bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield Maximization of Rice (Oryza sativa) through Integrated Nutrient Management
Authors: Rashid Md. Mamunur , Begum Setara , Manir Mohammad Rezaul , Islam Md. Sirajul , Shalahuddin AKM , Jahan Afsana , Musha Md. Mahamudul Hasan , Hasan Md. Arefin
Published: May 2024

This experiment was conducted on a permanent layout at the west byde of BRRI farm, Gazipur during T. Aman 2019 to Boro 2021-22 to find out the suitable management practices for yield maximization of rice and soil health. Seven treatments in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) Design with three replications were imposed and each treatment was assigned in 5m × 4m sized plot. The treatments combinations were T1= Absolute Control (No nutrient supply), T2 = BRRI dose N-P-K-S@83-17-53-12 kg ha-1 in T. Aman and 138-21-75-21 kg ha-1 in Boro season, T3= Soil Test Based (STB) Fertilizer Dose N-P-K-S @ 67-10-40-10 kg ha-1 in T. Aman and 134-16-75-10 kg ha-1 in Boro, T4 = STB dose + 1 t ha-1 Cowdung, T5 = STB dose + 1 t ha-1 Poultry manure, T6 = STB dose + 1 t ha-1 Vermicompost and T7 = STB dose + 0.33 t ha-1 CD + 0.33 t ha-1 PM + 0.33 t ha-1 VC. Thirty-days old seedling of BRRI dhan87 in T. Aman and fourty-two days old seedling of BRRI dhan89 in Boro season were transplanted at 20 cm × 20 cm spacing in both seasons. All manures, soil and plant samples analysis were done by the help of soil Science Division BRRI, Gazipur. Initial soil (0-15 cm depth) properties were: soil texture, clay loam; pH, 6.94; organic Carbon, 1.59%; Nitrogen, 0.18%; Phosphorus, 21.88 ppm and Potassium, 0.19meq/100g soil. Thirty days old seedling of BRRI dhan87 in T. Aman and 42 days old seedling of BRRI dhan89 in Boro season were transplanted at 20cm x 20cm spacing. Grain yield, tiller number, panicle number, plant height and grain number were significantly affected by the different integrated nutrient management during both T. Aman and Boro season. Grain yield, tiller number, panicle number, plant height and grain number were significantly affected by the different nutrient management in both T. Aman and Boro season. Poultry manure related treatments and BRRI recommended dose performed better than the others in all the parameter except 1000-grain weight. On the other hand, Absolute Control (No nutrient supply) produced the lowest result.  Every parameter, Poultry manure treatments have been performed the best. STB dose with one t ha-1 poultry manure is better for maximization of rice yield.
Precision Fertilization Strategies for Maximizing Jute Yield in Alluvial Soils of Seemanchal Region of Bihar
Authors: Singh Rama Kant , Kumar Pankaj , Jalaj R.K. , Kumar Ratan , Rani Shobha , Singh R.N. , Sohane R.K.
Published: May 2024

This research explores precision fertilization techniques to enhance jute production in Katihar district, Bihar, crucial for small farming households in the Seemanchal region, aiming to replace indiscriminate nitrogen application with the Soil Test Targeted Yield (ST-TY) method, crucial for the economic and environmental value of jute, known as the "golden fiber." Over two years (2019-2020) in the Seemanchal region's Katihar district, an experiment compared Soil Test Targeted Yield (ST-TY) method with traditional practices, revealing minimal impact on soil properties but significant decreases in available nitrogen and phosphorus levels raising concern over nutrient management. Notably, achieving a targeted fiber yield of 32.52 qha-1 through specific fertilizer applications (83:35:19 N:P:K kg/ha) with organic matter consistently outperformed other methods. The method resulted in superior plant growth (385 cm) and fiber production (32.52 q ha-1), yielding the highest net income (96884 Rs ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (3.44), showcasing its economic viability. This underscores the importance of tailored fertilizer strategies and organic materials for enhancing jute cultivation, suggesting broader adoption potential in Seemanchal and beyond.
Comprehensive Analysis of Landform and Land Use/ Land Cover Mapping of Waghora Watershed Using Sentinal-2B and SRTM-DEM Data
Authors: Sinha Yagani , Sahu K.K. , Srivastava Rajeev , Nagaraju M.S.S. , Porte S.S. , Saxena R.R.
Published: May 2024

This paper aims to integrate the use of high spectral resolution a remote sensing data of Sentinel-2B imagery along with the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from the SRTM stereo data to delineate the landforms and analyze the land use and land cover in Waghora watershed, Sausar tehsil, Chhindwara district, situated on basaltic terrain in northern Deccan plateau. A 30 m resolution DEM of the study area was generated, capturing terrain parameters like elevation, slope, aspect, hillshade, and drainage. Sentinel-2B (10 m) images from two seasons were collected FCC (false colour composite) and were prepared by ARCGIS software. combination of Sentinel-2B imagery, SRTM-DEM data, and ground truth verifications to delineate eight major landforms in the studied area. Slope information, extracted from high-resolution DEMs, reveals 4 distinct slope classes. The landforms, including Plateau, Escarpment, Foot Slope, Upper Pediment, Lower Pediment, Valley, Interfluve, and Mound, are characterized based on visual interpretation and geological context. Each landform exhibits unique features, elevation ranges, and dominant land use/cover types, such as single crop cultivation, forest, or degraded land. This detailed terrain analysis aids in land-use planning and environmental management initiatives. The land use/land cover analysis utilizes Sentinel-2B data to identify five classes: degraded forest, double crop, single crop, orchard, and land with and without scrubs. Dense forest dominates 24.2% of the watershed, while double crop and single crop lands cover 36.7% and 24.2% respectively. Orchards occupy a minimal 0.8% of the area, and wastelands account for 5.7%. The relationship between landforms, slope, and land use/cover reveals dominant forestation on steep escarpments, while valleys and interfluves support double cropping due to gentle slopes and depositional processesThe study elucidated connections to examine diverse biophysical phenomena. It highlights the effectiveness of employing SRTM-DEM and Sentinel-2B imagery for analyzing geomorphic characteristics and mapping land use/land cover, offering significant perspectives for land management and planning approaches.
Species Diversity and Composition of Macrophytes in Shallabugh Wetland, Ganderbal, Jammu, and Kashmir, India
Authors: Javid Mohsin , Ahmad Khursheed , Rahmani Asad R. , Ahmad Firdous , Nigam Parag
Published: May 2024

Macrophyte diversity, richness, and composition of the Shallabugh wetland Reserve, one of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in India. The wetland shows the presence of 39 plant species of 27 families and three tree species belonging to three families and a diversity index of H = 3.12 and Evenness e^H/S = 0.5836. The high Importance Value Index (IVI=22.8) was recorded for Typha latifolia, followed by Ceratophyllum demersum (IVI=19.2). The shift in macrophyte community structure is evidenced by the local extinction of Nelumbo nucifera from the Shallabugh wetland area and the near-disappearance of some economically important plants such as Trapa natans (IVI= 0.24). The investigation of various aspects of the wetland ecology of Shallabugh reveals that species composition has witnessed great changes over the years. The conversion of the 141 hectares of wetland into grassland gave way for terrestrial species to flourish.  The study serves as the baseline study of the macrophyte community composition and structure of the Shallabugh wetland.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Neem oil and Microalgae in the Management of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Leaf Spot Caused by Alternaria spp.
Authors: Kumar Gorentla Ajith , Simon Sobita
Published: May 2024

The current study aimed to assess the effectiveness of neem oil and microalgae in controlling leaf spot caused by Alternaria spp. in cowpea (Vigna unguiculataL.). The research was conducted during the Zaid season of 2022 at the Central Research Field of the Department of Plant Pathology, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, using a Randomized Block Design with three replications and seven treatments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to draw conclusions from the data. Leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria spp poses a significant threat to cowpea crops, resulting in yield losses and decreased plant vigor. An in vivo study was carried out to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of microalgae combined with neem oil at 1% on plant growth parameters and Disease Intensity (%). The application of microalgae @540 grams in various splits and neem oil @1% was done. Among all the treatments, T4 (Microalgae 48gms @5 DAS 96gms@15,45 DAS + Neem oil @1% showed promising results. Notably, the T4 treatment significantly increased plant height (84.63 cm) and the number of branches(10.83) at60DAS. Moreover, an increased numberof nodules per plant (21.44) was observed at 75 DAS, indicating improved root health and nitrogen fixation. Additionally, the treatment led to longer pod length (34.44 cm) in three pickings, suggesting enhanced yield potential. Furthermore, the combined application of microalgae and neem oil resulted in a significant reduction in disease intensity, with a notable decrease of 24.47% compared to untreated plants and those treated with chemicals (Bavistin). This indicates that the use of microalgae and neem oil together effectively suppressed leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria spp. in cowpea, thereby improving plant health and productivity. In conclusion, these findings underscore the potential use of eco-friendly alternatives like microalgae and neem oil for managing leaf spot disease in cowpea cultivation. Further research in this area is recommended for sustainable agricultural practices.
Lineage Tracing in the Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: Barker Nick , Clevers Hans
Published: May 2010

This unit describes the theory and detailed protocols for performing in vivo lineage tracing from Lgr5+ve intestinal stem cells using an Lgr5‐EGFP‐ires‐CreERT2/Rosa26lacZ mouse model. Lineage tracing can be initiated in mice at any age by administering limiting doses of the hormone tamoxifen. This activates the lacZ reporter gene in the Lgr5+ve stem cells, which subsequently transmit this permanent genetic mark to their progeny as they repopulate the epithelium during normal homeostasis. Because the Lgr5+ve cells are long‐lived, self‐renewing stem cells, they continuously generate lacZ progeny, which contribute to tissue renewal over the entire lifetime of the mouse. The same protocols can be applied to performing in vivo lineage tracing from other Lgr5+ve stem cell populations, including those in the hair‐follicle and stomach. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 13:5A.4.1‐5A.4.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bulk Nanoporous Metal for Actuation
Authors: Jin Hai‐Jun , Weissmüller Jörg
Published: May 2010

Nanoporous metals prepared by controlled chemical or electrochemical corrosion of alloys can provide prototypical manifestations of bulk nanostructured material. Samples are readily prepared with dimensions at the millimeter or centimeter scale, while at the same time the microstructure is a homogeneous array of interpenetrating solid skeleton phase and pore channels with a characteristic size that can reach down to below 5 nm. The interest in nanoporous metals as functional materials derives from recent observations of unique materials behavior resulting from their extremely small structure size and their open porosity with large volume‐specific surface area. As an example, this article discusses the possible use of nanoporous metal for actuation.
Supramolecular Soft Adhesive Materials
Authors: Courtois Jérémie , Baroudi Imane , Nouvel Nicolas , Degrandi Elise , Pensec Sandrine , Ducouret Guylaine , Chanéac Corinne , Bouteiller Laurent , Creton Costantino
Published: May 2010

The rheological and adhesive properties of bis‐urea functionalized low‐molecular‐weight polyisobutylenes (PIBUT) are investigated. The polymers, which can interact through supramolecular hydrogen bonds, can self‐organize over times of the order of days at room temperature. This organized structure has been identified by small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and its rheological properties indicate the behaviour of a soft viscoelastic gel. The ordered structure can be disrupted by temperature and shear so that at 80 °C, the material behaves as a highly viscoelastic fluid and no SAXS peak is observed. When cooled back at room temperature, the PIBUT retrieves its ordered structure and gel properties after 20 h of annealing. This very slow molecular dynamics gives PIBUT a highly dissipative nature upon deformation, which combined with strongly interacting moieties results in very interesting adhesive properties both on steel surfaces but more importantly on typical low adhesion surfaces such as silicone. A strategy based on the controlled incorporation of supramolecular bonds in a covalently crosslinked network appears promising for the development of a new generation of highly interacting and dissipative soft adhesives.
Silica‐Coated Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles as a Platform for Targeted Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Cells
Authors: Yang Hong , Zhuang Yeming , Hu He , Du Xiaoxia , Zhang Cuixia , Shi Xiangyang , Wu Huixia , Yang Shiping
Published: May 2010

Monodisperse silica‐coated manganese oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of ∼35 nm are synthesized and are aminated through silanization. The amine‐functionalized core–shell NPs enable the covalent conjugation of a fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC), and folate (FA) onto their surface. The formed Mn3O4@SiO2(RBITC)–FA core–shell nanocomposites are water‐dispersible, stable, and biocompatible when the Mn concentration is below 50 µg mL−1 as confirmed by a cytotoxicity assay. Relaxivity measurements show that the core–shell NPs have a T1 relaxivity (r1) of 0.50 mM−1 s−1 on the 0.5 T scanner and 0.47 mM−1 s−1 on the 3.0 T scanner, suggesting the possibility of using the particles as a T1 contrast agent. Combined flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging studies show that the Mn3O4@SiO2(RBITC)–FA nanocomposites can specifically target cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors (FARs). Findings from this study suggest that the silica‐coated Mn3O4 core–shell NPs could be used as a platform for bimodal imaging (both magnetic resonance and fluorescence) in various biological systems.
Polysaccharide‐Derived Carbons for Polar Analyte Separations
Authors: White Robin J. , Antonio Carla , Budarin Vitaly L. , Bergström Ed , Thomas‐Oates Jane , Clark James H.
Published: May 2010

Highly mesoporous (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, SBET > 200 m2 g−1; mesopore volume > 1 cm3 g−1) carbonaceous materials are prepared in a truly sustainable manner, from the naturally occurring polysaccharide alginic acid. This approach yields large mesoporous materials (pore diameter > 14 nm) significantly without the use of a template or carbonization catalyst. The direct thermal decomposition of mesoporous forms of the acidic polysaccharide allows for an extremely flexible material preparation strategy. Materials can be prepared at any desired carbonization temperature (e.g., 200–1000 °C), possessing similar textural properties, but progressively presenting more uniform surface functionality through this temperature range, from more oxygenated surfaces at low temperatures to increasingly aromatic/graphitic‐like surfaces. The high‐temperature material (i.e., 1000 °C), while predominantly amorphous, presents some short range (turbostratic) ordering, providing sufficiently polarizable surfaces on which to perform challenging liquid phase separations of polar sugar analytes.
Monodisperse Polymer Capsules: Tailoring Size, Shell Thickness, and Hydrophobic Cargo Loading via Emulsion Templating
Authors: Cui Jiwei , Wang Yajun , Postma Almar , Hao Jingcheng , Hosta‐Rigau Leticia , Caruso Frank
Published: May 2010

The preparation of monodisperse polymer (polydopamine, PDA) capsules by a one‐step interfacial polymerization of dopamine onto dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDES) emulsion droplets and removal of the DMDES templates with ethanol is reported. The diameters of the PDA capsules can be tailored from 400 nm to 2.4 µm by varying either the DMDES emulsion condensation time or the emulsion concentration used for templating. Further, capsules with defined nanometer‐scale shell thicknesses (ranging from ∼10 to 30 nm) can be prepared by adjusting the emulsion concentration. This shell thickness can be increased by repeated interfacial polymerization of dopamine, with three cycles yielding capsules with a shell thickness of up to 140 nm (for a 0.6% v/v suspension). Functional substances, such as organically stabilized magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, quantum dots (CdSe/CdS), and hydrophobic drugs (thiocoraline), can be preloaded in the emulsion droplets, and following PDA coating and DMDES removal, these materials remain encapsulated in the polymer capsules. All of the unloaded and loaded PDA capsules are monodisperse and do not aggregate. This work provides new avenues for the preparation of polymer capsules with defined size and shell thickness and for the encapsulation of a range of hydrophobic substances.
Multifunctional Magnetic Optical Sensor Particles with Tunable Sizes for Monitoring Metabolic Parameters and as a Basis for Nanotherapeutics
Authors: Mistlberger Günter , Koren Klaus , Scheucher Elisabeth , Aigner Daniel , Borisov Sergey M. , Zankel Armin , Pölt Peter , Klimant Ingo
Published: May 2010

Magnetic optical sensor particles with multifunctional cores and shells are synthesized via a facile nanoprecipitation method and the subsequent modification of the particle shell. The hydrophobic particle core includes optical oxygen indicators, a light harvesting system, photosensitizers, and magnetic nanoparticles. Further functionalities are introduced by modifying the shell with enzymes, antibodies, multiple layers of polyelectrolytes, stimuli‐responsive polymers, and luminescent indicator dyes. The hydrodynamic diameter is tunable by varying different precipitation parameters.
Control of Optical Hysteresis in Block Copolymer Photonic Gels: A Step Towards Wet Photonic Memory Films
Authors: Kim Eunjoo , Kang Changjoon , Baek Heeyoel , Hwang Kyosung , Kwak Dongwoo , Lee Eunkyung , Kang Youngjong , Thomas Edwin L.
Published: May 2010

Polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) block copolymer photonic gels are fabricated that exhibit controllable optical hysteresis in response to a cyclic pH sweep. The optical hysteresis is tuned by controlling the ion‐pairing affinity between various anions and the protonated pyridinium ions on the P2VP block, which is highly dependent on the hydration energy of the ions, the dielectric constant of the solvent, and the ionic strength of the medium. The pH coercivity defining the magnitude of hysteresis of the photonic gels could be varied from 0.26 to 7.4. Photonic gel films with strong optical hysteresis can serve as wet photonic memory films where information can be cyclically recorded and erased at least 15 times and maintained for at least 96 h. The memory colors can be further tuned by selection of the copolymer molecular weight.
Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amination of Acidic Aryl CH Bonds with Primary Aromatic Amines
Authors: Zhao Huaiqing , Wang Min , Su Weiping , Hong Maochun
Published: May 2010

A copper‐catalyzed intermolecular aerobic oxidative CH bond amination of various polyfluorobenzenes with an array of primary aromatic amines was achieved for the first time. The reactivity of the polyfluorobenzenes was observed to depend on the acidity of CH bonds. Under similar reaction conditions, the CH bond amination of azoles also occurred.
An Efficient and Selective Epoxidation of Olefins with Novel Methyltrioxorhenium/(Fluorous Ponytailed) 2,2′‐Bipyridine Catalysts
Authors: Saladino Raffaele , Ginnasi Maria Cristina , Collalto Daniela , Bernini Roberta , Crestini Claudia
Published: May 2010

Novel complexes between methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) and bis(fluorous‐ponytailed) 2,2′‐bipyridines (bpy‐Fn) were synthesized and used for the oxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide under fluorous catalysis. High conversions and yields of the corresponding epoxides were obtained.
Activity‐induced dental modification in holocene siberian hunter‐fisher‐gatherers
Authors: Waters‐Rist Andrea , Bazaliiskii Vladimir I. , Weber Andrzej , Goriunova Olga I. , Katzenberg M. Anne
Published: May 2010

The use of teeth as tools provides clues to past subsistence patterns and cultural practices. Five Holocene period hunter‐fisher‐gatherer mortuary sites from the south‐western region of Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russian Federation, are observed for activity‐induced dental modification (AIDM) to further characterize their adaptive regimes. Grooves on the occlusal surfaces of teeth are observed in 25 out of 123 individuals (20.3%) and were most likely produced during the processing of fibers from plants and animals, for making items such as nets and cordage. Regional variation in the frequency of individuals with occlusal grooves is found in riverine versus lakeshore sites. This variation suggests that production of material culture items differed, perhaps in relation to different fishing practices. There is also variation in the distribution of grooves by sex: grooves are found predominately in females, except at the Late Neolithic‐Bronze Age river site of Ust'‐Ida I where grooves are found exclusively in males. Occlusal grooves were cast using polyvinylsiloxane and maxillary canine impressions were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine striation patterns. Variation in striae orientation suggests that a variety of activities, and/or different manufacturing techniques, were involved in groove production. Overall, the variability in occlusal groove frequency, sex and regional distribution, and microscopic striae patterns, points to the multiplicity of activities and ways in which people used their mouths and teeth in cultural activities. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:266–278, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radical annihilation of γ‐ray‐irradiated contact lens blanks made of a 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer at elevated temperatures
Authors: Lin Young‐Shang , Ming Li‐June , Peng J. S. , Fu Ying‐Kai , Lee Sanboh
Published: May 2010

The annihilation of the radicals in irradiated 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer was analyzed by the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra were deconvoluted into three radicals: a quartet (Ra), a triplet (Rb), and a broad singlet (Rc). Radical Ra was attributed to coupling with a methyl radical and/or a doublet or triplet with about the same hyperfine coupling due to a methylene radical. Radical Rb was due to a methylene radical produced by main‐chain scission. Radical Rc was attributed to various free radicals without coupling to protons. By comparing the EPR spectra of radicals Ra, Rb, and Rc with the spectrum of a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) standard with a known spin number, we calculated the spin numbers of the radicals, which decreased with time in the temperature range 25–45°C, regardless of the irradiation dose. The annealing of Ra and Rb and the annealing of Rc at longer times followed second‐order kinetics; these were different from the kinetics for the color formation and defect‐controlled hardening of polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of a cured epoxy resin with a benzoxazine monomer containing allyl groups
Authors: Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Liu Wei‐Chen
Published: May 2010

Vinyl‐terminated benzoxazine (VB‐a), which can be polymerized through ring‐opening polymerization, was synthesized through the Mannich condensation of bisphenol A, formaldehyde, and allylamine. This VB‐a monomer was then blended with epoxy resin and then concurrently thermally cured to form an epoxy/VB‐a copolymer network. To understand the curing kinetics of this epoxy/VB‐a copolymer, dynamic differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed by the Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses revealed the presence of thermal curing reactions and hydrogen‐bonding interactions of the epoxy/VB‐a copolymers. Meanwhile, a significant enhancement of the ring‐opening and allyl polymerizations of the epoxy was observed. For these interpenetrating polymer networks, dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that the thermal properties increased with increasing VB‐a content in the epoxy/VB‐a copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of the phase morphology on the molecular orientation at the crack tips in rubber‐modified nylon 6: A micro Fourier transform infrared study
Authors: Xu Wenfei , Lv Ruihua , Na Bing , Tian Nana , Li Zhujun
Published: May 2010

Despite extensive efforts to understand the toughening mechanism of rubber‐modified semicrystalline polymers, the plastic deformation event at the crack tips with an extreme deformation gradient and its correlation with phase morphology is, thus far, poorly understood. In this study, micro Fourier transform infrared measurements were adopted to give direct evidence of plastic deformation at the crack tips by the molecular orientation in nylon 6/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends with a distinct phase morphology. Significant plastic deformation ahead of the crack tips, manifested by a high molecular orientation, was observed in the compatibilized nylon 6/EPDM blends with fine rubber particles. Moreover, the increased transverse crack‐propagation resistance due to high molecular orientation dramatically extended the plastic deformation into adjacent regions around the crack tips; this was responsible for enhanced energy dissipation during the fracture process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Crosslinking behavior of dextran modified with hydroxyethyl methacrylate upon irradiation with visible light—Effect of concentration, coinitiator type, and solvent
Authors: Kamoun Elbadawy A. , Menzel Henning
Published: May 2010

This study presents the synthesis of a crosslinkable dextran as starting material for the development of new hydrogels as drug delivery system in dental applications. 2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was coupled to dextran after activation with carbonyldiimidazole as monitored by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The Dex‐HEMA was crosslinked by visible light in the presence of camphorquinone (CQ) as photoinitiator and a coinitiator in a proper solvent. Aliphatic or aromatic amines were used as coinitiators and the content of the coinitiator was varied from 0.25 to 3.0 mol %. Diphenyliodonium chloride was added as a third component to the above photoinitiation system. It was observed that, the degree of swelling decreased upon an increase of Dex‐HEMA concentration and the water content in the solvent system due to formation of more crosslinking points, that is, increasing crosslink density (Px). The type of coinitiator shows a prominent impact on the swelling behavior and crosslinking efficiency of hydrogels. Special cryofixation and cryofracture techniques were used to investigate the surface and interior of swollen Dex‐HEMA hydrogel samples by SEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Development and characterization of polypyrrole‐polylactide conductive open‐porous composites
Authors: Chan Christine , Naguib Hani E.
Published: May 2010

In this study, conductive porous composites were fabricated using the host substrate with an interconnected porous network, followed by the penetration and deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) to create a continuous conductive network. The open‐porous host substrate was processed using polylactide (PLA) with compression molding and salt leaching techniques. Three different salt contents were varied from 75 wt %, 85 wt %, and 90 wt %, which were referred to by their salt‐to‐polymer mass ratios of 3, 6, and 9, respectively. The porous network was made conductive by coating its interior surfaces through in situ polymerization of PPy using iron (III) chloride as the oxidant species. These porous composites were then characterized to analyze the relationships between their morphology and their physical, conductive, and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties were then fitted with numerically simulated results from finite element modeling (FEM). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
SAXS study applied to reversibly crosslinked isotactic polypropylene/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Bouhelal S. , Cagiao M. E. , Benachour D. , Djellouli B. , Rong L. , Hsiao B. S. , Baltá‐Calleja F. J.
Published: May 2010

A new route based on reversibly crosslinking reactive extrusion is applied for the development of iPP/clay nanocomposites. Analysis of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) reflections of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/clay nanocomposites, prepared by two different mixing and chemical crosslinking methods (i.e., conventional and in situ), is presented and results are compared with preceding wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results. It is shown that the presence of clay significantly affects the value of long spacing in iPP, as well as the coherence length of lamellar stacks. Results show that the size of the coherently diffracting nanodomains decreases in two stages, first rapidly and then slowly as a function of increasing clay content. This can be attributed to the influence of confined iPP lamellae under the effect of rising number of clay particles. The appearance of the γ‐crystalline form in the crosslinked iPP/clay nanocomposites is related with the difficulty in chain folding of iPP chains introduced by the chemical crosslinking process, as well as by the presence of clay particles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Probing the Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols by CIDNP: From Model Compounds to Green Tea and Red Wine
Authors: Neshchadin Dmytro , Levinn Rebecca , Gescheidt Georg , Batchelor Stephen N.
Published: May 2010

Polyphenols occur naturally in a vast variety of plants. One of their predominant properties is their antioxidant activity. To provide a deeper understanding of the antioxidant mechanism, 1H CIDNP spectroscopy (CIDNP=chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization) is used to study model hydrogen abstraction reactions with four catechin‐based polyphenols: catechin (CA), gallocatechin (GC), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The experiments involve photoinduced hydrogen‐atom transfer to a hydrogen abstractor (e.g., excited isopropylthioxanthone) followed under steady‐state conditions and in a time‐resolved fashion (resolution 500 ns–1 ms). It is found that hydrogen abstraction is an essentially stochastic process with a slight preference for the B rings in the catechin‐based polyphenols. Remarkably, analogous reactivity patterns could be followed in the “real systems”, green tea and red wine. We also show that CIDNP can be used as a semiquantitative tool to assess chemical reactivity.
Motivations, barriers, and incentives for adopting environmental management (cost) accounting and related guidelines: a study of the republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Ki‐Hoon
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical case for research in environmental management accounting and/or environmental cost accounting. The paper provides an analysis of the current status of environmental management and/or environmental cost accounting at the industry level. The author explores the extent of management research in the field of corporate sustainability management and environmental management accounting. The study employs a survey method for identifying factors to adopt environmental cost accounting and its guidelines within organizations in Korean manufacturing industry contexts. The paper uncovers those manufacturing industries' views on motivations and obstacles to adopt environmental cost accounting and its guidelines, and general perceptions on related issues. It is found that there is a lack of a systematically structured approach to implement environmental cost accounting internally in practice. The study also finds that some difficulties to adopt environmental cost accounting in practice are caused by the existing accounting and information system. The paper suggests where further contributions might be made by future research endeavours engaging with different industry sectors and country levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The shape of plasma glucose concentration curve during OGTT predicts future risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Abdul‐Ghani Muhammad A. , Lyssenko Valeriya , Tuomi Tiinamaija , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Groop Leif
Published: May 2010

Background

The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between the shape of plasma glucose concentration during the OGTT and future risk for T2DM.

Methods

2445 non‐diabetic subjects from the Botnia study received an OGTT at baseline and after 7–8 years of follow‐up.

Results

NGT and IFG subjects who returned their plasma glucose concentration following an ingested glucose load below FPG within 60 min had increased insulin sensitivity, greater insulin secretion and lower risk for future T2DM compared to NGT and IFG subjects whose post‐load plasma glucose concentration required 120 min or longer to return their plasma glucose level to FPG level. IGT subjects who had a lower plasma glucose concentration at 1‐h compared to 2‐h during OGTT had greater insulin sensitivity, better beta cell function and lower risk for future T2DM.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the shape of glucose curve can be utilized to assess future risk for T2DM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C–H Activation with Iridium(III) and Rhodium(III) Alkyl Complexes Containing a 2,2′‐Bipyridyl Ligand
Authors: Yi Xiao‐Yi , Chan Ka‐Wang , Huang Enrique Kwang , Sau Yiu‐Keung , Williams Ian D. , Leung Wa‐Hung
Published: May 2010

Heating [Rh(dtbpy)(κ2‐C,C′‐CH2CMe2C6H4)(CH2CMe2Ph)] (1; dtbpy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl) in p‐xylene at 110 °C resulted in the formation of the 2‐tert‐butylphenyl complex [Rh(dtbpy)(κ2‐C,C′‐CH2CMe2C6H4)(C6H4tBu‐2)] (3). Treatment of complex 1 with diethyl phosphite gave the phosphito‐bridged dimer [Rh(dtbpy)(κ2‐C,C′‐CH2CMe2C6H4){P(O)(OEt)2}]2 (4). Refluxing [Ir(dtbpy)(κ2‐C,C′‐CH2CMe2C6H4)(C6H4tBu‐2)] (2) with 2‐phenylpyridine (ppyH) and 4‐(2‐pyridyl)benzaldehyde in toluene followed by column chromatography afforded [Ir(dtbpy)(CH2CMe2Ph)Cl(κ2‐N,C‐ppy)] (5) and the carbonyl complex [Ir(dtbpy)(CH2CMe2Ph)(CO)(R)] (6) [R = 4‐(2‐pyridyl)phenyl], respectively. Anion metathesis of [M(dtbpy)(CH2CMe2Ph)(H2O)(OTs)2] with NaBArF4 [ArF = 3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3] afforded cationic [M(dtbpy)(CH2CMe2Ph)(H2O)(μ‐OTs)]2[BArF4]2 [M = Rh (7), Ir (8)] that are capable of catalyzing H/D exchange of tetrahydrofuran by using D2O as the deuterium source. The crystal structures of complexes 4–7 were determined.
Linseed oil inclusion in sea bream diets: Effect on fatty acid composition during ice storage
Authors: Castro Pedro L. , Caballero María J. , Millán Rafael , Ginés Rafael , Montero Daniel , Izquierdo Marisol
Published: May 2010

Impact on proximate and fatty acids patterns of partial and complete dietary replacement of fish oil (FO) by linseed oil (LO) within on‐growing period was evaluated on marketable‐size gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) during 17 days of ice storage. The practical diets were factorially designed as follows: 100% FO (FO), 70% LO + 30% LO (70LO) and 100% LO (100LO). On day 0 of ice storage, there were no significant differences in proximate composition among different treatments. Fish fed FO diet showed high saturated, monounsatured and highly unsaturated fatty acids proportions, whereas fillets from fish fed LO diets increased in 18:3n‐3 content and consequently n‐3 polyunsaturated content. Furthermore, fillet from fish fed FO diets had the highest n‐3/n‐6 ratio. Throughout ice storage no significant fatty acid losses were found, with fish fed LO diets maintaining the highest 18:3n‐3 levels.
Production of lipid from N‐acetylglucosamine by Cryptococcus curvatus
Authors: Wu Siguo , Hu Cuimin , Zhao Xin , Zhao Zongbao K.
Published: May 2010

N‐Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), the monomeric constituent of chitin, is rarely used as a carbon source for fermentation technology. In this study, we demonstrate that the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509 can produce intracellular lipid during the cultivation process and total lipid content can reach 54% on a GlcNAc‐based medium. Culture of C. curvatus under various conditions indicated that lipid accumulation also occurred at a relatively broad range of temperatures as well as relatively high initial GlcNAc concentrations. Fatty acid analysis indicated that the product was rich in palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid, closely resembling the composition of palm oil. More importantly, the lipid sample produced at 22 °C had a total saturated fatty acid content of 54.2 wt%, suggesting that it may be explored as cocoa‐butter equivalent. Our data suggested that GlcNAc could be used as a feedstock for industrial biotechnology and that C. curvatus ATCC 20509 is a strain capable of accumulating high intracellular lipid using this nitrogen‐rich renewable material.

Practical applications: Microbial lipid is a versatile material, especially for biodiesel production. Stable and abundant renewable raw substrates remain to be explored for large‐scale production of microbial lipid. The present work reports lipid production using N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus ATCC 20509 to yield up to 54% intracellular lipid content. More significantly, the lipid sample produced at 22 °C had a total saturated fatty acid content of 54.2 wt%, suggesting that it may be explored as cocoa‐butter equivalent. Our technology provides the opportunity to effectively convert GlcNAc, available from one of the most abundant renewable materials chitin, into lipid. This procedure should prove valuable in terms of renewable energy production as well as environmental pollution control.
Rapid Synthesis of Functionalized Indenes, Triazoles, and Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulators by Sequential Multicatalysis Cascade Reactions
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Mondal Rumpa , Venkaiah Chintalapudi
Published: May 2010

A general process for the synthesis of substituted indenes and 1,2,3‐triazoles was achieved for the first time through a multicatalysis cascade reaction of 2‐ethynylbenzaldehydes, CH acids, organic hydrides, and azides in the presence of a catalytic amount of L‐proline/CuI/DIPEA. In this communication, we discovered the utilization of a single copper catalyst for two different reactions and shown synthetic application to the high‐yielding synthesis of glucocorticoid receptor modulators.
Inhibitors of the Large Ribosomal Subunit from Haloarcula marismortui
Authors: Moore Peter B.
Published: May 2010

The crystal structures that have been obtained for 23 different inhibitors bound to the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui are reviewed here. These structures provide important insights into how anti‐ribosomal antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis, how species specificity arises, and the relationship between ribosomal mutations and antibiotic resistance. These structural studies also provide compelling evidence that the conformation of the peptidyl transferase center of the large ribosomal subunit is intrinsically variable, and that conformational equilibria play a role in determining its functional properties.
Sense and significance: a mixed methods examination of meaning making after the loss of one's child
Authors: Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Currier Joseph M. , Neimeyer Robert A. , Keesee Nancy J.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to identify specific themes of meaning making (sense making and benefit finding) among bereaved parents, as well as to examine associations of these themes to the severity of grief symptomatology. A sample of 156 bereaved parents responded in writing to open‐ended questions about sense making and benefit finding. We assessed normative grief symptoms with the Core Bereavement Items (Burnett, Middleton, Raphael, & Martinek, 1997) and maladaptive grief symptoms with the Inventory of Complicated Grief (Prigerson et al., 1995). Qualitative analyses revealed 45% of the sample could not make sense of their loss, and 21% could not identify benefits related to their loss experience. These parents had more severe normative and maladaptive grief symptoms. Overall, parents discussed 32 distinct approaches to finding meaning in their child's death, 14 of which involved sense making, and 18 involved themes of benefit finding. The most common sense‐making themes involved spirituality and religious beliefs, and the most common benefit‐finding themes entailed an increase in the desire to help and compassion for others' suffering. These results further reinforce the importance of meaning making for many bereaved parents and suggest the utility of developing and evaluating meaning‐centered grief interventions with this population. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–22, 2010.
Distinguishing anxiety and depression in self‐report: purification of the beck anxiety inventory and beck depression inventory‐II
Authors: Stulz Niklaus , Crits‐Christoph Paul
Published: May 2010

The overlap of symptoms associated with anxiety and depressive disorders hinders their differentiation using self‐report scales. The aim of this study was to develop purified versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) that encompass only items highly specific to anxiety and depression, respectively. However, using these purified scales only increased the ability to differentiate anxiety and depressive disorders slightly. Anxiety and depression seem to be inherently linked and, thus, the high comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders seems to be not a function of the same types of symptoms being reported for each disorder. Nevertheless, purified BAI and BDI‐II scales might be useful for separating the effects of interventions on anxiety and depressive symptoms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–14, 2010.
Reasons for terminating psychotherapy: a general population study
Authors: Westmacott Robin , Hunsley John
Published: May 2010

Clients' (N=693) reasons for ending psychotherapy and their associations with demographics, mental disorder caseness, and type of mental health care service provider were examined. The most frequently reported reason for termination was feeling better, however, a substantial minority of individuals reported terminating because of treatment dissatisfaction or wanting to solve problems independently. Lower income was associated with lower odds of termination because of feeling better and higher odds of termination because of a perception that therapy was not helping. Meeting criteria for an anxiety disorder, a mood disorder, or substance dependence decreased the odds of termination because of feeling better. These findings provide important information on the challenges to the successful completion of psychotherapy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–13, 2010.
Stereoselective synthesis of β‐amino ketones possessing β‐[(2H‐pyran‐2‐one)‐3‐yl]‐β‐chlorovinyl moiety via three‐component direct Mannich‐type reaction, catalyzed with ZrOCl2·8H2O
Authors: Shahrisa Aziz , Zirak Maryam
Published: May 2010

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New Z‐3‐chloro‐3‐(4‐chloro‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐yl)acrolein was synthesized starting from dehydroacetic acid using Vilsmeier–Haack reaction and efficiently used in three component direct Mannich‐type reaction with different anilines, cyclic and acyclic ketones catalyzed with zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2·8H2O) in ethanol at room temperature. Also, comenic aldehyde was used in direct Mannich‐type reaction at the same conditions. The reaction proceeds rapidly and affords the corresponding β‐amino ketones in good to high yields with moderate to high stereoselectivity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Solvent‐free synthesis of monastrol derivatives catalyzed by NaHSO4
Authors: Cheng Qingfang , Wang Qifa , Xu Xingyou , Ruan Mingjie , Yao Hailun , Yang Xujie
Published: May 2010

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Monastrol derivatives were synthesized by environment‐friendly three component condensation reaction of salicylaldehyde analogues, β‐ketoester, and urea or thiourea under solvent‐free conditions with NaHSO4 as catalyst in high yields. The reactions formed two different monastrol products, 4‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)pyrimidines 4 and 9‐ methyl‐ 11‐oxo(or thioxo)‐8‐oxa‐10,12‐diazatricyclotrideca derivatives 5. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
On the reaction of 3‐cyanochromones with phenyl‐ and methylhydrazines: Structural revision and a simple synthesis of chromeno[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4‐ones
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Moshkin Vladimir S. , Kodess Mikhail I.
Published: May 2010

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Reactions of 3‐cyanochromones with phenylhydrazine gave the corresponding 5‐amino‐4‐salicyloyl‐1‐phenylpyrazoles, 2‐aminochromone‐3‐carbaldehyde N‐phenylhydrazones, and 1‐phenylchromeno[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(1H)‐one, depending on the reaction conditions. With methylhydrazine, 3‐(2‐hydroxyaryl)‐1‐methylpyrazole‐4‐carbonitriles and 2‐methylchromeno[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(2H)‐ones were obtained in moderate to high yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Novel tetracyclic imidazole derivatives: Synthesis, dynamic NMR study, and anti‐inflammatory evaluation
Authors: Rupčić Renata , Modrić Marina , Hutinec Antun , Čikoš Ana , Stanić Barbara , Mesić Milan , Pešić Dijana , Merćep Mladen
Published: May 2010

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A series of tetracyclic imidazole derivatives9a,9b,9c,9d,9e,9f,9g,9h,9i,9j,9k,9l,9m,9n,9o,9p,9r,9s,9t,9vand10a,10b,10c,10d,10e,10f,10g,10hare prepared by multistep route starting from the known tricyclic diketones2a,2b,2c,2d. Intermediary dibenzooxepin[4,5‐d]imidazoles (3a,3c) and dibenzothiepin[4,5‐d]imidazoles (3b,3d) areN‐protected to4e,4fand to the isomeric compounds5a,5band6a,6b. The isomeric compounds5and6are separated. Compounds4,5,and6are formylated at C(2) to afford7a,7b,7c,7d,7e,7f,7g,7h,7i,7j. In the last steps, aldehyde group is reduced, then alkylated to the two sets of isomeric ω‐dimethylaminoalkyl derivatives9a,9b,9c,9d,9e,9f,9g,9h,9i,9j,9k,9l,9m,9n,9o,9p,9r,9s,9t,9v.N‐deprotection of9i–9vled to the compounds10a,10b,10c,10d,10e,10f,10g,10h. Assignment of thesyn/antistructure to5aand6awas supported by 1D selective ROESY NMR spectra, whereas conformational mobility for the selected representatives8aand8bis studied by dynamic NMR. Activation energies (energy barriers for interconversion) are determined to be ∼11.5 and 16.2 kcal/mol, respectively. A series of derivatives9and10were testedin vitrofor their anti‐inflammatory activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Mild and efficient oxidative aromatization of 4‐substituted‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidines using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene
Authors: Karade Nandkishor N. , Gampawar Sumit V. , Tale Nilesh P. , Kedar Sanjay B.
Published: May 2010

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4‐Alkyl or aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyrimidines were readily oxidized by (diacetoxyiodo)benzene under mild reaction conditions to the corresponding pyrimidine derivatives in good to excellent yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).