bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Loyal to a Dream Country”: Republicanism and the
Pragmatism of William James and Richard Rorty
Authors: MALACHUK DANIEL S.
Published: July 2002

Our nation has been founded in what we may call our American religion,
baptized and reared in the faith that a man requires no master to take care of him,
and that common people can work out their salvation well enough together if left
free to try.

William James, “Robert Gould Shaw Oration,” 1897

[T]he civic religion of which Whitman and Dewey were prophets … centered
around taking advantage of traditional pride in American citizenship by
substituting social justice for individual freedom as our country's principal
goal … You have to be loyal to a dream country rather than to the one to which
you wake up every morning.

Richard Rorty, “A Cultural Left,” 1997

James and Rorty refer here to what sociologists used to call the American
civil religion. In 1967, Robert N. Bellah coined this phrase to suggest how
Americans, shaped by the complex interplay of republican and Christian
traditions, believe they have an obligation “to carry out God's will on
earth.” Since the 1970s, though, it has been historians like J. G. A.
Pocock who have shown how republicans throughout the modern West
have for the last five centuries blended the millennialist beliefs of
Christianity with the ancient conviction that humans realize their political
nature through the virtuous acts required to sustain republics in a cosmos
ruled by fortune. As James once said of pragmatism, republicanism is a
new name for an old way of thinking.
Productive and reproductive performance in cattle infected with
bovine leukosis virus
Authors: D'ANGELINO JOSÉ LUIZ , GARCIA MAURÍCIO , BIRGEL EDUARDO HARRY
Published: July 2002

Economic losses caused by enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) have been
of interest
since World War II, when the neoplastic form of EBL increased dramatically
in Europe. Olson (1974) and House et al. (1975) showed that animals
with
lymphosarcoma caused by the bovine leukosis virus (BLV) had reduced milk
yields,
a less efficient reproductive performance and high veterinary costs and
mortality
rates, while many carcasses were rejected at slaughter. However, the actual
impact
of BLV infection in cattle without lymphosarcoma is not clear. The purpose
of the
study reported here was to compare some productive and reproductive responses
of
cattle that were antibody-positive (BLV+) or negative (BLV−) for
BLV.

Holstein dairy cows in commercial dairy farms were used in this study.
Blood
samples were collected and subjected to BLV serological examination by
the agar gel
immunodiffusion test of Miller & van der Maaten (1976). Animals were
then grouped
as BLV+ or BLV− according to their serological response to the BLV
antigen.
Productive and reproductive histories were obtained from individual animal
records
and the following factors were considered: milk production, calving interval
and
birth rate. For milk production, we had the daily milk yields of 547 animals,
and for
calving interval the time between two successive parturitions for 444 cows.
These
values were examined by ANOVA and when this was
significant a Student's t test
was carried out for each age group. Birth rates, the percentage of animals
that calved
in 1 year, were available for 557 animals and were examined with the Z-two
proportion test. For all analyses, P<0·05 was considered
significant.
Use of conventional biochemical tests and analyses of ribotype
patterns for classification of micrococci isolated from dairy products
Authors: IRLINGER FRANÇOISE , BERGÈRE JEAN-LOUIS
Published: July 2002

Various methods were used to study 42 Gram-positive cocci belonging
to
the family of Micrococcaceae and isolated from dairy products. Only a few
strains
could be identified using the ATB 32 biochemical micromethod rapid gallery
system
(API). All strains were subjected to conventional biochemical tests. The
results were
then analysed by a numerical method using the Sokal–Michener similarity
coefficient.
The 42 strains were distributed into 10 clusters at the Euclidean distance
of 3·2. Most
(75%) of the isolates were identified at the species level, but Micrococcus
luteus could
not be differentiated from Mc. lylae within the Micrococcus
genus. An identification
method based on the analysis of ribotype patterns was then applied to the
isolates
and these were compared with the patterns of collection strains. Cellular
DNA was
cleaved by the restriction enzymes SacI and KpnI and
probed with the peroxidase-labelled 16S+23S rRNA of Escherichia coli. Ribotype patterns were
analysed using
a Dice coefficient and the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic
averages,
making dendrogram construction possible. Of the strains investigated, >84%
were
characterized to the species level. The remaining strains were found to
belong to the
Arthrobacter group or were atypical Micrococcus species.
Of the isolates, 52%
belonged to Micrococcus luteus, 17% were identified as Kocuria
varians and 7% were
assigned to the Brachybacterium genus.
Buoyancy- to inertial-range transition in forced stratified turbulence
Authors: CARNEVALE GEORGE F. , BRISCOLINI M. , ORLANDI P.
Published: July 2002

The buoyancy range, which represents a transition from large-scale wave-dominated
motions to small-scale turbulence in the oceans and the atmosphere, is investigated
through large-eddy simulations. The model presented here uses a continual forcing
based on large-scale standing internal waves and has a spectral truncation in the
isotropic inertial range. Evidence is presented for a break in the energy spectra from
the anisotropic k−3 buoyancy range to the small-scale
k−5/3 isotropic inertial range.
Density structures that form during wave breaking and periods of high strain rate are
analysed. Elongated vertical structures produced during periods of strong straining
motion are found to collapse in the subsequent vertically compressional phase of the
strain resulting in a zone or patch of mixed fluid.
Nonlinear effects in two-layer large-amplitude geostrophic dynamics.
Part 2. The weak-beta case
Authors: KARSTEN RICHARD H. , SWATERS GORDON E.
Published: July 2002

This paper is a continuation of our study on nonlinear processes in large-amplitude
geostrophic (LAG) dynamics. Here, we examine the so-called weak-β models. These
models arise when the intrinsic length scale is large enough so that the dynamics is
geostrophic to leading order but not so large that the β-effect enters into the dynamics
at leading order (but remains, nevertheless, dynamically non-negligible). In contrast
to our previous analysis of strong-β LAG models in Part 1, we show that the weak-β
models allow for vigorous linear baroclinic instability.

For two-layer weak-β LAG models in which the mean depths of both layers are
approximately equal, the linear instability problem can exhibit an ultraviolet catastrophe.
We argue that it is not possible to establish conditions for the nonlinear stability
in the sense of Liapunov for a steady flow. We also show that the finite-amplitude
evolution of a marginally unstable flow possesses explosively unstable modes, i.e.
modes for which the amplitude becomes unbounded in finite time. Numerical simulations
suggest that the development of large-amplitude meanders, squirts and eddies
is correlated with the presence of these explosively unstable modes.

For two-layer weak-β LAG models in which one of the two layers is substantially
thinner than the other, the linear stability problem does not exhibit an ultraviolet
catastrophe and it is possible to establish conditions for the nonlinear stability in
the sense of Liapunov for steady flows. A finite-amplitude analysis for a marginally
unstable flow suggests that nonlinearities act to stabilize eastward and enhance the
instability of westward flows. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate these
processes.
Lubrication analysis and boundary integral simulations of a viscous micropump
Authors: DAY RICHARD F. , STONE H. A.
Published: July 2002

Several recent papers discuss a viscous micropump consisting of Poiseuille flow of
fluid between two plates with a cylinder placed along the gap perpendicular to the
flow direction (e.g. Sen, Wajerski & Gad-el-Hak 1996). If the cylinder is not centred,
rotating it will generate a net flow and an additional pressure drop along the channel,
due to the net tangential viscous stresses along its surface. The research reported here
complements existing work by examining the lubrication limit where the gaps between
the cylinder and the walls are small compared to the cylinder radius. Lubrication
analysis provides analytical relations among the flow rate, torque, pressure drop and
rotation rate. Optimization of the flow parameters is shown in order to determine
the optimal geometry of the device, which can be used by micro-electrical-mechanical
systems designers. It is also shown, for example, that a device cannot be developed
that achieves maximum flow rate and rotation simultaneously. In addition, since the
Reynolds number can be smaller than 1, the Stokes equations are solved for this
configuration using a numerical boundary integral method. The numerical results
match the lubrication solution for small gaps, and determine the limits of validity for
using the lubrication results.
Flow structures and particle deposition patterns in double-bifurcation airway models.
Part 2. Aerosol transport and deposition
Authors: COMER J. K. , KLEINSTREUER C. , KIM C. S.
Published: July 2002

The flow theory and air flow structures in symmetric double-bifurcation airway models
assuming steady laminar, incompressible flow, unaffected by the presence of aerosols,
has been described in a companion paper (Part 1). The validated computer simulation
results showed highly vortical flow fields, especially around the second bifurcations,
indicating potentially complex particle distributions and deposition patterns. In this
paper (Part 2), assuming spherical non-interacting aerosols that stick to the wall
when touching the surface, the history of depositing particles is described. Specifically,
the finite-volume code CFX (AEA Technology) with user-enhanced FORTRAN
programs were validated with experimental data of particle deposition efficiencies
as a function of the Stokes number for planar single and double bifurcations. The
resulting deposition patterns, particle distributions, trajectories and time evolution
were analysed in the light of the air flow structures for relatively low
(ReD1 = 500) and high (ReD1 = 2000)
Reynolds numbers and representative Stokes numbers, i.e. StD1 = 0.04 and
StD1 = 0.12. Particle deposition patterns and surface concentrations
are largely a function of the local Stokes number, but they also depend on the
fluid–particle inlet conditions as well as airway geometry factors. While particles
introduced at low inlet Reynolds numbers (e.g. ReD1 = 500)
follow the axial air flow, secondary and vortical flows become important at higher Reynolds numbers, causing
the formation of particle-free zones near the tube centres and subsequently elevated
particle concentrations near the walls. Sharp or mildly rounded carinal ridges have
little effect on the deposition efficiencies but may influence local deposition patterns.
In contrast, more drastic geometric changes to the basic double-bifurcation model,
e.g. the 90°-non-planar configuration, alter both the aerosol wall distributions and
surface concentrations considerably.
Two-point closures and their applications: report on a workshop
Authors: GODEFERD F. S. , CAMBON C. , SCOTT J. F.
Published: July 2002

This international scientific workshop was organized in Lyon, France, from 10 to
12 May 2000. Its focus was ‘Two-point closures and their applications’, with the
understanding that the analysis and design of such models requires expert knowledge
coming from a wide range of areas in turbulence research, e.g. experiments, numerical
simulations, asymptotic models, etc.

In the global challenge of turbulence modelling, two-point closures prove useful in
many ways. Two-point correlations and spectra are useful measures of the distortion
of the eddy structure of turbulence by stratification, large-scale strains, rotation,
etc. In some cases, e.g. near boundaries, spectra can be drastically changed. In
addition to the accurate characterization of turbulence, the explicit computation of
two-point correlations or spectra shows how the internal dynamics of the various
scales of motion are affected by such distortion, especially the cascade process on
which the production/dissipation relationship depends. Distortion can be the cause
of large departures from isotropic homogeneous turbulence, pulling turbulent flows
far away from the local equilibrium that is often assumed. A rather weak departure
can allow the use of linearized theories such as rapid distortion theory, for the
applicability of which rational bounds may be estimated by comparisons with weakly
nonlinear calculations. A different approach is necessary when dealing with larger
departures, for instance due to growth of instabilities. In that case new physical or
similarity arguments have to be employed to obtain a satisfactory description of the
modification to the cascade process, which can even undergo reversal in the limit
when three-dimensional turbulence becomes two-dimensional. Of course, significant
changes in spectra have direct implications for one-point measures of turbulence –
which can be explicitly derived by integration of two-point correlations – used in most
industrial closure schemes. Such one-point models consequently need to be adapted
when turbulence is strongly affected by distortion.
Moderate-aspect-ratio elliptical cylinders in simple shear with inertia
Authors: ZETTNER C. M. , YODA M.
Published: July 2002

The effects of fluid inertia, geometry and flow confinement upon the dynamics of
neutrally buoyant elliptical and non-elliptical cylinders over a wide range of aspect
ratios in simple shear are studied experimentally for moderate shear-based Reynolds
numbers Re. Unlike circular cylinders, elliptical cylinders of moderate aspect ratio
cease to rotate, coming to rest at a nearly horizontal equilibrium orientation above a
critical Reynolds number Recr (‘stationary behaviour’). Simple dynamics arguments
are proposed to explain the effects of aspect ratio and flow confinement upon
critical Reynolds number and particle dynamics. Experiments confirm results from
previous numerical simulations that the normalized rotation period for Re < Recr
(‘periodic behaviour’) is proportional to
(Recr − Re)−0.5
for small Recr − Re. For
periodic behaviour, maximum and minimum angular cylinder speeds both decrease,
and period increases, as Recr − Re decreases.
For stationary behaviour, the cylinder
rotates until it achieves a nearly horizontal equilibrium orientation, which increases
as the Reynolds number approaches the critical value. The experimental results are
in good agreement with previous lattice-Boltzmann simulations for a 0.5 aspect ratio
cylinder.

Variation in angular speed over a rotation period decreases as aspect ratio increases,
while Recr increases as flow confinement and aspect ratio increase. A non-elliptical
cylinder of 0.33 aspect ratio also ceases to rotate above a certain Reynolds number.
Although Recr is different from the corresponding elliptical case, the scaling of the
normalized rotation period for this body as Recr → Re
is identical to that for the elliptical cylinder, suggesting that this scaling is independent of particle shape (i.e.
‘universal’, as conjectured in previous numerical studies). The results also demonstrate
that a variety of centrosymmetric bodies with aspect ratios below unity transition
from periodic to stationary behaviour.
The generation of internal waves by vibrating

elliptic cylinders. Part 2. Approximate viscous solution
Authors: HURLEY D. G. , KEADY G.
Published: July 2002

An approximate theory is given for the generation of internal

gravity waves in a viscous

Boussinesq fluid by the rectilinear vibrations of an elliptic cylinder.
A

parameter λ

which is proportional to the square of the ratio of the thickness of the
oscillatory

boundary layer that surrounds the cylinder to a typical dimension

of its cross-section

is introduced. When λ[Lt ]1 (or equivalently when the Reynolds number

R[Gt ]1), the

viscous boundary condition at the surface of the cylinder may to first

order in λ be

replaced by the inviscid one. A viscous solution is proposed for the case

λ[Lt ]1 in which

the Fourier representation of the stream function found in Part 1 (Hurley
1997) is

modified by including in the integrands a factor to account for viscous

dissipation. In

the limit λ→0 the proposed solution becomes the inviscid one

at each point in the flow field.

For ease of presentation the case of a circular cylinder of radius

a is considered first

and we take a to be the typical dimension of its cross-section
in

the definition of λ

above. The accuracy of the proposed approximate solution is investigated
both

analytically and numerically and it is concluded that it is accurate

throughout the flow

field if λ is sufficiently small, except in a small region near

where the characteristics touch the cylinder where viscous effects dominate.

Computations indicate that the velocity on the centreline on a typical

beam of waves, at a distance s along the beam from the centre of the cylinder,

agrees, within about 1%,

with the (constant) inviscid values provided λs/a

is less than about 10−3. This result is

interpreted as indicating that those viscous effects which originate from
the

characteristics that touch the cylinder (places where the inviscid velocity

is singular)

reach the centreline of the beam when λs/a

is about 10−3. For larger values of s, viscous

effects are significant throughout the beam and the velocity profile of
the

beam changes

until it attains, within about 1% when λs/a

is about 2, the value given by the similarity

solution obtained by Thomas & Stevenson (1972). For larger values of

λs/a, their similarity solution applies.

In an important paper Makarov et al. (1990) give an approximate

solution for the

circular cylinder that is very similar to ours. However, it does not reduce

to the inviscid one when the viscosity is taken to be zero.

Finally it is shown that our results for a circular cylinder apply,
after small

modifications, to all elliptical cylinders.
Triple-shock entropy theorem and its consequences
Authors: HENDERSON LE ROY F. , MENIKOFF RALPH
Published: July 2002

For a convex equation of state, a general theorem on shock waves
is proved: a
sequence of two shocks has a lower entropy than a single shock to the same
final
pressure. We call this the triple-shock entropy theorem. This
theorem has important
consequences for shock interactions. In one dimension the interaction of
two shock
waves of the opposite family always results in two outgoing shock waves.
In two
dimensions the intersection of three shocks, such as a Mach configuration,
must have
a contact. Moreover, the state behind the Mach stem has a higher entropy
than
the state behind the reflected shock. For the transition between a regular
and Mach
reflection, this suggests that the von Neumann (mechanical equilibrium)
criterion
would be preferred based on thermodynamic stability, i.e. maximum entropy
subject
to the system constraint that the total specific enthalpy is fixed. However,
to explain
the observed hysteresis of the transition we propose an analogy with phase
transitions
in which locally stable wave patterns (regular or Mach reflection) play
the role of
meta-stable thermodynamic states. The hysteresis effect would occur only
when the
transition threshold exceeds the background fluctuations. The transition
threshold is
affected by flow gradients in the neighbourhood of the shock intersection
point and
the background fluctuations are due to acoustic noise. Consequently, the
occurrence of
hysteresis is sensitive to the experimental design, and only under special
circumstances
is hysteresis observed.
Gravity-driven creeping flow of two adjacent layers
through a channel and down a plane wall
Authors: POZRIKIDIS C.
Published: July 2002

We study the stability of the interface between
(a) two adjacent viscous layers flowing
due to gravity through an inclined or vertical channel that is confined
between two
parallel plane walls, and (b) two superimposed liquid films flowing
down an inclined
or vertical plane wall, in the limit of Stokes flow. In the case of channel
flow, linear
stability analysis predicts that, when the fluids are stably stratified,
the flow is neutrally
stable when the surface tension vanishes and the channel is vertical, and
stable
otherwise. This behaviour contrasts with that of the gravity-driven flow
of two
superimposed films flowing down an inclined plane, where an instability
has been
identified when the viscosity of the fluid next to the plane is less than
that of the top
fluid, even in the absence of fluid inertia. We investigate the nonlinear
stages of the
motion subject to finite-amplitude two-dimensional perturbations by numerical

simulations based on boundary-integral methods. In both cases of channel
and film
flow, the mathematical formulation results in integral equations for the
unknown
interface and free-surface velocity. The properties of the integral equation
for multi-film
flow are investigated with reference to the feasibility of computing a
solution by
the method of successive substitutions, and a deflation strategy that allows
an iterative
procedure is developed. In the case of channel flow, the numerical simulations
show
that disturbances of sufficiently large amplitude may cause permanent deformation
in
which the interface folds or develops elongated fingers. The ratio of the
viscosities and
densities of the two fluids plays an important role in determining the
morphology of
the emerging interfacial patterns. Comparing the numerical results with
the predictions
of a model based on the lubrication approximation shows that the simplified
approach
can only describe a limited range of motions. In the case of film flow
down an inclined
plane, we develop a method for extracting the properties of the normal
modes,
including the ratio of the amplitudes of the free-surface and interfacial
waves and their
relative phase lag, from the results of a numerical simulation for small
deformations.
The numerical procedure employs an adaptation of Prony's method for
fitting a signal
described by a time series to a sum of complex exponentials; in the present
case, the
signal is identified with the cosine or sine Fourier coefficients of the
interface and
free-surface waves. Numerical simulations of the nonlinear motion confirm
that the
deformability of the free surface is necessary for the growth of small-amplitude

perturbations, and show that the morphology of the interfacial patterns
developing
subject to finite-amplitude perturbations is qualitatively similar to that
for channel
flow.
Secondary flows and developing, turbulent boundary layers in a rotating
duct
Authors: MACFARLANE I. , JOUBERT P. N. , NICKELS T. B.
Published: July 2002

The work presented in this paper represents an experimental investigation
into
secondary flows, turbulent boundary layers and the interaction of the two
as they
develop in a zero-pressure-gradient rotating flow field. A duct of intermediate
aspect
ratio was used to examine secondary flows and determine when they begin
to govern
the boundary layer development. The aspect ratio (A)
was defined as duct height/width
at the upstream end of the working section. Measurements were taken at
three aspect
ratios: A=1, 2 and 4.

A qualitative indication of secondary flow strength was established
with
mean-cross-stream-plane velocity measurements. A first-order analysis of
the secondary flow is
presented which provides a reasonable estimation of their strength. Mid-span
mean-flow,
turbulence and spectra profiles were measured on the duct walls parallel
to the
axis of rotation. Results are generally presented for A=2 and
1.
For A=4 and 2 there
were minor effects of secondary flows observed on the mid-span mean flow
parameters.
The turbulent shear measurements showed some secondary flow effect for
A=2. All
turbulence and mean-flow quantities were strongly affected by secondary
flows for
A=1. Spectra results presented for A=2 showed most variation
at the low-to-mid
wavenumber end. Spectra results for A=1 showed a bodily shift of
the whole
spectrum towards low wavenumber on the pressure side and high wavenumber
on the
suction side.
The spiral wind-up and dissipation of vorticity and a passive scalar in a strained planar vortex
Authors: BASSOM ANDREW P. , GILBERT ANDREW D.
Published: July 2002

The response of a Gaussian vortex to a weak time-dependent external strain field is
studied numerically. The cases of an impulsive strain, an on–off step function, and a
continuous random strain are considered. Transfers of enstrophy between mean and
azimuthal components are observed, and the results are compared with an analogous
passive scalar model and with Kida's elliptical vortex model.

A ‘rebound’ phenomenon is seen: after enstrophy is transferred from mean to
azimuthal component by the external straining field, there is a subsequent transfer
of enstrophy back from the azimuthal component to the mean. Analytical support
is given for this phenomenon using Lundgren's asymptotic formulation of the spiral
wind-up of vorticity. Finally the decay of the vortex under a continuous random
external strain is studied numerically and compared with the passive scalar model.
The vorticity distribution decays more slowly than the scalar because of the rebound
phenomenon.
Bénard–Marangoni convection at low Prandtl number
Authors: BOECK THOMAS , THESS ANDRÉ
Published: July 2002

Surface-tension-driven Bénard convection in low-Prandtl-number fluids is studied by
means of direct numerical simulation. The flow is computed in a three-dimensional
rectangular domain with periodic boundary conditions in both horizontal directions
and either a free-slip or no-slip bottom wall using a pseudospectral Fourier–Chebyshev
discretization. Deformations of the free surface are neglected. The smallest possible
domain compatible with the hexagonal flow structure at the linear stability threshold is
selected. As the Marangoni number is increased from the critical value for instability of
the quiescent state to approximately twice this value, the initially stationary hexagonal
convection pattern becomes quickly time-dependent and eventually reaches a state of
spatio-temporal chaos. No qualitative difference is observed between the zero-Prandtl-number limit and a finite Prandtl number corresponding to liquid sodium. This
indicates that the zero-Prandtl-number limit provides a reasonable approximation for
the prediction of low-Prandtl-number convection. For a free-slip bottom wall, the flow
always remains three-dimensional. For the no-slip wall, two-dimensional solutions are
observed in some interval of Marangoni numbers. Beyond the Marangoni number
for onset of inertial convection in two-dimensional simulations, the convective flow
becomes strongly intermittent because of the interplay of the flywheel effect and
three-dimensional instabilities of the two-dimensional rolls. The velocity field in
this intermittent regime is characterized by the occurrence of very small vortices
at the free surface which form as a result of vortex stretching processes. Similar
structures were found with the free-slip bottom at slightly smaller Marangoni number.
These observations demonstrate that a high numerical resolution is necessary even at
moderate Marangoni numbers in order to properly capture the small-scale dynamics
of Marangoni convection at low Prandtl numbers.
LES computations and comparison with Kolmogorov theory for two-point
pressure–velocity correlations and structure
functions for globally anisotropic turbulence
Authors: ALVELIUS K. , JOHANSSON A. V.
Published: July 2002

A new extension of the Kolmogorov theory, for the two-point pressure–velocity
correlation, is studied by LES of homogeneous turbulence with a large inertial
subrange in order to capture the high Reynolds number nonlinear dynamics of the
flow. Simulations of both decaying and forced anisotropic homogeneous turbulence
were performed. The forcing allows the study of higher Reynolds numbers for the
same number of modes compared with simulations of decaying turbulence. The
forced simulations give statistically stationary turbulence, with a substantial inertial
subrange, well suited to test the Kolmogorov theory for turbulence that is locally
isotropic but has significant anisotropy of the total energy distribution. This has
been investigated in the recent theoretical studies of Lindborg (1996) and Hill (1997)
where the role of the pressure terms was given particular attention. On the surface
the two somewhat different approaches taken in these two studies may seem to
lead to contradictory conclusions, but are here reconciled and (numerically) shown
to yield an interesting extension of the traditional Kolmogorov theory. The results
from the simulations indeed show that the two-point pressure–velocity correlation
closely adheres to the predicted linear relation in the inertial subrange where also
the pressure-related term in the general Kolmogorov equation is shown to vanish.
Also, second- and third-order structure functions are shown to exhibit the expected
dependences on separation.
Constraints on intonational phrasing in English
Authors: TAGLICHT JOSEF
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that intonational phrasing in English is subject
to two constraints
formulated purely in terms of surface syntax. The first applies to all
headed structures,
and the second to all structures of coordination. It is claimed that these
constraints
account for the facts more adequately than Selkirk's Sense Unit Condition.
Several
problematic types of constructions are discussed in this context, including
structures
with parentheticals. In addition to the syntax, accent placement is also
shown to be
relevant to intonational phrasing. Finally, proposals are made for the
incorporation
of the syntactic constraints in an HPSG grammar of English.
Dispersion in an intrinsically relativistic, one-dimensional, strongly magnetized pair plasma
Authors: MELROSE D. B. , GEDALIN M. E. , KENNETT M. P. , FLETCHER C. S.
Published: July 2002

The properties of a relativistic plasma dispersion function (RPDF)
for an intrinsically extremely relativist, strongly magnetized, one-dimensional,
electron–positron plasma are discussed in detail. For a plasma with a mean
Lorentz factor 〈γ〉 [Gt ] 1 in its rest frame, the RPDF has a large peak >〈γ〉 at
a phase speed a fraction of order 1/〈γ〉 below the speed of light, and the
asymptotic value (infinite phase speed) is
〈γ−3〉 ∼ 1/〈γ〉. These features are not
particularly sensitive to the choice of distribution function. The RPDF is used
to discuss the properties of waves in such plasmas. Particular points discussed
are the implications of the RPDF for the maximum frequency for parallel
Langmuir waves, and for the reconnection between the Langmuir mode and the
Alfvén mode.
Seasonal variations in siphonal activity of Mya arenaria (Mollusca)
Authors: Thorin Sébastien
Published: July 2002

In situ seasonal study of siphonal activity in Mya arenaria (ten individuals) was performed using a fixed video camera during nine complete submersion cycles between May and November 1996. Siphonal activity was described by exhalant and inhalant siphon simultaneous closure frequencies (EIC), pseudofaeces production frequencies (PFC) and both siphons opening state duration (OPE). A repeated measure ANOVA model showed a slight OPE increase between May and June and a strong OPE and EIC decrease from October. A non-linear probit model on the proportion of individuals showing PFC events during submersion cycles indicated a progressive decrease of this behaviour with time. The siphonal activity was relatively high until September and then decreased from October suggesting a marked reduction of the feeding activity.
Swimming behaviour of the pinnotherid crab, Tritodynamia horvathi observed during the low temperature season
Authors: Takahashi Tohru , Otani Takuya , Matsuura Shuhei
Published: July 2002

The swimming and swarming behaviour of Tritodynamia horvathi (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) has been considered to be a seasonal activity related to summer mating. However, little information has been available regarding other seasons of the year as the crabs have not been observed at the sea surface in the cool months from October until May. This is the first report of swimming behaviour observed during this low temperature season. The swimming individuals were observed in March 1991 in Yatsushiro Sound, Japan. Tritodynamia horvathi were observed swimming at a depth of 15 m, using their maxillipeds to feed. The crabs also swam in the aquarium and caught Artemia nauplii in the same manner. These findings suggest that their swimming behaviour is not a seasonal mating activity as previously believed, but a habitual behaviour associated with feeding.
Six-legged walking by a bottom-dwelling fish
Authors: Renous Sabine , Gasc Jean-Pierre , Bels Vincent L. , Davenport John
Published: July 2002

The hypothesis of a locomotor role for the free rays of Trigloporus lastoviza is supported by: (1) their periodic retraction and protraction during slow displacement over the substratum whenever the propulsive body wave responsible for swimming is not visible; (2) the integration of the rays' individual cycles into a hexapod gait apparently generated by a metachronal impulse; and (3) the kinematic features of the longest free ray in relation to the bottom-walking velocity.
The Anticlimax of an Ill-starred Sino-American Encounter
Authors: GUO XIXIAO
Published: July 2002

Late 1946 was a time of anticlimax in the history of Sino-American relations. For four years since the outbreak of the
Pacific War, thousands of American servicemen had been in China rubbing shoulders with the Chinese. When victory
finally came, more United States troops (mainly the marines of the Third Amphibious Corps) poured in, and the
Chinese hailed them as heroes. In less than a year, however, as hostilities between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) closed in, the Americans were caught in the crossfire. Along the communication
lines in North China, armed clashes between US and CCP forces escalated; in the cities, anti-American rallies became
daily occurrences. The Chinese now became hostile to its erstwhile allies; wherever US servicemen went, they received
boos from the locals. The rupture seemed to be irreversible: US forces started to evacuated, George Marshall, the
presidential envoy to China, also ended his yearlong mediation, thus bringing the extraordinary intercourse between
the two nations to an anticlimactic conclusion.
‘Bearing His Reproach’ (Heb 13.9–14)
Authors: YOUNG NORMAN H.
Published: July 2002

Heb 13.9–14 envisages a situation where Christians of a Jewish background are still defining themselves too much by their Levitical heritage. They are still interacting with the synagogue, including participating in religious meals. Hebrews urges the readers to go outside the camp/gate, to sever the ties with Jerusalem, that is, to make a clean break from Judaism both in understanding and in practice. Such a parting may bring abuse, but this is only to follow the way of Jesus. The problem then is not so much an attraction back into Judaism, but a failure to leave it sufficiently in the first place.
ROMANS 1.18–2.29: A NON-PAULINE INTERPOLATION?
Authors: WALKER WILLIAM O.
Published: July 2002

Considerations of language, context, and ideational content suggest that Rom 1.18–2.29 is a non-Pauline interpolation: (1) the language of 1.18–32 and, to a lesser extent, that of chap. 2 is not typically Pauline; (2) it is difficult to relate Rom 1.18–2.29 convincingly to Rom 1.1–17, and its relation to chap. 3 is at best strained; and (3) much of the ideational content of chap. 2 and, to a somewhat lesser extent, that of 1.18–32 is non-Pauline and even anti-Pauline. In addition, it is possible that the text of Romans used by Marcion did not contain 1.19–2.1.
A vesicle preparation for resolving single-channel currents
in tegument of male Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: ROBERTSON A. P. , MARTIN R. J. , KUSEL J. R.
Published: July 2002

A tegumental vesicle preparation from adult male Schistosoma
mansoni was developed that allows the resolution of single
ion-channel currents. Adult male schistosomes were exposed to a low pH
(3·75) medium for a period of approximately
30 min at 37°C. During this period smooth vesicles formed from the tegument.
Fluorescence microscopy following staining of the tegument with the dye,
5-N-[octadecanoyl]aminofluorescein (AF-18), transmission
electron microscopy
and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the vesicles were produced
from the
outer tegumental membrane. The
fluorescence studies showed the presence of the double bilayer structure
of the outer
membrane in >41% of the vesicles.
These studies suggested that the preparation is suitable for single-channel
recording with the patch-clamp technique.
Cell-attached and isolated inside-out patch recordings of ion-channel
activity were obtained with giga-ohm resistance
seals. Different types of ion-channel were recorded from tegumental vesicles
from male schistosomes, illustrating the
potential of the technique. The channels observed included: a non-selective
cation channel (360 pS); a K+ channel (with
a conductance of 115 pS in high bath-K conditions); and a Cl−
selective channel (20 pS). The currents of these ion-channels may cross
the double bilayer of the outer tegumental membrane.
Host specificity, evolutionary relationships and
macrogeographic differentiation among Ascaris populations
from humans and pigs
Authors: ANDERSON T. J. C. , JAENIKE J.
Published: July 2002

We describe a variety of restriction site polymorphisms in the
introns
of Ascaris nuclear genes and in the ribosomal DNA
spacers. We use these markers, in addition to previously described
mitochondrial variation, to clarify our understanding
of the epidemiology of Ascaris in Guatemalan villages where
humans and pigs occur in sympatry and to describe the
genetic structure of host-associated Ascaris populations from
world-wide locations. Intron sequences were amplified from
individual worms and alleles defined by endonuclease digestion. Two loci
were monomorphic, while 4 length variants and
22 point mutations were detected in the other 7 loci. Within sympatric
Guatemalan populations no single locus from either
the nuclear or mitochondrial genome was fixed for alternative alleles,
although allele frequencies were significantly different
at many loci. Phenograms constructed from multilocus nuclear genotypes
of
individual worms failed to reveal a single case
of cross-infection, and demonstrate that divergent mtDNA genotypes are
segregating within host-associated populations.
On a world-wide scale, the data suggest that extant worm populations result
from a single host shift, although characterization of genetic variation
in additional loci will be necessary to confirm this. The direction and
the
geographical origin
of the host shift were unresolved. Overall 65% of nuclear genetic variation
was found within populations, host (human
or pig) explained 18%, while geographical variation within
host-associated populations explained 17%. The results (a)
demonstrate the utility of introns for studying the epidemiology of
parasites showing limited allozyme variation (b) suggest
that programmes aiming to control Ascaris infection in the
human population can safely ignore zoonotic infection from
pigs and (c) illustrate the problems inherent in using single genetic
markers to make inferences about the epidemiology
of closely related parasite taxa.
Human portal serum stimulates cell proliferation in
immature Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: SHAKER Y. M. , WU C. H. , EL-SHOBAKI F. A. , ASHOUR E. , KHATTAB H. M. , DRAZ H. M. , KAMEL R. , WU G. Y.
Published: July 2002

Schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni were incubated in

RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, 10%
human portal venous or 10% human peripheral venous sera in the
presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in order to
measure differences in cell proliferation. The rates of cell proliferation

as expressed by BrdU labelling indices (BLI) were
determined as a function of time of incubation by immunohistochemistry

using monoclonal antibody to BrdU. Compared
to schistosomula cultured in the presence of RPMI plus 10% fetal calf
serum, BLIs were increased by 60% in the presence
of human portal, but not in peripheral serum. This stimulatory effect
was substantially reproduced by a fraction of portal
serum with a molecular weight range between 1 and 50 kDa. However,
in the presence of human peripheral venous serum,
either whole or fractionated, schistosomula showed no significant
difference compared to RPMI plus 10% fetal calf serum
alone. Furthermore, human portal serum fractions of molecular weight
greater than 50 kDa also revealed no significant
difference relative to control. The results indicate that portal
venous serum component(s) of a molecular weight range
higher than most simple nutrients can greatly stimulate the rate
of cell proliferation of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula.
An electrophoretic comparison of Schistosoma japonicum
(Trematoda) from different provinces in the People's
Republic of China suggests the existence of cryptic species
Authors: CHILTON N. B. , BAO-ZHEN Q. , BØGH H. O. , NANSEN P.
Published: July 2002

Schistosoma japonicum from the People's Republic of China is considered to represent a single species comprising either
1 or 4 ‘strains’. We conducted an allozyme electrophoretic study to examine the extent of genetic variation in S. japonicum
from mainland China. The allelic profiles of S. japonicum from 7 provinces were established at 16 enzyme loci. S. japonicum
from Sichuan had 3–5 (19–31%) fixed differences compared with those from Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and
Yunnan, suggesting that S. japonicum in mainland China represents a species complex. In addition, genetic markers were
also established for different laboratory-maintained populations of S. japonicum which has significant implications for
studying the biology of these organisms in human and animal hosts, and for the control and surveillance of human
schistosomiasis in China.
Relative incompetence of European rabbits for Lyme disease spirochaetes
Authors: MATUSCHKA F.-R. , SCHINKEL T. W. , KLUG B. , SPIELMAN A. , RICHTER D.
Published: July 2002

To determine whether rabbits may serve as reservoir hosts for Lyme disease spirochaetes in Europe, we compared their
competence as hosts for Borrelia afzelii, one of the most prevalent European spirochaetal variants, with that of the
Mongolian jird. To infect rabbits or jirds, at least 3 nymphal or adult Ixodes ricinus ticks infected with spirochaetes fed
to repletion on each animal. Whereas jirds readily acquired tick-borne Lyme disease spirochaetes and subsequently
infected vector ticks, rabbits exposed to tick-borne spirochaetes rarely became infectious to ticks. Only the rabbit that was
infectious to ticks developed an antibody response. To the extent that I. ricinus ticks feed on European rabbits, these
mammals may be zooprophylactic by diverting vector ticks from more suitable reservoir competent hosts.
Cambridge Philosophers IX: Bertrand Russell
Authors: Monk Ray
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts to summarise the philosophical career of Bertrand Russell, concentrating in particular on his contributions to logic and the philosophy of mathematics. It takes as its starting point Russell's conception of philosophy as the search for foundations upon which certain knowledge might be built, a search which Russell, at the end of his career, declared to be fruitless. In pursuing this search, however, Russell was led to develop lines of thought and techniques of analysis that have had a profound and lasting influence on the philosophy of the twentieth century.
Ethnic minority suicide: a small area geographical
study in south London
Authors: NEELEMAN JAN , WESSELY SIMON
Published: July 2002

Background. The relationship between ethnicity and suicide
risk is ill-understood. It is unclear
whether, and if so, how, the ethnic mix of local areas affects risk in
local individuals.

Methods. Coroners' records of 329 suicides were used to
obtain ethnic (White, Afro-Caribbean,
Asian) suicide rates in South London (population 902008) for 1991–3.
Geographical variation and
associations of ethnic suicide rates with small area (mean population 8274)
ethnic densities
(proportion of residents of given ethnic groups) and deprivation, were
examined with random
effects Poisson regression.

Results. Adjusted for deprivation, age and gender, suicide
rates in wards with larger minority
groups were higher among Whites (relative rate (RR) per standard deviation
(S.D.)
increase in minority density 1·18; 95% CI 1·02–1·37)

but lower among minority groups (RR 0·75 (0·59–0·96))

(LR-test for interaction χ2=9·2 (df=1); P=0·003).

Similar patterns were also apparent for Afro-Caribbeans and Asians
separately. With White suicide rates as baseline, ethnic minority status
is a
risk factor for suicide in wards with small, but a protective factor in
neighbourhoods with large
minority populations. The RR of minority versus White suicide
declines with a factor (relative RR)
0·67 (0·51–0·87) per S.D. increase
in local minority density.

Conclusions. Minority suicide rates are higher in areas where minority
groups are smaller. This effect
is ethnic-specific and not due to confounding by gender, age, deprivation
or unbalanced migration.
Dependent on address, a suicide risk factor for a White individual may
protect an ethnic minority
individual and vice versa. This has implications for research and prevention.
On reading God the author
Authors: WESTPHAL MEROLD
Published: July 2002

The first part of the essay explore's three features of Wolterstorff's
account of God as a performer of speech acts: (1) the claim that God literally speaks,
suggesting that this claim needs something like a Thomistic theory of analogy as an
alternative to univocity and mere metaphor; (2) the claim that speaking is not
reducible to revealing; and (3) the political implications of these claims, especially
in relation to Habermasian theory. The second part focuses on the theory of double
discourse, which seeks to make sense of the notion that God speaks to us through
the human voices of prophets, apostles, and especially of Scripture, and seeks to
show that a fuller account of the speech act by which God deputizes or appropriates
human speech is needed. The final section suggests that Ricoeur and Derrida are
not the threat to his theory that Wolterstorff takes them to be and that their
emphasis on the text, rather than the author, makes sense in contexts where we
have only the text to consult.