bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should all patients with dermatitis herpetiformis follow a gluten‐free diet?
Authors: Buckley D.A. , McDermott R. , O'Donoghue D. , Rogers S.
Published: July 2006

Aim To assess the effect of a gluten‐free diet in Irish patients with dermatitis herpetiformis, and whether treatment with a gluten‐free diet is as important for patients with a normal small bowel biopsy us for those with villous atrophy.

Background Though a gluten‐free diet is recommended in the management of dermatitis herpetiformis, many patients find it intolerably restrictive. To date we have recommended it only to patients with abnormal small bowel histology.

Methods Forty patients with dermatitis herpetiformis who attended our clinic between 1979 and 1994 were studied retrospectively. Villous atrophy was present in 20 (64%) of 31 initial small bowel biopsies in patients not on a gluten‐free diet.

Results The median time to a 50% reduction in dapsone requirements was 6 months in patients who followed a gluten‐free diet. (n = 14). 10.5 months in those who had a gluten‐reduced diet (n = 4) and 10.5 months in those who took a normal diet (n = 22). Four of 14 patients (29%) on a gluten‐free diet were able to discontinue medication in 1–5 years compared with 2 of 22 (9%) on a normal diet. The mean time to a 50% reduction in dapsone requirements was similar in patients with and without villous atrophy. 9.3 versus 9.0 months in patients on a gluten‐free diet and 12.0 versus 15.3 months in patients on a normal diet.

Conclusion We conclude that a gluten‐free diet should be strongly encouraged in all dermatitis herpetiformis patients, since those with normal small bowel biopsy findings benefit equally from the diet as do those with villous atrophy.
Occult genital herpes presenting as an endometrial infection detected at delivery: a report of two cases
Authors: Aghazarian Saro , Nikkels Arjen , Grodos Jacques , Billet Paul , Thiry Albert , Piérard Gérald , Boniver Jacques , Delvenne Philippe
Published: July 2006

Background The prevalence and clinical implications of asymptomatic genital herpes remain elusive.

Objective/aim We report two cases of clinically asymptomatic intracterine herpes simplex virus II (HSV‐II) infection in order in discuss their pathological significance and demonstrate the potential utility of specific DNA probes and antibodies.

Methods Standard histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were applied in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of curettage specimens from women presenting decidualised fragments retention after normal delivery.

Results Histological analysis revealed a focal clearing of endometrial epithelial cell nuclei, suggesting a viral etiology. ISH and IMC with different DNA probes or antibodies confirmed the diagnosis of HSV‐II infection at the lime of specimen collection. Clinical signs of muco‐cutancous involvement in the mothers and of neonatal HSV infection were not observed.

Conclusion These findings suggest that intrauterine HSV‐II infection is not always associated with disease. The IHC and ISH methods can be helpful lo assess the diagnosis of HSV‐Il intrauterine infections in the presence of optically clear endometrial nuclei. Whether or not such HSV‐II occult infection may he associated with viral shedding and risk of sexual transmission was not evaluated in the present study.
Changing the Sexist Language: The Theory Behind the Practice
Authors: Blaubergs Maija S.
Published: July 2006

The existence of sexism in the structure and usage of the English language has recently been extensively documented by linguists, psychologists, feminists, publishers, and others. This awareness of sexism in language has led to numerous suggestions for change, but their implementation has been difficult for the following reasons: (1) alternative proposals were frequently made (e.g., at least 10 alternatives to the use of the masculine pronouns as generics have been proposed); (2) some suggestions contradict each other (e.g., chairman may be retained and contrasted with chairwoman, or chairman may be eliminated from usage and chairperson used for both sexes); (3) misunderstanding of some of the suggestions has occurred (e.g., chairperson has been used in reference to only females, while chairman has been retained for males); (4) a frequent response to some of the suggestions for change has been ridicule, often in the form of overextensions of the original suggestions (e.g., woperson). In this paper, as a first step toward clarifying the inconsistencies, identifying the problems in implementation, and undermining the basis for continued misunderstanding and ridicule, I have categorized the various suggestions regarding changing sexist language according to their underlying rationale. I have identified the following alternative approaches: (1) indirect change, (2) change via circumvention, and (3) change via emphasis on feminine terms. Within these approaches, various alternative strategies for implementation are discussed, and the arguments and research supportive of and critical of the underlying rationales are identified and evaluated. The paper concludes with a recommendation of changes in usage that are suggested by the latter two approaches. The need for further research on the differing psychological effects of those alternatives is noted.
Discussion: Androgyny, Personality Theory, and Psychotherapy
Authors: Berzins Juris I.
Published: July 2006

Recently formulated conceptions of psychological androgyny appear to involve a variety of metaphorical models whereby masculinity and femininity are said to be balanced, tempered one by the other, integrated, or transcended. Through an application of Stephen Pepper's (1942) root metaphor theory to these models, it is argued that validational research will prove more profitable than theoretical debate over which vision of androgyny is “best.” The importance of including measures of self-esteem in sex role research is also emphasized.
Can Research on Women Be More Effective in Shaping Policy?
Authors: Tangri Sandra S. , Strasburg Georgia L.
Published: July 2006

The potential usefulness of research on women's issues to the policymaking process is discussed in the context of the arguments both for and against trying to increase the policy utility of social science research in general. J. Weiss's concepts of “intrinsic,” “intellectual,” and “political usefulness” are presented and applied to specific policy issues of importance to women. The paper examines ways in which researchers could enhance the policy relevance of their research and ways in which the psychology establishment could encourage the development of policy-relevant research. The middle section of the paper describes the large array of roles and settings for social scientists in the federal policy structure, treating the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in turn. The history of and dilemmas created by the “Brandeis brief” are presented. The last section of the paper presents some important policy issues affecting women in the next five years and illustrates how one particular area of research could be made more useful.
An Empirically Keyed Scale for Measuring Managerial Attitudes Toward Women Executives
Authors: Dubno Peter , Costas John , Cannon Hugh , Wankel Charles , Emin Hussein
Published: July 2006

A scale (MATWES) is presented providing reliability and some validity measures regarding managerial attitudes toward women executives. Methodology used demonstrates an empirical approach to scale development through the employment of a projective test for item generation and the use of a panel of women executives who served as Q-sorters to select the items. The use of the Scale as a research instrument and its value in minimizing researcher bias in its construction are discussed.
Sex of Supervisor, Sex of Subordinate, and Subordinate Job Satisfaction
Authors: Feild Hubert S. , Caldwell Barbara E.
Published: July 2006

It was hypothesized in the present research that there would be significant differences in the job satisfaction of subordinates depending upon the interaction between their sex and the sex of their supervisors. Using job satisfaction data from 139 employees, it was found that: (a) female subordinates supervised by male supervisors were less satisfied with supervision than those supervised by women, (b) females working under males reported a lower level of satisfaction with their co-workers than females supervised by females or males supervised by males, and (c) women who had female supervisors indicated a higher level of satisfaction with their work than men with male supervisors. Contrary to traditional stereotypes of women supervisors, the results suggested that these stereotypes might not be important in long-term, real-world situations.
Effects of Social Conditions on the Expression of Sex-role Stereotypes
Authors: Beattie Muriel Yoshida , Diehl Lesley A.
Published: July 2006

In this study, 129 female and 83 male undergraduates were asked to make judgments about identical male and female law school applicants. Evaluations of the candidate employed two types of measures: (a) direct measures set up to assess judgments based upon objective criteria such as GPA and aptitude test scores, and (b) indirect measures designed to provide more opportunity for subjective factors and subtle ways for stereotyping to operate. It was hypothesized that increased social awareness of sex discrimination would reduce more blatant types of stereotyping expressed in the direct measures and force stereotyping into more subtle forms, measurable through the construction of the indirect indices. The results revealed no differences between male and female candidates on the direct measures. However, stereotyping appeared on indirect measures associated with personality characteristics and employment alternatives. The investigators concluded that prejudicial attitudes toward women continue to exist and are expressed in more subtle or “hidden” forms. Suggestions for developing means for measuring these attitudes as well as practical considerations for reducing discrimination in employment settings were presented.
Racism and Feminism: Is Women's Liberation for Whites Only?
Authors: Torrey Jane W.
Published: July 2006

The women's movement is often described as “white middleclass” despite the fact that black women not only are more oppressed than whites, but are more favorable to the goals of the women's movement. Black women, especially those identified with the black rights movement, fear that feminism will split their ranks and divert public attention. Black women's problems also differ from those of whites in other ways, mostly related to the fact that their economic position is much worse than that of either white women or black men. Moreover, blacks hesitate to join organizations they perceive as white dominated. It is argued that both black and women's rights movements need each others' support and that black women cannot achieve equality unless both movements succeed
The Relationship of Sex, Sex Role, and Mental Health
Authors: Logan Deana Dorman , Kaschak Ellyn
Published: July 2006

Mental health differences due to sex, sex-role identification, and sex-role attitudes were investigated using 109 undergraduate students. Females reported higher levels of depression and anxiety. Both males and females with more liberal scores on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale scored higher on the Well-Being Scale of the California Psychological Inventory. No differences due to androgyny were found.
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women: A Response
Authors: Johnson Marilyn
Published: July 2006

Two of Gove's points are given major consideration. First, his precise definition of mental illness is criticized because it excludes diagnostic groups comprised largely of males (personality disorders and substance abusers). Second, Gove's analysis of the value of traditional versus nontraditional therapy for women is challenged and support is offered for the role of feminist therapy. It is recommended that the relationship between sex roles and emotional problems be examined and that less emphasis be given to demonstrating that one sex has more problems than the other.
Typologies of Intimacy
Authors: Wong Herbert
Published: July 2006

Despite a general consensual definition of intimacy, few attempts have been made to clarify the different aspects of this broad behavioral category. This paper is an attempt to formulate typologies of intimacy so as to better examine the varied phenomena of intimate relationships. It treats intimacy as a process by which a special kind of definition of the situation evolves. Such process typically involves negotiation and communication which vary with situations. Also, the intensity of the actor's emotional involvement and expected duration of the relationship also implies qualitatively different types of intimacy.
The Therapeutic Value of Friendship Between Women
Authors: Davidson Sherwin , Packard Ted
Published: July 2006

This study examined whether a group of 42 university women perceived their best and slight same-sex friendships as therapeutic. Of those subjects, 29 had best friends who also participated in the study. Two paper and pencil instruments were completed by all participants and 10 of the best friend pairs were interviewed. Results of the study indicated that both best and slight same-sex friendships had therapeutic value for women, with best friendships seen as more therapeutic than slight friendships. Rank ordering of the therapeutic factors used as a basis for the study resulted in agreement among subjects on the relative importance of the factors in their best and slight friendships. Subjects and their best friends were also in agreement on the worth and rank orderings of these factors. Background for the study is provided by the literature review which included psychological perspectives on friendship, friendship's therapeutic importance, and sex differences in friendship. An additional perspective on female friendship is offered based on literature and observations outside psychology. Results are discussed in light of these somewhat contradictory perspectives.
A Materialist Theory of Women's Status
Authors: Flax Jane
Published: July 2006

Women's position in society is determined by three interrelated factors: production, reproduction, and psychodynamics. A change in one area without changes in the others will not necessarily benefit women. It is important to develop a theory of how women's inferior status is maintained, so that the desired result can be obtained from a program or action.

This paper is a contribution to such a theory. It offers a materialist explanation of women's status and explores the principles that should inform feminist theory and practice in relation to the restructuring of work. Due to the interrelated sources of women's status, feminist demands in relation to work must go beyond equal opportunity and equal pay for equal work. A Utopian future in which feminist values are fully integrated into social relations and institutions will be projected. The analysis, while informed by ideal principles, has practical implications and political consequences.
Militancy and Black Women's Competitive Behavior in Competitive versus Noncompetitive Conditions
Authors: Jackson Agnes Durham
Published: July 2006

Fifty high militant and 50 low militant black women were assigned to one of five experimental conditions: noncompetitive, competition with black male confederates, competition with black female confederates, competition with white male confederates or competition with white female confederates. Subjects in competitive conditions worked for longer periods of time, produced more words from an anagram, and felt more self-confident than subjects in the noncompetitive condition. Subjects worked for longer periods of time with male confederates than with female confederates. High militants, in comparison to low militants, produced significantly more words on the anagram task, indicated a great number of pride, anger, and/or revenge responses and endorsed more masculinity items relative to femininity items on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory as being self-descriptive. Contrary to prediction, high militant black women competing with black men showed little evidence of fear of success.
Building a Course on Psychology of Women: Method and Resources
Authors: Billingham Katherine A.
Published: July 2006

Requests for a course on psychology of women are often more complex than initially assumed. Sometimes support groups, women's centers, or legal action may be more appropriate. Courses may vary in goals, format, and position within the curriculum. Resources and references which maximize flexibility, help faculty keep current about publications, and draw from other disciplines as well as psychology are useful. Examples of current publications and general reference sources are presented. Information regarding nonprint materials and publications from alternative sources is included.
Sources of Tension in Teaching the Psychology of Women
Authors: Richardson Mary Sue
Published: July 2006

This article examines sources of tension in teaching the psychology of women. The essential conflict is a clash of values between the traditional academic setting and a revolutionary, nontraditional curriculum area. The first major source of conflict identified involves the knowledge base of the field and includes debate over the definition of the field and the appropriateness of diverse processes of knowledge acquisition. The second major source of conflict discussed concerns the roles of teacher and student in the classroom context and the larger role of the teacher as a faculty member in a traditional academic institution. In each of these cases the issue of power is critical. Such conflicts are irreconcilable, for reconciliation would either do irreparable damage to the nature of the study of the psychology of women or would cut the field off from potential benefits to be gained from the academic discipline of psychology. However, several courses of action in the face of conflict and tension are presented.
Through the Looking Glass: No Wonderland Yet! (The Reciprocal Relationship between Methodology and Models of Reality)
Authors: Unger Rhoda Kesler
Published: July 2006

This article discusses the relationship between conceptual frameworks and methodology in psychology. It is argued that our models of reality influence our research in terms of question selection, causal factors hypothesized, and interpretation of data. The position and role of women as objects and agents of research are considered in terms of a sociology of knowledge perspective. Suggestions are offered for a more reflexive psychology.
Victim Attractiveness and Perceptions of Responsiblity in an Ambiguous Rape Case
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B. , Popovich Paula M.
Published: July 2006

This study tests the main hypothesis that the physical attractiveness of the victim in a rape case affects people's judgments of her responsibility when the details of the case leave unclear whether or not a rape actually took place. Male and female subjects read a description of an alleged rape and were shown photographs of the alleged victim (attractive or unattractive) and defendant (attractive or unattractive). It was found that people tend to be biased against the attractive victim, but biased in favor of the attractive defendant. Results are discussed in terms of an exception to the “beautiful is good” stereotype and the difficulty of obtaining convictions in rape cases.
The Married Professional Woman: An Examination of Her Role Conflicts and Coping Strategies
Authors: Gray Janet Dreyfus
Published: July 2006

A group of 232 married women doctors, lawyers and professors were surveyed about their attitudes toward their roles and how they cope with role conflicts. Close to half of the women reported that it was impossible to rank the relative importance of their family and career roles, and a majority of women stated that they often experienced strains between these roles. Coping strategies such as having family members help with chores, having family members help resolve role conflicts, reducing standards within certain roles, considering personal interests important, and scheduling and organizing activities carefully were found to be significantly related to satisfaction. It is suggested that married professional women who develop effective coping strategies will find the challenge of combining a profession and a family a rewarding one.
Preferences for Rape Reduction Strategies
Authors: Krulewitz Judith E. , Kahn Arnold S.
Published: July 2006

The present study examined the effects of two subject variables (sex of subject and feminist attitudes) and two strategy variables (strategy aggressiveness and locus of responsibility for change) on the perceived effectiveness and desirability of four rape reduction strategies. Fifty-three females and 36 males served as subjects in a 24 factorial design. Although women rated all strategies as more effective and desirable than did men, attitude toward sex roles was a more pervasive determinants of patterns of perceived effectiveness and desirability than was subject sex. Generally, aggressive strategies were rated as more effective than nonaggressive strategies, and strategies placing the locus of responsibility for change on women were considered more effective than strategies requiring men and society to take action. Strategies that were consistent with sex-role stereotypes (women avoiding rape by passive behavior and men and society fighting rape by aggressive treatment of rapists) were seen as more effective than nonstereotypic strategies. Profeminists found the nonstereotypic strategies to be more desirable, however, and they also rated as relatively more desirable those strategies that placed responsibility for change on men and society. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of sex-role attitudes rather than subject sex differences in reducing rape.
The Effect of Clear Evaluation Criteria on Sex Bias in Judgments of Performance
Authors: Lenney Ellen , Mitchell Linda , Browning Chris
Published: July 2006

Previous research indicates that the work of women is often devalued relative to that of men. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that such sex bias appears when judges follow ambiguous guidelines or criteria in making evaluations, but not when they follow clear evaluation guidelines. In each experiment, male and female undergraduates evaluated a performance that was attributed to either a man or woman (an intellectual test performance in Experiment I; an artistic craft object in Experiment II). Subjects followed either clear, explicit evaluation criteria or vague, ambiguous criteria. As predicted, female subjects evaluated the “female's” performance less favorably than the “male's” only when” criteria were vague. In contrast, male subjects showed little evidence of sex bias, regardless of the criteria they followed. Discussion centers upon: (1) possible cognitive processes underlying the observed effects of clear criteria; and (2) potential practical applications designed to alleviate sex bias in naturalistic settings.
Girls Talk About Mathematics and Their Future: A Partial Replication
Authors: Sherman Julia
Published: July 2006

Grade 11 girls ( n = 63) who had previously been extensively tested in Grade 8 were interviewed and readministered the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales II. Girls who had enrolled in three years of the college preparatory math sequence were contrasted with those who had taken two years. The groups were equated on three cognitive measures as assessed in Grade 8. Results confirmed previous research in these ways: “fear of success” in math became less from Grade 8 to Grade 11; girls continuing in math had more positive attitudes toward math, came from more favored environments, were closer to parents and more influenced by them. Most girls planned to combine work, marriage and children, but plans were poorly articulated in relationship to each other; 29% would play dumb while 76% said other girls do. Results demonstrate developing sex-role strain.
The Impact of the Sexist-language Controversy and Regulation on Language in University Documents
Authors: Markowitz Judith
Published: July 2006

The documents of a university were analyzed for the presence of sex-linked and sex-neutral language as a measure of the impact of regulation on language change. Documents from 1969–1972, the period just prior to the bulk of the sexist-language controversy, were compared with matching documents from 1978–1979; and documents covered by sexist-language regulations were compared with unregulated documents. It was found that the newer documents contained significantly fewer sex-linked language items and markedly more sex-neutral items than the older documents. Most of the changes involved linguistic structures which had received considerable public debate. The results also show that federal regulation, only where enforced, has had a strong impact on language use; but that the unenforced institutional resolution which was studied had no effect on language use. It was concluded that the sexist-language controversy has influenced the language in university documents and that enforcement of regulations is the major factor in the impact of regulation on language use.
Ladies and Gentlemen, Women and Men: A Study of the Connotations of Words Indicating Gender
Authors: Moely Barbara E. , Kreicker Kimberley
Published: July 2006

Lakoff's hypothesis about the connotations of the words “lady” and “woman” was investigated by asking college students to rate these words, as well as the masculine words “gentleman” and “man,” on several adjective scales. Ratings indicated that the term “gentleman” implied greater competence and warmth than the word “man,” while the term “lady” tended to suggest to raters relatively less competence and less warmth than the term “woman” did. Further, it was found that the more formal term (“gentleman,” “lady”) regardless of gender was described more positively than the less formal term (“man,” “woman”) on several scales concerned with goodness, politeness, morality, and femininity. Lakoff's hypothesis that “lady” conveys some unique meanings relative to sex role stereotypes thus received support, although some of the connotations of “lady” appear to be due to implied formality rather than to gender features. The degree to which feminine terms were differentiated by raters could be predicted to some extent on the basis of rater characteristics; no significant prediction was possible for the masculine terms.
Impact of Androgynous and Traditional Sex-Role Orientations on Evaluations of Successful Performance
Authors: Paludi Michele A.
Published: July 2006

This study examined the impact of subjects' sex-role orientation (either traditional or androgynous) on their evaluations of successful women or men in sex-linked occupations. The hypothesis that sex-typed subjects would respond less negatively to success when the successful person was in an occupation consistent with sex stereotypes, while androgynous subjects would be more concerned with success, was not supported by the results. Significant effects of subject sex as well as sex-role orientation, and of cue character and occupation, were found for various measures. The differences between these findings and those of earlier studies are discussed.
The Relationship Between Sex Role Orientation, Self Esteem, and Sex-Typed Occupational Choice of College Women
Authors: Jones S. Lynnette , Lamke Leanne K.
Published: July 2006

This study assessed the relationship between sex role orientation, self esteem, and occupational choice. A random sample of one hundred forty-four college women in a feminine-typed occupational field of study and 143 college women in a masculine-typed occupational field of study completed self-report measures to assess sex role orientation (androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated) and self-esteem. Comparisons of occupational groups revealed a significantly higher level of self-esteem in the feminine-typed occupational group as opposed to the masculine-typed group. The masculine women in the feminine occupational group and the androgynous women in both groups had significantly higher levels of self-esteem than the masculine women in the masculine occupational group. Implications of findings and future research directions are discussed.
Relationships Among Fear of Success, Fear of Failure, and Androgyny
Authors: Mulig Joanne C. , Haggerty Marrianne E. , Carballosa Albert B. , Cinnick Warren J. , Madden Joseph M.
Published: July 2006

Fear of success, fear of failure, and sex role orientation were examined in engineering undergraduates using the Fear of Success Scale (FOSS; Zuckerman & Allison, 1976), the Debilitating Anxiety Scale (DAS; Alpert & Haber, 1960), and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974), respectively. The correlation ( r = .45) between fear of success and fear of failure supported the finding of Griffore (1977). BSRI subscale scores rather than BSRI sex role category scores increased the predictability of FOSS and DAS. Fear of success was found to be a sex-role-related construct whereas fear of failure was found to be a gender-related construct.
Tears and Weeping Among Professional Women: In Search of New Understanding
Authors: Hoover-Dempsey Kathleen V. , Plas Jeanne M. , Wallston Barbara Strudler
Published: July 2006

Crying among adult professional women is a phenomenon experienced far more often than it is studied or publicly discussed. Guided by Sherif's (1982) theoretical work on gender identity, socialization, reference groups, and power, the authors explore several factors central to the topic. Among them are: the origins of conflict between women's experience of emotional expression and “public” tears; gender-related differences in crying and responses to crying; the role of reference groups in conflicting attitudes toward crying; and power in the workplace as influencing the meaning of crying. The role of images and imagery during times of conflicted and heightened emotion is discussed. It is suggested that most imagery related to crying in adults derives from perceptions of crying in infancy and that most responses to adults who cry are linked to an understanding of appropriate responses to a crying infant or child. Lewin's construct of behavior as a person-environment transaction is employed as a means of exploring the images experienced by the crier and the observer when female crying occurs in a professional situation. New images to guide more productive approaches to emotional expression in the workplace are suggested.
Sex Role Orientation, Cognitive Flexibility, and Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults
Authors: Windle Michael
Published: July 2006

Bem's Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) was employed to categorize 101 older adults into masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated sex role orientations. Relationships among these sex role orientations and cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction were explored. Additionally, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the contributions of masculinity, femininity, and the interaction term (masculinity x femininity) in the prediction of cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction. These older adults did not vary significantly in either their cognitive flexibility or their life satisfaction as a function of their sex role categorization, nor was an appreciable percentage of variance accounted for by the predictor variables in the regression analyses. Issues are raised regarding the validity of the typological (median-split based) approaches used by researchers to assess expectations of the differentiation of masculine and feminine components in older adults. An alternative structural developmental approach, based on a factor-analytic methodology, is proposed.
Feminism as a Correlate of Self-Esteem, Self-Acceptance, and Social Support Among Lesbians
Authors: Leavy Richard L. , Adams Eve M.
Published: July 2006

In this study it was hypothesized that, among lesbians, agreement with feminist ideology and participation in feminist activities would correlate positively with self-esteem, self-acceptance, and social support. Demographic variables were also examined as correlates. Respondents were contacted through 11 lesbian, gay, and feminist organizations and establishments and asked to complete a research questionnaire. One-hundred-twenty-three usable questionnaires were returned. Age and current involvement in a lesbian relationship were significantly related to self-esteem, self-acceptance, and social support. Participation in feminist activities also correlated with self-acceptance. The results give tentative, but important, information useful in understanding the correlates of self-esteem and support among lesbians.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth Speaks on “Columbia's Legacy”
Authors: Shields Stephanie A. , Mallory Mary E.
Published: July 2006

At the 1983 APA convention in Anaheim, CA, Divisions 1 and 26 co-sponsored a lecture series to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of Edna Heidbreder's Seven Psychologies. Aimed at the general audience, Heidbreder's book described the roots of American psychology and the seven schools of thought most representative of the discipline in this country: structuralism, the psychology of William James, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, Freud and the psychoanalytic movement, and the dynamic psychology of Columbia's Robert Woodworth. At the 1983 APA meetings five scholars with backgrounds in one of the seven psychologies lectured as a figure from the past on the legacy of that school of thought. Stephanie Shields represented Leta Hollingworth (1886–1939), the only woman in the group. Hollingworth was charged with discussing the legacy of Columbia University for contemporary psychology. Her lecture reviews psychological research at Teachers College and Columbia University from 1911 through the 1920s and then evaluates the lasting contribution made by that research to present-day psychology. This paper is the text of that talk, with a few modifications tailored for an audience of feminist psychologists. As an historical fiction the material for this talk is drawn primarily from Hollingworth's own writings, and, insofar as it is possible, it tries to represent accurately the theoretical and ideological concerns she expressed during her career. It attempts to bring her concerns as a psychologist, as an educator, and as a feminist, to bear on the state of present-day psychology, particularly from the perspective of the testing movement between the two world wars. All of the events described here did happen or could have happened. Those that are fictional or represent inference are clearly indicated. Direct quotes from her published work appear within quotation marks.
Women, Men, and Condoms
Authors: Campbell Susan Miller , Peplau Letitia Anne , DeBro Sherrine Chapman
Published: July 2006

Little is known concerning gender and ethnic differences in attitudes about condoms or about the impact of attitudes on condom use. College students ( N = 393) rated many features of condoms. Overall, students were mildly positive about condoms, believing they offer effective protection but detract from sexual sensation. Both past condom use and future intentions to use condoms were higher among students with more favorable global attitudes toward condoms and more favorable specific beliefs about the interpersonal dynamics of condom use. Future intentions to use condoms were also associated with greater worry about sexually transmitted diseases and fewer previous sexual partners. Women were more favorable toward condoms than men. Gender differences also emerged in the predictors of condom use. Implications for assessing condom attitudes and for increasing condom use among young heterosexuals are discussed.
Sex Similarities And Differences In Types Of Play In Games And Sports
Authors: Vaughter Reesa M. , Sadh Devyani , Vozzola Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

In two studies, 374 participants gave retrospective reports of their favorite games, toys, and hobbies (games) and of their favorite exercise and sports (sports) in elementary school, high school, and college. We tested Gilligan's (1982) expectation that more of males' play would be group activities played in public places, whereas more of females' games and sports would be home-based play in “intimate” dyads. Results showed that sex similarities and differences varied as a function of kind of play. For both sexes, games tended to be home-based and individual or dyadic play, however sports tended to be group, public-based play. Whereas team sports play was most frequent in childhood for both sexes and decreased in frequency from childhood into adulthood, the decrease in team, as compared to individual and dyadic, sports was significantly more dramatic for girls than for boys. The data indicated that whereas girls participate in a variety of types of play, boys' sports play is dominated by team activity across development. Thus, sex differences in the types of sports play provided the strongest support for Gilligan's hypothesis that socialization in team play may foster a reliance upon rights-based moral reasoning in boys.
Personality Change in Women Physicians from Medical Student Years to Mid-40S
Authors: Cartwright Lillian Kaufman , Wink Paul
Published: July 2006

Scales from the California Psychological Inventory's (CPI; Gough, 1987) Externality and Control clusters, in conjunction with a case study, were used to investigate personality change in a sample of women physicians who entered a Pacific Northwest medical school in 1964–1967. A core of 40 women was retested in their early 30s and mid-40s. From mid-20s to early 30s, the physicians' decreased scores on CPI's Sociability and Empathy scales indicated a greater internality. Decreases on the Responsibility and Good Impression scales indicated greater tendencies to question duties and obligations. An increase on the Achievement-via-Conformance scale indicated greater ability to achieve in structured situations. From early 30s to mid-40s, a further shift toward internality was evidenced by decreased scores on Social Presence and Self-Acceptance. Gains in leadership potential and increases on the Responsibility, Self-Control, Good Impression, and Achievement-via-Conformance scales were also noted.
Spatial Cognition and Gender
Authors: Sharps Matthew J. , Price Jana L. , Williams John K.
Published: July 2006

Recent research has demonstrated that “sex differences” on mental image rotation (MIR) tasks may be attenuated through manipulations of instructional or stimulus conditions. The interaction of these variables was examined in two experiments. In the first, subjects received instructions that emphasized or de-emphasized the spatial nature of the MIR task. In the second, instructions emphasized the use of MIR abilities in stereotypically “masculine” or “feminine” occupations. The relevant interactions were significant in both experiments. Men performed at higher levels than women in the spatial instruction conditions, but no sex differences were observed under nonspatial instructions. These effects were further shown to be mediated by stimulus type; simpler or more familiar stimuli were less deleterious to the performance of women. These results add to the evidence that instructional and stimulus effects may exacerbate or eliminate sex differences in spatial cognition.
Transforming Theory And Research With Women: Themes and Variations
Authors: Worell Judith , Etaugh Claire
Published: July 2006

We look at some of the ways in which feminist theorists and researchers apply new insights to established topics in psychology, as they explore the landscape of the unknown and unspoken in the lives of girls and women. The articles in this special issue present research and reflections by a group of feminist scholars, some of us from the editorial board of the Psychology of Women Quarterly and others from the larger academic community. Each contributor, selecting from a personal interest or expertise, reconceptualizes a topical area of psychology with the intent of reframing our understanding of its meaning, its impact on women's functioning, and/or its application to feminist research and theory. To provide a background, we review a sample of contributions of feminist thought to the contemporary revolution in science. We then ask the question: In what ways have feminist perspectives and scholarship transformed psychology in the particular areas addressed by these authors?
Reinventing Analogue Methods For Research With Women
Authors: Worell Judith , Robinson Damon
Published: July 2006

This article was prompted by the current popularity and acceptance of analogue methods in gender-related research. The use of analogues in research with women is examined here for both its strengths and limitations. We acknowledge the distinctive advantages of analogue methods in revealing the nature, extent, and potential outcomes of gender bias and stereotyping of all minority status groups. While recognizing that any method can be feminist, we address four major concerns with current applications of analogue research to questions about women and gender. These concerns cover: (a) relevance to the questions asked, (b) attention to the context of women's lives, (c) significance for situational behavior, and (d) applicability to social change. We propose a set of transformations that applies feminist scholarship to reconceptualizing analogues in research related to women and gender.
The Schedule Of Sexist Events: A Measure of Lifetime and Recent Sexist Discrimination in Women's Lives
Authors: Klonoff Elizabeth A. , Landrine Hope
Published: July 2006

This paper describes the development, reliability, and validity of the Schedule of Sexist Events (SSE), a measure of lifetime and recent (past year) sexist discrimination in women's lives. A culturally diverse standardization sample of 631 women completed the 20-item SSE. Factor analyses revealed that the SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent have four factors: Sexist Degradation, Sexism in Distant Relationships, Sexism in Close Relationships, and Sexist Discrimination in the Workplace. The SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent scales had high internal-consistency (.92, .90) and split-half (.87, .83) reliability, and the factors were similarly reliable. Validity was established by demonstrating that scores on the SSE-Lifetime and SSE-Recent correlate as well with two other measures of stressful events (the Hassles Frequency and the PERI—Life Events scales [PERI-LES]) as those measures correlate with each other. Sexist discrimination (events) can be understood as gender-specific, negative life events (stressors). Descriptive data indicated that sexist discrimination is rampant in women's lives. Additional analyses revealed significant status differences in experiencing sexist discrimination, with women of color reporting more sexism in their lives than White women.
Codependency, Loss Of Self, And Power
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Bommersbach Mimi , Curtis Sheri R.
Published: July 2006

The feminist critique that codependency and loss of self are related to power was tested in a sample of 122 college women and men in committed relationships. Participants completed two codependency measures, a loss of self scale, and three indices of power: perceived power, use of specific influence strategies, and decision making. Among both women and men, codependency and loss of self were positively related to the use of indirect strategies and negatively related to perceived power, and loss of self was negatively related to use of the direct strategies. Among women alone, codependency was also negatively related to use of direct strategies and loss of self negatively related to decision making. These correlational data provide support for a feminist critique of codependency as related to power; however, gender similarities suggest that the relations between power, loss of self, and codependency hold for college men as well as college women.
A Prospective Study Of Somatic And Emotional Symptoms Of Pregnancy
Authors: Striegel-Moore Ruth H. , Goldman Susan Lee , Garvin Vicki , Rodin Judith
Published: July 2006

Using a prospective design, this study examined somatic and emotional symptoms of planned pregnancy in a sample of 162 healthy women. All women participated in a baseline (prepregnancy) interview. Seventy women became pregnant and were assessed at each trimester; the 92 nonpregnant controls were interviewed 3, 6, and 9 months after their baseline interview. All participants also completed the Anxiety and Depression subscales of the Symptom Checklist-Revised (SCL 90-R). No significant group differences were found at baseline. As expected, however, pregnant women reported significantly more instances of digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, heartburn), fatigue, and moodiness than nonpregnant controls. Discriminant-function analyses found that in the context of all symptom variables, nausea and fatigue were the primary distinguishing features of the first trimester. In the second and third trimester, fatigue and heartburn contributed to the distinction of pregnant and nonpregnant women. Although pregnancy precipitates many physical and psychological changes in this sample of women who had planned pregnancies, our results did not support the notion that pregnancy is either a time of significant emotional turmoil or of heightened emotional well-being.
Therapy in the Great “Outdoors”
Authors: Schuele Mary
Published: July 2006

Wilderness Therapy for Women: The Power of Adventure, Ellen Cole, Eve Erdman, and Esther D. Rothblum (Eds.). Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press, 1994. 262 pp., $12.95 (paper), ISBN: 1-56024-682-0.
The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale
Authors: McKinley Nita Mary , Hyde Janet Shibley
Published: July 2006

Using feminist theory about the social construction of the female body, a scale was developed and validated to measure objectified body consciousness (OBC) in young women ( N = 502) and middle-aged women ( N = 151). Scales used were (a) surveillance (viewing the body as an outside observer), (b) body shame (feeling shame when the body does not conform), and (c) appearance control beliefs. The three scales were demonstrated to be distinct dimensions with acceptable reliabilities. Surveillance and body shame correlated negatively with body esteem. Control beliefs correlated positively with body esteem in young women and were related to frequency of restricted eating in all samples. All three scales were positively related to disordered eating. The relationship of OBC to women's body experience is discussed.
Expanding the Mother-Child Paradigm
Authors: Silverstein Louise B. , Phares Vicky
Published: July 2006

Reliance on the mother-child dyad as the primary context for understanding child development has caused fathers to be underrepresented in published research on child development and developmental psychopathology. In order to investigate whether this pattern was also evident in the work of future psychologists, we reviewed Dissertation Abstracts from 1986 through 1994. Results showed that fathers were the focus of significantly fewer dissertation studies (10.5%) than were mothers (59.5%) or both parents (30.0%). We argue that essentializing the mother-child bond is a political philosophy about the roles of men and women that places the discipline of psychology at risk for inadvertently becoming an apologist for the neoconservative political right. Specific suggestions for revising graduate training are presented. The social policy implications for continuing this trend into the next generation of psychologists are discussed.