bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Externalities and Ecological Theory: Unbundling Density Dependence
Authors: Delacroix Jacques , Rao Hayagreeva
Published: November 2023

The ecological-evolutionary perspective asks how the organizational panorama changes over time and why there are so many different kinds of organizations. The general answer it provides is that organizations disband and are rapidly replaced by new ones somewhat different from them, and that environmental discontinuities create new niches wherein new kinds of organizations may arise (Brittain, chapter 17, this volume). This formulation distinguishes carefully between the emergence of a new organizational form, on the one hand, and the founding of instances of an existing organizational form, on the other. Its guiding paradigm is environmental selection, in contrast with the voluntaristic, individual organizational adaptation view prevailing elsewhere in the study of organizations (Hannan and Freeman, 1977; Aldrich, 1979; McKelvey, 1982).
Westward the Star of Empire
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker
Published: November 2023

The fourth of March 1845: Rain fell on the inaugural parade along Pennsylvania Avenue, and when the new president arrived at the Capitol to deliver his address and take the oath of office from Chief Justice Taney, he looked out upon a sea of umbrellas. Despite the unfavorable elements, James Knox Polk made himself heard, as he would for the next four years. The speech was characteristic of the man. It rehearsed Democratic Party orthodoxies, perhaps traceable to Polk’s family background in the rustic simplicity and Old School Calvinism of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Abolitionism and a national bank he roundly condemned in the speech.
Industrial Analysis by Industry Types
Authors: Kumon Hiroshi , Kamiyama Kunio , Itagaki Hiroshi , Kawamura Tetsuji
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will examine characteristics of the hybridism of application adaptation in each of the four industries: auto assembly, auto parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductors. In Chapter 4 and 5 we have been describing the general characteristics of Japanese factories engaged in local production in the United States, but clearly, as we have suggested more than once, there are rather major differences in the concrete heterogeneous conditions of the four industries. We are able to study the actual conditions of transplants in America from various angles by examining specific features of application-adaptation within each industry. AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY Outline of Surveyed Factories: High Application, System Application Out of eleven Japanese automotive plants operating in North America, we were able to visit all but the one in Canada. In the previous investigation, we were limited to the three plants that were then in operation. Because we were able to visit ten plants this time, we feel we have conducted a thorough investigation of the auto assembly industry of North America. We were also able to visit the Big Three’s plants, the UAW (United Auto Workers) International and one of its locals, as well as a Korean auto assembly transplant. Although the current study uses only the information on the Japanese transplants we visited in the United States and Canada for its assessment and analysis, the visits to the other factories and the UAW facilities allowed us to obtain information for a comparison, and to more fully understand the subject.
the Case of Middle French
Authors: Lemieux Monique , Dupuis Fernande
Published: November 2023

In this article, we discuss the derivation of the verb-second phenomena in Old French and Middle French (hereafter OF and MidF) in a model of grammar where the subject is generated internal to the VP and where the Spec of IP (or AgrP) is either an A or an A-bar position. We will provide arguments for a V-to-I derivation of this phenomena for both main and embedded clauses arguing that CP will be projected only when necessary (cf. Diesing (1990)). In the spirit of Chomsky (1989), a V-to-I derivation of the verb-second constraint corresponds to the minimal derivation, and thus enables us to minimize the function of transformations.
Summing up Suffixaufnahme
Authors: Moravcsik Edith A
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this concluding chapter is to provide an overview of Suffixaufnahme as this phenomenon has revealed itself in the preceding language specific discussions. Two main issues will be explored, both of the sort that a comprehensive discussion of any linguistic pattern would need to address.
The Trickster’s Scattered Self
Authors: Basso Ellen B
Published: November 2023

Hailed as “the spirit of disorder, the enemy of boundaries” (Kerenyi 1972), tricksters have long fascinated anthropologists for their pervasive ambiguity and independence from all social order. In keeping with this spirit, the elusive character of tricksters has resisted explanation during the entire course of theorizing that has emerged since the time of Boas. Then, as Mw, scholars and literary writers were impressed above all by what Boas called the “trouble some psychological discrepancy” between the apparently incongruous attributes of the “culture hero,” who makes the world safe and secure for human life, and the “selfish buffoon,” who in a compulsive and ludicrous manner acts in violation of the most fundamental social values (Boas 1982 [1898]).
Residual Verb Second and the Wh-Criterion
Authors: Rizzi Luigi
Published: November 2023

Focusing initially on the first question and on the English case, we assume that the required adjacency between wh- and I is to be expressed in terms of Chomsky’s (1986) approach to the structure of clauses: in main questions, I-to-C movement must apply, and create a Spec-head configuration involving the wh-element and the inflected verb. Subject-auxiliary inversion can thus be reduced to a special case of Verb Second (as in den Besten 1983), in turn a particular instance of head-to-head movement. I will call “residual V2” such construction-specific manifestations of I-to-C movement in a language (like English and the modern Romance languages except Raetho-Romansch) which does not generalize the V2 order to main declarative clauses.
Complex Inversion in French
Authors: Rizzi Luigi , Roberts Ian
Published: November 2023

In this paper we would like to show that some recent theoretical innovations permit a principled account of complex inversion, a French construction which is in the agenda of theoretical and Romance syntacticians ever since Kayne’s (1972) seminal analysis. Some properties of the construction will lead us to revise and tighten current assumptions on Case, visibility and head-to-head movement, and to propose a new hypothesis on the nature of the root/non-root distinction.
The Necessity of Force: The Civil War, World War II, and the American View of War
Authors: Weigley Russell F
Published: November 2023

The Civil War and the Second World War are the greatest wars of the United States, measured by almost every dimension of involvement-numbers engaged, casualties suffered, and impact upon the nation’s image of war and subsequent military history. The War of the American Revolution, the Indian Wars, and the Vietnam War were of longer duration, but they did not involve the degree of unified national commitment and participation of the 1860s and 1940s wars. While without the Revolution there would be no United States of America, so that the war of 1775-83 was of unique importance in that respect, still the achievement of American independence represents the remarkable accomplishment of his life. Thirty-three-year-old George W. Outman had enlisted the summer before in the 73rd Illinois, a new infantry regiment organized and commanded by a Methodist preacher named James F. Jaquess. After falling sick and spending a good many weeks in an army hospital, Outman returned to duty in time to become one of the casualties at Stones River, arguably the bloodiest battle of the war. According to his company com­mander (who described him as a man 5 feet, 9½ inch ones River, arguably the bloodiest battle of the war.
The Knowledge-Creating Company
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.
Producing a World-Class Automotive Body
Authors: Hammett Patrick C , Hancock Walton M , Baron Jays.
Published: November 2023

As competition in the automotive industry increases, more car production subsystems are being analyzed for potential advantages in cost, quality, and lead time. One subsystem that is being studied is the production of the automotive body, or the body-in-white. Body-in-white fabrication includes all the manufacturing processes required to produce a steel car body before the painting operation. Three major body-in-white processes are die development (planning, designing, building and trying out dies), part fabrication (stamping), and the assembly (welding) of stamped components. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the manufacturing methods and management practices used in each of these processes.
Ethics Through Corporate Strategy
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R
Published: November 2023

The latest in the successful Ruffin Business Ethics series, this book argues that the idea of corporate strategy is worth rethinking as a way of talking systematically about ethics and business. In doing so, the author invents a new way of talking about corporate strategy. Several ethical truths are discussed in the course of the book. One is that how we talk about others profoundly influences how we act towards them. Another is how we talk about others can influence how those in our audiences will talk about others and act accordingly. A third is how we talk about others can become easily and comfortably routine. The author shows what it can mean to substitute a new language about business for the discourse that has “shackled too many men and women for too long”.
Cultural Transpositions
Authors: Dransart Penny
Published: November 2023

An elaborate ritual event observed by individual families in Isluga, an Aymara community in the highlands of northern Chile, has its focus of action in a certain type of corral. It is said by the human actors to be aimed at ensuring the reproductivity and fecundity of their animals. This ritual has an almost liturgical character since each family performs the events in a very similar manner, although no sacred text exists. Incorporated in the ritual are songs, gestures, actions, and material objects (some of which are used in everyday contexts, but which now take on highly charged roles). The contextual meaning of these events is not easily translated into words; instead, the significance for the participants should perhaps be seen in the insertion of the ritual into a fuller temporal and spatial setting—that is, in its position in the annual ritual cycle and in its topographical siting within an animated landscape.
Point of View and Evidentiality in the Huarochirí Texts (Peru, 17th Century)
Authors: Sáenz Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I shall look at some texts from the Peruvian seventeenth-century Huarochirf Quechua manuscript Tradiciones de Huarochiri (c. 1608). It is probable that these texts were narrated and written down by one or several Quechua speakers who had contact with Francisco de Avila or persons who knew him, but it is also possible that Avila himself copied and/or redacted these texts.1 As we do not know much about the circumstances in which the texts came to be written down, an analysis of the discourse structure should help us get closer to the Quechua dialect used, to the narrators involved in their (re-)production, and to the quality of the texts as a collection of narratives and “ethnographic” and “testimonial” documents that originated in a non-literate society and yet became fixed in the written medium.
The Effect of Role and Footing on Students’ Oral Academic Language
Authors: Mccreedy Lynn
Published: November 2023

Talk at school on academic topics is at the heart of teaching and learning. Children’s facility with academic talk, traditionally of concern to teachers and speech/ language pathologists concentrating on remediation of language or learning dis abilities, has also begun to attract the attention of scholars exploring the development of linguistic and interactional competence (e.g., Heath 1983). In this chapter, I compare the oral academic language of children in two classrooms, focusing on the interactional matrix within which talk took place and on the changes in the children’s skill over the course of a school year. I show that differences be tween the two classes in the roles and footings that the children are encouraged to assume have a significant effect on their oral academic language.
Toward a Modular Theory of Auxiliary Selection
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

The term ‘auxiliary selection’ is generally used to refer to a phenomenon found in a number of Romance and Germanic languages, in which the auxiliary in the nonpassive ‘auxiliary + past participle’ construction is not invariably have, as it is in English, but either have or be, depending on various factors. The term can also be thought of as encompassing the question of how best to distinguish languages like English and Spanish, with systematic have, from languages like French and Italian, which have either have or be.

In this essay, I will address both the language-internal auxiliary selection question and the cross-linguistic one and will attempt to integrate into the theory some of the Romance languages that have systematic be or else have a have/be alternation that looks quite different from the type familiar from French and Italian.
The “Homo-genius” Speech Community
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: November 2023

The uniformity of the code, “sensibly the same” for all members of a speech community, posited by the Course and still recalled from time to time, is but a delusive fiction; as a rule, everyone belongs simultaneously to several speech communities of different radius and capacity; any overall code is multiform and comprises a hierarchy of diverse sub codes freely chosen by the speaker with regard to the variable function of the message.
“You’re a Liar-You’re Just Like a Woman!” Ideologies of Language in Warao Men’s Gossip
Authors: Briggs Charles L
Published: November 2023

I would like to take up an issue that is succinctly raised by Pierre Bourdieu in his Outline of a Theory of Practice. The notion that social groups produce arbitrary modes of thinking and acting, social structures, and the like is common anthropological fare. Interested in the Marxist problematics of power and ideology, Bourdieu (1977:164) goes on to suggest that “every established order tends to produce (to very different degrees with very different means) the naturalization of its own arbitrariness.” A similar concern guides Michel Foucault’s work on the emergence in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of “a new technology of the exercise of power” that gained its productive capacity through its ability “to gain access to the bodies of individuals, to their acts, attitudes, and modes of everyday behavior” (1980:124, 125). Antonio Gramsci (1971, 1995) was interested in the way that hegemony, resistance, and revolution both create and challenge dominant structures; literary critics, such as Frederic Jameson (1981) and Raymond Williams (1977), and anthropologists, such as Jean and John Comaroff (1991) and James Scott (1985), have drawn on Gramsci’s insights in exploring the politics of culture. Michael Taussig has demonstrated the power of commodity fetishism (1980) and of terror and shamanism (1987, 1991) for naturalizing social and racial inequality in postcolonial South America.
Minorities, Crime, and Criminal Justice
Authors: Lauritsen Janet L , Sampson Robert J
Published: November 2023

The study of minority differences in delinquency, crime, victimization, and criminal justice processing has produced a rapidly expanding area of research, including meta-analyses and reviews. In this chapter, we summarize the “big picture”-that is, the one suggested by robust findings that hold up across disparate investigators, forms of data collection, and analytical methods. To organize this vast literature, we present first the empirical findings on minority experiences with crime as victims and offenders. Our focus is on general patterns of involvement in crime, the extent to which they are disparate by race and ethnicity, and the theoretical explanations most important for understanding these patterns. Next we summarize the research on minorities in the criminal justice system, emphasizing the conditions under which differential treatment is most likely to occur and the various theoretical approaches for understanding such differences. Finally, we conclude with our own interpretations of the literature on minorities, crime, and criminal justice, and discuss what we believe are the important implications for future theoretical development and research.
Economic Conditions, Work, and Crime
Authors: Piehl Anne Morrison
Published: November 2023

While many citizens, policy makers, politicians, and academics assume that economic conditions drive crime rates, evidence of this relationship has proved elusive. As a result, there is a large disconnect between theory and empirical evidence on this point. For theory building, the notion that crime is a function of economic opportunity has great intuitive appeal. Economic theorists, for example, have long assumed that individuals allocate their time between legal work and crime depending on the relative returns to each activity. Advocates of employment-based solutions to the crime problem also rely on such a causal notion. Nonetheless, there has been surprisingly little convincing evidence to support this belief. This chapter describes both what is currently known and what we can hope to learn about the connection between economics and crime.
Information Management Processes
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

I’ve spent much of the past decade telling managers that they should view work as a process. Once you’ve thoroughly described a process such as order management—including its various subprocesses or steps—you can then improve it incrementally or change it radically. Information management is no different; it is a structured set of work activities that comprise the way in which companies capture, distribute, and use information and knowledge. Viewing information management as a process may seem elementary; yet to date, few organizations have taken such a systematic approach. More important, identifying all the steps in a given information process—all the resources involved, all the people who affect each step, all the problems that arise—can point the way to changes that really make a difference.
Human Studies of Nicotine Replacement During Pregnancy
Authors: Oncken Cheryl A , Hardardottir Hildur , Smeltzer James S
Published: November 2023

Nicotine replacement products are currently the most effective pharmacological agents to aid in smoking cessation.1 A down-rating of nicotine gum and transdermal nicotine by the Food and Drug Administration from category X to categories C and D, respectively, increases the availability of these products to pregnant women.
Literariness, Markedness, and Surprise in Poetry
Authors: Aviram Amittai F
Published: November 2023

That Poetry is a marked instance of language and that poems make expressive use of marked stylistic devices in both vocabulary and syntax are known facts about poetry for decades (Jakobson 1960, 1968, 1973; Mukafovsky [1948]1989). Somewhat accordingly, many scholars bring concepts from linguistics to bear upon literary texts, specifically by analyzing the stylistic devices that seem to make the literary text effective (Austin 1981; Epstein 1981; Fairley 1981; Freeman 19816; Keyser 1981; Kiparsky 1981; Tarlinskaya 1987).
Marked versus Unmarked Choices on the Auto Factory Floor
Authors: Bernsten Janice
Published: November 2023

Discourse Research on talk at work largely focuses on the analysis of naturally occurring language in settings such as law and medicine (Drew and Heritage 1992). It is easy to see how special conditions apply in a venue such as a courtroom, with all the rules constraining the talk of judges, lawyers and witnesses. What is less evident is that the rules of engagement are just as stringent in such work settings as an automobile plant. There, it is not the law books that provide the rules but the contracts between union and management.
The Camps: Eastern, Western, Modem
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: November 2023

This much Hans Habe, musing-with the benefit of hindsight, on the moment our century was born; the same century, which was at its other end to be described by Eric Hobsbawm as the “age of extremes.” Indeed, there are many extremes this century has reached or dangerously approached. I believe, though, that the most extreme among extreme thoughts and events was the surprise: life-giving rain turning into the all-devouring flood, fresh and translucent streams joining into a muddy and murky mire, exuberant confidence shrinking into suffocating despair, only to dissolve in the end, as Jean Baudrillard suggests, in “a state of total illusion” with, let us add, nothing to distinguish it from the state of a total disillusionment.
VP Ellipsis and the Minimalist Program: Some Speculations and Proposals
Authors: Lobeck Anne
Published: November 2023

I have argued in previous work (Lobeck 1995) that ellipsis across three categories, AGRP, DP, and CP (what are traditionally referred to as VP ellipsis, N’ ellipsis, and sluicing, respectively), is constrained by the same basic principles which also restrict the distribution of nonarbitrary DP pro subjects in Romance. Examples of ellipsis are given in (1-3).
VP Ellipsis: Toward a Dynamic, Structural Account
Authors: Kempson Ruth , Meyer-Viol Wilfried , Gabbay Dov
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we argue that VP ellipsis provides evidence that natural language interpretation is a structure-building process. Elliptical expressions are analyzed, as are pronominals, as involving a copy device which assigns as value to the ellipsis site a representation based on what is independently set up as part of the interpretation in context. The analysis is set within a formal model of language understanding which defines interpretation as a dynamic metalevel process of incrementally building up propositional structure for natural language strings on a left-right basis, with anaphoric and ellipsis resolution as part of that process. The analysis assigns a single input specification for a given fragment, but nevertheless captures both the multiple interpretations of a single elliptical form relative to a fixed interpretation of some antecedent form, and the subjacency restrictions applying to antecedent-contained ellipsis reconstruction. The conclusion is that natural languages are metalevel tools for projecting forms over which inference is defined, and are not themselves regular inference systems.
On the Loss of English as a Second Language by Japanese Returnee Children
Authors: Yoshitomi Asako
Published: November 2023

In the last two decades, the number of Japanese families going abroad to English-speaking countries on business has increased dramatically as a result of the growth in the country’s economy. Consequently, the number of children in such families who spend several years during their youth exposed to a second language (L2 English), acquiring the L2 fairly naturally, and later suffering L2 attrition after their return to Japan, has increased considerably. There is thus a rising need in Japan to develop language maintenance programs for both the first language (Ll Japanese) and second language (L2 English) of such children.
First Person Plural Anaphora in Brazilian Portuguese: Chains and Constraint Interaction in Binding
Authors: Menuzzi Sérgio
Published: November 2023

If an agreement condition on anaphoric dependencies is to be formulated on the basis of Binding Theory (BT), it has to be so with the concepts available in the theory (assuming that we do not want to add to its descriptive power).1 Thus, different versions of BT allow us to formulate different agreement conditions, and any evidence supporting one over the other conditions also supports the corresponding version of the theory. It is from this perspective that I will look at what I call FIRST PERSON PLURAL ANAPHORA (lPPLA) in Brazilian Portuguese (BP): anaphoric dependencies in which the antecedent is the expression a gente (literally, ‘the people’) in its first person plural interpretation.
Control and Raising in and out of Subjunctive Complements
Authors: Roussou Anna
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss control and raising in the Balkan languages, which lack infinitives and make use of mood distinctions instead. The ±finite distinction is crucially involved in most analyses of these phenomena since subjunctive clauses can be characterized as +finite. The question then is whether the empty subject in control subjunctive complements is PRO or pro and whether raising is possible out of the relevant complements. In order to provide an analysis of these issues, I will first consider the notion of finiteness as such, and in particular how it interacts with mood. It will be argued that finiteness is not a property solely associated with Tor Agr but is a property of the C system that interacts with the inflectional domain and the properties of the selecting predicate in complement clauses.
Adjectival Determiners in Albanian and Greek
Authors: Androutsopoulou Antonia
Published: November 2023

This essay deals with the syntax of adjectival determiners concentrating mainly on data from Albanian and Greek.
Woman Suffrage in Congress: American Expansion and the Politics of Federalism, 1870-1890
Authors: Sneider Allison
Published: November 2023

In the years between 1878, when Senator Aaron Sargent of California first proposed a woman suffrage amendment to the federal Constitution, and 18871 when the first Senate debate on Sargent’s amendment took place, suffragists, like other Americans, had their eyes on the West.1 Beginning soon after the Wyoming Territory enfranchised women voters in 1869-followed by Utah in 1870 and Washington in 1883-suffrage activists regularly petitioned Congress to establish the precedent that “no more states shall come into the Union, except on the basis of perfect equality of rights to women-civil & political.”
Introduction
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Nishiguchi Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

The importance of knowledge as a key source of competitive advantage is now well established in management studies, as suggested by the growing literature focusing on knowledge creation and transfer (Kogut and Zander, 1992; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Strategic Management Journal Winter Special Issue, 1996). However, although concepts such as tacit knowledge and organizational knowledge unify much of this emerging research, there remains much variety in terms of angles and approaches chosen to examine the knowledge-creation process. This book is no exception. A wide variety of concepts, hypotheses, and case studies are proposed, often in a tentative manner. This diversity reflects the advancement of the field of knowledge creation is still at an infant stage. It also reflects the complex and multi-dimensional nature of knowledge, making research on knowledge creation a diffi- cult yet fascinating endeavor.
Lucy Nicolar: The Artful Activism of a Penobscot Performer
Authors: McBride Bunny
Published: November 2023

Lucy Nicolar always had more than her share of self-confidence. In January 1900, theseventeen-year-old Penobscot Indian from Maine visited the Women’s Debating Society in New York City. At the end of a lively discussion about immigration, the debaters resolved that it was “dangerous and threatening to all true Americans.”
When Nationalism Began to Hate
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: November 2023

With this book, Porter offers readers a new explanation for the emergence of xenophobic, authoritarian nationalism in Europe. Focusing on 19th-century Poland, he traces the transformation of revolutionary patriotism into a violent anti-Semitic ideology. Instead of deterministically attributing this charge to the “forces of modernization”, Porter argues that the language of hatred and discipline was central to the way “modernity” itself was perceived—or perhaps “imagined”—by fin-de-siècle intellectuals.
Implementation Planning
Authors: Altier William J
Published: November 2023

The Implementation Planning process is not one of the three basic thinking processes. It is an application of the develop mode of Decision Analysis coupled with the creation of appropriate worksheets to define and track the details.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Rectal Adenocarcinoma: Management Options: Resectable Rectal Carcinoma
Authors: Porter Geoffrey A , Skibber John M
Published: November 2023

Improving the management of respectable rectal cancer involves the optimization of patient outcomes through (1) a detailed understanding of the pathology of rectal cancer and its relation to surgical techniques; (2) multidisciplinary management; (3) organ and function conservation; (4) analysis of outcomes based on quality of life as well as morbidity, recurrence, and survival; and (5) treatment selection based on biologic factors. Selection of the best route to accomplish these goals is guided by the extent of disease at presentation. Advances in management involve both clinical and translational research issues.
Making Crime Pay
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

Most Americans are not aware that the US prison population has tripled over the past two decades, nor that the US has the highest rate of incarceration in the industrialized world. Despite these facts, politicians from across the ideological spectrum continue to campaign on "law and order" platforms and to propose "three strikes"--and even "two strikes"--sentencing laws. Why is this the case? How have crime, drugs, and delinquency come to be such salient political issues, and why have enhanced punishment and social control been defined as the most appropriate responses to these complex social problems? Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics provides original, fascinating, and persuasive answers to these questions. According to conventional wisdom, the worsening of the crime and drug problems has led the public to become more punitive, and "tough" anti-crime policies are politicians' collective response to this popular sentiment. Katherine Beckett challenges this interpretation, arguing instead that the origins of the punitive shift in crime control policy lie in the political rather than the penal realm--particularly in the tumultuous period of the 1960s.
Situations and Attitudes
Authors: Barwise Jon , Perry John
Published: November 2023

Reading the early work in logic by Frege and Russell, one can hardly fail to be struck by the extent to which their thinking was shaped by a concern to understand the verbs of cognitive attitudes, verbs like wonder, believe, and know. In spite of this concern, and all the subsequent progress in logic, there is still no satisfactory systematic account of the logic of the attitudes. In this paper we outline an approach which we believe will lead to a satisfactory and systematic account. For our sample of verbs we take see, know, believe, and say. Situations are basic an ubiquitous. We are always in some situation or other. Human cognitive activity categorizes these situations in terms of objects having attributes and standing in relations to one another at locations—connected regions of space-time. Human languages reflect (and enhance) this cognitive activity by giving us a way of communicating information about situations, both those we find ourselves in and those removed from us in space and time.
Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism
Authors: Adler Paul S
Published: November 2023

This chapter is based on an article that was framed as part of an ongoing debate on the evolution of organizational forms. Recent conceptualizations of this evolution have focused on the relative importance of markets, hierarchies, and hybrid intermediate forms. I attempt to advance the discussion by distinguishing three idealtypical forms of organization and their corresponding coordination mechanisms: market/ price, hierarchy/authority, and community/ trust. I argue that different institutions combine the three forms/mechanisms in different proportions. Economic and organizational theory have shown that, compared to trust, price and authority are relatively ineffective means of dealing with knowledge-based assets. Therefore, as knowledge becomes increasingly important in our economy, one should expect high-trust institutional forms to proliferate. The chapter briefly reviews trends in employment relations, interdivisional relations, and interfirm relations and finds evidence suggesting that the effect of growing knowledge intensity may indeed be a trend toward greater reliance on trust. There is also reason to believe that the form of trust most effective in this context is a distinctively modern kind-”reflective trust”-as opposed to traditionalistic, “blind” trust. Such a trend to reflective trust threatens the privileges of currently dominant social actors, and these actors’ resistance, in combination with the complex interdependencies between price, authority, and trust mechanisms, imparts a halting character to the trend.
Knowledge, Context, and the Management of Variation
Authors: Despres Charles , Chauvel Daniele
Published: November 2023

Knowledge management has apparently come of age. This concept now has a role in MBA and even PhD curricula, is a keyword in bibliographic databases, forms the conceptual nucleus of a developing literature, is sought after by leading firms, and is just as readily prescribed by all the major consultants. Professionals and academics apparently agree that knowledge management is a sensible approach to the new age of business, and an increasing number are working to develop its potential. Just what they are working on enjoys less agreement. In a previous work (Despres and Chauvel 1999) we reported that the meanings associated with “knowledge management” are multiple rather than singular, and that the field has a set of intellectual roots that are neither incongruous nor consistent, but certainly different in their understanding of the matter. A scan for definitions of knowledge management in books, articles, and web sites reveals that most rely heavily on the distinction of data, information, and knowledge. One commonly encounters the metaphor of a hierarchy in this regard, with stimuli and data at the bottom, information in the middle, and meaningful knowledge at the upper levels. The objective is to act on high value-adding knowledge rather than the comparatively less useful data and stimuli that surround our activities, and the prescribed ways of doing so differ from one knowledge architect to another.
The Role of Social Capital and Organizational Knowledge in Enhancing Entrepreneurial Opportunities in High-Technology Environments
Authors: Carolis Donna Marie De
Published: November 2023

Creating, developing, and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities in organizations comprise some of the most important and complicated managerial responsibilities. The importance lies in the fact that organizational renewal is a prerequisite for survival particularly in dynamic industry environments. The complication lies in the mystery of entrepreneurship itself, which defies traditional managerial approaches. The challenge of managing and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities is particularly acute in firms operating in high-technology environments. The processes and routines for generating, exchanging, and combining knowledge are in a continual state of ferment, as knowledge in the industry is changing at a fast pace. As science and technology advance, so too should the state of organizational knowledge. Consequently, while firms are struggling to establish a design or template for assimilating knowledge, the requisite knowledge itself is in a continual state of flux, leaving open the possibility that any selected design may be inappropriate.The ephemeral knowledge bases in technology-intensive environments require that firms rely in part on social capital as a capacity for action.
Gene-Environment Interaction and Risk to Oral Clefts
Authors: Zeiger Joanna S , Beaty Terri H
Published: November 2023

Oral clefts include cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP); and collectively these constitute a heterogeneous group of nonfatal birth defects known to be multifactorial in origin, in that both genes and environmental factors contribute to their etiology (Mitchell et al., 2001). It is possible to reduce heterogeneity in a sample of oral cleft cases by eliminating infants with recognized malformation syndromes (genetic or teratogenic) that can include oral clefts and infants with multiple anomalies that may not fall into any recognized malformation syndrome. Even so, isolated, nonsyndromic oral clefts represent a complex and heterogeneous group of birth defects where there is strong evidence of an etiologic role for both genetic and environmental factors. It is imperative, therefore, to design studies of oral clefts so that the effects of both genes and environmental factors, as well as their possible interaction, are considered. A variety of study designs are available, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here, we review how these different study designs can be used to test for gene-environment interaction and then describe published studies of oral clefts which incorporate gene-environment interactions to one degree or another. In epidemiologic studies, interaction occurs when the joint effect of two risk factors is greater (synergism) or less than a simple combination of their individual effects (Rothman, 1986).
Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

This clear and lucid primer fills an important need by providing a comprehensive account of the many new developments in the study of metaphor over the last twenty years and their impact on our understanding of language, culture, and the mind. Beginning with Lakoff and Johnson's seminal work in Metaphors We Live By, Kövecses outlines the development of “the cognitive linguistic theory of metaphor” by explaining key ideas on metaphor. He also explores primary metaphor, metaphor systems, the “invariance principle,” mental-imagery experiments, the many-space blending theory, and the role of image schemas in metaphorical thought. He examines the applicability of these ideas to numerous related fields.
Immunodeficiencies with Associated Manifestations of Skin, Hair, Teeth, and Skeleton
Authors: Abinun Mario , Kaitila Ilkka , Casanova Jean-Laurent
Published: November 2023

In several complex syndromes associated with immunodeficiency (reviewed by Ming et al., 1996, 1999), immunological defects are combined with abnormalities of the skin, hair, and teeth. Most of these conditions, such as the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Griscelli syndrome, Kotzot syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Omenn syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita, have been reviewed (Ming et al., 1996, 1999; Pignata et al., 2001) and are discussed in other chapters in this book (see Chapters 12, 29, 33–35, 40, and 41). A mutation in the human ortholog of the nude/whn gene (Frank et al., 1999; Pignata et al., 2001) has been identified in only one family and thus will not be reviewed here. We will focus on two syndromes associated with skin, hair, dental, and skeletal anomalies: anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), and cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH).
The Major Adult Cardiovascular Diseases: A Global Historical Perspective
Authors: Stamler Jeremiah , Neaton James D , Garside, Daniel B , Daviglus Martha L
Published: November 2023

The major adult cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have their nutritional, metabolic, and pathophysiologic beginnings early in life. The epidemic onslaught of these diseases is due to multiple adverse environmental exposures, particularly adverse lifestyles, from preconception on, in populations of general genetic susceptibility (related to evolution of the human species). Starting in the late nineteenth century, pathologic studies showed that early cholesterol lipid-laden atherosclerotic lesions (aortic, coronary) can occur in the first and second decades of life (Hueper, 1944, 1945; Katz and Stamler, 1953). Linked with clinical investigation, such studies demonstrated that younger people with diseases producing endogenous hypercholesterolemia are prone to atherosclerotic lesions early in life. These diseases associated with elevated plasma cholesterol, include genetic hyperbetalipoproteinemia, hypothyroidism, biliary obstruction, nephrosis, and type 1 diabetes (Katz and Stamler, 1953). These observations, on otherwise unrelated diseases involving diverse endogenous metabolic abnormalities producing hypercholesterolemia, fostered the inference that serum cholesterol was importantly related to the large accumulations of cholesterol (especially esterified cholesterol) in early intimal atherosclerotic plaques.
Low-Risk Cardiovascular Status: Impact on Cardiovascular Mortality and Longevity
Authors: Stamler Jeremiah , Daviglus Martha L , Garside Daniel B , Greenland Philip , Eberly Lynn E , Yang, Lingfeng , Neaton James D
Published: November 2023

Decades of research document conclusions and concepts about the natural his tory, etiology, and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Key relevant factors include: Multiple aspects of lifestyle, first and foremost dietary patterns high in several macronutrients (total, saturated, and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, salt, sugars), high in caloric density (concentrated calories from fats and refined carbohydrates), and relatively low in specific micronutrients (e.g., K, Mg, Ca, P, folate), fiber, and the ratio of essential nutrients to calories; excessive intake of alcohol, for a proportion of the population; and low levels of habitual physical activity of work and leisure, resulting in epi demic levels of overweight and obesity.
Nonmajor clinically significant depression in the elderly
Authors: Kumar Anand , Lavretsky, Helen , Elderkin-Thompson Virginia
Published: November 2023

Clinical depression in the elderly is associated with striking medical and psychosocial consequences. These include more frequent visits to physicians’ offices, absenteeism, use of tranquilizers, and suicide attempts. Amplification of associated medical and cognitive difficulties together with a substantial decline in overall productivity are also hallmarks of mood disorders in late life (Lavretsky and Kumar, 2002; Lebowitz et al., 1997). While major depressive disorder (MOD) is the best recognized and characterized depressive syndrome in the elderly, other depressive syndromes and subsyndromal disorders are also associated with significant functional impairment and disability (Beck and Koenig, 1996; Beekman 1997; Geiselmann and Bauer, 2000; Judd et al., 1996; Koenig et al., 1997). These clinical categories have received minimal attention in the psychiatric literature.
Antidepressant medication for the treatment of late-life depression
Authors: Roose Steven , Sackeim Harold A
Published: November 2023

The pharmacological treatment of late-life depression has been strongly influenced by three principles that are based primarily, if not exclusively, on clinical observation: (1) older patients do not respond at the same rate or as robustly as younger patients, (2) older patients take longer to respond to antidepressant medication and consequently require extended treatment trials, and (3) older patients have a higher rate of side effects and adverse events than younger adults. Despite the prevalence and clinical significance of late-life depression, there is still a relative paucity of data from randomized, controlled trials (RCT) to serve as the basis for conclusions about antidepressant medication efficacy and safety in late-life samples. Consequently, the principles that inform the use of antidepressants for late-life depression in the clinical situation have largely gone untested. Recently, a number of well-designed RCTs of antidepressant treatment in late-life depression have been completed. Results of these studies, as well as new analyses of extant data, allow evidence-based conclusions about the efficacy and optimal duration of acute treatment with antidepressant medications.
Substance abuse co-morbidity
Authors: Oslin David w.
Published: November 2023

The impact of late-life addictive disorders is a growing public health concern. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the abuse of addictive substances is common among older adults. Moreover, substance abuse in early adulthood can have lasting effects into late life, including an increase in the likelihood of developing other late-life mental health problems. Thus, in measuring the impact of addictions on older adults, one must consider the lifetime use and abuse of these substances. This chapter will focus on the intersection between the use and abuse of addictive substances and the presence and course of depressive disorders. Emphasis will be placed on those substances that are most commonly abused by older adults, namely, alcohol, cigarettes, and benzodiazepines. Only brief attention will be given to other abused drugs.
Radicalism, Unionism, and the Depression
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1932, with the United States facing its most severe depression ever, a destitute and desperate Nick Colletta left Chicago for Detroit in search of work. By late July, Mr. Colletta, having had little luck, wrote to the Chicago Commons settlement staff: “I haven’t any hope to take work now, because in every place there is worst business. And about the future there is pessimist [sic]. I don’t know what I shall do.

. . . I will continue to fight for the life until I can’t fight, and when I shall see that it is impossible and in vain to fight, I shall decide what I should do.

. . . Now life seems to me strange and hard. It seems that the moral of the humanity goes down.” Many working-class Chicagoans shared Colletta’s despair. Over 40 percent of the city’s workforce was unemployed and even those with jobs faced severe problems. Employers all over the city drastically reduced the hours and incomes of their workers, pushing millions of Chicagoans to the brink of starvation, into the streets, or both. With over two hundred Chicago families facing evictions weekly in the summer of 1931, “Hoovervilles” sprouted up at the eastern end of Randolph Street and in Grant Park, both in the Loop area.