bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction to: Pilot Society and the Energy Transition
Authors: Ryghaug Marianne , Skjølsvold Tomas Moe
Published: February 2021

The original version of this book was revised. The book was inadvertently published with an incorrect surname to Tomas Moe Skjølsvold of captioned title as “Moe Skjølsvold” whereas it should be “Skjølsvold”. The author’s name has been updated in the book.
Introduction
Authors: Long William J.
Published: February 2021

Many scholars have wondered if a non-Western theory of international politics founded on different premises, be it from Asia or from the “Global South,” could release international relations from the grip of a Western, “Westphalian” model in which self-interest (and opposition to the other) and system anarchy treat conflict and violence as natural and ethical behavior among states. As part of the emergent literature in Global International Relations, this monograph suggests that a Buddhist approach to international relations could provide a genuine alternative. Because of its distinctive philosophical positions and its unique understanding of reality, human nature, and political behavior, a Buddhist theory of IR offers a means for transcending the Westphalian predicament. This chapter situates a Buddhist approach to international relations within the sweep of traditional and recent international relations theory. It then outlines the subsequent chapters of the monograph that address the philosophical foundations of Buddhist IR; Buddha’s ideas about politics, economics, and statecraft; and the manifestations of Buddhist political principles in practice, one ancient and one modern, that illustrate this alternative approach.
Principles and Techniques of Exodontia
Authors: Jain Anuj
Published: February 2021

Dental extraction is a routinely carried out procedure in any dental set up. Even after the tremendous progress in the fields of preventive and restorative dentistry, exodontia remains to be a vital procedure. The increase in the public awareness regarding retaining their natural teeth has made exodontia an even more challenging procedure as more extractions are being carried out in elderly patients. With the increasing average age, the difficulty and complexity of the extraction procedure increases.

This chapter exhibits the general overview of the challenging procedure called exodontia highlighting its various aspects like indications, contraindications, complications, etc. with a special mention about the procedure to be carried out in different scenarios and various technological advances in exodontia.
Rhinoplasty
Authors: Nasser Nasir A.
Published: February 2021

The nose occupies the centre of the face and receives enormous attention as a key aesthetic element. It is also an important organ contributing to vital functions of breathing and olfaction. A nose with ideal proportions creates a harmonious balance of aesthetic and psychological wellness. Whilst a rhinoplasty can significantly improve the quality of life of patients, there may be associated complications and undesirable outcomes. It is imperative that the surgeon desiring to practise the art and science of rhinoplasty should be familiar with the essential basics before embarking on this journey.
Human Factors Recognition to Enhance Team Working and Safer Patient Care
Authors: Brennan Peter A. , Oeppen Rachel S.
Published: February 2021

Human error and organisational mistakes are a significant cause of morbidity for patients. It is important to recognise and address human factors (HF) in the context of our own performance optimisation, enhancing team working to improve patient safety, and better working lives for clinicians across surgery and medicine.
De Novo Practice of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Reddy Srinivas Gosla , Acharya Avni Pandey
Published: February 2021

Oral and maxillofacial surgery is a bridge between medicine and dentistry and the debate of pursuing a dual degree is a hot to trot topic worldwide, new residents should always weigh their abilities and focus on additional training in respective fields to improve their expertise. The experience of starting a practice in the scenario where more than 100-150 amateur oral surgeons are competing seems to be scary. The chapter deals with the problems faced by new surgeons in establishing their practice along with the solution to thrive in this competitive world. The chapter also emphasizes on the process of planning and setting up of a maxillofacial hospital along with the art of management of finances to guide the new surgeons.
Management of Soft Tissue Injuries in the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Datarkar Abhay , Tayal Shikha
Published: February 2021

Soft tissue injuries of head and neck are the most common injuries encountered by the maxillofacial surgeons during their clinical practice. Therefore, one must have a sound knowledge of the various types, their mechanisms of injuries and most importantly, the management of the same. This chapter discusses the classification system of all types of soft tissue injuries, and focuses on the principles of management of different types of the injuries, with emphasis on their mechanism and healing process. Numerous figures, box diagrams and case scenarios are added to make the chapter interesting and provide real time information about the topic. A special note on necrotizing fasciitis, one of the most challenging infections in the head and neck region has also been mentioned along with information about wound dressings. Recent advances in the management of soft tissue injuries like use of growth factors, bioengineered skin substitutes and stem cell therapy are enumerated for the readers to encourage them about futuristic approaches. The authors hope that the readership attains a holistic knowledge about various aspects of the soft tissue injuries and their management.
Cleft Lip
Authors: Shetty Pritham N. , Chauhan Jaideep Singh , Patil Mamatha , Aggarwal Neha , Rao Dipesh
Published: February 2021

Many techniques exist at present for surgical repair of primary cleft lip. Since the introduction of Millard, most of the techniques are based on Millard’s Rotation advancement principle. However, every cleft surgeon aims to modify his/her technique to achieve optimum symmetry and function of the nose and lip. In this chapter, we have presented the principles of lip repair followed at our centre based on the very principles of Millard. We have also discussed embryology and anatomy from a surgical pint of view so as to understand the anatomic basis if cleft surgery.
Renormalization group equations of Higgs-R2 inflation
Authors: Ema Yohei , Mukaida Kyohei , van de Vis Jorinde
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We derive one- and two-loop renormalization group equations (RGEs) of Higgs-R2 inflation. This model has a non-minimal coupling between the Higgs and the Ricci scalar and a Ricci scalar squared term on top of the standard model. The RGEs derived in this paper are valid as long as the energy scale of interest (in the Einstein frame) is below the Planck scale. We also discuss implications to the inflationary predictions and the electroweak vacuum metastability.
A New Moho Depth Model for Fennoscandia with Special Correction for the Glacial Isostatic Effect
Authors: Abrehdary M. , Sjöberg L. E.
Published: February 2021

In this study, we present a new Moho depth model in Fennoscandia and its surroundings. The model is tailored from data sets of XGM2019e gravitationl field, Earth2014 topography and seismic crustal model CRUST1.0 using the Vening Meinesz-Moritz model based on isostatic theory to a resolution of 1° × 1°. To that end, the refined Bouguer gravity disturbance is determined by reducing the observed field for gravity effect of topography, density heterogeneities related to bathymetry, ice, sediments, and other crustal components. Moreover, stripping of non-isostatic effects of gravity signals from mass anomalies below the crust due to crustal thickening/thinning, thermal expansion of the mantle, Delayed Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (DGIA), i.e., the effect of future GIA, and plate flexure has also been performed. As Fennoscandia is a key area for GIA research, we particularly investigate the DGIA effect on the gravity disturbance and gravimetric Moho depth determination in this area. One may ask whether the DGIA effect is sufficiently well removed in the application of the general non-isostatic effects in such an area, and to answer this question, the Moho depth is determined both with and without specific removal of the DGIA effect prior to non-isostatic effect and Moho depth determinations. The numerical results yield that the RMS difference of the Moho depth from our model HVMD19 vs. the seismic CRUST19 and GRAD09 models are 3.8/4.2 km and 3.7/4.0 km when the above strategy for removing the DGIA effect is/is not applied, respectively, and the mean value differences are 1.2/1.4 km and 0.98/1.4 km, respectively. Hence, our study shows that the specific correction for the DGIA effect on gravity disturbance is slightly significant, resulting in individual changes in the gravimetric Moho depth up to − 1.3 km towards the seismic results. On the other hand, our study shows large discrepancies between gravimetric and seismic Moho models along the Norwegian coastline, which might be due to uncompensated non-isostatic effects caused by tectonic motions.
Planetare Gesundheit – transformative Lehr- und Lernformate zur Klima- und Nachhaltigkeitskrise für Gesundheitsberufe
Authors: Wabnitz Katharina , Galle Sophia , Hegge Louise , Masztalerz Oskar , Schwienhorst-Stich Eva‑Maria , Eichinger Michael
Published: February 2021

Die Dringlichkeit der Klima- und Nachhaltigkeitskrise und ihre Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit rücken auch im deutschen Gesundheitswesen zunehmend in den Fokus. Um ein weiteres Fortschreiten der Klima- und Nachhaltigkeitskrise zu verhindern, sind tiefgreifende Transformationsprozesse in allen gesellschaftlichen Sektoren notwendig (z. B. Verkehr, Energieerzeugung, Ernährungssystem). Angehörige der Gesundheitsberufe haben auf Basis ihrer ethischen Verpflichtung des Nichtschadens und ihrer guten Vertrauenswerte in der Gesellschaft das Potenzial, einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den notwendigen Transformationsprozessen zu leisten.

Damit sie dieses Potenzial zur Gänze ausschöpfen können, sollten Angehörige der Gesundheitsberufe im Rahmen ihrer Aus‑, Fort- und Weiterbildung bei der Entwicklung von Kompetenzen begleitet werden, die zu transformativem Handeln befähigen. Wir führen in diesem Artikel in das Konzept der planetaren Gesundheit ein, das hierfür sowohl inhaltliche als auch ethische Orientierung gibt. Außerdem geben wir einen Überblick über aktuelle Lehr- und Lernformate und identifizieren Aspekte, die zur Weiterentwicklung der Lehre im Bereich planetare Gesundheit beitragen könnten.
Prognostische Faktoren der arthroskopischen Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktion
Authors: Baum C. , Müller A. M. , Audigé L. , Stojanov T.
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund

Rupturen der Rotatorenmanschette sind eine der häufigsten Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats. Die klinischen und strukturellen Ergebnisse nach einer arthroskopischen Rotatorenmanschettenrekonstruktion (ARCR) sind im Allgemeinen gut, aber hinsichtlich der großen Schwankungsbreite der postoperativen Resultate noch verbesserungsfähig.

Fragestellung

Ziel dieser Literaturübersicht ist es, einen Überblick über prognostische Faktoren zu geben, die das postoperative Ergebnis nach ARCR beeinflussen.

Material und Methoden

Systematische Reviews, welche prognostische Faktoren für das Outcome nach ARCR analysieren, wurden in diese Übersichtsarbeit eingeschlossen. Die Literatursuche erfolgte in den Datenbanken Embase, Medline (Ovid) und Scopus. In die Auswertung wurden nur prognostischen Faktoren eingeschlossen, welche in mindestens zwei Übersichtsarbeiten beschrieben wurden.

Ergebnisse

Sieben systematische Reviews mit insgesamt 332 eingeschlossenen Artikeln wurden ausgewertet. Postoperative Ergebnisse waren Patientenzufriedenheit, Lebensqualität sowie funktionelle und strukturelle Ergebnisse. Sechzehn prognostische Faktoren wurden identifiziert und in patientenbezogene, rupturbezogene und behandlungsbezogene prognostische Faktoren untergliedert.

Schlussfolgerung

Anhand von patienten-, ruptur- und behandlungsbezogenen prognostischen Faktoren soll in Zukunft ein Vorhersagemodell erstellt werden können, um die individuellen Heilungschancen nach ARCR vorherzusagen und dem Patienten eine präzise Therapieempfehlung abgeben zu können.
Symbolic execution formally explained
Authors: de Boer Frank S. , Bonsangue Marcello
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we provide a formal explanation of symbolic execution in terms of a symbolic transition system and prove its correctness and completeness with respect to an operational semantics which models the execution on concrete values.We first introduce a formalmodel for a basic programming languagewith a statically fixed number of programming variables. This model is extended to a programming language with recursive procedures which are called by a call-by-value parameter mechanism. Finally, we present a more general formal framework for proving the soundness and completeness of the symbolic execution of a basic object-oriented language which features dynamically allocated variables.
Error modelling–based machining sequence optimization of a pocketed beam milling: part A, end supported beam
Authors: Yao Shaoming
Published: February 2021

This paper, on the basis of error modelling, proved the optimal pocket machining sequences of a simply end supported pocketed beam using mathematic induction method. The optimal pocket machining sequence with the minimum pocket floor height error is the machining from both ends to the middle and the optimal sequence is not unique because of the symmetric supports about the central plane; meanwhile, the optimal pocket machining sequence with the minimum wall position error is the machining from the fixed end to the free end and the optimal machining sequence is unique. A beam of Al7075 (744 mm in length, 172 mm in width, and 100 in thickness ) with 9 pockets was used to demonstrate the optimal sequences. One of the optimal sequence with minimum floor height error was used in pocketing (roughing), and the maximum distortion was 0.693 mm in the middle and the maximum floor height error appeared on both sides rather than the middle, which were 0.477 mm and 0.388 mm, and part growth produced maximum wall position error was 0.719 mm. On the same part, further demonstrated the optimal sequence with minimum wall position error in finishing (with 1 mm dimension in stock for all surfaces) and the wall position errors were fully removed. The pocketed beam machining is a typical and representative case and the results and conclusion can be extended to pocketed plate/board machining and even surfacing.
Tödliche koronare Gasembolie nach Pulmonalvenenisolation – eine seltene Komplikation
Authors: Tank A. , Aissa J. , Ritz-Timme S. , Hartung B.
Published: February 2021

Vorhofflimmern und -flattern stellen in Deutschland die häufigsten anhaltenden Herzrhythmusstörungen dar und werden zunehmend mittels ablativer Verfahren minimal-invasiv behandelt. Als seltene Komplikation eines solchen Verfahrens stellt die vorliegende Kasuistik den Fall einer tödlich verlaufenen Gasembolie der rechten Koronararterie im Rahmen einer Pulmonalvenenisolation mittels Kryoablation vor. Als Ursache für die Gasembolie ist eine akzidentelle Perforation der Pulmonalvene bzw. des linken Vorhofs mit Punktion eines Bronchialastes anzunehmen. Die Bedeutung postmortaler bildgebender Verfahren in Ergänzung zur Obduktion mit Blick auf die Feststellung der Todesursache wird unterstrichen.
Mimicking relative continuum measurements by electrode data in two-dimensional electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Garde Henrik , Hyvönen Nuutti
Published: February 2021

This paper introduces a constructive method for approximating relative continuum measurements in two-dimensional electrical impedance tomography based on data originating from either the point electrode model or the complete electrode model. The upper bounds for the corresponding approximation errors explicitly depend on the number (and size) of the employed electrodes as well as on the regularity of the continuum current that is mimicked. In particular, if the input current and the object boundary are infinitely smooth, the discrepancy associated with the point electrode model converges to zero faster than any negative power of the number of electrodes. The results are first proven for the unit disk via trigonometric interpolation and quadrature rules, and they are subsequently extended to more general domains with the help of conformal mappings.
Recent trends in smartphone-based detection for biomedical applications: a review
Authors: Banik Soumyabrata , Melanthota Sindhoora Kaniyala , Arbaaz  , Vaz Joel Markus , Kadambalithaya Vishak Madhwaraj , Hussain Iftak , Dutta Sibasish , Mazumder Nirmal
Published: February 2021

Smartphone-based imaging devices (SIDs) have shown to be versatile and have a wide range of biomedical applications. With the increasing demand for high-quality medical services, technological interventions such as portable devices that can be used in remote and resource-less conditions and have an impact on quantity and quality of care. Additionally, smartphone-based devices have shown their application in the field of teleimaging, food technology, education, etc. Depending on the application and imaging capability required, the optical arrangement of the SID varies which enables them to be used in multiple setups like bright-field, fluorescence, dark-field, and multiple arrays with certain changes in their optics and illumination. This comprehensive review discusses the numerous applications and development of SIDs towards histopathological examination, detection of bacteria and viruses, food technology, and routine diagnosis. Smartphone-based devices are complemented with deep learning methods to further increase the efficiency of the devices.
A Noise-Induced Transition in the Lorenz System
Authors: Coti Zelati Michele , Hairer Martin
Published: February 2021

We consider a stochastic perturbation of the classical Lorenz system in the range of parameters for which the origin is the global attractor. We show that adding noise in the last component causes a transition from a unique to exactly two ergodic invariant measures. The bifurcation threshold depends on the strength of the noise: if the noise is weak, the only invariant measure is Gaussian, while strong enough noise causes the appearance of a second ergodic invariant measure.
Homological branching law for $$({\mathrm {GL}}_{n+1}(F), {\mathrm {GL}}_n(F))$$: projectivity and indecomposability
Authors: Chan Kei Yuen
Published: February 2021

LetFbe a non-Archimedean local field. This paper studies homological properties of irreducible smooth representations restricted from$${\mathrm {GL}}_{n+1}(F)$$GLn+1(F)to$${\mathrm {GL}}_n(F)$$GLn(F). A main result shows that each Bernstein component of an irreducible smooth representation of$${\mathrm {GL}}_{n+1}(F)$$GLn+1(F)restricted to$${\mathrm {GL}}_n(F)$$GLn(F)is indecomposable. We also classify all irreducible representations which are projective when restricting from$${\mathrm {GL}}_{n+1}(F)$$GLn+1(F)to$${\mathrm {GL}}_n(F)$$GLn(F). A main tool of our study is a notion of left and right derivatives, extending some previous work joint with Gordan Savin. As a by-product, we also determine the branching law in the opposite direction.
Antibacterial and safety tests of a flexible cold atmospheric plasma device for the stimulation of wound healing
Authors: Boekema Bouke , Stoop Matthea , Vlig Marcel , van Liempt Jos , Sobota Ana , Ulrich Magda , Middelkoop Esther
Published: February 2021

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) devices generate an ionized gas with highly reactive species and electric fields at ambient air pressure and temperature. A flexible dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was developed as an alternative antimicrobial treatment for chronic wounds. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in collagen-elastin matrices with CAP for 2 min resulted in a 4 log reduction. CAP treatment was less effective on S. aureus on dermal samples. CAP did not affect cellular activity or DNA integrity of human dermal samples when used for up to 2 min. Repeated daily CAP treatments for 2 min lowered cellular activity of dermal samples to 80% after 2 to 4 days, but this was not significant. Repeated treatment of ex vivo human burn wound models with CAP for 2 min did not affect re-epithelialization. Intact skin of 25 healthy volunteers was treated with CAP for 3× 20” to determine safety. Although participants reported moderate pain scores (numerical rating scale 3.3), all volunteers considered the procedure to be acceptable. Severe adverse events did not occur. CAP treatment resulted in a temporarily increased local skin temperature (≈3.4°C) and increased erythema. Lowering the plasma power resulted in a significantly lower erythema increase. Good log reduction (2.9) of bacterial load was reached in 14/15 volunteers artificially contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy in bacterial reduction of a flexible cold plasma device. Trial registration number NCT03007264, January 2, 2017

Key Points

• CAP strongly reduced bacterial numbers both in vitro and in vivo.

• Re-epithelialization of burn wound models was not affected by repeated CAP.

• CAP treatment of intact skin was well tolerated in volunteers.
Transpathology: molecular imaging-based pathology
Authors: Tian Mei , He Xuexin , Jin Chentao , He Xiao , Wu Shuang , Zhou Rui , Zhang Xiaohui , Zhang Kai , Gu Weizhong , Wang Jing , Zhang Hong
Published: February 2021

Pathology is the medical specialty concerned with the study of the disease nature and causes, playing a key role in bridging basic researches and clinical medicine. In the course of development, pathology has significantly expanded our understanding of disease, and exerted enormous impact on the management of patients. However, challenges facing pathology, the inherent invasiveness of pathological practice and the persistent concerns on the sample representativeness, constitute its limitations. Molecular imaging is a noninvasive technique to visualize, characterize, and measure biological processes at the molecular level in living subjects. With the continuous development of equipment and probes, molecular imaging has enabled an increasingly precise evaluation of pathophysiological changes. A new pathophysiology visualization system based on molecular imaging is forming and shows the great potential to reform the pathological practice. Several improvements in “trans-,” including trans-scale, transparency, and translation, would be driven by this new kind of pathological practice. Pathological changes could be evaluated in a trans-scale imaging mode; tissues could be transparentized to better present the underlying pathophysiological information; and the translational processes of basic research to the clinical practice would be better facilitated. Thus, transpathology would greatly facilitate in deciphering the pathophysiological events in a multiscale perspective, and supporting the precision medicine in the future.
Two muscular variations in the elbow associated with the anterior interosseous nerve
Authors: Olewnik Łukasz , Szewczyk Bartłomiej , Zielinska Nicol , Grzelecki Dariusz , Polguj Michał
Published: February 2021

The coexistence of different muscular-neurovascular variations is of significant clinical importance. A male cadaver, 76 years old at death, was subjected to routine anatomical dissection; the procedure was performed for research and teaching purposes at the Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz. The right forearm and hand were dissected using standard techniques according to a strictly specified protocol. The presence accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus may potentially compress the anterior interosseous nerve. The present case report describes a rare variant of the ulnar head of the pronator teres, characterized by two independent bands (i.e., two proximal attachments). The main band originates from the coronoid process and the second originates from the tendon of the biceps brachii. This type of attachment could potentially affect the compression of the ulnar artery running between the two bands. Additionally, the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus was observed, which started on the medial epicondyle; its coexistence with a high division median nerve creates a potential pressure site on the anterior interesosseous nerve.
Information geometry for phylogenetic trees
Authors: Garba M. K. , Nye T. M. W. , Lueg J. , Huckemann S. F.
Published: February 2021

We propose a new space of phylogenetic trees which we callwald space. The motivation is to develop a space suitable for statistical analysis of phylogenies, but with a geometry based on more biologically principled assumptions than existing spaces: in wald space, trees are close if they induce similar distributions on genetic sequence data. As a point set, wald space contains the previously developed Billera–Holmes–Vogtmann (BHV) tree space; it also contains disconnected forests, like the edge-product (EP) space but without certain singularities of the EP space. We investigate two related geometries on wald space. The first is the geometry of the Fisher information metric of character distributions induced by the two-state symmetric Markov substitution process on each tree. Infinitesimally, the metric is proportional to the Kullback–Leibler divergence, or equivalently, as we show, to anyf-divergence. The second geometry is obtained analogously but using a related continuous-valued Gaussian process on each tree, and it can be viewed as the trace metric of the affine-invariant metric for covariance matrices. We derive a gradient descent algorithm to project from the ambient space of covariance matrices to wald space. For both geometries we derive computational methods to compute geodesics in polynomial time and show numerically that the two information geometries (discrete and continuous) are very similar. In particular, geodesics are approximated extrinsically. Comparison with the BHV geometry shows that our canonical and biologically motivated space is substantially different.
Growth impacts in a changing ocean: insights from two coral reef fishes in an extreme environment
Authors: D’Agostino Daniele , Burt John A. , Santinelli Veronica , Vaughan Grace O. , Fowler Ashley M. , Reader Tom , Taylor Brett M. , Hoey Andrew S. , Cavalcante Geórgenes H. , Bauman Andrew G. , Feary David A.
Published: February 2021

Determining the life-history consequences for fishes living in extreme and variable environments will be vital in predicting the likely impacts of ongoing climate change on reef fish demography. Here, we compare size-at-age and maximum body size of two common reef fish species (Lutjanus ehrenbergii and Pomacanthus maculosus) between the environmentally extreme Arabian/Persian Gulf (‘Arabian Gulf’) and adjacent comparably benign Oman Sea. Additionally, we use otolith increment width profiles to investigate the influence of temperature, salinity and productivity on the individual growth rates. Individuals of both species showed smaller size-at-age and lower maximum size in the Arabian Gulf compared to conspecifics in the less extreme and less variable environment of the Oman Sea, suggesting a life-history trade-off between size and metabolic demands. Salinity was the best environmental predictor of interannual growth across species and regions, with low growth corresponding to more saline conditions. However, salinity had a weaker negative effect on interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf than in the Oman Sea, indicating Arabian Gulf populations may be better able to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. Temperature had a weak positive effect on the interannual growth of fishes in the Arabian Gulf, suggesting that these populations may still be living within their thermal windows. Our results highlight the potential importance of osmoregulatory cost in impacting growth, and the need to consider the effect of multiple stressors when investigating the consequences of future climate change on fish demography.
North Atlantic gyre circulation in PRIMAVERA models
Authors: Meccia Virna L. , Iovino Doroteaciro , Bellucci Alessio
Published: February 2021

We study the impact of horizontal resolution in setting the North Atlantic gyre circulation and representing the ocean–atmosphere interactions that modulate the low-frequency variability in the region. Simulations from five state-of-the-art climate models performed at standard and high-resolution as part of the High-Resolution Model Inter-comparison Project (HighResMIP) were analysed. In some models, the resolution is enhanced in the atmospheric and oceanic components whereas, in some other models, the resolution is increased only in the atmosphere. Enhancing the horizontal resolution from non-eddy to eddy-permitting ocean produces stronger barotropic mass transports inside the subpolar and subtropical gyres. The first mode of inter-annual variability is associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in all the cases. The rapid ocean response to it consists of a shift in the position of the inter-gyre zone and it is better captured by the non-eddy models. The delayed ocean response consists of an intensification of the subpolar gyre (SPG) after around 3 years of a positive phase of NAO and it is better represented by the eddy-permitting oceans. A lagged relationship between the intensity of the SPG and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is stronger in the cases of the non-eddy ocean. Then, the SPG is more tightly coupled to the AMOC in low-resolution models.
CaMKII and PKA-dependent phosphorylation co-regulate nuclear localization of HDAC4 in adult cardiomyocytes
Authors: Helmstadter Kathryn G. , Ljubojevic-Holzer Senka , Wood Brent M. , Taheri Khanha D. , Sedej Simon , Erickson Jeffrey R. , Bossuyt Julie , Bers Donald M.
Published: February 2021

Nuclear histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) represses MEF2-mediated transcription, implicated in the development of heart failure. CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation drives nucleus-to-cytoplasm HDAC4 shuttling, but protein kinase A (PKA) is also linked to HDAC4 translocation. However, the interplay of CaMKII and PKA in regulating adult cardiomyocyte HDAC4 translocation is unclear. Here we sought to determine the interplay of PKA- and CaMKII-dependent HDAC4 phosphorylation and translocation in adult mouse, rabbit and human ventricular myocytes. Confocal imaging and protein analyses revealed that inhibition of CaMKII—but not PKA, PKC or PKD—raised nucleo-to-cytoplasmic HDAC4 fluorescence ratio (FNuc/FCyto) by ~ 50%, indicating baseline CaMKII activity that limits HDAC4 nuclear localization. Further CaMKII activation (via increased extracellular [Ca2+], high pacing frequencies, angiotensin II or overexpression of CaM or CaMKIIδC) led to significant HDAC4 nuclear export. In contrast, PKA activation by isoproterenol or forskolin drove HDAC4 into the nucleus (raising FNuc/FCyto by > 60%). These PKA-mediated effects were abolished in cells pretreated with PKA inhibitors and in cells expressing mutant HDAC4 in S265/266A mutant. In physiological conditions where both kinases are active, PKA-dependent nuclear accumulation of HDAC4 was predominant in the very early response, while CaMKII-dependent HDAC4 export prevailed upon prolonged stimuli. This orchestrated co-regulation was shifted in failing cardiomyocytes, where CaMKII-dependent effects predominated over PKA-dependent response. Importantly, human cardiomyocytes showed similar CaMKII- and PKA-dependent HDAC4 shifts. Collectively, CaMKII limits nuclear localization of HDAC4, while PKA favors HDAC4 nuclear retention and S265/266 is essential for PKA-mediated regulation. These pathways thus compete in HDAC4 nuclear localization and transcriptional regulation in cardiac signaling.
Local bone quality measure and construct failure prediction: a biomechanical study on distal femur fractures
Authors: Gehweiler Dominic , Styger Ursula , Gueorguiev Boyko , Colcuc Christian , Vordemvenne Thomas , Wähnert Dirk
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The aim of this investigation was to better understand the differences in local bone quality at the distal femur and their correlation with biomechanical construct failure, with the intention to identify regions of importance to optimize implant anchorage.

Materials and methods

Seven fresh–frozen female femurs underwent high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) to determine bone mineral density (BMD) within three different regions of interest (distal, intermedium, and proximal) at the distal femur. In addition, local bone quality was assessed by measuring the peak torque necessary to break out the trabecular bone along each separate hole of a locking compression plate (LCP) during its instrumentation. Finally, biomechanical testing was performed using cyclic axial loading until failure in an AO/OTA 33 A3 fracture model.

Results

Local BMD was highest in the distal region. This was confirmed by the measurement of local bone quality using DensiProbe™. The most distal holes represented locations with the highest breakaway torque resistance, with the holes on the posterior side of the plate indicating higher values than those on its anterior side. We demonstrated strong correlation between the cycles to failure and local bone strength (measured with DensiProbe™) in the most distal posterior screw hole, having the highest peak torque.

Conclusion

The local bone quality at the distal femur indicates that in plated distal femur fractures the distal posterior screw holes seem to be the key ones and should be occupied. Measurement of the local bone strength with DensiProbe™ is one possibility to determine the risk of construct failure, therefore, thresholds need to be defined.
Cerebrovascular manifestations in hematological diseases: an update
Authors: Ferro José M. , Infante Joana
Published: February 2021

Patients with hematological diseases often experience cerebrovascular complications including ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, microbleeds, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and dural sinus and cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT). In this update, we will review recent advances in the management of cerebrovascular diseases in the context of myeloproliferative neoplasms, leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, POEMS, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), and sickle-cell disease. In acute ischemic stroke associated with hematological diseases, thrombectomy can in general be applied if there is a large vessel occlusion. Intravenous thrombolysis can be used in myeloproliferative neoplasms and sickle-cell anemia, but in other diseases, a case-by-case evaluation of the bleeding risks is mandatory. Patients with sickle-cell disease and acute stroke need very often to be transfused. In PNH, acute ischemic stroke patients must be anticoagulated. Most patients with CVT can be treated with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) acutely, even those with leukemias. Prevention of recurrence of cerebral thrombotic events depends on the control of the underlying disease, combined in some conditions with antithrombotic drugs. The recent introduction of specific monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of PHN and TTP has dramatically reduced the risk of arterial and venous thrombosis.
Profiles of endogenous ABA, bioactive GAs, IAA and their metabolites in Medicago truncatula Gaertn. non-embryogenic and embryogenic tissues during induction phase in relation to somatic embryo formation
Authors: Kępczyńska Ewa , Orłowska Anna
Published: February 2021

Main conclusion

During the 3-week-long induction phase, when M. truncatula cells leaf explants from non-embryogenic genotype (M9) and embryogenic variant (M9-10a) were forming the callus, biosynthesis and degradation of ABA, Gas and IAA proceeded at different levels. Induction of embryo formation is related to a lower ABA content, compared to the content of IAA and that of total bioactive GAs.

Endogenous phytohormones are involved in the regulation of zygotic embryogenesis, but their role, especially of ABA, a plant growth inhibitor, in inducing somatic embryogenesis (SE) in angiosperms is still incompletely known. To arrive a better understanding of the ABA role in the process, we analyzed simultaneously and in detail changes in the contents of both ABA and five bioactive GAs (GA4, GA7, GA1, GA3, GA6) and IAA in M. truncatula non-embryogenic M9 (NE) and embryogenic M9-10a (E) genotypes. The initial leaf explants of both genotypes, and particularly NE, contained many times more ABA compared to the total bioactive GAs or IAA. In tissues during the entire 21-day induction all the hormones mentioned and their metabolites or conjugates were present; however, their contents were found to differ between the lines tested. The ABA level in primary explants of NE genotype was more than two times higher than that in E genotype. An even larger difference in the ABA content was found on the last day (day 21) of the induction phase (IP); the ABA content in E callus was over six times lower than in NE callus. In contrast, the IAA and GAs contents in primary explants of both genotypes in relation to ABA were low, but the contents of IAA and GAs exceeded that of ABA in the M9-10a tissues on the last day of IP. It is shown for the first time that endogenous ABA together with endogenous bioactive GAs and IAA is involved in acquisition of embryogenic competence in Medicago truncatula leaf somatic cells. These findings have a strong functional implication as they allow to improve the SE induction protocol.
Correction to: Patient and family financial burden associated with cancer treatment in Canada: a national study
Authors: Longo Christopher J. , Fitch Margaret I. , Loree Jonathan M. , Carlson Linda E. , Turner Donna , Cheung Winson Y. , Gopaul Darin , Ellis Janet , Ringash Jolie , Mathews Maria , Wright Jim , Stevens Christiaan , D’Souza David , Urquhart Robin , Maity Tuhin , Balderrama Fanor , Haddad Evette
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s00520-021-06031-0
Similar glycaemic control and risk of hypoglycaemia with patient- versus physician-managed titration of insulin glargine 300 U/mL across subgroups of patients with T2DM: a post hoc analysis of ITAS
Authors: Giaccari Andrea , Bonadonna R. C. , Buzzetti R. , Perseghin G. , Cucinotta D. , Fanelli C. , Avogaro A. , Aimaretti G. , Larosa M. , Pagano V. , Bolli G. B.
Published: February 2021

Aims

The Italian Titration Approach Study (ITAS) demonstrated comparable HbA1c reductions and similarly low hypoglycaemia risk at 6 months in poorly controlled, insulin-naïve adults with T2DM who initiated self- or physician-titrated insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) in the absence of sulphonylurea/glinide. The association of patient characteristics with glycaemic and hypoglycaemic outcomes was assessed.

Methods

This post hoc analysis investigated whether baseline patient characteristics and previous antihyperglycaemic drugs were associated with HbA1c change and hypoglycaemia risk in patient- versus physician-managed Gla-300 titration.

Results

HbA1c change, incidence of hypoglycaemia (any type) and nocturnal rates were comparable between patient- and physician-managed arms in all subgroups. Hypoglycaemia rates across subgroups (0.03 to 3.52 events per patient-year) were generally as low as observed in the full ITAS population. Small increases in rates of 00:00–pre-breakfast and anytime hypoglycaemia were observed in the ≤ 10-year diabetes duration subgroup in the patient- versus physician-managed arm (heterogeneity of effect; p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Comparably fair glycaemic control and similarly low hypoglycaemia risk were achieved in almost all patient subgroups with patient- versus physician-led Gla-300 titration. These results reinforce efficacy and safety of Gla-300 self-titration across a range of phenotypes of insulin-naïve people with T2DM.

Clinical trial registration

EudraCT 2015-001167-39
Post-COVID-19 arthritis: a case report and literature review
Authors: Gasparotto M. , Framba V. , Piovella C. , Doria A. , Iaccarino Luca
Published: February 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the novel pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Researchers and clinicians are exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viral-induced damage and growing interest is focusing on the short-term and long-term immune-mediated consequences triggered by the infection. We will focus on post-SARS-CoV2 infection arthritis which may arise as a new pathological condition associated with COVID-19. In this article, we describe a case of acute oligoarthritis occurring 13 days after a SARS-CoV2 severe pneumonia in a middle-aged Caucasian man and we go over a brief review of the current available literature. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry might be the basic immunological mechanism responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related arthritis based on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV2 and on the known pathogenetic mechanism of viral-induced arthritis.
Autorisierte Übersetzung Zusammenfassung der Praxisleitlinien: Inzidenzraten und Risikofaktoren des plötzlichen unerwarteten Todes bei Epilepsie
Authors:   Kommission „Patientensicherheit“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Epileptologie, Surges Rainer
Published: February 2021

Ziel

Ziel dieser Praxisleitlinie ist es, die Häufigkeit von plötzlichen unerwarteten Todesfällen bei Epilepsie (SUDEP) in verschiedenen Epilepsiepopulationen zu bestimmen und die Frage zu beantworten, ob Risikofaktoren für SUDEP identifiziert werden können.

Methoden

Systematische Überprüfung der Evidenz; modifiziertes Verfahren zur Bewertung, Entwicklung und Evaluierung von graduierten Empfehlungen; im Konsens entwickelte Empfehlungen.

Ergebnisse

Die Ergebnisse der Inzidenzraten, die auf 12 Studien der Klasse I basieren, umfassen Folgendes: Das SUDEP-Risiko bei Kindern mit Epilepsie (im Alter von 0 bis 17 Jahren) beträgt 0,22/1000 Patientenjahre (95 %-Konfidenzintervall [KI] 0,16–0,31) (moderate Konfidenz in Evidenz). Das SUDEP-Risiko steigt bei Erwachsenen auf 1,2/1000 Patientenjahre (95 %-KI 0,64–2,32) (geringe Konfidenz in Evidenz). Der Hauptrisikofaktor für SUDEP ist das Auftreten von generalisierten tonisch-klonischen Anfällen (GTKA); das SUDEP-Risiko steigt mit zunehmender Häufigkeit des Auftretens von GTKA (hohe Konfidenz in Evidenz).

Empfehlungen

Level B: Ärzte, die sich um Kinder mit Epilepsie kümmern, sollen (Die US-amerikanischen Leitlinien sehen 3 Empfehlungsstärken vor, nämlich „must“, „should“ und „may“. Nach persönlicher Korrespondenz mit 3 in der SUDEP-Forschung renommierten Autoren dieses Artikels über die Stärke der Empfehlungen wurde einvernehmlich die hohe Empfehlungsstärke betont. Daher wurde das im Originaltext verwendete „should“ in diesem Text durchgehend mit „soll“ übersetzt.) die Eltern/Betreuer darüber informieren, dass SUDEP innerhalb eines Jahres typischerweise 1 von 4500 Kindern betrifft; daher werden 4499 von 4500 Kindern nicht betroffen sein. Ärzte sollen erwachsene Patienten mit Epilepsie darüber informieren, dass SUDEP typischerweise einen von 1000 Erwachsenen mit Epilepsie pro Jahr betrifft; daher werden jährlich 999 von 1000 Erwachsenen nicht betroffen sein. Bei Menschen mit Epilepsie, bei denen weiterhin GTKA auftreten, sollen Ärzte ihre therapeutischen Bemühungen aktiv fortführen, um das Auftreten von Anfällen und das Risiko von SUDEP zu reduzieren. Dabei sollen sie die Wünsche der Patienten berücksichtigen sowie Risiken und Nutzen eines jeden neuen Therapieansatzes gegeneinander abwägen. Ärzte sollen Menschen mit Epilepsie darüber informieren, dass Anfallsfreiheit, insbesondere die Freiheit von GTKA, stark mit einem verminderten SUDEP-Risiko verbunden ist.
How far from the road should land cover be assessed? A case study on mesopredator mortality on roads
Authors: Nieszała Angelika , Klich Daniel
Published: February 2021

The methods used to assess the significance of land cover in the vicinity of a road for the mortality of mesopredators are diverse. In assessing the effect of land cover along the road on road causalities, scientists use various buffer sizes, or even no buffer along the road. The aim of this study was to verify how results of land cover effects on the mortality of mesopredators on roads may differ when analyzing various buffer sizes from the road. We assessed road causalities in the Warmian-Masurian voivodeship (Poland) from 3 consecutive years: 2015, 2016, and 2017. The roads were divided into equal sections of 2000 m each with buffer size of radius: 10, 250, 500, and 1000 m. We analyzed the number of road kills of red fox and European badger separately in a generalized linear model, whereas explanatory variables we used land cover types (based on the Corine Land Cover inventory) and traffic volume. Mean annual mortality from road collisions amounts to 2.36% of the red fox population and 3.82% of the European badger population. We found that the buffer size determines the results of the impact of land cover on mesocarnivore mortality on roads. The red fox differed from the European badger in response to land cover depending on the buffer size. The differences we have shown relate in particular to built-up areas. Our results indicate a 500-m buffer as best reflecting the land cover effects in road kills of both species. This was confirmed by model evaluation and a tendency to use or avoid the vicinity of human settlements of the analyzed species. We concluded that buffer size will probably affect mostly the significance of cover types that are spatially correlated with roads, positively or negatively. We suggest that the home range size of given species in local conditions should be assessed before determining the size of the buffer for analysis.
An Essential, Hyperconnected, Local Geometric Morphism that is not Locally Connected
Authors: Hemelaer Jens , Rogers Morgan
Published: February 2021

Thomas Streicher asked on the category theory mailing list whether every essential, hyperconnected, local geometric morphism is automatically locally connected. We show that this is not the case, by providing a counterexample.