bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory reflectance spectra of hydrothermally altered carbonate facies, Pine Point mining camp, NWT, Canada
Authors: Turner William A. , Laamrani Ahmed , Rivard Benoit
Published: March 2005

This study uses reflectance spectroscopy to examine cores of hydrothermally altered carbonate facies within the North Trend, Pine Point mining camp. Four alteration types were constrained to specific facies in Pine Point, Sulphur Point, and Windy Point formations. These alteration types, each having a unique spectral signature, are: white dolomite, blue-grey dolomite, white calcite, and blue-grey calcite. The blue-grey calcite and dolomite signatures showed similarities in band positions between 0.8 μm and 1.1 μm, a spectral indicator for the presence of ferrous and ferric iron. The white calcite phase had an absorption feature at
c
. 1.73 μm likely due to organics. The spectral absorption bands for liquid water (1.4 and 1.9 μm) trapped in fluid inclusions were ubiquitous to all samples. Characterization of carbonates with respect to their timing of deposition (pre-, syn-, and post-mineralization) is complicated by lack of sulphides. Laboratory and field observations determined that blue-grey carbonates contain elevated sulphide concentrations compared to their white counterparts and commonly envelope Pb–Zn orebodies, and therefore this carbonate species may be directly associated with the ore deposition events. The carbonate alteration spectral signatures characterized by this study may be used to further the efficiency of airborne hyperspectral exploration in other Mississippi-Valley-Type districts.
Usefulness of stream order to detect stream sediment geochemical anomalies
Authors: Carranza Emmanuel John M.
Published: March 2005

Unlike drainage basin area, stream order has not been quantitatively integrated in analysis of stream sediment geochemical data. It is hypothesized here that stream order is a useful surrogate for drainage basin area in ‘correcting’ for sediment dilution in order to detect stream sediment geochemical anomalies. Geochemical residuals, derived from catchment-based background corrections, are multiplied with respective sample site stream order to obtain stream-order-‘corrected’ residuals, which are compared and contrasted with corresponding values of productivity of a drainage basin. The validity of the hypothesis is tested and demonstrated in a drainage basin in the Aroroy gold district in the Philippines. There are strong and statistically significant correlations between stream-order-‘corrected’ residuals and values of productivity. Anomalous areas based on uni-element stream-order-‘corrected’ residuals are spatially identical or strongly spatially similar to anomalous areas based on uni-element values of productivity. Multi-element associations extracted from stream-order-‘corrected’ residuals are identical or highly similar to multi-element geochemical associations that can be extracted from values of productivity. The results of the study demonstrate that routine calculations of stream-order-‘corrected’ residuals would be particularly useful for interpretation of reconnaissance stream sediment geochemical data derived by sampling low-order streams.
The environmental impact of mining in the Pontides, Turkey: reconnaissance sampling and GIS-based analysis
Authors: Akçay Migraç , Moon Charles J.
Published: March 2005

The Pontide metallotect is the major producing area in Turkey for base metals and has significant Au producing potential. Two major developments are currently at the feasibility stage and face opposition because of their potential environmental impact. Little information exists to substantiate past impacts.

This study describes reconnaissance water sampling and observations of the impact of some of the major current and disused operations. These are volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VMS) deposits at Murgul, Kutlular, Lahanos and Çayeli. Smaller vein mines at Gümüşki Tepe and Midi Maden were also sampled. The VMS deposits have had considerable impact. At Kutlular and Lahanos acid mine drainage (AMD) is strongly developed and metals are transported into drainages. In contrast, this situation has been avoided at Murgul because tailings have been released into the local river and subsequently into the major Çoruh River resulting in Cu, Zn and Fe contamination that is transported across the border into Georgia and discharged into the Black Sea. Both As and Cd are potential contaminants at Murgul although their areal distribution requires further investigation. Remediation at the three VMS deposits is minimal. In contrast, the relatively modern mine at Çayeli has little impact, partly because tailings are disposed of at depth in the reducing Black Sea.

Limited sampling at the vein mines suggests that AMD is not a major problem. Stream sediment sampling shows that As may, however, be released during ore treatment at Midi Maden. Visual examination at the vein mines shows that surface erosion is a major problem, probably due to the high altitude and thin soils. Surface conditions at the Au prospect at Mastra suggest that AMD and metal release should not be a major problem. However, the use of cyanide presents a more significant public relations issue. Examination of porphyry prospects shows that natural AMD is developed in places. Any development is unlikely as grades are sub-economic.

Regional determination of potential AMD was made using the sulphide content of deposit type established in the local studies and related to measured water pH. The wide variation in rainfall was taken into account with areas of high rainfall on the Black Sea predicted as having high potential for AMD formation. Potential surface degradation was predicted using height information from a digital elevation model and deposit type.
Geochemistry of metabasalts and hydrothermal alteration zones associated with

c.

3.45 Ga chert and barite deposits: implications for the geological setting of the Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Craton, Australia
Authors: Van Kranendonk Martin J. , Pirajno Franco
Published: March 2005

Relatively unaltered metabasalts of the Archaean Coonterunah and Warrawoona Groups, Pilbara Craton are compared with altered metabasalts from immediately beneath bedded cherts of these groups to provide evidence for the depositional environment and hydrothermal alteration processes of crust formation. The geochemistry of relatively unaltered basalt, stratigraphy, and inherited zircon data indicate that the lower Warrawoona Group (3.53–3.43 Ga) formed as an oceanic plateau complex built on a sialic basement to 3.724 Ga, following an analogue with the Phanerozoic Kerguelen oceanic plateau, and not as a mid-ocean ridge or convergent volcanic-arc complex as previously proposed. Advanced argillic, argillic, phyllic, and propylitic alteration zones in footwall basalts of this succession are products of repeated episodes of seafloor hydrothermal circulation, syngenetic with bedded chert deposition, in the distal parts of high-sulphidation epithermal systems.

The upper part of the Warrawoona Group (3.350–3.315 Ga Euro Basalt) represents a continental flood basalt event, up to 8 km thick, that erupted onto the older succession across a regional unconformity on which the Strelley Pool Chert was previously deposited. Widespread silica–alunite alteration of dolomitic chert protoliths and phyllic and propylitic alteration of footwall basalts are interpreted as products of fluid circulation driven by heat from the overlying, newly erupted lavas.
Ferricrete genesis and supergene gold behaviour in Burkina Faso,West Africa
Authors: Bamba Ousmane , Parisot Jean-Claude , Grandin Georges , Beauvais Anicet
Published: March 2005

The lateritic weathering process of Precambrian albitite formations containing gold sulphide mineralization has been studied at Larafella, southern Burkina Faso. The regional landscape consists of three land surface units with respective altitudes of 300 m, 280 m and 265–250 m. Plateaus on a barren schist formation form the first two upper units; there are remnants of two old planation surfaces capped by ferricretes. The third unit is a large recent pediment covered by a soft ferricrete. Within the weathering profile of this lower surface, preservation of the parent rock structures, Au and As content, Au particle morphology and the Ag content indicate the inheritance of the parent mineralized rock. The preservation of unweathered sulphides within the soft ferricrete and their absence in the underlying saprolite indicate that the ferricrete formed on a stripped surface at the expense of a slightly weathered rock, and preceded the formation of the clay horizons and the deepening of the weathering profile. Some sulphide grains and Au particles affected by transportation marks are also present within the ferricrete of the upper units. Transported bauxitic and ferruginous debris of previous lateritic formations have also been described. The upper units are accumulation surfaces, each with 8–10 m of reworked material on the bedrock. The results provided here improve our knowledge of the geomorphic dynamics that can be useful for Au exploration in lateritic environments.
Impact of toxic metals and metalloids from the Caribou gold-mining areas in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Wong H. K. T. , Gauthier A. , Beauchamp S. , Tordon R.
Published: March 2005

The Caribou gold-mining areas in Nova Scotia, Canada were in full production from 1869 to 1927. Abandoned waste rocks and fine-grained tailings from Hg-amalgamation processes have weathered into Long Lake, part of the Moose River system. Metal burdens in tailings and lake sediments, as well as the biological community structure above and below the processing site, were investigated. Surface tailings were found to contain (in μ g g
−1
): As (5000–28 000), Cd (0.1–0.6), Cu (6–37), Mn (50–600), Ni (600–2000), Hg (0.3–0.7), Pb (70–120), Tl (0.03–0.06), V (3–10) and Zn (20–100). Lake sediments below the tailing field were found to be highly enriched with As, Ni, Pb and, to a lesser extent, Hg, Cu and Mn. Air–surface exchange from tailings (preliminary results, 48 h cycle) exhibit Hg-flux rates from 20 to >100 times greater than those of natural soils in Nova Scotia. Stream water and sediments below the mine were toxic to the benthic community.
A study in clinopyroxene composition: implications for kimberlite exploration
Authors: Morris T. F. , Sage R. P. , Ayer J. A. , Crabtree D. C.
Published: March 2005

Clinopyroxene is a mineral commonly associated with kimberlite. However, its use as a kimberlite indicator mineral in overburden studies is limited because of its association with many other bedrock types. Historically, the Cr
2
O
3
concentration has been used to identify clinopyroxenes associated with kimberlite intrusions. However, since the Cr
2
O
3
concentrations of clinopyroxene isolated from Ontario kimberlite varies from 0.03 wt% to 3.0 wt% and compositionally overlaps with a variety of other rock types, this approach is ineffective and can be misleading. In an attempt to improve on this technique the role of additional components, such as Al and Na, on the paragenesis of clinopyroxenes is investigated. The entry of Al, Na and Cr into the clinopyroxene structure is controlled by a number of molecules that are discussed in detail. At high pressures (mantle depths) these elements preferentially enter the clinopyroxene structure as jadeite or kosmochlor molecules. To demonstrate this, clinopyroxene data from many sources are presented on a ternary diagram representing atomic proportions of Al, Na and Cr. Clinopyroxenes isolated from kimberlites are unique in that the trend of data extends from the mid portion of the bottom axis (low Cr, high Al and Na) to the mid portion of the right axis (low Al, intermediate Cr and high Na). This trend is consistent with a jadeite–kosmochlor control on the entry of these elements into the mineral structure. A template defining those clinopyroxenes associated with a deep mantle paragenesis and, therefore, an association with kimberlite is presented.
X-ray powder diffraction study of DMAN complexes with phthalic acids
Authors: Rafalska-Lasocha A. , Surówka K. , Lasocha W.
Published: March 2005

Complexes of 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, known also as DMAN, with phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, and 5-aminoisophthalic acid were synthesized and investigated by means of powder diffraction methods. DMAN and phthalic acid complexes crystallize in the orthorhombic system, space groupPnmm(59) with the lattice parametersa=1.17423(3)nm,b=1.7124(4)nm,c=0.9933(4)nm,V=1.997 24nm3, whereas DMAN complexes with terephthalic acid or 5-aminoisophthalic acid crystallize in the monoclinic system in the space groupP2 orP2∕mwith the lattice parametersa=2.4337(5)nm,b=0.9665(2)nm,c=1.1800(3)nm,β=91.53(2)°,V=2.774 51nm3anda=2.1609(7)nm,b=1.1017(6)nm,c=1.8921(7)nm,β=112.095(34)°,V=4.173 46nm3, respectively.
Powder diffraction investigations of 2,2′-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) and 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol)
Authors: Lasocha B. , Grzywa M. , Lasocha W.
Published: March 2005

X-ray diffraction investigations of two phenol derivatives - 2,2′-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) and 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) were carried out. Both compounds at room temperature have similar cell volume and the same number of molecules in an unit cell. However, 2,2′-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with unit cell parameters refined to a=0.8278(2) nm, b=1.2968(4) nm, c=1.9493(7) nm, β=90.93(2)°, space group P21∕n(14), whereas 2,2′-Methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with unit cell parameters refined to a=1.6203(5) nm, b=1.2827(5) nm, c=1.0197(3) nm, space group Pna21(33). The investigated C22H30O2S turned out to be a new polymorph of 2,2′-Thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol).
Structures of two newly synthesized A0.50SbFe(PO4)3 (A=Mn, Cd) Nasicon phases
Authors: Aatiq Abderrahim , Hassine Rabia , Tigha My Rachid , Saadoune Ismael
Published: March 2005

Crystal structures of A0.50SbFe(PO4)3(A=Mn, Cd) phases, obtained by solid state reaction at 920 °C, were determined at room temperature from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using the Rietveld method. The structures of the two samples are of the Nasicon-type with the R3 space group. Hexagonal cell parameters for A=Mn and Cd are: a=8.375(1) Å, c=21.597(2) Å and a=8.313(1) Å, c=21.996(2) Å, respectively. From XRD data, it is difficult to unambiguously distinguish between Cd2+ and Sb5+ ions in Cd0.50SbFe(PO4)3 and between Mn2+ and Fe3+ cations in Mn0.50SbFe(PO4)3. Nevertheless the overall set of cation–anion distances within the Nasicon framework clearly shows that the cation distribution can be illustrated by the {[A0.50]3a[◻0.50]3b}M1SbFe(PO4)3 (A=Mn, Cd) crystallographic formula. The divalent A2+ cations and vacancies are ordered within the two positions, 3a and 3b, of the M1 sites. Structure refinements show also a quasi-ordered distribution of Sb5+ and Fe3+ ions within the Nasicon framework. Thus, each A(3a)O6(A=Mn, Cd) octahedron shares two faces with two Fe3+O6 octahedra and each vacancy (◻(3b)O6) site is located between two Sb5+O6 octahedra.
Children in South Asia Have Higher Body Mass–Adjusted Blood Pressure Levels Than White Children in the United States
Authors: Jafar Tazeen H. , Islam Muhammad , Poulter Neil , Hatcher Juanita , Schmid Christopher H. , Levey Andrew S. , Chaturvedi Nish
Published: March 2005

Background—

Blood pressure during childhood is an established predictor of adult blood pressure, which in turn increases mortality as a result of cardiovascular disease. Adult South Asian populations are particularly predisposed to cardiovascular disease compared with whites, but the prevalence of high blood pressure and determinants of blood pressure in South Asian children have not been explored or compared with those of white children.

Methods and Results—

Analyses were performed on 5641 South Asian children 5 to 14 years old included in the nationally representative National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) (1990–1994) and on 4756 white children 5 to 14 years old included in Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988–1994). Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Blood pressure was measured twice in the seated position with a mercury sphygmomanometer and an appropriate-size cuff. High blood pressure was defined as a systolic or diastolic blood pressure level that was ≥95th percentile of age-, sex-, and height-percentile–specific reference level for the US population. Mean body mass index (BMI)–adjusted blood pressure values were compared among children in 2 data sets by use of linear regression analysis. The overall prevalence (95% CI) of high blood pressure in South Asian children 5 to 14 years old was 12.2% (11.3% to 13.1%): 15.8% (14.5% to 17.1%) in boys and 8.7% (7.6% to 9.8%) in girls. This is in sharp contrast with the predicted 5% prevalence of high blood pressure in children in the United States (
P
<0.001). The mean BMI-adjusted systolic blood pressure levels (SD) were 100 (11) versus 99 (11) mm Hg (
P
<0.001), and diastolic blood pressure levels (SD) were 63 (10) versus 52 (12) mm Hg (
P
<0.001) in NHSP versus NHANES III, respectively.

Conclusions—

South Asian children have higher body-mass–adjusted blood pressure levels than white children in the United States. Further studies are needed to determine factors responsible for these differences. Immediate attention is needed to address high blood pressure and its risk factors in native South Asian children.
The Neurophysiology of Response Competition: Motor Cortex Activation and Inhibition following Subliminal Response Priming
Authors: Praamstra Peter , Seiss Ellen
Published: March 2005

Some widely used tasks in cognitive neuroscience depend on the induction of a response conflict between choice alternatives, involving partial activation of the incorrect response before the correct response is emitted. Although such “conflict tasks” are often used to investigate frontal-lobe-based conflict-monitoring processes, it is not known how response competition evolves in the motor cortex. To investigate the dynamics of motor cortex activation during response competition, we used a subliminal priming task that induced response competition while bypassing preresponse stage processing conflict. Analyses of movement-related EEG potentials supported an interaction between competing responses characterized by reciprocal inhibition. Inhibitory interactions between response channels contribute to the resolution of response conflict. However, the reciprocal inhibition at motor cortex level seemed to operate independent of higher level conflict-monitoring processes, which were relatively insensitive to response conflict induced by subliminal priming. These results elucidate how response conflict causes interference as well as the conditions under which frontal-lobe-based interference control processes are engaged.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2003
Authors: Churchill Robin
Published: March 2005

This instalment of the Survey considers the order for provisional measures made in the Land Reclamation case, and notes administrative and organizational developments within the ITLOS during the year 2003.
Thermohaline Circulation Stability: A Box Model Study. Part II: Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Stone Peter H.
Published: March 2005

A thorough analysis of the stability of a coupled version of an interhemispheric three-box model of thermohaline circulation (THC) is presented. This study follows a similarly structured analysis of an uncoupled version of the same model presented in Part I of this paper. The model consists of a northern high-latitude box, a tropical box, and a southern high-latitude box, which can be thought of as corresponding to the northern, tropical, and southern Atlantic Ocean, respectively. This paper examines how the strength of THC changes when the system undergoes forcings representing global warming conditions.

Since a coupled model is used, a direct representation of the radiative forcing is possible because the main atmospheric physical processes responsible for freshwater and heat fluxes are formulated separately. Each perturbation to the initial equilibrium is characterized by the total radiative forcing realized, by the rate of increase, and by the north–south asymmetry. Although only weakly asymmetric or symmetric radiative forcings are representative of physically reasonable conditions, general asymmetric forcings are considered in order to get a more complete picture of the mathematical properties of the system. The choice of suitably defined metrics makes it possible to determine the boundary dividing the set of radiative forcing scenarios that lead the system to equilibria characterized by a THC pattern similar to the present one, from those that drive the system to equilibria where the THC is reversed. This paper also considers different choices for the atmospheric transport parameterizations and for the ratio between the high-latitude and tropical radiative forcing. It is generally found that fast forcings are more effective than slow forcings in disrupting the present THC pattern, forcings that are stronger in the northern box are also more effective in destabilizing the system, and very slow forcings do not destabilize the system whatever their asymmetry, unless the radiative forcings are very asymmetric and the atmospheric transport is a relatively weak function of the meridional temperature gradient. In this latter case some relevant hysteresis graphs of the system are presented. The changes in the strength of the THC are primarily forced by changes in the latent heat transport in the hemisphere because of its sensitivity to temperature, which arises from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation.
Prospective, Randomized Comparison of High-Dose Chemotherapy With Stem-Cell Support Versus Intermediate-Dose Chemotherapy After Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Women With High-Risk Primary Breast Cancer: A Report of CALGB 9082, SWOG 9114, and NCIC MA-13
Authors: Peters William P. , Rosner Gary L. , Vredenburgh James J. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Crump Michael , Richardson Paul G. , Schuster Michael W. , Marks Lawrence B. , Cirrincione Constance , Norton Larry , Henderson I.C. , Schilsky Richard L. , Hurd David D.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The prognosis for women with primary breast cancer involving multiple axillary nodes remains poor. High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support produced promising results in initial clinical trials conducted at single institutions.

Patients and Methods

Seven hundred eighty-five women aged 22 to 66 years with stage IIA, IIB, or IIIA breast cancer involving 10 or more axillary lymph nodes were randomized after surgery and standard adjuvant chemotherapy to either high-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (HD-CPB) with stem-cell support or intermediate-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (ID-CPB) with G-CSF support but without stem cells. Planned treatment for all patients included locoregional radiation therapy. Hormone-receptor–positive patients were to receive 5 years of tamoxifen. Event-free survival (EFS) was the primary end point.

Results

Median follow-up was 7.3 years. Event-free survival was not significantly different between the two treatment groups (P = .24). The probability of being free of an event at 5 years with HD-CPB was 61% (95% CI, 56% to 65%), and was 58% (95% CI, 53% to 63%) for ID-CPB. Thirty-three patients died of causes attributed to HD-CPB, compared with no therapy-related deaths among women treated with ID-CPB. Overall survival for the two arms was identical at 71% at 5 years (P = .75).

Conclusion

HD-CPB with stem-cell support was not superior to ID-CPB for event-free or overall survival among all randomized women with high-risk primary breast cancer.
Here, Now and Always
Authors: Hoerig Karl A.
Published: March 2005

Here, Now and Always. Museum of Indian Arts and Culture. SantaFe, New Mexico, Permanentlnstallation.
The Haitians, the Healers, and the Anthropologist. Two Case Studies
Authors: Bourguignon Erika , Howard Mary
Published: March 2005

The Haitians, the Healers, and the Anthropologist. Two Case Studies. 1997. 100 minutes, color. video by Philip Singer. For more information contact Traditional Healing Productions, Philip Singer. Ph.D. 17280 Madison. Southfield, MI 48076.
Projectile Technology
Authors: Odell George H.
Published: March 2005

Projectile Technology. Heidi Knecht. ed. New York: Plenum Press, 1997.408 pp.
Human Nature: A Critical Reader; The Biological Basis of Human Behavior
Authors: Moore Jim
Published: March 2005

Human Nature:. Critical Reader. Laura Betzig. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.489 pp.

The Biological Basis of Human Behavior. Robert W. Sussman. ed. Needham Heights, MA: Simon and Schuster, 1997.451 pp.
Black, Jewish, and Interracial: It's Not the Color of Your Skin but the Race of Your Kin, and Other Myths of Identity
Authors: Fish Jefferson M. , Newton Dolores
Published: March 2005

Black, Jewish, and Interracial: It's Not the Color of Your Skin but the Race of Your Kin, and Other Myths of Identity. Katya Gibel Azoulay. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.220 pp.
The War for the Heart and Soul of a Highland Maya Town
Authors: Haenn Nora
Published: March 2005

The War for the Heart and Soul of. Highland Maya Town. Robert S. Carlsen. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1997. 206 pp.
Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua
Authors: Alvey Jennifer
Published: March 2005

Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua. Laura J. Enriquez. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.206 pp.
Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika
Authors: Metzo Katherine R.
Published: March 2005

Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika. Nancy Ries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.220 pp.
The Globalization of Charismatic Christianity: Spreading the Gospel of Prosperity
Authors: Murphy Liam D.
Published: March 2005

The Globalization of Charismatic Christianity: Spreading the Gospel of Prosperity. Simon Coleman. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. 2000.264pp. ISBN 0‐521‐66072‐6 (hardback),
Dynamos driven by convection in rotating spherical shells
Authors: Busse F. H. , Simitev R.
Published: March 2005

The problem of the generation of magnetic fields by convection in rotating spherical fluid shells is reviewed with emphasis on possible applications to planets and rapidly rotating stars. Convection‐driven dynamos exhibit a strong dependence on the Prandtl number P of the fluid. An overview of results obtained recently in the computationally accessible region of the parameter space is given with emphasis on the low Prandtl number regime. Of particular interest are various types of dynamo oscillations and torsional oscillations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spot activity cycles and flip‐flops on young solar analogs
Authors: Berdyugina S. V. , Järvinen S. P.
Published: March 2005

We discuss activity phenomena observed in the spot distribution on young single solar‐type stars LQ Hya, AB Dor and EK Dra. These include cyclic variations of the mean activity level, differential rotation, persistent active longitudes separated by 180° and flip‐flop cycles. A comparison with the sunspot activity reveals many similarities between the Sun and the young solar analogs. Our results confirm the presence of cyclic activity in very young dwarfs and allow for studying evolution of the stellar magnetic activity during the main‐sequence stage. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Helicates of Chiragen‐Type Ligands and Their Aptitude for Chiral Self‐Recognition
Authors: Mamula Olimpia , von Zelewsky Alex , Brodard Pierre , Schläpfer Carl‐Wilhelm , Bernardinelli Gérald , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen
Published: March 2005

Two (−)‐5,6‐pinene‐bipyridine moieties connected by a para‐xylylene bridge (so‐called chiragen‐type ligands), (−)‐L1, undergo self‐assembly upon reaction with equimolar amounts of CuI to form enantiopure circular hexanuclear P‐helicates. If both enantiomers of L1 are used, mixtures of P and M hexanuclear helicates are exclusively obtained through a complete chiral recognition; that is, no mixing of the (+) and (−) ligands, respectively, occurs upon complexation. This was proven by a) NMR spectroscopy where identical spectra to those for complexes with the enantiomerically pure ligands were obtained and b) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The reaction is completely changed by the use of the corresponding meso‐L1. Instead of well‐defined species, oligomeric mixtures are observed, a result demonstrating the crucial role played by ligand chirality in self‐assembly processes. Structural variations on the chiral ligand L1, such as a meta‐xylylene bridge instead of a para‐xylylene one (in L4) or four pinene groups instead of two (in L5 and L6), favor nondiscrete coordination assembly.
Single Crystal Growth and Crystal Structure of HgTeO2FOH — A Layered Fluorohydroxooxotellurate(IV) Stabilized by Weak F×××OH Interactions.
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanes by Aldehyde Homologation.
Authors: Risatti Christina A. , Taylor Richard E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dichloromethane as an Unusual Methylene Equivalent. A New Entry of Highly Nucleophilic and Selective Titanium—Methylene Complexes for Ester Methylenation.
Authors: Yan Tu‐Hsin , Chien Ching‐Ting , Tsai Chia‐Chung , Lin Kuo‐Wei , Wu Yen‐Hsien
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Addition of Alkenylzirconium Reagents to Bicyclic Olefins: A Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Reaction.
Authors: Wu Ming‐Si , Rayabarapu Dinesh Kumar , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Example of Pyrrols C‐Vinylation by an Activated Acetylene under Catalysis with Bases.
Authors: Sobenina L. N. , Mikhaleva A. I. , Ushakov I. A. , Elokhina V. N. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A General and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Functionalized Ethylenediamine Derivatives.
Authors: Li Donghong , Hao Junsheng , Guo Wei , Xia Chizhong
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chroman Derivatives by the Ring Expansion Reaction of Spirodienones, and an Assessment of Their Plant Growth Inhibition.
Authors: Doi Fuminao , Ohara Taiga , Ogamino Takahisa , Higashinakasu Keiko , Hasegawa Koji , Nishiyama Shigeru
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies Directed Towards Asymmetric Synthesis of Levobupivacaine
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Ramachandran Uma
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxide Surface‐Promoted Pd‐Complex Catalysis for Intramolecular O‐Activated Alkene Hydroamination: Catalyst Preparation, Characterization, and Performance.
Authors: Tada Mizuki , Shimamoto Michio , Sasaki Takehiko , Iwasawa Yasuhiro
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of CCR5 Antagonist, 2,3‐Dihydro‐1‐benzothiepine Derivatives by Improved Intramolecular Claisen Type Reaction Using Dialkylcarbonate.
Authors: Ikemoto Tomomi , Ito Tatsuya , Nishiguchi Atsuko , Tomimatsu Kiminori
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Mediators: The Remarkable Structure and Host‐Selectivity of Depsilairdin, a Sesquiterpenic Depsipeptide Containing a New Amino Acid.
Authors: Pedras M. Soledade C. , Chumala Paulos B. , Quail J. Wilson
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antiviral Compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicines Galla Chinese as Inhibitors of HCV NS3 Protease.
Authors: Duan Deliang , Li Zhengquan , Luo Hongpeng , Zhang Wei , Chen Lirong , Xu Xiaojie
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Simple, Efficient Alternative for Highly Stereoselective Iodoacetoxylation of Protected Glycals.
Authors: Gammon David W. , Kinfe Henok H. , De Vos Dirk E. , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Concise Asymmetric Synthesis of the ADE Fragment of Nakadomarin A.
Authors: Ahrendt Kateri A. , Williams Robert M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multidrug Resistance Reversal Activity of Permethyl Ningalin B Amide Derivatives.
Authors: Tao Houchao , Hwang Inkyu , Boger Dale L.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benzo[b]tellurophene, Dibenzo[b,d]tellurophene, and Their Derivatives
Authors: Sadekov I. D. , Minkin V. I.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coordination Chemistry of Cyclophosphazenes
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Krishnan Venkatasubbaiah
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cinnolines
Authors: Haider N. , Holzer W.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Approaches to Conjugated Polymers via New Solid State Polymerizations
Authors: Sandman Daniel J. , Njus Jeffrey M. , Tran Bao
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrogen—Oxygen Flame as a Radical Source for Aqueous‐Phase Reaction: Carboxylation of Propylamine in Aqueous Formic Acid Solution
Authors: Nomoto Shinya , Yoshimura Daisuke , Hagiwara Masayosi , Kozono Masaki , Terasaki Masanori , Oba Masahiro , Shiraishi Susumu , Mita Hajime
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioinspired Organic Chemistry
Authors: Williams Nicholas H.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Expanding the Genetic Code
Authors: Wang Lei , Schultz Peter G.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chiral Tetramic Acids Using Activated Derivatives of N‐ Protected α‐Amino Acids as Precursors: Structural Characterization of Tetramic aci‐Complexes with Metal Ions
Authors: Markopoulos J. , Detsi A. , Gavrielatos E. , Athanasellis G. , Igglessi‐Markopoulou O.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope
Authors: Suter A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Serotonin 5‐HT4 receptors and their mRNAs in rat and guinea pig brain: Distribution and effects of neurotoxic lesions
Authors: Vilaró M. Teresa , Cortés Roser , Mengod Guadalupe
Published: March 2005

Serotonin 5‐HT4 receptors are widely distributed in the periphery and in brain, where they modulate the release of various neurotransmitters and have been implicated in learning and memory. Nine C‐terminal splice variants of this receptor have been cloned in mammalian species. In the rat, three such variants have been described: 5‐HT4(a), 5‐HT4(b), and 5‐HT4(e). In the present study, we have examined several aspects of the distribution of these receptors in brain. First, we provide, in rat and guinea pig, a detailed comparison of the distribution of 5‐HT4 receptors labeled by the antagonist [125I]‐SB 207710 with the distribution of their encoding mRNA visualized by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). The results suggest that, in several projection systems (striato‐nigral and striato‐pallidal pathways, projection from dentate granule cells to field CA3, habenulo‐interpeduncular pathway), 5‐HT4 receptors are located both somatodendritically and axonally. Second, we have analyzed the distribution of mRNA for the three known rat splice variants by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and by ISHH. RT‐PCR indicates that all three variants are widely distributed, with 5‐HT4(b) mRNA being present in all regions examined (olfactory tubercle, striatum, hippocampus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, parietal cortex) and 5‐HT4(a) and 5‐HT4(e) showing a somewhat more restricted distribution. In other regions (periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, medial septum, diagonal band), faint ISHH signals are observed for 5‐HT4(a)+4(e) mRNAs, whereas 5‐HT4(b) mRNA signals are almost undetectable. Finally, neurotoxic lesions of basal ganglia components in guinea pig also indicate a location of these receptors on terminals of striatal projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:418–439, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indoor optical wireless systems employing dual header pulse interval modulation (DH‐PIM)
Authors: Aldibbiat N. M. , Ghassemlooy Z. , McLaughlin R.
Published: March 2005

This paper assesses the performance of dual header pulse interval modulation (DH‐PIM) over indoor optical wireless systems. DH‐PIM being anisochronous scheme offers a built‐in symbol synchronization capability. Theoretical and simulation results demonstrate that DH‐PIM offers shorter symbol length, improved transmission rate and bandwidth requirement and a comparable power spectral density profile compared with digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) schemes.

It is shown that DH‐PIM2, with wider pulse duration is the preferred option when the available channel bandwidth is limited and higher optical power is tolerable. Whereas DH‐PIM1, with narrower pulse width, exhibits comparable power requirements but a marginally higher bandwidth compared with DPIM, and is also more bandwidth efficient than PPM at the cost of increased power requirement. However, at higher bit resolutions, i.e. M⩾7, DH‐PIM1 is both bandwidth and power efficient compared with PPM. Error rate analysis show that DH‐PIM offers improved packet error rate compared with on‐off‐keying (OOK) and DPIM, but marginally inferior as compared with PPM. The power requirement and penalty due to intersymbol interference for non‐dispersive and dispersive channels is analysed and the results show that for given parameters, DH‐PIM requires marginally higher optical power compared with PPM and DPIM, but it supports the same bit rate at much less bandwidth requirement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of communication protocols using a message transfer pattern
Authors: Byun YoungJoon , Sanders Beverly A. , Keum Chang‐Sup
Published: March 2005

Design patterns help to improve software quality and reduce development cost by reusing experience of experts for recurring problems. Patterns have potential to be useful in almost all areas of software systems, but to date they are mainly concentrated on the development of object‐oriented systems. In this paper, we apply the pattern concept to the description of communication protocols, particularly focusing on message interaction. We hypothesize that many communication protocols can be developed using a few recurring patterns to obtain an initial design description of a system. For the protocol description, we propose a set of patterns which are grouped in two categories: structural and behavioural patterns. A complex protocol can be obtained by composing such patterns. To show the usefulness of our patterns in a realistic application, we perform a case study for an ATM signalling protocol design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of (1,2,4‐Oxadiazole)palladium(II) Complexes by [2 + 3] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to Organonitriles in the Presence of PdCl2
Authors: Bokach Nadezhda A. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu. , Haukka Matti , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: March 2005

The reaction between the nitrile oxides 2,4,6‐R3C6H2CNO (R = Me, OMe) andtrans‐[PdCl2(RCN)2], or RCN (R = Me, Et, CH2CN, NMe2, Ph) in the presence of PdCl2, proceeded smoothly under mild conditions and allowed the isolation of the 1,2,4‐oxadiazole complexestrans‐[PdCl2{Na=C(R)‐ON=Cb(C6H2R3)(Na–Cb)}2] (1–8) in 40–85 % yields. In CH2Cl2, the reaction between 2,4,6‐R3C6H2CNO and [PdCl2(MeCN)2] furnishes [PdCl2(ONCC6H2R3)2] (9and10), which are the first representatives of metal compounds where nitrile oxides act as ligands. The 1,2,4‐oxadiazole complexes1–8were characterized by elemental analysis, FAB mass spectrometry, and IR,1H and13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, while2,3,7, and8were additionally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The liberation of the heterocyclic species from1–8was successfully performed by substitution reaction either with 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane or with an excess amount of Na2S·7H2O in MeOH; the liberated 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles (11–18) were characterized by positive‐ion FAB mass spectrometry and1H and13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Neighbouring‐Group Effects in Heck Reactions
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: March 2005

The Heck reaction is a widely used carbon–carbon bond forming process in organic synthesis. A prominent variant that has found widespread application in targeted complex‐molecule synthesis is the asymmetric intramolecular Heck reaction. This methodology has outshone another powerful facet of Heck chemistry that has been prospering in recent years, namely heteroatom‐directed Heck reactions. Initially designed to achieve high regiocontrol in intermolecular reactions, this technique has recently been successfully applied to highly diastereoselective and even enantioselective substrate‐directed inter‐ as well as intramolecular Heck reactions. This microreview delineates, for the first time, the evolution of this chemistry from regio‐ to diastereo‐ and, finally, enantioselective transformations. Flexible syntheses ofstereodefined, multi‐arylated alkenes, the diastereoselective construction of tertiary and quaternary carbon centres, as well as combining substrate‐ with catalyst‐control in anenantioselective transformation are covered. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Copper‐Catalysed, Enantioselective Desymmetrisation of meso Cyclic Allylic Bis(diethyl phosphates) with Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Piarulli Umberto , Daubos Philippe , Claverie Christelle , Monti Chiara , Gennari Cesare
Published: March 2005

A highly regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselective desymmetrization of five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered meso, cyclic allylic bis(diethyl phosphates) (3–5) with organozinc reagents was developed, using catalytic amounts (10 mol%) of [Cu(OTf)]2·C6H6 and two different classes of chiral ligands: Schiff bases 1 and phosphoramidites 2. Good to excellent enantioselectivities were obtained for every substrate by a subtle balance of ligand structure and experimental conditions. In particular, ee’s of up to 88 % were obtained for the five‐membered ring substrate 3 with ligands 1cjo and 1cjm using Et2Zn (94 % ee with Me2Zn, 88 % ee with nBu2Zn). Schiff‐base ligands 1 were not effective with the six‐ and seven‐membered substrates 4 and 5. The use of phosphoramidite ligands 2 afforded ee’s of up to 94 % (Et2Zn) for the six‐membered ring product 7, and virtually only one enantiomer (ee ≥ 98 %, with Et2Zn) for the seven‐membered ring product 8. In addition, the desymmetrisation of the conduritol derivative 10 was obtained, with ee’s of up to 86 %. In this case, a fully functionalised cyclohexane derivative, containing four contiguous stereocentres and a double bond, was obtained as a single diastereomer and in high enantiomeric excess from an achiral starting material. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Defining hydrochemical evolution of streamflow through flowpath dynamics in Kawakami headwater catchment, Central Japan
Authors: Subagyono Kasdi , Tanaka Tadashi , Hamada Yohei , Tsujimura Maki
Published: March 2005

The hydrochemical behaviour of catchments is often investigated by inferring stream chemistry through identification of source areas involved in hydrograph separation analysis, yet its dynamic evolution of hydrologic pathways has received little attention. Intensive hydrometric and hydrochemical measurements were performed during two different storms on March 29, 2001 and August 21–22, 2001 to define hydrochemical evolution under the dynamic of flow pathways in a 5·2 ha first‐order drainage of the Kawakami experimental basin (KEB), Central Japan, a forested headwater catchment with various soil depths (1·8 to 5 m) overlying late Neogene of volcanic bedrocks. The hydraulic potential distribution and flow lines data showed that the change in flow direction, which was controlled by rainfall amount and antecedent wetness of the soil profile, agreed well with the hydrochemical change across the slope segment during the storm. Hydrograph separation predicted by end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) using Ca2+ and SiO2 showed that near surface riparian, hillslope soil water and deep riparian groundwater were important in stream flow generation. The evidence of decrease in solutes concentration at a depth of 1 m in the hillslope and 0·6 m in the near surface riparian during peak storm suggested a flushing of high solutes concentration. Most of the solutes accumulated in the deep riparian groundwater zone, which was due to prominent downward flow and agreed well with the residence time. The distinct flow pathways and chemistry between the near surface riparian and deep riparian groundwater zones and the linkage hillslope aquifer and near surface riparian reservoir, which controls rapid flow and solutes flushing during the storm event, are in conflict with the typical assumption that the whole riparian zone resets flow pathways and chemical signature of hillslope soil water, as has been reported in a previous study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced glycation end‐product‐induced mitogenesis and collagen production are dependent on angiotensin II and connective tissue growth factor in NRK‐49F cells
Authors: Lee Chu‐I , Guh Jinn‐Yuh , Chen Hung‐Chun , Hung Wen‐Chun , Yang Yu‐Lin , Chuang Lea‐Yea
Published: March 2005

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by glomerulopathy and tubulointerstitial expansion followed by renal fibrosis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of DN, while Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is important in advanced glycation end‐product (AGE)‐induced effects in renal interstitial (NRK‐49F) fibroblasts. Thus, we studied the role of Ang II, CTGF, and JAK2 in AGE‐induced effects in NRK‐49F cells. We found that AGE (150 μg/ml) increased mitogenesis and type I collagen production at 7 days while Ang II (10−7M) increased mitogenesis and type I collagen production at 3 days. We also found that AGE (150 μg/ml) increased angiotensinogen protein at 2 days, which was attenuated by AG‐490 (a JAK2 inhibitor). AGE (150 μg/ml) increased CTGF mRNA and protein expression at 3 and 5 days, respectively. Ang II (10−7M) increased CTGF mRNA and protein expression at 1 and 2 days, respectively, which were attenuated by AG‐490. Moreover, losartan (a type I angiotensin receptor blocker) and captopril (an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) attenuated AGE‐induced CTGF mRNA/protein expression while attenuating AGE‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen production. AG‐490 and CTGF antisense (but not sense) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) attenuated Ang II (10−7M) and AGE‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen production at 3 and 7 days, respectively. We concluded that AGE (150 μg/ml)‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen production are dependent on the Ang II‐JAK2‐CTGF pathway in NRK‐49F cells. Moreover, Ang II‐induced mitogenesis and type I collagen production are dependent on the JAK2‐CTGF pathway. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.