bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and rheological characterization of Andean tuber starches: Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Andigenum), Oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and Papalisa (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas)
Authors: Cruz Gonzalo , Ribotta Pablo , Ferrero Cristina , Iturriaga Laura
Published: June 2016

The physicochemical and rheological properties of starches from four land races of Andean potato (Cuarentona, Rosadita, Imilla, and Waycha), and Oca and Papalisa tubers were investigated and compared against conventional potato starch. Proximate composition studies showed that the protein content in the studied starches varied between 0.29 and 1.18% w/w, the ash content between 0.24 and 1.14% w/w, and the lipid content between 0.14 and 0.34% w/w. Scanning electron microscopy investigations showed differences in shape of the granules of Andean potatoes and Oca and Papalisa. The mean size D[4,3] of the granules ranged between 23.3 and 48.11 µm. Papalisa was the starch with the lowest AM content (20.4%, w/w) and Rosadita had the greatest (28.03%, w/w). The gelatinization enthalpy ranged from 18.7 to 14.8 J/g and the gelatinization temperature between 65.5 and 60.8°C. Viscograms of starch pastes showed that Cuarentona was the sample with the greatest peak viscosity (3152 cP) and presented the greatest final viscosity (3222 cP). The Andean potato and tuber starches exhibited low breakdown values. The relationship between the physicochemical and rheological properties was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated that Oca and Papalisa starches were different from the Andean potato starches. Cuarentona starch showed the greatest consistency coefficient (Pa · s−n) (K), storage modulus (Pa) (G′), peak viscosity, final viscosity, and Oca starch the lowest ones. The protein content affected the peak viscosity and setback of the samples. The results suggest that these starches have similar properties to those of conventional potato starch.
Discussion on population kinetics and number densities of excited species of low‐pressure discharge nitrogen plasma
Authors: Akatsuka Hiroshi , Shibata Tomohiko , Nezu Atsushi
Published: June 2016

A numerical model is constructed to calculate the number densities of some excited species of nitrogen in low‐pressure discharge nitrogen plasma, together with simultaneous solution of the self‐consistent electron energy distribution function and N2‐vibration distribution function. We consider species N2(X), N2(A), N2(B), N2(C), N2(a), N2(a′), N2+, N4+, N(4S) ande−. In addition to electron collisional reactions, diffusion losses and molecular relations are included. It is found that the ratio of number densities of N2(B) and N2(C) states can be a good measure of the electron kinetic temperature. The N2(C) state is found to be almost in a corona equilibrium, whereas the N2(B) state becomes mainly populated by N2(X,v≥6) + N2(A) reaction and depopulated by collisional relaxation by the ground‐state N2(X) molecule. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of modeling types characterization for PV power source on maximum power point tracking
Authors: Atawi Ibrahem E. , Besheer Ahmad H.
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with the problem of energy transfer maximization between a solar power source side and the load demand side. Owing to the multitude of mathematical models in the literature that claim to represent the behavior of the photovoltaic module, the work here is to throw light on the importance of choosing a proper mathematical model of the photovoltaic module for the above‐mentioned context with the target of enlarging the energy yield from such a generator system irrespective changing environmental conditions. First, a comparison between four mathematical models based on a single‐diode representation for photovoltaic generation source is presented. The objective of this analysis is to compute the errors between these models and the experimental data in predicting the maximum power point. Then an easy‐to‐implement tracking method for working on the maximum power point is assumed. The idea of this maximum power point tracking technique is to blend two conventional algorithms, namely incremental conductance and fractional open‐circuit voltage, in such a way as to improve the starting period of the normal incremental conductance algorithm, so that fast and accurate convergence can be achieved. A comparison between the dynamic control performances of the studied four different kinds of the single‐diode model under the maximum power condition is performed, and the impact of increasing the complexity of the single‐diode model commonly utilized to represent photovoltaic cell/module under the energy transfer maximization constraint for autonomous generation applications is finally explored. The paper extends and complements our recently published results in the literature. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ECG biometric recognition using SVM‐based approach
Authors: Rezgui Dhouha , Lachiri Zied
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a new approach for biometric personal identification based on electrocardiogram (ECG) features. ECG, which reflects cardiac electrical activity, is a distinctive characteristic of a person and can be used for security needs. Twenty‐one features based on temporal and amplitude distances between detected fiducial points and 10 morphological descriptors are extracted from each heartbeat. Then, support vector machine (SVM) is used as a classifier. A comparative study between two kernels, Gaussian and polynomial, was made in order to determine the best kernel and the appropriate values of hyperparameters that improve the recognition performance. The algorithm is evaluated using two databases, namely MIT‐BIH Arrhythmia and MIT‐BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm. Analysis of the results shows that the combination of all features allows improvement of our system efficiency with regard to healthy human subjects and those with arrhythmia. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A 5‐Gbps low‐power low‐jitter voltage‐mode transmitter with two‐tap pre‐emphasis and impedance calibration in 65‐nm CMOS
Authors: Lv Junsheng , Tian Ze , Shao Gang
Published: June 2016

A low‐power low‐jitter voltage‐mode (VM) transmitter with two‐tap pre‐emphasis and impedance calibration for high‐speed serial links is presented. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between impedance, supply current, and pre‐emphasis of the output driver, an impedance control circuit (ICU) is presented to maintain the 50 Ω output impedance and suppress the reflection, a self‐biased regulator is proposed to regulate the power supply, and an edge driver is introduced to speed up the signal transition time. Therefore, the signal integrity (SI) of the transmitter is improved with low power consumption. The whole transmitter is implemented in 65‐nm CMOS technology. It provides an eye height greater than 688 mV at the far end with a root‐mean‐squared jitter of less than 6.99 ps at 5 Gbps. The transmitter consumes 15.2 mA and occupies only 370 μm × 230 μm. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immune algorithm combined with estimation of distribution for traveling salesman problem
Authors: Xu Zhe , Wang Yirui , Li Sheng , Liu Yanting , Todo Yuki , Gao Shangce
Published: June 2016

This paper describes an artificial immune algorithm (IA) combined with estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA), named IA‐EDA, for the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Two components are incorporated in IA‐EDA to further improve the performance of the conventional IA. First, aiming to strengthen the information exchange during different solutions, two kinds of EDAs involving univariate marginal distribution algorithm and population‐based incremental learning are altered based on the permutation representation of TSP. It is expected that new promising candidate solutions can be sampled from the constructed probabilistic model of EDA. Second, a heuristic refinement local search operator is proposed to repair the infeasible solutions sampled by EDA. Therefore, IA‐EDA can alleviate the deficiencies of the conventional IA and can find better solutions for TSP by well balancing the exploitation and exploration of the search. Experiments are conducted based on a number of benchmark instances with size up to 100 000 cities. Simulation results show that IA‐EDA is effective for improving the performance of the conventional IA and can produce better or competitive solutions than other hybrid algorithms. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigation of the self‐assembly process for discrete and polymerized bivalve DNA origami structures
Authors: Ma Zhipeng , Park Seongsu , Yamashita Naoki , Hirai Yoshikazu , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Tabata Osamu
Published: June 2016

A unique ‘bivalve DNA origami’ structure that can simultaneously form discrete and polymerized structures due to its conformational flexibility is proposed. The self‐assembly behavior of the bivalve DNA origami is investigated by varying the annealing factors. The particular annealing factors that facilitate the formation of discrete DNA origami and polymerized DNA origami structures are determined. The results offer insights into the underlying mechanism of DNA origami self‐assembly processes and highlight its dependence on scaffold/staple design strategies and annealing factors. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alnico magnet‐based cost‐efficient design of a permanent magnet reluctance generator for wind energy conversion systems
Authors: Kucuk Fuat
Published: June 2016

In this work, a 6/4 permanent magnet reluctance generator (PMRG) with Alnico magnets is designed for small‐scale wind energy conversion systems and its performance is analyzed by finite element analysis. A simple converter topology is proposed to protect the Alnico magnets from demagnetization. Thus, NdFeB magnets, which are predominantly used in electric machines, can be directly replaced by Alnico magnets without changing the size or location. Since Alnico magnets are very cheap, the design cost can be significantly reduced without losing much from the generator performance. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lung size and liver herniation predict need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation but not pulmonary hypertension in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Russo F. M. , Eastwood M. P. , Keijzer R. , Al‐Maary J. , Toelen J. , Van Mieghem T. , Deprest J. A.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To identify antenatal predictors of persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods

We performed a systematic literature review on antenatal diagnostic tests in fetuses with isolated CDH. The primary outcomes assessed were PPH within 28 days of age and the need for ECMO. Quality of studies was assessed with the QUADAS‐2 tool. Meta‐analysis was performed when at least three studies reported on the same test. Sensitivity analysis was performed according to prenatal management of CDH (tracheal occlusion vs expectant management).

Results

Thirty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen reported on the incidence of PPH only, 19 on the need for ECMO only and four reported on both outcomes. The general quality of the studies was moderate; most studies were retrospective (61%) and single‐center series (92%). One study included only fetuses undergoing tracheal occlusion, 22 included only fetuses managed expectantly in utero and 15 included both populations. We could not identify antenatal predictors of PPH. The need for ECMO was predicted by parameters indicative of lung size: lung‐to‐head ratio (LHR) (relative risk (RR) for LHR < 1, 1.65 (95% CI, 1.27–2.14)) and observed/expected LHR (standardized mean difference (SMD), –0.70 (95% CI, –0.98 to –0.42)) measured by ultrasound and observed/expected total lung volume (SMD, –1.00 (95% CI, –1.52 to –0.48)) measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Liver herniation was also associated with an increased risk of need for ECMO (RR, 3.04 (95% CI, 2.23–4.14)). These results were confirmed by a sensitivity analysis of studies that included only expectantly managed cases. Data on vascular assessment for the prediction of PPH could not be pooled as most of the parameters were evaluated in a single series or in different series by the same principal investigator.

Conclusions

In fetuses with CDH, lung size and liver herniation predict the need for ECMO, however a predictor for PPH is still lacking. Further studies aimed at diagnosing impaired vascular development in utero should therefore be undertaken. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Toward RNA nanoparticle vaccines: synergizing RNA and inorganic nanoparticles to achieve immunopotentiation
Authors: DeLong Robert K. , Curtis Chandler B.
Published: June 2016

Traditionally, vaccines have been composed of live attenuated or killed microorganisms. Alternatively, individual protein subunits or other molecular components of the microorganism can serve as the antigen and trigger an antibody response by the immune system. The immune system is a coordinated molecular and cellular response that works in concert to check the spread of infection. In the past decade, there has been much progress on DNA vaccines. DNA vaccination includes using the coding segments of a viral or bacterial genome to generate an immune response. However, the potential advantage of combining an RNA molecule with inorganic nanoparticle delivery should be considered, with the goal to achieve immuno‐synergy between the two and to overcome some of the current limitations of DNA vaccines and traditional vaccines. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1415. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1415

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Investigational nanomedicines in 2016: a review of nanotherapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials
Authors: Caster Joseph M. , Patel Artish N. , Zhang Tian , Wang Andrew
Published: June 2016

Nanomedicine is a relatively new field that is rapidly evolving. Formulation of drugs on the nanoscale imparts many physical and biological advantages. Such advantages can in turn translate into improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity. While approximately 50 nanotherapeutics have already entered clinical practice, a greater number of drugs are undergoing clinical investigation for a variety of indications. This review aims to examine all the nanoformulations that are currently undergoing clinical investigation and their outlook for ultimate clinical translation. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1416. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1416

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Bioprocess monitoring: minimizing sample matrix effects for total protein quantification with bicinchoninic acid assay
Authors: Reichelt Wieland N , Waldschitz Daniel , Herwig Christoph , Neutsch Lukas
Published: June 2016

Determining total protein content is a routine operation in many laboratories. Despite substantial work on assay optimization interferences, the widely used bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay remains widely recognized for its robustness. Especially in the field of bioprocess engineering the inaccuracy caused by interfering substances remains hardly predictable and not well understood. Since the introduction of the assay, sample pre-treatment by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation has been indicated as necessary and sufficient to minimize interferences. However, the sample matrix in cultivation media is not only highly complex but also dynamically changing over process time in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition. A significant misestimation of the total protein concentration of bioprocess samples is often observed when following standard work-up schemes such as TCA precipitation, indicating that this step alone is not an adequate means to avoid measurement bias. Here, we propose a modification of the BCA assay, which is less influenced by sample complexity. The dynamically changing sample matrix composition of bioprocessing samples impairs the conventional approach of compensating for interfering substances via a static offset. Hence, we evaluated the use of a correction factor based on an internal spike measurement for the respective samples. Using protein spikes, the accuracy of the BCA protein quantification could be improved fivefold, taking the BCA protein quantification to a level of accuracy comparable to other, more expensive methods. This will allow reducing expensive iterations in bioprocess development to due inaccurate total protein analytics.

Graphical abstract
Health Behaviors and their Relationship with Disease Control in People Attending Genetic Clinics with a Family History of Breast or Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Anderson Annie S. , Caswell Stephen , Macleod Maureen , Steele Robert JC , Berg Jonathan , Dunlop Jacqueline , Stead Martine , Eadie Douglas , O'Carroll Ronan E.
Published: June 2016

The current work aimed to assess health behaviors, perceived risk and control over breast/colorectal cancer risk and views on lifestyle advice amongst attendees at cancer family history clinics. Participants attending the East of Scotland Genetics Service were invited to complete a questionnaire (demographic data, weight and height, health behaviors and psycho‐social measures of risk and perceived control) and to participate in an in‐depth interview. The questionnaire was completed by 237 (49 %) of attendees, ranging from 18 to 77 years (mean age 46 (±10) years). Reported smoking rates (11 %) were modest, most (54 %) had a BMI > 25 kg/m2, 55 % had low levels of physical activity, 58 % reported inappropriate alcohol intakes and 90 % had fiber intakes indicative of a low plant diet. Regression analysis indicated that belief in health professional control was associated with higher, and belief in fatalism with poorer health behavior. Qualitative findings highlighted doubts about the link between lifestyle and cancer, and few were familiar with the current evidence. Whilst lifestyle advice was considered interesting in general there was little appetite for non‐tailored guidance. In conclusion, current health behaviors are incongruent with cancer risk reduction guidance amongst patients who have actively sought advice on disease risk. There are some indications that lifestyle advice would be welcomed but endorsement requires a sensitive and flexible approach, and the acceptability of lifestyle interventions remains to be explored.
Effect of Soy‐Derived Phospholipid on the Autoxidation of Canola Oil in a Water/Oil Emulsion
Authors: Choe Jeesu , Choe Eunok
Published: June 2016

The effects of addition of soy‐derived phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or phosphatidylinositol (PI) and the contribution of their structural segment during iron‐catalyzed autoxidation of canola oil in a water/oil (W/O) (1:1, w/w) emulsion were studied by headspace oxygen consumption using gas chromatography and hydroperoxide production by the ferric thiocyanate method. The phospholipid content was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. Addition of PC and PE significantly (p < 0.05) improved the oxidative stability of the oil in the emulsion by decelerating headspace oxygen consumption and hydroperoxide production, with the PC having higher antioxidant effect. All phospholipids were degraded during autoxidation of the emulsion, with higher sensitivities of the PE and PC than the PI. Among the structural segments, ethanolamine and phosphoric acid significantly contributed to the antioxidant activity, while inositol showed little effect. Linoleic acid and choline showed the highest antioxidant activity at 350 mg/kg. The results suggest that hydrogen donation and a physical barrier to oxygen contribute to the antioxidant activity of PE and PC in the W/O emulsion, respectively.
Comparison of electric field strength and spatial distribution of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy in a realistic human head model
Authors: Lee W.H. , Lisanby S.H. , Laine A.F. , Peterchev A.V.
Published: June 2016

Background

This study examines the strength and spatial distribution of the electric field induced in the brain by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and magnetic seizure therapy (MST).

Methods

The electric field induced by standard (bilateral, right unilateral, and bifrontal) and experimental (focal electrically administered seizure therapy and frontomedial) ECT electrode configurations as well as a circular MST coil configuration was simulated in an anatomically realistic finite element model of the human head. Maps of the electric field strength relative to an estimated neural activation threshold were used to evaluate the stimulation strength and focality in specific brain regions of interest for these ECT and MST paradigms and various stimulus current amplitudes.

Results

The standard ECT configurations and current amplitude of 800–900 mA produced the strongest overall stimulation with median of 1.8–2.9 times neural activation threshold and more than 94% of the brain volume stimulated at suprathreshold level. All standard ECT electrode placements exposed the hippocampi to suprathreshold electric field, although there were differences across modalities with bilateral and right unilateral producing respectively the strongest and weakest hippocampal stimulation. MST stimulation is up to 9 times weaker compared to conventional ECT, resulting in direct activation of only 21% of the brain. Reducing the stimulus current amplitude can make ECT as focal as MST.

Conclusions

The relative differences in electric field strength may be a contributing factor for the cognitive sparing observed with right unilateral compared to bilateral ECT, and MST compared to right unilateral ECT. These simulations could help understand the mechanisms of seizure therapies and develop interventions with superior risk/benefit ratio.
Genome-wide significant loci for addiction and anxiety
Authors: Hodgson K. , Almasy L. , Knowles E.E.M. , Kent J.W. , Curran J.E. , Dyer T.D. , Göring H.H.H. , Olvera R.L. , Fox P.T. , Pearlson G.D. , Krystal J.H. , Duggirala R. , Blangero J. , Glahn D.C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Psychiatric comorbidity is common among individuals with addictive disorders, with patients frequently suffering from anxiety disorders. While the genetic architecture of comorbid addictive and anxiety disorders remains unclear, elucidating the genes involved could provide important insights into the underlying etiology.

Methods

Here we examine a sample of 1284 Mexican-Americans from randomly selected extended pedigrees. Variance decomposition methods were used to examine the role of genetics in addiction phenotypes (lifetime history of alcohol dependence, drug dependence or chronic smoking) and various forms of clinically relevant anxiety. Genome-wide univariate and bivariate linkage scans were conducted to localize the chromosomal regions influencing these traits.

Results

Addiction phenotypes and anxiety were shown to be heritable and univariate genome-wide linkage scans revealed significant quantitative trait loci for drug dependence (14q13.2-q21.2, LOD = 3.322) and a broad anxiety phenotype (12q24.32-q24.33, LOD = 2.918). Significant positive genetic correlations were observed between anxiety and each of the addiction subtypes (ρg = 0.550–0.655) and further investigation with bivariate linkage analyses identified significant pleiotropic signals for alcohol dependence-anxiety (9q33.1-q33.2, LOD = 3.054) and drug dependence-anxiety (18p11.23-p11.22, LOD = 3.425).

Conclusions

This study confirms the shared genetic underpinnings of addiction and anxiety and identifies genomic loci involved in the etiology of these comorbid disorders. The linkage signal for anxiety on 12q24 spans the location of TMEM132D, an emerging gene of interest from previous GWAS of anxiety traits, whilst the bivariate linkage signal identified for anxiety-alcohol on 9q33 peak coincides with a region where rare CNVs have been associated with psychiatric disorders. Other signals identified implicate novel regions of the genome in addiction genetics.
P.010 The Canadian Neurosurgery Research Collaborative (CNRC): A novel, trainee-led, nationwide multicentre research network
Authors: Dakson A , Bigder M , Elliott C , Guha D , Iorio-Morin C , Kameda-Smith M , Lavergne P , Makarenko S , Taccone MS , Tso M , Wang B , Winkler-Schwartz A , Sankar T , Christie S
Published: June 2016

Background: The goals of evidence-based neurosurgery are to improve surgical outcomes, reduce complications, and provide an objective basis for altering practice. The need for higher quality studies, typically prospective and multicentre, has been growing especially in light of the evolving complexity of neurosurgical interventions and heterogeneity of patient populations. In the United Kingdom (UK), trainee-led research collaboratives have been established to tackle this problem. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the potential role for a resident-led research collaborative in neurosurgery in Canada based on the UK experience. Methods: A literature review of trainee-led collaboratives was conducted utilizing PubMed and Medline. Identified articles were reviewed for study quality and clinical relevance to explore the potential benefits of collaboratives. Results: In the UK, 27 collaboratives have been established in various specialties by trainees. Some published high quality trials with implications on their clinical fields. Evidence suggests that such endeavors improves trainees’ research skills and may help cultivate a research culture tailored towards clinical trials. Conclusions: Given the growing evidence for research collaboratives in the UK, we propose launching the Canadian Neurosurgery Research Collaborative (CNRC) which currently represents 12 out of 14 neurosurgery programs in Canada, and planning its first multicenter prospective study.
P.014 Cadaveric avian wing model complements live rat model in microsurgical simulation training for neurosurgical residents: technical aspects
Authors: Wang BH , Denning L , Siroen K , Lopez-Ojeda P , Boulton MR , Lownie SP
Published: June 2016

Background: Training of surgical residents based on the traditional Halstedian model is becoming increasingly scrutinized. The emergence of competency-based training has put pressure on training programs to provide high-fidelity simulation sessions that compliment residents’ training in the operating room. Here we present a novel combination of perfused cadaveric avian wing model in conjunction with live rats for neurosurgical resident training. Methods: The brachial artery of cadaveric duck wing was cannulated and connected to a roller pump. The duck wings remain perfused while residents performed microvascular anastomoses of the brachial and ulnar arteries. This took place prior to live rat modules. Results: The duck wing brachial artery diameter measured 1.5-2.0 mm, similar to the proximal middle cerebral artery in humans. The ulnar artery diameter measured 1.0-1.5 mm, similar to the cortical vessels. 8 interrupted stitches were placed during anastomosis using a 10-0 Nylon suture. Residents who performed the duck wing module felt more comfortable when they moved onto the live rat model with a shallower learning curve. Conclusions: The perfused cadaveric avian wing model provides intermediate to high fidelity simulation that complements the live rat model well. The number of rats needed for neurosurgical simulation training could be reduced via the use of avian wings.
P.027 Investigation of hippocampal sub-structures in HS and non-HS focal temporal lobe epilepsy at 7T
Authors: Santyr BG , Goubran M , Lau J , Kwan B , Mirsattari SM , Burneo JG , de Ribaupierre S , Hammond RR , Peters TM , Khan AR
Published: June 2016

Background: The clinical identification of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is important in predicting surgical outcomes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In cases where gross hippocampal sclerosis is not identifiable clinically, a more detailed analysis of hippocampal subfields using ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may reveal areas of abnormality, which was the focus of our study. Methods: Patients (N=13) with drug-resistant TLE (9 no-HS, 4 HS) and 20 age-matched healthy controls were scanned and compared using a 7T MRI protocol. Using a manual segmentation scheme to delineate hippocampal subfields, subfield-specific volume changes were studied between the two groups. In addition, radiological patient assessment at 7T was correlated with measured subfield changes. Results: Volumetry of the hippocampus at 7T in HS patients revealed significant ipsilateral subfield losses in CA1 and CA4DG. Volumetry also uncovered subfield volume losses in 33% of no-HS patients, which had not been detected conventionally. Furthermore, 89% of no-HS patients showed abnormality (internal architecture or size) at 7T, identified by radiologists blinded to the patient’s initial classification. Conclusions: These preliminary findings indicate that hippocampal subfield volumetry assessed at 7T may be superior to conventional visual inspection by a neuroradiologist in the identification of hippocampal pathologies in TLE.
P.028 Incidence and management of seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Vyas MV , Wang J , Davidson BA , Saposnik G , Burneo JG
Published: June 2016

Background: Seizures and epilepsy are well-recognized complications after stroke. However, the reported incidence varies and so does their management. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and sought observational studies that reported incidence of seizures and/or epilepsy following arterial ischemic stroke in adults, and those that reported the management of epilepsy, specifically the use of EEG to determine the diagnosis, timing of initiation of anti-epileptic drug (AED), and the treatment response to AEDs. We systematically searched in Medline including Pre-Medline and EMBASE databases from their inception to October 1, 2015. First the titles and then the articles were reviewed and rated by two independent reviewers, and disagreements were resolved by consultation with a third reviewer. A pre-set data abstraction form was used for extracting the information of interest. Results: A total of 11,815 titles were found from the initial search strategy across all databases following de-duplication. Of these 130 studies are included for full text review. The adjudication process is underway and the reviewers are sifting through these studies to select the studies that will be included in the final review. Conclusions: Understanding incidence and management of post-stroke epilepsy is important to improve the quality of life of stroke survivors.
P.032 Development of a new instrument to discriminate orthostatic from non-orthostatic symptoms
Authors: Baker J , Racosta J , Kimpinski K
Published: June 2016

Background: Orthostatic symptoms including dizziness, light-headedness and syncope can be major causes of disability in patients with dysautonomia. Currently there is no validated tool capable of discriminating orthostatic from non-orthostatic constitutional symptoms. Therefore, we developed the Orthostatic Discriminant and Severity Scale (ODSS) to help make this distinction. Objective: Demonstrate validity and reliability of the ODSS. Methods: Convergent and clinical validity were assessed by correlating Orthostatic scores with previously validated tools (Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP), composite scores of the Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire and the total Composite Autonomic Severity Score (tCASS), respectively). Test-retest reliability was calculated using an intra-class correlation coefficient. Results: Orthostatic scores from 23 controls and 5 patients were highly correlated with both the Orthostatic Intolerance index of the ASP (r=0.724;p<0.01) and the composite OHDAS and OHSAS (r=0.552;p<0.01 and r=0.753;p<0.01, respectively), indicating good convergent validity. Orthostatic scores were significantly correlated with tCASS (r=0.568;p<0.01), and the systolic blood pressure change during head-up tilt (r=-0.472;p=0.013). In addition, patients with Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension had significantly higher Orthostatic scores than controls (p<0.01) indicating good clinical validity. Test-retest reliability was strong (r=0.954;p<0.01) with an internal consistency of 0.978. Conclusions: Our results, though preliminary, provide empiral evidence that the ODSS is capable of producing a valid and reliable orthostatic score.
P.033 Novel presentation of NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Hawkes C , Sharma S , Van Adel B
Published: June 2016

Background: NMDA receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) is associated with pre-existing psychiatric symptoms and seizure disorders. It is not typically associated with elevated ICP. Diagnostically, EEG findings in NMDARE are characteristic as are the pathological features of ovarian teratomas associated with this disease. We report a patient who tested positive for NMDARE however presented with features not known to be associated with the disease including elevated ICP, atypical EEG findings and grossly atypical features on pathological section. Results: A 26 year old woman presented with psychiatric symptoms and status epilepticus. On examination, she was found to have papilledema and eleveated ICP on measurement. Her imaging and EEG demonstrated atypical findings, not consistent with NMDARE. CT scan of the abdomen demonstrated an adnexal mass. CSF studies eventually tested positive for NMDARE and following removal of her ovarian teratoma, the pathology demonstrated atypical findings for lesions associated with NMDARE classically. Conclusions: NMDARE is a new entity, which has historically shown a typical clinical course. Our case demonstrates a previously undescribed presentation of NMDARE with elevated ICP, atypical EEG findings and unique pathology of the associated ovarian teratoma.
P.043 Perceptual descriptors and clinical determinants of pain in Parkinson’s disease: focus on patients’ experiences
Authors: Rana A , Saeed U , Abdullah I
Published: June 2016

Background: Pain is a disabling non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which remains underacknowledged, undertreated and often undeclared by patients in the clinical practice. Prevalence of pain ranges from 40-75% among PD patients; however, clinical determinants and self-reported perceptual experiences of pain require further research. Methods: 121 PD patients (age: 67.3±11.4) from community-based clinic were analyzed cross-sectionally. Perceptual experiences and clinical predictors of pain were assessed using structured interviews, questionnaires and neurological examinations. Results: 80 (66%) PD patients reported pain; 65 (54%) described the severity as ‘moderate/high’. Dystonic was the most frequent clinical pain 37/80 (48%), followed by neuropathic (36%), akathisia (29%) and musculoskeletal (28%). More than one type of clinical pain was assessed in 22 (28%) patients. Aching was the most common perceptual descriptor of pain (46%), followed by sharp/deep (30%), tension (18%) and dull (14%). PD localized on the right side quadrupled the odds of pain on the right (OR=4.4, 95%CI [1.1-18.2]); and pain described as ‘sharp’ predicted neuropathic pain (OR=5.6, 95%CI [1.1-29.2]). Pain prevalence also increased with progressive Hoehn-and-Yahr stage. Interestingly, only 51% of patients perceived effects of PD medications on pain symptomology. Conclusions: Perceptual descriptors of pain can provide novel approaches to classify, treat and manage PD. Longitudinal investigations with larger sample are warranted.
P.047 Successful management of Parkinsonism in a schizophrenic patient
Authors: Young GB , Mulroy B , Rafiq R
Published: June 2016

Background: D2 receptor antagonists have been a mainstay in treating schizophrenia. Dopamine agonists used in the treatment of Parkinsonism can aggravate psychosis. Dopaminergic drugs with emphasis on other receptor subtypes with less D2 activation could reduce Parkinsonism in schizophrenic patients without seriously aggravating Parkinsonism. Rotigitine acts primarily on D3 receptors, while activity on other dopamine receptors is 8-20 times less. We report the successful treatment of a schizophenic patient with rotigitine and contend that its effectiveness relates to rotigitine’s receptor profile. Methods: Single case study with follow-up. Results: A 67 year old woman with longstanding schizophrenia developed severe, progressive Parkinsonian features over 2 years despite stable antipsychotic therapy. More than one tablet of levodopa-carbidopa 100/25 precipitated psychosis. Risperidone was changed to cloazapine without benefit in Parkinsonism. The rotigitine patch was introduced and increased to 8 mg/24 hours without aggravating her mental status and produced considerable improvement in Parkinsonian features. Conclusions: Rotigitine is worth exploring as a treatment for severe Parkinsonism in patients with schizophrenia.
P.071 Eeg activity during withdrawal of life sustaining therapies in the ICU: a substudy of the death prediction and physiology after removal of therapy study
Authors: Norton L , Debicki D , Sharpe M , Althenayan E , Dhanani S , Gofton TE
Published: June 2016

Background: Donation after circulatory death (DCD) is a recently accepted source for solid organ donation in Canada. Standards for circulatory death vary within and between countries and little is known about neurologic function at the time of circulatory death. This pilot study will explore the electrical physiology of the brain during the dying process following withdrawal of life support and at the time of declaration of circulatory death. Methods: This single-centre pilot study will build on preliminary data from the DDePICt (Death Determination Practices in Intensive Care) research program. With institutional approval and signed consent from the substitute decision maker, participants will undergo continuous 10-20 EEG (cEEG) monitoring in addition to monitoring vital signs during the dying process and for 30 minutes after the declaration of death. Results: Preliminary results including cEEG, blood pressure with arterial wave forms, EKG activity and oxygen saturations are currently under analysis and will be presented. Conclusions: It is feasible to study neurologic function during withdrawal of life support and these results will allow us to further understand the electrical activity of the brain during the dying process.
P.081 Penetrating brain injury, recent case series of a single institution and literature review
Authors: Lavergne P , D’Astous M , Khuong H
Published: June 2016

Background: Penetrating brain injury is a rare entity. Furthermore, clinical presentation can be highly variable and management difficult, especially when the foreign body is retain in the skull Methods: We present a serie of three recent cases of penetrating brain injury that happened at our institutionm including clinical and radiological data. We discuss management of those challenging cases and present a brief review of the literature. Results: Our cases (3) encompassed different mechanisms: bilateral nail gun injury, knife and aircraft propeller. All patients were male, with a median age of 37 years old. Work-up was negative for intracranial vascular injury. All patients were treated with initial craniectomy (bilateral in one case) and a course of antibiotics. Cranioplasty was later performed. All patients survived and evolved in favorable fashion. Conclusions: Penetrating brain injury is a rare injury, requiring individualized surgical and medical management. A few recommendations may be found in the literature but are often based on literature from blunt traumatic brain injury or war-related injuries.
P.087 RETRACTION - Low back pain relief with a new 32-contact surgical lead and neural targeting algorithm
Authors: Pilitisis J , Barolat G , Rosenow J , Brennan J , Bailey A , Epstein J , Hammond B , Metzger C , Huynh D , Lechleiter K , Mekel-Bobrov N
Published: June 2016

Background: Advances in surgical leads have been thought to potentially enable improved low-back pain relief using SCS. A recently introduced 32-contact surgical lead, which couples multiple independent current control and anatomically-based neural targeting stimulation algorithms, allows for patient-specific programming optimization. We present a real world study of this surgical lead. Methods: A multi-center, consecutive, observational study of a new 32-contact surgical lead was carried out, using the Precision Spectra SCS System (Boston Scientific) in 100 subjects out to 12 months post-implant. We examined procedural information, programming parameters, and clinical outcomes including pain reduction (NRS), activities of daily living, and change in pain medications. Results: Surgical lead placement distribution was between T7 and L2, with most at top of T9 (26%). A mean reduction of 5.1 points (SD 2.15, p<0.001) from 7.8 (baseline) to 2.6 in overall pain was observed. A subset of subjects reporting low-back pain only exhibited a mean decrease of 6.0 points (SD 2.12, p<0.001) from 8.3 (baseline) to 2.2. Of these, 83.1% of subjects showed ≥50% back pain reduction. Increases in activities of daily living and reduction in pain medication usage were also observed in majority of subjects. Conclusions: Subjects implanted with a 32-contact surgical lead using a neural targeting algorithm demonstrated significant low-back pain reduction.
P.095 Clinical outcomes following carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients over age of 75: Careful patient selection overcoming the age-effect
Authors: Alizadeh Vakili N , Drake B , Bharatha A , Chiu A , Marotta T , Montanera W , Sarma D , Spears J
Published: June 2016

Background: CAS is reported to have higher complication rates in elderly compared to younger patients. This effect may be a surrogate for unfavourable anatomy (tortuosity, arch/access vessel atheroma burden) for endovascular treatment. We report our experience with 42 highly selected patients with favourable anatomy in spite of age. Methods: From a cohort of 217 consecutive patients undergoing CAS at St Michael’s Hospital from 2010-2016, stroke and a composite outcome of stroke, MI or death at 30 days post procedure was recorded. We compared outcomes in patients below and above the age of 75. Results: In 217 patients, 175 (80.7%) were below and 42 (19.3%) were above age 75 years. The stroke rate was 1.7% (n=3) and 2.4% (n=1), for patients below and above age 75 years respectively (p=0.58). The composite outcome rate was 4.0% (n=7) and 4.8% (n=2) for patients below and above age 75 years respectively (p=0.69). Conclusions: Patients without high-risk anatomic features were selected for CAS treatment. In this selected group, outcomes for those older than 75 years are comparable to the younger age category. Complication rates were comparable to the results in major randomized symptomatic carotid trials.
P.100 Carotid stent fracture post balloon angioplasty for unilateral recurrent ICA stenosis with pre-existing occlusion of contralateral ICA and literature review
Authors: Naeem AH , Alrumaihi G , Boulton M
Published: June 2016

Background: Closed cell carotid stent fracture is rare. From our literature review, we present the first reported case in English literature of a carotid stent fracture post angioplasty for an in-stent stenosis. Methods: Case Report Results: 72-year-old male underwent left carotid stenting for symptomatic ulcerated stenosis of the proximal aspect of left ICA (71% stenosis with post-stenting 55% residual stenosis). His right ICA and right vertebral artery were occluded. 2 months later, he presented with TIA’s and severe in-stent stenosis in the proximal left ICA measuring 1 mm in diameter. Satisfactory balloon (5×40 mm) angioplasty was done with residual stenosis measuring 2.5 mm in diameter. 8 months later he presented with symptoms of compromised cerebral perfusion. Workup showed a stent fracture distally at the site of severe ICA stenosis secondary to atherosclerotic calcified plaque causing blood flow changes. His PSV (peak systolic velocity) in the left ICA was 383 m/s. As such he underwent left ICA re-stenting for symptomatic severe left ICA stenosis of 70% with 40% residual stenosis following stent deployment. Conclusions: Carotid stent fracture post balloon angioplasty for recurrent stenosis is rare but of paramount importance. We demonstrate re-stenting as a viable treatment modality when patient profile is not amenable to a surgical revascularization procedure.
P.112 Mechanical properties of fusiform aneurysms in a rabbit model
Authors: Altamimi M , Meek C , Di Martino E , Mitha A
Published: June 2016

Background: Animal models of human cerebral aneurysms have been a vital part of the development of endovascular treatments for decades. Rabbit models have been successfully used to simulate the morphology and hemodynamics of human intracranial aneurysms. However, the lack of mechanical testing of human intracranial aneurysm tissue limits our understanding of the mechanisms of aneurysm rupture. The goal of this project is to develop techniques for the mechanical testing of fusiform aneurysms in a rabbit model. Methods: Fusiform aneurysms were created using the right carotid artery using an elastase-based method. Thirty fusiform aneurysms and healthy rabbit carotid artery samples were then collected from our lab and tested with a uniaxial and biaxial loading system. Rectangular strips of aneurysm and healthy tissue were obtained in the axial and circumferential direction with a micro-cutting instrument. The test samples were gripped by a custom-designed micro-clamp and placed in a bath of phosphate-buffered saline at 37˚C temperature. Results: Maximum stress of healthy and aneurysm arteries are 50 Kpa and 0.6 Kpa Conclusions: The strength of healthy tissue was significantly higher than tissue from the fusiform aneurysm. These techniques will provide us with strategies for the eventual testing of human intracranial tissue and may help us to understand mechanisms of aneurysm rupture.
P.113 Validation and standardization of cerebral vasospasm grading on CT angiography
Authors: Ben-Israel D , Caverzasi E , Bharatha A
Published: June 2016

Background: The diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm, either by digital subtraction angiography (DSA), or now more commonly by computerized tomographic angiography (CTA) occurs in up to 70% of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). The lack of standardization among vasospasm grading has made its clinical correlation with delayed cerebral ischemia challenging Methods: 36 of the 764 aSAH patients found on the St. Michael’s Hospital RIS database had both DSA and CTA performed, at time of admission and again between day 2 and 14 following SAH. Two blinded neuroradiologists graded all vessels for vasospasm on two separate scales, by consensus for DSA and independently for CTA Results: Comparing CTA and DSA, Grading Scale (GS)1 had the highest Spearman Correlation Coefficient (SCC): 0.691 (P<0.001) for Rater (R)1, and 0.687 (P<0.001) for R2. SCC was higher when only considering proximal vessels. Cohen’s Kappa (CK) measuring inter-rater reliability was 0.695 (P<0.001) for GS2 and 0.681 (P<0.001) for GS1. CK was higher in anterior circulation vessels, and tended to decrease with increasing vasospasm grade. Conclusions: Although either scale will provide the benefits of standardization to clinical practice and research, GS1 is recommended as it is more intuitive and provides higher SCCs, with only slightly lower CKs.