bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison between the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease among South-Western Nigerian pregnant women to that of the non-pregnant ones
Authors: Jemilohun Abiodun Christopher , Tijani Aramide Mikhail , Fasanu Adeniyi Olanipekun
Published: February 2017

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in the general population. Pregnancy is known to be associated with high incidence of GERD symptoms. Although, there are previously conducted studies involving both genders to determine the prevalence of GERD in different population groups in Nigeria, our preliminary literature search showed that there is a dearth of data on the prevalence of GERD among Nigerian pregnant women. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of GERD using the GerdQ questionnaire and to test the association between pregnancy and GERD among women of south-western Nigeria. The study was a descriptive hospital based cross-sectional survey involving three medical facilities in two states of south-western Nigeria. A total of 796 women consisting of 413 (51.9%) healthy pregnant women at various gestational ages and 383 (48.1%) nonpregnant women were interviewed. A predesigned questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic data, obstetrics information, the GerdQ questionnaire and previous history of GERD symptoms was administered to each of the participants. Of the 796 women interviewed, 413 (51.9%) were pregnant women with a mean of 27.42 (±5.00) years and 383 (48.1%) non-pregnant women of child bearing age with a mean of 26.72 (±6.46) years. The prevalence of GERD among the pregnant women was 14.5% while that among the nonpregnant group was 9.7%. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.036). Following adjustment for potential confounders, pregnancy maintained a positive statistically significant relationship with GERD [OR=1.67 (95% CI=1.07, -2.61), P=0.023]. GERD has a moderate prevalence in pregnancy in southwestern Nigeria. Pregnancy has a significant association with GERD, independent of the other risk factors.
Exaggerated serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein in focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver
Authors: Cirri Lorenzo , Dahmash Farouk , Marin Christian , Grüning Wolfram , Elmaagacli Ahmet H.
Published: February 2017

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a tumor marker routinely used for the diagnosis and follow-up of malignant neoplasms. We report a case of extremely high serum levels of AFP associated with benign lesions of the liver and of the lungs with a spontaneous and gradual drop to normal values in the 9-month follow-up without any form of treatment. As a result a high serum level of AFP does not necessarily indicate a malignant tumor and every patient presenting with such finding must be thoroughly examined before making a definitive diagnosis.
A rare gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic primary amyloidosis
Authors: Orr Jordan , Shelnut Danielle , Ergen William , Nanda Arjun , Weber Frederick
Published: February 2017

Symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) amyloidosis is a rare manifestation of systemic amyloid light chain amyloidosis. Further, the presentation of primary GI amyloidosis without previously diagnosed systemic amyloidosis is exceptionally rare. We describe a case of a patient presenting with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss later to be diagnosed with localized GI amyloidosis from underlying multiple myeloma. Unfortunately, the GI disease was insurmountable leading to her death. Amyloidosis exerts its pathology at the level of the mucosa, soft tissue, nerves, and vascular supply of the GI tract. No specific treatments for the GI complications of amyloidosis are available and supportive measures are universally employed. GI amyloidosis is not only infrequently amenable to systemic and symptomatic treatment, but has a negative impact on both quality of life and survival.
Biometric Characterization, Water Absorption Curve and Vigor on Araçá-Boi Seeds
Authors: da Silva Moura Marcela Liege , Chagas Edvan Alves , Smiderle Oscar José , Vilaça Rosemary , Chagas Pollyana Cardoso , de Moura Elias Ariel , Farias Eliel Eleutério
Published: February 2017

Araçà-boi is a fruit, which awakes great interest for presenting pulp of quality. Their seeds are recalcitrant and present a relatively short period of viability. The water absorption by seeds is a mechanism of growth resuming of the embryo with a subsequent of the tegument breakage by the radical. The seed electric conductivity is a vigor testing is directly related to the membrane permeability. Study of the curve of water absorption by the araçá-boi seeds will contribute to characterize their germination process. In this context, studies concerned with seeds were conducted, which characterized the mass, biometrics, water content, electric conductivity and water imbibition by seeds. It was found that the population of plants established in Manaus-AM produces small, medium and large seeds and which present 70.2, 68.2 and 47.5% of moisture. The greatest water increase takes place in the first hour of absorption, regardless of the size of seeds and water absorption velocity is not influenced by their size. The imbibition curves characterized in the 144-hour period, independent of the size of seeds, show changes of two physiological phases. Both the large and medium seeds present smaller conductivity values, obtaining smaller percentages of germination for possessing increased vigor indices.
Seed Priming Alleviated Salt Stress Effects on Rice Seedlings by Improving Na+/K+ and Maintaining Membrane Integrity
Authors: Theerakulpisut Piyada , Kanawapee Nantawan , Panwong Bunika
Published: February 2017

The potential of seed priming by different chemicals on alleviation of growth inhibition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under salt stress was investigated. A preliminary experiment using 10 seed-priming chemicals including NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, KNO3, ascorbic acid (AsA), mannitol, polyethylene glycol (PEG6000), sorbitol, wood vinegar and distilled water revealed that mannitol, KNO3 and wood vinegar were more effective than the others in alleviating salt-induced growth inhibition of 10- day-old seedlings. Various concentrations of mannitol (1, 2 and 3%), KNO3 (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%) and wood vinegar (1:1000, 1:300 and 1:100 dilutions) were subsequently used to prime rice seeds to investigate the effects on mitigation of salt-induced growth inhibition and modulation of physiological responses of 4-week-old rice plants grown in a hydroponic solution. All tested concentrations of mannitol, KNO3 and wood vinegar resulted in seedlings with significantly higher dry weights than those grown from non-primed and hydroprimed seeds under both controlled and saltstressed (150 mM NaCl, 7 days) conditions. Under salt stress, enhanced growth of seedlings raised from seeds primed with all three chemicals was attributable to greater membrane stability, higher chlorophyll content and lower Na+/K+ ratio.
An Orientation Method with Prediction and Anticipation Features
Authors: Ramos João , Oliveira Tiago , Satoh Ken , Neves José , Novais Paulo
Published: February 2017

Nowadays, progress is constant and inherent to a living society. This may occur in different arenas, namely in mathematical evaluation and healthcare. Assistive technologies are a topic under this evolution, being extremely important in helping users with diminished capabilities (physical, sensory, intellectual). These technologies assist people in tasks that were difficult or impossible to execute. A common diminished task is orientation, which is crucial for the user autonomy. The adaptation to such technologies should require the minimum effort possible in order to enable the person to use devices that convey assistive functionalities. There are several solutions that help a human being to travel between two different locations, however their authors are essentially concerned with the guidance method, giving special attention to the user interface. The CogHelper system aims to overcome these systems by applying a framework of Speculative Computation, which adds a prediction feature for the next user movement giving an anticipation ability to the system. Thus, an alert is triggered before the user turn towards an incorrect path. The travelling path is also adjusted to the user preferences through a trajectory mining module.
Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: EA Version of UCS ICD Model
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This User Guide describes the content of the Enterprise Architect (EA) version of the UCS Architectural Model and how to use this model within the EA modeling tool environment.

The purpose of the EA version of the UCS Architectural Interface Control Document (ICD) model is to provide a working model for Enterprise Architect tool users and to serve as the source model for the Rational Software Architect (RSA) and Rhapsody models (AIR6516 and AIR6517).

The AIR6515 EA Model has been validated to contain the same content as the AS6518 model for:

all UCS ICD interfaces

all UCS ICD messages

all UCS ICD data directly or indirectly referenced by ICD messages and interfaces

the Domain Participant, Information, Service, and Non-Functional Properties Models
Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: RSA Version of UCS ICD Model
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This User Guide describes the content of the Rational Software Architect (RSA) version of the UCS Architectural Model and how to use this model within the RSA modeling tool environment.

The purpose of the RSA version of the UCS Architectural Interface ICD model is to provide a model for Rational Software Architect (RSA) users, derived from the Enterprise Architect (EA) ICD model (AIR6515).

The AIR6515 EA Model, and by derivation, the AIR6516 RSA Model, have been validated to contain the same content as the AS6518 model for:

all UCS ICD interfaces

all UCS ICD messages

all UCS ICD data directly or indirectly referenced by ICD messages and interfaces

the Domain Participant, Information, Service and Non-Functional Properties Models
Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: Rhapsody Version of UCS ICD Model
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This User Guide describes the content of the Rhapsody version of the UCS Architectural Model and how to use this model within the Rhapsody modeling tool environment.

The purpose of the Rhapsody version of the UCS Architectural Interface Control Document (ICD) model is to provide a model for Rhapsody users, derived from the Enterprise Architect (EA) model (AIR6515).

The AIR6515 EA Model, and by derivation, the AIR6517 Rhapsody Model, have been validated to contain the same content as the AS6518 model for:

all UCS ICD interfaces

all UCS ICD messages

all UCS ICD data directly or indirectly referenced by ICD messages and interfaces

the Domain Participant, Information, Service and Non-Functional Properties Models
UxS Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: UCTRACE
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

The Use Case Trace (UCTRACE) is SAE publication AIR6519 of the Department of Defense Unmanned Control Segment (UCS) Architecture. This document is the SAE publication of the Department of Defense UAS Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: Use Case Trace (UCTRACE) Version 3.4(PR) approved for Distribution A public release 15.S-1859.

This information is produced from a script run against the System Use Case Model contained in the UCS Architecture Model AS6518-MODEL.eap configuration item.

The System Use Case Model includes, at its lowest level of elaboration, use cases Level 2/3 (L2/L3) that describe specific scenarios of message exchanges between Actors and internal system Participants via ServiceInterfaces.

These message exchanges provide a way to create detailed traces that answer the question: “What UCS service interfaces must my components implement to satisfy functional requirements represented by a given Level 2/3 UCS use case?”

The AIR6519-UCTRACE spreadsheet contains trace information derived directly from the message sequences in the L2/L3 use cases.
Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: Data Distribution Service (DDS)
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This platform specific Interface Control Document (ICD) provides an example mapping to the Object Management Group’s (OMG) Data Distribution Service (DDS) infrastructure middleware. The mapping is based on the Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: Model, AS6518. A series of non-normative implementation choices have been made that are specific to this ICD. These implementation choices may not be appropriate for different system implementations. The machine readable ICD and result of this mapping and implementation choices are provided with AIR6521.

Use and understanding of this document assumes a working knowledge of the UCS Architecture, the model structure and its contents.
Unmanned Systems (UxS) Control Segment (UCS) Architecture: UCS Architecture Model
Authors:   AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture
Published: February 2017

This brief User Guide recaps the content of the AS6518 UCS Architectural Model described in detail in AS6512 UCS Architecture: Architecture Description.

The purpose of the UCS Architecture Model is to provide the authoritative source for other models and products within the UCS Architecture as shown in the AS6512 UCS Architecture: Architecture Description.
Manufacturing Message Specification – Service Definition and Protocol
Authors:   G-33 Configuration Management
Published: February 2017

The Manufacturing Message Specification is an application layer Standard designed to support messaging communications to and from programmable devices in a Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) environment. This environment is referred to in this Standard as the manufacturing environment. This Standard does not specify a complete set of services for remote programming of devices, although provision of such a set of services may be the subject of future standardization efforts.

This Standard defines the Manufacturing Message Specification within the OSI application layer in terms of:

a)

an abstract model defining the interaction between users of the service;

b)

the externally visible functionality of implementations conforming to this Standard, in the form of procedural requirements associated with the execution of service requests;

c)

the primitive actions and events of the service;

d)

the parameter data associated with each primitive action and event;

e)

the relationship between, and the valid sequences of, these actions and events.

The service defined in this Standard is that which is provided by the Manufacturing Message Specification protocol. The service may be used by other application layer service elements or by other elements of the application process.

This part of this Standard does not specify individual implementations or products, nor does it constrain the implementation of entities and interfaces within a computer system. This Standard does specify the externally visible functionality of implementations, and specifies conformance requirements for such functionality.
Fatigue Testing Procedure for Suspension-Leaf Springs
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

Only fully processed new springs which are representative of springs intended for the vehicle shall be used for the tests. No complete spring or separate leaf shall be used for more than one test.
Thread Sealants
Authors:   Air Brake Tubing and Tube Ftg Committee
Published: February 2017

Male pipe threads, including male dryseal pipe threads, when made into assemblies or installed into ports, will generally leak if not covered with a sealant.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as a guide to assist designers and/or users in the selection and application of various types of thread sealants. The designers and users must make a systematic review of each type and application and then select the sealant to fulfill the requirements of the application. The following are general guidelines and are not necessarily a complete list.
Body Corrosion - A Comprehensive Introduction
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

The mechanism of automotive body corrosion is scientific, based on established laws of chemistry and physics. Yet there are many opinions related to the cause of body corrosion, not always based on scientific axioms. The purpose of this SAE Information Report is to present a basic understanding of the types of body corrosion, the factors that contribute to body corrosion, the testing procedures, evaluation of corrosion performance, and glossary of related terms.
J1698-1A Pedestrian Protection EDR Output Data Definition Appendix to SAE J1698-1 Event Data Recorder – Output Data Definition
Authors:   Event Data Recorder Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1698-1A creates an appendix to SAE J1698-1. The appendix contains EDR Record parameters and definitions related to light duty passenger vehicle pedestrian protection systems.
Physical Layer, 250 Kbps, Twisted Shielded Pair
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

This document defines a physical layer having a robust immunity to EMI and physical properties suitable for harsh environments.

CAN controllers are available which support the CAN Flexible Data Rate Frame Format. These controllers, when used on SAE J1939-11 networks, must be restricted to use only the Classical Frame Format compliant to ISO 11898-1:2015.

These SAE Recommended Practices are intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.
Off-Board Diagnostic Connector
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

SAE J1939-13 specifies the diagnostic connectors used for off-board connection to a vehicle’s SAE J1939 communication links. The defined diagnostic connectors support connection to the twisted shielded pair media (SAE J1939-11), the unshielded twisted pair (SAE J1939-15), the twisted pair of (SAE J1939-14), as well as the twisted unshielded quad media (ISO 11783-2).
Qualified Hoses for Marine Applications
Authors:   Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

The following list consists of hose data provided as of December 2016, and is for convenience in determining acceptability of nonmetallic flexible hose assemblies intended for usage under 46 CFR 56.60-25. Where the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) or type of fitting is not specified, use the manufacturer's recommended MAWP or type of fitting. This list has been compiled by SAE Staff from information provided by the manufacturers whose product listings appear in this document.

Manufacturers wishing to list their products in this document shall:

a

Successfully test their hose to the requirements of SAE J1942, Table 1.

b

Submit a letter of certification to the SAE J1942 test requirements for each specific type of hose tested (see sample table on page 4) along with the test results. All sizes should be included in the same letter which must also include all of the information necessary to make a SAE J1942-1 listing.

c

The SAE will review the letter and may, at their discretion, request to see further test results. A copy of the submittal letter marked “Accepted for Listing” will be returned to the applicant upon approval.

d

The cutoff date for inclusion of a hose listing in the annual SAE Handbook is September 30, of the preceding year. However, listed hoses may be used on vessels as soon as the “Accepted for Listing” letter is issued by the SAE.

Next publication of this listing is scheduled to take place in December 2017. If you wish to include additional hoses in the 2017 publication of this list, please submit your Certified List to SAE by September 2017.
Aerodynamic Testing of Road Vehicles - Testing Methods and Procedures
Authors:   Road Vehicle Aerodynamics Forum Committee
Published: February 2017

The scope of this SAE Information Report is confined to wind-tunnel testing, although it is recognized that many aspects of the aerodynamic characteristics of road vehicles can be investigated in other test facilities (such as water-tanks) or, especially, on the road. For example, coastdown testing is often used to determine aerodynamic drag (either in isolation or as part of the total resistance), and artificial gust generators are used to investigate the sensitivity of vehicles to cross-wind gusts.

Also excluded from the present Report are climatic wind-tunnel tests of road vehicles, which are defined in more detail in Section 3.

The Report covers the aerodynamic requirements of a wind-tunnel for automotive testing, together with the facility equipment needed and the requirements affecting the test vehicle or model. The test methods and procedures described here include those for six-component force measurements and measurements of pressures and velocities both on the vehicle/model surface and in the surrounding flow-field.

Flow visualization techniques are outlined, with reference to the detailed coverage in a related SAE Information Report (2). In addition, the reduction, analysis, and presentation of wind-tunnel data are considered, with further references to associated SAE Information Reports (3,4) on corrections to be applied for wind-tunnel blockage effects. Finally, methods are discussed for the validation of the wind-tunnel data, e.g., by tunnel-to-road correlation studies.

As already indicated, this document has been prepared in conjunction with a number of other SAE Information Reports and Recommended Practices (1-5), each of which provides greater detail than is given here on its particular aspect of automotive aerodynamic testing.
Calculation and Measurement of the Time to Complete In-Vehicle Navigation and Route Guidance Tasks
Authors:   Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice can apply to both Original Equipment Manufacturer and Aftermarket route-guidance and navigation system functions for passenger vehicles. The methods apply only to the presentation of visual information and the use of manual control inputs to accomplish a navigation or route guidance task. They do not apply to visual monitoring tasks which do not require a manual control input, such as route following. Voice-activated controls or passenger operation of controls are also excluded.
Connections for General Use and Fluid Power - Test Methods-Threadless Connections
Authors:   Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE standard specifies uniform methods for the testing of threadless connections for hydraulic fluid power applications.

These connections are intended for general application and hydraulic systems on industrial equipment and commercial products. These connections shall be capable of providing leak proof connections in hydraulic systems operating from 95 kPa vacuum to working pressures specified by the manufacturer.

Since many factors influence the pressure at which a hydraulic system will or will not perform satisfactorily, it is recommended that sufficient testing be conducted and reviewed by both the user and manufacturer to ensure that required performance levels are met.
Parking Brake Control Identification - Vehicles with Hydraulic Brake Systems and Automatic Transmissions
Authors:   Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee
Published: February 2017

The scope and purpose of the SAE Recommended Practice is to provide standards for the control and indication of parking brakes in hydraulic braked vehicles over 4540 kg (10000 lb) GVWR. This recommended practice pertains to automatic transmission applications and supplements the SAE J915 recommended practice. This recommended practice does not address parking brake system performance. Parking brake system performance, both static and dynamic conditions, is the responsibility of the OEM vehicle manufacturer or manufacturers that modify the vehicle by adding special vocational required equipment (such as but not limited to outriggers, cranes, etc.).
R-1234yf [HFO-1234yf] Refrigerant Electronic Leak Detectors, Minimum Performance Criteria
Authors:   Interior Climate Control Service Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard provides testing and functional requirements to meet specified minimum performance criteria for electronic probe-type leak detectors. The equipment specified here will identify smaller refrigerant leaks when servicing motor vehicle air conditioning systems, including those engineered with improved sealing and smaller refrigerant charges to address environmental concerns and increase system efficiency. This document does not address any safety issues concerning the equipment design or use beyond that of sampling a flammable refrigerant save those described in 3.1 and 3.2 of this document. All requirements of this standard shall be verified in SAE J2911.
Speedometer and Odometer Systems for On-Highway Vehicles
Authors:   Odometer and Speedometer Standards
Published: February 2017

This recommended practice is intended to provide industry technical personnel with an overview of vehicle speedometer system accuracy and offset requirements and odometer system accuracy requirements. Speedometer and odometer systems covered by this document are integrated into a vehicle's electrical and electronics system, assembled directly into the vehicle by the OEM, and use rotational data from at least one vehicle wheel that is appropriately converted into longitudinal vehicle speed and distance traveled information. This standard is limited to radial ply tires on new (as manufactured) cars, light trucks, and medium duty trucks. Other methods for measuring vehicle speed and distance traveled may be used provided they meet the performance recommendations herein. Any local market regulatory requirements must be met and shall supersede this document. Service parts are beyond the scope of this recommended practice.
Driver-Vehicle Interface Considerations for Lane Keeping Assistance Systems
Authors:   Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Committee
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this document is to provide guidance for the implementation of driver-vehicle interfaces (DVI) for intervention-type lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS), as defined by ISO 11270.

LKAS provide support for safe lane keeping operations by drivers via momentary intervention in lane keeping actions, but do not automate part or all of the dynamic driving task on a sustained basis (see SAE J3016). Thus they are not classified as a driving automation system per SAE J3016 - Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems, nor do they prevent possible lane or roadway departures, as drivers can always override an LKAS intervention and road conditions may be such that they cannot support an LKAS intervention (e.g., too slippery, curve to tight, lateral velocity too high, etc.). As used in this document, the term LKAS refers to lateral control driver assistance features that automatically intervene to hinder a lane departure if the driver either fails to signal intent to change lanes (i.e., via turn signal activation) or fails to initiate corrective action to prevent the lane departure. It does not include lane centering-type systems (with or without required minimum steering torque input by the driver), which perform constant steering correction to maintain lane positioning (i.e., within a given lane).

This document addresses DVI parameters for intervention-type LKAS equipped on vehicles designed for use on public roadways. The responsibility for the safe operation of the vehicle always remains with the driver. LKAS is intended to operate on highways and equivalent roads.

This document applies to original equipment LKAS for light-duty vehicles (i.e., passenger cars and light trucks) with GVWR of less than 10000 pounds. This document does not apply to the installation of LKAS on motorcycles or medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. Finally, this document does not address system or operational requirements for LKAS systems, which are specified by ISO 11270.
Automotive and Heavy Duty Storage Battery Vibration
Authors:   Starter Battery Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard serves as a guide for vibration testing procedures of Automotive and Heavy Duty storage batteries.
Battery Thermal Management
Authors:   Battery Thermal Management Committee
Published: February 2017

This document surveys the systems used for thermal management of batteries in vehicles. Battery thermal management is important for battery performance and cycle life. The document also includes a summary of design considerations for battery thermal management and a glossary of terms.
Low-preload Deflection Measurement for Brake Pads, Noise Shims, and Brake Pad Assemblies
Authors:   Brake Linings Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies a method for measuring the deflection of friction materials, noise insulators, and disc brake pad assemblies to be used in road vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating below 4336 kg.

This part of the SAE J3079 includes the test for deflection and creep at various pressures under ambient temperature conditions.

This SAE test method differs from SAE J2468 and ISO 6310 in the preload and maximum load applied to the test sample when deflection is measured. It also introduces additional measurements such as for deflection offset, hysteresis, and creep.
Cooling System Non-Metallic Caps and Filler Necks – Threaded Construction
Authors:   Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice was developed primarily for passenger car and truck application, but may be used in marine, industrial, and similar applications. It addresses Non-Metallic caps and both Metallic and Non-Metallic filler necks.
Measurements of sub-3 nm particles using a particle size magnifier in different environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities
Authors: Kontkanen Jenni , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Ahonen Lauri , Kangasluoma Juha , Manninen Hanna E. , Hakala Jani , Rose Clémence , Sellegri Karine , Xiao Shan , Wang Lin , Qi Ximeng , Nie Wei , Ding Aijun , Yu Huan , Lee Shanhu , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The measurement of sub-3 nm aerosol particles is technically challenging. Therefore, there is a lack of knowledge about the concentrations of atmospheric sub-3 nm particles and their variation in different environments. In this study, the concentrations of ∼ 1–3 nm particles measured with a particle size magnifier (PSM) were investigated at nine sites around the world. Sub-3 nm particle concentrations were highest at the sites with strong anthropogenic influence. In boreal forest, measured particle concentrations were clearly higher in summer than in winter, suggesting the importance of biogenic precursor vapors in this environment. At all sites, sub-3 nm particle concentrations had daytime maxima, which are likely linked to the photochemical production of precursor vapors and the emissions of precursor vapors or particles from different sources. When comparing ion concentrations to the total sub-3 nm particle concentrations, electrically neutral particles were observed to dominate in polluted environments and in boreal forest during spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of sub-3 nm particles seem to be determined by the availability of precursor vapors rather than the level of the sink caused by preexisting aerosol particles. The results also indicate that the formation of the smallest particles and their subsequent growth to larger sizes are two separate processes, and therefore studying the concentration of sub-3 nm particles separately in different size ranges is essential.
Post-processing to remove residual clouds from aerosol optical depth retrieved using the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer
Authors: Sogacheva Larisa , Kolmonen Pekka , Virtanen Timo H. , Rodriguez Edith , Saponaro Giulia , de Leeuw Gerrit
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Cloud misclassification is a serious problem in the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD), which might considerably bias the AOD results. On the one hand, residual cloud contamination leads to AOD overestimation, whereas the removal of high-AOD pixels (due to their misclassification as clouds) leads to underestimation. To remove cloud-contaminated areas in AOD retrieved from reflectances measured with the (Advanced) Along Track Scanning Radiometers (ATSR-2 and AATSR), using the ATSR dual-view algorithm (ADV) over land or the ATSR single-view algorithm (ASV) over ocean, a cloud post-processing (CPP) scheme has been developed at the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) as described in Kolmonen et al. (2016). The application of this scheme results in the removal of cloud-contaminated areas, providing spatially smoother AOD maps and favourable comparison with AOD obtained from the ground-based reference measurements from the AERONET sun photometer network. However, closer inspection shows that the CPP also removes areas with elevated AOD not due to cloud contamination, as shown in this paper. We present an improved CPP scheme which better discriminates between cloud-free and cloud-contaminated areas. The CPP thresholds have been further evaluated and adjusted according to the findings. The thresholds for the detection of high-AOD regions (> 60 % of the retrieved pixels should be high-AOD (> 0.6) pixels), and cloud contamination criteria for low-AOD regions have been accepted as the default for AOD global post-processing in the improved CPP. Retaining elevated AOD while effectively removing cloud-contaminated pixels affects the resulting global and regional mean AOD values as well as coverage. Effects of the CPP scheme on both spatial and temporal variation for the period 2002–2012 are discussed. With the improved CPP, the AOD coverage increases by 10–15 % with respect to the existing scheme. The validation versus AERONET shows an improvement of the correlation coefficient from 0.84 to 0.86 for the global data set for the period 2002–2012. The global aggregated AOD over land for the period 2003–2011 is 0.163 with the improved CPP compared to 0.144 with the existing scheme. The aggregated AOD over ocean and globally (land and ocean together) is 0.164 with the improved CPP scheme (compared to 0.152 and 0.150 with the existing scheme, for ocean and globally respectively). Effects of the improved CPP scheme on the 10-year time series are illustrated and seasonal and temporal changes are discussed. The improved CPP method introduced here is applicable to other aerosol retrieval algorithms. However, the thresholds for detecting the high-AOD regions, which were developed for AATSR, might have to be adjusted to the actual features of the instruments.
MUSICA MetOp/IASI {H2O,δD} pair retrieval simulations for validating tropospheric moisture pathways in atmospheric models
Authors: Schneider Matthias , Borger Christian , Wiegele Andreas , Hase Frank , García Omaira E. , Sepúlveda Eliezer , Werner Martin
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The project MUSICA (MUlti-platform remote Sensing of Isotopologues for investigating the Cycle of Atmospheric water) has shown that the sensor IASI aboard the satellite MetOp can measure the free tropospheric {H2O,δD} pair distribution twice per day on a quasi-global scale. Such data are very promising for investigating tropospheric moisture pathways, however, the complex data characteristics compromise their usage in the context of model evaluation studies. Here we present a tool that allows for simulating MUSICA MetOp/IASI {H2O,δD} pair remote sensing data for a given model atmosphere, thereby creating model data that have the remote sensing data characteristics assimilated. This model data can then be compared to the MUSICA data. The retrieval simulation method is based on the physical principles of radiative transfer and we show that the uncertainty of the simulations is within the uncertainty of the MUSICA MetOp/IASI products, i.e. the retrieval simulations are reliable enough. We demonstrate the working principle of the simulator by applying it to ECHAM5-wiso model data. The few case studies clearly reveal the large potential of the MUSICA MetOp/IASI {H2O,δD} data pairs for evaluating modelled moisture pathways. The tool is made freely available in form of MATLAB and Python routines and can be easily connected to any atmospheric water vapour isotopologue model.
Amplification of global warming through pH-dependence of
DMS-production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model
Authors: Schwinger Jörg , Tjiputra Jerry , Goris Nadine , Six Katharina , Kirkevåg Alf , Seland Øyvind , Heinze Christoph , Ilyina Tatiana
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We estimate the additional transient surface warming ΔTs caused by a potential reduction of marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production due to ocean-acidification under the high emission scenario RCP8.5 until the year 2200. Since we use a fully coupled Earth system model, our results include a range of feedbacks, such as the response of marine DMS-production to the additional changes in temperature and sea-ice cover. Our results are broadly consistent with the findings of a previous study that employed an off-line model set-up. Assuming a medium (strong) sensitivity of DMS-production to pH, we find an additional transient global warming of 0.30 K (0.47 K) towards the end of the 22nd century when DMS-emission are reduced by 7.3 Tg S yr−1 or 31 % (11.5 Tg S yr−1 or 48 %). The main mechanism behind the additional warming is a reduction of cloud albedo, but a change in short-wave radiative fluxes under clear-sky conditions due to reduced sulfate aerosol load also contributes significantly. We find an approximately linear relationship between reduction of DMS-emissions and changes in top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes as well as changes in surface temperature for the range of DMS-emissions considered here. For example, global average Ts changes by −0.041 K per 1 Tg S yr−1 change in sea-air DMS-fluxes. The additional warming in our model has a pronounced asymmetry between northern and southern high latitudes. It is largest over the Antarctic continent, where the additional temperature increase of 0.56 K (0.89 K) is almost twice the global average. We find that feedbacks are small on the global scale due to opposing regional contributions. The most pronounced feedback is found for the Southern Ocean, where we estimate that the additional climate change enhances sea-air DMS-fluxes by about 9 % (15 %), which counteracts the reduction due to ocean acidification.
Regional seesaw between North Atlantic and Nordic Seas during the last glacial abrupt climate events
Authors: Wary Mélanie , Eynaud Frédérique , Swingedouw Didier , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Matthiessen Jens , Kissel Catherine , Zumaque Jena , Rossignol Linda , Jouzel Jean
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations constitute one of the most enigmatic features of the last glacial cycle. Their cold atmospheric phases have been commonly associated with cold sea-surface temperatures and expansion of sea ice in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas. Here, based on dinocyst analyses from the 48–30 ka BP interval of four sediment cores from the northern Northeast Atlantic and southern Norwegian Sea, we provide direct and quantitative evidence of a regional paradoxical seesaw pattern: cold Greenland and North Atlantic phases coincide with warmer sea-surface conditions and shorter seasonal sea-ice cover durations in the Norwegian Sea as compared to warm phases. Combined with additional paleorecords and multi-model hosing simulations, our results suggest that during cold Greenland phases, reduced Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and cold North Atlantic sea-surface conditions were accompanied by the subsurface propagation of warm Atlantic waters that re-emerged in the Nordic Seas and provided moisture towards Greenland summit.
A Global Model of Predicted Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) Distribution with Open Source GIS Code and 104 Open Access
Layers for use by the global public
Authors: Sriram Sumithra , Huettmann Falk
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) are among the fastest members of the animal kingdom, and they are probably the most widely distributed raptors in the world; their migrations and habitats range from the tundra, mountains and some deserts to the tropics, coastal zones and urban habitats. Habitat loss, conversion, contamination, pesticides and other anthropogenic pressures are all known factors that have an adverse effect on these species. However, while peregrine falcons were removed from the list of endangered species due to rebounding populations linked with the DDT ban in many nations of the world, no accurate global distribution models have ever been developed for good conservation practice and in an open access data framework. Here we used the best-available open access peregrine falcon data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF.org) to obtain the first publicly available global distribution model for peregrine falcons. For that purpose, we compiled over a hundred high resolution global GIS layers (1 km pixel size) that incorporated various variables such as biological, climatic, and socio-economic predictors allowing to analysis habitat relationships in a holistic fashion and to build a generalizable model. These value-added layers have also been made available by us for the global public, free of charge, for further use and consumption in any modeling effort wanted (https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/handle/11122/7151). We created data extraction explicit in space and time also with an open source python script tool as well as with ArcGIS (via the GUI) on a PC. The obtained data cube (global, 1 km pixel, 104 GIS layers) was "mined" with the Salford Predictive Modeler (SPM) software suite, which offers one of the best platforms for data mining, to build the prediction model for robust inference. We found that peregrine falcons are widely urbanized occurring in coastal areas and also associated with riparian zones. This is the first model ever obtained using 104 predictors on a 1 km scale predicting the potential ecological niche of falcons around the world. While our model might show uncertainty for parts of Siberia, Russia, it has an assessed global accuracy of over 95 % and hence provides the currently best possible public available global prediction model for peregrine falcons, based on all available empirical data. Overlaid with the national parks of the world we found that most peregrine hotspots are actually located outside of protected areas warranting more protection efforts while global change unfolds. Finally, a nationwide assessment of the presence points taken from GBIF allows for insight as to the many signatory nations that are still in violation of the open access data sharing requirement set by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Budapest and Berlin Declaration.
A GIS-based monitoring and early warning system for
cover-collapse sinkholes in karst terrane in Wuhan, China
Authors: Xueping Li , Shangde Xiao , Huiming Tang , Jinsheng Peng
Published: February 2017

Abstract. To reduce disastrous losses caused by karst collapse especially in urban areas, it is important to establish an early warning system utilizing monitoring data. Three major aspects have been monitored based upon engineering geological conditions and characteristics of karst collapse processes in Wuhan, China: changes in surface soil, soil deformation, and groundwater levels. Measurements have been recorded of: (1) soil pressure, (2) ground-penetrating radar images, (3) underground water levels, (4) ground water levels, (5) rainfall, (6) cracking, (7) ground deformation, and (8) water level in monitored wells. This paper has selected geological radar cross-sectional data and underground water level monitoring data to obtain criteria for hydraulic gradient warning, geological radar warning and plastic zone warning based upon these monitoring data and wider knowledge of karst collapse in Wuhan. A comprehensive warning system has been developed on a MAPGIS platform, employing monitoring data in Microsoft Excel format and Microsoft Visual C++ development tools. Three warning levels are adopted by the system: safe, becoming dangerous, and dangerous; indicated in green, yellow and red respectively on hazard maps. The system automatically undertakes processes of data management and model calculation leading to geo-hazard warning map generation. Using monitoring data collected in the first six months of 2011 at Wuhan, the system has established a hydraulic gradient model, plastic zone warning model, geological radar warning model, and a comprehensive early warning model; and has been shown to be an effective method of providing karst collapse warning.
Prólogo
Authors: Hooker Blandford Alta
Published: February 2017

Este volumen No. 18 de la Revista Ciencia e Interculturalidad, presenta una compilación estructurada en 5 secciones, las cuales comprenden 8 artículos, en el área de Educación: 1) Enseñanza del español, como segunda lengua en estudiantes indígenas, modalidad regular, URACCAN, Siuna, 2015; 2) Evaluación a profesores en las competencias matemáticas de Educación Media, Juigalpa, 2014.La segunda sección, En Educación Superior: 3) Referentes curriculares con incorporación tecnológica para la formación de profesores de matemática en y para la diversidad; 4) Centros de Apoyo y Desarrollo Educativo Profesional para la observación y disminución de la deserción universitaria; 5) Recursos didácticos y tecnológicos para la enseñanza de la integral definida en el modelo de Universidad Comunitaria Intercultural.En la tercera sección, Revitalización cultural: 6) El sihkrutara, en la narrativa y en la memoria del pueblo miskitu. En la cuarta sección, Ciencias Sociales: 7) La Radio Comunitaria. ¿Cómo resignificarla hoy? En la cuarta sección, Recursos Naturales y medio ambiente; 8) Análisis ambiental desde una perspectiva jurídica del ecosistemasur del Municipio La Sierpe.
Referentes curriculares con incorporación tecnológica para la formación de profesores de matemática en y para la diversidad
Authors: León Corredor Olga Lucía
Published: February 2017

El proyecto ALTER-NATIVA es el contexto de producción del libro “Referentes Curriculares con Incorporación de Tecnologías para la Formación del Profesorado de Matemáticas en y para la Diversidad”. La Comunidad ALTER-NATIVA de Matemáticas (CAM), fue conformada por profesores, estudiantes para profesor, investigadores y poblaciones sordas y ciegas, pertenecientes a la Universidades de: Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense URACCAN de Nicaragua,  Pedagógica Nacional de México UPN, “Distrital Francisco José de Caldas” UDFJC de Colombia y al Instituto Nacional para Sordos INSOR.SummaryThe ALTER-NATIVA project is based on the context of the production of the book entitled "Curricular reference with the incorporation of technology for mathematics teachers training in/and for diversity”. The ALTER-NATIVA Community of Mathematics (CAM), was made up of teachers, student teachers, researchers and deaf and blind populations belonging to: the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (URACCAN), the National Pedagogical of Mexico-UPN, the Francisco Jose de Caldas District-UDFJC of Colombia and the National Institute for the Deaf-INSOR.