bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reef communities show predictable undulations in linear abundance size spectra from copepods to sharks
Authors: Heather Freddie J. , Stuart‐Smith Rick D. , Blanchard Julia L. , Fraser Kate M. , Edgar Graham J.
Published: July 2021

Among the more widely accepted general hypotheses in ecology is that community relationships between abundance and body size follow a log‐linear size spectrum, from the smallest consumers to the largest predators (i.e. ‘bacteria to whales’). Nevertheless, most studies only investigate small subsets of this spectrum, and note that extreme size classes in survey data deviate from linear expectations. In this study, we fit size spectra to field data from 45 rocky and coral reef sites along a 28° latitudinal gradient, comprising individuals from 0.125 mm to 2 m in body size. We found that 96% of the variation in abundance along this ‘extended’ size gradient was described by a single linear function across all sites. However, consistent ‘wobbles’ were also observed, with subtle peaks and troughs in abundance along the spectrum, which varied with sea temperature, as predicted by theory relating to trophic cascades.
Multiple sclerosis is associated with higher comorbidity and health care resource use: A population‐based, case–control study in a western Mediterranean region
Authors: Cárdenas‐Robledo Simón , Otero‐Romero Susana , Passarell‐Bacardit Maria Angels , Carbonell‐Mirabent Pere , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Montalban Xavier , Tintoré Mar
Published: July 2021

Background and purpose

Comorbidities are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), and have been associated with worse outcomes and increased health care resource usage. We studied the frequency of comorbidities and adverse health behaviors (AHBs) in MS patients in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia.

Methods

This population‐based, case–control study used primary health care information covering 80% of Catalonia's population. Cases were matched by age/sex with randomly chosen controls (ratio = 1:5). Demographic information, comorbidities, AHBs, annual visits, sick leave days, and medication dispensing were studied. The association of comorbidities with MS and the profile of comorbidities according to sex within MS cases were assessed with multivariate logistic regression models, after adjusting for confounding variables. Health care resource usage was analyzed in MS cases compared to controls, and within MS cases in those with compared to those without comorbidities.

Results

Five thousand five hundred forty‐eight MS cases and 27,710 controls (70% female, mean age = 48.3 years) were included. Stroke (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17–1.99), epilepsy (OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.94–3.10), bipolar disorder (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.17–2.36), and depression (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.70–1.98) were more frequent in MS. Cases were more prone to smoking but less to alcohol intake. Among cases, psychiatric comorbidities were more frequent in women, whereas cardiovascular diseases and AHBs were more frequent in men. MS patients, particularly with comorbidities, had higher health care resource usage than controls.

Conclusions

Psychiatric comorbidities, stroke, epilepsy, and AHBs are more common in MS patients than in the general population in the western Mediterranean region of Catalonia. The presence of comorbidities increases the health care resource usage in MS patients.
Predictive modeling of spread in adult‐onset isolated dystonia: Key properties and effect of tremor inclusion
Authors: Wang Meng , Sajobi Tolulope , Morgante Francesca , Adler Charles , Agarwal Pinky , Bäumer Tobias , Berardelli Alfredo , Berman Brian D. , Blumin Joel , Borsche Max , Brashear Allison , Deik Andres , Duque Kevin , Espay Alberto J. , Ferrazzano Gina , Feuerstein Jeanne , Fox Susan , Frank Samuel , Hallett Mark , Jankovic Joseph , LeDoux Mark S. , Leegwater‐Kim Julie , Mahajan Abhimanyu , Malaty Irene A. , Ondo William , Pantelyat Alexander , Pirio‐Richardson Sarah , Roze Emmanuel , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel , Suchowersky Oksana , Truong Daniel , Vidailhet Marie , Shukla Aparna Wagle , Perlmutter Joel S. , Jinnah Hyder A. , Martino Davide
Published: July 2021

Background and purpose

Several clinical and demographic factors relate to anatomic spread of adult‐onset isolated dystonia, but a predictive model is still lacking. The aims of this study were: (i) to develop and validate a predictive model of anatomic spread of adult‐onset isolated dystonia; and (ii) to evaluate whether presence of tremor associated with dystonia influences model predictions of spread.

Methods

Adult‐onset isolated dystonia participants with focal onset from the Dystonia Coalition Natural History Project database were included. We developed two prediction models, one with dystonia as sole disease manifestation (“dystonia‐only”) and one accepting dystonia OR tremor in any body part as disease manifestations (“dystonia OR tremor”). Demographic and clinical predictors were selected based on previous evidence, clinical plausibility of association with spread, or both. We used logistic regressions and evaluated model discrimination and calibration. Internal validation was carried out based on bootstrapping.

Results

Both predictive models showed an area under the curve of 0.65 (95% confidence intervals 0.62–0.70 and 0.62–0.69, respectively) and good calibration after internal validation. In both models, onset of dystonia in body regions other than the neck, older age, depression and history of neck trauma were predictors of spread.

Conclusions

This predictive modeling of spread in adult‐onset isolated dystonia based on accessible predictors (demographic and clinical) can be easily implemented to inform individuals’ risk of spread. Because tremor did not influence prediction of spread, our results support the argument that tremor is a part of the dystonia syndrome, and not an independent or coincidental disorder.
Rapid onset of functional tic‐like behaviours in young adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Pringsheim Tamara , Martino Davide
Published: July 2021

Background and purpose

Clinicians have reported an increase in functional tic‐like behaviours in children and youth during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We describe adults developing rapid onset of functional tic‐like behaviours between May 2020 and June 2021.

Methods

Data were analysed from the Adult Tic Disorders Registry, a single‐site,12‐month prospective cohort study that began enrolment in January 2021. We compared clinical features of participants with Tourette syndrome or persistent motor/vocal tic disorder to participants with rapid onset tic‐like behaviours.

Results

Thirty‐three participants registered between January and June of 2021; nine had rapid onset tic‐like behaviours, and 24 had Tourette syndrome or persistent motor tic disorder. Participants with rapid onset tic‐like behaviours were younger (19.9 vs. 38.6 years, p = 0.003), had older age at onset (15.3 vs. 10.1, p = 0.0009), and were more likely female (p < 0.0001). They had higher motor and vocal tic severity and impairment scores (all p < 0.01) and were more likely to have complex arm/hand motor tics (p < 0.0001), complex vocal tics (p < 0.0001), and coprolalia (p = 0.004). They had significantly higher scores on all mental health symptom self‐report measures (all p < 0.05) and were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with depression (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

The clinical features that help differentiate rapid onset tic‐like behaviours from Tourette syndrome or persistent motor tic disorder include their phenomenology, onset age, and clinical course. Rapid onset tic‐like behaviours are a distinct subtype of functional neurological disorder that has emerged during the COVID‐19 pandemic in young people and appears to be strongly socially influenced.
The occurrence of 2‐methylhopanoids in modern bacteria and the geological record
Authors: Naafs B. D. A. , Bianchini G. , Monteiro F. M. , Sánchez‐Baracaldo P.
Published: July 2021

The 2‐methylhopanes (2‐MeHops) are molecular fossils of 2‐methylbacteriohopanepolyols (2‐MeBHPs) and among the oldest biomarkers on Earth. However, these biomarkers’ specific sources are currently unexplained, including whether they reflect an expansion of marine cyanobacteria. Here, we study the occurrence of 2‐MeBHPs and the genes involved in their synthesis in modern bacteria and explore the occurrence of 2‐MeHops in the geological record. We find that the gene responsible for 2‐MeBHP synthesis (hpnP) is widespread in cyano‐ and ⍺‐proteobacteria, but absent or very limited in other classes/phyla of bacteria. This result is consistent with the dominance of 2‐MeBHP in cyano‐ and ⍺‐proteobacterial cultures. The review of their geological occurrence indicates that 2‐MeHops are found from the Paleoproterozoic onwards, although some Precambrian samples might be biased by drilling contamination. During the Phanerozoic, high 2‐MeHops’ relative abundances (index >15%) are associated with climatic and biogeochemical perturbations such as the Permo/Triassic boundary and the Oceanic Anoxic Events. We analyzed the modern habitat of all hpnP‐containing bacteria and find that the only one species coming from an undisputed open marine habitat is an ⍺‐proteobacterium acting upon the marine nitrogen cycle. Although organisms can change their habitat in response to environmental stress and evolutionary pressure, we speculate that the high sedimentary 2‐MeHops’ occurrence observed during the Phanerozoic reflect ⍺‐proteobacteria expansion and marine N‐cycle perturbations in response to climatic and environmental change.
Economic potential of milk production strategies with restrictive use of concentrated feed—An experiment on 36 family farms in the pre‐alpine region
Authors: Gazzarin Christian , Häller Bruno , Hofstetter Pius
Published: July 2021

The objective of this study was to quantify the economic potential of grass‐based milk production strategies with limited use of concentrated feed in the pre‐alpine region. We monitored 36 family dairy farms from the pre‐alpine region of Switzerland divided in three study groups following one of three defined, voluntarily adopted production strategies: Partial grazing and barn feeding with freshly cut forages, supplementing <500 kg (GBF) and 1,200 kg (GBFplus) of concentrated feed, respectively, and practicing full grazing (FG), supplementing <100 kg of concentrated feed per cow per year. For three years (2014–2016), data were collected on the farms, and experience and ideas were exchanged and evaluated in a participatory process together with local extension services and researchers. Economic success indicators such as cost price and return to labor from each study group were compared with structurally similar control groups derived from the Swiss Farm Accountancy Data Network after completing an interactive standardization process, which largely balanced farm‐specific features in the study groups. Compared with the control groups, the cost price (Swiss francs [CHF] per 100 kg milk) of GBF, GBFplus, and FG was significantly reduced by 20%, 20%, and 26%, respectively. Return to labor (CHF per hour) was significantly higher than in the control group for GBF (20.60 versus. 13.80), GBFplus (19.70 versus. 10.20), and FG (29.30 versus. 19.20). The comparison between the study groups also showed that lower milk revenues due to a lower use of concentrate could be economically compensated by a better input efficiency. A consistent implementation of the production strategy as well as personal qualities in terms of cost management seems to play a decisive role.
“Isn't it ironic…!?!” Mobility researchers go sedentary: A group auto‐ethnography on collective coping and care in pandemic times
Authors: Martel Kerstin , Raupp Monique , Abdul Hadi Acil , Oleškevičiūtė Emilija , Mello Rodrigo , Biswas Tania , Milani Giovanna S.
Published: July 2021

We moved places and places moved us, until force majeure detained us on the spot. Signed‐up to be hyper‐mobile Ph.D.‐candidates, we became hyper‐reflective pandemic intimates. We moved together into a space that felt safe, OUR safe space. Suspended. Did the pandemic open this door, or had this space always existed, even back in the old days? Probably the latter, although we were not sensitive enough to perceive it, too busy to push the door, too lonesome to CARE. Not attentive to its possibilities, not imaginative of its POWER, too confident to be capable of succeeding alone. Even if we might have secretly wished for this space to exist. The present piece of work, and JOY, might be described by others as a “side‐step,” a “hobby project,” a “shadow activity.” For us, it is a recollection of shocks and wonders, a sentience of precious, ephemeral instances that last. We are a group of eight early career researchers who study global mobility and labor migration from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. With prior international mobility experience, we left our previous countries of residence in 2018 to join an EU‐funded research project, whilst being located in different European cities. One could classify us, for example, as highly qualified, privileged migrants. The present paper is the outcome of a collaborative, auto‐ethnographic study, conducted in 2020, in the midst of the Covid‐19 pandemic, when we suddenly were forced not to travel anymore. We got together online every week to “refaire le monde,” and we conducted virtual, dialogical self‐interrogations and group reflections. Based on an emic approach, in line with Chang et al. (2013), we applied an iterative process of data collection and analysis. Our weekly conversations naturally emerged as a safe space for exchange and understanding, as we were facing similar situations, despite staying at different places. Suddenly, as the privilege of “always being on the move,” “always socializing and networking” disappeared due to closed borders and pandemic threats, we experienced anxieties and isolation and had to re‐evaluate our perceptions on life, work, and international mobility. The very purpose and meaning of our broader research endeavors and employment perspectives suddenly faded away. We realized more than ever before, what it means to us to be allowed to move, to travel freely across continents.
Near net shape fabrication of porous cordierite by combination of foam gel‐casting and freeze‐drying
Authors: Li Hao , Li Junwen , Li Cuiwei , Fu Mengli , Wang Chang‐An
Published: July 2021

Near net shape fabrication of porous cordierite was successfully achieved through a combination of foam gel‐casting, freeze‐drying, and in situ synthesis. Environment friendly gelation was used as gel system, and the gelatin concentration influenced the drying shrinkage vastly. Combined with the volume expansion coming from phase transition and solid reaction during in situ synthesis of cordierite, the total linear shrinkage could be controlled around zero (−1.87% to 0.45%) by adjusting the gelation concentration and solid content in the slurry, meanwhile the prepared porous cordierite ceramics showed both high porosity (85.9%–91.1%) and high compressive strength (0.58–3.37 MPa). The sample with 0.05 g/ml gelatin concentration and 20 vol% solid content possessed excellent performance: total porosity of 89.1%, compressive strength of 1.36 MPa, and specific strength of 4.9 MPa/(g/cm3), showing the potential usage of filter carrier.
Mortificatio et Vivificatio: The Baptismal Shape of Scriptural Reading in John Webster
Authors: Rempel Brent A.
Published: July 2021

For John Webster, faithful reading of Holy Scripture occurs in the wake of the mortifying and vivifying grace of the triune God. This baptismal movement from death to life is doubly characterized: it refers to, first, the missions of the Word and Spirit to slay and make alive, and, second, the mortifying and vivifying readerly activity of human creatures. As the extension of baptism into the Christian life, the ecclesial task of reading Scripture is a moral‐spiritual undertaking, forming an integral part of the covenantal fellowship between God and creatures. The burden of Webster’s teaching, however, calls the significance of Scripture’s contingent origins into question; that is, the intrusive, initiatory character of divine grace risks undermining the historicality of Holy Scripture and so the faculty of historical‐critical methods. This article first outlines Webster’s theology of scriptural interpretation. Next, it responds to the recent criticism that Webster fails to integrate sufficiently Scripture’s theological function as an instrument of divine speech with its contingent, historical character. I show that, far from suspending hermeneutical activity, the baptismal shape of exegesis underwrites a ministerial use of historical and literary tools. Furthermore, the ascetic character of scriptural reading thwarts phenomenalism and naturalism, which, on Webster’s view, are forms of idolatry.
Exchange, Atonement, and Recovered Humanity: Martin Luther on the Passive Obedience of Christ
Authors: Hoyum John W.
Published: July 2021

This article engages Luther’s doctrine of Christ’s passive obedience (obedientia passiva)––a theme that comes to fullest expression in his Lectures on Galatians (1531/5). There, Luther argues that the sins of the godless become the true possession of the vicariously suffering Son. In turn, Christ’s atonement for the sake of the world underwrites a soteriology of the creature’s renewed humanity in which the sinner is reoriented outwardly in loving servitude of the neighbor. Luther’s The Freedom of a Christian (1520) provides the contours of this linkage most fully. This article therefore seeks to elucidate the connections between God’s exposure to sin at the cross and the subsequent logic of the human’s recovered relation to the other within the creation.
Sexual knowledge and behaviour in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a complex care condition
Authors: Palmer Lisa D. , Heung Tracy , Corral Maria , Boot Erik , Brooks Stephanie G. , Bassett Anne S.
Published: July 2021

Background

There is limited information about sexual knowledge and behaviours in adults with complex care needs, including those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q) which represents a group predisposed to intellectual disabilities.

Methods

We conducted sexual health assessments with 67 adults with 22q, examining whether those with knowledge deficits and a history of engaging in sexual activities with others would be more likely to engage in high‐risk behaviours.

Results

The majority (65.7%) of adults with 22q were sexually active with others; most (70.1%) had sexual knowledge deficits. Those with intellectual disabilities were more likely (p = .0012) to have deficits in certain topics. In the sexually active subgroup, most (81.8%) engaged in high‐risk sexual behaviours, regardless of intellectual disability or knowledge deficits.

Conclusion

The results suggest a need for increased dialogue, repeated education, genetic counselling and preventive healthcare measures related to sexuality in 22q and potentially in other complex care conditions.
Elabela gene therapy promotes angiogenesis after myocardial infarction
Authors: Jin Liangli , Pan Yang , Li Quanyi , Li Jing , Wang Zhi
Published: July 2021

This study was aimed at investigating whether Elabela (ELA) gene therapy can promote angiogenesis in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). The fusion expression plasmid pAAV‐3 × Flag/ELA‐32 was successfully constructed using molecular cloning technique. The model of acute MI was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in mice. Adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) was injected into the surrounding myocardium and tail vein immediately after the model was established. AAV was injected again from the tail vein one week later. Compared with the MI+PBS (control) group, the serum N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentration, and the values of left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (LVDs) of the MI+AAV‐ELA (gene therapy) group were significantly decreased, while the value of left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly increased at 2 and 4 weeks after operation. Compared with the control group, the expression of CD105 and vWF and the percentage of CD31‐ and Ki67–co‐positive cells were significantly increased in the gene therapy group. Moreover, the expressions of apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR2, Jagged1 and Notch3 in the heart tissue around the infarction were up‐regulated in mice with gene therapy. The results suggest that ELA activates VEFG/VEGFR2 and Jagged1/Notch3 pathways through APJ to promote angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. ELA gene therapy may be used in the treatment of ischaemic cardiomyopathy in future.
Seasonal variations in the diagnosis of the top 10 cancers in Korea: A nationwide population‐based study using a common data model
Authors: Yoon Jin Young , Kwak Min Seob , Kim Ha Il , Cha Jae Myung
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim

A better understanding of seasonal variations in cancer diagnosis may be the first step toward optimal resource distribution in the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP). This study aimed to identify seasonal variations in the diagnosis of the top 10 major cancers in Korea.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study in participants aged ≥ 20 years between 2012 and 2016 from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment‐National Patient Sample database, previously converted to a common data model. We assessed the overall seasonal variations in the 10 major cancers.

Results

We analyzed the following top 10 cancers: stomach (n = 3435), colorectal (n = 5368), liver (n = 7605), pancreatic (n = 2946), gallbladder (n = 899), lung (n = 1598), prostate (n = 2897), thyroid (n = 1966), breast (n = 1313), and kidney (n = 668) cancers. All cancers showed similar seasonal variations in diagnosis, with a significant winter peak. A winter peak in diagnosis was observed for NCSP‐covered cancers, such as stomach, colon, liver, and breast cancers, as well as other cancers not covered by the NCSP. The winter peak for cancer diagnosis was the highest for breast cancer (74.4%) followed by thyroid (51.0%) and stomach cancers, whereas it was the lowest for pancreatic cancer followed by prostate and colorectal cancers.

Conclusions

Significant seasonal variations were found in the diagnosis of the top 10 major cancers, with a winter peak, which may be explained by the participants' behavior pattern with respect to the NCSP. Our findings suggest that trading off of NCSP healthcare resources between winter and other seasons may be beneficial.
Interfamily Therapy, a multifamily therapy model settled in infant‐juvenile mental health services of Havana (Cuba): A qualitative study from participants’ perspectives
Authors: Ruiz‐Íñiguez Raquel , Carralero‐Montero Ana , Martínez‐González Alejandro , Méndez‐Parra Elizabeth , Valdés‐Díaz Yudith , Sempere Javier
Published: July 2021

Interfamily therapy (IFT) is a specific model for multifamily therapy (MFT) of recent expansion in Latin American and European countries. In IFT a multifamily group becomes a community of learning where professionals and family members establish collaborative relationships and participate in dialogues. This study used a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore the participants’ perspective of 14 members and ex‐members of two IFT groups conducted in Infant‐Juvenile Mental Health Centers in Havana (Cuba). In this study IFT was well accepted and effective, and it was perceived as beneficial due to its positive influence for participants, with benefits on a personal, family and social level. In addition, participants articulated a series of therapeutic elements of IFT that were essential to promote these benefits. In conclusion, IFT seems to be a useful therapeutic model in the treatment of children, adolescents and their families in a Cuban psychiatric setting.
When taking action means accepting responsibility: Omission bias predicts parents' reluctance to vaccinate due to greater anticipated culpability for negative side effects
Authors: Sherman Gary D. , Vallen Beth , Finkelstein Stacey R. , Connell Paul M. , Boland Wendy Attaya , Feemster Kristen
Published: July 2021

Omission bias is the tendency to consider harm from inaction preferable to equivalent harm from action. In this work, we explored how individual differences in omission bias shape parental vaccine‐related decisions. Parents with a stronger omission bias showed greater negative emotional response to physician vaccine policy, placed lower trust in medical providers, and assigned a lower priority on vaccination. We observed this pattern of results even among parents who prioritize vaccination. Heightened anticipation of moral culpability for action (e.g., a child experiences vaccine side effects) and a diminished anticipation of moral culpability for possible harms of not acting (e.g., a child contracts a vaccine‐preventable disease) accounted for the effects we observed. These results suggest that parents' reluctance to vaccinate their children stems—in part—from the heightened perceived moral culpability that comes with taking action (versus not taking action).
Outcomes for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A single campus review with low extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilisation
Authors: Khachane Yogesh , Halliday Robert , Thomas Gordon , Maheshwari Rajesh , Browning Carmo Kathryn
Published: July 2021

Aim

To report the outcome for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and identify clinical factors affecting outcome from a tertiary perinatal surgical campus where extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is available however rarely utilised.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of infants with CDH born in a co‐located perinatal neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or retrieved into and managed at a surgical NICU: 2003–2018.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐nine infants with CDH were identified. One hundred and twenty were born in the co‐located hospital and 39 retrieved from outlying hospitals. Survival of all patients with CDH was 74.8%; The survival for all isolated left CDH was 89% and the survival of post‐surgery was 93%. Two patients went onto ECMO and both died.

Associated major congenital anomalies were seen in 13.2%. Low birthweight (< 2500 g), 5‐min Apgar <5, antenatal diagnosis, right‐sided diaphragmatic hernia, herniation of the liver, associated major congenital anomalies, high oxygenation index (>25) on day 1, inotrope use, inhaled nitric oxide and need for high‐frequency ventilation were associated with increased mortality on univariate analysis. Neurodevelopmental follow‐up was commenced in 2013. Forty‐three infants were discharged and developmental data were available for 36 at 4 months (83%) and 32 at 1 year (73%). Outcomes revealed normal motor scores and expressive language with mild delay in the receptive language at 1 year.

Conclusion

Despite the low use of ECMO, our centre's results reveal excellent survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes consistent with or better than international data.
Independent associations of sleep timing, duration and quality with adiposity and weight status in a national sample of adolescents: The UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Collings Paul J.
Published: July 2021

Short sleep appears to elevate obesity risk in youth; however, sleep is a multidimensional construct, and few studies have investigated parameters beyond duration. The objective of this study was to investigate if sleep onset time, duration, latency and night waking frequency are independently associated with adiposity and weight status in UK adolescents. This was a cross‐sectional observational study of 10,619, 13–15 years olds. Adjusted linear and logistic regressions were used to investigate associations of self‐reported sleep characteristics with adiposity markers (body mass index z‐score and percent body fat) and weight status. Compared with a sleep onset before 10pm, later sleep timing was associated with higher adiposity and higher likelihood of overweight and obesity in boys (after midnight, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.76 [1.19–2.60]) and girls (between 11pm and 11:59pm: 1.36 [1.17–1.65]). Sleeping ≤ 8 hr, compared with > 9–10 hr, was associated with higher odds of overweight and obesity in both sexes (boys: 1.80 [1.38–2.35]; girls: 1.38 [1.06–1.79]), and so too was sleeping > 10 hr in girls (1.31 [1.06–1.62]), indicating evidence for a U‐shaped association. Also in girls, compared to a sleep latency of 16‐30 min, sleep latencies ≥ 46 min were associated with higher adiposity (46–60 min, beta coefficient [95% confidence interval], percent body fat: 1.47 [0.57–2.36]) and higher likelihood of overweight and obesity (46–60 min: 1.39 [1.05–1.83]), and often as opposed to never waking in the night was associated with higher adiposity (body mass index z‐score: 0.24 [0.08–0.41]; percent body fat: 1.44 [0.44–2.44]). Sleep duration and timing in both sexes, and sleep quality in girls, appear to be independently associated with adiposity and weight status in adolescence, and may be important targets for obesity prevention.
Actigraphy: Metrics reveal it is not a valid tool for determining sleep in neonates
Authors: Derbin Matthew , McKenna Lauren , Chin Donald , Coffman Brian , Bloch‐Salisbury Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

Study of emerging sleep–wake patterns in neonates is important for promptly identifying and treating abnormal sleep behaviours to ensure healthy infant development and neurobehavioral outcomes. Current methods to assess sleep are costly, labour intensive, and particularly difficult to implement in fragile, hospitalised infants requiring intensive medical care. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of actigraphy as a tool for detecting sleep in preterm infants, using polysomnography (PSG) as the “gold standard”. A total of 10 neonates (mean [SD] 35.8 [1.2] weeks post‐menstrual age; five female) hospitalised since birth for prematurity each participated in one 8–10 hr session during which PSG and actigraphy were recorded simultaneously. Inter‐feed minute‐by‐minute PSG Sleep–Wake scores were compared to concurrent actigraph epochs categorised as either “Sleep” or “Wake” using three separate movement‐per‐minute thresholds (≤20, ≤40, ≤80). Tool validity was assessed using five metrics. A key finding was that for each of the movement thresholds there was high agreement rate, sensitivity, and predictive value of sleep (85.2%–97.2%), whereas specificity and predictive value of wake remained low (12%–46%). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis also revealed low discriminatory power of actigraphy for estimating sleep (area under the curve = 0.636; Youden’s Index J = 0.2173). Lack of sufficient minutes of autonomous wake periods among infants was identified as a key limitation in actigraphy. Findings from the present study suggest actigraphy cannot be validated for Sleep/Wake discrimination in preterm infants and that proper validation requires sufficient data from periods of both Sleep and Wake.
The potential of narrative analysis for HPE research: Highlighting five analytic lenses
Authors: Konopasky Abigail , Varpio Lara , Stalmeijer Renée E.
Published: July 2021

Context

Health professions education (HPE) has increasingly turned to qualitative methodology to address a number of the field's difficult research problems. While several different methodologies have been widely accepted and used in HPE research (e.g., Grounded Theory), others remain largely unknown. In this methodology paper, we discuss the value of narrative analysis (NA) as a set of analytic approaches that offer several lenses that can support HPE scholars' research.

Methods

After briefly discussing the ‘narrative turn’ in research, we highlight five NAlenses: holistic, situated, linguistic, agentive and sequential. We explore what each lens can offer HPE scholars—highlighting certain aspects of the data—and how each lens is limited—obscuring other aspects. To support these observations, we offer an example of each lens from contemporary HPE scholarship. The manuscript also describes methods that can be employed in NA research and offers two different typologies of NA methods that can be used to access these lenses.

Conclusions

We conclude with a discussion of how different analytic methods can be used to harness each of the lenses. We urge the deliberate selection and use of NA methods and point to the inherent partiality of any NA approach. Reflecting on our position as narrative scholars, we acknowledge how our own lenses illuminate some areas and conceal others as we tell the story of NA. In conclusion, we invite other researchers to benefit from the potential NA promises.
Equipping brokers for medical landscapes of practice
Authors: Hodson Nathan
Published: July 2021

Many medical educators have several professional identities and belong to multiple communities of practice. The landscapes of practice model helps reframe these tensions and creates brokers sharing expertise across boundaries.
Population genomic structure of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Australian and New Zealand waters
Authors: Reeves Isabella M. , Totterdell John A. , Barceló Andrea , Sandoval‐Castillo Jonathan , Batley Kimberley C. , Stockin Karen A. , Betty Emma L. , Donnelly David M. , Wellard Rebecca , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Möller Luciana M.
Published: July 2021

Population genomic data sets have enhanced power to detect cryptic and complex population structure and generate valuable information for the conservation and management of wildlife species. Globally, killer whales (Orcinus orca) are considered to have a complex population structure due to their ability to specialize in a variety of ecological niches. In the Australasian region, they are found year round in New Zealand waters and are sighted in all Australian waters, with seasonal aggregations in the northwest (NWA) and southwest (SWA). Regionally, there is some knowledge regarding killer whale abundance, diet, acoustics, and social structure, but limited information about their population structure. Here, we present a population structure assessment of Australasian killer whales using 17,491 high quality genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), combined with sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region. The results indicate a minimum of three populations: New Zealand, NWA, and SWA. These populations present moderate levels of genomic diversity, negligible levels of inbreeding, small effective population sizes, and low contemporary migration rates among them. Mitochondrial DNA analysis elucidated five closely related haplotypes, suggestive of matrilineal societies, consistent with killer whales elsewhere. This information will assist conservation management of killer whales in the Australasian region.
Advance care planning for older people in mainland China: An integrative literature review
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Jeong Sarah Yeun‐Sim , Chan Sally
Published: July 2021

Background

Recently, the attempts to promote advance care planning (ACP) and advance directives (ADs) have appeared in mainland China. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that the concept of ACP and ADs is not widely known to the public and healthcare professionals.

Aim

To examine and synthesise currently available research about ACP and ADs for older people in mainland China, and to discuss implications for future nursing practice and research.

Design

An integrative literature review.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in seven English electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Cochrane, JBI, Scopus and Wiley) and four Chinese electronic databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP and CBM). Eligible articles were critically appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).

Findings

From various groups including older people, families and healthcare professionals, low levels of knowledge and awareness about ACP and ADs are reported. Demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education and clinical conditions were related to positive or negative attitude towards ACP. The main reason people cited for being ‘reluctant/fairly reluctant’ to make an AD was that they were ‘Not familiar with it’.

Conclusions

Given that older people showed positive attitudes towards ACP, policy support and practice guidelines about ADs and ACP are necessary to respect their wishes and to guide healthcare professionals in mainland China.
An interview with Dr. Anne Marie Lynn, a pioneering woman in medicine
Authors: Yaster Myron , Flack Sean H. , Martin Lynn D. , Morgan Philip G.
Published: July 2021

Dr. Anne Marie Lynn (1949–present), Professor Emeritus of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Pediatrics at the University of Washington, Seattle, was one of the most influential women in pediatric anesthesiology of her generation. Dr. Lynn embodies the spirit of discovery and advancement that have created the practice of pediatric anesthesiology as we know it today. A pioneer in pain medicine pharmacology, particularly morphine and ketorolac, her research transformed pediatric anesthesia, pediatric pain medicine, and pediatric intensive care medicine. Through her journal articles, book chapters, national and international lectures, mentoring of residents, fellows, and faculty, and leadership in the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia, she inspired a generation of women and men physicians by demonstrating that gender should not be a barrier to undertaking roles once only held only by men. In 2017, for her many contributions, she was awarded the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia's Myron Yaster lifetime achievement award.
Retrospective lumbosacral CT analysis and prospective observational study of the ipsilateral tunnel view technique for fluoroscopy‐guided selective S1 transforaminal epidural injection
Authors: Hwang Bo‐Young , Park Jae‐Hyun , Ji Ho‐Tae , Kim Go‐Eun , Kim Sun‐Key , Lee Yoon‐Kyung , Hwang Sung‐Mi , Kang Sang‐Soo
Published: July 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively observe the anatomic relationship between dorsal S1 foramen (DS1F) and ventral S1 foramen (VS1F) through computed tomography (CT) analysis and to prospectively determine the optimal angle of ipsilateral tunnel view technique for performing S1 transforaminal epidural steroid injection (S1‐TFESI).

Methods

The axial lumbosacral CTs taken between in 208 consecutive patients and the following measurements were obtained on both sides: (1) the α‐angle was defined as an angle between a sagittal line passing through the center of the sacrum and an imaginary line passing through the center of DS1F, (2) the largest diameter of DS1F and VS1F. The fluoroscopy was adjusted to show the largest L5/S1 intervertebral disc space, which was defined as the cephalad angle, and tilted to the ipsilateral oblique side until the entrance of DS1F had a well‐defined, round shape, which defined as the β‐angle in 40 humans.

Results

CT measurements showed that the α‐angle was 26.3 ± 3.3 degrees (15–38 degrees) and the diameter of DS1F was 7.1 ± 0.7 mm (4–10.9 mm), which was significantly smaller than the diameter of VS1F, 10.1 ± 1.0 mm (7.2–13.8 mm). The β‐angle was 24 ± 4.6 degrees, which was not much different from the α‐angle and the cephalad angle was 23 ± 4.6 degrees. The success rate of S1‐TFESI was 100% and there were no procedure‐related complications.

Conclusions

The entrance of DS1F is easily identified with an ipsilateral 25 degrees‐tunnel view technique while performing S1‐TFESI, and it is a clinically applicable approach.
Genetic selection for nonstructural carbohydrates and its impact on other nutritive attributes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) forage
Authors: Claessens Annie , Bipfubusa Marie , Chouinard‐Michaud Caroline , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Castonguay Yves , Bélanger Gilles , Berthiaume Robert , Allard Guy
Published: July 2021

High concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in forages improves ruminant N utilization and performance. The present study evaluated the direct and indirect effects of one cycle of divergent phenotypic selection for NSC in alfalfa along with the diurnal and seasonal stability of the trait. For this purpose, divergent NSC populations were developed (NSC+ and NSC−) and two field trials were established in Quebec, Canada. Forage samples were collected twice a day (morning and afternoon) and three times a year (spring, summer and autumn) and analysed for NSC, crude protein (CP), fibre concentration, digestibility and yield. The NSC+ population maintained greater NSC concentrations than the NSC− population over 2 establishment years (+18%, 129 vs. 109 g/kg) and three production years (+8%, 126 vs. 116 g/kg). Time of cutting and period of harvest had significant effects on alfalfa NSC concentration and other nutritive attributes, but they did not affect the response to selection for NSC concentration. Phenotypic selection for NSC concentration can therefore be used in a recurrent phenotypic selection approach to improve alfalfa nutritive value.
On Preferring that Overall, Things are Worse: Future‐Bias and Unequal Payoffs
Authors: Greene Preston , Latham Andrew J. , Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: July 2021

Philosophers vigorously debate the rationality ofhedonic bias toward the future: a systematic preference for pleasurable experiences to be future and painful experiences to be past. The debate over future bias is distinctive in philosophy because arguments made on both sides concern descriptive and empirically tractable claims about patterns of preferences and the psychological mechanisms that could explain these patterns. Most notably, philosophers predict that this bias is strong enough to apply to unequal payoffs: people often prefer less pleasurable future experiences to more pleasurable past ones, and more painful past experiences to less painful future ones. They also predict that future‐bias is restricted to first‐person preferences,and that people’sthird‐person preferencesare time‐neutral. These claims feature in arguments both for and against the rational permissibility of future bias. Thus, we aimed to test whether these claims are descriptively accurate. Among our discoveries, we found that the predicted asymmetry between first‐ and third‐person conditions is absent, and so cannot support arguments against the rationality of future‐bias. We also uncovered an asymmetry between positive and negative events that might ground a new argument in favour of time‐neutralism.
Temperature and relative humidity shape white leaf spot (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae) epidemic development in rapeseed (Brassica napus)
Authors: Murtza Tamsal , You Ming Pei , Barbetti Martin J.
Published: July 2021

Studies were undertaken to determine the combined environmental effects of two temperature regimes (14/11 ℃, 17/14 ℃ day/night) and duration of postinoculation high humidity on progression of white leaf spot, caused by Neopseudocercosporella capsellae, in rapeseed (Brassica napus) at each of two different plant growth stages. Overall, percentage disease indices were significantly affected by temperature, high humidity duration, plant growth stage, and host cultivar (all p < 0.001). There were significant two‐way interactions of temperature regime with plant age (p < 0.001) and with host cultivar (p < 0.01), and significant three‐way interactions of high humidity duration with growth stage and host cultivar (p = 0.01) and with temperature and host cultivar (p = 0.03). At cotyledon stage, mean percentage cotyledon disease index was 38.2 at 17/14 ℃ day/night, and 33.1 at 14/11 ℃. At fourth leaf stage, mean percentage leaf disease index was 32.0 at 14/11 ℃ but 17.5 at 17/14 ℃. Disease severity increased with increasing duration of high humidity. Results explain why this disease is more prevalent and severe in Australia following longer durations of high humidity; why disease at cotyledon stage is largely independent of temperature if seasonal temperature ranges between 11 and 17 ℃; and why more severe leaf infection (e.g., at fourth leaf stage) can be attributed to cooling winter conditions between autumn and winter. Studies suggest current/predicted climate changes across southern Australia of increasingly warmer autumn‐winter temperatures and decreasing growing‐season (May–August) precipitation will lessen severity of future epidemics.
Corporate Income Taxation and Inequality: Review and Discussion of Issues Raised in The triumph of injustice—How the rich dodge taxes and how to make them pay (2019)☆
Authors: Faccio Tommaso , Iacono Roberto
Published: July 2021

This article surveys the literature on the relationship between corporate income taxation and inequality through the lens of the recent book The triumph of injustice—How the rich dodge taxes and how to make them pay by Saez and Zucman (2019). First, we analyze the nexus between corporate taxation and inequality by reviewing both studies that highlight the curbing effect of corporate tax on inequality, and by examining studies claiming that more corporate taxation might paradoxically raise personal inequality. Then we proceed by identifying current practices in taxing multinational entities, and provide an overview of the latest estimates on nations’ missing fiscal revenues. Finally, we discuss the policy proposals put forward by Saez and Zucman (2019) to reform corporate taxation at the global level through the introduction of a global corporate minimum tax.
Instrument Residual Estimator for Any Response Variable with Endogenous Binary Treatment
Authors: Lee Myoung-jae
Published: July 2021

Given an endogenous/confounded binary treatment D, a response Y with its potential versions (Y0, Y1) and covariates X, finding the treatment effect is difficult if Y is not continuous, even when a binary instrumental variable (IV) Z is available. We show that, for any form of Y (continuous, binary, mixed,…), there exists a decomposition Y = μ0(X) + μ1(X)D + error with E(error|Z,X) = 0, where μ1(X)≡E(Y1-Y0|complier,X) and ‘compliers’ are those who get treated if and only if Z = 1. First, using the decomposition, instrumental variable estimator (IVE) is applicable with polynomial approximations for μ0(X) and μ1(X) to obtain a linear model for Y. Second, better yet, an ‘instrumental residual estimator (IRE)’ with Z−E(Z|X) as an IV for D can be applied, and IRE is consistent for the ‘E(Z|X)-overlap’ weighted average of μ1(X), which becomes E(Y1-Y0|complier) for randomized Z. Third, going further, a ‘weighted IRE’ can be done which is consistent for E{μ1(X)}. Empirical analyses as well as a simulation study are provided to illustrate our approaches.
Equilibrium sediment transport by dilute turbidity currents: Comparison of competence‐based and capacity‐based models
Authors: Amy Lawrence , Dorrell Robert
Published: July 2021

Equilibrium sediment transport is the condition of zero net entrainment and deposition by sediment‐transporting flow (i.e. grade or regime). Here criteria for equilibrium sediment transport, or those used as proxies for equilibrium (for example, onset of erosion, onset of particle setting or suppression of turbulence) for dilute, suspended‐load‐dominated, turbidity currents, are tested against laboratory and natural data. The examined criteria are restricted to those describing flow over a bed of loose particulate material involving non‐cohesive sediment. Models include both monodisperse and polydisperse formulations that represent sediment non‐uniformity by using a single characteristic grain size or discretization of the grain‐size distribution, respectively. Analysis shows that a polydisperse‐type flux‐balance model, that equates erosional and depositional fluxes and where erosion is related to the power used to lift sediment mass from the bed (the ‘Flow‐Power Flux‐Balance’ model) provides predictions most consistent with observational data. Other equilibrium models tested, monodisperse or polydisperse, fail to predict realistic bed slopes and/or flow durations for concentrations, velocities and depths within limits for natural flows. Results of the Flow‐Power Flux‐Balance model are used to quantify sediment transport fields, equilibrium Shields numbers and slopes for turbidity currents of variable flow and particle properties.