bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety, pharmacokinetics and quantitative EEG modulation of TAK‐071, a novel muscarinic M1 receptor positive allosteric modulator, in healthy subjects
Authors: Yin Wei , Mamashli Fahimeh , Buhl Derek L. , Khudyakov Polyna , Volfson Dmitri , Martenyi Ferenc , Gevorkyan Hakop , Rosen Laura , Simen Arthur A.
Published: July 2021

Aims

TAK‐071 is a muscarinic M1 receptor positive allosteric modulator designed to have low cooperativity with acetylcholine. This was a first‐in‐human study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of TAK‐071.

Methods

TAK‐071 was administered as single and multiple doses in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group design in healthy volunteers alone and in combination with donepezil. Laboratory, electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) evaluations were performed. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples were taken to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), relative bioavailability and food effect.

Results

TAK‐071 was safe and well tolerated, and no deaths or serious adverse events occurred. TAK‐071 demonstrated a long mean (% coefficient of variation) half‐life of 46.3 (25.2%) to 60.5 (51.5%) hours and excellent brain penetration following oral dosing. Coadministration with donepezil had no impact on the PK of either drug. There was no food effect on systemic exposure. Quantitative EEG analysis revealed that TAK‐071 40‐80 mg increased power in the 7‐9 Hz range in the posterior electrode group with eyes open and 120‐160 mg doses increased power in the 16‐18 Hz range and reduced power in the 2‐4 Hz range in central‐posterior areas with eyes open and eyes closed. Functional connectivity was significantly reduced after TAK‐071 at high doses and was enhanced with coadministration of donepezil under the eyes‐closed condition.

Conclusions

PK and safety profiles of TAK‐071 were favorable, including those exceeding expected pharmacologically active doses based on preclinical data. When administered without donepezil TAK‐071 was largely free of cholinergic adverse effects. Further clinical evaluation of TAK‐071 is warranted.
Using soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor to stratify patients for medication review in the emergency department
Authors: Bengaard Anne Kathrine , Iversen Esben , Kallemose Thomas , Juul‐Larsen Helle Gybel , Rasmussen Line Jee Hartmann , Dalhoff Kim Peder , Andersen Ove , Eugen‐Olsen Jesper , Houlind Morten Baltzer
Published: July 2021

Aims

To investigate whether the association between levels of medication use (including polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications [PIMs]) and health outcomes such as readmission and mortality is dependent on baseline soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR).

Methods

This registry‐based cohort study included medical patients admitted to the emergency department at Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark. Patients were grouped according to their admission suPAR levels: low (0–3 ng/mL), intermediate (3–6 ng/mL), or high (>6 ng/mL). Hyper‐polypharmacy was defined as ≥10 prescribed medications. PIMs were identified based on the EU(7)‐PIM list, and data on admissions and mortality were obtained from national registries. Risk of 90‐day readmission and mortality was assessed by Cox regression analysis adjusted for sex, age and Charlson comorbidity index. Results were reported as hazard ratios within 90 days of index discharge.

Results

In total, 26 291 patients (median age 57.3 y; 52.7% female) were included. Risk of 90‐day readmission and mortality increased significantly for patients with higher suPAR or higher number of medications. Among patients with low suPAR, patients with ≥10 prescribed medications had a hazard ratio of 2.41 (95% confidence interval = 2.09–2.78) for 90‐day readmission and 8.46 (95% confidence interval = 2.53–28.28) for 90‐day mortality compared to patients with 0 medications. Patients with high suPAR generally had high risk of readmission and mortality, and the impact of medication use was less pronounced in this group. Similar, but weaker, association patterns were observed between suPAR and PIMs.

Conclusion

The association between levels of medication use and health outcomes is dependent on baseline suPAR.
Safety and survival of docetaxel and cabazitaxel in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Kreis Kristine , Horenkamp‐Sonntag Dirk , Schneider Udo , Zeidler Jan , Glaeske Gerd , Weissbach Lothar
Published: July 2021

Objectives

To investigate real‐world haematological toxicity, overall survival (OS) and the treatment characteristics of docetaxel and cabazitaxel chemotherapy in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Patients and Methods

This retrospective claims data study followed patients with mCRPC receiving cabazitaxel or docetaxel from their first chemotherapy infusion. Haematological toxicities were measured using treatment codes and inpatient diagnoses. OS was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify OS predictors.

Results

Data from 539 patients administered docetaxel and 240 administered cabazitaxel were analysed. Regarding adverse events, within 8 months of treatment initiation, some kind of treatment for haematological toxicity was documented in 31% of patients given docetaxel and in 61% of patients given cabazitaxel. In the same period, hospitalization associated with haematological toxicity was documented in 11% of the patients in the docetaxel cohort and in 15% of the patients in the cabazitaxel cohort. In the docetaxel cohort, 9.9% of patients required reverse isolation and 13% were diagnosed with sepsis during hospitalization. In the cabazitaxel cohort, the cumulative incidence was 7.9% and 15%, respectively. The median OS was reached at 21.9 months in the docetaxel cohort and, because of a later line of therapy, at 11.3 months in the cabazitaxel cohort. A multivariate Cox regression revealed that indicators of locally advanced and metastatic disease, severe comorbidities, and prior hormonal/cytotoxic therapies were independent predictors of early death.

Conclusion

Cabazitaxel patients face an increased risk of haematological toxicities during treatment. Together with their short survival time, this calls for a strict indication when using cabazitaxel in patients with mCRPC.
Are healthcare providers and young people talking about sexuality? A scoping review to characterize conversations and identify barriers
Authors: Lung Stephanie Lock Man , Wincentak Joanne , Gan Caron , Kingsnorth Shauna , Provvidenza Christine , McPherson Amy C.
Published: July 2021

Background

Conversations about sexuality with healthcare providers (HCPs) are critical to youth's positive development, including youth with disabilities or chronic conditions. Yet, little is known about the characteristics of sexuality conversations with youth in healthcare settings. This scoping review examined the nature and extent of sexuality conversations between HCPs and youth (with and without a disability or chronic condition) and aimed to identify barriers to these conversations.

Methods

Scoping review methodology using rapid review principles was employed. Inclusion criteria: studies published between 2009 and 2019; examined conversations between HCPs and youth aged 21 and below; addressed sexuality; and took place in a healthcare setting. Study characteristics were described and clustered into thematic groups.

Results

Of the 5543 identified, 32 articles were included. Articles addressed (i) the content of sexuality conversations, (ii) prevalence of sexuality conversations and (iii) barriers to discussing sexuality. The content of sexuality discussions was largely biologically focused. The prevalence of sexuality discussions varied, with some discrepancy between youth‐reported and HCP‐reported rates. Seven barriers (three personal and four systemic) were identified. Youth with disabilities or chronic conditions were vastly under‐represented in the published literature.

Conclusions

This study highlighted that sexuality is an underexplored topic between HCPs and young people, especially young people with disabilities and/or chronic conditions. Given the importance of sexuality to young people's mental and physical health, research addressing barriers to these discussions and development of evidence‐informed resources to support HCPs and youth to engage in conversations about sexuality should be a priority.
A standard of care for individuals with PIK3CA‐related disorders: An international expert consensus statement
Authors: Douzgou Sofia , Rawson Myfanwy , Baselga Eulalia , Danielpour Moise , Faivre Laurence , Kashanian Alon , Keppler‐Noreuil Kim M. , Kuentz Paul , Mancini Grazia M. S. , Maniere Marie‐Cecile , Martinez‐Glez Victor , Parker Victoria E. , Semple Robert K. , Srivastava Siddharth , Vabres Pierre , De Wit Marie‐Claire Y. , Graham John M. , Clayton‐Smith Jill , Mirzaa Ghayda M. , Biesecker Leslie G.
Published: July 2021

Growth promoting variants in PIK3CA cause a spectrum of developmental disorders, depending on the developmental timing of the mutation and tissues involved. These phenotypically heterogeneous entities have been grouped as PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum disorders (PROS). Deep sequencing technologies have facilitated detection of low‐level mosaic, often necessitating testing of tissues other than blood. Since clinical management practices vary considerably among healthcare professionals and services across different countries, a consensus on management guidelines is needed. Clinical heterogeneity within this spectrum leads to challenges in establishing management recommendations, which must be based on patient‐specific considerations. Moreover, as most of these conditions are rare, affected families may lack access to the medical expertise that is needed to help address the multi‐system and often complex medical issues seen with PROS. In March 2019, macrocephaly‐capillary malformation (M‐CM) patient organizations hosted an expert meeting in Manchester, United Kingdom, to help address these challenges with regards to M‐CM syndrome. We have expanded the scope of this project to cover PROS and developed this consensus statement on the preferred approach for managing affected individuals based on our current knowledge.
The song, not the singer: Infants prefer to listen to familiar songs, regardless of singer identity
Authors: Kragness Haley E. , Johnson Elizabeth K. , Cirelli Laura K.
Published: July 2021

Parent's infant‐directed vocalizations are highly dynamic and emotive compared to their adult‐directed counterparts, and correspondingly, more effectively capture infants’ attention. Infant‐directed singing is a specific type of vocalization that is common throughout the world. Parents tend to sing a small handful of songs in a stereotyped way, and a number of recent studies have highlighted the significance of familiar songs in young children's social behaviors and evaluations. To date, no studies have examined whether infants’ responses to familiar versus unfamiliar songs are modulated by singer identity (i.e., whether the singer is their own parent). In the present study, we investigated 9‐ to 12‐month‐old infants’ (N = 29) behavioral and electrodermal responses to relatively familiar and unfamiliar songs sung by either their own mother or another infant's mother. Familiar songs recruited more attention and rhythmic movement, and lower electrodermal levels relative to unfamiliar songs. Moreover, these responses were robust regardless of whether the singer was their mother or a stranger, even when the stranger's rendition differed greatly from their mothers’ in mean fundamental frequency and tempo. Results indicate that infants’ interest in familiar songs is not limited to idiosyncratic characteristics of their parents’ song renditions, and points to the potential for song as an effective early signifier of group membership.
What causes the word gap? Financial concerns may systematically suppress child‐directed speech
Authors: Ellwood‐Lowe Monica E. , Foushee Ruthe , Srinivasan Mahesh
Published: July 2021

Parents with fewer educational and economic resources (low socioeconomic‐status, SES) tend to speak less to their children, with consequences for children's later life outcomes. Despite this well‐established and highly popularized link, less research addresses why the SES “word gap” exists. Moreover, while research has assessed individual‐level contributors to the word gap—like differences in parenting knowledge—we know little about how structural constraints that vary according to SES might affect caregivers’ speech. In two pre‐registered studies, we test whether experiencing financial scarcity can suppress caregivers’ speech to their children. Study 1 suggests that higher‐SES caregivers who are prompted to reflect on scarcity—particularly those who reflect on financial scarcity—speak less to their 3‐year‐olds in a subsequent play session, relative to a control group. Study 2 suggests that mid‐ to higher‐SES caregivers engage in fewer back‐and‐forth exchanges with their children at the end of the month—when they are more likely to be experiencing financial hardship—than the rest of the month. These studies provide preliminary evidence that—above and beyond caregivers’ individual characteristics—structural constraints may affect how much parents speak to their children.
The Monty Hall problem as a multifaceted experiential learning exercise in quantitative business courses
Authors: Côté Murray J. , Smith Marlene A.
Published: July 2021

Popular game shows offer educators the opportunity to develop active‐learning exercises that provide students with a real‐world connection to analytical reasoning and methods. We describe a classroom assignment developed for quantitative business courses based on the Monty Hall Problem (MHP), a probability puzzle with ties to the long‐running television game showLet's Make a Deal. Through a holistic view of the MHP, we provide instructors with various avenues to use the MHP as a comprehensive experiential learning exercise with multiple opportunities for individual and class discussions and exercises. Instructors adopting our multifaceted approach to the MHP will expose students to myriad analytical tools including probability, decision trees, and Monte Carlo simulation as well as to cognitive biases that can affect the decision‐making process. Among the unique contributions of our work is its focus on the commonly held MHP assumptions. Specifically, we challenge students to articulate conditions inherent to the MHP solution and assess their appropriateness in context. By relaxing one or more of those assumptions, and observing differences in solutions, students become attuned to the importance of knowing and assessing conditions that underlie all quantitative decision‐making tools.
Species loss due to nutrient addition increases with spatial scale in global grasslands
Authors: Seabloom Eric W. , Batzer Evan , Chase Jonathan M. , Stanley Harpole W. , Adler Peter B. , Bagchi Sumanta , Bakker Jonathan D. , Barrio Isabel C. , Biederman Lori , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Bugalho Miguel N. , Caldeira Maria C. , Catford Jane A. , Daleo Pedro , Eisenhauer Nico , Eskelinen Anu , Haider Sylvia , Hallett Lauren M. , Svala Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg , Kimmel Kaitlin , Kuhlman Marirose , MacDougall Andrew , Molina Cecilia D. , Moore Joslin L. , Morgan John W. , Muthukrishnan Ranjan , Ohlert Timothy , Risch Anita C. , Roscher Christiane , Schütz Martin , Sonnier Grégory , Tognetti Pedro M. , Virtanen Risto , Wilfahrt Peter A. , Borer Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2021

The effects of altered nutrient supplies and herbivore density on species diversity vary with spatial scale, because coexistence mechanisms are scale dependent. This scale dependence may alter the shape of the species–area relationship (SAR), which can be described by changes in species richness (S) as a power function of the sample area (A):S = cAz, wherecandzare constants. We analysed the effects of experimental manipulations of nutrient supply and herbivore density on species richness across a range of scales (0.01–75 m2) at 30 grasslands in 10 countries. We found that nutrient addition reduced the number of species that could co‐occur locally, indicated by the SAR intercepts (logc), but did not affect the SAR slopes (z). As a result, proportional species loss due to nutrient enrichment was largely unchanged across sampling scales, whereas total species loss increased over threefold across our range of sampling scales.
Becoming Role Models: Pedagogies of Soft Skills and Affordances of Person‐Making in Contemporary China
Authors: Hizi Gil
Published: July 2021

This article looks at the market‐driven globalization of pedagogies of interpersonal “soft” skills by depicting these practices’ microdynamics and phenomenological attributes. My case study is located in urban China, where expertise and practices of soft skills have recently become accessible to people of different social backgrounds. Drawing on participant observations in relevant workshops in a second‐tier city, I describe interactive dynamics where participants express themselves in new ways and, in turn, envision possibilities for changing their personalities and social standing. This process characterizes a globally expansive apparatus, which in China takes the particular form of role‐modeling interactions where participants transition from learners to “exemplars.” “Self‐improvement” through these pedagogies tends to emerge as moments of perceived affordances for self‐transformation, activated through the synergy of seemingly accessible bodily capacities and the configuration of valuable “skills.”
Marital Satisfaction and Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Couples With Young Children: Dyadic Autoregressive Cross‐Lagged Modeling
Authors: Choi Eunsil , Jung Sun Young
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the bidirectional associations between marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms among Korean couples with young children.

Background

The associations between marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms have been known as reciprocal in actor effects. However, little research has examined partner effects, gender differences, and the directionality between them, particularly in collectivistic cultures.

Method

We investigated actor (i.e., the associations between marital satisfaction and one's own depressive symptoms) and partner (i.e., the associations between marital satisfaction and partner's depressive symptoms) effects, gender differences, and the directionality between marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms using a dyadic autoregressive cross‐lagged model. The participants were 1,264 couples in the Panel Study of Korean Children. The couples reported on marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms at three time points over a 4‐year period.

Results

The results showed bidirectional associations in both actor and partner effects. In addition, a series of nested models found no gender differences in actor and partner effects and further revealed that the bidirectional associations were the same in both actor and partner effects.

Conclusion

These findings enhance understanding of the reciprocal associations between marital satisfaction and depressive symptoms both within‐person and across partners for Korean couples in a collectivistic culture.

Implications

The findings provide evidence that couples therapy and/or dyadic treatment programs are needed for both spouses who experience depressive symptoms and marital problems. Brief screening of depressive symptoms and marital problems may be helpful to prevent a vicious cycle.
Bayesian Spatiotemporal Model for Life Expectancy Mapping; Changes in Barcelona From 2007 to 2018
Authors: Puig Xavier , Ginebra Josep
Published: July 2021

When mapping life expectancy, and investigating its local variation in time, there is a conflict between using large areas and/or mortality data from long periods of time to have low variance life expectancy estimates, and using small areas and single‐year mortality data to explore the space–time variation of life expectancy in detail, without bias. Here a Bayesian model is proposed to smooth annual small‐area life expectancy estimates and help deal with that trade‐off. The specific area effect on life expectancy, together with its spatial and temporal dependencies are modeled through random effects, while the effect of covariates is modeled through a fixed effect component. By smoothing life expectancy estimates directly, instead of smoothing age‐specific mortality rates first the way done in the literature, the model used is easier to implement and interpret. The approach is illustrated, by using it to explore how life expectancy at birth of males and of females, and their gap, varied in space and in time in the city of Barcelona between 2007 and 2018, and their relationship with covariates. It is found that, on average, life expectancy has been growing by 0.23 years per year for males and 0.15 years per year for females. The female life expectancy is becoming more spatially homogeneous than the male one, while the rate of life expectancy growth for males turns out to be more homogeneous than for females.
Precipitation manipulation and terrestrial carbon cycling: The roles of treatment magnitude, experimental duration and local climate
Authors: Wang Jinsong , Tian Dashuan , Knapp Alan K. , Chen Han Y. H. , Luo Yiqi , Li Zhaolei , Hou Enqing , Huang Xinzhao , Jiang Lifen , Niu Shuli
Published: July 2021

Aim

Precipitation manipulation experiments have shown diverse terrestrial carbon (C) cycling responses when the ecosystem is subjected to different magnitudes of altered precipitation, various experimental durations or heterogeneity in local climate. However, how these factors combine to affect C cycle responses to changes in precipitation remains unclear.

Location

Global.

Time period

1990–2019.

Major taxa studied

Terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods

Using observations from 230 published studies in which precipitation was manipulated and terrestrial C cycling variables were measured, we conducted a global meta‐analysis to investigate responses of diverse C cycle processes to altered precipitation, including gross ecosystem productivity, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem productivity, ecosystem carbon use efficiency, net primary productivity (NPP), aboveground and belowground NPP, aboveground and belowground biomass, shoot‐to‐root ratio, soil respiration and soil microbial biomass C.

Results

We found that C cycling responses were correlated linearly and positively with the magnitude of precipitation treatments. We also detected that the responses of NPP and its aboveground component (ANPP) to altered precipitation weakened with experimental duration. Furthermore, gross ecosystem productivity, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem productivity showed larger responses to precipitation treatments of greater magnitude over shorter time periods. The response of soil respiration, a key component of the C budget in most terrestrial ecosystems, depended in particular on the local climate. Local temperature and precipitation not only influenced the magnitude of the response of soil respiration to altered precipitation but also affected its sensitivity to the magnitude of the precipitation treatments, with higher sensitivities in the response of soil respiration to treatment magnitude at drier and colder sites.

Main conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance of the interactions between the magnitude of precipitation treatments, their duration and the local climate in the response of ecosystem C cycling to altered precipitation, which is crucial to a better understanding of ecosystem C processes and functioning and projecting them under changing precipitation regimes.
Influence of Cu‐coated diamond addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC‐based cemented carbides
Authors: Ren Xiaoyong , She Dingshun , Wang Chengbiao , Peng Zhijian
Published: July 2021

Cu‐coated diamond enhanced tungsten carbide powder (WC)‐Ni cemented carbides were successfully fabricated by spark plasma sintering method. Characterization of the phase composition and microstructure reveal that the diamond particles are well preserved and homogeneously distributed in the composites. Relative density of the samples improved from 92% to 97.6% with 2 wt% Cu‐coated diamond addition. Vickers hardness and flexural strength of the samples achieved the maximum value of 2000 HV10 and 950 MPa with 8 and 2 wt% addition, respectively. The fracture toughness improved from 8 to 11 MPa m1/2 with the added content of diamond increasing from 0 to 4 wt%. The wear rate of the sample is reduced by five times with 6–8 wt% Cu‐coated diamond addition. The wear mechanism mainly includes the removal of binder phase, the crushing of WC grains, and the crushing and pulling out of diamond particles.
Effect of furcellaran incorporation on gel properties of sardine surimi
Authors: Petcharat Tanyamon , Chaijan Manat , Karnjanapratum Supatra
Published: July 2021

Effects of furcellaran, powder (FURP) and solution (FURS), incorporation (2‐8% based on surimi solid content) on gel properties of sardine (Sardinella albella) surimi were investigated. Breaking force, hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and whiteness of gels increased with increasing FURP or FURS contents (P < 0.05), where the highest values were observed in gel containing 8% FURS (P < 0.05). Expressible moisture content of gel decreased as levels of furcellaran increased (P < 0.05). The gel deformation, springiness, and cohesiveness were not affected by furcellaran (P > 0.05) as well as the polymerization of myosin heavy chain as visualised by SDS‐PAGE. FURP and FURS could enhance the interconnection between chains during heating as indicated by the higher G′. Addition of furcellaran, especially FURS, up to 6% increased sensory property of resulting gel (P < 0.05). Anywise, an abatement in overall likeness score was found in gel with 8% FURS. Finer and denser microstructural network was observed in gel containing 6% FURS when compared to control. Therefore, furcellaran, prepared as solution, at an appropriate level can improve the overall quality of sardine surimi.
Influences of ultrasonic treatment on structure and functional properties of salt‐soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seeds
Authors: Du Qiu‐Han , Wu Yan‐Hui , Tang Shi‐Qi , Ren Min‐Hong , Fu Zhen
Published: July 2021

Influences of ultrasonic treatment on structure and functional properties of salt‐soluble protein from Moringa oleifera seeds (MOSSP) were explored. The results indicated that the ultrasonic treatment destroyed spherical structure of MOSSP and transformed the spherical structure into irregular fragments. The content of β‐turn, α‐helix and random coils in MOSSP significantly increased, but with extending the ultrasound time, the content of β‐turn, α‐helix and random coils had no significant change. SDS‐PAGE results showed that sonication could stabilise the primary structure of MOSSP. The surface hydrophobicity and emulsification were significantly reduced, but sonication could improve the solubility and foaming properties of MOSSP within a certain range.
First‐principles study of thermophysical properties of polymorphous YTaO4 ceramics
Authors: Zhou Yunxuan , Gan Mengdi , Yu Wei , Chong Xiaoyu , Feng Jing
Published: July 2021

Yttrium tantalate ceramics with ferroelasticity are potential candidates for thermal barrier coating (TBC) ceramics. During the phase transition process, there are three main phases with monoclinic (I2/a), monoclinic‐prime (P2/a), and tetragonal structures (I41/a), and a comprehensive understanding of their thermophysical properties is required. In this study, the thermal and mechanical properties of polymorphous yttrium tantalate (YTaO4) ceramics are systematically investigated under finite temperature by performing first‐principles calculations combined with quasi‐harmonic approximation. The first‐principle study results show that the volume change from M' to T phase is 12.85 Å3 to 12.95 Å3 per atom, whereas the T to M is 12.95 Å3 to 12.84 Å3 per atom, and the change is less than 1%, showing that this process produces almost no volume change. However, the thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) and Young's modulus vary greatly, the TECs value of M YTaO4 is about 11.13 × 10−6 K−1, which is smaller than T YTaO4 as the value 12.01 × 10−6 K−1, and the Young's modulus values of M, M', and T phases are 140.34, 156.68, and 123.29 GPa, respectively. Lastly, the calculated O–Ta bond is stronger than the O–O and O–Y bonds according to the mean bond population and average bond length, resulting in a higher modulus. This work will not only expand the internal mechanism of the thermophysical properties of YTaO4, but also provides support for the design and application of TBC systems.
Laser ablation of Ga‐Sb‐Te thin films monitored with quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Mandal Govinda , Gorylová Magdaléna , Nazabal Virginie , Němec Petr , Havel Josef
Published: July 2021

Laser ablation of Ga‐Sb‐Te chalcogenide thin films prepared by radiofrequency magnetron co‐sputtering was monitored with quadrupole ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QIT‐TOF‐MS). The mass spectra of 11 thin films of various compositions (Ga: 0–53.1, Sb: 0–52.0, and Te: 0–100.0 at. %) were recorded. Several series of unary (Gax, Sby, and Tez) binary (GaxSby, GaxTez, and SbyTez), and ternary GaxSbyTez clusters were identified in both positive and negative ion modes. Stoichiometry of observed clusters was determined. Up to 18 binary clusters (positively and negatively charged) were detected for thin film with low Sb content of 6.5 at. %. The highest number (4) of ternary clusters was observed for thin film with high Te content of 66.7 at. %. The number of generated clusters and their peaks intensity varied according to the chemical composition of thin films. Altogether, 41 clusters were detected. The laser ablation monitoring shows laser‐induced fragmentation of thin film structure. The relation of clusters stoichiometries to the chemical composition of thin films is discussed. The fragmentation can be diminished by covering a surface of thin films with paraffin's, glycerol, or trehalose sugar thin layers. The stoichiometry of generated clusters shows partial structural characterization of thin films.
Safety implications of different forms of understaffing among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Andel Stephanie A. , Tedone Archana M. , Shen Winny , Arvan Maryana L.
Published: July 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the processes through which personnel understaffing and expertise understaffing jointly shape near misses among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Inadequate staffing is a chronic issue within the nursing profession, with the safety consequences of understaffing likely being exacerbated by the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

This study used a three‐wave, time‐separated survey design and collected data from 120 nurses in the United States working on the frontline of the pandemic in hospital settings.

Methods

Participants were recruited through convenience sampling in early April 2020. Eligible nurses completed three surveys across a 6‐week period during the COVID‐19 pandemic from mid‐April to the end of May 2020. Study hypotheses were tested with path analyses.

Results/Findings

Results reveal that personnel understaffing and expertise understaffing jointly shape near misses, which are known to precede and contribute to accidents and injuries, through different mechanisms. Specifically, personnel understaffing led to greater use of safety workarounds, which only induced near misses when cognitive failures were high. Further, higher levels of cognitive failures appeared to be the result of greater expertise understaffing.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of addressing issues of understaffing, especially during times of crisis, to better promote nurse and patient safety.

Impact

This study was the first to examine the distinct mechanisms by which two forms of understaffing impact safety outcomes in the form of near misses. Understanding these mechanisms can help leaders and policymakers make informed staffing decisions by considering the safety implications of understaffing issues.
The importance of type species and their correct identification: A key example from tintinnid ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Spirotricha)
Authors: Agatha Sabine , Ganser Maximilian H. , Santoferrara Luciana F.
Published: July 2021

Types and the corresponding rules in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature are crucial for taxonomy and are meant to provide nomenclatural stability. In the case of neotypification, especially diligent taxonomic work is required to retain continuity. In the present communication, we first outline the main principles of typification and neotypification. We then discuss a critical case, using a current example from the marine planktonic tintinnid genus Tintinnopsis Stein, 1867 (Alveolata, Ciliophora). This diverse and ubiquitous genus is nonmonophyletic, but its revision and the erection of new related genera is currently prevented by the uncertain affiliation of its type species.
Affair recovery: Exploring similarities and differences of injured and involved partners
Authors: Mitchell Erica A. , Wittenborn Andrea K. , Timm Tina M. , Blow Adrian J.
Published: July 2021

Infidelity is associated with negative effects on couples' relationships, yet some couples are able to overcome these and rebuild their relationship. Few studies have examined this process for couples who stay together after an affair. With a sample of 18 individuals (nine couples), this study explored similarities and differences between injured (i.e., partner who did not have the affair) and involved (i.e., partner who had the affair) partners' experiences across three categories of affair recovery: (a) commitment to the relationship, (b) dimensions of the attachment bond, and (c) healing process. Thematic analysis revealed similarities amongst both partners across categories: (a) frequent and quality communication, (b) mechanisms for rebuilding safety and trust, and (c) the importance of forgiveness. However, partners' experiences varied regarding (a) responses to needs for comfort, (b) their sexual relationship, and (c) responding to reminders. A discussion of these key findings and clinical implications are included.
Craniovascular traits and braincase morphology in craniosynostotic human skulls
Authors: Eisová Stanislava , Naňka Ondřej , Velemínský Petr , Bruner Emiliano
Published: July 2021

Middle meningeal vessels, dural venous sinuses, and emissary veins leave imprints and canals in the endocranium, and thus provide evidence of vascular patterns in osteological samples. This paper investigates whether craniovascular morphology undergoes changes in craniosynostotic human skulls, and if specific alterations may reflect structural and functional relationships in the cranium. The analyzed osteological sample consists of adult individuals with craniosynostoses generally associated with dolichocephalic or brachycephalic proportions, and a control sample of anatomically normal adult skulls. The pattern and dominance of the middle meningeal artery, the morphology of the confluence of the sinuses, and the size and number of the emissary foramina were evaluated. Craniovascular morphology was more diverse in craniosynostotic skulls than in anatomically normal skulls. The craniosynostotic skulls often displayed enlarged occipito‐marginal sinuses and more numerous emissary foramina. The craniosynostotic skulls associated with more brachycephalic morphology often presented enlarged emissary foramina, while the craniosynostotic skulls associated with dolichocephalic effects frequently displayed more developed posterior branches of the middle meningeal artery. The course and morphology of the middle meningeal vessels, dural venous sinuses, and emissary veins in craniosynostotic skulls can be related to the redistribution of growth forces, higher intracranial pressure, venous hypertension, or thermal constraints. These functional and structural changes are of interest in both anthropology and medicine, involving epigenetic traits that concern the functional and ontogenetic balance between soft and hard tissues.
Building relationships: Is this the answer to effective nutrition policy formulation?
Authors: Kapetanaki Ariadne Beatrice , Tzempelikos Nektarios , Halliday Sue Vaux
Published: July 2021

Policymakers are still struggling to deliver effective nutrition policies, as nutrition policy development can be lost among other competing demands from what is a complex, interconnected food system. Therefore, we explored the relevance of including a wider (relational) marketing perspective to enable effective nutrition policy formulation through in‐depth interviews with food system stakeholders and focus groups with citizens. A relational approach would release the potential to build trust and collaboration, necessary for policy implementation, by focusing on the shared goal of citizen wellbeing. A power shift is needed from large corporations to governments and end‐users (consumers/citizens). For this to happen, governments need to address power sources to orchestrate policy development, rather than merely monitoring the actor set. Acknowledged interdependence that re‐balances power and includes citizens' input in nutrition policy development is vital.
Retracted: Effect of care programme based on Comfort Theory on reducing parental anxiety in the paediatric day surgery: Randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pazarcikci Fahriye , Efe Emine
Published: July 2021

Aims and Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a care programme based on the Comfort Theory on reducing parental anxiety forming during the perioperative process of paediatric day surgery.

Background

According to the Comfort Theory, nurses provide comfort and take precautions related to comfort, and they provide care and assistance by encouraging individuals/families/society and supporting coping methods. This study is the first randomised controlled study to test the effect of a nursing care programme based on the Comfort Theory for paediatric day surgery.

Design

Randomised controlled trial.

Methods

The research was completed from June–September 2019 with participation of parents whose children were undergoing paediatric day surgery at a hospital in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to two equal groups. The intervention group received care programme based on Comfort Theory. The control group received nursing care routinely provided in the clinic. Data were collected using the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Measures were obtained at six points, at baseline, at four interval observations after the initial point and during follow‐up on the 10th postoperative day. The repeated measures ANOVA test and t‐test for independent samples were used to compare the anxiety levels between the intervention and control groups.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference in favour of the group receiving the care programme based on the Comfort Theory when the anxiety levels between the intervention and control groups were compared.

Conclusions

The care programme based on the Comfort Theory was effective in reducing parental anxiety forming in the perioperative process of paediatric day surgery.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this study show the applicability of the care programme for paediatric day surgery. It is recommended that this programme be introduced to nurses in paediatric day surgery.
Risk factors for women with gestational diabetes mellitus developing type 2 diabetes and the impact on children's health
Authors: Chiou Yi‐Ling , Hung Chich‐Hsiu , Yu Ching‐Yun , Chan Te‐Fu , Liu Ming‐Gwo
Published: July 2021

Aim

The study aimed to explore the risk factors for progression to type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the long‐term impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on the health of their children.

Background

The occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus in women is the strongest predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes in the future.

Design

A non‐concurrent cohort and case–control study design and the guidelines for STROBE checklist were used for the study.

Methods

We reviewed medical records for the time period from the archives of the hospitals. The short‐listed women and their children were invited to participate in a ‘Women with gestational diabetes mellitus’ research activity from November 2012–February 2016. Blood tests, physiological indicators and demographic questionnaires were applied for data collection.

Results

A total of 57 women and 57 children participated in the research activity. The risk factors for progression of gestational diabetes mellitus to type 2 diabetes included education level and the 1‐h blood glucose level for the antepartum 100‐g oral glucose tolerance test and the 2‐h blood glucose level for the postpartum 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test. However, these risk factors did not have a significant impact on the body mass index and body fat of the women's children.

Conclusion

Healthcare providers should adopt a breadth of health education strategies to remind women with gestational diabetes mellitus to be aware of certain risk factors, and to urge them and their children to return for regular follow‐up visits.

Relevance to clinical practice

Identification of the risk factors developing type 2 diabetes can make healthcare units incorporate the postpartum follow‐up of gestational diabetes mellitus into their standard protocol and case managers continue to follow‐up and manage the health of the women and that of their children to reduce adverse health of them.
Epidemiological investigation of urinary incontinence in peri‐ and postpartum women from Nanjing, China
Authors: Jia Genmei , Jiang Chang , Wang Kai , Zhu Lijuan , Zhu Kaixin , Yang Shanshan , Jiang Hua
Published: July 2021

Objectives

We aimed to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) during the peri‐ and postpartum period in women from Nanjing, China, and estimate its risk factors.

Methods

From January to December 2018, a total of 6500 postpartum women were enrolled and asked to complete the questionnaires. Of these, 6370 (98%) women returned the questionnaires with valid responses. Additional data were collected, including age, height, weight, gestation time and parity, and neonatal weight. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐Urinary Incontinence Short Form was used. Surface electromyography (sEMG) and a biofeedback training system were used as a testing platform, and PESEMG values were obtained.

Results

The prevalence of UI during pregnancy and at 6 weeks postpartum in women was 29.76% and 12.50%, respectively. The prevalence of stress UI (SUI), urge UI (UUI), mixed UI (MUI), and other types of UI that developed during pregnancy was 25.48%, 1.66%, 1.65%, and 0.97%, respectively. The prevalence of SUI, UUI, MUI, and other types of UI at 6 weeks postpartum was 8.49%, 2.07%, 1.16%, and 0.77%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that advanced age, greater postpartum body mass index (BMI), macrosomia, multiparity, and vaginal delivery were risk factors of postpartum UI. Women with mild degree of UI in pregnancy, those who had undergone cesarean section, and those without UI before pregnancy were relieved from UI at 6 weeks postpartum.

Conclusions

The rate of UI in peri‐ and postpartum women from Nanjing is consistent across China. The most common type of UI was SUI, with many risk factors affecting its occurrence. Advanced age, greater postpartum BMI, multiparity, macrosomia, and vaginal delivery might be the main risk factors of UI in postpartum women.
Relationships between paternal attitudes, paternal involvement, and infant‐feeding outcomes: Mixed‐methods findings from a global on‐line survey of English‐speaking fathers
Authors: Atkinson Lydia , Silverio Sergio A. , Bick Debra , Fallon Victoria
Published: July 2021

The breastfeeding intention–behaviour gap remains wide in developed countries. Current studies have focused on maternal attitudes and behaviours concerning infant feeding in order to explore barriers to breastfeeding continuation. There has been limited consideration of the impact of paternal attitudes and behaviours, despite contemporary parenthood evolving and evidence indicating that there are greater levels of paternal involvement in routine childcare tasks. This mixed‐methods study used a triangulation design to examine the associations between paternal attitudes towards parenthood and infant‐feeding methods, levels of paternal involvement, infant‐feeding outcomes, and father–infant relationships. Fathers of infants <52 weeks completed an online survey providing quantitative data (N = 212) and qualitative data (N = 208). For the quantitative data, fathers completed validated measures about their attitude towards parenthood and infant feeding, levels of paternal involvement, and infant‐feeding history. For the qualitative data, questions explored influences on paternal attitudes towards infant feeding and the father–infant relationship. After controlling for covariates, regression analyses found egalitarian attitudes towards parenthood were positively associated with both attitudes towards breastfeeding and levels of paternal involvement. Positive paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding were significantly associated with increased likelihood of breastfeeding. A thematic framework analysis indicated fathers' attitudes towards infant feeding were largely influenced by their families and partners or healthcare professionals. Polarised views were expressed about the impact infant‐feeding methods had on the father–infant relationship, although fathers were united in their desire to bond with their infant. Addressing paternal attitudes and the importance of father–infant involvement in domains other than feeding maybe beneficial in supporting breastfeeding and the father–infant relationship.
Family influences on health and nutrition practices of pregnant adolescents in Bangladesh
Authors: Pike Vanessa , Kaplan Ramage Abigail , Bhardwaj Anjali , Busch‐Hallen Jennifer , Roche Marion Leslie
Published: July 2021

Adolescent pregnancy can result in serious risks to the mother and her baby; yet, adolescents are among the least likely to access healthcare. Specific nutrition or antenatal care (ANC) guidelines for supporting pregnant adolescents are not available. To understand experiences and decision‐making of pregnant adolescents in Bangladesh related to ANC and nutrition practices, peer interviewers were trained to conduct qualitative interviews in Dhaka and Rangpur with pregnant adolescents (n = 48), adolescent mothers (n = 48), adolescents' family members (n = 64) and health service providers (n = 32). Key themes explored included perception and support of adolescent pregnancy, experiences in seeking ANC, dietary practices, sources of information and roles of male and female family members. Spheres of influence on adolescent pregnancy were identified through analytical framework informed by the socio‐ecological model. Respondents felt that adolescent pregnancy is risky and that adolescents require support and guidance through this experience. Families were highly influential on the care seeking, health and nutrition of pregnant adolescents, and mothers/mothers‐in‐law primarily took on the decision‐making roles, with husbands actively participating. Adolescents valued family support but felt a loss of autonomy and agency upon becoming pregnant. Financial constraints were the greatest perceived barrier to appropriate nutrition and healthcare; yet, both were valued. There is sometimes discord of health and nutrition beliefs between families and health service providers; more research is needed to understand this further. It is essential to engage family members and adolescents in initiatives to increase access to quality ANC for pregnant adolescents, improve dietary practices and support the ability to delay pregnancy.