bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOTAL INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1946–1976: A SUMMARY REPORT
Authors: Eisner Robert , Simons Emily R. , Pieper Paul J. , Bender Steven
Published: March 2005

Extended accounts of total income and product and associated capital stocks for the United States, in current and constant dollars, are offered for the years 1946 to 1976. They include intangible and tangible capital accumulation and non‐market and market outputs in all sectors, services of government and household capital and of unpaid household labor, and opportunity costs of students. Defense and police services are classified as intermediate product; a portion of commercial media services is counted as final product. Expenses related to work are subtracted while the values of employee training and human capital formation and net revaluations of existing tangible capital are added.

Total incomes (TISA) net national product was 50 percent greater than official Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) NNP in 1976. BEA gross private domestic investment was only about 18 percent of TISA gross capital accumulation. Intangible investment and TISA net domestic capital accumulation grew more rapidly than BEA net private domestic investment. Household investment has been growing while there have been sharp declines in government investment, particularly in research and development. Contrary to some views of the import of the narrower BEA accounts, total capital accumulation appears to have risen considerably more rapidly than total consumption, 6.3 percent versus 2.2 percent per annum from 1946 to 1976, thus increasing sharply its share of TISA GNP.
WORKING WITH WHAT WE HAVE: HOW CAN EXISTING DATA BE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF SOCIO‐DEMOGRAPHIC MATRICES?1
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: March 2005

This paper outlines a general strategy for constructing socio‐demographic matrices, starting with a set of initial estimates based on available data and ending with a set of final estimates adjusted to meet the constraints connecting their true values.

The method is described and illustrated by a numerical example taken from the author's current work on marital transition matrices. The figures relate to the male population of England and Wales in 1978 and are based on British official statistics of population numbers, births, deaths, migrations, marriages, widowhoods and divorces.
DIVIDING GOVERNMENT PRODUCT BETWEEN INTERMEDIATE AND FINAL USES
Authors: Horz K. , Reich U.P.
Published: March 2005

This paper explores the possibility of using the Classification of the Functions of Government published recently by the United Nations (COFOG) in order to segregate intermediate from final use of government production in the national accounts. It is argued that the notorious difficulties of doing that can be traced to two reasons, one the multiplicity of theoretical concepts, and the other the lack of sufficient detail at the statistical level. The first can be removed by clarifying that on the production account of an economy only production and not welfare is to be measured. The second seems to be overcome by the three‐digit detail of COFOG. It is shown that many of these categories are now sufficiently homogeneous for a panel of experts to agree in assigning them to either intermediate or final use, although for a number of categories this is still difficult. The question is whether consensus in the major categories is large enough to consider the remaining controversial ones as border cases, normal in any classification and solved in the last instance not by argument but by convention. Some preliminary figures for the intermediate part of government production are given.
GENERATING INTERNATIONALLY COMPARABLE INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA: EVIDENCE FROM THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY (1974), MEXICO (1968) AND THE UNITED KINGDOM (1979).
Authors: van Ginneken Wouter
Published: March 2005

In this article an attempt is made to generate internationally comparable income distribution data for the Federal Republic of Germany (1974), Mexico (1968) and the United Kingdom (1979). To that end, the same income concept and income unit were adopted for each country, i.e. respectively household available income and the household. Moreover, incomes from various sources were adjusted for inconsistency with National Accounts according to Altimir's methodology. The paper finds that the distribution of persons by household income per equivalent unit is probably the best way of looking at the distribution of economic welfare. It further demonstrates that the distribution of persons by household available income per capita is much closer to this ‘ideal’ distribution than the distribution of households by household available income. Finally, the paper discusses some of the problems arising from the fact that one normally works with grouped data. It is found that in the case of the three countries under study, grouping is likely to have had only a small impact on the results.
COMPARISON OF THE PRODUCTIVITY LEVELS OF AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN INDUSTRY: METHODS AND RESULTS
Authors: Nyers Jozsef
Published: March 2005

Cooperation between the Austrian and Hungarian central statistical offices in the field of industrial productivity has a history of two decades. The first comparison, carried out in 1965, was partly experimental in objective and nature. The second full scale survey took place a decade later in 1975. This was followed by a further study of about two years duration of the level of productivity and the factors influencing it in three sectors: food, metallurgy and engineering. For this study the three sectors were broken down into 31 sub‐branches and nearly 400 product groups. An important and labour‐intensive element of the comparisons was harmonization of the sector and product classification system; UN recommendations were increasingly helpful for this work, and relying upon them will be expedient also in the future.

In the decade under review the productivity advantage of Austrian industry increased, from about 40 percent in 1965 to an average 75 percent in 1975. The dispersion of sectoral productivity indices around the average value was significant in both years.

The similarity of the 1965 and 1975 comparisons offered an exceptional opportunity to examine the reliability of extrapolation. The investigations unambiguously demonstrated that extrapolation did not give reliable results for a period as long as ten years, primarily because of structural changes in production and changes in price weights.

The most important conclusion to be drawn from the investigation of the three selected branches is its extraordinary usefulness from the economic, political and methodological points of view. A further important conclusion is that the method of comparison must be selected in the light of an extensive consideration of the output and technological structure of the branches.
VALUING THE SERVICES OF CONSUMER DURABLES
Authors: Karz Arnold J.
Published: March 2005

Although consumer durables are treated as nondurables in most economic accounts, economists have long recognized that they could be treated as capital. If an estimate of the value of the services of consumer durables was available, it could be included in personal consumption expenditures and purchases of the durables treated as a form of investment. Such treatment would give a better picture of changes in a nation's economic welfare over time and make international comparisons more meaningful.

This article reviews the economic literature on how the services of consumer durables can be valued. It examines six alternative measures: the (1) user cost; (2) capital recovery; (3) opportunity cost; (4) market rental value; (5) cost of a substitute; and (6) cash‐equivalent value measures. The first three are based on the summation of the costs of the inputs used to produce the services, although only the first two are consistent with the principle that the purchase price of a durable equals the discounted present value of its expected future benefits. The fourth and fifth measures are based on the prices of marketed services while the sixth is derived from the consumer's demand function for the good's services. The article also discusses six major issues in implementing these measures: (1) imputing a rate of return to capital; (2) measuring declines in market value (depreciation and capital gains); (3) accounting for operating expenditures; (4) adjusting for capacity utilization; (5) deflating service values; and (6) defining consumer durables.
A COMPARISON OF POUND STERLING‐AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR PURCHASING POWER PARITIES FOR SELECTED POPULATION SUB‐GROUPS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM1
Authors: Prasada Rao D.S. , Shepherd W.F.
Published: March 2005

This paper utilizes Household Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index data supplemented by private survey data in an attempt to compare the purchasing power parities of the pound sterling and the Australian dollar for a range of population sub‐groups in the United Kingdom and Australia. In spite of the close political, economic, social and cultural ties that exist between these two countries, there have been no attempts to measure differences in living costs and real expenditures. Further, Australia has not been a party to the International Comparisons project of the Statistical Office of the United Nations. This study derives purchasing power parities which explicitly account for variations in expenditure patterns of different population sub‐groups. For example, a household living in London intending to move to Sydney will find it useful to have a comparison of cost‐of‐living between households living in these two cities which takes into account explicitly the general expenditure patterns in these two cities. Due to the nature of the data, it was necessary to employ a new index number method derived by one of the authors.
ON AGGREGATION METHODS FOR INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Authors: Khamis Salem H.
Published: March 2005

This paper brings together discussions of Geary–Khamis indexes now available only in scattered sources, and considers their application to a range of uses. The first section traces the development of the method from its initial proposal by Geary in 1953, with the aid of a numerical example illustrating differences among various formulations. The second section considers the least squares properties of Geary‐Khamis indexes and some related variants. The final section considers adjustments to the method required for regionalization and spatio‐temporal bilateral and multilateral comparisons, as well as to take account of the nature of available data.
SOME PROBLEMS OF THE MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL CONSUMPTION IN HUNGARY
Authors: Drechsler László , Horváth Piroska
Published: March 2005

Hungary has a relatively long tradition with the “Total Consumption of the Population” (TCP); this category has been regularly compiled and published in Hungarian statistics since the early sixties. The article summarises the experiences with this concept and discusses a number of open questions both of national and international interest.

One of these questions relates to the treatment of subsidies. On one hand it can be argued that subsidised prices are intermediate cases between the full price and free of charge cases and therefore the subsidy should be included in TCP; on the other hand, however, subsidies can also be interpreted as negative indirect taxes and therefore there is no reason for their inclusion. The article discusses both the arguments for and against the inclusion of subsidies in TCP.

Another issue is the problem of valuing consumption from own agricultural production, where the existing international recommendations—valuation at producer prices—may be questioned.

There are other parts of non‐marketed consumption valuation of which causes several serious problems. In Hungary a special problem appears with regard to the services of owner‐occupied dwellings. In the case of valuation of services provided by producers of government there are unsolved questions, too, where the formal following of the international recommendations does not give a fully acceptable solution.

The authors agree with those who think that it is necessary to make a distinction between consumption and consumption expenditure and to include the fringe benefits provided by enterprises in TCP.
MICROBUSINESS ACCOUNTING AND MACROECONOMIC ACCOUNTING: THE LIMITS TO CONSISTENCY*
Authors: Postner Harry H.
Published: March 2005

The paper is concerned with analyzing the consistency problem that arises when the macroenterprise sector of a nation's accounting system is put on a microdata foundation. This foundation is composed of sets of microbusiness accounts, after some appropriate rearrangements and reclassifications. We pose the question: can the macroenterprise sector accounts be regarded as a consolidation of (observed) microbusiness accounts? The answer is positive from a purely conceptual viewpoint, but negative from a statistical viewpoint which preserves the decision‐making records of microbusiness units. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the limits to (statistical) consistency while attempting to maintain the viability of a national accounting system.

The analysis proceeds by exploiting the structural properties of market transactions matrices for a nation's economy. The results are sufficiently general to encompass the case where the transaction matrices are initially characterized by both sectoral discrepancies and transaction flow category discrepancies. In this general context it is shown that the statistical inconsistency potentially resulting from the replacement of the macroenterprise sector by an aggregation of microbusiness units has certain properties with economic meaning. This leads to a discussion that explains the ultimate rationale of statistical inconsistency: the fact that different microeconomic decision units may have different views and knowledge of common market transactions. The paper concludes with some implications for future research that appear to follow from the historical development of the subject matter.
PROVISION OF SERVICES IN POLAND: A THEORETICAL AND STATISTICAL STUDY
Authors: Gajecki R. , Kasiewicz S.
Published: March 2005

Problems raised in the article relate to the treatment of services in a planned economy. While the theoretical discussion argues for change in the conceptual framework for qualifying and measuring the output of the service sector, the practice of statistical reporting is still based on the classical concept of the material product system (MPS) of national accounts. The first part of the article gives an outline of the MPS background and presents major theoretical and practical dilemmas of measurement of services in the non‐material sphere of production. The second part is an empirical investigation of interrelatedness between production in the material sphere and services created in the non‐material sphere in Poland during the period 1970–81. Correlation and elasticity of growth analysis as well as structural forecasting methods were used in order to demonstrate the strong relation between the development of the material and non‐material spheres of production, and the favorable position of services in terms of factor productivities with their low potential for dynamic structural changes in the future. For the purpose of empirical analysis, the service sector output was estimated by using an extended version of MPS. There are two major conclusions to be drawn from the analysis. The first is that the classical concept of MPS not only inadequately copes with changes resulting from economic reforms in Poland but produces more and more dilemmas and practical problems. The second conclusion calls for a more active approach to services in development programming and planning.
A SYNOPTIC STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Al Pieter G. , van Bochove Cornelis A.
Published: March 2005

The next UN System of National Accounts (SNA) should have two basic characteristics. First, it has to be a modulary system. Its core is an institutional system without imputations and attributions. Next to that there are several modules. By means of imputations and attributions they transform the core into alternative systems. Second, it has to be an integrated meso‐system. There is a need for a more detailed breakdown of households and enterprises than the present SNA provides. At the same time a description of all interrelations between activities and sectors is necessary. This requires a linkage between input‐output tables and sector accounts at a detailed level. The paper shows the synoptic structure of such a system. The heart of this structure is the three‐dimensional generation of value added table. It shows not only how much of each component of value added is generated by the establishments in each activity, but it also provides the breakdown of each of these cells according to the sector of the enterprise to which the establishments belong. The paper shows how the synoptic Structure clarifies the delineation of imputations and attributions.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF PURCHASING POWER, REAL OUTPUT AND LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF BRAZILIAN, MEXICAN AND U.S. MANUFACTURING, 1975
Authors: Maddison Angus , van Ark Bart
Published: March 2005

This study has a twofold objective: (a) a substantive analysis of purchasing power parities (PPP's), real output and labour productivity in Brazil, Mexico and the U.S.A.; and (b) a methodological survey of the analytic problems in measuring PPP's from the production side, rather than the expenditure approach used by the United Nations (ICP). Our main substantive findings were that PPP's for manufacturing did not vary greatly from the 1975 exchange rates, that labour productivity was surprisingly high in the two Latin American countries, and that there are substantial differences in the coverage of national accounts between Mexico and Brazil. We found census concepts of value added to be rather anachronistic, particularly in the U.S.A.; we developed a new short‐cut matching procedure for industries with a complex product structure; and we found the unit value approach not inferior to the specification pricing practiced by ICP.
CONSTANT WEALTH NATIONAL INCOME: ACCOUNTING FOR WAR DAMAGE WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE NETHERLANDS, 1940–45
Authors: van Bochove CornelisA. , Van Sorge Wim
Published: March 2005

The issue of the proper way to address and document crisis and disaster in the national accounts is brought into focus by analyzing a practical case: the damage caused by the Second World War as discussed at a 1945 Paris reparations conference. It is concluded that “what if” damage e.g. output not produced due to the war should not be included in the national accounts, but factual damage should. The method by which factual damage should be included must then be decided. The option of just showing the damage in the reconciliation accounts is rejected. Instead the introduction of an additional income concept into the accounts, constant wealth national income is proposed. This Hicksian concept deducts from standard national income the damage to all produced goods lasting longer than a year. The concept is illustrated with guesstimates for the Netherlands, 1940–45. Finally, by way of an illustration, the paper employs 1945 estimates of damage in the Netherlands in order to arrive at a constant wealth national income for 1940–45. It is shown that, in 1938 prices, constant wealth national income is very much lower than standard national income and thus far better reflects the decline in prosperity during these years.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS FOR THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Huige René , Van de Stadt Huib , Zeelenberg Kees
Published: March 2005

In this paper the authors present Socio‐economic Accounts for the Netherlands for the year 1981. Detailed information on income components, consumption components and savings for 52 household types are provided. The household types are a cross‐classification of household size, income source and income level. For each income and consumption component, the sum of the amounts over the houshold types and three intermediary funds equals the macro amount in the National Accounts. The accounts are constructed by intregating macrodata from the National Accounts and microdata from the Income Statistics and the Budget Survey.
CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS ON SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Authors: Schäfer D. , Stahmer C.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, some considerations are presented on possible concepts of satellite accounts. These accounts are special data systems on specific, socially important fields of study (e.g. environment, health, education) which could supplement the core system of national accounts and which are linked to the core by common classifications and transition tables for transactors and transactions. The special advantage of satellite systems are the possibilities of meeting new demands on data, of testing new concepts which are suitable for the described field and at the same time of leaving the extent and concepts of the core system unchanged.

In the paper, the main emphasis is laid on the need to standardize the concepts of satellite accounts world‐wide. This is necessary not only for comparing the results of analyses for different subject fields on a national level, but also in order to enable international comparisons of the data to be made for one field of study. Furthermore, a more detailed description of the concepts for the production part of the satellite system is given.
A BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ANALYSIS OF THE LATIN AMERICAN DEBT CRISIS
Authors: Romans J. Thomas , Warren Stanton A.
Published: March 2005

In this paper we offer a definition of a country “debt crisis” based upon the amount of new borrowing relative to the cost of servicing past debt. Policy implications for both debtor countries and their creditors are examined. An empirical application is made to Latin American countries, 1978–82. The causes of the debt problems created during this period are investigated with respect to the extent they were the result of rising interest rates vis à vis increased borrowing.
ECONOMIC BURDENS OF MARITAL DISRUPTIONS: A COMPARISON OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Duncan Greg J. , Hauser Richard , Berntsen Roland
Published: March 2005

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the German Socio‐Economic Panel are used to show that women and children are worse off following a marital split than are men in both the United States and Germany. The size of the difference is sensitive to the equivalence scale used, but despite its far more extensive tax and transfer system the disparate impact of divorce or separation on women and children persisted in Germany at a level at least as high as in the United States.
EQUITY‐EFFICIENCY PREFERENCES IN Poland AND THE SOVIET UNION: ORDER‐REVERSALS UNDER THE ATKINSON INDEX
Authors: Stooder James
Published: March 2005

In this paper, the relation between inequality and welfare index “reversals” is characterized. By the identification of these reversals, upper and lower bounds are established for Atkinson's parameter of inequality aversion. This exercise shows that a level of inequality aversion high enough to show welfare improving over the “egalitarian decline” of 1978–81 in Poland is too high to show improvement over the “elitist growth” of 1981–86 in the Soviet Union. However, even if the lower bound of inequality aversion is assumed, plausible projections on Soviet growth and distribution still show social welfare declining.
INVENTORY ACCOUNTING AND PROFIT EVALUATION
Authors: Fiorito Riccardo
Published: March 2005

In an inventory model with exogenous sales, FIFO and LIFO criteria are formalized and compared with national account estimates for intermediate and finished good products. The model is simulated by utilizing manufacturing input and output prices for Italy (1970–88). LIFO and national account estimates of inventory are usually close and also imply reliable measures of output level and changes which can be shown by solving the quantity model. Conversely, FIFO exhibits larger profits and leads in real terms to unsatisfactory estimates of output changes.
AN ECONOMIC CORE SYSTEM AND THE SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS MODULE FOR THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Gorter Cor , van der Laan Paul
Published: March 2005

In this article the authors discuss some elements of the structure of an overall integrating system of economy‐related statistics. First of all attention is paid to the core of such a system. Next, the various types of modules which could supplement this core are described. Modules with a social connotation are discussed with the help of the Socio‐economic Accounts which have been developed recently in the Netherlands. Finally, the link between the Socio‐economic Accounts and the National Accounts Core System is addressed and numerically illustrated.
REASONS FOR PREFERRING NET TO GROSS FIGURES OF INCOME AND PRODUCT (AND VICE VERSA)
Authors: Bos Frits
Published: March 2005

For the first time, a systematic discussion is presented of the choice between gross and net national accounting figures of value added, product and income for alternative purposes. Some traditional arguments for preferring gross to net figures are challenged and several historical reasons are given for the present popularity of gross figures. The quantitative importance of the issue (“what does it matter in practice?”) is also assessed.
THE EARNINGS‐RELATED STATE PENSION, INDEXATION AND LIFETIME REDISTRIBUTION IN THE U.K.
Authors: Creedy John , Disney Richard , Whitehouse Edward
Published: March 2005

The redistributive impact of the U.K. state pension scheme is examined. Benefit‐cost ratios are calculated using individual lifetime earnings profiles constructed for a cohort of men drawn from cross‐section data. The scheme is investigated at maturity and revenue neutrality is imposed in order to isolate the intra‐generationally redisiributive effects of the pension scheme.

The results suggest that differences in returns to the pension scheme are driven by differential mortality, which outweigh the redistributive effect of the two‐tier benefit structure. Various reforms of the pension scheme are then simulated, and solved for revenue neutrality. The results suggest that a great deal of care is needed in formulating reforms if redistributive objectives are to be achieved.
ARE EQUIVALENCE SCALES THE SAME FOR THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA?
Authors: Phipps Shelley , Garner Thesia I.
Published: March 2005

This research uses microdata from the 1986 Statistics Canada Family Expenditure Survey and from the 1986–88 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey to estimate equivalence scales using a methodology which is very similar to that employed by Statistics Canada for the estimation of Low‐Income Cutoffs. Employing identical sample selection criteria and identically specified models, we find that equivalence scales for the two countries are not, in general, statistically different when estimated in the same way. The larger issue is then whether the two countries should choose the same methodology for the estimation of equivalence scales.
CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION
Authors: SAUNDERS PETER
Published: March 2005

A Review of Anthony B. Atkinson and John Micklewright, Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income
SIMULTANEOUS USES OF TIME IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION
Authors: Williams Ross , Donath Sue
Published: March 2005

A household production function is developed which allows for persons to be engaged in more than one activity at a point in time. Labour inputs are scaled back when two activities are being undertaken. Data from the 1987 Australian Time Use Survey is used to estimate equations explaining input hours into home production by adult members of the household. One implication of the empirical results is that when two activities are being undertaken simultaneously input hours on the activity coded as “primary” and the input hours on the activity coded as “secondary” should each have a weight of one‐half.
R&D, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND EFFICIENCY CHANGE IN INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Perelman Sergio
Published: March 2005

The objective of this paper is to estimate total factor productivity growth (TFP) in an international and sectoral setting using two alternative approaches based on the estimation of parametric stochastic frontiers and non‐parametric production frontiers (DEA). The TFP is decomposed into two components, technological progress and efficiency change, that can also be interpreted as the results of the innovation and catching‐up process, respectively. Finally their relationship is tested with a set of potential explanatory variables that includes R&D expenditures, international competition, and structural characteristics. It appears that the distinction between technological and efficiency performances does matter and must be taken into account in the design of industrial policy.
POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY IN PUERTO RICO, 1969–89: TRENDS AND SOURCES
Authors: Sotomayor Orlando J.
Published: March 2005

The paper examines Puerto Rican trends in income distribution during the 1970s and 1980s, then attempts to ascertain the source of the changes in income inequality through a decomposition of the Gini coefficient by factor income source. The study finds that poverty and inequality declined unambiguously during the twenty‐year period. The source of the fall in income concentration was found to have been tied, not to changes in the distribution or share of earned income, but to that of unearned income, particularly transfers. These appear to have also accounted for the decline in poverty.
INTERNATIONAL AND INTERTEMPORAL COMPARISONS OF REAL PRODUCT IN OECD COUNTRIES A GROWTH SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Dab´n Teresa , Doménech Rafael , Molinas César
Published: March 2005

This paper provides two new data sets for comparisons of real income in OECD countries. The first set provides adjusted real series for GDP and its components from 1960 to 1993 based on OECD 1990 purchasing power parities. The second set uses OECD PPP of different benchmark years, and interpolates these applying national price indices. Comparisons between both alternatives, Penn World Tahle Mark 5 (PWT 5) and its new version (PWT 5.6), in terms of economic growth and convergence, reveal some remarkable differences. Moreover, there are wider differences concerning the relative countries' position in GDP per capita ranking. Estimations of convergence equations based on OECD data yield a better fit than those obtained using PWT data, although there are also some significant differences between PWT 5 and PWT 5.6. Nevertheless, a very positive result is that other parameters of interest in these equations are not affected by the use of these different data sources.
TYPES OF INCOME AND INEQUALITY IN CHINA AT THE END OF THE 1980s
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Shi Li
Published: March 2005

Using a nationwide household income survey, different types of income in the People's Republic of China at the end of the 1980s is analysed. The results show that various income types play quite different roles in rural and urban areas. Subsistence income makes up about half of the total income in rural China. Money income makes up about two‐thirds of total income in urban China and is the major contributor to inequality in the entire country. In kind income, of which highly subsidized housing is the single most important category, is highly concentrated in urban areas and contributes greatly to inequality.
THE ESTIMATION OF POVERTY DYNAMICS USING DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME
Authors: Rendtel Ulrich , Langeheine Rolf , Berntsen Roland
Published: March 2005

If surveys offer two different measurements of household income, one can use them simultaneously to identify the potential effects of measurement error on the observed‐income mobility of the poor. In this paper we investigate transition tables between subsequent income states. Latent Markov models are used to model incorrect classifications of income states. Misclassifications are interpreted as measurement error or spurious changes that are not consistent with a simple transition table model. The empirical results for the German Socio‐Economic Panel (GSOEP) show that the observed transition tables overestimate the mobility between poverty states.
THE AGE‐WEALTH PROFILE AND THE LIFE‐CYCLE HYPOTHESIS: A COHORT ANALYSIS WITH A TIME SERIES OF CROSS‐SECTIONS OF ITALIAN HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Jappelli Tullio
Published: March 2005

In this paper I estimate the age‐wealth profile under two different identification assumptions about age, cohort and time effects. According to the life‐cycle model, the two sets of assumptions should yield similar age‐wealth profiles. Using the 1984–93 Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth, the estimated average annual rate of wealth decumulation in old age is found to be between 3 and 6 percent. As in the life‐cycle model, the cohort effect increases with year of birth. However, the results also uncover considerable population heterogeneity: the rates of wealth decumulation are much lower for rich households and households headed by individuals with higher education.
HOUSEHOLDS' NON‐SNA PRODUCTION: LABOUR TIME, VALUE OF LABOUR AND OF PRODUCT, AND CONTRIBUTION TO EXTENDED PRIVATE CONSUMPTION
Authors: Goldschmidt‐Clermont Luisella , Pagnossin‐Aligisakis Elisabetta
Published: March 2005

This paper first shows, with data from fourteen countries, the potential of time‐use studies for measuring, in comparable physical quantities, labour inputs in SNA and in non‐SNA production. It then presents the monetary valuations of unpaid household labour and of households' non‐market product achieved on the basis of time‐use data in a few of these countries. Further elaboration of these valuations illustrates the contribution of households' non‐SNA production to extended private consumption. The conclusion suggests desirable future developments.
The Physiological Effects of Radiotherapy on Oral Tissue
Authors: Arcuri Michael R. , Schneider Robert L.
Published: March 2005

An increasing number of head and neck cancer patients are undergoing radiotherapy along or in conjunction with other treatment modalities. Radiotherapy extending over a period of weeks produces a variety of clinical manifestations. This article discusses the physiological changes that occur due to radiotherapy to elucidate the changes seen clinically.
Fabrication of an Obstructive Sleep Apnea Prosthesis
Authors: Wong M. Ted , Meyer Jack B. , Hammond Ted , Nagy William W.
Published: March 2005

Obstructive sleep apnea, a sleep disorder, is becoming more prevalent and requires prompt and effective treatment by the dental and medical specialties. Conservative treatment modalities (ie, intraoral devices that prevent or minimize airway obstruction by the tongue) are recommended for treating mild to moderate forms of OSA. This article describes a simplified technique for fabricating an intraoral OSA prosthesis.
Clinical Evaluation of an Experimental Body Shade Guide Based on In‐Vivo Tooth Color Measurements
Authors: Lua Marie Joycelyn R. , Goodkind Richard J. , Schwabacher William B.
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an experimental body porcelain tooth shade‐guide system based on in‐vivo color measurements. This system was tested against two widely used commercial body shade porcelains.

Materials and Methods A body porcelain shade guide consisting of 16 tabs was fabricated from available opaques, body, and incisal porcelains and modified with metallic oxide tints. The target Hue, Value and Chroma of these tabs were based on middle‐site in‐vivo tooth color measurements reported by Goodkind and Schwabacher in 1987. Two control groups of body porcelains were fabricated from Ceramco and Bioform porcelains. A new Dental Shade Comparator was used in a clinical test of these tabs in visually matching middle sites of 300 maxillary anterior teeth of 103 subjects.

Results The demographic trends in Hue, Value and Chroma were in agreement with those found in the previous study. Four of the 16 experimental body shade tabs were frequently chosen compared with 13 of 16 Ceramco and 3 of 25 Bioform body shades. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability tests showed good agreement using the new Dental Shade Comparator.

Conclusions The 20 shade tabs that were most frequently selected as a 1st or 2nd choice ranged from 8.25YR to 1.80Y in Hue, 6.45/to 8.00/in Value and/2.05 to/4.15 in Chroma. The new Dental Shade Comparator is a useful tool in the task of shade matching. The current Ceramco II body shades contain many useful porcelains that should be augmented with higher value and with redder, darker shades.
Indirect Evaluation of the Marginal Fit of Dental Castings
Authors: Silken David
Published: March 2005

An accurate marginal fit of a dental casting is one of the goals of restorative dentists. Use of specific indirect techniques facilitates fabrication of the most precise castings. These techniques incorporate a series of orderly and logical steps on multiple analogues to eliminate potential errors. Evaluating precisional fit of the casting requires the coordination of psychomotor skills and prescribed materials usage. Evaluation of marginal fit must be accomplished indirectly. It is easier and more precise to appraise marginal accuracy on an analogue than intraorally. Training increases one's ability to evaluate margins. Currently there is an increased demand for casting accuracy to restore endosseous implants. The immobility of dental implants imposes a high order of precision on both indirect techniques and indirect evaluation to achieve success. The inability to achieve this level of precision can result in implant and/or prosthesis failure.
Conversion of an Existing Complete Denture to a Temporary Obturator Prosthesis
Authors: Sikes James W. , Ryan James E.
Published: March 2005

With the advent of light‐cured materials, many new opportunities for reconstruction present themselves. This brief article describes the technique for converting an existing complete denture into a temporary obturator prosthesis. This can be done chairside with minimal patient discomfort and anxiety.
Tongue Prosthesis for Total Glossectomy Patient
Authors: Bredfeldt Glenn W.
Published: March 2005

A clinical report of the prosthetic restoration of an edentulous patient with a total glossectomy is presented. A soft acrylic tongue prosthesis that is attached to the mandibular denture but removable for hygiene is described.
A Prosthodontic‐Based Implant Patient Classification System
Authors: Davidoff S. Robert , Steinberg Melvyn A.
Published: March 2005

Success in dental implant‐supported prostheses has traditionally been measured in terms of successful osseointegration of implant fixtures. Clearly, this is not the true measure of success in terms of patient expectations. Patients expect prostheses with which they can function, without embarrassment or insecurity. Therefore, patient evaluation and treatment planning must be concerned with final prosthetic results and how patients will look and function. This article introduces a simple classification system that will help eliminate confusion in treatment‐planning with implant patients and will also allow dentists to better advise patients about the goals of treatment. The classification system is based primarily on the prosthetic design that patients will receive and offers a means of quantitating the complexity and, therefore, the predictability of treatment.
Evaluation of Strain at the Terminal Abutment Site of a Fixed Mandibular Implant Prosthesis During Cantilever Loading
Authors: Rodriguez Arthur M. , Aquilino Steven A. , Lund Peter S. , Ryther Jeffrey S. , Southard Thomas E.
Published: March 2005

Purpose Cantilever lengths from 10 mm to 20 mm have been empirically recommended for Brånemark fixed mandibular implant prostheses. However, functional stresses generated within the framework and at the crestal bone associated with various cantilever lengths have not been well researched. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the strain generated within an implant‐supported prosthesis and on a simulated bone surface during functional cantilever loading.

Materials and Methods A symmetrical mandibular fixed‐implant framework supported by six Nobelpharma 7.0 × 4.0‐mm abutments and 15.0 × 4.0‐mm fixtures was fabricated. The fixtures were embedded in a simulated bone matrix of polymethyl methacrylate resin. Fourteen different arrangements of active supporting abutments were tested during 15 Ib unilateral static cantilever loading 7 mm, 14 mm and 20 mm distal to the terminal abutments. T‐rosette strain gauges were placed immediately distal to the terminal abutment site on the right side of the framework and on the corresponding simulated bone surface.

Results There was no difference in framework microstrain as abutment number and arrangement were varied. Microstrain distal to the terminal abutment increased significantly with increasing cantilever length. Distal abutment microstrain increased 213% (63 με to 197 με) when cantilever length was increased from 7 mm to 14 mm and an additional 55% (197 με to 306 με) when cantilever length was increased from 14 mm to 20 mm. Overall, microstrain increased 306% when cantilever length was increased from 7 mm to 20 mm. Microstrain on the framework was always tensile (positive). Microstrain at the simulated bone reached higher maximum levels than on the framework (‐588 με versus 314 με) and was compressive in nature (negative). In contrast to framework microstrain, microstrain at the simulated bone site varied dramatically with changes in abutment arrangement. Strains observed at the simulated bone surface increased dramatically as the distance to the adjacent active abutment increased or as the anterior‐posterior span of abutments decreased. Distal abutment microstrain also increased significantly at the bone site as cantilever length increased, however, percent increases were less (7 mm to 14 mm, 55%; 14 mm to 20 mm, 30%; 7 mm to 20 mm, 101%).

Conclusions The results of this study indicate that an optimum biomechanical environment should exist when cantilever spans exceeding 7 mm are planned regardless of the number of supporting abutments. Strain transmitted to the crestal bone can be decreased by maximizing the number and anterior‐posterior spread of supporting fixtures while minimizing the distance between the distal abutment and its adjacent abutment.
The Effect of Fatigue on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Bonded to Porcelain
Authors: Williamson Russell T. , Mitchell Richard J. , Breeding Larry C.
Published: March 2005

Purpose The objective of this study was to determine whether fatigue cycling affects the shear bond strength of a resin that is initially strongly bonded to porcelain.

Materials and Methods Thirty‐five disks of a feldspathic/leucite porcelain were fired on a phosphate‐bonded investment material. Each disk was etched with hydrofluoric acid and treated with a silane solution and an adhesive. Resin cement composite cylinders were applied to the treated porcelain and light cured. All specimens were stored for 1 week in distilled water at 37°C and then thermocycled for 1000 cycles in water between 2°C and 50°C. Fifteen of the specimens were randomly selected as control specimens. The remaining were subjected to fatigue cycling. A shear load was applied parallel to the bonded surface and cycled in a square wave between 0 and 26 N at 2 Hz for 27,500 cycles. All specimens were fractured in shear at 1.27 mm/min, and the shear bond strength was determined.

Results Fifteen percent of fatigued specimens and 6.7% of the control specimens showed at least partial adhesive failure. All other specimens in both groups failed cohesively in the porcelain. There was no significant difference in the mean bond strengths of the fatigued and control groups (analysis of covariance, P > .05).

Conclusions For the conditions investigated, cyclic fatigue did not reduce the bond strength of this resin/porcelain system.
A Comparison of an Accelerated Technique for Casting Post‐and‐Core Restorations With Conventional Techniques
Authors: Campagni Wayne V. , Reisbick Morris H. , Jugan Milan
Published: March 2005

Purpose This project compares an accelerated technique for the casting of post‐and‐core restorations with four traditional techniques. The accelerated technique uses two phosphate‐bonded investments and the traditional techniques use a gypsum‐ and a phosphate‐bonded investment. The study measures and compares the differences between the seating of the casting and the seating of the acrylic resin pattern. The effects of the techniques on the fit of castings with and without a ferrule are also compared.

Materials and Methods Six groups of 10 castings were made from plastic patterns formed on a stainless steel test die. A different investment and/or burnout method was used for each group. Each group had two subgroups: ferruled and nonferruled. The fit of the plastic patterns was measured at two time intervals after forming, 2 weeks and 3 months. The patterns were invested immediately after the 3‐month measurement, and the difference in fit of the castings was calculated. An ANOVA and Tuckey‐Kramer test were done to determine the statistical validity.

Results The seating of the patterns after 3 months of storage was consistently worse than the 2‐week measurements of fit. The ferrule and nonferrule patterns were not statistically different in seating. Measurement of the castings showed that the ferruled castings seated significantly worse than the nonferrule castings. The difference in the seating of the castings as compared with the patterns was considered clinically unacceptable, showing a range of 0.301 mm to 0.528 mm. The nonferrule castings showed a significant difference in seating among groups. The difference ranged from ‐ 0.099 mm to 0.322 mm.

Conclusions The castings of the ferrule subgroups were considered clinically unacceptable and were not analyzed for significance. Among the nonferrule castings, the group using a gypsum investment and conventional technique for investing and burnout but no ring liner showed the best seating. The accelerated technique was intermediate in seating with a difference of 0.148 mm from the seating of the patterns. This group was significantly different from the two best groups but not from the remaining three groups.
Slant‐Lock Implant‐Supported Overdenture
Authors: Davidoff S. Robert
Published: March 2005

Slant‐Lock overdentures, Class I: Division 3 prostheses, provide a stable and retentive prosthetic design for edentulous patients with osseointegrated implants. In patients who have moderate to severe atrophy of the edentulous ridge, the Slant‐Lock overdenture provides additional support for the para‐oral structures. The prostheses increase the ease of oral hygiene for the edentulous patient, can be constructed using conventional prosthodontic techniques, and are reasonably economical.
Checklist for the Removable Prosthesis Wax Trial Insertion Appointment
Authors: Hansen Carl A. , DuBois Linda M.
Published: March 2005

A checklist is described that is designed to permit a systematic evaluation of the factors involved in the trial insertion appointment. The checklist aids both the student and the instructor in assuring that items are not overlooked during this important appointment. More equitable grading of the student's preparation and knowledge is facilitated. The checklist also serves as an excellent patient approval form.