bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design evaluation of a follower cam with variable valve lift mechanism
Authors: Dritsas G. , Nikolakopoulos P.G. , Papadopoulos C.A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for design, analysis and evaluation of cam‐follower systems used for the control of valve movement in internal combustion engines. The strategy begins with the inverse engineering of existing motor parts, designing them with the CATIA CAD Software and consequentially the created assembly is simulated using real time conditions in SimDesigner software, with the Adams Solver.

Design/methodology/approach

The cam profile is generated and the kinematic and dynamic analysis of the variable valve mechanism is presented. The whole mechanism is verified in a dynamics analysis to check the validity of the criteria for the follower‐cam system design. Comparisons with standard profiles of motion were made, while it is also evaluated in an experimental device, where the actual valve displacement was measured.

Findings

The variable valve lift mechanism is designed to have maximum lifts greater than the lift of the conventional mechanism, with the geometrical constraints, profile of forces, velocities and accelerations to be better, in terms of stresses and work required, than the design of conventional mechanisms.

Originality/value

The novelty of the paper is consisted in presenting an integrated simulation methodology in order to precisely model, in component and assembly basis, the follower cam mechanisms with variable valve lift, and using the available software to perform the kinematic and dynamic analysis. The proposed simulation methodology can be easily adapted by a design engineer to model and to analyzed kinematically and dynamically moving components and assemblies found in internal combustion engines and not only.
Testing of divergent patterns of butterfly niche breadth in a peninsula
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Sung , Kim Sung‐Soo , Choi Sei‐Woong
Published: February 2013

The butterfly fauna on the Korean peninsula are comprised of both the Palearctic and Oriental species. We hypothesized that the Oriental species (immigrated across the sea) tend to have a wider niche breadth compared with the Palearctic species (immigrated from the continent) since the former migrates long distances across the sea and has to adapt to new environments. We tested this hypothesis using Korean butterfly data on distribution, habitat, food and life history traits. The distribution and ecological traits such as habitat breadth, overwintering stage, and voltinism of the Oriental species were found to be significantly different from the Palearctic species. However, the diet breadth and food plant type were not different. These results partly confirm the peninsula niche breadth hypothesis, which predicted that Oriental species have a broader niche breadth than Palearctic species.
Regional differences in the morphological and functional effects of aging on cerebral basement membranes and perivascular drainage of amyloid‐β from the mouse brain
Authors: Hawkes Cheryl A. , Gatherer Maureen , Sharp Matthew M. , Dorr Adrienne , Yuen Ho Ming , Kalaria Rajesh , Weller Roy O. , Carare Roxana O.
Published: February 2013

Development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with failure of elimination of amyloid‐β (Aβ) from the brain along perivascular basement membranes that form the pathways for drainage of interstitial fluid and solutes from the brain. In transgenic APP mouse models of AD, the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy is greater in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, intermediate in the thalamus, and least in the striatum. In this study we test the hypothesis that age‐related regional variation in (1) vascular basement membranes and (2) perivascular drainage of Aβ contribute to the different regional patterns of CAA in the mouse brain. Quantitative electron microscopy of the brains of 2‐, 7‐, and 23‐month‐old mice revealed significant age‐related thickening of capillary basement membranes in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, but not in the striatum. Results from Western blotting and immunocytochemistry experiments showed a significant reduction in collagen IV in the cortex and hippocampus with age and a reduction in laminin and nidogen 2 in the cortex and striatum. Injection of soluble Aβ into the hippocampus or thalamus showed an age‐related reduction in perivascular drainage from the hippocampus but not from the thalamus. The results of the study suggest that changes in vascular basement membranes and perivascular drainage with age differ between brain regions, in the mouse, in a manner that may help to explain the differential deposition of Aβ in the brain in AD and may facilitate development of improved therapeutic strategies to remove Aβ from the brain in AD.
Economic and Labor Market Forces Matter for Worker Well‐Being
Authors: Tay Louis , Harter James K.
Published: February 2013

In light of recent interest in societal subjective well‐being, policies that seek to improve the economy and labor markets need to address the question of whether economic factors matter for worker well‐being, specifically job satisfaction. In a worldwide representative poll of 136 nations, economic factors are associated with job satisfaction beyond demographic and job factors. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that higher national GDP and job optimism was associated with job satisfaction, whereas higher unemployment was associated with job dissatisfaction. Mediational analyses revealed that economic variables (GDP and job optimism) were partially mediated by job satisfaction in predicting life satisfaction; full mediation was found for unemployment. In a second study, time series regression of monthly data from a nationally representative poll in the United States from 2008 to 2011 revealed that unemployment rate was significantly associated with job dissatisfaction over time. There was some evidence that prior unemployment rates predicted job satisfaction at a higher level than job satisfaction predicted unemployment rates, suggesting that economic factors lead to job (dis)satisfaction rather than the converse. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Culturally sensitive, preventive antenatal group cognitive–behavioural therapy for Chinese women with depression
Authors: Leung Sharron SK , Lee Antoinette M , Chiang Vico CL , Lam SK , Kuen Yung Wai , Wong Daniel FK
Published: February 2013

Postnatal depression (PND) affects 10–15% of postnatal women worldwide, yet it is poorly recognized and managed. Among the psychological interventions, which are used to manage PND, cognitive–behavioural therapy was found to be effective and promising. In the past decade, research efforts have focused on developing effective antenatal interventions to prevent PND. Strong antenatal predictors such as antenatal depressive symptoms have been identified for targeted early intervention or prevention to help reduce the risk of developing depression after childbirth. However, the findings regarding effectiveness of antenatal preventive interventions have been inconsistent. Based on the reports of previous studies, a brief group antenatal intervention using cognitive–behavioural approach is necessary, particularly one with sensitivity for Chinese woman. This paper reports the details of a nurse‐led cognitive–behavioural programme developed and tested in, and for use with a sample of Hong Kong pregnant women. The trial run showed that the programme was feasible to be implemented and well received by the participants.
Hydrozoan species richness in the Mediterranean Sea: past and present
Authors: Gravili Cinzia , Di Camillo Cristina Gioia , Piraino Stefano , Boero Ferdinando
Published: February 2013

The Mediterranean hydrozoan fauna (Siphonophora excluded) comprises 400 species; most (68%) occur in the Atlantic Ocean, 20% are endemic to the Mediterranean, 8% are of Indo‐Pacific origin, and 4% are non‐classifiable. There are 69 nonindigenous (NIS) species in the basin: 44% of these are casual (recorded just one or very few times), 28% established (widely recorded in the basin), 6% invasive (established NIS that are able rapidly or largely to disseminate away from the area of initial introduction, having a noticeable impact on the recipient community), and 22% questionable (of doubtful taxonomic status). Entry through the Suez Canal and range expansion through the Gibraltar Strait, often enhanced by ship traffic, appear to be the main processes for recent species introductions, but uncertainties remain for many NIS. Species additions immediately result in larger local or regional species pools, but the newcomers might impact on populations of native species, altering extinction probabilities. A more reliable evaluation of the species pool can be accomplished by adding new species when they enter the taxonomic record (i.e. the records of any taxon in all types of literature), and by removing species that have not been found for a ‘reasonable’ time (e.g. several decades). Of the 400 non‐siphonophoran hydrozoan species known to occur in the Mediterranean Sea, positive records in the last 10 years are available for 156 species (39%), whereas records of the remaining 244 species are older than a decade: 67 species have not been recorded for 41 years, 13 for 31–40 years, 79 for 21–30 years, and 85 for 11–20 years.
Transcript profiling of common bean nodules subjected to oxidative stress
Authors: Ramírez Mario , Guillén Gabriel , Fuentes Sara I. , Íñiguez Luis P. , Aparicio‐Fabre Rosaura , Zamorano‐Sánchez David , Encarnación‐Guevara Sergio , Panzeri Dario , Castiglioni Bianca , Cremonesi Paola , Strozzi Francesco , Stella Alessandra , Girard Lourdes , Sparvoli Francesca , Hernández Georgina
Published: February 2013

Several environmental stresses generate high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells, resulting in oxidative stress. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in the legume–rhizobia symbiosis is sensitive to damage from oxidative stress. Active nodules of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) exposed to the herbicide paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium dichloride hydrate), which stimulatesROSaccumulation, exhibited reduced nitrogenase activity and ureide content. We analyzed the global gene response of nodules subjected to oxidative stress using the Bean Custom Array90K, which includes probes from 30 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A total of 4280ESTswere differentially expressed in stressed bean nodules; of these, 2218 were repressed. Based on Gene Ontology analysis, these genes were grouped into 42 different biological process categories. Analysis with thePathExpressbioinformatic tool, adapted for bean, identified five significantly repressed metabolic pathways related to carbon/nitrogen metabolism, which is crucial for nodule function. Quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)‐PCRanalysis of transcription factor (TF) gene expression showed that 67TFgenes were differentially expressed in nodules exposed to oxidative stress. Putativecis‐elements recognized by highly responsiveTFwere detected in promoter regions of oxidative stress regulated genes. The expression of oxidative stress responsive genes and of genes important forSNFin bacteroids analyzed in stressed nodules revealed that these conditions elicited a transcriptional response.
Persistent Intraocular Rubella Infection in a Patient with Fuchs' Uveitis and Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Authors: Winchester Stephen A. , Varga Zsolt , Parmar Dipak , Brown Kevin E.
Published: February 2013

There is growing evidence for the role of rubella virus in Fuchs' uveitis syndrome (FUS). This report is the first to show persistent intraocular rubella virus in a 28-year-old man with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), who presented with blurred vision and was diagnosed with FUS.
Non-herbal nutritional supplements for symptom relief in adjuvant breast cancer: creating a doctor–patient dialogue
Authors: Samuels Noah , Schiff Elad , Ben-Arye Eran
Published: February 2013

Patients with breast cancer frequently turn to complementary medical therapies, including non-herbal nutritional supplements (NHNS). A number of NHNS products have been shown to potentially reduce the incidence and severity of adjuvant treatment-related symptoms. We review the literature and summarise the potential beneficial effects of these products and address issues regarding the safety of this practice. We offer an evidence-based approach for advancing a dialogue between doctors and patients interested in NHNS for adjuvant treatment-related toxicities.

Taxane agents such as paclitaxel are frequently complicated by peripheral sensory neuropathy. The findings from several studies suggest that supplementation with vitamin E, glutamine and acetyl-L-carnithine may reduce the incidence and severity of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Glutamine has also been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of chemotherapy-induced and radiation-induced oral mucositis. Selenium can reduce upper limb lymphoedema following surgery and radiation treatments, and an antioxidant supplement has exhibited a protective effect against radiation-induced dermatitis. Finally, vitamin D has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of arthralgia resulting from treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. The use of coenzyme Q10 was not found to be of benefit for cancer-related fatigue.

There is a need to develop an open and non-judgmental dialogue between doctors and their patients with breast cancer, respecting the needs of the patient while addressing issues related to the efficacy and safety of NHNS products. Referral of patients to an integrative medicine consultant may help achieve these goals.
1H-MR spectroscopy metabolite levels correlate with executive function in vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Gasparovic Charles , Prestopnik Jillian , Thompson Jeffrey , Taheri Saeid , Huisa Branko , Schrader Ronald , Adair John C , Rosenberg Gary A
Published: February 2013

Background

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) but fail to correlate with neuropsychological measures. As proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can identify ischaemic tissue, we hypothesised that MRS detectable brain metabolites would be superior to WMHs in predicting performance on neuropsychological tests.

Methods

60 patients with suspected VCI underwent clinical, neuropsychological, MRI and CSF studies. They were diagnosed as having subcortical ischaemic vascular disease (SIVD), multiple infarcts, mixed dementia and leukoaraiosis. We measured brain metabolites in a white matter region above the lateral ventricles with1H-MRS and WMH volume in this region and throughout the brain.

Results

We found a significant correlation between both total creatine (Cr) and N-acetylaspartyl compounds (NAA) and standardised neuropsychological test scores. Cr levels in white matter correlated significantly with executive function (p=0.001), attention (p=0.03) and overall T score (p=0.007). When lesion volume was added as a covariate, NAA also showed a significant correlation with executive function (p=0.003) and overall T score (p=0.015). Furthermore, while metabolite levels also correlated with total white matter lesion volume, adjusting the Cr levels for lesion volume did not diminish the strength of the association between Cr levels and neuropsychological scores. The lowest metabolite levels and neuropsychological scores were found in the SIVD group. Finally, lesion volume alone did not correlate significantly with any neuropsychological test score.

Conclusion

These results suggest that estimates of neurometabolite levels provide additional and useful information concerning cognitive function in VCI not obtainable by measurements of lesion load.
ENTERPRISING IN THE FACE OF DEATH: SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN AFRICAN BURIAL SOCIETIES
Authors: DAFULEYA GIFT
Published: February 2013

African households prioritize funeral rites, with important consequences on their welfare. Poor workers with no savings have one investment — their burial society. This article uses the transformation taking place in burial societies to make three arguments. First, social relationships do not only make and help entrepreneurs, but they can also transform and be the threshold of social entrepreneurship. Second, burial societies' innovation in pro-poor products is local-demand specific but lacks adequate and sustainable capital back-up. Finally, meaningful entrepreneurial returns demand scaling down the membership size of clubs which unfortunately limit venture capitalization and cause network failures — a trade-off that seemingly maintains the social entrepreneurship in African Burial Societies.
DATA STORAGE: REVIEW OF HEUSLER COMPOUNDS
Authors: BAI ZHAOQIANG , SHEN LEI , HAN GUCHANG , FENG YUAN PING
Published: February 2013

In the recent decade, the family of Heusler compounds has attracted tremendous scientific and technological interest in the field of spintronics. This is essentially due to their exceptional magnetic properties, which qualify them as promising functional materials in various data-storage devices, such as giant-magnetoresistance spin valves, magnetic tunnel junctions, and spin-transfer torque devices. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the applications of the Heusler family in magnetic data storage. In addition to their important roles in the performance improvement of these devices, we also try to point out the challenges as well as possible solutions, of the current Heusler-based devices. We hope that this review would spark further investigation efforts into efficient incorporation of this eminent family of materials into data storage applications by fully arousing their intrinsic potential.
Role of cardiac output versus peripheral vasoconstriction in mediating muscle metaboreflex pressor responses: dynamic exercise versus postexercise muscle ischemia
Authors: Spranger Marty D. , Sala-Mercado Javier A. , Coutsos Matthew , Kaur Jasdeep , Stayer Doug , Augustyniak Robert A. , O'Leary Donal S.
Published: February 2013

Muscle metaboreflex activation (MMA) during submaximal dynamic exercise in normal individuals increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) via increases in cardiac output (CO) with little peripheral vasoconstriction. The rise in CO occurs primarily via increases in heart rate (HR) with maintained or slightly increased stroke volume. When the reflex is sustained during recovery (postexercise muscle ischemia, PEMI), HR declines yet MAP remains elevated. The role of CO in mediating the pressor response during PEMI is controversial. In seven chronically instrumented canines, steady-state values with MMA during mild exercise (3.2 km/h) were observed by reducing hindlimb blood flow by ∼60% for 3–5 min. MMA during exercise was followed by 60 s of PEMI. Control experiments consisted of normal exercise and recovery. MMA during exercise increased MAP, HR, and CO by 55.3 ± 4.9 mmHg, 42.5 ± 6.9 beats/min, and 2.5 ± 0.4 l/min, respectively. During sustained MMA via PEMI, MAP remained elevated and CO remained well above the normal recovery levels. Neither MMA during dynamic exercise nor during PEMI significantly affected peripheral vascular conductance. We conclude that the sustained increase in MAP during PEMI is driven by a sustained increase in CO not peripheral vasoconstriction.
Rapid Treatment of Rhinophyma with Powered Microdebrider
Authors: Faris C. , Manjaly J. G. , Ismail-Koch H. , Caldera S.
Published: February 2013

We describe here our experience in using sinus microdebrider to rapidly debulk and sculpt the tissues in cases of rhinophyma correction. We utilized the use of the 4 mm M4 Rotatable Cutting Straight Sinus Blade on a straight Straightshot M4 Microdebrider by Medtronic at 800 rpm oscillation which is normally utilised in our sinus surgery practice. The microdebrider is straightforward to use and is already stocked in most ENT departments. It requires no additional training or cost outlay for departments that perform endoscopic sinus surgery with microdebrider. In our experience it affords the surgeon the ability to rapidly and accurately sculpt the nose to an excellent aesthetic result. We feel it is a more precise tool than cold steel or Bovie cautery, quicker than CO2laser techniques, and avoids the aerosol of dermabrasion. No complications occurred in our series, and all patients rated their cosmetic outcome as good to excellent.
Stability Analysis for Delayed Neural Networks: Reciprocally Convex Approach
Authors: Yu Hongjun , Yang Xiaozhan , Wu Chunfeng , Zeng Qingshuang
Published: February 2013

This paper is concerned with global stability analysis for a class of continuous neural networks with time-varying delay. The lower and upper bounds of the delay and the upper bound of its first derivative are assumed to be known. By introducing a novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, some delay-dependent stability criteria are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality, which guarantee the considered neural networks to be globally stable. When estimating the derivative of the LKF, instead of applying Jensen’s inequality directly, a substep is taken, and a slack variable is introduced by reciprocally convex combination approach, and as a result, conservatism reduction is proved to be more obvious than the available literature. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed method.
The Emerging Role of Complement Lectin Pathway in Trypanosomatids: Molecular Bases in Activation, Genetic Deficiencies, Susceptibility to Infection, and Complement System‐Based Therapeutics
Authors: Evans-Osses Ingrid , de Messias-Reason Iara , Ramirez Marcel I.
Published: February 2013

The innate immune system is evolutionary and ancient and is the pivotal line of the host defense system to protect against invading pathogens and abnormal self‐derived components. Cellular and molecular components are involved in recognition and effector mechanisms for a successful innate immune response. The complement lectin pathway (CLP) was discovered in 1990. These new components at the complement world are very efficient. Mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin not only recognize many molecular patterns of pathogens rapidly to activate complement but also display several strategies to evade innate immunity. Many studies have shown a relation between the deficit of complement factors and susceptibility to infection. The recently discovered CLP was shown to be important in host defense against protozoan microbes. Although the recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns by MBL and Ficolins reveal efficient complement activations, an increase in deficiency of complement factors and diversity of parasite strategies of immune evasion demonstrate the unsuccessful effort to control the infection. In the present paper, we will discuss basic aspects of complement activation, the structure of the lectin pathway components, genetic deficiency of complement factors, and new therapeutic opportunities to target the complement system to control infection.
Antioxidant and Antiplatelet Activities in Extracts from Green and Fully Ripe Tomato Fruits (Solanum lycopersicum) and Pomace from Industrial Tomato Processing
Authors: Fuentes Eduardo , Carle Reinhold , Astudillo Luis , Guzmán Luis , Gutiérrez Margarita , Carrasco Gilda , Palomo Iván
Published: February 2013

The consumption of fruits and vegetables is accepted to be one of the strategies to reduce risk factors for these diseases. The aim of this study was to examine potential relationships between the antioxidant and the antiplatelet activities in green mature and fully ripe (red) tomatoes and of lycopene-rich byproducts of tomato paste processing such as pomace. The total phenol content of tomato components was the highest in peels, pulp, and in the mucilaginous myxotesta covering the tomato seeds with values36.9±0.8,33.3±00.5, and17.6±0.9 mg GAE/100 g, respectively (P<0.05). Tomato peels had the highest antioxidant activity, both, as measured by the FRAP (46.9±0.9 μmol Fe+2/g,P<0.05) and the DPPH assays (97.4±0.2%, 1000 μg/mL,P<0.05). Pomace extracts showed the highest antiplatelet activity induced by ADP, collagen, TRAP-6, and arachidonic acid. While the maturation stage of the tomato fruit affected the antioxidant effect, antiplatelet activity was independent of fruit ripeness. Finally, based on the present results, tomato and its byproducts may be considered as a valuable source of antioxidant and antiplatelet activities.
Enhancement of Cisplatin-Mediated Apoptosis in Ovarian Cancer Cells through Potentiating G2/M Arrest and p21 Upregulation by Combinatorial Epigallocatechin Gallate and Sulforaphane
Authors: Chen Huaping , Landen Charles N. , Li Yuanyuan , Alvarez Ronald D. , Tollefsbol Trygve O.
Published: February 2013

Advanced-stage ovarian cancer is characterized by high mortality due to development of resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Novel compounds that can enhance the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy in ovarian cancer may overcome this drug resistance. Consumption of green tea (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) and cruciferous vegetables (sulforaphane, SFN) is inversely associated with occurrence of ovarian cancer and has anticancer effects through targeting multiple molecules in cancer cells. However, the effects of EGCG and SFN combinational treatment on ovarian cancer cells and on efficacy of cisplatin to these cells are unknown. In this study, EGCG or SFN was used to treat both cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and cisplatin-resistant (A2780/CP20) ovarian cancer cells alone or in combination with cisplatin. We found that EGCG and SFN combinational treatment can reduce cell viability of both ovarian cancer cell lines time- and dose-dependently. Furthermore, EGCG and SFN combinational treatment can enhance cisplatin-induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest, thereby enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin on both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. EGCG and SFN combinational treatment upregulated p21 expression induced by cisplatin in cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, while p27 expression was not regulated by these treatments. Collectively, these studies provide novel approaches to overcoming cisplatin chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer.
The Effect of Different Boiling and Filtering Devices on the Concentration of Disinfection By-Products in Tap Water
Authors: Carrasco-Turigas Glòria , Villanueva Cristina M. , Goñi Fernando , Rantakokko Panu , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J.
Published: February 2013

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in tap drinking water with the potential to produce adverse health effects. Filtering and boiling tap water can lead to changes in the DBP concentrations and modify the exposure through ingestion. Changes in the concentration of 4 individual trihalomethanes (THM4) (chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)), MX, and bromate were tested when boiling and filtering high bromine-containing tap water from Barcelona. For filtering, we used a pitcher-type filter and a household reverse osmosis filter; for boiling, an electric kettle, a saucepan, and a microwave were used. Samples were taken before and after each treatment to determine the change in the DBP concentration. pH, conductivity, and free/total chlorine were also measured. A large decrease of THM4 (from 48% to 97%) and MX concentrations was observed for all experiments. Bromine-containing trihalomethanes were mostly eliminated when filtering while chloroform when boiling. There was a large decrease in the concentration of bromate with reverse osmosis, but there was a little effect in the other experiments. These findings suggest that the exposure to THM4 and MX through ingestion is reduced when using these household appliances, while the decrease of bromate is device dependent. This needs to be considered in the exposure assessment of the epidemiological studies.
Beneficiary Pays
Authors: Li Cho-ying
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the “beneficiary-pays principle” in
hydraulic discourse and the process through which it was put into practice from
the 1520s to the 1640s in the Lower Yangzi Delta. It investigates the roles of
the hydraulic reformist elite and like-minded officials in the formation of the
new hydraulic order. It also demonstrates that the implementation of the
beneficiary-pays principle was instrumental in redefining the division of
responsibility between the government and the people and in building a
reciprocal connection between the pursuit of private gain and the fulfillment of
the public good. Furthermore, it shows that after the general application of
this principle became a shared view, the government and the people used it to
solve disputes and defend their rights. The article concludes that the new order
was not achieved solely by coercion – policy deliberation and persuasion
were also significant in the realization of the beneficiary-pays
principle.  Cet article s’intéresse au principe
suivant lequel les travaux doivent être “à charge du
bénéficiaire” dans le discours hydraulique et à la
manière dont il a été mis en pratique dans le bas Yangzi
des années 1520 aux années 1640. Le rôle de
l’élite réformiste et des fonctionnaires partageant les
mêmes idées dans le domaine de l’hydraulique est
exa­miné. L’article démontre que la mise en
œuvre du principe en question a été ­importante pour
la redéfinition du partage des responsabilités entre le
gouvernement et la population et pour la mise en place d’une relation de
réciprocité entre la poursuite des intérêts
privés et celle du bien public. Il montre aussi qu’une fois
acceptée par tous, l’application généralisée
du principe a servi au gouvernement et aux particuliers à résoudre
leurs conflits et à défendre leurs droits. En conclusion,
l’ordre nouveau ainsi mis en place n’a pas été le
résultat de la seule contrainte: le débat et la persuasion ont
tenu une place significative dans la réalisation du principe
“à charge du bénéficiaire”.
In Vivo Degradation of Cholesterol to Bile Acids Is Reduced in Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Carulli Lucia , Del Puppo Marina , Anzivino Claudia , Zambianchi Lisa , Gabbi Chiara , Baldelli Enrica , Odoardi Maria Rosaria , Loria Paola , Carulli Nicola , Bertolotti Marco
Published: February 2013

Background. Artificial nutrition is frequently associated with hepatobiliary complications, probably due to the inherent derangement of the gastrointestinal tract physiology. Alterations of hepatic lipid metabolism are likely to be involved. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of artificial nutrition on bile acid production, a key event in cholesterol homeostasis, in humans. Patients and Methods. Eleven patients receiving artificial nutrition, either parenteral nutrition (PN; n = 6) or enteral nutrition (EN; n = 5) with no previous history of liver disease, underwent analysis of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylation rates in vivo, a measure of bile acid formation, by isotope release analysis after intravenous injection of [7α‐3H]cholesterol. The results were compared with those obtained in a population of 16 age‐matched control subjects. Results. Hydroxylation rates were lower in patients with artificial nutrition (PN: 94 ± 13 mg/d; EN: 230 ± 39 mg/d, mean ± SEM) when compared with controls (385 ± 47 mg/d) (P < .01, 1‐way analysis of variance). In a patient receiving EN, hydroxylation rates increased 3.5‐fold after treatment with the cholecystokinin analogue ceruletide (20 µg bid for 2 weeks intramuscularly). Serum lathosterol‐to‐cholesterol ratio, a marker of cholesterol synthesis, was also significantly reduced in artificial nutrition, whereas serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were increased. Conclusion. In vivo 7α‐hydroxylation is suppressed in artificial nutrition, particularly in PN. The finding associates with reduced cholesterol production, possibly as a metabolic consequence. The data suggest a regulatory role of gastrointestinal hormones and FGF19 on bile acid production and might suggest a pathophysiological basis for some common complications of artificial nutrition, such as gallstone disease and cholestasis.
Lateral supraorbital approach applied to sellar tumors in 23 consecutive patients: the Suzhou experience from China
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Zhong , Zhou Dai
Published: February 2013

Background

Pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma and meningioma are common sellar lesions, accounting for more than 90% of sellar tumors. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability and safety of the lateral supraorbital (LSO) approach to remove sellar tumors.

Methods

Between June 2011 and December 2011, 23 patients with neoplastic lesions underwent surgery by the corresponding author (ZW) via the LSO approach. The clinical presentations, neuroradiological findings, microsurgical techniques, and outcome at discharge of these patients were analyzed. In addition, the clinical series in the available literature written in English were also extensively reviewed. Eleven (48%) patients were treated for pituitary adenoma; six (26%) patients for tuberculum sellae meningioma; and six (26%) patients for craniopharyngioma.

Results

Seemingly complete tumor removal was achieved in 21 patients (91%); surgical mortality was one patient (4.3%). Postoperatively, no patient had developed cerebrospinal fluid leakage or new visual deficits. One (4%) patient had intracranial infection, and one (4%) had a postoperative hematoma. The median Karnofsky score at discharge was 87.4 (range, 0 to 100). The Glasgow outcome scale at discharge was 4.6 (range, 1 to 5). Of all, 21 (91.3%) patients achieved favorable outcomes.

Conclusion

Sellar tumors can be removed via the LSO approach with relatively low morbidity and mortality. Surgical results with this fast and simple approach are similar to those obtained with more extensive, complex, and time-consuming approaches.
State-Building and Democracy: Prosperity, Representation and Security in Kosovo
Authors: Silander Daniel , Janzekovitz John
Published: February 2013

The traditional assumption of the state sovereignty norm has been that an international society of states will structure the international order to safeguard the interests of the state. The end of the Cold War era transformed international relations and led to a discussion on how states interacted with their populations. From the early 1990s, research on international relations, war and peace, and security studies identified the growing problem of failing states. Such states are increasingly unable to implement the core functions that define the sovereignty norms. This article explores the state-building process of Kosovo with a focus on the political road taken from independence in February 2008 to the challenges Kosovo faces today. Kosovo still has substantial issues to address regarding core state functions in the development of prosperity, popular representation and security.
Molecular Typing of Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Heifers and Cows
Authors: Castelani Lívia , Santos Aline , Dos Santos Miranda Mariana , Zafalon Luiz , Pozzi Claudia , Arcaro Juliana
Published: February 2013

Staphylococcus aureus is among the main etiologic agents of bovine mastitis. A total of 83 isolates of S. aureus from mammary glands of primiparous heifers were collected in the prepartum, calving and during lactation. For lactating cows, a total of 27 isolates of S. aureus from mammary glands were collected during lactation. The samples were taken in two dairy farms located in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The highest frequency of S. aureus isolation in heifers was at the end of lactation. Strains were typified through Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and grouped according to patterns of restriction enzyme SmaI. PFGE generated seven clonal profiles that were grouped into three different lineages, with the LA lineage being predominant and identified in heifers, as well as in the cows from the two regions studied. It was concluded that the cows showed a significant source of dispersion of S. aureus. At the first lactation the heifers were infected by the same clonal profiles of S. aureus which were isolated from multiparous lactating cows. The heifers were infected during milking over the months of lactation.
A Professional Development School Technology Integration and Research Plan
Authors: Shambaugh Neal
Published: February 2013

Technology diffusion in public schools has varied in scale from local and state initiatives to large-scale governmental-funded programs. Teachers’ use of technology, however, remains limited and still focuses on the tools rather than on learning outcomes and teaching processes. Teacher education programs face a similar challenge in having pre-service teachers integrate technology and model best practice for teachers in public schools. One model for teacher education is viewing public schools and the university-based teacher education program as Professional Development Schools (PDS) where pre-service teachers and host teachers learn alongside each other in actual teaching including technology use. In this case, a mature PDS model (20 years old) is described along with how technology has been implemented across the teacher education program and within the PDS-network member schools. This case poses for the reader two questions: (1) How can technology diffusion occur in a PDS model addressing the different agendas of university, school, and state? (2) How can a technology integration plan also include program evaluation and/or research features so that the plan is formally and systematically studied?
Preparing Beginning Teachers to Use Instructional Technology Effectively
Authors: Marcum-Dietrich Nanette I. , Dreon Oliver
Published: February 2013

In this case study, two education professors examine how an instructional technology course founded historically in an industrial model of teaching evolved to reflect and model the pedagogy needed in a 21st century classroom. Critical in this evolution is the development of course content and structure that allowed their students (all future teachers) to identify problems and collaboratively create solutions. With this new focus, the role of the students changed from being passive actors in an instructor-designed space and evolved into one where students were actively engaged in creating their understanding through their participation.
Implementing Educational Technology for Facilitating Non-Human Coaching or “E-Coaching”
Authors: Warner Teri C. , Van Tiem Darlene M.
Published: February 2013

HiTech Corporation (pseudonym) and its organizations are always looking for new methods of expanding its capabilities to help employees enhance competence and increase workplace satisfaction. While they would like to offer coaching to all employees, the costs associated with traditional coaching have limited coaching to only upper management. With today’s technologies, one possible solution is to develop coaching opportunities that do not require a coach and can be used anytime, anywhere. Through a small pilot and then subsequent larger release, the corporation tested a non-human coaching, or e-Coaching, system that employees could use for an alternative to traditional coaching.
Overcoming Barriers to Instructor Adoption of a Learning Management System
Authors: Asunka Stephen
Published: February 2013

Following a realization that a Web-based Learning Management System (LMS) deployed by a University in Ghana remained largely unused by instructors, the university’s management intervened. The university wishes to expand access to its educational resources through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Since instructors play a pivotal role in this direction, all instructors were trained, motivated, and appropriately resourced to enable them to use the LMS effectively to deliver courses. Five years down the line, however, most instructors are still ambivalent towards using the LMS software. This chapter discusses the case extensively and concludes by suggesting that one approach that might help solve the problem will be to engage all instructors in participatory activities aimed at collectively identifying and addressing the issues and challenges.
Is the Supercourse useful for Latin America?
Authors: Padilla-Raygoza Nicolas , Linkov Faina , Shubnikov Eugene , LaPorte Ronald E. , Diaz-Guerrero Rosalina
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND: The success of the Supercourse showed that the effort was needed in Latin America. But would a Spanish language version be better for the region?METHODS: Google Analytics was used to determine website usage. A custom evaluation form was created to get user feedback on the usefulness of both the English language and Spanish language Supercouse lectures.RESULTS: Over a year's span from June 2009 to June 2010 there were 257,403 unique visits and 448,939 page views. The overall average rating of lectures was 4.87 with the Spanish language lectures getting even higher ratings.CONCLUSION: Supercourse lectures in Spanish were a great success in Latin America. This success shows the need for this information and similar success could be found in Central Asia.
La théorisation de la créativité au service de l’éducation en art
Authors: de la Durantaye Félix
Published: February 2013

L’article esquisse une réflexion de nature philosophique sur la question de l’enseignement de la créativité artistique. Plus spécifiquement, l’auteur s’intéresse aux différentes façons de théoriser la créativité, à leur capacité « descriptive » de nous éclairer sur ce que fait l’artiste lorsqu’il crée et, ultimement, sur l’assistance que cette théorisation peut apporter concrètement à l’éducateur (ou à l’artiste) qui voudrait, grâce à elle, mieux structurer son enseignement ou sa pratique. Dans une première partie, l’auteur résume et analyse deux approches de la créativité artistique qui sont aujourd’hui extrêmement répandues dans la littérature philosophique, psychologique, artistique et scientifique, soit comme 1) originalité valable (la conception « classique ») et comme 2) capacité psychologique (la conception « psychologique »). Il tente de démontrer qu’en dépit des apparences certains aspects de ces conceptions les rendent inopérantes en elles-mêmes et pour les éducateurs qui souhaiteraient obtenir d’elles des informations privilégiées pour leur enseignement. Dans une deuxième partie, il aborde la créativité comme un processus psychophénoménologique et explique en quoi cette vision particulière offre, selon lui, de meilleures perspectives théoriques et pédagogiques.
Reducing total annualized cost and CO2 emissions in batch distillation: Dynamics and control
Authors: Bhaskar Babu Gara Uday , Jana Amiya K.
Published: February 2013

In this contribution, the direct vapor recompression approach is introduced in a batch distillation operated at an unsteady state condition. This vapor recompressed batch distillation (VRBD) accompanies an isentropic compressor that runs at a fixed as well as variable speed. Aiming to ensure the optimal use of internal heat source, an open‐loop control policy is proposed for the VRBD that adjusts either the overhead vapor splitting or the external heat supply to the reboiler. Again, the variable speed VRBD additionally involves the manipulation of compression ratio. Developing two alternative configurations of VRBD column, the best heat integrated scheme is attempted to identify in the aspects of energy efficiency and total annualized cost for further advancement. A closed‐loop control algorithm for the best performing variable speed VRBD aiming to meet the end objective of relatively high‐purity product discharged at a constant composition is developed. The separation of a reactive system is considered to illustrate these results and demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel VRBD scheme. Performing simulation tests, it is investigated that the closed‐loop control operation substantially improves not only the distillate purity but also the total amount of product. Achieving significant improvement in thermodynamic efficiency and cost by the controlled heat integrated scheme over its conventional counterpart, finally the attractiveness of the VRBD column by investigating its potential to reduce the greenhouse gas (i.e., CO2) emissions is shown. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2821–2832, 2013
Alternative Metalle für die homogen katalysierte Hydroformylierung
Authors: Pospech Jola , Fleischer Ivana , Franke Robert , Buchholz Stefan , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2013

Die Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte Hydroformylierung ist eine der effizientesten Methoden zur C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung in der organischen Synthesechemie und repräsentiert eines der bedeutendsten Beispiele der Anwendung homogener Katalyse im großtechnischen Maßstab. Die Umsetzung von breit verfügbaren ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen mit Kohlenstoffmonoxid und Wasserstoff zu den entsprechenden höheren Aldehyden ist sowohl synthesetechnisch als auch ökonomisch von großem Wert. Die entstehenden Aldehyde dienen als Grundstoffe für zahlreiche Folgeprodukte und werden jährlich im Millionen‐Tonnen‐Maßstab zu Weichmachern, Detergenzien und Tensiden umgesetzt. Industrielle Hydroformylierungsprozesse basieren derzeit größtenteils auf der Verwendung von Rhodium als Katalysatormetall. Aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage nach diesem kostspieligen Metall wächst das Interesse am Einsatz kostengünstigerer, alternativer Metallkatalysatoren. Der folgende Aufsatz fasst die Entwicklung der Verwendung von Ru‐, Ir‐, Pd‐ und Fe‐Katalysatoren in der Hydroformylierung zusammen.
Behavior and Sleep Problems in Children With a Family History of Autism
Authors: Schwichtenberg Amy Jo , Young Gregory S. , Hutman Ted , Iosif Ana‐Maria , Sigman Marian , Rogers Sally J. , Ozonoff Sally
Published: February 2013

The present study explores behavioral and sleep outcomes in preschool‐age siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study focuses on behavior problems that are common in children with ASD, such as emotional reactivity, anxiety, inattention, aggression, and sleep problems. Infant siblings were recruited from families with at least one older child with ASD (high‐risk group, n = 104) or families with no history of ASD (low‐risk group, n = 76). As part of a longitudinal prospective study, children completed the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Social Communication Questionnaire at 36 months of age. This study focuses on developmental concerns outside of ASD; therefore, only siblings who did not develop an ASD were included in analyses. Negative binomial regression analyses revealed that children in the high‐risk group were more likely to have elevated behavior problems on the CBCL Anxious/Depressed and Aggression subscales. To explore sleep problems as a correlate of these behavior problems, a second series of models was specified. For both groups of children, sleep problems were associated with elevated behavior problems in each of the areas assessed (reactivity, anxiety, somatic complaints, withdrawal, attention, and aggression). These findings support close monitoring of children with a family history of ASD for both behavioral and sleep issues. Autism Res 2013, 6: 169–176. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.