bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Public Health Ethics
Authors: Henschke Adam
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks at the ethics of Covid-19 to argue that situations like public health emergencies rely on a dynamic ethics and, as such, consideration must be given on how to reverse social norms that arise during these emergencies. While a great deal of ethical discussion looks at the conditions about when an ‘emergency ethics’ becomes operational, much less has been said about the end period. While certain policies and practices might be justifiable in response to the Covid-19 pandemic, we need to ensure that such policies are reversed once the Covid-19 emergency has receded, and that the social norms around particular surveillance practices and policies return to pre-Covid-19 state. This chapter argues that Covid-19 pandemic surveillance policies and technologies show us that emergency surveillance ought to be considered as justifiable but abnormal, and suggests how to ensure that the surveillance justified by public health ethics remains abnormal.
Interregional networks and conventionalized gender roles in civilian resistance against genocide
Authors: Braun Robert , Stallone Kiran
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that women can play a unique part in the production of civilian resistance against genocide because their ability to perform feminized roles allows them to take up distinct positions in clandestine social rescue networks. Civilian resistance against stronger opponents is most powerful when it is embedded in multiple localized hubs of commitment that are themselves connected by strong supra-local ties covering longer geographical distances. When repressors adhere to and encourage traditional gender norms and behaviours, women resistance workers can play a considerable role in these networks because they can strategically perform traditional feminine roles in a way that obscures the true motives behind their long-distance travel. We develop our argument through the study of Jewish rescue networks in the Netherlands. Statistical analysis of fine-grained evasion data and geocoded rescue networks reveals that Dutch women were indeed crucial for long interregional ties between different rescue networks, which undermined the Nazis’ ability to detect Jews. More in-depth exploration of distinct networks identifies three dramaturgical strategies that women deployed while carrying out rescue work between different regions: (1) strategic motherhood and wedlock; (2) strategic self-devaluation; and (3) strategic coquetry. Taken together, our findings suggest we should simultaneously focus on the relational and dramaturgical underpinnings of womanhood to fully understand the relationship between gender and civilian protective agency.
The ties that bind
Authors: Howe Kimberly
Published: November 2023

How do civilians protect themselves against organized and spontaneous violence during a civil war? How do they access food, livelihoods, water, and health support when the conflict precludes access to such necessities? And what facilitates adaptation to these harsh conditions? This chapter addresses these questions by examining the case of the Syrian civil war, a protracted conflict characterized by extreme violence against civilians, unprecedented humanitarian need, and limited involvement by the international community. Drawing on original and varied quantitative and qualitative data collected in dozens of communities between 2013 and 2020, this chapter identifies and analyses diverse expressions of civilian agency and the forms of familial, community, and individual self-protection that have arisen in this context. The chapter demonstrates theoretically and empirically the centrality of knowledge, learning, and anticipation, and relatedly, the importance of social connectedness for adaptation as a form of civilian protective agency during the civil war in Syria.
Civilian violent mobilization and the intensity of civil war in Mozambique
Authors: Jentzsch Corinna
Published: November 2023

Civilian self-protection is often associated with nonviolent means of protection. This chapter questions this view and argues that certain types of armed self-defence can be understood as expressions of civilian protection agency. Specifically, it examines the consequences of the activities of community-initiated part-time militias during the war in Mozambique, drawing on a data set of violent events compiled from archival sources and interviews. Through this case study, it explores in what ways and under what conditions these more contentious and more risky forms of civilian self-protection help reduce violence against civilians during wartime and contribute to protection outcomes. The chapter shows how any effect in terms of protection was a temporary one, as the rebels quickly adapted and learned how to respond to the new armed challenge. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the dynamic character of war, shaped by learning processes on both the part of civilians and rebels.
United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protective agency
Authors: Rhoads Emily Paddon , Gorur Aditi
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses UN peacekeeping policy and practice to illuminate the various ways in which the UN has engaged with civilian protective agency. It begins by charting the origins and evolution of the UN’s community-based approach to protection and support for civilian protective agency in peacekeeping at the policy level. It then surveys the strategies and tools developed by the UN over the last decade to engage communities on protection and the types of support provided by peacekeepers across mission settings. Our analysis finds that in many instances UN peacekeepers do not actively support civilian protective agency; instead, peacekeepers have expanded their practices of community engagement to improve UN protective responses and bolster prevention efforts. The chapter identifies three sets of factors that explain why the UN has adopted this approach. While several factors are specific to the UN and its unique role as the guarantor of international peace and security, others pertain more generally to organizations pursuing similar approaches. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the UN’s approach as well as some of the main challenges for external actors who seek to support civilian protective agency and deepen community engagement.
Carrot, stick, and statute
Authors: Muwanga Nansozi K. , Mukwaya Paul I. , Goodfellow Tom
Published: November 2023

The National Resistance Movement (NRM) has dominated Uganda’s political scene for almost four decades; yet, for most of this period, Kampala has refused to submit to its grip. As opposition activism in the city became increasingly explosive, the ruling elite developed a range of generative and repressive strategies that we subject to close scrutiny, focusing particularly on the decade prior to the 2021 election. We explore elite strategies pursued both from the ‘top down’ through legal manoeuvres and escalating violent coercion, and from the ‘bottom up’ through attempts to build support among urban youth and to infiltrate organizations in the urban informal sector. Efforts to engineer electoral dominance of the capital repeatedly failed, though the opposition’s capacity to force change remains highly constrained. We examine why each urban dominance strategy has produced only limited gains, arguing that together these interventions have continually reproduced a situation of intensely contested urban control.
Dominating Dhaka
Authors: Jackman David
Published: November 2023

Throughout Bangladesh’s history, its capital Dhaka has seen numerous coups, mass uprisings, and violent political rivalries. Rallies, strikes, street fights, and small bombings have been common. Yet since 2015 the opposition has largely failed to disrupt the city, with the ruling Awami League (AL) achieving a level of dominance unseen in the country’s history. Fundamental to this transition has been a shift in the character of coercive organizations available to both ruling and opposition parties. The AL has empowered security agencies, enabling widespread arrests, intimidation, and new surveillance technologies. This has eroded the strength of the opposition, who are also deprived of street muscle because of their own decision to repress gangsters when last in office. Dhaka meanwhile is increasingly a site for showcasing the country’s development successes, which are now foundational to the legitimacy of the AL.
Predictions in the Artificial Era
Authors: Velarde Gissel
Published: November 2023

The final chapter describes the human motivation for prediction, presents opinions and predictions about the future, and possible strategies to cope with it. First, it presents a study on Artificial Intelligence impact summarizing the opinions of hundreds of participants in tech communities. Next, it contrasts Artificial General Intelligence and Narrow Artificial Intelligence. Then, it reviews the literature on consciousness from the fields of neurology, cognitive psychology, behavioral neuroscience, theoretical computer science, and philosophy. It complements the literature review with ideas formulated in Greek mythology and science fiction, as well as experiences and concepts of consciousness narrated by a yogi. The chapter returns to a more practical side describing privacy issues and points out that we are in a critical phase of a Technological Progress wave. The chapter talks about inequality and describes some recent ideas to reduce it. Besides, it presents an extensive study on ethics and machine decision-making. Finally, the chapter reviews elements of harmonious and brutal societies and discusses concerns on smart technologies for defense and attack. Finally, it briefly summarizes possible strategies to harness technology for development in the coming years.
Collective Phronesis
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján , Fowers Blaine J.
Published: November 2023

Most of the discourses on phronesis treat it as a personal strength of character, possessed by an individual. But is it possible to widen its scope to the collective level? The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of various discourses relevant to developing a construct of collective phronesis, from a (neo)-Aristotelian perspective, with implications for professional practice in general and business practice and Business Ethics education in particular. Aristotle made intriguing remarks about phronesis at the collective level in his Politics that have mostly eluded elaboration. The aim of this chapter is practical and revisionary, rather than exegetical and deferential, with respect to Aristotle. Nevertheless, just as most of the literature on individual phronesis draws on Aristotle’s exposition in the Nicomachean Ethics, the obvious first port of call for an analysis of collective phronesis is to explore the resources handed down to us by Aristotle himself.
The ‘Fallen Women’ of Culture
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Devajit
Published: November 2023

This chapter studies the so-called fallen or public women dancers, singers, and actresses working in colonial Calcutta. With brief introductions of the then-popular actresses’ traumatic experiences in public and personal lives, the article strives to engage with the denial of their agency both as performers and as cultural workers, though it was they who carried the performative undertakings on their shoulders. Without the monumental contributions of prostitute performers of Lebedeff’s theatre, Akshaya Bai, Radhamani, Jaidurga, Rajkumari, Hara Methrani, Jagattarini, Elokeshi, Shyama, Golapsundari, Nati Binodini, Tinkari, Indubala, Prabha Devi, Niharbala Devi, Krishnabhamini Devi, Narisundari Devi, Govindarani Bai, Manorama Devi, Subashini Devi, Govindarani Bai, Angurbala/Prabhabati Devi, Krishnabhamini, Niharbala, Bara (elder) Rajlakshmi, Kananbala, Ranibala Devi, Umashashi, Nibhanani, Chunibala Devi, Malina Devi, Prabha Devi, Manorama Devi, Sarajubala, and countless others, the performance world in Bengal would have been arid and sterile. This chapter is an overview of their trials and tribulations.
Entangled in Performance
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Kuntal , Kundu Manujendra
Published: November 2023

In a comparative study of women performers in group and commercial/professional theatre of Kolkata, this chapter traces their travails and negotiations amid a male-dominated ‘kinship’ and ‘cartel’ culture. The highbrow bhadralok academics have largely ignored to engage with commercial/professional theatre for its profiteering attitude and alleged decadent and debased business as opposed to the left-leaning, progressive, and idealist group theatre. Quite naturally, performers of both sexes belonging to this class could not escape such postulations. It has been observed that despite such sneering and snobbery, the bhadralok and bhadramahila performers could not escape the allure of money in commercial/professional theatre. Although in commercial/professional theatre women had to suffer disrespect and ignominy for their social background with low class/caste, poor economic background, etc., their female counterparts in group theatre did not get much respect from their male directors and colleagues either, even when some of them were their husbands and/or lovers, jeopardizing their personal and professional home. The nature of ‘denial’ in both spaces might seem different/incongruous at the outset, but it has been argued in this chapter that they were fundamentally the same. However, it is also true that over time, women have started becoming conscious of their situation and have begun to negotiate the hostile situation.
Bonds of Labour
Authors: Munsi Urmimala Sarkar
Published: November 2023

Nachni women are popularly known as professional women dancers from eastern India, often seen as the partner/concubine of a male rasik (connoisseur). This chapter tries to establish a fragile but artistic agency for these women, who are still not accepted as respectable members of society. In the public realm, her dance labour is paid for, but the payment usually belongs to her rasik. This chapter proposes to categorize this form of labour as an open case of bonded labour—perpetuated in the open with the consent of society. Identifying a forced social absence created for the nachni by her family’s observing of her last rites as soon as she commits to this profession, this chapter attempts to draw the historiography of a defiant presence on a public proscenium where the performer devises her subversions to claim liveness, pleasure, and spatial presence in order to resist such social deletions.
Informed Self-organization
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a brief, non-orthodox introduction into molecular biology. As the Nobel Laureate Sidney Brenner wrote: ‘Biology is essentially (very low energy) physics with computations’. The chapter shows how molecular self-assembly and self-organization, combined with inherited information, form the basis of all known processes of life. In particular, the chapter discusses proteins and protein folding, self-assembly of protein complexes, DNA, RNA, Crick’s central dogma, and gene transcription and translation. In the end of this chapter, the analogy between von Neumann’s theory of self-replication and Francis Crick’s central dogma of molecular biology are discussed.
Evolution as a Ratchet of Information
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses how information can be measured in a biologically meaningful way. This is based on Kolmogorov’s complexity and the concept of mutual information. Next the chapter discusses how information can be recorded in the physical world and shows that because of thermal noise, large amounts of information can be recorded only by digital-combinatorial means. It follows that before human language emerged, DNA or other polymer molecules were the only means available to nature for recording and communicating large amounts of information. Furthermore, this implies that there is a link between the complexity of an organism and the amount of biologically relevant information in the organism’s DNA. It is shown that biological evolution can be regarded as computing over the information residing in the entire DNA on Earth via so-called genetic algorithms. It also briefly discusses animal cultures to assess the amount of information that animals can communicate to each other.
Summarizing and analysing the findings from the DRC case
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the findings of the DRC case study. In general, it finds that the theoretical framework presented in this book provides considerable analytical leverage to explain the conditions under which UN peacekeepers assist the ICC. On the basis of the empirical chapters, the chapter further suggests a number of amendments to the original theoretical framework which may better help explain the conditions under which UN peacekeepers assist the ICC. Finally, it presents two ‘pathways to assistance’, conjunctions of conditions that will lead to full and inconsistent assistance, respectively. In the appendix, the chapter summarizes the findings of the case study chapters in tabular form.
Introduction
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 focuses on the notion of canonicity in grammar by discussing the distinction between canonical and non-canonical speech acts, and how this distinction relates to the common classification between major (declarative, interrogative, imperative) versus minor (e.g., exclamative, optative) clause types. The chapter introduces the driving hypothesis of the book that specific illocutionary forces are neither ‘canonical’ nor ‘non-canonical’ per se, and that the illocutionary potential of different clause types (often referred to as ‘mood’) is reflected in their syntactic form only to a very limited extent. The idea is presented that the canonicity of a clause type—and all the discourse effects that follow from it—is determined by categories that are much broader than specific illocutionary forces, and on this basis the end of this chapter sketches an outline of the rest of the book.
A typology of non-canonical questions
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 proposes a typology of non-canonical questions based on three central notions that are very often used to analyze and classify non-canonical questions: the speaker’s bias, epistemic states (of both speaker and addressee), and the speaker’s emotion. The chapter first introduces the three notions and then discusses relevant types of non-canonical questions, grouped into separate sections that are based on this threefold distinction. In particular, the chapter discusses questions where the speaker is biased towards or against the truth of one of the alternatives (e.g., negative polar questions; Isn’t he running fast?); questions where the speaker expresses that their ignorance is either extremely strong (e.g., can’t-find-the-value questions) or extremely weak (e.g., rhetorical questions), and questions where the speaker expresses a presupposition of emotion.
Non-canonical questions as first moves in a dialogue
Authors: Trotzke Andreas
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 looks in more detail into the pragmatic properties of some types of non-canonical questions and asks whether some pragmatic aspects that can be observed in the context of dialogue sequences should be represented in the syntax. The chapter focuses on features of non-canonical questions as first moves in a dialogue, and it discusses the fundamental distinction between a request for information and a request for affirmation in this domain. Some expressive non-canonical questions share many aspects with exclamation speech acts, and the chapter will explore to what extent they should also be analyzed along the lines of exclamations. Given this discussion, the last section of Chapter 7 summarizes some consequences for the syntactic analysis of some of the expressive types of non-canonical questions.
A Theoretical Framework of Survival
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework of party survival. It first shows that existing theories of party survival cannot explain centrist anti-establishment parties’ (CAPs’) survival. First, CAPs are usually built around single personalities and lack strong organizational structures. Even if some CAPs invest in their organizations, my empirical analysis shows that differences in organizational strength cannot explain the patterns of CAP survival. The same is true when we focus on CAPs’ participation in government. The chapter thus introduces three strategies of survival and argues that a CAP can only survive if it either (i) reframes its protest strategy and redefines who the “true elite” is, (ii) adopts a genuine anti-corruption strategy, or (iii) transforms into a mainstream party. Each strategy relies on a different theoretical foundation of CAPs’ electoral support (protest voting, issue voting, or ideological voting), while keeping at least one of their original characteristics.
The Micro Level
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The first chapter looks at the micro level of analysis—the biology of the brain, cognition, and genetics—which provides an important basis for understanding how humans are, in some ways, hard-wired to be natural cooperators. Social neuroscientists have made some exciting discoveries in support of the notion that humans are fundamentally motivated by our sociality. As we move from biology, to culture, to politics, layering these findings is useful in demonstrating why we are anchored in an ultrasocial landscape. It is worth noting that humans across the world, from a vast range of different cultures and languages, have very similar mental processes. Human emotion, language, candid facial expressions—mental computations in general—are likely universal across the globe.
Conclusion to Part II
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The power of possibility and idealistic aspiration are an integral part, if not a driving force, of European integration over the decades. Without some sense of idealism, this unprecedented experiment at international cooperation would never have got off the ground. With the emergence of the federalist idea in Europe, a transnational societal-level movement grew, and the possibility of an integrated Europe was discussed in social clubs, groups, and committees across Europe. A range of actors and members of society have since been carriers of the federalist idea. European leaders had come to believe that only through ceding national sovereignty to the supranational level would peace truly be possible. Ultimately, this initiative, originating in Europe, became the most advanced and successful experiment in transforming a region with centuries of violent conflict into one of enduring, and even permanent, peace.
The Nuclear Taboo and Disarmament
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Chapter 12 shows how the nuclear non-use idea had the effect of radically transforming the conduct of war on the part of governments, even as some government and military leaders initially resisted it. The influence and visibility of the anti-nuclear movement came in waves, but the transcendent nature of the non-use idea, the optimism that accompanied it, and the new narrative surrounding it made the idea resilient when it came under threat. Emergent ideas that tap into the power of possibility and resonate with our ultrasocial inclinations are often very persuasive, especially if they envision transcendent change. To be sure, these ideas still face competition and are regularly tested by norm violators and those who seek to undermine past ultrasocial consensus, but the underlying societal context—with its tendency toward peace and cooperation—should be an important part of our understanding.
Conclusion to Part IV
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Part IV of this book highlights the ultrasocial context underlying the emergence, solidification, and spread of the nuclear weapons taboo, which eventually led to significant policy transformation around the world. What started out as a dangerous game of nuclear one-upmanship, including the actual use of nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, quickly developed into the widely held belief that these weapons should never be used. The non-use idea was not only a reaction against its consequences but also a parallel sense of optimism for what such opposition could mean for world order and peaceful co-existence. In striving to explain a nearly eighty-year pattern of non-use, an ultrasocial approach draws attention to how a compelling idea, grounded in empathy and a sense of common humanity, led to the strongest societal movement in modern times.
Responding to Hostile Environments
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: November 2023

How are we to respond to hostile environments? And how can a relational ethics help when it refuses to offer firm moral guidance to government or civil society? Once again, we start from what is already done, how hospitality is already practised, and responsibility accepted all over the world in everyday living, organising and activism. The first section uses examples from Europe, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East to outline four ways in which responses are being animated by ‘disobedient’ hospitality practices that accept responsibility for immigrants. Though never unproblematic, these practices show what is possible. The second section seeks to make theoretical sense of these themes, seeing them as ways of opposing the moral immunity claimed by hostile environments. Using the work of Donna Haraway, it makes the case for a relational ethics of hospitality that cultivates the ability to respond: our response-ability in the face of abandonment.
Trading Mechanics and Market Structure
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the organization of securities markets. A trading mechanism defines the “rules of the game” that market participants must follow: it determines the actions they can take, their information about other market participants’ actions, and the protocol for matching buy and sell orders. Trading mechanisms can essentially be viewed as variations of two basic structures: limit order markets and dealer markets. Section 1.2 describes how each mechanism operates, illustrates market structures that combine elements of both, and shows that each prototypical mechanism itself can vary in important ways, such as the degree of transparency and the frequency of trades. Section 1.3 previews some empirical studies that compare limit order and dealer markets or investigate markets with different degrees of transparency. Section 1.4 discusses the evolution of market structure.
Measuring Liquidity
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the measurement of liquidity in security markets. It starts from the distinction between explicit and implicit trading costs, and focuses on how implicit trading costs can be measured, depending on availability of different data about the trading process. Section 2.2 presents various measures of the bid-ask spread that can be constructed using quote and transaction data (the quoted spread, the effective spread and the realized spread). Section 2.3 shows how to measure implicit trading costs when only transaction data are available, such as deviations of transaction prices from the volume-weighted average price (VWAP), non-trading measures based on no change in transaction prices, and Roll’s measure of the bid-ask spread. It also discusses measures of price impact, which require midprice and order imbalance data. All these measures, however, neglect the time dimension of implicit trading costs: if traders are willing to trickle their orders into the market gradually, they may get a better average price, at the risk of incomplete execution. Section 2.4 discusses the notion of implementation shortfall, a measure of execution quality that considers not only the price impact of orders but also the opportunity cost of delayed or partial execution.
Limit Order Book Markets
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses limit order book (LOB) markets. Section 6.2 analyzes a static model of the optimal bidding strategies for limit order traders and Section 6.3 applies the model to study various issues regarding the design of limit order markets: the impact of tick size, the role of priority rules, and the role of designated liquidity suppliers. Understanding the choice between market and limit orders is important, as the viability of limit order markets depends critically on traders choosing both types of order. Thus, Section 6.4 analyzes this choice. The models this chapter develops are useful in analyzing data on trades and quotes in limit order markets, i.e., snapshots of LOBs at various points in time and flows of (market and limit) orders over a period of time.
Market Transparency
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the issue of transparency in securities markets. It covers pre-trade transparency, post-trade transparency, and disclosure of traders’ identities. It demonstrates that transparency about quotes, orders, and traders’ presumed trading motives generally enhances market liquidity, at least as far as uninformed traders are concerned. However, it also highlights that some forms of opaqueness do have merits. The chapter also addresses the question of why markets are so opaque.
Liquidity, Price Discovery, and Corporate Policies
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on how liquidity affects some key decisions of companies, namely, their real investment decisions, their corporate governance and their managerial compensation. Section 10.2 examines the mechanisms through which liquidity affects firms’ investment. Section 10.3 considers how liquidity affects the governance of firms, and specifically whether it discourages the formation of large shareholding stakes and therefore the probability that management will be monitored by a large shareholder. Section 10.4 investigates the link between the accuracy of price discovery, the quality of firms’ investment decisions, and their ability to incentivize managers by indexing executives’ compensation on stock prices. Section 10.5 considers the reverse causal link, which is to say, actions that firms themselves can take to fine-tune the liquidity of their securities.
Introduction
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This introductory chapter begins with an overview of what the book is about. It identifies two key concepts in market microstructure-market liquidity and price discovery-and explains why these are important. It then outlines some puzzling phenomena in securities markets and concludes with a discussion of the three dimensions of liquidity.
Pleasure and Beyond
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

Most people report that music reliably generates emotions. Emotional arousal can be traced to the interaction between mechanisms involved in perception, memory, and other cognitive functions with the striatum, amygdala, and other limbic structures. Several factors are associated with portraying and conveying emotion, including social aspects, movement cues, vocal features, roughness or dissonance, and memory. Preference for specific musical pieces or styles is strongly influenced by emotional arousal experienced during adolescence, which is linked to a dopaminergic surge in the striatum during that time of life. Music can be used for emotional self-regulation via psychological mechanisms, such as reappraisal, which seem to involve top-down modulation from frontal cortex onto striatum and amygdala.
A Human Rights-Based Approach to Justice in Social Work Practice
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

At the founding of the social work profession, social workers were human rights defenders who sought justice for the people they worked with by advocating for societal reforms and helping people manage everyday challenges in their lives. This book presents a human rights-based approach toward justice in social work practice that is in line with its roots and the intentions of social work’s founders. A rights-based approach seeks to transform societies by creating systems of care premised on respect and dignity for all, always. This approach requires the full participation of impacted individuals and communities to create systems supportive of human rights and economic, social, and environmental justice. Readers will be challenged to think critically about the social infrastructure we have built, who benefits from it, who doesn’t, and how it perpetuates inequities. Justice is framed as the realization of one’s human rights. Using case examples and exercises, readers are guided on implementing and integrating a rights-based approach to justice in their social work practice.
American Exceptionalism to International Human Rights Laws
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the concepts of American exceptionalism and international human rights laws. American exceptionalism refers to the fact that the United States has exempted itself from most international human rights mechanisms while calling out other countries that have fallen short of realizing their citizens’ human rights. The absence of U.S. consent to most international human rights instruments weakens the legal standards that Americans have worked diligently to create and propagate. The chapter explains how the United States believes its Constitution embodies all the rights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Since political climates prioritize issues and the realization of human rights, social workers must advocate for access to human rights for all and incorporate a rights-based approach in their work.
Social Identities, Positionality, and Intersectionality
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the significance of social identities, positionality, and intersectionality. It starts with the social identity theory, which explains the process of how people identify themselves and develop prejudices and stereotypes. The theory of intersectionality describes how multiple identities combine, sometimes privileging certain identities and marginalizing others. Thus, intersectionality is a framework grounded in the idea that human experience and identity are shaped by multiple social positions and cannot be understood by independently considering social positions. The chapter concludes by discussing how social workers should consider intersectionality when dealing with individuals so as not to reinforce heteronormativity or existing power structures.
What Is Justice?
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter emphasizes that societal concepts of justice shift all the time, especially when it reflects the people’s past and current culture. Injustice may reflect unjust institutions, procedures, allocations, decision-making, or punishment. Even though perspectives on justice are typically codified in law, justice can also be defined and heralded by common practice within a culture, community, or country. The chapter explains the different types of justice and the implications they have for socioeconomic, political, civil, and criminal justice. It discusses the definition of justice under social work, noting how the history of the profession was influenced by the dual definitions of social justice.
The New Suburbia
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

The New Suburbia explores how the suburbs transitioned from bastions of segregation into spaces of multiracial living. They are the second generation of suburbs after 1945, moving from starkly segregated whiteness into a more varied, uneven social landscape. The suburbs came to hold a broad cross-section of people—rich, poor, Black American, Latino, Asian, immigrant, the unhoused, and the lavishly housed, and everyone in between. In the new suburbia, white advantage persisted, but it existed alongside rising inequality, ethnic and racial diversity, and new family configurations. Through it all, the common denominators of suburbia remained—low-slung landscapes of single-family homes and yards and families seeking the good life. On this familiar landscape, the American dream endured even as the dreamers changed. The New Suburbia focuses on Los Angeles, at the vanguard of this trend. It tells stories of the Asian Americans, Black Americans, and Latinos who moved into white suburbs that once barred them. They bought homes, enrolled their children in schools, and began navigating suburban life. Internal divisions surfaced in some communities—between homeowners and renters, citizens and noncitizens, long-term residents and the newly arrived. In some cases, diverse suburbanites continued long-lived habits of resisting the poor, the unhoused, renters, even ethnic landscapes, and that resistance became multiracial. The end result was persistent inequality across the metropolis even as the suburbs became much more diverse. At the same time, the new suburbia witnessed the arrival of more inclusive values, pointing the way toward an emerging multicultural suburban ideal.
Suburban Political and Civic Cultures, Across the Spectrum
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

Suburban ideals and political cultures existed along a spectrum in Los Angeles after 1970. At one end were towns that embraced well-established suburban ideals and defensive homeowner politics devoted to protecting homes and communities from perceived threats. In these efforts, residents used the language of property rights, localism, neighborhood schools, and “quality of life.” At the other end were suburbs that embraced a more inclusive, multicultural suburban ideal that accepted ethnic and racial newcomers, their spatial practices, and in some cases low-income residents by allowing multifamily housing. Several arenas illustrated these variations: the “warmth of welcome” ethnic newcomers received in suburbia, suburban responses to undocumented immigrants and day laborers who represented the working poor, and suburbs that displayed progressive ideals and politics. Electoral politics around immigrant rights, law and order, and taxation showed that diverse suburbanites embraced politics that privileged the interests of homeowners, revealing the limits of racial liberalism.
White Flight Within
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

Pasadena’s history illustrates the impact of racial change on suburban social and civic life. In the wake of desegregation, residents struggled to come to terms with a new civic commitment to racial equality. While many whites fled Pasadena, others stayed, but a kind of “internal white flight” took hold as they withdrew from the public sphere, opting for private schools, private clubs, and sequestered neighborhoods. Along with affluent whites who long inhabited this privatized social realm, more middle-class whites joined this retreat into insular social realms where social and civic engagement remained robust. But there were scattered examples where people breached the stubborn divides of class and race. In settings like the Junior League, the Interracial Woman’s Club, and Altadena Baptist Church, diversity became a driver of engagement, not its spoiler. These sites of participation suggested nascent expressions of a new, multiracial suburban ideal.
Grammar and Grammarians, Linguistic and Social Change from Gellius to Macrobius
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers in detail the linguistic views of Aulus Gellius. Gellius tends to speak in a tone of gentlemanly superiority toward professional grammarians: he is dismissive of their normative and dogmatic approach to language, which relies on simplistic rules that are not actually supported by the ancient authors. Gellius instead adopts a more nuanced position, showing awareness that older Latin was not uniform and that the gulf between the literary standard and contemporary everyday speech was continuing to widen in the second century. The chapter also mentions the opinions of later authors, including Ausonius, Macrobius, and Servius.
Language Variation and Grammatical Theory in Roman Legal Texts
Authors: Ferri Rolando
Published: November 2023

Ferri identifies many points of contact between the writings of grammatici and the jurists who put their theories to use in resolving concrete legal difficulties. Particularly noteworthy are the jurists’ discussion of lexical meaning, regional differences, the pragmatics of spoken communication, and speakers’ linguistic errors. The Digest is shown to be a rich repository of meta-linguistic reflection about different kinds of linguistic, drawing on and supplementing ancient grammatical sources.
Face the Facts
Authors: Dodds Sherril
Published: November 2023

The final chapter brings the book to a close by returning to the two research questions: What does the face do in dance, and what does it mean? It concludes that facial choreographies engender opportunity for startling creativity, the articulation of identity, a cathartic expression of feelings and attitudes, and a critical capacity to undercut previously held assumptions. It then looks at the state-mandated masking of the face through the global COVID-19 pandemic and the implications of this for popular dance. It briefly addresses the ubiquity of dance on the social media platform TikTok and how the face plays a spectacular role in TikTok performance.
Truth
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents an inferential expressivist account of the truth predicate. On this account, the meaning of the truth predicate is explained without appealing to its purported referent, but in terms of its inferential connections to the speech acts of strong assertion and strong rejection. The chapter shows that this inferential expressivist approach allows one to retain the functionalist insights of deflationary accounts of truth while avoiding the Frege-Geach Problem. The chapter goes on to propose a novel diagnosis and solution of the Liar Paradox and a host of revenge paradoxes based on the idea that the truth rules preserve commitment but not evidence. The upshot is a theory of truth bearing deep similarities with supervaluational approaches. The chapter ends by discussing whether and to what extent inferential expressivism is compatible with a realist view of the area of discourse to which it is applied.
The Revolution Unfolds
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the domestic violence revolution. It starts with Sara Buell’s introduction of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. According to national survey data, women in almost a third of all marriages had suffered physical abuse by the men with whom they were intimate. These data provided material substance to the radical critique of misogyny. The chapter then highlights three major changes that have become global, shelters for abused women, criminal laws against domestic violence and programs for abusive men. According to its historians, advocates, and critics of the domestic violence revolution, these changes were the byproduct of the organized women’s movement.
The Technology of Coercive Control I
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter explicates the three primary means of coercion used in coercive control, violence, sexual abuse and intimidation. It defines coercion as the use of force or threats to compel or dispel a particular response. This chapter emphasizes the frequency, duration and, typically low-level of the violence used in coercive control as well its application “across social space,” as in stalking. The spectrum of sexual assaults run the gamut from literal rapes to “rape as routine,” where compliance is no longer optional. Partner stalking illustrates an intimidation tactic that allows abusers to retain control after a couple separates or divorce. The chapter references the special vulnerability of immigrant women in exploring the interplay between coercive and controlling tactics and persistent sociocultural constants.
The Conclusion
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

The Conclusion underlines that women’s vulnerability to coercive control reflects the glaring contradiction in modern societies between their opportunities for self-expression, equality and self-dermination and women’s devalued status in personal life. Strategies to end abuse based on physical violence have aggravated women’s predicament by masking the most devastating patterns of abuse, creating a client population of abuse victims and leaving a class of known serial offenders at large. The Conclusion outlines a strategy of reforms to address the current situation, including adapting a serious criminal offense of Coercive Control, making the anti-subordination principle the basis for intervention, linking women’s effort to be free of domination in personal life to broader justice and equalities agendas and providing a new defense for victims who defend their rights against domination in personal life.
Snakes of a Continental Island
Authors: Das Indraneil
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces the discovery of the snakes of Borneo. The earliest discoveries made during the Linnaean phase were collected by early seafarers and early naturalists from the Malay Peninsula and Java. The next phase of discoveries coincided with the establishment of European museums, as material was added through the explorations of new colonies. The penultimate period of discoveries was led by resident Europeans or explorers. The final phase of discovery follows the withdrawal of colonial powers. The nature of discoveries initially was necessarily overtly new species, which typically results when a new geographical area is explored. More recent discoveries have tended to be the recognition of cryptic species, particularly through the use of novel technique. It is expected that both types of discoveries will be made when more intense studies are conducted, particularly along mountain tops, riverways, mangrove swamps, and the relatively less accessible areas of the central portion of the island.
Marooned Snakes
Authors: Galán Pedro , Brischoux François
Published: November 2023

The authors of this chapter investigated the ecology of Viperine Snake (Natrix maura) populations recently isolated on the Atlantic Islands of Galicia (Spain). Post-glacial sea level rise isolated these islands from mainland Spain about 8,000 years ago. Among the organisms that were marooned on these islands, Viperine Snakes are remarkable insofar as they relied historically on freshwater environments that are largely absent from these islands. The new environmental conditions have profoundly modified their ecology. Most notably, Viperine Snakes occur almost exclusively close to the sea, where they forage on marine fish instead of freshwater amphibians. Physiological markers of foraging in seawater (osmolality and Hg levels) corroborate these field observations. Insular life also affected the morphology of Viperine Snakes, with insular snakes being larger and darker than their continental counterparts. The authors suggest that these insular snakes are a promising model organism by which to investigate evolutionary issues related to insular ecology and the transition of vertebrates to marine life.