bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the stable thromboxane derivative, carbocyclic thromboxane A2, on membrane potential of rat myenteric neurones in culture
Authors: Rehn M. , Diener M.
Published: August 2006

Abstract  The effects of carbocyclic thromboxane A2 (cTXA2; 10−6 mol L−1) on membrane potential and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were measured with the whole‐cell patch‐clamp or the fura‐2 method, respectively, at rat myenteric ganglia. cTXA2 caused a hyperpolarization of myenteric neurones from −19.3 ± 2.5 to −29.3 ± 2.3 mV. In addition, the eicosanoid potentiated the carbachol‐induced depolarization from 4.2 ± 1.0 mV under control conditions to 11.1 ± 1.1 mV in the presence of the cTXA2 (n = 9). The hyperpolarization was abolished by internal application of CsCl (140 mmol L−1), a non‐selective blocker of K+ channels, or EGTA (11 mmol L−1in the pipette solution), a chelator of intracellular Ca2+. A similar inhibition was observed in the presence of charybdotoxin (10−7 mol L−1).

Fura‐2 imaging experiments revealed a cTXA2‐evoked increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration as indicated by a rise in the fura‐2 ratio signal. This response was mediated by a release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as sarcoplasmic‐endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase blockade with cyclopiazonic acid (5 × 10−5 mol L−1) completely abolished the response to cTXA2. A similar inhibition was observed after blockade of phospholipase C with U‐73122 (10−5 mol L−1). These results suggest an activation of Ca2+‐activated K+ channels by cTXA2 after stimulation of phospholipase C.
Phospholipase‐dependent signalling during the AvrRpm1‐ and AvrRpt2‐induced disease resistance responses in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Andersson Mats X. , Kourtchenko Olga , Dangl Jeffery L. , Mackey David , Ellerström Mats
Published: August 2006

Bacterial pathogens deliver type III effector proteins into plant cells during infection. On susceptible host plants, type III effectors contribute to virulence, but on resistant hosts they betray the pathogen to the plant's immune system and are functionally termed avirulence (Avr) proteins. Recognition induces a complex suite of cellular and molecular events comprising the plant's inducible defence response. As recognition of type III effector proteins occurs inside host cells, defence responses can be elicited by in planta expression of bacterial type III effectors. We demonstrate that recognition of either of two type III effectors, AvrRpm1 or AvrRpt2 from Pseudomonas syringae, induced biphasic accumulation of phosphatidic acid (PA). The first wave of PA accumulation correlated with disappearance of monophosphatidylinosotol (PIP) and is thus tentatively attributed to activation of a PIP specific phospholipase C (PLC) in concert with diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK) activity. Subsequent activation of phospholipase D (PLD) produced large amounts of PA from structural phospholipids. This later wave of PA accumulation was several orders of magnitude higher than the PLC‐dependent first wave. Inhibition of phospholipases blocked the response, and feeding PA directly to leaf tissue caused cell death and defence‐gene activation. Inhibitor studies ordered these events relative to other known signalling events during the plant defence response. Influx of extracellular Ca2+ occurred downstream of PIP‐degradation, but upstream of PLD activation. Production of reactive oxygen species occurred downstream of the phospholipases. The data presented indicate that PA is a positive regulator of RPM1‐ or RPS2‐mediated disease resistance signalling, and that the biphasic PA production may be a conserved feature of signalling induced by the coiled‐coil nucleotide binding domain leucine‐rich repeat class of resistance proteins.
A Bsister MADS‐box gene involved in ovule and seed development in petunia and Arabidopsis
Authors: De Folter Stefan , Shchennikova Anna V. , Franken John , Busscher Marco , Baskar Ramamurthy , Grossniklaus Ueli , Angenent Gerco C. , Immink Richard G.H.
Published: August 2006

MADS‐domain transcription factors are essential for proper flower and seed development in angiosperms and their role in determination of floral organ identity can be described by the ‘ABC model’ of flower development. Recently, close relatives of the B‐type genes were identified by phylogenetic studies, which are referred to as Bsister (Bs) genes. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a MADS‐box Bs member from petunia, designated FBP24. An fbp24 knock‐down line appeared to closely resemble the Arabidopsis Bs mutant abs and a detailed and comparative analysis led to the conclusion that both FBP24 and ABS are necessary to determine the identity of the endothelial layer within the ovule. Protein interaction studies revealed the formation of higher‐order complexes between Bs–C–E and Bs–D–E type MADS‐box proteins, suggesting involvement of these specific complexes in determination of endothelium identity. However, although there are many similarities between the two genes and their products and functions, interestingly FBP24 cannot replace ABS in Arabidopsis. The results presented here demonstrate the importance of the comparative analysis of key regulatory genes in various model systems to fully understand all aspects of plant development.
The maize transfer cell‐specific type‐A response regulator ZmTCRR‐1 appears to be involved in intercellular signalling
Authors: Muñiz Luis M. , Royo Joaquín , Gómez Elisa , Barrero Cristina , Bergareche Diego , Hueros Gregorio
Published: August 2006

Response regulators are signal‐transduction molecules present in bacteria, yeast and plants, acting as relays for environmental challenges. This paper reports the characterization of a Zea mays gene, ZmTCRR‐1, that codes for a member of the type‐A response regulator class of proteins. The gene was found to be expressed exclusively in the endosperm transfer‐cell layer 8–14 days after pollination, when transfer‐cell differentiation is most active. The promoter of ZmTCRR‐1 was strongly transactivated in heterologous systems by the transfer cell‐specific transcription factor ZmMRP‐1. The ZmTCRR‐1 protein was detected not only in the transfer‐cell layer, but also in the conductive tissue deep inside the endosperm, where there is no transcription of the gene. This suggests that two‐component systems might be involved in intercellular signal transmission, in contrast to the generally held belief that these systems are involved only in cell‐autonomous pathways.
Distinct patterns of control and expression amongst members of the PEP carboxylase kinase gene family in C4 plants
Authors: Shenton Matt , Fontaine Véronique , Hartwell James , Marsh Justin T. , Jenkins Gareth I. , Nimmo Hugh G.
Published: August 2006

We have examined the complexity of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK) gene family in the C4 monocots maize and sorghum. Maize contains at least four PPCK genes. The encoded proteins are similar to other phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) kinases, in that they comprise a protein kinase domain with minimal extensions, except that two of the proteins contain unusual acidic insertions. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the genes provide information about their presumed functions. Expression of ZmPPCK1 in leaves is mesophyll cell‐specific and light‐induced, indicating that it encodes the PEPC kinase that is responsible for the phosphorylation of leaf PEPC during C4 photosynthesis. Surprisingly, ZmPPCK2 is expressed in leaf bundle sheath cells, preferentially in the dark. This suggests that a main function of the ZmPPCK2 gene product is to allow PEPC to function anaplerotically in bundle sheath cells in the dark without interfering with the C4 cycle. ZmPPCK2, ZmPPCK3 and ZmPPCK4 are all induced by exposure of tissue to cycloheximide, whereas ZmPPCK1 is not. This suggests that the ZmPPCK2, ZmPPCK3 and ZmPPCK4 genes share the property that their expression is controlled by a rapidly turning over repressor. Sequence and expression data show that sorghum contains orthologues of ZmPPCK1 and ZmPPCK2.
A suite of tools and application notes for in vivo protein interaction assays using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)
Authors: Subramanian Chitra , Woo Jongchan , Cai Xue , Xu Xiaodong , Servick Stein , Johnson Carl H. , Nebenführ Andreas , Von Arnim Albrecht G.
Published: August 2006

Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) is a natural biophysical phenomenon that underlies an emerging technique to monitor protein–protein interactions in living cells in real time. Here, we present a series of technical advances to enhance the utility of the BRET assay in plants. A series of recombination cloning vectors was generated to accelerate the expression of proteins tagged with Renilla luciferase or yellow fluorescent protein under transient assay conditions and in stable transgenic plants. Working in stably transformed Arabidopsis or tobacco, we then detected BRET between three pairs of candidate interaction partners: dimerization of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1, interaction between COP1 and the B‐box protein STH, and interaction between the light regulatory bZip transcription factors HY5 and HYH. A codon‐optimized version of the Renilla luciferase gene resulted in improved expression in Arabidopsis. Renilla luciferase was active in a variety of subcellular organelles, including plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes and Golgi stacks. In a survey of the Arabidopsis light signaling machinery as a model system, we estimated the likelihood that a known protein–protein interaction can be documented using BRET. Finally, we show that Renilla luciferase may serve as a reporter of protein stability in a cycloheximide chase assay.
Venous ulcer: epidemiology, physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Abbade Luciana P. Fernandes , Lastória Sidnei
Published: August 2006

This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current therapeutic options for venous ulcer. Venous ulcer is a severe clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). It is responsible for about 70% of chronic ulcers of the lower limbs. The high prevalence of venous ulcer has a significant socioeconomic impact in terms of medical care, days off work and reduced quality of life. Long‐term therapeutics are needed to heal venous ulcers and recurrence is quite common, ranging from 54 to 78%. Thrombophlebitis and trauma with long‐term immobilization predisposing to deep venous thrombosis are important risk factors for CVI and venous ulcer. The most recent theories about pathogenesis of venous ulcer have associated it with microcirculatory abnormalities and generation of an inflammatory response. Management of venous leg ulcers is based on understanding the pathogenesis. In recent years novel therapeutic approaches for venous ulcers have offered valuable tools for the management of patients with this disorder.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: report of four cases treated with Mohs’ micrographic surgical technique
Authors: Khachemoune Amor , Olbricht Suzanne M. , Johnson Darlene S.
Published: August 2006

Background  Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor of the sweat glands. Clinically, it often presents as a firm subcutaneous nodule on the head and neck regions. On histology, MAC exhibits both pilar and sweat duct differentiation with a stroma of dense collagen. It often extends beyond the clinical margins with local spreading in the dermal, subcutaneous, and perineural tissue planes. It has a high local recurrence rate after standard excision. Recent preliminary reports have indicated more favorable cure rates with Mohs’ micrographic surgery (MMS).

Objective  To present our data on four cases of MAC treated by MMS. We also compared our findings with more recently reported series in the English language literature.

Methods  We reviewed the medical records of four patients (two males and two females) with MAC treated by MMS over the last 3 years. We also obtained follow‐up data.

Results  In all four patients with MAC treated by MMS, there were no recurrences, with a mean follow‐up of 1 year.

Conclusion  We report an additional four MAC cases treated by MMS. The accumulated data continue to confirm that, if the diagnosis of MAC is made early, and if the anatomic location is accessible to excision by MMS, a favorable outcome can be expected.
Development of the US PSORIQoL: a psoriasis‐specific measure of quality of life
Authors: McKenna Stephen P. , Lebwohl Mark , Kahler Kristijan N.
Published: August 2006

Background  Several instruments are available for assessing impairment and disability associated with psoriasis. The first true psoriasis‐specific quality of life (QoL) questionnaire suitable for use in clinical trials, the Psoriasis Index of Quality of Life (PSORIQoL), has recently been developed in the UK. The aim of the current study was to produce and validate a conceptually equivalent US version of the PSORIQoL with equally good psychometric properties.

Methods  A lay translation panel was employed to ensure that the wording of the questionnaire was appropriate for a US population. Semi‐structured interviews conducted with 37 patients tested the instrument's ease of completion, relevance and comprehensiveness. Finally, a test‐retest validation mail survey was conducted with 72 patients to determine reliability, internal consistency and construct validity.

Results  Few changes were necessary to the wording of the questionnaire. Interviewees found the questionnaire easy to complete (requiring an average of 4 min) and the content relevant and comprehensive. The adapted measure had comparable psychometric properties to the original, with a test‐retest reliability coefficient of 0.90, indicating excellent reproducibility. Internal consistency and initial indications of construct validity were also good, with scores on the measure related as expected to perceived general health and severity of psoriasis and the presence of visible lesions.

Conclusions  The US PSORIQoL is a practical, reliable and valid instrument for measuring the impact of psoriasis and its treatment on QoL in clinical trials and in routine practice. It remains necessary to establish the instrument's responsiveness to changes in QoL associated with effective interventions.
Survey of bacteriological contamination of cosmetic creams in Iran (2000)
Authors: Behravan J. , Bazzaz Fazly , Malaekeh P.
Published: August 2006

The bacteriological quality of a variety of unused and used cosmetic creams was investigated. A 1‐g sample from each product was aseptically placed in 9 ml of sterile Tween‐peptone diluent, and 10‐fold serial dilutions were prepared. The pour plate technique was used for aerobic bacterial colony counts, and microorganisms that grew in the culture were identified. The incidence of contamination by Gram‐positive Bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus and non Escherichia coli Gram‐negative organisms was found to be higher for used cosmetic creams (54%, 38% and 8%, respectively) than for unused creams (38%, 25% and 0%, respectively). Viable microorganisms were not recovered from 17% of the unused items whilst only 10% of the used creams did not contain viable microorganisms. The significance of the results is discussed and the importance of adopting suitable quality control guidelines is highlighted.
Investigation of herpes simplex virus DNA in pityriasis rosea by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Bozdag Kübra Eren , Güven Füsun Özder , Zeytinoglu Aysin , Erensoy Selda , Karaman Ahmet , Bilgiç Altýnay
Published: August 2006

Background  Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute, inflammatory disease of unknown cause. Clinical and experimental findings indicate an infectious etiology of PR. Our purpose is to examine the skin lesions and blood samples of PR patients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of HSV type 1 and 2 DNA.

Methods  The lesional skin biopsies from 10 patients and blood samples from two randomized patients with clinically and histologically confirmed pityriasis rosea were examined by PCR.

Results  No HSV 1 and HSV 2 DNA was detected in the lesional biopsy and blood samples.

Conclusions  We could not identify a relationship between HSV 1, HSV 2 and PR.
Thyroid autoimmunity in children and adolescents with alopecia areata
Authors: Kurtev Alexander , Iliev Emil
Published: August 2006

Background  Autoimmune thyroiditis (AT) is often associated with alopecia areata (AA) in children and adolescents.

Methods  Forty‐six children (23 girls and 23 boys), with a mean age of 9.9 ± 3.38 years (2.24–17.5 years), were included in a study to assess thyroid function and thyroid autoantibody formation in AA. The size and function of the thyroid gland [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) test; fluoroimmunologic assay (FIA), Delfia], antithyroglobulin (TAT) and antimicrosomal (MAT) antibodies (microhemagglutination method), thyroid gland ultrasound, and indices of cellular and humoral immunity were assessed.

Results  Thyromegaly was found in 29 children (63%). Increased basal TSH levels were present in six of the 29 (13.3%) and hypothyroid‐type stimulated secretion (TRH test) in two (out of 12). TAT was increased in 17 (39.5%) and MAT in 14 (33.3%) children with AA. Thyroid ultrasound examination was suggestive of AT in 13 (34.2%) and typical of AT in five (13.2%) children.

Conclusions  We diagnosed AT in 22 of 46 children with AA (47.8%). The immune studies revealed increased activated T lymphocytes. We recommend that thyroid gland size and function and antibody formation be examined at the diagnosis of AA and twice a year thereafter.
Digital imaging: a diagnostic screening tool?
Authors: Tucker William F. G. , Lewis Fiona M.
Published: August 2006

Background  Much interest has been shown in the possibility of using digital images to aid in the more rapid diagnosis of patients with dermatologic disease. A study was undertaken to test the efficacy of the “teledermatology” screening of referrals, and thereby to triage the patients to appropriate care.

Methods  A retrospective comparison of digital and “face‐to‐face” diagnoses by two consultant dermatologists was made. Eighty‐four images from 75 patients seen in general dermatology clinics were studied. The clinical diagnosis and treatment plan of the patients seen in the clinic by one dermatologist were then compared with those suggested on digital image only, as seen by the other dermatologist.

Results  The diagnostic correlation between the two observers was fair, with full agreement in 47 of 84 cases (56%) and partial agreement in a further 10 (12%). There was no agreement in 14 cases (16.7%); in a further 13 cases, the images and history were not sufficient to allow a diagnosis to be made. The image quality was considered to be poor in 18 cases, but in six of these a diagnosis was still attempted. It was recommended that 66 patients (88%) should be seen in the hospital setting. Thirty patients (40%) received treatment at their visit.

Conclusions  Teledermatology is not likely to have a great impact on reducing waiting lists. It is possible that it may help to prioritize referrals from remote areas.
Nevus comedonicus syndrome: a case associated with multiple basal cell carcinomas and a rudimentary toe
Authors: Alpsoy Erkan , Durusoy Çiçek , Özbilim Gülay , Karpuzoğlu Gülten , Yilmaz Ertan
Published: August 2006

A 28‐year‐old man presented to our clinic for the evaluation of widespread black spots and cysts, in which recurrent infections could not be controlled by topical and systemic antimicrobials. He was first noted at birth to have a rudimentary toe on the right foot. By the age of 8 years, he had developed pitting on the neck and sole, many of which contained black dots. Over subsequent years, pigmented papules representing pigmented basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) also began to appear on the neck and chest. The patient gave a history of recurrent abscesses and cysts developing on the lesions after the age of 14 years. His personal history was negative for epileptiform attacks and congenital cataract. There was no parental consanguinity and no family history of any similar skin condition.

Dermatologic examination revealed aggregated, linear, discrete, dilated, follicular orifices plugged with keratinous material on both sides of the neck, extending down to the upper chest. In some areas, these comedo‐like pits were associated with erythematous papules, nodules, cysts, and scars. Some follicules had a rudimentary hair, and others no hair at all. In addition, there were multiple, small, black, glistening papules, characteristic of pigmented BCCs (Fig. 1). Interfollicular hypopigmentation was also observed. On the medial edge and sole of the right foot, there was a linear patch of pitting. There was also a skin‐colored, soft, 2 cm pedunculated nodule arising from the medial aspect of the great toe, which was diagnosed as a rudimentary toe (Fig. 2). The rest of the physical examination was normal. The patient's general health was good.

Multiple, small, black, glistening papules on the upper chest typical of pigmented basal cell carcinoma

image

Linear patch of pitting on the medial edge and sole of the right foot and a skin‐colored, soft, 2 cm, pedunculated nodule arising from the medial aspect of the great toe (rudimentary toe)

image

Histopathologic examination of the skin lesions revealed dilated and invaginated keratin‐filled follicular structures and well‐defined, keratin‐filled cysts. A peri‐infundibular inflammatory infiltrate was also observed. Multiple BCCs were detected adjacent to nevus comedonicus (Fig. 3).

Nests of basal cell carcinoma adjacent to a lesion of nevus comedonicus (hematoxylin and eosin, × 10)

image

The patient was treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, plus daily applications of tretinoin gel 0.025% and benzoyl peroxide 5% with some improvement. Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen was performed on the smaller BCCs. In addition, the larger BCCs and some persistent painful cysts were surgically removed. The patient remains under observation and is well.
Anetoderma developing in Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Authors: Gamo R. , Ortíz‐Romero P. , Sopena J. , Guerra A. , Rodríguez‐Peralto J. L. , Iglesias L.
Published: August 2006

Anetoderma is characterized by circumscribed oval macules with overlying wrinkled skin that is slightly depressed or bulges outwards. Skin biopsy shows a decrease of elastic dermal fibers. It may not be associated with an underlying disease (primary anetoderma) or may be related to many dermatoses (secondary anetoderma).

We report a 7‐year‐old girl who presented at birth with yellowish brown papules on the upper trunk, neck and head, which within days evolved to yellowish orange papules. A skin biopsy was carried out and the presence of an histiocytic infiltrate with foam cells and Touton cells in the dermis that were CD68+, factor XIII+ and S‐100−, confirmed the diagnosis of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma (JXG). After 4 years the lesions began to evolve to asymptomatic oval and round atrophic skin areas. Histopathologic evaluation showed decrease of elastic fibers in the dermis, diagnostic of anetoderma.

The mechanisms of anetoderma are unknown. Although many different dermatoses have been associated with anetoderma we have only found two reported cases of anetoderma and JXG.
Radiotherapy of skin carcinomas of the pinna: a study of 115 lesions in 108 patients
Authors: Caccialanza M. , Piccinno R. , Kolesnikova L. , Gnecchi L.
Published: August 2006

Background  The possibility of treating skin carcinomas of the pinna with radiotherapy is somewhat under discussion and scarcely known. Therefore the aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of dermatologic radiotherapy in a series of patients affected by basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna.

Methods  A retrospective study was performed on 108 patients affected by 115 carcinomas of the pinna (99 basal cell carcinomas, 16 squamous cell carcinomas) without involvement of the external auditory canal. Radiotherapy was performed with kilovoltage techniques (55–120 kV) and the total doses administered ranged from 45 to 70 Gy (105 Gy in one case only), with different fractionations.

Results  The mean follow‐up was 28.80 months. Complete remission was obtained in 111 lesions (96.52%) and partial remission in one (0.87%), as evaluated 1 month after the end of radiotherapy. No response was observed in two lesions (1.74%). The response was not evaluable in one lesion (0.87%). During follow up a relapse was observed in 12 lesions (all basal cell carcinomas): nine central and three marginal to the irradiation field. The 5‐year cure‐rate from the end of radiotherapy was 78%. The cosmetic results were evaluated as good or acceptable in 88.28% of lesions. No complications nor sequelae to the treatment were observed.

Conclusions  The results obtained confirm the possibility of treating epithelial skin neoplasms of the pinna with dermatologic radiotherapy, which can afford high‐remission percentages without damaging cartilaginous tissue.
Mycobacterium marinum with different responses to second‐generation tetracyclines
Authors: Cummins Deborah L. , Delacerda Davi , Tausk Francisco A.
Published: August 2006

Background  Persistent cutaneous infections with Mycobacterium marinum can follow exposure of injured skin to contaminated water or fish, and can be treated with second‐generation tetracyclines in addition to other antimicrobials. Due to the rarity of this infection, there are few data comparing the different treatment alternatives.

Methods  We report a patient with culture‐proven M. marinum who was treated with two different second‐generation tetracyclines.

Results  Our patient failed a 4‐week trial of doxycycline, but responded rapidly to minocycline.

Conclusion  This case suggests that, despite a similar mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and even sensitivity, these two agents may differ in their effectiveness against strains of M. marinum.
Lichen scrofulosorum: A prospective study of 39 patients
Authors: Singal Archana , Bhattacharya Sambit N.
Published: August 2006

Background  Lichen scrofulosorum is considered a rare form of cutaneous tuberculosis. Current information is based on case reports and case series with a small number of patients.

Methods  Thirty‐nine patients with Lichen scrofulosorum were followed during the period January 1996 to December 2002. Clinical details (age, sex, duration of disease, associated tubercular lesions, extent and distribution of skin lesions), laboratory parameters (hemoglobin, total leucocytic counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Mantoux test, presence of BCG scar), and response to antitubercular treatment were recorded and analyzed.

Results  7.6% patients of all (511) patients with cutaneous tuberculosis had LS. 22 (56.4%) were males and 32 (84%) were below 15 years of age. Twenty‐eight (72%) had an associated focus of tuberculosis elsewhere in the body; 13 (33%) had tubercular lymphadenopathy, while 11 (28%), three (8%) and six (15%) had pulmonary tuberculosis, intracranial tuberculosis and other forms of cutaneous tuberculosis, respectively. Six (15%) had tubercular focus at multiple sites. Eleven (28%) had no other identifiable focus of tuberculosis. Twenty‐eight (72%) had evidence of receiving BCG vaccination. Trunk was the commonest (100%) affected site. The two groups with and without associated tubercular focus were not different with respect to age, sex, duration of disease, hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Mantoux test positivity, and presence of BCG scar. Mycobacteria tuberculosis could not be detected either on acid fast bacilli (AFB) staining or on culture from biopsies of LS lesions. All patients (including those without evidence of tubercular focus) responded to antitubercular treatment, signifying an underlying occult tubercular focus as etiology.

Conclusions  Lichen scrofulosorum is an uncommon but not rare cutaneous manifestation of tuberculosis. A high index of suspicion and awareness is required for diagnosis. Systemic tuberculosis is often associated with LS and a prior BCG inoculation does not protect against development of LS. Response to antitubercular treatment is good irrespective of the presence or absence of associated tubercular focus.
Synthesis and characterization of multiply‐tyrosinated, multiply‐iodinated somatostatin analogs
Authors: Woltering E.A. , Drouant G.J. , Diaco D.S. , Sharma C. , Murphy W.A. , Fuselier J.A. , Coy D.H. , Espenan G.D. , Nelson J.A. , Fisher D.R. , Maloney T.M. , O'Dorisio M.S. , Chen F. , O'Dorisio T.M.
Published: August 2006

Radio‐labeled somatostatin analogs have recently gained popularity as agents useful in intraoperative tumor localization, external scintigraphy and in situ radiotherapy. We have synthesized and characterized a series of novel N‐terminally extended multiply‐tyrosinated somatostatin analogs that possess high binding affinity for somatostatin receptors, exhibit biological activity comparable to the native peptide and retain these characteristics after iodination. These analogs can be radio‐iodinated to high specific activities. Following radio‐iodination, these analogs exhibit minimal radiolysis and may be clinically useful for tumor localization, scanning and therapy.
Quantification of asthma control: validation of the Asthma Control Scoring System
Authors: LeBlanc A. , Robichaud P. , Lacasse Y. , Boulet L.‐P.
Published: August 2006

Background:  We developed an instrument for quantifying asthma control, the Asthma Control Scoring System (ACSS), based on the criteria proposed by the Canadian Asthma Consensus Guidelines.

Objective:  To assess the measurement properties of the ACSS.

Methods:  The ACSS and two other questionnaires were completed by 44 asthmatic patients on a first visit and 2 weeks later. The ACSS evaluates three types of parameters: clinical, physiologic, and inflammatory. These parameters are each quantified to obtain a maximal score of 100% and a global score is calculated as the mean of these scores.

Results:  The analysis showed sufficient internal consistency for every section of the ACSS (Cronbach's‐α ranging from 0.72 to 0.88). Pearson's correlations indicated good test–retest reliability for the clinical score (r = 0.59, P = 0.005), the physiologic score (r = 0.86, P < 0.0001), the inflammatory score (r = 0.71, P = 0.049), and the global score (r = 0.65, P = 0.001). Cross‐sectional and longitudinal construct validity were supported by moderate correlations between the ACSS scores and corresponding instruments.

Conclusions:  The ACSS is a valid tool for quantifying asthma control parameters, using a percent score. Further research should determine the usefulness of such an instrument as a means to improve asthma management and reduce related morbidity.
Maternal human leukocyte antigen‐G polymorphism is not associated with pre‐eclampsia in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Lin A. , Yan W. H. , Dai M. Z. , Chen X. J. , Li B. L. , Chen B. G. , Fan L. A.
Published: August 2006

Pre‐eclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy and remains the leading cause of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in many countries. Despite extensive studies, the underlying mechanisms still remain unknown. Besides its restricted expression in the tissues of placenta and its function in regulating immune suppression and in ensuring successful invasion of placental tissues into maternal deciduas, it has been postulated that HLA‐G may play a role in modulation of immune tolerance at the fetal–maternal interface. Aberrant HLA‐G expression may result in pregnancy disorders that are associated with poor invasion of extravillous cytotrophoblast into maternal spiral arteries, such as pre‐eclampsia. Studies have shown that pre‐eclampsia is largely under genetic control, but genetic mechanisms underlying the disorder have yet to be determined. In the current study, we focus on the potential role of HLA‐G polymorphism in the pathogenesis of pre‐eclampsia. Samples were obtained from Chinese Han primiparous women with pre‐eclampsia and irrelative normal women, and case‐matched placentas were genotyped for the HLA‐G polymorphism in the exons 2, 3, and 4, and the 14‐base‐pair (bp) insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 3′‐untranslated region of exon 8 was analyzed separately. The frequency of HLA‐G polymorphism in these samples was not significantly different from those of normal controls, indicating that maternal HLA‐G polymorphism is not associated with the risk for pre‐eclampsia in this Chinese Han population. However, the maternal 14‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism is ethnically different.
Airway hyper‐responsiveness to adenosine 5′‐monophosphate in preschool‐age children with asthma
Authors: Bakirtas Arzu , Turktas Ipek
Published: August 2006

Airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR) to adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) is closely associated with airway inflammation; however, not all asthmatic patients are responsive to it. This study was planned to investigate the predictive factors of AHR to AMP in asthmatic children aged between 3 and 6 yr.

We performed a retrospective analysis of data from 63 asthmatic preschool‐age children who were challenged by AMP in our department. All children were characterized by skin‐prick tests, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, peripheral blood eosinophil percentage and bronchial challenge with methacholine (MCH) and AMP. Potential determinants for AHR to AMP were assessed within the group.

AHR to AMP was found in 46% of preschool‐age children with asthma, while that of MCH was 93.7%. All children responsive to AMP were also responsive to MCH. The geometric mean provocative concentration of MCH and AMP causing a 15% fall in transcutaneous oxygen tension (PC15PtcO2MCH and AMP) were 0.55 mg/ml (0.004–9.19) and 10.53 mg/ml (0.59–342.89), respectively. AMP‐responsive children did not differ from non‐responsive ones with respect to demographic factors, geometric mean PC15PtcO2MCH and atopic status. The median serum IgE level was significantly higher in AMP‐responsive group than the non‐responsive ones (p = 0.011). The peripheral blood eosinophilia was more frequent among responsive children (p = 0.019), and it was found as the only predictive factor for AMP responsiveness in preschool‐age children with asthma in logistic regression model (odds ratio: 5.14; 95% CI: 1.23–21.47; p = 0.025). AMP responsiveness may be predicted by peripheral blood eosinophilia but not with atopy markers in young children with asthma.
Seasonal changes of proapoptotic soluble Fas ligand level in allergic rhinitis combined with asthma
Authors: Mezei Györgyi , Lévay Magdolna , Sepler Zsuzsanna , Héninger Erika , Kozma Gergely Tibor , Cserháti Endre
Published: August 2006

The function of apoptosis is to eliminate unnecessary or dangerous cells. The balance between production and death is important in the control of cell numbers within physiological ranges. Cells involved in allergic reactions may have altered apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the seasonal changes of programmed cell death in children with pollen allergy. We measured serum levels of soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL), and examined whether there was any correlation between soluble apoptosis markers and development of asthma and or rhinitis in children with pollen allergy. We examined two groups of patients with ragweed pollen allergy. The first group consisted of 17 children with ‘rhinitis only’. The second group consisted of 16 children with ‘asthma + rhinitis’. For seasonal analysis we pooled the two groups and termed this the ‘ragweed sensitive’ group (n = 33, 5–18 yr, 25 boys, eight girls). Measurements (sFas and sFasL) were taken during the ragweed pollen allergy season, while control measurements were performed during the symptom‐free period. There was no difference in sFas levels measured during and after [1941 ± 68, 1963 ± 83 pg/ml (mean±s.e.m, respectively)] the pollen season in the ‘ragweed sensitive’ group. The sFasL level showed seasonal change, which was significantly higher (p = 0.0086) in the symptomatic period compared to the symptom‐free state (99 ± 13 and 53 ± 16 pg/ml, respectively). There was a difference between the ‘rhinitis only’ and the ‘asthma + rhinitis’ groups in the measured parameters of apoptosis. Children having allergic rhinitis combined with asthma had a significantly (p = 0.03) higher sFas level in the symptom‐free state than the ‘rhinitis only’ group did (2115 ± 156 and 1820 ± 52 pg/ml, respectively). During the allergic symptom state the sFasL level of the ‘asthma + rhinitis’ group was significantly higher (p = 0.025) than that of the ‘rhinitis only’ group (125 ± 20 and 75 ± 14 pg/ml, respectively). In conclusion, the increased level of sFasL during the pollen season may signal its role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway diseases. There was no seasonal change in sFas levels in the examined ragweed allergic group, however in the symptomatic period we observed a diminished level of antiapoptotic factor (sFas) and an elevated level of proapoptotic factor (sFasL) if there was a combined disease with pollen allergic asthma. We suggest that there is a deviation in the apoptotic reaction in children that may increase the seasonal allergic inflammation.
Exhaled breath condensate pH measurement in children with asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis
Authors: Brunetti Luigia , Francavilla Ruggiero , Tesse Riccardina , Strippoli Antonella , Polimeno Lorenzo , Loforese Antonietta , Miniello Vito L. , Armenio Lucio
Published: August 2006

Recent studies have shown that the pH of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) could be predictive of asthma exacerbation. Moreover, it has been documented that both allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis constitute risk factors for the occurrence of asthma in a progression of disease known as atopic march. The aim of our study was to establish if condensate pH could be used as a valuable mean of monitoring of asthma in atopic children. We studied 34 atopic children with acute asthma, 70 with stable asthma, 35 children with allergic rhinitis, and 17 with atopic dermatitis. Thirty healthy children were used as controls. All children underwent skin prick tests and lung function tests. Exhaled breath condensate samples were collected with a condensing device and de‐aerated with argon. The pH of EBC was measured using a pH meter. Children with acute asthma were treated with inhaled steroids and bronchodilators. We found that the pH of condensate in patients with acute asthma was lower than that of patients with stable asthma, rhinitis, and controls (7.25 vs. 7.32, p < 0.05; 7.25 vs. 7.48, p < 0.02; 7.25 vs. 7.78, p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with stable asthma, rhinitis, and eczema had also lower pH than that of controls (7.32, 7.48, and 7.44 vs. 7.78; p < 0.0001, p < 0.006, p < 0.04, respectively). Patients with acute asthma normalized their pH after treatment (7.82 vs. 7.25; p < 0.0001). Finally, patients with acute asthma showed a positive correlation between pH and lung functional parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s; r = 0.39, p = 0.04). Our study shows that EBC pH measurement may be a promising marker for assessing airway inflammation and monitoring response to anti‐inflammatory treatment in asthmatic children. Furthermore, we report the first evidence of airways acidification in children with allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, EBC pH assessment may be useful in the evaluation of progression of the atopic march toward the development of asthma later in life. Further studies are recommended in order to confirm this indication.
The effects of grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy on clinical and immunological parameters in children with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Keskin Özlem , Tuncer Ayfer , Adalioglu Gonul , Sekerel Bulent E. , Saçkesen Cansın , Kalaycı Omer
Published: August 2006

Allergoid immunotherapy is a new form of allergen immunotherapy allowing safe administration of high allergen doses. There is limited information on the effects of allergoid immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis. To investigate the immunological and clinical effects of allergoid immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen allergy. Children with allergic rhinitis were assigned to allergoid immunotherapy (n = 27) or control (n = 26, no immunotherapy) groups. Children in the immunotherapy group received seven injections of grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy before grass pollen season and continued to receive maintenance immunotherapy for 27 months. All patients were offered a pharmacotherapy regimen to be used on demand during the pollen seasons. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the immunotherapy and control groups. The rhinoconjunctivitis symptom‐medication score and asthma symptom score were lower in the immunotherapy group after 1 yr of maintenance immunotherapy (p < 0.01 for both). Skin test reactivity and nasal reactivity as determined by nasal provocation testing for grass pollen were significantly decreased after 1 yr of immunotherapy (p < 0.001 for both). The seasonal increase in bronchial reactivity and nasal lavage eosinophil cationic protein levels were prevented after the first year of immunotherapy (p < 0.05 for both). The seasonal increase in immunoglobulin (Ig)E decreased (p < 0.05) and grass‐specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG4 increased significantly already at the end of the seven‐injection build‐up therapy (p < 0.001, for all). Interleukin (IL)‐4 levels in the culture supernatants showed a steady decline from baseline at first and second year of immunotherapy (p < 0.001) but remained unchanged in the control group. Allergoid immunotherapy is an effective method in the treatment of grass pollen‐induced allergic rhinitis in children and prevents the seasonal increase in bronchial hyper‐reactivity. Changes in specific IgE and IgG levels and decreased IL‐4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture supernatants may account for the observed clinical effects.
Clinical and immunologic effects of sublingual immunotherapy in asthmatic children sensitized to mites: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Lue Ko‐Huang , Lin Yung‐Hsiang , Sun Hai‐Lun , Lu Ko‐Hsiu , Hsieh Jie‐Cheng , Chou Ming‐Chih
Published: August 2006

Immunotherapy through oral routes is thought to be a valuable therapeutic option for asthma. The clinical and immunologic effects of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in children with asthma caused by mites were evaluated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study for 6 months. Patients (aged 6–12 yr) with mild‐to‐moderate asthma, with single sensitization to mite allergen, received either SLIT or placebo with a standardized Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D.p.)/D. farinae (D.f.) 50/50 extract. The cumulative dose was around 41824 IR, equivalent to 1.7 mg of D.p. and 3.0 mg of D.f. allergen. Symptom and medication scores were assessed throughout the study. Serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, eosinophil count, eosinophil cationic protein, specific IgE, specific IgG4, and skin sensitivity were evaluated before starting the treatment and after the treatment period. Twenty patients completed the study. At the beginning of the treatment, no differences were observed between the groups for symptom and medication scores, skin sensitivity, or immunologic parameters. After 6 months of treatment, there was a significant difference in nighttime asthma symptom scores and specific IgG4 (p < 0.05) in the SLIT group compared with the placebo group. Daytime symptom and medication scores, total IgE, eosinophil count, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and mean evening peak expiratory flow rate reached significant differences in the SLIT group during the treatment period (p < 0.05). No severe adverse effects were reported. Our results revealed that treatment for 6 months with SLIT is clinically effective in decreasing asthmatic symptoms and medication use in children with mild‐to‐moderate asthma because of mite sensitivity. The clinical usefulness of this form of immunotherapy and the mechanism underlying its immunologic effects deserve further studies.
Liver support technology – an update
Authors: Rozga Jacek
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Background:  Currently, there is no direct treatment for hepatic failure, and patients must receive a transplant or endure prolonged hospitalization, with significant morbidity and mortality. Because of the scarcity of donor organs, liver support strategies are being developed with the aim of either supporting patients with borderline functional liver cell mass until an appropriate organ becomes available for transplantation or until their livers recover from injury.

Methods:  A literature review was performed using MEDLINE and library searches. Only major blood detoxification/purification devices and cell‐based techniques are included in this review.

Results:  Currently, a number of blood purification systems and devices utilizing viable liver cells are in various stages of clinical development. Non‐biological systems include plasma exchange, albumin dialysis, hemo(dia)filtration, and sorbent‐based devices (charcoal, resin). These systems are able to remove toxins of hepatic failure, and their utility is limited by their inability to provide missing liver‐specific functions. In contrast, hepatocyte‐based devices are able to provide whole liver functions, including detoxification, biosynthesis, and biotransformation. Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) blood detoxification system has been tested in thousands of patients, but additional well‐conducted controlled studies are warranted to better define the role of MARS® in the treatment of patients with acute hepatic failure and acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease. HepatAssist™ was tested in a phase II/III controlled clinical trial that demonstrated safety and proof of concept for use of biological liver support systems to improve patient survival in acute hepatic failure.

Conclusions:  Developing an effective liver assist technology has proven difficult, because of the complexity of liver functions that must be replaced, as well as heterogeneity of the patient population. Non‐biological systems may have a role in the treatment of specific forms of liver failure where the primary goal is to provide blood detoxification/purification. Biological systems appear to be useful in treating liver failure where the primary objective is to provide whole liver functions which are impaired or lost. It is suggested that there will be a role for hybrid liver support systems that offer liver cell therapy and various forms of blood purification (sorption, hemofiltration and diafiltration) to treat patients with specific forms of liver failure at various stages of their illness.