bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interrelations of Wood Physical and Mechanical Properties and Patterns of Their Change within the Birch Stem
Authors:   Volga State University of Technology, Fedyukov Vladimir I. , Chernov Vasilii Yu. , Chernova Maria S. , Tsoy Olga V.
Published: December 2021

The physical and mechanical properties of standing wood are not constant along the tree height and diameter. They also differ depending on the tree species and conditions of its growth. So, the research purpose is to identify patterns of change and interrelations between the parameters of density, compressive strength and sound propagation velocity along the wood fibers inside the stem of a birch tree growing in the forests of the Middle Volga region of Russia, where such research had never been conducted before. The work was carried out on two sampling areas laid out by standard methods in birch forests of natural origin with average productive capacity on the territory of the Scientific-Experimental Forest District of the Volga State University of Technology in the Mari El Republic. The average age of the birch trees is about 70 yrs, breast height diameter is 30 cm, and height is 28.5 m; 14 sample trees were studied; 0.5 m long chucks were cut out from their stems at a height of 1.3 m from the butt end and at relative heights of 0.25H, 0.5H, and 0.75H. Experimental work was carried out in a laboratory environment with modern technical facilities using standard procedures. Mathematical models describing the changes in the parameters stated above and the interrelations between them with regard to the stem diameter at relative heights were obtained. The research results generally confirmed the findings of other researchers on densitograms and other physical and mechanical properties of wood within the tree stem. However, the features listed above were revealed for birch trees growing under such conditions; in particular, it concerns the ratio of strength and density, as well as the wood strength and the velocity of sound propagation through the fibers. The results obtained have both scientific and practical value as a basis for the development of a non-destructive method for predicting technical properties of standing wood as well as timber for producing assortments for special purposes. For citation: Fedyukov V.I., Chernov V.Yu., Chernova M.S., Tsoy O.V. Interrelations of Wood Physical and Mechanical Properties and Patterns of Their Change within the Birch Stem. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 150–159. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-150-159
The Current State of Forest Breeding in the Russian Federation: The Trend of Recent Decades
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Tsarev Anatoly P. , Tsarev Vadim A. , Tsareva Raisa P. , Laur Natalya V.
Published: December 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the trends existing in forest breeding in Russia over the recent years, their comparison with similar achievements in foreign countries with close climatic conditions, and the assessment of the prospects for the development of this scientific and production direction in our country, based on the obtained results. The official data of State inventories over the last 25 years and national scientific publications were used. A number of foreign literature sources were also considered for comparison in addition to Russian sources. Quantitative indices of the following processes were studied: selection of plus trees; creation of clone archives, provenance trial and population-ecological plantations; allocation of forest genetic reserves and plus stands; organization of temporary and permanent forest seed plots; and creation of mother plantations, forest seed orchards and progeny field tests of plus trees. Materials on the development or degradation of forest genetic resources in Russia were analyzed by years. The analysis has shown that in Russia there is a regression of the state forest genetic and breeding complex. Over the past 25 years, there has been an average 50 % decline in individual components, with fluctuations in various indices ranging from 7 to 940 %. A comparison of the development of the unified forest genetic complex in our country with its development in a number of foreign countries (Canada, Norway, Sweden, and Finland) revealed our lag in almost all indices by several times. In particular, the selection intensity of plus trees in the countries of Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) is 21.0–61.7 times higher than in Russia. The provision with forest seed orchards in the Russian Federation is 2.7–12.0 times lower than in Norway and Finland. At the same time forest seed orchards of the more progressive, second order represent a large share in the Nordic countries. For instance, in Canada there are more than 30 % of them. In the Russian Federation, such plantations are practically absent and are not listed in official documents. The analysis has shown that it is time to develop a new long-term program of genetic and breeding improvement of forest tree species in order to preserve sustainable reforestation of Russian forests and their valuable gene pool, as well as to identify those responsible for its implementation. For citation: Tsarev A.P., Laur N.V., Tsarev V.A., Tsareva R.P. The Current State of Forest Breeding in the Russian Federation: The Trend of Recent Decades. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 38–55. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-38-55
Stem Volume Tables by Height Classes of Willow Trees in the Northern Taiga Region of the European Part of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Northern Research Institute of Forestry, Paramonov Andrey A. , Tretyakov Sergey V. , Koptev Sergey V. , Bogdanov Aleksandr P. , Tsvetkov Ilia V.
Published: December 2021

In order to improve the accuracy of forest inventory works, tables of stem volume by height classes of willow trees in the northern taiga region of the European part of the Russian Federation were created. Forest inventory standards have not previously been developed for this species in the northern taiga region. The analytical technique proposed by I.I. Gusev in 1971 for spruce forests of the European North was used in compiling the height class volume tables. It was later adopted for the description of other tree species as well. Diameters and heights of trees were measured at 41 sample plots laid out in the Verkhnyaya Toyma and Arkhangelsk forestries of the Arkhangelsk region; 105 model trees were sampled. In most cases, sample plots were laid out in mixed plantations with the predominance of willow. The data obtained on the sample plots served to determine the parameters of the height class scale. The information source for stem volume of willow trees used to be the stem volume tables for aspen trees. A comparative analysis of the tables compiled for willow trees stems with the tables for aspen taken from the Forest Valuation Handbook for the Northeast of the European part of the Russian Federation was carried out. The analysis shows significant discrepancy in the scales for willow and aspen. The use of aspen height class volume tables for willow leads to a systematic overestimation of wood volumes. Tables of stem volumes by height classes of willow trees are used to determine stand stock with the enumeration data by 4-centimeter diameter classes. The developed tables meet the forest practice requirements. The volume tables by height classes are used to calculate timber reserves when laying out sample plots; to determine the damage level in case of stand damage; and for other practical purposes. For citation: Paramonov A.A., Tretyakov S.V., Koptev S.V., Bogdanov A.P., Tsvetkov I.V. Stem Volume Tables by Height Classes of Willow Trees in the Northern Taiga Region of the European Part of the Russian Federation. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 69–78. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-69-78
Fir Reproduction Technology for Harvesting Coniferous Boughs
Authors:   Volga State University of Technology, Tsarev Evgeny М. , Rukomojnikov Konstantin P. , Anisimov Sergey E. , Tatarinov Denis S.
Published: December 2021

The article considers the use of innovative technologies in logging industry. Manufacture of products “for health” can turn into a substantial profit if one approaches the business competently and chooses a low-competitive niche. Nowadays, there are still types of industries where competition is minimal, despite high consumer demand. These include the industrial production of fir needle oil, which is popular with consumers. It is famous for its healing properties and is used in treating colds, intestinal issues, joints, and nervous disorders; in the manufacture of cosmetics and medicines (ointments and creams). However, there are a number of issues related to the organization of the fir needle oil production, which are the basis of legislation in this area. This applies to the harvesting of raw materials. The share of fir stands in the composition of forests is constantly decreasing. In the European part of Russia, it became necessary to find a way to ensure a regular supply of fir needle oil enterprises with the necessary raw materials. The article proposes a new technology for the artificial reproduction of fir plantations for the purpose of their further use in the production of fir needle oil. A periodic cycle, which allows producing fir needle oil wherever a fir plantation is laid out, is recommended. The design of the device has also been developed. It helps to reduce the planting time, the loads on people when forming the planting spot and thereby increase labor productivity. The article materials can serve as a guide for the efficient use of production resources (people and machinery) for those who lease land for fir growing for oil production. For citation: Tsarev E.М., Rukomojnikov K.P., Anisimov S.E., Tatarinov D.S. Fir Reproduction Technology for Harvesting Coniferous Boughs. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 79–88. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-79-88
Supergene mobilization and redistribution of platinum-group elements in the Merensky Reef, eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: Korges Maximilian , Junge Malte , Borg Gregor , Oberthür Thomas
Published: December 2021

Near-surface supergene ores of the Merensky Reef in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, contain economic grades of platinum-group elements, however, these are currently uneconomic due to low recovery rates. This is the first study that investigates the variation in platinum-group elements in pristine and supergene samples of the Merensky Reef from five drill cores from the eastern Bushveld. The samples from the Richmond and Twickenham farms show different degrees of weathering. The whole-rock platinum-group element distribution was studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and the platinum-group minerals were investigated by reflected-light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis.

In pristine (“fresh”) Merensky Reef samples, platinum-group elements occur mainly as discrete platinum-group minerals, such as platinum-group element-sulfides (cooperite–braggite) and laurite as well as subordinate platinum-group element-bismuthotellurides and platinum-group element-arsenides, and also in solid solution in sulfides (especially Pd in pentlandite). During weathering, Pd and S were removed, resulting in a platinum-group mineral mineralogy in the supergene Merensky Reef that mainly consists of relict platinum-group minerals, Pt-Fe alloys, and Pt-oxides/hydroxides. Additional proportions of platinum-group elements are hosted by Fe-hydroxides and secondary hydrosilicates (e.g., serpentine group minerals and chlorite).

In supergene ores, only low recovery rates (ca. 40%) are achieved due to the polymodal and complex platinum-group element distribution. To achieve higher recovery rates for the platinum-group elements, hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical processing of the bulk ore would be required, which is not economically viable with existing technology.
An update of the contemporary donor screening tests used in fecal microbiota transplantation for its future developments: A systematic review
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Rita WY Ng , Dharmaratne Priyanga , Margaret Ip
Published: December 2021

Review question / Objective: Western pacific and South-east Asian region have its own lifestyle and dietary habits, for an example, the prevalence of parasites and the MDR pathogens are different compared to the European region where most consensus documents have been disseminated. Hence, current investigation is being carried out in view of appraising contemporary methods that have been used internationally and to propose rigorous donor screening methods appropriate for the regional requirement. Information sources: EMBASE and MEDLINE through PubMed and WEB of SCIENCE. Additionally, we have reviewed all international consensus documents and local guidelines published in English.
Modeling Investment Alliances: Trends, Institutions, Roles
Authors:   Synergy University, Osipenko Oleg V.
Published: December 2021

The article, based on the results of a study of current Russian economic, corporate management and judicial law enforcement practice, highlights various configurations of investment alliances regulated by the terms of corporate agreements that are in demand in large and moderately large businesses. The author draws the reader’s attention to the reference targets implemented in the operation of the corresponding models of such agreements of investors in the shares of joint-stock companies and shares in the authorized capital of limited liability companies, as well as on the management and legal tools for achieving these goals. The problem of modeling investment alliances in relation to the solution of long-, medium- and short-term goals and objectives of subjects of entrepreneurial practice requires the use of interdisciplinary analysis – research at the intersection of economics, management, management and law. The purpose of the article is to formulate the problem of modeling investment alliances, describe traditional models of investment alliances and reveal the institutions of modeling investment alliances that contribute to solving this problem. Among others, the authors analyze structures that effectively support the joint business practice of majority and minority shareholders, significant minority shareholders who consolidate corporate control with their help, activate the possibilities of corporate agreements concluded under Russian law for the implementation of mergers and acquisitions projects, as well as anti-raider protection of the target company. The author characterizes the traditional models of investment alliances: “Oath of Allegiance”, “Parity Formula”, “Presale Preparation”, “Speculative Agreement”, “Alliance of Minority Shareholders”, “Anti-Raider Coalition”. The author reveals the institutions of modeling an investment alliance: special rights of a participant, disproportionate powers, special rules of non-public companies, disproportionate contributions, and a corporate agreement. The author also emphasizes the diversity of the roles of participants in investment alliances, taken into account when solving the problem of modeling investment alliances.
Factors Affecting the Competitiveness of an Educational Organization
Authors:   Synergy University, Nadtochiy Yury B. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: December 2021

The presented material discusses the issues of competitiveness in education, the competitiveness of an educational organization, its components. Currently, one of the topical issues is the question of the competitiveness of modern Russian education. Also, the topic of the development of competition in Russian education is constantly discussed by the world community. In discourses about the competitiveness of an educational organization in the modern educational market, such a problem as identifying/determining the factors of its increase is brought to the fore. According to various studies, the competitiveness of an educational organization is influenced by a variety of external and internal factors. In this regard, the main attention is paid to the identification of factors that ensure the competitiveness of Russian educational organizations in the educational services market. Now there is an increase in the competitiveness of Russian higher education in the international market, and therefore the competitiveness of education is considered on a global scale as the ability of the national education system to compete in the global scientific and educational market. It is worth noting that competitiveness is rightfully recognized as a complex concept, the meanings of which are considered in the broad and narrow senses of the word. When studying various aspects of the competitiveness of an educational organization, it is proposed to focus on the general definition of the concept of “competitiveness”, set out in the article. The competitiveness of an educational organization (like any other organization) is determined by the competitiveness of its personnel, and the competitiveness of personnel largely depends on the motivation of personnel to work, therefore, the article focuses on the factors that affect the competitiveness of an educational organization as a whole and in particular on the motivation of one of the categories of the main personnel of an educational organization (teaching staff) as a factor of increasing the competitiveness of an educational organization. The results of the research described in the article allow us to conclude that the constant study/monitoring of factors affecting the competitiveness of an educational organization is an important component of improving its competitiveness, which determines the need for further research and development in this area.
Increasing Competition in the Process of Commercialization in the Sports Industry
Authors:   Synergy University, Lednev Vladimir A.
Published: December 2021

The article provides a preliminary analysis of the development of commercialization in the sports industry in the “pandemic period”. The entire global sports industry is going through difficult times, as many sports organizations (federations, professional leagues and clubs) have lost a certain part of their income. This became especially noticeable when there were serious restrictions on the presence of fans at sports events. Therefore, now many sports organizations have serious financial problems, including such as the IOC, international sports federations, professional leagues and clubs, both in America and in Europe. Although, some sports have only benefited from the global COVID-19 pandemic, for example, chess and cybersports. In the context of increasing competition in world sports for the attention, interests and money of the main consumers, the conditions for the development of different sports will change. Whoever adapts faster to the current factors of intersectoral competition will remain the winner. Although popular sports, such as football, basketball, tennis, boxing and some others, initially have the best starting opportunities for commercialization and increasing their income. It is important for the Russian sports industry to understand the future trends in the development of world sports and intersectoral competition in order to find the optimal balance between economic and sport results. The results of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo allow us to hope that Russia’s sports potential can be developed and improved by competing with other leading sports countries.
KEKERASAN DALAM SENIORITAS DI LINGKUNGAN PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Lohy Maisandra helena , Pribadi Farid
Published: December 2021

Perilaku kekerasan yang di lakukan oleh senior kepada junior di lingkungan pendidkan masih banyak di temukan di berbagai sekolah maupun universitas. Kasus kekerasan yang di lakukan oleh senior kepada junior banyak menimbulkan perhatian di karenakan kasus kekerasan yang di gunakan oleh senior kepada junior hingga saat ini masih tetap ada. Maka dari itu tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat faktor apa yang melatarbelakangi perilaku kekerasan dalam senioritas di lingkungan pendidikan.  Metode penelitian yang di gunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Sedangkan untuk pengumpulan data yakni melalui studi literature dari berbagai jurnal, buku serta website yang sesuai dengan topik yang di bahas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang menyebabkan perilaku kekerasan dalam senioritas masih tetap ada adalah kurangnya kontrol sosial dari tiga lingkungan pendidikan yakni keluarga, sekolah, serta masyarakat. Untuk dapat menghilangkan kekerasan dalam seniroitas di perlukan kerja sama dari ketiga lingkungan pendidikan tersebut untuk melakukan kontrol sosial dalam perilaku remaja di lingkungan pendidikan.
Kata Kunci: Kekerasan, senioritas, kontrol sosial
PERUBAHAN SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT DESA KEBOIRENG PASCA PEMBANGUNAN JALUR LINTAS SELATAN (JLS)
Authors: Nurchahyati Erika Vivian
Published: December 2021

Pemerintah saat ini tengah gencar-gencarnya untuk melakukan pembangunan infrastruktur jalan.  Pembangunan ini diharapkan untuk memudahkan mobilitas masyarakat sehingga juga dapat mengembangkan perekonomian masyarakat. salah satu proyek pemerintah dalam pembangunan infrastruktur adalah adanya pembangunan jalur lintas selatan (JLS). Jalur lintas selatan ini merupakan jalur yang menghubungkan seluruh wilayah yang berada di selatan Jawa Timur. Adanya pembangunan ini menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada kehidupan masyarakat terutama pada sosial dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan perspektif teori perubahan sosial Piotr Sztompka. Subyek penelitian adalah masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal disekitar jalur lintas selatan (JLS) dan adapun lokasi penelitian adalah di Desa Keboireng Kecamatan Besuki, Kabupaten Tulungagung.Hasil penelitian adalah setelah adanya pembukaan Jalur Lintas Selatan ditemukan sebuah tempat wisata yaitu Pantai Gemah dan Pantai Klatak. Adanya Jalur lintas Selatan ini menyebabkan berubahnya mata pencarian masyarakat setempat. Perubahan mata pencaharian tersebut adalah yang awalnya petani berubah menjadi pedagang di Pantai Gemah dan Pantai Klatak. Untuk perubahan sosialnya ditemui bahwa daerah yang dilalui Jalur Lintas Selatan menjadi berisik dan ditemui polusi udara karena banyaknya kendaraan yang menuju tempat wisata.
Kata Kunci: Template, Abstrak, Jurnal Ilmiah Dinamika Sosial
POLA GERAKAN SOSIAL: RESISTENSI MASYARAKAT SAMIN DI ERA GLOBALISASI
Authors: Pratama Cahya Adhitya
Published: December 2021

Dewasa ini kemajuan peradaban manusia mengalami kemajuan yang pesat. Perubahan sosial tidak lagi menjadi hal yang asing di era globalisasi. Salah satu masyarakat adat yaitu masyarakat samin yang memiliki karakteristik kuat dan pendirian untuk mempertahankan eksistensinya dalam kehidupan sosial. Masyarakat samin sejak dahulu telah melakukan gerakan sosial terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah yang merusak kehidupan masyarakat samin. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengulas masyarakat samin di era globalisasi yang segala aspek kehidupan mengalami kemajuan yang cukup pesat. Era globalisasi sangat rentan nilai-nilai, budaya dan norma mudah masuk dalam tatanan kehidupan masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi literatur. Sumber penelitian berasal dari sumber-sumber jurnal dan buku yang sesuai dengan pembahasan. Hasil penelitian dari pembahasan ini menunjukkan masyarakat samin menggunakan pola komunikasi Gethok Tular untuk menyampaikan informasi keresahan masyarakat samin kepada masyarakat lainnya.
Kata Kunci: Gerakan Sosial, Masyarakat, Samin, Globalisas
ANALYSIS OF THE GEOECOLOGICAL SITUATION IN KALUSH: CURRENT SITUATION AND WAYS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM
Authors: Zhyrnov Pavlo , Tomchenko Olha , Pidlisetska Iryna , Mykolaienko Olena
Published: December 2021

Careless economic activity of chemical and mining enterprises of the Kalush-Holyn potassium salts deposit has caused ecological disbalance in a subsurface rock layers. This caused a technogenic disaster in Kalush such as the intensification of dangerous geological processes: flooding and waterlogging of lands, intensification of karst and suffusion processes, deterioration of groundwater and surface water. The study results of the geoecological situation in Kalush using research reports’ materials of the specialized state enterprises and relevant thematic maps; and interpretation of remote sensing data are higlighted in the article. Comprehensive map of the geoecological situation of Kalush was developed in order to visualize the processes associated with the deformation of the earth’s surface in the area of Kalush and other negative phenomena that must be taken into account when planning the development of the city.
IMPACT OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATION TO SPATIAL QUALITY: VENICE AND ISTANBUL
Authors: Gümüş İmran , Erdönmez Ebru
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between spatial configuration and spatial quality, and how they affect each other. Spatial quality is a sophisticated concept and encompasses physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental components. Urban squares reflect these parameters and also play a decisive role in urban identity as areas of apparent urban culture and collective memory. Spatial configuration also determines the character of the squares as a result of morphological feature of cities. In the study, qualitative and quantitative methods are used together. Initially, the case study was conducted on two pier squares, San Marco Square (Venice) and Beşiktaş Square (Istanbul) according to fifty public space quality parameters. Secondly, morphological analysis was performed through space syntax method. It has been investigated whether there is a connection between spatial configuration and the factors determining the quality of space or not. As a result, it has been revealed that the spatial configuration is one of the determining factors being assessed the quality of the space, however, it does not provide sufficient data alone. The importance of this article is that it proposes an analytical approach that includes both quantitative and qualitative components of spatial quality.
Evolution of Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability in the Fan-spine Topology
Authors: Mishra Sudheer K. , Singh Balveer , Srivastava A. K. , Kayshap Pradeep , Dwivedi B. N.
Published: December 2021

We use multiwavelength imaging observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory to study the evolution of the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instability in a fan-spine magnetic field configuration. This magnetic topology exists near an active region AR12297 and is rooted in a nearby sunspot. In this magnetic configuration, two layers of cool plasma flow in parallel and interact with each other inside an elongated spine. The slower plasma flow (5 km s−1) is the reflected stream along the spine’s field lines from the top, which interacts with the impulsive plasma upflows (114–144 km s−1) from below. This process generates a shear motion and subsequent evolution of the K–H instability. The amplitude and characteristic wavelength of the K–H unstable vortices increase, satisfying the criterion of the fastest-growing mode of this instability. We also describe how the velocity difference between two layers and the velocity of K–H unstable vortices are greater than the Alfvén speed in the second denser layer, which also satisfies the criterion of the growth of the K–H instability. In the presence of the magnetic field and sheared counterstreaming plasma as observed in the fan-spine topology, we estimate the parametric constant Λ ≥ 1, which confirms the dominance of velocity shear and the evolution of the linear phase of the K–H instability. This observation indicates that in the presence of complex magnetic field structuring and flows, the fan-spine configuration may evolve into rapid heating, while the connectivity changes due to the fragmentation via the K–H instability.
ALMA Imaging of a Galactic Molecular Outflow in NGC 4945
Authors: Bolatto Alberto D. , Leroy Adam K. , Levy Rebecca C. , Meier David S. , Mills Elisabeth A. C. , Thompson Todd A. , Emig Kimberly L. , Veilleux Sylvain , Ott Jürgen , Gorski Mark , Walter Fabian , Lopez Laura A. , Lenkić Laura
Published: December 2021

We present the ALMA detection of molecular outflowing gas in the central regions of NGC 4945, one of the nearest starbursts and also one of the nearest hosts of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We detect four outflow plumes in CO J = 3 − 2 at ∼0.″3 resolution that appear to correspond to molecular gas located near the edges of the known ionized outflow cone and its (unobserved) counterpart behind the disk. The fastest and brightest of these plumes has emission reaching observed line-of-sight projected velocities of over 450 km s−1 beyond systemic, equivalent to an estimated physical outflow velocity v ≳ 600 km s−1 for the fastest emission. Most of these plumes have corresponding emission in HCN or HCO+
J = 4 − 3. We discuss a kinematic model for the outflow emission where the molecular gas has the geometry of the ionized gas cone and shares the rotation velocity of the galaxy when ejected. We use this model to explain the velocities we observe, constrain the physical speed of the ejected material, and account for the fraction of outflowing gas that is not detected due to confusion with the galaxy disk. We estimate a total molecular mass outflow rate

M

̇

mol

∼
20

M
⊙ yr−1 flowing through a surface within 100 pc of the disk midplane, likely driven by a combination of the central starburst and AGN.
Limits to Ionization-parameter Mapping as a Diagnostic of Hii Region Optical Depth
Authors: Sawant Amit N. , Pellegrini Eric W. , Oey M. S. , López-Hernández Jesús , Micheva Genoveva
Published: December 2021

We employ ionization-parameter mapping (IPM) to infer the optical depth of H ii regions in the northern half of M33. We construct [O iii]λ5007/[O ii]λ3727 and [O iii]λ5007/[S ii]λ6724 ratio maps from narrowband images continuum-subtracted in this way, from which we classify the H ii regions by optical depth to ionizing radiation, based on their ionization structure. This method works relatively well in the low-metallicity regime,

12
+
log
(
O

/

H
)
≤
8.4

, where [O iii]λ
λ4959, 5007 is strong. However, at higher metallicities, the method breaks down due to the strong dependence of the [O iii]λ
λ4959, 5007 emission lines on the nebular temperature. Thus, although O++ may be present in metal-rich H ii regions, these commonly used emission lines do not serve as a useful indicator of its presence, and hence the O ionization state. In addition, IPM as a diagnostic of optical depth is limited by spatial resolution. We also report a region of highly excited [O iii] extending over an area ∼1 kpc across and [O iii]λ5007 luminosity of 4.9 ± 1.5 × 1038 erg s−1, which is several times higher than the ionizing budget of any potential sources in this portion of the galaxy. Finally, this work introduces a new method for continuum subtraction of narrowband images based on the dispersion of pixels around the mode of the diffuse-light flux distribution. In addition to M33, we demonstrate the method on C iii]λ1909 imaging of Haro 11, ESO 338-IG004, and Mrk 71.
Populations of Agrostis diluta Kurcz. and Psathyrostachys caespitosa (Sukaczev) Peschkova in Yakutia: dynamics of vitality
Authors: Kardashevskaya Vilyura E. , Egorova Nyurguyana N.
Published: December 2021

In Yakutia, natural floodplain meadows and steppes have long been involved in economic activities. To develop methods of rational use, one needs to constantly consider the state of vegetation, mainly its constituent populations. Our research focuses on studying the dynamics of the vitality of the populations of the Agrostis diluta Kurcz. and steppe Psathyrostachys caespitosa (Sukaczev) Peschkova cereals. These species play an essential role in the composition of vegetation cover. We determined the vitality coefficient IVC. Our study of populations over several years has revealed the dynamic mobility of the vital structure, which is of adaptive significance and ensures the sustainability of populations. We have found that the vital structure of the cereal populations of the meadow Agrostis diluta and the steppe Psathyrostachys caespitosa during long-term studies (2007–2013 and 2007–2016, respectively) is heterogeneous. In unfavorable humidification conditions, we characterize years as depressive. Under favorable conditions of humidification, they quickly turn into thriving plants. In addition to the weather of the vegetation periods, habitat specificity affects the vitality of species populations that differ in ecological and coenotic characteristics. The Q quality index and IVC correspond to each other by year and form a clear descending order during the transition from a thriving to a depressive state. Currently, the vital state of the populations of both species is satisfactory.
New and poorly known “araphid” diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from regions near Lake Titicaca, South America and a discussion on the continued use of morphological characters in “araphid” diatom taxonomy
Authors: Morales Eduardo A. , Wetzel Carlos E. , Ector Luc
Published: December 2021

Based on two Andean Altiplano samples and on light and scanning electron microscopy analyses, we present six new species of “araphid” diatoms in the genus Pseudostaurosira, P. aedessp. nov., P. frankenaesp. nov., P. heteropolarissp. nov., P. oblongasp. nov., P. occultasp. nov., and P. pulchrasp. nov. Additional data are provided for four other known taxa, Nanofrustulum cataractarum, N. rarissimum, P. sajamaensis and P. vulpina, the latter species corresponding to a stat. nov. based on a variety of P. laucensis. Each taxon is described morphologically and compared with closely related published taxa, using characters such as axial area, virgae, vimines, areolar shape, volae, internal striae depositions, spines, flaps and apical pore fields, which are not usually used for species distinction within the genus. It is our intention that the detailed morphological descriptions of each taxon and the elaborate comparative tables we provide serve as a basis for correction of neo and paleo-databases for the Altiplano to produce a better account of autecological data and ecological change in the region. Some arguments for our continued use of a morphologically based approach are given in the context of rapid environmental degradation in the Andes and the difficulties in applying molecular approaches in countries such as Bolivia.
Documentation of a public communication project by German-speaking scientists prior to the September 2021 climate demonstrations
Authors: Hagedorn Gregor , von Elverfeldt Kirsten
Published: December 2021

English: Documentation of a communication project by German-speaking scientists encouraging their peers to participate in the September 2021 climate demonstrations by means of short statements or appeals (German, with English and French translations).

Deutsch: Dokumentation eines Kommunikationsprojekts deutschsprachiger Wissenschaftler:innen, ihre Kolleg:innen mit kurzen Statements oder Aufrufen zur Teilnahme an den Klimademonstrationen im September 2021 zu ermuntern (deutsch, mit englischer und französischer Übersetzung).

Français: Documentation d'un projet de communication de scientifiques germanophones visant à encourager leurs collègues à participer aux manifestations pour le climat en septembre 2021 par de courtes déclarations ou des appels (en allemand, avec traduction en anglais et en français).
Si Edgar Morin m’était conté : désordre, dialogique et complexité
Authors: Schmitt Christophe
Published: December 2021

L’article s’intéresse à l’approche de la complexité développée par Edgar Morin dans un cadre particulier qui est celui des entreprises de petite taille. Plus particulièrement, il s’agit de voir comment aborder la notion dans ce type d’entreprise. L’auteur suggère l’importance de considérer le désordre avant tout comme un construit humain. Partant de ce postulat, il mobilise l’approche dialogique de la complexité pour considérer la relation entre ordre et désordre et permettre de développer des actions pour les entreprises.
Effect of carrot supplementation on nutritional value of insects: a case study with Jamaican field cricket (Gryllus assimilis)
Authors: Kulma M. , Petříčková D. , Kurečka M. , Kotíková Z. , Táborský J. , Michlová T. , Kouřimská L.
Published: December 2021

The fortification of feed is known to be a useful tool to manipulate the nutritional value of insects. This study aimed to reveal the effect of carrot supplement duration on the basic nutrients, fatty acid profile, carotenes, and tocopherols. Jamaican crickets (Gryllus assimilis) were provided with chicken feed supplemented with carrotsad libitum for 0, 3, 7, 14 and 60 days prior to harvest. The supplementation increased the levels of α-carotene and β-carotene in the insects. The content of carotenoids did not significantly differ between groups fed carrot for 14 (α-carotene = 13.7 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 34.6 μg/g DM) and 60 days (α-carotene = 15.2 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 37.2 μg/g DM), suggesting that the capacity of the insects to store carotenes is limited. Some carotenoids (α-carotene = 5.4 μg/g DM; β-carotene = 12.8 μg/g DM) were found in crickets given carrot supplementation for only 3 days prior to harvest. Carrot supplementation affected the fatty acid profile of the insects. Crickets fed carrot for 60 and 14 days contained lower levels of SFA (32.00 and 32.74% of total fatty acids respectively) and higher levels of PUFA (33.06 and 32.49% of total fatty acids respectively) in comparison with insects fed for 0, 3 or 7 days. No influence of carrot supplementation was observed in feed conversion, tocopherols and basic nutrients (proteins, lipids, ash). Conclusively, the paper showed some beneficial effects of carrot supplementation, when the highest levels of carotenoids were reached by 14 and 60 days of carrot provision. Therefore, the whole life supplementation seems to be not necessary to reach the increased content of carotenoids in crickets.
Insects as a food source for indigenous communities in Colombia: a review and research perspectives
Authors: Gasca-Álvarez H.J. , Costa-Neto E.M.
Published: December 2021

Insects have been used worldwide as a source of food, and edible species are eaten both as immature (eggs, larvae, pupae, and nymphs) and in some cases as adults. In this regard, several scholars and researchers seek to promote an alternative entomological trend and highlight the potential of insects as a high-quality nutritional option. The consumption of various edible species contributes to the nutritional health of indigenous, rural peoples, as well as those individuals who live in urban areas and use this kind of food resource, in accordance with insects’ seasonal abundance. Colombia, due to its sociocultural origin, stands out as one of the Latin American countries that have the habit of consuming insects by presenting both biological and ethnic diversity. However, the use and diversity of edible insects in the country have been little studied. This review summarises the current status related to the knowledge of insects as food resources, with emphasis on ethnic groups established in the country. In Colombia, 69 edible insect species are currently reported, distributed in 49 genera, 27 families and 10 orders, and ingested by approximately 13 ethnic groups belonging principally to the Amazon and Caribbean regions. Guidelines and protocols are provided to establish research priorities in the study and use of edible insects in Colombia. In this way, the proposal of a general framework for the study and conservation of edible insect species, integrating a bioecological, socio-economic and institutional approach, will provide new perspectives for food security in this era of world food scarcity, and can play an interdisciplinary role (forestry, traditional medicine, agriculture, livestock) in mitigating the current global food crisis.
A novel chemical marker of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis detected by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry
Authors: Pickard C. , Fortin J.S. , Holmes D. , Buchweitz J.P. , Lehner A.F.
Published: December 2021

Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis can arise from dietary exposure to secondary metabolite products of various fungal species, particularly those from thePenicillium genus. Although general toxin screens often rely on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and well-developed mass spectral library databases, two principal representativePenicillium mycotoxins, roquefortine and penitrem A, are unamenable to GC/MS owing to high molecular weights, low volatilities and/or high thermal instabilities. Reliance on GC/MS screens alone could therefore inadvertently result in failure to collect evidence of exposure to such tremorgenic mycotoxins. In this report we describe a newly discovered tremorgenic marker compound (TMC), the presence of which correlates highly with conclusive exposure toPenicillium toxins in explanation of clinical manifestations of tremorgenic mycotoxicosis. According to detailed mass spectral deconvolution, the compound is 210.0892 molecular weight, and amenable to GC/MS whether chemically underivatized or derivatized by methylation or trimethylsilylation. 1D and 2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) studies on the isolated compound determined the TMC to be thePenicillium product terrestric acid, C11H14O4, which matches the molecular formula determined by high resolution mass spectrometry and thus provides an excellent target for assessment of mycotoxicosis by GC/MS.
Artificial Intelligence potential within airlines: a review on how AI can enhance strategic decision-making in times of COVID-19
Authors: Pérez-Campuzano Darío , Morcillo Ortega Patricio , Rubio Andrada Luis , López-Lázaro Antonio
Published: December 2021

Purpose: Airline strategy relies on the competitive environment analysis and the management of resources. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms are being increasingly deployed throughout several industries. COVID-19 has further stressed a sector where firms have historically struggled to sustain profitability.The purpose is to explore the potential of AI applications regarding strategic decision-making in airlines in times of crisis and to depict a roadmap to encourage scholars and practitioners to jointly implement these tools within corporations.Design/methodology/approach: This study firstly reviews the state-of-the-art regarding transport organization trends with focus on airline strategy and finance as well as AI tools, supported by the collaboration of a former airline digitalization strategist. Secondly, the potential of the latter to be applied in those functions is analyzed, considering different Machine Learning (ML) methods and algorithms.Findings: Some applications or pathways are identified as of particular interest for the airlines’ strategic decision-making process. Most of them are based on ML algorithms and training methods that are currently underused or disregarded in certain business areas, such as Neural Network models for unsupervised market analysis or supervised cost estimation.Research limitations/implications: Focus is on airline strategy and finance, keeping engineering or operational applications out of the scope.Practical implications: Proposed guidance may promote the deployment of AI tools which currently lack practical implementation in certain business areas.Social implications: Showcased guidance may revert into a closer collaboration between business and academia.Originality/value: Comprehensive review of current airlines’ strategic levers and identification of promising AI pathways to be further explored.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Demetgul Ozcan
Published: December 2021

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare condition involving various symptoms that is mainly seen in younger adults. The most commonly involved are the superior sagittal sinus, lateral sinus, and simoid sinus. About 1% of all ischemic strokes are considered CVT. It is seen 3-fold more in young women. The incidence was estimated to be approx. 1/1000000. Cerebral venous sinuses are superficial and deep spaces, and they have vital functions. There are many symptoms. The most common complaint is headache (89%). Studies reported many different clinical symptoms. Neurological signs including motor and sensorial losses, impaired consciousness, speech disorder, epileptic seizures, visual problems (hemianopia, nystagmus, diplopia, and papilledema), and cranial nerve signs may be seen. The diagnosis is made primarily by suspecting the clinical condition and radiological presentation of thrombosis. The most basic diagnostic method is cranial imaging. Anticoagulants are the main method of treatment. The prognosis has improved over the last years thanks to early diagnosis.
Understanding Inclusive Practices for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder Through the Individualized Education Plan Process
Authors: Becerra-Murillo Karina
Published: December 2021

Students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often display atypical behaviors which general education teachers may not know how to handle. As a result, students with ASD may not get the opportunity to be educated alongside typical peers in the least restrictive environment. Segregated settings often become the most recommended setting for students with ASD. The way to change this practice is if the child's parent is willing to speak up and request an inclusive, less restrictive setting. Working together with the school site, as an equal partner, parents can collaboratively prepare the student for an inclusive setting. Inclusive environments can be overwhelming to a student with ASD, if they come from a smaller classroom environment. Preparing the student and teacher for the transition can help to eliminate potential barriers in the inclusion process. Barriers can be identified through the individualized education plan (IEP), and solutions can be devised within that process.
The Effect of Net FDI Inflow on Economic Growth in Turkey
Authors: Dinç Dilek Temiz , Gökmen Aytaç
Published: December 2021

Capital is one of the first and foremost requisites of economic development for every country in this world. However, not every country is given abundant capital. Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs as a good cure to solve capital-related issues. In this study, the net FDI inflow and economic growth correlation was researched in Turkey for the period of 2010:1-2018:3 by employing quarterly data as well as applying the Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF); Phillips-Perron (PP); Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, Shin (KPSS); Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (ERS) Point Optimal; Ng-Perron Unit Root Tests; and Toda-Yamamoto Causality Tests. According to the findings of the study, there is a unidirectional causality running from net FDI to economic growth in Turkey.