bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acidic Three‐Liquid‐Phase Microemulsion Systems Based on Balanced Catalytic Surfactant for Epoxidation and Sulfide Oxidation under Mild Conditions
Authors: Fressancourt‐Collinet Marion , Hong Bing , Leclercq Loïc , Alsters Paul. L. , Aubry Jean‐Marie , Nardello‐Rataj Véronique
Published: January 2013

Didecyldimethylammonium tungstate has been designed as a balanced catalytic surfactant to form acidic three‐liquid‐phase microemulsion systems at room temperature in the presence of water, a non‐chlorinated solvent and dimethyldioctylammonium salts (hydrogen sulfate and dihydrogen phosphate). The triphasic system is efficient for the oxidation of olefins, sulfides and thiophenes under mild conditions. Moreover, the recovery and reusability of the catalyst, the straightforward separation of products and catalysts in two distinct phases as well as the possible use of environmentally friendly solvents such as tert‐butyl acetate, make this system particularly attractive for catalytic oxidation reactions involving hydrogen peroxide as the primary oxidant under acidic or neutral conditions.
Preparation of Cationic Poly(acrylamide)/Bentonite Nanocomposites from in situ Inverse Emulsion Copolymerization and Their Performance in Papermaking
Authors: Yoon Dong Ho , Jang Jung Won , Seo Seung Suck , Jeong Soo‐Hwan , Cheong In Woo
Published: January 2013

This study examined the effects of acryl‐grafted bentonite (AGB) in cationic poly(acrylamide) (CPAAm)/AGB nanocomposites on the flocculation and retention of micrometer‐sized talc and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) suspensions used for papermaking. The AGB was synthesized by reacting Na+‐bentonite with (3‐acryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. The graft yield measured by thermogravimetric analysis was ca. 24%. Different concentrations (0, 1.0, 2.9, and 4.9 wt%, designated as CPAAm/AGB‐0, ‐1, ‐3, and ‐5, respectively) of AGB were then added to the in situ inverse emulsion copolymerization of acrylamide and [2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride to produce the CPAAm/AGB nanocomposites. The nanocomposites improved the flocculation of the GCC suspension model significantly in an AGB concentration‐dependent manner. Dynamic drainage analysis revealed a decrease in dewatering time and turbidity from 11.2 s (pure CPAAm) to 8.7 s and from 349 to 33 NTU, respectively, at the same concentration (0.3 wt%) of nanocomposite. The results of the fabrication of handsheets revealed significant improvement (up to 2–8%) in the total retention yield and ash retention yield with increasing AGB concentration at the same GCC content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 2013, 32, 21335; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21335
Nanoindentation im Kristall‐Engineering: Quantifizierung mechanischer Eigenschaften von Molekülkristallen
Authors: Varughese Sunil , Kiran M. S. R. N. , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: January 2013

Nanoindentation ist ein Verfahren zur Messung von Elastizitätsmodul und Härte kleiner Materialvolumina. Diese Methode, die weithin für die Charakterisierung metallischer und anorganischer Feststoffe verwendet wird, wird heute auch an organischen und metallorganischen Kristallen eingesetzt und ist damit auch für das Gebiet des Kristall‐Engineering relevant geworden, z. B. für die Entwicklung molekularer Feststoffe mit gewünschten Eigenschaften und Funktionen. Durch Nanoindentation können Eigenschaften auf der molekularen Ebene, wie z. B. Kristallpackung, Wechselwirkungseigenschaften und inhärente Anisotropie, mit Vorgängen auf der mikro/makroskopischen Ebene, wie z. B. Desolvation, Koexistenz von Domänen, Schichtwanderung, Polymorphie und Festkörper‐Reaktivität, in Beziehung gesetzt werden. Unser Kurzaufsatz behandelt aktuelle Entwicklungen und interessante Möglichkeiten auf diesem neuen Gebiet.
Ecology of southern European pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera): first record of two new populations on the rivers Terva and Beça (Portugal)
Authors: Varandas Simone , Lopes‐Lima Manuel , Teixeira Amílcar , Hinzmann Mariana , Reis Joaquim , Cortes Rui , Machado Jorge , Sousa Ronaldo
Published: January 2013

Southern European populations of Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) are under‐studied. From 1986 to 2001 this species was considered extinct in Portugal but between 2001 and 2002 six northern populations were found, five of which were previously unknown.

This study comprises a comparative study of the ecology and habitat requirements of two new populations in the rivers Beça and Terva (tributaries of the River Tâmega, northern Portugal) with non‐Iberian populations.

Surveys were conducted in 2010/2011 to characterize ecological status and propose possible conservation measures. Both rivers were in good environmental condition, but the River Beça had higher biological, physicochemical and hydromorphological quality.

Both populations are highly susceptible to extirpation – in particular the River Terva population, given the very low number of specimens found and no sign of recent recruitment. The low number of juveniles and the existence of several threats in both rivers (e.g. fragmentation and loss of habitat caused by the presence of physical obstacles, organic pollution and bank erosion due to fires) imply the need for urgent, effective, conservation measures.

Southern European M. margaritifera populations have similar ecological and habitat requirements compared with those of northern and central Europe. However, functional populations may endure higher phosphate content, pH and temperature values. As expected they present faster growth rates and reduced life spans.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of Novel β‐Carboline Derivatives with Pendant 5‐Bromothienyl and Their Evaluation as Phosphodiesterase‐5 Inhibitors
Authors: El‐Gamil Dalia S. , Ahmed Nermin S. , Gary Bernard D. , Piazza Gary A. , Engel Matthias , Hartmann Rolf W. , Abadi Ashraf H.
Published: January 2013

New derivatives with the tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐imidazolidinedione and tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐piperazinedione scaffolds and a pendant bromothienyl moiety at C‐5/C‐6 were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit PDE5 in vitro. The following SAR can be concluded: The tetracyclic scaffold is essential for PDE5 inhibition; the ethyl group is the most suitable among the adopted N‐substituents on the terminal ring (hydantoin/piperazinedione); the appropriate stereochemistry of C‐5/C‐6 derived from the aldehyde rather than C‐11a/C‐12a derived from tryptophan appears crucial for inhibition of PDE5; surprisingly, derivatives with the hydantoin terminal ring are more active than their analogs with the piperazinedione ring; the selectivity versus PDE5 relative to PDE11 with cGMP as a substrate is mainly a function of the substitution and stereochemistry pattern of the external ring, in other words of the interaction with the H‐loop residues of the isozymes. Thirteen derivatives showed PDE5 inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the range of 0.16–5.4 µm. Compound 8 was the most potent PDE5 inhibitor and showed selectivity towards PDE5 versus other PDEs, with a selectivity index of 49 towards PDE5 rather than PDE11 with cGMP as the substrate.
N‐Boc‐Protected 1,2‐Diphenylethylenediamine‐Based Dendritic Organogels with Multiple‐Stimulus‐Responsive Properties
Authors: Liu Ji , Feng Yu , Liu Zhi‐Xiong , Yan Zhi‐Chao , He Yan‐Mei , Liu Chen‐Yang , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: January 2013

A new class of poly(benzyl ether) dendrimers, decorated in their cores with N‐Boc‐protected 1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine groups, were synthesized and fully characterized. It was found that the gelation capability of these dendrimers was highly dependent on dendrimer generation, and the second‐generation dendrimer (R,R)‐G2DPENBoc proved to be a highly efficient organogelator. A number of experiments (SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, rheological measurements, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, CD, and XRD) revealed that these dendritic molecules self‐assembled into elastically interpenetrating one‐dimensional nanostructures in organogels. The hydrogen bonding, π–π, and solvophobic interactions were found to be the main driving forces for formation of the gels. Most interestingly, these dendritic organogels exhibited smart multiple‐stimulus‐responsive behavior upon exposure to environmental stimuli such as temperature, anions, and mechanical stress.
Commercial‐scale utilization of greenhouse residues
Authors: Maroušek Josef , Kondo Yoshikazu , Ueno Masami , Kawamitsu Yoshinobu
Published: January 2013

Development of techniques utilizing waste without any additional energy or rare catalysts is a starting point for becoming sustainable. In the present work, the complex utilization of greenhouse residues was studied on a commercial scale. Only the energy produced by the process (8%) was used to run the technology, thanks to multilevel heat recuperation and high methane yields (over 340 m3 volatile solid t−1). Manifestations of labile carbon in relation to available nitrogen, methane yields, and the formation of inhibitors were investigated in detail. The results sweep away many false beliefs about the ratios of carbon to nitrogen and highlight the role of the availability of carbon in phytomass utilization.
Oxygen activation and redox partner binding in cytochromes P450
Authors: Poulos Thomas L. , Madrona Yarrow
Published: January 2013

The structural underpinnings of O2 activation in P450s have been limited by the inability to trap unstable oxy complexes in the crystalline state for structure determination. To date there are only two known oxy P450 structures. Even so, much is known about O2 activation in P450cam and the role that redox partner binding plays in this process. Of particular importance are changes in the I helix associated with O2 binding that enable “catalytic” waters to enter the active site and establish an H‐bonding network essential for cleavage of the OO bond. The changes in the I helix are similar to differences in the substrate‐bound (closed) and substrate‐free (open) conformations. With this information in hand, we have solved the structure of the substrate‐free form of P450cin as well as the nitric oxide complex as a mimic of the oxy complex. This information provides some insight into the similarities and differences between P450cin and P450cam in O2 activation.
The teratology society 2012–2017 strategic plan: Pushing the boundaries
Authors: Curran Christine Perdan , Lau Christopher , Schellpfeffer Michael A. , Stodgell Christopher J. , Carney Edward W.
Published: January 2013

The Teratology Society held its fourth strategic planning session in Albuquerque, NM, April 10–12, 2012, and launched the 2012–2017 Strategic Plan in conjunction with the 2012 annual meeting in Baltimore, MD. Building on the energy of the successful implementation of prior strategic plans (San Diego, 2007; Nashville,TN 2002; Cincinnati, OH 1998), session participants worked to identify barriers to success as a scientific society, as well as impending challenges and opportunities to which the Society needs to respond. The following report provides an overview of the Strategic Planning process, objectives, activities, and conclusions. A total of 23 members were present at the session, and the group included representation from Council, various committees, and different member constituencies. This plan, Pushing the Boundaries, and its three strategic intents: Broaden Our Identity, Expand Our Membership, and Increase Our Influence, will drive the direction of the Teratology Society for the next five years., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of relative humidity on analyzing electric field exposure using ELF electric field measurements
Authors: Korpinen Leena H. , Kuisti Harri A. , Tarao Hiroo , Elovaara Jarmo A.
Published: January 2013

The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of humidity on analyzing electric field exposure using extremely low frequency (ELF) electric field measurements. The study included 322 measurements in a climate room. We used two commercial three‐axis meters, EFA‐3 and EFA‐300, and employed two measurement techniques in the climate room where we varied the temperature from 15 to 25 °C, the relative humidity from 55% to 95%, and the electric field from 1 to 25 kV/m. We calculated Pearson correlations between humidity and percentage errors for all data and for data at different levels of humidity. When the relative humidity was below 70%, the results obtained by the different measurement methods in terms of percentage errors were of the same order of magnitude for the considered temperatures and field strength, but the results were less reliable when the relative humidity was higher than 80%. In the future, it is important to take humidity into account when electric field measurement results will be compared to the values given in different exposure guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics 34:414–418, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multicellularity arose several times in the evolution of eukaryotes (Response to DOI 10.1002/bies.201100187)
Authors: Parfrey Laura Wegener , Lahr Daniel J. G.
Published: January 2013

The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium has cell‐cell connections similar in structure, function, and underlying molecular mechanisms to animal epithelial cells. These similarities form the basis for the proposal that multicellularity is ancestral to the clade containing animals, fungi, and Amoebozoa (including Dictyostelium): Amorphea (formerly “unikonts”). This hypothesis is intriguing and if true could precipitate a paradigm shift. However, phylogenetic analyses of two key genes reveal patterns inconsistent with a single origin of multicellularity. A single origin in Amorphea would also require loss of multicellularity in each of the many unicellular lineages within this clade. Further, there are numerous other origins of multicellularity within eukaryotes, including three within Amorphea, that are not characterized by these structural and mechanistic similarities. Instead, convergent evolution resulting from similar selective pressures for forming multicellular structures with motile and differentiated cells is the most likely explanation for the observed similarities between animal and dictyostelid cell‐cell connections.
Mesoporous TiO2: Preparation, Doping, and as a Composite for Photocatalysis
Authors: Zhou Wei , Fu Honggang
Published: January 2013

Mesoporous materials are widely used in solar cells, lithium‐ion batteries, sensors, and supercapacitors. Mesoporous TiO2 is also highly active in photocatalysis, owing to the benefits of the mesoporous network in promoting the diffusion of the reactants and products, as well as in facilitating access to the reactive sites on the surface of the photocatalysts. This Minireview focuses on the development of mesoporous TiO2, metal/nonmetal‐doped mesoporous TiO2 networks, and mesoporous TiO2 composites. The design and synthesis of mesoporous TiO2, including the formation of various mesostructured frameworks, pore‐size control, large‐pore‐size fabrication, and highly thermally stable mesoporous‐network formation, are described in detail. From an application viewpoint, the subsequent fabrication of doped and multifunctional heterojunctions in mesoporous TiO2 is necessary for further improving its photocatalytic performance. The doping of mesoporous TiO2 with metals or nonmetals could extend the absorption edge into the visible‐light spectrum and improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The fabrication of mesoporous TiO2 composites, especially heterojunctions, could make full use of the characteristics of each component for improving the overall photocatalytic performance. In view of this fact, mesoporous TiO2 still possesses significant room for development in photocatalysis and is worthy of greater attention in the future.
Investigation on the Levels of Heavy Metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sewage Sludge Samples and Ecotoxicological Testing
Authors: Ozcan Senar , Tor Ali , Aydin Mehmet Emin
Published: January 2013

This article reports the levels of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludges taken from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Konya (Turkey) as well as their toxicity. The concentrations of heavy metals, including Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn in sludge samples from plant #2 did not exceed the limits described in both Turkish and European Union (EU) regulations. The similar result was observed in samples obtained from plant #1, except for sludge taken in May 2010. The ΣPAHs concentration ranging from 960 to 7680 µg/kg dry matter shows that sewage sludges from plant #1 could be used for agricultural purpose. However, sewage sludges from plant #2 (ΣPAHs: 1077–17 509 µg/kg dry matter) was not suitable for using in agriculture. The concentrations of ΣPCBs in all investigated sludges from plant #1 (7.46–709.36 µg/kg dry matter) and plant #2 (14.12–788.47 µg/kg dry matter) were lower than the limits reported in Turkish and EU regulations. The probable sources of PAHs and PCBs in sludges were also determined. The ecotoxicological tests examined on Vibrio fischeri and Lepidium sativum organisms showed that sludges from plant #1 had no significant toxic effect, while sludges from plant #2 had acute toxic property. Finally, all the results showed that sewage sludges from plant #1 had potential for being used in agriculture.
Gadolinium‐ and Manganite‐Based Contrast Agents with Fluorescent Probes for Both Magnetic Resonance and Fluorescence Imaging of Pancreatic Islets: A Comparative Study
Authors: Berkova Zuzana , Jirak Daniel , Zacharovova Klara , Lukes Ivan , Kotkova Zuzana , Kotek Jan , Kacenka Michal , Kaman Ondrej , Rehor Ivan , Hajek Milan , Saudek Frantisek
Published: January 2013

Three magnetic resonance (MR)/fluorescence imaging probes were tested for visualization, cellular distribution, and survival of labeled pancreatic islets in vitro and following transplantation. As T1 contrast agents (CAs), gadolinium(III) complexes linked to β‐cyclodextrin (Gd‐F‐βCD) or bound to titanium dioxide (TiO2@RhdGd) were tested. As a T2 CA, perovskite manganite nanoparticles (LSMO@siF@si) were examined. Fluorescein or rhodamine was incorporated as a fluorescent marker in all probes. Islets labeled with gadolinium(III) CAs were visible as hyperintense spots on MR in vitro, but detection in vivo was inconclusive. Islets labeled with LSMO@siF@si CA were clearly visible as hypointense spots or areas on MR scans in vitro as well as in vivo. All CAs were detected inside the islet cells by fluorescence. Although the vitality and function of the labeled islets was not impaired by any of the tested CAs, results indicate that LSMO@siF@si CA is a superior marker for islet labeling, as it provides better contrast enhancement within a shorter scan time.
The problem of anti‐doping control of luteinizing hormone in boxing
Authors: Llouquet Jean Louis , Crepin Nathalie , Lasne Françoise
Published: January 2013

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is physiologically produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Male athletes may use pharmaceutical LH for doping since it increases the production of testosterone by testes. This hormone is thus on the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) list of substances prohibited for males. Anti‐doping laboratories perform the assay of this hormone in urine and report abnormally elevated results. We observed a highly significant prevalence of abnormal results in samples taken after a boxing match. Comparison of the descriptive statistics for 426 LH values observed in boxing and other sports showed significant differences. An experimental study comparing urinary LH levels in 17 boxers before and after a match demonstrated a clear increase after the match. The same observation was made for urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in all of the eight boxers tested for this other pituitary gonadotropin. These observations have consequences for anti‐doping controls, as the reference range for urinary LH levels must take into account the specificities of boxers. They also suggest consequences for the health of boxers. Although to our knowledge such observations have never been described, other pituitary disorders have been reported. Our results deserve further investigation from a medical point of view. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UR‐144 in products sold via the Internet: Identification of related compounds and characterization of pyrolysis products
Authors: Kavanagh Pierce , Grigoryev Andrej , Savchuk Sergey , Mikhura Irina , Formanovsky Andrew
Published: January 2013

The synthetic cannabinoid, UR‐144 ((1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)(2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone), was identified in commercial ‘legal high’ products (herbal, resin, and powder). Along with this, six related compounds were detected. The most abundant one (2.1) was identified as 4‐hydroxy‐3,3,4‐trimethyl‐1‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)pentan‐1‐one, a product of the electrophilic addition of water to the cyclopropane moiety in UR‐144. Compound 2.1 was found to be undergo cyclisation which leads to the formation of two additional interconvertable compounds (2.3, tentatively identified as 1‐pentyl‐3‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐4,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐yl)‐1H‐indole which is stable only in absence of water and also observed as GC artifact) and 2.2, a protonated derivative of 2.3 which is formed in acidic solutions. The remaining compounds were identified as possible degradation products of the group 2 compounds (4,4,5,5‐tetramethyldihydrofuran‐2(3H)‐one and 1‐pentylindoline‐2,3‐dione) and intermediates or by‐products from the synthesis of UR‐144 ((1H‐indol‐3‐yl)(2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, 1‐pentyl‐1H‐indole and 1‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)hexan‐1‐one).

Pyrolysis of herbal products containing the group 2 compounds or UR‐144 resulted in the formation of 3,3,4‐trimethyl‐1‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)pent‐4‐en‐1‐one (3). This was confirmed by separate pyrolysis of 2.1 and UR‐144. Also, the two additional minor compounds, 1‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)ethanone and 1‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)propan‐1‐one, were detected. Pathways for these transformations are presented. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The NF‐κB binding site located in the proximal region of the TSLP promoter is critical for TSLP modulation in human intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Cultrone Antonietta , de Wouters Tomas , Lakhdari Omar , Kelly Denise , Mulder Imke , Logan Elizabeth , Lapaque Nicolas , Doré Joel , Blottière Hervé M.
Published: January 2013

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is constitutively secreted by intestinal epithelial cells. It regulates gut DCs, therefore, contributing to the maintenance of immune tolerance. In the present report, we describe the regulation of TSLP expression in intestinal epithelial cells and characterize the role of several NF‐κB binding sites present on the TSLP promoter. TSLP expression can be stimulated by different compounds through activation of p38, protein kinase A, and finally the NF‐κB pathway. We describe a new NF‐κB binding element located at position –0.37 kb of the promoter that is crucial for the NF‐κB‐dependent regulation of TSLP. We showed that mutation of this proximal NF‐κB site abrogates the IL‐1β‐mediated transcriptional activation of human TSLP in several epithelial cell lines. We also demonstrated that both p65 and p50 subunits are able to bind this new NF‐κB binding site. The present work provides new insight into epithelial cell‐specific TSLP regulation.
β2 integrins inhibit TLR responses by regulating NF‐κB pathway and p38 MAPK activation
Authors: Yee Nathan K. , Hamerman Jessica A.
Published: January 2013

Outside‐in signals from β2 integrins require immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif adapters in myeloid cells that are known to dampen TLR responses. However, the relationship between β2 integrins and TLR regulation is unclear. Here we show that deficiency in β2 integrins (Itgb2−/−) causes hyperresponsiveness to TLR stimulation, demonstrating that β2 integrins inhibit signals downstream of TLR ligation. Itgb2−/− macrophages and dendritic cells produced more IL‐12 and IL‐6 than WT cells when stimulated with TLR agonists and Itgb2−/− mice produced more inflammatory cytokines than WT mice when injected with LPS. TLR hypersensitivity was not the result of insufficient ABIN‐3, A20, Hes‐1, or IRAK‐M expression, nor to changes in IL‐10 production or sensitivity, though Itgb2−/− macrophages had reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation after LPS treatment. Furthermore, a Cbl‐b‐MyD88 regulatory axis is not required for TLR inhibition in macrophages. Instead, Itgb2−/‐ macrophages presented with enhanced IκBα degradation, leading to changes in NF‐κB recruitment to target promoters and elevated cytokine, chemokine, and anti‐apoptotic gene transcription. Thus, β2 integrins limit TLR signaling by inhibiting NF‐κB pathway activation and promoting p38 MAPK activation, thereby fine‐tuning TLR‐induced inflammatory responses.
Preparation and evaluation of lauryl methacrylate monoliths with embedded silver nanoparticles for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Navarro‐Pascual‐Ahuir Maria , Lerma‐García Maria J. , Ramis‐Ramos Guillermo , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto F. , Herrero‐Martínez José M.
Published: January 2013

In this article, capillary columns constituted by lauryl methacrylate monoliths with embedded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were developed and tested. Two incorporation approaches of AgNPs in monoliths were explored. The AgNPs were either photogenerated in situ during polymerization of the monolith by UV irradiation, or incorporated to the polymerization mixture (ex situ). The influence of the AgNP concentration on the morphological and chromatographic properties of the polymer matrix was investigated, and both the in situ and ex situ approaches were comparatively discussed. The morphology of the monoliths was characterized by electron microscopic techniques, and their electrochromatographic performance was also evaluated with test mixtures of neutral compounds (sterols, fatty acid methyl esters, tocopherols, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons).
WNT10B/β‐catenin signalling induces HMGA2 and proliferation in metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Wend Peter , Runke Stephanie , Wend Korinna , Anchondo Brenda , Yesayan Maria , Jardon Meghan , Hardie Natalie , Loddenkemper Christoph , Ulasov Ilya , Lesniak Maciej S. , Wolsky Rebecca , Bentolila Laurent A. , Grant Stephen G. , Elashoff David , Lehr Stephan , Latimer Jean J. , Bose Shikha , Sattar Husain , Krum Susan A. , Miranda‐Carboni Gustavo A.
Published: January 2013

Wnt/β‐catenin signalling has been suggested to be active in basal‐like breast cancer. However, in highly aggressive metastatic triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBC) the role of β‐catenin and the underlying mechanism(s) for the aggressiveness of TNBC remain unknown. We illustrate that WNT10B induces transcriptionally active β‐catenin in human TNBC and predicts survival‐outcome of patients with both TNBC and basal‐like tumours. We provide evidence that transgenic murine Wnt10b‐driven tumours are devoid of ERα, PR and HER2 expression and can model human TNBC. Importantly, HMGA2 is specifically expressed during early stages of embryonic mammogenesis and absent when WNT10B expression is lost, suggesting a developmentally conserved mode of action. Mechanistically, ChIP analysis uncovered that WNT10B activates canonical β‐catenin signalling leading to up‐regulation of HMGA2. Treatment of mouse and human triple‐negative tumour cells with two Wnt/β‐catenin pathway modulators or siRNA to HMGA2 decreases HMGA2 levels and proliferation. We demonstrate that WNT10B has epistatic activity on HMGA2, which is necessary and sufficient for proliferation of TNBC cells. Furthermore, HMGA2 expression predicts relapse‐free‐survival and metastasis in TNBC patients.
Der Daten‐Flüsterer
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: January 2013

Innovationen für die Mobilkommunikation: Der Erlanger Nachrichtentechniker und Humboldt‐Professor Robert Schober arbeitet an der Schnittstelle von Grundlagenforschung und industrieller Anwendung / „Nichts ist praktischer als eine gute Theorie.”︁
„In den Köpfen und Herzen der Wissenschaft”︁ / „Erfolgreicher Sachwalter und Botschafter”︁
Authors: Finetti Marco , Unterstell Rembert
Published: January 2013

Zwischen Exzellenzinitiative und Gleichstellungstandards, Wissenschaft und Politik, Deutschland und der weiten Welt: Sechs Jahre lang stand Matthias Kleiner an der Spitze der DFG. Zum Abschied ein Gespräch über Erreichtes und Unerreichtes, über Veränderungen in intensiven Zeiten und über Zukunftspläne und gute Wünsche.
A latent class analysis of psychological disturbance in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zahodne Laura B. , Marsiske Michael , Bowers Dawn
Published: January 2013

Objective

Psychological symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Psychological symptoms do not respond to psychotropic medications as well in patients with PD as in patients with psychiatric illnesses who do not have PD. Evidence that PD patients can be classified into distinct psychological symptom subgroups is conflicting. This study sought to examine potential psychological heterogeneity in PD with a broader range of instruments than has been used in previous studies.

Methods

A comprehensive battery of psychological measures assessing dysphoria, apathy, anhedonia, anxiety, and negative affect was administered to 95 PD patients without global cognitive impairment. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients based on continuous variables derived from the psychological battery. Multinomial regression was used to examine predictors of classification.

Results

The latent class analysis identified three subgroups with incremental levels of psychopathology across most symptom domains. One exception was a greater level of affective flattening in the “psychologically healthy” group compared with the “moderate symptoms” group. Greater motor dysfunction and less education were associated with greater severity of psychological symptoms.

Conclusions

These results support high psychological co‐morbidity in PD, which complicates the treatment of individual symptoms. In addition, emotional blunting and anhedonia may be less indicative of widespread psychological distress than anxiety, dysphoria, and cognitive aspects of apathy. Clinicians should be aware that PD patients with greater motor dysfunction and less education are at greater risk not only for depression but also for a variety of other psychological symptoms that may not be routinely assessed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Raf/Pyk2 by growth factor-mediated Eph receptor 2 (EphA2) is required for cholangiocarcinoma growth and metastasis
Authors: Cui Xiang-Dan , Lee Mi-Jin , Kim Jong-Hyun , Hao Pei-Pei , Liu Lan , Yu Goung-Ran , Kim Dae-Ghon
Published: January 2013

Eph receptor 2 (EphA2) overexpression is frequently accompanied by the loss of its cognate ligand during tumor progression. However, the molecular mechanism of this ligand-independent promotion of tumor by EphA2 remains unclear in highly malignant and fatal cholangiocarcinoma (CC). We examined the biological role of EphA2 in tumor growth and metastasis in CC tissues and cells according to the degree of differentiation and we explored the downstream signaling pathways of EphA2. Growth factor-mediated EphA2 overexpression itself leads to the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways through ligand-independent activation of EphA2 (phosphorylation of S897). An

in vitro

soft agar assay and

in vivo

orthotopic or subcutaneous tumor model showed that EphA2 enhanced colony formation and accelerated tumor growth, and which seemed to be mainly associated with Akt (T308)/mTORC1 activation. Aberrant expression and activation of EphA2 was also associated with poorer differentiation and higher metastatic ability. Enhanced metastatic ability was also observed in an orthotopic tumor model or lung metastasis model, correlating with Pyk2(Y402)/c-Src/ERK activation in addition to activation of the canonical Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. The mTORC1 and Raf/Pyk2 pathways also appeared to affect each other. These results suggest that growth factor-mediated EphA2 might be involved in tumor growth and metastasis through activation of the mTORC1 and Raf/Pyk2 pathways. Therapeutic strategies that target EphA2 and its downstream effectors may be useful to control CC.
Canonical Notch2 signaling determines biliary cell fates of embryonic hepatoblasts and adult hepatocytes independent of Hes1
Authors: Jeliazkova Petia , Jörs Simone , Lee Marcel , Zimber-Strobl Ursula , Ferrer Jorge , Schmid Roland M. , Siveke Jens T. , Geisler Fabian
Published: January 2013

Notch signaling through the Notch2 receptor is essential for normal biliary tubulogenesis during liver development. However, the signaling events downstream of Notch2 critical for this process are less well defined. Furthermore, whether Notch signaling also underlies adult hepatic cell fate decisions is largely unknown. By implementing different genetic mouse models, we provide a comprehensive analysis that defines the role of Notch in cell fate control in the developing and adult liver. We show that cell-specific activation of Notch2 signaling by a

Notch2IC

(

N2IC

) transgene leads to rapid biliary specification of embryonic hepatoblasts, but also—when expressed in up to 6-month-old adult livers—rapidly reprograms adult hepatocytes to biliary cells with formation of tubular-cystic structures. When directed specifically to the adult biliary and facultative liver progenitor cell compartment, Notch2 is capable of inducing a ductular reaction. Furthermore, we characterized the significance of key effectors of canonical Notch signaling during normal development and in N2IC-expressing models. We demonstrate that tubule formation of intrahepatic bile ducts during embryonic development as well as N2IC-induced specification and morphogenesis of embryonic hepatoblasts and biliary conversion of adult hepatocytes all critically rely on canonical Notch signaling via recombination signal binding protein (RBP)-Jκ but do not require Hes1.

Conclusion

: Notch2 appears to be the main determinant not only of biliary commitment of embryonic hepatoblasts during development but also of biliary reprogramming of adult hepatocytes. Notch2-dictated cell fates and morphogenesis in both embryonic hepatoblasts and adult hepatocytes rely on canonical Notch signaling but do not require Hes1. Adult liver cells possess a remarkable plasticity to assume new cell fates when embryonic signaling pathways are active.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND VALIDATION OF WATER FLOW AND HEAT TRANSPORT IN A SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING HYDRUS‐2D
Authors: Wang Jiandong , Gong Shihong , Xu Di , Juan Sui , Mu Jianxin
Published: January 2013

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems are often recommended to overcome water scarcity in arid and semi‐arid regions. To properly manage SDI systems, precise prediction of distribution and transport of soil water content and temperature (important soil physical factors for plant growth) around the emitters must be known. In this paper, the computer software package HYDRUS‐2D was used to evaluate the distribution and transport of soil water content and temperature around an emitter in a silt loam soil. The model was validated by comparison with measured data from field experiments involving SDI with emitters installed at 25‐cm soil depths. Model performance in simulating soil moisture and temperature was evaluated by comparing measured and predicted values using three parameters: model efficiency (ME), root mean square deviation (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). Values of ME, RMSE and MBE between measured and simulated soil moisture ranged from 0.71 to 0.84, 0.013 to 0.019 and 0.004 to 0.007 and between measured and simulated soil temperature ranged from 0.81 to 0.86, 0.97 to 1.33 and 0.13 to 0.28, respectively. Based on these values, it can be concluded that there was good correspondence between simulations and observations and the HYDRUS‐2D can be commendably used to describe soil water and heat transport properties involving SDI and also for investigating and designing drip irrigation management practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The CACREP Site Visit Process
Authors: Lee Courtland C.
Published: January 2013

An important step in the CACREP review process is the campus site visit. The visit involves a team, usually from comparable institutions, coming to a campus for a review of the counselor training program(s). The role of the team is to be the CACREP Board's representative on campus to verify the self‐study. In this article, the author reviews the CACREP site visit process and provides a retrospective of its evolution over the past 30 years.
The Straight Path to Healing: Using Motivational Interviewing to Address Spiritual Bypass
Authors: Clarke Philip B. , Giordano Amanda L. , Cashwell Craig S. , Lewis Todd F.
Published: January 2013

Spiritual bypass is the avoidance of underlying emotional issues by focusing solely on spiritual beliefs, practices, and experiences. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a client‐centered, compassionate approach to effectively addressing resistance among those who present with spiritual bypass. In this article, the authors provide background information on spiritual bypass and a rationale for adopting an MI approach to working with these clients. A case presentation illustrates 1 example of using MI with spiritual bypass.
Mindfulness‐Based Interventions in Counseling
Authors: Brown Amanda P. , Marquis Andre , Guiffrida Douglas A.
Published: January 2013

Mindfulness is a relatively new construct in counseling that is rapidly gaining interest as it is applied to people struggling with a myriad of problems. Research has consistently demonstrated that counseling interventions using mindfulness improve well‐being and reduce psychopathology. This article provides a detailed definition of mindfulness, including a discussion of the mechanisms underlying mindfulness practice; explores the implementation of mindfulness as a counseling intervention; and examines literature supporting its effectiveness.
The Foundation of Counseling in the Republic of Ecuador
Authors: Smith Robert L. , Valarezo Maria Alexandra
Published: January 2013

Counseling is at an early stage of development in the Republic of Ecuador. A turbulent history, poverty, and unemployment have affected the growth of mental health services and counselor preparation programs. Yet, this country experiences problems of addictions, domestic violence, depression, suicide, gender inequity, and drug trafficking. The future of counseling will be influenced by economic conditions and leadership provided from within and outside the Republic of Ecuador.
Human cardiotoxic drugs delivered by soaking and microinjection induce cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish
Authors: Zhu Jun‐Jing , Xu Yi‐Qiao , He Jian‐Hui , Yu Hang‐Ping , Huang Chang‐Jiang , Gao Ji‐Min , Dong Qiao‐Xiang , Xuan Yao‐Xian , Li Chun‐Qi
Published: January 2013

Cardiovascular toxicity is a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and predictive screening models to identify and eliminate pharmaceuticals with the potential to cause cardiovascular toxicity in humans are urgently needed. In this study, taking advantage of the transparency of larval zebrafish, Danio rerio, we assessed cardiovascular toxicity of seven known human cardiotoxic drugs (aspirin, clomipramine hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, nimodipine, quinidine, terfenadine and verapamil hydrochloride) and two non‐cardiovascular toxicity drugs (gentamicin sulphate and tetracycline hydrochloride) in zebrafish using six specific phenotypic endpoints: heart rate, heart rhythm, pericardial edema, circulation, hemorrhage and thrombosis. All the tested drugs were delivered into zebrafish by direct soaking and yolk sac microinjection, respectively, and cardiovascular toxicity was quantitatively or qualitatively assessed at 4 and 24 h post drug treatment. The results showed that aspirin accelerated the zebrafish heart rate (tachycardia), whereas clomipramine hydrochloride, cyclophosphamide, nimodipine, quinidine, terfenadine and verapamil hydrochloride induced bradycardia. Quinidine and terfenadine also caused atrioventricular (AV) block. Nimodipine treatment resulted in atrial arrest with much slower but regular ventricular heart beating. All the tested human cardiotoxic drugs also induced pericardial edema and circulatory disturbance in zebrafish. There was no sign of cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish treated with non‐cardiotoxic drugs gentamicin sulphate and tetracycline hydrochloride. The overall prediction success rate for cardiotoxic drugs and non‐cardiotoxic drugs in zebrafish were 100% (9/9) as compared with human results, suggesting that zebrafish is an excellent animal model for rapid in vivo cardiovascular toxicity screening. The procedures we developed in this report for assessing cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish were suitable for drugs delivered by either soaking or microinjection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early detection of renal injury using urinary vanin‐1 in rats with experimental colitis
Authors: Hosohata Keiko , Ando Hitoshi , Fujimura Akio
Published: January 2013

Renal complications are often detected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because conventional markers such as serum creatinine and β2‐microglobulin are not sensitive and/or specific, a new renal biomarker is needed. We have recently identified urinary vanin‐1 as an early biomarker for the detection of nephrotoxicant‐induced renal injury. In this study, we compared the usefulness of urinary vanin‐1 with other newly developed biomarkers [urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), kidney injury molecule‐1 (Kim‐1) and N‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG)] for the detection of renal complications in rats with experimental colitis. On day 2 after intracolonic injection of 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), male Wistar rats developed not only colitis, but histologically evident renal injury. Urinary vanin‐1 started to elevate on day 1, whereas serum creatinine and urinary excretions of glucose, total protein, albumin, Kim‐1, MCP‐1 and NAG significantly increased only on day 2. The mRNA expressions of vanin‐1 and Kim‐1 significantly increased in the kidney, but not in the colon. In addition, vanin‐1 did not appear in the blood. On the other hand, colonic mRNA expression and the serum concentration of MCP‐1 were significantly higher in the TNBS‐treated rats than in the control animals. These results suggest that, in contrast to MCP‐1, urinary vanin‐1 and Kim‐1 mainly originated from the kidney rather than the colon in this model. Compared with Kim‐1 and MCP‐1, vanin‐1 might be an earlier biomarker for the detection of renal injury in rats with experimental colitis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐Term Stability of Primary Rat Hepatocytes in Micropatterned Cocultures
Authors: Ukairo Okechukwu , Kanchagar Chitra , Moore Amanda , Shi Julianne , Gaffney Jeannemarie , Aoyama Simon , Rose Kelly , Krzyzewski Stacy , McGeehan Jack , Andersen Melvin E. , Khetani Salman R. , LeCluyse Edward L.
Published: January 2013

Primary hepatocytes display functional and structural instability in standard monoculture systems. We have previously developed a model in which primary hepatocytes are organized in domains of empirically optimized dimensions and surrounded by murine embryonic fibroblasts (HepatoPac™). Here, we assess the long‐term phenotype of freshly isolated and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes in a 96‐well HepatoPac format. The viability, cell polarity (actin microfilaments, bile canaliculi), and functions (albumin, urea, Phase I/II enzymes, transporters) of fresh and cryopreserved rat hepatocytes were retained in HepatoPac at similar levels for at least 4 weeks as opposed to rapidly declining over 5 days in collagen/Matrigel™ sandwich cultures. Pulse or continuous exposure of rat HepatoPac to GW‐7647, a selective agonist of PPARα, caused reproducible induction of CYP4A1 and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase over 4 weeks. In conclusion, rat HepatoPac in a 96‐well format can be used for chronic dosing of highly functional hepatocytes and assessment of perturbed hepatocellular pathways. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:204‐212, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21469
Identification and Characterization of the First Microsatellite Loci for the Thick‐Shelled River Mussel Unio crassus (Bivalvia: Unionidae)
Authors: Sell Jerzy , Mioduchowska Monika , Kaczmarczyk Agnieszka , Szymańczak Robert
Published: January 2013

The thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus is critically endangered throughout its range as a result of increasing human activity and habitat loss. Next generation DNA sequencing was used to develop a set of microsatellite markers that can be used for future ecological and population genetics studies of U. crassus. A total of 11 polymorphic loci were identified and characterized using 57 individuals from two Polish populations. Numbers of alleles ranged from 2 to 15 and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.069 to 0.899. Deficiency of heterozygous genotypes was observed in four loci. Marker independence was confirmed with tests for linkage disequilibrium, however, analyses indicated evidence of null alleles in four loci. The microsatellite markers developed specifically for U. crassus provide a valuable tool for future ecological, population genetic assessments, and conservation management of this species. J. Exp. Zool. 319A:113–116, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wiggles and Finitely Discontinuous k‐to‐1 Functions Between Graphs
Authors: Gauci John Baptist , Hilton Anthony J. W. , Stark Dudley
Published: January 2013

A function between graphs is k‐to‐1 if each point in the codomain has precisely k preimages in the domain. In this article, we approach the topic of continuous, or finitely discontinuous, k‐to‐1 functions between graphs from three different points of view. Harrold (Duke Math J 5 (1939), 789–793) showed that there is no 2‐to‐1 continuous function from a closed interval onto a circle (i.e., from K2 onto C3). In the first part of this article, we describe all 3‐to‐1 continuous functions from an edge onto a cycle. Such a description is just one step away from a description of all 3‐to‐1 continuous functions from onto , which is in fact our main initial emphasis. Second, given two graphs, G and H, and an integer , and considering G and H as subsets of , Jo Heath gave a simple criterion for the existence of a finitely discontinuous k‐to‐1 function from G onto H. Such functions often involve a limiting construction which we call a wiggle. In the second part of this article, we give a simple formula (related to Jo Heath's construction) which counts the number of wiggles. The question of whether there is a continuous k‐to‐1 function (i.e., a k‐to‐1 map in the usual topological sense) from G onto H is more complicated. In the third part of this article, we consider complete graphs and . In the cases where n and m have the same parity, and , then we determine exactly when there is a k‐to‐1 continuous function from onto . Other cases are considered elsewhere (J. K. Dugdale, S. Fiorini, A. J. W. Hilton, J. B. Gauci, Discrete Math 310 (2010), 330–346 and J. B. Gauci, A. J. W. Hilton, J Graph Theory 65 (2010), 35–60).
A modern approach to the synthesis of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)[2‐ 14C]thiazol‐4‐ylacetic acid ([14C] fenclozic acid) and its acyl glucuronide metabolite
Authors: Killick David A. , Bushby Nick
Published: January 2013

An updated approach to the 1960s synthesis of [14C] fenclozic acid from labelled potassium cyanide is presented. By employing modern synthetic methodology and purification techniques, many of the inherent hazards in the original synthesis are avoided or significantly reduced. The concomitant labelled stereoselective synthesis of the key acyl glucuronide metabolite (the 1‐β‐O‐acyl glucuronide) is also described.