bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase I study on sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: A preliminary report*
Authors: Bendavid Yves , Latulippe Jean François , Younan Rami J. , Leclerc Yves E. , Dube Serge , Heyen Françoise , Morin Michel , Girard Robert , Bastien Edouard , Ferreira José , Cerino Michel , Dubé Pierre
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Lymph node (LN) metastasis is one of the most significant prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. In fact, therapeutic decisions are based on LN status. However, multiple studies have reported on the limitations of the conventional pathological LN examination techniques, and therefore, the actual number of patients with LN positive colorectal cancer is probably underestimated. We assume that lymphatic tumor dissemination follows an orderly sequential route. We report here a simple and harmless coloration technique that was recently elaborated, and that allows us to identify the sentinel LN(s) (SLN) or first relay LNs in colorectal cancer patients. The main endpoint of this clinical trial is the feasibility of the technique.

Methods

Twenty patients treated by surgery for a colic cancer were admitted in this protocol. A subserosal peritumoral injection of lymphazurin 1% was performed 10 min before completing the colic resection. A pathologist immediately examined the specimens, harvested the colored SLN, and examined them by serial cuts (200 μm) with H&E staining, followed by immunohistochemical staining (AE1‐AE3 cytokeratin markers), when serial sections were classified as cancer free.

Results

The preoperative identification of the SLN was impossible in at least 50 of the cases, however, SLNs were identified by the pathologist in 90% of cases. In two patients (10%) SLN was never identified. The average number of SLN was 3.9. Immunohistochemical analysis of the SLN has potentially changed the initial staging (from Dukes B to Dukes C) for 5 of the 20 patients (25%). On the other hand, there was one patient (5%) with hepatic metastasis from adenocarcinoma for whom SLN pathology was negative for metastasis (skip metastasis).

Conclusions

SLN biopsy is readily feasible with identification of SLN in at least 90% of patients with colorectal cancers. Our results indicate that 45% of patients initially staged as Dukes B had tumor cells identified in their SLN when these were subjected to our protocol. This represented a 25% upgrading rate when our complete study population is considered. However, controversy persist about the clinical significance and metastatic potential of these often very small clusters of tumor cells. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:81–84. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formalin instillation for refractory radiation‐induced hemorrhagic proctitis
Authors: Luna‐Pérez Pedro , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Saúl E.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Radiation proctitis is a common complication after pelvic irradiation. One to five percent of these patients will develop intractable or massive hemorrhagic radiation proctitis that will require repeated hospital admissions and blood transfusions. We evaluated the benefits of instillation of 4% formalin in the management of refractory hemorrhagic radiation‐induced proctitis.

Methods

From January 1998 to May 1999, 20 female patients who failed with administration of topical steroids and/or mesalazine were treated with 500 ml of 4% formalin instilled into the rectum in 50‐ml aliquots.

Results

Median age was 58 years. Eighteen patients had cervical cancer and two, endometrial cancer. These patients received a mean of 7,500 rads to the pelvis. The symptoms began at a mean of 8 months after termination of radiotherapy. Median time of symptomatic rectal hemorrhage was 8 months. Median of blood units previously transfused was six (range: 2–11). Hemorrhage immediately ceased after the 4% formalin instillation in 17 patients. Three patients required formalin instillation repetition with success in one. Overall success was 90%. Median follow‐up was 20 months. Five patients had moderate pelvic pain after instillation and one developed rectosigmoideal necrosis that required resection plus Hartmann procedure. Two patients developed rectovaginal fistula and required colostomy, and one thereafter, required abdominoperineal resection en bloc with the posterior wall of the vagina due to pelvis sepsis.

Conclusions

Rectal instillation of 4% formalin is a simple, inexpensive, and efficient treatment for refractory hemorrhagic radiation proctitis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:41–44. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma a surgical disease? An old problem revisited with reference to the result of peritoneal washing cytology
Authors: Kodera Yasuhiro , Yamamura Yoshitaka , Ito Seiji , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Hirai Takashi , Yasui Kenzo , Kato Tomoyuki
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Borrmann type IV gastric carcinoma (B‐4) remains a disease with poor prognosis despite an aggressive surgical approach. Cytology examination of the peritoneal washes is an established prognostic factor for gastric carcinoma in general, and may be useful for identifying adequate treatment strategy for B‐4.

Methods

Pathologic data from 70 patients with B‐4 who underwent laparotomy and peritoneal washing cytology during the recent 6 years were retrieved from a prospective computer database and reviewed. Prognostic significance of the cytology examination along with other known clinicopathologic variables was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Long‐term survivors were observed only among the patients who were treated with curative R0 resection. Prognosis of the patients with positive cytology and no other residual disease (R1) was extremely poor and was equivalent to that of the patients undergoing noncurative R2 resection. No difference in survival, either, was observed between the patients treated by R2 resection and those who did not undergo resection. Multivariate analysis identified cytology examination as an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

Peritoneal washing cytology plays an important role in staging B4. Positive cytology findings as well as other evidence of disseminated disease may indicate that gastrectomy should be avoided. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:175–181. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mega‐events and host‐region impacts: determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup
Authors: Jones Calvin
Published: August 2002

An increasing interest in the impact of sporting mega‐events on host regions has sparked discussion on the most appropriate approaches in determining both benefits and costs. The paper defines the nature of the impact on Wales of the 1999 Rugby World Cup (RWC99), both economic and social, and qualitatively assesses the extent and nature of the impact of RWC99 in a number of areas. It concludes that there were considerable benefits for the region, although many areas of potential benefit were not maximised. This was due in large part to the structure of the bidding process and organisational inadequacies, which in turn led to relatively low spectator spend and mixed press coverage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock wave propulsion
Authors: Resler E. L.
Published: August 2002

Prof. Bauer was very successful exploiting waves to initiate chemical reactions and following their progress as equilibrium is approached. To accomplish these studies the shock tube proved a useful instrument. With a slight modification, the wave patterns in the shock tube can be employed for supersonic propulsion. The shock wave in this case serves as both compressor and “combustor” for one of the thrust‐producing units of the propulsion unit. The waves are ducted along wave channels that are arranged around the periphery of a rotating cylinder. End ports of the “wave rotor” communicate with auxiliary devices that generate appropriate waves in the channels to execute a wave cycle. The flows prior to and after the wave rotor are steady. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 846–852, 2001
The kinetics of solid‐state reactions toward consensus, Part 2: Fitting kinetics data in dynamic conventional thermal analysis
Authors: Ortega A.
Published: August 2002

This paper is the second part of a review of some of the controversial kinetic aspects of conventional thermal analysis (TA). In this part the physico‐geometric kinetics for the solid‐state reactions were examined. The main problems discussed are (1) problems in fitting kinetics data: the identification of the f (α) function, (2) the suitability of conventional dynamic methods of TA, and (3) the complex reactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 193–208, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10028
Defining process‐oriented knowledge management strategies
Authors: Maier Ronald , Remus Ulrich
Published: August 2002

Along which basic lines could an organization which plans to invest in knowledge management proceed? What general initiatives can be suggested for knowledge management? First, an array of knowledge management goals and strategies is presented taken from theoretical and empirical studies which are then related to each other in the light of what we call a strategic intervention into an organization's way of handling knowledge. We then make the case for the integration of process orientation into a comprehensive multi‐dimensional framework for knowledge management strategies. Process‐oriented knowledge management initiatives are designed to provide employees with task‐related knowledge in the organization's operative business processes. We argue that with this framework the resulting process‐oriented knowledge management strategies address the integration of the resource‐based view of an organization — which is the main focus of knowledge management — with the market‐oriented view — which is implicitly brought about by process orientation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A knowledge management perspective to evaluation of enterprise information portals
Authors: Kim Yong Jin , Chaudhury Abhijit , Rao H. Raghav
Published: August 2002

The paper develops conceptual criteria for evaluating Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) systems in the context of knowledge management activities such as knowledge integration and application. The criteria have been drawn from an Activity theory perspective consisting of actors, community, object, tools, rules, and division of labor. It then discusses the characteristics of several commercial EIPs and evaluates one major commercial EIP in the context of the framework. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrophysical degradation associated with hiking‐trail use: a case study of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail, O'ahu, Hawai'i
Authors: Sutherland R. A. , Bussen J. O. , Plondke D. L. , Evans B. M. , Ziegler A. D.
Published: August 2002

Recreational activities can have significant impacts on geomorphic and hydrologic processes in drainage basins, often out of proportion to their areal extent. With increased stress on hiking trails nationwide, there is a need to characterize the impacts of human trampling on soil properties. We examine an 810 m segment of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail (O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA). Soil compaction and surface erosion on moderate to steeply sloping sites have degraded the trail environment. Bulk density, penetration resistance, and vane shear strength were significantly higher on the trail than in adjacent undisturbed areas, with median differences ranging from 29 to 120 per cent. With compaction and exposure of subsoil on the trail, void ratio, air‐filled porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, effective and preferential porosity were significantly lower, with relative change values ranging from 23–93 per cent. No significant changes were noted in meso‐ or micro‐porosity, but macropores with a radius of >110 μm decreased significantly by 58 per cent for on‐trail locations. This comprehensive dataset indicates that hiking stress is deleterious to the soil–hydrologic system. Data point to a trail system that would be dominated by Hortonian overland flow and this was supported by field evidence during a storm event. Increased runoff has incised rills on some trail segments and there is evidence that run‐on to adjacent side slopes has lead to accelerated erosion. Management on most trails in Hawai'i, including the one studied, is limited, but from our data it is apparent that on‐trail sites directly influenced by an overhanging canopy of rapidly growing (aggressive) exotics were least impacted due to increased organic contributions to the surface and root network development. These data will allow land managers to more effectively address the potential geomorphic and hydrologic impacts of recreational land use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty years of resolving the irresolvable: approaches to the fuelwood problem in Kenya
Authors: Mahiri I. , Howorth C.
Published: August 2002

Resolving the fuelwood problem in Kenya has been the cause of many debates. A review of the literature reveals the changing emphasis on the cause and effect of the problem. The dominant focus links fuelwood consumption with environmental degradation. This view has been perpetuated and reinforced by the ‘Woodfuel Gap’ theory of supply and demand differentials, based on population growth. The demand mitigation has been addressed through the ‘Fuelwood Orthodoxy’ approach and energy technologies. This paper shows that deforestation, and subsequent degradation, has little to do with fuelwood consumption as much is extracted from outside the forest. Therefore, costly interventions of afforestation programmes have had little impact in addressing the issue. The locale‐specificity of the fuelwood problem means there can be no simple, technical solution. The local nature of shortages means that national projections cannot capture the complex socio‐economic and cultural issues. Such complexity and diversity of rural contexts demand that the rural energy problem cannot be treated in isolation from the equally pressing issues of poverty, labour, food, culture and values. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farmers' participation in soil and water conservation activities in the Chemoga Watershed, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Bewket W. , Sterk G.
Published: August 2002

Soil erosion by water constitutes a threat to the maintenance of the subsistence living of the Ethiopian rural population. Past efforts at Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) did not bring about significant results, mainly because of the top‐down approach pursued. Uprooting this past oversight and instating a participatory approach has since then been strongly recommended as the correct strategy. This paper analyses the extent of farmers' participation in current SWC activities in the Chemoga watershed, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. Formal household survey, informal and focus group discussions and field observation were used to generate the data. The results indicate that the majority of the farmers participated in the SWC against their will. The most important factor discouraging them from participating freely was the perceived ineffectiveness of the structures under construction. Awareness about soil erosion as a problem, labour shortage and land tenure insecurity were found to be less important in providing an explanation for the disinterest shown by most of the farmers towards the SWC activities. Therefore, the important factors that need immediate consideration for SWC efforts in the study area or the region at large are: (1) SWC structures have to be carefully designed and constructed taking into account ground realities, and (2) participation of the farmers has to be through their own conviction regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of the technologies. Alternative SWC technologies will have to be considered in this regard. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of excimer laser angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Topaz On , Shah Rakesh , Mohanty Pramod K. , McQueen Robert A. , Janin Yves , Bernardo Nelson L.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective:

Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction who fail to respond to standard therapy with thrombolytics or have contraindications for their use oftentimes need revascularization with a mechanical device for removal of an occlusive coronary thrombus and its underlying atherosclerotic plaque. As both thrombi and plaques absorb laser energy in the ultraviolet wavelength (308 nm), we studied the feasibility and safety of excimer laser angioplasty in selective patients with complicated acute myocardial infarction.

Study Design/Materials and Methods:

Fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by continuous chest pain and/or ischemia who had a total of 54 obstructive lesions were treated with percutaneous excimer coronary laser angioplasty (ELCA). A Q‐wave myocardial infarction was documented in 56% and a non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction in 44%. The baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced at 43 ± 13% and six patients (12%) presented to the cardiac catheterization laboratory in cardiogenic shock. Twenty‐nine patients failed to respond to thrombolytic therapy and 16 had contraindications for thrombolytics and IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Following laser debulking, all patients received adjunct balloon dilation and then stents were deployed in 83% of the target lesions. Quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) was performed at an independent core laboratory.

Results:

Ninety‐eight percent laser success and 100% procedural success were achieved. By QCA the minimal luminal diameter increased from baseline of 0.7 ± 0.5 to 1.3 ± 0.5 mm post‐lasing and then to 2.0 ± 0.6 with balloon dilation to a final of 3.0 ± 0.5 mm. Pre‐laser percent stenosis diameter of 77 ± 17% was reduced to 51 ± 22% post‐laser to 3.0 ± 17% post‐balloon and to a final of 15 ± 25%. An 83% laser‐induced reduction of thrombus burden area was achieved as well as an increase in TIMI flow from baseline of 1.7 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 0.4 by laser to a 2.9 ± 0.4 final. There were no deaths, emergency bypass surgery, cerebral vascular accident, neurologic injury, or major perforation. In one case, a laser‐induced major dissection was successfully treated by stenting. All 50 patients survived the procedure, improved clinically, and were discharged.

Conclusion:

Application of excimer laser coronary angioplasty is feasible and safe in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction who either fail to respond to thrombolytics or have contraindications to these agents. Intracoronary thrombus at the target lesion can be successfully dissolved with this wavelength laser energy without adverse effect on the procedure results. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:185–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Make my memory: How advertising can change our memories of the past
Authors: Braun Kathryn A. , Ellis Rhiannon , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: August 2002

Marketers use autobiographical advertising as a means to create nostalgia for their products. This research explores whether such referencing can cause people to believe that they had experiences as children that are mentioned in the ads. In Experiment 1, participants viewed an ad for Disney that suggested that they shook hands with Mickey Mouse as a child. Relative to controls, the ad increased their confidence that they personally had shaken hands with Mickey as a child at a Disney resort. The increased confidence could be due to a revival of a true memory or the creation of a new, false one. In Experiment 2, participants viewed an ad for Disney that suggested that they shook hands with an impossible character (e.g., Bugs Bunny). Again, relative to controls, the ad increased confidence that they personally had shaken hands with the impossible character as a child at a Disney resort. The increased confidence is consistent with the notion that autobiographical referencing can lead to the creation of false or distorted memory. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The chemopreventive compound curcumin is an efficient inhibitor of Epstein‐Barr virus BZLF1 transcription in Raji DR‐LUC cells*
Authors: Hergenhahn Manfred , Soto Ubaldo , Weninger Annette , Polack Axel , Hsu Chih‐Hung , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Rösl Frank
Published: August 2002

To characterize the effects of inhibitors of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) reactivation, we established Raji DR‐LUC cells as a new test system. These cells contain the firefly luciferase (LUC) gene under the control of an immediate‐early gene promoter (duplicated right region [DR]) of EBV on a self‐replicating episome. Luciferase induction thus serves as an intrinsic marker indicative for EBV reactivation from latency. The tumor promoter 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) induced the viral key activator BamH fragment Z left frame 1 (BZLF1) protein (“ZEBRA”) in this system, as demonstrated by induction of the BZLF1 protein‐responsive DR promoter upstream of the luciferase gene. Conversely, both BZLF1 protein and luciferase induction were inhibited effectively by the chemopreventive agent curcumin. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) further demonstrated that the EBV inducers TPA, sodium butyrate, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) increased levels of the mRNA of BZLF1 mRNA at 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment in these cells. TPA treatment also induced luciferase mRNA with similar kinetics. Curcumin was found to be highly effective in decreasing TPA‐, butyrate‐, and TGF‐β‐induced levels of BZLF1 mRNA, and of TPA‐induced luciferase mRNA, indicating that three major pathways of EBV are inhibited by curcumin. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that activator protein 1 (AP‐1) binding to a cognate AP‐1 sequence was detected at 6 h and could be blocked by curcumin. Protein binding to the complete BZLF1 promoter ZIII site (ZIIIA+ZIIIB) demonstrated several specific complexes that gave weak signals at 6 h and 12 h but strong signals at 24 h, all of which were reduced after application of curcumin. Autostimulation of BZLF1 mRNA induction through binding to the ZIII site at 24 h was confirmed by antibody‐induced supershift analysis. The present results confirm our previous finding that curcumin is an effective agent for inhibition of EBV reactivation in Raji DR‐CAT cells (carrying DR‐dependent chloramphenicol acetyltransferase), and they show for the first time that curcumin inhibits EBV reactivation mainly through inhibition of BZLF1 gene transcription. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
S. C. K. Chu, ‘A goal programming model for crew duties generation’. Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis10(3) 2001, 143–151
Authors: Chu Sydney C. K.
Published: August 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis 10(3) 2001, 143–151.

No Abstract
Abnormalities of the spatiotemporal characteristics of gait at the onset of freezing in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nieuwboer Alice , Dom René , De Weerdt Willy , Desloovere Kaat , Fieuws Steffen , Broens‐Kaucsik Eva
Published: August 2002

We investigated the spatiotemporal variables of gait leading up to freezing. Gait analysis was carried out on 14 patients with Parkinson's disease in the off phase of the medication cycle. A computerised, three‐dimensional gait analysis system was used to measure the walking pattern. After several trials of normal walking with voluntary stopping, distracting manoeuvres and obstacles on the walkway were used to provoke freezing or festination. The gait variables of normal (off phase), festinating, prestop, and prefreezing strides were analysed using analysis of variance for repeated‐measures. Cadence was excessively increased (68%) and stride length decreased (69%) during festination compared with normal off walking; a pattern which remained pronounced when comparing prefreezing strides with normal stopping. Analysing in more detail the three steps before a freeze, we found a progressive decrease of stride length and stable cadence rates and proportions of double support phases. The relationship between cadence and stride length exhibited an exponential increase of cadence with a decreasing stride length during festination and freezing. Results suggest that freezing is caused by a combination of an increasing inability to generate stride length superimposed on a dyscontrol of the cadence of walking. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Objective tinnitus associated with essential laryngeal myoclonus: Report of two cases
Authors: Bertholon Pierre , Convers Philippe , Antoine Jean Christophe , Mayaud Régis , Prades Jean Michel , Michel Daniel , Martin Christian
Published: August 2002

We report on two patients with an objective tinnitus. In the first one, the objective tinnitus was unique as it was due to bilateral rhythmic contractions of the vocal cords. In the second, the objective tinnitus arose from Eustachian tube contractions and was associated with up and down movements of the larynx. In both patients, the abnormal laryngeal movement shared most of the characteristics of palatal or palatolaryngeal myoclonus and was thought to be laryngeal myoclonus. Its origin remained essential as all the investigations were negative. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Transferrin/transferrin receptor‐mediated drug delivery
Authors: Li Hongyan , Qian Zhong Ming
Published: August 2002

Since transferrin was discovered more than half a century ago, a considerable effort has been made towards understanding tranferrin‐mediated iron uptake. However, it was not until recently with the identification and characterization of several new genes related to iron homeostasis, such as the hemochromatosis protein HFE and the iron transporter DMT1, that our knowledge has been advanced dramatically. A major pathway for cellular iron uptake is through internalization of the complex of iron‐bound transferrin and the transferrin receptor, which is negatively modulated by HFE, a protein related to hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron is released from transferrin as the result of the acidic pH in endosome and then is transported to the cytosol by DMT1. The iron is then utilized as a cofactor by heme and ribonucleotide reductase or stored in ferritin. Apart from iron, many other metal ions of therapeutic and diagnostic interests can also bind to transferrin at the iron sites and their transferrin complexes can be recognized by many cells. Therefore, transferrin has been thought as a “delivery system” for many beneficial and harmful metal ions into the cells. Transferrin has also be widely applied as a targeting ligand in the active targeting of anticancer agents, proteins, and genes to primary proliferating malignant cells that overexpress transferrin receptors. This is achieved by conjugation of transferrin with drugs, proteins, hybride systems with marcomolecules and as liposomal‐coated systems. Conjugates of anticancer drugs with transferrin can significantly improve the selectivity and toxicity and overcome drug resistance, thereby leading to a better treatment. The coupling of DNA to transferrin via a polycation such as polylysine or via cationic liposomes can target and transfer of the extrogenous DNA particularly into proliferating cells through receptor‐mediated endocytosis. These kinds of non‐viral vectors are potential alternatives to viral vectors for gene therapy, if the transfection efficiency can be improved. Moreover, transferrin receptors have shown potentials in delivery of therapeutic drugs or genes into the brain across blood–brain barrier. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 3, 225–250, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10008
Dynamic rectus abdominis muscle flap for intestinal stomal continence: A systematic approach
Authors: Stadelmann Wayne K. , Bardoel Janou W.J.M. , Perez‐Abadia Gustavo , Majzoub Ramsey K. , Maldonado Claudio , Tobin Gordon R. , Kon Moshe , Barker John H.
Published: August 2002

Several attempts to create a continent stomal sphincter using dynamic myoplasty with limited success have been reported. Denervation atrophy and early muscle fatigue have plagued all reported attempts to make a continent stoma a reality. To address this problem in a series of experiments, we designed a stomal sphincter using the most caudal segment of the rectus abdominis muscle. Then, we performed a study to determine whether a sphincter created with a rectus abdominis muscle island flap could maintain stomal continence in the short term. We found that when stimulated using two different electrical stimulation protocols, in all cases the rectus abdominis muscle sphincter generated peak pressures well above those needed to maintain stomal continence (60 mm Hg). All sphincters were able to maintain stomal continence at all intraluminal bowel pressures tested. We found one of these protocols to be far superior and reached 4 hours of stomal continence after 8 to 10 weeks of electrical stimulation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:248–255 2001
Multi‐component behavioral intervention to promote health protective behaviors in childhood cancer survivors: The Protect Study
Authors: Hudson Melissa M. , Tyc V.L. , Srivastava D.K. , Gattuso J. , Quargnenti A. , Crom D.B. , Hinds P.
Published: August 2002

Background

Improved cure rates for childhood cancer have produced a growing population of survivors at risk for late toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Healthy behaviors can modify these risks. We initiated a controlled prospective trial to determine if a multi‐component behavioral intervention could induce change in childhood cancer survivors' health knowledge, health perceptions, and practice of health‐protective behaviors.

Procedure

Adolescent cancer survivors attending a long‐term follow‐up clinic were randomized to receive standard follow‐up care or standard care plus the educational intervention. Baseline measures were obtained at randomization (T0) and repeated 1 year (T1) later during the survivors' annual check‐up.

Results

Of 272 patients enrolled and randomized, 251 are evaluable at both time points. Treatment and control groups were similar in regards to diagnosis, gender, race, and age. The change in outcome measures over the year (T1−T0) was not significantly different between the two groups as assessed by a two‐sample pooled t test. However, additional exploratory analyses indicated a significant gender difference in knowledge with female survivors in the intervention group having higher scores. In addition, patients who choose certain individual health goals, such as breast/testicular self‐examination, showed improved practice of the health behavior. In addition, in a very exploratory analysis, a gender difference in response to the intervention was noted, with females exhibiting a greater improvement in knowledge scores than did males.

Conclusions

Although the multi‐behavioral educational intervention did not induce change in health knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors of childhood cancer survivors for the treatment group as a whole, gender differences and specific health goal differences were found. These findings suggest that future interventions should be tailored to reflect gender differences and the nature of the health goal under assessment. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:2–11. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ACCORD‐ADEQUATE: an improved technique for the acquisition of inverse‐detected INADEQUATE data
Authors: Thomas Williamson R. , Marquez Brian L. , Gerwick William H. , Koehn Frank E.
Published: August 2002

A new approach for the acquisition of 1H‐detected INADEQUATE‐type data is presented. This method uses a decremented variable delay for the evolution of 1J(C,C) couplings. It is demonstrated that this variation of the 1,1‐ADEQUATE experiment provides superior performance when compared with the normal static‐optimized 1,1‐ADEQUATE experiment. This improvement is manifested in both the number and quality of correlations present in the processed data. The technique was validated using the model compound ethyl trans‐crotonate and its utility was demonstrated utilizing the structurally unique marine natural product jamaicamide A. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and 1H and 13C NMR analysis of two new glabretal triterpenoid derivatives from Guarea jamaicensis
Authors: Harding Wayne W. , Jacobs Helen , McLean Stewart , Reynolds William F.
Published: August 2002

The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the glabretal derivatives, 21,24‐epoxy‐3α, 7α, 21,23‐tetraacetoxy‐25‐hydroxy‐4α,4β,8β‐trimethyl‐14,18‐cyclo‐5α,13α,14α,17α‐cholestane and 21,23‐epoxy‐3α,7α,21,24,25‐pentaacetoxy‐4α,4β,8β‐trimethyl‐14,18‐cyclo‐5α,13α,14α,17α‐cholestane, obtained from an acetylated fraction of extracts of Guarea jamaicensis, were completely assigned. 1D NMR and a number of 2D shift correlated NMR experiments, 1H,1H‐COSY, 1H,13C‐HSQC‐1J(C,H), 1H,13C‐HMBC nJ(C,H) (n = 2 and 3) and 2D 1H,1H‐NOESY, were utilized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient method for expressing transgenes in nonhuman primate embryos using a stable episomal vector*
Authors: Wolfgang Michael J. , Marshall Vivienne S. , Eisele Stephen G. , Schotzko Michele L. , Thomson James A. , Golos Thaddeus G.
Published: August 2002

Transgenesis in the nonhuman primate can enhance the study of human biology by providing animal models for the study of primate‐specific physiology, pathophysiology, and embryonic development. Progress with this technology has been hindered by the inherent inefficiency of transgenesis, transgene silencing, and practical restrictions on the production of sufficient pronuclear stage nonhuman primate zygotes. We have developed a novel technique using an Epstein Barr virus (EBV)‐based episomal vector to produce rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) embryos expressing a transgene. Plasmid DNA containing the latent origin of replication, oriP, and Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen‐1 (EBNA‐1) of EBV, as well as a CMV IE‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette, was introduced into rhesus embryos by direct pronuclear microinjection. We detected eGFP in early cleavage stage embryos (4–8 cell) and throughout the duration of culture (day 8–9 blastocysts) by epifluorescent microscopy. A 50% transduction rate was obtained with the EBV‐based vector. Microinjected embryos expressed eGFP and retained their developmental capacity as evidenced by development to the blastocyst stage. EBV‐based vectors present a novel and efficient means of delivering transgenes for the study of the molecular control of primate embryonic development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 69‐73, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA hypomethylation of karyoplasts for bovine nuclear transplantation*
Authors: Jones Karen L. , Hill Jonathon , Shin Tae Young , Lui Ling , Westhusin Mark
Published: August 2002

The objective of this research was to evaluate if DNA hypomethylation in cells used as karyoplasts would improve development of bovine nuclear transplantation (NT) embryos. DNA from serum‐fed (SF), serum‐starved (SS), and 1, or 5 μM 5‐azacytidine (5‐aza‐CR) treated cells was digested with a methylation sensitive enzyme, and evaluated for DNA methylation. A significant reduction in DNA methylation was observed in cells cultured for 48 or 72 hr in SS medium as well as in cells cultured for 48 hr in the presence of 5 μM 5‐aza‐CR when compared to cells cultured in SF medium. All other comparisons contained no significant differences when compared to controls. When donor cells were cultured in 5‐aza‐CR, SF, or SS treatment media for 48 hr, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.06) in blastocyst development rates after NT. One embryo produced by donor cells treated with 5‐aza‐CR established a pregnancy. Four pregnancies resulted from embryos produced by SS donor cell NT and 3 resulted from embryos produced by SF donor cell NT. Supplementation of the donor cell culture medium with 5‐aza‐CR was not beneficial for increasing blastocyst rate or establishing pregnancy after NT. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 208–213, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exocytosis of a 60 kDa protein (Calreticulin) from activated hamster oocytes
Authors: Muñoz‐Gotera Rafaela J. , Hernández‐González Enrique O. , Mendoza‐Hernández Guillermo , Contreras Rubén G. , Mújica Adela
Published: August 2002

The sp50 protein localized at the acrosomal region of guinea pig sperm was suggested to participate in acrosome exocytosis, the acrosome reaction (AR). On the other hand, the cortical reaction (CR), also an exocytotic event, occurs during egg activation. The aim of the present work was to identify sp50 and also to define if sp50 is present in hamster eggs, as well as its location before and after CR. Sp50 was identified as calreticulin (CRT), based on: (a) its NH2‐terminal amino acid (25 aa) sequence, (b) a cross‐recognition of pure sp50 and pure CRT with anti‐CRT (from Santa Cruz, anti‐CRTsc), and anti‐sp50 (anti‐sp50/CRT) antibodies, respectively, and (c) that both antibodies revealed a 50 kDa protein in a Brij sperm extract. On the other hand, CRT presence in eggs was positively determined by Western blotting (Wb) using anti‐sp50/CRT antibody which recognized a 60 kDa protein in the egg extract, and by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), CRT was located in the cortical granules (CG). It was defined by a granular pattern and co‐localization with mannose, a specific carbohydrate of the CG. Additionally, a decrease in CRT concentration occurred in eggs after their activation and, in parallel, the protein was revealed in the egg's incubation medium. In activated eggs with zona pellucida (ZP), CRT remains as a halo in the perivitelline space and around the polar body. From these results we suggest that: (1) CRT is present in the CG of non‐activated hamster eggs, (2) CRT is exocytosed during the CR, in response to egg activation, and (3) CRT might participate in the block to polyspermy, together with other CG components. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60:405‐413, © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of antibodies to sperm‐specific recombinant contraceptive vaccinogen (rCV) on murine fertilization: search for an animal model to examine its contraceptive potential
Authors: Chauhan Subhash C. , Naz Rajesh K.
Published: August 2002

Recently, we cloned and sequenced a sperm‐specific antigen, designated as Contraceptive Vaccinogen (rCV), from human testis (Naz et al., 2001). The present study was conducted to examine its proteomic homologue and function in murine sperm, in order to find out whether or not the mouse can provide a suitable model for examining its immunocontraceptive effects. This was examined by using purified antibodies (Ab) raised against the recombinant (r) human CV antigen of ∼44 kD. In the Western blot procedure, rCV antibodies recognized a specific protein band of ∼64 ± 5 kD in murine testis and murine sperm extracts, the band similar to that found in human testis and human sperm. In the immunoprecipitation procedure, rCV Ab immunoprecipitated a protein band of similar size from murine sperm and murine testis extracts. The immunocytochemical (ICT), immunoscanning electronmicroscopic (ISEM) and the immunobead binding technique (IBT) revealed the subcellular localization of CV antigen on the surface of acrosome and tail regions of the noncapacitated and capacitated murine sperm cell. In functional bioassays, rCV Ab inhibited the acrosome reaction as well as sperm–egg binding in vitro. These data indicate that the CV antigen is expressed in murine sperm and has a biological role in sperm function and sperm–egg binding. In vitro inhibition of capacitation/acrosome reaction and sperm–zona binding suggest that the mouse can provide a suitable model to examine the immunocontraceptive effects of CV antigen in actively‐immunized animals. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60:425‐432, © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sulfogalactosylglycerolipid is involved in human gamete interaction
Authors: Weerachatyanukul Wattana , Rattanachaiyanont Manee , Carmona Euridice , Furimsky Anna , Mai Andrew , Shoushtarian Ali , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Ballakier Hanna , Leader Arthur , Tanphaichitr Nongnuj
Published: August 2002

Recent results from our laboratory have revealed the role of sulfogalactosylglycerolipid (SGG) in mouse sperm‐zona pellucida (ZP) binding. In this report, we demonstrated the presence of SGG in Percoll‐gradient centrifuged (PGC) human sperm by high performance thin layer chromatography with orcinol and Azure A staining, specific for glycolipids and sulfolipids, respectively. SGG in human PGC sperm was quantified by its affinity to Azure A to be 12–15 mol% of sperm lipids. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that SGG existed on both live and aldehyde fixed human sperm in the head region. Pretreatment of human PGC sperm with affinity purified antiSGG Fab markedly inhibited sperm binding to the ZP in a concentration dependent manner, without any changes in the spontaneous acrosome rate or sperm motility parameters. Fluorescently labeled SGG liposomes also bound uniformly to isolated human ZP, while fluorescently labeled galactosylglycerolipid (GG, SGG's parental lipid) or phosphatidylserine (PS, negatively charged like SGG) liposomes did not. All of these results suggested the role of human sperm SGG in ZP binding. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 569–578, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public health issues related to infection in pregnancy and cerebral palsy
Authors: Schendel Diana E. , Schuchat Anne , Thorsen Poul
Published: August 2002

Cerebral palsy is the most common neuromotor developmental disability of childhood, affecting as many as 8,000 to 12,000 children born in the U.S. each year (corresponding to a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3 per 1000 children). Recent improvements in neonatal care have not resulted in a decline in the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy and, in fact, greater numbers of very preterm/very low birth weight infants are surviving with cerebral palsy and other developmental problems. Infection in pregnancy may be an important cause of the disorder. In preterm infants, there appears to be about a 2‐fold increased risk for cerebral palsy from chorioamnionitis, and in term infants the estimated increased risk is about 4‐fold. Provisionally, chorioamnionitis might account for 12% of spastic cerebral palsy in term infants and 28% of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Studies of biochemical markers of fetal inflammation typically associated with infection also suggest that an inflammatory response may be an important independent etiologic factor. If a substantial proportion of cerebral palsy is attributable to acute amnionitis infection and/or neonatal sepsis, cerebral palsy should have decreased in the United States after administration of intrapartum antibiotics became widespread in response to publication of public health consensus guidelines for Group B streptococcus in 1996. However, failure to detect declines could have a number of explanations and these explanations illustrate the many public health challenges related to intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy. Given the gaps in our current knowledge about intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy, public health recommendations for timely and specific prevention activities are limited at this time. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:39–45. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities who live with family
Authors: Mailick Seltzer Marsha , Wyngaarden Krauss Marty
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we review the literature related to the quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities (MR/DD) who live at home with their families. We examine the nature of the relationships between adults with MR/DD and their parents and siblings, the social worlds of adults with MR/DD, age‐related functional and health issues that affect their quality of life, the range of services and supports provided to them, and familial efforts to plan for their continued well‐being when parental care is no longer viable. Individual characteristics associated with these dimensions and/or more compromised quality of life profiles are identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for expanded research on the quality of life of adults with MR/DD who live in the parental home, a topic which has received markedly less attention than the quality of life of adults who live in publicly supported residential settings. MRDD Research Reviews 7:105–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic approach to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Weibel Thaïs D. , Brady Roscoe O.
Published: August 2002

Disorders that arise as a result of lysosomal dysfunction represent some of the most challenging diagnostic problems in medicine. Not only are these disorders infrequently seen, but they may also present with signs and symptoms that mimic perinatal injury, food intolerance, or the sequellae of neonatal infection. Misidentification can lead to significant delay in diagnosis. Ironically, as the prevailing economic climate places increasing time constraints on practicing physicians, medical research is providing treatment strategies and management techniques that are most effective if applied early in the course of the disease. Most lysosomal storage disorders can now be definitively diagnosed once the signs are recognized. In many cases the benefits of early diagnosis, enlightened management, and appropriate referral are considerable. The aim of this paper is to demystify this elusive class of diseases, to promote clinical vigilance in their detection, and to provide a systematic approach to diagnosis when clinical suspicion is aroused. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:190–199. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High temporal resolution phase contrast MRI with multiecho acquisitions†
Authors: Thompson Richard B. , McVeigh Elliot R.
Published: August 2002

Velocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow‐encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non‐velocity‐related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath‐hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow‐encoded images in separate breath‐holds rather than interleaved within a single breath‐hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient‐echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath‐holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in‐plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm. Magn Reson Med 47:499–512, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anisotropy in high angular resolution diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Frank Lawrence R.
Published: August 2002

The diffusion in voxels with multidirectional fibers can be quite complicated and not necessarily well characterized by the standard diffusion tensor model. High angular resolution diffusion‐weighted acquisitions have recently been proposed as a method to investigate such voxels, but the reconstruction methods proposed require sophisticated estimation schemes. We present here a simple algorithm for the identification of diffusion anisotropy based upon the variance of the estimated apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as a function of measurement direction. The rationale for this method is discussed, and results in normal human subjects acquired with a novel diffusion‐weighted stimulated‐echo spiral acquisition are presented which distinguish areas of anisotropy that are not apparent in the relative anisotropy maps derived from the standard diffusion tensor model. Magn Reson Med 45:935–939, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.