bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
КЛАСИФИКАЦИЈА ОЗИМИХ КУЛТУРА КОМБИНАЦИЈОМ ВИШЕВРЕМЕНСКИХ ОПТИЧКИХ СЕНТИНЕЛ-2 И РАДАРСКИХ СЕНТИНЕЛ-1 СНИМАКА
Authors: Бајић Даворин , Аџић Драгутин , Сабљић Лука
Published: June 2023

Израда карте начина коришћења земљишта са фокусом на пољопривредно земљиште и озиме културе идентификован је као примарни циљ овог истраживања. Примјеном метода даљинске детекције, одабиром, обрадом и анализом мулти-временске серије радарских Сентинел-1 и оптичких Сентинел-2 сателитских снимака изведене су варијабле неопходне за покретање надзиране пиксел базиране класификације. Покретањем алгоритама машинског учења класификовани су сателитски снимци са укупном тачношћу од 0.96 и Капа коефицијентом 0.95. Израђена је карта озимих усјева за производну сезону 2019/2020 за подручје истраживања које се налази у оквирима природно-географске цјелине Лијевча поља. Истраживање је показало да су код озимих култура убједљиво највеће површине под озимом пшеницом. Комбинација оптичких и радарских сателитских снимака дала је боље резултате него појединачно оптички или радарски. Коришћење мулти-временске серије сателитских снимака допринијело је већој тачности и поузданости класификације. Мјерење спектралне дистанце показало се корисно у процесу дефинисања оптималног времена агрегације. Читав процес припреме сателитских снимака и сам процес класификације изведен је у Google окружењу под називом Google Earth Engine употребом његових ресурса који су доступни, бесплатни и захваљујући којима је процес мулти-временске и мулти-сензорске класификације подручја истраживања био изводљив.
ТИПОВИ И ПРОМЈЕНЕ ПОВРШИНСКЕ ВЛАЖНОСТИ У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРПСКОЈ ПРЕМА WАTER AND WETNESS БАЗИ ПОДАТАКA
Authors: Драшковић Бранислав
Published: June 2023

У раду су приказане промјене у влажности тла у Републици Српској (РС), које су се догодиле у периоду 2015–2018. Такође, дат је распоред влажних подручја по природним цјелинама и висинским зонама. Кориште- на је Copernicus Water and Wetness (WaW) база података, базирана на фотоинтерпретацији сателитских снимака Sentinel-1 и Sentinel-2, резолуције 10 m и 20 m. Влажна подручја су подијељена у четири категорије, на основу регистрованог процентуалног присуства воде и влаге у току године и годишњих доба: стална вода, повремена вода, стално влажно подручје и привремено влажно подручје. Резултати истраживања показују да привремене и сталне воде заузимају 0.48 % територије РС, стално влажна подручја 0.03 %, док највећу територију обухватају привремено влажна подручја која заузимају 1.81 % (влажност од 25 % до 75 %). Два највећа подручја на којима се влажност појављује, а која се разликују и по географском положају и по поријеклу влажности, су: Посавина и Семберија на сјеверу и средње висока и висока крашка поља на југу, у регији Херцеговина. Промјене у влажности тла које су регистроване у периоду 2015–2018. превасходно су антропогеног поријекла и односе се на исушивање мочварних подручја и рибњака. Најпознатији случај је резерват Бардача гдје је већина од некадашњих 11 рибњака претворена током посљедње деценије у пољопривредно земљиште. До сада није било дужих осматрања влажнос- ти земљишта унутар територије РС, па се главни допринос рада овдје може тражити.
De novo fatty-acid synthesis protects invariant NKT cells from cell death, thereby promoting their homeostasis and pathogenic roles in airway hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Koh Jaemoon , Woo Yeon Duk , Yoo Hyun Jung , Choi Jun-Pyo , Kim Sae Hoon , Chang Yoon-Seok , Jung Kyeong Cheon , Kim Ji Hyung , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Kim Hye Young , Chung Doo Hyun
Published: June 2023

Invariant natural-killer T (
i
NKT) cells play pathogenic roles in allergic asthma in murine models and possibly also humans. While many studies show that the development and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells depend on their metabolic state, the evidence for this in
i
NKT cells is very limited. It is also not clear whether such metabolic regulation of
i
NKT cells could participate in their pathogenic activities in asthma. Here, we showed that acetyl-coA-carboxylase 1 (ACC1)-mediated
de novo
fatty-acid synthesis is required for the survival of
i
NKT cells and their deleterious functions in allergic asthma. ACC1, which is a key fatty-acid synthesis enzyme, was highly expressed by lung
i
NKT cells from WT mice that were developing asthma.
Cd4
-Cre
Acc1
fl/fl
mice failed to develop OVA-induced and HDM-induced asthma. Moreover,
i
NKT cell-deficient mice that were reconstituted with ACC1-deficient
i
NKT cells failed to develop asthma, unlike when WT
i
NKT cells were transferred. ACC1 deficiency in
i
NKT cells associated with reduced expression of fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ, but increased glycolytic capacity that promoted
i
NKT-cell death. Furthermore, circulating
i
NKT cells from allergic-asthma patients expressed higher
ACC1
and
PPARG
levels than the corresponding cells from non-allergic-asthma patients and healthy individuals. Thus,
de novo
fatty-acid synthesis prevents
i
NKT-cell death
via
an ACC1-FABP-PPARγ axis, which contributes to their homeostasis and their pathogenic roles in allergic asthma.
Sustainable development of multi-media communication path of broadcasting and hosting with a dynamic environment
Authors: Hu Qiong
Published: June 2023

To enrich people’s lifestyles at home, the research on the transmission path of new media broadcasting and hosting programs has become a hot topic. The traditional statistical regression model has low prediction accuracy and weak generalization ability on such issues. Therefore, we propose an improved comprehensive path planning algorithm based on an ant colony algorithm to search for the optimal path of the multi-media transmission for broadcasting and hosting programs in a dynamic environment. Firstly, we improve the bidirectional search strategy, optimize the probability transition and extend the early search scope. Then, we utilize the allocation strategy of the wolf to change the updating rules of the pheromone. Finally, we take the shortest process time for listeners to obtain the broadcast program as the optimization goal and construct a comprehensive evaluation model. We also solve the optimal parameters to improve the overall performance of our method for finding out the excellent path of multi-media transmission in a dynamic environment. Experiment results show that our method can achieve the optimal route plans and we can demonstrate that the path planned by the improved ant colony algorithm is more reasonable, which can effectively avoid the optimum local problem and shorten the solution.
Evaluating Entrepreneurship Education for the Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Competencies among Tertiary Institution Students in Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors: Dangana Joyce , Nafiu Akeem Tunde , Isienyi Raluchukwu Andrew
Published: June 2023

This study aimed at entrepreneurship education for the acquisition of entrepreneurial competencies among Tertiary Institution Students in Kogi State. For this study, a descriptive research design was utilized. The study’s sample size was 255 students, and primary data was collected and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential methods. Multiple Regression Analysis was the specific analytical technique utilized in the study. Finding showed that lecturers’ entrepreneurial competence and students’ knowledge and skills have effects on entrepreneurial competence of students in Kogi State. The study concluded that entrepreneurship is considered a crucial element of the economy of Kogi State. Therefore, the study recommended that students should strive to emulate the entrepreneurial competence of their lecturers and acquire relevant entrepreneurial knowledge and skills.
Delta of Egypt Atrial Fibrillation Registry Phase Two
Authors: Hamdy Ehab Abdelwahab , Abdallah Timoor Mostafa , Allaithy Amany Mohamed , Hamada Mahmoud Elsaeed
Published: June 2023

Background: Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia found in clinical practice. The assessed frequency of AF in adults is between 2% and 4%, with greater incidence and frequency rates in developed nations [1,2]. AF prevalence increases with advancing age, and with some cardiac and non-cardiac disorders, also it may exist in the absence of any conditions [2]. We aimed to determine case characteristics, practice patterns, management strategies and outcomes of atrial fibrillation in the delta area of Egypt.

Methods: This registry-based cross-sectional study included 1000 atrial fibrillation patients (with any AF patterns) who were allowed to enter ER in cardiac centers and hospitals in middle Delta of Egypt from April 2020 to March 2021.

Results: 267 patients (26.7%) were unstable. Heart failure, hypertension, and coronary disease were still prevalent comorbidities in our AF dataset, where hypertension accounts for over 50% of all AF cases. Rheumatic valvular heart disorder was a major underlying disease for the development of AF, still about 25.5% by echocardiography. Lone AF still high 20.6%. CHA2DS2VASc score ≥2 is 83.5%. A high proportion of cases were treated with pharmaceuticals for rate control nearly 52.7% of the cases and nearly 30.3% of the cases were given pharmacological medications for the cardioversion to the sinus rhythm and a small proportion of the cases were given electrical cardioversion nearly 7%.

Conclusions: Coronary disease, hypertension, and heart failure were still usual comorbidities in AF. Rheumatic valvular heart disease is still about 25.5% of the total registry. Amiodarone is the most prevalent antiarrhythmic medications (AAD) used. lone AF still high 20.6%. minimal use of novel oral anticoagulant (OAC).
Evaluation of Maize and Pulses Intercropping System under Rainfed Condition in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Flavia F. T. Auxi , Rajendran K. , Sharmili K. , Kumar P. Dinesh
Published: June 2023

A field experiment was conducted in rabi seasons (2022) at Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore to study the maize-based intercropping with different legumes under rainfed condition as there are less research work regarding intercropping of maize in this area. Greengram (Vigna radiata), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) were selected as intercrops in 4:1 and 6:1 row ratio. The result of the study indicated that intercropping of greengram and cowpea with maize (Zea mays L.) in 4:1 gave higher total grain yield and stover yield compared to the sole cropping of maize under rainfed condition. Other intercropping indices like grain equivalent yield, land equivalent ratio, relative crowding coefficient, competition index and income equivalent ratio were calculated. Intercropping system of maize + greengram (4:1) recorded the higher net return and B: C ratio followed by it maize+ cowpea (4:1). Therefore, under rainfed conditions of western zone of Tamil Nadu, maize + greengram 4:1 intercropping system may be suggested to get greater net return and B: C ratio.
Mapping of Soil Properties Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Sridevy S. , Raj M. Nivas , Kumaresan P. , Balakrishnan N. , Tilak M. , Raj J. Arockia Stephen , Rani P. Jona Innisai
Published: June 2023

We aimed to estimate Soil Nutrients and relate the spectral signatures to that of the Laboratory reference Measurements utilizing CART analysis. Sustainable agriculture aims at controlled and/or precise soil fertility interventions based on spatial soil information. The profound advancements in remote sensing and geospatial techniques provide means for determining the spatial coverage and variability of the soil properties through the survey and image data incorporated in the mapping procedures (i.e.) Digital Soil Mapping. The soil moisture content at varying levels influences crop growth and decides the yield, as the crop requires water at critical crop growth stages.  Machine learning techniques provide the means of optimized model calibration when compared to conventional geostatistical or statistical approaches.
Morphopedological Characteristics of Soils under Shea Trees in the Bouna Region of Northeast Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Marie-Paule Hien , Brahima Kone , Amidou Ouattara , Hippolyte Kouadio Konan-Kan , Baptiste Ettien Djétchi Jean
Published: June 2023

The present study was initiated to characterize the soils of three (03) ecological zones of natural establishment of shea in the region of Boukani, in the north-east of Côte d'Ivoire. The study consisted of opening soil pits for morphological characterization following the approach of the Office of Scientific and Technical Research Overseas, based on in situ observation. Botanical data such as density per square meter, trunk diameter at 1.30 m from the ground and their spatial arrangement were also collected. The areas concerned are the villages of Gnarkèradouo, Assoum 2 and Nakélé. The results observed show a significant difference between sites. The shea park is denser in Gnarkèradouo (44.16%), followed by the Assoum 2 park with 38.32% of shea trees and finally the Nakélé site where 17.52% are observed. For the circumference of trees at 1.30 m from the ground, the results show that it is at Nakélé that large trees are observed with high values of 144 cm, then at Assoum 2 (126.2 cm) and finally at Gnarkèradouo with 114.8 cm.

The characteristics of the soils show similarities on the 3 sites. These are gravelly soils with obstacles (indurations). However, the soil at Assoum 2 appears to be different because it is deep. The texture is sandy-clay on all three sites.
Indian Floriculture in Global Perspective
Authors: Sarkar Dipayan
Published: June 2023

The flower is the most satisfying creation on Earth and makes billions of people happy and smile. The presence of flowers is required at all stages of the human life cycle, from conception to death. Flowers represent feelings like love, beauty, purity, and passion. Growing in importance as a farming method for economic reasons is floriculture. The floriculture business has a growth potential of 25–30% and generate 20–25 times more foreign exchange than grains or other agricultural crops. The flower sector has recently developed into one of the most active and quickly expanding industries, with a notable pace of growth over the past several years and global reach. Despite having lots of natural resources for effective flower growing, India still accounts for a tiny (0.6%) portion of the global flower trade. In terms of area and output of conventional loose flowers, India comes in second place to China. India takes approximately 15% of the global market for traditional loose flowers. The demand for flowers is growing both domestically and internationally, which puts countries in intense competition. With the right strategy and technological use, this industry will improve, and India may end up becoming a major producer and exporter of floricultural goods globally.
Sub-Anesthetic Dose of Ketamine Improves Cognitive Function and Motor Responses in Wistar Rats
Authors: Uahomo Precious Ojo , Ibubeleye Victor Tamunotonye , Ezerioha Chidi Emmanuel , Adheke Oghenefego Michael
Published: June 2023

Background: The cognitive and motor effects of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ketamine administration under anesthesia on cognitive function and motor responses in Wistar rats.

Methods: Twenty-five Wistar rats were randomized into five groups of five rats each (n=5): group 1 (normal control), group 2 (1mg/kg ketamine), group 3 (2mg/kg ketamine), group 4 (3mg/kg ketamine) and group 5 (0.5ml/100g celecoxib). Treatment for each group lasted 3 weeks. Rats from each group were subjected to a total of nine (9) trials of cognitive-motor tests, including; the Barnes maze test (memory based on visual scenes), hand grip test (motor response to foreleg strength), rotarod test (coordination ability). The neurobehavioral ability displayed by the animals was recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results: Observations from the cognitive function study showed a significant improvement (p<0.05) from week 1 to week 3. The quality of motor task performance also improved from week 1 to week 3 compared to control and celecoxib-treated groups.

Conclusions: Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine improved cognitive function and motor responses in Wistar rats.
Ocular Surface Changes among Smokers
Authors: Ibrahim Amal Mohamed , Awara Amr Mahmoud , Eldsouky Mohamed Ashraf , Shalaby Osama Elsaid
Published: June 2023

Background: The ocular surface has been defined as the parts of the eye that are exposed 40directly to the external environment (conjunctiva, cornea, limbus, and the overlying tear fil m). The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the ocular surface among smokers.

Methods: This study included 100 subjects from both sexes, age ≥ 18 years, current smoker (a person who has smoked more than 100 cigarettes in his lifetime and continues to do so) and all types of smoking. patients were classified into two groups: smokers (current smokers) (55 cases) and non-smokers (45 cases) who have never smoked and did not have smokers in their first-degree relatives to rule out the effect of passive smoking. All patients were subjected to, acuity of vision measurement, investigation with a slit lamp and special tests (schirmer 2 test, time required for tear breakup, lower tear meniscus height measurement and staining of the ocular surface).  

Results: (Ocular Surface Disease Index) OSDI score was significantly different between non-smokers and smokers with P value 0.01. Schirmer 2 test values were significantly decreased in smokers more than non-smokers with P value <0.001. TBUT was significantly lower in smokers more than non-smokers with P value <0.001. T.M height was significantly lower in smokers more than non-smokers. Conjunctival staining was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers with P value <0.001 and there was significant increase in punctate corneal staining in smokers than in non-smokers with P value <0.001. `1234567890-.

Conclusions: Smoking influences the secretion and the tear film's stability; corneal and conjunctival staining was shown to be more prevalent in smokers. Also smoking generates symptoms of eye irritation, smokers are more prone to have dry eyes, and the degree of dry eye is greater in smokers than in non-smokers.  Additionally, the severity of symptoms of dry eyes increased with increasing the amount of smoking.
Board Attributes and Credit Risk Exposure of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria: The Moderating Effect of Risk Committee Size
Authors: Muhammad Maryam I. , Tukur Yahaya , Dabari Ishaya J. , Hanga Bilyaminu Y.
Published: June 2023

Aim: This study examined the moderating effect of Risk Committee Size on the relationship between board attributes and Credit Risk Exposure of listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria.

Study Design: This study adopted ex-post facto research design.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Accounting and period 2009-2019.

Methodology: Panel regression technique was used, Stata 13 was adopted as tool for the data analysis. Secondary source of data was employed and were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the banks over the period.

Results: The findings reveal that, board size has significant effect on credit risk exposure of banks before and after moderation. However, moderating board attributes revealed that board size and board diligence drive down the credit risk exposure of banks. Among the important policy implications is that the variables used suggest that there is continuous need by CBN to encourage and enforce the full application of corporate governance codes by banks in order to reap the full benefit of compliance.

Conclusion: Based on the findings, this study concludes that board size is associated with less credit risk exposure, while high number of board size do not guarantee reduction in credit risk exposure of banks.

Recommendation: It is therefore recommended amongst others that the number of board size should be increased alongside increase in the number of risk committee members to help reduce the risk exposure of banks in Nigeria.
What Is Community-Acquired Pneumonia?
Authors: Dao Tina H. , Jackson Christopher D.
Published: January 2025

This JAMA Patient Page describes community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and its risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures.
Tofersen treatment leads to sustained stabilization of disease in SOD1 ALS in a “real‐world” setting
Authors: Smith Sean E. , McCoy‐Gross Kelly , Malcolm Amber , Oranski Jeri , Markway Jesse W. , Miller Timothy M. , Bucelli Robert C.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) caused by superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene mutations (SOD1 ALS) treated with tofersen have shown slowing of disease progression, and disease stabilization with recovery of function in some patients. We report our clinical experience with treating patients with SOD1 ALS and the effects of tofersen on outcome measures.

Methods

This was a single‐center observational study of patients with SOD1 ALS receiving treatment with tofersen. The effects of tofersen treatment on neurofilament levels, muscle strength, and clinical outcome measures were assessed. Several patients had outpatient neuromuscular rehabilitation in addition to tofersen treatment and we report changes in functional outcomes.

Results

Seven SOD1 ALS patients received treatment at our institution. All patients showed robust and sustained declines in serum NfL and CSF pNFH (mean change serum NfL: −57.9%; mean change CSF pNFH: −67.6%). There was apparent disease stabilization as assessed by the ALSFRS‐R total score, mean change 1.1 (SD = 0.7). There was notable improvement in functional independence measured by the FIM motor score, mean change 5.13 points (SD = 3.85).

Interpretation

This study provides evidence that tofersen treatment in SOD1 ALS can lead to meaningful preservation of function and suggestions of sustained improvement in neurologic function in some patients, and strongly supports the role of neurofilaments as therapeutic biomarkers.
Armoring Vascular Implant by Glycocalyx‐Mimetic Coating with Clustered Morphology and Hydrophilic Lubrication
Authors: Zhang Fanjun , Xiong Yao , Hu Yage , Liu Jingze , Wei Yuan , Yang Li , Luo Rifang , Wang Yunbing
Published: January 2025

The endothelial glycocalyx is a natural protective layer for blood vessels. Efficient construction of a reliable glycocalyx‐mimetic coating on a vascular implant possesses great potential but remains a challenge. Herein, a novel glycocalyx‐mimetic coating featuring the clustered morphology and hydrophilic lubrication is developed via the layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and phosphorylcholine‐modified hyaluronic acid (HA‐PC). The zwitterionic PC groups in HA‐PC exhibited an anti‐polyelectrolyte effect to induce the molecular folding and aggregation of HA in solution and enhance its binding capacity to PEI, resulting in an endothelial glycocalyx‐mimetic clustered morphology. Besides, zwitterions, rather than hydrophobic groups, can achieve hydrophilic lubrication properties through spatial synergy with HA while inducing the molecular folding of HA, ultimately constructing a glycocalyx‐mimetic coating. Such a coating can function well as armor to vascular stent, by virtue of excellent anti‐coagulation, anti‐inflammation, and endothelial promotion properties in vivo and in vitro. The findings not only provide new insights into the interactions between PC‐modified polyelectrolytes but also render a promising glycocalyx‐mimetic coating to armor vascular implants.
A Chain Entanglement Gelled SnO₂ Electron Transport Layer for Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cell Performance and Effective Lead Capture
Authors: Zhou Yuchen , He Zhengyan , Wei Qilin , Sun Anni , Wu Zilong , Huang Dan , Zhang Shufang , Yu William W.
Published: January 2025

SnO₂ is a widely used electron transport layer (ETL) material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and its design and optimization are essential for achieving efficient and stable PSCs. In this study, the in situ formation of a chain entanglement gel polymer electrolyte is reported in an aqueous phase, integrated with SnO₂ as the ETL. Based on the self‐polymerization of 3‐[[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethylammonium]propane‐1‐sulfonic acid (DAES) in an aqueous environment, combining the catalytic effect of LiCl (as a Lewis acid) with the salting‐out effect, and the introduction of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the other polymer chain, a chain entanglement gelled SnO2 (G‐SnO2) structure is successfully constructed with a wide range of functions. The PDEAS‐PVP chain entanglement gel achieves passivation and Pb2⁺ capture through chemical chelation mechanisms is explored. The results demonstrated that the all‐in‐air prepared PSC based on G‐SnO2 exhibited an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.77% and retained 83.3% of their initial efficiency after 2100 h of air exposure. Additionally, the PDEAS‐PVP exposes more C═O and S═O active sites, significantly enhanced the lead absorption capability of the PSCs.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization Amination of Propargylamine and 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Yao Biao , Xiong Wenfang , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: January 2025

A novel and efficient palladium‐catalyzed cyclization amination of propargylamines and 1,3‐dienes is reported for the first time, yielding a series of chloromethylene pyrrolidines with high efficiency and excellent selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the late‐stage modification of natural products and drug molecules, providing molecular backbones with potential applications. The reaction was shown to achieve regioselective modulation of the product molecules through the resonance between the solvent and allylpalladium. Additionally, the E‐form products were found to be thermodynamically stable.
Research Progress on Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomeric Aldehydes
Authors: Liu Xing‐Xing , Hu Zi‐Rou , Duan Ming‐Fei , Cheng Dao‐Juan
Published: January 2025

The burgeoning field of asymmetric catalysis has significantly advanced the construction of axially chiral compounds, recognized for their distinct three‐dimensional structures that are relevant in drug discovery, catalyst design and material science. Particularly, the atropisomeric aldehydes, characterized by a chiral axis and the presence of an aldehyde functionality, are of increasing value and interest in chemistry‐related domains, such as serving as privileged chiral catalysts for activation of amines. In recent years, elegant environmentally‐friendly metal‐free catalytic asymmetric methodologies based on de novo formation of (hetero)aromatic rings, dynamic kinetic resolution and desymmetrization have been established to build this fascinating class of atropisomers. In this review, we would like to highlight recent research progress on enantioselective synthesis of atropisomeric aldehydes by means of organocatalysis and biocatalysis, including their scopes, limitations, mechanisms, synthetic applications and provide some insights into future development.
Residual Lifetime Indicators for Respiratory Cartridges and Canisters: Challenges and Opportunities for Sensing
Authors: Trinchi Adrian , Kyratzis Ilias Louis , Oestreich Jacob , Wild Robbie , Hill Matthew R.
Published: January 2025

Canister‐based air purification respirators are frontline personnel's first point of defense against airborne contaminants. Tremendous advancements in filtration and purification materials have occurred in recent years, particularly with the advent of multifunctional, high‐surface‐area materials. Despite these, a significant challenge remains for canisters, and that is knowing when, without a doubt, they should be replaced. Residual lifetime indicators (RLIs) are essential for informing wearers when to make an active decision to replace their canister. RLIs can also be used to inform policymakers of appropriate changeover schedules, thereby reducing the wearer's risk of becoming exposed to airborne contaminants. This paper discusses some of the challenges with current changeover approaches and examines key issues for incorporating RLIs into canister respirators. A variety of sensor technologies and methodologies are examined, along with some recent RLI developments in the research and patent literature. A discussion on the challenges for making RLIs more amenable for incorporation into canisters is provided, along with recommendations for future development.
Structural Design and Challenges of Micron‐Scale Silicon‐Based Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: He Wenjie , Xu Wei , Li Zhigang , Hu Zhaotong , Yang Jia , Qin Gang , Teng Weiming , Zhang Tengfei , Zhang Wei , Sun Zhengming , Yu Xuebin
Published: January 2025

Currently, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of energy storage technologies. Silicon‐based anodes, with their high capacity and low cost, present a promising alternative to traditional graphite anodes in LIBs, offering the potential for substantial improvements in energy density. However, the significant volumetric changes that silicon‐based anodes undergo during charge and discharge cycles can lead to structural degradation. Furthermore, the formation of excessive solid‐electrolyte interphases (SEIs) during cycling impedes the efficient migration of ions and electrons. This comprehensive review focuses on the structural design and optimization of micron‐scale silicon‐based anodes from both materials and systems perspectives. Significant progress is made in the development of advanced electrolytes, binders, and conductive additives that complement micron‐scale silicon‐based anodes in both half and full‐cells. Moreover, advancements in system‐level technologies, such as pre‐lithiation techniques to mitigate irreversible Li+ loss, have enhanced the energy density and lifespan of micron‐scale silicon‐based full cells. This review concludes with a detailed classification of the underlying mechanisms, providing a comprehensive summary to guide the development of high‐energy‐density devices. It also offers strategic insights to address the challenges associated with the large‐scale deployment of silicon‐based LIBs.
Effects of C/N Ratio for Bi‐Culture of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) and Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) in a Molasses Based Biofloc System
Authors: Halim Md. Abdul , Aziz Dania , Arshad Aziz , Wong Nur Leena W. S. , Karim Murni Marlina , Syukri Ismail Muhammad Fadhil , Rahi Md. Lifat
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the effects of different C/N ratios (C10–N, C15–N, C20–N and C25–N, compared to C0–N as control) on growth, water quality, proximate composition, bacterial loads and total haemocyte counts (THCs) of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) post larvae in a biofloc‐based nursery bi‐culture system, aiming to optimize C/N ratios for sustainability and production efficiency over 6 weeks. Molasses was used as a carbon source, and water salinity was maintained at 15 ppt. In total, 15 cylindrical plastic tanks (125 L water‐holding capacity, 59 cm × 56 cm) were used and filled up each 100 L water for rearing 1500 PL of the two species (750 L. vannamei and 750 M. rosenbergii). At the end of the experiment, significantly higher (p < 0.05) specific growth rate (SGR, % per day) (9.77) and survivability (95.33%) for L. vannamei were recorded in C10–N compared to the other treatments. For M. rosenbergii, the significantly higher (p < 0.05) SGR (% per day) (5.77) was recorded in C25–N, whereas the higher survival rate was found at C10–N (90.67%). The best feed conversion ratio was obtained at C10–N for L. vannamei (1.58), whereas for M. rosenbergii, it was obtained at C25–N (2.43). Significantly the higher (p < 0.05) THCs (L. vannamei = 40.63 × 105 and M. rosenbergii = 31.25 × 105) of both species were obtained at C10–N. The experimental C–N ratios led to a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total microbial loads (116.6–355 × 109 CFU mL−1) compared to the control (18.40 × 106 CFU mL−1). Moreover, all tested water quality parameters remained within the optimal range across the treatments. The study concluded that a C:N ratio of 10:1 provides the highest economic return, making it the optimal ratio for biofloc‐based nursery bi‐culture of L. vannamei and M. rosenbergii.
Three‐Dimensional Gait Analysis of School‐Age Children With Angelman Syndrome: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Narahara Sho , Ito Yuji , Ito Tadashi , Nakamura Natsuki , Shiraki Anna , Tanemura Kaori , Ohno Atsuko , Aoki Yusuke , Kidokoro Hiroyuki , Ishihara Naoko , Hattori Ayako , Ochi Nobuhiko , Natsume Jun
Published: January 2025

Gait disturbance is a common motor symptom in Angelman syndrome (AS), but its characteristics have been poorly studied quantitatively. This study aimed to analyze gait characteristics in school‐age children with AS using three‐dimensional gait analysis (3DGA). Patients with clinically and genetically confirmed AS and healthy children aged 6–15 years were included. For gait assessments, 3DGA was performed using an eight‐camera motion analysis system and eight force plates. Gait metrics, including gait speed, step length, step width, gait variability, gait deviation index, and kinematic and kinetic data of lower extremity joints were compared between the groups. Eight children with AS and 24 healthy controls were evaluated. Seven children with AS had flat feet. While step length and gait speed were similar between groups, children with AS showed greater variability in these parameters and larger step widths. Their average gait deviation index was 74.5, indicating significant gait disturbance, and characteristic features included anterior pelvic tilt, insufficient hip extension, excessive knee flexion during early stance, and reduced ankle joint power. School‐age children with AS exhibit unstable, prancing gait characterized by knee flexion in the early stance phase, quantifiable using 3DGA. These findings provide foundation for evaluating therapeutic interventions.
Origin of Regioselectivity Switch in Pyridinium Functionalizations with Phosphinoyl and Carbamoyl Radicals
Authors: Hu Lingfei , Ding Wenyao , Liu Wei , Wang Limeng , Lv Xiangying , Lu Gang
Published: January 2025

The origins of regioselectivity switch in pyridinium phosphinoylation and carbamoylation were computationally investigated using energy decomposition analysis. The results reveal that the preference for regioselectivity arises from distinct intermolecular interactions between phosphinoyl/carbamoyl radicals and pyridinium derivatives. The ortho‐methoxy group on pyridinium remodulates different types of intermolecular interactions, exhibiting an opposite trend in its influence on para versus ortho selectivity.
Ultrasonographic view of fluid bronchogram secondary to endobronchial obstruction: A case report
Authors: Kedia Yash , Gupta Nitesh , Kumar Rohit
Published: January 2025

Background

Ultrasound has become an important aspect of emergency medicine due to its wide availability and portability for bedside investigations. Understanding some important ultrasound findings can aid in diagnosis and management.

Key findings

We present a case of a 65‐year‐old smoker who presented with shortness of breath and hemoptysis and was in respiratory failure upon arrival in the emergency department. Bedside ultrasound demonstrated a fluid bronchogram, aiding the diagnosis of lung collapse secondary to endobronchial obstruction.

Discussion

Fluid bronchograms are seen on CT chest and ultrasonography as linear images corresponding to dilated bronchus, filled with mucus, distal to an endobronchial obstruction. They are characterised by anechoic, tubular structures, suggestive of fluid filled bronchi, over the hypoechogenic pulmonary parenchyma, and can be differentiated from blood vessels by the lack of Doppler signal. Ultrasonographic image of fluid bronchogram is very unique and can help to detect collapse secondary to endobronchial obstruction using point‐of‐care ultrasonography in emergency.
Application of the 2023 World Heart Federation guidelines for the echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Williamson Jacqueline , McLeod Amelia , Marangou James , Remenyi Bo , Morris Peter , Whalley Gillian
Published: January 2025

Rheumatic heart disease remains prevalent in some regions of Australia and New Zealand. Echocardiography is the gold standard for detection and diagnosis using the 2023 World Heart Federation guidelines. The guidelines describe specific features of mitral and aortic valve morphology and define pathological regurgitation associated with RHD. The aim of this education piece was to assist cardiac sonographers and reporting specialists in the accurate detection, diagnosis, and classification of RHD findings. We present the echocardiographic features of RHD as defined by the 2023 WHF guidelines, including a poster summarising the individual criteria for diagnosis.
Characterizing Challenges and Opportunities in Diagnostic Disclosure Communication in Dementia Care: A Qualitative Study of Clinicians
Authors: Paladino Joanna , Granados Heily Chavez , Blacker Deborah , Vranceanu Ana‐Maria , Jackson Vicki , Ritchie Christine S
Published: January 2025

Background

Dementia is a life‐changing condition for patients and caregivers. Response to a diagnosis often includes grief, shock, and despair. Unfortunately, evidence demonstrates inadequate use of person‐centered communication practices during diagnostic disclosure, which adds to psychological distress. Structured, person‐centered communication interventions are needed to improve the disclosure process. Our aim was to characterize communication challenges and opportunities in diagnostic disclosure.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews of clinicians at 3 academic institutions, including one federally qualified health center. An interdisciplinary research team used rapid thematic analysis.

Results

18 clinicians participated (MDs/NPs/SWs/RNs) across neurology, geriatrics, geriatric psychiatry, primary care. Preliminary themes include: (1) An experience of trauma frequently accompanies dementia diagnostic disclosure. Participants described devastation or denial experienced by patients and caregivers after disclosure (especially an ‘abrupt’ disclosure’), which contributed to patient threats of suicide, clinicians getting fired, or reluctance to seek care. (2) Communicating a dementia diagnosis differs from other medical conditions due to the attribution of symptoms to other causes; perception that there is ‘no fighting back’ (which may change with anti‐amyloid therapies); and the importance of early involvement of caregivers due to variation in patient cognitive capacity. (3) An incremental team‐based communication process is perceived to improve patient and caregiver experience, including: establishing therapeutic alliance; assessing awareness of the cognitive condition and personal beliefs; managing expectations and acknowledging uncertainty; sharing a clear diagnosis with emotional support; creating partnership for anticipatory guidance and planning. (4) System barriers interfere with communication, including long wait times for specialists, lack of training, and unclear roles

Conclusions

A structured, psychologically‐informed communication framework for inter‐professional teams may enhance the quality and reliability of the diagnostic disclosure communication process in dementia care. Future research to develop efficacious diagnostic disclosure communication interventions has the potential to improve patient, caregiver, and clinician experience.
Staff perspectives for maintaining staff morale in a nursing home setting
Authors: Como Dominique H. , Wong Carin M. , Shier Victoria , Lekovitch Cara A. , Chew Felicia M , Britton Julie , Leland Natalie E
Published: January 2025

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic had a major impact on healthcare, contributing to a mass exodus of the workforce. This poses a concern for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) care, which benefits from consistent care routine and staff that know the resident. Therefore, it is important to understand nursing home staff perspectives on maintaining high staff morale, which impacts recruitment, retention, and care quality.

Method

Embedded within a larger pragmatic clinical trial evaluating two approaches to dementia care, nursing home staff (n = 327) were interviewed about their perspectives of dementia care before and after the emergence of COVID‐19. Purposive sampling was used to gain insights across different job roles (e.g., administrators, direct care providers, ancillary support). Staff morale surfaced during the interviews in the context of the evolving COVID‐19 pandemic and the competing demands on staff. Thematic analysis was used to analyze this emergent topic.

Result

Nursing home staff identified several themes necessary to improve staff morale in light of the negative impact the pandemic had on the workforce striving to care for residents living with dementia. These themes reflected actions that are needed at the individual, interpersonal, and organizational level. The themes include (1) self‐care strategies, (2) peer‐to‐peer support, and (3) leadership approaches and policies. Self‐care strategies were described as being initiated by the staff member for the benefit of their own mental or physical wellbeing. Examples of self‐care included: stepping away from the situation, engaging in spiritual practices (e.g., prayer), and exercising to relieve stress. Descriptions of peer‐to‐peer support reflected instances where staff supported one‐another through teamwork, mentorship, and communication. Staff also highlighted how organizational leadership contributed to morale by ensuring staff felt appreciated and supported. Staff provided examples of leadership initiatives (e.g., scheduling, transparency, incentives) to convey support of staff.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the actionable steps staff and administrators can take to foster staff morale among those who care for residents living with ADRD. Given the impact the pandemic had on the healthcare workforce and the challenge many staff who work on dementia units continue to face, staff morale may be a key factor in addressing staff retention and care quality.
Preliminary Results on the Effects of American Elderberry Juice for Improving Cognition and Inflammatory Markers in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Musich Madison , Curtis Ashley F. , Ferguson Bradley J. , Thomas Andrew L. , Greenlief C. Michael , Shenker Joel I. , Beversdorf David Q.
Published: January 2025

Background

Despite data showing nutritional interventions high in antioxidant/anti‐inflammatory properties (anthocyanin‐rich foods such as blueberries/elderberries) may decrease risk of memory loss and cognitive decline, evidence for such effects in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients is limited. Therefore, we examined preliminary effects of American elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) juice on cognition and inflammatory markers in MCI patients in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial.

Method

MCI patients (N =  24, Mage =  76.33±6.95) received elderberry (n =  11) or placebo (n =  13) juice (5mL orally 3‐times‐a‐day) for 6 months. At baseline, 3‐month, and 6‐month follow‐ups, patients completed tasks assessing global cognition, verbal memory, language, cognitive flexibility, and visuospatial memory. A subsample (N =  12, 7 elderberry/5 placebo) provided blood samples at these timepoints to measure plasma inflammatory markers. Multilevel models examined effects of condition (elderberry/placebo), time (baseline/3‐months/6‐months) and condition by time interactions on cognition/inflammation outcomes. Interactions were evaluated via Kenward‐Roger pairwise tests.

Result

For cognition, the condition by time interaction trended towards significance for Visuospatial Problem Solving (VPS)‐mean latency correct (p = .08). Elderberry (not placebo) trended (p = .09) towards a decrease (faster performance in seconds) from baseline (M =  43.31, SD =  34.41) to 6‐months (M =  23.20, SD =  14.45). For inflammation, the condition by time interaction was significant for L‐lactate dehydrogenase A chain (LDHA; p = .03) and complement factor D (CFD; p = .03). In the placebo condition, LDHA significantly (p = .004) decreased from baseline (M =  4.78, SD =  1.41) to 6‐months (M =  2.07, SD =  0.89), while for elderberry LDHA remained stable (ps>.05). CFD significantly (p = .04) increased from 3‐months (M =  4.52, SD =  1.37) to 6‐months (M =  7.52, SD =  1.79) for placebo, while for elderberry, CFD trended (p = .051) towards decrease from baseline (M =  6.80, SD =  2.35) to 6‐months (M =  4.34, SD =  2.95). CFD was significantly higher for placebo vs. elderberry at 6‐months (p = .02). Exploratory correlation analyses (n =  12) showed a significant negative association (r = ‐0.93, p = .02) between change scores (6‐months–baseline) for LDHA and VPS‐mean latency correct in the elderberry condition.

Conclusion

Elderberry (not placebo) juice consumption in MCI patients may provide some benefit to cognitive flexibility. Preliminary analyses reveal this benefit may be related to reduction of low‐grade inflammation. These promising findings provide support for larger, more definitive prospective studies with longer follow‐ups to better understand mechanisms of action and the clinical utility of elderberries for mitigating cognitive decline.
Plasma‐derived Extracellular Vesicle Surface Antigens related to Platelets as biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Vacchi Elena , Cimiotti Carlotta Ginevra , Bolis Sara , Yadav Ankush , Pravatà Emanuele , Pinton Sandra , Rossi Stefania , Paganetti Paolo , Kaelin‐Lang Alain , Barile Lucio , Sacco Leonardo , Melli Giorgia
Published: January 2025

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common irreversible neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly. Its clinical diagnosis can be confirmed with expensive and invasive laboratory exams. Thus, new biomarkers and diagnostic tools to facilitate the proper management of patients are required. With the aim to identify new biomarkers for AD, we characterized the expression of multiple plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) surface markers, related to immune response and inflammation. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests a central role of inflammation in the development and pathogenesis of AD.

Methods

Thirty confirmed AD patients, among which 7 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 23 with moderate‐severe dementia, and 20 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Patients underwent clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid Aβ and Tau analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All subjects underwent blood collection. Plasma‐derived EVs were analyzed by flow cytometry to measure the expression of 37 EV surface markers.

Results

AD‐derived EVs showed higher CD62P and lower CD2 expression compared to those from HC. CD62P was associated with AD diagnosis, displaying good diagnostic performance, correlating with cognitive impairment, and showing higher expression in AD patients with pathological levels of Aβ42 in the CSF. These results were re‐confirmed considering the moderate‐severe patients only. In addition, CD41b was found increased in MCI subjects compared to both HC and severe AD showing reliable diagnostic performance for the MCI group.

Conclusions

Plasmatic EV surface markers characterization reinforces the role of EVs as promising biomarkers for AD, opening the possibility of developing non‐invasive diagnostic tools.