bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Meagher R. L. , Beers E. H. , Breth D. I.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 3 replicates of Golden Delicious. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for treatments were: 22 and 30 May; 6, 13, 20, 27 Tun; 6, 16, 24 Jul; 1, 8, 17, 24 Aug; 5 Sep. Phosphamidon 8E (296 ml/acre) was added to the Larvin treatment on 22, 30 May and 20, 27 Jun. During the season fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Rubigan, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 58.5° F, Jun 70.3° F, Jul 71.3° F, Aug 72.6" F and Sep 60.9° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.51, Jun 4.42, Jul 5.86, Aug 7.33, and Sep 1.11. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WAHL was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM, twospotted spider mite, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/ tree, 80 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 27 Aug and 20 Sep. Apple samples averaged 188 fruits/replicate and 940/treatment. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Spotted Alfalfa Aphid and Pea Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1982
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Bitner Ron M.
Published: March 2022

Treatment plots 21 x 21 ft (0.1 acre) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 20 Jul using a CO2 bottle sprayer using 0.5 gal bottles to deliver 50 gpa at 30 psi. Posttreatment sweep net insect sampling was made with a 15-inch diam sweep net using 5 (90°) sweeps per plot.
Alfalfa Weevil Insecticide Efficacy Trial, Kansas, 1984
Authors: Blodgett Sue , Higgins Randall , Gibb Tim
Published: March 2022

Forty-four plots measuring 20 by 30 ft were established in a first year alfalfa field located 5 miles south of Manhattan, KS. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made 10 May ’84 using a carbon dioxide-pressured backpack sprayer equipped with 8003 flat fan nozzles which delivered 20 gpa. At the time of treatment the alfalfa measured ca. 13 inches in height and the wind conditions were calm to 3 mph. Ten pendulum sweep samples with a 15-inch diam sweep net were collected at pretreatment and 2 days posttreatment. Twenty sweep samples were taken at 5, 10, and 15 days posttreatment. Five stems were randomly collected from each plot on all dates before sweep samples were removed. Stems were examined in the lab for the presence of alfalfa weevil larvae. Data were transformed by x + 0.5 for analytical purposes but table values are expressed in larvae per 10 sweeps or larvae per 5 stems for all sampling dates. Yield was assessed by harvesting all above ground matter from a 1 sq ft area in representative treatments (all replications were harvested) on 25 May ’84. Samples were oven dried and total biomass was expressed in lb/acre. Percent crude protein was determined by laboratory analysis (using a colorimetric technique to assess total nitrogen).
Alfalfa Weevil and Plant Bug Control in Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Rethwisch Michael
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE in a fourth-year stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 X 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 10 insecticides, at various rates, was made on 26 May ’84. Insecticides were applied with a CO2, activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5-ft boom. Each plot was sampled twice, 6 and 12 days posttreatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
Control of Grasshoppers on Alfalfa, Akron, Co, 1984
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 2 swaths in width, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were made on 12 Jul ’84 to 2-4 inch alfalfa with a Peiper PA25 aircraft fitted with Hutchison wings and 23 T-Jet Hollow cone #8-45 core nozzles. One gal/acre treatments were applied at 28 psi and 2 gal/acre treatments were applied at 24 psi. Grasshoppers counts were made with standard USDA survey techniques.
Field Corn, Stalk Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Lasack P. M. , Higley L. G. , Hutchins S. H.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots located near Ames, Story County, Iowa measured 25 ft by 6 rows (30-inch centers) in continuous corn. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. In-furrow treatments were applied at planting on 23 May. The Pydrin foliar treatment was applied in the morning of 14 Jun, ca. 6 h prior to stalk borer infestation. The Pydrin foliar treatment was conventionally applied with a 2-row, CO2-charged (35 psi) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delavan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow-cone sprayer nozzles delivering 15.1 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. Feral stalk borer larvae were collected from infested corn on 13 Jun. Fifteen plants within the center 2 rows of each plot were individually infested with second, third, or fourth stage larvae at dusk on 14 Jun. Damage was assessed 6-days and 11-days postinfestation using the following criteria: no plant damage, leaf feeding, and “dead-heart” (whorl death). Heavy rainfall postinfestation destroyed a substantial portion of plants in block 1, resulting in analysis of only blocks 2, 3, and 4.
No-Till Field Corn, Yield Response to Various Insecticides for Stalk Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Highland H. Brett , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for their effect on yields in no-till field corn infested with stalk borers in Montgomery Co, Va. Pioneer 3233 field corn was planted 22 May in 38 in rows no-till in winter rye treated with paraquat, Aatrex, Princep and Dual at recommended rates. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design measuring 6 rows x 50 ft x 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jun using a backpack compressed air sprayer equipped with 2 fan type nozzles (Teejet 8003) and delivering 20 gpa at 3 mpg and 30 psi. The middle 4 rows of each plot were treated leaving 2 guard rows between plots. The corn was in the 2- to 3-leaf stage on the treatment date, and ca. 2 inch in height and weather conditions were warm (circa 80°F) and calm. Stalk borer infestations were taken on 13 Jun. The number of infested plants in the middle two rows of each plot were counted. Grain yields were determined on 17 Sep by harvesting ears out of 20 row ft of each of the middle two rows per plot. The ears were 22.5% moisture at harvest.
Apple, Kelthane Applications, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 28-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using an airblast sprayer operating at 200 psi and at 300 gal/acre. Spray dates were 22 May (pink), 4 Jun (petal fall), 13 Jun (first cover), and 6 and 13 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Phygon 50W (0.5 lb) on 1 Jun, Polyram 80W (2 lb) and Amid-Thin W (12 ppm) on 13 Jun, and Cyprex 65W (0.75 lb) on 29 Jun and 3 Jul. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. Each treatment was applied to a block of 5 to 6 trees in which mite counts were made on 2 ‘McIntosh’ and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 1, and 2 ‘Cortland’ and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 2. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. On days 3 to 5 following petal fall treatments, maximum daily temperatures ranged from 86°-95°F, and on day 3 following first cover treatments, minimum was 41°F. Maximum temperatures of 89°-90°F occurred on the 2 days after treatments on 13 Jul. The first half of Jun was warm and the last half was wetter than normal (3.0 inches rain); Jul and Aug were dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches rain, respectively).
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1983
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 6 Iowa locations in 1983. The experimental design for these tests was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications for the root-protection trials and 12 replications for the yield trials. All treatments were applied to 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. The registered-chemical and yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble® metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied in a 7-inch band behind the closing wheels with a self-contained small plot sprayer. The sprayer had a Tee Jet 8003E nozzle and used a pressure of 20 psi. The applicators were mounted ona 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter, equipped with ripple coulters. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band, either before the closing wheels (T-band), behind the closing wheels (band), or directly in-furrow (furrow). Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time granular insecticides were applied with hydraulically-driven Noble units mounted on the front of the tractor. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the plant base. Liquid applications were sprayed in a 7-10 inch band at the plant base. Treatments were incorporated with a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. The nematode Neoplectana carpocapsae Weiser, was tested and compared with several insecticides for efficacy against corn rootworms. Nematodes were applied in-furrow at the rate of 5,000, 10,(XX) and 20,0(X) nematodes per meter of row. A self-contained small plot sprayer with a modified nozzle that allowed a stream of water to flow, delivered 18.6 ml of solution per meter of row at a pressure of 10 psi. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken when the angle between a plant and the ground was 45 degrees or less. Yields were determined by machine harvesting 1/190 acre and converting the data to bu/acre of No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1984
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 4 Iowa locations in 1984. The experimental design for these tests was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft rows. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied in a 7-inch band behind the press wheels with a self-contained small plot sprayer. A Tee Jet 8008E nozzle was used at 13 psi to deliver 20 gpa. The applicators were mounted on a 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band, either before the closing wheels (T-band), behind the closing wheels (band), or directly in-furrow (furrow). Drag chains were used for incorporation. The Ames location was artificially infested with western corn rootworm eggs at planting time. The eggs, suspended in an agar solution, were injected into the soil at a depth of 4-5 inches and a density of 775 eggs per row-foot. The corn was then planted on top of the infested rows. Cultivation-time granular insecticides were applied with hydraulically-driven Noble units mounted on the front of the tractor. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the plant base. Liquid applications were sprayed in a 7-10 inch band at the plant base. Treatments were incorporated with a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). The phvtotoxicity of a chemical was determined by taking stand counts and plant height measurements. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
European Corn Borer First-Brood Control in Southern Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Ostlie K. , Lueschen B.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 6 granular insecticides against first-brood larvae was evaluated with field application equipment at Waseca, MN. All insecticides were applied on 6 Jul using a Candy air-spred granular applicator mounted on a Hagie Hi-boy sprayer. Each plot measured 4 rows x 1250 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. At application time, 48% of the plants were infested with 2.9 larvae per infested plant, for a field average of 1.4 larvae per plant. Larval development ranged from second to fourth instar with 17% of the larvae bored into leaf midribs and tassel. Corn development was at the 13 leaf stage. Efficacy was evaluated on 10 Aug by recording tunnel frequency on 20 plants per plot. Yields, adjusted to No. 2 corn at 15.5% moisture were determined on 4 Oct.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Chemigation Trial, Wray, Colorado, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Plots in both circles were ca. 7-acre sectors. Circle L-4 was planted to Dekalb T-1100 and W-5 was planted to Dekalb 484. Both circles had Lockwood sprinklers; L-4 with 360-degree Seninger low-pressure nozzles and W-5 with 180-degree low-pressure nozzles. Both sprinklers ran at 100% and delivered 0.25 inches of water/acre. Treatments were injected with a Pulsa-Feeder Rl Hydracone metering pump. Oil treatments were mixed with once-refined cottonseed oil. Applications were made on L-4 on 14 Aug and on W-5 on 12 Aug. Circle L-4 had received 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Lorsban 4E at 2 weeks after emergence to control alfalfa webworm and another 1 lb to control first generation European corn borer. Mites were rated on the Schweissing 0-4 scale, where 0 = no damage and 4 = all leaves destroyed.
Second Generation European Corn Borer, Aerial Control, Wray, Co, 1984
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were three 65-ft swaths across a center pivot irrigated corn field. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug ’84 with an Ag Cat Model A with D-8 nozzles calibrated to deliver 2 gpa at 110 mph and 20 psi. Treatments were evaluated on 12 Sep ’84 by splitting 4 sets of 10 stalks and counting live larvae. Mite damage was rated with the Sohweissing 0-4 scale where 0 = no mites and 4 = all leaves destroyed.
Cotton, Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budwobm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control, 1984
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Guillebeau P. L. , Chamberlin J. R. , All J. D.
Published: March 2022

Cotton seed was planted 28 Apr, ’84, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Midville, GA. Soil type was Dothan loamy sand. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with 6-row plots x 33 m long x 1 in row width and 5 m alleys with 4 replicates. Plants were treated with a high cycle sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 60 psi in a final volume of 50 1/ha. Plots were sprayed 12 times on 3 Jul continuing 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug 7, 13, 21, 28, Sep 4, 11, and 18. Twenty squares or small bolls per replicate in each treatment were examined for worm or weevil damage and the presence of live worms or weevils prior to spraying on each date.
Apple, Summer Pest Control, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Meagher R. L.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to 4- or 5-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 5 replicates of each treatment. Each plot consisted of alternating Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer driven at 2 mph using the alternate side technique of spraying (75 gpa/full spray). Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Application dates were: 7, 14, 21, 29 Jun; 9, 16, 23, 30 Aug; 6 Sep. Treatments which included Pydrin or Payoff were not applied on 6 Sep. Plictran 50WP (142 g/acre) plus Carzol 92SP (142 g/acre) was applied to all treatments on 19 Jul. Guthion 50WP (340 g/acre) was applied to all treatments on 31 Jul. Average temperatures were: Jun 70.3° F, Jul 71.3° F, Aug 72.6° F and Sep 60.9° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: Jun 4.42, Jul 5.86, Aug 7.33, and Sep 1.11. Effect of treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree (cv. York only), 100 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on the mite predator SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves on 20 terminals around the upper periphery of the tree. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops (Yorks only) after 1 Jul and 1 pick sample at harvest (Golds and Yorks). Apple samples averaged 222 fruits/replicate and 1110/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Apple, Timing of Synthetic Pyrethroids for Tufted Apple Budmoth Control, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Meagher R. L. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was designed to determine the optimum period for using Pydrin and Payoff for control of second brood TABM. Sprays were applied to 4- or 5-tree plots arranged in a randomized block design consisting of 5 replicates of each treatment. Each plot consisted of alternating Golden Delicious and York Imperial trees. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer calibrated to deliver 37.5 GPA/alternate side (75 GPA both sides) at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides (75 GPA). Refer to the table for timings of sprays. Average temperatures were: Aug, 72.3° F and Sep, 60.9° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: Aug, 7.33 and Sep, 1.11. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury 1 pick sample at harvest (Golds and Yorks). Apple samples averaged 210 fruits/replicate and 1050/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
White Grub Control, North Carolina, 1984
Authors: Kardand B. M. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Five soil-applied insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling beetle white grubs in pastureland scheduled for Fraser fir* Christmas tree plantings. Grubs were found feeding on Fraser fir roots, causing tree mortality. The test pasture was thickly covered with a mixture of annual and perennial grasses accompanied by various broadleaf weeds. The pasture had been cut for hay 2 wk prior to insecticide applications. The mineral-organic Porter loamy soil (2-3% organic matter) located in Watauga Co. had a pH of 5.5, and average temperature of 15° C at a depth of 4 inches, and a moisture content of 22% by weight. Test plots measured 10 by 10 ft and contained average of 2.4 grubs per sq ft. Each treatment was replicated 5 times; the plots were organized in a completely random design. Pre-treatment grub counts were acquired on 2 Sep, with insecticides applied the same day. One sq ft of sod per test plot was turned back to expose grubs feeding in the rootzone. The sod was replaced without injuring the grubs. Liquid formulations were mixed with 1 gal of water per test plot and applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer. Granular formulations were applied with a 20-inch wide hand-pushed spreader. On 13 Oct, posttreatment grub counts were acquired by turning back a previously undisturbed sq ft of sod. Both surviving and dead grubs were counted. Percent population reduction was calculated from the number of surviving grubs and the number of pre-treatment live grubs.
Fall Armyworm Control on Peanuts, 1984
Authors: Bacheler Jack S. , Mann David E.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were evaluated for fall armyworm (FAW) control on peanuts near Palmyra in northern NC. Seed were planted in early May into Norfolk fine sandy loam soil on 36-inch rows. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. A backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal H2O acre at 50 psi and 4 mph with one TX-8 nozzle per row was used for the low volume treatments; 3 TX-6 nozzles per row delivering a total 18 gal/acre were employed for the high volume treatments over each row. A pretreatment FAW count yielded 12 larvae/row ft. Treatments were made on 30 Aug. Live FAW larvae were sampled from 3 row ft from each plot on 4 Sep.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1984
Authors: Morgan D. R. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

Rice was planted in Crowley silt loam at the Rice Research and Extension Center in Stuttgart, AR; ‘Lebonnet’ was planted on 14 May for the first two tests and ‘Bond’ on 21 Jim for the third. Plots for the first preflood test were 6 ft x 15 ft; all other plots were 5-ft dia and surrounded by aluminum flashing to prevent water movement among plots. Each test was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Granular insecticides were applied with a hand shaker; all other formulations were applied with a single nozzle air powered sprayer delivering 40 gpa. Those applied with oil were mixed in Agri-dex with 0.2% Ortho X-77. All plots were sampled for root-feeding larvae 19-21 days after flood by taking 5 soil cores (9 cm dia x 7 cm deep) from the drill rows of each plot; they were processed by washing through a no. 40 U.S. Standard testing sieve and floating the larvae out in brine.
Foliar Applications of Insecticides for Control of Biotype E Greenbugs on Grain Sorghum, 1984
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE, in grain sorghum planted 10 Jim. Plots were 3 rows, 30 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by a bicycle-wheeled plot sprayer at 40 psi and 29.3 gal/acre through a boom fitted with one top nozzle and 2 drop nozzles/row. The liquids were propelled with pressurized CO2. Sprays were applied 17 Jul when plants were in the 10-leaf stage. The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on 10 plants selected at random from the center row of each plot at 1, 6, and 14 days posttreatment. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable on 26 Jul (0.30 in).
Apple, Aphicide Comparison, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated against aphids in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Each treatment was represented by 4 single tree replicates in a randomized complete block design, of the eultivars ‘Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Stayman’ and ‘York’. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between sprayed trees. Spray dates were 6 Apr, 16 Apr, 25 Apr, 14 May and 14 Jun. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Aphids were evaluated on 23 May by counting infested spurs in 10 spurs per tree.
Apple, Early Miticide Test, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J.
Published: March 2022

Several materials were evaluated against mites in an apple block near Staunton. Ca. 0.25 acre per treatment was sprayed with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer. NC21314 and oil were sprayed on 19 Apr (tight cluster). Carzol was sprayed on 14 May (petal fall). Mites were sampled from 4 trees in the middle of each plot using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves/tree. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design.
Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (Scb), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1982
Authors: White W. H. , Hensley S. D. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

Foliar sprays for control of season-long SCB infestations were applied to a field of sugarcane (Var. CP 61-37, 2nd stubble crop) at Madewood Plantation, Glenwood Sugars, Inc., Napoleonville, LA. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block with treatments replicated 3 times. Each experimental plot consisted of a single block of sugarcane surrounded by drainage ditches and headlands; the size of these plots ranged from 1.9-2.7 acres. Cymbush and Pydrin were applied at rates of 0.12 lb (AI)/acre, and compared to Guthion applied at rate of 0.75 lb (AI) per acre. All insecticides were applied in water with aircraft at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation per acre. Insecticide applications were initiated after sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small (lst-3rd instar) larvae in the leafsheaths. They were repeated only when that level of infestation was found again in plots treated with Guthion. The efficacy of insecticide treatments for control of season-long infestations was determined 23-24 Sep by examining 50 stalks from each treated and untreated plot for the presence of SCB-damaged internodes.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests with Bacillus Thumngiensis Var. Kurstaki and B-Exotoxin of B.T., 1984
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Two aqueous flowable formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. kurstaki and 1 formulation of the B-exotoxin of B.t. (ABG-6162A) were tested for control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘NC 2326’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. Tobacco was transplanted on 17 May into a field of Helena sandy loam which had been treated on 3 May with Paarlan (1.50 lb (AI)/acre) and Ridomil (0.50 lb (AI)/acre) for weed and disease control. Plants were placed on 22-inch centers with 4 ft between rows. Plants in experiments 1 and 3 were infested with one 2- to 3-day-old tobacco budworm larva from a laboratory colony on 22 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively. Plants in experiments 2 and 4 were infested with two 3- to 4-day-old tobacco hornworm larvae from a laboratory colony on 17 and 24 Jul, respectively. For each test, 5 replications of 20-(experiment 1) or 15-plant plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were treated with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 25 gal/acre with 60 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Jun, 10, 19 and 26 Jul for experiments 1-4, respectively. Plants were examined for insects and damage 3-4 and 7-8 days after treatment spraying.
Efficacy of Tank Mix Combinations of Insecticides and Sucker Control Chemicals on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1984
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Tank mixes of 4 insecticides and 2 sucker (axillary leaf bud) control chemicals were tested for control of tobacco homworms and suckers on ‘Speight G-28’ flue-cured tobacco. Yield and quality of the cured leaves were also determined. Before transplanting, the field was treated with Paarlan (1.50 lb (AI)/ acre) and Ridomil (0.50 lb (AI)/acre) for weed and disease control. The crop was planted on 17 May into Helena sandy loam, and it was fertilized, cultivated, and irrigated as necessary according to normal cultural practices. Plants were topped on 24 Jul. Two 4% applications of a contact sucker control chemical, Oif-Shoot-T, were applied on 19 and 23 Jul. Plots consisted of 50 plants in 2 adjacent rows of 25 plants each. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Three days before treatment spraying, two 5-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco hornworm larvae were placed on the upper portion of each plant in one row of 25 plants in each plot. The other row of 25 plants was not infested with insects, and this tobacco was used for sucker control, phytotoxicity, yield, and quality evaluations. Treatment spraying was done on 30 Jul using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 40 gal/acre at 30 psi. Both rows of 25 plants in each plot were sprayed. Surviving insects were counted 3 and 7 days after spraying. Plants were examined for phytotoxicity on 25 and 31 Jul and 2 Aug. All suckers were counted on 4 Sep. On 13 Sep suckers were counted, removed from the plants, and weighed. The bottom 3-4 leaves per plant were removed and discarded 6 days before treatment spraying. The remaining leaves were harvested when ripe in 4 primings on 9 and 21 Aug and 5 and 12 Sep.
Green Ash, Oystershell Scale Control, Richland Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A commercial plantation of green ash (5-8 cm dbh) infested with oystershell scale was chosen for evaluating effectiveness of insecticides against settled first stage nymphs. A KWH backpack mistblower, on aperature setting 3 operating at 0.75 throttle, was used to apply ca. 600 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates on 11 Jun. The sky was sunny at 24°C with a breeze of 8-15 kph during application. Twig sections with current generation scales were collected 29 Jun and transported to the laboratory under refrigeration. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by counting the number of maturing scales per 0.5 cm2 of bark surface. Only bark areas with current scale infestation were scrutinized during the evaluation.
Southern Red Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Cobb G. S.
Published: March 2022

MF-710, a combination WP miticide containing 20% dienochlor, 10% fenbutatin-oxide, and 15% tetradifon, was evaluated with MF-704 (butocarboxime), Myten 50WP, and Pentac 4F for control of southern red mite on azaleas. Materials were applied to all leaf surface until run-off with a CO2 pressurized sprayer (32 psi). There were 4 single-plant replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Treatments were evaluated by brushing 10 leaves from each plant canopy with a Llanfair Orchard Leaf Brushing Machine and recording the number of living mites landing on the counting disc.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Luzerne Co., Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Twenty insecticide treatments were applied 4 Sep for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 6 by 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was irrigated for 20 min. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temp, 75°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 72°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 68°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 7.2; % organic matter 5.0; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inches; and partly cloudy skies. Posttreatment counts were made 38 days later (Oct 11). Four ft2 sod samples were taken from the center of each replicate and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs was recorded for each ft2 sample.
Hairy Chinch Bug Controll on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa, 1984
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), perennial ryegrass (40%), and fine leafed fescue (20%). Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied 13 Aug by using a compressed air sprayer with four 6504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 25 psi with a 3 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 79°F; soil temp at 2-inch depth, 75°; soil type, loam; soil pH, 6.4; % organic matter, 2.3; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.25 inches; and partly cloudy skies. After all treatments were completed, the entire area was lightly syringed with water. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (20 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch diam open ended steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Dimethoate for Scale Control on Bromeliads, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Pretreatment counts were made on the day of application by counting 50 adult female scales per bromeliad as either live or dead. Three bromeliads infested with D. bromeliae and 4 bromeliads infested with D. boisduvalii were dipped in either 10 gal of water or dimethoate 4E at 0.5 lb ai/100 gal H20 for 30 s. The plants were inverted after dipping to drain excess insecticide and then maintained in a greenhouse (T = 27-32°C). Posttreatment counts were made at 14 and 28 days, counting 50 adult female scales per bromeliad.
Control of Fall Webworm, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J.
Published: March 2022

Late instar fall webworm larvae were collected from native populations feeding on choke cherry, Prunus virginiana. Larvae were divided into groups of 100 in Petri dishes each containing 5 larvae. Insecticide treatments were made 28 Aug to a shelter-belt planting of cottonwood using a CO2 compressed air sprayer until point of run-off After spray deposits had dried, leaves were collected, cut into smaller pieces, mixed, and fed to larvae. Mortality of larvae was checked 24 and 72 h after exposure to treated foliage.
Control of Citrus Mealybug on Croton, 1984
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Sheffer Barbara J. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen container-grown crotons, heavily infested with citrus mealybug, were chosen from a greenhouse for testing. Plants were 1.5-2 ft tall and growing in 1-gal plastic pots. All stages of citrus mealybug were present. Insecticides were applied 13 Jan, 3 Feb, and 10 Feb with hand-held, compressed air sprayers. Chevron spreader sticker was added to all treatments at a rate of 2.4 ml/gal spray mixture. Treatments arranged in a RCB design were replicated 3 times, with a single plant constituting a replication. Plants were returned to the greenhouse after they had air dried. Effectiveness of treatments was determined on 17 Feb by examining 100 mealybugs per replication using a stereomicroscope. Mealybugs were recorded as living if normally colored and full-bodied, or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetles on Siberian Elm, 1984
Authors: King Ed , Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, OK. Field-grown Siberian elms 10-15 ft high were treated to runoff on 5 Jun when the temperature was 83°F and the wind velocity was 10-15 mph. The majority of the larvae were 1st instar, approximately 3/16 inches long. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer delivering 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree at 1, 3, 7 and 35 days after application.
Citrus Whitefly Control, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L. , Miller G. L.
Published: March 2022

Severely infested gardenia growing in 2-gal pots filled with an amended pine bark medium were selected for treatments. Materials were applied to all leaf surfaces until run-off with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Whitefly nymph mortality was determined 14 and 32 days after treatment.
Control of Honeylocust Insects, Aurora, Co, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Baskin Renita
Published: March 2022

Honeylocust trees, 8-12 ft in height, at the City of Aurora Nursery were monitored for the occurrence of the second generation of the honeylocust pod gall midge. Extremely heavy oviposition was observed May 30 and an insecticide trial was initiated on that date. Single tree plots were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer until point of run-off. Evaluations were made Jun 13. Honeylocust pod gall midge infestations were estimated by counting the number of new galls on 15 terminals/tree. Plant bugs and leafhoppers were counted by shaking 2 lower branches/tree over a food tray.
Juniper, Spruce Spider Mite Control, Columbiana Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Juniper (1.5-2 m high) growing in a nursery was used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi). Treatments were assigned to trees at random, except that the 4 single-tree replicates were chosen from throughout different parts of the plantation. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperature setting 4 for 30 sec. to deliver ca. 940 ml of finished spray per plant. Each treatment was applied twice: on 27 Jul under sunny skies at 21°C with a 6-9 kph breeze; on 7 Aug under overcast skies at 27°C with a similar breeze. Treatments were evaluated 1 and 2 wk after the second application. During each evaluation, 5 branch ends 10-15 cm long were selected from each tree and transported in paper bags in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Woody Plants, Chemical Control of First and Second Generation Fall Webworm, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Infested plants growing on campus at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, near Wooster were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against first and second generation fall webworm caterpillars. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 3 was used to apply finished spray to the web and surrounding foliage on 3 (Jul treatment) or 4, single-tree replicates per treatment. Application on 3 Jul occurred under sunny skies at 27°C with a breeze of 15-25 kph when first generation larvae were ca. 7-10 mm long. Application on 22 Aug occurred when the sky was cloudy at 21°C with only a slight breeze when the larvae were ca. 25-30 mm long. Application on 24 Aug occurred under sunny skies at 18°C with no breeze.Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 to 7days after application by dismantling the web in each sprayed tree and counting living and dead larvae.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 7- to 23-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 300 to 400 (Test 2) gal/acre. Spray dates were 15 May (tight cluster), 3 Jun (petal fall), 13 Jun (first cover), and 6, 13, and 18 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Polyram SOW (1.8 lb) on 3 dates, Captan 80W (0.9 lb) plus Benlate 50W (2.9 oz) on 2 dates, Imidan 50W (1 lb) on 2 dates, and Sevin 80W (1 lb) on 3 dates. These were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 3 ‘Red Delicious’; and 1 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 1, 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 2, 4 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 3, and 3 ‘McIntosh’ and 1 ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars in Test 4. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Minimum temperatures of 36°-37°F were recorded on the 4 days following the tight cluster treatments, and maximum temperatures of89°-90°F occurred on the 2 days after the treatments on 13 Jul. Although the last half of Jun was wet (3.0 inches rain), Jul and Aug were dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches, respectively).
May Beetle Grub Control, North Carolina, 1983
Authors: Kard B. M. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

Six soil-applied insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling May beetle grubs in pastureland scheduled for Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas tree plantings. The test pasture was densely covered with a mixture of annual and perennial grasses accompanied by various broadleaf weeds. The pasture is harvested for hay once a year in early Sept and had been cut just prior to insecticide applications. The mineral-organic Porter loamy soil (2-3% organic matter) located in Watauga Co. had a pH of 5.4, an average temperature of 15.2 degrees C at a depth of 4 inch, and a moisture content of 21% by weight. Test plots measured 10 by 10 ft and contained an average of 5.8 late-stage grubs per sq ft. Each treatment was replicated 5 times; the plots were organized in a completely random design. Pre-treatment grub counts were acquired on 16 Sep, with insecticides applied the same day. One sq ft of sod per plot was turned back to expose feeding grubs. The sod was replaced without injuring the grubs. Liquid insecticides were mixed with 2 gal of water per plot and applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer. Granular formulations were applied with a 20” wide hand-pushed spreader. On 16 Oct, posttreatment grub counts were acquired by turning back a previously undisturbed sq ft of sod. Both surviving and dead grubs were counted and percent grub mortality calculated. Grubs at the observed high population density were causing extensive root damage and chlorotic conditions to the sod.
Phytotoxicity Test on Woody Ornamentals Using Turcam 76Wp and Bendiocarb 35Sc, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1984
Authors: Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , King Ed
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different rates of Turcam 76WP and Bendiocarb 35SC on 7 species of ornamentals. In test 1, 2 rates of Turcam 76WP were evaluated. Plants were sprayed to runoff using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. Plants were sprayed on 13 Jul when the temperature was 95°F and the wind velocity was 0-5 mph. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants were examined for phytotoxicity at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity was recorded as none, slight, moderate or severe.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides and 1 acaricide were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 14 species/cultivars of woody plants growing in #2 containers in a production nursery. Applications were made soon after irrigation with a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle to deliver ca. 1892 ml of finished spray to a total of 42 plants. This volume approached application to runoff. Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each species/cultivar. The 2 lower rates of Zectran 2 E were applied only once (19 July); the higher rates and the 2 highest rates of UCZF 14 were applied 3 times at weekly intervals, beginning 19 Jul. Plants receiving Kelthane were sprayed 19 and 26 Jul. On 19 Jul the sky was sunny at 25-27°C with a breeze of 8 kph. The sky was cloudy at 25°C with no breeze on 2 Aug.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Bedding Plants, Georgia. 1984
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on raised benches in greenhouses on the Georgia Experiment Station in Jul and Aug on 10 different species of bedding plants. The materials were applied as foliar sprays to run-off on 24 Jul (28°C, 84% RH), 31 Jul (23°C, 96% RH), and 7 Aug (28°C, 85% RH) with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi utilizing a 8003 nozzle. Each treatment was replicated 4 times for each type of plant in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of a 6 plant pack with individual plants rooted in 50 x 55-mm units filled with 6 parts peat to 1 part sand (pH approx. 5.5). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity at 7 day intervals, terminating 4 wk after the final application. They were evaluated for overall appearance compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe damage.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Summer, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. , Wada R.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles County, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1 x , 2 X , and 4 X rates of FMC 54800 2E, FMC 54800 10WP (1 x =0.125 lb AI/100 gal) and Zectran 2E (1 x = 0.5 lb AI/100 gal). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems® nozzle @ 150 psi on 3 Jul and 17 Jul, 33-38°C and 29-31°C, respectively. Weekly phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check.
Phytotoxicity Test on Three Varieties of Ornamental Peppers, Massachusetts, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

“Christmas Fiesta”, “Candlelight”, and “Holiday Cheer” ornamental peppers were treated on Apr 29 with 7 different insecticides, with 4 plants treated for each material (and rate) tested. Plants were sprayed to run-off with a 2 liter capacity hand pumpsprayer. Plant were in 10-cm pots and just beginning to fruit when treated. Plants were rated for foliar damage 3, 7, 13, and 20 days after treatment.
Nursery Stock Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Ft. Collins, Co., 1984
Authors: Wright Glenn , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Seedling nursery stock, 3 mo to 1.5 years old, at the Colorado State Forest Service nursery were tested for sensitivity to several insecticides used for ornamental/shade tree insect control. Concentrations used were generally 5 X label rates and were applied 3 Aug to 5 ft of bed (50 + seedlings) until point of run-off. Ivory Dishwashing Liquid was diluted 40:1 with water. Plants were evaluated 8 Aug and 17 Aug.