bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Masonic Speech, 'Quebra-Quilos', and the Empire of Brazil
Authors: Richardson Kim
Published: June 2010

From late 1874 to early 1875, Northeastern Brazil erupted in violence, known as the Quebra-Quilos, or ‘break the scales’ Movement. Although the causes for this uprising were multifaceted, the Religious Question, caused in part by controversy over masonry in the Empire, gave it moral justification. And together, the Religious Question and Quebra-Quilos Movement assisted in discrediting the regime and toppling the Second Empire. The importance of anti-Masonic speech in the collapse of the Empire of Brazil is, therefore, much more important than has traditionally been credited. It is an example of using Masonry as an excuse, by the peasants, for all-out violence.
Nature is Relative
Authors: Pickering Kathleen , Jewell Benjamin
Published: June 2010

An industrial model of conservation defines nature as a relative space with minimal human impacts. For Native communities, such as the Lakota on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, nature is part of an extended kinship system occupied by various relatives, both animate and inanimate, human and non-human. As a result, Lakota beliefs and values enhance positive environmental attitudes, but are embedded in religious perspectives rather than conservation of an abstracted nature. We conceptualize the interactions between individual ethics and actual conservation behavior as existing in three layers. At the grassroots layer, defined through individual and family relationships, spiritual ties to nature are generated through various Lakota philosophies, including equality across species. At the tribal or political layer, Lakota politicians often use Lakota ‘traditions’ strategically to reassert tribal sovereignty and control over natural resources and development policy, as well as to legitimize their quest for mainstream political spoils. At the structural layer of the federal government, individual beliefs are often violated by the dominant conservation paradigm, using scientific narratives and disembodied economic returns to replace spiritual values in natural resources.
Where Spirit and Bulldozer Roam
Authors: Amster Matthew
Published: June 2010

This paper explores changing perceptions of the natural environment among the Kelabit, an indigenous people of the Borneo interior. It considers both traditional and post-Christian conversion understandings about forest spaces. The former animistic ritual practices of the Kelabit centered on a spiritual dialogue with the natural world and this dialogue was often marked by active efforts to avoid or mitigate danger through ritual practice. One key example presented here is the former ceremony of ‘calling the eagle’ (nawar keniu), a ritual employed in times of crisis that exemplifies the dialogical and entwined relationship Kelabit had to the natural world. Such former animistic beliefs are contrasted with contemporary Christian practices, including a local mountain retreat on Mount Murud and present-day political and economic anxieties over logging in the Kelabit Highlands, as a means to consider relationships between religion and attitudes toward the environment among the Kelabit.
Wicca, the Apocalypse, and the Future of the Natural World
Authors: Arthur Shawn
Published: June 2010

The nature-oriented religion Wicca is not normally associated with beliefs about the immanent destruction of the world; however, this ideology is important for many adherents of this tradition. This essay explores the manner by which apocalyptic millenarian beliefs are developed and propagated among Wiccans—as a predominantly oral tradition directly related to their worldview and its inherent focus on the sacredness of the Earth. Additionally, I investigate Wiccan perspectives on the future of the natural world, and their various solutions to perceived environmental problems, in a way that reflects upon the relevance of this study for better understanding both the Wiccan religion and apocalyptic millenarian beliefs. Furthermore, in comparison to trends in other millenarian studies, I discuss the unique reactions that are elicited when proposed apocalyptic changes are delayed and Wiccan environmentalist ideals do not come to fruition.
Mary C. Grey, Sacred Longings: The Ecological Spirit and Global Culture
Authors: Fraser Jessica
Published: June 2010

Mary C. Grey, Sacred Longings: The Ecological Spirit and Global Culture (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2004), pp. 272, $19.00 (pbk), ISBN: 0-8006-3647-3.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Witt Joseph
Published: June 2010

Editor's Introduction to JSRNC 2.4.
Memes vs. God
Authors: Gers Matt
Published: June 2010

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The Role of Symbolic Capacity in the Origins of Religion
Authors: Deacon Terrence , Cashman Tyrone
Published: June 2010

The scientific investigation of the human religious predisposition has recently been augmented by considering it from an evolutionary perspective. This approach has provided new insights but has also generated controversy because of its reductionist goals. Here we explore the religious predisposition in terms of its emergent characteristics, specifically those that we consider to be a consequence of the evolution of symbolic abilities. We argue that the evolution of symbolic capacity has resulted in three unprecedented modifications of hominid cognitive and emotional predispositions that are particularly relevant for explaining some of the more distinctive and enigmatic characteristics of religion: (1) a predisposition to understand worldly events and one’s own identity and place within the world in narrative terms; (2) a predisposition to conceive of the world as two-layered, so that some objects and events of mundane experience are like signs expressing meanings that concern a hidden and more fundamental level of existence; and (3) a capacity for what we describe as emergent emotional experiences that are of a higher-order than primary evolved emotions, and which are in turn the source of transcendent forms of experience—often considered to be the most exalted aspects of a spiritual life.
Methodological Tenets, Plausibility and Reality in Chomskyan Biolinguistics
Authors: García Adolfo Martín
Published: June 2010

This paper assesses the impact that the methodological tenets of Chomskyan biolinguistics have had on the theory’s neurological plausibility and relation to reality. An overview of those methodological principles is followed by a recapitulation of the two main commitments that the theory adopted –as stated by Lakoff (1991) and Author (unpublished)– and of the different aspects that render the biolinguistic perspective neurologically implausible. Finally, the methodological tenets of biolinguistics will be critically analyzed and adduced to constitute the ultimate cause of the theory’s detachment from reality.
Transnational Migration and Pentecostalism in Europe
Authors: Adogame Afe
Published: June 2010

Contemporary immigrant communities are largely characterized by net- works, activities and life-patterns that entangle both their “old home” and “new home” societies, as well as with other host contexts. This “simultaneous embeddedness” and multiplicity of involvements in more than one context produces a heterogeneous set of sustained transnational activities. The transnational nature of several new African Pentecostal/Charismatic churches in diaspora challenges the assumption that immigrants usually cut off ties and links with their homeland after integration into the new host context. The increasing mobility and itinerancy of religious adepts and members between the homeland and the diaspora cannot be over-emphasized. drawing from recent religious ethnography, the paper explores how this complex peregrination partly demonstrates an instance of religious transnationalization of new African churches in the diaspora. The paper also discusses reverse-mission dynamics as an evolving dimension of the transnational process.
Minimal Iliac Bone Harvesting in Sinus Lift Surgery
Authors: Thiéry G. , Lari N. , Adam S. , Salles F.
Published: June 2010

For sinus grafting, the authors propose a minimal posterior iliac bone harvesting, with local anesthesia. Autogenous bone grafting continues to be considered the gold standard for sinus grafting. The classic harvesting sites are calvarial, anterior iliac, and tibial, and harvesting is usually practiced under general anesthesia. We performed this technique in 7 patients under local anesthesia. In the posterior iliac crest, with a specific trocar for bone puncture biopsy, bone was harvested. We performed 1 cm longer for 5-mm diameter of bone. Three bone biopsies were harvested on each side. The harvested cancellous bone (5 cm3) was mixed with triphosphocalcic (TCP) material (2 cm3), and blood (1 cm3). A classic sinus lift was realized. After 6 months, the success rate of bone grafting was 100%. Each of the 7 patients could be implanted by an average of 4 dental implants by superior maxillary. For sinus lift, this simple posterior iliac-bone biopsy harvesting under local anesthesia is very comfortable for the patient and also safe. It provides enough marrow bone to be mixed with TCP for a sinus lift.
Engineered Bone by Autologous Osteoblasts on Polymeric Scaffolds in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: Histologic Report
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Piattelli Adriano , Tettamanti Lucia , Mangano Francesco , Mangano Alessandro , Borges Fábio , Iezzi Giovanna , d'Avila Susana , Shibli Jamil Awad
Published: June 2010

Several regenerative therapies have been used for maxillary sinus grafting. However, recent advances in modern bone tissue engineering techniques have been evaluated. The aim of this histologic report was to evaluate the bone obtained by a culture of autogenous osteoblasts seeded on polyglycolic-polylactid scaffolds in maxillary sinus augmentation. A 56-year-old partially edentulous male with severe atrophy of the posterior maxilla received 6 polyglycolid-polylactid disks (8 mm diameter × 2 mm depth, Oral Bone), each carrying 1.5 million autogenous osteoblasts into the depth of the sinus cavity. After 6 months healing, a bone core was harvested and histologically evaluated. The augmented maxillary sinus with engineered bone presented a mean of 28.89% and 71.11% of bone and medullary spaces, respectively. Data from this case report demonstrate that the newly formed bone provided by engineered bone tissue allowed proper initial stability for dental implant placement. However, the role of this new bone in the long-term success of dental implant anchorage needs further investigation.
Stress and Strain Analysis of the Bone-Implant Interface: A Comparison of Fiber-Reinforced Composite and Titanium Implants Utilizing 3-Dimensional Finite Element Study
Authors: Shinya Akikazu , Ballo Ahmed M , Lassila Lippo V. J , Shinya Akiyoshi , Närhi Timo O , Vallittu Pekka K
Published: June 2010

This study analyzed stress and strain mediated by 2 different implant materials, titanium (Ti) and experimental fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), on the implant and on the bone tissue surrounding the implant. Three-dimensional finite element models constructed from a mandibular bone and an implant were subjected to a load of 50 N in vertical and horizontal directions. Postprocessing files allowed the calculation of stress and strain within the implant materials and stresses at the bone-to-implant interface (stress path). Maximum stress concentrations were located around the implant on the rim of the cortical bone in both implant materials; Ti and overall stresses decreased toward the Ti implant apex. In the FRC implant, a stress value of 0.6 to 2.0 MPa was detected not only on the screw threads but also on the implant surface between the threads. Clear differences were observed in the strain distribution between the materials. Based on the results, the vertical load stress range of the FRC implant was close to the stress level for optimal bone growth. Furthermore, the stress at the bone around the FRC implant was more evenly distributed than that with Ti implant.
Accuracy Evaluation of Computed Tomography–Derived Stereolithographic Surgical Guides in Zygomatic Implant Placement in Human Cadavers
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno R. , Oliveira Davidson R. , Custódio Antônio L.
Published: June 2010

Presurgical planning is essential to achieve esthetic and functional implants. For implant planning and placement, the association of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques furnishes some advantages regarding tridimensional determination of the patient's anatomy and fabrication of both anatomic models and surgical guides. The goal of this clinical study was to determine the angular deviations between planned and placed zygomatic implants using stereolithographic surgical guides in human cadavers. A total of 16 zygomatic implants were placed, 4 in each cadaver, with the use of stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guides generated by computed tomography (CT). A new CT scan was made after implant insertion. The angle between the long axis of the planned and actual implants was calculated. The mean angular deviation of the long axis between the planned and placed implants was 8.06 ± 6.40 (mean ± SD) for the anterior-posterior view, and 11.20 ± 9.75 (mean ± SD) for the caudal-cranial view. Use of the zygomatic implant, in the context of this protocol, should probably be reevaluated because some large deviations were noted. An implant insertion guiding system is needed because this last step is carried out manually. It is recommended that the sinus slot technique should be used together with the CT-based drilling guide to enhance final results. Further research to enhance the precision of zygomatic implant placement should be undertaken.
The Role of Timing of Loading on Later Marginal Bone Loss Around Dental Implants: A Retrospective Clinical Study
Authors: Bilhan Hakan , Mumcu Emre , Arat Selda
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the relation between marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants after a loading period of 36 months and the timing of loading. A total of 87 patients with 252 implants were included in the study group. The time span from implant placement to beginning of loading of the implants was evaluated. Delay of loading of implants seems to increase MBL around dental implants as the result of disuse atrophy. Implants next to a tooth on 1 or 2 sides suffered less from MBL. No statistically significant difference in MBL rate was noted between single and splinted implants or between smooth collar and microgeometry neck implants. Results of this study encourage early loading, especially for the mandibular overdenture supporting implants.
Small Diameter Implants: Specific Indications and Considerations for the Posterior Mandible: A Case Report
Authors: Jackson Brian J.
Published: June 2010

The field of implant dentistry continues to grow globally as clinicians embrace the evolution of various endosseous implant technologies and the array of enhanced surgical and prosthetic products. The utilization of small diameter implants in limited osseous regions increases patients' ability to choose implants as a viable restorative option. Although small diameter implants have been indicated in the incisor region for the maxilla and mandible primarily, their usage should be considered in select posterior regions. These 2 case reports demonstrate the incorporation of small diameter implants to replace missing mandibular posterior teeth.
Regulation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Irrigated with Dairy Farm Effluent
Authors: Barton L. , Schipper L. A.
Published: June 2010

Animal slurries and effluents are commonly applied to soil as a source of organic N fertilizer. By increasing inorganic N, applying animal effluents may also increase soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Our objectives were to (i) determine if dairy farm effluent (DFE) irrigation increased short‐term N2O emissions from a surface‐drained peat soil and a freely drained mineral soil and (ii) see if this increase could be attributed to increased N availability, increased soil water content, or a combination of both factors. We measured short‐term N2O emissions following DFE irrigation in spring and autumn, using closed chambers. Nitrous oxide emissions from DFE‐irrigated soils (50 kg N ha−1, 20‐mm hydraulic loading) were compared with soils receiving inorganic nitrogen and water (50 kg N ha−1, 20 mm), inorganic N only (50 kg N ha−1), water only (20 mm), and no treatment. Nitrous oxide emissions increased immediately following DFE irrigation to both soils, and were generally greater than emissions following the application of inorganic fertilizer with water. Increased N2O emissions following DFE irrigation coincided with increased soil water contents and mineral N and CO2 emissions. We suggest that DFE application increased N2O emissions more than inorganic N fertilizer by enhancing denitrification either by increasing C availability and/or decreasing soil aeration following increased respiration. These findings suggest that the proportion of N applied to the soil and emitted as N2O may at times be greater for organic N fertilizers than inorganic N fertilizers, particularly if the organic N fertilizer contains sufficient available C to enhance denitrification.
Enhanced Phenanthrene Biodegradation in Soil by Slender Oat Root Exudates and Root Debris
Authors: Miya Ryan K. , Firestone Mary K.
Published: June 2010

To investigate the mechanisms by which slender oat (Avena barbata Pott ex Link) enhances phenanthrene biodegradation, we analyzed the impacts of root exudates and root debris on phenanthrene biodegradation and degrader community dynamics. Accelerated phenanthrene biodegradation rates occurred in soils amended with slender oat root exudates as well as combined root debris + root exudate as compared with unamended controls. Root exudates significantly enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation in rhizosphere soils, either by increasing contaminant bioavailability and/or increasing microbial population size and activity. A modified most probable number (MPN) method was used to determine quantitative shifts in heterotrophic and phenanthrene degrader communities. During the first 4 to 6 d of treatment, heterotrophic populations increased in all amended soils. Both root debris–amended and exudate‐amended soil then maintained larger phenanthrene degrader populations than in control soils later in the experiment after much of the phenanthrene had been utilized. Thus, root amendments had a greater impact over time on phenanthrene degraders than heterotrophs resulting in selective maintenance of degrader populations in amended soils compared with controls.
Identification of a Crystalline Cyanide‐Containing Compound in Blast Furnace Sludge Deposits
Authors: Mansfeldt Tim , Dohrmann Reiner
Published: June 2010

During blast furnace operation, a cyanide‐containing muddy waste referred to as blast furnace sludge is generated in large amounts. In Germany it was and is still common practice to pump this sludge into surface deposits. Depending on species, cyanide has very different toxicity. To this day there is no information about the type of cyanide occurring in blast furnace sludge deposits. In order to identify the type of cyanide we investigated by means of wet chemical and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses 37 samples of three blast furnace deposits. Wet chemical results indicate that both the extremely toxic free cyanide (HCN and CN−) and toxic weak metal–cyanide complexes, for example [Zn(CN)4]2−, are not present in the sludge. By powder X‐ray diffraction we identified the crystalline cyanide‐containing compound potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate, K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 × 9H2O, as the cyanide‐bearing compound. Our study is the first that identifies potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate in the environment. As the iron–cyanide complex [Fe(CN)6] is not acutely toxic, any direct hazard comes from cyanide occurring in the investigated wastes. Under the predominant pH milieu of the sludge (pH about 8) the solubility of potassium zinc hexacyanoferrate(II) nonahydrate is low, thus minimizing the mobility of cyanide.
Binding of 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene and its Degradation Products in a Soil Organic Matter Two‐Phase System
Authors: Eriksson J. , Skyllberg U.
Published: June 2010

The widely used explosive 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its degradation products are of large environmental concern because of their toxic properties and high concentrations encountered in contaminated soils. Batch experiments were used to study TNT* (the sum of TNT and its degradation products) bonding to dissolved (DOM) and particulate (POM) soil organic matter. Reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used as a separation technique in combination with14C‐labeled TNT to determine free TNT and TNT* bound to DOM. By use of dialysis we showed that DOM did not interfere with the HPLC analysis of free TNT. Depending on pH and total TNT concentration, the relative distribution of TNT* among water, POM, and DOM varied between 60 to 90, 10 to 30, and 0.5 to 6%, respectively, after 22 h of equilibration. The association of TNT* to DOM was strongly pH dependent and followed a nonlinear Langmuir isotherm. The association of TNT* to POM was less pH dependent and data were equally well fitted by linear and nonlinear isotherms. Particulate organic matter had 6.4 (pH 6.2) to 22 (pH 5.2) times greater capacity to bind TNT* than DOM, but the binding strength (the slope of the isotherm) was greater for DOM. The TNT degradation was enhanced with increasing concentration of soil organic matter, resulting in a stronger bonding of TNT* to DOM and POM. Based on our results, combined with other recent findings, we suggest that it is mainly the degradation products of TNT that associate with DOM and POM, and that the association with DOM is mainly of ionic character involving specific DOM sites. The greater binding capacity and a weaker, linear type of isotherm suggests a nonspecific type of partitioning in POM, possibly of hydrophobic character.
Persistence of Estrogenic Hormones in Agricultural Soils: II. 17α‐Ethynylestradiol
Authors: Colucci Michael S. , Topp Edward
Published: June 2010

The persistence of 17α‐ethynylestradiol in agricultural soil was established in laboratory microcosm studies. The hormone was rapidly dissipated in loam, sandy loam, and silt loam soils under a range of moisture and temperature conditions. Dissipation of 17α‐ethynylestradiol correlated closely with removal of total estrogenicity determined with a recombinant yeast bioassay, indicating that extractable estrogenic transformation products did not accumulate. The stability of 17α‐ethynylestradiol in sterile soil, decreased removal in the absence of oxygen, and the response of dissipation kinetics to variation in temperature and moisture suggested that the removal was microbially mediated. We conclude that 17α‐ethynylestradiol is rapidly dissipated in agricultural soils under a range of conditions typical of a temperate growing season.
Soil Surface Structure Effect on Isoproturon and Diflufenican Loss in Runoff
Authors: Lecomte Véronique , Barriuso Enrique , Bresson Louis‐Marie , Koch Caroline , Le Bissonnais Yves
Published: June 2010

Because soil surface structure has a considerable influence on infiltration rate, the sealing process is postulated to have a significant effect on herbicide loss through runoff. We evaluated the effect of degraded soil surface structures on herbicide loss in runoff, and used the experimental data to test the uniform mixing zone concept and two‐site sorption kinetics for modeling herbicide transfer to runoff. The experiments were done with simulated rainfall on 10‐m2 plots in the field and 0.25‐m2 plots in the laboratory after a surface application of 1.5 kg ha−1 of isoproturon [3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea] and 0.187 kg ha−1 of diflufenican [2′,4′‐difluoro‐2‐(α,α,α‐trifluoro‐m‐tolyloxy) nicotinanilide]. Isoproturon (IPU) and diflufenican (DFF) concentrations were very high in the first runoff (up to 60 mg L−1 for IPU and 2 mg L−1 for DFF) when simulated rainfall was applied 24 h after the treatment. The concentrations decreased very rapidly with total rainfall depth. Degradation of the structural state of the soil surface increased the ratio of pesticide loss to application rate from 0.3 to 10% for IPU and from 0.7 to 7.8% for DFF for a runoff depth of less than 1 mm. The structural state of the soil surface influences the rapidity at which runoff begins after the onset of rain, and the runoff coefficient at steady state. Furthermore, the development of a surface seal seems to limit the depth of soil–runoff interaction and thus influences the dynamics of herbicide mobilization. Concentrations of IPU in the runoff were satisfactorily described with a model incorporating a uniform mixing zone and two‐site sorption–desorption.
Distribution of Mercury in Soil and its Concentration in Runoff from a Biosolids‐Amended Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Sloan J. J. , Dowdy R. H. , Balogh S. J. , Nater E.
Published: June 2010

Biosolids applications can significantly increase Hg concentrations in cultivated soils. The objective of this study was to quantify levels of mercury in soils and runoff from a biosolids‐amended watershed. The study site was a terraced, cultivated watershed that received cumulative biosolids loadings of 0, 87, or 224 Mg ha−1between 1974 and 1993. Snowmelt runoff samples were collected from the three treatment areas in the spring of 1995. Soils were collected along transects from the 0 and 224 Mg ha−1biosolids treatment areas at depths of 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm. Mercury analysis of stored, freeze‐dried biosolids samples showed that Hg concentrations during the 20‐year study ranged from 12.4 mg kg−1initially to 2.4 mg kg−1near the end. Soil Hg concentrations were elevated in the surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) of the 224 Mg ha−1biosolids‐treated terrace relative to the control. Mercury concentrations in the 0‐ to 15‐cm soil depth ranged from 30 to 50 μg kg−1for the control terrace and 180 to 390 μg kg−1for the 224 Mg ha−1biosolids‐treated terrace. Concentrations were lower in the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. Total Hg concentrations in snowmelt from the control terrace ranged from 9.2 to 27.9 ng L−1and 19.8 to 44.8 ng L−1for the biosolids‐treated terraces. Most Hg was associated with particulates > 0.45 μm. Mercury concentrations were elevated in grass tissue growing near the watershed's runoff lagoon.
Methane Production and Oxidation in an Anoxic Rice Soil as Influenced by Inorganic Redox Species
Authors: Kumaraswamy S. , Ramakrishnan B. , Sethunathan N.
Published: June 2010

The effects of addition of inorganic redox substances (species of NO−3, Mn4+, Fe3+, and SO2−4) on methane production and oxidation in anoxic rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil samples were examined. Sulfate was the most inhibitory for methane production followed by Fe3+, NO−3, and Mn4+, in that order. Addition of rice straw at a rate of 1% (w/w) as a carbon source to increase the electron donor to the electron acceptor ratio did not completely alleviate the inhibitory effects of redox species on methane production. Interestingly, laboratory incubation studies showed that addition of MnO2 and K2SO4 enhanced aerobic methane oxidation in soil samples held at 60% water holding capacity. The suspensions of pretreated soil samples with different redox species, when tested for their ability to oxidize methane in soil solution equivalent medium supplemented with respective redox species under aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed differential effects of redox species. Nitrate and Fe3+ stimulated methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions and retarded it under aerobic conditions. Manganese(IV) ion retarded methane oxidation under anaerobic conditions, but enhanced it under aerobic conditions. However, SO2−4 stimulated methane oxidation in soil solution equivalent medium under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Measuring Total Soil Carbon with Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Cremers David A. , Ebinger Michael H. , Breshears David D. , Unkefer Pat J. , Kammerdiener Susan A. , Ferris Monty J. , Catlett Kathryn M. , Brown Joel R.
Published: June 2010

Improving estimates of carbon inventories in soils is currently hindered by lack of a rapid analysis method for total soil carbon. A rapid, accurate, and precise method that could be used in the field would be a significant benefit to researchers investigating carbon cycling in soils and dynamics of soil carbon in global change processes. We tested a new analysis method for predicting total soil carbon using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We determined appropriate spectral signatures and calibrated the method using measurements from dry combustion of a Mollisol from a cultivated plot. From this calibration curve we predicted carbon concentrations in additional samples from the same soil and from an Alfisol collected in a semiarid woodland and compared these predictions with additional dry combustion measurements. Our initial tests suggest that the LIBS method rapidly and efficiently measures soil carbon with excellent detection limits (∼300 mg/kg), precision (4–5%), and accuracy (3–14%). Initial testing shows that LIBS measurements and dry combustion analyses are highly correlated (adjustedr2= 0.96) for soils of distinct morphology, and that a sample can be analyzed by LIBS in less than one minute. The LIBS method is readily adaptable to a field‐portable instrument, and this attribute—in combination with rapid and accurate sample analysis—suggests that this new method offers promise for improving measurement of total soil carbon. Additional testing of LIBS is required to understand the effects of soil properties such as texture, moisture content, and mineralogical composition (i.e., silicon content) on LIBS measurements.
Using Zebra Mussels to Monitor Escherichia coli in Environmental Waters
Authors: Selegean J. P. W. , Kusserow R. , Patel R. , Heidtke T. M. , Ram J. L.
Published: June 2010

Use of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) as an indicator of previously elevated bacteria concentrations in a watershed was examined. The ability of the zebra mussel to accumulate and purge Escherichia coli over several days was investigated in both laboratory and field experiments. In laboratory experiments, periodic enumeration of E. coli in mussels that had been exposed to a dilute solution of raw sewage demonstrated that (i) maximum concentrations of E. coli are reached within a few hours of exposure to sewage, (ii) the tissue concentration attained is higher than the concentration in the ambient water, and (iii) the E. coli concentrations take several days to return to preexposure concentrations when mussels are subsequently placed in sterile water. In field experiments conducted in southeast Michigan in the Clinton River watershed, brief increases in E. coli concentrations in the water were accompanied by increases in mussel concentrations of E. coli that lasted 2 or 3 d. The ability of mussels to retain and to concentrate E. coli made it possible to detect E. coli in the environment under conditions that conventional monitoring may often miss. Sampling caged mussels in a river and its tributaries may enable watershed managers to reduce the sampling frequency normally required to identify critical E. coli sources, thereby providing a more cost‐effective river monitoring strategy for bacterial contamination.
Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Stream Water Cadmium Concentration
Authors: Högbom Lars , Nohrstedt Hans‐Örjan , Nordlund Sten
Published: June 2010

High transition metal concentrations were previously unexpectedly observed in soil water extracted by suction lysimeters following forest N fertilization. This observation called for additional measurements to investigate if the finding is a general phenomenon and, if so, whether stream water concentrations of transition metals could increase as a result of N fertilization. The measured levels of Cd in the preliminary findings were well above health limits for drinking water. Hence, the problem could be of major concern. Here we report on soil water and stream water concentrations at two partly fertilized watersheds. All sites were situated in the central part of Sweden. The N application (150 kg N ha−1 in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate) resulted in increased concentrations of nitrate, and a pulse of acidity through the soil profile, which increased the solubility of transition metals (mainly Cd and Zn) and Al. Stream water concentrations of transition metals, on the other hand, were not affected during the studied period by the increased solubility of transition metals in the soil. The data imply that the solubilized transition metals probably insolubilize further down the soil profile, and that there is no risk from forest N fertilization (at normal soil pH levels) of transition metal levels increasing in nearby surface waters. To our knowledge, this is the first time this side effect of N fertilization has been considered.
Phosphorus Accumulation in Cultivated Soils from Long‐Term Annual Applications of Cattle Feedlot Manure
Authors: Whalen Joann K. , Chang Chi
Published: June 2010

Historically, manure has been recognized as an excellent soil amendment that can improve soil quality and provide nutrients for crop production. In areas of high animal density, however, the potential for water pollution resulting from improper storage or disposal of manure may be significant. The objective of this study was to determine the P balance of cultivated soils under barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production that have received long‐term annual manure amendments. Nonirrigated soils at the study site in Lethbridge, AB, Canada, have received 0, 30, 60, or 90 Mg manure ha−1 (wet wt. basis) while irrigated plots received 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha−1 annually for 16 yr. The amount of P removed in barley grain and straw during the 16‐yr period was between 5 and 18% of the cumulative manure P applied. There was a balance between P applied in manure and P recovered in crops and soils (to the 150‐cm depth) of nonirrigated plots during the 16‐yr study. In irrigated plots, as much as 1.4 Mg P ha−1 added (180 Mg ha−1 yr−1 treatment) was not recovered over 16 yr, and was probably lost through leaching. The risk of ground water contamination with P from manure was greater in irrigated than nonirrigated plots that have received long‐term annual manure amendments. Manure application rates should be reduced in nonirrigated and irrigated plots to more closely match manure P inputs to crop P requirements.
Chemical Characterization of Synthetic Soil from Composting Coal Combustion and Pharmaceutical By‐Products
Authors: Guest Christopher A. , Johnston Cliff T. , King James J. , Alleman James E. , Tishmack Jody K. , Norton L. Darrell
Published: June 2010

Land application of coal combustion by‐products (CCBs) mixed with solid organic wastes (SOWs), such as municipal sewage sludge, has become increasingly popular as a means of productively using what were once considered waste products. Although bulk chemical and physical properties of several of these CCB–SOW materials have been reported, detailed information about their synthesis and mineralogy of the CCB–SOW materials has not been reported. In this paper, chemical and mineralogical properties of a soil‐like material obtained from composting a mixture of CCBs with a pharmaceutical fermentation by‐product (FB) were investigated at the laboratory and field scale. All starting materials and products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The results showed that the FB was strongly bound to the CCBs and could not be removed by washing. Within 2 wk of the start of a composting study, there was a rapid drop in pH from 12 to 8, an increase in temperature to 70°C, and a reduction in the dissolved oxygen content, attributed to the rapid establishment of a highly active microbial population. Composting produced a soil‐like material with high levels of plant nutrients, a high nutrient retention capacity, and metal contents similar to median levels of those metals reported for soils. The levels of boron and soluble salts are such that sensitive plants may initially show toxicity symptoms. However, with adequate rainfall, leaching should rapidly remove most of the B and soluble salts. With care, the material produced is safe for use as a synthetic topsoil.
Nitrate Removal in a Riparian Wetland of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province
Authors: Flite Oscar P. , Shannon Robert D. , Schnabel Ronald R. , Parizek Richard R.
Published: June 2010

Riparian zones within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province are often characterized by localized variability in soil moisture and organic carbon content, as well as variability in the distribution of soils formed from alluvial and colluvial processes. These sources of variability may significantly influence denitrification rates. This investigation studied the attenuation of nitrate (NO−3–N) as wastewater effluent flowed through the shallow ground water of a forested headwater riparian zone within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province. Ground water flow and NO−3–N measurements indicated that NO−3–N discharged to the riparian zone preferentially flowed through the A and B horizons of depressional wetlands located in relic meander scars, with NO−3–N decreasing from >12 to <0.5 mg L−1. Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) attributable to riparian zone location, soil horizon, and NO−3–N amendments was also determined. Mean DEA in saturated soils attained values as high as 210 μg N kg−1 h−1, and was significantly higher than in unsaturated soils, regardless of horizon (p < 0.001). Denitrification enzyme activity in the shallow A horizon of wetland soils was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in deeper soils. Significant stimulation of DEA (p = 0.027) by NO−3–N amendments occurred only in the meander scar soils receiving low NO−3–N (<3.6 mg L−1) concentrations. Significant denitrification of high NO−3–N ground water can occur in riparian wetland soils, but DEA is dependent upon localized differences in the degree of soil saturation and organic carbon content.
Methane Oxidation in Two Swedish Landfill Covers Measured with Carbon‐13 to Carbon‐12 Isotope Ratios
Authors: Börjesson Gunnar , Chanton Jeffrey , Svensson Bo H.
Published: June 2010

The release of methane (CH4) from landfills to the atmosphere and the oxidation of CH4 in the cover soils were quantified with static chambers and a 13C‐isotope technique on two landfills in Sweden. One of the landfills had been closed and covered 17 years before this investigation while the other was recently covered. On both landfills, the tops of the landfills were compared with the sloping parts in the summer and winter. Emitted CH4, captured in chambers, was significantly enriched in 13C during summer compared with winter (P < 0.0001), and was enriched relative to anaerobic‐zone methane. The difference between emitted and anaerobic zone δ13C–CH4 was used to estimate soil methane oxidation. In summer, these differences ranged from 9 to 26‰, and CH4 oxidation was estimated to be between 41 and 50% of the produced CH4 in the new landfill, and between 60 and 94% in the old landfill. In winter, when soil temperature was below 0°C, no difference in δ13C was observed between emitted and anaerobic‐zone CH4, suggesting that there was no soil oxidation. The temperature effect shown in this experiment suggests that there may be both seasonal and latitudinal differences in the importance of landfill CH4 oxidation. Finally the isotopic fractionation factor (α) varied from 1.023 to 1.038 and was temperature dependent, increasing at colder temperatures. Methanotrophic bacteria appeared to have high growth efficiencies and the majority of the methane consumed in incubations did not result in immediate CO2 production.
Bermudagrass Fertilized with Slow‐Release Nitrogen Sources. I. Nitrogen Uptake and Potential Leaching Losses
Authors: Quiroga‐Garza Héctor Mario , Picchioni Geno A. , Remmenga Marta D.
Published: June 2010

With the objectives of analyzing N recovery and potential N losses in the warm‐season hybrid bermudagrass ‘Tifgreen’ [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy], two greenhouse studies were conducted. Plugs were planted in PVC cylinders filled with a modified sandy growing medium. Urea (URE), sulfur‐coated urea (SCU), and Hydroform (HYD) (Hydro Agri San Francisco, Redwood City, CA) were broadcast at rates of 100 and 200 kg N ha−1 every 20 and 40 d. The grass was clipped three times every 10 d and analyzed for N concentration and N yield. In addition, leachates were analyzed for NO3–N. Use of the least soluble source, HYD, resulted in the lowest average clipping N concentration and N yield, as compared with SCU and URE. Clipping N concentration and N yield showed a cyclic pattern through time, particularly under long‐day (>12 h) conditions. When the photoperiod decreased below 12 h, leachate NO3–N concentration exceeded the standard limit for drinking water (10 mg L−1) by 10 to 19 times with the high SCU and URE application rate and frequency. However, leaching N losses represented a minimal fraction (<1%) of the total applied N. More applied N was recovered in plant tissues using SCU and URE (89.5%) than using HYD (64.1%), with more than 52% of applied N accumulating in clippings. Highly insoluble N sources such as HYD decrease N leaching losses but may limit bermudagrass growth and quality. Risks of NO3–N losses in bermudagrass can be avoided by proper fertilization and irrigation programs, even when a highly soluble N source is used.
Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide on Soils in a Florida Scrub Oak Ecosystem
Authors: Johnson D.W. , Hungate B.A. , Dijkstra P. , Hymus G. , Drake B.
Published: June 2010

The results of a 3‐yr study on the effects of elevated CO2on soil N and P, soil pCO2, and calculated CO2efflux in a fire‐regenerated Florida scrub oak ecosystem are summarized. We hypothesized that elevated CO2would cause (i) increases in soil pCO2and soil respiration and (ii) reduced levels of soil‐available N and P. The effects of elevated CO2on soil N availability differed according to the method used. Results of resin lysimeter collections and anion exchange membrane tests in the field showed reduced NO−3in soils in Years 1 and 3. On the other hand, re‐analysis of homogenized, buried soil bags after 1 yr suggested a relative increase in N availability (lower C to N ratio) under elevated CO2In the case of P, the buried bags and membranes suggested a negative effect of CO2on P during the first year; this faded over time, however, as P availability declined overall, probably in response to P uptake. Elevated CO2had no effect on soil pCO2or calculated soil respiration at any time, further suggesting that plant rather than microbial uptake was the primary factor responsible for the observed changes in N and P availability with elevated CO2
Sorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds to Humic and Fulvic Acid HPLC Column Materials
Authors: Kollist‐Siigur Katrin , Nielsen Torben , Gr⊘n Christian , Hansen Poul Erik , Helweg Christian , Jonassen Kristoffer E.N. , J⊘rgensen Ole , Kirso Uuve
Published: June 2010

Two different humic acids (HA) and a fulvic acid (FA) were chemically immobilized to a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) silica column material. The immobilization was performed by binding amino groups in HA/FA to the free aldehyde group in glutardialdehyde attached to the silica gel. The HPLC column materials were compared with a blank column material made by applying the same procedure but without immobilizing HA or FA. Also, a column was made by binding carbonyl groups in HA to amino groups attached to the silica gel. The humic substances were selected to secure appropriate variation of their structural features. The retention factors of 45 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) to the four columns were determined by HPLC. The advantage of the technique is a large number of compounds can easily be studied. The binding procedure does not appear to cause a drastic selection between the HA molecules. The k′ values obtained for the two Aldrich HA columns agree in general reasonably. The retention or sorption of the compounds increased with the size of the PAC and the number of lipophilic substituents, but decreased when polar substituents were present. The PAC retention was much stronger to the two HA columns than to the FA and blank column, both for hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the polar PAC. Other factors impacting the PAC binding may be specific interactions with HA and the ionic strength of the aqueous phase. The technique has been applied to do direct determinations of Koc
TurfPQ, A Pesticide Runoff Model for Turf
Authors: Haith Douglas A.
Published: June 2010

Environmental assessments of golf courses and other turf systems must often rely on mathematical modeling. However, in the case of pesticide runoff, successful modeling applications are rare. Available models were developed for agricultural applications and have seen very limited testing for turf. TurfPQ is a pesticide runoff model developed exclusively for turf. The model is based on a curve number calculation for runoff volume and linear partitioning of pesticide into adsorbed and dissolved components during a precipitation or irrigation event. Calibration is optional, so the model can be applied, using default parameter values, to situations where runoff and chemical loss data are unavailable. TurfPQ was tested with default parameter values for 52 pesticide runoff events involving six pesticides measured in plot studies in four states. The model typically produced conservative overpredictions of pesticide runoff, particularly with strongly adsorbed pesticides. Mean predicted pesticide runoff was 3.2% of application, compared with an observed mean of 2.1%. TurfPQ captured the dynamics of the pesticide runoff events well with R2 = 0.76. Sensitivity analyses indicated that prediction errors could be reduced by better estimates of adsorption parameters and runoff curve numbers. However, even with default parameters, TurfPQ predictions are at least as accurate as those produced by more complex models.
Endosulfan Transport: II. Modeling Airborne Dispersal and Deposition by Spray and Vapor
Authors: Raupach M.R. , Briggs P.R. , Ahmad N. , Edge V.E.
Published: June 2010

Endosulfan (C9H6O3Cl6S; 6,7,8,9,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahydro‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzodioxathiepin 3‐oxide) and other agricultural chemicals can be transported from farms to rivers by several airborne pathways including spray drift and vapor transport. This paper describes a modeling framework for quantifying both of these airborne pathways, consisting of components describing the source, dispersion, and deposition phases of each pathway. Throughout, the framework uses economical descriptions consistent with the need to capture the major physical processes. The dispersion of spray and vapor is described by similarity and mass‐conservation principles approximated by Gaussian solutions. Deposition of particles to vegetation is described by a single‐layer model incorporating contributions from settling, impaction, and Brownian diffusion. Vapor deposition to water surfaces is described by a simple kinetic formulation dependent on an exchange velocity. All model components are tested against available field and laboratory data. The models, and the measurements used for comparisons, both demonstrate that spray drift and vapor transport are significant pathways. The broader context, described in another paper, is an integrative assessment of all transport pathways (both airborne and waterborne) contributing to endosulfan transport from farms to rivers.