bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hard-bottom succession of subtidal epibenthic communities colonizing hidden and exposed surfaces off northern Chile
Authors: Pacheco Aldo S. , Laudien Jürgen , Thiel Martin , Heilmayer Olaf , Oliva Marcelo
Published: December 2009

The biodiversity of hard-bottom substrata comprises species growing on exposed rock and in hidden microhabitats, such as cracks and crevices. This study examines the succession of epibenthic organisms colonizing an artificial substratum with one surface exposed and one surface hidden on a vertical wall off northern Chile. On each sampling date species coverage of three replicate panels on both surfaces was assessed. The hidden surface was dominated in terms of coverage by the bryozoans Membranipora isabelleana and Lagenicella variabilis, while algae were absent. In contrast, the exposed surface was dominated by encrusting red corallines and the red alga Rhodymenia corallina. At the end of the experimental period both surfaces were dominated by colonial suspension feeders, but showed a different community structure and successional pattern. On the exposed surface, competitive exclusion was identified as an important aspect of succession, whereas on the hidden surface this pattern was not observed. These findings have implications for overall biodiversity, because pioneer species that are not able to survive long periods on exposed surfaces become restricted to hidden surfaces, from where they spread laterally. Thus, hidden microhabitats provide refuges for certain species, and may play an important role in the overall succession on rock faces. We conclude that examination of hidden microhabitats is necessary in order to fully understand succession in hard-bottom habitats.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE HORN FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), IN ALBERTA
Authors: Depner K. R.
Published: December 2009

Parasitism of Haematobia irritans (L.) was studied in six regions of Alberta differing in climate, soil, and vegetation. All of the eight parasites discovered were Hymenoptera: five belonged to the Pteromalidae, two to the Ichneumonidae, and one to the Cynipidae.
QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES OF MALES OF LIMONIUS CALIFORNICUS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) TO FEMALE SEX PHEROMONE
Authors: Lilly C. E. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

In adult virgin females of the sugar beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim), the sex attractant (recently identified as valeric acid) is found primarily in the fifth and sixth abdominal segments. Ether extracts of virgin females and of females that had been mated for not more than 4 hours prior to death contained the highest concentration of the attractant. The concentration of attractant in mated females decreased as the post-copulatory interval increased. In the laboratory maximum sexual response was elicited from males exposed to as little as 0.008 female equivalent of attractant. Numerous thin-walled sensoria are present on the eight distal segments of the male antennae and apparently function as chemoreceptors. Response of males to the attractant was not affected by bilateral amputation of the five distal segments, decreased progressively with the amputation of segments 6 and 7, and was eliminated upon removal of segment 8. Males of L. californicus responded only to extracts of females of that species whereas males of Limonius canus (LeConte) responded to extracts of females of both species.
A NEPTICULID MOTH FEEDING AT THE LEAF-NECTARIES OF POPLAR
Authors: Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

There seems to be no information about the feeding habits of the adult in Nepticulidae, a family of moths well known as leaf-miners in the larval stage which belong to the primitive section Monotrysia. The following observations seem therefore to be worth recording.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LOPHYROPLECTUS LUTEATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON NEODIPRION SERTIFER (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Griffiths K. J. , Lyons L. A.
Published: December 2009

Lophyroplectus luteator (Thunb.), a European ichneumonid, was liberated in three Neodiprion sertifer-infested plantations in southern Ontario. Following one introduction in 1962, the parasite has survived 4 years and has spread at least 1.4 mites. Six per cent of the hosts collected within the plantation in 1966 produced adult parasites. Another smaller introduction in 1962 was unsuccessful. Following the third introduction, made in 1964, the parasite has survived 2 years and the attack level is now nearly 9 per cent.
THE PILL BEETLE, CYTILUS ALTERNATUS (COLEOPTERA: BYRRHIDAE), A NURSERY PEST IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Ingram W.
Published: December 2009

An unusual infestation of the pill beetle, Cytilus alternatus Say, occurred in the Provincial Forest Nursery at Gogama in northern Ontario in 1967. Although Craighead (1950) mentions species of Byrrhus, a closely related genus, as pests in nurseries, no previous record of injury to seedlings by C. alternatus could be found. Two incidental collections of C. alternutus, however, had been made previously in Ontario when a few pupae were collected in the Chapleau Forest Nursery in 1965 and a single adult was taken on St. Joseph Island in 1954. Members of the family Byrrhidae derive their common name, pill beetles, from their oval shape and their ability to “retract” their appendages when disturbed.
SCOLYTID PHEROMONES — READY OR NOT
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: December 2009

Several of what may be a lengthy series of bark-beetle pheromones have recently been identified. The availability of these substances will provide new ways to control and manipulate populations. Some of the dangers inherent in the use of such chemicals, without adequate information on the biology, behavior, and genetics of the species to be manipulated, are discussed.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ADELGES LARICIATUS (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE)
Authors: Cumming Margaret E. P.
Published: December 2009

Chermes lariciatus was described by Patch from the gallicola migrans and further information on this form was given by Annand under the genus Adelges. The complete polymorphic cycle on spruce and larch is described here, with information about the life history, habits, seasonal development, and morphology. Fundatrices overwinter as nymphs below new buds of spruce on 1-year-old needle bases. Gallicolae develop in early summer within galls which are globular in shape and usually only partly surround the twigs. Sistentes overwinter as first-instar nymphs on larch buds, wedged among the bases of the needles or scales, with the heads up and the mouth parts inserted into the bud. The progredientes and sexuparae move to the new cones in early summer when there is a cone crop, but settle on the leaf buds when there is none. Sexuales nymphs on spruce remain under the parent sexuparae during development. A diagrammatic representation of the seasonal development and a description of the morphology of the first-instar nymph and adult of each form is given. A discussion concerning the validity of this and related species is included.
THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIRCH BRACKET FUNGUS, POLYPORUS BETULINUS, IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Pielou D. P. , Verma A. N.
Published: December 2009

The adult Arthropoda occurring in, on, or emerging from 2,660 sporophores of the bracket fungus Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr., growing on dead birch, are listed. Collections were made in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba. Two hundred and fifty-seven species of Arthropoda, mainly insects and mites, were recorded; over 49,000 specimens were examined. Old, twice-wintered sporophores produce more species and more individuals. In general, the fungus is rich in species but rarely produces sizable populations of any one species.
LA SOUS-FAMILLE DES APATANIINES EN INDE (TRICHOPTERA, LIMNOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

Résumé et Introduction

Ce travail est le résultat de l'étude des Apataniines récemment capturées en Inde par l'auteur. Dix-huit espèces nouvelles appartenant aux genres Apatania Kolenati, Apataniana Mosely, Moropsyche Banks et Notania Kimmins sont décrites et quelques commentaires taxonomiques et zoogéographiques sont donnés sur chacun des genres. Dans les descriptions spécifiques, seuls l'holotype et l'allotype sont désignés mais tous les spécimens capturés sont étiquettés comme paratypes. Tous sont déposés dans la collection de l'auteur sauf un petit nombre de paratypes qui ont reçu l'hospitalité de la Collection nationale canadienne des Insectes.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUS MACROMYA (TACHINIDAE: DIPTERA)
Authors: Reinhard H. J.
Published: December 2009

The tachinid genus Macromya (type, depressa R.-D.) as here considered includes five species of which three are described as new. All members are quite similar in external adult morphology as well as in biology. In the accompanying key to the currently known species, the distinctions are made chiefly on basic color differences. The center of maximum population for the genus occurs in the neotropics; its range however extends well within the southern limits of the nearctic region.
THE DOUBTFUL OCCURRENCE OFPARANTHRENEIN JAPAN (LEPIDOPTERA: AEGERIIDAE)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

The genusParanthreneHübner was thought to be represented in Japan by four species,ferale(Leech),pernix(Leech),regale(Butler), andpurpureaYano, but study of the larvae suggest thatregale(=yezonicaMatsumura) andpurpureaare in the genusNokonaMatsumura andpernixis near or inVitaceaEngelhardt. The larvae offeraleLeech have not been examined.Nokonais raised from subgeneric status.
THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT HUMIDITY ON THE REPELLENCY OF ETHYLHEXANEDIOL (‘6-12’) TOAEDES AEGYPTI
Authors: Wood Peter Wm.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory olfactometer experiments made at constant ambient temperature (29°C) demonstrated that the protection afforded mammalian hosts by 2-ethyl hexanediol-1,3 (’6–12’) againstAedes aegyptiL. was greater at high (82%) than at low (35%) ambient relative humidity. The physical and physiological implications are discussed.
PRECOCIOUS TERMINATION OF “OBLIGATORY” DIAPAUSE IN FIELD-COLLECTED PUPAE OF ANTHERAEA POLYPHEMUS
Authors: Mansingh A. , Smallman B. N.
Published: December 2009

Antheraea polyphemus Cramer pupae, collected in early August, were found to maintain adult development at room temperature and natural daylength of late August and early September. These pupae had almost no coldhardiness, and heavy mortality occurred in the group of pupae stored at 6 °C. On the other hand, the pupae of A. polyphemus collected in late September were in diapause and were perfectly coldhardy. The possible relationship between the date of pupation and the incidence of diapause, and its significance as a natural mortality factor, is discussed.
ON THE TWO SPECIES OF BRUCHIDIUS (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) ESTABLISHED IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Bottimer L. J.
Published: December 2009

The European Bruchidius ater (Marsh.), first discovered in Massachusetts in 1918, and later in Virginia, is here recorded from Rochester, N.Y. In addition to Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link, its known host in the United States, the insect was reared from seeds of Petteria ramentacea (Sieber) Presl and Laburnum alpinum Bercht. and Presl at the New York locality. All three plants are introductions from Europe. Bruchidius unicolor (Ol.) was recognized in 1965 when it was discovered in British Columbia breeding in the seed pods of Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop. A single specimen, collected in Nicola, B.C., in 1922, indicates that the insect has been present in southwestern Canada for a considerable time.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH NOTES ON ITS BIOLOGY IN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Wood D. L. , Stark R. W.
Published: December 2009

Ips calligraphus (Germar) is distributed continentally throughout North America, including Guatemala and British Honduras. It has been collected on only rare occasions in California, primarily in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains. Four generations were observed during 1961 and 1962, and average summer development required about 40 days. All stages except the egg were observed in the winter. The unique gallery system exhibits four to six egg galleries, which range in length from 25.4 to 38.1 cm, and radiate characteristically from a large, irregular, nuptial chamber excavated by the male. At Grass Valley, Cal., this bark beetle was observed breeding predominantly in the thick-barked portions of the lower bole. Its galleries are often intermixed with those of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, I. confusus LeConte, I. latidens LeConte, and Melanophila californica Van Dyke in ponderosa pine. I. confusus was the most abundant species of Ips in all localities where I. calligraphus was found.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF THREE SPECIES OF ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE): I. PREY FINDING, CAPTURE, AND TRANSPORT
Authors: Ayre G. L.
Published: December 2009

Methods of finding, capturing, and transporting prey by the ants Formica obscuriventris Mayr, Myrmica americana Weber, and Crematogaster lineolata (Say) were studied under laboratory conditions. Each species found its prey by random searching but once the prey was attacked by one ant a definite attraction was created for other ants in the immediate area of attack. C. lineolata and M. americana workers were also recruited by means of a trail laid to the nest. The number of ants attacking each prey varied directly with the size and general resistance offered by the prey. The worker efficiency in prey transport by F. obscuriventris and M. americana varied inversely with the number of workers involved. C. lineolata did not attempt to transport the prey but fed upon it where captured.
SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS OF THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF ALBIA CAERULEA (ACARINA: AXONOPSIDAE)
Authors: Crowell Robert M.
Published: December 2009

Oviposition and hatching of Albia caerulea Marshall, 1927, are reported from laboratory observations of adults collected in Lake Opinicon, Leeds County, Ont., and of eggs deposited by them. A description is presented of newly hatched, unengorged larvae. Figures of the larva and eggs are included. Additional locality records of this species of water mite are reported.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF RHABDOPHAGA SP. (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A GALL MIDGE ATTACKING WILLOW IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The taxonomic status of Rhabdophaga sp. cannot be determined until a complete revision of the genus occurs. Rhabdophaga sp. on Salix discolor Mühl. is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-April, and shortly afterward deposit numerous eggs on the setaceous undersurface of emerging willow leaves; larval eclosion occurs between 1 and 2 weeks later. Head capsule measurements reveal three larval instars. The first-instar larva bores into the stem until it reaches the pith. Gall development begins about mid-June shortly after the second instar appears. The third-instar larva overwinters in the gall and the pupa appears in early April. The prolate gall is found on the proximal ends of young willow shoots; heavily galled shoots usually die.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE WILLOW BEAKED GALL MIDGE, MAYETIOLA RIGIDAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

The willow beaked gall midge, Mayetiola rigidae (Osten Sacken), is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from bud galls on Salix discolor Mühl. and other willows on mornings of warm days in early April. Eggs are laid singly on or near the buds of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The last two instars each possess a spatula. The first-instar larva emerges in late April and penetrates the soft bud tissues. The gall begins to develop at the beginning of the second instar in mid-May. The third instar appears in early July and continues to enlarge the gall until fall. Prior to overwintering, the larva lines the inner chamber of the gall with silk and constructs one to seven silken septa across the passageway. Pupation occurs in mid-March. The gall deforms the stem and occasionally a galled branch dies or breaks off.
INSECT PREDATORS OF MUMMIFIED PEA APHIDS
Authors: Wheeler A. G. , Hayes J. T. , Stephens J. L.
Published: December 2009

Aphid parasite larvae in early stages of development are frequently destroyed when insect predators feed on active aphid prey. Stary (1966) discussed insect predators that may feed on living aphids, and thus destroy parasite eggs or larvae. He noted, however, only one case of direct attack on an aphid mummy: that of chrysopid larvae on Aphis fabae Scopoli parasitized by the braconid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall). No observations were reported of direct attacks on mummified aphids by coccinellids, syrphids, or other aphidophagous insects.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD MICROPEPLINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) WITH A REARRANGEMENT OF THE WORLD SPECIES
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The New World species of the staphylinid subfamily Micropeplinae are revised. Three genera are recognized:KalissusLeconte with 1 species,MicropeplusLatreille with 11 species, andPeplomicrusBernhauer with 3 species. Of the three previously recognized subgenera ofMicropeplus,ArrhenopeplusKoch is placed in synonymy withMicropeplus, andPeplomicrusis elevated to generic status. New species are:M.durangoensisfrom Mexico,M.neotomaefrom California and Oregon,M.brownifrom eastern Canada and the United States,M.robustusfrom California and Oregon,M.leconteifrom southern California, andP.dybasifrom Costa Rica and Panama.Micropeplus obliquusLeconte is placed in synonymy withM.sculptusLeconte, andM.oregonensisHatch is placed in synonymy withM.punctatusLeconte. The genusMicropeplusis divided into six species groups based on an examination of both Old and New World species. A checklist of the species of Micropeplinae places all the described species in the proposed classification. Two African species,M.africanusCameron andM.carayoniJarrige, and one Central American species,M.acumenSharp, are transferred to the genusPeplomicrus.
AN APPRAISAL OF METHODS OF SAMPLING APPLE TREES AND RESULTS OF SOME TESTS USING A SAMPLING UNIT COMMON TO INSECT PREDATORS AND THEIR PREY
Authors: Lord F. T.
Published: December 2009

Current methods of sampling predator and prey populations on apple trees use two different indexes to measure the comparative abundance of each. Techniques are sought that relate the proportions of one to the other in the sampling universe (the orchard) in a quantitative manner. The most important criterion is that the sampling unit be one common to both predator and prey species and encompass representative portions of the habitat of each. The whole tree meets this criterion but it is too cumbersome to samplein toto. The large limb was, therefore, appraised for feasibility as a basic sampling unit common to many species. All clusters were counted and the predators and prey expressed as numbers per 100 clusters. The whole limb was examined for insect predators but only a representative portion of it was used in estimating mite populations. The test prey species was the European red mite,Panonychus ulmi(Koch), and the predators a small number of active insect species, mostlyDiaphnocoris pellucida(Uhler) andAnthocoris musculus(Say). It was found that the numbers of mites on randomly chosen clusters from a limb were representative of the total population of mites on a limb but the associated variation was high. Samples of relatively uniform (standard) clusters of good vigour overestimated the mite population. Some other causes of variation were also examined and are discussed. A 2-year orchard test showed it was feasible to estimate the abundance of both mites and predators on a common basis and thus obtain a measure of the ratio of mites to predators in the sampling universe.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM CANADA
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Two new species of aphids are described: apterous and alate viviparous females and oviparae of Macrosiphum hamiltoni new species, on Humulus lupulus L. in Manitoba; and apterous viviparous females and oviparae of Kakimia canadensis new species on Lonicera involucrata (Richards.) Banks in British Columbia and Idaho.
THE EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM OILS ON BARTLETT PEARS AND ON PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Williams K.
Published: December 2009

The following oils were evaluated for control of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, phytotoxicity, and persistence on Bartlett pear trees; Orchex 696, Orchex 796 with 0.46% emulsifier, Orchex 796 with 1% emulsifier, PGSO-1, PGSO-2, and Volck Supreme. The oils were applied at the rate of 5 gal per acre in a three-spray program, one at the delayed dormant period and two during the summer.

Orchex 796 (1% emulsifier) and Volck Superme oil gave the best control of pear psylla, PGSO-1 and PGSO-2 were intermediate, and Orchex 696 and Orchex 796 (0.46% emulsifier) were the least effective. Each of the oils gave excellent control of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch).

The oils caused enlargement and corkiness of the bark lenticels on 1-, 2-, and 3-year old wood. The pear fruits showed darker green lenticels than unsprayed fruit, but this green spotting did not persist when the pears were ripened.

Analysis showed each oil to be persistent upon pear foliage. There was little loss after 8 days and an average of 28% loss after 25 days.
GLYPHINA LONGISETA, A NEW ALDER-INFESTING APHID FROM NOVA SCOTIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Glyphina longiseta, a new alder-infesting aphid, is described from Nova Scotia and its affinities noted.
A CHAMBER FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND SOIL MOISTURE ON INSECT EGGS
Authors: Doane J. F. , Allan R. K.
Published: December 2009

Construction and performance of a humidity chamber, designed to provide an optimum relationship between volume and conditioning-solution surface area, are described.
ANTS, APHIDS, AND JACK PINE IN MANITOBA
Authors: Bradley G. A. , Hinks J. D.
Published: December 2009

Two species of ants, Formica obscuripes Forel and Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) taschenbergi (Mayr), attended species of Cinara, mainly C. gracilis (Wilson) on Pinus banksiana Lamb., in the Sandilands Forest Reserve, Man. The aphids occurred only on trees near ant hills. Removing the aphids by spraying had no serious effect on the ants. Destruction of an ant colony was followed by the disappearance of the aphids. The trees benefited through removal of defoliating insects by the ants.
SURVIVAL OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID ON ABIES LOGS
Authors: Atkins M. D. , Woods T. A. D.
Published: December 2009

Survival of the balsam woolly aphid on Abies grandis logs was observed to evaluate the danger of spreading the pest while moving logs. Active stages of the aphid survived submergence in sea water for 7 days and periodic sprinkling with sea water for 3 weeks. Dormant stages survived submergence up to 28 days. Active aphids survived on logs in the forest as long as 5 months. Crawlers frequently re-established on logs and completed a second generation there. Dormant neosistentes on autumn-felled trees persisted over winter and resumed development in the spring. Recommendations for moving infested logs through uninfested areas are made.
NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF THE HOST TREE AND POPULATION GROWTH OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)
Authors: Carrow J. Roderick , Graham K.
Published: December 2009

The relationship between nutrition of the host tree, Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, as influenced by nitrogen fertilizers, and the growth of populations of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), was investigated. Sixty trees, growing in a greenhouse in two soil types, a nutrient-deficient mineral soil and an enriched humic soil, were infested with woolly aphid larvae. Subsequently, groups of 10 trees received foliar treatments of various concentrations of ammonium nitrate and urea. The following year, 32 young trees in Seymour Valley, B.C., were studied to determine the effect of fertilization of uninfested trees on establishment of aphid larvae.

In the greenhouse, foliar sprays of 1% ammonium nitrate solution resulted in a 23% decrease in population in 10 weeks, as contrasted with a 31% increase in the control population. In the field, larval establishment was 31% to 37% lower on the ammonium nitrate-treated trees than on the control trees. Inasmuch as there was no evidence of increased mortality of aphids in situ, we infer that the fertilizer acts primarily by inhibiting initial settling of larvae on the host trees.
NOTES ON THE SIPHONAPTERA OF NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Brown N. R.
Published: December 2009

A complete list of the 29 species of fleas known from New Brunswick is presented, including several species not previously recorded and one previously undescribed species. New records are listed, with host data, for most of the species.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PINYON PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION EDULICOLUS, IN EASTERN NEVADA (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: McGregor Mark D. , Sandin L. Otto
Published: December 2009

The pinyon pine sawfly, Neodiprion edulicolus Ross, has periodically caused serious defoliation of singleleaf pinyon, Pinus monophylla Torr. and Frem., in the Intermountain Region. Infestations have been short-lived, however, and widespread tree mortality has not been known to occur.

The first recorded outbreak of N. edulicolus in the Intermountain Region was detected in 1959 along Nores Truck Road near Pioche, Nevada. Mortality of smaller trees occurred. Population levels were low in 1962, 1963, and 1964.

Over 100,000 acres of pinyon pine in the same general area near Pioche and near Caliente, Nevada, were heavily defoliated in 1965 and 1966. Most of the pinyon were rendered unfit for sale as Christmas trees.

The life cycle and stages are typical of Neodiprion species. Eggs overwinter in pinyon needles; eclosion commences in April and is completed by mid-May. Feeding larvae develop through four to six instars; ultimate instars drop to the ground and spin cocoons underneath duff and in sandy soil beneath the host trees in June. Prepupae spend the summer in the cocoon, pupate in the fall, and adults emerge in October and November to mate and oviposit.

Unfavorable climatic factors, followed by heavy parasitism of the remaining larvae, reduced the sawfly population to a low level near Pioche in 1960, and near Caliente in 1966.
AN ANNOTATED KEY TO DROSOPHILID GENERA WITH BARE OR MICROPUBESCENT ARISTAE AND A REVISION OF PARACACOXENUS (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

The world genera (15 in all) of Drosophilidae with bare (i.e., non-plumose) aristae are brought together, and a key is provided for identifying them. Notes are provided in the key on type species, synonymy, numbers and distributions of included species, and pertinent literature. The genus Paracacoxenus Hardy is revised to include not only its one Nearctic species, guttatus Hardy and Wheeler, but also three European species that were originally assigned to Cacoxenus Loew, i.e., argyreator (Frey), exiguus (Duda), and inquilinus (Hendel). Lectotypes are designated for Cacoxenus punctatus Duda (a junior synonym of Gitonides perspicax Knab), for Gitona vlasovi Duda, for Paracacoxenus argyreator (Frey), and for P. exiguus (Duda). The paper includes 30 figures.
DISTINGUISHING LARVAE AND PUPAE OF THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA, AND THE BRUCE SPANWORM, O. BRUCEATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Embree D. G.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and the Bruce spanworm, O. bruceata (Hulst), differ in the number of instars, in habits, and slightly in morphology. Populations may be distinguished readily by these criteria, but individual larvae sometimes give difficulty. The form of the pupal cremaster is distinctly different.
SOME RESPONSES OF THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI, TO IMMERSION IN WATER
Authors: Herne D. H. C.
Published: December 2009

Different stages of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), were immersed in water for periods up to 48 hours. Mortality of eggs was negligible; of active stages it was low but appreciable. Immersion in water inhibited egg hatching, feeding, moulting, and oviposition. It was concluded that if the mite responds similarly under orchard conditions, frequent or prolonged wet periods would delay the buildup of a mite infestation.
GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THYCE, PLECTRODES, DINACOMA, AND HYPOTRICHIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES FROM EASTERN TEXAS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: MELOLONTHINI)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: December 2009

Hypothyce mixta, a new genus and species from eastern Texas is described and compared with the related genera Thyce LeConte, Plectrodes Horn, Dinacoma Casey, and Hypotrichia LeConte. A key to the genera of Melolonthini of America north of Mexico is included and the genus Hypotrichia is transferred from the Liparetrini to the Melolonthini.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF TWO MITE PREDATORS OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE
Authors: McClanahan R. J.
Published: December 2009

Oviposition of the predacious mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Typhlodromus fallacis began 2 days after mating, reached a peak in 1 week, and then declined irregularly. The rates of oviposition were higher, and the oviposition period shorter at 26° than at 20°C. P. persimilis laid 47% more eggs than T. fallacis. The generation time for both species was very dependent on temperature. Minimum values of 112 hours for P. persimilis and 127 hours for T. fallacis were obtained at 28°.

Calculations of potential predator populations from the generation time, age-specific fecundity, and proportion of females were made on a daily basis for successive generations. The potential number of living females derived from one mated pair increased logarithmically after a few cycles representing new generations. The rate of increase of P. persimilis populations was 26% higher than that of T. fallacis, and in both species the rate at 26° was about double the rate at 20°.
A REVISION OF THE WORLD FAUNA OFTUBERCULATUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM CHINA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

TuberculatusMordwilko as here understood consists of the following 14 species:californicus(Baker),capitatus(Essig and Kuwana),columbiaeRichards,kiowanicus(Hottes),maureri(Swain),orientalisnew species,pallidus(Davidson),pasaniae(Davidson),querceus(Kaltenbach),quercicolus(Matsumura),querciformosanus(Takahashi),stigmatus(Matsumura),tuberculatusnew species, andyokoyamai(Takahashi).Tuberculatuspreviously includedquerceusandcolumbiae. Each species is redescribed and illustrated, and a key and a host index are provided.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF PITYOPHTHORUS FROM CANADA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) are described from Canada: aquilonius from the Yukon Territory, collinus attacking Pinus albicaulis in British Columbia, and orarius attacking Pseudotsuga menziesii in British Columbia.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANOXIA AND HYPOXIA ON THE EUROPEAN RED MITE,PANONYCHUS ULMI(ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Putman Wm. L.
Published: December 2009

Progressively increasing lengths of exposure to pure nitrogen caused temporary anaesthesia, irreversible partial paralysis, and death, in that order, to the European red mite,Panonychus ulmi(Koch). The immature stages, especially eggs, were more tolerant than adult females. Confinement in 2.5% oxygen at a relative humidity approximating 100% had no effect on the mites, except on oviposition, beyond that of high humidity alone.
PHOSPHOMONOESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OFSCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA
Authors: Naqvi S. N. H. , Ashrafi Shahid H. , Qadri M. A. H.
Published: December 2009

The acid and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in the developing egg and in the alimentary canal of aging nymphs as well as adult males and females of different ages. Para-nitrophenol was used as colorimetric standard and disodiump-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate. Activity was measured in terms of micromoles ofp-nitrophenol liberated from the substrate as a result of enzyme action.

Acid phosphatase activity was noticed to increase with the embryonic development and was higher than in the case of alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase activity was lowest in the freshly laid egg, but increased more sharply than acid phosphatase during embryonic development.

The activity of both the acid and alkaline phosphatases was highest in the first instar and declined gradually to the fifth instar. The activity of acid phosphatase was higher than alkaline phosphatase in all stages except the first instar where it was almost equal. The activity of both the enzymes was higher during the intermoulting period and declined at each moult indicating a hormone–enzyme relationship.

In adults, activity of both the enzymes increased up to the maturation period after which the activity gradually decreased. Acid phosphatase activity was generally higher in males whereas alkaline phosphatase activity was generally higher in females. In almost all cases, the acid phosphatase activity was found to be higher than the alkaline phosphatase.
THE BIOLOGY OF CHORISTONEURA HOUSTONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), A PEST OF JUNIPERUS SPECIES
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Thompson Hugh E.
Published: December 2009

Choristoneura houstonana (Grote) lays eggs singly in July. Egg development ranged from 8 to 11 days, with the majority hatching 10 days after oviposition.

Larvae are solitary, and mine during early instars but later instars feed externally on leaves in shelters made by webbing foliage together. There is one generation each year and overwintering occurs in a hibernaculum, in mined leaves. Field-collected head-capsule width frequencies indicated nine larval instars. Rearing larvae on seedling junipers indoors indicated a range of 8–11 instars.

Pupation occurs during June and July in the shelter where the larva feeds. The pupal stage lasted about 10 days at a constant temperature of 80°F.
MEASURING MOSQUITO REPELLENCY
Authors: Kellogg F. E. , Burton D. J. , Wright R. H.
Published: December 2009

A machine is described which generates a standard, mosquito-attracting “target” to which controlled additions of various volatile chemicals can be made and the amount needed to repel the insects thereby measured in micromoles per liter of air. The apparatus can be used with both solids and liquids as well as with blends or mixtures. While principally intended for testing mosquito repellents, it can probably be adapted for use with other biting insects and ticks.
THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) AND ITS PARASITES IN EUROPE
Authors: Carl K. P.
Published: December 2009

The distribution, ecology, and host-plants of the European skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.), are described, and notes given on its biology and abundance in continental Europe. Agricultural practices are responsible for its virtual absence from hay-fields; however, even in undisturbed wild host-plant communities, it is never abundant, and has never required control measures as in Canada. Parasites of T. lineola are listed, with notes on their life-histories, distribution, host spectra, relative abundance, annual fluctuations, and interpopulation variations. Parasites reared were Phryxe vulgaris Fall., Thecocarcelia incedens Rond, (both attacking larvae, but sometimes emerging after host pupation), Rogas tristis Wesm. (larval parasite), Labrorychus delarvatus Grav. (larval–pupal parasite), Stenichneumon scutellator Grav. and Brachymeria intermedia Nees (pupal parasites); an undetermined mermithid was reared from larvae and also once from an adult S. scutellator. Rogas tristis was attacked by the hyperparasite Mesochorus macrurus Thoms., and S. scutellator by Gelis cursitans F. Potentialities of the more important species for biological control of T. lineola in Canada are discussed. S. scutellator, which is well synchronized with the host, regularly parasitizes 30–50% of pupae and is the most promising natural enemy for introduction, although in Canada it will compete with the native Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). R. tristis (3–57% parasitism) and P. vulgaris (8–44%), with high constancy in Europe, might be considered for introduction to Canada because of the absence there of effective native larval parasites. T. incedens, although probably a specific hesperiid parasite, is uncommon (usually 1–5% parasitism) and has low constancy in central Europe. All other species encountered are rare on T. lineola. Comparison of parasite complexes in Europe and Canada, where the host has acquired 22 natural enemies, shows that four genera are represented in both areas; of three holarctic species two have been found associated with T. lineola only in Canada, and one only in Europe.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON EURYCHOROMYIA MALLEA (DIPTERA: EURYCHOROMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Peculiarities of the Bolivian fly Eurychoromyia mallea Hendel are reviewed and information on the male sex is presented for the first time. Morphological characters of the adults indicate that it is a specialized decendant of a ropalomerid-like ancestor. A lectotype is designated for the species.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. I
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new pyraustine taxa are described: Pseudebulea fentoni sadoensis n. subsp., Sado I., Japan; P. f. yezoensis n. subsp., Hokkaido, Japan; P. f. ussuriensis n. subsp., Ussuri region, USSR; P. f. koreensis n. subsp., Korea; P. hainanensis n. sp., Hainan I., China; P. lungtanensis n. sp., Kiangsu Prov., China; P. kuatunensis n. sp., Fukien Prov., China; P. k. ichangensis n. subsp., Hupeh Prov., China; Aristebulea n. gen., type-sp. A. nobilis (Moore) n. comb., described in Pionea; A. principis n. sp., Fukien Prov., China; Mimetebulea n. gen., type-sp. M. arctialis n. sp.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. II
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

The following new pyraustine taxa are described: Thliptoceras formosanum n. sp., Taiwan, China; T. amamialis n. sp., Amami, Japan; T. caradjai n. sp., Kiangsu and Chekiang provinces, China; Toxobotys n. gen., type-sp. Toxobotys praestans n. sp., Hainan I.
APHIDS ON STRAWBERRY IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Stultz H. T.
Published: December 2009

Fifty-six species were recognized among 6886 aphids identified in 312 collections taken from strawberry plantations in Nova Scotia, 1961–1966. Forty-nine species were classed as errants and seven were classed as colonizers on strawberry. The most numerous colonizers were Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), averaging 71 and 18.5% respectively of all the aphids identified. The other colonizers were Aphis forbesi Weed (1.4%), Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (1.0%). Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (1.0%), Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (0.1%), C. minor (Forbes) (0.2%), and Chaetosiphon sp. (0.1%).

Colonizers, mostly R. porosum, were observed on strawberry plantations from the time winter cover was removed in the spring until late in November when a winter cover was applied. Alate viviparous females were first observed during the second week of June on both old and new plantations and were most numerous during a period extending from the third week m June until nearly the end of August. Nymphs were first seen on new plantations when the first alatae were observed. Apterous viviparae reached near-maximum numbers early in July and were present, sometimes in relatively high number, until nearly the end of September. Sexuales began to appear late in September, reached peak numbers early in November, and were still present when observations were discontinued late in November. No consistent difference was noted in the numbers of aphids alighting on or colonizing plants of three different commercial strawberry varieties (Sparkle, Catskill, and Robinson). The amount of colonization was markedly greater on the commercial varieties than it was on Fragaria vesca L. (EMC). The significance of the results in relation to the control of aphid-borne viruses is discussed.
NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON AGROTIS OBESULA AND AGROTIPHILA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

Agrotis obesula Smith is synonymous with the European Agrotis trux Hübner. Because of the fact that it was based on a "misidentified" type species, Agrotiphila Grote should be construed as a senior synonym of Agrotimorpha Barnes and Benjamin, and not of Orosagrotis Hampson.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC GENUS NEOSYMYDOBIUS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Neosymydobius Baker is a small genus of aphids that is associated with Quercus spp. in North America. Six species are known, as follows: agrifoliae (Essig), albasiphus (Davis), canadensis Richards, chrysolepis (Swain), luteus Tissot, and memoralis Hottes and Frison. All species are redescribed and an illustrated key is offered.
LABORATORY PROPAGATION OF THE PARASITE CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) AND NOTES ON INTERACTION WITH ITS HOST, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA
Authors: Quednau F. W.
Published: December 2009

A method is described for mass-rearing Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratzeburg) on larch casebearer larvae, employing a water culture system for tamarack. The rearing unit accommodates a well-defined episode (limited contact) in the interaction with its host. The yield is about 100 healthy parasites obtained from 300 cases, when the initial inoculum was 15 parasite females.
A METHOD FOR SEPARATING THE EGGS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR, FROM SOIL
Authors: Doane John F.
Published: December 2009

A technique is described whereby an average of 99% (96–100%) of known numbers of eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) were removed from units of soil 1/2 pint in volume. Average time to process each unit was 11/2 man-hours.
STUDIES OF FECUNDITY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), ON THE NIAGARA PENINSULA OF ONTARIO
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. , Proctor Jean R.
Published: December 2009

Unsprayed apple trees measurably increased the numbers of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck), in adjacent peach trees in only 1 of 4 years, though the apples were rather heavily infested. The moth became evenly dispersed throughout a previously uninfected peach orchard within three generations. Caged orchard trees were unsatisfactory for studying behaviour because the environment within the cages differed from that in the orchard. Experimental studies indicated that fecundity of the females was variable between years and generations and a varying proportion laid no eggs. Intraspecific competition between newly hatched larvae occurred at low egg densities; egg mortality was small but mortality of newly hatched larvae was large.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE): II. WESTERN CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE BAUMHOFERI AND PONDEROSAE GROUPS
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene , Ross D. A.
Published: December 2009

The following new species and subspecies of Dioryctria Zeller are described: D. pentictonella, related to D. baumhoferi Heinrich, from buds of young Pinns ponderosa in the interior region of British Columbia; D. pentictonella vancouverella from buds of P. contorta and of several introduced species of Pinus in coastal British Columbia; D. okanaganella, related to D. ponderosae Dyar, from old pitch nodules and blister rust on Pinus ponderosa in the interior of British Columbia and in Washington.
PARASITISM OF THE CONE MOTH EUCOSMA RESCISSORIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Goyer Richard A. , Schenk John A.
Published: December 2009

Twelve species of parasitic insects were associated with Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, cones in northern Idaho from 1963 to 1965. Pimplopterus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Chelonus petrovae McComb (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Apanteles starki Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Psalidopteryx psilocorsiphaga Brooks (Diptera: Tachinidac), in order of decreasing abundance, accounted for approximately 95% of the total parasitism. One additional species, Bracon rhyacioniae (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was present locally in small numbers. The four major species increased their rates of parasitism from 9.4 to 40.9% in one area during this 3-year study and were shown to be effective natural control agents of E. rescissoriana in seed-production areas.
RESPONSES OF POPULATIONS OF PHYTOPHAGOUS AND PREDACEOUS MITES ON CITRUS TO CESSATION OF SPRAYING
Authors: Rasmy Aly H.
Published: December 2009

A 3-year study in two orange orchards in Egypt showed that when sprays were eliminated, citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), was not a problem. The response of both phytophagous and predaceous mites to cessation of pesticide sprays was determined.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE ONITIS GROUP OF THE GENUS TRIECES (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: December 2009

The onitis group of the ichneumonid genus Trieces in the Nearctic region is revised to include redefinitions of the three previously described species, onitis (Davis), arcuatus Townes and Townes, and diffidens Townes and Townes, plus descriptions of six new species. A key to species, and illustrations are provided. Host data are given for six species, all of which are parasites of deciduous forest Lepidoptera in Canada.
OBSERVATIONS ON RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI AND R. FITCHII (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN MANITOBA
Authors: Robinson A. G. , Chen Ya-Hwai
Published: December 2009

The summer forms of two aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and R. fitchii (Sand.) are similar morphologically, but R. padi has a chromosome count of 2n = 8, and R. fitchii of 2n = 10. Observations were made on these species on wheat, oats, and barley in the field and laboratory, using chromosome counts to verify species identity. Although they inhabit overlapping niches on the same host plants, there are small differences in behavior. Both species were found on barley in the field, although R. padi is much more abundant than R. fitchii. Both species were successfully reared on Poa pratensis L. and P. trivialis L. in a growth room. R. padi could be reared on shepherd’s-purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic, but not R. fitchii.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE) IN NEWFOUNDLAND, 1967
Authors: Hopewell W. W. , Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

Five insecticides (Baygon, diazinon, Dursban, Furadan, and menazon), previously shown to have some effect on control of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), on branches of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., have been tested more intensively. Individual trees were sprayed from the ground with 1.0, 0.5, or 0.25 litre of solution containing 5% active ingredient (an approximate per acre dosage rate of 12 to 25 lb). Dursban, Baygon, and diazinon caused 85, 75, and 72% mortality respectively. Furadan and menazon were less effective, causing 56 and 34% mortality.
A REVIEW OF THE HOLARCTIC GENUSROEPKEAWITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW NEARCTIC SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Roepkea, as here understood, consists of 10 species whose primary or winter hosts are the Pruneae and the Pomeae and whose secondary or summer hosts are mainly the Leguminosae.R.marchali(Börner) is the only endemic Palaearctic species known. The Nearctic species are:bakeri(Cowen);crataegifoliae(Fitch);kachena(Hottes);multisetisnew species;punctatanew species;sclerosanew species;sensoriata(Gillette and Bragg);yohoensis(Bradley);zabapsisnew species. A key and host index is provided.