bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of the Industrial Hygiene Consultant
Authors: Muranko Henry J.
Published: August 2005

(1) Consultation by individuals: There are many individuals offering services related to industrial hygiene matters who are not actually considered industrial hygiene consultants, although at times the distinction may be difficult to define. There are, for example, individuals whose principal specialty is measuring or controlling noise, or ionizing radiation, or perhaps they consider themselves to be industrial ventilation engineers. This discussion is limited, however, to individuals offering full‐service industrial hygiene assistance, which is to say that they are prepared to consider or study any workplace, and make recommendations related to potential or actual health hazards arising from work operations. They may, of course, call upon other specialists, such as noted, to be of further assistance, but in general the industrial hygiene consultant is capable of taking appropriate actions related to any risk of adverse health effects arising from the occupational environment.

The profession of industrial hygiene is relatively young, and the process of maturing requires that attitudes and practices gradually change to meet contemporary needs. The substantial growth in the number of industrial hygiene consultants and their use by those requiring such assistance is part of the maturing process, and these trends are likely to continue indefinitely. Industrial hygienists who retain consultants should not be viewed as professionals who lack basic skills, but rather as enlightened professionals who choose to supplement their skills as required to meet their employer's/client's needs in the best manner possible. In this regard, industrial hygiene follows traditions established many years ago by such long established professions as engineering, medicine, and accounting, whose practitioners routinely retain required consultative assistance as soon as the need is perceived.

(2) The consulting organization: Emergence of the industrial hygiene consulting firm in the United States is a relatively recent phenomenon. With few exceptions most of the industrial hygiene firms in business today have their beginnings in the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH) of 1970. A 1966–1967 survey of the industry conducted by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) showed that as recently as 1967, only about 10 to 15 percent of the workforce ever came in contact with an industrial hygienist.

What Needs the Consultants Serve; Services offered consideration as a career, ethics, responsibilities, liabilities and choosing a firm are discussed.
Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacteria
Authors: Gardner Donald E.
Published: August 2005

The genus
Mycobacterium
is one of the most widely distributed bacteria genera in nature and includes those organisms that cause two of the world's most prevalent infectious diseases in humans,
M. tuberculosis
, the agent of tuberculosis and
M. leprae
, the agent of leprosy. A large number of other species in this genera are widespread and occur as contaminants in soil, water, or organic debris. These organisms may be ingested or inhaled in dust particles and produce syndromes that are indistinguishable from classic tuberculosis. The term tuberculosis (TB) is commonly applied to all cases of mycobacterial infections except leprosy. Many of these infections are now being recognized more frequently in immunosuppressed patients who have organ transplants, individuals being treated for leukemia or cancer, and patients suffering from AIDS. In most cases of TB in humans, the lungs are the major organ affected but other tissues and organs such as bone, skin, and the digestive tract may also be infected. Although this chapter focuses primarily on tuberculosis, a discussion of a few of these other opportunistic organisms in this genus that are associated with human disease are also discussed.

The bibliography provided will guide the readers to works which they can consult for more detailed information about these organisms. These references contain discussions on taxonomy, growth requirements, as well as the morphological characteristics, physiology, pathogenicity, and the metabolic activity of these organisms.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Albert Roy E.
Published: August 2005

Ionizing radiation is undoubtedly one of the most intensely studied of all toxic agents. The impetus for understanding its manifold effects came from its extensive use since the beginning of the century in medical diagnosis and in treating cancer. With the development of atomic energy during World War II, the field expanded dramatically. Atomic energy became one of the country's largest industries. The potential health hazards from occupational and environmental sources of radiation became an important area for research; it spawned a new field in the post‐World War II era of measurement and control called health physics.

Under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a great national laboratory complex was established for research on weapons and power production and for biomedical and physics research. Long‐term biomedical research was also initiated at large university‐based facilities and by the support of individual grants. The development and sale of radioisotopes and radiation measuring instruments was subsidized by the AEC to the great benefit of biomedical research in general. Radiation biology has its own society, (the Radiation Research Society), and its own journal, the
Journal of Radiation Research
. In recent years, radiation has become an integral tool for understanding cellular function at the molecular level, for example, the tumor suppressor gene, p53. However, the level of biomedical research on radiation is much lower in the last few decades than earlier.

This chapter gives the toxicologist the basic features of radiation biology. Because of the scope of the field, only the essential concepts are presented. The reader is referred to textbooks and other publications cited for more details.
Gallium, Indium, and Thallium
Authors: Repetto Guillermo , Peso Ana del
Published: August 2005

The chemical elements gallium, indium, and thallium belong to group IIIA in the periodic table. Unlike other metals, such as lead and arsenic, which have been featured prominently in toxicologic folklore since antiquity, they are relative newcomers, discovered from 1861 to 1876. Since then, thallium has developed a well‐deserved reputation for its toxic properties and is recognized as a potent accidental, occupational, and environmental poison, with incidence in cases of homicide and suicide. Although gallium and indium are not as toxic as thallium, their production and industrial use represent an important source of exposure, particularly in the increasing manufacture of semiconductor electronic devices. Gallium compounds particularly produce pulmonary toxicity. Indium compounds induce pulmonary toxicity and also nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and developmental toxicity, whereas thallium compounds act as general poisons. Some compounds are also capable of altering various cellular defense mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. However, many aspects of the toxicity of individual compounds in human beings, including toxicokinetics, mechanisms of action, teratogenic potential, and the best treatment, remain to be elucidated.
Manganese and Rhenium
Authors: Davis J. Michael
Published: August 2005

Manganese (Mn, atomic number 25) and rhenium (Re, atomic number 75) are group 7 (VIIB) transition elements. Before the discovery and confirmation of the existence of rhenium predicted by Mendeleev's periodic law, rhenium was provisionally termed dvi‐manganese because of its expected resemblance to manganese. Manganese and rhenium share many of the general chemical characteristics of metals in the transition series, including multiple valency, the ability to form stable complex ions, paramagnetism, and catalytic properties. However, the second and third elements in the transition series generally have chemical properties more similar to each other than to the first member. Thus, in many respects, rhenium is chemically more similar to technetium than to manganese.

Inhalation of particulate Mn constitutes the dominant route through which toxicity is expressed under most occupational conditions. Manganese is notably toxic to the central nervous system (CNS) and also has effects on the respiratory system and on reproductive function. Numerous clinical cases of frank Mn toxicity denote a characteristic syndrome that may include psychiatric symptoms, dystonia and rigidity, impaired manual dexterity, and gait disturbances. Several epidemiological studies provide a coherent pattern of evidence of neurotoxicity from occupational exposure to Mn at average concentrations around 1 mg/m3or lower. The primary effects observed in such workers pertain to motor function, especially hand steadiness, eye–hand coordination, and rapid coordinated movements, which imply involvement of the CNS extrapyramidal system. Although a growing body of literature is devoted to medical applications of the radioactive isotopes186Re and188Re, very limited information is available on the toxicity of rhenium itself, which makes it difficult to characterize its toxicity with confidence. The few studies conducted thus far suggest that acute administrations of Re may have relatively low toxicity, at least by noninhalation routes. It has been described as “relatively inert” in the body and produces transient changes in blood pressure (both hypo‐ and hypertensive), tachycardia, sedation, and ataxia. In one comparative study, the lethal oral dose of Re was about eight times higher than that of molybdenum. However, one report suggests that it could be more potent as an inhalation toxicant. If true, rhenium and manganese might share the feature of having much greater toxicity by inhalation than by ingestion.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Carreón Tania
Published: August 2005

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are open‐chain compounds that may be saturated or unsaturated. The saturated compounds, known asparaffin hydrocarbonsoralkanes, include methane and its homologs having the empirical formula CnH2n+2. The unsaturated compounds fall into a number of homologous series: (1) those containing one double bond (ethylene and its homologs) and having the formula CnH2nare known asolefinsoralkenes; (2) those containing one triple bond (acetylene and its homologs) are calledacetylenesoralkynesand have the formula CnH2n−2; (3) those having two double bonds (allene, 1,3‐butadiene, and 1,4‐pentadiene represent three types) arediolefinsoralkadienesand also have the formula CnH2n−2; (4) those having a large number of double or triple bonds or both double and triple bonds are named in analogous fashion asalkatrienes,alkatetraenes,alkadiynes,alkenynes, andalkadienynes.

Aliphatic hydrocarbons are asphyxiants and central nervous system (CNS) depressants. Serious toxic effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons include asphyxia and chemical pneumonitis for many paraffins, axonal neuropathy forn‐hexane, and cancer for 1,3‐butadiene.
Phenol and Phenolics
Authors: Gingell Ralph , O'Donoghue John , Staab Robert J. , Daly Ira W. , Bernard Bruce K. , Ranpuria Anish , Wilkinson E. John , Woltering Daniel , Johns Phillip A. , Montgomery Stephen B. , Hammond Larry E. , Leng Marguerita L.
Published: August 2005

Phenol was originally isolated from coal‐tar streams, but now it is almost exclusively produced by the oxidation of cumene and subsequent cleavage of the cumene hydroperoxide to form phenol and acetone. The U.S. production of phenol for 1995 was 4.16 billion lb (3). Phenol is used in the petroleum industry to extract lube (lubricating) oil from residual oil. It is reacted with aldehydes such as formaldehyde to form “phenolic resins,” which are widely used as adhesives, structural products, and electrical laminates. Other uses include the manufacture of caprolactam (an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon), bisphenol A (an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonates), herbicides, wood preservatives, hydraulic fluids, heavy‐duty surfactants, lube‐oil additives, tank linings and coatings, and intermediates for plasticizers and other specialty chemicals. Phenol is used medically in throat lozenges, disinfectants, and ointments; for facial skin peels; and to cause nerve block.

With rare exceptions, human exposure in industry has been limited to accidental contact of phenol with the skin or to inhalation of phenol vapors. Other major sources of inhalation exposure include residential burning and automobile exhaust. Similar details are given for phenolics, including chloro and bromo compounds.
Saturated Methyl Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Reid Jon B.
Published: August 2005

It is impossible to generalize on the saturated methyl halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons discussed in this chapter. Physical properties and toxicological manifestations differ over a broad range depending on the particular halogen and the number of halogen atoms involved.

As mentioned in the previous edition, the usefulness of these compounds has been significantly reduced because of the concern over stratospheric ozone depletion. On the other hand, toxicological interest in these compounds has increased because of concern over their production in chlorinated water systems. The USEPA (National Center for Environmental Assessment) and others are actively investigating the possible relationship between chlorination of drinking water sources and human cancer through many avenues, including sophisticated epidemiologic tools. Many of the compounds have been shown to produce cancer in animals, but their potency for humans is still under consideration, and the complex interactions with regard to human health are challenging.

The other area of biochemistry that is of relevance to some of these materials is in regard to lipid peroxidation and its role in disease and in extrapolation from animal species to humans.

As in the previous editions, this review relies extensively on information provided in earlier editions. Several online databases were utilized in searching for the most recent information in preparing the chapter. These included NTP (National Toxicology Program), IRIS (Integrated Risk Information Service), and the ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) websites. Most recent information was sought through MEDLINE, and, when possible, the original articles were reviewed. Debatably, IRIS was considered to be the last word with regard to cancer. Many of the compounds have been recently reviewed by the ATSDR and are reported in their toxicological profiles. Recent reviews were utilized in preparing this chapter. In addition, the Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards and the ACGIH's TLV's and Other Occupational Exposure Values‐1999 were utilized.
Ethers
Authors: Mehlman Myron A.
Published: August 2005

Naturally occurring ethers may be constituents of essential oils and may be extracted from these sources. Although some ethers may appear naturally, they may be prepared synthetically from other chemicals or other ethers.

Symmetrical ethers are produced by the catalytic dehydration of their corresponding alcohols, for example, diethyl ether from ethanol. They are also obtained as by‐products from the formation of their corresponding esters or alcohols. Ethers may also be made by special synthesis procedures. Some ethers are obtained through the destructive distillation of selected hardwoods.

Ethers have a wide variety of industrial uses. Their commercial value is recognized in the following industries: rubber, plastics, paints and coatings, refrigeration, medicine, dentistry, petroleum, chemical, perfume, cosmetics, toiletries, and food.

The more volatile ethers have been used as liquid refrigerants, general anesthetics, commercial solvents, primers for gasoline engines, fuel additives, and rocket propellants. Other ethers have been used as alkylating agents in chemical syntheses of organic chemicals and in the manufacture of polymers. They are also used to denature alcohol. Halogenated ethers are used in the preparation of ion‐exchange resin, which is a modified polystyrene resin that is chloromethylated and then treated with a tertiary amine or with a polyamine. Ethers have wide use as commercial solvents and extractants for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, resins, dyes, plastics, lacquers, and paints. They are used as dewaxing extractants for lubricating oils. Ethers have had limited use as cleaning and spotting agents. They are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of textile aids, such as dyes and resins. In the pharmaceutical industry, ethers are used as solvents, suspending agents, flavorings for oral drugs, and dental products. They are used to increase viscosity, as penetrants and wetting agents, and as antioxidants and stabilizers. Ethers are used in foods as flavorings and in perfumes as fragrances. They are used as solvents for elastomers and for regenerating rubber. They have use as antiskinning agents in surface coatings and as weathering agents for paints and plastics. Ethers are also used in soaps. Ethers appear in heat transfer agents. Several industries use specific ethers for thickening, dispersing, suspending, binding, and film forming.

The data presented in here are arranged according to the chemical structure of the compounds. An effort has been made to place the chemicals within each group in an order that represents an increase in chain length. Even though the number of chemicals in any one group is limited, it is possible to make general, comparative statements. This corresponds with the acute toxicity data available in theNIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.

The oral toxicity and concentrated vapor data indicate that as the chain length increases in the symmetrical ethers the toxicity is reduced. The inverse is true for skin penetration toxicity.
Ketones of Four Or Five Carbons
Authors: Morgott David A. , Topping Douglas C. , O'Donoghue John L.
Published: August 2005

A ketone is an organic compound containing a carbonyl group (CO) attached to two carbon atoms and can be represented by the general formula

Several billion pounds of ketones are produced annually for industrial use in the United States. Those with the highest production volumes include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, 4‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone, isophorone, mesityl oxide, and acetophenone. Common methods used to manufacture ketones include aliphatic hydrocarbon oxidation, alcohol dehydration with subsequent oxidation, dehydrogenation of phenol, alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation, and condensation reactions.

Ketones are used because of their ease of production, low manufacturing cost, excellent solvent properties, and desirable physical properties such as low viscosity, moderate vapor pressure, low to moderate boiling points, high evaporation rates, and a wide range of miscibility with other liquids. The low‐molecular‐weight aliphatic ketones are miscible with water and organic solvents, whereas the high‐molecular‐weight aliphatic and aromatic ketones are generally immiscible with water. Most ketones are chemically stable. The exceptions are mesityl oxide, which can form peroxides, and methyl isopropenyl ketone, which polymerizes. Most ketones are generally of low flammability.

Ketones are commonly used in industry as solvents, extractants, chemical intermediates, and to a lesser extent, flavor and fragrance ingredients. Ketones have also been reported in the ambient air, in wastewater treatment plants, and in oil field brine discharges.
Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives
Authors: Boatman Rodney J. , Knaak James B.
Published: August 2005

There are currently seven U.S. manufacturers of ethers and other derivatives of ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and higher glycols. Five of them are members of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) Glycol Ethers' Panel.

The glycol ethers most commonly encountered industrially are colorless liquids that have mild ethereal odors. Alkyl glycol ethers are manufactured in a closed, continuous process by reacting ethylene oxide with an anhydrous alcohol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Depending on the molar ratios of the reactants and other process parameters, the product mixtures obtained contain varying amounts of the monoethylene‐, diethylene‐, triethylene‐, and higher glycol ethers. Typically, the products in these mixtures are separated and purified by fractional distillation.

The miscibility of most of these ethers with water and with a large number of organic solvents makes them especially useful as solvents in oil–water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints. Other uses include inks, cleaners, chemical intermediates, process solvents, brake fluids, and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. An estimate of the U.S. production and use of representative ethylene glycol ethers is presented. Production of ethylene glycol ethers (total) in Western Europe amounted to 245 thousand metric tons in 1995.

Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Ingestion is not a concern in industrial exposure, although some cases of intentional ingestion of consumer products containing ethylene glycol ethers have been reported.

A number of analytical methods have been published that are suitable for detecting glycol ethers in environmental air samples.

Glycol ethers generally have low acute, single‐dose toxicity, and LD50values generally range from 1.0 to 4.0 g/kg of body weight. In animals and humans, high‐dose administrations (>350 mg/kg) result in central nervous system depression, although the results from many studies show no specific damage to neural tissues. Other toxicological effects attributable to glycol ethers are associated with metabolism to the corresponding alkoxyacetic acids. In the case of EGME, EGEE, and certain other glycol ether derivatives, significant reproductive, developmental, hematologic, and immunologic effects have been associated with the formation of either methoxyacetic (MAA) or ethoxyacetic acids (EAA). For other glycol ether derivatives substituted with propyl, butyl, or higher homologues, developmental effects secondary to maternal toxicity (without teratogenic effects), as well as hematologic effects, are observed.

Ethylene glycol ethers and acetates may enter the environment from manufacturing effluents and emissions and as a result of their use in commercial products.
Biological Rhythms, Shiftwork, and Occupational Health
Authors: Scott MD Allene J. , LaDou Joseph
Published: August 2005

“… and God divided the light from the darkness, and God called the lightday, and the darkness He callednight. And the evening and the morning were the first day” (Genesis 1:4–5, King James Version). Thus, as has been recognized for millennia,Homo sapiens, as well as all other living creatures on earth, are destined to live in a regular cycle of light and darkness, that is, the 24‐h solar day. For diurnal species, such as human beings, the sunlight portion of the day is the time of activity and the dark, nighttime portion the time for sleeping. Periodicity is an integral part of life.

Although we are under the influence of environmental rhythms, such as the daylight–night cycle, we are also under the physiological influence of our own internal biological clock. Normally the synchronization of our biological rhythms with each other and with environmental rhythms (external time cues) maximizes our waking and sleeping performance and promotes overall well‐being. Night work is opposed to the innate drive to sleep at night and work during the daytime. This unnatural mismatch of environmental and internal temporal influences is of concern for shiftworkers due to the often disruptive effect of schedule‐related time shifts on the normal synchronization of individual biological rhythms with each other as well as with the external time cues.

This chapter reviews basic chronobiological principles as they relate to shiftworker safety and health. Studies dealing with the effects of time shifts on sleep and alertness are discussed as well as performance rhythms. Research exploring the consequences of shiftwork on physical and mental health is reviewed. Countermeasures for minimizing adverse health and safety effects of sleep deprivation and biological rhythm disruption are presented, including work scheduling considerations and medical surveillance. Industrial hygiene considerations related to control of worker exposure to potential toxins during extended and rotating shifts are presented. Finally, international and U.S. regulatory policy regarding shiftwork scheduling and special provisions for shiftworkers are reviewed.
Carbon Black
Authors: McCunney Robert J. , Muranko Henry J. , Valberg Peter A.
Published: August 2005

Carbon black is a powdered form of elemental carbon in the form of near‐spherical colloidal particles and coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size, obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons. It is distinguishable from other commercial carbons, such as charcoal, by its fine particulate nature and the shape, structure, and degree of fusion of the particles observed with the electron microscope. The fundamental unit of a carbon black particle is the aggregate. Although carbon black is often equated with soot, it differs markedly from the unwanted, uncontrolled by‐products of combustion found in chimneys and the ambient air. The contrast between carbon blacks, soots, and diesel particulate is discussed in more detail in the following.

Carbon black is the earliest known synthetic pigment, having been produced by the Chinese more than 1500 years ago. They made the ink pigment lampblack by burning purified animal or vegetable oils in small lamps with the flames impinging on cool porcelain surfaces on which the carbon black collected.

Carbon black has been commercially produced in the United States for more than 100 years. Although it is still used as a pigment in printing inks, paints, and lacquers, its major use over the past 50 years has been as a reinforcing agent in rubber, particularly in tires. It is also used in plastics, to which it imparts weathering resistance, antistatic, and electrically conductive properties.
Backbone dynamics of human parathyroid hormone (1–34): Flexibility of the central region under different environmental conditions
Authors: Scian Michele , Marin Massimiliano , Bellanda Massimo , Tou Liqiang , Alexander Joseph M. , Rosenblatt Michael , Chorev Michael , Peggion Evaristo , Mammi Stefano
Published: August 2005

The presence of a stable tertiary structure in the bioactive N‐terminal portion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a major hormone in the maintenance of extracellular calcium homeostasis, is still debated. In this work, 15N relaxation parameters of the 33 backbone amides of human PTH(1–34) were determined in phosphate‐buffered saline solution (PBS) and in the presence of dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles. The relaxation parameters were analyzed using both the model‐free formalism (G. Lipari and A. Szabo, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, Vol. 104, pp. 4546–4549) and the reduced spectral density functions approach (J.‐F. Lefevre, K. T. Dayie, J. W. Peng, and G. Wagner, Biochemistry, 1996, Vol. 35, pp. 2674–2686). In PBS, the region around Gly12 possesses a high degree of flexibility and the C‐terminal helix is less flexible than the N‐terminal one. In the presence of DPC micelles, the mobility of the entire molecule is reduced, but the stability of the N‐terminal helix increases relative to the C‐terminal one. A point of relatively higher mobility at residue Gly12 is still present and a new site of local mobility at residues 16–17 is generated. These results justify the lack of experimental nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) restraints with lack of tertiary structure and support the hypothesis that, in the absence of the receptor, the relative spatial orientation of the two N‐ and C‐terminal helices is undefined. The flexibility in the midregion of PTH(1–34), maintained in the presence of the membrane‐mimetic environment, may enable the correct relative disposition of the two helices, favoring a productive interaction with the receptor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 147–160, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cα‐Tetrasubstituted amino acid based peptides in asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Licini Giulia , Bonchio Marcella , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Kaptein Bernard , Moretto Alessandro , Toniolo Claudio , Scrimin Paolo
Published: August 2005

Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids constitute a powerful tool for controlling the conformation of short peptide sequences. Chiral peptides may be used in stereoselective reactions both for asymmetric induction and in kinetic resolution. By reviewing recent data from our own laboratories and by presenting new results on the stereoselective oxidation of chalcone to the corresponding oxide, this contribution shows that the control of peptide conformation is a critical issue in order to achieve successful stereoselective catalysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 97–104, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
How Trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane Reacts with Itself in the Presence of Naked Fluoride—A One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis([15]crown‐5)cesium 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐Heptafluoro‐2,4‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pentenide
Authors: Tyrra Wieland , Kremlev Mikhail M. , Naumann Dieter , Scherer Harald , Schmidt Harald , Hoge Berthold , Pantenburg Ingo , Yagupolskii Yurii L.
Published: August 2005

Reactions of trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane in the presence of “naked” fluoride proceed up to a temperature of +5 °C mainly with formation of [Me3Si(CF3)2]−. A further rise of temperature up to about 20 °C gives evidence for the formation of a salt with the 1,1,1,2,3,6,6,6‐octafluoro‐2,4,4,5,5‐pentakis(trifluoromethyl)hexan‐3‐ide anion. This intermediate decomposes at room temperature into the 1,1,1,3,5,5,5‐heptafluoro‐2,4‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pentenide anion. The bis([15]crown‐5)cesium salt, [Cs([15]crown‐5)2][(CF3)2CCFC(CF3)2] has been characterized unambiguously as the stable final product of this reaction sequence. Thermal decomposition of this salt opens a convenient nontoxic route to obtain 1,1,3,3‐tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)allene, (F3C)2CCC(CF3)2.
Slow and fast fiber isoform gene expression is systematically altered in skeletal muscle of the Sox6 mutant, p100H
Authors: Hagiwara Nobuko , Ma Betty , Ly Alice
Published: August 2005

We have previously demonstrated that p100H mutant mice, which lack a functional Sox6 gene, exhibit skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and develop cardiac conduction abnormalities soon after birth. To understand the role of Sox6 in skeletal muscle development, we identified muscle‐specific genes differentially expressed between wild‐type and p100H mutant skeletal muscles and investigated their temporal expression in the mutant muscle. We found that, in the mutant skeletal muscle, slow fiber and cardiac isoform genes are expressed at significantly higher levels, whereas fast fiber isoform genes are expressed at significantly lower levels than wild‐type. Onset of this aberrant fiber type‐specific gene expression in the mutant coincides with the beginning of the secondary myotube formation, at embryonic day 15–16 in mice. Together with our earlier report, demonstrating early postnatal muscle defects in the Sox6 null‐p100H mutant, the present results suggest that Sox6 likely plays an important role in muscle development. Developmental Dynamics 234:301–311, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of extraction protocols and epidermal growth factor on the cellular repopulation of decellularized anterior cruciate ligament allografts
Authors: Harrison Robert D. , Gratzer Paul F.
Published: August 2005

We are developing a decellularized bone–anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–bone allograft for treatment of ACL disruption in young or active patients. This study demonstrates the feasibility of seeding decellularized ACL tissue with primary ligament fibroblasts. Porcine ACLs were decellularized by one of three protocols, each differing only by the detergent/solvent used during the second wash (SDS, Triton‐X, or TnBP). Porcine ACL fibroblasts were obtained by explant and seeded onto tissue samples of decellularized ACL. Culture conditions were varied to compare the relative effect of three different decellularization protocols on cellular repopulation. Culture condition variables included (1) the number of cells used for seeding, (2) the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF), and (3) culture duration. Cellular ingrowth was assessed by metabolic activity (MTT assay), DNA quantification (Hoescht dye), and histology (H&E staining). Cell counting on histological sections demonstrated that Triton‐X–and TnBP‐treated ligaments were more receptive to cellular ingrowth than SDS‐treated samples. The addition of EGF to culture medium did not significantly increase cellular ingrowth. Both the Triton‐X and TnBP decellularization treatments provide suitable, naturally derived scaffolds for the ingrowth of primary ACL fibroblasts, and should be further investigated in the development of an allograft‐derived bone–ACL–bone graft. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
High early strength calcium phosphate bone cement: Effects of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and absorbable fibers
Authors: Burguera Elena F. , Xu Hockin H. K. , Takagi Shozo , Chow Laurence C.
Published: August 2005

Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) sets in situ to form resorbable hydroxyapatite with chemical and crystallographic similarity to the apatite in human bones, hence it is highly promising for clinical applications. The objective of the present study was to develop a CPC that is fast setting and has high strength in the early stages of implantation. Two approaches were combined to impart high early strength to the cement: the use of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate with a high solubility (which formed the cement CPCD) instead of anhydrous dicalcium phosphate (which formed the conventional cement CPCA), and the incorporation of absorbable fibers. A 2 × 8 design was tested with two materials (CPCA and CPCD) and eight levels of cement reaction time: 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 1.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h. An absorbable suture fiber was incorporated into cements at 25% volume fraction. The Gilmore needle method measured a hardening time of 15.8 min for CPCD, five‐fold faster than 81.5 min for CPCA, at a powder:liquid ratio of 3:1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanosized rod‐like hydroxyapatite crystals and platelet crystals in the cements. At 30 min, the flexural strength (mean ± standard deviation; n = 5) was 0 MPa for CPCA (the paste did not set), (4.2 ± 0.3) MPa for CPCD, and (10.7 ± 2.4) MPa for CPCD‐fiber specimens, significantly different from each other (Tukey's at 0.95). The work of fracture (toughness) was increased by two orders of magnitude for the CPCD‐fiber cement. The high early strength matched the reported strength for cancellous bone and sintered porous hydroxyapatite implants. The composite strength Sc was correlated to the matrix strength Sm: Sc = 2.16Sm. In summary, substantial early strength was imparted to a moldable, self‐hardening and resorbable hydroxyapatite via two synergistic approaches: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and absorbable fibers. The new fast‐setting and strong cement may help prevent catastrophic fracture or disintegration in moderate stress‐bearing bone repairs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
The resolution of the anti‐mitre Steiner triple system conjecture
Authors: Wolfe Adam
Published: August 2005

This paper gives a proof of the existence of anti‐mitre Steiner triple systems of order n for every n ≡ 1,3 mod 6 except for n = 9. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 229–236, 2006
A comparative study on viscosity behavior of water‐soluble chemically modified guar gum derivatives with different functional lateral groups
Authors: Zhang Li‐Ming , Zhou Jian‐Fang , Hui Peter S
Published: August 2005

A comparative study was carried out on the viscosity behavior of three new water‐soluble chemically modified guar gum derivatives with different functional lateral groups, including O‐carboxymethyl‐O‐hydroxypropyl guar gum (CMHPG), with anionic character, O‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(trimethylammonio)propyl guar gum (HTPG), with cationic character, and O‐carboxymethyl‐O‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(trimethylammonio)propyl guar (CMHTPG), with amphoteric character. It was found that the shear rate, concentration, temperature, added salt and surfactant affected the viscosity properties of these new guar gum derivatives in aqueous solutions. Regardless of the functional lateral groups, all sample solutions behaved as non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning fluids, and their viscosity increased with the increase in their concentration but decreased with the increase in temperature. Aqueous CMHTPG solution had the strongest shear‐thinning property, and aqueous CMHPG solution investigated had the greatest viscous flow activation energy. In contrast to cationic HTPG or anionic CMHPG, amphoteric CMHTPG had an enhanced viscosity property in aqueous salt solutions, exhibiting an unusual anti‐polyelectrolyte viscosity behavior. The addition of sodium dodecylsulfate was found to result in a decrease in the viscosity of aqueous HTPG solution and an increase in the viscosity of aqueous CMHPG solution or CMHTPG solution. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of seed treatments on the chemical composition of two amaranth species: oil, sugars, fibres, minerals and vitamins
Authors: Gamel Tamer H , Linssen Jozef P , Mesallam Ahmed S , Damir Ahmed A , Shekib Lila A
Published: August 2005

The effects of seed treatments, including cooking, popping, germination and flour air classification on several components of Amaranthus caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, including oil, sugars, fibre, minerals and vitamins were studied. The lipid, crude and dietary fibre, ash, and sugar contents were 71, 43, 140, 30 and 18 g kg−1 in raw A. caudatus and 85, 39, 134, 40 and 22 g kg−1 in raw A. cruentus seeds, respectively. Sucrose was the dominant sugar in the raw and thermal treated seeds of both species, while glucose and galactose were the dominant ones in the high protein and the germinated seed flours. Phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium were the dominant minerals in the raw seeds of both species. Air classification increased the content of minerals by more than 35% while thermal treatments did not affect their content and germination increased the calcium and zinc contents. The ascorbic acid contents were 0.030 and 0.023 g kg−1 sample in raw A. caudatus and A. cruentus seeds, respectively. All the treatments reduced the ascorbic acid content, with a high effect for the air classification and the germinated seeds dried at 90 °C. The levels of vitamin B complex, including niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine and riboflavin were increased in the high protein flour fraction (protein contents of these fractions of A. caudatus and A. cruentus were 263.9 g kg−1 and 246.6 g kg−1, respectively) and decreased in the thermal treated flours. Germination mostly increased the amounts of those vitamins while drying reduced their amounts. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of selected Hofmeister anions on functional properties of protein isolate prepared from lablab seeds (Lablab purpureus)
Authors: Lawal OS , Afolabi TA , Adebowale KO , Ogunsanwo BM , Bankole SA
Published: August 2005

Effects of selected Hofmeister anions, namely Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, NaClO4 and NaSCN, on the functional properties of a protein isolate prepared from lablab seeds (Lablab purpureus) were investigated. The results of water absorption capacity indicated that highest water absorption was recorded in solutions of Na2SO4, and the lowest in NaSCN solutions. Reduction in water absorption capacity followed the Hofmeister series in the order Na2SO4 > NaCl > NaBr, NaI > NaClO4 > NaSCN. Protein solutions prepared in chaotropic (NaI, NaClO4, NaSCN) salts had better foam capacity, foam stability, emulsifying activity and emulsion stability than solutions prepared with kosmotropic salts (Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr). The results also indicate that increase in foam capacity and stability followed the Hofmeister series in the order Na2SO4 < NaCl < NaBr, NaI < NaClO4 < NaSCN. When least gelation concentration (LGC) was used as the index of gelation capacity, at various salts concentrations, the lowest LGC were observed in NaSCN and the highest LGC in protein solutions prepared with Na2SO4. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Somatosensory evoked potential and clinical changes after electrode implant in basal ganglia of parkinsonian patients
Authors: Insola Angelo , Mazzone Paolo , Valeriani Massimiliano
Published: August 2005

Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in three parkinsonian patients who underwent electrode implant in the subthalamic nucleus and/or globus pallidus for chronic deep brain stimulation (DBS). SEPs were evoked before surgery, in a medication‐free condition, and after the functional stereotactic procedure, before beginning DBS. In order to evaluate the timing of the SEP changes after the electrode implant, in three further patients SEPs were recorded within the operating theater, before and immediately after the implantation. Patients' symptoms improved immediately after the electrode implant, and both N20 and N30 amplitudes increased in the postsurgical SEP recording. The clinical and neurophysiological effects observed after surgery, before commencing DBS, can be explained by microdamage in the target nucleus following the electrode implant. They occurred also in the patients studied in the operating theater, thus suggesting that they occur immediately after the stereotactic procedure. Our results suggest that the circuitries between the basal ganglia and the primary sensorimotor cortex may be modified not only by DBS but also by microdamage due to surgery and that they exert an important influence on SEP amplitude. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Approximations and empirics for stochastic war equations
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Moxnes John F.
Published: August 2005

The article develops a theorem which shows that the Lanchester linear war equations are not in general equal to the Kolmogorov linear war equations. The latter are time‐consuming to solve, and speed is important when a large number of simulations must be run to examine a large parameter space. Run times are provided, where time is a scarce factor in warfare. Four time efficient approximations are presented in the form of ordinary differential equations for the expected sizes and variances of each group, and the covariance, accounting for reinforcement and withdrawal of forces. The approximations are compared with “exact” Monte Carlo simulations and empirics from the WWII Ardennes campaign. The band spanned out by plus versus minus the incremented standard deviations captures some of the scatter in the empirics, but not all. With stochastically varying combat effectiveness coefficients, a substantial part of the scatter in the empirics is contained. The model is used to forecast possible futures. The implications of increasing the combat effectiveness coefficient governing the size of the Allied force, and injecting reinforcement to the German force during the Campaign, are evaluated, with variance assessments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Chronic granulomatous disease in Latin American patients: Clinical spectrum and molecular genetics
Authors: Agudelo‐Flórez Piedad , Prando‐Andrade Carolina Cardoso , López Juan Alvaro , Costa‐Carvalho Beatriz Tavares , Quezada Arnoldo , Espinosa Francisco Jose , de Souza Paiva Maria Aparecida , Roxo Persio , Grumach Anete , Jacob Cristina Abe , Carneiro‐Sampaio Magda Maria Salles , Newburger Peter E. , Condino‐Neto Antonio
Published: August 2005

Background

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by early onset of recurrent and severe infections. The molecular defects causing CGD are heterogeneous and lead to absence, low expression, or malfunctioning of one of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase components. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and to investigate the molecular genetic defects of Latin American patients with CGD.

Procedures

The study included 14 patients. The diagnosis was based on a history of recurrent severe infections, impaired respiratory burst, and the demonstration of an underlying mutation by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or RT‐PCR analysis, followed by genomic DNA or cDNA sequencing.

Results

Seven unrelated patients were found to have the X‐linked form of CGD (X‐CGD). Heterogeneous mutations affected the CYBB gene: two insertions, one substitution, and four splice site defects; two of them are novel. Seven patients presented with one of the autosomal recessive forms of CGD (A47‐CGD); all had the most common mutation, a ΔGT deletion in exon 2 of the NCF1 gene. Pneumonia was the most frequent clinical feature, followed by pyoderma, sinusitis, otitis, and liver abscess. Patients with X‐CGD were more likely to have initial infections before age 2 years and to have inflammatory obstructive granulomas later. None of the patients had severe adverse reactions to BCG immunization.

Conclusions

X‐CGD patients from Latin America showed a high degree of molecular heterogeneity, including two novel mutations. Their clinical characteristics included early onset of infections and eventual obstructive granulomas. A47‐CGD represented 50% of the reported cases, a higher prevalence than reported in other series. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MALT lymphoma in children: A report from the NHL‐BFM study group
Authors: Claviez Alexander , Meyer Ulrike , Dominick Christoph , Beck James F. , Rister Manfred , Tiemann Markus
Published: August 2005

Marginal zone lymphomas of MALT type comprise a considerable group of indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adult patients. In childhood, however, these tumors are extremely rare, as nearly all pediatric patients have aggressive NHL. Among 2,703 children and adolescents registered into the prospective multicenter NHL‐BFM treatment studies since 1986, only 4 patients (0.1%) displayed features of MALT lymphoma. These tumors were localized in the stomach, breast, lower lid, and conjunctiva, respectively and they were associated with H. pylori infection in two patients. All children are alive but long‐term follow‐up will be mandatory to assess the behavior of MALT lymphoma in this age group. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small‐scale sorted nets on glacial till, Fláajökull (Southeast Iceland) and Elisbreen (Northwest Spitsbergen)
Authors: Dabski Maciej
Published: August 2005

Small sorted nets occur on glacial tills deposited since the end of 19th century by the Fláajökull (southeast Iceland) and Elisbreen (northwest Spitsbergen) glaciers. The nets have mesh diameters of 0.1 to 1.2 m. They possess a relatively flat microrelief and depth of sorting of 5 to 15 cm. Clasts within the coarse domain (stony borders) and till fabric analysis display chaotic orientation. The nets within the Fláajökull moraine are more active compared with nets from the Elisbreen moraines. Despite major differences in climatic conditions between southeast Iceland and northwest Spitsbergen, it is inferred that there is no distinct difference in the sorted patterns that have developed upon the young moraines of the two glaciers. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.