bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Washoff behavior of in-sewer deposit in combined sewer system through artificial flushing experiment
Authors: Kim W. J. , Managaki S. , Furumai H. , Nakajima F.
Published: May 2010

In-sewer deposits in combined sewer systems (CSSs) are closely related with the behavior of first foul flush and combined sewer overflows. However, the research paying attention to the role of in-sewer deposits is quite rare, furthermore, their contributions for the washoff patterns of each pollutant including pathogenic microorganisms are almost never discussed so far. The artificial flushing experiment separating the washoff of in-sewer deposits from the inflow of surface pollutants was carried out to simulate the first foul flush in a CSS. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant including bacterial indicators and enteric viruses were investigated. Several morphological analyses for the concentration and load curves of each parameter were conducted and all patterns were classified according to their washoff characteristics and first foul flush patterns. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant and microorganism are different from each other and categorized into several groups according to their (i) time-series concentration and load curves and (ii) concentration vs. flow rate curves, respectively. The first foul flush patterns of each parameter were to be categorized into typical 3 groups; strong-, partial-, and no first foul flush group. The order of these groups signifies the strength of the first foul flush phenomena and the runoff priority as well.
Semicentralised supply and treatment systems: integrated infrastructure solutions for fast growing urban areas
Authors: Bieker S. , Cornel P. , Wagner M.
Published: May 2010

Currently, the development of the world population is characterised by two trends: absolute population growth and rapid urbanisation. Especially rapid urbanisation, taking place in Asia, Latin America and Africa, poses major pressure on the affected regions. The development of e.g. Asian countries today is stamped by a combination of urbanisation with high economic growth rates. Conventional centralised infrastructure of supply, treatment and disposal of water is not able to cope with the new challenges arising from these, in history incomparable, high growth rates. Therefore new approaches to infrastructure supply and treatment systems are required – for ecological, sociocultural and economic reasons. The semicentralised approach, focusing on integrated water supply and treatment structures for wastewater and waste on the neighbourhood level, offers one possible solution to the challenges imposed by rapid urbanisation and growing resource needs. The change from centralised to semicentralised supply and treatment systems will minimise the grave discrepancy between the rapid urban growth and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. Integrated semicentralised supply and treatment systems face the challenge of growing amounts of wastewater and solid waste combined with rising needs of water for private households and industrial use. The semicentralised approach offers a wide range of flexibility in implementation, energy self-sufficient operation, enormous saving potentials in water demands through intra-urban water reuse and further more advantages in comparison to centralised sectored solutions as practised today.
Effect of ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment on sludge degradation and electricity generation by microbial fuel cell
Authors: Jiang J. Q. , Zhao Q. L. , Wang K. , Wei L. L. , Zhang G. D. , Zhang J. N.
Published: May 2010

Both ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment of excess sewage sludge were investigated to enhance organic degradation and electricity generation from sludge by the subsequent microbial fuel cell (MFC). The ultrasonic pretreatment showed that the degree of sludge disintegration was directly related to the energy input, ultrasonic density and duration. Alkaline pretreatment demonstrated that more soluble organic matters were released from the sludge with more NaOH dose and longer reaction time, and the degree of sludge disintegration within 30 min accounted for 45–76% of that for 24 h. When ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment were combined, the released chemical oxygen demand (COD) was higher than those with ultrasonic or alkaline pretreatment alone. Ultrasonic and alkaline (pH=11) pretreatment could enhance electricity generation from sludge by the subsequent MFC, resulting in more degradation of total COD (TCOD) and volatile solids (VS). Slight change in power output from the MFC was observed due to the higher soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) in the pretreated sludge. By using the combined ultrasonic and alkaline pretreatment of sludge, the removal efficiencies of TCOD and VS were increased from 27.1% to 61.0% and 35.2% to 62.9% in comparison with raw sludge, respectively, and the power output in MFC was slightly increased from 10.3 W/m3 to 12.5 W/m3.
Ozone treatment of organic micro-pollutants in sewage sludge
Authors: Lahnsteiner J. , Vranitzky R.
Published: May 2010

Organic micro-pollutants accumulate to a certain extent in sewage sludge and are therefore ecologically relevant if the sludge is to be reused in both agriculture and landscaping applications. This paper describes the degradation of endocrine-disrupting compounds and other micro-contaminants by means of ozone and ultrasonic treatment. One of the findings is that, as expected, aromatic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be degraded easily by ozone. Thus it could be shown that, apart from enhanced VSS reduction and increased biogas production, sludge disintegration processes using ozone provide an additional benefit, i.e. the degradation of micro-pollutants, which is practically unattainable with ultrasonic treatment.
Degradation of bisphenol A in water by Fe(III)/UVA and Fe(III)/polycarboxylate/UVA photocatalysis
Authors: Álvarez P. M. , Rodríguez E. M. , Fernández G. , Beltrán F. J.
Published: May 2010

The photodegradation of the endocrine disrupting chemical Bisphenol A (BPA) under UVA irradiation in the presence of Fe(III) or Fe(III)-polycarboxylate systems was studied. The effect of Fe(III) concentration, aqueous pH and the presence of four carboxylic acids (oxalic, malic, tartaric and citric) were investigated. The Fe(III)/UVA system was able to effectively degrade BPA at pH 3 but failed at pH > 4. At any rate, no mineralization of BPA was achieved with the Fe(III)/UVA system. The presence of carboxylic acids greatly enhanced the BPA degradation rate because of the formation of photoactive Fe(III)-polycarboxylate complexes. Aqueous pH in the 3–7 range exerted a negative effect on the BPA degradation rate and TOC conversion in the presence of oxalic, malic and tartaric acids. Only slight effect of pH was observed in the presence of citric acid, being the BPA degradation rate significant even at pH 7.
Gas discharges modeling by Monte Carlo technique
Authors: Savic Marija , Radmilovic-Radjenovic Marija
Published: May 2010

The basic assumption of the Townsend theory - that ions produce secondary electrons - is valid only in a very narrow range of the reduced electric field E/N. In accordance with the revised Townsend theory that was suggested by Phelps and Petrovic, secondary electrons are produced in collisions of ions, fast neutrals, metastable atoms or photons with the cathode, or in gas phase ionizations by fast neutrals. In this paper we tried to build up a Monte Carlo code that can be used to calculate secondary electron yields for different types of particles. The obtained results are in good agreement with the analytical results of Phelps and. Petrovic [Plasma Sourc. Sci. Technol. 8 (1999) R1].
Modified bentonite as adsorbent and catalyst for purification of wastewaters containing dyes
Authors: Zunic Marija , Milutinovic-Nikolic Aleksandra , Jovic-Jovicic Natasa , Bankovic Predrag , Mojovic Zorica , Manojlovic Dragan , Jovanovic Dusan
Published: May 2010

Modification and characterization of bentonite from location Bogovina, Serbia was performed in order to obtain material applicable in wastewater purification. The <75?m bentonite fraction was used in organobentonite synthesis while the <2?m bentonite fraction, obtained by hydroseparation was used in pillaring procedure. Organo-modification of bentonite was performed with (1-hexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). Pillared bentonite was obtained using standard procedure. Al3+ and Fe3+ ions were incorporated in pillars in 4:1 ratio and applied as catalyst in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Differences in structure of starting and modified bentonites were established by XRD analysis and nitrogen physisorption on -196 ?C. The (001) smectite peak around 2? = 6? shifts during the modification process. The Na-exchange process lowered d001 from 1.53 nm (2? = 5.78?) for starting clay to 1.28 nm (2? = 6.92?), but the clay retained its swelling properties. The pillaring process increased and fixed the basal spacing to 1.74 nm. Intercalation of HDTMA ions into smectite structure increased d001 to 2.00 nm for organobentonite. Specific surface area, SBET, was affected by particle size and type of modification. The samples with finer bentonite fraction had higher SBET due to increased smectite content. Na-exchanged bentonite samples had higher SBET value than starting clay samples of same granulation. Organomodification caused dramatic decrease in SBET value, while the pillaring process lead to an increase of SBET value. Adsorptive and catalytic purification of wastewaters containing dyes was tested using Acid Yellow 99 as a model dye. Na-exchanged bentonite had greater adsorption affinity for dye adsorption than raw bentonite owing to higher SBET. By organomodification this affinity was enhanced more than 70 times due to transition of bentonite surface from hydrophilic to organophilic. Al,Fe pillared bentonite was proven to be efficient in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of Acid Yellow 99 dye at room temperature.
Application of ACD/LABS 12 program for determination of conditions for experimental membrane extraction of pesticides
Authors: Djordjevic J. , Trtic-Petrovic T. , Kumric K. , Purenovic M.
Published: May 2010

This paper analyzes the conditions for membrane extraction of pesticides using ACD / LABS 12 program. The program contains a large database of more than 2000 compounds and their ionized species, for determining the pKa, further analysis includes 600 new compounds confirmed by Hammett?s equation, which gives more precise values for logD and solubility. The 16 pesticides of different classes (organophosphates, carbamates, carbamidas, neonicotinoids etc.) and polarities commonly used in Serbia were examined. The program is used to calculate logD, pKa and solubility at different pH values for the mixture of pesticides. Based on the calculated values, the conditions for the extraction of pesticides in water using two-phase liquid-liquid membrane extraction were optimized.
Monte Carlo simulation of positronium thermalization in gases
Authors: Marjanovic Srdjan , Suvakov Milovan
Published: May 2010

In this paper we present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of positronium (Ps) swarm thermalization in helium (He) and water vapour. We have investigated the temporal evolution of energy and spatial parameters of the swarm and their sensitivity to the shape of the cross-section and the initial energy distribution. Positron anihilation spectroscopy (PAS) and positron emission tomography (PET) are techniques that depend on anihilation of positronium in materials and tissue. The results obtained point that the Monte Carlo technique shows good agreement with experimental results and is capable of accurately describing the behaviour of Ps particles including the energy, particle lifetime and the moment and location of the anihilation.
Multiband model of the valence-band electronic structure in cylindrical GaAs nanowires
Authors: Cukaric Nemanja , Tadic Milan
Published: May 2010

We compute the hole states in the GaAs free-standing nanowires, and in the GaAs/(Al,Ga)As core-shell nanowires of type I-s, which are grown along the [100] direction. The hole states are extracted from the 4-band Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian, which explicitly takes into account mixing between the light and heavy holes. The axial aproximation is adopted, which allowed classification of states according to the total angular monentum (fz when expressed in units of the Planck constant). The envelope functions are expanded in Bessel functions of the first kind. The dispersion relations of the subbands E(kz) obtained by the devised method do not resemble parabolas, which is otherwise a feature of the dispersion relations of the conduction subbands. Furthermore, the energy levels of holes whose total orbital momentum is fz=1/2 are shown to cross for a free-standing wire. The low energy fz=1/2 states are found to anticross, but these anticrossings turn into crossings when the ratio of the inner and outer radius of the core-shell wire takes a certain value. The influence of the geometric parameters on the dispersion relations is considered for both free standing and core-shell nanowires.
The decade of violent destabilization in Nepal: An analysis of its historical background and trajectory
Authors: Bleie Tone
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 2,158 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v10i0.1147Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.10 2007 p.46-106
History and significance of National Development Service (NDS): Creating 'Civic Space' and commitment to service in Nepal during the 1970s
Authors: Messerschmidt Don , Yadama Gautam , Silwal Bhuvan
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v10i0.1151Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.10 2007 p.174-207
Nepal School of Sociology/Anthropology
Authors: Bista Dor Bahadur
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 1,493 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v1i0.1040Occasional Papers on Sociology and Anthropology Vol.1 1987 p.6-10
Factors associated with occupational socialization in rural Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Kiran Dutta
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 2,596 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v1i0.1059Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.1 1987 p.94-104
The past and future of Sociology in Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Bishnu
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v2i0.1065Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 1990 p.13-23
Culture and resource management for subsistence: An anthropological perspective
Authors: Timseena Bhanu
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v2i0.1066Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 1990 p.40-47
A socioeconomic profile of the porters in the Central Mid-Hills of Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Kiran Dutta
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v2i0.1069Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.2 1990 p.48-58
Forestry and Farming System in the Mid-Hills of Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Kiran Dutta
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,798 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v3i0.1073Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 1993 p.1-27
Afro-American Sociologists and Nepali Ethnography
Authors: Mikesell Stephen L
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,360 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v3i0.1080Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 1993 p.132-157
About Vol.5
Authors: Editor The
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v5i0.1091
Kurma, Kola and Kuri as community concepts: Patrilineage, deities, and inside-outside dichotomy among the Rana Tharus
Authors: Gurung Ganesh Man , Kittelsen Tove C
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v5i0.1096Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.5 1996 p.78-93
Weberian model of social stratification - a viewpoint
Authors: Pyakuryal Kailash
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 1,571 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v7i0.1108Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.7 2001 p.14-25
Cultural dimensions of pasture resource management in Nepal: a study of Gumba system of the Northwest Dolpa
Authors: Parajuli Dhirendra B
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 4,234 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v7i0.1114Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.7 2001 p.115-146
Participatory action research in community forestry: A case study of a community forest users' group from a hill village of eastern Nepal
Authors: Uprety Laya Prasad
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,205 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1119Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.18-40
Development of water supply and sanitation facility in the rural areas of Nepal: An overview
Authors: Prasain Jiba Nath
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,049 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1124Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.105-127
Corruption: A psychosocial issue
Authors: Upadhyay Niranjan Prasad
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 1,538 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1127Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.193-203
The demographic characteristics of patients seeking health care for infant and childhood illnesses at Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pandey Kishore Raj , Kafle Phanindra Prasad , Karki Debendra
Published: May 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1129Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.218-226
Ordering Sherpa life through their rituals: Symbolic/Interpretative perspective (A review of "Sherpas through their Rituals" by Sherry B. Ortner)
Authors: Dahal Bishnu Prasad
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 2,900 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v8i0.1131Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.8 2003 p.230-243
The plight of the Tharu Kamaiyas in Nepal: A review of the social, economic and political facets
Authors: Chhetri Ram B
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,160 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1134Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.9 2005 p.22-46
Nepalese Buddhists' view of Hinduism
Authors: Bhattachan Krishna B
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 2,135 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1135Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.9 2005 p.47-62
Adaptation and identity of Yolmo
Authors: Pokharel Binod
Published: May 2010

The PDF of this file is 3,271 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v9i0.1137Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.9 2005 p.91-119
A prospective study of hearing preservation in untreated vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Kane Ari J. , Kaur Rajwant , Barry Jeffrey J. , Rutkowski Martin J. , Pitts Lawrence H. , Cheung Steven W. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: May 2010

Object

The authors previously published a systematic review of the English language literature regarding the natural history of untreated vestibular schwannomas (VSs). This analysis found that the best predictor of future hearing loss was tumor growth > 2.5 mm/year on serial imaging, a factor that doubled the rate of hearing loss. In this paper the authors present an analysis of prospectively collected outcomes in patients with untreated VS from their institution that confirms their previous findings.

Methods

Clinical, radiographic, and audiometric data for all patients evaluated for VS at the authors' institution over a 22-year period were prospectively collected in a database. All patients in this database who had serviceable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Grade A or B) on initial presentation were selected, and underwent serial observation. Magnetic resonance imaging and audiometric data were analyzed, and the time from presentation until hearing loss was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

Fifty-nine patients with VS who initially presented with serviceable hearing were treated conservatively over this period. Consistent with the authors' previous findings, patients with a tumor growth rate > 2.5 mm/year at any point during follow-up lost their hearing at a much faster rate than those who had slower growing tumors. The median time to hearing loss was 7.0 years in those patients with tumor growth rate > 2.5 mm/year compared to 14.8 years in the other patients (p < 0.0001). The estimated median time to hearing loss in the 3 initial tumor size groups was 11.6 years in the intracanalicular group, 10.3 years in the group with 0.1–1 cm extension into the CPA cistern, and 9.3 years in the group with > 1 cm extension into the CPA cistern (p value nonsignificant). Initial tumor size, age at diagnosis, and neurofibromatosis Type 2 status did not affect the time to loss of serviceable hearing. Interestingly, many patients who were followed up for more than a decade eventually lost their hearing, regardless of whether the tumor displayed any documented interval growth.

Conclusion

The authors confirmed the findings of their systematic review of the literature using a prospectively followed group of patients with untreated VS. Collectively, these data suggest that the expectation for more rapid hearing loss should be communicated to patients, and the decision for surgical or other intervention should be made in the context of the known risk of continued observation of fast growing tumors.
Treatment of traumatic brain injury with thymosin β4 in rats
Authors: Xiong Ye , Mahmood Asim , Meng Yuling , Zhang Yanlu , Zhang Zheng Gang , Morris Daniel C. , Chopp Michael
Published: May 2010

Object

This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of delayed thymosin β4 (Tβ4) treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.

Methods

Young adult male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) sham group (6 rats); 2) TBI + saline group (9 rats); 3) and TBI + Tβ4 group (10 rats). Traumatic brain injury was induced by controlled cortical impact over the left parietal cortex. Thymosin β4 (6 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally starting at Day 1 and then every 3 days for an additional 4 doses. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS), foot fault, and Morris water maze tests. Animals were killed 35 days after injury, and brain sections were stained for immunohistochemistry to assess angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis after Tβ4 treatment.

Results

Compared with the saline treatment, delayed Tβ4 treatment did not affect lesion volume but significantly reduced hippocampal cell loss, enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the injured cortex and hippocampus, increased oligodendrogenesis in the CA3 region, and significantly improved sensorimotor functional recovery and spatial learning.

Conclusions

These data for the first time demonstrate that delayed administration of Tβ4 significantly improves histological and functional outcomes in rats with TBI, indicating that Tβ4 has considerable therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.
L'analyse statistique des implantations des sites du Néolithique ancien et moyen dans le Bassin parisien : l'apport de quelques critères spatiaux
Authors: Chartier Michèle
Published: May 2010

The aim of this article is to study changes in settlement patterns in the Early and Middle Neolithic of the Paris Basin, using data on site location. The study thus contributes to a better understanding of the broad sequence of events in an area where environmental evidence is generally quite scarce. The approach is based on multivariate statistical analysis. A wide range of spatial criteria on site location is exploited. Period by period, the results show episodes of expansion and contraction, involving regional specificities as well as some long-standing choices. This study also provides the basis for a more general reflection on the quantitative treatment of spatial databases in archaeology at a time when geographic information systems are being increasingly used.
Technologie des anneaux en schiste dans le groupe de Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain à Vaux-et-Borset (Hesbaye, Belgique) : interférences de sous-systèmes techniques
Authors: Burnez-Lanotte Laurence , Caspar Jean-Paul , Vanguestaine Michel
Published: May 2010

Le village du groupe de Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain de Vaux-et-Borset (province de Liège, Belgique) a livré un corpus remarquable de vestiges issus de la fabrication ď anneaux en schiste. Cet ensemble documentaire s'est révélé très pertinent numériquement et qualitativement. L'étude typotechnologique a permis de différencier les schémas opératoires des fabrications mises en oeuvre. A partir de ces résultats, les auteurs ont mené un programme d'analyses expérimentales et microscopiques combinées sur les pièces archéologiques et expérimentales portant sur la reconstitution des savoir-faire et des dispositifs instrumentaux (outils en silex, en grès et en schiste) impliqués dans cet artisanat de la pierre tendre, aux différentes étapes de sa réalisation. Ces travaux aboutissent à la formulation d'hypothèses conséquentes concernant la spécificité du sous-système technique du travail du schiste dans la définition de l'industrie du groupe de Blicquy /Villeneuve Saint -Germain à Vaux-et-Borset.
Critères d'identification des menhirs dans la Préhistoire belgo-luxembourgeoise
Authors: Toussaint Michel , Pirson Stéphane , Frébutte Christian , Valotteau François
Published: May 2010

De nombreux monolithes dressés ou couchés parsèment les campagnes de Belgique et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, comme de la plupart des régions d'Europe. Ils sont souvent considérés comme des menhirs, sans que la réalité mégalithique de la majorité d'entre eux n'ait été investiguée de façon méthodique. Pourtant, les écueils sont nombreux. C'est pour tenter de pallier aux multiples problèmes interprétatifs posés par ce type de structures que le présent essai méthodologique a été développé. Dans cette optique, les critères sélectionnés pour valider la nature des monolithes ou pour les déclasser sont répartis en deux catégories : d'une part, ceux qui témoignent d'une utilisation anthropique, en distinguant les indices de dressement des autres indices, abstraction faite de toute référence à la chronologie et à toute signification mégalithique ; d'autre part, les indices de datation de cette érection, qui permettent éventuellement de rapporter le bloc étudié au Néolithique et de le considérer comme un menhir; s'y ajoutent des indices divers — dont certains fournissant un terminus ante quem — qui conduisent souvent à pouvoir éliminer d'autres possibilités d'interprétation. Chacun de ces deux groupes de caractères est en outre divisé en fonction de la nécessité ou non de pratiquer des fouilles pour les observer. Les différents critères sont affectés d'un indice de fiabilité qui conduit à les considérer comme absolus, с 'est-à-dire qui pris isolément suffisent à la démonstration (trois étoiles), comme critères de présomption (deux étoiles) ou comme simples indices (une étoile). La combinaison de ces indices conduit ensuite à classer les monolithes en quatre catégories : menhirs «certains», menhirs «probables», monolithes «à vérifier», c'est-à-dire dont le statut réel exige une enquête complémentaire, et blocs non mégalithiques. Certaines de ces catégories ont en outre été divisées en types, de manière à préciser sur base de quels critères est établi le statut de chacun des monolithes étudiés.
Un couteau aménagé dans un radius humain protohistorique découvert aux grottes de Goyet (Gesves, province de Namur, Belgique)
Authors: Toussaint Michel
Published: May 2010

A tool manufactured on a human radius was discovered between 1935 and 1945 in the caves of Goyet (province of Namur, Belgium). A splinter from the artefact yielded an AMS date of 2420 ± 40 BP (OxA-8875), i.e. between 760 and 400 ВС after calibration at 1 σ and between 770 and 390 ВС at 2 σ. Such a result dates the object to the Iron Age, although the size of the standard deviation due to plateaux on the calibration curve prevents greater precision. The tool was shaped by using the left radius from an adult, perhaps male. The distal end of the bone was removed during tool preparation. On the distal part, a partial longitudinal edge is present, prepared by scraping of the palmar and dorsal surfaces and practically aligned with the prolongation of the interosseous crest, from which, however, it is easily distinguished. The lateral surface of the bone is a longitudinal back opposite the prepared edge. Unworked on the central part of the object, this back was, however, worked on the most distal part to contribute to the formation of the point. The object cannot thus be regarded as a dagger stricto sensu. In spite of the relative shortness of the worked edge, it corresponds rather to the definition of a knife. The object is typologically exceptional. On the basis of archaeological literature, it is the only sharp- pointed tool created on a radius known for the prehistoric and protohistoric periods in Europe and North Africa; the few other tools made from human long bones are typically on fibulae and, more rarely, on ulnae and humeri. These comparable tools are moreover characterized primarily by their point, which often qualified them as daggers, while the originality of the Goyet object is to associate the point with a worked edge opposed to a natural back.
Utilité et utilisation de la biostratigraphie en archéologie préhistorique
Authors: Delpech Françoise
Published: May 2010

Ce que l 'on connaît du comportement des hommes de la Préhistoire est essentiellement tiré des données ensevelies dans leurs habitats qui, dans les régions où affleurent les massifs calcaires, sont souvent des abris ou entrées de grottes. Cet ensevelissement s'est organisé au fil du temps en nappes superposées plus ou moins régulièrement stratifiées, les strates les plus superficielles s 'étant en principe déposées le plus récemment. Les changements perçus au sein d'un même gisement, d'un niveau à l'autre, d'une strate à l'autre, peuvent être interprétés en termes évolutifs sur la base même de ce principe. Cependant, replacer les phénomènes perçus dans un gisement relativement à ceux perçus dans un autre gisement nécessite la mise en place et l'utilisation d'une liaison chronologique. C'est ce que permet notamment la biostratigraphie. Reconnue performante en milieu marin et à l'échelle des temps géologiques, l'application de la biostratigraphie au milieu continental et à des périodes aussi courtes que le Pléistocene a mis du temps à être acceptée. Pourtant, les premiers scientifiques à s'intéresser à l'archéologie préhistorique ont fait de la biostratigraphie et, actuellement, on ne peut et on ne doit s 'en détourner. Cet article présente un condensé de l'utilité de la biostratigraphie en archéologie préhistorique et tente de préciser la place qu 'elle a occupée à différents stades d'avancée des connaissances depuis l'avènement de cette science.
Relecture chronologique de sites paléolithiques et épipaléolithiques anciennement fouillés en Poitou-Charentes
Authors: Dujardin Véronique , Tymula Sophie
Published: May 2010

De 2000 à 2002, un projet collectif de recherches, financé par le ministère de la Culture, direction régionale des affaires culturelles de Poitou- Charentes, a eu pour objet de réaliser des datations sur les sites paléolithiques et épipaléolithiques fouillés anciennement dans cette région. Les datations sont réalisées par méthode SMA, le plus souvent sur faune identifiée ou sur industrie osseuse, par l'intermédiaire du laboratoire de radiocarbone de Lyon et ceux d'Oxford et Grôningen. Si certains résultats sont encore en attente, ce projet permet néanmoins, en s 'appuyant en parallèle sur une reprise des données (étude des collections, relecture des stratigraphies), d'aborder, tant pour les sites à occupation animale (pièges à faunes naturels, tanières de carnivores) que pour de nombreux sites archéologiques, les approches de chronologie absolue et relative. Il permet ainsi de réviser nos connaissances sur ces sites. Les résultats de trois des problématiques abordées dans ce projet pour la révision des chronologies et datations sont présentés : le " temps châtelperronien " et le " temps aurignacien " ; relecture chronologique du Roc de Sers, Charente : le "temps solutréen " révisé; le "temps des Antilopes saïgas " et la question du Magdalénien moyen.
Le Moustérien à outils bifaciaux dans le Massif armoricain : première lecture technologique
Authors: Launay Solène , Molines Nathalie
Published: May 2010

Technological study of bifacial tools from a Mousterian industry in the Armorican Massif; example of the site of Bois-du-Rocher (Saint-Hélen, Côtes ď Armor). Known since the 19th century in the Armorican Massif from two production sites, Le Bois-du-Rocher (Côtes-d 'Armor) and Kervouster (Finistère), Mousterian bifacial tool industries can be considered as an essential component of settlement during the Late Pleistocene. The site of Bois-du-Rocher provides a glossy sandstone industry, dated to the Middle Palaeolithic, now recognized as a Mousterian industry of bifacial tools. The principal characteristic is the bifacial treatment, with most of the industry made from flake supports. The aim of this technical choice seems to be the creation of special volumetric constructions, linked with functional reasons, to create specific functional features. The emphasis is on the link between the morphological approach of the support and functional possibilities for cutting. This bifacial phenomenon is examined from different points of view to find a suitable schema of technological interpretation. Artefacts are not considered merely from a typological aspect, but as an association of different units combining active and prehensive sections.
Identification et reconstitution des traces de teillage des fibres végétales au Néolithique
Authors: Caspar Jean-Paul , Féray Philippe , Martial Emmanuelle
Published: May 2010

Le teillage expérimental de fibres végétales rouies, à l'état sec, à l'aide d'outils en silex, entraîne une usure abrasive mate identique à celle observée sur de nombreux tranchants préhistoriques. Cette trace y est associée ou non à un lustre marginal brillant résultant du raclage de végétaux tendres rigides. Le poli mat, présent sur quantité de tranchants néolithiques d'Europe nord-occidentale, a été interprété comme résultant du travail d'une peau sèche à l'état souple. Nos expérimentations récentes amènent à reconsidérer l'ensemble de ces usures archéologiques et leur interprétation.
Ichnologie générale de la grotte Chauvet
Authors: Garcia Michel-Alain
Published: May 2010

L'ichnologie, discipline réactualisée dès 1971 par le dr Léon Pales, offre un intéressant éclairage à l'étude globale de la cavité. L'étude des empreintes et traces laissées par les animaux et les hommes lors de leurs différentes incursions établit le cadre des circulations et leur succession ou intrications. Elle pose aussi la question de la structuration de la cavité et de l'appréhension de l'espace par les hommes. Les traces animales observées jusqu'à présent sont le fait de canidés, d'ours mais aussi d'un bouquetin. Elles nous renseignent sur les espèces potentiellement présentes au cours des temps pour les ours et les canidés et soulèvent le problème de la présence des capridés au plus profond de la cavité. Le travail conduit jusqu 'ici offre déjà une moisson importante de documents, mais pour des raisons conservatoires, il a été restreint par l'accès à certaines portions de sols ; complétée par les aménagements futurs et confrontée aux autres disciplines, l'étude ichnologique apportera sa contribution à la compréhension de l'ensemble du site.
Bilan des datations carbone 14 effectuées sur des charbons de bois de la grotte Chauvet
Authors: Valladas Hélène , Tisnérat-Laborde Nadine , Cacher Hélène , Kaltnecker Évelyne , Arnold Maurice , Oberlin Christine , Evin Jacques
Published: May 2010

After a brief presentation of the experimental protocols, this article discusses the results of the 14C dates obtained from charcoal specimens collected on the walls (drawings and torch-wipes) and on the ground of the Chauvet Cave. The dates, which are coherent, can be divided into two periods a few millennia apart: between 33000 and 29000 14C years BP (33 samples including the five parietal representations) and between 27000 and 24500 14 C years BP (13 samples including the four torch-wipes).
Les dessins noirs de la grotte Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc : essai sur leur originalité dans le site et leur place dans l'art qurignacien
Authors: Tosello Gilles , Fritz Carole
Published: May 2010

Les dessins noirs de la grotte Chauvet sont à l'origine de sa notoriété. Les monumentales compositions ont frappé les esprits, du public comme des spécialistes. Situé à plus de 190 m de l'entrée actuelle, le secteur des Chevaux est l'un des rares ensembles de figures noires qui fut accessible rapidement pour étude. Cette zone regroupe, sur une quinzaine de mètres de paroi, un condensé du bestiaire que l'on peut rencontrer dans la seconde partie de la grotte (chevaux, rhinocéros, lions, bien sûr, mais aussi des espèces plus rares telles l'Aurochs, le Renne, le Cerf, le Bison et le Bouquetin). L'étude des cinq panneaux constituant ce secteur riche et complexe est assez avancée pour proposer un premier bilan, en précisant les techniques d'exécution et en esquissant le répertoire formel ; enfin, nous tenterons de les replacer dans un contexte culturel plus large pour tenter de comprendre dans quelle mesure ces dessins ont changé notre conception de l'art aurignacien.
Les images de félins de la grotte Chauvet
Authors: Clottes Jean , Azéma Marc
Published: May 2010

Avec les mammouths et les rhinocéros, les félins comptent parmi les animaux majoritairement représentés à Chauvet. Au nombre de 75, ils représentent plus de 60 % des félidés répertoriés dans tout l'art paléolithique européen. On en trouve dans toute la grotte mais ils sont surtout concentrés dans la deuxième partie, en particulier dans la salle du Fond qui semble " dédiée " au prédateur. Parfois stéréotypés, parfois non, plutôt naturalistes, ces félins sont souvent animés. On les trouve fréquemment associés avec d'autres animaux de la même espèce. L'interaction évidente entre certains individus a permis de mettre en évidence au moins trois scènes, dont la fameuse " scène de chasse au bison " visible sur le grand panneau de la salle du Fond. L'importance du thème du lion à Chauvet, comme sur divers sites pariétaux et mobiliers des débuts du Paléolithique supérieur, a été rapprochée de l'abondance concomitante, à la même époque, d'animaux redoutables, généralement non chassés, représentés dans le bestiaire. La montée en puissance ultérieure des autres animaux (chevaux, bovines, cervidés, bouquetins), qui finiront par les supplanter largement, témoigne des changements thématiques dans l'art de cette longue période. La grotte Chauvet, par la quantité de félins représentés et par leur originalité, deviendra sans doute le site de référence pour l'étude des représentations de ces animaux dans l'art du Paléolithique supérieur.
L'évolution de la pratique funéraire dans la sépulture collective néolithique de La Chaussée-Tirancourt (Somme)
Authors: Leclerc Jean , Masset Claude
Published: May 2010

Evolution of funerary practice in the Neolithic collective tomb of La Chaussée-Tirancourt -The megalithic gallery grave of La Chaussée-Tirancourt was excavated from 1967 to 1975. Formerly the monument had been altered at various times, but probably never included any megalithic covering. Its long and contrasted stratigraphy has already been published. It reveals layers of human bones contrasting with layers of sediment, all due to human activity. The monument received the bodies of deceased people throughout the recent and late regional Neolithic, between the second half of the fourth millennium BC and the extreme end of the third. The excavations made it possible to observe a significant evolution of the mode of inhumation in the course of this long millennium. The changes did not take place on the occasions of the setting in place of the intercalary layers: they had to be deciphered in the heart of the burial layers. The point was always the implementing of the principle of collective burial, successive deposits of the deceased as they die; but this principle evolved over time. This evolution is principally revealed by an alteration in the structure of the burial area. After an early utilisation which only left tenuous evidence, the tomb was organised so that a contrast appears between a burial area,
Les Neuf-Bouches (district minier de Cabrières-Péret), la plus ancienne exploitation minière de cuivre de France : travaux récents, conséquences
Authors: Bouquet Laurence , Figueroa-Larre Valentina , Laroche Marie , Guendon Jean louis , Ambert Paul
Published: May 2010

Les recherches minières de notre équipe dans le district minier de Cabrières-Péret se poursuivent depuis un quart de siècle. C’est ainsi que le site emblématique des Neuf-Bouches, signalé par G. Vasseur en 1911, a fait récemment l’objet de travaux entrepris dans le cadre du PCR "Mines et métallurgie préhistoriques du Midi de la France" (2002-2004). Le débroussaillage intégral du site a permis le relevé d’un plan complet des excavations et des déblais périphériques (fig. 2 et 3). L’étude des parois des mines a conduit à localiser de très rares brèches en relation avec des anfractuosités verticales curvilignes (vraisemblablement des vestiges de puits produits par martelage et dépilage au feu). Ces brèches ont ici été datées, à partir des charbons associés, de l’Âge du Bronze. Enfin, une nouvelle étude des déblais protohistoriques et préhistoriques (Ambert, 1996) du secteur sud-est (fig. 3 et 4) a confirmé leur complexité, ainsi que la succession des âges d’exploitation et des tentatives de réexploitation pré-romaines des mines antérieures. Ces documents permettent de conforter plusieurs points: l’ancienneté de l’exploitation, inaugurée au début du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C., comme l’attestent les plus vieilles datations de l’établissement métallurgique (Ambert et al., 2002) de la Capitelle du Broum (fig. 11). L’étude des isotopes des minerais de ce site et de ceux des Neuf-Bouches établit, au moins pour partie, une filiation entre mine et métallurgie (Prange et al., 2003); l’utilisation de techniques minières utilisant des percuteurs en pierre (généralement en quartz et quartzites locaux) sans gorge ni rainure, lacune qui ne permet pas d’exclure un emmanchement d’autant plus vraisemblable qu’exceptionnellement des encoches ad hoc sont connues; la conservation de déblais protohistoriques relativement volumineux dont la structure de dépôt est en position primaire, même si les datations 14C obtenues soulignent l’intégration à leur sommet de déblais plus anciens; le potentiel archéologique non seulement des Neuf-Bouches, mais aussi de celui des exploitations périphériques.
Article en ligne. Un nouveau phénomène métrologique dans l'Europe néolithique
Authors: Dzbinsky Aleksander
Published: May 2010

In this article I would like to outline the relationships between metrological thinking in prehistoric central Europe and the civilization process. However it will not be a sophisticated text with broad analytical support since this is already done (Service, 1975; Melko & Scott 1987; Ordo et Mensura, 1991-1998). At this point I would like to pay attention on the problem of the lack of metrological research in prehistoric Europe on the one hand, and on the other to focus on theoretical concept that would allow us to understand the potential of such studies. Recent studies on the Corded Ware culture in central Germany and Bohemia led to the interesting discovery, that the Corded Ware vessels were produced according to the metrological manner (Dzbynski, 2004). There was a capacity unit, namely one "portion” (“ p” on the diagramms) used in the production of the Corded Ware beakers and amphoras. But the detected units (portions) were different for the beakers and amphoras. I have measured the Corded Ware vessels with couscous during a survey in central Europe. This traditional measuring method achieves highly precise results (scale in liter). The phenomenon of portion is certainly the interpretation of the characteristic distribution structures that I have observed. If we consider, for example, at the Corded Ware beakers from central Germany (fig. 1), we can easily identify several peaks in the distribution of their capacity. This phenomenon is decribed in the general theoretical model in order to conceptualize the metrological distribution structures. It is known in the literature as the quantum hypothesis and was established quite early (Broadbent, 1955).