bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can the remote sensing of combustion phase improve estimates of landscape fire smoke emission rate and composition?
Authors: Owsley-Brown Farrer , Wooster Martin J. , Grosvenor Mark J. , Liu Yanan
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The proportion of flaming and smouldering (or smoldering) activity occurring in landscape fires varies with fuel type and fuel characteristics, which themselves are influenced by ecology, meteorology, time since the last fire, etc. The proportion of these combustion phases greatly influences the rate of fuel consumption and smoke emission, along with the chemical composition of the smoke, which influences the effects on the atmosphere. Earth observation (EO) has long been suggested as a way to remotely map combustion phase, and here we provide the first known attempt at evaluating whether such approaches can lead to the desired improvements in smoke emissions estimation. We use intensively measured laboratory burns to evaluate two EO approaches hypothesized to enable remote determination of combustion phase and concurrent measurements of the smoke to determine how well each is able to improve estimation of smoke emission rates, smoke composition, and the overall rate of fuel consumption. The first approach aims to estimate the sub-pixel “effective fire temperature”, which has been suggested to differ between flaming and smouldering combustion, and the second detects the potassium emission line (K-line) believed only to be present during flaming combustion. We find while the fire effective temperature approach can be suited to estimating fire radiative power (FRP), it does not significantly improve on current approaches to estimate smoke chemical makeup and smoke emission. The K-line approach does however provide these improvements when combined with the FRP data, improving the accuracy of the estimated CO2 emission rate by an average of 17±4 % and 42±15 %, respectively, depending on whether the K-line detection is used to simply classify the presence of flaming combustion or whether its magnitude is also used to estimate its relative proportion. Estimates of CO and CH4 emission rates were improved to a lesser extent than that of CO2, but the accuracy of the smoke modified combustion efficiency (MCE) estimates increased by 30±15 % and 46±10 %, respectively. MCE is correlated to the emissions factors (EFs) of many smoke constituents, so remotely deriving MCE provides a way to tailor these during smoke emissions calculations. Whilst we derived and tested our approaches on laboratory burns, we demonstrate their wider efficacy using airborne EO data of a boreal forest wildfire where we find that combined use of K-line and FRP data significantly changed estimated smoke MCE and CO2 and CO emission rates compared to the standard approach. Our findings suggest that satellite EO methods that jointly provide K-line and FRP data could enable marked improvements in the mapping of landscape fire combustion phase, fuel consumption, and smoke emissions rate and composition.
Validation and assessment of satellite-based columnar CO2 and CH4 mixing-ratios from GOSAT and OCO-2 satellites over India
Authors: Gadhavi Harish Shivraj , Arora Akanksha , Jain Chaithanya , Sha Mahesh Kumar , Hase Frank , Frey Matthias , Ramachandran Srikanthan , Jayaraman Achuthan
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The OCO-2 and GOSAT series of satellites provide near-global coverage of CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios. To accurately derive emission fluxes from the observed mixing ratios, it is crucial that these data meet specific precision and systematic error requirements. In this study, we report validation results for GOSAT and OCO-2 over South Asia, obtained using a portable Fourier Transform infrared Spectrometer (FTS) at a tropical rural site (Gadanki; Latitude: 13.45° N, Longitude: 79.18° E) in Southern India, from November 2015 to July 2016. Biases in CH4 mixing ratios from GOSAT ranged from -9 to -18.5 ppb, depending on the collocation criteria, while CO2 data from OCO-2 demonstrated better accuracy and precision, meeting the requirements of ESA’s Climate Change Initiative (CCI). Using the FLEXPART model, we also show that CH4 emissions from regional sources accounted for only 35 % of the day-to-day observed variability. Both model-derived and observed mixing ratios exhibited the same seasonal variation, with higher values in October–November and lower values in June–July. However, the observed mixing ratios decreased by approximately 100 ppb, while the model-derived values decreased by only 20 ppb, suggesting that atmospheric chemistry and variations in background concentrations play a significant role over South India.
Sedimentary organic matter signature hints at the phytoplankton-driven biological carbon pump in the central Arabian Sea
Authors: Pandey Medhavi , Biswas Haimanti , Birgel Daniel , Burdanowitz Nicole , Gaye Birgit
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The central Arabian Sea, a unique tropical basin, is profoundly impacted by monsoon wind reversal affecting its surface circulation and biogeochemistry. Phytoplankton blooms associated with high biological productivity and particle flux occur in the northern part of the central Arabian Sea due to summer-monsoon-induced open-ocean upwelling and winter convection. The core oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) at intermediate water depths is another important feature of the northern central Arabian Sea and fades southward. In this study, we attempt to interlink how these factors collectively impact phytodetrital export to the sediment. Short sediment core-top (1 cm) samples representing the recent particle flux signatures were analysed from five locations (21 to 11° N; 64° E) in the central Arabian Sea. Previously, we used core-top (0–0.5 cm) samples and observed a trend between diatom frustule abundance and diversity with bulk sedimentary parameters indicating a spatial variability in phytodetrital export to the sediment. To verify this observation further, lipid biomarkers of key phytoplankton groups and a sea surface temperature (SST) proxy have been analysed in addition to diatom frustules. The C37 alkenone-based SST proxy indicated cooler SST (27.6 ± 0.25 °C) in the north (21–15° N) mostly due to upwelling (summer) and convective mixing (winter). Warmer SSTs (+0.4 °C) are measured in the south, which usually remains nutrient-poor. This trend was consistent with satellite-derived average SST values (2017–2020). Lipid biomarker analysis suggests that dinoflagellates were likely to be the highest contributor, as indicated by dinosterol and its degradative product dinostanol, followed by brassicasterol and C37 alkenone, likely representing diatoms and coccolithophores, respectively. The north, which largely experiences periodic phytoplankton blooms and is influenced by the thick OMZ, revealed the highest contents of organic matter, diatom frustules (diversity and abundance), dominated by large, thickly silicified cells (e.g. Coscinodiscus and Rhizosolenia) and phytoplankton lipid biomarkers, as well as lower contents of zooplankton biomarkers (cholesterol and cholestanol). In contrast, relatively smaller chain-forming centric (e.g. Thalassiosira) and pennate (e.g. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, Thalassionema) diatom frustules along with lower phytoplankton lipid biomarker contents were found in the south, where zooplankton biomarkers and silicious radiolarians were more abundant. The possible impacts of the OMZ on particle flux related to the phytoplankton community, including zooplankton grazing and other factors, have been discussed.
Knowledge-inspired fusion strategies for the inference of PM2.5 values with a Neural Network
Authors: Dabrowski Matthieu , Mennesson José , Riedi Jérôme , Djeraba Chaabane , Nabat Pierre
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Ground-level concentrations of Particulate Matter (more precisely PM2.5) are a strong indicator of air quality, which is now widely recognized to impact human health. Accurately inferring or predicting PM2.5 concentrations is therefore an important step for health hazard monitoring and the implementation of air quality related policies. Various methods have been used to achieve this objective, and Neural Networks are one of the most recent and popular solutions. In this study, a limited set of quantities that are known to impact the relation between column AOD and surface PM2.5 concentrations are used as input of several networks architectures to investigate how different fusion strategies can impact and help explain predicted PM2.5 concentrations. Different models are trained on two different sets of simulated data, namely global scale atmospheric composition reanalysis provided by the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) as well as higher resolution data simulated over Europe with the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques ALADIN model. Based on an extensive set of experiments, this work proposes several models of knowledge-inspired Neural Networks, achieving interesting results both from the performance and interpretability points of view. Specifically, novel architectures based on BC-GANs (which are able to leverage information from sparse ground observation networks) and on more traditional UNets, employing various information fusion methods, are designed and evaluated against each other. Our results can serve as baseline benchmark for other studies and be used to develop further optimised models for the inference of PM2.5 concentrations from AOD at either global or regional scale.
Real-time Monitoring and Analysis of Debris Flow Events: Insight from seismic signal characteristics
Authors: Yan Yan , Zeng Cheng , Wang Renhe , Cui Yifei , Hu Sheng , Wang Xinglu , Tang Hui
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Debris flows triggered by rainfall are among the world’s most dangerous natural hazards due to their abrupt onset, rapid movement, and large boulder loads that can cause significant loss of life and infrastructure. Monitoring and early warning are key strategies for mitigating debris flows. However, deploying large instruments for continuous monitoring in challenging terrains like Wenchuan, China, is difficult due to complex topography and limited access to electricity and batteries. Recognizing the effectiveness of environmental seismology in monitoring geohazards, our study aims to establish a cost-effective, reliable, and practical debris flow monitoring system based on seismic monitoring in Wenchuan, China. We analyzed seismic signals and infrared images to determine debris flow characteristics and behavior. Through a case study in Fotangba Gully, we demonstrated how seismic signals can be used to track debris flow duration and confirm rainfall as the trigger. Using the cross-correlation function, we calculated the maximum velocity of the debris flow and validated it with the Manning formula. Our analysis of infrared imagery and power spectral density showed a strong correlation between debris flow seismic energy and its frequency spectrum, supporting the accuracy of using seismic signals to reconstruct debris flow events. This study provides a foundation for real-time monitoring, analysis, early warning, and hazard assessment in debris flow monitoring systems based on seismic signals.
Temporal and Spatial Influences of Environmental Factors on the Distribution of Mesopelagic organism in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yang Jie , Li Jian Hui , Chen Ge
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Mesopelagic organisms play a critical role in marine ecosystems and the global carbon cycle, acting as key intermediaries between trophic levels through diel (DVM) and seasonal vertical migrations (SVM). However, the seasonal vertical migration patterns of these organisms, and the environmental drivers influencing them, remain insufficiently understood. Here, we analyzed 83,603 backscattering coefficient (bbp) profiles obtained from 720 BGC-Argo floats deployed in the North Atlantic Ocean from 2010 to 2021. This extensive dataset enabled the identification of spiking layer signals, allowing us to investigate the diurnal and seasonal vertical distributions of mesopelagic organisms, as indicated by these bbp spikes. Additionally, we examined the horizontal heterogeneity in these distributions and their correlations with key environmental variables. Our findings reveal distinct diurnal migrations, characterized by multilayered aggregations predominantly in the mid-ocean during daylight, with prominent signals at depths around 150 m, 330 m, 650 m, and 780 m. At night, a strong scattering layer forms in the upper ocean, with signals concentrated at depths shallower than 350 m, particularly in the top 100 m. Seasonal analyses shows that in spring and winter, the average bbp spike intensity is lower in the upper ocean than in the mid-ocean, although the frequency of bbp spikes is higher in the upper ocean. In contrast, summer and autumn—especially summer—exhibit both higher mean bbp spike intensity and frequency near the surface. Spatially, mesopelagic organisms migrate deeper in the northeast and remain shallower in the southwest, correlating with higher temperatures and shallower distributions. Random forest analysis identified temperature as the most influential environmental factor affecting the distribution of mesopelagic organisms year-round, with the temperature gradient being particularly critical. Other critical factors include seawater salinity, dissolved oxygen, surface chlorophyll concentration, and latitude, with relative importance of 29.44 %, 15.49 %, 14.85 %, 13.46 %, and 12.35 %, respectively. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms driving carbon transfer to the deep ocean and the energy and material cycles within marine ecosystems, providing a basis for future fisheries management in mesopelagic environments.
A 28-time-point cropland area change dataset in Northeast China from 1000 to 2020
Authors: Jia Ran , Fang Xiuqi , Yang Yundi , Yokozawa Masayuki , Ye Yu
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Based on historical documents, population data, published results, remote sensing data products, statistical data, and survey data, this study reconstructed the cropland area and the spatial pattern changes at 28 time points from 1000 to 2020 in Northeast China. The period from 1000 to 1600 corresponds to historical provincial-level administrative districts, while the period from 1700 to 2020 corresponds to modern county-level administrative districts. The main findings are as follows: (1) the cropland in Northeast China exhibited phase changes of expansion–reduction–expansion over the past millennium. (2) The cropland area in Northeast China increased from 0.55×104 km2 in 1000 to 37.90×104 km2 in 2020, and the average cropland fraction increased from 0.37 % to 26.27 %; (3) from 1000 to 1200, the cropland area exhibited an increasing trend, which peaked in 1200. The scope of land reclamation was comparable to modern times, but the overall cropland fraction remained low. The cropland area significantly decreased between 1300 and 1600, with the main land reclamation area being reduced southward into Liaoning province. From 1700 to 1850, the cropland area increased slowly and the agricultural reclamation gradually expanded northward. After 1850, there was almost exponential growth, with the cropland area continuously expanding to the whole study area, and this growth trend persists until 2020; (4) the dataset of changes in the cropland of administrative districts in Northeast China, reconstructed based on multiple data sources and improved historical cropland reconstruction methods, significantly enhances time resolution and reliability. Additionally, the dataset shows relatively better credibility assessment results, which can provide a refined database for historical land use and land cover change (LUCC) dataset reconstruction, carbon emission estimation, climate data construction, etc. The dataset can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25450468.v2 (Jia et al., 2024).
Experimental investigation of the interplay between transverse mixing and pH reaction in porous media
Authors: Biran Adi , Sapar Tomer , Abezgauz Ludmila , Edery Yaniv
Published: October 2024

Abstract. pH-induced reactive transport in porous environments is a critical factor in Earth sciences, influencing a range of natural and anthropogenic processes, such as mineral dissolution and precipitation, adsorption and desorption, microbial reactions, and redox transformations. These processes, pivotal to carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications to groundwater remediation, are determined by pH transport. However, the uncertainty in these macroscopic processes’ stems from pore-scale heterogeneities and the high diffusion value of the ions and protons forming the pH range. While practical for field-scale applications, traditional macroscopic models often fail to accurately predict experimental and field results in reactive systems due to their inability to capture the details of the pore-scale pH range. This study investigates the interplay between transverse mixing and pH-driven reactions in porous media. It focuses on how porous structure and flow rate affect mixing and chemical reaction dynamics. Utilizing confocal microscopy, the research visualizes fluorescently labeled fluids, revealing variations in mixing patterns from diffusive in homogeneous to shear-driven in heterogeneous media. However, pH-driven reactions show a different pattern, with a faster reaction rate, suggesting quicker pH equilibration between co-flowing fluids than predicted by transverse dispersion or diffusion. The study highlights the unique characteristics of pH change in water, which significantly influences reactive transport in porous media.
Along-strike variation in volcanic addition controlling post-breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, austral South Atlantic
Authors: Cassel Marlise C. , Kusznir Nick , Manatschal Gianreto , Sauter Daniel
Published: October 2024

Abstract. We investigate, using observations from seismic reflection data, the lateral variability in breakup extrusive magmatic addition along the strike of the Pelotas segment of the austral South Atlantic rifted margin and its control on post-rift accommodation space and sediment deposition. Our analysis of regional seismic reflection profiles shows that magmatic addition on the Pelotas margin varies substantially along strike from extremely magma-rich to magma-normal within a distance of ∼300 km. Using 2D flexural back-stripping, we determine the post-rift accommodation space above top volcanics. In the north, where volcanic seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRs) are thickest, the Torres High shows SDRs up to ∼20 km thick, and post-breakup water-loaded accommodation space is much less than in the south, where magmatic addition is normal and SDRs are thinner. We show that post-breakup accommodation space correlates inversely with SDR thickness, being less for magma-rich margins and more for magma-normal/intermediate margins. The Rio Grande Cone, with large sediment thickness, is underlain by small SDR thicknesses allowing large post-breakup accommodation space. A relationship is observed between the amount of volcanic material and the two-way travel time (TWTT) of first volcanics: first volcanics are observed between 1.2 and 2.2 s TWTT for the highly magmatic Torres High profile, while, in contrast, for the normally magmatic profiles in the south, first volcanics are observed between 4.2 and 6.5 s TWTT. The observed inverse relationship between post-breakup accommodation space and SDR thickness is consistent with predictions by a simple isostatic model of continental lithosphere thinning and magmatic addition melting during breakup. The methodology that we use in this paper provides a new approach for investigating the complex magmatic and sedimentary evolution of rifted continental margins.
Localized shear and distributed strain accumulation as competing shear accommodation mechanisms in crustal shear zones: constraining their dictating factors
Authors: Chatterjee Pramit , Roy Arnab , Mandal Nibir
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of strain localization in the Earth’s lithosphere is crucial for explaining the mechanics of tectonic plate boundaries and various failure-assisted geophysical phenomena, such as earthquakes. Geological field observations suggest that shear zones are the most important lithospheric structures demonstrating intense shear localization at plate boundaries, accommodating a major portion of tectonic deformations. Despite extensive studies over the past several decades, the factors governing how shear zones accommodate bulk shear, whether via distributed strain (i.e. the development of macroscopic S (schistosity) foliations normal to the principal shortening strain axis) or via localized shearing (i.e. the formation of shear-parallel C bands, where C refers to the French “cisaillement” (shear)), remain largely unexplored. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing observational evidence of varying S and C development in crustal shear zones from two geological terrains in eastern India. These field observations are complemented by 2D viscoplastic numerical simulations within a strain-softening rheological framework to constrain the factors controlling two competing shear accommodation mechanisms: distributed strain accumulation and shear band formation. The model-based analysis recognizes the bulk shear rate (γ˙b), initial viscosity (ηv), and initial cohesion (Ci) of a shear zone as the most critical factors determining the dominance of one mechanism over the other. For a given Ci value, low γ˙b and ηv values facilitate the formation of S foliation (uniformly distributed strain), which transitions to a C-dominated shear accommodation mechanism as ηv increases. However, increasing γ˙b facilitates shear accommodation through a combination of the two mechanisms, leading to S–C structures. The article finally discusses the conditions under which shear zones can significantly intensify rates of localized shear, producing rapid slip events, such as frictional melting and seismic activities.
Sea Level Rise in Europe: Summary for Policymakers
Authors: van den Hurk Bart , Pinardi Nadia , Bisaro Alexander , Galluccio Giulia , Jiménez José A. , Larkin Kate , Melet Angélique , Pomarico Lavinia Giulia , Richter Kristin , Singh Kanika , van de Wal Roderik , Winter Gundula
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Sea level rise (SLR) is a global concern for low-lying coastal areas, including many European coasts. The European Knowledge Hub on Sea Level Rise (KH-SLR), a collaborative effort by the Joint Programming Initiatives for “Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe” (JPI Climate) and for “Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans” (JPI Oceans), has developed the 1st Assessment Report (SLRE1) to address the challenges posed by SLR in Europe. The report's target audience includes national and subnational bodies focused on research and policy advice for coastal management and climate adaptation, as well as European experts who contribute to shaping policy frameworks and collecting information at a pan-European scale. This report, preceded by a series of targeted surveys and workshops with researchers and stakeholders (e.g. coastal decision-makers), has synthesized the current scientific knowledge on SLR drivers, impacts, and policies at local, national, and European basin scales. It provides in-depth and basin-specific analyses on local sea level changes, compared with relevant global assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In addition, it identified critical knowledge gaps needed to support the development of actionable information. The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) distils the key findings of the SLRE1, presenting information specific to the six European basins: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Atlantic, and Arctic. The SPM highlights basin-specific trends, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts, while also orienting future requirements.​​​​​​​
Sea Level Rise in Europe: Knowledge gaps identified through a participatory approach
Authors: Jiménez José A. , Winter Gundula , Bonaduce Antonio , Depuydt Michael , Galluccio Giulia , van den Hurk Bart , Meier H. E. Markus , Pinardi Nadia , Pomarico Lavinia G. , Vazquez Riveiros Natalia
Published: October 2024

Abstract. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) plays a pivotal role in delivering information and knowledge on sea level rise (SLR), a global threat impacting coastlines worldwide. However, considerable disparities still persist in Europe in understanding and applying sea level science, evaluating its repercussions, and devising effective adaptation strategies. These are influenced by local factors such as diverse environments, socioeconomic conditions, policy contexts, and diversity in stakeholder involvement, producing, in turn, varying knowledge gaps and information needs across European sea basins. In this context, this chapter presents the findings of a comprehensive scoping process carried out by the European Knowledge Hub on Sea Level Rise (KH SLR) to define the outline of the first KH SLR Assessment Report. It consists of the analysis of stakeholder responses to an online survey and insights shared during four regional workshops, aiming to pinpoint critical gaps in available information on SLR and its potential consequences in European sea basins. It considers viewpoints from both scientific and policy perspectives, engaging stakeholders from academia and research and government sectors. The analysis is divided into three categories: (i) SLR science and information, (ii) SLR impacts, and (iii) SLR adaptation policies and decision-making. Regarding SLR science and information, many respondents found that relevant gaps exist in regional SLR projections and uncertainties, particularly related to long-term (from multidecadal to end of century) SLR induced by potential melting of large ice sheets. Interestingly, the perspective on information gaps is different for scientists (emphasizing the need to increase regional projection capabilities) and government users (stressing the availability of accurate projections for their regions). Regarding impacts and hazards, shoreline erosion stands out as a dominant concern in all sea basins except the Arctic, while emerging issues like saltwater intrusion and the role of SLR in compound risks associated with extreme water levels and river flow were also given significant regional relevance. With regard to policy and decision-making, existing adaptation plans are perceived as ineffective and lacking adaptability, with gaps related to underestimated impacts and urban planning. Participants, especially end-users of sea level knowledge, emphasized the relevance of improved information dissemination and communication to support informed decision-making.
Sea Level Rise in Europe: Adaptation measures and decision-making principles
Authors: Galluccio Giulia , Hinkel Jochen , Fiorini Beckhauser Elisa , Bisaro Alexander , Biancardi Aleu Rebeca , Campostrini Pierpaolo , Casas Maria Florencia , Espin Océane , Vafeidis Athanasios T.
Published: October 2024

Abstract. ​​​​​​​Sea level rise (SLR) will increasingly impact European countries in the coming decades, posing challenges for coastal decision-making and the design and implementation of adaptation measures to address coastal risks. The impact of SLR extends to its physical damages, encompassing socio-economic and environmental repercussions. European countries are engaged in the development and implementation of adaptation measures to bolster coastal resilience. While significant strides in SLR adaptation have been made in recent years, this paper aims to provide a catalogue of adaptation measures in European basins to guide their design and implementation and to present approaches suitable for supporting coastal adaptation decision-making and addressing uncertainty. The assessment of SLR adaptation measures in Europe is based on the cataloging of 17 measures following International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) classification of accommodate, protect, advance and retreat responses to SLR, supplemented with sub-key types of measures, including socio-economic, physical and technological as well as nature- and ecosystem-based. Surveying the relevant literature on European sea basins, the paper shows that adaptation strategies on Europe's coasts constitute a mix of hard and soft measures, planning measures, policy developments and stakeholder and community engagements. Across all the basins, a common theme is the shift towards a combination of traditional engineering solutions with soft measures, including nature-based solutions, integrating local communities into decision-making processes and emphasising the importance of continuous monitoring and flexible management strategies. In addition, the context, decisions and experiences with coastal adaptation vary considerably across places and regions in terms of the time horizons considered, the scale of investments involved and the risk acceptance preferences of decision-makers and their constituencies. In this sense, the paper provides an overview of the common features of coastal adaptation decisions and the key aspects that need to be considered in coastal adaptation decision-making, i.e. considering multiple criteria and interests, implementing low-regret and flexible options, keeping future options open and factoring SLR into decisions that need to be made today.
Firn seismic anisotropy in the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream from ambient-noise surface waves
Authors: Pearce Emma , Zigone Dimitri , Hofstede Coen , Fichtner Andreas , Rimpot Joachim , Rasmussen Sune Olander , Freitag Johannes , Eisen Olaf
Published: October 2024

Abstract. We analyse ambient-noise seismic data from 23 three-component seismic nodes to study firn velocity structure and seismic anisotropy near the EastGRIP camp along the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS). Using nine-component correlation tensors, we derive dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love wave group velocities from 3 to 40 Hz. These velocity distributions exhibit anisotropy along and across the flow. To assess these variations, we invert dispersion curves for shear wave velocities (Vsh and Vsv) in the top 150 m of the NEGIS using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. The reconstructed 1-D shear velocity model reveals radial anisotropy in the firn, with Vsh 12 %–15 % greater than Vsv, peaking at the critical density (550 kg m−3). We combine density data from firn cores drilled in 2016 and 2018 to create a new density parameterisation for the NEGIS, serving as a reference for our results. We link seismic anisotropy in the NEGIS to effective and intrinsic causes. Seasonal densification, wind crusts, and melt layers induce effective anisotropy, leading to faster Vsh waves. Changes in firn recrystallisation cause intrinsic anisotropy, altering the Vsv / Vsh ratio. We observe a shallower firn–ice transition across the flow (≈ 50 m) compared with along the flow (≈ 60 m), suggesting increased firn compaction due to the predominant wind direction and increased deformation towards the shear margin. We demonstrate that short-duration (9 d minimum), passive, seismic deployments and noise-based analysis can determine seismic anisotropy in firn, and we reveal 2-D firn structure and variability.
Backup power supply for a hydrogen-producing offshore wind turbine – a technology comparison
Authors: Niklaus Linus , Rothe Paul , Liebertseder Johannes , Doppelbauer Martin
Published: October 2024

Abstract. Hydrogen is an important energy carrier for the transition of the energy sector towards decarbonization. An attractive option for its sustainable production are independent offshore wind farms that include all systems for the hydrogen production directly on the wind turbine platform. However, these systems face a challenge in maintaining a constant electric power supply on the turbine platform during periods of calm winds as they are not connected to the onshore electrical grid. This study evaluates and compares different technologies for a backup power supply on the wind turbine platform. Due to the limited energy storage capacities of battery systems and thus, short energy bridging times, systems are investigated that make use of the platform-produced hydrogen to generate electricity and consequently provide long bridging times. Three different backup power supply systems are investigated: A fuel cell system combined with a battery storage system (H2-FC+BS) as well as a hydrogen internal combustion engine with and without a battery storage system (H2-ICE+BS and H2-ICE). These systems are examined in terms of efficiency (hydrogen consumption), lifetime, robustness, maintenance requirements, space consumption, and costs. The results suggest that the hybrid system of a hydrogen combustion engine with an accompanying battery storage unit provides an optimal solution, offering a balanced compromise between efficiency, robustness, and minimized maintenance demands.
Converging profile relationships for offshore wind speed and turbulence intensity
Authors: Jeans Gus
Published: October 2024

Abstract. This paper reduces uncertainty in the quantification of offshore wind speed and turbulence intensity. A range of industry standard relationships, including those from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO), are compared with an extensive set of met mast data collected offshore northwestern Europe over recent decades. Analysis initially focused on over 1000 independent storm peak events identified within the 10 min mean wind speed data. Time series and coherent vertical profiles were subjected to detailed scrutiny and analysis, considering wind speeds at various averaging periods, turbulence intensity and gust factors. Most peak events were associated with neutral atmospheric conditions, so they were well represented by the ISO Frøya profile, with a shear close to the IEC power law exponent of α= 0.11. A new pragmatic approximation of atmospheric stability in terms of relative shear is outlined, bringing together key elements of the IEC and ISO standards. New empirical relationships to quantify offshore wind ambient turbulence intensity are described. A simple generalised form of gust factor relationship is adopted, with a coefficient that varies with averaging period. Distinct recommendations are made for estimating peak 10 min mean winds from peaks in 1 or 3 h mean winds. Finally, a simplified workflow for the estimation of extreme offshore winds is used to show how IEC and ISO relationships can be effectively combined.
Currency Exchange Rate Volatility: Consequences on International Trade in Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Atiq ur , Batool Syeda Azra
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the impact of currency exchange rate volatility on international trade in Pakistan utilizing annual time series data from 1990 to 2022, collected through World Development Indicators (WDI) and Economic survey of Pakistan. The Correlation, ADF unit root test, ARDL bound test and ARDL model techniques have been used to attain the results. The outcomes indicate that there exists strong and moderate correlation between the variables used in the study. Variables used in the study have mixed order of integration and ARDL results portrays that volatility of exchange rate adversely influences international trade in Pakistan. Whereas, the impact of economic growth, population growth rate, inflation rate, and industrialization, appear to be positive statistically significant and expenditures on research and development came out to be insignificant. It is concluded that volatility of exchange rate badly impacts international trade in Pakistan; therefore, policymakers should make the exchange rate stable by using monetary policy tools.
Pengaruh Pengelolaan Keuangan Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Mahasiswa Penerima KIP (Studi Kasus Mahasiswa D3 Akuntansi & D3 Perpajakan - IMPM)
Authors: Partiwi Partiwi
Published: October 2024

Mahasiswa yang kuliah dengan jalur KIP harus bisa mengelola keuangan yang diperoleh dari pencairan KIP dengan baik mengingat uang tersebut digunakan untuk memnuhi kebutuhan selama 6 bulan ke depan. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi belajar mahasiswa penerima KIP yaitu pengelolaan keuangan. Fenomena yang terjadi adalah banyak mahasiswa yang belum mendapat pencairan KIP lagi namun uangnya sudah habis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh pengelolaan keuangan terhadap motivasi belajar mahasiswa D3 Akuntansi dan D3 Perpajakan penerima KIP di Kampus Institut Maritim Prasetiya Mandiri. Penelitian menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Adapun jumlah responden pada penelitian ini sebanyak 59 responden. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengelolaan keuangan berpengaruh terhadap motivasi belajar D3 Akuntansi dan D3 Perpajakan IMPM.
Pengaruh Promosi dan Citra Merek Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian HP VIVO 99 Ponsel Lahat
Authors: Hayani Hayani
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara promosi, citra merek terhadap keputusan pembelian. Sampel dalam survei ini sebanyak 55 konsumen dengan mengunakan metode acssidental sampling ketika mengunakan data kuesioner, kuesioner disebar secara merata sesuai dengan jumlah sampel pengaruh menjukkan bahwa ada efek parsial dan simultan pada keputusan pembelian yang muncul dari koefisien linear berganda. Y=8,558+ 0,490X1 + 0,335X2 + e. Seperti dapat dilihat dari hasil di atas hasil X1 menunjukkan jika menambah satu satuan maka akan bertambah sebesar 0,490 begitupun dengan X2 akan bertambah sebesar 0,335 dengan koefisien determinasi mencapai 82,1% sedangkan sisanya 17,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain dengan nilai uji parsial X1 dan X2 berpengaruh kuat terhadap Y dengan nilai di atas 0,5 semua yang artinya uji parsial secara signifikan dan positif.
Антикатолические настроения в колонии Нью-Йорк XVII в. и их итоги: от основания католической миссии (1683–1689 гг.) до антикатолического восстания Якоба Лейслера (1689–1691 гг.)
Authors: Макаров Ян Федорович
Published: October 2024

В статье исследуется зарождение антикатолических настроений в колонии Нью-Йорк, связанных как с основанием иезуитской миссии (1683–1689 гг.) и назначением на высшие должности католических ставленников короля Якова II, так и внутриполитических событий в метрополии, итогом которых станет «Славная революция». Тема важна для изучения истории Англии и ее колоний, т. к. антикатолические настроения и спекуляция в колониальном обществе относительно «папистского» заговора станет одной из причин антикатолического восстания Якоба Лейслера (1689–1691 гг.). Несмотря на важность событий, в русскоязычной исторической науке тема не освещалась, хотя и отмечалась рядом исследователей [Самойло, 1963, с. 321]. Опираясь на источники, автор приходит к выводу, что до 1689 г., несмотря на наличие католических миссий, а также ряда католических чиновников, включая губернатора-католика, занимающих руководящие должности в колонии Нью-Йорк, в колониальном обществе не было никаких опасений перед католической церковью и ее последователями. Однако после «Славной революции» и начавшейся борьбы между «якобитами» и «вильяминами» в колониях появился страх, что католики попытаются не только сделать все, чтобы вернуть для свергнутого короля-католика власть, но и воспользуются возможностью уничтожить протестантскую веру.
Сербские газеты с начала ХХ века до 1914 года. Взгляд на Россию
Authors: Стоянович Милан
Published: October 2024

В этой статье автор попытался объяснить развитие сербской журналистики, уделяя особое внимание началу ХХ века до 1914 года. Автор изучал сербско-российские отношения конца XIX – начала XX века, в результате его книга была издана на сербском языке. Как историка, окончившего университет в Сербии, его особое внимание связано с сербско-российскими политическими отношениями. До сих пор никто специально не исследовал политическую историю в сербской периодике, особенно сербско-российские отношения. В начале ХХ века газеты и журналы находились под сильным влиянием политических партий и движений, большинство из которых симпатизировали Российской империи. Помимо Сербии, сербы издавали свои газеты также в Австро-Венгрии, Османской империи и США, и почти все они, за исключением социалистов, имели своей целью объединение сербского народа на Балканском полуострове в одно государство. Сербские журналисты занимались внешней политикой России, поскольку она была важна и для сербского народа на Балканском полуострове. Под влиянием политических партий и королевской династии сербские газеты благосклонно относились к России, в то время как сербы за пределами Сербии надеялись на помощь России в объединении с Сербией. Сербская пресса подробно следила за русско-японской войной, переговорами России с западными державами, журналисты часто анализировали политическую ситуацию в самой России, а также её внешнюю политику. У автора складывается впечатление, что они слишком переживали по поводу поражения России в войне с Японией, революции 1905 года, но позже стал появляться оптимизм по поводу помощи России на Балканском полуострове.
Коммуникативная стратегия социальной рекламы: медиапредпочтения студенческой молодежи
Authors: Семенова Мария Геннадьевна
Published: October 2024

Изучение действенных коммуникативных стратегий и креативных решений в социальной рекламе, направленной на студенческую молодежь, в условиях специфики медиапотребления данной целевой аудитории и актуальных социальных вызовов обладает высокой значимостью. Анализ особенностей восприятия медиасообщений молодыми людьми, проводившийся учеными в последние годы преимущественно посредством анкетирования, не позволяет в полной мере определить эффективные стратегии популяризации социальных проектов. Цель исследования – методами фокус-группы и анализа документов восполнить данный пробел. Результаты показали, что наиболее востребованными стратегиями выступают апелляция к позитивным эмоциям, участие в роликах референтных личностей и идентификация пользователя с сюжетом истории. Косвенное воздействие на чувства вины и страха, непрямой призыв к конкретному выбору способствуют запоминаемости рекламного сообщения. Сделан вывод о том, что апелляция к личному опыту героев, прием антитезы и высокое качество рекламного сообщения важны наряду с нестандартной стилизацией изображения и комбинированием анимации с реальным видео. Наибольший отклик в рамках фокус-группы вызвали примеры с рекламной стратегией резонанса, с выраженной ролью последней связан и интерес к побуждающему ценностному посылу.
Mengoptimalkan Daya Saing Usaha Mikro Kecil & Menengah “Terserah” Dengan Sistem Pemasaran Online
Authors: Rahadi Dedi Rianto , Pernanda Rizal , Nugraha M. Maulana , Akbar Ahmad Azi
Published: October 2024

Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) di Indonesia telah berkembang sangat pesat, tetapi memiliki beberapa kekurangan, diantaranya dalam strategi pemasaran. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan penjualan dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan penjualan secara online. Metodelogi yang digunakan dalam pengabdian masyarakat melalui pemberian pelatihan dan pendampingan secara langsung kepada sector UMKM, khususnya UMKM “TERSERAH”. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat memberikan proses pembelajaran dan pelatihan bagaimana memperkenalkan produk UMKM melalui media sosial secara optimal. Produk UMKM “TERSERAH” meliputi minuman mocktail yang terdiri dari beberapa campuran dengan rasa yang segar. Pendekatan yang digunakan dengan memberikan pendampingan dan pelatihan, yaitu bagaimana melakukan pemasaran secara online melalui media sosial. Hasil pelatihan dan pendampingan menghasilkan UMKM “TERSERAH” telah memiliki media pemasaran secara online berbasis media sosial. Selanjutnya perlu dilakukan evaluasi agar penggunaan media sosial dapat berjalan sesuai dengan harapan.

Keyword: Meningkatkan, Daya saing, UMKM “TERSERAH”, Pemasaran Online.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Biphenyl derivatives against C. albicans and E. coli
Authors: Shivali Shivali , Palia Priyankul , Dhiman Sunny , Kumar Inder , Kumar Pankaj , Dalwal Vikrant
Published: October 2024

Biphenyls are polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons with a molecular formula (C12 H10) having more than one aromatic nucleus. Biphenyl derivatives substituted with an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical have therapeutic use in pharmaceutical compositions intended for use in humans or cosmetic compositions. The present study included the synthesis of biphenyls derivatives and their antifungal and antimicrobial activities. Four different compounds (SCPD1-SCPD4) were synthesized via different synthesis methods. All the compounds were characterized by different methods like TLC, IR, and NMR. All the peaks and spectra revealed the presence of synthesized compounds. Among all the synthesized compounds, SCPD3 has shown maximum activity against gram-negative E. coli, and SCPD4 has shown maximum activity against C. albicans when compared with standard drug ketoconazole. The series of biphenyl derivatives may be a potent alternative to some other antibacterial and antifungal agents.
Need of ethosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system
Authors: Inde Vaishnavi , Kadare Mahesh , Matole Vinod , Patil Doke , Anil Amar , Patil Harshada , Kashid Sneha , Wani Kajal
Published: October 2024

Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD) TDD is a painless method of delivering drugs systemically by applying a drug formulation onto intact and healthy skin. Ethosomes are soft malleable vesicles composed mainly of phospholipids, ethanol (relatively high concentration) and water. In vitro and in vivo skin permeation experiments have shown that ethosomal formulations can improve the penetration of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds when compared to traditional liposomes. Cold method and hot method are the two types of method of preparation of ethosomes. In comparison to traditional liposomes, antigen-loaded ethosomes for transcutaneous immunization against Hepatitis B were synthesized and described, demonstrating better entrapment effectiveness, appropriate size range, and a unilamellar, spherical shape.As a topical medium (gel), ethosomes and liposomes of azelaic acid (an anti-keratinizing agent used in the treatment of acne) were created, and the results showed that ETHOS 40 might be responsible for a larger azelaic acid concentration than ETHOS 20 and liposomes.
КЫРГЫЗДАРДЫН КОКОН ХАНДЫГЫ, ЦИН ИМПЕРИЯСЫ ЖАНА РОССИЯ МЕНЕН БОЛГОН СООДА-ЭКОНОМИКАЛЫК БАЙЛАНЫШТАРЫ (XVIII К. – XIX К. БАШЫ)
Authors: Толобаева Элида Анарбековна
Published: October 2024

Кыргыздардын коңшу мамлекеттер: Цин империясы, Кокон хандыгы, Россия жана Фергана өрөөнүнүн элдери менен болгон соода-экономикалык байланыштары XVIII кылымдын экинчи жарымында тереңдеп, өзүнүн аппогейине жеткен. Алардын күнүмдүк тypмyшyндaгы ички продукциясы көчмөндүк турмушка ылайыкташып, нaтypaлдык чapбaгa нeгиздeлгeндиктeн, өздөрүн канааттандырбаган. Ошондуктан кoӊшy элдер менен cooдa жүргүзүү жана алмашуу процесстерин жөнгө салып туруу ыӊгайлуу болгон. Макалада кыргыз элинин XVIII к. – XIX к. башындагы Кокон хандыгы, Россия жана Цин империясынын элдери менен соода, экономикалык жана маданий байланыштары жөнүндө жаңы көз караштын талабына ылайык, илимий эмгектердин жана булактарга анализ жүргүзүлөт. Аталган мезгилдеги кыргыздардын соода-сатык иштери баяндалып, соода товар алмаштыруу мүнөздө болгондуктан, товар алмашуу натуралдык мүнөздө экендиги аныкталат.