bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Test Signs of Brain Damage in Cerebral Thrombosis
Authors: Evans Ray B. , Marmorston Jessie
Published: September 2011

A study was made of 204 patients between 40 and 80 yr. of age, 108 who had had a cerebral thrombosis and were thus known to have damage to the brain and 96 who had had a myocardial infarction but no known brain damage. The two groups were compared on the Rorschach, Proverb Interpretations, Draw-A-Man, Bender-Gestalt, Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices, and WAIS Digit Span and Vocabulary tests. Every test distinguished successfully between the cerebral and cardiac patients; each test, divided at its optimum point, correctly classified more patients than could be expected by chance; a significant association between diagnosis and scores on each test was shown by contingency coefficients; positive relationships between every test (except Digit Span, which was not calculated) and each of the other tests was shown by Spearman rank correlations ranging from .39 to .81. Considering the age, education, and socioeconomic status of the patients, and especially the fact that they all had some atherosclerosis, the tests differentiated the groups extremely well, with the Rorschach generally proving most effective. In view of the number of patients misclassified when each test was divided at its maximally differentiating point, it was concluded that none of the tests could be safely used by itself for individual diagnosis.
Relation of the Revised Repression-Sensitization Scale to Measures of Self-Description
Authors: Byrne Donn , Barry James , Nelson Don
Published: September 2011

An internal-consistency item-analysis was carried out for the 182-item Repression-Sensitization Scale. Responses to each question were correlated with Total R-S score for two samples consisting of 370 undergraduates each. A revised scoring key was made, consisting of 127 cross-validated items. Using a new sample, reliability coefficients of .94 (split-half) and .82 (test-retest) were found. In subsequent investigations, R-S scores were found to be positively related to self-ideal discrepancy and negative self-description on Worchel's SAI. On a measure of Hostility Incongruency, R-S scores were positively related to each of three types of incongruency. There were only minimal differences between the two scoring keys in the relationships found. The consistent finding that self-report measures are related to the R-S Scale was discussed and alternate hypotheses were advanced to account for these relationships.
Vocational Archetypes: A Proposal for Clinical Integration of Interests and Values in Vocational Counseling and Selection
Authors: Gilbert Joseph
Published: September 2011

A method is proposed for corroborating or refuting the dependability of scores on the Kuder Preference Record with much greater assurance by clinically comparing such scores with those obtained from the same Ss on the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values to determine if the two sets of test data for an individual are in accord or contradict one another. Both tests are objective, self-administering, and self-scoring and the procedure suggested to ascertain if the specific interests measured by the Kuder are commensurate with the more basic values appraised by the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey is rapid, straightforward, and unambiguous.
Persuasibility as Related to Need Autonomy
Authors: Ward William D.
Published: September 2011

This study provides suggestive support for the notion that HA Ss score high on this variable because of a need to defend against underlying attitudes which predispose them to persuasibility. It must be emphasized that the results of this study are not clear-cut and require replication.
Effects of Separate and Joint Escape and Avoidance Contingencies
Authors: Malott R. W. , Sidley N. A. , Schoenfeld W. N.
Published: September 2011

The contributions of separate and joint “escape” and “avoidance” contingencies were investigated for the bar-pressing response of rats in a schedule of negative reinforcement defined within the t-classification. In general, the removal of either contingency alone, or even of both contingencies at once, had very little effect on the two measures of response rate and of shocks per minute.
Social Activities Related to Rhesus Monkey Consort Behavior
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S.
Published: September 2011

The dominant male and six adult female rhesus monkeys within a larger group were studied to determine behavioral correlates of the estrus cycle. Consort behavior was expressed primarily in increased proximity scores and consequent increases in all types of social interaction. Estrus females enjoy greater toleration by the male, but may be attacked too, and show no change in dominance rank relative to other group members. Some females remain in proximity with the dominant male whenever tolerated regardless of sexual status and others avoid him even when in estrus.
Effect of an Hallucinogenic Agent on Verbal Behavior
Authors: Honigfeld Gilbert
Published: September 2011

Cloze analysis was used to assess the “understandability” of the spontaneous speech of a normal S who had received 9 mg. of psilocybin. This drug seemed to exert an enhancing effect within the first 1½ hr., followed quickly by a deterioration in the quality of verbal communication for about the next 2 hr.
Interaction of Amphetamine with Conditions of Food Deprivation
Authors: Cole Sherwood O.
Published: September 2011

Twenty-four female hooded rats were randomly assigned to two amphetamine dosage levels (5 and 10 mg/kg) and three deprivation conditions (0, 12, and 24 hr.) to form six independent groups of four Ss each. The amount of food consumed during a 3-hr. feeding period was determined for four separate trials. On each trial the 3-hr. feeding period was preceded by a single injection of amphetamine and a single condition of food deprivation. There was a statistically significant interaction between dosage level of amphetamine and the different conditions of food deprivation. The implications of the results for previous studies and future research are briefly discussed.
Sex Role Preferences of Kindergarten Boys and Girls: Some Contradictory Results
Authors: Lansky Leonard M. , McKay Gerald
Published: September 2011

A number of researchers have found that girls tend to prefer the masculine role more than boys prefer the feminine, particularly at the kindergarten age. Several such studies have used the It Scale for Children (ITSC) although some more recent work has questioned these researches on methodological grounds, claiming that the IT figure seems to be seen as male by most children. To test this methodological point and the hypothesis that boys today have greater preference for the feminine role than girls do for the masculine, we individually administered the ITSC to 36 kindergarten children from middle-class homes, 20 boys and 16 girls, with the IT figure concealed in an envelope. During a later testing session, the ITSC was administered in the standard fashion. The data confirmed our hypothesis about the boys' and girls' preferences for roles but did not support the view that the IT figure is seen as male by most children at this age.
Relation between Content and Response Style in ICL Femininity Scores
Authors: Kogan Kate L. , Jackson Joan K.
Published: September 2011

ICL responses of 40 Ss were divided into high and normal range Femininity Scores. Hyperfeminine scores were shown to be associated with, but not an artifact of, greater tendency to agree. There was no significant relationship between Femininity and Social Desirability.
Methodological Considerations in Attitude Change
Authors: Gorfein David S.
Published: September 2011

Implementing suggestions from previous work a new procedure of selecting Ss for persuasibility studies was explored. A replication of an earlier attitude change study with procedural modifications confirmed the feasibility of the procedure. Effects of message distance in attitude change studies, with regression effects balanced, supported the Cognitive Dissonance interpretation of attitude change. Extension of this principle was suggested.
Errors and Number of Choices on the Punchboard
Authors: Kaess Walter
Published: September 2011

If N Ss answer an item having equally plausible alternatives on the punchboard, the errors to any particular will be N/2. This relationship is independent of the number of item choices available. A similar relationship is specified for an item in which all distractors but not the correct answer are equally plausible.
A Versatile Solderless Electrode Carrier
Authors: Law Thomas , Adams Jack
Published: September 2011

An electrode connector for chronic brain implants can be inexpensively assembled from small commercial plastic strips, pre-drilled to accept miniature crimp contacts. Strips can be cut to any length with pliers and cemented together in various versatile forms. Crimps are easily applied to electrodes before surgery and inserted into strips during surgery. Twelve or more electrodes on a rat's skull are feasible.
Success, Failure, and Personality
Authors: Kassarjian Harold H.
Published: September 2011

The cultural patterns of success and failure were defined as a two-dimensional process. The first is indicated by objective measures of achievement, the “societal” success-failure continuum; the other by the aspirations of the individual and his self perception of success or failure. Results indicate a moderate correlation (.51) between the two dimensions. Failure on both dimensions was found to be related to a poorer self concept, fewer adjustive attitudes, greater complaints of physical and mental illness symptoms and less socially desirable personality traits than found in individuals who score as successful on both criteria. Some variables were found to be primarily related to the psychological failure dimension and others primarily related to societal failure.
Experimental Tests of Hull's Reasoning Paradigms
Authors: Dyal James A. , Jones Cliff A.
Published: September 2011

Two tests of Hull's reasoning paradigm were conducted. The basic paradigm required that rats be trained to approach goal box C for one incentive and to approach goal boxes B and D for an incentive which differed in quality and/or quantity. It was further required that goal box B serve as the termination of an A-B sequence and the beginning of a B-C sequence. Hull predicted on the basis of the rg mechanism that under test conditions requiring a choice between the A-B route and the A-D route a significant proportion of Ss would make an “insightful” choice of the A-B route. The results were uniformly negative for Hull's prediction. Under these conditions rats do not manifest the ability to assemble separately acquired behavior segments.
Communication and Logic: II. an Explanation Sketch of Meaning
Authors: Stewart Daniel K.
Published: September 2011

Central to the problem of communication is the problem regarding the meaning of “meaning.” The term “communication” is recognized as being spoken of in other frames of reference than those entailing “meaning.” Communication is here considered as that process concerned with the elicitation of ideas in the mind of some interpreter. Recently offered viewpoints on the nature of “meaning” raise serious questions. The ideas of other investigators imply an explanation sketch which points in the direction of fruitful research. This sketch entails considerations of the nature of “explanation” and “understanding.” The common elements found in instances of “communication,” “explanation,” and “understanding” are validity patterns or logical laws. Current research indicates communication to be a function of these patterns.
Normative Feedback in Automated Instruction
Authors: Mager Robert F. , Clark D. Cecil
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the effects of normative feedback (degree of agreement of learner's response with averaged expert opinion) in a learning situation which ordinarily is based on subjective judgment, and compared the effects of subjective (normative) vs objective (right-wrong) feedback in promoting discrimination learning of smoothness of machined metal surfaces. In Exp. I, two groups were given normative and objective feedback, respectively, while two control groups received no feedback. It was not possible to evaluate the two forms of feedback because the “expert” group, which served as the model for subjects receiving subjective feedback, performed no better on the criterion task than did a naive control group. In Exp. II, an additional group received normative feedback and another, objective feedback. Ss receiving feedback in the form of the percentage of expert agreement for any given response made no more errors in criterion performance than Ss who received “right-wrong” feedback. Also, Ss receiving subjective feedback did not differ significantly from the model at the end of training. This work demonstrates the possibility of using an automated instructional device for teaching non-objective responses including judgments of social or nonsocial stimuli, values, and attitudes.
Effects of Fear Conditioning on Avoidance Learning
Authors: Mullin A. D. , Mogenson G. J.
Published: September 2011

Rats were given 0, 8, 50, and 100 fear conditioning trials prior to shuttle-box avoidance learning. The fear conditioning trials resulted in: (a) an increased latency of escape responses during the initial avoidance training, (b) a greater variability of avoidance learning scores, and (c) a slight, but not statistically significant, improvement in avoidance learning. These results are attributed to fear being associated with the buzzer and to the establishing of favorable and incompatible responses to the grid shock.
Effects of Different Reinforcers: A Comparison across Age Levels
Authors: Nickell Madge , Travers Robert M. W.
Published: September 2011

The relative effectiveness of two reinforcing contingencies referred to as verbal and physical reinforcements were compared as a function of age and sex. 20 males and 20 females at each of four age levels represented prekindergarten and Grades 3, 6, and 9. A highly significant difference was found between the reinforcing conditions, physical reinforcement being more effective than verbal at all age levels. These results had been predicted in the two oldest age groups, however, hypotheses made for the two youngest groups were not supported. Verbal reinforcement in combination with the physical reinforcement resulted in no greater response than did the physical reinforcement alone. Verbal reinforcement was significantly more effective among prekindergarten females than among third grade females, while males at both age levels were similarly affected by verbal reinforcement.
Effects of Preshock and Additional Punishment on Activity of Hamsters
Authors: Pearl Jack
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that preshock would impede the rate of recovery in activity following additional noncontingent punishment and facilitate recovery following response-contingent punishment was tested by subjecting four groups of hamsters to either preshock and noncontingent punishment, no preshock and noncontingent punishment, preshock and response-contingent punishment, or no preshock and response-contingent punishment. Preshock impeded the rate of recovery of activity from noncontingent punishment but failed to facilitate recovery from response-contingent punishment. Results obtained with two additional groups did not reveal any significant effects of preshock in the absence of further punishment. The findings were compared with those previously obtained with rats.
Schizophrenic Speech Fluency: A Partial Replication and an Hypothesis
Authors: Feldstein Stanley , Jaffe Joseph
Published: September 2011

The intent of the study was to test the replicability of the previous findings that spontaneous schizophrenic speech yielded similar proportions of non-Ah disturbances but higher proportions of filled pauses than did nonschizophrenic speech. 30 experimental and 30 control Ss were asked to tell the stories represented by 2 affective and 2 nonaffective picture sets in close and remote interpersonal situations. A comparison of the Ah ( filled pauses) and non-Ah ratios of the groups by analyses of repeated measurements yielded Fs of 5.82 ( p < .05) and 3.30 (n.s.), respectively, thus confirming the previous findings. It was conjectured that the results may reflect differences between the language distributions of schizophrenics and nonschizophrenics.
Sociability and the Conditioning of Pronouns “i” and “we”
Authors: Winfree Page , Meyer Merle
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that sociability affects conditioning of the pronouns I and we. 40 Ss were selected according to their scores on the sociability scale of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, 20 with high scores and 20 with low scores. Ten Ss from each of these groups were conditioned to I and 10 Ss were conditioned to we by means of the generalized conditioned reinforcers “good” and “mmm-hmm.” The results significantly supported the hypothesis.
Psychology of the Scientist: X. Observer Bias in Classical Conditioning of the Planarian
Authors: Cordaro Lucian , Ison James R.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of undergraduate volunteers were given differential expectancies about S's behavior prior to their observations of planaria undergoing conditioning. Group HE ( n = 5) received a high response expectancy, Group LE ( n = 5) a low response expectancy, and Group HLE observed one planarian under each expectancy condition. Group HE reported 18% contractions and 49% head turns in 100 trials whereas Group LE reported but 9% and 9.9%. Group HLE reported 15.4% contractions and 30% head turns under high expectancy instructions, but only 4.8% and 15.4% under low expectancy instructions. Analyses of the effect of instructions between Groups HE and LE and within Group HLE both yielded significant F ratios ( P < .001). Although it is unwise to generalize from naive volunteers to sophisticated investigators, it is clear that response recording in planaria should be made less ambiguous, perhaps by taking photographic records.
Note on Successive Dimensional Analysis Applied to Affective, Cognitive, and Personality Traits
Authors: Podell Harriett A.
Published: September 2011

Empirical effects of successive cluster analysis were investigated in a study of the relationship between expressed affectivity and other personality traits. On the one hand, some changes occurred in the dimensions of successive analyses, and on the other hand, some dimensions persisted, e.g., general tendency to express affectivity, specific tendency to express affectivity, neuroticism, masochism, etc.
Role of Repetition and Reinforcement in Learning
Authors: Seidel Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Ten paired-associates were used with CVC syllables as stimuli and single-digits as responses in two experiments. Exp. I consisted of five reinforcement (R) treatments prior to TT. Exposure conditions were 4 sec. for S-R (or S) and 4 sec. blank between exposures. Exp. II consisred of R1TT and R2TT with the blank inrra-trial interval omitted. Exp. I yielded a linear increasing function of N1:C2 switching with increasing R. Exp. II, however, showed no increase in N1:C2 switching although learning and retention were comparable to Exp. I. Caution is advised in prematurely using the data from the RTT paradigm to support a given theory of associative learning.
Effects of Median Cortex Lesions on the Maternal Behavior of the Rat
Authors: Wilsoncroft William E.
Published: September 2011

This study explores the relation of cortical lesions to the rat's maternal behavior. Rather precise electrolytic lesions were made in the anterior and posterior cingulate areas of the median cortex. A quantitative measure of maternal behavior was obtained by a continuous recording of the rat's movements about the observation box and her picking up and depositing of pups in response to scattering the litter and directing air and heat blasts onto the litter. Data indicate (1) the lesions were differential in their effect. Only the anterior cingulate lesions produced significant disruptions in the maternal behaviors. (2) The lesions disrupted only certain sequential aspects of the maternal activities. The groups did not differ in their over-all retrieving behavior or in the number of pups they removed from the air blast. However, the anterior cingulate lesioned animals were observed to carry their pups several times around the observation box before depositing them; thus they carried their pups over significantly more floor areas than did the other groups. Further, these animals exhibited other unique behaviors such as repeatedly picking up and dropping the same pup or retrieving their own tails time after time.
Figurative and Literal Misinterpretations of Words by Process and Reactive Schizophrenics
Authors: Eliseo Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

A study by Chapman has indicated that schizophrenics, compared with a “normal” group, make significantly greater literal misinterpretations of words. 17 reactive schizophrenics, 29 process schizophrenics, and 21 general medical-surgical patients, suffering from a chronic physical illness, were compared on Chapman's test of word meanings. Contrary to expectation, no significant differences were found between the experimental groups. Possible explanations for these results are that unlike Chapman's study, Ss in the present study were equivalent in vocabulary level and, although chronic, were newly admitted to the hospital, or that misinterpretation of words may be a characreristic of chronic illness in general and not specific to schizophrenia.
Effects of Nonresponse Acquisition on Latent Extinction in a Differential Reinforcement Setting
Authors: Wilson Wayne J. , Dyal James A.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was designed to determine the effects of 100%, 50%, and 0% reinforcement of nonresponse acquisition on the regular acquisition, latent extinction, and regular extinction of an instrumental running response. Ss were 78 male rats randomly assigned to six treatment conditions which included the administering of pretraining and training placements under varied reinforcement, followed by latent extinction and regular extinction test periods. Although the administration of pretraining and training placements had no significant effect on running speeds during acquisition, the results did indicate that Ss which had encountered nonreinforced placements prior to latent extinction were significantly more resistant to the effects of the pre-extinction placements. The discrimination hypothesis and frustration theory were considered as interpretations of the latent extinction data.
Comparison of Strong Vocational Interest Patterns of Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Fein Arthur , Lipton Leonard , Elton Charles F.
Published: September 2011

The Strong Vocational Interest Profiles for 60 normals and 60 schizophrenics were selected from test files and analyzed. Each profile met the criterion of possessing at least one primary or reject interest pattern. By means of a mixed analysis of variance (Type 1) the over-all range or difference scores on the seven scales was not significantly different for the two groups. In addition, the over-all mean standard scale scores for the two groups were not significantly different. The Group X Scales interaction was significant for both measures. The schizophrenics were more interested in skilled labor and business details, while the controls were more interested in selling and linguistic occupations. It was concluded that there were no differences in range of scores for the two groups or in their profile patterns. The major implication is that interest patterns of schizophrenics are stable and that vocational counseling on the basis of Strong interest may be very helpful in making hospital work assignments.
A Procedure Which Produces Sustained Opiate-Directed Behavior (Morphine Addiction) in the Rat
Authors: Nichols John R.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to naive assumption, animals do not show altered behavior toward opiates after injection. However, a procedure, based on operant conditioning theory, is described which produces sustained opiate-directed behavior (oral morphine addiction) in rats. What is believed to be the first demonstration of relapse in animals was obtained with this method. Examples applying this procedure are given and typical results are shown. This procedure is valuable in that it permits direct experimental attack on many otherwise very difficult problems of addiction. The success of this method in producing sustained opiate-directed behavior in animals has significant implications regarding the development of sustained opiate-directed behavior in man.
College Dropouts and Difference Scores
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: September 2011

It is shown that not only will the usual predictors of college grades such as the Scholastic Aptitude Tests-Verbal and Mathematical (SAT-V & SAT-M) and rank in high school graduating class (HSR) differentiate significantly between college dropouts and non-dropouts but that scores obtained by converting SAT-V, SAT-M, and HSR to normalized T scores and computing the differences between HSR and the other two variables will also distinguish dropouts from non-dropouts. It is felt that such difference scores may be useful indicators of academic achievement motivation.
Originality in Free and Controlled Association Responses
Authors: Gallup Howard F.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were carried out in an attempt to replicate the training in originality reported by Maltzman and his colleagues. The first experiment showed that Maltzman's two lists of words were not comparable in their elicitation of original responses, and that all Ss showed an increase in originality from a first list to a second list. The second experiment required Ss to produce different responses each time through a training list without specifically asking them to be different. All Ss were more original on a second list than on the first, whether they were trained, worked on arithmetic problems, or worked on a vocabulary test between trials. The third experiment was an exact replication of Maltzman's main design, with the addition of interpolated arithmetic or vocabulary tests. Again, all Ss showed more originality on the second list, regardless of how they spent the time between trials. It is concluded that originality training as defined by Maltzman has not been demonstrated here.
Personal Structures: II. Personal Substructures
Authors: Shelly Maynard W.
Published: September 2011

The present paper presents a development of personal substructures somewhat analogous to the development of personal structures based upon the relation of judgments to the environment in the first paper of this series. In the present paper within the concept of personal structures, several mathematical concepts have been interpreted. These will be needed in the third and final paper in which we will explore in greater detail the nature of the relationship of judgments to the environment.
Psychotherapeutic Techniques as Conditioned Reinforcers in a Structured Interview
Authors: Adams Henry E. , Frye Roland L.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to investigate experimentally the effects of psychotherapy techniques such as interpretation, minimal social reinforcement, hostile statements, and reflections in a structured interview using a verbal conditioning paradigm. While Ss talked freely about any topic, personal references were reinforced by one of four ways on a fixed ratio of 5:1. Results indicated that interpretative statements and minimal social reinforcement increased personal references. Effects of the interpretative statements appeared to be more resistant to extinction. Reflections and hostile statements decreased personal references. These results suggest that different phenomena of verbal behavior observed by different schools of psychotherapy may be a function of different techniques utilized.
Water Tank Apparatus for Instrumental Escape Conditioning
Authors: Woods Paul J.
Published: September 2011

An alley and goal tank are connected to separate reservoirs containing constant temperature circulating units. These units allow automatic and precise control of water temperature which is used to manipulate drive and reinforcement with small laboratory animals.
Sensitivity and Recall
Authors: Terwilliger Robert F.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that Ss high on Paranoia (MMPI) would recall more in an incidental memory task. Data supported this conclusion, providing anxiety and K are taken into account. It is assumed that Paranoia measures stimulus sensitivity.
Apparatus for Selective Learning Research with Low-Cost Teaching Machine Potential
Authors: Lachman Roy
Published: September 2011

A fully automatic apparatus is described for investigations of concept formation and a variety of verbal learning problems. The machine will administer a series of experimental learning tasks with automatic changes in stimuli and reinforcement between problems. A relatively inexpensive component of the apparatus functions as a highly versatile teaching machine.
Avoidance Conditioning in Wheel Box and Shuttle Box
Authors: Nakamura Charles Y. , Anderson Norman H.
Published: September 2011

Avoidance behavior in wheel box and shuttle box were compared in two experiments which tested the same rats in both apparatuses. Performance in the shuttle box was superior to performance in the wheel box for both male and female Sprague-Dawleys. The corresponding differences for the Long-Evans, though not significant, were in the opposite direction. Reactivity to shock was considered a possible explanation for the sizeable difference between the two strains in shuttle responding. High reactivity to shock was thought to inhibit avoidance learning in the shuttle but to facilitate learning in the wheel. The results, together with previous work, suggest that both apparatus variables and organismic variables, and their interaction, are important in avoidance behavior.
Additional Notes on Gastrointestinal Activity during Avoidance Behavior
Authors: White Elna Hayward
Published: September 2011

Gastrointestinal activity in humans during avoidance responding was compared with that under conditions of passive reception of mild stimulation, as well as resting level. Results were contradictory to findings of Davis and Berry (1963) but tended to confirm those of Sternbach (1962) as well as to support Brady's (1963) work with peptic ulcer development in “Executive” monkeys.
Yes, Virginia, Everyone, Oakes, Santa Claus, and Even i, Agree Tests of Significance are Important: A Reply to Oakes
Authors: Heckel Robert V.
Published: September 2011

This note is an attempt to clarify some critical remarks concerning Oakes' study, “Reinforcement of Bales' Categories in Group Discussion,” and his “To Heckel or Not, a Reply.”
Parental Attitudes toward Institutionalization
Authors: Barber William H.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the influence of institutional characteristics on the attitudes of parents of children hospitalized for psychiatric treatment. Attitudes toward “hospitalization” of parents of children in-patients in the state hospital were compared with those of parents of children in a private, intensive-treatment hospital unit. It was hypothesized that the latter group would report more favorable attitudes. A modified semantic differential technique yielded results supporting the hypothesis. Thirty-four of 45 scales were significantly different. These results suggest that institutionalization and treatment policy are reflected in parents' verbalized attitudes. Implications for theory, methodology, and practice are discussed.
Influence of Amount of Reward in a Complex Learning Situation
Authors: Cross Henry A. , Boyer William N.
Published: September 2011

28 hooded rats received 4 pellets of food for every run in a 4-unit multiple-Y maze, while 25 others received 1 pellet. Prior to the maze problem, Ss had received different reward experiences in a straight alley as follows: some had always received 4 pellets, some always 1 pellet, some had received mixed reward amounts, and some had no previous reward experience. Y-maze performance was not reliably related to the previous reward experience in the linear maze, and further research is needed before it will be possible to assess the influence of previous reward experience on contemporary learning. Errors and speed measures in the Y maze were influenced by contemporary reward amount.
Effectiveness of Explanatory Reinforcement in Programmed Learning of Psychological Concepts
Authors: ter Keurst Arthur J.
Published: September 2011

Apparently reinforcement modifies learning indirectly by determining the activities in which the learning process occurs. As indicated by the responses of 432 Ss enrolled in general psychology, explanatory reinforcement was superior to non-explanatory reinforcement in the learning of concepts.
Detecting a Cognitive Schema in a Young Child
Authors: Rappoport Leon
Published: September 2011

During a 3-day period, the author carried out a series of observations with his young son to determine whether the boy had achieved an effective drawing-pulling cognitive schema. Two approaches to this detection problem were employed. The first was based upon the development of a simple test situation. The second was representative of more naturalistic, phenomenological studies; it developed as part of a play behavior sequence. Observational protocols obtained with both techniques indicate that the boy had an effective drawing-pulling schema. However, the naturalistic technique produced more convincing evidence because it allowed a confrontation to occur between a previously well-established schema and the schema under study.
Individual Differences in Average Affect Adjective Check List (AACL) Scores: Their Relation to Psychological and Physiological Variables
Authors: Giddon Donald B.
Published: September 2011

Scores for 71 female Ss were obtained on the AACL on several occasions and analyzed for significant relations with personality and physiological measures.
Postweaning Experiences and Emotional Responsiveness
Authors: Duke J. D. , Seaman J. L.
Published: September 2011

One group of albino rats ( N = 22) lived in the stimulating environment of a large cage for 100 days after weaning, while another group ( N = 17) lived in standard cages. After testing, the environments of the two groups were reversed for a second period of 100 days, after which the first tests were repeated. The group reared in the large cage from weaning was less disturbed in the open-field test on both occasions. This group also performed better in water maze and sink-escape problems on the first test, but data from the second test could not be meaningfully evaluated. Results were interpreted as being consistent with research of Levine and Denenberg.
Verbal Conditioning in Chronic Schizophrenia: Effects of Reinforcement Class and Social Responsiveness
Authors: Johannsen Walter J. , Campbell Shirley Y.
Published: September 2011

A study was performed to investigate the conditionability of chronic schizophrenics and their differential responsiveness to verbal reward and punishment in a Taffel-type task. The effect of social responsiveness, as measured by a rating-scale device, was also assessed. Results indicated that those Ss remaining responsive to the social environment condition well under verbal reward. Variables inherent in the situation or E were related in a complex way to the results, yielding a peculiar pattern in which pronouns, jointly reinforced, in several instances conditioned separately.
Comments on “Originality” in Free and Controlled Association Responses”
Authors: Maltzman Irving , Gallup Howard F.
Published: September 2011

Some differences in results of originality training experiments and their interpretation are summarized.
Some Neglected Variables in Contemporary Conceptions of Decision and Performance
Authors: Atkinson John W. , Cartwright Dorwin
Published: September 2011

Contemporary conceptions of the determinants of a tendency to perform a particular response are reviewed and found to be stimulus bound. They tend to attribute instigation to act in a certain way to the occurrence of a stimulus (external or internal) which serves to excite an otherwise latent associative mechanism like Habit or Expectancy in an organism implicitly assumed to be at rest. It is proposed that activity already in progress (initial activity) and the persistent effect of previously aroused but unsatisfied behavioral tendencies (inertial tendencies) be included in formal conceptions of the contemporaneous determinants of decision and performance. These suggestions follow from the premise that a living organism is constantly active and the assumption of inertia applied to behavioral tendencies.
Some Correlates of a Jungian Personality Inventory
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J. , Ross John
Published: September 2011

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a self-report inventory which is intended to measure four variables stemming from the Jungian personality typology: extraversion-introversion, sensation-intuition, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. The construct validity of each of its scales was assessed in a series of studies which investigated the scales' correlations with ability, interest, and personality scales and differences on the scales between the sexes and between students in different high school programs. The findings suggest that the Sensation-Intuition and Thinking-Feeling scales may reflect restricted aspects of the dimensions that they are intended to represent, and the Extraversion-introversion and Judging-Perceiving scales may reflect something quite different from their postulated dimensions.
Demonstrations of Genuine Placebo Change
Authors: Borgatta Edgar F.
Published: September 2011

Findings from replicated studies of genuine placebo change are related to problems of generalization from experience in the “practicing professions” and “action research.”
Anxiety Correlates of Sex-Role Identity in College Students
Authors: Cosentino Fred , Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between sex-role adoption, aggression anxiety (AA), and manifest anxiety (MA) were determined by using questionnaire data from 85 college males and 156 college females. Significant negative rs were obtained between masculinity and both anxiety variables which, in turn, were positively correlated. The MF-AA findings were similar to those reported for 12-yr.-old children.
Single Trial Conditioning: Methodology and Results with Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B. , Alpern Herbert
Published: September 2011

Four experiments are presented with data from three methods for establishing a conditioned avoidance response in mice in a single trial. Approximately 90% of the mice used with these methods showed conditioning. Specific advantages lie in the use of one method rather than another, and this is dependent upon the application desired. Some of the variables controlled for with these conditioning techniques are: CS-UCS interval, US duration, and US-UR interval.
An Apparatus for Concept Attainment Research
Authors: Byers Joe L. , Collins Carter C. , Loughborough W. Baldridge
Published: September 2011

A description of an instrument designed to facilitate concept attainment research. The Concept Attainment Device (CAD) was built to reduce several sources of E error in concept attainment experiments. S is presented with a 64 stimulus-position board. Associated with each of these positions are two response-key-feedback-lights. S's card choices are displayed on E's console in a decimal read-out. S's hypotheses are automatically checked for accuracy by CAD. Problems may be easily changed, and the amount of information displayed to S may be systematically varied. CAD is especially useful in concept attainment experiments on selection strategies, rate of information acquisition, and accuracy of information utilization.
Effect of Forced Paired-Comparison on Paired-Associate Learning and Meaningfulness
Authors: de Bold R. C.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of familiarization were used to explore the role of differentiation in verbal learning: simple frequency pretraining, and practice on a paired-comparisons rating task which was designed to increase differentiability. Results showed that the differentiation pretraining resulted in superior learning to frequency pretraining. But, there was significant negative transfer for the frequency groups. The negative transfer was attributed to incorrect habits due to weak interitem associations built up during familiarization. The divergence of these results from earlier work on familiarization may be due to a displacement backward of the course of learning due to the great difficulty of the task and the low availability of the items after familiarization. This divergence may be overcome in a less difficult task by continued learning or by increased familiarization. Pretraining had no effect on a production test of meaningfulness.
Effect of Extreme Likelihood Values upon Information Use
Authors: Hoffeld Donald R. , Kent S. Carolyn
Published: September 2011

Using a static decision situation, 90 Ss were tested for frequency of information use as a function of the number of choice alternatives and the likelihood that the information was correct. Extreme values were used in both high and low probability categories. The following major conclusions were reached. When a simple, i.e., 2-choice situation is used, a significant number of Ss actively avoid a very low information probability, while with a more complex choice, i.e., 8 alternatives, Ss behave in a random manner. The use of extreme probability values for the information likelihood pushes behavior toward, but not all the way to, a statistically good solution, for both high and low probability values.
Generalizations from the Distinction of Passive and Active Avoidance
Authors: Gerbrandt Lauren K.
Published: September 2011

A wide variety of behavioral and physiological data were presented which were discrepant and unrelated without the use of two integrating hypotheses. The behavioral hypothesis was generalized from the distinction of passive and active avoidance by making passive avoidance a subset of the class “inhibit-attentive-responses,” while the physiological hypothesis was generalized from both anatomical and physiological data to show that the inhibit-attentive and passive-avoidance classes of phenomena have an extensive physiological substrate similar to the Papez circuit. The precision of control over the initiation and maintenance of attentive behaviors was hypothesized to be a function of these inhibitory capacities. The hypotheses were discussed in relation to the literature in order to demonstrate their use.
Effect of Es Tone of Voice on “Hypnotic-Like” Suggestibility
Authors: Barber Theodore Xenophon , Calverley David Smith
Published: September 2011

82 Ss were assessed individually on response to the Barber Suggestibility Scale. To half the Ss (Group A) the suggestions were presented in a forceful tone and to the others (Group B) the identical suggestions were presented in a lackadaisical tone. Variations in E's tone of voice produced significant variations in suggestibility: Group A obtained higher Objective and Subjective scores on the suggestibility scale than Group B. The findings indicate a need for further research to ascertain to what degree the heightened suggestibility attributed to hypnosis is due to “trance” and to what degree it is due to test-suggestions being presented more forcefully to the hypnotic Ss than to the controls.
Behavioral Contagion
Authors: Wheeler Ladd , Smith Seward , Murphy Donald B.
Published: September 2011

4 separate experiments on the contagion of game-playing behavior were conducted. Exp. I indicated that contagion occurred whether the game engaged in by the confederate was of high or low valence to S, that mere activity on the part of the experimental confederate did not lead to game playing, and that contagion tended toward specificity. Exp. II indicated specificity of contagion was not necessary, that contagion was not entirely due to a desire to compere in game playing. Exp. III failed to produce contagion of a low-valence game with no restraints against game playing. Exp. IV failed to produce contagion of a high-valence game with no restraints against game playing. Throughout the 4 experiments there was no relationship between contagion and Asch-type conformity. The observed contagion was mediated by reduction of restraints. The data were not adequate to specify the manner in which restraints were reduced, although several alternatives were discussed and evaluated.
Cognitive Factors in Transfer of Meaning
Authors: Hare Robert D.
Published: September 2011

In a classical conditioning paradigm, CS syllables were paired with UCS words of positive, negative, or neutral evaluative meaning. An intensive questionnaire followed 8 conditioning trials. Predicted transfer of meaning occurred for aware Ss only. Further, there was a tendency to rate CS syllables in terms of their recalled relationship to UCS words. Most Ss apparently regarded the experiment as a problem-solving task in which they rated syllables as they thought they were expected to.
Successful Mediated Priming via Associative Bonds
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: September 2011

The effects of indirect priming via forward and reverse associative bonds were investigated using a word-association test to measure changes in associative frequency. Preceding each cue-stimulus on the association test were three priming words, selected because they were known to elicit the desired response (Group 1, N = 38) or to be elicited by it (Group 2). For every stimulus word studied, forward indirect priming (Group 1) increased the probability of occurrence of the desired response. The effects of reverse indirect priming (Group 2, N = 50) were random and insignificant. Some implications of these findings for future research were suggested.
An Intercorrelational Study of Some Indices of Verbal Fluency
Authors: Pope Benjamin , Siegman Aron W.
Published: September 2011

This article reports an intercorrelational study of nine variables, assumed to be relevant to the occurrence of hesitation and anxiety in verbal behavior. Six verbal indices are used, including productivity, “Ah” and “non-ah” speech disturbance ratios, silent pauses, reaction time, and articulation rate. In addition Eron's rating scale for Affective Arousal in TAT responses, an adaptation of this scale for rating negative affect or anxiety, and a GSR measure are used. These measures are applied to stories given in response to 16 selected TAT cards by 30 nursing students, ages 20 to 22. In the intercorrelations of the variables and their loadings on three orthogonal factors, the relevance of the verbal indices to the concepts of hesitation and anxiety is sought. Some of the correlations are consistent with an uncertainty or hesitation concept; however, no uncertainty or hesitation factor emerges. On the other hand, an anxiety factor, on which negative affect and GSR both load, is present. Unfortunately, there are no verbal index loadings on this factor. The significant relationship of GSR to anxiety and its unrelatedness to a non-directional measure of affective activation is a finding of interest. Because of the degree of independence of each other manifested by the different verbal indices it is necessary to continue to study them separately in investigations of verbal interactions.