bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DRY ETCHING OF SnO2 AND ZnO FILMS IN HALOGEN-BASED INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS
Authors: PARK JONG CHEON , KIM JIN KON , KIM TAE GYU , LEE DEUG WOO , CHO HYUN , KIM HYE SUNG , YOON SU JONG , JUNG YEON-GIL
Published: January 2012

High density plasma etching of SnO 2 and ZnO films was performed in chlorine- ( Cl 2/ Ar and BCl 3/ Ar ) and fluorine-based ( CF 4/ Ar and SF 6/ Ar ) inductively coupled plasmas. The etch process window for fabricating metal oxide nanowires with high aspect ratios including high and controllable etch rates, high etch selectivities to mask material and high anisotropy was established. Maximum etch rates of ~2050 Å/minute ( BCl 3/ Ar ) and ~1950 Å/minute ( SF 6/ Ar ) for ZnO , and ~1950 Å/minute ( Cl 2/ Ar ) and ~2000 Å/minute ( SF 6/ Ar ) for SnO 2 were obtained. Ni was found to provide very high etch selectivities with maximum values of ~67 to SnO 2 and ~17 to ZnO , respectively.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON IMPACT FRETTING WEAR OF INCONEL TUBES UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
Authors: LEE CHOON YEOL , BAE JOON WOO , CHAI YOUNG SUCK , SHIN KYOOSIK
Published: January 2012

In nuclear power plant, fretting wear caused by flow induced vibration (FIV) accompanied with impact force can make serious problems between U -tubes and egg-crates which are located in steam generators. In order to guarantee the reliability of the steam generator, design based on consideration of the damage due to the fretting wear of the U -tube is inevitable. The purpose of this study is to elucidate fretting wear mechanism qualitatively and quantitatively. First, finite element models are developed to analyze the dynamic characteristics and estimate the impact force in steam generators. Based on the numerical results, fretting wear simulation is performed according to the environment to which the actual steam generators in nuclear power plant are exposed. Initial experimental results are obtained for various experimental parameters and the effect of work rate and temperature on fretting wear is evaluated.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROCHEMICALLY DEPOSITED 1-D INTERLINKED NANOWIRED Co3O4 THIN FILMS
Authors: SHELKE P. N. , KHOLLAM Y. B. , GUNJAL S. D. , SARODE M. T. , MORE P. S. , JADKAR S. R. , TAKWALE M. G. , MOHITE K. C. , KOINKAR PANKAJ
Published: January 2012

The preparation of Co 3 O 4 films containing 1-D interlinked nanowires by electrochemical deposition technique using CH 3 COO )2 Co .4 H 2 O solutions in distilled water and study of their optical properties are reported in this paper. The films are characterized by using XRD, UV-visible & FTIR spectroscopies, XPS and SEM. The characterization studies showed that the resultant films are impurity free, phase pure Co 3 O 4 with cubic spinel symmetry and contain 1-D interlinked nanowires having diameter & length between 250-350 nm & 2-10 μm respectively. The resultant films showed the better values of absorptance (α) = 0.94, emittance (ε) = 0.17 and selectivity = 5.529 as compared to reported data. These films are found to have good prospects for selective solar absorption coatings because their optical properties indicate the red shift of absorption peaks, exhibiting thereby quantum-confined effect and behavior of semiconductor.
A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS BY MULTILAYER WELDING
Authors: HUH SUN-CHUL , LEE JONG-SEOK , KIM GWI-NAM , PARK WON-JO , PARK JOUN-SUNG , PARK CHEOL-HONG
Published: January 2012

Today, ships and structures are becoming larger (large structures, vessels, FPSO, etc.). Thus, high-strength welding material is required. The advantages of welding over other joining methods, depending on the development of welding technology, include such things as ease of operation and the structures of simplification and the confidential excellence, etc. However, shrinkage and deformation also occur, because of the repeated heating and cooling. Welding residual stress has an adverse effect on stability, but, it was closely related fatigue strength and brittle fracture of structures. In this study, experimental and analysis were conducted, and AIS3000 used to measure residual stress, which were compare with ANSYS analysis results. Metal surface microstructure was observed at various weld spots, as well as HAZ, and base metal using the optical microscope, and component analysis and crystal plane were measured using an XRD and EPMA.
PREPARATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL POLYESTER GLASS MAT SHEETS CONTAINING PDMAEMA-FUNCTIONALIZED MWNT NANOCOMPOSITES
Authors: JUNG KWANG HO , KIM YANGSOO , LIM YONGSOON
Published: January 2012

Antibacterial glass mat sheets containing unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix and poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA)-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nanocomposites as a filler were prepared. Controlled functionalization of MWNT by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of DMAEMA was applied for the preparation of nanocomposites. An antibacterial activity of the prepared unsaturated polyester glass mat sheets was determined by the application of film contact method based on the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS Z-2801. The mechanical properties of the prepared unsaturated polyester glass mat sheets were estimated by the simplified procedure designed in laboratory. A deliberate search for the ATRP process conditions showing the most effective antibacterial activity was tried beyond all experiments.
MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF ORDINAL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: CARDOSO JAIME S. , SOUSA RICARDO
Published: January 2012

Ordinal classification is a form of multiclass classification for which there is an inherent order between the classes, but not a meaningful numeric difference between them. The performance of such classifiers is usually assessed by measures appropriate for nominal classes or for regression. Unfortunately, these do not account for the true dimension of the error.

The goal of this work is to show that existing measures for evaluating ordinal classification models suffer from a number of important shortcomings. For this reason, we propose an alternative measure defined directly in the confusion matrix. An error coefficient appropriate for ordinal data should capture how much the result diverges from the ideal prediction and how "inconsistent" the classifier is in regard to the relative order of the classes. The proposed coefficient results from the observation that the performance yielded by the Misclassification Error Rate coefficient is the benefit of the path along the diagonal of the confusion matrix. We carry out an experimental study which confirms the usefulness of the novel metric.
MULTICLASS CLASSIFICATION BASED ON META PROBABILITY CODES
Authors: FARAJZADEH NACER , PAN GANG , WU ZHAOHUI , YAO MIN
Published: January 2012

This paper proposes a new approach to improve multiclass classification performance by employing Stacked Generalization structure and One-Against-One decomposition strategy. The proposed approach encodes the outputs of all pairwise classifiers by implicitly embedding two-class discriminative information in a probabilistic manner. The encoded outputs, called Meta Probability Codes (MPCs), are interpreted as the projections of the original features. It is observed that MPC, compared to the original features, has more appropriate features for clustering. Based on MPC, we introduce a cluster-based multiclass classification algorithm, called MPC-Clustering. The MPC-Clustering algorithm uses the proposed approach to project an original feature space to MPC, and then it employs a clustering scheme to cluster MPCs. Subsequently, it trains individual multiclass classifiers on the produced clusters to complete the procedure of multiclass classifier induction. The performance of the proposed algorithm is extensively evaluated on 20 datasets from the UCI machine learning database repository. The results imply that MPC-Clustering is quite efficient with an improvement of 2.4% overall classification rate compared to the state-of-the-art multiclass classifiers.
A SURVEY ON THE BLOW UP TECHNIQUE
Authors: ÁLVAREZ MARÍA JESÚS , FERRAGUT ANTONI , JARQUE XAVIER
Published: January 2012

The blow up technique is widely used in desingularization of degenerate singular points of planar vector fields. In this survey, we give an overview of the different types of blow up and we illustrate them with many examples for better understanding. Moreover, we introduce a new generalization of the classical blow up.
COMPLEXITY OF A REAL ESTATE GAME MODEL WITH A NONLINEAR DEMAND FUNCTION
Authors: MU LINGLING , LIU PING , LI YANYAN , ZHANG JINZHU
Published: January 2012

In this paper, a real estate game model with nonlinear demand function is proposed. And an analysis of the game's local stability is carried out. It is shown that the stability of Nash equilibrium point is lost through period-doubling bifurcation as some parameters are varied. With numerical simulations method, the results of bifurcation diagrams, maximal Lyapunov exponents and strange attractors are presented. It is found that the chaotic behavior of the model has been stabilized on the Nash equilibrium point by using of nonlinear feedback control method.
LIMIT CYCLES OF DISCONTINUOUS PIECEWISE LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: CARDIN PEDRO TONIOL , DE CARVALHO TIAGO , LLIBRE JAUME
Published: January 2012

We study the bifurcation of limit cycles from the periodic orbits of a two-dimensional (resp. four-dimensional) linear center in ℝn perturbed inside a class of discontinuous piecewise linear differential systems. Our main result shows that at most 1 (resp. 3) limit cycle can bifurcate up to first-order expansion of the displacement function with respect to the small parameter. This upper bound is reached. For proving these results, we use the averaging theory in a form where the differentiability of the system is not needed.
BIFURCATIONS IN A BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEM OF A NONLINEAR MODEL FOR STRESS-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: CHUNG K. W. , NG K. T. , DAI H.-H.
Published: January 2012

In this paper, some methodology in nonlinear dynamics is used to study a boundary-value problem of a nonlinear model arisen in phase transitions in a slender cylinder composed of a compressible hyperelastic material. We transform the original system of boundary-value problem to an initial-value (dynamical) problem of finding periodic solutions of coupled nonlinear autonomous oscillators in a four-dimensional space. Hopf-like bifurcation analysis of the periodic solutions of the system is studied. Both analytical and numerical solutions are obtained by using a nonlinear transformation formulation. The accuracy of analytical solutions is investigated by comparing with the numerical solutions. The engineering stress-strain curve is plotted and compared with that from the normal form equation, which is a simplification of the original system.
IDENTIFICATION OF A TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT FITZHUGH–NAGUMO MODEL FOR THE BELOUSOV–ZHABOTINSKII REACTION
Authors: ZHAO Y. , BILLINGS S. A. , COCA D. , GUO Y. , RISTIC R. I. , DEMATOS L. L.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes the identification of a temperature dependent FitzHugh–Nagumo model directly from experimental observations with controlled inputs. By studying the steady states and the trajectory of the phase of the variables, the stability of the model is analyzed and a rule to generate oscillation waves is proposed. The dependence of the oscillation frequency and propagation speed on the model parameters is then investigated to seek the appropriate control variables, which then become functions of temperature in the identified model. The results show that the proposed approach can provide a good representation of the dynamics of the oscillatory behavior of a Belousov–Zhabotinskii reaction.
BIFURCATION STRUCTURE FOR MODULATED VIBRATION OF STRINGS SUBJECTED TO HARMONIC BOUNDARY EXCITATIONS
Authors: HU JIAZHU , PAI P. FRANK
Published: January 2012

In the studies of nonlinear dynamics, phase plan plot is a most commonly used tool for solution characteristics interpretation. Phase plan plot provides an adequate representation of the dynamic characteristics of single solution, but it does not provide information on the interrelation between neighboring solutions; therefore, the evolution of solutions is studied by examining fragmented information of many individual responses. When the solution space becomes complicated, accurate information of the interrelation between responses is essential for an overall comprehension of the characteristics of the solutions. Noticing the characterizing amplitude variation of the limit cycles for typical modulated responses, bifurcation structure was proposed and developed to examine the overall characteristics of the modulated solutions of nonlinear string vibration. The bifurcation structure depicts all solutions in one plot by recording the upper and lower limits of the modulated vibration limit cycles. All kinds of bifurcations and interrelations between typical solutions can be qualitatively and quantitatively identified using the bifurcation structure. In this study, bifurcations and solution interrelations identified and revealed by bifurcation structures include forward and reverse Hopf bifurcations through period-doubling, appearance of isolated solution branch, solution branch transitions between the Hopf branch and isolated branch, appearance of chaotic attractors, chaotic attractor transitions between the Rossler and Lorenz types, and attractor disappearance by boundary crisis.
DYNAMICS AND BIFURCATIONS OF A FAMILY OF RATIONAL MAPS WITH PARABOLIC FIXED POINTS
Authors: HAGIHARA RIKA , HAWKINS JANE
Published: January 2012

We study a family of rational maps of the Riemann sphere with the property that each map has two fixed points with multiplier -1; moreover, each map has no period 2 orbits. The family we analyze is Ra(z) = (z3 - z)/(-z2 + az + 1), where a varies over all nonzero complex numbers. We discuss many dynamical properties of Ra including bifurcations of critical orbit behavior as a varies, connectivity of the Julia set J(Ra), and we give estimates on the Hausdorff dimension of J(Ra).
LIMIT CYCLE BIFURCATIONS OF TWO KINDS OF POLYNOMIAL DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: ZUO PEIPEI , HAN MAOAN
Published: January 2012

In this paper, by using qualitative analysis and the first-order Melnikov function method, we consider two kinds of polynomial systems, and study the Hopf bifurcation problem, obtaining the maximum number of limit cycles.
FISHER MATRIX PRELOADED — FISHER4CAST
Authors: BASSETT BRUCE A. , FANTAYE YABEBAL , HLOZEK RENÉE , KOTZE JACQUES
Published: January 2012

The Fisher Matrix is the backbone of modern cosmological forecasting. We describe the Fisher4Cast software: A general-purpose, easy-to-use, Fisher Matrix framework. It is open source, rigorously designed and tested and includes a Graphical User Interface (GUI) with automated LATEX file creation capability and point-and-click Fisher ellipse generation. Fisher4Cast was designed for ease of extension and, although written in Matlab, is easily portable to open-source alternatives such as Octave and Scilab. Here we use Fisher4Cast to present new 3D and 4D visualizations of the forecasting landscape and to investigate the effects of growth and curvature on future cosmological surveys. Early releases have been available at since mid-2008. The current release of the code is Version 2.2 which is described here. For ease of reference a Quick Start guide and the code used to produce the figures in this paper are included, in the hope that it will be useful to the cosmology and wider scientific communities.
Palaeogene Alpine tectonics and Icelandic plume-related magmatism and deformation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cooper M. R. , Anderson H. , Walsh J. J. , Van Dam C. L. , Young M. E. , Earls G. , Walker A.
Published: January 2012

The Cenozoic tectonic history of NW Europe is generally attributed to some combination of three principal controlling factors: North Atlantic opening, Alpine collision and formation of the Icelandic mantle plume. Using constraints from the high-resolution Tellus aeromagnetic survey of Northern Ireland, we show that Palaeogene tectonics can be attributed to approximately north–south Alpine-related compression, forming NNW–SSE-trending dextral and ENE–WSW-trending sinistral conjugate strike-slip faults, with the latter defined by kilometre-scale displacements along reactivated Caledonian or Carboniferous faults. This tectonism was, however, punctuated by pulsed magmatic intrusive and extrusive events, including four distinct dyke swarms that are attributed to NE–SW- to east–west-directed plume-related extension. Although this evidence shows, for the first time, that north–south Alpine compression was periodically overwhelmed by the dynamic stresses and uplift associated with pulsed mantle plume-related deformation, associated strike-slip faulting may have controlled the locus of volcanic activity and central igneous complexes, and the location of sedimentary depocentres.
Giant quartz vein formation and high-elevation meteoric fluid infiltration into the South Armorican Shear Zone: geological, fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence
Authors: Lemarchand Jérémie , Boulvais Philippe , Gaboriau Martin , Boiron Marie-Christine , Tartèse Romain , Cokkinos Morgane , Bonnet Stéphane , Jégouzo Pierre
Published: January 2012

Giant quartz veins associated with the South Armorican Shear Zone record important fluid circulation during the Hercynian period. Regional-scale mapping of veins allows two groups of veins to be identified, on the basis of their geometric relationship with the South Armorican Shear Zone. Veins in the first group are parallel to the shear zone, whereas those in the second group developed in a direction oblique to it. The former probably record infiltration of fluids along permeable pathways in highly deformed zones; the latter may represent crustal-scale tension gashes in the regional context. Most quartz veins have δ
18
O values between 10 and 16‰ indicating a mid-crustal origin for the fluids. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions from euhedral quartz indicates that late fluids were mostly aqueous with very low salinity (0–1.7 wt% eq.) and with homogenization temperatures ranging between 150 and 270 °C. Together with very low δ
18
O values of some euhedral quartz, down to −2‰, these features argue for a surface origin. Corresponding δ
18
O
fluid
values estimated near −11‰ are probably related to the high palaeo-elevation of meteoric precipitation. Scarce, but significant, H
2
O–CO
2
fluid inclusions in euhedral quartz indicate a metamorphic contribution. These were probably sourced from the exhumed metamorphic basement in the southern part of the region.
Constraints on palaeodrainage evolution induced by uplift and exhumation on the southern flank of the Zagros–Iranian Plateau
Authors: Khadivi S. , Mouthereau F. , Barbarand J. , Adatte T. , Lacombe O.
Published: January 2012

Foreland sedimentary rocks from the northern Fars region of Iran contain a record of deformation associated with the Cenozoic collision between Arabia and Eurasia that resulted in formation of the Zagros orogen. The timing of the deformation associated with this event is poorly known. To address this we conducted a study of Miocene foreland sedimentary rocks (19.7–14.8 Ma) of the Chahar–Makan syncline using clast composition, clay mineralogy and low-temperature fission-track dating. The results showed that most of the sedimentary rocks were sourced from ophiolitic rocks. Detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) age signatures of Miocene sedimentary rocks record exhumation in the hanging wall of the Main Zagros Thrust and confirm that the change from underthrusting of the stretched Arabian margin to widespread crustal thickening and deformation in the Zagros region is no younger than 19.7 Ma. A transition from Late Oligocene to Mesozoic–Eocene AFT detrital age signatures between 19.7–16.6 Ma and 16.6–13.8 Ma is interpreted to reflect a possible rearrangement of palaeodrainage distribution that resulted from folding and expansion–uplift of the Zagros–Iranian Plateau region.

Supplementary material:

Details of the succession of the study area, a complete presentation of sample preparation and fission-track age measurements of apatite grains, and examples of X-ray diffractograms are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18502
.
A large-scale radial pattern of seismogenic slumping towards the Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Alsop G. Ian , Marco Shmuel
Published: January 2012

Although it has been tacitly assumed since the seminal work of Jones in the 1930s that slump folds bear a systematic and meaningful relationship to the slope upon which they were presumably created, there has in reality been very little attempt to objectively verify this association via the collection of regional slump data in a relatively controlled setting. The potential to walk around the intact Dead Sea Basin at
c
. 425 m below mean sea level provides a perhaps unparalleled opportunity to undertake such verification via the direct examination of slump fold relationships. The collection of slump data in this well-constrained environment, where the seismogenic trigger for slumping is established via earthquake records, and the palaeogeographical controls are also recognizable and clearly link to the present bathymetry and landscape, thereby permits an evaluation of the use of slump folds as indicators of palaeoslope. The Late Pleistocene Lisan Formation cropping out to the west of the Dead Sea contains superb examples of slump folds that systematically face (>95%) and verge (>90%) towards the east. This study employs and evaluates five statistical techniques, including a new mean axial-planar dip (MAD) method, to analyse relationships between the orientation of slump folds and palaeoslopes. We recognize for the first time that the direction of slumping inferred from slump folds and thrusts varies systematically along the entire
c
. 100 km length of the western Dead Sea Basin. SE-directed slumping is preserved in the north, easterly directed slumping in the central portion and NE-directed slumping at the southern end of the Dead Sea. They are interpreted to form part of a large-scale and newly recognized radial slump system directed towards the depocentre of the precursor to the Dead Sea, and to be triggered by earthquakes associated with seismicity along the Dead Sea Fault.
Sedimentology of the early Neoproterozoic Morar Group in northern Scotland: implications for basin models and tectonic setting
Authors: Bonsor H. C. , Strachan R. A. , Prave A. R. , Krabbendam M.
Published: January 2012

The metasedimentary rocks of the Morar Group in northern Scotland form part of the early Neoproterozoic Moine Supergroup. The upper part of the group is
c
. 2–3 km thick and contains two large kilometre-scale facies successions: a coarsening-upwards marine-to-fluvial regression overlain by a fining-upwards fluvial-to-marine transgression. Fluvial facies make up less than a third of the total thickness; shallow-marine lithofacies make up the remainder. Combining these new findings with previously published data indicates that the Morar Group represents, overall, a transgressive stratigraphic succession
c.
6–9 km thick, in which there is both an upward and eastward predominance of shallow-marine deposits, and a concomitant loss of fluvial facies. Smaller-scale (hundreds of metres thick) transgressive–regressive cycles are superimposed on this transgressive trend. Collectively, the characteristics of the succession are consistent with deposition in a foreland basin located adjacent to the Grenville orogen, and possibly linked to the peri-Rodinian ocean. Subsidence and progressive deepening of the Morar basin may have, at least in part, been driven by loading of thrust sheets emplaced during the Grenville orogeny, and aided by sediment loading. However, the relative contributions of thrust loading versus plate boundary effects and/or eustatic sea-level rise on basin evolution remain speculative.
Nature and timing of Late Mississippian to Mid-Pennsylvanian glacio-eustatic sea-level changes of the Pennine Basin, UK
Authors: Waters Colin N. , Condon Daniel J.
Published: January 2012

The Pennine Basin of northern England contains a comparatively complete Serpukhovian– Moscovian succession characterized by high-resolution ammonoid zonation and cyclic paralic sedimentation. Two new isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry zircon ages from a bentonite deposited during the Arnsbergian (mid-Serpukhovian) regional substage and tonstein of earliest Bolsovian (early Moscovian) regional substage have been determined. The weighted mean
206
Pb/
238
U ages of 328.34 ± 0.55 and 314.37 ± 0.53 Ma (total uncertainty), respectively, require modification of the time scale for the Western Europe regional chronostratigraphy. The areal extent of acme ammonoid facies is used as a proxy for the magnitude of 47 discrete flooding events. Incised valleys (major sequence boundaries) are used as a proxy for the magnitude of sea-level falls. The frequency of these events, in the light of the new radiometric dating, indicates the following: (1) there is temporal coincidence between major glaciations in Gondwana and phases of increased frequency of sequence boundaries in the Pennine Basin; (2) high-amplitude flooding surfaces have an average frequency of
c
. 400 ka; (3) average cycle durations during the Pendleian–early Arnsbergian and Chokierian–Bolsovian, of
c
. 111 and
c
. 150 ka, respectively, reflect short-duration eccentricities; (4) multiple flooding surfaces with the same ammonoid assemblages may equate with sub-100 ka precession or obliquity frequencies.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb method description and data, procedure for the calculation of the areal extent of marine bands, and tables showing a full listing of biostratigraphical data used in the study are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18505
.
Geology of the Snap Lake kimberlite intrusion, Northwest Territories, Canada: field observations and their interpretation
Authors: Gernon T. M. , Field M. , Sparks R. S. J.
Published: January 2012

The Cambrian (523 Ma) Snap Lake hypabyssal kimberlite intrusion, Northwest Territories, Canada, is a complex segmented diamond-bearing ore-body. Detailed geological investigations suggest that the kimberlite is a multi-phase intrusion with at least four magmatic lithofacies. In particular, olivine-rich (ORK) and olivine-poor (OPK) varieties of hypabyssal kimberlite have been identified. Key observations are that the olivine-rich lithofacies has a strong tendency to be located where the intrusion is thickest and that there is a good correlation between intrusion thickness, olivine crystal size and crystal content. Heterogeneities in the lithofacies are attributed to variations in intrusion thickness and structural complexities. The geometry and distribution of lithofacies points to magmatic co-intrusion, and flow segregation driven by fundamental rheological differences between the two phases. We envisage that the low-viscosity OPK magma acted as a lubricant for the highly viscous ORK magma. The presence of such low-viscosity, crystal-poor magmas may explain how crystal-laden kimberlite magmas (>60 vol.%) are able to reach the surface during kimberlite eruptions. We also document the absence of crystal settling and the development of an unusual subvertical fabric of elongate olivine crystals, which are explained by rapid degassing-induced quench crystallization of the magmas during and after intrusion.

Supplementary material:

Additional figures are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18503
.
Biosurveillance: A Review and Update
Authors: Kman Nicholas E. , Bachmann Daniel J.
Published: January 2012

Since the terrorist attacks and anthrax release in 2001, almost $32 billion has been allocated to biodefense and biosurveillance in the USA alone. Surveillance in health care refers to the continual systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data. When attempting to detect agents of bioterrorism, surveillance can occur in several ways. Syndromic surveillance occurs by monitoring clinical manifestations of certain illnesses. Laboratory surveillance occurs by looking for certain markers or laboratory data, and environmental surveillance is the process by which the ambient air or environment is continually sampled for the presence of biological agents. This paper focuses on the ways by which we detect bioterrorism agents and the effectiveness of these systems.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Recurrent Crohn's Disease
Authors: Spinelli Antonino , Sacchi Matteo , Bazzi Piero , Leone Nicoletta , Danese Silvio , Montorsi Marco
Published: January 2012

In spite of the recent improvements in drug therapy, surgery still represents the most frequent treatment for Crohn's disease (CD) complications. Laparoscopy has been widely applied over the last twenty years in colorectal surgery and was associated with lower postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, faster return to daily activities, and better cosmetic results. Laparoscopy experienced a slower diffusion in inflammatory bowel disease surgery than in oncologic colorectal surgery, but proved to be safe and effective, and is currently considered the gold standard for the treatment of primary uncomplicated ileocolic CD. Indications for laparoscopy in CD have recently been widened to embrace more complicated or recurrent CD. This paper reviews the available data on the subset of recurrent CD patients. The reported results indicate that laparoscopy may be safely applied even in selected recurrent CD cases in hands of IBD surgeons with broad laparoscopic experience.
A Novel Dual-Band MIMO Antenna with Lower Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Zhang Jian , OuYang Jun , Zhang Kai Zhi , Yang Feng
Published: January 2012

This paper demonstrates a novel dual-band operated MIMO antenna which consisted of planar monopole (main antenna) and 3D slot element (auxiliary antenna). The main antenna is printed on a 1.6 mm thick FR4 board, while the auxiliary antenna is fabricated with gold-coated copper. A lumped impedance network is applied to enhance matching effect at port1. From simulations by commercial software, it can be found that the proposed antenna is able to cover GSM800, GSM900 (lower band), and LTE/ WiMAX/WLAN (higher band) quite well. Good agreements between simulations and measurements are obtained. Corresponding measured results, antenna efficiency, peak gain, and radiation patterns, are presented at the same time. By equipping a passive decoupling element, the coupling power on the ground is radiated into free space, and great enhancement of isolation between antenna elements, especially for lower band, is achieved.
Remotely Sensed Image Classification by Complex Network Eigenvalue and Connected Degree
Authors: Xu Mengxi , Wei Chenglin
Published: January 2012

It is a well-known problem of remotely sensed images classification due to its complexity. This paper proposes a remotely sensed image classification method based on weighted complex network clustering using the traditionalK-means clustering algorithm. First, the degree of complex network and clustering coefficient of weighted feature are used to extract the features of the remote sensing image. Then, the integrated features of remote sensing image are combined to be used as the basis of classification. Finally,K-means algorithm is used to classify the remotely sensed images. The advantage of the proposed classification method lies in obtaining better clustering centers. The experimental results show that the proposed method gives an increase of 8% in accuracy compared with the traditionalK-means algorithm and the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) algorithm.
Implicit Schemes for Solving Extended General Nonconvex Variational Inequalities
Authors: Noor Muhammad Aslam , Noor Khalida Inayat , Huang Zhenyu , Al-Said Eisa
Published: January 2012

We suggest and analyze some implicit iterative methods for solving the extended
general nonconvex variational inequalities using the projection technique. We show that the convergence of these
iterative methods requires only the gh‐pseudomonotonicity, which is a weaker condition than gh‐monotonicity.
We also discuss several special cases. Our method of proof is very simple as compared with other techniques.
Application of Pt/CdS for the Photocatalytic Flue Gas Desulfurization
Authors: Song Xiulan , Yao Weifeng , Zhang Bo , Wu Yiping
Published: January 2012

A photocatalytic flue gas desulfurization technology was designed to control emissions of SO2from the combustion of fossil fuels. With the photocatalytic technology, we cannot only achieve the purpose of solving the problem of SO2emissions but also realize the desire of hydrogen production from water. CdS loaded with Pt were selected as the model photocatalyst for the photocatalytic flue gas desulfurization. The factors influencing the rate of hydrogen production and ammonia sulfite solution oxidation were detected.
HIV and Malnutrition: Effects on Immune System
Authors: Duggal Shalini , Chugh Tulsi Das , Duggal Ashish Kumar
Published: January 2012

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus infection has assumed worldwide proportions and importance in just a span of 25 years. Continuous research is being done in many parts of the world regarding its treatment and vaccine development, and a lot of money has flown into this. However, fully understanding the mechanisms of immune depletion has still not been possible. The focus has also been on improving the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS through education, counselling, and nutritional support. Malnutrition further reduces the capacity of the body to fight this infection by compromising various immune parameters. Knowledge of essential components of nutrition and incorporating them in the management goes a long way in improving quality of life and better survival in HIV-infected patients.
Hypertension Control and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Regional Perspective
Authors: Thoenes Martin , Bramlage Peter , Zhong Sam , Shang Shuhua , Volpe Massimo , Spirk David
Published: January 2012

Background. We investigated the association between blood pressure control and common cardiometabolic risk factors from a global and regional perspective.Methods. In the present analysis of a large cross-sectional i-SEARCH study, 17.092 outpatients receiving antihypertensive treatment were included in 26 countries. According to clinical guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, patients were classified based on the level of seated systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP). Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as SBP/DBP ≥140/90 mmHg for non-diabetics, and ≥130/80 mmHg for diabetics.Results. Overall, mean age was 63.1 years, 52.8% were male, and mean BMI was 28.9 kg/m2. Mean SBP/DBP was 148.9/87.0 mmHg, and 76.3% of patients had uncontrolled hypertension. Diabetes was present in 29.1% with mean HbA1c of 6.8%. Mean LDL-cholesterol was 3.2 mmol/L, HDL-cholesterol 1.3 mmol/L, and triglycerides 1.8 mmol/L; 49.0% had hyperlipidemia. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension had a higher BMI (29.4 versus 28.6 kg/m2), LDL-cholesterol (3.4 versus 3.0 mmol/L), triglycerides (1.9 versus 1.7 mmol/L), and HbA1c (6.8 versus 6.7%) than those with controlled blood pressure (P<0.0001for all parameters).Conclusions. Among outpatients treated for arterial hypertension, three quarters had uncontrolled blood pressure. Elevated SBP/DBP and uncontrolled hypertension were associated with increasing BMI, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and HbA1c, both globally and regionally.
Do Nuclear Star Clusters and Supermassive Black Holes Follow the Same Host-Galaxy Correlations?
Authors: Erwin Peter , Gadotti Dimitri Alexei
Published: January 2012

Studies have suggested that there is a strong correlation between the masses of nuclear star clusters (NSCs) and their host galaxies, a correlation which is said to be an extension of the well-known correlations between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies. But careful analysis of disk galaxies—including 2D bulge/disk/bar decompositions—shows that while SMBHs correlate with the stellar mass of thebulgecomponent of galaxies, the masses of NSCs correlate much better with thetotalgalaxy stellar mass. In addition, the mass ratioMNSC/M⋆, totfor NSCs in spirals (at least those with Hubble types Sc and later) is typically an order of magnitude smaller than the mass ratioMBH/M⋆, bulof SMBHs. The absence of a universal “central massive object” correlation argues against common formation and growth mechanisms for both SMBHs and NSCs. We also discuss evidence for a break in the NSC-host galaxy correlation, galaxies with Hubble types earlier than Sbc appear to host systematically more massive NSCs than do types Sc and later.
The European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance: application to diabetes and vascular disease
Authors: Blake Kevin V , Smeraldi Camilla , Kurz Xavier , Arlett Peter , Blackburn Stella , Fitt Henry
Published: January 2012

The European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) is an initiative led by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) aimed at further strengthening the post-authorisation monitoring of medicinal products in Europe by facilitating the undertaking of multi-centre, independent, studies focusing on safety and on benefit/risk. A key objective of ENCePP is to provide a unique point of access for all involved stakeholders, including industry or regulatory authorities, who are seeking collaboration for the commissioning or the performance of post-authorisation studies. The 2010 EMA regulatory action relating to rosiglitazone included a pharmacoepidemiological drug utilisation study to evaluate the benefit–risk profile in a real-life setting and has also led to the commissioning of an ENCePP study to evaluate the impact of risk-minimisation activities. ENCePP seeks to improve the European Union capacity to conduct such studies and thus support decision making. Application of the ENCePP study concept will result in an increase in trust in medicines and their use. In addition, the ENCePP register of studies will serve as a resource to allow for ready access to study protocols and results, thereby ensuring transparency.
Depression in diabetes mellitus: to screen or not to screen? A patient-centred approach
Authors: van der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M
Published: January 2012

Background

Comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) occurs frequently in diabetes mellitus and is associated with high symptom burden, disability and costs. Effective treatments are available but persons with diabetes with comorbid MDD are generally under-detected. A survey showed that comorbid MDD should be identified in a systematic way, such as by screening.

Aim

To identify and describe possible strategies to screen for MDD in persons with diabetes.

Method

After a survey exploring patients’ needs, a description of best practice is provided based on a review of the literature and clinical experience.

Results

Valid instruments for screening are the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Research shows that screening and informing patients and physicians about comorbid MDD in diabetes is inadequate and more intensive treatment as follow-up is needed to change treatment and outcomes. Screening should identify patients willing and able to follow treatment if comorbid MDD is detected and should be followed by a stepwise approach to tailor treatment to patient need and ability.

Conclusion

Screening is best performed in a clinical setting, not by mail, and may be achieved by healthcare professionals using a collaborative care model.
A cost comparison of a basal–bolus regimen (glargine and glulisine) with a premixed insulin regimen in type 2 diabetes patients: the GINGER study
Authors: Vora Jiten P , Punekar Yogesh S , Keech Martin L
Published: January 2012

Objective

To investigate the comparative costs of two different insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes based on data from the GINGER study, which investigated the efficacy and safety of an intensified insulin regimen.

Methods

GINGER (Glulisine in Combination with Insulin Glargine in an Intensified Insulin Regimen) was a 52-week open label multinational study in 310 type 2 diabetes patients (glycated haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) 7.5–11.0%) treated with insulin ± metformin who were randomly allocated to a basal–bolus (glargine–glulisine) regimen or to continue with two injections per day of premixed insulin (neutral protamine hagedorn + regular insulin/insulin aspart). The cost analysis, comparing glargine–glulisine with biphasic insulin aspart (BIA) substituted for both premixes, was undertaken from a UK National Health Service perspective.

Results

The annual insulin cost per patient on glargine–glulisine (£691) was higher than BIA (£592). The cost of needles, lancets and test strips was lower for BIA than for glargine–glulisine due to fewer injections. The total annual cost per patient receiving glargine–glulisine was £1,244 compared with £939 for BIA. Over 52 weeks the relative cost of a 1% reduction in HbA1C was £950 for glargine–glulisine and £1,173 for BIA.

Conclusion

A similar reduction in HbA1C and fasting plasma glucose can be achieved at a relatively lower cost with glargine–glulisine compared with premixed insulins.
The importance of type 2 diabetes prevention: The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Murray Nikki J , Abadi Sara , Blair Aliceon , Dunk Melanie , Sampson Mike J ,   On behalf of the Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study Group
Published: January 2012

Many large studies have investigated the prevention of type 2 diabetes in people at high risk of the condition, usually with changes in diet and physical activity levels. It is estimated that 2.25 million people in the UK have type 2 diabetes, with significant personal and healthcare costs, and the value of preventative measures in tackling this enormous public health challenge are well described. The Norfolk Diabetes Prevention Study (Norfolk DPS) will screen 10,000 people at risk of type 2 diabetes over five years, randomising 950 people with ‘pre-diabetes’ into a 36-month randomised controlled trial (three-armed study) of a novel diet and lifestyle intervention. The Norfolk DPS team is multidisciplinary and the intervention will be delivered by healthcare professionals in group settings. One arm will be part delivered by lay mentors who have existing type 2 diabetes. There is no UK-validated diet and lifestyle intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in high risk groups that has been tested in a controlled trial, and an intervention delivered by those with existing type 2 diabetes has not been studied. The Norfolk DPS will provide further evidence in these areas.
Prospective observational study of referrals to hospital diabetes specialist care team (2004–2008) at a tertiary care centre
Authors: Muller Katja , Ghouri Nazim , Walker Lynn , Philip Sam
Published: January 2012

Aims

Diabetes inpatient specialist teams (DISTs) support other departments to care for people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of our adult DIST to ascertain the types of patients referred, reasons for referrals and the frequency of referrals.

Methods

Using prospectively collected data on our adult DIST activity (patients > 14 yrs), we retrospectively analysed all referrals over a 48-month period (October 2004–October 2008). We also performed a more focused study over a two-month period obtaining more detailed information on DIST–patient interaction.

Results

Over the 48 months of the study, more referrals were from medical (1879, 66%) than from surgical specialties (641, 23%). Most medical referrals were from the acute medical admissions unit (411, 14.4%); the most common referral being hyperglycaemia (339, 15%). Inpatient review was the most frequent task undertaken (76% of DIST–patient interactions), which included optimisation of medication and re-review, and 15% of reviews occurred at weekends. Following an education strategy for nursing staff, referrals for hypoglycaemia decreased (27.4% in 2005, 14.7% in 2008, p=0.04 for trend).

Conclusion

A DIST makes important contributions to diabetes care in all major hospital departments. Evaluating referral patterns can help identify educational needs.
Indices Indicating Early Renal Microvascular Disease in Diabetes
Authors: Futrakul N. , Futrakul P.
Published: January 2012

Renal microvascular disease is crucial to renal disease progression. Renal microvascular disease in late stage
diabetic nephropathy is associated with defective angiogenesis and fails to respond to vasodilator treatment. Recognition
of early renal microvascular disease is necessary, since in this stage, the vascular homeostasis is adequately functional and
responsive to vasodilator treatment. Indices that can screen early renal microvascular disease include creatinine clearance
or glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow or peritubular capillary flow and fractional excretion of magnesium (FE Mg).
Silaphenolates and Silaphenylthiolates: Two Unexplored Unsaturated Silicon Compound Classes Influenced by Aromaticity
Authors: Rouf Alvi Muhammad , Ottosson Henrik
Published: January 2012

Monosilicon analogs of phenolates and phenylthiolates are studied by quantum chemical calculations. Three different silaphenolates and three different silaphenylthiolates are possible; the ortho-, meta-, and para-isomers. For the silaphenolates, the meta-isomer is the thermodynamically most stable, regardless if the substituent R at Si is H, t-Bu or SiMe3. However, with R = H and SiMe3 the energy differences between the three isomers are small, whereas with R = t-Bu the meta-isomer is ~5 kcal/mol more stable than the ortho-isomer. For the silaphenylthiolates the ortho-isomer is of lowest energy, although with R = H the ortho- and meta-isomers are isoenergetic. The calculated nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) indicate that the silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates are influenced by aromaticity, but they are less aromatic than the parent silabenzene. The geometries and charge distributions suggest that all silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates to substantial degrees are described by resonance structures with an exocyclic C=O double bond and a silapentadienyl anionic segment. Indeed, they resemble the all-carbon phenolate and phenylthiolate. Silaphenylthiolates are less bond alternate and have slightly more negative NICS values than analogous silaphenolates, suggesting that this compound class is a bit more aromatic. Dimerization of the silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates is hampered due to intramolecular Coulomb repulsion in the dimers, and silaphenolates with a moderately bulky SiMe3 group as substituent at Si should prefer the monomeric form.
Hydrodynamic Behavior of Dendrigraft Polylysines in Water and Dimethylformamide
Authors: Yevlampieva Natalia , Dobrodumov Anatolii , Nazarova Olga , Okatova Olga , Cottet Hervé
Published: January 2012

The four first generations of dendrigraft poly-L-lysine have been studied in dimethylformamide (aprotic solvent) and in 0.2 M NaCl aqueous solutions by isothermal translation diffusion, 1H NMR and viscometry methods. The relationships between diffusion coefficient, intrinsic viscosity and molar mass have been determined for dendrigraft poly-L-lysines, and the scaling index values have been compared to classical trifunctional dendrimers. Dendrimers and dendrigraft poly-L-lysines exhibited similitudes in their hydrodynamic behaviors. Nevertheless, dendrigraft poly-L-lysines displayed a specific behavior in solution. In contrast to dendrimers, a significant change of hydrodynamic dimension of dendrigraft poly-L-lysines according to the nature of the solvent has been observed. In aprotic solvent, the dendrigraft poly-L-lysine dimensions are about two times lower than in aqueous media (i.e., the hydrodynamic volume is contracted by a factor 8 in dimethylformamide), revealing the softness of dendrigraft poly-L-lysine compared to classical trifunctional dendrimers.