bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This epilogue shows that Hague v. CIO had a legacy more complex than its reputation as a speech rights victory for workers and others over dictatorial city boss Frank Hague under the Bill of Rights. The American Civil Liberties Union and renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) immediately split over the decision’s ramifications. Moreover, while the ruling enlarged constitutional protection for the right of public assembly to the benefit of Jehovah’s Witnesses, civil rights demonstrators, and others, it did little to enhance picketing and other “labor speech,” or to shield union organizers from police harassment. And while the decision freed the CIO to organize in Jersey City, it did not destroy Mayor Hague, who accommodated CIO unions and was ousted later due to city politics.
A Revolution in Movement
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

A Revolution in Movement is the first book to illuminate how collaborations between dancers and painters shaped Mexico’s postrevolutionary cultural identity. K. Mitchell Snow traces this relationship throughout nearly half a century of developments in Mexican dance—the emulation of Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes in the 1920s, the adoption of U.S.-style modern dance in the 1940s, and the creation of ballet-inspired folk dance in the 1960s. Snow describes the appearances in Mexico by Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova and Spanish concert dancer Tortóla Valencia, who helped motivate Mexico to express its own national identity through dance. He discusses the work of muralists and other visual artists in tandem with Mexico’s theatrical dance world, including Diego Rivera’s collaborations with ballet composer Carlos Chávez; Carlos Mérida’s leadership of the National School of Dance; José Clemente Orozco’s involvement in the creation of the Ballet de la Ciudad de México; and Miguel Covarrubias, who led the “golden age” of Mexican modern dance. Snow draws from a rich trove of historical newspaper accounts and other contemporary documents to show how these collaborations produced an image of modern Mexico that would prove popular both locally and internationally and continues to endure today.
Epilogue
Authors: Snow K. Mitchell
Published: May 2021

Dancers outside the sphere of theatricalized folk performances continued to interact with painters and musicians in creating their works for the public, just as they had done in the 1950s, but they no longer felt the impulse to develop explicitly nationalist works. Rufino Tamayo provided the scenic designs for Guillermina Bravo’s Constelaciones y danzantes (Constellations and Dancers), honoring his seventieth year as a painter. The work mixed movement and sound from Tamayo’s home stage of Oaxaca, whose indigenous dancers had influenced Bravo early in her career, with materials drawn from across the globe. Bravo rendered homage to Tamayo through an expression that embraced both Mexico’s local roots and its place in the broader world, just as the painter had done throughout his career.
School of Hard Knocks
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

The story of the ILC Industries space suit has its roots in the early 1950s, when a small group of “hard-knockers,” as they would call themselves, began developing pressure suits to protect humans in space. The company was better known for making commercial products such as bras and girdles through a closely tied parent division named Playtex. The ILC’s work on pressure suits followed the success their small division had had with developing and manufacturing pressure helmets such as the model MA-2 for the U.S. Air Force. Post–World War II jet aircraft were flying at higher altitudes and the demand for crew protection had increased. While the air force gave ILC an opportunity to develop the first pressure suits, those early contracts were just an excuse for ILC to get their “space suit” recognized by industry.
The Turbulent Years, 1962–1965
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

NASA decides that the best course to take to develop the Apollo space suit is to choose Hamilton Standard as the prime suit contractor and make ILC the supplier of the suit to Hamilton Standard. This did not sit well with the ILC team who was instrumental in the suit development and considered themselves the prime contractor for the suit.
The Model A-5L Space Suit Contract
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

ILC Industries wins the Apollo suit contract and is now the prime contractor responsible for delivering the suit NASA needs to explore the lunar surface and provide other protection to the crews traveling to and from the moon.
The Model A-6L Space Suit
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

ILC Industries develops the model A-6L suit intended to be the first flight version to support the Apollo missions. The Nomex outer cover layer is designed with the expectation that it would provide all the protection necessary for the Apollo crews.
Preserving Our Treasures
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

When the Apollo program was over, the items that were returned to Earth became treasures to be shared with the American taxpayers who funded this great adventure and with people from around the world. The space suits are the only life-support equipment that was taken to the moon’s surface and brought back to Earth. That we have relatively few items back from lunar missions makes the preservation of equipment and moon rocks all the more important. Fortunately, America has some of the best museums in the world. The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum, located on the Mall in Washington, DC, began as the National Air Museum in 1946. Funding for the present building was approved in 1971 and the museum opened its doors on July 1, 1976.
The Daughters of the American Revolution and Patriotic Memory in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

This book is a comprehensive account of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) and its efforts to keep alive the memory of the nation’s past. It argues that, especially prior to World War II, the DAR’s conservative white middle-class members played a vital role in private citizens’ efforts to both bolster patriotism and guard the nation’s gendered and racial boundaries through commemorative practices. The Daughters engaged in patriotic activism long believed to be the domain of men and deliberately challenged male-centered accounts of US nation-building. At the same time, however, their tales about the past helped reinforce traditional notions of femininity and masculinity, reflecting a strong-held belief that any challenge to these traditions would jeopardize the nation’s stability. In a similar fashion, the organization frequently voiced support for inclusive civic nationalism, but deliberately used memory to consolidate Anglo-Saxon whiteness and keep the nation’s racial divisions in place. By closely examining these ambiguities, this study sheds fresh light on white conservative women’s remarkable agency in US nationalism and explains the tenacity of a particular nationalist ideology that deemed ingrained gender and race hierarchies vital to America’s unity and progress.
“I Wanted It to Change and to Make Up for Its Past”
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

The chapter explores the organization’s post–World War II history. This period saw major challenges to its conservative vision of America’s “imagined community.” Despite these challenges, the DAR’s views on race, immigration, gender, and the nation’s past remained virtually unchanged. It continued to embrace ethnic nationalism, opposing racial integration and a liberalization of America’s immigration laws, and upheld the very same ideals of femininity and masculinity that its campaigns had emphasized prior to 1945. The organization regarded the social movements of the 1960s, including the civil rights movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and second wave feminism, as a grave danger to the nation. Although the DAR began to admit black members in 1977 and finally acknowledged African Americans’ patriotic contributions to American independence in the 1980s, its public rhetoric of civic tolerance frequently belied the DAR’s conservative views on race and gender.
Introduction
Authors: Clinton Catherine
Published: May 2021

The movers and shakers of women’s history during second-wave feminism and particularly the women who in 1970 founded the Southern Association of Women Historians (named changed to Southern Association for Women Historians in 1985) would likely be surprised as well as delighted by current strides by feminist scholars and women historians in all fields, but particularly in Southern women’s history. They doubtless would be amazed by how the Southern academy has adapted to female colleagues and feminist agendas. Coming together to celebrate fifty years of organizational outreach, mentoring and fundraising, prize-giving and programming, it is a good time not only to take stock of this organization but also to reflect on our academic enterprise: the challenges and accomplishments at half a century. The fluidity and dynamism of women’s history has combined with important recognition of race and region within the American past, and twenty-first-century shifts take into account the dramatic acceleration of historical revisionism.
Testing Our Mettle
Authors: Gillespie Michele
Published: May 2021

Women’s and gender historians over the last fifty years have not suffered such physical horrors, they have had to test their mettle on the scholarly battlefield of Civil War history. Theirs has been a dogged fight in the face of strong opposition to gendering a past that traditional historians and popular culture have preferred to see as great battles between great men. Newer narratives that document white and black women’s resistance, agency, and leadership across the Civil War era have been contesting these persistent older accounts for several decades. Recently historians have disputed traditional historical approaches even more rigorously by exposing the cultural meanings of gender during wartime. They have argued that ideas about masculinity and femininity shaped Civil War political discourse, social thought, and economic roles, ultimately affecting the nature and outcome of the war. The Southern Association for Women Historians (SAWH) has long been a critical locus of support for these scholars who are challenging outmoded conceptions of the Civil War that emanate from within the profession and across mainstream American media and culture.
Weyler Is Coming!
Authors: Gálvez y Delmonte Wenceslao
Published: May 2021

When the Spanish colonial government escalated the war with Cuban independence forces by sending Valeriano Weyler “the Butcher” to contain the conflict, many emigrated from Cuba to to join the community in Tampa. Gálvez describes the process to obtain a passport, the voyage to Port Tampa via the steamer Olivette, a stop in Key West, and arrival in Ybor City.
Epilogue
Authors: Gálvez y Delmonte Wenceslao
Published: May 2021

The epilogue describes the Cuban War of Independence, the Spanish-American War, including the U.S. occupation of Cuba, and the building of an independent Cuba.
Finding Balanchine's Lost Ballets
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

Finding Balanchine’s Lost Ballets: Exploring the Early Choreography of a Master allows the reader to learn about one of the twentieth century’s greatest artists in a way that has not before been possible. Balanchine’s Russian ballets did not survive in the repertory, but this book demonstrates how some of these lost works need not be relegated to the pages of history but can and should be reconstructed, giving us a vision of our past as artists, scholars, and audiences. The book details the work of setting Balanchine’s first group ballet, Funeral March (Choreography by George Balanchine © The George Balanchine Trust), on the dancers of the Grand Rapids Ballet. It follows this project from archival studies to studio research with the dancers to a final performance. Through careful research on Balanchine’s earliest ballets, traditional research is brought from the archive into the studio, and finally, onto the stage. This visceral approach enables dance history to be studied in its most natural state, kinesthetically, through movement, allowing us to explore, examine, and above all, experience the earliest works of this master.
The Dancer’s Discovery
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, the transition from studying George Balanchine’s early ballets using traditional archival research to initial studio research is discussed. It demonstrates how photographs in conjunction with the musical score and textual descriptions of the dance can be used to create combinations that, while not perfect, can represent dances that are otherwise lost. The first Tragic section of Funeral March is discussed, and the idea that there is enough material about this first third of the dance to accurately be restaged is presented.
The Puzzle’s Picture
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the idea that a lost dance can be approached like a puzzle with missing pieces. A picture can be created with the parts we know, and the reconstructor in charge of dance reconstruction fills in the blanks. The sections of Funeral March for which there are the most textual and photographic information are set on dancers. The studio research on the first Tragic section of the ballet with the dance artists of the Grand Rapids Ballet, as well as the performance of this section are detailed.
One Final Note
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This final chapter discusses the merits of the project, showing how examining George Balanchine’s earliest ballets allows us a better understanding of his mature works. Comparisons are drawn between his lost ballets and those that are in the repertory: Prodigal Son, Apollo, Serenade, Jewels, Stravinsky Violin Concerto, and others. This conclusion shows the merits of a dance reconstruction project like Funeral March and demonstrates how it enables historians, dance artists, and audiences to gain greater depth in their understanding of ballet as an art form.
No Man Is above the Law
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

President Richard Nixon, hounded by Watergate-related pressures, reacted by trying to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who was leading the Watergate investigation. That attempt resulted in not only Cox’s firing but also in the resignation of the attorney general and deputy attorney general. Chesterfield Smith, American Bar Association (ABA)president, quickly issued a statement condemning the action and declaring that no man, not even the president, was above the law. His was one of the first “establishment” voices to condemn the president’s acts; many in the ABA condemned Smith rather than Nixon. Smith found himself a national figure and, to some, a hero.
Arcadia
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

Smith grew up in a small ranching town in southwest Florida called Arcadia. His father’s large and accomplished family lived there as well, providing structure for Smith and his siblings, whose father was often absent. Smith’s mother provided stability and inspiration. Smith graduated high school and worked odd jobs while attending college part-time. This lasted until he enlisted in the army shortly before the United States entered World War II.
Holland, Bevis, McRae & Smith
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

Smith returned to Arcadia to practice law with a small firm there but shortly was recruited to practice with a firm in Bartow, Florida, in neighboring Polk County. Smith worked hard and soon found himself not only a partner but also running the firm and recruiting lawyers himself. He dreamed of growth and made the growth happen, taking advantage of new ideas such as specialized practice areas, hourly billing, and seeking out and hiring top students. In the meantime, he made himself valuable to the firm’s clients in the citrus industry and the environmentally destructive phosphate industry. Smith and his family would boat nearly every weekend and took some memorable trips.
A Tale of Two Terms
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

The introduction situates this book’s contribution to the field of literary, theoretical, and cultural studies of masochism. The introduction contextualizes previous critical and historical methodologies by examining case studies by sexologists including Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Havelock Ellis, Albert Eulenburg, and Magnus Hirschfeld; psychoanalytical approaches to masochism from Sigmund Freud, Marie Bonaparte, Jessica Benjamin, and Juliet Mitchell; more modern theoretical texts including works by Gilles Deleuze, Anita Phillips, Slavoj Žižek; and specifically intersectional approaches that consider queerness and gender by Leo Bersani, Paula Caplan, Jack Halberstam, and Amber Jamilla Musser. This chapter sets up the core conflict at the center of Ordinary Masochisms: a pseudo-scientific, roundly negative consideration of masochism countered by a collection of unexpected, active, and empowering literary representations of masochism.
Villette’s Erotic Experimentation
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

In Villette, Charlotte Brontë’s narrator Lucy Snowe experiments with what can be read as gendered sadistic and masochistic roles before discovering in M. Paul a mutually masochistic partner. With Ginevra Fanshawe, Lucy dabbles in sadism in the abuse she doles out whereas with Dr. John, Lucy performs as the traditional courted woman who relishes an apparently inactive position as the feminine object of courtship. This relationship with Dr. John is her trial with the kind of inherent female masochism psychoanalysts and sexologists identify as endemic to the female experience. Unsurprisingly, these relationships fail and the satisfaction Lucy yields from them is fleeting and insubstantial. By falling for M. Paul, Lucy is able to successfully link the two worlds with which she previously flirted—the typically female masochistic realm and the conventionally male sadistic realm.
A Drama in Muslin’s Queer Mysticism
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Marginalized physically by her hunchback, religiously by her staunch Protestantism, and emotionally by her unrequited lesbian desires, A Drama in Muslin’s Cecilia Cullen cannot control her love for the novel’s heroine, Alice. Her increasingly frustrated desires culminate in her religious conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism, and its accompanying discourse of divine torment. At the novel’s close, Cecilia paints herself as a sacrificial female martyr who relishes in the abuse of God. Cecilia’s account of her grief, her pain, her sin, and her love echoes the language with which earlier female mystics describe their relationship with Christ and God. The prime example, St. Teresa of Avila, employs terms that help foreground Cecilia’s own religious masochism. This chapter approaches Cecilia Cullen as a doubly marginalized young woman and as the prototype of Victorian mysticism, a representation of the tellingly queer transition to devout religiosity in all its spectacular masochistic glory.
Murderous Masochism in The Torture Garden
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This interlude contextualizes the shift in public consciousness regarding sex and gender through a literary case study of Octave Mirbeau’s The Torture Garden (tr. 1903; Les jardins des supplices, 1899). The narrator embarks on a fictional, albeit typical journey from west to east, wherein he witnesses both the elaborate, public torture of Chinese prisoners punishments and his lover’s erotic pleasure in them. The novella plays with both sexological discourses of deviance and aesthetic concerns about art and literature, inviting readers to explore the connection between masochism, sadism, and reading. An ideal representation of decadent literature, The Torture Garden, by performing a model of masochistic reading, invites readers to consider their own relationship to violence and the erotic.
How History Controls the Past
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the principle historical and heritage narratives in Setauket, New York. It examines the idea of an authorized heritage discourse as well as the content of this discourse in Setauket. The chapter shows how people of color are marginalized by the dominant heritage narrative.
Material Histories and the Dynamics of Racism in Setauket
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 interprets the material culture collected from the excavations of the Silas Tobias and Jacob and Hannah Hart sites. Discussions of each collection provide an understanding of how life for people of color in Setauket changed due to increasing restrictions on their freedom and autonomy after the end of slavery. Analysis of faunal, botanical, lithic, ceramic, glass, and architectural artifacts are the main focus.
North American Mummies
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 highlights the North American mummies from the Southwest, Southeast, and Alaska. Techniques used to study North American mummies are reviewed. Research on the North American mummies focusses on diet, trauma and diseases.
Reconstructing the Past
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer summarize the bioarchaeological research that has challenged previously held stereotypes of Native Americans, answering questions about population size in North America prior to Columbus’s arrival; social structure of pre-contact Native Americans; violence rates in Native American tribes both before and after Columbus’s arrival; Native Americans health and diseases, such as tuberculosis and syphilis, before and after contact with Europeans; Native American diet throughout time; and Native Americans’ relationship with their environment.
Other Repatriation Movements in the United States
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

In this chapter, Weiss and Springer review Native American genetics research cases. The main case examined is the genetic research conducted on the Havasupai tribe. Many tribes have since placed limits on genetics research.
Indian Treatment of the Human Body
Authors: Weiss Elizabeth , Springer James W.
Published: May 2021

Weiss and Springer argue that many contemporary views of burial practice in American Indian culture do not reflect burial practices as revealed by historic and anthropological research. The authors question why these views of burial practice should be deferred to by the larger society through repatriation policy.
Introduction
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the book with a discussion of culture contact dynamics and the need to investigate these questions in complex non-state societies. The spread of Cahokia’s influence through both direct and indirect interaction across the Midcontinent, had diverse outcomes in different regions. Mississippianization was a historical process whereby Woodland peoples had the agency to resist or participate in Cahokian practices and did so with reference to their own identities and traditions. Within this framework, the chapter lays out the following research questions: 1) did the Lower Illinois River Valley’s (LIRV) proximity to Cahokia enable certain social, political, and economic interactions with American Bottom groups that did not transpire with more distant groups; and 2) how did these interactions impact the social organization and daily practices of groups in the LIRV?
Architecture and Community Organization
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses questions related to the impacts of Mississippianization on community organization at the Audrey site. It begins with a detailed architectural analysis, and a functional and spatial analysis of pit features from recent excavations. A comparative analysis of patterns from Audrey, Greater Cahokia, and northern hinterland sites is presented to assess whether Audrey villagers maintained a communally oriented, Woodland-era social organization or subscribed to a more hierarchically organized, Cahokian way of life.
The Audrey site was a large nucleated Mississippian village with multiple types of structures including elite and special purpose buildings, reflecting a Cahokian architecture of power. Audrey inhabitants also continued to practice lifeways influenced by local Woodland traditions, including hybrid architectural techniques and communal domestic activities.
Ceramic Traditions
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents an analysis of ceramic artifacts collected during recent Audrey site excavations. Jar rims are seriated using established chronological sequences from Cahokia; these patterns are considered in conjunction with AMS dates from four features to date the site to Cahokia’s early Stirling phase (AD 1100–1150). An interregional comparative analysis of ceramic temper, surface finish, orifice diameter, and vessel class from the Audrey site, Greater Cahokia, and northern hinterland regions is conducted to determine the degree to which Audrey inhabitants adopted Cahokian potting practices and/or retained traditional Woodland-era potting techniques and foodways. Finally, the presence of exotic, non-Cahokian pottery at Audrey and northern hinterland sites is considered as potential evidence for interregional exchange and interaction among northern groups.
Deep Time on the Eternal River
Authors: Randall Asa R.
Published: May 2021

Archaic hunter-gatherers of the St. Johns River Valley were once considered the history-less multitudes par excellence, who flourished for millennia with little change. However, mortuary traditions, object itineraries, biographies of place, and footprints of landscape terraforming reveal how Archaic communities actively cultivated associations with ancient social landscapes whose relevance was deeply imbricated with the cosmology of watery underworlds. In this chapter, I consider how Archaic communities uncovered and re-created their own histories as modes of social change. Even at the scale of the southeast, communities leveraged their historical entanglements with a sacred geography to structure and provide rationale to gatherings.
Histories of Greater Cahokian Assemblages
Authors: Alt Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Uncovering ancient Native American histories requires more than considering people, places, and events. It entails recognizing the full assemblage of human and nonhuman agents, forces, powers, affects and atmospheres—and how such were entangled with each other. Uncovering these histories requires considering the processes that drove them, but more, it requires recognizing places and things that particularly resonated because of special powers and vibrancies, that evoked powerful human responses. This requires paying attention to what the people we study believed and recognized, information accessible through material assemblages and oral histories. Alt considers Cahokian assemblages—mounds, caves, water, fire, stone, clay, human and nonhuman persons—to explore how history can be enriched and altered by historicizing an expanded assemblage.
Univision, Telemundo, and the Rise of Spanish-Language Television in the United States
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

The first completely researched history of U.S. Spanish-language television traces the rise of two foremost, if widely unrecognized, modern American enterprises—the Spanish-language networks Univision and Telemundo. It is a standard scholarly history constructed from archives, original interviews, reportage, and other public materials. Occasioned by the public’s wakening to a “Latinization” of the U.S., the book demonstrates that the emergence of Spanish-language television as a force in mass communication is essential to understanding the increasing role of Latinos and Latino affairs in modern American society. It argues that a combination of foreign and domestic entrepreneurs and innovators who overcame large odds resolves a significant and timely question: In an English-speaking country, how could a Spanish-speaking institution have emerged? Through exploration of significant and colorful pioneers, continuing conflicts and setbacks, landmark strides, and ongoing controversies—and with revelations that include regulatory indecision, behind-the-scenes tug-of-war, and the internationalization of U.S. mass media—the rise of a Spanish-language institution in the English-speaking U.S. is explained. Nine chapters that begin with Spanish-language television’s inception in 1961 and end 2012 chronologically narrate the endeavor’s first 50 years. Events, passages, and themes are thoroughly referenced.
The Wages of Sin
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1973–1976. Three years of promise and tribulation begin with Azcárraga Milmo’s reprieve of Anselmo for delinquent payment of fees, then Milmo’s merger that reorganizes Telesistema as the technology-rich new firm Televisa. He informs Anselmo that SIN soon will be delivered throughout the U.S. by Televisa’s satellites (Westars 1 & 2). However, no longer subsidized, Anselmo must pay the delinquent fees. A sports TV venture that is the first to televise soccer’s World Cup, MagnaVerde, fails. Anselmo devises a repayment plan that satisfies Azcárraga Milmo who defrays and provides satellite technology to SIN’s stations. SIN becomes the first U.S. network delivered by satellite. But the plan incenses Fouce Jr., an absentee owner yet the official chair of the board since protesting Anselmo’s appointment as SIN president in 1962. The repayment to Azcárraga Milmo will reduce Fouce’s shares of SIN. They engage in confrontation. Anselmo maneuvers and succeeds in ousting Fouce as chair. Fouce is more outraged. In the glow of a signal achievement, SIN’s delivery by satellite, Fouce files a lawsuit against SIN.
Armageddon
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1976–1986. A return to 1976 begins an account of a U.S. broadcast landmark: the demise of a TV network. Fouce’s lawsuit against SIN protracts when judges suspect violations of the foreign ownership rule making SIN an illegal firm. After ten years of proceedings, the FCC revokes SIN’s licenses and banishes Anselmo. The matter reverts to the original trial judge, Mariana Pfaelzer, who ends the lawsuit by persuading remaining SIN defendants to sell the firm. But, presiding over the sale, Pfaelzer affirms that, under the law, she cannot prevent the new owner from converting SIN from Spanish to English. On its pledge to preserve Spanish-language TV, Hallmark Cards becomes the new owner. Immediately, Hallmark is challenged. Needing to continue the network’s Televisa programming, Hallmark must pay Azcárraga’s huge fee. Then, the Reliance Insurance Company announces a rival network called “Telemundo.” Days before competition begins, Hallmark concludes a court-ordered reorganization by dissolving SIN and rechristening the network “Univision.”
Wage-Earning Slaves
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

Wage-Earning Slaves is the first systematic study of coartación, a process by which slaves worked toward purchasing their freedom in installments, long recognized as a distinctive feature of certain areas under Spanish colonial rule in the nineteenth century. Focusing on Cuba, this book reveals that instead of providing a “path to manumission,” the process was often rife with obstacles that blocked slaves from achieving liberty.
Claudia Varella and Manuel Barcia trace the evolution of coartación in the context of urban and rural settings, documenting the lived experiences of slaves through primary sources from many different archives. They show that slave owners grew increasingly intolerant and abusive of the process and that the laws of coartación were not often followed in practice. The process did not become formalized as a contract between slaves and their masters until 1875, after abolition had already come. Varella and Barcia discuss how coartados did not see an improvement in their situation at this time but essentially became wage-earning slaves as they continued serving their former owners.
The exhaustive research in this volume provides valuable insight into how slaves and their masters negotiated with each other in the ever-changing economic world of nineteenth-century Cuba, where freedom was not always absolute and where abuses and corruption most often prevailed.
The Textile Response
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the textile industry’s response to wartime shortages, postwar overstocks, and sectoral crises in the mid-1920s. In the prewar era, industrialists became accustomed to government intervention and continuous labor supply. The war fundamentally changed the Paulistano labor composition and the state’s relative protection of the textile sector, but industrialists continued to manipulate labor costs by employing children and women. Budget constraints often prevented the implementation of new machinery, but in contrast to other sectors that adopted rationalization, training, and innovation, textile industrialists lobbied for extreme protection, actively dismissed labor laws, and were at the forefront of labor repression. The Centro dos Industriais de Fiação e Tecelagem de São Paulo formed after the 1917 General Strike demonstrates this preference for repressive labor tactics that included blacklists and even disappearing problematic workers. A case study of the Jafet textile factory highlights how these choices negatively impacted workers’ lives. Jafet increasingly employed women for shorter tenures, awarded minimal wage increases to combat the rising cost of living, and relied on blacklists and police intervention. As the company failed to provide schools, training, childcare, and adequate housing, these choices disproportionately impacted women and intensified labor inequities.
Conclusion
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

The Old Republic could have been a turning point in Brazilian development, but two important factors stunted that potential. The Hospedaria provided a cheap labor supply by bringing in working families, proving a disincentive to industrialist innovation. World War I cut short standards-of-living advancements and exacerbated working-class divisions. By the end of the Old Republic, access to the middle class was open to some, but closed to most, especially Afro-Brazilian women. These conclusions encourage scholars to revisit World War I’s impact in Latin America; to investigate how state institutions impact development; to consider working-class divisions when analysing Getulio Vargas–era labor reforms; and to include family agency in analyses of the modern era.
Past and Present Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers diagnosis of leprosy both today and in the past. Recently, molecular methods have contributed to diagnosis, detecting drug resistant M. leprae strains and bacterial strain-specific markers, assessing exposure to M. leprae, and tracing transmission patterns. Treatment of leprosy is focused on drug therapy, but a holistic approach is needed from both medical and social perspectives. Since the 1940s drug therapy has contributed to leprosy’s decline, free for over twenty years. However, access can be a challenge. Effective vaccines for preventing leprosy need development. Equally important is the prevention and treatment of damage to the hands and feet due to loss of skin sensation. Historically, diagnosis of leprosy in the past could be done by inexperienced people and often seemed inappropriate. However, rational tests are described, such as looking at urine and blood, and focusing on the skin lesions. Treatments were varied, such as bathing, dressing skin lesions, cautery of body parts, and herbal remedies. The most widespread “treatment” was segregation into leprosy hospitals (leprosaria). It is unclear how many people in the past were segregated in this way, compared to the number more readily accepted within their communities.
The Bioarchaeology of Leprosy
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the bone changes in the skeleton related to leprosy (paleopathology). Diagnosing leprosy in skeletons ideally requires a complete well-preserved skeleton. The facial, hand, and foot bones are affected, but only a few percent of untreated people will develop bone lesions, and the type of leprosy depends on the resistance of their immune system to M. leprae. Most skeletons diagnosed will display lesions due to the low-resistant form: lepromatous leprosy. Damage to the peripheral nerves by M. leprae is responsible for the alterations to the hand and foot bones. The bone changes of the skull represent the direct effects of M. leprae being inhaled into the mouth and nose. Beyond visual/macroscopic analysis, imaging and microscopy have been used for diagnosis. Biomolecular analysis is the main advance in analytical methods (mainly focusing on ancient DNA). Sequencing of the modern M. leprae and M. lepromatosis genomes have provided data for comparative analyses and testable hypotheses regarding the origin, evolution, and history of leprosy. These data are enabling paleogeneticists, historians, and bioarchaeologists to re-evaluate the long history of leprosy in relation to historical accounts of the drivers for the migration of people with leprosy across the globe.
Indicadores biofísicos de degradação ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Piracuruca
Authors: Santos Francílio de Amorim dos
Published: May 2021

A pesquisa analisar o estado de conservação/degradação ambiental das unidades de paisagem da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Piracuruca, a partir da integração dos indicadores biofísicos litologia, declividade média do relevo, erosividade das chuvas, erodibilidade dos solos e índice de cobertura vegetal ajustado ao solo. O estudo diz é uma pesquisa aplicada, explicativa e empregou estatística para quantificação dos dados das componentes ambientais e construção do índice de degradação biofísica. Foram mapeadas as seguintes unidades de paisagem: platô do Planalto da Ibiapaba, rebordos erosivos parcialmente dissercados do Planalto da Ibiapaba, rebordos erosivos moderadamente dissercados do Planalto da Ibiapaba, rebordos erosivos fortemente dissercados do Planalto da Ibiapaba, depressão monoclinal dissecada, depressão aplainada conservada, interflúvios tabulares, morros e colinas, fundos de vales associados à área de inundação, planícies fluviais. Os resultados apontaram que predomina na Bacia: rochas com baixa resistência, em 58,8%; relevo plano, em 58,4%; aridez alta, que ocorre por 59%; erosividade das chuvas moderada, em 60,7%; erodibilidade dos solos muito alta, frequente em 59,8%; vegetação com baixa atividade fotossintética, distribuída por 49%. A análise estatística demonstrou que: o IBFD4 obteve a menor variância, com 0,2; o IBFD5 aquele que exibiu a maior variância, com 1,7; o IBFD5 apresentou o maior desvio padrão, com 1,3; enquanto o IBFD5 indicou maior dispersão, com coeficiente de variação de 73,1%. Por meio do índice de degradação foi possível reconhecer que a depressão aplainada conservada e o platô do Planalto da Ibiapaba apresentam baixa degradação ambiental, enquanto as demais unidades possuem degradação ambiental média.
Thinking through Poetry
Authors: Owen Stephen
Published: May 2021

“Thinking through poetry” refers to an associative process of poetic structure, through which Du Fu explores a basic issue. In “Getting Rid of the Blues” the poet addresses the question of empire as circulation, “that which goes far.” The antithetical term is the local, “that which cannot go far.” Poetry is something that circulates throughout the empire, but it often carries the image of the local and, through the image, a desire for what even the emperor cannot have: fresh, ripe lychees.
Refuges and Refugees
Authors: Rouzer Paul
Published: May 2021

While increasing attention has been paid to the role of Buddhism in Chinese literature and aesthetics, relatively little has been written on the place of the religion in the poetry of Du Fu. This essay examines ways in which the poet deploys Buddhist imagery and themes, particularly in occasional verse. It also argues that “Buddhist poetry” in China is best examined through social praxis (temple-visiting, poetic exchanges with monks, etc.) than through explicit or implicit philosophical discourse. Though Buddhism is by no means a prominent aspect in Du Fu’s work, examination of Buddhist motifs and situations in it gives us a useful guide for its cultural presence in Tang poetry overall.
Sources of Difficulty
Authors: Nugent Christopher M. B.
Published: May 2021

This essay examines the common notion, beginning in the Song period, that Du Fu is a difficult poet to read and understand. By comparing the lexical range and allusions found in a representative set of Du Fu’s works with the vocabulary and literary-historical knowledge found in a range of medieval educational texts, I argue that if Du Fu’s poetry, in both shi and fu forms, would likely be understandable to any Tang period reader with a basic literary education. Moreover, on a basic linguistic and cultural level, Du Fu’s poetry appears to have been no more difficult than that of Wang Wei, a poet who does not have a similar reputation for difficulty. Du Fu’s poetic language does make demands of his readers, but those demands are not based on the difficulty of his vocabulary and allusions.
Listening to Survivors
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

In the comfort women movement, testimony was employed as the most popular and the most effective strategy for getting public support. Scholars debated whether or not testimony could count as historical evidence and theorized the act of listening to survivors as a form of taking responsibility. As exemplified in the narratives of Yang Ching-ja and Nobukawa Mitsuko, activists took it as their responsibility to listen and respond to survivors sincerely. The act of listening brought about mutual transformation as it contributed to survivors’ recovery from injuries and to activists’ personal growth. Ishida Yoneko, a historian, narrates how she came to see testimonial narratives as historical evidence through her changing interpersonal relationships with Chinese survivors.
Discrimination against Women
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

Feminist scholars argue that the licensed prostitution system, a system of sexual slavery created in prewar Japan to complement the patriarchal system, became the basis of the wartime comfort women system. They have begun to examine the comfort women issue in relation to contemporary issues of sexual violence such as adult videos, pointing out that deep-seated sex culture of Japan as a reason for the social resistance against taking responsibility for the issue. Activists in the comfort women movement include those involved in the women’s liberation movement of the early 1970s, in which the comfort women issue was problematized. One such activist, Tanimoto Ayako, criticizes in her narrative the commodification of women, pointing to similarities between survivors of Japan’s military sexual slavery and those of domestic violence in today’s Japan. In their narratives, Nakagawa Kayoko and Yamagata Junko talk about how they have struggled with pervasive gender discrimination in Japanese society from a human rights framework and from a perspective of Christianity, respectively.
Transnational Feminism
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

In scholarly discussion of the comfort women issue as a site for pursuing transnational feminism, the positionality of Japanese women has been examined as victims and as accomplices. An intense debate between Ueno Chizuko and Kim Pu-ja has taken place about how feminism could transcend nationalism. In her narrative, Nakahara Michiko, a historian, demonstrates an intricate way in which women from Japan and other Asian countries achieved transnational solidarity at the site of the movement, suggesting that Japanese people need to accept themselves as citizens of the perpetrator state regardless of their personal identifications. The narrative of Bang Chung-ja gives insight into the delicate nature of interaction between resident Korean activists and Japanese activists while pointing to the intersectional nature of the comfort women issue. Yoneda Mai is one generation younger than many Japanese activists, but her story echoes other stories in terms of respect for survivors, critical historical consciousness, and resistance to imperialist feminism.
Introduction
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

Autobiography, then, has the unenviable task of confronting, confounding, and even confirming the assumptions, impressions, and (mis)conceptions about the author’s or filmmaker’s identificatory positionings.

—Alisa S. Lebow1

1.Alisa S. Lebow, First Person Jewish (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), xviii.

Born after the Cultural Revolution, I began to know about that historical event from the odd line in a textbook and through occasional films and television dramas set in that period. To a large extent, filmic representations, be they memoirs or fictions, form the way I perceive and make sense of this historical period that I never experienced. The Cultural Revolution, though known to many people as ten years of turmoil and disaster, seems to me a distant, tough, and yet passionate era. My parents recount anecdotes of their schooldays, and they sometimes even express longing for the ‘good old days’ of innocence and carefreeness. In the 1995 film ...
Janus-Faced Nostalgia
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 examines the films Under the Hawthorn Tree and Coming Home and their nostalgic and sentimental style. In Under the Hawthorn Tree, nostalgia for the past derives from discontent with contemporary materialistic society, and socialism here represents a critique of materialism and consumerism. However, the film commodifies and fetishizes nostalgia in the female body, making the gendered nostalgia a selling point. Presented from a personalized perspective, Under the Hawthorn Tree and Coming Home embrace market logic and soothe the rupture in official discourses about the Cultural Revolution. In this case, personal memory is used as a selling point for a niche market of family dramas.
Beyond Nostalgia
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

In Chapter 3, 11 Flowers represents personal and fragmented memories of the Cultural Revolution from an 11-year-old boy’s perspective. These memories challenge the monolithic narrative of history and the Maoist rhetoric of revolution. At the same time, this fragmented narrative mode enables individual agency in narrating and constructing history. In addition, through portrayals of everyday life in the Maoist era, the film reveals how the dominant ideology at that time was strategically misinterpreted by ordinary people and was dispersed in everyday life. Socialism, in this context, becomes a mystery, a joke, and a traumatic awakening. In the lm, art possesses enlightening power for the 11-year-old boy, who begins to obtain self-awareness through painting. The film thus conveys the director’s authorial enunciation and his belief in art as a form of liberation, not only for a boy in the Cultural Revolution but also for Wang Xiaoshuai as a film-maker. The shifting trajectory of Wang’s film-making—from independent to art house—alludes to the shifting relations between film-making, the state, and the market. In 11 Flowers, personal memories become the hallmark of Wang’s auteur expression.