bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Relations' Last Synthesis?
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura
Published: March 2019

Many scholars, intentionally or unintentionally, have entangled constructivisms and critical theories in problematic ways, either by assigning a critical-theoretical politics to constructivisms or by assuming the appropriateness of constructivist epistemology and methods for critical theorizing. This book makes the argument that these connections mirror the grand theoretical syntheses of International Relations (IR) in the 1980s and 1990s, and have similar constraining effects on the possibilities of International Relations theory. These connections have been made without adequate reflection, in contradiction to the base assumptions of each theoretical perspective, and to the detriment of both knowledge accumulation about global politics and theoretical rigor in disciplinary International Relations. It is not that constructivisms and critical theories have no common ground but instead that the overstatement of their common ground that has become routine among International Relations scholars is counterproductive to the discovery and utilization of their potential dialogues. To that end, this book argues that scholars using the two in conjunction should be cognizant of, rather than gloss over, the tensions between them as approaches and the different tools they have to offer. Along these lines, the book uses the concept of affordances to look at what each has to offer the other, and to argue for a modest, reflective, specified return to (constructivist and critical) International Relations theorizing that has the potential to revive International Relations theorizing by rejecting its oversimple syntheses.
Constructivism Does Not Have a Politics
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Sjoberg Laura
Published: March 2019

This chapter lays out the argument that constructivism is fundamentally a social theory of the mechanisms at work in global politics, rather than a political theory of what, in international politics, constitutes “good” and “bad.” Constructivisms provide a set of tools that can inform understandings of the substance of global political structures and decisions about how it is possible to maintain or change political structures, but constructivisms cannot by themselves inform decisions about the desirability of particular political structures. Constructivisms, as social theories, can only meaningfully inform the practice of international politics in combination with some political theory, understood as a theory concerned with the “ought” when constructivisms are concerned with the “is.” Constructivisms as such are no more “naturally” wed to critical theory than they are to realisms, liberalisms, Marxisms, or any other political theories.
European Integration and an Institutional Theory of Inequality
Authors: Beckfield Jason
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s main themes. The book argues that European integration has reorganized class struggle to the European level, entrenching a technocratic capitalism that weakens welfare states and raises income inequality. It asks: How have the fruits of European labor been distributed? Who wins and who loses from European integration? How are citizenship rights and economic fortunes being distributed? The remainder of the chapter discusses trends in welfare-state development and income inequality; current approaches to the welfare state and income inequality; and the turn toward to technocratic capitalism that now characterizes the EU’s policy priorities.
Breaking the Mold
Authors: Beckfield Jason
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes how the resources generated by the integrated European economy have been distributed as social rights of citizenship. As the European economy has developed, have European welfare states expanded, stabilized, or retrenched? These trends and effects matter because they reveal the changing structure of political inequality in Europe, and because the European welfare state has a strong effect on the distribution of income across European households. The first part of the chapter addresses the question of whether the development of the integrated European economy contributed to expansion of the social rights of citizenship, which would be a sign of reduced political inequality within European nations. The second part addresses the subject of political inequality in Europe as an integrating whole more directly by engaging with the convergence debate: with respect to citizenship rights, does it now matter more or less which national political economy one inhabits?
The Forum
Authors: Norwood F. Bailey , Mix Tamara L.
Published: March 2019

Food is political. Movements challenging issues of food access and security are occurring all over the world. Led by creative thinkers and targets of racism and discrimination themselves, members of radical food movements speak out for environmental and social justice, seeking to establish more democratic social systems. Food is central because its absence causes so much pain. Structural racism is manifest in the food deserts across the United States, where gas stations serve as grocery stores. Oppression is magnified in developing countries by an entire nation’s inability to control its own food supply. We meet people experimenting with new, radical forms of democracy, with food as a central dimension of their organizing strategies.
The Experiences of Indigenous Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Mendes Philip , Saunders Bernadette , Baidawi Susan
Published: March 2019

This chapter reports on exploratory research in Victoria, Australia, involving focus groups and interviews with service providers and Indigenous care leavers to examine the impact of existing support services. Indigenous children and young people are highly overrepresented in the Australian out-of-home care system. To date, neither specific research focusing on this group’s experiences as they transition from care nor an assessment of the Indigenous-specific and non-Indigenous supports and services available to them have been undertaken. Findings suggest that Aboriginal Community Controlled Organizations (ACCOs) play a positive role in working with non-Indigenous agencies to assist Indigenous care leavers. Participants identified a few key strategies to improve outcomes, such as facilitating stronger relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous services and improving ACCO resourcing.
Caring Adults “R” Everywhere (CARE)
Authors: Greeson Johanna K. P. , Thompson Allison E.
Published: March 2019

The United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) recognizes that children in out-of-home care are entitled to special protection to promote their physical and psychological recovery. The Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, which are intended to enhance implementation of the UNCRC, also acknowledge the importance of transitional and after-care support. This chapter explores progress toward realizing the rights of youth leaving out-of-home care in Australia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The emerging picture is that all these jurisdictions have some way to go to meet the standards enshrined in the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children and that emerging adults with complex needs are not currently sufficiently empowered or enabled to exercise their rights.
Regression Diagnostics and Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Li Quan
Published: March 2019

This chapter shows why the Gauss-Markov assumptions are important in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, how to diagnose assumption violations in OLS regression, and how to conduct sensitivity analysis and correct for some assumption violations. The issues covered include linearity and model specification, perfect and high multicollinearity, constant error variance, independence of error term observations, outlier and influential observations, and normality test. A mastery of materials in this chapter is necessary for systematic data analysis of a continuous outcome variable in a cross-sectional design
Replication of Findings in Published Analyses
Authors: Li Quan
Published: March 2019

This chapter demonstrates how to replicate the statistical findings in two published articles from international relations and economics, respectively. The purpose of these replication exercises is to accumulate first-hand experience in conducting social science empirical research. One study involves the research question: What influences the geographic spread of military conflict, one dependent variable, and a couple of regression models? The other study also involves one research question: Does religiosity influence individual attitudes toward innovation but many dependent and independent variables and numerous regression models? Both styles of empirical research are common in applied work.
Explaining Social Change
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Social change results from mental mechanisms in individuals and from social mechanisms for the interactions of thinking individuals. The mental mechanisms operate with images, concepts, rules, analogies, and emotions, all of which derive from neural mechanisms based on an important kind of neural process called semantic pointers. The interactions of individuals contribute to changes in their mental representations through cognitive and emotional communication that transfers, prompts, and instigates semantic pointers. Changes in the mental states and behaviors of individuals and groups result from changes in representations and interactions. Explanation of social changes requires identification of emergent properties of groups that are not simply the sum of change of changes in individuals. Social change resulting from cognitive and social mechanisms often results from critical transitions, not just gradual accumulations. Emotional gestalt shifts are important critical transitions that occur when individuals and groups reconfigure their arrays of attitudes and values.
Politics
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Ideologies are coherent systems of concepts, values, and other representations that operate in a group of people to justify the current situation or to motivate change. These sets of values spread among individuals as the result of interactions that typically involve both verbal and nonverbal communication. Ideologies spread through talking and writing but also through nonverbal expressions such as visual and auditory images, gestures, facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. Ideologies such as the Islamic State worldview can be analyzed by identifying the main cognitive-emotional representations. The mental processes of individual leaders and voters use concepts, images, beliefs, rules, goals, and analogies. All of these representations have important emotional aspects, as when concepts are bound with emotions to produce values and when beliefs are bound into specific emotions such as fear, all producing semantic pointers.
Anthropology
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Descriptions of cultural practices can be enriched by understanding the cognitions and emotions occurring in the minds of the people enacting the practices. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is new enough that its historical developments and ongoing practices are well documented. To explain these developments and practices, this chapter describes the images, concepts, values, beliefs, rules, analogies, and emotions that are the most important mental representations operating in Mormon minds. These representations have a neural basis in semantic pointer processes of representation and binding, and they contribute to a variety of deductive, abductive, and emotional inferences. The social process by which Mormon beliefs and practices spread from one individual to another can best be understood as the results of semantic pointer communication carried out by interactions ranging from church rituals to missionary work.
History and International Relations
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Historical explanation and the understanding of international relations can be enhanced by applying detailed psychological, neural, and social mechanisms to real-world events. By applying the method of social cognitive-emotional workups to the origins of World War I, this chapter shows the relevance of an integrated account of beliefs, concepts, values, rules, analogies, metaphors, emotions, inferences, and communication. The result transcends the limitations of purely narrative explanations in history and provides insight into why the field of international relations has lacked a satisfactory general theory. Explaining social changes in both groups and individuals requires understanding the communicative interactions of cognitive-emotional minds; the result is mechanistic-narrative explanation. Dealing with complex historical developments such as the outbreak of wars requires solution of the person–group problem.
Law
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

The legal profession is a complex of mental and social mechanisms. Social cognitivism yields new ways of thinking about reasonable doubt, wrongful convictions, and criminal responsibility. Semantic pointer theories of cognition and emotion explain individual decisions, including defective ones that lead to wrongful convictions. Explanatory coherence shows how people can make judgments of guilt in accord with legal principles, and reasonable doubt based on the value of the presumption of innocence is a legitimate motivated inference. However, illegitimate motivated inferences resulting from emotional coherence with inappropriate values can produce biased and inaccurate verdicts. Moreover, the social interactions that operate in trials and other legal proceedings can naturally be explained using the semantic pointer theory of communication that mingles verbal and nonverbal modes while accommodating the interactions of cognitions and emotions.
Mind
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Multilevel materialism contends that all mental processes are brain processes while allowing the importance of molecular, mental, and social mechanisms that complement neural ones. The Semantic Pointer Architecture provides a good candidate for explaining how the brain has thoughts and conscious feeling. Representation by patterns of firing in groups of neurons, binding of representations into more complex ones by convolution, and competition among semantic pointers serve to produce perception, inference, and consciousness. The conceivability of minds without brains and of mental processes without semantic pointers is of no relevance to how minds actually operate in this world. Because of their sensory-motor operations, semantic pointers naturally incorporate important aspects of embodiment and action embedded in the world, while also enabling minds to transcend the body in order to engage in abstract thought.
Knowledge
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

For the semantic pointer theory of mind, the bearers of knowledge are not abstract propositions but rather patterns of neural firing that constitute mental representations, including concepts, beliefs, nonverbal rules, images, and emotions. This neurocognitive perspective suggests new answers for questions about the generation of candidates for knowledge and their relations to the world via sensory-motor interactions. Semantic pointers support knowledge that beliefs are true or false, how to do things using multimodal rules, and of things via sensory-motor experience. The Semantic Pointer Architecture meshes well with coherence-based justification that abandons foundational certainty for fallible attempts to fit diverse elements of knowledge into the best overall explanation. Knowledge has important social dimensions.
Reality
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Following a naturalistic approach to metaphysics, this chapter argues that materialism and scientific realism are much more plausible than their major alternatives: idealism and social constructivism. The appropriate philosophical method is to use inference to the best explanation of evidence rather than thought experiments and a priori speculation. Natural philosophy legitimately accepts the existence of objects, properties, relations, changes, events, processes, mechanisms, groups, space, and time. All of these concepts and hypotheses are subject to revision as science and philosophy generate more evidence and alternatives. However, skepticism is appropriate concerning the existence of other entities such as souls, gods, spirits, facts, and group minds. If evidence and inference to the best explanation support the existence of an entity, then we are justified in concluding that it exists.
Morality
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Ethical judgments depend on values, understood as processes of neural firing produced by binding concepts with emotional attitudes, which in turn result from binding of physiological states and cognitive appraisals. As semantic pointers that integrate cognition and emotion, values contribute to thought and action biologically, in contrast to values as abstract entities whose mental impact is inexplicable. Because emotions include a crucial appraisal dimension, they can be judged to be rational or irrational, so that values can be objective or subjective. The key to translating human nature into morality lies in needs, not just as instrumental wants but as basic requirements for living as a human being. Full human functioning requires satisfaction of psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence.
Meaning
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: March 2019

Philosophical problems about the meaning of language and the meaning of life turn out to have interesting commonalities. Neither has plausible solutions that draw on supernatural entities such as abstract meanings, possible worlds, and divine plans. Rather, both can be approached by looking at mechanisms at four different levels: molecular, neural, mental, and social. Meaning is not a thing but a process that depends on interactions of parts occurring at multiple levels, resulting in multilevel emergence. The Semantic Pointer Architecture illuminates the neural mechanisms that operate in languages and valuable lives. Words are meaningful because their mental representations as concepts are brain processes that combine sensory-motor interactions with the world and interactions with other concepts. The meaning of life is also three-dimensional, requiring people to interact with language, the world, and other people.
The Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a concise and selective summary of some major developments in the branch of cognitive neuroscience that focuses on concepts, with the goal of establishing a foundation for the neurobiological data covered in Part II. The first section reviews evidence that concrete concepts are grounded in modal systems for perception, action, and emotion, such that much of semantic processing involves the simulation of sensory, motor, and affective states, albeit in ways that can be flexibly modulated by factors like task, context, and individual experience. It also argues that transmodal systems are necessary to integrate the cortically distributed features of multimodal concepts, to transcend superficial criteria for categorization, and to form unitary representations that can easily be accessed and combined. The subsequent sections address the following topics: the increasingly popular notion of representational similarity spaces; the relatively neglected realm of grammatical semantics; and the provocative view that linguistic communication involves brain-to-brain coupling or alignment.
Spatial Relations
Authors: Kemmerer David
Published: March 2019

Ever since the 1980s, research on the cross-linguistic representation of spatial relations has burgeoned. Surprisingly, however, very little of this work has had any impact on cognitive neuroscience, and most researchers who study the cortical underpinnings of concrete conceptual knowledge have ignored spatial relations completely, preferring to focus on objects and actions instead. Due to this rather stark asymmetry, this chapter has a different organization than the previous two. The first section focuses entirely on cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the grammatical-semantic representation of three main types of spatial relations: topological, projective, and deictic. Then the last section addresses a number of neuroscientific issues, including a review of what has been learned so far about the implementation of these kinds of concepts in the brain, and a discussion of how the typological literature can both inspire and guide future research in this important but relatively neglected area of inquiry.
Defendant Decision-Making in Plea Bargains
Authors: Bushway Shawn D.
Published: March 2019

Defendants who plead guilty usually receive substantially shorter sentences than observably equivalent people who are convicted at trial. One explanation for this discrepancy is that defendants receive a discount for pleading guilty. The primary theoretical model used to explain the different sizes of the discount is referred to as “bargaining in the shadow of the trial.” This model is a rational, choice-based model of defendant decision-making. The model establishes the maximum value of the potential plea or, alternatively, the minimally acceptable discount. The key parameter driving the size of the discount in this model is the probability of conviction. Although more empirical tests are sorely needed, there is some evidence supporting the basic model. However, social scientists have recently shown that actual innocence seems to matter to defendants above and beyond the probability of conviction. This chapter discusses the shadow model as a model of defendant decision-making, evaluates the current state of the evidence, and discusses some of the possible extensions and room for future research.
Sentencing Disparity and Mass Incarceration
Authors: Hester Rhys
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines how the system of pleas impacts two areas that receive special attention in criminal justice: (1) sentencing disparities and (2) mass incarceration. The first section discusses ways that plea bargaining leads to different punishment levels for individuals whose criminal conduct is otherwise similar. These differences include reduced punishment due to count or charge reductions, or favorable sentence recommendations or agreements, in exchange for a willingness to plead guilty or to provide assistance to the prosecution and law enforcement. The next section discusses how the system of pleas enables mass incarceration. Although the system of pleas was well established by the onset of mass incarceration, and thus did not cause mass incarceration, plea bargaining did create the infrastructure that made mass incarceration possible.
“Smart Raids” and the Victim-versus-Criminal Narrative
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

Drawing on interviews with ethnic migrant sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand, as well as employees of local and international NGOs, in this chapter I show how the anti-trafficking movement uses “Smart Raids”—collaborations between NGOs and the Royal Thai Police to raid brothels, karaoke bars and massage parlors—in an attempt to rescue women working as prostitutes against their will. Digging more deeply, we see how this policy traps female migrant sex workers in a binary framework that pits the non-consensual “victim” against the agentive “criminal” in what I call the “victim-versus-criminal” narrative. By doing this, Smart Raids not only fail to achieve their primary goal, they also have detrimental effects on the very women they are designed to help.
Embodiment
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

This chapter addresses the subject of embodiment—the aspect of the dramatic process in which actors breathe life into the characters they inhabit. I discuss how, through this breathing and this living, a new layer of reflexivity between research and creative practice is uncovered, and I suggest that the liminal act of embodying a character can evoke new questions and lead to the discovery of new epistemological frameworks in research. Discussing the auditions, rehearsals and first staged readings, or presentations of the musical, I show how the liveness of these collaborative processes served as a way of recovering experience—that is, reclaiming it, and taking its meaning to a new level. Focusing on a new group of participants—the actors—I illustrate the contributions that were made to the “Land of Smiles’ production through their own experiential knowing.
Articulating Migrant Narratives
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, I discuss the narratives of the migrants who participated in focus groups following the “Land of Smiles” performances. Five key narratives emerged in these discussions, each of which engaged a process of the articulation of trauma. I discuss the process whereby a story gives “voice” to the “wound” of the traumatic experience, and follow this with a broader discussion of the idea of “witness;” the necessity of having an active participant who observes this articulation, thereby helping the wound to heal. I conclude by showing how these narratives had a liberatory effect on migrant participants, engaging processes that were rupturing, consciousness raising, dialogical, proactive and performative.
Recollection, Mourning, and Witness
Authors: Kamler Erin M.
Published: March 2019

Following our discussion of the migrant narratives, in this chapter I look at of the way these narratives fostered processes of recollection, mourning and witness among migrants from Burma who attended the “Land of Smiles” performances. Taking as my premise the idea that one cannot fully experience or recall their trauma until it is voiced, I’ll show how the migrant narratives had a liberatory effect on participants, engaging processes that were rupturing, consciousness raising, dialogical, proactive and performative, and I connect this process to the embodied, live, collaborative and participatory modality of DAR.
The Effects on Human Capital Formation
Authors: Luiten Jan
Published: March 2019

New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent during this period (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and country were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a “number sense”) in both urban and rural areas, linked to demographic change and commercial development. Between 1600 and 1800, however, Flanders in particular seems to have lost its strong distinctiveness in this regard. In this chapter the authors also contribute to the literature on human capital formation by investigating age references in early modern portraits from the Low Countries. They use the very popular aetatis formulae to estimate to what degree sitters for portraits were able to give their age in an accurate way. This approach permits an estimate of the numeracy of single men and women, as well as of couples who commissioned pair portraits to commemorate their marriages.
The Effects on Capital Market Development
Authors: Luiten Jan
Published: March 2019

In this chapter, the authors analyze the functioning of private capital markets in Holland in the late medieval period. They argue that in the absence of banks and state agencies involved in the supply of credit, entrepreneurs' access to credit was determined by two interrelated factors. The first was protection of property rights and the extent to which properties could be used as collateral. The second was interest rates for borrowing money at the time, as well as the obligations of such borrowing compared with the interest rates on risk-free investments. The chapter’s case study is the small town of Edam and its surrounding countryside, De Zeevang, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The authors show that many households (whether headed by men or women) owned financial assets and/or debts, and the degree of financial sophistication was relatively high.
Beguines
Authors: Luiten Jan
Published: March 2019

The beguine movement is a most remarkable phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries, but it still remains to be explained. The skewed sex ratio, diminished access to convents, and religious revival of the late Middle Ages seem insufficient to explain the movement in the long run. This chapter argues that the specific attitude toward women in the Low Countries that originated with the emergence of the European Marriage Pattern created a fertile and unique basis for the beguinages to develop: the beguinages may have offered women in the Low Countries safety and security if they chose to remain single.
Visualization and Interaction
Authors: Lenhard Johannes
Published: March 2019

This chapter addresses the role of visualization in the process of simulation modeling. The claim is as follows: from a methodological perspective, visualization supports the exploratory and iterative mode of modeling; from an epistemic perspective, it assigns a special role to judgment. Of central importance for both perspectives is that visualizations offer opportunities to interact with models. Researchers may vary representations on screen or highlight particular aspects of processes. Such interactions combine the impressive human powers of comprehension in the visual dimension with the computational capacities of digital machines. A visual presentation fosters the interplay between experimental approach and instrumentalist assumptions discussed in chapter 1. Visualization can be decisive when adapting such assumptions in line with the performance of the simulated system. Studying galaxy formation and predicting hurricanes serve as case studies.
Epistemic Opacity
Authors: Lenhard Johannes
Published: March 2019

This chapter shows that—and how—simulation models are epistemically opaque. Nevertheless, it is argued, simulation models can provide a means to control dynamics. Researchers can employ a series of iterated (experimental) runs of the model and can learn to orient themselves within the model—even if the dynamics of the simulation remain (at least partly) opaque. Admittedly, such an acquaintance with the model falls short of the high epistemic standards usually ascribed to mathematical models. This lower standard is still sufficient, however, when the aim is controlled intervention in technological contexts. On the other hand, opacity has to be accepted if the option for control is to remain in any way open. This chapter closes by discussing whether epistemic opacity restricts simulation-based science to a pragmatic—“weak”—version of scientific understanding.
Evidence-Supported, Trauma-Focused Interventions
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf
Published: March 2019

Providing trauma-informed interventions in a school-based setting is helpful because parents are often unable to get their children to service providers in the community. School social workers can help children heal from trauma through the provision of a number of trauma-sensitive interventions. Chapter 6 offers an overview of some current, empirically supported interventions for use in direct practice with children and adolescents in school settings. The chapter reviews the Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) framework; Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) for children; Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) group intervention; and Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS) group intervention for older adolescents. Case examples are provided to demonstrate how these interventions are used in practice, and resources for information and training on the interventions are listed.
Engaging Teachers, Families, and Kids in Creating Trauma-Informed School Environments
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf
Published: March 2019

Chapter 7 explores the essential framework for creating a customized trauma-informed model for schools that engages all stakeholders, including children, parents, communities, teachers, and school administrators, in this paradigm shift. A multitiered approach that includes the four basic assumptions of trauma-informed care is presented, and models of trauma-informed schools are reviewed. Lessons learned from other areas of social work practice, such as child welfare and mental health, are included as well. Case examples of implementation in different school settings demonstrate how to implement the strategies and how the strategies can affect children. Finally, resources for implementation are provided.
Evaluating Trauma-Informed School Social Work
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf
Published: March 2019

Most school administrators and teachers agree that they want to create learning environments that are safe for all children. However, recognizing that some dynamics within the school environment can feel unsafe to children who have experienced trauma, and changing them, is another matter. Uniform standards for creating trauma-informed environments and metrics for evaluating their success are currently lacking in the fields of education and social work. Chapter 8 provides a program evaluation strategy for trauma-informed school social workers to utilize in determining the success of their programs and to adapt programs as needed based on outcomes. The aim is to build and expand the literature on empirically supported and evidence-based practices in school settings. Logic models are presented, and resources for evaluating trauma-informed schools are provided.
Stopping the Refugee Boats
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott
Published: March 2019

Australia has unusually effective controls to deter asylum seekers as a result of its remote geography, regional hegemony, and relatively weak legal constraints. In the 1970s the government’s options were self-limited by foreign policy interests that favored asylum seekers fleeing the fallen ally of South Vietnam. By the 2000s, it had shifted toward a harsh policy built on buffers in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, the “excisions” of particular Australian territories to restrict asylum seekers’ rights there, aggressive interceptions of visa-less travelers at sea, and offshore processing of maritime asylum seekers in other countries’ territories where most have been determined to be refugees by the UNHCR definition. The only current modest limitations on Canberra’s remote controls derive from reliance on other governments to do the work of buffering and caging and scrutiny by civil society.
Protecting Access to Sanctuary
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott
Published: March 2019

Regardless of whether a given technique of remote control sustains legal scrutiny, the cumulative effect of these policies shocks the humanitarian conscience. Diffuse humanitarian norms cannot be evaded so easily because they focus attention on the effects of the whole. Feedback loops channel information between the legal process and the production of knowledge by refugee advocates. This knowledge is the basis for integrated advocacy to keep access to sanctuary open. The extent to which such advocacy is effective varies by technique of remote control and across contexts. The least constrained remote control policies involve the dome, and the most constrained involve the barbican. There are more varied limitations on the high seas, where courts have strongly constrained the EU but given the United States carte blanche to refoule refugees. Political constraints on buffering and caging are derived from embedded liberalism and linkages to other foreign policy issues.
On the Road
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2019

This chapter analyzes how adults use indirection to hide dangerous acts such as avoiding giving, requests, criticisms, and lies. It focuses on a trip the author took with a friend to go buy soda and her many linguistic and semiotic mistakes. As she learned what to say and what not to say, the author gained valuable insights into the role of indirection in adult relationships and the inevitable leakage of signs. People’s words never entirely hide their goods, requests, or lies. As a result, successfully avoiding giving depends on others, specifically on people ignoring the signs of possession. Since people need not cooperate, avoiding giving is inevitably dangerous; adults are better off when they can displace responsibility for it onto someone else. By framing these conclusions with an analysis of the author’s trip to buy soda, the chapter also reveals how the experience of fieldwork leads to ethnographic discovery.
Aged Agency
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2019

This chapter develops a theory of agency as aged. It presents one of the first views of agency as something that changes across the life course. The chapter traces the story of a girl whose leg was cut by a machete. While the girl’s adoptive mother claimed that the cut was an accident, a child said that he saw the mother purposely cut her daughter’s leg. As various people in the village adjudicated these claims, the chapter shows that their interpretations of speech were affected by people’s statuses as children or adults. Adults in Jajikon view children as what the author calls “nonmoral agents” and say that “children cannot lie.” These ideologies of childhood and speech give children the ability to do and say things that adults cannot. They give children aged agency.
Your Country, Our War
Authors: Brown Katherine A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews how Afghan journalists perceive the “reality” journalists for U.S. news organizations have constructed about Afghanistan, and how Afghan journalists react to and make meaning from it. Afghan journalists and a majority of Afghan officials assume that U.S. journalists are advocates for the American government’s foreign policies and are sometimes chauvinistically nationalistic, even jingoistic. The U.S. journalists vehemently reject this notion and the suggestion that their coverage is blindly patriotic, yet they agree that they are largely aligned with U.S. officials in protecting and advancing America’s general interests abroad. Afghan journalists also are emotionally affected by the news stories they read that describe their country as being shattered and hopeless. Consuming U.S. news about Afghanistan can be an affront to their Afghan identity and can inspire intense feelings of nationalism and frustration within them.
The Evolution of Deaf Education in Namibia
Authors: Bruwer Beausetha J. , February Pamela J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter starts with the description of deaf education in the Namibian context in terms of providing formal education for learners who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). It traces the history of deaf education from the 1960s to date and reports on early childhood education and primary, secondary, and tertiary education for this population. The second section of the chapter describes the road that Namibia has taken considering the needs and challenges the country is facing in providing quality education to DHH learners. The outcomes of two important conferences dealing with this issue are discussed. The last section discusses options for the way forward. Despite constraints in financial and human resources, there has been definite progress in the provision of quality education to DHH learners in Namibia.
Practices and Challenges in Deaf Education in Kenya
Authors: Adoyo Peter Oracha , Maina Everline Nyokabi
Published: March 2019

Ensuring inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all, including those with disabilities, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals to which Kenya has subscribed. The special education policy in Kenya specifically advocates for early assessment and intervention, appropriate adaptation and differentiation of the curricula, use of relevant pedagogical approaches, adequate and relevant educational resources, and accessible classroom communication for learners with diverse needs. Nonetheless, the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing learners in Kenya faces challenges, such as societal myths, barriers to curricular access, teacher incompetence in the language of instruction, and low expectations. Some members of the Deaf community remain apprehensive about the global trend toward inclusive education. The prospect of education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing learners in Kenya is bright, however, considering where the country has come from. Some issues that still need to be addressed are mentioned in this chapter.
Deaf Education in Ethiopia
Authors: Tedla Tadesse Abera
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides an overview of deaf education in Ethiopia. It covers the country’s history of special needs education, the history of deaf education, the status of sign language, teachers’ training and communication approaches in the classroom, and classroom access services. In addition to describing student- and school-related challenges to deaf education, it outlines coping mechanisms used by deaf students and opportunities created by legislation. Deaf education in Ethiopia is better than it was decades ago, but it still has far to go. Recommendations are made to pave the way forward in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing learners. Where available, relevant empirical evidence is provided.
Deaf Education Policies in Zimbabwe
Authors: Musengi Martin
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses prospects in the education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) in light of the dichotomy between Zimbabwean government curriculum policy and the reality of implementation in a context where there are many different languages and cultures. Policy co-articulation in the education of students who are DHH is influenced by overlaps in changing perceptions of disability, the increasing availability of audiometric technology, and the Deaf community’s lobbying for the use of Zimbabwean Sign Language. Educational provision for DHH students has grown from five special schools with 800 students in 1981 to the current six special schools and ninety mainstream units catering for nearly 2,600 students. The chapter analyzes the discourses that dominate policymaking and implementation in these special schools and mainstream units, as they are the major site of struggles on interpreting and implementing policies for DHH students in Zimbabwe.
Deaf Education in Jordan: Current Situation, Obstacles, and Future Aspirations
Authors: Al-Zboon Eman
Published: March 2019

This chapter provides a review of deaf education in Jordan, emphasizing the following issues: the current state of deaf education in Jordan, including the role of the Jordanian Royal Family; the history of deaf education in Jordan; the policy framework; the provision of services, including the curriculum, use of sign language, and teacher preparation and professionalism; and current challenges, including the prevalence of hearing loss, early childhood education, the emotional characteristics and mental health of deaf students, and technology. These issues are discussed in light of the available supporting research. The chapter provides a description of a Jordanian model school for deaf people in the Middle East, the Holy Land Institute for the Deaf. Recommendations and goals are also outlined.
Introduction
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

A revolution is needed not only in the practice of criminal justice but also in its grammar, particularly its moral grammar. The terminology utilized to speak of why, how, and whom we hold accountable for violations of the law is incoherent given the ancient conversion-based paradigm for addressing serious social misconduct. As a result, we are left without an antidote to some expression of violence as the only unifying principle in the various justifications offered for the practice of criminal detention.
The State of Penal Ideology and Penal Affairs
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores the two metaethical errors upon which the current system of criminal justice is based: the lack of a life-affirming moral ontology and dualism. The chapter reveals that all philosophical foundations upon which the system is constructed are predicated upon subjective appropriations of reality that can do no other than lead to an emotivism between competing subjectivities that, in turn, can only be adjudicated by the threat or use of violence. The chapter then reviews contemporary scholarship on the penal state to underscore the contention that the only justification for incarceration that honors the dignity of the confined and trusts in their capacity to overcome alienation and violence without need of forcible intervention is conversion.
It Is Wrong to Punish Anyone for Any Reason
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

The first chapter argued that violence is the default value of all justifications for criminal detention. This chapter then investigates retribution; deterrence; incapacitation, and, to some degree, rehabilitation to reveal this coercive mechanism always in play. It concentrates mostly upon an exposition and critique of the retributive position since its underlying perception of personhood is shared by most proponents of the other positions. It then maintains that the historical and moral antidote to the ontology of violence is provided by an approach to human malfeasance found in the penitential and monastic ethos of early Catholicism. It was there that the belief that no one needs to be punished to come to full personhood was given institutional basis not only in the sacrament of penance but in the moral and methodological guidelines of the monastic prison.
What Is Wrong with Rehabilitation?
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

This chapter first shows the equivocal nature of the definition of rehabilitation or desistance. It then provides what it sees to be the rudiments that the varying approaches to the concept have in common. These common assumptions mirror the commitments of the other common justifications for detention: social conservatism, dualism, and the ever-present threat of coercive force for those who fail to participate or do so in an uncooperative manner. The chapter then critiques what it sees to be the four dominant expressions of the rehabilitative philosophy: Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR); the Good Lives Model (GLM); the virtuous prison; and restorative justice. Although the chapter is critical of all four of the above formulations, an effort is made to show how various aspects of the conversion paradigm are evident in these approaches. Thus, the chapter is more an invitation to dialogue and to expand the moral horizon of rehabilitative discourse than a dismissive diatribe.
Conclusion
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

The revolution needed in criminal justice begins with the sense that in the human drama to varying degrees all are sacred and all are villains. This universal human contradiction is reconciled through conversion–the expansion of intellectual, moral, and spiritual vision to include to an ever–widening degree everyone and everything. No one ever needs to be punished to achieve this level of integrity since the longing for participation and full communion is a property of the human spirit. Thus, the only persons who need criminal detention are the wilfully violent and predatory-not for the purpose of punishment but as members of a community of wounded healers who are loved into sociability.