bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Upper Liassic Heteroptera of Mecklenburg and Saxony
Authors: POPOV Y. A. , WOOTTON ROBIN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Twenty‐seven species of Heteroptera from the Upper Liassic of Dobbertin, Mecklenburg, and East Lower Saxony are redescribed and reclassified as follows. PROGONOCIMICIDAE (= Actinoscytinidae and Eocimicidae): Progonocimex jurassicus, P.liasinus (=Eocimex liasinus); Eocercopis ancyloptera, E.similis (=Cercoprisca similis); Archicercopis falcata. ARCHEGOCIMICIDAE (= Eonabidae and Diatillidea): Archegocimex geinitzi, A.primitiva (= Eonabis primitiva), A.liadis (=Archegocoris liadis); Somatocoris conservatus; Eurynotis incisus; Progonocoris pictus; Anosmus spilopterus; Entomecoris minor; Diatillus debilis; Corynecoris semigranulatus; Macropterocoris obtusus; Ensphingocoris praerotundatus. PACHYMERIDIIDAE (= Hypocimicidae, Sisyrocoridae and Psychrocoridae): Pachymeridium dubium; Sisyrocoris rudis; Hypocimex membranaceus; Apsicoria semideleta; Cathalus alutaceus; Psychrocoris cuneifera. CUNEOCORIDAE: Cuneocoris geinitzi. NAUCORIDAE (= Apopnidae and Aphlebocoridae): Apopnus magniclavus; Aphlebocoris punctata. Infraorder Gerromorpha incertae sedis: Engynabis tenuis.

Progonocimicidae constitute the Infraorder Actinoscytinomorpha. Archegocimicidae, which have features recalling Pentatomomorpha, Cimicomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha, are left incerti infraordinis.

Pachymeridiidae are probably Pentatomomorpha, and Cuneocoridae Dipsocoromorpha. The faunas therefore include representatives of four extant Infraorders, among them the earliest recorded Pentatomomorpha, Dipsocoromorpha and Gerromorpha.
Evidence from double infestations for the specific status of human head lice and body lice (Anoplura)
Authors: BUSVINE JAMES R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Samples of head lice and body lice obtained from Ethiopians suffering from double infestations were mounted onto microscope slides and measured. The mean length of body lice (♀ 4.4mm; ♂ 3.8mm) was greater than that of head lice (♀ 3.5 mm; ♂ 2.9mm), but the best discriminant was the length of the tibia of the middle leg (♀ 425/296 μ♂421/291 μ). No intermediate specimens were found in these double infestations, although intermediates can can be produced experimentally by cross‐mating. Since populations of head lice and body lice remain distinct it is concluded that they represent two distinct species, Pediculus capitis De Geer and P. humanus Linneaus.
Identities and provenance of the gelechioid moths originally described by Francis Walker from ‘unknown countries’
Authors: BECKER VITOR O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The taxonomic placement and possible type‐localities of twelve species and one genus of Gelechioidea described by Francis Walker from ‘unknown countries’ are discussed. Opisina arenosella Walker is the senior synonym of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick and Opisina Walker is the senior synonym of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick and Opisina Walker the senior synonym of Nephantis Meyrick; Aroga compositella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.coloradensis (Busck); Cryptolechia metaphaeella Walker is a junior synonym of Antaeotricha schlaegeri (Zeller); A.albulella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.vestalis (Zeller), and A.spurcatella (Walker), new combination, is the senior synonym of A.chloromis (Meyrick). A lectotype for C.metaphaeella Walker is designated.
The Microlepidoptera described by Linnaeus and Clerck
Authors: ROBINSON GADEN S. , NIELSEN EBBE SCHMIDT
Published: January 2008

Abstract The identities of the Microlepidoptera described by Linnaeus and Clerck have been critically reviewed. Evidence used to reassess usage of Linnaeus and Clerck names comes in part from the surviving material of these two authors, from their publications and those of subsequent revisers, and from contemporary collections. Results are presented in the form of an alphabetic catalogue of the species‐group names used by Linnaeus and Clerck for Microlepidoptera, with a complete listing of material in the Linnaeus and Clerck collections. Lectotypes are designated for most of the species and new synonymies are proposed.
Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Australia and New Guinea
Authors: HUDDLESTON T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The Meteorus species of Australia and New Guinea are described, keyed and illustrated. Twenty‐three species are included of which the following eighteen are new to science: achterbergi, anicus, arrogator, depressus, gloriosus, josieas, laevigatus, lindae, obscurus, ottus, palmeri, pinguicornis, sedlaceki, sritus, strabismus, tarius, townesi, varicosus. Primary type‐material of five previously‐described taxa has been examined: antipodalis Ashmead, bicolor Szépligeti, luteus (Cameron), trichogrammae Wilkinson, dumbletoni Muesebeck. A lecto‐type is designated for luteus which is transferred to Meteorus from Protelus, bicolor is transferred to Aridelus from Meteorus and dumbletoni is placed in synonymy with ictericus (Nees).
A re‐evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships in the Apidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: SIRIKIMSEY LYNN
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.

The relationships between the four tribes in the bee family Apidae are re‐examined. Characteristics of the postgena, presternum, antenna cleaner, arolium, female hind tibia and male genitalia, among others, support the placement of these tribes in three subfamilies: Meliponinae (Meliponini), Apinae (Apini) and Bombinae (Euglossini + Bombini). The Apinae is the sister group of the Bombinae. This tribal arrangement was originally proposed, using different characteristics, by Winston & Michener (1977).
Reclassification of Cupes Fabricius (s.lat.), with descriptions of new genera and species (Cupedidae: Coleoptera)
Authors: NEBOISS ARTURS
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.

The classification of Cupes Fabricius (s.lat.) is discussed. Details of previously proposed species groupings are expanded and supported by characters of the male genitalia. In addition to Cupes (s.s.) five new genera (Tenomerga, Distocupes, Adinolepis, Ascioplaga and Rhipsideigma) are established and the total number of species is raised to twenty‐four of which seven are new: Tenotnerga trabecula, T.kapnodes, T.favella, Adinolepis scalena, Ascioplaga mimeta, A.sciasma and Rhipsideigma adjuncta. The known distribution is extended and now includes the NE of North America, E and S Africa including Madagascar, E Asia, E Australia, Borneo, New Guinea, New Caledonia and the Hawaiian Islands. Types of most species have been examined and figured.
The chalcidoid genus Leptofoenus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: LaSALLE JOHN , STAGE GERALD I.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The world species of Leptofoenus (Chalcidoidea; Pteromalidae; Cleonyminae) are revised, and a key given for the six known species. One new species, rufus, is described, and two new synonymies proposed (phantasma and ashmeadi as junior synonyms of pelecinifor‐mis). Lectotypes are designated for peleciniformis, westwoodi, and howardi. New distributional records are presented, including the first record of this genus from the Nearctic, rufus from Arizona and California (U.S.A.). Important characters and relationships between the species are discussed.
Redescription of Heterogyna protea Nagy (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Heterogyninae)
Authors: Day Michael C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The type‐species of, i>Heterogyna Nagy, 1969, is redescribed from the unique male holotype, in relation to four other species recently described.
Revision of the genus Psix Kozlov & Lê (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)
Authors: JOHNSON NORMAN F. , MASNER LUBOMIR
Published: January 2008

The genus Psix Kozlov & Lê (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is revised from a worldwide perspective. Twelve species are described as new: annulatus [Cameroon], asper [Uganda], aulax [Australia], confluus [Sri Lanka], flavicoxa [Ivory Coast, Zimbabwe], fusm [Australia], lacunatus [Pakistan east to Taiwan, south to Australia], metopa [Australia], rasilis [Ivory Coast, Gambia], sulcifer [Malaysia], viriosus [India east to Philippine Is.] and watshami [E. Africa, Madagascar] . Psix abnormis Kozlov & Lê [W. Africa east to at least India], glabris‐crobus (Girault) nxomb. [Australia], olympus (Dodd) n.comb. [Australia], saccharicola (Mani) n.comb. [India], striaticeps (Dodd) n.comb. [W. Africa east to India, Madagascar] and tunetanus (Mineo and Szabó) n.comb. [Tunisia, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Saudi Arabia, S.W. Nearctic, Venezuela] are redescribed. An identification key for the species of Psix is presented. The relationships among species are discussed. The earliest derived species are generally found in Australia and southeast Asia. The more apomorphic species occur generally in Africa, southwest Asia and India. The distribution of Psix tunetanus has possibly been influenced by man. Details of the relationship with Trissolcus and Archi‐phanurus are unclear; the position of Psix within the subfamily is therefore also obscure.
The Neotropical species of Notalina, a southern group of long‐horned caddisflies (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)*
Authors: HOLZENTHAL RALPH W.
Published: January 2008

The leptocerid trichopteran genusNotalinais recorded from the South American continent for the first time. Seven new species are described in it and placed in a new subgenus,Neonotalina: N.brasiliana, N.morsei, N.cipoandN.hamiltonifrom southeastern Brazil, comprise thebrasilianaspecies‐group, andN.roraimafrom Venezuela,N.nanayfrom Peru andN.matthiasifrom Colombia form theroraimaspecies‐group.Notalina (Neonotalina)is identifiable by the presence of a long, slender baso‐mesal process on the male inferior appendage. The two species‐groups may be distinguished by the morphology of the male phallus. The historical biogeography of the genus in South America is discussed.
A re‐evaluation of the systematic position of Allocoelia Mocsary (Chrysididae, Hymenoptera) and a revision of the component species
Authors: KIMSEY LYNN SIRI
Published: January 2008

The relationships between the Allocoeliinae and other chrysidid subfamilies are discussed and the genusAllocoeliaMocsary reviewed. One new species,edneyiis described,capensis minorMocsary is elevated to species, andnigraEdney is synonymized withtrautmanniBrauns.
Genitalic heterogeneity in Cornutiplusia circumflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae)
Authors: KITCHING IAN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Remarkable morphological variation in the male and female genitalia of the plusiine noctuid moth Cornutiplusia circumflexa L. is described. The geographical distribution of this variation is discussed and it is concluded that, given the gaps in the known distribution of the species, it would be unwise to recognize the five forms as formal subspecies.
Description of a new species Anopheles (Cellia) kosiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from Zululand, South Africa
Authors: COETZEE MAUREEN , SEGERMAN JOYCE , HUNT RICHARD H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The Anopheles marshallii group of mosquitoes consists of four chromosomally typed species of which three have already been described and named. The fourth chromosomal species, formally known as species E, is described here as Anopheles kosiensis from Kosi Bay, Zululand, South Africa. A photograph of the X chromosome is given. The taxonomic status of Anopheles pitchfordi, a synonym of marshallii, is discussed.
A most remarkable new genus of scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) from Sulawesi
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Postoptica platypezoidea gen.n., sp.n. from Sulawesi is described. It shows no obvious affinity with any known genus. Its superficially platypezid like appearance and other apparently plesiomorphic features are interpreted as secondary and convergent.
The identity of Aphis citricola van der Goot
Authors: EASTOP V. F. , BLACKMAN R. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Part of the original material from which Aphis citricola van der Goot was described has been re‐examined and found to be Aphis fabae. The widespread pest aphid on citrus and other trees and shrubs should therefore revert to the name used for it formerly, Aphis spiraecola Patch.
A synopsis of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America south of the United States: introduction, Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Cimbicidae, Diprionidae, Xiphydriidae, Siricidae, Orussidae, Cephidae
Authors: SMITH DAVID R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Eight families of Symphyta for the Western Hemisphere south of the United States are reviewed: Xyelidae (one genus, two species), Pamphiliidae (one genus, four species), Cimbicidae (five genera, nine species), Diprionidae (three genera, thirteen species), Xiphydriidae (four genera, seventeen species), Siricidae (six genera, nine species), Orussidae (five genera, twelve species), and Cephidae (one genus, one species). New taxa are Acantholyda nigrostigmata (Pamphiliidae); Zadiprionfalsus, Neodiprion bicolor, N.equalis, N.omosus (Diprionidae); Derecyrta circularis, Steirocephala lateralba (Xiphydriidae); Sirotremex, S.flammeus (Siricidae); and Ophrynopus depressatus, O.plaumanni (Orussidae). Lopesiana is a new name for Lopesia Conde (Cimbicidae). Three new combinations and six new synonyms are proposed. The Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Diprionidae, Siricidae and Cephidae are primarily northern groups with southern extensions into Mexico, Central America and/or Cuba. The Cimbicidae, Xiphydriidae and Orussidae are more generally distributed throughout the neotropics. Keys to families, genera and species are provided.
Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)*
Authors: BEN‐DOV YAIR
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The mealybug Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829) is described and illustrated, and a neotype female selected from topotypic material collected in the Sinai Peninsula. A lectotype female is designated for Trabutina palestina Bodenheimer (1927) which is shown to be a junior synonym of T.mannipara.
Revision of the Tribe Odontobraconini in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae)
Authors: MARSH PAUL M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A systematic study is presented for the three genera of the braconid tribe Odontobraconini (Doryctinae) occurring in the Western Hemisphere: Odontobracon Cameron, Nervellius Roman, and Holcobracon Cameron. Nineteen species are described, of which eight are new. Keys for separating the world genera of the Odontobraconini and for distinguishing the species of the above three genera are provided.
Revision of the Australian genusOncodosiaEdwards (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Authors: YEATES D. K.
Published: January 2008

.The endemic Australian genusOncodosiaEdwards is redescribed and diagnosed. Four species are recognized, three redescribed and one,O.triangularis, described as new. Lectotypes are designated forO.patula(Walker) andO.plana(Walker). A cladogram of the species is proposed and a key to species is presented. Wings and genitalia are illustrated. New records extend the known generic distribution eastwards across the continent.
Taxonomy and nomenclature of five hitherto inadequately‐known genera of mealybugs (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: BEN‐DOV YAIR , MATILE‐FERRERO DANIÈLE
Published: January 2008

Abstract The type‐species of four genera of Pseudococcidae are studied. Fonscolombia Lichtenstein is redefined, the type‐species, Fonscolombia graminis Lichtenstein is assigned to the Pseudococcidae, redescribed and a lectotype designated. Laboulbenia Lichtenstein is accepted as an objective synonym of Antonina Signoret. Tetrura Lichtenstein (non: Lesson) is accepted as an objective synonym of Coccura Sulc. The adult female of the material of this species which Lichtenstein misidentified as Tetrura rubi (Schrank) is redescribed and illustrated. Brevennia Goux is redefined, and the type‐species Ripersia (Brevennia) tetrapora Goux redescribed. The characteristics of Asphodelococcus Morrison are discussed, the type‐species Ripersia asphodeli Bodenheimer redescribed and a neotype designated; A.meoconcitae Tranfaglia & Marotta is a new synonym of A. asphodeli.
A revision of the South American taxaElnorettaAlexander,EuvaldivianaAlexander andValdivianaAlexander (Diptera: Tipulidae), with a discussion on their phylogeny
Authors: DE JONG HERMAN
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe South American tipulid taxaElnoretta, EuvaldivianaandValdivianaare revised. Type material of all described species was examined.Euvaldivianais raised from subgeneric to generic rank. The synonymy ofValdiviana synemporaandV. neuquenensisis established. Details of the genitalia of the five recognized species as well as external characters are illustrated. A phylogeny is presented of a monophyletic group containingElnoretta, EuvaldivianaandValdivianatogether with the generaAcracantha(Australia) andAustrotipula(New Zealand).
Bombus folsomi and the origin of Philippine bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: STARR CHRISTOPHER K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The type female of Bombus folsomi (Frison) is redescribed and synomymized with B.ephippiatus Say. It is concluded that the putative type locality of B.folsomi, Mt Kinabalu in Borneo, is in error and that the genus appears to be absent from Borneo. This lends support to the hypothesis that bumble bees immigrated to the Philippines by an unusual northern route through Taiwan. More rigorous testing of this idea will require further cladistic analysis of the genus Bombus.
The mealybug genus Rastrococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The mealybug genus Rastrococcus, comprising twenty‐two species, is revised. A key is presented together with detailed descriptions and illustrations of all the included species. The genus is distributed throughout Australasia and southern Asia, and precise locality and hostplant data are listed. New taxa are R.expeditionis sp.n., R.jabadiu sp.n., R.monachus sp.n., R.rubellus sp.n., R.taprobanicus sp.n. and R.viridarii sp.n. In addition, Lankacoccus gen.n. is erected for Phenacoccus ornatus Green, formerly included in Rastrococcus. New synonymies proposed are P. ballardi Newstead with R.mangiferae (Green) and R.cappariae Avasthi & Shafee with R. iceryoides (Green). Lectotypes are designated for P.ornatus, P.iceryoides, P. ballardi, Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) obtusus Newstead and Pseudococcus mangiferae.
Immature stages of the fly Pelidnoptera nigripennis (Fabricius) (Diptera: Phaeomyiidae), a parasitoid of millipedes
Authors: VALA JEAN‐CLAUDE , BAILEY PETER T. , GASC CHARLES
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This is the first description of all the immature stages of Pelidnoptera nigripennis, a parasitoid of Ommatoiulus spp. millipedes (Diplopoda: Julida) in Europe. The immature stages differ from those of other Sciomyzidae in having a smooth egg chorion, the postoral band of spinules on the first instar larva completely encircling the first segment, and the number of sclerites in the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the larva being much reduced. The adaptations of morphology and life cycle for parasitizing Julid millipedes are discussed. The differences in morphology and biology support Griffith's (1972) separation of the subfamily Phaeomylinae from the Sciomyzidae (containing only the genus Pelidnoptera) to a distinct family, Phaeomyiidae.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Australian lomatiines (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Authors: YEATES DAVID
Published: January 2008

Cladistic analysis is used to isolate the monophyletic group of genera that comprise the Australian Lomatiinae and to investigate the relationships between the Australian genera. Cladograms of genera in the Australian Tomophthalmae and Lomatiinae are presented. Myonema Roberts and Neosardus Roberts are placed in the Cylleniinae, Antonia Loew remains in the Antoniinae and Petrorossia Bezzi is placed in the Anthracinae. The relationship of the Australian lomatiines to the world fauna is discussed, as are the relationships between the Australian genera. Docidomyia White is included in the Lomatiinae and is the sister group of all other genera of the subfamily: Comptosia Macquart sens.lat.; Doddosia Edwards, Oncodosia Edwards and Paramonovomyia Evenhuis. The current diagnosis of the Lomatiinae is changed to reflect the inclusion of Docidomyia. The two subgenera of Comptosia sensu Edwards, Aleucosia Edwards and Comptosia, were not each others' closest relatives in the strict consensus tree. Thus Comptosia as currently recognized is paraphyletic and the two subgenera are treated as genera, Aleucosia stat.nov. and Comptosia stat.nov.
The Old World species of Pygothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)
Authors: OKAJIMA SHÛJI
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Old World species of the genus Pygothrips are studied. Nine species are included. Four of them are previously known: P.mikrommatos (Moulton) from Fiji, P. pygus (Mound), P. rugicauda Hood and P. shavianus (Bagnall) from Australia. A further five species are new to science: P. breviceps from Japan, P. flavomaculatus from Obi Is., Indonesia, P. fusculus from Ogasawara Is., northwestern Micronesia, Japan, P. postocellaris from Fiji and P. vicinus from the Ryukyus, Japan. A key to species is provided.
Revision of the dolichoderine ant genus Turneria (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SHATTUCK STEVEN O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Australasian ant genus Turneria is revised. T.bidentata Forel, T.dahlii Forel and T.pacifica Mann are redescribed and a lectotype designated for T.bidentata. T.frenchi Forel is transferred to Stigmacros (comb.n.), and T.butteli Forel is transferred to Iridomyrmex (comb.n.). Three new species, T.arbusta, T.collina and T.postomma, are described from Papua New Guinea. Males of the genus are described for the first time. A key to the workers of recognized species and a distribution map are provided. The group is analysed cladistically and the resulting species relationships are discussed, along with a comment on the use of polymorphic characters.
The phylogenetic position of the Rhachiberothinae and the basal sister‐group relationships within the Mantispidae (Neuroptera)
Authors: WILLMANN RAINER
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Rhachiberothinae, hitherto regarded as belonging to the Berothidae, are shown to be Mantispidae. They form the sister‐group of the Symphrasinae + Drepanicinae + Calomantispinae + Mantispinae. Within the Symphrasinae, Trichoscelia is the sister‐taxon of Anchieta + Plega. The raptorial fore legs of the Rhachiberothinae and the remaining Mantispidae, sometimes considered the result of convergent evolution, are one of their synapomorphies. The former inclusion of the Rhachiberothinae in the Berothidae was primarily based on symplesiomorphies; the Berothidae without the Rhachiberothinae are monophyletic.
Whitefly from mediterranean evergreen oaks (Homoptera: Aleurodidae)
Authors: BINK‐MOENEN ROSITA M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In the mediterranean region six whitefly species, all belonging to the genus Aleuroviggianus laccarino, occur on evergreen oaks. Four species are known only from the south of Europe: A.adrianae laccarino, A.polymorphus sp.n., A.zonalus sp.n. and A.graecus sp.n., and two from Asia Minor: A.halperinl Bink‐Moenen (1991) and A.adanaensis sp.n. Although the pupal cases of these six species differ considerably from each other, they are nevertheless regarded as belonging to one genus because the adults hardly differ. For that reason the value of combining adult and pupal case characters in generic concepts is discussed briefly. The genus is characterized by the sensoria of the adult antenna, which are of a type not known to occur in other species. Descriptions are given of the pupal case of each species together with characteristics of the adults when available. Aleuroviggianus graecus has been added, although adults could not be obtained, as most of the features of its pupal case can be found in other species. A new generic definition based on pupal cases and adults, and a key to the pupal cases, are provided.
The ‘missing’ males of the Thaumatoxeninae (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The male of Thaumatoxena tragardhi Schmitz is described, thus solving the problem of the missing males of the Thaumatoxeninae. It, and other congeneric males from Africa, resemble Hypocerides Schmitz of the Phorinae. However, this genus is probably polyphyletic. Until a clearer picture emerges of the true monophyletic groups within the Phorinae, it is not possible to resolve the affinities of the Thaumatoxeninae further.
Evolution of ommatidium structure in the Trogidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: CAVENEY S. , SCHOLTZ C. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ommatidium lens structure in the Trogidae and the monotypic Glaresidae is studied. Three types (eucone, duocone and exocone) are found in the Trogidae [and most Scarabaeoidea]; only the eucone type occurs in the Glaresidae. Evidence is presented that evolution of ommatidium type in the Trogidae has proceeded from a basic eucone type such as that in extant Glaresis and Trox, to a more derived eucone as in Polynoncus and some species of the Omorgus subgenera Omorgus and Afromorgus, through various states of the duocone type as in the remainder of the species belonging to these subgenera, to the highly evolved exocone ommatidium found in the monobasic Omorgus (Haroldomorgus). An improvement in optics of the duocone and exocone over the eucone may have driven the evolution of these types. Ommatidium structure does little to confirm or refute proposed relationships among trogid taxa but does clearly indicate the path of evolution of the different lens systems in the Trogidae and illustrates the probable course of evolution of ommatidium structure in the Scarabaeoidea.
Morphometric discrimination of the sibling species Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) and D. simulans (Sturtevant) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: McNAMEE S. , DYTHAM C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D.simulans often co‐occur. Males are easily distinguished using their genitalia while females of the two species are often deemed indistinguishable. A series of nine linear and two angular measurements were taken using the heads of both males and females of both species from the same locality. A simple comparison of cheek width and eye height accurately assigned all females to species. Multivariate techniques using linear head measures alone produced very good discrimination between both species and sexes. Drosophila simulans have significantly larger eyes and narrower eye margins than D.melanogaster. Unknown females collected from this locality could be easily and reliably assigned to species.
IRRADIATION OF URIDINE WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT*†
Authors: Wang Shih Yi
Published: January 2008

Irradiation of uridine in aqueous solution with ultraviolet light gives 6‐hydroxyhydrouridine as the first isolable product. 5‐Hydroxyhydrouridine, a possible intermediate or product, has been eliminated as involved in this photochemical reaction. The mechanism of the irradiation reaction is thus probably identical to that of 1, 3‐dimethyluracil. Improved procedures for the preparation of 5‐bromouridine and 5‐hydroxyuridine are also presented.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS XXIII. PROTEIN‐PROTElN INTERACTION BETWEEN TRYPSIN, SOYBEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR, AND OTHER PROTEINS
Authors: Estermann E. F. , McLaren A. D.
Published: January 2008

Compound formation between trypsin and inhibitor and derivatives of these proteins has been studied by means of light scattering and differential spectrophotometry. it has been fouiid that a non‐specific attraction between oppositely charged molecules is not sufficient for compound formation and that the makeup of the bonding configuration of functional groups involved in compound formation is not constant over a wide range of pH.

Acetylation of the proteins does not greatly influence compound formation between trypsin and inhibitor but treatment of trypsin with DFP or ultraviolet light prevents combination.
EVIDENCE THAT THE ELECTRIC VECTOR GOVERNS LIGHT ABSORPTION IN VISION, PHOTOTROPISM AND PHOTOTAXIS*
Authors: Jaffe L.
Published: January 2008

It is shown that it is the electric, rather than the magnetic, vector which largely or entirely governs the absorption of light in instances of vision (the vertebrate rod), phototropism (spores and eggs of various lower plants), and phototaxis (chloroplast rotation in a green alga). The argument applies simple considerations of symmetry to data interpretable as a measure of the anisotropy of light absorption by the arrays of photoreceptor molecules in each of these cases.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF CYTOSINE NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES—III. MONO‐ AND DI‐ METHYLAMINO ANALOGUES
Authors: Fikus M. , Wierzchowski K. L. , Shugar D.
Published: January 2008

An investigation has been made of the photochemical (2537 A) behaviour in aqueous medium of mono‐ and dialkylamino substituted cytosines, their nucleosides and nucleotides. The principal reaction in all instances is photohydration, the photoproducts being the 5‐hydro‐6‐hydroxy derivatives of the parent compounds, as for cytosine analogues with a free amino group. Alkylation of the amino group results in a decrease in quantum yield for photoproduct formation of two orders of magnitude; but the resulting photoproducts are much more stable. In the case of the free bases, the increased stability of the photo‐products has made it possible to confirm unequivocally the previous proposal that the photoproducts of cytosine and 1 ‐methylcytosine are also the hydrated derivatives. In the case of the glycosides, the stability of the photoproduct of 2′: 3′‐0‐isopropylidene‐mono‐methylaminocytidine is such as to offer a possibility of a direct NMR check as to whether the hydroxyl of the photo‐adduct is on the 6 position of the pyrimidine ring.

The enhanced stability of the protonated forms of the photoproducts has been interpreted in terms of the conformation of the cytosine ring. The absorption spectrum of 173‐dimethylcytosine in acid medium supports the contention that protonation of the cytosine ring occurs on the N, ring nitrogen.

Etherification of phosphoester hydroxyls was utilized to examine in greater detail the role of the phosphate groups in the stability of the photoproducts of cytosine nucleotides as a function of pH. The results are all discussed in relation to the photochemistry of nucleic acids.
ETUDE DES FACTEURS DETERMINANT LA GERMINATION DES GRAINES DE LYTHRUM SALICARIA (LYTHRACEES)
Authors: ROLLIN P. , BIDAULT Y.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Les résultats des expériences réalisées sous différentes conditions d'éclairement et de température ont permis de définer deux processus de germination probablement indépen‐dants: 1°/un processus thermosensible: à l'obscurité la germination ne se produit qu'en alternance de température. L'éfficacité de ces alternances est fonction de l'éart qui existe entre les deux températures et de la valeur de ces deux températures. L'influence des alternances de températures peut être exaItée par un certain nombre de substances: nitrates, nitrites, hydroxylamine et thiourée 2°/un processus photosensible: la lumière rouge clair (630–680 mµ) stimule le germination, par contre la lumière rouge sombre (700–730 mµ) élimine la stimulation due à la lumière rouge clair. L'acide gibbéréllique sensibilise les graines à la lumière rouge clair.
PHOTOBIOLOGIE DU MESOCOTYLE D'AVOINE I‐ ACTION DES RADIATIONS ROUGE CLAIR ET ROUGE SOMBRE
Authors: Sandmeier M. , Njtsch J. P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Red light (around 6,550 Å.) and far‐red light (around 7,300 Å) have been administered to excised first internodes of etiolated oat seedlings, and their effects upon growth by elongation have been studied. It has been found that red light inhibits much more the elongation produced bv gibberellic acid (GA) than that produced by 3‐indolylacetic acid (IAA). Far‐red light acts synergistically with GA in promoting elongation, but not with IAA. The effect of far‐red is localized in the node and in the first 4 mm below the node, at least when the seedlings are 63 hr old. The stimulatory effect of the far‐red radiation is observed when seedlings are younger than 65 hr or older than 69 hr after sowing. Except for a gradual decrease with age, there is no such two‐peaked pattern for the sensitivity to red light. Red light promotes the elongation of the node and of the 2 mm‐zone of the first internodes immediately below it. It inhibits the elongation of the zone comprised between 2 and 10 mm below the node. Various types of experiments could not demonstrate a true reversal of the red effect by far‐red light and vice‐versa. They indicated rather an additive effect of the inhibitory and stimulatory properties characteristic of each type of radiation.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE RESISTANCE OF CELLULAR PROTOPLASMIC STREAMING IN PLANTS TO 2,4‐DINITROPHENOL
Authors: Lomagin A. G. , Antropova T. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Visible light sharply increases the resistance to 2,4‐dinitrophenol of the protoplasmic streaming in cells of green leaf disks of Tradescantia flurninensis Vell. and Campanula persicifolia L.

Under the influence of light an increase in the resistance of the cellular semi‐permeability of Tradescantia fluminensis to 2,4‐dinitrophenol is also observed.

Light produces no effect on the resistance to 2,4‐dinitrophenol of protoplasmic streaming in scale cells of Allium cepa L. bulbs, nor in the sensitivity of ciliated epithelium movement in the mucosus of the mouth cavity of the frog (Ram temporaria L.) to this inhibitor.

Light does not produce changes in the protoplasmic streaming resistance of Tradescctntia fluminensis cells to sodium azide.

Aeration eliminates the protective effect of light on plant cells injured by 2,4‐dinitrophenol. Maximum increase in the protoplasmic streaming resistance of Campanula persicifolia cells to 2;4‐dinitrophenol is attained at 1000 lux, which is considerably lower than the photosynthetic light saturation. Further increase or decrease in light intensity leads to a decrease in the resistance of protoplasmic streaming to this poison.

It is suggested that the protective action of light on cells of green leaf disks injured by 2,4‐dinitrophenol, is due to the photo‐reduction of 2,4‐dinitrophenol to 2‐amino‐4‐nitrophenol. As experiments have shown the toxicity of 2‐aniino‐4‐nitrophenol is insignificant as compared to that of 2,4‐dinitrophenol.
PHYSICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A FLUORESCENT CHLOROPHYLL COLLOID
Authors: Bannister T. T. , Bernardini J. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A fluorescent colloid of chlorophyll a, of which some qualitative properties were noted by Krasnovsky and Brin(11), has been quantitatively characterized. The colloid is formed in neutral PO4 buffer containing 0 1 to 8.0% Tween 20, and is stable in darkness. The extinction coefficient is 7.8 × 104 1. mole cm‐1 at the red absorption peak (668 mμ), the yield of fluorescence is ˜ 0.25, and the yield of photoautooxidative bleaching is ˜ 2 times 10‐4. The colloid sensitizes the autooxidation of paratoluenediamine with a yield of ˜0.01 to ˜0.3 depending on light intensity and substrate concentration. The yield is independent of detergent and chlorophyll concentrations. In all respects—except the dependence of yield on illumination—the colloid appears to be physically and photochemically equivalent to dissolved chlorophyll, as known in dilute solutions in organic solvents. The light dependence—the yield is inversely proportional to the cube root of absorbed intensity—could be due to a bimolecular back reaction of a chlorophyll or substrate derivative.
INACTIVATTON OF S‐RNA BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS
Authors: Swenson P. A. , Nishimura S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Various S‐RNA's from E. coli show wide differences in sensitivity to ultraviolet (u.v.) radiation as measured by their amino acid acceptor capacities. S‐RNA for valine is least sensitive and phenylalanine and lysine are most sensitive. S‐RNA's for valine, isoleucine, glycine, aspartic acid, serine, and arginine give exponential type dose‐effect curves. Those for alanine, glutamic acid, lysine, and phenylalanine are rapidly inactivated at low doses and only at higher doses give exponential type inactivation curves having lower slopes than seen at low doses. Penylalanine and glutamic acid S‐RNA inactivated by 2650 or 2804 Å radiations are not reactivated by 2380 Å radiation, indicating that uracil dimers are not involved in the inactivation process. Heating of irradiated S‐RNA to bring about rehydration of uracil residues is not effective in restoring acceptor activity of phenylalanine and leucine S‐RNA. Melting curve experiments suggest that photochemical products other than uracil diniers and hydrated uracil residues are formed and result in changes in the secondary structure of S‐RNA.
THE PHOTOINACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN AS SENSITIZED BY METHYLENE BLUE AND EOSIN Y*
Authors: Ghiron Camillo A. , Spikes John D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The kinetics of the photoinactivation of trypsin as sensitized by methylene blue and by eosin Y were investigated. The time‐course of inactivation was first‐order. The rates of inactivation were essentially identical as measured by three methods: the casein assay, the benzoyl‐L‐arginine ethyl ester assay, and the hemoglobin (in 5 M urea) assay. This is in sharp contrast to the results of earlier studies with flavins as photosensitizers, where the rate of inactivation was found to be much greater when measured by the hemoglobin assay than when measured by the other two assays. These differences are interpreted as indicating the production of a urea‐sensitive ‘damaged class’ of trypsin molecules during photodynamic inactivation with flavins as sensitizers, but not with methylene blue and eosin Y. The results presented indicate that the mechanism of the photodynamic inactivation of enzymes might be different with different photosensitizing dyes.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF PURINES—I. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FIRST EXCITED LEVELS OF PURINE*
Authors: Drobnik Jaroslav , Augenstein Leroy
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Studies of purine absorption and emission in seven solvents differing greatly in dielectric constant and hydrogen bonding potential, reveal a variety of solvent effects. For example, the resolution of structure in the absorption spectrum, the position and/or intensity of the X2 absorption band, the intensity of fluorescence, the magnitude of the long wave‐lenth tail, and the position of the X1 absorption band are differentially affected—in the order listed—by the solvents tested. Even though it is possible to correlate the extent of decrease in the n‐π* tail with increasing solvent dielectric constant, probably alterations in all of these spectroscopic parameters depend most critically upon the ability of the various solvents to form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen on N9 and/for with the non‐bonding electrons on the purine nitrogens: it is tentatively concluded that the probability of hydrogen bonding is directly correlated with the electronegativity of the aza nitrogens (N7 > N3 > N1). In solvents like isopropanol not all of the non‐bonding electrons must be solvated maximally in most purine molecules since there is appreciable fluorescence under conditions where a long wavelength tail is readily observed in the absorption spectrum (alternatively some noa‐bonding electrons may not te relevant to fluorescence quenching.) Decreases in fluorescence yield are associated with red shifts in the fluorescence maximum, and in the solvents of highest polarity the fluorescence yield is again small indicating that glycerol and water can enhance radiationless tunneling—presumably by altering Franck‐Condon configurations and/or improving electronic‐vibrational coupling between solute and solvent. The quantum yield is uniform throughout the atsorption band for a given solvent, but studies in aqueous buffers varying from pH 1 to 11 show that the fluorescence yield is greater for charged than for neutral molecules. Further, the fluorescence excitation peak is red shifted in powders. Since phosphorescence is the predominant emission at 777deg;K and increases in fluorescence can be correlated with the presumed solvation of non‐bonding electrons, the singlet excited state of lowest energy in ‘unperturbed’ purine must be n‐π* in nature. The shape of the phosphorescence band and the decay lifetime of ˜ 1 sec at 77°K lead to the conclusion that the emitting triplet is a π‐π* state. The eight vibrational structures in phosphorescence emission can be readily grouped into two progressions: there is an average separation of about 1300 cm‐1 between peaks within a given progression, and the two sets are mutually displaced by about 500 cm‐l. Individual vibrational peaks are favoured in different solvents and the whole band may be shifted up to 500 cm‐l. Even larger shifts are observed in charged purine molecules and in powders (up to 3000 cm‐l) and the presumed 0–0 band is not observed.
PHOTOBIOLOGIE DU MÉSOCOTYLE D'AVOINE—II. STIMULATION DE L‘ÉLONGATION PAR LA LUMIÈRE ROUGE‐SOMBRE EN PRÉSENCE DE DIVERSES GIBBÉRELLINES
Authors: Sandmeier M. , Nitsch J. P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Far‐red light has the property of promoting the elongation of Avena mesocotyl sections in the presence of a gibberellin. Part of this effect is not reversible by red light (around 655 mμ). The wavelengths which are most effective are those in the neignbourhood of 720 mμ, as revealed by the action spectrum. Amongst the 8 gibberellins tested, only A1, A3, and A9, are capable of producing, after far‐red irradiation, a greater elongation than the one they cause in the dark.
PHOTOIONISATION AND BIPHOTONIC PROCESSES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DERIVATIVES IN FROZEN SOLUTIONS
Authors: Hélène Claude , Santus René , Douzou Pierre
Published: January 2008

Abstract— In frozen aqueous solutions at 777deg;K, U.V. irradiation (Λ>250 mμ) photoionises purine, adenosine and guanosine molecules, respectively, In alcoholic solutions, at 777deg;K, photosensitization of alcohol occurs. A biphotonic absorption process involving the lowest triplet state is suggested. The formation of radicals by these processes leads to a decrease of the phosphorescent triplet‐state population of the molecules tested. Some consequences for the photochemistry of nucleic acids are discussed.
KONSTRUKTION UND ERPROBUNG EINER LICHT‐BOGENTEMPERIERBAREN QUECKSILBERNIEDERDRUCKLAMPE
Authors: Kittler L. , Schweiss H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A new low pressure mercury lamp was constructed and described in detail. The silica‐lamp surrounds the analytical vessel and has two water‐cooled circuits. The first one for cooling the mercury electrodes and the second one for cooling of the arc. The temperature dependence of the arc intensity was studied and discussed.

The lamp was calibrated for two wavelengths (253·7 nm and 365 nm) by using an u.v.‐standard lamp. The effective intensity within the analytical cell has a value of 6·7 × 10‐6 Einstein cm‐2 min‐l.
KINETICS OF THE ULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED DIMERIZATION OF THYMINE IN FROZEN SOLUTIONS*
Authors: Füchtbauer Walter , Mazur Peter
Published: January 2008

Abstract— It is known that thymine forms dimers when aqueous solutions are irradiated with ultraviolet light while in the frozen state, but does not form dimers when solutions are irradiated in the liquid state. The eutectic point of aqueous thymine solutions was found to be. —0.02°C. Since the irradiation of frozen solutions is always carried out at lower temperatures, the dimerization must be occurring in the solid state. Activation energies and quantum yields for dimer formation were determined by irradiating 1–mm layers of thymine solution at —5°C to — 707deg;C for various lengths of time. As expected, the activation energy was zero. After measuring the amount of radiation scattered by samples of ice, the extreme values for the quantum yield were found to be 0.73 and 4.08. The lower limit assumed that all the scattered light was absorbed by thymine; the upper limit assumed that none was absorbed. Since the theoretical maximum quantum yield is 2, the best estimate of the quantum yield is considered to be between 1 and 2.
MICROSURGICAL APPLICATION OF A PULSED RUBY LASER IN EXPERIMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY
Authors: Leppard Gary G. , Wacker Gerhart
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The microsurgical application of a pulsed ruby laser used in conjunction with a multi‐objective microscope is discussed. Some design criteria and various technical and practical problems relating to such use of a laser‐microscope complex are considered. Control of the volumetric energy density at the specimen by means of the instrumentation variables is established on the basis of systematic studies conducted on a stained protein “model tissue”. The instrumentation variables offering the greatest degree of control are the beam energy, the objective focal length, and the degree of defocusing of the laser beam. Results of the “model tissue” study enable one to predict in advance the size and severity of destructive effect that will be produced in thin layers of green plant tissue using a particular combination of variables. A judicious extension of these results enables single cell and intracellular microsurgery to be performed with precision. In addition, various biological tests and experiments were conducted in order to determine the applicability of a laser‐microscope system to biological research and to delineate its limitations.
PHOTOREACTION OF BENZ(A)PYRENE IN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING POLYMER
Authors: Parker C. A. , Hatchard C. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— An unusual photo‐reaction of benz(a)pyrene has been investigated by measuring prompt and delayed fluorescence spectra. The proposed mechanism involves adsorption of triplet benz(a)pyrene by the polymer and its reaction to give substitution products. Further work is in progress with pyrene, which also undergoes photo‐reaction in the presence of polymer.
THE ROLE OF HOST‐CELL REPAIR IN LIQUID‐HOLDING RECOVERY OF U.V.‐IRRADIATED ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Harm Walter
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The experiments reported give evidence that liquid‐holding recovery (LHR) of u.v. irradiated E. coli cells involves basically the same type of dark repair which causes reactivation of phage and which results in much increased survival of the cells themselves [host‐cell reactivation (HCR)]. LHR is very small in the two HCR(‐) strains B syn‐ and Bs‐1, but occurs to larger but different extents in the three HCR(+) strains B, B/r, and B/r (Λ). LHR is inhibited if the liquid contains caffeine or acriflavine, both of which are known to inhibit HCR. The results indicate that most of the LHR effect, if not all, occurs during the liquid holding, rather than under growth conditions after liquid holding. It is assumed that the holding itself allows a prolonged time for, and therefore an enhancement of, HCR. It is thus implicit that LHR can be observed only where otherwise HCR of repairable u.v. damage would be incomplete, and that different extents of LHR, as observed in the three HCR(+) strains, reflect different extents of incompleteness of HCR. It is concluded that the repairable u.v. hits which are not fully repaired by HCR are predominantly those concerned with the extra u.v. sensitivity of the strains B and B/r (Λ), relative to B/r.
EXPONENTIAL TRAPPING AND CONDUCTION PARAMETERS IN POLYMERS
Authors: Wintle H. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Application of nearest‐neighbour band theory to the case of charges trapped on polymer chains shows that the trapping states can have an exponential energy distribution. Comparison with existing photoconduction data suggests that Fermi level in polymers is about 1eV below the conduction band, that the mobility activation energy is 0.1eV or less in commercial polymers and that the conduction bands are narrow.