bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Level of Understanding of the Nature of Science in Light of the Project (2061) among Science Teachers in Jordan and its Relation to some Demographic Changes
Authors: Al rababah Fatima
Published: October 2020

This study aims to define the level of science teachers’ understanding the nature of science in the light of (2061) project, and its relationship with can be related to some of their demographic variables. To answer the study questions, the researcher applied the descriptive analytical approach. The study population included all the secondary stage science teachers registered in the Ministry of Education, Amman, Jordan. They were (3265) teachers for the term (2017/2018). The study sample was made of (175) teachers, males and females. They have been chosen randomly of schools. The study tool has been distributed among them and retrieved. To collect data, the researcher depended on the test of understanding science nature; made of (25) items. After applying the statistical processes, the researcher found that there is a remarkable decline by the science teachers in understanding the science nature. There was no significant difference attributed to the study variables, except the academic qualification, which had a difference of statistical significance and was in favor of the teachers who obtained (Masters or PhDs). As a conclusion, the researcher recommended the importance of organizing projects and training courses for science teachers.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الوقوف على مستوى فهم معلمي العلوم لطبيعة العلم في ضوء المشروع (2061) وعلاقة ذلك ببعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية لهم، وللإجابة على أسئلة الدراسة أتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من كافة معلمي العلوم للمرحلة الثانوية التابعين لوزارة التربية والتعليم الأردنية محافظة العاصمة والبالغ عددهم (3265) للعام الدراسي (2017/2018)، أما عينة الدراسة فقد شملت ما مقداره (175) معلم ومعلمة تم اختيارهم عشوائياً من عدة مدارس، ذلك من خلال تطبيق أداة الدراسة عليهم واستردادها. ولجمع البيانات اعتمد الباحث على اختبار فهم طبيعة العلم المكون من (25) فقرة، وبعد إجراء المعالجات الإحصائية، توصل الباحث إلى أن هناك تدني ملحوظ من قبل معلمي العلوم في فهم طبيعة العلم، ولم تكن هناك فروق دالة تعزى لمتغيرات الدراسة باستثناء المؤهل العلمي الذي ظهر فيه فرق دال إحصائياً ولمصلحة المعلمين الحاصلين على شهادات عليا (ماجستير أو دكتوراه)، وفي الختام أوصى الباحث بضرورة العمل على عقد برامج ودورات تدريبية لمعلمي العلوم.
Constructing Science Teachers Attitudes Scale towards Student Center Active Learning – Teaching Utilizing Rasch Rating Scale Model
Authors: Ababneh Emad , Al-Ahmad Areej
Published: October 2020

The study aimed to Construct Science Teachers Attitudes Scale towards Student Centered Active Learning – Teaching Utilizing Rasch Rating Scale Model. To achieve the purpose of the study، an attitudes five- Likert scale was constructed، as the final version was consisted from (30) items after the content validity was examined by a panel of experts. The scale was administered to (502) teachers selected from the governmental schools in Amman and Marka Education Directorates. The study revealed that, the (30) items were fitted the model، and the correlations values which are evident to the internal consistency validity of the scale varied from (0.45) to (0.71). In addition to that، the results indicated that the persons and the items reliabilities which were estimated using the persons and items separation indices were (0.92) and (0.97) respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was (0.94). Furthermore، the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale has five dimensions.

هدفت الدراسة إلى بناء مقياس اتجاهات معلمي العلوم نحو التعلم النشط المتمركز حول الطالب باستخدام نموذج سلّم التقدير لراش، ولتحقيق هذه الغاية جرى بناء مقياس من نوع ليكرت الخماسي، تكونَّ بصورته النهائية من (30) فقرة، وذلك بعد أن تم التحقق من صدق المحتوى له، وتطبيقه على أفراد عينة الدراسة، البالغ عددهم (502) معلمًا ومعلمة من مُعلمي مادة العلوم في المدارس الحكومية التابعة لمديرية تربية لواء قصبة عمّان ولواء ماركا، حيث بيّنت النتائج أن فقرات المقياس مطابقة لنموذج سلم التقدير لراش، وأن قيم معاملات الارتباط الدالة على صدق الاتساق الداخلي للمقياس تراوحت بين (0.45) و(0.71)، وأن معاملات الثبات للأفراد وللفقرات المقدرة اعتمادا على معاملي الفصل للأفراد والفقرات قد بلغت (0.92)، (0.97) على التوالي، كما بينت النتائج أن معامل ثبات الاتساق الداخلي بلغ (0.94)، وأظهر التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي وجود خمسة أبعاد للمقياس.
The /ħ/-rhymed Amr Bin Qumayah’s Poem Reading in Technical and Linguistic Structures
Authors: kana’an Aatif
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to investigate the different bases on which the cultural structure of the Arabic poetry is built from the discourse point of view. To lachieve the study main purpose, the researcher examines Amr Bin Quayah’s the poem as a workable example to cite and analyze. In the first subject, the study dealt with two basic topics: the technical structure in terms of the basic structure, (the internal architecture of the poem), In the second the subject discussed subject the linguistic structure in terms of the minor unity of the word, namely sound. IS the researcher shall light on the study of sound construction and its influence on the formation of semantic inspiration, and its role in the rhythmic or musical composition of the poem. Furthermore, the study provides an extensive discussion on the semantic unit, and the sentence, its components, its overlap with its components, which is known as the syntactic level, all of that ed to the general semantic level of the text.

يسعى هذا البحث إلى قراءة تأسيس البنيتين الفنيّة واللغوية في النَّصّ الشِّعريّ العربيّ، واتَّخذ حائيَّة عمرو بن قميئة مادَّة لموضوع البحث. تناولت الدراسة عُنوانيْن أساسيّين في المبحث الأول هما: بنية الأساس، والمعمار الدّاخليّ للنصّ، ثم تناولت في المبحث الثاني الأصوات اللغوية وموسيقى الوزن والقافية، فدرَست البناء الصوتي وتوقفت عند أثره في تشكيل الإيحاء الدّلالي، ودوره في التشكيل الإيقاعي أو الموسيقي للنص، ثم الوحدة الدلالية الصّغرى وهي الجملة، والنظر في الجملة وأركانها وتراكيبها مع مُتعلّقاتها وهو ما يُعرف بالمستوى التركيبي، ثم ربط ذلك بالمستوى الدّلالي العام للنص.
Satisfaction of the families of Palestinian martyrs from the role of foundation for the welfare of the families of Palestinian martyrs and the wounded in Ramallah and Al-Beireh governorate (2016-2000)
Authors: Al-Wraikat Ayed , Qundah Tareq
Published: October 2020

This study aims at identifying the satisfaction of the families of the Palestinian martyrs from the role of the Welfare of Martyrs’ Families Foundation in the West bank during the period 2000-2016. To do so, the study employs the social survey methodology where the researcher devised questionnaire to survey the views of the martyrs’ families. The research was conducted, and all the methodic procedures were implemented, including the validity of the research tool. A regular random sample of 150 households from Ramallah and Al-Beireh governorate, constituting 15 % of the total research population, was selected. The study revealed that there is a strong and positive relationship, of a statistical significance, between the financial, psychological and educational programs presented by the Welfare of Martyrs’ Families Foundation and the satisfaction of the families of the Palestinian martyrs.

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مدى رضا أسر الشهداء الفلسطينيين عن دور "مؤسسة رعاية أسر الشهداء" في محافظة رام الله والبيرة خلال الأعوام 2000-2016، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم استخدام منهج المسح الاجتماعي، حيث قام الباحث بتصميم استبانة لاستقصاء آراء عينة الدراسة المتمثلة بأسر الشهداء الفلسطينيين، وتم إجراء الاختبار وإعادة الاختبار والتأكد من صدق وثبات الأداة، كما تم اختيار عينة عشوائية منتظمه مكونة من 150 أسرة ممن يسكنون في محافظة رام الله والبيرة، والتي شكلت ما نسبته 15% من المجتمع الكلي. توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود علاقة إيجابية قوية ذات دلالة إحصائية لبرامج الرعاية (المالية، الدعم النفسي، التعليمية) على الرضا العام لأسر الشهداء عن دور المؤسسة. وقدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات الموجهة لمؤسسة رعاية أسر الشهداء.
Effects of using social networks on adolescents: Applied study on a sample of high school students
Authors: Meghari Ahmed
Published: October 2020

This study aimed at identify the social, cultural, psychological, and health negative effects of high school students as a result of their use of social networking sites. through a descriptive study in which the researcher used a field scanning methodology. The study was conducted on three hundred male and female students in Gaza City. The study has several conclusions; the most important one is that; use of male or female for society communication sites was at a high level. They use all those sites, and the predominant 91% used Facebook. 73% uses these sites daily. 26.3% use SNS for more than five hours. The main reasons for use: communication with others, & entertainment. The results also showed that this use had a medium negative impact on adolescents in the social, psychological, cultural and health aspects. There were no statistically significant differences between the average estimates of males and females on the impact of SNS on them in social, cultural, & psychological aspects, and health effects, but there are differences in favor of females in health effects. There are statistically significant differences in the students rating average of social, psychological and cultural influences, according to variable: family intervention in adolescents' use of these sites. There are no differences in rating of health effects. Recommendations of the study: The educational, social and religious institutions of the community should play an appropriate role in educating adolescents about the negative aspects of social networking sites. Help parents to educate their children about the good use of social networking sites and avoid their negative.

هدف البحث التعرف إلى التأثيرات السلبية: الاجتماعية، الثقافية، النفسية، والصحية الواقعة على طلبة المرحلة الثانوية، جراء استخدامهم لشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي؛ وذلك من خلال دراسة وصفية ميدانية استخدم فيها الباحث منهج المسح، حيث طبق البحث على عينة قوامها (300) طالب وطالبة في مدينة غزة. وقد خلـص البحث إلى عدة نتائج أبرزها: الطلبة الذكور والإناث يستخدمون شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي بمعدلات عالية، ويستخدمونها جميعها، والنسبة الغالبة 91% تستخدم الفيسبوك، ومعظم العينة 73% يستخدمون تلك الشبكات يومياً، و23.6% يستخدمونها لأكثر من 5ساعات، وأهم أسباب الاستخدام هي التواصل مع الآخرين والترفيه والتسلية. وأظهرت النتائج أيضا أن هذا الاستخدام كان له تأثير سلبي متوسط على المراهقين في الجوانب الاجتماعية والنفسية والثقافية والصحية، وأظهرت النتائج أيضاً أنه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط تقديرات الذكور والإناث حول تأثير شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي عليهم في الجوانب الاجتماعية والنفسية والثقافية، لكن هناك فروق لصالح الإناث في التأثيرات الصحية، كما وتوجد فروق بين متوسطات تقديرات الطلبة حول التأثيرات الاجتماعية والنفسية والثقافية؛ تبعا لمتغير تدخل الآباء في الأسرة في استخدام أبنائها المراهقين لشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي، ولا توجد فروق في تصنيف الآثار الصحية. ومن توصيات الدراسة: أن تقوم مؤسسات المجتمع التربوية والاجتماعية والدينية بالدور المناسب لتوعية المراهقين حول سلبيات شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي عليهم، ومساعدة الآباء حول تثقيف أبنائهم على حسن استخدامها وتجنب سلبياتها.
A clinical case of hamartoma (teratoma) of the tongue in combination with a cleft palate in a newborn
Authors: Volkov Yu.O. , Mamedov Ad.A. , Makarova L.M. , Ryzhov E.A. , Tkachenko B.A.
Published: October 2020

The article presents a rare clinical case of hamartoma of the tongue in combination with a cleft palate, diagnosed in a newborn child, as a manifestation of a severe congenital malformation of the maxillofacial region.
The preparation and successful implementation of the first stage of treatment of this combined pathology and subsequent rehabilitation in a multidisciplinary children's hospital are described in detail on the basis of continuity in the work of specialists and an interdisciplinary approach.
Supporting Gifted Education in Rural Schools
Authors: Azano Amy Price , Callahan Carolyn , Bass Erika , Rasheed Michelle
Published: October 2020

In this “promising practices” piece, we draw from lessons learned from a larger research study exploring how alternative identification processes and curricular interventions might influence gifted education programming for students in rural school districts. In the larger study we sought to (a) increase the number of rural students identified for gifted education services and (b) provide support for those programs in the form of a place-based language arts curriculum. As we implemented an innovative identification and curricular option for historically underrepresented students from low-income rural areas, we encountered hurdles stemming from four sources: conceptions of giftedness, teacher time and expertise, expectations for students, and fidelity of implementation. This article illuminates those challenges and discusses efforts to mitigate them and negotiate a path through to success—seeing the possible rather than limitations set forth by imposed systems affecting rural schools and communities.
Assessment of Soil Properties Under Different Land Use Types in Olokemeji Forest Reserves in Ogun State Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: OPEYEMI AKINTOLA OLUWATOYIN , IDAYAT BODEDE ADEWUNMI , MICHAEL MICHAEL , GIDEON ADEBAYO AYODEJI , NUREAN SULAIMAN OLAWALE
Published: October 2020

Knowledge of soil properties is essential for environmental sustainability for any forest reserve or plantation. The physical and chemical properties of soil under three different land uses was investigated to assess the nutrient and fertility status of the soils. Fifteen soil samples, each collected from different locations within the natural forest, plantation and farm land were analyzed for soil texture, bulk density, porosity, pH, organic carbon, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn. Texturally, the soils were loamy, loamy sand and sandy loamy in the natural forest, plantation and farmland respectively. There was a significant difference between the three different soils in composition and texture.
„Dobre” społeczeństwo i państwo prawa. Prolegomena do konstytucji
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

The idea of a law-governed state, which is referred to so commonly, exists as a synonym of the principle of the supreme meaning and standing of the constitution in the state system. The law-governed state in its pure form is one where the law provides not only the framework and barriers for the state and the actions of the authorities, but a state wherein its beginning and foundations are rooted in the law. The concept of the law-governed state has many highly detailed elements (the very existence of the constitution, the separation of powers, the independence of the courts, the legal character of administrative actions, legal protection against decisions made by the authorities, the right to appeal, etc.); its essence, however, is the recognition of the law as a particular means and a yardstick with which both the state’s system and the recognition of the legal standards vested with the power to shape social relationships, the regulatory power, are moulded. It is the prestige of the law – nomos basileus – which should be the source of state order. The supremacy of the law provides the premise on which the introduction of every detailed solution which turns the idea of the law-governed state into specifics, is based. If the rule of law, rather than that of the authorities is to exist, this must be a law wherein each citizen may contribute to its shape; ideally it will be one established directly by the citizens rather than by the established authorities, democratic in an indirect way. This must be a law binding upon everyone equally, observed by everyone, operating effectively and surely. It must also be a law made for society’s sake rather than for that of an idea, and it must be fitting to those realities, standards and common practices that exist in that society. It must also be a law not too rigorous and imposing neither excessive requirements nor strange measures.
Konstytucja – „uporządkowanie” rzeczywistości politycznej?
Authors: Żyro Tomasz
Published: October 2020

Liberal culture and practices draw on, and are shaped by, different strands of legal positivism. Within the framework of legal positivism, the emphasis on legal institutions has been displaced by a focus on the institutions which apply the law, such as courts. Legal positivism unambiguously declares that both the very existence of the law and its content depend on social facts rather than on its value. The law is therefore a social construct and the most ‘social’ of all is the state. In this way, the philosophy of law has been dominated by the dispute between those who, following St Augustine, think that ‘an unjust law is not a law at all’ and those who, like John Austin, retort that ‘the existence of the law is one thing, its right character or the lack of it, is another’. The point of departure for liberal practice is the paucity of ethical norms, but most of all, however, the paucity of the practice of law making. Ethical dimension may be applied, at most, to the content of social conventions. Legal positivists long ago gave up on the thesis that moral norms are important only if they are rooted in God’s commandments. Such an attitude toward the law, even if ‘the voice of the people’ is not aware of these implications, leads to relativism, which may be overcome in two ways. The first finds its expression in the need to follow societal changes. Each new state of society means that a new constitution is needed, cut appropriately to that society’s needs and interests. The second reaction to relativism is the effectiveness which is related to the power held by the authorities, in this case the power to make the law. The higher the legal norm, the greater the will of the might. The drafting of a constitution is an expression of the élan vital unbound. In the taxonomy of law, everything is triangular, resembling a triangle upside down, and making for an appearance of order, with the basic law at the top and below it an ocean of acts. Law making becomes a yardstick for political activity. In the world of politics, where the very fact of existence is contingent on being noted and being seen, to act means nothing else than submitting initiatives for new legal acts. To act spectacularly means to change the basic law.
Trzy modele demokratycznego państwa
Authors: Wonicki Rafał
Published: October 2020

The theory of a deliberative, democratic state posited by Jurgen Habermas fills the gaps in the concepts of democracy proper to liberalism and republicanism. Habermas’ theory intermediates between the liberal and the republican models, avoiding the one-sidedness to which they tend. A deliberative state ruled by law is based on a discursive forming of the will (active participation in the political, social and cultural sphere), the essence of which is communicative rationality, setting out the framework of a democratic procedure legitimising the rightfully made law and a law-abiding state. Communicative rationality guarantees that all the important interests will be accounted for. In this model, the public space, in turn, is perceived and understood as a possibility whereby all the stakeholders are able to create procedures. In his theory of liberalism, Habermas refers to a higher level of intersubjectivity where the communication processes occurs, which leads on the one hand to the institutionalising of deliberations, in the form of political bodies, and on the another hand, to the establishing of an informal network of linkages in the public sphere. Contrary to the liberal and republican model, the deliberative model of a democratic, law-governed state is focussed on the discursive legitimisation of the law, while politics here is understood as a public activity being played out in the interpersonal sphere. In such politics, the attention is displaced from the fi nal act of voting to the process of agreeing the rules and arriving at an agreement.
Szlachetny nihilizm a klasyczne pytanie filozofii polityki. Rozróżnienie na fakty i wartości w myśli politycznej Maxa Webera
Authors: Marczewski Paweł
Published: October 2020

In his essay, Science as a Vocation, Max Weber wrote that the fate of our epoch, characterised by a rationalisation and intellectualisation proper to it, together, primarily, with the fact that we need no longer have recourse to magical means, consists of the disappearance from public life of the ultimate and most sublime values. They may be found in the non-wordly domain of mysticism or in the brotherhood of direct relations binding individuals. The ultimate consequence of subjecting a political order to a scientific rationalisation is the withdrawal from public life into the sphere of religious contemplation or into privacy, the narrow circle of the family and the closest of friends. This means, in fact, the end of politics, at least in its classic form as described by Aristotle. Politics ceases to be an instrument used to solve the problems of the community and becomes a problem in its own right, needing to be solved with the help of science, the only instrument regarded as capable of overcoming any difficulty.
Europe as Fiction
Authors: Filipowicz Stanisław
Published: October 2020

What is the meaning of the “Europe” and the idea of unity? For when did a “united” Europe exist? Back when German emperors ineffectively tried to enforce their rule on a territory which was none too large anyway? Or when they were entangled in a dispute with the papacy? Or during the crusades against the Catharists? Or maybe during the Reformation or during the French Revolution when new coalitions of opponents arose? During the Napoleonic Wars which in themselves pay testimony to ruptures and conflicts? The 20th century alone brought two wars. The first already signified, as Jan Patocka once declared, the suicide of Europe. Perhaps, then, Europe does not exist at all anymore? Maybe the politicians’ visions are less than credible? There is no doubt that the idea of a united Europe is a project which affirms the great, creative power of the imagination. Modernity has given birth to very strong temptations which glorify the imagination.
Conflict and Sovereignty. The Debate between the United States and the European Union
Authors: Kuniński Miłowit
Published: October 2020

Certainly we are dealing with a profound and long-lasting crisis at the core of the Western World, caused by the fall of the communist system – as many have already pointed out – which changed the previous distribution of power and enabled a clearer and more open redefinition of the interests of its main political actors. This crisis will be characterized by irregular outbursts of aggressive activity, often far exceeding the norms of diplomatic correctness, by periods of collaborative effort, particularly if the West faces serious threats on a more global scale and has to deal with serious political games. It is certain that the main source of this present crisis is the rivalry that has been waged on various fronts between the US and the European Union. It can be therefore affirmed that, from the point of view of the logic of political transformation, the Union must aim toward an external sovereignty. This process will certainly be a long one, and will undoubtedly involve recurring frictions between the European Union and the United States. This will be the symptom of the process of building the sovereignty in opposition to a state whose legal and international sovereignty cannot be questioned, and whose practical sovereignty has been expressed in the active participation in the international arena for almost 200 years.
Libertarian Justice
Authors: Miklaszewska Justyna
Published: October 2020

An article describes liberal theories of justice presented by John Rawls and Robert Nozick. Both of these competing liberal theories, Rawls’s and Nozick’s, share a similar rationalist approach. Both philosophers start out with assumptions about human nature and from there proceed to deduce a theory of justice upon which they in turn base their vision of the perfect liberal State. For Rawls, this is a welfare State, whereas in Nozick’s theory it is a State which does not  interfere in economics. On the one hand, a Platonic influence with a utopian mindset can certainly be detected here. On the other hand, contemporary American society is a point of reference for both theories. However, Rawls attempts to bring this perfect, universal model of the State closer to reality and to embody it in a liberal constitutional democracy in which human rights are protected (especially in his later works), whereas Nozick adheres to the general utopian formula. An examination of his theory shows that justice cannot be reconciled with the ideal of a minimal State and that attempts to apply the principles of justice actually reveal the defects of his theoretical approach.
Libertas et Falsum
Authors: Siwek Anna
Published: October 2020

Why has the political sphere appeared so conducive to falsehood and liars throughout the ages? What is the source of acquiescence to the presence of falsehood in politics on the part of both public opinion and  philosophers? An attempt to answer this question, among many others, was undertaken by Hannah Arendt, when she reflected on the status of truth within philosophy and politics. Fact that one cannot dispute truth becomes an insurmountable problem in the mutual relationship between politics and truth. The truth doesn’t take privileged position within the political realm. Its foundation is made by opinions that are always formed within a discourse and refer to facts, and it is an agreement of the majority, not the absolute validity, that decides on the outcome of a debate between opinions. In light of this, however outrageous it might seem, Arendt sees unlimited possibilities for the lie, which are due to the nature of facts; their contingency allows for the whole of the public realm to be different from what it is. Equally surprising is the conclusion that telling the truth about facts does not lead to action and, by the same token, is not an act of freedom. Action, and the experience of freedom achieved through action, are born almost exclusively through the lie.
Karta Praw Podstawowych – jaki projekt społeczeństwa?
Authors: Bucholc Marta
Published: October 2020

What design for a society emerges from the text of the Charter of Fundamental Rights? The Charter articulates values, expresses their connection to practices (actions) and derives from these values standards for action. Who articulates and acknowledges these values? Is the entity which designates them values the same as the one which acknowledges them? If not, what is the relation between the two? The article contains a socio-philosophical analysis of the values expressed in the Charter of Fundamental Rights, such as social solidarity, neutrality of world-view or social consensus.
Podpisana i przypieczętowana. Apoteoza umowy w purytańskiej teologii federalnej
Authors: Gładziuk Nina
Published: October 2020

What is the Federal Theology, born in the 17th century in New England? The authoress presents the characteristics of the Puritan Federal Theology, emphasising the significance of the concept of Covenant, which binds a man to God and God to man, in the constituting of a community. The covenants entered into by people are acts of mutual debt raising and of undertaking a mutual obligation to discharge it. It is because a covenant ob-liga-tes that it brings forth a league.
Wojna kultur w Ameryce i na świecie. Moralność mieszczańska czy etos rycerski remedium na kontrkulturę? Oraz kilka innych uwag na marginesie książki Gertrude Himmelfarb „Jeden naród, dwie kultury”
Authors: Jóźwicki Władysław
Published: October 2020

Gertrude Himmelfarb aims at a comprehensive analysis of the condition of American society, in respect of its dominating culture, as possible. She attempts to find the causes of this condition, to describe and explain its basic symptoms and to discover the current trends, as well as to appraise their meaning and significance. The author’s book is firmly set in the American realities. This does not mean, however, that its messages may only be of interest to Americans or Americanists. The conflict between the conservative and liberal world outlooks is at present highly vital, in its various hues and on various planes, to all the societies of the ‘West’, including Poland. It for this reason that the theses articulated by Himmelfarb undoubtedly deserve profound reflection.
O władcy i jego poddanych, czyli Gorgiasz 469 C według Seneki Młodszego
Authors: Budzanowska Dominika
Published: October 2020

In Plato’s dialogue ‘Gorgias’, which is a polemic with rhetoric as an ability to choose the unfair, Socrates proves that it is better to experience the injustice rather than to cause it. A few centuries later, this idea was further exploited by a Roman Empire Stoic Lucius Annaeus Seneca, also called Seneca the Younger or Philosophus. The basic idea of Seneca’s political thought is hatred towards the tyranny and a simultaneous acceptance of a fair sovereign who can control his anger and look after his country. Through his work Seneca is encouraging a just life that is in accordance with god’s laws. For him, justice is the core for the functioning of a society. Seneca also claims that human relations should be based on natural reasoning rules.
Rewolucja obywatelska w ujęciu Hannah Arendt a paradoksy działania politycznego
Authors: Krzynówek-Arndt Anna
Published: October 2020

In the concept of revolution there are two essential elements of political life. The first one is the fragility and sensitivity of the world of things created by human beings, lack of durability and strong support of the political order. The other element is the human ability to create and build a new order with hope for its survival. However, a more adequate approach to understand these elements is conceptualization of politics and political actions that anticipate the opening of the public sphere to the traditional and religious arguments (desecularization of religion as an impress of the postmodern epoch), and also to the problems of dignity of human work. What is also important is the awareness that it requires redefinition of the  anthropological assumptions and a radical broadening of understanding how humans act according to what Hannah Arendt proposes. Moreover, it is important to understand that the redefinition means something more than just retouching as it is defined by  Habermas, who believes in “laic communicative power” even in spite of mentioning “complementary learning process” of religion and secular outlook from yourself.
Polityka i czas, czyli zderzenie epok: tradycyjności, moderności i postmoderności
Authors: Korab-Karpowicz W. Julian
Published: October 2020

A number of authors have described the clash of civilizations as the main form of conflict in today’s world. The author argues that a far more fundamental clash is taking place: the clash of epochs. It constitutes a hitherto little-noticed ground in which various forms of conflict can take place. It contributes to the weakening of Western civilization. The clash of epochs, as manifested in the conflict between tradition, modernity and postmodernity, has impelled the West to a point where it is torn apart internally and increasingly incapable of withstanding emerging challenges. To resist its postmodern deconstruction, the West must rediscover itself as a cultural entity. It must return to the classical tradition that for hundreds of years contributed to its strength. It must review it anew in today’s complex context of postmodernity and globalism.
New Deal jako zjawisko rewolucyjne według The Revolution Was Gareta Garretta
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Piotr
Published: October 2020

The article attempts to prove whether some elements of New Deal make it a revolutionary phenomenon. When thinking of New Deal as a model of revolution it can be said that the revolutionary change was the liberation of the bureaucratic class. It was the government that was liberated from the power of citizens. Therefore, it can also be said that the change was made without no change in the political system (including the remark borrowed from Aristotle). The United States of America remained a democratic country but the power was transferred from the citizens to the bureaucratic apparatus. This, apart from the violent character of the changes, could have caused Garrett to define Neal Deal as a revolution that happened behind the back of the biggest opponents of revolution.
Kulturowe źródła obrazu buntownika
Authors: Kutyła Dorota Halina
Published: October 2020

The author returns to both Polish and German cultural sources and depictions of rebellion. In Polish culture the basic, even archetypical depiction of warriors comes from Zygmunt Krasiński’s Un-divine comedy [Nie-Boska komedia]. For the German culture it is The Robbers, written by Friedrich Schiller. Both dramas are characterized by the author as cultural models of rebellion and revolution for the two countries. The problems depicted in both books have not only become historical, old and resolved, but they are present in the current times. Due to this fact, the questions of how to change them remain. Since the questions recur it is worth coming back to the culturally depicted solutions.
Hermana Hellera nauka o państwie. Wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

This article contains a summary of selected theses of the theory of the state developed by Hermann Heller, who was one of the leading representatives of the so-called Weimar Theory of the State. State theorists of the Weimar era formed an independent, formally unrelated group of scientists who had often opposing views, but were united by a common effort to conduct even philosophical investigation of the nature of the state, the European, continental state, as well as its internal ratio and mission. In addition to Hermann Heller, this group included Carl Schmitt, Rudolf Smend, Erich Kaufmann and Heinrich Triepel. They asked questions which are absent in today’s science, such as: “What is a state?”, “What kind of being is it and what is its nature?”. The answers determine many issues, including our perception of the durability and strength of the state, our understanding of its structure and development, the relation between the state and the individual and the relation between politics and history, etc. No settlement of this basic issue is not only simple negligence, but – as can be judged – it stems from today’s tacit assumption that the state is not a being, but only an artificial human construct, a combination of elements and a set of institutions. Heller perceives the state substantially: as particular organization of social affairs; organization of specific areas of public life: economy, law and public opinion. These were created in the modern era and have been specific to Europe from the sixteenth century to modern times. The matter of these areas is transformed into a state order by sovereign authorities. Therefore, their policies and their law have their concrete object whose reality they face, and they need to demonstrate that they are capable of organizing this reality. The ethos of the state and at the same time the legitimacy of its power require that elementary principles of justice are ensured, or at least injustice is eliminated from social life.
Konserwatyzm wobec nurtu ponowoczesności – wzajemne relacje i zależności
Authors: Graban Michał
Published: October 2020

The article uses the example of the issue of instrumental reason and enlightened idea of progress to show the similarity between the conservative doctrine and the postmodern thought. It discusses the pessimistic, or even apocalyptic nature of both of these world views as well as their nostalgia for the past. The article also analyzes basic differences in the way the two world views perceive the “metaphysics of presence”. Without denying the importance of these differences, it was proved that the thesis of the “death of God” articulated by postmodernists is not a strong value judgment and only shows the trends of thought in the contemporary world. Moreover, both world views are characterized as longing for the lost “metaphysics of presence”, which shows the possibility of their mutual synthesis, which in turn can be defined as postmodern conservatism.
Horror politicus w XX wieku. Próba interpretacji wybranych wątków Carla Schmitta teorii partyzanta
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

According to Carl Schmitt, the phenomenon of the political has different forms. These forms can be distinguished based on different possible relationships between political action and the state. This article presents the history of what Schmitt refers to as the phenomenon of partisanship. Partisanship is a specific form of politics, established in the early ninetieth century, which has gradually expanded its presence. Partisan activity is characterized by totality, which has evolved to become the dominant component of political action over time, particularly in the twentieth century. This totality affects not only the size and range of political activity, but it is also – and perhaps first of all – ruthless in its use of terror and violence, which is considered entirely justified by total partisans/terrorists.
Sprawiedliwość polityczna a neutralność. Kilka uwag o rozumnej naturze liberalizmu politycznego Johna Rawlsa i Charlesa Larmore’a
Authors: Prostak Rafał
Published: October 2020

Two fundamental features of a liberal political community are usually identified in contemporary deliberations: (1) there is an inevitable pluralism of visions of good and worthy life, blended into a wide range of religious, philosophical and ethical positions; (2) those who are in power are under an obligation to set public matters in such a way as to avoid discrimination of any class of the ruled. In respect of (1) and (2), it is presumed that the process of enacting, implementing and executing public law shall be separated from any perfectionist moral position, because being impartial when making political decisions is a prerequisite for non-discriminatory politics. This kind of politics looks for proper, convincing and comprehensible reasons to establish a new legal standard of behaviour in the ‘public reason’ – a set of moral statements and political values commonly shared in an open, pluralistic and tolerant society, which does not provide decisive answers to any questions about the meaning of life and does not bring us closer to discover its ideal. This article tries to reproduce the main notions and ideas of leading, contemporary liberal philosophers – John Rawls and Charles Larmore – that deal with the very nature of impartiality of a liberal state and the ability of policymakers to be impartial. It also presents the critical views of Stephen Macedo and Nicholas Wolterstorff, who question the possibility of building a neutral state.
Styl polityczny Marine Le Pen. Rodzinna sukcesja
Authors: Orzechowska-Słowikowska Daria
Published: October 2020

Marine Le Pen is one of the most famous and controversial individuals on the French, or perhaps European, political scene. Her opponents describe her as imperious, ruthless, often unfair and too self-confident, whereas her supporters appreciate her intelligence, effectiveness and ambition. Marine Le Pen divides public opinion like hardly any other politician in France. Malicious individuals emphasize that she graduated with honours from the best school of political leadership – the Jean-Marie Le Pen school. Marine Le Pen, however, stresses that ‘she will die as the daughter of her father’. Her goal is to ‘de-demonize’ the National Front, whose leader she became in 2011. It must be admitted that she is determined to achieve her objective.What exactly is known about the current leader of the National Front? How much of what is written in books dedicated to Marine Le Pen is truth and how much of it is fiction, created for the purpose of developing the image of a woman and a mother on the one hand and a political beast on the other?For researchers, the analysis of Marine Le Pen’s political style is a challenge. Firstly, it is difficult to operationalize the very notion of ‘political style’. Secondly, there is not much research on the her political activity or her leadership of the National Front.
Problem migracji w filozofii politycznej libertarianizmu
Authors: Dominiak Łukasz
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the problem of migration from the point of view of libertarian political philosophy. The author presents a theory of natural rights to private property and uses it to infer that the right to migration does not exist in the libertarian order. He points out that according to the the libertarian theory of justice, the decision-making process concerned with the reception of immigrants in a given location is governed by a communitarian-syndicalist rule, which recognises the local community’s right to make such decisions.
Migracja i uchodźstwo w świetle nauczania Kościoła
Authors: Makowski Paweł A.
Published: October 2020

Migration and refugeeism have become widespread phenomena in the contemporary world. They affect both the migrants’ countries of origin, as well as transit and target countries. The contemporary migrant crisis is becoming a challenge not only for politicians, diplomats and economists, but also for sociologists, demographers and philosophers. It is also a challenge for the Catholic Church because it affects millions of Christians to whose countries migrants and refugees are coming. The purpose of this article is to explain the social teaching of the Church in this regard. It contains examples of statements made by the Second Vatican Council and the Popes: John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis.
Carl Schmitt – przyjaźń jako jedność polityczna
Authors: Święcicki Łukasz
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to analyse the notion of friendship in Carl Schmitt’s concept of the political. Most commentators and interpreters of the German lawyer and political philosopher focus on enmity. This is because, seeing the growing pacifist, universalist and apolitical trends, Schmitt devotes more space in his writings to an enemy endangered by these trends than to a friend. To be coherent, Schmitt’s theory requires a friend to be not only a reflex of an enemy, but also an equal ontological subject. Friendship as the negation of political dissociation is tantamount to a condition of political unity. The condition of political unity is the absence within a given nation of entities which could become political, i.e. those that could provide security for obedience, expecting its members to sacrifice life for the good of the community.
Wodziński na skraju hermeneutyki
Authors: Kołoczek Łukasz
Published: October 2020

This article examines one of the themes in Cezary Wodziński’s philosophy, namely the way in which he practises hermeneutics. The starting point is Józef Tischner’s review of Wodziński’s book Światłocienie zła [The Chiaroscuro of Evil]. Entitled Odwrót myślenia [The Retreat of Thinking], the review indicates that Wodziński deals only with words, losing the relationship with the phenomenon to which these words should relate. Focusing primarily on Wodziński’s book Kairos, I show that this is a strategy that really pushes Wodziński beyond the boundaries of hermeneutics. Celan’s formula ‘Das Gedicht ja spricht!’ is instructive here. It is akin to Heidegger’s formula ‘Die Sprache spricht’. In the light of my analysis, I suggest that Wodziński’s trouble with hermeneutics should be understood as his attempt to think of a place for the essence of language in the language. This place might be found in speaking the language, i.e. the act of speaking.
Klasowy wymiar gościnności: zróżnicowanie dyspozycji organizujących praktyki gościny
Authors: Skowrońska Marta
Published: October 2020

This article looks at hospitality practices in the process of recreating and modifying social structure. The author seeks the general regularities and behavioral patterns that appear when people visit others and are visited, as well as how they speak of these visits, or, in Pierre Bourdieu’s language, the principles that organize practices that are part of the class habitus. For the purposes of the analysis, two comparative groups were selected: people with the highest and lowest levels of economic, social, and cultural capital. The analysis allowed several conclusions to be drawn. First, in addition to the class factor, the age or generational factor should be taken into account as it has proven to be relevant in terms of the diversity of practices. Second, the research showed that several of the practices studied were not differentiated between the groups; they turned out to be intense in the case of people with high and low levels of capital. Such patterns involved informality and freedom, the striving for agreement and group solidarity, and an aversion to aesthetics and decoration. Third, there were sometimes differentiating nuances – the general principle could be the same, but the justification or motivation behind it was different. For people with a high level of both types of capital, naturalness/honesty was an important justification and was contrasted to  falsehood, artificiality, and pretentiousness. This justification seemed to be a meta-principle that permeated many other patterns of behavior.
Kobieca gościnność? Analiza wybranych praktyk goszczenia
Authors: Mateja-Jaworska Bogumiła
Published: October 2020

This text contains an analysis of the ways in which men and women engage in selected hospitality practices, including such questions as the feminine transmission of hospitality patterns, the division of responsibilities in preparing for guests, and places for meeting socially (at home and outside the home). On the basis of material gathered by the team of the Archive of Research on Everyday Life, the author finds numerous paradoxes and inconsistencies between women’s beliefs and their behaviors. In attempting a theoretical explanation, reference is made to the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Claude Kaufmann, Harriet Bjerrum Nielsen, and Monica Rudberg. Analysis leads to the conclusion that the multiple and time-consuming responsibilities associated with receiving guests mostly fall to women and thus contribute to their ability to sustain symbolic power over the home space. Consequently, hospitality perpetuates the traditional division into what is public and considered “masculine” and what is private or “feminine.”
Imigranci tureccy w Polsce. Percepcja różnic kulturowych w procesie adaptacji na rynku pracy
Authors: Andrejuk Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

This article is about immigrants’ perceptions of their host society and cultural differences. The analysis is based on twenty in-depth interviews conducted in 2018 with persons from Turkey working in Poland. Their narratives are a rich source of information about the challenges of the integration process and about the opportunities and dilemmas of ethnically and religiously diverse groups in Polish society, which is becoming increasingly multicultural. The respondents pointed to the recent noticeable deterioration in the attitude of Poles toward foreigners in general, which translates into more negative attitudes toward Turks. The cultural differences most commonly noticed related to work culture and working conditions. Although Poland’s fairly large ethnic uniformity was mostly declared to be a hindrance in the adaptation process, some immigrants saw it as strengthening social cohesion and facilitating adaptation to life in the new country. In defining the cultural differences and expectations of the host society, the foreigners became more aware of the values, practices, and attitudes with which they had become acquainted. Some interviewees did not define the differences they observed as traits of the sending or receiving society but rather “de-nationalized” the differences and referred to other categories of diversity, for example, of a class nature.