bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS PACEMAKERS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Sanders Kenton M. , Koh Sang Don , Ward Sean M.
Published: October 2005

▪ Abstract  In the gastrointestinal tract, phasic contractions are caused by electrical activity termed slow waves. Slow waves are generated and actively propagated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The initiation of pacemaker activity in the ICC is caused by release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor–operated stores, uptake of Ca2+ into mitochondria, and the development of unitary currents. Summation of unitary currents causes depolarization and activation of a dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ conductance that entrains pacemaker activity in a network of ICC, resulting in the active propagation of slow waves. Slow wave frequency is regulated by a variety of physiological agonists and conditions, and shifts in pacemaker dominance can occur in response to both neural and nonneural inputs. Loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for the etiology of these disorders.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: Concepts and Measurement
Authors: Braveman Paula
Published: October 2005

▪ Abstract  There is little consensus about the meaning of the terms “health disparities,” “health inequalities,” or “health equity.” The definitions can have important practical consequences, determining the measurements that are monitored by governments and international agencies and the activities that will be supported by resources earmarked to address health disparities/inequalities or health equity. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of health disparities/inequalities (used interchangeably here) and health equity, focusing on the implications of different definitions for measurement and hence for accountability. Health disparities/inequalities do not refer to all differences in health. A health disparity/inequality is a particular type of difference in health (or in the most important influences on health that could potentially be shaped by policies); it is a difference in which disadvantaged social groups—such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women, or other groups who have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination—systematically experience worse health or greater health risks than more advantaged social groups. (“Social advantage” refers to one's relative position in a social hierarchy determined by wealth, power, and/or prestige.) Health disparities/inequalities include differences between the most advantaged group in a given category—e.g., the wealthiest, the most powerful racial/ethnic group—and all others, not only between the best- and worst-off groups. Pursuing health equity means pursuing the elimination of such health disparities/inequalities.
Inhibitors of Mitogen‐Activated Protein KinasesDownregulate COX‐2 Expression in Human Chondrocytes
Authors: Nieminen Riina , Leinonen Sari , Lahti Aleksi , Vuolteenaho Katriina , Jalonen Ulla , Kankaanranta Hannu , Goldring Mary B. , Moilanen Eeva
Published: October 2005

Inducible prostaglandin synthase (cyclooxygenase‐2, COX‐2) is
expressed in rheumatoid and osteoarthritic cartilage and produces
high amounts of proinflammatory prostanoids in the joint. In the
present study we investigated the effects of the inhibitors of
mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways Erk1/2, p38, and
JNK on COX‐2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
production in human chondrocytes. Proinflammatory cytokine
IL‐1β caused a transient activation of Erk1/2, p38, and JNK
in immortalized human T/C28a2 chondrocytes and that was followed
by enhanced COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production. PD98059 (an
inhibitor of Erk1/2 pathway) suppressed IL‐1‐induced COX‐2
expression and PGE2 production in a dose‐dependent manner,
and seemed to have an inhibitory effect on COX‐2 activity.
SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38 pathway) but not its negative
control compound SB202474 inhibited COX‐2 protein and mRNA
expression and subsequent PGE2 synthesis at micromolar drug
concentrations. SP600125 (a recently developed JNK inhibitor) but
not its negative control compound
N1‐methyl‐1,9‐pyrazolanthrone downregulated COX‐2 expression
and PGE2 formation in a dose‐dependent manner. SP600125 did
not downregulate IL‐1‐induced COX‐2 mRNA expression when measured
2 h after addition of IL‐1β but suppressed mRNA levels
in the later time points suggesting post‐transcriptional
regulation. Our results suggest that activation of Erk1/2, p38,
and JNK pathways belongs to the signaling cascades that mediate the
upregulation of COX‐2 expression and PGE2 production in human
chondrocytes exposed to proinflammatory cytokine IL‐1β.
Changes in Serum Cytokine Levels in Active Tuberculosis With Treatment
Authors: Deveci Figen , Akbulut H. Handan , Turgut Teyfik , Muz M. Hamdi
Published: October 2005

It has been reported that IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐12
stimulate, and that IL‐10, TGF‐β, and IL‐4 suppress the
protective immune response against tuberculosis. We aim
to evaluate changes in the serum levels of pro and
antiinflammatory cytokines in active pulmonary tuberculosis
(APTB) and the possible effects of treatment on these changes.
Serum IL‐12p40, IL‐4, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and
TGF‐β1 levels were determined in 20 APTB cases (group 1)
before and 2, 4, and 6 months after therapy. The same parameters
were also determined in 9 inactive pulmonary tuberculosis (IPTB)
cases (group 2) and 9 healthy controls (HC, group 3). Before
treatment, the mean serum IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐10
levels in group 1 were statistically higher than those in group 2
(P = .001, P = .024, P = .016, resp) or group 3 (P = .003, P = .002, P = .011, resp). The levels in group 1 decreased
significantly after treatment (P = .001 for IFN‐γ,
P = .004
for TNF‐α, P = .000 for IL‐10). The serum levels
of IL‐12p40 were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 3
(P = .012) and decreased insignificantly after treatment. There
was no difference in serum IL‐4 and TGF‐β1 levels among the
groups (P > .05). Because the serum IL‐12p40, IL‐10, TNF‐α,
and IFN‐γ levels were high in APTB, we believe that these
cytokines have important roles in the immune response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M tuberculosis).
These parameters could be used in follow‐up as indicators of the
success of APTB therapy.
Characterization of Acetyl‐CoA: Lyso‐PAF Acetyltransferase of Human Mesangial Cells
Authors: Fragopoulou Elizabeth , Iatrou Christos , Demopoulos Constantinos Alexandros
Published: October 2005

Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator
produced by various renal cells and it is implicated in renal
pathology. The aim of this study is the characterization of
remodeling lyso‐PAF acetyltransferase, which is activated
under inflammatory conditions, in human mesangial cell. Total
membranes of mesangial cells were isolated and enzymatic activity
and kinetic parameters were determined by trichloroacetic
acid precipitation method. The effect of BSA, divalent cations,
EDTA, and various chemicals on the activity of lyso‐PAF
acetyltransferase was also studied. Various detergents were also
tested for the solubilization of the enzyme and only glycerol did
not affect its activity. Partial purification of solubilized
enzyme preparations of human kidney tissue and mesangial cells was
performed on anion exchange column chromatography and native‐PAGE
electrophoresis and two active fractions were detected.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Placenta Growth Factorin Intrauterine Growth‐Restricted Fetuses and Neonates
Authors: Malamitsi-Puchner Ariadne , Boutsikou Theodora , Economou Emmanuel , Sarandakou Angeliki , Makrakis Evangelos , Hassiakos Dimitrios , Creatsas George
Published: October 2005

The angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
and placenta growth factor (PlGF) are respectively up‐ and
downregulated by hypoxia. We aimed to study circulating levels of
the above factors in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to
correlate their levels with the customized centiles of the
infants. The study included 25 IUGR and 25 appropriate for
gestational age (AGA) full‐term, singleton infants and their
mothers. Maternal (MS), fetal (UC), and neonatal day 1 (N1) and 4
(N4) blood was examined. MS and N1 PlGF, as well as UC VEGF levels
correlated with the customized centiles of the infants (r = 0.39,
P = .007, r = 0.34, P = .01, and r = −0.41, P = .004, resp).
Furthermore, UC, N1, and N4 VEGF levels were higher in girls
(r = 0.36, P = .01, r = 0.33, P = .02, and r = 0.41, P = .005
resp). In conclusion, positive and negative correlations of
examined factors with the customized centiles of the infant could
rely on placental function and intrauterine oxygen
concentrations—both being usually lower in IUGR cases—while
higher VEGF levels in girls should possibly be attributed to the
stimulating action of estrogens.
Repeated Doses of UVR Cause Minor Alteration in CytokineSerum Levels in Humans
Authors: Narbutt Joanna , Lesiak Aleksandra , Skibinska Malgorzata , Wozniacka Anna , Sysa-Jedrzejowska Anna , Lukamowicz Joalanta , van Loveren Henk
Published: October 2005

The aim of our study was to compare serum concentration of
IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α in 105
healthy volunteers before and after exposure to UVR: 25 subjects
(10 days of UVB), 55 (10 days of UVB or solar‐simulated radiation,
followed by acute UVB dose), and 25 (local high dose of UVB). In
all the individuals blood samples were analyzed before and after
final irradiation by chemiluminescence assay. After 10 days of UVB
irradiation a statistically significant increase in serum
concentration only in IL‐8 (P < .05) and strong tendency in
TNF‐α(P = .05) were observed. The applied
schedules of irradiation have minor impact on serum cytokine level
and still a threshold dose of UVR causing systemic immune
impairment is unknown.
The Effects of Oxidative Stress in Urinary Tract Infection DuringPregnancy
Authors: Ciragil Pinar , Kurutas Ergul Belge , Gul Mustafa , Kilinc Metin , Aral Murat , Guven Alanur
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of urinary
tract infection (UTI) on antioxidant systems and lipid
peroxidation (LPO) levels during pregnancy. We also
investigated if these antioxidant systems and LPO levels differed
in each trimester. One hundred forty‐three nonpregnant women, as a
control group, and 77 pregnant women were included in the study.
Urine cultures were performed according to standard techniques.
Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and LPO levels were
measured using a spectrophotometer. UTI was observed in 14 of
77 pregnant women and the isolated microorganisms were
Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and
Staphylococcus saprophyticus. CAT, SOD, and LPO levels
were increased in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women
(P < .01). CAT, SOD activities, and LPO levels were increased from
the first trimester to the third trimester in pregnancy without
UTI. However, CAT and SOD activities were decreased, LPO levels
were increased from the first trimester to the third trimester in
pregnancy with UTI (P < .01). Pregnancy causes oxidative stress
and also UTI during pregnancy may aggravate oxidative stress.
Anaesthesia and the Acute Phase Protein Response in Children Undergoing Circumcision
Authors: Buyukkocak Unase , Caglayan Fatma , Caglayan Osman , Basar Murat , Cakmak Murat , Batislam Ertan , Ulusoy Sevgi
Published: October 2005

Concentrations of acute phase proteins (CRP: C‐reactive protein,
albumin) change during surgery. We investigated the acute phase
response to circumcision and the effects of anaesthesia on this
response. The children were divided into four groups; group 1
(intratracheal general anaesthesia, n = 40), group 2 (general
anaesthesia with mask, n = 20), group 3 (ketamine, n = 20), group
4 (local anaesthesia, n = 35). Blood samples were obtained, 24
hours before circumcision, after premedication, and 24 hours after
circumcision. CRP and albumin before circumcision were comparable
for all groups. There was no increase in CRP, and albumin remained
steady throughout the study. No difference was observed among the
groups, and related to anaesthesia. No responsiveness may be
explained with the size of injured tissue or anatomical and
histological type of preputium.
Malnutrition and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Psoter W.J. , Reid B.C. , Katz R.V.
Published: October 2005

Protein-energy malnutrition occurs when there are deficiencies in protein, energy foods or both, relative to a body’s needs. This paper reviews the association of early childhood malnutrition with: (1) dental caries, (2) en amel hypoplasia, (3) salivary gland hypofunction, and (4) delayed eruption. Studies suggest that caries of the primary dentition is associated with early childhood malnutrition, though the effect on caries of the permanent dentition has essentially not been studied. Enamel hypoplasia, salivary glandular hypofunction and saliva compositional changes may be mechanisms through which malnutrition is associated with caries, while altered eruption timing may create a challenge in the analysis of age-specific caries rates.
Effects of Sucking Acidic Candy on Whole-Mouth Saliva Composition
Authors: Jensdottir T. , Nauntofte B. , Buchwald C. , Bardow A.
Published: October 2005

Limited information is available on the effects of sucking acidic candies on saliva composition and the protective role of saliva in this relation. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine salivary effects of sucking acidic candies in vivo in relation to individual variations in whole-saliva flow rate (WSFR) and buffer capacity (WSβ). Ten healthy young males (24 ± 2 years) sucked a rhubarb-flavoured acidic hard-boiled candy with tartaric acid available on the Danish market. The whole saliva was collected into a closed system, regarding CO2, at different times as follows: firstly, unstimulated saliva for 5 min (baseline), secondly stimulated saliva for 4 min upon sucking the candy, and finally post-stimulated saliva for 10 min. Saliva pH was determined on a blood gas analyser and WSβ was estimated from the saliva bicarbonate concentration obtained by the analyser and by ionic balance calculation. The erosive potential of the candy in saliva was estimated from the saliva pH values and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (DSHAp). The results showed that saliva pH dropped from 6.5 (baseline) down to 4.5 at the fourth minute of sucking the candy, and returned to pH 6.5 five minutes after stimulation (post-stimulated). DSHAp decreased upon sucking the candy and saliva from all subjects became undersaturated with respect to HAp. Significant positive correlations were obtained between pH and WSFR (rs = 0.47; p < 0.05) and between pH and WSβ (rs = 0.65; p < 0.01). In relation to WSβ we found that 70% of the buffer capacity originating from the bicarbonate buffer system upon sucking the candy was exerted as phase buffering. We conclude that sucking this type of acidic candies changes whole-mouth saliva composition so that it may have erosive potential and that high WSFR and WSβ have protective effects against these salivary changes.
The Association of Acidic Reflux above the Upper Oesophageal Sphincter with Palatal Tooth Wear
Authors: Moazzez R. , Anggiansah A. , Bartlett D.W.
Published: October 2005

This case-controlled clinical study, conducted at a secondary care unit, compared pH measurement at 2 cm above the upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) in 31 patients complaining of extra-oesophageal symptoms of reflux to 7 control subjects. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pH measurements were recorded and analysed at 5 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and 2 cm above the UOS. In reflux patients the proportion of supine time when pH at 5 cm above the LOS was <4 was significantly greater than in controls. The proportion of time when pH at 2 cm above the UOS was <5.5 was also significantly greater in patients than in controls. Palatal tooth wear observed in the patient group correlated with acid reflux at night. In this group of patients presenting with symptoms of reflux, gastric acid passed through the upper oesophageal sphincter and increased the potential for erosion.
The Persistence of Streptococcus mutans in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients after Radiotherapy
Authors: Meng Liuyan , Liu Jiarong , Peng Bin , Fan Mingwen , Nie Min , Chen Zhi , Gan Yu , Bian Zhuan
Published: October 2005

The aim of the study was to examine the persistence of oral Streptococcus mutans in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy. Ten subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 67 years, participated. DMFT/DMFS, salivary level of mutans streptococci and oral health status were recorded. Pooled plaque samples were obtained from the cervical margins and the interproximal regions of all the teeth and the occlusal surfaces of the molars prior to, immediately after, 3 and 6 months after the completion of radiotherapy. At least 10 colonies of S. mutans were isolated from each subject and totally 645 isolates were genotyped by restriction endonuclease analysis. The results showed that the salivary level of S. mutans increased significantly with the reduction of salivary flow rate after radiotherapy. Each subject had at least 1 genotype of S. mutans isolated throughout the follow-up period. In 3 subjects who initially carried 2 or more genotypes, 1 or 2 genotypes of S. mutans could not be detected 3 months after treatment. Moreover, the genotypes that became undetectable were predominant bacteria in the first sampling. The result indicated that most S. mutans genotypes were persistent after radiotherapy but some genotypes that might not adapt to the alteration of oral environment became undetectable.
Clinical Effectiveness of Laser Fluorescence, Visual Inspection and Radiography in the Detection of Occlusal Caries
Authors: Angnes V. , Angnes G. , Batisttella M. , Grande R.H.M. , Loguercio A.D. , Reis A.
Published: October 2005

The aim of this in vivo study was to compare a laser fluorescence (LF) device with Ekstrand’s visual scoring system and radiographic assessment for detection of occlusal caries. Thirty-eight adults aged 19–35 years participated in the study; a total of 57 third molars with macroscopically intact occlusal surfaces were selected. Two examiners assessed 110 sites by visual inspection (VI), bitewing radiography (BW) and LF. Teeth were then extracted and caries extent assessed by histology. The detection methods were compared by means of sensitivity, specificity, inter-examiner reproducibility (kappa statistics) and area under the ROC curve. VI and LF had similar (p > 0.05) and superior sensitivities than BW (p < 0.05). VI and BW showed similar specificities, which was superior to LF. The inter-examiner reproducibility was good for VI and BW and moderate for LF. The area under ROC curves showed that VI was better than LF. It was concluded that Ekstrand’s visual scoring system is the most valid method for caries diagnosis. LF should be considered an adjunct to caries diagnosis.
Evaluation of Selective Caries Removal by a Fluorescence Feedback-Controlled Er:YAG Laser in vitro
Authors: Eberhard J. , Eisenbeiss A.K. , Braun A. , Hedderich J. , Jepsen S.
Published: October 2005

Aim: To establish a fluorescence threshold level that could guide a therapeutic Er:YAG laser through a caries lesion to determine a therapeutic endpoint of caries removal. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 extracted human teeth, 35 with dentine caries and 30 healthy, were used for this study. An Er:YAG laser system that emitted at a wavelength of 2.94 µm was used. The laser was equipped with a laser fluorescence feedback system, excitation wavelength 655 nm, to control the irradiation by the Er:YAG laser. The evaluated threshold levels of the fluorescence feedback system were 3, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20. After treatment the teeth were prepared for histological staining according to the method of Brown and Brenn for the identification of bacteria. The specimens were subjected to a quantitative evaluation of residual bacteria on the treated dentine surface. In addition, the internal fluorescence of dentine and potential fluorescence changes of dentine after laser irradiation were evaluated. Results: About 80% of the irradiated dentine surface showed residual bacteria with threshold levels of 20, 15, 12, and 10. Residual bacteria were not found with threshold levels of 7 and 3. The study revealed a significant increase in dentine fluorescence after laser irradiation. Conclusion: The results of the present in vitro study indicate that a fluorescence threshold level of 7 or 8 units can guide an Er:YAG laser to a complete removal of carious dentine.
Fluoride Concentrations in Enamel and Dentin of Primary Teeth after Pre- and Postnatal Fluoride Exposure
Authors: Sá Roriz Fonteles C. , Zero D.T. , Moss M.E. , Fu J.
Published: October 2005

The aim of this study was to determine any existing difference in the amount of fluoride incorporated in the surface, body enamel and dentin of two groups of deciduous teeth, either exposed to pre- and postnatal fluoride supplements or to postnatal fluoride only. One hundred and eighty five subjects with intact deciduous incisors were selected from a randomized, double blind study of the caries preventive efficacy of prenatal fluoride (F) supplementation. Surface and body enamel samples were obtained by the acid etch biopsy technique. Dentin microsamples were obtained by drilling to a depth of 100 µm using the microdrill biopsy technique. It was concluded that fluoride exposure during the prenatal period offered no additional measurable fluoride uptake by dental tissues other than that attributable to postnatal fluoride alone.
Fluoride Dose Response in pH-Cycling Models Using Bovine Enamel
Authors: de Mello Vieira Ana Elisa , Botazzo Delbem Alberto Carlos , Takebayashi Sassaki Kikue , Rodrigues Eliana , Cury Jaime Aparecido , Cunha Robson Frederico
Published: October 2005

The aim of this study was to establish methodologies for verification of the fluoride solution dose-response relationship using bovine enamel and pH-cycling models. Six models of the cariogenic challenge were performed, varying the time of demineralization and pH, time of remineralization, composition of de- and remineralization solutions, frequency and time of application of treatment solutions and pH-cycling duration. For the evaluation of the fluoride effect on caries dynamics, two proposed models provided for improvement in standardization of methods leading to a higher level of precision, demonstrating a dose response between treatments with regard to surface microhardness and ΔZ. For the evaluation of the fluoride effect on enamel remineralization, the addition of fluoride to the de- and remineralization solutions and the reduction of frequency and time of application of fluoride solutions led to a more suitable pH-cycling model.
Synergistic Inhibition by Combination of Fluoride and Xylitol on Glycolysis by Mutans Streptococciand Its Biochemical Mechanism
Authors: Maehara H. , Iwami Y. , Mayanagi H. , Takahashi N.
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined inhibitory effect of fluoride and xylitol on acid production by mutans streptococci, Streptococcus mutans NCTC10449 and Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, from glucose under strictly anaerobic conditions at fixed pH 5.5 and 7.0. The bacteria were grown in a tryptone-yeast extract broth under strictly anaerobic conditions (N2: 80%; H2: 10%; CO2: 10%). Reaction mixtures for acid production from glucose contained bacterial cells with fluoride (0–6.4 mM) and/or xylitol (60 mM). Acidic end products of glucose fermentation and intracellular glycolytic intermediates were assayed. The combination of fluoride and xylitol inhibited acid production more effectively than fluoride or xylitol alone. In the presence of fluoride and xylitol, the proportion of lactic acid in the total amount of acidic end products decreased, while the proportion of formic and acetic acids increased. Analyses of intracellular glycolytic intermediates revealed that xylitol inhibited the upper part of the glycolytic pathway, while fluoride inhibited the lower part. This study indicates that fluoride and xylitol together have synergistic inhibitory effects on the acid production of mutans streptococci and suggests that xylitol has the potential to enhance inhibitory effects of low concentrations of fluoride.
Approximal Caries Development in Adolescents with Low to Moderate Caries Risk after Different 3-Year School-Based Supervised Fluoride Mouth Rinsing Programmes
Authors: Moberg Sköld Ulla , Birkhed Dowen , Borg Eva , Petersson Lars G.
Published: October 2005

The aim was to evaluate a 3-year randomised controlled trial of school-based fluoride mouth rinsing (FMR) on approximal caries development in 13- to 16-year-olds with low to moderate caries risk. The adolescents used F toothpaste at home and underwent prophylactic treatment at yearly check-ups at public dental clinics. Out of 788 randomly selected 13-year-olds, 622 completed the trial, carried out in 1999–2003. Supervised by a dental nurse, the subjects rinsed with a 0.2% NaF solution at different intervals. Group 1 rinsed their teeth on the first three schooldays every semester; group 2 on the first three and the last three schooldays every semester; group 3 on three consecutive days once a month during semesters; group 4 once every fortnight during semesters, and group 5 (control) did not rinse. Radiographic recording of approximal caries was performed. FMR on the three first and the three last schooldays every semester (group 2) had a prevented fraction of 59%, with approximal enamel lesions as a diagnostic threshold. Corresponding figures for groups 1, 3 and 4 were 30, 47 and 41%, respectively. The control group differed statistically from groups 2–4 for new enamel and dentin lesions and fillings (p < 0.01). Enamel lesions constituted more than 90% of the new caries lesions. Caries progression was low for all groups and no significant differences were found between groups. The main conclusion from this randomised controlled trial is that school-based FMR, as a supplement to the daily use of F toothpaste, reduces caries incidence on approximal surfaces in adolescents with low to moderate caries risk.
Treatment of Endometriosis with Transvaginal Ultrasound-Guided Drainage under GnRH Analogues and Recombinant Interleukin-2 Left in the Cysts
Authors: Acién Pedro , Pérez-Albert Gloria , Quereda Francisco J. , Sánchez-Ferrer Marisa , García-Almela Ana , Velasco Irene
Published: October 2005

Background: To analyze the therapeutic results of one dose of 3 million IU of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) left intracyst (group I) versus two doses with a 1-month interval (group II) after transvaginal ultrasound (US)-guided drainage of endometriomas under the effect of GnRH analogues. Methods: Prospective and randomized clinical trial (helped by a random number table) at a University Hospital. Twenty-four consecutive patients with endometriomas initially sent to us for laparotomy and conservative surgery for endometriosis were included. Interventions: Treatment with GnRH analogues every 28 days, 3 doses. Under their effect, one or two transvaginal US-guided punctures were performed in order to aspirate the endometriomas, and 3 million IU of rIL-2 were left in the aspirated cysts each time. Main outcome measures: Clinical results: two menstruations after GnRH analogues. Other secondary outcome measures were: the time until recurrence of cysts, symptoms and CA-125 >35 U/ml, and the need for further medical or surgical treatment. Results: They were moderate or good in >50% of cases with one drainage and one dose of 3 million IU of rIL-2 intracyst, but were better with a second drainage and two doses of rIL-2 (25 vs. 58.3% ‘good results’). There were fewer recurrences and the interval before recurrence was longer after two doses but differences were not significant. Six patients from group I (50%) and 3 from group II (25%) needed laparotomy and conservative surgery at 17.5 ± 8.7 months (total time of follow-up = 33 ± 8.8 months). Conclusions: Treatment of endometriomas with transvaginal US-guided drainage and rIL-2 left in the cysts under endometrial suppressive therapy with GnRH analogues has beneficial effects, improving clinical manifestationsand avoiding some surgical therapies. The use of a higher dose of rIL-2 does not produce better results, whereas drainage + rIL-2 twice does.
Situated Action: A Neuropsychological Interpretation Response to Vera and Simon
Authors: Clancey William J.
Published: October 2005

The most fundamental contribution so far of artificial intelligence and com‐puter science to the joint enterprise of cognitive science has been the notion of a physical symbol system, i.e.,… systems capable of having and manipulating symbols, yet realizable in the physical universe.
Pronouns, Names, and the Centering of Attention in Discourse
Authors: Gordon Peter C. , Grosz Barbara J. , Gilliom Laura A.
Published: October 2005

Centering theory, developed within computational linguistics, provides an account of ways in which patterns of interutterance reference con promote the local coherence of discourse. It states that each utterance in a coherent discourse segment contains a single semantic entity—the backward‐looking center—that provides a link to the previous utterance, and an ordered set of entities—the forward‐looking centers—that offer potential links to the next utterance. We report five reading‐time experiments that test predictions of this theory with respect to the conditions under which it is preferable to realize (refer to) on entity using a pronoun rather thon o repeated definite description or name. The experiments show that there is a single backward‐looking center that is preferentially realized as a pronoun, and that the backward‐looking center is typically realized as the grammatical subject of the utterance. They also provide evidence that there is a set of forward‐looking centers that is ranked in terms of prominence, and that a key factor in determining prominence—surface‐initial position—does not affect determination of the backward‐looking center. This provides evidence for the dissociation of the coherence processes of looking backward and looking forward.
Concept Discovery in a Scientific Domain
Authors: Dunbar Kevin
Published: October 2005

The scientific reasoning strategies used to discover a new concept in a scientific domain were investigated in two studies. An innovative task in which subjects discover new concepts in molecular biology was used. This task was based upon one set of experiments that Jacob and Monod used to discover how genes are controlled, and for which they were awarded the Nobel prize. In the two studies reported in this article, subjects were taught some basic facts and experimental techniques in molecular biology, using a simulated molecular genetics laboratory on a computer. Following their initial training, they were then asked to discover how genes are controlled by other genes. In Study 1, subjects found no evidence that was consistent with their initial hypothesis. Subjects then set one of two goals for conducting experiments and evaluating data. One goal was to search for evidence consistent with the current hypothesis (and they did not attend to the features of discrepant findings); none of the subjects who only had this goal succeeded at discovering how the genes were controlled. Other subjects in Study 1 used a different goal: Upon noticing evidence inconsistent with their current hypothesis, these subjects set a new goal of attempting to explain the cause of the discrepant findings. Using this goal, a subset of these subjects discovered the correct solution to the problem. Study 2 was conducted to test the hypothesis that subjects' goals of finding evidence consistent with their current hypothesis blocks consideration of alternate hypotheses and generation of new goals, it was predicted that if subjects could achieve their initial goal of discovering evidence consistent with their current hypothesis, they would then attend to particular features of discrepant evidence and solve the problem. To test this prediction, an additional mechanism of genetic control that was consistent with subjects' initial goal was added to the genes. Here, subjects had to discover two mechanisms of control: one mechanism consistent with their current hypothesis, and one inconsistent with their hypothesis. Twice as many subjects reached the correct solution in Study 2 than in Study 1. The findings of the two studies indicate that goals provide a powerful constraint on the cognitive processes underlying scientific reasoning and that the types of goals that are represented determine many of the reasoning errors that subjects make.
Disilenyl Anions Derived from Reduction of Tetrakis(di-tert-butylmethylsilyl)disilene with Metal Naphthalenide through a Disilene Dianion Intermediate: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Inoue Shigeyoshi , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: October 2005

Tetrakis(di-tert-butylmethylsilyl)disilene (3) was treated with 2 equiv. of metal naphthalenide (M = Li, Na, and K) in THF to give the disilenyl anion by elimination of one tBu2MeSi group, through the intermediate formation of a disilene dianion upon two-electron reduction. The red crystals of sp2-type silyl anions were isolated as the corresponding alkali metal derivatives, which were characterized by NMR spectra and X-ray crystallography.
The Impact of Duplicate Orders on Demand Estimation and Capacity Investment
Authors: Armony Mor , Plambeck Erica L.
Published: October 2005

Motivated by a $2.2 billion inventory write-off by Cisco Systems, we investigate how duplicate orders can lead a manufacturer to err in estimating the demand rate and customers’ sensitivity to delay, and to make faulty decisions about capacity investment. We consider a manufacturer that sells through two distributors. If a customer finds that his distributor is out of stock, then he will sometimes seek to make a purchase from the other distributor; if the latter is also out of stock, the customer will order from both distributors. When his order is filled by one of the distributors, the customer cancels any duplicate orders. Furthermore, the customer cancels all of his outstanding orders after a random period of time.

Assuming that the manufacturer is unaware of duplicate orders, we prove that she will overestimate both the demand rate and the cancellation rate. Surprisingly, failure to account for duplicate orders can cause short-term underinvestment in capacity. However, in long-term equilibrium under stable demand conditions the manufacturer overinvests in capacity. Our results suggest that Cisco’s write-off was caused by estimation errors and cannot be blamed entirely on the economic downturn. Finally, we provide some guidance on estimation in the presence of double orders.
Weak-Form and Semi-Strong-Form Stock Return Predictability Revisited
Authors: Ferson Wayne E. , Heuson Andrea , Su Tie
Published: October 2005

This paper makes indirect inference about the time variation in expected stock returns by comparing unconditional sample variances to estimates of expected conditional variances. The evidence reveals more predictability as more information is used, and there is no evidence that predictability has diminished in recent years. Semi-strong-form evidence suggests that time variation in expected returns remains economically important.
Conspicuous Consumption and Sophisticated Thinking
Authors: Amaldoss Wilfred , Jain Sanjay
Published: October 2005

Consumers purchase conspicuous goods to satisfy not only material needs but also social needs such as prestige. In an attempt to meet these social needs, producers of conspicuous goods like cars, perfumes, and watches, highlight the exclusivity of their products. In this paper, we propose a monopoly model of conspicuous consumption using the rational expectations framework, and then examine how purchase decisions are affected by the desire for exclusivity and conformity. We show that snobs can have an upward-sloping demand curve but only in the presence of consumers who are (weakly) followers. Laboratory tests lend support for this model prediction and for the rational expectations framework. The experimental results suggest that subjects used some degree of sophisticated thinking to arrive at their first-period decisions. Their behavior in the subsequent trials, however, can be adequately captured by a purely adaptive learning mechanism. We discuss the implications of consumer learning for optimal dynamic pricing policy by a monopolist.
Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design
Authors: Parker Geoffrey G. , Van Alstyne Marshall W.
Published: October 2005

How can firms profitably give away free products? This paper provides a novel answer and articulates trade-offs in a space of information product design. We introduce a formal model of two-sided network externalities based in textbook economics—a mix of Katz and Shapiro network effects, price discrimination, and product differentiation. Externality-based complements, however, exploit a different mechanism than either tying or lock-in even as they help to explain many recent strategies such as those of firms selling operating systems, Internet browsers, games, music, and video.

The model presented here argues for three simple but useful results. First, even in the absence of competition, a firm can rationally invest in a product it intends to give away into perpetuity. Second, we identify distinct markets for content providers and end consumers and show that either can be a candidate for a free good. Third, product coupling across markets can increase consumer welfare even as it increases firm profits.

The model also generates testable hypotheses on the size and direction of network effects while offering insights to regulators seeking to apply antitrust law to network markets.
Using Capital Markets as Market Intelligence: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Markovitch Dmitri G. , Steckel Joel H. , Yeung Bernard
Published: October 2005

Financial theory posits that capital markets convey through stock prices their expectation of the firm’s future performance. We use concepts from principal-agent theory and prospect theory to provide a theoretical explanation for the role stock price variation plays in managerial decision making. We then empirically investigate what specific decisions managers undertake in response to stock price variation. We perform our empirical analyses in the context of the pharmaceutical industry. We find that drug firms whose stock underperformed the industry react differently than drug firms with high-performing stocks. Specifically, laggards tend to implement more changes to their current product portfolio and distribution than high-performing firms. The more laggards underperform, the more they implement acquisitions aimed to produce immediate improvement in the firm’s product portfolio. In contrast, drug firms whose stocks outperform the industry tend to make fewer changes to their current portfolio and distribution. Instead, they focus more on long-term research and development and marketing of existing products. We interpret these findings in light of industry key success factors.
Hub Arc Location Problems: Part II—Formulations and Optimal Algorithms
Authors: Campbell J. F. , Ernst A. T. , Krishnamoorthy M.
Published: October 2005

A companion paper (Campbell et al. 2005) introduces new hub arc location models and analyzes optimal solutions, with special attention to spatial pattens and relationships. This paper provides integer programming formulations and optimal solution algorithms for these problems. We describe two optimal solution approaches in detail and compare their performance, using standard hub location data sets. We present implementation details and show how algorithms can be fine tuned based on characteristics of the data.
Optimal Policies for Transshipping Inventory in a Retail Network
Authors: Wee Kwan Eng , Dada Maqbool
Published: October 2005

Motivated by recent reports of improved customer service facilitated by the use of transshipment to pool inventory, we develop a formal model that focuses on the role of transshipment in a system of n-retailers who stock a good. In addition, some stock may be kept at a warehouse. If a retailer faces a stockout, he makes an attempt to fill backorders by using a transshipment that may come either from the warehouse or from another retailer that has excess stock. We determine that the optimal transshipment policy is described by exactly one of five protocols, and that the choice among them can be made by evaluating a set of easily computable conditions. We also provide other structural results that help identify conditions under which a warehouse should be open: how this decision is influenced by the total number of retailers, and how this decision is related to the degree of correlation of demand between retailers.
An experimental investigation of work dissipation in crushable materials
Authors: Tarantino A. , Hyde A. F. L.
Published: October 2005

Using simple direct shear tests on a carbonate sand, an experimental validation has been provided for the Taylor work dissipation equation, modified to include a term for particle breakage. The shear tests have been carried out on monogranular and fractal grain size distributions of a crushable carbonate sand at vertical stresses ranging from 200 kPa to 1400 kPa and horizontal displacements from 0·5 mm to 8 mm. In order to compare particle breakage of specimens with different particle sizes, specimens were prepared with a sample height of about 20d50. Grain size distributions were measured before and after shearing. A link has been established between grain crushing, shear strength and general mechanical behaviour of sands. In particular, an explanation has been given for the phenomenon of the curvature of the Mohr–Coulomb envelope observed at apparent ultimate conditions in sands using measurable physical variables related to particle crushing. The apparent critical state friction angle has been shown to contain both frictional and clastic components. Examination of these separate components of shear resistance leads to the conclusion that the apparent critical state angle of friction increases as the rate of particle crushing, normalised with respect to the normal force, increases. It was also observed that the normalised rate of crushing levelled off as a stable fractal dimension for the grain size distribution was achieved.
Coefficient of consolidation from piezocone measurements
Authors: Sills G. C. , Hird C. C.
Published: October 2005

Pore pressure dissipation tests were carried out employing two miniature piezocones, with areas of 1 cm2 and 5 cm2, in a bed of reconstituted kaolin. By using independently determined values of the coefficient of consolidation, the results were interpreted to derive appropriate values of rigidity index for use with the theory of Teh & Houlsby. In accordance with the theory, different filter positions on a piezocone (tip, face and shoulder) were not found to require different values of rigidity index. However, the importance of allowing for initial load relaxation at the commencement of the dissipation test was demonstrated, and there appeared to be a systematic effect of piezocone size.
Application of Rhodium Complexes of Chiral Diphenylphosphino‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Catalysts in Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Becht Jean‐Michel , Bappert Erhard , Helmchen Günter
Published: October 2005

The Rh complex 1a of (S,S)‐1‐(2‐diphenylphosphanylnaphthalen‐1‐yl)‐3‐(2‐isopropylphenyl)‐4,5‐diphenylimidazolidin‐2‐ylidene was found to promote enantioselective conjugate additions of arylboronic acids to enones and α,β‐unsaturated esters with up to 98% yield and>99% ee. Products of the latter reaction can be transformed into GABA antagonists.
Novel Chiral Diamino‐Oligothiophenes as Valuable Ligands in Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations. On the “Primary” Role of “Secondary” Interactions in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Albano Vincenzo Giulio , Bandini Marco , Melucci Manuela , Monari Magda , Piccinelli Fabio , Tommasi Simona , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: October 2005

A new class of chiral C2‐symmetrical diamino‐oligothiophenes is described to be effective in catalyzing Pd‐mediated asymmetric allylic alkylations in a highly enantioselective manner. The combination of experimental as well as crystallographic evidence revealed the key role played by sulfur‐based heteroaromatic rings in the stereodiscriminating step of the procedure. In particular, unprecedented non‐covalent secondary interactions between the inner thiophene and the metal center proved to be essential to create the stereochemical environment necessary in order to guarantee excellent levels of chemical and optical yields.
Cross–Coupling Reactions of Allylic Alcohols in Water
Authors: Manabe Kei , Nakada Kenji , Aoyama Naohiro , Kobayashi Shū
Published: October 2005

Palladium–catalyzed cross–coupling reactions of allylic alcohols and arylboronic acids in water are described. The reactions proceeded smoothly in water at reflux using catalytic amounts of [Pd(allyl)Cl]2 and PPh3. Addition of a catalytic amount of a base allowed the reaction to proceed even at lower temperatures.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched trans‐Fused Bicyclo[4.4.0]‐ dec‐3‐enes and Bicyclo[4.3.0]non‐3‐enes Bearing a 1,5‐Lactone Bridge
Authors: Özlügedik Mustafa , Ünaldi Seda , Wibbeling Birgit , Hoppe Dieter
Published: October 2005

The combination of (−)‐sparteine‐mediated lithiation of (2‐methyl‐cyclohex‐1‐enyl)methyl or (2‐butyl‐cyclopent‐1‐enyl)methyl carbamate and enantioselective homoaldol reaction with acrolein, transformation to a γ‐lactone, enolate allylation, followed by a ring‐closing olefin metathesis provides a facile entry to tricyclic lactones of type 7, bearing a 1,5‐lactone bridge.
Guanidine‐Thiourea Bifunctional Organocatalyst for the Asymmetric Henry (Nitroaldol) Reaction
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: October 2005

Novel bifunctional catalysts having guanidine and thiourea functional groups were developed for the asymmetric Henry (nitroaldol) reaction. Various structural developments of the catalyst revealed that the compound having an octadecyl‐substituted guanidine and thiourea groups linked with a chiral spacer derived from phenylalanine, i.e., 1e, efficiently promoted the Henry reaction. This bifunctional organocatalyst 1e also gave high asymmetric inductions with aliphatic cyclic aldehydes and branched aliphatic aldehydes (82–90% ee).
Enantioselective Construction of All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters Using Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of γ‐Acetoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Fukuda Tomoaki , Matsumoto Takayoshi , Hitomi Tsukasa , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: October 2005

We have successfully demonstrated that γ‐acetoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds are useful starting materials for Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation to construct all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters. With the use of 2–5 mol % of Pd catalyst and 4–10 mol % of P‐chirogenic diaminophosphine oxides, asymmetric allylic alkylation of γ‐acetoxy‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with various prochiral nucleophiles derived from cyclic β‐keto esters proceeded in the presence of Zn(OAc)2, providing the corresponding products with an all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter in up to 95% ee.
Enantioselective Heck‐Type Reaction Catalyzed by tropos‐Pd(II) Complex with Chiraphos Ligand
Authors: Akiyama Katsuhiro , Wakabayashi Kazuki , Mikami Koichi
Published: October 2005

The Pd(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective organoboron‐mediated Heck‐type reaction is shown to proceed under molecular oxygen as an oxidant. The Pd(OAc)2/(S,S)‐chiraphos catalyst gives good yield and the best enantioselectivity. Among the two possible δ‐ and λ‐conformations in equilibrium, this reaction proceeds via the λ‐conformation of chiraphos with the two methyl groups in a diaxial orientation.