bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are mesenchymal stromal cells from children resistant to apoptosis?
Authors: Dimitriou H. , Perdikogianni Ch. , Martimianaki G. , Choumerianou D. M. , Pelagiadis J. , Kalmanti M.
Published: April 2009

Objectives:  Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a novel cellular candidate in the field of transplantation and tissue regeneration. Their clinical application requires their in vitro expansion. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of conditions that would favour apoptosis, and of long‐term expansion, on the characteristics of MSC from children.

Materials and methods:  Bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured for 10 passages (P1–P10). Expression of CD105, CD146, CD95 and apoptosis by 7‐amino‐actinomycin D staining were evaluated. CFU‐F and cell doubling time (DT) were assessed in every passage. Cell‐cycle study was performed at P2 and P6.

Results:  CFU‐F decreased from 38 ± 3.7 at P2 to 9.6 ± 3.2 per 10 MSC/cm2 at P10 and DT increased from 1.93 ± 0.1 (P2) to 6.1 ± 2.45 days (P10). A low percentage of apoptotic (dead) cells was detected at P2 and this did not change until P10. Cells at P2 were at G0/G1 phase, but in advanced passages more cells were in an active state. Induction of apoptosis (addition of anti‐Fas agonist antibody) using standard culture conditions, showed a minor effect on MSC survival. Serum deprivation of MSC (up to 72 h) revealed no substantial apoptotic effect while cells retained their tri‐lineage differentiation capacity.

Conclusions:  We conclude that MSC from children retain their functional characteristics throughout serial passages and remain stable under conditions that usually cause apoptosis. These features render MSC, especially those of early passages, optimal candidates for use in clinical applications.
Photoperiod and food restriction differentially affect reproductive and immune responses in Siberian hamsters Phodopus sungorus
Authors: Zysling Devin A. , Garst Andrew D. , Demas Gregory E.
Published: April 2009

1. Organisms must contend with seasonal fluctuations in energy availability. To maintain a positive energy balance year‐round, a number of adaptations have evolved including seasonal changes in reproduction, energetics and immunity. Photoperiod is the primary environmental signal most animals use to predict seasonal events. Despite the established link between energetics and immune function, little is known regarding how changes in energy availability affect immunity.

2. The goal of the present study was to determine the effects of food restriction on photoperiodic changes in reproduction and immune function in the Siberian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). Adult hamsters were housed in long or short days and were food restricted or fed ad libitum. Immune responses were quantified by measuring specific antibody production and bacterial killing capacity.

3. Food restriction decreased body and relative reproductive masses in long‐day animals. Antibody responses, but not bacterial killing ability, were enhanced in food restricted short‐day animals as compared with ad libitum fed controls. We also found differential effects of body fat on immune responses depending on the immune measure.

4. The effects of food restriction on immune function appear to vary based on the restriction regimen, the response measured, and the physiological state of the organism including energy balance, metabolic rate and reproductive status.

5. In conclusion, these results suggest that a wide range of factors can differentially affect immune function. In addition, these effects may vary based on the specific response examined. Future studies should include a variety of measurements to provide a more integrative and accurate picture of reproductive, energetic, and photoperiodic effects on immune function.
Rectal cancer staging post neoadjuvant therapy – how should the changes be assessed?
Authors: Bateman Adrian C , Jaynes Eleanor , Bateman Andrew R
Published: April 2009

Aims:  To compare the utility and reproducibility of tumour regression grade scoring systems during histopathological assessment of rectal cancers resected after neoadjuvant (i.e. pre‐operative) chemoradiotherapy.

Methods and results:  The histopathological features of tumour regression were assessed independently in 54 rectal cancer resection specimens using three scoring systems: the Tumour Regression Grade (TRG), modified Rectal Cancer Regression Grade (m‐RCRG) and RCPath Cancer Dataset (RCPath) methods. Good interobserver agreement was achieved for all three systems (κ scores: TRG system 0.719, m‐RCRG system 0.734, RCPath system 0.742). Both observers diagnosed complete tumour regression and little/no regression in 11 cases (20% of all cases) and four cases (11% of all cases), respectively. A mean of 5.6 tumour blocks/case were taken and the mean lymph node yield was 8.4/case.

Conclusions:  All three scoring systems were usable in a diagnostic setting. The clinical significance of differing degrees of tumour regression is not yet universally agreed and, with this in mind, the m‐RCRG system provided the optimum balance between applicability and the accurate recording of low, moderate and high degrees of tumour regression, thus facilitating future clinicopathological studies of moderate and high degrees of tumour regression and clinical outcome.
Value of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma from lung sarcomatoid carcinoma
Authors: Takeshima Yukio , Amatya Vishwa J , Kushitani Kei , Kaneko Mayumi , Inai Kouki
Published: April 2009

Aims:  The differential diagnosis of pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma (SM) from lung sarcomatoid carcinoma (LSC) invading parietal pleura and chest wall is a challenging issue. The aim of this study was to identify useful antibodies that can be used for the differential diagnosis of pleural SM from LSC.

Methods and results:  Forty‐five cases of pleural SM and 27 cases of LSC were immunohistochemically analysed by using 15 commercially available antibodies, including D2‐40 and antibodies to calretinin, thrombomodulin, Wilms’ Tumour 1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Napsin A, thyroid transcription factor (TTF)‐1, pan‐cytokeratin, CAM5.2, epithelial membrane antigen, Ber‐EP4, MOC‐31, α‐smooth muscle actin, h‐caldesmon and desmin. The results revealed that D2‐40 positivity was significantly higher in pleural SM (86.7%) than in LSC (25.9%). The positivity of the adenocarcinoma markers, including CEA, Napsin A, and TTF‐1, was low even in LSC.

Conclusions:  Evaluating the positivity and degree of staining of the well‐known mesothelial marker D2‐40 could be applied to differentiate pleural SM from the sarcomatoid component of LSC, in addition to assessing clinical and radiological information.
An initial linkage map of the West Nile Virus vector Culex tarsalis
Authors: Venkatesan M. , Broman K. W. , Sellers M. , Rasgon J. L.
Published: April 2009

We have constructed the first genetic linkage map for the North American arboviral vector Culex tarsalis. 120 F2 offspring from a cross between two colonies were genotyped using 25 microsatellites and six inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. We resolved four linkage groups which likely correspond to two full‐length chromosomes and two arms of the final chromosome. The longest linkage group contains the sex locus and corresponds to chromosome 3. Recombination rates around the sex locus were dramatically higher in females compared to males. The majority of microsatellite loci share sequence identity with regions of the Culex quinquefasciatus genome, whose assembly should aid in anchoring linkage groups to physical chromosomes. This map will aid in identification of loci involved with variable phenotypes in C. tarsalis including WNV susceptibility.
Genetic structuring and transfer of marine dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Japanese and Korean coastal waters revealed by microsatellites
Authors: NAGAI S. , NISHITANI G. , SAKAMOTO S. , SUGAYA T. , LEE C. K. , KIM C. H. , ITAKURA S. , YAMAGUCHI M.
Published: April 2009

To determine the process of population expansion and ascertain the origin of the Sea of Japan population, in a noxious red tide forming dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, 13 samples, isolated from 11 different localities in Japanese and Korean coasts, were analysed using 10 polymorphic microsatellites. Analyses by nonmetric multidimensional scaling plots of pairwise FST, global amova, and genetic admixture analysis identified three clusters — the Sea of Japan populations, Yatsushiro Sea (Kumamoto Pref.) populations, and other populations — indicating genetic structuring of the 13 samples into three distinct populations. In the proportion of shared alleles by pairwise individuals (PSAxy) analyses between the Sea of Japan and the other samples, PSAxy was extremely low compared with that among the Sea of Japan or among other samples, indicating that a large genetic barrier has occurred between the populations. No significant relationship of isolation‐by‐distance patterns and almost no genetic distance were detected between pairwise samples of the Sea of Japan, although there is a maximal distance of > 600 km between samples. In addition, PSAxy data among the samples were extremely high compared with those among other samples, clearly showing that a large‐scale transfer from west to east has occurred via the Tushima Warm Current. In the PSAxy data of the Seto Inland Sea and Pacific samples, individuals showing relatively high PSAxy were concentrated in the three areas of Nagasaki, Harima, and Mie, suggesting that frequent transfer may have occurred by human‐assisted dispersal, although Nagasaki and Mie are separated by a distance of approximately 700 km.
Interpopulation variation in mating system and late‐stage inbreeding depression in Magnolia stellata
Authors: TAMAKI ICHIRO , ISHIDA KIYOSHI , SETSUKO SUZUKI , TOMARU NOBUHIRO
Published: April 2009

Inbreeding has the potential to cause evolutionary changes in populations, although these changes are likely to drive populations to extinction through inbreeding depression and reductions in genetic diversity. We investigated the mating system and late‐stage inbreeding depression (δ) in 10 populations of Magnolia stellata using nine microsatellite markers and evaluated the effects of population size and the degree of population isolation through inbreeding and inbreeding depression on the persistence of populations. The outcrossing rates were very similar (~0.7) among populations, but the correlations of paternity, fractions of biparental inbreeding and inbreeding coefficients at the seed stage (FS) varied among populations, suggesting that the level of outcrossing was similar among populations, while the quality of it was not. A significant negative correlation was detected between FS and population size. The average value of δ was 0.709, and the values in six of the 10 populations were significant. The values of δ differed among populations, although clear relationships with population size and the degree of population isolation were not detected. However, in one population, which was very small and located in the edge of the species’ range, we obtained a very low value of δ (–0.096), which may be indicative of purging or the fixation of deleterious alleles. Existing M. stellata populations that are small (and thus might be expected to have higher frequencies of inbreeding) and have large values of δ may be in danger of declining, even if the populations are located within the central region of the species’ range.
Tales from scales: old DNA yields insights into contemporary evolutionary processes affecting fishes
Authors: QUINN THOMAS P. , SEAMONS TODD R.
Published: April 2009

Salmon and trout populations are suffering declines in abundance and diversity over much of their range around the Atlantic and Pacific rims as a consequence of many factors. One method of dealing with the decline has been to produce them in hatcheries but the wisdom of this approach has been hotly debated (e.g. Hilborn & Winton 1993; Waples 1999; Brannon et al. 2004). One concern is that domesticated hatchery strains will interbreed with locally adapted wild fish; but how do we study the genetic effects if the introgression might have occurred in the past? Hansen (2002) used DNA isolated from archived scales from brown trout, Salmo trutta (Fig. 1), to show that domesticated trout had, to varying degrees, genetically introgressed with wild, native trout in two Danish rivers. Extending that study, Hansen et al. (2009) have examined DNA from brown trout scales in six Danish rivers collected during historical (1927–1956) and contemporary (2000–2006) periods and from two hatchery source populations, to assess the effects of stocking nonlocal strains of hatchery trout and declining abundance on genetic diversity. Using 21 microsatellite loci, they revealed that genetic change occurred between the historic and contemporary time periods. Many populations appeared to have some low level of introgression from hatchery stocks and two populations apparently experienced high levels of introgression. Hansen et al. (2009) also showed that population structure persists in contemporary populations despite apparent admixture and migration among populations, providing evidence that the locally adapted populations have struggled against and, to some extent, resisted being overwhelmed by repeated introductions of and interbreeding with non‐native, hatchery‐produced conspecifics.

Photograph of a brown trout, Salmo trutta, one of many species of salmon and trout (Family Salmonidae) that are widely produced in hatcheries to enhance recreational and commercial fisheries. Photo by Peter Westley, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's NFLD, Canada.

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Patchy population structure in a short‐distance migrant: evidence from genetic and demographic data
Authors: MAYER C. , SCHIEGG K. , PASINELLI G.
Published: April 2009

Species often occur in subdivided populations as a consequence of spatial heterogeneity of the habitat. To describe the spatial organization of subpopulations, existing theory proposes three main population models: patchy population, metapopulation and isolated populations. These models differ in their predicted levels of connectivity among subpopulations, and in the risk that a subpopulation will go extinct. However, spatially discrete subpopulations are commonly considered to be organized as metapopulations, even though explicit tests of metapopulation assumptions are rare. Here, we test predictions of the three models on the basis of demographic and genetic data, a combined approach so far surprisingly little used in mobile organisms. From 2002 to 2005, we studied nine subpopulations of the wetland‐restricted reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) in the southeastern part of the Canton Zurich (Switzerland), from which local declines of this species have been reported. Here, wetlands are as small as 2.7 ha and separated through intensively used agricultural landscapes. Demographic data consisted of dispersal of colour‐banded individuals among subpopulations, immigration rates and extinction‐/recolonization dynamics. Genetic data were based on the distribution of genetic variability and gene flow among subpopulations derived from the analysis of nine microsatellite loci. Both demographic and genetic data revealed that the patchy population model best described the spatial organization of reed bunting subpopulations. High levels of dispersal among subpopulations, high immigration into the patchy population, and genetic admixture suggested little risk of extinction of both subpopulations and the entire patchy population. This study exemplifies the idea that spatially discrete subpopulations may be organized in ways other than a metapopulation, and hence has implications for the conservation of subpopulations and species.
Plant genomes do a balancing act
Authors: HUDSON MATTHEW E. , KANE NOLAN C.
Published: April 2009

Balancing selection is one mechanism that may explain why diversity is maintained in wild populations. However, relatively few examples of genes showing evidence of balancing selection have been identified, particularly in plants. In this issue, Reininga et al. (2009) present three Arabidopsis loci that show strong evidence of balancing selection. The loci, discovered using a genome‐scanning approach, encode proteins with diverse predicted functions: starch synthesis and control of gene expression. These three genes were identified by scanning only a small fraction of the Arabidopsis genome, suggesting that balancing selection may be more prevalent than previously known.
Normal values for the satiety drinking test in healthy children between 5 and 15 years
Authors: Hoffman I. , Vos R. , Tack J.
Published: April 2009

Abstract  In adults, a slow caloric drinking test has been proposed as a non‐invasive tool to estimate gastric accommodation and to quantify meal‐induced symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD). The same test has been proposed for paediatric FD, but normal values are only available for adolescents and adults. The aim of the study was (i) to establish normal values for the satiety drinking test in young children and (ii) to study the influence of demographic factors. In all, 59 healthy children [27 girls; age range 5–16 years, body mass index (BMI) 17.4 ± 2.5 kg m−2] were studied in the morning after an overnight fast. They drank a liquid nutrient meal (1.5 kcal mL−1) from beakers that were filled by a peristaltic pump filled at a rate of 15 mL min−1 with. For every 5 min, satiety was scored on a graphic rating scale grade 0–5 (1 = threshold, 5 = maximum), until a score of 5 was reached. Values are given as mean ± SEM and compared by t‐test; correlation analysis was performed using Spearman rank test. All children performed the test as indicated except for one 5 years old who stopped prematurely for dislike of the taste. The endpoint was reached at 360 ± 23 mL (540 ± 34 kcal), and was age‐dependent (Spearman r = 0.28, P = 0.03). No correlation was found between the maximum volume ingested and gender, weight, height or BMI. Age‐dependent normal ranges were determined for ages 5–16 at 3‐year intervals, and were found to increase with age. We established feasibility of and normal values for a non‐invasive satiety drinking test in children with an age range of 5–15 years. This tool can now be used in the assessment of paediatric FD and eating disorders.
Diagnostic performance and costs of Capilia TB for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex identification from broth‐based culture in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Ngamlert Keerataya , Sinthuwattanawibool Chalinthorn , McCarthy Kimberly D. , Sohn Hojoon , Starks Angela , Kanjanamongkolsiri Photjanart , Anek‐vorapong Rapeepan , Tasaneeyapan Theerawit , Monkongdee Patama , Diem Lois , Varma Jay K.
Published: April 2009

Objectives  Broth‐based culture (BBC) systems are increasingly being used to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in resource‐limited. We evaluated the performance, time to detection and cost of the Capilia TB identification test from broth cultures positive for acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) in Thailand.

Methods  From October–December 2007, broth cultures that grew AFB from specimens submitted by district TB clinics to the Bangkok city laboratory were tested for MTBC using Capilia TB and standard biochemical tests. Isolates that were identified as MTBC by biochemical tests but not by Capilia TB underwent repeat testing using Capilia TB, Accuprobe (Gen‐Probe, San Diego, CA, USA) and sequencing. Costs of time, labour, infrastructure and consumables for all procedures were measured.

Results  Of 247 isolates evaluated, the sensitivity of Capilia TB was 97% and its true specificity 100% compared with biochemical testing. The median time from specimen receipt to confirmed MTBC identification was 20 days (range 7–53 days) for Capilia TB and 45 days (range 35–79 days) for biochemical testing (P < 0.01). Six isolates that were Capilia TB negative but positive by biochemical testing were confirmed as MTBC and mutations in the mpb64 gene were detected in all. The unit cost of using Capilia TB was 2.67 USD that of biochemical testing was 8.78 USD.

Conclusions  In Thailand, Capilia TB had acceptable sensitivity and specificity, was lower in cost and had shorter turn‐around times. Laboratories investing in BBC should consider Capilia TB for identification of MTBC, after validation of performance in their setting.
Sensitivity and specificity of Chagas Stat‐Pak® test in Bolivia
Authors: Chippaux Jean‐Philippe , Santalla Jose A. , Postigo Jorge R. , Romero Mario , Salas Clavijo Nadin A. , Schneider Dominique , Brutus Laurent
Published: April 2009

Objective  To compare the results of an immunochromatographic test performed on whole blood, Chagas Stat‐Pak®, with those of an ELISA test using recombinant antigens.

Method  We tested 995 subjects of a rural population of all ages in the south of Bolivia, 459 pregnant women of the same population and 1030 urban women giving birth from the east of Bolivia.

Results  The sensitivity of the CSP test for the entire studied population (n = 2484) was 94.73% [93.35–96.10]; the specificity was 97.33% [96.50–98.15]. However, the specificity differed significantly between rural pregnant and urban birthing women, which could be attributed either to differences of parasite strain or Chagas prevalence.

Conclusion  The test is simple of use, reliable, relatively inexpensive (<2 US$ each test) and its performances are compatible with a field use for large‐scale screenings.
Potentilla reptans is an Alternative Host for Two Strawberry Viruses
Authors: Yohalem David , Lower Karen , Harvey Nick , Passey Tom
Published: April 2009

Strawberry [Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne = Potentilla x ananassa (Rozier) Mabb] has accumulated a variety of viruses in its relatively short history. Strawberry crinkle virus and Strawberry mild yellow edge virus are transmitted obligately by the aphid Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), which also occasionally infests other species of Potentilla. Several wild strawberry species have been shown previously to be hosts of the viruses. Leaves infected with these strawberry viruses were grafted into plants of UC‐5, an indicator strawberry cultivar, and then UC‐5 leaves were grafted into Potentilla reptans. Leaves from P. reptans were subsequently grafted back to uninfected UC‐5 plants to demonstrate their potential as reservoirs for the virus. UC‐5, Fragaria vesca and P. reptans plants were indexed for strawberry viruses by end‐point reverse transcriptase PCR subsequent to back grafting.
Trichosporon on humans: a practical account
Authors: Guého Eveline , Improvisi Luce , de Hoog G. S. , Dupont B.
Published: April 2009

Summary. Six human pathogenic Trichosporon species are described with respect to criteria for routine identification, epidemiology and clinical origin: T. ovoides, T. inkin, T. asahii, T. asteroides (Fissuricella filamenta), T. cutaneum, and T. mucoides. These species are causative agents of white piedra and cutaneous infections and are involved in systemic, localized or disseminated mycoses, particularly in patients with underlying haematological malignancy. Data on in vitro sensitivity to antifungal drugs are provided.

Zusammenfassung. Sechs humanpathogene Trichosporon‐Arten werden anhand von routinediagnostischen Merkmalen, der Epidemiologic sowie ihrer klinischen Herkunft beschrieben: T. ovoides, T. inkin, T. asahii, T. asteroides (Fissuricella filamenta), T. cutaneum und T. mucoides. Es handelt sich um Erreger der weißen Piedra und von Hautinfektionen sowie lokalisierter oder disseminierter tiefer Mykosen, insbesondere bei Patienten mit malignen hämatologischen Erkrankungen. Ferner werden Ergebnisse über in votro‐Empfindlichkeiten gegenüber Antimykotika mitgeteilt.
Mycoflora inhabiting water closet environments
Authors: Ismail M. A. , Abdel‐Sater M. A.
Published: April 2009

Summary.Sixty‐six fungal species in addition to two species varieties belonging to 31 genera were isolated during the current study from water closet (WC) sewage samples (39 species and two varieties in 20 genera) and WC air (53 species and two varieties in 25 genera). There were more fungi in the WC air than in sewage. The most prevalent fungi in WC sewage and air were members of the generaAspergillus, CladosporiumandPenicillium. Acremonium, Alternaria, Emericella, MycosphaerellaandPleosporawere dominant only in WC air. Some species of these genera are considered to be true or opportunistic pathogens. The pollution level due to the bacterial flora either in the air or in the sewage of WCs was relatively higher than that of the fungal flora. Testing the capability to produce urease, nearly all fungal isolates (65 out of 67) and bacteria tested (35 out of 36) proved to be good urease producers.

Zusammenfassung.Sechsundsechzig Pilzarten und zwei Varietäten aus 31 Genera konnten in der vorgelegten Untersuchung im WC‐Abwasser (39 Arten und 2 Varietäten in 20 Genera) und in WC‐Luft (53 Arten und 2 Varietäten in 25 Genera) nachgewiesen werden. Die Pilzflora in der WC‐Luft war reichhaltiger als die des WC‐Abwassers. In beiden Habitats herrschten Arten der GattungenAspergillus, CladosporiumundPenicilliumvor. Dagegen warenAcremonium, Alternaria, Emericella, MycosphaerellaundPleosporanur in der WC‐Luft bedeutsam. Einige Arten dieser Gattungen werden als primäre oder opportunistische Erreger angesehen. Die Keimbelastung sowohl der Luft als auch des Abwassers durch Bakterien war relativ höher als durch Pilze. Im Urease‐Nachweis erwiesen sich fast alle geprüften Pilze (65 von 67) und Bakterien (35 von 36) als gute Urease‐Bildner.
Comparative studies on the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in experimental animals with lysate and filtrate antigens of Blastomyces dermatitidis
Authors: Abuodeh R. O. , Scalarone G. M.
Published: April 2009

Yeast cell and mycelial lysate and filtrate antigens prepared in our laboratory from two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis (canine isolate T‐58 and human isolate Le) were evaluated with respect to the detection of delayed dermal hypersensitivity in hairless guinea pigs previously immunized with killed whole yeast cells from two strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis (T‐58 and Le) and Histoplesma capsulattum (strain G‐217A). The optimal potential reactivity (reactivity minus cross‐reactivity) with regard to eliciting a dermal response in animals sensitized with B. dermatitidis was achieved with the yeast phase lysate and filtrate antigens prepared from both T‐58 and Le isolates (mean axes of induration values ranging from 14.0 to 15.9mm). In contrast, the mycelial phase reagents exhibited lower potential reactivity (mean axes of induration values ranging from 5.3 to 10.5 mm).

Zusammenfassung. Lysat‐ und Filtratantigene wurden von der Hefe‐ und der Myzelphase zweier Blastomyces dermatitidis‐Stämme (Isolat T‐58 vom Hund und Isolat Le vom Menschen) hergestellt und in ihrer Reaktionsstärke im Nachweis der Überempfindlichkeit vom verzögerten Typ an unbehaarten Meerschweinchen validiert, die sowohl mit abgetöteten Ganzzellen der beiden B. dermatitidis‐Stämme als auch eines Histoplasma capsulatum‐Stammes (G‐217A) vorimmunisiert worden waren. Optimale Reaktivität (Reaktivität abzüglich Kreuzreaktionen) wurde im Hauttest an B. dematitidis‐sensibilisierten Tieren mit Lysav‐ und Filtratantigenen der Hefephase beider Stämme erreicht (mittlerer Duchmesser der Indurationen 14.0–15.9 mm). Dagegen zeigten die aus der Myzelphase präparierten Antigene ein geringeres Reaktionspotential (mittlerer Durchmesser der Indurationen 5.3–10.5 mm).
Antibody response to Candida and its use in clinical practice
Authors: Klingspor Lena , Eberhard T. H. , Stintzing G. , Tollemar J.
Published: April 2009

Reference values for specific IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies against three defined Candida antigens were determined in 280 healthy Swedish children aged 1 month to 15 years. The antibody response in 10 children with Candida Infections was also determined. Precipitating IgG antibodies to a mannan‐free Candida protein antigen were detected only in children with Candida infection. The haemagglutinating IgM antibody response in healthy children to a polysaccharide Candida antigen was weak. Adult levels of ≤320 (95% confidence interval, CI) were not reached even in the oldest children (≤160). All children with Candida infections had elevated IgM titres. Adult levels of IgA antibodies to Candida mannan were reached at 10–12 years of age; at 13–15 years the titres were higher (≤1600) than in healthy adults (≤1000, 95% CI). All children with an acute Candida infection had elevated IgA titres. Our study shows that antibody testing may be used to diagnose systemic Candida infection in children and to follow the progression and resolution of systemic Candida infection with the rise and fall of antibody titres.

Zusammenfassung. An 280 gesunden schwedischen Kindern, 1 Monat bis 15 Jahre alt, wurden Referenzwerte für Condida‐spezifisches IgM, IgA und IgG gegen drei definierte Candida‐Antigene erhoben. Weiterhin wurde die Antikörperbildung an zehn Kindern mit Candida‐Infektionen erfaßt. Präzipitierende Antikörper gegen ein Mannanfreies Candida‐Protein wurden ausschließlich bei Kindern mit Candida‐Infektionen beobachtet. Die Hämagglutinationsreaktion zum Nachweis von IgM gegen ein Candida‐Polysaccharidantigen war bei gesunden Kindern schwach. Die Antikörperspiegel von ≤320 (95% Konfidenzintervall KI) wurde auch bei den ältesten Kindern nicht erreicht (≤160). Alle Kinder mit Candida‐Infektionen hatten erhöhte IgM‐Titer. Die IgA‐Erwachsenen‐Spiegel gegen Candida‐Mannan wurden bei 10–12‐Jährigen erreicht und überstiegen bei 13–15‐Jährigen (≤1600) die der Erwachsenen (≤1000, 95% KI). Alle Kinder mit akuter Candida‐Infektion hatten auch erhöhte IgA‐Titer. Unsere Studie zeigt, daß Antikörperbestimmungen zur Diagnose systemischer Candida‐Infektionen besonders bei Kindern hilfreich sind und daß die Antikörper‐Titerkinetik den Krankheitsverlauf widerspiegelt.
Invasive mycotic and actinomycotic oropharyngeal and craniofacial infection in two patients with AIDS
Authors: Manfredi R. , Mazzoni A. , Cavicchi O. , Santini Donatella , Chiodo F.
Published: April 2009

Two cases of invasive oropharyngeal and craniofacial infection caused by fungal and actinomycotic pathogens are described in HIV‐infected patients. Two women with a previous diagnosis of AIDS, one with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and one with Candida oesophagitis, developed a subacute, invasive inflammatory process characterized by ulcerative neorotizing lesions spreading from the oropharynx up to the soft and hard palate, maxillary sinuses and nasal cavity, with extensive soft‐tissue necrosis. Although presenting with a very similar clinical picture, infection was due to Actinomyces spp. in the first case, while an apparent dual fungal aetiology (Aspergillus flaws and Candida spp.) was demonstrated in the second patient. Both cases were characterized by remarkable diagnostic difficulties leading to a late final recognition (confirmed by histological examination), and by a partial response to antimicrobial treatment.

Zusammenfassung. Es werden zwei Fälle invasiver oropharyngealer und kraniofazialer Infektionen, einmal durch Strahlenpilze, das andere Mal durch Pilze bedingt, an HIV‐positiven Patienten vorgestellt. Zwei Frauen mit AIDS, Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphom sowie Candida‐Ösophagitis entwickelten einen subakuten, invasiventzündlichen Prozeß, charakterisiert durch ulzerierende Nekrosen, die sich vom Oropharynx zum weichen und harten Gaumen, zu den Kieferhöhlen und dem Nasenraum ausbreiteten. Obgleich sich beide Situationen im klinischen Bild stark ähnelten, war der erste Prozeß durch Actinomyces spp., der zweite durch eine Doppelinfektion von Aspergillus flavus und Candida spp. bedingt. In beiden Fällen war die Diagnose schwierig, was zu später ätiologischer Abklärung und zu nur teilweisem Ansprechen auf die antimikrobielle Chemotherapie führte.
Adherence of Malassezia furfur to human stratum corneum cells in vitro: a study of healthy individuals and patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis
Authors: Bergbrant Ing‐Marie , Faergemann J.
Published: April 2009

The role of Malassezia furfur adherence to human stratum corneum cells in vitro was studied. The adherence assay was performed with one strain of M. furfur and stratum corneum cells from 30 healthy individuals and from 28 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis. Stratum corneum cells from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis contained significantly lower numbers of adherent M. furfur cells than cells from healthy individuals. No correlation was found with sex or age. The adherence assay was also performed with stratum corneum cells from one healthy individual and M. furfur strains from 15 patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis and 13 healthy controls. Malassezia furfur strains from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis showed the same in vitro capacity for adherence to stratum corneum cells as strains from healthy individuals. This in vitro study does not indicate that M. furfur adherence to human stratum corneum cells is of importance in the pathogenesis of seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Zusammenfassung. Die Bedeutung der Adhärenz von Malassezia furfur an menschlichen Stratum corneum Zellen in vitro wurde untersucht. Der Adhärenz‐Versuch wurde mit einem Stamm von M. furfur und Stratum corneum‐Zellen an 30 gesunden Personen und an 28 Personen mit seborrhoischer Dermatitis ausgeführt. Die Stratum corneum‐Zellen von Patienten mit seborrhoischer Dermatitis hatten eine signifikant geringere Anzahl von adhärenten M. furfur‐Zellen als die Zellen von gesunden Personen. Man fand keine Korrelation zu Geschlecht oder Alter. Der Adhärenzversuch wurde auch mit Stratum corneum‐Zellen einer gesunden Person und M. furfur‐Stämmen von 15 Patienten mit seborrhoischer Dermatitis und 13 gesunden Kontrollpersonen durchgeführt. Malassezia furfur‐Stämme von Patienten mit seborrhoischer Dermatitis zeigten in vitro die gleiche Adhärenz‐Kapazität für Stratum corneum‐Zellen wie die Stämme von gesunden Individuen. Diese In vitro‐Studie gibt keinen Hinweis darauf, daß die M. furfur‐Adhärenz für menschliche Stratum corneum‐Zellen für die Pathogenese der seborrhoischen Dermatitis von Bedeutung ist.
Aspergillus arvii spec. nov., a new animal pathogen?
Authors: Aho R. , Horie Y. , Nishimura K. , Miyaji M.
Published: April 2009

Summary. Aspergillus arvii sp. nov. Aho, Horie, Nishimura & Miyaji isolated from liver lesions of a dairy cow in Finland, is suggested to represent a new species. It differs from the other members of the Aspergillus fumigatus group by its stable brown colony colour, the ornamentation of its conidia as well as the shape of the vesicles and length of conidiophores.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird vorgeschlagen, Aspergillus arvii sp. nov. Aho, Horie, Nishimura & Miyaji, die von Leberläsionen einer Milchkuh in Finnland isoliert wurde, als neue Spezies anzuerkennen. Er unterscheidet sich von den anderen Vertretern der Aspergillus fumigatus‐Gruppe durch seine stabile braune Koloniefärbung, in der Anordnung seiner Konidien sowie der Form der Vesikel und der Länge der Komdiophoren.
Turbidimetric and visual criteria for in vitro susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates
Authors: Del Poeta M. , Barchiesi F. , Arzeni Daniela , Marinucci Giovanna , Scalise G.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The drug concentration which inhibited 50% of growth (IC30), the lowest drug concentration at which growth was less than 30% of that in a positive control well (IC30), the visual minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC visual), were applied to study the effects of fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and flucytosine against 27 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans by a broth microdilution technique. When the recommendations established by NCCLS Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Tests were applied for the visual reading of the microplates, the results were comparable with those obtained by the turbidimetric method. No statistically significant differences between MIC visual and IC30 readings were observed with the azoles. There were, however, differences with amphotericin B and flucytosine. In absolute terms MICs of amphotericin B and flucytosine showed higher values than IC30S and IC50S.

Zusammenfassung. Die turbidimetrisch bestimmte 50%‐Hemmkonzentration (IC50), die 30%‐Hemmkonzentration (IC30) und die visuell bestimmte minimale Hemmkonzentration (MIC visual) wurden vergleichend eingesetzt, um die Wirkung von Fluconazol, Itraconazol, Amphotericin B und Flucytosin auf 27 klinische Isolate von Cryptococcus neoformans zu untersuchen. Bei Berück‐sichtigung der Empfehlungen des NCCLS Subcommitee of Antifungal Susceptibility Tests für die visuelle Ablesung der Mikrotiterplatten sind die Ergebnisse mit denen des turbidometrischen Verfahres vergleichbar. Für die Ablesungen im MIC visual‐ und IC30‐Test wurden bei den Azolen keine signifikanten Unterschiede gefunden. Signifikante Unterschiede gab es dagegen für Amphotericin B und Flucytosin. Absolut gesehen waren die MICs von Amphotericin B und Flucytosin höher als die IC30‐ und IC50‐Werte.
Invasive metastasing pulmonary aspergillosis under polychemotherapy
Authors: Sima Dagmar , Tietz H.‐J. , Reißhauer H. , Buchholtz Ines , Schulze P. , Meyer R.
Published: April 2009

Summary. We report on a female patient who received a polychemotherapy because of an extensive pemphigus vulgaris. Under this therapy, the general condition of the patient worsened. Non‐characteristic symptoms, such as dyspnoea and tachycardia occurred. In spite of comprehensive, also invasive diagnostics, pulmonary foci demonstrable by X‐ray morphology and computer tomography could not be specified. In the course of treatment, a cerebral compression symptomatology developed. Post mortem, a pulmonary aspergillosis with abscess‐formation in the brain was found. The antigen identification completed the diagnosis. The increasing significance of Aspergillus infections is pointed out. The results of clinical examination and the differential diagnosis as well as the possibility of the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis are demonstrated.

Zusammenfassung. Wir berichten über eine Patientin, die wegen eines ausgedehnten Pemphigus vulgaris eine Polychemotherapie erhielt. Darunter verschlechterte sich der Allgemeinzustand, und es traten uncharakteristische Symptome wie Dyspnoe und Tachykardie auf. Röntgenmorphologisch und computertomographisch darstellbare pulmonale Herde konnten trotz umfassender invasiver Diagnostik nicht spezifiziert werden. Im Verlauf entwickelte sich eine Hirndrucksymptomatik. Post mortem wurde eine Lungenaspergillose mit Abszedierungen ins Gehirn festgestellt. Der Antigennachweis komplettierte die Diagnose. Auf die zunehmende Bedeutung von Aspergillus‐Infektionen wird hingewiesen. Klinik und Differential‐diagnose sowie die Möglichkeiten zur Diagnostik von Lungenaspergillosen werden diskutiert.
Indolent zygomycosis associated with deferoxamine chelation therapy
Authors: Prokopowicz G. P. , Bradley Suzanne F. , Kaufffman Carol A.
Published: April 2009

Summary. This paper describes a 71‐year‐old man with myelodysplasia who required multiple transfusions and subsequent deferoxamine chelation therapy and who then developed indolent cutaneous and probable pulmonary infection with Rhizopus species. The patient did not have rapidly progressive infection as has been described in almost all previously reported deferoxamine‐treated patients with zygomycosis Amphotericin B therapy was successful in curing the infection.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird der Fall eines 71‐jährigen Mannes mit Myelodysplasie beschrieben, der mehrfach Transfusionen mit anschließender Deferoxamin‐Chelat‐Therapie erhalten hatte und darauf einen schmerzlosen Hautprozeß und wahrscheinlich auch eine Lungeninfektion durch Rhizopus spec, entwickelte. Im Gegensatz zu den bisher bei fast allen Patienten mit Zygomykose nach Deferoxamin‐Behandlung beschriebenen Fällen entwickelte sich die Infektion im vorliegenden Fall langsam. Unter Amphotericin B‐Therapie heilte die Infektion ab.
Amphotericin B followed by itraconazole in the treatment of disseminated fungal infections in neutropenic patients
Authors: Nucci M. , Pulcheri W. , Bacha P. C. , Spector N. , Caiuby Maria J. , Costa Rosane O. , de Oliveira H. P.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The role of the new triazoles in the treatment of disseminated fungal infections in neutropenic patients is at present under scrutiny. Six neutropenic patients with disseminated fungal infections were treated with amphotericin B during neutropenia and itraconazole after bone marrow recovery. There were three pulmonary aspergillomas, one Aspergillus fumigatus sinusitis, one Fusarium‐mycosis and one disseminated candidosis. Four patients were cured of the infection. This approach seems to be safe and effective in the treatment of disseminated fungal infections in neutropenic patients, with the advantages of low side‐effects and the possibility of early discharge from hospital.

Zusammenfassung. Die Rolle der neuen Triazol‐Substanzen zur Behandlung von disseminierten Pilzinfektionen bei Patienten mit Granulozytopenie wurde untersucht. Wir behandelten sechs Patienten mit Granulozytopenie, die disseminierte Pilzinfektionen hatten, zuerst mit Amphotericin B während der Granulozytopenie und dann mit Itraconazol nach der Normalisierung des Kochenmarks. Die Mykosen waren drei Lungen‐Aspergillome, eine Aspergillus fumigatus‐Sinusitis, eine Fusarium‐Mykose und eine disseminierte Candidose. Vier Patienten wurden geheilt. Diese Strategie scheint sicher und effektiv für die Behandlung von disseminierten Pilzinfektionen zu sein. Hinzu kommt, daß die Nebenwirkungen geringer und Entlassungen aus dem Krankenhaus früher möglich sind.
Flutrimazole 1% dermal cream in the treatment of dermatomycoses: a randomized, multicentre, double‐blind, comparative clinical trial with 1% clotrimazole cream
Authors: Binet O. , Soto‐Melo J. , Delgadillo J. , Videla S. , Izquierdo I. , Forn J.
Published: April 2009

Summary. In a multicentre, double‐blind, randomized, parallel group clinical trial, the efficacy and tolerability of flutrimazole 1% dermal cream were compared with those of a reference compound, clotrimazole 1% dermal cream, applied topically twice daily for 4 weeks in patients with clinically and mycologically diagnosed fungal infection of the skin. A total of 484 patients were included in the study (244 patients received flutrimazole cream and 240 clotrimazole cream). According to an intention to treat analysis of the data, there was no difference between the treatments in terms of the rate of mycological cure after 4 weeks: 79% of patients in the clotrimazole group and 80% of patients in the flutrimazole group were mycologically cured (P= 0.83). From a safety point of view, flutrimazole and clotrimazole were well tolerated and the overall incidence of adverse reactions (mainly mild local reactions such as irritation or burning sensation) was 7%. This study shows that, in the treatment of fungal infections of the skin, topically applied flutrimazole has good efficacy, similar to that of clotrimazole, and is well tolerated.

Zusammenfassung. In einer multizentrischen, doppelblinden, randomisierten, in parallelen Gruppen durchgeführten klinischen Studie wurde eine 1‐prozentige Flutrimazol‐Creme hinsichtlich Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit mit einer 1‐prozentigen Clotrimazol‐Creme als Referenzwirkstoff verglichen. Die Patienten mit klinisch und mykologisch diagnostizierter Pilzinfektion der Haut wurden über 4 Wochen hinweg 2mal täglich lokal behandelt. Insgesamt 484 Patienten nahmen an der Studie teil; 244 erhielten Flutrimazol‐ und 240 Clotrimazol‐Creme. Gemäß einer ‘Intention‐to‐treat’‐ Analyse der Daten gab es zwischen den Behandlungen keinen Unterschied im Bezug auf die mykologische Heilungsrate: 79% der Patienten der Clotrimazol‐Gruppe sowie 80% der Patienten der Flutrimazol‐Gruppe waren mykologisch geheilt (P= 0,83). Unter dem Aspekt der Unbedenklichkeit wurden sowohl Flutrimazol als auch Clotrimazol gut toleriert bei einer Gesamtnebenwirkungsrate von 7% (hauptsächlich milde lokale Reaktionen wie Hautreizung oder Brennen). Die Studie zeigt, daß Flutrimazol, lokal angewendet zur Behandlung von Hautpilzinfektionen, eine gute Wirksamkeit, vergleichbar derjenigen von Clotrimazol, aufweist and gut verträglich ist.
Tinea pedis survey in members of the Japanese Self‐Defense Forces undergoing ranger training
Authors: Noguchi H. , Hiruma M. , Kawada A. , Ishibashi A.
Published: April 2009

Summary. The conditions surrounding tinea pedis infection were surveyed—the degrees of infection and of aggravation attendant upon training, and the skin temperature within the leather boots of members of the Japanese Self‐Defense Forces undergoing winter and summer ranger training. Before winter training, tinea pedis was diagnosed in 8 of the 15 subjects. The mean atmospheric temperature was 7.1°C, the total precipitation, 23 mm, and the mean skin temperature of the feet during training, 33.7 °C. After training, 1 further subject had contracted tinea pedis, 5 of the 8 showed slight aggravation, and 3 showed no change. Before summer training, tinea pedis was found in 9 of another 15 subjects. The mean atmospheric temperature was 20.0 °C, total rainfall, 353 mm, and the mean skin temperature of the feet during training, 36.6 °C. After the training, aggravation had occurred in 3 of the 9, and slight aggravation in the other 6. In these 9, vesiculation, pustules and erosion were seen, so that summer training had a more severe effect than winter training. Investigation of the predisposing factors for tinea pedis due to the wearing of boots and shoes is considered extremely important for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Zusammenfassung. Wir untersuchten die Bedingungen beim Auftreten von Fußflechte (Tinea pedis), das Ausmaß der Infektion und der Verschlechterung des Zustandes während der Ausbildung sowie die Hauttemperatur in Lederstiefeln bei Mitgliedern der japanischen Selbstverteidigungstruppe während der Ausbildung im Winter und Sommer. Vor Beginn der Winterausbildung wurde Fußflechte bei 8 von 15 Probanden festgestellt. Die Durchschnittstemperatur der Luft war 7.1 °C, der Gesamtniederschlag 23 mm: die durchschnittliche Hauttemperatur des Fußes während der Ausbildungzeit lag bei 33.7 °C. Nach der Ausbildung hatte sich eine weitere Person Fußflechte zugezogen, 5 der 8 Personen zeigten eine geringe Verschlechterung und 3 Personen keine Veränderungen.

Vor der Sommerausbildung fand sich Fußflechte bei 9 von 15 Personen einer anderen Probandengruppe. Die Durchschnittstemperatur lag bei 20 °C. und der Gesamtniederschlag bei 353 mm; die durchschnittliche Hauttemperatur des Fußes während der Ausbildungzeit lag bei 36.6 °C. Nach der Ausbildung zeigte sich eine Verschlechterung bei 3 von 9 und geringe Verschlechterung bei 6 Probanden. Bei den 9 Fällen fanden sich Blasen, Pusteln und Geschwüre; die Ausbildung im Sommer führte daher zu schwerwiegenderen Verschlechterungen als die im Winter. Für die Prävention und Behandlung der Fußflechte erachten wir Untersuchungen über prädisponierende Faktoren durch das Tragen von Stiefeln und Schuhen besonders wichtig.