bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of protists to nitrogen addition, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi manipulation, and mesofauna reduction in a tropical montane rainforest in southern Ecuador
Authors: Schulz Garvin , Camenzind Tessa , Sánchez‐Galindo Laura M. , Schneider Dominik , Scheu Stefan , Krashevska Valentyna
Published: August 2023

The tropical Andes are a species‐rich and nitrogen‐limited system, susceptible to increased nitrogen (N) inputs from the atmosphere. However, our understanding of the impacts of increased N input on belowground systems, in particular on protists and their role in nutrient cycling, remains limited. We explored how increased N affects protists in tropical montane rainforests in Ecuador using high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of environmental DNA from two litter layers. In addition, we manipulated the amount of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mesofauna, both playing a significant role in N cycling and interacting in complex ways with protist communities. We found that N strongly affected protist community composition in both layers, while mesofauna reduction had a stronger effect on the lower layer. Changes in concentration of the AMF marker lipid had little effect on protists. In both layers, the addition of N increased phagotrophs and animal parasites and decreased plant parasites, while mixotrophs decreased in the upper layer but increased in the lower layer. In the upper layer with higher AMF concentration, mixotrophs decreased, while in the lower layer, photoautotrophs increased and plant parasites decreased. With reduced mesofauna, phagotrophs increased and animal parasites decreased in both layers, while plant parasites increased only in the upper layer. The findings indicate that to understand the intricate response of protist communities to environmental changes, it is critical to thoroughly analyze these communities across litter and soil layers, and to include HTS.
Application of combined essential oils and bacteriocins encapsulated in gelatin for bio‐preservation of meatballs
Authors: Sarmast Elham , Foudjing Gildas Gaëlle Domguia , Salmieri Stephane , Lacroix Monique
Published: August 2023

In this study, gelatin‐based encapsulation of different bioactive compounds including essential oils (EOs) and bacteriocins, produced by lactic acid bacteria was established to evaluate the microbial, physiochemical, and sensory qualities of meatballs. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration followed by checkboard method showed citrus extract, Mediterranean formulation,Cinnamonand thyme EOs had inhibitory concentrations between 20 and 5000 ppm and synergistic effect against common contaminant and pathogenic bacteria in meat. The bacteriocins produced byLactobacillus curvatusandPediococcus acidilacticishowed antimicrobial activity between 10,000 and 80,000 ppm againstLeuconostoc mesenteroides,Carnobacterium divergens,Lactobacillus curvatus,Listeria inocua,Listeria monocytogenes, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. Encapsulation of the bioactive compounds in gelatin kept the bioactive content to greater extent. The encapsulated bioactive compounds were effective to inhibit the microbial growth, retard the lipid oxidation and color changes, and preserve the sensorial attributes of meatballs. It can be concluded that gelatin‐based encapsulation of Cinnamon EOs and bacteriocins is effective to extend the shelf‐life of meatballs.
Heralding a new era of oxytocinergic research: New tools, new problems?
Authors: Althammer Ferdinand
Published: August 2023

According to classic neuroendocrinology, hypothalamic oxytocin cells can be categorized into parvo‐ and magnocellular neurons. However, research in the last decade provided ample evidence that this black‐and‐white model of oxytocin neurons is most likely oversimplified. Novel genetic, functional and morphological studies indicate that oxytocin neurons might be organized in functional modules and suggest the existence of five or more distinct oxytocinergic subpopulations. However, many of these novel, automated high‐throughput techniques might be inherently biased and interpretation of acquired data needs to be approached with caution to enable drawing sound and reliable conclusions. In addition, the recent finding that astrocytes in various brain regions express functional oxytocin receptors represents a paradigm shift and challenges the view that oxytocin primarily acts as a direct peptidergic neurotransmitter. This review highlights the latest technical advances in oxytocinergic research, puts recent studies on the oxytocin system into context and formulates various provocative ideas based on novel findings that challenges various prevailing hypotheses and dogmas about oxytocinergic modulation.
Topical 5% minoxidil versus combined erbium YAG laser and topical 5% minoxidil in androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Zavare Zahra , Iraji Fariba
Published: August 2023

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of hair loss in men, and several treatment options have been proposed for it. Fractional ablative erbium YAG laser can promote hair growth through trans‐epidermal drug delivery and the thermal stimulation of hair follicles; this study therefore aims to evaluate minoxidil alone and in combination with fractional ablative erbium YAG laser in male patients with AGA.

Methods

This study was performed on 30 male patients with moderate to severe AGA. Patients were equally randomized into two groups, and the intervention group was treated with 1 mL of topical 5% minoxidil twice daily and six sessions of 2940‐nm ablative fractional erbium YAG laser, and the control group received topical 5% minoxidil alone. The assessment entailed photography, dermoscopy, and patient satisfaction based on a 7‐point grading scale.

Results

Both groups showed statistically significant improvements in terms of patient satisfaction, photography, and dermoscopy scores. The group receiving a combination of laser and minoxidil treatment obtained a higher dermoscopy score than the patients receiving minoxidil alone (p‐value = 0.016). Nonetheless, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of the photography score (p‐value = 0.13).

Conclusion

Laser treatment can stimulate the hair follicles and also enhance the dermal delivery of minoxidil, which was found to be associated with slightly better outcomes in this study.
From Family Director Pathos to Board Ethos: Managing Multiple Role Identity Struggles in the Boardroom of Family Firms
Authors: Bettinelli Cristina , De Massis Alfredo , Singal Manisha , Davis John
Published: August 2023

The literature indicates that the board of directors exists to provide resources and strategic direction (service task) and monitor top managers (control task), often tending to overgeneralize board tasks. Using a unique sample of 36 elite family firm directors having served on 615 boards with an aggregate 1447 years’ experience, and integrating interview and secondary data with observations, we capture how the multiple role identity struggles experienced by family directors are managed in the board. Our data indicate that effective boards resolve multiple role identity struggles (i.e., family director ‘pathos’) through the mechanisms that boardroom structural forces trigger and the resulting bridge and buffer tasks enacted (i.e., board ‘ethos’), going beyond the traditional service and control tasks.
tRNA‐derived small RNA changes in bone marrow stem cells under hypoxia and osteogenic conduction
Authors: Zhang Chen , Ye Weilong , Zhao Mengyao , Xia Dengsheng , Fan Zhipeng
Published: August 2023

Background

Tissue engineering using bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation is a promising therapeutic for bone regeneration. However, the effect of bone regeneration remains unsatisfactory due to the BMSCs' functional abnormality influenced by hypoxia. In this study, we attempt to explore the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs under hypoxic conditions from the perspective of non‐coding RNA regulation.

Methods

The study employed BMSCs obtained from healthy donors and simulated hypoxia using CoCl2 stimulation. High‐throughput sequencing technique was used to identify differential expression profiles of tRNA‐derived small RNA (tsRNA) in three experimental groups: BMSCs‐0d, BMSCs‐7d and BMSCs‐0d‐CoCl2. TargetScan and miRanda algorithms were used to determine tsRNA target genes, while Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis were employed for the prediction of biological functions. Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (Real‐time RT‐PCR) was carried out on four selected differentially expressed tsRNAs.

Results

After the osteogenic induction and CoCl2 stimulated separately, there were 19 tsRNAs differentially expressed in BMSCs, including 14 upregulated and five downregulated. According to the analysis of biological information, these tsRNAs may regulate 311 potential target genes and mainly enrich the pathways such as metabolic pathways, Wnt signalling pathway, osteoclast differentiation, cellular senescence and mTOR signalling pathway. The results of Real‐time RT‐PCR for 3′tiRNA‐41‐GlnTTG‐6, 3′tiRNA‐42‐LysTTT‐8, 5′tiRNA‐35‐CysACA‐1 and tRF3a‐AsnGTT‐9 were consistent with small RNA sequencing data.

Conclusion

We discovered the tsRNA that changes the process of osteogenesis and hypoxia, which provides new targets for promoting survival and regeneration functions after BMSCs transplantation.
Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga for generalised anxiety disorder on sleep quality in a randomised controlled trial: the role of worry, mindfulness, and perceived stress as mediators
Authors: Jacoby Ryan J. , Brown Mackenzie L. , Wieman Sarah T. , Rosenfield David , Hoeppner Susanne S. , Bui Eric , Hoge Elizabeth A. , Khalsa Sat Bir S. , Hofmann Stefan G. , Simon Naomi M.
Published: August 2023

Sleep disturbances are present in ~65% of individuals with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Although both Kundalini yoga (KY) and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are effective treatment options for GAD, little is known about how these treatments compare in improving sleep for GAD and what drives these changes. Accordingly, we examined the effects of CBT, KY, and stress education (SEdu; an attention control condition) on subjective sleep quality (as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI] and Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]) in a randomised controlled trial of 226 adults with GAD (mean age 33.37 years; 70% female; 79% White). We hypothesised that both CBT and KY would outperform SEdu in improving sleep disturbances. Three potential mediators of sleep improvement (worry, mindfulness, perceived stress) were also examined. In line with hypotheses, PSQI and ISI scores significantly improved from pre‐ to post‐treatment for all three treatment groups (allp < 0.001, alld > 0.97). However, contrary to predictions, sleep changes were not significantly greater for CBT or KY compared to SEdu. In mediation analyses, within‐person deviations in worry, mindfulness, and stress each significantly mediated the effect of time on sleep outcomes. Degree of change in sleep attributable to worry (CBT > KY > SEdu) and perceived stress (CBT, KY > SEdu) was moderated by treatment group. Personalised medicine as well as combined treatment approaches should be studied to help reduce sleep difficulties for patients with GAD who do not respond.
Investigation of the cardiac effects of exercise testing on apparently healthy Boxer dogs
Authors: Agarwal Deepmala , Côté Etienne , O'Sullivan Lynne , Meurs Kathryn M. , Steiner Jörg
Published: August 2023

Background

Holter electrocardiographic monitoring is a cornerstone of diagnostic testing for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) in Boxer dogs, but physical activity during monitoring is not controlled. In humans, exercise testing (ExT) can identify latent tachyarrhythmias associated with cardiomyopathy, and exercise increases serum cardiac troponin‐I concentrations ([hs‐cTnI]). These effects have not yet been investigated in Boxer dogs.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Subjecting Boxer dogs to brief, moderate‐intensity ExT can identify changes in Holter recordings and [hs‐cTnI] compared to baseline results.

Animals

Thirty overtly healthy, client‐owned Boxer dogs.

Methods

Prospective interventional study. Dogs underwent baseline diagnostic testing including 24‐hour Holter monitoring and [hs‐cTnI], followed by brief ExT (accompanied, brisk stair‐climbing and ‐descending for <5 minutes).

Results

Eleven dogs (37%) had >100 premature ventricular complexes (PVCs)/24 hours at baseline (3), ExT (3), or both (5). After ExT, these dogs had more PVCs/24 hours and greater increases in [hs‐cTnI] compared to those with ≤100 PVCs/24 hours. Dogs with the striatin mutation had more PVCs/24 hours and a greater increase in [hs‐cTnI] after ExT than did dogs without the striatin mutation.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Exercise testing may improve the binary classification of Boxer dogs with or without ACM by increasing the number of PVCs and [hs‐cTnI] in affected dogs to a greater degree than in unaffected dogs. This effect also is associated with presence or absence of the striatin mutation. Exercise should be a controlled variable when screening Boxer dogs for ACM.
Ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme activities of a common water flea
Authors: Tian X. , Diao L. , Zhang X. , Feng W. , Urabe J.
Published: August 2023

Although the nutritional demands of animals are known to differ between immature and mature stages and between neonates from different clutches in various organisms, little evidence has been accumulated to examine this possibility in crustacean zooplankters. To this end, we examined the five digestive enzyme activities related to assimilations of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and phosphorus in the neonates, immature and mature individuals of panarctic Daphnia pulex. We found that all the enzyme activities were higher at lower food levels, indicating that the activities increased with decreasing supplies of the nutritional substances relative to the demands. As expected, these enzyme activities changed ontogenetically. Beta‐glucosidase activities increased with age, especially at a high food level, while the opposite pattern was found for lipase activities. A decreasing trend with age was also found in the activities of arginine and alanine amino‐peptidase and alkaline phosphatase at a low food level. These results suggest that juvenile individuals require more lipids, amino acids and phosphorus relative to the requirements of adult individuals, while the opposite pattern was true for carbohydrates. We also measured the enzyme activities of the neonates born from the 1st and 2nd clutches of the maternal individuals. The results showed that most digestive enzyme activities differed significantly between the neonates from the first and second clutches depending on the food levels. The present study confirmed that the nutritional demands differ not only between mature and immature individuals in Daphnia pulex and suggests that the mature individuals invest nutrients and energy reserves differently to neonates of the different clutches depending on their nutritional conditions.
Phlorizin attenuates postoperative gastric ileus in rats
Authors: Nozu Tsukasa , Miyagishi Saori , Ishioh Masatomo , Takakusaki Kaoru , Okumura Toshikatsu
Published: August 2023

Background

Postoperative ileus (POI) is a major complication of abdominal surgery (AS). Impaired gut barrier mediated via Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) receptor is involved in the development of POI. Phlorizin is a nonselective inhibitor of sodium‐linked glucose transporters (SGLTs) and is known to improve lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced impaired gut barrier. This study aimed to clarify our hypothesis that AS‐induced gastric ileus is mediated via TLR4 and IL‐1 signaling, and phlorizin improves the ileus.

Methods

AS consisted of a celiotomy and manipulation of the cecum for 1 min. Gastric emptying (GE) in 20 min with liquid meal was determined 3 h after the surgery in rats. The effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of LPS (1 mg kg−1) was also determined 3 h postinjection.

Key Results

AS delayed GE, which was blocked by TAK‐242, an inhibitor of TLR4 signaling and anakinra, an IL‐1 receptor antagonist. LPS delayed GE, which was also mediated via TLR4 and IL‐1 receptor. Phlorizin (80 mg kg−1, s.c.) significantly improved delayed GE induced by both AS and LPS. However, intragastrical (i.g.) administration of phlorizin did not alter it. As gut mainly expresses SGLT1, SGLT2 may not be inhibited by i.g. phlorizin. The effect of phlorizin was blocked by ghrelin receptor antagonist in the LPS model.

Conclusions & Inferences

AS‐induced gastric ileus is mediated via TLR4 and IL‐1 signaling, which is simulated by LPS. Phlorizin improves the gastric ileus via activation of ghrelin signaling, possibly by inhibition of SGLT2. Phlorizin may be useful for the treatment of POI.
Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation associated silent cerebral emboli: A narrative review
Authors: Zhang Jingrui , Li Songnan , Sang Caihua , Ma Changsheng
Published: August 2023

The incidence of silent cerebral emboli (SCE) associated with atrial fibrillation catheter ablation (AFCA) is much higher than that of stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA). Interventional electrophysiologists have been increasingly alerted to asymptomatic cerebral infarction over the years. Plentiful studies revealed that diagnostic definitions, detection modalities, energy sources, ablation strategies, perioperative anticoagulation regimens, and patient‐related factors were associated with the risk of AFCA‐associated SCE. Studies related to non‐interventional procedures found that SCE may prompt stroke, cognitive decline, and dementia later in life, suggesting a possible role of AFCA‐associated SCE in the cognitive function of patients with AF. However, there is no consistent evidence for this view to date. Given that the majority of patients with AF being elderly and the increased risk of cognitive impairment in AF itself, efforts should be made to minimize the occurrence of AFCA‐associated SCE.
Overexpression of BnNAC19 in Brassica napus enhances resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans, the blackleg pathogen of canola
Authors: Zou Zhongwei , Fernando W. G. Dilantha
Published: August 2023

Leptosphaeria maculans is a fungal pathogen that causes blackleg disease in canola (Brassica napus), resulting in significant yield and economic losses in Canada and many parts of the world. Plant NAC transcription factors play critical roles in plant development and response to biotic or abiotic stress. In this study, we identified and characterized a BnNAC19 gene from Brassica napus. The overexpression of BnNAC19 in transgenic canola plants contributed to the improvement of seedling resistance against L. maculans. The mycelial growth of a green fluorescent protein‐tagged strain of L. maculans and production of pycnidiospores were shown to be inhibited in the transgenic canola plants overexpressing BnNAC19. In addition, the canola transgenic line overexpressing BnNAC19 showed increased disease resistance in the adult plant, which was determined by quantitative resistance. Both increased seedling and adult plant resistance in transgenic canola plants overexpressing BnNAC19 indicate that the BnNAC19 gene plays a positive role against L. maculans. The expression pattern of genes BnNAC19 upstream and downstream of BnNAC19 that participate in plant defence pathways were investigated to elucidate the B. napus resistance mechanisms to L. maculans infection, and hence to aid the long‐term blackleg disease‐resistant breeding programmes.
Decentralization and resource contributions within local governance networks: Evidence from health sector reform in Honduras
Authors: Zarychta Alan , Wong Jade
Published: August 2023

Many public services are co‐produced through networks of governmental and non‐governmental organizations that choose to or are obliged to contribute resources, a trend that has been reinforced through decentralization reforms. We utilize original data for 826 organizations across 65 local governance networks to assess how decentralization affects resource contributions while accounting for municipality context, network environment, and organizational attributes. Drawing on a quasi‐experimental design in the context of health sector reform in Honduras, we find that decentralization is associated with a slight reduction in the number of resource ties an organization contributes to other organizations in its network. This association is most prominent where municipal governments, rather than non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) or associations, are lead intermediary organizations under decentralization. Additionally, NGOs contribute more resource ties relative to community associations or public organizations, and consistent with a crowding‐out dynamic, we find that this relationship is attenuated under decentralization. Our results suggest that administrative reforms can influence resource contributing behavior by organizations and the structure of inter‐organizational networks, which are important but underemphasized mechanisms potentially linking decentralization to service delivery outcomes. This is particularly relevant for policymakers working to support network governance for the joint production of public services in under‐resourced settings.
The KP limit of a reduced quantum Euler–Poisson equation
Authors: Liu Huimin , Pu Xueke
Published: August 2023

In this paper, we consider the derivation of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation for cold ion‐acoustic wave in the long wavelength limit of a two‐dimensional reduced quantum Euler–Poisson system under different scalings for varying directions in the Gardner–Morikawa transform. It is shown that the types of the KP equation depend on the scaled quantum parameter . The KP‐I is derived for , KP‐II for , and the dispersiveless KP (dKP) equation for the critical case . The rigorous proof for these limits is given in the well‐prepared initial data case, and the norm that is chosen to close the proof is anisotropic in the two directions, in accordance with the anisotropic structure of the KP equation as well as the Gardner–Morikawa transform. The results can be generalized in several directions.
Fatigue in elite fencing: Effects of a simulated competition
Authors: Varesco Giorgio , Pageaux Benjamin , Cattagni Thomas , Sarcher Aurélie , Martinent Guillaume , Doron Julie , Jubeau Marc
Published: August 2023

The fatigue induced by fencing remains scarcely investigated. We aimed to investigate both objective (neuromuscular performance fatigability) and subjective (perceived fatigue, effort, and workload) manifestations of fatigue in elite fencers following a five‐bout simulated competition. Changes in countermovement jump height, knee extensors maximal isometric torque, rate of torque development, voluntary activation, and contractile response to muscular electrical stimulation were measured in 29 elite fencers [12 epee (6 women), 11 saber (5 women), and 6 foil]. Perceived fatigue and effort were evaluated with visual analog scales, and the perceived workload with the NASA Task Load Index scale. During the competition, maximal torque and rate of torque development decreased by 1.6% (p = 0.017) and 2.4% (p < 0.001) per bout, respectively. Perceived fatigue before each bout increased (12% per bout), with similar values observed at the end of all bouts (bout × period interaction: p < 0.001). Perceived effort increased during the bouts (10% per period, p < 0.001) and during the competition (3% per bout, p = 0.011). Perceived mental demand increased during the competition (2% per bout, p = 0.024). These results suggest that elite fencers needed to increase the allocation of mental rather than physical resources to the task to counterbalance the deleterious effect of fatigue on performance.
Effects of antimicrobial therapy duration and class on risk of antimicrobial‐resistant Gram‐negative bacillus bloodstream infection in patients with AML
Authors: Huggins Jonathan , Barnett Ian , David Michael Z.
Published: August 2023

Background

Antimicrobial‐resistant Gram‐negative bacilli (ARGNB) bloodstream infection (BSI) has been associated with prior antibiotic exposure among hematologic malignancy patients. The relationships between days of therapy (DOT), antimicrobial class, and ARGNB BSI risk are poorly understood.

Methods

This is a single‐center, case‐control study of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients including 115 cases with ARGNB BSI and 230 matched controls with non‐ARGNB BSI between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2018. Fixed‐ and mixed‐effects logistic regression was used to examine relationships between antibiotic DOT and risk of ARGNB BSI. Admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) within 7 days, 30‐day mortality, and Pitt Bacteremia Score (PBS) were secondary outcomes.

Results

Prior isolation of a antimicrobial‐resistant organism (ARO) (OR 4.45 95% CI 1.46, 13.54), surgery within 90 days (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.57, 8.73), aminoglycoside DOT (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05, 1.23), cefepime DOT (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05, 1.13), and carbapenem DOT (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05, 1.16) were associated with increased odds of ARGNB BSI. Days since last antibiotic administration (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97, 0.99) and inpatient days within 90 days (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.93, 0.98) showed reduced odds of ARGNB BSI. Total antimicrobial DOT regardless of class was not associated with ARGNB BSI. ARGNB BSI was associated with increased 30‐day mortality (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.57, 5.22)

Conclusions

Among AML patients with GNB BSI, greater DOT of aminoglycosides, cefepime, and carbapenems in the 90 days prior to BSI were associated with increased odds of ARGNB BSI.

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Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria: A diagnostic dilemma in a paediatric patient
Authors: Hogan Keenan O. , Oroszi Gabor
Published: August 2023

Background

Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia is rare in the paediatric population. Differentiation of the underlying aetiology is complicated by heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and testing strategies. Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is an uncommon form of paediatric autoimmune hemolytic anaemia. Identification of the causative biphasic hemolysin requires clinical recognition and access to the Donath‐Landsteiner (DL) test.

Case Presentation

We report a young paediatric patient with no significant past medical history who presented with severe anaemia, jaundice, and dark urine following a respiratory illness. Initial laboratory evaluation showed a haemoglobin of 3.6 g/dL with plasma free haemoglobin 170 mg/dL (reference range <5 mg/dL), 3+ hemoglobinuria (reference range = 0), and direct antiglobulin testing (DAT) positive for complement component 3 (C3) only. Haemoglobin continued to decline following RBC transfusions using a blood warmer for presumed cold agglutinin syndrome. Subsequent testing at the reference laboratory revealed a DAT positive for C3 and immunoglobulin isotype G (IgG) and an eluate pan‐agglutinin most consistent with a warm autoantibody, but the patient's anaemia was non‐responsive to glucocorticoids and blood warmer cessation. However, a maximum cold agglutinin titre of 4 and absent thermal amplitude substantially weakened the evidence for the clinical significance of the cold autoantibodies. Consultation with the institutional transfusion medicine specialist prompted collection for the DL test, which demonstrated a definitive biphasic hemolysin consistent with PCH.

Discussion

Conflicting clinical and immunohematologic evidence can obscure the aetiology of autoimmune hemolysis, including concurrent warm and/or cold autoantibodies. Clinical correlation, consultation with the institutional transfusion service, and access to specialised testing are essential to establish the correct diagnosis.
The herbicide bensulfuron‐methyl inhibits rice seedling development by blocking calcium ion flux in the OsCNGC12 channel
Authors: Guo Yating , Xu Xiaohui , Lin Jinbei , Li Haiqing , Guo Weikang , Wan Shuqing , Chen Zepeng , Xu Hanhong , Lin Fei
Published: August 2023

Bensulfuron‐methyl (BSM) is a widely used herbicide in rice cultivation, but the mechanisms underlying its efficient uptake in rice are poorly understood. In this study, a yeast library expressing 1385 rice transporters was employed to screen proteins sensitive to BSM. As a result, a cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel (CNGC) protein, OsCNGC12, was identified. By inactivating the OsCNGC12 function via gene editing, we developed BSM‐tolerant rice lines. Our results showed that the OsCNGC12 mutant rice not only reduced BSM uptake but also promoted Ca2+ influx in the roots, leading to enhanced non‐target‐site tolerance to BSM. OsCNGC12 is localized in the plasma membrane and is abundantly expressed in the root caps, root vascular bundles, stems, and leaves, indicating its vital role in the distribution of BSM in rice. The indispensability of His‐236, Gln‐240, and Arg‐268 in BSM perception in yeast was demonstrated through targeted mutagenesis of OsCNGC12. Furthermore, we developed a BSM seed coating agent for OsCNGC12 mutant rice, providing a simplified and cost‐effective means of weed control in direct‐seeded rice. Inclusion, this study showed that disruption of OsCNGC12 confers non‐target‐site tolerance to BSM in rice and has the potential for developing BSM‐resistant rice varieties.
The economic costs of cadmium non‐tariff measures for smallholder cocoa farmers in Ecuador
Authors: Vázquez‐deCastro José Luis , Chávez Eduardo , Espinel Ramón , Hendrix Stan , Smolders Erik , Maertens Miet
Published: August 2023

While there is a growing number of studies on the export‐ and firm‐level implications of non‐tariff measures for developing countries, there is little evidence on the trickle‐down effects on the farm level. In this paper, we analyse the recent regulations of the European Union regarding the maximum allowed cadmium (Cd) contents for cocoa‐derived products. We assess the potential economic costs associated with these Cd regulations for smallholder cocoa farmers in Ecuador. We rely on data from a nationwide survey among 1392 cocoa producers and a contingent valuation method to estimate producers' willingness to convert cocoa orchards to other land uses in case cocoa bean Cd levels exceed the limit. We estimate that farmers' economic cost of abandoning cocoa production is, on average, about 4400 US$ per hectare. Combining this value with a Cd distribution map and cocoa production statistics, we estimate that abandoning cocoa cultivation in areas with bean Cd concentrations above the 0.6 mg/kg target comes at a total economic cost of about 750 million US$. We conclude that the potential total economic cost of the EU Cd standard at the producer level in Ecuador could be very large if compliance strategies are not implemented to minimise welfare loss.
Measure equivalence rigidity via s-malleable deformations
Authors: Drimbe Daniel
Published: August 2023

We single out a large class of groups${\rm {\boldsymbol {\mathscr {M}}}}$for which the following unique prime factorization result holds: if$\Gamma _1,\ldots,\Gamma _n\in {\rm {\boldsymbol {\mathscr {M}}}}$and$\Gamma _1\times \cdots \times \Gamma _n$is measure equivalent to a product$\Lambda _1\times \cdots \times \Lambda _m$of infinite icc groups, then$n \ge m$, and if$n = m$, then, after permutation of the indices,$\Gamma _i$is measure equivalent to$\Lambda _i$, for all$1\leq i\leq n$. This provides an analogue of Monod and Shalom's theorem [Orbit equivalence rigidity and bounded cohomology, Ann. of Math.164(2006), 825–878] for groups that belong to${\rm {\boldsymbol {\mathscr {M}}}}$. Class${\rm {\boldsymbol {\mathscr {M}}}}$is constructed using groups whose von Neumann algebras admit an s-malleable deformation in the sense of Sorin Popa and it contains all icc non-amenable groups$\Gamma$for which either (i)$\Gamma$is an arbitrary wreath product group with amenable base or (ii)$\Gamma$admits an unbounded 1-cocycle into its left regular representation. Consequently, we derive several orbit equivalence rigidity results for actions of product groups that belong to${\rm {\boldsymbol {\mathscr {M}}}}$. Finally, for groups$\Gamma$satisfying condition (ii), we show that all embeddings of group von Neumann algebras of non-amenable inner amenable groups into$L(\Gamma )$are ‘rigid’. In particular, we provide an alternative solution to a question of Popa that was recently answered by Ding, Kunnawalkam Elayavalli, and Peterson [Properly Proximal von Neumann Algebras, Preprint (2022),arXiv:2204.00517].
Performance of Position, Force, and Impedance Controllers for a Pneumatic Cylinder Ankle Exoskeleton
Authors: Schmitthenner Dave , Martin Anne E.
Published: August 2023

The best exoskeleton control strategy depends on the task, motivating the development and analysis of an exoskeleton capable of position, force, and impedance control. In this paper, we implement and compare the three controller types via sliding mode control on a custom-built pneumatic cylinder ankle exoskeleton. To evaluate each controller's performance, the exoskeleton was tested on the benchtop and with human subject experiments. With the position controller, the exoskeleton achieved an root-mean-square error (RMSE) of under 5 deg for both the benchtop and human tests. It had a bandwidth of approximately 12 rad/s. The force controller tracked sinusoidal trajectories acceptably well at low frequencies (15% of force range at 6 rad/s), with a bandwidth of approximately 24 rad/s. The error was significantly higher (RMSE of 24% of force range) for the more biologically relevant trajectory. The impedance controller demonstrated the desired spring-like behavior, with position RMSE generally under 5 deg compared to expected position. All three controllers worked equally well for benchtop and human tests. Thus, a pneumatically powered ankle exoskeleton with sliding mode control is capable of accurate position and impedance control and is capable of marginally acceptable force control.
Numerical Simulation of Two-Dimensional Giesekus Flow Past a Rotating Cylinder
Authors: Wen Xiaoyu , Zhu Jing , Li Botong , Cao Limei , Si Xinhui
Published: August 2023

The two-dimensional viscoelastic Giesekus flow past a circular cylinder is investigated by the openfoam platform based on the finite volume method. The physical parameters, including Weissenberg number (0.1≤Wi≤10), dimensionless rotation rate (0≤Ro≤2), and mobility factor (0≤α≤0.5), are investigated when Reynolds number is defined as 100. Two cases, i.e., β=0.1 and β=0.9, are considered. The combination effects are discussed using lift coefficients, instantaneous vorticity, time-averaged streamlines, and pressure distribution along the cylinder wall. The results are compared with other numerical computations. Dimensionless rotation rate destroys the symmetry of vertex shedding and suppresses the instability of the viscoelastic fluids. Elastic property facilitates the formation of the closed streamlins around the cylinder surface. These effects are amplified by the introduction of dimensionless rotation rate. However, shear-shinning property has opposite effects on this region. The distribution of polymer stress τxxp and τyyp are given to analyze the effects of viscoelasticity. As the fluids flow presents the shear-shinning property, the values of polymer stresses have an obvious decrease.
Implementation of a Picosecond Laser for Micromachining the Cathode of Pulse Electrochemical Machining and a Case Study
Authors: Fang Shiqi , Frank Alexander , Schäfer Mareike , Bähre Dirk
Published: August 2023

Defined topographic features may be produced on the workpiece surface of difficult-to-machine materials through the pulse electrochemical machining (PECM). Due to the contactless feature of PECM, mechanical influences, and their side effects become ignorable. In this study, a picosecond laser, which induces little thermal impact, was applied to micromachine the cathode of PECM with groove patterns, and replication of the patterns on the anode of PECM was carried out using an industrial PECM installation. The results of the case study show that the picosecond laser achieved high machining precision (<6.5% to the target size) with excellent surface integrity on the cathode of PECM, and the groove patterns were successfully replicated on the anode of PECM, although deviations of certain geometric parameters were detected between the two PECM electrodes. These deviations may result from the rounding and widening effects during the PECM processing.
Discontinuous L-binding motifs in the transactivation domain of the vesicular stomatitis virus P protein are required for terminal
de novo
transcription initiation by the L protein
Authors: Gupta Nirmala , Ogino Minako , Watkins Dean E. , Yu Tiffany , Green Todd J. , Ogino Tomoaki
Published: August 2023

The phospho- (P) protein, the co-factor of the RNA polymerase large (L) protein, of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a prototype of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses) plays pivotal roles in transcription and replication. However, the precise mechanism underlying the transcriptional transactivation by the P protein has remained elusive. Here, using an
in vitro
transcription system and a series of deletion mutants of the P protein, we mapped a region encompassing residues 51–104 as a transactivation domain (TAD) that is critical for terminal
de novo
initiation, the initial step of synthesis of the leader RNA and anti-genome/genome, with the L protein. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that conserved amino acid residues in three discontinuous L-binding sites within the TAD are essential for the transactivation activity of the P protein or important for maintaining its full activity. Importantly, relative inhibitory effects of TAD point mutations on synthesis of the full-length leader RNA and mRNAs from the 3′-terminal
leader
region and internal genes, respectively, of the genome were similar to those on terminal
de novo
initiation. Furthermore, any of the examined TAD mutations did not alter the gradient pattern of mRNAs synthesized from internal genes, nor did they induce the production of readthrough transcripts. These results suggest that these TAD mutations impact mainly terminal
de novo
initiation but rarely other steps (e.g., elongation, termination, internal initiation) of single-entry stop-start transcription. Consistently, the mutations of the essential or important amino acid residues within the P TAD were lethal or deleterious to VSV replication in host cells.

IMPORTANCE

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L proteins of nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the
Mononegavirales
order require their cognate co-factor P proteins or their counterparts for genome transcription and replication. However, exact roles of these co-factor proteins in modulating functions of L proteins during transcription and replication remain unknown. In this study, we revealed that three discrete L-binding motifs within a transactivation domain of the P protein of vesicular stomatitis virus, a prototypic nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, are required for terminal
de novo
initiation mediated by the L protein, which is the first step of synthesis of the leader RNA as well as genome/anti-genome.
Complete genome sequence of
mcr-9
containing
Leclercia adecarboxylata
Authors: Hutton William , Allman Ellie , McKeown Claudia , Singer Andrew C. , Roberts Adam P.
Published: August 2023

Here, we provide the genome sequence of a
Leclercia adecarboxylata
isolated from a screen of an environmental bacterial isolate library for resistance to the plant flavonoid berberine. We detected the colistin resistance gene
mcr-9
, located on an IncFII(pECLA) plasmid.
Prolonged and gradual recovery of metazoan-algal reefs following the end-Permian mass extinction
Authors: Kelley Brian M. , Yu Meiyi , Lehrmann Daniel J. , Altıner Demir , Payne Jonathan L.
Published: August 2023

The tempo of biotic recovery following extinction reflects the time scales of evolutionary processes and the long-term consequences of degraded ecosystems, but recovery patterns are poorly resolved. In this study, we investigated the tempo of biotic recovery by evaluating metazoan-algal reef assembly following the end-Permian mass extinction. We combined satellite imagery analysis, field mapping, biostratigraphy, and quantitative petrography to assess recovery in the oldest-known and most stratigraphically extensive Lower to Middle Triassic platform-margin reef. The reef occurs in upper Spathian (upper Lower Triassic) to upper Anisian (lower Middle Triassic) strata of the Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG) isolated carbonate platform in south China. Previous work suggests that metazoan-algal reefs were absent for 8−10 m.y. following extinction but were biologically diverse from their Pelsonian (middle Anisian) initiation. This pattern implies that reefs can reassemble rapidly (<< 1 m.y.) when environmental conditions are favorable. In contrast, our analyses indicate that calcareous sponges, calcareous algae, and early scleractinian corals occurred progressively in the GBG reef and that biotic recovery metrics increased gradually. Unlike nonreef ecosystems, biodiverse metazoan-algal reefs were delayed until the late Pelsonian or early Illyrian, postdating broader marine ecosystem recovery and isotopic evidence for carbon-cycle stabilization by 2−4 m.y. Our findings suggest that reef and nonreef ecosystems differ in their recovery pattern and tempo. Reef recovery from severe environmental perturbation can require several million years, even after hospitable conditions return, highlighting the importance of modern reef conservation.
A Study of the Energy Component of X-Ray Radiation from an X-Pinch Hot Spot at the BIN Facility
Authors: Tilikin I. N. , Shelkovenko T. A. , Pikuz S. A. , Grigoryeva I. G. , Makarov A. A. , Salakhutdinov G. Kh.
Published: August 2023

Abstract—

A technique for studying the spatial structure of hybrid X-pinch plasma objects in the X-ray range is described, and main experimental results are presented. The spectral characteristics of X-ray sources of plasma objects have been measured. The investigations have been carried out using thermoluminescent detectors based on lithium fluorides LiF(Mg, Ti).
Probability of High Intensities of the Light Wave Propagating in a Turbulent Atmosphere
Authors: Kolokolov I. V. , Lebedev V. V.
Published: August 2023

We examine statistics of fluctuations of the laser beam intensity at its propagating in turbulent atmosphere. We are interested in relatively large propagating distances and the remote tail of the probability density function. The tail is determined by the stretched exponent, we find its index.
Case of non-typhoidalSalmonellaspp mycotic popliteal artery aneurysm with concurrent deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Sangiorgio Michael , Choo Shi Zhou , Gavaghan Daniel , McDougall Katherine
Published: August 2023

Mycotic aneurysms are a well-recognised complication of non-typhoidalSalmonellabacteraemia; the risk is increased in patients with atherosclerotic disease. The infrarenal abdominal aorta is the most common site of infection; lower extremity aneurysms are uncommon.1

Here we present the case of a patient with cardiovascular disease and recurrent non-typhoidalSalmonellabacteraemia, who developed a left-sided popliteal artery mycotic aneurysm with secondary popliteal vein thrombosis. The aneurysm was diagnosed upon rupture, and managed with surgical excision and bypass graft. He went on to have a complete recovery.

This case illustrates the importance of clinician awareness of popliteal artery endovascular infection as a rare but significant complication of non-typhoidalSalmonellabacteraemia, which should be considered in cases with cardiovascular risk factors, recurrent or persistent bacteraemia, and lower limb deep vein thrombosis.
Strengthening health care in Canada post-COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rabeneck Linda , McCabe Chris , Dobrow Mark , Ruco Arlinda , Andrew Melissa , Wong Sabrina , Straus Sharon , Paszat Lawrence , Richardson Lisa , Simpson Chris , Boozary Andrew
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this policy briefing is to examine our health care systems through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify how we can strengthen health care in Canada post-pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided compelling evidence that substantive changes to our health care systems are needed. Specifically, the pandemic has emphasized structural inequities on a broad scale within Canadian society. These include systemic racial and socioeconomic inequities that must be addressed broadly, including in the delivery of health care. We make recommendations about what we can do to emerge stronger from the pandemic. While these recommendations are not novel, how they are framed and contextualized differs because of the problems in our health care system that have been highlighted and exacerbated by the pandemic.The evidence is clear that socioeconomic circumstances, intergenerational trauma, adverse early life experiences, and educational opportunities are critical factors when it comes to health over the life course. Given the problems in the delivery of health care that the pandemic has revealed, we need a different approach. How health care was organized prior to the COVID-19 pandemic did not produce what people wanted and needed in terms of health care and outcomes. How do we emerge from COVID-19 with an effective, equitable, and resilient health care system for all Canadians?

To address health inequities and emerge from the pandemic with strengthened health care in Canada, we must consider how Amartya Sen's capabilities framework on social well-being can be operationalized to achieve better health care and health outcomes. Specifically, we address the need to: strengthen primary care and improve access to primary care; utilize a community-embedded approach to care; and implement better integration across the care continuum, including integration between primary care and public health.

Coherent governance and leadership that are charged with realizing benefits through collaboration will maximize outcomes and promote sustainability. Only when we provide access to high-quality culturally competent care that is centered around the individual and their needs will we be able to make true headway in addressing these long-standing health inequities.
Guidelines for Designing Social Networking Sites for Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Thematic Synthesis
Authors: Ghenai Amira , Ayeni Philips , Yu Jing , Cohen Robin , Moffatt Karyn
Published: August 2023

Social networking site (SNS) inaccessibility remains a barrier for many older adults. Increasingly, research has sought to address these shortcomings with recommendations for design. However, commercial uptake of these findings remains limited, in part, due to the scattering of recommendations across publications, heterogeneity in the SNS systems and features examined, and a lack of sensitivity within the existing guidelines to the heterogeneity of the target demographic. To counter these challenges, we conducted a systematic review following a thematic synthesis approach of 25 empirical studies on SNS design recommendations for older adults. From these, we synthesized a cohesive set of ten distinct design recommendations. These include ensuring an easy-to-use interface, improving social connection features, ensuring personal privacy, and introducing customized features and personalized content. In synthesizing the results, particular care was taken to capture the ways in which population diversity moderates recommendations. The results of this review can serve as a resource for designers and practitioners working on inclusive SNS for older adults. They also highlight the need for additional research into understanding user diversity in relation to SNS accessibility.