bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Scores on Conventional Attitude Scales Confounded with other Measures of Attitude Strength? Findings from the General Social Survey
Authors: Raden David
Published: August 2011

This research investigated the relations of five strength-related attitude dimensions and scores on a conventional attitude scale that measured attitude toward the traditional female role. The respondents were 837 women who participated in the 1983 General Social Survey. The strength-related dimensions, which resembled attitude properties that have been used as moderators of the attitude-behavior relationship, included attitude importance, adequacy of attitude-relevant information, attitude certainty, degree of concern with the attitude issue, and frequency of thinking about the attitude topic. An analysis of variance showed that for all of the strength-related properties except firmness, the mean attitude scale scores for the different levels of strength varied significantly when the dimensions were used as independent variables. Moreover, there were directional differences in which the mean scale scores were generally greater for the higher levels of strength than for the lower levels. These results contradict experimental findings in which similar attitude dimensions were not confounded with conventional attitude scores.
Effects of Reward and Familiarity of Reward Agent on Spontaneous Play in Preschoolers: A Field Study
Authors: Gomide Paula Inez Cunha , Ades Cesar
Published: August 2011

A field experiment was conducted with preschool children to test the effect of rewards on a familiar, spontaneous play activity, in conditions as close as possible to the children's natural school context, and to examine the role of familiarity of the person who administered rewards. In three experimental conditions, children were rewarded either by their own teacher or by an unknown adult for playing with toys at the school playground and stayed with either the teacher or the unknown adult in the remaining part of reward sessions. Spontaneous play was significantly reduced by the reward relative to baseline levels and recovered after a 3-wk interval. However, no difference due to familiarity/unfamiliarity of reward agent could be found. Results, discussed in terms of an incentive contrast hypothesis, attest to the generality and external validity of the undermining effects of rewards.
Accident and Illness Rates for Younger and Older Workers When Employment is Based on Medical Examination
Authors: Farrimond Thomas
Published: August 2011

An analysis of rates of accidents and illness for a population of 180 workers (aged 23 to 75 yr.) selected by medical examination shows increased age was unassociated with greater numbers of accidents or illnesses.
Effect of Age on Congruence between Adults' and Youths' Ratings of Life Event Stressors
Authors: Taylor Ronald D. , Spiess Gary A.
Published: August 2011

Life event stressors were rated by 60 sixth grade students from their personal points-of-view and by two adult samples ( ns = 11 and 17) on the basis of how they believed a typical 12- to 14-yr.-old today would rate events. Ratings of adults and sixth grade youth indicated strong congruence and were significantly different from the rating relationship previously reported between adults and ninth grade students. Adults' familiarity with youth strengthened but did not significantly improve congruence of ratings.
Mmpi Profiles of Hispanic-American Inpatient and Outpatient Sex Offenders
Authors: Velasquez Roberto J. , Callahan Wendell J. , Carrillo Ricardo
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were significant MMPI differences between 20 inpatient and 20 outpatient Hispanic-American sex offenders and whether their MMPI scores were consistent with those of nonHispanic (i.e., AngloAmericans) sex offenders as reported in the literature. It was hypothesized that Hispanic outpatients would obtain significantly lower scores than inpatients on the Depression and Social Introversion scales. The hypothesis was only partially supported on the latter. An unexpected finding was that outpatients obtained higher Masculinity-Femininity scores than inpatients. While multiple clinical-scale elevations were found for both groups, similarities between Hispanics and nonHispanics were found in over-all profile patterns. The results suggest that there is no “profile for an Hispanic sex offender” and that minimum levels of psychopathology may be reflected in the MMPI scores of Hispanic sex offenders.
Alienation and Self-Reported Deviance
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

The present study assessed the relationship between alienation and criminal deviance by administering Dean's Alienation Scale and a modified version of Canter's Self-reported Deviance Checklist to 113 undergraduate students of whom 40 were men. The over-all correlation was slight but further analysis showed sex differences. Alienation was moderately related to criminal deviance among men, but not among women.
Externality and Burnout among Dentists
Authors: St-Yves A. , Freeston M. H. , Godbout F. , Poulin L. , St-Amand C. , Verret M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigates the relationship between burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory and locus of control as measured by the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control (ANS-IE) for 82 dentists. Significant Pearson correlations between two Maslach subscales and locus of control show Personal Accomplishment to be negatively associated –.31 and Emotional Exhaustion to be positively correlated .21 to externality.
Strategy Development as a Function of the Amount of Relevant or Irrelevant Information
Authors: Culross Rita R. , Davis J. Kent
Published: August 2011

The study examined the relationship between the amount of relevant or irrelevant information and subjects' strategies. Subjects solved 16 conjunctive concept-learning problems which varied in terms of the amount and type of information. The study measured the focusing strategy, the number of choices to solution, and the time to solution. Analysis indicated focusing scores were highest when the amount of information was lowest and relevant information was the source of the information. Other results suggest strategies developed over time.
Anonymity, Sex, and Weight-Preoccupation as Variables on the Eating Disorders Inventory with Normal College Students
Authors: Szekely Barbara C. , Raffeld Paul C. , Snodgrass Greg
Published: August 2011

The Eating Disorders Inventory was administered to 595 nonclinical male and female undergraduate college students in response to observations at the counseling center that an increasing number of students were seeking assistance for problems associated with binge eating. The purpose of the study was to identify a group with bulimic characteristics, and since secrecy is associated with bulimia, to compare students' responses when anonymous vs name-identified. Statistical analyses of the eight subscales of the inventory showed no significant differences by anonymity vs identification, but significant differences by sex and by weight-preoccupation existed.
Familiarity, Proximity and Self-Injurious Behaviors
Authors: Svec Henry J. , Vandenburg George , Jack Magdelaine , Toland Doug , Barrera F. J.
Published: August 2011

This paper introduces familiarity and proximity of direct-care staff as possible contributors to the etiology of self-injurious behaviors. Analysis suggests that research workers consider these two variables when evaluating the etiology of such behaviors with specific reference to positive and negative reinforcement paradigms.
Mandatory Aids Testing: Factors Influencing Public Opinion
Authors: Tintinger Jonathan , Simkins Lawrence
Published: August 2011

A survey of 341 persons, 82% of whom were university students whose median age was 27.0 yr., was conducted to investigate the relationship between their attitudes regarding mandatory AIDS testing for various groups, attitudes toward the disease, sexual orientation and behavior, and attitudes toward homosexuals. Homosexual and bisexual respondents were less supportive of mandatory testing for anyone than were heterosexual respondents. Greater homophobia and attitudes in favor of legal sanctions against persons with AIDS were correlated for heterosexual respondents, with attitudes supporting mandatory testing for everyone and homosexuals in particular. However, concern about contracting AIDS was unrelated to heterosexual attitudes favoring mandatory testing. Social and political considerations in an era of growing and potentially militant public health concern are discussed.
Cardiovascular Responsivity in Schizophrenics to Videotaped Social Vignettes
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W. , Stolley Melinda R. , Davies-Farmer Ruth M.
Published: August 2011

Heart rates, blood pressures, self-reported emotional level and anxiety of 15 schizophrenic outpatients indicated subjects discriminated among emotional levels in actors shown on videotape but their anxiety ratings did not change after viewing, and arousal after viewing highly emotional content was lower than at baseline.
The Estimation of Variance Components in Generalizability Studies: A Resampling Approach
Authors: Marcoulides George A.
Published: August 2011

The accurate estimation of variance components is essential for studying the reliability of a measurement procedure in generalizability theory. Previous research has shown that errors in estimation of variance components lead to erroneous interpretations. This is particularly true with small samples, nonnormal data, and unbalanced designs. This study explores a resampling procedure for obtaining estimates of variance components. The results suggest that the proposed method is useful when most needed—with small samples, nonnormal distributions, and unbalanced designs.
Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT)—Normative Data
Authors: Boyle Gregory J.
Published: August 2011

N-stens for 475 Australian children in Grade 6 and for boys and girls separately are presented for the Children's Motivation Analysis Test, representing the first such normative data available for this instrument.
Relationship between Perceived Parental Behaviors and the Self-Esteem of Gifted Children
Authors: Enright Kevin M. , Ruzicka Mary F.
Published: August 2011

This pilot study sought to investigate parent-child interactions which influenced self-esteem in a sample of gifted children. 13 gifted children, aged 6 to 10 yr., who were enrolled in a private elementary school, were tested on the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Parent Practices Questionnaire (PPQ). Significant correlations obtained between (1) each of four maternal PPQ variables (physical punishment, consistency of expectations, principled discipline, and support) and (2) one paternal PPQ variable (deprivation of privileges) with the total self-esteem score. Maternal variables and dimensions, more than paternal, appear to influence self-esteem in these subjects. Explanations for these findings are proposed along with recommendations for study.
A Quasiexperimental Study of the Effect of Humor Preference and other Variables on Understanding/Appreciation of Editorial Satire
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: August 2011

Students indicated their humor preference (nonsense vs philosophical) and personal data on 7 other independent variables, then read three satirical editorials and, after each, checked which of five statements was the thesis intended by the author. They also rated each satire on interestingness and funniness. The number of satires' theses correctly identified was the dependent variable (understanding) and the interestingness and funniness scales were the measures of appreciation. The only significant value of chi-squared for understanding was by Greek/nonGreek status. A correlation matrix of the funniness and interestingness scores supported earlier evidence of a general “appreciation of satire” factor by college students.
The Relations between Competitive Experiences in Mid-Childhood and Achievement Motives among Male Wrestlers
Authors: Halvari Hallgeir
Published: August 2011

The 1970 Achievement Motives Scale of Gjesme and Nygård was administered to 78 adolescent and more mature male wrestlers. Athletes answered three questions about content of training and competitions between the ages of 7 and 12 yr. The data indicate that early emphasis on achievement training contributes to the development of achievement motivation among wrestlers. Those who start training early and succeed, between the ages of 7 and 12 yr., develop a higher motive for success than those who start at a later stage. However, at the same time, data indicate that the earlier children start, the harder they are matched during training and competition before the age of 12. Inexperienced athletes have to compete against more experienced ones, and participation at this age is related to experience of failure. Consequently, high frequencies of training and competitive intensity in early, inexperienced years contribute to the development of fear of failure motivation. Results are discussed and pedagogical implications considered.
Some Crocodile Dundee Aftereffects in Northern Australia
Authors: Ross Glenn F.
Published: August 2011

An anxiety scale and a knowledge about saltwater crocodiles scale were administered to 135 adults in the northern Australian cities of Darwin and Cairns so as to gauge their responses to and knowledge about an increasingly salient local predator. High levels of knowledge accompanied higher anxiety. Anxiety was more likely to be admitted by women and was associated with a positive attitude toward culling. No Australian regional differences were observed. The theoretical and practical implications of these results for the safety of northern Australian residents and tourists are discussed.
Approaches to Studying and Creativity: Is There a Link?
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: August 2011

The Approaches to Studying Inventory and two creativity measures (Torrance's Circles Test and Guilford and Hoepfner's Unusual Uses Test) were administered to a sample of 308 Caribbean adolescents to assess the correlations between their approaches to studying and creative performance. No significant relationships emerged.
Behavioral, Psychological, and Demographic Predictors of Physical Fitness
Authors: Conway Terry L.
Published: August 2011

Achieving higher levels of physical fitness has become a goal of many Americans both for personal reasons (e.g., improved health and well-being) and for organizational reasons (e.g., corporate cost-savings; operational effectiveness). Understanding the factors which relate to physical fitness could help people improve their fitness. This study examined 1,357 Navy men to estimate the associations among behavioral, psychological, and background factors and four components of physical fitness: (a) cardiorespiratory endurance (1.5-mile run), (b) muscular endurance (sit-ups), (c) flexibility (sit-and-reach test), and (d) body composition (estimated percent fat). Controlling for exercise activities, physical fitness was positively associated with “wellness” behaviors, believing in the importance of physical fitness, expecting to reach/maintain ideal weight, being athletic as a youth, and education; fitness was negatively associated with tobacco use, “preventive/avoidance” behaviors, age, and ever being overweight. Identifying and dealing constructively with such factors may help to structure better fitness programs tailored to the individual.
Varying Relationships between Adaption-Innovation and Social Desirability
Authors: Elder Richard L. , Johnson Don C.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between the Kirton Adaption Innovation Inventory (KAI) and two measures of social desirability. The social desirability measures were chosen because the first, the Defensiveness Scale ( K scale) on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), measures the conscious presentation of oneself in socially desirable terms while the second measure, the Edwards Social Desirability Scale, examines the unconscious presentation of oneself as being socially desirable. 104 undergraduates enrolled in general psychology classes at a middle-sized midwestern university participated. A significant positive correlation between scores on the Kirton and Edwards inventories and a nonsignificant positive correlation with the K scale were obtained. The former indicates that innovators unconsciously present themselves as being more socially desirable than adaptors while adaptors and innovators consciously present themselves as being socially desirable almost equally. These findings for the Edwards Social Desirability Scale are inconsistent with the past research on the relationship between Kirton's inventory and social desirability.
Self-Monitoring as a Moderator of Relationships between Traditional Religious Belief and Personality Adjustment
Authors: Tobacyk Jerome J. , Driggers Eva Clair
Published: August 2011

211 college students completed the Self-monitoring Scale, the Traditional Religious Belief subscale of the Paranormal Belief Scale, and the Threat Index measure of death threat and self-esteem. As hypothesized, the low self-monitoring group showed the largest and only significant rs between Traditional Religious Belief and the two criteria—death threat and self-esteem. Findings are consistent with the notion that low self-monitors show greater dispositional/behavioral consistency.
Premenstrual Changes, the Gentle Ms. Jekyll and the Hideous Ms. Hyde: The Saga of Catchy Titles, Myths and Facts
Authors: Halbreich Uriel
Published: August 2011

Methodological deficiencies in studies of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are briefly pointed out in response to a recent article. The detrimental effect of the nonsubstantiated use of the description “Ms. Hyde” in titles of articles on PMS is emphasized, even if the authors attempt to provide evidence for its disqualification.
Use of the Adjective Generation Technique to Measure Effects of Training Parents
Authors: Peters Cynthia L. , Platz Donald L. , Fox Robert A.
Published: August 2011

A modified instruction of the Adjective Generation Technique was used to evaluate the effects of a training program for parents. The modified technique was completed by 12 parents (1 father, 11 mothers) who were asked to describe themselves from their children's perspective, prior to and following the completion of a parents' training program. There was a significant reduction in parents' perceptions of anxiety and a significant increase in favorability.
Alcohol Abuse and Performance Appraisal Ratings
Authors: Jordan James L. , Nasis Deovina B.
Published: August 2011

274 adult volunteers completed a questionnaire concerning how different behaviors and emotions, which may be attributed to alcohol abuse, would affect their performance appraisal ratings of an individual who exhibited those behaviors or emotions. The appearance of behaviors and emotions that might signify alcohol abuse resulted in lower ratings. There was no difference between supervising and non-supervising raters or between male and female raters. Problems in permitting the symptoms to affect performance ratings are discussed.
Validating the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Brief Form with Educable Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: Posey Wayne , Sapp Gary L. , Gladding Samuel T.
Published: August 2011

To examine the validity of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement Brief Form, standard scores were correlated with Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Test standard scores and WISC—R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Kaufman scores were strongly related to Woodcock-Johnson scores and moderately related to WISC—R scores. Mean comparisons between composite scores were not significant. These outcomes were congruent with data reported in the Kaufman test manual and offer positive support for the concurrent validity of this test.
Correlates of Psychological Distress in Involuntary Job Loss
Authors: Baik Kibok , Hosseini Marion , Priesmeyer H. Richard
Published: August 2011

This study estimated correlates of psychological distress with a heterogeneous sample of American subjects ( N = 122; M age = 33.5 yr.) who were involuntarily displaced from work. Expectation of finding a new job is a significant source of psychological distress in job loss after taking into account length of unemployment and economic dependence. Psychological distress also showed significant negative association with self-esteem and significant positive relationship with job-seeking effort. Other important findings are discussed.
Perceived Problem-Solving Skills and Drinking Patterns among College Students
Authors: Williams Janice G. , Kleinfelter Kathryn J.
Published: August 2011

The cognitive social-learning-theory literature on alcohol abuse points to failure to generate appropriate alternative behaviors to drinking as a major predictor of relapse to drinking. Viewing drinking as a continuous variable, ranging from abstinence to abuse, it should be possible to demonstrate a relationship between problem-solving abilities and drinking patterns. The hypothesis that individuals' perceived problem-solving skills are related to their pattern of alcohol use was examined. It was expected that poorer perceived problem-solving skills would be related to maladaptive use of alcohol in response to problem situations. 192 students in Introductory Psychology at a midsized southern university participated. Each subject completed questionnaires assessing frequency and quantity of alcohol use, and stimuli associated with the onset of drinking. The Problem-solving Inventory was used to measure perceived problem-solving skills. Drinking pattern variables were formed by factor analysis. Canonical correlation analysis of the data supported the hypotheses. Students with lower confidence in problem-solving capabilities reported greater use of alcohol to cope with negative emotions and to escape from responsibilities than students with high confidence in their abilities. Amount of alcohol consumed was not related to problem-solving skills.
Children's Perceptions of Counter-Depressive Activities
Authors: Wierzbicki Michael
Published: August 2011

Children's perceptions of counter-depressive activities were examined as a function of their sex, age, and level of depression. In Study 1, 322 children aged 8 to 12 yr. were asked to identify as many counter-depressive activities as possible. Girls provided more counter-depressive responses than boys and more often reported Help-seeking responses, while boys more frequently produced both Activity and Recreation responses. In Study 2, 98 children, ages 8 to 14 yr., completed the Children's Depression Inventory and generated counter-depressive activities. Girls provided more counter-depressive activities than boys, and older children provided more counter-depressive activities than younger ones. Although depression scores were unrelated to the types of counter-depressive activities provided, they were modestly, though statistically significantly, correlated with the number of counter-depressive activities: as depression increased, children listed fewer coping activities. The relationship between children's perceptions of counter-depressive activities and those of adults is discussed.
Differentiating among Three Measures of Career Preference
Authors: Brodzinski James D. , Goyer Karen A. , Scherer Robert F. , Wiebe Frank A.
Published: August 2011

Previous research in career psychology has used measures of education and training aspirations, career-entry expectations, and career task self-efficacy as indicators of career preference. However, many studies use only one or pairs of these variables. The current investigation established that these three measures could be distinguished from one another and were reliable and had a stable factor structure. A proposal encourages research workers to use all three measures concurrently to obtain a more holistic perspective on development of preference.
An Analysis of the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Personal Involvement Inventory and the Consumer Involvement Profile
Authors: Celuch Kevin , Evans Richard
Published: August 2011

In this paper two measures of involvement, the Personal Involvement Inventory and the Consumer Involvement Profile, were tested for both convergent and discriminant validity in the context of a high involvement product and a low involvement product. The results show that convergent validity does exist between the two measures. In addition, the research depicted the two measures as exhibiting discriminant validity relative to innovativeness and confidence in information processing but not in terms of attitude toward the object and attitude toward the act. Relatively speaking, the high involvement product showed less convergent validity and more discriminant validity than the low involvement product. The research is based on data collected from 76 undergraduate university students.
Family Involvement and Outcome in Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: McNabb Jean , Der-Karabetian Aghop , Rhoads Jim
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of spouses' (or significant others') involvement in the treatment of alcoholism. Altogether 80 adult patients who had been treated for alcoholism participated. There were three groups who varied in involvement: Group I whose spouses attended 3 or fewer group therapy sessions per week, Group II whose spouses attended 4 or more sessions per week, and Group III whose spouses were treated as inpatients for coalcoholism. Information was gathered through personal interviews as part of the treatment follow-up plan no less than six months after release. The results suggest strong associations between greater family involvement and abstinence (at least six months), better family relations, and positive feelings about self. Further work should consider factors contributing to greater spousal involvement and the nature of support received after treatment.
Opinions on Abortion as Measured by the Lost-Letter Technique
Authors: Kunz Phillip R. , Fernquist Robert M.
Published: August 2011

This study uses a postal card as a modification of the “lost letter” technique to obtain information about abortion attitudes. The message on the cards (which can be read easily by the finder) included 100 with a promise to donate money to a proabortion committee, 100 to an antiabortion committee, and 100 contained a neutral message having nothing to do with abortion. 50 of each type of card were dropped in one of two urban areas. There were more antiabortion than proabortion cards mailed, but the highest return rate of neutral cards suggests a need for additional study of abortion attitudes.
Temporal Stability of a Preemployment Integrity Test
Authors: Rafilson Fred M.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal stability of a standardized preemployment measure of integrity by giving 62 employees the integriry measure twice, using a one-week interval between testings. A pretest-posttest reliability coefficient of .91 was obtained.
A Study of the Relationship of Styles of Loving and Marital Happiness
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Nevels Robert , Fitzpatrick Joyce H.
Published: August 2011

In a study of the relationship of styles of loving and marital happiness the Marital Adjustment Test (Short-Form) and the Styles of Loving survey were mailed or hand delivered to 200 married couples in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and Clarksville, Tennessee, as well as to couples in the southeastern USA which included parts of Florida and Mississippi. For the 110 returns (55 couples) deemed suitable, a significant positive Pearson correlation of .58 between the wives' Agape (giving) style of loving and their husbands' marital happiness was obtained. If a wife's style of loving was Mania (selfish), a negative correlation (–.34) was obtained with her husband's marital happiness, but no significant correlation was noted between the men's styles of loving and wives' marital happiness.
Differential Importance of Hierarchical Learning, Abstractness, and Imagery
Authors: Hauck William E. , Moore J. William , Sancilio Leonard
Published: August 2011

This research examined the relative contribution of hierarchical sequencing, abstractness, and imagery to learning. In the past, hierarchical, logical sequencing was not shown to be superior to other modes of instruction, and the interaction of imagery, abstractness, and sequencing had not been examined, especially regarding the possible superiority of any of these as a contributor to learning. The data were produced by 108 high school students who studied sequences of hierarchically related information arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design the dimensions of which varied according to the degree of imagery (high and low), abstractness (abstract and concrete), and type of sequencing (logical and scrambled). Analyses of the amount of learning under these conditions showed that hierarchical sequencing is not only relevant to learning but more related than either imagery or the abstractness of material to be learned. Additional suggestions are made regarding instruction and research especially in relation to matrix rather than hierarchical arrangements of information.
Prevalence of Sexual Assault Victimization among Heterosexual and Gay/Lesbian University Students
Authors: Duncan David F.
Published: August 2011

The prevalence of being a victim of forced sex was examined in a sample of 412 university students. Sexual victimization was significantly more common among female than male and among gay and lesbian than heterosexual students.
An Alternative Method for Estimating Variance Components in Generalizability Theory
Authors: Marcoulides George A.
Published: August 2011

This study compares, using simulated data, two methods for estimating variance components in generalizability (G) studies. Traditionally variance components are estimated from an analysis of variance of sample data. The alternative method for estimating variance components is restricted maximum likelihood (REML). The results indicate that REML provides estimates for the components in the various designs that are closer to the true parameters than the estimates from analysis of variance.
Development of a Measure of Unwanted Sexual Contact in Childhood, for Use in Community Mental Health Surveys
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2011

Development of a measure of child sexual abuse, operationalized as unwanted sexual contact before age 17, is described. In a community mental health survey of 750 women aged 18 to 27 yr., 32% recalled unwanted sexual contact. 7% experienced prolonged sexual assault before age 17 and had significantly higher scores as adults on the CESD Depression scale.
A Short-Term Peer Model for Treating Shyness in College Students: A Note on an Exploratory Study
Authors: Booth Richard
Published: August 2011

Two groups of 3 shy college students and 4 in a control group, were not different at pretest but one group given treatment involving several activities with feedback showed a decrement in shyness. Larger groups and further use of peer counselors should be included in further work.
Type A Behavior, Competitive Achievement-Striving, and Cheating among College Students
Authors: Perry Anthony R. , Kane Kevin M. , Bernesser Kevin J. , Spicker Paul T.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the cheating behavior in competitive and noncompetitive situations of 40 college students classified as Type A (16 women, 24 men) and 40 as Type B (19 women, 21 men). Type A-scoring students were more likely to cheat than Type B-scoring students irrespective of competition. The results suggest that in some situations, especially where expectations for success cannot be met, Type A-scoring students may cheat to achieve success.
A 24-Year Longitudinal Study of the Development of Religious Ideas
Authors: Baird Leonard L.
Published: August 2011

The religious ideas of 83 individuals were examined when they were college freshmen, seniors, and then as alumni 20 yr. later, using scales and items from the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Their religious ideas were related to other aspects of their values and personalities, as well as their careers and current activities. Analyses suggest that there were sizable changes in religious ideas toward more liberal and free-thinking positions during the college years, with relatively few further changes thereafter.
Profile of Mood States: Australian Normative Data
Authors: Moore Kathleen , Stanley Robb , Burrows Graham
Published: August 2011

The Profile of Mood States was administered to 90 Australian women, 30 depressed, 30 anxious, and 30 nonpsychiatric controls. Both clinical groups scored higher than the McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman (1971) normative samples on the negative mood states and scored lower on Vigor. The means for these groups are presented and compared with the 1971 normative data of McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman.
Structure of Learning Environment Variables under Two Instructional Conditions
Authors: Randhawa Bikkar S.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the congruence between the factor structures of the learning environment and cognitive variables for mathematics and English courses in Grade 10. Three common factors were obtained in each course. Procedural characteristics and cognitive factors in mathematics were highly similar to the corresponding factors in English. However, the formative characteristics factor identified in mathematics was not congruent to the corresponding factor in English. Learning environment variables produced two factors. These factors resembled the congruent factor properties for the two courses when the learning environment and cognitive variables were factor analyzed together. Implications for learning and instructional research are mentioned.
Predicting Psychiatric Symptoms in Rural Community Mental Health Clients
Authors: Carscaddon David M.
Published: August 2011

Using the Brief Symptom Inventory administered to 88 rural clients on Visit 1 and to 56 clients, 3 mo. later after Visit 3 with an evaluation of service, regression analyses suggested a 4-variable model, with fewer symptoms on Visit 1, higher income, lower anxiety, and younger age accounted for 70% of the total variance. Cross-validation is needed.
Sex Differences in Evaluating Heterosexual and Homosexual Promiscuity
Authors: Froese Arnold D. , Rumback Krista L. , Hard Leann D.
Published: August 2011

Our research focused on men's and women's interpretations of homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior. Study 1 involved 21 men and 21 women who rated perceived differences between homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior following a discussion of impersonal sex in public restrooms. Men perceived the two types of promiscuous behavior as more different than did women. In Study 2, 41 men and 23 women rated their perceptions of the difference between homosexually and heterosexually promiscuous behavior without any prior discussion. No sex differences were found, though a significant correlation between age and rating was observed. Men and women may focus on different dimensions when evaluating sexual behavior.
Decreases in Behavior in Vicarious Reinforcement Procedures
Authors: Bol Linda , Steinhauer Gene D.
Published: August 2011

Results of past research on vicarious reinforcement are mixed. Some researchers have reported an increase in the frequency of modeled behavior, others have reported no change, and still others have reported a decrease. If a subject imitates a model whose behavior is reinforced, and the subject's behavior is not then followed by reinforcement, the procedure is extinction. In the present study kindergarten children who received direct reinforcement following working on a picture puzzle increased their rate of correct placement of puzzle pieces. 10 of 12 observer-subjects, also working on picture puzzles, showed a decrease in their rate of correct placement of puzzle pieces. Observer-subjects also had a significantly higher rate of verbal behaviors classified as attention getting, complaints, and aggression, than the subjects whose behavior was directly reinforced. These results support the hypothesis that nonreinforcement of the vicariously reinforced subject's behavior helps account for the mixed results described in previous research.
Correlates of Jealous Behaviors
Authors: McIntosh Everton G. , Tate Douglass T.
Published: August 2011

A total of 185 undergraduates who had dating partners completed a number of measures on relationship characteristics and jealousy. Analysis showed that insecurity was significantly related to both direct and indirect jealous behaviors but satisfaction was only related to indirect behaviors.
Adapted Character Styles of Vietnam Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Sherwood Roger J. , Funari David J. , Piekarski Alexander M.
Published: August 2011

A total of 189 male Vietnam veterans who were admitted to a specialized inpatient treatment program were evaluated using the Millon Clinical Multiphasic Personality Inventory to assess character styles. The veterans were assessed for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by using a subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and 72% of the patients were classified as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The character styles of passive-aggressive, schizoid, avoidant, and borderline were significantly associated with these patients. The most common 2-point profile was passive-aggressive and avoidant (8-2 or 2–8) and was significantly related to the diagnosis. While drug and alcohol abuse were common problem areas for the entire sample, the profile of patients with Posttraumatic Stress was different from those of substance abusers. These results indicate that treating Vietnam veterans with this disorder requires adopting strategies which include a character style focus as well as a symptom focus.
Vacation Discrepancy: A Leisure Motivation Approach
Authors: Lounsbury John W. , Franz Cynthia P. G.
Published: August 2011

This study commented on Utecht and Aldag's (1989) vacation-discrepancy study. We adapted Beard and Ragheb's 1983 leisure motivation scale to the study of vacations. Using a person's vacation as a frame of reference, prevacation expectations and postvacation satisfactions were studied in a convenience sample of 40 working adults and 146 college students. High (.80 and above) coefficient alphas were observed for the Beard and Ragheb scales of Intellectual, Social, Competence/Mastery, and Stimulus Avoidance as well as two additional motivation scales of Thrill-seeking and Work advantages. Difference-score reliabilities were estimated for the case where a discrepancy measure is formed for pre- versus postvacation referents; these were .80 or higher for all six measures. Results were discussed in terms of applying leisure constructs and measures to vacation research as well as the psychometric adequacy of the individual scale and discrepancy measures.
Codependency and Self-Esteem among High School Students
Authors: Fisher Deena , Beer John
Published: August 2011

46 north central Kansas rural high school students completed a coedependency measure prepared from a list of codependent characteristics and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory—Short Form including the Lie scale. Girls reported higher codependency scores than boys, but there was no difference between boys and girls on self-esteem. There was a significant difference between boys and girls on the self-esteem lie scores; boys tended to exaggerate their responses to appear more socially appropriate. The Pearson correlations suggest a moderate and negative association of self-esteem and codependency.
Is the Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse Decreasing? Evidence from a Random Sample of 750 Young Adult Women
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2011

An adult recall study in Calgary, Alberta in 1988–89 of child sexual abuse used stratified, random sampling to identify 750 women ages 18 to 27 yr., divided into 10 age cohorts of approximately 75 each. Those aged 18 and 19 yr. recalled significantly less contact abuse up to age 16 than those aged 20 to 27 yr. Experiencing print or visual media on the topic of sexual abuse was associated with a decreased prevalence. It is argued that in a climate of publicity and greater understanding of help sources and harmful effects, the actual prevalence of child sexual abuse may be decreasing.
Factors in Children's Attitudes toward Pets
Authors: Kidd A. H. , Kidd R. M.
Published: August 2011

This study investigates parental attitudes, family size, and structure, and presence or absence of household pets as influences on children's attitudes toward pets. 700 parents completed a Melson Parent Questionnaire which assesses children's activities with, interest in, and responsibility for pets, and completed either the Wilson Attitude Inventory for Pet Owners or for Nonpet Owners. Results indicated: that children of strongly attached adults and in pet-owning homes scored higher on Activities and Interest than children of weakly attached adults and in nonpet-owning homes; that children of both sexes in one-parent homes scored higher on Responsibility than in two-parent homes; that boys scored higher on Interest, girls on Activities, and both sexes on Responsibility when mothers worked full time rather than part-time; that girls scored higher on Interest and, in pet-owning homes, on Responsibility than boys; that preschoolers scored lower on Activities and Interest than older children, and that grade schoolers scored higher on Responsibility than preschoolers or high schoolers.
Japanese and Americans Compared on Assertiveness/Responsiveness
Authors: Thompson Catherine A. , Ishii Satoshi , Klopf Donald
Published: August 2011

A comparison of the social styles of 252 American and 241 Japanese college students showed that female students (108 and 116, respectively) were significantly different on both the assertiveness and responsiveness dimensions and that male students (144 and 125, respectively) were significantly different only on the assertiveness dimension.
Self-Monitoring as a Predictor of Leader Emergence
Authors: Kent Russell L. , Moss Sherry E.
Published: August 2011

Conceptualizing the relationship between self-monitoring and leader emergence as a process suggests that high self-monitors are able to evaluate cognitively their situations to determine the behaviors necessary to emerge as leaders Having identified these behaviors, the individuals may act in a way that could lead others to perceive them as leaders. To test this, two studies were conducted. The first study used self-report data on self-monitoring and leader emergence obtained from 120 undergraduate business students. Analyses indicated that high self-monitors were more likely to report a propensity to emerge in leadership roles when in group situations. The second study extended the investigation by evaluating the perceptions of all group members concerning who emerged as the leader in group activities. Data on self-monitoring and both self and other perceptions of leader emergence were gathered from 116 undergraduate business students. Results of this study support the findings of Study 1 on self-perceptions but suggest that self-monitoring may not be directly related to actual perceptions of leadership by others. These findings provide additional understanding of the previously established relationship between self-monitoring and leader emergence as perceived by others.
Personality Variables as Assessed by the MMPI and Their Relationship to Mother-Infant Interactional Behaviors at Age Three Months
Authors: Kaeller Mark G. , Roe Kiki V.
Published: August 2011

The present study examined whether maternal personality variables, as assessed on the MMPI, relate to early infant and maternal variables. The subjects were 14 low-risk, preterm and 24 full-term 3-mo.-old infants and their mothers. A female experimenter visited each infant at home where the mother and the experimenter each took turns and talked to the baby for 3 min. Subsequently, each infant was given a differential vocal response score by taking the amount of time spent in nondistress vocalizing in response to the stranger from the time spent in similar vocalizing in response to the mother. Following the 3-min. interactions, the mother and infant were observed for 30 min. and several mother-infant behaviors were recorded. Finally, the mothers were administered the MMPI. Analysis showed that high scores on Scales 3, 6, and Ego Control were related to less favorable mother-infant interactions and high scores on the Femininity and Ego Control Scales were related to infants' low differential vocal response scores.
Temporal Stability of Occupational Interest Inventories
Authors: Zarrella Karen L. , Schuerger James M.
Published: August 2011

Test-retest reliability data gathered from 83 sources (62 independent samples) were analyzed using a multiple-regression method to estimate the effects of several factors on the temporal stability of occupational interest inventories. Seven self-report inventories were examined—the Act Interest Inventory, the Career Assessment Inventory, the California Occupational Preference System Interest Inventory, the Jackson Vocational Interest Survey, the Ohio Vocational Interest Survey, the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, and the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, Form T325 of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Samples encompassed a wide range of subjects. Subjects' ages and retest intervals were significant predictors of reliability. Number of items and homogeneity had anomalous relations with stability. Subjects' sex and sample size did not significantly affect reliability. A summary table provides expected reliability coefficients tabulated for combinations of age by test-retest interval.
An Empirical Analysis of Mid-Career Managers' Adaptive-Innovative Cognitive Styles and Task Orientations in Three Countries
Authors: Foxall Gordon R.
Published: August 2011

Studies of the cognitive styles of broadly defined managerial functions are reviewed, showing that internally vs externally oriented subfunctions within each exhibit predicted differences in adaptive/innovative modes of decision-making and problem-solving. A sample of mid-career managers on MBA programs in the United States, who provided career histories and completed the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory, confirmed the distribution of adaptors and innovators that was established on the basis of studies in the United Kingdom and Australia. Data from a sample of European managers permit the marketing function to be subdivided on the same basis of internal- vs external-orientation, and the cognitive styles of marketers who differ in task orientation to be compared for the first time.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Work Preferences among College Graduates
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Powell Gary N.
Published: August 2011

This study involved 61 respondents surveyed about preferences for job characteristics and benefits at the time of college graduation and after six years of work experience. A number of differences in work preferences were identified. Several demographic variables and career attitudes contributed to explaining preferences at the six-year point in careers. Implications for organizational recruitment and retention strategies are discussed.
Academic Self-Concept as a Predictor of Achievement for a Sample of Elementary School Students
Authors: Lyon Mark A. , MacDonald Nan T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship of academic self-concept scores of 122 children with their achievement in Grade 6 as compared to general self-concept and locus of control. Academic self-concept correlated significantly higher with teachers' grades and standardized measures of achievement than either general self-concept or locus of control. A multiple regression analysis also confirmed the potential usefulness of academic self-concept for predicting students' achievement. Academic self-concept may be a more useful construct in helping understand students' achievement than frequently administered measures of general self-concept.