bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Power Microwave‐Assisted Ga Doping, an Effective Method to Tailor n‐ZnO/p‐Si Heterostructure Optoelectronic Characteristics
Authors: Rana Abu ul Hassan Sarwar , Shahid Areej , Lee Ji Young , Kim Hyun‐Seok
Published: January 2018

High‐power microwave‐assisted gallium (Ga) ‐doped ZnO nanorods (MGZRs) are grown on p‐Si substrates, and their optoelectronic characteristics are reported. Gallium nitrate hydrate is mixed with zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine to make 1, 2, and 5% MGZRs in a domestic microwave oven. The MGZR diameter decreased when doping increased from 1 to 2%, but the diameter of the highly doped (5%) sample significantly increased. The EDS results confirm the incorporation of Ga atoms in the ZnO crystal lattice, where an increase in the dopant concentration in growth solution increase the probability of Ga ion incorporation into ZnO crystal lattice. However, exact values for EDS quantification are not found because of Si peaks from the substrate. The high‐intensity photoluminescence UV peaks associated to exciton recombination are blue‐shifted, and some defects are incorporated by Ga, which respond to the visible and near‐IR regions in MGZRs. Furthermore, the n‐MGZR/p‐Si heterostructures show a diode‐like I–V response, where the current levels increase when the doping concentration increase because of an increase in carrier concentration in MGZRs, which is confirmed by Hall‐effect measurements. The MGZRs address the low carrier transport issues in undoped microwave‐assisted nanorods and are notably effective in altering their optoelectronic characteristics.
On the Influence of Surface Phenomena Upon Charge Transport in Te‐Based Glassy Semiconductors
Authors: Tsiulyanu Dumitru , Ciobanu M.
Published: January 2018

The effect of surface phenomena caused by adsorption of NO2, CO2, and H2O vapor on the charge transport in thin films of chalcogenide glassy semiconductors (ChGS) of the As2S3Ge8–Te system has been studied. The investigations have been carried out by measuring the dynamic conductivity of these films in a large (5 to 107 Hz) frequency range, in both dry air and its mixture with controlled concentrations of the above mentioned gases at different temperatures. In addition to this, the temperature dependence of DC conductivity has also been measured for an unambiguous interpretation of the results. It is shown that depending on material's composition, the AC conductivity in dry air can either be frequency independent across the full range or be frequency independent until ≈104 Hz, with increasing σ(ω) ≈ ωn (n ≈ 0.7) at higher frequencies. This behavior demonstrates that for these glassy films there is a competition of several transport mechanisms, so that depending on frequency at normal temperatures the charge is carried: by free holes or by tunneling between localized states at either valence band edge or those near the Fermi level. An estimation has been made for the density of states at the Fermi level of As2S3Ge8Te13 that appears to be N(EF) ≈ 1.3 × 1021 eV−1 cm−3. Changes of environmental conditions either in air humidification or application of even very small (ppm) concentration of NO2 dramatically influence the spectra of dynamic conductivity that, on the other hand, remain nearly unaffected upon CO2 vapor application. This is evidence that for some chalcogenide materials the surface phenomena disturb the energetic distribution of states adjacent to surface, changing the transport mechanisms.
Robot‐guided stereoelectroencephalography without a computed tomography scan for referencing: Analysis of accuracy
Authors: Spyrantis Andrea , Cattani Adriano , Strzelczyk Adam , Rosenow Felix , Seifert Volker , Freiman Thomas M.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Recent studies with robot‐guided stereotaxy use computed tomography (CT) scans for referencing. We will provide evidence that using preoperative MRI datasets referenced with a laser scan of the patient's face is sufficient for sEEG implantation.

Methods

In total, 40 sEEG electrodes were implanted in five patients by the robotic surgical assistant (ROSA). The postoperative CT scan for identifying electrode positions was fused with the preoperative MRI‐based planning data. The accuracy was determined by the target point error (TPE) and the entry point error (EPE), applying the Euclidean distance.

Results

The mean TPE amounted to 2.96 mm, the mean EPE to 2.53 mm. The accuracy was improved in 1.5 T MRI: the mean TPE amounted to 1.72 mm, the EPE to 0.97 mm. No complications, haemorrhages, infections, etc., were observed.

Conclusions

Robot‐guided sEEG based on 3 T MRI reduces radiation exposure for the patient and can still be performed safely.
How do instream flow increase and gravel augmentation impact biological communities in large rivers: A case study on the Upper Rhine River
Authors: Staentzel C. , Arnaud F. , Combroux I. , Schmitt L. , Trémolières M. , Grac C. , Piégay H. , Barillier A. , Chardon V. , Beisel J.‐N.
Published: January 2018

Actions are being developed to address the adverse consequences of engineering works on large European rivers by developing and implementing restoration activities in order to enhance the functionality and biodiversity of fluvial hydrosystems. However, as has frequently been mentioned in the scientific literature, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the project benefits, if any, and their sustainability are hindered by the difficulty in assessing the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to the methods employed. A case study was conducted on a by‐passed section of the Upper Rhine River (France and Germany) to investigate the effects of instream flow increase and gravel augmentation on selected aquatic and riparian communities (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, and riparian plants). This paper presents the results of a 6‐year interdisciplinary, before‐after control‐impact design monitoring study. The complexity of the study lies in carrying out a separate assessment of the cumulative effects on a site‐based, project‐specific basis. The results showed that (a) the instream flow increase resulted in greater richness of macrophyte species in the newly created backwaters, (b) the artificial gravel bar favoured the recruitment of pioneer species, including invasive species, although gravel redistribution by floods prevented their development, and (c) gravel augmentation tended to promote the taxonomic richness of macroinvertebrate communities with the appearance of species adapted to the new substrate areas. These findings should help to fill the knowledge gaps in large‐scale restoration and contribute key responses to the most frequently arising issues in this area, especially those concerning the efficiency and sustainability of river restoration projects.
Influence of tributaries on the longitudinal patterns of benthic invertebrate communities
Authors: Jones N.E. , Schmidt B.J.
Published: January 2018

There has been little effort to understand how tributaries influence mainstem rivers at large scales beyond the immediate influence of the tributary and downstream of the mixing zone. Such knowledge is needed to create breaks in stream networks that can aid in the classification of stream valley segments and conservation studies that rely on the delineation of zones. We use benthic invertebrate assemblages to infer longitudinal gradients and discontinuities and relate these patterns to confluence symmetry ratio (CSR; the size ratio of the tributary basin to the mainstem basin upstream of the confluence). In addition, we briefly explore reach and catchment‐scale environmental influences. We found evidence for both gradual and abrupt longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate communities. There was not a smooth continuous gradient but a sawtooth pattern with an overarching trend. Two major discontinuities were found: one associated with a large CSR = 0.74 and reach scale factors including predominance of sand and an abundance of benthic organic matter that provided a unique habitat; and a second associated with a large CSR = 0.64 and a transition from coarse textured morainal deposits to glaciolacustrine deposits. There were synchronous additions of some benthic invertebrates (e.g., Eukiefferiella brehmi, Antocha, Hydropsyche morosa, and Oligochaeta) showing an affinity for downstream reaches, whereas others showed an affinity for headwater reaches (e.g., Simulium tuberosum, Baetis tricaudatus, and Micropsectra). Benthic invertebrate communities were driven by a combination of confluence symmetry ratio, landscape, and reach scale factors that can confound interpretation.
Line percolation
Authors: Balister Paul , Bollobás Béla , Lee Jonathan , Narayanan Bhargav
Published: January 2018

We study a new geometric bootstrap percolation model, line percolation, on the d‐dimensional integer grid . In line percolation with infection parameter r, infection spreads from a subset of initially infected lattice points as follows: if there exists an axis‐parallel line L with r or more infected lattice points on it, then every lattice point of on L gets infected, and we repeat this until the infection can no longer spread. The elements of the set A are usually chosen independently, with some density p, and the main question is to determine , the density at which percolation (infection of the entire grid) becomes likely. In this paper, we determine up to a multiplicative factor of and up to a multiplicative constant as for every fixed . We also determine the size of the minimal percolating sets in all dimensions and for all values of the infection parameter.
Clustering over‐dispersed data with mixed feature types
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhu Dongxiao , Dong Ming
Published: January 2018

Despite many data clustering methods are available, most of them uncover compactness or connectivity as the intrinsic structure of unlabeled data. Very few approaches explicitly consider the cluster size distribution, especially over‐dispersed (high variance), which may represent yet another important aspect of structural information of unlabeled data. In this paper, we propose a novel joint mixture model framework to estimate cluster size distribution together with cluster compactness (density). Our framework is sufficiently flexible and general to capture a wide range of cluster size distributions from data with mixed feature types. Experiments on clustering synthetic and real‐world data demonstrate a superior performance of our clustering approach in recovering the hidden structure of unlabeled data.
Model validation and influence diagnostics for regression models with missing covariates
Authors: Bernhardt Paul W.
Published: January 2018

Missing covariate values are prevalent in regression applications. While an array of methods have been developed for estimating parameters in regression models with missing covariate data for a variety of response types, minimal focus has been given to validation of the response model and influence diagnostics. Previous research has mainly focused on estimating residuals for observations with missing covariates using expected values, after which specialized techniques are needed to conduct proper inference. We suggest a multiple imputation strategy that allows for the use of standard methods for residual analyses on the imputed data sets or a stacked data set. We demonstrate the suggested multiple imputation method by analyzing the Sleep in Mammals data in the context of a linear regression model and the New York Social Indicators Status data with a logistic regression model.
Executive succession: The importance of social capital in CEO appointments
Authors: Wiersema Margarethe F. , Nishimura Yoichiro , Suzuki Katsushi
Published: January 2018

Research Summary: Firm performance and corporate governance have been shown to influence CEO selection, but our understanding of the role of social capital is more limited. In this study, we seek to provide further insight into the role of social capital by examining the influence of both “bonding” and “bridging” forms of social capital on CEO appointments. We find that candidates who have relational social capital, in terms of overlap with the CEO in organizational tenure, board tenure, and CEO tenure are more likely to be appointed as CEO. We also find that candidates who have external linkages to the CEO in the form of geographic, prestigious university, and prior employment affiliations are more likely to be appointed CEO.

Managerial Summary: The appointment of a new CEO has significant and widespread implications for the firm’s future strategic direction and performance, the relationship between the board and CEO, and perceptions by investors, employees, and other key stakeholders. Our study finds that candidates who have shared connections and experiences with the CEO in terms of geographic, prestigious university, or prior employment affiliations as well as overlap in terms of organizational tenure, board tenure, and CEO tenure are more likely to be appointed CEO. Given the enormous impact that executive appointments have on the strategic direction and performance of the company, it is important to recognize that social factors such as shared experiences and connections influence how candidates are perceived, and thus, may affect appointment decisions.
Photoassisted Construction of Holey Defective g‐C3N4 Photocatalysts for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven H2O2 Production
Authors: Shi Li , Yang Liuqing , Zhou Wei , Liu Yanyu , Yin Lisha , Hai Xiao , Song Hui , Ye Jinhua
Published: January 2018

Holey defective g‐C3N4 photocatalysts, which are easily prepared via a novel photoassisted heating process, are reported. The photoassisted treatment not only helps to create abundant holes, endowing g‐C3N4 with more exposed catalytic active sites and crossplane diffusion channels to shorten the diffusion distance of both reactants from the surface to bulk and charge carriers from the bulk to surface, but also introduces nitrogen vacancies in the tri‐s‐triazine repeating units of g‐C3N4, inducing the narrowing of intrinsic bandgap and the formation of defect states within bandgap to extend the visible‐light absorption range and suppress the radiative electron–hole recombination. As a result, the holey defective g‐C3N4 photocatalysts show much higher photocatalytic activity for H2O2 production with optimized enhancement up to ten times higher than pristine bulk g‐C3N4. The newly developed synthetic strategy adopted here enables the sufficient utilization of solar energy and shows rather promising for the modification of other materials for efficient energy‐related applications.
A Single Composition Architecture‐Based Nanoprobe for Ratiometric Photoacoustic Imaging of Glutathione (GSH) in Living Mice
Authors: Yin Chao , Tang Yufu , Li Xiaozhen , Yang Zhen , Li Jie , Li Xiang , Huang Wei , Fan Quli
Published: January 2018

As one of the reduction species, glutathione (GSH) plays a tremendous role in regulating the homeostasis of redox state in living body. Accurate imaging of GSH in vivo is highly desired to provide a real‐time visualization of physiological and pathological conditions while it is still a big challenge. Recently developed photoacoustic imaging (PAI) with high resolution and deep penetration characteristics is more promising for in vivo GSH detection. However, its application is dramatically limited by the difficult designation of photoacoustic probes with changeable near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorption under reductive activation. A cyanine derivative‐based activatable probe is developed for in vivo ratiometric PAI of GSH for the first time. The probe is structurally designed to output ratiometric signals toward GSH in NIR‐absorption region based on the cleavage of disulfide bond followed by a subsequent exchange between the secondary amine and sulfydryl group formed. Such a ratiometric manner provides high signal‐to‐noise imaging of blood vessels and their surrounding areas in tumor. Concomitantly, it also exhibits good specificity toward GSH over other thiols. Furthermore, the single composition architecture of the probe effectively overcomes the leakage issue compared with traditional multicomposition architecture‐based nanoprobe, thus enhancing the imaging accuracy and fidelity in living body.
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Wrapped Co9–xFexS8/Co,Fe‐N‐C Composite as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution
Authors: Liu Teng , Yang Fulin , Cheng Gongzhen , Luo Wei
Published: January 2018

Searching for highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) using nonnoble metal‐based catalysts is essential for the development of many energy conversion systems, including rechargeable fuel cells and metal–air batteries. Here, Co9–xFexS8/Co,Fe‐N‐C hybrids wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (abbreviated as S‐Co9–xFexS8@rGO) are synthesized through a semivulcanization and calcination method using graphene oxide (GO) wrapped bimetallic zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF) Co,Fe‐ZIF (CoFe‐ZIF@GO) as precursors. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of OER active CoFeS and ORR active Co,Fe‐N‐C in a single component, as well as high dispersity and enhanced conductivity derived from rGO coating and Fe‐doping, the obtained S‐Co9–xFexS8@rGO‐10 catalyst shows an ultrasmall overpotential of ≈0.29 V at 10 mA cm−2 in OER and a half‐wave potential of 0.84 V in ORR, combining a superior oxygen electrode activity of ≈0.68 V in 0.1 m KOH.
Multi‐element determination in Schisandra chinensis fructus by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the study of element transfer rules from herbs to decoctions
Authors: Hu Yuli , Luo Jiaoyang , Li Kunlun , Ding Tong , Kong Dandan , Zhang Shanshan , Yang Shihai , Yang Meihua
Published: January 2018

Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) fructus (SCF), an important medical and edible herbal medicine, is widely distributed in Northern China, Korea and Japan. The quality control of SCF is becoming more important with the increasing consumption of the fruit as dietary supplement. In the present study, we aim to investigate the heavy metal residues in SCF as well as the transfer rules of heavy metals from raw SCF to the processed SCF. Different batches of SCF were investigated, including three harvest periods of SCF. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with microwave digestion was applied for the determination of 12 elements in SCF. Besides, certified national level standard reference material CRM Astragalus (GBW 10028, GSB‐19) was used to assess the accuracy of the method. The results showed that, the contents of lead (prophase), mercury (prophase and metaphase) and cadmium (metaphase and anaphase) in SCF exceeded the limits set by Green Trade Standards of Importing & Exporting Medicinal Plants & Preparations. Besides, the contents of the most elements in prophase were significantly higher than that in metaphase and anaphase (p<0.05). In addition, the contents of the elements were reduced after extracting, and the transfer ratios of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper were all below 30%. In conclusion, the results indicated that extracting as well as processing can reduce the intake of heavy metals, and that metaphase and anaphase are more suitable harvest times than prophase for SCF.
Playing With Digital Tools With Explicit Scaffolding
Authors: Kang Grace Y.
Published: January 2018

This teaching tip showcases instructional strategies and scaffolds from an out‐of‐school digital writing camp. Often, teachers may be hesitant to incorporate digital tools into their literacy instruction for various reasons (e.g., scripted curriculum, fear and uncertainty of digital tools, lack of experience and knowledge with technology), yet it is quite similar to using the writers’ workshop approach with the added necessity of explicit scaffolding. Three main scaffolds of reading aloud mentor texts, teacher modeling of the digital tools, and providing time to play with the digital tools are further explained. The author highlights lower to higher tech digital tools, such as Google Slides, PicLits, Animoto, and iMovie, and reveals how they can be incorporated into the literacy classroom in engaging and meaningful ways.
Children's Literature That Sparks Inferential Discussions
Authors: Kelly Laura Beth , Moses Lindsey
Published: January 2018

In this article, the authors report findings from a yearlong study that addressed teaching first‐grade students to make inferences and engage in inferential discussion about children's literature. Because of the importance of both inferencing and discussion for comprehension, a collaborative team of two researchers and a classroom teacher focused on providing supportive discussion contexts and appropriate texts to foster inferential thinking in small‐group discussions. The authors found that ambiguous books, didactic narratives, and fractured fairy tales provided rich sites for inference instruction and practice. The authors also noted the importance of text selection, accepting unexpected responses from students, and the role of the teacher. The article includes transcripts from student discussions with analysis of ways the varied texts fostered inferential talk.
“Let's FaceTime Tonight”: Using Digital Tools to Enhance Coaching
Authors: Leighton Christine M. , Ford‐Connors Evelyn , Robertson Dana A. , Wyatt Jennifer , Wagner Christopher J. , Proctor C. Patrick , Paratore Jeanne R.
Published: January 2018

This article documents a collaboration between a second‐grade teacher and a university‐based literacy coach to implement dialogic instruction as part of a 14‐week cross‐disciplinary curriculum unit. The coach–teacher dyad used digital technologies to enhance a problem‐solving approach to coaching. The authors describe the coaching interactions, the digital tools used (e.g., e‐mail, FaceTime, text messaging, video and audio recordings), the problems that the coach–teacher dyad collaboratively addressed over three phases of the unit, and the student learning that occurred in response. Throughout, the authors highlight how the coach and teacher made flexible use of digital technology to carve out additional time and space for problem solving as they worked to support the language and literacy skills of a group of multilingual second‐grade students.
Time to tear down the pyramids? A critique of cascading hierarchies as a policy tool
Authors: Olsson Olle , Roos Anders , Guisson Ruben , Bruce Lena , Lamers Patrick , Hektor Bo , Thrän Daniela , Hartley Damon , Ponitka Jens , Hildebrandt Jakob
Published: January 2018

Cascading, or cascade use, is concept that has many different definitions, but a common theme is a sequential use of resources for different purposes. The cascading concept was first presented in the early 1990s but has become an intensively debated topic primarily in the most recent decade. In the available literature on cascading of wood, there are few studies that discuss policy implementation. As this is currently heavily debated, there is an important gap here that we aim to fill. In this paper, we (a) critically review the conceptual history of cascading and (b) highlight the complexities involved in its implementation in policy frameworks. Originally, cascading was discussed as a broad framework for how society better should manage natural resource flows. In more recent debates on woody biomass however, cascading is often presented as simply a hierarchy, wherein material use of wood should hold priority over energy use of wood. This is partly based on an idea that certain forms of wood utilization are inherently more valuable than others, an assumption that becomes problematic when implemented in policy. In reality, how and for what a certain wood resource is used varies with time and place and historical examples of implementation of hierarchical policy frameworks indicate a high risk of unwanted consequences, such as unstable policy structures and tendencies toward a negotiation economy. Cascading of woody biomass can have benefits from both an economical and environmental perspective. However, cascading systems should emerge bottom‐up, not be imposed top‐down through politically determined hierarchies. WIREs Energy Environ 2018, 7:e279. doi: 10.1002/wene.279

This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Latent class analysis of the health of the nation outcome scales: A comparison of Swiss and English profiles and exploration of their predictive utility
Authors: Maddison P. , Golay P. , Muncer S.J.
Published: January 2018

The Health of the nation outcome scales (HoNOS) [1] were designed to measure the health and social functioning of adults with severe mental health problems. They form part of the English mental health minimum data set and are recommended by the department of health and are part of the attempt to develop “payment by results” (PbR) for mental health [2]. They are also widely used in Australia, New Zealand and Canada [3, 4], and have also been used in Europe [5]. Although they are widely used there are still questions about their psychometric validity and their ability to predict anything useful.
Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and children's language development at 30 months
Authors: Bornehag C.-G. , Reichenberg A. , Hallerback M. Unenge , Wikstrom S. , Koch H.M. , Jonsson B.A. , Swan S.H.
Published: January 2018

Objective:

To examine prenatal APAP exposure in relation to language development in offspring at 30 months of age.

Method:

A population-based pregnancy cohort study including 754 women who enrolled in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study in pregnancy week 8–13. Two exposure measures were used: (1) maternally reported number of APAP tablets taken between conception and enrollment; (2) APAP urinary concentration at enrollment. Language development at 30 months was assessed by nurse's evaluation and parental questionnaire, including the number of words the child used (<25, 25–50 and >50). Main study outcome; parental report of use of fewer than 50 words, termed language delay (LD).

Results:

59.2% of women enrolled in weeks 8–13 reported taking APAP between conception and enrollment. APAP was measurable in all urine samples and urinary APAP was correlated with the number of APAP taken during pregnancy (P<0.01). Language delay was more prevalent in boys (12.6%) than girls (4.1%) (8.5% in total). Both the number of APAP tablets and urinary APAP concentration were associated with greater LD in girls but not in boys. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for LD among girls whose mothers reported >6vs.0 APAP tablets was 5.92 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–31.94). The OR for LD in girls whose mothers’ urinary APAP was in the highest compared to the lowest quartile was 10.34 (95% CI 1.37–77.86). While it cannot be ruled out, our available data do not support confounding by indication.

Conclusions:

Given the prevalence of prenatal APAP use and the importance of language development, these findings, if replicated, would suggest that pregnant women should limit their use of this analgesic during pregnancy.
The interaction between neurocognitive functioning, subthreshold psychotic symptoms and pharmacotherapy in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A longitudinal comparative study
Authors: Weinberger R. , Weisman O. , Guri Y. , Harel T. , Weizman A. , Gothelf D.
Published: January 2018

Background

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common genetic syndrome associated with schizophrenia. The goal of this study was to evaluate longitudinally the interaction between neurocognitive functioning, the presence of subthreshold psychotic symptoms (SPS) and conversion to psychosis in individuals with 22q11DS. In addition, we attempted to identify the specific neurocognitive domains that predict the longitudinal evolution of positive and negative SPS, as well as the effect of psychiatric medications on 22q11DS psychiatric and cognitive developmental trajectories.

Methods

Forty-four participants with 22q11DS, 19 with Williams syndrome (WS) and 30 typically developing (TD) controls, age range 12–35 years, were assessed at two time points (15.2 ± 2.1 months apart). Evaluation included the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), structured psychiatric evaluation and the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB).

Results

22q11DS individuals with SPS had a yearly conversion rate to psychotic disorders of 8.8%, compared to none in both WS and TD controls. Baseline levels of negative SPS were associated with global neurocognitive performance (GNP), executive function and social cognition deficits, in individuals with 22q11DS, but not in WS. Deficits in GNP predicted negative SPS in 22q11DS and the emergence or persistence of negative SPS. 22q11DS individuals treated with psychiatric medications showed significant improvement in GNP score between baseline and follow-up assessments, an improvement that was not seen in untreated 22q11DS.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the time-dependent interplay among positive and negative SPS symptoms, neurocognition and pharmacotherapy in the prediction of the evolution of psychosis in 22q11DS.
Sculpting with flow
Authors: Ristroph Leif
Published: January 2018

Flowing air and water are persistent sculptors, gradually working stone, clay, sand and ice into landforms and landscapes. The evolution of shape results from a complex fluid–solid coupling that tends to produce stereotyped forms, and this morphology offers important clues to the history of a landscape and its development. Claudin et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 832, 2017, R2) shed light on how we might read the rippled and scalloped patterns written into dissolving or melting solid surfaces by a flowing fluid. By better understanding the genesis of these patterns, we may explain why they appear in different natural settings, such as the walls of mineral caves dissolving in flowing water, ice caves in wind, and melting icebergs.
IMPROVED EARLY SEASON MANAGEMENT OF SUB1 RICE VARIETIES ENHANCES POST-SUBMERGENCE RECOVERY AND YIELD
Authors: BANAYO NINO P. M. , MABESA-TELOSA RANEE C. , SINGH SUDHANSHU , KATO YOICHIRO
Published: January 2018

More than 10 Sub1 rice varieties carrying the submergence-tolerance gene have been released for flood-prone environments in tropical Asia. Improved management practices have been shown to enhance yields of these varieties. The objective of this study was to dissect the growth response of IR64-Sub1 to integrated crop management in a flash flood at the late vegetative stage. Field experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines in the dry and wet seasons of 2013. Complete submergence was imposed for 14 days starting at 37 days after transplanting. Integrated management practice (IMP) consisting of: (i) application of fertilizer (compared with no fertilizer use in conventional practice), (ii) use of lower seeding rate (400 vs. 800 kg ha−1) in the nursery bed, (iii) use of slightly older seedling for transplanting (30 vs. 18 day-old), and (iv) higher planting density (33.3 vs. 25.0 hills m−2) gave yields higher by 8–87% compared with the conventional practice (1.3–2.4 t ha−1) in both seasons. This was attributable to higher shoot biomass after water recession, more tillers m−2, greater leaf area expansion and shoot biomass accumulation during the recovery period, and higher filled-grain percentage at maturity. The improved management had no positive effect on panicle formation, spikelets panicle−1, and harvest index since stress was imposed at the transition period between vegetative and reproductive phases. Our results suggest the appropriate nursery management, for submergence-resilient seedlings to further alleviate damage caused by flash floods and increase the yield of Sub1 varieties in flood-prone rainfed lowlands.
Bodies of Texts: Women Calligraphers and the Elite Vernacular Culture in Late Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910)
Authors: Chizhova Ksenia
Published: January 2018

Men's references to women's writing in vernacular Korean script never term this practice “calligraphy,” and yet articles of women's intricate brushwork reveal that in late Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) this was a highly aestheticized practice with recognized social importance and a meticulous training process. This article captures the moment when vernacular Korean scriptural practices ascended the elite canon, which resulted in the emergence of high vernacular culture. It historicizes the gendered logic of representation in a male-authored historical archive to uncover the contours of a women-centered vernacular aesthetic canon that assumed a status of prestige alongside male culture in literary Chinese. The article unravels the meaning of the term “calligraphy” when it is applied to women's vernacular handwriting and ponders the connection between women's bodily discipline, productive work, and exquisite vernacular brushwork. This opens an alternative perspective not only on the gender politics of the Chosŏn society but also on the culture of the time, which is hitherto seen as dominated by a male-centered literary Chinese canon.
Pali Scholarship “in Its Truest Sense” in Burma: The Multiple Trajectories in Colonial Deployments of Religion
Authors: Turner Alicia
Published: January 2018

Why are histories of colonialism and religious transformation in Southeast Asia so often told as inextricably interrelated? Why were Buddhist movements identified as both the locus for resistance to colonialism and the central means of constructing colonial modernity? Part of the reason lies in how religion served as both a European technique of colonial governmentality and a local repository of techniques for comprehending and responding to change. More than this, religion seems to have offered a multivalent medium for a variety of innovations. Pali examinations were central to Buddhist reform in colonial Burma at the turn of the twentieth century but also fomented conflicts between the colonial state and monastic factions over the purpose of language study. However, beyond such conflicts, Pali examinations proved fertile grounds for Buddhist laypeople to experiment with multiple interpretations of what Buddhist modernity might mean in Burma.
CHILD NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN EGYPT: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS USING A QUANTILE REGRESSION APPROACH
Authors: Sharaf Mesbah Fathy , Mansour Elhussien Ibrahim , Rashad Ahmed Shoukry
Published: January 2018

This study examined the underlying demographic and socioeconomic determinants of child nutritional status in Egypt using data from the most recent round of the Demographic and Health Survey. The height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) was used as a measure of child growth. A quantile regression approach was used to allow for a heterogeneous effect of each determinant along different percentiles of the conditional distribution of the HAZ. A nationally representative sample of 13,682 children aged 0–4 years was drawn from the 2014 Egypt DHS. The multivariate analyses included a set of HAZ determinants commonly used in the literature. The conditional and unconditional analyses revealed a socioeconomic gradient in child nutritional status, in which children of low income/education households have a worse HAZ than those from high income/education households. The results also showed significant disparities in child nutritional status by demographic and social characteristics. The quantile regression results showed that the association between the demographic and socioeconomic factors and HAZ differed along the conditional HAZ distribution. Intervention measures need to consider the heterogeneous effect of the determinants of child nutritional status along the different percentiles of the HAZ distribution. There is no one-size-fits-all policy to combat child malnutrition; a multifaceted approach and targeted policy interventions are required to address this problem effectively.
Thomas Dekker Revealed in the Henslowe–Alleyn Papers
Authors: Sophia Li Chi-fang
Published: January 2018

In current scholarship the obscurity of the early years of Thomas Dekker is akin to his opacity in Philip Henslowe's Diary, which awaits full analytical interpretation. While the Diary usefully tells us about Henslowe's theatre business, it also imparts interwoven stories about many playwrights whose works are being rigorously tested in today's theatres. In this essay Chi-fang Sophia Li offers a theatre-based critique of the early life of Dekker, when, she argues, he quickly became a ‘fully paid-up member’ of the theatrical community. Thus his theatrical strengths, productive potential, writing interests, collaborative patterns, earning power, and working relationships with Michael Drayton, Anthony Munday, and Henry Chettle can be interpreted afresh. The Diary supplies frequent, intensive sightings of Dekker, whose biographical implications mutually inform a cultural life of Dekker's peers. This is the first attempt to elucidate in full Dekker's presence in the Henslowe–Alleyn papers alongside other historical and literary documents. Chi-fang Sophia Li is Associate Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature at National Sun Yat-sen University in Taiwan. She has published in Shakespeare Bulletin, Notes and Queries, English Studies, New Theatre Quarterly, and in Chinese in Review of English and American Literature. She gave public lectures for the anniversaries of Shakespeare's birth and death for the Globe Theatre on tour to Taiwan in 2014 and for the Shakespeare Exhibition in 2015 for the National Museum of Taiwan Literature and the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
The Modern Major Remodelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan Operas
Authors: Fischler Alan
Published: January 2018

Following the success of The Gondoliers (1889), Gilbert wrote to Sullivan: ‘It gives one the chance of shining right through the twentieth century.’ However, while this prophecy was largely fulfilled, clouds of cultural disapproval have darkened over the Savoy operas since the start of the present century, especially with regard to the mockery of women's education at the heart of Princess Ida (1884) and, most pointedly, the demeaning and ostensibly racist depiction of the Japanese in The Mikado (1885). On the other hand, the largely overlooked Utopia, Limited (1893) has experienced a boom in productions over the last decade, seemingly due to its subject matter, which, as one recent critic put it, make it ‘an anti-colonialist, anti-capitalist comic opera’. He also argues that, while some of the traditional performance practices associated with The Mikado ought to be re-evaluated, recent objections to the spirit of the opera as a whole are not entirely justified, and that a re-evaluation of the validity of some (but not all) of the performance practices traditionally associated with The Mikado is both just and timely. Alan Fischler is a Professor of English at Le Moyne College, Syracuse. He is the author of Modified Rapture: Comedy in W. S. Gilbert's Savoy Operas (University of Virginia Press, 1991) and ‘Drama’ in the Blackwell Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture (2014), among many other articles on Gilbert and nineteenth-century theatre.
Rigorous results in existence and selection of Saffman–Taylor fingers by kinetic undercooling
Authors: XIE XUMING
Published: January 2018

The selection of Saffman–Taylor fingers by surface tension has been extensively investigated. In this paper, we are concerned with the existence and selection of steadily translating symmetric finger solutions in a Hele–Shaw cell by small but non-zero kinetic undercooling (ε2). We rigorously conclude that for relative finger width λ near one half, symmetric finger solutions exist in the asymptotic limit of undercooling ε2 → 0 if the Stokes multiplier for a relatively simple non-linear differential equation is zero. This Stokes multiplier S depends on the parameter $\alpha \equiv \frac{2 \lambda -1}{(1-\lambda)}\epsilon^{-\frac{4}{3}}$ and earlier calculations have shown this to be zero for a discrete set of values of α. While this result is similar to that obtained previously for Saffman–Taylor fingers by surface tension, the analysis for the problem with kinetic undercooling exhibits a number of subtleties as pointed out by Chapman and King (2003, The selection of Saffman–Taylor fingers by kinetic undercooling, Journal of Engineering Mathematics, 46, 1–32). The main subtlety is the behaviour of the Stokes lines at the finger tip, where the analysis is complicated by non-analyticity of coefficients in the governing equation.
A glimpse from the past: adult coarctation repair after 30 years
Authors: Paschalis Andreas , Dimarakis Ioannis
Published: January 2018

We present a case of asymptomatic residual coarctation following combined resection and isthmusplasty with implantation of the left internal thoracic artery distal to the repair 30 years ago.
Growing health partnerships in rural and remote communities: what drives the joint efforts of primary schools and universities in maintaining service learning partnerships?
Authors: Kirby Sue , Held Fabian P. , Jones Debra , Lyle David
Published: January 2018

Aim

This study explored the partnership between universities and local primary schools to deliver a classroom-based paediatric communication impairment service provided by undergraduate speech pathology students. It aimed to understand how partnerships work to facilitate programme replication.

Background

The partners included universities sending students on rural clinical placement, local host academic units and primary schools who worked together to provide paediatric speech and language services in primary schools in three sites in Australia. Rural and remote communities experience poorer health outcomes because of chronic workforce shortages, social disadvantage and high Aboriginality, poor access to services and underfunding.

Methods

The study was in twofold: qualitative analysis of data from interviews/focus group with the partners in the university and education sectors, and quantitative social network analysis of data from an electronic survey of the partners.

Findings

Factors supporting partnerships were long-term, work and social relationships, commitment to community, trust and an appetite for risk-taking. We postulate that these characteristics are more likely to exist in rural communities.
Patients with advanced cancer and depression report a significantly higher symptom burden than non-depressed patients
Authors: Grotmol Kjersti Støen , Lie Hanne C. , Loge Jon Håvard , Aass Nina , Haugen Dagny Faksvåg , Stone Patrick C. , Kaasa Stein , Hjermstad Marianne Jensen
Published: January 2018

Objective

Clinical observations indicate that patients with advanced cancer and depression report higher symptom burden than nondepressed patients. This is rarely examined empirically. Study aim was to investigate the association between self-reported depression disorder (DD) and symptoms in patients with advanced cancer controlled for prognostic factors.

Method

The sample included 935 patients, mean age 62, 52% males, from an international multicentre observational study (European Palliative Care Research Collaborative – Computerised Symptom Assessment and Classification of Pain, Depression and Physical Function). DD was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and scored with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-5 algorithm for major depressive disorder, excluding somatic symptoms. Symptom burden was assessed by summing scores on somatic Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) symptoms, excluding depression, anxiety, and well-being. Item-by-item scores and symptom burden of those with and without DD were compared using nonparametric Mann-WhitneyUtests. The relative importance of sociodemographic, medical, and prognostic factors and DD in predicting symptom burden was assessed by hierarchical, multiple regression analyses.

Result

Patients with DD reported significantly higher scores on ESAS items and a twofold higher symptom burden compared with those without. Factors associated with higher symptom burden were as follows. Diagnosis: lung (β= 0.15,p< 0.001) or breast cancer (β= 0.08,p< 0.05); poorer prognosis: high C-reactive protein (β= 0.08,p< 0.05), lower Karnofsky Performance Status (β= −0.14,p< 0.001), and greater weight loss (β= −0.15,p< 0.001); taking opioids (β= 0.11,p< 0.01); and having DD (β= 0.23,p< 0.001). The full model explained 18% of the variance in symptom burden. DD explained 4.4% over and above that explained by all the other variables.

Significance of results

Depression in patients with advanced cancer is associated with higher symptom burden. These results encourage improved routines for identifying and treating those suffering from depression.
A new model for fetal programming: maternal Ramadan-type fasting programs nephrogenesis
Authors: Mohany M. , Ashton N. , Harrath A. H. , Nyengaard J. R. , Alomar S. Y. , Alwasel S.
Published: January 2018

The effect of maternal Ramadan-type fasting (RTF) on the outcome of pregnancy, kidney development and nephron number in male rat offspring was investigated in current study. Pregnant rats were given food and waterad libitumduring pregnancy (control) or restricted for 16 h per day (RTF). Kidney structure was examined during fetal life, at birth, and in early and late adulthood. Maternal body weight, food intake, relative food intake and plasma glucose levels were significantly lower (P<0.001) in the RTF group. Litter and pup weights also were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the RTF group at birth, with no difference in the litter size. The RTF group had a longer gestation, delayed nephrogenesis with less well-differentiated glomeruli, more connective tissue, fewer medullary rays, an increase in the nephrogenic zone/cortical zone ratio, and significant increase (P<0.001) in kidney apoptosis at birth. On the other hand, maternal fasting reduced nephron number (by ~31%) with unchanged kidney and total glomerular volumes. Mean glomerular volume was significantly higher in RTF offspring. Assessment of renal structure revealed mild glomerulosclerosis with enlarged lobulated glomeruli in the renal cortex and high interstitial fibrosis in the medulla of RTF kidneys. Taken together, gestational fasting delays nephrogenesis and reduces nephron number in the kidneys of the offspring, that could be partially owing to increased apoptosis.
Science and Knowledge
Authors: Chartier Roger
Published: January 2018

This review article poses three questions, essentially based on the first two volumes of Histoire des sciences et des savoirs, a collective undertaking edited by Dominique Pestre. First, it considers the relationships between “science” and “knowledge.” Can a clear line be drawn between them? Or should “scientific” knowledge (with or without quotation marks) be considered a particular class of knowledge? And, if this is the case, must we define it according to a certain number of specific operations? Second, the article turns to the acceptance, criticism, or rejection of the traditional definition of the “scientific revolution,” dated to the seventeenth century and characterized by the mathematization of nature and the introduction of experimental practices. Should this be replaced by other perspectives, highlighting previous reconfigurations of fields of knowledge or the plurality of “revolutions”? Finally, the article considers the attention paid to connected histories of knowledge, which move away from Eurocentricism and introduce new actors. Recognizing these circulations does not however efface the asymmetry of exchanges, the stigmatization of indigenous knowledge, or the imperialistic imposition of Western science.