bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small‐for‐size graft, small‐for‐size syndrome and inflow modulation in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Ikegami Toru , Onda Shinji , Furukawa Kenei , Haruki Koichiro , Shirai Yoshihiro , Gocho Takeshi
Published: September 2020

The extended application of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has revealed the problem of graft size mismatching called “small‐for‐size syndrome (SFSS).” The initial trials to resolve this problem involved increasing the procured graft size, from left to right, and even extending to include a right lobe graft. Clinical cases of living right lobe donations have been reported since then, drawing attention to the risks of increasing the liver volume procured from a living donor. However, not only other modes of increasing graft volume (GV) such as auxiliary or dual liver transplantation, but also control of the increased portal pressure caused by a small‐for‐size graft (SFSG), such as a porto‐systemic shunt or splenectomy and optimal outflow reconstruction, have been trialed with some positive results. To establish an effective strategy for transplanting SFSG and preventing SFSS, it is essential to have precise knowledge and tactics to evaluate graft quality and GV, when performing these LDLTs with portal pressure control and good venous outflow. Thus, we reviewed the updated literature on the pathogenesis of and strategies for using SFSG.
Adapting HIV services for pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children, adolescents and families in resource‐constrained settings during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Vrazo Alexandra C , Golin Rachel , Fernando Nimasha B , Killam Wm P , Sharifi Sheena , Phelps B Ryan , Gleason Megan M , Wolf Hilary T , Siberry George K , Srivastava Meena
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted global health service delivery, including provision of HIV services. Countries with high HIV burden are balancing the need to minimize interactions with health facilities to reduce the risk of COVID‐19 transmission, while delivering uninterrupted essential HIV prevention, testing and treatment services. Many of these adaptations in resource‐constrained settings have not adequately accounted for the needs of pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children and adolescents. We propose whole‐family, tailored programme adaptations along the HIV clinical continuum to protect the programmatic gains made in services.

Discussion

Essential HIV case‐finding services for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children should be maintained and include maternal testing, diagnostic testing for infants exposed to HIV, index testing for children whose biological parents or siblings are living with HIV, as well as for children/adolescents presenting with symptoms concerning for HIV and comorbidities. HIV self‐testing for children two years of age and older should be supported with caregiver and provider education. Adaptations include bundling services in the same visit and providing testing outside of facilities to the extent possible to reduce exposure risk to COVID‐19. Virtual platforms can be used to identify vulnerable children at risk of HIV infection, abuse, harm or violence, and link them to necessary clinical and psychosocial support services. HIV treatment service adaptations for families should focus on family based differentiated service delivery models, including community‐based ART initiation and multi‐month ART dispensing. Viral load monitoring should not be a barrier to transitioning children and adolescents experiencing treatment failure to more effective ART regimens, and viral load monitoring for pregnant and breastfeeding women and children should be prioritized and bundled with other essential services.

Conclusions

Protecting pregnant and breastfeeding women, infants, children and adolescents from acquiring SARS‐CoV‐2 while sustaining essential HIV services is an immense global health challenge. Tailored, family friendly programme adaptations for case‐finding, ART delivery and viral load monitoring for these populations have the potential to limit SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission while ensuring the continuity of life‐saving HIV case identification and treatment efforts.
Regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are negatively correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios in patients acutely infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gao Menglu , Liu Yili , Guo Mingquan , Wang Qianying , Wang Yan , Fan Jian , Shen Yinzhong , Hou Junjie , Wan Yanmin , Zhu Zhaoqin
Published: September 2020

Regulatory T cell can protect against severe forms of coronaviral infections attributable to host inflammatory responses. But its role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is still unclear. In this study, frequencies of total and multiple subsets of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients and discharged individuals were analyzed using a multicolor flow cytometry assay. Plasma concentration of IL-10 was measured using a microsphere-based immunoassay kit. Comparing to healthy controls, the frequencies of total lymphocytes and T cells decreased significantly in both acutely infected COVID-19 patients and discharged individuals. The frequencies of total lymphocytes correlated negatively with the frequencies of CD3−CD56+ NK cells. The frequencies of regulatory CD8+CD25+ T cells correlated with CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios positively, while the frequencies of regulatory CD4+CD25+CD127− T cells correlated negatively with CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios. Ratios of CD4+/CD8+ T cells increased significantly in patients beyond age of 45 years. And accordingly, the frequencies of regulatory CD8+CD25+ T cells were also found significantly increased in these patients. Collectively, the results suggest that regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Moreover, the data indicate that NK cells might contribute to the COVID-19 associated lymphopenia.
Profiling cellular heterogeneity in asthma with single cell multiparameter CyTOF
Authors: Stewart Emma , Wang Xiaomei , Chupp Geoffrey L , Montgomery Ruth R
Published: September 2020

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that afflicts over 30 million individuals in the United States and over 300 million individuals worldwide. The inflammatory response in the airways is often characterized by the analysis of sputum, which contains multiple types of cells including neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and rare bronchial epithelial cells. Subtyping patients using microscopy of the sputum has identified both neutrophilic and eosinophilic infiltrates in airway inflammation. However, with the extensive heterogeneity among these cell types, a higher resolution understanding of the inflammatory cell types present in the sputum is needed to dissect the heterogeneity of disease. Improved recognition of the distinct phenotypes and sources of inflammation in asthmatic granulocytes may identify relevant pathways for clinical management or investigation of novel therapeutic mediators. Here, we employed mass cytometry or cytometry by time-of-flight to quantify frequency and define functional status of sputum derived airway cells in asthmatic patients and healthy controls. This in-depth single cell analysis method identified multiple distinct subtypes of airway immune cells, especially in neutrophils. Significance was discovered by statistical analysis as well as a data-driven unbiased clustering approach. Our multidimensional assessment method identifies differences in cellular function and supports identification of cellular status that may contribute to diverse clinical responses. This technical advance is relevant for studies of pathogenesis and may provide meaningful insights to advance our knowledge of asthmatic inflammation.
Shoulder MR Arthrography: Comparative Evaluation of Three Different Contrast Injection Techniques Using an Anterior Approach
Authors: Ali Abeer H. , Said Hatem G. , Abo elhamd Eman , Mahmoud Mohammad K. , Qenawy Omran K.
Published: September 2020

Background

MR arthrography (MRA) is commonly used in the assessment of shoulder internal derangements. Correct intra‐articular contrast injection is required for this modality. Anterior injections under fluoroscopic, ultrasound‐guidance, or without image‐guidance have been described in the literature. However, no simultaneous comparison has been performed between the three techniques.

Purpose

To compare the accuracy and performance of fluoroscopy (FL)‐guided, ultrasound (US)‐guided and non‐image‐guided intra‐articular contrast injection via an anterior approach for performing shoulder MRA.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Two‐hundred and ten patients (180 men and 30 women; mean age, 33 ± 12 years; range 20–60 years) with clinically suspected shoulder pathology.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T/fat‐suppressed T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and 3D‐gradient‐echo images.

Assessment

Patients underwent shoulder MRA after anterior intra‐articular contrast injection under FL‐ or US‐guidance or without image‐guidance. Patients were randomized among the three techniques with each group comprising 70. The techniques were compared according to the accuracy of intra‐articular needle placement, attempts success rate, pain during and 24 hours after injection, procedure times, contrast extravasation rate, joint distension, and MRA diagnostic efficacy. Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS) pain‐score.

Statistical Tests

Pearson's chi‐squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests.

Results

FL‐ and US‐guided injections (100% accuracy) were significantly more accurate than non‐image‐guided (85.7% accuracy) (P < 0.05). US‐guidance was the least painful, with statistical differences between image‐guided and non‐image‐guided techniques regarding the first attempt success rate (95.7% and 92.8% for FL‐ and US‐guided vs. 78.6% for blinded), VAS‐score 24 hours‐post‐procedure (1.7 ± 1.7, and 1.5 ± 1.4 vs. 2.2 ± 1.4), procedure time (11.9 ± 1.6, and 7.4 ± 1.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.76 minutes), and contrast extravasation rate (5.7%, and 8.6% vs. 30%) (all P < 0.05). Procedure time was also significantly different between FL and US‐guidance (P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

Imaging‐guided injections are more accurate and tolerable than non‐image‐guided and should be considered to confirm intra‐articular needle position, hence adequate capsular distension and good diagnostic quality of shoulder MRA. US guidance is a less painful, rapid, and safe alternative to the FL approach.

Evidence Level: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 5.

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:481–490.
Automatic generation controller for multi area multisource regulated power system using grasshopper optimization algorithm with fuzzy predictive PID controller
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Sharma V.K.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a fuzzy predictive‐proportional integral derivative (FP‐PID) controller approach for automatic generation controller (AGC). This new AGC approach aims to balance the total generating system without any power losses and load changes in keeping constant system frequency per tie‐lie power flow. But, a sudden load variation in multi‐area Interconnected power system (MIPS) creates nonlinearities (frequency deviation & tie‐line) in all control areas. Because, penetrating of renewable sources to the power system, the sluggish control action may cause inefficiency in migrating frequency and tie‐line power flow. Hence, an accurate and fast‐acting controller is required to maintain the nominal value also the quality and stability of power system, because traditional AGC is not feasible for further process. Here, we propose an FP‐PID controller in MIPS for controlling large parametric uncertainties. Modeling error is taken into account to reduce the maximum deviation and time of oscillation. The main purpose of FP‐PID based AGC is to ensure stable and reliable power system operation. A grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) is used to tune the parameters of FP‐PID controller with Integral of time multiplied squared error (ITSE) as the objective function. The proposed method is compared with conventional two‐area and three‐area system, the result are built‐in Simulink/MATLAB show that the proposed method has a good dynamic response, fast operation reduced magnitude error and minimized frequency transients for three power areas. The robustness of the controller is, it need not be retuned for wide variations in system parameters and random step load power.
Design and analysis of two layers RLC network of rectangular topology by wave concept iterative process method
Authors: Ammar Noemen , Vincent Didier
Published: September 2020

The paper presents a theoretical study of a rectangular electrical network built on two layers. First, the auxiliary source notion is introduced for characterizing the potential difference over each electrical element, then the mathematical formalism of the Wave Concept Iterative Process method is developed and adopted to the studied circuit. The used method is based on the concept of the incident and reflected waves which are defined from the current and voltage at each branch of the circuit. Two relations connecting the waves are established into two definition domains: a spectral‐domain using the Kirchhoff laws and the auxiliary source connections and, another spatial defining the boundary conditions and the circuit design. Hence a two equations system is obtained and it is resolved by an iterative process, the transition between the two domains is ensured by the fast Fourier transform and its inverse. Moreover, the equivalent impedance between the feeding source and the nodes of the bottom layer has been calculated. Among the numerical simulation methods, this method has demonstrated its performances for analyzing various designs of the networks including RL, RC and RLC circuits excited by a lumped voltage source. The effect of the circuit parameters on the electrical currents and equivalent impedance has been studied.
Spatial and temporal characteristics of tropical cyclone strikes in the northeastern Pacific Basin between San Diego, California and Las Peñitas, Nicaragua
Authors: Grondin Nicholas S. , Keim Barry D.
Published: September 2020

This study analyses 52 (1966–2017) years of northeastern Pacific (NEP) tropical cyclones (TCs) and uses track data from the National Hurricane Center's HURDAT2 and a TC size model to determine TC strikes at 54 locations along the Pacific Coast of North America between San Diego, California, and Las Peñitas, Nicaragua. An average TC strike model is used whereby tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricane strikes are determined for each location. These data are used to construct time series and calculate TC return periods for each location. Results indicate varying patterns of strike frequency across the region, with hot spots along the southwestern coast of Mexico (centred on Manzanillo, Colima), on the southern tip of Baja California Sur, and on Isla Socorro, part of the Revillagigedo Island chain. These regions had TC return periods of 2 years or less while locations in Sonora, Central America, San Diego, and northern Baja California had return periods of 52 years or greater. In addition, results indicate varying patterns of activity in the region. For example, locations in Baja California Sur are shown to have been struck more frequently in recent years, while locations across the Gulf of California in northwestern Mexico have been struck less frequently. Understanding coastal risk in the NEP will be relevant to coastal planners, local governments, tourism agencies, and investors in this region.
Spatiotemporal patterns of satellite precipitation extremes in the Xijiang River Basin: From statistical characterization to stochastic behaviour modelling
Authors: Ma Qiumei , Ji Changming , Xiong Lihua , Wang Yi , Xu Chong‐Yu , Zhang Yanke
Published: September 2020

Given the threats from rainstorm events that have been intensified due to climate change, the investigation of heavy/extreme precipitation is attracting increasing attention. The investigation of extreme precipitation, with its restricted tools and data, is quite different from that of nonextreme precipitation. Satellite precipitation estimates (SPEs) are promising precipitation measurements due to fine spatial resolution. However, the spatiotemporal patterns of SPE extremes remain unclear. Therefore, this study attempted to systematically analyse the spatiotemporal patterns of extreme SPEs provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) research product from statistical characterization to stochastic behaviour modelling. The statistical characterization was depicted using comprehensive extreme precipitation indices (EPIs), while the stochastic behaviour was modelled using the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) to fit the ‘peak over threshold’ samples and employing the max‐stable process to fit the ‘block maximum’ samples (Max: annual 1‐day maximum, RX1day: monthly 1‐day maximum, and RX5day: monthly 5‐day maximum) of the TRMM data. The TRMM extremes were analysed across the Xijiang River Basin, China. The results of the statistical characterization revealed that compared with gauge precipitation, most TRMM EPIs were discovered to have higher temporal dynamic levels. Moreover, the spatial median of the return level for each return period derived from temporal TRMM extreme modelling with the GPD was lower than that from gauge extremes. The spatial dependence of Max in TRMM was weaker than that of either RX1day or RX5day, primarily due to different precipitation‐generating processes existing between two extreme events at annual scale compared with monthly scale. Each of the Max, RX1day, and RX5day in TRMM exhibited stronger spatial dependence than that in gauge extreme precipitation, maybe related to the area‐average‐based representation of the SPEs. These findings can enhance our insight into the spatiotemporal patterns of extreme satellite precipitation, which is beneficial for operational flood risk management.
A case‐based analysis of the competitiveness of the North Indian sugar industry
Authors: Sheetal  , Singh Randeep , Shashi  , Kumar Rajiv
Published: September 2020

The Indian sugar industry contributes 10% to the country's agricultural GDP, and is a significant part of India's manufacturing base. Although the industry has been the focus of much attention over the years, there remains a lack of case‐based studies of its competitiveness. Using data from in‐depth interviews with executives in five North Indian sugar companies, we address this gap by applying Porter's theories on competitive advantage, in combination with a technique known as analytic hierarchical process. This allows us to measure and evaluate the industry's competitiveness, and provides a detailed view of the factors that influence it. While this study focuses on the North Indian sugar industry, the techniques used could easily be adapted to the assessment of competitiveness in other sectors to guide practitioners' efforts to improve the competitive performance of their company.
Early Growth Trajectory of Infants With Simple Congenital Heart Disease and Complex Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Cardiac Repair: A Prospective Cohort Study in China
Authors: Shi Hui , Hu Chunmei , Zhang Linfang , Tong Min , Li Lijuan , Cui Yanqin
Published: September 2020

Background

We aimed to evaluate the growth trajectory of infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and to analyze the effects of disease classification on their growth trajectory.

Methods

A prospective cohort of infants with CHD was enrolled and divided into 2 groups: simple CHD (SC) and complex CHD (CC) groups. All patients were followed up for 6 months after CHD surgery. Weight for age (WAZ), length for age (LAZ), weight for length (WLZ), and head circumference for age were compared between the 2 groups using mixed‐effects linear regression.

Result

Between September 2018 and November 2019, 801 patients had data collected. The z‐score trend decreased (e.g., ΔWAZ:
1.29±1.44) and then increased (e.g., ΔWAZ:
1.06±1.13), and all z‐scores were below 0 from birth to 6 months postoperatively. Mixed‐effects linear regression models indicated that the postoperative WAZ and WLZ scores of the CC group were lower than those of the SC group after adjustment (WAZ: β = −0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.37 to −0.07; P = .03) (WLZ: β = −0.93, 95% CI, −1.67 to −0.19; P = .01). The models also showed an interaction effect between disease classification and preoperative growth status on infant growth outcome (WAZ: interaction β = −0.48; 95% CI, −0.88 to −0.07; P = .02) (WLZ: interaction β = −0.36; 95% CI, −0.60 to −0.12; P = .004) (LAZ: interaction β = −0.29; 95% CI, −0.56 to −0.02; P = .04).

Conclusions

Compared with SC children, CC children have deficits in their early growth trajectories. The type of disease and preoperative growth status synergistically affect the early postoperative growth trajectory.
Association between obesity and periodontitis in Australian adults: A single mediation analysis
Authors: Khan Shahrukh , Bettiol Silvana , Kent Katherine , Peres Marco A. , Barnett Tony , Crocombe Leonard A. , Mittinty Murthy
Published: September 2020

Background

Obesity and periodontitis are conditions with high burden and cost. This study aims to unfold the proposed pathways through which the effect of obesity in the presence of health behaviors (dental visiting behavior and diabetes) increases the risk of periodontitis?

Methods

The effect decomposition analysis using potential outcome approach was used to determine obesity‐related periodontitis risk using the Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004 to 2006. A single mediation analysis for exposure, “physical‐inactivity induced obesity,” mediator “dental visiting behavior (a de facto measure of healthy behaviors),” outcome “periodontitis,” and confounders “age, sex, household income, level of education, self‐reported diabetes, alcohol‐intake and smoking,” was constructed for subset of 3,715 participants, aged ≥30 years. Proposed pathways were set independently for each risk factor and in synergy. The STATA 15 Paramed library was used for analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to detect unmeasured confounding using non‐parametric approach.

Results

The average treatment effect of physical inactivity induced obesity to periodontitis is 14%. Pathway effect analysis using potential outcomes illustrated that the effect of obesity on periodontitis that was not mediated through poor dental visiting behavior was 10%. Indirect effect of obesity‐mediated through poor dental visiting behavior on periodontitis was 3%.

Conclusions

The direct effect of physical inactivity induced obesity on periodontitis was higher than the indirect effect of obesity on periodontitis through dental visiting behavior. Establishing a pathway of causal relationship for obesity and periodontitis could help in developing management strategies that focuses on mediators.
Impact of Pleistocene–Holocene climate shifts on vegetation and fire dynamics and its implications for Prearchaic humans in the central Great Basin, USA
Authors: Brugger Sandra Olivia , Rhode David
Published: September 2020

The effects of climate change during the Terminal Pleistocene–Early Holocene transition on ecosystems and early Prearchaic hunter‐gatherers in the central Great Basin of North America are not well understood. We present a palynological reconstruction of regional vegetation and fire history in Grass Valley, central Nevada, from ~14 to ~7.5k cal a BP showing that Pinus‐dominated woodlands were replaced by dry‐adapted steppe and desert vegetation accompanied by an increase in regional fire activity at the beginning of the Holocene, in response to summer warming and a drying climate. Following a severe drought period peaking ~10.2–9.3k cal a BP, Pinus woodlands partially recovered contemporaneously with the 8.2k cal a BP climate anomaly. Local wetlands provided important resource patches for human foraging societies, and periodic declines of wetlands in response to changing local hydrological conditions may have necessitated adjustments in subsistence and settlement practices and technology.
Development and Characterization of Sodium Hypochlorite Gel for Endodontic Use
Authors: Pinheiro Cristiane Lorena Maia , de Lima Almeida Mariana Rodrigues , Da Silva Dennys Correia , Dametto Fabio Roberto , de Oliveira Wanderley Neto Alcides
Published: September 2020

The sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) strong cytotoxicity and the potential to cause accidents by extrusion are the main concerns about its use as root canal irrigant. NaOCl gel has been proposed to improve safety. This research aimed to develop and characterize a NaOCl gel formulation using a surfactant. Seven gels with 2.5% NaOCl were produced using sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) with concentrations between 2.0% and 5.0%. The gels were characterized by pH, surface tension, wettability, viscosity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), bactericidal potential, and organic tissue dissolution. The gels pH which concentration was between 2.0% and 4.5% did not differ significantly from the 2.5% NaOCl solution. The surfactant reduced surface tension by more than 50% in all the gels, without statistical difference between them. Wettability decreased as SLES percentage in NaOCl formulation increased. The SLES addition provided viscous formulations. FTIR analysis showed intermolecular interactions between the SLES and NaOCl. Only 3.0% and 3.5% gels showed significantly reduced bactericidal activity (15 ± 0.7). All gels presented significantly reduced organic matter dissolution rate compared to the NaOCl solution (>56.33 ± 2.88 min). SLES is a surfactant compatible with NaOCl and promising viscosifying agent.
Drying temperature regulates vigor of high moisture rice seeds via involvement in phytohormone, ROS, and relevant gene expression
Authors: Huang Yu‐tao , Wu Wei , Zhao Ti‐yuan , Lu Min , Wu Hua‐ping , Cao Dong‐dong
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

Rice is an important food crop in China. Seed drying is an important step in the production of rice seeds. However, the regulatory mechanism of the effect of drying temperature on vigor of rice seeds with high initial moisture content (IMC) has not been examined.

RESULTS

This study presents hot‐air drying of rice seeds with high IMC (>30%) to assess the effect of drying temperature (35, 41, and 47 °C) on drying performance and seed vigor in terms of germination capacity. The results show a significant positive correlation between the drying rate, seed temperature, and drying temperature. High‐temperature drying tends to cause a large accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rice seeds. High‐temperature drying also significantly increased abscisic acid (ABA) content and decreased gibberellin (GA) content through the regulation of the activity of metabolism related‐enzymes. Moreover, changes in GA and ABA metabolism during early seed germination might be an important reason for the decrease in seed vigor with high‐temperature drying. High‐temperature drying also significantly inhibited the activity of α‐amylase during early seed germination.

CONCLUSION

A drying temperature of 35 °C was safe for rice seeds with high IMC, whereas higher drying temperatures (41 and 47 °C) reduced rice seed vigor remarkably. The metabolism of ROS, antioxidant enzymes, GA, ABA, and α‐amylase might be closely involved in the regulation of the effect of drying temperature on the seed vigor of rice seeds with high IMC. The results of this study, therefore, provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for mechanical drying of rice seeds. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Understanding the mechanisms of electronic ink operation
Authors: Yang Bo‐Ru , Hu Wen‐Jie , Zeng Zheng , Wu Zi‐Yi , Gu Yi‐Fan , Xu Jia‐Zhe , Cao Jin‐Xin , Zhang Ya‐Di , Chen Peng
Published: September 2020

Owing to the unique features of electronic ink displays, including the bistability, paper‐like appearance, and sunlight visibility, electronic ink displays have been applied in many Internet of Things (IoT) fields. We reviewed mechanisms that have been proposed to be essential for electro‐optical behavior of electronic ink displays. This review might facilitate beginners to start their research in electronic ink studies.
Improvement for image‐sticking phenomenon occurred in 8K‐liquid crystal displays with adaptive pre‐charge driving technique
Authors: Oke Ryutaro , Nakagawa Teruhisa
Published: September 2020

We proposed adaptive pre‐charge driving (APD) technique that is appropriate for large‐size and high‐resolution liquid crystal display (LCD) panels for TVs to compensate the shortage of charging voltage to a pixel. APD technique enables to realize LCD panels of 8K resolution even though thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) is amorphous‐Si. Recently, this APD renamed line‐overdrive (line‐OD), and it has been reported to be applied to 8K‐LCD panels, and its technical value is increasing. This paper describes an image‐sticking phenomenon with APD. We have made clear that this phenomenon is triggered by the residual DC that was created by the charging performance to the pixel of positive polarity being inferior to the charging performance to that of negative polarity. To solve this issue, it further explains how best to optimize the pre‐charge table for positive and negative polarities, respectively, by effectively using the high‐precision pixel simulation.
Shear‐Wave Elastography‐Guided Core Needle Biopsy for the Determination of Breast Cancer Molecular Subtype
Authors: Peker Ahmet , Balci Pınar , Basara Akin Isil , Özgül Hakan A. , Aksoy Süleyman Ö. , Gürel Duygu
Published: September 2020

Objective

To investigate whether shear‐wave elastography (SWE) guidance during core‐needle biopsy can improve diagnostic accuracy and accurate determination of the molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Methods

This controlled, randomized prospective cohort study included 58 patients (mean age: 56.9 ± 16.2) who were referred for image‐guided core‐needle biopsy between May 2018 and April 2019 for lesions larger than 1 cm. In Group 1, 30 lesions were biopsied without SWE guidance and recorded as Biopsy A. In Group 2, 30 lesions were examined with SWE before biopsy, and then two different parts of the lesions were biopsied; biopsies from the relatively rigid areas of the lesions were recorded as Biopsy B, and biopsies from the less rigid areas of the lesions were recorded as Biopsy C. The histopathological and immunohistochemical results of biopsies were compared with the surgical results.

Results

The sensitivity of Biopsy A, B and C were 96.7%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The benign‐malignant concordance rates were 94.7%, 100%, and 90% and the diagnostic concordance rates were 89.5%, 100%, and 90% in Biopsies A, B, and C, respectively. When the 10% differences in the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki67 rates were considered significant, the concordance rate of ER was highest in Biopsy B (77.8%; p = 0.040). The concordance rate of immunohistochemical subtyping was 100% in Biopsy B and 71.4% in Biopsies A and C (p = 0.086).

Conclusion

SWE‐guided core‐needle biopsy of breast lesions increased the sensitivity, diagnostic accuracy, and accuracy of immunohistochemical subtyping to 100%.
Luteinizing Hormone Surge More Accurately Correlates With Ultrasound Dating of Early Pregnancy Compared to the Last Menstrual Period
Authors: Morong James J. , McQueen Dana B. , Stephenson Mary D.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To compare the use of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge versus the last menstrual period (LMP) for the accuracy of pregnancy dating in fertile women with a diagnosis of recurrent early pregnancy loss (REPL).

Methods

This was an observational cohort study using prospectively collected data at 2 academic REPL programs between 2005 and 2018. Women with a history of REPL and at least 1 subsequent live birth after the evaluation were included. All patients conceived by intercourse timed to the LH surge. Transvaginal ultrasound was examinations were performed 2 weeks after missed menses. The gestational age (GA) was calculated by the LH surge (GALH), LMP (GALMP), and first crown‐rump length (CRL) that measured 5 mm or greater (GACRL). A secondary analysis compared GA based on the first measurable CRL of less than 5 mm versus GA based on the first CRL of 5 mm or greater. The GALH and GALMP were compared to determine which measure showed greater concordance with the CRL. The mean absolute difference in days between the GACRL versus GALH and GACRL versus GALMP was determined.

Results

A total of 115 women with 118 subsequent pregnancies resulting in live birth were included, with a mean age at delivery of 35.5 years and a mean of 3.6 prior pregnancy losses. The GALH showed a stronger correlation with the CRL (0.77) than the GALMP (0.63; P = .002). The GALH was more similar to the GACRL than the GALMP, with a mean absolute difference of 2.0 versus 3.1 days (P < .0001).

Conclusions

When known, the LH surge appears to be more accurate than the LMP and should be used preferentially for dating of early pregnancy.
Anastomotic Revision in Head and Neck Free Flaps
Authors: Stewart Matthew , Swendseid Brian , Hammond Perry , Khatiwala Ishani , Sarwary Juliana , Zhan Tingting , Heffelfinger Ryan , Luginbuhl Adam , Sweeny Larissa , Wax Mark K. , Curry Joseph M.
Published: September 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Predictors of free tissue transfer (FTT) failure and the need for postoperative revision (POR) have been extensively studied; however, there are little data evaluating outcomes when intraoperative revision (IOR) at initial surgery is required. This study seeks to better understand the impact IOR of the pedicle has on FTT outcomes.

Study Design

Retrospective review of 2482 consecutive patients across three tertiary institutions.

Methods

Adult patients (>18) who received a FTT and underwent anastomotic revision from 2006 to 2019 were included. Logistic regression was performed to predict revision, and recursive partitioning was performed to classify risk of failure based on type of revision and vessels revised.

Results

Failure rates for IOR (19%) and POR (27%) were higher compared to a nonrevised failure rate of 2% (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). Intraoperative venous revision (IORv, n = 13), arterial (IORa, n = 114), and both (IORb, n = 11) were associated with failure rates of 8% (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, P = .23), 18% (OR = 9.0, P < .01), 45% (OR = 35.3, P = <.01), respectively. Arterial revision was most common among IOR (83%, P < .01). Postoperative venous revision (PORv, n = 35), arterial (PORa, n = 36), and both (PORb, n = 11) were associated with failure rates of 20% (OR = 15.7, P < .01), 27% (OR = 10.6, P < .01), and 39% (OR = 27.0, P < .01), respectively. Failure rate for flaps that had POR after IOR (PORi, n = 11) was 45% (OR = 18.2, P < .01). Diabetes predicted IOR (P = .006); tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, and prior radiation predicted POR (P = .01, P = .05, and P = .01, respectively).

Conclusion

Both IOR and POR were associated with increased failure compared to nonrevised flaps. The risk of failure increases sequentially with intraoperative or POR of the vein, artery, or both vessels. Revision of both vessels and POR after IOR are strongly predictive of failure.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:1035–1041, 2021
Fat Distribution and Lipid Profile of Young Adults with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21‐Hydroxylase Enzyme Deficiency
Authors: Borges Juliano Henrique , de Oliveira Daniel Minutti , de Lemos‐Marini Sofia Helena Valente , Geloneze Bruno , Gonçalves Ezequiel Moreira , Guerra‐Júnior Gil
Published: September 2020

We aimed to compare detailed fat distribution and lipid profile between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase enzyme deficiency and a control group. We also verified independent associations of treatment duration and daily hydrocortisone dose equivalent (HDE) with lipid profile within patients. This case–control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) matched by an age range of young adults (18–31 years) with 20 control subjects (8 male and 12 female). Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry was used to measure the fat distribution. Male patients demonstrated elevated indices of fat mass for total (7.7 ± 2.1 vs. 4.5 ± 1.3 kg/m2, p = 0.003), trunk (4.0 ± 1.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2, p = 0.005), android (0.63 ± 0.24 vs. 0.32 ± 0.15 kg/m2, p = 0.008), gynoid (1.34 ± 0.43 vs. 0.74 ± 0.24 kg/m2, p = 0.005), arm (0.65 ± 0.16 vs. 0.39 ± 0.10 kg/m2, p = 0.009), and leg regions (2.7 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4 kg/m2, p = 0.005) than the control group, but not in females. However, female patients demonstrated elevated ratio of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.90 ± 0.46 vs. 1.39 ± 0.47, p = 0.009) than the control group, but not in males. Total fat mass was inversely correlated with total testosterone (r = −0.64, p = 0.014) and positively correlated with leptin in males (r = 0.75, p = 0.002). An elevated daily HDE (β = 0.43, p = 0.038 and β = 0.47, p = 0.033) and trunk to total fat mass ratio (β = 0.46, p = 0.025, and β = 0.45, p = 0.037) were independently correlated with impaired lipid profile markers. Although there is no altered lipid profile, male patients demonstrated an increased fat distribution. However, female patients presented with an impaired lipid profile marker but demonstrated close values of normal fat distribution. Interestingly, the dose of glucocorticoid therapy can have some role in the lipid mechanisms.
What controls microzooplankton biomass and herbivory rate across marginal seas of China?
Authors: Liu Kailin , Chen Bingzhang , Zheng Liping , Su Suhong , Huang Bangqin , Chen Mianrun , Liu Hongbin
Published: September 2020

Microzooplankton are the primary herbivores and nutrient regenerators in the marine food web, but their importance is often underestimated, and the quantitative relationships between environmental factors and the biomass and herbivory rate of microzooplankton remain obscure. To fill this gap, we conducted 224 dilution experiments to measure microzooplankton biomass and herbivory rate across a vast area of the marginal seas of China. To gain the potential mechanisms controlling microzooplankton herbivory, we also use a model that combines the Metabolic Theory of Ecology and the functional responses of grazing to quantify the effects of temperature, phytoplankton biomass, and microzooplankton biomass on microzooplankton grazing rate. We estimate an activation energy of 0.51 eV of microzooplankton and found that the Holling III function best described the functional response of microzooplankton grazing with a maximal ingestion rate of 4.76 d−1 at 15°C and a half‐saturation constant of 0.27 μM N. We also find that microzooplankton biomass scales with phytoplankton biomass with an exponent of 0.77, consistent with the general 3/4 scaling law found in other ecosystems. This scaling relationship is accompanied by a shift from ciliates to heterotrophic dinoflagellates with increasing phytoplankton biomass. Our results provide empirical patterns that will be vital to parameterize and validate marine ecosystem models, particularly in China seas.
Seasonal microbial food web dynamics in contrasting Southern Ocean productivity regimes
Authors: Christaki Urania , Gueneugues Audrey , Liu Yan , Blain Stéphane , Catala Philippe , Colombet Jonathan , Debeljak Pavla , Jardillier Ludwig , Irion Solène , Planchon Fred , Sassenhagen Ingrid , Sime‐Ngando Telesphore , Obernosterer Ingrid
Published: September 2020

Spatial and seasonal dynamics of microbial loop fluxes were investigated in contrasting productivity regimes in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. Observations carried out in late summer (February–March 2018; project MOBYDICK) revealed higher microbial biomasses and fluxes in the naturally iron‐fertilized surface waters of Kerguelen island in comparison to surrounding off‐plateau waters. Differences were most pronounced for bacterial heterotrophic production (2.3‐fold), the abundance of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF; 2.7‐fold). Independent of site, grazing by HNF was the main loss process of bacterial production (80–100%), while virus‐induced mortality was low (< 9%). Combining these results with observations from previous investigations during early spring and summer allowed us to describe seasonal patterns in microbial food web fluxes and to compare these to carbon export in the iron‐fertilized and high‐nutrient, low‐chlorophyll (HNLC) Southern Ocean. Our data suggest an overall less efficient microbial food web during spring and summer, when respiration and viral lysis, respectively, represent important loss terms of bacterially‐mediated carbon. In late summer, primary production is more efficiently transferred to bacterial biomass and HNF and thus available for higher trophic levels. These results provide a new insight into the seasonal variability and the quantitative importance of microbial food web processes for the fate of primary production in the Southern Ocean.
Characteristics of the Irrigant Flow in a Simulated Lateral Canal Under Two Typical Laser‐Activated Irrigation Regimens
Authors: Su Zheng , Li Zhibo , Shen Ya , Bai Yuhao , Zheng Ying , Pan Chong , Hou Benxiang
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

Photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and shockwave‐enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) are two promising laser‐activated irrigation (LAI) methods for root canal irrigation. Their performance in driving irrigant flush in a complex root canal system will be evaluated by microscale particle image velocimetry (μPIV) measurement and will be compared with that of ultrasonic‐activated irrigation (UAI).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A μPIV system with 7 μm fluorescent tracer particles was adopted to measure two‐dimensional (2D) velocity fields around the junction region, with a size of 1.8 mm × 1.5 mm, between one main canal and one lateral canal in an endodontic training block, which was driven by SWEEPS (Er:YAG laser) operating at 15 Hz and 20 mJ. The flow field driven by PIPS (Er:YAG laser) at the same frequency and energy, as well as by UAI (with non‐cutting insert) operating at 40% unit power, was also measured for a direct comparison.

Results

It was found that both SWEEPS and PIPS can activate a so‐called “breath mode” during the irrigation. Namely, the induced irrigant flush presented a back‐and‐forth oscillation along both the main canal and the lateral one. The maximum flow speed in the lateral canal was observed to be up to 10 m/s in the SWEEPS modality, while reduced to around 7 m/s in the PIPS modality. The penetration length in the lateral canal in both modalities was estimated to be larger than 1 mm. In comparison, the flow field induced by UAI was characterized as irregular vortical structures, the maximum flow speed in the lateral canal was 0.15 m/s and significantly lower than LAI (P < 0.01), and the penetration length was less than 300 μm and lower than LAI (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Compared to UAI, PIPS, and SWEEPS are more capable of delivering the irrigant deeper into the lateral canal. Furthermore, the back‐and‐forth flush in the breath mode is ideal for removing debris during irrigation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
The multidimensional procurement auctions with reference‐based utility
Authors: Chen Zhe
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we modify standard multidimensional procurement auction models by the assumption of reference‐based utility. We analyze how the reference‐based utility of a buyer affects the outcomes of multidimensional procurement auctions. Furthermore, we also investigate the optimal reference‐based utility of a buyer and demonstrate that the multidimensional procurement auctions with reference‐based utility dominate several other commonly used procedures for buying differentiated products. Our results extend the standard analysis of multidimensional procurement auctions (e.g., Che, 1993; Asker & Cantillon, 2008) to more economically reasonable cases.
Ethical Considerations in Screening for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder in the General Population
Authors: Dommershuijsen Lisanne J. , Darweesh Sirwan K.L. , Luik Annemarie I. , Kieboom Brenda C.T. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Boon Agnita J.W. , Ikram M. Arfan , Ikram M. Kamran , Bunnik Eline M.
Published: September 2020

Clinical studies have shown that up to 90% of patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) will eventually be diagnosed with a clinical α‐synucleinopathy. Because of this high conversion rate, screening for RBD is often performed to identify eligible participants for studies aimed at elucidating the prodromal phase of α‐synucleinopathies. However, screening for RBD, especially in the general population, raises many ethical dilemmas. In light of the existing ethical literature and our experience in establishing a screening approach for RBD in the Rotterdam Study, we discuss ethical dilemmas when screening for RBD in population‐based studies. We conclude that informing study participants about the reason for invitation and the possible trajectory that lies ahead when participating is essential. However, participants should not be troubled unnecessarily by giving them detailed information about possible diagnoses or associated disease risks. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Analysis and numerical simulation of novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) model with Mittag‐Leffler Kernel
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Prakash A. , Alagesan K. , Magesh N.
Published: September 2020

Every now and then, there has been natural or man‐made calamities. Such adversities instigate various institutions to find solutions for them. The current study attempts to explore the disaster caused by the micro enemy called coronavirus for the past few months and aims at finding the solution for the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to which q−homotopy analysis transform method (q−HATM) has been applied to arrive at effective results. In this paper, there are eight nonlinear ordinary differential equations considered and to solve them the advanced fractional operator Atangana‐Baleanu (AB) fractional derivative has been applied to produce better understanding. The outcomes have been presented in terms of plots. Ultimately, the present study assists in examining the real‐world models and aids in predicting their behavior corresponding to the parameters considered in the models.
The Effects of Resveratrol, Caffeine, β‐Carotene, and Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Amyloid‐β25--35 Aggregation in Synthetic Brain Membranes
Authors: Gastaldo Isabella P. , Himbert Sebastian , Ram Udbhav , Rheinstädter Maikel C.
Published: September 2020

Scope: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition marked by the formation and aggregation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides. There exists, to this day, no cure or effective prevention for the disease; however, there is evidence that a healthy diet and certain food products can slow down first occurrence and progression. To investigate if food ingredients can interact with peptide aggregates, synthetic membranes that contained aggregates consisting of cross‐β sheets of the membrane active fragment A are prepared.

Methods and results: The impact of resveratrol, found in grapes, caffeine, the main active ingredient in coffee, β‐carotene, found in orange fruits and vegetables, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a component of green tea, on the size and volume fraction of Aβ aggregates is studied using optical and fluorescence microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. All compounds are membrane active and spontaneously partitioned in the synthetic brain membranes. While resveratrol and caffeine lead to membrane thickening and reduced membrane fluidity, β‐carotene and EGCG preserve or increase fluidity.

Conclusion: Resveratrol and caffeine do not reduce the volume fraction of peptide aggregates while β‐carotene significantly reduces plaque size. Interestingly, EGCG dissolves peptide aggregates and significantly decreases the corresponding cross‐β and β‐sheet signals.