bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of periodontitis with cognitive decline and its progression: Contribution of blood‐based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease to this relationship
Authors: Carballo Álvaro , López‐Dequidt Iria , Custodia Antía , Botelho João , Aramburu‐Núñez Marta , Machado Vanessa , Pías‐Peleteiro Juan Manuel , Ouro Alberto , Romaus‐Sanjurjo Daniel , Vázquez‐Vázquez Laura , Jiménez‐Martín Isabel , Aguiar Pablo , Rodríguez‐Yáñez Manuel , Aldrey José Manuel , Blanco Juan , Castillo José , Sobrino Tomás , Leira Yago
Published: August 2023

Aim

To assess whether periodontitis is associated with cognitive decline and its progression as well as with certain blood‐based markers of Alzheimer's disease.

Materials and Methods

Data from a 2‐year follow‐up prospective cohort study (n = 101) was analysed. Participants with a previous history of hypertension and aged ≥60 years were included in the analysis. All of them received a full‐mouth periodontal examination and cognitive function assessments (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE) and Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE]). Plasma levels of amyloid beta (Aβ)1‐40, Aβ1‐42, phosphorylated and total Tau (p‐Tau and t‐Tau) were determined at baseline, 12 and 24 months.

Results

Periodontitis was associated with poor cognitive performance (MMSE: β = −1.5 [0.6]) and progression of cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.0–3.1). Subjects with periodontitis showed greater baseline levels of p‐Tau (1.6 [0.7] vs. 1.2 [0.2] pg/mL, p < .001) and Aβ1‐40 (242.1 [77.3] vs. 208.2 [73.8] pg/mL, p = .036) compared with those without periodontitis. Concentrations of the latter protein also increased over time only in the periodontitis group (p = .005).

Conclusions

Periodontitis is associated with cognitive decline and its progression in elderly patients with a previous history of hypertension. Overexpression of p‐Tau and Aβ1‐40 may play a role in this association.
Retrospective study on the association of human herpesvirus reactivation with severe DRESS: A description of blood and skin reactivations
Authors: Marcombes C. , Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S. , Dezoteux F. , Staumont‐Sallé D. , Milpied B. , Tetart F. , de Prost N. , Fourati S. , Ortonne N. , Kasimir F. , Prusty B. K. , Descamps V.
Published: August 2023

Background

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) is a severe adverse event (mortality of 10%). Its pathophysiology involves herpesviruses, particularly HHV‐6, but the exact mechanisms are still poorly understood.

Objective

To describe severe cases of DRESS and especially their association with herpesvirus reactivation.

Methods

This study was a multicentre case series conducted between 2007 and 2021 at five University Hospital Centres in France. The study included patients who had severe DRESS, which was defined as death, transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU), or severe damage to internal organs. We excluded patients without blood PCR sample, without a drug formally attributed or with RegiSCAR score < 6. We collected data on severity, causative drug, associated visceral damage and results of viral blood PCRs. HHV‐6 reactivation was studied in skin biopsies by detection of small non‐coding transcripts (HHV‐6 miR‐aU14) and a late viral protein (GP82/105).

Results

Fifty‐two patients were included (29 female, median age 62, interquartile range (IQR) [37;72]). Eight patients (15%) died, 13 (27%) were admitted to ICU. Most patients (n = 34; 65%) had multisystem involvement: most frequent was liver (n = 46; 88%), then renal failure (n = 24; 46%). Forty patients (77%) had at least one blood viral reactivation among HHV‐6, EBV or CMV, of which 21 (53%) had at least two. Median time of blood HHV‐6 reactivation was 24 days (IQR [20;35]). HHV‐6 reactivation was demonstrated in 15 out of 20 skin biopsies, with a median time of 11 days [9;17].

Conclusions

We confirmed the high rate of HHV‐6 reactivation in severe DRESS and demonstrated cutaneous HHV‐6 reactivation using small non‐coding transcripts (HHV‐6 miR‐aU14), which preceded viral PCR positivity in blood. These results suggest that HHV‐6 reactivation during DRESS may start in skin. Furthermore, search for miR‐aU14 in skin biopsy could become a useful diagnostic tool for early detection of HHV‐6 reactivation.
Changes in late‐life assistance networks for Black and White older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Oyeyemi Deborah M. , Lin I‐Fen , Wang Haowei , Gan Daniel , Brown Monique J. , Freedman Vicki A. , Manning Mark
Published: August 2023

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted older Black Americans. Given that assistance networks play a crucial role in older adults' ability to respond to challenges, we sought to investigate whether older adults' assistance network size changed during the COVID‐19 pandemic and differed by race.

Methods

We analyzed data from the 2018–2020 rounds of the U.S. National Health and Aging Trends Study for Black and White adults aged 70 and older receiving help in the community or residential care settings. We used ordinary least squares regression to compare changes in assistance network size in the 2 years pre‐COVID‐19 (2018–2019, N = 3438) to changes in size at the onset of COVID‐19 (2019–2020, N = 3185).

Results

Black older adults had larger assistance networks with a greater number of family helpers before and during the pandemic compared to their White counterparts. Assistance network size for older adults increased before but not during the pandemic mostly due to declines in unpaid nonrelative helpers and lack of increase in paid helpers. These effects did not differ by race.

Conclusions

Black and White older adults experienced similarly sized reductions in their assistance networks as a consequence of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Future research should investigate the relationship between these network changes and the unmet needs of older adults.
Ageism as a barrier to eliciting what matters: A call for multigenerational action to confront the invisible “‐ism”
Authors: Farrell Timothy W.
Published: August 2023

This editorial comments on the article by Sun et al. in this issue.
The DEAD‐box RNA helicase ZmRH48 is required for the splicing of multiple mitochondrial introns, mitochondrial complex biosynthesis, and seed development in maize
Authors: Yang Yan‐Zhuo , Ding Shuo , Liu Xin‐Yuan , Xu Chunhui , Sun Feng , Tan Bao‐Cai
Published: August 2023

RNA helicases participate in nearly all aspects of RNA metabolism by rearranging RNAs or RNA–protein complexes in an adenosine triphosphate‐dependent manner. Due to the large RNA helicase families in plants, the precise roles of many RNA helicases in plant physiology and development remain to be clarified. Here, we show that mutations in maize (Zea mays) DEAD‐box RNA helicase 48 (ZmRH48) impair the splicing of mitochondrial introns, mitochondrial complex biosynthesis, and seed development. Loss of ZmRH48 function severely arrested embryogenesis and endosperm development, leading to defective kernel formation. ZmRH48 is targeted to mitochondria, where its deficiency dramatically reduced the splicing efficiency of five cis‐introns (nad5 intron 1; nad7 introns 1, 2, and 3; and ccmFc intron 1) and one trans‐intron (nad2 intron 2), leading to lower levels of mitochondrial complexes I and III. ZmRH48 interacts with two unique pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, PPR‐SMR1 and SPR2, which are required for the splicing of over half of all mitochondrial introns. PPR‐SMR1 interacts with SPR2, and both proteins interact with P‐type PPR proteins and Zm‐mCSF1 to facilitate intron splicing. These results suggest that ZmRH48 is likely a component of a splicing complex and is critical for mitochondrial complex biosynthesis and seed development.
Superficial versus deep injections of the upper midface—A prospective interventional split‐face study
Authors: Martín Javier Murillo , Revelles Juan Maria , Aznar Nerea Martínez , Jiménez Lidia Maroñas , Orellana Jose Barbosa , Gomariz Miguel Ángel , Alfertshofer Michael , Cotofana Sebastian
Published: August 2023

Background

Various injection algorithms have been proposed in the past which are in line with the three aesthetic principles: upper face first, lateral face first, and deep regions first. However, increasing evidence is provided that the upper midface can be targeted with superficial soft tissue filler injections alone too.

Objective

To investigate in a prospective split‐face study design whether superficial or deep upper midfacial injections provide superior aesthetic outcomes.

Methods

A total of n = 20 study participants (100% females; age 43.95 (11.7) years; BMI 22.92 (2.6) kg/m2) were treated with superficial soft tissue filler injections on side of their face and deep injections on the contralateral side with a mean volume of 0.78 cc. Outcome was evaluated at 7 weeks follow‐up for midfacial, and lower facial volume, for medial and lateral facial skin vector displacement, and for improvement of nasolabial, crow's feet, and upper cheek fullness severity scores.

Results

No adverse events related to safety or product tolerability were observed during the entire study period. All semiquantitative scores improved statistically significantly after the observational period (p < 0.001) but displayed no difference between the two applied injection techniques (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this split‐face study revealed that both the superficial and the deep cannula injection technique for midface volumization statistically significantly improve the midfacial volume, reduce nasolabial fold and crow's feet severity. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two injection techniques when compared via semiquantitative and objective outcome evaluation after 7 weeks follow‐up.
Intersite brain MRI volumetric biases persist even in a harmonized multisubject study of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Clark Kelly A. , O'Donnell Carly M. , Elliott Mark A. , Tauhid Shahamat , Dewey Blake E. , Chu Renxin , Khalil Samar , Nair Govind , Sati Pascal , DuVal Anna , Pellegrini Nicole , Bar‐Or Amit , Markowitz Clyde , Schindler Matthew K. , Zurawski Jonathan , Calabresi Peter A. , Reich Daniel S. , Bakshi Rohit , Shinohara Russell T. ,   the NAIMS Cooperative
Published: August 2023

Background and Purpose

Multicenter study designs involving a variety of MRI scanners have become increasingly common. However, these present the issue of biases in image‐based measures due to scanner or site differences. To assess these biases, we imaged 11 volunteers with multiple sclerosis (MS) with scan and rescan data at four sites.

Methods

Images were acquired on Siemens or Philips scanners at 3 Tesla. Automated white matter lesion detection and whole‐brain, gray and white matter, and thalamic volumetry were performed, as well as expert manual delineations of T1 magnetization‐prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo and T2 fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery lesions. Random‐effect and permutation‐based nonparametric modeling was performed to assess differences in estimated volumes within and across sites.

Results

Random‐effect modeling demonstrated model assumption violations for most comparisons of interest. Nonparametric modeling indicated that site explained >50% of the variation for most estimated volumes. This expanded to >75% when data from both Siemens and Philips scanners were included. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between average inter‐ and intrasite differences in most estimated brain volumes (P < .05). The automatic activation of spine coil elements during some acquisitions resulted in a shading artifact in these images. Permutation tests revealed significant differences between thalamic volume measurements from acquisitions with and without this artifact.

Conclusion

Differences in brain volumetry persisted across MR scanners despite protocol harmonization. These differences were not well explained by variance component modeling; however, statistical innovations for mitigating intersite differences show promise in reducing biases in multicenter studies of MS.
The role of phytogenic feed additives in stress mitigation in broiler chickens
Authors: Oni Aderanti Ifeoluwa , Adeleye Oluwagbemiga O. , Adebowale Tolulope Oluwadamilare , Oke Oyegunle Emmanuel
Published: August 2023

The increase in global temperature and consumers' welfare has increased the use of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on chickens in recent years. Various bioactive compounds capable of improving the thermotolerance of broiler chickens during exposure to thermal challenges have been identified in different plant species and parts. This review is an overview of the roles of bioactive compounds of different PFA, such as polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidants, growth‐promoting and immune‐modulating agents, in heat stress management in broiler chickens. Common PFA in use, particularly in tropical environments, are also discussed. An understanding of the roles of the PFA in chickens' thermotolerance could further stimulate interest in their use, thereby improving the birds' productivity and addressing consumers' concerns. This review collates the existing data on the roles of herbs in mitigating heat stress on chickens and highlights future research perspectives.
The effectiveness of stimulus control in cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in adults: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Verreault Mikael Demers , Granger Élyse , Neveu Xavier , Delage Julia Pizzamiglio , Bastien Célyne H. , Vallières Annie
Published: August 2023

Stimulus control is part of the widely used cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. However, there is a lack of knowledge about its mechanisms of action and effectiveness when used alone. This systematic review with network meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate stimulus control efficacy when used alone compared with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia or its components. The review also documented stimulus control mechanisms of action proposed by the authors. A search was conducted in several bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, Psychology Behavioural Sciences Collection, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and in two registers from 1972 to June 2022. Randomised studies with adult participants presenting a diagnosis of insomnia and including at least one stimulus control instruction in a treatment group were included. Risk of bias was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies. Twenty‐three studies were included and three network meta‐analyses were conducted. The quality of included studies was generally poor. Results indicate that stimulus control is an effective intervention to improve insomnia compared with control conditions. Not all stimulus control instructions seem essential, especially those known to recondition the bedroom for sleep. The review challenges the classical conditioning hypothesis. Results should be interpreted cautiously given the small number of studies included, bias risk, and inconsistencies in the network meta‐analysis. Rigorous research is needed in evaluating stimulus control efficacy and mechanisms.
Prostitution in Bolivia: An analysis of attitudes and perceptions
Authors: Bojanic Antonio N. , Jordán Alejandro
Published: August 2023

Perceptions about prostitution in Bolivia are analyzed through a survey conducted in February 2021. The results show that while prostitution is generally viewed as immoral, most people surveyed think that buying and selling sex should be legal. Utilizing least squares and probit regressions, we find that the principal predictors of the morality of the sex industry and on whether it should be legal are gender, attitude toward sex, rape myths, political persuasion, stance on gender equality, and beliefs regarding the size of government. Men and sexual liberals are inclined to view prostitution more favorably, whereas people with politically conservative views, those with strong beliefs in gender equality, and those who favor a bigger role for government tilt in the opposite direction. The main recommendation from these findings is that a national legal framework should be established to formalize the industry.
In search of a substitution model for coca in Colombia: Buffalo, cocoa, and coffee in Peasant Reserve Zones
Authors: Cascant‐Sempere Mª Josep , Dávila Celia , Vesga Susana
Published: August 2023

For years Colombia has been the world's largest coca producer. Its public management of crops for illicit use has swung between eradication, substitution, and, recently legalization. Forced eradication has been shown to be ineffective, and legalization is an incipient option, so the Peace Agreement puts forward substitution as the path to follow. Yet, what kind of substitution does it suggest? This article analyzes voluntary substitution projects in Peasant Reserve Zones. While some projects have evolved locally due in part to strong peasant associations, they have not gained traction nationally. In general, the difficulties inherent in any business play a role, but there are also structural limitations such as continued fumigations, obligations of prior eradication, the costs of production and transportation due to the lack of infrastructure and public services, and the issue of land rights, which limits peasants' access to the formal funding established by the Peace Agreement.
Linguistic prejudice and electoral discrimination: What can political theory learn from sociolinguistics?
Authors: Bonotti Matteo , Willoughby Louisa
Published: August 2023

Normative political theorists working in the field of linguistic justice generally believe that participation in democratic life in linguistically diverse societies requires a shared lingua franca (e.g., Patten 2009; Van Parijs 2011). Even when a shared lingua franca is present, however, there is likely to be a variety of ways in which people speak it, due to variations in accent, pitch, register, and lexicon. This paper examines the implications of intra‐linguistic diversity for democracy and political representation. More specifically, by drawing on Andrew Rehfeld's (2010) work and on relevant sociolinguistics research, the paper argues that widespread unconscious linguistic prejudice constitutes a constraint on some citizens' right to run for political office that is incompatible with democratic equality. The argument is illustrated via a number of examples concerning Australian politicians.
Intensive care as a specialty of choice for registered nurses: A descriptive phenomenological study
Authors: Saghafi Farida , Hardy Jennifer , Leigh Maria Cynthia , Hillege Sharon
Published: August 2023

Background

Shortage and retention of experienced nurses are crucial matters and internationally acknowledged, particularly in specialty areas such as Critical Care.

Aim

To explore the experiences of registered nurses in their first and fourth years of practice in an adult intensive care unit.

Study Design

This descriptive phenomenological study was conducted over 4 years. Eligible participants were interviewed at two different points in their career. Ten registered nurses were interviewed after three to 6 months of employment in an adult intensive care unit (Phase One). Five of the same participants were interviewed in their fourth year of practice (Phase Two).

Findings

Findings related to factors influencing the participants' choice of specialty and their retention are reported in this paper. Two themes emerged from Phase One: a unique environment, positive and negative emotions, unclear expectations, and the journey of a registered nurse. Two themes generated from data collected in Phase Two included a unique environment and being a proficient nurse. In both phases, nurses considered the Intensive Care Unit a stimulating learning environment.

Conclusions

This paper highlights that the registered nurse's perception of the Intensive Care Unit and Intensive Care Nursing influenced their choice of specialty, and learning opportunities influenced their decision to remain in the Intensive Care Unit.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The findings of this study inform action areas for healthcare organizations and nursing managers. Challenges, learning opportunities and the nature of critical care nursing should be considered target areas for organizations to promote and develop as part of critical care nurses' retention strategies. Education not only for new graduate nurses but also for all registered nurses should be ongoing.
The discourse of delivering person‐centred nursing care before, and during, the COVID‐19 pandemic: Care as collateral damage
Authors: Byrne Amy‐Louise , Harvey Clare , Baldwin Adele
Published: August 2023

The global COVID‐19 pandemic challenged the world—how it functions, how people move in the social worlds and how government/government services and people interact. Health services, operating under the principles of new public management, have undertaken rapid changes to service delivery and models of care. What has become apparent is the mechanisms within which contemporary health services operate and how services are not prioritising the person at the centre of care. Person‐centred care (PCC) is the philosophical premise upon which models of health care are developed and implemented. Given the strain that COVID‐19 has placed on the health services and the people who deliver the care, it is essential to explore the tensions that exist in this space. This article suggests that before the pandemic, PCC was largely rhetoric, and rendered invisible during the pandemic. The paper presents an investigation into the role of PCC in these challenging times, adopting a Foucauldian lens, specifically governmentality and biopolitics, to examine the policies, priorities and practical implications as health services pivoted and adapted to changing and acute demands. Specifically, this paper draws on the Australian experience, including shifting nursing workforce priorities and additional challenges resulting from public health directives such as lockdowns and limitations. The findings from this exploration open a space for discussion around the rhetoric of PCC, the status of nurses and that which has been lost to the pandemic.
Ehretia pranomiana sp. nov. (Boraginales: Ehretiaceae), a new scrambler from Thailand
Authors: Rueangsawang Kanokorn , Thananthaisong Theerawat , Kaewmuan Anusara , Daonurai Kunanon , Suddee Somran
Published: August 2023

Ehretia pranomiana sp. nov. is illustrated and described from northern and south‐western Thailand. The new species is similar to E. macrophylla and E. acuminata by having elliptic leaves with a serrate margin, but can be distinguished by being a scrambling shrub with densely hispid leaf blades, corymbose inflorescence with 4–10 flowers, corolla with erect lobes and calyx longer than fruit at maturity. An updated identification key to the species of Ehretia known from Thailand is provided.
A new species of smooth‐spored Inocybe from coniferous forests of Pakistan
Authors: Naseer Arooj , Razzaq Annum , Saeed Mubashara , Khalid Abdul Nasir
Published: August 2023

A new species in genus Inocybe is described and illustrated from Himalayan Moist Temperate forests of Pakistan. It is characterized by fibrillose, conical to convex, umbonate, brown to dark brown pileus, non‐pruinose, fibrillose stipe with whitish tomentum at base, basidiospores smooth and larger (9.0 × 5.2 µm) and thicker caulocystidia (upto 21 m) as compared to sister species, Inocybe demetris. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 along with 5.8S rDNA (ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA D1–D2 domains (28S) also confirmed its novelty.
Patchy indirect effects of predation: predators contribute to landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem function via localized pathways
Authors: Johnson‐Bice Sean M. , Gable Thomas D. , Roth James D. , Bump Joseph K.
Published: August 2023

Predators are widely recognized for their irreplaceable roles in influencing the abundance and traits of lower trophic levels. Predators also have irreplaceable roles in shaping community interactions and ecological processes via highly localized pathways (i.e. effects with well‐defined and measurable spatio–temporal boundaries), irrespective of their influence on prey density or behavior. We synthesized empirical and theoretical research describing how predators – particularly medium‐ and large‐sized carnivores – have indirect ecological effects confined to discrete landscape patches, processes we have termed ‘patchy indirect effects (PIEs) of predation'. Predators generate PIEs via three main localized pathways: generating and distributing prey carcasses, creating ecological hotspots by concentrating nutrients derived from prey, and killing ecosystem engineers that create patches. In each pathway, the indirect effects are limited to discrete areas with measurable spatial and temporal boundaries (i.e. patches). Our synthesis reveals the diverse and complex ways that predators indirectly affect other species via patches, ranging from mediating scavenger interactions to influencing parasite/disease transmission risk, and from altering ecosystem biogeochemistry to facilitating local biodiversity. We provide basic guidelines on how these effects can be quantified at the patch and landscape scales, and discuss how predator‐mediated patches ultimately contribute to landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem functioning. Whereas density‐ and trait‐mediated indirect effects of predation generally occur through population‐scale changes, PIEs of predation occur through individual‐ and patch‐level pathways. Our synthesis provides a more holistic view of the functional role of predation in ecosystems by addressing how predators create patchy landscapes via localized pathways, in addition to influencing the abundance and behavior of lower trophic levels.
Effects of tree species diversity and conspecific seedling density on insect herbivory and pathogen infection on big‐leaf mahogany seedlings
Authors: Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Pérez‐Niño Biiniza , Vázquez‐González Carla , Cristóbal‐Alejo Jairo , Reyes‐Novelo Enrique , Moreira Xoaquín
Published: August 2023

The Janzen–Connell hypothesis (JCH) predicts that attack by specialist enemies on seedlings increases with conspecific seedling density, but studies have rarely experimentally tested for the contingency of such effects on the tree community context (e.g. diversity, composition) ormeasured responses by different enemies (e.g. herbivores, pathogens). We conducted a field study in a large‐scale system evaluating tree species diversity and conspecific density effects on leaf damage on mahogany Swietenia macrophylla seedlings. We established quadrats of eight levels of seedling density across mahogany tree monocultures and tree species polycultures including mahogany, and recorded percent leaf damage by insects and percent leaf necrosis by a pathogenic fungus on mahogany seedlings. We found contrasting effects of tree species diversity on insects and pathogens. Whereas tree diversity did not affect leaf damage by insects, it had a significant negative effect on leaf necrosis by pathogens whereby, on average, percent leaf necrosis on mahogany seedlings in polyculture was half of that observed in monoculture. We discuss the potential influences of changes in mahogany tree density versus frequency (relative to other tree species) driving this diversity effect. Unexpectedly, we found no effect of seedling conspecific density on either leaf insect or pathogen damage (i.e. density‐independent attack). Likewise, we found no significant tree diversity by seedling density interaction, indicating that plant enemies were consistently unresponsive to variation in seedling density acrosslevels of tree diversity. Overall, this study provides a unique test of the JCH by experimentally evaluating seedling density and tree diversity effects on contrasting plant enemies and, in turn, the controls they exert over plant recruitment.
Rapid measurement and machine learning classification of colour vision deficiency
Authors: He Jingyi , Bex Peter J. , Skerswetat Jan
Published: August 2023

Colour vision deficiencies (CVDs) indicate potential genetic variations and can be important biomarkers of acquired impairment in many neuro‐ophthalmic diseases. However, CVDs are typically measured with tests which possess high sensitivity for detecting the presence of a CVD but do not quantify its type or severity. In this study, we introduce Foraging Interactive D‐prime (FInD), a novel computer‐based, generalisable, rapid, self‐administered vision assessment tool and apply it to colour vision testing. This signal detection theory‐based adaptive paradigm computed test stimulus intensity from d‐prime analysis. Stimuli were chromatic Gaussian blobs in dynamic luminance noise, and participants clicked on cells that contained chromatic blobs (detection) or blob pairs of differing colours (discrimination). Sensitivity and repeatability of FInD colour tasks were compared against the Hardy–Rand–Rittler and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue tests in 19 colour‐normal and 18 inherited colour‐atypical, age‐matched observers. Rayleigh colour match was also completed. Detection and discrimination thresholds were higher for atypical than for typical observers, with selective threshold elevations corresponding to unique CVD types. Classifications of CVD type and severity via unsupervised machine learning confirmed functional subtypes. FInD tasks reliably detect inherited CVDs, and may serve as valuable tools in basic and clinical colour vision science.
Partial Articular Supraspinatus Tendon Avulsion Repair and Patch: A Technical Note for Augmenting the Supraspinatus Reinsertion with the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Authors: Avram George Mihai , Neculau Diana Cosmina , Obada Bogdan , Pomenta Bastidas Maria Victoria , Popescu Dragos , Fiodorovas Markas , Popescu Ion‐Andrei
Published: August 2023

Background

There is no clear consensus on the treatment of partial articular‐sided supraspinatus tendon avulsions. Debridement alone might not be sufficient to prevent further tendon degradation or alleviate patient complaints. Direct repair using a suture anchor without treating the concomitant conditions of the long head of the biceps tendon might come with residual anterior shoulder pain or even further loss of function in cases of failed repair. The purpose of the present study is to describe an arthroscopic technique by which the long head of the biceps tendon can be included in the partial articular‐sided supraspinatus tendon avulsion repair.

Technique Presentation with video

In this technical note we describe the arthroscopic repair and augmentation with tenotomized biceps of partial supraspinatus tendon tears to address three main concepts for successful rotator cuff repairs, namely rotator cuff biologic augmentation, tendon to bone healing and postoperative pain prevention.

Conclusion

The biceps tendon is a mechanically robust, locally available autograft that can be used in borderline partial articular‐sided supraspinatus tendon avulsions in order to biologically augment healing at the tendon‐bone interface without any immunogenic reactions or morbidity following harvesting.
Ultrasound‐guided selective supraclavicular nerve block for postoperative pain control in children receiving Hickman catheter or chemoport insertion: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Park Jung‐Bin , Song In‐Sun , Kang Pyo‐Yoon , Ji Sang‐Hwan , Jang Young‐Eun , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Tae
Published: August 2023

Background

Optimal pain management after insertion of a central venous catheter in children remains unclear.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a selective supraclavicular nerve block on postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing hickman catheter or chemoport insertion.

Methods

Fifty patients aged 3–18 years scheduled for elective Hickman or chemoport insertion were randomized into two groups of 25 each: one group received an ultrasound‐guided selective supraclavicular nerve block with 0.1 mL/kg of 0.5% ropivacaine (SSCNB group), and the other group did not receive a nerve block (control group). The primary outcome was the postoperative Wong‐Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale score measured between 10 and 30 min after surgery. Secondary outcomes included pain scores at 1, 3, and 24 h after the surgery, block‐related complications, length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit, postoperative analgesic consumption, and time to first analgesic use 24 h after surgery.

Results

The worst pain score within 30 min in the recovery room was significantly lower in the SSCNB group compared to the control group (6 [5–7] vs. 3 [2–4]; median difference, −3; 95% CI, −4 to −1; p < .001). Pain scores at 1, 3, and 24 h after surgery were also significantly lower in the SSCNB group. The need for both opioid and non‐opioid analgesics in the postoperative period was significantly lower in the SSCNB group (36.0% vs. 0%; p = .002 and 44.0% vs. 16.0%; mean difference, −28%; 95% CI, −56 to 0.19; p = .033, respectively), while other secondary outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided SSCNB is an effective method for managing postoperative pain in children undergoing Hickman catheter or chemoport insertion, reducing the need for analgesics within 24 h after surgery.
Skeptical Theism: A Panoramic Overview (Part II)
Authors: Oliveira Luis R. G.
Published: August 2023

Skeptical theism, broadly construed, is an attempt to leverage our limited cognitive powers, in some specified sense, against “evidential” and “explanatory” arguments from evil. Since there are different versions of these kinds of arguments, there are correspondingly different versions of skeptical theism. In this paper, I consider four challenges to three central versions of skeptical theism: (a) the problem of generalized skepticism, (b) the problem of moral skepticism, (c) the problem of unqualified modal skepticism, and (d) the challenge from Bayesian epistemology.
Libertarianism and agentive experience
Authors: Capes Justin A.
Published: August 2023

Libertarianism about free will conjoins the thesis that free will requires indeterminism with the thesis that we have free will. Here the claim that we have experiential evidence for the libertarian position is assessed. It is argued that, on a straightforward reading, the claim is false, for our experiences as agents don't support the claim that free will requires indeterminism. However, our experiences as agents may still have a role to play in an overall case for libertarianism, insofar as they give us some (defeasible) reason to think that we have free will. This latter claim is defended against a pair of objections that have been leveled against it.
Flickering the W‐Defense
Authors: Robinson Michael
Published: August 2023

One way to defend the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) against Frankfurt‐style cases is to challenge the claim that agents in these scenarios are genuinely morally responsible for what they do. Alternatively, one can grant that agents are morally responsible for what they do in these cases but resist the idea that they could not have done otherwise. This latter strategy is known as the flicker defense of PAP. In an argument he calls the W‐Defense, David Widerker adopts the former approach. I argue that, while Widerker's argument does a poor job showing that these agents are not morally responsible for what they do, it does a very good job highlighting the alternative possibilities that remain open to agents in these cases and illustrating their moral significance (or robustness). In doing so, my aim is to co‐opt Widerker's argument to bolster the most promising versions of the flicker defense.
How people update their beliefs about climate change: An experimental investigation of the optimistic update bias and how to reduce it
Authors: Kube Tobias , Wullenkord Marlis , Rozenkrantz Liron , Kramer Peter , Lieb Sophia , Menzel Claudia
Published: August 2023

People usually update their beliefs selectively in response to good news and disregard bad news. Here, we investigated in two preregistered experiments (N = 278 and N = 306) (1) whether such valence‐dependent belief updating also underlies information processing in the context of climate change and (2) whether it can be altered by interventions informing about different aspects of climate change. To this end, we adapted a well‐established belief update task to the context of climate change. In multiple trials, participants were asked about their beliefs about adverse consequences of climate change; subsequently, they were asked to update their beliefs in light of new information. Both studies provided evidence against the hypothesis that people integrate good news about climate change more than bad news. After half of the trials, participants were randomized to one of four video‐based interventions, each of which aimed at promoting a more accurate risk perception and increasing pro‐environmental intentions. After the interventions, participants showed a more accurate risk perception, and women rather than men increased their intentions for pro‐environmental behavior. The results provide implications for climate change communication, as they show that when facing the consequences of climate change, people adjust their risk perception accurately and increase their pro‐environmental intentions.
Accuracy of aspirin prophylaxis for preeclampsia prevention documentation within a large administrative dataset
Authors: Tailor Lauren S. , Fajardo Renee G. , Ray Joel G. , Malhamé Isabelle , Grandi Sonia M.
Published: August 2023

Background

Low‐dose aspirin prophylaxis is recommended for women at risk of preeclampsia. Capturing aspirin prophylaxis within administrative databases can be challenging since it is an over‐the‐counter medication. The Better Outcome Registry and Network (BORN) database, a perinatal health registry in Ontario, Canada, includes a formal variable that captures aspirin prophylaxis for preeclampsia. This variable has not been formally validated.

Objectives

To assess the accuracy of the aspirin prophylaxis variable in the BORN database against an electronic medical record (EMR).

Methods

This validation study comprised 200 randomly selected women who had a livebirth at St. Michael's Hospital (SMH) in Toronto, Ontario, from January 2018 to July 2022. Recorded aspirin prophylaxis in pregnancy and maternal sociodemographic characteristics were independently extracted by two abstractors. Accuracy of aspirin prophylaxis use in the BORN database was compared to that in the SMH EMR, expressed as sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), Cohen's kappa (κ), and overall percent agreement, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for missing or unclear aspirin prophylaxis use.

Results

Among 200 women, 24 (12.0%) received aspirin prophylaxis – 12.5% within the SMH EMR and 8.0% in the BORN database. Women using aspirin were older (37.0 vs 33.0 years) and had higher median gravidity (3 vs. 2). Sensitivity and specificity of the BORN aspirin prophylaxis variable were 62.5% (95% CI 40.6, 81.2) and 100.0% (95% CI 97.3, 100.0), respectively. The corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 100.0% (95% CI 78.2, 100.0), and 93.8% (95% CI 88.6, 97.1), respectively. Cohen's κ was 0.74 (95% CI 0.58, 0.90), and overall percent agreement was 94.4% (95% CI 87.1, 100.0).

Conclusions

Aspirin use within the BORN database, based on a standard variable field, appears accurate enough for the potential use in epidemiological studies of aspirin prophylaxis for preeclampsia or as a covariate in related studies.
Flow cytometric detection and identification of different leukocyte subpopulations in stallion semen
Authors: Köhne Martin , Kirch Franziska , Tönissen Anna , Martinsson Gunilla , Rabe Udo , Sieme Harald , Schuberth Hans‐Joachim
Published: August 2023

To improve accuracy in evaluating stallion ejaculates, an antibody‐based, flow cytometric assay for the detection and identification of leukocyte subpopulations (CD4‐, CD8‐, CD21‐, CD172a‐positive cells) in stallion semen (n = 12) was established. For establishment of the assay, native semen was supplemented with blood leukocytes (control: 20% leukocytes, 80% sperm cells) and analysed by flow cytometry. Adding antioxidants (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluol) to semen immediately after collection inhibited rapid death of lymphoid cells in sperm leukocyte mixtures. In control set‐ups, 27.85 ± 5.7% of events were positive for CD4, CD8, CD21 or CD172a, while in native semen samples, leukocytes were scarce (0.114 ± 0.134%). The most abundant leukocyte subpopulation in semen was of lymphoid origin (CD4‐positive cells [0.015 ± 0.02%]), whereas CD21‐positive cells (B cells; 0.001 ± 0.001%) were virtually absent in ejaculates of fertile stallions. This presented flow cytometric assay for the detection and identification of different leukocyte population in equine antioxidant‐treated ejaculates can be used as an additional tool for spermatological examination in stallions.
Rotation of liquid‐preserved artificial insemination doses on roller benches affects sperm quality during storage in stallions
Authors: Dierberger H. , Pieper L. , Jung M. , Schulze M.
Published: August 2023

Appropriate stallion semen handling is of great importance in equine artificial insemination (AI) industry. Optimal treatment of AI doses is aiming for best sperm preservation by excluding strong environmental influences and adding media that favour sperm survival. One method widely used in stallion sperm handling is the rotation of liquid‐preserved semen samples on roller benches during storage. As previous studies in boars give rise to the fact that rotation should not be considered beneficial for spermatozoa anymore, the present study investigated the influence of continuous rotation of diluted stallion AI portions on sperm quality. Ejaculates (n = 15) were collected at a German AI centre and diluted with the two extenders EquiPlus and Gent (Minitüb GmbH) to a final concentration of 50 × 106 sperm/mL. Afterwards, samples were placed separately on roller benches at 5°C in the dark, obtaining a rotation frequency of 5 revolutions per minute (rpm) and 36 rpm for four consecutive days following a split‐sample design. Both groups were analysed daily in comparison to a control group (0 rpm) with an extended spectrum of spermatological methods including computer‐assisted sperm analysis and flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were based on the calculation of generalized linear mixed models for each sperm parameter. The research revealed a decrease in sperm quality parameters of rotated samples compared to non‐rotated control groups, visible in total sperm motility (p < .001), decreased thermo‐resistance (p < .01) and a drop in pH (p < .001). Interestingly, no differences (p > .05) were detected between rotation frequencies of 5 and 36 rpm. We conclude that the fertilizing capacity of stallion semen was negatively affected by rotation during storage in vitro, irrespective of the rotation frequency. Further studies need to investigate whether field fertility in horses is similarly affected by semen rotation on roller benches in vivo.
Auto‐adjusted versus fixed positive airway pressure in patients with severe OSA: A large randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bironneau Vanessa , Ingrand Pierre , Pontier Sandrine , Iamandi Carmen , Portel Laurent , Martin Francis , Mallart Anne , Lerousseau Lionel , Alfandary Didier , Levrat Virginie , Portier Florence , Tamisier Renaud , Goutorbe Frédéric , Rabec Claudio , Codron François , Auregan Guy , Mercy Magalie , Attali Valérie , Soyez Frank , Launois Claire , Recart Didier , Vecchierini Marie‐Françoise , Gagnadoux Frédéric , Meurice Jean‐Claude ,   the PREDIVARIUS group
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) can be used in fixed CPAP or auto‐adjusted (APAP) mode. The aim of this prospective randomized controlled clinical study was to evaluate the 3 month‐efficacy of CPAP used either in fixed CPAP or APAP mode.

Methods

Eight hundred one patients with severe OSA were included in twenty‐two French centres. After 7 days during which all patients were treated with APAP to determine the effective pressure level and its variability, 353 and 351 patients were respectively randomized in the fixed CPAP group and APAP group. After 3 months of treatment, 308 patients in each group were analysed.

Results

There was no difference between the two groups in terms of efficacy whatever the level of efficient pressure and pressure variability (p = 0.41). Exactly, 219 of 308 patients (71.1%) in the fixed CPAP group and 212 of 308 (68.8%) in the APAP group (p = 0.49) demonstrated residual apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI) <10/h and Epworth Score <11. Tolerance and adherence were also identical with a similar effect on quality of life and blood pressure evaluation.

Conclusion

The two CPAP modes, fixed CPAP and APAP, were equally effective and tolerated in severe OSA patients.
The impact of antenatal and postnatal indoor air pollution or tobacco smoke exposure on lung function at 3 years in an African birth cohort
Authors: Chaya S. , Vanker A. , Brittain K. , MacGinty R. , Jacobs C. , Hantos Z. , Zar H. J. , Gray D. M.
Published: August 2023

Background and Objective

Indoor air pollution (IAP) and tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) are global health concerns contributing to the burden of childhood respiratory disease. Studies assessing the effects of IAP and ETS in preschool children are limited. We assessed the impact of antenatal and postnatal IAP and ETS exposure on lung function in a South African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study.

Methods

Antenatally enrolled mother–child pairs were followed from birth. Lung function measurements (oscillometry, multiple breath washout and tidal breathing) were performed at 6 weeks and 3 years. Quantitative antenatal and postnatal IAP (particulate matter [PM10], volatile organic compounds [VOC]) and ETS exposures were measured. Linear regression models explored the effects of antenatal and postnatal exposures on lung function at 3 years.

Results

Five hundred eighty‐four children had successful lung function testing, mean (SD) age of 37.3 (0.7) months. Exposure to antenatal PM10 was associated with a decreased lung clearance index (p < 0.01) and postnatally an increase in the difference between resistance at end expiration (ReE) and inspiration (p = 0.05) and decrease in tidal volume (p = 0.06). Exposure to antenatal VOC was associated with an increase in functional residual capacity (p = 0.04) and a decrease in time of expiration over total breath time (tE/tTOT) (p = 0.03) and postnatally an increase in respiratory rate (p = 0.05). High ETS exposure postnatally was associated with an increase in ReE (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

Antenatal and postnatal IAP and ETS exposures were associated with impairment in lung function at 3 years. Strengthened efforts to reduce IAP and ETS exposure are needed.