bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiological and metabolic insights into the first cultured anaerobic representative of deep-sea Planctomycetes bacteria
Authors: Zheng Rikuan , Wang Chong , Liu Rui , Cai Ruining , Sun Chaomin
Published: August 2023

Planctomycetes
bacteria are ubiquitously distributed across various biospheres and play key roles in global element cycles. However, few deep-sea
Planctomycetes
members have been cultivated, limiting our understanding of
Planctomycetes
in the deep biosphere. Here, we have successfully cultured a novel strain of
Planctomycetes
(strain ZRK32) from a cold seep sediment, by using an enriched medium supplemented with rifampicin and different sources of nitrogen. Our genomic, physiological and phylogenetic analyses indicate that strain ZRK32 is a novel species, which we propose be named:
Poriferisphaera heterotrophicis
. We show that strain ZRK32 replicates using a budding mode of division. Based on the combined results from growth assays and transcriptomic analyses, we found that rich nutrients, or supplementation with NO
3
-
or NH
4
+
promoted the growth of strain ZRK32 by facilitating energy production through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) glycolysis pathway. Moreover, supplementation with NO
3
-
or NH
4
+
induced strain ZRK32 to release a bacteriophage in a chronic manner, without host cell lysis. This bacteriophage then enabled strain ZRK32, and another marine bacterium that we studied, to metabolize nitrogen through the function of auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). Overall, these findings expand our understanding of deep-sea
Planctomycetes
bacteria, while highlighting their ability to metabolize nitrogen when reprogrammed by chronic viruses.
Comparison of health literacy and health behaviors between Korean women with and without breast cancer
Authors: Chung Goeun , Kim Hye-Jin
Published: August 2023

Purpose: This descriptive survey compared health literacy and health behaviors between Korean women with and without breast cancer.Methods: In total, 95 women with and 97 women without breast cancer (age range: 40–69 years) completed the survey. Health literacy and health behavior were analyzed in women with and without breast cancer, using the Newest Vital Sign. Results: Women with breast cancer were less frequently alcohol drinkers (14.7% vs. 47.4%, p < .001) and more frequently exercised (65.3% vs. 49.5%, p = .027), obtained health information (17.9% vs. 8.2%, p = .047), and attended health education programs (10.5% vs. 1.0%, p = .005) than women without cancer. In both groups, women with higher literacy levels outnumbered those with limited literacy. Conclusion: The results indicated that women with breast cancer were more likely to engage in health-promotion activities than women without cancer, and this increased their health literacy levels. The findings could inform interventions involving breast cancer prevention methods.
Anticancer, Antibacterial, Antifungal Activities for Hybrid Probes of Aromatic Amine and Barbituric Acid
Authors: Dhorajiya Bhaveshkumar D. , Dholakiya Bharatkumar Z. , Singh Nimisha
Published: August 2023

Cancer and microbes today remains one of the most deadly diseases in the world. In search of novel anticancer and antimicrobial probes, a series of newly hybrid molecules synthesized by combining the structural features of aromatic amines and barbituric acid, using the concept of green chemistry. This approach was accomplished efficiently using the aqueous medium to give the corresponding products in a high yield. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral analysis FT-IR,1H NMR,13C-NMR, HMBC, MASS and Elemental Analysis. Evaluations of these molecules have been carried out using four human cancer cell lines against Doxorubicin as a standard drug. Moreover all the synthesized barbiturates probes were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains and four fungal strains. Taken together, this study has led to the development of a convenient, a highly yielded and an environmentally friendly synthetic method of highly promising leads for anticancer and antimicrobial compounds.

Graphical Abstract-
Current situation and future perspectives for the use of fungi in the biomaterial industry and proposal for a new classification of fungal-derived materials
Authors: Ballen Sierra Luz Alba , Mendes-Pereira Thairine , García Glen Jasper Yupanqui , Werkhaizer Carla Queiroga , de Rezende Juliana B. , Rodrigues Thiago Augusto Borges , Badotti Fernanda , Cardoso Emanuelle Santos de Carvalho , da Costa Andréa Miura , Uetanabaro Ana Paula , Aguilar Maria Teresa , Góes-Neto Aristóteles
Published: August 2023

The potential applications of fungi in the development of new biomaterials derived from fungal mycelium have captured the attention from both the scientific community and the society. The notable ability of mycelium networks to self-construct and aggregate can be used to produce diverse biomaterials. These biomaterials can be created in a pure state, or both in conjunction with other organic/inorganic compounds. Recent advancements in mycomaterials have gained attention due to their sustainability and mechanical, thermogravimetric, and compression properties. Such properties contribute to reducing the reliance on environmentally problematic substrates within the industry. After a standardized and comprehensive review of publications on mycomaterials across different fields, such as biology, health, agriculture, engineering, and material sciences, we detected that publications on this theme are utterly scattered. This critical review enabled us to also propose a novel classification system for these fungal-derived materials to help to structure and standardize this emerging transdisciplinary field of knowledge.
Cambio en la calidad de las interacciones pedagógicas en prekínder a partir de un programa de desarrollo profesional y su relación con características de educadoras y aulas
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología, Torres Faúndez Elisa Teresita
Published: August 2023

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el cambio en calidad de interacciones de aula en 85 aulas de contextos vulnerables de Santiago de Chile, participantes en el primer año de intervención (prekínder) del programa de desarrollo profesional docente Un Buen Comienzo entre los años 2008 y 2011 en la Región Metropolitana. Junto con esto, buscó estimar la asociación de este cambio con características de las educadoras de párvulos y asistentes técnicos, entre ellas el tipo de formación inicial, los años de experiencia en aula, y la participación en instancias de formación continua, además de características de las aulas como tamaño de aula y razón adulto niño. La calidad de interacciones de aula fue medida en una escala de 1 a 7 con el instrumento Classroom Assessment Scoring System, basado en la propuesta del Teaching Through Interactions Framework, que distingue tres dominios de interacciones de aula: apoyo emocional, apoyo instruccional y organización de aula, los cuales cuentan con evidencia en distintos países y contextos educativos respecto a su relación con el aprendizaje de los niños. El cambio fue analizado a través de chi-cuadrado y odds ratio. Las características de educadoras y asistentes fueron medidas a través de un cuestionario de autorreporte, mientras que para el tamaño de aula y razón adulto niño se consideraron los registros de asistencia a clases durante el año, y su asociación con el cambio en nivel de calidad fue estimado a través de regresiones logísticas binomiales para cada dominio de interacciones de aula. Se reporta que la mayoría de las aulas se mantiene en un bajo nivel de calidad, incluso aquellas que reciben intervención, además de una importante disminución de calidad en el grupo control. Más adultos con mejor formación inicial se asocia a mejorar el nivel de calidad en apoyo emocional, mientras que al tener más años de experiencia, esta mejora es menor.
Core@Shell Catalysts based on Cobalt, Copper, and Nickel for the Conversion of Biomass Derivatives – Studies in the Conversion of Guaiacol as Model Compound of Bio-Oil
Authors:   ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Aguirre Abarca Diego
Published: August 2023

El presente trabajo estudió la preparación de catalizadores basados en Co, CU y Ni para la conversión de guayacol como molécula modelo de bio-oil obtenido de biomasa lignocelulósica. El uso de formulaciones basadas en Ni, o mezclas Co/Ni permitió obtener una gran actividad en la conversión de guayacol, con ciclohexanol y ciclohexano como productos principales. Además, el uso de modificadores orgánicos como ácido salicílico y catecol permitió incrementar la actividad de formulaciones basadas en Ni, por lo que se posee una nueva ruta de investigación para la obtención de catalizadores robustos capaces de transformar derivados de biomasa.
Evaluation of Flexural Strength of High-Strength Lightweight Cement Composites containing Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Hong Se-Hee , Lee Oh-Seong , Lee Ho-Jin , Yoon Young-Soo
Published: August 2023

Lightweight structures have garnered the attention of many researchers for their cost effectiveness and overall design reduction. Cement composites can secure their lightness by incorporating lightweight materials. However, lightweight material has low resistance to external forces. To overcome this disadvantage and achieve high-strength lightweight cement composites (HSLCC), incorporation of 0.05 wt.% carbon nanotubes was considered. In this study, we evaluate the flexural performance of reinforced HSLCC beams with carbon nanotubes considering three tensile reinforcement ratios and two shear span to depth ratios. As the flexural reinforcement ratio increased, the ductility of the specimens decreased. However, specimens 0.8-3.6, 1.3-3.6, and 1.9-3.6 satisfied the minimum ductility index and secured shear performance. The domestic design standards evaluated the flexural strength conservatively for reinforced HSLCC with carbon nanotubes.
A Study on Dam Break Simulation considering Continuous Rainfall Events
Authors: Shin Seong Cheol , Lim Jonghun , Kim Kyunghun , Kim Hung Soo
Published: August 2023

In recent years, flood damage resulting from continuous rainfall events has been on the rise. However, existing Emergency Action Plans (EAPs) addressing reservoir or dam failure only consider Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), which represents a single rainfall event. This study aims to address this limitation by simulating a dam break scenario caused by continuous rainfall events. The Chungju dam watershed was selected as the study area and a mega rainfall event scenario, involving continuous 500-year frequency rainfall intensity events, was defined. Next, the flood discharge resulting from the mega rainfall event scenario was estimated using the Consecutive Storm Event Based (ConSEB) model. The Simplified Dam Break (SMPDBK) model was employed to simulate the dam break. The flood discharge estimated for this scenario amounted to 31,080.34 cms, which is about 1.2 times larger than the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). The dam break water level simulated by the SMPDBK model was 150 m and the flood damage area was estimated to be 307.45 km2. Based on the results of the study, we highlighted the need to consider continuous rainfall events within EAPs.
Development of Alarm Grit Ratio for Drought Forecasting and Its Application to the 2021–2023 Drought
Authors: Lee Sejeong , Lee Taesam , Lee Joo-heon
Published: August 2023

The frequency and severity of droughts are increasing due to climate change and environmental disturbances brought on due to human development, making drought warning an essential tool in mitigating their effects. Drought warning can, however, be easily overlooked if people disregard its significance or repress water managers with the result of the drought warning. Therefore, in the current study, we developed an Alarm Grit Ratio (AGR) for drought warning to assess how active these have been thus far, and was estimated the ratio for the current drought in Korea from 2021 to 2023. The Korea Meteorological Administration issued three drought warnings, which were classified as agricultural, meteorological, and residential and industrial droughts. We proposed two indices to indicate how an institution issues a drought warning as a forecast for the actual drought warning that follows. These indices were AGR and Transitional Alarm Grit Ratio (TAGR). AGR measures how frequently an institute issues a drought warning forecast based on the number of actual warning conditions. Analysis of the current drought (2021–2023) indicates the issuance of warnings, while TAGR indicates the ratio of the drought warning issuance at each drought. The AGR and TAGR for the agricultural and meteorological droughts indicate underissuance of drought warnings, whereas warnings for residential and industrial droughts were appropriately issued due to the drought impact on residences and industries. Overall, we concludes that AGR and TAGR can be useful indicators of how actively an institution issues drought warnings. An institution in charge of drought warning can track these measurements and control the frequency of drought warnings by including AGR and TAGR data.
Development of a Simple Design Method for an Infiltration Facility using Curve Number
Authors: Choi Sohyun , Jun Hwandon , Lee Dongyeop , Hwang Soodeok , Park Jongpyo
Published: August 2023

As climate change accelerates, the scale and intensity of natural disasters are increasing, and the frequency of localized heavy rains is increasing rapidly. Urban watersheds have a high ratio of impervious areas. So there is a high possibility of flooding in the event of torrential rain, and large-scale damage can occur because the population and material resources are highly concentrated. River improvements, sewerage maintenance, and rainwater storage installations are frequently used to reduce flood damage. More recently, low-impact development (LID) techniques have been proposed; however, LID facilities are installed on a small scale and in various locations. In addition, they require many parameters for a rainfall-runoff analysis; consequently, the design of these facilities require too much manpower and time. In this study, we analyze the rainfall-runoff reduction effect based on the size of a facility to present a simpler, more efficient design method. Next, the curve number (CN) corresponding to the capacity of each facility is estimated and the correlation between the facility’s area ratio and the CN is analyzed. As a result, a relational expression that can calculate the new CN with the same rainfall-runoff reduction effect as the installed LID facility was derived by using the CN before the installation of the LID facility and the facility area ratio. Thus, we present a simple design method using the recalculated CN without directly entering LID facilities into a storm water management model (SWMM).
Novel insights into autophagosome biogenesis revealed by cryo‐electron tomography
Authors: Eskelinen Eeva‐Liisa
Published: August 2023

Autophagosome biogenesis, from the appearance of the phagophore to elongation and closure into an autophagosome, is one of the long‐lasting open questions in the autophagy field. Recent studies utilising cryo‐electron tomography and detailed analysis of the image data have revealed new information on the membrane dynamics of these events, including the shape and dimensions of omegasomes, phagophores and autophagosomes, and their relationships with the organelles around them. One of the important predictions from the new results is that 60–80% of the autophagosome membrane area is delivered by direct lipid transfer or lipid synthesis. Cryo‐electron tomography can be expected to provide new directions for autophagy research in the near future.
Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Hill Alison Presmanes , Zuckerman Katharine E. , Fombonne Eric
Published: August 2023

Epidemiological surveys of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been performed since the mid‐1960s. Methodological differences make between‐survey comparisons difficult to perform, thus making it difficult to evaluate actual prevalence of ASDs over time. Surveys from the 1990s show an increase in ASD diagnosis in most countries. Evidence suggests this rise does not indicate an actual increase in incidence (an epidemic). Instead, the upward trend is probably related to changes in concepts, definitions, services availability, and awareness of ASDs among general population and professionals. Correlates that can affect the accuracy of these survey figures include socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and immigrant status.
ASDin Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Chawarska Katarzyna , Macari Suzanne L. , Volkmar Fred R. , Kim So Hyun , Shic Frederick
Published: August 2023

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms are more subtle in infants, resulting in variable rates of detection. Assessment of early symptoms has improved in recent years with the revision of diagnostic instruments as well as reformulation of diagnostic criteria in theDSM‐5. By age 2, ASD symptoms affecting social communication and interaction; restrictive, repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities; social attention; temperament; and bonding are more obvious. A rapidly developing area of study focuses on detective of ASD symptoms in the prodromal (preonset) stage.
School‐Age Children With
ASD
Authors: Bauminger‐Zviely Nirit
Published: August 2023

According to recent surveys, nearly 2\% of school‐age children have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The core deficits associated with ASD—for example, peer interaction, social communication, social cognition, and executive functioning—can make it difficult to cope with the social‐emotional and cognitive‐academic demands of school. Support for these children should focus on both social‐emotional (e.g., peer interaction and peer friendship) and cognitive‐academic (e.g., abstract thinking, reading comprehension, mathematics, handwriting) functioning.
Adults With Autism
Authors: Mazefsky Carla A. , White Susan W.
Published: August 2023

The population of adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is growing at a pace that exceeds our scientific and financial resources. Few supports are available for adults with ASD, and much remains unknown about this developmental period. Fortunately, greater scientific attention is now being paid to the unique challenges and needs of adults with ASD. In this chapter we summarize research on adult outcome and prognosis, including the stability of ASD core and secondary symptoms. We discuss developmental challenges and transitions, identify the most common clinical issues presented by adults with ASD, and summarize the limited available research on adult services and treatment.
Language and Communication in Autism
Authors: Kim So Hyun , Paul Rhea , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Lord Catherine
Published: August 2023

Typically developing children start using words around age 1 and develop conversational ability by 18 to 24 months. In autism, these communicative behaviors are delayed and impaired to varying degrees. Affected areas of language development include articulation, word use, syntax and morphology, echolalia (repetition with similar intonation of words/phrases someone else has said), and confusion of personal pronouns. Further research must address deficits in ability to process information about social situations, as this is most likely behind the communication disorders in autism.
Play Development in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Skills, Object Play, and Interventions
Authors: Kasari Connie , Chang Ya‐Chih
Published: August 2023

Play development in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) differs from that in typically developing children in terms of type, level, and frequency. The most noticeable difference is in the quality: While typical children frequently alternate in shared and solitary object play, children with ASD engage in long periods of solitary play and actively push others away. Given the importance of play for later development in children with ASD, interventions should focus on socially mediated object play using video modeling, prompting, and naturalistic strategies.
Motor Control and Motor Learning Processes in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bodison Stefanie , Mostofsky Stewart
Published: August 2023

Motor impairments in children with ASD may appear early enough to serve as a marker for future inclusion in diagnostic groups. Disordered motor control may contribute to the difficulties in socialization and communication that are symptomatic of ASD. Motor delays and developmental dyspraxia can have a negative impact on activities of daily living, leisure activities, and social interactions. Several approaches and theories of motor learning and brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and behavioral training, are discussed in the chapter.
Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Rutter Michael , Thapar Anita
Published: August 2023

Recent research has shown that the traditional concept that each diagnosis is separate from all others is mistaken. The evidence shows the high level of overlap. Molecular genetic studies have shown that many genetic influences are pleiotropic and probabilistic, as well as having limited diagnostic specificity. Both common polymorphic variations and rare variants are involved. Single gene disorders are discussed with a focus on their possible reversibility. The goal of identifying causal biological pathways is sound, but the search has had very limited success so far. Although it is clear that genetic influences are very important in the liability to autism, the direct clinical implications are quite limited.
Environmental Factors in the Preconception and Prenatal Periods in Relation to Risk forASD
Authors: Lyall Kristen , Schmidt Rebecca J. , Hertz‐Picciotto Irva
Published: August 2023

Evidence is accumulating for potential contributions to ASD risk from preconception or prenatal maternal nutrition, lifestyle, infection, medications, and exposures to environmental chemicals. No single or universal cause is likely; rather, multiple genetic variants and noninherited factors appear to combine to affect each child's development. Key concepts for future research include specificity to ASD versus causes common to other neurodevelopmental conditions, gene‐by‐environment interactions, and critical windows of vulnerability that may vary by exposure.
The Social Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: McPartland James C. , Tillman Rachael M. , Yang Daniel Y.‐J. , Bernier Raphael A. , Pelphrey Kevin A.
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews the neural systems subserving social information processing and their disruption in ASD. We focus on social perception, action understanding, and mental state reasoning, highlighting both conceptual background and recent advances. In addition, we review and discuss alternative accounts of the pathogenesis of autism, such as the role of atypical neural connectivity and its potentially detrimental effects on complex information processing. Building from current understanding of social neuroscience in ASD, we describe two key translational objectives for developing more effective strategies to promote well‐being in ASD in the future: developing assays for early detection of atypical brain function and formulating treatments to specifically target the brain systems hypothesized to underlie social and communicative impairments.
Psychopharmacology
Authors: Scahill Lawrence , Tillberg Caitlin S. , Martin Andrés
Published: August 2023

Federal support and independent testing by the pharmaceutical industry have resulted in a number of trials leading to considerable advances in the pharmacological treatment of adults and children with ASD over the past decade. Four categories of pharmaceuticals in particular are discussed in this chapter: (1) atypical antipsychotics, (2) serotonin reuptake inhibitors, (3) stimulants, and (4) nonstimulant medications for hyperactivity in patients with ASDs. There is a pressing need for additional reliable and valid outcome measures that are sensitive to change. Effects of pharmacological treatments on aggression, anxiety, adaptive functioning, cognition, and subdomains of social behavior are reviewed throughout this chapter.
Screening for Autism in Young Children
Authors: IbaÑez Lisa V. , Stone Wendy L. , Coonrod Elaine E.
Published: August 2023

The routine use of screening tools at young ages has the potential to improve outcomes for young children with autism by expediting their diagnosis as well as their referral to appropriately specialized interventions. The selection of screening tools should be based on both the type of setting in which it will be used (e.g., primary care or referral settings) and the psychometric properties of the screener for that setting. Promising new models of screening that involve coordination across different levels of service delivery systems and employ combinations of Level 1 and Level 2 tools in sequence may overcome some of the challenges associated with screening while also improving recognition of early autism features across a range of community providers.
Diagnostic Instruments in Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Lord Catherine , Corsello Christina , Grzadzinski Rebecca
Published: August 2023

The past 30 years has been an active period for the development of diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), addressing a need in both research and clinical arenas. This chapter provides an overview of the design and selection of diagnostic instruments as well as a discussion of issues pertaining to the measurement of core ASD features. In addition, a brief historical review of some of the first instruments used to diagnose ASD is provided, followed by short descriptions of instruments currently used to diagnose ASD. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the use of instruments for specific purposes such as measuring change.
Targeted Interventions for Social Communication Symptoms in Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bottema‐Beutel Kristen , Yoder Paul , Woynaroski Tiffany , P. Sandbank Micheal
Published: August 2023

Young children with autism spectrum disorder experience difficulty in social communication, regardless of the child's intellectual capacity. It is important to understand which interventions show the most promise in improving social communication for at least three reasons: (1) social communication plays a crucial role in a child's ability to participate in daily interactions with others, (2) social communication abilities have implications for future development, and (3) social communication remains one of the most difficult aspects of the disorder to effectively treat. A best evidence synthesis of the intervention literature shows that current treatment approaches are more likely to effect change in social communication that is not generalizable beyond the treatment context, and is closely related to the skills taught within the intervention. However, treatments that are shown to produce generalized change in the child include some combination of naturalistic interactions, child‐centeredness, adult direction, play routines, parent and family involvement, a developmental orientation, and physiological regulation.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Mirenda Pat
Published: August 2023

Approximately 25\% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are unable to use speech as their primary mode of communication and thus require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) supports such as manual signs, picture communication books, or speech‐generating devices. AAC techniques can be used to support language development in general, as well as to support functional communication for individuals across the range of age and ability. AAC instruction can be provided through structured teaching (e.g., the Picture Communication System, PECS), naturalistic/milieu teaching, and aided language modeling. Potential collateral effects of AAC interventions include enhanced speech production and decreases in problem behavior.
Interventions for Challenging Behaviors
Authors: Radley Keith C.
Published: August 2023

Up to 94.3\% of children with ASD exhibit one or more challenging behaviors. Researchers have developed a technology for functional behavior assessment and function‐based intervention. The integration of this technology with achieving valued outcomes in people with disabilities such as ASD is known as positive behavior support. PBS is a comprehensive intervention approach that aims to reduce the challenging behaviors while simultaneously promoting social and communication integration, acquisition of functional skills, and greater self‐control. Reviewers have identified evidence‐based interventions for managing stereotypic, self‐injurious, aggressive, and other challenging behaviors in individuals with ASD.
Supporting Inclusive Education
Authors: Martins Megan P. , Harris Sandra L. , Handleman Jan S.
Published: August 2023

There is emerging evidence that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can benefit from inclusion in the traditional classroom, starting in preschool and continuing through college. However, successful inclusion requires a carefully thought‐out plan, effectively trained educators, and the use of empirically supported interventions. Also, the older children get, the more difficult it is to provide inclusion in the classroom as academic and interpersonal demands increase. For each individual with ASD, factors such as family values and philosophy and child‐specific problem behaviors and intervention targets must be considered in addition to the availability of well‐trained staff.
Promoting Recreational Engagement in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Potvin Marie‐Christine , Prelock Patricia A. , Snider Laurie , Savard Liliane Beaudoin
Published: August 2023

Recreation is a large part of the human experience at any age, and in the form of play, it is especially critical to children's development. Across the life span, recreation has many known benefits, most notably a positive impact on people's sense of well‐being. There is growing evidence that people with ASD experience decreased richness in their patterns of recreational engagement, participating in less diverse activities while remaining closer to home with a narrower circle of other people. An interdisciplinary, family‐centered, and context‐based approach to promoting the development of a richer recreational life for those with ASD is described with practical examples.
Social Skill Interventions
Authors: Bellini Scott , Gardner Lauren , Markoff Kimberly
Published: August 2023

Social skill intervention strategies have been created from a number of conceptual frameworks, including applied behavior analysis, cognitive behavioral, and social learning theory. Research on social skill interventions have demonstrated that there is strong evidence for the efficacy of specific social skill interventions for youth on the autism spectrum. Social skill interventions are important to the successful outcomes of youth on the autism spectrum, who are inundated with increased social demands throughout their development, and the need for such interventions is amplified by few children receiving social skill interventions as part of their early intervention programming.
Employment and Related Services for Adults WithASD
Authors: Gerhardt Peter F. , Cicero Frank , Mayville Erik
Published: August 2023

Transition from special needs education to adult employment settings requires coordination of families, professionals, and services. Adults with ASD are found to work fewer hours and earn lower wages than adults with other disabilities, and supporting services are constricted by a challenging budgetary environment. This chapter discusses evidence‐based principles and discusses various programs to employ adults with ASD, including supported employment, which is found to be an effective and economical method. Adults with ASD can achieve job satisfaction and better quality of life and the costs to society are alleviated when lifelong needs for employment are addressed.
Beyond Academic Intelligence: Increasing College Success for Students on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Wenzel Christine , Brown Jane Thierfeld
Published: August 2023

Students on the autism spectrum are attending colleges and universities in vastly increasing numbers. Though these students are typically very bright and academically capable of succeeding in higher education, achieving success in college goes far beyond academics. Being a college student, especially on a residential campus, requires many other life and social skills, as well as a certain degree of independence and self‐motivation; therefore, it is essential that students choose a college that has programs, services, and resources appropriate for their needs.
Deep learning‐based detection and classification of multi‐leaf collimator modeling errors in volumetric modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Nakamura Sae , Sakai Madoka , Ishizaka Natsuki , Mayumi Kazuki , Kinoshita Tomotaka , Akamatsu Shinya , Nishikata Takayuki , Tanabe Shunpei , Nakano Hisashi , Tanabe Satoshi , Takizawa Takeshi , Yamada Takumi , Sakai Hironori , Kaidu Motoki , Sasamoto Ryuta , Ishikawa Hiroyuki , Utsunomiya Satoru
Published: August 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to create and evaluate deep learning‐based models to detect and classify errors of multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) modeling parameters in volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT), namely the transmission factor (TF) and the dosimetric leaf gap (DLG).

Methods

A total of 33 clinical VMAT plans for prostate and head‐and‐neck cancer were used, assuming a cylindrical and homogeneous phantom, and error plans were created by altering the original value of the TF and the DLG by ± 10, 20, and 30% in the treatment planning system (TPS). The Gaussian filters of and 1.0 were applied to the planar dose maps of the error‐free plan to mimic the measurement dose map, and thus dose difference maps between the error‐free and error plans were obtained. We evaluated 3 deep learning‐based models, created to perform the following detections/classifications: (1) error‐free versus TF error, (2) error‐free versus DLG error, and (3) TF versus DLG error. Models to classify the sign of the errors were also created and evaluated. A gamma analysis was performed for comparison.

Results

The detection and classification of TF and DLG error were feasible for ; however, a considerable reduction of accuracy was observed for depending on the magnitude of error and treatment site. The sign of errors was detectable by the specifically trained models for and 1.0. The gamma analysis could not detect errors.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that the deep learning‐based models could feasibly detect and classify TF and DLG errors in VMAT dose distributions, depending on the magnitude of the error, treatment site, and the degree of mimicked measurement doses.
WiTNNess: An international natural history study of infantile‐onset TNNT1 myopathy
Authors: Strauss Kevin A. , Carson Vincent J. , Bolettieri Emilienne , Everett Mariah , Bollinger Ashton , Bowser Lauren E. , Beiler Keturah , Young Millie , Edvardson Simon , Fraenkel Nitay , D'Amico Adele , Bertini Enrico , Lingappa Lokesh , Chowdhury Devyani , Lowes Linda P. , Iammarino Megan , Alfano Lindsay N. , Brigatti Karlla W.
Published: August 2023

Objective

We created WiTNNess as a hybrid prospective/cross‐sectional observational study to simulate a clinical trial for infantile‐onset TNNT1 myopathy. Our aims were to identify populations for future trial enrollment, rehearse outcome assessments, specify endpoints, and refine trial logistics.

Methods

Eligible participants had biallelic pathogenic variants of TNNT1 and infantile‐onset proximal weakness without confounding conditions. The primary endpoint was ventilator‐free survival. “Thriving” was a secondary endpoint defined as the ability to swallow and grow normally without non‐oral feeding support. Endpoints of gross motor function included independent sitting and standing as defined by the Word Health Organization, a novel TNNT1 abbreviated motor score, and video mapping of limb movement. We recorded adverse events, concomitant medications, and indices of organ function to serve as comparators of safety in future trials.

Results

Sixteen children were enrolled in the aggregate cohort (6 prospective, 10 cross‐sectional; median census age 2.3 years, range 0.5–13.8). Median ventilator‐free survival was 20.2 months and probability of death or permanent mechanical ventilation was 100% by age 60 months. All six children (100%) in the prospective arm failed to thrive by age 12 months. Only 2 of 16 (13%) children in the aggregate cohort sat independently and none stood alone. Novel exploratory motor assessments also proved informative. Laboratory and imaging data suggest that primary manifestations of TNNT1 deficiency are restricted to skeletal muscle.

Interpretation

WiTNNess allowed us to streamline and economize the collection of historical control data without compromising scientific rigor, and thereby establish a sound operational framework for future clinical trials.
Enhancement of Underlayer Coverage in Sub‐Millimeter Bilayer Graphene by Modifying the Streamline Direction
Authors: Li Yao , Sun Qiming , Wang Zhendong , Wang Jianyu , Liu Meifeng , Xie Yunlong , Wang Xiuzhang , Li Hong , Liu Jun-Ming , Wu Di , Wang Li
Published: August 2023

The growth of large‐scale bilayer graphene (bi‐graphene) is significantly important for graphene‐based device fabrications. Chemical vapor deposition is usually used for the synthesis of high‐quality and large‐scale thin films including various monolayers and bilayers. However, a major challenge for bi‐graphene growth is the so‐called limited underlayer coverage, i.e., the faster growth of the top layer than the underlayer. Herein, using the circumfluence chemical vapor deposition, it is demonstrated that the underlayer growth can be greatly enhanced via optimizing the streamline, and high‐quality AB‐stacking sub‐millimeter bi‐graphene with underlayer coverage over 93% is achieved successfully. Raman spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction confirm the high crystalline quality and uniformity of the as‐grown bilayers. The as‐fabricated field‐effect transistor using the bi‐graphene as the channel layer exhibits typical semiconductor transfer characteristics and a nonzero bandgap which is required for device applications. It is suggested that the optimized streamline design largely allows a reduction of difference in the edge growth kinetics between the top and bottom layers. Thus, in this work, a promising technical route is presented for the growth of large‐scale bi‐graphene with high underlayer coverage, beneficial for the development of functional graphene devices.
Recent Advances in the Functionalization of Remote C−H Bonds by Hofmann‐Löffler‐Freytag‐type Reactions
Authors: Teng Xiaoxu , Yu Tingting , Shi Jianwei , Huang Huisheng , Wang Rentian , Peng Wei , Sun Kai , Yang Shubing , Wang Xin
Published: August 2023

Nitrogen radicals are one of the most useful reactive intermediates for selective transposition via intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The Hofmann‐Löffler‐Freytag (HLF) reaction is a distinctive radical‐based approach in which nitrogen radicals are used for remote C−H bond functionalization via intramolecular HAT. Due to its excellent regioselectivity and atomic economy, the HLF reaction represents a new approach for the preparation of valuable functional molecules. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent research advances in remote C−H bond functionalization via nitrogen radicals mediated HLF‐type reactions involving intermolecular cyclization, intramolecular cyclization, and remote δ‐site functionalization.
Organocatalytic Vinylogous Michael Addition/Cyclization Cascade of 2‐Alkylidene Indane‐1,3‐diones with Enals: A Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Diversity‐Oriented Route to Indane‐1,3‐dione Derivatives
Authors: Kuan Jen‐Yu , Chen I‐Ting , Lin Hsuan , Han Jeng‐Liang
Published: August 2023

A substrate‐dependent, regio‐ and stereocontrolled diversity‐oriented organocatalytic vinylogous Michael addition/cyclization cascade of 2‐alkylidene indane‐1,3‐diones with enals, using secondary amines as the catalyst, has been developed. This allows the synthesis of spiroindane‐1,3‐diones, tetrahydrofluoren‐9‐one derivatives, and benzofused oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes in a highly selective manner. Plausible catalytic pathways for the formation of these biologically interesting compounds were proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have clarified and supported the mechanisms how the organocatalyst is able to activate the enals and 2‐hydroxycinnamaldehydes, directing the C−C bond forming with the vinylogous dienolates and enabling the synthesis of these interesting indane‐1,3‐diones derivatives.
Divergent Enzymatic Assembly of a Comprehensive 64‐Membered IgG N‐Glycan Library for Functional Glycomics
Authors: Ma Wenjing , Xu Zhuojia , Jiang Yuhan , Liu Jialin , Xu Dandan , Huang Wei , Li Tiehai
Published: August 2023

N‐Glycosylation, a main post‐translational modification of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), plays a significant role in modulating the immune functions of IgG. However, the precise function elucidation of IgG N‐glycosylation remains impeded due to the obstacles in obtaining comprehensive and well‐defined N‐glycans. Here, an easy‐to‐implement divergent approach is described to synthesize a 64‐membered IgG N‐glycan library covering all possible biantennary and bisected N‐glycans by reprogramming biosynthetic assembly lines based on the inherent branch selectivity and substrate specificity of enzymes. The unique binding specificities of 64 N‐glycans with different proteins are deciphered by glycan microarray technology. This unprecedented collection of synthetic IgG N‐glycans can serve as standards for N‐glycan structure identification in complex biological samples and the microarray data enrich N‐glycan glycomics to facilitate biomedical applications.
Interactions with alloparents are associated with the diversity of infant skin and fecal bacterial communities in Chicago, United States
Authors: Manus Melissa B. , Sardaro Maria Luisa Savo , Dada Omolola , Davis Maya I. , Romoff Melissa R. , Torello Stephanie G. , Ubadigbo Esther , Wu Rebecca C. , Miller Emily S. , Amato Katherine R.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Social interactions shape the infant microbiome by providing opportunities for caregivers to spread bacteria through physical contact. With most research focused on the impact of maternal–infant contact on the infant gut microbiome, it is unclear how alloparents (i.e., caregivers other than the parents) influence the bacterial communities of infant body sites that are frequently contacted during bouts of caregiving, including the skin.

Methods: To begin to understand how allocare may influence the diversity of the infant microbiome, detailed questionnaire data on infant–alloparent relationships and specific allocare behaviors were coupled with skin and fecal microbiome samples (four body sites) from 48 infants living in Chicago, United States.

Results: Data from 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated that infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity showed strong associations (positive and negative) to having female adult alloparents. Alloparental feeding and co‐sleeping displayed stronger associations to infant bacterial diversity compared to playing or holding. The associations with allocare behaviors differed in magnitude and direction across infant body sites. Bacterial relative abundances varied by infant–alloparent relationship and breastfeeding status.

Conclusion: This study provides some of the first evidence of an association between allocare and infant skin and fecal bacterial diversity. The results suggest that infants' exposure to bacteria from the social environment may vary based on infant–alloparent relationships and allocare behaviors. Since the microbiome influences immune system development, variation in allocare that impacts the diversity of infant bacterial communities may be an underexplored dimension of the social determinants of health in early life.
Detection of High‐Risk Paraneoplastic Antibodies against TRIM9 and TRIM67 Proteins
Authors: Bartley Christopher M. , Ngo Thomas T. , Do Le Duy , Zekeridou Anastasia , Dandekar Ravi , Muñiz‐Castrillo Sergio , Alvarenga Bonny D. , Zorn Kelsey C. , Tubati Asritha , Pinto Anne‐Laurie , Browne Weston D. , Hullett Patrick W. , Terrelonge Mark , Schubert Ryan D. , Piquet Amanda L. , Yang Binxia , Montalvo Mayra , Kung Andrew F. , Mann Sabrina A. , Shah Maulik P. , Geschwind Michael D. , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , DeRisi Joseph L. , Pittock Sean J. , Honnorat Jérôme , Pleasure Samuel J. , Wilson Michael R.
Published: August 2023

Objective

Co‐occurring anti‐tripartite motif‐containing protein 9 and 67 autoantibodies (TRIM9/67‐IgG) have been reported in only a very few cases of paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome. The value of these biomarkers and the most sensitive methods of TRIM9/67‐IgG detection are not known.

Methods

We performed a retrospective, multicenter study to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of candidate TRIM9/67‐IgG cases by tissue‐based immunofluorescence, peptide phage display immunoprecipitation sequencing, overexpression cell‐based assay (CBA), and immunoblot. Cases in which TRIM9/67‐IgG was detected by at least 2 assays were considered TRIM9/67‐IgG positive.

Results

Among these cases (n = 13), CBA was the most sensitive (100%) and revealed that all cases had TRIM9 and TRIM67 autoantibodies. Of TRIM9/67‐IgG cases with available clinical history, a subacute cerebellar syndrome was the most common presentation (n = 7/10), followed by encephalitis (n = 3/10). Of these 10 patients, 70% had comorbid cancer (7/10), 85% of whom (n = 6/7) had confirmed metastatic disease. All evaluable cancer biopsies expressed TRIM9 protein (n = 5/5), whose expression was elevated in the cancerous regions of the tissue in 4 of 5 cases.

Interpretation

TRIM9/67‐IgG is a rare but likely high‐risk paraneoplastic biomarker for which CBA appears to be the most sensitive diagnostic assay. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1086–1101
Dibenzothiophene Sulfone‐Based Ambipolar‐Transporting Blue‐Emissive Organic Semiconductors Towards Simple‐Structured Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors
Authors: Li Qingbin , Zhang Yihan , Lin Junfeng , Zou Ye , Wang Pu , Qin Zhengsheng , Wang Yongshuai , Li Yang , Zhang Yu , Gao Can , Zang Yaping , Hu Wenping , Dong Huanli
Published: August 2023

The development of blue‐emissive ambipolar organic semiconductor is an arduous target due to the large energy gap, but is an indispensable part for electroluminescent device, especially for the transformative display technology of simple‐structured organic light‐emitting transistor (SS‐OLET). Herein, we designed and synthesized two new dibenzothiophene sulfone‐based high mobility blue‐emissive organic semiconductors (DNaDBSOs), which demonstrate superior optical property with solid‐state photoluminescent quantum yield of 46–67 % and typical ambipolar‐transporting properties in SS‐OLETs with symmetric gold electrodes. Comprehensive experimental and theoretical characterizations reveal the natural of ambipolar property for such blue‐emissive DNaDBSOs‐based materials is ascribed to a synergistic effect on lowering LUMO level and reduced electron injection barrier induced by the interfacial dipoles effect on gold electrodes due to the incorporation of appropriate DBSO unit. Finally, efficient electroluminescence properties with high‐quality blue emission (CIE (0.179, 0.119)) and a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum of 48 nm are achieved for DNaDBSO‐based SS‐OLET, showing good spatial control of the recombination zone in conducting channel. This work provides a new avenue for designing ambipolar emissive organic semiconductors by incorporating the synergistic effect of energy level regulation and molecular‐metal interaction, which would advance the development of superior optoelectronic materials and their high‐density integrated optoelectronic devices and circuits.