bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paper 35: Stability, Convergence, and Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Streamline Curvature Methods Using Quasi-Orthogonals
Authors: Wilkinson D. H.
Published: June 2010

The streamline curvature technique for the numerical solution of the equations of motion for two-dimensional flow has been analysed. By considering a simple flow case an optimum damping factor for the quasi-orthogonal method was derived as a function of grid aspect ratio, Mach number, and differentiation formula, and the number of iterations required for a given accuracy was found. The stability and accuracy properties of numerical methods for finding the second derivative of a curve were also investigated, and it was found that, in this context, finite difference methods using polynomials were the best and spline methods the worst.
Paper 6: Experimental Investigations of Tandem Axial Compressors
Authors: Railly J. W. , Mehra S. M.
Published: June 2010

The overall performance of the blower is first presented for a series of values of blade stagger and ‘flap angle’ of the rotor row. The influence of gap is shown up by comparison amongst these results. Experiments were then carried out in which the gap was partially closed, and it is shown that the gap is least effective near the root section. These results were confirmed by inter-row traversing. Comparison of the tandem blade row with a single row of the same overall aspect ratio is presented and the improvements due to the tandem row are assessed.
Paper 8: Calculations of the Flow Distribution within a Radial Turbine Rotor
Authors: Benson R. S. , Cartwright W. G. , Woollatt G.
Published: June 2010

The distribution of pressure and velocity within the rotor of a radial flow gas turbine is computed using a two-dimensional streamline curvature method. Solutions are obtained on the meridional plane and also on three blade-to-blade surfaces at the hub, mid-blade position, and at the shroud. The torque, as calculated from the blade-to-blade flows, agrees with the measured torque over a speed range of approximately 2:1 with sufficient accuracy to support the usefulness of the flow structure as indicated by two-dimensional calculation methods applied to radial turbomachines.
Paper 16: Some Problems in the Application of Meridional Flow Programmes to the Design of Large Steam Turbines
Authors: Lindley D. , Westmoreland J. , Whybrow J. F. T.
Published: June 2010

After an introduction to the aerodynamic problems facing the designer of large steam turbines, two analytical methods that have been used to analyse the flow in such turbines are reviewed, and their limitations discussed. Results are given for an analysis of a single-stage machine similar to that found in an intermediate pressure steam turbine using the matrix through-flow programme to investigate the effects of varying blade twist, tilt, blade thickness, and camberline shape. In addition, details are given of a comparison made between results obtained from a streamline curvature and a matrix through-flow programme used to analyse a single-stage turbine. Finally, the problems of using these programmes are discussed, and details of the effect of grid shape and damping factor are given.
Paper 28: The Accuracy of the Actuator Disc Method in the Design of Axial Flow Fans
Authors: Railly J. W. , Mehra S. M.
Published: June 2010

The accuracy of the actuator disc theory as a simple design tool for low-speed axial turbomachines of a few rows is assessed by comparison with a Wu solution of the design (or inverse) problem for a single row. A slight modification to one form of the theory is recommended to improve the overall accuracy, particularly for forced vortex designs near the hub. Compressibility effects have not been considered but the paper presents a simple addition to the theory (based partly on the work of Lewis and Horlock) which allows for the presence of blade thickness on the axial velocity distribution in a typical design calculation.
Paper 32: The Effects of Reynolds Number, Turbulence Intensity, and Axial Velocity Ratio on Compressor Blade Performance
Authors: Shaw R.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes a series of experiments that were conducted on a compressor blade of conventional geometry, in a low-speed research compressor, to determine the effect of Reynolds number on the performance of (1) an isolated rotor blade row when the free-stream turbulence is low, (2) the isolated rotor at a higher level of turbulence, and (3) the rotor row when unsteadiness is introduced by a set of inlet guide vanes of zero camber and zero stagger. In each case the axial velocity ratio at mid-span was measured and tests were carried out under similar conditions on a two-dimensional cascade of blades using a wind tunnel with porous side walls. The compressor results indicate that there are significant Reynolds number effects under these conditions, and the comparison with the cascade results demonstrates that there is a difference in performance between the rotating row and the cascade.
Paper 36: Wake—Boundary Layer Interaction in Tandem Cascades
Authors: Railly J. W. , Deeb S. D. , Moore M. J.
Published: June 2010

The performance of a tandem cascade in a cascade wind-tunnel is discussed and the characteristics of a given cascade are presented ( a) without end wall suction and ( b) with suction, in order to produce two-dimensionality as closely as possible. Necessary criteria for the existence of two-dimensional conditions are stated. A discussion is given of the development of the boundary layer on the second blade as affected by the wake based on hot wire anemometer investigations. In addition, a separate experiment is described in which a wake is allowed to impinge on a flat plate, subject to an adverse pressure gradient. From both experiments the influence of the size of slot between the tandem aerofoils is assessed.
Paper 5: Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer Studies with Water Droplets in a Water Vapour–Air Mixture
Authors: Porteous A.
Published: June 2010

The design of cooling and dehumidification towers is important for many process industries. This paper reports the results of a theoretical and experimental investigation on the direct contact heat and mass transfer characteristics of water droplets in counter-current flow through a water vapour-air mixture which simulates the stream to be dehumidified. The range of temperatures and dew points studied was 250–410°F and 85–112°F respectively. The effect of parameters such as contact path length, water droplet to water vapour-air mass ratios, droplet diameter, and entrainment are studied. The experimental information is then utilized in the design of a dehumidification tower.
Paper 18: Heat Transfer from Condensing Steam to a Cooled Cone Rotating about a Vertical Axis
Authors: Howe M. , Hoyle R.
Published: June 2010

A study of the transient thermal load in axisymmetrical bodies requires a history of the heat transfer at the surfaces of cones with many apex angles. The work described in this paper is based on a vertical cone with 2 ft base and an apex angle of 60°, rotating at 100–700 rev/min in condensing steam at pressures from 1 to 13 atm. Drainage of the condensate is by centrifugal force. Heat transfer in these ranges of speed and pressure has been studied and is discussed.
Session 1(b): Basic Techniques—Electronics: A Review of Postal Engineering Logic Units
Authors: Goodison H.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes why control elements using discrete components mounted on a printed circuit board were chosen for postal mechanization equipments. Basic design considerations are listed, and principles determining the choice of components stated. The decision to provide both ‘nor’ and ‘not-and’ elements is explained, and the reasons given why negative logic is used. With the use of B.S. symbols it is shown how logic diagrams can easily be converted to functional diagrams. A brief description of each logic unit in the standard set is given and the set of peripheral units listed. Mention is made of the design method and the emphasis placed on noise immunity. Constructional techniques and the use of an automatic tester are described. Current assessment of the actual performance of the units is given and future possibilities, including large-scale integration and M.O.S.T. devices, are discussed.
Session 2: Segregating and Facing Machines: Segregating: Operational Requirements and Development
Authors: Hills E. G.
Published: June 2010

The speedy preparation of mail into orderly groups suitable for machine sorting became an essential prerequisite for any letter mail mechanization system. The search by the P.O. for a suitable method is traced. The cylindrical segregating drum method is described in detail, together with some interesting variants. Problem areas are discussed and future designs are considered.
Segregating and Grading Machines for Letter Mail Handling
Authors: Tottey S. T.
Published: June 2010

The problems involved in developing production models of a successful segregator from a prototype version are described and discussed, together with the subsequent development of later marks of machine.
Session 3: Stamp Cancelling and Linking Machinery: New Mechanical Aid for the Smaller Sorting Office
Authors: Hills E. G.
Published: June 2010

Although the highest returns resulting from postal engineering development are likely to come from installations in those offices engaged in large-scale letter sorting operations, there remains considerable scope for reliable devices designed to assist operations in smaller offices. Some devices developed specifically for automatic large-scale working can, with small adaptations, fulfil a labour-saving role in the more numerous smaller offices. Such an apparatus is described; it collects letter mail from a manual facing table, stamp-cancels each item, and delivers it into one of the two stacks according to length. Improved working conditions have resulted and higher mail facing rates make the system economically attractive.
Machine Interlinking
Authors: Wicken C. S. , Wiles J. R.
Published: June 2010

The programme to mechanize the letter post commenced with the development of individual machines to carry out basic processes. Attention is now being directed towards the interlinking of these machines. Linking is discussed generally and a report made on the progress to date.
Manual Keyboard Design
Authors: Muckett R. G.
Published: June 2010

The search for an ideal keyboard for use on letter coding and sorting machines has continued for many years, and the ideal is still to be realized. The development of keyboards in the British Post Office is traced and the results for each type are presented. One of the major problems is the difficulty of introducing a new type of keyboard to operators who are thoroughly familiar with an older type, yet have duties involving only a few hours' operating each week, mixed with other work. Under these circumstances performance may be worse for up to six months while operators grow thoroughly accustomed to the new keyboard. A better solution would be to introduce an improved type on opening a new office, but there is still a considerable delay before comparable results are available. A further limitation is the need for compatibility with standard typewriters used for initial training. The type of keyboard in use on sorting machines and two types in use on coding desks are described in detail.
Session 8: Packet and Parcel Sorting: Packet Sorting Machine
Authors: Brackstone R. L.
Published: June 2010

The function of the machine described is to distribute and convey the primary sorted packets selectively to the secondary sorting positions. Packets are manually loaded into frames of individual boxes provided with electromechanically or electropneumatically controlled flaps which sequentially discharge their load in a controlled and predetermined cycle on to bands beneath the machine. A system of underframe conveyors carries the packets to a series of tilted bands whose gates are operated by a controller on the packet sorting machine, thereby allowing discharge into the direct selection chutes or overhead storage units.
Session 10: Project Planning and Sorting Office Design: Project System Planning
Authors: Gerard P. S.
Published: June 2010

The organization and progress of a project team's planning of a large mechanized sorting office is explained step-by-step from the early analysis of traffic statistics indicating the need for a new office, through site purchase, building design, and preparation of mechanization layout drawings and associated specifications to the selection of contractors suitable for tendering for the installation work. The various separate and joint responsibilities of the engineering and operational elements of the project team are delineated.
Project Planning and Sorting Office Design: Signalling and Control Techniques
Authors: White I. G.
Published: June 2010

The paper outlines the basic problems, and describes how several features, such as available site, form of building, traffic content, and complexity of plant layout, combine to affect the control and signalling design. Specific sectors of the flow of mail through the mechanical handling plant and sorting machines are examined and examples given of the latest techniques adopted. Some aspects of the essential engineering and operational and signalling controls are also described, with reference to recent installations.
The Birmingham New Parcel and Letter Sorting Office
Authors: Cummings F. G.
Published: June 2010

The building and equipping of the Birmingham new parcel and letter office is currently nearing completion. This is the most ambitious postal engineering project so far embarked upon by the British Post Office. It is a complex of mechanization equipment which, together with the associated control and signalling apparatus, will be accommodated over six floors of an imposing new building situated in the heart of the city of Birmingham. The paper does not attempt to describe the office in detail but, following a brief outline of the scheme, concentrates on those aspects of the installation which are novel in their application to postal engineering in the U.K.
Normalization of Characters for Automatic Character Recognition by Means of a Variable Scan Raster
Authors: LeMay C. A. G.
Published: June 2010

A possible system for obtaining television type images of normal typewritten characters is described in this paper. It is intended to use this system for the extraction of postal codes from envelopes. A flying spot scanner is controlled by a data processor in two phases. In the first the postal code is found and the height is estimated, and in the second the images of the separate characters are obtained. Corrections to the width, height, and position are made by altering the scan raster.
Paper 2. Friction Facings for Clutches
Authors: Jenkins A. , Newcomb T. P. , Parker R. C.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes the various types of clutch facing materials in current use, and discusses both their frictional characteristics and applications in dry clutches and oil-immersed transmissions. During development, experimental materials must undergo exhaustive testing, and in order to establish meaningful tests clutch usage in service has been investigated, and equations are presented which enable the energy dissipation during a single clutch engagement to be determined. Comment is made on the engagement characteristics of the various materials and attempts to assess clutch judder are described. Special tests, made to show that the material satisfies other requirements, are also mentioned.
Paper 3. Centrifugal Clutches for Automotive Use
Authors: Tridgell C. W.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes two distinct types of centrifugal clutch used for automotive transmission. Pivoted or expanding shoe clutches, although more commonly used in industrial applications, have been successfully applied in road vehicles. Two designs are described, one of which is used in conjunction with a hydrokinetic coupling to prevent slip and increase efficiency once the drive has been taken up. Dry plate clutches have been most favoured because they can combine the function of automatic take-up with the ability to be disengaged when required to change gear, independent of the speed of rotation. Calculations are given in Appendix 3.1 for one of five different designs considered. Design features are discussed and a typical clutch performance is shown related to the associated engine torque curve. The advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal clutches are outlined.
Paper 4. Fluid Couplings for Road Vehicle Transmissions
Authors: Elderton J.
Published: June 2010

The paper describes those couplings which are two-element hydrodynamic transmissions in themselves and a practical approach to formulating a comprehensive prediction of fluid coupling performance is suggested. It deals with a selection of a coupling for a specific application with direct reference to the special design restrictions imposed by automatic gearbox applications. Mass production needs and testbed work on a prototype are also described.
Paper 5. Industrial Vehicle Torque Converter Transmissions
Authors: Stuart D. J. K.
Published: June 2010

The highway vehicle is concerned with transporting persons or freight over substantial distances, usually at as high an average speed as the conditions will permit. The high-performance private car and the door-to-door delivery vehicle represent opposite ends of the scale of the duty cycle. In the latter case, the very cycle itself—stop-start characteristics, the high percentage of standing time resulting in relatively small mileage, and the small penalty of limited maximum speed—represents cumulative factors in respect of which the basic economics of the battery-operated electric vehicle dominates other considerations.

Thus, in order to arrive at design specifications it is essential to consider the duty cycle which, in the case of all types of industrial vehicle, is characterized by the need to execute a high proportion of forward/reverse manoeuvres, long periods of low-speed operation, and the provision of an increasing complexity of powered auxiliary equipment.
Paper 7. Automatic Gearboxes with Variable Drive—Mechanical
Authors: Groetsch P.
Published: June 2010

This paper briefly mentions methods of obtaining changes of gear ratio between engine and driving wheels and defines ‘infinitely variable’ drives as ‘stepless’, indicating that although the number of ratios may be defined as ‘infinite’ there may be some restrictions in the ratio range of the gearbox. The latest developments of the PIV type of variable chain converter are described in detail with comments on production and cost.
Paper 16. Shunt Hydrostatic Transmissions
Authors: Giles J. G.
Published: June 2010

Typical forms of hydrostatic drives, particularly those with axial piston and vane type equipment, are described. The relative efficiency charts for units used as both pumps and motors are included. Shunt transmissions sharing the power available between hydraulic and mechanical components with a brief mathematical analysis are also included.
Paper 18. Power Take-off Systems for Today's Trucks
Authors: Webster R. G. , Rigby V. P.
Published: June 2010

Power take-off systems are necessary for most of today's trucks supplying the power to operate various truck-mounted equipment on tipping gear, garbage packers, fuel tankers, bulk cement tankers, refrigeration trucks, and many more applications. PTOs are gear-driven units that fit to, and obtain their power from, the truck gearbox and transmit the power through a drive shaft to the unit being driven, such as a pump or compressor. Other special PTOs are available which drive off the engine and main driveline. Many types of PTOs are described which cater for a wide range of horsepowers and speeds to suit truck users' needs; they are controlled from the driving cab by direct rods or remotely by flexible cables or air pressure.

Giving the truck user the best and most economical PTO system is dependent upon the PTO transmission and truck manufacturer ensuring that a suitable PTO is available and that the transmission PTO mounting is available to accept the PTO and its drive. More automation on future trucks will make co-operation between these manufacturers increasingly essential, to maintain the continuing expansion of the trucking industry.
Session 3: Paper 21. Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings in Drivelines
Authors: Nisbet T. S.
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with ball and cylindrical roller bearings in drivelines where, year by year, requirements demand that smaller bearings meet conditions of steadily increasing severity.

Clutch-operating bearings and those for manual gearboxes and overdrives are reviewed. The different requirements for bearings in front-wheel drives and automatic gearboxes are discussed, followed by a consideration of the requirements of propeller shafts, half-shafts and hubs.
Paper 22. Tapered Roller Bearings in Automotive Drivelines
Authors: Barnbrook T. G.
Published: June 2010

Important features of taper roller bearings which influence their suitability for use in various driveline applications are reviewed. The meaning of bearing life and capacity is explained and a method of arriving at weighted average loadings is considered. A new type of taper roller bearing, first designed for the rear wheels of fixed axles, is described and comments are made on its use for other automotive applications.
Paper 23. Needle Bearings and their Applications in Automotive Industries
Authors: Hoffman W.
Published: June 2010

The author describes briefly the development of needle roller bearings since 1922. Various types of modern bearings are described and illustrated and many of the examples illustrate up-to-date applications in driveline components.
Paper 24. Plain Bearings for Automotive Drivelines
Authors: James R. D.
Published: June 2010

This paper investigates the common factors which may account for the preference for plain bearings in parts of the driveline. Theoretical and practical performances are compared and discrepancies are detailed and rationalized where possible. The paper continues to show the need for more experimental data from which computed results might be modified to allow for aspects of the environment for which no precise mathematical model yet exists.
Development of a Pumpless Diesel Engine
Authors: Witzky J. E.
Published: June 2010

The development of Southwest Research Institute's pumpless diesel engine is described. The injection process of this system, test equipment, visual observation of injection, and the effect of the nozzle construction on exhaust smoke and performance are explored in detail. Test results of the pumpless injection system on a single-cylinder two-stroke cycle engine are presented. Other attempts to develop pumpless injection systems are briefly described.
Laboratory Studies of Carbon Formation in Fuel-Rich Flames at High Pressures
Authors: Macfarlane J. J. , Holderness F. H.
Published: June 2010

Experimental studies are described in which continuous flow model flames of uniform composition are used to examine the effects of the individual variation of the main combustion parameters on flame composition and radiation. A detailed description is given of the chemical and physical behaviour of rich, high-pressure hydrocarbon–air flames and comparison is made with the results of previous work at N.G.T.E. on small premixed flames of C5 and C6 hydrocarbons and on the constant volume combustion of rich methane–oxygen mixtures. It is shown that there is considerable similarity between the combustion processes in the modern gas turbine and the diesel engine and that conclusions which are important in diesel engine combustion can be drawn from continuous flow experiments of this kind.
An Analysis of Combustion Knock in a Diesel Engine
Authors: Ikegami M. , Nagao F.
Published: June 2010

To permit the prediction of the history of heat release during the early stages of combustion a combustion model is presented. This model is based on the concept of a varying delay mechanism which was proposed by the present authors in a previous paper. In the present paper, some refinement of this model is attained by taking several factors into account. A number of examples have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally and the results compared. The results show that the present model gives an adequate explanation of diesel knock and related matters.
Combustion Processes in a Medium-Speed Diesel Engine
Authors: Taylor D. H. C. , Walsham B. E.
Published: June 2010

A detailed knowledge of the combustion processes is essential for the continued development of the medium-speed diesel engine. This paper describes the development and use of electronic and photographic techniques on a constant volume bomb and an 8-in bore diesel engine. Both Schlieren and direct photography were used to study fuel-spray formation and penetration. An equation to predict the motion of vapour in the spray is proposed. Using the knowledge gained, improvements of combustion in existing engines and its extension to high brake mean effective pressure (b.m.e.p.) engines are discussed. Of particular interest are the results obtained from engines of up to 12 1/2-in bore running at a b.m.e.p. of 300 lb/in2.
Development of Injection System for Medium-Speed Diesel Engine with Quiescent-Type Combustion Chamber
Authors: Lustgarten G. , Dolenc A.
Published: June 2010

During the development of two- and four-stroke medium-speed diesel engines at Sulzer it was realized that a minimized movement of air before and during combustion improves some of the performance characteristics of highly loaded diesel engines. The paper describes the theoretical considerations behind a new injection system giving a uniform fuel distribution and adequate atomization in an open combustion chamber with minimized air movement. The required high-pressure gradients towards the end of injection increase the danger of mechanical and cavitation attack on injection equipment components. The theoretical work and component design which helped to avoid such attack is discussed. The records obtained with new measuring equipment and some service results will also be shown.
The Measurement of Injection Rate
Authors: Matsuoka S. , Yokota K. , Kamimoto T.
Published: June 2010

In order to obtain the true value of the injection rate of a diesel engine, the following processes are discussed: (1) the Tokyo Institute of Technology's revolving disc method, developed by the authors, which needs no correction, there being few errors; (2) a newly introduced unsteady flow correction method applied to pressure lift method and impinged momentum method; and (3) these three methods are compared with the W-Bosch long tube method. In conclusion, good results were obtained by precise investigation in the range of application. From these results, the instrumentation technique for real injection rate is established; and from this study Tokyo Institute of Technology's revolving disc method is shown to be a reliable standard calibrator.
The Effect of Some Engine Variables on Ignition Delay and Other Combustion Phenomena in a Diesel Engine
Authors: Bolt J. A. , Henein N. A.
Published: June 2010

Measurements of ignition delay and other combustion phenomena were made on a single-cylinder, open-chamber, supercharged research diesel engine. The influence of engine speed, fuel/air ratio, and air-charge pressure are reported. The results show that the elapsed time from the start of injection until illumination occurs is longer than that for pressure rise due to combustion. As expected, the measured ignition delay is decreased with increased speed. However, when a correction was made for cylinder air temperature change due to speed, the ignition delay increased with speed. Increase in the fuel/air ratio decreased the measured ignition delay. However, when corrected, the ignition delay was unaffected by fuel/air ratio. The smoke increased with engine speed and fuel/air ratio.
The Effects of Some Chemical Factors on Combustion Processes in Diesel Engines
Authors: Boyce T. R. , Karim G. A. , Moore N. P. W.
Published: June 2010

The combustion processes in a direct-injection single-cylinder diesel engine are examined in relation to the findings of an experimental programme employing the following chemically biased procedures: (1) direct introduction to the engine air of various concentrations of pure fuel fractions in addition to light distillate diesel fuel vapour; (2) the products of controlled partial oxidation (conducted externally to the engine) of a portion of the various fuels in (1); and (3) the aspiration of some of the more active stable intermediate products identified, following analysis by gas chromatography, in the partial oxidation products of (2). It is suggested that the introduction of active intermediates at the right point in the cycle can be effective in producing smoother combustion, coupled with a reduction in exhaust smoke. Moreover, design modifications may be effected to produce the desired results efficiently.
The Evaporation and Mixing of a Liquid Fuel Spray in a Diesel Air Swirl
Authors: Adler D. , Lyn W-T.
Published: June 2010

A theory has been developed to describe the evaporation and mixing of a liquid spray in a known gaseous flow field. A major departure from previous spray mixing work is the treatment of the detailed structure from a quasi-continuous medium basis rather than the traditional single-droplet approach, which does not take into account the interaction of the neighbouring droplets. The theory enables the centre-line of the spray, the evaporation, concentration, velocity, and density (hence, temperature) along the spray path, as well as the width of the mixing zone, to be calculated. The results of the analysis are compared with experimental data obtained from high-speed photography.
The Problem of Predicting Rate of Heat Release in Diesel Engines
Authors: Grigg H. C. , Syed M. H.
Published: June 2010

Two simple models for the rate of heat release in diesel engines are described. The factors taken into account in the models are rate of entrainment of air into the fuel sprays, the rate of turbulent mixing of fuel and air within the spray, and the chemical kinetics of burning. The models differ in their treatment of the rate of air entrainment. Comparisons are made with experimental results for a diesel engine running at two speeds and a variety of turbocharging ratios. The overall agreement with experiment in respect of shape of rate of heat release diagram is good, with the exception of the naturally aspirated cases where the rate of air entrainment is too low.
Paper 3: Glandless Extraction Pumps
Authors: Roberts J. S. , Dyson F.
Published: June 2010

The use of glandless pumps for extraction pump duty raises particular problems accruing from the environmental conditions. Axial thrust variation can be accommodated and motor cooling circuit security may be achieved, providing care is taken to control pressure levels within the machine. A 500-MW heater extraction pump has undergone prototype tests and has demonstrated successful application of pressure-level control techniques. Similar design principles apply to glandless pumps for suction booster duty, but the problems of motor safeguard, due to operating conditions, are not so acute.
Paper 4: Glandless Pumps for Controlled Circulation Boilers
Authors: Smith E.
Published: June 2010

Circulation pumps are an essential feature of controlled circulation boilers. They are used to increase the available natural head so that control of quantity and distribution of flow of water through the boiler furnace walls can be obtained. Absolute reliability in service is essential. The glandless pump has been developed to such a specification. Boiler types are defined leading to the boiler design influence on pump duties and how the pump(s) fit into the boiler system. Some operating problems and their solution are discussed.
Paper 11: The Performance of Glandless Pumps in Nuclear Power Reactors
Authors: Worster R. C. , Ivanoff V.
Published: June 2010

The two types of motors used in large glandless pumps and their relative merits as circulators in the primary circuits of water-cooled nuclear power reactors are discussed. The paper then reviews over 40 pump-years of operational experience with nine glandless pumps of the wet stator type in the primary circuits of the Agesta (Stockholm) and the S.G.H.W.R. (Winfrith) reactors. All the incidents known to the authors are reported. Methods of excluding radioactive particles from motors are detailed and data on present activity levels in both pumps and motors are given. The problems of windmilling owing to flow through an idle pump are discussed with test results.
Paper 3: Fluid Lubrication of Tapered Roller Bearings
Authors: Higginson G. R. , Leaver R. H.
Published: June 2010

A new test rig is used to investigate the mode of lubrication of tapered roller bearings under axial loading. Two different bearing configurations for a 21/4-in shaft are used. The lubricants are mineral oils. The investigation establishes the nature of the lubrication at the load-carrying points in the bearing, at the inner and outer rings, and at the flange on the inner ring. Measurements of friction losses are made over a wide range of operating conditions; these are analysed theoretically, and are substantially accounted for by modern lubrication theory and a detailed consideration of the geometry of the bearings as a whole.
Paper 4: The Influence of Transient Thermal Distortion on the Behaviour of an Assembly Containing Two Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Authors: Carmichael G. D. T. , Davies P. B.
Published: June 2010

There is a need to extend the overall speed range of machine tool main spindle assemblies, but the conflicting requirements of adequate stiffness and lack of play at low speeds, and an acceptably low rate of heat generation at high speeds, are tending to limit the application of rolling bearings in machines of wide speed ranges. It has been recognized that the thermal distortion which occurs in assemblies has a significant influence on their performance, but little information is available on the proper selection of design parameters.

An experimental investigation of an idealized assembly containing two back-to-back angular contact ball bearings is described, and the transient variation of friction torque, axial load sustained by the bearings, and other variables are presented. The transient thermal distortion of the assembly was analysed and its influence on the overall performance considered. The significance of these results in relation to the design of machine tools is suggested.
Paper 8: An Experimental Investigation of the Floating-Pad Journal Bearing
Authors: Howarth R. B.
Published: June 2010

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the static performance of a floating-pad journal bearing with four pads. Up to moderate eccentricities the test bearing was found to have a somewhat greater load capacity than an equivalent plain journal bearing, and there was no evidence of instability. The geometry of the bearing also allows high lubricant flows to be used for cooling purposes without requiring excessive supply pressures. Some difficulties were experienced with starting under load and with a self-excited vibration which occurred at moderate to high eccentricities. The results of the investigation suggest that this form of bearing is most suitable for low-load, high-speed applications.
Paper 17: The Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-Recess Hydrostatic Journal Bearings
Authors: Davies P. B. , Leonard R.
Published: June 2010

By extending a previous steady-state analysis the dynamic behaviour of multi-recess hydrostatic journal bearings was analysed and a restricted closed form solution derived for motion about the position of zero eccentricity for a bearing with four recesses. This showed that dynamic instability occurs at and above a certain shaft speed, and that the shaft then precesses at a frequency of one half of the shaft speed. An experimental investigation is described and good agreement between the predicted and measured response of a bearing with four recesses was obtained for amplitudes up to an eccentricity ratio of about 0·3.
The Challenge of Automobile Design for the 1970s
Authors: MacKichan C. M.
Published: June 2010

Although we have long been concerned with functional considerations in automobile design, there is an ever-increasing, sometimes conflicting, series of demands upon the automobile designer today. Some of the problems outside aesthetics which face the designer in the 1970s are outlined and the ways in which GM styling plans to adopt advanced technology to make the designer's job more efficient. The final section deals with the designer's role in society. The designer is a true artist who reflects, and even anticipates, the conditions of the society which surrounds him.
Paper 1: The Realism of Vehicle Impact Testing
Authors: Ennos C. R.
Published: June 2010

Clearly it is easier and more convenient to test a vehicle's crash characteristics against a static or mobile barrier than against another car. However, it does not always yield the same results and a number of tests, discussed here, had the aim of correlating results from the various types of test. On the whole front and rear impacts can be simulated by static barriers but side impacts are much more difficult.
Paper 3: A Study of Impact Behaviour through the Use of Geometrically Similar Models
Authors: Barley G. W. , Mills B.
Published: June 2010

The behaviour of motor vehicles in frontal impacts has been investigated through the use of geometrically similar models. A large number of thin-walled cylinders have been impact-tested to establish scaling criteria and it was considered that models could be usefully employed in predicting full-size vehicle behaviour.
Paper 8: Small Computer Procedures as Tools for Structural Designers
Authors: Wardill G. A.
Published: June 2010

The system of simplified computer procedures described is intended as a basic structural design tool for designers and draughtsmen. An example is given of how to estimate the beam-mode deflection of a production vehicle body. The degree of accuracy obtained is shown by comparison with rig test results. Data preparation and processing times are also discussed.
Paper 9: The Structural Design of Bus Bodies
Authors: Tidbury G. H.
Published: June 2010

The problems of designing bus and coach bodies are discussed. The matching of the body structure and chassis frame causes problems which have been largely overcome on an ad-hoc basis. Simple theoretical methods are suggested for estimating the stiffness in bending and torsion of the superstructure of composite buses. The formulae are checked against computer analyses and plastic models when possible. The proportion of load carried by the bodywork is estimated to find the stresses in critical members for any combined loading. Although further analysis and full-scale testing are required, preliminary design calculations for composite buses can be based on this method.
Paper 13: Automobile Body Testing Techniques
Authors: Greenaway W. R.
Published: June 2010

This paper is concerned with test techniques which can loosely be called static. These range from tests on complete body shells through those on sub-assemblies to tests on quite small details.
Paper 14: The Experimental Investigation of Body Structural Vibration
Authors: Rodger M.
Published: June 2010

To facilitate the analysis of the noise and vibration properties of prototype bodies the concept of ‘mobility’ is introduced, i.e. velocity-response/force input. Satisfactory results can be obtained with a single-excitation testing system, but this has certain limitations which can be overcome by a servo-controlled multi-point system now under investigation.
Paper 15: Sound Damping Control of Automobile Body Structures
Authors: Chappuis A. M.
Published: June 2010

The acoustic comfort of cars is considered on the bases of measurements and subjective judgement. The two causes of discomfort, resonance and excessive sound level, are discussed separately, with special emphasis on resonances of the car body. The sources and transmission of noise are considered and different techniques of noise reduction examined. Sound insulation is treated in detail.
Paper 2: Marine-Turbine Propulsion Gearing: The Last Decade
Authors: Shannon J. F. , Young I. T.
Published: June 2010

During the past 10 years there have been many changes in the conception and detail design of marine-turbine propulsion gearing. The paper reviews these changes as they apply to merchant and naval applications, and deals in turn with questions of loading, gearcase arrangement, and detail component design. Suggestions are made about the direction of future development.
Paper 6: Naval Service Experience with Surface-Hardened Gears
Authors: Gowans B. J. McD. , Porter F. E.
Published: June 2010

This paper from members of the Ministry of Defence (Navy) reviews the service in the Royal Navy of main propulsion gearboxes incorporating surface-hardened gears. The introduction of surface hardening for warship gears is described and the gear designs in use in the Fleet are discussed. Comment is made on the problems of procurement of surface-hardened gears. The very few defects experienced are described, some unexplained since they are of such a minor nature that the gears have not been removed and no full report is available. The paper concludes by indicating the Royal Navy's continued reliance on surface-hardened gears at even higher loads as a result of their research work.
Paper 8: High-Speed Gears: Important Features of Design and Maintenance
Authors: Harrison W. H.
Published: June 2010

Calculated temperature flash and oil-film thickness give guidance on scuffing tendency and the need, or otherwise, of surface treatment for the initial protection of high-speed gear teeth. Appropriate quantities of lubricant must effectively wet gears to maintain their design working temperatures and efficiencies. In such conditions, lubricant jet velocities are important. Excessive churning of lubricant at high speed causes high temperatures. Drainage system designs must ensure that adequate clearance is maintained between sump liquid surface and gears. Noise and vibration can be minimized by controlling the accuracy of critical elements. Monitoring of vibration, and also lubricant temperature and pressure, is advisable. It is emphasized that maintenance is simple if the warning signs are recognized.
Paper 9: The Role of Lubrication in Gear Design
Authors: Dowson D.
Published: June 2010

The paper gives an account of the way in which the results of fundamental studies of the lubrication mechanism in gears are now being incorporated in gear design procedures. The background to elastohydrodynamic lubrication is summarized and the importance of film thickness calculation is noted.

The role of the lubricant in gear lubrication and its effect upon scuffing and pitting are considered. The importance of a film thickness ratio in determining the resistance to both forms of surface distress is emphasized.

An improvement in surface durability is likely to lead to important increases in the ratings of many gear sets. The results of many years of research work on gear lubrication can now be embodied in design procedures for the optimization of resistance to scuffing and pitting, and the designer should be encouraged to treat the lubricant as an engineering material and a component in the gear system.
Paper 14: Dynamics and Noise of Parallel-Axis Gearing
Authors: Kohler H. K. , Pratt A. , Thompson A. M.
Published: June 2010

This paper gives a general account of gear dynamic tooth loads and noise. Experimental work in progress is used to illustrate the steps in a dynamic analysis of a gear system. The nature and specification of the excitation sources at the tooth contact, and the generation of tooth contact frequency components and of their sidebands for spur and helical gearing are described, together with the vibrational and acoustic responses and the correlation between excitation and response. The analysis indicates how control of dynamic load and noise can be achieved.
Paper 16: Gear Errors and Their Resultant Noise Spectra
Authors: Welbourn D. B.
Published: June 2010

The effects are considered of base circle eccentricity, pitch error, dropped tooth, tooth bending under load, and of involute error on the transmission errors of gears. Measurements accurate to ± 1/4 μm show that adjacent pitch errors are frequently randomly distributed. When subject to Fourier analysis, they can give rise to unexpected harmonics both in the errors of a gear and the noise produced by it. A cause of ‘phantom’ gear noise is suggested.
Paper 18: Lubricated-For-Life Industrial Gear Units
Authors: Bathgate J. , Lucas A. G.
Published: June 2010

The benefits to be gained from the use of lubricated-for-life systems in industry are discussed and shown to be considerable. The provision of a lubricated-for-life system poses two requirements in addition to those found in more usual systems, viz. (1) a lubricant with a life longer than the mechanical life of the system, and (2) the retention of the lubricant in the system for the course of that life. This paper describes a possible solution to these requirements for a range of industrial gear units, using quite simple means and at modest cost, simply by considering lubrication as an integral part of the overall engineering design.
Paper 20: Production of Gears by Rolling
Authors: Egan P. F. , Jones B. , Connell G.
Published: June 2010

This paper points to the importance of metal manipulation as distinct from metal cutting and describes current developments in the field of cold gear rolling. It lists some of the advantages of rolling gears over presently available conventional manufacturing methods. The paper deals specifically with the following three subjects: pure cold gear rolling applied as an initial development to finish rolling and full-depth rolling applied as a subsequent development; hot rolling of spur type gears; and hot and cold gear rolling of crown wheels.
Paper 21: Plastics in Gears
Authors: Narracott E. S.
Published: June 2010

The paper first discusses factors affecting the performance of plastics in gears, and then describes their use in relatively heavy duty applications, particularly domestic appliances. It considers problems of designing and moulding gears and the possible uses of plastics other than nylon.
Paper 22: Timing Belt Drives
Authors: Rayner D. A.
Published: June 2010

Over the last 15 years the synchronous drive belt has become an established part of the power transmission scene. It is not a direct substitute for any of the more traditional transmission media; the unique properties of the belt make it complementary to them. This paper describes the current state of the art mainly from an industrial application point of view. This approach necessarily includes certain production information and the background to the power rating table.
Paper 23: Thermoplastic Gears
Authors: Targett J. , Nightingale J. E.
Published: June 2010

Over the past decade there has been considerable progress in the use of thermoplastic materials for gears. This has stemmed from the introduction of new polymers, the up-grading of established plastics by the introduction of fillers such as glass fibres, experience over a wide range of applications, and improved production techniques. The technique of injection moulding is outlined and details are given of making prototype gears using simple and quickly made cavities. Work is in progress to improve the accuracy of existing tooth forms and new tooth shapes are being evaluated. Long-term testing is yielding data on creep and fatigue characteristics which are vital factors in the life of thermoplastic gears. Some of these data are presented in graphical form.