bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Ideology
Authors: Young Allan
Published: May 2005

Rethinking the relationship between medicine and ideology means investigating the origins of the efficacy of ideological knowledge. Only after this investigation is completed is it possible to advance claims about dominance and hegemony. In order to rethink ideology, it is useful to divide the field into three levels of analysis: the level of ideological knowledge, where manifold and contradictory facts and meanings are produced and come to occupy the consciousness of the individual; the level of ideological discourse, where ideological knowledge is organized into trajectories of dominant facts and meanings; and the level of ideological process, where discourses are given authority and, sometimes, incorporated into ideological hegemonies. However, such an investigation requires that we reject certain preconceptions about “rationality.” In the sovereign sense in which empiricist writers use this term, it has the effect of hiding the origins of ideological knowledge by desocializing its mode of production. Correctly understood, rationality is only one element within a socially determined and embedded rationalization process through which dominant facts and meanings are produced. Only by distinguishing between rationality (an aspect of mind) and rationalization (a social process) is it possible to clarify the relationship between ideology, medicine, and science.
Effects of Overviews and Computer Experience on Learning from Hypertext
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jonathan D. , Klein James D. , Koroghlanian Carol M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of overview mode and computer experience in a hypertext learning environment. College students read a hypertext unit that included a structured overview, an unstructured overview, or no overview. The study examined the effects of overview mode and computer experience on achievement, attitude and instructional time. Results indicated that participants with high computer experience learned more from the hypertext program than those with low computer experience. Furthermore, participants who received either the structured or unstructured overview spent significantly more time using the hypertext program and had significantly more positive attitudes than participants who did not receive an overview. However, overview mode did not influence achievement.
The Press and Policymaking: Clues for Creating a Health-Promoting Climate
Authors: Milio Nancy
Published: May 2005

The press speaks by what it does not say, as well as by what it says. In so doing it influences what is placed on the public agenda and how the issues are framed. This agenda-setting process includes health policy issues, how they are defined and how they might be dealt with. This perspective is demonstrated in a content analysis of the Australian press as it covered the initiation and development of community health policy from 1973–1985. The coverage is viewed within the context of political and social changes and the organization and operation of the mass media as revealed in documents and through semi-structured interviews. A broader understanding of the media and its impact is important to health educators who want to communicate with the public but who tend to use the media mainly for advertising and promotion.
Life and Death Attitudes of Parents of Children with Problems: Interview Data
Authors: Leviton Dan
Published: May 2005

The research problem was concerned with (1) describing differences regardling life and death meanings between parents of so-called “children with problems” (n = 11) and of parents of children without such problems (n = 6), and (2) gaining some understanding and indication of the effect of a remedial, therapeutic program on the meaning of life and death of parents of children enrolled in such a program, The Children's Health & Developmental Clinic (CHDC). By means of an interview schedule, qualitative differences and commonalities in the meanings given to life and death between the groups were reported. The CHDC was seen to affect the meaning given to life moreso than to death although the two concepts seem to interact with one another.

The research suggested implications for parent education, the education of children, and the behaviors of child abuse, parricide and suicide, and murder of their children by parents.
Problem-Solving Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Feasibility in Primary Care
Authors: Mynors-Wallis L.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

There is a need for psychological treatments for psychiatric disorders in primary care. The purpose of this article is to review studies of problem-solving treatment (PST). PST is a brief psychological treatment for emotional symptoms in primary care patients.

Method:

A series of different studies of primary care patients in Oxford are reviewed.

Results:

In primary care, PST is effective for patients with major depression and for patients with more broadly defined emotional disorders. PST can be effectively delivered in primary care settings by psychiatrists, general practitioners, or nurses. PST may be more expensive than primary care practitioners' usual treatment in terms of direct costs. However, PST might result in greater savings if indirect costs are also considered.

Conclusions:

PST is a feasible, brief, effective treatment for mental disorders of mild to moderate severity in primary care. Replication studies and further research on combination treatments, long-term outcomes, and indirect costs are indicated.
Symbolic Immortality in Ordinary Contexts: Impediments to the Nuclear Era
Authors: Schmitt Raymond L.
Published: May 2005

Lifton's writings indicate that the fear of nuclear holocaust has severely impaired and threatens to negate the traditional modes of symbolic immortality in America. Lifton's research, however, has been limited to extreme contexts, i.e., situations involving people who have actually experienced the modern weaponry of the nuclear era. Data were triangulated in four distinctive American contexts that appeared to be representative with regard to the presence of nuclear symbols. Substantial negative evidence of Lifton's suspicions was found in each context. Reasons are offered concerning why Lifton's findings are not generalizable to America. Contemporary reactions to nuclear extinction will not be understood until knowledge of the processes that impede the effects of the nuclear era is blended with the insights Lifton has generated regarding the psychohistorical forces peculiar to this century.
Web-Based Agents for Reengineering Engineering Education
Authors: Cao Lilian , Bengu Golgen
Published: May 2005

Agent technology has great potential to make WWW-based learning environments effective. This study describes four Web-based agents developed for reengineering a freshman chemistry laboratory education: 1) the “intelligent tutoring tool” that conducts on-line problem-solving coaching, 2) the “adaptive lecture guide” that provides navigation guidance sensitive to students' knowledge status, 3) the “student modeler” that assesses students' knowledge performance based on students' progress during on-line quiz sessions, 4) the expert-agent that stores the domain expertise. The advantages of this approach are twofold. First, these agents play constructive roles within student's Web-based learning environment by providing an individualized interaction that overwise would be a fairly dull learning environment. Second, the modular design of the learning environment using agents has great potential to be progressively scaled to support widely cooperative educational content development in the future.
A Psychosomatic Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Fava Giovanni A. , Trombini Giancarlo , Grandi Silvana , Bernardi Manuela , Canestrari Renzo
Published: May 2005

Current emphasis in clinical psychosomatic medicine is on psychiatric interventions in acute medical and surgical situations (consultation-liaison psychiatry and medical-psychiatric units). Little interest has been taken in psychosomatic interventions in chronic situations and outpatient settings. The functioning of a psychosomatic outpatient clinic (POC) is described. One-hundred consecutive referrals were analyzed. The most frequent diagnostic finding—according to DSM III criteria-was subsumed under the rubric of “psychological factors affecting physical condition,” followed by affective illness, anxiety disturbances, and somatoform disorders. The results indicate that a POC may serve a specific and definable segment of patients, whose characteristics depart from the clinical populations in consultation-liaison psychiatry and medical-psychiatric units.
Interculturalizing the Technical or Business Communications Course
Authors: Tippens Dora
Published: May 2005

Technical or business communications courses need to be interculturalized to prepare students for effective productivity and humanity in the new global workplace. This article defines and exemplifies problems of ethnocentrism, language barriers, and cultural differences. To assist informed educators in preparing new pedagogies for meeting these challenges, strategies include out-of-class and in-class sensitizing activities, and lectures to expand knowledge of basic cultural traditions, such as those of the East and the West. Traditional assignments including letters, resumes, memos, research feasibility projects, oral reports, and visual aid usage are shown to be easily modified for an intercultural audience or with intercultural content. Resources include up-to-date intercultural books, journals, videos, newsletters, training programs, and databases. The scale of interculturalizing depends on the creativity of the educator, and the partnership within the institution and with business.
Performance Support Systems for Learning
Authors: Duchastel Philippe , Lang Joyce
Published: May 2005

Performance support systems (PSSs) provide on-line support to knowledge workers and constitute a growing area of computer usage for learning. This article focuses on what we consider to be the most challenging aspect of such systems, namely their underpinnings in the learning sciences. We consider how PSSs fit within a business training framework with its own ideal training principles and examine what theoretical principles of learning underlie learning with PSSs. In the process, a formal model of learning support is developed to map out current implementations of this class of system, enabling a more disciplined discussion of its role and applicability in practical terms. This analysis of PSSs from the perspective of learning will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the nature of these systems and provide a framework for much-needed R&D.
Measuring Hierarchical Levels of Programming Knowledge
Authors: Oliver Ron
Published: May 2005

This article describes the development and implementation of the Algorithmic Process Test (APT), an instrument that measures the achievement of semantic programming knowledge among novice programmers. The APT measures three distinct components of semantic programming knowledge, the attributes of which are discussed in detail in the article. An implementation among 101 sixteen-year-old novice programmers provided strong evidence of developmental levels among the three knowledge components of the APT. Among this sample of students, it was also found that there was strong achievement in the lower levels of semantic programming knowledge, but few students demonstrated achievement at the highest level despite its critical importance for programming success.
Using a Cooperative Multimedia Learning Environment to Enhance Learning and Affective Self-Perceptions of at-Risk Students in Grade 8
Authors: Woodul Charles E. , Vitale Michael R. , Scott Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

After a two-week social studies lesson on the Bill of Rights, pairs of experimental students ( N = 10) randomly selected from one classroom completed a cooperative week-long multimedia learning activity in which they planned and assembled microcomputer-based media presentations focusing on the social studies content previously taught and then, after one-week delay, showed their presentations to non-at-risk peers. Paralleling the experimental phases, students in two control classrooms, after the same two-week lesson, completed post-instructional experiences consisting of an additional one-week instruction on the same content and, after a one-week delay, a one-day content review. MANOVA showed the experimental students displayed significantly greater social studies knowledge and significantly more positive attitudes toward and self-confidence in school learning in general and social studies learning in particular. Findings were discussed in terms of the potential of multimedia constructive learning environments to provide qualitatively-enhanced alternatives to traditional instruction for at-risk and non at-risk learners.
Effects of Subjective and Objective Databases on Children's Attitudes to Computers
Authors: Todman John B. , File Portia E.
Published: May 2005

Formally equivalent subjective and objective versions of a prolog relational database resource were developed, and two experiments compared the effects of working with these on fourteen- to fifteen-year-old children's attitudes to computers. Both experiments involved a simulated project on pop records. In each experiment, use of a subjective (preference/opinion data) version of the resource was associated with greater attitudinal gains than use of an objective (public/verifiable data) version. With girls and boys equated on initial (relatively low) attitude scores, the effect of database type did not differ between sexes. In the second (repeated measures) experiment, a forced-choice behavioral measure confirmed a preference for the subjective version of the resource. Educational implications of the obtained effects are discussed.
Religion and Mental Health among Women Veterans with Sexual Assault Experience
Authors: Chang Bei-Hung , Skinner Katherine M. , Boehmer Ulrike
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Religion has been shown to have a positive impact on well-being and to play an important role in coping with stressful life events. However, the buffering effect of religiosity on mental health, after a particularly stressful life event such as sexual assault, has not been studied. In this study we examined the buffering effect of religion on mental health and depression for women who report experiencing sexual assault while in the military.

Method:

The sample includes a nationally representative sample of 3,543 women veterans who use VA ambulatory care. Two dimensions of religiosity were used: organizational (frequency of religious service attendance) and subjective (the extent religious beliefs are a source of strength/comfort). Mental health was measured by the mental component summary (MCS) from the SF36 and depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale.

Results:

Women veterans who reported experiencing sexual assault while in the military had lower mental health scores and higher levels of depression. Linear regression analysis indicated that these negative impacts diminished with increased frequency of religious service attendance, supporting the buffering effect of organizational religiosity on mental health and depression. Although the buffering effect of subjective religiosity was not evident, subjective religiosity was shown to be positively associated with better mental health in both groups of women with and without sexual assault experience in the military.

Conclusions:

Frequent religious service attendance buffers the negative impacts of sexual assault on mental health and depression of women veterans. The potential of integrating religiosity in designing interventions is discussed.
Charles Bonnet Syndrome: Visual Hallucination and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Alao Adekola O. , Hanrahan Brian
Published: May 2005

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a fairly common condition that affects approximately 350,000 people in the United States (1). It is associated with various neuropsychiatric symptoms including cognitive and behavioral symptoms. However, visual hallucinations are rare in multiple sclerosis without the presence of cognitive deficits (2). We are describing the case of a 40-year-old married white female with isolated complex visual hallucinations compatible with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS). The patient was successfully treated with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine.
Life-Styles and Health: Alternative Patterns
Authors: Berlinguer Giovanni
Published: May 2005

The life-styles of Europe now stand trial. There is a risk of advocating a rejection of technology on the basis of the drop in human life expectancy, alterations in bio-rhythms, and the phenomenon of alienation. While health organizations could serve as springboards for change in morbific social relations, their main contribution has been to the growth of health consumption. The experience of the working class in Italy in safeguarding health and changing environmental conditions is analyzed. In spite of its difficulties, this experience can provide insight on social systems and point the way toward future progress.
The Recruitment, Training, and Distribution of Physicians in Yugoslavia
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Yugoslavia has developed a form of communism very different from that found in other communist nations, yet it has faced problems of health manpower distribution not unlike those existing in other countries, both communist and non-communist. Recruitment and training patterns are in some respects similar to those found in the United States: medical students tend to come from high-status, urban families and specialization has increased very rapidly since World War II. On the other hand, the number of physicians has increased very dramatically over the past thirty years, in marked contrast to the pattern in the United States. Moreover, though there are continuing discrepancies in physician distribution among urban and rural communes and developed and underdeveloped republics and provinces, these differences are not widening as they have in the United States when similar regional units are observed. It is suggested that physician distribution has been controlled more effectively in Yugoslavia than in the United States, in large part because of the control over available positions exercised by health workers and representatives of social insurance and other institutions.
Applied Research, Evaluation and Case Study Readings from the Seventies: Part 2 of a National Faculty Survey
Authors: Cernada George P. , Chen Ted T. L.
Published: May 2005

Faculty teaching in accredited graduate programs of community health education in U.S. universities were surveyed by mail to determine which articles published during the 1970's they would recommend that their colleagues read. The suggested readings were collected and abstracted and are presented herewith in annotated bibliographic form. Part 1 covering Community Health Education Policy, Theory and Social Issues appeared in the 1980–81 Volume ( 1:2) of this journal.
Microcomputers and Language Training
Authors: Post Nancy E.
Published: May 2005

This paper answers four questions concerning microcomputers and language training: 1) should I/my company/my department develop a training component based on microcomputer-assisted instruction? 2) can microcomputers effectively enhance language training and education? 3) how can I use computer-related instruction? 4) what kind of software should I look for?
Automating the Indexing Procedure
Authors: Mosley Herbert R.
Published: May 2005

Recent approaches to computerized index preparation have failed to accommodate the flexible nature of index entries and could only be run on large-scale dp systems. A free-form approach is described which allows the author to be as creative in his indexing as he is in his writing. Tailoring the procedure to the facilities of the dp department enables the index to be prepared on a computer system of almost any size.
Adolescent Experiences with the Death of a Peer
Authors: Schachter Sherry
Published: May 2005

The frequency in which today's teenagers have had to confront the death of a peer is understated. A convenience sample of sixty-eight adolescents responded to a 22-question survey instrument addressing the experience with the death of a peer. Eighty-seven percent indicated they had experienced the death of a peer; 13 percent had never experienced the death of a peer (although most replied involvement and awareness of a relative's death). Of the total response, 20 percent indicated that they had more than one experience with the death of a peer. The tool was divided into two sections: death due to illness and death resulting from accidents, or suicide. This descriptive, exploratory study describes adolescent grief reactions, participation in post-death activities (funerals, memorial services) and identification of support systems.
Bereavement Salutations among the Yorubas of Western Nigeria
Authors: Adamolekun Kemi
Published: May 2005

The Yoruba people of South Western Nigeria have traditionally supported the bereaved with verbal phrases that are helpful in addressing the unique mourning situation. The death of a spouse, a child, a parent, or a sister call for different salutations. The age of the deceased, the cause of death, and the circumstances surrounding the death are taken into consideration in these salutations. The appropriate expression of these phrases form part of the mourning rituals which help the bereaved feel cared for and supported. The belief in afterlife, the religious orientation of the Yorubas, the value placed on individual life, and the role society assigned to the bereaved form the focus of these phrases. The purpose of this article is to highlight some of those phrases and their therapeutic implications.
Analysis of the 39 Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates from Mound A, Mound B, and the Village Area at the Calvin Davis or Morse Mounds Site (41SY27)
Authors: Frink Douglas , Perttula Timothy K.
Published: May 2005

We discuss the analysis of 39 Oxidizable Carbon Ratio (OCR) dates obtained from the Late Caddoan Morse Mounds site (41SY27), in the far eastern part of the state of Texas. This is one of the largest OCR dating studies completed in Northeast Texas. We also considered how soils behave as living, open systems and provide a brief introduction to the OCR Carbon Dating procedure. Data from close-interval sampling of the soil column describe the soil's physiology and provide a spatial and temporal context for evaluating the accuracy of the OCR Carbon Dating procedure in independently establishing the age of this archeological site.
In Mozambique, a Less Than Helpful Hand
Authors: Jeter Jon
Published: May 2005

World Bank loan policies in Mozambique have almost killed off the country's cashew-processing industry by requiring the removal of the export tariff on raw cashews, a tax that Mozambique had instituted to ensure the cashew supply for local factories.
Understanding the Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Molina Julio A.
Published: May 2005

The biopsychosocial model has emerged from the need of a better understanding of the human being as a unit, with his biological, psychological and sociological perspectives as well as from recent research findings suggesting the difficulties of working with one of these areas without dealing with the others.

Even when the need of such a model has been extensively described, the model itself and its practical applications had been poorly defined, lacking specially theoretical explanations of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors in producing medical and psychiatric illness. The author attempts in this paper to give a theoretical explanation of the interaction of these factors by applying the concept of multicausality of illness and the concept of vulnerability of systems. The practical application of this framework is also shown in a case example.
On Bipolar Reduction and Splintered Pieces
Authors: Shott Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Objects variously called bipolar cores, pièces esquillées and other things are abundant in the record. Some interpret them as the exhausted remnants of bipolar reduction, others as wedges used with antler or bone. I propose that we call them “splintered pieces” to avoid functional connotations. Splintered pieces illustrate the problem of equifinality, different causes producing like consequences. A growing but uncertain consensus regards most splintered pieces as cores. Reviewing the latest expression of a different interpretation, I conclude that experimental, ethnographic, and archaeological data continue to support the view that most—not all—splintered pieces are cores. Nevertheless, the need remains urgent to search ethnographic accounts for support of the wedge view, to conduct further experiments, and to seek conclusive archaeological association of splintered pieces with wedging.
The Effects of Exploration and Play on Young Children's Associative Fluency
Authors: Pellegrini A. D.
Published: May 2005

The article summarizes, critiques, and extends experimental studies attempting to facilitate young children's associative fluency. The earliest studies had children playing with or exploring objects as a treatment for their generating creative uses for objects. This research suggests that play enables children to establish a playful disposition towards objects which results in their increased associative fluency. The review, which differentiates play from exploration, suggests that children in these earlier studies may have been trained in exploration not play. The review then discusses studies which guided children's exploration of objects by engaging them in an exploration open question dialogue with an adult, about the objects. The review concludes that the guided exploration questioning technique is a more effective facilitator of associative fluency than a free play treatment because the former has children being guided in the exploration of more object attributes in a relatively short period of time.
Current Research in Children's Conceptions of Death: A Critical Review
Authors: Kenyon Brenda L.
Published: May 2005

After almost 60 years of research, how children come to understand death and what factors contribute to this development continue to generate interest. This paper critically reviews published research since the early 1980s, with a specific focus on the development of components of the death concept in children. Studies are reviewed with respect to the effects of age, cognitive development, type of object inquired about, culture and SES, experience with death, and emotional factors on the development of children's understanding of death. While these studies indicate that by 10 years of age most children have mastered the components of irreversibility, universality, non-functionality, personal mortality, and causality, acquisition of individual components appears to be differentially affected by several factors. Cognitive development, verbal ability, and cultural and religious experiences appear to influence the acquisition of abstract components such as universality. Direct experience appears to affect the acquisition of physically-based components, such as non-functionality and irreversibility. In addition, the components appear to have different developmental trajectories. Emotional factors appear to play a significant role in how children respond to questions about death and might be highly influential in the development of their understanding of death. Directions for future research are presented with attention to theoretical issues and the ongoing methodological problems in the study of children's conceptions of death.
Readers' Background Characteristics and Their Feedback on Documents: The Influence of Gender and Educational Level on Evaluation Results
Authors: de Jong Menno , Schellens Peter Jan
Published: May 2005

What is the influence of demographic variables such as gender and educational level on the reader feedback collected under the plus-minus method? To answer this question, an analysis was made of the problems detected in four public information brochures. The average amount of feedback per participant did not vary among the four brochures, but the severity of the problems did. Male participants mentioned more problems than female participants, but the problems detected by female participants were on average more severe. Highly educated participants detected more problems than participants with a lower level of education. No differences in problem types mentioned were found between male and female participants, and only one difference was found between the two educational levels: Highly educated participants focused more strongly on the structuring of information. In general, brochure characteristics had more effect on the types of feedback collected than the two demographic participant characteristics.
Suicide and Burnout of Physicians
Authors: Sonneck Gernot , Wagner Renate
Published: May 2005

Stressors and health risks in the medical profession are well documented but seldom openly discussed. Very often a “conspiracy of silence” about these stressors exists, and this conspiracy is allowed to continue because of denial and defensiveness. The most important stressors in the medical system result from the treatment of and care for patients. Other stressors are team conflicts, insecurity, lack of autonomy, large workload and increasing criticisms, expectations, and demands from the public. In addition, female doctors complain about the strain they experience in emergency services. They also especially suffer from the role-strain between job stressors and family responsibilities. Signs of these double-stressors can already be seen early in the medical course and mark the whole career of female doctors. Compared to the general population, the overall mortality rate of doctors decreased during the last decade, but is still worse than that of other professionals of comparable education. In particular the suicide rates are high, for males two to three times that of the general population, for females as much as five to six times. This is due to a high proportion of psychiatric diseases, particularly addiction and depression. We must keep in mind, that, despite being “gods in white,” a medical degree does not infer immunity to mental illness, drug addiction, alcoholism, or other self-destructive behaviors.
Daydreams, Stress and Burn-out in Women Mental Health Workers: A Preliminary Clinical Report
Authors: Mehr Marilyn , Senteney Andrea , MacCreadie Tracy
Published: May 2005

This study examined the effects of an intensive stress-reduction program on changes in daydreams and levels of burn-out in twenty-seven women mental health workers who participated in two weekend conferences followed by monthly support groups. The study measured the effectiveness of intervention by evaluating changes in stress and daydreaming prior to and upon completion of the program. As hypothesized, participants showed lower levels of exhaustion and depersonalization and a fear of failure. There was a positive relationship between achievement-oriented daydreams and attendance at meetings. Results were interpreted in terms of the effect of structured intervention in affecting positive daydreams and preventing burn-out.
Development and Quality of Life: A Critique of Amartya Sen's Development as Freedom
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

Presented here is a critical analysis of some of the major theses of Amartya Sen, as presented in his seminal work Development As Freedom. The author suggests that Sen's work, while representing a major break with the dominant neoliberal position reproduced in most national and international development agencies, is insufficient to explain the key relationship between freedom and development. The absence of an analysis of the power relations that cause and reproduce underdevelopment through national and international political institutions leaves Sen's work wanting. The author shows how Sen's interpretation of events and the conclusions derived from them, such as an explanation of famine in Bangladesh, are insufficient—when not faulty. The author also critically analyzes the United Nations Development Program reports, which, while documenting the nature and consequences of underdevelopment, barely touch on the political context in which underdevelopment occurs.
A Comparison of Self-Concept and Personality Disorders in Women with Pain Accounted for by Psychological Factors, Women with Major Depression, and Healthy Controls
Authors: Zlot Stefan I. , Herrmann Marianne , Hofer-Mayer Theres , Adler Michèle , Adler Rolf H.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Do patients with pain accounted for by psychological factors (P) differ in their self-concept and personality disorders from patients with major depression (D) and healthy controls (C)?

Method:

Thirty hospitalized P-patients (DSM-IV, 307.80) and 30 hospitalized D-Patients (DSM-III-R) were given the Beck Depression Inventory on admission (BDI-1) and at discharge (BDI-2). Together with BDI-2, patients filled out the Personality Disorder Questionnaire for DSM-III-R (PDQR) and the Frankfurt Self-Concept Scales (FSKN). Thirty-two healthy comparisons (C) completed the same questionnaires.

Results:

BDI-2 showed no significant differences between groups P and D, a prerequisite for the comparison of psychological traits. PDQR differed in the three groups. D showed more dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and histrionic personality features than group P. The three groups differed in FSKN total score and all 10 subscales (C (healthiest self-concept) > P > D). Groups P and D were different (P > D) in total score and subscales: performance, problem coping, confidence in behavior and decision taking, and self-esteem. Ten P-patients with pathological BDI-2 (PD) had significantly more disturbed PDQR and FSKN scores than the non-depressed (PND), and closely resembled the D-patients.

Conclusions:

Personality disorders and self-concept are not homogenous in female patients with P. Subgroup PND differs from patients with depression (fewer personality disorders, better self-concept), whereas subgroup PD closely resembles them.
A Test of Magnitude: Does the Strength of Predictors Explain Differences in Drug Use among Adolescents?
Authors: Graham Nanette
Published: May 2005

Prior research has provided much needed information on the association between gender, race, predictive factors, and drug use. However, none have provided conclusive evidence regarding the extent to which gender and race differences, or their interaction, in adolescent drug use is accounted for by predictors. Using data on adolescents in four public schools, this study examined variations in the comparative strength of predictors of self-reported drug use. Data were collected as part of an ongoing longitudinal study of a federally funded multi-model program intervention for the prevention of alcohol and drug abuse among high risk youth. Analysis of variance was used to examine gender by race differences in predictors and drug use and logistic regression was used to assess the comparative strength of predictors of adolescent drug use and to explore the effect of gender by race on the decision to use drugs. Findings indicated, in general, whites, both male and female, had a significantly stronger positive association between predictors and drug use relative to blacks. Regarding the effect of gender by race on the decision to use drugs, these data indicate, with or without adjustments, white females were most likely to use gateway substances, followed by white males.
Altered States of Consciousness and Emotion
Authors: Katz Judith Milstein
Published: May 2005

This article integrates Katz's schematic based theory of emotion [1, 2] and Deikman's theory of deautomization [3] in an effort to understand the relation between altered states of consciousness and emotion. The integration of these theories suggests specific ways in which emotional experience might be affected by changes in consciousness, and the effect of social factors on emotion during altered (and baseline) states. A schematic basis for distinguishing between altered states and within state variations is suggested.
The Efficacy of Electronic Telecommunications in Fostering Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Yu Fu-Yun
Published: May 2005

The effectiveness of electronic telecommunications as a supplementary aid to instruction and as a communication link between students, and between students and instructors in fostering interpersonal relationships was explored in this study. More specifically, the impacts of e-mail, one of the most accessible, convenient, and easy to use computer-mediated communications, on student attitudes toward the instructor, group-mates, and other classmates were investigated. A posttest-only experimental design was adopted. In total, 68 prospective teachers enrolling in a “Computers in Education” course participated in the study for a whole semester. Results from the study provided substantial evidence supporting e-mail's beneficial effects on student attitudes toward the instructor and other classmates.
What the Suicide's Choice of Method Signifies
Authors: Lester David , Beck Aaron T.
Published: May 2005

In order to explore correlates of choice of method for suicide, a sample of attempted suicides using cutting was compared with a sample of attempted suicides using coma-producing drugs. The cutters appeared to be more severely psychiatrically disturbed and less intent on dying. The implications of these results for the study of completed suicide were discussed.
An Assessment of Conscious Content as Related to Introversion-Extraversion
Authors: Davis Lee Tilford , Johnson Peder J.
Published: May 2005

A sample of eighteen introverts and eighteen extraverts was identified from a group of 107 undergraduates administered the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The contents of these subjects' consciousness were then assessed using a paging device which cued them at random intervals on an average of twenty times a day for two days. Subjects recorded the contents of their thoughts, activity, time of day, sensory modality and time orientation (past, present, future). When analyzed at the level of individual words in terms of personality type and sex, the data showed that introverts were more likely to make reference to words denoting processing (e.g., consciousness, awareness, wondering, etc.), while extraverts were more likely to make reference to time and objects. Generally, subjects differed more in their reports of consciousness as a function of introversion-extraversion than sex.
Nonprint Media and Technology Literacy Standards for Assessing Technology Integration
Authors: Swan Karen
Published: May 2005

This article suggests a set of cumulative standards for assessing the use of nonprint media and electronic technologies in elementary, middle, and high school classrooms. The proposed standards are culled from existing standards created for educational technologies, information literacy, and the English language arts, and are offered as a starting point for thinking about expanding our notions of literacy and literacy instruction in the schools. Most importantly, from this perspective, the standards are categorized as addressing three types of literacies—basic skills, critical literacies, and construction skills—to encourage teachers to incorporate all three when integrating technology use in teaching and learning.
Clients Nearing Death: Behavioral Treatment Perspectives
Authors: Rebok George W. , Hoyer William J.
Published: May 2005

The literature on the relationship between psychosocial events and dying and death is reviewed from a behavioral perspective. Individual control for predictability of endogenous and exogenous events is identified as an intervening construct in the relationship between the timing of death and a variety of psychosocial factors. It is then argued that behavioral self-management is a potentially useful therapeutic tool for working with clients who are nearing death.
Losing the “War against Cancer”: A Need for Public Policy Reforms
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

Editorial note: On February 4, 1992, at a press conference sponsored by a public interest group, Food and Water, Inc., a group of scientists, including Dr. Samuel S. Epstein, presented a statement at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., criticizing the cancer policies of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the American Cancer Society, and some 20 cancer centers. A few days earlier, a commentary on breast cancer by Dr. Epstein questioning the widespread use of mammography was published in the Los Angeles Times. We are pleased to present these statements in the Journal, along with a response from the NCI, a response from the American College of Radiology (ACR), and a rebuttal to these NCI and ACR responses from Dr. Epstein.
Interpersonal Influences on Task-Irrelevant Thought and Imagery in a Signal Detection Experiment
Authors: Algom Daniel , Singer Jerome L.
Published: May 2005

It was proposed that cognitive processes during a relatively “objective” auditory signal detection experiment might reflect the influence of immediately preceding interpersonal contact between the participant and experimenter as well as the longstanding thinking style or current concerns brought by the subject to the situation. Thirty-three Ss subjects, seventeen males and sixteen females participated in four experimental sessions, each of fifty minutes duration, under conditions in which instructions were presented face-to-face by E or with minimal contact (Interpersonal-Impersonal) and by an E who was same or opposite sex of the participant (Sex of E). Task-irrelevant Thought and Imagery was measured through systematic interruptions for frequent reports during sessions. Accuracy of detections and recurrent current concerns were also measured. Data indicated a significant effect of an opposite sex experimenter on reports of task-irrelevant thought with a trend for such an effect for the Interpersonal-Impersonal variable. Measures of recent current concerns and of a thought style involving poor attentional control also influenced cognitive processes during the signal detection experiments.
Illness Worry and Disability in Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Authors: Robbins James M. , Kirmayer Laurence J. , Kapusta Morton A.
Published: May 2005

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common syndrome of functional somatic symptoms. This article examines whether an amplifying somatic style (increased body awareness and illness worry) might explain the distress and disability expressed by FM patients. Twenty FM patients were compared to twenty-three rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients on measures of depressive and somatic symptomatology, pain, disability, and amplifying somatic style. FM patients reported greater somatic symptomatology, equivalent levels of pain, and less physical disability than did RA patients. No differences were observed between groups on body awareness or illness worry. Illness worry correlated highly with symptomatology for both groups but with physical disability only among FM patients. Results suggest that disability in functional somatic syndromes may be determined by patients' worry about having a serious disease. Feelings of vulnerability and apprehension about having an illness of unknown origin may contribute to FM sufferers' activity limitations, inability to sustain a work effort, and varied somatic distress.
Socio-Educational Influences on Nepali Women and Their Association with Innovative Values and Behaviors
Authors: Law R. W. Car , Pande B. R. , Vaidya K.
Published: May 2005

The introduction of health and family planning services in developing countries often requires extensive changes in the values and behaviors of the women of those countries. A better understanding of the factors influencing change in rural women would provide a stronger scientific base for the introduction of health services.

The authors gathered data from 1,417 rural women in Nepal. Indicators of social change were contraceptive use, desired family size and scientific treatment of sick children. Major influences associated with change were regionality, having children in school, ownership of money and access to media. However, the strength of association with the indices of change varied, suggesting that change in values and behaviors is meaning specific and not a general phenomenon.
A Supply-Chain Management Perspective of Online Education
Authors: Huang Albert H.
Published: May 2005

For-profit online education is a quickly emerging industry. In recent years, many education providers have established Web sites where they offer courses on a large selection of subjects. Businesses from every corner of the commercial world have expressed serious interest in these potentially lucrative opportunities. Due to the relatively short history of online education, many components along the process are not well developed or well connected. This paper describes and discusses the supply chain of online education, its components, and the technology applications each component uses. It also reviews the weaknesses of current technology applications on the supply chain and proposes development opportunities to better integrate the online education industry.
Perceived Burdensomeness and Lethality of Suicide Method among Suicide Completers in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Pettit Jeremy W. , Lam Amy G. , Voelz Zachary R. , Walker Rheeda L. , Perez Marisol , Joiner Thomas E. , Lester David , He Zhao-Xiong
Published: May 2005

A subjective sense of burdensomeness toward loved ones has been posited as a marker for high risk of suicide. The present study applied the burdensomeness model of suicide to a sample of suicide notes from the People's Republic of China. High levels of burdensomeness toward loved ones was significantly and negatively correlated with lethality of suicide method among suicide notes. In addition, males were more likely than females to employ more lethal means of suicide. Theoretical explanations for these findings are discussed, highlighting potential cultural influences.
Perception of Distorted Auditory Messages under the Influence of Alcohol
Authors: Nelson Thomas M. , Sinha Birendra K. , Deegan Roger
Published: May 2005

Several short auditory messages with different levels of distortion were presented to volunteer subjects under the influence of no, small, medium and large dosages of alcohol. Accuracy of perception as measured by the number of correct words and sentences was progressively worse in subjects with higher BAC levels. Thus, amount of alcohol produced corresponding reduction in the comprehension of distorted auditory stimuli. This does not support popular suggestions that use of drugs enhances perception and cognitive function. It is possible that substances that enhance personal significance of stimuli worsen social communication about these stimuli.