bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thomas Aquinas (II)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Antonia
Published: November 2017

This chapter establishes the place of material continuity in Aquinas’s account of the identity between the mortal and resurrected human body, disagreeing with interpretations that imply the sufficiency of the soul in accounting for personal identity. It examines questions of food and cannibalism, and the role of the body’s dimensive quantity, or ‘accidental’ corporeal form, in guaranteeing its material identity. It discusses Aquinas’s account of postmortem bodily continuity, and his treatment of material identity across bodily decomposition. Here, Aquinas tries to rely on Averroes’ concept of a quasi-corpuscular structure in matter, arguing that traces of the body’s quantity can remain to identify its matter across decay. This conflicts, however, with an important Aristotelian principle—the priority of substance to accident. This highlights a fascinating point of tension between tradition and innovation in Aquinas’s thought. The chapter concludes with a focus on Aquinas’s discussions of Christ’s corpse, questioned at Paris.
When the World Around You Is Changing
Authors: Wuttke Alexander
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the amount of variability in individual turnout decisions over time and its dependence on the changing characteristics of political parties as one feature of the political context. Electoral participation in the German federal elections from 1994 to 2013 was characterized by inertia for most eligible voters. However, one reason for dynamics in turnout behavior is changes in individual alienation with regard to the political parties. When voters develop a more favorable view of the political parties than in the previous election in terms of the parties’ generalized evaluation or perceived competence, they are motivated to switch from abstention to voting (and vice versa). But the political parties’ capacity to raise turnout rates is rather narrow compared to the influence of other determinants, such as the perceived duty to vote.
Greek Christian Lists
Authors: Gallagher Edmon L. , Meade John D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter contains texts, translations, and analysis of the seventeen early canon lists (Old Testament and/or New Testament) in Greek in probable chronological order: the Bryennios List, Melito of Sardis, Origen of Alexandria, Eusebius of Caesarea, Cyril of Jerusalem, Athanasius of Alexandria, Synod of Laodicea, Apostolic Canons, Gregory of Nazianzus, Amphilochius of Iconium, and Epiphanius of Salamis. These lists show remarkable consistency of biblical contents for both the Old and the New Testaments. The OT lists consist mostly of the twenty-two books of the Jewish canon though the forms of the some of the books reflect the Septuagintal forms rather than the Masoretic Text. The NT lists largely consist of the four Gospels, Acts, and the fourteen epistles of Paul. Disputes over the Catholic Epistles and the Revelation of John persisted into the fourth century as the lists show, but appear to have subsided by the end of this century.
The Vagueness of the Law and the Importance of its Interpretation
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter keeps us in the domain of legal theory and legal philosophy and discusses how the vagueness of the law explains why different people interpret the law differently. It also places emphasis on the importance of the law’s interpretation and provides a framework that ought to guide our interpretation of law so as to maximise our prospect of reaching jurisdictional interoperability. That framework consists of three main guiding principles: (1) ‘fairness’, (2) ‘consequence focus’, and (3) ‘harmonisationalism’. Further, it discusses some common, and particularly unhelpful, approaches to legal interpretation.
Varieties of Teleology
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the teleological claims made by Plato in his writings, according to which an event or action or natural phenomenon occurs for the sake of some end. Students of ancient philosophy have identified two varieties of teleology: intentional teleology and the teleology of nature. These varieties of teleology do not allow us to understand two important teleological claims present in Plato’s writing. In the ascent passage of the Symposium, the lover of the ascent acts for the sake of understanding the Form of Beauty. In the image of the Cave in the Republic, a prisoner ascends from the cave for the sake of seeing the sun. To understand these cases of acting for the sake of an end that is not intended as a goal, a third variety of teleology is needed. This variety centers on the performance of functions or characteristic activities in the course of action.
The Form of the Good II
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: November 2017

This chapter is concerned with the image of the Divided Line, in which dianoia illustrates the use of the image-original relation. Dianoia employs visible objects such as the diagrams used in geometry as images for the purpose of gaining insight into intelligible objects. In the process of making its inquiries, dianoia employs hypotheses as starting points. These hypotheses include but are not limited to the definitions that mathematicians set forth as they make their demonstrations. Philosophers are expected to make a further transition from dianoia to dialectic and thus to move to the highest section of the line. In making this transition, the hypotheses or definitions fashioned by dianoia are taken over by dialectic and used as images of the objects associated with dialectic, the forms.
Winning Humanitarian Interventions? Problematizing Victory and jus post bellum in International Action to Stop Mass Atrocities
Authors: Mills Kurt
Published: November 2017

Much contemporary conflict bears little resemblance to traditional understandings of war. This is particularly the case for action intended to protect civilians in the midst of war and mass atrocities, as conceived of in the norm of the responsibility to protect. Humanitarian intervention is frequently invoked as an instance of just war. Yet, particularly within contemporary legal and political frameworks, this is a mischaracterization. It is not war in the traditional sense, although there may be war-like elements. It is more akin to police action, where certain international actors are upholding international law and norms. Some elements of peacekeeping also fall under this heading. This has significant implications for how—and whether—we can conceive of victory in such situations. Further, there are significant questions about what follow-through is required after a humanitarian intervention—and who has a responsibility to rebuild torn societies.
Cui Bono
Authors: Eckert Amy E.
Published: November 2017

The emergence of a new market for private force has altered many aspects of war fighting, including those pertaining to victory and post-conflict settings. While some literature suggests that private military companies (PMCs) can sometimes lead parties to negotiate a peace agreement more quickly, the value of this victory is open to debate. Empirical evidence and case studies of civil wars explored in this chapter suggest that the peace achieved through the use of PMCs is unlikely to endure or to bring substantial improvement to the lives of the most vulnerable victims of war—that is, instead of a positive peace, PMCs achieve a negative peace. Moreover, states often mortgage their natural resources to PMCs as a form of payment. In other words, both the war and the victory secure considerable benefits for PMCs and accomplish little for the civilian populations within war-torn states.
Justice after the Use of Limited Force
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel R.
Published: November 2017

The development of the theory of jus ad vim (the justice of limited force) marks a new direction in just war thinking aimed at navigating the moral dilemmas that emerge when using limited force. While the just war tradition has an ever-growing body of scholarship on jus post bellum, this chapter explores whether the questions and principles are the same in a situation of limited force. In doing so, it examines what victory might look like in a situation of limited force, i.e. jus post vim. The chapter begins by explaining why we need to distinguish between jus post vim and jus post bellum. Then it raises some of the most salient questions related to victory and limited force. Finally, drawing on cases of humanitarian intervention, limited strikes against rogue regimes, and the struggle against non-state terrorist actors, it delineates the moral principles that ought to guide jus post vim.
Conclusion
Authors: Hom Andrew R. , O’Driscoll Cian , Mills Kurt
Published: November 2017

Despite the numerous issues with victory identified in this book, a traditional notion of victory still holds sway today. Therefore, this conclusion extracts shared themes, emerging tensions, and further avenues of inquiry running through the book as a whole. To do so, it highlights the normative, political, and temporal dimensions of moral victory. Normative includes the importance of moral context for thinking about victory and efforts to reinterpret such thinking in more ethical terms. Political pertains to the relationship between dramatized notions of victory, (relaxed) limits on fighting, and an opposite interest in restraint. And temporal concerns whether victories actually mark clean and durable endings to war as well as the creative use of time to negotiate victory differently. These issues also connect the volume to International Relations and Security Studies literatures. We close by proposing how these reflections on victory might help reconstruct the just war tradition.
Formal Points of Contact with Homeric Similes
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

In order to lay the groundwork for taking a comparative approach to the Homeric simile, this chapter juxtaposes on the level of form Homeric similes and similes in modern oral poetries. Three points of similarity stand out: length and duration require a brief discussion whereas the third, arrangement, is explored in more detail. The chapter ends by looking at similarities and differences regarding the matter of position. This chapter also begins to introduce the reader to the abundance of similes found in modern oral traditional works.
Similes in Five Modern Oral Poetries
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents detailed analyses of similes in five modern oral poetries. Examining the poet’s reliance on shared similes in the performances of two epic poems, The Epic of Pābūjī (Rajasthan, India) and The Guritan of Radin Suane (South Sumatra), prepares us to pay attention to shared similes when we see them alongside idiolectal similes. Next comes a demonstration of how Kyrgyz and Bosniac epic poets and composers of Najdi lyric poetry use similes to move around on the spectrum of distribution: they present shared and idiolectal similes. The chapter ends by considering the construction of similes as two-part units made up of a tenor and a vehicle: one thereby gains a greater appreciation for poets’ presentations of shared and idiolectal elements in the space of simile. In sum, poets present shared and idiolectal similes in order to show their competence in performance.
Introduction
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 defines the volume’s key terms: domestic colonization as the process of segregating idle, irrational, and/or custom-bound groups of citizens by states and civil society organizations into strictly bounded parcels of ‘empty’ rural land within their own nation state in order to engage them in agrarian labour and ‘improve’ both the land and themselves and domestic colonialism as the ideology that justifies this process, based on its economic (offsets costs) and ethical (improves people) benefits. The author examines and differentiates her own research from previous literatures on ‘internal colonialism’ and argues that her analysis challenges postcolonial scholarship in four important ways: colonization needs to be understood as a domestic as well as foreign policy; people were colonized based on class, disability, and religious belief as well as race; domestic colonialism was defended by socialists and anarchists as well as liberal thinkers; and colonialism and imperialism were quite distinct ideologies historically even if they are often difficult to distinguish in contemporary postcolonial scholarship—put simply—the former was rooted in agrarian labour and the latter in domination. This chapter concludes with a summary of the remaining chapters.
Labour Colonies in Europe
Authors: Arneil Barbara
Published: November 2017

In Chapter 3, the author begins with labour colonies for the ‘idle poor’ in Europe (Holland, France, Britain, and Germany). In each case the volume analyses the colonies themselves and the population targeted but also the colonialism used to justify their existence. To this end, the writings of Jan van den Bosch of Holland, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Gustave de Beaumont of France; William Booth and Beatrice Webb of Britain; and Max Weber and Max Sering of Germany are examined as they weave together, in each case, domestic colonialism with various other schools of thought (Protestant Christianity, republicanism, paternalism, liberalism, socialism, and nationalism, respectively) to justify particular kinds of colonies for specific kinds of populations in each country.
Alignment in transitive clauses: case determining agreement
Authors: Bárány András
Published: November 2017

After having discussed how agreement can determine Case in Chapter 4, this chapter moves on to discuss how Case can determine (and restrict) agreement. In many languages, the verb can only agree with arguments without overt case-marking. In others, accusative or dative arguments can agree as well. The distribution of agreement and case-marking is highly systematic, which has led researchers to propose that if a language allows agreement with any argument, this must include arguments without case-marking. It is shown that this analysis can capture such generalizations and extend them to the domain of ditransitive clauses, as well. This provides further evidence for analyses of Case as hierarchically organized sets of features, and shows that the framework argued for can make testable predictions.
Signposts of Factuality: On Genuine Assertions in Fictional Literature
Authors: Konrad Eva-Maria
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues for compositionalism, which is the view that a fictional text can consist of both fictional and factual discourse. One reason to think compositionalism is true is that it explains why authors go to great lengths, and commit to high levels of superfluous detail, to achieve accuracy in their works. This chapter argues for compositionalism within a framework of an institution of fictionality. The conventions of this institution are detailed and provide the basis on which we can identify factual discourse in an overall fictional context: Specific signposts of factuality demand of the reader that he read the utterance as factual and consider it to be a source of knowledge. Therefore, compositionalism allows for reliable beliefs to be formed on the basis of engaging with fictions.
Don’t Take My Word for It
Authors: Whiting Daniel
Published: November 2017

Aesthetic testimony is not a source of knowledge; it is not even a source of rational belief. If, for example, Holly tells Harry that Wim Wenders’ Paris, Texas is good, Harry cannot come to know or rationally believe that the film is good on the basis of Holly’s testimony alone. This chapter outlines a novel argument for this view, one which serves also to explain it. That argument appeals to four principles connecting rationality and reasons, reasons and values, belief and affects, and beliefs about reasons and beliefs about value. The chapter motivates and defends each principle in turn, though the main aim is to show how together they cast doubt on the possibility of second-hand aesthetic knowledge.
Authority by Articulation
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

Chapters 3 and 4 are intended as a bridge between what al-Suyūṭī has to say about himself as part of his efforts to project authority as the leading scholar of his time and what others say about him, including his modern legacy. Although al-Suyūṭī failed to convince many of his contemporaries of his status as a mujtahid and mujaddid (scholar sent at the turn of each century to bring about religious renewal), his articulation of the concepts of ijtihād and tajdīd have proven influential to later scholars seeking to connect their own projects of reform to the classical tradition. Al-Suyūṭī’s contribution to the wider “tajdīd genre” in Islamic thought allowed his vision of ijtihād and tajdīd to break free of the narrow context of his squabbles with other scholars to help shape how others would view these concepts in the future in their own intellectual and social contexts.
Authority by Aggregation and Abstraction
Authors: Hernandez Rebecca Skreslet
Published: November 2017

In addition to his views on ijtihād and tajdīd, al-Suyūṭī’s lasting influence in Islamic legal thought lies in the area of legal precepts (pithy maxims or questions that sum up areas of the law). Al-Suyūṭī’s al-Ashbāh wa-l-naẓāʾir stands as a core work in this genre of legal literature and is still a popular textbook for students at Egypt’s premier institution of religious learning, al-Azhar. Using the pragmatic theory of Grice and others, I argue that legal precepts fulfill a number of key discursive functions for the jurist. It is with al-Suyūṭī’s Ashbāh that he is most successful in asserting his authority as an aggregator, abstractor, and framer of the law. The power of framing lies in the ability to distill key universal principles from the vast corpus of Islamic substantive law and to assert that these principles represent the essence and spirit of the Sharīʿa.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Van Miert Dirk , Nellen Henk , Steenbakkers Piet , Touber Jetze
Published: November 2017

The Editors’ Introduction explains that seventeenth-century philology covered a wide range of positions in the realm of biblical scholarship. As an innovative discipline, practised across a large confessional landscape, from orthodox theologians to radical philosophers, it produced a shift in the appreciation of the authority of God’s Word by stimulating awareness of the historical situation of the Bible and a concomitant sensitivity for rational arguments. Furthermore, the Editors’ Introduction gives a short survey of the chapters in the book and finishes with a general conclusion that argues for a nuanced view of the shift in the supernatural status of the Bible. Biblical criticism was also, and even first, embraced within the established confessions by prominent, often impeccably orthodox theologians, historians, and philologists. Many believers continued to study Scripture through a primarily dogmatic lens, while drawing on prior critical exegesis.
Biblical Philology in the Long Seventeenth Century
Authors: Nellen Henk , Steenbakkers Piet
Published: November 2017

Textual criticism and historical research played a pivotal role in the controversies about the divine status of the Bible. This introductory chapter attempts to sketch the main context of the debates, historical as well as historiographical, for the single chapters that follow. The chapter gives an explanation of the nature of early modern biblical philology, addresses the conservatism in the practice of biblical philology that arose from psychological, socio-cultural, and theological impediments, highlights the impact of inter-confessional strife on the status of the Bible, and pays special attention to intellectual eccentrics, Thomas Hobbes, Lodewijk Meyer, and Benedict Spinoza in particular, who availed themselves of innovative exegesis for the dismantling of the divine status of the Bible.
The Naked Truth of Scripture
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: November 2017

Like his other works, André Rivet’s magnum opus, the Exercitationes on Genesis (1633), was born from religious controversies. It aimed to uncover the one and only Reformed truth of the biblical message, against the multiplicity of Catholic traditions and textual ambiguities. Exploring the hermeneutical limits of what the Bible could teach, Rivet defended the homogeneity and perspicuity of the Bible, slyly relying on Catholic scholars such as Benito Arias Montano to assert the primacy of the Hebrew Bible and the integrity of its text. Catholic scholars, on the other hand, attempted to account for possible discrepancies in the Vulgate. Both sides deemed themselves holy, and both arrogated Providence to the legitimation of their church and their preferred text. This is to say that textual criticism was ultimately guided by theological and confessional considerations.
God’s Word Confirmed
Authors: Kromhout David , Zwiep Irene E.
Published: November 2017

The nature of the Amsterdam Jewish community engendered a dynamic in which philology played but a small part. Three authors are discussed, in order to depict ongoing debates on Bible and oral tradition as authoritative sources. Uriel da Costa rejected rabbinic oral law, claiming that it amounted to a limitation of the perfection of the written law. Conversely, Immanuel Aboab defended the oral law, on the grounds that both written law and human reason were divine in origin, therefore it was perfectly legitimate to employ reason to interpret written law. Menasseh ben Israel adhered to a meandering casuistry in reconciling contradictory biblical passages. He confirmed the age-old Talmudic idea of the disunity of the biblical text: inconsistencies should be seen as God’s invitation to mankind to ponder scriptural meaning piously and creatively.
How Did Spinoza Declare War on Theology and Theologians?
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: November 2017

Israel argues that Spinoza’s biblical criticism revolutionized the discipline by combining a historical-critical approach with a philosophical demonstration. It eradicated supernatural agency and miracles from the historical process. Spinoza’s new hermeneutics scrupulously distinguished authorial intention from truth of fact. Taken together with his philosophical naturalism, this challenged the essential reconcilability of reason and faith, of science and religion, which was to become the groundwork of the edifice of the Enlightenment erected by Locke, Newton, Leibniz, and Wolff. Thus Spinozism undermined the claim that theology, science, and philosophy form a single harmonious whole. Standard accounts of the Enlightenment and early modern history fail to grasp the full scope of Spinoza’s critique of religion. Ironically, Spinozism became the intellectual origin of a revolutionary consciousness that threatened the political and religious state of affairs because it was publicized and reinforced by apologetic eighteenth-century observers, who excoriated Spinoza’s legacy.
Critics of the Critics
Authors: Roling Bernd
Published: November 2017

Roling describes how vehemently religious orthodoxy in Germany and elsewhere resisted Spinoza’s denial of biblical miracles. Though scholars like Charles Blount, Thomas Pyle, and Jean Le Clerc adopted Spinoza’s explanation of the standstill of the sun at Gabaon (Joshua 10:12–14) as a natural phenomenon, viz. a ‘mock sun’, a parhelion, they did not break through the ramparts erected by academic theology. Quite the opposite: science was exploited to make miracles plausible again. An influential advocate of a literal interpretation was Johann Scheuchzer, in his Physica sacra (1731–1735). Many translations, commentaries, and summaries document the success of his defence. Deriving their arguments from the sciences, these theologians fought the reduction of the biblical text to a historical document. Scheuchzer offered a ready summary of all those exegetes who embraced the view that science was the handmaid of the scriptural text, not an instrument for re-evaluating its literal meaning.
Aging and Competence in Decision Making
Authors: Bruin Wändi Bruine de
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews recent developments in research on decision making competence across the lifespan. It highlights age differences in four main skills that may contribute to making good decisions, namely cognitive deliberation, experience, emotions, and motivation. Although fluid cognitive abilities that underlie cognitive deliberation are known to decline with age, the others follow different paths with age. The chapter also discusses further research steps and potential interventions for targeting cognitive deliberation, experience, emotions, and motivation, so as to promote better decisions and associated life outcomes across the lifespan.
How Moral Uncertaintism Can Be Both True and Interesting
Authors: Sepielli Andrew
Published: November 2017

Several philosophers have tried to develop a framework for decision-making in the face of fundamental moral uncertainty. Critics argue that the project is misguided, as it assumes that there’s a kind of “subjective” rightness that depends on which moral views might be true (rather than which ones are true). This chapter replies to some such criticisms presented by Elizabeth Harman. Harman argues that “moral uncertaintists” seem committed to counterintuitive views about what’s right and what we’re culpable for, and that the only way of modifying the uncertaintist position to escape these commitments renders it uninteresting. However, uncertaintism can avoid these counterintuitive implications by focusing on epistemic probabilities of moral claims rather than subjective ones, and by positing different “orders” of subjective rightness. Further, the version of uncertaintism Harman calls “uninteresting” is not; it specifies what would count as one’s best try at doing what she has objective reason to do.
Creditworthiness and Matching Principles
Authors: Way Jonathan
Published: November 2017

You are creditworthy for φ‎-ing only if φ‎-ing is the right thing to do. Famously though, further conditions are needed too—Kant’s shopkeeper did the right thing, but is not creditworthy for doing so. This case shows that creditworthiness requires that there be a certain kind of explanation of why you did the right thing. The reasons for which you act—your motivating reasons—must meet some further conditions. This chapter defends a new account of these conditions. On this account, creditworthiness requires that your motivating reasons be normative reasons, and that the principles from which you act match normative principles.
The Implementation of the Proprio Motu Authority of the Prosecutor in Africa
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli
Published: November 2017

The chapter argues that some of the criticism against the use of proprio motu powers is justified, particularly in respect of selectivity, given that other situations outside Africa were not investigated in equal manner. Equally, the evidence by which the Prosecutor initiated proprio motu prosecutions was generally weak and, despite some dissenting voices, it was never turned down by the ICC’s pre-trial chambers. This is particularly interesting if one considers that the situation in Kenya, at least, was politically charged. Although the chapter largely discusses the legal contours of the Prosecutor’s proprio motu powers and their application in the two African situations, it also assesses the impact of these prosecutions on local proceedings and the potential for suffocating the investigated nations’ relations with the ICC. To avoid similar conflicts in the future, the author argues that the politicization of prosecutorial discretion could be assessed by considering comparable situations in which the Prosecutor is not attempting to proceed.
Operationalizing the Complementarity Principle
Authors: Olugbuo Benson Chinedu
Published: November 2017

The chapter discusses the political and legal developments in Kenya, where President Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Deputy President William Samoei Ruto were until recently facing ICC indictments for their alleged involvement with orchestrating crimes against humanity. It evaluates whether the decisions of Pre-Trial Chamber II and the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court authorizing the opening of an investigation and dismissing the admissibility challenge by Kenya are a turning point for the ICC in its relationship with national judicial systems in the wider fight against impunity. The chapter seeks to establish whether the decisions of the ICC Chambers limit Kenya’s primary responsibility to hold its citizens accountable. The chapter discusses the prosecutorial policy of ‘inaction’ adopted by the ICC judges and the effect of Pre-Trial Chamber II’s decision to authorize investigation in the Kenya situation based on a liberal interpretation of article 7(2)(a) of the Statute.
Who Will Prosecute Piracy in Africa?
Authors: Papastavridis Efthymios
Published: November 2017

The prosecution of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast has been at the centre of political and academic discourse since the initiation of the counter-piracy campaign. Notwithstanding the principle of universal jurisdiction which is widely seen as applicable to piracy, the overwhelming majority of the states involved in counter-piracy operations have proved reluctant to prosecute alleged pirates within their national courts. The international community seems to have selected the establishment of piracy prosecution centres in other states in the region, mainly Kenya, the Seychelles, Mauritius, and Tanzania, while at the same time it is making efforts to enhance prison capability within Somalia for the transfer of tried pirates. International prosecution does not fit the crime of piracy and armed robbery and in any event seems not to be an option for the international community. Nevertheless, there are many jurisdictional issues to be addressed in relation to the prosecution of piracy off Somalia, especially by third states.
Complementing the ICC Efforts to Curb the Impunity of International Crimes in Africa
Authors: Manirakiza Pacifique
Published: November 2017

A matter raised consistently by eminent personalities asked to report on atrocities in Africa, such as former South African President Thabo Mbeki, is the utilization of traditional justice mechanisms known to Africans. Their use has been limited to Gacaca courts in Rwanda, set up in haste and subject to much criticism. However, there exist several types and models of traditional justice mechanisms at the African level. The contribution of these sui generis mechanisms towards accountability for heinous crimes is largely unaddressed in academic literature. This chapter intends to fill this gap by exploring their potential contribution towards accountability for heinous crimes, alongside the International Criminal Court (ICC). In short, the chapter explores how community-based judicial mechanisms and the ICC, two types of accountability mechanisms with different methodologies and approaches, can work side by side to eradicate impunity regarding, and also to prevent, mass atrocities on the African continent.
Futility Curses in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: November 2017

The problem of a West Semitic tradition of curses is problematized in this chapter by examining the futility curses of the Hebrew Bible, showing that these examples conform tightly to examples in Old Aramaic from the Iron I and II periods. The most similar biblical examples stem from the pre-exilic prophets, while later texts of the exilic and post-exilic period deviate from the normal syntax and vocabulary, instead providing clauses suggestive of general menace and commination rather than threatening a specific future curse. The curses of Deuteronomy 28 also utilize the typical language and syntactical structure of the futility curses from the Old Aramaic and pre-exilic Hebrew texts, yet develop clauses that are noticeably more sophisticated and complex than the earlier examples. This is suggestive of the literary quality of the futility curses in Deuteronomy 28: the scribes have couched traditional ideas and metaphors in a highly literary style.
Within the Providential Plan
Authors: Winkler Emily A.
Published: November 2017

In the narratives of William and Henry, who explicitly view history through the lens of explanation by providential will, the degree of the king’s causal and moral responsibility is particularly high. Precisely because they write about England’s history using a providential framework, William and Henry accord English kings a wider sphere of causal influence: they can and do cause earthly victories or disasters through their military leadership and personal character. Those under the king’s command are not morally responsible for immoral actions or defeats, a view that marks a departure from earlier medieval political thought, and differs from John of Salisbury’s view of shared responsibility later in the twelfth century. William and Henry find providential explanations necessary, but not sufficient; their narratives demand explanation by reason and individual action as well.
Procedural Fairness
Authors: Scanlon T. M.
Published: November 2017

Equality of opportunity requires that individuals should be selected for positions of advantage on the basis of relevant qualifications and that the ability to acquire these qualifications should not depend on the economic status of a person’s family. This chapter offers an institutional account of the moral basis of the first of these requirements. This account presupposes that positions of advantage are justified by the benefits they produce when they are held by individuals with the relevant abilities. The notion of ability relevant to considerations of procedural fairness therefore depends on the aims that justify the institution in question and on the way it is organized to promote these aims. The chapter relates this idea of fairness to the ideas of equal concern and non-discrimination and discusses the implications of procedural fairness for affirmative action.
Introduction
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

This introduction situates the accession of Queen Anne in the broad context of succession crises across the Tudor and Stuart periods. It explains the book’s fundamental methodological assumptions: that contextually sophisticated texts demand to be read through a tight historical focus; that the meanings of texts are contingent on the immediate contexts in which they were written, published, and read; and that those contexts shifted on a daily basis. Royal succession was a central topic in contemporary literature. Outlining the current historiography, it then explains how the book’s arguments may force us to rethink some basic assumptions about party politics at the start of the eighteenth century.
Elections and the Church of England
Authors: Hone Joseph
Published: November 2017

Having explored in previous chapters how the circumstances of Anne’s accession affected portrayals of Stuart rule, this chapter turns to the impact of those representations on the general elections. Parliamentary elections in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had been largely uncontested. By the start of the eighteenth century elections had become violently partisan. This chapter explores how domestic party politics became entangled with international dynastic and religious matters at a time when the Catholic Stuarts were in exile and the Protestant House of Brunswick beckoned from Hanover. By situating major works such as Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion (1702–4) and Defoe’s The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters (1702) in the midst of these elections, it uncovers rhetorical strategies and meanings that have been lost to recent scholarship.
Respect
Authors: Eekelaar John
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyses the role of respect in personal law. Arguing that ‘respect’ means acknowledging that an entity has value in and of itself, it is maintained that if personal law is to be respectful of the individuals to whom it applies, it must recognize the value of the intimate. Examples are given where respect has not been shown, with reference to the law of nullity and divorce and the response of the law to homosexuality. The law must accept a sphere of personal interaction between adults and between adults and children, which is privileged by freedom from institutional constraint and censure. The right of parents in the way they care for and bring up their children and passing on religious beliefs are seen as an aspect of respect for the privileged sphere rather than as more general rights.
The Oresteia Story in the Odyssey
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

Telemachus is encouraged to follow the example of Orestes’ return from abroad to take revenge on his mother’s suitors. (Orestes’ matricide is downplayed, so that he offers a pattern which does not compromise Telemachus’ moral standing.) Agamemnon is trapped in an ambush and murdered at a feast by a trick of his wife’s to achieve a cross-over parallel with the suitors, who are tricked (by Penelope), ambushed, and murdered at a feast. The fish-and-net simile used of the suitors’ bodies lying in the hall parodies Agamemnon’s traditional murder in the bath tangled up in a cloth. Penelope’s instructions for the care of her guest, the disguised Odysseus, parody the bath, textiles, and bed/bier which later appear in Aeschylus’ Oresteia.
The Songs of Demodocus
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2017

Demodocus’ song of the quarrel of Odysseus and Achilles anticipates the quarrel between Odysseus and Euryalus at the Phaeacian games, and looks forward to Odysseus’ dealings with the suitors in Ithaca. It is the first of three songs which meditate on the relative merits of μῆτις‎ (stratagem) and βίη‎ (violence) in dealing with adultery. The handsome Euryalus corresponds in the second song to the good-looking Ares, who is caught in adultery by the stratagem of Hephaestus, Odysseus’ counterpart. Hephaestus entraps Ares, but fails to follow stratagem with violent punishment. The third song celebrates how Troy fell to Odysseus’ stratagem of the Wooden Horse. He outdid Hephaestus, following his stratagem with violent punishment of the adulterer: while the Greeks plundered, he went with Menelaus, the wronged husband, to the house of Deiphobus, Helen’s Trojan husband. Having punished the Trojans for adultery, Odysseus can do the same to the suitors in Ithaca.
Unfinished Business
Authors: Hamera Judith
Published: November 2017

Unfinished Business argues that Michael Jackson and Detroit, both as material entities with specific histories and as representations with uncanny persistence, have something valuable to teach us about three decades of structural economic transition in the United States, and particularly about the changing nature of work and capitalism between the mid-1980s and 2016. They teach us about the racialization and aesthetics of these changes, how they operate as structures of feeling and representations as well as shifts in the dominant mode of production, and about how industrialization’s successor mode, financialization, uses imagery both very similar to and very different from that of its predecessor. The book uses the methods of performance studies to advance three major points. First, figural economies of tropes, dance and theater conventions, and actual performances shape and reflect the ways structural economic change in the United States between the mid-1980s and 2016 congeals into public spectacles, circulates through a wide variety of media, and offers “lessons” to be learned about normative and aberrant relations to capital in transitional times. Second, Michael Jackson and Detroit illuminate the operations of these figural economies with special clarity. Third, Jackson’s and Detroit’s figural potential resides in their capacities to both complicate and bring fictive coherence to the intertwining of race, work, and capital in this period. Sites examined include Jackson’s performances, media coverage of his life, plays featuring Detroit, plans for the city’s postindustrial revitalization, and Detroit installations the Heidelberg Project and Mobile Homestead.
Foundations of Info-Metrics
Authors: Golan Amos
Published: November 2017

This book provides a framework for info-metrics—the science of modeling, inference, and reasoning under conditions of noisy and insufficient information. Info-metrics is an inherently interdisciplinary framework that emerged from the intersection of information theory, statistical inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. It allows us to process the available information with minimal reliance on assumptions that cannot be validated. This book focuses on unifying all information processing and model building within a single constrained optimization framework. It provides a complete framework for modeling and inference, rather than a problem-specific model. The framework evolves from the simple premise that our available information is often insufficient to provide a unique answer for decisions we wish to make. Each decision, or solution, is derived from the available input information along with a choice of inferential procedure. The book contains many multidisciplinary applications that demonstrate the simplicity and generality of the framework in real-world settings: These include initial diagnosis at an emergency room, optimal dose decisions, election forecasting, network and information aggregation, weather pattern analyses, portfolio allocation, inference of strategic behavior, incorporation of prior information, option pricing, and modeling an interacting social system. This book presents simple derivations of the key results that are necessary to understand and apply the fundamental concepts to a variety of problems. Derivations are often supported by graphical illustrations. The book is designed to be accessible for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners across the disciplines, requiring only basic quantitative skills and a little persistence.
In the Selznick Family Tradition
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with David Selznick’s apprenticeship in silent cinema under his father, Lewis J. Selznick, in New York. As with other directors and producers who learned film in the silent era, Selznick’s early experiences shaped his attitude to cinema, even long after the introduction of sound. This chapter argues that musical traces from Lewis J. Selznick’s films, such as sheet-music tie-ins from War Brides (directed by Herbert Brenon, 1916), and the father’s tense relationship with New York’s musically effusive exhibitor, Samuel “Roxy” Rothafel, are critical for understanding David Selznick’s use of music in later films as means for reconciling aesthetic and commercial aims. The chapter concludes with Selznick’s work at Paramount, the studio at which Selznick gleaned many important lessons concerning music in early sound films. A discussion of Selznick’s Four Feathers and The Dance of Life prepares the stage for the producer’s bolder musical operations at RKO.
The Start of Selznick International Pictures
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

In 1935, Selznick left MGM to become an independent producer. His company, Selznick International Pictures, was to specialize in prestige films like those he had produced at MGM. His first project as an independent, Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936), emphasized this continuity. Like David Copperfield, one of his last films at MGM, Fauntleroy was a sentimental adaptation of a nineteenth-century novel depicting a boy’s coming of age. Selznick International Pictures, however, had to find a different composer. Because Herbert Stothart was contractually bound to MGM, Selznick borrowed previous collaborator Max Steiner from RKO as chief music director and composer for the new company. Selznick and Steiner worked well together on Fauntleroy and the exotically situated The Garden of Allah (1936). Mutual goodwill, however, dissolved on A Star Is Born (1937), for which Selznick rejected much of Steiner’s music. The resultant break forced Selznick to expand his circle of preferred composers.
Gone with the Wind, Part I
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter reconstructs the scoring of Selznick’s most famous film. The story interweaves several familiar anecdotes, such as Steiner’s furious discovery that another composer had been primed to replace him, into a more comprehensive, critical review of the full collaboration. Included are Steiner’s adaptation of musical ideas from Margaret Mitchell’s source novel, his divvying of the film’s music among multiple composers (Hugo Freidhofer, Adolph Deutsch, and Heinz Roemheld), Lou Forbes’s delicate negotiations with Selznick, the rejection and rewriting of critical passages of the score, the efforts of orchestrators, and the recording of the music with studio musicians. With archival materials ranging from Steiner’s doodled marginalia to Forbes’s legal files, a new impression of the score’s construction emerges: one in which a new level of involvement from Selznick prompts an unprecedented and vigorous style of musical collaboration—dubbed “Max Steiner and Co.”—that affected both process and product.
Gone with the Wind, Part IIThe Music of “Max Steiner and Co.”
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

References to the music of Gone with the Wind usually acknowledge two facets: the use of Civil War melodies and the reliance upon recurring themes, particularly the inevitably “swelling” Tara theme. Drawing upon original analysis, this chapter addresses the history behind the Tara theme—which was neither entirely new nor entirely the work of one composer—and the score’s gendered and racialized attributes (as well as the triumph of Mammy’s theme over both). In addition, the collaborative (and sometimes rejected) efforts of Max Steiner, Hugo Friedhofer, Adolph Deutsch, Heinz Roemheld, and Lou Forbes are assessed to revise our understanding of the score’s function within the film.
“I Know Just What She’s Going Through”
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

Rebecca’s music offers the strongest argument for the style of musical collaboration Selznick fostered. Although earlier scholarship has focused on Hitchcock and Waxman, this chapter provides an alternative perspective informed by production records: how ideas and decisions flowed from producer, music director Forbes, and composer Franz Waxman to intermingle in one of the most compelling scores of the studio era. This chapter shows the extent to which Selznick and Forbes shaped the score’s formation and the degree to which non-original music from the preview score works in dialogue with Waxman’s associative themes, Robert Russell Bennett’s arrangements, and Leonid Raab’s orchestrations. Rebecca’s musical accompaniment epitomizes a delicate balance of collaborative tensions: the fruit of a system developed under Selznick and Forbes in the late 1930s.
From the Ranch to the Drawing Room
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: November 2017

In story and production, Duel in the Sun and The Paradine Case have little in common, but it is precisely their contrasts that show how music served both a more elaborate and experimental function in Selznick’s postwar films. For Duel, Selznick construed a genre-bending western of operatic proportions, striving for “an equivalent of [Wagner’s] Tristan.” Inspired and intimidated by the comparison, composer Dimitri Tiomkin churned out music, much of it rejected. From film to soundtrack album, Tiomkin relied upon choral director Jester Hairston and editor Audray Granville to realize the film’s musical program. As Selznick conceded, The Paradine Case sought to make amends for Duel’s lapses of taste. In this emotionally chilled mystery of a piano-playing murder suspect, Franz Waxman’s music both conceals and discloses characters’ motivations. In adapting musical scenes from the source novel for the screen, Selznick and Hitchcock cast music as the hinge upon which deception swings.