bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Height Control of Chrysanthemum by Soaking Rooted Cuttings in Growth Retardants1
Authors: McDaniel G. L. , Fuhr Susan B.
Published: September 2022

Height of potted chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) was controlled effectively by soaking entire rooted cuttings in succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) (2500 or 5000 mg/liter) for 60 seconds before planting. Response to the preplanting application of daminozide depended upon the normal flowering height of each cultivar, as does foliar application, (ancymidol) soaking rooted cuttings in α-cyclopropyl-α-4-methozypropyl-α-5-pyrimidine methanol at 50 or 88 mg/liter resulted in excessive growth reduction.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

Viruses and virus-like disorders have been observed in plants for many years. The economic importance of some are obvious, e.g. cull fruit or dead plants, but until recently the effects of some of the less serious viruses had not been determined in detail. Prior to World War II a good deal of the virus research was done in England and the U.S., but since then such work has expanded rapidly throughout the world.
Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Grapes
Authors: Goheen A. C.
Published: September 2022

Several diseases of grapes are caused by agents that invade and become systemic in plant tissues. These are infectious agents that have a common viruslike characteristic and are transmitted by grafting and therefore spread by nursery stocks. For most, natural spread in the field is very slow, lower than the rate of normal vineyard replacement. In other words, a healthy vineyard planted in clean soil would remain free of many of these diseases during the normal productive lifespan of the planting. However, if the grower introduces the disease with his planting stock, the vineyard is diseased and remains affected until it is pulled and replanted. Some of the pathogens that cause these obscure diseases are viruses; others are mycoplasmalike organisms and rickettsialike bacteria; still others have defied characterization.
Strawberry Viruses1
Authors: Fulton J. P.
Published: September 2022

The problem of viruses in commerical strawberry production is similar to that in many vegetatively propagated crops. That is, viruses introduced into a planting stock remain with it from generation to generation unless special provisions are made for their elimination. The situation is further complicated by the fact that most viruses or groups of viruses produce only obscure symptoms in commercial strawberry cultivars, and special indexing procedures are required for their detection and identification. A review of virus diseases of strawberries was published in 1970(4). This paper will not duplicate that review but will present only a summary of background information deemed necessary to understand the current situation in virus diseases of strawberries and their control.
Rubus Virus Diseases Important in the United States1
Authors: Converse Richard H.
Published: September 2022

Cultivated Rubus species (blackberries, black raspberries, and red raspberries) are commonly infected with various virus diseases in the U.S. This review emphasizes the role of horticultural research and extension in Rubus virus control. A few virus and mycoplasma diseases are discussed that do not now occur in, but are potential threats to, Rubus growing in the U.S.
Citrus Tree Virus and Viruslike Diseases
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

Diseases caused by viruses and mycoplasmalike organisms are among the most serious citrus production problems. Mycoplasmas are, of course, much larger than viruses and contain both RNA and DNA. Many are obligate parasites, but some are not (54, 55). From a horticultural point of view, mycoplasmalike diseases of citrus are much like virus diseases. The first citrus disease shown to be caused by a virus was psorosis in 1933 (32). About 20 virus and viruslike diseases of citrus are recognized now (53, 55, 56); to cite an exact number is difficult because, like taxonomists, citrus virologists disagree on which diseases should be lumped together and which should be considered separately. Recent summaries of citrus virus research have been published (7, 54, 55, 56, 80, 89, 126). Table 1 summarizes the more important virus and viruslike diseases of citrus.
Effects of Viruses on Deciduous Fruit Trees
Authors: Cameron H. R.
Published: September 2022

It is now generally accepted that virus, or virus-like, diseases are common in many of our fruit crops. Only 5 virus diseases of stone fruits were known in 1930 (22), 48 were reported in 1951 (1) and 95 in 1976 (2). For many of these diseases the causal agent has not been identified, but because the disease is graft transmissible, and no visible organism can be found, the disease is attributed to a virus. Since 1968, some of these diseases have been shown to be associated with mycoplasmalike bodies, spiroplasmas, and viroids. Probably other types of infectious agents will be found in the future. However for the purposes of this paper, all of these causal agents will be considered in the general grouping of virus-like entities.
Glyphosate Injury Symptom Expression in Citrus1
Authors: Tucker D. P. H.
Published: September 2022

Citrus trees to which glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) was intentionally applied at 1.7, 3.3 and 6.6 kg/ha exhibited varying degrees of toxicity depending on tree age, location on tree sprayed, tissue maturity, and application rate. Symptoms included defoliation, twig dieback, malformed regrowth and callus inhibition around wound areas sprayed with glyphosate. While translocation from sprayed limbs was minimal, it was quite marked in citrus seedlings.
Effect of Fall-applied Boron Sprays on Fruit Set and Yield of ‘Italian’ Prune1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Stebbins R. L. , Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

Boron sprays applied in the fall to ‘Italian’ prune trees (Prunus domestica L.) not deficient in boron resulted in a significant increase in fruit set and yield the following year. Analysis of midshoot leaf tissue the August following treatment showed no differences in boron content. These data indicate a possible transitory need for boron during the floral development and fruit set processes in ‘Italian’ prune which cannot be diagnosed by traditional leaf analysis.
Water Dips Increase CO2-associated Peel Injury in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Lau Oi-lim , Looney Norman E.
Published: September 2022

Wetting ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) by dipping or vacuum infiltration in water for 5 minutes before a 10-day prestorage 18% CO2 treatment increased (CO2-associated peel injury. Dipping in 20°C water resulted in more injury than a 6° water dip and vacuum infiltration with 20° water resulted in the most severe injury. A detailed scoring system for external CO2 injury is described.
B4000-3 Snap Bean Breeding Line1
Authors: Wyatt J. E. , Hoffman J. C. , Deakin J. R.
Published: September 2022

Breeding line B4000-3 is a white-seeded, bush-type snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) developed by the U. S. Vegetable Laboratory (USVL). B4000-3 has several characteristics of value to snap bean breeding programs. It has been tested for several seasons throughout the United States and has shown adaptation to diverse environments.
Florida 1011 Tomato Breeding Line1
Authors: Volin R. B. , Augustine J. J. , Bryan H. H. , Burgis D. S. , Crill Pat , Strobel J. W. , John C. A.
Published: September 2022

Florida 1011, an inbred line of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was developed at the Agricultural Research and Education Center in Homestead and Bradenton in cooperation with the H. J. Heinz Company. The line is designated Florida 1011 in recognition of its Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) designation (3).
‘Tophat’ Blueberry1
Authors: Moulton J. E. , Johnston Stanley , Andersen R. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Tophat’ is a spherical dwarf plant, about 30 cm in diam (Fig. 1), and is released as an ornamental plant for gardens or containers.
Rx for Horticultural Science in the Tropics
Authors: Malo Simón E.
Published: September 2022

There are many factors which slow down and hinder the wheels of scientific and academic activities in tropical countries. One of these and perhaps the most important is the lack of continuity in programs of research and teaching. This is particularly true with long term crops such as some tropical fruits where continuity is the indispensable element needed to reach a successful climax of research efforts. But continuity is also the crucial ingredient in any other phase of horticultural research or for that matter, any phase of biological science.
Cost of Propagating Broccoli Plants through Tissue Culture1
Authors: Anderson W. C. , Meagher G. W. , Nelson A. G.
Published: September 2022

Costs were estimated for vegetatively producing plants of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. (Italica group) through tissue culture with 3 culture stages and growing the plants 7 weeks in the greenhouse to field transplant size. The analysis was based on producing 11,000 finished transplants per week. Unit costs were estimated at 11.6¢ for tissue culture production of each plantlet and an additional 3.8¢ greenhouse cost for growing to transplant size.
In Vitro Propagation of Horseradish with Leaf Pieces
Authors: Meyer Martin M. , Milbrath G. M.
Published: September 2022

Horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. Cruciferae) is one of the few horticultural crops propagated as true root cuttings. This perpetuates many viruses and root borne diseases causing yield reductions (2) as growers take propagation material from production fields. Multiplication of new and virus-free cultivars takes time by root cuttings and stock is subject to reinfection from existing cultivars and other members of the Cruciferae. Wurm (3) found the hypocotyl and stem of seedlings of horse-radish would form adventitious shoots. We have found that whole leaf cuttings of horseradish develop roots under mist and subsequently generate shoots from the base of the petiole. However, while small pieces of leaf blade die before generating plants under mist, these pieces can produce plants under sterile conditions by in vitro techniques as follows:
Shoot Culture for Almond and Almond-Peach Hybrid Clones in Vitro1
Authors: Tabachnik Lea , Kester Dale E.
Published: September 2022

A method for growing almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and almond-peach hybrid shoots in vitro is described using dormant shoot buds collected from December to February and stored at 3°C. Shoot tips can be in cultured in 0.7 to 0.8% agar, modified Knop’s macroelement mineral solution, 2% sucrose, FeEDTA, microelements and organic supplements of Murashige and Skoog medium, 6-benzyladenine (BA), and light. At 0.1 mg/liter, BA produced shoot elongation; at 1 mg/liter, lateral shoot proliferation. Limited rooting has been obtained.
Effect of Irrigation Method on Essential Oil Yield and Rate of Oil Evaporation in Mint Grown under Controlled Condition1
Authors: Croteau Rodney
Published: September 2022

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L. cv. Black Mitcham) grown in a controlled environment under simulated sprinkler irrigation produced essential oil in 23% lower yield than did identical plants grown under simulated furrow irrigation. With spearmint (M. spicata L.) sprinkler irrigation produced oil yields 34% lower than furrow irrigation. When the sprinkler system was on, the rate of essential oil evaporation increased 4 to 5-fold over the rate increase observed in furrow irrigated controls, and an elevated rate of evaporation persisted for several hours after cessation of sprinkling. Physical damage to the oil glands by falling water droplets did not appear to be the major cause of increased evaporation, as studies in water-saturated chambers showed that high humidity alone could cause rapid rates of oil evaporation. Apparently, wetting of the foliage under sprinkler irrigation results in hydration and swelling of the cuticle enclosing the oil glands. Consequently, the permeability of the cuticular membrane may be altered, allowing more rapid evaporation of the volatile oil. The increased rate of oil evaporation in sprinkler irrigated mint may be one of the factors responsible for lowered yields with this irrigation method.
Seed Germination of Myrica pennsylvanicum L.1
Authors: Hamilton D. F. , Carpenter P. L.
Published: September 2022

Germination of Myrica pennsylvanicum was increased by exogenous application of kinetin to scarified, cold-stratified seeds. Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 500 and 900 ppm decreased time required for stratification and increased total percentage germination. GA3 was more effective than kinetin for increasing germination.
‘Venus’ Grape1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin
Published: September 2022

Grape breeding was initiated by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 1964. The major objective of this program has been to develop high quality table grapes adapted to the soils and climate of Arkansas. ‘Venus’, a blue seedless table grape, is the first cultivar released from this program.
‘Canadice’ Grape1
Authors: Pool R. M. , Watson J. P. , Kimball K. H. , Einset J.
Published: September 2022

‘Canadice’ (Fig. 1) has been released by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station to fill the need for seedless grapes well adapted to the growing conditions in the viticultural areas of northeastern North America. It is the first of the “second generation” seedless grapes to be released from the Geneva grape breeding program. Previously, 5 seedless cultivars have been released from Geneva, all the result of crosses in which one parent is a winter tender cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. (2). They are at best somewhat susceptible to winter injury. ‘Canadice’ was produced from a cross between one of the Geneva seedless cultivars with another cultivar well adapted to the growing conditions of the northeast.
‘Glenora’ Grape1
Authors: Pool R. M. , Watson J. P. , Kimball K. H. , Einset J.
Published: September 2022

A major objective of the grape breeding program at Geneva has been to combine the seedless character available in certain grapes of Mediterranean origin with the winter cold hardiness and disease resistance of grapes of American origin so that the resulting progeny will be suited to the growing conditions of northeastern North America. From this program, 4 white and 1 red seedless (steno-spermocarpic) cultivars have been released and planted widely (2). There has been considerable demand for a blue, seedless grape similar to those already released. ‘Glenora’ meets this demand.
Multiple Cropping Potentials of Beans and Maize1
Authors: Francis Charles A.
Published: September 2022

Multiple cropping systems are characterized by high plant species diversity, closed cycling of nutrients, reduced pest incidence, erosion control, low but stable yields, and an intensive exploitation of limited land resources. Used on small farms in Latin America for centuries, bean-maize systems provide a source of income and a balanced diet for the farm family. Limited technology has reached this sector of the agricultural population, and new research reveals an impressive potential for improving yields in the bean-maize cropping system.
Taiwan – Workshop for Asian Vegetable Research
Authors: Cowell Robert
Published: September 2022

Doomsday reports of Asian food shortages seem contradicted in this central Taiwan vegetable field (cover). While grandmother and mother bundle spinach for market, grandaughter naps peacefully on mother's back. Industrious farmers have successfully exploited their island's limited cropland and made vegetable production an important component of the intensive agriculture which enables Taiwan to enjoy self-sufficiency in food.
Low Pressure Storage for Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Murr D. P. , Berard Luce
Published: September 2022

Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage has proven notably successful for storing some apple cultivars and has been adopted on a wide commercial scale. However, CA storage of other crops has had variable success (39). Since the inception of CA storage, the only major innovation in storage practices with a potential broadscale application is the use of sub-atmospheric pressures (hypo-baric storage, low pressure storage, LPS). The inventor has coined the name hypobaric for this method (20). We prefer the term low pressure storage because it is less “medicinal” in implication and is readily shortened to LPS. Although LPS has been discussed in textbooks (1, 21, 71, 75), commercial use is still restricted to a few mobile vans. In the belief that LPS is technically possible on a large scale and may offer advantages over current methods, this review undertakes to examine the potential application of LPS to selected horticultural crops.
Chemical Defoliation of Pin Oak in the Expanding Leaf Stage1
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Creager R. A.
Published: September 2022

Low levels of 7-oxabicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall), ranging from 37.5 to 300 ppm, combined with 1000 ppm of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and sprayed on pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) seedling sprouts in the greenhouse caused temporary defoliation during the initial stages of leaf development. Defoliation was 75 to 86% with a 75 ppm endothall/1000 ppm ethephon combination applied during the first 27 days of leaf expansion. In field trials a 75 ppm/1000 ppm, endothall/ethephon combination defoliated 85% of 17 year-old pin oak trees in the expanding leaf stage. Shoot damage was negligible and foliar density of field trees reached 90% of control 10 weeks after defoliation.
Micropropagation of African Violet from Petiole Cross-sections1
Authors: Bilkey P. C. , McCown B. H. , Hildebrandt A. C.
Published: September 2022

When optimal levels of growth substances, particularly cytokinins, are utilized, about 5,000 commercially useable plantlets of African violet (Saintpaulia ionautha Wendl.) can be generated from a single petiole in 3-4 months. Murashige and Skoog (MS) high salt medium containing 0.1 mg/liter α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) and 0.01 mg/liter benzyladenine (BA) proved adequate for 2 mm petiole cross-sections.
Tissue Culture Propagation of Head Lettuce1
Authors: Koevary K. , Rappaport L. , Morris L. L.
Published: September 2022

Plants of head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were rapidly regenerated in vitro using apex segments, expanded axial buds, and leaf sections. Shoot development occurred after 14 days on Miller’s medium plus 5.0 mg/liter 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 0.5 mg/liter kinetin at 22.5°C. Root initiation was induced by transferring rootless plantlets to Miller’s medium plus 1 mg/liter indolebutyric acid (IBA) for 2 weeks. Plants were transplanted to pots 4 weeks after initial culturing, and to the field within an additional 3 to 5 weeks. Heads appeared similar to those propagated from seed and viable seed was produced.
Effects of Pine Vole Damage on Tree Vigor and Fruit Yield in New York Apple Orchards1
Authors: Pearson Karen , Forshey C. G.
Published: September 2022

Effects of pine vole (Microtus pinetorum LeConte) damage on tree vigor and fruit yield, size, and grade were studied for ‘McIntosh’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Rome Beauty’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Pine vole damage reduced yield and fruit size and increased fruit color. The net effect was a significant reduction in the dollar value of the fruit for each of the 3 cultivars.
‘Harcot’ Apricot1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harcot’ is an attractive, early season, high quality apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) with adequate cold hardiness and resistance to bacterial spot [Xantho-monas pruni (E.F.Sm.) Dows.], brown rot [Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey], and perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.). It was introduced in 1977 to meet the need in Ontario for a better adapted, cold hardy and disease resistant cultivar for the fresh market.
‘Patriot’ Tomato1
Authors: Hills W. A. , Wann E. V. , Dukes P. D. , Fassuliotis George , Wells J. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Patriot’ is a determinate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with excellent fruit color, developed primarily as a fresh-market or home-garden type. It is resistant to root knot and fusarium wilt.
‘Hazel’ Geranium1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

‘Galaxie’, one of the early garden geraniums (Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey) originating from the Iowa State Univ. breeding program, was well received by both gardeners and industry because of its compact, free-flowering habit and general ease of culture. Its faults of uninteresting flower color and a tendency to injury by Botrytis cinerea Pers. and two-spotted mites were common to others of its color class; namely, ‘Penny’ (syn. ‘Penny Irene’) ‘Irvington Beauty’ (syn. ‘Rose-Pink Flat’), and ‘Pink Abundance’. The new cultivar ‘Hazel’ (Fig. 1) has the compact, floriferous plant habit of ‘Galaxie’, but improves upon its disease and mite tolerance and flower color. ‘Hazel’ is derived from a breeding program in which major stress has been placed upon developing garden geraniums capable of growing and flowering in areas subject to high summer temp at night and the high relative humidity, the usual climatic pattern in the Midwestern U.S.
The Role of Internal Factors and Exogenous Control in Flowering, Peel Growth, and Abscission in Citrus1
Authors: Monselise Shaul P. , Goren Raphael
Published: September 2022

Flowering, peel growth and abscission provide examples of processes regulated by endogenous hormonal balance and susceptible of reacting to applied growth substances. Knowledge, accumulated during recent years, of internal balances and of reactions elicited by exogenous factors, has been integrated. Aspects of mode of action, dynamics of processes, the time component, non-hormonal factors and their interaction with internal hormonal balance and applied regulators are discussed in relation to application.
Woody Ornamental Winter Storage
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. , Smith Elton M.
Published: September 2022

The Ohio Cooperative Extension Service and The Ohio State University sponsored a symposium December 9-10, 1977 for members of the nursery production and scientific communities to update their knowledge and exchange ideas as it related to the winter storage of woody ornamentals. The symposium participants discussed the physiology of winter storage, pre-storage practices, determining maturity and prediction of harvest dates, acclimating plants to storage, principles of common and refrigerated storage, construction and orientation of storage structures, poly-coverings, disease control, anti-transpirants, minimum-heat, thermoblankets, heat saving techniques, and future needs. A summary of the discussions as well as research ideas are presented in this report. Copies of the proceedings of the Woody Ornamentals Winter Storage Symposium can be obtained for $5.00. Persons interested should enclose a check payable to Storage Symposium to Dr. Elton M. Smith, Department of Horticulture, 2001 Fyffe Court, Columbus, Oh, 43210.
Faculty Evaluation: A Department Chairman’s Perception
Authors: Rollins H. A.
Published: September 2022

Faculty evaluation and counseling when carried out effectively can lead to departmental excellence. Conducted improperly, however, the procedure can, and often does, create anxieties and inhibit total team effort. The faculty evaluation, counseling, and reward system, to be effective, must stimulate progress toward departmental goals and objectives. If the reward system within the entire university is such as to disregard the assigned goals and missions of the department, then the process will likely be counterproductive.
In Vitro Propagation of Gloxinia from Leaf Explants1
Authors: Johnson Becky B.
Published: September 2022

Haramaki (1) reported that apical sections from vegetative shoots could be used to propagate gloxinia in vitro. The number of plants that could be produced from a single tuber was limited, however, since new vegetative shoots were individually placed on medium. More plants could be produced from a single tuber if leaf explants instead of shoots were used. In this paper I report an in vitro method to propagate gloxinia from leaf explants.
Influence of Light Intensity and Date of Explantation on Growth of Geranium Callus1
Authors: Hammerschlag F. A.
Published: September 2022

Explants from haploid, diploid, and tetraploid geraniums (Pelargonium ⨯ hortorum Bailey) were grown under 1, 5, and 10 klx of continuous cool white fluorescent lamps. Maximum callus production, measured by fresh weight increase occurred at 5 klx for ‘Kleine Liebling (haploid) and at 1 klx for ‘Sprinter’ (diploid) and ‘Sincerity’ (tetraploid). All cultivars grew poorly at 10 klx. Increase in fresh weight of ‘Sprinter’ tissue was 3 times greater than that of ‘Kleine Liebling’ and ‘Sincereity’ at 1 klx and 2 times greater at 5 klx. Differences among light treatments and among cultivars were more apparent with explants taken in winter versus explants taken in the summer.
Chemical Thinning of Prune: Relation of Assimilate Deprivation to Ethylene-mediated Fruit Abscission1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Muraoka T. T.
Published: September 2022

Dry matter accumulation by immature ‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica L. cv Agen) fruit was reduced significantly within 7 days by (A) branch girdling plus defoliation (G+D), or (B) 300 ppm ethephon. Ethephon, but not G+D, reduced fruit removal force (FRF) significantly over the same interval. These data do not support the hypothesis that ethylene (C2H4)-induced thinning is initiated by assimilate deprivation. We propose that reduced mobilization of assimilates by ethephon-treated fruit is a consequence of the incipient fruit senescence which precedes abscission rather than the causative factor.
Physiology of Plum Fruit Abscission Induced by Larvae of the Plum Curculio1
Authors: Levine Eli , Hall Franklin R.
Published: September 2022

The physiological basis for plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Fellenberg) fruit abscission induced by larvae of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), appear to be pectinases and cellulase released into fruits by feeding larvae. About 45% more plums receiving active commercial pectinase and cellulase abscised than fruits receiving inactivated enzymes.
A System for Freezing Biological Materials1
Authors: Gusta L. V. , Boyachek M. , Fowler D. B.
Published: September 2022

A freezer system is described for subjecting biological materials to temperatures between +50° and -85°C. The system provides for removal of latent heat of fusion, adjustment of tissue water content, uniformity of temperature, control of supercooling and a wide range of cooling rates.
Growth Retardation Activity of Piproctanyl-bromide on Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.1
Authors: Bocion P. F. , de Silva W. H. , Walther H. R.
Published: September 2022

Foliar applications of 100 to 150 mg (ai/liter of an aqueous solution containing 5% of 1-allyl-l -(3, 7-dimethyloctyl) piperidinium bromide (piproctanyl-bromide, Stemtrol), reduced the height of all chrysanthemum cultivars tested. Best results were obtained when applied to cuttings 5 to 10 days after the beginning of propagation followed by a second application when the axillary shoots were 2 — 3 cm long. Penetration and translocation to the apical meristems were better through young, soft leaves near the apex than through older bottom leaves. The growth retardation effect of piproctanyl-bromide was independent of nutrient level.
Factors Affecting the Acidity of Tomatoes1
Authors: Sapers G. M. , Phillips J. G. , Panasiuk O. , Carré J. , Stoner A. K. , T. Barksdale
Published: September 2022

Acidity was measured on ripe and overripe samples of 16 cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) ‘Ace’ and ‘Garden State’ were the lowest in acidity. In some samples of ‘Garden State’, 25% of the individual ripe fruits exceeded pH 4.8. Overripe tomatoes, tomato tissue infected with Alternaria and anthracnose, and fruits obtained from dead vines were also abnormally high in pH.
The Effect of Ethylene-induced Ripening on Tomatoes of Different Genotypes1
Authors: Wells J. A. , Wann E. V. , Hills W. A.
Published: September 2022

Mature green ‘Homestead’ tomatoes (Lycoperiscon esculentum Mill.) and 3 advanced breeding lines were treated with ethylene gas and some compositional parameters of the treated fruit were compared with those of control fruit. Tomato breeding line T3702j2 showed a greater response to ethylene treatment than ‘Homestead’ and other advanced breeding lines carrying the crimson (ogc) and high pigment-crimson (hp ogc) genotypes. Ethylene treatment had negligible effects on the levels of soluble solids, dry matter, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, and lycopene in the genotypes studied. The mean pH of the treated samples was slightly higher than that of the control, but was not statistically significant in all cultivars or breeding lines every year. The data suggest that breeders should pay attention to the response of breeding lines and potential cultivars to ethylene-induced ripening.
Muskmelon Hybrid Seed Production Facilitated by Ethephon1
Authors: Lee Chi Won , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Spraying with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to increase femaleness in andromonoecious muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) increased hybrid seed production under natural field crossing from 12.0% to 27.4% in ‘Wheat City’ and from 4.0% to 51.5% in ‘Queen of Colorado’. A dominant seedling marker (Bi) in ‘Honey Dew’, the pollinator for both crosses, was used to identify hybrid seed.
‘Noel’s Special’ Passion Fruit1
Authors: Ito Philip J.
Published: September 2022

‘Noel’s Special’ is a yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa) selected mainly for its unusually bright orange-colored juice and tolerance to alternaria brown-spot (Alternaria passiflorae Simmonds).
‘Bonner’ Tomato1
Authors: Boe A. A. , Benson James A.
Published: September 2022

‘Bonner’ tomato is a compact, ultra early tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) intended for use in cool and short growing season areas (Fig. 1). It was named for Bonner County, Idaho, where it was selected.
In Vitro Propagation of Rieger Elatior Begonias1
Authors: Mikkelsen Edward P. , Sink Kenneth C.
Published: September 2022

Aphrodite types of Rieger begonias are routinely propagated by terminal stem cuttings and the Schwabenland types by leaf-petiole cuttings (J. C. Mikkelsen, personal communication). The shoots and roots that arise at the base of the petiole of a leaf-petiole cutting of the Schwabenland types are of adventitious origin.
Fruit Set and Persistence of ‘Winter Nelis’ Pear following Treatment with Several Gibberellins, Cytex, Abscisic Acid, and GA3 plus CaCl21
Authors: Martin George C. , Nishijima C.
Published: September 2022

Flowers of caged ‘Winter Nelis’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) set parthenocarpic fruit that persisted until maturity after a single treatment with the gibberellin GA3, GA3 + CaCl2 or the pear gibberellin GA45. Cytex (a zeatin-like cytokinin), abscisic acid (ABA), GA9, GA17 and GA25 were ineffective. The persisting fruits treated with GA3 or GA3 + CaCl2 were significantly smaller than the controls and the GA3 + CaCl2 treated fruits were significantly smaller than those treated with GA45.
Ethyl Oleate Sprays to Reduce Cracking of Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Harrington W. O. , Hills Claude H. , Jones Susan B. , Stafford A. E. , Tennes B. R.
Published: September 2022

Spraying with 3% ethyl oleate (EO) reduced the incidence of cracking from 29 to 11% in ‘Vista’ cherries (Prunis avium L.) Applications of EO increased the rate of dehydration in cherries exposed to ambient air following treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations suggest that EO modifies the cherry cuticle by redistributing surface wax, thereby enhancing mass transfer of water vapor through the skin.
Parafilm: A New Way to Wrap Grafts1
Authors: Beineke Walter F.
Published: September 2022

About 200 grafts of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) have been made per year for the last 10 years as part of the tree improvement project at Purdue Univ. Until 1977, nearly all grafts were painted or dipped in melted paraffin (2, 3) or commercial grafting wax compounds containing sticky resins (1).
Independence of Halo, Glabrous, and Yellow-green Mutants in Muskmelon1
Authors: Nugent Perry E.
Published: September 2022

The halo cotyledon mutant of musk-melon, which produced yellow cotyledons with green margins and occasionally with green midribs, was discovered in 1970 (3). Most of these cotyledons turn green within 7-14 days, and subsequent seedling growth is normal. It is a potentially useful marker for genetic studies of the species, for cultivar improvement, and for identifying chance crosses with related species. This study was undertaken to provide information on the genetic relationship of halo (h) to glabrous (gl) (2) and to yellow-green (yg) (5). Plants carrying the glabrous gene are without tricornes throughout their life and those with the yellow-green gene are light yellow-green throughout their life, although their immature fruit are normal green.
Effects of Hydrofhiosilicic Acid, Superphosphate, and Treblesuperphosphate Soil Applications on Leaf Injury in Freesia hybrida1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss Terry L. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: September 2022

Necrotic areas along leaf margins and at leaf tips were observed on Freesia hybrida Bailey when an aqueous application of hydrofhiosilicic acid (H2SiF6) was added to the growing medium. Similar foliar symptoms occurred with the addition of superphosphate or treblesuperphosphate which contains 1.0–1.6% F as a contaminant. Tissue fluoride levels increased when H2SiF6, superphosphate or treblesuperphosphate was added to the soil.
‘Cataldo’ Everbearing Strawberry1
Authors: Boe A. A. , Benson J. A. , Dunwell Winston C.
Published: September 2022

‘Cataldo’ is an everbearing strawberry (Fragaria ⨯ ananassa Duch.) of exceptional quality for home gardens and fresh market use in Northern Idaho. ‘Cataldo’ is named for the historic Cataldo Mission of Northern Idaho.
‘Bonavista’, ‘Elmira’, ‘Moncton’ and ‘Sydney’ Rosa rugosa ⨯ chinensis Hybrids1
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

Until now, only one hybrid R. rugosa and R. chinesis has been described but it seems to have subsequently disappeared. This cross was carried out by Bruant of Poitiers before 1891 and one of the resulting seedlings was described by Andre as R. calocarpa (5).
Mechanical Harvesting of Small Fruits
Authors: Morris justn R.
Published: September 2022

The research program on fruit crops at the University of Arkansas interrelates the areas of harvest mechanization, pre- and postharvest physiology and processing. This program is designed to serve a highly competitive, growing processing industry. Through cooperative research undertaken by the Departments of Horticultural Food Science and Agricultural Engineering, mechanical harvesters were developed for blackberries (refer HortScience 13:228-235) and strawberries (refer HortScience 13:000-000). Utilizing the principle of fruit abscission, blackberry fruit can be selectively mechanically harvested on a commercial basis at the rate of 1 acre per hour, while product quality is superior to hand-harvested fruit.
Developing a Mechanized System for Production, Harvesting and Handling of Strawberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Kattan A. A , Nelson G. S. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: September 2022

A completely mechanized system for production, harvesting and handling strawberries (Fragaria × anassa Duch.) for processing is described. Pre-harvest cultural factors, including bed preparation, plant population, harvest date and clonal evaluation and adaptability to mechanical harvesting, were studied for 4 years. ‘Cardinal’, ‘Earlibelle’, and Arkansas breeding line A-5344 were well suited for once-over mechanical harvesting under Arkansas conditions considering yield, quality, and organoleptic evaluation. Plant population densities in the matted row system used in this study generally had little effect on yield or quality, unless a clone was of low vigor and poor runner plant producer. As harvest date was delayed, quality and useable yield often decreased. However, a minimum of a 6 day harvest period for mechanical harvesting existed for the cultivars tested. The results of this study indicate that once-over mechanical harvesting of strawberries is feasible when the proper cultivar is grown on properly shaped beds with good cultural practices and adequate postharvest handling procedures.
Airborne Fluoride Effects on Some Flowering and Landscape Plants1
Authors: Woltz S. S. , Waters W. E.
Published: September 2022

Comparative fumigation procedures were used to evaluate the relative susceptibility of some ornamental plant species to the toxic effects of airborne fluoride in compartmentalized greenhouse chambers. Susceptibility classification was based on the speed of development of toxicity symptoms together with the specific concentrations of hydrofluoric acid vapor causing fluorosis. Symptoms of fluoride toxic effects were recorded for use in diagnosis and evaluation of damage.
Greenhouse Evaluation of the Response of Ash and Maple to Growth Inhibitors1
Authors: Ray Frank J. , King Judith A. , Goetz P. C. , Tozer W. E.
Published: September 2022

Foliar applications at 3, 6, and 9 kg ai/ha of 10 plant growth inhibitors were evaluated on 2- to 3-year-old seedlings of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) under greenhouse conditions. Effective retardation or inhibition without terminal injury was obtained on silver maple with the high rates of ancymidol and MH and the low rate of fluoridamid. Ancymidol at 6 and 9 kg ai/ha, Krenite at 9 kg ai/ha and the combination, chlorflurenol + maleic hydrazide (MH) at 3 and 6 kg ai/ha, gave the best control of stem elongation on green ash without excessive injury.
Seed Scarification to Speed Germination of Ornamental Cycads (Zamia spp.)1
Authors: Shannon Smith G
Published: September 2022

Rate and percent germination of Zamia integrifolia Ait. and Z. furfuracea L.f. can be significantly improved by seed scarification. Reported germination times of up to a year or more can be reduced to 1 to 3 months under greenhouse conditions if the outer fleshy seed coat is removed and the inner stony layer scarified. Rate and percent germination vary with placement of scarification cut and species. Germination of 80 to 100% in 1 week were obtained for Z. integrifolia under laboratory conditions.
N and K Fertilization of Florida Coontie, Zamia integrifolia Ait.1
Authors: Shannon Smith G.
Published: September 2022

N significantly increased leaf number and length of Zamia integrifolia but K had no effect. N influenced tissue levels of P but not N, K or microelements. K influenced tissue level K but not other nutrient levels.
Low Temperature Increases Reducing and Total Sugar Concentrations in Leaves of Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.) and Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.)1
Authors: Sieckmann Sharlene , Boe A. A.
Published: September 2022

Total sugar concentrations in leaves increased from 22 mg/g fresh weight to 50 mg/g fresh weight on day 8 in boxwood and from 44 mg/g fresh weight to 77 mg/g fresh weight on day 6 in cranberry leaves after being exposed to temperature treatment of 7°C with 8 hour light. Similarly, reducing sugar concentrations increased from 6.5 mg/g fresh weight prior to treatment to 10.5 mg/g fresh weight on day 8 in boxwood and from 22 to 33 mg/g fresh weight in cranberry.
Fire Blight on Thornless Blackberries1
Authors: Skirvin Robert M. , Otterbacher Alan G. , Ries Steve M.
Published: September 2022

The first occurrence of fire blight on thornless blackberries (Rubus spp.) was reported in Illinois in 1976 (7, 8). Infections appeared either at the cane tip and proceeded basipetally, at axillary buds, causing cane girdling, or on flower/fruit clusters. Diseased portions of the canes were necrotic, purplish-black, and the tips were curved. Lesions were characteristically water-soaked and produced abundant bacterial ooze. Infected fruits did not develop to maturity, became brown, dried, very hard, and remained attached to the fruit pedicel. Frequently entire fruit clusters were infected but generally 1 or 2 fruits in each cluster escaped (Fig. 1). Mummified berries were commonly present on the 4 commercial cultivars (‘Thornfree’, ‘Dirksen Thornless’, ‘Black Satin’, and ‘Smooth-stem’) as well as several unnamed selections of similar genetic background to these cultivars. One seedling selection (SIUS 68-6-15) exhibited about 65% fruit infection. A bacterium was isolated from these fruits and from infected stems. The organism was morphologically and physiologically identical to, but pathogenically different from Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. isolates from apple and pear.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: McFarlane James C.
Published: September 2022

The title, “Controlled Environments,” brings different images to different minds. To some it may create a vision of irrigation systems and wind breaks, and to others, a life support system as used in space flight. Between these extremes are many gradations in the sophistication and size of the controlled area. For instance, in some greenhouses elaborate controls provide specified conditions for entire crops, whereas in a leaf cuvette, environmental control is provided for only one leaf or perhaps only a part of a single leaf. In the context of this symposium, the subject, “Controlled Environments in Horticultural Research,” is limited to those facilities called growth chambers and growth rooms in which an attempt is made to control the temperature, humidity, and air movement, and in which light is produced by electricity rather than by sun.
The Use of Controlled Environments in Research
Authors: Kramer Paul J.
Published: September 2022

Everyone who grows plants is aware of the vital role of the environment and at almost every meeting of horticulturists papers are presented describing the effects of environmental factors on plant growth. However, the environment includes so many interrelated factors (light, water, temperature, CO2, mineral nutrition, air pollutants, and pests) that it often is difficult to decide which one is producing an observed effect on growth. For example an increase in temperature often is accompanied by an increase in transpiration which may produce plant water stress. Thus it is difficult to separate the direct effect of increasing temperature on biochemical processes from the indirect effects produced by increasing plant water stress. The only way in which the effects of environmental factors on growth and yield can be analyzed effectively is by growing plants in controlled environment laboratories (phytotrons) where a particular component of the environment can be varied while all the others are held constant.
Standardization of Controlled Environment Research
Authors: Tibbitts T. W.
Published: September 2022

The development of controlled environments in the early 1950’s with sufficient radiation intensity to obtain vigorous plant growth initiated a rapid explosion of environmental research. It was an explosion that provided a decade or a decade and one-half of real excitement in plant physiology. Many light, temperature and carbon dioxide interactions were unraveled, as it was possible to vary one factor and hold all other factors of the environment constant. The controlled environment was a must for plant physiologists if their work was to have real validity.
Use of Antitranspirants to Improve Water Relations of Cineraria1
Authors: McDaniel G. L. , Bresenham Georgia L.
Published: September 2022

Antitranspirant chemicals Clear Spray (200 ml/liter) and Vapor Gard (50 ml/liter) significantly increased stomatal diffusive resistance in cineraria (Senecio cruentus DC.) on hot days. Foliar applications of the antitranspirants were effective in reducing plant water stresses for a period of 4 weeks. These chemicals did not have a significant effect on stomatal diffusive resistance when no water stress occurred in the plants. Foliage sprayed with these chemicals was more attractive and plants required less watering to maintain vigorous growth.
Sink Strength and Cassava Productivity1
Authors: Santos Barros Raimundo , Costa Mercês Walter , Alvim Ronald
Published: September 2022

Primary productivity in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was greater as planting density and leaf area index decreased. This is a result of a control of net assimilation rate in the leaves by sink strength of the roots, for productivity was a direct function of root system weight.
‘Patmore’ Green Ash1
Authors: Ronald Wilbert G. , Driedger Jake
Published: September 2022

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) is a North American native with a wide distribution from the Gulf of Mexico (Zone 9 A, USD A Plant Hardiness Zone Map) to the northern Great Plains and Canadian prairies (Zone 2A). A species of so wide a distribution is composed of many physiologic races adapted to mean Jan. temperatures of — 18°C and 100 frost-free days in the north, to 13° and 280 frost-free days in the south. Within its range the species demonstrates adaptation to many soil types and moisture levels.
‘Castlebrite’ Apricot1
Authors: Ramming David W. , Tanner Owen
Published: September 2022

‘Castlebrite’ is an early-maturing apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) for the fresh market with exceptional color and firmness. The fruit ripens toward the end of May, with ‘Pinkerton’ and about 4 weeks before ‘Blenheim’.
Tree Trunk Applicators for Sunscald Protection1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B.
Published: September 2022

The application of exterior white latex paint has proved useful in protecting young fruit and nut trees from summer sunscald. The common methods of paint application are by brush or spray, but brushing is time consuming and not always fully effective and spraying is wasteful of paint and the equipment is difficult to clean. The construction and use of new application ideas such as edge rollers, shake paint applicators, and paint mittens are presented.
The Effect of Delayed Storage, Slow Cooling, and Polyethylene Box Liners on ‘Mcintosh’ Breakdown1
Authors: Walsh Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Delays at 20°C prior to controlled atmosphere (CA) storage decreased ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) breakdown. Delayed storage did not affect the firmness of fruit unaffected by breakdown after CA storage. Polyethylene box liners decreased firmness and increased the incidence of breakdown.
A Texture Measurement Technique for Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. , Tung M. A. , Voisey P. W.
Published: September 2022

A rapid method for determining firmness of fruits of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) using the Ottawa Texture Measuring System is described. Firmness was determined by averaging the mean slope of force-deformation curves for 15 individual cherries per replication. Fruit of intermediate maturity was less from (P < 5%) than more immature or mature fruit Three Ca sprays applied prior to harvest firmed fruit (P < 5%) at harvest. Cherry bioyield and deformation values were not significantly influenced by fruit maturity or CaCl2 sprays at harvest
Electrophoretic Analysis of Seed Proteins of Heat-tolerant and Heat-sensitive Cultivars of Chinese Cabbage1
Authors: Zee S. -Y. , Tso M.-Y. W. , Tso W. -W.
Published: September 2022

SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of seed proteins of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cultivars of Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. (Pekinensis group), resulted in clear, reproducible protein banding patterns. The heat-tolerant cultivars and the heat-sensitive cultivars could be easily distinguished by the relative intensities of the 2 distinct bands at the 75,000 and 85,000 molecular weight regions.
Variation in Betalaine Content among Table Beet Cultivars1
Authors: Ng Timothy J. , Lee Ya-Nien
Published: September 2022

Significant differences were found in the betalaine concentrations of 12 cultivars of table beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Betacyanine concentrations ranged from 223 mg/100 g fresh weight (‘Mono King Explorer’) to 3 mg/100 g fresh weight (‘Burpee’s Golden’), and betaxanthine concentrations ranged from 91 mg/100 g fresh weight (‘Mono King Explorer’) to 33 mg/100 g fresh weight (‘Long Season’). Long Season contained the highest beta-cyanine/betaxanthine ratio while ‘Golden’ had the lowest.