bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructal design of flat tubes cooled by natural convection
Authors: Mustafa Ahmed Waheed , Suffer Kadhim H. , Filaih Ameer B.
Published: October 2020

A set of vertical flat tubes cooled by natural convection and placed in a finite size space is designed based on the constructal law. The constraint in this design is the size of the space where the tubes are placed. The freedom inside the space is the distance between the tubes. When the constructal law is applied, the optimal distance between the tubes is determined. Rayleigh numbers are taken as (Ra = 103, 104, and 105). The dimensionless tube diameter (tube diameter/tube height) is changed from (D* = 0.2) to (D* = 1) (circular tube). All the tubes are heated to the same wall temperature. The air used to cool the tubes has a Prandtl number (Pr = 0.72). The equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for steady, two‐dimensional, and incompressible flow are solved by the finite volume method. The result showed that the best or optimal distance at a given Rayleigh number remains constant for all tube diameters. The result also showed that the number of the small diameter tubes must be more than the number of the large‐diameter tubes for the same Rayleigh number and the same size of the space to make the heat flow from the tubes to the coolant easier.
Heat transfer in dusty fluid with suspended hybrid nanoparticles over a melting surface
Authors: Radhika M. , Punith Gowda R. J. , Naveenkumar R. , Siddabasappa  , Prasannakumara B. C.
Published: October 2020

The melting effect with the magnetic field performs a significant role in various manufacturing and industrial applications, such as welding, casting, magma‐solidification, nuclear engineering, and so forth. The present study focuses on the impact of the melting effect and magnetic field with inhomogeneous heat origination and sink. The formulation of the mathematical model is done by considering fluid with hybrid nanoparticles and dust particles in two different phases. We have considered Fe2SO4 and Cu as nanoparticles dispersed in the base fluid water along with suspended dust particles. The set of partial differential equations is reduced by using apt similarity variables and boundary conditions to obtain ordinary differential equations. The numerical solution is approximated using MATLAB‐bvp4c adopting the shooting technique. The impact of numerous pertinent physical parameters on the velocity and thermal profiles is plotted and deliberated. Furthermore, the rate of heat flow and friction factor is also tabulated and visualized through the graphs. Streamlines are also drawn to know the behavior of the fluid flow. The rise in values of ME quickly increases the velocity of the fluid motion but declines the thermal gradient and thickness of its related boundary layer. Also, inclining values of Pr enhance the thermal profile due to the impact of melting.
Blue carbon stocks, accumulation rates, and associated spatial variability in Brazilian mangroves
Authors: Hatje Vanessa , Masqué Pere , Patire Vinicus F. , Dórea Antonio , Barros Francisco
Published: October 2020

We assessed the influence of the intertidal and salinity gradients and mangrove forest structure on C stocks and sequestration rates in mangrove soils of an estuarine system in Todos os Santos Bay, Eastern Brazil. The accumulation rates of organic C (Corg) during the last century varied between and within estuarine zones, ranging from 65 to 1073 g Corg m−2 yr−1. The mean stocks of Corg and N for the top 1 m soils were 263 ± 14 Mg Corg ha−1 and 11.8 ± 0.4 Mg N ha−1, respectively. We found a less variable distribution pattern on Corg and N stocks throughout the salinity gradient than along the intertidal gradient, being significantly higher at the fringe mangroves than at the interior forest. We estimated that Brazil, one of the major reservoirs of mangroves (~ 10%) on the planet, has 207 ± 34 Tg Corg in the upper meter of soils, which represents 3–8% of the C stored in mangrove soils globally. Given that Brazil is a Blue Carbon hotspot, it is emphasized the urgent need for the establishment of better mangrove conservation practices and a comprehensive evaluation of their value in climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies for reducing CO2 emissions.
Micelle Crosslinked Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels with Resilience and Self‐Recovery Properties
Authors: Gulyuz Umit
Published: October 2020

Micelle crosslinking method is one of the several techniques to fabricate hydrogels with good mechanical performance. Micelle crosslinked hydrogels reported so far are fabricated using a multistep preparation process due to the functionalization of block copolymers or surfactants with acrylate, aldehyde, azo, or reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer groups to create a polymer network. Herein, a simple one‐step approach is introduced to produce resilient hydrogels prepared by bulk polymerization of acrylic acid and esterification with Triton X‐100 (TX‐100) in the presence of catalyst sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The advantage of this study is that TX‐100 surfactants self‐assembling into micelles are directly bonded onto polymer chains through an ester bond without any further modification. The obtained hydrogels exhibit tensile strengths up to 135 ± 8 kPa and compressive strengths up to 16 ± 1 MPa over 94% strains as well as complete self‐recovery and high resilience abilities (≈86% at strains up to 400%) originating from hydrophobic associations in the core of micelles acting as dynamic cross‐linkers along with hydrogen bonds and entanglements between polymer chains acting as additional crosslink points. The overall results show that the hydrogels can be good candidate as elastic materials in many fields.
The effect of Mulligan's mobilization with movement following total knee arthroplasty: Protocol of a single‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Alsiri Najla F. , Alhadhoud Meshal A. , Al‐Mukaimi Ali , Palmer Shea
Published: October 2020

Background

Mulligan's mobilization with movement (MWM) aims to enhance the kinematics of the joint. Kinematic impairment of the knee joint is significant following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), which could be managed with Mulligan's MWM. This article describes the study protocol for a single‐blind randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of Mulligan's MWM following TKA.

Methods

A single‐blind randomized controlled trial design will be employed to compare two groups: an intervention and control group. Each group will attend a standard post‐operative rehabilitation program. The intervention group will additionally receive articular mobilization using a Mulligan's MWM approach. A blinded examiner will assess participants at four points: pre‐operation, 3 weeks post‐operation (when the intervention starts), 6 weeks post‐operation (when the intervention ends), and at 6 months as a long‐term follow‐up. The two groups will be compared on the basis of knee range of motion (standard goniometry), knee joint pain (Visual Analogue Scales), walking speed using (15‐metre walk test), functional mobility (timed up and go test) and participation (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index questionnaire). A blinded examiner will measure knee joint alignment using a computed tomography scanogram pre‐operatively and at 3 months post operation. Mixed model ANOVA will be used to identify any group differences. Ethical approval has been secured from the ethical committee of Kuwait Ministry of Health, and the trial is registered in the ISRCTN registry (ref:13028992).

Discussion

The study findings could inform the optimization of post‐operative rehabilitation of patients following TKA.
Structural characterisation and screening of triterpene saponins in the bark of Ilex rotunda using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Ling Yun , Zhang Qing
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The bark of Ilex rotunda (BIr) has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long time in China. Triterpene saponins (TSs) were considered to be the major bioactive ingredients and possessed antiplatelet aggregation activity. Identification of TSs in BIr is a necessary step to understand the biological properties.

Objective

This article describes a method for the rapid identification of TSs in BIr.

Method

An analytical method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS) was established to characterise the TSs in BIr. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent poroshell 120 EC‐C18 column with gradient elution using water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and acetonitrile as the mobile phase.

Results

A total of 26 TSs were identified or tentatively identified from BIr. Of them, 23 TSs were first reported from BIr.

Conclusion

This was the first comprehensive investigation on TSs in BIr, and the results formed the foundation for the further development and utilisation of BIr in the future.
Development of dynamic fault tree model for reactor protection system
Authors: Fahmy Rania A.
Published: October 2020

Due to the importance of the reactor protection system (RPS) safety function in nuclear power plants (NPPs), its reliability analysis is one of the essential parts of the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of any NPP. The dynamic fault tree (DFT) technique extends the conventional static fault tree (SFT) by considering the time requirements to model and evaluate the NPP safety. This study develops the DFT model for RPS to achieve a more realistic and accurate representation of the RPS safety analysis taking into consideration the change in k‐out‐of‐n logic during operation due to test and maintenance (T&M) of any channel. Also, it shows the efficiency of the DFT model over the SFT model with respect to the accuracy, complexity, and calculation time which makes it a useful tool to assess the unavailability of RPS and design a proper maintenance program.
Evidence for altered host genetic factors in KSHV infection and KSHV‐related disease development
Authors: Blumenthal Melissa J. , Cornejo Castro Elena Maria , Whitby Denise , Katz Arieh A. , Schäfer Georgia
Published: October 2020

Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common AIDS‐related malignancy. It also causes other rare, but certainly underreported, KSHV‐associated pathologies, namely primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. Epidemiology and pathogenicity studies point to the potential for host genetic predisposition to KSHV infection and/or the subsequent development of KSHV‐associated pathologies partly explaining the peculiar geographic and population‐specific incidence of KSHV and associated pathologies and discrepancies in KSHV exposure and infection and KSHV infection and disease development. This review consolidates the current knowledge of host genetic factors involved in the KSHV‐driven pathogenesis. Studies reviewed here indicate a plausible connection between KSHV susceptibility and host genetic factors that affect either viral access to host cells via entry mechanisms or host innate immunity to viral infection. Subsequent to infection, KSHV‐associated pathogenesis, reviewed here primarily in the context of KS, is likely influenced by an orchestrated concert of innate immune system interactions, downstream inflammatory pathways and oncogenic mechanisms. The association studies reviewed here point to interesting candidate genes that may prove important in achieving a more nuanced understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of KSHV and associated diseases. Recent studies on host genetic factors suggest numerous candidate genes strongly associated with KSHV infection or subsequent disease development, particularly innate immune system mediators. Taken together, these contribute toward our understanding of the geographic prevalence and population susceptibility to KSHV and KSHV‐associated diseases.
Gender pay gaps in domestic and foreign-owned firms
Authors: Magda Iga , Sałach Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

We investigate differences in gender wage gaps between foreign-owned and domestically owned firms in Poland, a country that has experienced large FDI inflows over the past three decades. We show that the adjusted gender wage gaps are larger among employees working in the foreign-owned sector than in the domestic sector. The gender pay gaps are found to be larger in the foreign-owned companies than in the domestically owned firms at every decile of the wage distribution, with the largest disparities being observed at the bottom and at the top. Our findings also show that in the foreign-owned sector, the returns to individual, job, and firm characteristics earned by women are much lower than the returns earned by men, but that the foreign-owned firms appear to pay higher firm-specific wage premia to women than to men, thereby narrowing within-firm gender wage inequality. These patterns differ from those observed in the domestic sector, in which firm wage premia tend to widen within-firm wage distributions, and contribute to the overall level of gender wage inequality.
Das Verfahren geht weit über „die App“ hinaus – Datenschutzfragen von Corona-Tracing-Apps
Authors: Bock Kirsten , Kühne Christian Ricardo , Mühlhoff Rainer , Ost Měto R. , Pohle Jörg , Rehak Rainer
Published: October 2020

Seit der Ausbreitung des SARS-CoV-2-Virus in Europa Anfang 2020 wir dan technischen Lösungen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie gearbeitet. Unter den verschiedenen Systementwürfen stechen jene hervor, die damit werben, datenschutzfreundlich und DSGVO-konform zu sein. Die DSGVO selbst verpflichtet die Betreiberïnnen umfangreicher Datenverarbeitungssysteme wie etwa Tracing-Apps zur Anfertigung einer Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung (DSFA) aufgrund des hohen Risikos für die Rechte- und Freiheiten (Art. 35 DSGVO). Hierbei handelt es sich um eine strukturierte Risikoanalyse, die mögliche grundrechtsrelevante Folgen einer Datenverarbeitung im Vorfeld identifiziert und bewertet.

Wir zeigen in unserer DSFA, dass auch die aktuelle, dezentrale Implementierung der Corona-Warn-App zahlreiche gravierende Schwachstellen und Risiken birgt. Auf der rechtlichen Seite haben wir die Legitimationsgrundlage einer freiwilligen Einwilligung untersucht und formulieren die begründete Forderung, dass der Einsatz einer Tracing-App gesetzlich geregelt werden muss. Weiterhin wurden Maßnahmen zur Verwirklichung von Betroffenenrechten nicht ausreichend betrachtet. Nicht zuletzt ist die Behauptung, ein Datum sei anonym, hoch voraussetzungsreich. Anonymisierung muss als ein kontinuierlicher Vorgang begriffen werden, der eine Abtrennung des Personenbezugs zum Ziel hat und auf dem Zusammenspiel von rechtlichen, organisatorischen und technischen Maßnahmen beruht. Der derzeit vorliegenden Corona-Warn-App fehlt es an einem solchen expliziten Trennungsvorgang. Unsere DSFA zeigt dabei auch die wesentlichen Defizite der offiziellen DSFA der Corona-Warn-App auf.
Advanced real-time recordings of neuronal activity with tailored patch pipettes, diamond multi-electrode arrays and electrochromic voltage-sensitive dyes
Authors: Kuhn Bernd , Picollo Federico , Carabelli Valentina , Rispoli Giorgio
Published: October 2020

To understand the working principles of the nervous system is key to figure out its electrical activity and how this activity spreads along the neuronal network. It is therefore crucial to develop advanced techniques aimed to record in real time the electrical activity, from compartments of single neurons to populations of neurons, to understand how higher functions emerge from coordinated activity. To record from single neurons, a technique will be presented to fabricate patch pipettes able to seal on any membrane with a single glass type and whose shanks can be widened as desired. This dramatically reduces access resistance during whole-cell recording allowing fast intracellular and, if required, extracellular perfusion. To simultaneously record from many neurons, biocompatible probes will be described employing multi-electrodes made with novel technologies, based on diamond substrates. These probes also allow to synchronously record exocytosis and neuronal excitability and to stimulate neurons. Finally, to achieve even higher spatial resolution, it will be shown how voltage imaging, employing fast voltage-sensitive dyes and two-photon microscopy, is able to sample voltage oscillations in the brain spatially resolved and voltage changes in dendrites of single neurons at millisecond and micrometre resolution in awake animals.
Stereotactic posterior midline approach under direct microscopic view for biopsy of medulla oblongata tumors: technical considerations
Authors: Schlaeppi Janine-Ai , Andereggen Lukas , Nowacki Andreas , Pollo Claudio
Published: October 2020

Background

Open and stereotactic transfrontal or transcerebellar approaches have been used to biopsy brainstem lesions.

Method

In this report, a stereotactic posterior and midline approach to the distal medulla oblongata under microscopic view is described. The potential advantages and limitations are discussed, especially bilateral damage of the X nerve nuclei.

Conclusion

This approach should be considered for biopsy of distal and posterior lesions. We strongly recommend the use of direct microscopic view to identify the medullary vessels, confirm the midline entry point, and avoid potential shift of the medulla. Further experience is needed to confirm safety and success rate of this approach.
Theta Surfaces
Authors: Agostini Daniele , Çelik Türkü Özlüm , Struwe Julia , Sturmfels Bernd
Published: October 2020

A theta surface in affine 3-space is the zero set of a Riemann theta function in genus 3. This includes surfaces arising from special plane quartics that are singular or reducible. Lie and Poincaré showed that any analytic surface that is the Minkowski sum of two space curves in two different ways is a theta surface. The four space curves that generate such a double translation structure are parametrized by abelian integrals, so they are usually not algebraic. This paper offers a new view on this classical topic through the lens of computation. We present practical tools for passing between quartic curves and their theta surfaces, and we develop the numerical algebraic geometry of degenerations of theta functions.
Influence of the main operating parameters on the DRPSA process design based on the equilibrium theory
Authors: Rossi Ester , Storti Giuseppe , Rota Renato
Published: October 2020

Among the adsorption-based separation processes for gaseous mixtures, those exploiting pressure variations, so-called Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) processes, are the most popular. In this work, we focus on the specific PSA configuration known as Dual Reflux-Pressure Swing Adsorption (DR-PSA) given its ability to achieve sharp separations. In the case of binary mixtures, an analytical approach based on Equilibrium Theory has been proposed to identify the operating conditions for complete separation under the assumption of linear isotherms. This same approach is not available when the separation is not complete. Accordingly, in this work we study the features of non-complete separations by solving numerically a general DR-PSA model with parameter values suitable to approach equilibrium conditions (no mass transport resistances, no axial mixing, isothermal conditions and no pressure drop), thus reproducing the analytical solution when complete separations are examined. Even for non-complete separations, triangularly shaped regions at constant purity can be identified on a plane whose axes correspond to suitable design parameters. Moreover, we found a general indication on how to select the lateral feed injection position to limit the loss in product purities when complete separation is not established, whatever is the composition of the feeding mixture. Finally, a sensitivity analysis with respect to pressure ratio, light reflux ratio and heavy product flowrate is proposed in order to assess how to recover product purities according to the specific degrees of freedom of a DR-PSA apparatus.
Advancing quality culture in health professions education: experiences and perspectives of educational leaders
Authors: Bendermacher G. W. G. , Dolmans D. H. J. M. , de Grave W. S. , Wolfhagen I. H. A. P. , oude Egbrink M. G. A.
Published: October 2020

The concept of quality culture has gained increased attention in health professions education, drawing on insights that quality management processes and positive work-related attitudes of staff in synergy lead to continuous improvement. However, the directions that guide institutions from quality culture theory to educational practice have been missing so far. A prospective qualitative case study of three health professions education programmes was conducted to explore how a quality culture can be enhanced according to the experiences and perspectives of educational leaders. The data collection was structured by an appreciative inquiry approach, supported with vignette-based interviews. A total of 25 participants (a selection of course coordinators, bachelor coordinators and directors of education) reflected on quality culture themes to learn about the best of what is (Discover), envision positive future developments (Dream), identify actions to reach the desired future (Design), and determine how to support and sustain improvement actions (Destiny) within their own educational setting. The results are presented as themes subsumed under these four phases. The experiences and perspectives of educational leaders reveal that peer learning in teams and communities, attention to professional development, and embedding support- and innovation networks, are at the heart of quality culture enhancement. An emphasis on human resources, (inter)relations and contextual awareness of leaders stood out as quality culture catalysts. Educational leaders are therefore encouraged to especially fuel their networking, communication, coalition building, and reflection competencies.
Gluing of n-Cluster Tilting Subcategories for Representation-directed Algebras
Authors: Vaso Laertis
Published: October 2020

Given$n\leq d<\infty $n≤d<∞, we investigate the existence of algebras of global dimensiondwhich admit ann-cluster tilting subcategory. We construct many such examples using representation-directed algebras. First, given two representation-directed algebrasAandB, a projectiveA-modulePand an injectiveB-moduleIsatisfying certain conditions, we show how we can construct a new representation-directed algebra "Image missing"in such a way that the representation theory of Λ is completely described by the representation theories ofAandB. Next we introducen-fractured subcategories which generalizen-cluster tilting subcategories for representation-directed algebras. We then show how one can construct ann-cluster tilting subcategory for Λ by usingn-fractured subcategories ofAandB. As an application of our construction, we show that ifnis odd andd≥nthen there exists an algebra admitting ann-cluster tilting subcategory and having global dimensiond. We show the same result ifnis even anddis odd ord≥ 2n.
Sustainability, cooperation and mobility of workers within and between European countries: a two-stage goal programming model
Authors: Liuzzi Danilo , Lupi Veronica , Vié Aymeric
Published: October 2020

Facing multiple and often considered as conflicting stakes, either economical, migratory, or environmental, policy-making may struggle to identify and implement relevant policy action allowing for balanced and joint completion of such challenges. Addressing this important public issue, we develop a multi-criteria two-stage Goal Programming (GP) model to identify optimal policy paths towards the Europe 2020 strategy on economic growth, employment levels and environmental sustainability. The model is calibrated on current contributions of economic sectors in all European countries to each policy objective: contribution to economic output (GDP), emissions of Green House Gas, electric consumption and number of jobs. First, we study the optimal allocation of workers within economic sectors of each European country to maximize the joint achievement of Europe 2020 multi criteria sustainability targets. We then extend the model to allow cooperation between states, namely allowing internal migrations of workers between countries. We highlight how supranational allocation schemes of surplus workers improve the satisfaction of national sustainability objectives. Finally, we consider extra-European migrants regional integration and study the consequences of such opening over EU2020 targets satisfaction and per capita GDP. Simulation results highlight countries performance comparison, and sheds light on significant benefits from such cooperation for the majority of countries. Improved integration of internal and external workforce generally improves the achievement of EU2020 objectives, while keeping per capita GDP at least constant. Moreover, we expose the relevance of cooperative work-flows allocation strategies across Europe and emphasize the importance of workers mobility in order to ensure more sustainable common development.
Large-Eddy Simulations of Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers: Comparison of Different Subgrid Models
Authors: Gadde Srinidhi N. , Stieren Anja , Stevens Richard J. A. M.
Published: October 2020

The development and assessment of subgrid-scale (SGS) models for large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer is an active research area. In this study, we compare the performance of the classical Smagorinsky model, the Lagrangian-averaged scale-dependent (LASD) model, and the anisotropic minimum dissipation (AMD) model. The LASD model has been widely used in the literature for 15 years, while the AMD model was recently developed. Both the AMD and the LASD models allow three-dimensional variation of SGS coefficients and are therefore suitable to model heterogeneous flows over complex terrain or around a wind farm. We perform a one-to-one comparison of these SGS models for neutral, stable, and unstable atmospheric boundary layers. We find that the LASD and the AMD models capture the logarithmic velocity profile and the turbulence energy spectra better than the Smagorinsky model. In stable and unstable boundary-layer simulations, the AMD and LASD model results agree equally well with results from a high-resolution reference simulation. The performance analysis of the models reveals that the computational overhead of the AMD model and the LASD model compared to the Smagorinsky model is approximately 10% and 30% respectively. The LASD model has a higher computational and memory overhead because of the global filtering operations and Lagrangian tracking procedure, which can result in bottlenecks when the model is used in extensive simulations. These bottlenecks are absent in the AMD model, which makes it an attractive SGS model for large-scale simulations of turbulent boundary layers.
Lorentz Violation in Torsional Antenna
Authors: Cardone Fabio , Albertini Gianni , Bassani Domenico
Published: October 2020

A torsional-antenna and a log-periodic antenna are used as a source and an analyzer, respectively, to investigate the possible anomalies of an electro-magnetic field. An unexpected isotropic signal has been detected using those torsion angles, which correspond to a breakdown of the Local Lorentz Invariance, which was found in the past. This coincidence is interpreted as the recovery of a lost symmetry by torqueing the antenna, thus putting in evidence that this Lorentz violation is of angular nature. Introducing a new physical dimension—not only a mathematical dimension as a way to rearrange some equations—is here proposed as a general rule to recover the lost symmetry.
Specific Heat of Holmium in Gold and Silver at Low Temperatures
Authors: Herbst Matthew , Reifenberger Andreas , Velte Clemens , Dorrer Holger , Düllmann Christoph E. , Enss Christian , Fleischmann Andreas , Gastaldo Loredana , Kempf Sebastian , Kieck Tom , Köster Ulli , Mantegazzini Federica , Wendt Klaus
Published: October 2020

The specific heat of dilute alloys of holmium in gold and in silver plays a major role in the optimization of low temperature microcalorimeters with enclosed$$^{163}{{\text {Ho}}}$$163Ho, such as the ones developed for the neutrino mass experiment ECHo. We investigate alloys with atomic concentrations of$$x_{{{\text {Ho}}}}=0.01{-}4\%$$xHo=0.01-4%at temperatures between 10 and$$800\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$800mK. Due to the large total angular momentum$$J=8$$J=8and nuclear spin$$I=7/2$$I=7/2of$${{\text {Ho}}}^{3+}$$Ho3+ions, the specific heat ofAu:Ho andAg:Ho depends on the detailed interplay of various interactions, including contributions from the localized 4f electrons and nuclear contributions via hyperfine splitting. This makes it difficult to accurately determine the specific heat of these materials numerically. Instead, we measure their specific heat by using three experimental setups optimized for different concentration and temperature ranges. The results from measurements on six holmium alloys demonstrate that the specific heat of these materials is dominated by a large Schottky anomaly with its maximum at$$T\approx 250\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$T≈250mK, which we attribute to hyperfine splitting and crystal field interactions. RKKY and dipole–dipole interactions between the holmium atoms cause additional, concentration-dependent effects. With regard to ECHo, we conclude that for typical operating temperatures of$$T\le 20\,{{{\hbox {mK}}}}$$T≤20mK, silver holmium alloys with$$x_{{{\text {Ho}}}}\gtrsim 1\%$$xHo≳1%are suited best.
On Boundary-Value Problems for RANS Equations and Two-Equation Turbulence Models
Authors: Langer Stefan , Swanson R. C.
Published: October 2020

Currently, in engineering computations for high Reynolds number turbulent flows, turbulence modeling continues to be the most frequently used approach to represent the effects of turbulence. Such models generally rely on solving either one or two transport equations along with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The solution of the boundary-value problem of any system of partial differential equations requires the complete delineation of the equations and the boundary conditions, including any special restrictions and conditions. In the literature, such a description is often incomplete, neglecting important details related to the boundary conditions and possible restrictive conditions, such as how to ensure satisfying prescribed values of the dependent variables of the transport equations in the far field of a finite domain. In this article, we discuss the possible influence of boundary values, as well as near-field and far-field behavior, on the solution of the RANS equations coupled with transport equations for turbulence modeling. In so doing, we defne the concept of a well-defined boundary-value problem. Additionally, a three-dimensional, rather than a simpler one-dimensional analysis is performed to analyze the near-wall and far-field behavior of the turbulence model variables. This allows an assessment of the decay rate of these variables required to realize the boundary conditions in the far field. This paper also addresses the impact of various transformations of two-equation models (e.g., the model of Wilcox) to remove the singular behavior of the dissipation rate ($$\omega $$
ω
) at the surface boundary. Finally, the issue of well-posedness regarding the governing equations is considered. A compelling argument (although not a proof) for ill-posedness is made for both direct and inverse problems.
Resilience beyond reductionism: ethical and social dimensions of an emerging concept in the neurosciences
Authors: Münch Nikolai , Mahdiani Hamideh , Lieb Klaus , Paul Norbert W.
Published: October 2020

Since a number of years, popular and scientific interest in resilience is rapidly increasing. More recently, also neuroscientific research in resilience and the associated neurobiological findings is gaining more attention. Some of these neuroscientific findings might open up new measures to foster personal resilience, ranging from magnetic stimulation to pharmaceutical interventions and awareness-based techniques. Therefore, bioethics should also take a closer look at resilience and resilience research, which are today philosophically under-theorized. In this paper, we analyze different conceptualizations of resilience and argue that especially one-sided understandings of resilience which dismiss social and cultural contexts of personal resilience do pose social and ethical problems. On a social level such unbalanced views on resilience could hide and thereby stabilize structural social injustices, and on an individual level it might even lead to an aggravation of stress-related mental health problems by overexerting the individual. Furthermore, some forms of fostering resilience could be a latent form of human enhancement and trigger similar criticisms.
On the Self-Adjointness of H+A∗+A
Authors: Posilicano Andrea
Published: October 2020

Let $H:\text {dom}(H)\subseteq \mathfrak {F}\to \mathfrak {F}$
H
:
dom
(
H
)
⊆
F
→
F
be self-adjoint and let $A:\text {dom}(H)\to \mathfrak {F}$
A
:
dom
(
H
)
→
F
(playing the role of the annihilation operator) be H-bounded. Assuming some additional hypotheses on A (so that the creation operator A∗ is a singular perturbation of H), by a twofold application of a resolvent Kreı̆n-type formula, we build self-adjoint realizations $\widehat H$

H

̂

of the formal Hamiltonian H + A∗ + A with $\text {dom}(H)\cap \text {dom}(\widehat H)=\{0\}$
dom
(
H
)
∩
dom
(

H

̂

)
=
{
0
}
. We give an explicit characterization of $\text {dom}(\widehat H)$
dom
(

H

̂

)
and provide a formula for the resolvent difference $(-\widehat H+z)^{-1}-(-H+z)^{-1}$

(
−

H

̂

+
z
)

−
1

−

(
−
H
+
z
)

−
1

. Moreover, we consider the problem of the description of $\widehat H$

H

̂

as a (norm resolvent) limit of sequences of the kind $H+A^{*}_{n}+A_{n}+E_{n}$
H
+

A

n

∗

+

A

n

+

E

n

, where the An’s are regularized operators approximating A and the En’s are suitable renormalizing bounded operators. These results show the connection between the construction of singular perturbations of self-adjoint operators by Kreı̆n’s resolvent formula and nonperturbative theory of renormalizable models in Quantum Field Theory; in particular, as an explicit example, we consider the Nelson model.
The Income Gap in Voting: Moderating Effects of Income Inequality and Clientelism
Authors: Huijsmans Twan , Rijken Arieke J. , Gaidyte Teodora
Published: October 2020

We investigated whether income gaps in voting turnout vary with country-level economic inequality, and whether this pattern differs between wealthier and less-wealthy countries. Moreover, we investigated whether the prevalence of clientelism was the underlying mechanism that accounts for the presumed negative interaction between relative income and economic inequality at lower levels of national wealth per capita. The harmonised PolPart dataset, combining cross-national surveys from 66 countries and 292 country-years, including 510,184 individuals, was analysed using multilevel logistic regression models. We found that the positive effect of relative income on voting was weaker at higher levels of economic inequality, independent of the level of national wealth. Although clientelism partially explains why economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout, it does not do so in the way we expected. It seems to decrease turnout of higher income groups, rather than increase turnout of lower income groups. Importantly, that economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout does not imply that economic inequality is positive for democratic representation, since economic inequality was found to depress the likelihood of voting for all income groups.
Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer a meta-analysis
Authors: Mariani Marco Valerio , Magnocavallo Michele , Straito Martina , Piro Agostino , Severino Paolo , Iannucci Gino , Chimenti Cristina , Mancone Massimo , Rocca Domenico Giovanni Della , Forleo Giovanni Battista , Fedele Francesco , Lavalle Carlo
Published: October 2020

Background

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are recommended as first-line anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, in patients with cancer and AF the efficacy and safety of DOACs are not well established.

Objective

We performed a meta-analysis comparing available data regarding the efficacy and safety of DOACs vs vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in cancer patients with non-valvular AF.

Methods

An online search of Pubmed and EMBASE libraries (from inception to May, 1 2020) was performed, in addition to manual screening. Nine studies were considered eligible for the meta-analysis involving 46,424 DOACs users and 182,797 VKA users.

Results

The use of DOACs was associated with reduced risks of systemic embolism or any stroke (RR 0.65; 95% CI 0.52–0.81; p 0.001), ischemic stroke (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.74–0.95; p 0.007) and hemorrhagic stroke (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.52–0.71; p 0.00001) as compared to VKA group. DOAC use was associated with significantly reduced risks of major bleeding (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.50–0.92; p 0.01) and intracranial or gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.47–0.88; p 0.006). Compared to VKA, DOACs provided a non-statistically significant risk reduction of the outcomes major bleeding or non-major clinically relevant bleeding (RR 0.94; 95% CI 0.78–1.13; p 0.50) and any bleeding (RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.78–1.06; p 0.24).

Conclusions

In comparison to VKA, DOACs were associated with a significant reduction of the rates of thromboembolic events and major bleeding complications in patients with AF and cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.
A hybrid deep learning-based fruit classification using attention model and convolution autoencoder
Authors: Xue Gang , Liu Shifeng , Ma Yicao
Published: October 2020

Image recognition supports several applications, for instance, facial recognition, image classification, and achieving accurate fruit and vegetable classification is very important in fresh supply chain, factories, supermarkets, and other fields. In this paper, we develop a hybrid deep learning-based fruit image classification framework, named attention-based densely connected convolutional networks with convolution autoencoder (CAE-ADN), which uses a convolution autoencoder to pre-train the images and uses an attention-based DenseNet to extract the features of image. In the first part of the framework, an unsupervised method with a set of images is applied to pre-train the greedy layer-wised CAE. We use CAE structure to initialize a set of weights and bias of ADN. In the second part of the framework, the supervised ADN with the ground truth is implemented. The final part of the framework makes a prediction of the category of fruits. We use two fruit datasets to test the effectiveness of the model, experimental results show the effectiveness of the framework, and the framework can improve the efficiency of fruit sorting, which can reduce costs of fresh supply chain, factories, supermarkets, etc.
Die expliziten Rollen- und Regieangaben der Rosenplütschen Fastnachtspiele
Authors: Nöcker Rebekka
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag untersucht die Rosenplütschen Fastnachtspiele in ihrer Funktionsweise als ein dramatisches Dispositiv anhand ihrer Nebentexte. In Abgrenzung zu den Spielen der Folz-Tradition verschafft er einen Überblick über die charakteristischen Typen der Regieangaben und ihre Performanzstrategien. Auf dieser Basis zeigt er charakteristische dispositive Wirkungsstrukturen auf, die durch poetische und dramatische Verfahren der Schriftnotation, der Episierung und der Semantisierung theatrale Wahrnehmung und Imagination steuern.
Are We climbing the same mountain?
Authors: Crisp Roger
Published: October 2020

The paper begins by noting the widespread disagreement that has existed in philosophy from its very inception until now. It is claimed that Henry Sidgwick was right to see the main debate in ethics as between egoists, consequentialists, and deontologists. This raises the question whether the best approach might be to seek a position based on the different theories rather than one alone. Some clarification is then offered of the main questions asked in ethics, and it is claimed that the primary ethical question is that of Socrates: how should one live? Substantive agreement between our three normative theories is possible, but unlikely; and explanatory agreement is conceptually impossible. More restricted agreement may be possible, though doubts can be raised about Derek Parfit’s ‘triple theory’. One might attempt to combine different elements of the theories, syncretically, but again agreement is unlikely. The paper ends by considering the epistemic implications of disagreement, and with a recommendation of a more eirenic methodology for moral philosophy.
Relationship Between the Number of Patients Visiting Emergency Department and Tokyo Health System’s Capacity During Early Stages of the First Wave of COVID-19
Authors: Ishikawa Yohei , Hifumi Toru , Otani Norio , Miyamichi Ryosuke , Urashima Mitsuyoshi , Takeda Satoshi , Ishimatsu Shinichi
Published: October 2020

The first coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients were reported in China on December 12, 2019, and the first COVID-19 patients were reported in Japan on January 16, 2020. Here, we investigated the number of patients in Emergency Departments (EDs) in three major hospitals in Tokyo, and also briefly discussed about the relationship between the number of patients in EDs and health system’s capacity. We compared the number of patients in 2020 to the average number of patients from 2016 to 2019. Numbers were compared in three periods: before the first COVID-19 patient was reported in Japan (January 1 to January 16), after the government encouraged social distancing (February 26 to March 10), and the interval between them (January 17 to February 25). The average number of daily patients in 2020 (n = 122) decreased by 17% compared to the average number of patients from 2016 to 2019 (n = 144) (Mann-Whitney test,p < 0.001). This phenomenon might be due to a fear of contracting the virus at hospitals, companies having their employees work remotely and postponing events, people following the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare’s instructional guidelines for going to the hospital, prevention awareness becoming widespread, and a decreased number of tourists. The number of patients visiting Emergency Departments in Tokyo was decreased and the number of COVID-19 infections has remained within the health system’s capacity during the early phase of COVID-19 first wave.
The formulation of the RANS equations for supersonic and hypersonic turbulent flows
Authors: Zhang H. , Craft T.J. , Iacovides H.
Published: October 2020

Accurate prediction of supersonic and hypersonic turbulent flows is essential to the design of high-speed aerospace vehicles. Such flows are mainly predicted using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach in general, and in particular turbulence models using the effective viscosity approximation. Several terms involving the turbulent kinetic energy (k) appear explicitly in the RANS equations through the modelling of the Reynolds stresses in such approach, and similar terms appear in the mean total energy equation. Some of these terms are often ignored in low, or even supersonic, speed simulations with zero-equation models, as well as some one- or two-equation models. The omission of these terms may not be appropriate under hypersonic conditions. Nevertheless, this is a widespread practice, even for very high-speed turbulent flow simulations, because many software packages still make such approximations. To quantify the impact of ignoring these terms in the RANS equations, two linear two-equation models and one non-linear two-equation model are applied to the computation of five supersonic and hypersonic benchmark cases, one 2D zero-pressure gradient hypersonic flat plate case and four shock wave boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) cases. The surface friction coefficients and velocity profiles predicted with different combinations of the turbulent kinetic energy terms present in the transport equations show little sensitivity to the presence of these terms in the zero-pressure gradient case. In the SWBLI cases, however, comparisons show that inclusion ofkin the mean flow equations can have a strong effect on the prediction of flow separation. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include all the turbulent kinetic energy terms in the mean flow equations when dealing with simulations of supersonic and hypersonic turbulent flows, especially for flows with SWBLIs. As a further consequence, sincekmay not be obtained explicitly in zero-equation, or certain one-equation, models, it is debatable whether these models are suitable for simulations of supersonic and hypersonic turbulent flows with SWBLIs.
Histoire, archives et politique en Mitteleuropa (1800-1850)
Authors: Müller Philipp
Published: October 2020

Résumés

L’étude des documents et des dossiers des archives d’État à des fins historiques est une procédure familière et courante qui nous permet aujourd’hui de connaître le passé. Néanmoins, les archives de l’État n’ont pas toujours servi à la recherche historique. Le présent article examine tout d’abord la fonction des archives pour l’État et pour la société au xixe siècle en termes de politique gouvernementale. Puis il se demande comment, avant que les archives ne deviennent un instrument de gouvernement et de politique sociale, leurs fonds ont pu être rendus accessibles aux historiens durant la première moitié du xixe siècle. Si les réformes politiques du début du xixe siècle n’ont pas réussi à ancrer institutionnellement l’utilisation historique des archives, la tradition moderne de supplication de l’administration de l’État offrait un moyen conventionnel de concilier l’« exploitation scientifique », politiquement intéressante, du trésor des archives avec le souci du gouvernement de préserver l’intégrité de sa propre sphère obscure et l’impératif du secret. Au cours de diverses actions et communications, une « ouverture des archives » contrôlée administrativement a eu lieu. Surtout – c’est donc la thèse centrale de l’article –, en recourant aux anciennes archives, les historiens ont non seulement acquis des documents et des dossiers, mais aussi un concept juridique spécifique de la vérité fondamentalement attaché aux documents d’archives et qui, par le biais de la preuve juridique, a donné au récit historique un nouveau statut épistémique de la vérité.
Politics and Finite Flexibilities: The UN Drug Control Conventions and their Future Development
Authors: Bewley-Taylor David
Published: October 2020

Domestic policy choices concerning the non-medical use of cannabis are generating increased interest in what has been usefully called the global drug prohibition regime. Commentators are questioning whether the UN-based treaty system can accommodate national policy approaches that deviate from the regime's prohibitive ethos. As tension around cannabis “legalization” builds it becomes ever more urgent to relieve systemic pressure, a process to which inter se treaty modification may be key.