bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shell-breaking predation on gastropods by Badister pictus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with strikingly asymmetric mandibles
Authors: Hayashi Masakazu , Sugiura Shinji
Published: June 2021

The adults and larvae of some groups in the coleopteran family Carabidae are known to prey on snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Most species of the carabid tribe Licinini are believed to feed on live snails. However, the snail-eating behavior of only a few species has been studied. Whether adults of the licinine genusBadistercan prey on live snails was tested by providing 155 live snails of 20 species (eleven terrestrial and nine aquatic species) to adults ofBadister pictusBates, 1873, and observing their behavior under laboratory conditions. Six of the 20 snail species have an operculum that can close the aperture of the shell. EachB. pictusadult attacked all of the snails provided.Badister pictussuccessfully preyed on ten terrestrial and six aquatic snail species. These beetles used their strikingly asymmetrical mandibles to break the dextral shells along the dorsal part of the whorls from the outer lip of the aperture towards the apex, allowing subsequent consumption of the soft bodies. However, 41.9% of snails could not be eaten byB. pictusadults. The rate of predation success byB. pictusdecreased with increasing shell size and thickness of snails. In addition, the presence of an operculum decreased the rate of predation success byB. pictus. The results show that the shell size, thickness, and operculum of some snail species could play important roles in preventingB. pictusmandibles from breaking the shells. Therefore,Badisterbeetles may exert selective pressure on the evolution of defensive shell structures in small-sized snails.
Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador
Authors: Riley Peterson Kathryn N. , Browne Robert A. , Erwin Terry L.
Published: June 2021

Although tropical regions harbor the greatest arthropod diversity on Earth, the majority of species are taxonomically and scientifically unknown. Furthermore, how they are organized into functional communities and distributed among habitats is mostly unstudied. Here we examine species richness, diversity, and community composition of carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and compare them between flooded (FP) and non-flooded terra firme (TF) forests in the Yasuní area of Ecuador. The forest understory was sampled using flight intercept traps (FITs) and systematic hand collections at night in June and July 2011 and 2012, and FITs in October and November 2011. A total of 1,255 Carabidae representing 20 tribes, 54 genera, and 143 morphospecies was collected. Mean number of individuals and mean species richness did not differ significantly between FP and TF; however, numbers of Cicindelini (tiger beetles) and Pentagonicini were higher in TF forest while numbers of Lachnophorini and Scaritini were higher in FP forest. Overall, FP had significantly higher rarefied richness but extrapolation of rarefaction curves using the Chao1 nonparametric diversity estimator show that this difference may decrease with additional sampling. The inverse Simpson index was significantly higher for FP than TF forest. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination and dissimilarity coefficient values show that FP and TF forests maintain unique assemblages with minimal overlap in community composition. Given ongoing anthropogenic pressures, particularly petroleum extraction, and those resulting from climate change, a greater understanding of the richness, diversity and community assemblages of Yasuní rainforest are needed to better conserve the fauna of this megadiverse area of Amazonia.
Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwini sp. nov. from Iran (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiina)
Authors: Neri Paolo , Toledano Luca
Published: June 2021

Bembidion (Ocydromus) terryerwinisp. nov.from Central Iran (Kerman and Yazd Provinces), described here, belongs to thedecorumspecies group (Ocydromus Clairville, 1806). The new species is compared with the other taxa of this species group occurring in Iran and neighboring regions (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, South Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan).
Phylogenetic systematics of the genera of Thryptocerina Jeannel, 1949 and new species from New Caledonia (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Oodini)
Authors: Will Kipling , Guéorguiev Borislav
Published: June 2021

The Oodini precinctive to New Caledonia are reviewed with nine species recognized, of which seven are newly described in two genera. Five species are described in the genus Coptocarpus Chaudoir: C. micropssp. nov., C. erwinisp. nov., C. amieuensissp. nov., C. magnussp. nov., and C. leschenisp. nov. In the genus Adelopomorpha Heller two species, A. tethyssp. nov. and A. tuberculatasp. nov., are described. In order to place cladistically the newly described species in a genus, a phylogenetic analysis of a matrix of 36 characters of adult morphology was conducted including exemplar species of three putative outgroup genera, six putative ingroup thryptocerine oodine genera, and all oodine species from New Caledonia. Results show support for Thryptocerina and monophyly of Adelopomorpha. Hoplolenus LaFerté-Sénectère is not monophyletic and Hoplolenus cyllodinus Fauvel is newly combined as Coptocarpus cyllodinuscomb. nov. New Caledonian species of Coptocarpus form a clade, but the Australian species of the genus included in the analysis are rendered paraphyletic by African and Malagasy genera. Implications of this preliminary study for the classification of Oodini and trends in the evolution of the female reproductive tract are discussed. A key to the New Caledonian species of Oodini is provided.
Biodiversity in tropical rainforests: Calleida Dejean, 1825 at the BIOLAT Biological Station, Rio Manu, Peru, with descriptions of seven new species (Coleoptera Carabidae, Lebiini). Part 1
Authors: Casale Achille
Published: June 2021

A monographic contribution is presented on the species of the genus Calleida Dejean, 1825 at the BIOLAT Biological Station, Rio Manu, Pakitza, Peru, sampled by Terry Erwin and his co-workers. The following seven new species are described: C. solitariasp. nov., C. manuensissp. nov., C. anomalasp. nov., C. demathanisp. nov. (type locality: Peru, Tarapoto, but sampled also at Rio Manu), C. erwinisp. nov., C. marginithoraxsp. nov., and C. maximasp. nov. Relationships of each species are discussed, and a preliminary survey is presented of the genus Calleida in Peru.
Terry L. Erwin and the race to document biodiversity (1940–2020)
Authors: Servat Grace P.
Published: June 2021

Terry Erwin’s race to document arthropod diversity inspired taxonomists, systematists, ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and the conservation community at large, as his curatorial work of more than 50 years at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and prolific publication record attests. The biography compiles public records, publications, as well as personal memoirs to describe the context in which Erwin’s studies with carabid beetles evolved as formalization of concepts, such as biological diversity, megadiverse countries, biodiversity loss, and conservation biology, will become central for science in the upcoming years. Awareness to explore new frontiers such as the forest canopy and Erwin’s studies in tropical forests, his easy-going personality, and dedicated mentoring attracted colleagues, students, and the general public, making him one of the leaders of tropical biology in the world.
« Avant que l’on m’ait crevé l’œil ». Pathologies visuelles d’Emily Dickinson
Authors: Cazé Antoine
Published: June 2021

Dans cet article, nous explorons les liens qui unissent l’écriture poétique d’Emily Dickinson aux troubles oculaires dont elle souffrit. Ce faisant, nous tentons de comprendre le travail du visuel dans son œuvre comme fondateur d’un ancrage problématique tant dans le signe linguistique que dans le symptôme médical. En montrant la place centrale qu’occupe pour elle l’épistolaire, nous situons les troubles oculaires dans une économie de la distance, puis mettons au jour la tension entre visible et invisible que l’épisode oculaire viendra réaliser dans le symptôme.
Monopole mutualiste versus concurrence dans le secteur de la prévoyance complémentaire. Retours sur un débat méconnu (1983-1985)
Authors: Domin Jean-Paul
Published: June 2021

L’objectif de cet article est de revenir sur la construction du secteur de l’assurance maladie complémentaire en France au début des années 1980, et notamment sur le débat qui a opposé, au sein du ministère des Affaires sociales, les partisans d’un monopole mutualiste à ceux favorables au respect des règles de la concurrence dans ce domaine. La réflexion qui se développe à l’époque est très importante dans la mesure où elle s’inscrit plus généralement dans les termes des débats qui opposent à l’époque les partisans d’une intervention publique à ceux qui militent pour la généralisation de la concurrence dans l’ensemble des secteurs de la société.
Propuesta metodológica para analizar la segregación socio-espacial en el periurbano de ciudades intermedias en México
Authors: Ruiz López Cinthia Fabiola , Méndez-Lemus Yadira Mireya , Vieyra Medrano José Antonio
Published: June 2021

El crecimiento de las ciudades latinoamericanas ha sido fragmentado y sectorizado, generando condiciones desiguales para sus pobladores. En México, las disparidades en la conformación espacial de los centros urbanos han aumentado junto con la segregación, principalmente en el espacio de expansión urbano-rural de ciudades intermedias.
En general, la forma en que se ha abordado el estudio de la segregación ha sido descriptivo, centrado en variables socioeconómicas de los grupos sociales y principalmente bajo el análisis de las grandes ciudades, siendo más escasos los estudios en el periurbano; sobre todo en las ciudades intermedias. Esto hace necesario repensar los planteamientos metodológicos para analizar la segregación en dichos espacios caracterizados por su gran dinamismo y la permanencia de estructuras rurales.
Conjugando dimensiones físicas y sociales con un acercamiento multiescalar y multitemporal del territorio, este artículo propone una metodología que analiza a la segregación en el periurbano de ciudades intermedias mexicanas, poniendo en evidencia las implicaciones en la estructura urbana y la organización social de las comunidades.
Además, permite identificar a la segregación como un proceso de diferenciación social- espacial construido históricamente desde contextos regionales y municipales, ambientes que sirven de espacio para la interrelación de los pobladores, al mismo tiempo, les plantean condiciones de vida diversa, ante esas los habitantes responden reforzando o limitando su segregación. Esta propuesta contribuye a desmitificar la percepción negativa de la segregación en el periurbano de ciudades mexicanas, que bien podrían reconocerse también en ciertas ciudades latinoamericanas.
Análisis multicriterio geoambiental del paisaje de abanico de Ibagué, Colombia, mediante la determinación de geosistemas, geofacies y geotopos
Authors: Martínez Rivillas Alexander
Published: June 2021

Se propone una metodología de análisis multicriterio geoambiental de un paisaje a diferentes escalas, a partir de estudios previos y del levantamiento biogeográfico/socioecológico del geosistema de abanico de Ibagué, de la geofacies serrana (ubicada en este geosistema), y de dos geotopos (ganadero y turístico) inscritos en esta geofacies. El método empleado integró cuatro estrategias: en lo geográfico, el enfoque ecológico del sistema GTP de G. Bertrand; en lo biogeográfico, la técnica “BioBlitz” de levantamientos de flora y fauna; en lo socioecológico, la sistematización de entrevistas en profundidad a campesinos del abanico; en lo estadístico, el análisis multicriterio de variables biofísicas y multiescalares. El resultado relevante es la formulación de un “indicador multicriterio geoambiental” (IM), que ofrece una síntesis de la anterior información geoambiental, permitiendo contrastar multiescalarmente los distintos grados de afectación ambiental del paisaje de abanico. Esta metodología podría soportar lineamientos de política de ordenación ambiental y territorial a nivel de municipios.
La monnaie dans le Péloponnèse de 336 à 146 av. J.-C.
Authors: Marchetti Patrick
Published: June 2021

Ce panorama de la monnaie péloponnésienne de 336 à 146 av. J.-C. ne peut être exhaustif tant l’abondance des monnayages et les soubresauts de la recherche ont alourdi l’apparat scientifique. Le propos est donc centré sur les évolutions induites en matière de métrologie par la réforme connue à Delphes sous le nom d’ἐπικαταλλαγή, qui entraîne notamment la disparition de l’éginétique. C’est dans ce nouvel horizon que purent sans peine circuler dans le Péloponnèse les monnaies royales (le plus souvent refondues), dont celles provenant d’Égypte. Le monnayage le plus répandu n’en reste pas moins celui des drachmes légères comme celles d’Argos thésaurisées à Mycènes (IGCH 171) ou des Ligues. Un bilan final s’emploie à faire le point sur la portée réelle de la « révolution » qui consisterait à briser le terminus longtemps consensuel de 146.
Les conditions de la production monétaire dans le Péloponnèse durant l’Antiquité : Ateliers civiques ou ateliers « indépendants » ?
Authors: Flament Christophe
Published: June 2021

On considère habituellement que chaque cité grecque disposait de son propre atelier monétaire pour réaliser ses émissions. Les similitudes stylistiques et les identités de marques monétaires relevées entre les monnaies argiennes et les autres productions du Péloponnèse à l’époque classique révèlent, au contraire, que des ateliers ont manifestement travaillé pour plusieurs cités différentes. D’autres indices de même nature laissent penser que ce mode d’organisation des frappes en ateliers « indépendants » était en place dans cette région depuis l’adoption de la monnaie à la fin de l’époque archaïque et jusqu’à l’époque de Septime Sévère au moins. Dans ces conditions, l’étude des monnaies argiennes ne peut pas être envisagée séparément de celle des autres monnayages péloponnésiens, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une numismatique des « grands ensembles ».
Les « très grands bronzes » éléens : Réflexions autour d’un module singulier dans le monnayage éléen à l’époque hellénistique
Authors: Wojan Franck
Published: June 2021

Le monnayage de bronze des Éléens émis à l’époque hellénistique comprend une dénomination particulière, qui se singularise dans le paysage monétaire du Péloponnèse par son poids, et accessoirement par ses types. Cet article propose de nouvelles pistes de réflexions quant à la valeur et la datation de ces « très grands bronzes ».
Εικονιστικοί τύποι του Ερμή στα πελοποννησιακά νομίσματα των αυτοκρατορικών χρόνων: Ο Ερμής με κριό στην αποικιακή νομισματοκοπία της Κορίνθου και των Πατρών
Authors: Τσαγκαλια Χριστίνα
Published: June 2021

Cet article est consacré à une étude des types communs, à tout le moins semblables, d’Hermès au bélier représenté sur les monnaies de bronze de Corinthe et Patras à l’époque impériale. Selon le témoignage des sources écrites, de la plastique, autant que des monnaies elles-mêmes, on constate une volonté d’aligner les types monétaires sur ceux de la sculpture. En les comparant, il appert que certains d’entre eux pourraient être des copies romaines d’œuvres en ronde-bosse d’époque classique ou de la haute époque hellénistique. À considérer de plus près la sélection des types, nous sommes amenée à constater des influences réciproques au niveau de la production monétaire des deux villes grecques, mais aussi au niveau de leurs liens avec Rome.
Δυτικός Μεσαίων στην Πελοπόννησο
Authors: Βαkεr Julian , Γαλανη-Κρικου Μίνα
Published: June 2021

La conquête latine de 1204 créa des conditions monétaires nouvelles et « médiévales » dans le Péloponnèse. Les deux auteurs de cet article exposent les différents types monétaires, en métaux divers, qui étaient alors en circulation, comme les émissions franques en Achaïe, ou encore la multitude de monnaies vénitiennes. Les sources contemporaines, ainsi que les enquêtes archéologiques, la bibliographie numismatique, et la contribution du Musée numismatique dans la gestion des trouvailles, fournissent le cadre de cette présentation. Le matériel a été sous-divisé en trois périodes, pour lesquelles les trésors ainsi que les trouvailles fortuites ont été pris en considération. La dernière partie du texte contient une présentation de onze trésors inédits du Musée numismatique.
Ακροναυπλία: Η νομισματική μαρτυρία βυζαντινής και «δυτικής» παρουσίας
Authors: Γαλανη-Κρικου Μίνα
Published: June 2021

Nous étudions ici les monnaies mises au jour lors des fouilles de l’Acronauplie par Paul Lazarides et ses collaborateurs en 1972. Toutes les monnaies, en bronze ou en billon, vont du vie s. jusqu’au début du xixe s. (1807, Sélim III). On y trouve des follis du vie s., du viie s., du xie s., des tetartera de la période des Comnènes et des Angeli, des imitations de tetartera, des émissions d’ateliers locaux de la période franque, des soldini et torneselli vénitiens des xive s. et xve s., un tornese de Manuel II Paléologue frappé en Laconie, ainsi que des gazzettae vénitiennes anonymes du xviie s. L’ensemble de ce matériel, qui contient quelques pièces intéressantes, correspond aux caractéristiques générales de la circulation monétaire en Grèce méridionale au cours du Moyen Âge, tout en enrichissant d’éléments nouveaux nos maigres connaissances pour Nauplie et sa région sur le long terme, et confirme l’existence d’un atelier monétaire local en Argolide.
Développement des stratégies autorégulatrices par un programme de remédiation cognitive : démarche individuelle auprès d’enfants avec une déficience intellectuelle modérée d’origine génétique (syndrome de Down) ou non
Authors: Roland Virginie , Haelewyck Marie-Claire
Published: June 2021

Cet article concerne les résultats d’une recherche menée au sein du Service d’Orthopédagogie Clinique de l’Université de Mons sur le développement des stratégies autorégulatrices chez les enfants présentant une déficience intellectuelle modérée. Des recherches (Wehmeyer & Klechner, 1994 ; Haelewyck & Vande Vonder, 2011) montrent l’impact d’une intervention sur le développement des capacités d’autorégulation chez les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle, quelle que soit la période de vie considérée. Notre recherche s’inscrit également dans ce cadre. L’objectif est de tester un programme de remédiation cognitive. La démarche porte sur la gestion mentale, en se centrant sur les concepts de perception et d’évocation. L’approche préconisée se centre sur les stratégies de résolution de problèmes au travers d’une démarche individuelle. Elle concerne des enfants âgés entre 10 et 12,7 ans avec un syndrome d’origine génétique (syndrome de Down) ou non. L’application du programme s’est déroulée sur six mois, à raison d’une séance par semaine avec chaque enfant. La comparaison des résultats obtenus suite à la passation de tests en pré-test et post-test a montré des effets sur les capacités à percevoir une situation dans son ensemble, sur l’amélioration des capacités attentionnelles ainsi que sur d’autres stratégies propres à l’autorégulation.
Les représentations conceptuelles de l’estime de soi et de la motivation chez les enseignants spécialisés
Authors: Frangieh Basma , Gavens Nathalie
Published: June 2021

Cet article traite du soutien qu’une formation peut apporter à la pratique enseignante, en basant l’échange autour de concepts clés, tels que l’estime de soi et la motivation. L’objectif de cette étude est de recueillir et discuter les représentations conceptuelles que des enseignants spécialisés suivant une formation certifiante (CAPA-SH) se font de ces concepts. La recherche s’est déroulée en trois étapes : le recueil des représentations conceptuelles initiales, les échanges autour des représentations conceptuelles évoquées et les actions éducatives qui peuvent être mises en place en classe pour développer les sentiments de motivation et d’estime de soi auprès des élèves à besoins éducatifs particuliers. Nos résultats indiquent que les conceptions des enseignants ne sont que partielles et que les actions proposées sont limitées. Cependant, en éclairant les représentations des professionnels, on leur permet d’être plus efficaces dans leur pratique éducative et d’évoluer dans leurs conceptions.
EPDM/SBR Blends for Skim Compound of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt: Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability and Adhesion Level
Authors: Liem Nguyen Thanh , Linh Nguyen Pham Duy , Tung Nguyen Huy , Phuc Bach Trong
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the influence of some ingredient concentrations such as SBR ratio, DCP/S, CBS/DPG accelerator, EPDM-g-AM and cord surface on mechanical, thermal aging properties and adhesion between rubber compounds and cord have been investigated. The results showed that with suitable ingredients loading such as EPDM/SBR is 85/15 phr, DCP/S is 2.0/1.5 phr and EPDM-g-AM content is 2.0 phr with respect to rubber, the vulcanizates had good mechanical properties, thermal stability and adhesion level to the zinc/copper galvanized cord. The highest tensile strength, elongation at break and pull out strength reached 18.1 MPa, 432% and 60.3 N/mm respectively, and the highest retention after thermal aging at 150°C for 168 hours was about 0.76.
Passive Morphing in Aerospace Composite Structures
Authors: Jadhav Prakash
Published: June 2021

Attempts to add the advanced technologies to aerospace composite structures like fan blade have been on in recent times to further improve its performance. As part of these efforts, it has been proposed that the blade morph feasibility could be studied by building and optimizing asymmetric lay up of composite plies inside the blade which will help generate enough passive morphing between max cruise and climb conditions of the flight. This will have a direct efficiency (Specific Fuel Consumption) benefit. This research describes the various ideas that were tried using in house-developed lay-up optimization code and Ansys commercial software to study the possibility of generating enough passive morphing in the blade. In the end, this report concludes that the required degree of passive morphing could not be generated using various ideas with passive morphing technology and only up to some extent of morphing is shown to be feasible using the technologies used here.
Preparation and Properties of Urea Slow-Release Fertilizer Hydrogel by Sodium Alginate-Gelatin Biopolymer
Authors: Hnoosong Wilawan , Rungcharoenthong Pornpairin , Sangjan Suntree
Published: June 2021

Urea is high solubility nitrogen fertilizer. There is major nitrogen pollution in ecosystem. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer the way to decrease nitrogen form agriculture. Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer the way to decrease nitrogen in agriculture. Slow-release formulations of nitrogen fertilizer were developed based on alginate-gelatin by using calcium chloride as the cross-linker in the egg-box model as hydrogels. Water-retaining ratio, loading behavior, and the release kinetics were examined. The release kinetic rates were investigated by Zero-order kinetic, First-order kinetic, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, and Hixson-Crowell models. The results showed that the S1G0.5 sample (alginate 1 g and gelatin 0.5 g) was the optimum condition for application as urea slow-release fertilizers because it was a minimal release kinetic rate for 12 hrs. These results indicate that the alginate-gelatin hydrogel can be a slow-release nutrient to plant an environmentally friendly fertilizer.
Bcl6-Independent In Vivo Development of Functional Type 1 Classical Dendritic Cells Supporting Tumor Rejection
Authors: Bagadia Prachi , O'Connor Kevin W , Wu Renee , Ferris Stephen T , Ward Jeffrey P , Schreiber Robert D , Murphy Theresa L , Murphy Kenneth M
Published: June 2021

The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 has been reported as required for development of a subset of classical dendritic cell (cDCs) called cDC1, which is responsible for cross-presentation. However, mechanisms and in vivo functional analysis have been lacking. We generated a system for conditional deletion of Bcl6 in mouse cDCs. We confirmed the reported in vitro requirement for Bcl6 in cDC1 development and the general role for Bcl6 in cDC development in competitive settings. However, deletion of Bcl6 did not abrogate the in vivo development of cDC1. Instead, Bcl6 deficiency caused only a selective reduction in CD8α expression by cDC1 without affecting XCR1 or CD24 expression. Normal cDC1 development was confirmed in Bcl6cKO mice by development of XCR1+  Zbtb46-GFP+ cDC1 by rejection of syngeneic tumors and by priming of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. In summary, Bcl6 regulates a subset of cDC1-specific markers and is required in vitro but not in vivo for cDC1 development.
Teleost-Specific MxG, a Traitor in the Mx Family, Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses by Targeting IPS-1 for Proteasomal Degradation and STING for Lysosomal Degradation
Authors: Fan Chengjian , Su Hang , Liao Zhiwei , Su Juanjuan , Yang Chunrong , Zhang Yongan , Su Jianguo
Published: June 2021

IFN-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1)– and stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-mediated type I IFNs play a critical role in antiviral responses. Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins are pivotal components of the antiviral effectors induced by IFNs in many species. An unprecedented expansion of Mx genes has occurred in fish. However, the functions and mechanisms of Mx family members remain largely unknown in fish. In this study, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) MxG, a teleost-specific Mx protein, is induced by IFNs and viruses, and it negatively regulates both IPS-1- and STING-mediated antiviral responses to facilitate grass carp reovirus, spring viremia of carp virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus-2 replication. MxG binds and degrades IPS-1 via the proteasomal pathway and STING through the lysosomal pathway, thereby negatively regulating IFN1 antiviral responses and NF-κB proinflammatory cytokines. MxG also suppresses the phosphorylation of STING IFN regulatory factor 3/7, and it subsequently downregulates IFN1 and NF-κB1 at the promoter, transcription, and protein levels. GTPase and GTPase effector domains of MxG contribute to the negative regulatory function. On the contrary, MxG knockdown weakens virus replication and cytopathic effect. Therefore, MxG can be an ISG molecule induced by IFNs and viruses, and degrade IPS-1 and STING proteins in a negative feedback manner to maintain homeostasis and avoid excessive immune responses after virus infection. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a negative regulator in the Mx family, and our findings clarify a novel mechanism by which the IFN response is regulated.
CD40L-Stimulated B Lymphocytes Are Polarized toward APC Functions after Exposure to IL-4 and IL-21
Authors: Possamaï David , Pagé Gabriel , Panès Rébecca , Gagnon Étienne , Lapointe Réjean
Published: June 2021

B lymphocytes have multiple functions central to humoral immunity, including Ag presentation to T cells, cytokine secretion, and differentiation into Ab-secreting plasma cells. In vitro expansion of human B cells by continuous IL-4 stimulation and engagement of their CD40 receptor by CD40L has allowed the use of these IL-4–CD40–B cells in research for the induction of Ag-specific T cell immune responses. However, in vivo, follicular helper T cells also influence B cell activity through the secretion of IL-21. The impact of both cytokines on multiple B cell functions is not clearly defined. To further understand these cytokines in CD40–B cell biology, we stimulated CD40–B cells with IL-4 or IL-21 or both (Combo) and characterized the proliferation, subsets, and functions of these cells. We demonstrate that IL-21– and Combo-CD40–B cells are highly proliferative cells that can be rapidly expanded to high numbers. We show that IL-21–CD40–B cells polarize to Ab-secreting plasma cells, whereas IL-4– and Combo-CD40–B cells are mostly activated mature B cells that express molecules associated with favorable APC functions. We further demonstrate that both IL-4– and Combo-CD40–B cells are efficient in promoting T cell activation and proliferation compared with IL-21–CD40–B cells. Thus, our study provides a better appreciation of CD40–B cell plasticity and biology. In addition, the stimulation of B cells with CD40L, IL-4, and IL-21 allows for the fast generation of high numbers of efficient APC, therefore providing a prospective tool for research and clinical applications such as cancer immunotherapy.
Gut Microbiota Regulate Gut–Lung Axis Inflammatory Responses by Mediating ILC2 Compartmental Migration
Authors: Pu Qinqin , Lin Ping , Gao Pan , Wang Zhihan , Guo Kai , Qin Shugang , Zhou Chuanmin , Wang Biao , Wu Erxi , Khan Nadeem , Xia Zhenwei , Wei Xiawei , Wu Min
Published: June 2021

Gut microbiota is increasingly linked to the development of various pulmonary diseases through a gut–lung axis. However, the mechanisms by which gut commensal microbes impact trafficking and functional transition of immune cells remain largely unknown. Using integrated microbiota dysbiosis approaches, we uncover that the gut microbiota directs the migration of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from the gut to the lung through a gut–lung axis. We identify Proteobacteria as a critical species in the gut microbiome to facilitate natural ILC2 migration, and increased Proteobacteria induces IL-33 production. Mechanistically, IL-33–CXCL16 signaling promotes the natural ILC2 accumulation in the lung, whereas IL-25–CCL25 signals augment inflammatory ILC2 accumulation in the intestines upon abdominal infection, parabiosis, and cecum ligation and puncture in mice. We reveal that these two types of ILC2s play critical but distinct roles in regulating inflammation, leading to balanced host defense against infection. Overall results delineate that Proteobacteria in gut microbiota modulates ILC2 directional migration to the lung for host defense via regulation of select cytokines (IL-33), suggesting novel therapeutic strategies to control infectious diseases.
Effects of Teneligliptin on HbA1c levels, Continuous Glucose Monitoring-Derived Time in Range and Glycemic Variability in Elderly Patients with T2DM (TEDDY Study)
Authors: Bae Ji Cheol , Kwak Soo Heon , Kim Hyun Jin , Kim Sang-Yong , Hwang You-Cheol , Suh Sunghwan , Hyun Bok Jin , Cha Ji Eun , Won Jong Chul , Kim Jae Hyeon
Published: June 2021

Background: To evaluate the effects of teneligliptin on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived time in range, and glycemic variability in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted in eight centers in Korea (clinical trial registration number: NCT03508323). Sixty-five participants aged ≥65 years, who were treatment-naïve or had been treated with stable doses of metformin, were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive 20 mg of teneligliptin (n=35) or placebo (n=30) for 12 weeks. The main endpoints were the changes in HbA1c levels from baseline to week 12, CGM metrics-derived time in range, and glycemic variability.Results: After 12 weeks, a significant reduction (by 0.84%) in HbA1c levels was observed in the teneligliptin group compared to that in the placebo group (by 0.08%), with a between-group least squares mean difference of –0.76% (95% confidence interval [CI], –1.08 to –0.44). The coefficient of variation, standard deviation, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion significantly decreased in participants treated with teneligliptin as compared to those in the placebo group. Teneligliptin treatment significantly decreased the time spent above 180 or 250 mg/dL, respectively, without increasing the time spent below 70 mg/dL. The mean percentage of time for which glucose levels remained in the 70 to 180 mg/dL time in range (TIR70–180) at week 12 was 82.0%±16.0% in the teneligliptin group, and placebo-adjusted change in TIR70–180 from baseline was 13.3% (95% CI, 6.0 to 20.6).Conclusion: Teneligliptin effectively reduced HbA1c levels, time spent above the target range, and glycemic variability, without increasing hypoglycemia in our study population.
Prescription Pattern, Follow-up Pattern, and Medication Adherence in Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Ramamurthy Parthasarathy , Alexander Aneesh , Solomon Susan , Thilakan Pradeep , Rudravaram Vishnu Vardhan
Published: June 2021

Background:

Drug utilization research on psychotropic drug use facilitates rational prescriptions in psychiatric patients. Low follow-up rates and nonadherence to psychotropic medications are key challenges in psychiatry. The objective of this study was to determine the prescription pattern of psychotropic medications, the follow-up pattern, and medication adherence in psychiatric outpatients.

Materials and Methods:

In this retrospective observational study, the prescription pattern and number of follow-ups were abstracted for each new psychiatric outpatient for a period of 6 months from the time of the first assessment. In addition, medication adherence was assessed using a secondary database analysis. A continuous measure of medication acquisition (CMA) was calculated and those patients with CMA of 0.8 or more were considered adherent.

Results:

A total of 317 patients were included in the study. At the first visit, 198 patients (62.46%) were prescribed two psychotropic medications. Out of the total sample, 157 (49.53%) were prescribed once-daily medication and 151 (47.63%) received twice-daily medication. During the follow-up visits, the primary medication was changed in 40 (12.62%) patients and polypharmacy was used in 23 (7.26%) patients. After the initial visit, 138 (43.53%) patients did not come for even a single follow-up visit. Only 50 (15.77%) patients had a medication prescription for at least 80% of the study period.

Conclusion:

Olanzapine, escitalopram, sertraline, and clonazepam were the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications. Most patients were prescribed two psychotropic medications which included one benzodiazepine. However, polypharmacy was an uncommon practice. Follow-up rate and medication adherence were poor across different diagnostic categories.
A Comparative Study to Assess Burnout and its Correlates Among Doctors and Nurses Working at Dedicated COVID-19 Facility of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Authors: Parikh Minakshi N. , Patel Dhruvkumar Shaileshbhai , Patel Vrunda Ashok , Kansagra Parth R.
Published: June 2021

Background:

The high contagiousness of the COVID 19 disease, the uncertain course, and the high morbidity and mortality has led to unprecedented burden on the health care system, especially when the crisis has gone on for more than 5 months with no end in sight. The chronic high degree stress has made burnout in health care workers (HCWs) a reality that needs urgent attention which can otherwise lead to compromised patient care apart from their own suffering.

Aims and Objectives:

This study was planned to assess and compare the burnout in doctors and nurses of our dedicated COVID 19 hospital, to understand its correlates, and look for any implications on future policy decisions.

Materials and Methods:

Our study assessed and compared the burnout in 150 doctors and 150 nurses of our dedicated COVID 19 hospital using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). The CBI Scale is a 19 item scale including three domains of burnout in the form of personal (1–6), work related (7–13), and patient related burnout (14–19). More than 25% average score on these items is taken as the presence of burnout.

Results:

We found burnout in 58% of all HCWs with 78% in doctors (n = 150) and 38% in nurses (n = 150), the difference being statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to find common factors affecting burnout among both the groups, which were female gender, facing stigma due to COVID 19 duty, regular exercise/yoga, and dissatisfaction with administrative services. Our findings propose to emphasize the need to address the impact of working under pressure for sustained periods among HCWs.
Update on the application of amniotic membrane in immune-related ocular surface diseases
Authors: Chen Ziyan , Lao Hubert Yuenhei , Liang Lingyi
Published: June 2021

Immune-related ocular surface diseases, a group of diseases in which immune dysregulation damages the ocular surface, can induce uncontrolled inflammation and persistent epithelial defect, thus leading to the most severe forms of acute keratoconjunctivitis, dry eye disease, epithelial keratitis, stromal ulceration, and corneal perforation. As these diseases are often refractory to treatments, they have a threatening impact on the vision and life quality of patients. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the clinical application of sutured and self-retained cryopreserved amniotic membrane (AM) in treating Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, ocular graft-versus-host disease, Sjögren's syndrome, Mooren's ulcer, and peripheral ulcerative keratitis. Current evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of AM, especially self-retained cryopreserved AM, in decreasing ocular surface inflammation, promoting corneal epithelial and stromal healing, improving visual acuity, and preventing sight-threatening complications. Future studies are still required to validate the above findings and explore the varied application methods of AM to improve the clinical efficacy in maintaining ocular surface health.
ECOLOGIA TRÓFICA DE PEIXES DE RIACHO: UMA RELEITURA 20 ANOS DEPOIS
Authors:   Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo, Esteves Katharina Eichbaum , Aranha José Marcelo Rocha ,   Universidade Federal do Paraná, Albrecht Míriam Pilz ,   Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Published: June 2021

The great extent and diversity of ecological conditions of stream ecosystems in Brazil are widely recognized. In the last two decades, studies on stream fishes have contributed to the knowledge about their trophic ecology. However, the large amount of available information is yet fragmented. This chapter presents the state of the art of studies about feeding and trophic ecology of stream fishes in Brazil, an essential topic to understand ecosystem functioning. The review presented here was based on searches on different databases (Scopus, Web of Science, ASFA and Scielo). Results included studies that used different methods and approaches to evaluate the diet of fish species and assemblages, their relationship with morphology and ontogenetic variation, resource partitioning, seasonal and spatial variations, and anthropic impacts on trophic interactions. Finally, knowledge gaps and perspectives for future studies on fish trophic ecology are pointed out, including responses to anthropic influences, theoretical aspects, and the use of underexplored approaches to the subject, which may aid to our understanding of tropical streams
PAPEL DOS PEIXES NA RECICLAGEM DE NUTRIENTES EM RIACHOS TROPICAIS
Authors:   Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Zandonà Eugenia , Oliveira-Cunha Priscila , Moreira-Ferreira Beatriz
Published: June 2021

Fish can contribute directly and indirectly to nutrient recycling in aquatic environments, affecting community structure and ecosystem processes. Through the excretion of metabolic waste, fish make inorganic nutrients available in the environment that can be used by algae and bacteria. Nitrogen and phosphorus are often limiting nutrients in streams, so fish can be a relevant source of these nutrients. Many factors can influence excretion rates, including diet, body nutrient demand (for reproduction and growth), ontogeny, body size, temperature and other abiotic factors. Currently, two theories propose to explain which factors control excretion rates: 1) The Theory of Ecological Stoichiometry is based on mass balance models and uses the amount of nutrients in the diet and the fish nutrient demand as predictors of excretion rates; and 2) the Metabolic Theory of Ecology that uses body size and temperature as factors that regulate an organism metabolic rates and, thus, its excretion rates. The relative importance of fish as nutrient recyclers in streams varies depending on species intrinsic characteristics and environmental factors. This includes the magnitude of excretion rates from the entire fish community, the nutrient concentration and nutrient input into the stream, the stream nutrient demand and the period of activity and behavior of the fish. For example, species that are abundant in oligotrophic streams have the potential to represent an important source of nutrients. But other peculiarities, such as diet, specific nutrient demands, or migratory behaviors, can make them important sources or sinks of nutrients in a stream. This article reviews studies that address the role of fish as nutrient recyclers and explains the most common techniques used in this type of studies.
AVALIAÇÃO DA INTEGRIDADE BIÓTICA DE RIACHOS A PARTIR DA ICTIOFAUNA
Authors:   Universidade Estadual Paulista, Casatti Lilian , Ortigossa Camila
Published: June 2021

Almost four decades ago, ecologist James R. Karr published the first version of the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) to assess the health of aquatic ecosystems from fish assemblages. Since then, numerous adaptations, criticisms, and reinterpretations have emerged from this seminal study, covering diverse world biomes. In Brazil, the first versions of IBI for streams were developed in the South (in 2004). Over time, scientific production on this topic has shown a significant increase in the complexity of the approaches and methods used, mainly due to the advance in the basic knowledge about stream fish diversity, ecology, and biology. These studies include, for example, tests of metrics already proposed, proposals for new metrics, adaptations for different basins, and tests of the ecological responses of the ichthyofauna to different human-originated impacts. Even so, there are no standardized protocols for defining the metrics, nor for the introduction of these indexes in the stream monitoring routine. The objective of this article is to present a theoretical framework on the development of IBI for Brazilian streams, based on ichthyofauna, to discuss whether it is possible and feasible to standardize protocols for the development of IBIs and the prospects of applicability in Brazilian streams.
PEIXES NÃO-NATIVOS EM RIACHOS NO BRASIL: ESTADO DA ARTE, LACUNAS DE CONHECIMENTO E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Garcia Diego Azevedo Zoccal , Pelicice Fernando Mayer ,   Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Brito Marcelo Fulgêncio Guedes de ,   Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Orsi Mário Luís ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Magalhães André Lincoln Barroso
Published: June 2021

Biological invasions are among the main causes of biodiversity loss on planet. Losses are accentuated in streams, which are sensitive to human impacts, since they have specialized fauna and higher degree of endemism. Despite this, studies on invasions by non-native fish in streams are incipient in Brazil. In this review, we present an introduction on the process (i.e., stages) of biological invasion, the environmental factors that influence the establishment and the impacts of non-native species in streams. A methodological step-by-step is also presented as a way to guide the conduct of studies on non-native species in Brazilian streams. In addition, management actions measures are presented to prevent new cases of introductions and suggestions for studies on invasions in streams. Avoiding propagule pressure and environmental education, as well as legal aspects of Brazilian legislation, are management actions that can prevent new introductions. Finally, gaps in knowledge and perspectives are raised as an incentive for interested parties to enter the subject and develop new studies on non-native fishes in Brazilian streams.
ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE HIGH ANTI-CORRUPTION COURT AND OTHER ANTI-CORRUPTION BODIES OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEANIZATION
Authors:   Law Enforcement Agencies and the Bar of National University “Odesa  Law  Academy”, Kosiuta Mykhailo , Sopilnyk Lyubomyr , Denys Solomiya , Sopilnyk Rostyslav , Zayats Roman
Published: June 2021

The establishment of the High Anti-Corruption Court in Ukraine was a radical step for Ukraine in the fight against corruption. This fact has led to many discussions and debates in scientific circles. The purpose of the article is to administrative and legal characteristics of the legal status of the High Anti-Corruption Court and other Anti-Corruption Bodies of Ukraine and prospects it’s activity in the context of Europeanization. The chosen methodology helpedto identify the historical origins of corruption; to outline the main features and establish the concept of “corruption”; to analyze the experience of European countries in establishing a system of anti-corruption bodies; to make proposals for reforming the current system of anti-corruption bodies of Ukraine in the context of Europeanization of administrative law. We believe that a key point in the process of improving the effectiveness of the fight against corruption in Ukraine is the need to implement the experience of European countries also in terms of informing and training civil servants professional ethics, awareness and legal culture. The high authority of anti-corruption bodies, as evidenced by the analyzed practice of EU countries (including Denmark), determines the effectiveness of the fight against corruption. Such a system of anti-corruption institutions will help to clearly establish powers, avoid conflicts of interest and bureaucratic schemes, increase the targeted use of budget funds, facilitate citizens' access to relevant bodies with complaints about corruption offenses, and eliminate the privileged status of corrupt officials in the administration of justice.
Large enterprises of Ukraine, sustainable development and social responsibility: transparency in times of crisis
Authors:   School of Economics and Management of Public Administration in Bratislava, Vicen Vlastimil , Ruzinska Eva , Yevstakhevych Andrii
Published: June 2021

After the Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, the crisis conditions have produced challenges in the work of large enterprises and reduced attention to social responsibility. This work aims to identify bottlenecks in the communicative activity of large enterprises on social responsibility. Based on a literature review, we have established a theoretical link between social responsibility, efficiency and transparency. We formulated hypotheses about the connection between enterprise leadership and transparency of social responsibility. To discover the transparency of big business in a crisis, we used the original simple method, which helps us assess the availability and adequacy of information on social responsibility. Using it, we analysed the websites of leading Ukrainian companies in the post-crisis period. According to the study results, we partially confirmed the hypothesis of a higher level of transparency provided by enterprises that are revenue leaders. The obtained results can be helpful for public authorities to develop a national strategy of sustainable development and managers to improve the representation of achievements in the field of social responsibility.