bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Walking through History
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the idea that myths are a key element in the creation of landscape, whereby mere space is transformed into resonant place through the matrix of time. In spite of the local nature and uses of many mythical narratives, it is argued here that mobility is central to understanding the power and value of the mythical past. Not only do the travels of itinerant heroes link together mythical venues, but later travels, such as those of characters in Herodotus’ Histories or of authors themselves, illustrated by Pausanias, activate the resonances of the landscape and give it a temporal dimension by triggering mythical narratives associated with the places passed through. These narratives in turn evoke additional journeys which contribute to the creation of a spatial network that binds together the Mediterranean world. Thus, myth offers a medium through which past and present are linked across space.
Mapping the Hellespont with Leander and Hero
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores through the lens of memory studies in a variety of fields the intimate relationship between the story of Hero and Leander and its setting on the Hellespont. It draws on research in cognitive and social psychology on the way in which features of the landscape serve as prompts for the recollection of other material, a study from archaeology of the phenomenology of landscape, and recent work on the operations of collective memory in a dispersed community. These observations are then applied to this well-known story from the ancient world. The chapter demonstrates how this story of love and loss, a cultural memory, was used, for at least twelve centuries, not only to recreate this distinctive location in the mind of a listener or reader, but also to represent it, both to those who lived locally and to a remote audience.
Word-initial geminates
Authors: Ridouane Rachid , Hallé Pierre A.
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the relationship between the production and perception of word-initial gemination in stops and fricatives in Tashlhiyt Berber. Gemination in this language is primarily implemented through longer duration, even for utterance-initial voiceless stops. This timing information is sufficient for native listeners to identify geminate fricatives and voiced stops and distinguish them from their singleton counterparts. For voiceless stops, however, native listeners’ discrimination performance is only slightly above chance level. Native speakers can thus encode a phonemic contrast at the articulatory level and yet be unable to fully decode it at the perceptual level. Implications of these results for the general issue of phonological representation of gemination are briefly discussed.
Second language learners’ production of geminate consonants in Japanese
Authors: Hirata Yukari
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines whether learners of Japanese at an intermediate level make progress in accurately producing singleton and geminate stops after being immersed in Japan without specific training. Seven learners of Japanese, with two years of classroom instruction in the USA, recorded words such as [kako] and [kakːo] in a carrier sentence at three speaking rates before and after a four-month study-abroad experience in Japan. Duration of various segments was analysed, and the singleton and geminate boundary ratio of native Japanese speakers was used to determine learners’ production accuracy. Results indicated that the learners did make a singleton/geminate distinction, but their production accuracy showed limited improvement. The results suggest continuing difficulty in the mastery of native-level durational control.
Epilogue
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

To conclude this book I would like to offer a summary of the main results of my study, whereby I wish to focus on the empirical data rather than on the technical details of the various syntactic analyses that I have proposed.

I will start with the OV/VO alternation, as described and analysed in ...
Hegel’s Natural Law Constructivism
Authors: Westphal Kenneth R.
Published: June 2017

Legend has it that, in principle, Hegel’s Philosophical Outlines of Justice cannot afford any progress in morals, nor any progressive politics, either because his moral philosophy is derived a priori from his first principles, or because his putative theory of ‘justice’ must simple endorse whatever lurch the Weltgeist next takes. Hegel’s methodology and his Science of Logic are important to understanding his moral philosophy. This chapter details four related methodological precautions that must be observed. It then considers some substantive fundamentals of Hegel’s moral philosophy, central to his version of ‘Natural Law Constructivism’. Thus prepared, the chapter details several specific regards in which Hegel’s normative social morality is progressive both principally and practically, and concludes by reflecting on Hegel’s career of public activism on behalf of liberal republican reform.
Syntactic domain types and PF effects
Authors: Lochbihler Bethany
Published: June 2017

This chapter proposes a distinction between syntactic phases headed by C and D as final, in contrast to other non-final phases. Final phases act as stronger boundaries for head movement and provide final landing sites for A′-movement, but non-final phases, while still constituting spell-out domains, impose weaker boundaries. This chapter particularly investigates the phonological effects of final and non-final phases in Ojibwe, and the different processes that can apply at the spell-out of each type of domain. An analysis is provided for an ordering paradox between palatalization and apocope, which is claimed to be accounted for by reference to the syntactic structure and the timing of application of these processes at the spell-out of final or non-final phases.
You Win Some, You Lose Some
Authors: Bedock Camille
Published: June 2017

In 2011, Ireland seemed to have all the conditions to enable the redesigning of its institutions. The agenda of institutional reform was both imposed upon Irish elites and utilized by them during their campaigns in times of economic crisis and electoral recomposition, but the politicians chose to implement multiple processes of reform separately from each other. Some reforms were conducted primarily by the government, while others were externalized to a device called the Constitutional Convention. The agenda of institutional reforms resulted in three sets of outcomes: one which saw the successful adoption of many small, consensual reforms in the parliament with the support of the parliamentary majority; one where the referendum hurdle proved fatal for (what were initially) consensual reforms driven exclusively by the majority; and one which saw the delegation of the most divisive reforms to an external body, in order to delay the need for a decision.
Ordering the World: Hedley Bull after Forty Years
Authors: Falk Richard
Published: June 2017

Even after forty years, a period of major transformations in the makeup and structure of international society, The Anarchic Society depicts a pluralist world order that continues to exert predominant influence on the formation of global policy. This essay critically explores the impacts of the rise of the post-colonial South, the conduct and ending of the Cold War, the emergence of non-state actors, and the impact of global market forces on the sort of anarchic society that existed four decades ago. Bull’s view that it was important to uphold sovereign rights creates tensions with efforts to develop international criminal responsibility and protect global, as distinct from, national interests. At the same time, Bull acknowledged the importance of international law in sustaining international cooperation and transnational life, which has grown in importance since his book was first published.
Decolonizing The Anarchical Society
Authors: Pasha Mustapha Kamal
Published: June 2017

Are claims for redistributive justice reconcilable with the demands for order? This question remains as significant today as it was articulated in The Anarchical Society forty years ago. This essay explores its aporetic nature against the horizon afforded by spectrality—the ghostlike presence/absence of justice in Bull’s account of the international. The problem of justice in this alternative decolonial narrative occasions three interrelated components: (1) an acknowledgement of particular (exclusionary) historical settlements that have shaped the contemporary international order; (2) recognition of racially differentiated space (or ‘coloniality’) as a durable feature of past and present international order; and (3) exposure of some of the more potent effects of this differentiation on the capacity or power of (unequal) actors (sovereign states in Bull’s formulation) in the international system. In Bull’s case, it is the haunting presence/absence of coloniality (embedded in his concerns for redistributive justice) that is simultaneously repudiated and embraced.
The Anarchical Society and a Global Political Economy
Authors: Pauly Louis W.
Published: June 2017

If Hedley Bull came back today and revised his most famous book, he would likely devote a chapter to the economic forces that transformed our world during the past four decades. Among other systemic changes, the radical unleashing of finance and the partial return of a pre-1914 economic ideology justifying open and integrating capital markets might surprise an advocate of the virtues of the states system. But by following Bull’s reasoning, his model of empirical observation, and his underlying moral sensibilities—as well as suggestions from his constructive critics—this essay traces the emergence since the late 1970s of a variegated global capacity to assess systemic financial risks, design collaborative policies to prevent systemic crises, and manage them when they nevertheless occur. The challenge of deeply legitimating that nuanced and complex capacity remains, which, as Bull anticipated, means that considerations of justice must soon be addressed.
Conclusions
Authors: Hood Christopher , Himaz Rozana
Published: June 2017

This concluding chapter (a) compares all the episodes of fiscal squeeze in the UK over a century in terms of loss imposition, political costs to incumbents in pursuing fiscal squeeze, and the degree of state effort involved; (b) shows how the fiscal squeeze ‘game’ changed over a century (in terms of depth, length, composition, blame allocation, and of the tactics adopted, including stealth taxes and bear traps); (c) explores consequences of fiscal squeezes, and shows that a puzzle in the literature about apparently erratic voter ‘punishment’ of governments imposing austerity policies can be resolved if austerity is defined in terms of losses imposed rather than debt and deficit outcomes, and if political costs incurred by incumbents in pursuing fiscal squeeze are considered; (d) considers the future of fiscal squeeze, exploring what future fiscal squeezes will be like if past trends continue into the future.
From Triumph to Tragedy
Authors: Johansson Jon
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the paradox of Lyndon Johnson’s presidential leadership. Widely acclaimed for his brilliant transition to the presidency after the national trauma of President John F. Kennedy’s assassination, this chapter reveals how LBJ exploited his extraordinary high levels of leadership capital to achieve truly historic legislative successes, notably the passage of the Civil Rights Act (1964), the Voting Rights Act (1965), and a crushing electoral victory in 1964. The chapter also reveals how the very skills and character strengths that made Johnson a domestic tour de force did not translate into foreign policy, with fatal consequences for his presidency once his leadership capital collapsed around his failed policies in Vietnam. Ultimately, character-related weaknesses helped LBJ’s leadership descend into tragedy and collapse.
Leadership Capital
Authors: Jentges Erik
Published: June 2017

The Leadership Capital Index utilizes the conceptual terminology of Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory. This chapter presents the groundwork for the LCI as it clarifies Bourdieu’s key concepts and traces the evolution from political capital to leadership capital. With an overview of Bourdieu’s three core concepts of economic, cultural, and social capital, plus the more elusive symbolic capital, the chapter assists with an appreciation of the analytical potential of the concept of political capital. The notion of leadership capital integrates many (but not all) aspects of Bourdieu’s field-specific notion of political capital and the LCI succeeds in translating his complex conceptualization into a manageable set of ten indicators. The chapter explains how together Bourdieu’s political sociology and the approach suggested through the LCI create numerous synergies and are promising and useful endeavors in the analysis of political leadership.
Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth
Authors: Moses Jonathon W. , Letnes Bjørn
Published: June 2017

Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth: The Norwegian Experience describes how Norway has created new institutions and policies, and employed good macroeconomic management techniques, administrative systems, local content, and regulatory frameworks to avoid the Resource Curse and Dutch Disease. Lessons from the Norwegian experience can be extended to other petroleum-producing countries. These lessons are derived from two very different sources: (1) the broader—if still underdeveloped—social science literature that examines the Paradox of Plenty in its disparate forms; and (2) Norway’s experience—as a country that has successfully managed its natural resources over several decades. The book describes those institutions and policies that are transferable to other states (such as its famed Petroleum Fund), while recognizing the many non-transferable aspects of the Norwegian experience. In short, Managing Resource Abundance and Wealth shows how the petroleum industry can be managed in a democratic, just, and ethical manner—for the benefit of the entire population.
Public-sector Contracting for Investment Services
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B. , Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

In Chapter 7, the focus shifts to public agents and the process of contracting financial services and local pension funds in the US states. The costs of governing and managing this sector are addressed and an idealized model of the institutional design, administration, and supervision of the investment management process is introduced, laying out the forms and functions of pensions in relation to their beneficial purpose. In a brief overview of the US state and local PERS sector, its economic significance and distinctive institutional ecology are noted. The authors’ research demonstrates the extent to which the market for financial services in the US public pension-fund sector is Balkanized, implying significant transaction costs for both the buy and sell sides of the market, more often found at the city or metropolitan level than among funds within states or between funds of adjacent states.
Cooperation and Collaboration
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Monk Ashby H. B.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 10 explains how and why new modes of cooperation and collaboration between, rather than within, institutions have become important. It summarizes the distinctive attributes of the global financial services industry. Critically, it looks at the value of cooperation and collaboration as a means of giving senior managers opportunities to adapt or extend the capacities of their institutions in a changing environment. This characterization of cooperation and collaboration is applied to the design of investment platforms bringing together financial institutions across space and time to invest in opportunities beyond inherited capabilities and resources. Findings relevant to the literature on organizational change are explored as a way to better understand the nature and shape of global financial services. The limits of cooperation and collaboration are identified with respect to the capacity of senior managers to make commitments on behalf of their organizations.
Measuring (Global) Governance
Authors: Umbach Gaby
Published: June 2017

The chapter questions how we can measure global governance. It critically examines existing approaches to the measurement of global governance. It pays particular attention to key conceptual and methodological concerns of the overall endeavour to quantify and/or qualify global governance. The chapter focuses on the measurement of global governance as a multidimensional paradigm of international political and institutional practice that, being not measurable per se, requires complex aggregations of indicators and statistical data to serve as proxies to capture its broad conceptual character. As constructed proxies they not only measure, but naturally also frame the reality they are set out to measure, partially in a rather prescriptive way. The chapter discusses the conceptual quality of governance and its related measurement tools; their relevance and use as well as key methodological issues involved in measuring governance, ‘good’ governance, and global governance.
Virtue Ethics and Organizational Ethics
Authors: Moore Geoff
Published: June 2017

The aim of this chapter is to set out the virtues approach, mostly as characterized by Alasdair MacIntyre, at the individual level but also at the level of society since the two are interrelated. It discusses seven components of virtue ethics, and in the process introduces the ideas of purpose and the common good. It then looks at two criticisms of virtue ethics—first what is known as ‘situationism’, and second whether virtue ethics is insufficiently action-guiding, and provides a response to these. It also explores why, within a virtue ethics approach, we should be able to provide reasons for our actions, before considering whether and how the virtues approach might be applied to organizations. It argues that, using virtue as a metaphor, we can legitimately apply the concepts of virtue ethics at the organizational level.
Is Ethical Independence Enough?
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: June 2017

Ronald Dworkin’s argument for a general right of ethical independence, in contrast to a special right of religious freedom, represents an important liberal view of the significance of religion within political morality. This chapter seeks to understand and defend Dworkin’s ideal of ethical independence, particularly against those who claim that it provides individuals with insufficient protection to pursue their religious commitments. It does so by integrating ethical independence with other features of Dworkin’s conception of political morality, such as his critique of majoritarianism and his account of equality. In addition, it develops a response to the most prominent version of the insufficiency objection, namely, that the political community ought to give special protection to individuals who seek to honour the dictates of their conscience, or their perceived ethical duties.
Religious Exemption and Distributive Justice
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: June 2017

Religious exemptions are frequently justified as exercises in distributive justice. This chapter examines that view, using a distinction between two types of distribuend: (a) religious freedom and (b) access to non-religious goods, an access that may be diminished for some because they hold religious beliefs. Exemptions required by indirect religious discrimination law are concerned with (b) and are primarily exercises in distributive justice, although not in a simple egalitarian form. Those required by human rights law are concerned with (a) and turn on the make-up of the distribuend rather than its distribution. Exemptions granted specifically and directly by law, such as those granted to Sikhs in relation to kirpans and safety helmets, should be understood as exercises in adhockery rather than distributive justice.
How Should We Respect Conscience?
Authors: Ceva Emanuela
Published: June 2017

Contra the widespread tendency in political and legal philosophy to make the institutional protection of conscience dependent on the idea of toleration, the chapter concentrates on the normative implications of the idea of respect for persons. Most current discussions of toleration focus on social, political, and legal arrangements, which establish whether citizens should be allowed to live in accordance with their conscientiously held but (potentially) objectionable beliefs. The chapter shows that the realization of the principle of respect for persons in politics, society, and the law requires that we ask whether citizens are treated in a manner appropriate to their status as persons during the processes through which we reach such arrangements.
Area-preserving diffeomorphisms
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar
Published: June 2017

This chapter is devoted to two-dimensional symplectomorphisms, which are just area- and orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms. The chapter includes an exposition of Birkhoff’s proof of Poincaré’s last geometric theorem, which asserts that an area-preserving twist map of the annulus must have at least 4 two distinct fixed points. It also discusses some applications of these ideas to billiard problems.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Helena
Published: June 2017

This chapter traces the story of Ovid’s life from his own version to the vies written in the seventeenth century. It explores the tricksy narrative account Ovid provides in Tristia 4.10 and analyses his use of personae in his exile poetry and love poetry, suggesting that the elusive way Ovid represents his life, especially the reasons for his exile, accounts for the richness of its historiographical tradition. Next, it considers the versions of Ovid’s story told in Late Antiquity, the medieval accessus, and the humanist vita, tracking their influence in the seventeenth century, and shows that these accounts were as instrumental in determining the subsequent renditions of his life as his own poem was. Finally, it compares the two vernacular vies of the seventeenth century (by Marolles and Martignac) used to preface translations of Ovid’s work, considering how their revision of the humanist vitae relates to their translation methods.
Introduction
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The introduction sketches the basic pattern of the events—a quarrel between neighbours led to a storm of abusive letters, private prosecutions for criminal libel, one of the antagonists going to prison, protesting her innocence, and securing a re-examination of her case, which led to the eventual resolution of the affair, though not before further trials that became media spectacles—and then identifies some of the stakes of the subject matter. The dispute can be explained with the existing historiography of class and gender in interwar Britain, but the oddities of the language in the libellous letters lead to more elusive questions about agency and literacy.
Keeping Observation
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

Horatio Bottomley’s muckraking newspaper John Bull took an interest in the Littlehampton case and Edith Swan corresponded with the paper. Swan acquired new neighbours on the other side from the Goodings—Violet and George May, who began to receive obscene letters. Unbeknownst to Swan, the West Sussex police were keeping her under surveillance. The surveillance work was largely undertaken by Gladys Moss, a former governess who joined the West Sussex police at the end of the war. Moss was seconded from Worthing, where (as the police station logs show) she was marginalized in much the same way as other pioneering women officers in provincial police forces. Moss ‘kept observation’ for several weeks and eventually witnessed Edith Swan surreptitiously delivering an obscene letter.
The Perfect Witness
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

After a briefing from the West Sussex police, the DPP, Sir Archibald Bodkin, arranged for George Nicholls to return to Littlehampton and investigate further. Edith Swan was arrested and her house searched again. The search turned up some account books that could have supplied the paper for the recent libels. By the time her case came to trial, the Littlehampton libels had become a matter of more than local fascination. National newspapers reported the trial in detail. Swan was tried before a judge who found Swan’s performance in the witness box convincing and took the extraordinary step of cutting off the prosecution and telling the jury they should acquit. John Bull accused Nicholls of botching the case, prompting him to sue the paper for libel.
Humanist Engagements
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

Bodin arrived in Toulouse c.1550, a brief account of the economy, social composition, and governmental institutions of which opens the chapter. There follow comments on its cultural life and identification of its leading citizenry, with remarks on the treatment of alleged religious dissidents by the city itself, and especially on discordant intellectual influences at work in the University, most notably the Law Faculty and the modes of teaching there. The chapter’s second part reviews Bodin’s translation and edition of the Greek poem Cynegetica by Oppian ‘of Cilicia’, assessing the quality of his editorial work, the extent to which allegations of plagiarism levelled against him were valid, and the nature and merits of his translation. The third section recounts contemporary wrangling over educational provision in Toulouse and examines the Oratio in which Bodin argued the case for humanist-style educational provision by means of a reconstituted college there.
Vita Contemplativa
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

Remarks on the aftermath of the Laon siege and on his publications’ reception by papal censors preface the chapter’s main subject, an account of Bodin’s contribution to natural theology, the Universae naturae theatrum. Presented as a dialogue, the work relies principally though by no means exclusively upon Aristotelian methodologies and draws on a range of source materials, with ancient authorities well to the fore. Bodin’s use of methodology and source, including evidence empirically obtained, is critically reviewed, as is his treatment of major natural scientific topics, notably motion. Via discussion of various natural phenomena and the doctrine of mean terms he arrives at a consideration of the soul, creation’s ‘universal bond’. A harmonious entity, the universe is subject always to God’s arbitrary interventions. Finally, the chapter discusses Bodin’s Paradoxon which, ostensibly challenging the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean, concerns itself ultimately with the will, the intellect, and the virtues.
Territory and Ideology in Latin America
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2017

Around the world, familiar ideological conflicts over the market are becoming increasingly territorialized in the form of policy conflicts between national and subnational governments. Thanks to a series of trends such as globalization, democratization, and especially decentralization, subnational governments are now in a position more effectively to challenge the ideological orientation of the national government. This book conceptualizes these challenges as operating in two related but distinct modes. The first stems from elected subnational officials who use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to design, implement, and defend subnational policy regimes that deviate ideologically from national policy regimes. The second occurs when these same officials use their authority, resources, and legitimacy to question, oppose, and alter the ideological content of national policy regimes. The book focuses on three similarly situated countries in Latin America where these two types of policy challenges met different fates; neither challenge succeeded in Peru, both succeeded in Bolivia, and Ecuador experienced an intermediate outcome marked by the success of the first type of challenge (that is, the defense of a deviant, neoliberal subnational policy regime) and the failure of the second (that is, the inability to alter a statist national policy regime). Derived from the in-depth study of these outcomes, the book’s theoretical argument emphasizes three causal variables: (1) the structural significance of the territory over which subnational elected officials preside, (2) the level of institutional capacity they can harness, and (3) the strength of the societal coalitions they can build both within and across subnational jurisdictions.
When do Subnational Policy Challenges Succeed?
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2017

This chapter elaborates the book’s theoretical framework by focusing on the three critical variables—structural, institutional, and coalitional—that help explain the outcome of the two types of subnational policy challenges conceptualized in Chapter 1. It argues that a subnational jurisdiction’s structural significance is critical for the ability to influence the national policy regime (the second type of policy challenge), while its institutional capacity is essential for the defense of ideologically deviant subnational policy regimes (the first type of policy challenge). The third variable, internal and external coalitional strength, matters for both types of challenges. After situating these hypotheses relative to a variety of political science literatures, the chapter then introduces the Bolivian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian cases by focusing on the similarities that make these countries a productive site for small-N comparison. The chapter also scores each country on the dependent variable and describes the book’s data-collection methods.
Conclusion
Authors: Eaton Kent
Published: June 2017

The final chapter concludes the book in two ways. First, it summarizes the central claim that structural significance, institutional capacity, and coalitional dynamics together explain whether subnational officials can advance successful subnational policy challenges. This part of the chapter also assesses the more general theoretical implications of the research findings for each causal variable (structure, capacity, and coalitions). Whereas most of the book examines how decentralization has empowered territorial actors to shape ideological conflicts, the second half of the conclusion reverses this focus by exploring how ideological conflict over the market also shapes territorial outcomes, most significantly through the redistribution of authority and resources between levels of government. The chapter ends with representative examples of recentralization in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru; these show how ideological conflict over the market has led national governments in each country to recentralize authority and resources in the attempt to undercut subnational policy challenges.
1703–1704
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The fourth chapter shows the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership challenged by Nottingham for control of grand strategy. The expansion of the war into Portugal, Spain, the Mediterranean, and the Americas makes Godolphin anxious about over-extension of resources. He also has to bring about the union of England with a violently nationalist Scotland to fulfil the queen’s desire and safeguard the Protestant succession. Marlborough is prevented by the Dutch from following up his success in the Low Countries and the Holy Roman Empire comes under threat from France. But Godolphin’s rigorous management of the Treasury gains the confidence of the City, thus lowering the interest rates for public credit, enabling him to pay subsidies to the Allies, exercise control over strategy, and fund Marlborough’s secret plan to save Vienna. With the aid of Robert Harley, Marlborough and Godolphin use the parliamentary contest over Occasional Conformity to divide the Tory opposition.
Practices from Everyday Life
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter assesses specific values and strategies key to the production of deep equality. Within a broad framework in which cooperation, similarity, and contaminated diversity define the interactions that typify deep equality, individuals and groups deploy a number of values or beliefs. These values include respect, generosity, neighbourliness, forgiveness, caring and protectiveness, compassion and even love, and they are worked out and manifested through language, gesture, navigation and negotiation, and through the use of humour and acts of humility, and forgiveness. The chapter also considers the circulation of practices of deep equality. Three examples of group-initiated action that exemplify deep equality are discussed: the ‘Cook and Share a Pot of Curry Day’, a grassroots led initiative in Singapore; the protest actions of a Quebec boys’ soccer team in reaction to an attempt to ban turban-wearing Sikhs from the soccer field in 2013; and the global Human Library Project.
The Concept of Subalternity
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 explores the intellectual trajectory of the concept of subalternity. The first section revisits some key debates of subaltern theory which are considered relevant for the book. It demonstrates that subaltern theory may be fruitfully applied to understanding social inequality, especially when it comes to analysing the interlinked exclusion of subalterns from hegemonic frameworks of speech and, access to means of production in the modern state. The second part reflects on the methodological and theoretical consequences of applying subaltern theory to anthropological fieldwork and ethnographic writing. The author demands that the fieldwork method of participant observation is particularly suited to document the everyday life of subalterns, especially their often embodied practices and rituals. Beyond, he argues that the establishing of social relations with subalterns may serve as a precondition enabling the fieldworker to ‘speak with subalterns’ and thus to capture their voice in a more direct way.
Malugaon
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 moves closer to the urban centres of Margherita and Ledo to the little Baptist Hakhun Tangsa basti of Malugaon perched on top of a hill right next to a coal mine. By focusing on the landscape and livelihood of the Tangsa living there, and by describing the problems caused by insurgent activities as well as the opportunities offered by the informal trade of coal and opium, I wish to understand the efforts made by the Hakhun to survive as well as to gain visibility by organizing festivals. The final section deals with various aspects of relations and networks my Tangsa interlocutors have with the wider world around them and the web of connections between me and the Hakhuns in Malugaon.
Prologue
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

The Prologue proceeds from the common understanding that Philhellenism was constitutive of the cultural identity of the German Bildungsbürgertum since the end of the 18th century until the 1970s or even the 1980s – i.e. between the times of the French Revolution (1789) and the reunification of the two German states in 1989. This common understanding usually is connected to German poets and writers from Winckelmann to Stefan George (Eliza Butler) or explained with regard to the development of Altertumswissenschaften (Martin Bernal and Suzanne Marchand), albeit with different emphases. The link between Philhellenism and theatromania, epitomized in performances of Greek tragedies since 1800 has so far remained absent from this discussion. Therefore, in this study, the focus will shift to the relationship between performances of Greek tragedies and the cultural identity of the German Bildungsbürgertum. It thus attempts to understand tragedy’s endurance on German stages during the last 200 years.
Introduction
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

The introduction ‘Philhellenism and Theatromania’ retraces the emergence of these two phenomena in the German middle class. The year 1755 marks a watershed in this regard: it saw the publication of J. J. Winckelmann’s treatise Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks and the premiere of G. E. Lessing’s first domestic tragedy Miß Sara Sampson. Both share the common root and motivation once and for all to banish Frenchified German court culture. While Winckelmann’s treatise praised the ‘noble simplicity’ and ‘quiet greatness’ of the Greek masterpieces, Lessing’s play advocated new family values and the ideal of ‘naturalness’ as the true virtues of the middle class. The merging of Philhellenism as the cult of beauty with theatromania as the quest for identifying in a social group and as an individual provided the basic condition for staging Greek tragedies.
Hailing a Racial Kinship
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

The fifth chapter, ‘Hailing a Racial Kinship: Performances of Greek Tragedies during the Third Reich’, interprets the Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) and Lothar Müthel’s production of the Oresteia as part of it as the attempt to present Nazi Germany as the genuine heir of ancient Greece. It also discusses the seemingly paradoxical phenomenon that, during the war until the closing-down of all theatres in September 1944, 16 productions of Antigone were mounted with a total of 150 performances. Taking Karl Heinz Stroux’s 1940 production at the Staatliches Schauspielhaus Berlin as an example, the author discusses whether performances of Greek tragedies in times of war were meant and able to divert the Bildungsbürger from the ongoing atrocities and to reconcile them with the Nazis, or whether they provided a forum for resistance.
Of Guilt and Archetypes
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6, ‘Of Guilt and Archetypes: Post-War productions of Greek Tragedies in the 1940s and 1950s’, discusses three topics. The first centres on productions of Oedipus the King during the first post-war years, which did not elaborate a new aesthetics but were received as contributions to the issue of being ‘guiltlessly guilty’ (Hegel) and of ‘collective guilt’ (Karl Jaspers). The next two productions each developed a new aesthetics: Brecht’s Antigone in Chur, Switzerland, in 1948 elaborated a model for a philosophical theatre, which at the time went almost unnoticed. Gustav Rudolf Sellner’s productions of Greek tragedies in Darmstadt in the 1950s, in contrast, marked a quest for the ‘universal human’. The productions negated any relationship to the social and political situation. Instead, they took refuge in ‘archetypes’. While aesthetically innovative, the productions served a restorative tendency that was widespread during this period of the economic miracle, particularly among the Bildungsbürgertum.
Epilogue
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

The book concludes with an epilogue entitled ‘The Return of Dionysus. From Festive Performances to Global Spectacle’. It very briefly retraces the exchange of productions of Greek tragedies between Germany and other countries and ends with the role played by productions of Greek tragedies today, at German as well as international theatre festivals, thus linking them back to the most important festival in ancient Athens, the Great Dionysia. After explaining how such festivals in Germany reassert the central position held by theatre in German culture, the epilogue ends with a short discussion of Jan Fabre’s twenty-four-hour performance Mount Olympus—to Glorify the Cult of Tragedy (Berliner Festspiele, June 2015) as an allegory of and a reflection on Greek tragedy’s endurance on the German stage.
Authoritarianism Under Siege
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

In the years 1890–93, German Conservatism experienced an electoral crisis—and a crisis of conscience. One wing of the party preached antisemitism, first in close cooperation with radical antisemites, later to distance themselves from them. Another wing wanted to preserve the party’s close ties with the government and other instruments of authority. Saxon Conservatives were represented in both groups and often found themselves in the vanguard. These developments worried those in the party, and outside it, who wanted to focus exclusively on the socialist “threat,” especially after the Social Democrats’ strong showing in the Reichstag elections of 1890. Voices advocating a violent showdown with socialism grew louder. But as the next election in 1893 demonstrated, radical antisemites were not merely noisy: they challenged the Right to devise new ways of campaigning and rebrand its ideology.
Optimal Tax Progressivity: An Analytical Framework*
Authors: Heathcote Jonathan , Storesletten Kjetil , Violante Giovanni L.
Published: June 2017

What shapes the optimal degree of progressivity of the tax and transfer system? On the one hand, a progressive tax system can counteract inequality in initial conditions and substitute for imperfect private insurance against idiosyncratic earnings risk. On the other hand, progressivity reduces incentives to work and to invest in skills, distortions that are especially costly when the government must finance public goods. We develop a tractable equilibrium model that features all of these trade-offs. The analytical expressions we derive for social welfare deliver a transparent understanding of how preference, technology, and market structure parameters influence the optimal degree of progressivity. A calibration for the U.S. economy indicates that endogenous skill investment, flexible labor supply, and the desire to finance government purchases play quantitatively similar roles in limiting optimal progressivity. In a version of the model where poverty constrains skill investment, optimal progressivity is close to the U.S. value. An empirical analysis on cross-country data offers support to the theory.
Identification of potential genes that contributed to the variation in the taxoid contents between two Taxus species (Taxus media and Taxus mairei)
Authors: Yu Chunna , Guo Hong , Zhang Yangyang , Song Yaobin , Pi Erxu , Yu Chenliang , Zhang Lei , Dong Ming , Zheng Bingsong , Wang Huizhong , Shen Chenjia
Published: June 2017

Taxol is currently a valuable anticancer drug; however, the accumulated mixture of taxoids can vary greatly among Taxus species. So far, there is very little genomic information for the genus Taxus, except for Taxus baccata. Transcriptome analysis is a powerful approach to explore the different regulatory mechanisms underlying the taxoid biosynthesis pathway in Taxus species. First, we quantified the variation in the taxoid contents between Taxus media and Taxus mairei. The contents of paclitaxel and 10-deacetylpaclitaxel in T. media are higher than that in T. mairei. Then, the transcriptome profiles of T. media and T. mairei were analyzed to investigate the altered expressions. A total of 20,704 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 9865 unigenes predominantly expressed in T. media and 10,839 unigenes predominantly expressed in T. mairei, were identified. In total, 120 jasmonic acid-related DEGs were analyzed, suggesting variations in ‘response to JA stimulus’ and ‘JA biosynthetic process’ pathways between T. media and T. mairei. Furthermore, a number of genes related to the precursor supply, taxane skeleton formation and hydroxylation, and C13-side chain assembly were also identified. The differential expression of the candidate genes involved in taxoid biosynthetic pathways may explain the variation in the taxoid contents between T. media and T. mairei.
Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of Heterodera Species
Authors: Smiley Richard W. , Dababat Abdelfattah A. , Iqbal Sadia , Jones Michael G. K. , Maafi Zahra Tanha , Peng Deliang , Subbotin Sergei A. , Waeyenberge Lieven
Published: June 2017

Small grain cereals have served as the basis for staple foods, beverages, and animal feed for thousands of years. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, rice, and others are rich in calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. These cereals supply 20% of the calories consumed by people worldwide and are therefore a primary source of energy for humans and play a vital role in global food and nutrition security. Global production of small grains increased linearly from 1960 to 2005, and then began to decline. Further decline in production is projected to continue through 2050 while global demand for these grains is projected to increase by 1% per annum. Currently, wheat, barley, and oat production exceeds consumption in developed countries, while in developing countries the consumption rate is higher than production. An increasing demand for meat and livestock products is likely to compound the demand for cereals in developing countries. Current production levels and trends will not be sufficient to fulfill the projected global demand generated by increased populations. For wheat, global production will need to be increased by 60% to fulfill the estimated demand in 2050. Until recently, global wheat production increased mostly in response to development of improved cultivars and farming practices and technologies. Production is now limited by biotic and abiotic constraints, including diseases, nematodes, insect pests, weeds, and climate. Among these constraints, plant-parasitic nematodes alone are estimated to reduce production of all world crops by 10%. Cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are among the most important nematode pests that limit production of small grain cereals. Heavily invaded young plants are stunted and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted, have a reduced number of tillers, and the roots are shallow and have a “bushy-knotted” appearance. CCNs comprise a number of closely-related species and are found in most regions where cereals are produced.
Lack of Evidence of Vertical Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ by Carrot Seeds Suggests That Seed is not a Major Transmission Pathway
Authors: Loiseau Marianne , Renaudin Isabelle , Cousseau-Suhard Pascaline , Lucas Pierre-Marie , Forveille Aurélie , Gentit Pascal
Published: June 2017

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is a bacterium associated with several vegetative disorders on solanaceous and apiaceous crops. Following the recent detection of the bacterium in carrots in Europe, and particularly carrot plants used for seed production in France, two independent laboratories conducted experiments on the transmission of this pathogen by seed and had discordant results: one study showed no bacterial transmission to plants, and the other showed transmission to carrot seedlings starting from the fourth month of culture. To test the hypothesis that growing conditions affect seed transmission efficiencies, trials were renewed in 2015 on four lots of 500 carrot seeds naturally contaminated with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and two lots of 100 healthy seeds. The plants were grown for 6 months in an insect-proof NS2 greenhouse. Sets of 108 plants from the contaminated lots and 24 plants from the healthy lots were individually analyzed each month using real-time PCR to detect the bacterium. The detection tests on seeds and plants from healthy lots were always negative. During the 6 months of the trial, no plants from the contaminated seed lots tested positive for the bacterium or showed any infection symptoms. These results indicate that transmission of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ by carrot seed is rare and difficult to reproduce.