bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Green Approach for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Diphenylbutadiyne‐1,3 via C−H Activated Aerobic Csp−Csp Homocoupling Catalyzed by CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles.
Authors: Raigar Ashok K. , Saini Kamlesh , Manju  , Jyoti Nirmal , Thirumoorthi Ramalingam , Guleria Anjali
Published: March 2023

An inexpensive, simple, and greener catalytic system with lower toxicity using CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in the presence of piperidine and dry toluene as a solvent has been reported for the synthesis of 1,4‐diphenylbutadiyne‐1,3, via C−H activated aerobic Csp−Csp homocoupling. This protocol provides 66 % of yield at the gram‐scale level making it appropriate for production at a larger scale. The catalyst shows reusability for up to five cycles without losing any significant catalytic activity.
Probing the Interactions Between Anthanthrene Derivatives and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Through Aggregation Induced Emission
Authors: Mulla Karimulla , Morin Jean‐François
Published: March 2023

Anthanthrene derivatives grafted with NHS‐ester groups on their side chains were found to interact with bovine serum albumins and show aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics in physiological conditions. While these anthanthrene compounds show very low emission profile in PBS buffer, a significant fluorescence turn‐on behaviour (up to 3.5‐fold) with emission in the red region was achieved upon binding to BSA, suggesting potential use as fluorescent labels in biological fluorescence sensing applications.
Genesis of Active Pt/CeO2 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane by Reduction and Aggregation of Isolated Platinum Atoms into Clusters
Authors: Das Sonali , Anjum Uzma , Lim Kang Hui , He Qian , Hoffman Adam S. , Bare Simon R. , Kozlov Sergey M. , Gates Bruce C. , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: March 2023

Atomically dispersed metal catalysts offer the advantages of efficient metal utilization and high selectivities for reactions of technological importance. Such catalysts have been suggested to be strong candidates for dry reforming of methane (DRM), offering prospects of high selectivity for synthesis gas without coke formation, which requires ensembles of metal sites and is a challenge to overcome in DRM catalysis. However, investigations of the structures of isolated metal sites on metal oxide supports under DRM conditions are lacking, and the catalytically active sites remain undetermined. Data characterizing the DRM reaction‐driven structural evolution of a cerium oxide‐supported catalyst, initially incorporating atomically dispersed platinum, and the corresponding changes in catalyst performance are reported. X‐ray absorption and infrared spectra show that the reduction and agglomeration of isolated cationic platinum atoms to form small platinum clusters/nanoparticles are necessary for DRM activity. Density functional theory calculations of the energy barriers for methane dissociation on atomically dispersed platinum and on platinum clusters support these observations. The results emphasize the need for in‐operando experiments to assess the active sites in such catalysts. The inferences about the catalytically active species are suggested to pertain to a broad class of catalytic conversions involving the rate‐limiting dissociation of light alkanes.
A Novel Parameter Estimation Method of FHSS Signal with Low SNR
Authors: Zhu Hang , Lv Haiyan , Dai Zheng , Tan Ming , Song Wei
Published: March 2023

A novel parameter estimation method of frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) signal is proposed. The observed signal is divided into multiple segments and forms an observed matrix, performing FFT on the observed matrix with different segment lengths to obtain the corresponding spectrum matrix. By analyzing the convergence characteristics of the spectrum matrix, the estimation of the symbol period is realized, on this basis, the symbol‐frequency distribution is obtained and its projected spectrum in Frequency‐Amplitude plane is further obtained to select the candidate frequencies. The matrix composed of multiple single frequency signals is constructed according to the candidate frequencies and multiplied with the observed matrix under the segment length of symbol period, then the number of symbols per hopping duration is estimated according to the matrix multiplication result, so as to realize the estimation of the hopping duration, and finally the real hopping frequencies and hopping sequence can be found out from the candidate frequencies. Simulation results are presented to indicate that the proposed method has good estimation performance especially under the condition of low SNR. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Technological Perspective: Architecture, Integration, and Standards
Authors: Winter Alfred , Ammenwerth Elske , Haux Reinhold , Marschollek Michael , Steiner Bianca , Jahn Franziska
Published: March 2023

Health information systems can be described at three layers: The domain layer describing entity types and functions, the logical tool layer describing application components, and the physical tool layer. Data can be classified into personal and non-personal data and into standardized and non-standardized data.

The architectures of an information system can be characterized by the number of databases, the number of application systems, the number of application software products and vendors, and the communication pattern.

Technical interoperability describes the ability of application systems to send or receive data. Syntactic interoperability comprises the ability to use predefined message structures. Semantic interoperability means the ability to exchange and process meaningful messages. Process interoperability addresses whether application systems can cooperate. Interoperability standards support one or more aspects of interoperability.

Integrating application systems leads to integrated health information systems. Data integration is achieved when data that have been recorded once in one application system are made available in other application systems. Semantic integration is achieved when application systems actually use the same system of concepts. User interface integration is guaranteed when different application systems organize their user interfaces in a unified way. Context integration is achieved when context is preserved when switching application systems. Feature integration is achieved when software features are implemented only once. Process integration is guaranteed when business processes are supported by cooperating application systems.

Several integration technologies such as transaction management, communication servers, and open platforms support integrity and integration in heterogeneous health information systems.
Quality of Health Information Systems
Authors: Winter Alfred , Ammenwerth Elske , Haux Reinhold , Marschollek Michael , Steiner Bianca , Jahn Franziska
Published: March 2023

The quality of the management of information systems comprises the quality of IT governance, the quality of strategic, tactical, and operational management, and the quality of architectures and infrastructures of health information systems.

Quality of IT governance comprises, among other things, clear responsibilities for strategic, tactical, and operational management. Quality of strategic management comprises, among other things, the availability of a strategic information management plan aligned with business goals together with a strategic project portfolio and strategic monitoring based on key performance indicators. Quality of tactical management comprises state-of-the-art project management. Quality of operational management comprises, among other things, a business continuity plan, information technology service management and service-level agreements, and competent IT staff.

The quality of architectures and infrastructures comprises, among other things, sufficient support for information and knowledge, reliable and user-friendly application systems, a flexible information system architecture, integrated application systems allowing high levels of data integration, semantic integration, context integration, user interface integration, feature integration, and process integration, and stable and available physical data processing systems.

Evaluating the quality of information systems comprises several steps: identification of an evaluation question which depends on the phase of adoption of an application system and the decision that is to be made; deciding on a study design; the collection of quantitative or qualitative data; and, finally, answering the evaluation question to support a decision.
Past, Present, and Future of Polarized Hadron Beams
Authors: Roser Thomas
Published: March 2023

The acceleration and storage of high energy polarized proton beams has made tremendous progress over the last 40 years challenging along the way the technologies, precision and the understanding of the beam dynamics of accelerators. This progress is most evident in that one can now contemplate high energy colliders with polarized beams and high luminosity at the same time. After a brief summary of the development and history of polarized proton beam acceleration this chapter will focus on the acceleration of polarized proton beams from MeV to the 100s of GeVs and the possibility of accelerating polarized beams to even higher energies in the future. Elements of the history of polarized electron beams, subject to the effects of synchrotron radiation, will be found in the electron beam polarization dedicated chapters in these lectures.
Polarized Ion Sources
Authors: Zelenski Anatoli
Published: March 2023

State-of-the art of polarized proton, H− ion, D+ (D−) and 3He2+ ion beam sources are presented. Feasibility studies of new techniques are in progress at BNL and other laboratories. Polarized deuteron beams will be required for the polarization program at the Dubna NICA collider and at the deuteron Electric Dipole Moment experiment. Experiments with polarized 3He2+ ion beams are a part of the experimental program at the future Electron Ion Collider.
Polarized Electron Sources
Authors: Grames Joe , Poelker Matt
Published: March 2023

Highly spin polarized electron beams produced from GaAs photocathodes within DC high voltage photoguns have been critical to many accelerator-based nuclear and particle physics experiments. This chapter describes polarized photoemission from GaAs, the main requirements for constructing a DC high voltage electron source, and techniques to control and measure the polarization of the electron beam.
Electron Polarimetry
Authors: Gaskell Dave
Published: March 2023

Electron polarimetry benefits from the ability to use processes with well-known analyzing powers, hence enabling high precision measurements. Several techniques are employed to measure electron beam polarization, including Mott, Møller, and Compton polarimetry. Each technique has particular advantages and disadvantages, depending on the application. This chapter will focus on the techniques used to measure electron beam polarization, with particular emphasis on the challenges and requirements for achieving high precision. The development of a conceptual design of a Compton polarimeter for the future Electron Ion Collider will also be discussed.
Spin Dynamics Tutorial: Numerical Simulations
Authors: Hock Kiel , Méot François , Morozov Vasiliy
Published: March 2023

Numerical simulations are inescapable steps in spin dynamics studies and in the design of polarized beam accelerators and optical components. An integral part of the Summer 2021 USPAS Spin Class teachings, under the form of a 2-week miniworkshop, this chapter is also an initiation to the field, “hands on”: in a first Section, numerical simulation exercises are proposed which cover many of the theoretical aspects of hadron and electron spin dynamics addressed during the lectures, including resonant depolarization; preservation methods such as harmonic orbit correction, tune jump, the use of an ac dipole, or snakes; the effect of synchrotron radiation; spin diffusion and its suppression; spin matching. A second Section is dedicated to detailed solutions of these simulation exercises and includes tight comparisons of numerical outcomes and theoretical expectations from the lectures.
Spinor Methods
Authors: Méot François
Published: March 2023

This chapter is an introduction to spinors and spinor algebra methods and their application in spin dynamics. Spinors and their manipulation are introduced, first, together with a number of properties of interest for the calculation of spin transport in special devices such as Siberian snakes, spin rotators, and in beam lines in general, and for the calculation as well of the effects of depolarizing resonances in cyclic accelerators. Practical application to spin transport follows. Spinor eigenvectors are introduced and applied to the calculation of stable spin precession direction in cyclic accelerators. Spin motion near integer and intrinsic resonances is derived using these techniques, and allows reproducing results obtained in the previous chapter.
Facetten des Diskursfeldes
Authors: Fischer-Kongtso Satu
Published: March 2023

N﻿achdem ﻿in Kapitel 4 die dominanten Diskursströmungen im Diskursfeld der Hamburger Einbürgerungsinitiative beleuchtet wurden, folgt in Kapitel 5 die Betrachtung verschiedener weiterführender Facetten des Diskursfeldes. Abschnitt 5.1 wagt einen ausschnitthaften Exkurs in die weitläufige Sphäre der Diskursrezeption. Abschnitt 5.2 untersucht Aspekte der Diskursproduktion exemplarisch am Beispiel der Hamburger Einbürgerungsfeiern. Abschnitt 5.3 widmet sich einem dritten dominanten Diskurs im Diskursfeld und seiner komplexen Verschränkung mit dem staatsnationalen Diskurs. Letztens analysiert Abschnitt 5.4 die Machttechniken der (v. a. aber nicht ausschließlich) massenmedial vermittelten Diskursproduktion.
Abschluss
Authors: Fischer-Kongtso Satu
Published: March 2023

K﻿apitel ﻿6 fasst die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse der vorangegangenen Kapitel zusammen und entwickelt aus den verschiedenen Puzzleteilen der Ergebnisse eine Antwort auf die zentrale Fragestellung sowie auf die sich daran anschließenden Teilfragen. Im Sinne eines weiterführenden Ausblicks wird überdies die Rolle beleuchtet, welche die Ethnologie (als verkoppelter Spezialdiskurs) im Hinblick auf das hier untersuchte Diskursfeld (sowie in der / für die weitere gesellschaftliche Debatte) einnimmt oder in der Zukunft vielleicht noch einnehmen könnte. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem (auf die Disputation dieser Dissertationsschrift zurückgehenden) persönlichen Nachwort, welches sich der – um mit Pierre Bourdieu zu sprechen – Participant Objectivation der Autorin und Forscherin widmet und vor dem Hintergrund ihrer soziokulturellen – wie wissenschaftlichen – Situiertheit die Implikationen (und Vorbedingungen) der hier vorgestellten Untersuchung sowohl transparent macht als auch anwendungsorientiert weiterdenkt.
PBH-infused seesaw origin of matter and unique gravitational waves
Authors: Borah Debasish , Das Suruj Jyoti , Samanta Rome , Urban Federico R.
Published: March 2023

Abstract

The Standard Model, extended with three right-handed (RH) neutrinos, is the simplest model that can explain light neutrino masses, the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, and dark matter (DM). Models in which RH neutrinos are light are generally easier to test in experiments. In this work, we show that, even if the RH neutrinos are super-heavy (Mi=1,2,3> 109 GeV)—close to the Grand Unification scale—the model can be tested thanks to its distinct features on the stochastic Gravitational Wave (GW) background. We consider an early Universe filled with ultralight primordial black holes (PBH) that produce a super-heavy RH neutrino DM via Hawking radiation. The other pair of RH neutrinos generates the baryon asymmetry via thermal leptogenesis, much before the PBHs evaporate. GW interferometers can test this novel spectrum of masses thanks to the GWs induced by the PBH density fluctuations. In a more refined version, wherein a U(1) gauge symmetry breaking dynamically generates the seesaw scale, the PBHs also cause observable spectral distortions on the GWs from the U(1)-breaking cosmic strings. Thence, a low-frequency GW feature related to DM genesis and detectable with a pulsar-timing array must correspond to a mid- or high-frequency GW signature related to baryogenesis at interferometer scales.
Characterization of immunomodulatory factors and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis
Authors: Wang Peng-Mei , Zhang Zhong-Wei , Zhang Shan , Xing Qian , Zhao Zhi-Yong , Lin Qiong-Hua , Shen Li-Hua , Xia Zhi-Li , Li Fang-Fang , Zhu Biao
Published: March 2023

As immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used, a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been reported, including immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis (ICI-pneumonitis). The incidence of ICI-pneumonitis is higher in reality than in clinical trials. The diagnosis is challenging, mainly based on clinical and imaging features, and requires the exclusion of other causes. The data on the biological mechanisms of ICI-pneumonitis are scarce, resulting in little knowledge of the best treatment for ICI-pneumonitis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) may be helpful to identify the biological differences or find predictive biomarkers, and may in turn help to develop phenotype-specific targeted drugs to treat ICI-pneumonitis. Herein, we outline the characterization of immunomodulatory factors and cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for ICI-pneumonitis. Through careful sorting and literature review, we find crosstalk between pathogenic Th17/Th1 cells (i.e., Th17.1) and pro-inflammatory monocytes, and activation of Th17(/Th1)/IL-17A (/IFN-γ) pathways may play a key role in the pathogenesis of ICI-pneumonitis. Disruption of the interaction between pathogenic Th17/Th1 cells and pro-inflammatory monocytes (such as, anti-IL-23) may be a potential treatment for ICI-pneumonitis. We first describe the possible pathophysiological mechanisms of ICI-pneumonitis, hoping to contribute to the optimization of diagnosis and treatment, as well as provide readers with research inspiration.
Technical founders, digital transformation and corporate technological innovation: empirical evidence from listed companies in China’s STAR market
Authors: Li Zhi-Guang , Wu Yanrui , Li Yao-Kuang
Published: March 2023

Technology entrepreneurship and corporate innovation are important for the development of indigenous innovation. In the digital age, founders are subject to fundamental changes in their strategy choices, which in turn affect corporate innovation performance. This paper aims to explore the strategic choices adopted by technical founders of listed companies in China’s STAR market to reap the rewards of innovation in a digital context. Based on the annual reports of 124 listed companies in China’s STAR Market, this paper applies machine learning methods to quantify digital transformation of enterprises, and empirically analyzes the relationship between technical founders and innovation performance by constructing a moderated mediating model. Our results show that companies with technical founders are more likely to adopt digital transformation and thus show better innovation performance. In terms of heterogeneity, the empirical results demonstrate that firms with technical founders show better performance in digital transformation, followed in turn by those with business founders and academic founders. Both the positive relationship between enterprise digital transformation and innovation performance and the mediating effect of digital transformation are positively moderated by venture capital or private equity support. The findings reveal the microscopic mechanism of the role of technology-based founders on corporate innovation performance and hence have practical implications for promoting corporate digital transformation and enhancing firm technological innovation.
Wie gut und auf welche Weise lernen Studierende der Sozialen Arbeit im Praktikum sozialarbeiterische Fertigkeiten?
Authors: Hajji Rahim , Stein Christian
Published: March 2023

Sozialarbeiterische Fertigkeiten stellen gezielte Verhaltensweisen von Sozialarbeitenden in den Handlungsfeldern der Sozialen Arbeit dar und können als eine bedeutsame Teilkomponente der Professionalität verstanden werden. Das Praktikum gilt als eine wichtige Phase im Studium der Sozialen Arbeit und bietet Studierenden die Möglichkeit, erworbene Theoriekenntnisse in der Praxis anzuwenden, zu reflektieren und zu vertiefen, um an sozialarbeiterische Fertigkeiten zu gewinnen. In der vorliegenden Studie wird anhand von Selbsteinschätzungen der Studierenden die Entwicklung von sozialarbeiterischen Fertigkeiten im Praktikum untersucht. Das Ergebnis ist, dass aus der Perspektive der Studierenden die wahrgenommenen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten im Praktikum im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung ihrer sozialarbeiterischen Fertigkeiten stehen.
Economies as 'Makers' or 'Users': Rectifying the Polysemic Quandary with a Dualist Taxonomy
Authors: Benuyenah Vic
Published: March 2023

The Global South and Global North terminologies, in addition to several other designations, have been used to classify the socio-economic nature of countries for centuries; however, these historical naming conventions carry subtle confusions and tend to tint political discourse. This research explores the classificatory differences in international trade, politics, economic theory, and the media and discusses how such differences inform the narratives surrounding world production and consumption systems, as well as trade. The current evidence suggests that several descriptions of the world economies create misunderstandings and often mischaracterize less developed countries while positively projecting certain countries as more advanced. I argue that, rather than using the current descriptions, the terms “users” and “makers” be adopted to characterize the nature of production and consumption in modern economies. The new terminologies are less arbitrary as they can eliminate the existing semantic problems commonly found in the media and within economic theory and political discourse. The innovative and simpler user/maker dichotomy provides a less prejudiced designation of nations and provides a new research dimension for political economy and management theory.
Peace in Digital International Relations
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. , Visoka Gëzim , Tellidis Ioannis
Published: March 2023

The international architecture of peacebuilding and statebuilding is currently responding to a shift from 'analogue' to 'digital' approaches in international relations. This is affecting conflict management, intervention, peacebuilding, and the all-important role of civil society. This Element analyses the potential that these new digital forms of international relations offer for the reform of peace praxis – namely, the enhancement of critical agency across networks and scales, the expansion of claims for rights and the mitigation of obstacles posed by sovereignty, locality, and territoriality. The Element also addresses the parallel limitations of digital technologies in terms of political emancipation related to subaltern claims, the risk of co-optation by historical and analogue power structures, institutions, and actors. We conclude that though aspects of emerging digital approaches to making peace are promising, they cannot yet bypass or resolve older, analogue conflict dynamics revolving around power-relations, territorialism, and state formation.
The University of London, 1858-1900
Authors: Willson F. M. G.
Published: March 2023

A history of London University in the second half of the nineteenth century, focusing on political as well as academic developments.
A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases
Authors: Corèdon Christopher , Williams Ann
Published: March 2023

The first dictionary of medieval terms intended for the non-specialist with an interest in the medieval world.
SEQUENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX ORGANIC MIXTURES: PROCEDURAL STANDARDS AND IMPROVED CO2 PURIFICATION CAPACITY
Authors: Hanke Ulrich M , Gagnon Alan R , Reddy Christopher M , Lardie Gaylord Mary C , Cruz Anne J , Galy Valier , Hansman Roberta L , Kurz Mark D
Published: March 2023

Sequential thermal analysis allows for deconvoluting the refractory nature and complexity of carbon mixtures embedded in mineral matrices for subsequent offline stable carbon and radiocarbon (14C) isotope analyses. Originally developed to separate Holocene from more ancient sedimentary organic matter to improve dating of marine sediments, the Ramped Pyrolysis and Oxidation (RPO) apparatus, or informally, the “dirt burner” is now used to address pressing questions in the broad field of biogeochemistry. The growing interest in the community now necessitates improved handling and procedures for routine analyses of difficult sample types. Here we report on advances in CO2 purification during sample processing, modifications to the instrumentation at the National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility, and introduce sodium bicarbonate procedural standards with differing natural abundance 14C signatures for blank assessment. Measurements from different environmental samples are used to compare the procedure to the different generations of sequential thermal analyses. With this study, we aim to improve the standardization of the procedures and prepare this instrumentation for innovations in online stable carbon isotopes and direct AMS-interface measurements in the future.
RADIOCARBON-BASED MODELING OF THE REIGN OF KING DEN (1ST DYNASTY, EGYPT) AND THE START OF THE OLD KINGDOM
Authors: Quiles Anita , Tristant Yann
Published: March 2023

This study focuses on the chronology of King Den’s reign, the fifth ruler of the 1st Egyptian dynasty. A series of radiocarbon (14C) dates were established on archaeological material from several tombs at the Abu Rawash site, near Cairo, which comprises a complex of 12 monumental mud-brick mastabas. Modeling the14C results enables us to estimate the date of King’s accession and to link this to the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, i.e., to Egyptian state’s structuration. Through the application of OxCal software, sets of14C results obtained from the same archaeological context have been summarized and compared with the precise state of our knowledge on the historical duration of this reign. These results place King Den’s accession between 3104 and 2913 BCE (2σ), with the more likely date being 3011–2921 BCE (1σ). The modeled temporal density thus obtained is based both on new contextualized14C dates and on an updated reading of the historical information on his reign. This is a dynamic result, which can be refined as soon as we have more data to integrate into the model. Above all, this resulting model becomes a crucial chronological point to better determine the beginning of the Egyptian Old Kingdom.
Aerodynamics — retrospect and prospect
Authors: Rogers E. W. E
Published: March 2023

‘In offering to the public the first instalment of the present work, the author desires to record his conviction that the time is near when the study of Aerial Flight will take its place as one of the foremost of the applied sciences, one of which the underlying principles furnish some of the most beautiful and fascinating problems in the whole domain of practical dynamics.’F. W. Lanchester — Preface to Aerodynamics (1907).

Frank Lanchester was born in 1863 and died in 1946. He lived through, and contributed significantly to, an astonishing expansion in aerodynamic knowledge and understanding. When he was a very small child, the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain was formed. Arguments about the underlying principles of aerodynamics were abundant, and manned powered flight was some 40 years into the future. When he died aerodynamics was well-established, codified and central to efficient aircraft design. Transonic flight through jet propulsion had almost been achieved.
A theoretical model for predicting the performance of circulation controlled aerofoils and cascades
Authors: Flint W. L , Holliday C. I
Published: March 2023

The procedure described applies to aerofoils or cascades with circulation controlled by tangential blowing jets and provides a complete numerical solution for aerodynamic performance in incompressible flow conditions.

The pressure distribution over the blade surface is predicted by a potential flow model in which the region of separated flow is represented by an appropriated source distribution. Boundary layer development is calculated by a finite-difference solution of the parabolic boundary layer momentum equation: the development of the blowing jet and its mixing with the boundary layer over the curved trailing edge is predicted by the same procedure applied to an angular momentum equation, using an intermittency representation of the eddy viscosity distribution.

Predictions are compared with experimentally measured lift coefficients for an isolated aerofoil, with turning angles for a cascade tested by other workers and with experimental turning angles for a cascade tested by the authors. The agreement between theory and experiment is good.
The costs and economics of broadcast satellite systems
Authors: Biggs P. D.
Published: March 2023

We are at the beginning of a decade of extraordinary change in telecommunications. Computers and information are joining together in a way which demands new techniques and capability in the field. Evolving demand and attitudes towards television, epitomised by the attention being given to direct broadcasting, are influencing national policy to many countries.

Today it is possible to ‘hook up’ video games and video recording equipment to the domestic television set. Data services are available to the viewer and small home computers can be connected. Direct-to-homes TV broadcasting is an addition to these facilities, extending the range of what is becoming a complete home entertainment and information service.
Other services that may be associated with direct broadcasting
Authors: Jefferis A. K.
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses some of the factors that need to be taken into consideration if other services are to be included within a satellite that provides direct TV broadcasting to the UK. The main reason for considering such an approach is that the inclusion of other services may improve the overall economics.

It should be recognised that the requirements of the DBS services will impose certain constraints, in particular on the orbit location. Also there is less flexibility in the choice of frequencies for the DBS services than there may be for other services.
The business opportunities presented by DBS
Authors: Haynes Brian
Published: March 2023

Activities in the broadcast of television by satellite have been accelerating rapidly during 1980 and 1981 creating a good environment for the development of successful DBS systems. These include the development of a competitive satellite manufacturing industry, competition in launch facilities, development of a mass-produced direct receiver industry, expanded television programme production and an expanding market for new television services.
The effects of turbulence and surface roughness on the drag of spheres in thin jets
Authors: Neve R. S. , Jaafar F. B.
Published: March 2023

An extension is made to previous work on spheres in thin jets to cover the cases of high stream turbulence and sphere surface roughness. Limited results for the latter agree with past work by Achenbach. Results for cases of increasing stream turbulence line up not only with other high turbulence data but also with Dryden's long-established results for turbulence levels up to a few percent and thereby present some problems, both in the interpretation of the physical flow processes and in nomenclature for the criticality conditions involved.
The effect of backlash and trailing-edge strips on the flutter speed of a two-dimensional model of a tailplane with tab
Authors: Emslie Betty , Goldman A.
Published: March 2023

The effect of backlash and trailing-edge strips on the flutter speed of a two-dimensional model of a tailplane with tab has been investigated in a series of wind tunnel tests. When backlash is present, a change in preload, which is achieved by varying the incidence of the tab, can dramatically alter the flutter speed. The addition of trailing-edge strips to the tab lowered the flutter speed.
An advanced helicopter engine control system
Authors: A.F.Saunders
Published: March 2023

The requirements of the first engine controllers were primarily to satisfy the needs of the engine and, almost as an afterthought, to consider interface with the aircraft and the pilot.

The latter resulted in the overwhelming plethora of ‘essential’ ground test-sets and cockpit instruments that we see today. In a performance and integrity conscious world, beset with ever increasing costs and sometimes decreasing maintenance personnel skills, the engine controller can no longer be considered in isolation from the rest of the system that it serves. The obvious ability of a digital system to self-check and diagnose itself, its interface with the real world, and to make intelligent decisions based on those tests, has enhanced the case for digital engine control.
Developments in test software philosophy and techniques
Authors: Wise D.J.K.
Published: March 2023

Complex electronic systems are structured into functional units, printed circuit boards and components. During the manufacturing process testing starts at the component level and is carried out progressively at PCB, functional test and finally total system level.

When the equipment is in service, the reverse process is followed. That is, at the system level the suspect unit is diagnosed and replaced. This unit is then tested and if faulty diagnosed to the faulty board. This in turn is tested to find the faulty component. The testing of functional units, boards and complex components (referred to here as the ‘box’) is carried out on Automatic Test Equipment both at the factory and field level. In each case the test problem needs to be addressed during design to ensure that adequate access is given to the internal function of the item.
A true air speed sensor for miniature unmanned aircraft
Authors: Beattie J. A. C.
Published: March 2023

This Memorandum describes the development of a laboratory prototype true air speed sensor for use on unmanned aircraft. The sensor works on vortex shedding principles and has a digital output. The vortices are sensed by thick film thermistor elements that are non-critical in the signal circuitry.
Laser strike
Authors: Mackrill R. F.
Published: March 2023

This paper deals with how lasers work, their applications generally and their specific applications to aircraft.

The acronym LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The theory was written by Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schalow in 1958. The co-authors of the theory hold the basic patent on lasers.

In 1960 Theodore H. Maiman, of the Hughes Aircraft research laboratories, practically produced what was the most concentrated energy source known to man. A beam able to cut through a sheet of steel one third of a centimeter thick that does not contain enough energy to boil an egg.With this practical demonstration Maiman had made the first laser work.
Vibration and damping analysis of doubly curved sandwich panels with viscoelastic core
Authors: Vaswani J. , Asnani N. T. , Nakra B. C.
Published: March 2023

The governing differential equations of motion for flexural vibrations of a doubly curved sandwich panel consisting of stiff elastic face layers sandwiching soft viscoelastic core have been derived, considering extension and bending deformations of the face layers and shear deformations of the core, using variational principles. Solution for panel with simply supported edges is assumed in series summation form and the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity is applied for evaluation of resonance frequencies and associated system loss factors. The effects of variations of geometrical and material parameters on the resonance frequencies and associated system loss factors are reported.
Application of a Simplified Kinetic Theory of Turbulence to Non-Uniform Grid Turbulence
Authors: Morstadt R. A.
Published: March 2023

A simplified kinetic theory of turbulence originally proposed by P. M. Chung has been modified and applied to the problem of non-uniform grid turbulence with no velocity gradients. Preliminary comparison to the experimental results of Gilbert shows good qualitative agreement. The theory contends that shear stresses induced by local drift velocities maintain the anisotropic nature of the turbulent profiles. Both theory and experiment indicate that the integral length scale is comparatively uniform across the flow.
Experimental investigation of the partial impingement of a jet on a half-plane
Authors: Ko N. W. M. , Cheung W. T.
Published: March 2023

The flow before and after the partial impingement of a jet on a half plane has been studied. From the extensive mean velocity and turbulence intensity measurements the three basic flow regimes of the main jet flow, the flow over the flat plate and the redirected flow on the flat plate surface have been isolated. The inherited characteristics and axisymmetry of the upstream jet flow and their extent downstream of the flat plate, have also been established. The effect of the leading edge on the flow over the flat plate and the effect of friction on the surface on the redirected flow have also been studied.
Hovercraft environmental noise: a review and future prospects
Authors: Leach John W.
Published: March 2023

The paper reviews the development of amphibious hovercraft and considers the noise emission levels of current types of in-service craft. A brief reference is also made to side wall hovercraft and hover barges.

An outline of suggested methods for quantitative measurement of noise level and format is given, should legislation be deemed necessary at some future date.

Finally recommendations are made for further research and development programmes aimed at achieving significant improvement in the next generation of hovercraft.
Determining the training effectiveness of flight simulators: some basic issues
Authors: Rolfe J. M.
Published: March 2023

In both civilian and military aviation training much reliance is placed upon expensive flight simulators. The decision to resort to a simulator for training instead of the actual equipment is justified by arguments such as:

Greater utilisation of equipment as training will not be interfered with by factors such as unsuitable weather conditions or unserviceable equipment.

Lower purchase and operating costs of simulators in comparison with the actual equipment.

Increased safety and controlled levels of stress when training is undertaken when using a simulator.

Minimal operational and environmental disturbance.
The credit status of airlines
Authors: O’sullivan Patrick
Published: March 2023

Ever since I was a young boy I have been fascinated by aviation. While a mixture of pedagogical advice and lack of mechanical aptitude steered me away from a flying career I am delighted to say that it has been almost as satisfying providing credit to the industry over the past six years since I joined Bank of America in London. It is therefore with great pleasure that I will attempt (in the august environment of this society) to clear some of the mystery that shrouds the commercial banking world’s assessment of the underlying value of an airline. At the same time I am conscious that bank finance has only been one way of funding capital equipment costs, even though it has grown disproportionately as a source of funds in the past five years. I will then, as John Prothero Thomas (of Caledonian Airways) has already anticipated, attempt to tell you why the financial community has begun to retreat into its shell when asked to stretch even more to accommodate deficient cash flows in the industry.
A regulator’s view
Authors: Bass Tom
Published: March 2023

The current debate on the level of air fares must at the moment look more than usually odd to people outside the industry, and indeed to many people within it. The prospectus for this seminar refers to current accusations that the travelling public is being ‘ripped off and to comparisons between Europe and the USA. Yet we have only to look at the classified advertisements in the evening newspaper to see that we can buy a week’s inclusive tour to Majorca in early December for £60. The airlines tell us not only that they are making losses in Europe, but that even in good years profitability is never more than modest. They point to the high level of costs in Europe relative to the USA — the price of fuel, airport charges, the indirectness of many European routeings, the costs of a multi-country operation and to the more favourable operating conditions in the US, particularly the route density, the long sector distances and the greater flexibility in the hiring, firing and use of labour. The present period of recession, with its combination of high inflation and weak demand is making life even more difficult. Yet users call for lower fares in Europe and the CAA and the Department of Trade are also identified with the cause. What is going on?
Maintaining aircraft without factory back up
Authors: Keegan T. D.
Published: March 2023

Whilst I doubt my experience is unique, it is a fact of life that I have never enjoyed the sort of back up one expects as a customer who has bought an aircraft from a factory which built it and which contracted to support it.

Starting in 1949 with very much used DC-3’s, then on to ex BEA Vikings and Ambassadors, ex Canadair Argonauts and ex Pan Am DC-4’s and DC-7DF’s, with ex Flying Tiger CL-44’s and ex KLM DC-8’s, the entire story has been one of secondhand hand-me-downs, but with a factory still in operation to which as a several times removed customer, one could always turn to for help. On my acquisition of Carvairs in 1971 when I bought BAF, the same situation applied, and having a much modified obsolete aircraft did not exactly enhance the ease of maintenance.
Education for managers of airworthiness
Authors: Yeomans D.G.
Published: March 2023

Airworthiness is not clearly enough defined for its management to be a teaching objective in itself. It is in any case not the principal aim of the aircraft operator but subsidiary to the transport function. Education in the management of air transport engineering is directed towards the process of producing aircraft fit to be used for their economic purpose and the management of airworthiness is inextricably embedded in it.

Nevertheless a number of subject areas which such courses should include can be identified as relevant to current airworthiness problems.
Approach and landing systems for the all-weather heliport
Authors: Atter D.
Published: March 2023

In this paper, the second of two associated papers on IFR heliports, the requirements outlined in the first paper by Mr. F. W. Free for electronic approach aids are examined in more detail and the current status of technical development reviewed.

If the necessary reliability of service to the heliport is to be maintained under adverse weather conditions, then some form of electronic approach and landing system will be required in order to satisfy the stringent safety requirements set by the CAA and in particular, the obstacle clearance criteria in an urban environment. In addition, the provision of an approach aid may give benefits in noise abatement arising from an accurately controlled flight profile even in adverse weather conditions.
The CAA role
Authors: Hooper R. C.
Published: March 2023

The role of the Civil Aviation Authority in urban heliports, as with most other activities with which it is concerned, can effectively be summed up in one word — SAFETY. We are concerned, not only with safety of the helicopter crew and passengers, but also with third parties and property and, where relevant, other users of controlled or special rules airspace.

Unfortunately, like most other things, safety can only be achieved at a price and the price to pay is often at variance with commercial interests, private operators’ resources and even with the basic concept of helicopter operation. The Authority, by consultation has aimed at achieving an effective compromise by a flexible application of the criteria where it is safe to do so.
The application of geometric programming to the structural design of aircraft wings
Authors: Snell M. B. , Bartholomew P.
Published: March 2023

The technique of geometric programming is applied to the design of optimum aircraft wings in the multi-spar monolithic skin configuration. Both flat and corrugated web systems are considered and design examples are given based on contemporary wing data. The present report is confined to the consideration of minimum weight design of metallic structure and the constraints are those which arise naturally from consideration of allowable stress, buckling and in some instances geometric limitations on the layout. Most of the problems solved give rise to closed form solutions while more complex problems are readily solved by computer program.
Turbulence modelling
Authors: Haines A. B.
Published: March 2023

An informal Working Party was set up in October 1980 to review the present state-of-the-art in turbulence modelling for aeronautical applications and to make recommendations for future progress in this field. The report assesses the extent to which further developments in design and prediction methods for both external and internal flow are dependent on achieving advances in turbulence modelling and considers how these improvements realistically could be obtained. Reference is made to the conclusions from an international symposium on the same topic held at Stanford University, California in 1980-81.
Aeronautical research: some current
influences and trends
Authors: CB John Charnley
Published: March 2023

This corner of England has seen the evolution of some notable aircraft, Canberra, Lightning, Jaguar, Tornado. Mr Yates, in the inaugural lecture of this series last year, gave a brief historical review of the growth of English Electric and of these aircraft, indicating in particular the key part played by Sir Frederick Page in both the build up of the firm and in the design and development of the aircraft. It is most appropriate that we should again honour him here on what I regard as his home ground and in his presence.

But Sir Frederick's contributions to aerospace have been much more than local to Lancashire. He has been at the centre of the gathering together of all the elements of what is now British Aerospace PLC. He is a past President of the Society of British Aerospace Companies and has actively supported the Royal Aeronautical Society, not least as President of this Branch from 1962 to 1967.
The low temperature properties of aviation fuels
Authors: Brunton G. , Willock R. R. , Voisey M. A.
Published: March 2023

The aviation fuel market is one of the few areas in the petroleum industry where an increase in future demand can be predicted with a reasonable degree of certainty. However, this growth in demand is likely to be influenced by two major constraints, price and availability. At present aviation fuel represents only a relatively small portion of the barrel, but any increase in this fraction is limited by the need to meet specification requirements and competition from other products. The changing pattern in product demand is focusing attention on secondary refinery processes to maximise output of distillate fractions and on the use of alternative non-petroleum sources of fuel. In both of these approaches, significant upgrading of the initial product, involving both large capital outlay and high operating costs, may be necessary to produce final products within current specification limits. Under these conditions it is desirable to identify ways of easing specification requirements that will increase flexibility, but at the same time maintain product quality.