bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLASMA ANDROGENS IN WOMEN
Authors: Dignam W. J. , Pion R. J. , Lamb E. J. , Simmer H. H.
Published: December 2008

Plasma levels of conjugated DHEA, conjugated androsterone (modified method of Migeon & Plager) and testosterone (method of Finkelstein et al.) were determined in a group of 20 patients with polycystic ovaries and hirsutism or virilism, before and after intravenous HCG stimulation and ACTH-suppression with dexamethasone.

Mean values for testosterone, conjugated DHEA and androsterone were.34 ±.24 μg/100 ml, 50.9 ± 28.3 μg/100 ml and 31.4 ± 19.4 μg/100 ml respectively, all significantly higher than levels found in normal women. In all, but 3 cases, testosterone values were above the 2-sigma range of normal women in contrast to the frequent overlapping observed for conjugated DHEA and androsterone.

HCG stimulation led to a significant rise in the mean value of testosterone (.61 ±.22 μg/100 ml) but little change was seen in those of the conjugates.

While dexamethasone caused a marked decrease of testosterone in only 2 patients, it led to a pronounced fall in DHEA values and a lesser but significant drop in androsterone concentrations in most patients.

In patients with a unilateral polycystic or with bilateral polycystic ovaries but without hirsutism or virilism similar values were noted.

Two patients with arrhenoblastomas, 4 patients with adrenal disorders and 13 patients with hirsutism of unknown origin were studied and their findings presented.

All patients with hirsutism or virilism had a higher mean value of testosterone than did normal women. The testosterone levels did not parallel the severity, although a correlation did seem to exist in the mildly and moderately hirsute patients.

Plasma androgen determinations in general and plasma testosterone studies, in particular, while helpful in elucidating the clinical manifestations of masculinization do not allow the investigator to differentiate an adrenal from an ovarian source. Adjunctive studies, utilizing HCG and dexamethasone, are helpful, but not conclusive.
FAILURE TO INDUCE DECIDUAL CELL REACTION IN LACTOGENIC HORMONE TREATED AND PSEUDOPREGNANT RATS
Authors: Herlyn U. , Geller H. F. , von Berswordt-Wallrabe Ilse
Published: December 2008

The decidual cell reaction (DCR) was studied in intact rats under influence of exogenous and/or endogenous (by induction of pseudopregnancy) lactogenic hormone (LGH).

No or a very small DCR occurred in rats traumatized on day 6 of the experiment after 5 days of LGH treatment, starting at the time of late vaginal oestrus, or after 5 days of pseudopregnancy, induced by glass rod stimulation during vaginal oestrus. All the rats, killed on day 10, had ovaries with active corpora lutea.

The absence of DCR after trauma on day 6 is due to a temporal factor, which prevents the endometrium reacting even in presence of active corpora lutea.
ISOLIERUNG OESTROGENER STEROIDE AUS KÖRPERFLÜSSIGKEITEN LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHER NUTZTIERE DURCH MIKROSUBLIMATION
Authors: Rommel P.
Published: December 2008

From the chromogenic compounds, being highly concentrated after separation, we got (by repeated column-chromatographic rectification with Al2O3 and fractionation of the resulting extracts, as well as by reiterate transsublimation of the crystalline residues) crystals, the shapes of which were typical of the different oestrogenic fractions (oestrone, 17α-oestradiol and 17β-oestradiol). They were identified by microscopical determination of their melting points.

We succeeded in isolating

oestrone and 17β-oestradiol from the urine of pregnant mares,

oestrone from the urine of highly pregnant cows and pregnant sows,

oestrone and 17α-oestradiol from the amniotic liquor of the cow,

oestrone from the amniotic liquor of swine, and

oestrone from the urine and the bile of pig-foetuses.
EFFECTS OF CERTAIN HORMONES ON THE METABOLISM OF BULL SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Mounib M. Said
Published: December 2008

17β-Oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone, PMS and HCG were tested for their possible effects on the metabolism of washed bull spermatozoa when incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium at 37° C.

Steroid hormones suppressed the oxygen uptake of the spermatozoa, and this was particularly evident with progesterone and testosterone the addition of which led also to a rise in substrate (glucose and pyruvate) utilization and in lactate production. Steroid hormones (1 mg/4 ml suspension) produced their effects when they were added to the medium as crystals or after they had been dissolved in propylene glycol, but more effectively in the latter case. The anaerobic glycolysis of spermatozoa, however, was not influenced by steroid hormones.

PMS and HCG at the doses used (20 IU/4 ml suspension) did not affect the metabolism of spermatozoa.

The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that steroid hormones may play a direct part in regulating the metabolic pattern of spermatozoa, which may be, in turn, associated with a shift from the epididymal to the ejaculated and then to the capacitated pattern.
17-HYDROXYCORTICOIDS IN MOUSE ADRENAL INCUBATES
Authors: Varon H. H. , Touchstone J. C.
Published: December 2008

Cortisol and a steroid identified tentatively as a 17-hydroxycorticoid are abundant components in adrenal incubates of young male mice but are suppressed after sexual maturation. These data suggest that the mouse adrenal can elaborate large quantities of 17-hydroxycorticoids and that production of these compounds may be inhibited by androgens.
HYPOPHYSEO-ADRENAL FUNCTION IN DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY
Authors: Szücs S. , Csapó G.
Published: December 2008

It has been demonstrated that alterations in the corticotrophin-glucocorticoid system follow the extreme changes in carbohydrate metabolism which occur in diabetic patients. In acidosis and hypoglycaemia there is a transitory pathological increase in the plasma cortisol level and in the urinary 17-OHCS excretion. If the diabetes is satisfactorily controlled – even in labile patients – the average values are normal. In satisfactorily controlled angiopathic patients a pathologically increased hormone production cannot be demonstrated. In the uraemic phase of the Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome the function of the adrenal cortex deteriorates.
EFFECT OF INTRA-AMNIOTIC ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE AND 6-METHYL-17-ACETOXY-PROGESTERONE ON OXYTOCIN-INDUCED LABOUR IN RABBITS
Authors: Fuchs Anna-Riitta
Published: December 2008

Progesterone and 6-methyl-17-acetoxyprogesterone (6-MAP) were injected into the amniotic sacs of pregnant rabbits to investigate whether the latent period of the inhibitory effect on oxytocin-induced labour could be reduced by this route of administration. With intramuscular injection, the latent period was previously found to be 12–24 hours. Five mg progesterone or one mg 6-MAP were injected into each amniotic sac at laparotomy in 124 pregnant rabbits 3–6 hours prior to induction of labour with one unit oxytocin. Induction was attempted at 30 days + 6 hours after mating in all instances. With progesterone the latent period was found to be the same as after intramuscular injection. With 6-MAP the latent period, which after intramuscular injection is longer than that for progesterone, was considerably shortened, particularly if the substance was injected as a microcrystalline suspension. Progesterone in a water-miscible solvent had a shorter latent period than progesterone dissolved in oil, but this was due to an inhibitory effect of the solvent itself. The litter-size was found to be an important factor in determining the time of both spontaneous and induced delivery and also influenced the latent period. Finally, it was found that once uterine contractions had started, inhibition could not be obtained with intra-amniotic administration of progesterone or 6-MAP.
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS ON A PATIENT WITH SIMMONDS'S DISEASE
Authors: Crooke A. C. , Butt W. R. , Palmer R. F. , Morris R. , Morgan D. B.
Published: December 2008

A woman with Simmonds's disease which followed surgical removal of a pituitary tumour was treated with human pituitary follicle stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin.

The treatment had no effect on her metabolic balances of nitrogen or electrolytes but caused a considerable increase in her excretion of oestriol with relatively little change in pregnanediol, a pattern associated with follicular development without ovulation.

Changes in the timing of treatment with gonadotrophins and the addition of other hormones failed to alter this pattern, the nature and causes of which are discussed.
SOME BIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON OESTRANOLONES
Authors: Chen Chiadao , Suszko Irena M.
Published: December 2008

Three synthetic oestran-17β-ol-3-ones acetate (I: 5α, 10α; II: 5β, 10β; and III: 5α, 10β) were subjected to vaginal smear, uterine weight and chick comb assay procedures. The evidence seems to indicate that these three steroids are classical androgens with only weak or no androgenicity. They are, however, efficient oestrogen and androgen inhibitors.
STUDIES ON THE ACCUMULATION OF FLUOROBORATE IONS IN THE THYROID OF MICE
Authors: Anbar M. , Inbar M.
Published: December 2008

The kinetics of accumulation of fluoroborate 18F in the thyroid of mice were measured and compared with those of iodide. The kinetic behaviour of both ions was found to be identical. These findings corroborate former results on the analogy between the transport of fluoroborate and iodide ions into the thyroid gland.
THE »EARLY-ANDROGEN« SYNDROME; DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO PRE-NATAL AND POST-NATAL ADMINISTRATION OF VARIOUS DOSES OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE IN FEMALE AND MALE RATS
Authors: Swanson H. E. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

The interaction between dose and time of administration of testosterone propionate (TP) on the development of sexual function was studied by giving a single dose of 5, 10, 50 or 500 μg TP to young rats of both sexes on the day of birth (day 1) or on day 2, 4 or 5. The effectiveness of androgen administration before birth was studied by giving a single injection of 2500 μg TP to pregnant rats on day 19 to 22 after conception. Pre-natal administration had no effect on the function of the ovaries of female offspring, although the dose was sufficient to cause masculinization of the external genitalia. The weight of the testes and accessories of the male offspring were not affected.

The effects of post-natal TP administration on ovarian function varied with the dose and with the time of administration. Threshold doses (5 and 10 μg) were more effective the earlier they were given after birth. With these small doses, most of the rats had normal luteinized ovaries at 10 weeks and were able to bear and suckle normal litters. Some time later ovulations ceased so that at 21 weeks they were no longer fertile; at 27 weeks there were no more corpora lutea in the ovaries. In males, a dose of 50 μg of TP or more resulted in permanently reduced weight of testes, seminal vesicles and prostate. The earlier the treatment, the more marked was the depression of weight.

From these results and others reported in the literature the following deductions can be made: (1) the critical period of brain sensitivity to physiological amounts of androgen probably lies between days 4 and 6 (day of birth counted as day 1); (2) a rough estimate of the amount of androgen secreted by the newborn male rat during the critical period would seem to be the equivalent of a single injection of 5–50 μg TP; (3) after the physiological critical period has elapsed a female rat can still be »masculinized« if a high dose of TP is given, up to a period of between 10–20 days after birth.
3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXY-BENZALDEHYD (VANILLIN) ALS METABOLIT VON ADRENALIN UND NORADRENALIN
Authors: Thomas Helmut , Dirscherl Wilhelm
Published: December 2008

After incubation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid, a metabolite of adrenaline and noradrenaline, with rat liver slices and slices of human liver obtained at post mortem, in addition to vanillic acid one intermediary product was detected by paper chromatography. In the system benzene-propionic acid-water (2:2:1) this showed the same RF-value as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (vanillin). In the deproteinized incubation medium the substance was precipitated as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, which after purification and recrystallisation was identified by melting point, absorption spectrum between 220 and 500 mμ, and IR-spectrum as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of vanillin.
EFFECT OF ALLOXAN DIABETES, GLUCOSE FEEDING AND INSULIN ON TRUE ANAPHYLAXIS AND GRANULOMA FORMATION
Authors: Kraus Shirley D.
Published: December 2008

True anaphylaxis was produced in ovomucoid sensitized mice after a 20 day incubation period. The fatal anaphylaxis from a shock dose of egg albumin (I. P.) in normal, untreated and insulin treated diabetic, untreated and insulin treated glucose fed animals was compared. Fatal anaphylaxis did not occur in either diabetic or glucose fed mice unless insulin had been administered 1 hour before the shock dose. The inflammatory response to cotton pellet implantation was measured in normal, untreated and insulin treated diabetic, and glucose fed rats. Granulation tissue formation was significantly depressed by diabetes as well as glucose feeding, and was restored to control values in insulin treated diabetic animals. Thymic involution which was apparent in all diabetic rats did not occur in glucose fed rats. The anti-anaphylactic, anti-inflammatory and thymolytic effects of diabetes strongly suggests adrenal hyperactivity. However, the absence of thymolysis in glucose fed rats implies that glycaemia through some metabolic effect rather than adrenal hyperactivity alters the sensitivity to inflammatory responses.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS ON THE RETENTION OF RADIOACTIVE CALCIUM AND STRONTIUM IN RATS
Authors: Bohr Hans H. , Dawids Steen G.
Published: December 2008

Experiments with adult rats treated with dexamethasone showed a decreased retention of radioactive calcium and strontium as compared with the control animals. In addition a marked reduction in weight was observed probably due to dehydration. In animals which had additional injections of nortestosterone compounds, i. e. Durabolin® and Anadur® respectively, these effects of cortisone were not counteracted although animals treated with nortestosterone compounds alone showed an increased retention of radioactive calcium as compared with the control animals.
THE CONCENTRATION OF UNCONJUGATED OESTRONE AND 17β-OESTRADIOL IN PLASMA DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Svendsen Reiner , Sørensen Borge
Published: December 2008

Free, chloroform extractable oestrone and 17β-oestradiol were determined in plasma samples drawn from pregnant women at different periods of gestation by means of an isotope derivative method. Concentrations of the two oestrogens were generally found to be higher, the later in the pregnancy the samples were taken reaching a maximal level of about 15 μg/1 for oestrone and about 30 μg/1 for 17β-oestradiol between the 28th and the 38th week. Several low levels of the same order of magnitude as found in the middle of the pregnancy were observed towards the termination of pregnancy.
THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF UNCONJUGATED OESTRONE AND 17β-OESTRADIOL DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Svendsen Reiner , Sorensen Børge
Published: December 2008

By a double isotope derivative technique, the content of »free« oestrone and 17β-oestradiol was determined in plasma from normally menstruating women. Through the cycle the concentration of the two hormones was found to range from 0.1–0.3 μg/l, substantially higher values being found only in the middle third of the cycle. Daily determinations around the time of ovulation in a few women showed a short-lasting increase up to 1 μg/l. This increase appears to precede ovulation, and the authors advance the idea that this increase is a contributory cause of ovulation.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION: X.
Authors: Marcus G. J. , Shelesnyak M. C. , Kraicer P. F.
Published: December 2008

Accumulated evidence suggested the occurrence of the following sequence of events in nidation in the rat: An oestrogen-surge, occurring on day L3 of pregnancy, releases histamine in the uterus; the liberated histamine stimulates the progestational endometrium, inducing decidualization. Since an oestrogen-surge occurs also during pseudopregnancy, the same sequelae, culminating in decidualization, are to be invariably expected. The present study was undertaken to determine the basis for the rarity of spontaneous decidualization in the pseudopregnant rat.

Measurement of day to day changes in the histamine content of the rat uterus confirmed the occurrence of histamine-release following the oestrogen-surge of pregnancy. During pseudopregnancy, however, following the histamine decline after oestrus, a high histamine level is not re-established as in pregnancy but the histamine content remains low and no release is observed after the oestrogen-surge of pseudopregnancy. Supplementing the surge oestrogen with exogenous oestradiol or oestriol in doses as great as 40 μg failed to induce a significant degree of decidualization in the pseudopregnant rat, indicating that no significant release of histamine was induced. The rarity of spontaneous decidualization in the pseudopregnant rat therefore is due to the absence of a pool of histamine amenable to release by oestrogen. It is, therefore, apparent that hormonal influences on the uterus are not identical in pseudopregnancy and in pregnancy.
ÜBER GALLENFLUSS UND GALLENZUSAMMENSETZUNG BEI EPINEPHREKTOMIERTEN RATTEN
Authors: Lehmann Hans Dieter , Kölzer Manfred , Grott Winfried
Published: December 2008

Bile was collected by choledochus cannulation in normal and in adrenalectomized rats. The electrolyte balance was maintained by intake of physiological saline. In the adrenalectomized animals the bile potassium level was increased and the sodium level decreased. The bile potassium level greatly exceeded the blood level while the sodium concentration in the bile and in the blood were the same. Bile flow and bilirubin concentration were the same in adrenalectomized as in the control animals. Administration of sodium dehydrocholic acid (100 mg/kg) produced a smaller increase in bile output in adrenalectomized than in non-adrenalectomized animals.
A NEW HEREDITARY DEFECT IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE: URINARY C21-CORTICOSTEROID PATTERN IN THREE RELATED PATIENTS WITH A SALT-LOSING SYNDROME, SUGGESTING AN 18-OXIDATION DEFECT
Authors: Visser Hendrick K. A. , Cost Willem S.
Published: December 2008

Two infants with a salt-losing syndrome were observed. They were 5 and 15 weeks old on admission to the hospital. The four parents of these two patients were related. Another 14 year old child in the same family was seen at the age of 3 weeks in the hospital with the same clinical syndrome. All cases gave a good response to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA). External genitalia were normal; total urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were normal.

The pedigree of the family could be traced back for six generations.

The six parents of the three children with the salt-losing syndrome had the same two great-grandparents five generations back.

Urinary C21-corticosteroid excretion showed a typical pattern in the infants and the 14 year old child. No aldosterone was detectable. There was a considerable increase in the total »B« compounds: corticosterone (B), 11-dehydrocorticosterone (A) and their tetrahydrometabolites (THA, THB,
IN VITRO STIMULATION OF STEROIDOSYNTHESIS IN THE HUMAN OVARY BY HUMAN FSH AND LH
Authors: Kaiser Jürgen
Published: December 2008

Ovarian tissue from a 38 year old woman was incubated with and without FSH-* and LH-preparations from human pituitary glands. Both preparations stimulated the conversion of labelled androstenedione to oestrone and 17β-oestradiol. In both cases this effect was blocked by addition to the incubation medium of serum from rabbits immunized against HCG.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC AND ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF THYROID HORMONES AND SOME IODINE-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Turula K.
Published: December 2008

In order to separate some organic iodine-containing compounds, which elevate the protein-bound iodine in the serum, from the normally occurring thyroid hormones and their derivatives, certain one- and two-dimensional paper chromatographic and electrophoretic systems were used.

Two-dimensional chromatography gave the best in vitro separation and some exogenous iodine-containing substances (iopanoic acid and its sodium salt, diatrizoate sodium, iodochloro-oxyquinoline and benziodarone) were satisfactorily separated from iodide, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which are normally expected to be present in the serum.

A few experiments were carried out on patients who had been subjected to cholecystography after an oral dose of the sodium salt of iopanoic acid (Bilijodon Natrium®, Leo). The two-dimensional chromatography system was combined with the sensitive staining method developed by Gmelin & Virtanen (1959) so that the normal iodide constituents in the serum could be detected from samples of 3–6 ml of serum in all control cases. In the cholecystographied cases, the iopanoic acid was detected as a clear spot.
EVALUATION OF PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION IN CHILDREN
Authors: van der Wal B. , Wiegman T. , Janssen J. F. , Delver A. , de Wied D.
Published: December 2008

The reactivity of the hypothalamico-pituitary-adrenal axis was determined in 48 children, not suffering from any endocrine disorder. The free cortisol (F)- and corticosterone (B) content of plasma was determined in response to ACTH (clinical corticotrophin; A1 peptide), a corticotrophin releaser (lysine vasopressin) and a non specific stimulus (bacterial polysaccharide) as compared to saline.

The two ACTH-preparations infused over one hour in a dose of 5 IU per child elicited a marked increase in both F and B. Lysine vasopressin in a dose of 0.5 IU per year of age similarly infused, exhibited a distinct linear increase in the two circulating cortical steroids, although the effect of this octapeptide was smaller than that of the two ACTH-preparations. Blood pressure was also measured during the infusion with vasopressin or saline. The systolic blood pressure was not significantly affected by vasopressin, but a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure was found. No correlation between the increase in diastolic blood pressure and in blood corticoids in response to vasopressin, was found.

The intravenous administration of a relatively small amount of pyrifer caused a moderate increase in circulating F which was significant only at 4 and 6 hours after the injection of the pyrogen. The B content did not increase significantly above that of saline treated control children, presumably because of the relatively weak corticotrophic activity of the pyrogen under these conditions. A positive linear relation between body temperature and time was found. No correlation between increase in body temperature and increase in circulating F could be demonstrated.
CONCENTRATIONS OF FREE OESTRADIOL, OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL-PRECURSORS IN HUMAN CORD PLASMA AND FOETAL SYSTEMIC VENOUS PLASMA AT TERM
Authors: Andersen H. A. , Bojesen Ejgil , Jensen P. K. , Sørensen Børge
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of free oestradiol and oestrone in umbilical venous plasma and in systemic plasma from the newborn have been determined by a double isotope derivative method. The concentration of free oestradiol and oestrone in the umbilical vein is about 7 μg/100 ml plasma and ten times higher than in the newborn. This difference can account for a 24 hours clearance by the foetus of at least 9–15 mg oestrogen.

In the same plasma samples, concentrations of oestradiol precursors were determined after in vitro conversion to oestradiol by incubation with a microsomal preparation from human full term placenta. Although a significantly lower precursor concentration was found in umbilical vein plasma than in foetal systemic venous plasma, the difference was much too small to account for the oestrogen production in the placenta.
THE EFFECT OF SUBCOMMISSURAL-ORGAN LESIONS ON ALDOSTERONE PRODUCTION IN THE RAT
Authors: Palkovits M. , Monos E. , Fachet J.
Published: December 2008

Twenty-one days after stereotaxic electrocoagulation of the subcommissural organ in rats, determinations of aldosterone production in vitro and histological and karyometric examinations indicated decreased functional activity in the zona glomerulosa and a significant fall in aldosterone production. The existence of a relationship between the subcommissural organ and the functional activity of the zona glomerulosa is postulated. This organ acts on the zone directly, or the action is mediated through the epithalamo-epiphyseal system.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTRADIOL ON CORTISOL SECRETION BY THE ISOLATED DOG ADRENAL
Authors: Cushman Paul , Pulido Miguel A. , Hilton James G.
Published: December 2008

Perfusion of 17β-oestradiol into the arterial circuit of isolated dog adrenal preparation, secreting cortisol at a maximal rate, produced a dose related inhibition of cortisol secretion, significant at the 20 μg and 100 μg dose levels. Perfusion of 100 μg of 17-oestradiol resulted in a similar inhibition of cortisol production of comparable magnitude.

In isolated adrenals prepared in hypophysectomized dogs, secreting cortisol at resting rates, no difference in secretion rates was apparent in animals which had been previously oophorectomized in comparison with those animals with intact ovaries. Following 17β-oestradiol perfusion, the cortisol secretion rates in the oophorectomized animals fell.

No sex differences in the dog were detected in cortisol secretion rates either at resting or at maximal secretory levels.

These studies demonstrate an inhibitory action directly on the dog adrenal cortex of both the 17β and 17α isomers of oestradiol. There was no evidence obtained for an oestradiol stimulatory effect.

Oestrogens may exert a variety of effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. The anatomic site of action as well as the physiological significance of some of these effects are uncertain. Despite numerous studies in several species on the action of oestrogens on this system, many questions remain to be resolved.
HORMONE-SULPHATASE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Pulkkinen M. O. , Hakkarainen H.
Published: December 2008

3β-steroid sulphates are hydrolysed by specific 3β-steroid sulphatase and when they contain an aromatic ring, by arylsulphatases.

The relationships between these sulphatases and two oestrogens, two androgens, thyroxine and four trophic hormones have been studied by injecting the hormones into mice and rats and determining the effect on the levels of arylsulphatase and steroid sulphatase in liver and kidney tissues.

The arylsulphatase type I levels were increased following the administration of 17β-oestradiol and androgens. The renal arylsulphatase type II levels of castrated animals were doubled by androgens. Thyroxine brought about an increase in the liver arylsulphatase type II.

The hormones administered did not measurably alter the levels of specific 3β-steroid sulphatases.

Castration does not alter the arylsulphatase levels in the livers of mice and rats, but lowers the levels of arylsulphatase type II in the kidneys.
THE FATE OF CARBON-19 IN THE COURSE OF OESTROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS FROM TESTOSTERONE-19-14C
Authors: Axelrod Leonard R. , Mattijssen Charles , Rao P. Narasimha , Goldzieher Joseph W.
Published: December 2008

Testosterone-19-14C was incubated with various fractions obtained from placental homogenates. Radioactive formic acid was the major product, and under certain conditions radioactive formaldehyde was also formed. Chemical analysis of formic acid and formaldehyde did not correspond quantitatively with the amount of these radioactive compounds formed. Magnesium and tetrahydrofolic acid were found to inhibit the reaction partially and cyanide produced virtually complete inhibition. Radioactive CO2 was found to be a minor product of the overall reaction. Analysis of methionine, serine and various intermediates of the tetrahydrofolic acid cycle showed that this pathway is not involved in the immediate removal of carbon-19.
3β-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN FOETAL ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Niemi M. , Baillie A. H.
Published: December 2008

3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was studied histochemically in the adrenal cortex of ten human male foetuses, ranging in crownrump length from 3.0 cm to 18.3 cm, with the following steroids:

3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone).

3β,17α-dihydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxypregnenolone).

3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one (DHA).

3β,17β-dihydroxy-androst-5-ene (androstenediol).

3β-sulphoxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (pregnenolone sulphate).

3β-sulphoxy-17α-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone sulphate)

3β-sulphoxy-androst-5-en-17-one (DHAsulphate).

3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (epiandrosterone).

After incubation with pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, DHA and androstenediol a positive histochemical reaction was obtained in the inner part of the »definitive« cortex and throughout the foetal cortex of all adrenals studied. Initially very weak, the reaction became strongly positive about the twelfth week of foetal life.

Pregnenolone sulphate and 17α-hydroxypregnenolong sulphate also gave a histochemical reaction in all the adrenals investigated, but DHA sulphate differed significantly from the free steroid by giving a very poor reaction.

Formazan deposition followed incubation with epiandrosterone in all adrenals used and this may imply that a δ5 configuration is not necessary for enzyme-substrate binding.
SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A POTENT FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE PREPARATION
Authors: Papkoff Harold
Published: December 2008

A preparation of ovine follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which is approximately 50 times as active as NIH-FSH-S1 has been tested in hypophysectomized male and female rats and found to be a potent steroidogenic factor. Contamination of the FSH preparation with interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH, LH) was found to be very low (0.006–0.016 unit/mg) and could not account for the observed activity. In addition, treatment of the FSH preparation with 6 m urea and neuraminidase indicates that the steroidogenic activity is either an intrinsic property of the FSH molecule or a discrete entity which differs chemically from ICSH.
URINARY EXCRETION OF 131I COMPOUNDS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF 131I THYROXINE
Authors: Blomstedt B.
Published: December 2008

The excretion of radioiodine and radiothyroxine in the urine after intravenous administration of 131I-thyroxine was studied in euthyroid patients. The excretion of radioactivity during 12 days ranged from 42.8 to 60.0 per cent of the dose (mean 49.8 ± 1.87). The radioactivity in the urine was derived mainly from iodide and thyroxine, about 90 per cent and 5 per cent respectively; diiodotyrosine and triiodothyronine accounted for a small fraction. The 24-hour excretion in the urine of the extrathyroidal thyroxine pool was calculated at 0.11—0.54 per cent (0.8—5.0 μg) corresponding to 2—3 per cent of the daily amount of endogenous thyroxine catabolized.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE SO-CALLED PURE GONADAL DYSGENESIS
Authors: Brøgger Anton , Strand Arne
Published: December 2008

A tabular review is given of 38 cases from the literature classified by the present authors as possible cases of »pure gonadal dysgenesis« (Stewart 1960). The congenital malformations commonly found in gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome and similar conditions) may vary between severe disorder and a practically normal development. Thus the »pure« cases cannot sharply be distinguished from other cases of gonadal dysgenesis. Furthermore the cytological evidence indicates that the condition may develop on different genetical bases, including XX, XY, XY/XX, XY/XO, XO/XY/XYY, XO/XX and XO/Xdeleted-X sex chromosome patterns. It is concluded that the value of the syndrome classification, pure gonadal dysgenesis, is doubtful.

Data on the differential diagnosis between »pure gonadal dysgenesis« and testicular feminization are given.

Case reports are given of male chromosome patterns in two sisters with »pure gonadal dysgenesis« and dysgerminoma respectively.
ABNORMAL IODINATED PROTEINS IN TWO CASES OF ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID
Authors: Hales Ian , Lane J. , Richards M. , Stanley P. G.
Published: December 2008

An albumin-like iodinated protein is described in the serum of two cases of anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid gland, resembling the compound sedimenting with S20,w4 found in saline extracts of the malignant tissue of the patients. The 4S component of the extract contains human serum albumin, together with either an altered albumin or other 4S component. It is suggested that an intracellular defect is the cause of production of this component, and this is probably the source of the abnormal circulating iodinated compound.
INFLUENCE OF GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES ON THE DECIDUAL CELL REACTION IN INTACT AND IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: von Berswordt-Wallrabe Ilse , Jantzen K. , Herlyn U. , von Berswordt-Wallrabe R.
Published: December 2008

352 rats were used to study the effects of graded levels of lactogenic hormone (LGH) alone and in combination with PMS and HCG, on the formation of the decidual cell reaction (DCR) in intact and in hypophysectomized rats. Maximal DCR occurred in intact rats and in hypophysectomized rats treated with LGH + HCG and with LGH + HCG + PMS. A marked but significant smaller DCR was found in hypophysectomized rats treated with PMS + LGH. The DCR was absent or very minute in hypophysectomized, LGH-, PMS- or HCG-treated rats. The results indicate, that LGH alone is not capable of inducing a DCR. The addition of ICSH to LGH results in an adequate condition for the production of the DCR by uterine trauma.
TPNH GENERATION IN THE HUMAN OVARY
Authors: Nielson M. H. , Warren J. C.
Published: December 2008

The endogenous activities of four major supernatant enzymes which produce TPNH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase) were quantitated in both normal and pathologic human ovarian tissues. The atrophic ovary demonstrated the lowest relative activity of the pentose shunt dehydrogenases, whereas luteinized tissues displayed the highest. During the course of its life cycle, the corpus luteum of the nonpregnant female displayed a progressive rise in isocitrate dehydrogenase and a concomitant fall in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. The corpus luteum of pregnancy, studied at term, demonstrated the highest levels of activity of all the four enzymes quantitated.
THE OESTROGENIC AND ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITIES OF DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL AND DIMETHYLSTILBOESTROL IN RODENTS
Authors: Emmens C. W.
Published: December 2008

Median effective doses and relative potencies have been determined in vaginal smear tests in the rat and mouse for dimethylstilboestrol (DMS) and diethylstilboestrol (DES). These were done by injection or orally, and the relative potency of DMS in terms of DES varied from 0.0004 to 0.0165 according to species and route of administration. Comparison with the antifertility effects of these compounds in the same species by the same routes of administration lends support to the conclusion. also indicated in other studies, that in both cases the antifertility action is due to oestrogenic activity.
A SIMPLE BLOOD TRANSFUSION TECHNIQUE IN THE UNANAESTHETIZED MOUSE.
Authors: Rerup Claus
Published: December 2008

A blood transfusion technique in mice is described, in which no anaesthesia is necessary and in which both donor and recipient mice can be used repeatedly. Transfusion time averages 40 seconds, surgical trauma and use of anticoagulant being kept at a minimum. Corticotrophin levels were not measurable in normal non-stressed mice, but readily detectable in adrenalectomized mice: Four days after adrenalectomy the blood corticotrophin increased significantly, the concentration being about 0.25 milli-units per ml. Normal TSH levels in mouse blood were not detectable and were thus lower than normal TSH levels in the rat. A significant rise in blood TSH was observed after administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) for three weeks.
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS IN THE AQUEOUS FLARE RESPONSE INDUCED BY α-MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE IN THE RABBIT EYES
Authors: Dyster-Aas K. , Krakau C. E. T.
Published: December 2008

The aqueous flare response (AFR) to MSH is induced in an increasing percentage of animals with increasing age. The great variability of the responses and the fact that local administration of MSH is not more efficient with lower doses than by subcutaneous injection indicate that the AFR is a complex result in which general factors play a part. The analysis of the variation of the responses has led to a procedure for testing the effect of different preparations.
LACK OF AROMATISATION OF CIRCULATING DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN STIMULATED WITH HUMAN GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Mancuso S. , Mancuso Francesca P. , Tillinger K.-G. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

Two amenorrhoeic women were given a course of 10 injections of human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) in daily doses corresponding to 260 IU of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activity and 165 IU of interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) activity. In both patients an extensive ovarian stimulation was observed as indicated by the greatly increased urinary excretion of oestrone, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol. When HMG-treatment was followed subsequently by the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) for 5 days in a total dose of 18 000 and 30 000 IU, respectively, functional corpus luteum tissue was formed in both patients as evidenced by a huge rise in urinary pregnane-3α,20α-diol excretion and by the secretory transformation of a previously atrophic endometrium.

At the approximate height of the follicular phase tracer doses of 3H-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) and 14C-labelled dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were administered to both patients in the form of a continuous intravenous infusion of 10 hours' duration. Infusion of the same dose was repeated under identical experimental conditions at the approximate height of the luteal phase.

In both patients, very little radioactive material was associated with oestrone and 17β-oestradiol and none with oestriol isolated from 96-hours' urine specimens obtained at both phases of ovarian stimulation.

It is concluded that — in contradistinction to the situation in pregnant women — circulating DHAS is not a significant precursor of urinary oestrogens in non-pregnant women.
METAMORPHOSIS AND NEUROSECRETION OF XENOPUS LAEVIS.
Authors: Rapola J. , Heinonen E.-L. , Helpinen A. , Henriques U.
Published: December 2008

The metamorphic climax of Xenopus laevis tadpoles was inhibited by treatment with thiourea in a concentration of 0.1 per cent in aquarium water. After 1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 months, two tadpoles were killed and fixed, and another two transferred to thiourea-free water. When the last-mentioned tadpoles reached the height of metamorphic climax they were killed and fixed. Observations were made on the histology of the hypothalamo-pituitary neurosecretory apparatus at different time intervals before and after metamorphosis. The secretory activity of the cells in the praeoptic nuclei was estimated by counting the relative frequency of cells showing neurosecretion, as well as the nuclear volume of the cells in the praeoptic nuclei.

Prolonged treatment with thiourea did not alter the gross morphology of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system. When the tadpoles were allowed to metamorphose by withdrawing the thiourea, the number and the nuclear volume of the cells showing neurosecretion increased in the praeoptic nuclei, thus suggesting augmented secretory activity.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE GOITROGENIC ACTION OF THYROXINE ADMINISTERED WITH PROPYLTHIOURACIL, METHIMAZOLE OR PERCHLORATE
Authors: Sellers E. A. , Schänbaum E.
Published: December 2008

Several indices of thyroid and hypophysial function were measured in order to study the potentiating effect of small doses of thyroxine on thyroid growth induced by propylthiouracil, methimazole or perchlorate. Rats were fed chow (1.6 μg/g iodine) or Ken-L-Kibble (0.25 μg/g iodine) for a year or longer. Propylthiouracil (0.02 %), methimazole (0.01%) or perchlorate (1.25%) were added to both diets. One series of rats on chow and one on Ken-L-Kibble, with and without the goitrogens, received thyroxine (25 μg/100 g) in the diet, while another series did not. Although large goitres were produced by the three drugs, with or without thyroxine, increased sizes of goitres due to thyroxine were seen only in rats fed chow with propylthiouracil, and in rats fed Ken-L-Kibble with perchlorate. Wide variations in body and organ weights, food intake, metabolic rate, P. B. I., thyroid and pituitary histology and, in the Ken-L-Kibble group, in pituitary and serum thyrotrophin levels, were observed. It was concluded that the three goitrogenic drugs, administered in apparently equivalent dosage, in reality have widely differing effects and that their chronic effects cannot easily be compared, although all of them favour the formation of numerous small adenomata. However, it was concluded that the goitrogenic action of thyroxine is not limited to an interaction peculiar to propylthiouracil and seems to be mediated via an effect on adenohypophysis or higher centres.
URINARY VOLUME AND EXCRETION OF OESTROGENS IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Timonen S. , Hirvonen E. , Sokkanen R.
Published: December 2008

The relationship between urinary volume and oestrone, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol was studied initially within the range of spontaneous variation and subsequently with the aid of water loads and diuretics. The spontaneous variations in urinary output showed no definite correlation with the excretion of oestrogens, while massive hydration led to increased excretion. With hydrochlorothiazide a clear positive correlation was obtained. The authors regard the results as evidence in favour of the view that reabsorption of the above-mentioned oestrogens occurs in the region of the proximal tubules.
A SEARCH FOR PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Drosdowsky Michael A. , Dessypris Athanasios , McNiven Neal L. , Dorfman Ralph I. , Gual Carlos
Published: December 2008

The determination of testosterone in urine provides an easier means for the appreciation of androgenicity than plasma analysis. On this basis a search for progesterone in urine was made without success. Progesterone could not be detected by the gas chromatographic method used. This negative result was confirmed when progesterone-4-14C was injected intravenously and neither radioactive progesterone nor labelled 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one and/or 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one could be detected in the urine.
HORMONE EXCRETION PATTERNS DURING AND AFTER THE LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Loraine J. A. , Bell E. T. , Harkness R. A. , Mears Eleanor , Jackson Margaret C. N.
Published: December 2008

Hormone assay studies have been conducted in 5 women receiving long-term oral contraceptive therapy with progestogen-oestrogen mixtures and in one subject receiving a progestogen alone. The results, which confirmed those of a previous investigation, showed that pituitary inhibition was not produced in spite of long-term treatment and that, following withdrawal of medication, the cycles reverted to an ovulatory pattern. In at least two women the pattern of urinary steroid in the first cycle after treatment was atypical.
ISOLIERUNG VON OESTRON AUS ALLANTOISFLÜSSIGKEIT DER HOCHTRAGENDEN STUTE DURCH MIKROSUBLIMATION
Authors: Rommel Peter
Published: December 2008

In one of our previous papers we reported on the isolation of oestrone and oestradiol from different body fluids of domestic animals by microsublimation. The present publication deals with the isolation of oestrone (melting-point = 254.7° C) from the allantoic liquor of mares in advanced pregnancy.
MAXIMUM TUBULAR REABSORPTION CAPACITY OF GLUCOSE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Vitelli A. , Cattaneo C. , Martini P. F.
Published: December 2008

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and maximum tubular reabsorption of glucose (TmG) were measured in 24 cases of diabetes mellitus. The patients, who were of different ages, varied with regard to the severity and duration of the disease and 11 patients showed clinical and functional evidence of vascular disease. The GFR and TmG were diminished in almost 50 per cent of cases, and the diminution of the two factors was closely correlated. The incidence of these renal functional changes was almost the same in the group of diabetics with vascular disease as in the group without complications. The GFR and TmG were not correlated with the age of the patients or with the severity of diabetes, though these factors were to some extent correlated with the duration of the disease. No relationship was observed between the incidence of impairment of the renal function and sex.

The examinations carried out in this series of cases as well as in a number of normal subjects suggest various considerations with regard to the value of the various techniques which have been proposed for the measurement of the TmG.
FOETAL MORTALITY IN PREGNANCY OF DIABETICS
Authors: Pedersen Jørgen
Published: December 2008

A series comprising 90 diabetic women with 99 pregnancies and 102 infants, from the 19 year period 1946–1964 has been analysed. The series includes all women whose first attendance in the department was at least 150 (150–250) days before the calculated term and who continued their pregnancy till the infants weighed 1000 g or more. There was a preponderance of severe cases.

The perinatal mortality was 14 deaths or 14 per cent; however, in 12 class-F cases there were 8 deaths, and in 90 non-F cases 6 deaths or 7 per cent. By comparison with the results of previous pregnancies in these women the series shows a very favourable progress in non-F cases. The new PBSP system of classification according to prognostically bad signs during pregnancy has been used and is of value. The PBSP complications seen were toxaemia and hyperpyretic pyelitis only.

In the 69 non-F cases also without any PBSP complication the foetal mortality was 4 per cent.

The investigation and treatment of latent and manifest urinary tract infection should be reinforced.

At present the therapeutic result in F cases is so poor that induced abortion and sterilisation should be advised more often.
INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE ON THE SECRETION OF THYROTROPHIN IN THE RAT
Authors: van Rees G. P. , Noach E. L. , van Dieten J. A. M. J.
Published: December 2008

Castration of male rats decreases both pituitary and serum TSH-levels. Administration of testosterone propionate increases serum TSH-levels in castrated males, but its effect on pituitary TSH-content appears to be complex: whereas treatment with physiological amounts of testosterone prevents the decrease induced by castration, administration of high doses of testosterone results in low pituitary TSH-contents not unlike those seen in untreated castrated rats. Testosterone administered to thyroxine-maintained thyroidectomized rats had the same effects as mentioned above, but if thyroxine treatment was omitted, no effect of testosterone on pituitary and serum TSH-levels could be observed. It is thought that testosterone interferes with the effect of thyroid hormone on the secretion of TSH.