bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychology of Scientist: XXXIII. Cognitive Style Differences between Science and Non-Science Faculty and Students
Authors: Sofman Robert J. , Hajosy Robert C. , Vojtisek John E.
Published: September 2011

Jackson's shortened form of Witkin's Embedded Figures Test was individually administered to 24 undergraduate male students and 24 male university faculty to assess their level of field dependence. One half of the faculty and student groups specialized in science, while the remaining half were non-science oriented. It was hypothesized that both students and faculty specializing in the sciences would exhibit greater field independence than the non-science groups. It was further hypothesized that this difference would be more pronounced between science and non-science faculty groups than between similar student groups. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance gave a significant main effect for field of study, with science-oriented individuals exhibiting a high degree of field independence. However, individual comparisons indicated a significant difference between science and non-science groups occurred only with the faculty. The results were discussed in terms of the relationship between cognitive style, field of study, and the possibility of selective screening during academic training.
Readability of the Articles Used by Goldberg
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Greenawalt James P. , Rush Michael C.
Published: September 2011

Two indexes of readability were applied to the six Goldberg (1968) articles in order to determine the reading ease, grade level, and writing style, for each article. Results indicated the articles differed on these properties.
The Construct Validity of Aniseikonic Lens Measures of Anxiety
Authors: Schaninger Charles M.
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of aniseikonic lens measures of anxiety as a personality trait and of anxiety toward objects was examined in an experimental setting. No evidence of convergent construct validity was found for aniseikonic measures of anxiety as a personality trait. The validity of such measures as indices of anxiety toward objects was also questioned. The findings suggested that familiarity with the object viewed, rather than anxiety, may be the underlying dimension tapped by such measures of ability to perceive aniseikonic distortion.
Intertrial Variability by Psychiatric Inpatients on the Rod and Frame Test
Authors: Berent Stanley , Boll Thomas J. , Carter D. Bruce , Wilkins Paul C.
Published: September 2011

This paper points out the importance of considering intertrial variability of a subject's performance on the rod-and-frame task. It is argued that such variability has significant implications for cognitive-perceptual constructs such as field-dependence—independence. For illustration, scores on the rod and frame are presented for a group of 32 psychiatric inpatients.
Comparison of Different Procedures to Assess Personal Space
Authors: Cronjé F. J. , Möller A. T.
Published: September 2011

To compare three different methods of assessing personal space, 88 subjects were tested during a therapeutic interview by means of in vivo participation, photographic observation, and a model technique. The results suggested that use of the photographs and the model fall into the same category (both are projective techniques) but that use of the model gives a closer prediction of actual behavior than the photographs.
Modifications and Influences of Tactual Preferences for Shape and Texture
Authors: Margolin C. R.
Published: September 2011

The effects of pretraining on tactual preferences for shape and texture and the effects of the preferences on discrimination learning were investigated in three experiments using kindergarten and third grade children. The pretraining experience significantly affected the dimensional preferences in both age groups, while an unexpected significant sex difference indicated a stronger texture preference in girls. Children tended to learn faster when the dimension they preferred was relevant to the task, but girls were affected more strongly than boys. In all experiments, the girls' behavior closely resembled that predicted for younger children.
Use of Spelling-to-Sound Rules in Reading
Authors: Wolf Catherine G. , Robinson David Owen
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the use of spelling-to-sound rules by second-graders, fifth-graders, and adults in the reading of novel words. Specifically, the study was concerned with the pronunciation of the vowel of monosyllabic synthetic words. Two classes of rules were studied: context-free rules, in which the pronunciation of a single-letter vowel or vowel digraph is invariant across context, and context-sensitive rules, in which the pronunciation of the vowel is dependent upon subsequent letters of the word. The performance of children and adults on the context-free stimuli indicated that beginning as well as mature readers make use of spelling-to-sound correspondence rules in the pronunciation of novel words and that the tendency to use such rules increases with age. The context-sensitive rules were not generally used; subjects tended to give the most common pronunciation for a vowel regardless of context. However, when a pronunciation other than the most common one was used for a vowel, it tended to be used in the context predicted by the context-sensitive rules. Two models of the use of spelling-to-sound rules in reading were proposed.
Differential Multiple-Schedule Interactions in Rats
Authors: Coy James F. Mc , Pratt Merrill E. , Benson Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments examined multiple-schedule interactions in a free-operant paradigm for rats. In Exps. 1 and 2 three rats each and in Exp. 3 five rats were given extended multiple variable-interval baseline training before being shifted to multiple variable-interval extinction. Visual discriminative stimuli and regular extinction, which allowed nonreinforced responding, were used in Exps. 1 and 2, but auditory discriminative stimuli and retraction of the lever to prevent responding during extinction were used in Exp. 3. Positive behavioral contrast was observed in only one out of six rats in Exps. 1 and 2, while negative induction was observed in the other five subjects. However, contrast was observed at some point in training for all five subjects in Exp. 3. The differential multiple-schedule interactions were attributed to the introduction of an additional stimulus-reinforcer dependency with regard to the presence vs absence of the lever in Exp. 3. Results support an autoshaping or additivity account of behavioral contrast.
Lateral Eye Movements, Hypnotic Susceptibility and Field Independence-Dependence
Authors: De Witt Gary W. , Averill James R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research indicates that lateral eye movements are associated with hemispheric activity in the brain. In the present study involving 48 female subjects, “left-gazing” (right-hemispheric activity) was positively related to field-dependence, as measured by the Embedded Figures Test and the Scroop test, and also to hypnotic susceptibility. It was concluded that field-dependence and hypnotic susceptibility are both mediated by processes associated with right-hemispheric activity.
Relationship of Need Achievement to Self-Esteem: Evidence for Validity of Form B of Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: September 2011

Self-esteem scores, as measured by the recently developed short form of Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory (Self-esteem Institute, 1974), were correlated with need achievement scores, as measured by Gough and Heilbrun's (1965) Adjective Check List. Self-esteem and need achievement were significantly related for male ( N = 172) and female ( N = 85) university students ( p < .001 and p < .03, respectively). This finding was interpreted as providing a measure of concurrent validity for the short form of Coopersmith's Inventory.
Problems Encountered in Development of Instrumentation to Measure Figure-Ground Perception among Young Children
Authors: Rohr Michael E. , Ayers Jerry B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to report problems encountered in the measurement of visual figure-ground perception. Conclusions from five related studies suggested that the skill may be a combination of related factors.
Social Relatedness and Perceptual Performance among the Aged
Authors: Fleishman Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The author investigated whether the ability to shift mental sets as defined by Goldstein and Scheerer (1941) and measured by the ability to detect sequence changes in a film, is associated with the degree of social relatedness that older people have with society. 76 subjects, 16 men and 60 women, aged 60 to 88 yr., were administered a questionnaire whose items were designed to measure social, personality and demographic variables. The subjects were also participants in a perceptual task. The trend of the findings suggests a relationship between efficiency of psychological functioning on a perceptual task and degree of interpersonal relatedness.
Physical Attractiveness and Sex-Role Stereotypes in Impression Formation
Authors: Hill Michael K. , Lando Harry A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of physical attractiveness and sexual identity upon attributions had yet to be addressed within a single paradigm. 40 male and 40 female subjects rated the performance of a physically attractive or unattractive male or female depicted in a photograph on modified versions of the sex-typed tasks employed by Deaux and Emswiller (1974). Results indicated “beauty-is-good” effects for both general trait ratings and specific attributions of performance but failed to indicate an anti-female bias in subjects' attributions.
Note upon Steady Visual Fixation and Repeated Auditory Stimulation in Meditation and the Laboratory
Authors: Piggins David , Morgan Douglas
Published: September 2011

The techniques of steady visual fixation and repetitious auditory input are used in the laboratory for investigating perceptual phenomena and in yoga and meditation for facilitating altered states of awareness. Phenomena related to mild sensory deprivation are reported in both circumstances.
Cognitive Tempo in Children and Their Parents
Authors: Salkind Neil J.
Published: September 2011

An adoption study was conducted to determine if cognitive tempo (as characterized by errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test) is more similar between parents and their biological children or between parents and their adopted children. Zero-order correlations between parents and children were not significant (regardless of familial relationship), but the results of canonical correlations for mean of parents' scores with those of biological and adopted children respectively were consonant with hypothesized values, suggesting a degree of heritability exists. A slight trend for parents' latency to be consistently related to their biological children's latency was noted, but no such trend was present for errors. The heritability of latency versus errors in cognitive tempo is discussed.
Unobtrusive Assessment of Interpersonal Affect through Expressive Line Drawings
Authors: Gilbert Gary S. , Kirkland Karen D. , Rappoport And Leon
Published: September 2011

Lott and Lott (1970) provide a rationale as well as empirical support for the contention that nonverbal, indirect measures of social affect are highly economical and unobtrusive means of obtaining important information about children's interpersonal attitudes. The present investigation examined the sensitivity of expressive line drawings as an indirect measure of social affect in a school setting. 20 boys and girls ranging in age from 11 to 13 yr. were asked to select classmates representing four points on a scale of liking and were instructed to produce expressive line drawings of any shape or form in response to each of the identified peers. Two raters assessed 80 drawings on the following content categories: curvedness-angularity, simplicity-complexity, repetitive-nonrepetitive, warmth-coldness, and friendliness-aggressiveness. The structural features of the drawings differed as a function of liking, with male subjects evidencing a tendency toward finer discriminations than females across levels of liking. Expressive line drawings for disliked classmates were rated more angular, complex, nonrepetitive, cold and aggressive. The results of the present study suggest that various indirect measures may well reveal a more complex and refined set of social affective responses than have been previously noted.
Threshold and Reaction Time to Noxious Stimulation: Their Relations with Scores on Manifest Anxiety Scale and Maudsley Personality Inventory
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: September 2011

With 20 male Japanese undergraduates relationships between electric shock threshold and reaction time to electric shock with 10 v and personality factors were investigated. Significant product-moment correlations of —.79 and —.69 between response to noxious stimulation and Manifest Anxiety and Maudsley Neuroticism scores were found.
Cognitive Set Influences on Witkin's Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Reinking Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Witkin's field-dependence theory is embroiled in conflict as research shows its primary assessment method, the Rod-and-frame Test, is influenced by situational events. This study explored the impact of an additional situational variable, locus of problem-solving data search, a cognitive set modified from Rotter's (1966) work. Two experimental groups of hospitalized alcoholics received standard Witkin instructions plus instructions emphasizing either an internal or external search for problem-solving cues. A control group received only Witkin's instructions. Analysis of variance showed the special instructions affected rod-and-frame scores in the predicted directions. The results were interpreted as indicating a need for a multi-factor approach to analyzing the complex relationships of the Rod-and-frame Test.
Read-out Times from Iconic Memory in Normal and Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Friedrich Douglas , Libkuman Terry , Craig Eugene , Winn Frank
Published: September 2011

The method of limits was used to obtain an estimate of readout times for a sample of 12 normal and 12 retarded subjects matched on chronological age. The procedure required tachistoscopic presentation of a stimulus array (2, 4, or 6 digits) for a variable duration, followed by a post-stimulus cue. The subject's task was to recall the digit indicated by the cue. The results indicated that read-out time (a) increased as the number of digits increased, (b) was longer for retardates relative to normals, and (c) decreased with practice for both intelligence groups. The implications of a read-out deficit in retarded individuals were discussed.
Influence of Training in Visual Perceptual Discrimination on Drawings by Children
Authors: Miller Sidney R. , Sabatino David A. , Miller Ted L.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine empirically the influence of visual perceptual remediation on drawing utilizing educationally handicapped children of elementary age as subjects. The 34 girls and 78 boys were of average intelligence, with one-half of the subjects evidencing measured visual perceptual dysfunction. In each experimental group, 14 visual perceptually impaired (learning disabled) and 14 non-perceptually impaired (learning disordered) children received instruction on one of three commercially available visual perceptual remedial materials. Controls (28 subjects) received no special training. Prior to the training, subjects' drawings were collected, as well as after the 12-wk. intervention period by five graduate students in art education. The analysis of variance used to determine the effects of the intervention program on seven specified descriptors of drawing behavior yielded only one statistically significant descriptor, “Non-awareness of Social Situations and Self vs Awareness of Social Situation and Self.” There were no differences between the perceptually impaired and non-impaired subject groups on any of the drawing tasks.
Black and White as Perceived by Euro-Americans, Afro-Americans, and Africans
Authors: Uwanno Theeraporn , Stabler John R.
Published: September 2011

Semantic differentials from 20 Euro-American, 20 Afro-American, and 20 African college students were consistent with prior work showing white as good and black as bad.
Time Estimation and Total Subjective Time
Authors: Walker James L.
Published: September 2011

Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed.
Tactile-Perceptual Functioning as a Factor in General Psychological Abilities
Authors: Boll Thomas J. , Berent Stanley , Richards Herbert
Published: September 2011

This investigation was designed to study the influence of simple sensory perceptual ability (tactile perception) on various human abilities such as language acquisition, visuo-spatial problem solving, concept formation, motor skills, memory, and learning. Children with documented evidence of impaired brain functions (seizure disorder and corresponding EEG abnormality) and children without evidence or suspicion of neurological impairment were examined. The results suggest that tactile perceptual ability exerts a significant effect on the adequacy of a broad range of human abilities.
Assessment and Attempted Modification of Future Teachers' Attitudes toward Handicapped Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Eads Gerald M. , Reece Nancy H. , Piscitello Mary A.
Published: September 2011

In a study designed to determine whether future teachers have negative attitudes toward groups of exceptional children based upon the labels attached to these children, 13 special education majors and 32 students majoring in other fields of education were administered the Personal Attribute Inventory at the beginning and conclusion of an introductory course in special education. Results for labels, physically handicapped, educable mentally handicapped, and learning disabled, indicated that the latter two were evaluated significantly less positively than the first on both pre- and post-course testings. There were no significant differences between the respondents' pre- and post-course ratings of the three labels. Interestingly, special education majors were significantly more positive in their pre- and post-course evaluations than non-special education majors. These findings certainly are not supportive of “mainstreaming” children who have been categorized as either learning disabled or educable mentally handicapped.
Visual Set and Anxiety in the Stroop Phenomenon
Authors: Jorgenson Christabel B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a visual set, the Stroop phenomenon, and anxiety —as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—upon response latency were examined. Three variations of the set were presented, a color congruent with the response color, a color conflicting with the response color, or no color. Two response conditions were required, reading the color word or reporting the color in which the word was printed. “Reporting the color” had a significantly longer response latency than “reading the word” for all 60 subjects, female volunteers from freshman psychology classes. There was also a significant interaction between anxiety and the Stroop. The medium-anxiety group showed the least discrepancy between the response conditions of the Stroop, indicating the interference effect present in the Stroop phenomenon was least influential for this group. A consistent though not significant difference between the congruent set and conflicting set conditions for the color response as opposed to the word response indicated that, when the set is similar to the response, it is more influential than when it is unrelated.
Interviewees' Reported Level of Comfort as a Function of an Interviewer's Visual Attention
Authors: Neely William T. , Cherulnik Paul D. , Russ Raymond G.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that subjects would feel most comfortable when interacting with someone who looked at them 50% of the time, less comfortable with someone who looked continuously, and least comfortable with someone who never looked. 30 male undergraduates were interviewed individually by a male interviewer who gazed at them either continuously, 50% of the time, or not at all. Contrary to expectations, subjects in the 50% condition reported they were least comfortable while there were no differences between subjects in the other two conditions.
Perceived Maternal Child-Rearing Behavior among Disabled and Non-Disabled Adolescents
Authors: Harper Dennis C.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were (a) to contrast the reported perceptions of maternal rearing using the Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory of 70 disabled (cerebral palsied) and 70 non-disabled adolescents of similar sex, age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status and (b) to evaluate the impact of severity of physical impairment within the disabled group. Analyses of variance were completed using group (disabled/controls) as one dimension and sex as the within-groups source. Partial correlations were used to assess the relationship between severity of incapacitation and perceived maternal behavior. Of the 18 main effects, two were significant, suggesting that the non-disabled perceived their mothers as more possessive and intrusive than did the disabled. Males perceived their mothers as significantly more lax in discipline and allowing more autonomy than did females. Severity of disability was only modestly related to perceived maternal behavior. With this sample of disabled adolescents it was suggested that a physically handicapping condition and its severity may be of more limited influence in the maternal rearing process than assumed.
Return Sweep Latency in Reading with a Paralyzed Eye
Authors: Leisman Gerald
Published: September 2011

The study concerned the distribution of directional control of eye movement in reading. With the paralysis of the right eye, progressive movements of the left eye were possible, but regressive movements were cancelled, being observed as drift. Base-out prism placed over the non-paralyzed eye allowed for the re-establishment of regressive movements. The results for this subject were explained on the basis of a large retinal error marker having been established. With the paralysis of one eye, base-out prisms reduce that error.
Spatial Summation Effects on Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds
Authors: Telage Kal M. , Warren Joseph
Published: September 2011

Ascending lingual vibrotactile thresholds at 250 Hz were obtained for four groups of normal-speaking adult subjects. Contactor areas were varied for each respective group. Threshold values in microns plotted as a function of the area of vibratory displacement indicated a spatial summation function for the larger contactors (> .02 cm2). Findings are discussed in terms of the nature of lingual-tactile mechanoreception and possible implications for neural control mechanisms subserving speech production.
Comparison of Sensory Integration and Operant Methods for Production of Vocalization in Profoundly Retarded Adults
Authors: Brody J. F. , Thomas J. A. , Brody D. M. , Kucherawy D. A.
Published: September 2011

Sensory integration, operant and combined therapies were used with 27 profoundly retarded, marginally vocal clients. The sensory integration and combined methods yielded significant increases in rate of vocalizations. The operant techniques also increased rate of vocalizations but the gains were more variable than for the sensory integration procedure and they were positively and highly correlated with pretest rates of vocalization. It appears that sensory integration methods can be an effective method for eliciting vocalizations when such behaviors are too infrequent for operant techniques.
The Reactive Agility Test
Authors: Chelladurai P. , Yuhasz M. S. , Sipura R.
Published: September 2011

A new agility task incorporating the variations in the stimulus field and the instrumentation for measurement of performance is described. Reliability coefficients are very high (.838 to .973) The stimulus variations that emanate from the spatial and temporal uncertainties progressively increase the level of task difficulty. The described apparatus provides for adjustments in the amplitude of the task and in the control of spatial and temporal uncertainties to suit the requirements of a specific investigation.
Note on Preference for Stimulus Complexity across the Life-Span
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Sterns Harvey L. , Barrett Gerald V. , Alexander Ralph A.
Published: September 2011

Preference for stimulus complexity across the life-span was investigated with 175 females ranging in age from 17 to 72 yr. of age. Preference for complexity appeared to be age-invariant and monotonic function. Relationships to previous findings are discussed.
Lateral Differences in Habituation of Ipsilateral Head-Turning to Repeated Tactile Stimulation in the Human Newborn
Authors: Moreau Tina , Helfgott Elayne , Weinstein Pearl , Milner Phyllis
Published: September 2011

Lateral differences in habituation of ipsilateral head-turning to repeated tactile perioral stimulation following midline head restriction was studied in 44 full-term neonates. Left-sided stimulation had a significantly greater and faster decremental effect than right-sided stimulation. Even in the absence of tactile stimulation (Control Group), head-turning to the left decreased systematically whereas head-turning to the right did not. The transient efficacy of prior midline head restriction for the elimination of lateral differences in both spontaneous head movements and responsiveness to tactile input suggests that behavioral asymmetry is already well-established in the newborn.
Field Dependence and Reaction Time in Senior Tennis Players (65 and Over)
Authors: Rotella Robert J. , Bunker Linda K.
Published: September 2011

Rod-and-frame errors and speed of response are both thought to reflect, in part, differential ability in selective attention, or one's ability to focus on the salient perceptual factors of a given environment. The present study involved an investigation of 18 “super-senior” tennis players aged 70 yr. and over who participated in the national championship tournament. Their data were compared with the data from a similar aged heterogeneous group. The super-seniors were significantly more field independent and had much more rapid simple reaction times and total-body response time than their counterparts.
Audiovisual versus Quasi-Counseling Analogues: A Comparative Study
Authors: Dell Don M. , Crosse Michael B. La
Published: September 2011

Using clients' responses as dependent measures, this study investigated differences in perceptions of counselors among subjects who engaged in dyadic interaction or observed that interaction. Counselors of three levels of training and experience conducted brief interviews with students and were simultaneously observed by other students via either closed-circuit television or a one-way mirror. Results from this “quasi-counseling” vs “audiovisual” analogue showed that raters' status had little effect on subjects' relative judgments of the three counselors. Since the observational vantage point of the subjects in this study seemed unimportant in determining their relative ratings of counselors, the use of audiovisual analogue research seems warranted in studies of perceptions of counselors' behavior. Several suggestions were made for increasing the likelihood of unambiguous data.
Neuropsychological and MMPI Correlates of Patients' Future Employment Characteristics
Authors: Newnan Owen S. , Heaton Robert K. , Lehman Ralph A. W.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that patients' neuropsychological test scores correlate not only with neurologic status but also with their success in coping with some of the demands of daily living. This study investigated the utility of such laboratory test scores in predicting several vocational variables. Patients who had received neuropsychological evaluations were re-contacted and questioned about their employment over the previous 6 mo. Of the 78 individuals who participated, 25 had been chronically unemployed. The remaining 53 were asked about job stability, hours worked, and wages earned, and were administered the Minnesota Job Requirements Questionnaire. Patients' scores on the Halstead-Reitan Battery, the WAIS and the MMPI were highly correlated with employment status (employed or chronically unemployed), income, and skills required on the jobs held. The results suggest that these tests may have clinical utility in assessing patients' employability, as well as the types of jobs for which they are suited.
Goal Gradient in Locomotor Behavior: Field Studies
Authors: Adams Robert M. , Hammeke Thomas A. , De Haven Everett D.
Published: September 2011

Three studies compared walking speeds of subjects approaching a location assumed to contain a reward with walking speeds of subjects who passed by the reward location. Rewarded subjects were students who entered a tavern, students who were given a coupon exchangeable for a free glass of beer in the tavern, and university employees who picked up paychecks. No evidence was found for acceleration of walking speeds in the rewarded groups.
Accuracy of Children on an Open-Loop Pointing Task
Authors: Hay L.
Published: September 2011

The accuracy of active and passive movements was measured in 4-yr.- to 11-yr.-old children and in adults performing a visuo-manual pointing task without seeing their limbs. Accuracy varied according to age and nature of movement. The younger children performed accurate movements. At age 7 the accuracy suddenly decreased while the difference between active and passive movements increased. Between 7 and 11 yr., the active performance improved progressively until attaining an adult-like level, while the passive performance remained unchanged. It is concluded that a change occurs in the manner of controlling reaching movements at age 7.
Sex Correlates of Adjectives in the Current Activity Vector Analysis
Authors: Hasler Kermit R. , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

Job tide, age, years of education, race, applicant/incumbent status and site of AVA administration were used to match 59 pairs of Form D Placement Analysis (adjective checklists) for males and females from a wide business and industrial population. The sex dichotomy was correlated ( rtet) with check/no-check responses to each of 81 words appearing on the checklist. Estimates of variance overlap for sex vs item responsivity were obtained. All but two items showed negligible to very small amounts of overlap. The conclusion was drawn that AVA Form D is free from sex stereotyping.
Correlation between an Embedded Figures Test and Tennis Rank Order at Three Levels of Skill
Authors: Lindquist E. Lorraine
Published: September 2011

To see if there were a significant relationship between the short form of Dees, O'Reilly, and Griffith embedded figures test and playing ability for tennis as measured by tournament rank order, setting the minimum correlation coefficient at .70, from 116 beginning, 37 advanced, and 72 intercollegiate male and female tennis students from 6 universities data were collected by 9 instructors. Spearman and Kendall rank-order correlations and partial correlation indicated that, even though several values were significant, most were not high enough to conclude that tennis players are field independent.
Relations of Pain Threshold and Pain Tolerance in Cold Water with Scores on Maudsley Personality Inventory and Manifest Anxiety Scale
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: September 2011

Testing 56 Japanese undergraduates, the relationships between pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water and personality factors were investigated. Significant negative correlations of moderate magnitude between the pain threshold and scores on Maudsley Neuroticism and the Manifest Anxiety Scale were found. On the contrary, significant positive, moderate correlations between pain tolerance and the Maudsley Extraversion were obtained.
Effects of Shock Inputs on Perceptual Vigilance
Authors: Dwivedi C. B. , Singh I. L.
Published: September 2011

This study concerns the role of an accessory shock stimulus in varying the level of performance of subjects in reporting pairs of tachistoscopic words. On half the trials subjects received either a high or low level of shock together with a pair of words presented for one of two durations. The results indicate that intensity of shock interacted with sex such that for female subjects performance deteriorates with intensity in shock while for male subjects it increases. The role of phasic and tonic arousal is discussed.
Psychological Effects of Jogging: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Lion Lionel S.
Published: September 2011

Three chronic psychiatric patients in a halfway house were enrolled in a program of regular supervised jogging. In comparison with three other chronic patients from the same setting who received the same amount of attention but no jogging, the jogging group showed significantly less posttest trait anxiety. No significant posttest differences in body image were found between groups. The role of multi-process relaxation is discussed.
Sex Differences in Perception of Life Events Using Self-Weights
Authors: Weinman Maxine , Lorimor Ronald J. , Justice Blair , Bee George W. Mc
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between sex differences and the perception of life events as influenced by social desirability. Change events in the lives of 71 subjects being admitted to the adult inpatient unit of a large mental health center were measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Social desirability and role perception were measured using the L-Scale of the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The findings suggest that sex differences in the appraisal of life events have a social desirability bias rather than an intrinsic difference between males and females.
Components of the Clinician's Confidence
Authors: Blaser Andreas
Published: September 2011

Judgmental tasks in person perception are related to the degree of confidence of the performing clinician. 10 judges were exposed to increments of video and/or case history information about 10 patients and were asked to rate the patients' characteristics after each phase as well as to indicate how confident they felt about their ratings. The results suggest that the level of confidence varies according to the information available (as found in other research), the item judged, and the personality of the judge. The impact of the mode of information did not become sufficiently clear.
Some Remarks on the Expected Mean Squares in Analysis of Variance in the Assessment of Individual Differences in Learning
Authors: Ramseyer Gary C. , Leicht Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

Leicht, et al. (1978) proposed that learning units, e.g., lists, passages, be randomization units, rather than learners (subjects) as is typical, so that the significance of trial-learner interactions can be tested with analysis of variance. In an illustrative application of the suggested rearrangement, learners were arbitrarily selected (fixed-effects factor). If the investigator wishes greater generalizability of individual differences in learning, learners must be randomly selected from a specified population (random-effects factor). The appropriate expected mean squares and tests of significance are presented for both models and subsequent comments are made.
MMPI Characteristics Associated with Cerebral Palsy and Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
Authors: Imperio Anne M. , Cullinan Thomas F. , Riklan Manuel
Published: September 2011

The origins of dystonia musculorum deformans are now considered to be organic. However, misdiagnosis of dystonia as a functional psychiatric disorder—usually conversion reaction—has persisted. The present study describes personality traits as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory in 30 persons with dystonia and in a control group of 37 persons with cerebral palsy. The data, examined by diagnosis, level of disability, and sex, showed no differences for diagnostic groups or levels of disability. Males scored in the direction of greater psychopathology than did females. The male dystonics showed the highest elevations of MMPI scales of all the groups. Although only one person with dystonia musculorum deformans and none with cerebral palsy produced the profile usually associated with conversion reaction, 36% of all profiles showed two scales above a T score of 70. This finding suggested that young adults with a physically disabling disease may be at higher risk for developing maladaptive personality traits.
Effect of Outcome Information on Analytic Ability of Golf Teachers
Authors: Skrinar Gary S. , Hoffman Shirl J.
Published: September 2011

The study examined the effect of information on golf teachers' ability to determine the presence or absence of selected critical aspects of the golf swing. Experienced golf teachers were randomly assigned to one of two groups, knowledge of outcome ( n = 16) or no knowledge of outcome ( n = 12), in which the actual outcomes of three filmed golf swings were either verbally supplied or denied, respectively. Subjects indicated the presence or absence of six critical positions or movements of the swing for each modeled response. Results indicated that subjects who received information were not significantly more accurate than those who were not given this information. Also, there was no evidence that subjects were more confident in their analyses when outcome information was provided.
First Impressions and Compliance to Threats
Authors: Fernandez Barbara Quigley , Riordan Catherine , Tedeschi James T.
Published: September 2011

Subjects' first impressions of a simulated other player were manipulated to be either good and impotent or bad and potent. Subjects given a good-impotent impression were less compliant to contingent threats and less cooperative over game interactions than subjects given either a bad-potent first impression or no information.
Identification of Self-Concept Using the High School Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Lemke Elmer A. , Lewis Marjorie L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between level of self-concept and personality factors in 130 high school students, using as self-concept measures, subtests from the Index of Adjustment and Values, the Self-esteem Inventory, and the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and using the High School Personality Questionnaire as a measure of personality factors. A general self-concept factor was derived, through factor analysis, from the self-concept subtests and then two groups of subjects were identified as high or low on this general factor. A sex by group by subtest analysis of variance indicated a significant group by subtest interaction, suggesting that the questionnaire can be used to identify students with high and low self-concepts. Low self-concept subjects were more anxious and introverted than high self-concept subjects, who were less anxious and more extroverted.
Dimensionality of Body Perception and Personality
Authors: Bruchon-Schweitzer Marilou
Published: September 2011

Fisher's Body Focus Questionnaire (1970) permits an estimation of the relative perceptive importance of eight zones of the body. The scores obtained by 377 French students of both sexes on the French version of this questionnaire show that the various body perceptions are structured by two main perceptual patterns, one of which is probably linked to orality and the other to anality. The relations which appeared between the scores and various personality traits are discussed.
Some Observations on Tetra-Ataxiametric Patterns of Static Balance and Their Relation to Mental and Scholastic Achievements
Authors: Kohen-Raz Reuven , Hiriartborde Edmond
Published: September 2011

Recent experiences and observations gathered in the context of six independent studies in California, France, and Israel with a new method of tetra-ataxiametry based on the use of four footplates, are presented. Two independent postural parameters assessed by this method (fluctuations and anterio-posterior weight displacement) have been shown to be reliable over time and to correlate with scholastic progress at the lower elementary grades (ages 5 to 9 yr.). They also seem to be sensitive to minimal neurological dysfunction and to postural characteristics of deaf children. Results of one study indicate that diagonal balancing movements (between heel and contra-lateral toe) reflected by the tetra-ataxiametric measure of synchrony may play an important role in postural organization. Findings offer new perspectives on problems of posrural laterality and on the relationship between static balance, cognition, and scholastic aptitudes at the lower grades of elementary education.
The Luscher Color Test: Sex Differences in Color Preference
Authors: Seefeldt F. Michael
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in color preference on the Luscher Color Test were investigated for the green and the yellow chips. 50 male and 79 female majors in education rated and ranked each color on the popular form of the test. Females ranked and rated yellow significantly higher than did the males. Implications regarding test validity for females are discussed.
Ipsative vs Normative Interpretation of Test Scores: A Comment on Allen and Foreman's (1976) Norms on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule for Female Australian Therapy Students
Authors: Fedorak S. , Coles E. M.
Published: September 2011

A brief review of the literature relating to intra- vs interindividual personality assessment and the lack of logical support for the calculation of T scores using intraindividual data. It concludes with a caution regarding the interpretation of WAIS and MMPI personal profiles which are derived from interindividual scaled scores.
Role of Extended Perceptual Experience upon Haptic Perception of Nonrepresentational Shapes
Authors: Simmons Roger W. , Locher Paul J.
Published: September 2011

The influence of amount and type of exploratory activity upon 3 male and 5 female undergraduates' ability to detect the symmetrical or asymmetrical characteristics of individually presented plastic nonrepresentational shapes was examined. A decrease in scanning time and number of identification errors between the first and fourth days of testing indicates that extended perceptual experience plays a major role in the efficient pick-up and utilization of haptic information. A signal-detection analysis demonstrated that the use of a simultaneous-apprehension scanning strategy resulted in greater sensitivity to symmetrical shapes; a trace scanning strategy resulted in greater sensitivity to asymmetrical shapes than did the use of a simultaneous-apprehension scan. The data support the hypothesis that experience, the form parameter of symmetry, and the type of scanning strategy used to explore a stimulus function together to influence haptic perception of nonrepresentational shapes.
Actual and Ideal Self-Perceptions of Creative Students
Authors: Williams A. J. , Poole Millicent E. , Lett W. R.
Published: September 2011

49 students selected as “highly creative” on the basis of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking did not appear to value highly in the assessment of themselves and their ideal selves such cultural and literary stereotypes of creative people as impulsivity, desire for change and non-conformity, valuing instead qualities such as obedience, diligence, attentiveness and co-operation.
Cognitive, Demographic, and Interactional Determinants of Role-Taking Skills in Fourth Grade Children
Authors: Leichtman Sandra R. , Erickson Marilyn T.
Published: September 2011

A battery of four role-taking tasks requiring a shift from one's own perspective were administered to 105 fourth graders. The relative contributions of selected cognitive, demographic, and interactional variables to this battery were assessed. A regression equation indicated that five variables predicted 36% of the variance of the role-taking scores. These predictor variables were WISC Vocabulary score, Matching Familiar Figures errors, sex, neighborhood, and handedness. The WISC Vocabulary score was a suppressor variable. Results indicated the importance of both cognitive and experiential factors in the attainment of role-taking skills.
Effects of Sequence and Variety of Irrelevant Items on Visual Search
Authors: Marken Richard , Pettersen Julie
Published: September 2011

An experiment was done to determine how the sequence and variety of irrelevant items affects the speed of visual search. Three subjects searched for a target letter in sequences of predominantly alternating or repeating letters. Search through repeating sequences was faster than search through alternating sequences. Increasing the variety of irrelevant letters slowed search through alternating but not repeating sequences. Implications regarding eye fixations during visual search are discussed.
Labeling, Attention and Perception, a Developmental Study
Authors: Sagi Abraham
Published: September 2011

96 7- and 9-yr.-olds were under four experimental conditions. A “distinctive label” group ( n = 24) associated four different gender-cued labels with four infants' faces. An “equivalent label” group ( n = 24) associated only two of these labels. There were also two no-label groups ( ns =: 24), “differential perception” and “perception.” In the former, perceptual cues were provided; no cues were provided in the latter. The main measure was a test of perception. 9-yr.-olds were not affected by the labels, 7-yr.-olds were but more significantly so during initial trials. It is proposed that perception is affected by labels, learning, and selective attention. These effects are determined developmentally. As age increases the effects of verbal cues diminish and of perceptual cues increase. The findings are related to cross-cultural data, indicating that Israeli toddlers classify according to gender earlier than do American children. This is probably because Hebrew more than English contains distinctive linguistic cues related to sex.
Picture-Naming Interference with Good and Poor Readers
Authors: Guttentag Robert E.
Published: September 2011

22 third grade children of high and low reading ability ( ns = 11) were tested for their ability to name pictures while trying to ignore words or nonword strings of letters printed inside the pictures. Nonoverlapping sets of pictures and words were used as stimuli to avoid the possibility of sensitizing subjects to the particular words used in the experiment (Neisser, 1976). Both groups experienced mote interference from intra-category than extra-category words, indicating that they processed the words automatically. Only the good readers experienced more interference from pseudowords than consonant strings, suggesting that poor readers are less sensitive than good readers to orthographic regularity.
Invasion of Personal Space: A Study of Departure Time as Affected by Sex of the Intruder, Sex of the Subject, and Saliency Condition
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: September 2011

The present field study aimed at seeing the effect of sex of the subject, sex of the intruder, and invasion saliency on the departure time of the subjects. The study aimed at testing five hypotheses. The study employed 240 subjects. A three-way analysis of variance confirmed all the hypotheses.