bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jonson, L. The Role of Russia in Nordic Regional Cooperation. Cooperation and Conflict, XXVI, 1991, 129-144
Authors: Jonson Lena
Published: March 2007

What role does Russia play for Nordic regional cooperation? And how should the Nordic countries behave when there are suddenly two actors who both claim to represent the interests of Russia - the union authorities and the Russian republic? These two questions are discussed in the following article. To study Soviet/Russian Nordic policy, an analytical framework is constructed with the security problem of the USSR as its point of departure. Both "internal" and "external" aspects of national security are taken into consideration according to Barry Buzan's wider security concept. The study concentrates on the period November 1990 to May 1991. The author concludes that it is important that the Nordic countries establish direct contacts with the Russian republic and with individual Russian regions in the vicinity, while keeping the old diplomatic relations with the union government.
Hotel/Motel • Restaurant
Authors: Quarterly H.R.A.
Published: March 2007

THIS report of developments abroad in the hotel and restaurant industry represents a continuation of news solicited from the School's alumni and friends.

It is evident that some areas of the world have had overbuilding of hotels to the extent that is now true within the United States. There are other areas, however, which are seeking new hotels and the capital with which to build them.

Further information concerning any country's potential for hotel expansion can be obtained from its tourist board or secretary of state. The U. S. Department of State's consular service also prepares reports on the economy of the many nations of the world.— The Editors
Closing the Marketing Gap
Authors: Morton William
Published: March 2007

In the preceding article, Prof. Edward C. Bursk, editor of the Harvard Business Review, describes the need to adopt a marketing position or attitude in business. Whether or not you as a hotel-motel administrator are convinced that marketing is your cup of tea-or a way of life for your hotel company or motor inn operation- only you can answer.

It is my sincere hope that when you have read his article and mine, you will recognize that there is a more knowledgeable, scientific, and intelligent approach to doing business-one that is now being used by America's most successful industries. Perhaps I should add that if you don't accept the marketing hypothesis, you may well be shutting your door not only to opportunity —but barring your own survival.—W.M.
Advertising Your Hotel's Position
Authors: Lewis Robert C.
Published: March 2007

The lodging industry has caught on to marketing and positioning in a big way. But there still is room for improvement—by focusing on the customer and not on the product
Social Conformity and the Comradely Courts in the Soviet Union
Authors: Rogovin Edith B.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the comradely court in the Soviet Union today. The institution is located in factories, housing units, and collective farms for the popular trial of minor offenders. One of its major functions is that of encouraging social conformity through the use of the pressure of public opinion. It is particularly efficacious as it deals with miscreants at the prelegal level. The court can be seen as both a preventive and a corrective instrument. The facts and cases cited are based primarily on information in articles in Soviet newspapers and legal periodicals.
An Experiment in Group Counseling with Juvenile Parolees
Authors: Taylor Charles W.
Published: March 2007

A juvenile parolee most often returns to the same environment that initially gave rise to his delinquent behavior. Efforts to modify this environment, particularly the family, are often futile. Therefore, an effort was made to modify the youth's perception of his environment through the manipulation of his peer group.

The program of group counseling and the underlying assump tions are discussed, and certain of the techniques employed are described. Among these are role-playing, individual counseling, and actual instruction and practice in specific aspects of social interaction.

This experiment suggests that parolees respond positively to this type of group counseling and that the use of the group facilitates the process of modifying the youths' attitudes and behavior.
How Effective Are Volunteers?
Authors: Scioli Frank P. , Cook Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the major findings on formal methods of rehabilitation in the courts and correction and compares them with ratings of effectiveness assigned to an informal method, the use of volunteers.

An evaluation was made of over 250 reports, monographs, memos, etc., purporting to evaluate volunteer programs. Each study was analyzed for (1) specificity of program structure, (2) reliability and validity of the measurement procedures employed, (3) strengths and weaknesses of the research design, and (4) utility of the evaluation results for policy rela tive to decision-making. Only ten reports dealing with impact on clients were found to have policy utility. Volunteers were found to be at least as effective in accomplishing their objec tives (reducing recidivism, improving self-concept, etc.) as formal methods of rehabilitating offenders. Suggestions for improvements o f research are offered.
The Place of Behavior Therapy in Correction
Authors: Silber David E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews some of the behavior therapy techniques used to correct antisocial behavior. Descriptions of aversive conditioning and positive reinforcement techniques are given. It is probably only a matter of time before these techniques are extended to prisons or other institutional settings. Behav ior techniques must be carefully regulated, lest they be used as punishment. Advantages and objections can be classified as questions of ethics, longevity of effect, and economy of use. With careful and thoughtful control, behavior therapies hold promise for the future of correction.
Drug and Alcohol Dependencies in Prisons
Authors: Roffman Roger A. , Froland Charles
Published: March 2007

The scope of drug and alcohol pro blems in prisons is deter mined. Criminal justice statistics on arrests, convictions, and dispositions are reviewed, and surveys of the prevalence of substance abuse in state and federal prisons are reported. The review documents statistics supporting the findings that major investments of law enforcement energy are being spent in arresting substance abusers, that significant numbers of these are being convicted (roughly 20 per cent to 50 per cent of prison inmates have major drug or alcohol problems), and that the rates of such problems among parolees have been rising.

Existing treatment capacities for substance-abusing inmates in state and federal correctional institutions are reviewed. Pris on programs either do not exist or are inadequate, with prob ably fewer than ten states having made any long-term com mitment. The federal NARA program has not been effective and the Bureau of Prisons' response to incarcerated drug and alcohol abusers is less adequate than the efforts of many states. For all jurisdictions, the level o f treatment response is in no way commensurate with the size of the problem.

If treatment of substance abusers continues to be seen as a useful response to chemical dependencies among prisoners, more attention must be paid to providing sufficient resources to prison programs. Only then can the issues o f ineffectiveness and inefficiency in the present correctional system response be addressed.
White-Collar Crime, Legal Sanctions, and Social Control
Authors: Watkins John C.
Published: March 2007

Recent literature on the control of white-collar crime has often glossed over the sociolegal effect of the attitudes held by persons charged with the responsibility of determining criminal guilt. In many cases, the factually guilty white-collar offender is not regarded by trial jurors as an offender. Contemporary legal sanctions are utilized only in those cases in which the public senses a real threat to its collective security. The crime problem is seen essentially as consisting of violent interpersonal offenses; the criminal law, predictably, has reacted to this form of deviance with its commonplace sanctions. On the other hand, crimes subsumed under the white-collar heading are often only lightly sanctioned even when brought to the attention of prosecuting authorities. The reason for this state of affairs is largely a unidimensional theory of crime causation- that crimequa crime is a problem peculiar to the lower socio-economic strata of society. White-collar offenders, coming as they generally do from the more affluent sector, are not perceived as "criminals" in the classic sense by the triers of fact. The "received opinion" of most lay jurors militates against their using criminal sanctions for the white-collar offender. They perceive crime as directly associated with a societal stratum that does not include those individuals who commit the majority of white-collar offenses. Hence juries are reluctant to convict white-collar criminals even when the law has been clearly violated.
The Deradicalization of the Policeman: A Historical Analysis
Authors: Robinson Cyril D.
Published: March 2007

This paper attacks the commonly held view that police are naturally con servative. It looks at the police function historically and treats the police man as a worker-whose relationship to government is determined by his contradictory position as a member of the working class used by the rul ing elite to control other members of the working class.

From this point of view, the author reviews a series of attempts, at the end of the nineteenth century, to police the working class. Creation of the professionalized state police resulted from the inadequacy of the local po lice, local militia, the state guard, and the army in protecting the ruling elite.

The paper relates the growth of police unions to the union movement in general and traces the increased police militancy from the Boston police strike of 1919 to the present. Finally, it evaluates the nature of police militancy and concludes that the police do adhere to standards of Ameri can working-class militancy. They can be considered radical in that their actions restrict or have the potential to restrict government action.
On the Migration of Sociological Structures, 1933-1941: A forgotten episode in the history of American Sociology and a case study in the Sociology of Sociology
Authors: Sutherland David Earl
Published: March 2007

An unexamined problem in the history of American sociology is how to understand cross-societal transference of theoretical structures. The case study considered here is that of the cultural migration of refugee scholars from Nazi Germany to the United States. This paper treats this event as a problem in the sociology of theory structures. Habermas' work on the social character of scientific knowledge aids in conceptualizing our frame work.
Educators and the Politics of Neo-Publishing
Authors: Henry Nicholas L.
Published: March 2007

This study reviews the development of photocopying and its role in education and traces the corresponding political responses of educational and university library associations as they have occurred in the effort to revise U.S. copyright law. Relations between the information explosion and the phenomenon of noe-publishing are indicated. Nicholas L. Henry is an NSF Fellow in Science and Public Policy at Indiana University.
Innovative Teaching Practices: Their Relation To System Norms And Rewards
Authors: Stephens Thomas
Published: March 2007

Secondary analysis of the COPED data bank was undertaken to explore the relationship between social system properties and cer tain forms of innovative teaching. The results underscore the im portance of viewing individual behavior in its systemic context: innovations occurred where teachers saw them as rewarded, inde pendent of individual dispositions toward such behavior. Since completing this study at Teachers College, Columbia University, the author has taken a position as planning officer in the Long Range Welfare Planning Directorate of Health and Welfare Canada, in Ottawa, Canada.
The Role of the Academic Administrator in Research Professors' Satisfaction and Productivity
Authors: Glueck William F. , Thorp Cary D.
Published: March 2007

The research reported in this article found that the behavior of research administrators (46 department chairmen and six research center directors) influenced positively the satisfaction of their re searchers (252 research professors, University of Missouri-Colum bia). To a lesser extent, their behavior also influenced researcher productivity, especially when the administrators followed a re source person-coordinator role model. The study's instruments in cluded 335 question interview-questionnaire schedules for re searchers and 221 item instrument for the administrators. The authors are William F. Glueck, Professor of Management, University of Missouri-Columbia and Cary D. Thorp Jr., Assistant Professor of Management, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
A Test of the Inequity Theory for Job Satisfaction Using Educators' Attitudes Toward Work Motivation and Work Incentives
Authors: Miskel Cecil , Glasnapp Douglas , Hatley Richard
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to build a theoretical model for job satisfaction and to test its predictive efficacy using six educator groups. The posited inequity relationships were directionally sup ported but the beta weights and the explained variances were low. Cecil Miskel and Richard Hatley are Associate Professors of Edu cational Administration and Douglas Glasnapp is an Associate Professor of Educational Research at the University of Kansas, Lawrence Campus.
A Computer-Based Simulation Model for the Feedback and Analysis of the Administrative In-Basket Exercise
Authors: Boardman Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

Described is a computer-based simulation model for maximizing both the feedback of an administrative "in-basket" simulation exer cise and the analysis of the results. The author, Gerald R. Boardman, is Associate Professor in the Department of Educational Adminis tration, University of Nebraska.
Principals' Attitudes Toward Work and Co-workers, Situational Factors, Perceived Effectiveness, and Innovation Effort
Authors: Miskel Cecil G.
Published: March 2007

The basic postulate was partially supported that administrator per formance is contingent upon different combinations of individual style and situation components. Although the explained variance levels and the number of predictor variables were somewhat limited, the relation ships were consistent with the theory. The conclusion, therefore, was drawn that the contingency approach should be used in future studies of administrators and schools.
Stabilizing the Policy Environment
Authors: Johnston A.P.
Published: March 2007

Organizations seek stability in the policy environment, initially through direct control mechanisms, but, depending upon risk propen sity and uncertainty of the environment, through other means as well. The repertoire available to administrators to assure at least an addi tional margin of stability to the organization, either in conjunction with the direct control mechanisms or as "emergency" procedures, is described and discussed.

A. P. Johnston is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Adminis trative and Educational Services at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Determining the Comparative Efficiency of Schools through Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Bessent Authella M. , Bessent E. Wailand
Published: March 2007

Conventional methods for comparing the relative productivity of schools employ least squares regression to find the expected achievement of schools with the same input characteristics. The result is that analysts typically contrast the relative effects of "predictor"variables on achievement rather than comparing school units with respect to their input/output efficiency. A newly developed input/output method for comparing the efficiency of decision making units is presented. and it is applied to the elementary schools in an urban school district. The method results in the identification of efficient and inefficient schools and provides management information relative to input and output measures.
Market analysis of the Chinese-language newspapers in the U.S
Authors: Lau Tuen-Yu
Published: March 2007

This paper describes and analyzes the competitive market structure of the Chinese-language daily newspapers in the United States. It applies the industrial organization model, a subfield in economics, as the framework for the analysis, and shows a strong economic and political rivalry among the Chinese-language press. The same situation is not found in their English-language counterparts.

Six components of the market structure are examined in this study: (1) definition of geographical and product market: (2) joint operation agree ment; (3) vertical integration; (4) cost efficiency; (5) barriers to entry; (6) product differentiation. All these components portray a competitive market structure that influences the newspaper content. Such a study has not been done before, and so provides a further understanding of the Chinese press in the United States.
On the limits of a free press: remote imaging and commercial news gathering
Authors: Palmer Allen W.
Published: March 2007

In 1987, a technical memorandum issued by the United States Office of Technol ogy Assessment predicted that the news media eventually will gain access to remote imaging technology, and certain tradeoffs will be necessary because of the possible threats to national security and foreign policy. In 1989, an officer of France's SPOT Image Corp. told a U.S. Congressional subcommittee that its satellites were well adapted for commercial news gathering, because: "SPOT can take pictures of any location in the world regardless of political or physical limitations." The first test of this claim came during the opening days of the Persian Gulf crisis in August 1990 when SPOT officers in France and the United States denied requests by the news media for satellite images of the Kuwait-Iraq region because of the volatility of the crisis. Representatives of the Western news media have argued for the unrestricted use of space for news gathering. Journalists insist that to inform the public subsumes all other concerns and if news media access to satellite images are restricted, the media will press ahead on plans for their own MediaSat. These issues will require dialogue between leaders of the news media, satellite agencies and government representatives to identify policy conflicts and workable alternatives.
Surveying the territory: Re-examining MacBride and theories of development
Authors: Beam Susan
Published: March 2007

In 1980, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) published Many Voices, One World, more commonly known as the MacBride Report. The 16-member committee that shaped the report created a comprehensive document about the state of world communications. The report concluded with recommendations for balancing the international inequities the committee saw in communication structures and media flows.

Now, more than ten years after the MacBride Report, it is time to ask just how concretely the world has moved toward those substantive reforms. It is important, though, to view communications disparities as a part of the bigger question of global inequality and underdevelopment which affects all aspects of a nation's being. The question is not merely how many radios people own, but what does that tell us about their lives? Where does mass communication fit into the processes of nation-building and wealth generation?

If change has occurred, has it affected the applicability of prior research to the current state of the world? This study is an attempt to update the information and problems outlined in the MacBride Report. We attempt to find out, at the most basic level, if worldwide inequities have improved or worsened for some of the most common tools of mass communication: newspapers, television and radio. After outlining the current situation, an attempt will be made to apply some of the theories put forth by Lerner, Schramm, and others to see if they can give further insight into the problems.

For this study, we created a country data base following the country listing as used by Unesco in its reports, then entered information for each country which had data available. Variables included television, newspapers, and radios per thousand, literacy, income, urbanization, and life expectancy at birth.

After discussing overall issues of disparity, the data is applied to key theories of mass communication and development. It becomes apparent that little is known about the overall nature of the relationship. The question becomes one of, can any theory be applied to communication's role in development?
Processing complex information: what are the cognitive units and how are they related?
Authors: Al-Menayes Jamal J. , Sun Se-Wen
Published: March 2007

This study deals with the general question of how people process information about public affairs as they encounter it through the mass media. More specifically, the authors sought to examine the nature of the relationship between cognitive variables that play a major role in processing complex information. cognitive complexity, frame repertoires and factual information. It is hypothesized that these "knowledge structures" determine in part what people "get" out of news about public affairs. To test these relationships, the authors used survey research along with open-ended questions. The combination of these two methods was deemed appropriate because it addressed the active nature of information processing while maintaining the advantage of sample representativeness.
Fallacies and failures of communication for development: a commentary on Africa south of the Sahara
Authors: Pratt Cornelius B.
Published: March 2007

The continuing economic and social hardships in Africa south of the Sahara cast doubt on the effectiveness of the region's development programs. These hardships occur regardless of the efforts of development specialists to reformulate and reconceptualize development programs to respond to the limitations of earlier development strategies. Therefore, this commentary argues, the region's failed development experiences are not necessarily a consequence of the limitations of communication for development per se, but of two management-related factors: ineffective political leadership and the inherent limitations of the region's strategic development plans.
Hong Kong's changing media ownership: Uncertainty and dilemma
Authors: Fung Anthony Y.H. , Lee Chin-Chuan
Published: March 2007

Media ownership in Hong Kong is being acquired at a frenzied pace by international capitalists who eye on the huge China market, and by pro-China business people eager to ingratiate themselves with the Beijing authorities. The impact of this development on press freedom warrants close attention.
Decolonization completed: The role of the Indonesian press in the image-building of The Netherlands between November 1991 and December 1992
Authors: Steenhoff Petra
Published: March 2007

The main issue of this article is which role the Indonesian press played in the image- building of The Netherlands in the period between November 1991 and December 1992. In answering this question this research shall dwell on the Indonesian press system under "New Order" government, give an overview of the images of The Netherlands that were found in the analysis of the Indonesian national press, and it will explain whose interests are served by the dissemination of these images.
Incorporating ambiguity and archetypes in entertainment-education programming: Lessons learned from Oshin
Authors: Svenkerud Peer J. , Rahoi Rita L. , Singhal Arvind
Published: March 2007

Entertainment-education programming represents a promising media strategy in development communication that can increase audiences' knowledge about social issues, create favorable attitudes, and change their overt behaviors on such topics as family planning, gender equality, and child development. This article draws upon the fields of development and organizational communication, psychology, and literary criticism to analyze the audience success of a Japanese television soap opera Oshin, arguing that incorporation of strategically ambiguous messages and cultural archetypes can help broaden the cultural appeal of entertain ment-education messages. Caveats on the incorporation of these concepts in entertainment- education programming are also discussed.
Professionals in search of professionalism: Journalists' dilemma in four Maghreb states
Authors: Kuldip Roy Rampal
Published: March 2007

This qualitative field study examines the major educational and training programs in journalism in Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia and difficulties posed by the political, legal and media structural factors in the application of professional skills acquired through journalism education. Interviews with journalists, academics, students and media administrators in North Africa reveal that a variety of constraints are adversely affecting professionalism in journalism and contributing to the disillusionment of an increasing number of professional journalists. Implications for journalism education are considered.
News concerning Africa in Dutch morning papers
Authors: Donck Hans
Published: March 2007

This study concentrates on some elements of the way in which the perception of newspapers for a group relatively powerless nations is modelled. Research on Dutch news papers shows a dichotomy in the news orientation of newspapers: event- or correspondent orientation. Furthermore, newspapers differ not so much in the place on the agenda they put regions on, as in the general treatment of news, probably as a result of newspaper policy.

Using news value theory, significant correlations between low position on the agenda of the South, prominence of covered events, and negativity of the news are found. As a result, a 'natural tendency for negativity' can be distinguished in international news about marginal regions.
Young people's perceptions of and experiences with drugs: findings from an Irish study
Authors: Hyde Abbey , Treacy Margaret , Whitaker Teresa , Santos Abaunza Pilar , Knox Barbara
Published: March 2007

This paper presents data from Irish children on their perceptions and experi ences in relation to illicit drugs as they approached adolescence. Depth inter views were conducted with 78 participants and data were analysed using a qualitative strategy whereby data were categorised into conceptual themes. Findings suggested that most participants had a high level of exposure to a drug culture, yet had little direct experiences with actually being, offered or using, drugs. A small minority had used cannabis and tended to frame the substance and its use in benign terms. Most children, however, expressed anti- drug attitudes. Participants' knowledge of the outcome of drug use tended to be vague or dramatic.
Healthy eating in primary schools: an educational perspective from a socially deprived area
Authors: Turner Sheila , Levinson Ralph , McLellan-Arnold Beth , Stevenson Simon , Donkin Angela , Dowler Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

The issue of access to cheap and healthy food for those living in poverty is now part of the social and health agenda in the United Kingdom. The pilot study described in this paper is investigating access to healthy food in a deprived area of London. The study has three interrelated elements: the local community, the school as part of the community and geographical mapping. The paper focuses on the work that has been undertaken with primary schools in the study area, identifying the strategies being used to collect data and outlining some preliminary findings.
Improving the health of drug-using prisoners: An exploratory study of drug information needs in male Young Offender Institutions
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: March 2007

Drug prevention in prisons is an under-developed area. This small-scale exploratory study investigates the drug information needs of young male prisoners. Five focus groups and sixteen face-to-face interviews were carried out with male inmates across four different Young Offender Institutions in England and wales. The findings suggest that in this context drug information should be targeted at prisoners known or suspected to have drug problems rather than at the general prison population. Information should focus on harm reduction and provide contact details for helping services. Further research is urgently needed to build the evidence base in this area.
The new health promotion arrangements in general medical practice in England: Results from a national evaluation
Authors: Adams Catherine J. , Baeza Juan I. , Calnan Michael
Published: March 2007

The new health promotion arrangements were introduced in October 1996. This study, commissioned by the Department of Health, aimed to assess the extent of health promotion activity under the new arrangements, and to explore views about their implementation. The study was conducted in two parts. The first stage consisted of a telephone survey with a nominated person from each health authority in England. The second phase, reported here, consisted of semi-structured face-to- face interviews in six health authority case study sites. Sixty-nine interviews were conducted with a range of key health promotion informants. The most common focus of health promotion activity related to coronary heart disease and stroke with less emphasis on other Health of the Nation target areas. Monitoring of health promotion was generally low-key and informal which led to concerns about effectiveness and accountability. There was little evidence of evaluation of health promotion activities by practices, although most routinely carried out audit. The regulatory role of HPCs appeared to be lessening, and they were being overshadowed by HimPs and PCGs. These findings raise issues which will have important implications for the future development of health promotion services.
The health resistance (HR) scale: Developing a measure of resistance to health promotion
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: March 2007

Objective Recent empirical and theoretical research suggests increasing resistance by the general public to health promotion messages and interventions. The aim of this exploratory study was therefore to develop a health resistance (HR) scale capable of measuring the degree of resistance to health promotion within different populations.

Design A preliminary HR scale was generated through consideration of the existing literature, Internet sites and a series of focus groups. The scale was distributed in the form of a questionnaire to 1000 people selected at random from the electoral register of central Manchester. Also included in the questionnaire were previously validated measures of health behaviours, health value and psychological'reactance'. These were included in order to measure associations with the HR scale as evidence of convergent validity. A further sample of students from different faculties at Manchester University were also surveyed in order to provide comparative data on 'health resistance'.

Results Two hundred and four usable questionnaires from the random sample were returned. The preliminary HR scale was Factor Analysed using Varimax Rotation, resulting in a four factor solution accounting for 64 per cent of the variance. The final 'health resistance' scale consisted of 17 items pertaining to four dimensions of health resistance. These included: 1) Scepticism (7 items); 2) Freedom/resistance (5 items); 3) Individual responsibility (2 items); 4) Trust and authority (3 items). Factor scores can be formed separately for each of the four factors and/or a total health resistance score can be calculated. This paper presents comparative data from both the random and student sample pertaining to those scores.

The HR scale showed good test-retest reliability ranging from 0.71 to 0.83 over three weeks, while internal consistency reliability ranged from 0.70 to 0.90. Convergent validity was adequate; the HR scale correlated with the 'health behaviour index' ( r=0.18, p<0.01) and 'psychological reactance scale' ( r=0.42, p<0.001 ), but not with 'Health as a value' scale. Conclusion The results of this study support the use of the HR scale as a meaningful measure of health resistance. Test-retest, internal reliability coefficients and convergent validity results were all satisfactory. Further reliability and validity studies conducted with different samples, testing the HR scales' utility and theoretical applicability in different situations, are now required.
Food and catering policies in NHS hospitals in Wales
Authors: Paisley Claire M. , Tudor-Smith Chris
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate food and catering policies in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in Wales to highlight any existing gaps in the provision of food to patients.

Design Cross-sectional study with interviewer administered semi quantitative questionnaires.

Setting One hundred and six (of 126) NHS hospitals in Wales.

Method Catering managers and chief dieticians or their deputies provided information for 96 and 87 hospitals respectively on the content, implementation and monitoring of food and catering policies.

Results While 96 per cent of hospitals had food and catering policies, only 68 per cent were approved by the Trust Board. Independently operated facilities providing food, such as cafes and vending machines, were rarely included in policies. Most hospitals addressed key aspects of food production in their policies and in practice. However, monitoring of patients' food and fluid intake and training for nurses to assess patients' intake were rarely included in hospital policies or in practice. Conclusion It is concluded that recommendations on many aspects of hospital food and catering policy and practice appear to have been widely taken on board in Wales. However, further development of policy and practice on the monitoring of patients' food and fluid intake and on nurse training is required.
Desires as defiance: Gay male sexual subjectivities and resistance to sexual health promotion
Authors: Rofes Eric
Published: March 2007

What is the relationship between transgression and sexual desire? In what ways might transgressive sexual subjectivities be linked with trans gressive sexual practices? If some people organise their desires and practices around what is forbidden or taboo, what are the implications for sexual health promotion?

This paper looks at one gay man's experience with the organisation of his sexuality, his erotic desires, and his actual sexual practices and examines the complicated interconnections between gender per formance, the organisation of sexual desire, and embodied sexual practices. It puts forward a theory of sexual subjectivity that replaces naturalised assumptions of sexual orientation and a genetic or biologic theory of homosexuality, with one of agency and resistance to gender norms. Next, the paper examines the history of safe sex campaigns for gay men during the first two decades of AIDS in the United States and, drawing on the work of British researcher Peter Keogh, examines the ramifications of extending citizenship to a despised population in exchange for repudiating a forbidden sexual practice. Moving into an examination of contemporary campaigns in response to unprotected anal sex activity in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, the author suggests that what is seen as a 'new wave' of health promotion efforts, continues this practice of creating 'good' and 'bad' gay citizens that might be an engine behind the expansion of unprotected anal sex in the gay male imaginary. The paper closes with key questions about the efficacy of traditional health promotion methods with particular populations of gay men.
What a 'risky' body can do: Why people's health choices are not all based in evidence
Authors: Fox Nick J.
Published: March 2007

Risks - and particularly health risks - are predictions about outcomes of human actions. However, actions always have multiple outcomes, and simplistic assertions that a behaviour is 'risky' discounts the multiplicity of ways in which outcomes are differentially valorised.

The paper looks at three models of the relationship between risks and hazards, and concludes that hazards are constructs generated from narrow perspectives on the consequences of action. Acknowledging this, the paper goes on to look at people's behaviour as 'experiments in living'. Asking 'what can a body do?' is a way to assess the possibilities for such experiments. Looking at the use of the recreational drug Ecstasy, it is argued that drug users apply a knowledgeability of what a body can do which derives from positive assessments of Ecstasy's effects rather than medical knowledgeabilities. What appears to be resistance to research evidence about behaviour is actually pressure against normative limits of what a body can do.
Health promotion in small workplaces - a feasibility study
Authors: Fine Ava , Ward Malcolm , Burr Michael , Tudor-Smith Chris , Kingdon Anne
Published: March 2007

Objective To address the risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) and back pain in workplaces employing less than 50 people in the Merthyr/Cynon area of South Wales.

Design A comparative study of small workplaces randomly allocated into either CHD or musculo-skeletal intervention groups.

Setting Small workplaces, employing 50 staff or less.

Method Following random allocation into CHD or musculo-skeletal groups, participating workplaces received a dual approach consisting of organisational health promotion policy advice and support with individual employee health screening, advice and limited intervention.

Results Stress was the most commonly reported CHD risk factor amongst respondents and was more prevalent amongst women, although there was also an important differentiation identified between 'workplace' and 'domestic' stress. Advice about stress was twice as often reported in the private than in the public sector, although the prevalence of'current stress' was slightly higher among the public than the private workers. Most smokers wanted to stop. Over 50 per cent of respondents reported some form of musculo-skeletal problem and physical inactivity was generally high across all sectors. There appeared to be an increased awareness of health messages following the interventions but no statistically significant changes in behaviour were evident. Nearly all workplaces (97 per cent) had smoking policies. The commonest obstacle to health promotion was lack of obvious benefit as perceived by the employer.

Conclusions Overall, there appeared to be a resistance to workplace health promotion, which was viewed as not benefiting the business, requiring too much time, and not the employer's responsibility. Most small businesses do not have the resources available to larger employers to address the health needs of their workforce and alternative ways of helping these workplaces needs to be explored. The major issue that needs to be addressed is stress, which may originate in the workplace or at home. Other important health related matters include exercise, diet, smoking and spinal pain.
Time-Scheduled Health: Critique
Authors: Hubbard Kay
Published: March 2007

The practice of dividing the school day into separate sections for respective subjects has many advantages for the elementary teacher. This organizes a day so that a teacher knows exactly what will happen and how to prepare.
A survey of students on Certificate in Health Education courses in England and Wales
Authors: Randell Jane
Published: March 2007

A QUESTIONNAIRE was sent to those students who took a certificate in health educa tion course in the year 1973-74. The replies demonstrated the difficulties inherent in devising a syllabus on health education teaching for groups of students from a wide variety of pro fessional backgrounds within the health services. They show that, on the whole, students felt that they had benefited from the course and were able, within certain local constraints, to use positively the skills and knowledge they had acquired. They gave indications that the students had been able to use the course to extend not only their expertise but the variety of audiences with which they used that expertise. The need for further research was also indicated.
Health education with patients in hospital
Authors: Hobbs Patricia
Published: March 2007

HEALTH education in the community, to which most effort has been directed so far in this country, has been concerned mainly with promoting general health and preventing disease. Programmes are usually specific in terms of the disease or problems and are directed at individuals as members of populations, groups or sub-groups, though it is the individual who must take the action suggested.
The need for prenatal health education
Authors: Greenberg Jerrold S. , Sullivan Rosa
Published: March 2007

THE maternal and infant mortality and morbidity rates in the United States are described as appalling in terms of the technological development of that country. Studies related to factois correlated to maternal and infant mortality and morbidi ty are reviewed. Such con cerns as early prenatal con tact with a physician, nutri tion, age of first parity, drug usage, cigarette smoking, al cohol ingestion, venereal dis ease, and genetic factors are cited as affecting the health of the mother and infant. The need for prenatal educa tion is argued. This educa tion would have as its goal awareness on the part of pregnant women that their behaviour affects the health of their infant. Such pro grammes would be evaluated in terms of their effect upon maternal and infant mortality and morbidity rates. To be most effective, it is suggested that prenatal education prog rammes be developed and con ducted by health educators.
The impact of the Media on whooping cough immunization
Authors: McKinnon John A.
Published: March 2007

THE massive decline in ac ceptance by parents of whoop ing cough immunization for their children since 1974 is a matter of record and it is generally accepted that this is the result of publicity given by radio, television and Press to the reputed hazards of this procedure. This paper, des cribes, in general terms, the sequence of media events about this topic in the past four years and their relation ship to the decline in accept ance of whooping cough im munization in Dudley (popu lation 300,000) a metropolitan borough in the urban West Midlands.
Sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Clarke P.C. , Clare N.R.
Published: March 2007

SICKLE cell anaemia affects 1 in 400 black persons in Britain, yet although it is suffered by such a sizeable proportion of our community, it remains one of the medical conditions least understood by the general public. It was first identified in Chicago as long ago as 1910, but knowledge spread slowly in British medical circles, probably because until the 1940s there were only a handful of people at risk in this country. Nowadays it is essential for every doctor to have a good understanding of the whole range of diseases known as haemoglobinopathies*. Medical awareness is improving fast as the details of sickle cell disease are taught to medical students or are being presented at postgraduate seminars.
The sexual knowledge of the 'normal' and mildly subnormal adolescent
Authors: Gillies Pam , McEwen J.
Published: March 2007

A COMPARATIVE study of the sexual knowledge of over five hundred mildly subnormal (ESN(M)) and normal adoles cents was undertaken using the same tool of measurement. The vast majority of mildly subnor mal adolescents were found to have extensive gaps in their knowledge of sexual matters. Significantly large proportions of these pupils exhibited total ignorance of contraception, menstruation, venereal disease, abortion and homosexuality, whilst paradoxically displaying widespread knowledge of sexual intercourse. By comparison, small proportions of normal adolescents were found to have gaps in their knowledge of sex ual matters, with the exception of contraceptive methods. Simi lar proportions of both the nor mal and subnormal groups knew little about the methods current ly available.
Accuracy in the measurement of the prevalence of smoking in young people
Authors: Gillies Pam
Published: March 2007

ACCURATE data on smoking prevalence among young people are crucial because they indicate the extent of the problem and provide a baseline against which the effect of interventions can be gauged. In order to improve reliability, standards for wording questions and administering questionnaires are proposed. Objective measurements of smoking such as saliva thiocyanate estimation, appear to have limited value at low levels of cigarette consumption.
School health education 15 years on
Authors: Williams Trefor
Published: March 2007

THE publication of three major reports on education during the 1960s coincided with the creation of the Health Education Council, and the appointment of health education officers. The Schools Health Edu cation Project, the Teachers Advisory Council on Alcohol and Drug Education, and the HEC My Body project, stimulated the further advancement of school health education during the 1970s. The role of the school co-ordinator of health education, and the use of lifeskills training and tutorial-based methods, were strengthened during the early 1980s. If this suc cess is to be sustained, co-ordination and planning need to be improved.
Health education and prevention in general practice- the views of GP trainees
Authors: Boulton Mary G. , Williams Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

THIS paper presents the results of a questionnaire given to 118 general practice trainees, to provide baseline data for the development of new teaching materials on health education for use in general prac tice vocational training. The questionnaire looked at their knowledge of 'anticipatory care', as well as at their attitudes to the practice of health education in their own consultations. The results suggest that, while trainees have a sound knowledge of most pre ventive and health education issues, the attitudes of the majority to these issues may act to keep them from putting their knowledge into practice. New education materials for general practice vocational training may therefore be usefully directed towards the trainees' attitudes, orientations and perceptions about their work, which constrain and circumscribe their practice of prevention and health education.
Health education and health promotion - an Australian perspective
Authors: Fisher Kevin F. , Howat Peter A. , Binns Colin W. , Liveris Mark
Published: March 2007

THE concepts of 'health education' and 'health pro motion' provide the underlying philosophy or foun dation to the practices of the health educator. Health education, it is asserted, involves activities which facilitate voluntry adaptations to behaviour. Health promotion, on the other hand, includes health edu cation as an essential component, but can also involve other organisational, political and economic interventions which lead to improved health. Finally, health promotion initiatives are most effec tive when they are utilised in conjunction with health protection and health services initiatives. These latter three concepts form a triad that consti tutes 'health enhancement'
Health education in the USA
Authors: Griffiths Colin
Published: March 2007

Colin Griffiths visited the Los Angeles Aids Project and the San Francisco Aids Foundation and found that their approach to health education was frank and informative.