bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancements in Ultrawideband and Compact Microwave Components Using Ridge Empty Substrate Integrated Waveguides (RESIWs) for Satellite Communications
Authors: Herraiz David , Esteban Héctor , Herraiz Darío , Belenguer Ángel , E. Boria Vicente
Published: January 2025

Ridge empty substrate integrated waveguides (RESIWs) present a significant leap in the development of compact and ultrawideband microwave components. RESIWs offer a class of efficient integrated transmission lines by combining empty substrate integrated waveguide (ESIW) technology with conventional ridge waveguides. This integration results in a transmission line that exhibits low losses, high-quality factors, cost-effective solutions compared to conventional waveguides, and high bandwidth capabilities. The chapter describes the technology and applications of RESIW transmission lines, with particular emphasis on their compact and ultrawideband features (where increments of more than 100% in terms of operational bandwidth can be reached compared to ESIW). Several microwave components commonly found in conventional communication systems, such as filters, transitions, and power dividers, will be presented as examples of this type of transmission line, showcasing the main advantages of RESIW technology compared to other substrate-integrated technologies. The compactness, easy-integration, and wideband responses offered by RESIW make it an excellent choice for next-generation ultrawideband microwave circuits, where the size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) are crucial factors.
Clinical and Therapeutic Potential of Bacillus subtilis Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Iqbal Sajid , Malik Mehwish , Mustafa Bushra , Ahmed Janjua Hussnain
Published: January 2025

The bioactive peptides produced by Bacillus subtilis have garnered significant attention for their diverse bioactivities and promising therapeutic applications. These peptides exhibit broad-spectrum activity against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, making them potent candidates for treating drug-resistant pathogens. Further, these peptides exhibited anticancer activity by selectively targeting cancer cells, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion. Beyond their direct antimicrobial and anticancer properties, B. subtilis peptides also possess immunomodulatory effects, enhancing host immune responses and reducing inflammation. This dual role in both pathogen elimination and immune regulation expands their therapeutic potential, particularly for use in chronic infections and wound healing. To prevent these peptides from hydrolysis, biomaterial and liposome delivery systems have been designed to improve the stability and bioavailability of B. subtilis peptides. The key challenge in peptide-based drug discovery is the accurate prediction of peptide functionality and stability, given the complexity of peptide interactions with biological targets. Machine learning algorithms can be employed to design bioactive peptides with optimized therapeutic properties and can accelerate the identification of novel bioactive peptides with enhanced efficacy and specificity. Overall, this chapter demonstrates diverse mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, immunomodulatory effects, and delivery systems for B. subtilis peptides.
Ocean Energy Harvesting History and Technologies
Authors: Guo Sijing , Chen Shuo , Zahoor Mudasar
Published: January 2025

Marine energy is abundant and has been around since the very beginning. The energy density is much higher than those of solar energy and wind but we have yet to commercialize the product. Three main challenges are proposed by many peer-reviewed journal papers: Low reliability, Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE), and energy production. I would like to get deep into the source of the issues in the harvester development, discuss the potential improvements, and application of those converters, and lastly focus on the commercialization along with the renewable energy policies. This will help the audience understand how it all started, where we are currently, and how far we are from commercialization.
System Analysis of Thermoelectric Heat Pump Circuits with Regenerative Heat Recovery
Authors: Lobunets Yuriy
Published: January 2025

A schematic concept of a compressorless heat pump for residential and commercial HVAC installations is considered. The technical approach is based on a solid-state thermoelectric heat pump, which will reduce energy consumption for cooling and heating compared to typical technologies. A key feature of all reverse thermodynamic cycles on which heat pumps operate is the inverse hyperbolic dependence of the coefficient of performance (COP) on the difference in operating temperatures. The considered design divides the total operating temperature difference into many small intervals, each with an increased COP. The main thing is the technical possibility of creating an integrated recuperative heat exchanger, which includes thermoelectric micro-heat pumps in a sequential heating (or cooling) circuit. Since the temperature difference on each micro heat pump is much smaller than the total, each unit works with an increased efficiency factor. In this design, the total temperature rise of the coolant is equal to the sum of the temperature gains of all individual micro heat pumps, while the efficiency is equal to their average efficiency. This arrangement of the circuit of the thermoelectric heat pump simulates the ideal Lorentz cycle with internal heat recovery, which ensures high efficiency.
Radiation Caused by Elementary Particle
Authors: Mueller Eckehard
Published: January 2025

Radiation that does not come from the Earth itself accounts for about a third of all natural radiation that humans are exposed to. Its main source is the Sun, which emits a lot of particles and electromagnetic radiation. The effects of this radiation, known as the solar wind, on the Earth’s atmosphere and surface are shown here. The second source is the very high energy radiation coming from intergalactic space. The radiation from these two sources is described, as is its interaction with other nuclei. For a better understanding of the mechanism, the characteristics of the particle structure are explained. The distribution of the different elementary particle and radiation reaching the surface of the Earth are given. Examples of the main interactions are explained like the relative high neutron rate on the surface or why high-energy muons reaching us. A not negligible number of particles reaching the surface are produced by interactions in the ionosphere or atmosphere.
Smart Hydrogel Film of Bionanocellulose/Alginate/Polyethylene Glycol/Thermochromic Dye (BNC/ALG/PEG/TD) with Thermo-Responsive Behavior
Authors: Zainal Nurfarahin , Marsilla Ku Ishak Ku , Bustami Yazmin
Published: January 2025

We aim to explore bionanocellulose/alginate/polyethylene glycol/thermochromic dye (BNC/ALG/PEG/TD) as a thermo-responsive hydrogel film. In this study, BNC was produced using Pichia kudriavzevii USM-YBP2. Then, the morphology of BNC was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The formation of hydrogel film utilized the ionic crosslinking technique by mixing BNC, ALG, PEG, and thermochromic dye (TD) with Ca2+ ions. Then, the hydrogel film was evaluated for its swelling property, thermo-responsive behavior, and biodegradability. BNC exhibits aggregated fiber and clusters of spherical shape. BNC/ALG/PEG/TD formed a gray film, which indicates the successful integration of TD. Interestingly, it shows acceptable stability in wet and dry conditions, suggesting its robustness and stability. However, BNC/ALG/PEG/TD demonstrated low water content (16.6%) as compared to the control probably because of the increment in crosslink density or improvement of polymer-polymer interaction. The hydrogel film changes drastically to colorless at temperatures >30°C proving its thermo-responsive behavior. Interestingly, this hydrogel film also presented a reversible thermochromism property that enables the hydrogel to reverse back to its original color and morphology. However, it shows slow degradation and probably needs more than 2 weeks to fully degrade. In conclusion, BNC/ALG/PEG/TD can be potentially explored as a smart hydrogel film in a wide area of applications.
Joining the Workforce, Saudi Women and Vision 2030
Authors: O. Almutarie Aljawhara
Published: January 2025

This chapter describes the recent fundamental socio-economic changes achieved in Saudi Arabia to include women in the workforce in the face of a culture that traditionally excluded them from the public arena. It shows how this change is being achieved through Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and how these changes have acted as a force that potentially empowers Saudi women. The historical background of the Saudi economy is briefly outlined before focusing on the feminization of the workforce and the challenges that this has faced and continues to face. Patriarchal attitudes and the barriers to women’s equality in education and employment are considered before discussing how these challenges are being addressed in Saudi Arabia, in particular how the controversial lifting of the requirement for permission from a women’s male guardian for a range of public activities has contributed to women’s empowerment and their participation in the workforce. The chapter concludes that the recent changes enacted as part of the Vision 2030 initiatives have gone some considerable way toward encouraging women into the workforce, but that there is still some way to go before the Saudi gender gap is closed. The chapter uses a range of secondary sources to illustrate the each of the points made, and has selected recent, peer-reviewed research published in reputable journals.
Addressing Challenges in Cell Lysis: Effective Strategies and Technologies
Authors: Prakash Pragya , Haidar Shoaib , Ram Singh Hare
Published: January 2025

Cell lysis and disruption involve breaking down cells through natural processes or induced damage to the outer membrane. This process can occur during apoptosis, which helps detoxify and clear cells. However, when extracting valuable intracellular products from microbial or mammalian cells, controlled lysis techniques are essential. Lysis and cytotoxicity can lead to loss of desired products, toxin production, and complications from exopolysaccharides and endotoxins. While it may aid in detoxification when regulated, uncontrolled cytotoxicity complicates product extraction. To address these issues, researchers are developing novel extraction strategies tailored to the type of cells and the stability of the target products. Methods for cell disruption include physical, biological, and chemical approaches, with physical techniques often favoured in biological applications to enhance product recovery. The current chapter will provide an insight into the recent developments in the field of cell disruption, analysis of cell toxicity, and challenges associated with the phenomena. This chapter explores the various obstacles encountered in the process of cell lysis, a critical step in bioprocessing. This chapter delves into the underlying principles of cell lysis, examines the most common issues faced by researchers, and presents innovative strategies and cutting-edge technologies designed to overcome these challenges.
Anxiety and Depression among Early-Career Academic Researchers in China: Causes and Organizational Support
Authors: Guo Yuxin , Liu Xinqiao
Published: January 2025

Early-career researchers encounter distinct challenges, balancing intense competition with the demands of securing funding and publishing their work. These pressures have increased anxiety and depression, impacting their performance and overall well-being. Yet, their mental health remains a low priority for both society and institutions. This study adopts a qualitative research approach, employing purposive sampling to select 14 early-career faculty members from various academic disciplines, including the natural and social sciences. Data were gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews and subsequently analyzed to identify the primary sources of stress. The study revealed that the institutional environment, academic pressure, and personal attributes were the main influencing factors, which need to be supported by fair evaluation and a rational training system. The study also provides recommendations for grassroots organizational interventions and primary health care services to address these issues.
Perspective Chapter: What Happens When You Don’t Recover from COVID-19?
Authors: Kamal Choudhary Raj
Published: January 2025

The immense impact of COVID-19 would not have been anticipated by 7.5 billion people worldwide a few years ago. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the initial detectable instance of COVID-19 was identified in the Wuhan province of China in December 2019. Subsequently, on January 30, 2020, WHO declared the disease a global emergency. Others, however, contended that the virus had been unnoticedly disseminated across the region for several months prior to the pandemic. The single-stranded RNA virus has the potential to induce severe respiratory complications and is transmitted via aerosol droplets. According to the initial investigations conducted by the CDC, the infectivity (R0) of the novel strain of the Coronavirus is estimated to be 2.5. This indicates that, on average, one infected individual could transmit the virus to 2.5 noninfected individuals. The annual aR0 for the prevalent influenza virus is less than one. Due to the absence of effective treatment and the prospect of the vaccine in 2021, the global community has been subjected to the catastrophic effects of COVID-19. Based on the statistical data regarding the pandemic that was published by Johns Hopkins University in the United States as of 30 June 2020, the global cumulative number of fatalities accounted for 502,123, while the confirmed cases numbered 10,245,217. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant threat to worldwide public health and safety while exerting a considerable influence on socioeconomic progress on a global scale.
Physical Activity: An Immunity Booster for Treating Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Ul Ain Qurat , Gabriel Marian , Shahzad Irum , Perveen Wajida , Fiaz Ayesha , Sajjad Yasha
Published: January 2025

The interplay between physical activity and the immune system has garnered significant attention, especially in the context of respiratory diseases. Understanding this relationship is crucial, given the global burden of respiratory conditions such as COVID-19, influenza, and other upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This proposal aims to explore how physical activity can serve as an immunity booster and its potential in treating immunopathological conditions in respiratory diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has further underscored the importance of maintaining physical activity to mitigate the adverse effects of prolonged inactivity on the immune system. Immobilization due to hospitalization and quarantine can downregulate immune responses, making individuals more susceptible to severe outcomes from respiratory infections. This research has the potential to inform public health recommendations and clinical practices aimed at leveraging physical activity as a non-pharmacological intervention to boost immunity and manage respiratory diseases. By establishing a clear connection between exercise and immune function, this study will contribute to the development of holistic treatment approaches for respiratory conditions, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare burdens.
Examination of BIM and Virtual Reality Technology in the Building Production Process through User Experience
Authors: Bozkurt Gülce , Ersoy Selahattin , Yaşa Enes
Published: January 2025

Construction industry is open to innovation and change. The evolution of information technologies led these technologies to be integrated also into building production processes, and it is aimed to carry out the building production processes in a faster, systematic and controlled manner. In this context, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, which are information technologies used in building production processes, are widely encountered. Many conveniences are provided in building production processes in integrated projects carried out with BIM processes and VR tools. The study aims to identify the objectives, strengths and weaknesses of using BIM and VR integration in building production processes and to evaluate them in the context of potential threats and opportunities. A literature review and a company survey based on user experiences have been conducted in this study.
Clinico-Statistical Study of Oral Lichen Planus and Lichenoid Dysplasia
Authors: Mori Kazumasa , Matsumoto Ari
Published: January 2025

Here, we report a clinical study involving 31 patients (10 men and 21 women, with a male/female ratio of 1:2.1) who received a histopathological diagnosis of lichenoid dysplasia. The peak of age distribution was around 60 years for both male and female patients. The most frequently affected site was the buccal mucosa, and the most frequently observed lesions were reticular (18 cases, 58.1%), erosive (16 cases, 51.6%), and atrophic (18 cases, 58.1%). The most frequent clinical diagnoses before pathological examination at the time of the first visit were oral lichen planus. But tumours, leucoplakia, and erythroplakia were suspected in 16 cases (51.4%) (clinical diagnosis other than OLP). Chief complaints during the first visit were stinging and burning sensation. The cohort also included asymptomatic patients who wished for closer examination. The most frequent histopathological findings of dysplasia were mild, followed by moderate. Two cases (6.5%) became cancerous during follow-up.
Beyond the Inflammation: Surgical Role in Pancreatitis
Authors: Myralda Giamour Marbun Vania , Heinz Leonhardt Rowika Karl
Published: January 2025

Surgery was traditionally avoided in pancreatitis; however, aggressive interventions are now performed to manage its sequelae and complications. Key factors influencing the success of surgical management include indications, contraindications, timing, approach, and surgical goals. Carefully selecting cases and procedures is crucial for achieving favorable outcomes after the intervention is performed for managing pancreatitis. Understanding these elements is essential to optimizing patient care and eventually enhancing recovery. This chapter will explore all factors related to the surgical management of pancreatitis, providing insights into the evolving role of surgery in treating this complex condition and improving patient prognoses through targeted surgical interventions.
Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors and the Role of Their Pattern of Invasion to Adjacent Structures
Authors: Navarro-Bastida Diocelina , Zavala-Vega Sergio , Gelista-Herrera Noemi , Villa-Corral Natalia , Chavez-Muñoz Diana , Gómez-Rivera Ricardo , Rembao-Bojórquez Daniel , Tena-Suck Martha , Salinas-Lara Ciltlaltepetl , Portocarrero-Ortiz Lesly , A. Ramos-Peek Miguel , L. Gómez-Amador Juan , Ortiz-Plata Alma
Published: January 2025

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNets) are considered benign, but can be invasive. They are classified by their size (microadenomas, macroadenomas, and giant adenomas), by their clinical manifestations (functioning, non-functioning), and by the hormonal content detected by immunocytochemistry. PitNets show slow growth, occupying the sellar region and invading adjacent structures. Their size and invasion have been analyzed using different radiological techniques, complemented by surgical observations and pathological findings. We also include the analysis of the frequency and degree of invasion of functioning and non-functioning PitNets in patients at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City. The analysis of the size and determination of the invasion degree of PitNets, in relation to the clinical presentation characteristics and hormonal content, allows a better understanding of the behavior of these tumors, which is crucial in planning both the surgical strategy and the follow-up, since size is related to the disease evolution.
Policy and Practice Recommendations for Older Incarcerated Sexual and Gender Minority Men
Authors: Hillman Jennifer , Russell Brenda
Published: January 2025

The aim of this chapter is to review the available literature and explore the challenges, risks, and unique stressors faced by older sexual and gender minority men (SGMM) in prison, including the impact of systemic victimization, minority stress, and inadequate policy responses, and to provide recommendations for improving outcomes and reducing human rights violations among this underserved population. Although the number of older incarcerated adults and the costs associated with housing them have nearly tripled within the last decade, and sexual and gender minority men (SGMM) are overrepresented in criminal justice systems worldwide, older SGMM prisoners remain largely overlooked, understudied, and at risk. Consistent with Minority Stress and Iridescent Life Course Theories, this chapter reviews reported relationships in the literature between older SGMM inmates’ intersectional minority stressors, their increased risk of verbal, physical, and sexual victimization by both inmates and staff, and their reported negative outcomes in anxiety, depression, substance use, chronic illness, physical health problems, accelerated aging, and death. Associated international and United States legislation is also reviewed, and key changes to policy, risk assessment, and practice are recommended to promote the basic human rights of older incarcerated SGMM.
Towards a Green Capitalism: Balancing Sustainability and Food Security
Authors: Costato Antonioluigi
Published: January 2025

The article examines the complex relationship between environmental sustainability and food security, proposing a model of green capitalism inspired by historical challenges and contemporary contexts. Drawing from Jared Diamond, it explores parallelism between the collapse of past civilizations and current environmental risks, exacerbated by climate change and global interconnectedness. Carlo Cipolla’s analysis of historical transformations, such as the communal and industrial revolutions, provides a useful framework for mapping paths toward economic sustainability. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027 and the European Green Deal emerge as central instruments for integrating sustainability and food security objectives. Decoupled payments and enhanced conditionality reflect a regulatory approach aimed at reducing environmental impact without compromising agricultural productivity. However, challenges such as regulatory complexity and the need for local adaptability arise. The article discusses the role of the CAP in the transition toward resilient agriculture, balancing economic and environmental needs. It advocates for sustainable capitalism grounded in green principles and innovative collaborations, emphasizing the importance of cultural and legislative shifts to achieve a balance between economic growth and planetary preservation.
Xenotransplantation: Current Situation and Future Perspective
Authors: Quiroz-Flores Manuel , Leon Marc , Own Ali , Shah Akash , Jacob Samuel , Ruaengsri Chawannuch
Published: January 2025

This chapter aims to explore the history of xenotransplant, contemporary practices, ethical considerations, and the challenges associated with xenotransplantation. Due to the persistent scarcity of donor organs available for transplantation, various alternative sources are under investigation, one of which is xenotransplantation—transplanting organs from one species to another. Among nonhuman primates, porcine is considered the most suitable species for organ usage, as they grow to human size in just a few months. Significant progress has been made in the genetic engineering of pigs, whose hearts closely resemble human hearts in both structure and function. Genetic engineering plays a crucial role in overcoming immune barriers in xenotransplantation, helping to prevent T-cell-mediated and hyperacute rejection. Although using large animal models for orthotopic heart transplants presents technical challenges, the approach holds promise. Despite some religious prohibitions on pork, leaders in Muslim and Jewish traditions generally consider porcine organ donation ethical, as it saves lives. While technological advances have reduced the risk of xenografts transmitting novel viruses, this danger remains and has serious implications for the informed consent process in clinical xenotransplantation research.
Postoperative Pancreatitis
Authors: Todorov Radoslav S. , Zhivkov Evgeni E. , Arabadjieva Elena , Bulanov Dimitar I. , Yonkov Atanas S.
Published: January 2025

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a lot of authors were reporting cases of occurrence of postoperative inflammation of the pancreas after different abdominal operations, which in the early postoperative period evolves into acute pancreatitis and sometimes leads to lethal complications—failures of various organs and even whole systems. In this way, the term postoperative pancreatitis has been introduced in the medical society. With the progress of modern medical art and science, a lot of authors are reporting clinical cases of postoperative transitory hyperamylasemia, which devolves as a condition without any complications. These observations lead to the introduction of the term—“postoperative transitory hyperamylasemia.” Nowadays, it is still difficult to distinguish whether there is pancreatitis developing in the early postoperative period or just a transitory hyperamylasemia occurring after the operative intervention.
Heterotopic Pancreas
Authors: Soheyla Farajee
Published: January 2025

Heterotopic pancreas or aberrant pancreas is a congenital anomaly that may affect variant parts of the gastrointestinal tract and lesser other organs, and there is no anatomical or vascular communication between HP and the main pancreas. It is mostly asymptomatic but can present as gastrointestinal manifestations such as abdominal pain or distention, nausea, vomiting and weight loss. It may be mistaken with other common conditions such as gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST), leiomyoma, neoplasms or cysts. So that accurate diagnosis is important that can be facilitated by CT scan and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine needle aspiration (FNA). Asymptomatic HP usually may be monitored; otherwise, endoscopic or surgical treatment is indicated for symptomatic patients. In order to risk of complication development and adenocarcinoma arising from HP, monitoring and following up in observation management has an important role.
A Comparative Analysis of Gradient Centrifugation and Microfluidic Chips for Sperm Selection
Authors: Bayram Hale , Donmez Cakil Yaprak
Published: January 2025

A variety of techniques have been employed in the field of sperm selection, including methods based on sperm density, morphological characteristics, motility characteristics, membrane integrity, and surface charge. Among these techniques, the density gradient centrifugation (DGC) method stands out as the most prevalent and widely utilized today. However, this technique involves centrifugation steps that have been linked to oxidative stress and subsequent cellular damage. Consequently, alternatives to DGC are being continuously developed. The recently developed microfluidic chip method has also been implemented for sperm selection in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). However, the microfluidic chip method also presents certain disadvantages that must be addressed. This chapter evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of sperm selection methods from the past to the present, with a particular focus on DGC and microfluidic devices.
Sustainability in the Context of Environmental Education
Authors: Akçay Süleyman
Published: January 2025

The world today has entered a process that seems unlikely to end well for the environment, starting with the industrial revolution. During this process, the effects of excessive carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (such as methane) released into the atmosphere have manifested themselves as global warming and climate change. In addition, pesticide waste, water and air pollution, raw materials, and clean energy problems have also emerged locally. The most logical and holistic solution to this seems to be to switch to a sustainable development model. In this section, sustainability is discussed within the framework of environmental education.
Motivating Teachers in Active Methodologies Using Design Thinking: Learning Analytics
Authors: García-Aracil Adela , Isusi-Fagoaga Rosa
Published: January 2025

Motivation is essential in human behavior and central to studying personal conduct. In educational contexts, motivation improves the teaching-learning process by encouraging teachers and students to achieve favorable impacts and positive results, hence reducing dropouts related to the Sustainable Development Goals for improving Quality Education. The issue of implementing active methodologies, which focus on placing students at the center of the learning process and making them the primary agents of discovery, is often seen as a substitute for traditional lectures. However, active learning methods complement and enhance conventional teaching approaches. Despite evidence showing that active learning improves students’ comprehension and information retention, adoption of these methodologies remains limited. While this issue affects various levels of education, it is particularly significant in higher education. Often, degree programs rely heavily on theoretical content, creating a disconnect between theory and practice. This can result in poor performance and low success rates. In this chapter, through learning analytics, we explore how to motivate higher education teachers to apply active teaching-learning methods. Design thinking was the tool used to understand the teaching-learning process as it strongly emphasizes creativity, collaboration, and practical problem-solving, which align with the challenges and opportunities educators face in contemporary learning environments.
Migration to 6G: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Iyer Sridhar , Bajpai Rochak , Kumar Shailendra , Tripathi Jyoti , Prakash Singh Shree
Published: January 2025

The 6G networks are under theoretical and research exploration by both the academia and industry. The 6G networks are a natural evolution step of the 5G networks, which are currently undergoing extensive deployment globally. The key point indicators and the key value indicators chosen for the 5G network establishment are already marching toward the dense network penetration along with excessive machine-to-machine communication, which will find further extensions within the 6G network. The sensor-based machine-to-machine communication with cloudification, softwarization, and virtualization of the different network entities will pose a great challenge for the network engineers. This excessive machine-to-machine communication has found a great enabler in the form of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI)-based mechanism for the proposed 6G networks. This chapter addresses the security and privacy issues within the 6G networks in view of the ultradense network penetration in comparison with the 5G networks. The chapter also highlights manner in which these issues can be addressed with the blockchain-based data security schemes. Moreover, it is also pointed out that these schemes can be made robust by incorporating artificial intelligence which provides swift decision making at the machine end.
Perspective Chapter: Treating Facial Asymmetries – Significant Points to Take into Consideration for Optimal Results
Authors: Nicolaou Zoe
Published: January 2025

Facial asymmetry (FA) poses a challenge in craniofacial diagnosis and treatment planning and it is most frequently associated with Class III skeletal malocclusion. Severe facial deformities require a combination of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. However, traditional techniques for orthognathic surgery planning have considerable limitations, while three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have been developed in order to overcome the limitations of two-dimensional techniques. The advent of cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) allowed the examination of the anatomical structure in multiplanar views leading to a more accurate and comprehensive diagnosis of FA. Appropriate and detailed assessment and quantification of the differences between the right and left side of the face are essential for the diagnosis and treatment planning, resulting in ideal facial esthetics and functional results in orthognathic surgery. Significant points and details to take into consideration for correcting facial asymmetries will be presented in this chapter.
Perspective Chapter: Mental Health Care System EC Different Countries and Ukraine, Analysis of the Incidence and Prevalence of Mental Illness
Authors: Chorna Valentyna
Published: January 2025

The theoretical review of the state of psychical health of population of Ukraine and countries of ES is presented in the article. Strategic plans of Conception of the government having a special purpose program of psychical health of Ukraine care on a change the stationary model of treatment on the model of sredovoy psychiatry. The analysis of process of deinstitucionalizacii is conducted in Western Europe and Ukraine. The results of researches of syndrome of the emotional burning down are analysed for workers psychiatric establishments of health protection and other specialities, phenomena of stigmatizacii, samostigmatizacii and ways of overcoming of stigmy.
Chemistry of Food Sweeteners
Authors: Ibrahim Garba Abubakar , Bilkisu Unar Nasiru , Jude Kelechi Agomuo
Published: January 2025

This review delves into the chemistry of food sweeteners and provides a holistic classification based on chemistry and intensity of sweetness. Unique in this research is the combination of the sweeteners’ chemistry, regulation, and food usage aiming at finding the most suitable sweeteners based on food type and/or processing conditions that can meet consumers’ needs. Twenty intense sweeteners were studied for their chemistry, food use, stability, and possible health implications out of which 7 were found to be from natural sources with the characteristics of sweetness intensity ranging from 30 to 300,000 times sweetness as sucrose, including Thaumatin, Tagatose, Cyclamate, Advantame, Glucose, Dulcine, Neotame, Acesulfame-K, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone Aspartame, Alitame. Tied by their characteristic sweetness which ranges from 0.3 to 1.8 times the sweetness of sucrose, 22 Bulk sweeteners were also studied for their chemistry, calorific provision, and method of extraction/production. The analytical procedure of food sweeteners was also studied. Also, the finding of this review shows how different sweeteners are treated differently in different countries with major regulation centralizing on Joint Committee on Food Additive (JECFA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) which provide information on the average consumption requirement and for use in food product.
Perspective Chapter: Pelvic Congestion Syndrome
Authors: Clavijo Paulina Cisneros , Cacao Karen Plua , Carrera Karina Garzón , Ponce Fernanda Escobar
Published: January 2025

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) or pelvic varicose veins (PV) is an entity that millions of women in the world can suffer from, and its occurrence represented to 39%. Multiple factors contribute to the pathophysiology of PCS. Up to 15% of women between 20 and 50 years old suffer from PV, not all are symptomatic. Multiple studies demonstrate that the incidence of PCS is associated with the presence of typical or atypical PV; due to leakage points from lumbar plexus or superficial epigastric vein, etc. Risk factors for PV as multiparity or varicose veins in the lower limbs have been identified. The phlebography is the gold standard. The treatment consists progestogens at high dosage or analogues of gonadotropin releasing hormone, surgical laparoscopic or laparotomic ligation of bilateral ovarian veins, uterine ventro-suspension, and hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy; however, these techniques are the last to be used. Embolization is highly effective and safe; It has low recurrence rates and no complications. In conclusion, it is important to determine the different risk factors and know the new forms of endovascular treatment which are minimally invasive, not painful, ambulatory and also, do not show serious with low recurrence rates.
Policy Suggestions for Increasing the Attraction of Investment Capital for Sustainable Development: A Case Study in Vietnam
Authors: Phi Nga Lu , Thanh Tam Phan
Published: January 2025

Sustainable development is a prevailing and aspirational objective pursued by numerous nations, including Vietnam. These policies have led to notable accomplishments in the Vietnamese economy, which has experienced significant growth, increased competitiveness, and shifting toward industrialization and modernization. Objective: The study aims to determine the key factors influencing investment capital attraction and sustainable development in Vietnam. Besides, the authors proposed policy recommendations to enhance investment capital attraction. Methodology: The authors conducted a descriptive survey based on the quantitative method and primary data collected directly from 800 managers related to enterprises with investment capital from three provinces and 01 City interviewed via a structured questionnaire and data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 and Amos software. Result: The five critical factors influencing investment capital attraction and sustainable development in Vietnam are based on a five percent significance and eleventh accepted hypothesis. Unique contribution: The financial and technological factor exhibits the highest standardized estimate coefficient and exert the most influence on attracting investment capital. It plays a crucial role in developing the digital and green economy by facilitating the adoption of clean technology and green finance, contributing significantly to sustainable development.
Computational Modeling and Assessment of Transformer Frame Structure Under Seismic Load
Authors: K Yadav Pawan , Yanılmaz Onat , Göksu Engin , Üzel Sabri , Ünver Tolga
Published: January 2025

Abstract— The dynamic behavior of transformer frame structures is critical during earthquakes, as severe damage to these structures can lead to complete power system failures. This study evaluates and optimizes the transformer frame structure in accordance with IEC 62271-210 standards. The maximum applicable acceleration for the transformer frame assembly is observed to be 2,548g in standards. To achieve this, a simulation-based methodology is employed, consisting of modal analysis to determine natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios under free vibration conditions. Furthermore, the seismic response of the frame is analyzed using response spectrum analysis, highlighting the critical areas for design optimization. This approach aims to minimize damage, ensure structural safety, and protect lives and property during seismic events.
Unilateral segmental aplasia of the uterine horn in a Labrador Retriever
Authors: Greer Marthina
Published: January 2025

A 4 year old intact female Labrador Retriever was presented pregnant with one fetus. She was scheduled for an elective cesarean section because she was pregnant with a single fetus. Her pre-operative bloodwork showed leukocytosis with a left shift. At surgery, she had one normal uterine horn with a normal, full-term, viable fetus that was successfully delivered. The opposite horn was incomplete, ending in a blind pouch approximately 10 cm proximal to the cervix containing purulent material suggestive of pyometra. This blind pouch/segmental aplastic horn, was removed, leaving the normal horn intact and in situ. She went on to be bred another time and produced a litter of four pups. One bitch puppy from this litter was retained by the owner for his breeding program. On her first litter, she was found to have two normal uterine horns and produced a litter of ten pups.
Unilateral epididymo-orchitis with coagulative and liquefactive necrosis of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and testis of a Friesian stallion caused by Salmonella spp. serotype Hartford
Authors: Hall Sabrina , Mauk Page , Schumacher Jim , Klabnik-Bradford Jessica , Prado Tulio
Published: January 2025

A 5-year-old Friesian stallion was presented for evaluation due to increasing discomfort, scrotaledema and right testicular enlargement, first observed 8 days prior to presentation. Hyperechoic areas(consistent with necrosis) within the right testis, anechoic fluid between the visceral and parietal tunicsand scrotal edema were observed during transcutaneous ultrasonographic examination. Absence of bloodflow to the distal 3 cm of the spermatic cord was detected by Doppler ultrasonography. Testicularnecrosis caused by spermatic torsion was suspected and the right testis and distal aspect of the spermaticcord were excised under general anesthesia. During surgery, it was apparent that the right testis and distalportion of the spermatic cord were necrotic, but there was no evidence of torsion of spermatic cord.Histopathology findings included severe diffuse necro-suppurative orchitis, epididymitis and cellulitis,with intralesional bacterial rods. On bacterial culture, there were > 500 colonies of Salmonella spp.serotype Hartford.
Unilateral epididymitis associated with salmonella bacteremia in a dog
Authors: Pérez Cristina , Whitacre Michael D. , Thakur Siddhartha , Keelara Shivaramu , Fauls Megan , Breitschwerdt Edward B.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of a dog with unilateral epididymitis associated with Salmonella spp. bacteremia. Fever and an enlarged and painful testicle were the main clinical signs that resulted in referral for diagnostic evaluation. Unilateral septic epididymitis was diagnosed via ultrasonography of the genitourinary tract and aerobic culture of scrotal fluid, urine and blood, which yielded heavy growth of Salmonella spp. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) confirmed the presence of Salmonella javiana. Following antibiotic therapy there was total resolution of clinical signs, and no Salmonella was isolated from a post-treatment urine culture. The source of infection was unknown, however an environmental exposure was suspected. Although infrequent, infection with Salmonella spp. should be included in the differential diagnosis of canine epididymitis. Given the major zoonotic importance of salmonellosis, and to prevent re-infection after treatment, the source of the infection should be investigated and eliminated, if possible.
Review of Vid Simoniti, Artists Remake the World: A Contemporary Manifesto (2023), New Haven: Yale University Press
Authors: Spaid Sue
Published: January 2025

With Artists Remake the World: A Contemporary Manifesto (2023), Vid Simoniti surveys recent exhibition-based contemporary art (most since 2016) that ‘glimpse possibilities for repairing the world’. By deferring to institutional definitions of art, Simoniti avoids having to defend whether exhibited objects are art, yet this approach ignores the fact that not all exhibited objects begin/endure as art, let alone begin/endure as political art. Early on, he admits of a paradox regarding exhibition-based political art, that is, it can feel ‘forbiddingly abstruse, experimental, hard to access, inward looking, even elitist’.
Simoniti’s introduction describes his aim to demonstrate how ‘through art, we momentarily remake the world as we know it’. He develops this argument over seven chapters beginning with ‘when and how art contemporary art became political’, then ‘Realism for our time: on art and truth’, ‘unity and utopia: on socially engaged art’, ‘worldmaking: on the role of aesthetics in political art’, ‘spectacle and surveillance: on art in the internet age’, ‘creativity in the face of extinction: on art and climate change’, and finally ‘remaking the world’s hinges’.
Part of the people or apart from the people?
Authors: Verdonschot Clinton peter
Published: January 2025

Barbie (2023) is both a feminist and a metaphysical film. It is a story of ideas regarding girls and their fantasies and the relation of the two vis-à-vis each other. This critical note draws attention to a way in which the film's metaphysics gets in the way of its feminism. I will argue that the film's conception of Barbie Land and the Real World, as discrete planes of existence, is itself a symptom of the alienated state of existence that Barbie aims to overcome. Consequently, Barbie's escape from this alienated state is doomed to fail from the start.
The Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Oil Shocks: Evidence from a Wavelet-Based Quantile-on-Quantile Approach
Authors: He Pengchao , Zhao Nuan
Published: January 2025

This study examines the effects of artificial intelligence on oil shocks (supply, demand, and risk shocks) across different time scales and market conditions, using the wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile approach. The empirical results have discovered that in the short term, artificial intelligence exerts significant negative impacts on supply and risk shocks, with these adverse effects gradually diminishing over time. Notably, artificial intelligence begins to positively influence supply shock in the medium to long term. In contrast, demand shock is initially positively affected, but these benefits diminish over time. The outcomes gained from this study not only give policymakers valuable insights for developing more precise energy policies, but also provide investors with nuanced market perspectives and risk assessments.
Peran dan Fungsi Supervisi Pendidikan dalam Meningkankan Etos Kerja Guru dalam Pembelajaran
Authors: Azhar Dzul , Hasan Ismail , Fatimah Meti
Published: January 2025

This study explores the concept of educational supervision, focusing on its understanding, importance, objectives, functions, objects, and guiding principles. A qualitative research method was employed, supported by a library research approach, to provide a descriptive and contextual analysis. The study highlights the necessity for educational supervisors, principals and school supervisors to possess strong professional competencies in implementing instructional supervision. These professional abilities are crucial for enhancing the quality of teacher development in schools. Effective school supervision, guided by the principal's ability to responsibly execute their duties, aims to improve and advance teacher performance. By fostering professional growth, supervision ensures that teachers can fulfill their responsibilities with competence and integrity.
Inside, and Beyond „Nothingness”
Authors: Klein Adrian
Published: January 2025

A brief introduction to the subquantum regime, where the origination of all the observable events and processes of tour physical world can be found. Descending along the scale supplied by the divisibility of Quanta toward increasingly fine structures bearing fractional charges, down to the infinitesimal values where Information couples to space and time, we penetrate into a new, still barely explored reality, which nonetheless is supported by the laws of modern physics. We just begin understanding the properties of the physical vacuum, where entities displaying collective coherent behavior patterns are at the background of all the manifestation forms described by Quantum mechanics. We postulate that these understanding apply also to the synergetic mechanisms linking the human brain to processes that run in Informatic space, due to the morphogenetic blueprints responsible for its specially adapted structure for processing Informatic fields that are encountered along the biological entity’s worldline. The Information transfer is accomplished by subquantum flux vectors propagating at super-luminal velocities, velocities that theoretically are not prohibited beyond the application range of relativistic constraints. All these processes run under higher control instances embedded in Bohm’s super-implicated orders of Reality.