bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutation
Authors: Houle David , Kondrashov Alexey
Published: November 2023

Mutation is the ultimate source of all genetic variation, and genetic variation is absolutely necessary for any sort of evolution to proceed (Wayne & Miyamoto, Ch. 2 of this volume). These two facts should make the study of mutation the foundation of evolutionary genetics. Unfortunately, this is very far from the case. Both the processes of mutation and the pattern of effects of those mutations are relatively little known compared with the properties of the standing genetic variation within populations and among populations and species. However, these properties can only be understood in light of mutation.
New Genes, New Functions: Gene Family Evolution and Phylogenetics
Authors: Thornton Joe
Published: November 2023

Since Darwin, the central project of evolutionary biology has been to explain the origin of biodiversity-to determine how novel species and their characteristics have evolved. With the advent of genome sequencing, an entirely new level of biodiversity has been revealed: the proliferation and diversification of genes within genomes. Discovery of this molecular biodiversity allows evolutionary biology’s fundamental question to be asked at a new level: by what mechanisms and dynamics have new genes with novel functions evolved? The vast majority of genes in sequenced genomes are organized hierarchically into gene families and superfamilies (e.g., Lander et al. 2001). This hierarchy of genes, like the nested organization of living organisms, has been produced primarily by a process of lineage splitting and divergence-in this case, gene duplication followed by independent trajectories of sequence substitution. The formal analogy between speciation and gene duplication means that the same phylogenetic techniques used to reconstruct the tree of life from gene sequence data can also be used to infer the evolutionary history of gene families. A reliable gene family phylogeny provides a scaffold on which patterns of variation in sequence, structure, and function can be interpreted to reconstruct the evolutionary events and dynamics that generated gene family diversity.
Canalization
Authors: Siegal Mark L , Bergman Aviv
Published: November 2023

Canalization, a concept introduced by C.H. Waddington (1940, 1942) to explain the robustness of developmental processes in the face of environmental and genetic variation, remains one of biology’s most confusing and contentious subjects. Perhaps it is a tribute to Waddington’s prescience that his ideas continue to be provocative in the post-genome era. Still, a number of authors have lamented the conceptual muddle that has endured for so many years (Debat & David 2001; Gibson & Wagner 2000; Rutherford 2000). Some even pin the blame on Waddington himself, whose penchants for philosophical language and iconoclastic status (Wilkins 2002) clouded the debate from the outset. Nevertheless, Waddington’s pioneering focus on developmental mechanism as central to understanding microevolutionary change cannot be overlooked, and indeed, we believe, is the reason why modern biologists still turn to him for inspiration and guidance as the much-heralded synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology proceeds.
Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics
Authors: Roff Derek A
Published: November 2023

Quantitative genetics developed from an attempt to explain the apparent “blending inheritance” observed in quantitative traits within the framework of Mendelian genetics. In this it has been extraordinarily successful. However, a change in perspective was needed to understand the inheritance of quantitative traits. Rather than being controlled by a single locus or a small number of loci, variation in quantitative traits needed to be understood as the aggregate action of many loci. The individual behavior of any given locus was subsumed under a statistical description of the whole, analogous to the prediction of the properties of a gas or the flow of traffic. A prime focus of interest to the evolutionary biologist is the change in trait means, but to understand and predict such changes we must take into account not only what the mean trait values are before and after selection but also how much of the variability is ascribable to genetic factors. If very little of the variability is due to genetic effects then even very strong selection, leading to large differences in trait means before and after selection, will not result in a rapid change in the population from one generation to the next. Thus the central conceptual perspective in quantitative genetics is that of variance, that is, the division of phenotypic variance into components due to genetic and nongenetic effects. Using this perspective a very rich field of theory was developed, which both accounted for the apparent blending inheritance and was capable of making predictions about the response to selection.
Experimental Evolution
Authors: Chippindale Adam K
Published: November 2023

For evolutionary biologists, an unfortunate feature of the past century of genetics is that much of what we know comes from broken genes. The analysis of mutants shows us what evolution by natural selection overwhelmingly discards: dysfunctional genotypes. Although our understanding of fundaments such as patterns of inheritance and gene expression patterns has been advanced extraordinarily through the mutationist program, this approach remains atomistic and focused at the individual level. While polygenic variation is the curse of the mutationist program, it is the main fuel that drives adaptation. To understand evolutionary processes, which operate at the level of populations, we are led into the more confusing and experimentally difficult world of quantitative variation for traits affecting fitness. To study variation in fitness using classical mutagenic approaches is tantamount to pulling hoses and wires under the hood of a car and then measuring its performance. Most destructive modifications will cripple or extinguish drive, telling us that the automobile is a highly integrated machine. In contrast, adaptation is predominantly a fitness tuning process, and studying it requires approaches that allow us to connect genetic variation to performance variation in the context of populations, and to see input from new beneficial genes as well as deleterious ones.
What Psychobiographers Might Learn From Personality Psychology
Authors: McAdams Dan P
Published: November 2023

Personality psychology is the scientific study of the whole person. The ultimate goal of personality psychology is to provide a valid account of an individual person ‘s life (Allport, 1937; McAdams, 2001a). In a similar vein, psychobiographers aim to provide psychological accounts of individual human lives, especially the lives of famous or controversial persons. In applying psychological concepts to the particular life, psychobiographers often put into practice ideas that are of central concern to personality psychology (Runyan, 1990). You might think, therefore, that psychobiography and personality psychology would have much in common. You might expect that personality psychologists would find many illuminating case examples in the literature of psychobiography and that psychobiographers might draw upon contemporary personality theory and research to inform their explorations of the individual human life. You might even envision a lively and critical dialogue between the “fields “ of personality psychology and psychobiography. But if you thought, expected, or imagined any of this, you would be wrong. With a few notable exceptions (e.g., Ogilvie, 2003; Schultz, 1996), personality psychology and psychobiography today have little to do with each other. To the extent that there is a relationship between the two, it might best be described with such words as “contempt “ or “avoidance.
Erikson and Psychobiography, Psychobiography and Erikson
Authors: Alexander Irving
Published: November 2023

In recent years two publications appeared that revived public interest in the life and work of Erik Erikson (1902–1994). One certainly is Lawrence J. Friedman ‘s Identity ‘s Architect (1999), an outstanding biography of Erikson ‘s life and work. Friedman, a historian, spent ten years producing this volume. He contacted many of the most important people in Erikson ‘s life, including his wife Joan, who helped in providing data about more than sixty years of their life together. His use of archival sources both here and abroad was extensive and his knowledge of Erikson ‘s work and the history of psychoanalysis impressive. The major events of Erikson ‘s life are clearly drawn and well documented, making the book a trea-sure trove for the psychobiographer.
PRD1: Dissecting the Genome, Structure, and Entry
Authors: grahn Marika , Butcher sarah J , Bamford, Jaana K H , Bamford dennis h.
Published: November 2023

There are six extremely similar phage isolates, from different parts of the world, that all infect Gramnegative bacteria harboring a conjugative plasmid. One of these viruses is PRD1. Viruses with this morphology (protein capsid surrounding a membrane vesicle containing the linear double-stranded DNA genome) also infect Grampositive hosts. These viruses have been classified together forming the Tectiviridae family (2). There have been two characteristics that have drawn considerable interest to these viruses. Firstly, the linear, DNA genome has inverted terminal repeats, a covalently bound terminal protein at the 50 ends, and replicates by a protein-primed, sliding-back mechanism. Secondly, due to their membranes, these viruses are considered to be relatively simple model systems for the study of membrane biogenesis, structure, and assembly in a well-characterized Escherichia coli background.
Phage f29 and its Relatives
Authors: Salas Margarita
Published: November 2023

Phage f29 and the related phages PZA, PZE, f15, BS32, B103, Nf, M2Y, and GA-1 are lytic phages that belong to the Podoviridae family. Most of them infect Bacillus subtilis and other related species such as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus licheniformis. The host range of phage GA-1 differs from those of the other phages. Thus, GA-1 infects the Bacillus strain G1R. The f29-related phages have been classified in three groups based on serological properties, peptide maps, DNA physical maps, and DNA sequences (11, 90, 153). The first group includes phages f29, PZA, PZE, f15, and BS32; the second includes phages B103, Nf, and M2Y; and the third group contains phage GA-1as the only member.
The P2-Like Bacteriophages
Authors: Nilsson Anders S , Ljungquist Elisabeth Haggard
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage P2 was isolated by G. Bertani, together with two other prophages, from the Lisbonne and Carre’ re strain of Escherichia coli (the oldest known lysogen) (8). The three phages were named P1, P2, and P3, based on different plaque morphology, and their partial serological crossreactivity. Phage P1 was later shown by E. Lennox to be a general transducing phage and to belong to a group of phages that differs from P2 in many respects (82) (see chapter 24). Phage P3 has not been studied as extensively as the other two. Since that time, a number of temperate phages that grow on E. coli have been isolated that share some, but not all, characteristics with phage P2. These P2-like phages are similar in traits such as morphology and host range, are serologically unrelated to phage l and not inducible by UV light. Of these P2-like coliphages P2 and 186 are the best characterized, and they have in addition the capacity to function as helpers for phage/plasmid P4. For a list of other known P2-like E. coli phages, see reviews by Bertani and Bertani (11) and Bertani and Six (12), and for phage/plasmid P4 see chapter 26.
Bacteriophage P22
Authors: Prevelige Peter E
Published: November 2023

Bacteriophage P22, a relative of bacteriophage l, is a temperate phage of Salmonella typhimurium and has played key roles in the development of molecular biology. Originally isolated as a lysogen of Salmonella, it was with P22 that Zinder and Lederberg discovered the phenomenon of generalized transduction (113). In subsequent years, P22 has proven to be an important tool in Salmonella genetics, and equally importantly has served to illustrate key components of genetic and morphogenetic regulation (45). P22 shares many similarities in genetic structure and regulation with phage l and there are excellent reviews of P22 biology (63, 88). The genome of P22 has been sequenced (11, 24, 61, 72, 100) and 65 genes have been annotated. The sequencing results support the hypothesis that phage P22 is a mosaic that has evolved through extensive recombination with other viruses. Significant progress has been made over the past 15 years in understanding the structural biology of P22 infection and replication which, after a brief overview, will be the focus of this chapter.
The Bacteriophage Mu
Authors: Ghelardini Luciano Paolozzi Patrizia
Published: November 2023

Mu was the first mobile genetic element identified in prokaryotes. Since its first isolation, in 1963, it has attracted the interest of many biologists. This interest is a consequence of its double nature: Mu is both a bacteriophage and a transposon. Studies on Mu began when L. Taylor published a paper on a new temperate bacteriophage that showed the unusual ability to insert its DNA in multiple sites of the host genome. This integration was coupled with the induction of mutations in the host cell (236). The insertional mutagenesis phenomenon was thus described for the first time and it was shown that when sensitive bacteria (Escherichia coli K12) were infected with bacteriophage Mu, they exhibited increased mutation rates at many genetic loci. The prophage was always linked to the chromosomal site of the induced mutation. These properties were similar to those of the ‘‘controlling elements’’ postulated by Barbara McClintock (176), consisting of DNA moving from one position to another in the maize chromosome that resulted in modification and even suppression of the function of some genes.
Mycoplasma Phages
Authors: Dybvig Jack Maniloff Kevin
Published: November 2023

Mycoplasma (with no italics) is the generic name for the small, wall-less bacteria that arose by degenerate evolution from the Streptococcus branch of the Grampositive bacteria phylogenetic tree (25). At present these microorganisms are grouped into one putative genus plus eight well-accepted genera - including the Acholeplasma, Spiroplasma, and Mycoplasma - together forming the order Mollicutes (table 40-1). Mycoplasma genera have diverse habitats and biochemical and physiological properties. The genomes of some species are only 600^800 kbp. The first mycoplasma phage was isolated in 1970 by R. N. Gourlay in England, using a bovine mycoplasma isolate as host cells and filtrates of bovine mycoplasma isolates as the phage source (16). Subsequently the host strain was identified as Acholeplasma laidlawii and the phage was identified as a filamentous phage containing single-stranded DNA. Over the next few years Gourlay isolated enveloped quasi-spherical phages as well as short-tailed phages infecting A. laidlawii. Since then, other workers have isolated more Acholeplasma phages as well as phages infecting Spiro-plasma and Mycoplasma strains (23, 24). Phages active against other Mollicutes genera have not been isolated.
Phage Therapy
Authors: adhya Carl R Merril Dean scholl sankar
Published: November 2023

The ability of bacteriophage (phage) to replicate exponentially and lyse pathogenic strains of bacteria suggests that they should play a vital role in our armamentarium for the treatment of infectious diseases. However, in spite of an initial enthusiasm, early clinical applications resulted in a negative shift of opinion concerning the therapeutic potential of phage. There are a number of factors that may have been responsible for this rejection of the use of phage as antibacterial therapeutic agents, particularly in countries that require certification based on the results of efficacy and pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans. These factors include an initial lack of understanding of the relatively narrow host range of phage and an inability to purify phage preparations from bacteria products and debris.
A Jewish Theology of Death and the Afterlife
Authors: Gillman Neil
Published: November 2023

With the exception of three brief passages (Isaiah 25:8, Isaiah 26:19, and Daniel 12)-all relatively late in the biblical corpus¬ the Bible denies any form of life after death other than some shadowy form of persistence in what is termed sheol, a realm in the bowels of the earth, where the dead are cut off from God and from relations with other dead people, and from which there is no return to life on earth;1 In the early postbiblical period (roughly from the late second century B.C.E to the first century C.E.), two doctrines of life after death become progressively more prominent in rabbinic and apocryphal texts: the resurrection of the body and the immortality of the soul; Somewhat later, in rabbinic texts, these two doctrines become conflated. This conflated doctrine teaches that at the end of life on earth, the soul separates from the body, the body disintegrates in the earth, and the soul journeys to be with God.
Extending Human Longevity: A Biological Probability
Authors: Arking Robert
Published: November 2023

If life is a good thing, then death calls too soon. Fables abound about the search for long life or immortality, and about the unforeseen effects such a gift might bestow. But that quest has now moved from myth to laboratory report, with the result that we as a society shall likely soon be faced with the prospect of being able to significantly extend our individual life spans. I am one of many engaged in this quest, and I think it is time to consider seriously what modern biogerontology is fashioning for us. Some have said that significant extension of the human life span is basically impossible, that it is unrealistic to think that we can conquer every one of the age-related diseases that break our bodies, and so a priori rule out the prospect. Others have seen life extension breakthroughs in every new vitamin, drug release, or discovery of the latest anti-aging gene, and perhaps their perennial optimism is the main component of their opinion. I believe these extreme positions to be both wrong and incapable of providing us with useful debating positions. In this chapter, I will lay out the scientific evidence that strongly suggests that longevity extension is presently a real if some¬ what limited phenomenon in the laboratory but one that will move out into the larger society over the next generation.
An Engineer’s Approach to Developing Real Anti-Aging Medicine
Authors: Grey Aubrey D N J de
Published: November 2023

Antiaging medicine does not yet exist in the sense in which the term medici,ne is generally used. Effective medicine nearly or completely eliminates the risk of death from its target cause; antibiotics, for example, cut American deaths from bacterial infections by a factor of 20 in the past century. All that we have to combat aging, at this point, is interventions that modestly (if at all) delay the onset and progression of age-related frailty. In the past few years, however, it has become possible to enumerate a comprehensive panel of technically feasible interventions that, jointly, would probably constitute real anti-aging medicine: that is, would probably reduce the risk of death from currently prevalent age-related causes to a level similar to our present risk of death from bacterial infections. The time frame for developing these interventions in laboratory mice has recently been authoritatively estimated to be around a decade from now. We don’t know how long it would take thereafter to translate them to humans, but it might be only a couple of decades.
Longevity, Identity, and Moral Character: A Feminist Approach
Authors: Overall Christine
Published: November 2023

Increases in human life expectancy over the past century and the possibility of growth in the total human life span raise empirical questions about the differences that greater longevity is making and will make in how we human beings live our lives, how we think of ourselves, and how we relate to each other. They raise factual questions about what human beings have and will have time to learn, to do, to experience, and to become habituated to, whether individually or collectively. However, the significant ethical question is normative: in a context of increasing longevity, how ought we to live our lives, think of ourselves, and relate to each other? Life expectancy refers to the average number of years an individual will live; this figure varies by sex, race, and socioeconomic class. Life span refers to the maximum amount of time actually lived by any human being, a figure that now stands at around 120 years. There is indisputable evidence that, because of better living conditions and improved medical care, life expectancies have improved markedly over the past century and a half and are likely to continue to do so in the developing nations as well as in the West.
The Social and Justice Implications of Extending the Human Life Span
Authors: Chapman Audrey R
Published: November 2023

Typically, our society proceeds in a reactionary mode, scrambling to deal with scientific developments after the announcement of new breakthroughs. But doing so has serious limitations. When a potential scientific development raises profound theological, ethical, and/or social issues, it seems far preferable to assess the implications in advance and to decide whether and how to proceed. The fundamental issue of whether we will determine or be deter¬ mined by science and technology depends on our ability to discern the challenges and respond wisely. Moreover, it is far more feasible to undertake an informed and unemotional examination of the broader societal implications of a new technology before rather than after it becomes a reality. And when such an evaluation suggests that there are likely to be serious problems, either because of the nature of the technologies or because of their ethical and social consequences, it may be preferable to regulate or block their development.
Feeling Nureal
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Everything feels unreal to me, like a dream...I feel detached, like a stranger to myself. These are quotes from actual people, experiencing something they don't understand. What they are saying is being heard by friends, families, and physicians today more than ever before. They do not simply suffer from anxiety, or depression, and they are not schizophrenic. They have found themselves trapped in a very real and singular disorder, yet few even know its name. Their enigmatic state of mind has been studied for more than 100 years, but only recently has it become clear how prevalent and how distinctive it really is. The condition is called Depersonalisation Disorder, and Feeling Unreal is the first book to reveal what it's all about. This important volume explores not only Depersonalisation, but the philosophical and literary implications of selfessness as well, while providing the latest research, possible treatments, and ways to live and thrive when life seems "unreal". For those who still believe that such experiences are merely part of something else, that depersonalisation is just a symptom and not a disorder in its own right, Feeling Unreal presents compelling evidence to the contrary. This book provides long-awaited answers for people suffering form Depersonalisation Disorder and their loved ones, for mental health professionals, and for all students of the condition, while serving as a wake up call to the medical community at large.
Strangers to Our Selves
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The mind is its own place,” Milton reminds us. “And in itself can make a heaven of hell, and a hell of heaven.” For most people, these lines from Paradise Lost are likely just the stuff of some long-forgotten English literature course. But for Ron, a 32-year-old magazine editor living in a coastal city, they ring true with profound insight. To his peers, Ron’s life is practically heaven on earth. He’s bright, funny, and successful at his job in publishing. With an apartment near the beach and plenty of friends, he is living a life that is envied by many. But Ron has a problem. And each day when he returns to his upscale neighborhood in time to see the sun setting, he wonders how long he can maintain what he has. He wonders if tonight will be the night he finally slips into the isolated hell of insanity.
Famine and Flight
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

The Chinese shopkeeper spotted a ragged figure stumbling about the garbage that cascaded from a nearby hilltop, gave a triumphant yell, and set off in hot pursuit. I plunged after him through the deep snow. He was shouting and grinning when I caught up with him and his prey. As the shopkeeper fished around his pocket for some plastic twine, a dirt-covered face scabrous with pellagra that looked about fifty years old shrunk back into the shadows of a hood made from grey sackcloth, like a medieval leper.
Slave State
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

When Ahn Myong-chol entered the gates of a prison camp No. 11 for the first time, he saw milling around the yard ragged creatures so short and crippled he wondered if they were human. “On average they were about 4 feet 11, walking skeletons of skin and bone,” he recalled. Even years after he had arrived in Seoul, he said the scene was so shocking it hit him “like a hammer.” “Their faces were covered by cuts and scars where they had been struck. Most had no ears; they had been torn off in beatings. Many had crooked noses, only one eye or one eye turned in its socket.
Kim Jong Il’s Court
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

In half a century as the god-like ruler of North Korea, Kim Il Sung had built himself many palaces, but his favorite retreat lay in the fresh pine woods of the Myohyang mountains. The Great Leader wanted a special guest, the President of South Korea, Kim Young Sam, to be comfortable. The summer can be hot and humid in Korea, and in the mountains it would be cooler than in Pyongyang, which lies a few hours drive away on the plain.
The United Nations and Genocide
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: November 2023

“We did not fail. Lives were saved; we are helping turn the situation around. The malnutrition, stunting and maternal mortality rates, while still high, has fallen. Above all, we have established preventive capacity: Another famine cannot happen while we are here and properly supported,” wrote Masood Haydar, the United Nations Humanitarian Coordinator of the DPRK, in a Washington Post editorial in 2004.
Out Of Mind, Out Of Sight
Authors: Ogden Jenni A
Published: November 2023

Bed rounds on neurosurgical wards can be depressing affairs, and this one was no exception; that is, until we reached Janet’s bed. She was a middle-aged woman and sat propped up by pillows with her left leg hanging rather awkwardly over the side of the bed. She was wearing an attractive pink nightgown and matching bed jacket, but when dressing she had apparently been unable to put her left arm into the left sleeves of the garments, leaving her shoulder exposed. The nurse touched her bare shoulder and asked her to put her arm into the sleeves. “No thank you,” replied Janet. “I’d rather leave it like it is if you don’t mind.” “It looks rather uncomfortable” replied the nurse, “and whatever will your visitors think?” “Well,” replied Janet, “I’m starting a new off-the-shoulder fashion. I would think it might cheer the visitors up.” The nurse, trying to keep a straight face, offered to help Janet get her arm into the sleeve as it might be awkward for her to do it by herself.
Approach to comparing models
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

When fitting biological data with regression, your main objective is often to discriminate between different models. Perhaps you wish to test whether your data are more consistent with one possible mechanism relative to another. You have only a limited number of data points, and these include experimental scatter. Given those limitations, there is no way to know for sure which model is best. All you can do is address the question statistically and get answers in terms of probabilities. This chapter explains how.
Comparing models using the extra sum-of­ squares F test
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

When you compare two nested models, the model with more parameters will almost always fit the data better (have a lower sum-of-squares) than the model with fewer parameters. It is not enough to compare sum-of-squares. We need to use a statistical approach to decide which model to accept. As its name suggests, the extra sum-of-squares F test is based on the difference between the sum-of-squares of the two models. It also takes into account the number of data points and the number of parameters of each model. It uses this information to compute an F ratio, from which it calculates a P value.
Subjective Symptoms That May Respond to Levodopa or Dopamine Agonists
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

We usually think of Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a disorder of movement. The signs are apparent to family and friends, who see variable degrees of slowness, tremor, and gait difficulties. These movement problems primarily reflect brain dopamine deficiency, and they respond to medications that restore the effect of dopamine. However, the problems of PD are not confined to these objective movement manifestations. Many subjective symptoms are also a part of the PD experience, which are only apparent to the person with PD. Because these symptoms cannot be seen, they often go unrecognized as components of PD. They may be attributed to other conditions, and treatment may get
Sexual Dysfunction, Estrogen, and Menstrual Cycles
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

For men in general, there are a variety of reasons for impaired sexual performance, including depression, anxiety, and medications. For men with PD, additional factors may play a role. Let’s think about this in more detail. Impotence implies difficulty with sexual performance—problems achieving and maintaining an erection, which should lead to ejaculation. Before considering all the things that can disrupt sexual performance, we should recognize that occasional impotence is common. This is something that can and does happen to even the most macho guy. Men are at their sexual peak during their teenage years and a little after. With passing decades, not only does the urge for sexual gratification decline but also the ability to perform. Hence, as men pass beyond the years when all they think about is sex, occasional impotence is fairly common. We need to accept this, just as we are stuck with the joint pains that never bothered us when we were young, or the middle-age requirement for reading glasses.
Brain Surgery for PD Symptoms: Thalamotomy, Pallidotomy, and Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider surgeries that can be performed to treat the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These are not experimental and currently are being done at many hospitals in the United States and around the world. The surgeries described in this chapter are generally covered by standard health insurance policies, provided that you meet the criteria. The surgeries we will address are employed for specific problems encountered in PD. They fall into two general categories: brain lesioning and deep brain stimulation.
Measuring Emotional Intelligence: Promises, Pitfalls, Solutions?
Authors: Matthews Gerald , Zeidner, Moshe , Roberts Richard D
Published: November 2023

From the beginnings of scientific study, intelligence researchers have been concerned with mental abilities that go beyond the narrowly cognitive (Bowman, Markham, & Roberts, 2002). At least part of this attraction appears driven by a positive, egalitarian message; that there is more to destiny than academic-cognitive intelligence (Kyllonen, Roberts, & Stankov, 2006). Thus, pioneers of the field, including Thorndike, Guilford, and Wechsler, addressed constructs such as social intelligence, with rather limited success (see Matthews, Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002). The latest construct of this kind is emotional intelligence (El), which may be loosely defined as a set of interrelated abilities for identifying, understanding, and managing emotions. The concept of EI has had a far-reaching popular impact, to the extent that it has spawned several mainstream best-sellers, and been named, by the American Dialect Society, among the most useful new words or phrases of the late twentieth century.
Interview with the Mother
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

Without exception, the interviews with each of the seven family members and two professionals went well. We had good rapport and mutual respect. All nine interviews were done within one 6-month period, all within a few months of Arthur’s death. Although an established protocol exists for conducting a psychological autopsy, with these nine special people I certainly did not have a checklist of questions. Common sense (and common courtesy) dictated the flow of talk.
Interview with the Father
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

DAD: I am Arthur’s father. I’m a physician. I’ve always been a family man, very much involved in my children’s life and concerned with them and proud of them; and Arthur gave me much delight over the years. To me he was a wonderful, loving son. I’m divorced from his mother for many years, since he was ten years old. His older brother was twelve and his sisters were seven and three. We had joint custody with the children, and the kids would be with me for one week and with their mother for one week. Until the time of the divorce, from the time Arthur was born, I would consider myself to have been an involved father. I used to read him stories and play games with him and help him with his homework. We were in Indian Guides together, and we would do projects together in the house. He had very difficult years of growing up while we were married; he went into therapy when he was approximately seven years old and used to have—I’d call them tantrums. He didn’t seem to have a good image of himself; whereas his older brother was much more academic and much more athletic, Arthur developed very slowly in those areas. At twelve he was going to therapy, and he was acting out really very physically, fighting with his brother, running out of the house, breaking things, and doing very poorly academically in school. Then, when he was about twelve, there seemed to be sort of a metamorphosis, a whole change in him, where he did a project on Hannibal crossing the Alps.
Consultation by John T. Maltsberger, M.D.
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

You can read in the Book of Judges about an ancient general named Sisera, who could gain no advantage in battle: Try as he might, he was on the wrong side; God was against him, and he was doomed to perish before he ever started to fight. (It was Sisera who died when Jael drove a tent peg into his temple.) Deborah, the prophetess, sang of him: From heaven fought the stars, from their courses they fought against Sisera.
Interview with the Pal
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S .
Published: November 2023

PAL: I met him in summer camp, we were cocounselors. For the year or two that we were counselors, we were friends, but we weren’t actually that close. And then we went to the university together. We were freshmen there together, and I didn’t know anybody, and I remember calling him, saying, “Hey, I’m coming; let’s hang out, please.” And so we became very close very quickly once college started. I remember going through a lot of change together; that’s when we started investing in an emotional relationship, something that was real. And it gradually just got stronger and stronger, continued getting stronger and stronger, and there was some acknowledgment maybe when we would talk about it—maybe ten years ago—that maybe we truly were best friends; and I felt comfortable with him. It’s hard to explain; it’s a feeling that you can do whatever you want in front of the person, that was it; and vice versa. And we both felt that way. I moved here right after college, so we’ve always been around for each other. It’s hard to describe Arthur: He was unique and very talented in many ways; he was very likeable; a very like- able, easy person; all my friends liked him. He was tough and stub- born and really liked to engage and get into issues and debate, but in a very nonabrasive, nonthreatening way. He was a sweet guy.
Velocity Distribution.
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have discussed the velocity of individual fluid elements (point velocities), denoted as ux, uy, uz, and the average velocity through a stream cross section, denoted as U. The main objective of the present chapter is to explore the connection between point velocities and cross-section average velocity by developing physically sound quantitative descriptions of the distribution of velocity in cross sections.
Unsteady Flow
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on one-dimensional flows and is concerned with changes in the downstream direction only. In general, the average downstream velocity, U, is a function of space (downstream location, X) and time, t, that is,
Coping with Aging
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Coping with Aging is the final project of the late Richard S. Lazarus, the man whose landmark book Emotion and Adaptation put the study of emotion in play in the field of psychology. In this volume, Lazarus examines the experience of aging from the standpoint of the individual, rather than as merely a collection of statistics and charts. This technique is in line with his long-standing belief that experiences should be looked at in their specific contexts, rather than squeezed into an overly general statistical viewpoint that loses the subjects' motivations. Drawing on his five decades of pioneering research, Lazarus looks aging, emotion, and coping, and stability and change in both environment and personality. Because Lazarus mixes academic rigor with everyday examples, this volume will be both useful to scholars and accessible to the lay audience that has so much gain from a systematic understanding of aging and emotion.
The First Branch of Government Theory and Practice
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

Congress Is The “First Branch Of Government.” That characterization, familiar to all civics students, is there because Congress is empowered and framed in the first article of the Constitution. Its placement there is no accident: the framers wanted it clear that Congress was to be first among equals of the three branches. Article One is twice as long as Article Two, on the executive branch, and four times as long as Article Three, on the judiciary. Each branch is given unique powers, with many overlapping, but it is clear, when push comes to shove, that Congress can trump the other two branches by overriding a presidential veto, by changing the size or jurisdiction of the courts, by impeaching and removing from office presidents and justices alike. Not that Congress should as a matter of course dominate politics and policy making at the expense of the other two branches. The Constitution is most certainly not a charter for legislative supremacy.
The Case of Continuity
Authors: Mann Thomas E , Ornstein Norman J
Published: November 2023

On The Brilliantly Clear and beautiful morning of September 11, 2001, when hijacked planes hit the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon, the Capitol was a busy place. The House of Representatives was in session, doing morning business. Lots of committees were meeting formally and informally. Many members, staffers, lobbyists, and tour groups were on the grounds, outside or on the steps on the East Front. News that a plane had hit the World Trade Center was met with intense interest but no notable reaction. The second hit—and the visible sights and sounds of the plane hitting the Pentagon only a few miles away—brought a reaction akin to chaos. The top congressional leaders—Speaker, House Minority Leader, Senate Majority and Minority Leaders— were quickly hustled away to an undisclosed location. The rest of the lawmakers, staff, and others were not given any directions or news. Without an evacuation plan, many lingered for several hours on or near the Capitol grounds.
The Developmental Tasks of Middle Childhood
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

To begin to capture the complex contextual influences on children of immigrants’ identity development and academic pathways, we have chosen to focus our studies on the period of development often referred to as “middle childhood.” This period, ranging roughly between the ages of 6 and 12 years, is a crucial time in children’s development (Eccles, 1999; Huston & Ripke, 2006). Yet, most of the literature has tended to neglect this developmental period. We know a fair amount about the first 3 years of life, about preschoolers, and about adolescents (unfortunately, in the latter stage, mostly about their problems), but little about the normative processes in middle childhood. Before we could begin our studies, then, we needed to build a thorough understanding of what developmental processes and milestones are currently known to be important to children of this age and consider how to apply these past developmental studies to our research with children of immigrants.

Why is increasing our knowledge about middle childhood important? We contend that pathways that are created, initiated, or maintained during middle childhood put children onto certain life trajectories and not others. Many life course research projects start such analyses in adolescence, since trajectories and decisions made in that developmental period (i.e., continue education, start work, start parenthood, etc.) are clearly implicated for later life trajectories (e.g., MacMillan & Eliason, 2003). In contrast, we propose that patterns established and decisions made in middle childhood are just as critical in determining later outcomes.
The Children of Immigrants: Development in Context (CIDC) Study
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

In order to study ethnic identity and academic pathways among children of immigrants, we first had to conceive of a theoretical framework and set of methodologies that would meet our study’s specific goals and needs. To do this in a way that would explain both individual and group similarities and differences in developmental processes across our Cambodian, Dominican, and Portuguese groups, we adopted a “mixed methods” approach for our research. Using theory and methods from sociological, anthropological, and psychological disciplines, we created a “mixture” of concepts and measures suited to understand our research questions from both qualitative (i.e., descriptions used to characterize developmental processes and contexts) and quantitative (i.e., specific psychological processes captured using scales and numbers), across our diverse group of children of immigrants. This chapter is an integrative presentation of our theory and related methodologies that served as the basis for our study; results from our study are described in detail in further chapters. We conclude this chapter with some important practical information to describe how we went about collecting our data (please see Appendix A for quantitative descriptive information on measures used throughout the study).
The New Security and the Use of Military Power
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

Thus far, this essay has considered ways in which the United States may deploy its economic and political power to define a new role in a new world. Consideration must now be given to the uses of military power to achieve its strategic objectives—its large purposes. Great powers throughout history have successfully maintained their status over time only when they possessed the genius to imagine, and the will to pursue, a systematic plan to dedicate the means they possessed to the achievement of large national purposes. Lacking a grand strategy, the United States is today seen by too many peoples of the world as a great power without purpose—a giant that pronounces rather than listens—and thus as a great danger.
Who We Are Temptations of Empire
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

The United States will sacrifice its character as a republic if it aspires to the role of empire, even a benign and liberal empire. “It is a rare moment and special opportunity in his- tory when the acknowledged dominant global power seeks neither territory nor political empire,” observed one group of Americans (perhaps too hastily). For several reasons this issue is central to America’s character: the resources required to maintain the empire, the political transformation required in the United States, and the change in cultural values an empire requires.
Pictorial Recognition As An Unlearned Ability:A Study Of One Child’s Performance
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia
Published: November 2023

Anecdotes about primitive people who are unable to identify pictured objects suggest the hypothesis that pictorial recognition is a learned ability. In a weaker form of this hypothesis, learning might be held essential for the recognition of line drawings (compare Gibson’s ‘‘ghost shapes’’), while the native recognition of photographs, with their higher ‘‘fidelity,’’ would be admitted. The present investigation was designed to determine whether a child who had been taught his vocabulary solely by the use of objects, and who had received no instruction or training whatsoever concerning pictorial meaning or content, could recognize objects portrayed by two-dimensional line drawings and by photographs.
Recognition Of Faces: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Galper Ruth Ellen
Published: November 2023

Shepard (1967) recently reported data suggesting that Ss can retain enough information from single brief exposures of each of approximately 600 pictures of objects to be able subsequently to recognize them all. The present experiments determined that a short version of Shepard’s procedure is suitable for exploring how people perceive and remember faces, since recognition scores are high, yet responsive to transformation (i.e., inversion) which reduces the recognizability of faces without changing the stimulus configurations.
Higher-Order Stimuli And Inter-Response Coupling In The Perception Of The Visual World
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Gibson’s most intriguing and most powerful concept, and one that unites and underlies many of his far-flung interests and proposals, is his idea that there exist higher-order variables of stimulation to which the properties of the objects and events that we perceive are the direct and immediate response. His proposal is that many or most of the properties of the perceived world are evoked directly by the variables of stimulation that the sensory system receives from the normal ecology and are not the end products of associative processes in which kinesthetic and other imagery come to enrich twodimensional and meaningless visual sensations with tridimensional depth and object meaning.