Recent improvements in seismic monitoring of the Maltese archipelago: A case study from the 2020 seismic swarm.
Authors: Caricato Cristina , Galea Pauline , Baccheschi Paola , Tinti Elisa , Villani Fabio , Agius Matthew , D'Amico Sebastiano 
Published: February 2023

The Maltese archipelago lies in the centre of the Sicily Channel (Central Mediterranean), a crustal domain subject to extension since the Miocene and characterised by the presence of several active graben systems in the Plio-Quaternary. This region is affected by diffuse seismicity, in the form of isolated swarms interspersed with long pauses of quiescence and events of modest magnitude, in general not exceeding 4.0. The key features of seismicity are poorly constrained by unfavourable geographical conditions and the scarcity of seismic stations in the area between southern Sicily and Tunisia. Until a few years ago, the only Maltese station operating (WDD of the MedNet network) was the only source of information to characterise local Maltese seismicity. On the other hand, the localisations of major events (M > 4) made by the other monitoring agencies (e.g. Istituto nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - INGV) are based on traveltime readings from seismograms recorded at great distances from Malta (> 100 km) and are therefore affected by considerable formal errors. Moreover, the only published catalogue of offshore seismicity around the Maltese islands (Seismic Monitoring and Research Group, University of Malta) is based on single station location at WDD up to 2014. This is characterised by considerable uncertainties in hypocentral parameters, in particular a lack of depth information. In consequence, therefore, it is very difficult to obtain information on the geometry and kinematics of active tectonic structures, both offshore and possibly on.In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of seismic stations on the Maltese archipelago: there are currently eight active stations, that make up the Malta Seismic Network (MSN). The study we present is an example of the application of 3-D localisation techniques of Maltese seismicity, which benefits from the recent implementation of the local seismic network. In particular, we focus on the swarm occurring offshore in the period September-October 2020, and characterised by an unusual number of events (> 100), including a main event (M > 4.0) that was strongly felt over the archipelago. We have handpicked P- and S-wave traveltimes for all the events using recordings from the MSN and a selected number of Italian stations according to quality criteria, and inverted them using the Hypoellipse code. The precise earthquake localisations allow us to obtain details of the structures activated during the swarm, together with a more detailed insight into the time evolution of the sequence. Accompanying these analyses, we calculated the moment tensor solutions for some of the largest events (M > 3) and performed a spectral analysis to distinguish the waveform characteristics of events occurring at shallow depths (< 10 km) from those nucleating in the mid-crust (> 15 km depth), as a function of different wavepaths through the crust. The prospect is that in the future it will be possible to better constrain the seismotectonics of the Maltese archipelago and have a more accurate picture of the seismogenic potential of active faults in this sector of the Mediterranean.&#160;