bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing the university: Why “organized anarchy” is unacceptable in the age of massive open online courses
Authors: Teece David J.
Published: September 2017

The growing complexity of the university and of its competitive, technological, and operating environment means that the status quo in management is no longer adequate. New mental models are required. An approach that has been developed through a lengthy study of strategic management in the private sector is the dynamic capabilities framework. This essay presents the dynamic capabilities framework with indications for how it applies in the university context. By thinking in terms of sensing shifts, seizing opportunities, and transforming the university, a university’s leaders can improve their own effectiveness and their school’s readiness to respond to challenges and achieve its goals.
Hospital Admissions in People With Alzheimer’s Disease or Senile Dementia According to Type 2 Diabetes Status: An Observational 10-Year Study
Authors: de Miguel-Yanes José M. , Jiménez-García Rodrigo , Hernández-Barrera Valentín , Méndez-Bailón Manuel , de Miguel-Díez Javier , Muñoz-Rivas Nuria , Ezpeleta David , López-de-Andrés Ana
Published: September 2017

We aimed to describe admission rates and outcomes of hospitalized people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or senile dementia stratified by type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Spain, 2004 to 2013 (N = 541 858, 143 501 [26.5%] of whom had T2D). We excluded alternative causes of dementia. Hospitalization rates were higher in people with T2D (130.5 vs 91.5 cases/105 people). People older than 84 years and comorbidity increased over time. Crude inhospital mortality (IHM) decreased over time both in people with and without T2D (all P values <.001). Time trend analyses, 2004 to 2013, showed an overall adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) of hospitalization of 1.41 (1.40-1.42) for T2D (men, 1.32 [1.30-1.33]; women, 1.46 [1.45-1.48]). In logistic regression analyses, IHM decreased over time (odds ratio, OR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.96-0.98]) and T2D was not associated with a higher IHM (OR [95% CI] = 0.99 [0.98-1.01]). In conclusion, admission rates were higher in patients with T2D. Inhospital mortality decreased over time. Diabetes did not predict IHM in patients with AD or senile dementia.
Intermediate risk of cardiac events and recurrent stroke after stroke admission in young adults
Authors: Jin Peter , Matos Diaz Ivan , Stein Laura , Thaler Alison , Tuhrim Stanley , Dhamoon Mandip S
Published: September 2017

Background

In older adults with stroke, there is an increased risk of cardiovascular events in the intermediate period, up to one year after stroke. The risk of cardiovascular events in this period in young adults after stroke has not been studied. We hypothesized that in the intermediate risk period, young adults with ischemic stroke have an increased risk of recurrent stroke and a smaller increase of cardiac events.

Methods

Using the National Readmissions Database during the year 2013, we identified ischemic stroke admissions among those aged 18–45 years using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes to identify index vascular events and risk factors. Primary outcomes were readmission for cardiac events and stroke. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan–Meier analysis were used to estimate risk of primary outcomes.

Results

We identified 12,392 young adults with index stroke. The readmission rate due to recurrent stroke was higher than for cardiac events (2913.3.1 vs. 1132.4 per 100,000 index hospitalizations at 90 days). There was a higher cumulative risk of both cardiac events and recurrent stroke in the presence of baseline diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.

Conclusion

In a large, nationally representative database, the intermediate risk of recurrent stroke after index stroke in young adults was higher than the risk of cardiac events. The presence of vascular risk factors augmented this risk but did not entirely account for it. The aggressive control of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes may play an important role in secondary prevention in young adults with stroke.
Health-related quality of life among older patients following an emergency department visit and emergency department-to-home coaching intervention: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hall Allyson G , Schumacher Jessica R , Brumback Babette , Harman Jeffrey S , Lutz Barbara J , Hendry Phyllis , Carden Donna
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Many older patients experience repeated emergency department visits and hospitalizations and inadequate links to primary care. This fragmented care can result in anxiety, uncertainty, and poor health outcomes. This study compares the impact of an emergency department-to-home coaching intervention to usual, post-emergency department care on patient-reported health-related quality of life measures: information support, anxiety, and physical function.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial. Seven hundred and forty-nine chronically ill older adults presenting to emergency departments were randomized into Intervention (emergency department-to-home coaching) or Usual Care groups. Participants completed baseline, in-person and follow-up, telephone surveys. Within- and between-group differences in health-related quality of life were assessed using unweighted linear regression and propensity-weighted difference-in-difference analyses. Three Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement System measures were assessed: social health (informational support), mental health (anxiety/emotional distress), and physical health (physical functioning).

Results

Usual Care participants experienced statistically significant declines in informational support in unweighted (−3.13) and weighted (−2.84) analyses not observed in the Intervention group (−0.91 and −1.45, respectively). Self-reported anxiety was lowest and physical function highest at the time of emergency department visit. Patient-reported anxiety increased and physical function declined statistically significantly in Intervention participants.

Conclusion

Among older emergency department patients, health-related quality of life was highest at the emergency department visit and declined following the encounter. The emergency department visit per se appears to provide needed information, and in the short term, reassurance about patients’ medical conditions. The coaching intervention blunts the fall in informational support observed after usual, post-emergency department care but may heighten patients’ anxiety and awareness of chronic health conditions.
Extrascleral Vitreous Prolapse Following Intravitreal Injection
Authors: Haddock Luis J. , Lyttle Deanna P. , Rosenfeld Philip J.
Published: September 2017

An 82-year-old man presented with right eye discomfort 3 days after an intravitreal aflibercept injection using a 32-gauge needle for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. His visual acuity was stable however slit lamp examination of the right eye showed prolapsed vitreous extending to the lower eyelid arising from the inferotemporal pars plana scleral injection site. There was no evidence of intraocular inflammation and his fundus examination was stable. The scleroconjunctival defect and prolapsed vitreous were repaired in the operating room. Postoperatively his vision remained stable with no signs of endophthalmitis or retinal detachment.
Coordination among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot during walking
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Nakamura Emi , Yokoyama Erika , Kanaya Chiaki , Kubo Masayoshi
Published: September 2017

Background

Examining coordination between segments is essential for prevention and treatment of injuries. However, traditional methods such as ratio, cross‐correlation technique, and angle‐time plot may not provide a complete understanding of intersegmental coordination. The present study aimed to quantify the coordination among the rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot segments during walking.

Methods

Twenty healthy young men walked barefoot on a treadmill. Reflective markers were fixed to their right shank and foot based on the Leardini foot model. Three‐dimensional joint angles were calculated at the distal segment, and were expressed relative to the adjacent proximal segment. The coupling angle representing intersegmental coordination was calculated by using the modified vector coding technique, and categorized into the following four coordination patterns: in‐phase with proximal dominancy, in‐phase with distal dominancy, tanti‐phase with proximal dominancy, and anti‐phase with distal dominancy.

Results

The results showed that the midfoot was dominantly everted compared with the rearfoot and forefoot during the early stance (i.e., the rearfoot‐midfoot coordination and midfoot‐forefoot coordination were mainly in‐phase with distal and proximal dominancy, respectively).

Conclusion

This result may suggest that the midfoot plays a more significant role than the rearfoot and forefoot during early stance. The results of the present study can help in understanding the interaction of the intersegmental foot kinematic time series during walking. The results could be used as data to distinguish the presence of injuries or abnormal inter‐segmental foot motions such as pes planus. Additionally, these data might be used in the future in a comparison with data on foot deformities.
Creation, the Sixth Day
Authors: Levy-Lyons Ana
Published: September 2017

over the past year, I preached a sermon series on the Torah’s seven days of creation at First Unitarian Congregational Society in Brooklyn, NY. In this series I lifted up the images of natural beauty and ecological abundance in this passionate text—a text that is too often claimed by (and ceded to) hardline creationists and climate change deniers. Far from the conservative politics that such voices promote, I see the Genesis text as a call for human humility and environmental stewardship. It highlights the gorgeous and fragile gift we have been given in our planet earth, celebrates its diversity, and casts humans as merely one thread in its living web. My interpretations in this series are partly my own midrash and partly the insights of traditional commentators. The following article is adapted from a sermon I delivered on the creation of humans. This is part 2 of the article on the sixth day of creation, begun in the fall, 2016 issue of Tikkun.
Introduction
Authors: Schildgen Brenda Deen
Published: September 2017

The introduction provides a broad overview of the occasion for this collection of essays that stem from a National Endowment for the Humanities institute in Florence, Italy, in 2014. In addition to giving a summary of the six essays that follow, it offers a rationale for reading the Comedy retrospectively and prospectively as well as vertically, in other words, reading forward and backward in a recursive process.
“Differing Voices Join to Form Sweet Music”
Authors: Kumar Akash
Published: September 2017

This essay considers select translations of Dante's Divine Comedy through the lens of pedagogical value while emphasizing the merit of holistic reading across the full scope of the poem and across multiple translations to gain additional insights into the original work.
Teaching Brunetto Latini with Cacciaguida
Authors: Keane Monica
Published: September 2017

Inferno 15 and Paradiso 15 are particularly suitable as a selected reading for a lower-level humanities class. Comparing Brunetto Latini and Cacciaguida as father figures and contrasting the images of Florence in each episode can help students develop a more complex understanding of Dante's poetic vision and social critiques.
Teaching the Antepenultimate Cantos of the Divine Comedy
Authors: Hughes Margaret
Published: September 2017

A reading of Inferno 32, Purgatorio 31, and Paradiso 31 compares a physical and interior pilgrimage, especially in the way in which the beginning and end of an interior journey are distinguished, to illuminate the concept of love that is central to the Divine Comedy.
Instructional Technology in the Literature Classroom
Authors: Dennihy Melissa
Published: September 2017

This essay discusses how and why one instructor uses a wiki as a space for students in a partially online American literature survey course to construct a class time line of American literature and history. Through participation in the class wiki, students are able to engage with course content in more expansive ways and to play active roles in creating course content; as such, the wiki is a space where the traditional teacher-student hierarchy is dismantled, as students and teacher collectively share the responsibilities of developing, assessing, and revising timeline content. In discussing the learning opportunities a wiki offers in a literature survey course, the author also argues that instructional technology and online tools should not be incorporated into courses merely to follow trends in digital humanities. Instead, digital and technological components should be thoughtfully integrated into humanities courses in ways that enhance and expand learning while furthering the objectives of the particular course.
Emerging dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Kahrilas Peter , Yadlapati Rena , Roman Sabine
Published: September 2017

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common, but less so than widely reported because of inconsistencies in definition. In clinical practice, the diagnosis is usually based on a symptom assessment without testing, and the extent of diagnostic testing pursued should be limited to that which guides management or which protects the patient from the risks of a potentially morbid treatment or an undetected early (or imminent) esophageal adenocarcinoma or which does both. When testing is pursued, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the most useful initial diagnostic test because it evaluates for the major potential morbidities (Barrett’s, stricture, and cancer) associated with GERD and facilitates the identification of some alternative diagnostic possibilities such as eosinophilic esophagitis. However, endoscopy is insensitive for diagnosing GERD because most patients with GERD have non-erosive reflux disease, a persistent diagnostic dilemma. Although many studies have tried to objectify the diagnosis of GERD with improved technology, this is ultimately a pragmatic diagnosis based on response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, and, in the end, response to PPI therapy becomes the major indication for continued PPI therapy. Conversely, in the absence of objective criteria for GERD and the absence of apparent clinical benefit, PPI therapy is not indicated and should be discontinued. PPIs are well tolerated and safe, but nothing is perfectly safe, and in the absence of measurable benefit, even a miniscule risk dominates the risk-benefit assessment.
Technical Systems Development Risk Factors: The Role of Empowering Leadership in Lowering Developers’ Stress
Authors: Windeler Jaime B. , Maruping Likoebe , Venkatesh Viswanath
Published: September 2017

The success of information systems development (ISD) projects depends on the developers who deliver them. However, developers face many challenges in bringing an ISD project to successful completion. These projects are often large and highly complex, with volatile targets, creating a stressful environment for developers. Although prior literature has considered how technical ISD risk factors, such as project size, complexity, and target volatility, affect team- and project-level outcomes, their effects on developers have received limited attention. This gap in the literature is problematic for two reasons: (1) the interplay between developers and project characteristics are unaccounted for, resulting in an incomplete picture of ISD; and (2) developer stress has been shown to reduce team performance. In this research, we examine the role of empowering leadership in reducing developer stress in ISD. We develop a multilevel model of the effect of empowering leadership on the relationship between technical ISD risk factors and developers’ role perceptions, and explore the consequences for developers’ stress. The model was tested in a field study of 350 developers in 73 ISD teams from a large U.S.-based firm. Results showed that empowering leadership ameliorated the negative effects of project size and target volatility on role ambiguity as well as the negative effects of project size, complexity, and target volatility on role conflict and stress. We also found that empowering leadership reduced role ambiguity, role conflict, and stress directly, and that role ambiguity and role conflict increased stress. Project size, complexity, and target volatility were found to increase empowering leadership behaviors. We conclude that empowering leadership can be an effective means of helping developers cope with technical ISD risk factors and discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2017.0716 .
Final Demand for Structured Finance Securities
Authors: Merrill Craig B. , Nadauld Taylor D. , Strahan Philip E.
Published: September 2017

Structured finance boomed during the run-up to the 2008 financial crisis. Highly rated, structured securities offered higher yield than other similarly rated bonds because of their concentration of systematic risk, but regulatory capital requirements did not account for this risk. As a result, regulated entities facing capital constraints had an incentive to invest in them. We show that life insurance companies exposed to unrealized losses from low interest rates in the early 2000s increased their holdings of highly rated securitized assets, consistent with regulatory arbitrage distorting the demand to hold these assets.

This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
Maxing Out Globally: Individualism, Investor Attention, and the Cross Section of Expected Stock Returns
Authors: Cheon Yong-Ho , Lee Kuan-Hui
Published: September 2017

We examine the role of cultural difference in the pricing of positive extreme returns (MAX) for 47,000 stocks from 42 countries from 1990 to 2012. We find that investors overpay for stocks with high MAX and that MAX-premium, the spread from long-short strategy based on low- and high-MAX stocks, is both statistically and economically significant worldwide. The negative relation between idiosyncratic volatility and expected returns, or idiosyncratic volatility puzzle, exists only for stocks with high MAX, implying that the puzzle may arise from the overpayment for stocks with high MAX and the subsequent return reversal. Consistent with the expectation that overpayment will be stronger for overconfident investors, the MAX-premium is larger in countries with high individualism index (IDV) than it is in countries with low IDV. Furthermore, we find the MAX-premium to be larger and the difference in the MAX-premium between high- and low-IDV countries to be more pronounced when VIX and volatility are high. Our findings suggest that the attention-grabbing feature of stocks with high MAX affects the pricing of extreme positive returns asymmetrically depending on the cultural differences across countries.

This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
Tail Analysis Without Parametric Models: A Worst-Case Perspective
Authors: Lam Henry , Mottet Clementine
Published: September 2017

A common bottleneck in evaluating extremal performance measures is that, because of their very nature, tail data are often very limited. The conventional approach selects the best probability distribution from tail data using parametric fitting, but the validity of the parametric choice can be difficult to verify. This paper describes an alternative based on the computation of worst-case bounds under the geometric premise of tail convexity, a feature shared by all common parametric tail distributions. We characterize the optimality structure of the resulting optimization problem, and demonstrate that the worst-case convex tail behavior is in a sense either extremely light tailed or extremely heavy tailed. We develop low-dimensional nonlinear programs that distinguish between the two cases and compute the worst-case bound. We numerically illustrate how the proposed approach can give more reliable performances than conventional parametric methods.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1643 .
Frontier, Market, and Environmental Crisis
Authors: Johnson Benjamin Heber
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how a society's vision of apocalypse reflects its fundamental fears and values. The prevalence and the content of these visions suggest a number of important aspects of American environmental thought and reform. In the most obvious sense, these visions reflected a growing preoccupation with questions of nature and the fragility of civilization. Even when their worries did not reach the level of the apocalyptic, Americans talked about environmental changes—the cutting of forests and the fouling of urban waterways. Humanity was often at the mercy of nature in these stories, but at other times seemed to cause its own demise. Furthermore, these visions were warnings of social conflict as much as they were of purely environmental problems. Social antagonism frequently accompanied environmental destruction.
Landscapes of Reform
Authors: Johnson Benjamin Heber
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates how naturalist Enos Mills' utopian vision embodied many of the elements of conservation in the early twentieth century. His sensibility reflected a broad cultural and political program that sought to address what he and many others understood as an environmental crisis. Mills thought that the scientific management of resources and lands would foster both wealth and beauty in places where they already resided and in newly rehabilitated landscapes alike. His mention of the prosperous farms made possible by well-tended forests promised the continuation of economic opportunity and independence for a large portion of the population. Mills' optimism showed forth in the generally utopian cast of his remarks, but also in the confidence he had that his diverse audiences could all find a reason to join his crusade for conservation.
Fighting for Conservation
Authors: Johnson Benjamin Heber
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at how conservationists seemed more and more optimistic about their influence and accomplishments. By 1910, it had become common for conservationists to use the word “movement” in both their public announcements and, unselfconsciously, in their private correspondence. The word “movement” clearly conveyed the idea that conservation involved a wide range of policies, attracted a diverse set of passionate supporters, and was converting the dubious and inspiring the apathetic. In national politics, conservation reached its height during the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (1901–9). With the help of his trusted adviser Gifford Pinchot, Roosevelt made conservation one of his leading causes.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This book examines the ways that the Islamic world (Dār al-Islām) was affected by the campaigns of conquest by the armies of Temüjin, better known as Chinggis Khan (d. 1227), and his first three successors, under whom the empire of the Mongols (or Tatars) came to embrace all the Muslim territories east of Syria and the Byzantine Greek oecumene. It also analyses the character of Mongol rule over Muslims down to, and just beyond, the conversion to Islam of the various khans, as well as the longer-term legacy of subjection to the infidel. The book addresses a number of questions; for example, how destructive for the Islamic territories were the campaigns of Mongol conquest, and how far the damage was compounded by the subsequent wars between hostile Mongol khanates.
Medieval Authors on the Mongols
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the book's primary written sources on the Mongols, including the work of Sunnī Muslim authors, Shīʻī Muslims, and eastern Christians who wrote under Mongol domination. After a brief overview on the Mongolian and other Far Eastern material, the chapter discusses nine categories of sources, most of them in Persian or Arabic. Among them are the works of Muslim observers contemporary with the early Mongol invasions, Muslim historians writing under the pagan Ilkhans, Muslim authors active in Iran following the conversion of the Ilkhans, and Christians from Latin Europe. The chapter considers why these authors told the story in the manner they did, their preoccupations and guiding purposes, and their intended readers.
The Mongol Westward Advance (1219–53)
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Mongol expansion in Western Asia during the period 1219–1253. Following the reduction of the nomadic tribes of the eastern steppe, Chinggis Khan turned his attention to the Jurchen-Jin empire in northern China. In the mid-twelfth century the Jin emperor had been hostile to the Mongols. The war against the Jurchen-Jin ended after the last vestiges of the Jin state vanished completely in 1234, seven years after Chinggis Khan's death. The chapter first provides a background on Chinggis Khan's conflict with the Khwārazmshāhs before discussing the Mongol campaigns in the eastern Islamic lands in 616–621/1219–1224. It also considers Mongol operations in Western Asia during the period 1229–1252, the Mongol art of war, and Muslims' support for the Mongol invaders.
The Era of Inter-Mongol Warfare
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the conflicts among the Mongol successor-states that developed after 1260, along with the turbulent activities of nomads within such states and the measures of reconstruction that the various Mongol regimes put in place. It begins with a discussion of the Mongol empire's fragmentation into four virtually independent khanates, where the conquered Muslims of the empire were now divided: the dominions of the ‘Great Khan’ (qaghan) in China and Mongolia proper; the Ilkhanate in Iran, Iraq and Anatolia; the ulus of Chaghadai in Central Asia; and the ulus of Jochi in the western steppes. The chapter then considers the relationship between the khans and the qaghans, the problems of warfare between different Mongol khanates, and the Jochids' incursions into Ilkhanid territory. It also explores the impact of the inter-Mongol warfare upon the agrarian and urban economy of the Islamic world.
Unbelieving Monarchs and their Servants
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the sometimes precarious relationship of the Mongols' Muslim servitors with infidel khans, their Muslim ministers and officials, especially those who were in attendance at court and in the ordo, and their non-Muslim colleagues. It also discusses the shifting balance of power between Mongol grandees and Tājīks who served as civilian officials, as well as the extent to which these very disparate ruling cadres were in the process of integration. After providing an overview of the Ilkhans (1258–1297) and their kinsfolk, the chapter looks at Muslim ministers at the centre and in the provinces. It also considers the Ilkhans, their Muslim ministers and their historians; civil and military functions, focusing on the Mongol viceroy and Tājīk wazir; and the difficulties faced by the highest-ranking Muslims under the pagan Ilkhans.
The Rule of the Infidel
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the experience of Muslims of all social ranks under infidel Mongol rule, focusing in particularly on the contexts of taxation, law and religious freedom. It also considers the repressive measures enacted by the Mongols, notably those enshrined in Mongol law and custom, and what Muslims viewed as a starkly unwelcome departure from the practice of their pre-Mongol rulers: the establishment of parity between themselves and other confessional groups. Finally, it discusses the clash between Islamic norms and steppe customary law during the advent of infidel rule, the competition for office and influence among Sunnī Muslims, Shīʻīs and dhimmis; and the importation of unfamiliar religious traditions that Muslims perceived as a threat to Islam under the new dispensation.
The Onset of Islamization
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the Islamization of the Mongols, with particular emphasis on patterns of conversion and conceptual problems, including questions such as the appeal of Islam to the nomadic Mongols of Western Asia and the means by which the new faith was conveyed to them. After explaining the meaning of ‘conversion to’ or ‘the adoption of’ Islam, the chapter considers some of the reasons why Islam became the religion of all the Mongol rulers of Western Asia. It then discusses the Mongol tradition vs the rhetoric of Islamic proselytism and shows that the Muslim diaspora over which the conquerors presided facilitated the spread of Islam among the ranks of ordinary Mongols. It also analyses agents of Mongol conversion to Islam, including the military, and concludes with the argument that the raising of Islam to the status of the dominant faith — and the concomitant demotion of other faiths — was incongruent with the Mongol tradition of pluralism.
The New Eugenics
Authors: Daar Judith
Published: September 2017

A provocative examination of how unequal access to reproductive technology replays the sins of the eugenics movement. Eugenics, the effort to improve the human species by inhibiting reproduction of “inferior” genetic strains, ultimately came to be regarded as the great shame of the Progressive movement. This book argues that current attitudes toward the potential users of modern assisted reproductive technologies threaten to replicate eugenics' same discriminatory practices. The book asserts how barriers that block certain people's access to reproductive technologies are often founded on biases rooted in notions of class, race, and marital status. As a result, poor, minority, unmarried, disabled, and LGBT individuals are denied technologies available to well-off nonminority heterosexual applicants. An original argument on a highly emotional and important issue, this work offers a surprising departure from more familiar arguments on the issue as it warns physicians, government agencies, and the general public against repeating the mistakes of the past.
The Reproductive Revolution
Authors: Daar Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how the world of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) offers those who cannot reproduce the old-fashioned way various medical techniques aimed at achieving pregnancy by means other than sexual intercourse. By disaggregating sex from reproduction, ART is the story of both technical sophistication and social liberation. The shakeup of long-established medical, social, and familial norms has been one of ART's hallmarks, a distinguishing characteristic that often places it in the crossfire of contemporary culture wars. Though designed as mere medical techniques to overcome infertility, ART's increasing invocation by those historically deprived of reproductive opportunities invites scrutiny into its every use and its very existence.
The High Cost of Assisted Reproduction
Authors: Daar Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how cost as a barrier to ART access is more complex than just the high price of medical goods and services transacted in the pursuit of parenthood. Reportedly, assisted reproduction generates annual revenues of over $4 billion in the United States, much of it paid out-of-pocket by patients who are underinsured for this aspect of health care. At first blush, it is clear that the synergy between high-priced treatments and low levels of reimbursement produces a world of stratified reproduction in which wealth status determines entry into the procreative marketplace. A deeper analysis does not refute this impression, but also reveals that socioeconomics alone do not fully explain how ART funding works to suppress reproduction by certain “lower resource” individuals.
The Harms of Procreative Deprivation
Authors: Daar Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how recent efforts to address the harms done to several Americans have taken shape as formal apologies and payments to surviving victims. This contemporary hand-wringing is an important acknowledgment that state-sponsored reproductive deprivation is among the most profound offenses a citizen can suffer. The chapter questions whether the harms from deprivation of assisted conception services are of equal impact to those wrought by unconsensual, unwanted, and procreative robbing surgeries. Whatever the comparison, each person deprived of an opportunity to parent by law, policy, or provider suffers gravely in ways that go beyond the first-line harm of forced childlessness. These harms befall patients, providers, children, and society in various ways, strengthening the case that disparities in access to ART warrant attention and reform.
Introduction
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter argues that violent human exploitation constituted the essential purpose of Stalin's Gulag. Over the course of the Stalin years, this system of exploitation was unrelenting, punitive, and increasingly brutal. Camp prisoners had to be maximally “utilized” and worked to the point of utter depletion. Stalin's Gulag was, in many ways, less a concentration camp than a forced labor camp and less a prison system than a system of slavery. The official language of the camps, as revealed by recently declassified Gulag archival sources, illustrates the degree to which prisoners were constituted, exploited, and discarded as “human raw material.”
Prisoners
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the kinds of prisoners the Gulag mostly employed and how they were perceived in the Gulag system. Contrary to popular belief, the majority of prisoners in Stalin's labor camps and colonies were not intellectuals, former communists, perceived spies and saboteurs, or other “counterrevolutionaries.” Most were ordinary workers and peasants, largely ethnic Russian and less educated, who had been arrested for routine Soviet crimes, such as workplace infractions, speculation, theft, or internal passport violations. This prisoner profile satisfied the Gulag's need for prisoners who could perform heavy physical labor. Bolshevik ideology made productive labor the defining feature of the Soviet citizen. This produced a system of values wherein the stronger represented the morally superior. In this worldview, frail and sick individuals constituted an inferior population.
Illness and Mortality
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the role of the Gulag medical-sanitation department. Their task was not necessarily to keep prisoners healthy, but to maximize exploitation and minimize “labor losses.” The Gulag routinely reported health data under the heading “illness and lost labor.” Inmate health was only relevant as it impacted production. The Stalinist leadership established quotas on illnesses and deaths, and would not tolerate large numbers of non-working prisoners. The Stalinist leadership called this “labor therapy,” and believed in work as the key to convalescence. Although sickness, emaciation, and disability were widespread, Gulag officials concealed their existence. In the Gulag, illness was widespread, yet it remained largely untreated, concealed, and even criminalized.
Power
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates the challenges faced by the Gulag medical-sanitation department. The principal task of this department was to maximize the number of working prisoners. Yet health care workers operated in a highly constrained environment and were forced to serve the system of physical exploitation. The Stalinist leadership established quotas and target figures on the numbers of prisoners that had to perform the basic work (osnovnaia rabota) of the camp, be it construction, mining, or forestry. There were also quotas restricting the number of inmates who were sick, hospitalized, in recovery or convalescent camps, invalids and nonworking, and even quotas on mortality. Doctors who undermined the camp's mandated quotas often faced punishment. And although the department was tasked with a great deal, it possessed little power within the camp hierarchy. Hence Gulag health care workers, even the well-intentioned, came to be associated with mass violence.
Selection
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores a process of selection (otbor) with which the Gulag manages its disabled workforce. This process illustrates the degree to which camps, colonies, prisons, and settlements had formed a single unified system. These diverse forms and locations of incarceration formed a “hierarchy of detention.” Many historians believe that this system of detention was because of changing demands for labor and the desire to separate certain categories of prisoners. However, this chapter describes another process of prisoner sorting, one governed not by the perceived danger of prisoners, but by their health. The prisoners were distributed among camps and colonies according to the inmates' health, with the ultimate goal of maximizing production and exploitation.
Exploitation
Authors: Alexopoulos Golfo
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the systems of exploitation within the camps and how they strive for maximum efficiency. Camps were required to demonstrate maximum labor utilization (trudovoe ispol'zovanie) of their prison workforce and minimal “lost labor days.” No one could be allowed a free ride on the Gulag's scarce resources. As the Gulag intensified its system of exploitation, it also ceased reporting data on physical labor capability to its party bosses. Camp administrators routinely hid the physical degradation of their workforce by reclassifying and moving sick prisoners. In addition, labor utilization data concealed the scale of the weakened workforce. Camp officials also sought to make disabled inmates invisible in reports and statistics, and to demonstrate the maximum number of bodies being used in production.
The Criterion for Distinguishing Legal Opinions from Judicial Rulings and the Administrative Acts of Judges and Rulers
Authors: al-Qarafi al-Maliki Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Idris
Published: September 2017

This chapter presents the English translation of the Introduction of the Criterion. Here, the author discusses the meaning of legal opinion, judicial ruling, and administrative acts, and how the book provides a comprehensive treatment of these issues. The book is composed in the form of a series of questions, in the manner that replicates the discussions that took place between the author's colleagues and himself. The answer immediately follows each question, pointing out the subtleties of these points and the issues that derive from them, as manifested in judicial decisions, legal opinions, and administrative acts of public officials. The book contains forty questions.
People of Color and Equal Rights
Authors: Brown Richard D.
Published: September 2017

In New England, if anywhere, equal rights might have included people of color. Free blacks comprised a small fraction of the population, and slave uprisings posed no threat. Yet in this region, as in others, racism prevailed. Discrimination in public business, including voting and education, was commonplace. But in criminal trials procedural safeguards and professional standards limited the effects of prejudice. Public opinion was not so restrained. And in rural New England vigilantes shut down New Hampshire’s racially integrated Noyes Academy and Prudence Crandall’s school for black girls in Connecticut. Connecticut banned schools like Crandall’s, she was jailed briefly, and the state’s supreme court denied equal rights for blacks, setting a precedent for the U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred Scott ruling.
Subordinate Citizens
Authors: Brown Richard D.
Published: September 2017

Though no one doubted that women and children were citizens, there was also general agreement that they could not possess all the rights of citizens, especially full property and political rights. Abigail Adams challenged this status quo in 1776; and in succeeding decades a movement to supply equal rights for women gained momentum. Women’s literacy fed women’s political advocacy, including petitioning campaigns on behalf of Indians, abolition, and women’s rights. But post–Civil War politics blocked women’s suffrage, and the Supreme Court ruled in favor of women’s subordination. Because women, like children, were understood to be not fully responsible, in criminal trials they were sometimes treated less harshly than men—especially in capital cases. Indeed, subordination to husbands remained a pillar of family law. And whether rich or poor, the marital bond meant bondage for some wives, where they surrendered not only their property rights but also personal and religious liberty. As for people of color, inclusion of women within the doctrine that all “are created equal and endowed with certain inalienable rights” proved a deeply challenging proposition.
Introduction
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the significance of analyzing the life story of Cnut, one of the most fascinating of the pre-Conquest kings of England. His life offers several new ways of examining late Anglo-Saxon England in addition to areas of neighbouring Scandinavia, as well as of questioning the established norms of how an English monarch could and should behave in the eleventh century. His regime spread beyond the British Isles and spanned multiple geographical boundaries in northern Europe. In ruling these nations, Cnut had to cross substantial cultural and linguistic boundaries, and appeal to local elites in each region in entirely different ways. The resulting regimes would profoundly change the societies of England and Denmark, and ultimately contribute significantly to the end of the Viking Age in Scandinavia.
Cnut’s Childhood and Youth
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This chapter talks about Cnut's early upbringing and the fundamental forces that drove him throughout the rest of his life. It explores the general nature of the system in which Cnut grew up, which was a disorganized form of political structure. It was dynamic and overall robust, guaranteeing that the strongest and best connected candidates for rule held power at any time. It enabled great social mobility, allowing successful and resourceful individuals to surge up through its ranks. However, it also promoted rivalry and conflict, especially in a society in which raiding and conflict played such key roles. Much of this instability have informed Cnut's character and later decisions, as he grew up in a society where his family's grasp on power was one of conquest.
The Early Years of Rule in England
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This chapter illustrates Cnut's initial rule in England after Swen's sudden death. He was a young man surrounded by mature and powerful allies, and he had as much to prove to his newly conquered people as he did to his Scandinavian followers, each with large armies now at rest in England. At the heart of this stood Wessex with a highly organized system of national and regional government focused on the person of the king and his regular meetings. Cnut may have known of some of this before, but now he had to embrace it and become part of it. His only right to rule other than that of conquest was as a son of a would-be king who had not even survived long enough to attend his own formal election.
The Rise to Dominance over Scandinavia
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This chapter demonstrates Cnut's rise to power. By the end of the 1020s, Cnut was at the head of a political “family business” that sat proudly atop much of Scandinavia. His young son Harthacnut was in control of Denmark, and his enemies in this region had exposed themselves and been dealt with. Meanwhile, Norway was under the control of his nephew Hákon, where the former king was exiled. Cnut had realized the pretensions to rule of his father and grandfather, and extended them. Cnut had withstood and turned to his advantage an invasion by the Norwegians and part of the Swedes. The end result saw their downfall, not his.
Cnut and the Field of European Politics
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines how Cnut did not model himself on any of his Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian forebears, but instead ploughed a novel and quite opportunistic furrow. No previous English or Scandinavian king had tried to influence the imperial succession, and a look into the background of the imperial election at the time completely changes one's perception of Cnut's role in that ceremony. Rather than being a passive individual who was courted by Conrad II due to his growing might and influence in northern Europe, Cnut instead emerges as a ruler prepared to negotiate and steer European politics at its highest levels to get what he wanted and avoid future problems. Meanwhile, Conrad II is cast as a figure eager to placate and please this dangerously powerful potential ally.
The Aftermath of Cnut’s Death
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how Cnut's sudden death left no clear path of succession, and two heirs by different mothers—both of whom had spent considerably more time in Denmark than in England. Initial events were framed by circumstance, in that Harthacnut appears to have had no deputy he could trust to hold Denmark in his stead, and so was forced to remain there after his father's death. This left the way open for Harold Harefoot and his mother, Ælfgifu of Northampton, to return from obscurity to English politics. Harthacnut's mother, Emma, was also in England, but without a resident royal heir to promote amongst the English elites she was powerless.
Conclusion
Authors: Bolton Timothy
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter describes how Cnut emerged in several complementary roles: an intelligent and pragmatic diplomacist, an energetic and active ruler, a cunning and resourceful military leader, and a devout Christian. His life falls into three main phases. First, his early life appears to have been shaped by the instabilities of his family and its hold on Denmark—namely his position as second son to Swen Forkbeard—which lead to his conquest of England. The middle years of his life reveal a period of rapid activity characterized by Cnut's responses to various threats. Finally, the years of his mature life saw the fruits of this labor in the development of a stable court around Cnut, which appears to have fostered a new and distinct Anglo-Danish identity.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Emily D.
Published: September 2017

The introduction provides an overview of the history of the Soviet labor camp system, describes the way the Gulag postal and censorship systems operated, and offers extensive information about Formakov’s biography. It details Formakov’s career as a provincial writer and journalist and discusses the history of Dvinsk/Daugavpils, the city in which he lived and worked before his 1940 arrest and a center of Old Believer culture. It also places the story of Formakov’s arrest and imprisonment in the larger context of Latvian history, noting the purge that took place immediately after the Soviet invasion of Latvia in 1940, the horrors of the Nazi occupation, and the waves of arrests that occurred after the Soviet Union reoccupied the area in 1944. A final section considers Formakov’s relationship with Solzhenitsyn. Formakov served as one of the witnesses who provided testimony about the labor camp system for Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archipelago.