bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induced drought in an Amazonian forest affects diversity but not foraging distance of generalist ants
Authors: Almeida Rony P. S. , Baccaro Fabrício B. , Ellison Aaron M. , Camarota Flávio , Silva Rogério R.
Published: February 2025

Ongoing environmental change is forecast to lead to lower precipitation and concomitant species losses in tropical regions. These losses may affect generalist species that provide essential ecosystem services, such as controlling the rate at which nutrients become available for uptake by other organisms in tropical forests.

Here, we use a long‐term (16 years) rainwater exclusion experiment in a primary Amazonian tropical rainforest (Caxiaunã National Forest, Northern Brazil) to test whether induced water stress (“drought”) affects the species richness of generalist ants, their abundance (i.e., nest density), and the distance at which they detect food resources (i.e., baits).

The number of generalist ant species and colonies was reduced by 50% in the drought‐induced plot, and ant species composition differed between the control (typical moist forest) and drought‐induced plots. Although ants that nested in both control and drought plots had shorter estimated foraging distances than habitat specialists, the distance at which these colonies detected baits was not affected by drought.

We conclude that the extremely high diversity of tropical forest ants may be able to buffer the detrimental effects of drought on the resource detection rates of generalist ants. Different generalist ant species were also functionally similar to wet‐forest species that cannot forage under drier conditions.
Accuracy of ICD Influenza Discharge Diagnosis Codes in Hospitalized Adults From the Valencia Region, Spain, in the Pre‐COVID‐19 Period 2012/2013 to 2017/2018
Authors: Mira‐Iglesias Ainara , López‐Lacort Mónica , Bricout Hélène , Loiacono Matthew , Carballido‐Fernández Mario , Mollar‐Maseres Joan , Tortajada‐Girbés Miguel , Schwarz‐Chávarri Germán , López‐Labrador F. Xavier , Puig‐Barberà Joan , Díez‐Domingo Javier , Orrico‐Sánchez Alejandro
Published: February 2025

Background

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes obtained from real‐world data can be used to identify influenza cases for epidemiological research but, without validation, may introduce biases. The objective of this study was to validate ICD influenza discharge diagnoses using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) laboratory‐confirmed influenza (LCI) results.

Methods

The study was conducted during six influenza seasons (2012/2013–2017/2018) in the Valencia Hospital Surveillance Network for the Study of Influenza (VAHNSI). Patients aged 18+ years were identified via active‐surveillance and had to meet an influenza‐like illness (ILI) case definition to be included. All patients were tested for influenza by real‐time RT‐PCR. Main and secondary influenza discharge diagnosis codes were extracted from hospital discharge letters. Positive predictive values (PPVs) and the complementary of the sensitivities (1‐Sensitivity) of ICD codes with corresponding 95% credible intervals (CrIs) were estimated via binomial Bayesian regression models.

Results

A total of 13,545 patients were included, with 2257 (17%) positive for influenza. Of 2257 LCI cases, 1385 (61%) were not ICD‐coded as influenza. Overall, 74.73% (95% CrI: 63.24–84.44) of LCI were not‐ICD coded as influenza (1‐Sensitivity) after adjustment. Sensitivity improved across seasons and with increasing age. Average PPV was 74.02% (95% CrI: 68.58–79.17), ranging from 43.71% to 81.57% between seasons.

Conclusion

Using only main and secondary discharge diagnosis codes for influenza detection markedly underestimates the full burden of influenza in hospitalized patients. Future studies, including post‐COVID context, using prospective surveillance for ILI are required to assess the validity of hospital discharge data as a tool for determining influenza‐related burden of disease.
Affective‐Motivational States Link Threat Experience and Defensive Reactions During the Covid‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Jutzi Chiara Annika , Möller Julius , Klackl Johannes , Rosenzweig Tom , Reiss Stefan , Franchina Vittoria , Jonas Eva
Published: February 2025

The pandemic changed people's lives and came with enormous restrictions on personal freedom, greatly restricting people's sense of agency. In response, people oscillated between fear and anger. We show (N = 2125) the ways in which people restored their perceived agency that was taken away by restrictions and that affective reactions to the pandemic may have guided people's pandemic behavior. In Study 1 (n = 276), psychological threat elicited by the pandemic predicted anxiety and was, in turn, related to reactance. While anxiety positively predicted reactions increasing the success of pandemic management, reactance was related to non‐facilitating reactions such as belief in conspiracies and vaccine distrust. In Study 2 (n = 354), reading about a conspiracy myth as one form of defense increased positive affect. In Study 3 (n = 213) and Study 4 (n = 1282), we replicated findings from Study 1, extending the focus to belief in conspiracies and fake news, anti‐vaccination attitudes, national trust, solidarity, and mainstream media mistrust. Interestingly, in Study 4, defensive reactions were associated with more perceived agency, indicating that defensive reactions may be tools to manage pandemic‐induced affect. This study series shows that a threat and defense perspective may be a useful angle to understand human behavior in times of crisis.
Theorizing Waste as a Technique of Power in Capitalistic Stakeholder Relations
Authors: Lobbedez Elise , Pascucci Stefano , Panico Teresa
Published: February 2025

Waste is an important socio‐ecological challenge of contemporary capitalism, contributing to climate change and environmental degradation. Despite its pervasiveness and its impacts on diverse stakeholders, it yet remains largely underexplored in management and organization studies. Addressing this gap, this paper investigates waste's crucial role in shaping specific stakeholder relations by theorizing it as a technique of power. By examining the case of a socio‐ecological crisis in Naples, Italy, characterized by illegal waste practices linked to Mafia organizations, we unpack two entangled techniques of power: commodifying waste – transforming it into something that can be traded on a market and perpetuating its exploitation; and ignoring waste – involving failing or refusing to consider and recognize waste. Our findings elucidate how these two techniques produced and reinforced socio‐ecological hierarchies, in which local stakeholders were wasted. By highlighting the lived experiences of local communities affected by waste, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of power dynamics among diverse stakeholders in socio‐ecological crises and demonstrates how waste functions as a mechanism of dispossession within capitalist accumulation.
Genomes of Galápagos Mockingbirds Reveal the Impact of Island Size and Past Demography on Inbreeding and Genetic Load in Contemporary Populations
Authors: Vlček Jakub , Espinoza‐Ulloa Sebastian , Cowles Sarah A. , Ortiz‐Catedral Luis , Coutu Cathy , Chaves Jaime A. , Andrés Jose , Štefka Jan
Published: February 2025

Restricted range size brings about noteworthy genetic consequences that may affect the viability of a population and eventually its extinction. Particularly, the question if an increase in inbreeding can avert the accumulation of genetic load via purging is hotly debated in the conservation genetic field. Insular populations with limited range sizes represent an ideal setup for relating range size to these genetic factors. Leveraging a set of eight differently sized populations of Galápagos mockingbirds (Mimus), we investigated how island size shaped effective population size (Ne), inbreeding and genetic load. We assembled a genome of M. melanotis and genotyped three individuals per population by whole‐genome resequencing. Demographic inference showed that the Ne of most populations remained high after the colonisation of the archipelago 1–2 Mya. Ne decline in M. parvulus happened only 10–20 Kya, whereas the critically endangered M. trifasciatus showed a longer history of reduced Ne. Despite these historical fluctuations, the current island size determines Ne in a linear fashion. In contrast, significant inbreeding coefficients, derived from runs of homozygosity, were identified only in the four smallest populations. The index of additive genetic load suggested purging in M. parvulus, where the smallest populations showed the lowest load. By contrast, M. trifasciatus carried the highest genetic load, possibly due to a recent rapid bottleneck. Overall, our study demonstrates a complex effect of demography on inbreeding and genetic load, providing implications in conservation genetics in general and in a conservation project of M. trifasciatus in particular.
Whole‐Genome Sequencing and Phenotyping Reveal Specific Adaptations of Lachancea thermotolerans to the Winemaking Environment
Authors: Vicente Javier , Friedrich Anne , Schacherer Joseph , Freel Kelle , Marquina Domingo , Santos Antonio
Published: February 2025

Adaptation to the environment plays an essential role in yeast evolution as a consequence of selective pressures. Lachancea thermotolerans, a yeast related to fermentation and one of the current trends in wine technology research, has undergone an anthropisation process, leading to a notable genomic and phenomic differentiation. Using whole‐genome sequencing, of 145 L. thermotolerans strains, we identified six well‐defined groups primarily delineated by their ecological origin and exhibiting high levels of genetic diversity. Anthropised strains showed lower genetic diversity due to the selective pressure imposed by the winemaking environment. Strong evidence of anthropisation and adaptation to the wine environment through modification of gene content was also found. Differences in genes involved in the assimilation of alternative carbon and nitrogen sources, such as the MAL31 and DAL5 genes, which confer greater fitness in the winemaking environment, were observed. Additionally, we found that phenotypic traits considered domestication hallmarks are present in anthropised strains. Among these, increased fitness in the presence of ethanol and sulphites, assimilation of non‐fermentable carbon sources, and lower levels of residual fructose under fermentative conditions highlight. We hypothesise that lactic acid production in the Saccharomyces‐Lachancea lineage is an anthropisation signature linked to winemaking, resulting from the loss of respiratory chain complex I and the evolutionary preference for fermentation over respiration, even in the presence of oxygen. Overall, the results of this work provide valuable insight into the anthropisation process in L. thermotolerans and demonstrate how fermentation environments give rise to similar adaptations in different yeast species.
In Vitro Biomechanics of Attachment Use and Their Placement for Extrusive Tooth Movement by Aligner Mechanotherapy
Authors: Kaur Harsimrat , Subramanian Arya , Mah James , Heo Giseon , Major Paul W. , Romanyk Dan L.
Published: February 2025

The objective of the presented study was to evaluate the biomechanics of aligners utilising attachments and the effect of their placement for extrusion. An in vitro Orthodontic SIMulator (OSIM) was used to measure forces and moments produced through aligners incorporating attachments. The maxillary teeth on OSIM were digitally scanned to generate an STL model that was modified by placing a rectangular shaped attachment. Four models were designed with variation in attachment placement: Model NA—no attachment; model BA—buccal attachment; model LA—lingual attachment; model BL—both buccal and lingual attachments. Aligners (n = 30/model) were fabricated using a 0.75 mm thick polyethylene terephthalate material using a Biostar machine following the manufacturer's recommendations. A one‐way MANOVA, followed by one‐way ANOVA was used to test the effect of models on occlusogingival force (Fz) and mesiodistal moment (Mx) at 0.20 mm of gingival displacement of the left lateral incisor. The BL model exerted maximum Fz (1.22 ± 0.20 N), followed by models BA (1.18 ± 0.25 N) and LA (1.07 ± 0.19 N). The model NA exerted a negligible Fz (0.14 ± 0.08 N) that was statistically different from all other models. The models BA and LA generated Mx that has the tendency to tip the crown of tooth lingually (10.00 ± 3.12 Nmm) and buccally (−1.29 ± 2.26 Nmm), respectively. The models show statistically significant differences between models BL, BA and LA. There was no statistically significant difference between models BL and NA. The experimental evidence suggest that attachments on the lateral incisor could improve the predictability of extrusion forces applied with aligners. The models BL and LA provided favourable biomechanics by generating clinically significant extrusion forces without significant tipping of the lateral incisor tooth.
Multicentric Experience With the Use of Short 13Fr Mechanical Rotating Dilator Sheath for Transvenous Lead Extraction
Authors: Preda Alberto , Melillo Francesco , Baroni Matteo , Marzi Alessandra , Schillaci Vincenzo , Vargiu Sara , Caccia Andrea , Guarracini Fabrizio , Gigli Lorenzo , Paglino Gabriele , Massaro Giulia , Diemberger Igor , Mascioli Giosuè , Solimene Francesco , Mazzone Patrizio
Published: February 2025

Background

The need for transvenous lead extraction (TLE) is increasing worldwide. Since the course of the subclavian vein until the junction with the superior vena cava is a frequent place of lead adherences, we aim to assess the safety and efficacy of a short 13Fr bidirectional rotational mechanical sheath as first choice.

Methods and Results

In this multicentric study, 202 carriers of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) undergoing TLE using a short 13 Fr bidirectional rotational mechanical sheath were prospectively enrolled. All procedures were performed using a stepwise approach. The indication for TLE were infection (62%), malfunction (32%), and upgrade (6%). Overall, 471 leads were extracted: 65% pacing leads, 20% defibrillator leads, 9% coronary sinus leads, and 6% abandoned leads. Clinical success and complete lead extraction have been achieved in 97% and 95% of cases, respectively. The short sheath was always effective in gaining venous access at the start of the procedure and was sufficient for complete TLE in 67% of cases. Lead dwell time, defibrillator lead, number of leads per patient, and lead malfunction were predicting factors of long bidirectional rotational mechanical sheath use. There were no cases of intraprocedural death, and major complications were reported in 2% of patients. Overall survival was 97% at 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

This multicentric experience using a short 13Fr bidirectional rotational mechanical sheath reported high safety and efficacy, demonstrating the utility of routine use of short extraction sheaths of higher caliper as the first choice.
A Multiparameter Singular Perturbation Analysis of the Robertson Model
Authors: Baumgartner Lukas , Szmolyan Peter
Published: February 2025

The Robertson model describing a chemical reaction involving three reactants is one of the classical examples of stiffness in ODEs. The stiffness is caused by the occurrence of three reaction rates and with largely differing orders of magnitude, acting as parameters. The model has been widely used as a numerical test problem. Surprisingly, no asymptotic analysis of this multiscale problem seems to exist. In this paper, we provide a full asymptotic analysis of the Robertson model under the assumption . We rewrite the equations as a two‐parameter singular perturbation problem in the rescaled small parameters , which we then analyze using geometric singular perturbation theory (GSPT). To deal with the multiparameter singular structure, we perform blowups in parameter‐ and variable space. We identify four distinct regimes in a neighborhood of the singular limit . Within these four regimes, we use GSPT and additional blowups to analyze the dynamics and the structure of solutions. Our asymptotic results are in excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement with the numerics.
Suicide Ideation Severity and Oculomotor Avoidance of Suicide‐Related Stimuli
Authors: Sherifi Emilia , Rowe Megan , Armstrong Thomas R. , Stewart Jeremy G.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Identifying variables linked to distinct suicide outcomes has long been among suicidology's research priorities. Cognitive theories of suicide identify attentional processes that may vary for individuals at a greater suicide risk. However, an overreliance on self‐report and objective measures that are poor estimates of attention has led to mixed findings.

Method

The current study utilizes eye tracking with a novel passive viewing task to explore differences in viewing patterns for suicide‐ and neutral‐image pairings, as a function of suicide outcomes. Young adults (N = 124, 83.9% women) were oversampled for recent suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and completed a series of self‐report questionnaires specific to suicide history, as well as relevant covariates prior to completing the eye‐tracking task.

Results

Multilevel modeling revealed that individuals with low‐to‐moderate ratings of past‐year ideation displayed a significant decline in the amount of time spent viewing suicide images as compared to neutral images over the course of the task (oculomotor avoidance). However, the same pattern was not seen among individuals with high suicide ideation, specifically those with resolved plans and preparation. Furthermore, no differences were found between people with and without a suicide attempt history.

Conclusion

These results suggest a suicide‐specific disengagement bias among individuals high in suicide ideation and more specifically, resolved plans and preparation.
Investigating the Failure Mechanism of Wet eMachines in the Presence of Transmission Oils
Authors: Nyman Pär , Björklund Peter , Yaghini Negin , Lu Li , Hopper Elizabeth R. , Hunt Gregory
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the failure mechanisms in electric machines used in heavy trucks and buses exposed to transmission oil. Five machines from field operations were examined. Subsystem tests—copper corrosion testing, conductive deposit tests, material compatibility tests, and oil analysis—were conducted. Copper sulfide, known for its conductive properties, was found in failed machines and during subsystem tests with lubricants containing reactive sulfur components in contact with exposed copper. Two prerequisites for the chemical reaction—the presence of reagents and sufficient activation energy—were met at normal operating temperatures. Analysis revealed the sulfur presence in damaged machines and identified cracks in the polymer coating on copper wires, allowing corrosive substances to reach the copper surface. The proposed failure mechanism involves active sulfur reacting with copper to form copper sulfide. These layers can create contact bridges between phases in the eMachine, leading to short circuits, sharp temperature increases, electrical arcing, and total machine failure. Coating aging experiments showed that fluids can form conductive films on the polymer layer. Oil conductivity measurements showed minor changes within the static dissipative regime, and contamination by transmission and axle oil elements was found in failed eMachines but not in functional ones. Activation energy experiments demonstrated that copper sulfide forms at normal operating temperatures, with damage likely within 10–100 days depending on conditions. These findings highlight the risks associated with certain oils in eMachines and the need for further research to develop strategies to mitigate these risks and ensure long-term reliability.
Formulation of In Situ Synthesized TiO2–Jatropha Oil Bio-Nanolubricants—A Green Alternative for Petroleum-Based Lubricant
Authors: Panda Sikta , Ghosh Gaurab Kumar , Patel Ritesh Kumar , Ghosh Subrata Kumar , Bhoi Sandeep
Published: February 2025

Effective lubrication is one of the most vital aspects for desirable productivity in mechanical systems. This can be achieved through reduced friction and wear between mating components by proper lubrication. But the hazardous impact of these chemical lubricants such as petroleum-based oils on our environment cannot be disregarded. So, the consistent quest for a better alternative to these emission-causing lubricants has opened a great avenue for the practice of applying biodiesel like Jatropha oil as a lubricant. The application of nanolubricants has been reported to exhibit better tribological performances than base oils. In the present work, nano-TiO2 particles were synthesized in situ followed by standard characterization techniques. Nano-oil samples were formulated by mixing nanoparticles (NPs) in Jatropha oil at different proportions (v/v). The stability of these dispersants was evaluated by standard methods. The nano-oil samples showed better stability, and there was no appreciable improvement in flashpoints; however, they showed significant enhancement in terms of fire points. The friction coefficient obtained from the four-ball test revealed that the addition of TiO2 NPss improved the antifriction behavior in comparison to pure Jatropha oil (a maximum of 37.91% reduction in frictional force). Results from the test showed that the limiting pressure of seizure was improved by 43.81% compared to base oil. Environmental viability and degradation studies have also been conducted to ascertain the applicability of this TiO2–Jatropha oil as a green fuel alternative. The corrosion inhibition capacity of the nanofluid was found to be greater than plain emulsion. The cost–benefit analysis at the end also suggests that in situ synthesis of TiO2 nanodispersant is economically viable. (The lubricating efficiency of sustainably resourced Jatropha biolubricant was improved multifold by supplementing it with TiO2 nanoparticles. After careful evaluation, it was observed that the nano-oil samples are biocompatible and hazardous emissions from this lubricant were low. The wear and friction inhibitory capabilities as well as the stability of this biolubricant were also enhanced. The effect of nanoparticles on the corrosion of machine parts was also studied, which is rarely focused by researchers.)
Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Journal Bearings Lubricated by Non-Newtonian Fluid During Start-Up
Authors: Zhu Shaoyu , Zhang Xiangjun , Sun Jun , Zhu Jie
Published: February 2025

The dynamic behavior of journal bearing lubricated by non-Newtonian fluid (conforms to the Carreau model) during start-up is investigated. A mixed lubrication model consisting of a GT (Greenwood–Tripp) contact equation and a transient modified average Reynolds equation is proposed. The transient modified average Reynolds equation is established with the average flow method. The effect of non-Newtonian lubricant, surface roughness, external load, relative clearance, and accelerating time on the dynamic behavior of journal bearings during start-up is analyzed. The results show that increasing the relaxation time, external load, and relative clearance, as well as decreasing the power-law exponent, composite root-mean-square roughness, and accelerating time can reduce the contact time and facilitate the rapid formation of hydrodynamic lubrication during start-up.
Gravity effects in a compact thermoacoustic
cavity
Authors: Baltean-Carlès Diana , Fraigneau Yann , Weisman Catherine
Published: February 2025

A numerical study of the thermoacoustic heat pumping effect inside a stack of parallel solid plates placed in a compact cavity is undertaken, for the purpose of determining how gravity modifies the temperature and flow fields and therefore the performance of the thermoacoustic energy conversion. To address the gravity effects, a configuration with at least two dimensions is required, thus enlarging the one-dimensional models commonly used in the field of thermoacoustics. The numerical model is based on the low Mach-number approximation of compressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled with flow rate inlets in order to account for the acoustic sources. The influence of gravity is highlighted and identified as a buoyancy effect driven by horizontal temperature gradients inside the stack and more generally inside the cavity. Gravity effects on thermoacoustic heat pumping are quantified when inclining the device and increasing the input acoustic power. These effects induce a decrease in the coefficient of performance, which is more noticeable when the drive ratio is smaller and when the gravity force is perpendicular to the plates.
Passive measurements of marine seismic reflection surveys using Ocean Observatories Initiative hydrophones
Authors: Douglass Alexander S. , Abadi Shima
Published: February 2025

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) provides continuous monitoring of acoustic fields at various locations in the northeast Pacific Ocean, among other types of data. The effects of marine seismic reflection surveys on the ambient soundscape in the vicinity of these hydrophones can be quantified by looking at OOI hydrophone data in conjunction with cruise documentation. Two seismic reflection surveys, MGL1905 and MGL2104, and measurements on three hydrophones at varying depths with 64 kHz sampling rates are considered. The seismic air guns are exhibited to raise the mean ambient sound by up to 30 dB over several one-third octave bands, where the impact varies significantly as a function of range, depth, and other factors. Effects can be observed hundreds of kilometers from the air gun arrays, and shots may be frequent enough that the ambient sound does not return to its pre-cruise background levels between shots. Although range is strongly correlated with these effects, metrics, such as sound exposure level or sound pressure level, can easily vary by 10 dB or more at the same range.
Impacts of Resistance Training on Endogenous Antioxidants in Older Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Cordeiro Lilliany de Souza , Linhares Diego Gama , Castro Juliana Brandão Pinto de , Oliveira Barros dos Santos Andressa , Lima dos Santos Luciano , César Pereira Salustiano Mallen da Giullio , Gomes de Souza Vale Rodrigo
Published: February 2025

Background: Cellular antioxidant activity and oxidative stress are assumed to be critical factors in the aging process. This study aims to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) on endogenous antioxidants in healthy older individuals. Design: The records were identified through searches in 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Bireme, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) in June 2024 for eligible randomized controlled trials that observed older individuals subjected to RT programs that reported endogenous antioxidant outcomes. The Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (ranging from 0 to 15) was used to verify the methodological quality of the studies. Results: Fourteen randomized controlled trials involving 676 healthy older individuals were included in the systematic review. Of these, 10 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated that RT interventions did not have significant effects on improving catalase levels (standardized mean difference = 0.84; 95% CI, −0.61 to 2.29) or antioxidant activity (standardized mean difference = 0.28; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.98). However, RT was associated with a significant reduction in superoxide dismutase (mean difference = −0.16; 95% CI, −0.29 to −0.04) and glutathione peroxidase increased (standardized mean difference = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.01). Conclusions: Based on available evidence, the meta-analysis suggests potential improvement in glutathione peroxidase gene expression and reduction in gene expression of superoxide dismutase after the intervention physical activity intervention in healthy older individuals.
A Document Analysis of Disability-Focused Articles Published in Practitioner-Oriented Physical Education Journals From 2013 to 2022
Authors: Case Layne , Kirk T.N. , Stribing Alexandra , Blagrave A. Josephine
Published: February 2025

Purpose: The purpose of this document analysis was to examine the content, disability presentation, and target audiences of disability-focused articles published in two practitioner-oriented journals within the last 10 years. Method: Full texts of 80 disability-focused articles published in the Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance and Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators between 2013 and 2022 were systematically coded and analyzed according to article content, disability presentation, and audience. Results: Results indicate a high frequency of articles with content related to teaching (68.8%) and low frequencies of articles related to evidence-based practices (6.3%), attitudes toward disabled people (3.8%), and Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (2.5%). Frequencies in disability categories, and language reflect current research trends and guidelines, but gaps are evident. Discussion: This study provides a preliminary snapshot of disability resources available to practitioners and highlights an important need for updates and collaboration with disabled individuals.
Disability-Specific Learning Opportunities for Qualified Exercise Professionals to Build Competencies: A Scoping Review
Authors: Walters Alexandra J. , Tomasone Jennifer R. , Ma Jasmin K. , Chittenden Michele , Leo Jennifer , Weston Zachary , Wolfe Dalton L. , Latimer-Cheung Amy E.
Published: February 2025

Many qualified exercise professionals (QEPs) lack adequate training about exercise for persons with disabilities (PWDs), leaving them without the required abilities to provide PWDs with quality exercise experiences. Little is known about disability-specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes delivered in learning opportunities for QEPs. We aimed to identify (a) what content is delivered and (b) what modes are used to deliver disability-specific learning opportunities for QEPs. Peer-reviewed and gray literature searches, advanced Google searches, and expert consultations were undertaken. Twenty-five learning opportunities were identified. Most content focused on knowledge provision, with few opportunities for QEPs to develop skills and appropriate attitudes. Almost all content was delivered through passive learning methods, with little reported inclusion of PWDs in content development. It is essential to rethink QEP curriculum content and delivery about PWDs. This study provides valuable insight regarding the current limitations and areas for improvement concerning disability-specific learning opportunities available to QEPs.
Structural pathway for PI3-kinase regulation by VPS15 in autophagy
Authors: Cook Annan S. I. , Chen Minghao , Nguyen Thanh N. , Cabezudo Ainara Claveras , Khuu Grace , Rao Shanlin , Garcia Samantha N. , Yang Mingxuan , Iavarone Anthony T. , Ren Xuefeng , Lazarou Michael , Hummer Gerhard , Hurley James H.
Published: February 2025

The class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complexes I and II (PI3KC3-C1 and -C2) have vital roles in macroautophagy and endosomal maturation, respectively. We elucidated a structural pathway of enzyme activation through cryo-EM analysis of PI3KC3-C1. The inactive conformation of the VPS15 pseudokinase stabilizes the inactive conformation, sequestering its
N
-myristate in the N-lobe of the pseudokinase. Upon activation, the myristate is liberated such that the VPS34 lipid kinase catalyzes PI3P production on membranes. The VPS15 pseudokinase domain binds tightly to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and stabilizes a web of interactions to autoinhibit the cytosolic complex and to promote the activation upon membrane binding. These findings show in atomistic detail how the VPS34 lipid kinase is activated in the context of a complete PI3K complex.
Naturally twisted to sieve stress
Authors: Zavattieri Pablo D.
Published: February 2025

Mantis shrimp display phononic behavior similar to that of artificial metamaterials
Free speech, fact checking, and the right to accurate information
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan
Published: February 2025

True to his campaign promises, on 20 January 2025, US President Donald Trump signed a broad range of Executive Orders, the scope of which ranged from
renaming the Gulf of Mexico to “Gulf of America”
to
reinterpreting the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution
by curtailing birthright citizenship. At least one order is relevant to social scientists studying political communication because it aims to “
restore freedom of speech and end federal censorship
” in online forums. At first glance, this is a laudable endeavor; who would disagree with bolstering freedom of speech? On closer inspection, however, this order is unlikely to live up to its stated intent. On the contrary, there are three reasons to fear that it may, ironically, have adverse implications for free speech and for democracy.
In the cradle of cholera
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: February 2025

Bangladesh is leading the fight against this ancient scourge, and vaccine researcher Firdausi Qadri is on the front lines
Inside an ice stream
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: February 2025

Drill cores, fiber sensors, and radars spy on an enigmatic river of ice
Synthesis of 4-Substituted 3-Nitrophenyl Carbonyl Compounds from Benzyl Alcohols
Authors: Kazantsev D. A. , Denisov A. A. , Pestov A. V.
Published: February 2025

A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 4-R-3-nitrophenyl carbonyl compounds via tandem oxidation–nitration of benzyl alcohols. The proposed one-pot procedure makes it possible to obtain the target products in good yields under mild conditions using stable commercially available reagents. The major requirement to the substrate structure is the presence of a mesomeric donor substituent at the para position with respect to the hydroxymethyl group.
Adolescent and parental views on weight and weight management: a qualitative study
Authors: Little Melissa , Jebb Susan A. , Aveyard Paul
Published: February 2025

Objective

To examine the views of adolescents with excess weight and parents of adolescents with excess weight towards weight and weight management.

Design

A qualitative study design using semi-structured phone interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis to interpret the data.

Settings

Parents and adolescents based in the UK and recruited through schools, social media and youth centres.

Participants

Ten parents and 16 adolescents, including four linked parent-child dyads.

Results

Both parents and adolescents reported that adolescents felt societal pressure to achieve an ‘ideal body’ and that this pressure was the primary motivator for weight loss. All interviewed parents perceived themselves as overweight; however, those who had minimal weight-based shame were more likely to normalise weight discussions, reducing weight shame in their children. Adolescents preferred parents to display healthy behaviours rather than initiate weight-based discussions; however, they wanted to feel supported if the conversations were self-initiated.

Conclusion

Weight is a sensitive issue in intergenerational relationships, primarily driven by feelings of shame. Adolescents feel supported by a ‘show not tell’ approach from parents, which is more likely in families with less shame. While guidelines encourage clinicians to initiate weight-related conversations, this may not be welcomed by adolescents, although they do want confidence that they could access weight management support if they choose to seek help.
Fulminant orbital myiasis in a young immunocompetent host
Authors: Gupta Saroj , Sunder Rajamathangi , Pandey Ashish , Mishra Utkal Priyadarshi
Published: February 2025

A young man presented in the emergency department for pain and loss of vision in the right eye. On examination, a deformed globe with a massive infestation of orbit with live maggots and necrotic slough was noted. The vision showed no light perception in the right eye, with a normal left eye examination. Several live maggots were removed from the right orbit. The maggots were identified asChrysomyaspecies larvae. MRI of the brain and orbit showed a markedly deformed globe with mucosal thickening of the ethmoid sinus with disrupted lamina papyracea. Despite having no identifiable immunocompromised state, the patient showed rapid progression along with superadded bacterial infection of the necrotic slough. The patient was treated by exenteration of the right orbit with the removal of necrotic tissue and larvae. This case report elaborates on the comprehensive management of a challenging scenario of fulminant orbital myiasis in a young immunocompetent patient.
Cohort profile: the Viral load Cohort North-East Lesotho (VICONEL) from 2016 to 2023 – cohort description, test volumes, predictors of viraemia and the road ahead
Authors: Brown Jennifer Anne , Motaboli Lipontso , Lerotholi Malebanye , Kohler Maurus , Haenggi Kathrin , Mokete Moliehi , Chakela Makobefo Gladys , Kao Mpho , Kopo Mathebe , Mokebe Moleboheng , Urda Lorena , Nsakala Bienvenu Lengo , Lukau Blaise , Ayakaka Irene , Amstutz Alain , Ehmer Jochen , Klicpera Anna , Klimkait Thomas , Glass Tracy , Muhairwe Josephine , Chammartin Frédérique , Tschumi Nadine , Labhardt Niklaus Daniel
Published: February 2025

Purpose

The prospective Viral load Cohort North-East Lesotho (VICONEL) aims to support clinical management and generate scientific evidence to inform HIV care. Specifically, VICONEL allows for the monitoring of HIV treatment outcomes and health system performance, encompasses a biobank for further research with routinely collected blood plasma samples of consenting participants and provides a valuable framework for nested observational and interventional studies.

Participants

VICONEL captures routine viral load test results alongside associated demographic and treatment information among people in care for HIV in Lesotho, southern Africa. As of December 2023, it encompasses all viral load testing from 24 healthcare facilities in two districts of Lesotho.

Findings to date

From January 2016 to December 2023, 137 660 viral load test results were available for 29 380 participants. At the time of the last viral load test, median age was 42 years (IQR: 33–53); 18 511 (63%) were adult women, 10 029 (34%) adult men and 835 (3%) children <15 years (age/sex missing for 5) and median time taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 6.4 years (IQR 3.2–9.9). Overall, the proportion of cohort participants with viral suppression to <1000 copies/mL has continually exceeded 90% and has been above 95% since 2020; however, this proportion has consistently been lower among children. Sex, age category/ART regimen core agent (combined variable), time since ART initiation and district were independently associated with viraemia.

Future plans

VICONEL offers potential for (1) further digitalisation and automation of results sharing at the client, facility and district/national level, (2) integration of additional clinical and diagnostic data, including comorbidities and drug resistance and (3) embedding randomised trials.
The Impact of frailty on the effectiveness of intensive blood pressure control for patients with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wenjie Li , Wang Zhiyan , Li Mingxiao , Jiang Chao , Hua Chang , Tang Yangyang , Zhang Hao , Liu Xinru , Zheng Shiyue , Guo Hang , Zhao Manlin , Wang Yu Feng , Gao Mingyang , Lv Qiang , Dong Jianzeng , Ma Chang-Sheng , Du Xin
Published: February 2025

Background

Frailty is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. It is uncertain whether frailty modifies the efficacy of intensive blood pressure (BP) control among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).

Methods

The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure (ACCORD BP) trial, a two-by-two factorial trial, examined the effects of systolic BP (<120 vs <140 mm Hg) and glycaemic control on cardiovascular events in T2DM. We constructed a frailty index using the Rockwood cumulative deficit approach. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the effectiveness of intensive BP treatment according to frailty status. The primary composite outcome was non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or death from cardiovascular causes.

Results

There were 4733 participants (mean age: 62.7 years; 39.9% frailty). The mean average number of antihypertensive medications was higher in frail patients compared with non-frail patients in both the standard (2.2 vs 1.7) and intensive (3.1 vs 2.7) treatment groups. In the standard glycaemic arm, intensive BP treatment reduced the risk of the primary outcome (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.97) regardless of frailty status (p value for interaction=0.86). The benefits of intensive BP intervention were consistent across the spectrum of the frailty index (p value for interaction=0.96) in the standard glycaemic arm. However, no benefits of intensive BP treatment (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.43) were observed in the intensive glycaemic arm.

Conclusions

In the ACCORD BP study, the benefit of intensive BP treatment was consistent regardless of frailty in the setting of standard glycaemic control. Frailty should not be a barrier to intensive BP control in patients with T2DM treated with guideline-recommended standard glycaemic control.
Pulse pressure and aortic valve peak velocity and incident heart failure after myocardial infarction: a cohort study
Authors: Wu Yuzhong , Zhao Jingjing , Chen Chen , Huang Jiale , Liang Weihao , Li Jiayong , Dong Yugang , Liu Chen , Xue Ruicong
Published: February 2025

Background

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is a recognised outcome in patients with myocardial infarction, although heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is more common. Identifying early indicators specific to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with myocardial infarction could support targeted preventive strategies. This study aimed to determine if pulse pressure and aortic valve peak velocity could serve as early predictors of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with myocardial infarction.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed data from 5188 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who were free from heart failure at baseline, including 802 individuals with a history of myocardial infarction. Heart failure events were classified as either heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50%) or heart failure with mildly reduced or reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction <50%). Competing risk regression models were used to examine associations of baseline pulse pressure and aortic valve peak velocity with heart failure subtypes.

Results

Over 6 years of follow-up, 217 cases of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (including 50 in patients with myocardial infarction) and 127 cases of heart failure with mildly reduced or reduced ejection fraction (33 in patients with myocardial infarction) were identified. Among patients with myocardial infarction, a 1-SD increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 1.60-fold higher risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (95% CI 1.30 to 1.97), and a similar association was observed for aortic valve peak velocity (HR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.58). Patients with pulse pressure ≥68 mm Hg had a 3.83-fold higher risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction compared with those with lower pulse pressure, and those with aortic valve peak velocity ≥1.4 m/s had a 2.10-fold higher risk compared with those with lower values. Patients with myocardial infarction with two or more risk factors among elevated pulse pressure, aortic valve peak velocity, diabetes and atrial fibrillation had over 16 times the risk of developing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction compared with those without these risk factors (p<0.001).

Conclusions

Pulse pressure and aortic valve peak velocity are significant predictors of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with myocardial infarction, suggesting their potential value in early risk stratification. These findings support the use of these markers to guide timely interventions aimed at preventing the progression to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Dysglycaemia and incident aortic stenosis: a cohort study
Authors: Lind Viktor , Lundman Pia , Friberg Leif , Talbäck Mats , Hammar Niklas , Walldius Göran , Ding Mozhu , Norhammar Anna
Published: February 2025

Background

Aortic stenosis is a degenerative condition with high mortality in its severe stages and no preventive treatment. While diabetes is a known risk factor, the role of elevated glucose levels below the diabetic threshold in the development of aortic stenosis remains unclear. This study investigated the association between dysglycaemia, including impaired fasting glucose, and the incidence of aortic stenosis.

Methods

This study included 324 449 participants from the Swedish Apolipoprotein Mortality Risk cohort (1985–1996) who were free of aortic valve disease at baseline and had fasting glucose and lipid levels recorded. Participants were followed for incident aortic stenosis through the National Patient and Cause of Death Registers until 31 December 2020. Fasting glucose was categorised into low (<3.9 mmol/L), normal (3.9–6.0 mmol/L), impaired fasting glucose (6.1–6.9 mmol/L), high glucose (≥7.0 mmol/L) and diabetes. HRs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustments for age, sex, lipids, socioeconomic status, hypertension and kidney disease.

Results

Over a mean follow-up of 25.9 years, 8523 participants developed aortic stenosis. Compared with normal glucose levels, adjusted HRs were 0.96 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.13) for low glucose, 1.36 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.50) for impaired fasting glucose, 1.79 (95% CI 1.60 to 1.99) for high glucose and 2.21 (95% CI 1.80 to 2.73) for diabetes. Spline analysis indicated a continuous increase in risk with rising glucose levels, even below the impaired fasting glucose threshold.

Conclusions

Dysglycaemia, including glucose levels below the diabetic range, is associated with a higher risk of aortic stenosis.