bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of functional drinks made from telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) with lime juice addition
Authors: Puspitojati Endah , Rahayu Novia Aristi , Fatimah Nur , Sumarna Sumarna
Published: October 2024

Telang (Clitoria ternatea) is a medicinal flower used in food and beverages. The beverages made from this flower are commonly available in Indonesia, but their properties have not been extensively investigated. Thus, this study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of telang flower beverages, such as pH, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and hedonic level. The study employed a complete randomized factorial design. The weight of dried flowers and volume of lime juice were used as independent variables. The De Garmo effectiveness index selected the four best physicochemical characteristics of beverages. The addition of dried flower and lime juice resulted in a significant difference in anthocyanin, vitamin C, pH, and free radical inhibition activity. Four treatment beverages with good chemical qualities were chosen to be examined hedonically. The treatment with lime juice addition resulted in a significant difference in the hedonic level of color, sweetness, and acidity (p0.05). There was, however, no significant difference in the aroma produced in the beverages (p0.05). The best formulation of the telang flower beverage was based on hedonic analysis with a combination of 4.5 g of telang flower and 5 ml of lime juice, resulting in a beverage with less sugar and fewer calories.
Physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation of dried vegetable meatballs from soy protein isolates
Authors: Patria Domas Galih , Sukamto Sukamto , Prayitno Sutrisno Adi , Salsabila Nadhifah , Lin Jenshinn
Published: October 2024

Meatballs are a popular food in Indonesia. Vegetable meatballs (VM) are not as popular as meatballs. The utilization of soy protein isolate (SPI) in vegetable meatballs is expected to improve the functional quality of the meatballs. SPI is useful as a source of essential amino acids the body needs. SPI acts as a binder and gelling agent during processing and improves emulsion stability. This study aims to investigate the use of soy protein isolate in making vegetable meatballs (VM) and its effect on sensory and characteristic properties. The treatment material in this study was the use of SPI in meatball dough as a substitute for meat. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments, namely the ratio of tapioca flour and SPI with treatments (VM0) 100:0%, (VM1) 80:20%, (VM2) 70:30%, (VM3) 60:40% and (VM4) 50:50% and analyzed triplicate. The investigated parameters of this investigation were: volume, weight, bulk density, cooking yield, water retention, proximate, and sensory evaluation. The results showed that using SPI 30% by weight of starch gave the best results. The value of the volume expansion ratio is 1.52 ml/ml, water reabsorption is 308.20%, bulk density is 0.64 g/ml, cooking yield is 218.84 %, and moisture retention is 227.54%. Crude protein content 29.417%. The preference score of vegetable meatballs is quite good, which is between 4 to 4.5 for color, aroma, and elasticity, while for taste and aroma, it is an average of 3.5. Although it is still lower than meatballs, vegetable meatballs provide a choice of healthy meatballs. It is expected that the results of this study will be able to produce VM that contains high vegetable protein and lower prices.
Pengaruh suhu berbeda terhadap aktifitas enzim kolagenase dari usus ikan cunang (Congresox talabon)
Authors: Edison Edison , Diharmi Andarini , Ilza Mirna , Karnila Rahman , Tumangger Febrina
Published: October 2024

Collagenase enzyme is a type of protease enzyme. The activity of an enzyme is affected by substrate, temperature, inhibitor, and pH.  One of the sources of enzymes is the internal organs of fish, namely the gut. This study aims to determine the activity of the collagenase enzyme at different temperatures. The experimental design used was randomized and full non-factorial. The treatments used were different incubation temperatures (50, 55, and 60oC) with three replications. Parameter analysis comprised fish proportion, enzyme activity, and dissolved protein. The results showed that the parts of the yellow pike conger fish were meat (64.25%), bones (19.98%), internal organs (including intestines) (4.50%), and skin (6.30%). Collagenase enzyme activity at temperatures 50, 55, and 60oC was 1.154, 1.702, and 0.667 U/mL, respectively. The dissolved proteins content was 12.89 mg/mL. The optimum temperature of the collagenase enzyme from the fish gut was 55oC with an enzyme activity of 1,702 U/mL. The dissolved protein content of the gut yellow pike conger extract was 12.89 mg/mL  Purification of the collagenase enzyme from of the gut yellow pike conger was needed to obtain a higher enzyme activity value.
Effect of ragi tape fermentation on physicochemical properties, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of turmeric spent
Authors: Cakrawati Dewi , Sugiarti Yatti , Handayani Sri
Published: October 2024

Turmeric spent availability is high due to the increasing production of turmeric herb drinks. However, turmeric spent utilization is low, although it still contains phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. This study aims to investigate the effect of fermentation on the physicochemical characteristics of turmeric spent. Ragi tape is used as a starter since it contains various microorganisms. The community of microorganisms in the ragi could inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms, thus preventing contamination. Physicochemical characteristics, namely water-holding capacity, swelling capacity, oil-holding capacity, glucose content, crude fiber content, total phenol content, and antioxidant capacity, were observed from non-fermented and fermented turmeric spent. The results show that the duration of fermentation does not affect the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and reducing sugars content. Ragi tape contains low concentrations of A. oryzae. Moreover, ragi tape is a consortium of microorganisms consisting of fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria, so further study is needed to investigate the interaction between microorganisms and metabolite production
Digital community readiness assessment for cocoa agroindustry in Lampung
Authors: Dianawati Dianawati , Indrasti Nastiti S , Djatna Taufik , Ismayana Andes , Yuliasih Indah
Published: October 2024

The Cocoa agroindustry requires future changes based on information technology that provide significant value benefits for organizations/companies (digital transformation). The experience during the pandemic required us to transform digitally. Cocoa agroindustry stakeholders such as cocoa farmers, farmer facilitators, and regulators have not been responsive to this, and the industry does not know what to do. The urgency of assessing the readiness for technology adoption in the cocoa agroindustry in Indonesia is urgently needed so that all stakeholders can feel the implementation of 4.0-based technology. What are the benefits of digital transformation to increase productivity, value creation, and social welfare in the industry?  This study aims to investigate and identify profiling of technology-based adoption, develop quantitative and qualitative models of TRI 2.0 and validate the assessment results. In this work, we take the case of agroindustry in Lampung province by involving cocoa agroindustry stakeholders. The technology readiness index 2.0 methodology provides a comprehensive framework with the result that the value of the Optimism variable is 1.05, the Innovativeness variable is 1.01, the Discomfort variable is 0.6, and the Insecurity variable is 0.75. The results of calculating the TRI 3.5 value, including the Intermediate Technology Readiness Index (Medium). The TRI value can be interpreted as Lampung cocoa agroindustry stakeholders in this case have have information and communications technology (ICT) potential and are not resistant to using new technology. Hopefully this will become a milestone for establishing a cocoa agroindustry community within the framework
Marketing of processed aren agroindustry (kolang–kaling) rokan hulu district
Authors: Pebrian Sispa , Maharani Evy , Syabrina El , Pramana Angga
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this study was to look at the marketing of processed sugar palm agroindustry (Kolang – Kaling) in Rokan Hulu Regency. This research was carried out by Rokan Hulu Regency because Rokan Hulu Regency is one of the regencies that has a large distribution of palm plants and has developed in the household industry. This research was carried out using a survey method on consumers who consume palm agro-industrial products, namely kolang-kaling.  Respondent collection was carried out using the Simple Random Sampling method. The survey was conducted purposively which aimed to find out how the marketing process of kolang-kaling products occurred in Rokan Hulu Regency. The results show the response of consumers to the appearance of the product, packaging that still does not use special packaging, and the absence of product labels. Meanwhile, in terms of price, kolang-kaling follows the prevailing price in the market, which is Rp. 10,000 – 15,000. The distribution of kolang-kaling is carried out to traditional markets only, and promotional activities are still carried out on a limited basis (direct sales).
Kinerja rantai pasok PT. X dalam upaya peningkatan keberlanjutan dan responsivitas agroindustri kelapa sawit
Authors: Silvia Evanila , Udin Faqih , Bantacut Tajuddin , Marimin Marimin
Published: October 2024

The supply chain of the palm oil agro-industry is quite complicated and lengthy and involves many actors. This causes supply chain performance to be less than optimal. In addition, it also raises doubts applying the principle of sustainability in its business activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the supply chain of the palm oil agro-industry to know the actual conditions at the moment and to identify existing problems and opportunities for improvement. Thus, the right strategy can be formulated to increase the sustainability and responsiveness of the palm oil agro-industry. This study aims to identify the condition of the palm oil agro-industry supply chain mechanism and analyze the performance of the palm oil agro-industry supply chain so that improvement strategies can be formulated. Analysis of the supply chain performance of the palm oil agro-industry was determined using the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) method by weighting the results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process questionnaire (AHP) to obtain the supply chain. The results showed that the supply chain structure of the palm oil agro-industry consisted of farmers, transportation, palm oil mills, private partners, distributors, and consumers. Analysis of the performance of supply chain actors in the palm oil agro-industry is primarily in the medium and above average categories. Improving supply chain performance needs to be emphasized at each stage of the planning process with reliability performance attributes and performance indicators in the form of accuracy in predicting the number of requests. Alternative strategies that are prioritized to improve supply chain performance are increasing the competence of human resources and supply chain partnerships.
Perendaman dalam larutan asam askorbat untuk meningkatkan mutu edamame segar (Glycine max L.)
Authors: Nofiyanto Erwin , Waluyo Tri Sono , Larasati Dewi
Published: October 2024

Edamame is a horticultural crop that is easily damaged. Edamame has limitations because of its characteristic that it easily changes color due to oxidation. Browning can affect the selling price because it reduces its appearance. The study aims to know the influence of gift sour ascorbic in various concentrations on fresh edamame quality (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Design test study uses design Random complete (RAL). Pattern unidirectional, with one factor that is a difference in concentration sour ascorbic 6 treat and 3 replicates with concentration P1=0 %, P2=1 %, P3=2 %, P4=3 %, P4=4 %, P5=5 %  Observed variables _ is shrinking weight, moisture content vitamin c content, texture analyzer  TPT, and test organoleptic ( scent, color, texture ). Data obtained analyzed variety and if there is a difference between treatments then tested _ carry on with test Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5 % level. Results study show that treatment takes to effect real ( p0.05) against 9th-day water content and 12th-day TPT%Brix day 9 and day 12, texture analyzer day 9, vitamin C day 9 and 12th day, sensory color day 9 and day 12, sensory aroma day 9 and 12th day and sensory texture day 9 and 12th day  However no difference real to shrink weight day 9 and 12th day, difference color day 9 and 12th day and texture analyzer day 12. time edamame storage with addition sour the most optimum ascorbic At test organoleptic treatment P5 (4 %) to most preferred treatment panelists in the parameters of color aroma and texture.
Aktivitas antioksidan, total fenolik, flavonoid dan saponin anggur laut (Caulerpa lentillifera) diekstrak dengan pelarut yang berbeda polaritas
Authors: Diharmi Andarini , Edison Edison , Ilza Mirna , Dahlia Dahlia , Saputra Reza
Published: October 2024

Caulerpa lentillfera is a species of seaweed that belongs to the class Chlorophyceae (green seaweed). Caulerpa lentillifera contains secondary metabolites consisting of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins and phenols that can be used as antioxidants, antimicrobials, anticancer and others.  This study was aimed to determine the total phenolic flavonoid compounds, saponins, and antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera extract. The research method used is an experiment by conducting a series of experiments, namely the extraction of Caulerpa lentillifera using the maceration method in stages with solvents of different polarity. The solvents used consisted of non-polar (n-hexane), semi-polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol).  The analysis parameters consisted of yield analysis, total phenol, flavonoid, saponin, and antioxidant activity.  The yield of Caulerpa lentillifera extract extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol was 0.36; 0.39; and 0.42%.  The content of saponins produced from hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 0.14%; 0.17%; and 0.20%, respectively, in a 100 g sample.  The total phenol produced in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were 141,50 mgGAE/100 g and 154,65 mg GAE/100 g, respectively.  Flavonoid content was 116,82 mg QE/100 g only found in methanol extract.  The antioxidant activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts with IC50 values were 234.28, 203.96, and 124,77 ppm, respectively.  Extracts of Caulerpa lentillifera with different polarity solvents were produced different bioactive components. Saponins were produced in all three types of solvents, phenol  were found in ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and flavonoids only in methanol extract. The highest antioxidant activity of Caulerpa lentillifera was produced with methanol extract with IC 50 value of 124,77 ppm.
Sensory quality of cascara brewing with ginger extract addition
Authors: Rozali Zalniati Fonna , Muzaifa Murna , Muliana Muliana , Rahmi Faida
Published: October 2024

Coffee processing by-products can be used as a healthy beverage product called cascara. However, in Indonesia, consumers' preference for the taste of cascara is still unsatisfactory. This study aims to increase cascara's sensory quality with adding ginger extract. This study used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design consisting of 4 ginger extract concentration treatments: J0 = 0%, J1 = 3%, J2 = 6% and J3 = 9%. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The panelist acceptance was carried out for color, aroma, and taste to determine the sensory quality. Besides that, the pH value is also analyzed to determine the acidity level of the cascara brewing. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and DMRT further test at the 5% level. The results showed that adding ginger extract at various concentrations affected all panelists' acceptance of the cascara brewing drink and pH. Increasing the concentration of ginger added to increased acceptance of the color and taste of cascara brewing and the drink's pH. The highest aroma, taste, and pH values were obtained in the treatment with the highest concentration of 9% ginger. In comparison, the most favorable color was obtained in the treatment without adding ginger and adding ginger with a concentration of 9%. The results showed that adding ginger extract had a positive effect on improving the sensory quality of cascara brewing, and the addition of 9% ginger extract had the potential to develop as a functional drink.
Can poultry gelatin substitute bovine gelatin? : a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Taufik Moh , Purnasari Nurwulan , Rusdan ‪Ilzamha Hadijah , Afandi Frendy Ahmad , Mojiono Mojiono , Atma Yoni
Published: October 2024

Gelatin is one of the popular ingredients and additives in food industries. They have been applied in various roles, including stabilizers, thickeners, and emulsifiers. Bovine (cattle or cow) is one of the most widely used a source of gelatin. Unfortunately, they are still limited in particular considerations. For example, bovine gelatin is unacceptable in some Hindu communities. And the risks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) contamination, spreading, and outbreak related to bovine as a source. To challenge these limitations, poultry is another promising source. Current studies have found a similarity between poultry or chicken-based gelatin and bovine gelatin. However, investigation on the comparability of their gel strength is still rare.  It is generally accepted that gel strength is the most essential characteristic of gelatin.  This systematic review examined the gel strength between poultry gelatin and bovine gelatin. There were 795 papers screened, 29 full-text papers assessed, and 10 papers reviewed. The meta-analysis shows that chicken feet (CFG) and head (CHG) gelatin possessed a higher gel strength value than bovine gelatin. In contrast, the gel strength of chicken skin gelatin (CSG) and bovine gelatin did not differ significantly. The meta-analysis demonstrates that the gel strength of duck feet (DFG) and skin (DSG) gelatin is comparable with bovine gelatin. Thus, this study exposed the feasibility of CSG, DFG, and DSG, which can be the substitute for bovine gelatin.
Peningkatan cita rasa kopi robusta terdekafeinasi melalui fermentasi ulang menggunakan mucilage tiruan
Authors: Bastian Februadi , Sinaga Heppy Love Rida , Syarifuddin Adiansyah , Hambali Amiruddin
Published: October 2024

Some consumers prefer coffee's flavor but not caffeine's adverse effects. Therefore, a decaffeination method is used to reduce the amount of caffeine in coffee. However, decaffeination can decrease the flavor of the coffee. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the influence of re-fermentation utilizing imitative mucilage from sweet potato and passion fruit pulp on the taste of decaffeinated coffee. The study's Robusta coffee green bean samples were treated: non- decaffeination and re-fermentation; non-decaffeination and re-fermententation; decaffeination and fermentation; and fermentation and decaffeination. Each sample was roasted and evaluated for flavor using the cupping test, and tests to green beans were also conducted for total acid, total dissolved solids, pH, phenolic, and volatile compounds. The results of this study indicate that decaffeination can reduce the taste of robusta coffee, as seen from the decreased cupping test results. However, decaffeinated coffee beans re-fermented with imitative mucilage exhibited increased cupping test values, total phenols, and volatile compounds. The decaffeination and further fermentation treatments decreased the total acid and dissolved solids. In contrast, the re-fermentation treatment impacted the increase in pH, total phenolic, and volatile compounds
Penentuan kriteria ekonomi sirkular dan keberlanjutan dalam pemilihan suplier pada rantai pasok pangan menggunakan fuzzy demantel approach
Authors: Aprilia Ira , Handayani Dwi Iryaning , Izzuddin Ahmad , Maflahah Iffan
Published: October 2024

This research aims to determine the criteria for CE and sustainability as indicators for evaluating suppliers in the food supply chain. This study is beneficial in realizing government regulations on environmentally friendly products. The method used in this research combines fuzzy multi-criteria decision making theory and the Dematel technique, known as Fuzzy Dematel. The criteria for CE and sustainability in the food supply chain suppliers in this study are obtained from literature and Expert’s opinions, consisting of 20 criteria distributed across four aspects: economic, environmental, social, and circular. The criteria that have a strong influence and relationship with CE and sustainability criteria in the evaluating  food supply chain suppliers are cost, design of products, and the use of recyclable materials in packaging products. This indicates that these criteria are the most important factors that can have a significant influence as indicators for selecting CE and sustainability suppliers. With these criteria, managers can assist in evaluating supplier in industries undergoing a transition toward a CE.
Simulation of Vertical Thin-Film Solar Battery under Exposure of Concentrated Solar Radiation
Authors: Esman A. K. , Zykov G. L. , Potachits V. A. , Kuleshov V. K.
Published: October 2024

Solar energy is one of the most important and promising energy sectors in the world. Batteries that convert sunlight into electrical energy could become a replacement for traditional carbon-based energy sources. Vertical thin-film solar batteries are one of the new approaches to solar energy generation. The vertical configuration of solar panels provides maximum absorption of sunlight throughout the day. This orientation allows the batteries to capture solar energy even at low angles of incidence of the sun’s rays, which prolongs their operating time and improves the efficiency of electricity production. In this work, the authors proposed a three-dimensional model of a vertically oriented solar battery, as well as they calculated and evaluated the temperature characteristics and the efficiency obtained under conditions of changing ambient temperature. Herewith the power densities of concentrated solar radiation with maximum values from 1 to 10 kW/m2 were varied. The distribution of the maximum values of the surface temperature of the solar battery has been studied. Also, the dependences of the maximum values of the solar battery temperature and the temperature gradient inside it, as well as the dependences of the minimum and maximum values of the heat flux from the solar battery surface on the time of day in the middle of January and July have been studied and plotted. As the calculations have shown, the maximum values of the temperature gradient inside the solar battery in January are ~47–50 % higher than in July. The potential difference, generated by the battery, reaches its maximum values from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. both in January and July. The use of vertical thin-film solar batteries will improve the power generation efficiency and lower operating costs by reducing the influence of dust, rain and snow.
Disposable Fibre Optic Reservoir Monitoring Surveys in CO2 Injection Wells: Operations Planning, Outcomes and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Shawcross T. , Crawford R. , Green A. , Yurikov A. , Jacobs B. , Phythian P. , Scoby-Smith L. , Jain L.
Published: October 2024

Surveillance data was acquired in four Gorgon CO2 injection wells using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) technology. The primary objective was to acquire temperature warmback data to quantify the CO2 injection profile and demonstrate containment at the wellbores. The secondary objective was to demonstrate the application of fibre optics in subsurface monitoring for the CO2 injection project by acquiring multi-offset Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) surveys and continuous DAS data.

Temperature warmback surveys were recorded over 3-5 days following a 24-hour injection period to cool the formation. Coincident multi-offset VSP surveys were acquired during the warmback period using a vibroseis truck. A disposable fibre optic technology was selected for these surveys due to its lightweight equipment and small footprint, reducing intervention risk over live CO2 wells. Bare optical fibres are wound within a probe that free falls into the well, unspooling two fibres as it descends. Developed work practices considered safe wellhead access, avoiding phase changes to the CO2, effective pressure control and material selection.

The four well program was completed without safety incident or major non-productive time. The probe was deployed to depth in all wells with no observed fibre degradation due to exposure to well fluids. The operator, disposable fibre and seismic survey providers collaborated efficiently to acquire data simultaneously. The acquisition was monitored on site and real-time streamed to decision support centers in Aberdeen and Houston.

The warmback surveys were successful in demonstrating that CO2 is contained at the injection intervals; however, challenges were experienced acquiring complete and accurate temperature data across the injection intervals over the extended survey periods. The primary cause was fibre damage and/or breakage due to crossflow between perforated sections. While a qualitative interpretation of the injection profile was possible for most wells, the combination of crossflow and Joules-Thomson cooling combined with fibre damage made quantification difficult. The nature, causes, management, and impact of these are discussed in the paper, along with lessons learned and potential mitigations.
Python Driven Pore Network Modelling for Evaluating H2 Storage in Geological Formations Through Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability Curves
Authors: Saraf S. , Keshavarz A. , Ali M. , Iglauer S.
Published: October 2024

This study utilizes micro-CT scan data to construct accurate pore network models for predicting carbon and hydrogen storage in geological formations by pore scale modeling. The creation of a dynamic pore network model utilizes advanced Python techniques, enabling the effective machine investigation of petrophysical data. This model is utilized to assess the capacity for storing substances, specifically examining how these gases are distributed and their ability to be trapped inside the formations. An innovative Python technique is used on an adaptable sandstone three-dimension pore network model, which optimizes computational processes for analyzing correlations between capillary pressure-saturation. NumPy, SciPy, and NetworkX facilitate the creation of a reliable pore network model with modern features. The model evaluates the efficiency of hydrogen and carbon storage, offering detailed understanding of characteristics. The simulations were executed utilising the poreFoam a data analyst, a Python-based tool developed on the foamExtend update, which is a modified version obtained from OpenPNM/OpenFoam. The study emphasizes important areas where sequestration occurs and emphasizes the importance of using modern computational tools to accurately assess storage, which improves the comprehension of geological sequestration.
First Multilateral Well with Lower Completions in Both Lateral - Case Study of the Most Congested Field in Abu Dhabi
Authors: Baig Umair Ahmed , Ali Al Mohammad Mohammad , Alshaigy Ahmad Othman , Aisha Mohamed Abu , Al Mutawa Ahmed Abdulla
Published: October 2024

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the TAML Level 2 multi-lateral well by the Field Operator, which features a permanent limited entry liner completion in both laterals to enhance the reservoir productivity. The well marks a significant technical achievement for the company by combining two wells from different reservoirs and injecting into both laterals using the same surface well construction.

The primary objectives of the project were to drill and complete a dual lateral well with commingled injection at minimum risk and cost and to evaluate and report on its production performance. Notably, the project differed from other multi-laterals drilled by the Field Operator, as it featured lower completions in both laterals, while previously drilled multi-lateral had one of the laterals as barefoot.

The project's economic feasibility was evaluated by analyzing the costs related to drilling two different wells versus drilling the wells from the same surface location using a whipstock and completing the well. The alignment between the asset, drilling and completions team, and all stakeholders was essential to ensure that the project's expected risks were accurately assessed.

Additionally, a proper anti-collision analysis was crucial, given that the field where the well was planned to be drilled is highly congested, with over 2000 wells already drilled in the area. As a result, special precautions were taken to minimize the ellipse of uncertainty and reduce the risk of collision during drilling.

As the first dual lateral with lower completions in both laterals, this project sets a new standard within the company by advancing drilling practices and perfecting hydrocarbon extraction in the realm of multi-lateral wells. The well's success sets a benchmark for the Field Operator to drill more multilateral wells and further advance into TAML Level 4 and Level 5. Overall, the document provides a detailed account of the project's objectives, challenges, and outcomes, highlighting the technical expertise and innovation of the Field Operator team.
Advancements in Acid Gas Removal: A Novel Approach Using Minisorb, Custom-built Laboratory Simulators for Enhanced Efficiency and Cost Savings In Natural Gas Processing
Authors: Pahlepy R. , Suganda W. , Patrayudha A. , Hidayatullah A. , Demak R. , Famdiyazi A. , Rizky N. , Lasimpala A. , Saputra W. , Akbar R.
Published: October 2024

Amine solvent Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) absorption method remains the most effective approach for removing acid gases: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from sour natural gas. Unfortunately, due to the process relying on chemical reactions, operational parameters become crucial for maintaining its effectiveness. Inaccuracies in these parameters and dynamic changes in chemical and process fluids can disrupt the process, leading to off-specification sales gas and ultimately revenue loss.

Donggi Matindok Field produces gas from a carbonate reservoir with a high content of CO2 impurities. Despite optimizing parameters from the plant's base design to accommodate dynamic changes caused by various factors during the carbon dioxide absorption process at the Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU), Donggi Matindok still experienced off-specification sales gas due to CO2 levels exceeding acceptable limits. To address this issue, the authors have developed "MiniSorb," a custom-built laboratory tool for simulating the actual acid gas absorption process in AGRU.

By replicating the real-time absorption process of amine solvent with the actual feed gas in a lab-scale ratio, the authors could analyze the current state of the absorption process and assess the effectiveness of the operating parameters in removing CO2 from the gas. Through iterations and adjustments, the optimal parameters for amine strength and temperature were determined to generate the most effective absorption reaction, subsequently implementing these findings in the actual plant process. As a result of implementing this method, Pertamina EP Cepu achieved a cost saving of USD 236k annually by avoiding off-specification sales gas and reducing fresh amine solvent usage.

This publication introduces a cost-effective, low-risk, and real-time tool for analyzing the effectiveness of acid gas absorption in the process. It also highlights its success in eliminating potential losses in gas sales due to CO2 off-specification in Donggi Matindok Field. The authors hope that this invention can be replicated for other gas processing plants facing similar conditions and problems.
Simulations of Interfacial Tension for H2/H2S/Water and CH4/H2S/Water Systems at the Temperature of 298 K and Pressure up to 30 MPa
Authors: Chang Qiuhao , Dempsey David , Huang Liangliang
Published: October 2024

In 2020, hydrogen production reached around 90 million metric tons (Mt) and this is expected to keep increasing year by year toward the global net-zero target. Traditional large-scale storage methods such as the cryogenic tank and salt caverns may eventually be unable to meet local requirements. It has been suggested that depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs with a large storage volume can accommodate larger-scale hydrogen production. However, the stored gas may co-exist with residual H2S in the depleted reservoir or H2S produced by geochemical reactions with the injected gas or microorganism activity. As gas mixture composition can affect the interfacial tension (IFT) between gas and residual pore water, the dynamics and fate of injected H2 in the depleted gas reservoir may, in part, be determined by H2S effects under reservoir conditions. In this study, the interfacial tensions of H2/H2S/water and CH4/H2S/water systems were determined as a function of gas concentration at 298 K and under different pressures. The results show that gas-water IFT with different H2S concentrations decreased as pressure increased from 10 to 14.5 MPa. For pressures higher than 14.5 MPa, the effect on gas-water IFTs was relatively smaller. Furthermore, the gas-water IFTs at a relatively lower temperature of 298 K were higher than those at 343 K with different H2S concentrations under the same pressure condition. In addition, our simulation results show that even a low H2S concentration of 10% would also affect IFT when using two other types of cushion gas: CO2 and N2. The contribution of this study is to provide IFT expressions for pore water with various gas mixtures involving CH4, H2, and H2S species under different pressure and temperature conditions for hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Using Energy Balance in Porous Media to Determine Wettability
Authors: Zakariah A. , Blunt M. J.
Published: October 2024

Recent derivation of a thermodynamically consistent contact angle estimates from high-resolution 3D x-ray imaging has proven successful to determine rock wettability based on energy balance assumptions. This method involves computing the differences in interfacial areas and curvatures from images acquired during a waterflood displacement, which are highly sensitive to the image resolution and segmentation quality. In this study, three different wettability rock samples were analysed, namely (i) a water-wet Bentheimer sandstone, (ii) a mixed-wet Ketton limestone, and (iii) an oil-wet reservoir carbonate. The average thermodynamic contact angles for the water-wet, mixed-wet, and oil-wet rock samples were 48.5° ± 5°, 121° ± 15°, and 111° ± 10° respectively. This work extends its novelty approach to analyse the spatial wettability variations by discretising each rock sample into smaller sections along the flow direction. A wider range of contact angle was calculated in the water-wet sample; however, because of the tiny sample size, a supplementary study is needed to further evaluate the local rock heterogeneity. Although the same wettability alteration protocol was implemented for mixed-wet and oil-wet rock samples, the displacement exhibited different behaviours. Interestingly, waterflooding in the mixed-wet rock governed by wettability control, in which water preferentially invades the more water-wet and then the more oil-wet regions of the pore spaces, resulting in an increase trend of contact angle over time. On the other hand, the oil-wet case has a more consistent contact angle because the pore filling sequence was controlled by the pore size; therefore, water was filling the larger pores preferentially. Haines jump was observed in the oil-wet rock during the initial water displacement, resulting in the abrupt change of mean curvatures and capillary pressure. Positive curvatures and capillary pressure in water-wet rock measurements validated that oil bulges into the water, in contrast to the mixed-wet and oil-wet samples. For oil-wet case, capillary pressure has larger negative values, as compared to the mixed-wet, implying that water needs higher pressure to bulge into the oil in the pore spaces.
Technology of Using Existing Natural Gas Pipelines for Long Distance Hydrogen Storage and Transportation
Authors: Zhang Xi , Zhang Chenjun , Li Yiheng , Zhang Lin , Yu Huidi , Zhang Lanqiong , Liu Xiaodan , Miao Sheng , Wang Xiaoqi , Wang Shanyu , Jin Xu
Published: October 2024

The storage and transportation of hydrogen is a key link in the large-scale application of hydrogen. The current application mode of hydrogen is usually to produce hydrogen near the using units (such as oil refineries, fertilizer plants, etc.). In the future, the hydrogen energy industry will be based on scattered renewable energy, which will rely on long-distance and large-scale storage and transportation technology. Based on the advantages of existing infrastructure, blending hydrogen into natural gas pipeline networks is seen as a feasible solution for long-distance and low-cost hydrogen transportation. This paper summarizes the results of the desk research for mechanical properties of steels as a function of hydrogen pressure. Then the inspection and leakage detection methods are introduced. Through the technological analysis of hydrogen separation approaches, the paper explores the hydrogen supply chains. In an effort to provide a comprehensive outlook, the paper also outlines some inspirational pilot projects in the context of hydrogen blending and transport by existing or new pipelines. The technical evaluation method and future development of natural gas pipeline hydrogen transportation are discussed at the last section.
Intelligent Lifting System for Simultaneous Balance of Fluid Volume and Pumping Effciency in Low Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Jianguo Xu , Hui Huang , Qiaochu Shen , Qinghai Yang , Shiqi Tian , Xingguo Yang , Zhuoyue Hui
Published: October 2024

Low-permeability reservoirs constitute a substantial proportion of global oil reserves. These reservoirs are characterized by complex geological conditions, high extraction difficulty, low productivity, and poor economic benefits. A significant issue faced in these reservoirs is the mismatch between the pumping speed of wells and the fluid supply capacity. This study introduces an intelligent artificial lift technology designed specifically for these reservoirs, focusing on optimizing both liquid volume and pump efficiency. The technology includes an integrated device for measuring liquid production and water cut, alongside a variable frequency intelligent speed control cabinet. Sensors ensure high accuracy, with liquid production errors of less than 3% and water cut errors less than 5%. The pump stroke of the pumping unit is calculated based on the motor operating frequency, ultimately determining the pump efficiency. The intelligent control system employs an economic benefit evaluation index, aiming to maximize pump efficiency while maintaining liquid production levels. This ensures operation with a reasonable pump stroke. Field trials in the Jilin Oilfield involved ten wells, showing promising results: a 23.4% average increase in pump efficiency, 42% reduction in motor frequency, and 1.8-stroke decrease in average pump stroke across six wells. For three more sensitive wells, pump stroke reductions led to smaller adjustments in efficiency (3.6% increase), frequency (9.8% decrease), and stroke (0.4-stroke decrease), maintaining stable liquid production. Overall, this technology achieved a 30% average reduction in power consumption compared to fixed frequency operations, demonstrating substantial energy savings. The field trials indicate that this technology can enhance pump efficiency while maintaining stable liquid production, with notable energy-saving effects. Future work will focus on integrating this technology with time-of-use electricity pricing and new energy generation to achieve more significant economic benefits.
Comparative Analysis of CO2 Resistant Slurry Design and Conventional Oil Well Cement: The Inaugural Step towards Sustainable Energy Transition
Authors: Lo R. L. , Ibrahim M. , Kelly P. , Lew R. , Gabel T. C. , Kumar A. K. , Lau C. H. , Toha R.
Published: October 2024

With the growing urgency of global climate issues, reducing carbon dioxide emissions has become a crucial component of the sustainable energy transition. Innovative technologies are receiving increased focus, with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) emerging as a promising solution to mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuel consumption and industrial emissions. As nations strive to meet ambitious carbon reduction targets, the exploration of effective CCS applications becomes paramount. However, despite the potential of CCS, significant challenges persist in its widespread implementations due to limited information especially on long term wellbore integrity. This paper aims to offer insights and provide a comparative analysis on how cementing designs being the key to wellbore integrity and long-term zonal isolation will be affected when exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2).

Extensive lab testing has been conducted comparing conventional API cement versus a CO2 resistant cement design that has been developed especially for wells with CO2 or CCS application for a period across one month. Both cementing designs were tested for mechanical properties, gas permeability, porosity, XRD and water analysis under non-CO2 exposure and CO2 exposure condition. Additional testing including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), computed tomography (CT) scans and phenolphthalein testing were also performed on both the designs under CO2 exposure condition. To simulate the aging or extended exposure time of carbonic acid attack, acetic acid which is a stronger acid was chosen as the main acid catalyst to conduct solubility testing.

Through the month-long period, extensive data sets were gathered through a series of lab testing, providing insightful comparison of a conventional API cement and CO2 resistant cement design after being exposed to CO2. Both qualitative and quantitative data has provided interesting evidence that the conventional API cement goes through a more severe carbonation (i.e., CO2 attack) as compared to a CO2 resistant cement design. Analysis on each of the testing and observations done through the suite of test that was conducted shall be presented in greater detail within this paper.

As the energy industry navigates the imperative of reducing carbon footprints, the novel information presented in this paper aims to guide practitioners and researchers towards more effective and innovative cementing solutions. Ultimately, the incorporation of CO2 resistant cement slurry design signifies a pivotal step in fortifying wellbore integrity for CCS application.
Investigation of Gas Behaviors in Caprock for Understanding Gas Leakage During Underground Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Chang Qiuhao , Dempsey David , Huang Liangliang
Published: October 2024

Given their efficient gas seals, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are one of the most promising underground porous media for large-scale storage of hydrogen. However, H2 has a smaller molecular mass/size which could contribute to a higher rate of molecular diffusion through the caprock, leading to losses during the storage process. Hence, understanding the behaviors of H2in the pores of caprock is a prerequisite for the application of hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoir. In this study, the adsorption and self-diffusion of H2 and cushion gases of CH4/N2 were studied in quartz nanopores under a geological condition of 343 K and 15 MPa via molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that adsorption onto the pore wall occurred for all three gases. Using competitive adsorption analyses, we find that the quartz pore wall likely prefers to adsorb CH4 rather than H2 and N2. In nanopores with only 1 nm width, all the gas in the pore space is in an adsorption status. However, with a larger pore width such as 5 or 10 nm, part of the gas would be in a free gas condition. Due to the molecular weight, compared with CH4 and N2, H2 has the largest self-diffusion in the nanopores. Moreover, the effect of pore width on gas self-diffusion was observed. As the pore width decreased, the gas self-diffusion decreased. The goal of this study is to provide a deeper insight into gas behavior in the caprock and explore mechanisms of H2 leakage through the caprock.
The Field Application of Separated Zone Oil Production Technology Based on Electromagnetic Coupling Principle in Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Liao Chenglong , Yang Qinghai , Jia Deli , Pei Xiaohan , Yu Yang , Du Kai , Yu Chuan , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2024

Separated zone oil production technology plays a crucial role in resolving interlayer and planar conflicts, facilitating the comprehensive development of middle and low permeability layers, reducing ineffective water circulation, and optimizing residual oil recovery during the high water content phase in oilfields. The developed intelligent separated zone oil production technology, grounded in electromagnetic coupling principles, establishes a reliable downhole channel for transmitting power and data. This innovation obviates the need to retrieve the allocation pipe string during routine pump inspections, thereby extending the operational lifespan of intelligent production allocators (IPAs) and lowering operational costs.

This paper presents the field application of electromagnetic coupling-based intelligent separated zone oil production technology in the Daqing oilfield. Currently deployed in four wells, this technology enables real-time monitoring of downhole temperature, pressure, and flow rates, facilitates regulation of zonal fluid production, and offers dynamic insights into various oil production strategies, including multi-layer combined production and single-layer rotational production. Experimental results from a single production rotation test illustrate significant operational outcomes. Following the adjustment of Test Well A from combined to single-layer production (Layer II), daily fluid production decreased from 21.11 t/d to 16.52 t/d, while daily oil production increased from 0.93 t/d to 1.05 t/d, and the average water content decreased from 95.64% to 93.66%. Pressure recovery tests conducted over three consecutive days in Test Well B, during pumping cessation, provided essential data for calculating reservoir parameters such as permeability and porosity. Moreover, repeated docking and separation tests between production and allocation pipe strings were successfully executed. After experiencing pump leakage 23 days into normal production, Test Well A underwent pump replacement and subsequent reinstallation of the production pipe string. Results confirmed successful docking of the downhole electromagnetic coupling device (DECD), ensuring system functionality.

The successful implementation of this technology in Daqing oilfield underscores its suitability for pump inspection operations, high communication reliability, and extended operational life. This technological advancement not only addresses interlayer challenges in oil wells but also enhances reservoir understanding, promising widespread application prospects.