bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scoring Lesions Considered Associated with Subclinical Laminitis in First Lactation Cows from High Production Ohio Holstein Herds
Authors: Smilie R. H. , Hoblet K. H.
Published: March 2023

Subclinical laminits was studied in 203 first lactation cows and bred heifers in thirteen high producing Ohio Holstein herds. A cross-sectional observational investigation was conducted to develop and validate a scoring system for evaluation of subclinical laminitis. For purposes of this study, observable lesions considered associated with subclinical laminitis included yellow waxy discoloration of the sole, hemorrhage of the sole, separation of the white line, and erosion of the heel. The objectives of our study were to 1) evaluate the prevalence of sole and heel lesions associated with subclinical laminitis across and among cows, feet, claws, and zones, and 2) validate a scoring system which can be used to compare herds with regard to lesions considered associated with subclinical laminitis. Differences in the occurrence of lesions among herds were found to be significant in a pairwise comparison. The difference in the occurrence of lesions among herds appeared to facilitate classification of certain herds as being either better or worse than others according to lesion and anatomic location.
Financial Effect of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Wilson David J. , Rossiter Christine , Sears Phillip M. , Han Hong R.
Published: March 2023

A 210 cow Holstein dairy herd contained approximately 45 cows that were Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-positive on the basis of fecal culture during a one year study. Farm management participated in the NY State Paratuberculosis Eradication Program. Paratuberculosis-positive cows were grouped separately from negative cows, but they were otherwise managed identically. During the year of the study, 180 paratuberculosis-negative cows and 113 clinically normal paratuberculosis-positive cows were identified. From paratuberculosis-negative cows, 6,100 quarter milk samples were aseptically collected for microbiologic culture of mastitis pathogens, and 3,129 quarter samples were obtained from paratuberculosis-positive cows. Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) records were kept for milk somatic cell count Linear Scores (LS), mature equivalent (ME) milk production new mastitis infections and chronic mastitis infections. Beginning in second lactation, and increasing with advancing parity, paratubculosis-positive cows had lower ME milk production than did negative herdmates. However, rates of new and chronic mastitis infections, as measured by DHIA LS were significantly (P < 0.05, P = 0.05, respectively) lower in cows with nonclinical paratuberculosis. Infected cows were culled from the herd at a faster rate than were negative herdmates. Overall, paratuberculosis was associated with economic benefit due to lower rates of mastitis in positive cows, but a net financial loss resulted because of reduced milk production and increased culling rates.
Balancing for Amino Acids in Dairy Diets
Authors: Blauwiekel Ruth
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this study were 1) to test the ability of the amino acid submodel of the CNCPS to predict amino acid flow at the duodenum, and 2) to determine if early lactation cows would respond to rumen bypass amino acids with an increase in milk or milk protein yield. Five early-lactation Holstein cows were fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae and utilized in a metabolism trial with a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Two diets were formulated to contain equal amounts of crude protein, degradable and undegradable protein (UIP), neutral detergent fiber, and non-structural carbohydrate. These diets used either fish meal or corn gluten meal and corn distiller's grain as sources of UIP. Bypass lysine (23 g/day) or bypass methionine (13 g/day) or both were then added to the corn protein-based diet. Diets consisted of grass silage, a barley and corn-based concentrate with the appropriate protein supplement, and whole cottonseed.
Postpartum Pathologic Changes Associated With a Palpable Uterine Lumen in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Stevens R. D. , Dinsmore R. P. , Ball L. , Powers B. E.
Published: March 2023

Clinicians at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Colorado State University have determined that approximately 5% of all dairy cows have a palpable uterine lumen (PUL) at 28-42 days postpartum. The tubular structure of these uteri is collapsible and the inner walls of the uterine horns are distinguishable by palpation; however, fluid accumulation is not apparent.
Effect of Phenylbutazone and Flunixin Meglumine on Clinical Acute Toxic Mastitis in Dairy Cows
Authors: Dascanio J. J. , Mechor Gerald D. , Gröhn Yrjö T. , Kenney D. G. , Booker C. A. , Thompson P. , Chiffelle C. L. , Musser J. M. M. , Warnick L. D.
Published: March 2023

A randomized prospective clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of flunixin meglumine and phenylbutazone in the treatment of acute toxic mastitis in dairy cows.
Radial or Crossply?
Authors: Watson Chris
Published: March 2023

The rubber hoof block is rapid and easy to use with a perfectly acceptable length of action that makes it a standard part of routine hoof care and treatment. You use the block in all cases where there is an indication for pain relief or simply to help with faster healing. Many practitioners no longer use other forms of hoof dressing such as bandages as this technique is so quick and cheap.

The main drawback with rubber blocks is that they require quite a lot of skill to apply properly and many veterinarians have given up at the "learning hurdle" instead of persisting in practicing the technique and mastering it.
Effect of Diarrhea on the Glutamine Requirements of the Calf Gut
Authors: Nappert Germain , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: March 2023

The effects of glutamine-enriched diet on scours has not been fully studied but it is likely to stimulate gut healing. The purpose of our study was to determine the requirements of diseased gut for glutamine. We measured the net intestinal glutamine uptake in the healthy and scouring state using an arteriovenous difference technique. Eight male Holstein calves were acquired from local dairy farms that have a low incidence of neonatal scours. All calves were obtained within a week of age and fed colostrum (5% of the body weight at birth). The femoral artery, jugular vein, mesenteric vein and the portal vein were cannulated. These catheters were used to measure blood flow and gut uptake of glutamine. All surgery were performed aseptically. Calves were allowed at least five days to recover from surgery in order to regain normal food intake.
Use of Ultrasound in Assessing Injection Site Reactions Following Multivalent Clostridial Vaccination in Cattle
Authors: King Christine , Rodgers Glenn
Published: March 2023

This study concluded that ultrasonography was a very useful tool in quantitating the depth of SC tissue reactions post-vaccination. It also enabled a better understanding of the nature of injection site reactions. The method used in this study was quick, non-invasive, and repeatable.
Efficacy of Ceftiofur Sodium (NAXCEL ®) as Therapy for Experimentally Induced Bacterial Foot Rot
Authors: Berg J. N. , Henke C. L. , Hanson B. J.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this dose finding-efficacy study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.5 and 1.0 mg of ceftiofur sodium per pound body weight given IM once daily for three consecutive days for treatment of acute bacterial foot rot in cattle when compared to similar treated placebo controls. An established model that produces lesions virtually identical to naturally occurring acute foot rot was utilized for this study. The study was initiated and completed during April 1992.
Select Immune Response in Beef Calves Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue
Authors: Saker K. E. , Swecker W. S. , Allen V. G.
Published: March 2023

Copper status and immune response of weaned beef steers that grazed endophye-infected (Acremonium coenophinlum, Morgan Jones and Gams) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) was evaluated in a 6 month, bi-location study(Ridge-Valley [R-V] and Southern Piedmont [SP] regions ofVirginia).
What's Going on in Bovine Viral Vaccines
Authors: Chase Christopher C. L. , Hurley David J.
Published: March 2023

The spectrum of immunity from inactivated bovine viral vaccines has often been discounted because of the lack of a cell mediated response. With the advent of newer adjuvants, the effect of an inactivated BRSV, BVDV PI3, IBR vaccine (Vira Shield™ 5: Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) on cell mediated and cytotoxic T cell response against IBR and BRSV was measured.
155 Referral Hospital Uterine Torsions
Authors: Frazer G. , Perkins N. , Constable P.
Published: March 2023

Although uterine torsion has been reported in all of the domestic species, it is a condition that is more likely to be encountered by bovine practitioners. The anatomical features of the gravid bovine uterus undoubtedly play a major role, just as the anatomy of the equine gastro-intestinal tract predisposes the horse to colic. Literature on the topic is sparse and the etiology of the condition is open to speculation.
Evaluation of Four Therapies of Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Guterbock W. M. , Borelli C. L. , Read D. H.
Published: March 2023

One hundred and forty-seven Holstein cows in three Central California dairy herds, housed in open corrals with shades, with active Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis (hairy footwart) lesions were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups.
Dietary Cation Anion Balance (DCAB)
Authors: Henry Edward T.
Published: March 2023

The benefits of a balanced closeup ration and supplementation with anionic minerals are: (1) a marked reduction in both clinical milk fever cases and subclinical hypocalcemia; (2) an increase of 700 to 1,000 pounds more milk in that lactation; (3) reduced reproductive problems resulting in a decrease in average days open and lower services per conception; and ( 4) reduced incidence of ketosis and displaced abomasums.
Barcode and voice recognition techniques for data entry into computerized dairy database records
Authors: Eilts Bruce E. , Paccamonti Dale L. , Holmes Robert A.
Published: March 2023

Even though computers operate at amazing speeds, data input into programs remains the rate-limiting step preventing many dairymen and veterinarians from adopting a computerized system. Keyboard entry of individual animal events into a computer program is extremely tedious, but present barcode and voice recognition technologies exist to ease this cumbersome task.
The Normal Periparturient Cow
Authors: Momont Harry
Published: March 2023

Life would be a lot easier for all of us if cows could produce milk without getting pregnant. Parturition is truly a mixed blessing of opportunity and frustration for producers and their veterinarians. In perfect compliance with Murphy's law, the periparturient period is a time when everything can, and often does, go wrong. This presentation will focus on managing reproduction in the abnormal postpartum cow from both a preventive and therapeutic perspective. We begin with a review of normal periparturient physiology.
Management of Metritis/Endometritis
Authors: Plotts Gordon
Published: March 2023

Our herd programs emphasize prevention as the primary focus. We attempt to help clients control those factors that are important to insuring a healthy, "ready to eat" "ready to milk" postpartum cow. While this is not the topic of this brief talk I wanted to be clear that we believe that prevention is the goal. We are convinced that it is almost impossible to recover lost efficiency due to significant postpartum metritis. Sending the cow to the dry pen in the correct body condition, a properly managed dry cow period, and attention to detail during the immediate pre-partum period are imperative to success.
incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the progeny of affected sires and dams
Authors: Curnow R. N. , Hau C. M.
Published: March 2023

Case control study techniques were used to compare the incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the progeny of two affected sires and. 110 affected dams with the incidence of BSE in the progeny of animals known to be unaffected at the last record.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996) 138, 407-408
Practitioner's Approach to Management of Metritis/Endometritis
Authors: Upham G. L.
Published: March 2023

I feel the goal of any post-partum program dealing with metritis/endometritis is to maximize the potential for milk yield by keeping the affected cow at the feed bunk and aiding future reproductive performance by stimulating rapid uterine involution. This involves addressing the metabolic, hormonal and infectious components of the metritis/endometritis complex.

I have taken the approach of trying to identify problem cows as early as possible within the first 10 days post-partum and provide supportive treatment to help maintain increases in dry matter intake and stimulate uterine involution.
Bovine Neonatal Cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Hunt Elaine
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to review some of themore significant features of the body of research concerningcryptosporidiosis and discuss some of the opportunities for prevention and therapy which may become available in the future.
Use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Lam T. J. G. M.
Published: March 2023

Reliability of use of composite milk samples for diagnosis of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infections in dairy cattle was compared with that of individual gland samples.

Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1705-1708
Strategies For Rearing Co-Mingled, Colostrum-Deficient Calves
Authors: Fuhrmann Thomas
Published: March 2023

Colostral immunoglobulin levels and exposure to pathogens are the two most important factors that affect health and mortality of baby calves. Farm management that affects either of these two factors has been shown to have a significant impact on calf morbidity and mortality.1

Dairy farms are capable of controlling colostrum feeding to insure immunoglobulin transfer and managing the environment to minimize pathogen exposure. Calf ranches, however, characterized by the co-mingling of day old calves purchased from a variety of sources, place calves at high risk of enteric and respiratory pathogen exposure. Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer is also high in these calves since the dairies from which calves are sourced have little incentive to feed colostrum.

This report describes approaches to manage health programs for calves under different management systems. Calf management programs for dairy herds will be contrasted with those of calf ranches. Results will be compared so that practitioners can appreciate problems that may be encountered if calves with different histories are treated the same.
Invasive malignant fibrous histiocytoma in a cow
Authors: Sartin E. A.
Published: March 2023

An invasive malignant fibrous histiocytoma associated with the left cornual process, and causing lysis of the frontal bone, was diagnosed in a cow.

Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1709-1710
Management of the Dairy Calf Prior to Weaning
Authors: Quigley J. D.
Published: March 2023

The calf and heifer enterprise is an important component of most dairy operations. On average, 25 to 35% of the dairy herd is culled each year and must be replaced. In addition, 10 to 12% of calves born, die within the first two years of life (USDA:APHIS, 1992). Thus, a ready source of high quality heifers is necessary. Unfortunately, calf and heifer management is often overlooked in the dairy enterprise, which leads to increased mortality and morbidity followed by delays in growth, breeding and delayed age at calving.

Calves are born with a predetermined genetic potential, which may be permanently affected by environmental factors and management decisions implemented throughout the rearing period. A calf's genetic potential may be considered an upper limit that is expressed only if proper decisions are implemented at the appropriate time. Studies have shown that the level of management, estimated as herd milk production average, has a profound effect on calf morbidity and mortality (Curtis et al., 1985; James et al., 1984; Jenny et al., 1981; Waltner-Toews et al., 1986a, 1986b). Proper management of young stock, particularly during the neonatal period, can markedly reduce morbidity and mortality, whereas improper management will lead to economic losses from increased cost of veterinary intervention, death losses, growth retardation, and poor reproductive performance. Ultimately, poor management of calves and heifers can reduce the lifetime productivity of the individual cow and the herd as a whole.
Concurrent bovine viral diarrhoea virus and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 infection in a group of pregnant dairy heifers
Authors: Penny C. D. , Low J. C. , Nettleton P. F. , Scott P. R. , Sargison N. D. , Strachan W. D. , Honeyman P. C.
Published: March 2023

Two days after being imported into the United Kingdom one of a group of 30 pregnant dairy heifers showed clinical signs of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection and subsequently died. Before it died the heifer was BVDV antigen-positive and antibody-negative. The gross post mortem findings were suggestive of mucosal disease but in addition to noncytopathic BVD virus, Salmonella typhimurium DT104 was cultured from tissues and gut contents.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 138, 485-489
Management and Economics of Natural Service Sires on Dairy Herds
Authors: Risco Carlos A.
Published: March 2023

To eliminate inefficient heat detection many dairies use natural service (NS) bulls. The perception is that pregnancy rates improves when NS is used because more cows are detected in true estrus and serviced; that is the intensity and accuracy improves in the herd. A 1984 survey of dairy herds in Florida showed that 50 per cent used AI, 38 per cent used a combination of AI and NS, and the remainder used mostly NS.3 A Pennsylvania study involving 329 dairy farms, evaluated the method used in breeding heifers; 11.2 per cent bred their heifers once with AI then used a bull, 8.5 per cent bred their heifers twice with AI then used bulls and 20.7 per cent bred their heifers with bulls only.4 Estimates from large dairy herds in Florida and Texas indicates that the use of NS is still widespread particularly in dairy herds employing a rotational grazing management. Dairy herds that use NS bulls usually do not raise replacement heifers, the genetic balance of the herd can be maintained by purchasing replacement heifers from breeders who are using AI with semen from proven bulls.

The use of NS can reduce the negative effect that people can have on reproduction by eliminating errors in estrus detection. However, when the equation of reproduction is re-examined using NS, it becomes apparent that the fertility of the bull and his ability to service cows that are in estrus greatly determines the pregnancy outcome. Therefore, in order to adequately exploit the use of NS in dairy herds, proper selection and management of these bulls should be included in the overall herd health program of the dairy. In addition, to prevent the disastrous economic consequences of sub-fertile bulls, periodic evaluation of their reproductive performance must be performed.
On-Farm Nutrition Diagnostics
Authors: Nelson Arden J.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians are held in high esteem by cattlemen in this country. Rockwood Research, Inc. conducted a study for Church and Dwight of 700 dairymen, asking their preferred sources for information on new nutritional products.10 Dairymen ranked veterinarians highest of all the sources. (Figure 1). Yet, we as cattle veterinarians, have too little direct involvement with nutrition management (Figure 2), as demonstrated in the 1993 AABP survey of member veterinarians.1

With feed and forage costs totalling 45-60% of milk checks, dairymen need excellent management control of nutrition to minimize feed cost and to maximize production, reproduction and cow health. Figure 3 shows the categorization of expenses for the most profitable quartile of herds on Northeast Agrifax financial records system.9 These herds averaged 116 cows and sold 19,030 pounds per cow per year for the years 1992-94. Crop expense and off-farm feed expense averaged $6.44/cwt on milk that 'Yas sold at $13.61/cwt. Nutrition input costs, $3. 73/cwt for off-farm feed and $2. 71/cwt for on-farm production of forages and grains, dwarf all other expense categories.
dispersal of Culicoides brevitarsis in eastern New South Wales and associations with the occurrences of arbovirus infections in cattle
Authors: Bishop A. L. , Kirkland P. D. , McKenzie H. J. , Barchia I. M.
Published: March 2023

Distributions of the vector Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (determined from light trap data) and 2 arboviruses (determined from seroconversions in sentinel cattle) were studied in eastern New South Wales in 1993-94.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1996); 73, 174-178
Immunology of Bovine Pestivirus Infection
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Reddy Sudhir K. , Frossard J. P. , Minocha Harish
Published: March 2023

The bovine pestiviruses (here referred to as bovine viral diarrhea viruses-BVDV) cause three types of disease: bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), mucosal disease (MD) or fetal disease (FD). In each case, the immune system of the host responds in a characteristic fashion (Nettleton and Entrican, 1995).
Preferential sites for arterial blood sampling in cattle
Authors: Muylle S. , Anthone P. , Simoens P. , Lauwers H.
Published: March 2023

The aim of this study was to compare the feasibility and reliability of different methods for obtaining samples of arterial blood from calves and adult dairy cows.
Cowchips$
Authors: Basarab John A.
Published: March 2023

Cow-calf production in Alberta is based on 2.6 million cows and bred heifers on approximately 30,000 farms and ranches. Typically these operations are mixed beef and grain with over 90% raising cattle for commercial beef production rather than for seedstock. Over 99% are spring calving with multi-sire breeding pastures and weaning in September through November. Genetic improvement in commercial herds typically occurs through the purchase of superior sires. Most managers keep only herd records and minimal financial records. Ten to 20% of commercial cow-calf managers and approximately 2000 seedstock producers keep more detailed individual cow and financial records.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of Cowchip$ by analysing four years (1992 to 1995) of records from a spring calving, commercial cow-calf herd. Several of the more useful reports generated by the program as well as the scientific rationale behind these reports will be presented.
Assessment of two devices for measuring tympanic membrane temperature in swine, dairy cattle, and dairy calves
Authors: Myers M. J. , Henderson M.
Published: March 2023

We compared tympanic membrane temperature readings obtained by 2 commercially available devices with rectal temperature readings obtained with a standard mercury thermometer in dairy cattle, dairy calves, and swine.

Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1700-1701
Cowboys and Computers...
Authors: Lowe James D.
Published: March 2023

I'm going to give you some personal background that may seem irrelevant to herd management software, but I do so to help you understand the roots of Cow Sense. This software tool was born not of a need to manage pedigrees, registrations, and breed association work; not of an academic desire to gather herd performance data and compare Joe's herd to Sally's; not even with intent to sell a tool that would help others manage their own beef herds. Cow Sense was born of my own need and interest in having a tool that would help me evaluate and develop my herd so that I could survive the times and create a quality herd as quickly as possible.

Launching a Sandhills ranching operation in 1980 was a big change in my life. From a business standpoint, our timing was incredibly bad: skyrocketing interest rates, plummeting land values, and volatile cattle prices forced us to exercise all our management skills and develop new ones. The environment was completely new to me ( though my Dad and Granddad had both spent time in the Sandhills), and practices that worked well in rich Minnesota soils had to be discarded and quickly replaced with ones appropriate for the fragile Sandhills. I had spent some time in college, then worked in applied social research, and skills I had learned during that period seemed to have no direct application in my new life. At the time, I had no vision of how it might all come together down the road. I was too busy learning and applying what I needed to make that ranch work.

When I came to the Sandhills, I had never been involved with a cow/calf enterprise, and had no preconceptions about how to do it. I. wasn't a cowboy, but I was building a cow herd from scratch. I depended heavily on ideas and advice from others, but all that got mixed with my own background and analytic interests. I did things a little bit differently on our ranch than most. Part of that difference was tracking the individual performance of each cow on a personal computer, analyzing the data with various tools, then culling and selecting replacements based on that information. In 1984 I did not find software tools to help me do that, so I began building them. That was the inception of Cow Sense.

Since my first release of a commercial software product in September, 1993, I have devoted a lot of time to Cow Sense and developing a package that I could distribute reliably and widely. My commitment to Cow Sense has since led me to sell the ranch and devote myself to advancing the product and building our software business. With a stable and well-received product, we are now turning our attention to enhancements, new features, and better performance. (I say "we" because I now have associates in this enterprise.) So, let me first tell you what Cow Sense does now, and then I will describe some of our plans for the future.
Vaccinology for Bovine Practitioners
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Chengappa M. M.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians have vaccinated calves for many years against bacterial pathogens. Many diseases have been successfully controlled by use of bacterins or toxoids in adjuvants. Brucellosis and clostridial toxemias are good examples of diseases that have been controlled in part by vaccination. However, some diseases are still prevalent despite widespread use of many types of vaccines. Pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle and associated bacterins and toxoids are classic examples of this problem. Bronchopneumonia caused by Pasteurella (P.) haemolytica and P. multocida still account for huge losses in the dairy, stocker and feedlot industries (Babiuk et al., 1987).
Evaluation of Type II Killed BVD Vaccine in the Face of Type II BVD Challenge
Authors: Gatewood Donna M. , Ohnesorge W. Charles , Spillers Carol A. , All Benjamin P.
Published: March 2023

Type II BVD continues to be a concern for cattle producers. Type I MLV BVD vaccines reportedly provide adequate protection against disease caused by Type II BVD. However, MLV vaccines cannot be used in all management situations. This study was designed to test the efficacy of an experimental killed Type II BVD vaccine. In addition, the study compared results with efficacy of modified live and killed Type I BVD vaccines, as well as with efficacy of a killed Type II/MLV Type I combination.
Persistent IBR Infections in the Bovine Lymphoid System
Authors: Chase Christopher C. L. , Wang Pu , Hurley David J.
Published: March 2023

Respiratory tract infection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) results in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), a significant clinical syndrome of cattle that plays a major role in bovine respiratory disease.
Association Between Development of Serum Antibody Against Bluetongue Virus and Productivity in Beef Cattle
Authors: Rohrbach Barton W. , Caldwell G. , Potgieter L. N. D. , Sayer M.
Published: March 2023

A herd of 300 brood cows was selected due to a high prevalence of serum antibody against bluetongue virus (BTV).
Impact of Preventive Hoof Care on Dairy Heifer Performance
Authors: Scharko P. B. , Davidson T. J.
Published: March 2023

Northern climate can place many restrictions on how to raise heifers and these restrictions can have an important effect on hoof growth. Heifers in northern climates are raised indoors during the winter months. They are either grouped with other heifers of similar size in pens or they are placed in tie-stalls.
placebo-controlled trial of an Escherichia coli JS bacterin and the ribotypingbased assessment of coliform bacteria diversity on a dairy farm
Authors: Gonzalez Rubén N. , Wilson David J. , Sears Phillip M. , Rivas Ariel L.
Published: March 2023

To evaluate the efficacy of an experimental Escherichia coli J5 bacterin to prevent natural occurring clinical coliform mastitis (CCM) in dairy cows during a whole lactation period, and to determine which of the three proposed immunization schedules was associated with a higher protection against CCM, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on a commercial dairy in central New York State.
Evaluation of Type II Killed BVD Vaccine in the Face of Type II BVD Challenge
Authors: Gatewood Donna M. , Ohnesorge W. Charles , Spillers Carol A. , All Benjamin P.
Published: March 2023

Type II BVD continues to be a concern for cattle producers. Type I MLV BVD vaccines reportedly provide adequate protection against disease caused by Type II BVD. However, MLV vaccines cannot be used in all management situations. This study was designed to test the efficacy of an experimental killed Type II BVD vaccine.
Evaluation of IBR Vaccine Virus Shedding After Parenteral Administration to Suckling Calves
Authors: Gatewood Donna M. , Sprino Phillip J. , Ohnesorge W. Charles , All Benjamin P. , Gray Melisse M.
Published: March 2023

Many vaccine strains of IBR are assumed to be abortigenic. There is therefore concern about administering modified live IBR vaccines to suckling calves because of the possibility of shedding of the vaccine virus by vaccinates and subsequent transmission to the pregnant dam. The purpose of Phase I of this study was to show whether IBR MLV vaccine strain RT-22 causes virus shedding after parenteral vaccination of IBR-susceptible calves. Phase II of the study was designed to show whether immunosuppression 90 days after vaccination would result in recrudescence of the vaccine virus and subsequent viral shed.
Effect of Certain Antibiotics on the Bacterial Load and Fertility of Cattle and Buffalo Semen
Authors: Osman A. M. , Zaghloul A. H. , Shehata S. H. , Abdel-All B. G. , Abed-Allah S. H.
Published: March 2023

Semen samples were collected aseptically from 11 Native and 4 buffalo bulls. All animals were clinically healthy and free from brucellosis, tuberculosis and trichomoniasis. Bacteriological identifications, total viable bacterial count (T.V.B.C .) and antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done from the raw semen before evaluation. Six different antibiotics were added to equal portions of egg yolk buffer citrate solutions and another sample was kept free as control before semen extension. Only samples with initial individual motility more than 60% were subjected to cooling and preservation at 4 °C for further studies.
Concentrated Bovine Serum Globulin Protein as a Colostrum Replacement/ Supplement in Receiving Dairy Beef Calves
Authors: Haupert J. C. , Arthington J. D.
Published: March 2023

This experiment was run to show the effectiveness of utilizing spray dried bovine serum globulin protein (BGP) as an effective colostral adjunct for the attainment of passive immunity in receiving dairy beef calves less than 24 hours of age.
Comparison of dam and neonatal trace mineral levels in Nebraska sandhills beef cattle
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Hickok D. T. , Braselton W. E. , Brink D. R. , Olson P. A. , Lamb J. B.
Published: March 2023

Trace mineral deficiencies in copper, selenium, zinc, and manganese have been reported from neonates and perinatal calves in Western Nebraska, including the Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory (GSL) at Whitman, NE. Deficiencies or imbalances of trace minerals such as copper and selenium may play an independent or interacting role in the neonate's ability to produce immunity.
Case-control Study of Clinical Salmonellosis in Cattle Herds
Authors: Warnick L. D. , Crofton L. M. , Hawkins M. J. , Pelzer K. D. , Ruth R. A. , Scheel K. R.
Published: March 2023

A field study was conducted to identify potential risk factors for clinical salmonellosis in a sample of cattle herds near Harrisonburg, Virginia.
JennyLynn Flow Simulator
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: March 2023

Accurate recordings of vacuum levels and vacuum fluctuations during milking provide the best means of demonstrating the adequacy of any milking system.
Individual Animal Electronic Identification and Management
Authors: INC. ALLFLEX USA,
Published: March 2023

There is an abundance of good technology available to the beef industry - from growth promotants to embryo transfer to packing plant robotics. But a new and exciting technology - Individual Animal Electronic Identification - promises to create opportunities for improvement that have never before been possible.
Sarcina ventriculi - associated abomasal bloat in neonatal calves
Authors: DeBey B. M. , Andrews G. A. , Basaraba R. J. , Kennedy G. A. , Moisan P. G. , Mosier D. A. , Nietfeld J. K.
Published: March 2023

Abomasal bloating and ulceration in calves are usually attributed to infection with Clostridium perfringens type A, infection with BVD virus, or copper deficiency.
Simulated airborne spread of Aujeszky's disease and foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Casal J. , Moreso J. M. , Planas-Cuchí E. , Casal J.
Published: March 2023

The atmospheric dispersion of virus was simulated using a computer model which had been developed for predicting the dispersion of toxic gases from chemical engineering plants. The results were compared with data from four outbreaks in which virus was believed to have been transported by air: two outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 1967 and outbreaks of Aujeszky's disease in Yorkshire in 1981 to 1982 and Indiana in 1988. There was relatively good agreement with most of these data. The paper shows that the model could be useful in an emergency because the risk of virus spread could be predicted in real time.

Full paper published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 672-676
Work-A-Day Drug Use on the Farm
Authors: Sterner Keith E.
Published: March 2023

Over the years, many veterinarians expressed concerns that the use of drugs in an extralabel manner in the course of bovine practice could lead to their prosecution by the Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) for violation of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The passage of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) has changed that possibility to some extent and yet the expression "the more things change, the more they stay the same" applies very nicely to this situation of extralabel drug use by bovine practitioners. For the most part, bovine practitioners are still bound by the very same rules that the CVM used for "regulatory discretion" before the passage of AMDUCA.
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis in cows
Authors: Braun U. , Wild K. , Merz M. , Hertzberg H.
Published: March 2023

The goal of this study was to determine the optimal location for ultrasound-guided centesis of the bovine abomasum and to assess the safety of the procedure.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 599-602
Rational Approach to Septic Calves
Authors: Fecteau Gilles , Van Metre David C. , Paré Julie , Smith Bradford P. , Holmberg Charles A. , Jang Spencer S. , Higgins Robert H. , Fairbrother John
Published: March 2023

Despite the fact that bacterial infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the large animal neonate, the early diagnosis remains a challenge for both the veterinarian and the calf manager. In some situations, a focal/localized site of infection can be identified. This leads the clinician to suspect a bacterial component in the problem of his/her patient and to recommend the appropriate therapy. However, septicemia/bacteremia can occur without a detectable primary site of infection. It is also possible that the septicemia/bacteremia state actually precedes the localization of infection. In such case, early antimicrobial therapy would be beneficial. Experienced calf feeders develop good clinical judgment and often initiate early treatment in sick bovine neonates. If a record keeping system exists on the premises, it is easier to follow and to continue appropriate therapy. Because of the continuing increase in public concern about antimicrobial use, we believe that the veterinarian should provide guidelines to help his client appropriately target calves for antibiotic treatment.

Several questions remain that have no single answer. (1) What are the most informative clinical signs on which to base an adequate antimicrobial therapy? (2) How long should the therapy be continued? (3) How many animals really benefit from antimicrobial therapy? (4) How many animals suffering from a bacterial infection are not treated adequately? (5) Which is the best antibiotic to use in calves?

The purpose of this presentation is to share our experience studying septicemia and to target the future goals of research in this field.
How ASTLQ Has Influenced Our Practice...
Authors: Baillargeon Paul
Published: March 2023

The evolution of veterinary services that we offer to our food animal clients in the various aspects of herd . health is not only influenced by our acquired knowledge and competence but is also driven by the socio-economic aspects of each region. Radostits (1989) has clearly described this pattern of evolution of veterinary services in food animal practice. Industrialization and expansion of the cities, for example, has been delayed for Quebec in comparison with some other areas of the continent meaning that the growth of the demand for dairy products was also retarded.

Quebec's dairy industry may be characterized, from the point of view of veterinary services, in different ways. The average dairy herd in our province was still in the range of 43 cows in 1996 (Agriculture Canada) and many of our dairy operations rely on income from crop or other animal productions. Nevertheless, Quebec accounts for nearly 40% of the country's dairy cow population. Quebec's dairy producers have had restricted access over the years, especially through published information in English, to the common trends that have influenced the dairy industry elsewhere in North America.

Furthermore, veterinary farm services have been subsidized by the Quebec government since 1971 by means of the ASAQ program. At its inception, the program had two main objectives. The first was to make veterinary services available to the food animal industry at a uniform cost irrespective of the geographic location within the province. It was also intended to provide producers with veterinary drugs at a standardized markup and to promote their "rational and adequate usage". One of the most significant consequences of this program has been the emergence of many multi-veterinary practices across the province.

The combined effect of these different aspects is that Quebec still has smaller dairy operations that are serviced by some of the largest veterinary practices in Canada. Group practices allow diversification of the professional services available to the clientele and it has been the clear trend in Quebec over the last twenty years. I believe the ASTLQ project has been one of the crowning accomplishments of the evolution of veterinary practice to date in the province. The group is a culmination of the efforts of more than 120 practitioners from 39 different practices that funded the original research project. The objective was to develop specific tools adapted to the needs of Quebec's dairy practitioners. This was achieved through the adaptation of a software program (DSA) with, at its core an individual animal health file compiled in a herd file, a structured continuing education program as well as the development and testing of new performance indicators for dairy herds.

Since 1994, ASTLQ has become a service, supported by its users, designed to make the practitioner a valuable and competent member of the management team of a dairy herd by being proactive both at the level of the routine on-farm clinical activities as well as by playing a role in management decisions.
Consulting Services that Benefit Small Dairies
Authors: Ferguson J. Ewen
Published: March 2023

My work as a veterinarian began in a general mixed practice. The practice had a heavy dairy component, and I became involved in providing reproductive services. I'm not sure if I could pinpoint a moment in time when I thought I had been transformed from a reproductive veterinarian to a consulting or a production or a performance medicine veterinarian. I'm still not sure what my proper title should be, or even if I'm there yet. I feel the evolution has progressed well, but when I look back, I realize I have been practising for 20 years.

There have been many influences that have propelled me down the road toward a consulting practice. Some of these influences were from within my previous multi-person, multi-discipline practice. Some were external, such as the changing economies of the modern dairy industry, and some of the influences were personal, with a desire to be more involved with the well being of my dairy clients.

One of the influences was frustration. Much like a dog chasing its tail, it seemed that just as I was poised to conquer one aspect of the dairy management puzzle, another challenge (opportunity) seemed to emerge.
Labor Systems for Caring for Sick Cows
Authors: Cattell Marguerita
Published: March 2023

The process by which care and treatment are applied to sick animals by farm personnel is often more critical to a successful outcome than the medical prowess of the veterinarian. All health problems in dairy cattle are best viewed as "diseases of cows caused by people". To make them "diseases of cows cured by people" in an efficient manner, a systematic approach developed with the involvement of the farm labor force is needed. A labor system for sick cow care should include a description of the job(s) and requisite skills, strategies for labor management and a description of the system and its component programs.
Implants
Authors: Mader Terry L.
Published: March 2023

Numerous implant strategies are available for use in cattle from suckling through finishing phases of production. Within a specific production system, implants consistently enhance animal productivity and/or efficiency. However, consistent responses to lifetime programs depend not only on product use but timing and sequence as well. Lifetime implant programs should be designed to obtain an optimum growth and efficiency response while minimizing expression oflive animal side effects and adverse effects on carcass traits. Recent studies suggest that using, in succession, implants with increasing potency allows for the greatest animal lifetime gain (> 50 kg) while maintaining or slightly improving post-weaning feed conversion when compared to nonimplanted cattle. Implant strategies which match implant dose or potency to animal age, weight, and/or production desired are recommended. Beginning in the preweaning period with low potency products and ending in the post-weaning period with high potency androgenic containing implant products, which complement the estrogenic response, will maintain positive carry over effects of previous implants. Implant programs should be designed to maintain hormone blood levels within an optimum response range. Hormone levels below or above this range should be avoided once implant programs are initiated.
Economics of Parasite Control for Beef Cattle
Authors: Reinemeyer Craig R.
Published: March 2023

This paper will examine the economic feasibility of controlling gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in North America, but the coverage will not be limited to monetary inputs and outcomes. A preliminary section will review the biology of target parasites and host responses, register concerns about the economic viability of current recommendations, and discuss realistic expectations for deworming programs. A discussion of the parasitologic characteristics of individual classes of beef cattle will follow, recommendations for optimal parasite control of each class will be offered, and the requirements for cost-benefit estimated.
Practical and Humane Bovine Euthanasia
Authors: Gardner Don L.
Published: March 2023

Most bovine veterinarians will encounter situations where an animal is unlikely to respond favorably to treatment. For both humane and economic reasons veterinarians should assume leadership and advise their clients with realistic predictions about expected outcomes for such animals. The likelihood of treatment success, the potential for animal suffering, the presence of drug residues, and the low probability of passing market inspection are considerations that can make humane euthanasia of a patient the best available option. Too often this decision is postponed, resulting in animal suffering as well as further economic loss for the owner.

Our oath as veterinarians compels us to relieve suffering, and the conduct of humane euthanasia is one of the means available to meet this commitment. There are several methods of euthanasia available, each with its advantages and disadvantages. It is important for the bovine veterinarian to be appraised of these methods in order to chose the best option for a given situation.
Novel ELISA for detection of Neospora-specific antibodies in cattle
Authors: Williams D. J. L. , McGarry J. , Guy F. , Barber J. , Trees A. J.
Published: March 2023

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies to Neospora species in cattle was developed. Whole formalin-fixed Neospora caninum (NC-Liverpool) tachyzoites were used as antigen and a monoclonal antibody to bovine immunoglobulin light chain and an anti-mouse horseradish peroxidase conjugate were used to reveal bound antibody.
Patterns of Ruminal H₂S Generation in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Loneragan G. H. , Gould D. H. , Wagner J. J. , Garry F. B. , Thoren M.
Published: March 2023

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in ruminants has traditionally been attributed to a thiamin deficiency. Recent studies have demonstrated that PEM lesions may result from excess total sulfur intake and the resulting ruminal H2S generation. The objectives of this trial were to examine the effect of varying water sulfate (SO4) concentrations on the patterns and magnitudes of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation and health of feedlot cattle.
Efficacy of Bovine Papilloma Virus Vaccination in Preventing Papillomas in Yearling Beef Bulls
Authors: Whittier W. D. , Warnick L. D. , Eller A. L.
Published: March 2023

Cutaneous papillomas or warts are common lesions in young cattle. They usually occur in young animals (also on teats of mature cattle) and are white or tan firm protruding masses with a dry horny surface.
Epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Northern Ireland 1988 to 1995
Authors: Denny G. O. , Hueston W. D.
Published: March 2023

Epidemiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Northern Ireland 1988 to 1995.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 302-306
Duration of Immunity Induced by Commercially Available Pasteurella haemolytica Vaccines
Authors: Loan Raymond W. , Tung Hsi-tang , Payne Jerry B.
Published: March 2023

Calves on range with their dams were vaccinated with 5 commercially available Pasteurella haemolytica vaccines in duration of immunity studies. Immunity was challenged at 83 and 97 days post-vaccination by transthoracic inoculation of virulent P haemolytica.