bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Covid-19 Infected Lung Image Segmentation
Authors: R-Prabha M. , Prabhu Ramkumar , Suganthi SU. , Sridevi S. , Senthil G.A. , Vijendra Babu D.
Published: October 2021

Lung infection or sickness is one of the most common acute ailments in humans. Pneumonia is one of the most common lung infections, and the annual global mortality rate from untreated pneumonia is increasing. Because of its rapid spread, pneumonia caused by the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a global danger as of December 2019. At the clinical level, the COVID-19 is frequently measured using a Computed Tomography Scan Slice (CTS) or a Chest X-ray. The goal of this study is to develop an image processing method for analyzing COVID-19 infection in CTS patients. The images in this study were preprocessed using the Hybrid Swarm Intelligence and Fuzzy DPSO algorithms. The findings suggest that the proposed method is more dependable, accurate, and simple than existing methods.
Study on Flexural Behavior of Bubble Deck Slab Strengthened with FRP
Authors: Abishek V. , Iyappan G.R.
Published: October 2021

Bubble deck sheets are a technique to remove all the concrete from the center of the floor sheet, thus reducing structural dead weight. Inefficient concrete in the center of the slab replaces the high-density hollow spheres (HDPE). The weight decreases and increases efficiency in the plane. Because the bubble deck slab consumes less material, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, enabling us to achieve green construction. The benefits include reduced energy consumption - both in production and transportation - and emissions - from production and transportation, mainly CO2 - as well as material, load, and value reduction. It is also a green technology. Reduce the volume of concrete in the bubble deck technology by substituting locally available spherical bubbles. This implies that the monolithic slab element is used to determine load carrying, deformation (deformation), crack, and failure properties in the plant and is subjected to static gravity loads. The resulting conclusions will be used to define the failure mechanisms, and the benefits of the bubble deck slab will be highlighted.
Study on Flexural Behaviour of RC Beam Strengthened with FRP
Authors: Dinesh Kumar J , Sattainathan Sharma A , Suganya Devi K
Published: October 2021

This paper provides the analytical and experimental work of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP. The main objective of this investigation is to study the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams of different methods of strengthening methods using GFRP to find the flexural strength, failure modes, and ductility of the reinforced concrete beam. All beams were strengthened for flexure with external bonding to prevent flexural failure. The analytical and experimental results indicated that the externally bonded GFRP used for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams increased the cracking load, increased the ultimate load-carrying capacity, and exhibited decreased ductility corresponding to the unstrengthen control specimen. The analytical work was carried out using ANSYS 17.0 Software and found the parameters of total deformation, stress strain curves, and Load deflection graph plotted.
Wearable Technology for Visually Challenged People Commutation using Ultrasonic Mapping
Authors: Vijendra Babu D. , Karthikeyan R. , Bharadwaj Sai M , Sai Belly Ajay
Published: October 2021

253 Million People live visual impairment Globally according to World Health Organization (WHO). Assistive technologies plays a major role for the improvement in the quality of life for Visually challenged perosns. Visually impairment Blind people can lead their life either by using manual or technological support. Vision is the dominant sense that assist in execution of day to day activities effectively. The proposed prototype takes care of transition of manual support to technological support with the help of a Wearable device. The Wearable device is being attached with the belt to the top wear of the person and Ultrasonic mapping is used for the commutation of Visually challenged/Blind people without the help of other Human. The Ultrasonic wave is used to detect the obstacle in front and back. It indicates while the obstacle is close enough. If the obstacle is within a reach of 100cm radius, the vibrator connected to it will vibrate and alert the User.
Optimization of Dissimilar aluminum alloy by Friction stir welding Process Control variables with Multiple Objectives
Authors: Kumar S.D. , Pugazhenthi R. , Ajith Arul Danial S. , Swaminathan G.
Published: October 2021

The progress of FSW has offered a different approach for fabricating superior class weld. This paper deals with optimization of process control variables influencing weld features in customized friction stir butt welding having multiple objectives of 6 mm thick dissimilar plates of AA7075 and AA6101 using Taguchi grey relational approach. The L27 orthogonal array has been employed to Obtain the experimental trails and the joints have been fabricated in a laboratory stage friction stir welding equipment by changing tool rotation speed, worktable translational speed, tool plunge force and tool pin shape. After welding, tensile and impact strength of the weld have been evaluated and found that optimum ultimate tensile strength of 129 Mpa., maximum yield strength of 119.21Mpa, maximum % of elongation 24.64% and impact strength 23Mpa simultaneously in FSW process variables of Tool rotation speed is 1200 rpm, transvers speed of 30 mm/min and axial force is at 5 kN. Based on the experimental results optimum levels of process control variables were obtained using grey relation rating and compared with confirmation test.
Fuzzy Logic Algorithm and GSM IoT Based Fire Fighting Robot
Authors: Vasanthkumar P , Arunraj P V , Mohammed Bilal Khan N , Akash A V , Mukunthan R. , Harish Babu R.
Published: October 2021

Artificial Intelligence (AI) covers many areas related to mechanical, electrical, psychology and philosophy. GSM IoT is the new method and idea in a simple application of fire detection. In our project, we are using IR sensor to detect a fire and it sends the information to a microcontroller, which is programed based on a fuzzy logic algorithm that helps to detect the fire and moves the nozzle head of the Fire Fighting Robot. The stepper motor is used for a 360 degree clockwise and anticlockwise rotation. The D.C motor controls the valve opens of the nozzle. The fuzzy logic algorithm is helps to detect the fire and to turn the nozzle in the direction of fire.
Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Sivaraman K. , Khanna V.
Published: October 2021

Support Vector Machines (SVM) [9], Ada Boost (AB) [10], and Gradient Boosting (GB). Maximum Relevance, Minimum Redundancy (mRMR), Relief, and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) are examples of fast correlation-based filters. The authors tested all attributes as well as the selected attributes generated by the above feature selection methods on the Cleveland heart disease dataset (CHDD) and the Hungarian heart disease dataset (HHDD). For their suggested framework, the authors were able to attain the greatest feasible model accuracy of 92.09 percent (all features) and 94.41 percent (selected features). The early detection of cardiac disease was demonstrated by several additional researchers.
Study on recycling of Poly(butylene Terephthalate) and Polypropylene blend
Authors: Pham Nga Thi-Hong , Tran Van Tron , Tien Vo Xuan , Tan Nguyen Thanh , Thien Tran Ngoc , Huong Hoang Van , The Uyen Tran Minh , Quang Doan Duy
Published: October 2021

Poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is a breakable plastic because its high modulus value makes it unsuitable for specific applications. Recycling PBT is even more complicated when the color is no longer the original milky white. This study takes R-PBT from the brush hair scraps and blends with 10% Polypropylene (PP). The results show that the mold continually adhered to is challenging to inject the sample 100% R-PBT. The surface of sample R-PBT / 10% PP has a good gloss and smooth texture, while there is a high shrinkage rate in sample 100% PP. The hardness of sample R-PBT / 10% PP is increased when adding PP. In addition, sample 100% R-PBT has a distinctive shape with tiny fibers, while model 100% PP has a flat surface. For the R-PBT / 10% PP sample, the microstructure has two distinct regions: PBT matrix and PP dispersed-droplets.
On fatigue life scatter under variable-amplitude load history
Authors: Xie L Y , Qin B
Published: October 2021

Fatigue life scatter under a variable amplitude load history is determined by many factors such as the amplitudes of the individual load cycles, the number of the load cycles with different load levels, and the differences between the load levels as well. Besides an brief overview on the studies and experiments on the scatter of fatigue life under variable amplitude load histories, the present paper conducted a series of fatigue tests, demonstrates the life scatters under different load histories, and discusses the dominant factors of fatigue life scatter. It shows that all the load cycles play their roles for the life scatter.
Boiling heat transfer of R32 and R22 in spiral corrugated tube with a vertical groove
Authors: Wang K , Teng W Q , Wang J F , Xie J
Published: October 2021

In this paper, a three-dimensional steady-state boiling model of the spiral corrugated tube with a vertical groove is established by ANSYS Fluent 18.0. The model is a double tube structure, the water flow in the outer tube, the refrigerant flow in the inner tube, and the inner tube is a new type of spiral corrugated tube with a vertical groove inside the groove. Firstly, the physical properties difference between R32 and R22 is analyzed. Subsequently, the boiling heat transfer characteristics of R22 and R32 in the vertical groove inner spiral corrugated tube with different pipe diameters are studied, including the velocity of the inner pipe, the Reynolds number of the outer pipe, and the saturation temperature. Therefore these studies have laid the foundation for the application of R32 in double-tube heat exchangers.
Zinc oxide and Zinc oxide Nanoparticles Carbon Past Ion Selective Electrode: A Cyclic Voltammetry Comparison Study
Authors: Abood E S , Naser M S , Abed A S , Salman H I
Published: October 2021

Alternative, low-cost, high-Precision, and selectivity methods Anew homework ion selective electrodes ISE for zinc metal determination and comparison between size particles in sensitive and selectivity. A hydrothermal method used to prepare zinc oxide nano particles, and use Scanning electromagnetic method TEM for morphology and determined size of ZnO-NPs. and study the redox of Zn+2 in pharma drugs by cyclic voltammetry. (Epa - Epc) > 200 mV, refer to the quasi-reversible mechanism. Physical and chemical properties was study for the electrode in the range of temperature 10-40 °C. voltammograms data showed the negative shift with temperature increased, Diffusion coffining 1.01 x 10-7 was calculated from Sevcik-Randles equation. Rate constant Kox (oxidation) was determined 0.43 ×10-7 and reduction equal 0.31×10-7. The peak current of zinc concentration in the range of 1.0-10.0 ppm showed increased linearly.
Molecular dynamics study of tensile-compressive behavior of silicon steel single crystal
Authors: Huang G , Zhang Q D , Li H
Published: October 2021

In this paper, molecular dynamics was used to model and simulate the silicon steel single crystal. The stress-strain curve of silicon steel single crystal in the process of tension and compression and the evolution law of single crystal structure defects in the process of tension and compression were studied. The results show that the tensile strength and compressive strength of the silicon steel model are not similar, the compressive strength is significantly higher than the tensile strength. The compressive strength is about 2 times of the tensile strength. This conclusion is qualitatively verified through macro experiments. The cluster defects and stress show a positive correlation. The number of dislocations in the compression process is more than that in the tension process, but the dislocation size is smaller than that in the tension process. The research in this paper will provide theoretical support for residual stress detection and reduction.
Effect of different inlet pressures on the temperature field, velocity field and pressure field of a vortex tube
Authors: Xu Q J , Xie J
Published: October 2021

In view of the wide application of vortex tube (VOTU) in the market, and in order to enhance the capability of VOTU in the higher inlet pressure, three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed with existing experimental data and models to analyse the flow fields of VOTUs at different pressures. With the increase of pressure, the maximum temperature of the VOTU rises rapidly and the minimum temperature decreases smoothly. Meanwhile, when the VOTU works under high pressure, the wall thickness and sealing degree of the VOTU design should be increased accordingly, while the inner wall of the VOTU should be made of wear-resistant material to avoid the wear of the VOTU caused by the long-term scouring of the high-speed airflow.
Investigation of penetration forces during tufting of stacked carbon-fibre preforms
Authors: Norouzi S , Noerpel F , Matschinski A , Drechsler K
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the penetration forces during tufting of stacked dry carbon non-crimp fabrics (NCF). The stacked material with a thickness between 20 to 60 mm is made of several quadriaxial [0°/+45°/90°/-45°] NCF layers that are tufted at frequencies up to 2.3 Hz. Furthermore, the effects of the preforming process, the frequency of tufting and the thickness of specimen on the needle penetration force are investigated. Lastly, digital image correlation (DIC) is applied to study the displacement of the fabric during the unthreaded tufting of material. Future work will involve the integration of the experimental results into the simulation of the tufting process.
The Understanding of Undergraduate Physics Students Regarding the Super Blood Moon Total Lunar Eclipse Phenomenon May 26, 2021
Authors: Suprapto N , Yanti V K
Published: October 2021

Wednesday, May 26, 2021, a total lunar eclipse phenomenon known as the Super Blood Moon occurred in almost all parts of Indonesia. The community gives various perceptions about this phenomenon. Therefore, a more in-depth research is needed. This study aims to determine and analyse the level of understanding of physics students at the Universitas Negeri Surabaya regarding the phenomenon of the Super Blood Moon Total Lunar Eclipse and to determine the level of knowledge of physics undergraduate students regarding the differences in the wonders of Supermoon, Super Blood Moon and Super Blue Blood Moon. This research was conducted using qualitative methods. This study involved twenty-five students majoring in physics at the Universitas Negeri Surabaya using an online questionnaire. Respondent's opinion from the questionnaire was then grouped into four levels of conditions adapted from Posner et al., the four levels of conditions were Dissatisfaction, Intelligible, Plausibility, and Fruitfulness. The results showed that undergraduate physics students' understanding of the lunar eclipse phenomenon was at the level of dissatisfaction while understanding the differences in the wonders of Supermoon, Super Blood Moon, and Super Blue Blood Moon was at the level of Plausibility.
Evaluation of Soil Compaction Characteristics at a Construction Site in Al-Khalis City, Northeast of Iraq
Authors: Hassan Asem A.
Published: October 2021

Soil compaction characteristics namely optimum moisture content and maximum dry density are frequently used as criteria to control field compaction specifications. This study aims to evaluate the compaction characteristics of soil at a construction site located in AL-Khalis City, northeast of Iraq. Ten soil samples were collected from the study area; five samples were augured to perform the Standard Proctor compaction tests to investigate the relationship between the moisture content and the dry density of the soil. A core cutter method was implemented to collect additional five samples used to determine the field dry density of soil and to calculate compaction ratio. The results showed that optimum moisture content values were ranged from 15.4 to 22.5% while maximum dry density values were ranged from 1.63 to 1.83 g/cm3. The effect of the compaction effort on the compaction curves was investigated. Increasing the compaction effort increases the maximum dry density and decreases the optimum moisture content of the soil. In addition, a linear relationship between the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content (correlation coefficient R2=0.937) is noticed. This relationship is compared with similar relationships from the literature. Finally, compaction ratio, commonly used to evaluate compaction specifications, was calculated. Compaction ratio values indicate that the soil was compacted at the site to satisfactory ranges suitable for engineering construction work.
Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Doped with Manganese for Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Amiruddin Erwin , Awaluddin Amir , Sinuraya Salomo , Hadianto Heri , Noferdi Muhammad Deri , Fitri Ainun Syarifatul
Published: October 2021

Modification of iron oxide nanoparticles by doping with transition metals has been intensively reported and many applications have been proven. Magnetic and structural properties, and the catalytic activity of undoped and manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles for degradation of methylene blue have been studied. Preparation of undoped and manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles was done by ball milling method using Logas natural sand as raw materials. The magnetic properties of the samples were determined using vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). A detailed analysis of the loop hysteresis reveals a reduction of saturation magnetization of the samples towards higher manganese-doping concentration (wt.%). The reduction in magnetization from 13.25 to 11.67 emu/g and enhanced the coercivity on manganese-doped samples from 224.35 to 352.18 Oe are observed to produce an improvement in the catalytic activity for manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles compared to undoped samples. Catalytic activity of undoped and manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles in the degradation of methylene blue was studied through ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Manganese doped iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit better catalytic activity for degrading methylene blue (88.880%) compared to that for undoped iron oxide nanopartices (81.805%) for 300 minutes reaction time.
Interactive E-Module of Integrated Science with Connected Type as Learning Supplement on Energy Topic
Authors: Linda Roza , Mas’ud  , Zulfarina  , Putra Teja Pratama
Published: October 2021

Development of an interactive e-module of integrated science with the Connected type on energy topic for Junior High School (SMP) aims to develop an interactive e-module of integrated science that includes biology, physics, and chemistry concepts an interrelate unity in energy topics. That expected to strengthen the student concept knowledge. The Research and Development (R & D) design with the Plomp model was employed. Collection data procedures used validation sheets and user responses questionnaires by the validator team, teachers, and students. Assessments involved material substance, learning design, display (visual communication), and software utilization. Data analysis results showed the validation percentage from the material and media experts are 94.99% and 96.96%, with very valid criteria. Through the teacher's responses, obtain 95.00% (very good practicality criteria). The 92.45% on the one and one test and 92.71% on the small group test, both on very interesting criteria from students. Its means, the interactive e-module has been valid and suitable for use in the learning process.
Temperature Characteristics of Post-Harvest Technology Equipment Based on Biomass Waste Energy Using the Internet of Things Telecontrol System
Authors: Muhammad Juandi , Risanto Joko , Gimin
Published: October 2021

Technological innovations based on the internet of things have been designed, this technology is very suitable to deal with New Normal conditions (Covid 19). This internet of things-based technology tool has been tested on a laboratory scale to produce a prototype tool, which is ready to be implemented on an industrial scale. Biomass-based post-harvest technology innovation with the internet of things system, Stages of research methods to achieve goals. The first stage is to design a technological innovation design, to design an internet of things work system, to test the results of the tool design on a laboratory scale. The results of the characteristic test of this technological tool using coconut shell biomass waste with variations in the number of shells, 6, 8, 10 and 14. The results of the temperature characteristics in the drying chamber show that there is a linear relationship between the maximum temperature results produced and the number of coconut shells. Temperature results data can be viewed via an Android phone or based on the Internet of Things (IoT).
Fusion and Elongation Method Integrated with Vacuum System to Fabricate Single-Mode Fiber Couplers
Authors: Irawan Dedi , Azhar  , Sutoyo  , Mustakim  , Saktioto
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The single mode fiber coupler has been successfully fabricated in various power ratio based on fusion and elongation method. Two single mode fibers were joined by heating them under the torch flame injected by H2 Gas with the temperature range of 1200°C - 1500°C. Coupling mode theory was determined to simulate the power characteristics of the fiber coupler which is then combined with the experimental results. The measurement of power output characteristics shows that good agreement between power ratio characteristic of experimental and theoretical simulation was obtained when the elongation process runs with a pulling speed of 180 μm/s. However, good performance of fiber couplers interm of coupling loss with typical of 0.05 dB has been obtained by integrating a vacuum system as the fiber holders inside the slot of pulling stages. Experimental results found that the suitable pressure of vacuum system operating during heating process is 120 mbar.
The Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Catalytic Activity of Manganosite MnO/Oil Palm Fly Ash Catalyst for Degradation Methylene Blue
Authors: Sandani Yunisa , Nurhayati  , Amirudin Erwin , Anggraini Riska , Siregar Siti Saidah , Awaluddin Amir
Published: October 2021

Dye pollutions have become a major environmental problem due their mutagenic, carcinogenic nature, toxicity and stability. The effective removal of this recalcitrant material from wastewater requires immediate solution. The Fenton-based advanced oxidation processes have been considered as highly effective and efficient method for the degradation of highly stable organic contaminants. In this work, the composite MnO/oil palm fly ash (OPFA) was first synthesized, characterized and applied as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). The composite was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The XRD result indicated that the manganese oxide phase in the composite is the rock-salt manganese oxide of manganosite MnO. The MnO/OPFA has a surface area of 278.541 m2/g, which is much higher than those of pure manganosite or OPFA. The catalytic test indicated that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) seems to play a significant role for the effective degradation of MB. The degradation of MB was 95.31 achieved only within 10 minutes of reaction time with the addition of 5 ml of H2O2, 125 mg catalyst using 100 ml 12.5 ppm MB.
Supercapacitor Cell Electrodes Derived from Nipah Fruticans Fruit Coir Biomass for Energy Storage Applications using Acidic and Basic Electrolytes
Authors: Farma Rakhmawati , Lestari Ade Nur Indah , Apriyani Irma
Published: October 2021

The performance of the supercapacitor is influenced by the pore distribution on the electrode surface and the conductivity, mobility, ion size properties of the electrolyte to achieve a high specific capacitance value. Carbon electrodes are synthesized from Nipah fruit coir (NFC) biomass through a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation by varying the molarity of KOH of 0.2 M, 0.3 M, and 0.4 M, and the pyrolysis process. The electrochemical properties of supercapacitor cells are analyzed using the cyclic voltammetry method with an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide which is testing through an asymmetrical two-electrode system. The results showed that the increase in the performance of supercapacitor cells occurred in the electrolyte in an acidic environment with the highest specific capacitance value of 214.31 F/g compared to the electrolyte in an basic environment with the highest specific capacitance value of 164.54 F/g. The results of the analysis of electrochemical properties indicate that carbon electrodes made from Nipah fruit coir biomass can be a suitable material for energy storage applications.
Pb Doping in Silicene Nanoribbons in the Presence of an External Electric Field
Authors: Van Ngoc Hoang
Published: October 2021

Silicene nanoribbons (SNRs) are one-dimensional materials that have been extensively studied in recent years. The SNRs studied here have hydrogen-modified edges, having 12 silicon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms per unit cell. In the work of doping Pb in SNRs, three configurations have been studied as top configuration, valley configuration, and one-to-one configuration. Research has shown that Pb doping is responsible for the change in band gap and state density of the system. The appearance of the electric field is also the cause leading to the change in the energy band structure of the doped system. The work uses density functional theory (DFT) to study, the formation energy of the system is calculated based on this theory. The doped structures are stable after optimization.
Design and Development of E-learning Devices Based on Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Static Fluids Material
Authors: Febrian Andika , Yennita  , Ma’ruf Zuhdi , Zulirfan
Published: October 2021

E-learning devices based on MOOC is a learning device product that is integrated with a Massive Open Online Course system that is available through a web platform/application provider via Moodle. The learning devices consisting of lesson plans, LKPD, and learning assessments are also equipped with various content and other interesting features. The purpose of this study is to produce a valid and feasible e-learning learning device so that it can be used in physics learning, especially on static fluid material. This learning devices that is integrated with MOOC is expected to make it easier for teachers and students in teaching and learning activities, so that learning continues to be interesting and effective even though online. This type of research is Research and Development (R&D) using a 4D development model. The research instrument used in this study was a learning device validation sheet consisting of lesson plans, student’s worksheet, and learning assessments that were assessed by the validators to assess the feasibility of the product. The data in this study is quantitative data by showing the results of research on the design and development of e-learning devices based on MOOC on static fluids material which is declared valid with a score of 3.46 (high category). Thus the product of this learning device can be declared worthy of being tested or used in physics learning.
Analysis of Groundwater Infiltration using the Schlumberger Geoelectric Method
Authors: Juandi M , Santoso S A
Published: October 2021

Groundwater is one of the best water resources for clean water, which can be used to meet the needs of people's lives, such as household, irrigation, and industrial needs. Based on the theory that changes in land use will have an impact on groundwater absorption. This study aims to see and analyze underground water absorption around the gate of the University of Riau using the geoelectric method of the Schlumberger configuration. Based on the results of measurements of resistivity values and groundwater infiltration in the Gate area of Riau University, Simpang Baru, Tampan, Pekanbaru, Riau, it is interpreted for the soil layer obtained with resistivity values ranging from 235.38 Ohm-m to 595.66 Ohm-m with a depth of obtained up to 35 m, and for the interpretation of lithological layers, namely clay, distribution of gravel, sandstone, and sand and gravel. The underground water infiltration value obtained from the calculation results is that for the clay layer is 13.42 m3/year, the gravel distribution layer is 13.42 m3/year, the sandstone layer is 40.27 m3/year and the sand and gravel layer is 40.27 m3/year.
Design and Development of a Website-based Palm Oil Industry Liquid Waste Monitoring System
Authors: Rahayu Yusnita , Wijaya Jodi , Safrianti Ery , Feranita  , Nasution Salhazan , Suwitno
Published: October 2021

Liquid waste produced by palm oil mills needs to be monitored regularly to avoid pollution and negative impacts of waste before being discharged into rivers. Monitoring of pollution levels of palm oil effluent is carried out in wastewater disposal ponds. In this study, a website-based prototype of a palm oil effluent monitoring system was designed and built. This prototype monitors the level of pollution of liquid waste in the liquid waste disposal pond. Monitoring the level of pollution of this liquid waste takes a sample of waste at one of the palm oil mills located in Kuantan Singingi, Riau. This research uses a pH sensor and a water turbidity sensor. Provision of calcium oxide is carried out if the level of acidity of the liquid waste and the level of turbidity of the liquid waste is in poor condition. The measurement results are then displayed directly on the website that was built. From the results of field tests, it was found that the liquid waste is very acidic, so it is necessary to add calcium oxide to reduce the acid content.
Dynamic Modeling of Tannase Production from Bacillus cereus: A Framework Simulation based on Fed Batch Strategy
Authors: Mendoza D , Niño L , Gelves G
Published: October 2021

Tannase enzyme is a metabolite of great interest in the industry. Typical examples of its use can be found in wines and beer production, beverage and juice fruits clarification and leather production. However, tannase production on an industrial scale is limited to the operation batch mode. For this reason, its production is low and severe limitations take the place of being carried on a large scale. To improve production, this research proposes an operation strategy based on Fed-batch mode. The kinetic constants were taken from the literature to simulate trends obtained through a Feed-batch mode of operation. One of the most important findings of this research focuses on increasing tannase production with found values of 0.380 U/g. The latter indicates that tannase production could be almost twice the concentration obtained with the traditional batch mode (0.1900 U/g). Results obtained in this research may be promising for the enzyme production industry. Using computational techniques, it is possible to identify an improvement without investing in excessive experimentation and resources.
Coconut Fiber Extraction using Soda Pulping Method as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for ASTM A36 Steel
Authors: Zultiniar  , Sandy Muhammad Kurnia , Wibowo Ervan , Heltina Desi , Komalasari
Published: October 2021

Currently, the corrosion inhibitor is a method that is widely used to control the corrosion rate of inner pipe in the chemical industry. This study aims to utilize coconut fiber as a green inhibitor, determine the effect of adding inhibitor concentration, immersing time, and determine the inhibition efficiency of coconut husk extract. The extraction method used is the soda pulping method with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:8 (w/v). The method used for testing the corrosion rate is the weight-loss method, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and FT-IR are also used to analyze the lignin produced. The lowest corrosion rate was obtained in 1 M HCl corrosive medium with the addition of 3 g/L inhibitors at 48 hours immersion, which was 49.691 mpy. The highest inhibition efficiency was in 1 M HCl corrosive media solution with the addition of 3 g/L inhibitors at 48 hours immersion, which was 78.11%.
Effect of using different types of Non-Edible Vegetable Oils as Metal Cutting Fluids in Drilling Inconel 718 on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness
Authors: Safie N S S , Murad M N , Lih T C
Published: October 2021

Inconel 718, a thermal-resistant nickel-based alloy, is used extensively in the aircraft industry. Due to the high toughness and work hardening properties, the use of metal cutting fluids (MCF) in machining operations is very significant. The application of the MCF to the cutting zone can minimize heat generation and reduce wear rate at the cutting edge. Surface roughness is often considered as a quality indicator for the finished or semi-finished product. This research evaluates the performance of non-edible vegetable oils which are castor and rice bran oil towards the tool wear and surface roughness. The drilling experiments were conducted using coated (TiAlN) carbide drill at various cutting speeds of 10 and 20 m/min and a constant feed of 0.015 mm/rev. The results of this research reveal castor oil outperformed rice bran oil in reducing tool wear and improved surface roughness.
Mechanical Characterization of Dental Implant Due to Biomechanical Loading
Authors: Chuan Tan Sau , Ibrahim I. , Tan Jin Qian
Published: October 2021

The presence of dental implant has totally altered the force transfer from crown to the surrounding bone and the oral mechanical environment. This leads to abnormal bone remodelling. The high stiffness of the implant decreased the physiologic loading of the surrounding bone. This situation is described as stress shielding. Stress shielding is the common cause of failure in the fixture of dental implant. There are various implant geometries that have different impacts on the stress shielding effect. The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of implant length to stress shielding by using finite element method. 3 different lengths of dental implant models (6mm, 8mm and 10mm) are drawn using ANSYS APDL 2019 and a shear force of 30N is applied to the implant to examine the stress distribution of the implant and surrounding bone. Stress transfer parameter (STP) is computed and compared for each dental implant. This study found that by increasing the length of the dental implant, the maximum Von Mises stress decreases. The stress shielding effect also decreases when the length of dental implant increases.
Conceptual Design of a Bike Towing Trailer with Smart Towing Trailer
Authors: Cherd Teoh Vil , Hamzah Nor Hazadura , Poh Wong Kah , Muhamad Rapi Muhamad Haikal , Aziri Muhammad Syukri , Shahrom Mohd Fildza , Ahmed Kasheh Ahmed Mohammad , Sheng Heah Cai
Published: October 2021

The roads in the rural places are narrow and bumpy. Hence, big vehicle such as a car, truck, and lorry have no access to the narrow roads. Therefore, most of the villagers choose light vehicles such as bicycles and motorcycles as the primary transportation method to deliver goods using a towing trailer. The towing trailer found in the many of the rural areas are very traditional and inconvenient. This paper focuses on the conceptual design of a smart bike towing trailer equipped with the multipurpose towing based on customer requirements. A total of 5 conceptual design is produced. The Pugh selection chart and weighted decision matrix is used and it is found that the conceptual concept 4 has the best design. A 3D detailed modelling of the concept 4 is developed for future testing and analysis of the design prior to fabrication.
Design and Experimental Implementation of a Passive Dynamic Vibration Absorber to Attenuate Broadband Vibration
Authors: Chai C S , Ko Y H
Published: October 2021

The challenge of designing an effective vibration absorber for any mechanical or mechatronic system is formidable. A good vibration absorber must provide broadband vibration reduction yet still keep in lightweight and size to minimize space requirements and maximize equipment accessibility. Broadband vibration is usually attenuated by using an active or semi-active vibration absorber. However, these methods are relatively costly and complicated compared with a passive vibration absorber. Moreover, passive vibration absorber often limited to narrowband frequency reduction since, in the past, it is usually tuned to the targeted frequency or optimum damping and optimum tuning ratio. This paper demonstrated that a passive vibration absorber could be implemented to reduce the broadband vibration of a system, considering the effect of the parameter of passive vibration absorber, the location attachment of the absorber, and the targeted mode shape. The result shows that a properly tuned passive vibration absorber can reduce the root mean square amplitude vibration by 60.91%, covering the first four vibration modes (0 to 300Hz).
Effect of Mg Doping Concentration on Structural, Morphology, and Optical Properties of Electrodeposited Cu2O Layer
Authors: Nisha Razalli N , Zamzuri M , Mahyiddin M , Marina M , Rozie Nani A , Izaki M
Published: October 2021

The present work shows the effect of magnesium doping on structural, morphology and optical properties of Cu2O layer prepared by electrodeposition method. The magnesium concentrations for doping on Cu2O layers were 0.1 ~ 0.3 M of Mg(OH)2. The structural, morphology, and optical properties of Cu2O layer were characterized by using Field Emission Scanning Electron (FESEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) respectively. The variation of magnesium concentration shows significant impact and effect on the Cu2O layer properties. The fabrication of doped Cu2O layers reached up to 0.3 M dopant concentration, resulting in morphology changes. The grain size increase within among dopant concentration, however it become smaller and compact after doped with 0.3 M. In structural properties, XRD results show the peaks assigned for (111) of Cu2O, (002) of CuO, and (200) of MgO, and the crystallite size for undoped until 0.2 M increased from 417.8 to 527.5 Å compatible with an observation by FESEM and optical absorption for 0.2 M.
Parametric Investigation on Different Bone Densities to avoid Thermal Necrosis during Bone Drilling Process
Authors: Islam Md Ashequl , Kamarrudin Nur Saifullah , Suhaimi M.F.F. , Daud Ruslizam , Ibrahim Ishak , Mat Fauziah
Published: October 2021

Bone drilling is a universal surgical procedure commonly used for internal fracture fixation, implant placement, or reconstructive surgery in orthopedics and dentistry. The increased temperature during such treatment increases the risk of thermal penetration of the bone, which may delay healing or compromise the fixation’s integrity. Thus, avoiding penetration during bone drilling is critical to ensuring the implant’s stability, which needs surgical drills with an optimized design. Bovine femur and mandible bones are chosen as the work material since human bones are not available, and they are the closest animal bone to human bone in terms of properties. In the present study, the Taguchi fractional factorial approach was used to determine the best design of surgical drills by comparing the drilling properties (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio and temperature rise). The control factors (spindle speed, drill bit diameter, drill site depth, and their levels) were arranged in an L9 orthogonal array. Drilling experiments were done using nine experimental drills with three repetitions. The findings of this study indicate that the ideal values of the surgical drill’s three parameters combination (S1D1Di2) and their percentage contribution are dependent on the drilling levels of the parameters. However, the result shows that the spindle speed has the highest temperature effect among other parameters in both (femur and mandible) bones.
Design and Analysis of Various Thermoplastic for Optimized Ankle Foot Orthosis
Authors: Khan S F , Radzmi I
Published: October 2021

An ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is the brace that provides the assist and support to the patient with dorsiflexor weakness. However, standard AFO does not provide comfortable fit and is quite heavy for the user. The main objective of this study is redesign the standard AFO based on topology optimization to overcome the problems caused by the standardized AFO. With the computer-aided design (CAD), the AFO is designed based on parameters from the actual size of the adult leg. The thickness and the trim lines were also considered during the design the 3D model. The AFO was simulated with different materials and thicknesses to determine the effect on stress and deflection. Three different thicknesses of AFO; 3mm, 4mm, and 5mm and three different materials; polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polylactide (PLA) were used in the simulation. Shape optimization technique is used to optimize the material usage in the design of the AFO in order to reduce materials cost and weight. The optimized AFO was compared to the original AFO in terms of strength and flexibility. The 3mm and 4mm average displacement increase to approximately from 23% to 24% to all type of materials during foot flat and heel rise. 4mm model maximum stress decrease by 27% during heel strike, 22% during foot flat, and 20% during heel rise. The weight reduction from the initial AFO model to the optimization AFO model for both 3mm and 4mm thickness is 26% weight reduction and for 5mm thickness, is a 19%.
Validation of an Experimental Setup to Study the Behaviour of a Free-Falling Particle in Viscous Fluid
Authors: Sofwan Mohamad M , Mackenzie Dover C , Sefiane K
Published: October 2021

A sphere falling in a fluid under the influence of gravity will accelerate until the buoyancy and drag forces balanced the gravitational force. During this steady-state, the falling velocity become constant and known as the terminal velocity. The purpose of this work is to describe the experimental setup aimed at studying the behaviour of free-falling particle in incompressible viscous fluid. The terminal velocity of a free falling sphere in incompressible fluid was captured experimentally and validated using analytical empirical model. The preset investigation is a preliminary study designed to validate the reliability of the built experimental rig. The experimental work is done by undertaking experiments in water with free-falling stainless steel spheres of different diameters, varying between 4 mm and 7 mm. The spheres are released just above the water free surface at the centre of the column and recorded by a high speed camera. The results from the experiments agreed well with theoretical solution. Therefore, the reliability of the build experimental setup was proved. Hence, it can be used to conduct experiments involving more complicated particle shape and fluids.
Conceptual design for smart organic waste recycling system
Authors: Tan Wee Choon , Aik Lim Eng , Hin Teoh Thean , Jye Wong Yau , Jamaludin Ahmat Zaki , Nai’man Nordin Muhamad Nur , Taib Siti Sarah , Suraya Sufi , Choon Tan Poh
Published: October 2021

Composting can reduce the disposition of food waste, but it is a complex and time-consuming process. In order to shorten the processing time of composting, designing a machine that can provide the optimum condition for the decomposition of food material is needed. This paper presents the development of conceptual design for a smart organic waste recycling system. Customer requirements is identified and translated as engineering characteristics. A total of 5 conceptual design is generated. From the Pugh selection chart and weighted decision matrix, the conceptual concept 1 is selected.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of graphene nanoplatelets/glass reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Ahmad M.A.A. , Ridzuan M.J.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Cheng E.M. , Sulaiman M.H.
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a study on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)/glass reinforced epoxy composite. The composite was fabricated by a hand lay-up technique followed by vacuum bagging technique. GNPs weight fraction was 0.5 and 1.5 wt.% for a fixed glass fibre fraction. The test was carried out in terms of storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), and tan δ. The result indicates that 1.5 wt.% GNPs/glass reinforced epoxy composite obtain the maximum value of the dynamic mechanical properties due to the incorporation of GNPs nanofiller. The improved dynamic mechanical properties were related to better interfacial interaction of the nanofiller with the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature (Tg) value for 0.5 and 1.5 wt.% GNPs/glass were 62.84 and 66.01 °C, respectively.
Thermal Conductivity of Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced with Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Shaari N S , Ismail M H , Jumahat A , Zainudin M , Manap M F A , Shaari N
Published: October 2021

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced with metal matrix composites (MMCs) have attracted an increasing interest due to their promising properties. One of the challenges in metal matrix-CNTs composites research is producing a uniform dispersion of CNTs. A poor dispersion of CNTs within the matrix, attributed to strong CNTs entanglement caused by Van der Waals forces. In this study, Cu/CNTs composites have been successfully fabricated by the powder metallurgy (PM) route. The thermal conductivity of Cu/CNTs composites showed that the thermal conductivity decreased after the incorporation of CNTs. The analysis revealed that the interfacial thermal resistance between the Cu matrix and CNTs plays a significant role in determining the thermal conductivity performances. Besides, the influences of porosity and distribution of CNTs also affected the thermal conductivity results.
An Experimental Investigation on Surface Quality of CFRP after Milling in Cutting Fluid Environment
Authors: Mustafa Aisyah Madihah , Ahd Suhaimi Ahmad Basyir , Shahruddin Najlah Sakinah , Abdul Halim Nor Farah Huda
Published: October 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) are becoming more widely used in replacing metallic component as it offers better strength-to-weight ratio compared to steel while having high corrosive resistance. Although CFRP have always been manufactured near to net-shape, secondary machining process is still required to achieve the final dimension. Machining can cause CFRP to experience surface defects such as delamination, fiber pull-out and smeared matrix which lead to part rejection. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the surface roughness and its quality. In this investigation, cutting speeds of 132, 151 and 170 m/min with constant feed rate of 1800 mm/min were applied during end milling of CFRP using uncoated tungsten carbide end mill tool in cutting fluid condition. It was observed that high cutting speed (170 m/min) produced 45.3% lower Ra than lower cutting speed (132 m/min) after machining for 6500 mm cutting distance. The occurrence of thermally degraded resin on the machined surface was apparent at higher cutting distance between 3000 to 6500 mm. Also, it was observed that the smearing of thermally degraded resin was more obvious on higher cutting speed when compared at 132 m/min cutting speed suggesting that at higher cutting speed more heat generated that resulted in increasing the cutting temperature. Fiber pull-out was also found on the machined surface and the cavity formation changes with increasing of cutting distance resulting in relatively larger cavity.