bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of C1QBP/p32 and its Therapeutic Potential in Breast Carcinoma and other Cancers
Authors: Matsumoto Ken , Bay Boon-Huat
Published: January 2021

The complement component 1, q subcomponent binding protein
(C1QBP/gC1q-R/p32/HABP1/TAP/YBAP1), is a ubiquitous, multifunctional protein.
C1QBP localizes mainly to mitochondria due to its N-terminal mitochondrial localization
signal, but it can also be found in different subcellular compartments including the cell
surface, nucleus, cytoplasm, and extracellular space. C1QBP has been reported to interact
with a variety of proteins that have apparently unrelated functions. C1QBP has also
been observed to interact with hyaluronic acid and RNA. These findings suggest that
C1QBP has both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial functions. The C1QBP binding
sites of many partner proteins are located within basic and intrinsically disordered regions
of these molecules, consistent with the hypothesis that C1QBP functions as a
molecular chaperone. C1QBP expression is elevated in various types of human cancers,
including breast cancer. Moreover, it has been implicated in the development, progression,
and metastasis of cancer cells based on loss-of-function and gain-of-function
studies using cancer cell lines and xenograft models. Hence C1QBP could be a molecular
target in breast cancer therapy. Studies using antibodies, tumor homing peptides such as
LyP-1, and small molecules that target C1QBP warrant further investigation as C1QBP
is a potential therapeutic target.
Review of Synthetic Approaches to Dizocilpine
Authors: Konecny Jan , Mezeiova Eva , Soukup Ondrej , Korabecny Jan
Published: January 2021

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, together with AMPA and kainite receptors, belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA receptors play a crucial role in neuronal plasticity and cognitive functions. Overactivation of those receptors leads to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, which could be suppressed by NMDA antagonists. Dizocilpine was firstly reported in 1982 as an NMDA receptor antagonist with anticonvulsive properties, but due to serious side effects like neuronal vacuolization, its use in human medicine is restricted. However, dizocilpine is still used as a validated tool to induce the symptoms of schizophrenia in animal models and also as a standard for comparative purposes to newly developed NMDA receptor antagonists. For this reason, the synthesis of dizocilpine and especially its more active enantiomer (+)-dizocilpine is still relevant. In this review, we bring a collection of various synthetic approaches leading to dizocilpine and its analogues.
Recent Advances in Minisci-type Reactions and Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wang Wengui , Wang Shoufeng
Published: January 2021

Minisci-type reactions have been widely known as reactions that involve the addition
of carbon-centered radicals to basic heteroarenes followed by formal hydrogen atom loss.
While the originally developed protocols for radical generation remain in active use today, in
recent years, the new array of radical generation strategies have allowed the use of a wider
variety of radical precursors that often operate under milder and more benign conditions. New
transformations based on free radical reactivity are now available to a synthetic chemist, to
utilize a Minisci-type reaction. Radical-generation methods based on photoredox catalysis
and electrochemistry, which utilize thermal cleavage or the in situ generation of reactive radical
precursors, have become popular approaches. Our review will cover the remarkable literature
that has been reported on this topic in recent 5 years, from 2015-01 to 2020-01, in an
attempt to provide guidance to the synthetic chemist on both the challenges that need to be overcome and the applications
in organic synthesis.
Production and Immunological Evaluation of Epitope-based Preventative Pneumococcal Candidate Vaccine Comprising Immunodominant Epitopes from PspA, CbpA, PhtD and PiuA Antigens
Authors: Dorosti Hesam , Nezafat Navid , Heidari Reza , Ghoshoon Mohammad B. , Gholami Ahmad , Dehshahri Ali , Erfani Nasrollah , Rahbar Mohammad R. , Ghasemi Younes
Published: January 2021

Background:

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia, mostly in
children less than five years and elderly people. Although the Pneumoniae Polysaccharide Vaccine
(PPV) and Pneumonia Conjugate Vaccines (PCV) are the efficient pneumococcal vaccine in adults
and children, the serotype replacement of S. pneumoniae strains causes the reduction in the efficacy
of PPV and PCV vaccines. Epitope-based vaccines are a promising alternative to the present capsular
antigen vaccines.

Methods:

In this study, we evaluated cellular and humoral immune responses induced by our novel
designed multi-epitope vaccine in BALB/c mice. CD8+ Cytolytic T Lymphocytes (CTLs) epitopes
were selected from PspA and CbpA antigens, and CD4+ Helper T Lymphocytes (HTLs) epitopes
were chosen from PhtD and PiuA antigens. PorB, the TLR2 agonist, as an adjuvant, was employed
to increase the immunogenicity of the vaccine.

Results and Conclusion:

The high levels of specific anti-peptide vaccine IgG and an increase in the
level of IgG2 in the vaccinated group demonstrated our vaccine could elicit robust antibody production.
The significant increase in IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, and decrease in IL-10 showed that
the designed vaccine could be proposed as the efficient preventative pneumococcal vaccine in the
mouse model.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-derived Exosomes Attenuate Experimental Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Ge LiLi , Jiang Wen , Zhang Shanshan , Wang Jue , Xin Qian , Sun Chao , Li Kailin , Qi Tonggang , Luan Yun
Published: January 2021

Background:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) is a chronic disease that ultimately progresses to right
ventricular failure and death, until now there is still lack of effective treatment applied. The purpose of the present study was
to observe the protective effect of mesenchymal stromal cell derived exosomes (MSC-EXO) against
experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH) and right ventricular failure.

Methods:

All the experimental rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg monocrotaline
to induce PH model. Three weeks after the model was successfully established, the cell Culture Media
(CM) or MSC-EXO derived from human umbilical cord was administered daily via the tail vein.
All animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control (saline-treated), MCT-PH, MCT-CM and
MCT-EXO groups. Post-operation, hemodynamic data and index of right ventricular hypertrophy
(RVHI) were recorded to evaluate the inhibition of MSC-EXO on MCT-induced PH. Histology,
immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to analyze the effect of MSC-EXO against vascular
remodeling and further reveal the mechanism.

Results:

In the present study, our results showed that MSC-EXO administration could significantly reduce the right
ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and RVHI, suppress the pulmonary vascular remodeling and the endothelialmesenchymal transition (EndMT) process.

Conclusion:

Our results provided the firm information for a new method in treatment of PH, the mechanism may be may be
related with the inhibition of vascular remodeling and EndMT.
Pomelo Peel Volatile Oil Alleviates Neuroinflammation on Focal Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Rats via Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Tian Xin-yue , Xie Lu , Wang Wen-yan , Zou Xin-sen , Zhao Gao-yang , Chen Meng-hua
Published: January 2021

Background:

Restoration of blood flow during ischemic stroke leads to Cerebral Ischemia-
Reperfusion Injury (CIRI) by activating neuroinflammatory cascades. Pomelo Peel Volatile Oil
(PPVO) extracted from Citrus maxima (Burm.) from the genus Rutaceae, comprises some antiinflammatory
ingredients, such as limonene and β-myrcene.

Objective:

The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of PPVO on alleviating CIRI
related to the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B (TLR4/NF-κB) pathway.

Methods:

Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO/R) was performed on 65
rats, which were then distributed into five groups (n = 13/group) depending on the intervention they
received: Normal Saline (NS) group, normal Glycerin (GL) group, low-dose PPVO (LP, 10mg/kg)
group, high-dose PPVO (HP, 30 mg/kg) group, and Sham-operated (SH) group. Neurological Deficit
Scores (NDSs) and histological changes were evaluated. Infarct volumes were measured by 2,3,5-
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) staining. The expression of TLR4 and neutrophil infiltration
were detected by Immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Moreover, the downstream molecules of the
TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, p-IκB/IκB, and p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB
p65 were analyzed by Western Blot (WB).

Results & Discussion:

The results showed that PPVO (30 mg/kg) significantly decreased infarct
volumes, improved neurological deficits and pathologic changes, inhibited TLR4/NF-κB signaling
pathway suppressed neutrophil infiltration, and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that PPVO may alleviate neuroinflammation and protect against
CIRI via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Advances in the Occurrence of Pyroptosis: A Novel Role in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Yu Jie , Cui Xinghui , Zhang Xiaoyun , Cheng Min , Cui Xiaodong
Published: January 2021

Pyroptosis is a new type of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death identified over the
last few years and has since attracted researchers' attention. Current research demonstrates that pyroptosis's
primary process is dependent on caspase-1 protein and gasdermin D protein and is accompanied
by the release of inflammatory substances. However, the specific mechanisms and physiological
or pathophysiological processes involved in pyroptosis are unclear. Presently, research on the occurrence,
development, and treatment of various diseases associated with pyroptosis is of significant
value. Pyroptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. For instance, numerous
studies have revealed that pyroptosis is involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis,
and it is closely associated with pyroptosis of three essential cells (vascular endothelial cells,
macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells) in atherosclerosis. The advancement of research on
pyroptosis is anticipated to give insights into its application as a potential method for treating diseases.
This article mainly reviews the relationship between pyroptosis and associated mechanisms factors
that cause pyroptosis and the relationship between pyroptosis and various diseases, especially
atherosclerosis.
Bioinspired Reduced Graphene Oxide Based Nanohybrids for Photocatalysis and Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Umekar Mayuri S. , Bhusari Ganesh S. , Potbhare Ajay K. , Mondal Aniruddha , Kapgate Bharat P. , Desimone Martin F. , Chaudhary Ratiram Gomaji
Published: January 2021

Ultra-thin graphene has been receiving significance in the diverse sections of material science,
owing to its exceptional physicochemical and thermo-mechanical characteristics. Currently, the
fabrication of high-grade graphene in an economical target and green procedures area is a massive
concern. Among the diverse techniques, chemical-mediated fabrication is believed to be the finest process
since it is simple, scalable, and of low-cost; however, it involves noxious or hazardous chemical
reducers for producing functional graphene-based Nanocomposites (NCs). Therefore, around the
globe, scientists are endeavoring to adopt the bioinspired techniques to manufacture the functional reduced
Graphene Oxide (rGO) and reduced Graphene Oxide-Metal/Metal Oxide (rGO-M/MO) NCs.
Hence, keeping this issue in mind, the present review article summarize and integrates the current state
of knowledge about the diverse bioinspired strategies developed to obtain rGO and rGO-M/MO NCs
and their photocatalytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic assessments.
Emerging Molecular Strategies for Improving Rice Drought Tolerance
Authors: Giri Jitender , Parida Swarup K. , Raghuvanshi Saurabh , Tyagi Akhilesh K.
Published: January 2021

Rice occupies a pre-eminent position as a food crop in the world. Its production, however,
entails up to 3000 liters of water per kilogram of grain produced. Such high demand makes
rice prone to drought easily. Sustainable rice cultivation with limited water resources requires the
deployment of a suitable strategy for better water use efficiency and improved drought tolerance.
Several drought-related genes have been evaluated in rice for their mode of action in conferring
drought tolerance. Manipulation of components of abscisic acid signal transduction, stomatal density,
deposition of cuticular wax, and protein modification pathways are emerging as priority targets.
Gene reprogramming by microRNAs is also being explored to achieve drought tolerance. Genetically
dissected Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) and their constituent genes are being deployed to develop
drought-tolerant rice varieties. Progressive research and challenges include a better understanding
of crucial components of drought response and search for new targets and the deployment
of improved varieties in the field.
Pathogenesis Related Proteins (PRs): From Cellular Mechanisms to Plant Defense
Authors: Zribi Ikram , Ghorbel Mouna , Brini Faiçal
Published: January 2021

Many unfavorable stress conditions, such as wounding, drought, extreme temperatures,
salinity and pathogen attacks, control growth, development and plant yield. To survive in such environments,
plants have developed many strategies. They are able to induce the expression of a large
number of genes that encode effectors, receptors, as well as signaling proteins and protective
molecules. Among all, pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) were found to be activated in response
to different biotic and abiotic threats. Those proteins have a wide range of functions; acting as chitinases,
peroxidases, anti-microbial agents, hydrolases, protease inhibitors, and other activities. Activation
of PR proteins has been demonstrated in different plant families as a response to different
stresses. In this review, we have summarized the structural, biological and functional characteristics
of the different PRs families in plants, their regulation, as well as their roles in plant defense
against abiotic and biotic stresses.
An Insight Into Mitochondrial Dysfunction and its Implications in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Waseem Rashid , Shamsi Anas , Kazim Syed N. , Islam Asimul
Published: January 2021

In the last few years, a massive increase in research has been observed that focuses on investigating
the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria
are vital cell organelles having important roles in different cellular processes, including
energy production, calcium signaling, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, etc.
Therefore, healthy mitochondria are necessary for cell survival and functioning. It would seem feasible
that mitochondrial dysfunction will have implications in various pathological conditions. A
large body of evidence indicates the role of the mitochondrion as a potential key player in the loss
or dysfunction of neurons in various neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we provide an insight
into mitochondrial dysfunction and its involvement in the pathology of several neurological
diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Hypoxic-
Ischemic Brain Injury, and many more.
Self-Assembled Micelles of Amphiphilic PEGylated Drugs for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Al-Amili Majdi , Jin Zhu , Wang Zhongmin , Guo Shengrong
Published: January 2021

Generally, poor solubility and imprecise delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs can compromise
their efficacies for clinical cancer treatment. In order to address such concerns, poor water-soluble
drugs are conjugated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to obtain PEGylated drugs, which
have improved water solubility and can also self-assemble in an aqueous solution to form micelles
(PEGylated drug micelles). The surface PEG layer enhances the micelles’ colloidal stability and reduces
the interaction with physiological surroundings. Meanwhile, PEGylated drug micelles are tumor-
targeting via the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect to improve antitumor efficacy
in comparison with free drugs. PEGylated drug micelles employ drugs as parts of the carrier
medium, which increases the micelles’ drug loading capacity relatively. The development of stimuli-
responsive PEGylated drug micelles facilitates the drug release to be smart and controllable.
Moreover, the PEGylated drug micelles show great potentials in overcoming the challenges of cancer
therapy, such as multidrug resistance (MDR), angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and so on. In
this review, we highlight the research progresses of PEGylated drug micelles, including the structures
and properties, smart stimuli-responsive PEGylated drug micelles, and the challenges that
have been overcome by PEGylated drug micelles.
Therapeutic Properties of Several Chemical Compounds from Salvia officinalis L. in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Uță Georgiana , Manolescu Denisa Ștefania , Avram Speranța
Published: January 2021

Background.:

Currently, the pharmacological management in Alzheimer's disease is based on several chemical structures, represented by acetylcholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands, with still unclear molecular mechanisms, but severe side effects. For this reason, a challenge for Alzheimer's disease treatment remains to identify new drugs with reduced side effects. Recently, the natural compounds, in particular certain chemical compounds identified in the essential oil of peppermint, sage, grapes, sea buckthorn, have increased interest as possible therapeutics.

Objectives.:

In this paper, we have summarized data from the recent literature, on several chemical compounds extracted from Salvia officinalis L., with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods.:

In addition to the wide range of experimental methods performed in vivo and in vitro, also we presented some in silico studies of medicinal compounds. Results. Through this mini-review, we present the latest information regarding the therapeutic characteristics of natural compounds isolated from Salvia officinalis L. in Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusion.:

Thus, based on the information presented, we can say that phytotherapy is a reliable therapeutic method in a neurodegenerative disease.
Mediterranean Diet Polyphenols: Anthocyanins and Their Implications for Health
Authors: Martinotti Simona , Bonsignore Gregorio , Patrone Mauro , Ranzato Elia
Published: January 2021

The Mediterranean diet (MD) is becoming a milestone for the prevention of chronic diseases,
such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Ancel Keys in
the 1950’s showed a low mortality rate, particularly for coronary heart disease, among people resident
in the Mediterranean area. The MD is characterized by the intake of the high amount of vegetables,
fruit, and cereals and regular but moderate consumption of wine, fish, and dairy products, while
olive oil is the main source of culinary fat. Therefore, it is principally a plant-based diet rich in polyphenols,
a heterogeneous category of compounds with different properties and bioavailabilities.
Among polyphenols, anthocyanins have been combined into the human food regime for centuries.
They have been utilized as traditional herbal remedies for their ability to treat several conditions, as
potent anti-oxidants, anti-diabetic and anti-carcinogenic compounds. This review summarizes our
knowledge on the health-enhancing component of the anthocyanins-rich diet.
Potential Non-coding RNAs from Microorganisms and their Therapeutic Use in the Treatment of Different Human Cancers
Authors: Biswas Raju , Ghosh Dipanjana , Dutta Bhramar , Halder Urmi , Goswami Prittam , Bandopadhyay Rajib
Published: January 2021

Cancer therapy describes the treatment of cancer, often with surgery, chemotherapy, and
radiotherapy. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) is likely to be considered a new emerging, alternative
therapeutic approach for silencing/targeting cancer-related genes. RNAi can exert antiproliferative
and proapoptotic effects by targeting functional carcinogenic molecules or knocking
down gene products of cancer-related genes. However, in contrast to conventional cancer therapies,
RNAi based therapy seems to have fewer side effects. Transcription signal sequence and
conserved sequence analysis-showed that microorganisms could be a potent source of non-coding
RNAs. This review concluded that mapping of RNAi mechanism and RNAi based drug delivery approaches
is expected to lead a better prospective of cancer therapy.
Gene Therapy Based on Lipid Nanoparticles as Non-viral Vectors for Glioma Treatment
Authors: Luiz Marcela Tavares , Tofani Larissa Bueno , Araújo Victor Hugo Sousa , Di Filippo Leonardo Delello , Duarte Jonatas Lobato , Marchetti Juliana Maldonado , Chorilli Marlus
Published: January 2021

Gliomas are primary brain tumors originating from glial cells, representing 30% of all
Central Nervous System (CNS) neoplasia. Among them, the astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma
multiforme) is the most common, presenting an invasive and aggressive profile, with an estimated
life expectancy of about 15 months after diagnosis even after treatment with radiation, surgical resection,
and chemotherapy. This poor prognosis is related to the presence of the blood-brain barrier
(BBB) and multidrug resistance mechanisms that prevent the uptake and retention of chemotherapeutics
inside the brain. Gene therapy has been a promising strategy to overcome these treatment
limitations since it has the ability to modify the defective genetic information in tumor cells, being
able to induce cellular apoptosis and silence the genes responsible for multidrug resistance. Lipidbased
nanoparticles, non-viral vectors, have been investigated to deliver genes across the BBB to
reach the glioma cell target. Besides, their low immunogenicity, easy production, ability to incorporate
ligands to specific target cells, and capacity to carry higher size genes have made the gene therapy
based on non-viral vectors a promising glioma treatment. In this context, this review addresses
the most common non-viral vectors based on lipid-based nanoparticles used for glioma gene therapy,
such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and nanoemulsions.
Investigation of the Anti-Cancer Effects of Free and PLGA-PAA
Encapsulated Hydroxytyrosol on the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell
Line
Authors: Safi Maryam , Onsori Habib , Rahmati Mohammad
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women and the
most important cause of death. Surgery and chemotherapy are the common treatment of
breast cancer, but increasing drug resistance has created many challenges in its
treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer function of free and
nano-encapsulated hydroxytyrosol on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

Methods:

The poly lactide-co-glycolide-co-polyacrylic acid (PLGA-co-PAA) nanoencapsulated
Hydroxytyrosol was synthesized, and the MTT assay was performed to
evaluate the anti-proliferative and anti-tumor effects of both free and nano-encapsulated
Hydroxytyrosol. After the extraction of RNA from the treated and control cancer cells,
cDNA synthesis was performed and the expression of P21, P27, and Cyclin D1 genes
was evaluated by Real-Time PCR.

Results:

The results of the study showed that free (12 ppm and 72 hours) and nanoencapsulate
(10 ppm and 24 hours) hydroxytyrosol resulted in 50% death (IC50) of the
cancer cells and increased by increasing the concentration and time. Also, free and
nano-encapsulated hydroxytyrosol increased the expression of P21 and P27 genes and
reduced the expression of Cyclin D1 in breast cancer cells. In general, the nanoencapsulated
hydroxytyrosol showed more anticancer function than the free
hydroxytyrosol.

Conclusion:

The present study illustrated that hydroxytyrosol could lead to cell death in
MCF-7 breast cancer by regulating the cell cycle. Also, the nano-encapsulation of
Hydroxytyrosol enhanced the Hydroxytyrosol anticancer function by PLGA-co-PAA.
However, for more accurate results, further studies on animal models are necessary.
Pregnancy Among HIV-Serodiscordant Couples: Case Report of Vertical Transmission and Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Choudhury Bipasha , Stadnyk Maria , Jijon Dolores Freire , McLaughlin Luke , Kanji Jamil N. , Charlton Carmen , Smyczek Petra , Vaudry Wendy , Houston Stan , Tse-Chang Alena , Hawkes Michael T.
Published: January 2021

Background::

HIV transmission during pregnancy and breastfeeding among serodiscordant
heterosexual couples represents an ongoing barrier to the elimination of vertical transmission
of HIV-1 infection in Canada.

Objective::

To report a case of vertical HIV transmission during breastfeeding and examine the prevalence
of risk factors for HIV transmission in the pregnancy and postpartum periods among
serodiscordant couples where the male partner is HIV positive and female partner HIV negative.

Methods::

Case report and retrospective chart review of HIV-serodiscordant pregnant couples over
an eight-year period in Edmonton, Canada.

Results::

We report a case of maternal primary HIV infection during the postpartum period and vertical
transmission to a nursing infant that went undetected until the infant presented with AIDS.
We also report a series of 41 serodiscordant pregnant couples identified by our public health nurse
between 2008 and 2016. Among HIV-infected male partners, 20 (49%) had a detectable viral load
(VL) during their partner’s pregnancy and during breastfeeding, with median peak VL 4,700
copies/mL (range 49-120,000) and 5,100 copies/mL (range 40-120,000) during pregnancy and
breastfeeding, respectively. None of the female partners seroconverted during pregnancy, but three
seroconverted at 1.8, 2.4, and 6.9 years after delivery. No vertical transmission occurred.

Conclusion::

Despite concerted attempts to minimize HIV transmission during pregnancy and
breastfeeding in our well-resourced setting, residual transmission risk remains due to non-suppressed
viral load within many HIV-serodiscordant pregnant couples.
Iso-octenidine: Promising Octenidine Analogue with Improved Solubility
Authors: Yakuschenko Igor K. , Pozdeeva Nataliya N. , Mumyatova Viktoriya A. , Terentiev Alexey A. , Gadomsky Svyatoslav Ya.
Published: January 2021

Iso-octenidine, an isomer of octenidine dihydrochloride, was synthesized and studied for the first time.
Iso-octenidine was demonstrated to be 3-fold more soluble in water in comparison to original octenidine, and
both substances had remarkably similar antibacterial activity (tested on Escherichia Coli and Micrococcus
luteus).
AMI and Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Case Report with Systematic Review
Authors: Mustafa Eliana M. , Filho Idiberto José Zotarelli , Ferreira Victor R. R. , Sabino Sofia Braile , Sternieri Giovanni B. , Verdi Luiza B. , Queiroz Cibele O. V. , Sbardellini Bethina C. , Braile-Sternieri Maria C. V. B.
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents approximately 390 thousand deaths per year in Brazil and is associated, among other predictors, with the use of anabolic and androgenic steroids (AAS).

Objective:

To analyze a clinical case of a patient who suffered AMI after abuse of AAS. A systematic literature review has been carried out to physiologically analyze the main factors that can lead to AMI with the use of these hormones.

Methods:

Case Report: The EVR patient, 41 years old, denies any comorbidities or use of medications. He has been admitted to the emergency room due to typical angina-precordial pain in tightness associated with eventual back pain and paresthesia of both upper limbs, after intense physical effort at the gym, without improvement at rest, and with partial improvement after first care at the health unit. The patient was hypertensive in an emergency bed after the occurrence of ST elevation. The patient alleges the use of anabolic steroids for one month. The patient presented with obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease with total occlusion of the anterior descending artery. Systematic review: A total of 89 clinical studies have been compared and submitted to eligibility analysis, with 50 studies selected, according to the PRISMA rules.

Results:

Long-term consumption of AAS may cause pathological changes, however, AAS can increase
protein synthesis, muscle growth, and erythropoiesis.

Conclusion:

Abuse of AAS has a toxic cardiovascular effect, which significantly increases the incidence
of cardiovascular diseases.
Effectiveness of Pharmacological Pain Relief Methods on Birth Experience:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ghanbari-Homaie Solmaz , Hasani Sonia , Pourfathi Hojjat , Mirghafourvand Mojgan
Published: January 2021

Background:

The use of pharmacological pain relief methods during labour is increasing, however there is no
clear evidence that pharmacological interventions can also improve women’s satisfaction with birth experience.

Objective:

To assess the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions on women's satisfaction with birth experience
(primary outcome) and satisfaction with the received method (secondary outcome).

Methods:

We searched databases in English (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, ProQuest, Scopus and Web of
Science) and Persian languages (SID and Magiran) from inception until April 30, 2018 for clinical trials that
pharmacological pain relief methods were compared with standard or routine cares, or non-pharmacological methods. The
evaluation of studies in term of risk of bias was conducted using the Cochrane Handbook. Meta-analysis results were
reported as OR and 95% confidence interval. In meta-analysis, subgroup analysis was performed based on the type of
intervention. Due to the heterogeneity of over 30%, random effect was reported instead of the fixed effect. The heterogeneity
was evaluated using I2, T2 and Chi2. The evaluation of the quality of the studies was also examined using the Grading of
Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group (GRADE) approach.

Results:

The results of 7 studies with low-quality in meta-analysis, showed that pharmacological methods significantly
improved satisfaction with birth experience (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 1.37 to 6.52; P = 0.006). However, meta-analysis of
subgroups showed that only inhalation of Entonox gas (OR = 6.51; 95% CI: 3.47 to 12.22; P < 0.001), in contrast to epidural
analgesia (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.27; P = 0.60) and Hyoscine injection (OR = 2.58; 95% CI: 0.93 to 7.20; P = 0.07)
significantly improved satisfaction with birth experience.

Conclusion:

Pharmacological interventions such as epidural, although introduced as one of the effective methods for pain
relief, may not provide women with satisfaction with birth. However, more studies with precise methodology, high sample
size, and standard tools should be performed to more accurately investigate the effect of pharmacological interventions on
birth experience.
Complete Uterine Rupture a Stigma for Modern Obstetrics: An Observational Study
Authors: Kumar Naina , Yadav Ashu
Published: January 2021

Aims::

To know the maternal and perinatal outcome in women with complete uterine
rupture.

Background:

Uterine rupture is a catastrophic obstetric event associated with high maternal, perinatal
morbidity, and mortality.

Objective:

The present study was conducted to know prevalence, risk factors, presentation, the
maternal, perinatal outcome in women with complete uterine rupture.

Methods::

Present retrospective observational study was conducted on 31 women admitted to the
Obstetrics ward of the rural tertiary center of Northern India with complete uterine rupture between
January 2016 and December 2018 after Institutional ethical committee approval and informed written
consent from participants. Data included socio-demographic parameters, gestation, predisposing
factors, clinical features, site of rupture, associated bladder injury, need for hysterectomy, perinatal,
and maternal outcome. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences software version 22.0.

Results::

Of the total of 9,156 deliveries during the study period, 31 women had a uterine rupture,
indicating the prevalence of 0.34%. Of all 21(67.7%) women had an unscarred uterine rupture, and
10(32.3%) scarred uterine rupture. The majority cases were un-booked (77.4%), multiparous
(90.3%), and term at gestation (66.7%), with an average age of all cases as 26.97±3.73 years. The
most common risk factor was injudicious use of oxytocic (29.0%) and previous cesarean section
scar (22.6%). The most common site of unscarred uterine rupture was the lower uterine segment
(26.7%) and in the scarred uterus, the site of previous cesarean section (26.7%). Eight (25.8%)
women had bladder injury. Total 24 (77.4%) fetuses were stillborn. Seventeen (54.8%) women
needed hysterectomy as a lifesaving procedure, and three (9.7%) succumbed to death despite all
resuscitative measures.

Conclusion::

Hence, complete uterine rupture is common in rural areas and is serious obstetric emergency with high
perinatal, maternal morbidity and mortality. Other: As most of the cases of complete uterine rupture occur in unbooked
women, hence, motivating all antenatal women for regular antenatal visits can prevent the dreadful condition to a large
extent, thereby saving many maternal and fetal lives.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Radial Scars/complex Sclerosing Lesions of the Breast
Authors: Bargallo Xavier , Ubeda Belen , Ganau Sergi , Gonzalez Blanca , Macedo Miguel , Alonso Inma , Oses Gabriela , Vidal Maria , Santamaria Gorane
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

To describe the magnetic resonance characteristics of radial scars/complex
sclerosing lesions (RS/CSL) of the breast using the current BI-RADS lexicon. To investigate the
value of diffusion weighted imaging to predict malignancy.

Patients and methods:

From 2010 to 2017, we have found 25 women with architectural distortion
at mammography who underwent surgical resection with a final hystopathologic report of RS/CSL.
For the description of MRI findings, we adhered to BI-RADS classification (5th edition).

Results:

The final pathological diagnosis was: “pure” RS/CSL in 7 cases (28%), RS/CSL with associated
high risk lesions in 12 (48%) and 6 cases (24%) were associated with malignancy.
Magnetic resonance findings: four of 25 negative or focus. Five of 25 mass enhancement: irregular,
non circumscribed spiculated mass with heterogeneous or rim enhancement and most with type II
curves. Sixteen of 25 non mass enhancement: focal or linear distribution and heterogeneous internal
enhancement most with type I curves. Six of 25 had cancer associated with the complex sclerosing
lesion. All six showed non-mass enhancement.
Two cases with invasive breast carcinoma had ADC values under 1.15 x10−3 mm/s while most of
the rest had the values above.

Conclusion:

Most RS/CSL showed enhancement at MR. The predominant pattern was a non-mass,
focal, heterogeneous internal enhancement with type 1 curves. All cases with associated cancer
showed non mass enhancement. Invasive breast cancers had ADC values < 1.15 10-3 s/mm2.
Effect of Quantitative and Semi-quantitative Elastography Methods for the Management of Borderline Lesions on Ultrasonography
Authors: Aksoy Direnç Özlem , Yildiz Seyma , Atasoy Bahar , Alkan Alpay , Kandemirli Sedat Giray , Cingöz Mehmet
Published: January 2021

Background:

Elastography (strain or shear-wave) is a method that estimates tissue stiffness.

Introduction:

Our aim in this study to evaluate the quantitative and semi-quantitative ultrasound elastography methods for
diagnosis of category BI-RADS 4a and BI-RADS 3 lesions, which are borderline for biopsy and follow-up.

Material and Methods:

175 consecutive women with 193 ultrasound-visible breast lesions were
classified on Conventional B-mode Ultrasonography (CUS) according to the BI-RADS scoring system.
Quantitative and semiquantitative values from ultrasound elastography in the form of strain
Elastography Ratio (SER), shear Wave Elastography (SWE) and Shear Wave Elastography Ratio
(SWER) were obtained. The lesions categorized as BI-RADS 4a and BI-RADS 3 on ultrasound
were subsequently re-categorized according to the elastography values.

Results:

Except for the 13 BI-RADS 2 lesions, the remaining 180 lesions were biopsied. Pathology
showed 83 lesions to be benign and 97 to be malignant. The sensitivity and specificity of the CUS
were 96.9% and 75.0%, respectively with an accuracy of 86.0%. Cut-off points calculated based on
ROC curves were 56.8 kPa for SWE, 3.53 for SWER and 3.81 for SER. When we downgraded BIRADS
4a lesions based on elastography results, the specificity (CUS+SER 96.9%, CUS+SWE
91.7%, and CUS+SWER 90.6%) and the accuracy (CUS+SER 95.3%, CUS+SWE 92.7%, and
CUS+SWER 92.2%) were shown to be better than CUS. When we upgraded BI-RADS 3 lesions
based on elastography results, the sensitivity of combined sets of SWE (99,0%) and SWER
(100,0%) was better than CUS.

Conclusion:

The rate of false-negative biopsies can be decreased with the combined use of elastography
and ultrasonography.
Chest Radiograph (CXR) Manifestations of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Mini-review
Authors: Chan Wai Yee , Hamid Marlina Tanty Ramli , Gowdh Nadia Fareeda Muhammad , Rahmat Kartini , Yaakup Nur Adura , Chai Chee Shee
Published: January 2021

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and has
claimed more than one million lives, besides causing hardship and disruptions. The Fleischner Society
has recommended chest X-ray (CXR) in detecting cases at high risk of disease progression, for
triaging suspected patients with moderate-to-severe illness, and for eliminating false negatives in areas
with high pre-test probability or limited resources. Although CXR is less sensitive than real--
time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in detecting mild COVID-19, it is
nevertheless useful because of equipment portability, low cost and practicality in serial assessments
of disease progression among hospitalized patients.

Objective:

This study aims to review the typical and relatively atypical CXR manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia in a
tertiary care hospital.

Methods:

The CXRs of 136 COVID-19 patients confirmed through real-time RT-PCR from March to May 2020 were
reviewed. Literature search was performed using PubMed.

Results:

A total of 54 patients had abnormal CXR whilst the others were normal. Typical CXR findings included
pulmonary consolidation or ground-glass opacities in a multifocal, bilateral peripheral or lower zone distribution, whereas
atypical CXR features comprised cavitation and pleural effusion.

Conclusion:

Typical findings of COVID-19 infection in chest computed tomography studies can also be seen in CXR.
The presence of atypical features is associated with worse disease outcome. Recognition of these features on CXR will
improve accuracy and speed of diagnosing COVID-19 patients.
Phytochemical Investigation of Phenolic Constituents and In vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Five Algerian Propolis
Authors: Bouaroura Amina , Segueni Narimane , Erenler Ramazan , May Abdghani , Bensouici Chawki , Akkal Salah , Rhouati Salah
Published: January 2021

Background::

Algerian propolis has gained interest in the last recent years. Many researches
concerning both its biological effects and chemical composition were performed.

Objective::

The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition in particular
phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of five Algerian propolis collected from different
geographical parts of the Algerian north namely: Constantine (CN), Boumerdes (BN), Mila (MN),
Tebessa (TN) and Guelma (GN).

Method::

Propolis extracts were obtained using solvents of varying polarity: petroleum ether, chloroform,
ethyl acetate and finally methanol. Phenolic compounds were determined by liquid chromatography-
tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, total flavonoid and phenolic contents
were also determined. Antioxidant activity was investigated using five complementary tests
namely: DPPH., ABTS.+ assays for radical-scavenging activity, β-carotene-linoleic acid assay for
lipid peroxidation activity, CUPRAC and FRAP assays for reduction capacity.

Results::

The main phenolic compounds detected in the present study were caffeic, p-coumaric, cinnamic
and chlorogenic acids as well as naringenin and kampferol. Among the tested extracts, ethyl
acetate and methanol extracts exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and the
strongest antioxidant activity. Propolis of Constantine was the most active one.

Conclusion::

Our results suggest the potential use of Algerian propolis as a natural source of bioactive
compounds with antioxidant activity.
Evaluation of the Pharmacological Properties of Piscine Venoms from both Lionfish (Pterois) and Stonefish (Synanceja)
Authors: Ramalingam Karthikeyan
Published: January 2021

Background::

For the past 70 years, the focus of research is on the search for poisons and toxins
found in venomous and poisonous organisms, purely directed towards the pharmacological properties
of the toxins. In the research of finding novel compounds in pharmaceutical research, the identified
source was the piscine venom.

Objective::

The Scorpaenidae family was considered the most venomous of all. The toxins isolated from
stonefish and lionfish are responsible for the effects caused in cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems
and also for causing cytolytic activities. The main objective of the review is to study the mechanism of
the stonefish venom and portray its benefits in the field of drug discovery.

Methods::

A study on the mechanism of stonefish venom was carried out by inducing cardiovascular endothelium.
The release of neurotransmitter signals thus leads to the depolarisation of cell membrane by
the formation of pores in the cell membrane in the neuromuscular system of rabbits, porcine artery, mice
and rats. Lionfish venom in cross-reactivity with the results evolved from a stonefish venom activity. The
presence of enzymatic hyaluronidases in the primary structures of lionfish has evolved from stonefish and
their anticancer potential has also been demonstrated for the benefits of drug discovery as they possess
biological and chemical activity.

Conclusion::

This review depicts an overview of the pharmacological activities of lionfish venom in comparison
with the stonefish venom and their purpose of applications for future research in drug discovery.
Regenerative Potential of Stem Cells Derived from Human Exfoliated Deciduous (SHED) Teeth during Engineering of Human Body Tissues
Authors: Fuloria Shivkanya , Jain Ajay , Singh Sameep , Hazarika Iswar , Salile Samson , Fuloria Neeraj K.
Published: January 2021

The current decade witnesses the regenerative potential of Stem Cells (SCs) based lifesaving
therapies for the treatment of various disease conditions. Human teeth act as a reservoir for
SCs that exist in high abundance in baby, wisdom, and permanent teeth. The collection of Stem
cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED) is considered a simple process as it offers
the convenience of little or no pain. In comparison to the SCs from dental or bone marrow or other
tissues, the SHED offers the benefit of higher cellular differentiation and proliferation. Massive in
vitro and in vivo studies reveal the regenerative potential of SHED in the engineering of the dental
pulp tissue, neuronal tissue, root, bio root, cardiovascular tissues, lymphatic tissues, renal tissues,
dermal tissues, hepatic tissues, and bone tissues. The current review describes the methods of collection/
isolation/storage, various biomarkers, and types of SHED. This review highlights the regenerative
potential of SHED in the engineering of different tissues of the human body. As per the
available research evidence, the present study supports that SHED may differentiate into the endothelial
cells, neurons, odontoblasts, pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, renal cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts,
and many other types of cells. The present study recommends that further clinical trials
are required before the clinical application of SHED-based therapies.
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Film-Forming Gels for the Controlled Delivery of Drugs with Different Levels of Hydrophobicity
Authors: Nguyen Khanh T. , Tran Phuong H.L. , Ngo Hai V. , Tran Thao T.D.
Published: January 2021

Background:

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic Film-Forming
Gels (FFGs) on the controlled delivery of drugs with different levels of hydrophobicity.

Methods:

This evaluation was carried out by employing zein and polyvinylpyrrolidone as hydrophobic and
hydrophilic film-forming agents, respectively, in combination with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose functionalized
as a hydrogel basement at a ratio that had been optimized to achieve the fastest drying time. Free curcumin or
terbinafine hydrochloride was subsequently dispersed into blank FFGs to produce the final FFG formulations.

Results:

Although the extreme hydrophobicity of curcumin strongly limited its topical permeability compared to
that of terbinafine hydrochloride, zein FFGs clearly resulted in a favourable sustained release system for highly
hydrophobic drugs, such as curcumin. Moreover, polyvinylpyrrolidone would be highly effective for the
sustained release of a less hydrophobic drug, such as terbinafine hydrochloride. Analyses of the wettability,
surface morphology, chemical interactions and crystallinity of FFGs also helped to elucidate the mechanisms of
their drug release profiles.

Conclusion:

This fundamental finding is beneficial for further design studies on FFGs as sustained drug delivery
systems for topical drugs with a wide range of hydrophobicities.
The Efficacy and Safety of Additional Anti-HER2-Targeting Drugs in the Treatment of HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Du Nannan , Chen Bangsheng , Shen Zefeng , Zhou Bin , Fu Xiaojun , Mao Danyi , Mao Feiyan , Ng Derry M. , Khadaroo Parikshit A. , Yang Lei
Published: January 2021

Background:

HER2-positive breast cancer patients account for one-fifth of the total breast cancer population. Besides, more and
more anti-HER2-targeting drugs have appeared clinically.

Objective:

This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of additional anti-HER2 (Human Epidermal
growth Factor Receptor 2)-targeting drugs in the treatment of HER2-positive advanced breast cancers.

Methods:

The following databases were searched for published articles containing data on the efficacy and safety of additional anti-HER2-
targeting drugs in HER2-positive advanced breast cancer from the time of their inception until December 2019: PubMed, Web of Science,
EBSCO, and Cochrane library. The primary outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival(OS).

Results:

The additional anti-HER2-targeting drugs significantly improved the PFS (HR: 0.66, p<0.001) and OS
(HR: 0.77, p<0.001) of HER2-positive advanced breast cancer patients. Regarding drug types, lapatinib was the
most effective (HR: 0.53, 95% Cl: 0.39-0.67, p<.001), followed by pertuzumab (HR: 0.72, 95% Cl: 0.55-0.89,
p=0.001). Trastuzumab was the least beneficial (HR: 0.87, 95% Cl: 0.31-1.44, p=0.594). Concerning treatment
regimen, first-line treatment (HR: 0.67, 95% Cl: 0.52-0.82, p<0.001) was more effective than non-first-line
treatment (HR: 0.82, 95% Cl: 0.71-0.94, p=0.004). The main Adverse Events (AEs) observed were diarrhea and
decreased ejection fraction.

Conclusion:

Additional anti-HER2-targeting drugs can improve long-term prognosis in HER2-positive advanced
breast cancers. Besides, they are associated with fewer AEs and are tolerable. Lapatinib is the most effective
drug, followed by pertuzumab, whereas trastuzumab is the least effective. Concerning treatment, we recommend
the use of anti-HER2-targeting drugs in first-line therapy of HER2-positive advanced breast cancers.