bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seeing Cages: Home Confinement in Early Twentieth-Century Japan
Authors: Kim Yumi
Published: May 2018

This article examines the visualization of “the mentally ill” (seishinbyōsha) in Japan by focusing on a psychiatric report on home confinement published in 1918. It argues that the authors of the report, psychiatrists Kure Shūzō and Kashida Gorō, mobilized a representational strategy developed mainly in a context of colonialism called the “documentary mode” to convince readers of the scientific nature of their photographs, drawings, and floor plans of home confinement. The documentary mode enabled the psychiatrists to present their viewpoint—that “the mentally ill” belonged to a distinct group deserving sympathy and medical care—as the most truthful claim, above those made by lawmakers, officials, and families. Considering the visual technologies that helped define “the mentally ill” shows how this category was in flux in the early twentieth century, subject to redefinition in the hands of those who claimed to identify, picture, and tally its members in the most truthful way.
Cryptic hydrozoan blooms pose risks to gill health in farmed North Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Kintner Anna , Brierley Andrew S.
Published: May 2018

Sampling at four salmon aquaculture sites along the west coast of Scotland has identified short-lived aggregations of planktonic hydrozoans (>280 individuals m−3), here termed blooms. Several such blooms were linked with increases in gill pathology and mortality in caged fish. Two types, Obelia sp. and Lizzia blondina, were found to cause blooms regularly and often concurrently. Species composition of hydrozoan populations and fluctuations in population sizes were spatially and temporally heterogeneous, with adjacent sites (within 30 km of one another and with similar oceanic exposure) experiencing no correlation between species composition and population density. Blooms appeared temperature-mediated, with all identified blooms by Obelia sp. and L. blondina taking place in water above 12 °C; however, temperature alone was not found to be predictive. Blooms were not significantly associated with change in salinity, water clarity, or photoperiod. Due to the apparent lack of broadly applicable predictors, we suggest that localized, targeted sampling and examination of planktonic hydrozoan populations is required to discern the presence or absence of a bloom. It is likely that many blooms have historically caused harm in salmon aquaculture while remaining unrecognized as the root cause.
In vitroovicidal and larvicidal activities of some saponins and flavonoids against parasitic nematodes of goats
Authors: Santos Acidália Carine Vieira , Santos Francianne Oliveira , Lima Hélimar Gonçalves , Silva Gisele Dias Da , Uzêda Rosangela Soares , Dias Êuder Reis , Branco Alexsandro , Cardoso Klauber Viana , David Jorge Mauricio , Botura Mariana Borges , Costa Silvia Lima , Batatinha Maria José Moreira
Published: May 2018

This study assessed the anthelmintic activity of plant-derived compounds against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats using the egg hatch and larval motility assays. The compounds tested were saponins (digitonin and aescin) and their respective sapogenins (aglycones), hecogenin acetate and flavonoids (catechin, hesperidin, isocordoin and a mixture of isocordoin and cordoin). Additionally, cytotoxicity of active substances was analysed on Vero cell through 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl,2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and propidium iodide (PI) tests. Significant reduction on the egg hatching (P< 0.05) was seen only in the treatments with aescin (99%/EC50= 0.67 mg mL−1) and digitonin (45%). The compounds that reduced the larval motility (P< 0.05) were digitonin (EC50= 0.03 mg mL−1and EC90= 0.49 mg mL−1) and the hecogenin acetate (75%). The other sapogenins showed low anthelmintic activity. All the flavonoids showed low ovicidal (4–12%) and larvicidal (10–19%) effects. The aescin and digitonin showed low toxicity in PI test (viable cells >90%). Nevertheless, higher cytotoxicity was observed in the MTT assay, with IC50of 0.20 mg mL−1(aescin) and 0.0074 mg mL−1(digitonin). Aescin and digitonin have a pronouncedin vitroanthelmintic effect and the glycone portion of these saponins plays an important role in this activity.
Molecular phylogeny based on six nuclear genes suggests that Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes G6/G7 and G8/G10 can be regarded as two distinct species
Authors: Laurimäe Teivi , Kinkar Liina , Moks Epp , Romig Thomas , Omer Rihab A. , Casulli Adriano , Umhang Gérald , Bagrade Guna , Irshadullah Malik , Sharbatkhori Mitra , Mirhendi Hossein , Ponce-Gordo Francisco , Soriano Silvia V. , Varcasia Antonio , Rostami-Nejad Mohammad , Andresiuk Vanessa , Saarma Urmas
Published: May 2018

Tapeworms of the species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) are the cause of a severe zoonotic disease – cystic echinococcosis, which is listed among the most severe parasitic diseases in humans and is prioritized by the World Health Organization. A stable taxonomy of E. granulosus s. l. is essential to the medical and veterinary communities for accurate and effective communication of the role of different species in this complex on human and animal health. E. granulosus s. l. displays high genetic diversity and has been divided into different species and genotypes. Despite several decades of research, the taxonomy of E. granulosus s. l. has remained controversial, especially the species status of genotypes G6–G10. Here the Bayesian phylogeny based on six nuclear loci (7387 bp in total) demonstrated, with very high support, the clustering of G6/G7 and G8/G10 into two separate clades. According to the evolutionary species concept, G6/G7 and G8/G10 can be regarded as two distinct species. Species differentiation can be attributed to the association with distinct host species, largely separate geographical distribution and low level of cross-fertilization. These factors have limited the gene flow between genotypic groups G6/G7 and G8/G10, resulting in the formation of distinct species. We discuss ecological and epidemiological differences that support the validity of these species.
THE VOTIVE OF AIGLATAS, SPARTAN RUNNER. OLD EVIDENCE, NEW KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Nenci Nicola
Published: May 2018

Much of what we know about ancient Sparta is based upon inscriptions. Extant inscribed objects are often left idle in storerooms, treated summarily, with modern scholars reliant upon dated epigraphical publications which focus mainly only on the texts of the inscriptions. However, the study of objects bearing inscribed texts together with their inscriptions can yield information that challenges what we suppose we know about ancient Sparta.

This article analyses a Late Archaic inscribed stele from Sparta, bearing a dedication to Karneios by Aiglatas for his athletic victories. The stele has been used as evidence for two scholarly claims: that athletic competitions were performed at the Karneia festival, and that Apollo Karneios was represented with ram's horns.

Adopting a holistic approach and a comparative methodology, the present study shows that these two modern claims are without foundation. By means of autopsy and comparative analysis, this work proposes a new reading of the inscription and a novel interpretation of Aiglatas’ dedication in its cultural context. In addition, this study does not confirm the existence of gymnastic contests at the Karneia, as claimed by earlier scholars; it argues instead that a torch race may have taken place before sacrifices at the festival. Finally, it is argued that there is no evidence that Apollo Karneios was represented with the ram's horns, which opens up new possibilities for understanding the deity and his religious value within Spartan society.
TOPOGRAFIA CRISTIANA DELLATUSCIA ANNONARIAE DELLATUSCIA LANGOBARDORUM(IV-VIII SEC. D.C.)
Authors: Castiglia Gabriele
Published: May 2018

Il presente contributo intende analizzare i fenomeni di formazione e radicamento della cristianizzazione nellaTuscia Annonaria(attuale Toscana settentrionale) nel periodo compreso tra il IV e la seconda metà dell'VIII secolo d.C., sia in ambito urbano che in quello rurale. Questo tema, sinora scarsamente analizzato in maniera complessiva, verrà sviscerato partendo da un approccio quantitativo (ancorato ad una schedatura delle evidenze materiali e scritte), funzionale all'approfondimento di problematiche storiografiche e di nuove possibili chiavi di lettura di fenomeni complessi e articolati quali furono quelli legati alla trasformazione delle città e dei paesaggi romani e che portarono alla strutturazione delle realtà post classiche.
The European Union’s practice of state recognition: Between norms and interests
Authors: Newman Edward , Visoka Gëzim
Published: May 2018

This article explores the European Union’s (EU) practices of international state recognition in a transitional international order. It illustrates the difficulties that the EU has encountered in attempting to reach a collective position on sensitive cases of recognition – through a complex balance of internal and external considerations – at a time when the norms regarding recognition are increasingly under challenge. Whether the organisation takes a collective European position on recognition or allows its members to adopt individual national positions, acute inconsistencies and tensions have been exposed, with implications for the EU’s standing in the world. Through this, the article identifies a key tension between the EU’s normative commitments and its geopolitical interests. In conclusion, the article argues that while a uniform EU policy on recognition may not be feasible and case-by-case pragmatism will likely continue, a more coherent approach and greater understanding of the impact of the EU’s position on recognition are necessary. The article draws upon interview material and extensive analysis of official EU documentation in order to provide new insights into this complex challenge. By exploring the intricacies of recognition politics, the article also makes an empirical contribution to understanding the practice of international relations in this area.
LEARNING DIRECTION MATTERS
Authors: van Maastricht Lieke , Krahmer Emiel , Swerts Marc , Prieto Pilar
Published: May 2018

This study examines the acquisition process of speech rhythm in Dutch learners of Spanish (DLS) and Spanish learners of Dutch (SLD) at different proficiency levels to determine whether learning direction affects the success of rhythm acquisition in a foreign language (L2). Analyses of lengthening effects showed that the two learner groups followed different developmental paths in their acquisition of accentual and final lengthening: Both groups showed transfer effects from the L1, but while the DLS systematically approached their target until attainment, the SLD showed more variability in their development. In addition, syllable structure complexity affected L2 rhythm acquisition, and to a substantially larger extent for the SLD compared to the DLS. The results support a model of L2 rhythm acquisition in which learning direction is included as a factor, and that allows for the interaction of various language-specific properties that contribute to speech rhythm, like syllable structure complexity.
A Fast Adaptive-Gain Complementary Filter Algorithm for Attitude Estimation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Yang Qing-quan , Sun Ling-ling , Yang Longzhao
Published: May 2018

A novel fast adaptive-gain complementary filter algorithm is developed for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) attitude estimation. This approach provides an accurate, robust and simple method for attitude estimation with minimised attitude errors and reduced computation. UAV attitude data retrieved from accelerometer data is transformed to the solution of a linearly discrete dynamic system. A novel complementary filter is designed to fuse accelerometer and gyroscope data, with a self-adjusted gain to achieve a good performance in accuracy. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with an Adaptive-gain Complementary Filter (ACF) and Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF). Simulation and experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed filter has the same performance as an EKF in high dynamic operating conditions. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can balance accuracy and time consumption, and it has a better price/performance ratio in engineering applications.
Dynamic witnesses for static type errors (or, Ill-Typed Programs Usually Go Wrong)
Authors: SEIDEL ERIC L. , JHALA RANJIT , WEIMER WESTLEY
Published: May 2018

Static type errors are a common stumbling block for newcomers to typed functional languages. We present a dynamic approach to explaining type errors by generating counterexample witness inputs that illustrate how an ill-typed program goes wrong. First, given an ill-typed function, we symbolically execute the body to synthesize witness values that make the program go wrong. We prove that our procedure synthesizes general witnesses in that if a witness is found, then for all inhabited input types, there exist values that can make the function go wrong. Second, we show how to extend this procedure to produce a reduction graph that can be used to interactively visualize and debug witness executions. Third, we evaluate the coverage of our approach on two data sets comprising over 4,500 ill-typed student programs. Our technique is able to generate witnesses for around 85% of the programs, our reduction graph yields small counterexamples for over 80% of the witnesses, and a simple heuristic allows us to use witnesses to locate the source of type errors with around 70% accuracy. Finally, we evaluate whether our witnesses help students understand and fix type errors, and find that students presented with our witnesses show a greater understanding of type errors than those presented with a standard error message.
Soil seedbed engineering and its impact on germination and establishment in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as affected by seed–soil contact
Authors: Blunk Sebastian , de Heer Martine I. , Sturrock Craig J. , Mooney Sacha J.
Published: May 2018

Seed–soil contact plays an essential role in the process of germination as seeds absorb water through direct contact with the moist soil aggregates that surround them. Factors influencing seed–soil contact can be considered as those pertaining to soil physical properties (e.g. texture, bulk density, porosity, etc.) and those related to environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, rainfall, frost). Seed–soil contact is furthermore influenced by the specific field management processes that farmers apply, which have developed significantly over the last 30 years. However, the precise effect of cultivation on the actual contact area of the seed with the surrounding soil is based on a series of assumptions and is still largely unknown. This review considers the influence of soil management and its direct impact on seed–soil contact and establishment. We review the state of the art in methodology for measuring seed–soil contact and assess the potential for soil amendments such as plant residues and waste materials to improve seed–soil contact. Engineering the ‘optimal’ seed–soil contact remains a challenge due to the localized variation between the interaction with field management techniques and soil texture, climatic conditions and crop type. The latest imaging approaches show great promise to assess the impact of management on germination. Combining the techniques with the latest network models offers great potential to improve our ability to accurately predict germination, emergence and establishment.
Random Recursive Trees and Preferential Attachment Trees are Random Split Trees
Authors: JANSON SVANTE
Published: May 2018

We consider linear preferential attachment trees, and show that they can be regarded as random split trees in the sense of Devroye (1999), although with infinite potential branching. In particular, this applies to the random recursive tree and the standard preferential attachment tree. An application is given to the sum over all pairs of nodes of the common number of ancestors.
The addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in extenders to epididymal sperm cryopreservation in bulls
Authors: Losano João D.A. , Angrimani Daniel S.R. , Rui Bruno R. , Bicudo Luana C. , Dalmazzo Andressa , Silva Bárbara C.S. , Viana Carlos H.C. , Mendes Camilla M. , Assumpção Mayra E.O.A. , Barnabe Valquiria H. , Nichi Marcilio
Published: May 2018

The cryopreservation of epididymal sperm is an important technique that allows genetic material to be preserved, even post mortem. However, cryopreservation leads to increased oxidative stress and impaired sperm viability. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation may improve certain sperm characteristics, but it also makes sperm more susceptible to oxidative stress, therefore adding antioxidants that counteract oxidative stress has become an option. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the interaction between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and antioxidants on the quality after the cryopreservation of epididymal bull sperm. Twenty epididymides were collected after slaughter, and epididymal sperm was cryopreserved with bovine extender supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). We verified an improvement in motility in the group that was treated only with DHA 5 µM and a concentration-dependent effect on susceptibility to lipid peroxidation that was associated with DHA concentration (1 µM, 5 µM or 10 µM). Moreover, treatment with DHA (5 µM) and SOD (20 IU/ml) resulted in higher sperm motility. Thus, the association between DHA (5 µM) and SOD (20 IU/ml) appears to be an option for increased epididymal sperm features in bulls.
Not so sweet refrain: sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, industry opposition and harnessing the lessons learned from tobacco control legal challenges
Authors: George Anita
Published: May 2018

As a growing number of countries implement, or announce plans to introduce, a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, this paper explores the public health rationale for such a tax and provides an overview of the international normative and policy instruments supporting the introduction of fiscal measures on sugary drinks. After examining parallels between the legal arguments raised by the food and beverage industry in opposition to SSB taxes and those raised by the tobacco industry in response to tobacco control measures, this paper draws four key lessons that will assist countries to design effective and robust SSB tax measures and counter food and beverage industry opposition: regulatory distinctions in tax coverage should be based on bona fide, evidence-based reasoning; evidence-based measures need to be tailored to a country’s public health objectives as part of a comprehensive strategy to address unhealthy diet consumption; procedural requirements and due process should be observed in the drafting and implementation of the measure; and regulatory space exists within domestic constitutions, laws and international trade and investment agreements recognising the sovereign right of states to regulate in the interests of public health.
Prime Ministers unchained? Explaining Prime Minister Policy Autonomy in coalition governments
Authors: Martocchia Diodati Nicola , Marino Bruno , Carlotti Benedetta
Published: May 2018

The personalization of politics has become a central concern in political science. This is also true for parliamentary governments, where the Prime Minister has allegedly acquired an increasing relevance. Nonetheless, a key question remains unanswered: How can we estimate the Prime Minister Policy Autonomy (PMPA) in parliamentary governments? Moreover, what are the determinants of this autonomy? This article aims to answer these questions by proposing a novel and easily replicable index of PMPA, based on data from an analysis of Prime Ministers’ and members of Parliament’s parliamentary speeches, and specifically from cosine similarity analysis. In this article, we explore PMPA by focussing on two most different cases of coalition governments, Italy and Germany between 1994 and 2014. A multilevel regression analysis shows that coalition-related factors strongly influence PMPA, party-related factors are somewhat relevant, and the Prime Minister-related factor (its selectorate) does not have a significant impact on such autonomy.
Radio bearing of sources with directional antennas in urban environment
Authors: Ziółkowski Cezary , Kelner Jan M.
Published: May 2018

This paper focuses on assessing the limitations in the direction-finding process of radio sources with directional antennas in an urbanized environment, demonstrating how signal source antenna parameters, such as beamwidth and maximum radiation direction affect bearing accuracy in non-line-of-sight conditions. These evaluations are based on simulation studies, which use measurement-tested signal processing procedures. These procedures are based on a multi-elliptical propagation model, the geometry of which is related to the environment by the power delay profile or spectrum. The probability density function of the angle of arrival for different parameters of the transmitting antenna is the simulation result. This characteristic allows assessing the effect of the signal source antenna parameters on bearing error. The obtained results are the basis for practical correction bearing error and these show the possibility of improving the efficiency of the radio source location in the urbanized environment.
Managing Cool-Season Weeds in Sugarbeet Grown for Biofuel in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Webster Theodore M. , Grey Timothy L. , Luo Xuelin
Published: May 2018

Sugarbeet, grown for biofuel, is being considered as an alternate cool-season crop in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain. Typically, the crop would be seeded in the autumn, then grow through the winter and be harvested the following spring. Labels for herbicides registered for use on sugarbeet grown in the traditional sugarbeet production regions do not list any of the cool-season weeds common in the southeastern United States. Field trials were initiated near Ty Ty, GA, to evaluate all possible combinations of ethofumesate applied PRE, phenmedipham+desmedipham applied POST, clopyralid POST, and triflusulfuron POST for cool-season weed control in sugarbeet. Phenmedipham+desmedipham alone and in combination with clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron effectively controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose, lesser swinecress, henbit, and corn spurry when applied to seedling weeds. Ethofumesate PRE alone was not as effective in controlling cool-season weeds compared to treatments containing phenmedipham+desmedipham POST. However, ethofumesate PRE applied sequentially with phenmedipham+desmedipham POST improved weed control consistency. Clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron alone did not adequately control cutleaf eveningprimrose. Triflusulfuron alone effectively controlled wild radish. In the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons, December-applied POST herbicides did not injure sugarbeet. However, in the 2015–2016 season POST herbicides were applied in late October. On the day of treatment, the maximum temperature was 25.4 C, which exceeded the established upper temperature limit of 22 C for safe application of phenmedipham+desmedipham, and sugarbeet plants were severely injured. In the southeastern United States, temperatures frequently exceed 22 C in early autumn, which may limit phenmedipham+desmedipham use for controlling troublesome cool-season weeds of sugarbeet in the region. Weed control options need to be expanded to compensate for this limitation.
Weed Seedbank Management: Revisiting How Herbicides Are Evaluated
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K. , Korres Nicholas E. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V.
Published: May 2018

There is great value in quantifying and reporting weed seed production as a component of herbicide efficacy evaluations for two reasons. First, visual weed control ratings and associated measurements such as weed density and biomass are not sufficient indicators of fecundity. Second, knowledge of fecundity associated with herbicide treatments can guide the development of effective management programs that impact long-term weed population dynamics and reduce the risk of herbicide resistance.
Seasonal Propagation Characteristics of MSTIDs Observed at High Latitudes Over Central Alaska Using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Negale M. R. , Taylor M. J. , Nicolls M. J. , Vadas S. L. , Nielsen K. , Heinselman C. J.
Published: May 2018

Near‐continuous electron density measurements obtained over a ∼3 year period, 2010–2013, using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) in central Alaska (69°N, 147°W) have been analyzed to quantify the properties of over 650 high‐latitude medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). Our analysis focused on the altitude range 100–300 km encompassing the lower ionosphere/thermosphere and yielded first full seasonal day/night distributions of MSTIDs at high northern latitudes with mean values: horizontal wavelength 446 km, horizontal phase speed 187 m/s, and period 41 min. These year‐round measurements fill an important summertime gap in existing MSTID measurements revealing predominantly eastward wave propagation during the summer, while continued winter season observations agree well with previous reports of near southward propagating MSTIDs. Our 3 years of results suggest a cyclic change in the seasonal horizontal propagation directions that was found to be quantitatively consistent with critical level wind and dissipative filtering. Concurrent measurements of the vertical wavelength spectrum as a function of altitude also compared favorably in shape with that calculated using a theoretical dispersion relation (Vadas & Fritts, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005574) for the thermosphere, but with a higher mean value. Evidence supporting the systematic broadening and shrinking in the azimuthal distributions of the MSTIDs during the course of the year was also found, as well as an unexpected correlation between the MSTID propagation directions and the AE index, both of which are under further investigation.
Link Between Arctic Tropospheric BrO Explosion Observed From Space and Sea‐Salt Aerosols From Blowing Snow Investigated Using Ozone Monitoring Instrument BrO Data and GEOS‐5 Data Assimilation System
Authors: Choi S. , Theys N. , Salawitch R. J. , Wales P. A. , Joiner J. , Canty T. P. , Chance K. , Suleiman R. M. , Palm S. P. , Cullather R. I. , Darmenov A. S. , da Silva A. , Kurosu T. P. , Hendrick F. , Van Roozendael M.
Published: May 2018

Bromine radicals (Br + BrO) are important atmospheric species owing to their ability to catalytically destroy ozone as well as their potential impacts on the oxidative pathways of many trace gases, including dimethylsulfide and mercury. Using space‐based observations of BrO, recent studies have reported rapid enhancements of tropospheric BrO over large areas (so called “BrO explosions”) connected to near‐surface ozone depletion occurring in polar spring. However, the source(s) of reactive bromine and mechanism(s) that initiate these BrO explosions are uncertain. In this study, we investigate the relationships between Arctic BrO explosions and two of the proposed sources of reactive bromine: sea‐salt aerosol (SSA) generated from blowing snow and first‐year (seasonal) sea ice. We use tropospheric column BrO derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in conjunction with the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS‐5) data assimilation system provided by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. Case studies demonstrate a strong association between the temporal and spatial extent of OMI‐observed BrO explosions and the GEOS‐5 simulated blowing snow‐generated SSA during Arctic spring. Furthermore, the frequency of BrO explosion events observed over the 11‐year record of OMI exhibits significant correlation with a time series of the simulated SSA emission flux in the Arctic and little to no correlation with a time series of satellite‐based first‐year sea ice area. Therefore, we conclude that SSA generated by blowing snow is an important factor in the formation of the BrO explosion observed from space during Arctic spring.
Modeled Response of Greenland Snowmelt to the Presence of Biomass Burning‐Based Absorbing Aerosols in the Atmosphere and Snow
Authors: Ward Jamie L. , Flanner Mark G. , Bergin Mike , Dibb Jack E. , Polashenski Chris M. , Soja Amber J. , Thomas Jennie L.
Published: May 2018

Biomass burning produces smoke aerosols that are emitted into the atmosphere. Some smoke constituents, notably black carbon, are highly effective light‐absorbing aerosols (LAA). Emitted LAA can be transported to high‐albedo regions like the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and affect local snowmelt. In the summer, the effects of LAA in Greenland are uncertain. To explore how LAA affect GrIS snowmelt and surface energy flux in the summer, we conduct idealized global climate model simulations with perturbed aerosol amounts and properties in the GrIS snow and overlying atmosphere. The in‐snow and atmospheric aerosol burdens we select range from background values measured on the GrIS to unrealistically high values. This helps us explore the linearity of snowmelt response and to achieve high signal‐to‐noise ratios. With LAA operating only in the atmosphere, we find no significant change in snowmelt due to the competing effects of surface dimming and tropospheric warming. Regardless of atmospheric LAA presence, in‐snow black carbon‐equivalent mixing ratios greater than ~60 ng/g produce statistically significant snowmelt increases over much of the GrIS. We find that net surface energy flux changes correspond well to snowmelt changes for all cases. The dominant component of surface energy flux change is solar energy flux, but sensible and longwave energy fluxes respond to temperature changes. Atmospheric LAA dampen the magnitude of solar radiation absorbed by in‐snow LAA when both varieties are simulated. In general, the significant melt and surface energy flux changes we simulate occur with LAA quantities that have never been recorded in Greenland.
Following the Turnover of Soil Bioavailable Phosphate in Mediterranean Savanna by Oxygen Stable Isotopes
Authors: Weiner T. , Gross A. , Moreno G. , Migliavacca M. , Schrumpf M. , Reichstein M. , Hilman B. , Carrara A. , Angert A.
Published: May 2018

Soil phosphate oxygen isotope analysis (δ18OP) emerges as an effective method to trace the cycling of phosphorus (P) in soils. This study uses δ18OP measurements to learn how the nutrient status (P and N) affects the biological turnover rates of P in the soil of a Mediterranean holm oak Savanna. Such ecosystems cover >3 × 106 ha at the Iberian Peninsula. The analysis was part of a large‐scale nutrient manipulation experiment, where N and P were added. We followed the changes in δ18O values of soil bioavailable P during incubation of soils with a pulse of P and in addition measured the δ18OP in soil sampled at the site. In the incubations, the δ18OP values changed from the original value of the added P and approached a steady state of 16.3‰, which is 3.8‰ higher than the isotopic equilibrium with water. The steady state was higher with 18O‐enriched incubation media water. The change in δ18OP values was more pronounced under trees, indicating a faster microbial P turnover rate. Incubation of soils fertilized with either P or N showed faster P turnover rate than control, implying N and P colimitation. Soil samples from P‐fertilized plots displayed higher δ18OP than the fertilizer, rather than the expected decrease toward steady‐state values, found at the control and N plots. The microbial P turnover rates during incubations were slower than the rates reported for lowland tropical forest with lower bioavailable P concentrations but resemble ecosystems with similar concentrations.
Deltaic and Coastal Sediments as Recorders of Mediterranean Regional Climate and Human Impact Over the Past Three Millennia
Authors: Jalali Bassem , Sicre Marie‐Alexandrine , Klein Vincent , Schmidt Sabine , Maselli Vittorio , Lirer Fabrizio , Bassetti Maria‐Angela , Toucanne Samuel , Jorry Stephan J. , Insinga Donatella Domenica , Petrosino Paola , Châles Fanny
Published: May 2018

Deltaic and shallow marine sediments represent unique natural archives to study the evolution of surface coastal ocean water properties as compared to environmental changes in adjacent continents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and higher plant biomarker records were generated from the Rhone and Var River deltaic sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea), and three sites in the South Adriatic Sea (Central/Eastern Mediterranean Sea), spanning all or part of the past three millennia. Because of the high sediment accumulation rates at all core sites, we were able to produce time series at decadal time scale. SSTs in the Gulf of Lion and the convection area of the South Adriatic Sea indicate similar cold mean values (around 17 °C) and pronounced cold spells, reflecting strong wind‐driven surface water heat loss. However, they differ in the rate of postindustrial warming, which is steeper in the Gulf of Lion. The three Adriatic Sea SST records are notably different reflecting different hydrological influence from nearshore to open sea sites. The compositional features of higher plant n‐alkanes in the Rhone and Var delta sediments and inferred vegetation types show differences consistent with the latitudinal extension of the drainage basins of both river streams. In the Adriatic Sea, both coastal and open sea sediments indicate enhanced land‐derived material over the past 500 years, which is not seen in the NW Mediterranean record. We suggest that increased erosion as the result of changes in land use practices is the most likely cause for this trend.
How Does the Orientation of a Preexisting Basement Weakness Influence Fault Development During Renewed Rifting? Insights From Three‐Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling
Authors: Deng Chao , Gawthorpe Robert L. , Fossen Haakon , Finch Emma
Published: May 2018

The variety in fault geometry, fault interaction style, and evolution of the fault network above a weak planar preexisting fault as a result of a change in the strike angle (α) of the preexisting fault relative to the extension direction is investigated using three‐dimensional discrete element modeling. The preexisting fault shows three reactivation modes: (i) full reactivation (α ≥ 60°), (ii) partial reactivation (α = 45°), and (iii) little or no reactivation (α = 30°). A fully reactivated fault decreases the density, affects the orientation, and enhances the length and displacement of adjacent new faults. A partially reactivated fault generates some isolated fault segments along strike and also influences fault orientation. However, when the preexisting fault is not reactivated, its presence has little effect on the growth of new faults. Our study confirms that the reactivation pattern of a preexisting fault and its influence on new fault growth varies with its strike angle relative to the extension direction. It also demonstrates how a preexisting fault influences adjacent fault geometry and the fault network by changing the density, orientation, length, and displacement of newly formed faults. The work impacts understanding three‐dimensional fault geometries, the distribution, and evolution of fault networks in rift basins affected by preexisting faults and on predicting the extension direction of renewed rifting.
Helium and Neon in the Accreted Ice of the Subglacial Antarctic Lake Vostok
Authors: Jean‐Baptiste P. , Fourré E. , Petit J. R. , Lipenkov V. , Bulat S. , Chetverikov Y. , Raynaud D.
Published: May 2018

We analyzed helium and neon in 24 samples from between 3,607 and 3,767 m (i.e., down to 2 m above the lake‐ice interface) of the accreted ice frozen to the ceiling of Lake Vostok. Within uncertainties, the neon budget of the lake is balanced, the neon supplied to the lake by the melting of glacier ice being compensated by the neon exported by lake ice. The helium concentration in the lake is about 12 times more than in the glacier ice, with a measured 3He/4He ratio of 0.12 ± 0.01 Ra. This shows that Lake Vostok's waters are enriched by a terrigenic helium source. The 3He/4He isotope ratio of this helium source was determined. Its radiogenic value (0.057 × Ra) is typical of an old continental province, ruling out any magmatic activity associated with the tectonic structure of the lake. It corresponds to a low geothermal heat flow estimated at 51 mW/m2.
A Solar Cycle of Cosmic Ray Fluxes for 2006–2014: Comparison between PAMELA and Neutron Monitors
Authors: Koldobskiy Sergey A. , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Usoskin Ilya G.
Published: May 2018

A comparison of cosmic proton spectra directly measured by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment during 2006–2014 with data of polar neutron monitors for the same time interval is presented. It is shown that the measured spectra are well described by the force‐field model for the modulation potential range 350–750 MV. The obtained modulation potential agrees with that calculated from the data of the world neutron monitor network for low solar activity between 2006 and 2012 but diverges during the maximum of solar cycle. The empirical relation between the modulation potential and the (inverted) neutron monitor count rate appears somewhat steeper than the modeled one, as confirmed also by data from fragmentary balloon‐borne measurements. A reason for the discrepancy is unclear and calls for additional study using independent data sets.
Detecting, Extracting, and Monitoring Surface Water From Space Using Optical Sensors: A Review
Authors: Huang Chang , Chen Yun , Zhang Shiqiang , Wu Jianping
Published: May 2018

Observation of surface water is a functional requirement for studying ecological and hydrological processes. Recent advances in satellite‐based optical remote sensors have promoted the field of sensing surface water to a new era. This paper reviews the current status of detecting, extracting, and monitoring surface water using optical remote sensing, especially progress in the last decade. It also discusses the current status and challenges in this field, including spatio‐temporal scale issues, integration with in situ hydrological data and elevation data, obscuration caused by clouds and vegetation, and the growing need to map surface water at a global scale. Historically, sensors have exhibited a contradiction in resolutions. Techniques including pixel unmixing and reconstruction, and spatio‐temporal fusion have been developed to alleviate this contradiction. Spatio‐temporal dynamics of surface water have been modeled by combining remote sensing data with in situ river flow. Recent studies have also demonstrated that the river discharge can be estimated using only optical remote sensing imagery, providing valuable information for hydrological studies in ungauged areas. Another historical issue for optical sensors has been obscuration by clouds and vegetation. An effective approach of reducing this limitation is to combine with synthetic aperture radar data. Digital elevation model data have also been employed to eliminate cloud/terrain shadows. The development of big data and cloud computation techniques makes the increasing demand of monitoring global water dynamics at high resolutions easier to achieve. An integrated use of multisource data is the future direction for improved global and regional water monitoring.
Structural Inheritance and Rapid Rift‐Length Establishment in a Multiphase Rift: The East Greenland Rift System and its Caledonian Orogenic Ancestry
Authors: Rotevatn A. , Kristensen T. B. , Ksienzyk A. K. , Wemmer K. , Henstra G. A. , Midtkandal I. , Grundvåg S.‐A. , Andresen A.
Published: May 2018

We investigate (i) margin‐scale structural inheritance in rifts and (ii) the time scales of rift propagation and rift length establishment, using the East Greenland rift system (EGR) as an example. To investigate the controls of the underlying Caledonian structural grain on the development of the EGR, we juxtapose new age constraints on rift faulting with existing geochronological and structural evidence. Results from K‐Ar illite fault dating and syn‐rift growth strata in hangingwall basins suggest initial faulting in Mississippian times and episodes of fault activity in Middle‐Late Pennsylvanian, Middle Permian, and Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times. Several lines of evidence indicate a close relationship between low‐angle late‐to‐post‐Caledonian extensional shear zones (CESZs) and younger rift structure: (i) reorientation of rift fault strike to conform with CESZs, (ii) spatial coincidence of rift‐scale transfer zones with CESZs, and (iii) close temporal coincidence between the latest activity (late Devonian) on the preexisting network of CESZs and the earliest rift faulting (latest Devonian to earliest Carboniferous). Late‐ to post‐Caledonian extensional detachments therefore likely acted as a template for the establishment of the EGR. We also conclude that the EGR established its near‐full length rapidly, i.e., within 4–20% of rift life. The “constant‐length model” for normal fault growth may therefore be applicable at rift scale, but tip propagation, relay breaching, and linkage may dominate border fault systems during rapid lengthening.
Prenatal n-3 long-chain fatty acid status and offspring metabolic health in early and mid-childhood: results from Project Viva
Authors: Maslova Ekaterina , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L. , Olsen Sjurdur F. , Gillman Matthew W. , Oken Emily
Published: May 2018

Higher maternal and biomarker levels of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) have been associated with improved perinatal outcomes and may also influence offspring metabolic health. Past studies were not powered to examine metabolic outcomes and few have specifically targeted metabolically vulnerable populations. We examined the associations of prenatal n-3 LCPUFA status with markers of metabolic health in early and mid-childhood in the full population as well as stratified by maternal glucose tolerance. Our data consisted of 1418 mother–child dyads from Project Viva, a longitudinal, prospective pre-birth cohort enrolled in eastern Massachusetts. We assessed maternal dietary intake of fish and n-3 LCPUFA in mid-pregnancy using a validated food frequency questionnaire. N-3 LCPUFA levels were quantified in maternal second trimester and umbilical cord plasma using liquid-gas chromatography. We assessed offspring anthropometry, adiposity, and blood pressure at early (median age: 3.2 years) and mid-childhood (median age: 7.7 years); and assayed blood samples collected at these visits for metabolic biomarkers. We report here multivariable effect estimates and 95% CI. Early childhood BMIz-score was on average 0.46 (1.03) units and waist circumference 51.3 (3.7) cm. At mid-childhood these measures were 0.39 (1.00) units and 60.0 (8.3) cm, respectively. Higher cord plasma DHA levels were associated with lower BMIz-score ((Q)uartile 4 vs. Q1: −0.21, 95% CI: −0.38, −0.03), waist circumference (Q4 vs. Q1: −0.63, 95% CI: −1.27, 0.00 cm), and leptin levels (Q4 vs. Q1: −0.36, 95% CI: −0.77, 0.05 ng/mL) in early childhood. These associations were strongest and reached significance in offspring of women with isolated hyperglycemia vs. better or worse glycemic status. Higher maternal DHA + EPA (Q4 vs. Q1: −1.59, 95% CI: −2.80, −0.38 μg/mL) and fish (≥3 vs. 0 portions/week: −2.18, 95% CI: −3.90, −0.47 μg/mL) intake was related to lower adiponectin in early childhood. None of these associations persisted with mid-childhood outcomes. We did not find associations with any of the other outcomes. This study supports early and possibly transient effects of prenatal n-3 LCPUFA status on anthropometric measures and adipokine levels. It also raises the possibility that offspring of women with isolated hyperglycemia derive the most benefits from higher n-3 LCPUFA status.
Ultra-processed food consumption and adiposity trajectories in a Brazilian cohort of adolescents: ELANA study
Authors: Cunha Diana Barbosa , da Costa Teresa Helena Macedo , da Veiga Gloria Valeria , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Sichieri Rosely
Published: May 2018

Background/objectives

In Brazil, the increase in obesity rates has been accompanied by increased consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF). The objective of this paper was to evaluate body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%BF) trajectories in adolescents over a 3-year follow-up according to the frequency of UPF consumption.

Subjects/methods

Data of three consecutive years (2010, 2011, and 2012) were obtained from the Adolescent Nutritional Assessment Longitudinal Study (ELANA) that aimed to assess changes in anthropometric indicators of nutritional status, and 1035 adolescents enrolled in the 1st year of high school from six schools (four private and two public) in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were included. At three follow-ups, they had their weights and heights measured. Body composition was measured at the first and second follow-ups. Mixed linear regression models were used to estimate BMI and %BF trajectories based on quartiles of UPF intake, adjusting for type of school, sex, physical activity, and underreporting.

Results

Compared to their counterparts in the 1st quartile, adolescents in the 4th quartile of UPF consumption had a lower daily intake of fruits, cooked vegetables, and raw vegetables and a higher intake of total sugar and physical activity levels (p < 0.001). There was an inverse association between UPF consumption and BMI both at baseline and at follow-up. Values for %BF followed the same trend. Adolescents in the 4th quartile had the greatest level of physical activity and lowest total energy intake.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that greater intake of UPF is a marker of an unhealthy diet, but did not support the hypothesis of a high rate of change in BMI associated with greater UPF consumption, even after adjusting for physical activity.
MPTP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglia plays a central role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration
Authors: Lee Eunju , Hwang Inhwa , Park Sangjun , Hong Sujeong , Hwang Boreum , Cho Yoeseph , Son Junghyun , Yu Je-Wook
Published: May 2018

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the reduction of dopamine levels in the striatum. Although details of the molecular mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neuronal death in PD remain unclear, neuroinflammation is also considered a potent mediator in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. In the present study, we present evidences that microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation is critical for dopaminergic neuronal loss and the subsequent motor deficits in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Specifically, NLRP3 deficiency significantly reduces motor dysfunctions and dopaminergic neurodegeneration of MPTP-treated mice. Furthermore, NLRP3 deficiency abolishes MPTP-induced microglial recruitment, interleukin-1β production and caspase-1 activation in the SN of mouse brain. In primary microglia and mixed glial cell cultures, MPTP/ATP treatment promotes the robust assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome via producing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Consistently, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP+) induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the presence of ATP or nigericin treatment in mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages. These findings reveal a novel priming role of neurotoxin MPTP or MPP+ for NLRP3 activation. Subsequently, NLRP3 inflammasome-active microglia induces profound neuronal death in a microglia-neuron co-culture model. Furthermore, Cx3Cr1CreER-based microglia-specific expression of an active NLRP3 mutant greatly exacerbates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss of MPTP-treated mice. Taken together, our results indicate that microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a pivotal role in the MPTP-induced neurodegeneration in PD.