bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idea paper: Improving forecasts of community composition with lightweight biodiversity monitoring across ecological and anthropogenic disturbance gradients
Authors: Kass Jamie M. , Takashina Nao , Friedman Nicholas R. , Kusumoto Buntarou , Blair Mary E.
Published: January 2022

Accurate and up‐to‐date biodiversity forecasts enable robust planning for environmental management and conservation of landscapes under a wide range of uses. Future predictions of the species composition of ecological communities complement more frequently reported species richness estimates to better characterize the different dimensions of biodiversity. The models that make community composition forecasts are calibrated with data on species' geographic patterns for the present, which may not be good proxies for future patterns. The future establishment of novel communities represents data on species interactions unaccounted for by these models. However, detecting them in a systematic way presents challenges due to the lack of monitoring data for landscapes with high environmental turnover, where such communities are likely to establish. Here, we propose lightweight monitoring over both ecological and anthropogenic disturbance gradients using passive sensors (i.e., those that operate continuously without much human input) to detect novel communities with the aim of updating models that make community composition forecasts. Monitoring over these two gradients should maximize detection of novel communities and improve understanding of relationships between community composition and environmental change. Further, barriers regarding cost and effort are reduced by using relatively few sensors requiring minimal upkeep. Ongoing updates to community composition forecasts based on novel community data and better understanding of the associated uncertainty should improve future decision‐making for both resource management and conservation efforts.
An incongruous intervention: Exploring the role of anti‐institutionalism in less‐educated individual’s limited uptake of nutrition information
Authors: van Meurs Tim , Oude Groeniger Joost , de Koster Willem , van der Waal Jeroen
Published: January 2022

Despite many efforts, nutritional health interventions have been largely unable to reduce health inequalities between less‐ and more‐educated individuals, since their effectiveness among the former is often limited. Conventionally, adverse financial circumstances and poorer health literacy are argued to explain this. Drawing on recent sociological insights, we propose a complementing and novel sociocultural explanation based on how contemporary power relations in society breed anti‐institutionalism among less‐educated individuals. Using a survey of a representative sample of the Dutch population (n = 2398), we focus on the strategic case of the lower uptake of nutrition information among less‐educated individuals. We find that two aspects of anti‐institutionalism, i.e. institutional distrust and antipaternalism, substantially account for the educational gap in the uptake of nutrition information. This indicates that current nutrition information inspires opposition among less‐educated individuals. More generally, it suggests that the development of nutritional health interventions should avoid invoking institutional connotations, to increase their acceptance by those who commonly need these most.
Insects Reared on Food Waste: A Game Changer for Global Agricultural Feed Markets?
Authors: Elleby Christian , Jensen Hans Grinsted , Domínguez Ignacio Pérez , Chatzopoulos Thomas , Charlebois Pierre
Published: January 2022

Insect‐based food and feed have received a lot of attention recently. The EU Farm‐to‐Fork Strategy, for example, mentions insects as an alternative feed material that could reduce the environmental and climate impact of livestock production. Insects are an interesting source of feed because of their ability to convert many types of organic material into protein and fat, including food products that currently go to waste. Having an insect industry producing protein meal from recycled food waste would contribute towards more sustainable agricultural and aquaculture sectors. However, there are many questions associated with this development which we cannot answer at this point. For instance, how much food waste is actually available at the European and global levels for insect‐based protein meal production? If we used the available food waste for insect meal production, what would be the consequences for the agricultural markets and how would it affect the agricultural GHG emission budget? In this article we show that there is a considerable amount of food waste that could be used for insect meal production; which would have substantial impacts on agricultural markets – particularly in the case where there was some relaxation of regulations. According to our calculations, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions would only be modestly affected.
Do Rural Development Policies Really Help Small Farms? A Reflection from Italy
Authors: Vecchio Yari , De Castro Paolo , Masi Margherita , Adinolfi Felice
Published: January 2022

Although research and political intentions both recognise the crucial role of small farms in Rural Development (RD) strategies, in actual practice they are left out of the benefits of agricultural policies. This is not established by legislative or regulatory prescriptions. It is the result of consolidated practices driven by the productivist approach to agricultural development, overtaken by the concept of multifunctionality, which has inspired European intervention in the agricultural sector and rural areas for more than twenty years. This is particularly evident in Italy, where the weight of small farms is extremely significant in terms of numbers, farmland area and work generated. The continuity of small farms in Italy is of fundamental importance due to their economic, environmental and social relevance to the objective of reconnecting agriculture and territories in a circular vision of RD. Despite this crucial role, these farms have historically had great difficulty accessing RD programmes due to the national or regional implementation of these plans, which set access thresholds and procedural constraints that effectively exclude small farmers. The construction of a national strategy for rural areas requires specific attention to the universe of small farms, which should be included within the perimeter of the potential beneficiaries of RD policies.
Hybridization despite elaborate courtship behavior and female choice in Neotropical tree frogs
Authors: NALI Renato C. , ZAMUDIO Kelly R. , PRADO Cynthia P. A.
Published: January 2022

The mechanisms of hybridization can be elucidated by analyzing genotypes as well as phenotypes that could act as premating barriers, as the reproductive interactions among heterospecifics can alter the evolutionary history of species. In frogs, hybrids typically occur among species that reproduce explosively (in dense aggregations) with few opportunities for mate selection but are rare in species with elaborate courtship behaviors that may prevent erroneous mating. Using 21 microsatellite markers, we examined hybridization in the prolonged‐breeding tree frogs Bokermannohyla ibitiguara and B. sazimai sampled within a contact zone in the Brazilian savanna (72 tadpoles; 74 adults). We also compared acoustic and morphological data. We confirmed both parental species genetically; STRUCTURE results confirmed 14 hybrids, 11 of which were second‐generation according to NEWHYBRIDS, all with intermediate values of genetic dissimilarities compared to the parentals. Morphological and acoustic analyses revealed that hybrids showed variable but not necessarily intermediate phenotypes. Moreover, 2 hybrids exhibited call types different from parentals. The reproduction of B. ibitiguara involves territorial and aggressive males, elaborate courtships with acoustic and tactile stimuli, choosy females, and opportunistic strategies. Our study uncovers a rare case of viable hybridization among closely related frogs with such a combination of complex courtship behaviors and mate choice. We discuss the likely directionality and mechanisms behind this phenomenon, and highlight the importance of investigating hybridization even in species that show elaborate reproduction and female choice to advance our understanding of animal diversification.
Effects of partial replacement of NaCl by KCl and CaCl2 on physicochemical properties, microstructure, and textural properties of salted eggs
Authors: Liu Huilan , Feng Feng , Xue Hui , Gao Binghong , Han Tianfeng , Li Ruiling , Hu Xiaobo , Tu Yonggang , Zhao Yan
Published: January 2022

KCl and CaCl2 were used as partial substitutes for NaCl during pickling salted eggs process in this study. The effects on the physicochemical properties, microstructure, textural properties and sensory quality of the salted eggs were evaluated, while comparing with the 18% NaCl group (Na group). The 3% replacement of NaCl by KCl reduced the Na content (p < 0.05), accelerated the water migration (p < 0.05) in salted eggs and increased the apparent oil yield and oil exudation of salted egg yolk (p < 0.05); but the rheological properties and microstructure of salted egg yolk were minimally affected. The 3% replacement of NaCl by CaCl2 reduced the Na content (p < 0.05), delayed the water migration rate (p < 0.05) in salted eggs and decreased the apparent oil yield and oil exudation of salted egg yolk (p < 0.05). Additionally, the process of egg white thinning and egg yolk hardening were delayed. The results indicate that the partial substitution of NaCl by KCl or CaCl2 during the pickling process of salted eggs could effectively inhibit the infiltration of Na+, and the presence of KCl could improve the quality of salted eggs. Still, the presence of CaCl2 delay the ripening of salted eggs.

Practical Application

KCl and CaCl2 as substitutes of sodium salt could play the role of reducing Na content but not affecting saline taste of salted eggs, which is conducive to the development of low‐sodium salted eggs.
Could COVID expand the future of addiction research? Long‐term implications in the pandemic era
Authors: Englund Amir , Sharman Stephen , Tas Basak , Strang John
Published: January 2022

Background/Aims

The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly impacted face‐to‐face research. This has propelled ideas and plans for more remote styles of research and provided new perspectives on conducting research. This paper aimed to identify challenges specific to conducting remote forms of experimental addiction research, although some of these challenges apply to all types of addiction research.

Argument

The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic has led to important lessons for future addiction research. Although remote research has been conducted for decades, little experimental research has been performed remotely. To do so require a new perspective on what research questions we can ask and could also enable preferential capture of those who may be more reluctant to engage in research based in clinical settings. There may, however, be crucial factors that will compromise this process. We illustrate our argument with three real‐world, ongoing case studies centred on gambling behaviour, opioid overdose, and cannabinoid psychopharmacology. We highlight the obstacles to overcome to enable more remote methods of study.

Conclusions

The future of experimental research and, more generally, addiction research, will be shaped by the pandemic and may result in advantages, such as reaching different populations and conducting addiction research in more naturalistic settings.
Renal transplant injury at caesarean delivery: A cautionary tale and a plan for the future
Authors: McCormick Ciara Anne , de Crespigny Paul Champion , Suh Nancy , Unterscheider Julia
Published: January 2022

Pregnancy following renal transplantation is increasingly common. Overall pregnancy outcomes are favourable; however, specific transplant‐related risks do exist. In particular, the risk of caesarean delivery is much higher in renal transplant recipients when compared to the general obstetric population. This is owing to the necessity for preterm delivery in cases of severe and early‐onset pre‐eclampsia and/or fetal growth restriction. We describe two recent cases of renal transplant injury at caesarean delivery at our institution, a tertiary/quaternary obstetric service, which highlight the potential operative risks associated with abdominal surgery. We propose a standardised approach in the care of transplant recipients undergoing caesarean delivery which is aimed at minimising harm and increasing patient safety.
Culture beyond categories: Examining intercultural variation in South Koreans' and Americans' attention to men's bodily features
Authors: Monocello Lawrence T.
Published: January 2022

Cross‐cultural research into body image often takes for granted the cultural differences in body ideals that may account for variations in body image experience. Male body image across cultures is also poorly understood. Applying methods of cognitive anthropology to cross‐cultural male body ideals, this paper tests whether universalist or particularist approaches to body image better account for cultural variation. Results suggest that Americans and South Koreans draw from different cultural models in determining which features of male bodies warrant attention, as predicted by a particularist approach. Moreover, elements important for Korean male body image were found to lack emic validity among Americans, and vice‐versa. Considering significant variations in the elements of male bodies attended to, cross‐cultural body image research should more closely examine the cultural assumptions about bodies implicit in measurements to ensure that measurements are not just translated correctly, but also emically meaningful.
Pressure relieving interventions for the management of diabetes‐related foot ulcers: a study from the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Berhane Thomas , Jeyaraman Kanakamani , Hamilton Mark , Falhammar Henrik
Published: January 2022

Background

Offloading intervention is an important component in the management of diabetes‐related foot ulcer (DFU). The NT population is unique with certain distinctive challenges. Potential advantages of and barriers to optimal offloading methods in our setting were investigated.

Methods

Consecutive patients with DFU treated with offloading devices between 2003 and 2015 at the Multidisciplinary Foot Clinic (MDFC), Royal Darwin Hospital were included. The outcome measures were healing, amputation and discontinuation. Risk factors for offloading failure were studied.

Results

Total contact cast (TCC) was the most common offloading used (n = 175). The other removable non‐TCC devices used were therapeutic footwear (n = 74), CamWalker (n = 35), and orthotic devices (n = 43). The overall healing rate was 88.7%. Healing rates were higher (93.2% versus 83.5%, P < 0.05) and amputation rates were lower (4.0% versus 7.3%, P = 0.026) in the TCC group than in the removable non‐TCC group. The mean duration of offloading was longer in the TCC group (3.6 ± 1.5 versus. 3.2 ± 1.5 months, P = 0.008). Wagner grade ≥ 2 and removable non‐TCC devices were significant risk factors for offloading failure.

Conclusion

Patients treated with TCC had higher healing rates than those treated with removable non‐TCC devices. The duration of offloading was longer than reported in other studies. Higher Wagner grade and removable non‐TCC devices were risk factors for offloading failure. Non‐removable offloading devices are the first choice in diabetes‐related neuropathic ulcers.
Setting the record straight—Correcting uterine cancer incidence and mortality in the Nordic countries by reallocation of unspecified cases
Authors: Partanen Veli‐Matti , Heinävaara Sirpa , Anttila Ahti , Hakkarainen Jenni , Lönnberg Stefan
Published: January 2022

Introduction

The incidence of and mortality from cancers of the cervix uteri and corpus uteri are underestimated if the presence of uterine cancers, where the exact topography (site of origin) is not specified, is omitted. In this paper we present the corrected figures on mortality from and incidence of cervix and corpus uteri cancers in the Nordic countries by reallocating unspecified uterine cancer deaths and cases to originate either from the corpus uteri or cervix uteri. To further validate the accuracy of reallocation, we also analyzed how well the reallocation captures the changes occurring as the result of a transition in cause of death coding in Norway that took place in 2005.

Material and Methods

This study uses data available in the NORDCAN database, which contains aggregated cancer data from all the Nordic countries for the years 1960–2016. The unspecified uterine cancer cases and deaths were reallocated to either cervix uteri or corpus uteri based on the estimated probability that follows the distribution of cases and deaths with verified topography. The estimated proportions of cases and deaths for both cancers were calculated for each combination of age group, year, and country as a proportion of cases (and deaths, respectively) with known topography. Annual age‐standardized rates were calculated by direct age‐adjustment.

Results

The proportions of unspecified uterine cancers were higher in the mortality data than in incidence data, with mean values for 1960–2016 ranging between 5.1% and 26.6% and between 0.2% and 6.8% by country, respectively. In the Nordic countries combined, the reallocation increased the number of cases by 4% and deaths by approximately 20% for both cancers. Finland was the only Nordic country where the mortality rate did not increase substantially after reallocation.

Conclusions

The reallocation procedure had a significant impact on mortality from cancers of the cervix and corpus uteri for countries where the proportion of cancer deaths coded as uterus, not otherwise specified, is substantial. More effort to validate cause of death data with incidence data from cancer registries is warranted to avoid erroneous conclusions of temporal trends based on uncorrected cancer burden.
Fluid objects? An attempt to conceptualise the global rise of “coworking spaces”
Authors: Brinks Verena
Published: January 2022

The paper explores the emergence and proliferation of “coworking spaces”. Driven by empirical observations during the last 10 years, the paper examines the analytical potential of the concept “fluid objects” to explain the global rise of coworking spaces. With remarkable speed, coworking spaces emerged worldwide during the last 15 years and receive enormous attention from researchers, policy‐makers, and the public. However, researchers still struggle to define coworking spaces and a closer look into the field reveals the diversity and heterogeneity of these facilities. How is it that such different places are nevertheless recognised as belonging to the same phenomenon? Within Science and Technology Studies (STS), the notion of “fluid objects” has been developed to describe entities obtaining their strength through adaptability and flexibility. The paper argues that fluidity is a useful conceptual foundation to better understand the emergence and proliferation of coworking spaces. The primary conceptual ideas presented in this paper are enhanced with empirical data, collected from different coworking spaces in Berlin, Amsterdam, and North Rhine‐Westphalia.
Antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella is detected more frequently in feed milling equipment than in raw feed components or processed animal feed
Authors: Parker EM , Valcanis M , Edwards LJ , Andersson P , Mollenkopf DF , Wittum TE
Published: January 2022

Food for human and animal consumption can provide a vehicle for the transfer of pathogenic and antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria into the food chain. We investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 453 Salmonella isolates collected from raw feed components, equipment and finished feed from 17 commercial feed mills in Australia between 2012 and 2021. Previous studies have found Salmonella prevalence and the diversity of Salmonella serotypes are greatest in the raw feed components. We, therefore, hypothesised that we would find a greater proportion of antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella isolates in the raw feed components compared to other sample types. We found that of 453 isolates tested, 356 (0.80) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, 49 (0.11) were nonsusceptible to streptomycin only and 48 (0.11) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Of the 48 antimicrobial‐resistant isolates, 44 were found in feed milling equipment, two in raw feed components and two in finished feed. Statistical analysis, using a logistic regression with random effects model, found that the population‐adjusted mean probability of detecting antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella isolates from feed milling equipment of 0.39, was larger than the probability of detecting resistant isolates in raw feed components 0.01, (P < 0.001) and in finished feed, 0.11, (P = 0.006). This propensity for antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria to colonise feed milling equipment has not been previously reported. Further studies are required to understand the ecology of antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella in the feed milling environment.
Plasma concentrations of methylphenidate enantiomers in adults with ADHD and substance use disorder, with focus on high doses and relationship to carboxylesterase activity
Authors: Arvidsson Michel , Franck Johan , Ackehed Gerd , Pettersson Bergstrand Madeleine , Ekström Lena , Rosenborg Staffan , Dahl Marja‐Liisa
Published: January 2022

Scarce data are available on methylphenidate (MPH) plasma concentrations reached after doses higher than 180 mg. The interindividual and intraindividual variability in the exposure of MPH and ritalinic acid (RA) enantiomers was examined in 28 patients with ADHD and substance use disorders, with MPH daily doses between 30 and 600 mg (median 160 mg). MPH and RA plasma concentrations were analysed with an enantioselective LC–MS/MS method. d‐MPH plasma concentration/dose varied 25‐fold between subjects but was reasonably stable within an individual. Twelve subjects had quantifiable l‐MPH plasma concentrations, which accounted for up to 48% of the total MPH plasma concentration. The less active l‐MPH enantiomer could, in individuals with low carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) activity, contribute significantly to the total MPH plasma drug concentration and hamper the estimation of the exposure to the more active d‐MPH enantiomer. However, the high correlation between the total (d + l) RA/MPH metabolic ratio and the d‐RA/d‐MPH metabolic ratio (rs = 0.94) indicates that the ratio based on non‐enantioselective analysis could be used as a marker of CES1 activity. Whether this holds true for subjects with aberrant metabolism due to genetic variants or during concomitant treatment with inhibitors or inducers of the enzyme remains to be studied.
Editorial: The climate and ecological mental health emergency – evidence and action
Authors: Sanson Ann , Dubicka Bernadka
Published: January 2022

No previous generation of children has grown up in the context of an existential threat comparable to the climate crisis. This Special Issue examines the implications of the climate crisis for children and young people in relation to their mental health and well‐being, and, as a corollary, the implications for mental health professionals. Evidence is accumulating on the prevalence of worry among children world‐wide, as well as on the direct impacts of the climate crisis on mental health. Despite the huge threat that this crisis poses for the next generation’s mental health and well‐being, and the recognition that this is now a global mental health emergency, there has been surprisingly little research on the topic. We therefore saw the urgent need to draw together a wide range of original research and perspectives and to consider what this mean for professionals who have dedicated themselves to improving the well‐being of children and young people.
Life problems in children and adolescents who self‐harm: findings from the multicentre study of self‐harm in England
Authors: Townsend Ellen , Ness Jennifer , Waters Keith , Rehman Muzamal , Kapur Navneet , Clements Caroline , Geulayov Galit , Bale Elizabeth , Casey Deborah , Hawton Keith
Published: January 2022

Background

Self‐harm, a significant and increasing global problem in children and adolescents, is often repeated and is associated with risk of future suicide. To identify potential interventions, we need to understand the life problems faced by children and adolescents, and by sub‐groups of younger people who self‐harm. Our aims were to include the following: (a) investigate the type and frequency of life problems in a large sample of children and adolescents who self‐harmed. (b) Examine whether problems differ between those who repeat self‐harm and those who do not.

Methods

We analysed data for 2000 to 2013 (follow up until 2014) from the Multicentre Study of Self‐harm in England on individuals aged 11 to 18 years who presented to one of the five study hospitals following self‐harm and received a psychosocial assessment including questions about problems, which precipitated self‐harm.

Results

In 5648 patients (12,261 self‐harm episodes), (75.5% female, mean age 16.1 years) the most frequently reported problems at first episode of self‐harm were family problems. Problems around study/employment/study and relationships with friends also featured prominently. The types of problems that precede self‐harm differed between late childhood/early adolescence. Abuse, mental health problems and legal problems significantly predicted repeat self‐harm for females.

Conclusion

The most common problems reported by both genders were social/interpersonal in nature, indicating the need for relevant services embedded in the community (e.g. in schools/colleges). Self‐harm assessment and treatment choices for children and adolescents must take age and gender into account. To prevent future self‐harm, individualised supports and services are particularly needed for abuse, mental health and legal problems.
The importance of emotions in the lives of children and young people in foster care in England, France and Germany
Authors: Join‐Lambert Hélène , Reimer Daniela
Published: January 2022

When foster care is discussed in research, emotions are mostly kept out of the scope. This article explores emotions narrated by young people in foster care and by their foster carers. It brings together findings from two studies: The first used biographical interviews conducted with 100 young people from Germany, while the second draws on ethnographic interviews with 12 young people from France and England. The analysis, in line with relevant literature, shows that although emotions are hardly mentioned directly, they seem to be highly relevant in understanding the experience of foster care. Therefore, we suggest, professionalism and emotions need to be understood as complementary elements.
Is evaluation by questionnaires sufficient to cover all aspects of bowel symptoms in rectal cancer patients after low anterior resection?
Authors: Asnong Anne , D’Hoore André , Wolthuis Albert , Van Molhem Yves , Van Geluwe Bart , Devoogdt Nele , De Groef An , De Vrieze Tessa , Dams Lore , Geraerts Inge
Published: January 2022

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate whether bowel symptoms related to low anterior resection for rectal cancer can be sufficiently well evaluated by the Low Anterior Resection Syndrome (LARS) questionnaire score or the ColoRectal Functional Outcome (COREFO) questionnaire compared with a stool diary.

Method

All patients underwent low anterior resection for rectal cancer. They were asked to fill out a stool diary, the LARS questionnaire and the COREFO questionnaire, at 1, 4, 6 and 12 months after low anterior resection or stoma closure. The main outcome measure was the amount of association (calculated by means of canonical correlation analysis) between items on anal incontinence for faeces, frequency of bowel movements, clustering of bowel movements, urgency and soiling.

Results

Ninety‐five patients were included. Items on anal incontinence for faeces and frequency of bowel movements were significantly correlated between the LARS questionnaire or the COREFO questionnaire, versus the stool diary, respectively. Items on soiling were significantly correlated between the COREFO questionnaire and the stool diary.

Conclusion

Although the LARS questionnaire and the COREFO questionnaire are reliable and valid for measuring low anterior resection syndrome after rectal cancer, our results show that there are no strong associations with the stool diary. Therefore, we can conclude that there is additional clinical information to be obtained from the stool diary. In order to evaluate all aspects of low anterior resection syndrome, we suggest the addition of a stool diary or a combination of different measurement methods during patient follow‐up.
Getting the big picture: Landscape‐scale occupancy patterns of two Annamite endemics among multiple protected areas
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. , Wilting Andreas , Niedballa Jürgen , Nguyen An , Rawson Benjamin M. , Nguyen Anh Q. H. , Cao Trung T. , Wearn Oliver R. , Dao Anh C. , Tilker Andrew
Published: January 2022

The Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos are a global biodiversity hotspot harboring several threatened endemic species. Conservation efforts to protect these endemics are hampered by a lack of knowledge on their ecology and distribution. We conducted landscape scale camera‐trapping across six study areas in the Annamites to assess distribution patterns of two endemics: the Annamite dark muntjac species complexMuntiacus rooseveltorum/truongsonensisand the Annamite striped rabbitNesolagus timminsi. We used a Bayesian single‐species occupancy framework to estimate occupancy as a function of ecological and anthropogenic factors. Our study showed that Annamite dark muntjac was predominantly found at higher elevations (>1000 m) and in areas that were more inaccessible to people and had lower surrounding village density. Annamite striped rabbit exhibited both positive and negative responses to elevation among study areas, with no clear response to the anthropogenic covariates. Our results showed that covariate responses varied among the study areas when random effects were included on study areas. We discuss the application of random effects to investigate species occupancies across large spatial scales, and the risk of not accounting for variation among study areas. Our prediction maps provide the first comprehensive overview of the distribution of these endemic species across a substantial part of their range and can be used to help stakeholders focus conservation efforts on priority areas.
Combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplant: The university of Chicago medicine experience
Authors: Perez‐Gutierrez Angelica , Siddiqi Umar , Kim Gene , Rangrass Govind , Kacha Aalok , Jeevanandam Valluvan , Becker Yolanda , Potter Lisa , Fung John , Baker Talia B.
Published: January 2022

Background

Until recently, combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation was considered too complex or too high‐risk an option for patients with end‐stage heart failure who present with advanced liver and kidney failure as well.

Aims

The objective of this paper is to present our institution's best practices for successfully executing this highly challenging operation. At our institution, referral patterns are most often initiated through the cardiac team.

Results

Determinants of successful outcomes include diligent multidisciplinary patient selection, detailed perioperative planning, and choreographed care transition and coordination among all transplant teams. The surgery proceeds in three distinct phases with three different teams, linked seamlessly in planned handoffs. The selection and perioperative care are executed with determined collaboration of all of the invested care teams.

Conclusions

Combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation can be successfully done by careful selection, coordination, and execution.
20‐month‐olds selectively generalize newly learned word meanings based on cues to linguistic community membership
Authors: Weatherhead Drew , Werker Janet F.
Published: January 2022

A growing body of work suggests that speaker‐race influences how infants and toddlers interpret the meanings of words. In two experiments, we explored the role of speaker‐race on whether newly learned word‐object pairs are generalized to new speakers. Seventy‐two 20‐month‐olds were taught two word‐object pairs from a familiar race speaker, and two different word‐object pairs from an unfamiliar race speaker (four new pairs total). Using an intermodal preferential looking procedure, their interpretation of these new word‐object pairs was tested using an unpictured novel speaker. We found that toddlers did not generalize word meanings taught by an unfamiliar race speaker to a new speaker (Experiment 1), unless given evidence that the unfamiliar race speaker was a member of the child's linguistic community through affiliative behaviour and linguistic competence (Experiment 2). In both experiments, generalization was observed for the word‐object pairs taught by the familiar race speaker. These experiments indicate that children attend to speakers’ non‐linguistic properties, and this, in turn, can influence the perceived relevance of speakers’ labels.
Fatty kidney: A possible future for chronic kidney disease research
Authors: Kanbay Mehmet , Copur Sidar , Demiray Atalay , Sag Alan A. , Covic Adrian , Ortiz Alberto , Tuttle Kathherine R.
Published: January 2022

Background

Metabolic syndrome is a growing twenty‐first century pandemic associated with multiple clinical comorbidities ranging from cardiovascular diseases, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome to kidney dysfunction. A novel area of research investigates the concept of fatty kidney in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome.

Aim

To review the most updated literature on fatty kidney and provide future research, diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives on a disease increasingly affecting the contemporary world.

Materials and Method

We performed an extensive literature search through three databases including Embase (Elsevier) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Wiley) and PubMed/Medline Web of Science in November 2021 by using the following terms and their combinations: ‘fatty kidney’, ‘ectopic fat’, ‘chronic kidney disease’, ‘cardiovascular event’, ‘cardio‐metabolic risk’, ‘albuminuria’ and ‘metabolic syndrome’. Each study has been individually assessed by the authors.

Results

Oxidative stress and inflammation, Klotho deficiency, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of cellular energy balance appear to be the main pathophysiological mechanisms leading to tissue damage following fat accumulation. Despite the lack of large‐scale comprehensive studies in this novel field of research, current clinical trials demonstrate fatty kidney as an independent risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular events.

Conclusion

The requirement for future studies investigating the pathophysiology, clinical outcomes and therapeutics of fatty kidney is clear.
Niche differentiation within a cryptic pathogen complex: climatic drivers and hyperparasitism at multiple spatial scales
Authors: Faticov Maria , Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure , Kiss Levente , Massot Marie , d'Arcier Julie Faivre , Mutz Jessie , Németh Márk Z. , Roslin Tomas , Tack Ayco J. M.
Published: January 2022

Pathogens are embedded in multi‐trophic food webs, which often include co‐occurring cryptic species within the same pathogen complex. Nonetheless, we still lack an understanding of what dimensions of the ecological niche might allow these cryptic species to coexist. We explored the role of climate, host characteristics (tree autumn phenology) and attack by the fungal hyperparasite Ampelomyces (a group of fungi attacking plant pathogens) in defining the niches of three powdery mildew species (Erysiphe alphitoides, E. hypophylla and E. quercicola) within a cryptic pathogen complex on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur at the continental (Europe), national (Sweden and France) and landscape scales (a 5 km2 island in southwestern Finland). Previous studies have shown that climate separated the niches of three powdery mildew species (E. alphitoides, E. hypophylla and E. quercicola) in Europe and two species (E. alphitoides and E. quercicola) in France. In our study, we did not detect a significant relationship between temperature or precipitation and the distribution of E. alphitoides and E. hypophylla present in Sweden, while at the landscape scale, temperature, but not relative humidity, negatively affected disease incidence of E. alphitoides in an exceptionally warm year. Tree variation in autumn phenology did not influence disease incidence of powdery mildew species, and hyperparasite presence did not differ among powdery mildew species at the continental, national and landscape scale. Climate did not affect the distribution of the hyperparasite at the continental scale and at the national scale in Sweden. However, climate affected the hyperparasite distribution in France, with a negative relationship between non‐growing season temperature and presence of the hyperparasite. Overall, our findings, in combination with earlier evidence, suggest that climatic factors are more important than species interactions in defining the niches of cryptic species within a pathogen complex on oak.
Nutrients and herbivores impact grassland stability across spatial scales through different pathways
Authors: Chen Qingqing , Wang Shaopeng , Seabloom Eric W. , MacDougall Andrew S. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Donohue Ian , Knops Johannes M. H. , Morgan John W. , Carroll Oliver , Crawley Mick , Bugalho Miguel N. , Power Sally A. , Eskelinen Anu , Virtanen Risto , Risch Anita C. , Schütz Martin , Stevens Carly , Caldeira Maria C. , Bagchi Sumanta , Alberti Juan , Hautier Yann
Published: January 2022

Nutrients and herbivores are well‐known drivers of grassland diversity and stability in local communities. However, whether they interact to impact the stability of aboveground biomass and whether these effects depend on spatial scales remain unknown. It is also unclear whether nutrients and herbivores impact stability via different facets of plant diversity including species richness, evenness, and changes in community composition through time and space. We used a replicated experiment adding nutrients and excluding herbivores for 5 years in 34 global grasslands to explore these questions. We found that both nutrient addition and herbivore exclusion alone reduced stability at the larger spatial scale (aggregated local communities; gamma stability), but through different pathways. Nutrient addition reduced gamma stability primarily by increasing changes in local community composition over time, which was mainly driven by species replacement. Herbivore exclusion reduced gamma stability primarily by decreasing asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony). Their interaction weakly increased gamma stability by increasing spatial asynchrony. Our findings indicate that disentangling the processes operating at different spatial scales may improve conservation and management aiming at maintaining the ability of ecosystems to reliably provide functions and services for humanity.
Agronomical and breeding approaches to improve the nutritional status of forage crops for better livestock productivity
Authors: Chand Subhash , Indu  , Singhal Rajesh Kumar , Govindasamy Prabhu
Published: January 2022

Balanced feeding to livestock can effectively convert the non‐edible forage crops into human food. Balanced output and input feeding systems further will result in greater animal health and production outcomes, with greater capacity to support growing global food demands. It also positively impacts the global economy and livelihood support of those entirely depending on livestock rearing. In general, plants are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fibres, lignin, minerals and vitamins of varying concentrations. These nutritional components in forage crops are key determinants of livestock growth, reproduction, behaviour, productivity and end‐product quality (milk and meat etc.). A high proportion of lignin, undigested fibres, and anti‐nutritional factors (cyanogenic glucosides, Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and condensed tannins) adversely affect the nutritional quality of forage crops. This review highlighted the importance of nutritional and anti‐nutritional components and their inter‐relationship with diverse agro‐climatic conditions. Further, we tried to cover the recent agronomical, conventional and non‐conventional breeding methods to improve the nutritional quality of forage crops concerning livestock productivity.
Migraine and light: A narrative review
Authors: Artemenko Ada R. , Filatova Elena , Vorobyeva Yulia D. , Do Thien Phu , Ashina Messoud , Danilov Alexey B.
Published: January 2022

Objective

In this narrative review, we summarize clinical and experimental data on the effect of light in migraine and discuss future prospects.

Background

Effective nonpharmacological treatment of hypersensitivity to light in migraine is an unmet clinical need. Current management strategies primarily consist of seeking a dark room and avoiding light exposure. Advances in the past 2 decades have improved our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of how migraine is influenced by light. This may provide promising avenues for novel approaches in clinical management.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE for articles published from database inception up to September 1, 2021. We used the search term “migraine” with the search terms “light,” “photophobia,” “treatment,” “trigger,” “circadian rhythm,” “environment,” and/or “pathophysiology.”

Results

Light is commonly reported as a trigger factor of migraine attacks, however, early manifestation of photophobia and false attribution is likely the actual cause based on data deriving from retrospective, prospective, and experimental studies. The most common photophobia symptoms in migraine are exacerbation of headache by light and abnormal sensitivity to light with the underlying neural pathways likely being dependent on ongoing activity in the trigeminovascular system. Clinical studies and experimental models have identified mediators of photophobia and uncovered narrow wavebands of the light spectrum that may reduce pain intensity during a migraine attack. Consequently, novel devices have undergone exploratory clinical trials with promising results.

Conclusion

False attribution is likely the reason why light is commonly reported as a trigger factor of migraine attacks, and a prospective confirmation is required to prevent unnecessary avoidance. The observation that individuals with migraine are not equally photophobic to all wavebands of the light spectrum opens the potential for innovative pain management strategies. In this context, using human‐centric lighting (also called integrative lighting) to mimic the natural daylight cycle and avoid harmful wavebands through modern technology may prove beneficial. Future research should identify direct and indirect consequences of light and other environmental factors in migraine to fill out knowledge gaps and enable evidence‐based care strategies within institutions, work environments, and other settings.
Head to head: should we adopt the term ‘sessile serrated lesion’?
Authors: Nagtegaal Iris D , Snover Dale C
Published: January 2022

The precursor lesion for the ~30% of colon carcinomas developing along the serrated pathway was first described in detail in 1996, and was named sessile serrated adenoma in 2003. Although the entity itself was controversial initially, over time the concept of a serrated pathway initiated by this lesion has become well accepted in the medical community. The name sessile serrated adenoma, however, has been controversial since the beginning and continues to be controversial. Alternative names, including serrated polyp with abnormal proliferation, sessile serrated polyp and, most recently, sessile serrated lesion, have been proposed. Despite the fact that the term sessile serrated lesion was adopted by the World Health Organization in 2019, none of these terms has received universal acceptance. In this article, arguments for and against adopting the term sessile serrated lesion are discussed in detail.
The reported external traumas among people with diabetes‐related foot ulcers and their outcomes: A systematic review of case reports
Authors: Abu‐Qamar Ma'en Zaid , Kemp Vivien , Whitehead Lisa
Published: January 2022

The objective of this systematic review was to collate evidence published in case reports on the reported origins of external traumas that contribute to the development of diabetic foot ulcers and their outcomes. The review also aimed to suggest reporting criteria for external traumas contributing to the development of diabetic foot ulcers. The search strategy led to the identification of 1224 articles across six electronic databases. Additional articles were also sourced from other electronic platforms (Google scholar) and the reference lists of the included case reports. Ninety‐four articles met the inclusion criteria and were published between 1989 and 2020. The included case reports were independently assessed for methodological quality using a Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Following the verbatim extraction of data, the JBI three steps approach to “meta‐aggregation” for managing qualitative data was used to synthesise the data on external traumas that contributed to the development of foot ulcers along with the reported outcome. Information on the included case report characteristics was also extracted. The case reports included 155 patients. Average age was 57.2 years with a range from 17 to 86 years. External traumas were mainly experienced in the domestic setting and were categorised into two main categories, mechanical trauma (n = 87, 60%) or burns (n = 58, 40%). The most frequently reported origins of external trauma were contact with a hot surface, animal bites, friction, and puncture wounds. Although healing was the most frequent outcome, a prolonged time was recorded for the ulcers to heal highlighting the importance of prevention. Prevention might not eradicate origins of external trauma 100%, showing the importance of patient and/or family role in monitoring domestic risks, early detection of ulcer and seeking immediate professional care. Foot ulcers need to be reported against standardised criteria considering local characteristics of the ulcer and the individual's general profile.