Opioiden zur Schmerztherapie verursacht wird. Sie führt zu einer Hemmung der Darmmotilität und beeinträchtigt die Lebensqualität. Die Behandlung umfasst sowohl nichtpharmakologische Maßnahmen wie eine ballaststoffreiche Ernährung als auch pharmakologische Therapien mit Laxanzien und peripher wirksamen Opioidantagonisten wie Methylnaltrexon und Naloxegol. Die Behandlung aller genannten Symptome erfordert eine interdisziplinäre und individuell abgestimmte Versorgung, die frühzeitig mit den Patient:innen und deren Umfeld besprochen werden sollte, um die verbleibende Lebensqualität zu optimieren und die Behandlung an den Zielen der Patient:innen auszurichten.
Unveiling the Role of Theory of Mind: Neural Response to Emotional Stimuli in Context
Authors: Biró Brigitte , Cserjési Renáta , Kocsel Natália , Galambos Attila , Gecse Kinga , Kovács Lilla Nóra , Baksa Dániel , Dobos Dóra , Juhász Gabriella , Kökönyei Gyöngyi
Published: February 2025

The recent literature on theory of mind (ToM) aims to identify situations that necessitate a greater reliance on ToM. The self-to-other model of empathy proposes that when there is a discrepancy between affective and contextual information, the ToM system is activated more strongly to assist in the classification of the emotional state. In order to test this aspect of the theory, the study aimed to examine the neural response to emotional stimuli in context. Non-congruent images depict natural scenarios where there is a mismatch between the valence of facial expressions of one of the protagonists and the overall context, when considered in isolation. In contrast, congruent images are those in which there is no such discrepancy. The fMRI data of 53 healthy participants (31 females; mean age, 25.23 ± 5.09) were analysed using a pre-defined ToM mask. The results align with the prediction that non-congruent images will recruit the ToM system to a greater degree. Additionally, we found activations in areas implicated in emotion processing and control functions in response to non-congruent images relative to congruent ones. The results indicate that the emotional processing of complex social situations is supported by multiple processes. Consequently, identifying the sources of alterations in emotion processing and social cognition is crucial for understanding individual differences in neurotypical and clinical populations.
New Pixel Circuit Based on Silicon Backplane for Micro-Organic Light-Emitting Diode Employing Hybrid Program Method
Authors: Lee Han Cheol , Im Hwarim , Jeon Jae-Hong , Moon Kook Chul , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: February 2025

A new pixel circuit based on silicon backplane technologies for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) microdisplays is proposed for a micro-OLED with several thousand pixels per inch (ppi) and several µm pixel pitch. Because the current level of each pixel for the 63rd gray is approximately 1 nA and the minimum voltage unit at mid-gray is approximately 1 mV for high-ppi micro-OLEDs, the pixel circuit must have highly accurate current control ability. The new pixel circuit can precisely control tiny currents by employing a hybrid programming method that combines current and voltage programming. The proposed current programming based on the current mirror can compensate for short-range transistor variations even under small-current conditions, and the capacitive voltage divider can expand the data voltage range N times. A simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) was employed to evaluate circuit operation and performance. The simulation results indicated N times extended input data voltage range and a low current error rate of 5% for an OLED anode variation of 10 mV.
Adaptive control of bilateral teleoperation systems under denial-of-service attacks
Authors: Wei Lanyan , Li Yuling
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates resilient consensus control for teleoperation systems under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We design resilient controllers with auxiliary systems based on sampled positions of both master and slave robots, enhancing robustness during DoS attacks. Additionally, we establish stability conditions on DoS attack duration and frequency by applying multivariate small-gain methods to ensure closed-loop stability without the need to solve linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the effectiveness of the controllers is validated through the simulation results, demonstrating that the master-slave synchronization is achieved.
Assessment of mechanical and micro structural analysis of iron ore tailings and red mud sustainable bricks using multiple linear regression
Authors: Beulah M , Sudhir M R , Pradhan Arpan , Saji Janita
Published: February 2025

The synergistic utilization of mining and industrial wastes in the construction industry represents a major step forward in the environmental and sustainable constructions. This research has presented an exploration of the feasibility of combined use of iron ore tailings (IOT) and red mud (RM) in sustainable brick manufacture. The IOT and RM have been blended with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and lime solution for the production of bricks without high-temperature kiln-firing. Eight different combinations of (IOT + GGBS) and (RM + GGBS) with varying ratios of the principal components have been used in the sustainable bricks. Multiple regression analysis has been employed to estimate the strength of a different compositions of bricks. The bricks with 70% RM and 30% GGBS have attained the highest strength of 9.68 MPa and the bricks with 70% IOT and 30% GGBS attained the highest strength of 6.25 MPa among various combinations. The water absorption results of 18.7% and 19.02% have fulfilled the IS standards too. The research has revealed that the bonding between bricks and mortar has been influenced by the Si-Al matrix at low calcium content. Additionally, the formation of the delicate Ca-Al-Si phase capable of permeating the brick, has contributed to the constructive brick structure. The study also reinforced the view that the combined use of mining and industrial waste in production of environmentally friendly bricks is viable.
Auswirkungen der Opioid-Substitutionstherapie auf das somatosensorische System
Authors: Lang-Illievich Kordula , Bornemann-Cimenti Helmar
Published: February 2025

Graphic abstract
Less is more: evaluating the impact of transitions of care pharmacist-led optimization on discharge antibiotic therapy duration in the emergency department
Authors: Zapata Joel , Adeife Sandra , Cutrell James B. , Jacobs Lindsay , Monogue Marguerite L. , Ramos Michelle , Sanders James , Wang Chen-Ching , Golnabi Esther Y.
Published: February 2025

Background:

Patients discharged from emergency departments (ED) with antibiotics for common infections often receive unnecessarily prolonged durations, representing a target for transition of care (TOC) antimicrobial stewardship intervention.

Methods:

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of TOC pharmacists’ review on decreasing the duration of discharge oral antibiotics in patients discharged from the ED at an academic medical center. Pharmacist interventions were guided by an antibiotic duration of therapy guidance focused on respiratory, urinary, and skin infections developed and implemented by the antimicrobial stewardship program. Pharmacist interventions from January 27, 2023, to December 29, 2023, were analyzed to quantify the total number of antibiotic days saved and the percentage of provider acceptance.

Results:

The ED TOC pharmacists reviewed a total of 157 oral antibiotic prescriptions. 86.6% percent of the reviews required pharmacist interventions. The most common indications for the discharge antibiotics were urinary tract infections (50.0%) and skin infections (23.4%). The total number of antibiotic days saved was 155 days with the provider acceptance rate of 76.5%. In 21% of cases, providers did not count the antibiotic doses administered in the ED, contributing to unnecessarily prolonged duration. 10.2% of patients re-presented to the ED while 6.4% of patients were hospitalized within 30 days of index ED discharge.

Conclusion:

The transitions of care pharmacist-led intervention was successful in optimizing the duration of discharge oral antibiotics in the ED utilizing prospective audit and feedback based on institutional guidance. The ED represents a high-yield setting for TOC-directed antimicrobial stewardship.
Macro- and micro-influencers of antimicrobial costs…What do stewardship programs need to know?
Authors: Kandiah Sheetal , Altamimi Sarah , Shaeer Kristy M , Holubar Marisa , Wagner Jamie L
Published: February 2025

The high cost of antimicrobials presents critical challenges for healthcare providers managing infections amidst the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). High costs hinder access to necessary treatments, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations and exacerbating health disparities. High drug prices necessitate the use of less effective or more toxic alternatives, leading to suboptimal outcomes and prolonged hospitalizations. This, in turn, increases healthcare costs and undermines efforts to combat AMR. Equitable policies, national formularies, and cost caps for essential antimicrobials can ensure universal access to life-saving treatments and enable antimicrobial stewardship programs to ensure the best possible outcomes.
Single center, retrospective evaluation of requiring 48 hours versus 24 hours before a pharmacist-driven protocol-based IV to PO conversion of azithromycin
Authors: Felix Abraham , Pardo Winifred , Fuerte Wilbert , Morales Laura , Gauthier Timothy P.
Published: February 2025

Shortening a pharmacist-driven policy to allow a switch from IV to PO azithromycin after 24 hours instead of 48 hours led to 26% increase in oral azithromycin days of therapy (P < 0.001) and was associated with a shorter length of stay.
Free Movement for Whom? Gendered Dynamics in the Access to Mobility Infrastructures in West Africa
Authors: Weinrich Amalie Ravn
Published: February 2025

The Economic Community of West African States (“ECOWAS”) has established one of the most comprehensive free movement regimes. By declaring West Africa a borderless region, the organization affirms the right of free movement for all citizens of member states. Nevertheless, significant obstacles to securing this right persist and is particularly prevalent for female migrants. Studies reveal that widespread corruption, border harassment, and bureaucratic inefficiencies restrict female migration opportunities. However, current scholarship inadequately addresses the interrelation between regional mobility law, infrastructures, and female migration. This Article examines the gendered dimensions of access to mobility infrastructures from the perspective of ECOWAS officials. Mobility infrastructures are conceptualized as comprising legal, physical, and technological components that collectively facilitate or restrict movement. The analysis draws on documentary evidence and insights from 19 semi-structured interviews with ECOWAS Commission officials. It shows that access to mobility infrastructures is predominantly determined by embedded gender norms, laws, and practices. By analyzing accounts from officials involved in constructing the free movement regime, the Article provides unique insights into the disparities between institutional intentions, legal frameworks, and mobility trajectories. In doing so, it contributes to research on free movement in West Africa, mobility infrastructures, and the emerging scholarship on legal infrastructures.
Cruise Ships in International Law: Towards a Theory of Legal Infrastructure
Authors: Gammeltoft-Hansen Thomas , Mann Itamar
Published: February 2025

The notion of infrastructure has recently featured prominently in international legal scholarship. The ambition behind the turn to infrastructure in international legal theory is comparable to other large attempts to conceptualize the discipline. Yet, against the backdrop of work in the humanities and social sciences, theoretical engagement with infrastructure is still nascent in the legal discipline. In this Article, we build on another recent development in international legal scholarship—the turn to “materiality”—to articulate a systematic theory of infrastructure in international law. At the center of our study is the case study of the cruise ship. Studying cruise ships and their legal and political environment in detail, we introduce three conceptual building blocks through which we develop a more comprehensive theory of infrastructure: Platform, object and rupture. Although we focus on cruise ships, the theory of legal infrastructure that we offer is applicable to a wide array of industries and issues.
Small-scale shear layers in isotropic turbulence of viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Watanabe Tomoaki , Abreu Hugo , Nagata Koji , da Silva Carlos B.
Published: February 2025

Small-scale shear layers arising from the turbulent motion of viscoelastic fluids are investigated through direct numerical simulations of statistically steady, homogeneous isotropic turbulence in a fluid described by the FENE-P model. These shear layers are identified via a triple decomposition of the velocity gradient tensor. The viscoelastic effects are examined through the Weissenberg number (

$Wi$

), representing the ratio of the longest polymer relaxation time scale to the Kolmogorov time scale. The mean flow around these shear layers is analysed within a local reference frame that characterises shear orientation. In both Newtonian and viscoelastic turbulence, shear layers appear in a straining flow, featuring stretching in the shear vorticity direction and compression in the layer normal direction. Polymer stresses are markedly influenced by the shear and strain, which enhance kinetic energy dissipation due to the polymers. The shear layers in viscoelastic turbulence exhibit a high aspect ratio, undergoing significant characteristic changes once

$Wi$

exceeds approximately 2. As

$Wi$

increases, the extensive strain weakens, diminishing vortex stretching. This change coincides with an imbalance between extension and compression in the straining flow. In the shear layer, the interaction between vorticity and polymer stress causes the destruction and production of enstrophy at low and high

$Wi$

values, respectively. Enstrophy production at high

$Wi$

is induced by normal polymer stress oriented along the shear flow, associated with the diminished extensive strain. The

$Wi$

-dependent behaviour of these shear layers aligns with the overall flow characteristics, underscoring their pivotal roles in vorticity dynamics and kinetic energy dissipation in viscoelastic turbulence.
Redistricting and Party Loyalty in the State Supreme Courts
Authors: Wilhelm Teena , VandeKamp Garrett , Petrie Austin , Pennington Ray Karson
Published: February 2025

In this research, we examine redistricting plan review by state supreme courts to determine what factors influence party-aligned voting in judicial decisions. We analyze whether judicial selection systems matter, as well as the ideological extremism of judges. Our judge-level data includes votes on redistricting cases heard across the American states from 1961 to 2022. We find that judges who are ideologically extreme are more likely to cast party-aligned votes, but only when selected by appointment with life tenure or by partisan elections.
DIODORUS AND THE LENGTH OF THE SOLITVDO MAGISTRATVVM
Authors: Ziółkowski Adam
Published: February 2025

In this note I argue that the generally accepted view that Diodorus preserved a tradition which limited the fourth-century anarchy in Rome to one year is groundless, and that the author’s confused chronology of the Early and Middle Republic strongly suggests that in the source he followed the solitudo magistratuum lasted several years, as in other reports.
SARDÎSTÔN: A NEW TERM FOR AN OLD CONCEPT IN RABBINIC LITERATURE
Authors: Gvaryahu Amit
Published: February 2025

Sardismos is the name, in several Latin works of literary criticism, for a combination of more than one language or dialect in a sentence. Quintilian (first century c.e.) uses the term disparagingly; the Christian author Cassiodorus (sixth century c.e.) uses it positively. A similar term, sardîstôn, is found in the rabbinic work Exodus Rabbah 2, created in the sixth-century Byzantine empire. This article is a short study of this term, the history of its misinterpretation and reinterpretation, its meaning in context, and its relationship to sardismos.
How much is in a square? Calculating functional programs with squares
Authors: OLIVEIRA JOSE NUNO
Published: February 2025

Experience in teaching functional programming (FP) on a relational basis has led the author to focus on a graphical style of expression and reasoning in which a geometric construct shines: the (semi) commutative square. In the classroom this is termed the “magic square” (MS), since virtually everything that we do in logic, FP, database modeling, formal semantics and so on fits in some MS geometry. The sides of each magic square are binary relations and the square itself is a comparison of two paths, each involving two sides. MSs compose and have a number of useful properties. Among several examples given in the paper ranging over different application domains, free-theorem MSs are shown to be particularly elegant and productive. Helped by a little bit of Galois connections, a generic, induction-free theory for

${\mathsf{foldr}}$

and

$\mathsf{foldl}$

is given, showing in particular that

${\mathsf{foldl} \, {{s}}{}\mathrel{=}\mathsf{foldr}{({flip} \unicode{x005F}{s})}{}}$

holds under conditions milder than usually advocated.
A Twin Study of Cytogenetic Variability — Progress Report
Authors: Gedda L. , Del Porto G. , Brenci G. , D'Alessandro E. , Di Fusco C. , Di Tonto B. , Gallina S.
Published: February 2025

The preliminary results of a cytogenetic analysis of blast index, mitotic index and association index, as well as of morphological indices of chromosomes 1, 9 and 16, carried out on two subsamples of twin pairs of different age groups, seem to indicate that the genetic material may undergo some process of transformation with time.
The Role of Organizational Justice in the Healthcare Context: How to Improve Job Performance through Horizontal Trust and the Resilience of Work Teams
Authors: Olvera Juana , Llorens Susana , Acosta-Antognoni Hedy , Salanova Marisa
Published: February 2025

This study examines the mediating role of horizontal trust and collective resilience in the relationship between organizational justice and job performance at the team level based on the HEalthy & Resilient Organizations Model (HERO) (Salanova et al., 2012). The sample consisted of 927 workers grouped into 100 work teams belonging to seven healthcare centers in Spain. The relationships among organizational justice, horizontal trust, collective resilience, and perceived job performance of work teams were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that the perceptions of justice and organizational trust positively impact job performance at the team level. Furthermore, the predictive role of horizontal trust in collective resilience was evidenced, with both variables mediating the relationship between the perception of justice and job performance of work teams. These findings underscore the significance of cultivating both horizontal trust and resilience in work teams, offering valuable insights for healthcare management and organizational psychology in highly complex environments such as healthcare organizations.
Increasing Sea‐Land Breeze Frequencies Over Coastal Areas of China in the Past Five Decades
Authors: Huang Yuxuan , Li Shuai , Zhu Yuqi , Liu Yiming , Hong Yingying , Chen Xiaoyang , Deng Wenjing , Xi Xinyu , Lu Xiao , Fan Qi
Published: February 2025

Sea‐land breeze (SLB) is particularly important in coastal regions and can affect weather conditions and air quality. However, previous research on SLB has predominantly focused on specific locations, with varying methodologies used to identify SLB days (SLBDs), leading to a limited understanding of long‐term SLB trends across extensive coastal areas. Here, a unified method for gridded reanalysis dataset to identify SLBDs is proposed for the first time, and the trend, influencing factors, and effects on air pollutant recirculation over coastal China are explored. The results demonstrate that SLBDs have increased in 70% of China's coastal areas in the past five decades. Key driving factors include the growing temperature contrast between land and sea, increasing solar radiation, and the weakening background winds. The study suggests that the increasing SLB frequency will enhance air pollutant accumulations, making it challenging to manage air quality effectively in these coastal areas.
Reconstruction of Global Ocean Surface pCO2 and Air‐Sea CO2 Flux: Based on Multigrained Cascade Forest Model
Authors: Zhong Wanqin , Ma Xin , Shi Tianqi , Han Ge , Zhang Haowei , Gong Wei
Published: February 2025

Quantifying the role of air‐sea CO2 exchange is essential for accurately estimating the global carbon balance, which is dependent on the spatial and temporal resolution of ocean surface carbon dioxide partial pressure (). When dealing with the global ocean as a vast and complex system, most existing studies tend to partition the global ocean into small‐scale regions. To account for interactions of environmental variables across multiple regions, we used machine learning algorithms to holistically reconstruct a 20‐year global map at a high resolution of 4 × 4 km based on products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, reanalysis data, and Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas. Three machine learning methods were compared, with multigrained cascade forest (gcForest) demonstrating the highest accuracy in global reconstruction (r2 of 0.92, root mean square error of 13.46, and mean absolute error of 7.34 μatm). The global has shown a steady increase at an average annual growth rate of 1.95 ± 0.05 μatm yr−1, controlled mainly by sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration. This study covers an ocean area of approximately 335 ×  km2, encompassing over 95% of the annual average carbon sink area. During 20 years, the daily CO2 flux decreased by 0.44 mmol m−2 d−1, while the proportion of carbon sink area remained constant, indicating ocean's carbon uptake capacity per unit area has been increasing.
Investigating the Relative Roles of Dynamics and Thermodynamics in Sea‐Ice Volume Changes in the Canada Basin
Authors: Bailey Elizabeth , Timmermans Mary‐Louise
Published: February 2025

The Canada Basin (CB) has seen significant sea‐ice loss in recent decades. We use output from the Pan‐Arctic Ice‐Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System to examine the 1979–2023 evolution of seasonal sea‐ice volume (SIV) changes in the CB partitioned into advective and thermodynamic changes. In winter, some years show net convergence into the region that is of comparable magnitude to the SIV change attributed to sea‐ice growth. In summer, melt/ablation dominates the change each year. In both seasons, 44 year trends in seasonal SIV changes are driven primarily by thermodynamic processes. The inferred thermodynamic growth each year is nearly equal to the inferred melt consistent with SIV at the end of the melt season declining more rapidly than SIV at the end of the growth season. Increased melt season atmospheric heating of the ice‐ocean system over 1979–2023, estimated from ERA5 reanalysis, is consistent with the ice‐albedo feedback. In the growth season, net cumulative atmospheric heat release from the ice‐ocean system shows no trend, suggesting increases in inferred thermodynamic ice growth can be attributed to more rapid growth of thinner ice. In each season, cumulative atmospheric heat input exceeds that required for ice melt/growth resulting in a residual that influences ocean heat content (OHC). Seasonal OHC changes, inferred from ocean observations, are equal to approximately one‐third of this residual, although limited ocean observations leave the total heat budget poorly constrained, highlighting a need for more water column observations.
Urban Land Expansion Amplifies Surface Warming More in Dry Climate than in Wet Climate: A Global Sensitivity Study
Authors: Zhang Keer , Fang Bowen , Oleson Keith , Zhao Lei , He Chunyang , Huang Qingxu , Liu Zhifeng , Cao Chang , Lee Xuhui
Published: February 2025

Urbanization changes Earth's climate by contributing to the buildup of atmospheric greenhouse gases and altering surface biophysical properties. In climate models, the greenhouse aspect is prescribed with urbanization and emission trajectories embedded in socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). However, the biophysical aspect is omitted because no models currently simulate spatially explicit urban land transition. Urban land is typically warmer than adjacent natural land due to a large urban‐versus‐natural land contrast in biophysical properties. The lack of biophysical representation of urbanization in climate models raises the possibility that model projection of future warming may be biased low, especially in areas with intense urban land expansion. Here, we conduct a global sensitivity study using a dynamic urban scheme in the Community Earth System Model to quantify the biophysical effect of urban land expansion under the SSP5‐RCP8.5 scenario. Constant urban radiative, thermal, and morphological properties are used. We find that the biophysical effect depends on land aridity. In climate zones where surface evaporation is water‐limited, the biophysical effect causes a significant increase in air temperature (0.28 ± 0.19 K; mean ± one standard deviation of nine ensemble pairs; p < 0.01) in areas where urban expansion exceeds 5% by 2070. The majority of this warming signal is attributed to an indirect effect associated with atmospheric and land feedback, with the direct effect of land replacement playing a minor role. These atmospheric feedback processes, including solar brightening, soil drying, and stomatal closure, act to enhance the warming initiated by surface property changes of urban land replacement.
Widespread Expansion of Salt Marsh Pools Observed on Maine Marshes Since 2009
Authors: DeWater K. , Kochtitzky W. , Ellis R. , Merrill P. , Pittsley M. , Morgan P. , Burns C. , Campbell A. , Adamowicz S.
Published: February 2025

Salt marshes provide critical habitats, protect coastal infrastructure, and are increasingly exposed to sea level rise, with many having a history of agricultural use and ditching over the centuries. Pool area coverage can be considered an indicator of marsh health but is rarely quantified. In this study, we digitized marsh pools using aerial imagery to quantify changes in pool area and density on 12 salt marshes in Maine from 2009 to 2021 as a case study of marsh response to environmental changes. We categorized pools into three types: mega‐pools, individual pools, and perimeter pools, based on morphology and examined whether pools remained singular, split, or combined. We found a 15.7% increase in pool area from 2009 to 2021 on all marshes, primarily driven by mega‐pool expansion, whereas individual and perimeter pools remained relatively constant. The rate of pool expansion across all marshes was 49,000 m2 a−1 with mean mega‐pool size 6,400 ± 400 m2. There was an increase in pool count per km2 on all marshes except for the York River marsh, which still experienced area expansion. Pools primarily increase in cover through merging or being engulfed by mega‐pools. Area cover change was not substantial when pools remained singular, split into many pools, or were only present in 2009 or 2021. Mega‐pools were larger on lower marsh elevations and expanded at a greater rate when overlapping ditches, suggesting influence by sea level rise and historic agriculture. Marsh restoration projects that promote the drainage and re‐vegetation of mega‐pools may reverse this trend.
Sky cooling for LED streetlights
Authors: Dang Saichao , Almahfoudh Hasan H. , Alajlan Abdulrahman M. , Qasem Hussam , Wang Jiake , Zhu Yingkun , Bakr Osman M. , Ooi Boon S. , Gan Qiaoqiang
Published: February 2025

Thermal management is a critical challenge for semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as inadequate heat dissipation reduces luminous efficiency and shortens the devices’ lifespan. Thus, there is an urgent need for more effective cooling strategies to enhance the energy efficiency of LEDs. LED streetlights, which operate primarily at night and experience high chip temperatures, could benefit greatly from improved thermal management. In this study, we introduce a sky-facing radiative cooling strategy for outdoor LED streetlights, an innovative yet less explored approach for thermal management of optoelectronics. Our method employs a nanoporous polyethylene (nanoPE) material that possesses both infrared transparency and visible reflectivity. This approach enables the direct release of heat generated by the LED through a sky-facing radiative cooling channel, while also reflecting a significant portion of the light back for illumination. By incorporating nanoPE as a cover for sky-facing LED lights, we achieved a remarkable temperature reduction of 7.8 °C in controlled laboratory settings and 4.4 °C in outdoor environments. These reductions were accompanied by an efficiency improvement of approximately 5% and 4%, respectively. This enhanced efficiency translates into substantial annual energy savings, estimated at 1.9 terawatt-hours when considering the use of LED streetlights in the United States. Furthermore, this electricity saving corresponds to a reduction of approximately 1.3 million metric tons of CO2 emissions, equivalent to 0.03% of the total annual CO2 emissions by the United States in 2018.
Coherence synthesis in nonlinear optics
Authors: Pang Zihao , Arie Ady
Published: February 2025

It is commonly assumed that nonlinear frequency conversion requires lasers with high coherence; however, this assumption has constrained our broader understanding of coherence and overlooked the potential role of incoherence in nonlinear interactions. In this work, we study the synthesis of optical spatial coherence in second harmonic generation using quadratic nonlinear photonic crystals. We demonstrate a method where the second harmonic coherence is customized by employing quantitative phase retrieval and a complex square-root filter sequentially on fundamental frequency speckles. As a proof-of-concept, we experimentally show incoherent imaging of a smiley face transitioning from infrared to visible light. Moreover, we apply this method to produce two representative types of structured light beams in second harmonic generation: incoherent vortex and Airy beams. During the nonlinear synthesis of incoherent vortex beams, we have, for the first time, experimentally verified the conservation of orbital angular momentum in the nonlinear frequency conversion process of a low-coherence source. Furthermore, the generated second-harmonic incoherent Airy beam preserves the self-acceleration characteristics of its fundamental frequency counterpart, remaining unaffected by reductions in coherence. Our results not only deepen the fundamental understanding of optical coherence but also unlock exciting possibilities for applications in infrared imaging and fluorescence microscopy where optical nonlinear interactions play an important role.
Next generation drug clearance insights: real-time tracking in hepatobiliary and renal systems
Authors: Hur Won , Seong Gi Hun , Choi Hak Soo
Published: February 2025

The integration of spatiotemporally resolved clearance pathway tracking (SRCPT) provides a new lens for evaluating drug clearance pathways, enabling precise mapping of physiological conditions of metabolic organs, such as liver or kidney impairment.