bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of the Sniffing Position with Simple Head Extension for Laryngoscopic View and Intubation Difficulty in Adults Undergoing Elective Surgery
Authors: Prakash Smita , Rapsang Amy G. , Mahajan Saurabh , Bhattacharjee Shameek , Singh Rajvir , Gogia Anoop R.
Published: October 2011

The effect of patient position on mask ventilation, laryngoscopic view, intubation difficulty, and the stance adopted by the anesthesiologist during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation was investigated in 546 anesthetized adults in this prospective, randomized study. Patients were randomly assigned to either the sniffing position group or the simple extension group. The distribution of Cormack grades was comparable between the two groups (P=0.144). The IDS score [median (IQR)] was 0 (0–2) in the sniffing group and 1 (0–2) in the simple extension group;P=0.002. There were significant differences between groups with regard to intensity of lifting force, external laryngeal manipulation, alternate techniques used, number of attempts, and the stance adopted by anesthesiologist. We conclude that the sniffing position is superior to simple head extension with regard to ease of intubation as assessed by IDS. An upright stance is adopted by more anesthesiologists performing intubation with patients in the sniffing position.
Quality of Life in Endometrial Cancer Survivors: What Does Obesity Have to Do with It?
Authors: Fader Amanda Nickles , Frasure Heidi E. , Gil Karen M. , Berger Nathan A. , von Gruenigen Vivian E.
Published: October 2011

Objective. Most women with type I endometrial cancer (EC) are obese, increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality in this population. The study objective was to evaluate the impact of obesity on quality of life (QOL) and general health status in EC survivors with early-stage disease.Methods. A prospective ancillary analysis of stage I/II EC survivors. The association of BMI with QOL questionnaire variables measured with the functional assessment of cancer therapy (subscales: physical (PWB), functional (FWB), social, and emotional well-being) and the physical (PCS) and mental component summary subscales of the short-form medical outcomes survey was determined.Results. 152 women completed both questionnaires; 81% were obese. After multiple linear regression, BMI was inversely associated with PWB (P=.001), FWB (P=0.048), and PCS (P=.001).Conclusions. Despite the good prognosis associated with early-stage EC, QOL, and physical health are not optimized in obese survivors. This paper highlights the importance of incorporating health-related QOL assessments and obesity interventions during the survivorship period.
Uncertainty in the Future Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone over West Africa due to Variability in Anthropogenic Emissions Estimates between 2025 and 2050
Authors: Williams J. E. , van Velthoven P. F. J.
Published: October 2011

Particle and trace gas emissions due to anthropogenic activity are expected to increase significantly in West Africa over the next few decades due to rising population and more energy intensive lifestyles. Here we perform 3D global chemistry-transport model calculations for 2025 and 2050 using both a “business-as-usual” (A1B) and “clean economy” (B1) future anthropogenic emission scenario to focus on the changes in the distribution and uncertainties associated with tropospheric O3due to the various projected emission scenarios. When compared to the present-day troposphere we find that there are significant increases in tropospheric O3for the A1B emission scenario, with the largest increases being located in the lower troposphere near the source regions and into the Sahel around 15–20°N. In part this increase is due to more efficient NOxre-cycling related to increases in the background methane concentrations. Examining the uncertainty across different emission inventories reveals that there is an associated uncertainty of up to ~20% in the predicted increases at 2025 and 2050. For the upper troposphere, where increases in O3have a more pronounced impact on radiative forcing, the uncertainty is influenced by transport of O3rich air from Asia on the Tropical Easterly Jet.
Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Sirota Jeffrey C. , Klawitter Jelena , Edelstein Charles L.
Published: October 2011

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common problem in both the inpatient and outpatient setting and often results from drug toxicities. Traditional methods of identifying AKI, through measurement of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, are problematic in that they are slow to detect decreases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and are influenced by a variety of factors that are not related to GFR changes. The problems inherent in a creatinine-based diagnosis of AKI have impeded the development of proper therapeutics in AKI and posed problems in evaluating nephrotoxicity of drugs and other chemical exposures. In recent years, a number of new biomarkers of AKI with more favorable test characteristics than creatinine have been identified and studied in a variety of experimental and clinical settings. This review will consider the most well-established biomarkers and appraise the literature, with particular attention given to the use of biomarkers in identifying toxin-mediated AKI.
On a Fractional Master Equation
Authors: Thomas Anitha
Published: October 2011

A fractional order time‐independent form of the wave equation or diffusion equation in two dimensions is obtained from the standard time‐independent form of the wave equation or diffusion equation in two‐dimensions by replacing the integer order partial derivatives by fractional Riesz‐Feller
derivative and Caputo derivative of order α, β, 1 < ℜ(α) ≤ 2 and 1 < ℜ(β) ≤ 2 respectively. In this paper, we derive an analytic solution for the fractional time‐independent form of the wave equation or diffusion equation in two dimensions in terms of the Mittag‐Leffler function. The solutions to the fractional Poisson and the Laplace equations of the same kind are obtained, again represented by means of the Mittag‐Leffler function. In all three cases, the solutions are represented also in terms of Fox′s H‐function.
Financial Applications of Bivariate Markov Processes
Authors: Ortobelli Lozza Sergio , Angelelli Enrico , Bianchi Annamaria
Published: October 2011

This paper describes a methodology to approximate a bivariate
Markov process by means of a proper Markov chain and presents possible financial
applications in portfolio theory, option pricing and risk management.
In particular, we first show how to model the joint distribution between market
stochastic bounds and future wealth and propose an application to large‐scale
portfolio problems. Secondly, we examine an application to VaR estimation. Finally,
we propose a methodology to price Asian options using a bivariate Markov
process.
Optical Biosensors: A Revolution Towards Quantum Nanoscale Electronics Device Fabrication
Authors: Dey D. , Goswami T.
Published: October 2011

The dimension of biomolecules is of few nanometers, so the biomolecular devices ought to be of that range so a better understanding about the performance of the electronic biomolecular devices can be obtained at nanoscale. Development of optical biomolecular device is a new move towards revolution of nano‐bioelectronics. Optical biosensor is one of such nano‐biomolecular devices that has a potential to pave a new dimension of research and device fabrication in the field of optical and biomedical fields. This paper is a very small report about optical biosensor and its development and importance in various fields.
Grazing Molecule Excitation as a Tool to Analyse the Amino Acid Sequence in Oligopeptides
Authors: Jungclas H. , Schmidt L. , Komarov V. V. , Popova A. M.
Published: October 2011

A novel mass spectrometric method to analyse the sequence of amino acid residues in oligopeptides is proposed. Amino acid residues in peptide molecules contain chain-like structures of identical CH dipoles (IR antennas), which acquire IR energy quanta by interaction with periodic Coulomb fields and accumulate vibration excitation energy. This can subsequently lead to the dissociation of specific trap bonds inside the peptide molecule. Such excitation and dissociation processes are assumed to occur when peptide ions graze at atomic distance along a set of screened charges on a surface. These processes of grazing molecule excitation (GME) and dissociation (GMD) were applied to analyse sequences of oligopeptides by using TOF mass spectrometry. At specific grazing velocities the experimental fragment ion spectra of oligopeptides must contain a peak of high abundance corresponding to the N-terminal amino acid. This specific property of GMD offers the possibility to determine the amino acid sequence of oligopeptides.
The Generalized Janowski Starlike and Close‐to‐Starlike Log‐Harmonic Mappings
Authors: Haji Mohd Maisarah , Darus Maslina
Published: October 2011

Motivated by the success of the Janowski starlike function, we consider here
closely related functions for log‐harmonic mappings of the form defined on the open unit disc U. The functions are in the class of the generalized Janowski starlike log‐harmonic mapping, , with the functional zh(z) in the class of the generalized Janowski starlike functions, S*(A, B, α). By means of these functions, we obtained results on the generalized Janowski close‐to‐starlike log‐harmonic mappings, CSTlh(A, B, α).
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of PPARδ: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Processes
Authors: Schnegg Caroline I. , Robbins Mike E.
Published: October 2011

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα,δ, andγ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. All three PPAR subtypes have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) of rodents. While PPARαand PPARγare expressed in more restricted areas of the CNS, PPARδis ubiquitously expressed and is the predominant subtype. Although data regarding PPARδare limited, studies have demonstrated that administration of PPARδagonists confers neuroprotection following various acute and chronic injuries to the CNS, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of PPARδagonists are thought to underly their neuroprotective efficacy. This review will focus on the putative neuroprotective benefits of therapeutically targeting PPARδin the CNS, and specifically, highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of PPARδagonists.
The Modal-Hamiltonian Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics as a Kind of “Atomic” Interpretation
Authors: Ardenghi Juan Sebastián , Lombardi Olimpia
Published: October 2011

Modal interpretations are non-collapse interpretations, where the quantum state of a system describes its possible properties rather than the properties that it actually possesses. Among them, the atomic modal interpretation (AMI) assumes the existence of a special set of disjoint systems that fixes the preferred factorization of the Hilbert space. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the AMI and our recently presented modal-hamiltonian interpretation (MHI), by showing that the MHI can be viewed as a kind of “atomic” interpretation in two different senses. On the one hand, the MHI provides a precise criterion for the preferred factorization of the Hilbert space into factors representing elemental systems. On the other hand, the MHI identifies the atomic systems that represent elemental particles on the basis of the Galilei group. Finally, we will show that the MHI also introduces a decomposition of the Hilbert space of any elemental system, which determines with precision what observables acquire definite actual values.
Positive Solutions of Sturm‐Liouville Boundary Value Problems in Presence of Upper and Lower Solutions
Authors: Zhang Li , Huang Xiankai , Ge Weigao
Published: October 2011

We consider a kind of Sturm‐Liouville boundary value problems. Using variational techniques combined with the methods of upper‐lower solutions, the existence of at least one positive solution is established. Moreover, the upper solution and the lower solution are presented.
DNA Binding and Antitumor Activity of α-Diimineplatinum(II) and Palladium(II) Dithiocarbamate Complexes
Authors: Mansouri-Torshizi Hassan , Saeidifar Maryam , Khosravi Fatemeh , Divsalar Adeleh , Saboury Ali Akbar , Hassani Fatemeh
Published: October 2011

The two water-soluble designed platinum(II) complex, [Pt(Oct-dtc)(bpy)]NO3(Oct-dtc = Octyldithiocarbamate and bpy = 2,2′ -bipyridine) and palladium(II) complex, [Pd(Oct-dtc)(bpy)]NO3, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductivity measurements, IR,1HNMR, and electronic spectra studies. Studies of antitumor activity of these complexes against human cell tumor lines (K562) have been carried out. They show Ic50values lower than that of cisplatin. The complexes have been investigated for their interaction with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) by utilizing the electronic absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectra, and ethidium bromide displacement and gel filtration techniques. Both of these water-soluble complexes bound cooperatively and intercalatively to the CT-DNA at very low concentrations. Several binding and thermodynamic parameters are also described.
A Comparative Study of Dispersion Techniques for Nanocomposite Made with Nanoclays and an Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Authors: Bensadoun Farida , Kchit Nadir , Billotte Catherine , Trochu François , Ruiz Edu
Published: October 2011

Over the last few years, polymer/clay nanocomposites have been an area of intensive research due to their capacity to improve the properties of the polymer resin. These nanocharged polymers exhibit a complex rheological behavior due to their dispersed structure in the matrix. Thus, to gain fundamental understanding of nanocomposite dispersion, characterization of their internal structure and their rheological behavior is crucial. Such understanding is also key to determine the manufacturing conditions to produce these nanomaterials by liquid composite molding (LCM) process. This paper investigates the mix of nanoclays particles in an unsaturated polyester resin using three different dispersion techniques: manual mixing, sonication, and high shear mixing (HSM). This paper shows that the mixing method has a significant effect on the sample morphology. Rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) characterization techniques were used to analyze the blends morphology and evaluate the nanoclays stacks/polymer matrix interaction. Several phenomena, such as shear thinning and premature polymer gelification, were notably observed.
Role of Oxidants in Interstitial Lung Diseases: Pneumoconioses, Constrictive Bronchiolitis, and Chronic Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia
Authors: Rom William N.
Published: October 2011

Oxidants such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and myeloperoxidase from activated inflammatory cells in the lower respiratory tract contribute to inflammation and injury. Etiologic agents include inorganic particulates such as asbestos, silica, or coal mine dust or mixtures of inorganic dust and combustion materials found in World Trade Center dust and smoke. These etiologic agents are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages or bronchial epithelial cells and release chemotactic factors that recruit inflammatory cells to the lung. Chemotactic factors attract and activate neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes and further activate macrophages to release more oxidants. Inorganic dusts target alveolar macrophages, World Trade Center dust targets bronchial epithelial cells, and eosinophils characterize tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) caused by filarial organisms. The technique of bronchoalveolar lavage in humans has recovered alveolar macrophages (AMs) in dust diseases and eosinophils in TPE that release increased amounts of oxidants in vitro. Interestingly, TPE has massively increased eosinophils in the acute form and after treatment can still have ongoing eosinophilic inflammation. A course of prednisone for one week can reduce the oxidant burden and attendant inflammation and may be a strategy to prevent chronic TPE and interstitial lung disease.
Suitability of Commercial Transport Media for Biological Pathogens under Nonideal Conditions
Authors: Hubbard Kyle , Pellar Gregory , Emanuel Peter
Published: October 2011

There is extensive data to support the use of commercial transport media as a stabilizer for known clinical samples; however, there is little information to support their use outside of controlled conditions specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, there is no data to determine the suitability of said media for biological pathogens, specifically those of interest to the US military. This study evaluates commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) transport media based on sample recovery, viability, and quality of nucleic acids and peptides for nonpathogenic strains ofBacillus anthracis,Yersinia pestis, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, in addition to ricin toxin. Samples were stored in COTS, PBST, or no media at various temperatures over an extended test period. The results demonstrate that COTS media, although sufficient for the preservation of nucleic acid and proteinaceous material, are not capable of maintaining an accurate representation of biothreat agents at the time of collection.
On New Numerical Techniques for the MHD Flow Past a Shrinking Sheet with Heat and Mass Transfer in the Presence of a Chemical Reaction
Authors: Makukula Z. G. , Sibanda P. , Motsa S. S. , Shateyi S.
Published: November 2011

We use recent innovative solution techniques to investigate the problem of MHD viscous flow due to a shrinking sheet with a chemical reaction. A comparison is made of the convergence rates, ease of use, and expensiveness (the number of iterations required to give convergent results) of three seminumerical techniques in solving systems of nonlinear boundary value problems. The results were validated using a multistep, multimethod approach comprising the use of the shooting method, the Matlab bvp4c numerical routine, and with results in the literature.
On Properties of the Choquet Integral of Interval‐Valued Functions
Authors: Jang Lee-Chae
Published: October 2011

Based on the concept of an interval‐valued function which is motivated by the
goal to represent an uncertain function, we define the Choquet integral with respect to a
fuzzy measure of interval‐valued functions. We also discuss convergence in the (C) mean
and convergence in a fuzzy measure of sequences of measurable interval‐valued functions. In
particular, we investigate the convergence theorem for the Choquet integral of measurable
interval‐valued functions.
Immunodiagnosis of Neurocysticercosis: Ways to Focus on the Challenge
Authors: Esquivel-Velázquez M. , Ostoa-Saloma P. , Morales-Montor J. , Hernández-Bello R. , Larralde C.
Published: October 2011

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a disease of the central nervous system that is considered a public health problem in endemic areas. The definitive diagnosis of this disease is made using a combination of tools that include imaging of the brain and immunodiagnostic tests, but the facilities for performing them are usually not available in endemic areas. The immunodiagnosis of NCC is a useful tool that can provide important information on whether a patient is infected or not, but it presents many drawbacks as not all infected patients can be detected. These tests rely on purified or semipurified antigens that are sometimes difficult to prepare. Recent efforts have focused on the production of recombinant or synthetic antigens for the immunodiagnosis of NCC and interesting studies propose the use of new elements as nanobodies for diagnostic purposes. However, an immunodiagnostic test that can be considered as “gold standard” has not been developed so far. The complex nature of cysticercotic disease and the simplicity of common immunological assumptions involved explain the low scores and reproducibility of immunotests in the diagnosis of NCC. Here, the most important efforts for developing an immunodiagnostic test of NCC are listed and discussed. A more punctilious strategy based on the design of panels of confirmed positive and negative samples, the use of blind tests, and a worldwide effort is proposed in order to develop an immunodiagnostic test that can provide comparable results. The identification of a set of specific and representative antigens of T. solium and a thorough compilation of the many forms of antibody response of humans to the many forms of T. solium disease are also stressed as necessary.
Cytotoxic Effects of Native and Recombinant Frutalin, a Plant Galactose‐Binding Lectin, on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Oliveira Carla , Nicolau Ana , Teixeira José A. , Domingues Lucília
Published: November 2011

Frutalin is the α‐D‐galactose‐binding lectin isolated from breadfruit seeds. Frutalin was obtained from two different sources: native frutalin was purified from its natural origin, and recombinant frutalin was produced and purified from Pichia pastoris. This work aimed to study and compare the effect of native and recombinant frutalin on HeLa cervical cancer cells proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, the interaction between frutalin and the HeLa cells was investigated by confocal microscopy. Despite having different carbohydrate‐binding affinities, native and recombinant frutalin showed an identical magnitude of cytotoxicity on HeLa cells growth (IC50~100 μg/mL) and equally induced cell apoptosis. The interaction studies showed that both lectins were rapidly internalised and targeted to HeLa cell′s nucleus. Altogether, these results indicate that frutalin action is not dependent on its sugar‐binding properties. This study provides important information about the bioactivity of frutalin and contributes to the understanding of the plant lectins cytotoxic activity.
The Fixed Point Property in c0 with an Equivalent Norm
Authors: Gamboa de Buen Berta , Núñez-Medina Fernando
Published: October 2011

We study the fixed point property (FPP) in the Banach space c0 with the equivalent norm ∥·∥D. The space c0 with this norm has the weak fixed point property. We prove that every infinite‐dimensional subspace of (c0, ∥·∥D) contains a complemented asymptotically isometric copy of c0, and thus does not have the FPP, but there exist nonempty closed convex
and bounded subsets of (c0, ∥·∥D) which are not ω‐compact and do not
contain asymptotically isometric c0—summing basis sequences. Then we define a family of sequences which are asymptotically isometric to different bases equivalent to the summing basis in the space (c0, ∥·∥D), and we give some of
its properties. We also prove that the dual space of (c0, ∥·∥D) over the reals
is the Bynum space l1∞ and that every infinite‐dimensional subspace of l1∞ does not have the fixed point property.
Relationship between Processing Method and the Glycemic Indices of Ten Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) Cultivars Commonly Consumed in Jamaica
Authors: Bahado-Singh Perceval S. , Riley Cliff K. , Wheatley Andrew O. , Lowe Henry I. C.
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the effect of different traditional cooking methods on glycemic index (GI) and glycemic response of ten Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars commonly eaten in Jamaica. Matured tubers were cooked by roasting, baking, frying, or boiling then immediately consumed by the ten nondiabetic test subjects (5 males and 5 females; mean age of 27 ± 2 years). The GI varied between 41 ± 5–93 ± 5 for the tubers studied. Samples prepared by boiling had the lowest GI (41 ± 5–50 ± 3), while those processed by baking (82 ± 3–94 ± 3) and roasting (79 ± 4–93 ± 2) had the highest GI values. The study indicates that the glycemic index of Jamaican sweet potatoes varies significantly with the method of preparation and to a lesser extent on intravarietal differences. Consumption of boiled sweet potatoes could minimize postprandial blood glucose spikes and therefore, may prove to be more efficacious in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Pathway in Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Wu Gang , Ge Jiao , Huang Xupei , Hua Yimin , Mu Dezhi
Published: October 2011

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common cardiac disorder in humans. Despite many advances in the understanding of CHD and the identification of many associated genes, the fundamental etiology for the majority of cases remains unclear. The planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway, responsible for tissue polarity in Drosophila and gastrulation movements and cardiogenesis in vertebrates, has been shown to play multiple roles during cardiac differentiation and development. The disrupted function of PCP signaling is connected to some CHDs. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how PCP factors affect the pathogenesis of CHD.
Potential Therapeutic Roles for Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Jacot Jorge L. , Sherris David
Published: October 2011

Novel therapeutics such as inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway presents a unique opportunity for the management of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Second generation mTOR inhibitors have the prospect to be efficacious in managing various stages of disease progression in DR. During early stages, the mTOR inhibitors suppress HIF-1α, VEGF, leakage, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. These mTOR inhibitors impart a pronounced inhibitory effect on inflammation, an early component with diverse ramifications influencing the progression of DR. These inhibitors suppress IKK and NF-κB along with downstream inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. In proliferative DR, mTOR inhibitors suppress several growth factors that play pivotal roles in the induction of pathological angiogenesis. Lead mTOR inhibitors in clinical trials for ocular indications present an attractive treatment option for chronic use in DR with favorable safety profile and sustained ocular pharmacokinetics following single dose. Thereby, reducing dosing frequency and risk associated with chronic drug administration.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γLigands Alter Breast Cancer Cell Motility through Modulation of the Plasminogen Activator System
Authors: Carter Jennifer C. , Church Frank C.
Published: October 2011

We investigated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ) ligands effect on cell motility and the plasminogen activator system using normal MCF-10A and malignant MCF-10CA1 cell lines. Ciglitazone reduced both wound-induced migration and chemotaxis. However, the effect was not reversed with pretreatment of cells with the PPAR-γ-specific antagonist GW9662. Immunoblot analysis of conditioned media showed ciglitazone decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in both cell lines; this effect was also unaltered by PPAR-γantagonism. Alternatively, treatment with theω-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (ArA), but not theω-3 fatty acid docosahexanoic acid, increased both MCF-10A cell migration and cell surface uPA activity. Pretreatment with a PPAR-γantagonist reversed these effects, suggesting that ArA mediates its effect on cell motility and uPA activity through PPAR-γactivation. Collectively, the data suggest PPAR-γligands have a differential effect on normal and malignant cell migration and the plasminogen activation system, resulting from PPAR-γ-dependent and PPAR-γ-independent effects.
Intergenerational Cycle of Obesity and Diabetes: How Can We Reduce the Burdens of These Conditions on the Health of Future Generations?
Authors: Battista Marie-Claude , Hivert Marie-France , Duval Karine , Baillargeon Jean-Patrice
Published: October 2011

Prepregnancy overweight or obesity and excessive gestational weight gain have been associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal complications. Moreover, offspring from obese women are more likely to develop obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases in their lifetime. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications associated with obesity and appears to have a direct impact on the future metabolic health of the child. Fetal programming of metabolic function induced by obesity and GDM may have intergenerational effect and thus perpetuate the epidemic of cardiometabolic conditions. The present paper thus aims at discussing the impact of maternal obesity and GDM on the developmental programming of obesity and metabolic disorders in the offspring. The main interventions designed to reduce maternal obesity and GDM and their ability to break the vicious circle that perpetuates the transmission of obesity and metabolic conditions to the next generations are also addressed.
Gold Nanorod Bioconjugates for Active Tumor Targeting and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Green Hadiyah N. , Martyshkin Dmitry V. , Rodenburg Cynthia M. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Mirov Sergey B.
Published: October 2011

The mastery of active tumor targeting is a great challenge in near infrared photothermal therapy (NIRPTT). To improve efficiency for targeted treatment of malignant tumors, we modify the technique of conjugating gold nanoparticles to tumor-specific antibodies. Polyethylene glycol-coated (PEGylated) gold nanorods (GNRs) were fabricated and conjugated to an anti-EGFR antibody. We characterized the conjugation efficiency of the GNRs by comparing the efficiency of antibody binding and the photothermal effect of the GNRs before and after conjugation. We demonstrate that the binding efficiency of the antibodies conjugated to the PEGylated GNRs is comparable to the binding efficiency of the unmodified antibodies and 33.9% greater than PEGylated antibody-GNR conjugates as reported by Liao and Hafner (2005). In addition, cell death by NIRPTT was sufficient to kill nearly 90% of tumor cells, which is comparable to NIRPTT with GNRs alone confirming that NIRPTT using GNRs is not compromised by conjugation of GNRs to antibodies.
Associations of NF-kappaB and Bax with Apoptosis in Varicose Veins of Women of Different Age Groups
Authors: Simovart Helle Evi , Arend Andres , Lieberg Jüri , Aunapuu Marina
Published: November 2011

The study aimed at detecting apoptotic endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) together with determining expression of NF-kappaB (p105/p50) and Bax in varicose vein walls. Women (n=35) undergoing the excision of varicose veins were divided into 3 groups: younger than 35 years (I), 36–50 years (II), and older than 50 years (III). Apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL method, NF-kappaB and Bax expression by immunohistochemistry. The percentage of apoptotic ECs and SMCs in the layers of varicose vein wall increased in groups II and III. NF-kappaB expression had the lowest level in Group II with particularly low level in the media. Contrariwise, Bax expression levels in Group II were increased. The study revealed that in varicose veins ECs and SMCs apoptosis increased with advancing age. If increase in apoptosis during earlier stages of varicosities is probably regulated by intrinsic pathway, then in older patients other signaling pathways may be involved.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Influenza B Virus Infection in a Patient with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Ñamendys-Silva Silvio A. , González-Herrera María O. , Texcocano-Becerra Julia , Herrera-Gómez Angel
Published: October 2011

Influenza B virus infections are less common than infections caused by influenza A virus in critically ill patients, but similar mortality rates have been observed for both influenza types. Pneumonia caused by influenza B virus is uncommon and has been reported in pediatric patients and previously healthy adults. Critically ill patients with pneumonia caused by influenza virus may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. We describe the clinical course of a critically ill patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma nongerminal center B-cell phenotype who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by influenza B virus infection. This paper emphasizes the need to suspect influenza B virus infection in critically ill immunocompromised patients with progressive deterioration of cardiopulmonary function despite treatment with antibiotics. Early initiation of neuraminidase inhibitor and the implementation of guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock should be considered.
Statistical Thermodynamics of Economic Systems
Authors: Quevedo Hernando , Quevedo María N.
Published: October 2011

We formulate the thermodynamics of economic systems in terms of an arbitrary probability distribution for a conserved economic quantity. As in statistical physics, thermodynamic macroeconomic variables emerge as the mean value of microeconomic variables, and their determination is reduced to the computation of the partition function, starting from an arbitrary function. Explicit hypothetical examples are given which include linear and nonlinear economic systems as well as multiplicative systems such as those dominated by a Pareto law distribution. It is shown that the macroeconomic variables can be drastically changed by choosing the microeconomic variables in an appropriate manner. We propose to use the formalism of phase transitions to study severe changes of macroeconomic variables.
A Rare Renal Epithelial Tumor: Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Tepeler Abdulkadir , Erdem Mehmet Remzi , Kurt Omer , Topaktas Ramazan , Kilicaslan Isin , Armağan Abdullah , Önol Şinasi Yavuz
Published: October 2011

Primary renal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a very rare lesion of kidney which originates from the metaplasia of the renal pelvic uroepithelium. Only one case with primary mucinous cystadenocarcinoma has been reported in the English literature. We report second case of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma which was radiologically classified as type-IIF Bosniak cyst in peripheral localization. We aimed to present this extreme and unusual entity with its radiological, surgical, and pathologic aspects under the light of literature.
Bedside Testing for Chronic Pelvic Pain: Discriminating Visceral from Somatic Pain
Authors: Jarrell John , Giamberardino Maria Adele , Robert Magali , Nasr-Esfahani Maryam
Published: November 2011

Objectives. This study was done to evaluate three bedside tests in discriminating visceral pain from somatic pain among women with chronic pelvic pain. Study Design. The study was an exploratory cross-sectional evaluation of 81 women with chronic pelvic pain of 6 or more months' duration. Tests included abdominal cutaneous allodynia (aCA), perineal cutaneous allodynia (pCA), abdominal and perineal myofascial trigger points (aMFTP) and (pMFTP), and reduced pain thresholds (RPTs). Results. Eighty-one women were recruited, and all women provided informed consent. There were 62 women with apparent visceral pain and 19 with apparent somatic sources of pain. The positive predictive values for pelvic visceral disease were aCA-93%, pCA-91%, aMFTP-93%, pMFTP-81%, and RPT-79%. The likelihood ratio (+) and 95% C.I. for the detection of visceral sources of pain were aCA-4.19 (1.46, 12.0), pCA-2.91 (1.19, 7.11), aMTRP-4.19 (1.46, 12.0), pMFTP-1.35 (0.86, 2.13), and RPT-1.14 (0.85, 1.52), respectively. Conclusions. Tests of cutaneous allodynia, myofascial trigger points, and reduced pain thresholds are easily applied and well tolerated. The tests for cutaneous allodynia appear to have the greatest likelihood of identifying a visceral source of pain compared to somatic sources of pain.
Composite Actinorhizal Plants with Transgenic Roots for the Study of Symbiotic Associations with Frankia
Authors: Benabdoun Faïza Meriem , Nambiar-Veetil Mathish , Imanishi Leandro , Svistoonoff Sergio , Ykhlef Nadia , Gherbi Hassen , Franche Claudine
Published: November 2011

More than 200 species of dicotyledonous plants belonging to eight different families and 24 genera can establish actinorhizal symbiosis with the nitrogen-fixing soil actinomycete Frankia. Compared to the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia, little is known about the molecular basis of the infection process and nodule formation in actinorhizal plants. Here, we review a gene transfer system based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes that opens the possibility to rapidly analyze the function of candidate symbiotic genes. The transformation protocol generates “composite plants” that consist of a nontransgenic aerial part with transformed hairy roots. Composite plants have already been obtained in three different species of actinorhizal plants, including the tropical tree species Casuarina glauca, the Patagonian shrub Discaria trinervis, and the nonwoody plant Datisca glomerata. The potential of this technique to advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying infection by Frankia is demonstrated by functional analyses of symbiotic genes.
Aseptic Meningitis with Urinary Retention: A Case Report
Authors: Ntziora Fotinie , Alevizopoulos Aristidis , Konstantopoulos Kostas , Kanellopoulou Sofia , Bougas Dimitrios , Stravodimos Konstantinos
Published: October 2011

Introduction. Aseptic meningitis is serious inflammation of the meninges caused by agents including viruses, non-viral pathogens, non-infectious conditions and chemicals.Case Presentation. This study concerns the case of a 16-year-old healthy Greek female with persistent fever, mild headache and acute urinary retention, secondary to aseptic meningitis. Physical examination revealed no distinct signs of meningeal irritation. The urinary bladder was palpable, painless and over-distended. Serology carried out for common viruses was as follows: CMV IgG (−), CMV IgM (−), HSV IgG (−), HSV IgM (+), VZ IgG (+), VZ IgM (−), EBV IgG (−) and EBV IgM (+). During recovery in hospital, three trials of removing a urinary catheter were carried out; during the first two attempts the patient was unable to urinate and had a loss of bladder sensation. On the third attempt the patient had modest bladder perception but she left a post-voiding residual, and was instructed to perform bladder self-catheterization. Seven days after being discharged the patient underwent a full recovery.Conclusion. There are few reports concerning aseptic meningitis together with acute urinary retention. A number of these cases concern so-called “meningitis-retention syndrome,” which implies an underlying CNS mechanism, while others concerned an underlying peripheral nervous system mechanism.
Simultaneous Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Combined with High-Resolution Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review
Authors: Castro Lima Verônica , Rodrigues Eduardo B. , Nunes Renata P. , Sallum Juliana F. , Farah Michel E. , Meyer Carsten H.
Published: November 2011

We aimed to evaluate technical aspects and the clinical relevance of a simultaneous confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and a high-speed, high-resolution, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) device for retinal imaging. The principle of confocal scanning laser imaging provides a high resolution of retinal and choroidal vasculature with low light exposure. Enhanced contrast, details, and image sharpness are generated using confocality. The real-time SDOCT provides a new level of accuracy for assessment of the angiographic and morphological correlation. The combined system allows for simultaneous recordings of topographic and tomographic images with accurate correlation between them. Also it can provide simultaneous multimodal imaging of retinal pathologies, such as fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies, infrared and blue reflectance (red-free) images, fundus autofluorescence images, and OCT scans (Spectralis HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). The combination of various macular diagnostic tools can lead to a better understanding and improved knowledge of macular diseases.
Proteomics in Molecular Diagnosis: Typing of Amyloidosis
Authors: Loo Dorothy , Mollee Peter N. , Renaut Patricia , Hill Michelle M.
Published: October 2011

Amyloidosis is a group of disorders caused by deposition of misfolded proteins as aggregates in the extracellular tissues of the body, leading to impairment of organ function. Correct identification of the causal amyloid protein is absolutely crucial for clinical management in order to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate, potentially harmful treatment, to assess prognosis and to offer genetic counselling if relevant. Current diagnostic methods, including antibody‐based amyloid typing, have limited ability to detect the full range of amyloid forming proteins. Recent investigations into proteomic identification of amyloid protein have shown promise. This paper will review the current state of the art in proteomic analysis of amyloidosis, discuss the suitability of techniques based on the properties of amyloidosis, and further suggest potential areas of development. Establishment of mass spectrometry aided amyloid typing procedures in the pathology laboratory will allow accurate amyloidosis diagnosis in a timely manner and greatly facilitate clinical management of the disease.
Aneurysm and Neurocysticercosis: Casual or Causal Relationship? Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Agapejev Svetlana , Parra-Marinello João Luiz , Bazan Rodrigo , Ueda Anete Kinumi , Zanini Marco Antonio
Published: October 2011

Four cases of suggestive inflammatory aneurysms in patients with neurocysticercosis have been described. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman who presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage from a right middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm and had a casual relationship with neurocysticercosis. At surgery, a viable cysticercus without signs of inflammation or thickened leptomeninges was found in the distal position of the aneurysm. Postoperatively, the patient received albendazole and dextrochlorpheniramine. In the subsequent three years, the patient was asymptomatic and took drugs to prevent convulsion and arterial hypertension. The relationship between NCC and the presence of cerebral aneurysm is discussed.
Field Assessment and Specification Review for Roller-Integrated Compaction Monitoring Technologies
Authors: White David J. , Vennapusa Pavana K. R. , Gieselman Heath H.
Published: October 2011

Roller-integrated compaction monitoring (RICM) technologies provide virtually 100-percent coverage of compacted areas with real-time display of the compaction measurement values. Although a few countries have developed quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) specifications, broader implementation of these technologies into earthwork construction operations still requires a thorough understanding of relationships between RICM values and traditional in situ point test measurements. The purpose of this paper is to provide: (a) an overview of two technologies, namely, compaction meter value (CMV) and machine drive power (MDP); (b) a comprehensive review of field assessment studies, (c) an overview of factors influencing statistical correlations, (d) modeling for visualization and characterization of spatial nonuniformity; and (e) a brief review of the current specifications.
Significant Association ofStreptococcus boviswith Malignant Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Shanan Salah , Gumaa Samia A. , Sandström Gunnar , Abd Hadi
Published: October 2011

Streptococcus bovisis a Gram-positive bacterium causing serious human infections, including endocarditis and bacteremia, and is usually associated with underlying disease. The aims of the current study were to compare prevalence of the bacterium associated with malignant and nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases and to determine the susceptibility of the isolated strains to different antimicrobial agents. The result showed that the prevalence ofS. bovisin stool specimens from patients with malignant or with nonmalignant gastrointestinal diseases was statistically significant. This result may support the idea that there is correlation betweenS. bovisand the malignant gastrointestinal diseases.
A “Near-Miss Lethal Accident Case” in MR Suit of a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Mufti Samina , Sheikh Mushtaq A. , Hakim Abdul , Mufti Showkat A. , Jan Farooq
Published: October 2011

A “near miss” is an unpleasant event that did not result in injury, illness, or damage but had the potential to do so, but for a fortunate break in the chain of events. We present a near-miss case which occurred in the MR suite of a tertiary care hospital. Although the MR is considered a very safe procedure, if MR safety guidelines are not adhered to, adverse and catastrophic events to the extent of patient deaths are known to have occurred. It is hoped that this incident will prompt hospitals to document and follow MR safety protocols for patient and staff safety. Although MRI is an extremely safe procedure rarely MR adverse incidents have resulted in serious physical injury or even death. The incident is an eye opener regarding potential adverse events lurking in the relatively safe MR environment and provides an opportunity to rectify the inadequacies in MR safety.
Orthodontic Treatment Need and Complexity among Nigerian Adolescents in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Aikins Elfleda Angelina , daCosta Oluranti Olatokunbo , Onyeaso Chukwudi Ochi , Isiekwe Michael Chukwudi
Published: October 2011

Introduction. The assessment of orthodontic treatment need and complexity are necessary for informed planning of orthodontic services. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess these parameters using the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) in a Nigerian adolescent population in a region where orthodontic services are just being established.Methods. Six hundred and twelve randomly selected Nigerian adolescents aged 12 to 18 years were examined using the ICON in their school compounds. Descriptive statistics were employed in the data analysis.Results. Out of a total of 38.1% of the population found to need orthodontic treatment, there were more males and older adolescents. The overall mean ICON score for the population was SD with males having statistically higher mean ICON score. The grades of complexity of the population were 21.6% for very difficult and difficult, 7.5% moderate, and 70.9% mild/easy.Conclusions. Although just over a third of the adolescents were found to have a need for treatment, about a quarter of them were found to have difficult and very difficult complexity grades indicating a need for specialist care. The authors recommend the training of more specialist orthodontists in this region.
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Rolston John D. , Quigg Mark , Barbaro Nicholas M.
Published: October 2011

Many patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy continue to have seizures despite medical therapy. For these patients, one recourse is surgical resection of the mesial temporal lobe, with its attendant risks. Noninvasive treatment with Gamma Knife radiosurgery is under active investigation as a possible alternative to open surgery. Accumulated evidence from multiple studies shows radiosurgery to be comparable in outcomes to surgical resection. A definitive randomized, controlled trial, the Radiosurgery or Open Surgery for Epilepsy (ROSE) trial, is currently underway, and further investigation of this promising treatment is crucial in our advancement of alternative therapies to treat refractory epilepsy.