bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malperformance in Verbal Fluency and Delayed Recall as Cognitive Risk Factors for Impairment in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Koehler Mirjam , Kliegel Matthias , Wiese Birgitt , Bickel Horst , Kaduszkiewicz Hanna , van den Bussche Hendrik , Eifflaender-Gorfer Sandra , Eisele Marion , Fuchs Angela , Koenig Hans-Helmut , Leicht Hanna , Luck Tobias , Maier Wolfgang , Moesch Edelgard , Riedel-Heller Steffi , Tebarth Franziska , Wagner Michael , Weyerer Siegfried , Zimmermann Thomas , Pentzek Michael ,   for the AgeCoDe study group
Published: January 2011

Background: Maintaining independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is crucial for older adults. This study explored the association between cognitive and functional performance in general and in single IADL domains. Also, risk factors for developing IADL impairment were assessed. Methods: Here, 3,215 patients aged 75–98 years were included. Data were collected during home visits. Results: Cognitive functioning was associated with IADL both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Regarding the single IADL domains cross-sectionally, executive functioning was especially associated with shopping, while episodic memory was associated with responsibility for own medication. Conclusion: Reduced performance in neuropsychological tests is associated with a greater risk of current and subsequent functional impairment.
Does the Clock Drawing Test Predict Dementia? Results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+)
Authors: Ehreke Lena , Luppa Melanie , König Hans-Helmut , Villringer Arno , Riedel-Heller Steffi G.
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: Conversion rates to dementia are known to be high for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but the diagnosis of MCI is very time-consuming. Since the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is quick to administer, it will be of interest to compare the predictive validity of the CDT and of an MCI diagnosis for the diagnosis of dementia. Methods: In a sample of 384 individuals, CDT scores and the presence of MCI were assessed at baseline and then compared between individuals with an incident dementia diagnosis at follow-up and those without. Multivariate analyses, receiver operating characteristic analyses and values of sensitivity and specificity of the CDT were performed. Results: Individuals with incident dementia had significantly higher CDT scores at baseline than those without dementia. CDT was a significant predictor of incident dementia after adjusting for other factors. CDT reached a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 65%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CDT was 0.70 and therefore slightly lower than for MCI diagnosis (0.78). Conclusions: Because of the only slightly lower predictive value of the CDT, its quick application and scoring compared to the MCI concept applied, it will be worthwhile to improve the CDT scoring system in order to increase the predictive validity in dementia.
The Effect of Bacterial, Viral and Fungal Infection on Mast Cell Reactivity in the Allergic Setting
Authors: McAlpine Sarah M. , Enoksson Mattias , Lunderius-Andersson Carolina , Nilsson Gunnar
Published: January 2011

Mast cells are well known for their role in allergic inflammation where, upon aggregation of the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor, they release mediators such as histamine that cause classical allergic symptoms. Mast cells are located in almost all tissues and are especially numerous in organs that interface with the environment. Given this strategic location and the more recent notion that they are endowed with receptors that recognize endogenous and exogenous danger signals such as pathogens, it is not surprising that they function as important cells in immune surveillance. When mast cells are activated by pathogens they modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In allergy, infections might cause exacerbation of the allergic reaction by affecting the reactivity of mast cells. With new developments within the field of mast cell biology, we will better understand how mast cells execute their effector functions. This knowledge will also help to improve the management of allergic diseases.
Screening for New Biomarkers for Subcortical Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Öhrfelt Annika , Andreasson Ulf , Simon Adam , Zetterberg Henrik , Edman Åke , Potter William , Holder Daniel , Devanarayan Viswanath , Seeburger Jeffrey , Smith A. David , Blennow Kaj , Wallin Anders
Published: January 2011

Background: Novel biomarkers are important for identifying as well as differentiating subcortical vascular dementia (SVD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at an early stage in the disease process. Methods: In two independent cohorts, a multiplex immunoassay was utilized to analyze 90 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from dementia patients and patients at risk of developing dementia (mild cognitive impairment). Results: The levels of several CSF proteins were increased in SVD and its incipient state, and in moderate-to-severe AD compared with the control group. In contrast, some CSF proteins were altered in AD, but not in SVD. The levels of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) were consistently increased in all groups with dementia but only in some of their incipient states. Conclusions: In summary, these results support the notion that SVD and AD are driven by different pathophysiological mechanisms reflected in the CSF protein profile and that H-FABP in CSF is a general marker of neurodegeneration.
Effects of Sodium Thiosulfate on Vascular Calcification in End-Stage Renal Disease: A Pilot Study of Feasibility, Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Mathews Santhosh Jay , de las Fuentes Lisa , Podaralla Prashanth , Cabellon Anton , Zheng Sijie , Bierhals Andrew , Spence Karen , Slatopolsky Eduardo , Davila-Roman Victor G. , Delmez James A.
Published: January 2011

Background and Objectives: Vascular calcification is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis. The objective of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility, safety and efficacy of sodium thiosulfate (STS) in the progression of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Chronic hemodialysis patients underwent a battery of cardiovascular tests. Those with coronary artery calcium (Agatston scores >50) received intravenous STS after each dialysis for 5 months (n = 22) and the tests were repeated. Changes in MDCT-determined calcification were assessed as the mean annualized rate of change in 3 vascular beds (coronary, thoracic and carotid arteries) and in L1-L2 vertebral bone density. Results: Although individual analyses showed coronary artery calcification progression in 14/22 subjects, there was no progression in the mean annualized rate of change of vascular calcification in the entire group. The L1-L2 vertebral bone density showed no changes. There were no correlations between rates of progression of vascular calcification and phosphorus, fetuin or C-reactive protein levels. Changes in coronary artery calcification scores correlated with those of the thoracic aorta. Conclusion: STS treatment is feasible, appears safe and may decrease the rate of progression of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. A large, randomized, controlled trial is warranted.
A Brief Look at What Economists Are Saying About the Community College
Authors: Romano Richard M.
Published: January 2011

This essay canvasses selected studies undertaken by economists on the community college. Key authors and journals are noted, followed by an examination of what economists contribute to our understanding of the community college in terms of costs, price and financial aid, economic and social benefits, and the institution’s role in furthering student educational attainment.
Fighting for life: Health care and democracy in capitalist Poland
Authors: Watson Peggy
Published: January 2011

This paper discusses the social and political processes health care transformation in postcommunist Europe has involved in practice. It begins by suggesting a theoretical framework for the study of postcommunist welfare. Focusing on Poland, it examines what lies behind the frictions which have become an integral feature of health care change, which most recently has centred on the privatization of hospitals. An empirically detailed interpretive analysis of the Polish nurses’ protests is put forward, drawing on interviews, protest bulletins, and official and media reports. The paper concludes that the liberalization and privatization currently in train can be seen as a contested ‘revolution from above’ in and through health care, and that the democratic potential offered by the protests has been subverted insofar as health care policy-making has itself become privatized.
Long-term access to support for people with sight loss
Authors: Thetford Clare , Robinson Jude , Knox Paul , Mehta Jignasa , Wong David
Published: January 2011

The impact of sight loss on everyday life changes over time, through further deterioration of vision, as well as a result of other physical changes and key events in people’s lives. As such, even the support needs of people with relatively stable visual impairment are likely to change throughout their life course. This article explores the long-term support needs of people with sight loss and the barriers they face when accessing services over time and at the time of need. Data from biographical interviews with 36 participants with sight loss is presented, with particular focus upon three illustrative case studies. The study reveals that many participants experienced problems gaining information about, and access to, services in the short and longer term. There is a need for systematic referral from clinical services to social and voluntary services and for regular follow-up to identify and respond to people’s changing needs.
Dangermen: over to you Mr Cable
Authors: Barnett Steven
Published: January 2011

Recent events involving BSkyB and Channel Five could signal the end of pluralism in TV news, and impartiality rules offer little protection, writes Steven Barnett.
Road to regaining the high ground
Authors: Brock George
Published: January 2011

British journalism cannot lay claim any longer to the moral high ground, writes City University's head of journalism, George Brock. It means that there is a need to ensure that student journalists understand are taught ethics.
Job satisfaction? Take my advice
Authors: Mooney Bel
Published: January 2011

To mark the death of one of Britain's best-known agony aunt, Claire Rayner, another advice columnist, Bel Mooney of the Daily Mail, explains the joys - and the difficulties - of doing of the job.
The beauty, sex in chains and me
Authors: Tory Peter
Published: January 2011

It is almost impossible to grasp why a tale about a Mormon missionary to Britain and an American beauty queen who (allegedly) kidnapped him should have captured the imagination of Fleet Street. But Peter Tory, a Daily Express journalist who was assigned to the story, does his best. As he writes: "The tale, as lurid as it was hilarious, was beyond fiction, beyond parody. No scriptwriter could have invented the plot. No editor could have exaggerated the detail.
Social Enterprises and Corporate Enterprises
Authors: Trivedi Chitvan , Stokols Daniel
Published: January 2011

To date, most efforts to define social entrepreneurship have focused on adapting existing management theories on entrepreneurship and non-profits rather than distinguishing the organisational purposes and structure of social entrepreneurship from traditional for-profit organisations. There is little consensus among academicians and practitioners alike as to what social entrepreneurship is and what it is not. To articulate a clear and non-ambiguous definition of social entrepreneurship, it is necessary first to understand the distinguishing features of social entrepreneurial ventures compared with corporate entrepreneurial ventures and non-profit organisations. This article differentiates these ventures in terms of their motives, goals, antecedent conditions, processes, role of the entrepreneur and outcomes. In doing so, it provides a brief summary of the state of knowledge in the emerging field of social entrepreneurship and raises new questions and hypotheses for future research on this topic.
Surface Modification of Individual Imogolite Nanotubes with Alkyl Phosphate from an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ma Wei , Kim Jungeun , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi
Published: January 2011

Synthetic imogolite surface was modified with alkyl phosphate by covalent bonding from an aqueous solution, and the individual imogolite tubes with a hydrophobic external surface were directly observed with transmission electron microscopy.
Metal Coordinative-crosslinked Polysaccharide Nanogels with Redox Sensitivity
Authors: Sasaki Yoshihiro , Hirakura Tai , Sawada Shin-ichi , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: January 2011

Metal coordinative-crosslinked nanogels were prepared by introducing a metal–ligand to a hydrophilic polysaccharide. The redox couple of Co(II) and Co(III) was utilized for construction of a redox-sensitive nanogel system. This is a new method for the preparation of hybrid nanogels with dual network structures of both physically and coordinative-crosslinking points.
Life Meaning Life: Is There Any Hope of Release for Prisoners Serving Whole Life Orders?
Authors: Kandelia Seema
Published: January 2011

This article reviews the system of whole life orders in England and Wales, looking in particular at whether such sentences constitute inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment contrary to Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This issue came before the European Court of Human Rights in 2008 in the case of Kafkaris v Cyprus. The court held that a whole life tariff would not violate Article 3 as long as there was some possibility that a life sentence was de jure or de facto reducible. The possible grounds for the release of a prisoner serving a whole life sentence in England and Wales is, however, extremely limited. This article will assess to what extent the release procedures regarding whole lifers meet the criteria laid down by the European and domestic courts and whether there is any realistic hope of release for prisoners sentenced to whole life orders.
The influence of some abiotic parameters on growth inclination in ascidian Halocynthia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) from the northern Adriatic sea (Croatia)
Authors: Santic M. , Radja Biljana , Paladin Antonela , Pleslic G.
Published: January 2011

This study investigated the relationships between growth orientation, body
height and depth on sampling sites. The survey was carried out during 2008 in
the area of the island Mali Losinj. A total of 46 specimens of Halocynthia
papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) were analyzed. The growth orientation varied from
60? to 80? and body height was in the range of 20 mm to 110 mm. Pearson?s
correlation coefficient shows the positive correlation between growth
orientation and body height and the same correlation is determined between
depth and body height. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient shows a more
positive correlation neither between growth orientation and body height nor
growth orientation and depth.
Dehydration-related changes of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in fronds of the resurrection fern Asplenium ceterach L.
Authors: Zivkovic Suzana , Popovic M. , Dragisic-Maksimovic Jelena , Momcilovic Ivana , Grubisic D.
Published: January 2011

Asplenium ceterach belongs to a group of poikilohydric ferns and it can
recover uninjured from an almost completely dehydrated state. In our study,
short term dehydration (24h) at four different water potentials, resulted in
moderate water loss (partial desiccation) in fern tissue. The main phenolic
acids represented in A. ceterach were chlorogenic (CGA) and caffeic acid (CA)
and their content decreased during the dehydration process. For the first
time, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isoforms were determined
in the rustyback fern. The results exhibit the presence of numerous anionic
POD isoforms, with pI ranging from 4.4 to 5.8, but none of the cationic
isoforms was detected. Two PPO isoforms were identified, one anionic with pI
6.3 and one cationic with pI of about 9.0. Short-term dehydration brought
about a remarkable increase in POD and PPO activity using CGA as a substrate.
Changes in enzyme activity and content of substrates during dehydration may
play an important role in the adaptation of the rustyback fern to water
deficit, and increase the overall plant resistance to stress conditions.
In vitro antibacterial activity of propolis extracts on 12 different bacteria in conditions of 3 various pH values
Authors: Ivancajic S. , Mileusnic I. , Cenic-Milosevic Desanka
Published: January 2011

This research investigated the effects of propolis extracted by 5 different
solvents and aged for 7 days on twelve species of bacteria classified into
four groups according to their pathogenicity in slightly acidic (pH=6),
neutral (pH=7) and slightly alkaline (pH=8) environments. Propolis extracted
by the examined solvents had antibacterial effects. The strongest effects on
the growth of all tested microorganisms, except on the bacteria of the
Salmonella genus, regardless of the pH value of the environment, were exerted
by propolis extracted by ether, acetone, toluol and chloroform. In some cases
the antibacterial action of propolis was best in a slightly acidic
environment (pH=6).
Antibacterial and free-radical-scavenging properties of Stachys schtschegleevii (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Abichandani Malvika , Nahar Lutfun , Singh Poonam , Chitnis Rohit , Nazemiyeh H. , Delazar A. , Sarker S.D.
Published: January 2011

Stachys schtschegleevii Sosn. (Lamiaceae alt. Labiatae) is one of 34 Stachys
species found in Iran, and is morphologically similar to Stachys inflata.
This plant has been used in the Iranian traditional medicine as a remedy for
bacterial infections, rheumatic fever and other inflammatory conditions. The
n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of the
non-flowering aerial parts of this plant were assessed for their
antibacterial and freeradical- scavenging activities using the
micro-titer-based antimicrobial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator
of cell growth and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay,
respectively. While the n-hexane extract did not show any
free-radical-scavenging activity, the MeOH extract showed the highest level
of activity with a RC50 value of 2.94 x 10-2 mg/mL, which was about ten-fold
less active than the positive control Trolox? (RC50 = 2.60 x 10-3 mg/mL).
None of the extracts showed any antibacterial property against Bacillus
cereus and B. subtilis at test concentrations. However, all extracts were
active against ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus. The MeOH extract was the most potent (MIC range 1.56-6.25 mg/mL)
among the extracts and was most active against ampicillin-resistant E. coli
(MIC = 1.56 mg/mL).
Evaluation of self-(in)compatibility in the almond (Prunus amygdalus batsch) genotype population from the Slankamen hill, Serbia
Authors: Colic Slavica , Zec G. , Fotiric Milica , Rahovic D. , Jankovic Z.
Published: January 2011

Due to the importance of obtaining almond cultivars adapted to the
agroecological conditions of Serbia, in the period 2005-2006 pollen
viability and self-(in)compatibility in 19 almond genotypes selected from
the seedling population on Slankamen hill, were studied. All analyzed almond
genotypes had good (50-70%) or high (over 70%) pollen germination. The study
of self-(in)compatibility was done by monitoring of the fruit set in the
field and observing self-pollen growth by fluorescence microscopy.
Self-incompatibility was confirmed in all the 19 genotypes by both methods.
Pollen tube penetration was stopped mostly at the upper third of the style
of all genotypes, with characteristic irregularities.
Effect of sodium salts of 3α,12α-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanoic and 3,7,12-trioxo-5β-cholanoic acids on verapamil hydrochloride in biophysical-chemical model experiments
Authors: Posa Mihalj , Guzsvány Valéria , Mikov Momir , Canadi Janos
Published: January 2011

It is known that certain bile acids have a promotive effect on the action of
some drugs. Special attention is paid to bile acids having oxo groups instead
of OH groups in the steroid skeleton of their molecule, since these
derivatives have a lower hemolytic potential (membrane toxicity). This study
examined the effects of sodium salts of 3?,12?-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5?-cholanoic
acid (7-oC) and 3,7,12-trioxo-5?- cholanoic acid (3,7,12-toC) on the
adsorption of verapamil hydrochloride on activated carbon (model of the cell
membrane). The interaction was followed by measuring the effect of verapamil
on the functional dependence between the spin-lattice relaxation time T1
(protons of the C18 angular group of the bile acid molecule) and the bile
acid concentration in deuterated chloroform (model of the cell membrane lipid
phase). Whether a depot effect of verapamil exists when 7-oC and 3,7,12-toC
(in the form of methyl esters) are present in chloroform was also
investigated. It was found that 7-oC exhibited a significant effect in the
experiments with verapamil, whereas 3,7,12-toC showed no difference of the
measured parameters with respect to the control. This indicates that bile
acid molecules should have OH groups bound to the steroid nucleus, in order
to exhibit an effect on the monitored physico-chemical parameters of
verapamil.
The influence of diet with reduction in calorie intake on metabolic syndrome parameters in obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Polovina Snezana , Micic Dragan
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Current therapy of metabolic syndrome includes the assessment
of cardiovascular risk together with control of high blood pressure,
hyperlipidaemia and prevention of type 2 diabetes with adequate diet and
increase in physical activity. Aim of the study. To investigate the influence
of medical nutritive therapy in obese people with impaired glucose tolerance
risk factor for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and potential consecutive lowering
of cardio-metabolic risk. Material and methods. The 55 obese (body mass index
greater than 30 kg/m2) subjects were divided into two groups, the study group
A (n=35), and the control group B (n=20). Group A was on diet for a period of
12 weeks (1200-1500kcal/day diet with 55-65% carbohydrates, 15-18% proteins
and 22-23% predominantly unsaturated fats, and 20-40g fibers/day.). Before
and after 12 weeks the following parameters were determined: waist
circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, Index HOMA-IR, HDL
cholesterol and triglycerides. Results. After 12 weeks on low calorie diet in
Group A there was a decrease in the waist circumference (p=0.001); systolyc
blood pressure (p=0.001); diastolic blood pressure (p= 0.01); fasting blood
glucose (p=0.001); Index HOMA IR (p<0.001); triglycerides (p<0.001) and
increase in HDL cholesterol (p<0.05). Conclusion. These results suggest that
implementation of low callorie-high fibers diet with balanced nutritive
elements have a positive effect on visceral obesity, fasting glucose, lipid
profile, and hypertension in obese people with impaired glucose tolerance and
lead to consecutive lowering of cardiometabolic risk.
Pulmonary embolism in patients with chronic hypoxemia
Authors: Ristic Lidija , Rancic Milan , Pejcic Tatjana
Published: January 2011

Introduction. The aim of this prospective, originally designed, clinical -
diagnostic study including 200 chronic hypoxemic patients was to assess the
possibility of implementation of noninvasive diagnostic strategy and to
investigate the incidence of pulmonary embolism and parameters of diagnostic
accuracy of radiological findings according to Shintz criteria,
echocardiography, lung perfusion scanning according to PIOPED criteria.
Material and methods. The study included 200 chronic hypoxemic patients
divided into 2 groups, the group I consisting of 42 women and 58 men and the
group II consisting of 48 women and 52 men. Results and conclusion. Out of
200 hypoxemic patients, 49 patients (24.5%) were found to have pulmonary
embolism. In the group I of 100 patients (42 women and 58 men) with chronic
hypoxemia and secondary erythrocytosis the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
was confirmed in 39%, that being statistically significantly different
(p<0.001) from 100 patients (48 women and 52 men) in the group II with
chronic hypoxemia without secondary erythrocytosis, where pulmonary embolism
was found in 10% of the patients. The predictive value was positive for
direct radiological signs in 92.3% of patients in the group I for PTE, for
indirect ones in 74.35%, and in the group II it was positive for direct
radiological signs in 60% and for indirect ones in 90%. The predictive value
of perfusion scan was positive in 59% of the group I and in only 22% of the
group II. The predictive value for high pressure in the pulmonary artery was
positive in 93.7% of the group I and in 66.6% of the group II. The following
were found to be a variable predictor: hypoxemia, enlargement of the
pulmonary artery, peripheral oligemia and elevation of diaphragm. Logistic
regression according to backward - conditional method showed that the chronic
hypoxemic patients with secondary erythrocytosis, who had radiological sign
of peripheral oligemia - Westermark sign, had 2.286 times higher probability
of having pulmonary embolism than similar patients without this sign.
Lung carcinoma with paraneoplastic hyponatremia and hypercalcemia
Authors: Vukic Vera , Jovanovic Dragana , Skodric-Trifunovic Vesna
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Among the numerous paraneoplastic syndromes of the lung
carcinoma, metabolic manifestations are of the particular clinical relevance.
They are the consequence of the prominent neurosecretory activity of certain
peptides and hormones, mostly within amine precursor uptake and
decarboxylation (APUD) secretion. Small cell lung carcinoma is the most
common cause of paraneoplastic syndromes. Ectopically produced proteins by
the tumor are structurally similar but biologically less active than the
?true? hormones, which may be clinically manifested by absent, less frequent
or milder symptoms of the hormonal imbalance. Malignant hyponatremia.
Malignant hyponatremia may be caused by arginine-vasopressin imbalance within
the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), or
by hypersecretion of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Beside the
postural hypotension, clinical picture is characterized by neurological
symptoms caused by plasma hypo-osmolality, resulting in detection of the
occult pulmonary neoplasm as well as post-therapeutic exacerbation of the
small cell carcinoma. Malignant hypercalcemia. Malignant hypercalcemia is the
most common paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome. In about 80% of the lung
carcinomas without bone metastases it is caused by an increase of the
parathyroid hormone-releasing protein (PTH-rP) in interaction with certain
cytokines, products of the autochthonous neuroendocrine tumor secretion,
predominantly in the squamous cell carcinoma. The cells expressing PTH-rP
show coexpression of some neuroendocrine products. Conclusion. Different
degrees of hypercalcemia cause heterogenous manifestations - from fatigue,
anorexia, bone pains through polyuria, polydipsia, gastrointestinal
complaints all the way to confusion, lethargy, coma and death. In addition to
prevention of the intravascular volume overload, the treatment occasionally
necessitates substitution of calcitonin possibly with plicamycin and gallium
nitrate.
Childhood asthma and risk factors
Authors: Ljustina-Pribic Radmila , Petrovic Slobodanka , Tomic Jelena
Published: January 2011

Introduction. This article summarizes the contribution of epidemiology to the
understanding of childhood asthma. The first task in epidemiology is to
determine prevalence and incidence of any disease. Prevalence.
Epidemiological investigations are aimed at evaluating hypotheses about
causes of disease by defining demographic characteristics of a certain
population as well as by determining possible effects of environmental
factors. In spite of some limitations, data obtained by epidemiological
investigations have been valuable in confirming both the increasing incidence
of asthma and the differences in prevalence in certain population groups. The
observance of this phenomenon has led to much speculation and a lot of
attempts to identify the reasons behind the rising prevalence. Risk factors.
Epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for the development of
childhood asthma and provided insight into natural history of disease and
prognosis. Factors ranging from increased numbers of immunizations to
increased air pollution have been suggested, but subsequent analysis has
failed to provide the supporting evidence to implicate most of these
possibilities. The concept known as the hygiene hypothesis has gained some
support from epidemiological studies. Conclusion. The development of asthma
as well as its severity are affected by numerous factors and their
interactions can be explained by the heterogeneous nature of this disease.
Causes of anterior cruciate ligament injuries
Authors: Ristic Vladimir , Ninkovic Srdjan , Harhaji Vladimir , Milankov Miroslav
Published: January 2011

In order to prevent anterior cruciate ligament injuries it is necessary to
define risk factors and to analyze the most frequent causes of injuries -
that being the aim of this study. The study sample consisted of 451
surgically treated patients, including 400 sportsmen (65% of them being
active and 35% recreational sportsmen), 29% female and 71% male; of whom 90%
were younger than 35. Sports injuries, as the most frequent cause of anterior
cruciate ligament injuries, were recorded in 88% of patients (non-contact
ones in 78% and contact ones in 22%), injuries occurring in everyday
activities in 11% and in traffic in 1%. Among sportsmen, reconstruction of
the anterior cruciate ligament was most frequently performed in football
players (48%), then in handball players (22%), basketball players (13%),
volleyball players (8%), martial arts fighters (4%). However, the injury
incidence was the highest among the active basketball players (1 injured
among 91 active players). Type of footwear, warming up before the activity,
genetic predisposition and everyday therapy did not have a significant
influence on getting injured. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries happened
three times more often during matches, in the middle and at the end of a
match and training session (79%), at landing after the jump or when changing
direction of movement (75%) without a contact with other competitors, on dry
surfaces (79%), among not so well prepared sportsmen.
Frequency and molecular characterization of watermelon mosaic virus from Serbia
Authors: Vucurovic Ana , Bulajic Aleksandra , Stankovic Ivana , Ristic Danijela , Berenji Janos , Krstic Branka
Published: January 2011

Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is widespread in cucurbit crops, most commonly
occuring in temperate and Mediterranean regions. In Serbia WMV has been
detected in single and mixed infections with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and
Cucumber mosaic virus in field-grown pumpkin and squash crops. Among
pumpkin-affecting viruses WMV is the most frequent one, both by the number of
localities and its incidence at each location. During the growing season of
2009, samples from 583 plants of Cucurbita pepo cvs. Olinka, Belgrade
zucchini and Tosca (Zucchini group), as well as from C. maxima and C.
moschata showing symptoms of virus infection were collected from 12
commercial fields at eight localities and analyzed by DAS-ELI
Feminization of migrations?
Authors: Morokvasic Mirjana
Published: January 2011

Women have always taken part in migrations, but their presence varied
depending on their origins, on the labour market situation both in the areas
of origin and in the target areas, as well as the migration policies in the
immigration areas. Their presence was not always visible and did not attract
as much scholarly and political attention as today. What happened, how can
one explain such an interest lately, whereas only few years ago the subject
was marginal, in the shadow of the "mainstream - malestream", i.e. migration
as a phenomenon which focuses on geographic mobility of men, while women are
not considered as equal protagonists, they either follow or remain at home.
Could the so called "feminization" of migration explain the great and sudden
interest for women and gender in migrations? This text critically examines
the notion of "feminization" considered today as one of the main dimensions
of global migration flows. Drawing on trends both globally and in specific
countries, it shows that "feminization" is neither a new nor a sudden trend
and entails variations depending on the origins, level of development and
maturity of migration flows. In some groups men were primo-migrants and with
a gradual feminization the flows reach a balanced sex ratio. There where
women migrated first, or became numerically predominant, one observs the
opposite trend: a "masculinization". Some authors rightly refer to "gender
transition", the term which covers both trends. It is argued in the
conclusion that the visibility and growing interest for women in migration
and, more recently, for a gender perspective in migration, is not only due to
the changing migration patterns and profile of migrants but also to the
renewal of theoretical perspectives in migration and gender studies in a
context that largely facilitated that renewal. The focus of our attention
today on specific aspects of migration is triggered not only by genuine
changes in migration trends, but it is also a result of a long process of
visibilisation in the academic production on migration, women and gender.
These trends may have existed earlier in the migration history but had
remained in the shadow of categories defining, recording and analyzing
migration.
Megaendoprosthesis in the treatment of bone tumors in the knee and hip region
Authors: Barjaktarovic Radoslav , Popovic Zoran , Radoicic Dragan
Published: January 2011

Background/Aim. For almost two decades extremity amputation has not been the
only viable option for patients with from bone cancer in the region of the
hip and knee. Remarkable advances in implant technology, surgical
reconstructive technique and adoption of new chemotherapy protocols provide a
new option for surgeons who diagnose and treat bone tumors.
Megaendoprosthesis has become widely accepted alternative in limb salvage
surgery of the extremities. The aim of this study was to present an outcome
of the treatment of bone tumors in the knee and hip region by the use of
custom made megaendoprothesis. Methods. In the period 2006-2008 we adopted
new clinical practice protocols for preoperative management in candidates for
tumor megaprostheses of the hip and knee including: surgical tumor staging,
histopathological verification, determinants of anatomical-mechanical defect,
status of soft tissues, CT evaluation of the referent measures of pelvis,
femur and tibia necessary for creation of custom made endoprosthesis and
surgery plan, as well as modern, less invasive surgical approach. The
patients were monitored during ? 24 months after the surgery for detecting
possible complications. Results. All procedures were performed without
complications during and immediately after the surgery. During the follow-up
period not less than 24 months we failed to record any significant
complications. Conclusion. Custom made megaendoprosthesis are the method of
choice in the treatment of bone tumors in the region of the hip and knee at
the Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade.
The greatest challenge - ensuring longevity of a prosthesis can be achieved
not only by prevention of common complications of arthroplasty procedures
but, certainly, with the introduction of new methods for preoperative
planning - computer-assisted technique of measuring referent sizes and
software solutions for the selection and design of custom-made components of
an endoprosthesis.
Inpatient Management of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes
Authors: Magaji Vasudev , Johnston Jann M.
Published: January 2011

IN BRIEF

Control of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients is important for optimal clinical outcomes, but can be very challenging. This article provides practical recommendations for insulin therapy for common situations that arise during hospitalization.
The Biochemical and Cellular Basis for Nutraceutical Strategies to Attenuate Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Mazzio Elizabeth A. , Close Fran , Soliman Karam F.A.
Published: January 2011

Future therapeutic intervention that could effectively decelerate the rate of degeneration within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) could add years of mobility and reduce morbidity associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurodegenerative decline associated with PD is distinguished by extensive damage to SNc dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and decay of the striatal tract. While genetic mutations or environmental toxins can precipitate pathology, progressive degenerative succession involves a gradual decline in DA neurotransmission/synaptic uptake, impaired oxidative glucose consumption, a rise in striatal lactate and chronic inflammation. Nutraceuticals play a fundamental role in energy metabolism and signaling transduction pathways that control neurotransmission and inflammation. However, the use of nutritional supplements to slow the progression of PD has met with considerable challenge and has thus far proven unsuccessful. This review re-examines precipitating factors and insults involved in PD and how nutraceuticals can affect each of these biological targets. Discussed are disease dynamics (Sections 1 and 2) and natural substances, vitamins and minerals that could impact disease processes (Section 3). Topics include nutritional influences on α-synuclein aggregation, ubiquitin proteasome function, mTOR signaling/lysosomal-autophagy, energy failure, faulty catecholamine trafficking, DA oxidation, synthesis of toxic DA-quinones, o-semiquinones, benzothiazolines, hyperhomocyseinemia, methylation, inflammation and irreversible oxidation of neuromelanin. In summary, it is clear that future research will be required to consider the multi-faceted nature of this disease and re-examine how and why the use of nutritional multi-vitamin-mineral and plant-based combinations could be used to slow the progression of PD, if possible.
Synthesis, Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide and Structure-Activity Relationships of a Glycosphingolipid from the Marine Sponge Aplysinella rhax and Its Analogues
Authors: Fujita Yuzo , Ohshima Naohiro , Hasegawa Ai , Schweizer Frank , Takeda Tadahiro , Kiuchi Fumiyuki , Hada Noriyasu
Published: January 2011

The novel glycosphingolipid, b-D-GalNAcp(1®4)[a-D-Fucp(1®3)]-b-D-GlcNAcp(1®)Cer (A), isolated from the marine sponge Aplysinella rhax has a unique structure, with D-fucose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine moieties attached to a reducing-end N-acetyl-D-glucosamine through an a1®3 and b1®4 linkage, respectively. We synthesized glycolipid 1 and some non-natural di- and trisaccharide analogues 2-6 containing a D-fucose residue. Among these compounds, the natural type showed the most potent nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity against LPS-induced J774.1 cells. Our results indicate that both the presence of a D-Fuca1-3GlcNAc-linkage and the ceramide aglycon portion are crucial for optimal NO inhibition.
Monosaccharide-NAIM Derivatives for D-, L-Configurational Analysis
Authors: Lin Chunchi , Kuo Chien-Yuan , Liao Kuo-Shiang , Yang Wen-Bin
Published: January 2011

The D-, L-enantiomeric pairs of common monosaccharides (xylose, ribose, rhamnose, arabinose, fucose, glucose, mannose, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid) were derivatized with 2,3-naphthalenediamine to form the corresponding D-, L-aldo-NAIM derivatives. A simple and facile capillary electrophoretic method was established for sugar composition analysis by simultaneously determining the migration times of these aldo-NAIMs using borate buffer at high pH (100 mM, pH 9.0). The methodology is also applicable to sialic acid (ketose monosaccharides). The quantitation level of the proposed method was in the 10~500 ppm range and the LOD was 1 ppm. The enantioseparation of D, L pairs of aldo-NAIMs were also achieved by using modified sulfated-a-cyclodextrin as the chiral selector in phosphate buffer (300 mM, pH 3.0). In addition, the combination by reductive amination of amino-aldo-NAIM agent and D-, L-enantiomeric pairs of monosaccharides formed a diastereomeric pair for saccharide configuration analysis. Aldo-NAIM derivatives are thus shown to be rapid and efficient agents for analyzing saccharide compositions and configurations with good linearity and short analysis times via capillary electrophoresis.
Bioassay-Guided Isolation of an Anti-Ulcer Compound, Tagitinin C, from Tithonia diversifolia: Role of Nitric Oxide, Prostaglandins and Sulfhydryls
Authors: Sánchez-Mendoza María Elena , Reyes-Ramírez Adelfo , Cruz Antonio Leticia , Martínez Jiménez Luis , Rodríguez-Silverio Juan , Arrieta Jesús
Published: January 2011

Tithonia diversifolia is a medicinal plant from the Municipality of Suchiapa, Chiapas, Mexico, that according to local folk medicine is considered useful in the treatment of gastric ulcers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the gastroprotective activity of T. diversifolia by using an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer experimental model in male Wistar rats. The results showed that T. diversifolia had gastroprotective activity, and that the dichloromethane extract had the highest protective activity (close to 90% when using doses between 10 to 100 mg/kg), and that further the compound tagitinin C isolated from this extract was the main active gastroprotective agent. Rats treated with tagitinin C suspended in Tween 80 at 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg showed 37.7, 70.1, 100, and 100% gastroprotection, respectively. The effect elicited by tagitinin C (30 mg/kg) was not attenuated by pretreatment with either NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (70 mg/kg, i.p.), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N-ethylmaleimide (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a blocker of sulfhydryl groups, or indomethacin (10 mg/kg, s.c.), a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, which suggests that the gastroprotective mechanism of action of this sesquiterpene lactone does not involve NO, sulfhydryl groups or prostaglandins.
Multi-Channel Distributed Coordinated Function over Single Radio in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Campbell Carlene E.-A. , Loo Kok-Keong , Gemikonakli Orhan , Khan Shafiullah , Singh Dhananjay
Published: January 2011

Multi-channel assignments are becoming the solution of choice to improve performance in single radio for wireless networks. Multi-channel allows wireless networks to assign different channels to different nodes in real-time transmission. In this paper, we propose a new approach, Multi-channel Distributed Coordinated Function (MC-DCF) which takes advantage of multi-channel assignment. The backoff algorithm of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF) was modified to invoke channel switching, based on threshold criteria in order to improve the overall throughput for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) over 802.11 networks. We presented simulation experiments in order to investigate the characteristics of multi-channel communication in wireless sensor networks using an NS2 platform. Nodes only use a single radio and perform channel switching only after specified threshold is reached. Single radio can only work on one channel at any given time. All nodes initiate constant bit rate streams towards the receiving nodes. In this work, we studied the impact of non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 frequency band on: constant bit rate (CBR) streams, node density, source nodes sending data directly to sink and signal strength by varying distances between the sensor nodes and operating frequencies of the radios with different data rates. We showed that multi-channel enhancement using our proposed algorithm provides significant improvement in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio and delay. This technique can be considered for WSNs future use in 802.11 networks especially when the IEEE 802.11n becomes popular thereby may prevent the 802.15.4 network from operating effectively in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
An easy assembled fluorescent sensor for dicarboxylates and acidic amino acids
Authors: Zhou Xiao-bo , Yip Yuk-Wang , Chan Wing-Hong , Lee Albert W M
Published: January 2011

Two mesitylene based neutral receptors 1 and 2 bearing two thiourea binding sites were constructed as fluorescent probes for sensing dicarboxylates. Their binding affinities toward dicarboxylates, aspartate and glutamate have been investigated in acetonitrile solution by fluorescence titration experiments. Both fluorescent sensors exhibited some ability to discriminate the antipodal forms of aspartate and glutamate.
Should shrimp culture be blamed? The interactions of diverse natural resources utilization in shrimp culture
Authors: Epa UPK , Wijeyaratne MJS
Published: January 2011

Due to high demand and high price received for the produce and also due to  capture fishery can no longer meet the demand, the shrimp culture industry is rapidly growing, especially in coastal belt of Asia where most of the environmental factors are conducive. In recent years, number of problems associated with the expansion of the industry has been identified. Therefore, the shrimp culture is considered to be environmentally damaging and unfriendly and as such it has been the target of criticism by environmental conservation lobby groups. As a result of such criticism the general public is of the impression that the shrimp farming is dangerous to the environment and to the economic development of a country. This paper explores the popular negative image of shrimp pond culture, focusing on the diverse natural resources utilization by the industry in tropical coastal areas.Keywords: Shrimp; environment; mangroves; pollution DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v4i0.2695J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 4 (2008): 21-35
Detecting and preventing plagiarism in online assessment
Authors: Wannige CT , Sonnadara DUJ , Usoof HA , Hewagamage KP
Published: January 2011

Assessment is an important area in both teaching and learning. E-assessment is the foremost methodology for assessment in distance learning. This paper presents a method based on client-server architecture that can be used in capturing/preventing plagiarism in online assessments for distance learning centres. Among many possible plagiarism in online assessments for distance learning centres. Among many possible unauthorised help obtained from online chat forms, websites or other types of communication mediums as well as use of stored text/restricted software. Bench tests show high degree of accuracy in capturing plagiarism scenarios by monitoring the change of grey values observed in edge detected screen shots. During pilot tests, participants attempted activities of plagiarism although the software was designed to prevent the act of plagiarism. The results show 97% accuracy in capturing plagiarism scenarios by the developed software in a restricted Ubuntu Linux environment. Key words: e-assessment; plagiarism; distance learning DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v4i0.2700J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 4 (2008): 95-104