bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Aerobic Culturette, Synovial Membrane Biopsy, and Blood Culture Medium in Detection of Canine Bacterial Arthritis
Authors: MONTGOMERY R. D. , LONG I. R. , MILTON J. L. , DIPINTO M. N. , PhD JON HUNT
Published: February 2008

Canine joints were cultured 24 hours after inoculation with Staphylococcus intermedius using synovial membrane biopsy, synovial fluid on aerobic culturette and in blood culture medium, and synovial fluid incubated 24 hours in blood culture medium before being cultured. A mildly virulent strain consistently yielded positive cultures when incubated in blood culture medium 24 hours and negative cultures with the other techniques. A highly virulent strain also yielded positive cultures when incubated in blood culture medium 24 hours, which was significantly better than synovial membrane biopsy. When both strains were considered together there was no significant difference between the first three techniques; blood culture medium incubated 24 hours was significantly more reliable. These results suggest that the trauma of synovial membrane biopsy is not justified because synovial fluid culture is more reliable. Synovial fluid should be placed on an aerobic culturette and in blood culture medium, and the samples cultured immediately upon arrival at the laboratory to allow the most rapid results of culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The blood culture medium should be recultured after 24 hours of incubation to permit culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing of those samples (approximately 50%) that have no growth on initial culture.
Evaluation of the Tibia as a Source of Autogenous Cancellous Bone in the Horse
Authors: BOERO MICHAEL J. , SCHNEIDER J. EUGENE , MOSIER JACOB E. , GUFFY MARK M. , BUTLER HUGH C. , LEIPOLD HORST W.
Published: February 2008

A 1 cm defect was created in the proximal medial cortex of 12 tibiae, cancellous bone was removed from the site, and the bones were fractured by loading in torsion. The fractures did not occur through the donor sites and the fracture patterns and loads to fracture were similar for the treated tibiae and their untreated mates. Cancellous bone was harvested from the proximal medial aspect of both tibiae in nine adult horses. The soft tissue wounds were monitored for more than 10 days in seven horses and healing of the osseous defects was evaluated radiographically at regular intervals to month 6 in two horses. The site provided convenient access with the horses in lateral or dorsal recumbency, the anatomic landmarks were reliable, and the surgical procedure was simple and short. Complications occurred in only three incisions.
The Hemodynamic Response of Calves to Tiletamine‐Zolazepam Anesthesia
Authors: LIN H. C. , THURMON J. C. , BENSON G. J. , TRANQUILLI W. J. , OLSON W. A.
Published: February 2008

Six isoflurane‐anesthetized calves were instrumented for hemodynamic studies and allowed to recover from anesthesia. When the mean arterial blood pressure rose to 100 mmHg or when vigorous movement occurred, a 1:1 tiletamine‐zolazepam mixture (4 mg/kg) was administered intravenously (IV). Values for cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke index, central venous pressure, and right ventricular stroke work index did not change significantly. Systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial blood pressures and systemic vascular resistance were significantly decreased below baseline at 5 minutes; they were significantly increased above baseline at 20 minutes and remained so throughout the 60 minute study. Changes in left ventricular stroke work index and rate pressure product were similar to those of arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance, although they were not significant. Heart rate and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased significantly but gradually returned to baseline at 40 minutes and then increased significantly above baseline by the end of the study. Minor venous‐arterial shunting or perhaps mismatching of ventilation and perfusion appeared to have developed in the later stages of the study. This was reflected in a minor increase in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and a decrease in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and arterial pH. At the dose administered, the hemodynamic changes induced by tiletamine‐zolazepam were minimal and were compatible with safe anesthesia in calves.
Osteostixis for Incomplete Cortical Fracture of the Third Metacarpal Bone: Results in 11 Horses
Authors: SPECHT THEODORE E. , COLAHAN PATRICK T.
Published: February 2008

Eleven horses with acute or chronic incomplete cortical fractures of the left or right third metacarpal bone (Mclll) were treated with surgical puncture (osteostixis). The fractures were diagnosed by physical examination and radiography. Four to eight holes, 2.7 or 3.5 mm in diameter, were drilled in the fractured bone. Radiographically, the fractures were healed by month 3, and the drill holes were inapparent by month 7. Nine horses (82%) returned to race competition, and two horses were retired, one the result of a surgical complication. The mean time between surgery and the first race was 9.4 months. None of the bones refractured within 24 months of surgery. Osteostixis was not technically difficult and a second operation for implant removal was not necessary.
Effects of Left Recurrent Laryngeal Neurectomy, Prosthetic Laryngoplasty, and Subtotal Arytenoidectomy on Upper Airway Pressure during Maximal Exertion
Authors: WILLIAMS J. WESLEY , PASCOE JOHN R. , MEAGHER DENNIS M. , HORNOF WILLIAM J.
Published: February 2008

Upper airway pressure was measured with a nasotracheal catheter system and a portable pressure transducer in 10 normal horses during maximal exercise before and after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy. Measurements were repeated 16 weeks after prosthetic laryngoplasty (5 horses) or subtotal arytenoidectomy (5 horses). During maximal exertion, prosthetic laryngoplasty was more effective than subtotal arytenoidectomy in reversing the increases in upper airway pressure that followed left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy.
Chronic Otitis Externa and Otitis Media Treated by Total Ear Canal Ablation and Ventral Bulla Osteotomy in Thirteen Dogs
Authors: SHARP N. J. H.
Published: February 2008

Ventral bulla osteotomy was combined with total ear canal ablation for the treatment of chronic otitis externa and otitis media in 13 dogs (14 ears) that had been refractory to medical and surgical treatments. Resolution of disease occurred in 11 dogs (12 ears). One dog with unilateral disease underwent a second operation before achieving a good result. One dog was euthanatized for persistent unilateral disease after three surgical procedures. The recurrence of disease in these two dogs (15%) was associated with remnants of ear canal integument within the osseous horizontal canal or tympanic bulla. Facial paralysis occurred in four dogs (31%) and there were no complications in eight dogs (62%). This technique shows no advantage over lateral bulla osteotomy combined with total ear canal ablation for the treatment of chronic otitis externa and otitis media.
Evaluation of Three Midazolam‐Xylazine Mixtures Preliminary Trials in Dogs
Authors: TRANQUILLI W. J. , GROSS M. E. , THURMON J. C. , BENSON G. J.
Published: February 2008

The depressant effects of midazolam and xylazine on the central nervous system (CNS) were evaluated in 12 dogs. Xylazine was administered to six dogs (1.1 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) followed in 5 minutes by midazolam (1.0 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM]). In a second group of six dogs, xylazine (2.2 mg/kg IM) was followed in 5 minutes by midazolam (1.0 mg/kg IV). Both drug regimens induced rapid and profound sedation or anesthesia. Duration of action varied with the doses and routes of administration. Dogs given the high dose of xylazine IM had an arousal time of 95.4 ± 8.9 minutes and a walking time of 155.4 ± 8.8 minutes. These values exceeded the IV xylazine values threefold. Partial reversal of CNS depression was accomplished with either a benzodiazepine antagonist (flumazenil) or an alpha‐2 antagonist (yohimbine). In a separate trial, a mixture of xylazine (0.55 mg/kg), midazolam (1.0 mg/kg), and butor‐phanol (0.1 mg/kg) with and without glycopyrrolate was evaluated in eight dogs. As with the xylazine‐midazolam combinations, the CNS depressant effect of this mixture was clinically indistinguishable from anesthesia achieved with other rapid‐acting injectable agents. Clinical signs of CNS depression were readily and completely antagonized by the simultaneous injection of flumazenil and yohimbine.
Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Midazolam‐Xylazine‐Butorphanol in Dogs
Authors: GROSS M. E. , TRANQUILLI W. J. , THURMON J. C. , BENSON G. J. , OLSON W. A.
Published: February 2008

The hemodynamic effects of a mixture of midazolam (1.0 mg/kg), xylazine (0.44 mg/kg), and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg) were evaluated in six adult dogs. The dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane for instrumentation. As the dogs returned to consciousness, baseline values were recorded and the midazolam‐xylazine‐butorphanol mixture and glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg) were administered intravenously (IV). Hemodynamic data were recorded 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes after injection. Mean arterial pressure (AP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), heart rate (HR), rate‐pressure product (RPP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) were increased significantly above baseline values. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), mean central venous pressure (CVP), and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) were decreased significantly below baseline values. When administered IV at the dosages used in this study, midazolam‐xylazine‐butorphanol‐glycopyrrolate induced profound acute alterations in several critical hemodynamic variables.
Unusual Polydactylism in a Foal: A Case Report
Authors: BARBER SPENCER M.
Published: February 2008

A 2 month old quarter horse colt had multiple skeletal abnormalities of the left fore limb, including two supernumerary metacarpal bones, two supernumerary carpal bones, abnormal carpal bone development, and a valgus deformity originating at the carpal joint. The largest supernumerary metacarpal bone was removed completely, a portion of the smaller supernumerary metacarpal bone was removed, and the leg was placed in a tube cast. Surgical treatment improved the clinical appearance and prevented further injury to the limb. The carpal joint width remained increased but the carpal valgus deformity partially responded to hemicircumferential periosteal transection. The foal was sound 2% years after surgery.
Success Rates of Unilateral vs. Bilateral Cataract Extraction in Dogs
Authors: DAVIDSON MICHAEL G. , NASISSE MARK P. , RUSNAK M. , CORBETT WAYNE T. , ENGLISH ROBERT V.
Published: February 2008

Postoperative results of 113 unilateral and 77 bilateral extracapsular cataract extractions (EC‐CEs) in dogs were evaluated retrospectively. Restoration or improvement of functional vision was achieved in 79.6% of the eyes in dogs with unilateral extraction and 85.7% of the eyes in dogs with bilateral extractions at weeks 4 to 6. Complications occurring 6 weeks to 9 months after lens extraction lessened the surgical success rate in both groups. Twenty‐six percent of the dogs in which bilateral lens removal was performed suffered complications resulting in surgical failure in one eye. When using the criterion that one or both treated eyes had functional vision, a short‐term success rate of 98.7% was found for bilateral extractions.
Complications of Small Intestinal Biopsy in Hypoalbuminemic Dogs
Authors: HARVEY H. JAY
Published: February 2008

The records of 30 dogs that were hypoalbuminemic and had undergone full‐thickness biopsy of the small bowel, and the records of 22 dogs with normal albumin levels and small bowel biopsy, were reviewed. Plasma albumin concentrations for the former group were 30 to 93% of contemporary normals. There were no serious healing difficulties in the hypoalbuminemic dogs during the 7 day postoperative period examined. Nine dogs developed mild to moderate truncal and peripheral edema. The most common occurrences in the dogs with normal plasma albumin levels were edema and seroma formation adjacent to the skin incision. There was one death resulting from peritonitis subsequent to enterotomy dehiscence. Another dog developed peritonitis even though biopsy sites were intact when examined at a second surgery.
Arytenoidectomy for Advanced Unilateral Chondropathy with Accompanying Lesions
Authors: DEAN PAUL W. , COHEN NOAH D.
Published: February 2008

A nonconcurrent prospective study of nonworking horses with arytenoid chondropathy was conducted to confirm a clinical impression that horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions had a poorer prognosis after arytenoidectomy than horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Surgical failure was defined as death, euthanasia, permanent tracheostomy, or reoperation. Survival to surgical failure and clinical improvement data were compared between horses with and without accompanying lesions treated by arytenoidectomy. The probability of surgical failure was significantly higher and times to surgical failure were significantly shorter for horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions than for horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Clinical improvement at the median follow‐up time of 6 months was significantly less likely in horses with than without accompanying lesions. Horses with endoscopic evidence of inflammation and paralyzed opposite cartilage were significantly less likely to improve clinically than horses with pharyngeal cicatrix.
Ellis Pin Complications in Seven Dogs
Authors: PALMER ROSS H. , ARON DENNIS N.
Published: February 2008

Complications developed with the clinical use of Ellis pins in external skeletal fixation in seven dogs weighing 11 to 24 kg. Pins broke at the threaded‐nonthreaded shaft junction in six dogs, and there was radiographic evidence of pin loosening six dogs. One pin pulled out causing loss of fixation in one dog. These complications with the recently introduced Ellis pin emphasize a need for further evaluation of its proper use.
Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Draft Horses A Review of 27 Cases
Authors: BOHANON THOMAS C. , BEARD WARREN L. , ROBERTSON JAMES T.
Published: February 2008

Case records of 27 draft horses with laryngeal hemiplegia were reviewed. Twenty‐one horses were treated by ventriculectomy with or without prosthetic laryngoplasty, and 17 owners were contacted to determine the results. Fifteen horses improved after surgery and were able to perform to the owners' expectations. Performance improved significantly and hospitalization was shorter after ventriculectomy alone. Results of this study indicate that the clinical signs of exercise intolerance and excessive inspiratory noise associated with left laryngeal hemiplegia in draft horses can be treated successfully by ventriculectomy without prosthetic laryngoplasty.
Cranial Approach to the Humerus for Repair of Fractures in Horses and Cattle
Authors: RAKESTRAW PETER C. , NIXON ALAN J. , KADERLY ROBERT E. , DUCHARME NORM G.
Published: February 2008

A cranial approach to the humerus was developed for application of a compression plate for repair of comminuted humeral fractures in a weanling foal, a calf, a heifer, and a mature cow. An incision was made from the cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the radius. The cranial aspect of the humerus was exposed by retraction of the brachiocephalics muscle and blunt dissection between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. A second plate was applied laterally in the heifer and cow by retraction of the brachialis muscle and elevation of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Successful fracture reduction, alignment, and stabilization were achieved in all four animals.
A Comparison of Three Techniques for Closure of Pelvic Flexure Enterotomies in Normal Equine Colon
Authors: YOUNG ROBERT L. , SNYDER JACK R. , PASCOE JOHN R. , OLANDER HARVEY J. , HINDS DAVE M.
Published: February 2008

Six enterotomies 3 cm long, spaced at 3 cm intervals, were made in the antimesenteric border of the pelvic flexure of the ascending colon in five adult horses. Ten incisions each were sutured with a Utrecht pattern (single layer), a full‐thickness simple continuous oversewn with a Cushing pattern (two layer), and a mucosal simple continuous with a seromuscular simple continuous oversewn with a Cushing pattern (three layer). In all horses, chromic gut and polyglactin 910 were each used once for each pattern. On day 6, the pelvic flexure was excised and the colonic vessels were injected with a radio‐opaque mass. Sections of each enterotomy were studied by light microscopy and high detail radiography. The single‐layer closure led to serosa‐to‐mucosa healing and a thin bowel wall, and the three‐layer closure resulted in distortion of the bowel wall by hematoma formation and submucosal contamination with ingesta. The two‐layer closure resulted in good alignment and improved healing. There was less inflammatory reaction with polyglactin 910 than with chromic gut.
Results of Partial Mandibulectomy for the Treatment of Oral Tumors in 142 Dogs
Authors: KOSOVSKY JANE K. , MATTHIESEN DAVID T. , MARRETTA SANDRA MANFRA , PATNAIK AMIYA K.
Published: February 2008

Partial mandibulectomy was performed for the treatment of benign or malignant oral tumors in 142 dogs. Forty‐two dogs with a benign tumor (ameloblastoma) had a 22.5 month (range, 6 to 74 months) median disease‐free interval, with a 97% 1–year survival rate; there was local recurrence in one dog. Twenty‐four dogs with squamous cell carcinoma had a disease‐free interval of 26 months (range, 6 to 84 months), with a 91% 1–year survival rate; recurrence and metastasis developed in two dogs and metastatic disease in one dog. Based on survival curves, 37 dogs with a melanoma had a median survival time of 9.9 months (range, 1 to 36 months), with a 21% 1–year survival rate; 20 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Twenty dogs with osteosarcoma had a median survival time of 13.6 months (range, 3 to 28 months), with a 35% 1 ‐year survival rate; nine dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Nineteen dogs with fibrosarcoma had median survival time of 10.6 months (range, 3 to 32 months), with a 50% 1–year survival rate; 12 dogs died or were euthanatized for recurrent or metastatic disease. Results of this and previous studies demonstrated that partial mandibulectomy was effective in prolonging survival and decreasing recurrence for squamous cell carcinoma and ameloblastoma. Progressive disease and corresponding low survival times were common in dogs with melanoma, osteosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. There were no differences in survival times or the progression of disease among five partial hemimandibulectomy procedures. The high rates of recurrence and metastasis in dogs with these tumors suggest a need for evaluation of ancillary chemotherapy and local radiation therapy to decrease the prevalence of progressive disease.
Incorporation of Fresh and Cryopreserved Bone in Osteochondral Autografts in the Horse
Authors: DESJARDINS MARC R. , HURTIG MARK B. , PALMER NIGEL C.
Published: February 2008

The structural integrity of subchondral bone in fresh and frozen osteochondral autografts was investigated at month 3 in 10 horses. Two osteochondral autografts were harvested from the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left talus in each of 10 anesthetized horses. Grafts were frozen in 7.5% DMSO. After 14 days, the thawed grafts were press‐fitted into drill holes in the trochlear ridges of the right stifles. A fresh graft from the right hock was implanted in each left stifle. To control for the effects of surgery, a fresh graft was transferred from the right stifle to the left stifle. The end result was two grafts in each femoropatellar joint. Fresh and frozen bone grafts maintained a structurally intact support for the cartilage surface. Graft stability and surface congruency were determining factors in the outcome of the grafts. Incorporation of both types of graft was complete at month 3, but remodeling of the fresh grafts was more active.
Healing of Canine Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft Donor Sites
Authors: PENWICK ROGER C. , MOSIER DEREK A. , CLARK DAVID M.
Published: February 2008

Autogenous cancellous bone was procured from the proximal ends of one humerus and the contralateral tibia of eight adult mixed‐breed dogs. Greater weights of bone were consistently harvested from the humerus than from the tibia. Restoration of cancellous bone was more rapid and complete in the humerus than in the tibia. The tibial harvest site filled primarily with fibrous tissue rather than with cancellous bone.
The Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: BUDSBERG STEVEN C.
Published: February 2008

Randomized clinical trials were developed to eliminate biases inherent in clinical medicine. Six types of bias that can occur during patient selection and treatment allocation and in the collection and analysis of the data have been identified. A variation of the prospective randomized clinical trial, the nonrandomized surgeon design, overcomes biases specific to surgical investigations.
Electroencephalographic Power Spectrum Analysis as a Monitor of Anesthetic Depth in Horses
Authors: OTTO KLAUS , SHORT CHARLES E.
Published: February 2008

Electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum analysis was performed in 18 conscious, adult horses for evaluation as control values for EEG data obtained during anesthesia. Computer‐processed total amplitudes for the frequency range 0 to 32 Hz were mainly between 400 and 600 μV, with 80% spectral edge frequency between 16.6 and 32.5 Hz. The highest electrical activity was in the delta band (41.3 ± 4.4% of total amplitude); there was a less pronounced activity in the beta (34.2 ± 5.2%), theta (13.6 ± 1.5%), and alpha (10.0 ± 1.0%) bands. The applicability of EEG power spectrum analysis as a guide to depth of anesthesia was evaluated in four horses by comparing simultaneously recorded EEG data and clinical signs of anesthesia. Global changes in cerebrocortical electrical activity were detected with a single, monopolar (left frontoatlanto‐occipital) EEG lead. Increasing depth of halothane anesthesia was accompanied by a pronounced shift in EEG activity from beta to theta and delta frequency bands, a decrease in 80% spectral edge frequency from 21.5 ± 2.4 Hz to 12.6 ± 2.2 Hz, a reduction in the beta/delta ratio of fractional amplitudes from 2.37 ± 0.84 to 0.49 ± 0.04, and a slight inconsistent increase in total amplitude from 96.1 ± 37.3 μV to 185.5 ± 53 μV. These results show that changes in the clinical signs of anesthetic depth in horses can be described numerically by use of EEG power spectrum analysis.
Radiographic Criteria for Evaluation of Uncemented Total Hip Replacement in Dogs
Authors: DeYOUNG DAVID J. , SCHILLER RICHARD A.
Published: February 2008

A zonal analysis system and corresponding nomenclature were developed to describe the location and nature of radiographic changes in canine uncemented total hip arthroplasties. Criteria to assess prosthetic component alignment, percentage of femoral canal fill, resorptive and formative bony changes, and alterations in the bone at the implant‐bone interface were derived by studying serial radiographs of 100 consecutive canine uncemented total hip arthroplasties for up to 30 months after surgery.
Long‐term Outcome of Tooth Repulsion in Horses A Retrospective Study of 61 Cases
Authors: PRICHARD MICHAEL A. , HACKETT RICHARD P. , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: February 2008

The records of 61 horses undergoing tooth repulsion for treatment of alveolar periostitis were reviewed. Seventeen of 36 horses (47%) in which maxillary teeth were removed had serious postoperative complications, such as infection of a second tooth, bone sequestration, chronic sinusitis, draining tracts, retained dental packing, feed impaction of the alveolus or sinus, suture‐line dehiscence, or skin‐flap sloughs. Eight horses required at least one additional surgical procedure. Eight of 25 horses (32%) in which mandibular teeth were removed had serious postoperative complications, and four horses required an additional surgical procedure. Hospitalization lasted 2 to 61 days (median, 22 days) for maxillary teeth and 3 to 35 days (median, 8 days) for mandibular teeth. Long‐term follow‐up (at least 5 months) was possible in 47 horses. Twenty‐four of 30 horses (80%) with maxillary tooth repulsion healed without further problems; six horses had persistent nasal discharge. Fourteen of 17 horses (82%) with mandibular tooth repulsion healed with no further problems or with only minor complications; three horses had a chronic draining tract.
Chemonucleolysis with Collagenase A Radiographic and Pathologic Study in Dogs
Authors: MIYABAYASHI TAKAYOSHI , LORD PETER F. , DUBIELZIG RICHARD R. , BILLER DAVID S. , MANLEY PAUL A.
Published: February 2008

Collagenase, a proteolytic enzyme, was injected intradiscally in nine clinically normal, middle‐aged beagles. Calcium chloride diluent solution (control), 100 ABC units of collagenase, and 250 ABC units of collagenase, were injected in randomly selected intervertebral discs (T13‐L1 to L5‐L6). On day 11, the discs injected with collagenase were narrowed radiographically, but there was no significant change in myelograms. Grossly and histologically, there was dissolution of the intervertebral discs, mainly nucleus pulposus, and protrusion of nucleus material in the vertebral body through bony end‐plates in discs injected with collagenase. Collagenase chemonucleolysis may be an alternative to spinal surgery for intervertebral disc protrusion in dogs.
Septic Arthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint in 12 Horses
Authors: HONNAS CLIFFORD M. , WELCH ROBERT D. , FORD TROY S. , VACEK JOHN R. , WATKINS JEFFREY P.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 12 horses with septic arthritis of a distal interphalangeal joint were reviewed to determine clinical features and response to treatment. Sepsis was caused by trauma or an injection that resulted in an open or contaminated distal interphalangeal joint. All horses were severely lame. Treatment included broad‐spectrum parenterally administered antimicrobial drugs (ten horses), percutaneous through‐and‐through joint lavage (eight horses), indwelling drains (three horses), immobilization of the limb in a cast (three horses), intraarticular injection of sodium hyaluronate (one horse), intraarticular injection of antimicrobial drugs (five horses), curettage of the distal phalanx (one horse), and cancellous bone grafting to promote fusion (one horse). Five horses were euthanatized. Ankylosis of the affected joint developed in five horses, four of which are pasture sound. Two horses treated medically are sound although one underwent subsequent palmar digital neurectomy for treatment of navicular syndrome.
Unilateral and Bilateral Stifle Arthrodesis in Eight Dogs
Authors: COFONE MARK A. , SMITH GAIL K. , LENEHAN TIMOTHY M. , NEWTON CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

Nine stifle arthrodeses in eight dogs were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate use of the limb, each dog's comfort, complications, and factors that may have influenced the final outcome. Ability to use the limb after unilateral fusion was good (limb used at all times) in three dogs, fair (limb used at all gaits except a gallop) in three dogs, and poor (limb used only when running) in one dog. Factors that appeared to affect the outcome included angle at which the stifle was fused and lesions in the ipsilateral coxofemoral joint. One dog with bilateral arthrodesis had a good outcome with minor limitations. The only potentially devastating complications occurred in one dog in which infection and premature implant loosening jeopardized the fusion. None of the dogs exhibited signs of pain and all owners were satisfied with the results.
Measurement of Tracheal Static Pressure in Exercising Horses
Authors: NIELAN GARY J. , REHDER RENATA S. , DUCHARME NORM G. , HACKETT RICHARD P.
Published: February 2008

A nasotracheal catheter for measuring tracheal static pressure in exercising horses was designed according to aerodynamic engineering principles. Small ports near the end of the catheter transmitted pressure fluctuations to the recording apparatus. Accuracy was determined by the size, number, and location of pressure sensing holes on the catheter, and by the position of the catheter in the trachea. The catheter had adequate frequency response to 33 Hz, was insensitive to movement artifacts, was easily introduced, was tolerated well by horses, and resulted in small ventilatory impairment at maximal exertion.
Temporary Bile Diversion in Cats with Experimental Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction
Authors: LAWRENCE DARIEN , BELLAH JAMIE R. , MEYER D. J. , ROTH L.
Published: February 2008

The use of a cholecystostomy catheter for temporary bile diversion was investigated in four cats with experimentally induced extrahepatic bile duct obstruction. Eighteen days after ligation of the common bile duct, a 6.5 F accordion catheter was placed in the gallbladder with a 22 g Hawkins needle‐guide system through a paracostal incision. Biochemical parameters and fasting serum bile acids were monitored for 16 days. There were significant decreases in mean total bilirubin, asparate aminotransferase, and fasting serum bile acids within 72 hours of bile diversion, and in mean alanine aminotransferase within 96 hours. Attitude and appetite improved, and the catheter was tolerated well. Positive bile cultures developed in three cats. Histologic changes in the gallbladder included mucosal ulcerations, a mixed inflammatory cellular infiltration, and fibrosis of the submucosa.
The Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment on a Compromised Axial Pattern Flap in the Cat
Authors: KERWIN SHARON C. , HOSGOOD GISELLE , STRAIN GEORGE M. , VICE CAROL C. , WHITE CLAUDE E. , HILL R. KELLY
Published: February 2008

A pedicle skin flap based on the caudal superficial epigastric artery was created in 12 cats. The artery was ligated and the vein left intact. Six cats were treated with hyperbaric oxygen at 2 atm absolute for 90 minutes daily for 14 days, starting the day after surgery. Skin flap color was significantly better in the treated cats on days 1, 2, and 3. The amount of exudate was significantly less in the treated cats on day 3. There was no difference in the amount of swelling between treated and nontreated control cats. Although five of six of the treated cats had 100% skin flap survival, there was no significant difference in total flap survival between treated and nontreated control cats.
Pulsus Alternans During Halothane Anesthesia in a Dog
Authors: BAILEY JAMES E. , MUIR III WILLIAM W. , SKARDA ROMAN T.
Published: February 2008

An adult dog with pyloric obstruction was anesthetized with thiamylal and halothane for surgical revision. When an ECG was attached, the QRS‐complex rate was noted to differ dramatically from the peripheral pulse rate. A dorsal pedal arterial catheter was introduced, and direct arterial pressure measurements revealed a blood pressure waveform that alternated in amplitude. Blood pressure and ECG traces were recorded, and the condition was diagnosed as pulsus alternans. The inhalation anesthetic was changed to isoflurane, and the condition was resolved.
Clinical, Biochemical, and Hematologic Evaluation of Normal Dogs After Administration of Rabbit Anti‐dog Thymocyte Serum
Authors: MATHEWS KAROL A. , GALLIVAN G. JAMES , MALLARD BONNIE A.
Published: February 2008

Renal allografting is the only long‐term alternative to euthanasia in dogs with end‐stage kidney disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical, biochemical, and hematologic effects of rabbit anti‐dog thymocyte serum (RADTS) in normal dogs and to develop a safe and practical route of administration before its use in an allograft immunosuppressive protocol. Thirteen mongrel dogs were divided into three groups; each received RADTS subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. The inflammation and pain associated with subcutaneous administration was unacceptable. A significant (p ≤ .05) leukopenia and lymphopenia developed in all dogs, regardless of the route of administration of RADTS. Thrombocytopenia was a consistent finding after intravenous administration and with high doses given intramuscularly. Both the intravenous and intramuscular routes were well tolerated by all dogs with minimal or no discomfort. Serum.creatinine was unchanged, whereas serum alanine aminotransferase activity increased in one dog. There were no histologic changes in any of the kidneys examined.
Effects of Thiopental, Ketamine, Diazepam, Xylazine, and Nitrous Oxide on EEG Spike Activity and Convulsive Bfehavior During Enflurane Anesthesia in Spontaneously Breathing Atropinized Cats Effect at Surgical Depth
Authors: HIKASA YOSHIAKI , KOJIMA NORIKO , TAKASE KATSUAKI , OGASAWARA SHIGEO
Published: February 2008

The effects of thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, xylazine and nitrous oxide, and combinations of thiopental‐nitrous oxide and ketamine‐nitrous oxide on electroencephalographic (EEG) spike activity and convulsive behaviors in atropinized cats at surgical depth of enflurane anesthesia were assessed quantitatively for 60 minutes during spontaneous ventilation. Mean inspired enflurane concentrations (MIEC) were reduced 16% to 29% by pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine, and were reduced 19% by 66% nitrous oxide. The MIEC of cats anesthetized with thiopental‐nitrous oxide‐enflurane and ketamine‐nitrous oxide‐enflurane were 35% to 38% lower than that with nitrous oxide‐enflurane. Pretreatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam, and xylazine did not reduce the EEG spike frequency during anesthesia but did markedly reduce the spike amplitude. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide did not alter the spike frequency during anesthesia but tended to reduce the spike amplitude. Combinations of thiopental‐nitrous oxide and ketamine‐nitrous oxide almost abolished the spike activity. The addition of 66% nitrous oxide prevented convulsive responses elicited by photic and auditory stimulation during enflurane anesthesia. Treatment with thiopental, ketamine, diazepam and xylazine, and combinations of thiopental‐nitrous oxide and ketamine‐nitrous oxide, completely prevented convulsive responses during enflurane anesthesia.
Development of Parenchymal Abdominal Organ Models for Use in Teaching Veterinary Soft Tissue Surgery
Authors: GREENFIELD CATHY L. , JOHNSON ANN L. , ARENDS MARK W. , WROBLEWSKI ANDRZEJ J.
Published: February 2008

Models of the canine spleen, kidney, and liver were made from soft plastic to simulate the organs of the live animal as closely as possible in appearance and tissue handling properties. Each organ model was independently evaluated by five small animal surgeons who performed several common surgical procedures on each model. All models had a realistic appearance and, with the exception of one tissue handling problem with the kidney model, and one with the liver model, tissue handling properties of the models were comparable to those of the organs in the live animal. All models were useful for teaching each of the procedures evaluated.
A Comparison of Nonthreaded, Enhanced Threaded, and Ellis Fixation Pins Used in Type I External Skeletal Fixators in Dogs
Authors: ANDERSON M. A. , MANN F. A. , WAGNER‐MANN C. , HAHN A. W. , JIANG B. L. , TOMLINSON J. L.
Published: February 2008

Three different pin types (Ellis, enhanced threaded, and nonthreaded) were used in type 1 external skeletal fixation after transverse osteotomy of the radius and ulna in 12 skeletally mature dogs. Dogs were placed into three groups of four dogs based on the pin type used. Axial extraction forces were determined for each of the pin types after 8 weeks of weight bearing (chronic study). Nine contralateral radii were used to determine axial extraction forces for nine of each pin type not subjected to weight bearing forces (acute study). The force required for extraction of the enhanced threaded and Ellis pins in the chronic and acute studies was not significantly different. The force required to extract the nonthreaded pins was significantly less than that required for the other two pin types. Ground reaction forces had returned to levels measured before surgery by 2 weeks after surgery in the enhanced threaded and Ellis pin groups, however, dogs in the nonthreaded pin group required 4 weeks until normal ground reaction forces were measured. Radiographic evaluations 1,2,4, 6, and 8 weeks after surgery showed no difference among groups in the number of pin tract radio‐lucencies, however, the enhanced threaded pins had caused more trans‐cortical chip fractures than the other two pin types. None of the pins broke during the eight‐week chronic study.
Progression of Femoropatellar Osteochondrosis in Nine Young Horses Clinical, Radiographic and Arthroscopic Findings
Authors: DABAREINER ROBIN M. , SULLINS KENNETH E. , WHITE NATHANIEL A.
Published: February 2008

The clinical and radiographic progression, and arthroscopic findings for nine young horses (<1 year of age) with femoropatellar osteochondrosis (OCD) are presented. Horses had a 2 to 12 week history of bilateral (8 horses) or unilateral (1 horse) hindlimb lameness. The most consistent clinical signs included femoropatellar joint distention and bilateral hindlimb lameness. At the onset of clinical signs, radiographic lesions were not present (4 horses) or subtle (5 horses), but were easily identified on radiographs taken 4 to 24 weeks later. Arthroscopic surgery was delayed until radiographic changes became obvious. Surgical findings in 20 femoropatellar joints were most commonly osteochondral “flaps” located on the proximal lateral trochlear ridge of the femur and were larger than had been indicated by the radiographs. Eight horses were being used for their intended purpose, which was racing (3 horses were racing and 3 were in race training), dressage (1 horse) or pleasure riding (1 horse). One horse required a second surgery when similar lesions developed in the opposite stifle, and was euthanatized 2 months later because of persistent lameness. Once clinical signs are observed, osteochondrosis lesions of the distal femur can progress in foals younger than 9 months of age and the full extent of the radiographic lesion may take several weeks to develop.
Unusual Internal Carotid Artery Branching That Prevented Arterial Occlusion With a Balloon‐Tipped Catheter in a Horse
Authors: FREEMAN DAVID E. , STALLER GREGORY S. , MAXSON ABBY D. , SWEENEY CORINNE RAPHEL
Published: February 2008

A mare with hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis was treated by insertion of a balloon‐tipped catheter into the left internal carotid artery. During recovery from general anesthesia, the mare had profuse epistaxis, and was anesthetized again to determine the site of hemorrhage. The affected guttural pouch was opened to confirm that hemorrhage was from the left internal carotid artery. The mare was euthanatized, and, at necropsy, the balloon catheter was found in an aberrant branch that arose from the internal carotid artery and joined the basilar artery. The mycotic plaque was on the left internal carotid artery, distal to the origin of the aberrant branch, so that the balloon did not obstruct retrograde flow through the infected segment. Additional dissection of the internal carotid artery before insertion of a balloon catheter is recommended to identify any aberrant branches. Ligation of aberrant branches at their bifurcation with the internal carotid artery is recommended to prevent both inadvertent catheterization and retrograde flow from the cerebral arterial circle.
Modified Lateral Orbitotomy for Removal of Orbital Neoplasms in Two Dogs
Authors: GILGER BRIAN C. , WHITLEY R. DAVID , MCLAUGHLIN SUSAN A.
Published: February 2008

A simplified lateral orbitotomy is described that decreases surgical time and lessens tissue dissection, yet maintains the exposure to the orbit provided by other orbitotomy techniques. The approach involves cutting the orbital ligament, incising the temporalis aponeurosis from the dorsal zygomatic arch, making parallel zygomatic arch osteotomies, and reflecting the zygomatic arch ventrally. Closure of the wound involves wiring the zygomatic arch back into place. This orbitotomy procedure provides excellent exposure for removal or biopsy of orbital masses. The use of this technique for surgical excision of orbital masses in two dogs, one with an adenoma of the third eyelid gland and one with an orbital fibrosarcoma, and their subsequent management is described.
Exposure and Postoperative Stability of Three Medial Surgical Approaches to the Canine Elbow
Authors: SUESS RICHARD P. , TROTTER ERIC J. , KONIECZYNSKI DAVID , TODHUNTER RORY J. , BARTEL DONALD L. , FLANDERS JAMES A.
Published: February 2008

Articular cartilage exposure and immediate postoperative stability provided by three medial surgical approaches in canine cadaver elbows were compared. The approaches evaluated were a desmotomy of the medial collateral ligament (DMCL) that included a tenotomy of the pronator teres muscle, a longitudinal myotomy of the flexor carpi radialis (MFCR), and an osteotomy of the medial epicondyle (OME). Nondestructive biomechanical testing was performed before the surgical approach and repeated after surgery. The stiffness at 13d̀ valgus deviation of the elbow and energy absorption up to 13d̀ valgus deviation of the elbow were determined from the pre‐operative and postoperative torque‐rotation curves. The perimeters of the ulnar and humeral articular cartilage that were visualized through the approach were scored with a dental pick. Latex casts were made of articular surfaces of the elbow. The humeral and ulnar articular exposures were determined by computerized planimetric analysis of latex cast photocopies. The humeral cartilage exposure of the OME approach was significantly greater than either the MFCR or DMCL approaches. The DMCL approach provided a significantly greater humeral cartilage exposure than the MFCR approach. All three approaches provided statistically similar percentages of ulnar cartilage exposure. The stiffness and energy absorption of the OME and MFCR approaches were similar and significantly greater than the DMCL approach. The OME approach provided the best combination of exposure and immediate postoperative stability.
Results of Craniotomy for the Treatment of Cerebral Meningioma in 42 Cats
Authors: GORDON LORI E. , THACHER CHRISTOPHER , MATTHIESEN DAVID T. , JOSEPH RICHARD J.
Published: February 2008

Forty‐two cats underwent craniotomy for removal of a meningioma between 1985 and 1991. Median duration of clinical signs before examination was 1.25 months. All cats had inappropriate demeanor: 48% were dull and 38% were lethargic. Neurological deficits included impaired vision in 93%, paresis in 83%, and seizures in 19%. Computed tomography (CT) showed solitary masses in 86% and multiple masses in 14%. Intraoperative complications included hemorrhage and difficulty excising deep or adherent masses. Anemia in 13 of 42 cats was the most common immediate postoperative complication. Ten of 42 cats had no improvement or a more severe neurological status after surgery. Eight of 42 cats died immediately after surgery; 6 of these were anemic. Of the cats that survived the immediate postoperative period, evaluation 10 to 14 days after surgery showed that 97% (33 of 34) were alert and 79% (27 of 34) had returned to normal behavior. Neurological deficits, except for vision impairment, had resolved in most cats. The duration of follow‐up varied from 1.3 months to 55.1 months. Ten cats developed neurological abnormalities from 1 month to 44.2 months after surgery; of these, 6 had tumor recurrence or new growth confirmed by CT scan or necropsy. Overall survival was 71% at 6 months, 66% at 1 year, and 50% at 2 years. Age of cat and location of tumor did not significantly affect survival (P= . 1034 and .1851, respectively). There were too few precise measurements of tumor size to make a valid statistical comparison of the effect of size on survival. Location or presence of multiple tumors did not affect final outcome. Results of this study indicate that surgical excision is a beneficial method of treatment of cranial meningioma in cats.
Enterocutaneous Fistulae in Horses: 18 Cases (1964 to 1992)
Authors: BRISTOL DAVID G.
Published: February 2008

Enterocutaneous fistulae are rare in horses and occur most commonly as a complication of umbilical hernias or their treatment. Horses with enterocutaneous fistulae may be successfully treated by en bloc resection of the body wall and intestine or by allowing second intention healing. Complications associated with surgical intervention include fever, colic, incisional problems, and recurrence of the fistula. Nonsurgical management of two horses with presumptive large colon fistulae resulted in resolution of the fistulae without complications.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Investigation of an Interlocking Nail for Fixation of Diaphyseal Tibial Fractures in Adult Horses
Authors: MCDUFFEE LAURIE A. , STOVER SUSAN M. , TAYLOR KENNETH T. , LES CLIFFORD M.
Published: February 2008

The compressive, bending and torsional mechanical properties of osteotomized adult equine tibiae stabilized with an interlocking intramedullary nail (nail‐tibia composite) were compared with those of intact tibiae to determine the clinical applicability of the nail for repair of tibial fractures in adult horses. The mean yield load, failure load, and stiffness for the nail‐tibia composites were significantly less (P < .05) than those for the intact tibiae in all loading configurations. The mean compressive yield load for the nail‐tibia composites was greater than the compressive load calculated from previously reported in vivo data for walking and trotting, and was equal to the load calculated for recovery from anesthesia. The mean yield bending moment for the nail‐tibia composites was greater than the bending moment previously calculated for standing, walking, and recovery from anesthesia. The mean torsional yield load for the nail‐tibia composites was less than the torsional load determined for the walk from another in vivo study. The design of the interlocking nail evaluated in the present study should be modified to increase torsional and compressive yield strengths and torsional stiffness before reasonable success could be expected for the treatment of adult equine tibial fractures.
In Vitro Mechanical Properties and Failure Mode of the Equine (Pony) Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Authors: RICH F. ROSS , GLISSON RICHARD R.
Published: February 2008

In vitro failure modes and mechanical properties of the equine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) were evaluated in 15 stifle joints from 10 ponies. Ponies were from 3 to 25 years of age and weighed from 122 to 208 kg. Femur‐CCL‐tibia specimens were mounted in 48 degrees of flexion, distracted until a 500‐g tensile preload was achieved, and then tested by tensile loading to failure. Specimens failed by complete midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 9), combined tibial insertion avulsion fracture and midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 4), and combined femoral origin avulsion fracture and midsubstance CCL rupture (n = 2). No significant differences were found between CCL mechanical properties and failure mode or body weight.

Femur‐CCL‐tibia maximum tensile loads ranged from 1,945 to 4,326 N (median, 2,914 N). Mean maximum tensile load (N) per kilogram of body weight was 17.98 N/kg (median, 17.55 N/kg). These pony specimens had stiffer cranial cruciate ligaments (median, 320.2 N/mm) with a higher elastic modulus (median, 321.7 MPa) than has been reported for other species. Significant decreases in linear tensile load (P= .0292), maximum tensile load (P= .0493), and increases in strain to maximum load (P= .0463) were found in the specimens from 20‐ to 25‐year‐old ponies when compared with those from 3‐ to 10‐year‐old ponies.