bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain of Threatened Self: Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem, Cortisol Responses to a Social Threat and Pain Perception
Authors: Wojtyna Ewa , Hyla Magdalena , Hachuła Aleksandra
Published: May 2024

Background: Rejection, injustice, and exclusion from meaningful interpersonal relationships are often extremely painful and stress-generating experiences. This study aimed to define the role of explicit and implicit self-esteem in pain perception as a component of the physiological–psychological system that regulates the body’s response to stress associated with the threat of social rejection. Methods: In total, 360 individuals participated in this study. The measurement of cortisol in saliva, the assessment of pain thresholds using thermal stimuli, the IAT to assess implicit self-esteem, and a questionnaire on global self-esteem and social pain were used. The study included three measurements: baseline and 15 and 45 min after the application of a laboratory socially threatening stimulus (the Trier Social Stress Test). Results: People experiencing chronic social pain (CSP) are more likely to have fragile self-esteem, higher pain thresholds, and tend to experience reduced pain tolerance in situations of acute social threat than people without CSP experience. In people with CSP and fragile self-esteem, after the introduction of a social threat, an increase in pain tolerance was observed along with a longer-lasting increase in cortisol levels. Conclusions: Fragile self-esteem, along with feelings of chronic exclusion, injustice, and rejection, may prolong stress reactions and produce a hypoalgesic effect.
Challenges in Echocardiography for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Non-Ischemic Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Kadoglou Nikolaos P. E. , Mouzarou Angeliki , Hadjigeorgiou Nikoleta , Korakianitis Ioannis , Myrianthefs Michael M.
Published: May 2024

It has been well established that arterial hypertension is considered as a predominant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the link between arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension may directly affect cardiac function, leading to heart failure, mostly with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). There are echocardiographic findings indicating hypertensive heart disease (HHD), defined as altered cardiac morphology (left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, left atrium dilatation) and function (systolic or diastolic dysfunction) in patients with persistent arterial hypertension irrespective of the cardiac pathologies to which it contributes, such as coronary artery disease and kidney function impairment. In addition to the classical echocardiographic parameters, novel indices, like speckle tracking of the left ventricle and left atrium, 3D volume evaluation, and myocardial work in echocardiography, may provide more accurate and reproducible diagnostic and prognostic data in patients with arterial hypertension. However, their use is still underappreciated. Early detection of and prompt therapy for HHD will greatly improve the prognosis. Hence, in the present review, we shed light on the role of echocardiography in the contemporary diagnostic and prognostic approaches to HHD.
Dyslipidemia, Cholangitis and Fatty Liver Disease: The Close Underexplored Relationship: A Narrative Review
Authors: Greco Salvatore , Campigotto Michele , D’Amuri Andrea , Fabbri Nicolò , Passaro Angelina
Published: May 2024

In assessing individual cardiovascular risk, dyslipidemia is known for emerging as a pivotal factor significantly contributing to major cardiovascular events. However, dyslipidemic patients frequently present with concurrent medical conditions, each with varying frequencies of occurrence; cholangitis, whether acute or chronic, and hepatic steatosis, along with associated conditions, are strongly associated with specific forms of dyslipidemia, and these associations are reasonably well elucidated. Conversely, evidence linking biliary disease to hepatic steatosis is comparatively scant. This narrative review aims to bridge this gap in knowledge concerning the interplay between dyslipidemia, cholangitis, and hepatic steatosis. By addressing this gap, clinicians can better identify patients at heightened risk of future major cardiovascular events, facilitating more targeted interventions and management strategies. The review delves into the intricate relationships between dyslipidemia and these hepatic and biliary clinical conditions, shedding light on potential mechanisms underlying their associations. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for optimizing cardiovascular risk assessment as well and devising tailored treatment approaches for patients with dyslipidemia and associated hepatic disorders. Moreover, elucidating these connections empowers clinicians with the knowledge needed to navigate the multifaceted landscape of cardiovascular risk assessment and management effectively. By exploring the intricate relationships between dyslipidemia, cholangitis, and hepatic steatosis (without forgetting the possible clinical consequences of hepatic steatosis itself), this review not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge but also offers insights into potential avenues for further research and clinical practice. Thus, it serves as a valuable resource for healthcare professionals striving to enhance patient care and outcomes in the context of cardiovascular disease and associated hepatic conditions.
Prospective Analysis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen-1 and -2 for Diagnosing Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Hirakawa Hitoshi , Ikegami Taro , Toyama Masatomo , Ooshiro Yurika , Higa Tomoyo , Kinjyo Hidetoshi , Kondo Shunsuke , Kise Norimoto , Yamashita Yukashi , Suzuki Mikio
Published: May 2024

Background: The goal of this research was to confirm whether preoperative serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)-1 and -2 levels are useful diagnostic markers for sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) in a prospective study. Methods: Participants were 102 patients who underwent consecutive endoscopic sinus surgery: 18 with IP, two with other types of papilloma, 77 with chronic rhinosinusitis, four with sinonasal cancer, and one with hemangioma. SCCA-1 and SCCA-2 were measured preoperatively by an automatic chemiluminescence immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: SCCA-1 and SCCA-2 values were significantly correlated (r = 0.603, p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis for differentiating papilloma (IP and other types of papilloma) from other diseases yielded an area under the curve of 0.860, with a Youden index of 1.75. Combined with SCCA-2 analysis, the detection system had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.65 and 0.98, respectively. While our study did not find a strong link between SCCA levels and skin or lung diseases, smoking status may influence SCCA levels in IP patients (p = 0.035). We recommend a cutoff value of 1.8 ng/mL for SCCA-1 in IP diagnosis. Conclusions: SCCA-1 and SCCA-2 when combined with imaging and pathology hold promise for enhancing the preoperative detection of IP, which would be a valuable contribution to clinical practice.
Clinical Efficacy of Application-Linked Stretching Ball as Digital Therapeutics in Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Ryu Seok Chang , Lee Dong-Oh , Park Yoojin , Shin Yujeong , Lee Dong Yeon , Kyung Min Gyu
Published: May 2024

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of application-linked stretching ball instruments that record the rolling time and force of patients compared with a traditional simple stretching ball. Methods: Fourteen participants with plantar fasciitis were divided into a simple massage ball group (group A, n = 8) and an application-linked massage ball group (group B, n = 6). The application-linked massage ball sends information regarding the massages, such as the frequency and force of the massage on the foot, to the application on the patient’s smartphone. All clinical outcomes were evaluated at the beginning of the study and 1-, 2-, and 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the Manchester–Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ) score. Results: At the beginning of the study, the initial MOXFQ score was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.948). At each time point, the MOXFQ score of the whole population did not improve significantly compared to that of the initial state (p = 0.131). Generalized estimating equation modeling demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the improvement of the MOXFQ score between groups A and B during follow-up (p = 0.826). In addition, no group-by-time interactions were observed (p = 0.457). Conclusions: The efficacy of an application-linked massage ball for the treatment of plantar fasciitis was not as definite as that of a traditional simple stretching ball in patients whose symptoms persisted for at least six months. Future studies that include patients with acute plantar fasciitis are required.
The Effect of Physical Activity and Repeated Whole-Body Cryotherapy on the Expression of Modulators of the Inflammatory Response in Mononuclear Blood Cells among Young Men
Authors: Kusmierczyk Justyna , Wiecek Magdalena , Wojciak Gabriela , Mardyła Mateusz , Kreiner Grzegorz , Szygula Zbigniew , Szymura Jadwiga
Published: May 2024

Background: Series of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) among healthy and physically active individuals can potentially reduce inflammatory response, although exact mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: The impact of whole-body cryotherapy on inflammation modulators among 28 young males, categorized as non-training (NTR, N = 10), non-training with WBC (NTR-WBC, N = 10), and training with WBC (TR-WBC, N = 8), is investigated in this study. Over a period of eight weeks, NTR-WBC and TR-WBC subjects underwent 24 WBC treatments (−130 °C for 3 min, three times a week), examining changes in mRNA expressions of IL-1A, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-G, SIRT1, SIRT3, SOD2, GSS, and ICAM-1. Results: The received data indicate an acute inflammatory response to initial WBC (increased IL-1A, IL-6, and SIRT), with a greater effect in NTR-WBC. Subsequent sessions showed enhanced expressions of antioxidative genes in both WBC groups, particularly non-trained, suggesting improved oxidative stress adaptation. A notable decrease in ICAM-1 mRNA post-24 WBC treatments in NTR-WBC signifies a potential systemic anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusions: The findings of the study suggest that the combination of regular physical activity with WBC administered three times per week can potentially modulate inflammatory and antioxidant responses. This modulation is evidenced by changes in the expression of genes related to these processes.
Neural Adaptation at Stimulus Onset and Speed of Neural Processing as Critical Contributors to Speech Comprehension Independent of Hearing Threshold or Age
Authors: Schirmer Jakob , Wolpert Stephan , Dapper Konrad , Rühle Moritz , Wertz Jakob , Wouters Marjoleen , Eldh Therese , Bader Katharina , Singer Wibke , Gaudrain Etienne , Başkent Deniz , Verhulst Sarah , Braun Christoph , Rüttiger Lukas , Munk Matthias H. J. , Dalhoff Ernst , Knipper Marlies
Published: May 2024

Background: It is assumed that speech comprehension deficits in background noise are caused by age-related or acquired hearing loss. Methods: We examined young, middle-aged, and older individuals with and without hearing threshold loss using pure-tone (PT) audiometry, short-pulsed distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (pDPOAEs), auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs), speech comprehension (OLSA), and syllable discrimination in quiet and noise. Results: A noticeable decline of hearing sensitivity in extended high-frequency regions and its influence on low-frequency-induced ABRs was striking. When testing for differences in OLSA thresholds normalized for PT thresholds (PTTs), marked differences in speech comprehension ability exist not only in noise, but also in quiet, and they exist throughout the whole age range investigated. Listeners with poor speech comprehension in quiet exhibited a relatively lower pDPOAE and, thus, cochlear amplifier performance independent of PTT, smaller and delayed ABRs, and lower performance in vowel-phoneme discrimination below phase-locking limits (/o/-/u/). When OLSA was tested in noise, listeners with poor speech comprehension independent of PTT had larger pDPOAEs and, thus, cochlear amplifier performance, larger ASSR amplitudes, and higher uncomfortable loudness levels, all linked with lower performance of vowel-phoneme discrimination above the phase-locking limit (/i/-/y/). Conslusions: This study indicates that listening in noise in humans has a sizable disadvantage in envelope coding when basilar-membrane compression is compromised. Clearly, and in contrast to previous assumptions, both good and poor speech comprehension can exist independently of differences in PTTs and age, a phenomenon that urgently requires improved techniques to diagnose sound processing at stimulus onset in the clinical routine.
Assessing the Preservation of Lumbar Lordotic Curvature in Everyday Sitting Conditions Assessed with an Inertial Measurement System
Authors: Kim Ju Chan , Kim Jeong-Gil , Kim Beom Suk , Kim Cheol Ki , Choi Minseok , Lee Joonnyong , Chung Sun Gun
Published: May 2024

Background/Objectives: Lumbar lordotic curvature (LLC), closely associated with low back pain (LBP) when decreased, is infrequently assessed in clinical settings due to the spatiotemporal limitations of radiographic methods. To overcome these constraints, this study used an inertial measurement system to compare the magnitude and maintenance of LLC across various sitting conditions, categorized into three aspects: verbal instructions, chair type, and desk task types. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy participants were instructed to sit for 3 min with two wireless sensors placed on the 12th thoracic vertebra and the 2nd sacral vertebra. The lumbar lordotic angle (LLA) was measured using relative angles for the mediolateral axis and comparisons were made within each sitting category. Results: The maintenance of LLA (LLAdev) was significantly smaller when participants were instructed to sit upright (−3.7 ± 3.9°) compared to that of their habitual sitting posture (−1.2 ± 2.4°) (p = 0.001), while the magnitude of LLA (LLAavg) was significantly larger with an upright sitting posture (p = 0.001). LLAdev was significantly larger when using an office chair (−0.4 ± 1.1°) than when using a stool (−3.2 ± 7.1°) (p = 0.033), and LLAavg was also significantly larger with the office chair (p < 0.001). Among the desk tasks, LLAavg was largest during keyboard tasks (p < 0.001), followed by mouse and writing tasks; LLAdev showed a similar trend without statistical significance (keyboard, −1.2 ± 3.0°; mouse, −1.8 ± 2.2°; writing, −2.9 ± 3.1°) (p = 0.067). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that strategies including the use of an office chair and preference for computer work may help preserve LLC, whereas in the case of cueing, repetition may be necessary.
Correction: Omori et al. Sinus Mucosal Damage Triggered by Synthetic or Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes: A Histological Analysis in Rabbits. J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 257
Authors: Omori Yuki , Botticelli Daniele , Migani Stefano , Ferreira Balan Vitor , Pires Godoy Eduardo , Xavier Samuel Porfirio
Published: May 2024

In the original publication [...]
Liver Diseases: Science, Fiction and the Foreseeable Future
Authors: Gieseler Robert K. , Baars Theodor , Özçürümez Mustafa K. , Canbay Ali
Published: May 2024

This Editorial precedes the Special Issue entitled “Novel Challenges and Therapeutic Options for Liver Diseases”. Following a historical outline of the roots of hepatology, we provide a brief insight into our colleagues’ contributions in this issue on the current developments in this discipline related to the prevention of liver diseases, the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, respectively), liver cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitides, acute-on-chronic liver failure, liver transplantation, the liver–microbiome axis and microbiome transplantation, and telemedicine. We further add some topics not covered by the contributions herein that will likely impact future hepatology. Clinically, these comprise the predictive potential of organokine crosstalk and treatment options for liver fibrosis. With regard to promising developments in basic research, some current findings on the genetic basis of metabolism-associated chronic liver diseases, chronobiology, metabolic zonation of the liver, aspects of the aging liver against the background of demography, and liver regeneration will be presented. We expect machine learning to thrive as an overarching topic throughout hepatology. The largest study to date on the early detection of liver damage—which has been kicked off on 1 March 2024—is highlighted, too.
The Intersection of HIV and Pulmonary Vascular Health: From HIV Evolution to Vascular Cell Types to Disease Mechanisms
Authors: Garcia Amanda K. , Almodovar Sharilyn
Published: May 2024

People living with HIV (PLWH) face a growing burden of chronic diseases, owing to the combinations of aging, environmental triggers, lifestyle choices, and virus-induced chronic inflammation. The rising incidence of pulmonary vascular diseases represents a major concern for PLWH. The study of HIV-associated pulmonary vascular complications ideally requires a strong understanding of pulmonary vascular cell biology and HIV pathogenesis at the molecular level for effective applications in infectious diseases and vascular medicine. Active HIV infection and/or HIV proteins disturb the delicate balance between vascular tone and constriction, which is pivotal for maintaining pulmonary vascular health. One of the defining features of HIV is its high genetic diversity owing to several factors including its high mutation rate, recombination between viral strains, immune selective pressures, or even geographical factors. The intrinsic HIV genetic diversity has several important implications for pathogenic outcomes of infection and the overall battle to combat HIV. Challenges in the field present themselves from two sides of the same coin: those imposed by the virus itself and those stemming from the host. The field may be advanced by further developing in vivo and in vitro models that are well described for both pulmonary vascular diseases and HIV for mechanistic studies. In essence, the study of HIV-associated pulmonary vascular complications requires a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from both infectious diseases and vascular medicine. In this review article, we discuss the fundamentals of HIV virology and their impact on pulmonary disease, aiming to enhance the understanding of either area or both simultaneously. Bridging the gap between preclinical research findings and clinical practice is essential for improving patient care. Addressing these knowledge gaps requires interdisciplinary collaborations, innovative research approaches, and dedicated efforts to prioritize HIV-related pulmonary complications on the global research agenda.
Unlocking Economic Resilience: A New Methodological Approach and Empirical Examination under Digital Transformation
Authors: Shi Chenchen , Lu Jinjing
Published: May 2024

Economic resilience is crucial for urban sustainability as it ensures stability and growth in the face of external shocks, promotes social cohesion and inclusivity, fosters environmental sustainability, and enhances cities’ adaptability to future challenges. This study expands the conventional perspective on economic resilience beyond the context of shocks, focusing on the inherent resilience of regional economic systems. A novel method for quantifying economic resilience is introduced, emphasizing system sensitivity and adaptability. Using Chinese prefecture-level city data and an econometric model, we empirically examine how Fintech, a major digital transition in current urban systems, affects economic resilience. The findings reveal that Fintech has a substantial positive effect on economic resilience, primarily through the upgrading of industrial structures and technological innovation. Furthermore, there is significant regional heterogeneity in the impact of Fintech on economic resilience, with more pronounced contributions in the east, central, and western regions of China, as opposed to the northeast. Additionally, the impact of Fintech on economic resilience is more substantial in large-scale cities. The promotion of economic resilience through digital transformation serves as a potent risk prevention measure. Understanding the role of economic resilience in urban systems holds valuable implications for countries worldwide.
Driving Mechanisms of Spatial Differentiation in Ecosystem Service Value in Opencast Coal Mines in Arid Areas: A Case Study in the Zhundong Economic and Technological Development Zone
Authors: Akbar Adila , Abulizi Abudukeyimu , Erken Reyilan , Yu Tingting
Published: May 2024

The valuation of ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial for preserving ecosystems, assessing natural resources, and making decisions regarding compensation. In this study, we employed the InVEST model’s habitat quality (HQ) module to calculate the HQ and degradation levels in the study area using land use/land cover (LULC) data from 2000 to 2020. Our analysis utilized quantitative methods, including spatial correlation, hotspot analysis, and geo-probing, to determine the value of ESs and identify trends. Furthermore, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in the significance of ESs and their driving factors. The results show the following. (1) The primary LULC types in the Zhundong coalfield from 2000 to 2020 are grassland and barren areas. (2) The average value of the HQ index in the study area exhibited a generally decreasing trend. Between 2000 and 2010, HQ significantly declined, particularly in the region’s large barren industrial and mining zones. However, over time, the proportion of sites with minimal degradation improved steadily, resulting in better overall HQ in the study area by 2020. This pertains to the measures put in place by the local government to safeguard and rehabilitate the ecosystem. (3) The spatial distribution of the ecosystem service value (ESV) aligns with changes in HQ and LULC, with significant hotspots primarily observed in forest and grassland areas, nature reserves, and areas around water sources. (4) LULC, temperature, annual precipitation, and elevation are the main drivers of spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong area; the spatial variation in the ESV in the Zhundong coalfield is primarily influenced by the interaction between human factors and natural factors, in which LULC plays a dominant role. This study’s findings can guide the development of rational ecological planning, integrating resource conservation mining with effective zoning management.
Piceatannol Upregulates SIRT1 Expression in Skeletal Muscle Cells and in Human Whole Blood: In Vitro Assay and a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Comparison Trial
Authors: Tanaka Kenta , Kawakami Shinpei , Mori Sadao , Yamaguchi Takumi , Saito Eriko , Setoguchi Yuko , Matsui Yuko , Nishimura Eisaku , Ebihara Shukuko , Kawama Toshihiro
Published: May 2024

Piceatannol (PIC), a polyphenol abundant in passion fruit seeds, is reported to promote fat metabolism. This study investigated whether PIC affects sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression and metabolic factors in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 myotubes were stimulated with PIC, and alterations in gene expression, protein levels, mitochondrial DNA content, and fatty acid levels were assessed using real-time PCR, Western blotting, and Nile red staining. Furthermore, we examined changes in SIRT1 expression following the consumption of a test food containing 100 mg PIC for 2 weeks among adults with varying age and body mass index ranges. Both PIC and passion fruit seed extract induced SIRT1 expression in C2C12 myotubes to a greater extent than resveratrol. PIC also increased the expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid utilization, increased mitochondrial DNA content, and suppressed oleic acid-induced fat accumulation. Moreover, participants who consumed PIC exhibited significantly higher SIRT1 mRNA expression in whole blood compared to those in the placebo group. These findings suggest that PIC induces SIRT1 expression both in vitro and in the human body, which may promote mitochondrial biosynthesis and fat metabolism.
Electron Transfer in the Biogeochemical Sulfur Cycle
Authors: Zhuang Xuliang , Wang Shijie , Wu Shanghua
Published: May 2024

Microorganisms are key players in the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle. Among them, some have garnered particular attention due to their electrical activity and ability to perform extracellular electron transfer. A growing body of research has highlighted their extensive phylogenetic and metabolic diversity, revealing their crucial roles in ecological processes. In this review, we delve into the electron transfer process between sulfate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic alkane-oxidizing archaea, which facilitates growth within syntrophic communities. Furthermore, we review the phenomenon of long-distance electron transfer and potential extracellular electron transfer in multicellular filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria, with their vast application prospects and ecological significance, play a pivotal role in various ecological processes. Subsequently, we discuss the important role of the pili/cytochrome for electron transfer and presented cutting-edge approaches for exploring and studying electroactive microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electroactive microorganisms participating in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle. By examining their electron transfer mechanisms, and the potential ecological and applied implications, we offer novel insights into microbial sulfur metabolism, thereby advancing applications in the development of sustainable bioelectronics materials and bioremediation technologies.
Modelling Consumers’ Preferences for Time-Slot Based Home Delivery of Goods Bought Online: An Empirical Study in Christchurch
Authors: Kedia Ashu , Abudayyeh Dana , Kusumastuti Diana , Nicholson Alan
Published: May 2024

Background: Due to the remarkable growth in online retail sales in New Zealand, a large number of parcels are needed to be delivered to consumers’ doorsteps. Home deliveries in major New Zealand cities (e.g., Christchurch) typically occur between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. on weekdays, when many home delivery attempts fail. This leads to adverse effects, such as vehicular traffic in residential areas and greater air pollution per parcel delivered. However, home deliveries outside of typical business hours (i.e., before 9 a.m. and after 5 p.m.) might be worthwhile to help subside the above issues. Therefore, this study investigated consumers’ preferences for receiving home deliveries during various times, such as early morning, morning, afternoon, late afternoon, and evening. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained via an online survey of 355 residents of Christchurch city. Non-parametric tests, namely the Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and ordinal logistic regression, were carried out to examine consumer preferences for the above time slots. Results: The results showed that consumers preferred the late afternoon (3 p.m. to 6 p.m.) time slot the most for receiving home deliveries. Conclusion: It appeared that the off-peak delivery option is less likely to draw the desired consumer patronage and is thus less likely to assist in lowering the number of unsuccessful home deliveries, the transportation costs incurred by service providers, traffic congestion, and pollution in urban areas.
Comparative Study of the Impurity Effect on SnAgCu and SnZn Solder Joints with Electrodeposited Cu
Authors: Li Yu-Ju , Yen Yee-Wen , Chen Chih-Ming
Published: May 2024

Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305)- and Sn-9Zn-based alloys (Sn-Zn-X, X = Al, In) are lead-free solders used in the fabrication of solder joints with Cu metallization. Electroplating is a facile technology used to fabricate Cu metallization. However, the addition of functional additive molecules in the plating solution may result in impurity residues in the Cu electroplated layer, causing damage to the solder joints. This study investigates the impurity effect on solder joints constructed by joining various solder alloys to the Cu electroplated layers. Functional additives are formulated to fabricate high-impurity and low-impurity Cu electroplated samples. The as-joined solder joint samples are thermally aged at 120 °C and 170 °C to explore the interfacial reactions between solder alloys and Cu. The results show that the impurity effect on the interfacial reactions between SAC305 and Cu is significant. Voids are massively formed at the SAC305/Cu interface incorporated with a high impurity content, and the Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compound (IMC) grows at a faster rate. In contrast, the growth of the Cu5Zn8 IMC formed in the SnZn-based solder joints is not significantly influenced by the impurity content in the Cu electroplated layers. Voids are not observed in the SnZn-based solder joints regardless of the impurity content, indicative of an insignificant impurity effect. The discrepancy of the impurity effect is rationalized by the differences in the IMC formation and associated atomic interdiffusion in the SAC305- and SnZn-based solder joints.
Impact of Hydrostatic Pressure on Molecular Structure and Dynamics of the Sodium and Chloride Ions in Portlandite Nanopores
Authors: Zhang Run , Zhang Hongping , Chen Meng , Liu Laibao , Tan Hongbin , Tang Youhong
Published: May 2024

In order to address the issues of energy depletion, more resources are being searched for in the deep sea. Therefore, research into how the deep-sea environment affects cement-based materials for underwater infrastructure is required. This paper examines the impact of ocean depth (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 m) on the ion interaction processes in concrete nanopores using molecular dynamics simulations. At the portlandite interface, the local structural and kinetic characteristics of ions and water molecules are examined. The findings show that the portlandite surface hydrophilicity is unaffected by increasing depth. The density profile and coordination number of ions alter as depth increases, and the diffusion speed noticeably decreases. The main cause of the ions’ reduced diffusion velocity is expected to be the low temperature. This work offers a thorough understanding of the cement hydration products’ microstructure in deep sea, which may help explain why cement-based underwater infrastructure deteriorates over time.
Microstructure and Properties of Pressureless-Sintered Zirconium Carbide Ceramics with MoSi2 Addition
Authors: Chen Xiuzheng , Wu Haibo , Liu Huan , Yang Yitian , Pei Bingbing , Han Jianshen , Liu Zehua , Wu Xishi , Huang Zhengren
Published: May 2024

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) ceramics have a high melting point, low neutron absorption cross section, and excellent resistance to the impact of fission products and are considered to be one of the best candidate materials for fourth-generation nuclear energy systems. ZrC ceramics with a high relative density of 99.1% were successfully prepared via pressureless sintering using a small amount of MoSi2 as an additive. The influence of the MoSi2 content on the densification behavior, microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of ZrC ceramics was systematically investigated. The results show that the densification of ZrC was significantly enhanced by the introduction of MoSi2 due to the formation of a liquid phase during sintering. In addition, the ZrC grains were refined due to the pinning effect of the generated silicon carbide. The flexural strength and Vickers hardness of ZrC ceramics with 2.5 vol% MoSi2 sintered at 1850 °C were 408 ± 12 MPa and 17.1 GPa, respectively, which were approximately 30% and 10% higher compared to the samples without the addition of MoSi2. The improved mechanical properties were mainly attributed to the high relative density (99.1%) and refined microstructure.
Microstructural Investigation of Process Parameters Dedicated to Laser Powder Bed Fusion of AlSi7Mg0.6 Alloy
Authors: Kluczyński Janusz , Dražan Tomáš , Joska Zdeněk , Łuszczek Jakub , Kosturek Robert , Jasik Katarzyna
Published: May 2024

This study presents a microstructural investigation of the printing parameters of an AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy produced by powder bed fusion (PBF) using laser beam melting (LB/M) technology. The investigation focused on the effects of laser power, exposure velocity, and hatching distance on the microhardness, porosity, and microstructure of the produced alloy. The microstructure was characterized in the plane of printing on a confocal microscope. The results showed that the printing parameters significantly affected the microstructure, whereas the energy density had a major effect. Decreasing the laser power and decreasing the hatching distance resulted in increased porosity and the increased participation of non-melted particles. A mathematical model was created to determine the porosity of a 3D-printed material based on three printing parameters. Microhardness was not affected by the printing parameters. The statistical model created based on the porosity investigation allowed for the illustration of the technological window and showed certain ranges of parameter values at which the porosity of the produced samples was at a possible low level.
The Impact of Impurity Gases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Pipeline Steel in High-Pressure H2 Environments
Authors: Zhou Chengshuang , Zhou Hongbin , Zhang Lin
Published: May 2024

The use of hydrogen-blended natural gas presents an efficacious pathway toward the rapid, large-scale implementation of hydrogen energy, with pipeline transportation being the principal method of conveyance. However, pipeline materials are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Natural gas contains various impurity gases that can either exacerbate or mitigate sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms through which multiple impurity gases could affect the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of pipeline steel. We examined the effects of O2 and CO2 on the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of L360 pipeline steel through a series of fatigue crack growth tests conducted in various environments. We analyzed the fracture surfaces and assessed the fracture mechanisms involved. We discovered that CO2 promoted the hydrogen embrittlement of the material, whereas O2 inhibited it. O2 mitigated the enhancing effect of CO2 when both gases were mixed with hydrogen. As the fatigue crack growth rate increased, the influence of impurity gases on the hydrogen embrittlement of the material diminished.
An Influence of Actuator Gluing on Elastic Wave Excited in the Structure
Authors: Ziaja Dominika , Jurek Michał
Published: May 2024

In this article, the practical issues connected with guided wave measurement are studied: (1) the influence of gluing of PZT plate actuators (NAC2013) on generated elastic wave propagation, (2) the repeatability of PZT transducers attachment, and (3) the assessment of the possibility of comparing the results of Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) measurement performed on different 2D samples. The consideration of these questions is crucial in the context of the assessment of the possibility of the application of the guided wave phenomenon to structural health-monitoring systems, e.g., in civil engineering. In the examination, laboratory tests on the web of steel I-section specimens were conducted. The size and shape of the specimens were developed in such a way that they were similar to the elements typically used in civil engineering structures. It was proved that the highest amplitude of the generated wave was obtained when the exciters were glued using wax. The repeatability and durability of this connection type were the weakest. Due to this reason, it was not suitable for practical use outside the laboratory. The permanent glue application gave a stable connection between the exciter and the specimen, but the generated signal had the lowest amplitude. In the paper, the new procedure dedicated to objective analysis and comparison of the elastic waves propagating on the surface of different specimens was proposed. In this procedure, the genetic algorithms help with the determination of a new coordinate system, in which the assessment of the quality of wave propagation in different directions is possible.
Stress Distribution within the Peri-Implant Bone for Different Implant Materials Obtained by Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Matta Ragai Edward , Berger Lara , Loehlein Moritz , Leven Linus , Taxis Juergen , Wichmann Manfred , Motel Constantin
Published: May 2024

Stress distribution and its magnitude during loading heavily influence the osseointegration of dental implants. Currently, no high-resolution, three-dimensional method of directly measuring these biomechanical processes in the peri-implant bone is available. The aim of this study was to measure the influence of different implant materials on stress distribution in the peri-implant bone. Using the three-dimensional ARAMIS camera system, surface strain in the peri-implant bone area was compared under simulated masticatory forces of 300 N in axial and non-axial directions for titanium implants and zirconia implants. The investigated titanium implants led to a more homogeneous stress distribution than the investigated zirconia implants. Non-axial forces led to greater surface strain on the peri-implant bone than axial forces. Thus, the implant material, implant system, and direction of force could have a significant influence on biomechanical processes and osseointegration within the peri-implant bone.
Functionalized γ-Boehmite Covalent Grafting Modified Polyethylene for Lithium-Ion Battery Separator
Authors: Man Yuanxin , Nan Hui , Ma Jianzhe , Li Zhike , Zhou Jingyuan , Wang Xianlan , Li Heqi , Xue Caihong , Yang Yongchun
Published: May 2024

In the field of lithium-ion batteries, the challenges posed by the low melting point and inadequate wettability of conventional polyolefin separators have increased the focus on ceramic-coated separators. This study introduces a highly efficient and stable boehmite/polydopamine/polyethylene (AlOOH-PDA-PE) separator. It is crafted by covalently attaching functionalized nanosized boehmite (γ-AlOOH) whiskers onto polyethylene (PE) surfaces. The presence of a covalent bond increases the stability at the interface, while amino groups on the surface of the separator enhance the infiltration of the electrolyte and facilitate the diffusion of lithium ions. The PE-PDA-AlOOH separator, when used in lithium-ion batteries, achieves a discharge capacity of 126 mAh g−1 at 5 C and retains 97.1% capacity after 400 cycles, indicating superior cycling stability due to its covalently bonded ceramic surface. Thus, covalent interface modification is a promising strategy to prevent delamination of ceramic coatings in separators.
Strain-Based Assessment to Evaluate Damage Caused by Deep Rolling
Authors: Pertoll Tobias , Leitner Martin , Buzzi Christian , Boronkai László
Published: May 2024

The positive effects of deep rolling on fatigue strength—reduced surface roughness, work hardening and compressive residual stress—in the near-surface region are achieved by controlled high plasticisation of the treated material. However, excessive and/or repeated plasticising poses a risk of damage to the machined component. This paper investigates the damage caused by deep rolling of a railway axle. Two sections of the axle are experimentally deep rolled repeatedly at different feed rates until damage is detected. For comparative analysis, these experiments are numerically analysed and the damage is assessed using the strain-based damage calculation. The results are compared and a damage sum of ~120% is evaluated for both tests, thus developing a reliable and conservative assessment method. The single deep rolling treatment at a feed rate of 0.25 mm causes damage of 6.1%, and at a feed rate of 0.5 mm, damage of 4.7%. The developed and experimentally validated evaluation method allows for investigating the limits of applicability of different deep rolling parameters. The influence of the deep rolling force and feed rate and a proposed optimisation with multiple deep rolling with reduced deep rolling forces are investigated.
Deep Learning-Based Design Method for Acoustic Metasurface Dual-Feature Fusion
Authors: Lv Qiang , Zhao Huanlong , Huang Zhen , Hao Guoqiang , Chen Wei
Published: May 2024

Existing research in metasurface design was based on trial-and-error high-intensity iterations and requires deep acoustic expertise from the researcher, which severely hampered the development of the metasurface field. Using deep learning enabled the fast and accurate design of hypersurfaces. Based on this, in this paper, an integrated learning approach was first utilized to construct a model of the forward mapping relationship between the hypersurface physical structure parameters and the acoustic field, which was intended to be used for data enhancement. Then a dual-feature fusion model (DFCNN) based on a convolutional neural network was proposed, in which the first feature was the high-dimensional nonlinear features extracted using a data-driven approach, and the second feature was the physical feature information of the acoustic field mined using the model. A convolutional neural network was used for feature fusion. A genetic algorithm was used for network parameter optimization. Finally, generalization ability verification was performed to prove the validity of the network model. The results showed that 90% of the integrated learning models had an error of less than 3 dB between the real and predicted sound field data, and 93% of the DFCNN models could achieve an error of less than 5 dB in the local sound field intensity.
Artificial Neural Networks and Experimental Analysis of the Resistance Spot Welding Parameters Effect on the Welded Joint Quality of AISI 304
Authors: Mezher Marwan T. , Pereira Alejandro , Trzepieciński Tomasz , Acevedo Jorge
Published: May 2024

The automobile industry relies primarily on spot welding operations, particularly resistance spot welding (RSW). The performance and durability of the resistance spot-welded joints are significantly impacted by the welding quality outputs, such as the shear force, nugget diameter, failure mode, and the hardness of the welded joints. In light of this, the present study sought to determine how the aforementioned welding quality outputs of 0.5 and 1 mm thick austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 were affected by RSW parameters, such as welding current, welding time, pressure, holding time, squeezing time, and pulse welding. In order to guarantee precise evaluation and experimental analysis, it is essential that they are supported by a numerical model using an intelligent model. The primary objective of this research is to develop and enhance an intelligent model employing artificial neural network (ANN) models. This model aims to provide deeper knowledge of how the RSW parameters affect the quality of optimum joint behavior. The proposed neural network (NN) models were executed using different ANN structures with various training and transfer functions based on the feedforward backpropagation approach to find the optimal model. The performance of the ANN models was evaluated in accordance with validation metrics, like the mean squared error (MSE) and correlation coefficient (R2). Assessing the experimental findings revealed the maximum shear force and nugget diameter emerged to be 8.6 kN and 5.4 mm for the case of 1–1 mm, 3.298 kN and 4.1 mm for the case of 0.5–0.5 mm, and 4.031 kN and 4.9 mm for the case of 0.5–1 mm. Based on the results of the Pareto charts generated by the Minitab program, the most important parameter for the 1–1 mm case was the welding current; for the 0.5–0.5 mm case, it was pulse welding; and for the 0.5–1 mm case, it was holding time. When looking at the hardness results, it is clear that the nugget zone is much higher than the heat-affected zone (HZ) and base metal (BM) in all three cases. The ANN models showed that the one-output shear force model gave the best prediction, relating to the highest R and the lowest MSE compared to the one-output nugget diameter model and two-output structure. However, the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (Trainlm) training function with the log sigmoid transfer function recorded the best prediction results of both ANN structures.
Rust Prevention Property of a New Organic Inhibitor under Different Conditions
Authors: Guo Xingxing , Wang Chengsheng , Fu Hua , Tian Li , Song Hua
Published: May 2024

The corrosion resistance properties of a new type of environmentally-friendly organic inhibitor containing amino ketone molecules are presented in this paper. To evaluate the prevention effect of the inhibitor on corrosion of reinforcement, the electrochemical characteristics of steels in the simulated concrete pore solution (SPS) were investigated under varied conditions of the relevant parameters, including concentrations of the inhibitor and NaCl, pH value, and temperature. The inhibition efficiency of the material was characterized through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, and the weight loss of steels. The results reveal a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of steels with the inhibitor. A maximum resistance value of 89.07% was achieved at an inhibitor concentration of 4%. Moreover, the new organic inhibitor exhibited good corrosion protection capability for steels under different NaCl concentrations. Its inhibition efficiency was determined to be 65.62, 80.06, and 66.30% at NaCl concentrations of 2, 3.5 and 5%, respectively. On the other hand, it was found that an alkaline environment was favorable for an enhanced corrosion prevention effect, and an optimal pH value of 11.3 was observed in this work. Besides, the inhibition efficiencies at different temperatures showed a trend of 25 > 35 > 40 > 20 > 30 °C, with a maximum value of 81.32% at 25 °C. The above results suggest that the new organic material has high potential to be used as an eco-friendly and long-term durable inhibitor for steel corrosion prevention under complex conditions.