bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in First-Year Growth of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens): Predictions from a Simple Model, Observations, and an Experiment
Authors: Post John R. , McQueen Donald J.
Published: July 2008

First-year growth of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, varies by greater than an order of magnitude among populations and among cohorts within populations. The variability in growth rates of natural and enclosure-reared young-of-the-year yellow perch could be explained by the availability of benthic and/or plank-tonic prey (R2 = 0.093–0.098). Mean annual water temperature and cumulative degree-days did not add to the explanatory power of the relationships. The faster growing natural cohorts included more benthos in their diet; however, benthos is not necessary to sustain the highest growth rates because the fastest growth rates were observed in enclosure cohorts that lacked benthic invertebrates. Cohorts in lakes and enclosures that had a high proportion of Daphnia in the zooplankton community also supported higher first-year growth rates. The results of the enclosure experiment suggest that the dominant mechanism creating growth variability is density-dependent intra-age-class competition. Our empirical results, when coupled with a simple model, suggest that the assumption of a negative relationship between energetic costs of foraging and prey abundance, on a daily time scale, is the most appropriate because it acts to amplify growth variability across ranges of prey abundance.
Seasonal Consumption by Dace (Phoxinus eos × P. neogaeus): A Comparison between Field and Bioenergetic Model Estimates
Authors: Trudel Marc , Boisclair Daniel
Published: July 2008

We compared the predictions of two bioenergetic models with independent field-derived estimates of consumption rates for dace (Phoxinus eos × P. neogaeus). These two models differ only in the energy that fish allocate to standard metabolism and activity. Daily ration and body mass of age 3+ dace from Lake Triton were estimated on 29 occasions during a 67-d period (June 22 – August 27, 1992). Water temperature and caloric density of fish and food were also monitored. Fish growth was on average 2.5 cal∙d−1 (1 cal = 4.19 J). Observed cumulative consumption for an average fish was 7.6 kcal. Seasonal consumption predicted by the first and second models was 33.5 and 6.5 kcal, respectively. The prediction of the second model was not significantly different from our direct estimate. The second bioenergetic model can be used to accurately predict the feeding rate of dace in the field by using models of maximum standard respiration (MSR) currently available in the literature (intercept = 0.015, slope = −0.2) with an activity multiplier of 1. Alternatively, because these models often include energy expenditures associated with digestion and/or activity, a MSR model having an intercept of 0.006 with an activity multiplier of 3 can also be used.
Temporal and Seasonal Trends in Nutrient Dynamics and Biomass Measures in Lakes Michigan and Ontario in Response to Phosphorus Control
Authors: Johengen T. H. , Johannsson Ora E. , Pernie G. Laird , Millard E. S.
Published: July 2008

Results from long-term ecological monitoring studies on Lake Michigan (1983–92) and Lake Ontario (1981–92) were compared with regard to changes in phosphorus loads. In Lake Ontario, total phosphorus (TP) loads decreased from 14 000 t∙yr−1 in 1970 to 7500 t∙yr−1 in 1981, and correspondingly, midlake TP concentration decreased from 25 to 16 μg∙L−1 From 1981 to 1991 TP loads remained around 7500 t∙yr−1; however, TP concentration continued to decline from 16 to 10 μg∙L−1. Similarly, mean summer particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll a (CHLa), and nitrate utilization rate decreased by approximately 40, 20, and 50%, respectively. Conversely, silica utilization rates increased markedly after 1983. In Lake Michigan, TP loads also decreased by around 50% from 1974 to 1990 (2000 t∙yr−1); however, TP concentrations at our 100-m station in the southern basin increased during the study period from around 4 to 8 μg∙L−1 There were no distinct trends in CHLa or nutrient utilization patterns; however, POC levels decreased sharply after 1987. Overall, silica utilization rates in Lake Michigan were 50% higher than in Lake Ontario (14.7 vs. 9.6 μg∙L−1∙d−1), whereas nitrate utilization rates were only half (1.4 vs. 4.1 μg∙L−1∙d−1).
Mysis relicta: Assessment of Metalimnetic Feeding and Implications for Competition with Fish in Lakes Ontario and Michigan
Authors: Johannsson Ora E. , Rudstam Lars G. , Lasenby David C.
Published: July 2008

Mysis relicta and planktivorous fish in Lakes Ontario and Michigan both feed on crustacean zooplankton in the metalimnion. Are these zooplankton sufficient to meet the energy requirements of mysids? Could mysids remove a significant proportion of zooplankton production? Are the energy requirements in the two lakes similar? Comparisons in Lake Ontario of zooplankton consumption based on clearance rates, with energy requirements based on bioenergetic modelling, revealed that individual mysids, particularly larger ones, required additional energy sources. The denser mysid populations beyond 100 m depth in Lake Ontario could exert high mortality rates on metalimnetic zooplankton, remove a significant proportion of daily zooplankton production, and consequently, potentially compete with planktivorous fish. At depths < 100 m, the mysid population was smaller and could remove only 6–19% of zooplankton production per day in summer when competition with planktivorous fish would be maximal. Generation time is shorter in Lake Michigan because winter growth rates remain high. Consequently, less energy is required to complete a generation in Lake Michigan than in Lake Ontario.
Restricted Movement in Resident Stream Salmonids: A Paradigm Lost?
Authors: Gowan Charles , Young Michael K. , Fausch Kurt D. , Riley Stephen C.
Published: July 2008

Gerking (1959. Biol. Rev. 34: 221–242) proposed a theory about the restricted movement of stream fishes that may be considered a paradigm in salmonid biology. The restricted movement paradigm (our term) hold that resident stream salmonids are sedentary. Numerous studies have supported the restricted movement paradigm, but nearly all have relied on the recapture of marked fish from the same areas in which they were released, an approach we believe is biased against detecting movement. We found substantial movement of trout in streams in Colorado and Wyoming using two-way weirs and radio telemetry. A review of the research on Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin, also showed that movement was important in the response of the trout population to habitat enhancement. Movement of resident stream fish has profound implications for research (e.g., measuring production and habitat models) and management (e.g., habitat enhancement, special regulations, and stocking hatchery fish). Methods capable of detecting fish movement could be incorporated into many studies to assess its importance in systems of interest. New theories and experiments are needed to understand the mechanisms that cause stream salmonids to move.
The first doubled haploid linkage map for cultivated oat
Authors: Tanhuanpää Pirjo , Kalendar Ruslan , Schulman Alan H. , Kiviharju Elina
Published: July 2008

To date, all linkage maps of hexaploid oat ( Avena sativa L.) have been constructed using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Doubled haploids (DHs), however, have the advantage over RILs of their comprehensive homozygosity. DHs have been used for mapping in several cereal species, but in oats the production of large DH populations has only recently become an option. A linkage map of hexaploid oat was constructed using an anther culture–derived DH population (137 individuals) from the F1individuals of a cross between the Finnish cultivar ‘Aslak’ and the Swedish cultivar ‘Matilda’. The map is composed of 28 linkage groups containing 625 DNA markers: 375 AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms), 3 IRAPs (inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms), 12 ISSRs (inter simple sequence repeats), 12 microsatellites, 57 RAPDs (random amplified polymorphic DNAs), 59 REMAPs (retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphisms), 105 SRAPs (sequence-related amplified polymorphisms), and 2 SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms). The total map size is 1526 cM. Over half of the markers in the map showed distorted segregation, with alleles from ‘Aslak’ usually prevailing. This is explained by the better performance of ‘Aslak’ in anther culture. Quantitative trait loci affecting some important quality and agronomic traits are being localized on the map.
Loss of 5S rDNA units in the evolution ofAgropyron,Pseudoroegneria, andDouglasdeweya
Authors: Baum B. R. , Edwards T. , Johnson D. A.
Published: July 2008

We have investigated relationships among the three closely related genera Agropyron , Pseudoroegneria , and Douglasdeweya. Based upon grouping of 330 5S rDNA sequences into unit classes, we found that Douglasdeweya, with the genomic constitution PPStSt, has 2 unit classes, the long P1 and short S1, and Pseudoroegneria, with the genomic constitution StSt or StStStSt, has the long S1 and short S1 unit classes. In contrast, only the long P1 unit class was found in species of the genus Agropyron (PP). Having a single unit class is unique among all the genera of the tribe Triticeae investigated so far and may reflect gene loss or lineage sorting during its genesis. The presence of the short S1 and long P1 unit classes confirms the amphiploid origin of Douglasdeweya.
Influence of hydrodynamic effects on iceberg collisions
Authors: Isaacson Michael , McTaggart Kevin
Published: July 2008

This paper examines various hydrodynamic effects which should be considered when analyzing iceberg collisions with a fixed structure. Iceberg added mass is among the hydrodynamic parameters that must be known to evaluate collision severity. Effective added mass is shown to vary with collision duration and recommendations are made for the selection of added masses to be used in iceberg collision design. Iceberg impact velocities are influenced by waves and currents, which can both be significantly influenced by the presence of a large structure. Wave-driven iceberg drift motions are shown to be more sensitive than current-driven motions to the presence of a structure. The contribution of wave-induced oscillatory motions to impact velocity is also discussed. Key words: added mass, hydrodynamics, ice impact, icebergs, ocean engineering, offshore structures.
Effect of temperature and galvanization on the compressive strength of cold-formed angles
Authors: Polyzois D. , Charnvarnichborikarn P. , Rizkalla S. , Wong C. K.
Published: July 2008

An experimental program was conducted at The University of Manitoba to investigate the effect of subfreezing temperatures and galvanization on the compressive strength of cold-formed steel angles. The study involved the testing of 20 cold-formed angles, 55 × 55 × 4 mm, with a slenderness ratio of approximately 70. Equal numbers of galvanized and ungalvanized angles were tested at various temperatures ranging from −45 to 25 °C. The material properties were obtained through 48 standard tension coupon tests conducted at the same temperature range. The results showed that the capacity of the angles measured at temperatures below −40 °C was approximately 8% higher than the capacity at room temperature. Similar results were obtained during testing of the standard tension coupons where the yield and tensile strengths of the steel used were approximately 10% higher at temperatures below −40 °C than at room temperature. On the average, the ultimate capacity of galvanized angles was approximately 9% higher than that of ungalvanized angles. Although the yield strength of the corner coupons was between 13% and 27% higher than that of flat coupons tested at room temperature, the compressive strength of the full-size angles was influenced mainly by the material properties of the flat regions. A comparison of the measured and predicted capacities using the current Canadian standard and American specification indicated that the Canadian standard overestimated the ultimate capacity of the angles by as much as 37%, while the American specification underestimated the capacity by as much as 45%. Key words: angles, cold-formed, galvanized, temperature, compression, ultimate.
Effect of mechanical model on back-calculated pavement modulus
Authors: Stolle D. F. E.
Published: July 2008

In recent years nondestructive testing techniques have become popular for evaluating the structural integrity of pavements. An important factor for the interpretation of the test data is the mechanical model used in the back-calculation analyses. It is demonstrated that simplifications introduced for material modelling of the subgrade can have a significant influence on the prediction of the pavement structure moduli from surface deflection data. Key words: back calculation, pavement, Winkler foundation, elastic halfspace.
Thirteenth Bjerrum Memorial Lecture: A case history of mysterious settlements in a building
Authors: Duncan J. M.
Published: July 2008

This lecture describes the investigation of large and damaging settlements in the One Lombard Building in San Francisco Calif. The cause of the settlements was a mystery. Although it was known that settlement began during construction of a major new sewer near the building, it was not clear how the settlements could be related to the sewer construction activities. The paper explains the cause of the settlements and describes the technique used to remedy the problem. The legal and insurance aspects of the case, in some ways more mysterious than the technical aspects, are also described. Key words : settlement, foundations, clay, dewatering, pile driving, underpinning.
Axial load transfer for piles in sand. II. Numerical analysis
Authors: Altaee Ameir , Evgin Erman , Fellenius Bengt H.
Published: July 2008

A nonlinear finite element analysis was carried out to model the pile tests presented in the companion paper which included a new procedure to calculate the residual load in the test pile. The soil at the site consists of sand, and this second paper applies a bounding surface plasticity model in a finite element analysis to describe the behavior of the sand subjected to repeated loading. A close agreement was achieved between the calculated and measured values for the applied load versus pile head movement, load transfer, and shaft resistance in compression and tension testing. In addition, the analysis demonstrated a reduction in shaft resistance and a buildup of toe resistance with repeated loading. The finite element calculations as well as the measurements indicate that the critical-depth concept is incorrect. Key words : pile, sand, residual load, load transfer, finite element, constitutive model.
A fracture-arrest model for unconfined dry slab avalanches
Authors: Jamieson J. B. , Johnston C. D.
Published: July 2008

A simplified model of an unconfined dry snow slab is used to derive expressions for the rate at which elastic strain energy is released and for the fracture resistance during the propagation of the rapid brittle fractures that result in slab avalanches. A relatively constant energy release rate is derived based on arguments that associate most of the released energy with the crown fracture. In contrast, advancing basal and crown fractures result in increasing fracture resistance. By assuming fracture propagation will stop when the strain energy release rate is just greater than the fracture resistance, the width of a slab avalanche is found to be proportional to an arrest parameter. This parameter includes the slab thickness, slab tensile strength, and basal shear strength, each of which can be measured prior to avalanching. It is argued that, compared to the three variables which can be measured, the remaining variables have limited influence on the width of unconfined slab avalanches. These less influential variables are grouped into an empirical constant that is evaluated using field data from 13 unconfined slab avalanches. The width of these slab avalanches appears to be related linearly to the arrest parameter and to be independent of whether the avalanches result from natural, skier, or explosive triggering. Key words : avalanche, avalanche width, energy release rate, fracture arrest, fracture resistance, slab tensile strength, basal shear strength.
Experiences with prefabricated vertical (wick) drains at Vernon, B.C.
Authors: Crawford C.B. , Fannin R. J. , Deboer L. J. , Kern C. B.
Published: July 2008

This case record describes the performance of two test embankments constructed over a soft compressible clay, one with prefabricated vertical drains and one without. The measured settlements were significantly different from the predicted settlements, and the pore-water pressures were inconsistent with the observed consolidation. The observed performance of the vertical drains is compared with theoretical predictions to assess the sensitivity of the predicted rate of consolidation to input parameters. Key words : case record, consolidation, field observations, prefabricated vertical drains, wick drains, preloading, settlements, test embankments.
Nutritional value and diet preference of arboreal lichens and hypogeous fungi for small mammals in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Dubay S. A. , Hayward G. D. , Martínez del Rio C.
Published: July 2008

Many small mammals consume lichen and fungi, but southern red-backed voles ( Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830)) and northern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) exhibit strong mycophagy compared with other North American taxa. We analyzed nutrient content of lichen and fungi and observed feeding preferences of voles and flying squirrels to understand the foraging behavior of these mammals and their strategy for surviving on relatively low-quality diets dominated by lichen and fungi. We analyzed nutrient characteristics of 10 hypogeous (fruiting belowground) fungi and four arboreal lichens eaten by red-backed voles and northern flying squirrels in the Rocky Mountains. Hypogeous fungi contained higher nitrogen, lipid, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, potassium, and phosphorous concentrations than arboreal lichens, but lichens were higher in calcium. To assess diet preferences, 10 pairwise feeding trials using four hypogeous fungi and two arboreal lichens were conducted with voles and seven trials using three hypogeous fungi and two lichens were conducted with squirrels. In general, squirrels and voles preferred hypogeous fungi over arboreal lichens. We then calculated dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities for flying squirrels and red-backed voles fed diets of arboreal lichen and hypogeous fungi. Overall mean dry matter digestibilities were ≥70% for all diets. For hypogeous fungi, nitrogen digestibility was 12.3% and 24.9% for squirrels and voles, respectively, suggesting that most nitrogen was indigestible. Animals maintained positive nitrogen balance when fed fungi but were unable to maintain positive nitrogen balance when fed lichens. Maintenance nitrogen requirements for flying squirrels were lower than predicted. Low requirements may allow for increased consumption of lichen in winter, but lichen diets must be supplemented with a source of nitrogen because animals were unable to maintain nitrogen balance when fed lichen alone. Consumption of numerous fungi and lichen taxa is necessary to sustain these animals year-round.
Diet quality affects postnuptial molting and feather quality of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus): interaction with humoral immune function?
Authors: Pap Péter László , Vágási Csongor István , Czirják Gábor Árpád , Barta Zoltán
Published: July 2008

We investigated the effects of nutritional limitation, humoral immune activation, and their interaction on postnuptial molting of aviary-kept house sparrows ( Passer domesticus (L., 1758)). In a 2 × 2 experimental design, we measured the progress of molting and the quality of feathers produced during molting by house sparrows exposed to different diet qualities (high and low) and humoral immune activation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Food quality, but not the activation of humoral immunity, affected significantly the body mass and the process of molting. Sparrows feeding on low-quality food had decreased body mass and longer molts than the high-quality group. Low-quality food, but not the activation of humoral immunity, reduced significantly the length and mass (i.e., the quality) of primaries grown during molting. Birds responded significantly to injection with SRBC compared with the control group, but the immune response was similar between nutritional groups. The absence of a negative effect of humoral immunity on molting in house sparrows might be related to the low energy and nutritional requirements of mounting and maintaining a humoral immune response.
Allometry (scaling) of blood components in mammals: connection with economy of energy?
Authors: Kjeld M. , Ólafsson Ö.
Published: July 2008

Hematocrit (HCT), blood hemoglobin (HGB), and serum concentrations of 14 commonly measured serum constituents in mammals were extracted from 131 publications published within the last 35 years and then subjected to allometric study (Y = aWb, where Y is the characteristic studied, W is body mass, and b is the scaling exponent). HCT and HGB values decreased (b < 0; p < 0.001) with body mass (W), as did serum K+, glucose, triglycerides, and urea values. In contrast, serum total protein and creatinine values increased (b > 0; p < 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively) with W. The associations of HCT, HGB, glucose, triglycerides, and urea values with W may be assumed to coincide with the well-known reduction of metabolic rate per unit mass with increasing W of mammals. The decrease in serum K+values (p < 0.001) has yet to be adequately explained. Despite the ratio of muscle mass and W being constant for large and small mammals, serum values of creatinine rose (b = 0.14; p < 0.0001) with W. This suggests increased phosphocreatine turnover in muscles with W, which in turn might be connected to the increased efficiency reported for leg muscles in larger animals and, conceivably, might affect the measurement of metabolic rate and hence its scaling in mammals.
Wolf body mass cline across Minnesota related to taxonomy?
Authors: Mech L. David , Paul William J.
Published: July 2008

Recent genetic studies suggest that in northern Minnesota two species of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758 or western wolf and Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 (= Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) or eastern wolf) meet and hybridize. However, little morphological information is available about these two types of wolves in Minnesota. We analyzed the mass of 950 female wolves and 1006 males older than 1 year from across northern Minnesota and found that it increased from 26.30 ± 0.56 kg (mean ± SE) for females and 30.60 ± 0.72 kg for males in northeastern Minnesota to 30.01 ± 0.43 kg for females and 35.94 ± 0.45 kg for males in northwestern Minnesota (females: r2= 0.79, P < 0.02; males: r2= 0.63, P = 0.06). These mass differences add morphological information to the identities of eastern and western wolves and support the view that ranges of the two species meet in Minnesota.
MONA LISA: THE STOCHASTIC VIEW AND FRACTALITY IN COLOR SPACE
Authors: PEDRAM POURIA , JAFARI G. R.
Published: July 2008

A painting consists of objects which are arranged in specific ways. The art of painting is drawing the objects, which can be considered as known trends, in an expressive manner. Detrended methods are suitable for characterizing the artistic works of the painter by eliminating trends. It means that the study of paintings, regardless of its apparent purpose, as a stochastic process. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis is applied to characterize the statistical properties of Mona Lisa, as an instance, to exhibit the fractality of the painting. The results show that Mona Lisa is a long-range correlated and almost behaves similar in various scales.
CONDENSATION ON WEIGHTED NETWORKS WITH SYMMETRIC WEIGHTS
Authors: TANG MING , LIU ZONGHUA , ZHU XIAOYAN , WU XIAOYAN
Published: July 2008

It is recently shown that the weight-directed network may seriously influence the particle condensation on it, where the weights on an edge are asymmetric. However, most of the realistic networks are weight-undirected networks where the weights on an edge are symmetric. For understanding how the structure of these networks influences the particle evolution, we study the condensation phenomenon on a model of weighted networks with symmetric weights by both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. In theory, we have proposed a mean field approach to discuss the condensation for the zero range process on weight-undirected networks. We have shown that there is a critical [Formula: see text] and the condensation will occur on the weighted-undirected network for [Formula: see text]. We have also found that the stationary state of particles is determined by the strength distribution, in contrary to the case of asymmetric weights on the edge where the stationary state is determined by the degree distribution. Theoretical predictions are confirmed by two typical weight-undirected networks, where the relationships between the strength and the degree of a node are linear and power law, respectively.
CLUSTER-DENSE NETWORKS
Authors: SIPPER MOSHE
Published: July 2008

Small-world networks, exhibiting short nodal distances and high clustering, and scale-free networks, typified by a scale-free, power-law node-degree distribution, have been shown to be widespread both in natural and artificial systems. We propose a new type of network — cluster-dense network — characterized by multiple clusters that are highly intra-connected and sparsely inter-connected. Employing two graph-theoretic measures — local density and relative density — we demonstrate that such networks are prevalent in the world of networks.
THE CMB AND GALACTIC MICROWAVE ABSOLUTE SPECTRUM: SCIENCE AND MEASUREMENT WITH ARCADE 2
Authors: SINGAL JACK
Published: July 2008

Beyond spatial anisotropy and polarization, a third type of structure in the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, that of deviations in the overall absolute intensity versus frequency spectrum from a blackbody form, encodes additional important cosmological and astrophysical information, and remains inconclusively studied. This article discusses the ARCADE 2 project, the current balloon-based experimental effort to measure the absolute radiometric temperature of the CMB and Galactic microwave emission in the range from 3 to 90 GHz.
BRANE SOLUTIONS IN TIME-DEPENDENT BACKGROUNDS IN D = 11 SUPERGRAVITY AND IN TYPE II STRING THEORIES
Authors: GUPTA SRIKUMAR SEN
Published: July 2008

We obtain explicit time-dependent brane solutions in M-theory as well as in string theory by solving the reduced equations of motion (which follow, as in Int. J. Mod. Phys. A17, 4647 (2002), from 11-dimensional supergravity) for a class of brane solutions in curved backgrounds. The behavior of our solutions in both asymptotic and near-horizon limits are studied. It is shown that our time-dependent solutions serve as explicit examples of branes in singular, cosmological backgrounds. In some special cases the asymptotic and the boundary AdS solutions can be identified as Milne × Rn space–time.
MULTIFRACTAL STRUCTURE OF PSEUDORAPIDITY AND AZIMUTHAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE SHOWER PARTICLES IN Au + Au COLLISIONS AT 200 A GeV
Authors: ZHANG Y. X. , QIAN W. Y. , YANG C. B.
Published: July 2008

This paper analyzes the long-range correlation property and the corresponding multifractal structure of the distribution of shower particles in central Au + Au collisions at 200 A GeV by using the Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis method. The result shows that the pseudorapidity and azimuthal distributions of shower particles are multifractals in those collisions.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM FEATURES OF THE MIXMASTER SINGULARITY
Authors: MONTANI GIOVANNI , BATTISTI MARCO VALERIO , BENINI RICCARDO , IMPONENTE GIOVANNI
Published: July 2008

This review paper is devoted to analyzing the main properties of the cosmological singularity associated with the homogeneous and inhomogeneous Mixmaster model. After the introduction of the main tools required to treat the cosmological issue, we review in detail the main results obtained over the last forty years on the Mixmaster topic. We first assess the classical picture of the homogeneous chaotic cosmologies and, after a presentation of the canonical method for the quantization, we develop the quantum Mixmaster behavior. Finally, we extend both the classical and the quantum features to the fully inhomogeneous case. Our survey analyzes the fundamental framework of the Mixmaster picture and completes it by accounting for recent and peculiar outstanding results.
DIRAC SEA AND HOLE THEORY FOR BOSONS II: RENORMALIZATION APPROACH
Authors: HABARA YOSHINOBU , NAGATANI YUKINORI , NIELSEN HOLGER B. , NINOMIYA MASAO
Published: July 2008

In bosonic formulation of the negative energy sea, so-called Dirac sea presented in the preceding paper [arXiv:hep-th/0603242], one of the crucial points is how to construct a positive definite inner product in the negative energy states, since naive attempts would lead to nonpositive definite ones. In the preceding paper, the nonlocal method is used to define the positive definite inner product. In the present paper we, make use of a kind of ∊-regularization and renormalization method which may clarify transparently the analytical properties of our formulation.
EFFECTIVE THEORIES AND ELECTROWEAK PRECISION CONSTRAINTS
Authors: HAN ZHENYU
Published: July 2008

This is a pedagogical and self-contained review on obtaining electroweak precision constraints on TeV scale new physics using the effective theory method. We identify a set of relevant effective operators in the Standard Model and calculate from them corrections to all major electroweak precision observables. The corrections are compared with data to put constraints on the effective operators. Various approaches and applications in the literature are reviewed.
HIGH-PRESSURE INDUCED STRUCTURAL PHASE TRANSITION AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DILUTED MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTORS Zn1-xMnxSe
Authors: VARSHNEY DINESH , RATHORE V. , KAURAV N. , SINGH R. K.
Published: July 2008

An effective interionic interaction potential is developed to study the pressure-induced phase transitions from zinc blende (B3) to rock salt (B1) structure in diluted magnetic semiconductors Zn 1-x Mn x Se (x=0.08 and 0.15). As a first step, the elastic constants, including the long-range Coulomb, van der Waals (vdW) interaction and the short-range repulsive interaction up to second-neighbor ions within the Hafemeister and Flygare approach, are derived. Assuming that both the ions are polarizable, the Slater–Kirkwood variational method is employed to estimate the vdW coefficients. The estimated values of the phase transition pressure (Pt) increase with Mn concentration. The vast volume discontinuity in the pressure volume phase diagram identifies the structural phase transition from zinc blende to rock salt structure. The variation of second-order elastic constants with pressure resembles that observed in some binary semiconductors. It is noticed that the vdW interaction is effective in obtaining the thermodynamical parameters such as Debye temperature, Gruneisen parameter, and thermal expansion coefficient. However, the inconsistency in the value of pressure derivative of the theoretical and experimental value of C44 is attributed to the fact that we have derived the expressions by assuming that the overlap repulsion is significant only up to nearest neighbors, as well as neglecting thermal effects.
STABLE PHASE DIAGRAMS OF SEVERAL STARFISH VESICLES
Authors: ZHOU XIAO-HUA , ZHANG SHAO-GUANG , XIE LI-QIANG , ZHENG FEI
Published: July 2008

By exploiting the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix, which are the second derivatives of the bending energy of shapes obtained using the software Surface Evolver, we partly show the stable phase diagrams of several starfish vesicles. The work indicates that most of the phase transforms are discontinuous and most of the nonaxisymmetric shapes are metastable shapes according to the spontaneous curvature (SC) model. We also find two kinds of stable new starfish shapes and a continuous phase transform in the SC model.
CHIRAL ANOMALY IN EUCLIDEAN (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL SPACE AND AN APPLICATION TO THE QUANTUM HALL EFFECT
Authors: BRACKEN PAUL
Published: July 2008

The chiral anomaly in (2+1)-dimensions and its relationship to the zero mode of the Dirac equation in the massless case is studied. Solutions are obtained for the Dirac equation under a vector potential which generates a constant magnetic field. It is shown that there is an anomaly term associated with the corresponding chiral transformation. It can be calculated by using the regularization procedure of Fujikawa. The results are applied to the quantum Hall effect.
A GENERALIZATION OF THE GINZBURG–LANDAU THEORY TO p-WAVE SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: DI GREZIA E. , ESPOSITO S. , SALESI G.
Published: July 2008

We succeed in building up a straightforward theoretical model for spin-triplet p-wave superconductors, by introducing a second-order parameter and a nonlinear interaction between the two mean fields in the Ginzburg–Landau theory. Such interaction breaks the isotropy of the original medium and allows pairs of electrons to arrange into S = 1 Cooper pairs. The present model predicts a thermodynamical and magnetic behavior analogous to that observed in conventional s-wave superconductors.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN, ION DISTRIBUTION AND SILYL RADICAL SURFACE DIFFUSION LENGTH ON SILICON THIN FILM GROWTH UNDER HIGH PRESSURE AND HIGH POWER IN VHF-PECVD
Authors: WEN SHUTANG , LU JINGXIAO , LI YUXIAO , WANG HAIYAN , ZHANG HONGWEI , WEN LIWEI
Published: July 2008

Microcrystalline silicon thin films were prepared by VHF-PECVD and studied by several diagnostic techniques. Deposition rate and Raman crystallinity were mapped out on the pressure-power density plane. A model was constructed based on the one-electron impact model to obtain the densities of different silicon related radicals, and densities of hydrogen in the plasma and a quantitative kinetic surface reaction model was constructed to obtain silyl diffusion length on the surface. Microcrystalline silicon growth was understood by a competing dominance between hydrogen etching, SiH2generation, ion distribution and SiH3diffusion length on the surface. These results contribute to understand microcrystalline silicon growth process, which is very important in fabricating microcrystalline silicon materials and solar cells.
FIRST PRINCIPLES STUDY OF THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND FERROMAGNETISM OF THE V-DOPED BN(5, 5) NANOTUBE
Authors: HE K. H. , ZHENG G. , CHEN G. , WAN M. , JI G. F.
Published: July 2008

The structural, electronic and ferromagnetic properties of the V-doped BN(5, 5) are investigated by using first-principles spin-polarized calculations within generalized gradient approximation. The optimized structure shows that the V atom moves outwards and the hexagonal rings with the V atom experience significant distortion. The electronic structure indicates that the V-doped BN(5, 5) nanotube is half-metallic. The majority ferromagnetic moment comes from the V atom and slight magnetic moment is provided by the B atoms which are near to the V atom, while a little negative magnetic moment is contributed by the N atoms.
THE SEQUENCE-DEPENDENT TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES THROUGH DOUBLE HELIX DNA MOLECULES
Authors: DONG RUI-XIN , YAN XUN-LING , YANG BING
Published: July 2008

In this paper, a double helix model of charge transport in a DNA molecule is presented, and the transmission spectra and I–V curves of four kinds of periodic sequences DNA are obtained. The results show that the transmission characteristics of DNA are not only related to the longitudinal transport but also to the transverse transport of the molecule. The more the composition of bases, the bigger the percent of θ-direction, and the conductive ability reduces. For a different sequence with same composition, the less the number of consecutive appearance of the same base is, the lower the conductive ability.
TESTING ASPECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMS WITH UML DESIGN MODELS
Authors: XU DIANXIANG , XU WEIFENG , WONG W. ERIC
Published: July 2008

The new constructs in aspect-oriented programming bring new types of programming faults with respect to crosscutting concerns, such as incorrect pointcuts and advice. This paper presents a UML-based approach to testing whether or not an aspect-oriented program conforms to its expected crosscutting behavior. We explore aspect-oriented UML design models to derive tests for exercising interactions between aspects and classes. Each aspect-oriented model consists of class diagrams, aspect diagrams, and sequence diagrams. For a method under test, we weave the sequence diagrams of the advice on the method into the method's sequence diagram. Based on the woven sequence diagram and class/aspect diagrams, we then generate an AOF (Aspect-Object Flow) tree by applying coverage criteria such as condition coverage, polymorphic coverage, and loop coverage to woven sequence diagrams. In the AOF tree, each path from the root to a leaf is an abstract message sequence, indicating a template of test cases. A concrete test case is obtained by creating objects that satisfy the collective constraints in the template. Our empirical study shows that the model-based testing approach is capable of revealing several types of aspect-specific faults, including incorrect advice type, incorrect (weaker or stronger) pointcut strengths, and incorrect aspect precedence.
AN ONTOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR WEB SERVICE PROCESSES
Authors: PAHL CLAUS , BARRETT RONAN
Published: July 2008

The process notion is central in computing. Business processes and workflow processes are essential elements of software systems implementations. Processes are connected to notions of interaction and composition. The Web Services Framework as a development and deployment platform for services is based on the assembly of interacting processes as the compositional paradigm. Service-based software development on and for the Web platform embracing the philosophy of discovering and using third-party services makes a shared knowledge representation framework necessary. We develop a semantical and ontological framework for service process composition. We propose a framework for the compositional definition of Web services based on the π-calculus to define protocol-like restrictions on service interactions and based on description logic and ontologies to guide the discovery and modelling of services and processes.
SELECTING MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS TO MINIMIZE RECONSTRUCTION ERROR USING THE INVERSE BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: MARTINUS FERDY , HERRIN DAVID W. , SEYBERT ANDREW F.
Published: July 2008

This paper details an approach to select measurement point locations for the inverse boundary element method. An accurate reconstruction of the vibration requires a well conditioned acoustic transfer matrix, which depends on measurement point selection. Matrix techniques can be used to regularize the solution though they often lead to poor reconstruction rank. A technique to determine the number of measurement points required, and their placement, prior to measurement has been developed using three criteria: uniqueness, completeness, and measurement point density. With this technique, the reconstruction error and the number of measurements can be minimized.
EFFICIENT SOUND POWER COMPUTATION OF OPEN STRUCTURES WITH INFINITE/FINITE ELEMENTS AND BY MEANS OF THE PADÉ-VIA-LANCZOS ALGORITHM
Authors: BAUMGART JOHANNES , MARBURG STEFFEN , SCHNEIDER STEFAN
Published: July 2008

The solution of time-harmonic acoustic problems suffers from a frequency dependency which usually requires to solve the systems for many discrete frequencies independently. Among others, the Padé-via-Lanczos approximation provides an efficient solution. Herein, this method is applied to the external acoustic problem by using a finite and infinite element formulation. The state-space system matrix is first reduced to a condensed transfer matrix which is approximated in a power series, i.e. Padé approximation. The coefficients of this power series are reconstructed by using a Krylov basis, i.e. Lanczos method. Based on this method, the authors provide a formulation for the radiated sound power. The necessary integration over the boundary for the sound power is done in the first vectors of the Lanczos method. Thus the scalar sound power can be approximated in a certain frequency band by means of a transfer matrix, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than the total numbers of degrees of freedom of the overall problem. The error of this additional approximation can be estimated. The method is tested in an example of an open cavity including two loadcases, one representing a cavity with an open window, the other one being a radiating obstacle.
DEFECT STRUCTURE IN "SOFT" (Gd,Fe)-CODOPED PZT 52.5/47.5 PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS
Authors: ERDEM EMRE , DRAHUS MICHAEL D. , EICHEL RÜDIGER-A. , KUNGL HANS , HOFFMANN MICHAEL J. , OZAROWSKI ANDREW , VAN TOL JOHAN , BRUNEL LOUIS CLAUDE
Published: July 2008

Ferroelectric 1 mol% Gd 3+ and 0.5 mol% Fe 3+ codoped "soft" Pb [ Zr 0.525 Ti 0.475] O 3 ceramics were studied by means of multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The obtained results prove that iron is incorporated at the [ Zr , Ti ]-site, acting as an acceptor and building a charged [Formula: see text] defect dipole with a directly coordinated oxygen vacancy for partial charge compensation. As the La 3+ ion is diamagnetic, no information is accessible about the donor. Gd 3+ is an isoelectronic and paramagnetic probe for studying A-site. On the other hand, the donor forms no defect associates with lattice vacancies and rather exists as an "isolated" functional center. Consequently, also the lead vacancies that are created for charge compensation have to exist as isolated centers in compound.
ALL-SOLID-STATE LITHIUM SECONDARY, BATTERIES USING SULFIDE-BASED GLASS CERAMIC ELECTROLYTES
Authors: TATSUMISAGO MASAHIRO , HAYASHI AKITOSHI
Published: July 2008

Highly conductive glass-ceramic electrolytes are successfully prepared in the system Li 2 S - P 2 S 5 with 70 and 80 mol% Li 2 S . The conductivities of these electrolytes are respectively 3.2 × 10-3 and 1.0 × 10-3 S cm -1 at room temperature. The precipitated crystals upon heat treatment of the glass are new superionic phase Li 7 P 3 S 11 and thio-LISICON II analog Li 3+5x P 1-x S 4, respectively. The crystal structure of the new phase Li 7 P 3 S 11 is analyzed and found to have a triclinic unit cell with space group of P-1 and to contain [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ions. All-solid-state batteries using the Li 2 S - P 2 S 5 glass-ceramics are fabricated in order to evaluate the cell performance as a lithium secondary battery. The cells In /80 Li 2 S ·20 P 2 S 5 (mol%) glass-ceramic/ LiCoO 2 exhibit excellent cycling performance of over 500 times with no decrease in the discharge capacity (100 mAh g-1) at limited current densities. They also worked under very high current densities of 10 mA cm-2 when oxide- or sulfide-coated LiCoO 2 particles were used as an active material.
SYNTHESIS OF DESIGNED TEMPLATES FOR NOVEL SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS WITH HOLLOW STRUCTURES
Authors: YAN CHENGLIN , XUE DONGFENG
Published: July 2008

We develop several strategies for the synthesis of novel templates based on a solution method aimed at the synthesis of hollow structures for functional materials. Hollow ZnO microrings are successfully established using a new sacrificial template route by employing insoluble salts as the template. We also develop an in situ template strategy to synthesize ZnO tubes on zinc foil in an acid medium to avoid the multiple steps that are currently used in the preparation of other hollow structures. Finally, a bubble template method is discovered for the preparation of a new type of complex ZnO hollow structures constructed by polyhedral particles. The unique methods presented herein provide a new template technique for chemically designing and synthesizing functional materials with hollow structures.
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CoxGd1-x NANOWIRE ARRAYS AND CORE-SHELL-LIKE CoxGd1-x/CoO NANOWIRE ARRAYS
Authors: LIU S. Y. , SOH A. K. , HONG L. , ZHENG G. P.
Published: July 2008

Amorphous Co x Gd 1-x nanowire arrays and core-shell-like Co x Gd 1-x/ CoO nanowire arrays with composite amorphous and crystalline structures, where 0.75 < x < 0.99, are fabricated successfully by employing electrochemical deposition with the assistance of AAO templates. Based on the experiments, dissolving of the organic salt of Gd in dimethylsulfoxide and the deposition potentials are the critical factors for formation of amorphous structures and different morphologies. Investigation of the magnetic properties shows that Co x Gd 1-x nanowire arrays have superparamagnetic characteristics, and core-shell-like Co x Gd 1-x/ CoO nanowire arrays possess better soft ferromagnetic properties. Moreover, these magnetic behaviors are attributed to spin disorder of amorphous structures and shape anisotropy, which arise from the large aspect ratio of one-dimensional nanoscale materials.
Geochemical mapping ‘down under’: selected results from pilot projects and strategy outline for the National Geochemical Survey of Australia
Authors: de Caritat Patrice , Lech Megan E. , McPherson Andrew A.
Published: July 2008

A series of regional pilot geochemical survey projects have been carried out in Australia over recent years. These pilot projects targeted a number of landscape and climate settings that are challenging for geochemical mapping, and applied increasingly lower sampling densities, from
c
. 1 site/300 km
2
to
c
. 1 site/ 2100 km
2
. Selected results are presented from pilot geochemical surveys in the Riverina, Gawler and Thomson regions, as well as results from modelling aimed at testing the robustness of ultra-low sampling densities in Australia. The salient conclusions are that: (1) geochemical surveys sampling surface and near-surface transported regolith are capable of identifying major lithologies and mineralization below the cover; and (2) a sampling strategy targeting outlet sediments of large catchments allows the application of ultra-low sampling densities in Australia. These findings overcome the main hurdles met by earlier attempts at designing a nation-wide geochemical survey. The strategy for the resulting National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) project, recently approved for funding under the Australian Government's Onshore Energy Security Initiative, is outlined. By 2011, the NGSA will produce a publicly available multi-element, internally consistent and state-of-the-art regolith geochemical database and atlas to support decision-makers.
Implementing the scale vector-thread processor
Authors: Krashinsky Ronny , Batten Christopher , Asanović Krste
Published: July 2008

The Scale vector-thread processor is a complexity-effective solution for embedded computing which flexibly supports both vector and highly multithreaded processing. The 7.1-million transistor chip has 16 decoupled execution clusters, vector load and store units, and a nonblocking 32KB cache. An automated and iterative design and verification flow enabled a performance-, power-, and area-efficient implementation with two person-years of development effort. Scale has a core area of 16.6 mm
2
in 180 nm technology, and it consumes 400 mW--1.1 W while running at 260 MHz.