bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smegenų pažeidimo žymenų (S100B ir NSE) kitimas naujagimių ir kūdikių perioperaciniu laikotarpiu
Authors: Razlevičė Ilona , Rugytė Danguolė , Macas Andrius
Published: September 2016

Tikslas. Įvertinti perioperacinio laikotarpio įtaką smegenų ląstelių pažeidimą atspindinčių baltymų S100B ir NSE koncentracijos kitimui kraujo plazmoje prieš operaciją ir po jos naujagimiams ir kūdikiams bei nustatyti šių baltymų ryšį su operacijos metu stebėtu smegenų įsotinimu deguonimi (rSO2c). Darbo metodika. Perspektyvusis, stebimasis, klinikinis tyrimas. Įtraukti 46 naujagimiai ir kūdikiai iki 3 mėn. amžiaus, kuriems atliktos išplėstinės pilvo, dubens ar krūtinės organų operacijos. Tiriamiesiems atlikta standartinė bendrinė anestezija, taikant įprastinę stebėseną. Smegenų įsotinimas deguonimi stebėtas visos operacijos metu. S100B ir NSE žymenų koncentracijai kraujo plazmoje nustatyti buvo imamas kraujas prieš operaciją ir 24 val. po operacijos. Buvo apskaičiuotas skirtumas tarp pradinės žymens reikšmės ir 24 val. po operacijos ir išreikštas procentais nuo pradinės reikšmės (delta S100B%, delta NSE%). Rezultatai. Tyrimo metu buvo analizuojami 46 naujagimiai ir kūdikiai. Po 24 valandų po operacijos S100B žymuo padidėjo 10 (21,7%), NSE 11 (23,9%) operuotų pacientų. Rasta vidutinė tiesinė koreliacija tarp abiejų tiriamų biožymenų, r=0,5, p=0,002, tarp delta S100B% ir rSO2c r=0,42, p=0,004, delta S100B% ir vidurinio arterinio spaudimo (VAS) r=-0,3, p=0,04, rSO2c koreliavo su VAS r=0,3, p=0,037. Negauta statistiškai reikšmingo ryšio tarp smegenų pažeidimo žymenų didėjimo ir nepageidaujamų neurologinių pažaidų nustatytų neurosonografijos metu. Išvados. Pirmąją parą po operacijos didžiajai daugumai pacientų reikšmingo CNS ląstelių pažeidimo ar kraujo-smegenų barjero pralaidumo padidėjimo nebuvo. Pacientams, kuriems galimai galėjo būti smegenų audinio hiperoksija, stebėtas S100B padidėjimas. Svarbus perioperacinis faktorius, galintis turėti įtakos naujagimių ir kūdikių smegenų įsotinimui deguonimi ir smegenų pažeidimo žymenų didėjimui, yra arterinis kraujo spaudimas.
Whole issue
Authors: - -- -
Published: September 2016

--
Vagabonds and Paupers: Race and Illicit Mobility in the Early Republic
Authors: O'Brassill-Kulfan Kristin
Published: September 2016

In the early republic, Pennsylvania and the surrounding Mid-Atlantic region was a vital space for wanderers, runaways, and migrants. Both under the law as well as on the road, fugitive slaves, pauper migrants, and vagrants shared much by way of identity and occupation. This article considers three key components of this relationship: legal connections that limited the movements of these groups, inherently similar corporeal experiences of transient poverty, and linkage in the public mind. Charting the transiency that former slaves and servants often undertook after leaving bondage reinforces these similarities, especially in light of contemporary associations between race and transiency and the subsequent criminalization of the freedom of movement for persons of color in varying stages of freedom. The imposition of personal status inherent in the category of vagrancy is illustrated in the ways in which individuals defined their own identities and were defined by the laws they encountered.
America's First Economic Stimulus Package: Paper Money and the Body Politic in Colonial Pennsylvania, 1715–1730
Authors: Moore Katie A.
Published: September 2016

From 1715 to 1730, Pennsylvania's provincial legislature passed economic reform that transformed the colony into an enviable commercial center. Provisions enacted included liquor duties, flour inspection laws, and feme sole statutes, but the crowning achievement was a public loan office that issued loans to farmers in the form of paper money. Historians have shown how the Pennsylvania General Loan Office improved business conditions in the colony following an economic depression. Scholars have paid less attention to the implications of financial innovations such as paper money for economic thought and culture conceived broadly in early America. Using Pennsylvania as a case study, this article argues that paper money issued by public land banks in the British colonies not only improved colonial economic conditions, but also formed the basis of a fiscal and constitutional order founded on legislative control over local currencies and an extrinsic notion of value that pegged economic worth to the provincial community.
Tarantula Hair Keratoconjunctivitis with Concurrent Fungal Infection in a Rat Terrier
Authors: Reed Zoe , Doering Clinton , Barrett Paul M.
Published: September 2016

A 9 yr old rat terrier presented with corneal ulceration and conjunctivitis that developed acutely after digging among dry leaves in wooded northern Arizona. Ophthalmic examination revealed multiple linear foreign bodies throughout the adnexal tissue and cornea of the left eye. Manual removal of material was unsuccessful. The palpebral conjunctiva required excision with tenotomy scissors to remove structures and allow corneal healing. Microscopic examination revealed structures believed to be setae from a Theraphosidae tarantula. This was confirmed morphologically by an entomologist and by comparison with hairs from a captive spider of the suspected species. The excised tissue also contained fruiting bodies, hyphae, and microconidia consistent with Aspergillus spp. The captive spider hairs also cultured positive for Aspergillus, suggesting a relationship between this fungus and tarantulas in captivity and in their native habitat. This is the first report in the veterinary literature to confirm tarantula hair as the causative agent in keratoconjunctivitis and corneal ulceration, adding it to the list of differential diagnoses for ocular foreign body. This is also the first report to suggest a relationship between Aspergillus and tarantulas of the Theraphosidae family, which should be considered in the diagnostics and treatment of patients with suspected tarantula hair keratoconjunctivitis.
Biotecnología y etnomedicina para el desarrollo humano
Authors: Salinas Ruth , García Margarita , Velásquez Aurora
Published: September 2016

La biotecnología es la tecnología basada en la biología, especialmente usada en agricultura, farmacia, ciencia de los alimentos, medio ambiente y medicina.La etnomedicina es una especialidad de la antropología médica que estudia las medicina tradicional, especialmente las que carecen de fuentes escritas, con énfasis en los aspectos culturales, más que en los biomédicos.En este ensayo de análisis bibliográfico, encontramos que la etnomedicina está siendo utilizada y transformada por la biotecnología, ya que muchas plantas medicinales que están siendo procesadas en los laboratorios para luego ser fabricadas en masas y extenderlas a la población.El problema es que algunas plantas y medicamentos están siendo patentados y desde ese momento cualquier país, que posea la planta, ya no tiene derecho a producir productos de dicha planta usando la misma tecnología. Esta situación impacta en especial a los del tercer mundo, que es donde se encuentran una biodiversidad de este tipo de plantas. En este punto se une la biotecnología con la etnomedicina, pero por desgracia también surge la biopiratería.CREA CIENCIA Vol. 9 No 2 ISSN 1818-202X enero-junio 2015, pp.39-45
Oral Health and Characteristics of Saliva in Diabetic and Healthy Children
Authors: Basir Leila , Aminzade Majid , Javid Ahmad Zare , Khanehmasiedi Mashalah , Rezaeifar Kosar
Published: September 2016

Diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder. Idiopathic destruction of pancreatic beta cells will result in progressive loss of insulin, increase in ketone bodies, PH reduction and changes in bicarbonate neutralizing system in all body fluids including saliva and the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to compare the quality and quantity of saliva and oral health in children and adolescents with diabetes compared to healthy children. In this study, 27 diabetic patients (9 males, 18 females, age range 10 ± 5 years) were studied. A control group (27 persons) was selected from health persons with the same condition of gender and age. The amount of saliva was evaluated in 5 minutes, by non-stimulant collecting, in plastic vials. The PH and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured using paper strip and TAC kit. Oral and dental health was measured using DMFT (Decayed, missed, filled teeth) and MGI (Modified Gingival Index) indexes. Saliva in patients had less secretion (1.09 ± 0.13, 5.28 ± 0.23, P < 0.01), PH (5.28 ± 0.09, 7.11 ± 0.10, P < 0.001), and total antioxidant capacity (0.36 ± 0.04, 0.5 ± 0.04, P < 0.001) in compare with controls group. DMF and MGI indicators were more in patients than in control group (P < 0.001). Patients with type 1 diabetes had less secretion, PH and antioxidant defense and as a result had more dental and oral problems in compare with healthy children that with higher DMFT and MGI these patients require further training in this field and regularly examinations.
Gender and Sleep Health in High School Students: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Pecor Keith , Wang Xiao Tong , Ming Xue
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Many recent studies have shown that sleep health is important for overall health and performance. However, adolescents often report poor sleep health, such as short duration and low quality sleep. In some cases, sleep characteristics are independent of gender and culture, but not in others. In this study, we tested for effects of gender, culture, and their interaction on measures of sleep health (adequacy and quality) for adolescents in an American population and a Chinese population.

METHODS: A common survey instrument was administered to high school students in New Jersey, USA and Wen Zhou, PRC. Students were asked to answer questions about their sleep duration, perception of sleep adequacy, daytime sleepiness, and napping for typical school days and weekends. Our final sample included 2,986 female students (2,059 American and 837 Chinese) and 2,544 male students (1,764 American and 780 Chinese).

RESULTS: Differences in sleep duration were minor or absent, but differences in sleep health were substantial. Females were more likely than males to report inadequate sleep and daytime sleepiness, for both school days and weekends, and higher hypersomnolence scores. Chinese students were more likely than American students to report inadequate sleep and daytime sleepiness, for both school days and weekends, and higher hypersomnolence scores, with the exception that perception of adequate sleep did not differ between Chinese and American males on weekends. Especially dramatic was the difference in hypersomnolence, in which 74% of Chinese students reported inadequate sleep, sleepiness, and a nap for a typical school day, compared to only 29% of American students.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the presence of gender and cultural differences in sleep quality that yield divergent outcomes for similar sleep durations.
Systematic Review of Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy and Other Alternative Depression Treatments in Iranian University Students
Authors: Nosratabadi Mehdi , Mohaqeqi Kamal Seyed Hossein
Published: September 2016

Consistent with community samples, depression is extremely prevalent among university students. Depression, with increasing incidence in the past two decades, can affect broadly on student’s health and lifestyle; so identify the various treatment of this disorder can be valuable in reducing level of depression and thereby its many other outcomes. The main aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of conducting studies about depression intervention made in Iran by 2016. with employing systematic review process, searching, screening and qualitative evaluation, Final 40 papers of relevant randomized controlled trials are examined to determine which treatments have been found to be effective for depression in Iranian university students.40 articles related to intervention in depressed students were placed in 4 main groups, Including Psychotherapy, Pharmacotherapy, Exercise therapy and other alternative depression treatments. of 40 papers included, 24 articles deal with Psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral , life skill training and Poetry and Narrative therapy, 3 articles related to Pharmacotherapy, 8 articles allocated to Exercise treatments of depression and 5 paper related to other alternative depression treatments. We did not find any trial study of combined intervention or comparing the difference of various Psycho or Pharmacy treatments for depressed student. It should be noted that various treatments may vary in terms of their benefits due to the population type, sub-group interventions, and presence of particular symptoms. Thus, further research is needed for better treatment of depression.
Perceptions of an Anticipated Bilingual Education Program in Turkey
Authors: Ozfidan Burhan , Burlbaw Lynn , Kuo Li-Jen
Published: September 2016

Bilingual education is globally an important aspect within the educational community in recent years. The purpose of the study is to explore perceptions towards a bilingual education program and investigate factors that may affect the development of a bilingual education program in Turkey. This study also identifies the benefits of bilingualism in Turkey. The study employed an explanatory sequential mixed method design, which consisted of a quantitative phase followed by a qualitative phase. Data were collected from 40 participants who were graduate students, faculty members, and K-12 teachers. Descriptive analysis was used in the first phase of data analysis; thematic analysis was used in the second phase. A bilingual education program in Turkey might solve the conflict between different ethnic groups. Findings from both phases of data analysis indicated that people in the research group have affirmative perspectives towards a bilingual education program in Turkey.
The Comparative Study of Morals and Democracy and Their Effect on the Behavioral Reflections of Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi and John Dewey
Authors: Mirzaei Khalil , Golestani Sayyed Hashem , Vaezi Sayyed Hossain
Published: September 2016

This study was aimed at comparatively analyzing morals and democracy from John Dewey and Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi’s view point. It also sought the effect of the two philosophers’ view point about morals and democracy and behavioral reflections. The purpose of this study was also to become familiar with the effect of morals and democracy on behavioral reflections of John Dewey (as the west representative of the behavioral reflection). It also tries to familiarize the readers with Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi’s view point as the Iranian and Islamic representative of the behavioral reflections. The similarities and differences existed among the mentioned philosophers were identified. This was a descriptive and analytical research study. The study investigated the philosophers’ opinions with regards to human beings, morals and democracy and their effect on the education and training. The results of the study showed that there are differences between John Dewey and Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi’s view point about human beings, morals and democracy. The differences were effective on their behavioral reflections, too.
Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes: The Dialogic Narrative in the Educational Act
Authors: Al-Jafar Ali A.
Published: September 2016

This study used the story of Sadako and the thousand paper cranes by Coerr (1977) to discover similarities between the events of August 1945 in Hiroshima and the events of August 1990 in Kuwait. The participants in a children’s literature class at Kuwait University folded paper cranes and wrote in their journals to answer two questions: (1) what is the importance of the story of Sadako, the Japanese girl, in introducing the issue of Kuwaiti prisoners of war? and (2) what are the educational values that Kuwaiti students can extract from Sadako’s story? Three techniques were used, with a special focus on the participants’ remarks and their impressions of those remarks in written form. The researcher counted nine values that the participants mentioned while they folded the paper crane and five values after they realized the crane’s meaning. Several recommendations, suggestions, and remarks are also proposed.
Negotiating Multiple Audiences of L2 Learners on Facebook: Navigating Parallel Realities
Authors: Shafie Latisha Asmaak , Yaacob Aizan , Singh Paramjit Kaur Karpal
Published: September 2016

As social network sites have become popular with university students, it is easier to understand how students employ social network sites seamlessly in their academic and personal lives. L2 learners often employ Facebook to improve their English language proficiency by communicating with their native and non-native English speakers. Facebook is considered as collapsed contexts where L2 learners navigate with their numerous multiple audiences at the same time. The study investigated the strategies L2 learners negotiate multiple audiences on Facebook. The study employed a qualitative multiple case study of three L2 learners who were Facebook users. The participants’ Facebook accounts were observed for 14 weeks, and they were interviewed using semi-structured interview. The findings of the study suggest that L2 learners use four strategies to navigate their multiple audiences such as participating in closed Facebook group discussions, only commenting on relevant posts, constructing different online identities and choosing the language of the posts and comments depending on the audience. The audience management strategies used by L2 learners are determined by the informants’ personal preferences.
The Efficacy of Drama in Field Experience: A Qualitatıve Study Using Maxqda
Authors: Elaldi Senel , Yerliyurt Nazli Sila
Published: September 2016

This study attempted to evaluate the views of senior preservice preschool teachers on the efficacy of drama activities in their field experience in terms of the effect of students’ learning, socialization, individual or group work skills and school connectedness and also disclosed the suggestions of senior preservice preschool teachers for faculty members who give drama lectures regarding the delivery of drama course. The study group included 51 (Female = 37, Male = 14) senior preservice preschool teachers studying in the Faculty of Education at Cumhuriyet University, Turkey in the spring semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. Data were collected through an interview form including five semi structured questions that were prepared in line with the aim of the study by the researchers. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA-11, qualitative data analysis software, and descriptive analysis technique. Main themes were generated and then the views were aligned under the themes. The findings revealed that senior preservice preschool teachers had positive views regarding the impact of drama activities in their field experience. In-service training programs were suggested to be designed systematically for professional development of preservice teachers.
Legal Analysis of the Role of Islamic Urban and Rural Councils in Administrative Decentralization and Local Democracy in Iran
Authors: Mohammad Mohammad Zadeh Asl , Motameni Manoochehr Tabatabei , Najandimanseh Heibatollah , Masudniya Hoseein , Naini Manoochehr Tavasoli
Published: September 2016

Administrative decentralization is one of the most marvelous achievements of public laws in current age. Obviously, based on the title of the book namely Islamic Councils, we mean a certain type of local decentralization is shaped by geographical areas. In modern administrative laws, decentralization is raised in two geographical and technical aspects. Local councils are objective sign of geographical decentralization and legal figures of public laws such as universities are instances of technical decentralization.
In this concept, decentralization is shaped by two concepts of “managerial independence” and “elective decision making authority”. In modern administrative system, decentralization means to increase the authorities of elected officials whose proficiencies are assignable only in a region of the country. Before getting familiar with such great achievement, we should address the philosophy governing decentralization and its status in modern democracies.
Shiite and Sunni Political Expediency Position in Jurisprudence: A Case Study of Political Thought of Imam Komeini and Abu Ishaq Shatby
Authors: Saraei Marzieh Samaei Sahneh , Dorakhshah Jalal , Khastu Rahim
Published: September 2016

"Interest" is one of the basic concepts of political jurisprudence that Shia and Sunni scholars have developed different opinions about it. In the sphere of Shiite political jurisprudence, especially after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the concept was deemed appropriate status in the vote and the views of Imam Khomeini were manifested. In Sunni jurisprudence, numerous scholars have examined this issue that they can be named the most outstanding Abu Isac Shatby. In this article, the question is: what are the differences and similarities of Imam Khomeini's viewpoints of Abu Isac Shatby on the issue of the interest and the research method is descriptive and regarding the title is matching that is woth for exploration and investigation.
Investigating the Nature and the Structure and Functions of the Legislature in Iran
Authors: Seyahooei Fatemeh Ameri , Emadzadeh Mohammad Kazem
Published: September 2016

Parliament is the basic pillar of a democratic society and as the most important legislative body in the country; it is considered the heart of democracy. Today, democracy will appear in the form of parliamentary and representation. The Iranian parliament, with 290 representatives, in terms of structure, has a unicameral system, but its legislative power is not simple. As a result, the legislature also enjoys wide powers and can withstand the abuse of executive power. The present study aims to investigate the nature and the structure and functions of the legislature in Iran. It should be noted that the method of data collection is observed and the nature of the study is descriptive.
The Strict Criminal Liability in Iran’s Criminal Legal System
Authors: Mir-Khalili Seyyed Mahmoud , Salarifar Abuzar
Published: September 2016

The strict criminal liability is one of the institutions which has been accepted and expanded its dimensions in countries, including England, since 19th century. Although, criminal intent or fault is the most important elements of every offenses, but, due to some reasons, such as expediency, necessity, benefit, increasing prevention index, the mens rea element of offense, fully or partially, is sometimes removed or presumed. In Iran’s criminal legal system, this legal institution has not been considered formally and explicitly by the legislator, but recently, Iranian legal experts, given some existing necessities, try to put some offenses into the category of the strict criminal liability. In fact, some offencesin criminal legal system, namely traffic offences, bounced cheque, injuries resulted from medical operations and some environmental offences, can be placed under the title of the strict criminal liability. Despite many problems to which the acceptance and development of the strict criminal liability may be faced, It seems, in many cases, this institution can solve the problems related to difficulties of proof and ascertainment of the criminal intent beforecourts. Also, today, Iranian judicial courts don’t take into account the mens rea practically and presume itin many cases.
An Analysis of the Security Council Procedures in Managing Severe Violations of the International Human Rights
Authors: Doulah Abdolsamad , Shafee Mirshahbiz
Published: September 2016

The UN Security Council is primarily in charge of maintaining international peace and security. There has been raised various debates on how the Security Council manage international crises in the world, particularly severe violations of international human rights law. On the one hand, the traditional view to international peace has altered and the Security Council is also in charge of observing the standards of the international human rights. On the other hand, the international community has faced inconsistencies in the use of the veto by its permanent members on the international human rights violations. However, many analysts believe that the Security Council could take timely action to prevent violations of international human rights law. At that time, they fell into the trap of politics and proved insufficient. This article is in response to this important issue, indicating that the management of the Security Council has been fair in the case of international human rights violations. This study also aims to investigate whether the Security Council has been successful in adopting a procedure independent from the interests of its permanent members.
The Role of Jurisprudence in the Interpretation of the Law and Its Conformity with the Realities in the Law of Iran and France
Authors: Amiraghdam Rima , Zeinab Gholam Ali Seifi , Zare Ali , Ghasemi Mohsen
Published: September 2016

The jurisprudence position difference in common law systems and the written law among the sources of law requires the study of the jurisprudence role in the interpretation of the law, and its adaptation to the realities of society. In Iranian law, jurisprudence means identical judgments of prosecutors from additional resources and commentary, and accepting the fact that, it could create a legal rule seems unlikely. In France, with the approval of the separation of powers and criticizing the classical doctrine, it seemed unlikely, the jurisprudence has a legislative role, however, such an idea has been expanded with all law branches and it seems to be a balance between resources related to legislate on the one hand and jurisprudence, on the other hand. Since, the rules express the general rules and it is impossible to predict the detail in the legislative practically, it is jurisprudence that could provide interpretations consistent with realities and social requirements of the law, in a complementary and commentary role. In this paper, the relationship between jurisprudence and interpretation of the law, especially in cases where we face with the need to interpret the law and the effectiveness of position on the interpretation of the law and its adaptation with the realities of society by jurisprudence will be discussed. These matters are examined with the descriptive analysis method that shows the importance of them in highlighting the role of jurisprudence in the legal system.
The Principle of Continuance in Public Service Contract
Authors: Momen Mohammad Hussein , Rahmatollahi Hussein
Published: September 2016

If we consider the aim of administrative goal to procure public interest and the necessity of its continuance, the limitation of its descriptive and executive principles in private law frameworks will be serious barriers against its realization. Administrative contracts with their special legal regime based on such principles of preference, authority and support which indicates the upper hand of public contract parties are described by the same basis. Public service principles which should be considered as extracted from the judicial verdicts of French governmental council are, inter alia, executive and descriptive foundations of public contracts. The principle of public service continuance with its legal functions and radical role in contract execution plays a vital role in realizing the goals.
Investigating the Jurisprudence and Legal Analysis of Deception Role in Contracts
Authors: Zarei Parvaneh , Bojnoordi Seyed Mohammad Moosavi
Published: September 2016

Contracts usually comes from agreement to those who are in harmony with the will and desires and in this economic interaction each party seeks to obtain his profits and interests and another forced or convinced to go with it. This way finally results in justice between the parties and hence the agreement as the best and most equitable means of exchange of goods and the distribution of wealth are established between two sides. However sometimes parties will not form in the open environment but a deception in the atmosphere caused by the use of deception and fraudulent practices methods to impose their will and the other party forced to the contract know that the fact is not refused to accept, or at least accept it with such situations. To condemn such behavior it is not enough that can only be committed morally to blame because the use of deception means to hide the faulty product which may cheated person bear the material or spiritual losses. Since jurisprudence knowledge is responsible for the expression of practical laws and ordinances principles and to deal with problems arising from fraudulent contract. Dealings in public life offer religious and legal solutions and this is not possible except with great scientific efforts in the field of jurisprudence. Deceiver responsibility is examples of un-arbitrary civil liability. Scholars have analyzed the deceiver’s liability and responsibility in detail to rule deceiver (Deceit) has been invoked. So that wherever deceit and pride to be true in taking responsibility for the spiritual and material elements no deceiver can be cited and compensation that pride has suffered through fraud and deceit pride demanded. Once a deceiver can be no liability for (Deceit) and the following conditions must be present:
1) beguiling act 2) prejudicing 3) sedative’s knowledge and seduced unknowing 4) element of deception 5) deceived dissatisfaction
Investigate the Relationship between the Crime of Insulting Religious Sanctities and the Right to Freedom of Speech in Iranian Law and International Human Rights
Authors: Pakzad Batoul , Serajian Iman
Published: September 2016

Insulting religious beliefs and sanctities in some cases will intersect with freedom of speech. In this case, offenders have raided religious beliefs of other people under the guise of freedom of speech and insult them by poisoned arrows. While opponents thinkthis is the right while opponents think, this is the right which can be limited and undoubtedly insulting religious sanctities and religious beliefs, is considered as the boundary for this human right. Way of boundaries between these two challenging concepts is the foundation of this study that leads to preventation of spearding the freedom of speech to make insulting and not so much that sanctities circle and religious beliefs can be extended that no place for free speech and thinking and criticism can be remained. This study investigate the relationship between the crime of insulting religious sanctities and freedom of speech in Iranian law and international instruments on human rights using descriptive and analytical methods.
Cytologic and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Low-Grade Spindle Cell Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Virani Nilam , Pang Judy , Lew Madelyn
Published: September 2016

Spindle cell lesions of the gastrointestinal tract are relatively uncommon compared with the frequency of their epithelial counterparts. Although gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas are the most commonly encountered spindle cell lesions in the stomach and esophagus, respectively, there are other less common diagnostic entities that should be considered for accurate diagnoses as well as appropriate patient treatment and clinical follow-up. Given the morphologic overlap of low-grade spindle cell lesions on cytologic preparations, ancillary studies play a key role in differentiating these lesions from one another.
A Historical Perspective and Exposé on Serrated Polyps of the Colorectum
Authors: Choi Eun-Young Karen , Appelman Henry D.
Published: September 2016

This article offers a historical perspective on the discovery of 3 types of serrated colorectal polyps recognized in the past 60 years. The first to be discovered was the hyperplastic polyp, which is still the most commonly encountered serrated polyp. In the past 20 years, the carcinoma-associated sessile serrated adenoma/polyp has been recognized, but its diagnosis can be difficult owing to overlapping histologic features with hyperplastic polyps. Less is known about the third type, the traditional serrated adenoma, because it is far less common than the other 2 types, and its association with cancer is currently under investigation.
Amplify Your Impact: Don't Be a Reference "Tool": How to Use Internal Marketing to Build Staff Competencies in the Age of Inclusive Libraries
Authors: Pereyaslavska Katya , Abba Corinne
Published: September 2016

Inclusivity is a topic which is coming to the fore in many institutions, and libraries are no exception. To many of us, this may be a new area and could be somewhat daunting to begin to address. The authors provide some background, resources, and ideas to start to make your library inclusive, accessible, and welcoming to all patrons.—Editors
Adult Readers’ Advisory Services through Public Library Websites
Authors: Burke Susan K. , Strothmann Molly
Published: September 2016

Public libraries have implemented Readers’ Advisory (RA) services and outreach efforts online in a variety of formats, ranging from one-way communications such as book club announcements and reading lists to interactions with individual patrons about their reading preferences. While the literature contains numerous case studies describing online RA activities and extensive recommendations for practice, what is lacking is a broad, generalizable picture of what percentage of libraries are offering online RA, what types of public libraries are most likely to do so, and what types of online RA efforts have been implemented. Using a random sample of 369 public libraries, this study examined library websites for evidence of RA and analyzed library characteristics that were associated with a higher likelihood of offering these services.
From Committees of RUSA: Best of the Best Business Websites
Authors: Education Committee BRASS
Published: September 2016

The Best of the Best Business Websites Award was established in 2009 to recognize three websites relevant to information professionals providing business reference services. The websites are nominated and selected by the Business Reference and Services Section (BRASS) Education Committee members on the basis of their content quality, ease of use and technical execution. The winners are announced at the RUSA Book and Media Awards reception at the ALA Midwinter Meeting. You may view previous winners at www.ala.org/rusa/awards/bestofthebestbus. To access other BRASS-recommended resources, go to http://brass.libguides.com.
Book Review: Not Just Where to Click: Teaching Students How to Think about Information
Authors: Louderback Pamela
Published: September 2016

Fifteen years ago, information literacy standards brought information literacy into higher education conversations and advanced the library field. ACRL’s current revision of Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education provides further direction for contextualizing and integrating information literacy into the curriculum and offers a deeper understanding of the knowledge practices and dispositions that an information-literate student should develop. With this in mind, Not Just Where to Click provides recommendations to help librarians develop appropriate resources, practices, and assessment instruments for information literacy.
Book Review: Preserving Our Heritage: Perspectives from Antiquity to the Digital Age
Authors: Zingarelli-Sweet Anna-Sophia
Published: September 2016

Far-reaching yet approachable, Michèle V. Cloonan’s anthology of readings in cultural heritage preservation is the reference work I wish I’d had at my fingertips as a student. In keeping with its stated audience, the volume is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students in cultural heritage fields, practitioners of every stripe, and interdisciplinary scholars and professionals looking for a guide to the literature of preservation.
Book Review: American Political Culture: An Encyclopedia
Authors: Buss Carla Wilson
Published: September 2016

Anyone seeking reliable information on American political life since the 1970s will be pleased with Michael Shally-Jensen’s work, American Political Culture. This three-volume set covers topics from abortion to Israel Zangwill, the nineteenth-century author who coined the phrase “melting pot” and who appears in the entry for “Cultural Pluralism.”
Book Review: Artifacts From Medieval Europe
Authors: Lincove David
Published: September 2016

Artifacts are defined in this book as “any object made or used by humans” (xix). These characteristics distinguish artifacts from written primary sources, although both are studied to learn about the past. The author combines forty-five visual images of artifacts, related textual sources, and brief explanations and analyses to introduce information about medieval life in Europe.
Book Review: Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia
Authors: Coder Megan
Published: September 2016

Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia is a comprehensive four-volume reference work that consists of 315 in-depth entries discussing many aspects of Asian American culture. Editor Mary Yu Danico, a past-president of the Association for Asian American Studies and currently a professor at California State Polytechnic University, states in the introduction, “We recognize that it is impossible to discuss every facet of Asian American society, but we have put forth our best efforts to examine the historical, social, cultural, economic, and political aspects of our society through the lens of multiple disciplines and voices” (xxv).
Book Review: Earth’s Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World’s Geographic Features
Authors: Presley Lisa
Published: September 2016

Authors Joyce Quinn and Susan Woodward combine their decades of research, teaching, and knowledge in Earth’s Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World’s Geographic Features. The entries in this two volume set focus on 460 of the natural geographic features of the earth. The introduction provides a wealth of useful background information, including a table of the geologic time scale, a table of major climate types and descriptions of the earth’s major surface features.
Book Review: Jim Crow: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic
Authors: Moffitt Sally
Published: September 2016

Jim Crow: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic is essentially an abridged edition of the editors’ earlier two-volume The Jim Crow Encyclopedia published by Greenwood Press in 2008. The 275 entries in the latter edition have been pared down to 104 “geared toward the needs of high school students” and selected to “focus on the most important people, events, and institutions involved in the creation, maintenance, and eventual dismembering of Jim Crow” (xv).
Book Review: The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History
Authors: Muskiewicz Marion S.
Published: September 2016

Over forty years ago, Alfred Crosby published The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (ABC-Clio, 1973), dissecting the many biologic and economic changes resulting from Christopher Columbus’s voyages to America. Dr. Cumo has built on this and created this quick reference work, which adds to and updates information on plants, animals and diseases which moved from the Old World to the New or vice versa.
Book Review: Spirit Possession Around the World: Possession, Communion, and Demon Expulsion Across Cultures
Authors: Slack Anita J.
Published: September 2016

This book has proven a welcome addition to the reference collection at my private, Catholic, liberal arts institution. In an effort to draw a comparison between other works on the topic of spirit possession, I found myself surprised to discover that there are currently few comparable resources in our collection, the collections of libraries in our consortium, or available on Amazon.
Book Review: Weird Sports and Wacky Games around the World: From Buzkashi to Zorbing
Authors: Davis Evan
Published: September 2016

Write a book about a topic so “weird and wacky” that no one has addressed it before and voila, you have the reference title in your field. Williams, an Englishwoman, found her niche by describing activities “that may be less familiar to American readers.” This includes sports as popular outside the US as cricket and events as obscure to everyone outside the U.K. as the Cotswold Olimpicks.
From the President of RUSA: Revisiting Library as Place: Balancing Space Planning Priorities by Focusing on Core Purpose
Authors: Houston Anne M.
Published: September 2016

My library's new book shelf recently featured a striking new book edited by Manuela Roth, Library architecture + design,1 which includes color photos of new library spaces from around the world. I'm sure that other librarians share my enthusiasm about the design of library buildings and find pleasure in looking at library spaces while analyzing the design choices made in constructing new or reconstructing old libraries. We have a longstanding tradition of library spaces being beautiful as well as utilitarian, as evidenced by many websites featuring "most beautiful libraries in the world" (just Google this phrase for several Internet lists). We want libraries to fill our aesthetic desires perhaps because we spend so much time in them. Libraries are places to come and linger, and so we expect them to have spaces that are nice to look at as well as functional. The grand reading room is one manifestation of this, where users work intently at wood tables in a classically designed space, as is the colorful, happy children's room which conveys to children the joy of reading. In both cases, the design encourages the activity done in the room. For librarians, a successful space combines the beautiful with the functional: we enjoy architectural excellence but also seeing the choices made by architects and other librarians for how space will be utilized to meet user needs and fulfill the library's mission to its community.
Amplify Your Impact: We Share Great Stuff: Marketing Content at the Edmonton Public Library
Authors: Thomas Tina
Published: September 2016

Even though libraries don’t “sell” things for money, we still want customers “buying” into us by using our materials and services. In this column, Tina Thomas shows how merchandising and following the lead of for-profit businesses has increased circulation at the Edmonton Public Library.—Editors
Taking a Fresh Look: Reviewing and Classifying Reference Statistics for Data-Driven Decision Making
Authors: LeMire Sarah , Rutledge Lorelei , Brunvand Amy
Published: September 2016

This article describes the results of an extensive review of reference transactions from multiple service points at the University of Utah’s J. Willard Marriott Library. The review enabled us to better understand the types of questions asked at our service points and resulted in a new set of codes for categorizing reference transactions that focus on recording the kinds of expertise needed to answer each question. We describe the differences between our model and other scales for collecting reference questions. Our method for reviewing reference transactions and developing new codes may be useful to other libraries interested in updating how they collect reference statistics.
Book Review: Assessing Service Quality: Satisfying the Expectations of Library Customers
Authors: Carlin Jane
Published: September 2016

We all know that libraries are under pressure to reinvent services and programs to meet the changing demographics and demands of our current and future users as well as to maintain relevancy in the digital age. Shrinking budgets and competition for funding weigh heavily on the minds of all library administrators. Providing outstanding service is at the heart of the library, and, as stated in the introduction to this third edition of a classic favorite on service, “customers are more than a source for data collection; they are the reason for the existence of libraries” (xii).
Book Review: Library Security: Better Communication, Safer Facilities
Authors: Clark Sarah
Published: September 2016

Dr. Steve Albrecht is a renowned security consultant with experience working with and consulting for libraries that are implementing or improving security plans and procedures. He is also a retired San Diego Police reserve sergeant. Library Security: Better Communication, Safer Facilities is a practical book dealing with security and customer service in an era in which workplace violence, mental illness, child neglect, and homelessness are realities for all libraries, regardless of their size or location. Filled with engaging anecdotes and forthright advice, this volume is both readable and useful. Although Albrecht emphasizes issues that are especially common in public libraries, this book provides information beneficial to those working in any kind of library, archive, or information setting that is open to the public.
Book Review: Mentoring A to Z
Authors: Croft Janet Brennan
Published: September 2016

Staff training and development programs are aimed at all library employees. These processes communicate job expectations, orient the worker to the organization and its resources, and provide information about the library’s mission and goals. Mentorship programs, on the other hand, are more often developed for employees at the professional or faculty level, and, ideally, they deal with issues such as long-term professional career development, promotion and succession planning, and retention (or tenure in tenure-track faculty situations).
Book Review: Running a Small Library: A How-To-Do-It Manual for Librarians, 2nd ed.
Authors: Tillotson Janet A
Published: September 2016

Running a Small Library provides a plethora of ideas for librarians working in various types of libraries. Small libraries are found all over the country, and Moorman considers them to be “the backbone of our information society and an essential component of a democratic society” (vii). Therefore it is important to provide helpful resources to help library directors serve their communities. This book focuses on challenges and responsibilities unique to directors of small libraries who, due to limited budgets and staffing, often must wear many hats and cross-train on nearly all of the tasks that are performed in the library. This book also includes sections written by experienced librarians who provide ideas for running the small library.
Book Review: Ghosts, Spirits, and Psychics: The Paranormal from Alchemy to Zombies
Authors: Koger Grove
Published: September 2016

Producing a reference book about the paranormal presents a unique challenge. Various aspects of the phenomenon—under the rubric of “the supernatural”—have been and remain common to virtually all religions. Furthermore, as this work’s “Introduction” notes, “the idea of the paranormal is ubiquitous and inescapable in American culture” and “is entrenched” (xix) throughout most of the rest of the world. Yet the actual existence of the paranormal is in very serious doubt, and authorities in most mainstream disciplines reject it as pseudoscience. As the “Introduction” suggests, however, a new paradigm that sidesteps this “skeptic/believer dichotomy” (xxiii) seems to be emerging.
Book Review: Ideas and Movements That Shaped America: From the Bill of Rights to “Occupy Wall Street"
Authors: Church Donna
Published: September 2016

This three volume encyclopedia offers more than 200 key concepts in American history from “Abolition” to “Zionism” similar to the earlier Encyclopedia of American Social Movements edited by Immanuel Ness (Sharpe 2004). While Ness uses sixteen larger groupings, Green and Stabler present more than 200 discrete ideas in alphabetical order in 1,000-3,000–word commentaries coupled with related excerpts of primary documents including laws, speeches, essays, and interviews that highlight significant voices and moments in American history. A timeline in the first volume situates the ideas in their historical context.