bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic and environmental contributions to variations on appetitive traits at 10 years of age: a twin study within the Generation XXI birth cohort
Authors: Warkentin Sarah , Severo Milton , Fildes Alison , Oliveira Andreia
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Given the variability in adiposity despite ubiquitous exposure to obesogenic food environments, it has been suggested that individuals respond in divergent ways to the environment they live in. The food environment becomes more ‘permissive’ as children age; therefore, genetic predisposition for a more avid appetite can be better expressed, influencing dietary quality, energy intake and weight gain. Our aim was to explore the genetic and environmental contribution of variations on appetitive traits in a sample of 10-year-old Portuguese children.

Methods

Participants were twins enrolled in the Generation XXI birth cohort (n = 86 pairs). Parents reported twin’s zygosity and child appetitive traits at 10 years of age through the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Intra-class correlations (ICCs) for all appetitive traits were calculated for monozygotic and dizygotic twins separately to examine patterns of resemblance, and structural equation modeling was conducted aiming to estimate the genetic (A), shared (C) and non-shared (E) environmental variances.

Results

Moderate to strong heritability were found for child appetitive traits, with higher ICCs among monozygotic twin pairs. For all appetitive traits, with the exception of emotional undereating, genetic and non-shared environmental effects contributed to appetite variability. For emotional undereating, environmental effects seem to be more important than genetic effects (C: 0.81; 95% CI 0.71; 0.88 and E: 0.19; 95% CI 0.12; 0.29).

Conclusion

There was a significant genetic contribution, followed by non-shared environmental contribution, towards variation in appetitive traits in school-age children. Variation in emotional undereating was primarily explained by shared and non-shared environmental factors.

Level of evidence

Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.
The Impact on Ambulance Mobilisations of an Increasing Age Profile of Telecare Service Users Receiving Advanced Proactive, Personalised Telecare in Spain—a Longitudinal Study 2014–2018
Authors: Contreras Wendy Hugoosgift , Sarquella Ester , Binefa Eva , Entrambasaguas Mar , Stjerne Anette , Booth Peter
Published: November 2021

Advanced proactive personalised telecare services in Spain have helped service users to live independently in their own homes for longer. Concern was however noted regarding potential impacts on ambulance mobilisations as time in the service, and mean age at cessation, increased. The purpose of this study was to investigate these impacts.

A longitudinal study of a telecare service user population in Spain (n = 202.1 k to 247.9 k) was undertaken using anonymised operational data collected in the delivery of proactive and personalised telecare services over the period 2014–2018.

For the studied population, ambulance mobilisation on a per-person/per-annum (pp/pa) basis reduced despite the increasing age profile at cessation and with the characteristics of the population at registration remaining otherwise similar over the period. The study identified the positive correlation coefficient between ambulance mobilisations and service user’s dependency levels, and marginal negative correlation in older age bands.

In conclusion, the increasing age at cessation has not correlated with an increased proportion of higher dependency service users. Indeed, the share of those over 85 years in the high dependency level decreased. This indicates that the changes in the telecare service which appear to have contributed to increased time living independently may also have helped ensure those continuing to live independently remain in lower risk bands.
Exploring Inequalities in the Social, Spatial and Material Practices of Teaching and Learning in Pandemic Times
Authors: Boys Jos
Published: November 2021

This article conceptualises higher education as a complex and dynamic set of entangled social, spatial and material practices — enacted, adapted and contested across spaces and technologies as these interact with diverse learners, teachers, curricula and contexts. Using modes of enquiry that start from this inherent complexity and intersecting these with contemporary disability and education studies, I ask how some of the normative social and spatial practices of higher education are being surfaced by the pandemic. Rather than framing Covid-19 as a massive shift from ‘normal’ (face-to-face) to ‘abnormal’ (virtual) delivery modes, I propose that its impact both continues and alters assumptions about what constitutes ‘proper’ university education, and both perpetuates and disrupts what is ‘noticed’, valued and supported in conventional teaching and learning processes. To do this, I will focus on two themes in current HE practices in the UK, as examples of what such an approach can open-up to view. This starts from the already existing tensions, complexities and contradictions as to what should constitute appropriate teacher and student behaviours and settings, and how this ‘normality’ is often being perceived as being lost because of the pandemic. By engaging with existing literature about longer-term patterns of inequalities in access and inclusion across physical and virtual HE learning environments, I hope to show some underlying problems in how student competency is being evidenced in virtual as compared to physical space and some ways the pandemic has exposed the unevenness of diverse student and staff relationships to space, time and technologies and the differential impacts on their educational experiences.
Does glacial retreat impact benthic chironomid communities? A case study from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
Authors: Jennings Danielle R. Haskett
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to determine which environmental variables are responsible for modern benthic chironomid distributions in a glacial setting. The chironomid communities from nine alpine lakes were assessed, and forty-three individual taxa were extracted and identified. Surface water temperature and nitrate were strongly and negatively correlated (−0.82, p = 0.007), suggesting that glacial meltwater (the driver that explains both surface water temperature (SWT) (°C) and nitrate (NO3 + NO2-N)) is the environmental variable that explains the most variance (15%). On average, lakes receiving glacial meltwater were 2.62 °C colder and contained 66% more NO3 + NO2-N than lakes only receiving meltwater from snow. The presence of taxa from the tribe Diamesinae indicates very cold input from running water, and these taxa may be used as a qualitative indicator species for the existence of glacial meltwater within a lake catchment. Heterotrissocladius, Diamesa spp., and Pseudodiamesa were present in the coldest lakes. Chironomus, Diplocladius, and Protanypus were assemblages found in cold lakes affiliated with the littoral zone or alpine streams. The modern benthic chironomid communities collected from the alpine of subalpine lakes of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, represent a range of climatic and trophic influences and capture the transition from cold oligotrophic lakes to warmer and eutrophic conditions.
Potential use of alluvial clays from Monoun in ceramics by adding feldspar from Batie (West-Cameroon) as a fluxing agent
Authors: Kieufack Gervaise , Bomeni Isaac Yannick , Ngapgue François , Tchamba Arlin Bruno , Mbog Michel Bertrand , Kouonang Serge Tchounang , Wouatong Armand Sylvain Ludovic
Published: November 2021

The present study focuses on the use of feldspars from Batie granites (West-Cameroon) as a fluxing agent in ceramic applications, in order to reduce the energy cost of brick manufacture. Three alluvial clays were collected in the field using an auger and the feldspar sample was collected by hammering. Mineralogical, physical and geochemical analysis of alluvial clays samples were carried out, as well as the microscopy analysis of feldspar. The specimen of fired bricks was formulated with different proportions of feldspar (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and calcined respectively at 750 °C, 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C in an electric furnace. The physical analysis of the clay material showed a well graded granulometry composed of 3% gravel, 10% coarse sand, 23% fine sand, 13% silt and 51% clay. Thin section microscopic analysis revealed essentially perthites. The mineralogical analysis obtained by XRD on total powder shows that the alluvial clays are composed essentially of: 55.8% of total clays; 19.2% quartz; 14.2% goethite; 8.5% K feldspar; 1.2% anatase; 0.7% hematite and 0.4% gibbsite. Geochemical analysis shows that clay material consists of: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, MgO, CaO and K2O. The ceramic tests carried out on these bricks showed that their colors were red for all the formulations and temperatures tested. The sound of the bricks is metallic for the formulations of 20 and 25% of feldspar as from 850 °C. The flexural strength (greater than 3 MPa) and compressive strength (10–20 MPa) obtained at 20 and 25% of feldspar meet the standard of traditional ceramics requirements. The bricks obtained at 20 and 25% of feldspar and at a sintering temperature below 850 °C have good technological properties. It was observed that brick formulations with 0% of feldspar fired between 950 and 1000 °C are similar to those of 20 and 25% of feldspar fired at 850 °C).

Highlights

The alluvial clays from Monoun characterized have highest proportion of kaolinite and good mechanical properties (950 and 1050 °C).

Thin section microscopic analysis of Batie feldspar revealed essentially perthites.

The brick formulations with 0% of feldspar fired between 950 and 1050 °C are similar to those of 20 and 25% of feldspar fired at 850 °C.
Pain versus Gain: Multiport versus single-port thoracoscopic surgery for pediatric pneumothorax a case series
Authors: Sacks Marla A. , Goodman Laura F. , Mendez Yomara S. , Khan Faraz A. , Radulescu Andrei
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:

The indications for single-incision thoracoscopic surgery in children are expanding. We present outcome comparisons in single versus multi-port surgical technique for management of Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP) in seven children.

Methods:

This retrospective chart review of the outcomes from a single-surgeon's experience in thoracoscopic technique over a two-year period includes seven cases, divided into two groups: traditional multiport video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (MP-VATS) (n = 3) versus single-port VATS (SP-VATS) (n = 4). Data for patient demographics, chest tube placement, operation details, opioids usage, and postoperative course were recorded and analyzed.

Results:

Seven patients had a median age of 14.88 years [range 12–17 years] with a male predominance 67% MP-VATS and 75% SP-VATS (p = 0.41). Average time to surgery: 3.6 days (p = 0.21) operating time: 1.2 hours (p = 0.09). Estimated blood loss was higher for MP-VATS 5.33 ml vs SP-VATS 2.25 ml but not statistically significant (p = 0.11). Opioids given in the post-operative period until chest tube removal were similar: MP 0.19 vs SP 0.12 mg/kg (p = 0.17). Time to chest tube removal was significantly longer at 5.54 vs 3.59 days for MP-VATS vs SP-VATS (p < 0.05). Length of stay was 10.46 vs 8.33 days for MP-VATS vs SP-VATS (p = 0.30). One SP patient had recurrent pneumothorax after chest tube removal, requiring replacement of chest tube, one MP patient required an additional surgery for contralateral PSP.

Conclusion:

In this small case series, outcomes were similar for MP-VATS and SP-VATS for PSP, but chest tube removal was earlier in SP. This provides a convincing basis to expand the usage for this technique.

Highlights
The Macanese Diaspora in British Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Catherine
Published: November 2021

Diaspora transformed the urban terrain of colonial societies, creating polyglot worlds out of neighborhoods, workplaces, recreational clubs and public spheres. It was within these spaces that communities reimagined and reshaped their public identities vis-à-vis emerging government policies and perceptions from other communities. Through a century of Macanese activities in British Hong Kong, this book explores how mixed-race diasporic communities survived within unequal, racialized and biased systems beyond the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. Originating from Portuguese Macau yet living outside the control of the empire, the Macanese freely associated with more than one identity and pledged allegiance to multiple communal, political and civic affiliations. They drew on colorful imaginations of the Portuguese and British empires in responding to a spectrum of changes encompassing Macau’s woes, Hong Kong’s injustice, Portugal’s political transitions, global developments in print culture and the rise of new nationalisms during the inter-war period.
Estimation of Ion Temperature in the Upper Ionosphere Along the Swarm Satellite Orbits
Authors: Lomidze L. , Burchill J. K. , Knudsen D. J. , Huba J. D.
Published: November 2021

Ion temperature is one of the key parameters that provides insight into the thermal balance of the coupled ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Together with the temperatures of neutral and electron gases, it affects physical and chemical processes and parameters in the upper atmosphere. These include the ion‐neutral collision frequencies, chemical reaction rates and plasma scale height, all of which influence the variation and distribution of ionospheric plasma. The European Space Agency's three, nearly polar‐orbiting Swarm satellites at about 500 km altitude measure ionospheric electron temperature, density, and ion drifts using electric field instrument (EFI) Langmuir probes and Thermal Ion Imagers. Measurements of the ion temperature, though initially planned, are not available due to technical problems with the ion imagers. This paper describes a model that estimates the ion temperature along the orbits of Swarm satellites and evaluates the validity of the corresponding data. This data‐driven, physics‐based model combines an ion heat balance equation of the upper ionosphere, the Swarm EFI measurements, and empirical models for neutral composition, winds, and electric field. The validity of this approach was investigated using a physics‐based ionosphere model (SAMI3) for different geophysical conditions. We have studied the effects of various assumptions and input data limitations to the model accuracy, and have validated the estimated ion temperature against independent measurements from low, middle, and high‐latitude incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). When compared with the ISR data, the obtained Swarm‐based ion temperature shows small systematic errors (1%–2%), high correlations (Swarm A/C 0.8, Swarm B 0.6), and random errors of 10%–20%.
A Stochastic Method for Simulating Near‐Field Seismograms: Application to the 2016 Tottori Earthquake
Authors: Dang Pengfei , Liu Qifang , Xia Songlin , Ma Wanjun
Published: November 2021

A stochastic finite‐fault approach based on corner frequency (EXSIM) is applied to simulate the Tottori Mw 6.2 earthquake. The parameter κ0 is calculated based on ground motion recordings. Other parameters, such as quality factor (127f0.61) and stress drop (27.97 bars) are taken from our earlier work. The slip distribution refers to the results of Kubo et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-017-0714-3). The geometric spreading function and ground motion duration are taken from Atkinson and Boore (1995, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0850010017). The simulated results match well with the observed values in a short period (T < 1 s). In addition, the effects of hanging wall (HW) and footwall (FW) on the simulated values are discussed. The results show that the simulated results of HW stations are more consistent with the observed values than those of FW stations. The differences between simulated Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA) and observed PSA with epicentral distance and azimuth are also analyzed. The results show that the local site amplification and geometric location of stations influence the simulation results for soft soil sites. Overall, the simulated ground motions obtained by applying EXSIM approach matched well with the observed recordings which could be considered as the basis for earthquake‐resistant design during the post‐disaster recovery and could become a powerful tool for earthquake ground motion prediction.
CFOSAT Rotating Fan‐Beam Scatterometer Backscatter Measurement Processing
Authors: Yun Risheng , Dong Xiaolong , Liu Jianqiang , Lin Wenming , Zhu Di , Ma Jianying , Lang Shuyan , Wang Zhisen
Published: November 2021

The China‐France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) was successfully launched on October 29, 2018, which carries two innovative payloads, that is, the surface waves investigation and monitoring (SWIM) instrument and the rotating fan‐beam scatterometer (RFSCAT). CFOSAT scatterometer (CSCAT) is dedicated to the monitoring of sea surface wind vectors and climate studies, but also for the applications over land and polar regions. CSCAT employs a “rotating fan‐beam” design rather than “pencil‐beam” approach and “fixed fan‐beam” approach adopted by the scatterometers in orbit before. In this paper, the data processing approach of CSCAT is described. The geolocation reference mapping model is employed in CSCAT slice geolocation. In noise processing, CSCAT adopts the method of weighted least squares polynomial surface fitting to conduct noise correction factor estimation adaptively. The attitude cube algorithm used for X integral factor computation is developed to obtain precise backscatter coefficients based on the radar equation. Because of the interdependency of the CSCAT data processing and the hardware configuration and onboard signal processing of the instrument, the instrument module configuration and signal processing design are also analyzed and presented comprehensively. Especially, the influence and compensation of Doppler frequency are introduced. The backscatter coefficient accuracy is estimated on the Amazon forest, and the results show that the backscatter coefficient accuracy of CSCAT on 25 × 25 km grids is less than 0.5 dB except that the near end and far end of the beam are slightly higher. The statistical results show the wind retrieval results meet the CFOSAT mission requirements.
Automatic Detection of Atmospherics and Tweek Atmospherics in Radio Spectrograms Based on a Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Maslej‐Krešňáková Viera , Kundrát Adrián , Mackovjak Šimon , Butka Peter , Jaščur Samuel , Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej
Published: November 2021

Lightning strikes can be routinely observed by the radio receivers that measure electromagnetic signals in the very low frequency range. The acquired pulses called atmospherics provide valuable details about source lightning discharges and also about the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide where they can propagate thousands of kilometers. The automatic acquisition of the events requires also automatic methods for extraction of atmospherics' details to confirm the observed trends with statistical significance. For this purpose, we have developed a method based on a deep learning approach to automatically obtain the type of atmospherics, their exact time, and the frequency range from the frequency‐time spectrograms. The method that employs convolutional neural networks is designed to be adaptable to scientific needs and provide reliable results according to the requirements on the sensitivity to events, computation performance, and precision of extracted details. The efficiency and specific steps of our method are demonstrated for data recorded by the ELMAVAN‐G instrument. The comprehensive description of the method allows its usage for regular characterization of the ionospheric D‐layer or for other similar applications in the future.
Five Reasons Geoscience Should Care About Astronomy’s New Road Map
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: November 2021

The latest road map to U.S. astronomy’s next decade recommends a smaller space telescope, ground-based facilities, and an institutional effort to create an inclusive and equitable field.
Evidence for Stress Localization Caused by Lithospheric Heterogeneity From Seismic Attenuation
Authors: Zhu Zhao , Bezada Maximiliano J. , Byrnes Joseph S. , Ford Heather A.
Published: November 2021

The Wyoming Craton underwent tectonic modifications during the Laramide Orogeny, which resulted in a series of basement‐cored uplifts that built the modern‐day Rockies. The easternmost surface expression of this orogeny ‐ the Black Hills in South Dakota ‐ is separated from the main trend of the Rocky Mountains by the southern half of the Powder River Basin, which we refer to as the Thunder Basin. Seismic tomography studies reveal a high‐velocity anomaly which extends to a depth of ∼300 km below the basin and may represent a lithospheric keel. We constrain seismic attenuation to investigate the hypothesis that variations in lithospheric thickness resulted in the localization of stress and therefore deformation. We utilize data from the CIELO seismic array, a linear array that extends from east of the Black Hills across the Thunder Basin and westward into the Owl Creek Mountains, the BASE FlexArray deployment centered on the Bighorn Mountains, and the EarthScope Transportable Array. We analyze seismograms from deep teleseismic events and compare waveforms in the time‐domain to characterize lateral variations in attenuation. Bayesian inversion results reveal high attenuation in the Black Hills and Bighorn Mountains and low attenuation in the Thunder and Bighorn Basins. Scattering is rejected as a confounding factor because of a strong anticorrelation between attenuation and the amplitude of P wave codas. The results support the hypothesis that lateral variations in lithospheric strength, as evidenced by our seismic attenuation measurements, played an important role in the localization of deformation and orogenesis during the Laramide Orogeny.
Winter Warming in North America Induced by Urbanization in China
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , Gong Peng , Dickinson Robert E. , Fu Rong , Li Xuecao , Yang Jun , Liu Shu , He Yujun , Li Lijuan , Wang Bin , Xu Bing
Published: November 2021

Rapid urbanization in China in the past several decades has been shown to affect surface air temperature (SAT) locally, but its global impact is unclear. Using a global climate model, we have investigated the potential impact of urbanization in China on SAT at the global scale. The expansion of urban areas in China from 1985 to 2017 leads to winter surface air warming by as much as 0.8°C in North America (NA), largely caused by warm temperature advection due to global‐scale atmospheric circulation changes. The East Asian jet stream moves northward in eastern and northeastern China where the expansion of urban areas has increased SAT and sensible heat flux, forcing change of the atmospheric stationary waves and so the structure of the jet streams.
A Local Similarity Function for Katabatic Flows Derived From Field Observations Over Steep‐ and Shallow‐Angled Slopes
Authors: Hang Chaoxun , Oldroyd Holly J. , Giometto Marco G. , Pardyjak Eric R. , Parlange Marc B.
Published: November 2021

Katabatic flows are notoriously difficult to model for a variety of reasons. Notably, the assumptions underpinning Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) are inherently violated by the sloping terrain, causing the traditional flux‐gradient relations used in numerical weather prediction models to break down. Focusing on turbulent momentum transport, we show significant flux divergence, further violating MOST assumptions, and that the traditional parameterizations fail even with local scaling for katabatic flow. In response, we propose a modified local‐MOST stability‐correction function, informed by near‐surface turbulence observations collected over two mountainous slopes with inclination angles () of and . The proposed relation includes directly, making data from both slopes collapse with unprecedented agreement. RMSE between measured fluxes and estimates from the proposed and Businger et al. (1971, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0181:FPRITA>2.0.CO;2) relations show significant improvement. Results can be used to inform future development of wall‐model and turbulence closures in the katabatic flow layer.
Swarm‐Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Papadimitriou Constantinos , Balasis Georgios , Boutsi Adamantia Zoe , Antonopoulou Alexandra , Moutsiana Georgia , Daglis Ioannis A. , Giannakis Omiros , de Michelis Paola , Consolini Giuseppe , Gjerloev Jesper , Trenchi Lorenzo
Published: November 2021

Ground‐based indices, such as the Dst, ap, and AE, have been used for decades to describe the interplay of the terrestrial magnetosphere with the solar wind and provide quantifiable indications of the state of geomagnetic activity in general. These indices have been traditionally derived from ground‐based observations from magnetometer stations all around the Earth. In the last 7 years though, the highly successful satellite mission Swarm has provided the scientific community with an abundance of high quality magnetic measurements at Low Earth Orbit, which can be used to produce the space‐based counterparts of these indices, such the Swarm‐Dst, Swarm‐ap, and Swarm‐AE indices. In this work, we present the first results from this endeavor, with comparisons against traditionally used parameters. We postulate on the possible usefulness of these Swarm‐based products for a more accurate monitoring of the dynamics of the magnetosphere and thus, for providing a better diagnosis of space weather conditions.
The Correlation Between Whistler Mode Waves and Electron Beam‐Like Distribution: Test Particle Simulations and THEMIS Observations
Authors: Kong Zhenyu , Gao Xinliang , Chen Huayue , Lu Quanming , Chen Rui , Ke Yangguang , Wang Shui
Published: November 2021

The beam‐like electron population is often observed along with whistler mode waves in the Earth's magnetosphere, but its generation mechanism is still under debate. In this study, we use a test particle simulation model to study the Landau resonance between whistler mode waves and electrons, and quantify the proportion of beam‐like electrons. There is a trend that the first increases and then decreases with the increasing temperature of hot electrons or ratio of plasma frequency to electron gyrofrequency. While the is positively correlated with the parallel electric field, magnetic amplitude, wave normal angle, or frequency of whistler mode waves if other parameters are fixed. Essentially the parallel electric field is the key parameter in determining . Furthermore, we have also compared simulation results with THEMIS observations for one year. The results suggest the observed beam‐like population could be generated by simultaneously observed whistler mode waves for 44.5% quasi‐parallel cases. But the beam‐like population is unlikely to be generated by simultaneously observed waves for the remaining 55.5% of quasi‐parallel cases and nearly all oblique cases. Our study provides a better understanding of the formation of beam‐like electron distribution in the Earth's magnetosphere.
The Impact of a 3‐D Earth Structure on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Southeast Alaska Following the Little Ice Age
Authors: Marsman C. P. , van der Wal W. , Riva R. E. M. , Freymueller J. T.
Published: November 2021

In Southeast Alaska, extreme uplift rates are primarily caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), as a result of ice thickness changes from the Little Ice Age to the present combined with a low‐viscosity asthenosphere. Previous GIA models adopted a 1‐D Earth structure. However, the actual Earth structure is likely more complex due to the long history of subduction and tectonism and the transition from a continental to an oceanic plate. Seismic evidence indeed shows a laterally heterogenous Earth structure. In this study, a numeral model is constructed for Southeast Alaska, which allows for the inclusion of lateral viscosity variations. The viscosity follows from scaling relationships between seismic velocity anomalies and viscosity variations. We use this scaling relationship to constrain the thermal effect on seismic variations and investigate the importance of lateral viscosity variations. We find that a thermal contribution to seismic anomalies of 10% is required to explain the GIA observations. This implies that non‐thermal effects control seismic anomaly variations in the shallow upper mantle. Due to the regional geologic history, it is likely that hydration of the mantle impact both viscosity and seismic velocity. The best‐fit model has a background viscosity of 5.0 × 1019 Pa‐s, and viscosities at ∼80 km depth range from 1.8 × 1019 to 4.5 × 1019 Pa‐s. A 1‐D averaged version of the 3‐D model performed slightly better, however, the two models were statistically equivalent within a 2σ measurement uncertainty. Thus, lateral viscosity variations do not contribute significantly to the uplift rates measured with the current accuracy and distribution of sites.
Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents
Authors: Battershill L. , Whittaker C. N. , Lane E. M. , Popinet S. , White J. D. L. , Power W. L. , Nomikou P.
Published: November 2021

The tsunami generation potential of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) entering the sea is poorly understood, due to limited data and observations. Thus far, tsunami generation by PDCs has been modeled in a similar manner to tsunami generation associated with landslides or debris flows, using two‐layer depth‐averaged approaches. Using the adaptive partial differential equation solver Basilisk and benchmarking with published laboratory experiments, this work explores some of the important parameters not yet accounted for in numerical models of PDC‐generated tsunamis. We use assumptions derived from experimental literature to approximate the granular, basal flow component of a PDC as a dense Newtonian fluid flowing down an inclined plane. This modeling provides insight into how the boundary condition of the slope and the viscosity of the dense granular‐fluid influence the characteristics of the waves generated. It is shown that the boundary condition of the slope has a first‐order impact on the interaction dynamics between the fluidized granular flow and water, as well as the energy transfer from the flow to the generated wave. The experimental physics is captured well in the numerical model, which confirms the underlying assumption of Newtonian fluid‐like behavior in the context of wave generation. The results from this study suggest the importance of considering vertical density and velocity stratification in wave generation models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that granular‐fluids denser than water are capable of shearing the water surface and generating significant amplitude waves, despite vigorous overturning.
Seasonal Modulation of Dissolved Oxygen in the Equatorial Pacific by Tropical Instability Vortices
Authors: Eddebbar Y. A. , Subramanian A. C. , Whitt D. B. , Long M. C. , Verdy A. , Mazloff M. R. , Merrifield M. A.
Published: November 2021

Tropical instability vortices (TIVs) have a major influence on the physics and biogeochemistry of the equatorial Pacific. Using an eddy‐resolving configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM‐HR) and Lagrangian particle tracking, we examine TIV impacts on the three‐dimensional structure and variability of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the upper equatorial Pacific water column. In CESM‐HR, the simulated generation and westward propagation of TIVs from boreal summer through winter lead to the seasonal oxygenation of the upper northern equatorial Pacific, exhibited as a deepening of hypoxic depth west of 120°W. TIV effects on the equatorial Pacific oxygen balance are dominated by eddy‐advection and mixing, while indirect TIV effects on O2 consumption play minor roles. These advective effects reflect the transient displacements of isopycnals by eddy pumping as well as vortex transport of oxygen by eddy trapping, stirring, and subduction. TIVs influence on the upper equatorial Pacific O2 distribution and variability has important implications for understanding and modeling marine ecosystem dynamics and habitats, and should be taken into consideration in designing observation networks in this region.
On the Magnitude of Canyon‐Induced Mixing
Authors: Nazarian Robert H. , Burns Christian M. , Legg Sonya , Buijsman Maarten C. , Kaur Harpreet , Arbic Brian K.
Published: November 2021

The location of mixing due to internal tides is important for both the ocean circulation as well as local biogeochemical processes. Numerous observations and modeling studies have shown that submarine canyons may be regions of enhanced internal tide‐driven mixing, but there has not yet been a systematic study of all submarine canyons resolved in bathymetric datasets. Here, we parameterize the internal tide‐driven dissipation from a suite of simulations and pair this with a global high‐resolution, internal tide‐resolving model and bathymetric dataset to estimate the internal‐tide‐driven dissipation that occurs in all documented submarine canyons. We find that submarine canyons dissipate a significant fraction of the incoming internal tide's energy, which is consistent with observations. When globally integrated, submarine canyons are responsible for dissipating 30.8–75.3 GW, or 3.2%–7.8% of the energy input into the M2‐frequency internal tides. This percentage of the internal tide energy that is dissipated in submarine canyons is comparable to or larger than previous calculations using extrapolations from observations of single canyons.
Coastal Upwelling Combined With the River Plume Regulates Hypoxia in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Inner East China Sea Shelf
Authors: Wei Qinsheng , Yao Peng , Xu Bochao , Zhao Bin , Ran Xiangbin , Zhao Yuhang , Sun Junchuan , Wang Baodong , Yu Zhigang
Published: November 2021

The Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary (CE) and adjacent inner East China Sea (ECS) shelf are among the most well‐known hypoxic aquatic environments. However, the coupled effects of coastal upwelling and the river plume on hypoxic dynamics in this region are rarely examined. Based on observations off the CE and Zhejiang coast in the summer of 2018, the dynamic mechanisms were revealed by highlighting the combined role of the river plume and upwelling in regulating hypoxia. The bottom hypoxic water formed in the steep slope on the inner ECS shelf expands upward and seaward. Coastal upwelling and the river plume combine to regulate the primary production regime and hypoxia. The frontal regions in the upper layers are prone to phytoplankton blooms, while the convergent slope generally acts as a hot spot of bottom hypoxic center along cross‐shelf sections. The regional selectivity of hypoxia is responsible for the decoupling between locations of bottom‐water hypoxia and upper‐water phytoplankton patches. The upwelling transports oxygen‐deficient water to the upper layers, resulting in shoreward shoaling of the oxycline. Meanwhile, mainly forced by the seaward expansion of low‐oxygen water protruding from the bottom hypoxia in the sloping region, a pronounced midlayer hypoxic plume forms. Together, upwelling and offshore spreading potentially expand the spatial volume of the hypoxic zone. Vertical secondary circulation and subsequent physical–biogeochemical processes leading to hypoxia are indicated off the CE and Zhejiang coast. Our results demonstrate that the combination of upwelling and the river plume plays an important role in regulating the spatial distribution of coastal and estuarine hypoxia.
Relativistic Electron Model in the Outer Radiation Belt Using a Neural Network Approach
Authors: Chu Xiangning , Ma Donglai , Bortnik Jacob , Tobiska W. Kent , Cruz Alfredo , Bouwer S. Dave , Zhao Hong , Ma Qianli , Zhang Kun , Baker Daniel N. , Li Xinlin , Spence Harlan , Reeves Geoff
Published: November 2021

We present a machine‐learning‐based model of relativistic electron fluxes >1.8 MeV using a neural network approach in the Earth's outer radiation belt. The Outer RadIation belt Electron Neural net model for Relativistic electrons (ORIENT‐R) uses only solar wind conditions and geomagnetic indices as input. For the first time, we show that the state of the outer radiation belt can be determined using only solar wind conditions and geomagnetic indices, without any initial and boundary conditions. The most important features for determining outer radiation belt dynamics are found to be AL, solar wind flow speed and density, and SYM‐H indices. ORIENT‐R reproduces out‐of‐sample relativistic electron fluxes with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and an uncertainty factor of ∼2. ORIENT‐R reproduces radiation belt dynamics during an out‐of‐sample geomagnetic storm with good agreement to the observations. In addition, ORIENT‐R was run for a completely out‐of‐sample period between March 2018 and October 2019 when the AL index ended and was replaced with the predicted AL index (lasp.colorado.edu/home/personnel/xinlin.li). It reproduces electron fluxes with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and an out‐of‐sample uncertainty factor of ∼3. Furthermore, ORIENT‐R captured the trend in the electron fluxes from low‐earth‐orbit (LEO) SAMPEX, which is a completely out‐of‐sample data set both temporally and spatially. In sum, the ORIENT‐R model can reproduce transport, acceleration, decay, and dropouts of the outer radiation belt anywhere from short timescales (i.e., geomagnetic storms) and very long timescales (i.e., solar cycle) variations.
Two Cenozoic Extensional Phases in Mallorca and Their Bearing on the Geodynamic Evolution of the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Moragues Lluís , Ruano Patricia , Azañón José Miguel , Garrido Carlos J. , Hidas Karoly , Booth Rea Guillermo
Published: November 2021

We study the structure of the Llevant ranges in Mallorca with special emphasis on the Cenozoic extensional evolution of the island, which we integrate in a new geodynamic model for the Westernmost Mediterranean. Mallorca underwent two Cenozoic rifting phases in the Oligocene and Serravallian, before and after the development of its Foreland Thrust Belt (FTB). The first extensional event produced Oligocene semigrabens (≈29–23 Ma) that were inverted during the Early‐Middle Miocene (19–14 Ma) WNW‐directed FTB development. The second rifting event produced the extensional collapse of the Mallorca FTB during the Serravallian (≈14–11 Ma). This later rifting was polyphasic, with two orthogonal extensional systems, producing first NE‐SW, and then NW‐SE extension. The Oligocene extension affected a major part of the Western Mediterranean, opening the Liguro‐Provençal and other basins after the collapse of the Palaeogene AlKaPeCa orogen, and Mallorca, its former hinterland. Continued plate convergence nucleated a new subduction system in the Early Miocene that initiated along the Ibiza transform, producing the Mallorca WNW‐directed FTB and subduction of the South‐East Iberian passive margin. This process individualized the Betic‐Rif slab and initiated its westward retreat. Serravallian extension occurred at the northern edge of the subduction system coeval to the Algero‐Balearic basin opening. Extension initiated toward the SW direction of slab tearing and later rotated to a NW‐SE direction, probably in response to flexural and isostatic rebound. Through these processes the Alboran domain archipelago was driven toward the southwest until the Late Miocene, contributing to the present isolation of Mallorca from its Betic hinterland.
A secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change among Swedish adolescents
Authors: Bygdell Maria , Ohlsson Claes , Kindblom Jenny M.
Published: November 2021

Pubertal BMI change is an independent risk marker of cardiovascular mortality/morbidity. Previous studies demonstrated a secular trend of increased childhood BMI but it is unknown if there is a concomitant secular trend regarding pubertal BMI change. The aim of this study was to describe the trend in pubertal BMI change. We collected heights and weights before and after puberty from school health records and military conscript records for boys born every five years during 1946–1991 (n = 3650, total cohort) and calculated pubertal BMI change (young adult BMI at 20 years of age minus childhood BMI at 8 years of age) for all study participants. A secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change during the study period was observed. The increase in pubertal BMI change (0.27 kg/m2 per decade [0.22; 0.32]) explained 54% of the secular trend of increasing young adult BMI (0.50 kg/m2 per decade [0.43; 0.57]). We made the novel observation that there is a secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change. We propose that the secular trend of increasing pubertal BMI change might contribute more than the secular trend of increasing childhood BMI to the adverse cardiovascular health consequences associated with the ongoing obesity epidemic.
Loss of p53 suppresses replication stress-induced DNA damage in ATRX-deficient neuroblastoma
Authors: Akter Jesmin , Katai Yutaka , Sultana Parvin , Takenobu Hisanori , Haruta Masayuki , Sugino Ryuichi P. , Mukae Kyosuke , Satoh Shunpei , Wada Tomoko , Ohira Miki , Ando Kiyohiro , Kamijo Takehiko
Published: November 2021

Genetic aberrations are present in the ATRX gene in older high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) patients with very poor clinical outcomes. Its loss-of-function (LoF) facilitates the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway in tumor cells and is strongly linked to replication stress (RS) and DNA damage through G-quadruplex (G4) DNA secondary structures. However, limited information is available on ATRX alteration-related NB tumorigenesis. We herein knocked out (KO) ATRX in MYCN-amplified (NGP) and MYCN single copy (SK-N-AS) NB cells with wild-type (wt) and truncated TP53 at the C terminus, respectively, using CRISPR/Cas9 technologies. The loss of ATRX increased DNA damage and G4 formation related to RS in TP53 wt isogenic ATRX KO NGP cells, but not in SK-N-AS clones. A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that the gene sets related to DNA double-strand break repair, negative cell cycle regulation, the G2M checkpoint, and p53 pathway activation were enriched in NGP clones. The accumulation of DNA damage activated the ATM/CHK2/p53 pathway, leading to cell cycle arrest in NGP clones. Interestingly, ATRX loss did not induce RS related to DNA damage response (DDR) in TP53-truncated SK-N-AS cells. p53 inactivation abrogated cell cycle arrest and reduced G4 accumulation in NGP clones. The loss of p53 also induced G4 DNA helicases or Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) with ATRX deficiency, suggesting that ATRX maintained genome integrity and p53 deficiency attenuated RS-induced DNA damage in NB cells featuring inactivated ATRX by regulating DNA repair mechanisms and replication fork stability.
Neonatal sepsis definitions from randomised clinical trials
Authors: Hayes Rían , Hartnett Jack , Semova Gergana , Murray Cian , Murphy Katherine , Carroll Leah , Plapp Helena , Hession Louise , O’Toole Jonathan , McCollum Danielle , Roche Edna , Jenkins Elinor , Mockler David , Hurley Tim , McGovern Matthew , Allen John , Meehan Judith , Plötz Frans B. , Strunk Tobias , de Boode Willem P. , Polin Richard , Wynn James L. , Degtyareva Marina , Küster Helmut , Janota Jan , Giannoni Eric , Schlapbach Luregn J. , Keij Fleur M. , Reiss Irwin K. M. , Bliss Joseph , Koenig Joyce M. , Turner Mark A. , Gale Christopher , Molloy Eleanor J. ,   On behalf of the Infection, Inflammation, Immunology and Immunisation (I4) section of the European Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR)
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide with non-specific and varied presentation. We aimed to catalogue the current definitions of neonatal sepsis in published randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Method

A systematic search of the Embase and Cochrane databases was performed for RCTs which explicitly stated a definition for neonatal sepsis. Definitions were sub-divided into five primary criteria for infection (culture, laboratory findings, clinical signs, radiological evidence and risk factors) and stratified by qualifiers (early/late-onset and likelihood of sepsis).

Results

Of 668 papers screened, 80 RCTs were included and 128 individual definitions identified. The single most common definition was neonatal sepsis defined by blood culture alone (n = 35), followed by culture and clinical signs (n = 29), and then laboratory tests/clinical signs (n = 25). Blood culture featured in 83 definitions, laboratory testing featured in 48 definitions while clinical signs and radiology featured in 80 and 8 definitions, respectively.

Discussion

A diverse range of definitions of neonatal sepsis are used and based on microbiological culture, laboratory tests and clinical signs in contrast to adult and paediatric sepsis which use organ dysfunction. An international consensus-based definition of neonatal sepsis could allow meta-analysis and translate results to improve outcomes.
Viral community analysis in a marine oxygen minimum zone indicates increased potential for viral manipulation of microbial physiological state
Authors: Jurgensen Sophie K , Roux Simon , Schwenck Sarah M , Stewart Frank J , Sullivan Matthew B , Brum Jennifer R
Published: November 2021

Microbial communities in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are known to have significant impacts on global biogeochemical cycles, but viral influence on microbial processes in these regions are much less studied. Here we provide baseline ecological patterns using microscopy and viral metagenomics from the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) OMZ region that enhance our understanding of viruses in these climate-critical systems. While extracellular viral abundance decreased below the oxycline, viral diversity and lytic infection frequency remained high within the OMZ, demonstrating that viral influences on microbial communities were still substantial without the detectable presence of oxygen. Viral community composition was strongly related to oxygen concentration, with viral populations in low-oxygen portions of the water column being distinct from their surface layer counterparts. However, this divergence was not accompanied by the expected differences in viral-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) relating to nitrogen and sulfur metabolisms that are known to be performed by microbial communities in these low-oxygen and anoxic regions. Instead, several abundant AMGs were identified in the oxycline and OMZ that may modulate host responses to low-oxygen stress. We hypothesize that this is due to selection for viral-encoded genes that influence host survivability rather than modulating host metabolic reactions within the ETNP OMZ. Together, this study shows that viruses are not only diverse throughout the water column in the ETNP, including the OMZ, but their infection of microorganisms has the potential to alter host physiological state within these biogeochemically important regions of the ocean.