bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper, Ceruloplasmin, Superoxide Dismutase and Iron Parameters in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Tórsdóttir Gudlaug , Kristinsson Jakob , Sveinbjörnsdóttir Sigurlaug , Snaedal Jón , Jóhannesson Torkell
Published: March 2009

Abstract In a previous study we found copper dyshomeostasis in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this study, levels of copper in plasma, of ceruloplasmin in serum and ceruloplasmin oxidative activity as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes were determined in 40 patients with Parkinson's disease and their healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls. Copper concentrations did not differ significantly in the two groups, whereas both ceruloplasmin concentrations and ceruloplasmin oxidative activity were significantly lower in the patients, also relative to ceruloplasmin mass. SOD activity was not significantly different in the two groups but decreased significantly with the duration of disease. The same was found for ceruloplasmin oxidative activity. Ceruloplasmin oxidative activity and SOD activity did not decrease with age. Levels of serum iron, serum ferritin and total iron binding capacity were determined in about 30 of the patients and an equal number of controls and were not found to differ. Transferrin levels were significantly lower in the patients than in their controls but, conversely, the transferrin saturation was significantly higher in the patients. The results indicate that patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease have defective ceruloplasmin and SOD activities in common and that these defects are not necessarily associated with major disturbances in iron homeostasis.
Clozapine Serum Concentrations are Lower in Smoking than in Non‐Smoking Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Seppälä Niko H. , Leinonen Esa V. J. , Lehtonen Maija‐Liisa , Kivistö Kari T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract Serum concentrations of clozapine and its main metabolite demethylclozapine were measured in 44 schizophrenic inpatients, of whom ten were non‐smokers and 34 smokers. When comparing their clozapine dose and body weight‐related serum drug levels, we found that clozapine and demethylclozapine concentrations were about 40% lower in the smoking than in the non‐smoking group, probably due to an inducing effect of smoking on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, which is involved in the metabolism of clozapine. We conclude that dosage adjustment may be necessary in clozapine‐treated smokers.
Baclofen‐Induced Antinociception and Nicotinic Receptor Mechanism(s)
Authors: Sabetkasai M. , Ahang S. , Shafaghi B. , Zarrindast Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this study, the influences of nicotinic receptor agents on baclofen‐induced antinociception in the tail‐flick test have been studied. Intraperitoneal administration of baclofen (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) to mice induced a dose‐dependent antinociception in the tail‐flick test. Subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5–2.5 mg/kg) also caused a dose‐dependent antinociceptive response. Intracerebral (10 and 20 μg/mouse) but not intraperitoneal administration of hexamethonium (5 and 10 mg/kg) to mice decreased the response of both nicotine and baclofen. However, administration of the GABABantagonist CGP 35348 (100 and 200 mg/kg) decreased the response induced by baclofen but not by nicotine. It is concluded that at least part of the baclofen‐induced antinociception may be mediated through a nicotinic mechanism.
A Comparison of the Effect of Five Phenothiazines on Hepatic CYP Isoenzymes in Rats
Authors: Tateishi Tomonori , Kumai Toshio , Watanabe Minoru , Tanaka Masami , Kobayashi Shinichi
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe examined the influence of five phenothiazine derivatives on the activity and the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A, 2B, 2C6, 2C11, 2E1 and 3A2 in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Twenty mg/kg of phenothiazine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine, or 1 mg/kg of trifluoperazine and perphenazine was administered intraperitoneally for 4 consecutive days. Phenothiazine increased the total CYP content and induced CYP1A, CYP2B, and CYP3A. Western blot analysis showed marked induction of CYP1A1 by phenothiazine. Chlorpromazine induced CYP2B, and CYP3A without a significant increase in the CYP content. Thioridazine decreased the total CYP content and reduced CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A. Neither trifluoperazine nor perphenazine significantly altered the catalytic activity or the protein level of any enzyme examined. These results suggest that the antipsychotic phenothiazine derivatives examined here hardly affect CYP1A at the pharmacological doses, while phenothiazine does induce it. Although a relatively short period and small dose of administration might counteract the influence, trifluoperazine and perphenazine have less effect on CYP subfamilies than chlorpromazine or thioridazine.
Effect of Fluvoxamine on Sufentanil Antinociception and Tolerance under Chronic Intravenous Infusion in Rats
Authors: Luger Thomas J. , Lorenz Ingo H. , Grabner‐Weiss Christina , Schlager Andreas , Kolbitsch Christian , Keller Christian , Gassner Michael
Published: March 2009

AbstractFluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), significantly potentiates analgesia when administered in animals together with opioids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fluvoxamine on sufentanil antinociception and tolerance. Following animal care committee approval, the effects of continuous infusions of fluvoxamine and sufentanil were studied in behavioural tests (hot‐plate test, tail‐flick test, catalepsy test) in Sprague‐Dawley rats with a jugular vein catheter. Saline was administered as a control. The time‐effect curves for continuous intravenous sufentanil indicate dose‐related antinociception and rapid development of tolerance in the hot‐plate and tail‐flick tests. Co‐administration of fluvoxamine with continuous sufentanil enhances antinociception and attenuates development of tolerance, most clearly seen in the tail‐flick test. Fluvoxamine alone and saline were not effective. No animal showed catalepsy. As a side effect we observed a marked loss of body weight. The IC50 values of sufentanil binding with and without fluvoxamine addition are 0.56$pL0.17 nM and 0.3$pL0.15 nM, respectively, indicating no direct effect on the occupancy of sufentanil on the μ‐receptor by this serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In conclusion, we were able to show that the combination of an opioid with an SSRI at low doses improves analgesia and decreases development of tolerance in nociceptive tests in rats. The clinical implications of these promising results in an animal model, however, await further investigation.
Mechanisms Underlying the Vecuronium‐Induced Tetanic Fade in the Isolated Rat Muscle
Authors: de Oliveira Maria José , Oliveira Antonio Carlos
Published: March 2009

Abstract The cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of vecuronium on the tetanic contraction were studied in vitro with a combination of myographic and electrophysiologic techniques. We used the isolated sciatic nerve extensor digitorum longus muscle preparation of the rat. Indirect twitches were evoked at 0.1 Hz pulses and tetani at 50 Hz pulses. Trains of end‐plate potentials were generated at 50 Hz. The electrophysiological variables used in the analysis of the end‐plate potentials were: amplitude, tetanic run‐down, quantal size and quantal content. The myographic study demonstrated that vecuronium at 0.4 μM caused tetanic fade, but left the twitch unaffected. Regarding electrophysiology, vecuronium (0.4 μM) decreased the amplitude of end‐plate potentials and increased their tetanic run‐down. These changes were due to significant reductions in both the quantal content of the end‐plate potentials and the quantal size. It is concluded that vecuronium has both pre‐ and postsynaptic effects at the neuromuscular junction, and that it induces fade of the tetanic contraction via a summation of these effects.
Amitriptyline‐Induced Release of Endothelin‐1 in Isolated Perfused and Ventilated Rat Lungs
Authors: Dahlin Karin L. , Mörtberg Anette , Låstbom Lena , Ryrfeldt Åke
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe have previously shown that tricyclic antidepressants can induce vaso‐ and bronchoconstriction as well as oedema formation in isolated perfused lungs. This is an effect similar to that seen clinically in adult respiratory distress syndrome. In order to investigate whether endothelin can be a mediator of this reaction, isolated perfused rat lungs were exposed to 0.1 mM amitriptyline via the pulmonary circulation, perfusate was collected and endothelin‐1 present in the perfusate and lavage fluids was determined by radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in perfusate concentration of endothelin‐1 was noted, with the highest release seen within the first 10 min. of exposure. Histamine and thromboxane have also been proposed as mediators in induction of adult respiratory distress syndrome. However, no increased amounts of these mediators were detected in the perfusate. Experiments where lungs were exposed to exogenous endothelin‐1 (0.1–1 nmol), both via the perfusate and via intratracheal instillation were conducted. Similar effects as observed with amitriptyline (0.1 mM) on lung function and perfusion flow were detected. In conclusion, the detection of endothelin‐1 release in our lung model proposes a role for endothelin‐1 in amitriptyline‐induced vaso‐ and bronchoconstriction and possibly in adult respiratory distress syndrome type reaction. Further studies with this model are interesting in order to elucidate mechanisms behind the complex issue of adult respiratory distress syndrome‐induction.
Inhibitory Effects of Trospium Chloride on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Human Liver Microsomes
Authors: Beckmann‐Knopp Svane , Rietbrock Stephan , Weyhenmeyer Roland , Böcker Ronald H. , Beckurts K. Tobias , Lang Werner , Fuhr Uwe
Published: March 2009

AbstractTrospium chloride, an atropine derivative used for the treatment of urge incontinence, was tested for inhibitory effects on human cytochrome P‐450 enzymes. Metabolic activities were determined in liver microsomes from two donors using the following selective substrates: dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), denitronifedipine (CYP3A4), caffeine (CYP1A2), chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1), S‐(+)‐mephenytoin (CYP2C19), S‐(‐)‐warfarin (CYP2C9) and coumarin (CYP2A6). Incubations with each substrate were carried out without a possible inhibitor and in the presence of trospium chloride at varying concentrations (37–3000 μM) at 37° in 0.1 M KH2PO4buffer containing up to 3% DMSO. Metabolite concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in all cases except CYP2A6 where direct fluorescence spectroscopy was used. First, trospium chloride IC50values were determined for each substrate at respective KMconcentrations. Trospium chloride did not show relevant inhibitory effects on the metabolism of most substrates (IC50values considerably higher than 1 mM). The only clear inhibition was seen for the CYP2D6‐dependent high‐affinity O‐demethylation of dextromethorphan, where IC50values of 27 μM and 44 μM were observed. Therefore, additional dextromethorphan concentrations (0.4–2000 μM) were tested. Trospium chloride was a competitive inhibitor of the reaction with Kivalues of 20 and 51 μM, respectively. Thus, trospium chloride has negligible inhibitory effects on CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP2A6 activity but is a reasonably potent inhibitor of CYP2D6in vitro.Compared to therapeutic trospium chloride peak plasma concentrations below 50 nM, the 1000‐times higher competitive inhibition constant Kihowever suggests that inhibition of CYP2D6 by trospium chloride is without any clinical relevance.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Progesterone‐Induced Blocking Factor and Cytokine Profile in Women with Threatened Pre‐Term Delivery
Authors: Hudić Igor , Fatušić Zlatan , Szekeres‐Bartho Julia , Balić Devleta , Polgar Beáta , Ljuca Dženita , Dizdarević‐Hudić Larisa
Published: March 2009

Problem  The objective of this study was to compare serum concentrations of progesterone‐induced blocking factor (PIBF), anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10), and pro‐inflammatory (IL‐6, TNFα, and IFNγ) cytokines of women with threatened pre‐term delivery, with those of women with normal pregnancy and to evaluate the impact of PIBF on the outcome of pregnancy.

Method of study  A prospective study was conducted on a sample of 30 women with threatened pre‐term delivery (study group) and 20 healthy pregnant women (control group) between the 24th and 37th gestational weeks. Serum PIBF, anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10), and pro‐inflammatory (IL‐6, TNFα, and IFNγ) cytokine concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results  Thirteen of 30 patients (43.3%) with symptoms of threatened pre‐term delivery, and one of 20 patients (5%) in the control group delivered before the 37th week of gestation. Mean PIBF concentrations in serum samples of patients with threatened pre‐term delivery were significantly lower than in those of healthy pregnant women (171.12 ± 162.06 ng/mL versus 272.85 ± 114.87 ng/mL; P < 0.05). Women with symptoms of threatened pre‐term delivery had significantly lower serum levels of IL‐10, and higher levels of IL‐6 as well as IFNγ compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion  Our results indicate that measuring PIBF and cytokine concentrations in serum during pregnancy is feasible and may be important for understanding immunological causes of pre‐term delivery.
Long‐term variation in Amazon forest dynamics
Authors: Laurance Susan G. W. , Laurance William F. , Nascimento Henrique E. M. , Andrade Ana , Fearnside Phillip M. , Rebello Expedito R. G. , Condit Richard
Published: March 2009

Questions: Have forest dynamics changed significantly in intact Amazon rainforests since the early 1980s? If so, what environmental drivers might potentially be responsible?

Location: Central Amazonia, north of Manaus, Brazil.

Methods: Within 20 1‐ha plots scattered over ∼300 km2, all trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height) were marked, identified, and measured five times between 1981 and 2003. We estimated stand‐level dynamics (mortality, recruitment, and growth) for each census interval and evaluated weather parameters over the study period.

Results: We observed a widespread, significant increase in tree mortality across our plots. Tree recruitment also rose significantly over time but lagged behind mortality. Tree growth generally accelerated but varied considerably among census intervals, and was lowest when mortality was highest. Tree basal area rose 4% overall, but stem number exhibited no clear trend. In terms of climate variation, annual maximum and minimum temperatures increased significantly during our study. Rainfall anomalies were strongly and positively associated with ENSO events.

Conclusions: The increasing forest dynamics, growth, and basal area observed are broadly consistent with the CO2 fertilization hypothesis. However, pronounced shorter‐term variability in stand dynamics might be associated with climatic vicissitudes. Tree mortality peaked, and tree recruitment and growth declined during atypically wet periods. Tree growth was fastest during dry periods, when reduced cloudiness might have increased available solar radiation. Inferences about causality are tenuous because tree data were collected only at multi‐year intervals. Mean temperatures and rainfall seasonality have both increased over time in central Amazonia, and these could potentially have long‐term effects on forest dynamics and carbon storage.
A new algorithm for the determination of differential taxa
Authors: Tsiripidis Ioannis , Bergmeier Erwin , Fotiadis Georgios , Dimopoulos Panayotis
Published: March 2009

Question:How can we determine differential taxa in a vegetation data set?

Methods:The new algorithm presented here uses an intuitive fidelity threshold based on relative constancy differences. It is tested on a simulated and a real data set. The results of the proposed algorithm are discussed in comparison with other methods used for the determination of differential taxa.

Results:The new algorithm defines each taxon in each group of relevés as: (1) positively differentiating, (2) positively‐negatively differentiating, (3) negatively differentiating, or (4) non‐differentiating. Each taxon in a data set may be: (1) positively, positively‐negatively or negatively differentiating for each group in the data set, (2) differentiating for some groups and non‐differentiating for the remaining groups, or (3) non‐differentiating for all groups in the data set.

Conclusions:The new algorithm finds the relevé groups that are positively differentiated against other groups that are negatively differentiated. It reveals differentiating structures in the data set and thus makes quantification of the relations among and between different syntaxonomic ranks conceivable. As it distinguishes between different types of differential taxa, it might improve standards of typification in vegetation classification.
Temporal dynamics of marginal steppic vegetation over a 26‐year period of substantial environmental change
Authors: Matesanz Silvia , Brooker Rob W. , Valladares Fernando , Klotz Stefan
Published: March 2009

Questions: (1) Is climate a strong driver of vegetation dynamics, including interannual variation, in a range margin steppic community? (2) Are there long‐term trends in cover and species richness in this community, and are these consistent across species groups and species within groups? (3) Can long‐term trends in plant community data be related to variation in local climate over the last three decades?

Location: A range margin steppic grassland community in central Germany.

Methods: Cover, number and size of all individuals of all plant species present in three permanent 1‐m2 plots were recorded in spring for 26 years (1980–2005). Climatic data for the study area were used to determine the best climatic predictor for each plant community, functional group and species variable (annual data and interannual variation) using best subsets regression.

Results: April and autumn temperature showed the highest correlation with total cover and species richness and with interannual variations of cover and richness. However, key climate drivers differed between the five most abundant species. Similarly, total cover and number and cover of perennials significantly decreased over time, while no trend was found for the cover and number of annuals. However, within functional groups there were also contrasting species‐specific responses. Long‐term temperature increases and high interannual variability in both temperature and precipitation were strongly related to long‐term trends and interannual variations in plant community data.

Conclusions: Temporal trends in vegetation were strongly associated with temporal trends in climate at the study site, with key roles for autumn and spring temperature and precipitation. Dynamics of functional groups and species within groups and their relationships to changes in temperature and precipitation reveal complex long‐term and interannual patterns that cannot be inferred from short‐term studies with only one or a few individual species. Our results also highlight that responses detected at the functional group level may mask contrasting responses within functional groups. We discuss the implications of these findings for attempts to predict the future response of biodiversity to climate change.
Comparison of two plant functional approaches to evaluate natural restoration along an old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence
Authors: Aubin Isabelle , Ouellette Marie‐Hélène , Legendre Pierre , Messier Christian , Bouchard André
Published: March 2009

Question: Are direct and indirect trait‐based approaches similar in their usefulness to synthesize species responses to successional stages?

Location: Northern hardwood forests, Québec, Canada (45°01′–45°08′N; 73°58′–74°21′W).

Methods: Two different trait‐based approaches were used to relate plant functional traits to succession on an old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence: (i) a frequently used approach based on co‐occurrence of traits (emergent groups), and (ii) a new version of a direct functional approach at the trait level (the fourth‐corner method). Additionally, we selected two different cut‐off levels for the herb subset of the emergent group classification in order to test its robustness and ecological relevance.

Results: Clear patterns of trait associations with stand developmental stages emerged from both the emergent group and the direct approach at the trait level. However, the emergent group classification was found to hide some trait‐level differences such as a shift in seed size, light requirement and plant form along the chronosequence. Contrasting results were obtained for the seven or nine group classification of the herbaceous subset, illustrating how critical is the number of groups for emergent group classification.

Conclusion: The simultaneous use of two different trait‐based approaches provided a robust and comprehensive characterization of vegetation responses in the old‐field – deciduous forest chronosequence. It also underlines the different goals as well as the limitations and benefits of these two approaches. Both approaches indicated that abandoned pastures of the northern hardwood biome have good potential for natural recovery. Conversion of these lands to other functions may lead to irremediable loss of biodiversity.
Environmental limitation contributes to the differential colonization capacity of two forest herbs
Authors: Baeten Lander , Hermy Martin , Verheyen Kris
Published: March 2009

Question: The recovery of forest plant communities in post‐agricultural landscapes is largely determined by dispersal constraints, but can environmental legacies of former land use additionally limit the recolonization of recent forests by forest herbs?

Location: Ancient forest and recent forest on former heavily fertilized agricultural land (Muizenbos, northern Belgium).

Methods: Seeds and adults of two forest herbs with similar life‐history traits, but contrasting colonization capacity – the fast‐colonizing Geum urbanum and the slow‐colonizing Primula elatior– were introduced into both ancient and recent forest sites. Soil conditions and plant tissue nutrient concentrations were measured to characterize habitat quality. To determine whether the introduced species could successfully establish and persist, we monitored recruitment, longevity and adult performance during 8 years in permanently marked plots.

Results: Phosphorus availability was ten times higher in recent forest soils and was also reflected in the plant tissue samples. Species longevity was clearly lower in recent forest sites indicating higher turnover. The fast‐colonizing G. urbanum counterbalanced this lower longevity by new establishment, while the slow‐colonizing P. elatior dropped below the number of originally introduced individuals. Additionally, G. urbanum performed better in recent forest sites in contrast to P. elatior.

Conclusions: Even when dispersal constraints of the slow‐colonizing forest herb P. elatior are eliminated through introduction, environmental conditions in recent forest sites additionally restrict its recruitment, longevity and performance. These experimental results suggest that environmental constraints may strengthen the differences in colonization capacity among forest herbs if slow dispersers also tend to be less likely to establish.
A soil heat and water transfer model to predict belowground grass rhizome bud death in a grass fire
Authors: Choczynska Joanna , Johnson E. A.
Published: March 2009

Question:Grasses often resprout from surviving belowground buds following a fire in which aboveground matter is consumed. We used a soil heat and water transport model to present a general method for determining the potential mortality of rhizome buds due to fire for three tallgrass species (Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, andPanicum virgatum).

Methods:Soil heating was described by physical processes that include heat conduction through the soil and heating and evaporation of soil water. We considered the following factors: soil moisture, texture, mineral thermal conductivity, maximum surface temperature, and fire residence time. Simulated soil temperature profiles were combined with measured belowground bud distributions to determine the proportion of buds expected to be heated to lethal temperatures under various conditions.

Location:Wisconsin, USA.

Results:Lethal temperatures for buds do not occur below ∼2 cm, and at least 30% of rhizome buds remain below lethal temperatures, even under extreme conditions.

Conclusions:The model explains the possible mechanisms for grass belowground rhizome bud survival in fires. Changes in fire and soil conditions do not notably impact soil temperatures and rhizome bud survival.
Regulation of secretases by all‐trans‐retinoic acid
Authors: Koryakina Anna , Aeberhard Jessica , Kiefer Sabine , Hamburger Matthias , Küenzi Peter
Published: March 2009

One of the emerging approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease aims at reducing toxic levels of Αβ‐species through the modulation of secretases, namely by inducing α‐secretase or inhibiting β‐secretase and/or γ‐secretase activities, or a combination of both. Although there is increasing evidence for the involvement of retinoids in Alzheimer’s disease, their significance in the regulation of Αβ‐peptide production remains unresolved. Our work concentrated on the regulation of all secretases mediated by all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA), and supports the hypothesis that ATRA is capable of regulating them in an antiamyloidogenic sense at the levels of transcription, translation, and activation. Apart from increased α‐secretase activity, we show a complex chain of regulatory events, resulting in impaired β‐secretase trafficking and membrane localization upon protein kinase C (PKC) activation by ATRA. Furthermore, ATRA demonstrates substrate specificity for β‐site amyloid precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme (BACE) 1 over nonamyloidogenic BACE2 in β‐secretase regulation, which probably promotes competition for amyloid precursor protein between ADAM17 and BACE1. Additionally, we report enhanced secretion of soluble amyloid precursor protein α after ATRA exposure, possibly due to PKC activation, as pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor Gö6976 abolished all these events.
Applying Concepts of Generalizability Theory on Data from Experimental Pain Studies to Investigate Reliability
Authors: Pryseley Assam , Ledent Edouard Y , Drewes Asbjørn M , Staahl Camilla , Olesen Anne E , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  This work demonstrates how full modelling power in statistically mixed models can be used to study generalizability (reliability) coefficients of advanced data from human experimental pain studies utilizing placebo data from drugscreening trials. This can be used to help optimizing outcome parameters from existing data sets.
The relationship of clinical laboratory parameters and patient attributes to the quality of life of patients on hemodialysis
Authors: YAMANA Eiko
Published: March 2009

Aim:  With advances in medicine, the subjective assessment of patients on hemodialysis regarding their quality of life (QOL) is gaining importance. Clinicians cannot rely solely on objective markers, such as the rates of complications and mortality, when evaluating responses to dialysis. In clinical settings, laboratory values are used as measures of patients' health. However, the relationship between clinical laboratory values and QOL has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to define the relationship of laboratory values and patient attributes to the QOL of outpatients on hemodialysis in order to obtain basic data for reevaluating nursing support for patients on hemodialysis in the future.

Methods:  The participants were 44 outpatients receiving hemodialysis at Hospital B. The QOL was surveyed using a self‐administered questionnaire, the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form. The following patient attributes and laboratory values were taken from the medical records: age; sex; primary disease; number of years on hemodialysis; complications; number of hours of hemodialysis per session; percentage weight gain; cardiothoracic ratio; blood pressure; hematocrit; and the serum levels of albumin, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium.

Results:  The serum potassium level significantly affected mental health, social functioning, symptoms, and the effect of kidney disease, with the 3.5–5.0 mEq/L target range group scoring higher than the ≥5.1 mEq/L group.

Conclusions:  The serum potassium level significantly affected not only physical health, but also QOL, a measure of psychosocial health. This suggests that providing nursing support to patients, guided by the serum potassium target range of 3.5–5.0 mEq/L, might improve and maintain QOL.
Effects of Tea Plantations on Stream Invertebrates in a Global Biodiversity Hotspot in Africa
Authors: Biervliet Olly van , Wiśniewski Konrad , Daniels Joseph , Vonesh James R
Published: March 2009

Tropical stream ecosystems in montane forest watersheds are important centers of endemism and diversity and provide essential ecosystem services. These habitats are subject to a variety of stressors, including the conversion of adjacent terrestrial habitats from forest to agriculture, but the impacts of these anthropogenic effects are largely unknown because of the paucity of studies in these systems. In montane habitats in the wet tropics, large‐scale cultivation of tea is common and can represent an important source of income at local and national scales. However, little is known about how tea cultivation impacts adjacent stream ecosystems. In this study, we examine stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in a biodiversity hotspot the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Specifically, we compare diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages found on cobbles in stream riffles in watersheds dominated by forest with those surrounded by tea cultivation. We found that streams surrounded by tea were characterized by significantly lower dissolved oxygen and had lower total estimated species richness and number of families. Furthermore, the richness of invertebrate taxa known to be sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance were substantially reduced in tea streams and general assemblage‐level analysis shows significant differences in the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages between tea and forested streams. Our results suggest that tea cultivation may reduce stream habitat quality and biodiversity in the East Usambaras. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of tea cultivation on streams over longer times scales and to address methods for minimizing negative effects of agriculture on montane stream communities.
Parrots Take it with a Grain of Salt: Available Sodium Content May Drive Collpa (Clay Lick) Selection in Southeastern Peru
Authors: Powell Luke L. , Powell Thomas U. , Powell George V. N. , Brightsmith Donald J.
Published: March 2009

Soils from 18 parrot collpas (‘clay licks’) in southeastern Peru averaged four times more available sodium than uneaten control soils. Collpa soils contained marginally more clay than control sites and clay content was uncorrelated with available sodium content. Parrots may select and ingest soils based on available sodium content.
Tidal forces as a regulator of star formation in Taurus
Authors: Ballesteros-Paredes Javier , Gómez Gilberto C. , Loinard Laurent , Torres Rosa M. , Pichardo Bárbara
Published: March 2009

Only a few molecular clouds in the solar neighbourhood exhibit the formation of only low-mass stars. Traditionally, these clouds have been assumed to be supported against more vigorous collapse by magnetic fields. The existence of strong magnetic fields in molecular clouds, however, poses serious problems for the formation of stars and of the clouds themselves. In this Letter, we review the three-dimensional structure and kinematics of Taurus – the archetype of a region forming only low-mass stars – as well as its orientation within the Milky Way. We conclude that the particularly low star formation efficiency in Taurus may naturally be explained by tidal forces from the Galaxy, with no need for magnetic regulation or stellar feedback.
BUILDING A MORE COMPLETE THEORY OF SUSTAINABLE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT USING CASE STUDIES OF 10 EXEMPLARS
Authors: PAGELL MARK , WU ZHAOHUI
Published: March 2009

Case studies of 10 exemplar firms are used to build a coherent and testable model of the elements necessary to create a sustainable supply chain. The cases build on previous research by examining the chain as an entirety, by explicitly examining both the social and environmental outcomes of the chain's activities, and by explicitly asking what these exemplar organizations are doing that is unique in regards to managing their supply chains in a sustainable manner. The analysis suggests that the practices that lead to a more sustainable supply chain are equal parts best practices in traditional supply chain management and new behaviors, some of which run counter to existing accepted “best” practice.
INTEGRATION IN THE GLOBAL SOURCING ORGANIZATION — AN INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: TRAUTMANN GERHARD , TURKULAINEN VIRPI , HARTMANN EVI , BALS LYDIA
Published: March 2009

Global sourcing refers to the integration of decision making across worldwide purchasing units within a multinational corporation (MNC). In order to manage the integration challenge, firms have a number of tools, varying from centralization and formalization to cross‐locational teams. In this paper, we focus on explaining how and why to integrate in different circumstances. The aim of this paper is to complement prior research on global sourcing organizations, which is still rather scarce and more exploratory in nature. By extending the arguments of the information processing perspective of organizations to the global sourcing context, we seek to propel a theoretical discussion on integration in the global sourcing organization. Based on the results of 12 case studies in three MNCs, we propose that integration approaches in global sourcing organizations vary depending on the three contingencies of category characteristics, supply environment characteristics and interdependence of the purchasing units.
The Myth of “Torture Lite”
Authors: Wolfendale Jessica
Published: March 2009

Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the phrase “torture lite” has appeared in public discourse about torture, used by journalists, military intelligence personnel, and academics to distinguish between two kinds of torture: torture, which is violent, physically mutilating, cruel and brutal, and torture lite, which refers to interrogation methods that are, it is claimed, more restrained and less severe than real torture. Techniques in the latter category, which are also described as “enhanced interrogation techniques” or “stress and duress methods,” include extended sleep deprivation, noise bombardment, and forced standing. In this paper I argue that the distinction between torture and torture lite is attractive to liberal democracies because it bolsters what David Luban has called the “liberal ideology of torture,” the myth that torture can be compatible with the basic commitments of liberal states. However, as I shall demonstrate, torture lite techniques are torture, for they are sufficiently cruel and severe to meet any plausible definition of torture. Furthermore, the use of terms like “torture lite” and the nature of such techniques encourage a moral psychology in which the violence and cruelty of torture is denied, the victim's suffering is hidden, minimized and doubted, and the torturer's responsibility is diminished. As such, the use of torture lite techniques is likely to encourage the normalization of torture.
In Search of a Unifying Theory of Complex Brain Evolution
Authors: Krubitzer Leah
Published: March 2009

The neocortex is the part of the brain that is involved in perception, cognition, and volitional motor control. In mammals it is a highly dynamic structure that has been dramatically altered in different lineages, and these alterations account for the remarkable variations in behavior that species exhibit. When we consider how this structure changes and becomes more complex in some mammals such as humans, we must also consider how the alterations that occur at macro levels of organization, such as the level of the individual and social system, as well as micro levels of organization, such as the level of neurons, synapses and molecules, impact the neocortex. It is also important to consider the constraints imposed on the evolution of the neocortex. Observations of highly conserved features of cortical organization that all mammals share, as well as the convergent evolution of similar features of organization, indicate that the constraints imposed on the neocortex are pervasive and restrict the avenues along which evolution can proceed. Although both genes and the laws of physics place formidable constraints on the evolution of all animals, humans have evolved a number of mechanisms that allow them to loosen these constraints and often alter the course of their own evolution. While this cortical plasticity is a defining feature of mammalian neocortex, it appears to be exaggerated in humans and could be considered a unique derivation of our species.
Attention, Automaticity, and Awareness in Synesthesia
Authors: Mattingley Jason B.
Published: March 2009

The phenomenon of synesthesia has occupied the thoughts of philosophers and artists for decades. With the advent modern behavioral and brain imaging techniques, scientific research on synesthesia has also moved into the mainstream of thought. Here I provide a cognitive neuroscience perspective on the condition, with a particular emphasis ongrapheme‐color synesthesia, the most common variant, in which individuals report vivid and consistent experiences of color in association with numerals, letters, and words. Behavioral studies have revealed several fundamental properties of induced synesthetic colors. First, although they seem to arise automatically, without the need for voluntary control, they are strongly modulated by selective attention. Second, they attain salience relatively early in visual processing, and so can influence perceptual judgments and guide focal attention in cluttered, achromatic displays. Third, brain activity during synesthetic color experiences arises from within the ventral temporal lobe, including color‐selective area V4. It has been speculated that grapheme‐color synesthesia arises from disinhibited feedback or abnormal cross‐wiring between brain regions involved in extracting visual form and color.
Autism: The Empathizing–Systemizing (E‐S) Theory
Authors: Baron‐Cohen Simon
Published: March 2009

The mind‐blindness theory of autism spectrum conditions has been successful in explaining the social and communication difficulties that characterize these conditions but cannot explain the nonsocial features (the narrow interests, need for sameness, and attention to detail). A new theory, the empathizing–systemizing (E‐S) theory, is summarized, which argues two factors are needed to explain the social and nonsocial features of the condition. This is related to other cognitive theories such as the weak central coherence theory and the executive dysfunction theory. The E‐S theory is also extended to the extreme male brain theory as a way of understanding the biased sex ratio in autism. Etiological predictions are discussed, as are the clinical applications arising from the E‐S theory.
Human Social Attention
Authors: Birmingham Elina , Kingstone Alan
Published: March 2009

The present review examines the neural‐behavioral correlates of human social attention, with special regard to the neural mechanisms involved in processing gaze information and the functional impact of gaze direction on the spatial orienting of attention. Our review suggests that there is strong evidence that specific brain systems are preferentially biased toward processing gaze information, yet this specificity is not mirrored by the behavioral data as measured in highly controlled model attention tasks such as the Posner cueing paradigm. In less controlled tasks, however, such as when observers are left free to select what they want to attend, they focus on people and their eyes, consistent with one's intuition and with the neural evidence that eyes are special. We discuss a range of implications of these data, including that much is to be gained by examining brain and behavioral processes to social stimuli as they occur in complex real‐world settings.
MODIS Biophysical States and NEXRAD Precipitation in a Statistical Evaluation of Antecedent Moisture Condition and Streamflow1
Authors: Weissling B. P. , Xie H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  The potential of remotely sensed time series of biophysical states of landscape to characterize soil moisture condition antecedent to radar estimates of precipitation is assessed in a statistical prediction model of streamflow in a 1,420 km2 watershed in south‐central Texas, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series biophysical products offer significant opportunities to characterize and quantify hydrologic state variables such as land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation state and status. Together with Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) precipitation estimates for the period 2002 through 2005, 16 raw and deseasoned time series of LST (day and night), vegetation indices, infrared reflectances, and water stress indices were linearly regressed against observed watershed streamflow on an eight‐day aggregated time period. Time offsets of 0 (synchronous with streamflow event), 8, and 16 days (leading streamflow event) were assessed for each of the 16 parameters to evaluate antecedent effects. The model results indicated a reasonable correlation (r2 = 0.67) when precipitation, daytime LST advanced 16 days, and a deseasoned moisture stress index were regressed against log‐transformed streamflow. The estimation model was applied to a validation period from January 2006 through March 2007, a period of 12 months of regional drought and base‐flow conditions followed by three months of above normal rainfall and a flood event. The model resulted in a Nash‐Sutcliffe estimation efficiency (E) of 0.45 for flow series (in log‐space) for the full 15‐month period, −0.03 for the 2006 drought condition period, and 0.87 for the 2007 wet condition period. The overall model had a relative volume error of −32%. The contribution of parameter uncertainties to model discrepancy was evaluated.
THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AND ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN MISSION FROM AN ALASKAN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Oleksa Michael
Published: March 2009

This essay will discuss Orthodox mission and its relation to the church in three ways: first, as mission and the church have related historically, second, as they relate now, specifically in the New World, and finally as they should, in the thinking of this writer, relate in the future.
“WHEN ALL THE SINGING HAS STOPPED” ECCLESIASTES: A MODEST MISSION IN UNPREDICTABLE TIMES
Authors: Prior John
Published: March 2009

The ability to enjoy riches and property and to find contentment in work is a gift from God. Such a person will hardly notice the passing of time, so long as God keeps the heart occupied with joy.
Jianshe Theology: Reflections about the Process of Theological Reconstruction in China
Authors: Brandner Tobias
Published: March 2009

The article introduced the process of theological reconstruction (jianshe) which has been at the centre of the theological reflection of the Chinese church in the past five years, and continues to be do. The article also describes the historical context of an extraordinary church growth in which this reflection has taken and is taking place. The author analyses how this process links ecumenical and hermeneutical interests: theological reconstruction in China today tries to overcome traditional theology which was shaped by Western missionaries, and to find a framework for a genuinely contextual theology that is relevant to society.

The goal of the process of theological reconstruction is to identify a contextual theology which builds bridges between Christian faith and the world. Accordingly, those elements of Christian faith are emphasized which facilitate an openness to the world. Contextual theology as encountered in the process of theological reconstruction reflects the importance that harmony has in the context and historical experience of China. The introduction of hermeneutical categories in the theological reflection makes it possible to overcome a narrow biblicism as well as a non‐historical application of one's own principles of biblical interpretation.

The article contains a discussion about the possible misunderstandings that the term “theological reconstruction”can evoke, and suggests leaving the term untranslated. It also critically examines the challenges that the enormous speed of modernization in China poses.
MISSION TO “SET THE CAPTIVES FREE”: HEALING, DELIVERANCE, AND GENERATIONAL CURSES IN GHANAIAN PENTECOSTALISM
Authors: Ajatnoah‐Gyadu J. Kwabena
Published: March 2009

The rue of the Pentecostal/Charismatic movement in African countries like Ghana had inspired new ways of dealing with the challenges of life. A critical area of operation for the movement is the “healing and deliverance” ministry, through which supernatural evil is confronted in order that Christians may be freed to enjoy the abundant provision,) of God in Christ. Systems of “shrine slavery” in Ghana, also found in various forms among certain sub‐Saharan African peoples, offer examples from traditional religions of how such institutions may stigmatize victims and generations after them, sometimes perpetually. In keeping with the prophetic declaration by the prophet Ezekiel that, “The sins of the fathers shall be no more be visited on their children”, the Pentecostal/Charismatic ministry of “healing and deliverance” provides a Christian ritual context in which the enslaving effects of generational curses resulting from the sins of one's ancestry may be dealt with. This is in order that those born‐again in Christ, in keeping with the objective of Christian mission, may experience fullness of life in Christ. The phenomenon of “healing deliverance”, discussed here from a Ghanaian perspective, serves as a ministry of restoration in the hands of Africa's new Pentecostal/Charismatic movements and churches as they seek to provide holistic pastoral care to their followers.
THE SPIRIT, HEALING AND MISSION: AN OVERVIEW OF THE BIBLICAL CANON*
Authors: Thomas John Christopher
Published: March 2009

This article examines the relationship in the biblical canon between healing, the Spirit, and the mission of the church. The piece begins with a section devoted to the author's Pentecostal context, and his theological and ministerial interest in this topic. Relying primarily upon a literary reading of the relevant texts, this study seeks to hear the distinctive voices in the biblical canon, from the torah to the book of Revelation, before assembling the biblical choir in order to hear its rich, textured and dissonant sound on this topic. This careful reading of the biblical texts suggests that the healing ministry of Jesus and the church does not simply “confirm” the proclamation of the gospel, but is itself gospel proclamation. The preponderance of the evidence indicates that there is an intricate and significant connection between the ministry of healing and the mission of the church.