bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
f‐p‐d Gradient Orbital Coupling Induced Spin State Enhancement of Atomic Fe Sites for Efficient and Stable Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Cheng Ruiqi , He Xiaoqian , Jiang Min , Shao Xichen , Tang Wenqi , Ran Biao , Li Huanxin , Fu Chaopeng
Published: February 2025

Advancing energy conversion technologies requires cost‐efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Iron phthalocyanine (FePc) emerges as a scalable and economical ORR electrocatalyst. However, the Fe–N4 configuration in FePc still falls short of the satisfied ORR activity and stability under electrocatalytic conditions. Here, an effective f‐p‐d (Eu–O–Fe) gradient orbital coupling strategy is introduced by integrating FePc with Eu2O3 (FePc/Eu2O3) to enhance the spin state and ORR performance of the Fe center through a precisely designed, scalable synthetic approach. The Eu─O bond promotes electron delocalization and shifts the spin state of Fe center from low‐spin to intermediate‐spin, increasing the eg​ orbital occupancy. This modification optimizes the adsorption of oxygen‐containing intermediates and lowers the ORR energy barrier. Notably, the increased spin state of Fe accelerates charge transfer by releasing more unpaired electrons, improving reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the f‐band serves as a buffer layer for electron compensation during ORR, further stabilizing the covalency and electronic configuration of atomic Fe and boosting durability. The one‐batch synthesis produces exceeding 300 g of FePc/Eu2O3, achieving a half‐wave potential of 0.931 V (vs RHE) at a cost less than 1/15 of commercial Pt/C. It demonstrates exceptional ORR performance in aluminum–air batteries, highlighting its significant application potential.
Cooling‐induced Strains in 2D Materials and Their Modulation via Interface Engineering
Authors: Yang Shichao , Liang Xiaoxin , Chen Wenwei , Wang Qiuyan , Sa Baisheng , Guo Zhiyong , Zheng Jingying , Pei Jiajie , Zhan Hongbing , Wang Qianting
Published: February 2025

2D materials exhibit unique properties for next‐generation electronics and quantum devices. However, their sensitivity to temperature variations, particularly concerning cooling‐induced strain, remains underexplored systematically. This study investigates the effects of cooling‐induced strain on monolayer MoSe2 at cryogenic temperatures. It is emphasized that the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the material and bulk substrate leads to significant external strain, which superimposes the internal strain of the material. By engineering the material‐substrate 2D‐bulk interface, the resulting strain conditions are characterized and reveal that substantial compressive strain induces new emission features linked to direct‐to‐indirect bandgap transition, as confirmed by photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy studies. Finally, it is demonstrated that encapsulation with hexagonal boron nitride can mitigate the external strain by 2D–2D interfaces, achieving results similar to those of suspended samples. The findings address key challenges in quantifying and characterizing strain types across different 2D‐bulk interfaces, distinguishing cooling‐induced strain effects from other temperature‐dependent phenomena, and designing strain‐sensitive 2D material devices for extreme temperature conditions.
Modulating Stiffness and Shape of a Soft, Textile‐Based Structure Through Glass Transition of a Conductive Phase‐Changing Polymer
Authors: Frey Johannes , Nassour John , Cheng Gordon
Published: February 2025

The challenges of operating robots in natural, highly variable, and diverse physical environments demand equally variable solutions. Following a flexible design approach from soft robotics, a variable stiffness structure with shape morphing and shape memory capabilities made from layered textiles and 3D printing material is developed. The stiffness change of the central conductive PLA (cPLA) is achieved electrically via Joule heating. Fabrication of multiple segment surfaces from the textile materials allows for direct printing of cPLA, which maximizes the electrodes' contact area. The material's variable stiffness is then used to modulate the structure's bending behavior and actively change its shape (shape morphing) while preserving shape memory behavior. To achieve this, models for stiffness change, heat transfer, and shape morphing are introduced and tested experimentally. The design presents a new method for achieving variable stiffness of 2794 Nmm2 in small segments of soft, deformable structures, using widely available materials and simple manufacturing methods. Furthermore, the structure's design enables shape morphing and shape memory.
Base‐Mediated Sequential Annulation Reaction of β‐Pyrrol‐α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds with Vinylsulfonium Salts: A New Approach to Polycyclic Pyrrolizine Derivatives
Authors: Li Yuming , Gou Yan , Wang Shuanghui , Xuan Yaqi , Fu Lulu , Fan Zhi
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we reported a novel sequential reaction sequence consisting of two processes including domino [3+2]/[2+1] annulation and in situ Cloke‐Wilson rearrangement reaction, which enabled synthesis of a series of structurally complex polycyclic pyrrolizine derivatives in 51‐96% yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. The viability of the existing protocol was additionally illustrated by gram‐scale synthesis and further modifications. In addution, some of these valuable ring‐fused pyrrolizines displayed some extent of anticancer activity, demonstrating their potential application in the medicinal chemistry.
Ionized Jet Deposition of MoS2 on Gas Diffusion Layer Electrodes for Next Generation Alkaline Electrolyzers
Authors: Campedelli Elisabetta , Mazzucato Marco , Parnigotto Mattia , Pedrielli Andrea , Gatsios Christos , Badocco Denis , Pastore Paolo , Timpel Melanie , Nardi Marco Vittorio , Durante Christian
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on optimizing MoS₂ catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers. A scalable Ionized Jet Deposition (IJD) technique is employed to deposit MoS₂ onto various carbon supports, exploring the relationship between substrate properties and catalytic performance. The results demonstrate that substrate choice plays a pivotal role in enhancing HER activity and durability. MoS₂ deposited on Freudenberg carbon support exhibited the best catalytic activity, achieving a current density of 10 mA µg⁻¹Mo at −0.48 V versus RHE in an alkaline environment, even with a low catalyst loading (12–49 µg cm⁻2). Conversely, sulfur‐doped carbon supports showed lower HER activity but superior stability, with a minimal voltage degradation of just 0.025 V after 6 h of testing at 10 mA cm⁻2. To further understand these results, bubble evolution studies, and contact angle measurements are conducted. Stable electrodes demonstrated small contact angles and enhanced bubble release from the surface, indicating the importance of hydrophilicity in improving performance and durability. This work highlights the synergy between scalable synthesis techniques and substrate optimization, offering a promising path for advancing cost‐efficient, durable electrocatalysts in large‐scale AEM electrolyzers for green hydrogen production.
Ru Single Atoms and Sulfur Anions Dual‐Doped NiFe Layered Double Hydroxides for High‐Current‐Density Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhu Yiming , Wang Jiaao , Weiser Gregor , Klingenhof Malte , Koketsu Toshinari , Liu Shangheng , Pi Yecan , Henkelman Graeme , Shi Xinyue , Li Jiayi , Pao Chih‐Wen , Yeh Min‐Hsin , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Strasser Peter , Ma Jiwei
Published: February 2025

New anodic electrocatalysts with high performance and cost‐effectiveness at large current densities help advance the emerging anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE) technology. To this end, a ruthenium (Ru) single atoms and sulfur (S) anions dual‐doped NiFe layered double hydroxides (Ru‐S‐NiFe LDH) catalyst is reported with remarkably low alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotentials, high mass activities and prolonged stabilities at high current densities. Inspiringly, the AEMWE performance on Ru‐S‐NiFe LDH is also superior to the NiFe LDH. In‐depth mechanism investigations reveal that Ru single atoms not only act as the highly active sites, but also facilitate the conductivity of NiFe LDH. Meanwhile, S anions accelerate the electrochemical reconstruction of NiFe LDH to OER‐active NiFeOOH and alleviate the over‐oxidation issue on Ru active sites. Benefiting from these, Ru‐S‐NiFe LDH shows significantly enhanced OER activity and stability. Theoretical calculations further validate the decreased OER free energy difference brought about by the Ru single atoms and S anions dual‐doping. This study offers a proof‐of‐concept that the noble metal single atoms and anions dual‐doping is a feasible strategy to construct the promising 3d transition metal‐based electrocatalysts toward the practical alkaline water electrolyzer.
Ready, or not? A qualitative study of emergency medicine senior residents’ perspectives on preparing for practice
Authors: Griffith Max , Garrett Alexander , Watsjold Bjorn K. , Jauregui Joshua , Davis Mallory , Ilgen Jonathan S.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

The transition from residency to unsupervised practice challenges doctors to adapt to new environments and responsibilities. Past work has focused on how physicians acclimate to their new roles, raising questions about how residents might think proactively about transitions while still in training. This study explores senior emergency medicine (EM) residents’ perspectives on preparedness for unsupervised practice and how they draw from training experiences to assess their evolving sense of preparedness.

Methods

The authors used a constructivist grounded theory approach, inviting all fourth‐year EM residents from two residency programs to participate in semistructured interviews. Participants were asked to reflect on their preparedness for entering unsupervised practice and to imagine scenarios for which they felt unprepared. Two authors coded line by line using constant comparison, organizing data into codes and categories. The research team met to discuss relationships between codes, developing themes to theorize about the phenomenon of interest.

Results

Sixteen residents were interviewed. The authors identified two overarching categories of themes. First, participants described individualized conceptualizations of preparedness, constructed from past workplace experiences and those they anticipated they would have in unsupervised practice. These conceptualizations emphasized drawing confidence from experience and developing adaptability to manage the uncertainties of medical practice. The second overarching category involved participants’ efforts to gauge their own preparedness. To do so, they used interactions with others to assess their readiness to manage specific problems and made holistic appraisals across multiple experiences to assess their overall preparedness for unsupervised practice.

Conclusions

Trainees draw from past experiences to forecast their abilities to manage the inevitable uncertainties of unsupervised practice. These conceptualizations of preparedness reflect a capability approach to training, with informed confidence and dynamic self‐appraisal. These findings suggest potential learning goals of senior trainees and considerations for medical educators to consider when fostering trainees’ capabilities for unsupervised practice.
Assessment of Soft‐Shell Mud Crab (Scylla olivacea) Farming Trend in the Southwest Coastal Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Md. Masudul , Sarker Anirban , Saha Shilpi , Islam Akond Mohammad Rafiqul , Islam Shaikh Nazrul , Baki Mohammad Abdul
Published: February 2025

Soft‐shell crab aquaculture practices emerged as a profitable livelihood option in the study area due to its lower vulnerability to changing climatic conditions and high demand in the international market. Therefore, this study aims to identify the current growth of soft‐shell mud crab farming to develop strategies to cope with future challenges. Random sampling was applied to collect primary empirical data from different stakeholders of the crab sub‐sector based on structured and semi‐structured questionnaires. In addition, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KII) were arranged to collect information from a wide range of expert people to cross‐validate the obtained information during the interviews. The study results indicated that the southwest region of Bangladesh has more than 380 farms having 5.55 ± 0.42 million seed crabs in demand in each cycle which is entirely dependent on wild stock. However, the wild crab harvesting amount has declined from 10.35 ± 2.07 to 4.38 ± 0.83 kg/day/person which represented a highly positive relationship with the active percentage of plastic cages that reduced from 99.43 ± 2.12% to 67.04 ± 4.75% during the investigated years. Farm mortality of stocking crabs has also increased by more than 8% in the last 9 years due to a lack of quality seed crabs. The soft‐shell crab farmers preferred small stocking sizes to get quick moulting, ranging from 30.35 ± 2.59 to 43.50 ± 3.59 g. Most of the crab farmers used only tilapia fish as feed items leading to the increase in unit price from BDT 30.30 ± 1.98 to BDT 80.00 ± 2.46. The feeding demand and cost also increased many folds over the years with an increase in farm numbers and feed prices. So, crab hatchery development and formulated feed supply are inevitable for the sustainable growth of this sector.
Synthetic Approaches of Six Membered N–Heterocycles Using Bridged N–Based Ionic Liquids: A Review
Authors: Chaudhary Anvita , Srivastava Richa
Published: February 2025

Six‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles represent a significant class of compounds in organic chemistry and play a pivotal role in various fields. Conventional synthetic methods of these compounds have certain advantages, but they are also limited by many factors including environmental impacts. Nitrogen‐containing bridge‐head basic compounds like hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and 1,8‐diazabicyclo‐[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) have shown promising characteristics in developing task‐specific ionic liquids. These ionic liquids have been employed in synthesizing six‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds in accordance with the principles of green and sustainable chemistry. Hence, this manuscript has been compiled on recent developments in the synthesis of six‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles using bridge‐head nitrogen‐based ionic liquids. The manuscript covers studies published from 2013 onwards.
Application of humanized mice in the safety experiments of antibody drugs
Authors: Sun Zhimin , Gu Mengyun , Yang Zixuan , Shi Lei , Zhao Liyuan , Zheng Minhui , Wang Yan , Zhang Wei , Han Kexin , Tang Naping
Published: February 2025

Therapeutic antibodies are valued for their high specificity and selectivity in immunotherapy. However, the potential toxicity they may elicit underscores the necessity of assessing their preclinical efficacy and safety using suitable animal models. In this context, we review the various categories and applications of humanized mice, which have been engrafted with human cells or tissues to mimic the human immune system. These models are extensively utilized in the nonclinical assessment and development of various antibody drugs, acting as a conduit to clinical research. However, several challenges remain, including the limited lifespan of humanized mice, inadequate engraftment of human cells, and the rudimentary nature of the immune environment in these models. The development of humanized immune system models in mice presents both opportunities and challenges, potentially leading to new insights into the evolution and application of antibody therapeutics.
Tuning Zn2+ Deposition Kinetics towards Deep‐Reversible Zinc Metal Batteries with All‐Climate Adaptability
Authors: Chen Yining , Zhou Shuang , Li Jianwen , Zhang Xin , Zhou Chuancong , Shi Xiaodong , Zhang Chunxiao , Fang Guozhao , Liang Shuquan , Su Zhi , Pan Anqiang
Published: February 2025

Uncontrollable Zn dendrites and severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) hamper the practical application of aqueous zinc‐metal batteries, which closely related to the deposition kinetics and thermodynamic stability of Zn anode. In this work, we returned to the classic perspectives of kinetics and thermodynamics, introducing a small amount of reduced glutathione (RGSH) to reshape the kinetic behavior of Zn2+ deposition and increasing the thermodynamic energy barrier of HER. Specifically, the steric hindrance effect of RGSH tuned the electrochemical reduction kinetics to match Zn2+ migration and increased the proportion of Zn2+ in the bulk phase migration, thereby inducing dendrite‐free deposition behavior with ordered (002) texturing. Meanwhile, RGSH with abundant hydrogen bond donors and acceptors reconfigures the coordination network of water molecules for all‐climate adaptability, eliminating the accumulation of "dead Zn" at low temperature and the HER corrosion at high temperature. As a results, the advanced Zn||Zn symmetric cells deliver an extra‐long cycling performance (over 4600 h) and a wide temperature tolerance (‐20°C~70°C). Additionally, the NH4V4O10||Zn full cell can operate stably for over 1000 cycles with 84.3% capacity retention. Surprisingly, the practical NH4V4O10||Zn pouch cell with limited N/P ratio (2.3) reserved 84.1% capacity after 150 cycles.
Exploring the Impact of Dynamic Vulcanization on Ductile–Brittle Transition and Morphology Evolution of PLA/EVA Blends
Authors: da Silva Barbosa Ferreira Eduardo , Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto , dos Santos Filho Edson Antonio , Beatrice Cesar Augusto Gonçalves , Pessan Luiz Antonio , Wellen Renate Maria Ramos , Araújo Edcleide Maria
Published: February 2025

Blends of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) enhanced with ethylene‐vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and dynamically vulcanized have garnered interest from researchers and the polymer industry due to their versatility and combined properties. These include the high elasticity of EVA and the environmentally friendly characteristics of PLA, which is both a biopolymer and biodegradable. This study aims to produce PLA/EVA blends dynamically vulcanized with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and evaluate their rheological, thermal, morphological, and ductile–brittle transition properties. The materials were prepared by melting them in an internal mixer and injection molding them to produce impact test specimens. Rheological analysis showed that the compounds with DCP exhibit increased complex viscosity (η*), storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″), indicating the formation of crosslinks and the in situ creation of the PLA‐g‐EVA copolymer. Morphological analysis revealed improved homogeneity with the addition of DCP, characterized by an interconnected, nearly co‐continuous structure, as observed primarily through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that as the temperature decreased, voids appeared on the surface of the PLA/EVA/DCP compounds, reducing impact strength. The ductile–brittle transition temperature for the PLA/EVA/DCP compounds was approximately 17.5°C for compositions with 20% and 30% EVA.
King aorta: Narrative anatomy education
Authors: Yilmaz Halil
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of narrative anatomy education and traditional anatomy education on academic achievement. The study included 64 students who were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups were (n = 32) control (Group 1) and (n = 32) experimental (Group 2). The pretest scores of the two groups were 36.40 ± 12.58 and 35.46 ± 9.18, respectively, and the difference between them was not significant. On this basis, the groups were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The control group received traditional anatomy instruction, while the experimental group received narrative anatomy instruction in addition to traditional instruction. The posttest scores of the control group were 43.12 ± 10.37, while those of the experimental group were 57.03 ± 14.01, and there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). It is predicted that providing narrative anatomy education in addition to traditional anatomy education will have a positive effect on academic success. The qualitative findings of the study revealed several key findings. Participants in the experimental group reported that narrative education facilitated a deeper understanding and retention of anatomical concepts. They highlighted the use of metaphors and storytelling as helpful in making complex material more relatable and memorable. In addition, students expressed that the narrative approach increased their engagement and motivation, contributing to a more enjoyable learning experience. These qualitative findings highlight the potential of narrative education to complement traditional teaching methods and provide a more holistic and interactive learning experience.
The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Firms' Environmental Innovation: A Technological Push Perspective
Authors: Liao Zhongju , Zhang Mengnan , Shi Yangyan
Published: February 2025

Environmental innovation helps to achieve sustainable utilization of resources and represents an important measure for promoting the coordinated development of human and environment. Adopting the perspective of technological push—based on information asymmetry theory, cognitive orientation theory, and the resource‐based view—this study constructs a research model capturing the impact of blockchain technology on firms' environmental innovation. This study uses multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of blockchain technology on firms' environmental innovation. It also observes the mediating effect of proactive orientation and the moderating effect of venture capital. The results show that blockchain technology positively impacts firms' environmental innovation, with proactive orientation playing a mediating role between blockchain technology and environmental innovation and venture capital enhancing the positive effect. By analyzing the mechanism between blockchain technology and environmental innovation, this study provides a new theoretical basis for better applying blockchain technology to environmental innovation at the firm level.
Tracing trisoxazole macrolide deposition in the tissues of the Penares nux sponge with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Butsuri Akkarapol , Chanthathamrongsiri Naphatson , Sirirak Thanchanok , Waiyaput Wanwisa , Srimongkol Atthapol , Dittaroj Kanthanadol , Jiso Apisada , Jittorntam Paisan , Plubrukarn Anuchit
Published: February 2025

MALDI‐TOF imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is used to examine the deposition of trisoxazole macrolides in the tissues of the Penares nux sponge. IMS showed that kabiramides, the major trisoxazole macrolides in P. nux, were allocated preferentially in the external tissues of the sponge. The deposition covered the outer tissue layers from the pinadoderm through mesohyl and ectosome to the outer portion of the choanosome. The presence of each macrolide varied independently from one sponge specimen to others, and showed no inductive or suppressive influences on each other compounds nor particular preferences on any specific cell types or tissues. The results provided a new and additional evidence into the specificity of the sponge’s toxic metabolite distribution in the tissue level. The outward distribution of the toxic macrolides in P. nux aligned with the optimal defense theory, and suggested that the sponge has evolved its chemical defensive mechanisms purposely for the best protection of the most vulnerable, newly generated branches of the colony.
Impact of Continuation Versus Interruption of Oral Anticoagulation During TAVI on Health‐Related Quality of Life
Authors: van Ginkel Dirk Jan , Bor Willem L. , Aarts Hugo M. , Dubois Christophe , Backer Ole De , Rooijakkers Maxim J. P. , Rosseel Liesbeth , Veenstra Leo , Delewi Ronak , ten Berg Jurriën M.
Published: February 2025

Background

One‐third of patients undergoing TAVR have a concomitant indication for oral anticoagulation. The impact of continuation as compared to interruption of oral anticoagulation during TAVR on health‐related quality of life is unknown.

Aims

To investigate the impact of continuation as compared to interruption of oral anticoagulation on health‐related quality of life.

Methods

The POPular PAUSE TAVI (Periprocedural Continuation vs. Interruption of Oral Anticoagulant Drugs during Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) trial was an international, open‐label, randomized, clinical trial performed at 22 European sites. Health‐related quality of life was assessed using the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and Short Form‐12 (SF‐12) before, and at 1 and 3 months after TAVR.

Results

A total of 8 patients were included: 431 were assigned to continuation and 427 to interruption of oral anticoagulation. Before TAVR, the mean overall KCCQ summary score was 53.6 (±26.0). At 1 month, the mean change in KCCQ summary score as compared to baseline was +11.4 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.0–14.8) in the continuation group and +12.2 points (95% CI 8.8–15.6) in the interruption group (difference −0.7 points; 95% CI −4.6 to 3.1). At 3 months, the mean change was +11.0 points (95% CI 7.3–14.6) versus +13.8 points (95% CI 10.2–17.4), respectively (difference −2.8 points; 95% CI −7.1 to 1.5). Mean changes in SF‐12 physical and mental component summary scores showed no differences between both groups at 1 and 3 months after TAVR.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing TAVR with a concomitant indication for oral anticoagulation, continuation as compared to interruption of oral anticoagulation during TAVR did not significantly impact health‐related quality of life up to 3 months after TAVR.
Tophaceous Gout
Authors: Liu Yunxin , Jiao Yang
Published: February 2025

Chronic untreated hyperuricemia can lead to polyarticular tophaceous gout from recurrent arthritis, which could cause bone erosion and joint damage. “Overhanging edges” on X‐ray, indicative of bony erosions, are highly specific for gout. Tophaceous gout, though more common in older adults, can occur in younger individuals with prolonged hyperuricemia.
Synthesis and Stimuli‐Responsive Luminescent Properties of Phenylene‐Bridged and Non‐Bridged Boron β‐Dialdiminate Dimers
Authors: Ito Shunichiro , Sakai Yuki , Tanaka Kazuo
Published: February 2025

We report synthesis and optical properties of the dimers of boron β‐dialdiminate complexes with different connection manners. The series of dimers, o‐, m‐, p‐ and d‐BisDAI, were prepared, and their photophysical properties were compared with the single unit, DAI. It was found that the dimers show characteristic optical properties: o‐BisDAI showed bathochromic shifts in absorption and emission spectra and emission quenching because of the through‐space interactions, while the photophysical properties of m‐BisDAI and DAI were almost identical. The extension of π‐conjugation in p‐BisDAI could induce not only the bathochromic shifts of its absorption and emission bands but also the solvatochromism originating from the symmetry‐breaking charge transfer character. d‐BisDAI showed the weak low‐energy emission in solution and the mechanochromic luminescence which might stem from the rotational degree of freedom between the adjacent two DAI units.
Clinician's primer for soft tissue sarcomas: Nuances of histologic subtypes
Authors: Wisdom Amy J. , Raut Chandrajit P. , Haddox Candace L. , Hornick Jason L. , Jagannathan Jyothi P. , Painter Corrie A. , Baldini Elizabeth H.
Published: February 2025

Soft tissue sarcomas are a rare group of mesenchymal malignancies, with greater than 100 histologic subtypes. Advancements in understanding these subtypes has enabled histology‐tailored management. This primer describes the workup and management of generalized soft tissue sarcomas of the extremity, trunk, and retroperitoneum while also highlighting the unique attributes of many subtypes. The subtypes chosen for review include those that are most common as well as those demonstrating unique behaviors or targets for management. The focus is on initial management of localized disease; however, for situations in which novel systemic agents have been discovered, the treatment of metastatic disease is discussed. This report is a reference to be used in addition to other comprehensive reviews, such as guidelines from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the American Society for Radiation Oncology. It is not a substitute for referral to an expert sarcoma center for critical pathology review and management by an experienced team. Importantly, patients who are treated at expert sarcoma centers have better outcomes than those who are not.
Long‐Term Longitudinal Computational Study of a Marfan Syndrome Patient After Hybrid Repair of Aortic Arch Dissection With Parallel Stent‐Grafts
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Wenfan , Ding Zhihao , Tang Zichun , Luo Yuanming , Hu Jia
Published: February 2025

Hybrid repair is a valuable alternative treatment for aortic arch disease in Marfan syndrome patients after proximal aorta replacement. This study aimed to investigate the long‐term durability of this technique with the use of parallel stent‐grafts and evaluate strategies to prevent abdominal aortic dilation. One Marfan syndrome patient who underwent hybrid aortic repair with parallel stent‐grafts for arch dissection after the Bentall procedure was admitted. Five patient‐specific three‐dimensional models were reconstructed based on preoperative and follow‐up computed tomography angiography scans. Three hypothetical models addressing the closure of an endoleak or reentry tears were created. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed using computational fluid dynamics. Postoperatively, increased blood flow into the descending aorta and rising abdominal aortic pressure were observed. During the 5‐year follow‐up, no new thoracic aorta‐related adverse events occurred. One early type III endoleak persisted, and three reentry tears were identified in the descending aorta. The abdominal aorta dilated from 31 to 49 mm. Simultaneously addressing both the endoleak and reentry tears was more effective in reducing false lumen pressure and flow velocity in the abdominal aorta and expanding the high‐value relative residence time region. Longitudinal follow‐up imaging demonstrated the long‐term durability of hybrid aortic arch repair with parallel stent‐grafts in a Marfan syndrome patient after ascending aorta replacement. The increased pressure resulting from blood flow redistribution was associated with downstream aortic dilation. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics simulations can offer predictive analyses for optimizing intervention strategies in the treatment of distal aneurysmal degeneration.
Myeloid‐Mesenchymal Crosstalk in Lung Fibrosis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Aritra , Yadav Preeti , Bhattacharya Mallar
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by progressive scarring of the lung parenchyma. While two drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for IPF, median survival remains limited at 3 years, and the discovery of novel therapeutic targets is urgently needed. Recent studies indicate that immune cells play a critical role in regulating fibrosis. In this Mini Review, we discuss the recent literature focused on cells of the myeloid lineage that serve as key agents of pathologic interorgan communication in fibrosis. These cells are recruited from the bone marrow and have been found to be key drivers of the fibrotic process in the lung.
Yield variation, plasticity, adaptation, and performance ranking of winter wheat varieties across the environmental gradient of the US Pacific Northwest
Authors: Adams Curtis B. , Neely Clark , Graebner Ryan
Published: February 2025

The US Pacific Northwest is a major wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production region with widely ranging water availability across its dryland and irrigated cropping systems. There have been no evaluations of variation, plasticity, adaptation, and performance of wheat yield due to variety—collectively or individually—that consider the entire environmental gradient of the region, useful for yield gap analysis, informing breeding, and other applications. Our objectives were to provide these evaluations using a large variety trial dataset and an independent dataset. Using linear models covering site‐averaged yields (× variable) from about 1.50 to 12.0 Mg ha−1, upper and lower yield boundaries due to differences in variety performance were characterized by the regression models y = 1.08x + 0.24 and y = 0.906x − 0.13, respectively. The accuracy and usefulness of these functions were validated by the close fit of an independent dataset. Yield plasticity and environmental adaptation of 45 individual wheat varieties were also evaluated using the Finlay–Wilkinson regression approach, which showed wide variation in varietal yield responses to environment and substantial differences in yield stability (i.e., variation around the yield trend). A limitation of this analytical approach has been that the regression coefficients are not directly useful for ranking varieties for yield performance across contrasting environments. A simple transformation procedure of the coefficients into a single metric was effective for rapidly providing such rankings. A limited analysis is presented quantifying the relative contributions of genotype (27%–58% within sites), environment (84% across sites), and their interaction (5% across sites) on regional yields, as well as yield analysis of club wheat. In summary, this work provides useful research tools and a region‐wide perspective on yield traits of Pacific Northwest wheat varieties.
Characterization of a greenbug resistance gene in a wheat breeding line BW 49921
Authors: Li Genqiao , Wolabu Tezera W. , Bai Guihua , Bian Ruolin , Bernardo Amy , Carver Brett F. , Wu Yanqi , Xu Xiangyang
Published: February 2025

Greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] is a major wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) pest that causes significant yield losses worldwide. Use of plant resistance is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to manage greenbug. BW 49921 is a spring wheat breeding line showing resistance to major US greenbug biotypes. Genetic analysis of an F2:3 population from the cross BW 49921 × Breakthrough revealed a single dominant gene conditioning greenbug resistance in BW 49921, and selective genotyping identified a genomic region associated with the greenbug resistance in chromosome arm 7DL. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the target genomic region were converted to kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) markers to genotype the entire F2 population. Linkage analysis using F2:3 phenotypic data delimited the greenbug resistance gene in BW 49921, designated Gb49921, to a 0.5‐Mb interval between Stars‐KASP419 (598.8 Mb) and Stars‐KASP1061 (599.3 Mb). Gb49921 was 1.0 cM distal to Stars‐KASP419 and 0.6 cM proximal to Stars‐KASP1061. Allelism tests indicated that Gb49921 is not allelic to either Gb3 or Gb8. Gb49921 confers high resistance to greenbug biotypes C, E, H, I, and K and moderate resistance to TX1. The KASP markers developed in this study can be used for marker‐assisted selection of Gb49921 in wheat breeding programs.
Numerical Investigations of a Large Fire Exposure Crib Test—Presenting Different Pyrolysis Modelling Methodologies and Numerical Results
Authors: Nandish Ranjith , Knaust Christian , Zehfuß Jochen
Published: February 2025

The need for numerical‐based approaches to investigate the fire behaviour in buildings with combustible components is growing due to the increasing use of timber by the construction industry to meet the ‘Climate Action Plan 2050’. This requires consideration of the complex kinetic processes that take place during the burning of the wood in the numerical models. This is accomplished by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to numerically model the material pyrolysis and combustion processes. This article presents three different approaches for simulating the behaviour of a wood crib fire using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS). These approaches are based on either prescribing the burning rate of the wood directly from the physical experiments or using the kinetic parameters to govern the underlying processes, such as pyrolysis. Wooden crib fire experiments carried out by the RISE Research Institute in Sweden inside the combustion chamber that were used to validate all the methods. The numerical results from the method, that utilised the experimentally determined burning rate, were in good agreement with the experimental results, with a maximum deviation of 6% in the case of HRR. On the other hand, the model that needs kinetic parameters as its input has shown maximum discrepancies of 12% and 33% compared to experimental results. These methods are sensitive to the input parameters and the extent of dependency needs further investigation.
Knockdown of VDAC1 Promotes Ferroptosis in Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Lin Chuanming , Xin Liuyan , Xie Shuiling
Published: February 2025

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a prevalent subtype of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Ferroptosis is a novel form of cell death involved in multiple tumor development. However, the relationship between ferroptosis‐related genes and DLBCL has not been extensively studied. The GSE95290 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and merged with genes associated with ferroptosis to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Hub genes were identified by constructing a protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of hub genes were subsequently detected in vitro using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). The impact of voltage dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis of DLBCL was evaluated using Cell Counting Kit‐8, flow cytometry, and relevant ferroptosis assays, respectively. Six highly expressed hub genes were identified, all of which could be used as diagnostic biomarkers for DLBCL. In vitro studies revealed that suppressing VDAC1 expression inhibited DLBCL cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, knockdown of VDAC1 promoted ferroptosis in DLBCL cells and xenograft tumor models, resulting in elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and iron and increased protein levels of Acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family 4 (ACSL4) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX2). Conversely, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were reduced, accompanied by decreased protein levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and ferritin heavy chain1 (FTH1). VDAC1 knockdown induces ferroptosis in DLBCL, which provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of DLBCL.
Identification of crucial genes for polycystic ovary syndrome and atherosclerosis through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and machine learning
Authors: Wang Lirong , Zhang Yanli , Ji Fan , Si Zhenmin , Liu Chengdong , Wu Xiaoke , Wang Chichiu , Chang Hui
Published: February 2025

Objective

To identify potential biomarkers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and atherosclerosis, and to explore the common pathologic mechanisms between these two diseases in response to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with PCOS.

Methods

PCOS and atherosclerosis data sets were downloaded from the GEO database, and their differentially expressed genes were identified. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis was used to obtain intersection genes, and then protein–protein interaction and functional enrichment analysis were performed. Machine learning algorithms were used to select the key genes, which were then validated through external data sets. We constructed a nomogram to predict the risk of atherosclerosis in women with PCOS. Finally, the CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the infiltration of immune cells in the atherosclerosis group.

Results

We identified six hub genes (CD163, LAPTM5, TNFSF13B, MS4A4A, FGR, and IRF1) that exhibited excellent diagnostic value in validation data sets. Gene ontology terms and KEGG signaling pathway analysis revealed that key genes were associated with immune responses and inflammatory reactions. Abnormal immune cell infiltration was also found in the atherosclerosis group and was correlated with the six hub genes.

Conclusion

Common therapeutic targets of PCOS and atherosclerosis were preliminarily identified through bioinformatics analysis and machine learning techniques. These findings provide new treatment ideas for reducing the risk that PCOS will develop into atherosclerosis.
A Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment for Inhalation Exposure to Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Pandalai Sudha P. , Dankovic David A.
Published: February 2025

Glutaraldehyde (Chemical Abstracts Service [CAS] registry number 111‐30‐8) has various occupational uses and is associated with adverse health effects including respiratory tract irritation, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A quantitative risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the likelihood of adverse health effects associated with differing levels of occupational inhalation exposure to glutaraldehyde. Dose–response models were fit to data from a 2‐year glutaraldehyde inhalation exposure bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology Program. The benchmark concentration lower bound values of 32 and 44 parts per billion (ppb) were based on bioassay data for female rats and mice that developed squamous epithelium inflammation and respiratory epithelium squamous metaplasia, respectively. These values were used as a point of departure to determine exposure levels relevant to the occupational setting. Extrapolation from rodents to humans assumed a 40‐h workweek and an 8‐fold uncertainty factor to account for interspecies and interindividual variability. Adjusted benchmark lower bound concentrations of 3 and 4.1 ppb were calculated for inhalation exposure to glutaraldehyde using the endpoints observed in rat and mouse models. Due to the extrapolation parameters used in deriving this result, these findings have applicability for exposure to glutaraldehyde in the occupational setting.
The Mechanism of Bisphenol S‐Induced Atherosclerosis Elucidated Based on Network Toxicology, Molecular Docking, and Machine Learning
Authors: Guo Bing , He Xuan
Published: February 2025

The increasing prevalence of environmental pollutants has raised public concern about their potential role in diseases such as atherosclerosis (AS). Existing studies suggest that chemicals, including bisphenol S (BPS), may adversely affect cardiovascular health, but the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the effects of BPS on AS and the underlying mechanisms. Through an extensive search of databases such as ChEMBL, STITCH, SwissTargetPrediction, SuperPred, SEA, and GEO, we identified 34 potential targets related to BPS‐induced AS. A target network was constructed using the STRING platform and Cytoscape software. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analysis using the DAVID database revealed that BPS may promote the occurrence of AS by interfering with critical biological processes such as glutathione metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism. This was followed by the selection of 4 core targets—aminopeptidase n (ANPEP), alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5), lysosomal pro‐x carboxypeptidase (PRCP), and microsomal glutathione s‐transferase 1 (MGST1)—using five machine learning methods. These core targets play a pivotal role in BPS‐induced AS. Furthermore, molecular docking confirmed the tight binding between BPS and these core targets. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms of BPS‐induced AS and contributes scientific evidence for the development of prevention and treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases triggered by BPS exposure.
Higher Absolute Lymphocyte Counts and Lower Des‐γ‐Carboxyprothrombin Levels After Treatment Initiation Are Associated With the Clinical Efficacy of Tremelimumab Plus Durvalumab Combination Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Inoue Yuta , Yano Yoshihiko , Kushida Saeko , Hirohata Seiya , Yoon Seitetsu , Yasutomi Eiichiro , Hirano Hirotaka , Kim Soo Ki , Yoshida Ryutaro , Ueda Yoshihide , Momose Kenji , Hayashi Hiroki , Kado Takuo , Nishi Katsuhisa , Tanaka Hidenori , Matono Tomomitsu , Yamamoto Atsushi , Tei Hiroshi , Nishioka Chiharu , Yagi Yosuke , Tamura Shoji , Sakane Tatsuya , Ehara Mayumi , Kawano Miki , Kitadai Jun , Matsuura Takanori , Shiomi Yuuki , Komatsu Shohei , Fukumoto Takumi , Tada Toshifumi , Kodama Yuzo
Published: February 2025

Background and Aims

Tremelimumab plus durvalumab (Dur/Tre) combination therapy is now a first‐line systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because systemic therapy is not effective in some patients, it is clinically important to identify factors that could predict the response to treatment at an early stage. We investigated the factors associated with the response to Dur/Tre for advanced HCC in a clinical setting.

Methods

Seventy patients (median age 74 years; 61 men) who received Dur/Tre between March 2023 and September 2024 were analyzed. We examined the factors associated with the treatment response, including pretreatment factors and factors early in treatment.

Results

The median treatment duration was 77.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 28–187) days. The overall response and disease control rates were 25.8% and 58.1%, respectively. The median (IQR) progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 82 (61–133) and 415 (337–NA) days, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that higher absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and lower des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin (DCP) levels were significantly associated with PFS. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff value for ALC after 4 weeks of treatment in relation to clinical efficacy was 1125/mm3. A log‐rank test using the Kaplan–Meier method showed that OS was significantly longer in patients with ALC above the cutoff and in patients whose DCP levels decreased after starting treatment.

Conclusion

Higher ALC and lower DCP levels after treatment initiation were associated with the clinical efficacy of Dur/Tre for advanced HCC.
Animal Models for Long COVID: Current Advances, Limitations, and Future Directions
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Huan , Li Yumeng , Luo Chenxi , Zhu Yunkai , Zhou Xiaoyang , Wang Ruixuan , He Jiuxiang , Guo Hongxia , Xu Xiaofeng , Qiu Minyue , Li Jintao
Published: February 2025

Long COVID (LC) represents a chronic, systemic, and often disabling condition that poses a significant ongoing threat to public health. Foundational scientific studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms, with the ultimate goal of developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, there is an urgent demand for animal models that can accurately replicate the clinical features of LC. This review integrates clinical epidemiological data to summarize the pathological changes in extrapulmonary systems involved in LC. Additionally, it critically examines the capacity of existing animal models, including nonhuman primates, genetically modified mice, and Syrian hamsters, to exhibit enduring postinfection symptoms that align with human clinical manifestations, and identifies key areas requiring further development. The objective is to offer insights that will aid in the development of next‐generation animal models, thereby accelerating our understanding of how acute respiratory viral infections transition into chronic conditions, and ensuring preparedness for future pandemics.