bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign grants
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program offers opportunities for support of research in Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan in astrophysics and earth sciences. Opportunities also are available in the following disciplines: anthropology, archeology and related topics, systematic and environmental biology, and museum programs.

Grants in the local currencies of the countries listed above are awarded to American institutions for research by senior scientists. Collaborative programs involving host country institutions are welcome. Awards are determined on the basis of competitive scholarly review. The deadline for submission of applications is November 1 each year. For further information, contact the Foreign Currency Program, Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 (telephone: 202‐287‐3321).
Brazilian Stone Meteorites
Authors: Moore Carleton B.
Published: October 2011

Why are Brazilian stone meteorites interesting and worthy of their own volume? Before the investigations reported in this volume, many had been poorly described, but, more significantly, several are unique and their proper description is important for the development of ideas on the origin and evolution of all meteorites.

Twenty‐one meteorites are described. The most significant and important are the achondrites Angra dos Reis, Governador Valadares, Ibitira, and Serra de Mage. These four require 31 pages of text compared with 62 pages for 17 ordinary chondrites. Descriptions for the ordinary chondrites include mineralogic, petrographic, electron microprobe, and bulk chemical studies. In the case of the achondrites age dating, trace element geochemistry and other data are included. These data are from the authors and other investigators. The location of available material in museums and collections is recorded for each meteorite.
LANDSAT Committee appointed
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

At its June 7–8 meeting, the 15‐member LANDSAT advisory committee passed a resolution that calls for testing the feasibility of transferring the land remote sensing satellite system to private ownership. The committee, appointed last month to advise Commerce Secretary Malcolm Baldrige on the management of Landsat, includes representatives of industry, the academic community, and state and local governments.

The committee, chaired by Michel T. Halbouty, consulting geologist and petroleum engineer at the Houston‐based Halbouty Center, reports to Baldrige through the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA will become responsible for LANDSAT operations in January 1983. The National Earth Satellite Service will manage these LANDSAT operations and will provide support services for the advisory committee's quarterly meetings. The resolution that the committee passed at its first meeting outlined a four‐step process by which the Commerce Department can evaluate the feasibility of transferring the operational land remote sensing satellite system to private industry. The possible transfer is in keeping with the Reagan administration's policy to shift some government‐supported activities to the private sector.
Looking to the 1990s: Will shuttle compete?
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The space shuttle is designed to be the major vehicle for manned United States space flight for the next several decades. The shuttle is also designed to be the major service vehicle for operating earth‐orbiting experiments, satellites, and other payloads. The high development costs are having an influence on the entire space program and are likely to produce a new balance of geophysical, commercial, and military space applications. It is likely that as more commercial and military funding sources are called upon to support the missions, the payloads may reflect less of the scientific goals of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Shuttle 3, which lifted off this past March, carried numerous instruments for geophysical measurements; for example, the microabrasion foil experiment for obtaining data on micrometeorite densities and which was designed by a British group at the University of Kent and is the first experiment to originate from outside the United States. The current shuttle 4 has numerous experiments but also has a large classified package.
Six telescopes pooled
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Five radio telescopes in Australia and a sixth in South Africa were synchronously operated for the first time as a single radio telescope from April 20 through May 3. The high‐resolution capabilities of the telescope system were used to investigate the structure of the nucleus of Centaurus A, the nearest giant radio galaxy. About 30 quasars and galaxies were studied in the two weeks of arraying of the telescopes, according to information from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

The project to operate the telescopes as a single instrument—called very long baseline interferometry (VLB I)—was jointly directed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and JPL. David L. Jauncey of CSIRO and Robert A. Preston of JPL are the principal investigators of the experiment.
Record tornados
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

May produced 365 tornados in the United States, the highest number for any month since reliable records have been available, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. It tops by 90 the May 1965 high of 275. The month's tornados were responsible for the death of 13 people. Reliable tornado fatality records date back to 1916; similar information for numbers of tornados goes back only to 1950.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Ben Dysart, a professor of environmental engineering at Clemson University, is this year's recipient of the McQueen Quattlebaum Faculty Achievement Award. The award is the university's most prestigious honor given to a member of the engineering faculty.
Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar for Oceanography
Authors: Jackson F. C.
Published: October 2011

The book originates from a symposium held at the Applied Physics Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University in March 1980. The purpose of the symposium was to review the results to date of investigations related to the SEASAT SAR (synthetic aperture radar) experiment and, to quote from the book's foreword, ‘to explore the potential’ of such satellite‐borne imaging radars for oceanography. The book contains 13 papers; these are grouped into chapters according to the various phenomena sensed by the SAR; namely, winds (or surface stress), waves, and circulation patterns. The book is held together by an introduction to SAR principles and the SEASAT mission (by Beal) and concludes with a panel discussion and a collection of SAR imagery obtained over the western North Atlantic during the abbreviated lifetime of the SEASAT mission (June—October 1978). (This imagery, composited from four optically processed 25 km subswaths, comes as a bit of a disappointment after the 40‐km square digitally processed images that grace as frontispieces the several chapters of the volume).
Free Oscillations of the Earth
Authors: Crossley David
Published: October 2011

The study of the earth's free oscillations has been an extraordinarily productive area of research in geophysics for the past 25 years. After every large earthquake since the Chilean event of 1960, seismometers, gravimeters, and strain gauges have supplied seismologists with several days o f data containing the eigenperiods of a wide variety of different normal modes. Theoreticians have responded with elegant theories and computational procedures that have verified the observations to remarkable precision and attested to the fact the earth is an almost perfectly elastic, spherically symmetric, and simply layered body.
Newsletter Directory
Authors: Gordon Arnold L.
Published: October 2011

With the aim of compiling a short directory of newsletters in the marine sciences, I requested that information describing such newsletters be sent to The Oceanography Report (Eos, October 6, 1981, p. 692). The following list is the result. To make the newsletter directory more complete, information on other newsletters, especially about research laboratory and institute publications, would be greatly appreciated.
Earth's core, climate, and magnetic field
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

H.H. Lamb (Climate, Present, Past and Future, vol. 2., Methuen Co., N.Y., 1977) postulated convincingly that there is a tight correlation between variations in the earth's climate and solar exposure (as represented by mean surface temperature 8). Given constant radiation and surface, solar exposure is a function of the length of day, and thus it has been tempting to correlate, as well, mechanisms that could cause or be the result of changes in the earth's rotation rate. Such mechanisms have been reviewed by Lambeck (The Earth's Variable Rotation, Geophysical Causes and Consequences, Cambridge University Press, London, 1980).

Lambeck examined the variations in terms of fluid mechanical coupling between the earth's fluid core and the mantle but deduced that the electromagnetic coupling process between core and mantle probably plays the most dominant role in affecting the spin rate. The factors, climate (9), length of day, variation in the earth's rotation rate, and variations in the geomagnetic field, have been recently correlated by a group of French geophysicists (V. Courtillot et al., Nature, 297, 386, 1982) to form the basis of what is described as an ‘attractive causal chain’ to forecast future climatic variations. The predictive correlations are not subject to circular reasoning as to which—climate variations or variations within the core—was the ultimate cause. Courtillot et al. note a lag in time between core changes and climate changes—in terms of 0—of 15–25 years to predict the climate.
Pioneer: Eyes in the sky
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The two Pioneer spacecraft are now the most distant man‐made objects in the solar system. They have unique advantages to observe and search, perhaps for the cause of persistent irregularities in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune that strongly suggest the possibilities of another unidentified planet far beyond the one that is the outermost planet. Because Pluto's orbit is greatly elongated, Pluto and Neptune take turns being the outermost planet, with Pluto currently inside Neptune's orbit for the next 17 years.

Pioneer 10 is now between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune and will be beyond all the planets in July 1983. Pioneer 11 is between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus.
SEAN special report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Galunggung Volcano, western Java, Indonesia (7.25°S, 108.05°E). All times are local (GMT+7 h). Intermittent explosions from Galunggung began April 5 (see June 1 Eos), destroying about 90% of Gunung Jadi, the lava dome extruded into Galunggung's large breached summit crater during the last eruption in 1918. Lahars and nuées ardentes flowed southeastward through the breach onto the upper portion of the major prehistoric landslide deposit. The highest reported ash column reached 16.5 km, pitting the windshield of a passing airplane. Ash fell as far away as the Yogyakarta‐Solo area, about 300 km to the east.
[Comment on] “Stardust” refrains [Memories]
Authors: Goguel Jean
Published: October 2011

In Eos, 63 (12), March 23, p. 201, under the title ‘Stardust Memories,’ there is a quotation of St. Exupery, followed by the question: Have geologists ever traveled to these plateaus [on which the author has found a layer of star dust]?

Geologists may be sensitive to the poet's feelings, as the poet may be—and has been, in fact—sensitive to the geologists' findings.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Allen M. Hittelman has joined the ARCO Exploration Co. in Plano, Tex., as head of their data management systems group. He was formerly chief of the terrestrial geophysics branch for the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colo.

The following AGU members are running for office in the upcoming annual elections of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The full list of candidates appears in the June 4 issue of Science.
Bureaucracy Versus Environment: The Environmental Costs of Bureaucratic Governance
Authors: Singer S. Fred
Published: October 2011

The 15 contributors to this volume have an important message. They are convinced that both environmental and economic costs of bureaucratic management of natural resources are too high, and unnecessarily so. The main reason is an institutional one: Authority is given to those who do not bear responsibility for the consequences o f their actions.

A classic case is the set of specific numerical emission standards for automobiles in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970. Congress arrived at these standards without a scientific basis, without technical analysis, and certainly without any consideration of costs and benefits. Only 3 years later did Senator Muskie ask the National Academy of Sciences to conduct a cost‐benefit analysis. The NAS results were presented in a fashion that seemed to support the action of Congress; yet, the statutory emissions standards yielded marginal costs well beyond their marginal benefits. They had a major impact on Detroit during the 1970's, and very likely damaged, perhaps irreversibly, the competitive standing of the American automobile industry, a major segment of the U.S. economy. But the economic costs of these actions were never considered, least of all by the responsible bureaucrats. They were completely buffered from any consequences flowing from the exercise of their authority.
1982 Maurice Ewing Medalist
Authors: Talwani Manik
Published: October 2011

It is a pleasure to present the citation for this year's Maurice Ewing medalist, John Ewing.

John was born in Texas and completed his early education there. During or shortly after high school, he spent 1 year working on a farm. Working on a farm included tinkering with tractors, automobiles, and various other machines. John has told me that this one year of fooling around with machines gave him better training in instrumentation than he subsequently obtained at more hallowed institutions, such as Harvard, where he obtained a B.S. degree in physics. John subsequently took some graduate courses at Columbia. At Columbia a course in mathematics for physics students (which was a disguised course in applied quantum mechanics) had to compete for John's attention with adventures at sea with Maurice Ewing. Adventures at sea won out. Joining John in his march out of graduate school were a number of others who went on to become illustrious scientists.
1982 Spring Meeting Report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

More than 1900 attendees registered for the 1982 Spring Meeting in Philadelphia. Changes to the program and late and additional abstracts are printed below.
Uranus moons measured
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Three investigators at the University of Hawaii have made the first measurements of the sizes of four of the five known moons of Uranus. Uranus, which is nearly 3 billion km (about 2 billion miles) from Earth, can only be seen with a telescope. The determination of the sizes of the moons of Uranus was made from measurements of their infrared, or heat, radiation. These measurements were made with the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. This telescope, the most sensitive instrument in the world for measuring faint infrared sources, was constructed in part to provide support for spacecraft exploring the planets.
Continental scientific drilling update
Authors: Shoemaker Eugene , Andrews Robert
Published: October 2011

The Continental Scientific Drilling Committee (CSDC) was established by the National Academy of Sciences‐National Research Council in December 1979 to provide communication, coordination, and advice on scientific utilization of continental drill holes and to encourage implementation of drilling research on basement structures and deep continental basins, thermal regimes, mineral resources, and earthquakes (as described in the report, Continental Scientific Drilling Program, by the U.S. Geodynamics Committee, 1979). The committee has encouraged add‐on experiments to mission‐oriented drilling activities of government and industry and the development of plans for drilling of dedicated holes for specific scientific investigations where no appropriate holes are available.
Historical perspective
Authors: Landsberg H. E.
Published: October 2011

It was a pleasure to learn, from a recent (May 4) issue of Eos, of the formation of a permanent Committee on History of Geophysics. There is a dire need for reference material, books, and articles on geophysical history.

Let me recommend to them that they take a good look at the Dictionary of the History of Science (W.F. Bynum, E.J. Browne, Roy Porter (Eds.), Princeton University Press, 494 pp., 1981). What follows is not a book review, although it may appear so. It is meant to be a challenge to place geophysics on the map in historical context. In this book, hydrology is dealt with in one sentence under the heading ‘cycle,’ geomagnetism under ‘declination and dip,’ and its history ends with Edward Sabine. Seismology appears under earthquakes. No important seismologist is mentioned. In the biographical index, Wiechert is included only for a contribution to physics. Where are Sir Harold Jeffreys, Galitzin, Gutenberg, Mohorovičić, Lehman, and many others? Meteorology ends with V. Bjerknes and Solberg; Köppen, Richardson, Rossby, and other notables [of] the last century do not seem to exist.
1982 Horton Medalist
Authors: Chapman Thomas G. , Philip J. R.
Published: October 2011

The names of Horton and Philip occur together so frequently in any discussion of infiltration that it is particularly appropriate that John R. Philip should be the recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal. In 1931, Horton emphasized the need for ‘research to provide connective tissue between related problems,’ and Philip's achievements have gone far toward satisfying that need.

John R. Philip was born at Ballarat, some 70 miles from Melbourne, and attended Melbourne University, graduating as bachelor of civil engineering in 1946. After a few years of engineering experience with Queensland's Irrigation Commission, he took up a position as research scientist in the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in 1951. He moved rapidly from analysis of the hydraulics of border irrigation to the general problems of infiltration and soil water movement and found analytical solutions to a wide range of problems in homogeneous porous media. In 1957, Philip and his colleague D. A. de Vries were awarded the Horton prize of the AGU for their paper on moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients. In 1960, Melbourne University awarded John Philip his doctorate of science for a thesis, ‘Physical Contributions to Microhydrology,’ consisting of 19 published papers.
Wet June for nation's streams
Authors: Anomymous
Published: October 2011

Responding to heavy precipitation during the first half of the month, streamflow for June was well‐above normal throughout much of the East and Midwest, and scattered regional and local flooding occurred in New England, Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Nebraska, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.

USGS hydrologists said that 90% of the 164 key index gaging stations across the country reported normal to well‐above normal streamflow conditions during June. More than half of those stations reporting wellabove normal conditions are in the eastern half of the nation.
Methods of Field Geology
Authors: Stanley Rolfe S.
Published: October 2011

F. Moseley's book on field geology is one of the first books on the subject at the level of sophistication of upper‐level undergraduates to appear on the geological scene since Robert Compton's book, Manual of Field Geology, in 1967. Moseley's book does not serve the same audience as Compton's, and the author makes it very clear in the introduction that his book complements Compton's textbook. It is this very approach that makes it somewhat difficult for me, a field geologist, to understand how Moseley's text will serve as a basic text in a curriculum. Quite clearly, it must serve as a second book in a general field course or as the basis for a more advanced course in the subject. The real value of this text is its emphasis on the range of field ability that must be within the capacity of the field investigator which is illustrated by ten case histories. This versatility is not emphasized in standard texts and, as such, represents a very substantial contribution to our teaching literature.
Federal support for geoscientists
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

While fundamental research in science is expected to receive declining federal support overall in the next few years (Physics Today, May 1982, p. 77) a potential basis for the long‐term (5‐year) support of federal geoscience funding is emerging in the areas of resource development and the space shuttle program.

The FY 1983 earth sciences budget request of the National Science Foundation (NSF) is 18% above the previous year, while its requests for the atmospheric, ocean, and Arctic research programs are only about 7% above last year's. According to the NSF, the earth sciences section has been singled out for a sharply increased budget as a result of recommendations of the National Science Board and because of the importance of earth science research to national goals (Physics Today, sup.)
Active submarine volcano sampled
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: October 2011

On June 4, 1982, two full dredge hauls of fresh olivine basalt were recovered from the upper flanks of Kavachi submarine volcano, Solomon Islands, from water depths of 400 and 900 m. The shallower dredge site was within one‐half mile of the active submarine vent evidenced at the surface by an area of slick water, probably caused by gas emissions. Kavachi is a composite stratovolcano located on the ‘trench‐slope break’ or ‘outer‐arc high’ of the New Georgia Group, approximately 35 km seaward of the main volcanic line and only 30 km landward of the base of the trench inner wall. The volcano has been observed to erupt every year or two for at least the last 30 years (see cover photographs). An island formed in 1952, 1961, 1965, and 1978, but in each case it rapidly eroded below sea level. The latest eruption was observed by Solair pilots during the several weeks up to and including May 18, 1982.
CO2/Climate link reaffirmed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Carbon Dioxide/Climate Review Panel of the National Research Council (NRC) has reaffirmed the link between increases in atmospheric CO2 and the ‘greenhouse effect’ that would increase temperatures on the earth and change global climate. Furthermore, the panel found that the 1979 report by another NRC committee, which predicted a probable 3°C increase in global temperature (±1.5°) should atmospheric CO2 double, needs no ‘substantial revision.’

Noting that climate models could not adequately examine the effects of CO2 increases in isolation, the panel recommended that such models be global in scope and account for such processes as atmospheric, land, and ocean storage and transfer of heat and moisture; the influence of trace gases, including nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone; and seasonal and regional effects. The panel encouraged observational studies, particularly of the long‐term interactions between the ocean and atmosphere, to validate the climate models. The recently issued report, ‘Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment,’ also refutes two recent studies that predict that increased CO2 will not change surface temperatures as drastically.
Seismomagnetic effects
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Local changes in the earth's magnetic field that are associated with active faults have long been viewed as offering a potential method of analyzing earthquakes. Considerable efforts have been made to determine the effects theoretically and, in the field, to develop a sensitive method of identifying characteristic stress patterns. In particular, if related magnetic changes can be identified before an earthquake, the so‐called seismomagnetic effect could be useful in earthquake prediction. After several years of observing magnetic changes whose magnitudes seem to have been constantly reevaluated in the light of more sensitive measurements, Hao, Hastie, and Stacey (Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors, 28, 129, 1982) recently examined the theory and concluded that actual effects are probably a lot weaker than had been previously thought.
Some Perspectives of the Major Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Walker James C. G.
Published: October 2011

It was little more than a decade ago that the first attempts were made to compile comprehensive budgets for the trace constituents of the atmosphere. The realization that material flows through the atmosphere—that atmospheric gases have sources and sinks—was still strange, exciting, and new. The budgets were grossly in error, of course, because the photochemical activity of the troposphere, associated with the hydroxyl radical, was not appreciated. The biogeochemical cycle has become a household name in the world of science in a very short period of time.
Arthur Weissman: Congressional Fellow
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Arthur B. Weissman has been selected as the 1982–83 AGU Congressional Fellow. On September 1, he will commence his 1‐year term on Capitol Hill as AGU's sixth Congressional Fellow

Weissman received his Ph.D. earlier this year from the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University. His dissertation focused on the aesthetics and geomorphology of environmental changes.
New global map of seismic crust
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

An up‐to‐date global compilation of the thickness of the earth's crust and a compilation of upper mantle seismic velocity measurements has been published recently by Soller, Ray, and Brown (Tectonics, 1, 125–149, 1982). The data base indicate 2508 crustal thicknesses and 1806 Pn (uppermost mantle) velocity values. The data are from seismic refraction and surface wave measurements. The compilation represents a significant expansion of available crustal thickness maps, with more uniform coverage. Thus, in agreement with current geophysical interpretations, numerous tectonic features are recognizable as local variations in crustal thickness. For example, mountain chains in isostatic equilibrium, such as the Alps, the Andes, and the Pamir and Tien Shan ranges, display a thickening of the crust and a deeper Mohorovicic Boundary. Beneath the Tibetan plateau, the crust is 80 km thick—the maximum observed. The area of Japan and the Kurile Islands are represented on the map as a thickened crustal ridge separating the thin oceanic crust of the Pacific plate from the thicker crust underlying the marginal basins of the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk. Contours define the Pacific‐Eurasion plate boundary, located southeast of the Kurile island arc. Very thin crust, often less than 4 km, occasionally outlines oceanic spreading centers, such as the Midocean Ridge in the North Atlantic.
Gridded bathymetric data
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A gridded bathymetric data base for the coastal United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, is now available for purchase from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC). The data base was compiled by NGDC, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, from original data supplied by the National Ocean Survey (NOS). The entire NOS bathymetric data base of surveys prior to 1965 has been incorporated into the gridded data base. Additions are being made as data from more recent surveys are received at NGDC. The original data, as digitized from the smooth‐sheet surveys, also are available from NGDC.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(7), July 31, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document F.82‐008 at $1.0(1 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment.
Oceanography From Space
Authors: Legeckis R.
Published: October 2011

Oceanography From Space, edited by J.F.R. Gower, is a collection of papers based on the proceedings o f the COSPAR/SCOR/IUCRM symposium held in May 1980 in Venice, Italy. There are 109 papers and nearly 1000 pages of text. The objective of the meeting was a major review of oceanography from space. The papers illustrate the new interest in remote sensing of the oceans generated by recent measurements from the SEASAT, NIMBUS‐7, GEOS‐3, and TIROS‐N satellites. Although the emphasis of the papers is on satellite instrument validation and algorithm development, there are a sufficient number of application papers that illustrate the advantages of the two‐dimensional view of the ocean provided by satellites.
Biennial financial results
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

During the 2‐year period January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1981, the Union's total operations fared quite well. Cumulative revenues were $10,356,500 versus expenses of $10,068,500, generating a $288,000 net increase to the Union's reserve.

In actuality, 1981 was a banner year, since its gain from total operations amounted to $422,600, more than offsetting the loss of $134,600 encountered in 1980 operations. It presented a great start against the $1,000,000 5‐year goal established by the Council.
Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The first presentation of the Volcanology, Geochemistry and Petrology Section Award was made at the section luncheon during the 1982 Spring Meeting. This is the second section award to be established by AGU. The Hydrology Section's Robert E. Horton Award has been presented each year since 1956.

AGU's most prestigious award, the Bowie Medal, was given to Herbert Friedman in 1981 and Henry M. Stommel in 1982.
High electrical conductivity in upper mantle
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

In a joint study by geophysicists at two national laboratories, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, it was concluded that upper‐mantle rocks may have relatively high electrical conductivity, presumably because of small amounts of carbon situated along grain boundaries. This impurity conductivity is similar to values determined in the laboratory for low‐grade oil shale during pyrolysis. The residual char has electrical conductivity of 10−1 to 10−2 S/m, which is as much as 106 greater than the conductivity of unpyrolized low‐grade oil shale (T. Shankland and A. Duba, Carbon‐enhanced electrical conductivity in rocks (abstract), Eos, 63, 438, 1982). This much is known; the implications follow.
July continues wet trend
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflow conditions throughout most of the nation continued to average normal to well‐above normal during July, the second straight month of well‐above normal flows, the U.S. Geological Survey reported.

USGS hydrologists reported that 95% of the 164 key index gauging stations across the country reported normal or above‐normal streamflow conditions during July. In June, 90% of the same 164 stations had reported normal to above‐normal flows. The higher streamflows in July produced mild to severe flooding in Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado and record‐breaking floods in parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Pennsylvania.
Proposed study of tropic heat
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

A report released this summer outlines a proposed 5‐year coordinated research program to study tropical circulation and air‐sea interactions. The program, dubbed Tropic Heat, seeks to ‘measure and model the seasonal and interannual time‐scale evolution of the heat and mass budgets of the central Pacific equatorial upper ocean.’ The proposal, which has been sent to the National Science Foundation for review, calls for the program to begin in January 1983.

The result of discussions at two Tropical Upper Ocean Circulation Meetings during the past 18 months, the program aims to clarify further the air‐sea interactions that have in recent years been linked to climate. One such phenomenon is the Southern Oscillation, a quasiperiodic fluctuation of atmospheric pressure in tropic and subtropic regions.
Robert R. Bennett memorial to GIFT fund
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The many personal friends, colleagues, and professional associates of the late Robert R. Bennett have joined in establishing a memorial in his honor. In recognition of his vigorous support of the American Geophysical Union, they have contributed in his memory to AGU's ‘Girding for Tomorrow’ program. His name will be inscribed on a list of honorees that will be displayed on a plaque in the AGU headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Bennett, who received his M.S. in geology from the University of Nebraska in 1939, formerly directed groundwater research in the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. He was nationally and internationally recognized as an outstanding scientist in hydrogeology and groundwater hydrology. He was a pioneer authority in the development and application of analog‐ and digital‐computer simulations that aid in the analysis and prediction of the responses of highly complex aquifer systems to stresses imposed by man's development and utilization. He conducted basic research in petrophysics to define the fundamental principles governing permeability distribution and its directional characteristics and to elucidate the manner in which the permeability factor controls the movement of water in aquifer systems. He tested the applicability of the concepts he developed with prototype studies of the Ten‐sleep sandstone in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming and of the Carrizo sandstone in the Coastal Plain of Texas.
Spotlight on solar flares
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Only 50 of th em have been detected in the last 100 years, five of them in a 22‐day period in June. The energy released from just one, however, could power a city the size of Washington, D.C., for about 280 million years.

It is this ability to produce large amounts of energy on the sun's surface that intrigues scientists about white‐light solar flares. By observing and measuring the rare phenomena, solar scientists hope to glean an understanding of the processes by which the flares' energy is released and transmitted within the solar atmosphere.
Computer finds ore
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Artificial intelligence techniques are being used for the first time to evaluate geophysical, geochemical, and geologic data and theory in order to locate ore deposits. After several years of development, an intelligent computer code has been formulated and applied to the Mount Tolman area in Washington state. In a project funded by the United States Geological Survey and the National Science Foundation a set of computer programs, under the general title Prospector, was used successfully to locate a previously unknown ore‐grade porphyry molybdenum deposit in the vicinity of Mount Tolman (Science, Sept. 3, 1982).

The general area of the deposit had been known to contain exposures of porphyry mineralization. Between 1964 and 1978, exploration surveys had been run by the Bear Creek Mining Company, and later exploration was done in the area by the Amax Corporation. Some of the geophysical data and geochemical and other prospecting surveys were incorporated into the programs, and mine exploration specialists contributed to a set of rules for Prospector. The rules were encoded as ‘inference networks’ to form the ‘expert system’ on which the artificial intelligence codes were based. The molybdenum ore deposit discovered by the test is large, located subsurface, and has an areal extent of more than 18 km2.
[Comment on “Tidal rhythm record disputed”]
Authors: Williams George
Published: October 2011

J. Goguel's suggestion (Eos, 63(17)) that the cyclic lamination of the late Precambrian Elatina Formation (see cover of Eos, 63(A)) records tidal rhythms on a tidal flat cannot be sustained for several reasons. 1. The cyclic portion of the Elatina Formation is composed mostly of vertically graded laminae ranging from very fine sand through clay grade. Sedimentological study of the sequence and adjacent formations indicates a periglacial lacustrine environment of deposition for the cyclic rocks. The graded laminae are best attributed to deposition by density underflows or turbidity currents, which is the dominant mechanism of deposition in many glacial lakes today. The lack of scouring, cross lamination, and shallow‐water indicators in the Precambrian cyclic rocks indicates deposition below wave base in relatively deep water. A tidal flat origin for the cyclic lamination therefore can be rejected.
Modern Igneous Petrology
Authors: Wendlandt Richard F.
Published: October 2011

Mohan K. Sood prefaces Modern Igneous Petrology by stating that his objective is to facilitate the understanding of the application of phase equilibrium data to the crystallization and evolution of magmas. He states that the book may be valuable as either a reference or source text or as a text for courses in igneous petrology for undergraduate and graduate students. A review of recent literature and extensive references are promised the reader.

There are eight chapters in the book. The presentation is theme‐oriented and progresses from discussion of phase equilibrium in simple binary systems to those in complex synthetic and natural systems. The Introduction is intended to be ‘an overview of the igneous process and the state of the art of experimental petrology.’ Chapters 2 and 3, comprising in excess of one half of the book in extent, detail anhydrous silicate systems at 1‐atm bearing on mafic magmas and residual alkaline magmas, respectively. The following four chapters deal in a perfunctory manner with silicate systems containing volatiles, volatile solubilities in silicate melts, melting relations of rocks, and the genesis of magmas. Chapter 8 summarizes the conclusions.
Open scientific communication urged
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

In a report released last week the National Academy of Sciences' Panel on Scientific Communication and National Security concluded that the ‘limited and uncertain benefits’ of controls on the dissemination of scientific and technological research are ‘outweighed by the importance of scientific progress, which open communication accelerates, to the overall welfare of the nation.’ The 18‐member panel, chaired by Dale R. Corson, president emeritus of Cornell University, was created last spring (Eos, April 20, 1982, p. 241) to examine the delicate balance between open dissemination of scientific and technical information and the U.S. government's desire to protect scientific and technological achievements from being translated into military advantages for our political adversaries.

The panel dealt almost exclusively with the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union but noted that there are ‘clear problems in scientific communication and national security involving Third World countries.’ Further study of this matter is necessary.
25 years in space
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

With the launch by the U.S.S.R. of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, on October 4, 1957, the space age was inaugurated. Now, a symposium will mark the 25th anniversary of that launch with a review of the origins, motivations, and progress of the era.

The National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution's National Air & Space Museum will host ‘25 Years in Space’ on October 14. The day‐long symposium, to be held at the Academy auditorium at 2100 C St., N.W., Washington, D.C., will feature three major sessions: motivations for space activity, the practical dimensions of space, and science and space. Also on the agenda is a special program on the space age and the arts. Harvey Brooks of Harvard University, Simon Ramo of TRW, Inc., and Freeman Dyson of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study will lead these sessions. Closing remarks will be presented by Philip Morrison of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Videodisc mapping
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new corporation based in Alexandria, Va., has developed a mapping system that could be useful to organizations requiring rapid access to a large stock of pictures, maps, and graphics displays.

Geoview, Inc., utilizes optical videodiscs and microcomputer systems to make movie maps, which are designed to provide a compact means of storing large amounts of information in the form of maps, photographs, text, drawings, and blueprints and to provide quick access to the material. What is stored is multiple levels of detail of the information. Depending upon the extent of information required, the user is able to control the route of travel, viewpoint, degree of magnification, rate of speed, and access to related data, and have it all projected on a television screen. Each optical videodisc, resembling a phonograph record, can contain about 54,000 separate frames of information.
Ocean research conducted for the subseabed disposal program
Authors: Hinga K. R.
Published: October 2011

Research on the feasibility of using certain geological formations beneath the ocean as a repository for disposal of high‐level radioactive wastes is presently being conducted by a number of nations. High‐level wastes (HLW) are either spent reactor fuel or reprocessed spent reactor fuel. The objective of subseabed emplacement is to contain and isolate wastes from the biosphere. A repository located in deep‐ocean sediments is analogous to a land‐based repository except that the geology is covered with about 5,000 m of seawater.
JOIDES Office
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Office of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), the international group of scientific institutions that gives scientific guidance to the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), will be located at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science from July 1, 1982, to June 30, 1984. The university is one of 15 member institutions of JOIDES; 14 of these are active, and 10 are in the United States.

While JOIDES is based at the Rosenstiel School, Alan Berman, new dean of the school, will serve as chairman of the group's executive committee. Jose Honnorez, professor of marine geology at Rosenstiel, is chairman of the JOIDES planning committee. He will direct the office, which is responsible for the coordination of the planning committee and 13 advisory panels and nine working groups.
Earthquake research needed in California
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

According to an analysis by a group of seismologists and tectonophysicists from the Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University and the Seismological Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology, there is an imperative need for extensive studies of the San Andreas fault system throughout its extent within the state of California. Although there is considerable controversy surrounding the question of which segment of the San Andreas system may produce the next earthquake, C.B. Raleigh, K. Sieh, L.R. Sykes, and D.L. Anderson report that ‘… it is conceivable that the entire fault in southern California could rupture at once.’ (Science, Sept. 17, 1982).

The fears that a major earthquake may occur at anytime in southern California are based on numerous statistical factors underlying the idea that ‘The longer it's been since the last big one, the sooner the next one will be.’ The timing of earthquakes along active seismic zones, particularly those that coincide with plate boundaries, seems to be directly related to the amount of displacement generated since the last such earthquake at the same location. For example, the recurrence rate of about 150 years for great earthquakes along the San Andreas fault in southern California and the displacement rate of about 3 cm per year for the segment of the last earthquake from Cholame Valley to Cajon Pass in 1857 suggest that the next such large event may occur in the near future. On this basis Raleigh et al. (Science, sup.) conclude that ‘Both observations mark the San Andreas fault north and east of Los Angeles as a mature seismic gap and the prime candidate for producing southern California's next great earthquake.’ The expected consequences are described as appalling and as having a ‘… potential for severe losses of life and property from such a great earthquake…’ The worst case, cited in a report issued by the National Security Council through the Federal Emergency Management Administration in 1980 for an earthquake magnitude of M=7.5 in southern California near Long Beach, could cause the loss of 20,000 lives and $69 billion in property damages.
Minority Fellowships
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Research Council plans to award approximately 35 postdoctoral fellowships for minorities in a program providing opportunities for continued education and experience in research to American Indians and Alaskan natives (Eskimo or Aleut), Black Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Ricans. Fellowship recipients will be selected from among scientists, engineers, and humanities scholars who show greatest promise of future achievement in academic research and scholarship in higher education.

In this national competition sponsored by the Ford Foundation, citizens of the United States who are members of one of the designated minority groups, who are preparing for or already engaged in college or university teaching, and who hold doctoral degrees may apply for a fellowship award of 1‐year's duration.
The Geological Sciences in the Antebellum South
Authors: Harrington John W.
Published: October 2011

This book was written for teachers and other scholars. An excerpt from Corgan's introduction gracefully places a new burden on the backs of those of us who fall into these categories. ‘…People of the nonscientific culture normally keep the records of civilization, for this group includes the historians, who control what posterity learns. Typically historians study just part of civilization and they emphasize the part they find most interesting: the nonscientific culture in which they are personally involved. … In studies of southern history, the individual scientific fields and science as a whole seem to suffer from systematic oversight. At a minimum they have not been overstudied. Yet science is deeply integrated into contemporary southern culture. … A dearth of contemporary scholarship should enhance the value of the present volume.’ Obviously, teachers and scholars should understand that there is now a tool available and ready to be used. Let's look at it.