bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Enhanced Control
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

dAccording to the problem of enhanced control, while indeterminism may not diminish control, it does not enhance control, and thus indeterminism is superfluous to freedom and responsibility. It is often thought that the problem of enhanced control is a problem only, or at least especially, for event-causal libertarians. The idea is that whereas agent-causal libertarianism differs from compatibilism in requiring that free agents possess the agent-causal power, the only essential difference between event-causal libertarianism and compatibilism is that the former requires the presence of indeterminism. It is first argued that the problem of enhanced control, if a problem for event-causal libertarians, is just as much a problem for agent-causal libertarians. It is then argued that minimal event-causal libertarianism secures enhanced control vis-à-vis compatibilism because it accords agents the opportunity to exercise their abilities of reflective self-control in more than one way.
The Limits of Event-Causal Libertarianism
Authors: Franklin Christopher Evan
Published: February 2018

This chapter probes the limits of event-causal libertarianism by assessing whether the assumption of agency reductionism is correct. It is argued that while Derk Pereboom’s Disappearing Agent Objection fails to refute minimal event-causal libertarianism, its key intuition can be recast in the more far-reaching It Ain’t Me Argument. Pereboom’s argument targets the libertarianism in event-causal libertarianism, whereas the It Ain’t Me Argument targets the agency reductionism in event-causal libertarianism, arguing that agency reductionism fails to afford the self the correct role in exercises of free will. The chapter closes by charting three possible reductionist responses to the It Ain’t Me Argument. It is argued that while it is not obvious that any of these responses fail, it is also not obvious that any succeeds, and thus the ultimate tenability of event-causal libertarianism is uncertain.
The Limits of Brown
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

Chapter 4 examines the rise of color-blind constitutionalism in the context of school desegregation and the Supreme Court’s post–Brown v. Board implementation cases. As typically understood, color-blindness supplies the initial and authentic desegregation vision, against which affirmative action’s reintroduction of racial consciousness appears as a betrayal or corruption of core democratic values. In contrast, this chapter situates color-blindness discourse within the coordinated efforts of white southern moderates to denounce the open racism of massive resistance while at the same time thwarting court-ordered integration of public schools. Paradoxically, color-blind constitutionalism gained prominence first as a technique for rendering segregation consistent with federal law.
Is Racial Equality Unconstitutional?
Authors: Golub Mark
Published: February 2018

This concluding chapter considers the implications of the book’s central claims: that constitutional law marks a contested site of racial formation, that color-blind constitutionalism represents an assertion of white racial interest and identity, and that the peculiar form of racial consciousness it enacts renders the pursuit of racial equality a violation of white rights. Taking up the question of political possibility within a legal system constituted by racial domination, the chapter suggests that racial equality may not be achievable within the current American constitutional order. It calls for a rethinking of American law and politics from the premise that racial equality will require a more fundamental transformation than these constraints would permit, and points toward an explicitly antiredemptive political vision upon which a more authentic racial democracy might be founded.
Professionalizing Leadership
Authors: Kellerman Barbara
Published: February 2018

Leadership is an occupation—not a profession. Why is this? Why have medicine and law evolved into professions that require extended periods of education, training, and development, but not leadership? How has it come to pass that while the ancients—think Confucius, Plato, Machiavelli—thought learning to lead was the work of a lifetime, the contemporary leadership industry presumes quite the opposite, that learning to lead can be accomplished quickly and easily. Leadership has no body of knowledge, or core curriculum, or skill set considered essential. Leadership has no metric or clear criteria for qualification. Leadership has no license or credential or certification considered by consensus to be legitimate. Leadership has no professional association to oversee the conduct of its members—or to guarantee minimum standards. Leadership receives no attention from federal, state, or local officials, who tend otherwise to regulate not only professions, but vocations. Finally, unlike a profession, leadership does not necessarily imply service, or a shared code of ethics to ennoble or enhance the enterprise. Professionalizing Leadership looks at a leadership culture that is widespread and deeply entrenched. It looks at a leadership context that enables and sometimes even encourages ascension without clear credentials. It looks at an industry that is enormously profitable but entirely unregulated. It looks at a pedagogical practice that falls stunningly short of any imagined ideal. And it looks to the future, exploring what can be done to bestow on leaders a semblance of the gravitas associated with professionals.
The Empirical Record of Highly Structured Intergovernmental Organizations and Armed Conflict Escalation
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Karreth Johannes
Published: February 2018

For a systematic, empirical test of this book’s main hypothesis, we develop a research design for a quantitative analysis of low-level armed conflicts. We define these conflicts as the occurrence of politically motivated violence resulting in at least twenty-five battle deaths. The analysis examines whether low-level armed conflict escalated to full-scale civil war and surpassed a threshold of 1,000 casualties. Since World War II, roughly one-third of more than 260 separate low-level armed conflicts have escalated to civil war. Analyzing systematic patterns among these conflicts, we find strong evidence favoring our hypothesis. Countries that belong to a larger number of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) face a significantly lower risk that emerging low-level armed conflicts on their territories escalate to full-scale civil wars. The impact of a greater number of memberships in highly structured IGOs is substantial, cutting the risk of escalation by more than half.
The Marketcraft Thesis
Authors: Vogel Steven K.
Published: February 2018

Markets need rules, not simply to protect people and the environment from collateral damage, but to function effectively in the first place. This chapter presents this argument in ten propositions. (1) There is no such thing as a free market. (2) Markets have to be created. (3) Market reform is primarily a constructive enterprise. (4) There is no single market solution to a policy challenge. (5) There may not even be a more market-oriented alternative among policy options. (6) The government-versus-market dichotomy is fundamentally misleading. (7) The regulation-versus-competition dichotomy is fundamentally misleading. (8) A liberal economy like the United States is just as governed as a coordinated economy like Japan. (9) A coordinated economy like Japan requires more governance, not less, to liberalize its economy. (10) The information economy requires more market governance, not less.
The Defense Budget
Authors: Kroenig Matthew
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyzes the cost of the US nuclear arsenal. Many analysts have argued that a robust nuclear arsenal is unaffordable, but this chapter shows that this view is incorrect. It reviews the arguments made by those in favor of reducing spending on US nuclear weapons and moves on to present the counterargument about why the US nuclear force is affordable. It shows that nuclear weapons represent a small percentage of overall US defense spending and that roughly five percent of the US defense budget is not too much to spend for a strategic deterrent. The United States can afford to maintain and modernize its nuclear forces and, indeed, they come at a good value.
Women in Political Parties
Authors: Morgan Jana , Hinojosa Magda
Published: February 2018

Jana Morgan and Magda Hinojosa examine women’s representation within parties as leaders, candidates, and officeholders and find that these positions are increasingly accessible to women. They argue that candidate selection procedures are important for women’s presence within parties, while gender quotas and ideology matter less than we might expect. They also evaluate whether parties advocate for women’s issues or employ strategies to articulate women’s concerns. They find that even as descriptive representation has advanced, parties rarely offer substantive linkages for women. As a result, women are less likely to identify with parties than men. To improve women’s descriptive representation in parties, they argue for better candidate selection processes, candidate training programs, and increased state funding for female candidates. To advance substantive representation, they advocate for parties to craft policy and organizational ties with women and to align gender issues with existing partisan divides, thereby integrating rather than isolating gender issues.
Taking an Interest in One’s Future
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

The chapter’s topic is the motivating interest we take, and sometimes lose, in our own future. A set of questions are addressed: How is the valuing attitude taken toward ends connected to taking an interest in one’s future, given that valuing attitudes are not essentially future oriented? How could valuing attitudes toward particular ends give us a motivationally global interest in our future? What conditions our globally motivating interest in our future? I suggest that this interest depends on our living in the present under an idea of the future in which exercising our agency makes sense because (1) the future is open to meaningful living, (2) we are not estranged from our own normative outlooks, (3) our instrumental reasoning is effective, and (4) we are secure from disastrous misfortune.
Motivating Hope
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: February 2018

Hope is often thought to play an important motivational role in sustaining practical pursuits under difficult conditions. The chapter aims to identify the source of the motivational problem and how hope solves that motivational problem. The chapter rejects the most obvious account of the motivational problem’s source—the agent’s belief that the odds of success are low. That is because locating the motivational problem in the agent’s belief that the odds are low yields unattractive accounts of how hope works to sustain practical pursuits and fails to explain why there is a motivational problem a all. The author suggests an alternative account of the motivational problem in terms of a phenomenological idea of the future and an account of how hope works to motivate difficult pursuits.
The Second Wave
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

Chapter 2 examines a second Latino Muslim wave consisting of prominent organizations like PIEDAD (a Piety women’s group), the Latino American Dawah Organization (LADO), and the Los Angeles Latino Muslim Association (LALMA). PIEDAD was founded in 1988 as a support group by and for women in Florida. LADO was founded in 1997 as a network for the dissemination of Islamic information to Latino audiences via Internet technologies. LALMA was founded in 1999 as a Qur’anic study group in Los Angeles. All three organizations were inspired by the work and stories developed by the Alianza Islámica but also moved away from the first Latino Muslim paradigm in unique ways. The new organizations concentrated almost exclusively on the production and study of information, they worked within rather than autonomously from broader American Muslim groups, and they developed within a distinct historical context.
Conclusion
Authors: Morales Harold D.
Published: February 2018

The conclusion provides a summary of key developments in the history of Latino Muslim communities and also critically explores future possibilities. While weaving a trail among the history of Islamic Spain, the Alianza Islamica, and subsequent Latino Muslim organizations, the struggle for recognition through solidarity groups emerges as a prominent theme throughout the book. However, this approach to liberation raises complex issues regarding the efficacy and logics of identity politics. Drawing on various sources, I argue that practical knowledge of how to know and how to be in relation with one another may circumvent identity politics premised on static propositional knowledge of groups like Latino Muslims.
Governing the World’s Biggest Market
Authors: Helleiner Eric , Pagliari Stefano , Spagna Irene
Published: February 2018

In the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis, policymakers in the G20 countries committed to reform the regulation of derivatives markets. Summarizing the arguments of this volume, this chapter highlights the three core themes about the politics of post-2008 derivatives regulation. First, while G20 leaders have endorsed greater public regulatory control over derivatives markets, it is important not to overstate the degree of change embodied in this agenda. Second, many unexpected outcomes have arisen as policymakers set out to implement the G20 reform agenda including: inconsistent and delayed implementation, tensions between jurisdictions, and growing fragmentation of the regulation of derivatives markets. Finally, both the emergence of the G20 reform agenda and its implementation have been influenced by a complex combination of transnational, inter-state, and domestic political dynamics.
Becoming the World’s Biggest Market
Authors: Spagna Irene
Published: February 2018

This chapter analyzes the growth of OTC derivatives before the global financial crisis of 2008 and the role of credit default swaps, in particular, in the near collapse of the global economy. It begins by exploring the basic characteristics of derivatives used as risk management instruments by investors to hedge against or exploit the volatility of asset prices. The analysis further reveals that the pre-crisis period was characterized by a broad-based consensus favoring deregulated markets and globally designed private rules. While not always unanimously supported, permissive public regulatory choices were often encouraged by interest group lobbying, the market-friendly views of many domestic authorities, and concerns about regulatory uncertainty and international competitiveness.
Global Markets, National Toolkits
Authors: Gravelle Matthew , Pagliari Stefano
Published: February 2018

A key trend that has characterized implementation of the international agenda to regulate derivatives has been the emergence of a number of disputes over the territorial scope of regulation, as different countries have sought to extend their regulatory oversight over firms and markets that are not legally domiciled in their jurisdiction. What explains the emergence and continuation of these extraterritorial measures in the regulation of global OTC derivatives markets? This chapter addresses this question by exploring the “regulatory land grab” that has characterized the rules introduced in the United States and the European Union to regulate foreign dealers, CCPs, and trading venues. This chapter will argue that the different degrees of extraterritoriality that have emerged in the post-crisis agenda reflect the challenges that regulatory authorities have faced to implement the new prudential agenda in a manner that addresses the highly internationalized nature of derivatives markets.
A Web without a Center
Authors: Knaack Peter
Published: February 2018

G20 leaders vowed to collect and share OTC derivatives trade data so that regulators can obtain a global picture of market and risk evolution. This chapter employs a network perspective to explain why they have failed to meet this commitment to date. It examines three networks: the OTC derivatives market itself, and those of its private and public governance. The analysis shows that the Financial Stability Board (FSB), the public supervisory entity, struggles to establish itself at the center of the global regulatory network. It failed to act as a first mover in setting global trade identification standards (legal entity identifiers), and it has not been able to establish a core of global data warehouses. This is largely the result of unilateral action by FSB members. In particular, legislators in member countries have undermined FSB-led efforts by refusing to remove legal barriers to transnational regulatory cooperation and, in some instances, by erecting new ones.
Imperial Armies in the Period of Rearmament and Appeasement, 1933–1939
Authors: Delaney Douglas E.
Published: February 2018

European and Far Eastern threats made the 1930s more serious for the armies of the British Empire. In 1934, the Defence Requirements Sub-Committee (DRC) of the Committee of Imperial Defence recommended British measures to rearm and put the prospect of a continental commitment back to a place of prominence in British Army planning. But manpower problems continued to figure prominently in any general staff appreciation of possible army commitments, so Britain still looked to India and the dominions. The problem was that they were of very different attitudes politically, and generally unwilling to make commitments in advance of hostilities. Even so, generals across the empire had to plan for worst cases and they continued to pursue measures that would ensure reasonable cooperation when war came. Dominion and Indian officers still attended the staff colleges and the Imperial Defence College, and exchanges of periodical letters continued with renewed vigour.
Applied Computational Physics
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric. S.
Published: February 2018

Applied Computational Physics describes methods for solving a vast array of classical and quantum mechanical scientific problems while stressing modern computational paradigms for achieving these solutions. The text develops computational techniques, numerical algorithms, and physics applications in parallel. The goal of the book is to provide students of physics with essential and modern computational skills and to increase the confidence with which they write computer programs within their problem domain. Hundreds of original problems reinforce programming skills and increase the ability to solve real-life physics problems at and beyond the graduate level.
Encapsulation and the C++ class
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Built-in datatypes and C++ classes are introduced in this chapter, and discussed in relation to the important notion of encapsulation, which refers to the separation between the internal representation of the datatype and the operations to which it responds. Encapsulation later becomes an important consideration in the design of custom C++ classes that programmers develop themselves. It is illustrated with built-in floating-point datatypes float and double and with the complex class from the C++ standard library. While a sophisticated programmer is aware of the internal representation of data and its resulting limitations, encapsulation allows one to consider these as details and frees one to think at a higher level of program design. Some simple numerical examples are discussed in the text and in the exercises.
Some useful classes with applications
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

In this learn-by-doing chapter, some widely available classes are introduced and employed to solve problems in the physical sciences. By using linear algebra classes from the Eigen package, collection classes from the C++ standard library, and function classes from the authors’ own Qat libraries, readers become familiar some classes that can be effectively applied in physics computation and which are illustrative of good class design. Practice obtained in using these classes is intended to be helpful in understanding the more formal treatment of C++ concepts in subsequent chapters. Physics applications include familiar problems such as coupled oscillations and quantum mechanical scattering in one dimension from piecewise-constant potentials, for which computational methods are necessary in all but the simplest cases. Visualization of functions with the Qt-based Qat library is also introduced.
Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

Monte Carlo methods are those designed to obtain numerical answers with the use of random numbers . This chapter discusses random engines, which provide a pseudo-random pattern of bits, and their use in for sampling a variety of nonuniform distributions, for both continuous and discrete variables. A wide selection of uniform and nonuniform variate generators from the C++ standard library are reviewed, and common techniques for generating custom nonuniform variates are discussed. The chapter presents the uses of Monte Carlo to evaluate integrals, particularly multidimensional integrals, and then introduces the important method of Markov chain Monte Carlo, suitable for solving a wide range of scientific problems that require the sampling of complicated multivariate distributions. Relevant topics in probability and statistics are also introduced in this chapter. Finally, the topics of thermalization, autocorrelation, multimodality, and Gibbs sampling are presented.
Parallel computing
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

This chapter describes various approaches to concurrency, or “parallel programming”. An overview of high performance computing is followed with a review of Flynn’s taxonomy of parallel computing. Three methods for implementing parallel code using the frameworks provided by MPI, openMP, and C++ threads are presented. The use of the C++ constructs mutex and future to resolve issues of synchronization are discussed. All methods are illustrated with an embarrassingly parallel application to a Monte Carlo integral and common pitfalls are presented. The chapter closes with a discussion and example of the utility of forking processes and the use of C++ sockets and their application in a client/server environment.
Rotations and Lorentz transformations
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

A computational approach to rotations and Lorentz transformation is presented. The discussion starts with the mathematical properties of the rotation and the proper orthochronous Lorentz groups. Rotation and Lorentz transformations are implemented by exponentiating generators of SU(2). This approach allows rotations of states in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space to be carried out with the same machinery used to rotate ordinary vectors and it allows Lorentz boosts of Dirac spinors to be carried out with the same machinery used to boost four-vectors. Rotations and boosts can be applied to other objects with simple transformation properties. A computational approach to the helicity formalism used in scattering and decay theory is presented, and a library devoted to the manipulation of objects in spacetime is introduced.
Continuum dynamics
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S.
Published: February 2018

The theory and application of a variety of methods to solve partial differential equations are introduced in this chapter. These methods rely on representing continuous quantities with discrete approximations. The resulting finite difference equations are solved using algorithms that stress different traits, such as stability or accuracy. The Crank-Nicolson method is described and extended to multidimensional partial differential equations via the technique of operator splitting. An application to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, via scattering from a barrier, follows. Methods for solving boundary value problems are explored next. One of these is the ubiquitous fast Fourier transform which permits the accurate solution of problems with simple boundary conditions. Lastly, the finite element method that is central to modern engineering is developed. Methods for generating finite element meshes and estimating errors are also discussed.
Enemies and Neutrals
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

This chapter focuses on people of enemy and neutral nationality in Britain—chiefly Germans, Italians, and Irish who served in the British armed forces and as war-workers and propagandists. Through these activities, many Germans and Italians who were in Britain at the outset of the war moved closer to the allied end of a spectrum running from enemy to ally. In the later stages of the war, their place at the enemy end of this spectrum was taken by Germans and Italians who arrived as prisoners of war. Nationality played a significant role in shaping the fate of Italians and Germans and their descendants—those who were British-born or naturalized Britons were treated differently. The chapter considers the complex questions of identity involved when people of enemy and neutral nationality contributed to the British war effort and their complex national and family allegiances.
Aftermath
Authors: Webster Wendy
Published: February 2018

The end of the war saw many departures from Britain—troops were demobbed and refugees returned. But in the aftermath of war, the population in Britain remained more diverse than it had been before 1939. Government schemes generated many post-war arrivals through the recruitment of workers, mainly from Europe. Many of those who stayed on or returned remember a change of climate in the aftermath of war—to a more hostile one, their wartime contributions forgotten. Such forgetting is apparent also in cultural memories disseminated in British cinema and other media. The celebration of an ‘allies’ war’ was for the duration of the war only—the images and sounds of allies, which had been so prominent in wartime Britain, faded rapidly when the war was over. In public memories, many groups who contributed to the Allied war effort were forgotten, not only in Britain, but also in their own countries.
Philanthropia, Athens, and Democracy in Diodorus Siculus
Authors: Holton John
Published: February 2018

At 13.19–33 of his Bibliotheke historike Diodorus Siculus provides a unique presentation of the fate of Nicias and Demosthenes, Athenian generals captured along with their troops while leading the Sicilian Expedition of 415–413 BCE. Speeches by the Syracusan citizen Nicolaus and the Spartan general Gylippus outline opposing options: humane (philanthropos) or brutal treatment. This discussion is highly stylized by Diodorus, becoming a rhetorical tour de force which showcases his estimation of Classical Athenian democracy. The strong redolence of Thucydides’ Melian Dialogue and Mytilenian Debate, both archetypal discussions of the effects and ethics of Athenian imperialism, underpins my labelling 13.19–33 the ‘Sicilian Dialogue’. The primary purpose of this chapter is to highlight, through an extended discussion of the literary and ethical underpinnings of the Sicilian Dialogue, Diodorus’ views on fifth-century Athenian imperialist democracy and his interaction with Athenian political thought, centred on the virtue of philanthropia, crucial for his historical vision.
The Orator in the Theatre
Authors: Dubreuil Raphaëla
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores the image Plutarch created of the end of Athenian Democracy. Its aim is to show that Plutarch conceived of this end through the lens of the theatre, and to explore the origins of this portrayal. It makes this argument through close study of the intersection of theatre and politics in Plutarch’s Life of Phocion. Plutarch expresses the political significance of crucial moments by drawing attention to their theatrical dimension. Theatrical venues, self-presentation, staging, speech, and props are used in order to create an emotional impact on an Athenian audience. Since Plutarch understood theatre in (mostly) Platonic terms, this evaluation is negative. He wishes to depict an Athenian society predisposed to strong emotion, ready to welcome an exuberant tyrant with open arms despite its previous democratic values.
Berkeley on God’s Knowledge of Pain
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: February 2018

Berkeley notes that despite the fact that God does not experience pain passively or by sense as we do, he comprehends what pain is because he is omniscient and the cause of our sensations. Critics have noted, however, that if God causes our ideas of pain, he must know what pain is by modelling our sensations of pain on his own ideas; otherwise, he is a blind agent. After considering accounts by Thomas, Winkler, McCracken, Frankel, Roberts, and Pitcher, the chapter argues that, for Berkeley, God’s ‘comprehension’ of all things refers to how God knows things not as discrete, unconnected objects but as ideas that are perceivable in harmonious relations. Our experience of pain is thus due not to any divine idea but to our failure to comprehend that harmony.
On the Regionalization of Roman-Period Egyptian Hands
Authors: Quack Joachim Friedrich
Published: February 2018

In earlier periods of Egyptian history, cursive writing tends to display a certain degree of uniformity all over the country, and it is difficult to localize a hieratic text just on the basis of its writing style. Beginning in the Ptolemaic period and even more so in Roman imperial times, indigenous Egyptian scripts tend to become regionalized to such a degree that, for relatively well-known places, the attribution of an unprovenanced item simply on the basis of the individual hand can become a viable option. Even places of comparatively limited distance can develop seriously different features in orthography as well as preferred sign forms. The most likely explanation is that there was no super-regional centre setting standards to be emulated all over the country. Thus, teaching Egyptian writing was purely a local tradition taking place in the temple schools, and local habits could grow freely.
Introduction
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

Artworks are often understood to be an extension of their makers in a way that other kinds of artifacts are not. This is reflected in the legal protections given to artists as well as in our culture at large. But it is not clear what grounds this belief, or whether it is justified. Our basic assumptions about artistic authorship often go unexamined and unarticulated until challenged in a legal case or controversy. Hence, this chapter uses real-world cases as a lens through which we can better understand the nature of artistic authority. This work also makes a unique contribution to philosophical aesthetics by using real-world cases to better understand some of its key theoretical debates, just as it employs the tools of philosophical aesthetics to illuminate the cases it discusses.
When the Work Is Finished
Authors: Gover K. E.
Published: February 2018

This chapter examines the relation between the ‘second moment of authorship’, in which the author ratifies the work as his or her own, and another crucial but often overlooked aspect of authorship, which is artwork completion. These two moments are logically separate but often collapsed, both in theory and in practice. The chapter explains what is at stake for authors, audiences, and philosophers in determining whether an artwork is finished or not. Finally, it turns to the philosophical debate surrounding the necessary and sufficient conditions for artwork completion. While it finds much to agree with in their work, the author finds that both Hick and Livingston, the chief interloctors in this debate, commit a fundamental error in ontology when reasoning about artwork completion. The chapter argues, contrary to the prevailing theories, that artwork completion is ultimately provisional.
Systematics and evolution of Nepenthes
Authors: Clarke Charles , Schlauer Jan , Moran Jonathan , Robinson Alastair
Published: February 2018

Nepenthes is a genus of 130-160 species, almost half of which were described after 2001. The recent, rapid increase in species descriptions has been driven by application of a less rigorous species concept by botanists, taxonomic inflation, and discoveries of new taxa during explorations of remote parts of Southeast Asia. Many recently published species descriptions of Nepenthes are based entirely upon qualitative morphological information and are not supported by adequate research. Accordingly, the status of many Nepenthes taxa is contested. Evolution within the genus is not well understood, because nuclear and maternally inherited plastid genomes cannot resolve relationships between many species, particularly those that evolved recently through introgression or reticulate evolution. Improvement in our understanding of the systematics and evolution of Nepenthes requires the adoption of ‘best practice’ collection and preservation methods, and the application of quantitative analytical methods for morphological, genetic, and ecological information.
Systematics and evolution of Lentibulariaceae: I. Pinguicula
Authors: Fleischmann Andreas , Roccia Aymeric
Published: February 2018

Systematics and evolution of Pinguicula (butterworts) (Lentibulariaceae) are treated. Vegetative and generative morphology of the genus are illustrated and interpreted in the light of available phylogenetic evidence. A new infrageneric classification is proposed for Pinguicula; a simplified phylogenetic tree and detailed distribution maps are provided. Evolutionary history and phylobiogeography are briefly discussed together with the habitats, ecology, and conservation of the genus.
Attraction of prey
Authors: Horner John D. , Płachno Bartosz J. , Bauer Ulrike , Giusto Bruno Di
Published: February 2018

The ability to attract prey has long been considered a universal trait of carnivorous plants. We review studies from the past 25 years that have investigated the mechanisms by which carnivorous plants attract prey to their traps. Potential attractants include nectar, visual, olfactory, and acoustic cues. Each of these has been well documented to be effective in various species, but prey attraction is not ubiquitous among carnivorous plants. Directions for future research, especially in native habitats in the field, include: the qualitative and quantitative analysis of visual cues, volatiles, and nectar; temporal changes in attractants; synergistic action of combinations of attractants; the cost of attractants; and responses to putative attractants in electroantennograms and insect behavioral tests.
Non-motile traps
Authors: Bauer Ulrike , Jetter Reinhard , Poppinga Simon
Published: February 2018

Movement-independent trapping mechanisms are based on stickiness, slipperiness, and direction-dependent mechanical obstruction. Here, the implementation of these principles in flypaper, pitfall, and eel traps is discussed in the light of recent scientific advances. The chemical composition and rheological properties of trapping fluids, and the (micro-) morphology of trapping surfaces, are related to their functions. Recent discoveries including the role of surface wettability in prey capture by pitcher plants are presented, and the ecological implications of temporal variations of trap performance and promising directions for future research are discussed.
Why are plants carnivorous? Cost/benefit analysis, whole-plant growth, and the context-specific advantages of botanical carnivory
Authors: Givnish Thomas J. , Sparks K. William , Hunter Steven J. , Pavlovič Andrej
Published: February 2018

The 1984 cost/benefit model for the evolution of carnivorous plants addresses their potential energetic and ecological advantages. It has provided a conceptual framework for research on distribution, variation in trap allocation and mechanisms, association with low rates of photosynthesis and whole-plant growth, and ecology of carnivorous plants relative to noncarnivorous ones. We re-assess this model, its potential extensions, and the validity of its assumptions and predictions. We review what is known about photosynthesis, respiration, relative growth rates, and resource allocation in carnivorous and noncarnivorous plants, and growth, nutrient limitation and stoichiometry, adaptation to different prey, and optimal trap allocation of carnivorous plants. We propose explanations for six ecological and evolutionary paradoxes involving carnivorous plants. Future advances will hinge on better quantification of the cost/benefit model and comparing model predictions with data.
Commensals of Nepenthes pitchers
Authors: Bittleston Leonora S.
Published: February 2018

Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants contain aquatic ecosystems within each fluid-filled pitcher. Communities of arthropods and microbes colonize pitcher pools, and some organisms are endemic to the pitcher habitat. Flies and mites are the most apparent colonizers, and together with numerous protists, fungi, and bacteria, they form a food web of predators, decomposers, and primary producers. Bacterial diversity and composition are correlated strongly with fluid pH. Closely related organisms co-occur within pitchers, suggesting that competition is not the primary structuring force of pitcher communities. Pitchers are ephemeral habitats when compared with surrounding soil, and the former communities have fewer organisms and are less predictable than the latter. It is still unknown to what extent pitcher plants and their inhabitants influence one another’s fitness.
The Utricularia-associated microbiome: composition, function, and ecology
Authors: Sirová Dagmara , Bárta Jiří , Borovec Jakub , Vrba Jaroslav
Published: February 2018

This chapter reviews current advances regarding plant–microbe interactions in aquatic Utricularia. New findings on the composition and function of trap commensals, based mainly on the advances in molecular methods, are presented in the context of the ecological role of Utricularia-associated microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa colonize the Utricularia trap lumen and form diverse, interactive communities. The involvement of these microbial food webs in the regeneration of nutrients from complex organic matter is explained and their potential contribution to the nutrient acquisition in aquatic Utricularia is discussed. The Utricularia–commensal system is suggested to be a suitable model system for studying plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions and related ecological questions.
Nutritional mutualisms of Nepenthes and Roridula
Authors: Moran Jonathan A. , Anderson Bruce , Chin Lijin , Greenwood Melinda , Clarke Charles
Published: February 2018

Carnivorous plants typically kill, digest, and sequester nutrients from their animal prey. However, the relationship between some carnivorous taxa and animals is mutualistic rather than exploitative. In this chapter, the evidence for mutualism with animals is presented for members of two carnivorous genera, Roridula and Nepenthes. Avenues for future research are outlined.
The future of research with carnivorous plants
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. , Adamec Lubomír
Published: February 2018

The material presented in the chapters of Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution together provide a suite of common themes that could provide a framework for increasing progress in understanding carnivorous plants. All speciose genera would benefit from more robust, intra-generic classifications in a phylogenetic framework that uses a unified species concept. As more genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic data accrue, new insights will emerge regarding trap biochemistry and regulation; interactions with commensals; and the importance of intraspecific variability on which natural selection works. Continued elaboration of field experiments will provide new insights into basic physiology; population biology; plant-animal and plant-microbe relationships; and evolutionary dynamics, all of which will aid conservation efforts and contribute to discussions of assisted migration as the climate continues to change.
Surrogate Data Testing
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

The concept of Shannon entropy is introduced and code is presented to apply it to the logistic map. Entropy tests are discussed and surrogate tests based on the entropy concepts are presented and discussed. R codes are presented. Entropy measures are discussed.
Extreme Value Statistics
Authors: Huffaker Ray , Bittelli Marco , Rosa Rodolfo
Published: February 2018

This Capstone chapter illustrates how concepts in the book come together to diagnose real-world dynamics from observed time series data. In particular, we apply NLTS to diagnose multi-strain infectious disease dynamics from weekly cases of scarlet fever, measles, and pertussis in New York during the pre-vaccine period 1924-1948.
Violence and Personhood in Ancient Israel and Comparative Contexts
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

How should the human body be treated? Should bodies be slaughtered, starved, tortured, sold, and shot in the streets? Whose bodies should be treated in these ways and whose protected from harm? Who has the right to seek redress in cases of abuse and who is seen as fit for dehumanization? This book addresses these very questions, examining materials from the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, ancient Near Eastern literature, and contemporary American society. In the first book-length work on personhood in ancient Israel, the author reveals widespread intersections between violence and personhood in both this society and the wider region. Relations of domination and subordination were so important to the culture and social organization of ancient Israel that these relations too often determined the boundaries of personhood itself. Rather than being fixed, personhood was malleable—it could be and was violently erased in many social contexts. The book exposes a violence–personhood–masculinity nexus in which domination allowed those in control to animalize and brutalize the bodies of subordinates. Perhaps even more noteworthy, the author argues that in particular social contexts in the contemporary “Western” world, this same nexus operates, holding devastating consequences for particular social groups. If the violence of Abu Ghraib calls to mind that of Ashurbanipal, this is no accident but is instead because both arise from of a certain construction of personhood that could not exist without violence.
Of Dogs and Men
Authors: Lemos T. M.
Published: February 2018

This chapter summarizes the evidence from the previous chapters, making clear that the conception of personhood most widespread in ancient Israel was one closely tied to dominance. Only the personhood of a socially dominant man was a complete personhood, and dominance was constructed in such a manner that dominant men were entitled to abrogate the personhood of subordinates through physical violence. This point leads to a comparison of the relationship between violence and personhood in ancient Israel and in certain contemporary American contexts. Examining the treatment of the bodies of military prisoners, those incarcerated in American prisons, or African-American men shot by police, one sees important similarities between Israelite violence and the violence seen in these contemporary contexts. These similarities arise because these contexts promote a specific type of personhood, one centered on a totalizing masculine domination that allows the extreme subjugation of others and the erasure of their personhood.
Reclaiming the Priestly Theology
Authors: Stern Elsie R.
Published: February 2018

For many contemporary readers, the ritual and legal texts of Leviticus do not serve as obvious sources for meaning-making and theological reflection. However, the priestly theology, as articulated in the rituals of the priestly source and as analyzed by contemporary scholars of Leviticus can serve as a rich resource for contemporary Jews who are seeking articulations of non-anthropomorphic and non-Orthodox theologies. This chapter investigates the thought of Julius Wellhausen, Yehezkel Kaufmann, Israel Knohl, and Jacob Milgrom on holiness and assesses their usefulness for contemporary Jewish theology. In particular, it explores the priestly theology as an alternative to the covenantal theology that became dominant in later forms of traditional Judaism.
Why is Holiness Not Contagious?
Authors: Lockshin Martin
Published: February 2018

The simple meaning of a number of biblical verses appears to be that holiness at times is contagious. In other words, contact with something holy can transfer that holiness to another item. Many modern biblical scholars have interpreted the Bible as teaching the concept of “contagious holiness” but traditional Judaism has consistently avoided this understanding. This chapter explores the ways in which and the reasons why rabbinic Judaism rejected the idea of contagious holiness. Particular attention is given to medieval Jewish interpretation, especially that the twelfth-century commentaries of Rabbi Samuel ben Meir (Rashbam) and Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra.
Shabbat and Sacred Time in Later H ̣ asidic Mysticism
Authors: Fishbane Eitan P.
Published: February 2018

This chapter demonstrates that the Sabbath was conceived to be the paradigmatic state of sacred time; it was understood to be a fundamental pillar of the religious life. It focuses on three prominent representations of hasidic thought—R. Ẓadoq ha-Kohen of Lublin (1823–1900), R. Yehudah Aryeh Leib of Ger (1847–1905), and R. Shalom Noaḥ Barzofsky (1911–2000). Through the Sefat ʾEmet, it shows a conception of Shabbat as a temporal dimension that inherently facilitates human access to the sacred; a realm in time that is timeless, that transcends all earthly time and space. Finally, in S. N. Barzofsky’s Netivot Shalom, Shabbat is presented as the means by which the Jew is liberated from the harsh realities of physical life; the holy day is the conduit for the climactic state of devequt between human being and Divinity.
Historical Background
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The historical development of kinetic theory is reviewed with respect to the inclusion of virial corrections. Here the theory of dense gases differs from quantum liquids. While the first one leads to Enskog-type of corrections to the kinetic theory, the latter ones are described by quasiparticle concepts of Landau-type theories. A unifying kinetic theory is envisaged by the nonlocal quantum kinetic theory. Nonequilibrium phenomena are the essential processes which occur in nature. Any evolution is built up of involved causal networks which may render a new state of quality in the course of time evolution. The steady state or equilibrium is rather the exception in nature, if not a theoretical abstraction at all.
Elementary Principles
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: February 2018

The many-body theory combines ideas of thermodynamics with ideas of mechanics. In this introductory chapter, the symbiosis of these two different fields of physics is demonstrated on overly simplified models. We explore the principles of finite-range forces to show the twofold nature of virial corrections. Infrequent collisions with a large deflection angle lead to collision integrals and rather frequent encounters with deflections on small angles act as a mean field. The (mean-field) corrections to drift result in the internal pressure and the nonlocal correction to the collisions results in the effect of the molecular volumes. The concept of distribution functions is introduced and the measure of information as entropy. The binary correlation allows one to distinguish tails and cores of the interaction potential. The concept of binary correlation is thus behind the intuitive picture of the kinetic equation.