bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcendental Functions
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Transcendental Functions” examines logarithmic, exponential, inverse trig, and hyperbolic functions, among others. The traditional definition of the natural logarithm as a definite integral is used. Several sections of fairly standard material follow, with the exception that limits of these functions are computed using hyperreal numbers. The diagram of levels of hyperreal numbers is updated to include these new functions, culminating in its use for easy comparisons of rates of growth with application to big-oh notation. This system also reduces (but does not eliminate) the need for l’Hospital’s rule, which is presented along with a discussion of various indeterminate forms. The chapter ends with an optional discussion of nonelementary functions developed in the same manner as the natural logarithm. The sine integral function is used as an example, and others are explored in the exercises, with the purpose of alerting readers to the existence of functions beyond those studied in calculus.
Applications of Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Applications of Integration” offers an intuitive development of each topic. By summing infinitely many small parts, an omega sum is obtained and then rewritten as a definite integral. Repeating this pattern several times allows readers to progress to the point of doing it themselves for calculating the work performed when pumping fluids from containers of various shapes. Topics include the finding the area between curves; determining volume using the methods of disks, washers, and shells; and calculating work with constant and variable forces, springs, and fluids. The final application is the average value of a function, which is approached directly by averaging infinitely many function values instead of the usual indirect geometric reasoning approach.
Additional Applications of Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Additional Applications of Integration” contains applications that require the use of techniques of integration, or that apply to parametric or polar curves. As in chapter 6, the applications are developed intuitively by summing infinitely many small parts, leading to an omega sum that is rewritten as a definite integral. Geometric topics include arc length and surface area, in Cartesian coordinates as well as for parametric and/or polar curves. Applications to physics and economics are also included.
Sequences and Series
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Sequences and Series” treats the traditional topics from an infinitesimal perspective. Limits are computed using hyperreal numbers. The usual tests for determining convergence or divergence of a series are included, with the exception that the limit comparison test is replaced with the computationally simpler level comparison test. The wide applicability of the level comparison test also simplifies the strategy for testing series. Power series, including Taylor and Maclaurin series, are included.
Stimulated Kerr Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

In a Kerr liquid consisting of optically anisotropic molecules, the intense pump light may force these molecules to reorientate along the light polarization direction. This is the optical reorientational Kerr effect that is accompanied by a red-shifted light scattering process: part of the incident photon energy is transferred to the molecule to overcome the rotational viscosity of the liquid, while the molecule emits a red-shifted scattering photon. The red-shift value is determined by the induced orientation-angle change or equivalently by the reorientation work done by the scattering molecule. When the pump intensity is above a certain threshold, such a process may lead to stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS). As the induced orientation angle changes for different molecules may be different depending on their initial orientation angle, the observed stimulated scattering red shift may cover a super-broad spectral range (up to 300–500 cm−1).
Stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg Scattering
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

In a two- or three-photon active liquid or solution, the input pump beam may interfere with the initial backward Rayleigh scattering beam to form a standing-wave field with a spatially periodic intensity modulation, which leads to the formation of an induced stationary Bragg grating through the intensity-dependent and multiphoton-resonance-enhanced refractive-index change of the scattering medium. The nonlinear reflection from the induced stationary Bragg grating provides the necessary gain to the backward Rayleigh scattering beam and may lead to a stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg scattering generation without any frequency shift. It has been shown that the primary contribution to the induced refractive index change is from the spatial redistribution of the multiphoton active solute molecules driven by the gradient force imposed by the standing-wave field.
Multiphoton Absorption (MPA) Theories
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses multiphoton absorption (MPA) theories, including their intermediate states and virtual energy levels. Based on the rules established by quantum electrodynamic theory, we have been able to formulate the molecular two-, three-, four-, and m-photon absorption probability rates (in units of 1/s), transition matrix elements, and cross-sections (in units of cm2). Furthermore, when this chapter discusses a case of a single incident laser beam, it also provides examples of the expressions of molecular degenerate multiphoton absorption coefficients. One important conclusion is that the m-photon absorption induced light intensity attenuation is proportional to the mth power of the local intensity.
Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

With multiphoton excitation, when the multiphoton energy is larger than the ionization potential (energy) of an atom or molecule, the laser irradiation induced ionization may occur. Especially, when one of the intermediate-state levels related to the multiphoton transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the atomic or molecular eigenenergy levels, the laser-induced ionization probability will be enhanced resonantly. Based on this principle, the high-lying Rydberg states of atoms and molecules, as well as the molecular vibronic and rotational spectral properties can be well studied via the multiphoton excitation technique. In addition, these studies can also exhibit a time-resolved capability by using a pump-probe two-beam approach.
Multiphoton Dissociation of Molecules
Authors: He Guang S.
Published: June 2022

In multiphoton excitation, when the multiphoton energy is greater than a certain dissociation energy, the corresponding chemical bond is broken, resulting in molecular dissociation. If one of the intermediate-state levels associated with the multiphoton transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the molecular vibrational energy levels, it enhances the resonation of the dissociation process. In principle, the m-photon-induced dissociation products are proportional to the mth power of the incident laser intensity, provided that the multiple-photon absorption process is not yet saturated. Proof appears when the incident laser beam(s) is (are) in the visible and UV wavelength range. On the other hand, when the incident light wavelength is in the mid-IR (e.g. ~ 10-μm) range, more than 20–30-photon absorption is needed to break a chemical bond for a given molecule. In such a case, the real multiphoton excitation processes may be more complicated, and the measured dependence of the dissociation products on the incident light intensity may deviate from the simple mth-power law. Multiphoton dissociation (MPD) now exists as a novel technique for molecular spectroscopy and isotope-separation studies.
Paths out of the Apocalypse
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kucera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

This book uses violence as a prism through which to investigate the profound social, cultural, and political changes experienced by (post-) Habsburg Central Europe during and immediately after the Great War. It compares attitudes toward, and experiences and practices of, physical violence in the mostly Czech-speaking territories of Bohemia and Moravia, the German-speaking territories that would constitute the Republic of Austria after 1918, and the mostly German-speaking region of South Tyrol. Based on research in national and local archives and copious secondary literature, the book argues that, in the context of total war, physical violence became a predominant means of conceptualizing and expressing social-political demands as well as a means of demarcating various notions of community and belonging. The authors apply an interdisciplinary understanding of violence informed by sociological and psychological theories as well as by rigorous empirical historiographical approach. First, they examine the most severe kind of physical violence—murder—against the backdrop of shifting scientific and media discourses during the war and its immediate aftermath. Second, the authors use numerous cases of collective violence, ranging from less serious everyday conflicts to massive hunger demonstrations and riots, to unravel its “language,” thus deciphering the attitudes and values shared among an ever-growing group of perpetrators. This book thus fundamentally rethinks some key topics currently debated in the scholarship on early twentieth century Central Europe, the First World War, violence, nationalism, and modern European comparative social and cultural history.
Improvising in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In the German-speaking periphery of the South Tyrol, removed from the national center of Vienna and close to the front lines, another professional interpretation of murder and its perpetrators emerged. In this region, the courts followed the basic outlines of the practices common in Vienna. However, because of the lack of qualified medical experts in the region, coupled with classic methods of investigation such as eyewitness testimony, murder could not easily be fitted into the complex discourse on degeneracy. At the same time, local courts were aware of the importance of the mental state of the accused, and thus relied on the opinions of local doctors and often on the judges themselves. The mental state of the perpetrators were taken into account and as the case of Franz Vent, for example, shows in this chapter, previously diagnosed mental disorders could mean that the murderer did not end up in prison, but in hospital for treatment. Once the war ended, South Tyrol came under Italian control. The medicalization of murder continued, but the experts were now Italian rather than German. This switch at times led to absurd situations, such as the case of Ferdinand Götsch, whereby the German-speaking patient ended up in an Italian hospital for treatment, where the language barrier meant that in reality he received no real treatment.
Cannibals, Poachers, and Deserters
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

The period of the First World War saw a small decline in the number of murders committed in the Habsburg Monarchy. Even so, because of a lack of personnel and despite the advances of forensic techniques, the police still needed the cooperation of the local population in solving crimes in big cities. Mass media was one of the tools that the state used during the war to this end. The press reporting often admonished the public to be more vigilant of their surroundings, not only so that they could potentially help the police in solving crimes, but also for their own safety, further strengthening the feeling of an ever-present danger in the modern city. During the war, the surveillance of the press allowed the state to exercise a greater oversight of newspapers than in peacetime. However, this chapter shows that this more robust control meant not only censorship, but also that the state could influence what the newspapers printed, using the press to strengthen alertness for potential criminals, such as prisoners of war, and to reinforce the loyalty of the population toward the state. Even so, reports were often exaggerated or even made up, such as the urban legend of human flesh in Vienna slaughterhouses. This chapter shows that the strategy of reporting on violence in the Austrian lands, the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol played a substantial role in the production of a culture of surveillance on the wartime home front and became an integral element of wartime mobilization.
Appeasement in the Public Square
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Protests and demonstrations, as this chapter shows, were primarily aimed at the authorities in the hope that once their attention was drawn to the material shortages people were experiencing or to the inflated prices of basic goods, those in positions of power would remedy the situation. This behavior can be observed in both the urban and rural settings. Officials, including mayors and police officers tried to appease the crowds by calling for restraint and for the importance of sacrifice in the hinterlands. Negotiations between delegations of protesters and the representatives of the state were also frequently employed as tactics in trying to de-escalate the protest. However, communication between the authorities and the protestors often led to misunderstandings and the paternalistic communication strategies of the officials angered the crowds, even leading to further violence. Through these acts of protest and violence, demonstrators came to oppose an existing social order that they perceived to be increasingly unjust. It was in these moments that the old order started to crumble.
Disintegrating Societies
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In Austria and the Czech lands, the language of violence articulated basic notions of justice, hatred, and defiance against those responsible for wartime suffering, those who profited from the war, and those who mocked the sacrifices of the people. The difficult conditions mobilized thousands on the home front, but despite this mobilization, violent crowds did not create a more stable and structured movement: They were simply the temporary sum of the angry crowds. Wartime sacrifice and the general misery that people experienced during the war gave an importance to close-knit local communities over society at large, resulting, in a number of localities in the last years of the war, in the hijacking of commodities that were destined for other places. These acts often put the governments in Austrian and the Czech lands in conflict with the people, as local populations no longer wished to sacrifice for the greater good. This new culture of violence was usually mild, although there was a clear rise in collective action. Thus, apart from the economic and social problems that the newly established post-Habsburg successor states needed to solve, they also had to learn how to tame violent protest.
The Wild West or a New Republic?
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Austria and Czechoslovakia, as this chapter demonstrates, were both hotbeds of criminality in the immediate postwar period, where violent protesters continued to stand firm in their opposition to the old order. The press also continued to exacerbate the seeming lack of security in these countries by reporting on the violent acts of gangs of highwaymen and the Roma, highlighting behavior that went against orderly society. Even so, this kind of behavior was reserved not only for those on the peripheries of society, but also for large segments of the population. Crowds expressed their dissatisfaction with the old order by intervening in police arrests, attacking the police and gendarmes, taking revenge on former superiors in the imperial army, looting from the wealthy and from those considered to be holding power, and some even joined groups of bandits. In the process of settling scores with the old order, they were also conscious of a new order being formed.
Belief, Agency, and Knowledge
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

Epistemology is not just about the nature of knowledge or the analysis of concepts such as ‘knows’ and ‘justified’, it’s also about what we ought to believe and how we should investigate and reason about what is the case. This is a book focused on these normative aspects of epistemology. More specifically, it is concerned with the nature of epistemic norms and the relation these have to the value of knowledge and the structure of doxastic agency. The first part develops a theory of doxastic agency according to which believers exercise agency with respect to their beliefs primarily in the always ongoing activity of maintaining systems of belief. The second part develops an account of the grip epistemic norms have on us and the nature of our epistemic values, which explains these in terms of the way a state, such as a person’s belief, can be subject to robust “state norms” and valued accordingly for its stability within the practices constitutive of epistemic communities. The third part proposes inferentialist foundations for a meta-epistemological theory of epistemic discourse that takes seriously the idea that knowledge attributions are partly normative and hence should be partly classified on the ‘ought’ side of the division between claims about what reality is like and claims about what people ought to do, think, and feel.
Introduction
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the main topic and themes of the book, explaining why epistemology is treated here as a normative discipline and motivating the idea that there is a special kind of doxastic agency relevant for understanding epistemic normativity. The chapter distinguishes axiological and deontological puzzles arising from the study of epistemic normativity. The former has to do with the distinctive way we value belief that amounts to knowledge; the latter has to do with the fact that we make binding and seemingly categorical normative judgments about what people ought to believe. Both are puzzling in light of the fact that we do not normally seem capable of chosing what we believe. The chapter also contains an overview of the book’s three-part structure and discusses some of its inspiration in the ideas of E. J. Craig and Wilfrid Sellars.
Belief Formation Doesn’t Exhaust Doxastic Agency
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter evaluates the idea that doxastic agency is exercised in belief-formation. Two versions of the idea are considered, one that appeals to intellectual actions of inquiry and deliberation, another that appeals to wider manifestations of cognitive virtues in belief-formation. In both cases, it is argued that etiological accounts of the locus of doxastic agency leave out a central element of our agency with respect to our beliefs. Epistemic normative evaluations of belief do not (mainly) target how beliefs are formed in the past, but whether they are justified here-and-now.
Social Foundations for Epistemic Normativity
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter argues that it helps to make sense of the nature and source of epistemic normativity if we think of norms of belief as applying to us mainly because of our interpersonal and epistemic sociality. That is, this helps to explain how various epistemic norms have a grip on us even if we don’t typically exercise voluntary control in believing what we believe. This chapter distinguishes two ways to ground epistemic normativity in socialized individual interests in order to develop a variegated social picture of the nature and force of epistemic norms and the distinctive value of complying with them that is manifested in the distinctive way we value knowledge. It concludes by using these accounts to speculatively frame some important questions about doxastic freedom and epistemic responsibility.
From Epistemic Expressivism to Epistemic Inferentialism
Authors: Chrisman Matthew
Published: June 2022

This chapter explains my reasons for endorsing an inferentialist rather than an expressivist form of nondescriptivism about epistemic discourse. Epistemic inferentialism is the view that epistemic claims mean what they do in virtue of the inferential responsibilities and entitlements one commits to in making them, rather than because of their potential to express nonrepresentational attitudes. By conceiving of some inferential roles as nonrepresentational, an inferentialist can also capture the idea that normative claims are not about how reality is, but rather about how people ought to act and react given how they take reality to be.
The Mishnah between Jews and Christians in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Van Boxel Piet , Macfarlane Kirsten , Weinberg Joanna
Published: June 2022

This chapter sets the entire volume in a general context, demonstrating the significance of the study of the Mishnah in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a striking phenomenon, particularly when compared to the more Talmudic sixteenth century. It is shown how the ‘Mishnaic moment’ manifested itself both within the Jewish community and concurrently among a wide variety of Christian scholars from England, Germany, Holland, and Sweden. Annotated editions of the Mishnah were produced in Hebrew and in Latin translation, culminating in the monumental edition of Guilielmus Surenhusius. Produced in Amsterdam between 1698 and 1703, this work reflected over a century’s engagement with Jewish texts and, in particular, with Mishnah. Interest in Mishnah did not wane after Surenhusius’s Mishnah came to press, and his edition became the subject of intense and heated debate among scholars of all persuasions.
Translating the Mishnah and the Conversion of the Jews
Authors: Bartolucci Guido
Published: June 2022

Theodor Dassow (1648–1721), professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Wittenberg, was one of the most important German Hebraists of his time. When he died, he left to Wittenberg University an archive of about 6,000 handwritten pages bound in twenty-five volumes. These volumes brim with translations of Mishnah treatises and fragments of other Jewish works. One of the tomes contains at least four works that testify to the relationship that developed between Dassow and Isaac Abendana, when the German scholar visited Holland and England from 1676 to 1678. From the manuscript materials it would appear that Abendana taught the German professor how to translate the Mishnah and that they collaborated on a Latin translation of tractate Menahot. This chapter seeks to understand the reasons that led Dassow to become Abendana’s student as well as the role that the exercise of translating the Mishnah played in Dassow’s subsequent activity as a Hebraist.
The Significance of Historical Judaism and the Career of Humphrey Prideaux
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott
Published: June 2022

This chapter considers what can be learned from the career, writings, and library of Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724), dean of Norwich, and disappointed candidate for the Oxford chair of Hebrew. Prideaux was the author of one of the most successful accounts of biblical history published in the eighteenth century, but his intellectual formation and activity remain understudied. Examination of Prideaux’s library of Hebraica and associated books, which were given to Clare College, Cambridge after his death, allows one to explore patterns of study dating back to Christ Church in the heyday of Edward Pococke’s teaching, and unearths relationships that play into later Oxford attempts to edit the Mishnah. At the same time, it reveals the importance of the study of Maimonides and of the Talmud for the forging of Prideaux’s own career as a Hebraist and addresses the significance of changes of style in the presentation of Hebraic learning.
Cultivating Education and Piety
Authors: Sclar David
Published: June 2022

The Mishnah among Jews in the early modern period largely landed in two distinct spheres: one, as a text to study with commentaries for the sake of greater comprehension; and two, as a source of mystical inspiration, generally fulfilled through ritual recitation of Mishnaic texts. In the mid-seventeenth century, printers in Amsterdam, Cracow, Istanbul, and elsewhere targeted another, less rabbinically sophisticated readership growing through the development of print. Menasseh ben Israel—author, orator, and messianic enthusiast—served as a driving force, producing three editions in Amsterdam in small format without significant apparatus. The sparsity of the imprints indicates a desire to sell far and wide and speaks volumes about the publisher’s intention to reach new students of the Mishnah. This chapter discusses the editions in the context of book production, audience, and curriculum, as well as the specific religious scenario of Western Sephardic Jews in Amsterdam.
The Role of Jewish Commentaries in Christian Interpretation of the Mishnah in Seventeenth-Century Northern Europe
Authors: Weinberg Joanna
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates the extent to which contemporary Jewish commentaries on the Mishnah infiltrated Christian annotated translations, and suggests that in early modern Europe study of the Mishnah could be described as a Jewish-Christian enterprise. In the late sixteenth century, the Maharal of Prague insisted on the Mishnah’s centrality for Judaism and the school curriculum. Though he himself did not produce a commentary, his disciples did. Of particular note was Yom Tov Lipmann Heller whose commentary on the Mishnah circulated widely among Jews and Christians Among the many Christian readers of ‘Yomtobus’ was Surenhusius, who translated sections from Heller’s commentary, sometimes explicitly and sometimes without noting the source of his explanation. The compiler of the Mishnah thus adopted the latest tradition of Jewish scholarship, which he most likely encountered in his lessons with Jewish teachers in Amsterdam.
Christianity as Jewish Allegory?
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: June 2022

While Surenhusius’s Mishnah volumes have been celebrated as a landmark achievement, less praise has been given to their successor, the 1713 Sefer ha-Mashveh, long seen as a strange and difficult text. And yet, in many ways the Sefer ha-Mashveh was the culmination of Surenhusuis’s work on the Mishnah, the practical demonstration of the value that he saw in the study of rabbinic texts for Christian scholarship. This chapter provides the first full account of Surenhusius’s aims and achievements in writing the Sefer ha-Mashveh, and examines how it responded to the more recent challenges posed to orthodox Reformed beliefs about scripture. Such an account is valuable not just for what it can tell us about Surenhusius, but also for the insights it grants into the vexed historiographical question of the status of biblical scholarship in the ‘early Enlightenment’, and the role that Jewish thinkers, texts, and ideas played in the broader development of modern or ‘Enlightened’ biblical criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

When a small Portuguese carrack in the South China sea was blown off course sometime between 1542 and 1543 and made landfall on the island of Tanegashima in southwestern Japan, a new and unexpected encounter in world history was born—one that would have far-reaching consequences both for Europe and Japan. Less than ten years later, Jesuit missionaries, led by Francis Xavier, co-founder of the Society of Jesus, landed in 1549 on the semi-mythical isles that Marco Polo had described in his writings as ‘Zipangu’ (...
The Cross, the Sword, and ‘Just War’
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 6 explores further the rationale behind Sánchez’s enterprise, while recalling earlier discussions on whether Spain should invade China. While Sánchez ultimately succeeded in presenting his proposal to the king, it coincided with the defeat of the Spanish Armada, effectively putting an end to any further discussions. Sánchez appealed to the School of Salamanca’s early formulations of the ‘law of nations’ and the ‘law of war’, spearheaded by the Dominican Francisco de Vitoria, to justify his ideas. The universality of ‘rights’ as well as ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate titles’ to wage ‘just war’ were at the heart of the argument, together with Roman interpretations of papal power, defined in terms of a ‘universal monarchy’. Whether impediments to peaceful preaching could be forcibly removed, and what constituted ‘injuries’ that called for military intervention were discussed in Jose de Acosta’s rebuttal of Sánchez’s memorials to the court. Several popes would support Sánchez nonetheless.
Gómez versus Sánchez
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 7 discusses two different interpretations of the ius praedicandi Evangelium, which was a key part of the ‘Law of Nations’ espoused by the School of Salamanca. Sánchez, who proposed entering China with soldiers, did not exclude the possibility of forcible conversions. Gomez, however, argues in his theological compendium that the power of preachers comes from the ‘Word of God’ and not the ‘force of arms’. He bases his opinion on proof texts from scripture, early medieval canon law, and Thomas Aquinas. He also cites Domingo de Soto’s On Justice and Law to define the parameters of a ‘just war’. Sánchez’s interventionist approach forced a global debate on what it meant ‘to preach the Gospel to the whole world’ (Mark 16:15); whether one could ‘compel’ non-Christians ‘to enter’ the Church (Luke 14:23); whether Christians could judge pagans (1 Corinthians 5:12); and how this applied to East Asia.
Jesuit Debates on Japanese ‘Reason of State’
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 8 turns to the debates among the Jesuits in Japan on how to handle the political situation in which they found themselves. Valignano’s acceptance of the civil administration of Nagasaki in 1580 from Ōmura Sumitada posed great risks to the Society, both from within the Church and from without. As canon law did not permit priests to engage directly in criminal justice, Valignano had to draw up rules for samurai officials (yakunin) to act on their behalf. For foreigners to be in charge of a Japanese city invited the hostility of local warlords. They faced the dilemma whether missionaries could become advisors in matters of war, and whether they should have a fortress to take refuge in. Some argued it was more appropriate to die as martyrs. Supported by Sánchez, Gaspar Coelho opted instead for engagement. This aroused suspicion in Hideyoshi, who issued a decree expelling the Jesuits in 1587.
The Mechanics of Jesuit Obedience
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 9 explores how the Jesuits reacted to Hideyoshi’s decree, as they sought to navigate the realities of Japan’s Warring States. They held several consultations between 1589 and 1592 to come up with concrete policies that all missionaries were to follow. One proposal was to send the Portuguese Jesuit Melchior de Mora to Spain to petition for military reinforcements, akin to what Sanchez had advocated for China. Valignano disagreed and sent the arms and munitions previously stockpiled by Coelho back to Macau. The problem of how to advise Christian lords in matter of war and to provide aid to local Christian communities remained a moral challenge. In Rome, the Jesuits enacted internal rules forbidding their members from becoming involved in politics, but they gave limited dispensations for Japan. Thereupon, Pedro de la Cruz proposed the establishment of a Japanese ‘Christian Republic’ or civil protectorate with the aid of Spanish troops.
The Phenomenon of Pup Play
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

This chapter describes and conceptualizes the core practices of pup play. Pup play is a form of role play in which adult humans adopt the characteristics that mimic the behavior of young dogs. It can be framed as a social activity, which focuses on relaxation and intimacy, and/or sexual, in which individuals become aroused during pup play or merge pup play with other kink activities. The chapter provides an overview of the history of pup play while distinguishing it from forms of zoophilia through the lack of real dogs, in desire and practice. The definition of kink is applied to pup play, drawing on both interviews and ethnographic observations to argue it is best understood as a kink. Finally the topical “social, not sexual” debate within pup play is discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This introduction summarizes Bubbles’s career achievements within the context of racial discrimination in American show business. As a groundbreaking tap dancer, he provided inspiration to Fred Astaire. His vaudeville team Buck and Bubbles captivated theater audiences for more than thirty years. Most memorably, in the role of Sportin’ Life, he stole the show in the original production of Gershwin’s Porgy and Bess, in the process crafting a devilish alter ego that would follow him through life. In later years, he made a comeback as a TV personality, revving up the talk shows of Steve Allen and Johnny Carson and playing comic foil to Bob Hope, Judy Garland, and Lucille Ball. Finally, after a massive stroke ended his dancing career, he made a second comeback—complete with acclaimed performances from his wheelchair—as a living legend inspiring a new generation of entertainers. Yet despite these accomplishments, his legacy in Hollywood was severely limited by his race. As a result, he is little known today. The purpose of this book is to tell his long-forgotten story.
Buck and Bubbles
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter recounts how Bubbles came together with pianist Buck Washington to form the vaudeville team of Buck and Bubbles. They met in Louisville in late 1917, after the United States had entered World War I. With wartime contingencies crippling Black theaters, Buck and Bubbles began their entertaining career at the bottom, in saloons, corner stores, truck beds, and hotel dining rooms, performing for white patrons. They briefly joined a third entertainer to appear as the Three Ink Spots. For a few months Bubbles went on the road with a carnival troupe. After he returned to Louisville, he and Buck got the chance to perform at B. F. Keith’s Mary Anderson Theatre. A powerful producer named Irwin Rosen saw them audition and invited them to work for him in New York. They left for the big city in the middle of January 1920.
A Find of Finds
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter tells the story of Buck and Bubbles’s triumphant first year in New York. After a month without work, they left Irwin Rosen to join Nat Nazarro, a vaudeville veteran turned agent and manager. Under Nazarro they raced to the top of the New York entertainment world, within a week scoring a booking at the most prestigious venue in town, the Palace Theatre. They finished the year with acclaimed appearances at each of the top six vaudeville theaters in New York. Although Black acts were not common in vaudeville’s “big time,” the highest echelon of the industry, Buck and Bubbles proved themselves capable of holding their own—if not dominating the proceedings—on any bill, and all before their eighteenth birthdays.
Jazz, Jazz, Jazz
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter surveys Buck and Bubbles’s career in the early 1930s. During this period, the two actors reached the peak of their popularity and critical acclaim. At the same time, vaudeville, their customary meal ticket, was declining while Black jazz was attracting more and more adherents. Singers, dancers, and comedians found they could survive by providing a floor show for the big bands, riding on the bandleaders’ coattails. Buck and Bubbles shared the bill with many bands from this period. Not surprisingly, tap dancers and jazz musicians began to engage in musical dialogues. The interaction between dancers and drummers, in particular, may have led to the rhythmic complexities associated with modern jazz. Dancer Honi Coles gave credit to Bubbles for catalyzing this process with his vaunted heel drops.
A Miracle of Racy Brilliance
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines Bubbles’s historic portrayal of Sportin’ Life in George Gershwin’s 1935 Black “folk opera,” Porgy and Bess. The literature on that opera makes clear that Bubbles caused trouble during rehearsals, particularly by arriving late and mangling his part. But on opening night it was Bubbles who won the most enthusiastic plaudits from critics. Judging from their reviews (and from a brief home movie of him in rehearsal), Bubbles triumphed through the richness of his portrayal. As a seductive dope peddler, he combined evil and charm and wit and grace, sexual allure and drop-dead charisma. Crucially, he accomplished all this through a solo performance that consisted of dance moves from beginning to end. His celebrated turn as Sportin’ Life has come to be seen as legendary, as much a classic as the opera itself.
Black Bizet
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter continues to track Buck and Bubbles’s sputtering career in the 1940s. The modest success of Cabin in the Sky reawakened their prospects for a while, particularly within the quixotic campaigns of those trying desperately to mount a vaudeville revival. In the midst of bracing personal vicissitudes—the death of his beloved mother and the tempestuous relationship he had with a woman who bore him a daughter—Bubbles found an oasis of stability in 1945 when he and Buck joined the touring company of Carmen Jones, an all-Black production based on Georges Bizet’s beloved opera Carmen. For two years this job gave them steady work in theaters throughout the United States and Canada. But Carmen Jones offered none of the opportunities or adulation that Bubbles had enjoyed in Porgy and Bess. He and Buck were given small comic roles which they fulfilled adequately, nothing more.
Requiem for a Two-Act
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter traces the demise of Buck and Bubbles as a working act. As traditional sources of employment dried up, they got one last opportunity to revive their careers with the maturation of television in the late 1940s. Because early television featured variety shows that were in many cases consciously modeled on vaudeville, Buck and Bubbles at first proved a popular choice among TV bookers. But as white personalities moved in to fill out the programs, Buck and Bubbles increasingly had to subsist on the dwindling prospects in live entertainment. The end came during a nightclub gig in Toronto in 1952, when Canadian authorities busted Buck for drug possession and sent him to jail for six months. When he returned to New York he refused to work with Bubbles anymore. He died of pneumonia a year and a half later.
This Unforgettable Passage
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter details the events leading up to Bubbles’s career-ending stroke in 1967. In this year, he joined productions overseen by three of the most iconic women of show business: Lucille Ball, Barbra Streisand, and Judy Garland. The Garland show, in particular, attracted a lot of attention and gave Bubbles’s career a new boost. He sat for several press interviews, appeared multiple times on Merv Griffin’s talk show, and agreed to his first movie contract since the 1940s. Reinforcing a sense of new beginnings, he even got married again, for the fourth time, to a woman thirty years younger than himself. But everything fell apart in late August, when he suffered a massive stroke three days after his final show with Judy Garland. Although he survived with his mental lucidity intact, this event ended his long career on stage.
A World of Mirth
Authors: Harker Brian
Published: June 2022

This chapter covers the nineteen years between Bubbles’s stroke in 1967 and his death in 1986. In retirement, Bubbles did not fade away but marshalled his remaining energies to salvage his name and legacy, to ensure he was not forgotten. Remarkably, his efforts coincided with a wider attempt to resurrect and memorialize the traditions of Black music and dance from the early twentieth century. Seeing Bubbles as one of the few remaining exemplars of these traditions, new champions brought him out of obscurity and gave him new platforms. He performed, from his wheelchair, in the musical Black Broadway. He returned to the recording studio to make a final LP. And Knopf offered him a book contract to tell the story of his life (which for unknown reasons he never signed). Most important for his dreams of immortality, after his death, his surviving companion found an academic home for his archive.
Musical care in adolescence
Authors: Saarikallio Suvi , McFerran Katrina Skewes
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses musical care in adolescence from the perspective of how music can support adolescents’ critical developmental needs, including emotional self-regulation and identity development. The chapter approaches music as a multifaceted resource that is available in the lives of adolescents and often naturally functions as a healthy part of their psychosocial development. In contrast, the chapter also presents the authors’ notions of music as sometimes not functioning in helpful ways in adolescents’ lives. This leads to discussion of the importance of critically evaluating the potentially helpful and unhelpful uses of music and the role of professionals in helping adolescents to gain awareness of their music engagement patterns. From a disciplinary perspective, this chapter is grounded in a dialogue between music psychology research and music therapy clinical practice and research, further integrating perspectives from music sociology, music education, and adolescent development. The authors’ interdisciplinary understanding of musical care in adolescence draws mutually from their work in scientific research and practice. After introducing the authors’ approach, the chapter elaborates on how, why, and where music functions as a healthy resource for adolescents, in terms of emotional self-regulation and development of personal and social identity. Then the chapter introduces the authors’ research on identifying potentially unhealthy patterns of music engagement and presents examples of how this research knowledge can be applied into clinical work and how professionals can guide adolescents towards improved musical care. Reaching the best possible musical care for each adolescent is a dialogical journey, supported by research and professionals, yet authored by the young themselves.
Musical care in older adulthood
Authors: Wood Stuart , Clift Stephen
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores, from the authors’ combined perspectives, how musical care can be employed as a strategy of health and social care in older adulthood. The approach to musical care in this chapter reflects the authors’ interdisciplinary stance and their shared belief that music touches upon aspects of care at micro (within individuals), meso (amongst groups and institutions), and macro (society and culture at large) levels. This chapter is written by a music therapist and a health promotion specialist interested in music and health. The chapter surveys recent research on group singing as an intervention for older people living with long-term health complications, with particular reference to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors then discuss musical care in the context of nursing and music therapy interventions, particularly with reference to dementia. The final section includes two case examples of the authors’ own work. The first concerns a symptom-specific intervention for singing and respiratory illness and describes the experience of a married couple, one of whom lives with COPD, participating in a singing-for-breathing initiative. The second tells the experiences of a woman in residential care who is working with a music therapist. Finally, the concluding section proposes future directions for research and suggests that imagination, collaboration, and care amongst musical practitioners may ensure that older adulthood remains a time of flourishing.
Synthesis
Authors: Spiro Neta , Sanfilippo Katie Rose M. , Cross Ian
Published: June 2022

In concluding Collaborative Insights: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Musical Care throughout the Life Course, the Synthesis identifies the ebb and flow of the place of musical care throughout the life course. The Synthesis brings together the ideas presented throughout the book. These ideas include areas of outcome, context, focus of care, and musical activities. Then two models of disciplinary relationships within musical care that present opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration are introduced. The magnet model refers to situations in which disciplines are seen to be drawn together; the person receiving musical care attracts a range of disciplines that act together. The concurrent model refers to situations in which several disciplines can be relevant to musical care or its research and are likely to run alongside one another, but are less likely to interact directly. Next, the Synthesis develops further the conceptualization of the term musical care: from blurring to breaking boundaries, emphasizing the commonalities among practices and research. Then comes consideration of the book’s limitations, which, in turn, leads to identification of opportunities. These opportunities include implications of the term musical care; the use of the life stage structure; to whom musical care is relevant and where, when, and why; and the importance of considering cultural context for future work. The Synthesis closes by bringing together suggestions for future work with a final call to action that invites readers to embark on interdisciplinary research and practice in musical care.
The Deep Sea
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans. This chapter describes the physical conditions of the deep sea.
Edward Forbes
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
This chapter traces the early history of sampling the animals which live on the sea bed, emphasizing the contribution of Edward Forbes.
Two Committees
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
This chapter describes how the Challenger initiative was driven forward by pressure from the British Association and the Royal Society.
The Ship and Her Crew
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
This chapter describes HMS Challenger and the scientists, officers and crew who set out on the voyage.