bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of the South African Veterinary Council, with special reference to the period 1982–2011
Authors: Ardington Peter C. , Bigalke Rudolph D.
Published: November 2014

The current South African Veterinary Council (SAVC) has a long and laborious history associated with the legislation responsible for its establishment. The forerunner of the SAVC, the South African Veterinary Board, was established in terms of the Veterinary Act 1933 (Act No. 16 of 1933), which was launched through Parliament as a private motion by Dr Hjalmar Reitz M.P. After several amendments, the Act was replaced with the Veterinary and Para-veterinary Professions Act 1982 (Act No. 19 of 1982), superseding the existing Board with the SAVC. One of the reasons for replacing this Act was to comply with Government policy for professional statutory bodies to become self-funding, with fees paid by registered professionals, and to constitute councils that were more representative of the profession. Apart from providing some background information, this article was virtually entirely confined to some historic aspects of the SAVC, using, as its basis, the main developments that occurred during the terms of office of its various presidents, serving from 1982 to 2011. The presidents concerned are: Prof. B.C. Jansen (28 March 1983 – 28 March 1986), Dr G.E. Frost (14 April 1986 – 31 March 1992), Prof. R.I. Coubrough (07 April 1992 – 21 March 1994), Dr P.C. Ardington (21 March 1994 – 31 March 1998), Prof H.M. Terblanche (31 March 1998 – 31 March 2004), Prof. S.S. van den Berg (01 April 2004 – 30 July 2007) and Dr R. Moerane (06 August 2007 – 31 July 2013).
Study of Change in Knowledge and Attitude of Secondary School Teachers toward Adolescent Reproductive Health Education after Training Program in Rural Schools of Wardha District, Maharashtra
Authors: Acharya Neema , LNU Sabiha , Gupta Shaveta , Athavale Rutuja
Published: November 2014

This study assessed the effect of training program on teachers’ knowledge of and attitude toward reproductive health education/ sexuality education (RHE/SE) in five randomly selected rural schools in rural area of Wardha district, Maharashtra, India. All the 40 teachers in the selected were recruited for the study. They (40 teachers) were all given training in RHE/SE for 1 month. Their knowledge and attitude toward RHE/SE were assessed pre-and post-training program. The results show a significant increase in percentage of those who had good knowledge in general areas of RHE/SE at post-training assessment compared with pretraining assessment [from 14.3% to 53.6%, p = 0.0001). Also, pre-post attitudinal disposition assessments show that there was an increase in percentage of those who were favorably disposed to the teaching of RHE/SE. The study suggests that RHE/SE should be included and made compulsory in all training program for all teachers in india.

How to cite this article

Acharya N, Sabiha, Hariharan C, Gupta S, Athavale R. Study of Change in Knowledge and Attitude of Secondary School Teachers toward Adolescent Reproductive Health Education after Training Program in Rural Schools of Wardha District, Maharashtra. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(2):98-100.
Dental Implants as a Treatment Modality: Awareness Survey among People of Ahmedabad
Authors: Shah Rupal J , Chaturvedi Anandmayee , Agarwal Hemal
Published: November 2014

Aim

To assess the sources, level of awareness, and need for information about dental implants among patients attending the outpatient ward of department of Prosthodontics, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, India.

Materials and methods

A survey was conducted on 300 patients attending the outpatient ward department of prostho- dontics, Government dental college and hospital, Ahmedabad. A printed questionnaire was used to evaluate the awareness about dental implants.

Result

Out of 300 patients only 41.33% had heard about the implant as treatment modality and most of them were of 16 to 30 age group (53.33%). For most of the participants, dentist was the main sources of information about dental implants (69.35%), and most of them were found to have interest to know about implants. 45.33% were willing to go under the treatment if needed, while 52.67% cited high costs as the main reason for refusal of the treatment if needed.

Conclusion

Patient should be informed about implants by conducting and implementing various public awareness camp- aigns, counseling centers should be established in patient outpatient ward in Prosthodontic departments of dental colleges and in private dental clinics. It also concludes that various efforts should be made by the public sector to lower the cost of implants so that they can be made affordable to all who are in need and to improve their oral health.

How to cite this article

Shah RJ, Chaturvedi A, Agarwal H. Dental Implants as a Treatment Modality: Awareness Survey among People of Ahmedabad. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(2):35-38.
To Compare and Evaluate the Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealer with and without Triple Antibiotic Paste using Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Analysis
Authors: Shenoi Pratima Ramakrishna , Makade Chetana Sachin , Shori Deepa Deepak , Dhote Sonal Pradeep , Gunwal Mohit Kumar , Paralikar Ameya Vasudeo
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The aim of current study was to compare and eva- luate the sealing ability of root canal sealer with and without triple antibiotic paste.

Materials and methods

Fifty extracted human single rooted teeth were selected and each test group had 25 teeth. The teeth were decoronated and then prepared with protaper rotary files till the no F2 in conjunction with 17% EDTA lubrication and 2 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. The teeth in group I were obturated using the zinc oxide sealer mixed with triple antibiotic paste and the teeth in group II were obturated using the zinc oxide sealer alone and then nail varnish was applied leaving the apical 3 mm of root exposed. The apical third was then immersed in 5 ml of 2% methylene blue dye in 15 ml screw capped bottle for 72 hours. The varnish was removed and the teeth were subsequently immersed in 35% nitric acid and kept again for 72 hours in a centrifugal tube. After the teeth were completely dissolved the solution was then filtered with a fine grit filter paper and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 1 minute. The collected solution was then subjected to spectrophotometric analysis. The data was evaluated statistically by Mann-Whitney U-test.

Results

The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the sealing ability of two groups evaluated.

Conclusion

Present study suggests that addition of triple anti-biotic paste to the sealer increased its sealing ability, reduced the microleakage and also imparts the antimicrobial property to the sealer.

How to cite this article

Shori DD, Shenoi PR, Dhote SP, Makade CS, Gunwal MK, Paralikar AV. To Compare and Eva- luate the Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealer with and without Triple Antibiotic Paste using Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophoto- metric Analysis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(2):48-51.
Renal Cell Carcinoma presenting as a Right Atrial Mass
Authors: Subramanian Arun , Choudhary Minati , Chowdhary Ujjwal
Published: November 2014

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a tendency to invade the renal vein and thereby reach the right heart through inferior vena cava (IVC). This may necessitate a combined surgical procedure usually under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the following discussion, we shall present a case of right RCC extending into the right atrium. The patient underwent a radical nephrectomy followed by removal of the tumor from right atrium, IVC and hepatic vein under CPB.

How to cite this article

Subramanian A, Choudhary M, Chowdhary U. Renal Cell Carcinoma presenting as a Right Atrial Mass. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2014;2(2):65-67
European Competition Law Annual 2008
Authors: Ehlermann Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Claus-Dieter , Marquis Ph.D, J.D., LL.M, B.A. Mel
Published: November 2014

This is the thirteenth in a series on EU Competition Law and Policy produced under the auspices of the Robert Schuman Centre of the European University Institute in Florence. The volume contains the written contributions of numerous competition policy experts, together with the transcripts of a roundtable debate which examined the subject of “settlements” between enforcers of competition law and defendant companies in cartel cases and in other types of antitrust cases. The Workshop participants included:

senior judges from major jurisdictions (the European Union, Germany and the United States);

senior enforcement officials and policy makers from the European Commission, from the national competition authorities of certain EU Member States and from the US Department of Justice and the US Federal Trade Commission; and renowned international international academics, legal practitioners and professional economists.

In an intense, intimate environment, this group of experts debated a number of legal and economic issues pertaining to two broad lines of discussion:

1) settlements and plea agreements in cartel cases, including their links with leniency programs and with private enforcement; and 2) settlements in “commitment” cases decided under Article 9 of Regulation 1/2003 and under comparable procedures of national law.
2010, odyssée des modèles de classification diagnostique (MCD)
Authors: Loye Nathalie
Published: November 2014

Cet article vise à définir les modèles de classification diagnostique (MCD) et à déterminer leur place relativement à d’autres modélisations existantes comme la TRI. Les modèles RSM, DINA et NC-RUM sont exposés plus en détail. Pour terminer, une analyse critique débouche sur des pistes de recherches théoriques et empiriques.
Pour évaluer les qualités docimologiquesdes tests de maîtrise
Authors: Bain Daniel
Published: November 2014

Bien des épreuves pédagogiques, contrôlant périodiquement les connaissances et compétences des apprenants, se présentent comme des tests de maîtrise. Elles visent en effet l’évaluation des acquis fixés comme objectifs par le plan d’études et sont souvent jugés comme des prérequis pour la suite des apprentissages. Nous montrerons en introduction que les approches fréquemment utilisées pour l’élaboration de ce type d’épreuves sont peu adéquates, incitant en particulier à écarter abusivement les items « trop bien réussis », tout aussi intéressants que les autres pour le didacticien. Nous illustrerons ensuite par un exemple détaillé (un examen de grammaire au niveau universitaire) l’intérêt du modèle de la généralisabilité. Il permet en effet de vérifier la qualité docimologique majeure d’un test de maîtrise : sa capacité à distinguer de façon fiable les apprenants qui satisfont ou non au critère de réussite fixé. Il apporte en outre toutes sortes de renseignements utiles pour la mise au point de l’épreuve et pour son interprétation.
Convergences et divergences entre parents et enfants en tant que sources d’information sur la famille
Authors: Dierendonck Christophe
Published: November 2014

L’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer dans quelle mesure deux sources d’information, en l’occurrence les parents et les enfants, répondent de façon identique à des items communs portant sur la vie familiale. Plus d’un millier de couples de répondants parents/enfant se sont ainsi positionnés par rapport à une centaine d’items. Dans la plupart des cas, les analyses de concordance menées mettent en évidence le faible degré d’accord entre les deux sources d’information. Les écarts observés peuvent être expliqués par différents facteurs : sujet traité, écart systématique entre parents et enfants, fréquence des comportements-cibles et âge des enfants.
L’impact de la formulation des items dans les questionnaires d’enquête
Authors: Blais Jean-Guy , Grondin Julie
Published: November 2014

Les enquêtes par questionnaire auto-administré sont un des principaux instruments de cueillette de données utilisés par les chercheurs en éducation et en sciences sociales en général. Or, il peut être difficile de créer une question qui sera interprétée de la même façon par tous les répondants et qui répondra ainsi aux objectifs des chercheurs. Un changement de mots peut avoir un impact sur la signification d’un item, mais il est aussi possible qu’il n’y ait pas d’impact ; tout dépend du changement apporté. Par ailleurs, depuis les premières études portant sur la formulation des items dans les enquêtes par questionnaire, de nouveaux modèles de mesure ont été élaborés. C’est le cas, notamment, de la famille des modèles de Rasch. L’objectif de cet article est d’illustrer comment les développements entourant un modèle de mesure de la famille des modèles de Rasch, notamment le modèle polytomique de Andrich, peuvent être mis à contribution pour étudier la portée relative de la formulation des items sur les réponses obtenues à l’aide de questionnaires d’enquête.
Validation de l’Échelle de motivation à l’égard de l’orthographe (EMO)
Authors: Bégin Caroline , Guay Frédéric
Published: November 2014

Le but de cette recherche est de valider un questionnaire de motivation à l’égard de l’orthographe lexicale (EMO). Selon la théorie de l’autodétermination (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000), une personne peut être animée par différents types de motivation lorsqu’elle pratique une activité. Dans cette étude, nous avons mesuré la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque par régulation identifiée et la motivation extrinsèque par régulation contrôlée. Les propriétés psychométriques de cette échelle ont été évaluées dans le cadre d’une étude menée auprès de 242 élèves de 6e année du primaire. Les résultats d’une analyse factorielle confirmatoire appuient la structure à trois facteurs. Ces résultats apportent ainsi un soutien à la validité et à la fidélité de l’EMO pour une population d’élèves francophones du primaire.
Compétences en lecture à Genève
Authors: Petrucci Franck
Published: November 2014

À Genève, au cours de la scolarité obligatoire, l’institution scolaire met en oeuvre des évaluations externes qui visent, notamment, à dresser un bilan des connaissances et des compétences acquises en vue de décisions de promotion, d’orientation ou de certification. Dans quelle mesure les résultats obtenus par les élèves à ces épreuves dépendent-ils des caractéristiques individuelles de ces derniers mais aussi des caractéristiques de la classe dans laquelle ils sont scolarisés ? S’agit-il des mêmes caractéristiques tout au long de la scolarité obligatoire ? Nous tenterons de fournir des éléments de réponse à ces questions en mettant en oeuvre des modèles hiérarchiques linéaires (aussi appelés multiniveaux) sur la base des scores obtenus en juin 2006 dans le domaine de la compréhension de l’écrit.
Utilisation du Mini Entrevues Multiples en contexte francophone
Authors: St-Onge Christina , Côté Daniel J. , Brailovsky Carlos
Published: November 2014

Le succès académique antérieur s’avère le meilleur prédicteur du succès académique en médecine, mais cet indicateur n’informe en rien quant aux habiletés non cognitives des candidats. Le Mini Entrevues Multiples (MEM), une mesure d’habiletés non cognitives, démontre une bonne fidélité et validité prédictive. L’objectif de la présente étude était de mesurer la fidélité du MEM UdeS élaboré et administré dans le cadre du processus de sélection au doctorat en médecine de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Les résultats observés démontrent la fidélité de l’outil, et ce, dans un contexte d’administration différent des études précédentes.
Validation of competence models for developing education standards
Authors: Ramseier Erich
Published: November 2014

Following PISA 2000, Switzerland launched a project called HarmoS (Harmonization of obligatory School) to develop binding education standards for compulsory education in the three language regions of the country. These standards for four subject areas are based on models of competence. Part of the development is an empirical study to validate these competence models. The present article describes the design, methods, and some results of this validation study. It also discusses the study’s usefulness for defining the standards and the consequences of some methodological choices, particularly the heuristic application of the Rasch model.
Utilité des échelles descriptives et différences individuelles dans l’autoévaluation de l’écrit
Authors: Laveault Dany , Miles Carol
Published: November 2014

Cette recherche porte sur les différences individuelles entre élèves lorsque ceuxci utilisent des échelles descriptives pour évaluer une production complexe. Plus précisément, elle a cherché à déterminer quelles caractéristiques du jugement de l’élève, pour ce qui est de la précision, de la sévérité et de la confiance, affectent leur rendement en écriture. La précision du jugement s’est avérée le meilleur prédicteur du rendement en écriture. Des différences importantes quant à l’habileté avec laquelle les élèves des groupes talentueux, doués ou en difficulté d’apprentissage utilisent les échelles descriptives ont également été observées. Même si les filles obtiennent de meilleures notes que les garçons à l’écrit, les différences entre les deux groupes quant à la précision, à la sévérité et à la confiance du jugement ne sont pas significatives. La comparaison des groupes francophone et anglophone au moyen des régressions multiples séparées indique que la compréhension des échelles descriptives contribue de la même manière au rendement en écriture dans chacun des groupes. Le degré de confiance, toutefois, s’est révélé significativement plus bas chez les francophones. Il n’y pas eu d’amélioration significative dans la capacité à évaluer des textes écrits entre la 5e et la 8e année. La recherche conclut en soulignant l’importance des dimensions socioaffectives du jugement de l’élève dans l’utilisation d’échelles descriptives.
Networking Structures and Competitive Association Football in Ulster, 1880–1914
Authors: Curran Conor
Published: November 2014

This article examines attempts to develop formalised structures for association football in regional Ulster in the late Victorian and early Edwardian periods. Using the counties of Donegal, Tyrone, Fermanagh and Cavan as case studies, it will be shown that many clubs in these areas were rather isolated from the hearth of activity in the north-east of the province and developed independently without the assistance of the Irish Football Association. These regional soccer administrators struggled to organise their own county structures and instead relied heavily on cross-county fixtures. The failure of association football to develop a coherent identity throughout each of these counties is discussed while the importance of patronage and the railway network in the organisation of matches is highlighted.
Can we read the future from a tree?
Authors: Lässig Michael , Łuksza Marta
Published: November 2014

A new method uses genealogies based on sequence data to predict short-term evolutionary patterns.
Olfactory outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis after medical treatments: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Banglawala Sarfaraz M. , Oyer Samuel L. , Lohia Shivangi , Psaltis Alkis J. , Soler Zachary M. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: November 2014

Background

Olfactory dysfunction is common among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and has a negative impact upon quality of life. Olfactory dysfunction can be both subjective and objective and appears to be more predominant in patients with concomitant nasal polyposis. The efficacy of medical interventions on olfaction among patients with CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) is not well known. Our aim was to perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis of the efficacy of medical therapies on objective and subjective hyposmia among patients with CRSwNP.

Methods

Olfaction specific outcomes from randomized controlled trials evaluating medical interventions on patients with CRSwNP were evaluated. Interventions included corticosteroids, antibacterials, antifungals, diuretics, herbals and anti‐immunoglobulin E (IgE) medications.

Results

A total of 28 randomized control trials evaluation olfaction in CRSwNP was identified and systematically reviewed. Sufficient data for meta‐analysis was retrieved for 5 trials. In the meta‐analysis, oral steroids showed significant improvement in subjective olfaction scores compared to placebo (standardized mean difference [SMD] −2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.94 to −0.49). Oral steroids also showed significant improvement in objective olfaction scores compared to placebo (SMD 0.65; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.01). In the systematic review, both topical steroids and combined topical and oral steroid groups showed overall improvement in subjective olfaction outcomes. Antibacterials, antifungals, herbals, and anti‐IgE medications had no impact on overall olfaction scores.

Conclusion

The results of this meta‐analysis demonstrated that oral and topical steroids significantly improve olfaction in patients suffering from CRSwNP.
Observer/Controller With Global Practical Stability for Tracking in Robots Without Velocity Measurement
Authors: Driessen Brian J.
Published: November 2014

In this work, a global practical stability (GPS) observer/controller is given for a revolute‐jointed multiple degree of freedom robotic plant without velocity measurement and without knowledge of plant parameter values and with a globally bounded disturbance torque. For this considered plant, a global observer/controller that globally drives the combined estimation and position tracking error to a set on which the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small by adjusting parameters/gains of the observer/controller is proposed. For the above‐mentioned plant, the current paper is the first GPS result for which the control torque is not an exponential function of a (filtered) tracking error. This paper is also the first global result for which the convergence to the residual set is exponential in time (Global Exponential Practical Stability). The observer update is discontinuous, however, only at isolated time instants. No sliding modes are used. Also, the torque is continuous.
Influence of Solution Volume on the Dissolution Rate of Silicon Dioxide in Hydrofluoric Acid
Authors: Shvartsev Boris , Gelman Danny , Komissarov Ilia , Epshtein Alon , Starosvetsky David , Ein‐Eli Yair
Published: November 2014

Experimental data and modeling of the dissolution of various Si/SiO2 thermal coatings in different volumes of hydrofluoric acid (HF) are reported. The rates of SiO2‐film dissolution, measured by means of various electrochemical techniques, and alteration in HF activity depend on the thickness of the film coating. Despite the small volumes (0.6–1.2 mL) of the HF solution, an effect of SiO2‐coating thickness on the dissolution rate was detected. To explain alterations detected in HF activity after SiO2 dissolution, spectroscopic analyses (NMR and FTIR) of the chemical composition of the solutions were conducted. This is associated with a modification in the chemical composition of the HF solution, which results in either the formation of an oxidized species in solution or the precipitation of dissolution products. HF2− accumulation in the HF solution, owing to SiO2 dissolution was identified as the source of the chemical alteration.
The morphology, function and antiquity of Australian grinding implements
Authors: Gorecki P. , Grant M. , O'Connor S. , Veth P.
Published: November 2014

This paper critiques a number of core assumptions about the age, form and function of grinding implements from Australia. Distinctions which have been drawn between so‐called amorphous versus formal grindstones and their associated functions are questioned given the effects of low sample size in earlier assemblages, me general lack of independent studies of grindstone function and the need to consider more thoroughly the use‐life cycles of this class of implements. The role of bedrock grinding patches in a seed‐based economy is examined. The possibility that intensive seed processing may have occurred in the Pleistocene is also canvassed.
Carved and painted rock images in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia
Authors: Millerstrom Sidsel N.
Published: November 2014

Marquesan prehistoric rock art, occurring throughout the island group, has not been systematically documented nor studied in detail. I discuss here the results of survey‐generated data in the archipelago compiled between 1984 and 1989, and my recent work in Hatiheu Valley, located on the north coast of Nuku Hiva. Classification system, method of manufacture, geographic distribution, architectural context and placement of motifs are described. Some broad conclusions are drawn as to the images' cultural significance.
Uncertainties in 14C ages for petroglyphs from the Olary province, South Australia
Authors: Dorn Ronald
Published: November 2014

This report explains why previously published 14C dates for the Olary petroglyphs cannot be relied upon,
Efficiency of calcium carbonate oven stones
Authors: Piazza Anne di
Published: November 2014

This paper is an attempt to better understand the use of earth ovens on atolls. A study was make linking ethnographic records of calcareous oven stones with an experiment which replicated the chemical conditions within an earth oven. It appears that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissociates to quicklime (CaO) during heating and hydrates to slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) during cooking. This reaction, shown to have occurred in archaeological sites, can liberate more heat in the oven than volcanic stones. This suggests that calcareous material makes better oven stones than previously thought.
Spear and spearthrower evolution in the Kimberley region, N.W. Australia: evidence from rock art
Authors: Walsh G.L. , Morwood M.J.
Published: November 2014

This paper illustrates the potential of rock art for understanding the past. It uses the visual specificity of rock paintings in the Kimberley, N.W. Australia, to monitor the development of spear and spearthrower technology over time. For instance, only simple, hand‐thrown spears are depicted in the earliest Kimberley rock painting styles, with spearthrowers and composite spears first appearing during the late Bradshaw and Clothes Peg Figure Periods, respectively. The rock painting sequence also depicts changes in spearthrower morphology and size, the appearance of stone spear points, and post‐European use of metal spear heads. We conclude that rock art can provide evidence at a level of resolution normally absent from archaeology.
Radiocarbon dating fish bone from the Houhora archaeological site, New Zealand
Authors: Petchey Fiona
Published: November 2014

This paper presents preliminary radiocarbon results of snapper bone gelatin from the Archaic occupation at Houhora, Northland, New Zealand. It is part of a larger investigation into dating snapper (Pagrus auratus) and barracouta (Thyrsites atun) bone from New Zealand archaeological sites (Petchey 1998). A range of analytical techniques is applied and it is concluded that the Houhora snapper bone is suitable for radiocarbon dating as the bone is well‐preserved with low levels of contamination. Four bone gelatin 14C determinations of snapper are compared to determinations of other materials from the same context, including three previously unpublished results of shell and charcoal. The results suggest that snapper bone gelatin has a minimal inbuilt age, a reservoir effect which is comparable to shell, and will yield reliable 14C determinations when collagen degradation and contamination is minimal. A total of twelve acceptable radiocarbon results places the Archaic occupation at Houhora during the early to mid 14th century AD.
Holocene scraper reduction, technological organization and landuse at Ingaladdi Rockshelter, Northern Australia
Authors: Clarkson Chris
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a reduction sequence for ‘scrapers' found at Ingaladdi rockshelter, Northern Territory. The sequence is based on the proposal that distinctive ‘types' represent stages in a continuum and hence may be transformed from one to another as retouching continues. Examining changes in scraper reduction along with raw material selection and core reduction at Ingaladdi through time allows for identification of apparent major changes in land‐use and mobility throughout the Holocene.
Mortuary behaviour on the Hay Plain: do cemeteries exist?
Authors: Littleton Judith
Published: November 2014

Aboriginal burial practices on the Hay Plain are highly variable yet recurrent characteristics of density, exclusivity, boundedness and formalism of burials suggest specific preferences for, and maintenance of, locations for burials. However, these groupings of burials do not fit the criteria developed by Pardoe (1988) for cemeteries.

This is demonstrated in the analysis of burials at two locations: Jeraly (76 burials) and Toogimbie (114 burials) where scattered and grouped burials are found in the same area as a single site described as a cemetery. Comparison of these finds to other burials on the Hay Plain indicates this is a recurrent pattern.

It is argued that burials represent isolated single events (n=76) or multiple events (n=89), a small number (17) of which reflect deliberate maintenance of an area for burials. While cemeteries do exist on the Hay Plain they form a restricted category and making the term more inclusive would simply mask important differences between burial places, all of which form a patterned part of the entire burial repertoire on the Hay Plain.
Identification of Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) from the Kana archaeological site, Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Matthews Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Rind and seeds of a gourd discovered at the Kana site in Papua New Guinea are identified as remains of Benincasa hispida. The origins and dispersal of this species are discussed, with reference to the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria, another cucurbit that is widespread in Asia and the Pacific. The possible domestic status of B. hispida at the Kana site is discussed.
Usewear and residue analysis of stone artefacts from the Enclosed Chamber, Rocky Cape, Tasmania
Authors: Fullagar Richard , Jones Rhys
Published: November 2014

The Enclosed Chamber from the Rocky Cape South excavations of Rhys Jones (1971) contained a sealed, intact, 6,000 year old living area with excellent organic preservation and minimal post depositional disturbance. From a selection of 150 stones, RF identified 43 used implements with a total of 55 utilised edges/surfaces, after examining usewear and a preliminary analysis of residues. Only six artefacts had retouch. Specific activities identified include the processing of plant (wood, starchy, resinous and siliceous materials) and animal tissue (flesh, skin and bone). Discrete activity areas were not identified. However, the minimal evidence for stone working and the small number of identified tasks indicated by the usewear and residue analysis suggest an expedient use of the small shelter for domestic tasks, including plant food processing. The study demonstrates that an integrated approach, which examines both residues and usewear, has very high potential for determining the functions of not only fine‐grained stones, like chert, but also quartz and the coarse‐grained quartzites and silcretes, commonly found in many Australian archaeological sites.
Early Lapita settlement site at Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji
Authors: Nunn Patrick D. , Kumar Roselyn , Matararaba Sepeti , Ishimura Tomo , Seeto Johnson , Rayawa Sela , Kuruyawa Salote , Nasila Alifereti , Oloni Bronwyn , Ram Anupama Rati , Saunivalu Petero , Singh Preetika , Tegu Esther
Published: November 2014

A newly‐discovered Lapita settlement at Bourewa on southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji, was established originally on an offshore island perhaps as much as 1220 BCE by people whose main concern was optimal access to the broad fringing reef. Satellite settlements were established at nearby Rove and Waikereira later in Lapita times. The three oldest radiocarbon dates obtained from the base of the tightly‐packed shell midden layer excavated at Bourewa and charcoal in the beach sand below are calibrated/corrected to 1220‐970 BCE, 1210‐940 BCE, and 1130‐910 BCE. The Bourewa Lapita site appears to be the oldest‐known in Fiji.
Assessing the impact of early colonial Australia on the physical environment: a comment on Gale and Haworth (2002)
Authors: Tibby John
Published: November 2014

Gale and Haworth (2002) suggest that European‐induced soil erosion increases occurred before official settlement near Guyra on the New England Tableland (NSW). Their analysis assumes that the derived 210Pb chronology from Little Llangothlin Lagoon is precisely accurate and that the lake geochemistry record exhibits marked changes below sediment levels purported to date to 1837. A parsimonious interpretation of presented historical and pollen data indicates that substantial changes in the vegetation, argued to occur before official occupation, are merely the environmental imprint of the first (official) European settlers. In this context, the use of the pollen record to validate the 210Pb chronology and the lower part of the chronology itself is misleading. Gale and Haworth's (2002) interpretation of the geochemical record, though not as reliant on accurate dating, is nevertheless unsatisfactory since alterations identified as substantial are, variously, a continuation of long term trends, only minor in nature or within long‐term variability.
Radiocarbon dates for earth mounds on the Adelaide River, Northern Australia
Authors: Brockwell Sally
Published: November 2014

This paper reports new dates for mid to late Holocene occupation of the lower Adelaide River in northern Australia. Earth mounds located on the margins of the floodplains provide a series of radiocarbon determinations that suggest continuous settlement from at least 4000 years BP until recently. During that time the floodplains have undergone a dramatic environmental evolution from extensive mangrove swamps in the mid Holocene, through a variable mosaic of estuarine and freshwater conditions c.3000 years ago, to the freshwater floodplains extant since 2000 BP. These results have implications for the chronology of earth mounds elsewhere in northern Australia.
Determination of the myocardial performance index in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction and its link to adverse outcomes
Authors: Bhorat I. E. , Bagratee J. S. , Pillay M. , Reddy T.
Published: November 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to determine the fetal modified myocardial performance index (Mod‐MPI) and E‐wave/A‐wave peak velocities (E/A ratio) in deteriorating grades of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and its link to adverse outcomes defined as perinatal death, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal resuscitation, neonatal cord pH <7.15, intraventricular hemorrhage and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Method

Forty three pregnant women with IUGR defined as the abdominal circumference <10th percentile for gestational age and umbilical resistance index >2 standard deviations in the third trimester of pregnancy were matched for gestational age and maternal age with 43 women with appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses. The IUGR group was subdivided on the basis of multivessel Doppler anomalies into different grades of growth restriction. Mod‐MPI and E/A ratio were determined and linked to perinatal outcome.

Results

The median Mod‐MPI was significantly higher in growth‐restricted fetuses compared with controls (0.59 vs 0.37, p < 0.001) and increased with severity of IUGR, the classification of which was based on degree of abnormality of the umbilical resistance index, presence of arterial redistribution and degree of abnormality of the ductus venosus (DV) Doppler indices. A cut‐off Mod‐MPI value of 0.54 conferred a sensitivity of 87% [confidence interval (CI): 66–97%], specificity of 75% (CI: 55–91%) and a likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.47 for an adverse outcome. A cut‐off Mod‐MPI value of 0.67 conferred a sensitivity of 100% (CI: 54–100%), specificity of 81% (CI: 65–92%) and LR of 5.28 for perinatal death. No abnormal outcomes occurred in controls. In logistic regression analysis, the MPI remained a significant predictor of adverse outcome after adjusting for gestational age of delivery, fetal weight, E/A ratio, maternal age, DV Doppler indices, amniotic fluid index and umbilical artery resistance index [adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.60 (1.15–5.83), p‐value 0.02]. MPI fared significantly better than the E/A ratio as a predictor of adverse outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 and 0.76, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Fetal myocardial performance deteriorates with severity of growth restriction. There is an association between severity of the MPI elevation and rates of adverse perinatal outcome. The Mod‐MPI and E/A ratio have the potential to be integrated into routine surveillance techniques of the growth‐restricted fetus. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐acquisition analysis of untargeted accurate mass quadrupole time‐of‐flight MSE data for multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates
Authors: Brink Andreas , Fontaine Fabien , Marschmann Michaela , Steinhuber Bernd , Cece Esra Nurten , Zamora Ismael , Pähler Axel
Published: November 2014

RATIONALE

Analytical methods to assess glutathione (GSH) conjugate formation based on mass spectrometry usually take advantage of the specific fragmentation behavior of the glutathione moiety. However, most methods used for GSH adduct screening monitor only one specific neutral loss or one fragment ion, even though the peptide moiety of GSH adducts shows a number of other specific neutral fragments and fragment ions which can be used for identification.

METHODS

Nine reference drugs well known to form GSH adducts were incubated with human liver microsomes. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed with a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer in untargeted accurate mass MSE mode. The data analysis and evaluation was achieved in an automated approach with software to extract and identify GSH conjugates based on the presence of multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions specific for glutathione conjugates in the high‐energy MS spectra.

RESULTS

In total 42 GSH adducts were identified. Eight (18%) adducts did not show the neutral loss of 129 but were identified based on the appearance of other GSH‐specific neutral losses or fragment ions. In high‐energy MSE spectra the GSH‐specific fragment ions of m/z 308 and 179 as well as the neutral loss of 275 Da were complementary to the commonly used neutral loss of 129 Da. Further, one abundant (yet unpublished) GSH conjugate of troglitazone formed in human liver microsomes was found.

CONCLUSIONS

A software‐aided approach was developed to reliably retrieve GSH adduct formation data out of untargeted complex full scan QTOFMSE data in a fast and efficient way. The present approach to detect and analyze multiple collision‐induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates in untargeted MSE data might be applicable to higher throughput to assess reactive metabolite formation in drug discovery. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Glaze on the Corrosion Behavior of ZrO2–Graphite Insert of the Submerged Entry Nozzle in the Continuous Casting of Steel
Authors: Kumar Anup , Khanna Rita , Ikram‐ul‐Haq Muhammad , Spink John , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: November 2014

We report an investigation on the corrosion behavior of ZrO2–graphite insert in submerged entry nozzles (SEN) during its high temperature interaction with the mould flux focused specifically on the role of glaze coating. A detailed metallographic examination of the representative samples collected at different stages of its usage was carried out to examine the transient progress of corrosion. The interaction between the glaze material and the base refractory at the typical preheating temperature of SEN initiated the degradation of the partially stabilized ZrO2 grains due to the formation of reaction products. Clear evidence is presented to show that the reaction product and the original layer of glaze coating survived after 90 min of casting. Early stages of corrosion involved the progressive congruent dissolution of reaction products and the residual glaze phase into the mould flux. Due to the absence of the glaze layer in the later stages of operation (480 min), corrosion was caused by the fragmentation of the aggregate phase and structural damage. This work highlights the importance of compositional control and coating thickness of the glaze material on the ZrO2–graphite refractory insert.
Climatic patterns modulate ecosystem and soil respiration responses to fertilization in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Jiang Jing , Shi Peili , Zong Ning , Fu Gang , Shen Zhenxi , Zhang Xianzhou , Song Minghua
Published: November 2014

The responses of ecosystem (Rec) and soil (Rs) respiration to nutrient enrichment have been extensively investigated, aiding our understanding of ecosystem and soil carbon (C) balances in light of global changes. However, the effects of climatic variables and plant growth on CO2 fluxes under nutrient enrichment remain poorly known. We measured aboveground biomass (Ab), Rec, and Rs during three consecutive growing seasons (2010–2012) in a Tibetan alpine meadow where a nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilization experiment began in 2008. The five treatments were Ctrl (no N or P fertilization), LN and HN (addition of 5 and 10 g N m−2 year−1, respectively), LN + P and HN + P (the respective N treatments with 5 g P m−2 year−1 added). LN and HN did not affect Rec, Rs, or Ab during the three growing seasons, but both N + P treatments increased Ab in all 3 years. However, the effects of N + P on Rec and Rs varied among years: N + P increased Rec and Rs at most sampling times in 2010 and 2011, but the effect seemed to reach saturation in 2012. Additionally, Rec and Rs were positively correlated with Ab in N + P, indicating that enhanced Ab contributed considerably to the observed variation in Rec and Rs. Different climate patterns during three seasons drove the inconsistent relationships of CO2 fluxes with soil temperature and moisture. Our results suggest that temperature and precipitation patterns throughout the growing season are important modulators of CO2 fluxes under increasing nutrient levels in arid alpine meadow ecosystems.
Reconsidering the role of ‘semi‐natural habitat’ in agricultural landscape biodiversity: a case study
Authors: Duflot Rémi , Aviron Stéphanie , Ernoult Aude , Fahrig Lenore , Burel Françoise
Published: November 2014

Semi‐natural habitats are considered as the main source of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Most landscape ecology research has focused on the amount (relative surface) and spatial organisation of these habitats. However, these two components of landscape heterogeneity, composition and configuration, are often correlated. Also, landscape structure effects on biodiversity were mostly observed locally, while there is a great need for studying landscape‐scale gamma diversity. We conducted a mensurative experiment to determine the independent effects of semi‐natural habitat amount and configuration on gamma diversity of carabid beetles and vascular plants. The influence of landscape heterogeneity components were tested on species richness, evenness and composition. Local diversity (species richness and composition) was compared across the various cover types to determine their relative contributions. Only carabid species evenness and composition were influenced by semi‐natural habitat amount. Carabid and plant species richness and plant species composition remained unaffected by semi‐natural habitats. Local diversity analysis showed that three types of habitats can be distinguished in agricultural landscapes: grasslands (temporary and permanent ones), woody habitats (woodlands and hedgerows) and row crops. These results beg for a re‐evaluation of the semi‐natural covers. Temporary and permanent grasslands are often similar, probably because of comparable farming management. Permanent grasslands and woody habitats are often combined as semi‐natural covers, although they support very different communities. The lack of effect of semi‐natural habitat amount and configuration on gamma diversity results from a more complex organisation of biodiversity in landscapes and supports the move from semi‐natural vs. farmland to habitat mosaic landscape representations.
Rationales for and limitations of preferred solutions for multi-functionality problems in LCA: is increased consistency possible?
Authors: Pelletier Nathan , Ardente Fulvio , Brandão Miguel , De Camillis Camillo , Pennington David
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The ISO 14044 standard for life cycle assessment (LCA) provides the reference decision hierarchy for dealing with multi-functional processes. We observe that, in practice, the consistent implementation of this hierarchy by LCA practitioners and LCA guidance document developers may be limited. In an attempt to explain this observation, and to offer suggestions as to how consistency in LCA practice might be improved, we identify and compare the rationales for (and limitations of) different common approaches to solving multi-functionality problems in LCA.

Methods

The different prevalent understandings of specific approaches for dealing with multi-functional processes were identified, and their respective rationales were analyzed. This takes into account identifying the implicit underlying assumptions regarding the nature and purpose of LCA that support each approach.

Results and discussion

We identified what we believe to be three internally consistent but mutually exclusive schools of thought amongst LCA practitioners, which differ in subtle but important ways in terms of their understanding of the nature and purpose of LCA, and the multi-functionality solutions necessary to support them. These three divisions follow two demarcations. The first is between consequential and attributional data modeling approaches. The second is between adherence to a natural science-based approach (privileging physical allocation solutions) and a socioeconomic approach (favoring economic allocation solutions) in attributional data modeling.

Conclusions

We conclude that the ISO 14044 multi-functionality hierarchy should explicitly differentiate between attributional and consequential data modeling applications. We question the feasibility and practical utility of system expansion (currently privileged in the ISO hierarchy) in attributional data modeling applications. We suggest that ISO 14044 should also make explicit its rationale for privileging natural science-based approaches to solving multi-functionality problems and to more clearly differentiate between natural science and social science-based approaches. We also call for the formulation of additional guidance for solving multi-functionality problems, in particular for justifying the use of lower-tier solutions from the ISO hierarchy when these are applied in LCA studies. We suggest that this additional guidance and clarity in ISO 14044 will contribute to increased consistency in LCA practice and also increase the potential for users of information from LCA studies to make informed decisions as to their relevance within the context of specific intended applications.