bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative determination of amino acids in functional foods by microchip electrophoresis
Authors: Ueno Hiroko , Wang Jun , Kaji Noritada , Tokeshi Manabu , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: February 2008

Microchip electrophoresis (MCE), a first‐generation micrototal analysis system, has emerged during the miniaturization phase of food analysis. Based on the micellar electrokinetic chromatography mode, a simple and fast MCE method with light emitting diode‐induced fluorescence detection was developed for quantitative analysis of amino acids in three different kinds of functional foods, viz. sports beverages, jelly‐form beverages, and tablet‐form functional foods. In contrast to the glass microchip, we improved the separation of amino acids on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chip by addition of cationic starch derivatives. 4‐Fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, which has a short labeling time for amino acids, was used as the fluorescently labeled dye. This MCE method takes less than 10 min of total analysis time including sample preparation and analysis of amino acids in functional foods on a PMMA chip. The results show that this approach has the potential to be a fast and simple method for amino acid analysis in functional foods.
Conflicting epistemic cultures and obstacles for learning across communities of practice
Authors: Mørk Bjørn Erik , Aanestad Margunn , Hanseth Ole , Grisot Miria
Published: February 2008

This paper addresses the challenges that arise when knowledge production occurs in cross‐disciplinary settings. To date most studies on communities of practice have focused on knowledge production within communities of practice rather than across communities of practice. We analyse the various professional groups in a medical R&D department as a constellation of distinct, but interconnected communities of practice with different epistemic cultures. The medical R&D case is particularly interesting for this purpose, because it involved creating new cross‐disciplinary practices between different pre‐existing and well‐established communities of practice. In line with our focus on the challenges and processes involved in cross‐disciplinary knowledge production, we describe negotiations and tensions during the establishment of the department, as well as in day‐to‐day practice. In particular, we focus on how the ‘machineries of knowledge production’, that is, the actual mechanisms by which knowledge is pursued, are different across the various communities of practice. These machineries belong to different epistemic cultures on a national or even international scale, and thus every community of practice is part of a complex web of people, activities and material structures extending well beyond the immediate work context. This networked character of knowing in practice explain why learning on the system level of communities of practice can be challenging. It may lead to path‐dependent learning processes, and radical change can become limited if the knowledge required by new and different practices is incompatible with the existing stock of knowledge. Consequently, we suggest that the communities of practice approach could be enriched by looking at diversity and discontinuity in the epistemic cultures and networks that the different communities of practice are associated with. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cylindrical Micelles from the Self‐Assembly of Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Diblock Copolymers in Nonpolar Selective Solvents
Authors: Lazzari Massimo , Scalarone Dominique , Vazquez‐Vazquez Carlos , López‐Quintela M. Arturo
Published: February 2008

A series of polyacrylonitrile‐block‐polystyrene (PAN‐b‐PS) and polyacrylonitrile‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PAN‐b‐PMMA) diblock copolymers with PAN volume fraction up to 20% self‐assembles in nonpolar selective solvents to form cylindrical micelles with a PAN core, having contour length varying between less than 1 µm and tens of micrometers. Micelle characterization by differential light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry enabled to point out the role played by crystallinity during micellization, thence suggesting that the core crystallization force overcomes other factors governing self‐assembling processes.

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Laser Induced Marking of Polymer Chains with Radical Spin Traps
Authors: Junkers Tanja , Wong Edgar H. H. , Szablan Zachary , Davis Thomas P. , Stenzel Martina H. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: February 2008

A pathway for marking of polymer chains with radical spin traps during pulsed laser polymerization in free radical polymerization is presented. By introducing a so‐called marker that forms a non‐propagating radical at (or shortly after) the incidence of a laser pulse, a polymer subdistribution is generated by specifically terminating propagating radicals via combination with such a marker radical. The generated polymer subdistribution can subsequently be imaged by modern soft‐ionization mass spectrometry. Herein, the general methodology of the method in which such marker is generated via reaction of an initiating radical with a nitrone is demonstrated on the examples of BA and VAc.

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Microproteomics: Analysis of protein diversity in small samples
Authors: Gutstein Howard B. , Morris Jeffrey S. , Annangudi Suresh P. , Sweedler Jonathan V.
Published: February 2008

Proteomics, the large‐scale study of protein expression in organisms, offers the potential to evaluate global changes in protein expression and their post‐translational modifications that take place in response to normal or pathological stimuli. One challenge has been the requirement for substantial amounts of tissue in order to perform comprehensive proteomic characterization. In heterogeneous tissues, such as brain, this has limited the application of proteomic methodologies. Efforts to adapt standard methods of tissue sampling, protein extraction, arraying, and identification are reviewed, with an emphasis on those appropriate to smaller samples ranging in size from several microliters down to single cells. The effects of miniaturization on these analyses are highlighted using neuroscience‐related examples, as are statistical issues unique to the high‐dimensional datasets generated by proteomic experiments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 27: 316–330, 2008
Characteristics of testicular dysgenesis syndrome and decreased expression of SRY and SOX9 in Frasier syndrome
Authors: Schumacher Valérie , Gueler Banu , Looijenga Leendert H.J. , Becker Jan Ulrich , Amann Kerstin , Engers Rainer , Dotsch Joerg , Stoop Hans , Schulz Wolfgang , Royer‐Pokora Brigitte
Published: February 2008

Frasier syndrome (FS) is characterized by chronic renal failure in early adulthood, varying degrees of gonadal dysgenesis, and a high risk for gonadal germ cell malignancies, particularly gonadoblastoma. Although it is known to arise from heterozygous splice mutations in intron 9 of the Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1), the mechanisms by which these mutations result in gonadal dysgenesis in humans remain obscure. Here we show that a decrease in WT1 + KTS isoforms due to disruption of alternative splicing of the WT1 gene in a FS patient is associated with diminished expression of the transcription factors SRY and SOX9 in Sertoli cells. These findings provide the first confirmation in humans of the results obtained by others in mice. Consequently, Sertoli cells fail to form the specialized environment within the seminiferous tubules that normally houses developing germ cells. Thus, germ cells are unable to fully mature and are blocked at the spermatogonial–spermatocyte stage. Concomitantly, subpopulations of the malignant counterpart of primordial germ cells/gonocytes, the intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified type (ITGCN), are identified. Furthermore, dysregulated Leydig cells produce insufficient levels of testosterone, resulting in hypospadias. Collectively, the impaired spermatogenesis, hypospadias and ITGCN comprise part of the developmental disorder known as ‘testicular dysgenesis syndrome’ (TDS), which arises during early fetal life. The data presented here show that critical levels of WT1 + KTS, SRY and SOX9 are required for normal Sertoli cell maturation, and subsequent normal spermatogenesis. To further study the function of human Sertoli cells in the future, we have established a human cell line. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1484–1494, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peaks and troughs—an exploration of patient perspectives of dangerous and severe personality disorder assessment (Peaks Unit, Rampton Hospital)
Authors: Maltman Lisa , Stacey Jacquie , Hamilton Laura
Published: February 2008

Rationale Although accessing user‐perspectives is a key National Health Service initiative, the literature reporting user's views of forensic services, particularly dangerous and severe personality disorder (DSPD) services, is in its infancy.

Aim and Design This qualitative study applied thematic analysis to 12 semi‐structured interviews aimed to enhance professional understanding of how Peaks Unit treatment‐ward participants retrospectively perceive their experience of being admitted and assessed at the unit.

Findings Reported themes include ‘fear’ associated with participants' personal safety concerns and apprehensions regarding inhumane treatment and prolonged detention. The local metaphor of the DSPD Unit as the ‘dark side’ exacerbated such fears. ‘Shock’ also emerged as a primary theme resulting from unexpected admissions, security measures and some staff responses. ‘Offering hope’ provided a further theme with many participants reporting a climate of therapeutic optimism within staff teams and ‘refreshing’ opportunities for change. Reservations were also expressed about the service potentially offering ‘false hope’. Several suggestions are proposed for future assessment strategy including escalating user‐involvement activity, managing expectations, promoting therapeutic optimism and helping patients to attain a realistic sense of hope in order to maximise therapeutic engagement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of social problem solving in improving social functioning in therapy for adults with personality disorder
Authors: McMurran Mary , Huband Nick , Duggan Conor
Published: February 2008

Objectives In a previous study, adults with personality disorder who were treated with psychoeducation and social problem‐solving therapy improved in social functioning.The purpose of this paper is to examine in more detail the role of social problem solving in effecting change in that study. The hypotheses are that there will be improvements in social problem solving after therapy, and that these improvements will predict change in social functioning.

Design An examination of pre‐ to post‐intervention changes on a psychometric measure of social problem solving, and the relationship of change scores to improvements on a measure of social functioning.

Method Data on 93 community‐dwelling adults with personality disorder who completed treatment were examined. Pre‐ and post‐treatment scores on the Social Problem Solving Inventory‐Revised (SPSI‐R) and the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ) were examined using repeated measures t‐tests. SPSI‐R scale change scores were examined in relation to their prediction of change on the SFQ in regression analyses.

Results The mean pre‐ to post‐treatment changes were positive on all SPSI‐R scales and the SFQ. In regression analysis, after controlling for pre‐treatment SFQ scores, change on the SPSI‐R total score predicted change on the SFQ. Of the SPSI‐R subscales, change in Negative Problem Orientation (NPO) was the sole predictor of change on SFQ.

Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that, when social problem‐solving therapy for people with personality disorder works, it does so by improving their social problem‐solving ability. Specifically, social problem‐solving therapy may be effective by reducing NPO, and thereby improving social functioning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of age to symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity and health care utilization in persons with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Blum Nancee , Franklin Joann , Hansel Rebecca , McCormick Brett , St. John Don , Pfohl Bruce , Allen Jeff , Black Donald W.
Published: February 2008

Background The objective of the study was to test the association of age with symptom severity, frequency and pattern of psychiatric comorbidity, health care utilization and quality of life in subjects with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Methods The analysis is based on a sample of subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disroders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) BPD (n = 163) recruited for participation in a clinical trial at an academic medical center. The subjects were assessed using structured and semi‐structured instruments of known reliability.

Results Tests of trend with age showed relationships with important variables assessing symptom severity, comorbidity, quality of life and health care utilization. As expected, younger subjects were less likely to be married, to be employed or to receive disability payments. The frequency of most lifetime comorbid Axis I disorders was not related to age, although posttraumatic stress disorder was more frequent in the 35‐ to 44‐year age group, and younger patients were more likely to have comorbid histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. Baseline severity variables were mostly unrelated to age, with the exception of impulsivity, which was more common in younger patients, as were acts of deliberate self‐harm. As expected, older patients reported poorer quality of life in categories indicating worse health perception and greater pain levels, and tended to use more health care resources than younger patients.

Conclusion Most characteristics of patients with BPD are unrelated to age, yet impulsivity and acts of deliberate self‐harm were less frequent in older patients. Expected age‐related changes, such as reports of worse physical health, greater pain levels and greater health care utilization, were observed in older subjects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of resorcinarene‐centered eight‐arm poly(ε‐caprolactone) stars catalyzed by yttrium complex
Authors: Gou Peng‐Fei , Zhu Wei‐Pu , Shen Zhi‐Quan
Published: February 2008

Two novel multifunctional precursors with eight alcoholic hydroxyls were synthesized by derivatization of resorcinarene. Well‐defined eight‐arm star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone)s (SPCLs) with reasonably narrow molecular weight distributions have been successfully prepared using the precursors as macro‐initiators and yttrium tris(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenolate) [Y(DBMP)3] as catalyst at 40 °C. The molecular weight of SPCLs was characterized by end group 1H NMR analyses and size‐exclusion chromatography, which could be well controlled by the molar ratio of the monomer to the precursor. The polymerization is more controllable with the precursor holding longer hydrocarbon chains as R groups. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses suggested that the maximal melting point, the crystallization temperature, and the degree of crystallinities of SPCLs increased with the increasing of the molecular weight, and were significantly lower than that of the counterpart linear poly(ε‐caprolactone) (LPCL). Furthermore, polarized optical microscopy indicated that LPCL showed fast crystallization rate with apparent Maltese cross pattern, whereas SPCL exhibited irregular spherulite and apparently slower crystallization rate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2108–2118, 2008
Synthesis of novel branched ethylene/cyclopentene copolymers with only cis‐1,3‐enchained cyclopentene units using α‐diimine nickel(II) complexes in the presence of methylaluminoxane
Authors: Zou Hao , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing
Published: February 2008

The copolymerization of ethylene with cyclopentene catalyzed by three α‐diimine nickel(II) complexes in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) was investigated. High‐molecular‐weight branched ethylene/cyclopentene copolymers with only cis‐1,3‐enchained cyclopentene units, which has not been reported previously, were obtained. The catalytic activity, cyclopentene incorporation, copolymer molecular weight, and molecular‐weight distribution could be controlled over a wide range through the variation of the catalyst structure and polymerization conditions, including cyclopentene concentration in the feed and polymerization temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2186–2192, 2008
Thermosensitive diblock copolymers with designed molecular weight distribution: Synthesis by continuous living cationic polymerization and micellization behavior
Authors: Seno Ken‐Ichi , Kanaoka Shokyoku , Aoshima Sadahito
Published: February 2008

The synthesis of diblock copolymers with designed molecular weight distributions (MWDs) was successfully demonstrated in a continuous living cationic polymerization system using simple equipment. The control of MWDs was achieved by gradually feeding a polymerization reaction mixture into a terminating agent. As thermosensitive diblock copolymers, poly(vinyl ethers) containing a thermosensitive segment with oxyethylene side chains and a hydrophilic segment were prepared. The polymerization was carried out in a gas‐tight microsyringe, and the polymerization mixture was added continuously into methanol during the second‐stage polymerization. The self‐association behavior of the resulting diblock copolymers was evaluated by dynamic light scattering in water. MWD‐designed polymers with thermosensitive segments that varied continuously in length and hydrophilic segments of nearly uniform lengths formed micelles with a broad size distribution. Conversely, polymers with nearly uniform thermosensitive segments and hydrophilic segments of different lengths formed micelles with a narrow size distribution, as observed with conventional narrow MWD diblock copolymers. Thus, the MWD of the thermosensitive segment proved a decisive factor in achieving fine control of self‐association. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2212–2221, 2008
Pd(0)‐catalyzed polycondensation of methyl propargyl carbonate and bisphenols under stoichiometrically imbalanced conditions
Authors: Takemura Tomonori , Sugie Koji , Nishino Hiroshi , Kawabata Satoshi , Koizumi Toshio
Published: February 2008

We found that a novel Pd(0)‐catalyzed polycondensation of methyl propargyl carbonate (1) and bisphenol analogs 4 such as 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl ether (4b) proceeded successfully and gave polyethers 5 having exomethylene groups. The polycondensation was affected by the kind of bisphenol analogs used. The molar ratio of 1 and 4 also affected the polymerization behavior. Polyethers 5 with higher molecular weights were obtained by polymerization with 0.5 equiv of 4 toward 1. The use of 1 equiv of 4 gave poor results. When 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone (4d) was employed as a nucleophile, benzenesulfonamide (13) was needed as an additive for obtaining the corresponding polyether with higher molecular weight. The Pd(0)‐catalyzed condensation of 1 and p‐hydroxyacetophenone was conducted as a model reaction. The desired compound and three by‐products were produced. Two of the by‐products were formed by reaction of 1 and methanol liberated from 1. The other one appeared to be formed via hydrogenolysis. The formation of the by‐products suggested that some terminal reactions took place in the polycondensation of 1 and 4. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2250–2261, 2008
Power‐law scaling of structured poly(p‐xylylene) films deposited by oblique angle
Authors: Cetinkaya Murat , Malvadkar Niranjan , Demirel Melik C.
Published: February 2008

This study describes the evolution and growth of structured polymers by oblique angle deposition of poly(p‐xylylene) (PPX) derivatives. The deposition of structured PPX polymers have been demonstrated recently, but the mechanism of growth has not been studied. Here, we provide experimental evidence for the growth of structured PPX polymers by an atomic force microscope, electron microscope, and a profilometer. Individual columns expand with respect to their heights according to a power‐law, d = chp, where d is the column diameter, c and p are constants, and h is the height of a column. Values of p for structured poly(chloro‐p‐xylylene), poly(trifloroacetly‐p‐xylylene‐co‐p‐xylylene), and poly(bromo‐p‐xylylene) films are estimated as 0.11 ± 0.01, 0.15 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.01, respectively. This result is different from the traditional oblique angle deposition processes of nonpolymeric materials where the surface diffusion is low. Further analysis with two‐dimensional power spectral density (PSD) method showed that the ordering of columns is quasi‐periodic. Additionally, the X‐ray and transmission electron microscope characterization of the columns revealed that the columns are semicrystalline. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 640–648, 2008
Low‐temperature growth of high quality AlN films on carbon face 6H‐SiC
Authors: Kim Myunghee , Ohta Jitsuo , Kobayashi Atsushi , Fujioka Hiroshi , Oshima Masaharu
Published: February 2008

In the reciprocal space map of Fig. 4 in Kim et al. [phys. stat. sol. (RRL) 2, No. 1, 13–15 (2008)] the labelling of the horizontal axis was incorrect. The corrected figure is presented here. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Management of thyroid disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Weetman A.P.
Published: February 2008

Thyroid function abnormalities are common in pregnancy. Both hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis can affect the fetus and alter obstetric outcome, while pregnancy itself has important effects on thyroid function. In this review, Professor Weetman highlights common management problems. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd.
Spatial and temporal aspects of agricultural sustainability in the semi‐arid tropics: a case study in Mbeere district, Eastern Kenya
Authors: Onduru Davies D , Du Preez Chris C
Published: February 2008

A study was conducted in the semi‐arid Mbeere district, Eastern Kenya, to determine spatial and temporal variability of crop yields and climatic factors and their impacts on sustainability of semi‐arid agriculture. Spatial aspects were assessed by conducting a survey of on‐farm crop yields and using a computer model (QUEFTS) to predict maize yields from soil chemical indices. Temporal aspects were studied using time‐series data (rainfall, temperature and crop yields). The study did not find a significant correlation between farmers' actual yields and QUEFTS predictions, and soil nutrients were thus not the only factors influencing maize yields in the study area. Other yield‐reducing factors (climate and management) not accounted for in the QUEFTS model played a role. Grain yields of staple food crops were highly variable, fluctuating in time and space, and suboptimal. Particular aspects of rainfall (e.g. the short rains, for cowpeas and beans) were more important than mean annual rainfall in determining crop yields, and factors other than rainfall and soil fertility apparently played a role. The observed low grain yields, large yield gaps and high rainfall variability challenge the sustainability of these farming systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Imaging of Primary and Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Using a Fluorophore‐Conjugated Anti‐CA19‐9 Antibody for Surgical Navigation
Authors: McElroy Michele , Kaushal Sharmeela , Luiken George A. , Talamini Mark A. , Moossa A. R. , Hoffman Robert M. , Bouvet Michael
Published: February 2008

Background

Despite recent surgical advances, pancreatic cancer remains the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States. This is due to inaccurate staging and difficulty in achieving negative margins at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy. CA19‐9 is a carbohydrate tumor‐associated antigen found in up to 94% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. In this study we investigate the use of a fluorophore‐labeled anti‐CA19‐9 monoclonal antibody to improve intraoperative visualization of both primary and metastatic tumors in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer.

Methods

A monoclonal antibody specific for CA19‐9 was conjugated to a green fluorophore and delivered to tumor‐bearing mice as a single intravenous (IV) dose. Intravital fluorescence imaging was used to localize tumor implants 24 h after antibody administration.

Results

Using fluorescence imaging, the primary tumor was clearly visible at laparotomy, as were small metastatic implants within the liver and spleen and on the peritoneum. These tumor implants, which were nearly impossible to see using standard bright‐field imaging, demonstrated clear fluorescence under LED light excitation. The fluorescence signal within the tumor tissue was maintained for over 3 weeks after a single administration of the labeled antibody. Histologic evaluation of tissue from animals treated with the conjugated anti‐CA19‐9 antibody likewise revealed strong staining of the tumor cells with minimal background staining of the peritumoral stroma.

Conclusions

Fluorophore‐labeled anti‐CA19‐9 offers a novel intraoperative imaging technique for enhanced visualization of primary and metastatic tumors in pancreatic cancer when CA19‐9 expression is present and may improve intraoperative staging and efficacy of resection.
Papillary Microcarcinoma
Authors: Noguchi Shiro , Yamashita Hiroto , Uchino Shinya , Watanabe Shin
Published: February 2008

Background

Papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) is increasing in incidence because of diagnosis by ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology.

Methods

Between January 1966 and December 1995, we treated 6019 patients with papillary cancer; among them, 2070 patients with PMC were studied.

Results

PMC is essentially very similar to papillary cancer that is 11 mm or larger and has a very good prognosis. Smaller tumors and younger patients have a better prognosis. Among PMC, larger tumors (6–10 mm) recur in 14% at 35 years compared with 3.3% in patients with smaller tumors. Patients older than 55 years have recurrence in 40% at 30 years, with a worse prognosis than younger patients who have a recurrence rate of less than 10%. Extracapsular invasion by the primary tumor also has a higher recurrence rate. The majority of recurrences are in the neck. Therefore, annual ultrasound of the neck is effective for recurrence surveillance.

Conclusion

Papillary microcarcinoma is similar to larger papillary carcinomas with tumor characteristics and age‐based recurrence rate that extends for many years, justifying long surveillance after surgery.
Endoscopic Evaluation of Reflux Esophagitis After Proximal Gastrectomy: Comparison Between Esophagogastric Anastomosis and Jejunal Interposition
Authors: Tokunaga Masanori , Ohyama Shigekazu , Hiki Naoki , Hoshino Etsuo , Nunobe Souya , Fukunaga Tetsu , Seto Yasuyuki , Yamaguchi Toshiharu
Published: February 2008

Background

Although proximal gastrectomy has been performed more as a function‐preserving surgery, reflux esophagitis can occur postoperatively, resulting in poor postoperative quality of life. To date, only a few reports have compared the methods of reconstruction performed after proximal gastrectomy, and the method most likely to prevent postoperative reflux esophagitis remains undetermined.

Methods

A retrospective review of 76 patients who underwent proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition (JI) or esophagogastrostomy (EG) at the Cancer Institute Hospital between April 1996 and August 2005 was performed. Preoperative characteristics, operative findings, and postoperative gastrointestinal fiberoscopy findings were reviewed and compared between JI and EG patients. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the length of interposed segment and operative and postoperative findings.

Results

The frequency of grade C or D reflux esophagitis was lower in the JI group than in the EG group (p = 0.001), although the former required a longer operation time (256.5 ± 10.2 min) than the latter (195.8 ± 8.2 min; p < 0.001). Other characteristics and postoperative clinical course did not differ between the groups. In the JI group, interposed segments 10 cm or shorter were advantageous in evaluating the remnant stomach when compared with interposed segments longer than 10 cm. No relationship was observed between the length of the interposed segment and clinical findings, except operation time.

Conclusion

Jejunal interposition helps prevent reflux esophagitis after proximal gastrectomy. The optimal length of the interposed segment is undetermined; however, a length of 10 cm or shorter is preferred for endoscopic evaluation of the remnant stomach.
Is a T‐tube Necessary after Common Bile Duct Exploration?
Authors: Ahmed Irfan , Pradhan Charita , Beckingham Ian J. , Brooks Adam J. , Rowlands Brian J. , Lobo Dileep N.
Published: February 2008

Background

T‐tube drainage used to be standard practice after surgical choledocholithotomy, but there is now a tendency in some centers to close the common bile duct (CBD) primarily. This study was designed to review the complications associated with T‐tube drainage after CBD exploration and to determine whether primary closure of the bile duct reduces postoperative morbidity.

Methods

A retrospective audit was performed on patients undergoing CBD exploration between July 1997 and March 2007, who were identified from the theatre database of one teaching hospital. Intraoperative findings and postoperative complications were recorded from the clinical notes.

Results

During the study period, 158 patients (97 women; median age 65 (range, 25–90) years) underwent CBD exploration. A T‐tube was inserted in 91 patients (group I) and the CBD was closed primarily in 67 (group II). One or more biliary complications occurred in 26 patients (16.5%): 20 (22.0%) in group I and 6 (8.9%) in group II (p = 0.03). In group I, 15 had a biliary leak (3 needed reoperation), 2 had accidental slippage of the tube, 2 an entrapped T‐tube, and 1 a retained stone. In group II, six patients had biliary leakage, two of whom were re‐explored. Six patients in group I also had peritubal infection, necessitating the use of antibiotics. There were three deaths: two in group I (1 T–tube‐related) and 1 in group II (p = 1, not significant).

Conclusion

There is a lower biliary complication rate associated with primary closure of the CBD than after T‐tube drainage.
Effects of acorn abundance on density dependence in a Japanese wood mouse (Apodemus speciosus) population
Authors: Saitoh Takashi , Vik Jon Olav , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Takanishi Toshikazu , Hayakashi Shintaro , Ishida Nobuo , Ohmori Masaaki , Morita Toshio , Uemura Shigeru , Kadomatsu Masahiko , Osawa Jun , Maekawa Koji
Published: February 2008

We analysed the effects of Quercus crispula acorn abundance on the density dependence of the large Japanese wood mouse Apodemus speciosus using time series data (1992–2007). The data were obtained in a forest in northern Hokkaido, Japan, by live‐trapping rodents and directly counting acorns on the ground. Acorn abundance in one year clearly influenced the abundance of wood mice in the following year in all models examined based on the Gompertz and Ricker model; in addition, the abundance of wood mice had effects on the population. Acorn abundance influenced the strength of density dependence (intraspecific competition) of the wood mouse population. When the abundance of acorns was high, density dependence was relaxed, and as a result the equilibrium density at which the population growth rate decreased to zero became higher. Those effects of acorn abundance were regarded as a nonlinear perturbation effect (sensu Royama 1992). The nonlinearity of density dependence was also detected; higher densities had stronger effects on population growth rates.
Neurogenic hip dislocation in cerebral palsy: Quality of life and results after hip reconstruction
Authors: Krebs Alexander , Strobl Walter M. , Grill Franz
Published: February 2008

Background

At birth, no difference exists between the hips of children with spastic cerebral palsy and the hips of other children. The typical pathologic deformities of the hips in children with spastic cerebral palsy develop as the child gets older. One of our goals was to evaluate the change in quality of life of children with cerebral palsy after hip reconstruction. For classification of the children's condition, we assessed sitting and standing abilities and used the Gross Motor Function Classification System. To evaluate the effect of hip dislocation on the spine, we assessed symmetry while the patient was lying down, sitting, and standing.

Methods

The results of surgical reconstruction of hip joints in 54 patients with severe cerebral palsy who had 66 severely subluxated or dislocated hip joints were retrospectively analyzed. The study was based on a research questionnaire with a mean follow-up of 4 years 10 months. The purpose of the questionnaire was to evaluate the pain, functional abilities, symmetry, and independence of the patients by using the modified Barthel index.

Results

Pain was fully relieved in 62 and was eased in 35% of preoperatively painful hips. The functional abilities of sitting and standing were not influenced statistically significantly by the operation. An improvement in sitting symmetry was observed in 40% and improvement in lying symmetry was observed in 32% of the patients. The mean center-edge angle improved from −24.9° ± 39° (mean ± standard deviation) to 25.9° ± 14°. The acetabular index improved from 30.2° ± 8° to 17.1° ± 7°.

Conclusions

The independence of the patients, based on the modified Barthel index, did not change significantly after surgery. Most improvements in quality of life were observed in those patients who had pain in the hip before the operation as a result of reduction of pain and improved mobility of the hip.
Literacy Skills and Earnings: Race and Gender Differences
Authors: De Anda Roberto M. , Hernandez Pedro M.
Published: February 2008

This study examines differences in returns to literacy skills on earnings of black and white men and women. Literacy skill is a composite measure of three scales: reading comprehension, document literacy (the ability to locate and use information in, say, tables and graphs), and mathematics proficiency. Using data from the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), we estimate earnings determination models separately for each racial/gender group. Our findings show that the effect of literacy on earnings varies by race and gender. Literacy skills favorably rewarded black men relative to black women and white men and women, net of education and other relevant variables. More importantly, literacy completely explained the effect of a high school diploma and some college on earnings of black men. We conclude that the economic importance of literacy skills is particularly salient for less-educated black men.
Impact of different bone marrow cell preparations on left ventricular remodelling after experimental myocardial infarction
Authors: Frantz Stefan , Vallabhapurapu Duttu , Tillmanns Jochen , Brousos Nikos , Wagner Helga , Henig Kristina , Ertl Georg , Müller Albrecht M. , Bauersachs Johann
Published: February 2008

Objective:

Bone marrow (BM)‐derived haematopoietic stem cells have been proposed as a potential cell source to functionally engraft the myocardium and to improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). However, experimental and clinical data are inconsistent. Since the specific characteristics of different BM cell subsets could influence their therapeutic potential we determined the effect of different BM cell populations on left ventricular remodelling after MI.

Methods and results:

MI was induced in female mice by coronary artery ligation. Surviving mice were randomised to receive either: total BM, mature Lin+ or primitive Lin− cells from male mice, or saline, via intracardiac injection. Injected cells were detected in the infarct and border zone by PCR for Y‐chromosomal sequences. Serial transthoracic echocardiography was performed 1, 21, and 42 days after MI. Over a period of 6 weeks, mortality was not different between the groups. After MI, animals exhibited left ventricular dilatation, as expected. Left ventricular remodelling was not influenced by Lin+ or Lin− BM cells but was partially improved by unfractionated BM cell injection. Paracrine secretion of cytokines (e.g. IL‐6, GM‐CSF) was differentially regulated in supernatants of cultured BM cells.

Treatment with unfractionated BM cells, but not Lin+, or Lin− cells partially improved cardiac remodelling and function after MI. This may be mediated by paracrine effects.
Silencing of the MT1‐MMP/ G6PT axis suppresses calcium mobilization by sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Fortier Simon , Labelle Dominique , Sina Asmaa , Moreau Robert , Annabi Borhane
Published: February 2008

The contributions of membrane type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) and of the glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter (G6PT) in sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P)‐mediated Ca2+ mobilization were assessed in glioblastoma cells. We show that gene silencing of MT1‐MMP or G6PT decreased the extent of S1P‐induced Ca2+ mobilization, chemotaxis, and extracellular signal‐related kinase phosphorylation. Chlorogenic acid and (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, two diet‐derived inhibitors of G6PT and of MT1‐MMP, respectively, reduced S1P‐mediated Ca2+ mobilization. An intact MT1‐MMP/G6PT signaling axis is thus required for efficient Ca2+ mobilization in response to bioactive lipids such as S1P. Targeted inhibition of either MT1‐MMP or G6PT may lead to reduced infiltrative and invasive properties of brain tumor cells.
Ancient divergence of animal protein tyrosine kinase genes demonstrated by a gene family tree including choanoflagellate genes
Authors: Suga Hiroshi , Sasaki Go , Kuma Kei-ichi , Nishiyori Hiromi , Hirose Nozomi , Su Zhi-Hui , Iwabe Naoyuki , Miyata Takashi
Published: February 2008

Animal‐specific gene families involved in cell–cell communication and developmental control comprise many subfamilies with distinct domain structures and functions. They diverged by subfamily‐generating duplications and domain shufflings before the parazoan–eumetazoan split. Here, we have cloned 40 PTK cDNAs from choanoflagellates, Monosiga ovata, Stephanoeca diplocostata and Codosiga gracilis, the closest relatives to animals. A phylogeny‐based analysis of PTKs revealed that 40 out of 47 subfamilies analyzed have unique domain structures and are possibly generated independently in animal and choanoflagellate lineages by domain shufflings. Seven cytoplasmic subfamilies showed divergence before the animal–choanoflagellate split originated by both duplications and shufflings.
Association between dietary patterns and anaemia in adults from Jiangsu Province in Eastern China
Authors: Shi Zumin , Hu Xiaoshu , Yuan Baojun , Pan Xiaoqun , Dai Yue , Holmboe-Ottesen Gerd
Published: February 2008

The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between food patterns and anaemia among Chinese adults. It was a cross-sectional household survey undertaken in 2002. The sample contained 2849 men and women aged 20 years and above, and had a response rate of 89·0 %. Factor analysis was used to identify food patterns based on a food-frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to relate food patterns to anaemia. A four-factor solution explained 30·5 % of the total variance. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and four distinct food patterns, the ‘traditional’ (rice, vegetable, wheat flour), ‘sweet tooth’ (drinks, cake) and ‘healthy’ (whole grains, fruits, vegetables) patterns were independently associated with anaemia. ‘Traditional’ and ‘sweet tooth’ patterns were positively associated with anaemia, whereas the association with ‘healthy’ food pattern was negative. No association was observed between the ‘macho’ pattern (meat and alcohol) and anaemia. Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of the ‘traditional’ pattern, the highest quartile (Q4) had a higher risk of anaemia (men: odds ratio (OR) 2·60, 95 % CI 1·38, 4·88; women: OR 3·40, 95 % CI 2·14, 5·39). For the ‘sweet tooth’ pattern, compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), the OR of the highest quartile was 2·34 (95 % CI 1·47, 3·73) for men and 2·02 (95 %CI 1·31, 3·13) for women. The fourth quartile of healthy food was associated with a lower risk of anaemia (men: OR 0·50, 95 % CI 0·31, 0·79; women: OR 0·51, 95 % CI 0·34, 0·75). Women in the north had a higher risk of anaemia (OR 2·49, 95 %CI 1·80, 3·43). Food patterns were associated with anaemia in this area with a high prevalence of anaemia.
Nutritional, immunological and health status of the elderly population living in poor neighbourhoods of Quito, Ecuador
Authors: Sempértegui Fernando , Estrella Bertha , Elmieh Negar , Jordan Michael , Ahmed Tanvir , Rodríguez Alicia , Tucker Katherine L. , Hamer Davidson H. , Reeves Philip G. , Meydani Simin Nikbin
Published: February 2008

The number of elderly people is increasing in less-developed countries. Although nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases are generally more prevalent in resource-poor countries, the health and nutritional status of the elderly in South America in general, and in Ecuador, in particular, remains largely unstudied. The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional, immunological and health status of elderly Ecuadorians. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate a sample of elderly Ecuadorians with 24 h dietary recalls, biochemical and anthropometric measurements, delayed type hypersensitivity skin response and a health questionnaire. The 145 elders who enrolled had a mean age of 74·3 (sd 6·9) years. Of the subjects, 52 % exhibited BMI ≥25 kg/m2, whereas 9·1 % had BMI ≤20 kg/m2. Means of dietary intakes were below recommendations for most nutrients; exceptions were carbohydrate, fat, Fe and Se. Serum nutrient levels indicated that 50, 44, 43, 19 and 18 % of participants had deficiencies of Zn, Fe, vitamins B12and D, and folate, respectively. The mean number of positive responses to seven recall antigens was 2·1 (sd 1·7) with an induration diameter of 9·9 (sd 7) mm, which are substantially lower than those reported for elders in developed countries. During the previous 6 months, 54 and 21 % of subjects reported at least one episode of respiratory infection or diarrhoea, respectively. Of these, 47 % sought care at a hospital or from a physician and 96 % from a relative or friend. In conclusion, while few elderly Ecuadorians were underweight, obesity was common. Micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent and may contribute to reduced immunological responses in this population.
Correlation and prediction of trunk fat mass with four anthropometric indices in Chinese males
Authors: Xiao Su-Mei , Lei Shu-Feng , Chen Xiang-Ding , Liu Man-Yuan , Jian Wei-Xia , Xu Hong , Tan Li-Jun , Deng Fei-Yan , Yang Yan-Jun , Wang Yan-Bo , Sun Xiao , Jiang Cheng , Guo Yan-Fang , Guo Jing-Jing , Li Yuan-Neng , Jiang Hui , Zhu Xue-Zhen , Deng Hong-Wen
Published: February 2008

To increase our understanding of the relationships of trunk fat mass (FMtrunk) and four anthropometric indices in Chinese males, 1090 males aged 20–40 years were randomly recruited from the city of Changsha, China. Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured using standardized equipment, and three other anthropometric indices of BMI, waist:hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (CoI) were calculated using weight, height, HC and WC. FMtrunk(in kg) was measured using a Hologic QDR 4500 W dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner. There was an increasing trend of FMtrunk, %FMtrunk(percentage of FMtrunk) and BMI, WC, WHR, CoI in successively older age groups (e.g. the mean FMtrunkvalues were 4·63 (sd 2·58), 5·39 (sd 2·74), 5·93 (sd 2·82), 6·57 (sd 2·94) in four 5-year age groups, respectively). FMtrunkand %FMtrunkwere significantly correlated with four anthropometric indices with the Pearson's correlation coefficients ranging from 0·25 to 0·86. Principal component analysis was performed to form three principal components that interpreted over 99·5% of the total variation of four related anthropometric indices in all age groups, with over 65% of the total variation accounted by principal component 1. Multiple regression analyses showed that three principal components explained a greater variance (R270·0–80·1%) in FMtrunkthan did BMI or WC alone (R257·8–74·1%). The present results suggest that there is an increasing trend of FMtrunkand four anthropometric indices in successively older age groups; that age has important effects on the relationships of FMtrunkand studied anthropometric indices; and that the accuracy of predicting FMtrunkusing four anthropometric indices is higher than using BMI or WC alone.
Deprivation linked to malnutrition risk and mortality in hospital
Authors: Stratton Rebecca J. , Elia Marinos
Published: February 2008

This study aimed to investigate the link between deprivation and in-hospital malnutrition and to assess any independent and interrelated effects of deprivation and malnutrition on clinical outcome in hospital. One thousand patients (mean age 71 (sd 19) years, mean BMI 25·6 (sd 5·4) kg/m2) were screened for malnutrition (using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (‘MUST’)) and their clinical outcome assessed prospectively. The deprivation of patients' locality of residence prior to admission was recorded using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD). Patients with medium and high malnutrition risk (42 %, n 420) were admitted from areas with significantly greater deprivation (lower ranks) than low-risk patients (IMD 3731 v. 3946; P<0·02). The prevalence of malnutrition increased by multiples of 1·14 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·28) for each increment in quartile of IMD rank. The odds of malnutrition of the most deprived quartile were greater than those of the least deprived quartile by a factor of 1·59 (95 % CI 1·11, 2·28). They were also greater for five of the six components of IMD deprivation (and by a factor of 1·73 (95 % CI 1·20, 2·49) for income and 1·69 (95 % CI 1·18, 2·42) for employment). Greater in-hospital mortality was associated with malnutrition, independently of IMD (or its individual components; odds ratio 2·04 (95 % CI 1·22, 3·44)). Length of stay was associated only with malnutrition risk (P<0·0005). This study highlights that in-hospital malnutrition and deprivation are interrelated, yet have independent, adverse associations with patient outcome. Effective strategies are required to tackle these common health inequalities in both clinical and public health settings.