bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case of late postoperative intra‐abdominal hemorrhage developing 13 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Sasaki Takayoshi , Ishibashi Yuji , Hatao Fumihiko , Kawasaki Koichiro , Yamazaki Ryoto , Morita Yasuhiro , Imamura Kazuhiro
Published: June 2021

A 29‐year‐old male patient underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for morbid obesity and was discharged without any complications. Thirteen months later, he visited the emergency room with epigastric pain. A few hours before onset, he had had a larger‐than‐usual meal and vomited afterwards. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a hematoma 127 × 63 mm in diameter around the stomach. Angiography revealed no extravasation or pseudoaneurysm. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy found no ulcers or abnormality of the stapler line scar from the LSG. The patient's vital signs were stable, and his hemoglobin had not fallen below the previous day's value. Conservative treatment was therefore chosen. The patient was discharged in stable condition after 11 days of hospitalization. However, the exact source of the hemorrhage was unable to be detected on the imaging findings. In view of his clinical course and the hematoma location, omental vessels were suspected of being the source of the hemorrhage.
Responsibility beyond design: Physicians’ requirements for ethical medical AI
Authors: Sand Martin , Durán Juan Manuel , Jongsma Karin Rolanda
Published: June 2021

Medical AI is increasingly being developed and tested to improve medical diagnosis, prediction and treatment of a wide array of medical conditions. Despite worries about the explainability and accuracy of such medical AI systems, it is reasonable to assume that they will be increasingly implemented in medical practice. Current ethical debates focus mainly on design requirements and suggest embedding certain values such as transparency, fairness, and explainability in the design of medical AI systems. Aside from concerns about their design, medical AI systems also raise questions with regard to physicians' responsibilities once these technologies are being implemented and used. How do physicians’ responsibilities change with the implementation of medical AI? Which set of competencies do physicians have to learn to responsibly interact with medical AI? In the present article, we will introduce the notion of forward‐looking responsibility and enumerate through this conceptual lens a number of competencies and duties that physicians ought to employ to responsibly utilize medical AI in practice. Those include amongst others understanding the range of reasonable outputs, being aware of own experience and skill decline, and monitoring potential accuracy decline of the AI systems.
Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample
Authors: Coll‐Martín Tao , Carretero‐Dios Hugo , Lupiáñez Juan
Published: June 2021

Attentional difficulties are a core axis in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, establishing a consistent and detailed pattern of these neurocognitive alterations has not been an easy endeavour. Based on a dimensional approach to ADHD, the present study aims at comprehensively characterizing three key attentional domains: the three attentional networks (alerting, orienting, and executive attention), two components of vigilance (executive and arousal vigilance), and distraction. To do so, we modified a single, fine‐grained task (the ANTI‐Vea) by adding irrelevant distractors. One hundred and twenty undergraduates completed three self‐reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood and performed the ANTI‐Vea. Despite the low reliability of some ANTI‐Vea indexes, the task worked successfully. While ADHD symptoms in childhood were related to alerting network and arousal vigilance, symptoms in adulthood were linked to executive vigilance. No association between ADHD symptom severity and executive attention and distraction was found. In general, our hypotheses about the relationships between ADHD symptoms and attentional processes were partially supported. We discuss our findings according to ADHD theories and attention measurement.
Bayesian explanatory additive IRT models
Authors: Mair Patrick , Gruber Kathrin
Published: June 2021

In this article we extend the framework of explanatory mixed IRT models to a more general class called explanatory additive IRT models. We do this by augmenting the linear predictors in terms of smooth functions. This development offers many new modeling options such as the inclusion of nonlinear covariate effects, the specification of various temporal and spatial dependency patterns, and parameter partitioning across covariates. We use integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) for accurate and computationally efficient estimation of the parameters. Uninformative, weakly informative, and informative prior settings for the hyperparameters are discussed. Running time experiments and Monte Carlo parameter recovery simulations are performed in order to study the accuracy and computational efficiency of INLA when applied to the proposed explanatory additive IRT model class. Using a real‐life dataset, a variety of application scenarios is explored, and the results are compared with classical maximum likelihood estimation when possible. R code is included in the supplemental materials to allow readers to fully reproduce the examples computed in the paper.
Understanding and countering opioid‐induced respiratory depression
Authors: Bateman Jordan T. , Saunders Sandy E. , Levitt Erica S.
Published: June 2021

Respiratory depression is the proximal cause of death in opioid overdose, yet the mechanisms underlying this potentially fatal outcome are not well understood. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of opioid‐induced respiratory depression, which could lead to improved therapeutic options to counter opioid overdose, as well as other detrimental effects of opioids on breathing. The development of tolerance in the respiratory system is also discussed, as are differences in the degree of respiratory depression caused by various opioid agonists. Finally, potential future therapeutic agents aimed at reversing or avoiding opioid‐induced respiratory depression through non‐opioid receptor targets are in development and could provide certain advantages over naloxone. By providing an overview of mechanisms and effects of opioids in the respiratory network, this review will benefit future research on countering opioid‐induced respiratory depression.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc
Patients with acephalic spermatozoa syndrome linked to novel TSGA10/PMFBP1 variants have favorable pregnancy outcomes from intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Liu Gang , Xing Xiaowei , Zhang Huan , Zhu Wenbing , Lin Ge , Lu Guangxiu , Li Weina
Published: June 2021

Acephalic spermatozoa syndrome is a rare form of teratozoospermia characterized by headless spermatozoa. Previous studies have found that variants in SUN5, PMFBP1, TSGA10, BRDT, and SPATC1L are associated with this phenotype. Many researchers have suggested that variants in TSGA10 without a proximal centriole might influence early embryonic development. This retrospective cohort study included 12 infertile men with severe acephalic spermatozoa in China. We identified six heterozygous variants and four homozygous variants in TSGA10/PMFBP1 in seven patients by whole‐exome sequencing (WES). Acephalic spermatozoa defects due to different genetic variations may affect only spermatozoa morphology but do not reduce the chances of fertilization, affect embryo quality at early stages or impair intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes. Patients with TSGA10/PMFBP1 variations were all expected to have good prognoses with ICSI.
Analytical survey of tattoo inks—A chemical and legal perspective with focus on sensitizing substances
Authors: Wang Xuying , Josefsson Leila , Meschnark Silvia , Lind Marie‐Louise , Emmer Åsa , Goessler Walter , Hedberg Yolanda S.
Published: June 2021

Background

Tattoo inks have been reported to elicit allergic contact dermatitis.

Objectives

To investigate the labels and the contents of metals and pigments in tattoo inks, considering restrictions within the European Union.

Methods

Seventy‐three tattoo inks currently available on the market, either bought or donated (already used), were investigated for trace metals and pigments by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Ninety‐three percent of the bought tattoo inks violated European, legal requirements on labeling. Fifty percent of the tattoo inks declared at least one pigment ingredient incorrectly. Sixty‐one percent of the inks contained pigments of concern, especially red inks. Iron, aluminium, titanium, and copper (most in green/blue inks) were the main metals detected in the inks. The level of metal impurities exceeded current restriction limits in only a few cases. Total chromium (0.35‐139 μg/g) and nickel (0.1‐41 μg/g) were found in almost all samples. The levels of iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, and arsenic were found to covary significantly.

Conclusions

To prevent contact allergy and toxic reactions among users it is important for tattoo ink manufacturers to follow the regulations and decrease nickel and chromium impurities.
Secondary skin involvement in classic Hodgkin lymphoma: Results of an international collaborative cutaneous lymphoma working group study of 25 patients
Authors: Gru Alejandro A. , Bacchi Carlos E. , Pulitzer Melissa , Bhagat Govind , Kempf Werner , Robson Alistair , Plaza Jose A. , Pincus Laura , Raghavan Shyam , Xu Mina , Vencato da Silva Tiago , Salavaggione Andrea L. , Subtil Antonio , Battistella Maxime
Published: June 2021

Background

Cutaneous involvement by classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is an extraordinarily rare phenomenon in the current era. To date, no single large case series of cutaneous involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma has ever been reported in the literature.

Methods

A comprehensive search for cases designated “skin” and “Hodgkin” was performed at different institutions between 1990 and 2020. Twenty‐five cases were identified, and each case was independently reviewed by at least three board‐certified dermatopathologists and/or hematopathologists.

Results

All cases represented examples of systemic CHL with secondary skin dissemination. A single lesion, usually a tumor, nodule or infiltrative plaque was observed in 56% of cases and multiple lesions were present in 28% of cases. Most patients (86%—12/14) had a diagnosis of stage IV disease at first diagnosis. The interval between the clinical (first) diagnosis of HL and the development of skin lesions ranged between 6 and 108 months (average 33.75 months). Comprehensive histopathologic evaluation of these cases (at the initial diagnosis) revealed a diagnosis of classic HL not otherwise specified (NOS) in 60% of cases (15/25), nodular sclerosis type in 24% (6/25), mixed cellularity in 12% (3/25), and lymphocyte depleted in 4% (1/25).

Conclusions

We provide documentation of a large series of CHL with secondary skin involvement in association with CHL with additional clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features.
PRAME immunohistochemistry is useful in the evaluation of conjunctival melanomas, nevi, and primary acquired melanosis
Authors: LeBlanc Robert E. , Miller Donald M. , Zegans Michael E.
Published: June 2021

Background

Many dermatopathologists find conjunctival melanocytic proliferations challenging because they are rare relative to their cutaneous counterparts and have nuanced morphology and nomenclature. PRAME immunohistochemistry has been widely adopted for distinguishing cutaneous nevi from melanoma, but limited data exist assessing its utility in evaluating conjunctival specimens. In particular, it is uncertain whether it can predict the risk of melanoma progression in primary acquired melanosis (PAM).

Methods

Thirty clinically annotated cases (two melanomas, three PAM with atypia, seven PAM without atypia, 15 nevi, two combined nevi, and a diagnostically challenging nevus with atypical features) were retrospectively evaluated with PRAME.

Results

Strong, diffuse PRAME expression was present in melanomas and PAM with high‐grade atypia, but not in PAM with low‐grade atypia, PAM without atypia, or nevi. Scattered, faintly PRAME‐positive intraepithelial melanocyte nuclei were identified in six nevi. A clonal nevus and nests of heavily pigmented type‐A melanocytes in two additional nevi had cytoplasmic staining.

Conclusions

PRAME was useful for distinguishing melanoma and its probable precursors from benign conjunctival melanocytic proliferations in our cohort. The data alert us to two diagnostic pitfalls in nevi: scattered, PRAME‐positive intraepithelial melanocytes and cytoplasmic PRAME staining in type‐A melanocytes and melanophages. Larger scale investigations are warranted to further substantiate these promising findings.
A rare case of syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum of the breast: An institutional retrospective case review and brief literature review
Authors: McBride Jeffrey D. , Billings Steven D. , Komforti Miglena K.
Published: June 2021

Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum (SCACP) is a rare cutaneous adnexal tumor thought to originate from its benign counterpart, syringocystadenoma papilliferum. These tumors are predominantly located on the head and neck with their location on the breast extraordinarily reported; mammary localization poses a great diagnostic dilemma to the practicing pathologist. Herein, we report an unusual case of an 85‐year‐old woman with an outside diagnosis on a core needle biopsy of metaplastic mammary carcinoma. Upon consultative review of the partial mastectomy specimen, SCACP was identified. Herein, we review SCACP and the diagnostic challenge it poses, especially when localized to the breast. Furthermore, we perform a retrospective review of institutional pathology reports and identified four additional cases of SCACP diagnosed at our institution within the last decade. Finally, we briefly review the literature of SCACP. The entity of SCACP should be well known to pathologists to avoid misdiagnosis.
Precision therapy in the genetic epilepsies of childhood
Authors: Byrne Susan , Enright Noelle , Delanty Norman
Published: June 2021

Despite recent advances in both the understanding and treatment of the epilepsies, the rate of refractory epilepsy has remained static for many years. However, given our greater understanding of the aetiology and genetic basis of many paediatric and adult epilepsies, there is now scope to expand treatment. In this review, we discuss the current and potential use of precision medicine in the genetic epilepsies of childhood. We will discuss how optimal control and a reduction in the rate of refractory seizures using targeted therapy could be developed and assessed. We propose a six‐tier approach to defining precision therapeutics in epilepsy and discuss how this can be incorporated into a clinical trial design. The lower tiers (1–2) represent therapies in common usage that we know work for certain epilepsy syndromes but do not precisely target the underlying problem. They work to reduce seizures but do not directly or effectively attenuate the developmental phenotype. The higher tiers (5–6) are currently purely speculative and look to a future with highly disease‐specific therapies based on correction of underlying genomic and proteomic issues. In order to achieve this, scientists will have to embark on a ‘whole‐omic’ approach to understand the underlying pathophysiology in order to design a precision therapy.

What this paper adds

Epilepsy treatment is classified into six tiers depending on how precisely the mechanism of action addresses the aetiology.

Tier 1 treatment is based on the historical response of certain epilepsy phenotypes to specific medication.

Tier 6 concerns therapy targeting genes and networks that rescue the whole phenotype.

Clinical trial infrastructure and population‐based disease registries are necessary so that patients can participate in trials for novel precision therapies.
Increased spindle density correlates with sleep continuity improvements following an eight‐week course of a melatonin agonist in people with depression: A proof‐of‐concept study with agomelatine
Authors: Porteous Meggan , Fogel Stuart , Ray Laura , Hickie Ian B. , Carpenter Joanne S. , Louati Khaoula , Robillard Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Sleep fragmentation and reductions in sleep spindles have been observed in individuals with depression. Sleep spindles are known to play a protective role for sleep, and there are indications that melatonin agents can enhance spindles in healthy people. Whether agomelatine, a melatonin agonist indicated for the treatment of depression, may increase spindle density sufficiently to impact sleep continuity in people with depression remains unknown. This proof‐of‐concept study investigated changes in spindles following agomelatine intake in young adults with depression and assessed how they may relate to potential changes in sleep continuity and depressive symptoms. This study was based on an open‐label design. Fifteen participants between 17 and 28 years of age (mean = 22.2; standard deviation [SD] = 3.4) with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder underwent polysomnography before and after an intervention including a 1 hr psychoeducation session centered on sleep and circadian rhythms, and an 8‐week course of agomelatine (25–50 mg) with a guided sleep phase advance. Fast spindle density significantly increased from pre‐ to post‐intervention. This increase in spindle density significantly correlated with a reduction in wake after sleep onset, and a similar trend was found with increased sleep efficiency. There was no significant correlation between spindle parameters and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that agomelatine may contribute to enhanced sleep consolidation, possibly in part through the modulation of spindle production. This should be confirmed by larger randomized control trials.
Chemical characteristics of soil organic matter from integrated agricultural systems in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Tadini Amanda M. , Martin‐Neto Ladislau , Goranov Aleksandar I. , Milori Débora M. B. P. , Bernardi Alberto C. C. , Oliveira Patricia P. A. , Pezzopane José R. M. , Colnago Luiz A. , Hatcher Patrick G.
Published: June 2021

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an essential role in agronomic systems and is of great importance to environmental sustainability and carbon sequestration. This study evaluates the accumulation of carbon in soils from integrated agricultural systems (S) that include crop (C), livestock (L), and forest (F) components (in different combinations: CLFS, LFS and CLS) and an undisturbed native forest (NF) as a reference area. The study sites are part of the Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste research station located in the southeast of Brazil in a region of dystrophic Red‐Yellow Latosol soils. Stable carbon isotopic analysis (δ13C) and solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the chemical characteristics of humic acid (HA) extracts of soils from different soil horizons. The findings were discussed in the context of laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) measurements on the whole soils and carbon content on both the whole soils and HA extracts. With increasing depth of the soil horizons, bulk SOM (in the whole soil) and a more recalcitrant humic fraction (the HA) became enriched in carbon, indicative of accumulation. Isotopic analysis revealed that SOM in the crop‐livestock‐forest system exhibited δ13C signatures corresponding to C4 plants (grass and corn). The native forest exhibited a uniform δ13C signature characteristic of C3 plants (native trees). Benzenepolycarboxylic acids (BPCA) quantification on limited samples revealed condensed aromatic structures in both crop‐livestock‐forest system and native forest. The absence of burning suggests that these compounds come from the humification of lignin. Based on structural characterization, carbon is sequestered as recalcitrant and long‐lived oxidized ligninaceous structures and condensed aromatic groups. The current research demonstrates the feasibility of novel agricultural approaches such as using crop‐livestock‐forest systems. Such pastureland management enhances higher agricultural productivity and sustainability, thus avoiding new deforestation of native areas.

Highlights

Integrated agricultural systems enhance carbon enrichment in soil organic matter and humic acids.

Carbon stabilized in oxidized ligninaceous and condensed molecules promotes long‐term carbon storage.

Extended root systems are likely to play a critical role in carbon sequestration.

Integrated agricultural systems can be effective alternatives for reducing greenhouse gases.
A non‐contact device for fast screening of wound infections
Authors: Senkowsky Jon , Li Shuxin , Nair Ashwin , Pal Suvra , Hu Wenjing , Tang Liping
Published: June 2021

Screening for wound infection relies on the expertise of the provider. Clinical diagnosis of infections based on wound swab/biopsy results often takes a few days and may not assess the full wound. There is a need for a non‐invasive tool that can quickly and accurately diagnose wound infection. Leukocyte esterase strips are used to identify various infectious diseases. However, it is not clear whether infected wounds also have elevated leukocyte esterase activities as compared with non‐infected wounds. To achieve the objective, a device was developed to detect elevated leukocyte esterase activities in wounds by measuring wound exudates adsorbed onto wound dressings in 3 minutes. The efficacy of the device in assessing leukocyte esterase activities across various chronic wounds was tested. Such measurements were unaffected by the type of underlying wound dressing. By correlating the device outputs with clinical adjudication of infection, we found that this device had high positive predictive values for diagnosing wound infection in a wide variety of chronic wounds. In addition, a positive device output increases the probability of detecting infected wounds, while the negative device output reduces the probability of detecting infected wounds. This rapid non‐contact and disposable diagnostic tool may serve as a rapid and accurate indication of infection in the chronic wound.
PAM: diverse roles in neuroendocrine cells, cardiomyocytes, and green algae
Authors: Bäck Nils , Mains Richard E. , Eipper Betty A.
Published: June 2021

Our understanding of the ways in which peptides are used for communication in the nervous and endocrine systems began with the identification of oxytocin, vasopressin, and insulin, each of which is stored in electron‐dense granules, ready for release in response to an appropriate stimulus. For each of these peptides, entry of its newly synthesized precursor into the ER lumen is followed by transport through the secretory pathway, exposing the precursor to a sequence of environments and enzymes that produce the bioactive products stored in mature granules. A final step in the biosynthesis of many peptides is C‐terminal amidation by peptidylglycine α‐amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an ascorbate‐ and copper‐dependent membrane enzyme that enters secretory granules along with its soluble substrates. Biochemical and cell biological studies elucidated the highly conserved mechanism for amidated peptide production and raised many questions about PAM trafficking and the effects of PAM on cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. Phylogenetic studies and the discovery of active PAM in the ciliary membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga lacking secretory granules, suggested that a PAM‐like enzyme was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. While the catalytic features of human and C. reinhardtii PAM are strikingly similar, the trafficking of PAM in C. reinhardtii and neuroendocrine cells and secretion of its amidated products differ. A comparison of PAM function in neuroendocrine cells, atrial myocytes, and C. reinhardtii reveals multiple ways in which altered trafficking allows PAM to accomplish different tasks in different species and cell types.
The interplay between SUMOylation and phosphorylation of PKCδ facilitates oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Gao Siman , Zhao Xiangteng , Hou Lin , Ma Ruining , Zhou Jie , Zhu Michael X. , Pan Si‐Jian , Li Yong
Published: June 2021

Although the increase in the number of identified posttranslational modifications (PTMs) has substantially improved our knowledge about substrate site specificity of single PTMs, the fact that different types of PTMs can crosstalk and act in concert to exert important regulatory mechanisms for protein function has not gained much attention. Here, we show that protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is SUMOylated at lysine 473 in its C‐terminal catalytic domain, and the SUMOylation increases PKCδ stability by repressing its ubiquitination. In addition, we uncover a functional interplay between the phosphorylation and SUMOylation of PKCδ, which can strengthen each other through recruiting SUMO E2/E3 ligases and the PKCδ kinase, respectively, to the PKCδ complexes. We identified PIAS2β as the SUMO E3 ligase of PKCδ. More importantly, by enhancing PKCδ protein stability and its phosphorylation through an interdependent interplay of the PTMs, the SUMOylation of PKCδ promotes apoptotic cell death induced by H2O2. We conclude that SUMOylation represents an important regulatory mechanism of PKCδ PTMs for the kinase's function in oxidative cell damage.
Albatrosses respond adaptively to climate variability by changing variance in a foraging trait
Authors: Patrick Samantha C. , Martin Julien G. A. , Ummenhofer Caroline C. , Corbeau Alexandre , Weimerskirch Henri
Published: June 2021

The ability of individuals and populations to adapt to a changing climate is a key determinant of population dynamics. While changes in mean behaviour are well studied, changes in trait variance have been largely ignored, despite being assumed to be crucial for adapting to a changing environment. As the ability to acquire resources is essential to both reproduction and survival, changes in behaviours that maximize resource acquisition should be under selection. Here, using foraging trip duration data collected over 7 years on black‐browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophris) on the Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, we examined the importance of changes in the mean and variance in foraging behaviour, and the associated effects on fitness, in response to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using double hierarchical models, we found no evidence that individuals change their mean foraging trip duration in response to a changing environment, but found strong evidence of changes in variance. Younger birds showed greater variability in foraging trip duration in poor conditions as did birds with higher fitness. However, during brooding, birds showed greater variability in foraging behaviour under good conditions, suggesting that optimal conditions allow the alteration between chick provisioning and self‐maintenance trips. We found weak correlations between sea surface temperature and the ENSO, but stronger links with sea‐level pressure. We suggest that variability in behavioural traits affecting resource acquisition is under selection and offers a mechanism by which individuals can adapt to a changing climate. Studies which look only at effects on mean behaviour may underestimate the effects of climate change and fail to consider variance in traits as a key evolutionary force.
A qualitative study of nurse‐patient communication and information provision during surgical pre‐admission clinics
Authors: Roche Dominic , Jones Aled
Published: June 2021

Background

Health‐care service users are often being described as ‘co‐producers’ with an active role in their care. However, there are challenges associated with this approach, including how standardization affects personalized care, and the ability of patients to retain high volumes of information.

Objective

Our study explores patient and nursing perspectives of information provision in the pre‐admission element of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery programme, an evidence‐based approach implemented to improve the quality of surgical care. Our analysis has been informed by an evidence‐based model developed by Grande et al Patient Educ Couns. 2014;95:281.

Design/Setting and participants

This was a qualitative study including observations of pre‐admission clinics and semi‐structured interviews across three surgical wards. Patients (n = 21) and registered nurses (n = 21) were purposively selected for interviews.

Results

Patients welcomed the opportunity for active involvement in their care. However, we also identified informational boundaries and how illness and treatment‐related anxieties were barriers to patient engagement with the information provided.

Discussion

We recommend that to support a patient‐centred and individualized approach to patient involvement the ‘information (giving) + activation’ element of Grande et al Patient Educ Couns. 2014;95:281 model be reconfigured to allow for ‘information (giving) + exploration +activation’.

Conclusion

Nurses need to feel empowered to adopt strategies that allow for different informational needs, rather than adopting a one‐size‐fits‐all paternalistic approach.

Patient contribution

This study focused on patient involvement and we give thanks to all the patients who took part in interviews and those who allowed us to observe their care.
An intervention of sustainable weight change: Influence of self‐help group and expectations
Authors: Carlén Kristina , Kylberg Elisabeth
Published: June 2021

Background

Obesity is one of the most challenging public health problems in Western societies. Group activities are a way to empower individuals to make sustainable lifestyle changes. Self‐help groups enable individuals to share expectations and experiences on an equal basis.

Objective

The aim was to find a model for sustainable weight reduction for people with obesity and to evaluate the importance of expectations before entering the weight reduction programme.

Methods

Persons with a BMI >30 and aged over 30 years were recruited. Weekly seminars for 6 months with discussions concerning physical activity, eating habits and how to change one's lifestyle occurred. After the seminars, a self‐help group was initiated. The participants were encouraged to express their expectations before each step in the study.

Results

Our findings showed that those who had joined a self‐help group had reduced their weight significantly (−6.0 kg) compared with those who had not (−1.4 kg). Further, those who expressed a more mature expectation of the coming change in behaviour towards a healthy lifestyle showed slightly larger weight reduction (−6.1 kg) than those who expressed low expectations (−3.7 kg).

Patient or public contribution

Participants expressed their thoughts and views, which were considered and included in the programme.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that the self‐help group can be an essential part of a weight reduction programme. The self‐help group is a novel strategy to strengthen sustainability in reducing weight. The study also highlights the importance of identifying behaviour change expectations before participating in a programme.
Light‐based therapies in the management of rosacea: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Husein‐ElAhmed Husein , Steinhoff Martin
Published: June 2021

Background

The current scenario and position of laser and light‐based therapies (LLBT) in the therapeutic rosacea scheme are lacking evidence‐based recommendations and comparisons on efficacy and tolerability among different devices. This article aimed to systematically compare the efficacy, acceptability, and tolerability of the pulsed dye laser (PDL) versus other devices.

Method

A literature search was conducted in March 2020. Four domains were analyzed throughout the following six outcomes: Spectrophotometer erythema index and percentage of reduction for background erythema, telangiectasia grading scale for telangiectasias, visual analog scale for pain, and physician's assessment and patient’s satisfaction for treatment success.

Results

Our search yielded 423 potentially relevant studies. After removing the excluded and duplicated records, 12 records were assessed for eligibility in the meta‐analysis. Erythema (RR:0.38 95%CI: −0.20‐0.95), telangiectasias (RR:0.54 95%CI: −0.87‐1.94), and the treatment success throughout the physician’s assessment (RR:1.23 95%CI: 0.74‐2.04) and the patient’s satisfaction (RR:1.15 95%CI: 0.73‐1.82) were not significantly different between pulsed dye laser and other LLBT. In the pain domain, PDL was as painful as other LLBT (RR:‐0.23 95%CI: −0.96‐0.49) but more painful than neodymium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser (RR:0.84 95%CI: 0.53‐1.14) and less than intense pulsed light (RR:‐1.18 95%CI: −1.56−0.80).

Conclusion

This work based on previously published literature demonstrates that the quality of evidence to support any recommendation on LLBT in rosacea is low‐to‐moderate. Among all the available devices, PDL holds the most robust evidence, although in the meta‐analysis the effectiveness was comparable to other LLBT, such as neodymium: yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser (Nd‐YAG) or IPL.
Involvement of RSK phosphorylation in PTTH‐stimulated ecdysone secretion in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Gu S.‐H. , Chen C.‐H.
Published: June 2021

It is well known that phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) is involved in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)‐stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis in insect prothoracic glands (PGs). In the present study, we further investigated the downstream signalling pathways. Our results showed that PTTH stimulated p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylation at Thr573 in Bombyx mori PGs both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro PTTH stimulation was stage‐ and dose‐dependent. The absence of Ca2+ reduced PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation. Stimulation of RSK phosphorylation was also observed after treatment with either A23187 or thapsigargin. A phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U73122, blocked PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation. These results indicate the involvement of Ca2+ and PLC. Treatment with diphenylene iodonium (DPI), a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, blocked PTTH‐regulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating its redox regulation. A mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, but not a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002, decreased PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating that ERK is an upstream signalling. A protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, chelerythrine C, inhibited PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation, and a PKC activator, phorbol 12‐myristate acetate (PMA) stimulated RSK phosphorylation, indicating the involvement of PKC. BI‐D1870, a specific RSK inhibitor, partly prevented PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation and significantly inhibited PTTH‐stimulated ecdysteroid secretion, indicating that PTTH‐stimulated RSK phosphorylation is involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. Taken together, these data indicate that PTTH activates RSK phosphorylation which plays important roles in PTTH‐stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis.
Introduction “Labour market integration of highly skilled refugees in Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands”
Authors: van Riemsdijk Micheline , Axelsson Linn
Published: June 2021

This article introduces a special issue on the labour market integration of highly skilled refugees in Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands, three countries that received a large number of asylum seekers in the mid‐2010s. Authorities have devised various policies that aim to speed up the labour market integration process for refugees. This article critically examines normalized assumptions about refugees and the causes for their low employment rates that inform existing labour market integration initiatives. We pay particular attention to highly skilled refugees, who generally want to work but tend to experience difficulties finding employment commensurate with their educational attainment and professional expertise. This issue warrants more attention as one in five refugees in Europe has completed a tertiary education.
Administration of vitamin E attenuates airway inflammation through restoration of Nrf2 in a mouse model of asthma
Authors: Luu Quoc Quang , Cao Thi Bich Tra , Kim Seo‐Hee , Park Hae‐Sim , Shin Yoo Seob
Published: June 2021

Accumulating evidence reveals that ROS is one of the key mediators that contribute to the development of asthma. Studies on antioxidants have shown to have beneficial effects on asthma management. However, we still do not know the precise mechanism, and the effects depend on age. This study was conducted to assess the levels of ROS and the effect of antioxidants in younger and older mice using an eosinophilic asthma model. We analyzed airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammatory cell counts, and the expression levels of NFκB, Nrf2, EPx, and EDN in the lung tissue, as well as the level of ROS in the lung tissue and BALF. The degree of eosinophilia and the levels of IL‐5, ROS, and NFκB were significantly increased, whereas the endogenous levels of vitamin E and Nrf2 were decreased in the lung and BALF in the older mice compared to younger mice. The administration of vitamin E attenuated AHR, airway inflammation, and the level of IL‐13 and ROS and enhanced the Nrf2 level in the older mice compared to the younger mice. Taken together, vitamin E treatment may have the therapeutic potential through restoration of the Nrf2 level, especially in elderly asthma.
Developing female removal for Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in organic pear in the USA and Italy
Authors: Preti Michele , Knight Alan Lee , Mujica María Valentina , Basoalto Esteban , Favaro Riccardo , Angeli Sergio
Published: June 2021

Seventeen trials were conducted using traps baited with kairomone‐based lures to evaluate female removal (FR) as an effective management tactic for codling moth, Cydia pomonella, L., in organic pear, Pyrus communis L., production in Italy and USA during 2019–2020. Studies included paired plots (0.4–1.4 ha) treated with or without 60 traps ha−1 in cultivars Bartlett and Abate Fétel. Paired plots were also treated together with or without mating disruption (MD) and with similar spray programmes. Three‐, four‐, and five‐component lures were used with several trap types: green, clear or green/white bucket traps and orange delta traps. The three‐component lure consisted of (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (sex pheromone, PH), (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (pear ester, PE) and acetic acid (AA); the four‐component lure was PE, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT), 6‐ethenyl‐2,2,6‐trimethyloxan‐3‐ol (pyranoid linalool oxide, LOX), and AA, and the five‐component lure had PH added. Preliminary studies were also conducted to evaluate the trapping efficacy of non‐saturating bucket traps. A clear bucket trap baited with PE/DMNT/LOX + AA captured 97‐fold more codling moth females than an orange delta trap baited with PH/PE. However, female captures did not differ between traps when both were baited with the four‐component lure. Fruit injury from codling moth was significantly reduced with the implementation of FR in both pear production regions. At harvest, mean fruit protection in the USA studies was 65% and 27% in Italy. This difference was likely associated with the four‐component lure being less effective in Italy than in the USA. Nevertheless, results demonstrate that FR can be a useful approach to remove females immigrating into orchards and as a new tactic to reduce pest pressure in selected areas of orchards allowing both MD and organic insecticide programmes to be more effective. Further studies should investigate the cost‐benefit of matching the intensity of FR to variable pest pressures.
Gut microbial community response to herbicide exposure in a ground beetle
Authors: Giglio Anita , Vommaro Maria Luigia , Gionechetti Fabrizia , Pallavicini Alberto
Published: June 2021

Gut microbiota plays a key role in physiological processes of insects, including nutritional metabolism, development, immunity and detoxification. Environmental stressors such as herbicides, used to optimize and improve crop yields, may interfere with the mutualistic relationships causing negative consequences for the host health. Dinitroaniline herbicides, for example pendimethalin, are used worldwide in pre‐emergence application to control grass and some broadleaf weeds. They target microtubules to arrest cell division and inhibit the development of roots and shoots. Effects of a pendimethalin‐based herbicide were assessed on the gut microbial community of Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean, 1828 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). The exposure effect was tested in vivo by using a recommended field rate (4 L per ha, 330 gL−1 of active ingredient) and evaluating the variability of responses in 21 days, corresponding to the half‐life of pendimethalin. The 16S rRNA sequencing data showed that the gut lumen was dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes. The exposure interfered with the bacterial community richness and diversity associated with the gut from 2 days after the treatment. The differential abundance analyses highlighted a shift involving Lactobacillaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Neisseriaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. An increase in species such as Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pantoea sp and Paracoccus sp. involved in the herbicide degradation was also recorded after 21 days of exposure. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that the exposure has effects on the most predicted functional categories of gut microbiota related to metabolic function including carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism. These results demonstrate that pendimethalin can impact microbial communities associated with generalist predators inhabiting croplands leading to severe implications for the species’ ecological role. Understanding the effects of herbicides such as pendimethalin on ground beetles may help to protect beneficial soil insects that have a crucial role in the ecosystem services.
Robust deep learning optical autofocus system applied to automated multiwell plate single molecule localization microscopy
Authors: Lightley Jonathan , Görlitz Frederik , Kumar Sunil , Kalita Ranjan , Kolbeinsson Arinbjorn , Garcia Edwin , Alexandrov Yuriy , Bousgouni Vicky , Wysoczanski Riccardo , Barnes Peter , Donnelly Louise , Bakal Chris , Dunsby Christopher , Neil Mark A.A. , Flaxman Seth , French Paul M.W.
Published: June 2021

We presenta robust, long‐range optical autofocus system for microscopy utilizing machine learning. This can be useful for experiments with long image data acquisition times that may be impacted by defocusing resulting from drift of components, for example due to changes in temperature or mechanical drift. It is also useful for automated slide scanning or multiwell plate imaging where the sample(s) to be imaged may not be in the same horizontal plane throughout the image data acquisition. To address the impact of (thermal or mechanical) fluctuations over time in the optical autofocus system itself, we utilize a convolutional neural network (CNN) that is trained over multiple days to account for such fluctuations. To address the trade‐off between axial precision and range of the autofocus, we implement orthogonal optical readouts with separate CNN training data, thereby achieving an accuracy well within the 600 nm depth of field of our 1.3 numerical aperture objective lens over a defocus range of up to approximately +/–100 μm. We characterize the performance of this autofocus system and demonstrate its application to automated multiwell plate single molecule localization microscopy.
Subjective organization in the episodic memory of individuals with Parkinson’s disease associated with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Carlesimo Giovanni Augusto , Taglieri Sara , Zabberoni Silvia , Scalici Francesco , Peppe Antonella , Caltagirone Carlo , Costa Alberto
Published: June 2021

Word clustering (i.e., the ability to reproduce the same word pairs in consecutive recall trials of an unrelated word list) has been extensively investigated as a proxy of subjective organization (SO) of memorandum. In healthy subjects and in groups of brain‐damaged patients, the rate of SO generally predicts accuracy of word list recall. This study aimed at evaluating SO in the performance of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) on a word list recall task in order to investigate the basic mechanisms of episodic memory impairment that are frequently observed in these patients. For this purpose, 56 PD patients, who were stratified according to the presence and quality of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and a group of healthy controls (HCs) were administered a word list task and an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests. Results showed that recall accuracy on the word list task progressively decreased passing from HC to PD patients without cognitive impairment, to patients with single‐domain dysexecutive MCI and to patients with multiple‐domain dysexecutive and amnesic MCI. Conversely, only the latter PD group showed a lower SO score than that achieved by the other groups. In the overall PD group, correlational and regression analyses demonstrated that SO scores and a composite score of executive functions were not reciprocally related, but both provided an independent and significant contribution to the prediction of word list recall accuracy. These data are discussed in terms of the contribution of executive functions and hippocampal storage processes to the onset of memory impairment in PD.
Prospect Theory and Stock Market Anomalies
Authors: BARBERIS NICHOLAS , JIN LAWRENCE J. , WANG BAOLIAN
Published: June 2021

We present a new model of asset prices in which investors evaluate risk according to prospect theory and examine its ability to explain 23 prominent stock market anomalies. The model incorporates all of the elements of prospect theory, accounts for investors' prior gains and losses, and makes quantitative predictions about an asset's average return based on empirical estimates of the asset's return volatility, return skewness, and past capital gain. We find that the model can help explain a majority of the 23 anomalies.
Work, Stressors, and Psychosocial Adjustment of Undocumented Guatemalan Adolescents in United States Agriculture: A Mixed‐Methods Approach
Authors: Carlos Chavez Fiorella L. , Gonzales‐Backen Melinda A. , Grzywacz Joseph G.
Published: June 2021

This research focused on undocumented male Guatemalan migrant adolescents’ experiences and stressors in United States agriculture. Study 1 applied a phenomenological method to explore work–life experiences of Guatemalan minors (n = 10) aged 15–17 (Mage = 16.4). Findings highlighted three themes (1) “Just keep pushing forward,” (2) “It feels ugly but that’s life,” and (3) “I have to do everything on my own.” Using a separate sample, Study 2 examined the association between stressors and depressive symptoms among Guatemalan migrant adolescents (n = 28), aged 15–20 (Mage = 17.71). Results showed loneliness, social isolation, and work conditions as correlates for depressive symptoms. Findings highlighted a distinct developmental path among migrant farmworker adolescents and offered insight into their resilience and developmental threats.