bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Regression Analysis of the Carbon Footprint of Megacities
Authors: Paravantis John A. , Tasios Panagiotis D. , Dourmas Vasileios , Andreakos Georgios , Velaoras Konstantinos , Kontoulis Nikoletta , Mihalakakou Panagiota
Published: January 2021

Urbanization and climate change are two major issues that humanity faces in the 21st century. Megacities are large urban agglomerations with more than 10 million inhabitants that emerged in the 20th century. The world’s top 100 economies include many North and South American megacities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires; European cities such as London and Paris; and Asian cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Beijing and Mumbai. This paper addresses a dearth of megacity energy metabolism models in the literature. Cross-sectional data for 36 global megacities were collected from many literature and Internet sources. Variables included megacity name, country and region; population; area; population density; (per capita) GDP; income inequality measures; (per capita) energy consumption; household electricity prices; (per capita) carbon and ecological footprint; degree days; average urban heat island intensity; and temperature and precipitation. A descriptive comparison of the characteristics of megacities was followed by ordinary least squares with heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors that were used to estimate four alternative multiple regression models. The per-capita carbon footprint of megacities was positively associated with the megacity GDP per capita, and the megacity ecological footprint; and negatively associated with country income inequality, a low-income country dummy, the country household electricity price, and the megacity annual precipitation. Targeted policies are needed, but more policy autonomy should be left to megacities. Collecting longitudinal data for megacities is very challenging but should be a next step to overcome misspecification and bias issues that plague cross-sectional approaches.
Zero Watermarking Algorithm for Vector Geographic Data Based on the Number of Neighboring Features
Authors: Zhou Qifei , Zhu Changqing , Ren Na , Chen Weitong , Gong Weiteng
Published: January 2021

Zero watermarking is an important part of copyright protection of vector geographic data. However, how to improve the robustness of zero watermarking is still a critical challenge, especially in resisting attacks with significant distortion. We proposed a zero watermarking method for vector geographic data based on the number of neighboring features. The method makes full use of spatial characteristics of vector geographic data, including topological characteristics and statistical characteristics. First, the number of first-order neighboring features (NFNF) and the number of second-order neighboring features (NSNF) of every feature in vector geographic data are counted. Then, the watermark bit is determined by the NFNF value, and the watermark index is determined by the NSNF value. Finally, combine the watermark bits and the watermark indices to construct a watermark. Experiments verify the theoretical achievements and good robustness of this method. Simulation results also demonstrate that the normalized coefficient of the method is always kept at 1.00 under the attacks that distort data significantly, which has the superior performance in comparison to other methods.
Axial UA(1) Anomaly: A New Mechanism to Generate Massless Bosons
Authors: Azcoiti Vicente
Published: January 2021

Prior to the establishment of QCD as the correct theory describing hadronic physics, it was realized that the essential ingredients of the hadronic world at low energies are chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking. Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a non-perturbative phenomenon, and, thanks to massive QCD simulations on the lattice, we have at present a good understanding of the vacuum realization of the non-abelian chiral symmetry as a function of the physical temperature. As far as the UA(1) anomaly is concerned, and especially in the high temperature phase, the current situation is however far from satisfactory. The first part of this article is devoted to reviewing the present status of lattice calculations, in the high temperature phase of QCD, of quantities directly related to the UA(1) axial anomaly. In the second part, some recently suggested interesting physical implications of the UA(1) anomaly in systems where the non-abelian axial symmetry is fulfilled in the vacuum are analyzed. More precisely it is argued that, if the UA(1) symmetry remains effectively broken, the topological properties of the theory can be the basis of a mechanism, other than Goldstone’s theorem, to generate a rich spectrum of massless bosons at the chiral limit.
A Note on Effects of Generalized and Extended Uncertainty Principles on Jüttner Gas
Authors: Moradpour Hooman , Aghababaei Sarah , Ziaie Amir Hadi
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the implications of the generalized (GUP) and extended (EUP) uncertainty principles on Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution have been widely investigated. However, at high energy regimes, the validity of Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is under debate and instead, the Jüttner distribution is proposed as the distribution function in relativistic limit. Motivated by these considerations, in the present work, our aim is to study the effects of GUP and EUP on a system that obeys the Jüttner distribution. To achieve this goal, we address a method to get the distribution function by starting from the partition function and its relation with thermal energy which finally helps us in finding the corresponding energy density states.
Attention-Inspired Artificial Neural Networks for Speech Processing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zacarias-Morales Noel , Pancardo Pablo , Hernández-Nolasco José Adán , Garcia-Constantino Matias
Published: January 2021

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) were created inspired by the neural networks in the human brain and have been widely applied in speech processing. The application areas of ANN include: Speech recognition, speech emotion recognition, language identification, speech enhancement, and speech separation, amongst others. Likewise, given that speech processing performed by humans involves complex cognitive processes known as auditory attention, there has been a growing amount of papers proposing ANNs supported by deep learning algorithms in conjunction with some mechanism to achieve symmetry with the human attention process. However, while these ANN approaches include attention, there is no categorization of attention integrated into the deep learning algorithms and their relation with human auditory attention. Therefore, we consider it necessary to have a review of the different ANN approaches inspired in attention to show both academic and industry experts the available models for a wide variety of applications. Based on the PRISMA methodology, we present a systematic review of the literature published since 2000, in which deep learning algorithms are applied to diverse problems related to speech processing. In this paper 133 research works are selected and the following aspects are described: (i) Most relevant features, (ii) ways in which attention has been implemented, (iii) their hypothetical relationship with human attention, and (iv) the evaluation metrics used. Additionally, the four publications most related with human attention were analyzed and their strengths and weaknesses were determined.
Review of Shape Phase Transition Studies for Bose-Fermi Systems: The Effect of the Odd-Particle on the Bosonic Core
Authors: Böyükata M. , Alonso C. E. , Arias J. M. , Fortunato L. , Vitturi A.
Published: January 2021

The quantum phase transition studies we have done during the last few years for odd-even systems are reviewed. The focus is on the quantum shape phase transition in Bose-Fermi systems. They are studied within the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model (IBFM). The geometry is included in this model by using the intrinsic frame formalism based on the concept of coherent states. First, the critical point symmetries E(5/4) and E(5/12) are summarized. E(5/4) describes the case of a single j=3/2 particle coupled to a bosonic core that undergoes a transition from spherical to γ-unstable. E(5/12) is an extension of E(5/4) that describes the multi-j case (j=1/2,3/2,5/2) along the same transitional path. Both, E(5/4) and E(5/12), are formulated in a geometrical context using the Bohr Hamiltonian. Similar situations can be studied within the IBFM considering the transitional path from UBF(5) to OBF(6). Such studies are also presented. No critical points have been proposed for other paths in odd-even systems as, for instance, the transition from spherical to axially deformed shapes. However, the study of such shape phase transition can be done easily within the IBFM considering the path from UBF(5) (spherical) to SUBF(3) (axial deformed). Thus, in a second part, this study is presented for the multi-j case. Energy levels and potential energy surfaces obtained within the intrinsic frame formalism of the IBFM Hamiltonian are discussed. Finally, our recent works within the IBFM for a single-j fermion coupled to a bosonic core that performs different shape phase transitional paths are reviewed. All significant paths in the model space are studied: from spherical to γ-unstable shape, from spherical to axially deformed (prolate and oblate) shapes, and from prolate to oblate shape passing through the γ-unstable shape. The aim of these applications is to understand the effect of the coupled fermion on the core when moving along a given transitional path and how the coupled fermion modifies the bosonic core around the critical points.
Probabilistic Retry and Threshold Multirate Loss Models for Impatient Calls
Authors: Moscholios Ioannis D.
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a link of fixed capacity is considered that services calls from different service-classes. Calls arrive in the link according to a Poisson process, have an initial (peak) bandwidth requirement while their service time is exponentially distributed. We model this system as a multirate loss system and analyze two different multirate loss models. In the first model, named probabilistic retry loss model, if there is no available link bandwidth, a new call is blocked but retries with a lower bandwidth requirement and increased service time. To allow for the fact that a blocked call may be impatient, we assume that it retries with a probability. In the second model, named probabilistic threshold loss model, a call may reduce its bandwidth requirement (before blocking occurs) based on the occupied link bandwidth. To determine call blocking probabilities in both multirate loss models, we show that approximate but recursive formulas do exist that provide quite satisfactory results compared to simulation.
Evaluation of the Expression of CCR5 and CX3CR1 Receptors and Correlation with the Functionality of T Cells in Women infected with ZIKV during Pregnancy
Authors: Familiar-Macedo Débora , Amancio Paiva Iury , Badolato-Corrêa da Silva Jessica , de Carvalho Fabiana Rabe , Dias Helver Gonçalves , Pauvolid-Corrêa Alex , dos Santos Caroline Fernandes , Gandini Mariana , Silva Andréa Alice , Baeta Cavalcanti Silvia Maria , Artimos de Oliveira Solange , Artimos de Oliveira Vianna Renata , Leal de Azeredo Elzinandes , Grifoni Alba , Sette Alessandro , Weiskopf Daniela , Araújo Cardoso Claudete Aparecida , de-Oliveira-Pinto Luzia Maria
Published: January 2021

There have been reports of neurological abnormalities associated with the Zika virus (ZIKV), such as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in children born to mothers infected during pregnancy. We investigated how the immune response to ZIKV during pregnancy is primed and conduct a thorough evaluation of the inflammatory and cytotoxic profiles as well as the expression of CCR5 and CX3CR1. We compared the reactivity of T cells to ZIKV peptides in convalescent mothers infected during pregnancy. The child’s clinical outcome (i.e., born with or without CZS) was taken to be the variable. The cells were stimulated in vitro with ZIKV peptides and evaluated using the ELISPOT and flow cytometry assays. After in vitro stimulation with ZIKV peptides, we observed a tendency toward a higher Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing T cell responses in mothers who had asymptomatic children and a higher CD107a expression in T cells in mothers who had children with CZS. We found a higher frequency of T cells expressing CD107a+ and co-expressing CX3CR1+CCR5+, which is much clearer in the T cells of mothers who had CZS children. We suggest that this differential profile influenced the clinical outcome of babies. These data need to be further investigated, including the evaluation of other ZIKV peptides and markers and functional assays.
Multiscale Electron Microscopy for the Study of Viral Replication Organelles
Authors: Wolff Georg , Bárcena Montserrat
Published: January 2021

During infection with positive-strand RNA viruses, viral RNA synthesis associates with modified intracellular membranes that form unique and captivating structures in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. These viral replication organelles (ROs) play a key role in the replicative cycle of important human pathogens like coronaviruses, enteroviruses, or flaviviruses. From their discovery to date, progress in our understanding of viral ROs has closely followed new developments in electron microscopy (EM). This review gives a chronological account of this progress and an introduction to the different EM techniques that enabled it. With an ample repertoire of imaging modalities, EM is nowadays a versatile technique that provides structural and functional information at a wide range of scales. Together with well-established approaches like electron tomography or labeling methods, we examine more recent developments, such as volume scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ cryotomography, which are only beginning to be applied to the study of viral ROs. We also highlight the first cryotomography analyses of viral ROs, which have led to the discovery of macromolecular complexes that may serve as RO channels that control the export of newly-made viral RNA. These studies are key first steps towards elucidating the macromolecular complexity of viral ROs.
T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine
Authors: Schmidt Anna , Lapuente Dennis
Published: January 2021

Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
An Update on Self-Amplifying mRNA Vaccine Development
Authors: Blakney Anna K. , Ip Shell , Geall Andrew J.
Published: January 2021

This review will explore the four major pillars required for design and development of an saRNA vaccine: Antigen design, vector design, non-viral delivery systems, and manufacturing (both saRNA and lipid nanoparticles (LNP)). We report on the major innovations, preclinical and clinical data reported in the last five years and will discuss future prospects.
Secondary Currents with Scour Hole at Grade Control Structures
Authors: Ben Meftah Mouldi , De Padova Diana , De Serio Francesca , Mossa Michele
Published: January 2021

Most studies on local scouring at grade control structures have principally focused on the analysis of the primary flow field, predicting the equilibrium scour depth. Despite the numerous studies on scouring processes, secondary currents were not often considered. Based on comprehensive measurements of flow velocities in clear water scours downstream of a grade control structure in a channel with non-cohesive sediments, in this study, we attempted to investigate the generation and turbulence properties of secondary currents across a scour hole at equilibrium condition. The flow velocity distributions through the cross-sectional planes at the downstream location of the maximum equilibrium scour depth clearly show the development of secondary current cells. The secondary currents form a sort of helical-like motion, occurring in both halves of the cross-section in an axisymmetric fashion. A detailed analysis of the turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses was carried out and compared with previous studies. The results highlight considerable spatial heterogeneities of flow turbulence. The anisotropy term of normal stresses dominates the secondary shear stress, giving the impression of its crucial role in generating secondary flow motion across the scour hole. The anisotropy term shows maximum values near both the scour mouth and the scour bed, caused, respectively, by the grade control structure and the sediment ridge formation, which play fundamental roles in maintaining and enhancing the secondary flow motion.
Inorganic Nitrogen Production and Removal along the Sediment Gradient of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin
Authors: Si Qianyao , Lusk Mary G. , Inglett Patrick W.
Published: January 2021

Stormwater infiltration basins (SIBs) are vegetated depressions that collect stormwater and allow it to infiltrate to underlying groundwater. Their pollutant removal efficiency is affected by the properties of the soils in which they are constructed. We assessed the soil nitrogen (N) cycle processes that produce and remove inorganic N in two urban SIBs, with the goal of further understanding the mechanisms that control N removal efficiency. We measured net N mineralization, nitrification, and potential denitrification in wet and dry seasons along a sedimentation gradient in two SIBs in the subtropical Tampa, Florida urban area. Net N mineralization was higher in the wet season than in the dry season; however, nitrification was higher in the dry season, providing a pool of highly mobile nitrate that would be susceptible to leaching during periodic dry season storms or with the onset of the following wet season. Denitrification decreased along the sediment gradient from the runoff inlet zone (up to 5.2 μg N/g h) to the outermost zone (up to 3.5 μg N/g h), providing significant spatial variation in inorganic N removal for the SIBs. Sediment accumulating around the inflow areas likely provided a carbon source, as well as maintained stable anaerobic conditions, which would enhance N removal.
Preface to the Special Issue “Rainfall Thresholds and Other Approaches for Landslide Prediction and Early Warning”
Authors: Segoni Samuele , Gariano Stefano Luigi , Rosi Ascanio
Published: January 2021

Landslides are frequent and widespread destructive processes causing casualties and damage worldwide [...]
Use of the Hydraulic Model for the Operational Analysis of the Water Supply Network: A Case Study
Authors: Kepa Urszula
Published: January 2021

This paper presents an analysis of the operation of the water supply system. The analysed network provides water to six small towns. The water supply network covers rural areas of approximately 50 square kilometres with a total of 6130 inhabitants (2020). The area is characterised by relatively large differences in elevation. The water-pipe network supplies water mostly to family housing, public utility buildings, recreational buildings, service and craft entities, religious buildings, and commercial facilities and farms, including breeding farms. The network is supplied from one deep water well and a centrally located water supply tank. A hydraulic model was used for the analysis. The model was developed using the Epanet program, based on numerical and operational data. After validation, selected measurement points were used to calibrate the model. Furthermore, a series of simulations were performed to illustrate the network operation for variable water supply and demand conditions. Single-period analysis was used for modelling due to the type of data obtained. The model allowed for the determination of the head of pressure in the network points and flows in particular sections for the operation parameters studied. The analysis showed that at present, the network is not operating stably. In the case of average demand, water is supplied to all users, but there are areas in the network characterised by high pressure. On the other hand, during maximum water demand, due to the limited water supply to the water reservoir, from which most of the network is supplied, there are water deficiencies that cannot be compensated for by the operating pumping system.
Sobre la pluralización (-n) de los adverbios en español: el caso de siempren
Authors: Pato Enrique
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo se centra en describir y analizar un caso concreto de pluralización adverbial (-n) en español actual (siempre > siempren). Después de resumir los valores de la forma siempre, se presenta nuevos datos sobre este fenómeno de microvariación para conocer mejor su distribución geográfica en el mundo hispanohablante y los tiempos verbales con los que suele aparecer. A continuación, se ofrece una serie de consideraciones teóricas donde se muestra que el fenómeno se documenta asimismo en gallego y en catalán (sempren), que esta concordancia puede ser entendida como un ejemplo más de la relación entre un controlador y un target, pero también que dos formas pueden recibir sus rasgos de una misma fuente en la estructura cognitiva, que sería un proceso postsintáctico, y que este es uno más de los procesos de secuenciación y selección de elementos dentro del ordenamiento del discurso.
La retracción acentual del inglés
Authors: Espinosa Gonzalo Eduardo
Published: January 2021

Con el fin de estudiar el fenómeno de la retracción acentual en el inglés como segunda lengua (L2), en la presente investigación se lleva a cabo un análisis acústico de la duración, la intensidad y la frecuencia fundamental. Las mediciones incluyen casos con presencia y ausencia de choque acentual y casos de palabras con acento retractable y no-retractable. Se computan datos obtenidos de manera experimental con aprendientes de inglés en contexto de instrucción formal y, con el fin de establecer un punto de comparación, con hablantes nativos del inglés estándar de Inglaterra. Teniendo en cuenta que los resultados indican que de los hablantes nativos reflejan la retracción acentual (específicamente en términos de intensidad y altura tonal), los valores acústicos de los aprendientes de inglés no presentan el mismo comportamiento, ya que no hay evidencia robusta de desplazamiento de acento en palabras con acento retractable. Los únicos aprendientes que realzan en alguna medida las sílabas inacentuadas son los del nivel intermedio, posiblemente debido a su instrucción reciente en fonética y fonología inglesa.
The Influence of Emotional Intelligence, Job Promotion, Work Environment, Work Discipline on the Loyalty of Human Resources and Development Board Employees in Bintan Regency
Authors: Kurniadi Didi , Hus Faisal , Rahmawati Putri , Kawangung Verlina Y
Published: January 2021

This study uses a causal model survey method using path analysis techniques. This study aims to confirm the  theoretical model with empirical data, the study population is employees in Human Resources and Development Board  Bintan Regency, which consists of civil servants with a sample of 39 members of civil servants. Data collecting  technical using variable measurements using a questionnaire instrument, this instrument was developed based on  theoretical studies. Data analysis uses descriptive statistics and statistical analysis. Statistical tests are used to test the  significance of path coefficients using Partial Least Square (PLS) which is a Multivariate Analysis in the second  generation using structural equation modeling (SEM). PLS can be used for a small number of samples and does not  require the assumption that data distribution must be normal or not.Tthe relationship between variables formulated in  the formulation of a problem as many as 7 pieces obtained significant results.
Can information campaigns reduce last mile payment delays in public works programme? Evidence from a field experiment in India
Authors: Das Upasak , Paul Amartya , Sharma Mohit
Published: January 2021

Does information dissemination among beneficiaries of welfare programmes mitigate their implementation failures? We present experimental evidence in the context of a rural public works programme in India, where we assess the impact of an intervention that involves dissemination of publicly available micro-level data on last mile delays in payment and programme uptake, along with a set of intermediate outcomes. The findings point to a substantial reduction in last mile payment delays along with improvements in awareness of basic provisions of the programme and process mechanisms while indicating a limited effect on uptake. However, we find a considerable increase in uptake in the subsequent period, which is potentially indicative of an ‘encouragement’ effect through the reduction in last mile delays. A comparatively higher impact on payment delay was found for deprived communities. The findings lay a platform for an innovative information campaign that can be used by government and civil society organizations as part of transparency measures to improve efficiency.
Socioeconomic and cultural drivers of women’s formal work in rural Ghana
Authors: Gross Elena , Frempong Raymond Boadi
Published: January 2021

We study socioeconomic indicators of female labour force participation in off-farm formal employment in a subsistence agriculture setting in northern Ghana, where a new commercial farm provides a positive demand shock for low-skilled labour. We use a set of quantitative and qualitative data examining determinants of female labour force participation, the social effects arising from it, and the influence on female decision-making power in their households. In line with other micro-studies, we find that education is not a driver of female labour participation in low-skilled jobs. Women from wealthier households and those with young children have a significantly lower probability of starting off-farm work. Polygamy and male dominance reduce women’s labour force participation. Women who earn off-farm income are strengthened in their intra-household decision-making position and can spend more money on themselves.
Gender priming in solidarity games: The Philippine context
Authors: Tacneng Ruth Cadaoas , Puzon Klarizze Anne Martin
Published: January 2021

What is the effect of gender priming on solidarity behaviour? We explore a two-player solidarity game where players can insure each other against the risk of losses. In the utility function, priming is represented as the ‘change in weight’ given to the other player’s payoff. We test this experimentally in a developing country setting, the Philippines. We consider a treatment that involves reminding subjects of their gender. We found that, without priming, there were no statistically different gender differences in the solidarity game. With priming, however, there was an increased willingness in women to provide insurance.
The Relationship Between Social Loafing and Work Alienation: A Case Study
Authors: YURDAKUL Gülşen , ÖNEREN Melahat
Published: January 2021

Social loafing behavior refers to the situation in organizations where organizations collectively produce products or services, hiding from the duties and responsibilities of employees and hiding within the group. Social loafing behavior exhibited by employees may have negative consequences for organizations. The phenomenon of work alienation is also a negative situation experienced by employees due to many different reasons. As in social loafing behavior, work alienation behavior can have negative consequences for organizations. In this study, the relationship between work alienation and social loafing behaviors of the employees of an institutional enterprise in Ankara was investigated. In the study, the sub-dimensions of the variables as a result of factor analysis emerged. The relationship between the variables and the sub-dimensions of the variables formed as a result of the analysis were investigated. The data were collected by using survey method. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21 package program. First of all, descriptive statistics, frequency and normality were obtained and correlation and regression analyzes were performed. Then, t-Test and One-Way Variance (ANOVA) were performed. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there was a positive and significant relationship between work alienation and social loafing behavior. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that work alienation had a positive and significant effect on the social loafing. In addition, it was found that there was no significant difference in terms of social loafing in terms of age, working time and gender arising from the demographic characteristics of the participants.
Impact of Future Expectations on Career Planning Attitudes' of Professional Esports Athletes
Authors: BİNGÖL Ufuk , ÇAKIR Yasin Nuri
Published: January 2021

Esports athletes are undoubtedly the most critical element of the esports sector, which embodies a growing economy all over the world. In the literature, there are yet no researches on the professional expectations and career prospects of those who build their career on professional eSport athlete. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of future expectations of professional eSport players in Turkey on their career planning behaviors with factors career adaptability, career optimism, and Perceived knowledge of the job market. The data collected by the survey method were analyzed with computer-aided statistics and structural equation model (SEM) software. According to the results, there is a positive and meaningful relationship in the same direction with the future expectations of Turkish professional eSport athletes and their career futures and planning attitudes. The future expectations of eSport athletes positively affect their career compatibility, career optimism, and perceptions towards the eSports Job market. In this sense, the sample group has a perception of a career future suitable for the eSport ecosystem for a sustainable esports career.
El círculo de la fragilidad: migración de sobrevivencia en Centroamérica
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Morales Gamboa Abelardo
Published: January 2021

La migración de supervivencia en Centroamérica es producto de la desigualdad estructural, de Estados débiles y autoritarios, y de la inestabilidad política de esos países. Durante los últimos 30 años, el crecimiento histórico de la cantidad de migrantes internacionales produjo el aumento de la feminización y de la migración familiar de niños, niñas y adolescentes. La aparición de migrantes cautivos en el tránsito, de los desplazados forzados perseguidos por bandas criminales y la represión política, además de los solicitantes de refugio y de los deportados, son los principales rasgos de los riesgos en uno de los corredores más peligrosos del mundo. Las fronteras amuralladas y los discursos antiinmigrantes se imponen en los países receptores y de tránsito, pero también en los de origen. La ausencia de cooperación sur-sur y una creciente subordinación a las políticas migratorias de Estados Unidos enmarcan la debilidad de las respuestas de los países centroamericanos.
El Pacto Mundial para la Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular: ¿hacia dónde vamos?
Authors:   Centro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (Celade), Martínez Pizarro Jorge
Published: January 2021

Se examina y describe de manera general el Pacto Mundial para una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular; además, se hace alusión a sus antecedentes, alcances, objetivos y contenidos. Este instrumento de soft law de las Naciones Unidas es otra iniciativa más de un proceso de afirmación progresiva de la migración en la escala global. A pesar de los pocos análisis a que ha dado lugar a la fecha, así como la indefinición de la tríada que plantea, la falta de especificaciones de sus propuestas de acción y la incipiente implementación en los países después de su ratificación en 2018, nada parece interponerse para prestarle atención a sus posibilidades, propuestas y definiciones acerca de la gobernanza de la migración contemporánea.
Competencias digitales en el contexto COVID 19: una mirada desde la educación
Authors: Díaz-Arce Dariel , Loyola-Illescas Efraín
Published: January 2021

Digital competences are increasingly making their way as essential to achieve a true information and knowledge society. Identifying, describing and evaluating them are vital processes to differentiate them from other skills necessary for working with ICT. These competences are an important need in the current context of COVID 19, both due to their deficiencies in the general population and in the educational field. In this review of the literature, the differences of this concept with others such as information literacy and digital literacy are observed, both from their areas of study, to the dimensions and standards for their implementation and evaluation. Evidence is provided of the importance of the digital divide to achieve them, and of how they can be developed from different strategies such as the Inverted Classroom. The results suggest that this methodology could be suitable in the context of current education.
FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA AMPUTACIÓN EN PACIENTES MANEJADOS CON FASCIOTOMIA DE MIEMBRO INFERIOR EN UN CENTRO DE ALTA COMPLEJIDAD
Authors: Muñoz Pérez David Felipe , Medina Rojas Rolando , Sanjuan Marin Juan Felipe
Published: January 2021

Introducción: El síndrome compartimental del miembro inferior tiene el potencial de causar morbilidad devastadora en los pacientes y altos riesgos médico-legales para los médicos involucrados en su tratamiento. Una vez instaurado, la fasciotomía se constituye como el único tratamiento efectivo. La pérdida de la extremidad afectada es su complicación con mayor carga de enfermedad. Existen pocas descripciones sobre factores de riesgo para la necesidad de amputación de miembro inferior luego de haber sido sometido a fasciotomía en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional, analítico en el cual se recolectó información de pacientes con traumatismo de miembro inferior que requirieron fasciotomía de muslo o pierna durante un periodo de 10 años en busca de factores que pudieron influir en la pérdida de la extremidad. Resultados: 21 pacientes cumplían los criterios de inclusión de los cuales 6 (28,57%) fueron amputados y 2 fallecieron (9,52%). La mayoría de los individuos fueron menores de 30 años y casi la totalidad del sexo masculino. Encontramos que el porcentaje de amputación parece verse afectado de manera estadísticamente significativa por factores como un International Severity Score (ISS) elevado (media de 24), las parestesias al ingreso, la realización de fasciotomía tardía (> 6 h), la reactividad muscular al momento de la cirugía, la infección del sitio operatorio y la reintervención por trombosis del injerto vascular. Conclusiones: Existen factores de riesgo que pueden indicar la pérdida de la extremidad inferior luego de ser sometido a fasciotomía en el contexto de trauma. Un seguimiento prospectivo y un mayor número de pacientes podrían permitir dilucidar más de dichos factores
QUISTECTOMÍA LAPAROSCÓPICA EN QUISTE HIDATÍDICO HEPÁTICO
Authors: Losada Morales Hector Fabio , Klein Diaz Marcelo Eduardo , Acencio Barrientos Luis Aldo , Arias Rovira Oriel David , Troncoso Trujillo Andrés Ignacio , Rozas Vásquez María Francisca , Sanhueza Vega Felipe Andrés
Published: January 2021

Objetivo: Describir resultados en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad del tratamiento de quistes hidatídicos hepáticos (QHH) por vía laparoscópica en una serie de pacientes consecutivos. Comparar calidad de vida (CV) de pacientes sometidos a quistectomía laparoscópica (QL) con pacientes llevados a colecistectomía laparoscópica. Materiales y Método: Serie de casos con seguimiento de pacientes con QHH, sometidos a QL. Analizamos datos con Stata® 10.0, mediante medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Describimos 4 variables, realizando seguimiento con tomografía computada (TC) abdominal. Aplicamos encuesta de calidad de vida SF-36. Resultados: Incluimos 12 pacientes, 58,3% de género femenino. Número de quistes 2,02 ± 1,56, volumen quístico mayor 809,16 ± 766,05 ml, diámetro de quiste mayor 11,77 ± 4,33 cm, predominando en lóbulo hepático derecho (58%). Tiempo operatorio promedio 234,1 ± 52,9 minutos. Estadía hospitalaria promedio 11,5 ± 14,5 días. Morbilidad en 16,6%, sin mortalidad posoperatoria. Seguimiento con imágenes promedio fue 7,9 ± 4,3 meses, encontrando cavidades residuales pequeñas y asintomáticas en 50% de pacientes. No reportamos recidivas. Al comparar CV con grupo de colecistectomía sólo encontramos diferencia respecto a vitalidad (p = 0,04). Discusión: Aunque nuestra serie es pequeña y presenta mayor tiempo quirúrgico (por selección de pacientes) y mayor estancia hospitalaria que en otras series de QL, presenta menor porcentaje de recidivas, de fístulas biliares y no presenta mortalidad, concordando con otras series de QL que la recomiendan como opción terapéutica. Conclusiones: La QL para el tratamiento de los QHH resulta una cirugía aceptable, con morbilidad y mortalidad comparable con reportes de cirugía abierta.
Pendidikan Ahlak Dalam Pandangan KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi
Authors: MUTOHAR AHMAD , ANSHARI ZAINAL
Published: January 2021

Abdul Muchith Muzadi (termasuk juga dikenal dengan sebutan Mbah Muchith Muzadi), termasuk seorang kiai yang memiliki wawasan sangat luas, wara’ mendalam dan tajam. Pada saat yang bersamaan, KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi, termasuk sosok kiai yang memiliki etika sangat kuat, paling tidak hal itu terpancar dalam perilakunya sehari-hari. Beliau tetap berperilaku sebagaimana layaknya kiai yang khusu’, wara’ dan hidup dengan kesederhanaan. Kajian ini, memiliki fokus sebagai berikut; 1) bagaimana latar belang kehidupan, pendidikan dan pengabdian KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi di dalam NU dan lembaga pendidikan Islam Indonesia? 2) apa saja karya tulis ilmiah yang dihasilkan oleh KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi? 3) bagaimana konsep pendidikan ahlak dalam pandangan KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi? Pendekatan penelitian kualitatif, dengan jenis library research (studi pustaka). Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk menjawab tiga hal yang telah dirumuskan di atas. Berikut kesimpulannya; Pertama, latar belang kehidupan, pendidikan dan pengabdian di dalam NU. KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi dilahirkan di Bangilan Tuban, pada tanggal 19 jumadil awwal 1344 H/ 4 Desember 1925 M. beliau merupakan kader sekaligus aktivis NU yang dari sejak awal berjuang bersama putra KH. Hasyim Asy’ari, yakni KH. Wahid Hasyim. Kedua, beberapa karya tulis ilmiah KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi. Sebagai berikut; 1) Beberapa Masalah Kewanitaan Dan Kepemimpinan Di Kalangan Wanita, 1974, makalah tidak diterbitkan. 2) Bermazhab. Sosiologis Atau Takut Resiko? Dalam pesantren No 4/Vol III/1998. Jakarta: P3M. 3) Berusaha memahami kehadiran bank-BPR, dalam majalah AULA. Maret 1991, dan sebagainya. Ketiga, Konsep pendidikan ahlak dalam pandangan KH. Abdul Muchith Muzadi. Konsep pola hidup birrul walidain. Menurutnya, Islam menempatkan birrul walidain ini sebagai kewajiban dengan urutan nomor dua sesudah beribadah kepada Allah dan sebaliknya menempatkan uququl walidain sebagai larangan dengan urutan nomor dua sesudah syirik (menyekutukan Allah).
Implementasi Kurikulum 2013 Pada Pemebalajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Penguatan Karakter Relegius Siswa
Authors: Subakri Subakri
Published: January 2021

The phenomenon of character education in Indonesia has existed along with the realization of the 2013 Curriculum. Character education was implemented even before the 2013 curriculum was implemented in schools. Character education is a school-based effort that helps a person or group of people care, understand, act seriously to apply ethical values. The purpose of character education is to help students develop optimal potential in various matters related to morality, citizenship, courtesy and ethics, behavior, being healthy, critical, success that will meet social norms and can be accepted in society both at home and globally. . Which one day the nation's children will become human beings with quality and noble character. With character education, students can apply character values ​​such as religious, responsible, democratic, honest, trustworthy, leadership, fair and polite in their attitude. Character education that is integrated in the 2013 Curriculum creates the next generation who is ready to face future challenges whose goal is that students have better abilities in the ability to observe, ask (interview), reason, and communicate (present) what they get or know after receive subject matter. The 2013 curriculum which is based on character and competence lies in the core competencies of K-I 1 which includes spiritual attitudes; K-I 2 includes social attitudes; KI-3 includes knowledge, and KI-4 skills
The Use of Game Elements in Higher Education in the Context of Motivating Different Types of Users of Gamified Systems
Authors: Witoszek-Kubicka Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of the article is to select the elements of games that increase the student’s external and internal motivation tailored to the specific type of player he/she represents.

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is the issue of motivating students using gamification. The author addresses the issue of preparation of classes that will actually translate into motivation to learn practical skills, but also to develop, pose difficult questions and engage in the learning process. The research is based on the Self-Determination Theory and Marczewski gamification users typology. The basic method used in the presented research is an analysis of a questionnaire conducted among students of the Cracow University of Economics.

THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article consists of two main parts. The first presents the concept of gamification and its use in motivating. Second part of the article is divided into three subsections. First of them contains characteristics of different participants types in gamification projects. Second of them presents assumption and research hypotheses, the other one includes analysis of the results and conclusions of the study.

RESEARCH RESULTS: Thanks to the conducted research and based on the subject literature, the predispositions of students to accept the use of selected mechanisms known from games were determined. The conducted research confirmed the assumed hypothesis that the legitimacy of using particular elements of gamification depends on the target group of participants. However, the hypothesis of ineffectiveness of the use of elements specific to the type of player was not confirmed.

CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Further research is needed to verify this assumption, e.g. using a gamification project. Due to the limited research sample, the results do not reflect the entire population, but provide a basis for further research on the motivational elements of individual participants.
TRACING THE EVOLUTION OF THE IMAGE OF AFRICAN FEMALES THROUGH THE AGES: AN OVERVIEW OF SELECTED LITERARY WORKS
Authors: Okpala Ebele Peace
Published: January 2021

The image of African women has evolved over the years. The
study traced and critically analyzed how African female persona and
experience have been depicted starting from pre-colonial, colonial to postcolonial eras using selected literary texts. It highlighted the impacts made
by feminist writers towards a re-definition of the African woman. The
theoretical framework was hinged on Feminist theory. Feminism, feminist
ideologies and their proponents were also highlighted. The research
revealed that the image of pre-colonial and colonial African women as
portrayed in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God, Elechi
Amadi’s The Concubine, Wole Soyinka’s The Lion and the Jewel, Flora
Nwapa’s Efuru, El Saadawi’s The Woman at Point Zero, Mariama Ba’s So
Long a Letter among others was ascribed a second class status. The Postcolonial African women have come to the awareness of their rights and
roles through the numerous intellectual and political campaigns of African
feminist writers. Their image has changed from being in the kitchen, bearing and rearing children to also
shouldering responsibilities as most powerful men in the community as depicted in Chinua Achebe’s
Anthills of the Savannah, Chimamanda Adichie’s Half of the Yellow Sun among others. The study
recommended the acquisition of good education and self-development as the major strategies to confront
the impediments orchestrated by patriarchy.
Application of cylindrical IE-GSTC to physical metasurfaces
Authors: Sandeep Srikumar , Gasiewski Albin , Peterson Andrew F
Published: January 2021

This work validates cylindrical IE-GSTC by applying it to physical metasurfaces, i.e. metasurfaces defined by material properties and dimensions rather than by susceptibility tensor components. Previously reported IE-GSTC which was formulated for zero thickness GSTC discontinuity is extended to handle finite thickness of physical metasurfaces. A simple analytical approach is used to extract the bianisotropic susceptibility tensor of concentric, multilayered, magneto-dielectric shell. Plane wave scattering by a physical metasurface constructed of four segments of multilayered, magneto-dielectric metasurface scatterers is used as an example problem to validate cylindrical IEGSTC. A second example considers an opening on the cylindrical metasurface, confirming IE-GSTC can handle metasurfaces with openings. Good agreement is obtained between IE-GSTC results and full wave simulation results for both cases.
Edición crítica, problemas textuales y de autoría: métrica y ortología en Lope de Vega
Authors: Fernández Rodríguez Daniel
Published: January 2021

Through examples taken from comedies recently attributed to Lope de Vega, this article deals with certain problems that should be considered when studying or editing plays of doubtful authorship. The analysis focuses on methods traditionally used to resolve problematic attributions, such as the study of versification, orthoepy and syllable counting. The conclusion argues that all of these tools —as well as the landmark works by Morley and Bruerton or W. Poesse — still offer great surprises and challenges for researchers. Thus, the development of new methods, such as stylometry, should not impel us to dismiss the classic approaches. Quite the opposite: old and new methods inform one another.
On Justice, Beauty and Health – Pluralist Approaches
Authors: Petersen Hanne , Madsen Rasmus Glud
Published: January 2021

This article discusses historical and symbolic perceptions and representations of justice. In a Western context justice has for millennia been depicted as female and for a long period also as divine. In this article these symbols are interconnected with changing, complex and pluralist understandings of beauty, health and justice. Both justice and beauty are related, as are beauty and health. Beauty has a historical value, and is used for political, commercial, health, artistic and many other purposes. Ideals of beauty and attempts to live up to them can be damaging – historically especially for women. Beauty has been considered unjust, but it may also contribute to fairness, justice and wellbeing. Globalisations and technology have led to pluralisation and uncertainty about what is just, beautiful, and healthy, but they have in no way made these values obsolete.