bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L51595 Remote Field Eddy Current Crack and Defect Detection
Authors: Lord
Published: August 2023

Presents the results of an investigation to exploit the potential for using the increased sensitivity to inner and outer pipe wall in homogeneities of remote field eddy current technology to detect stress corrosion cracking. The investigation is focused on the application of finite element analysis to RFEC probe simulation and design. See also L51513.
PR-186-124502-R01 Guidelines for Interpretation and Application of API 1104 Twenty-First Edition
Authors: Bruce Bill , Amend Bill , Rogers Geoff , Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The application of requirements contained in many industry codes and standards requires some interpretation by the user and by the regulator who is called upon to enforce their use. The objective of this project was to update the PRCI guidance document for API Standard 1104 - Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities - for the recently published Twenty-first Edition of the standard and to further develop the document. The use of this document will allow users and regulators to better understand the intent regarding interpretation of some requirements in API 1104, the rationale behind the requirements, and the applicability of the requirements to both conventional and modern high-strength pipelines.
PR-398-113719-R01 Technologies for Monitoring Erosion Corrosion and Direct Inspection of Subsea Assets
Authors: Lee  , Wall  , Worsley
Published: August 2023

This Final Report prepared by ESR Technology Ltd., provides the results of a study on subsea pipeline erosion and corrosion monitoring. The report is therefore split into two parts. The first part deals with monitoring erosion and corrosion, subsea; and the second part is on direct inspection techniques to monitor wall thickness loss.

Generally, Subsea equipment is significantly more difficult to inspect than topside or land-based equipment and the study recognizes that many challenges and technology gaps remain. Sand, produced from oil and gas wells, can cause erosion and erosion/corrosion of subsea production systems and presents a number of threats to the safe reliable and economic operation of a facility. Sand control systems (e.g. sand screens) are used to prevent or limit sand production and therefore prevent erosion. In some developments, however, downhole sand control is not feasible and sand production may occur leading to erosion of the flowlines, pipes and equipment.

Since erosion is strongly linked to flow velocity at bend points, erosion damage is principally a concern of equipment downstream of the wellhead (where the operating pressure is low) rather than being associated with damage to the well tubing (where operating pressure is relatively high but the flow path is predominantly straight).

The goal of this research project is to screen current and potential techniques that provide a direct measure of loss of pipe wall thickness, rather than indirect measurement (e.g. erosion and corrosion probes, acoustic sand and electric field corrosion monitors). Such techniques should also be capable of being embarked on AUV, snake like robots, mini ROV etc.
PR-425-123722-R01 Internally Lined Steel Risers as an Alternative to CRAs
Authors: Patil  , Cerkovnik
Published: August 2023

Carbon steel and low alloy steel are the common, cost effective materials of choice for design of production risers in deep water. They are, however, often challenged by high stress and fatigue loadings. When production fluids are corrosive and or sour, steel risers may not be feasible without the protection from corrosive effects. To mitigate degradation, the only proven solution to date is the use of corrosion resistant alloys (CRA), either in homogeneous or clad/lined steel pipe product. However, corrosion resistant alloys are very expensive and market supply is limited due to the number of developments worldwide requiring CRA solutions and the limited number mills capable of supplying the product. This study looks at the feasibility and current state of development of alternatives to clad steel in steel catenary risers (SCR). The study focuses on polymer liners and coatings as a way to prolong the life of the risers in corrosive hydrocarbon service. The study includes an industry survey of candidate liners and a risk assessment based on the threats and failure modes. FMECA is conducted on the more promising candidates. The gaps in the knowledge base are identified and a map of further qualification requirements is made. SCRs are currently fabricated with girth welds. However, there is significant amount of testing that indicates that mechanical connectors are a feasible alternative. The potential use of mechanical connectors in conjunction with a coating or liner solution to mitigate corrosion risks is also addressed.
PR-337-063508-R01 Dual Field Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Inspection Technology to Detect Mechanical Damage
Authors: Nestleroth
Published: August 2023

This report details the development and testing of a dual magnetization in-line inspection (ILI) tool for detecting mechanical damage in operating pipelines, including the first field trials of a fully operational dual-field magnetic flux leakage (MFL) ILI tool. Augmenting routine MFL corrosion inspection of pipelines using high magnetic fields, this in-line inspection technique detects and assesses mechanical damage using a second lower magnetic field. Nearly all commercially available MFL tools use high magnetic fields to detect and size metal loss such as corrosion. A lower field than commonly applied for detecting metal loss is appropriate for detecting mechanical damage, such as the metallurgical changes caused by impacts from excavation equipment. The lower field is needed to counter the saturation effect of the high magnetic field, which masks and diminishes important components of the signal associated with mechanical damage. At low fields, other properties such as pipeline chemical composition, grain structure, and fabrication methods can also be detected.
PR-015-143715-R01 Cable-Based Leak Detection Retrofit Study
Authors: Siebenaler
Published: August 2023

Various testing projects in the past few years have demonstrated the potential of cable-based leak detection technologies to accurately detect and locate relatively small leaks on onshore pipelines. Technologies such as distributed temperature sensing (DTS), distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), and vapor monitoring require the cables/tubes to be placed in relatively close proximity to the monitored pipeline, including some cases where the cable would be placed below the pipeline. One key market for such technology is the vast inventory of existing pipeline infrastructure. While there are many potential key benefits of such technology, the cables (e.g., fiber-optic, dielectric cables, tubes, etc.) required for leak detection would need to be installed for that purpose (the location of any communications fiber is not likely to be conducive to leak detection). Thus, a pipeline would have to be retrofitted with such technology. Such an application carries a number of logistical challenges and unique safety considerations. Additionally, scenarios such as road crossings, rivers, and third-party crossings pose additional challenges. A project was initiated to determine if there is a suitable means of retrofitting pipelines with cables. The objective of this project was to identify technologies or approaches for retrofitting existing pipelines with cables (e.g., fiber-optic cables, vapor-sensing tubes, etc.) for use in leak detection applications. This project was aimed at providing an understanding of any gaps that must be closed prior to deployment of a technology for cable retrofit.

This document has a related webinar.
L51662 Development and Testing of Asbestos-Free Gasket Materials
Authors: Mallow
Published: August 2023

A survey of the gasket and sealant industry identified 27 vendors who were contacted for literature and data. Of these, 11 were subsequently invited to supply detailed literature and samples for screening. These samples were subjected to thermal analysis for weight loss versus temperature followed by high-pressure, hydrostatic testing and fire testing.
L51499 Analysis of Reportable Incidents for Natural Gas Transmission and Gathering Lines 1970 through 1984
Authors: Dorling
Published: August 2023

The report presents an analysis of statistical data obtained from reports of leak or rupture incidents and test failures in natural gas transmission and gathering lines over the 14.5 year period 1970-1984. This report is the last to utilize the OPSR data required on DOT F 7100.2 form.
L51424 Flue Gas Treatment Methods - Volume 2 SCR of NOx by Manually Controlled Ammonia Injection
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

A�performance evaluation of a full-scale selective catalytic reduction process designed for post combustion abatement of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emitted from stationary internal combustion engines was performed. The system was installed on a 1,850 horsepower, gas fueled, Worthington UTC 168, internal combustion engine located at the Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company, East Bernard, Texas natural gas compressor station. The SCR system used vapor phase ammonia as a \selective\" reducing agent for the nitrogen oxides in the presence of a base metal catalyst. This study was undertaken as part of the PRCI program to evaluate the applicability of commercially available nitrogen oxides flue gas treatment systems for use on internal combustion engines used by the natural gas pipeline industry. This study
L51781 Examination of External Weld Deposition Repair for Internal Wall Loss
Authors: Wang  , Bruce
Published: August 2023

Performed elastic-plastic finite element analysis of pipe sections with internal wall loss to determine remaining strength. Continued with finite element analysis of external direct deposition repairs of internal wall loss for straight and curved sections of pipe including elbows and tees. Compared predicted and actual burst pressures to validate results. Direct deposit welds of different sizes and geometry's were analyzed to determine extent of repair required to restore full strength.
L51658 Subsea Pig Recovery Concepts
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

The technology and procedures for the inspection of pipelines from offshore production and process facilities to shore or other offshore installations has developed rapidly in recent years. This rapid development can be attributed to several factors including pipeline operators protecting their investment in their lines, heightened environmental protection concerns, and increasing regulatory requirements.

A limited number of the offshore pipeline systems in the U.S. currently include the ability to inspect the trunkline using either an ultrasonic or magnetic particle inspection pig. This pig is moved through the pipeline with the product flow from the trunkline's point of origin offshore to an onshore or nearshore facility. As the pig moves through the line, it takes and stores measurement readings which can be downloaded and interpreted after the pig is removed from the line. While inspection pig technology can provide the pipeline operator with valuable information, several factors can prohibit development of a successful trunkline inspection pigging program. Because inspection pigs have onboard data measurement and storage facilities, they are significantly longer and heavier than foam or scraper pigs, and must be articulated to negotiate pipe bends. The minimum negotiable bend radius varies among inspection pig vendors, but is typically between 3 - 5 pipe diameters. The drive cups on an articulated pig are located in the front to prevent buckling. The cups must maintain a close fit with the inside pipe diameter to propel the pig through the pipeline and can stall or jam in a multi-diameter pipeline.

The scope of the project includes the development of several basic concepts which, in principle, meet the project objectives. These concepts have been evaluated from several technical viewpoints and two primary concepts selected for further development. A preliminary design effort, carried out on both primary concepts, includes:

Structure stress calculations;
Detailed layouts of major assemblies and components
Step by step installation, operation, and maintenance procedures;
Detailed capital and operating cost development. A basic scenario of a 12"� ANSI 900# rated system in 400 ft. water depth is used for both concepts. A sensitivity analysis for the effects of greater and lesser water depths (800 ft. and 100 ft.) and a change in pipe size to 8"� nominal is also included.
L51674 In-Line Inspection Device for Stress Corrosion Cracks
Authors: Davis
Published: August 2023

�Under previous programs for the Pipeline Research Committee, field tested a low frequency eddy current instrument for detecting and characterizing stress corrosion cracks in pipelines was developed. While a significant improvement over conventional magnetic particle inspections in some respects, the eddy current method as it was developed in these programs can only be used with surface breaking defects. Thus, it is limited to use for inspections of pipelines from the outside surface.

In this program, we examined the use of a saturating magnetic field to allow increased penetration of the eddy current field into the pipe material, providing the ability to detect and characterize stress corrosion cracks from the interior of the pipeline. Until recently, eddy current inspections of steel were the exception not the norm, primarily because low frequency eddy current instruments were not available. In eddy current testing, the eddy current field grows smaller as it penetrates into the material being tested.
L51778 Fiber Optic Strain Monitoring of Pipelines
Authors: Crowley
Published: August 2023

�The objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of using fiber optic Bragg grating sensors (BGS) to measure axial and bending strain in pipes. Work was performed by McDermott Technology Inc. (MTI) and included BGS design and procurement. In addition to the pipe strain testing, a number of other evaluations were performed. Several methods were evaluated to protect and encapsulate the BGS, which are embedded inside an optical fiber, and strain transfer tests were performed on two of the encapsulation approaches. A high strain bending test to failure was performed on one BGS. A special test section was used to characterize the performance of the BGS and compare to standard electrical resistance foil strain gages.
L51765 Offshore and Onshore Design Application
Authors: Nessim
Published: August 2023

This report describes the results of a research project on reliability-based optimization of pipeline integrity maintenance activities. The objective was to develop models to quantify the effect of different maintenance activities on the structural reliability of pipelines, and to demonstrate how these models can be used in a relaibility-based framework to develop optimal integrity maintenance plans. The approaches developed can be used to prioritize pipeline segments for maintenance and to select the optimal combination of activites for high priority segments. The maintenance decisions considered include the mainteance method, the time interval between events, and the repair criteria for damage detected by inspection. This report also documents the development of a methodology to quantify the effect of maintenance activities on the structural reliability of pipeline systems.
L51695 Development of Inspection Vehicle to Detect SCC in Natural Gas Lines
Authors: Barton
Published: August 2023

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) poses a serious threat to aging underground cathodically protected gas pipelines. As coatings deteriorate, conditions suitable for corrosion and SCC become more common. There have been many ruptures throughout the world attributed to SCC. One of the most important steps in combating failure by SCC is regular, reliable and cost effective monitoring of pipelines. Current methods available (including hydrotesting and magnetic particle testing) are either expensive, time consuming, or not entirely reliable. Regular testing of pipelines and the detailed study of the results will improve the understanding of SCC initiation and propagation.

This project evaluates a manual ultrasonic scanning system for detecting SCC in pipelines. This system was used to inspect the lower circumferential section of unpressurized lengths of the Moomba to Sydney gas transmission pipeline operated by The Pipeline Authority (TPA). The manual system successfully located SCC colonies. CWP, in association with The University of Newcastle, then developed a microprocessor controlled system based on piezoelectric wheel probe technology. This system was trialled in Peterborough, South Australia in May 1990. Following the awarding of this research project (PR-198-9108). CWP incorporated the development work into their core business with the creation of the Product Development Section. This section was entirely committed to the development of the system and the PRC project. The redesign of the system included EMAT technology. Although not new, EMATs had not previously been made available to the gas industry in the detection of SCC. This project involved in excess of 13500 development man hours over a 22 month period. This report describes the development of the system and the Newcastle field trials, the Australian field trials and the USA field trials concluding in September 1992. The report also addresses the suitability of each technology in detecting SCC in buriednatural gas pipeline and makes design recommendations for the future. Future developments in the system are planned in the areas of enhancing the reliable detection of SCC, imaging of SCC and enhanced calibration capabilities.
L52354 State of the Art Review - Development of Optimized Welding Solutions for X100 Line Pipe Steel
Authors: Hammond
Published: August 2023

The driving force for the development of high strength steel for pipelines is the prospect of significant reduction in capital expenditure (CAPEX) in the construction and commissioning of long distance gas pipelines. Further savings might be made by design optimization and lower operating expenditure (OPEX) leading to enhanced whole life economics for such pipelines.

Over the past 40 years, pipelines have been constructed in a wide range of steel grades specified in the well-known API Standard 5L ranging from grade A up to grade X80 (ISO 3183 Grade L555) and covering a range of specified minimum yield strength from 30 ksi (270 MPa) to 80 ksi (555 MPa).

This work fully characterizes X100 prototype line pipe from four suppliers, to determine its weldability, to consider its influences on the design of pipelines together with design optimization and to determine its effects and implications on the construction of pipelines.
L51494 Design Flow Conditions Near Bottom -- A Phase I
Authors: Spaulding  , Isaji
Published: August 2023

Includes theoretical development and application as well as a user's manual for using a methodology to predict the near-bottom velocity profiles for submarine pipelines stability by integrating the BBLM into a shelf circulation model. Programs and examples are given in the manual.
L51576 Crack Growth Behavior and Modeling
Authors: Brust
Published: August 2023

The objective of the Crack Growth/Modeling effort of the NG-18 Line Pipe Supervisory Committee's Stress-Corrosion Phase is to develop an understanding of the factors that control stress-corrosion crack growth. This information can be used to develop models for predicting crack growth and to mitigate crack growth through control of metallurgical parameters and operating conditions. This effort has been divided into the following four main tasks:

(1) Characterization of crack shape,(2) Identification of a crack force driving parameter,(3) Determination of the effects of mechanical properties on crack growth and shape, and(4) Examination of the effects of crack interaction on overall crack growth.

The background, procedures, and results of the work done in each of these tasks will be described separately.
L51785 Development of Long Range Ultrasonic Methods of Assessing Pipeline Condition
Authors: Lank  , Mudge
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this phase of the work was to establish the performance of the technique with regard to defect detection, so that its application as a field inspection tool could be assessed. To this end, trials were conducted at the GRI West Jefferson Pipeline Simulation Facility near Columbus, Ohio, on a 24in. diameter specimen, situated in the pull rig, containing 128 controlled, well documented metal loss defects, used primarily to assess resolution of internal inspection tools.

: An extensive study was carried out on this specimen, which enabled firm conclusions to be drawn about the defect detection capabilities of the technique. In addition to this specimen, the flow loop at West Jefferson enabled the performance and achievable test range of the 24in. transducer, which was produced to be assessed. Both the flow loop and the defect specimen were coated with fusion bonded epoxy, which enabled the concerns of the NDT Supervisory Committee about the effect of such coatings on the long range ultrasonic technique to be addressed.
L52272 Detection of Small Leaks in Liquid Pipelines - Gap Study of Available Methods
Authors: Siebenaler
Published: August 2023

The integrity of the liquid pipeline network in the United States is of concern to the pipeline operators, the surrounding communities, and the government. During a recent Office of Pipeline Safety industry forum, concerns regarding the detection of small liquid leaks were discussed. The important topic areas related to small leak detection included identifying the available real-time monitoring and detection systems, assessing the need for new detection technologies, and understanding the performance of currently available systems.

The objective of the project was to assess the gap between what liquid pipeline operators need in terms of leak detection and what various leak detection technologies can provide, specifically related to small leaks. For this gap analysis study, small leaks were considered to be pipeline releases that were less than 5% of nominal pipeline flow rate.
L52291 Pipeline Integrity For Ground Movement Hazards
Authors: Phillips
Published: August 2023

Land use policies increasingly prevent pipelines from obtaining right-of-way for pipeline corridors that avoid ground movement hazards. Where ground displacement hazards cannot be avoided, the potential risks must be managed by a suitable combination of design and operational strategies. PRCI along with several industry sponsors had a need to make an assessment and provide recommendations for current landslide risk management methods and practices for use within the pipeline industry.Result: The program objective and resulting report developed a comprehensive set of guidelines and recommended practices, in a format that can be implemented within the industry, for evaluating pipelines in areas subjected to large-scale ground movements. The technical program consists of five (5) major project activities related to (1) geohazard definition, (2) improved methods to model pipeline-soil interaction, (3) analyzing pipeline response to geohazards, (4) methods to mitigate pipeline risk posed by geohazards, and (5) compilation of a succinct and complete guidance document that can be readily implemented within the pipeline industryBenefit: This report includes guidelines and recommended practices prepared in cooperation with researchers and operational pipeline owners to minimize integrity risks associated with ground movement hazards.
L52331 Exhaust Manifold Design Guidelines to Optimize Scavenging and Turbocharger Performance
Authors: Grauer  , Chapman
Published: August 2023

To develop the requisite air flow rate, the turbocharger must operate at a relatively high efficiency. But as important, the system pressure losses must be minimized to optimize turbocharger operating flexibility so that the turbine can produce sufficient power to operate the turbocharger compressor. The relationship between the various pressures and pressure losses throughout the turbocharged engine system, the turbocharger overall efficiency, ambient conditions, and the required turbine inlet temperature for sustainability is rooted in fundamental thermodynamic principles. The goal of the Exhaust Manifold Design Guidelines project was to investigate the NOX reduction role played by the exhaust manifold by exploring the impact of the exhaust manifold design on turbocharger and engine operation, as well as utilizing the abundant sets of field test data already provided by Hoerbiger Engineering Services (HES). For this project, exhaust manifold performance was defined as the capacity of the exhaust manifold to: 1) optimize cylinder scavenging efficiency; and 2) minimize the pressure differential between the compressor discharge and the turbine inlet.
L51799 In-Situ Evaluation of Directional Drill-Bore Coating Quality
Authors: Gummow  , Segall
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this project were to: (1) examine known techniques of evaluating coating quality on buried pipe; (2) select one or more of these methods for in-situ testing; (3) develop a field test procedure that a corrosion technician can follow using equipment typically at his or her disposal; and (4) evaluate the feasibility of using this procedure both before and after the bored pipe is tied in. Two methods - coating conductance and current requirements - were tested on epoxy-coated pipe samples which were back filled with soil having a different resistivities. Both test methods proved successful; therefore, a field test procedure was developed that incorporates both. However, this procedure cannot be used when the pipe is tied-in because of accuracy limitations of existing current measurement instruments (unless the pipe is tied-in using isolating fittings).

Includes spreadsheets to aid the assessment calculations and associated examples.
L51500c Crankshaft Stress Reduction through Improved Alignment C Vol 3
Authors: Smalley
Published: August 2023

Four-volume report covering a two-year investigation of factors affecting crankshaft stress due to engine alignment conditions including foundation/grouting effects, unpredictable thermal growth and case load deflections. Two volumes are year-end reports, and two volumes are topical reports covering field tests (one sole-plate mounted and one grouted engine).
L52313 Performance Improvements of Current ILI Technologies for Mechanical Damage Detection Phase 2
Authors: Gao  , Krishnamurthy  , McNealy
Published: August 2023

This final report provides a comprehensive and in-depth review of the current status of in-line inspection technologies including, but not limited to, Magnetic (Axial MFL, Circumferential MFL), and Geometrical (Caliper) methods in terms of their capabilities, limitations and potentials in detection, discrimination and characterization of various forms of pipeline mechanical damage, such as dents, dents with corrosion, and dents with cracks, gouges and dents with gouges. Capabilities of current technologies presented herein are based on validation data supplied by PRCI members. This report reviews and summarizes research regarding the capabilities of current in-line inspection (ILI) based technologies for the detection and discrimination of mechanical damage conducted by Blade Energy Partners in cooperation with participating ILI vendors and PRCI member pipeline operators. This research was conducted in two phases. The first identified the current deployed ILI technologies, vendor claims for capability and performance determination with validation data provided by the ILI vendors. Standardized performance measures were also developed and applied. The Phase I research was presented in an incomplete report, PR-328-063502-R01.
L52297 Technologies for In-Service Measurement of Seal Gaps in Internal Floating Roof Tanks
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The industry need was to investigate current and potential technologies for the measurement of seal gaps in internal floating roof storage tanks, including methods of remote monitoring including a) identify existing seal gap measurement technologies and methodologies as well as individuals and/or companies who own the technologies, and b) identify other technologies that may prove useful to effectively measure seal gaps on tanks in service.

Four technologies were identified as possible remote-inspection alternatives to the current general practice of inspecting and measuring internal floating roof seal gaps by placing personnel inside in-service tanks. At least two of these technologies, remote camera and x-ray imaging, are worthy of additional evaluation to assess the relative costs and reliability as alternatives to manual inspection and measurement. Remote camera technology has been applied specifically to seal gap measurement and shown to be a viable alternative to manual inspection. X-ray imaging technology appears to be viable as an alternative but has not been applied specifically to seal gap measurement and would require further development to affirm its suitability for this purpose..
PR-430-153706-R01 Hydrostatic Test Guidelines for Integrity Management
Authors: Mittelstadt
Published: August 2023

This work develops a comprehensive guidance for the pipeline industry on the use of hydrostatic testing as an integrity management tool with carbon steel mainline piping as the focus of this work. Selected hydrostatic testing principles considered herein may also be applicable to other forms of transmission and facility piping. At the time of this guideline development, several parallel pipeline industry initiatives with focus on hydrostatic testing have been recently completed, or are currently on-going. Such initiatives include work performed by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Association of Oil Pipe Lines (AOPL), and the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA). While this completed or on-going work is of considerable value to the pipeline industry, lacking within these industry initiatives is a focus on the specific application of hydrostatic testing as a pipeline assessment tool to support integrity management plan (IMP) requirements and objectives. The scope of this work is the development of a document which will provide the necessary guid-ance to pipeline operators on the appropriate use of hydrostatic testing within the integrity and risk management process. Consideration is given to the essentials of known or assumed pipe material properties, threat type and defect populations, operating and failure history, potential risks, unintended or detrimental effects and the importance of a clear understanding of objectives, as key elements within a hydrostatic test program design process. This document does not attempt to provide practical guidance for the on-site implementation of a hydrostatic testing program. The focus of this study has instead been on hydrostatic test program decision processes and development; the selection of hydrostatic testing as an appropriate pipe-line assessment tool, the subsequent technical design of a hydrostatic test program and the necessary considerations in order to achieve IMP requirements and objectives.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-273-0323-R02 Corrosion Assessment Guidance for High Strength Steels (Phase 2)
Authors: Lui  , Mortimer  , Wood
Published: August 2023

Phase 2 report from GL for assessment of high strength steel affected by corrosion. This work supplements the prior Phase 1 Report (GL Report R9017), issued in August 2009 and incorprates burst test data not previously reported.

Extensive research has been carried out for many years by Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) and others to develop methods for assessing the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. This has led to the development of assessment methods such as ASME B31G and RSTRENG. Research by Germanischer Lloyd (hereafter GL1, formerly Advantica) has developed new criteria such as the LPC method and extended the range of assessment methods to include numerical analysis. While there has been substantial progress, there remain areas where existing criteria require improvements. The needed improvements identified include limitations on the interaction of closely spaced defects; the effects of external loading, and cyclic pressure loading. Furthermore, as operators start to use higher strength materials there will be an increasing need to assess the integrity of corroded high strength pipelines and to further validate the application of existing criteria and models to these materials. Phase 1 of the work was conducted to investigate the application of existing assessment methods to high strength pipelines and is described in GL Report R9017. PRCI, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) and BP Exploration have funded research to address these issues in recent years. A method for extending the assessment of corroded pipelines of strength grade up to X65, subject to combined internal pressure and external loading, to assess corrosion damage in pipelines subject to cyclic pressure loading, is described in GL Report R9068.

In GL Reports R9107, R7702 and, work was undertaken to investigate the performance of methods such as ASME B31G, RSTRENG and LPC when applied to the assessment of higher strength pipeline materials (API 5L/ISO 3183 grade L555/X80 and L690M/X100M). In addition to this work, GL has been commissioned by BP Exploration to conduct an operational trial using 48-inch diameter grade X100 pipe. The operational trial will generate substantial data on long term performance by testing sections of X100 pipeline in near real world conditions. An accelerated operational period will be simulated by two years of pressure cycling, equivalent to forty years operation. This large scale trial will be complemented by a range of laboratory scale tests. During the course of the trial a substantial amount of data related to the assessment of corrosion defects in X100 grade pipe will be gathered. This report presents the results of a program of work that builds on the development work being conducted for PHMSA/PRCI Project #153 and for the corrosion defect assessment section of the BP X100 operational trial.
PR-273-0323-R03 Guidance for Assessing the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines
Authors: Chauhan Vinod , Swankie Troy
Published: August 2023

Research projects have resulted in the development of improved guidance for assessing the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. New guidance has been developed for assessing:

Closely spaced corrosion defects
Corrosion defects in high strength pipelines
Corrosion defects in pipelines subject to combined internal pressure and external loading
Corrosion defects in pipelines subject to cyclic pressure loading
Corrosion defects in vintage, low toughness pipelines

This Guidance Document is a revision to the version issued in 2002 (PRCI Report Catalog No. L51958). It provides recommended practice for assessing the remaining strength of pipelines� containing metal loss defects. The methods provided in this document are intended to be used to assess corrosion defects in carbon steel pipelines that have been designed to recognized pipeline codes. These codes include but are not limited to: ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, ASME B31.11, PD 8010, DNV OS-F101, IGEM/TD/1, ISO 13623 and CSA Z662.
PR-339-093708-R01 Survey for Control Room Operators and Operations Specialists Usability Study
Authors: RRS/Schirmer
Published: August 2023

The purpose of the Human Factors Analysis of Pipeline Monitoring and Control Operations project (Battelle, 2008) was to develop procedures that could be used by liquid pipeline operators to assess and manage the human factors risks in their control rooms that may adversely affect pipeline monitoring and control operations. Two paper surveys were developed:
1. A survey for Control Room Operators (CROs) that consists of 138 questions designed to understand the human factors that affect the CRO�s ability to safely and efficiently monitor and control pipeline operations in the control room. The survey asks CROs to estimate how frequently each of the 138 issues occur in the control room environment. The results of the survey are intended to identify issues that require improvement.
2. A survey for Operations Specialists (OSs) that ranks the �Risk Likelihood� of each of the same 138 questions.
A process was developed that multiplies the median scores from the CRO and OS survey questions to provide a risk score for each of the 138 questions.
PR-015-09205-E01 Assessment of Variable Frequency and Variable Speed Drives for Pipeline Pump Applications
Authors: Norad
Published: August 2023

Adjustable speed drive systems for pipeline pump applications have enabled variable speed pumping as a means of reliable capacity control. Through a number of case studies, these systems have proven to be as reliable as operating multiple pumps with a discharge control valve or recycling flow to reach the desired capacity variations. Adjustable speed drive installations offer a potential savings in energy efficiency compared to operating pumps in recycle or throttling at a constant speed, especially for installations where a large turndown is required to meet demand variations. As energy costs become more critical, more consideration may need to be given to the energy efficiency gains through variable speed pumping. This is a literature review and includes a lifecycle cost analysis spreadsheet.
PR-376-09208-R01 Feasibility Study of New LHE liners for GE FR32 F Gas Turbines
Authors: Gori
Published: August 2023

Evaluation of alternate liner designs to reduce NOx emissions for GE Frame 3 turbines.
PR-331-083604-R01 Field Demonstration of Reliability Based Guidelines for Pipeline Integrity - Phase II
Authors: Spencer
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project (PRCI Project EC-1-6) is to use field trials to validate and demonstrate the reliability-based pipeline integrity methodology using real ILI data. In addition, this report provides a critique on such items as: i) Practical application of this methodology, ii) Repeatability of resulting integrity management decisions, iii) Sensitivity of results to key parameters, iv) Validation of results, v) Process gaps and opportunities for further development.
PR-179-10201-R01 Characterization of Lubricating Oil Carry Over in a 2-Stroke LB NG Engine
Authors: Olsen
Published: August 2023

This project is driven by concerns over excessive cylinder lubrication in large bore two-stroke cycle natural gas engines. Excessive cylinder lubrication can lead to: (1) Increased operating costs due to high lubricating oil consumption, (2) Poisoning of catalytic converters, and (3) Increased pollutant emissions. These concerns can be addressed by reexamining lubrication rates and exploring advanced lubrication techniques. Catalyst poisoning and increased pollutant emissions occur when a portion of the cylinder lubricating oil in some form is passed through the cylinder and into the exhaust system. The lubricating oil may carry over into the exhaust system unchanged, or it may react to form other compounds. In this work the focus is on identifying the scope of the problem associated with cylinder lubricating oil carryover into the exhaust system.
PR-375-09206-R01 Pump Seal Leak Reduction Systems for Unmanned Stations
Authors: Huebner
Published: August 2023

This report investigates the current state of sealing in liquid hydrocarbon pipelines, regulations which have impacted the industry and technology which is available to improve performance. The study analyzed the following fundamental categories: Prevention, Prediction, Detection, Containment and Disposal. Prevention considers establishing and measuring objectives for seal operations and creating an infrastructure to insure these goals are met. Prediction is creating capabilities to effectively monitor sealing system parameters to predict and prevent failures. Detection is the area where industry has historically focused its efforts and allows for the remote detection of seal failures. Containment represents the design of hardware and processes to minimize leakage to the environment. Lastly, Disposal considers the options available for sequestering leakage which leaves the pump and seal system.
PR-015-093704-R03 Detection of Fatigue Cracks on Heavy Wall Gas Risers and Pipelines
Authors: Duffer Charles
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to identify and evaluate the most promising technologies for detecting and sizing fatigue cracks on heavy wall pipelines and risers, preferably without liquid coupling. To achieve this objective the project included the manufacture of 4 test samples which include 3 circumferential welds each and multiple fatigue cracks per weld. Then, blind test trials were conducted of several available inspection technologies in a pull through test bed constructed for the project and evaluating the test trial results in terms of capability to detect and size fatigue cracks.
PR-333-06202-R01 Ultrasonic Inspection of RB211-24C Blades
Authors: Schumacher
Published: August 2023

The service lives of RB211-24C HP turbine blades are limited by the formation of cracks on the cooling passages. Currently the presence of such cracking is determined by the destructive evaluation of several blades from each set when they are removed from service. The objective of this project was to develop a non-destructive inspection technique capable of detecting cracks on the surfaces of RB211-24C HP blades.
PR-364-09601-R02 Investigation into High Pressure DP Transmitter Calibration
Authors: Hodges
Published: August 2023

In many applications within the oil and gas industries, and in particular in the measurement of flow, differential pressure transmitters must operate with high accuracy and repeatability. The uncertainty of the measurement of flow varies proportionately to the uncertainty associated with the differential pressure measurement. There are many issues that arise from using differential type meters, and many of these issues are attributable to the differential pressure measurement. Issues such as turndown, linearity, repeatability, hysteresis and others are all important aspects of the differential pressure measurement.
To ensure proper differential pressure measurement the oil and gas industry currently requires differential meters to be �calibrated� in the field. Several studies have shown that there are serious issues involved with performing that calibration in the field. The overall purpose of the Pipeline Research Council International, Incs (PRCI) investigation is to determine what these issues are, and how these issues can best be addressed.

This is the unblinded version of the report.
PR-015-10603-R01 Effect of Upstream Piping Configuration on Ultrasonic Meter Bias
Authors: Hawley  , George
Published: August 2023

The goals of this project were twofold: (1) to test various piping configurations that are typically installed upstream of the AGA-9 recommended default meter run to determine if the configurations can cause significant installation bias, and (2) to determine if any of the tested configurations cause sufficiently little bias to become acceptable design practice. The approach was to use three commercially-available ultrasonic flow meters to monitor changes in flow measurement accuracy and variations in the velocity profiles from common piping configurations typically installed upstream of the AGA-9 recommended default meter run. The tests were performed under controlled conditions in the SwRI Metering Research Facility (MRF) High Pressure Loop (HPL) and were designed to compare a baseline unidirectional AGA-9 recommended default installation, without upstream piping disturbances, to common piping configurations with piping disturbances upstream of the baseline run.
PR-015-08611-R01 Development of Clamp-On Ultrasonic Meter Installation Guidelines
Authors: Hawley  , Grimley
Published: August 2023

Clamp-on ultrasonic meters remain of interest to the natural gas measurement community because of their potential to provide reasonable measurement accuracy without the need for piping modifications or service interruptions. The applications where clamp-on meters have been successfully applied include temporary measurement while a primary device is unavailable and diagnosing abnormal flow behaviors. The objective of this project was to examine existing public literature concerning the operation and application of clamp-on ultrasonic meters and to use this information to create a guideline document for these meters. As part of the process of establishing the guidelines document, the most significant areas where experimental results are lacking were to be identified. A total of only 20 documents in the public domain were discovered concerning clamp-on ultrasonic meters. These documents were summarized and the important conclusions were drawn from the documents and used to help create a draft guidelines document for the use of clamp-on ultrasonic meters in gas applications. The guidelines provide an overview of different geometric, operational, and installation effects that can affect the operation of clamp-on ultrasonic meters. A number of areas without substantial experimental results were identified and testing was recommended to systematically establish the performance envelope for one size of clamp-on ultrasonic meters. The suggested testing was intended as a first step in reducing the gaps in meter performance data.
PR-218-113605-R01 Evaluation of Regulatory Proposal for Responding to Pipeline Corrosion Metal Loss
Authors: Kiefner  , Kolovich
Published: August 2023

This report assesses the appropriateness of a regulatory proposal by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) for response criteria for corrosion anomalies detected by in-line inspection in non-high-consequence areas (non-HCAs). The proposed response criteria are stricter than those that pipeline operators are currently required to use for anomalies detected in high-consequence areas (HCAs). Presented herein are the results of an evaluation of the technical basis for response criteria for metal-loss anomalies detected by in-line inspection. The evaluation considered uncertainty in the dimensions of metal loss, material-property variations, and the conservatism embodied in a recommended remaining strength calculation, namely Modified B31G. The results provide a means to compare the degree of conservatism embodied in PHMSA�s proposal to that embodied in the criteria currently used by pipeline operators.