bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dominance Tests and Individual Differences
Authors: Maple Terry
Published: September 2011

Young baboons appear to be generally less fearful of human Os than rhesus monkeys of the same age. Individual conspecific animals may also show considerable variation in their responses to man. Food- and water-competition tests designed to determine social rank may, therefore, be influenced by such individual differences. Since individual animals may not compete for provisions due to differential fear responses, an assumption of low rank may be incorrect.
Improvement in Self-Concept during Psychotherapy in a Maximum Security Prison
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R. , Guest Raymond , Geist Charles
Published: September 2011

24 prison inmates who participated in a psychotherapy program were compared on a self-concept inventory with 19 inmates who did not participate. Self-esteem was defined in terms of the discrepancy between actual-self and ideal-self measures. The greater the discrepancy, the lower the self-esteem. A significant number of Ss in the therapeutic program showed reduction in the discrepancy score after 1 yr. in the program, while the non-therapy Ss showed a slight, but nonsignificant, increase.
Personality as a Determinant of Paired-Associates Learning
Authors: Allsopp J. F. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Predictions based on theories of verbal learning proposed by Spence and Eysenck were compared by presenting either a non-competitive or competitive list of paired-associates to groups of sixth form grammar school boys containing 42 and 59 Ss respectively. The only relation found between drive level as measured by either the MAS or A-state scale was that medium-scoring MAS Ss performed significantly worse than high- or low-scoring Ss on the competitive list. Support was obtained for the hypotheses, firstly, that performance would be related to Eysenck's hypothetical dimension of arousal ranging from stable extraversion to neurotic introversion in the manner described by the inverse-U relation, and, secondly, that good performance on the competitive list would be related to extraversion.
Variability in Judgments of Articulation when Observer Listens Repeatedly to the same Phone
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Johnson Anita , Arndt William B.
Published: September 2011

This study pertains to variability in articulation judgments made by Os who listened to repetitions of the same stimulus. In the first portion of the study, four Os were asked to listen to six tapes, each of which was prepared to present 90 repetitions of a syllable. The syllables were /sa/ and /rk/.2 The /s/ and /r/2 in two of the syllables were correctly articulated, in two they were moderately distorted, and in two they were severely distorted. Correctness of articulation of the target phones had been established previously by a panel of judges using a scaling procedure. The speakers were children with articulation problems. A total of 24 sets of judgments were obtained. For three of those sets, O frequently shifted between assessment of the phone as correct and incorrect. In the second portion, each of three tapes was evaluated by five of 15 judges. Two tapes were reused from the first part of the study, and a new tape presenting the same production of /is/ 90 times was also used. No judge listened to more than one tape. Again, a record was made of the frequency with which judges shifted in their assessment of a given articulation as correct or incorrect. More judges reported 12 or more shifts in the second portion of the study than in the first. O's consistency should be investigated in the situation where O evaluates a series of similar misarticulations of phones from the same phoneme.
Biographical Correlates of Sensation-Seeking
Authors: Jacobs Keith W. , Koeppel John C.
Published: September 2011

The Sensation-seeking scale (Zuckerman, et al., 1964) and a biographical questionnaire were administered to 50 undergraduate students to identify variables which correlated with sensation-seeking. Two mobility variables were significant ( p < .001) and seven other biographical variables also correlated with scores on the scale.
Relationship between Age and Hazard Perception in Automobile Drivers
Authors: Soliday Stanley M.
Published: September 2011

Hazard perception in automobile drivers of different ages was studied by assessing reports of potentially dangerous situations encountered while driving. Two experiments were conducted, one with 20 women and the other with 18 men and women. The results of both showed that older drivers perceived relatively more danger stemming from moving objects, while younger drivers perceived relatively more in non-moving objects. Driving skills measured in terms of steering-wheel reversals and speed changes did not vary with age, leading to the conclusion that skill itself was not a factor in the differential perception.
Field-Dependence and Voluntary Control of EEG Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Tutone Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of Witkin's dimension of field-dependence to the ability voluntarily to enhance the EEG alpha rhythm was investigated. Field-dependence was assessed by latencies on the Embedded-figures Test. To replicate the finding that feedback of one's alpha rhythm leads to self-regulation of its production, 21 male undergraduates were randomly divided into 2 groups, one receiving alpha biofeedback training for 1 hr., the other group resting under similar conditions but given different instructions and no feedback. Ss in the feedback group were given the embedded-figures 1 wk. prior to training. After training, Ss demonstrated more alpha than controls ( p < .05), with percentage alpha produced being negatively related to EFT latencies ( p < .05). Data show ability to differentiate environmental cues generalized to internal cues.
Note on Scuttlebutt Effect among College Students
Authors: Farrow Jonelle M. , Lohss William E. , Farrow Bobby J. , Taub Susan I.
Published: September 2011

Intersubject communication among 94 college students was investigated with Ss assigned to 1 of 3 test days. A modified figure-ground stimulus was varied across days, with “LEFT,” “ETLF,” and nonsense shapes being presented on Days 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Although complete communication of the stimulus was not found, instructions designed to elicit reports of intersubject communication resulted in slight evidence for leakage of information.
“In Vivo” Emotive Imagery: A Preliminary Test
Authors: Horan John J. , Dellinger John K.
Published: September 2011

The process of focusing on positive covert events during overt anxiety-arousing situations has been termed “in vivo” emotive imagery. 36 Ss were stratified on sex, given imagery training, and then assigned randomly to no-treatment control, distraction control, or experimental treatment conditions during which they were asked to immerse their hands in ice water (33° F) for as long as possible. Mean tolerance scores were 51.7, 77.3, and 146.4 sec. respectively. A sex by treatment analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc comparisons showed that “in vivo” emotive imagery was significantly more effective than no-treatment control procedures. Possible sources of subject variability were discussed.
Delinquency and Stimulation Seeking: Re-Analysis of Petrie's Study of Kinesthetic Aftereffects
Authors: Baker A. Harvey , Kostin Irene Wolk , Mishara Brian L. , Parker Laurence
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in kinesthetic aftereffects presumably reflect differential modulation of stimulus intensity. Supporting this view, Petrie (1962) found that delinquents showed greater reduction, i.e., smaller size judgments after inducing stimulation, than nondelinquents. Recent evidence has contraindicated use of Petrie's two-session procedure. Here, using only Petrie's data from Session 1 and a more appropriately defined control group, the original findings were reconfirmed.
Free-Looking Time for Randomly Generated Polygons with Experimenter Present: Effects of Content and Duration of Foreperiod
Authors: Drake Gregory L. , Herzog Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Free-looking time for randomly generated 18-sided polygons was measured with E present after Ss had been exposed to 2-, 20-, or 45-sec. foreperiods containing either darkness, homogeneous white light, or similar polygons. Free-looking time increased monotonically as a function of foreperiod duration for all three kinds of foreperiod stimuli. Free-looking time following darkness significantly exceeded that following homogeneous light or polygons. Content and duration of foreperiod did not interact. The results are consistent with a tendency by Ss to imitate foreperiod durations during the free-looking period coupled with a constant increment in free-looking time whenever there is a transition from a dark foreperiod to a lighted free-looking period. The results are not consistent with an effect of perceptual deprivation under the conditions tested.
Combined Statistical and Subjective Scoring of Word Associations
Authors: Bates John E. , Kirst Stephen P.
Published: September 2011

Word-association responses given by schizophrenic and disturbed adolescent patients were scored by 76 male and 73 female college undergraduates to test the feasibility of a new scaling procedure designed for use in research on psychopathology. Ss' normative probability estimates and judgments of associative strength of stimulus-response pairs were compared with scaling on the basis of Es' 7-point scaling procedure, involving 4 normatively based and 3 subjectively based categories placed on one continuum. It was found that Ss' probability estimates and associative judgments were significantly correlated ( p < .05) with each other, with actual normative probabilities, and with Es' combined statistical and subjective scoring. Duncan range tests showed Ss' ability to distinguish, in general, the different scoring categories of Es' system.
Relationships among Perceptual-Motor Measures and their Correlations with Academic Readiness for Preschool Children
Authors: Chissom Brad S. , Thomas Jerry R. , Collins Delores G.
Published: September 2011

Kindergarten children ( N = 39) were administered 4 perceptual-motor tests and 2 academic measures in order to assess the relationship among the perceptual-motor tests and between the perceptual-motor and academic tests. Results indicated that the Shape-0 Ball Test and Frostig test were highly correlated and were good predictors of the academic measures. The dynamic balance task (stabilometer) correlated moderately with the Shape-O Ball Test, the Frostig, and the academic criteria. The Oseretsky tests did not correlate significantly with any of the other measures. Stepwise multiple correlation indicated that combining the perceptual-motor tests slightly increased their ability to predict each of the academic criteria.
Hyperempiria, a New “Altered State of Consciousness” Induced by Suggestion
Authors: Gibbons Don
Published: September 2011

If the perception of one's own awareness is a subjective phenomenon, then trance-induction procedures may be devised which avoid the negative stereotypes and implicit authoritarian connotations which are inherent in the concept of hypnosis, while simultaneously facilitating responsiveness to suggestion. Previous attempts to accomplish this by modifications of the traditional hypnotic paradigm are discussed, and a new paradigm and induction procedure are presented.
Accuracy of Imitative Production and Discrimination: Effects of Contingent Feedback
Authors: Vasta Ross , Whitehurst Grover J. , Borkowski Orit
Published: September 2011

The effect of contingent vs noncontingent feedback on accuracy of imitative production of 8 Polish words was examined for 7 males and 7 females at a rural day care center. In addition, a second measure, on which discrimination of correct and incorrect forms of the same Polish words was required, was administered before and after production training. Accuracy of production improved over sessions for the group receiving contingent feedback; accuracy of production in the noncontingent feedback group did not improve. Both groups performed at chance level during the initial discrimination test and improved significantly and nondifferentially on the later test. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for language development and imitation.
Effects of Incentive on Rotary Pursuit Performance by Normals and Retardates
Authors: Holland Jean M. , Friedrich Douglas , Hawkins William F.
Published: September 2011

Based on previous comparative research inconsistency in the rotary pursuit performance of 30 normals and 30 retardates, the present study manipulated knowledge of results across two intellectual levels. Significant effects of IQ, trials, and incentive and several interesting significant interactions were found. Normals increased their performance efficiency over retardates' as trials progressed. Ss at both intellectual levels, when provided incentives, increased their performance over that of similar groups without incentive as trials progressed. And, an IQ × Incentive trend was found, with educable retardates appearing to profit more from incentive than normals.
Body Characteristics in Relation to Life Adjustment, Body-Image and Attitudes of College Females
Authors: Douty H. I. , Moore J. B. , Hartford D.
Published: September 2011

A comprehensive inquiry was made into psycho-physical and self-perception phenomena through innovative methods. Graphic somatometry and judges' ratings provided data on body characteristics, a scaled Personal Inventory derived data on self-perceptions, and the Bell Adjustment Inventory measured personal characteristics. Correlation coefficients, chi-square tests, and z-score patterns were used to analyze data from 91 Ss. A few relations between body characteristics and adjustment were found and some relations between posture and adjustment, but body type showed no significant relations for the group although relations were clear in individual cases. There was definite dissatisfaction with the body, with personal impressions of figure being influenced by impressions of posture, and this dissatisfaction was related to two adjustment variables, namely, home adjustment and health adjustment. The pattern of z scores for figure and posture characteristics and adjustment, of the high-figure-impression group differed from that of the low group. A major conclusion was that intervening variables of body-image and self-perception must be examined if the relationship between body and personality is to be clarified.
Effects of Sequencing of Information and Interstimulus Interval in Metered-Memory Search
Authors: Marshall Philip H. , Smith Diana Jo , Jackson Thomas T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of information sequencing and variations in interstimulus interval were investigated in a metered-memory-search paradigm where S responded with a rule-defined letter belonging to a memory set. If information concerning the starting point of the search was presented before the defining rule, the over-all latency was shorter than if the reverse was the case, supporting the notion that isolation of the starting position is an integral component of the metered-memory-search task. Increasing the interstimulus interval between information about the starting position and rule-defining transformation resulted over-all in a longer latency but had no effect on rate of search.
Incidental Learning and Deployment of Attention
Authors: Beiser Jacob
Published: September 2011

Correlations between individual differences in incidental learning and in deployment of attention were examined for 26 male and female lower division college students (–.329) and for a second sample of 46 Ss (.260). Results suggest that superiority in both deployment of attention (striking out symbols) and incidental learning (recall of words and Remote Associates Task) are linked.
The Nature of the Psychopath: Interpretation of Projective Findings Based on Structural Analysis
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Clinical syndromes commonly mistaken for psychopathy were enumerated. The nature of the psychopath as viewed within the context of structural analysis was explicated. Guidelines for diagnosing the psychopath with various projective techniques were discussed and a case presented.
Transcendental Meditation and Psychological Health
Authors: Hjelle Larry A.
Published: September 2011

15 experienced transcendental meditators and 21 novice meditators were administered Bendig's anxiety scale, Rotter's Locus of Control scale, and Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory of self-actualization. As predicted, experienced meditators were significantly less anxious and more internally controlled than beginning meditators. Likewise, experienced meditators were significantly higher, i.e., more self-actualized, on 7 of Shostrom's 12 subscales. These impressive results are discussed in terms of the psychological health implications of Transcendental Meditation and its potential therapeutic applications.
Interrelationships among Balance Tests Prior to and after Practice
Authors: Cotten Doyice J. , Lowe Stephen
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of practice on the interrelationships of six balance tasks 10 Ss were tested on 6 common balance tests prior to and following 4 days of practice. Inspection of the two matrices indicated higher relationships following practice. It was concluded that more research investigating the factor of balance is warranted.
An Evaluation of Various Parameters of Maturity at Birth as Predictors of Development at One Year of Life
Authors: Caputo Daniel V. , Taub Harvey B. , Goldstein Kenneth M. , Smith Nora , Dalack John D. , Pursner Joel P. , Silberstein Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The comparative value of various parameters of neonatal maturity for predicting the development of the infant at 1 yr. was assessed for a sample of 233 low-birth-weight and full-sized infants. The 4 “traditional” infancy-status measures (birth weight, gestational age, birth length, and head circumference) predicted the 1-yr. outcome measures best, the infancy-status variables, in general, contributing independently to outcome even when demographic predictors were included in multiple regression analyses. The Cattell Developmental Quotient was the outcome measure most closely related to the neonatal maturity measures. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Relationship of Clients' Sex to Effective Vocational Counseling by Male Counselors
Authors: Bundy David A. , Hebert David J.
Published: September 2011

The findings indicate that there is no significant difference in male counselors' perception of the vocational aspirations of their female and their male clients. The over-all findings indicate that male counselors are reasonably perceptive of the vocational aspirations of their clients; 90% of the counselors participating in the study achieved significant relationships of moderate magnitude between their clients' occupational choices and their perceptions of their choice.
Effects of Birth order, Sex, and Family Size on Field Dependence and Locus of Control
Authors: Roodin Paul A. , Broughton Andrew , Vaught Glen M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of birth order, sex, and family size were assessed on college students' performance on the rod-and-frame test and locus-of-control scale. No significant effects were obtained except for sex. These data were similar to other studies which failed to find any significant relationships between birth order and personality. The results were discussed in terms of current issues in the birth-order literature.
Asymmetry in Face Orientation
Authors: Metzig Erica , Rosenberg Steven , Ast Mark
Published: September 2011

197 naive undergraduate students indicated aesthetic preferences for the backward inclination or the forward inclination of each of four pictures of faces randomly selected. Two were pictures (photograph or line drawing) of the faces of famous artists, the other two of famous scientists. The pictured faces were inclined 7° backward and forward of the upright on the horizontal axis. The criterion of aesthetic preference was unification of the features of the face. Pretesting with trained Ss had established a prediction of preference for the backward inclination of pictures of the artists' faces, those of Tolstoy and Ibsen, and a prediction of preference for the forward inclination of the pictures of the faces of the scientists, Copernicus and Kepler. In the formal experiment the naive Ss gave confidence ratings of their backward vs forward judgments of each pictured face. When Ss' arbitrary judgments are discounted, predictions for three of the four pictured faces are sustained. Some support is lent to Schlesinger's claim that contrasting properties of the faces of artists and scientists determine Ss' preference for the backward inclination of pictures of artists' faces and the forward inclination of scientists' faces. The results encourage expanded study of asymmetry in orientation of faces and refinement of methodology.
Bilateral Tachistoscopic Word Perception in Aphasic and Normal Subjects
Authors: Moore W. H. , Weidner William E.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Bilateral tachistoscopic procedures, employing a central fixation mark, were utilized to investigate the visual half-field preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal, control Ss. Statistical analyses indicated a significant left visual half-field preference for the aphasic Ss. In contrast, a significant right visual half-field preference was revealed for the normal, control group. Results did not show a simple decrement in recognition scores of the aphasic Ss but rather a shift in visual-field preference relative to the normal Ss' preference.
Field Dependence among Male Alcoholics: Establishing Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Jacobson George R.
Published: September 2011

145 hospitalized male alcoholics were tested in standardized fashion on the Rod-and-Frame Test as a first step in the accumulation of normative data on perceptual style among such populations. Their performance was contrasted with that of normal males and male psychiatric inpatients.
Structure of Body-Build Stereotypes: A Methodological Analysis
Authors: Lerner Richard M. , Knapp John R. , Pool Kenneth B.
Published: September 2011

College students ( N = 182) were Ss in a study assessing the comparability of body build stereotypes as depicted through the use of various response formats. Stereotypes toward Endomorph and Mesomorph body types, respectively, were derived through responses to: (1) a traditional, forced-choice format; (2) a dimensionalized, bipolar item format requiring placement of 10 Endomorphs and 10 Mesomorphs, respectively, along each of 10 nine-point dimensions; (3) a format identical to Number 2 except in the requirement of only one Endomorph or Mesomorph attribution per dimension; and (4) a format requiring the estimation of the percentage of time an Endomorph and a Mesomorph, respectively, manifested the item-characteristic. Results indicated that although mean responses derived from the latter three methods were consistent in direction with corresponding forced-choice, frequency data, the intradimensional separation of most of these means was not markedly disparate; moreover, correlations between forced-choice responses and any and all of the latter methods were markedly low, although correlations among these latter methods were moderate. It was concluded that inferences drawn about the structure of body build stereotypes, based on data derived from forced-choice formats, were not supported by the data provided with the latter three formats. Implications for other stereotype research were discussed.
Effect of Artificial Pupil Size on Recognition Threshold
Authors: Stelmack Robert M. , Leckett Walter J.
Published: September 2011

Recognition thresholds for neutral and taboo words increased with a decrease in artificial pupil size for 3 Ss. Under a fully dilated condition without artificial pupils, there was a slight increase in recognition threshold. No differences were observed between neutral and taboo conditions. These results support the suggestion that pupil size may be a plausible mechanism in perceptual defense.
White Boys' Ratings of Pictures of Whites and Blacks as Related to Amount of Familiarization
Authors: Ball Portia M. , Cantor Gordon N.
Published: September 2011

120 fourth- and fifth-grade white boys were shown photographs of four white and four black boys, the various white and black pictures being presented 1, 5, 10, or 20 times. Ss then rated these photographs, plus two (one white, one black) not previously exposed, on a scale indicating the extent to which they “would like to bring the boy home to spend some time with them and their families.” (a) The black pictures were rated more favorably than were the white pictures; and (b) increasing familiarization was associated with an increase in favorability for black pictures but a decrease for white pictures. These results were discussed with reference to certain of the explanations that have been offered regarding the attitudinal effects of stimulus familiarization.
Speech Production: Evidence for Corollary-Discharge Stabilization of Perceptual Mechanisms
Authors: Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

Warren (1961) reported that if one listens to a particular speech sound that is repeated over-and-over it will soon be heard as a different speech sound, a phenomenon that he has called the “verbal transformation effect.” 12 Ss participated in an experiment which demonstrated that a syllable one repeats aloud to himself will remain perceptually stable; nevertheless, if one then listens to a tape-recording of his own repetitions of the syllable, then he will hear it undergo transformations. Apparently, during the self-production of a speech sound, the perceptual mechanisms involved in its reception are alerted for that particular linguistic entity and as a consequence perceptual stability is maintained.
Occupational Therapy: Job Analysis of Tasks of Certified Assistants and Registered Therapists
Authors: Walker Harry A. , Gerjuoy Herbert , Burstein George
Published: September 2011

For developing work-study training curricula for Certified Occupational Therapy Assistants and Occupational Therapists, Registered in four state facilities, a questionnaire investigated importance, time allocation, and delegability of 17 activities of occupational therapy, and 5 treatment areas. Time sampling at one facility confirmed time-allocation findings from questionnaires. Main findings and conclusions were: (a) treatment occupied most time and in-service study and evaluating staff least, (b) clerical activities were least important, (c) relatively important treatment areas were also relatively delegable, (d) job-activity training need not reflect the patient population, (e) trainees may undertake important job activities early in training.
Scanning Times through Prose and Word Strings for Various Targets by Normal and Disabled Readers
Authors: Steinheiser Rick , Guthrie John T.
Published: September 2011

A group of 12 disabled readers and 12 age-matched, and 12 reading-level-marched readers participated in a target-scanning task. While reading a simple five-sentence passage, S searched for a certain type of target: words of a given category, the letter “o,” or the phoneme /ae/. All 3 groups were fastest in finding the word targets and slowest in finding the phoneme. The disabled readers were slower than the age-matched group for all targets. It was concluded that the phonological coding occurred at different rates after graphemic and semantic coding for the 3 groups.
Effect of Increased Arousal on Response to Stimulus Change in a Complex Maze
Authors: Franken Robert E. , Strain Allan
Published: September 2011

Rats (24 male, 24 female) were tested under methamphetamine or saline in a six-choice-point multiple-T maze. On Trial 1 the rats were exposed to a homogeneous black or white maze. Between daily Trials 1 and 2 the maze was: (a) left unchanged, (b) the culs were changed from Black (B) to White (W) or W to B, or (c) the path was changed from B to W, or W to B. Methamphetamine-treated rats made fewer approach responses to change when the change occurred in the culs and spent less time running from one end of the maze to the other. Methamphetamine reduces the invitational properties normally associated with change or novelty.
Accuracy of Time Estimation during Hypnosis
Authors: Tebēcis A. K. , Provins K. A.
Published: September 2011

An experimental group of subjects experienced in self-hypnosis and highly hypnotizable was told to estimate a period of 2 min. and 11 sec. during hypnosis on two different occasions and once again during the awake state in a subsequent (“imagination”) session. Another (random) sample of subjects was told to estimate an identical period while awake in a single (“imagination”) session. These subjects had never been hypnotized and proved to be significantly lower in waking suggestibility than the experimentals. Both groups underesrimated the 131-sec. period by up to about 40%. The mean time estimates of the experimental group did not differ significantly between the two hypnosis sessions or between either hypnosis session and the “imagination” session. The random control group appeared to underestimate the time to a greater extent than the experimentals, but the differences between pairs of groups were not statistically significant. The results suggest that hypnosis does not improve the accuracy of estimating short periods of time.
Subjective Cross-Modal Stimulation
Authors: Zimmermann Marc L.
Published: September 2011

33 male and 33 female undergraduate students were individually tested to determine the correlation between the perceived strength of an auditory and a tactile stimulus as measured by the subjective brightness of an adjustable light. While Ss discriminated between the relative strengths of the stimuli in each condition, there was no agreement as to the brightness of the light for each treatment. Also, there was no difference between responses by males and females.
Physical Activity and Visual Field-Dependency
Authors: Svinicki John G. , Bundgaard Christopher J. , Schwensohn Carl H. , Westgor Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

5 active male, 5 active female, 5 inactive male, and 5 inactive female Ss were given the rod-and-frame test. Unexpectedly, no significant sex differences were found. The difference between active and inactive Ss showed the inactive Ss had more difficulty in adjusting the rod to true verticality on the 1 trial given. Data suggest physically inactive Ss may be more dependent on the visual field than the active Ss.
Matrimonial Commitment and Date/Ideal-Date Perceptions
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Helm Bob
Published: September 2011

Both members of 39 dating couples provided ratings of perceived intelligence on Date and Ideal Date scales. The two ratings were significantly correlated for 18 engaged individuals but not for 35 occasional or even 25 steady daters. The results are interpreted in terms of the assumption of a commitment to marriage, a commitment which may seem least risky when the potential partner's characteristics appear to match one's ideal.
Discrimination between Appropriate and Inappropriate Classroom Behaviors by Well Behaved and Poorly Behaved Students
Authors: Huff Terry M. , Schnelle John F.
Published: September 2011

14 well behaved elementary boys were compared with 16 poorly behaved students in ability to point out inappropriate behaviors on a video tape. Ss' responses were compared to responses made by four teachers who saw the same video tape. Well behaved and poorly behaved student groups were defined by two different categorization methods: teachers' judgment and behavioral rating by independent observers. A group × categories analysis of variance with repeated measures on categories yielded no significant differences between groups with either definition of groups. A point-biserial correlation of –.22 was found between the grouping of Ss by teachers' judgments and the behavioral ratings.
Sex Differences and Effects of Irrelevant Auditory Stimulation on Performance of a Visual Vigilance Task
Authors: Tolin Philip , Fisher Paul G.
Published: September 2011

80 Ss participated in a visual vigilance task under one of 4 background-noise conditions. Results indicated that (a) female Ss showed a greater time-related performance decrement in correct detections than males in the regular-intermittent background condition, (b) RTs increased with time, (c) males responded more rapidly than females, (d) intermittent noise attenuated time-related changes in incorrect detections, (e) males made more incorrect detections than females in the intermittent background conditions but not in the constant-background conditions, and (f) there was a sex × trial block interaction in the constant noise condition. Several correlations between and within response measures were reported.
Transposition in Young Monkeys and Children
Authors: Ackles Patrick K. , Zimmermann Robert R. , Manning Mark , Kazarian Charles
Published: September 2011

30 young monkeys with discrimination learning experience and 30 first grade children were trained to discriminate stimulus pairs which differed in either brightness, volume, or volume plus brightness. After achieving the criteria of learning, Ss were tested for transposition on a fixed number of trials with stimulus pairs along the same dimension. The order of the near and far tests of transposition was counterbalanced. Both monkeys and children made the fewest errors in learning and transferring on the compound stimulus dimension. The most errors were made in learning and transfer on the brightness stimuli and on the far test condition. The analysis yielded no other significant sources of variance for children. However, the order of transposition testing, and the interactions of order × near-far test condition, stimulus dimension × near-far condition, and order × near-far × stimulus were significant sources of variance for the monkeys. Monkeys tested on the far test first made fewer errors on subsequent tests, and the magnitude of the reductions was most dramatic in the brightness condition. The results were interpreted in terms of stimulus differentiation in perceptual learning which assumes that relative differences among stimuli are valid sources of information.
Sex Differences on the Embedded-Figures Test: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of College Students in India and in the United States
Authors: Parlee Mary Brown , Rajagopal Jayalakshmi
Published: September 2011

Data are presented which show significant sex differences on the Embedded-figures Test for college students in the United States (24 men, 24 women) and in India (23 men, 24 women). Some considerations relevant to the interpretation of such data are briefly discussed.
Measuring Empirical Properties of Psychomotor Skills in Different Psychological Environments
Authors: Muhich Dolores
Published: September 2011

The role of decision-making and keystroking in the psychomotor activity of office typing tasks was assessed for 2nd-semester, 4th-semester, and terminal college students under three different work conditions: (1) prearranged, (2) unarranged without erasing errors, and (3) unarranged with erasing errors. All differences for main effects for speed and errors were significant ( p < .01). When office tasks were done under wholly realistic conditions, planning and decision-making were one-half, keystroking was three-eighths, and erasing comprised one-eighth of the task. Mean completion time for one letter, one table, and one rough draft for 60 students was: prearranged without erasing, 8.94 min.; unarranged without erasing, 20.89 min.; and unarranged with erasing, 23.93 min. At low levels of skill, time consumed for keystroking was nearly as salient in contributing toward completion of product as time consumed for decision-making. As psychomotor skill increased, the perceptual skill of decision-making played an increasingly dominant role. The amount of time needed for decision-making took on increasing salience in producing office communications as difficulty of the task and amount of training were increased.
Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Learning
Authors: Carter Gregg Lee
Published: September 2011

Although there was a difference between the 10 smoking Ss and the 10 nonsmoking Ss on the number correct on a letter-digit substitution task for the second of two 10-trial blocks given in the first of two sessions (seven days apart), there was no difference in savings (number of trials) for serial learning.
Effect of a Retention Interval on Recall of Presentation Mode
Authors: Westman Alida S.
Published: September 2011

Using photographs and words, 6 instances of each of 6 taxonomic categories were presented under incidental learning conditions to 48 college students. Either 3 min. or 1 wk. after seeing the items, the students were unexpectedly asked to free-recall the items and further to recall the presentation mode of each, i.e., whether it had been presented as a photograph or as a written word. The results showed that, for recalled items, recollection of presentation mode was better before the 1-wk. retention interval than after it and better following photographic than verbal presentation. In fact, after the 1-wk. retention interval, presentation mode of items presented as written words was recollected incorrectly as often as correctly even if the content of the items was correctly recalled.
Prediction of Perceptual Defense from Experimental Stress and Susceptibility to Stress as Indicated by Thematic Apperception
Authors: Tuma June M.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation tested the hypothesis advanced by J. Inglis (1961) that perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance result from an interaction between personality differences and degrees of experimental stress. The design, which controlled for questionable procedures used in previous studies, utilized 32 introverts and 32 extraverts, half male and half female, in an experiment with a visual recognition-task. Results indicated that under low-stress conditions introverts and extraverts identified by their response to a thematic apperception task react to threatening stimuli with perceptual defense and perceptual vigilance, respectively. Under high-stress conditions, type of avoidance activity reverses; extraverts react with perceptual defense and introverts with perceptual vigilance. It was suggested that, when both personality and stress variables are controlled, results of the perceptual defense paradigm are predictable and consistent, in support of Inglis' hypothesis.
Factor Analytic Study of the Revised Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA)
Authors: Belford Barbara , Blumberg H. M.
Published: September 2011

Additional evidence has been found indicating that the Revised ITPA does not contain 10 independent subtests as originally hypothesized. Further, the levels, channels and processes of the theoretical model were not substantiated.
Effect of Speed Adaptation on Performance in a Self-Paced Tracking Task
Authors: Miller Stephen , Weider Bilha
Published: September 2011

12 Ss were required to perform a self-paced tracking task designed to simulate ‘hazardous' road conditions. Those 6 Ss who had previously been exposed to a simple, high-speed version of the task travelled faster and made more errors on the hazardous task than 6 control Ss who performed the hazardous task throughout the experiment. The findings supplement earlier studies of the effect of speed adaptation on the judgment of speed and suggest that, in addition to perceptual distortions, an acquired motivation for speed may be an important factor in the behaviour of drivers leaving high-speed roads.
Development of Paw Preference in Rats following Unilateral Cortical Ablations in Infancy
Authors: Webster William G. , Shoup Kristina
Published: September 2011

Rats which received unilateral anterior cortical lesions in infancy manifested a preference for the paw contralateral to the intact hemisphere when tested at 5 wk. and at 10 wk. of age. That this effect was locus specific and was not due to a change in the over-all balance of activity between the hemispheres was indicated by the fact that similar lesions made in the posterior cortex did not influence which paw the animals subsequently preferred. The posterior lesions, however, may have lowered the frequency of ambidexterity, a finding interpreted in terms of theoretical arguments concerning bilateral symmetry and the discrimination and memory of left and right.
Arousal and Learning, and Noncontingency Detection in One-Year-Old Infants
Authors: Poresky Robert H.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between arousal and learning was studied with 6 infants 1 yr. of age on a two-choice discrimination learning task. The behavioral indices of arousal (activity level) and learning (response rate and reinforcements) correlated significantly ( r̄, .44). Affective state correlated positively with activity level ( r̄, .47) during the learning phase of the experiment. Two control conditions were presented following the learning phase of the experiment. Noncontingent (response independent) reinforcement produced significantly faster response deceleration than nonreinforcement. Affective response did not differ between nonreinforcement and noncontingent reinforcement conditions.
An Interference Measure of Category-Access Time in Long-Term Memory
Authors: Huebner Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

An interference method was used to measure category-entry time, stage one in the process of retrieval of words from long-term memory, where the second stage involves retrieval of a word from a given category. Time delay was varied between presentation of the name of a category and an initial letter cueing word-recall. The range of delay was varied between 0 and .45 sec. A steep increase in retrieval response time occurred when interstimulus delay was reduced to .27 sec., suggesting that mean category-access time lies close to this value. A subtractive measure yielded a similar estimate. These interference measures and the interference-subtractive estimates of category-access time approximated those found by Freedman and Loftus (1971) using a different subtractive measure, thus providing support for their findings and for a two-stage retrieval model.
Conditioning Changes in Differential Skin Temperature
Authors: Keefe Francis J.
Published: September 2011

8 male Ss were presented with visual and auditory analog feedback regarding the difference between forehead and finger temperature. 4 Ss were instructed to raise the temperature of their finger in comparison with the forehead, while a second group of 4 Ss was instructed to lower the temperature of their finger in comparison with the temperature of the forehead. After 12 15-min. training sessions all Ss were able to produce changes in differential skin temperature in the specified direction. Differential changes in skin temperature correlated highly with changes in absolute finger temperature. These results are discussed as relevant to the clinical application of skin temperature control.
The Concept of Organ Use Revisited in the Gluteus Maximus
Authors: Prytula Robert E.
Published: September 2011

A correlational example is presented for the purpose of getting students involved in measurement and in understanding the logic of correlational analysis. The results show that male hand-size is correlated significantly and positively with female hip-size. Reaction, broadly speaking, indicates that this is a hip study.
Personality, Emotional State, and Perception of Nonverbal Communications
Authors: Duckworth Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated whether emotionally provoking disagreements between 36 marriage partners influenced their ability to identify each other's feelings from tone of voice cues. The results suggested that among the males the ability of stable introverts to identify increased after disagreements, while that of neurotic introverts decreased ( p < 0.01).
Integrational Deficits in Children with Visual-Perceptual-Motor Disabilities
Authors: Rosenfield Abby G.
Published: September 2011

To assess the psycholinguistic and perceptual aspects of their differential performance, 12 normal and 12 learning disabled children in elementary school were tested on a visual-motor task, both with and without an added verbal component. No differences were found for motor performance in any condition, but significant differences were found for linguistic performance during the combined task. The power of linguistic performance during the combined task to serve as a means of diagnosis for learning disabilities was explained as an indication of delayed development of the ability to superimpose process upon process.
Is Construction Reserved for the Target during Visual Search?
Authors: Solman R. T.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to examine the possibility, that where there is high similarity between irrelevant and target letters, the irrelevant letter will be constructed to a sufficiently detailed level to be seen. 40 randomly selected second year psychology students each attended a 1-hr. experimental session in which they searched 25 lists, followed by a recognition test. The lists were made up from the upper case letters of the alphabet, and during the recognition test each S was required to indicate how many times each of the irrelevant letters had appeared on the final list searched. Analysis of variance showed a significant recognition frequency effect. The results indicated Neisser's (1967) view, that during visual search construction is reserved for the target, may require modification.
Relationship of Acoustic Parameters and Perceptual Ratings of Esophageal Speech
Authors: Filter Maynard D. , Hyman Melvin
Published: September 2011

For 10 male and 10 female esophageal speakers selected acoustic and perceptual dimensions of esophageal speech were investigated to determine the intercorrelations of the following measures: intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, mean relative intensity, and effectiveness. Results indicate that only articulation and effectiveness were significantly correlated with intelligibility, whereas measures of intelligibility, articulation, rate, fundamental frequency, and mean relative intensity were all significantly correlated with effectiveness ratings.
Amount of Conditioning and Subsequent Change in Racial Attitudes of Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Fleetwood Robert S.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the question, “Does increasing the number of conditioning trials that associate the color black with positively evaluated words serve to enhance the adoption of favorable attitudes toward Afro-Americans by Euro-American kindergarten children?” The answer to this question was emphatically yes. That Ss adopted more favorable attitudes toward Afro-Americans as the number of conditioning trials increased was demonstrated on two different attitude measures, i.e., Williams' PRAM II and Parish's Revised PRAM II. Notably, this conditioning was achieved without Ss being aware of the conditioning process. The results of this experiment are discussed in light of the findings of other recent experiments.
Effects of Training on Dynamic Stereo Acuity Performance by Males and Females
Authors: Slonim Philip S. , Weissman Seymour , Glazer Esta , Nettler Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Dynamic stereo acuity thresholds were obtained for 30 male and female Ss at speeds of rotation of 120°/sec. after pretraining at either 0°, 60°, or 120°/sec. Under conditions of no pretraining females showed significantly larger discrimination errors than males. Pretraining, however, resulted in comparable threshold performance between males and females. Socio-cultural factors responsible for these differences are suggested.