bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pathway for Force Transmission in the Rat Anococcygeus Muscle: A Tale of Two Tendons
Authors: Siegman Marion J.
Published: August 2014

Smooth muscles forming the wall of tissues having conduit and reservoir functions (including blood vessels, intestinal tract, and stomach, gall bladder, urinary bladder, respectively) are organized into sheets or layers. The pathway for force transmission emanates from myosin interaction with actin filaments attached to intracellular dense bodies linked by the cytoskeleton to plasma membrane dense bodies which are adhesion sites for the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is continuous throughout and between muscle layers, facilitating their coordinated function. There are a few instances where smooth muscles are organized in small longitudinal bundles with elastic tendinous ends, such as the pilomotor muscles of skin, the ciliary muscle of the eye, and costo‐uterine muscle. In this study, we examine ultrastructure of two tendons that tether the anococcygeus muscle of the rat from the spine to the colon, the former a true tendon (myotendinous junction) and the latter a layer of connective tissue (intramuscular tendon). These regions show morphological specializations in the distribution and thickness of dense bodies, basement membrane, fiber shape and quantity of extracellular matrix. At the plasma membrane between dense bodies are caveolae, flask shaped structures primarily responsible for signal transduction, proliferation and electromechanical coupling. Changes also occur in caveolar regions, where the basement membrane is thickened and attachments to extracellular matrix are seen. Together, both regions of the plasma membrane are designed to facilitate force transmission. Anat Rec, 297:1714–1733, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence of and risk factors for incisional hernia after abdominal surgery
Authors: Itatsu K , Yokoyama Y , Sugawara G , Kubota H , Tojima Y , Kurumiya Y , Kono H , Yamamoto H , Ando M , Nagino M
Published: August 2014

Background

Few larger studies have estimated the incidence of incisional hernia (IH) after abdominal surgery.

Methods

Patients who had abdominal surgery between November 2009 and February 2011 were included in the study. The incidence rate and risk factors for IH were monitored for at least 180 days.

Results

A total of 4305 consecutive patients were registered. Of these, 378 were excluded because of failure to complete follow-up and 3927 patients were analysed. IH was diagnosed in 318 patients. The estimated incidence rates for IH were 5·2 per cent at 12 months and 10·3 per cent at 24 months. In multivariable analysis, wound classification III and IV (hazard ratio (HR) 2·26, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·52 to 3·35), body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher (HR 1·76, 1·35 to 2·30), midline incision (HR 1·74, 1·28 to 2·38), incisional surgical-site infection (I-SSI) (HR 1·68, 1·24 to 2·28), preoperative chemotherapy (HR 1·61, 1·08 to 2·37), blood transfusion (HR 1·46, 1·04 to 2·05), increasing age by 10-year interval (HR 1·30, 1·16 to 1·45), female sex (HR 1·26, 1·01 to 1·59) and thickness of subcutaneous tissue for every 1-cm increase (HR 1·18, 1·03 to 1·35) were identified as independent risk factors. Compared with superficial I-SSI, deep I-SSI was more strongly associated with the development of IH.

Conclusion

Although there are several risk factors for IH, reducing I-SSI is an important step in the prevention of IH. Registration number: UMIN000004723 (University Hospital Medical Information Network, http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
Johann Vesling (1598–1649): Seventeenth century anatomist of Padua and his Syntagma Anatomicum
Authors: Ghosh Sanjib Kumar
Published: August 2014

Johann Vesling (1598–1649) was a German anatomist and surgeon who belonged to the golden period of the illustrious University of Padua. He made significant contributions to the advancement of anatomical knowledge during the 17th century and is remembered most for his remarkable anatomical work, the Syntagma Anatomicum, which was published in 1641. He was the first to describe the soleus muscle and to emphasize its resemblance to the sole fish. He produced the earliest illustrations of the human lymphatic system and was one of the first to document observations about the thoracic duct. He was also the first to report the bifurcation of the human hepatic portal vein on entering the fissure of the liver. His observations from embryological experiments were critical for understanding the development of the four‐chambered heart. He was one of the first authors to state that four pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium of the heart. Syntagma Anatomicum (1641) was the most widely used anatomical text in Europe for almost a century and was republished a number of times with editions in Latin, German, Dutch, and English. Syntagma was the first illustrated western anatomical text to reach Japan and laid the foundation for the development of European medicine there. The illustrations used in it deviated from the artistic convention that had characterized anatomical figures from the time of Vesalius, and focused instead on representing anatomical details to make them helpful for medicine and surgery. Clin. Anat. 27:1122–1127, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Uncovering source code reuse in large‐scale academic environments
Authors: Flores Enrique , Barrón‐Cedeño Alberto , Moreno Lidia , Rosso Paolo
Published: August 2014

The advent of the Internet has caused an increase in content reuse, including source code. The purpose of this research is to uncover potential cases of source code reuse in large‐scale environments. A good example is academia, where massive courses are taught to students who must demonstrate that they have acquired the knowledge. The need of detecting content reuse in quasi real‐time encourages the development of automatic systems such as the one described in this paper for source code reuse detection. Our approach is based on the comparison of programs at character level. It is able to find potential cases of reuse across a huge number of assignments. It achieved better results than JPlag, the most used online system to find similarities among multiple sets of source codes. The most common obfuscation operations we found were changes in identifier names, comments and indentation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:383–390, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21608
Detoxifying Polyhalogenated Catechols through a Copper‐Chelating Agent by Forming Stable and Redox‐Inactive Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes with an Unusual Perpendicular Structure
Authors: Li Yan , Huang Chun‐Hua , Liu Yu‐Xiang , Mao Li , Zhu Ben‐Zhan
Published: August 2014

The use of selective metal chelating agents with preference for binding of a specific metal ion to investigate its biological role is becoming increasingly common. We found recently that a well‐known copper‐specific chelator 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (2,9‐Me2OP) could completely inhibit the synergistic toxicity induced by tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) and sodium azide (NaN3). However, its underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. Here, we show that the protection by 2,9‐Me2OP is not due to its classic copper‐chelating property, but rather due to formation of a multiple hydrogen‐bonded complex between 2,9‐Me2OP and TCC, featuring an unusual perpendicular arrangement of the two binding partners. The two methyl groups at the 2,9 positions in 2,9‐Me2OP were found to be critical to stabilize the 2,9‐Me2OP/TCC complex due to steric hindrance, and therefore completely prevents the generation of the reactive and toxic semiquinone radicals by TCC/NaN3. This represents the first report showing that an unexpected new protective mode of action for the copper “specific” chelating agent 2,9‐Me2OP by using its steric hindrance effect of the two CH3 groups not only to chelate copper, but also to “chelate” a catechol through multiple H‐bonding. These findings may have broad biological implications for future research of this widely used copper‐chelating agent and the ubiquitous catecholic compounds.
Assembly of Na3V2(PO4)3 Nanoparticles Confined in a One‐Dimensional Carbon Sheath for Enhanced Sodium‐Ion Cathode Properties
Authors: Kajiyama Satoshi , Kikkawa Jun , Hoshino Junichi , Okubo Masashi , Hosono Eiji
Published: August 2014

Structural and morphological control is an effective approach for improvement of electrochemical properties in rechargeable batteries. One‐dimensionally assembled structure composed of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles were fabricated through an electrospinning method to meet the requirements for the development of efficient electrode materials in Na‐ion batteries. High‐temperature treatment of electrospun precursor fibers under an argon flow provides a nonwoven fabric of nanowires comprising crystallographically oriented nanoparticles of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 within a carbon sheath. The mesostructure comprising NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 and carbon give a short sodium‐ion transport pass and an efficient electron conduction pass. Electrochemical properties of NASICON‐type Na3V2(PO4)3 are improved on the basis of one‐dimensional nanostructures designed in the present study.
An Unusual Stacking Transformation in Liquid‐Crystalline Columnar Assemblies of Clicked Molecular Propellers with Tunable Light Emissions
Authors: Kim Jinhee , Cho Sung , Cho Byoung‐Ki
Published: August 2014

The columnar liquid‐crystalline (LC) and fluorescence properties of three‐dimensional molecular propellers based on tetraphenylethylene is reported. X‐ray scattering studies reveal an unusual transition from a rectangular (Colrec) to a hexagonal columnar (Colhex) phase. In contrast to second‐order intercolumnar transitions based on a common tilt mechanism, the transition is first order and involves an unprecedented zigzag stacking of aromatic propellers in the Colrec phase. A sudden change in emission color from sky blue to green occurs rapidly and reversibly at this transition, which is due to the planarization of the propeller mesogen.
Synthesis of Highly Active and Stable Spinel‐Type Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts by a Rapid Inorganic Self‐Templating Method
Authors: Ma Tian Yi , Dai Sheng , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang
Published: August 2014

Composition‐adjustable spinel‐type metal oxides, MnxCo3−xO4−δ (x=0.8–1.4), were synthesized in ethanol solutions by a rapid inorganic self‐templating mechanism using KCl nanocrystals as the structure‐directing agent. The MnxCo3xO4δ materials showed ultrahigh oxygen evolution activity and strong durability in alkaline solutions, and are capable of delivering a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.58 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M KOH solution, which is superior in comparison to IrO2 catalysts under identical experimental conditions, and comparable to the most active noble‐metal and transition‐metal oxygen evolution electrocatalysts reported so far. The high performance for catalytic oxygen evolution originates from both compositional and structural features of the synthesized materials. The moderate content of Mn doping into the spinel framework led to their improved electronic conductivity and strong oxidizing ability, and the well‐developed porosity, accompanied with the high affinity between OH− reactants and catalyst surface, contributed to the smooth mass transport, thus endowing them with superior oxygen evolution activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A DFT Based Prediction of Gold Fullerene Au92Si12 with the Aid of Silicon.
Authors: Gautam Seema , Goel Neetu , Dharamvir Keya
Published: August 2014

The structure, stability, and effect of doping Aun (n = 1—16) clusters with Si is investigated by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Pyrophosphate BaCr2(P2O7)2 as Green Pigment with High NIR Solar Reflectance and Durable Chemical Stability.
Authors: Tao Zhengxu , Zhang Wanqi , Huang Yanlin , Wei Donglei , Seo Hyo Jin
Published: August 2014

BaCr2(P2O7)2 is prepared by calcination of a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO3, Cr2O3, and NH4H2PO4 (5% H2/N2 atmosphere, 1200 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Carbothermal Reduction Synthesis Using CaCN2 as Calcium and Carbon Sources for CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ Phosphor and Their Luminescence Properties.
Authors: Kim Hyo Sung , Machida Ken‐ichi , Horikawa Takashi , Hanzawa Hiromasa
Published: August 2014

High‐quality powders of the title phosphor are synthesized from mixtures of CaCN2, CaCo3:Eu3+, AlN, and Si3N4 (BN crucible, 0.1 MPa N2, 1600 °C, 5—7 h).
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction Measurements of Fluorite‐Related Rare Earth Antimonates Ln3SbO7 (Ln: Nd, Tb) and Their Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Hinatsu Yukio , Doi Yoshihiro
Published: August 2014

Ln3SbO7 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm—Gd, Dy) are prepared by dissolving Sb2O3 in conc.
ChemInform Abstract: Rich Structural Chemistry in Scandium Selenium/Tellurium Oxides: Mixed‐Valent Selenite—Selenates, Sc2(SeO3)2(SeO4) and Sc2(TeO3)(SeO3)(SeO4), and Ternary Tellurite, Sc2(TeO3)3.
Authors: Song Seung Yoon , Lee Dong Woo , Ok Kang Min
Published: August 2014

The new compounds (III), (VI), and (VIII) are characterized by single crystal XRD, vibrational, and UV/VIS spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Routes to Cu2ZnSnS4: A Comparison of Approaches to Bulk and Thin‐Film Materials.
Authors: Kociok‐Koehn Gabriele , Molloy Kieran C. , Sudlow Anna L.
Published: August 2014

In view of the preparation of thin film Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) photovoltaic cells, various metalorganic precursors (22 examples) are prepared as exemplified for the xanthates (III), (V), (VIII) and the dithiocarbamates (XI)—(XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Urea‐Based Porous Organic Frameworks: Effective Supports for Catalysis in Neat Water.
Authors: Li Liuyi , Chen Zhilin , Zhong Hong , Wang Ruihu
Published: August 2014

Two urea‐based porous organic frameworks are synthesized through an urea‐forming condensation of benzenetriisocyanate with 1,4‐diaminobenzene and benzidine, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiodifferentiating [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Cyclohexenone Carboxylic Acid with Ethylene Using 8‐Phenylmenthyl Amine as a Chiral Template.
Authors: Yanagisawa Yuuki , Nishiyama Yasuhiro , Tanimoto Hiroki , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: August 2014

An increased enantiomeric excess of 21% could be achieved by the selective excitation of a chiral substrate‐template supramolecular complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise and Scalable Asymmetric Synthesis of 5‐(1‐Amino‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)thiazolo[3,2‐b][1,2,4]triazoles.
Authors: Mei Haibo , Xiong Yiwen , Xie Chen , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric Mannich‐type addition between C5‐lithiated heterocycles (I) and enantiopure aldimine (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Four‐Component Domino Protocol for the Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyranopyrazoles and Chromenopyrazoles via Nitroketene‐N,S‐acetal Chemistry under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Jayabal Kamalraja , Paramasivan Thirumalai Perumal
Published: August 2014

A simple one‐pot protocol for the condensation/Knoevenagel reaction/Michael addition/annulation sequence of aldehydes (I) with hydrazines, ethyl acetoacetate and nitroketene‐N,S‐acetal (IV) to give pyranopyrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Diversity‐Oriented Three‐ and Five‐Component Synthesis of Mono‐ and Dipropargylic Amines via Coupling of Alkynes, α‐Amino Esters and Aldehydes.
Authors: Sharma Nandini , Sharma Upendra K. , Mishra Nigam M. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: August 2014

A simple protocol for the synthesis of mono‐propargylic amines (IV), (VI), (VIII), (XI), and (XIV) as well as symmetrical dipropargylic amines (XV) from α‐amino esters, aldehydes or ketones, and alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective and Direct Functionalization of Methyl Benzyl Ethers and Unsymmetrical Dibenzyl Ethers by Using Iron Trichloride.
Authors: Sawama Yoshinari , Goto Ryota , Nagata Saori , Shishido Yuko , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: August 2014

For the first time azidation, alkynylation, and cyanation with methoxy and benzyloxy functionalities as leaving groups is presented using FeCl3 as inexpensive catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones Catalyzed by Half‐Sandwich Manganese(I) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Zheng Jianxia , Elangovan Saravanakumar , Valyaev Dmitry A. , Brousses Remy , Cesar Vincent , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Darcel Christophe , Lugan Noel , Lavigne Guy
Published: August 2014

The reduction of the dicarbonyl compound (IIId) to (IVd) is accompanied by formation of the corresponding diol, whereas no diol is detectable in the reaction of the aldehyde (IIIf).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐Bis(2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole Ligands and Their Cu(I) Complexes for Sonogashira Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Lin Cai‐Xia , Zhu Jia‐Fang , Li Qing‐Shan , Ao Li‐Hua , Jin Yan‐Juan , Xu Feng‐Bo , Hu Fang‐Zhong , Yuan Yao‐Feng
Published: August 2014

Reactions performed in the presence of the ligand MOD succeed with slightly higher yields than the ones performed in the presence of ligand HOD.
ChemInform Abstract: Sugar Amide‐Pyrrolidine Catalyst for the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Kumar Togapur Pavan , Balaji Sirinyam Venugopal
Published: August 2014

Novel furano sugar‐amide derivatives are developed and used as catalyst for the asymmetric aldol condensation of cyclic ketones and acetone with nitrostyrenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrobromic Acid‐Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Type Reactions of Naphthols.
Authors: Xu Cong , Yuan Hongjuan , Liu Yingjie , Wang Mang , Liu Qun
Published: August 2014

An unique catalytic activity of HBr in hydroxyalkylation and allylation—iodocyclization reactions of naphthols is established.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Sequential Annulation Domino Reaction: Rapid Construction of Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptene Skeletons
Authors: Zheng Jie , Huang You , Li Zhengming
Published: August 2014

from dienic sulfones (I) and MBH carbonate (II)
ChemInform Abstract: An Imidazoline—Aminophenol (IAP) Nickel Catalyst: Structure and Catalytic Activity in the Enantioselective 1,4‐Addition of 3′‐Indolyl‐3‐oxindoles to Nitroethylene.
Authors: Awata Atsuko , Wasai Makiko , Masu Hyuma , Kado Sayaka , Arai Takayoshi
Published: August 2014

The title catalyst is successfully applied in asymmetric 1,4‐addition of 3′‐indolyl‐3‐oxidole to nitroethylene.
ChemInform Abstract: The Carbomethylation of Arylacrylamides Leading to 3‐Ethyl‐3‐substituted Indolin‐2‐one by Cascade Radical Addition/Cyclization.
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yu Jintao , Jiang Yan , Guo Songjin , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang
Published: August 2014

The title reaction involves a sequential methyl radical addition followed by an intramolecular cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Fused Pyrroles Through a Key Gold‐Catalysis‐Triggered Cascade.
Authors: Zheng Zhitong , Tu Huangfei , Zhang Liming
Published: August 2014

The title two‐step one‐pot synthesis is realized by condensing under mild basic conditions followed by a Au‐catalyzed cascade reaction involving [3.3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Fine‐Tunable Tris(triazolyl)methane Ligands for Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide—Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Ozkal Erhan , Llanes Patricia , Bravo Fernando , Ferrali Alessandro , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: August 2014

Among all tested complexes, the complex CUC is very active in different solvents and tolerates a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Aminoxanthones by an Uncatalyzed, Multicomponent Reaction.
Authors: Bornadiego Ana , Diaz Jesus , Marcos Carlos F.
Published: August 2014

The facile one‐pot three‐component reaction of chromones, isocyanides, and maleimides or maleic anhydride efficiently provides 4‐aminooxanthones via a tandem [4 + 1] plus [4 + 2] cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Acrylic Acids with Unsaturated Oxime Esters: Carboxylic Acids Serve as Traceless Activators.
Authors: Neely Jamie M. , Rovis Tomislav
Published: August 2014

The method profits from the carboxylic acid as a traceless activating group to afford a wide range of substituted pyridines with complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Isoquinuclidines Through an Aza‐[4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Chiral Cyclic 2‐Amidodienes.
Authors: Fang Li‐Chao , Hsung Richard P.
Published: August 2014

The aza‐Diels—Alder reaction of chiral 2‐(oxazolinyl) substituted cyclohexadienes with N‐sulfonyl aldimines is studied with respect to exo/endo‐ and enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyridazines from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates and Diazo Compounds.
Authors: Mao Haibin , Lin Aijun , Tang Zhongkai , Hu Hongwen , Zhu Chengjian , Cheng Yixiang
Published: August 2014

The title reaction proceeds via allylic alkylation and intramolecular diaza‐Wittig processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Site‐Differentiated Polyboron Arenes Prepared by Direct C—H Borylation and Their Highly Selective Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Xu Liang , Ding Siyi , Li Pengfei
Published: August 2014

The method offers an access to di‐ and polyboron‐substituted (hetero)arenes which are chemoselectively transformed in consecutive Suzuki‐Miyaura cross coupling reactions to a variety of multifunctionalized (hetero)arenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Chemoselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of (1‐Bromo‐1‐alkenyl)boronic Esters with Iridium—P^N Complexes.
Authors: Roseblade Stephen J. , Smilovic Ivana Gazic , Casar Zdenko
Published: August 2014

A new methodology for the synthesis of the rarely described title compounds (I) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Sodium Arylsulfinates with H‐Phosphonate Diesters.
Authors: Miao Tao , Wang Lei
Published: August 2014

Sodium arylsulfinates are used as aryl source in Pd‐catalyzed C‐P cross‐coupling reactions for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed trans‐Selective Hydrostannation of Alkynes.
Authors: Rummelt Stephan M. , Fuerstner Alois
Published: August 2014

The methodology is also applied to molecules bearing a terminal alkyne as well as an internal alkyne functionality showing moderate to high selectivity for hydrostannation of the terminal over the internal alkyne moiety depending on the substituents of the latter.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Hydroxy‐γ‐lactones as Nucleophiles in the Nicholas Reaction for the Synthesis of Oxepene Rings. Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Isolaurepinnacin (I) and (+)‐Rogioloxepane A (II).
Authors: Rodriguez‐Lopez Julio , Ortega Nuria , Martin Victor S. , Martin Tomas
Published: August 2014

The key steps consist of an intermolecular Nicholas reaction with a β‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactone as a nucleophile and a ring closing metathesis reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvothermal Synthesis of the Defect Pyrochlore KNbWO6·H2O and Its Application in Pb2+ Removal.
Authors: Han Yong Nam , Jiao Shihui , Xu Man , Pang Guangsheng , Feng Shouhua
Published: August 2014

The octahedral defect pyrochlore KNbWO6·H2O is prepared by a two‐step solvothermal process starting with a mixture of KOH and Nb2O5 (H2O, autoclave, 180 °C, 2 d) to form a solution of K8Nb6O19 which is then dissolved in octanol and mixed with H2WO4 (pH 7.2 adjusted with HCl, autoclave, 220 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Size‐ and Structure‐Specificity in Catalysis by Gold Clusters
Authors: Taketoshi Ayako , Haruta Masatake
Published: August 2014

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Based Tuning of Luminescence in MOFs and Dense Frameworks — From Mono‐ and Multimetal Systems to Sensors and Films
Authors: Meyer L. V. , Schoenfeld F. , Mueller‐Buschbaum K.
Published: August 2014

Review: [122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Coordination Chemistry of Substituted Anthraquinones: Developments and Applications
Authors: Langdon‐Jones Emily E. , Pope Simon J. A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Chemical Synthesis of Artemisinin
Authors: Wang Zhonglei , Yang Liyan , Yang Xiuwei , Zhang Xiaohua
Published: August 2014

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Cross‐Coupling of Alkenes
Authors: Greenhalgh Mark D. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: August 2014

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry of Selected Antitubercular Natural Products and Natural Product Derivatives
Authors: Mahajan Aman , Hans Renate , Chibale Kelly , Kumar Vipan
Published: August 2014

Review: [214 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbonylative Diversification of Unactivated Heteroaromatic Compounds.
Authors: Lang Rui , Xia Chungu , Li Fuwei
Published: August 2014

Review: [21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Adventures in Corrole Features by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Studies
Authors: Iglesias Bernardo A. , Barata Joana F. B. , Ramos Catarina I. V. , Santana‐Marques M. Graca , Neves M. Graca P. M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: August 2014

Review: [141 refs.
Design and implementation of a model‐based PI‐like control scheme in a reset configuration for stable single‐loop systems
Authors: Pathiran Arun R. , Prakash Jagadeesan
Published: August 2014

This article draws its motivation from classical model‐based controller design methods, such as Direct Synthesis (DS) and Internal Model Control (IMC) methods, and develops a model‐based PI‐like control scheme for stable systems. The proposed control scheme has been realized in a reset configuration. Furthermore, the control scheme has a tuning parameter, and its control action resembles a PI‐like controller. The proposed scheme shows improved performance as compared to that of IMC, Skogestad‐IMC‐PI, and Skogestad‐IMC‐PID control schemes. In addition, an automated approach to designing this scheme is proposed. The efficacy of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated via experimental evaluation on a computer‐interfaced pilot‐scale two‐tank system.
Triphenylamine Groups Improve Blocking Behavior of Phenoxazine Dyes in Cobalt‐Electrolyte‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hao Yan , Tian Haining , Cong Jiayan , Yang Wenxing , Bora Ilkay , Sun Licheng , Boschloo Gerrit , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: August 2014

Novel phenoxazine dyes are successfully introduced as sensitizers into dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with cobalt‐based electrolyte. In sensitizers with triphenylamine (TPA) groups recombination from electrons in the TiO2 conduction band to the cobalt(III) species is suppressed. The effect of the steric properties of the phenoxazine sensitizers on the overall device performance and on recombination and regeneration processes is compared. Optimized DSCs sensitized with IB2 having two TPA groups in combination with tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl) cobalt(II/III) yield efficiencies of 6.3 %, similar to that of IB3, which is equipped with mutiple alkoxy groups. TH310 with only one TPA group gives lower efficiency and open circuit voltage, while IB1 without TPA groups performs even worse. These results demonstrate that both TPA groups on the IB2 are needed for an efficient blocking effect. These results reveal a possible new role for TPA units in DSC sensitizer design.
Direct Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Butyric Acid to n‐Butanol over a Ruthenium–Tin Bimetallic Catalyst
Authors: Lee Jong‐Min , Upare Pravin P. , Chang Jong‐San , Hwang Young Kyu , Lee Jeong Ho , Hwang Dong Won , Hong Do‐Young , Lee Seung Hwan , Jeong Myung‐Geun , Kim Young Dok , Kwon Young‐Uk
Published: August 2014

Catalytic hydrogenation of organic carboxylic acids and their esters, for example, cellulosic ethanol from fermentation of acetic acid and hydrogenation of ethyl acetate is a promising possibility for future biorefinery concepts. A hybrid conversion process based on selective hydrogenation of butyric acid combined with fermentation of glucose has been developed for producing biobutanol. ZnO‐supported Ru–Sn bimetallic catalysts exhibits unprecedentedly superior performance in the vapor‐phase hydrogenation of biomass‐derived butyric acid to n‐butanol (>98 % yield) for 3500 h without deactivation.
Design of a Metal‐Promoted Oxide Catalyst for the Selective Synthesis of Butadiene from Ethanol
Authors: Sushkevich Vitaly L. , Ivanova Irina I. , Ordomsky Vitaly V. , Taarning Esben
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of buta‐1,3‐diene from ethanol has been studied over metal‐containing (M=Ag, Cu, Ni) oxide catalysts (MOx=MgO, ZrO2, Nb2O5, TiO2, Al2O3) supported on silica. Kinetic study of a wide range of ethanol conversions (2–90 %) allowed the main reaction pathways leading to butadiene and byproducts to be determined. The key reaction steps of butadiene synthesis were found to involve ethanol dehydrogenation, acetaldehyde condensation, and the reduction of crotonaldehyde with ethanol into crotyl alcohol. Catalyst design included the selection of active components for each key reaction step and merging of these components into multifunctional catalysts and adjusting the catalyst functions to achieve the highest selectivity. The best catalytic performance was achieved over the Ag/ZrO2/SiO2 catalyst, which showed the highest selectivity towards butadiene (74 mol %).
A Combinatorial Approach towards Water‐Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Carbon Dioxide Separation
Authors: Hu Zhigang , Zhang Kang , Zhang Mei , Guo Zhengang , Jiang Jianwen , Zhao Dan
Published: August 2014

A library of 20 UiO‐66‐derived metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is synthesized in a combinatorial approach involving mixed ligand copolymerization and two post‐synthetic modifications (PSMs) in tandem. Mixed ligand co‐polymerization of benzene‐1,4‐dicarboxylic acid (BDC) and sodium 2‐sulfoterephthalate (SS‐BDC) with zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) was used to prepare 5 groups of MOFs with the same UiO‐66 topology but differing amounts of sulfate groups. These MOFs exhibit excellent water stabilities in a pH range of 1 to 12, together with high CO2 uptake capacities and selectivities.
Enhanced axon outgrowth and improved long‐distance axon regeneration in sprouty2 deficient mice
Authors: Marvaldi Letizia , Thongrong Sitthisak , Kozłowska Anna , Irschick Regina , Pritz Christian O. , Bäumer Bastian , Ronchi Giulia , Geuna Stefano , Hausott Barbara , Klimaschewski Lars
Published: August 2014

Sprouty (Spry) proteins are negative feedback inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Downregulation of Spry2 has been demonstrated to promote elongative axon growth of cultured peripheral and central neurons. Here, we analyzed Spry2 global knockout mice with respect to axon outgrowth in vitro and peripheral axon regeneration in vivo. Neurons dissociated from adult Spry2 deficient sensory ganglia revealed stronger extracellular signal‐regulated kinase activation and enhanced axon outgrowth. Prominent axon elongation was observed in heterozygous Spry2+/− neuron cultures, whereas homozygous Spry2−/− neurons predominantly exhibited a branching phenotype. Following sciatic nerve crush, Spry2+/− mice recovered faster in motor but not sensory testing paradigms (Spry2−/− mice did not tolerate anesthesia required for nerve surgery). We attribute the improvement in the rotarod test to higher numbers of myelinated fibers in the regenerating sciatic nerve, higher densities of motor endplates in hind limb muscles and increased levels of GAP‐43 mRNA, a downstream target of extracellular regulated kinase signaling. Conversely, homozygous Spry2−/− mice revealed enhanced mechanosensory function (von Frey's test) that was accompanied by an increased innervation of the epidermis, elevated numbers of nonmyelinated axons and more IB4‐positive neurons in dorsal root ganglia. The present results corroborate the functional significance of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling inhibitors for axon outgrowth during development and nerve regeneration and propose Spry2 as a novel potential target for pharmacological inhibition to accelerate long‐distance axon regeneration in injured peripheral nerves. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 217–231, 2015
Can phenotypic rescue from harvest refuges buffer wild sheep from selective hunting?
Authors: Pelletier Fanie , Festa‐Bianchet Marco , Jorgenson Jon T. , Feder Chiarastella , Hubbs Anne
Published: August 2014

Human harvests can unwittingly drive evolution on morphology and life history, and these selective effects may be detrimental to the management of natural resources. Although theory suggests that harvest refuges, as sources of unselected animals, could buffer the effects of human exploitation on wild populations, few studies have assessed their efficiency. We analyzed records from >7000 trophy bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis) harvested in Alberta, Canada, between 1974 and 2011 to investigate if the movement of rams from refuges toward harvested areas reduced the effects of selective harvesting on horn size through phenotypic rescue. Rams taken near refuges had horns on average about 3% longer than rams shot far from refuges and were slightly older, suggesting migration from refuges into hunted areas. Rams from areas adjacent to and far from harvest refuges, however, showed similar declines in horn length and increases in age at harvest over time, indicating a decreasing rate of horn growth. Our study suggests that the influx of rams from refuges is not sufficient to mitigate the selective effects of sheep trophy harvest. Instead, we suggest that selective hunting of highly mobile animals may affect the genetic structure of populations that spend part of the year inside protected areas.
o‐Oxazolinyl‐ and o‐Thiazolinylphenol as Antennae in Luminescent EuIII and TbIII Complexes
Authors: Akerboom Sebastiaan , Hazenberg E. Tom , Schrader Ireen , Verbeek Sarah F. , Mutikainen Ilpo , Fu Wen Tian , Bouwman Elisabeth
Published: August 2014

Europium(III) and terbium(III) complexes have been prepared using the ligands 2‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenol (HL1) and 2‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl)phenol (HL2) in yields ranging between 74 and 100 %. Metal‐to‐ligand ratios of 1:3 and 1:4 can be achieved, giving rise to compounds with the formulae [Ln2(L)6] and NR4[Ln(L)4], Ln = Eu, Tb. Recrystallisation of the complexes from DMSO resulted in the formation of octanuclear complexes [Na2(Ln(L1)3)2(CO3)(DMSO)2]2 held tightly together by carbonate ions that have been formed from CO2 from the atmosphere. Five structures have been determined, showing a bidentate binding mode of the ligand through the phenolate oxygen and the nitrogen atom of the five‐membered ring. Most terbium compounds show bright luminescence upon excitation with near‐UV radiation, with quantum yields of 16 % to 79 %. Strong emission is observed for NBu4[Eu(L1)4] and NEt4[Eu(L2)4] with quantum yields of 43 % and 20 %, respectively.
Managing one's social identity: Successful and unsuccessful identity management
Authors: Martiny Sarah E. , Kessler Thomas
Published: August 2014

This work explores the motivational dynamics of social identity management. Following social identity theory, we hypothesized that a threat to a positive social identity elicits specific negative emotions (i.e., outgroup‐directed anger) and motivates identity management. Successful identity management restores a positive social identity and decreases outgroup‐directed anger. However, when a successful identity management is blocked (e.g., because of limited cognitive resources), identity management will be unsuccessful and outgroup‐directed anger will remain at a higher level. This effect of unsuccessful identity management on outgroup‐directed anger should be particularly strong for group members who highly value their group (i.e., high group‐based self‐esteem). A negative comparison outcome is discrepant with these group members' positive view of the ingroup, and therefore, unsuccessful identity management should especially elicit negative emotions (i.e., anger) towards the threatening outgroup. Two studies tested these predictions. Study 1 (N = 110) showed that participants' outgroup‐directed anger increased when threatened under cognitive load. Study 2 (N = 99) demonstrated that this was particularly true for participants high in group‐based self‐esteem. The results' implications for research on the motivational processes underlying social identity management are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of 5‐fluorouracil and 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide in vivo genotoxicity with Pig‐a mutation and micronucleus endpoints
Authors: Zhou Changhui , Zhang Min , Huang Pengcheng , Tu Honggang , Wang Zheng , Dertinger Stephen D. , Torous Dorothea K. , Chang Yan
Published: August 2014

Genotoxicity assessments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats treated with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and 4‐nitroquinoline‐1–oxide (4NQO) as part of an international validation trial of the Pig‐a mutant phenotype assay. Rats were orally exposed to 0, 11.5, 23, or 46 mg/kg/day 5‐FU for three consecutive days (Days 1–3); blood was sampled on Days −1, 4, 15, 29, and 45. Pig‐a mutant phenotype reticulocyte (RETCD59−) and mutant phenotype erythrocyte (RBCCD59−) frequencies were determined on Days −1, 15, 29, and 45, and percent micronucleated reticulocytes (%MN‐RET) were measured on Day 4. Rats were treated with 4NQO for 28 consecutive days by oral gavage, at doses of 1.5, 3, or 6 mg/kg/day. RBCCD59− and RETCD59− frequencies were determined on Days −1, 15, and 29, and MN‐RET were quantified on Day 29. Whereas 5‐FU was found to increase %MN‐RET, no significant increases were observed for RBCCD59− or RETCD59− at any of the time points studied. The high dose of 4NQO (6 mg/kg/day) was observed to markedly increase RBCCD59− and RETCD59− frequencies, and this same dose level caused a weak but significantly elevated increase in MN‐RET (approximately twofold). Collectively, the results provide additional support for the combination of Pig‐a mutation and MN‐RET into acute and 28‐day repeat‐dose studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:735–740, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatty acid desaturase 1 gene polymorphisms control human hepatic lipid composition
Authors: Wang Libo , Athinarayanan Shaminie , Jiang Guanglong , Chalasani Naga , Zhang Min , Liu Wanqing
Published: August 2014

Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes and their variants have been associated with multiple metabolic phenotypes, including liver enzymes and hepatic fat accumulation, but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to delineate the role of FADSs in modulating lipid composition in human liver. We performed a targeted lipidomic analysis of a variety of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and ceramides among 154 human liver tissue samples. The associations between previously genome‐wide association studies (GWASs)‐identified six FADS single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and these lipid levels as well as total hepatic fat content (HFC) were tested. The potential function of these SNPs in regulating transcription of three FADS genes (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) in the locus was also investigated. We found that though these SNPs were in high linkage disequilibrium (r
2 > 0.8), the rare alleles of these SNPs were consistently and significantly associated with the accumulation of multiple long‐chain fatty acids (LCFAs), with C47H85O13P (C36:4), a phosphatidylinositol (PI), and C43H80O8PN (C38:3), a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), reached the Bonferroni corrected significance (P < 3 × 10−4). Meanwhile, these SNPs were significantly associated with increased ratios between the more saturated and relatively less saturated forms of LCFAs, especially between PEs, PIs, and phosphatidylcholines (PCs; P ≤ 3.5 × 10−6). These alleles were also associated with increased total HFC (P < 0.05). Further analyses revealed that these alleles were associated with decreased hepatic expression of FADS1 (P = 0.0018 for rs174556), but not FADS2 or FADS3 (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings revealed critical insight into the mechanism underlying FADS1 and its polymorphisms in modulating hepatic lipid deposition by altering gene transcription and controlling lipid composition in human livers. (Hepatology 2015;61:119–128)
Retinoic acid signaling in cancer: The parable of acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ablain Julien , de Thé Hugues
Published: August 2014

Inevitably fatal some 40 years, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can now be cured in more than 95% of cases. This clinical success story is tightly linked to tremendous progress in our understanding of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. The discovery of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) was followed by the cloning of the chromosomal translocations driving APL, all of which involve RARA. Since then, new findings on the biology of nuclear receptors have progressively enlightened the basis for the clinical efficacy of RA in APL. Reciprocally, the disease offered a range of angles to approach the cellular and molecular mechanisms of RA action. This virtuous circle contributed to make APL one of the best‐understood cancers from both clinical and biological standpoints. Yet, some important questions remain unanswered including how lessons learnt from RA‐triggered APL cure can help design new therapies for other malignancies.
A prognosis based classification of undifferentiated uterine sarcomas: Identification of mitotic index, hormone receptors and YWHAE‐FAM22 translocation status as predictors of survival
Authors: Gremel Gabriela , Liew Markus , Hamzei Farzaneh , Hardell Elin , Selling Jonas , Ghaderi Mehran , Stemme Sten , Pontén Fredrik , Carlson Joseph W.
Published: August 2014

Undifferentiated uterine sarcomas (UUS) are rare tumors with a heterologous biology and a poor prognosis. The goal of this study was to examine clinicopathology, biomarkers and YWHAE‐FAM22 translocation status, in the prognosis of these tumors. Twenty‐six cases of UUS were included. All original slides were rereviewed and age at diagnosis, tumor stage, “Kurihara” diagnosis, mitotic index, presence of necrosis and grade of nuclear atypia were recorded. Additionally, a tissue microarray was constructed from 22 of the cases, and the protein biomarkers P53, P16, Ki‐67, Cyclin‐D1, ER, PR and ANLN were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. All tumors were evaluated for the presence of a YWHAE‐FAM translocation; the translocation was demonstrated in the three Cyclin‐D1 positive tumors. Follow‐up data in the form of overall survival were available on all patients. These tumors could be divided into two prognostic groups, a high mitotic index group (10 cases, M = 36.8, SD = 5.4) and a low mitotic index group (16 cases, M = 8.7, SD = 5.8). These two groups showed a statistically significant difference in prognosis. The expression of ER, PR or presence of the YWHAE‐FAM22 translocation correlated with low mitotic index and an additionally improved prognosis, although the number of cases was small. These results indicate that UUS can be divided into two prognostic groups using mitotic index as a primary criteria, followed by expression of either ER, PR or the presence of a YWHAE‐FAM22 translocation as a secondary criteria. This study demonstrates the presence of statistically significant prognostic subgroups within UUS, and provides treatment insights.
Effects of the exercise‐inducible myokine irisin on malignant and non‐malignant breast epithelial cell behavior in vitro
Authors: Gannon Nicholas P. , Vaughan Roger A. , Garcia‐Smith Randi , Bisoffi Marco , Trujillo Kristina A.
Published: August 2014

Exercise has been shown to reduce risk and improve prognosis of several types of cancers. Irisin is a myokine linked to exercise and lean body mass, which is thought to favorably alter metabolism systemically, potentially providing benefit for metabolic disease (including cancer). We evaluated the effects of various concentrations of irisin (with and without post‐translational modifications) on malignant and non‐malignant breast epithelial cell number, migration and viability. Irisin significantly decreased cell number, migration and viability in malignant MDA‐MB‐231 cells, without affecting non‐malignant MCF‐10a cells. Moreover, irisin enhanced the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin (Dox) when added to a wide spectrum of irisin concentrations in the malignant cell type (with simultaneous reduction in Dox uptake), which was not observed in non‐malignant MCF‐10a cells. Additionally, we found that irisin decreases malignant cell viability in part through stimulation of caspase activity leading to apoptotic death. Interestingly, we found that irisin suppresses NFκB activation, an opposite effect of other myokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). Our observations suggest that irisin may offer therapeutic benefits for breast cancer prevention and treatment possibly through an anti‐inflammatory response, induction of apoptotic cell death, or through enhanced tumor sensitivity to common antineoplastic agents such as Dox.
Lentiviral‐mediated silencing of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin promotes anatomical plasticity and functional recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Desclaux Mathieu , Perrin Florence E. , Do‐Thi Anh , Prieto‐Cappellini Monica , Gimenez y Ribotta Minerva , Mallet Jacques , Privat Alain
Published: August 2014

In spinal cord injury (SCI), absence of functional recovery and lack of spontaneous axonal regeneration are attributed, among other factors, to the formation of a glial scar that forms both physical and chemical barriers. The glial scar is composed mainly of reactive astrocytes that overexpress two intermediate filament proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (VIM). To promote regeneration and sprouting of spared axons after spinal cord trauma and with the objective of translation to clinics, we designed an original in vivo gene transfer strategy to reduce glial scar formation after SCI, based on the RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated inhibition of GFAP and VIM. We first show that direct injection of lentiviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against GFAP and VIM in a mouse model of SCI allows efficient and specific targeting of astrocytes. We then demonstrate that the lentiviral‐mediated and stable expression of shGFAP and shVIM leads to a strong reduction of astrogliosis, improves functional motor recovery, and promotes axonal regrowth and sprouting of spared axons. This study thus examplifies how the nonneuronal environment might be a major target within the lesioned central nervous system to promote axonal regeneration (and sprouting) and validates the use of lentiviral‐mediated RNAi in SCI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.