bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Qualyop Project 1: Monitoring the Dismantlement of Italian Public Psychiatric Hospitals Characteristics of Patients Scheduled for Discharge
Authors: D'Avanzo Barbara , Frattura Lucilla , Barbui Corrado , Civenti Graziella , Saraceno Benedetto
Published: June 2007

Objectives Monitoring and evaluating the Italian psychiatric hospitals closure process, stated by the law to be concluded by 31 December 1996, and then postponed to 31 March 1998, identifying characteristics related to the possibility of discharge in 4493 patients living in twentytwo public psychiatric hospitals.

Method Sociodemographic and clinical data, information on impairment and functioning and plans for discharge in the subsequent twelve months of all patients were collected at baseline using a standard questionnaire.

Results Discharge was planned within twelve months for 11 % of the patients: 4% to other psychiatric or non-psychiatric institutions and 7% to community settings. Severely disabled patients and patients with some behavioural problems were more frequently scheduled to go to institutional settings. For both types of discharge, an adequate network of social relationships was an important determinant. Patients were more frequently planned for discharge if they resided in hospitals with a higher care providers/patients ratio, and in Emilia Romagna and Rome, than in Lombardy and Liguria.

Conclusion Frequency of planned discharge depended partly on the patients' personal characteristics related to independence and functioning, but the effect of these factors on frequency of planned discharge was influenced by characteristics of the hospitals where the patients lived.
Selected Characteristics of Absconders and Non-Absconders From Mental Hospitals: a Comparison
Authors: Andoh Benjamin
Published: June 2007

This paper compares selected characteristics of absconders with those of non-absconders matched for age group, sex, type of ward and length of stay. The study was conducted over a twelve-month period in three English conventional mental hospitals. The case notes of both groups of patients and also various hospital documents were perused. Analysis of the data was done using SPSS. Overall, the absconders were found to differ significantly from the non-absconders on source of referral, legal status, job to go to, visits from relatives or friends and history of alcohol abuse. The significant findings are discussed in the light of previous studies.
Social Factors and First Onset Schizophrenia Among Asians and Whites
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Corridan Bryan , Rudge Shauna , Leff Julian , Mallett Rosemarie
Published: June 2007

Previous studies from the Indian subcontinent had suggested that the onset and outcome of schizophrenia is linked with social factors. We set out to study the inception rates and social factors in whites and Asians who were presenting for the first time ever to various catchment facilities in Ealing catchment area. A total of 62 cases (38 white and 24 Asians) were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. Using well established and previously validated standardised instruments we collected information on various social factors and inception rates of schizophrenia. The inception rates and social factors were largely similar in these two groups. By and large the social factors in the two groups were broadly similar except that Asians were significantly more likely to show increased religious activity compared with their white counterparts. Contrary to previous findings Asians were more likely to have had longer duration of symptoms prior to seeking help. These findings are discussed in relation to Asian support systems and suggestions made for future research.
Outcome Study of English Speaking Temporary Residents in Japan
Authors: Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Miyake Yuko , Gomibuchi Takashi
Published: June 2007

Eighteen factors were examined for their effect on the outcome in 103 English speaking temporary residents who received treatment in Japan for a psychiatric disorder. Two dimensions extracted by multivariate analysis distinguished "premature leave" and "drop out" category respectively. The first "premature leave" dimension was composed of mode of therapy, primary diagnosis, accumulated stay and experience of past stay in Japan. The second "drop out" dimension was composed of mode of therapy and referral source. The treatment outcome was influenced by personal psychiatric data, the social adaptation process and the treatment process.
Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Mood Disorders in Primary Care: a Spanish Rural Study
Authors: Ruiz-Doblado Sergio
Published: June 2007

Background: 5-10% of primary care patients present a classification diagnosis of Major Depression, 5-10% of Dysthymia and 20% "depressive symptoms only". We tried to obtain the prevalence of depressive symptoms in a Spanish primary care area (11 667 adult inhabitants, Seville). Methods: a randomized sample of 221 people (SE = 0.0025, a = 0.05) was initially examined using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The patients with a BDI > 16 were considered as "cases" and were extensively examined using the "Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry" (SCAN). Results and conclusions: Our prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher than that reported in international studies with similar BDI cutting-scores. Class-linked vulnerability could play an important aetiological role. Prevalences of Major Depression and Dysthymia were similar to other reports using structured diagnostic interviews. The cases were usually lower-class females, and they also presented medium or high psychosocial disability. Depressive symptoms and mood disorders in Primary Care represent an unsolved health care problem today.
Diagnoses of Children and Adolescents On Initial Presentation To a Nigerian Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Lustig Stuart L. , Maldonado Jose R.
Published: June 2007

Child and adolescent psychiatry is an underdeveloped specialty in Nigeria, relegated by more entrenched cultural systems, such as traditional healers and syncretic churches, to merely an auxiliary role in child mental health care. Little is therefore known about the epidemiology of childhood disorders as encountered in psychiatric settings. We reviewed the outpatient psychiatric clinic's patient register at the Psychiatric Hospital of Uselu in Benin City, Nigeria, over a twenty-four week period. Fifty-three patients who presented in the twenty-four week index period had definite diagnoses indicated in the register. Of these, 68% had diagnoses denoting significant behavioral disturbances that would motivate their visit to allopathic hospitals after other, more culturally sanctioned healers were of little help. Our findings are compared with similar studies in other cultures.
Effects of Community Mobile Team Intervention in the Drewnica Hospital Catchment Area. 1. Patient Outcome
Authors: Slupczynska-Kossobudzka Elzbieta , Boguszewska Ludmila
Published: June 2007

This study measured social functioning, treatment satisfaction and hospital utilization of 88 patients with chronic psychoses before and after a 1-year community mobile team programme, following most of the principles of assertive community treatment. The intervention had a positive impact in all measures. A clinically significant improvement of social functioning, as measured by Birchwood's Social Functioning Scale, was noted in 56% of patients, and 81% of subjects showed a clinically significant increase in satisfaction level. Time hospitalized decreased fourfold and number of admissions decreased twofold. To be certain that the changes found were due to the intervention and not other factors, further prospective studies of mobile community teams versus traditional care are indicated.
Subjective Property Characterization by "Quad" Analysis: An Efficient Method for Conducting Paired Comparisons
Authors: Miller R.W.
Published: June 2007

Quad analysis is useful for analyzing subjective properties. This new approach provides an efficient route to conducting paired comparisons, the preferred method for quantifying such properties. A process study taken from the carpet manufacturing industry demon strates the usefulness of the approach: drawtexturing factors are manipulated to impact commercially important carpet properties like body, tuft endpoint. and wearability. Quad analysis provides process direction, whereas traditional sample-to-control contrasts fail to provide any useful process direction. An extension to quad analysis. quad folding of one quad design into another, is introduced as an efficient method to rank order the subjective properties of larger data sets. Its advantage is demonstrated for a series of nylon carpets inserted with a low-melt yam to improve their initial presentation and wearability.
Thermal Storage/Release, Durability, and Temperature Sensing Properties of Thermostatic Fabrics Treated with Octadecane-Containing Microcapsules
Authors: Kim Junghye , Cho Gilsoo
Published: June 2007

To develop a thermostatic fabric, a 100% polyester fabric is treated with octadecane- containing microcapsules by a knife-over-roll coating process. The amount of heat content increases as the concentration of microcapsules increases. and it decreases as the temper ature and time increase. The surfactant treatment at a given microcapsule concentration increases the heat content of the treated fabrics about 56-94%. The durability of the coated microcapsules lasts for about ten launderings. The treated fabric becomes stiffer and less smooth, soft, and full than the untreated fabric, as shown by KES measurements. Wear trials with the untreated and treated garments in a conditioned environment confirm the temperature sensing properties of treated garments. The cooling effect from thermal storage of the octadecane-containing microcapsules is revealed by results showing that the changes in the mean skin and microclimate temperature with the treated garment are less than for those wearing the untreated garment.
Particle Filtration with an Electret of Nonwoven Polypropylene Fabric
Authors: Yang Z.Z. , Lin J.H. , Tsai I.S. , Kuo T.Y.
Published: June 2007

This paper investigates corona discharge on meltblown nonwoven polypropylene. Samples are charged under a high electric field for two to ten minutes, then put on an air conditioner to evaluate their filtration efficiency of indoor air. Modem people stay indoors for around 80% of each day, and the demand for a better quality of life has greatly increased the importance of indoor air quality. The endurance of an electret filter is related to its electrostatic decay time. A needle electrode is used to conduct an experiment with various discharging times. Measurement data indicate that nonwoven polypropylene electrets charged for 10 minutes are more efficiently filtered than those charged for two minutes.
Diet and Exercise in the Management of Diabetes
Authors: Kavula Michael P.
Published: June 2007

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) individuals can benefit from using current nutritional concepts to control their intake of carbohydrates, protein, fats, and other nutrients to aid in the control of blood glucose and lipid levels by building consistency of meal times and injections of insulin into their overall program. The NIDDM patient, on the other hand, will need a diet that offers appropriate calories to sustain daily activities, but also promote weight loss. Exercise has important physiological and psychological benefits for all individuals including diabetics. Exercise programs need to be designed for the individual's ability and used as adjunctive therapy to improve glucose control and reduce cardiovascular risk factors.
Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety
Authors: Lutgendorf Philip
Published: June 2007

Hanuman, simian sidekick to the principal human hero of the Ramayana tradition, has evolved within comparatively recent times into one of the most popular and ubiquitous of Hindu deities. He is revered by tens of millions as their ishta-deva or ‘chosen, personal deity’, and his shrines have proliferated in both urban and rural areas. The visual representation of this deity has likewise evolved conventions that, through the mass reproduction and gradual homogenisation characteristic of 20th century popular art, have crystallised in a number of readily-recognisable icons. After briefly surveying the range of Hanuman's historical representations, this essay focuses on a subset of 20th century images in which the divine monkey appears as afurless, humanised, and (of late) heavily-muscled hero with only vestigial simian characteristics, and situates these images within the context of a number of contemporary trends in popular visual culture. Finally, it attempts to link this new visual convention to a widespread body of discourse concerning the ‘scientific’ rationalisation and historicisation of Hindu sacred legend.
‘A secret of their own country’: Or, how Indian nationalism made itself irrefutable
Authors: Pinney Christopher
Published: June 2007

In the 1920s, W.E. Gladstone Solomon, the nationalist sympathising director of Bombay's J.J. School of Art, provided a remarkable description of that institution's blossoming hybridity: ‘… the Western buildings in which different departments of the School are housed almost seem, to knowledgeable eyes, to have been draped by the hands of their Indian students with invisible “saris” … in the depths of their dark eyes are the fires of enlightenment, but it is a Secret of their own Country that they are engaged in unravelling in the School of Art’. This ‘partialisation’ and failure of the ‘redemptive’ colonial aesthetic project forms the core of this article which will attempt to place the interventions of the colonial state alongside enduring practices of vision and a radically reconfigured political context, all of which have helped determine the nature of modern India's popular visual archive.
Visualising India's geo-body: Globes, maps, bodyscapes
Authors: Ramaswamy Sumathi
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on the national longing for cartographic form by exploring the deployment of globes, maps, and bodyscapes in patriotic visual practices in colonial and postcolonial India. I suggest that popular cartography is marked by the convergence of two modalities of seeing India—a disenchanted geographic habit in which its territory is visualised as a geo-body, and an enchanted somaticism in which India is the affect-laden body of Bharat Mata. Patriotic cartography transforms the nation's territory into an object of visual piety, even as it makes more visible a hitherto unfamiliar entity—the map of India. But most of all, popular patriotic cartography encourages the citizen-beholder to engage the nation's territory corporeally, affectively, and interestedly, so that it is not some empty social space, but the motherland) worth dying for. Patriotism in modernity requires peculiarly novel technologies of persuasion. Maps of the national territory are among the most intriguing—and compelling—of these.
‘Unity in diversity?’ Dilemmas of nationhood in Indian calendar art
Authors: Uberoi Patricia
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on the visual representation of the ideal of secularism in the popular print culture of the ‘Nehruvian’ era of Indian nation-building in the light of some contemporary controversies. The analysis reveals a tension between a relatively egalitarian understanding of the principle of ‘unity in diversity’, in which all religious traditions are conceived as equivalent sources of truth, and a ‘majoritarian’ understanding whereby other religions are appropriated to a Hindu order (represented by Mother India, the Mother Goddess, or the Mother Cow). This tension, as well as relations of equivalence, reciprocity and exchange, are illustrated in reference to a set of ‘Sikh’ calendars of the period. These calendars instantiate the delicate relations of similarity and difference, affinity and hostility, between the Hindu and Sikh faiths as constituents of the multi-religious society of post-Independence India. The article also illustrates the process whereby old images are reworked in new contexts, sometimes to provoke the assimilationist/separatist confrontation, but sometimes, on the contrary, to mark a gesture of conciliation.
Moving pictures: The postcolonial state and visual representations of India
Authors: Roy Srirupa
Published: June 2007

The article examines visual representations of the nation produced by state and non-state actors in postcolonial India. Through an examination of how ‘moving pictures’ of Indianness have been produced and deployed over the past 50 years, I explore the formation and transformations of the postcolonial nationalist imagination. I focus on the genre of non-commercial film and video and compare the image-making efforts of the Nehruvian developmentalist state with those of the contemporary liberalised state, and also with images of Indian identity produced by non-state actors. The first section examines the state's vision through the documentary films produced by the state-owned Films Division of India and the audiovisual fillers and shorts produced by the Department of Audio-Visual Publicity. The state and the activities that it undertakes on behalf of the nation are foregrounded in these visual representations of Indianness, which is depicted as a relation between an enlightened, transcendent state and a diverse, infantile nation. The second section examines popular-patriotic visions of India through a discussion of the music videos produced for television in recent years by Bharatbala Productions, an independent media organisation based in Mumbai. Although these visual representations are significantly different in terms of form, they do not supplant or subvert the official nationalist imaginary in any significant way. Both state and non-state actors continue to illuminate—and obscure—Indianness in similar ways.
The realm of the visual: Agency and modern civil society
Authors: Freitag Sandria B.
Published: June 2007

Everyday acts of seeing and knowing enable persons as actors and consumers to constitute their identities and construct meaning from their world. Taken in the aggregate, these individual acts harness the agency of participants in shaping their societies and scrutinising their nation-states. The argument implicit in these two statements is that the study of popular culture points us to modern acts of discernment, identity-formation, and passionate activism. Aggregation matters, for it brings together individual and (various) collective interests. Working through the familiar and the new, the local and the global, popular culture refracts and mediates these interactions and their aggregation.

It is through popular cultural artifacts that historians may trace evidence of the ways in which the agency of viewers/consumers impels a civil society to grapple with change, to process change through indigenous sociologies of knowledge so that it can be naturalised and accommodated. I would argue that the visual realm is an absolutely critical component in this process in South Asia. Here we look, therefore, at both the consumption of popular culture (mass-produced and mass-consumed visual materials) and the production of it (especially the intentions of entrepreneurs to serve a market) to delineate how acts of seeing became acts of knowing in 20th century India.
Framing Inequity Safely: Whites' Motivated Perceptions of Racial Privilege
Authors: Lowery Brian S. , Knowles Eric D. , Unzueta Miguel M.
Published: June 2007

Racial inequity was theorized to threaten Whites' self-image when inequity is framed as White privilege but not when framed as anti-Black discrimination. Manipulations of Whites' need for self-regard were hypothesized to affect their perceptions of White privilege but not of anti-Black discrimination. In Experiment 1, White participants reported less privilege when given threatening (vs. affirming) feedback on an intelligence or personality test; in contrast, perceptions of anti-Black discrimination were unaffected by self-concept manipulations. In Experiment 2, threatening (vs. affirming) feedback decreased privilege perceptions only among Whites high in racial identity. Using a value-based self-affirmation manipulation, Experiment 3 replicated the effect of self-image concerns on Whites' perceptions of privilege and provided evidence that self-concerns, through their effect on perceived privilege, influence Whites' support for redistributive social policies.
Assessment of Beneficial Effects of Interference-fit in Pin-loaded FRP Composites
Authors: Pradhan B. , Ramesh Babu P.
Published: June 2007

Interference-fit pin connections have wide applications ranging from aerospace structures to electric hardware systems and the telephone industry. In order to derive the maximum benefit by the use of interference-fit pin in all such applications, a complete understanding of their behavior in the regions of joints is essential. This paper deals with the study of various beneficial effects of interference-fit pin-loaded FRP composite laminates. Three-dimensional finite element models have been created to simulate interference-fit pin-loaded joints in various composite laminates. Non-linear contact analyses have been performed to study the effects of interference for different material cases on (a) circumferential edge stresses, (b) stresses across the weakest section (i.e., net-tension plane), and (c) the out-of-plane stresses around the hole periphery. It is observed that interference with specific value for each material case and laminate configuration is beneficial for better load carrying capabilities. Suitable interference for improved performance has been evaluated and recommended for each case. It is also emphasized that by interference-fit fatigue life of the joint can be improved.
Static Response of Laminated Composite Plates Resting on Elastic Foundation with Uncertain System Properties
Authors: Lal A. , Singh B.N. , Kumar R.
Published: June 2007

Virtually, in all structural systems, there are uncertainties in the system parameters because of real bounds on the quality control and modeling. This paper presents an investigation of the stochastic bending static response of laminated composite plates resting on elastic foundation with uncertain system parameters subjected to static distributed loading. The transverse shear effects have been included in the system equation using higher order shear deformation theory. The interaction between the plate and foundation is included in the formulation with a two-parameter Pasternak model. System parameters such as material properties and foundation stiffness parameters are modeled as independent random variables. A C0 finite element method in conjunction with mean centered first-order perturbation technique is outlined to obtain the second-order response statistics of the bending deflection of the plate supported on with and without elastic foundation. The approach has been validated with independent Monte Carlo simulation and other approaches.
INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METH ODS, Robert Bogdan and Steven J. Taylor, New York: Wiley- Interscience, 1975. 259 pp. $11.95 (cloth)
Authors: Shover Neal
Published: June 2007

These studies are selected and annotated by the New Ethnographies Editor and by readers who discover ethnographies, write annotations of them, and send in these annotations. Readers are invited to report ethnographies they discover, especially those found in irregular sources, including M.A. and Ph.D. theses. They will be printed, with credit, within limits of space and multiple submission. Please limit the annotations to about 150-200 words. Direct all correspondence to John M. Johnson, New Ethnographies Editor, URBAN LIFE, Department of Sociology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281.
Special Issue Introduction: Career and Life Planning Key Feature Within Comprehensive Guidance Programs
Authors: Drier Harry N.
Published: June 2007

Career and life planning is viewed as a process that starts early in the elementary school through adult life and it should be at the heart of any guidance program. This journal discusses the value and process ideas at each of the school and grade levels. The authors also discuss how parents, employers, and teachers enhance the career planning process by expanding student options, encouragement, motivation, mentoring, and providing career life experiences. Career planning is viewed as a structured and expected series of events and activities a student would go through as a part of their school experience. It forwards the idea that to assure all youth have a plan for life transition and success takes state department of education policy and support, local district expectations, time, and resources, and students who see the value in participating. The counselor is viewed as the key agent in such a program and needs to demonstrate that early, continuous and high quality life planning improves not only academic achievement, but life and employment success.
Using National Standards and Models of Excellence as Frameworks for Accountability
Authors: Hayslip Josephine B. , VanZandt Zark
Published: June 2007

The authors describe several national standards and models of excellence, and demonstrate how two states, Maine and New Hampshire, have integrated these standards and models into their recommendations to school counseling programs for developing and implementing comprehensive career development programs. Emphasis is placed upon three factors: curriculum integration, guidance program evaluation, and accountability to school and community.
How Early Is Too Early to Begin Life Career Planning? The Importance of the Elementary School Years
Authors: Magnuson Carolyn S. , Starr Marion F.
Published: June 2007

The relationship of early and middle childhood experiences to life career planning is discussed. Life career planning is presented as a life skill beginning in infancy. The authors present five premises on which they have based their discussion: Life career development is a life-long, spiraling process; Life career planning includes a series of sub-skills; Career awareness and career exploration form the foundation for effective life career planning; Idiosyncratic factors influence the decision-making of each person; and Child development theory (e.g., Erikson, Piaget and Vygotsky) and career development theory (e.g., Super and Gottfredson) are interrelated. Implications for practice are included.
Middle Grades Career Planning Programs
Authors: Arrington Kelly
Published: June 2007

Students in middle grades are making decisions that greatly affect their future educational and career paths. Many times students do not have the necessary information or assistance to help them make decisions that would engender success in their educational and career paths. For students to be able to think about their career plans with any depth, they must have a foundation of career awareness and career exploration experiences. These experiences can help students realize what is required of them when interested in a certain career or career cluster and help them form realistic career plans. Implementation of a six-year plan of study, curriculum infusion, and job shadowing are just a few of the critical elements that need to take place in the career exploration phase. These elements, along with others found in a comprehensive career guidance program, can help assure students are cognizant of the many educational and career opportunities available to them and how to capitalize on these opportunities.
Youth Perspectives on Parental Career Influence
Authors: Otto Luther B.
Published: June 2007

The role of parents in youth career development is generally acknowledged though, often, perfunctorily. This inquiry examines youth perceptions of parental influence on their career development. We ask young men and women about specific career development attitudes and behaviors that bear on their relations with their parents. The sample consists of survey data from 362 high school juniors. The results confirm the trend of recent studies that report compatibility between parent and youth values, aspirations, and plans. Of all the people to whom youth can turn for help with making career plans, most look to their mothers. The findings apply across gender, to young men as well as young women; and they apply across race, to minority youth as well as majority-culture youth. The results underscore the importance of parents as allies and resources for career counselors in facilitating youth career development.
Computer-Assisted Career Guidance: Improving the Design and Use of Systems
Authors: Sampson James P. , Reardon Robert C. , Lenz Janet G.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents and analyzes recommendations developed by system developers, policy makers, researchers/evaluators, and practitioners for improving the design and use of computer-assisted career guidance (CACG) systems.
Holland's Theory and Effective Use of Computer-Assisted Career Guidance Systems
Authors: Lenz Janet G. , Reardon Robert C. , Sampson James P.
Published: June 2007

A variety of client characteristics, drawn primarily from John Holland's theory and constructs, were used to examine client reactions to using a computer-assisted career guidance system. The subjects were 206 individuals who sought assistance at a university-based career center. A regression analysis revealed that persons with higher Social and Enterprising scores rated the system lower on its ability to help them acquire self and occupational knowledge.
Pharmacy Association Management
Authors: Temple Thomas R.
Published: June 2007

The alternative practice option of association management offers tremendous potential for professional growth and personal satisfaction. Diversity of activity and the opportunity to have a direct impact upon the future of the profession are two major dimensions associated with this growing career option. In total, more than 140 pharmacists have found rewarding career positions in the offices of pharmacy's state and national associations. These pharmacists, serving as chief executive officers and professional staff members, have chosen to serve the profession rather than pursue its actual practice. Their work is important and challenging and serves to have a significant effect on both the profession as a whole and individual pharmacists. A diversity of opportunity is available to the pharmacist aspiring a career in association work. As a chief executive, the pharmacist uses a broad range of administrative skills to help the association achieve its overall mission. Working with the association's elected leadership, the association executive helps establish goals and objectives and pursues their attainment by implementing effective strategies. As professional association staff members, many pharmacists use skills in areas related to law, clinical pharmacy, journalism, education, and public relations to help their associations serve the profession of pharmacy and their individual memberships. The revolutionary changes occurring in health care today are placing an increasing level of demand upon professional associations. Never before have these associations been confronted with more challenges and opportunities. As a result, the opportunities for pharmacist employment in this field are expected to grow. Professionally motivated pharmacists have and will continue to find this alternative practice option to be both professionally and personally rewarding.
Alternate Practice: Clinical Research
Authors: Edwards S. Albert
Published: June 2007

The article describes the role of a pharmacist practicing in the area of clinical research for a major food additive company. The article also discusses clinical research in the pharmaceutical industry and includes information on what elements of a pharmacy background are useful and relevant in clinical research, as well as what a pharmacist can expect in this area. The future growth of job opportunities is also discussed. Some information is also given on the clinical research process and the underlying scientific method.
Alternate Practice: Sales and Marketing
Authors: Singletary James C.
Published: June 2007

Marketing and sales offer two areas of alternate practice for the pharmacist. The training received in pharmacy is specialized and highly technical, yet in no way limits the career opportunities available. In fact, many companies needing sales representatives and marketing personnel prefer pharmacists because of their strong educational background in pharmaceuticals. The practice of pharmacy provides interaction with many other members of the healthcare delivery team. Pharmacists who feel the need to incorporate this expertise, combined with their personal abilities and desires, should consider sales, especially pharmaceutical sales, with perhaps a progression into marketing at a later time. These two areas of alternate practice offer the pharmacist a mechanism for fulfilling personal career objectives while constantly drawing upon the vast resources of their educational expertise.
A New Approach to Organ Pharmacokinetics Using Noninvasive Radionuclide Measurement Methods
Authors: Wolf Walter , Shani Jashovam , Dahalan Rehir , Parti Rajesh , Shaharuddin bin Mohd  , Kawada Tom K.
Published: June 2007

Proper chemotherapy requires that the right dose of the right drug be administered to a given patient at the correct rate. This can be achieved if there is proper monitoring of the drug's biodistribution and metabolism in an individual patient. We have documented that radionuclidic measurements, coupled to a systems-based multicompartmental model approach, are ideally suited in providing proper monitoring of the time course of a drug in a patient. The results achieved to date can best be illustrated through the studies we have conducted with cisplatin and with KS1 /4, a monoclonal antibody directed against a human lung tumor. Radiolabeled cisplatin has been used to monitor the relative rate of drug localization and retention in patients with brain astrocytomas, following either standard intravenous (IV) or intraarterial (IA) drug administration. The preliminary results obtained in such patient studies have shown that a much higher amount of radioactive platinum (Pt) was deposited in such tumors during IA infusion. The differential diffusion (washout) rates of radioactive platinum from these tumors are consistent with higher local uptake of the free (eg, active) drug following IA administration. It is of interest to note that no detectable differences could be observed in the blood levels of either the free drug, platinated proteins, or RBC bound Pt, following either IV or IA administration to the same patient. A six-compartment subsystem has been proposed to help analyze and rationalize these data. Similarly, a nine-compartmental model has been shown to represent the biodistribution of KS1 /4 labeled with iodine 131I. The studies reported here illustrate that the pharmacokinetics of drug biodistribution, targeting, and metabolism can be estimated using noninvasive measuring techniques coupled with compartmental model analysis. The availability of such new pharmacokinetic data should be of value in helping to monitor and optimize chemotherapeutic regimens in patients.
Drug Interactions in Perspective
Authors: Shinn Arthur F. , Hogan Mark J. , Zucchero Frederic J.
Published: June 2007

Selected classes of medication are presented, and the frequently occurring and/or severe drug interactions common to these agents are reviewed. Selected tables are presented, for immediate reference, but the reader is referred to the standard drug interaction compendia for routine reference. The responsibility of the pharmacist for monitoring and preventing patient injury from interactions is emphasized.
End Organ Toxicities of Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Salazar Theresa A.
Published: June 2007

Many commonly prescribed medications are capable of causing organ specific adverse effects that can involve every organ system of the body. This situation presents the clinician with a diagnostic problem, since the drug-induced illness often mimics the clinical - disease. Clinicians must be alert to the possibility that drugs can cause or exacerbate any disease. In order to assess effectively the possibility of an illness being a result of an adverse drug reaction, it is necessary to recognize the manifestations of that drug's adverse effects and indict the drug on the basis of its use and the subsequent development of illness. This article reviews the organ-specific toxicities of drugs known to affect the liver, kidney, blood and bone marrow, and ear.
The Nuclear Pharmacist in Industry
Authors: Schmelter Raymond F. , Godat James F. , Cole Clyde N.
Published: June 2007

Within the scope of the pharmaceutical industry, there are many traditional areas where the nuclear pharmacist can assume a useful role. These areas include. among others, research and development, quality assurance and quality control, clinical investigations, regulatory affairs, marketing and sales, and management and administration. In addition, nuclear pharmacists have the potential to become increasingly involved in the workforce of the medical device industry. The introduction of new generator systems, unique software packages for nuclear medicine, and devices to synthesize position-emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals are a few of the innovations that could benefit from the expertise of pharmacists. Overall, nuclear pharmacists have many options for roles to play within the pharmaceutical and medical device industries. © 1989 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Detection of Drug Interactions Involving Radiopharmaceuticals: A Professional Responsibility of the Clinical Pharmacist
Authors: Laven David L. , Shaw Stanley M.
Published: June 2007

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive drugs used in nuclear medicine for diagnosis and, to some degree, for the treatment of disease. Considerable evidence exists in regard to the potential for altered biorouting of radiopharmaceuticals resulting from the coadministration of therapeutic drugs, as well as from certain disease states, nutritional conditions, and other factors. Altered biorouting may reduce the usefulness of the diagnostic test or provide misleading information. While retrospective identification of an altered biodistribution problem can be helpful, prospective detection is more desirable and can be achieved by a hospital-based pharmacist. Although most drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions are not beneficial, some nuclear medicine procedures are conducted using drug intervention to enhance the diagnostic efficacy of the test. Also, nuclear medicine procedures may be used to monitor the outcome of a therapeutic regimen or to aid in determining the pharmacologic effect of an investigation drug. While not covering the full scope of the area, the material in this chapter is intended to provide an introduction to the problems and opportunities associated with drug-radiopharmaceutical interactions and to stimulate pharmacists to provide clinical pharmacy services to nuclear medicine.
Nuclear Pharmacy and the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties (BPS)
Authors: Ponto James A.
Published: June 2007

Nuclear pharmacy was officially recognized as a specialty area in pharmacy practice, the first specialty area so recognized, by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties in 1978. Subsequently, a certification examination was developed and administered for the first time in 1982. By 1988, 112 nuclear pharmacists had become board certified in nuclear pharmacy. Although little tangible value was initially associated with certification, certification is gradually accruing worth with recent recognition and acceptance by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. A mechanism for recertification, which has been under development for several years, is nearing completion and will allow for periodic recertification of certified nuclear pharmacists.
Calcium Channel Blockers
Authors: Nappi Jean M. , Marinac Jacqueline S. , Bartlomé Patricia
Published: June 2007

Calcium is an integral component in numerous physiological processes and functions. As such, drugs that interfere with the movement of calcium into or out of cells, or the activity of intracellular calcium are useful in treating a variety of disease states. This article will review the calcium channel blockers currently available, along with their approved indications, as well as select dihydropyridine investigational agents and nonapproved indications for their use.
Public interest, media neglect
Authors: Moore Martin
Published: June 2007

“Public interest journalism” is in mortal danger, argues Moore, director of the Media Standards Trust. “The threats come from four directions”, he writes, “ – from an untrusting Government no longer convinced of the value of the fourth estate; from increasingly powerful and image conscious corporations; from a bombarded and bewildered public; and from a media that is failing to live up to its public interest responsibilities.” The media is also failing to explain, inform and analyse, he believes: “In the increasingly cutthroat and competitive media environment, news outlets are choosing to emphasise the subjective, the personal, the emotional and the sensational.” He concludes: “If genuine public interest journalism is to have a future, it has to be promoted and nurtured – and this will not happen until people recognise the extent of the danger we face.”
If only they had parked on a route nationale
Authors: Bremner Charles
Published: June 2007

The Sun, for once, won a libel case after it publicised some allegedly amorous activity on the A1. In France the story would probably not have made the papers.
Hardy's allusions and the problem of 'pedantry'
Authors: Yelland Cris
Published: June 2007

In this article I take up a question which has been much discussed in literary criticism, the question of Hardy's 'pedantry' of style. Using Far from the Madding Crowd, I focus on two elements of 'pedantry', Hardy's generics and his allusions to paintings and other objects of 'high culture'. Following and elaborating on Fowler (1981), I analyse Hardy's generics in contrast with George Eliot's, and I extend Fowler's principles to include analysis of specific allusions, seeing these as essentially metaphors and using the terminology of Leech (1969). In a final discussion, I locate Victorian criticism of Hardy's 'pedantry' in the context of anxieties about different senses of 'culture' in the 1870s and after, and suggest that Hardy's 'pedantry' derives from his sense of cultural pluralism, which was unacceptable to conservative contemporaries.
Interpreting unknown worlds: functions of metonymic conceptualization in William Golding's The Sea Trilogy
Authors: Pankhurst Anne
Published: June 2007

William Golding's Sea Trilogy (1991) presents the reader with a number of problems, notably how to link the remote spatio-temporal location of the narrative with the author's explicit intention of commenting on present-day society. This article argues that the reader's task is facilitated by the use and frequent recontextualization of conventional metonymies. Metonymy is defined as a conceptual mechanism, extending beyond rhetorical one-word substitutions. In the particular case of this narrative, Golding continues a stylistic feature already noted in Lord of the Flies (1954), where changes in self-perception are marked by means of changes in outward appearance. A series of conceptual metonymies in The Sea Trilogy, functioning to highlight conventional beliefs, structures the development of an important episode and facilitates the reader's interpretation of thematic material.
Using the Revised APON Standards of Practice
Authors: Bru Georgina
Published: June 2007

In 1988, the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses published its first Scope of Practice Statement. At that time the Standards of Practice were revised in the process outcome format. Six standards refer to direct care of the child and family and a final standard refers to the nurse's professional responsibility to maintain expertise as a specialist or competency as a generalist. The development of these two documents and how they are used by the practitioner and the educator is discussed.
Adolescents With Cancer: Getting On With Life
Authors: Rechner Mona
Published: June 2007

This phenomenologic study was designed to understand and describe the experiences of adolescents living with cancer. The study was conducted with a sample of five adolescents 13 to 17 years old, who had received or were receiving treatments for cancer. Data were collected during audiotaped interviews and were analyzed for common themes. The data showed that the adolescents' overall goal was to get on with life. The teenagers responded to cancer by experiencing the illness and determining that they were normal. They developed a philosophy of being positive and redefined their social world in order to get on with life. Understanding the manner in which adolescents with cancer experience living with this illness may enable health care practitioners to provide appropriate care to the teenager with cancer. Implications for practice, research, and education are discussed.
Psychosocial Stressors, Coping Resources, and Information Needs of Parents of Adolescent Cancer Patients
Authors: Wells Linda M. , Heiney Sue P. , Swygert Elaine , Troficanto Georgia , Stokes Cindy , Ettinger Robert S.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the emotional responses, psychosocial concerns, coping resources, and information needs of parents of adolescents with cancer. The convenience volunteer sample consisted of 26 parents, 15 mothers and 11 fathers. Using a descriptive survey design, a written questionnaire was mailed to all parents (one each for the mother and father) of adolescent cancer patients (N = 60) at a pediatric oncology center. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The psychosocial concerns and needs reported by the parents included negative feelings, physical complaints, and their other children. Coping strategies used were spending time away from the ill child and meeting another parent at diagnosis. The major resources that the parents used to help them cope included group meetings, talking with other parents, working with a counselor, and books. Educational needs of the parents focus on psychosocial problems. The results from this study indicate that parents have many psychosocial concerns that could be addressed by nurses in a variety of formats.
Similarities Between the Nursing Care Needs of Children with Cancer and Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Cohen Debra Gaddy
Published: June 2007

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diseases among children is steadily increasing. The most common clinical manifestations of pediatric HIV infection are similar to those seen in childhood cancer. There are striking similarities between the care needs of these children and children with other chronic, potentially fatal diseases. Pediatric oncology nurses are among those who possess the knowledge and skills necessary to care for these children and their families. The interdisciplinary, holistic approach to caring for children with cancer is an excellent model for care of pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.