bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRENGHTENING PERFORMANCE OF INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE IN SOUTH SUMATERA REGIONAL POLICE
Authors: Mayastinasari Vita , Suseno Bayu
Published: July 2020

Excellent police service is very important. Community expected the excellent police service, so that the National Police needs to create positive performance. The study aims to determine whether there is a direct or indirect effect of reward and job satisfaction on performance and strengthening the performance of the National Police. The research method is a survey with path analysis. The research variables are 2 exogenous variables, reward system (X1) and job satisfaction (X2) and 1 endogenous variable, performance (X3). Sampling of 548 Polri personnel in the South Sumatra Regional Police used stratified random sampling. Based on the results of statistical calculations, there is a positive direct effect of rewards on performance with a path coefficient of 0.381 and a T-count of 10.217. Job satisfaction on performance has a positive direct effect with a path coefficient of 0.475; T-count value of 12.740. The positive direct effect of rewards on job satisfaction with a path coefficient of 0.714 and the T-count of 23.817 and the indirect effect of rewards on performance through job satisfaction has a path coefficient of 0.339; T-count value is 11,242. Strengthening the performance of the National Police is done by building a healthy job environment through the accuracy of the management of reward, based on the accuracy of performance assessment instruments, so that it has an impact on job satisfaction and has positive effect on performance.
Evaluation of the ceiling levels of ortho-phthalaldehyde exposure among health care workers engaged in endoscope disinfection: A new methodology using video-exposure monitoring
Authors: Yamamoto Shinobu , Hachiya Yuriko , Yuasa Eri , Takeuchi Akito , Ishidao Toru , Mihara Mitsuhisa , Terauchi Yasuhiro , Ichiba Masayoshi , Hori Hajime
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The present study aimed to develop a method for measuring the ceiling level of ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) exposure and evaluate the ceiling levels of OPA exposure among health care workers who handle disinfectant solutions containing OPA for the disinfection of endoscopes.

Methods

The study consisted of a preliminary survey and main survey. In the preliminary survey, processes involving high-concentration exposure to OPA were identified by video-exposure monitoring (VEM). In the main survey, the ceiling levels of OPA exposure for high-concentration exposure processes identified from the results of the preliminary survey were determined using a measuring method combining sampling using a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-silica cartridge and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

In the preliminary survey, seven processes involving high-concentration exposure to OPA were identified by VEM. The duration of each process was short, lasting from 20 seconds to a few minutes. In the main survey, the OPA concentrations for the identified high-concentration exposure processes ranged from 1.18 to 4.49 ppb, which markedly exceeded the threshold limit value ceiling (TLV-C) of 0.1 ppb recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Conclusions

The method for measuring the ceiling level of OPA exposure was established using VEM and the highly sensitive method of chemical analysis; and we successfully evaluated the ceiling levels of OPA exposure among health care workers engaged in endoscope disinfection. This approach can also be applied to other chemical substances with recommended TLV-Cs, and important information for reducing exposure can thus be obtained.
Disease control after surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis: prospective, multi‐institutional validation of the Sinus Control Test
Authors: Little Ryan E. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Smith Timothy L. , Storck Kristina A. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Beswick Daniel M. , Mace Jess C. , Mattos Jose L. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Soler Zachary M.
Published: July 2020

Background

The Sinus Control Test (SCT) is a 4‐question, patient‐reported questionnaire that assesses disease control in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This prospective, multicenter study examines SCT outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), further validating its use as a control instrument for CRS.

Methods

Adults with CRS undergoing ESS were prospectively enrolled from 5 centers across North America. The SCT was administered at baseline and once 6 months after surgery. Quality of life and disease burden were evaluated using the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) and Lund‐Kennedy endoscopy scores. Linear regression was used to determine whether specific demographic, comorbidity, or disease severity measures were independently associated with changes in SCT scores postoperatively.

Results

A total of 218 patients, 111 females (50.9%) and 107 males (49.1%), were enrolled, with mean ± standard deviation age of 50.1 ± 15.6 years. Mean SCT score improved from 8.9 ± 3.5 to 4.3 ± 3.7 postoperatively (p < 0.001). Preoperatively, 21.6% were uncontrolled, 71.5% partially controlled, and 6.9% controlled. Postoperatively, 6.0% were uncontrolled, 42.6% partially controlled, and 51.4% controlled (p < 0.001). Change in SCT score correlated independently with change in SNOT‐22 (r = 0.500, p < 0.001) and endoscopy scores (r = 0.310, p < 0.001). Endoscopy scores did not correlate with control status among patients with CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP) nor between uncontrolled and partially controlled patients. Demographics and comorbidities were not associated with changes in SCT.

Conclusion

Improvement in disease control following ESS as measured by the SCT correlated with improvements in SNOT‐22 and endoscopy scores. The SCT is an easily administered instrument that provides information complementary to existing patient‐reported and objective measures of disease severity.
Chimeric cytochrome P450 3A4 used for in vitro prediction of food–drug interactions
Authors: Sadeghi Sheila J. , Di Nardo Giovanna , Gilardi Gianfranco
Published: July 2020

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐mediated drug metabolism by dietary substances is the main cause of drug–food interactions in humans. The present study reports on the in vitro inhibition assays of human CYP3A4 genetically linked to the reductase domain of bacterial BM3 of Bacillus megaterium (BMR) resulting in the chimeric protein CYP3A4–BMR. The activity of this chimeric enzyme was initially measured colorimetrically with erythromycin as the substrate where KM values similar to published data were determined. Subsequently, the inhibition assays with three different dietary products, grapefruit juice, curcumin, and resveratrol, were carried out with the chimeric enzyme both in solution and immobilized on electrode surfaces. For the solution studies, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was added as the electron donor, whereas the need for this cofactor was obviated in the immobilized enzyme as it was supplied by the electrode. Inhibition of the N‐demethylation of erythromycin by CYP3A4–BMR chimera was measured at increasing concentrations of the different dietary compounds with calculated IC50 values of 0.5%, 31 μM, and 250 μM for grapefruit juice, curcumin, and resveratrol measured in solution compared with 0.7%, 24 μM, and 208 μM measured electrochemically, respectively. These data demonstrate the feasibility of the use of both CYP3A4–BMR chimera as well as bioelectrochemistry for in vitro studies of not only drug–food interactions but also prediction of adverse drug reactions in this important P450 enzyme.
The SCIFF‐Derived Ranthipeptides Participate in Quorum Sensing in Solventogenic Clostridia
Authors: Chen Yunliang , Yang Yunpeng , Ji Xinjian , Zhao Ran , Li Guoquan , Gu Yang , Shi Aiping , Jiang Weihong , Zhang Qi
Published: July 2020

Ranthipeptides, defined as radical non‐α thioether‐containing peptides, are a newly emerging class of natural products belonging to the ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptide (RiPP) superfamily. Ranthipeptides are shown to be widespread in the bacterial kingdom, whereas heretofore their biological functions remain completely elusive. In this work, putative ranthipeptides are investigated from two solventogenic clostridia, Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium ljungdahlii, which are derived from the so‐called six Cys in forty‐five residues (SCIFF) family of precursor peptides. A series of analysis show that these two ranthipeptides participate in quorum sensing and controlling cellular metabolism. These results highlight the diverse biological functions of the ever‐increasing family of RiPP natural products and showcase the potential to engineer industrially interesting organisms by manipulating their RiPP biosynthetic pathways.
Regular anatomical terms revisited: The simplest is often the right one
Authors: Neumann Paul E.
Published: July 2020

Regular anatomical (RA) terminology rules were developed to simplify and clarify Latin anatomical terms in a systematic manner. These rules, which prohibit conjunctions, prepositions, and appositions, and define a consistent word order pattern, are extensions of the original 1895 rule of anatomical nomenclature that anatomical terms should be as short and simple as possible. It is not coincidental that most terms in Terminologia Anatomica (TA), and many traditional terms that were not used in TA, are consistent with RA term rules, and that the RA term rules are also consistent with the guidelines for expanding short form terms to full, unique terms. The consistent form of RA terms facilitates learning and translation, and is easier for humans and machines to manipulate than terms that are not compliant with RA term rules. Despite assertions to the contrary, RA terms are proper Latin terms that simplify the anatomical terminology and, in many cases, restore traditional terms.
Anatomical variations of the tibialis anterior tendon
Authors: Karauda Piotr , Podgórski Michał , Paulsen Friedrich , Polguj Michał , Olewnik Łukasz
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The tibialis anterior muscle originates from the medial part of the anterior compartment, from the upper two‐thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and the adjacent part of the interosseous membrane, and typically inserts to the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bone. The goal of the study was to examine the insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon and create a classification in human fetuses.

Materials and methods

Fifty spontaneously‐aborted human fetuses (26 male, 24 female, 100 lower limbs), aged 18–38 weeks of gestation at death were examined.

Results

The classification comprised five types of tibialis anterior tendon insertion. The most common was Type V (60%), which was characterized by a single tendon inserting onto the medial cuneiform bone. The second most frequent was Type I (19%), which was characterized by a tendon which split into two equal‐sized parts that insert to the medial cuneiform bone and the base of the first metatarsal. The third was Type II (12%), which was characterized by a tendon splitting into two different‐sized parts that inserted onto the medial cuneiform bone (larger component) and the base of the first metatarsal (smaller component). The fourth type was Type III (5%), which was also characterized by a tendon splitting into two different‐sized parts that inserted onto the medial cuneiform bone (smaller component) and the base of the first metatarsal (larger component). Finally, Type VI (4%), the least frequent type, was characterized by a tendon splitting into three different‐sized parts, inserting onto the medial cuneiform bone (the smallest component) and the base of the first metatarsal (the middle and larger component).

Conclusion

The tibialis anterior muscle is characterized by high variability in the approach of its tendon to the foot, at least in fetuses. This is classified in the present study for the first time.
Sugar recovery rates in Louisiana, Florida, and Australia (1901–2018): Sugarcane varietal development and cultural practices
Authors: Kennedy P. Lynn , Schmitz Andrew , Zhang Fangyi
Published: July 2020

Australia, Florida, and Louisiana are dominant sugar producers. We use piecewise regression to compare the growth in sugar recovery rates. To discuss sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varietal development and cultural practices, we consider two scenarios: the entire period 1901 to 2018 and two subperiods using country‐specific breakpoints. The overall annual increase in the sugar recovery rate for all three regions ranged between 0.0180% for Australia and 0.0525% for Florida. In the first subperiod, Florida (0.2380%, 1928–1941) and Australia (0.1233%, 1901–1927) have the greatest annual gains, but in the second subperiod, Louisiana experiences the greatest annual gains (0.0813%, 1969–2018), followed by Florida (0.0531%, 1942–2018) and Australia (−0.0075%, 1928–2018). Louisiana's gains from 1969 to 2018 coincide with the adoption and use of the sugarcane cultivars CP 65‐357, CP 70‐321, LCP 85‐384, HoCP 96‐540, and L 01‐299.
CSR and branding in emerging economies: The effect of incomes and education
Authors: Cambra‐Fierro Jesús J. , Flores‐Hernández J. Alfredo , Pérez Lourdes , Valera‐Blanes Guadalupe
Published: July 2020

Sustainable development is a fundamental objective for guaranteeing the future of the planet. Taking into account the impact of emerging economies on the global economy and the scarcity of papers that have considered the effect of CSR initiatives on consumer behavior on those economies, it seems that further research on this issue is necessary. In particular, we analyze the extent to which CSR affects the connection and links of the consumer to the brand (i.e., self–brand connection, brand engagement). The main contribution of the paper to the field is the analysis of the interaction between CSR and branding in the context of an emerging economy. To that aim, and also in a novel way, we use the Stimuli–Organism–Response (SOR) model for a sample of more than 400 food and beverage consumers in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. Our results show that CSR effectively acts as a stimulus for consumers to identify and link to brands and that, in addition, these links generate buy‐back (i.e., loyalty) and recommendation behaviors (i.e., WOM) which, in turn, create a great commercial value for companies. This research also analyses how incomes and educational levels moderate the intensity of such links. For practical implications, global trends in managing CSR and branding may be useful, although some cross‐cultural and context‐specific adaptations are necessary.
Safety and potential efficacy of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors in coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Ong Sean Wei Xiang , Tan Wilnard Yeong Tze , Chan Yi‐Hao , Fong Siew‐Wai , Renia Laurent , Ng Lisa FP , Leo Yee‐Sin , Lye David Chien , Young Barnaby Edward
Published: July 2020

Objectives

While the safety of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in COVID‐19 has been questioned, they may be beneficial given the hyper‐inflammatory immune response associated with severe disease. We aimed to assess the safety and potential efficacy of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) selective inhibitors in high‐risk patients.

Methods

Retrospective study of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia and aged ≥ 50 years who were admitted to hospital. Adverse outcomes analysed included supplemental oxygen use, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation and mortality, with the primary endpoint a composite of any of these. Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured in a subset.

Results

Twenty‐two of 168 (13.1%) in the cohort received COX‐2 inhibitors [median duration 3 days, interquartile range (IQR) 3–4.25]. Median age was 61 (IQR 55–67.75), 44.6% were female, and 72.6% had at least one comorbidity. A lower proportion of patients receiving COX‐2 inhibitors met the primary endpoint: 4 (18.2%) versus 57 (39.0%), P = 0.062. This difference was less pronounced after adjusting for baseline difference in age, gender and comorbidities in a multivariate logistic regression model [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.45, 95% CI 0.14–1.46]. The level of interleukin‐6 declined after treatment in five of six (83.3%) treatment group patients [compared to 15 of 28 (53.6%) in the control group] with a greater reduction in absolute IL‐6 levels (P‐value = 0.025).

Conclusion

Treatment with COX‐2 inhibitors was not associated with an increase in adverse outcomes. Its potential for therapeutic use as an immune modulator warrants further evaluation in a large randomised controlled trial.
Coupled CO2 capture and thermochemical heat storage of CaO derived from calcium acetate
Authors: Sun Chaoying , Yan Xianyao , Li Yingjie , Zhao Jianli , Wang Zeyan , Wang Tao
Published: July 2020

CaO/Ca(OH)2 thermochemical heat storage (THS) technology is considered to be one of the most promising technologies for large‐scale solar energy storage. However, the THS performance of raw CaO‐based materials decreases during multiple cycles. In this work, CaO derived from calcium acetate (Ac‐CaO) is prepared and applied to a coupled system that achieved simultaneous CaO/Ca(OH)2 THS and CO2 capture. The CO2 capture and THS performances of Ac‐CaO are always higher than those of calcined limestone owing to the preferable pore structure, whereas Ac‐CaO exhibits decreasing CO2 capture and THS performance resulting from sintering and the formation of CaCO3 from CaO or Ca(OH)2 with ambient CO2 during air cooling, respectively. In the coupled CaO/Ca(OH)2 THS and CO2 capture system, Ac‐CaO is subjected to 10 CO2 capture cycles, 30 THS cycles, 1 CO2 capture cycle, 10 THS cycles, 1 CO2 capture cycle, and 10 THS cycles sequentially. The hydration and dehydration conversions of Ac‐CaO in the 31st THS cycle reach 91.7 and 93.6%, respectively, which are 1.6 and 1.6 times higher than those recorded prior to the 11th CO2 capture cycle owing to the decomposition of CaCO3 during calcination. The carbonation conversion of Ac‐CaO achieves 89.9% in the 11th CO2 capture cycle, which is 22.3% higher than that recorded prior to the 10 THS cycles owing to reactivation from the hydration process during THS. The CO2 capture and CaO/Ca(OH)2 THS processes are enhanced in the coupled system using Ac‐CaO; therefore, the coupled system appears promising for CaO/Ca(OH)2 THS and CO2 capture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact and acceptance of a state‐wide policy to remove sugar‐sweetened beverages in hospitals in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Cranney Leonie , Drayton Bradley , Thomas Margaret , Tang Beatrice , O’Connell Tarli , Crino Michelle , Cobcroft Megan , Chau Josephine , Bauman Adrian , Phongsavan Philayrath
Published: July 2020

Issue addressed

Policy and environmental approaches can reduce the accessibility and purchasing of sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), potentially reducing overweight and obesity. This study examined the impact of a state‐wide policy on removal of SSBs from sale in NSW public hospitals (launched July 2017), and explored consumer awareness and support.

Methods

A convenience sample of 81 food outlets in 26 hospitals were audited for SSB availability before and after the target date for SSB removal (31 December 2017). An interviewer‐administered intercept survey in 10 randomly selected hospitals (March‐May 2018), assessed staff and visitors’ awareness of and support for SSB removal. Descriptive and χ2 analyses assessed differences in: SSB availability; staff and visitor awareness and support. Open‐ended survey responses were thematically analysed.

Results

The proportion of outlets that removed SSBs increased from 58.0% to 96.3% (P < .001). The majority (79.5%) of the 2394 surveyed supported SSB removal, with nearly half (48.4%) reporting it would improve people's health. A minority (13.4%) did not support SSB removal, more than half (61.4%) of those said individuals should have free choice. More staff than visitors were aware of the change (61.9% vs 31.2%; P < .0001).

Conclusions

Availability of SSBs in NSW hospitals was significantly reduced after implementation of a policy to remove them from sale. There was strong staff and visitor support for the initiative.

So what?

This study provides clear evidence that a policy designed to provide a healthy hospital retail drink environment can be successfully implemented at scale with high levels of support from staff and visitors.

A state‐wide policy initiative to remove SSBs from sale in NSW hospital food outlets in 2017 was successfully implemented, with a sample of outlets having nearly 100% compliance. The majority of staff and visitors (80%) supported the removal of SSBs, mostly because they believed it would improve individual and population health.
Incorporation of pretreatment leukocytosis and thrombocytosis into the FIGO staging system for prognosis in surgically treated endometrial cancer
Authors: Yokoi Eriko , Mabuchi Seiji , Komura Naoko , Shimura Kotaro , Matsumoto Yuri , Kimura Tadashi
Published: July 2020

Objective

To investigate the impact of incorporating pretreatment leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis in the FIGO staging system on prognostic prediction among women with surgically treated endometrial cancer.

Methods

Retrospective review of clinical data from 900 women with endometrial cancer treated at Osaka University Hospital, Japan, between 2000 and 2016. The effect of concurrent leukocytosis and thrombocytosis on the prediction of recurrence and survival outcomes was evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

Among 678 women with Stage I–III disease, pretreatment leukocytosis or thrombocytosis alone were not prognostic indicators, but concurrent pretreatment leukocytosis and thrombocytosis was associated with significantly shorter survival (PFS, P<0.001; OS, P=0.004). In contrast, pretreatment leukocytosis, pretreatment thrombocytosis, and concurrent pretreatment leukocytosis and thrombocytosis did not provide any prognostic information for women with Stage IV disease. In ROC curve analysis, incorporation of concurrent pretreatment leukocytosis and thrombocytosis into the FIGO staging system resulted in a higher area under the curve for predicting recurrence for women with Stages I–III disease (0.770 vs 0.755; P=0.045).

Conclusion

Incorporating concurrent pretreatment leukocytosis and thrombocytosis into the FIGO staging system might improve predictive performance and allow additional risk stratification for women with Stage I–III endometrial cancer.
Longitudinal health‐related quality of life in first‐line treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the Connect® CLL Registry
Authors: Sharman Jeff P. , Cocks Kim , Nabhan Chadi , Lamanna Nicole , Kay Neil E. , Grinblatt David L. , Flowers Christopher R. , Davids Matthew S. , Kiselev Pavel , Swern Arlene S. , Sullivan Kristen , Gharibo Mecide M. , Flick E. Dawn , Trigg Andrew , Mato Anthony
Published: July 2020

Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is important in guiding treatment decisions. However, the impact of CLL treatment initiation on HRQoL is unclear. We assessed HRQoL using the FACT‐Leu and EQ‐5D‐3L questionnaires in the Connect® CLL Registry, a large, US‐based, multicenter, prospective observational study of CLL patients enrolled between 2010 and 2014, prior to the introduction of novel therapies. Among 889 patients initiating first‐line therapy with chemoimmunotherapy or rituximab monotherapy, questionnaire completion rates were 95.7% and 95.8% at enrollment, and 70.8% and 69.4% at 12 months, for FACT‐Leu Total and EQ‐5D‐3L, respectively. For 849 patients completing all five FACT‐Leu components, average total scores were 135.7 at enrollment and 141.6 at 12 months. Among 526 patients with FACT‐Leu Total scores at enrollment and 12 months, clinically meaningful (≥11‐point) improvements or reductions were observed in 179 (34.0%) and 88 (16.7%) patients, respectively. Mean EQ‐5D‐3L index scores were 0.87 at enrollment and 12 months. Among 513 patients completing EQ‐5D‐3L at enrollment and 12 months, clinically meaningful (≥0.06‐point) improvements or reductions were observed in 125 (24.4%) and 116 (22.6%) patients, respectively. In the Connect® CLL Registry, HRQoL remained stable or slightly improved after 12 months of follow‐up.
A multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial for preoperative biliary drainage with uncovered metal versus plastic stents for resectable periampullary cancer
Authors: Cho Jae Hee , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Kim Eui Joo , Kim Yeon Suk , Cho Jai Young , Han Ho‐Seong , Park Yeon Ho , Shin Dong Woo , Lee Jong‐chan , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Jaihwan
Published: July 2020

Background/Purpose

Although routine preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction is generally not recommended, there are still various situations where it may be necessary. The current study aims to compare the uncovered self‐expandable metal stent (uSEMS) and plastic stent (PS), where PBD may be necessary.

Patients and Methods

In this multicenter prospective randomized study, patients with resectable periampullary cancer with cholangitis, deep jaundice, or expected long waiting time for surgery were included. PBD was performed endoscopically, but percutaneous drainage was allowed if the initial endoscopic drainage was not feasible. The primary outcome was the reintervention rate; the secondary outcomes were the complication rates, rate of decrease of total bilirubin, waiting time for surgery, and postoperative hospital stay.

Results

Of the 60 enrolled patients, 53 were included for analysis (26 PS and 27 uSEMS). Common bile duct cancer was the most common (27, 50.9%), followed by pancreatic head cancer (20, 37.7%). Regarding PBD indication, 36 (67.9%) had cholangitis and 21 (39.6%) had a total bilirubin level of more than 10 mg/dL at randomization; 10 (18.9%) were included due to delayed surgery by more than 7 days. Fifty (94.3%) patients received pancreaticoduodenectomy, and one (1.9%) patient received palliative hepaticojejunostomy. The median waiting time for surgery was 11.0 days. There was no difference in the reintervention rate (3.8% and 3.8% in PS and uSEMS, P > .999), PBD‐related complication rate (23.1% and 22.2%, P > .999), PBD‐ or surgery‐related complication rate (57.7% and 48.1%, P = .674), and the rate of decrease of total bilirubin (P = .541). The median hospital stay after surgery was 13.0 days without significant difference.

Conclusion

For patients who received surgery within the first 2 weeks from receiving PBD, there was no superiority of uSEMS to PS. According to the expected waiting time for surgery, selective approach for stent choice should be considered.
Cytoskeletal regulation of synaptogenesis in a model of human fetal brain development
Authors: Wilson Emily , Rudisill Taylor , Kirk Brenna , Johnson Colin , Kemper Paige , Newell‐Litwa Karen
Published: July 2020

Excitatory synapse formation begins in mid‐fetal gestation. However, due to our inability to image fetal synaptogenesis, the initial formation of synapses remains understudied. The recent development of human fetal brain spheroids provides access to this critical period of synapse formation. Using human neurons and brain spheroids, we address how altered actin regulation impacts the formation of excitatory synapses during fetal brain development. Prior to synapse formation, inhibition of RhoA kinase (ROCK) signaling promotes neurite elongation and branching. In addition to increasing neural complexity, ROCK inhibition increases the length of protrusions along the neurite, ultimately promoting excitatory synapse formation in human cortical brain spheroids. A corresponding increase in Rac1‐driven actin polymerization drives this increase in excitatory synaptogenesis. Using STORM super‐resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that actomyosin regulators, including the Rac1 regulator, α‐PIX, and the RhoA regulator, p115‐RhoGEF, localize to nascent excitatory synapses, where they preferentially localize to postsynaptic compartments. These results demonstrate that coordinated RhoGTPase activities underlie the initial formation of excitatory synapses and identify critical cytoskeletal regulators of early synaptogenic events.
Greenland surface air temperature changes from 1981 to 2019 and implications for ice‐sheet melt and mass‐balance change
Authors: Hanna Edward , Cappelen John , Fettweis Xavier , Mernild Sebastian H. , Mote Thomas L. , Mottram Ruth , Steffen Konrad , Ballinger Thomas J. , Hall Richard J.
Published: July 2020

We provide an updated analysis of instrumental Greenland monthly temperature data to 2019, focusing mainly on coastal stations but also analysing ice‐sheet records from Swiss Camp and Summit. Significant summer (winter) coastal warming of ~1.7 (4.4)°C occurred from 1991–2019, but since 2001 overall temperature trends are generally flat and insignificant due to a cooling pattern over the last 6–7 years. Inland and coastal stations show broadly similar temperature trends for summer. Greenland temperature changes are more strongly correlated with Greenland Blocking than with North Atlantic Oscillation changes. In quantifying the association between Greenland coastal temperatures and Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) mass‐balance changes, we show a stronger link of temperatures with total mass balance rather than surface mass balance. Based on Greenland coastal temperatures and modelled mass balance for the 1972–2018 period, each 1°C of summer warming corresponds to ~(91) 116 Gt·yr−1 of GrIS (surface) mass loss and a 26 Gt·yr−1 increase in solid ice discharge. Given an estimated 4.0–6.6°C of further Greenland summer warming according to the regional model MAR projections run under CMIP6 future climate projections (SSP5‐8.5 scenario), and assuming that ice‐dynamical losses and ice sheet topography stay similar to the recent past, linear extrapolation gives a corresponding GrIS global sea‐level rise (SLR) contribution of ~10.0–12.6 cm by 2100, compared with the 8–27 cm (mean 15 cm) “likely” model projection range reported by IPCC in 2019 (SPM.B1.2). However, our estimate represents a lower limit for future GrIS change since fixed dynamical mass losses and amplified melt arising from both melt‐albedo and melt‐elevation positive feedbacks are not taken into account here.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Parenteral Nutrition Containing ω‐3 Fatty Acids in Hospitalized Adult Patients From 5 European Countries and the US
Authors: Pradelli Lorenzo , Klek Stanislaw , Mayer Konstantin , Omar Alsaleh Abdul Jabbar , Rosenthal Martin D. , Heller Axel R. , Muscaritoli Maurizio
Published: July 2020

Background

ω‐3 Fatty acid (FA)–containing parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with improvements in patient outcomes and with reductions in hospital length of stay (HLOS) vs standard PN regimens (containing non–ω‐3 FA lipid emulsions). We present a cost‐effectiveness analysis of ω‐3 FA–containing PN vs standard PN in 5 European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK) and the US.

Methods

This pharmacoeconomic model was based on estimates of ω‐3 efficacy reported in a recent meta‐analysis and data from country‐specific sources. It utilized a probabilistic discrete event simulation model to compare ω‐3 FA–containing PN with standard PN in a population of critically ill and general ward patients. The influence of model parameters was evaluated using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses.

Results

Overall costs were reduced with ω‐3 FA–containing PN in all 6 countries compared with standard PN, ranging from €1741 (±€1284) in Italy to €5576 (±€4193) in the US. Expenses for infections and HLOS were lower in all countries for ω‐3 FA–containing PN vs standard PN, with the largest cost differences for both in the US (infection: €825 ± €4001; HLOS: €4879 ± €1208) and the smallest savings in the UK for infections and in Spain for HLOS (€63 ± €426 and €1636 ± €372, respectively).

Conclusion

This cost‐effectiveness analysis in 6 countries demonstrates that the superior clinical efficacy of ω‐3 FA–containing PN translates into significant decreases in mean treatment cost, rendering it an attractive cost‐saving alternative to standard PN across different healthcare systems.
Reduced Handgrip Strength in Hospital Admission Predicts Prolonged Hospital Stay and Death but Is Not Accurate to Identify Malnutrition: A Longitudinal Study of Reduced Handgrip Strength in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Chites Victória Silva , Teixeira Paula Portal , Lima Julia , Burgel Camila Ferri , Gattermann Pereira Thainá , Silva Flávia Moraes
Published: July 2020

Background

Malnourished patients present impairment of functionality due to loss of strength and muscle mass. However, the validity of handgrip strength (HGS) in identifying malnutrition and its association with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients requires investigation.

Aims

Evaluate the accuracy of HGS in identifying malnutrition, its association with clinical outcomes, and the change in HGS in the first 2 weeks of hospitalization.

Methods

A prospective cohort study with adult/elderly patients. Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) was applied in the first 48 hours for malnutrition diagnosis, and HGS was measured in this moment and after 7 and 14 days of hospital admission. HGS <20 kg for females and <30 kg for males was considered reduced. Outcomes of interest were prolonged hospital stay (LOS) and in‐hospital death.

Results

Six hundred patients (55.75 ± 14.78 years, 51.5% males) were included, 34.0% of them were malnourished (SGA‐B or SGA‐C), and 37.2% presented reduced HGS. The concordance between reduced HGS and SGA in malnutrition diagnosis was weak (κ = 0.192), and accuracy was not satisfactory (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.599 [95% CI, 0.551–0.648]). HGS did not change during the hospitalization. Reduced HGS increased by 1.2 times (95% CI, 1.03–1.40) the odds for prolonged LOS and 9.11 times (95% CI, 1.13–73.60) the risk of death.

Conclusion

Reduced HGS did not present satisfactory accuracy to identify malnutrition, and HGS did not change during the first 14 days of hospitalization, but was associated with prolonged LOS and in‐hospital death.
Transcriptomic analysis of a near‐isogenic line of melon with high fruit flesh firmness during ripening
Authors: Zarid Mohamed , García‐Carpintero Victor , Esteras Cristina , Esteva Juan , Bueso María C , Cañizares Joaquín , Picó María B , Monforte Antonio J , Fernández‐Trujillo J Pablo
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

A near‐isogenic line (NIL) of melon (SC10‐2) with introgression in linkage group X was studied from harvest (at firm‐ripe stage of maturity) until day 18 of postharvest storage at 20.5 °C together with its parental control (‘Piel de Sapo’, PS).

RESULTS

SC10‐2 showed higher flesh firmness and whole fruit hardness but lower juiciness than its parental. SC10‐2 showed a decrease in respiration rate accompanied by a decrease in ethylene production during ripening, both of which fell to a greater extent than in PS. The introgression affected 11 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the levels of which during ripening were generally higher in SC10‐2 than in PS. Transcriptomic analysis from RNA‐Seq revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the effects studied. For example, 909 DEGs were exclusive to the introgression, and only 23 DEGs were exclusive to postharvest ripening time. Major functions of the DEGs associated with introgression or ripening time were identified by cluster analysis. About 37 genes directly and/or indirectly affected the delay in ripening of SC10‐2 compared with PS in general and, more particularly, the physiological and quality traits measured and, probably, the differential non‐climacteric response. Of the former genes, we studied in more detail at least five that mapped in the introgression in linkage group (LG) X, and 32 outside it.

CONCLUSION

There is an apparent control of textural changes, VOCs and fruit ripening by an expression quantitative trait locus located in LG X together with a direct control on them due to genes presented in the introgression (CmTrpD, CmNADH1, CmTCP15, CmGDSL esterase/lipase, and CmHK4‐like) and CmNAC18. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial dynamics, metabolomic profiles, and the correlation between them during fermentation of serofluid dish
Authors: Wei Jia , Ren Weihe , Wang Liping , Liu Menghao , Tian Xiaojing , Ding Gongtao , Ma Zhongren
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Serofluid dish, a traditional Chinese fermented food, possesses unique flavors and health beneficial effects. These properties are likely due to the sophisticated metabolic networks during fermentation, which are mainly driven by microbiota. However, the exact roles of metabolic pathways and the microbial community during this process remain equivocal.

RESULTS

Here, we investigated the microbial dynamics by next‐generation sequencing, and outlined a differential non‐targeted metabolite profiling in the process of serofluid dish fermentation using the method of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Lactobacillus was the leading genus of bacteria, while Pichia and Issatchenkia were the dominant fungi. They all accumulated during fermentation. In total, 218 differential metabolites were identified, of which organic acids, amino acids, sugar and sugar alcohols, fatty acids, and esters comprised the majority. The constructed metabolic network showed that tricarboxylic acid cycle, urea cycle, sugar metabolism, amino acids metabolism, choline metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism were regulated by the fermentation. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that the leading fungi, Pichia and Issatchenkia, were linked to organic acids, amino acid and sugar metabolism, flavonoids, and several other flavor and functional components. Antibacterial tests indicated the antibacterial effect of serofluid soup against Salmonella and Staphylococcus.

CONCLUSION

This work provides new insights into the complex microbial and metabolic networks during serofluid dish fermentation, and a theoretical basis for the optimization of its industrial production. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantifying the efficiency of soil conservation and optimized strategies: A case‐study in a hotspot of afforestation in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Ning Jiachen , Zhang Daojun , Yu Qiang
Published: July 2020

Although it is generally believed the Grain for Green programme (GFG) implemented in China has attenuated soil erosion, the extent to which it is effective still needs verification. Taking Yan'an in the Loess Plateau as the study area, we analysed both total effect and efficiency differences during GFG implementation. Results showed that, while soil erosion on average decreased from 4,884.49 to 4,087.57 t km−2 yr−1, counties with higher GFG implementation intensity achieved a lower soil conservation effect. For example, Wuqi ranks third in the GFG implementation intensity among all counties in Yan'an, but its actual soil erosion reduction is the lowest, only 54.1% of Yan'an's average level. To analyse the reason for the efficiency difference, the concept of soil conservation potential was proposed. It is concluded that the soil conservation effect is controlled by the soil conservation potential. Ideally, regions with high soil conservation potential should get priority in the GFG application, yet there is a significant spatial mismatch between the GFG implementation intensity and the soil conservation potential because the correlation coefficient is only −0.05, which weakened the soil control effect. A dynamic implementation mechanism was put forward for the formulation and optimization of ecological programmes and projects in future: first, using the soil conservation potential to determine the implementation intensity in each region; second, adjusting the intensity to the changes of the soil conservation potential in the following implementation; third, repeating above steps to ensure high efficiency of soil erosion control, and achieving the sustainability and effectiveness of the ecological projects.
Parkinsonism in Patients with Neuronopathic (Type 3) Gaucher Disease: A Case Series
Authors: Ryan Emory , Amato Dominick , MacKenzie Jennifer J. , Sidransky Ellen , Lopez Grisel
Published: July 2020

Background

The link between Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and nonneuronopathic Gaucher disease (GD) is well established. Currently, PD is primarily associated with nonneuronopathic GD; however, with currently available treatments, patients with chronic neuronopathic GD, who historically had a shortened life span, are now living well into their 50s and beyond.

Cases

We highlight 4 patients with chronic neuronopathic GD with parkinsonian features, describing their GD genotype and phenotype as well as the presentation and progression of their parkinsonism. Symptoms presented in their fourth or fifth decade of life, and include unilateral bradykinesia and/or tremor. Of the patients, 3 had cognitive impairment. The fourth patient has not shown cognitive decline 6 years after PD onset.

Conclusion

This small series highlights that PD is not exclusively associated with nonneuronopathic GD and that as the chronic neuronopathic GD population ages, the clinical spectrum and heterogeneity of neurological manifestations may include parkinsonism.
Development of a social activities scale for community‐dwelling older people requiring support
Authors: Hirano Michiyo , Saeki Kazuko , Ueda Izumi
Published: July 2020

Aim

This study aims to develop the Social Activities Scale for Community‐Dwelling Older People Requiring Support (SASOS).

Design

This study is a cross‐sectional investigation.

Methods

The participants were healthy older people (HOP; N = 140) and those requiring support (OPRS; N = 250). An anonymous questionnaire included items on SASOS, subjective health and ikigai (Japanese well‐being concept). Criterion‐related validity was examined using the Social Activity Index for Elderly People (SAI‐E).

Results

Seventy‐five HOP and 157 OPRS provided effective responses. The scale (α = 0.805) had three subscales: "interactions with friends and neighbors (F1),” "close relationships with family (F2)” and "interactions with others through activity programs (F3).” SASOS and SAI‐E scores were correlated (r = .558, p < .01), indicating criterion‐related validity. In known‐groups validity analysis, F1 were significantly higher among HOP and F3 were significantly higher among OPRS. Total scores correlated with perceived health (r = .240, p < .01) and ikigai (r = .419, p < .01).
Flying blind, or just flying under the radar? The underappreciated power of de novo methods of mass spectrometric peptide identification
Authors: O'Bryon Isabelle , Jenson Sarah C. , Merkley Eric D.
Published: July 2020

Mass spectrometry‐based proteomics is a popular and powerful method for precise and highly multiplexed protein identification. The most common method of analyzing untargeted proteomics data is called database searching, where the database is simply a collection of protein sequences from the target organism, derived from genome sequencing. Experimental peptide tandem mass spectra are compared to simplified models of theoretical spectra calculated from the translated genomic sequences. However, in several interesting application areas, such as forensics, archaeology, venomics, and others, a genome sequence may not be available, or the correct genome sequence to use is not known. In these cases, de novo peptide identification can play an important role. De novo methods infer peptide sequence directly from the tandem mass spectrum without reference to a sequence database, usually using graph‐based or machine learning algorithms. In this review, we provide a basic overview of de novo peptide identification methods and applications, briefly covering de novo algorithms and tools, and focusing in more depth on recent applications from venomics, metaproteomics, forensics, and characterization of antibody drugs.
Structure and function of the juxtamembrane GAF domain of potassium biosensor KdpD
Authors: Kumar Shivesh , Gillilan Richard E. , Yernool Dinesh A.
Published: July 2020

KdpD/KdpE two‐component signaling system regulates expression of a high affinity potassium transporter responsible for potassium homeostasis. The C‐terminal module of KdpD consists of a GAF domain linked to a histidine kinase domain. Whereas certain GAF domains act as regulators by binding cyclic nucleotides, the role of the juxtamembrane GAF domain in KdpD is unknown. We report the high‐resolution crystal structure of KdpD GAF domain (KdpDG) consisting of five α‐helices, four β‐sheets and two large loops. KdpDG forms a symmetry‐related dimer, wherein parallelly arranged monomers contribute to a four‐helix bundle at the dimer‐interface, SAXS analysis of KdpD C‐terminal module reveals an elongated structure that is a dimer in solution. Substitution of conserved residues with various residues that disrupt the dimer interface produce a range of effects on gene expression demonstrating the importance of the interface in inactive to active transitions during signaling. Comparison of ligand binding site of the classic cyclic nucleotide‐binding GAF domains to KdpDG reveals structural differences arising from naturally occurring substitutions in primary sequence of KdpDG that modifies the canonical NKFDE sequence motif required for cyclic nucleotide binding. Together these results suggest a structural role for KdpDG in dimerization and transmission of signal to the kinase domain.
CAR T cells: Living HIV drugs
Authors: Namdari Haideh , Rezaei Farhad , Teymoori‐Rad Majid , Mortezagholi Sahar , Sadeghi Ahmadreza , Akbari Abolfazl
Published: July 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is a major global public health issue. Although the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) has made significant progress in inhibiting HIV replication in patients, HIV‐infected cells remain the principal cellular reservoir of HIV, this allows HIV to rebound immediately upon stopping ART, which is considered the major obstacle to curing HIV infection. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy has provided new opportunities for HIV treatment. Engineering T cells or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to generate CAR T cells is a rapidly growing approach to develop an efficient immune cell to fight HIV. Herein, we review preclinical and clinical data available for the development of CAR T cells. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of clinical application of anti‐HIV CAR T cells will be discussed.
Nonlinear dynamic response of functionally graded material plates using a high‐order implicit algorithm
Authors: Bourihane Oussama , Hilali Youssef , Mhada Khadija
Published: July 2020

In this paper, the forced nonlinear dynamic behavior of functionally graded material (FGM) plate under external dynamic loads is analyzed by means of a high‐order implicit algorithm. The model is developed using the third‐order shear deformation plate kinematics (TSDT). Unlike previous works, in this contribution, the formulation is written without resorting to any homogenization technique neither rule of mixture nor considering FGM as a laminated composite. To handle integrals in the case of inhomogeneous FGMs, the stress vector is split to four parts and it is written in dimensionless form. The resulting equations of motion are established using the Hamilton principle. Finite element discretization is adopted using a four‐node quadrilateral element with seven degrees of freedom per node. The resolution of the nonlinear equations is made by a high‐order implicit algorithm based on the asymptotic numerical method (ANM) techniques. Numerical comparisons of vibration natural frequencies and dynamic response of FGM plates under external loading with literature and laminate composite modeling results are presented to validate the accuracy and the performance of the proposed model.