bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indicadores de desempenho, ciência brasileira e a cobertura das bases informacionais
Authors: Leta Jacqueline
Published: December 2013

A elaboração e organização de mecanismos para avaliar e monitorar as atividades científicas tornou-se uma prática rotineira entre os diversos órgãos de fomento de países desenvolvidos a partir dos anos de 1960. Observa-se, assim, que, juntamente com a avaliação pelos pares, o desempenho da ciência e dos cientistas passou a ser medido e avaliado por parâmetros objetivos, sendo muitos deles do escopo dos estudos da cientometria. Ao longo das últimas décadas, o interesse por indicadores de produtividade (número de publicações) e de visibilidade (número de citações) disseminou-se, sendo amplamente utilizados na maior parte dos países. No Brasil, esse processo não foi diferente; as principais agências têm se apropriado desses indicadores tanto para divulgar e estimar o desempenho da ciência brasileira assim como para dar suporte a modelos de avaliação individuais e institucionais, como no caso dos programas de pós-graduação. Este texto pretende contextualizar a cientometria nos mecanismos de monitoramento da ciência, assim como dar um panorama das principais características da ciência brasileira, apontadas em diferentes estudos cientométricos e, por fim, discutir as limitações das principais bases informacionais que têm servido de fonte para estudos dessa natureza.
SUBJETIVIDADE NEGATIVA SOB O SIGNO DA ESCRAVIDÃO
Authors: RUFINONI SIMONE ROSSINETTI
Published: December 2013

SUBJETIVIDADE NEGATIVA SOB O SIGNO DA ESCRAVIDÃO
UMA NOVA LUZ SOBRE O ACERVO MODERNISTA DO MAC-USP: ESTUDOS EM TORNO DAS COLEÇÕES MATARAZZO
Authors: MAGALHÃES ANA GONÇALVES
Published: December 2013

UMA NOVA LUZ SOBRE O ACERVO MODERNISTA DO MAC-USP: ESTUDOS EM TORNO DAS COLEÇÕES MATARAZZO
MARKETING POLÍTICO NA ERA DIGITAL: PERSPECTIVAS E POSSIBILIDADES
Authors: PENTEADO CLAUDIO LUIS DE CAMARGO
Published: December 2013

O artigo realiza uma discussão sobre a incorporação das novas tecnologias nas ações do marketing político. As novas possibilidades introduzidas pelo desenvolvimento dos meios de comunicação produziram novas dinâmicas que estão sendo incorporadas nas práticas das campanhas. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o texto apresenta uma avaliação do e-marketing político a partir de uma dupla abordagem: das ações de comunicação das campanhas e da possibilidade da participação cidadã no debate eleitoral.
POETAS E SAMBISTAS
Authors: NEGREIROS ELIETE EÇA
Published: December 2013

POETAS E SAMBISTAS.
NEGROS ISLÂMICOS NO BRASIL ESCRAVOCRATA
Authors: RIBEIRO LIDICE MEYER PINTO
Published: December 2013

NEGROS ISLÂMICOS NO BRASIL ESCRAVOCRATA
ENERGIA NUCLEAR
Authors: HUSSEIN MAHIR S.
Published: December 2013

Abordamos neste artigo algumas considerações importantes sobre o uso da energia nuclear. Respondemos questões de interesse para o público como: o que é energia nuclear; que usar urânio como combustível nos reatores; como avaliar a segurança da usinas no caso de abalos sísmicos; e qual função da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica.
"DIZ-ME COM QUEM ANDAS, QUE TE DIREI QUEM ÉS": UMA - BREVE - INTRODUÇÃO À ANÁLISE DE REDES SOCIAIS
Authors: SILVA MARCELO KUNRATH , ZANATA JUNIOR RUI
Published: December 2013

O presente artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma apresentação introdutória da metodologia de análise de redes sociais (ARS). Nesse sentido, o artigo aborda as características básicas dessa metodologia e seus fundamentos teórico-epistemológicos, salienta alguns dos empregos mais destacados da ARS nas ciências sociais brasileiras e, por fim, apresenta um exemplo de uso da ARS na investigação da relação entre homofilia e desigualdade no associativismo, tendo por base uma pesquisa empírica realizada pelos autores.
ESPAÇOS DE SUBORDINAÇÃO E CONTESTAÇÃO NAS REDES SOCIAIS
Authors: BEIGUELMAN GISELLE
Published: December 2013

Este artigo aborda as ambivalências das redes sociais como espaços de controle e de potencialização de novas articulações socioculturais. Destaca procedimentos de colonização da percepção e corporativização das subjetividades, embutidos em recursos de publicidade direcionada presentes em contextos como o do Facebook, e contrapõe a eles projetos de redes alternativas e operações ativistas. Parte-se da constatação de que as redes sociais são um dos elementos característicos da cultura urbana contemporânea, para investigar de que formas suas tensões implicam tanto dinâmicas de estriamento (estratificação e apropriação) do espaço informacional, como de liberação de seus devires e potências em aberto. Conclui-se que essas redes são hoje constitutivas das possibilidades de mudança cultural, mudanças essas que são operacionalizadas por movimentos sociais, ao propor e desencadear descontinuidades com as relações de poder embutidas na ecologia midiática atual.
PRÁTICAS ARTÍSTICAS EM REDES SOCIAIS VIRTUAIS
Authors: BULHÕES MARIA AMELIA
Published: December 2013

Este artigo analisa propostas artísticas desenvolvidas a partir das redes sociais virtuais, buscando perceber suas especificidades e suas conexões com as possibilidades dessas redes em termos tecnológicos e de lógicas de funcionamento.
O cenário internacional, a nova empresa e a nova competição
Authors: Castro Antonio Barros de
Published: December 2013

Este texto é a reprodução de um dos últimos artigos escritos pelo professor Antonio Barros de Castro. Com a experiência e a competência de uma vida dedicada à pesquisa sobre o setor produtivo brasileiro, Castro descreve de forma única as transformações econômicas no mundo e as mudanças na estratégias de competição das firmas. Como tudo que é inovador, suas ideias sempre foram direcionadas para entender o futuro e a dinâmica do novo. O artigo descreve a revolução das tecnologias da informação e apresenta as características da nova empresa e dos novos padrões de competição. Na última parte do artigo, Castro argumenta que diversos fatores, mas, de forma especialmente relevante, os ativos intangíveis, o financiamento via mercado de capitais e as tecnologias da informação, dão margem para o surgimento de uma nova economia.
Desafios da Finep e o fomento à inovação
Authors: Araújo André Amaral de
Published: December 2013

O artigo analisa os desafios da Finep como a tradicional gestora pública dos instrumentos de financiamento das empresas inovadoras e das instituições científicas e tecnológicas (ICTs) no Brasil, bem como a necessidadede adequação do seu modelo jurídico-institucional à dinâmica do fomento à inovação. Procura desenhar a trajetória da evolução da instituição, comparando-a com aquelas delineadas por outras instituições financeiras públicas de fomento, especialmente no que diz respeito aos padrões de captação e sustentabilidade financeira. Argumenta-se que, apesar do pioneirismo conferido ao modelo institucional da Finep, para o qual se optou pela criação de uma instituição financeira pública federal, reconhecida pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional, tal configuração jurídico-institucional tem sido negligenciada ao longo da sua evolução histórica, a ponto de dissociá-la do ambiente regulário, orientado pelos Acordos de Basileia, que regem o sistema financeiro nacional (SFN).
ReVer Paul Cézanne
Authors: Aranha Carmen S. G.
Published: December 2013

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Da queda do muro da vida privada e da violência no jornalismo moderno
Authors: Medeiros Gutemberg
Published: December 2013

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INOVAÇÃO COMO CONSENSO
Authors: Erber Fabio Stefano
Published: December 2013

Este texto é a reprodução da primeira parte de um trabalho mais amplo, realizado a pedido da Cepal, que foi publicado em 2010. O autor faz uma resenha de todo o debate sobre a inovação tecnológica no Brasil a partir de 1990. Com a singular competência que sempre caracterizou a vida acadêmica de Fabio Erber, ele conseguiu sistematizar o debate brasileiro sobre as características e determinantes do desempenho das empresas atuantes no país em matéria de inovação tecnológica.
Ciência e inovação
Authors: Oliva Glaucius , Silva Felizardo Penalva da
Published: December 2013

Sob a pressão seletiva das necessidades, a espécie humana aprendeu a pesquisar, acumular conhecimento e inovar. Essa foi a estratégia central na evolução humana, que tem a ciência e a inovação como faces complementares da mesma moeda. No Brasil, superada a fase predatória colonial, essa estratégia de acumulação de conhecimento como premissa da inovação se faz sentir após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, com os investimentos em ciência e tecnologia para garantir a soberania e o desenvolvimento econômico e social. O modelo adotado foi o de se criar um forte programa de capacitação no país e no exterior juntamente com um programa de apoio à pesquisa científica, promovendo-se numa primeira etapa a geração de conhecimento que, fatalmente, levaria à sua utilização na inovação. Apesar da falta de consenso em relação aos indicadores utilizados para medir e comparar nosso grau de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, os resultados sugerem que já alcançamos um estágio respeitável, tanto do ponto de vista qualitativo quanto quantitativo, na geração do conhecimento necessário para darmos um salto em relação à inovação no contexto de uma sociedade moderna que busca o desenvolvimento econômico e social em bases sustentáveis.
O BNDES e o financiamento do desenvolvimento
Authors: Ferraz João Carlos , Leal Claudio Figueiredo Coelho , Marques Felipe Silveira , Miterhof Marcelo Trindade
Published: December 2013

Este artigo analisa a atuação no financiamento de longo prazo do BNDES e também sua recente participação no esforço contracíclico do governo federal para enfrentar os efeitos deletérios da crise financeira internacional sobre o crescimento econômico do país. O texto procura mostrar que a instituição consegue estabelecer e utilizar um amplo leque de instrumentos para responder aos distintos, cambiantes e progressivos desafios dodesenvolvimento brasileiro.
A reinvenção da Semana (1932-1942)
Authors: Alambert Francisco
Published: December 2013

A Semana de 22 é o mais importante “fato” da história da cultura moderna no Brasil. Por isso ela possui uma existência histórica que lhe permite ser inventada e desinventada, amada e odiada, reconstituída e desconstruída em todos os momentos em que a história do Brasil moderno é colocada em questão. A Semana tornou-se efeméride ofi cial e passou a ser reinventada conforme os interesses e necessidades de cada época em que o Brasil teve que repensar sua modernidade. É o que o artigo pretende demonstrar, partindo da análise dos vinte primeiros anos da existência histórica da Semana.
Aspectos da história do livro no Brasil
Authors: Secco Lincoln
Published: December 2013

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Projeção do Brasil no Atlântico Sul: geopolítica e estratégia
Authors: Costa Wanderley Messias da
Published: December 2013

O alargamento do entorno regional e estratégico do Brasil corresponde ànova escala de interesses, oportunidades e influência de um país que seconsolida como potência econômica no cenário internacional e que temfeito do domínio e da exploração dos recursos do mar uma das suas maispromissoras fontes de riqueza. A inflexão nos rumos do desenvolvimentodo país na direção do Atlântico Sul nos últimos trinta anos expressa aconjugação de vetores de largo espectro e longa duração. Essa conquistavem sendo processada pela aplicação bem-sucedida de estratégia quecombina ações contínuas no campo diplomático, esforço nacional depesquisa na ampla área das ciências do mar e investimentos que visamfortalecer a capacidade militar do país para fazer frente aos seus desafiosde segurança & defesa em geral e no Atlântico Sul em particular.
Álcool e direção veicular
Authors: Jorge Maria Helena P. de Mello , Adura Flávio Emir
Published: December 2013

A partir dos padrões de consumo doálcool no Brasil, o trabalho analisa o problema do risco que representa paraa direção veicular. Mostra como, onde epor que o álcool interfere no ato de dirigire apresenta resultados de investigações que comprovam a influência nefasta que exerce nas vítimas de acidentes de trânsito. Analisa aspectos relativos aoslimites de tolerância do álcool no sanguee conclui pela pertinência da chamada Lei Seca, que, segundo pesquisas, mostrou ser eficaz no sentido de fazer diminuir osnúmeros relativos à mortalidade, às internações hospitalares, ao resgate de vítimasde acidentes de trânsito feito pelo Samu.Em razão dos achados, apresenta, como recomendação final, o estabelecimento de políticas públicas em defesa da sociedade que, por se sobreporem ao interesse individual, devem ser incentivadas.
Association of Body Mass Index and Mortality After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Skolarus Lesli E. , Sanchez Brisa N. , Levine Deborah A. , Baek Jonggyu , Kerber Kevin A. , Morgenstern Lewis B. , Smith Melinda A. , Lisabeth Lynda D.
Published: December 2013

Background—

The prevalence of severe obesity is rising in the United States. Although mild to moderately elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with reduced mortality after acute ischemic stroke, less is known about severe obesity.

Methods and Results—

Patients with acute ischemic stroke (n=1791) ≥45 years were identified from the biethnic population–based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) study from June 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010. Median follow-up was 660 days. BMI was abstracted from the medical record. Survival was estimated by BMI category (underweight, normal weight, overweight, class 1 obesity, class 2 obesity, and severe obesity) using Kaplan-Meier methods. Hazard ratios for the relationship between BMI modeled continuously and mortality were estimated from Cox regression models after adjustment for patient factors. The median BMI was 27.1 kg/m
2
(interquartile range, 23.7–31.2 kg/m
2
), and 56% were Mexican American. A total of 625 patients (35%) died during the study period. Persons with higher baseline BMI had longer survival in unadjusted analysis (
P
<0.01). After adjustment for demographics, stroke severity, and stroke and mortality risk factors, the relationship between BMI and mortality was U shaped. The lowest mortality risk was observed among patients with an approximate BMI of 35 kg/m
2
, whereas those with lower or higher BMI had higher mortality risk.

Conclusions—

Severe obesity is associated with increased poststroke mortality in middle-aged and older adults. Stroke patients with class 2 obesity had the lowest mortality risk. More research is needed to determine weight management goals among stroke survivors.
Association of Body Mass Index and Long-Term Outcomes in Older Patients With Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: O’Brien Emily C. , Fosbol Emil L. , Peng S. Andrew , Alexander Karen P. , Roe Matthew T. , Peterson Eric D.
Published: December 2013

Background—

Prior studies have found that obese patients have paradoxically lower in-hospital mortality after non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction than their normal-weight counterparts, yet whether these associations persist long term is unknown.

Methods and Results—

We linked detailed clinical data for patients with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction aged ≥65 years in the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes With Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) Registry to Medicare claims data to obtain longitudinal outcomes. Using height and weight measured on admission, patients were categorized into 6 body mass index (BMI [kilograms per meter squared]) groups. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between BMI and (1) all-cause mortality, (2) all-cause readmission, (3) cardiovascular readmission, and (4) noncardiovascular readmission for 3 years after hospital discharge. Among older patients with non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (n=34 465), 36.3% were overweight and 27.7% were obese. Obese patients were younger and more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia than normal or underweight patients. Relative to normal-weight patients, long-term mortality was lower for patients classified as overweight (BMI, 25.0–29.9), obese class I (BMI, 30.0–34.9), and obese class II (BMI, 35.0–39.9), but not obese class III (BMI ≥40.0). In contrast, 3-year all-cause and cardiovascular readmission were similar across BMI categories. Relative to normal-weight patients, noncardiovascular readmissions were similar for obese class I but higher for obese class II and obese class III.

Conclusions—

All-cause long-term mortality was generally lower for overweight and obese older patients after non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction relative to those with normal weight. Longitudinal readmissions were similar or higher with increasing BMI.
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Gaps in the Use of and Adherence to Evidence-Based Preventive Therapies Among Elderly Medicare Part D Beneficiaries After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lauffenburger Julie C. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Oramasionwu Christine , Fang Gang
Published: December 2013

Background—

It is unclear whether gender and racial/ethnic gaps in the use of and patient adherence to β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins after acute myocardial infarction have persisted after establishment of the Medicare Part D prescription program.

Methods and Results—

This retrospective cohort study used 2007 to 2009 Medicare service claims among Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years of age who were alive 30 days after an index acute myocardial infarction hospitalization in 2008. Multivariable logistic regression models examined racial/ethnic (white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and other) and gender differences in the use of these therapies in the 30 days after discharge and patient adherence at 12 months after discharge, adjusting for patient baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Of 85 017 individuals, 55%, 76%, and 61% used angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, and statins, respectively, within 30 days after discharge. No marked differences in use were found by race/ethnicity, but women were less likely to use angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and β-blockers compared with men. However, at 12 months after discharge, compared with white men, black and Hispanic women had the lowest likelihood (≈30%–36% lower;
P
<0.05) of being adherent, followed by white, Asian, and other women and black and Hispanic men (≈9%–27% lower;
P
<0.05). No significant difference was shown between Asian/other men and white men.

Conclusions—

Although minorities were initially no less likely to use the therapies after acute myocardial infarction discharge compared with white patients, black and Hispanic patients had significantly lower adherence over 12 months. Strategies to address gender and racial/ethnic gaps in the elderly are needed.
Diagnosing Intracranial Aneurysms With MR Angiography
Authors: Sailer Anna M.H. , Wagemans Bart A.J.M. , Nelemans Patricia J. , de Graaf Rick , van Zwam Willem H.
Published: December 2013

Background and Purpose—

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of MR angiography (MRA) in the diagnosis of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Methods—

A systematic search was performed on 4 electronic databases on relevant articles that were published from January 1998 to October 2013. Inclusion criteria were met by 12 studies that compared MRA with digital subtraction angiography as reference standard. Two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality of the studies. Data from eligible studies were extracted and used to construct 2×2 contingency tables on a per-aneurysm level. Pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity were calculated for all studies and subgroups of studies. Heterogeneity was tested, and risk for publication bias was assessed.

Results—

Included studies were of high methodological quality. Studies with larger sample size tended to have higher diagnostic performance. Most studies used time-of-flight MRA technique. Among the 960 patients assessed, 772 aneurysms were present. Heterogeneity with reference to sensitivity and specificity was moderate to high. Pooled sensitivity of MRA was 95% (95% confidence interval, 89%–98%), and pooled specificity was 89% (95% confidence interval, 80%–95%). False-negative and false-positive aneurysms detected on MRA were mainly located at the skull base and middle cerebral artery. Freehand 3-dimensional reconstructions performed by the radiologist significantly increased diagnostic performance. Studies performed on 3 Tesla showed a trend toward higher performance (
P
=0.054).

Conclusions—

Studies on diagnostic performance of MRA show high sensitivity with large variation in specificity in the detection of intracranial aneurysms.
Still Neglecting the Demand that Fuels Human Trafficking: A Study Comparing the Criminal Laws and Practice of Five European States on Human Trafficking, Purchasing Sex from Trafficked Adults and from Minors
Authors: Kelemen Katalin , Johansson Märta C.
Published: December 2013

This article discusses the implementation of duties to reduce the market for sexual services of trafficked persons, both adults and children. The article begins by describing the duties that stem from international and European obligations. It then presents the legislation and practice of five European states (Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) regarding human trafficking and the purchase of sexual acts from trafficking victims. The states in the study have introduced measures to combat human trafficking by effective prosecutions and sentencing of traffickers. They have, however, taken few measures to combat demand for the sexual services of trafficked persons; in some countries, no measures at all. As all the countries criminalise the purchase of sexual acts from children below the age of 18, the article examines whether this has afforded trafficked children effective protection against sexual exploitation. One key element in the crime of purchasing sex from a minor is knowledge of the child’s age. The subjective elements that states require range from strict liability (below certain ages) to negligence, and their practice also varies. The article ends by discussing the lacunae that remain before states can be said to secure trafficked persons’ right to effective protection against sexual exploitation.
Restorative Justice Or What?: Restorative Justice in the Chinese Youth Justice System
Authors: Shen A. , Antonopoulos G.A.
Published: December 2013

This article aims to examine restorative justice (RJ) practices in China’s youth justice system, seeking to make contributions to the global effort of operationalising the notion. It begins with an outline of the Chinese youth justice system. Following a brief literature review on RJ movements in China, it moves on to introduce the current programmes in the country’s youth justice practices, including those similar to the Western notion of RJ and those recognised as RJ only in China, and the legal mechanisms facilitating the development of restorative justice. It concludes that China is in its own way translating the critical values of RJ theory into its youth justice system, leaning towards a better one for juveniles. The development of restorative justice and criminal justice as a whole in China is a work in progress. Local variations and timeframe for development should be permissible in its legal reform.
The Impact of Girlfriends on Desistance Processes among Socially Deprived Young Adults
Authors: Zdun Steffen , Scholl Jennifer
Published: December 2013

The question of what contributes to desistance from delinquency is one important topic of criminological sociology. While the impact of marriage has received much attention in recent years, the meaning of girlfriends in young adulthood has been largely neglected. This paper addresses changes in the perception and treatment of girlfriends in this period of transition, as well as their own contributions to the desister’s development. The role of agency is examined, as is the interplay of certain micro- and macro-level aspects. Nineteen qualitative, retrospective interviews with young adults and twenty-seven with field experts were analysed, as outtakes from a larger German study. The data illustrates different patterns of desisting from delinquency that are supported by and related to girlfriends in different ways. The findings appear to add to the current state of the art in desistance research.
The Transition to a Subtropical Jet Regime and Its Maintenance
Authors: Lachmy Orli , Harnik Nili
Published: December 2013

An abrupt transition from a merged jet regime to a subtropical jet regime is analyzed using a two-layer modified quasigeostrophic (QG) spherical model. Unlike the common version of QG models, this model includes advection of the zonal mean momentum by the ageostrophic mean meridional circulation, allowing for a relatively realistic momentum balance in the tropics and subtropics. The merged jet is a single jet inside the Ferrel cell created by a merging of the subtropical and eddy-driven jets, and the subtropical jet is a mainly thermally driven jet at the Hadley cell edge. The maintenance of each type of jet depends on the dominant baroclinic modes. In the merged jet regime, the spectrum is dominated by intermediate-scale (wavenumbers 4–6) fast waves at the midlatitudes that grow close to the jet maximum. In the subtropical jet regime, the spectrum is dominated by long (wavenumbers 1–3) slow westward-propagating waves at high latitudes and somewhat weaker intermediate-scale slow waves at the midlatitudes. In the subtropical jet regime, waves equilibrate at weaker amplitudes than in the merged jet regime. A mechanism is found that explains why baroclinic instability is weaker in the subtropical jet regime, although the vertical shear of the mean flow is stronger, which has to do with the lower-level potential vorticity (PV) structure. The relevance of these results to the real atmosphere seams to hold in local zonal sections but not for the zonal mean.
The Linkage between the Warm and the Cold Conveyor Belts in an Idealized Extratropical Cyclone*
Authors: Schemm Sebastian , Wernli Heini
Published: December 2013

This study continues the investigation of airstreams in idealized moist baroclinic waves and addresses the formation of the cold conveyor belt (CCB), its linkage to the warm conveyor belt (WCB), and their impact on the development of a midlatitude cyclone. The CCB is identified as a coherent bundle of trajectories, characterized by weak ascent and a strong increase of potential vorticity (PV) along the flow, in contrast to the WCB, defined as the trajectories with maximum ascent. The authors illuminate the role of the two conveyor belts in the formation of two strong PV anomalies that form in the upper (WCB, negative PV anomaly) and lower troposphere (CCB, positive PV anomaly), respectively, and thereby establish a link between these airstreams and relevant aspects of the dynamics of extratropical cyclones. The CCB moves close to the surface along the colder side of the bent-back front and experiences a PV increase as it passes below a region of maximum latent heat release at midtropospheric levels. Accordingly, it arrives with high PV values at the tail of the bent-back front where the most intense low-level winds occur. The WCB, which rises above the bent-back front, causes the formation of the midtropospheric heating rate maximum and thereby not only influences the upper-level downstream development, but also drives the increase of PV along the CCB and, in consequence, indirectly drives the formation of the low-level jet at the tail of the bent-back front.
Political clientelism and democracy
Authors: Kusche Isabel
Published: December 2013

The article proposes a systems-theoretical approach to political clientelism. It places political clientelism in the theoretical framework of a democratic political system characterized by internal differentiation in government and bureaucracy, party politics and a politically relevant public. Against the background of existing research on the link between democracy and political clientelism, it uses Luhmann’s concept of power and more specifically his model of the formal and the informal power cycle to point out parallels and differences between a political system based on expectations with regard to policies and a political system in which clientelistic expectations prevail. Democratic political systems are based on formal, legally codified power and informal power. Clientelistic power is a special form of informal power affecting this interplay, as the example of democratization in Mexico shows. Political systems with clientelistic expectations differ from those with a policy orientation with regard to the complexity of policies, the generalization of political support, the bases for personalization, the pattern of interest articulation and the most prominent external influences on the system.
Effects of Upstream Administration of Tirofiban Before Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Spontaneous Reperfusion and Clinical Outcomes in Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Zhu Jianbing , Zhang Tiantian , Xie Qianqian , Zhang Junfeng
Published: December 2013

We assessed the effects of upstream administration of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on spontaneous reperfusion (SR) of infarct-related artery (IRA) and the clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The incidence of SR of the IRA was significantly higher in the tirofiban group than in the no-tirofiban group (141 [36.5%] vs 21 [17.2%], P < .001). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of tirofiban (odds ratio 2.32, 95% confidence interval 1.25-4.31, P = .008) independently predicted the occurrence of SR. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that major adverse cardiovascular event-free survival was significantly higher in patients treated with tirofiban than in patients without tirofiban at 30-day (log rank = 11.65, P = .001) and 90-day follow-up (log rank = 16.79, P < .001). Upstream administration of tirofiban is significantly associated with increased SR of the IRA and favorable clinical prognosis in patients undergoing PCI for STEMI.
Stigma, identity and power: Managing stigmatized identities through discourse
Authors: Toyoki Sammy , Brown Andrew D
Published: December 2013

We analyse how men incarcerated in Helsinki Prison managed, through talk, their stigmatized identities as prisoners. Three strategies are identified: ‘appropriation’ of the label ‘prisoner’; claiming coveted social identities; and representing oneself as a ‘good’ person. The research contribution we make is to show how inmates dealt with their self-defined stigmatized identities through discourse, and how these strategies were effects of power. We argue that stigmatized identities are best theorized in relation to individuals’ repertoires of other (non-stigmatized) identities that they may draw on to make supportive self-claims. Prisoners, like other kinds of organizational participants, we argue, often have considerable scope for managing diverse, fragile, perhaps even contradictory, understandings of their selves.
‘I had the luxury . . .’: Organizational breastfeeding support as privatized privilege
Authors: Turner Paaige K , Norwood Kristen
Published: December 2013

To make the combination of breastfeeding and work feasible, women who return to work full time in the USA need some measure of organizational breastfeeding support. Yet, many organizations do not have lactation policies in place, co-worker and supervisor communication can be discouraging, and predominant cultural Discourses in the US position breastfeeding at odds with organizational values, often requiring women to define and negotiate support themselves. Drawing upon Structuration Theory, we analyzed interviews conducted with US women who breastfed and worked to illuminate the meanings they held for breastfeeding and organizational breastfeeding support and how those meanings challenge and reproduce social systems that make breastfeeding and working a potentially difficult combination. We argue that their construction of breastfeeding support as a privatized privilege re/produces cultural Discourses that marginalize women’s bodies in organizations. In order to engender support for all bodies that challenge the borders between public/private, feminine/masculine and personal/professional, meanings must be changed at both macro and micro levels of communication.
Review Article: When ‘life itself’ goes to work: Reviewing shifts in organizational life through the lens of biopower
Authors: Fleming Peter
Published: December 2013

This review article suggests the English publication of Foucault’s lectures on biopower, The Birth of Biopolitics (2008), might be useful for extending our understandings of how organizational power relations have changed over the last 20 years. Unlike disciplinary power, which constrains and delimits individuals, the concept of biopower emphasizes how our life abilities and extra-work qualities ( bios or ‘life itself’) are now key objects of exploitation – particularly under neoliberalism. The term biocracy is introduced to analyse recent reports on workplace experiences symptomatic of biopower. Finally, the conceptual weaknesses of biopower for organizational theorizing are critically evaluated to help develop the idea for future scholarship.
Effective or symbolic? Testing the constitutionality of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Hate Crimes Prevention Act
Authors: Erba Joseph
Published: December 2013

In an effort to reduce violent acts of discrimination against members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, President Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Hate Crimes Prevention Act into law on 28 October 2009. The Act has been both praised and criticized for expanding the list of protected classes of hate crime victims to include sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability. Indeed, the Act was passed after a heated debate regarding its constitutionality. This paper therefore explores whether this Act would be able to withstand a constitutional challenge. Rulings by the US Supreme Court are analyzed to evaluate the validity of claims articulated during the hearings as well as testimony given in the debates leading to the passage of the Act. The analysis also relies on other cases and current hate crime state statutes. Findings suggest that because the Act does not define certain key terms, it might not pass a constitutionality test on the basis of the vagueness doctrine.
The shear response of lightweight corrugated core structures
Authors: Rejab MRM , Ushijima K , Cantwell WJ
Published: December 2013

A combination of experimental, analytical and numerical techniques is used to characterise the shear response of lightweight corrugations based on glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resins. The corrugations were manufactured via a compression moulding procedure in which composite prepregs are cured between two serrated mould halves. The properties of the composite corrugations are compared with those offered by a similar aluminium system. Subsequent mechanical testing was undertaken using an Arcan rig capable of generating a range of loading conditions between pure shear and pure compression. As a result of difficulties in accurately measuring the displacement of the cores under mixed-loading conditions, an analytical model was used to predict the stiffness characteristics of the cores as a function of loading angle. The accuracy of the model was assessed using a finite element analysis. The final part of this investigation focused on fitting the measured values of maximum strength to an appropriate failure criterion. An examination of the corrugated structures during combined compression–shear loading indicated that the composite samples failed as a result of buckling in the strands and in certain cases, delamination between the composite plies. Both the analytical model and the finite element analysis indicated that the stiffness of composite and aluminium cores did not vary significantly with loading angle. An analysis of the strength characteristics of the corrugated cores showed that the aluminium corrugations could be accurately represented using a two-dimensional quadratic failure criterion. In contrast, due to the initiation of delamination within the composite struts, an additional component in the failure criterion was required to accurately capture the response of the composite corrugations.
The geographical dimension of innovation collaboration: Networking and innovation in Norway
Authors: Fitjar Rune Dahl , Rodríguez-Pose Andrés
Published: December 2013

This paper looks at the geographical dimension of firm networking in Norway, by examining the impact of manager-level, firm-level and regional-level variables on the decisions of firms to collaborate with partners at different levels of geographical distance. Using data stemming from a survey of 1604 businesses in five Norwegian city-regions, we model firms’ use of partners located within the region, elsewhere in the country and abroad, respectively. The results indicate that collaboration is affected in different ways by variables related to all three levels. At the level of the manager, trust is an important predictor of regional and national collaboration, but has no significant effect on the formation of international partnerships, which are fundamentally associated with factors such as education and the open-mindedness of managers. At the regional level, R&D expenditure tends to increase collaboration between regional actors, but reduces the likelihood of engagement with international partners. Education, by contrast, has the opposite effect: it encourages international collaboration at the expense of local links. The results highlight the need to balance policies for boosting regional social capital and R&D with investments in education and fostering open-mindedness as a means to prevent lock-in and develop innovation-enhancing global pipelines.
Understanding culture-led local development: A critique of alternative theoretical explanations
Authors: Sacco Pierluigi , Ferilli Guido , Blessi Giorgio Tavano
Published: December 2013

In this paper we carry out a meta-analytic review of the literature on culture-led local development models. We identify and discuss three typical fallacies characterising mono-causal culture-led development schemes: instrumentalism, over-engineering, and parochialism. We then discuss their analytical background, and provide examples illustrating the consequences of each. Based upon this critical discussion, we make a case for a ‘new territorial thinking’ approach that takes into account the tangled hierarchy of global and local viewpoints that is connatural to spatially situated cultural production, and focuses upon a non-linear, multi-causal scheme as the only possible framework for the policy design of credible, socially accountable, culture-led development strategies.
Drawing the Line between the Civil and the Criminal
Authors: Hu Xiangyu
Published: December 2013

This article examines debt and property cases heard by the central-level Board of Punishment during the Qing dynasty to explore the question of whether a civil law and civil adjudication existed in Qing China. It shows that the Board in fact did draw a clear distinction between non-punishable civil matters and minor criminal matters in its handling of cases. It also demonstrates that, like local magistrates, the Board preferred that civil disputes be mediated out of court by community or kin, but would adjudicate a civil case should mediation fail. Moreover, the jurists at the Board functioned as judges rather than mediators, and adjudicated in accordance with the Qing code, although they stopped short of applying any corporal punishment called for in the code. Finally, the article shows, the Board enforced the civil principles embodied in the law even-handedly among persons from different social statuses and ethnicities, suggesting that over time those principles came to overshadow the special privileges enjoyed by persons of high status.
Winners, losers and the Grand Coalition: Political satisfaction in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Campbell Ross
Published: December 2013

This article examines how electoral outcomes nurture democratic sentiment. Elections generate winners and losers, and voters alter their beliefs in ways that are congruent with electoral choices. Yet, while winning and losing shape democratic sentiment, comparatively less is known about the intermediary influences through which this relationship flows. Analysing data from the Federal Republic of Germany, this article probes for contextually driven effects using cross-level modelling of German General Social Surveys ( Allgemeine Bevölkerungs Umfrage der Sozialwissenschaften). Four hypotheses are tested at the individual level, with the results confirming the following. First, winners’ democratic sentiments remain firm in the context of electoral stalemate, but are mediated through their ideological proximity to the party for which they voted. Second, time conditions winners’ democratic sentiments, but in discrepant ways in the east and west of the country. There is no evidence that the western relationship has systematically weakened over a 20-year period. The eastern relationship, meanwhile, was especially strong following unification, but stabilised thereafter. In demonstrating that winners’ attitudes are influenced by political context and time, the article presents a more refined analysis and a more comprehensive account, and develops fresh lines of inquiry into the structure of mass democratic sentiment.
Structure Determines Medication Errors in Nursing Units
Authors: Hung Chang-Chiao , Lee Bih-O , Tsai Shu-Ling , Tseng Yun Shan , Chang Chia-Hao
Published: December 2013

Medication errors have long been considered critical in global health care systems. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the effects of nursing unit structure on medication errors. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the effects of structural factors on medication errors in nursing units. A total of 977 staff nurses and 62 head nurses participated in this cross-sectional design study. The findings show that professional autonomy (β = .53, t = 6.03, p < .01), technology (β = .25, t = 3.02, p < .01), and nursing experts (β = .52, t = 5.99, p < .01) are predictors of medication error rates. This study shows that the structural factors influence medication administration and the mechanistic approach is specifically in relation of low medication error rates. The author suggests that head nurses should consider strategies that require adjustments to unit control mechanisms.
Understanding of Advance Care Planning by Family Members of Persons Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Calvin Amy O. , Engebretson Joan C. , Sardual S. Alexander
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore hemodialysis patients’ family members’ understanding of end-of-life decision-making processes. The project aimed to address (a) family members’ constructions of advance care planning (ACP), including their roles and responsibilities, and (b) family members’ perceptions of health care providers’ roles and responsibilities in ACP. Eighteen family members of persons undergoing hemodialysis were recruited primarily from outpatient dialysis facilities and interviewed individually. Confirmed transcript data were analyzed, coded, and compared, and categories were established. Interpretations were validated throughout the interviews and peer debriefing sessions were used at a later stage in the analysis. The overarching construct identified was one of Protection. Family members protect patients by (a) Sharing Burdens, (b) Normalizing Life, and (c) Personalizing Care. Recommendations for future research include the need to explore ACP of persons undergoing hemodialysis who do not have a family support system.
Modified Hyoid Suspension Technique in the Treatment of Multilevel Related Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Piccin Ottavio , Scaramuzzino Giuseppe , Martone Chiara , Marra Francesca , Gobbi Riccardo , Sorrenti Giovanni
Published: December 2013

Objective

Using the Hörmann technique of hyoid suspension in sleep apnea surgery, a steel wire is placed through the thyroid cartilage and slung around the hyoid bone. However, we experienced thyroid cartilage fracture by steel wire traction. A modification is presented to avoid thyroid cartilage fracture.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

University hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty‐seven patients affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome underwent Hörmann hyoid suspension. In 2 patients, the steel wire caused a fracture of the thyroid cartilage. The technique was therefore modified in 25 subsequent patients. The wire is threaded through an adaptation titanium miniplate placed on the surface of the thyroid cartilage.

Results

The apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 43.1 to 10.9/h. Nineteen patients (76%) met the criteria for a successful outcome. No complications related to this modification were noted.

Conclusions

The Hörmann hyoid suspension is a procedure that advances the hyoid bone to expand the airway, and its effectiveness has been proven previously. The modified hyoid suspension presented here promises similar results without the risk of serious complications such as thyroid cartilage fracture.
Parental involvement in language and literacy acquisition: A bilingual journaling approach
Authors: Caesar Lena G , Nelson Nickola Wolf
Published: December 2013

This pilot study examined the feasibility of a home–school partnership for improving emergent literacy skills in Spanish-speaking pre-school children of migrant farmworkers. Parents were requested to send labeled drawings of family activities to their children’s classroom for supplementing bilingual language and literacy instruction. Participants were 19 children (between 2;6 and 5;2) assigned randomly to experimental ( n = 11) or control ( n = 8) classrooms. Pretest–posttest measures in Spanish and English were obtained using the Early Literacy Skills Assessment (ELSA). Results indicated significant increases in pre- to posttest English and Spanish scores for the experimental group, but not for the control group in alphabetic and print knowledge. Parental participation rates (as measured by weekly drawing submissions) exceeded 90%. These results suggest that integrating parent-generated content into classroom language intervention activities may be feasible both in terms of parental involvement as well as children’s emergent literacy skills development.
Promoting active participation in book reading for preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A preliminary study
Authors: Fleury Veronica P , Miramontez Shane Herriott , Hudson Roxanne F , Schwartz Ilene S
Published: December 2013

A common literacy practice in early childhood classrooms is reading aloud to children. Little is known, however, about the quality of engagement in shared reading activities for young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Dialogic reading is one method of shared reading in which adults encourage children to actively participate in the reading process by asking them a variety of questions while reading a book. The current study used a multiple baseline design across participants to examine the effect of a dialogic reading intervention on book reading participation for three preschool boys with ASD. Compared to baseline book readings, dialogic book reading resulted in increased rates of child verbal participation and longer duration spent engaged with printed materials. Based on these preliminary findings we suggest that this reading strategy may be a promising practice for early childhood educators that warrants further exploration.