bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vimentin‐and Desmin‐Positive Cells in the Moulting Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) Skin
Authors: Bavdek S. V. , Golob Z. , Dijk J. Van , Dorrestein G. M. , Fazarinc G.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of vimentin‐ and desmin‐positive cells in the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) dermis was investigated by means of immunohistochemical reactivity with the commercially available (Euro‐Diagnostics) polyclonal antibodies. The staining pattern for vimentin in the paraffin sections was generally comparable to that in other animal species with regard to endothelial cells, vascular wall cells, muscle cells and fibroblasts. The modified Schwann cells in the inner core of the Herbst corpuscles reacted distinctly with anti‐vimentin and anti‐desmin. Some connective tissue cells in the superficial dermal layer, in the feather papilla and along the pulp core inside of the regenerating feathers were particularly well stained with anti‐vimentin. Fibroblast‐like cells of the regenerating feathers, particularly at the base of the pulp, also reacted strongly with anti‐desmin. The findings were discussed with regard to references.
The Developmental Relation among Mesonephros, Gonad and External Genitalia in the Fetus of Goat (Copra prisca)
Authors: Magras I. N. , Alifakiotis T. , Pampoukidou A.
Published: June 2007

The mesonephros, the gonad, the external genitalia and the developmental relationships between them were examined on 21 goat fetuses, 29 to 92 days old. Three fetuses were not sexually differentiated, however 11 were males and 7 females. The development of the gonad could be divided in a not differentiated stage and a gonadal and external genitalia differentiation stage. A close relationship between the fetal gonad and the mesonephros was found during the stage of differentiation. The epicenter of this relation is the giant mesonephric nephron, a peculiar structure of mesonephros, from which epithelial cells presumably migrate into the gonad.
Consideraciones Anatomofuncionales de una Aponeurosis Radiocarpiana Caudal en Tigre, Leon y Gato Domestico (Panthera tigris, Panthera leo y Felis catus)
Authors: Graziotti G. H. , Victorica C. L.
Published: June 2007

This study describes a strong aponeurosis on the caudal surface of the antebrachium, between the Mm. Flexoris and the M. pronator quadratus. This aponeurosis has not been experimentally validated.

By dissection and macroscopic examination of formaldehyde‐prepared material, and experimental surgical tran‐section of the structure in F. catus, the aponeurosis is described and its functional capacity is determined.

The origin of the aponeurosis is the Facies caudalis, Margo medialis of the Radius and distal Ulna and inserts on the Crista transversa of the Radius and the Ligg. radiocarpeum palmare and ulno‐carpeum palmare, and a strong Pars radialis. Its disposition is similar to that of the supernumerary M. anterior radialis brevis in humans.

Surgical transection of the aponeurosis in F. catus resulted in hyperextension of the Manus and a decrease in the Carpus in its weight‐bearing ability. These findings indicate the anatomico‐functional importance of the aponeurosis in providing support to the claws.
Study on the Developmental Changes in Angulation of Spinal Nerves, the Length of the Dorsal Roots and Spinal Nerves in Sheep
Authors: Ghazi S. R. , Gholami S.
Published: June 2007

This study reports the angulation of spinal nerves, the length of dorsal roots, the length of spinal nerves and the transverse and vertical diameters of the spinal cord during pre‐ and postnatal life in sheep of the Mehraban breed in Iran. The spinal cord of these animals was divided into 4 regions with respect to the angulation of spinal nerves. The first region was from the first to fifth cervical and the second was from the sixth cervical to the eighth thoracic in fetuses and from the six cervical to fourth thoracic in adults. The third region was from the ninth thoracic to second lumbar in fetuses and from the fifth thoracic to second lumbar in adults, and the fourth region was from third lumbar to fourth sacral in the animals of all age groups. The length of dorsal roots from their point of emergence from the spinal cord to the dorsal root ganglia showed a direct correlation with the length of the spinal nerves. While angulation of the spinal nerves showed a converse correlation with the length of either spinal nerves or dorsal roots. The transverse diameters of the spinal cord were always longer than the vertical diameters. The greatest diameters (vertical — 7.00 mm; transverse — 10.00 mm) are recorded at C1, T1 and L6 in adult sheep.
Ultrastructure of the Zymogenic‐cell Lineage in Abomasal Mucosa of Adult Cattle
Authors: Kressin M.
Published: June 2007

The ultrastructural differentiation and maturation of the neck cells and the zymogenic cells during physiological cell renewal were investigated in the abomasal oxyntic‐gland region of cattle. Immature neck cells of the distal isthmus and proximal neck exhibit transitional morphology to the predominantly mucous isthmus cells. Neck cells confined to the glandular neck are characterized by bipartite peptic‐cored mucous secretory granules. In a proximal‐distal gradient along the neck, a progressive increase in the peptic granular component and concomitant reduction in mucous components paralleled by proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum creates pre‐zymogenic cells in the proximal glandular base. These, in turn, give rise to mature zymogenic cells with pure peptic secretory granules and typical zymogenic cell morphology. In the depth of the gland, older degenerative zymogenic cells are found. Variations in size and number of the zymogenic granules point to different secretory activities of the mature zymogenic‐cell population of the glandular base. These results favour the conception of a zymogenic‐cell lineage arising within the isthmus and passing through different developmental stages, including neck cells, during their migration down the gland.
Morphological Study of Bovine Pregnant Corpus luteum Cells
Authors: Takehana K. , Abe M. , Yamada O. , Iida‐Abe M. , Abe‐ishioka N. , Hiraga T. , Iwasa K. , Hiratsuka T.
Published: June 2007

The bovine pregnant corpus luteum was examined morphologically, to clarify the appearance and properties of the intramitochondrial bodies (IMB) in mitochondria of the large luteum cell (LLC). The incidence and diameter of the IMB (200–900 nm) showed a tendency to increase with the advance of pregnancy.

Histochemically, the IMB reacted positively with protein, and immunohistochemically, they reacted IMB with 11 α‐hydroxyprogesterone‐1‐11 succinyl‐bovine serum albumin (P‐BSA). The IMB seemed to combine with protein, and these granules did not undergo exocytosis. The cytoplasm of LLC contained another type of small electron‐dense granules that were 150–200 nm in diameter, had an orifice for secretion, and reacted with relaxin. Small luteum cells (SLC) revealed crystalline‐like inclusions. It is suggested that these inclusion cells participate in the synthesis of steroids.
Milchgänge und Chaos
Authors: Ludewig Th.
Published: June 2007

In the present report, the arrangement of the milk‐duct system of one quarter of the bovine udder has been investigated using a corrosion preparation. In general, the observations revealed the following remarkable principles of construction: 1. The milk ducts brached out into parallel plains; 2. The manner of the extension of the milk ducts was similar in the whole system; and 3. Narrow elements alternated with sinus‐like parts.

The same patterns occured permanently in all levels of magnification. Thus, it was realized that the principle of the self‐similarity, which puts the chaos of various forms in an order at a higher level.
Morpho‐ und Histogenese der Colliculi rostrales beim Rind
Authors: Wenisch S. , Jöst K. , Hummel G.
Published: June 2007

Based upon macroscopic and light microscopic examinations the development of the superior colliculus of bovine embryos and fetuses with crown‐rump lengths (CRL) ranging from 0.8 to 90.0 cm was studied. Macroscopically, the mesencephalon can be recognized for the first time at 0.8 cm CRL, whereas the superior colliculus can be clearly differentiated in embryos of 4.5 cm CRL. The macroscopic features of this brain area have reached adult conditions at 80.0 cm CRL. The light microscopic examination reflected the beginning of layer formation at 0.8 cm CRL, which is induced by the proliferating activity of the ventricular zone. Up to 3.4 cm CRL the primordium of the tectum opticum exhibits still a trilaminate pattern (ventricular‐, intermediate‐ and marginal zone), but at 4.5 cm CRL, the formation of the specific tectal layers is marked by the origin of the stratum profundum and intermedium. With the appearance of the tenth layer named stratum opticum at 8.0 cm CRL the laminar pattern corresponds to the characteristics of adult animals.
Vergleich der histologischen Struktur der Kompakta der langen Röhren‐knochen bei Maus, Hamster, Ratte, Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen, Katze und Hund während der Altersentwicklung
Authors: Hörner K. , Loeffler K. , Holtzmann M.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports on histological examinations of the diaphyseal structure of the long bones (humerus, radius, ulna, os femoris and tibia) of mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, and dog using six animals in three different age groups.

There are considerable differences in structure between the species. The results show that with increasing height in the evolution of the species and period of life, as well as advancing age, the differentiation and complexity of bone structures increases.

The differences in structure between the localization of bones within the individual species are not considerable.

The species comparison results in great similarities between the bone structures of each of mouse and hamster, of rat and guinea pig, as well as of cat and dog.

The bone structure of the animals examined becomes more similar to the human structure from mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat to dog.
The Annual Testicular Cycle of the Domestic Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Baraldi Artoni S. M. B. , Orsi A. M. , Lamano Carvalho T. L. , Lopes R. A.
Published: June 2007

A morphometric study was conducted on the testis of the domestic quail Coturnix coturnix japonica to determine testicular kinetics. We investigated the variability along the year of testicular parameters such as seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height and amount of meiotic figures of maturing spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium and of sperm in the tubular lumen. The results of morphometric analysis showed the occurrence of an annual testicular cycle defined by four distinct phases: a resting phase (at the end of summer), a recrudescence phase (in the fall), a proliferative phase (at the end of winter and beginning of spring), and a regression phase (spring and summer). We also observed that the testes of adult quails present elevated and maximal spermatogenic activity in fall‐winter (short‐day period) and at the beginning of spring, respectively, and lower values in spring and summer (long‐day periods), with minimum values at the end of summer.
Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Perineal Gland in the Grasscutter (Thryonomys Swinderianus, Temminck 1827)
Authors: Alogninouwa Th.
Published: June 2007

The perineal glands were identified in the zona cutanea of the anal canal of males more than 4 months old. These glands are organized on a lobular model made up of sebaceous cells and isolated by connective parietal cells. The paler in colour the sebaceous cells, the more lipid vacuoles they contain. PAS‐negative and Sudan III‐positive secretions were demonstrated in these cells. Electron microscopy showed that the intracellular organelles were well‐developed, which is a mark of high metabolic activity and storage by the glandular cells.

Cystic vesicles were found in the lobules. The size and number of these cysts were variable. The position of the cyst cells and the variability of their size suggest that they are formed after lysis of some holocrine secretory cells. These observations suggest a progressive maturation of the gland towards its secretory site. No specific secretory duct for the purpose of draining secretions was observed, however, there were possible discharge pathways, although with no real walls, as is found for the biliary canaliculi.
Somatotopic Representation within the Facial Motor Nucleus of the Chicken Studied by Means of Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Wang J. , Watanabe T. , Ohmori Y. , Naito J. , Fukuta K.
Published: June 2007

The distribution in the chicken of motoneurons innervating the hyolingual muscles, i.e. the M. branchiomandibularis (BM), M. ceratoglossus (CG), M. interceratobranchialis (CB), M. serpihyoideus (PH), M. stylohyoideus (YH) and one of the mandibular muscles. M. depressor mandibulae (DM), was examined by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheatgerm agglutinin. Labelled motoneurons are found in the three subnuclei of the facial (VII) nucleus, as well as hypoglossal (XII) nucleus. The distribution of motoneurons projecting to the DM are observed in the three subnuclei, those of the BM, PH and YH in the intermediate and ventral subnuclei and those of the CB and CG in the intermediate subnucleus. Motoneurons projecting to the PH, YH, CB and CG are also distributed in the XII nucleus. The ratio of labelled motoneurons of the VII to XII nuclei decreases the PH, YH, CB and CG in that order, and the ratio of labelled ones of the ventral to intermediate subnuclei decreases the BM, PH and YH in that order. The topographical and functional aspects of the subdivision of the motor nucleus are discussed.
Immunocytochemical Identification of Different Cell Types in Bovine Nasolabial Glands with Particular Emphasis on Cytoskeletal Protein Expression
Authors: Zedda M. , Farina V.
Published: June 2007

Nasolabial glands are serous glands forming a thick subcutaneous layer in the bovine muzzle. In order to identify the different epithelial cell types, both immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques were employed on frozen and fixed sections using monoclonal antibodies to cytoskeletal proteins and S‐100. Actin was also detected with phalloidin. The results show that four cell types can be identified on the ground of the different composition of the cytoskeletal filaments: acinar, basket, luminal duct and basal duct cells. Acinar, luminal duct cells and basal duct cells express different patterns of cytokeratins, as shown by the 12 anti‐cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies used, and both basket cells and the basal cells of intercalated ducts are also reactive to phalloidin and anti‐x‐smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody. The presence of actin supports the conclusion that basal duct cells are also contractile elements, i. e. myoepithelial cells. Vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S‐100, molecules considered to be markers of myoepithelial cells by many AA., were not found. The intermediate filaments of the duct epithelium appear more complex and heterogeneous in comparison with those present in the acinar cells.
Histology and Ultrastructure of the Urothelium Lining the Ureter and the Renal Pelvis in Sows
Authors: Woldemeskel M. , Drommer W. , Wendt M.
Published: June 2007

The histology and ultrastructure of the urothelium lining the ureter and renal pelvis in sows was examined using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The epithelium of both the ureter and the renal pelvis were similar and consisted of the basal, the intermediate and the superficial cells. The luminal surface of the superficial cells was characterized by microplicae. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the luminal membrane of these cells showed trilaminar asymmetric unit membrane. Tight junctions linked the lateral parts of the superficial cells, while the intermediate and the basal cells were connected to each other and the basal cells with the basal membrane through desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, respectively. Clusters of mitochondria were observed throughout the urothelium. Unlike that of the basal cells, the Golgi complex and the endoplasmic reticulum were well developed in the superficial and intermediate cells. Lysosomes and vesicles were observed only in the superficial and the intermediate cells. Fine cytoplasmic filaments, although very few in the basal cells, were observed throughout the epithelium. The results are compared and discussed with the findings reported on the urotherlium of other mammalian species and humans.
Immunohistochemical Colocalization of Serotonin, Substance P and Met‐enkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu8 in the Endocrine Cells of the Ruminant Duodenum
Authors: Mimoda T. , Kitamura N. , Hondo E. , Yamada J.
Published: June 2007

The duodenum of various ruminants was examined by immunohistochetnical staining for serotonin, substance P and Metenkephalin‐Arg6‐Gly7‐Leu8 (MENK8). Serotonin‐ and substance P‐immunoreactive endocrine cells were detected in samples from cow, calf, sheep, goat, and barbary sheep. MENK8‐immunoreactive endocrine cells were detected exclusively in samples from cow and calf. Substance P and MENK8 immunoreactivity was found in serotonin‐immunoreactive endocrine cells of cattle. Substance P‐ and MENK8‐immunoreactive nervous elements were detected in all ruminants examined. The present results suggest that the expression and/or the mechanism that controls the expression of each peptide might differ between endocrine cells and nerve cells and might also depend on animal species.
Omasal Anatomy in New Zealand Red and Fallow Deer: An Exploratory Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Lentle R. G. , Stafforxt K. J. , Henderson I. M.
Published: June 2007

We measured the weight and volume of omasae, and the number, weight and area of omasal laminae from wild fallow (Cervus dama), and wild and farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) whose diet, as indicated by rumen content, was known. A multivariate analysis yielded two principal components, interpreted as indices of overall omasal size and laminar leafiness. The second component showed significantly greater variance in wild red deer than in farmed red or wild fallow deer. Deer feeding on a mixed diet of browse and grasses may have greater variability of omasal form than those feeding on grass alone. A relationship is derived by which the laminar area can be estimated from counts of laminae in different size classes.
The Glandular Chambers of the Placenta of the Bitch in the Second Third of Pregnancy (day 30–44): An Ultrastructural, Ultrahistochemical and Lectinhistochemical Investigation
Authors: Grether B. M. , Friess A. E. , Stoffel M. H.
Published: June 2007

The present study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the glandular chambers of the placenta of the bitch. We examined the glandular chambers by SEM, TEM, ultrahistochemical and lectinhistochemical methods.

The glandular epithelium is a high columnar epithelium with club‐shaped apical protrusions bearing short microvilli. The epithelium forms extensive folds which fill up most of the lumen of the glandular chambers. Proceeding to the placental labyrinth, the glandular chambers are covered by the tips of the chorionic tufts. The trophoblast and the glandular epithelium are separated by a thick layer of secretions. The ultrastructure cytology of the columnar epithelium is characterized by several Golgi complexes and abundant apical‐located mucus vesicles with a positive dialysed iron reaction. Lectin histochemistry reveals in general a strong reaction of these mucus vesicles with all lectins used. The mucus in the lumen of the glandular chamber reacts strongly with WGA. NeuWGA, LPA and ConA.

The trophoblastic villi projecting into the lumen of the glandular chambers are covered by a pseudostratified epithelium consisting of a flat basal layer and a superficial columnar one. Its cytoplasm is filled with large fusing vacuoles containing longish screw‐shaped structures. No morphological equivalent of absorption is found. According to the ultrastructure of the trophoblast, the significance of the mucus in the glandular chambers in stopping the invasive growth of the trophoblast is discussed.
Anatomische und röntgenologische Untersuchungen am Schultergelenk des Geparden (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Künzel W. , Probst A. , Henninger W.
Published: June 2007

Anatomical structures of shoulder joints of five adult cheetahs were examined by dissection, corrosion casts and radiography. The bones, capsules and auxiliary synovial devices were described, as well as ligaments and adjacent muscles. The cheetah shoulder has many similarities with the shoulder joint of the domestic cat, but also considerable differences. Proper osteological features were the large supraglenoid tubercle, the caudally directed coracoid process and the extension of the articular surface of the scapula to the lateral area of the supraglenoid tubercle. On the proximal end of the humerus the width of the head of humerus, the facet of infraspinatus muscle as a shallow cavity with the insertion of the infraspinatus muscle around it and two raised roughnesses on the proximal end of the tricipital line for the insertions of the lateral glenohumeral ligament and the teres minor muscle were noticeable. The insertion of the joint capsule was mainly on the glenoid labrum, only in part of the articular surface on the lateral area of the supraglenoid tubercle laterally on the scapula. The joint capsule formed a supra‐ and infraspinatus recess laterally, an intertubercular tendon sheet for the biceps brachii muscle cranially, and a bipartited subscapular recess medially. An extracapsular transverse ligament passing the intertubercular groove, a laterally capsular strengthening—called lateral glenohumeral ligament—and an intracapsular medial glenohumeral ligament could be found. The latter one was joined to the capsule by a mesoligament, dividing the subscapular recess into two pouches.
Fetal Ependyma in Sheep and Goat. A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Rajtová V. , Kačmárik J.
Published: June 2007

Morphology of the surface of apical membranes of ependymal cells has been studied in the whole ventricular system of the brain in goat and sheep fetuses using a scanning electron microscope. The surface structure of the ependymal lining surface in fetuses of small ruminants is very similar to that in adult animals. Supraependymal cells were found only in the lower part of the third cerebral ventricle in goat fetuses, but not in sheep fetuses. In small ruminants the ependymal surface is already regionally differentiated within the end of the first half of prenatal development. Fetal ependyma of goats and sheep, unlike the adult ependyma, is characterized by a high secretory activity, which is independent of sex or age of fetuses.
Anatomische Besonderheiten am Ellbogengelenk des Geparden (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Künzel W. , Probst A.
Published: June 2007

Anatomical characteristics of the elbow joint of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

Anatomical structures of elbow joints of six cheetahs were examined by dissection, corrosion casts and radiography. As a result, it was observed that the distal end of humerus is divided into the trochlea humeri for articulation with the ulna and the capitulum humeri for articulation with the radius. As the trochlea humeri is posed oblique and looks like a disc‐shaped cone sector, flexion. Flexion of elbow joint is always combined with adduction of the distal parts of the limb, and, respectively, extension with abduction. The cylindrical but also in sagittal direction convex capitulum humeri enables the head of the radius all movements on a spheric sector. Furthermore, advantageous preconditions for rotation in the proximal radioulnar joint are the mighty medial coronoid process, the displacement of the radial tuberosity to the caudal surface of the radius and the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle exclusively on this elevation of the radius. Limiting factors are the insertions of collateral ligaments at the antebrachial skeleton. The lateral collateral ligament inserts only on the radius, the medial collateral ligament mainly on the ulna. The radial anular ligament directly connects the two coronoid processes of the ulna and moreover is intracapsular. The joint capsule is common for both the cubital and the proximal radioulnar joint and five pouches could be described. These were between the lateral epicondyle of humerus and the olecranon, underneath the tendon of origin of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, cranially in the bend of the elbow joint, between the head of the radius and the tendon of origin of supinator muscle and the lateral part of radial anular ligament, just as between the medial epicondyle of humerus and the tendons of origin of flexor muscles of the forearm.
Studies on the Parietal Region of the Cervid Skull III. On the Occurrence of an Interparietal in Cervus
Authors: Kierdorf U. , Kierdorf H.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of an os interparietale was studied in two transparent preparations of fetal red deer (Cervus elaphus) heads and in 14 dried skulls of fetal to early postnatal individuals from four Cervus species (C. elaphus, C. nippon, C. duvauceli and C. eldi). In 14 of the 16 specimens, an interparietal was present as either a paired or single bone. In only a neonate red deer and a 5‐week‐old sika deer this skull element was missing. We therefore conclude that an os interparietale, developing from paired centres of ossification, is normally present in Cervus species. This clearly distinguishes them from the fallow deer, where an interparietal is missing (Kierdorf and Kierdorf, 1992b). Our findings thus support the view that the fallow deer should be considered a distinct genus Dama instead of being included within Cervus.
Regional Peripheral Vascular Supply Based on the Superficial Temporal Artery in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Fahie M. A. , Smith B. J. , Ballard J. B. , Moon M. L. , Smith M. M.
Published: June 2007

Cutaneous arterial blood supply to the temporal region was evaluated in 8 dogs and 8 cats. Subtraction radiography and angiography of the carotid and superficial temporal arteries were used in 4 dogs and 4 cats to determine arterial blood supply to the temporal region and frontalis muscle. A myocutaneous axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery and frontalis muscle may be indicated for cosmetic reconstruction in dogs and cats following surgical resection of neo‐plastic lesions or traumatic wounds in the maxillofacial region. The frontalis muscle was identified as the thin subcutaneous continuation of the platysma muscle extending cranially and rostrally. Dissection of the temporal region in 4 dogs and 4 cats revealed the subcutaneous location of the superficial temporal artery as it continues rostrally from the caudal aspect of the zygomatic arch.
Morphological Investigations of the Surface Epithelium of Ductuli Efferentes of Black Isogenic Mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Orsi A. M. , Matheus S. M. M. , Gregorio E. A. , Beu C. C. L.
Published: June 2007

Morphological investigations of the epithelial cell types that line the ductuli efferentes (DE) of black isogenic mice confirm absorption of the luminal fluid phase by endocytosis as the main function of ductuli efferentes (DE) in this species. Furthermore, all the histochemical and ultrastructural observations on the DE epithelial histoarchitecture indicate other cellular functions such as exocytosis and probably secretion, including an aprocrine secretory process.
Etude Morphométrique de la Paroi de la Veine Cave Caudale après Implantation d'un Filtre chez le Mouton
Authors: Bach‐Lijour B. , Crochet D. , Grossetete 2 R. , Raffin T. , Nguyen J. M. , Hurtrel M. , Daculsi G. , Nihouannen J. C. LE
Published: June 2007

The long stabilizers of the VT‐LGM filter rest on large areas of the vascular wall. The morphometric study of the layers of the vascular wall, after implantation of filter in 15 ewes, divided into 3 groups of follow‐up (2, 4 or 8 weeks) of 5 animals, was made at 3 levels opposite the filter and 1 level outside of it. Changes are seen for all the layers. Filter produces intimal hyperplasia. Stabilizers are quickly isolated from the blood flow. The thickness of the intimal hyperplasia grows for 4 weeks. It is more important at the base of the filter than at its head. There is also hyperplasia of the media with no change according to the follow‐up or the level opposite the filter. The adventitia becomes thinner without variation of time or level of the filter. Smooth muscle cells of the adventitia become less frequent and smaller. Their density, in front of the stabilizers, is the smallest by 4 week follow‐up and remains the same along the stabilizer. The full thickness of the wall is bigger opposite the stabilizers than between them. The filter produces changes that are limited in time and in space. The most important changes are seen at 4 weeks after insertion and opposite the stabilizers.
The Morphology of the Ureter in the Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: Mirabella N. , Esposito V. , Corona M. , Pelagalli G. V.
Published: June 2007

The morphology of the ureter of the duck was investigated, using histological, SEM and TEM techniques. The inner perimeter, the total thickness of the ureteral wall and the thickness of each uretral layer were measured. The epithelium was tall columnar and pseudostratified along all the tracts of the ureter and showed a high muco‐secretive activity. The lamina propria contained numerous capillaries and aggregates of leucocytes and macrophages. Throughout the lamina propria there was a dense plexus of nerves. Some denuded single nerve fibres were observed between the epithelial basal cells. A plexus of nerves was also observed in the tunica muscularis. The ostium cloacale ureteris opened on a well‐developed papilla in the dorsal region of the urodeum. The total thickness of the ureteral wall, the thickness of the lamina propria and the tunica muscularis, and the inner perimeter progressively increased towards the ostium. The above observations suggest that the avian ureter plays an important role in the modification of the urine coming from medullary cones, and in emission of the urine into the cloaca.
Morphologic Peculiarities of the Renal Cortical Vasculature Connected with Blood Redistribution in the Kidney of the Domestic Pig
Authors: Vodenicharov A. , Simoens P.
Published: June 2007

The cortical blood vessels from 2 to 8 month old Camborow hybrid pigs and Belgium landrace pigs were studied using histologic and semithin sections as well as corrosion casts and cleared preparations of intravascular injection.

It was established that the cortical blood vessels of the porcine kidney possess peculiarities that may regulate the redistribution of blood in the cortex. These peculiarities were found in the interlobular arteries, in the efferent arterioles of midcortical nephrons, in afferent arterioles of juxtamedullar glomeruli, and in the glomerular capillary networks.

It was established that the number of renal corpuscles is different in the various zones of the cortex.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Normal Canine Larynx
Authors: Vázquez J. M. , Arencibia A. , Gil F. , Ramírez J. A. , González N. , Sosa C. D. , Jaber J. R.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to define the normal anatomic structures in the canine larynx with magnetic resonance images. TI‐weighted images were taken in the sagittal and transverse planes. The MR images were obtained comparing MR images to dissection planes. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent anatomic detail of laryngeal structures. Therefore, it is of value for diagnostic imaging of some respiratory diseases in the dog.
Macro‐Anatomical Investigations on the Skeletons of Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Part III: Skeleton axiale
Authors: Yilmaz S.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the axial skeleton of two porcupines (Hystrix cristata).

The important features of the skull, observed in this study are as follows: The zygomatic process of frontal bone (os fron‐tale) was found to be rudimentary, and the infraorbital foramen (for. infraorbitale) was very large. The zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) has two processes (frontal and temporal) and the zygomatic arch (arcus zygomaticum) was composed of three bones.

The dental formulae were 2 (I 1/1, C 0/0, P 1/1, M 3/3) = 20. The angular process (Proc. angularis) of mandible is well developed.

The vertebral formula was found as C7, T15, L4, S4, Ca12. All of cervical vertebrae had the transverse foramen (for. transversarium).

The first eleven spinous processes (proc. spinosus) of thoracic vertebrae were caudally‐sloped, the twelfth as the anticlin vertebrae and the last three were directed cranially.

Hemal arches (or ossa arcus hemalis) were presented as separate bones which articulate with the ventral surfaces of the caudal ends of the bodies of the second, third and fourth caudal vertebrae.
Anatomo‐radiographic Study on the Osteogenesis of Carpal and Tarsal Bones in Horse Fetus
Authors: Soana S. , Gnudi G. , Bertoni G. , Botti P.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study is to point out the time of appearance of the carpal and tarsal bones in the fetal horse, considering an estimated fetal age, to follow their morphological development through to birth, and to characterize possible abnormal shape and/or delay of their ossification. The right carpal and tarsal region of 140 equine fetuses of both sexes (71 males, 69 females) and different ages (from 70 to 340 days of gestation) were examined radiographically in order to identify the sites of ossification from their earliest appearance. The times of appearance of the sites of ossification of the carpal bones are chronologically stated for each bone.
An Avian Model for Comparative Studies of Insulin Teratogenicity
Authors: Julian D. , Abbott U. K.
Published: June 2007

This study was designed to explore the effects of purified insulin during early stages of chick embryo development, and to search for variations between different molecular structures of the hormone. Chicken embryos were treated in ovo with a single dose of insulin (porcine or bovine), in only one stage of development between day 0 and day 9. Two susceptible periods were found. The earliest period (day 0 to day 3), characterized by abnormalities in the caudal vertebrae and a high mortality rate, was followed by a period with a different set of malformations, a syndrome classified as achondroplasia. The rate of achondro‐plastic embryos was significantly higher with porcine rather than with bovine insulin. Paradoxically, insulin at physiological doses has stimulatory effects in growth and development but, in contrast, has inhibitory effects at higher doses. The precise signalling cascade of events in the target cells is still unclear. The possible interpretations of our results are discussed. The similarity between the insulin‐induced abnormalities in the chicken embryos and the caudal regression syndrome, the most common malformation found in infants of diabetic women, suggests a common mechanism. This circumstance offers the chicken embryos as an excellent in vivo model for research on the mechanism of action of insulin during normal and abnormal development.
Tongue Papillae in Goat: a Scanning Electron‐Microscopic Study
Authors: Kumar P. , Kumar S. , Singh Y.
Published: June 2007

The tongue papillae of 6‐9‐month‐old Jamunapari goats were studied by scanning electron‐microscopy. The conical‐shaped filiform papillae had 3–6 pointed projections and 6–8 secondary papillae at the free tip and the base of the dorsal surface of the tongue, respectively. The convex surfaced fungiform papillae were raised above the lingual mucosa. The vallate papilla was characterized by a papillary groove and an annular pad. The large conical papilla had a round base and a blunt tip without any projection. Two types of lenticular papillae could be distinguished. The irregular surface of all types of papillae revealed microplicae in the form of microridges and micropits. The fungiform papilla was studded with microvilli. The taste pores were oriented on the dorso‐lateral surface of the vallate papilla.
Über die pränatale Entwicklung der Lamina epithelialis in der Phase der Vakuolisierung villärer Epithelzellen. Untersuchungen am Darm des Rindes (Bos primigenius taurus L., 1758)
Authors: Wille K.‐H. , Winkler Fr.
Published: June 2007

The development of the bovine small intestine was examined in 39 embryos and fetuses by light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic methods. Special reference was paid to the histogenesis of the ephithelium.

In contrast to the duodenum the epithelium of jejunum and ileum undergoes a degeneration by vacuolation of its villous epithelial cells. The demonstration of the acid phosphatase activity of these vacuoles shows their lysosomal character. This degenerative process of the small intestinal epithelium is also known in large intestine where it leads to the destruction of the intestinal villi. Both seem to be part of a ‘principle of construction of the intestine of the vertebrates’(Wille, 1984).
Neuroendocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Wild Boar
Authors: Dall'Aglio C. , Scocco P. , Ceccarelli P. , Pedini V.
Published: June 2007

The presence and the distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of adult wild boar were investigated. The endocrine cells have been identified by means of immunocytochemical techniques using antibodies against serotonin, gastrin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin (CCK), met‐enkephalin (MET‐ENK), gastric‐inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon. The number of positive cells for each antiserum in each region was evaluated. Results were compared with data present in the literature and obtained previously by us and other authors in swine and domestic mammals (Ceccarelli et al., 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1995; Capella and Solcia, 1972; Domeneghini and Castaldo, 1981; Peranzi and Lehy, 1984; Krause et al., 1985).
A Scanning and Immunohistochemical Study in Bovine Haemal Node
Authors: Cerutti P. , Marcaccini A. , Guerrero F.
Published: June 2007

The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs with haemal circulation. The blood circulates inside of them through virtual cavities named sinuses. In these sinuses there is passage of cells and particulate materials from parenchyma to sinuses and vice versa. For this passage temporal overtures exist in the sinus walls. The sinus wall is composed of endothelial cells, basal membrane and reticular cells. Our results have demostrated that type IV collagen was one of the basal membrane constituents in bovine haemal nodes and by this constitution a dynamic equilibrium of the sinus walls was permitted.
3‐D Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy used in Morphometric Analysis of Rat Purkinje Cell Dendritic Spines after Chronic Ethanol Consumption
Authors: Wenisch S. , Fortmann B. , Steinmetz T. , Kriete A. , Leiser R. , Bitsch I.
Published: June 2007

A confocal laser scanning microscope (with a 543 nm laser) was used for imaging rat Purkinje cell dendritic spines at high 3‐D resolution. In a nutritionally controlled study of the rat, 5 months of ethanol consumption was demonstrated to alter the spines of Purkinje cell dendrites in rat cerebellum. Intact spines showed significant elongation after ethanol exposure, whereas this neuromorphological alteration could not be detected in controls. Spine elongation could be regarded as compensative growth of spines in search of new synaptic contacts due to alcohol induced cell loss.
Autoimmune Aspects of Three Skin Diseases: Pemphigus, Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus and Vitiligo1
Authors: Mackay Ian E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

This paper discusses three skin diseases due to or associated with autoimmunity: pemphigus vulgaris, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and vitiligo.

In pemphigus vulgaris there is an autoantibody to an. antigen in. the inter‐epithelial or cell‐wall region of the prickle‐cell layer of stratified squamous epithelium. The site of reaction of this antibody corresponds with the acantholytic lesions of pemphigus vulgaris.

In cutaneous lupus erythematosus antinuclear antibody may enter mildly damaged cells of stratified squamous epithelium and react with the cell nucleus. This results in the formation and deposition of antigen‐antibody complexes at the dermal‐epidermal junction, and these complexes may be distributed systemically and trapped in the kidney, causing glomerulonephritis. Thus the skin could be a site of primary importance in the genesis of the systemic lesions of lupus erythematosus.

Vitiligo is known to coexist with a group of diseases which are clinically and serologically interrelated and are attributable to autoimmunity: pernicious anaemia, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis, and adrenal atrophy. Striking clinical examples of these associations exist, but no specific autoantibody system is demonstrable. Hence the case for autoimmunity in vitiligo rests only on “guilt by association”.
Pili Annulati*
Authors: Musso L. A.
Published: June 2007

The chance seeing of a case of pili annulati provided an occasion for reviewing the salient features of this condition. Previous observation that the abnormal areas disappear after exposure to weak alkali on a glass microscopic slide was confirmed.

Electron microscopic examination of hair samples from the young man and his elder sister suggests that there is a primary defect in the synthesis of the microfibril + matrix complex with possibly less of it being formed and thus creating a potential space. The process appears to be intracellular.

The gas in the canals or spaces is likely to be air due to the fact that hair fibres are relatively permeable to most gases and liquids.
Circumscribed Palmoplantar Keratoderma
Authors: Callan Noel J.
Published: June 2007

A case of focal tender thickening of the palms and soles, with associated abnormalities of the cornea, is described. It is believed to be an example of circumscribed palmo‐plantar keratoderma, of autosomal recessive inheritance. Possible mechanisms involved in the production of the lesions are considered, and an approach to treatment discussed.
Apocrine Cystadenoma*
Authors: Hunter G. A. , Donald G. F.
Published: June 2007

Apocrine cystadenoma presents another distinct clinico‐pathological entity among the appendage tumours. Clinically these small skin coloured, blue or black cysts can usually be distinguished from basal cell carcinoma, melanocytic naevus, or a vascular lesion provided the possible diagnosis is borne in mind.

Histologically the picture is quite distinct and diagnostic.
Familial Trichoepitheliotma of Unusual Distribution*
Authors: Linn Howard W. , Hunter Geoffrey A.
Published: June 2007

Two cases are reported of multiple trichoepithelioma of unusual distribution in two girls who are close relatives. The clinical and histological features of this condition are discussed.
Microsporum Distortum Ringworm in New Zealand
Authors: Smith John M. B.
Published: June 2007

The dermatophyte Microsporum distortum has been recovered from 32 human infections and 7 animals in New Zealand. All cases have occurred within a limited rural area of the Otago province. A comparison of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of M. distortum ringworm with those of Microsporum canis reveals a close similarity between the two fungi. Both show a predilection for the scalp area and have similar age, sex and seasonal distributions. Cats seem to be the main source of human infection, but with M. distortum it is possible that these animals serve merely as a vector between man and some hitherto unidentified (wild) animal reservoir.
Atopic Dermatitis Cataract and Keratoconus*
Authors: Longmore L.
Published: June 2007

Four cases of cataract with keratoconus are reported in patients suffering from atopic dermatitis.
Molluscum Contagiosum in a Red Kangaroo
Authors: Bagnall Brian G. , Wilson G. R.
Published: June 2007

Natural infection of a red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) with molluscum contagiosum pox‐virus is reported. Large lesions up to 2 cm diameter were present on the back, elbow and lip. Histopathology and electron‐microscopy confirmed that the disease was identical to human molluscum contagiosum.
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA—NEW THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
Authors: Eisenberg M. , Stevens L. H. , Schofield P. J.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Drug therapy of epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica (E.B.D.) for the past forty years is reviewed.

A reproducible method for the direct extraction of collagenase and collagen peptidase from skin homogenates is described.

Markedly elevated collagenase and collagen peptidase activity is demonstrated in skin of dystrophic E.B. patients. Diphenylhydantoin in pharmacological doses is shown to cause significant inhibition of the collagenolytic system both in vitro and in vivo. Diphenylhydantoin was used parenterally in two children with proven E.B.D. and was found to have a beneficial effect on skin fragility.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA IN QUEENSLAND A REVIEW
Authors: Davis Neville C.
Published: June 2007

Summary

A study into malignant melanoma in Queensland commenced in 1963 and the findings are reviewed and the attitudes to management explained. The incidence of the disease is higher in Queensland than anywhere else in the world. This probably results from the long continued exposure of a susceptible white population to sunlight.

Patients with suspected melanomas should be referred for definitive surgical treatment without preliminary biopsy. Local surgical treatment usually necessitates a wide excision and split skin graft. Routine elective lymphadenectomy is not indicated. The outlook for patients with melanoma is remarkably good in Queensland. There is an age‐adjusted cumulative five‐year survival of 87.7% for women and 73.6% for men. The treatment of patients with advanced or recurrent melanomas should be carried out in special clinics.
NOMA: REPORT OF THREE ADULT CASES*
Authors: Bendl B. J. , Padmos A. , Harder E. J. , McArthur P. D.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The case histories of three adult patients are presented. Malignant disease was present in all three. During the course of investigation and treatment one patient was found to have a lymphoma, another to have polymorphic reticulosis and the third had been under treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia. The possible aetiological factors responsible for this clinical syndrome are discussed.
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES AND PSORIASIS
Authors: Green Allen C.
Published: June 2007

Psoriasis among full‐blood Australian Aborigines appears to be rare or absent. After examination of some three thousand of these people in central, northern, and southern Australia, I have not seen psoriasis. Other medical and nursing observers have also not seen psoriasis in these people. Two references in the literature to psoriasis in Abotigines are reviewed briegly. The author has seen only one, male, part‐Aborigine (more Causcasian than Aborigine), with in a female Aborigine whose father was said to be “not tribal”. A third was recently reported to me.

Other conditions common among Aborigines, which should not be confused with psoriasis, are outlined, Certain aspects of the apparent absence of psoriasis in full‐blood Australian Aborigines are discussed.

Previous research about the essential causes of psoriasis has not been particularly rewarding. An important question must, therefore, be asked. Should some research projects in future be directed to reasons why some human groups seem not to get psoriasis rather than to why others do?
SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII—INCIDENCE IN THE SYDNEY REGION
Authors: Muir D. B. , Pritchard R. C.
Published: June 2007

Sporothrix schenckii is a fungus which occurs in soil and on plant material. It has not often been reported in Australia from clinical sources. Most reports have been from Queensland, and it has rarely been reported from the Sydney and Newcastle Metropolitan areas. Twelve isolations from the Sydney area are reported.