bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking Down the Wrong End of the Telescope
Authors: Coldicutt Susan , Williamson Terry J.
Published: March 2007

Can decision makers, including students, operate effectively if they gain their basic knowledge in the traditional, separate disciplcnes and then apply it to the problem in question? Or is problem-focused education preferable? Using examples relating to energy requirements in the built environment, the authors will show how the discipline-based approach can result in knowledge being defined and organized in very different ways from those that follow from a problem-focused approach. Examples show how the notion of appropriate rigor in analysis of problems can lead to organization of the knowledge base in ways that facilitate effective application.
Heuristic Guidelines for Analyzing Technology Transfer
Authors: Moore Omar K. , Jefferson Francine E. , Crosse Marcia Gilbert
Published: March 2007

Technology transfer is the process whereby scientific discoveries and engineering achievements are transformed into useful goods and services. This article focuses on heuristic guidelines, which disaggregate the concept "technology transfer" into a set of processes, specifically, transfer vectors, the cultural objects transferred, and the normative context within which these transfer processes occur. The guidelines are explained within the context of two case studies of technology transfer-one concerning federal laboratories and the other the National Cancer Institute. The following question is also addressed: To what extent can improvements in technology transfer be achieved through legislative mandates? The two case histories serve as test cases for the heuristic guidelines.
Social Indicators and the Mondale Initiative
Authors: Booth Tim
Published: March 2007

The legislative highpoint of the social indicators movement in the United States was marked by U.S. Senator Walter F. Mondale's persistent attempts over the period of 1967 to 1973 to enact proposals for the establishment of a Council of Social Advisers and the development of a national system of social reporting. Mondale argued that, by providing an independent accounting of the social state of the nation, a system of social indicators would greatly improve congressional scrutiny in the field of social policy, much as economic indicators were believed to do in the field of economic policy. This bold effort to build a constituency of the future around social scientists is now largely forgotten, but its history illuminates the uneasy relationship between social science and government. This article presents a detailed account of the Mondale Initiative and draws out some lessons still relevant today.
Arguing Challenges to Validity in Field Research
Authors: Elsworth Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

Despite increasing popularity of the case study in government-commissioned policy research and evaluation, doubts about the validity of field research methods remain widespread in the academic literature. The new scientific realism challenges research based on conceptions of prediction and control and supports the development of explanatory approaches. In this article, a rationale for the central importance of field methods in education and social research is offered, a conception of threats to validity as rebuttals in a socially transacted argument about the plausibility of a knowledge claim is developed, and seven groups of threats to the validity of explanatory inferences are suggested
Editorial Commentary
Authors: FOREMAN CHRISTOPHER H.
Published: March 2007

Films about infectious disease epidemics regularly pretend to present science at work but ironically traffic in its near opposite—a kind of “witchcraft science.” Although Hollywood can hardly be expected to cease the practice, such films present an opportunity for science to explain its true character and capabilities to a wider audience and deserve closer attention from scientists and members of the science policy community.
Commentary: Technological Change, Intellectual Property, and Academic Libraries
Authors: WAND PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2007

Observations are made from the perspective of an academic librarian who is concerned with both protecting the rights of intellectual property holders and ensuring the fair use of information for the creation of new knowledge and the common good. The article comments on several factors related to intellectual property (political, economic, and cultural contexts, time constraints, and the nature of software and cyberspace) that were contained in papers presented at a 1995 conference. The author concludes by recommending that a new legislative model be designed to address appropriately the complexities of intellectual property in the on-line environment.
On the Determinants of Scientists' Collaboration
Authors: TRAORÉ NAMATIÉ , LANDRY RÉJEAN
Published: March 2007

The research reported in this article is a methodological departure from prior studies on scientific collaboration in two ways. First, the sample of the study included scientists from all types of research. Second, the study uses an econometric framework to examine the factors that affect scientists' collaborative activities. The results bolster the contention that scientists' collaboration is motivated by strategic and organizational, as well as operational, considerations. Furthermore, since operational and organizational collaborations both increase collaborative productivity, as suggested by the results, they should be enhanced by promoting collaboration (1) on the basis of intellectual closeness, (2) within the realm of research teams or groups, and (3) on a long-term basis with industry.
Representing the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Law
Authors: EDMOND GARY , MERCER DAVID
Published: March 2007

The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) has become widely cited in policy contexts including discussion of law, science, and society. The following article provides a textual examination of how some of the work of eminent SSK and law scholar Sheila Jasanoff has been received in U.S. legal scholarship. Focusing on debate sparked by the 1993 Supreme Court case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the authors argue that textual evidence suggests a resistance within U.S. legal scholarship to the incorporation of the more radical implications of SSK perspectives.
Endless Frontier or Just a Mirage?
Authors: TEICH ALBERT H.
Published: March 2007

Given that the United States lacks a coherent national science policy, the question then becomes whether such policy should (or could) be developed in the current political environment. The author explores this question from the perspectives of overall budgetary support, priority-setting, and research relevance, concluding that the exercise of developing a national policy, even if ultimately unsuccessful, could help to reaffirm science's national importance and autonomy and to coalesce its fragmented political support.
Visual Literacy and Science Communication
Authors: TRUMBO JEAN
Published: March 2007

Images of science are evident throughout the media, with new technologies playing an important role in allowing the creation of science representation by communication practitioners, scientists, and the public. The role of visual literacy as a key ingredient in the effective communication of science among expert and lay audiences is explored, and a framework for addressing visual literacy is suggested. Visual literacy is defined in this context as a holistic construct that includes visual thinking, visual learning, and visual communication.
The Health Services Establishment is Becoming an Independent Variable: A Life of its Own
Authors: Anderson Odin W.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, the health services establishment was assumed to be a product of the social, economic, and scientific medical developments since the turn of the century. It consumed a modest and relatively constant percentage of the gross national product (GNP). It was a dependent variable. Since the 1950s, sparked by labor-management negotiations for health insurance coverage and Medicare and Medicaid, plus the dazzling high medical technology such as organ transplants, the health services establishment took off. It grew faster than the GNP and the Consumer Price Index. It competes with other priorties for goods and services. It became an independent variable having an impact on society. This essay attempts to demonstrate conceptually and empirically how and why this transformation took place.
Conceptual and Methodological Sources of Variation in the Measurement of Nursing Facility Quality: An Evaluation of 24 Models and an Empirical Study
Authors: Sainfort Franfois , Ramsay James D. , Monato Hermes
Published: March 2007

Whereas many researchers have developed sophisticated instruments to assess quality of care in nursing facilities (NFs), the concept of quality, its measurement, and its relationship to organizational characteristics remain important issues that are characterized by inconsistent findings across studies. The conceptualization and methodologies used in twenty-four NF quality studies are compared. The review identifies four main sources of variation hypothesized to be important bases of inconsistency in the NF quality literature: (1) differences in conceptualization and operationalization, (2) differences in the unit of analysis (resident vs.facility), (3) differences in sampling method and sample constitution, and (4) differences in the main method of analysis. As an empirical test of three of these sources of variation, the authors investigated relationships between primary organizational characteristics and various measures of quality using a sample of 104 Wisconsin NFs. From both the comparative and Wisconsin analyses, implications for research are drawn.
Managed Care Penetration in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Units
Authors: Alexander Jeffrey A. , Lemak Christy Harris
Published: March 2007

The authors present the first nationally representative data on managed care penetration in the outpatient substance abuse treatment (OSAT) sector. Thirty-eight percent of all OSAT units were involved in some form of managed care in 1995, with 22 percent of their client base covered by managed care. There is also variation in managed care penetration and activity across different types of treatment units. Private for-profit units are involved in managed care to a greater extent than are public and private, not-for-profit organizations. Units affiliated with a hospital have greater participation and penetration than other units. Smaller OSAT facilities have a disproportionately large percentage of their client base in managed care arrangements. Finally, private managed care arrangements are more prevalent, more evenly distributed across organizational types, and represented in larger numbers than are public sources of managed care.
The Geographic Distribution of Physicians in the United States and the Contribution of International Medical Graduates
Authors: Politzer Robert M. , Cultice James M. , Meltzer Alfred J.
Published: March 2007

Many agree that the United States is headed for a physician surplus. Policy makers have concentrated on limiting residency training positions, particularly those filled by international medical graduates (IMGs), as a means of shrinking the future workforce. Some criticize this policy as counterproductive since it is commonly thought that many IMGs practice in areas shunned by U.S.-trained physicians. This study applies the GINI index of concentration to assess the geographic distribution of physicians and the contribution of IMGs to improving or exacerbating the distribution. 7he authors find that physician growth has not produced dividends in geographic distribution and that IMGs generally worsen these distributions.
Physician Practice Management Organizations: Their Prospects and Performance
Authors: Conrad Douglas A. , Koos Shaun , Harney Alan , Haase Martin
Published: March 2007

As physician organizations adapt their incentives, processes, and structures to accommodate the demands of an increasingly competitive and performance-sensitive external environment, the development of more effective administrative and managerial mechanisms becomes critical to success. The emergence of physician practice management companies (PPMCs) represents a potentially positive step for physician practices seeking increased economies of scale through consolidation, as well as enhanced access to financial capital. However, economic and finance theory, coupled with some empirical “arithmetic” regarding the financial and operational performance of leading publicly traded PPMCs, suggest caution in one’s forecasts of the future prospects for these evolving corporate forms.
Adult Sexual Revictimization among Black Women Sexually Abused in Childhood: A Prospective Examination of Serious Consequences of Abuse
Authors: West Carolyn M. , Williams Linda M. , Siegel Jane A.
Published: March 2007

This study is a prospective investigation of adult sexual revictimization among 113 Black women with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse. The purpose was to obtain information on the frequency of sexual abuse in both childhood and adulthood and to determine which characteristics of the child sexual abuse were predictive of revictimization. Thirty percent of the participants were revictimized and physical force predicted subsequent victimization. This study also investigated possible sexual behavioral correlates of revictimization. Revictimized women reported more involvement in prostitution and partner violence. Finally, the present study considered the reproductive and sexual health correlates of revictimization. When compared to women abused in childhood only, revictimized women experienced more problems conceiving, repeated vaginal infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and painful intercourse. Suggestions for intervention are discussed.
Ethnic Differences in Risk Behaviors and Related Psychosocial Variables among a Cohort of Maltreated Adolescents in Foster Care
Authors: Taussig Heather N. , Talmi Ayelet
Published: March 2007

This study examined the cross-ethnic equivalence of measures and the relationships between psychosocial variables and risk behaviors in an ethnically diverse sample of maltreated adolescents 6 years after their placement in foster care. Overall, there was cross-ethnic measurement equivalence, except for the self-destructive behavior and perceived opportunities constructs, which did not demonstrate internal consistency for African American youth. The authors found few differences between White (non-Latino), Hispanic, and African American youth on levels of engagement in risk behaviors and across domains of psychosocial functioning. The relationships between the psychosocial variables and risk behaviors were then examined across ethnic groups. The pattern of results was different as a function of ethnicity, as fewer of the psychosocial variables were significantly related to the risk behavior variables for African American youth. Possible explanations for these differences are presented and implications for intervention discussed.
Interviewing Children Who May have been Abused: A Historical Perspective and Overview of Controversies
Authors: Faller Kathleen Coulborn
Published: March 2007

This article provides a historical perspective on the practice of interviewing children in cases of alleged sexual abuse and current controversies about these interviews. The following controversies and related writing and research are discussed: (a) the ability of the interviewer to conduct a competent interview, (b) the competence of the child to describe actual events, (c) interview structure and process, and (d) decision making about the likelihood of sexual abuse.
Clinical Considerations of Empirical Treatment Studies of Abused Children
Authors: Friedrich William N.
Published: March 2007

The following questions are considered in this article from a clinician's perspective, in light of the data provided by three articles in this special section: Should therapy be abuse specific? Who should be the focus of treatment, children or families? Is more severe abuse harder to treat than moderate abuse? Are certain symptoms harder to treat than others? What is the preferable treatment modality? How long should therapy last to make a difference? Should developmental stages be considered in child therapy? How can a practicing clinician most efficiently measure outcome? In addition, the implications of the studies represented in these articles are discussed, and the author stresses the usefulness and value of research and empirical data in the effort to improve treatment outcomes in clinical practice.
Understanding Bizarre, Improbable, and Fantastic Elements in Children's Accounts of Abuse
Authors: Everson Mark D.
Published: March 2007

Children's accounts of abuse sometimes contain descriptions of events that seem bizarre, improbable, or even impossible. This article contributes to an objective analysis of child allegations of abuse by offering 24 possible explanations (with illustrative case examples) for such statements. The central thesis of this discussion is that the existence of improbable or fantastic elements in a child's account should not result in an automatic dismissal of the child's report without consideration of the possible mechanisms underlying the fantastic material.
Interventions for Sexually abused Children: Initial Treatment Outcome Findings
Authors: Cohen Judith A. , Mannarino Anthony P.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated treatment outcome for 49 recently sexually abused children aged 7-14, who were randomly assigned to receive either sexual abuse-specific cognitive behavioral therapy (SAS-CBT) or nondirective supportive therapy (NST). Respondents and their nonoffending parent were provided with 12 individual treatment sessions, which were closely monitored for adherence to the assigned treatment modality. Participants and parents completed several standardized assessment instruments pre- and posttreatment. Results indicated that there was a significant group-by-time interaction on the Children's Depression Inventory and the Child Behavior Checklist Social Competence Scale, with the SAS-CBT group improving more than the NST group on both of these instruments. Clinical findings also suggested that SAS-CBT was more effective than NST in treating sexually inappropriate behaviors. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Rates, Patterns, and Frequency of Child Maltreatment Recurrences among Families known to CPS
Authors: DePanfilis Diane , Zuravin Susan J.
Published: March 2007

Child maltreatment is a widespread and costly social problem. A primary purpose of child maltreating reporting is to prevent its recurrence. Despite the widespread belief that the system designed to prevent its recurrence is failing miserably, little empirical data are actually compiled to support this contention. This article reviews available research on the rates, patterns, and frequency of child maltreatment recurrences. Findings are difficult to interpret and integrate because of differences in definitions, units of analysis, follow-up intervals, and data analysis strategies. Rates of recurrence range from 1% or 2% for cases deemed low-risk to over 50% for families followed more than 5 years. Findings from studies that have used survival analysis techniques seem to indicate that the risk of recurrence declines with intervention. Future research should be prospective, document definitions and methods, and use survival analysis so that this possible encouraging trend can be further examined.
Factors Influencing Sexual Offenders' Modus Operandi: An Examination of Victim-Offender Relatedness and Age
Authors: Kaufman Keith L. , Holmberg Jennifer K. , Orts Karen A. , McCrady Fara E. , Rotzien Andrea L. , Daleiden Eric L. , Hilliker Daniel R.
Published: March 2007

Child sexual abuse is recognized as a national problem that has reached epidemic proportions. However, empirical investigations of offender behaviors associated with the sexual-offending process (i.e., modus operandi [MO]) are lacking in the literature yet critically needed to inform prevention and intervention initiatives. This investigation contrasted the MO of 114 adults and 114 adolescents who sexually offended against intrafamilial or extrafamilial victims. Study findings indentified adolescent offenders' more frequent use of a variety of MO strategies to gain victim compliance in sexual activity and to maintain victim silence following the onset of abuse, including approaches designed to coerce or manipulate victims. Results also indicated significant differences in offenders' MO based on their relatedness (i.e., intrafamilial or extrafamilial) to victims. Implications for prevention as well as offender and victim treatment are discussed.
Assessment of Adolescent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Bonner Barbara L. , Marx Brian P. , Thompson J. Michelle , Michaelson Patricia
Published: March 2007

Mental health professionals are asked increasingly to conduct assessments of sexually abusive youth. A comprehensive assessment procedure is necessary to develop an appropriate treatment plan, and this article reviews the psychological tests and psychophysiological procedures currently used to evaluate adolescent sexual offenders. The present knowledge on the assessment of risk for recidivism, future directions in the assessment of adolescent sexual offenders, and suggestion for research are presented. This review can serve as a guide for clinicians who are requested to conduct an evaluation of adolescent sexual offenders.
Police Recognition of the Links between Spouse Abuse and Child Abuse
Authors: Browne Kevin D. , Hamilton Catherine E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the links between referrals to police child protection units (CPUs) and domestic violence units (DVUs) during November 1994 in one police force in an urban area of England. DVU files and CPU files were analyzed and cross-referenced by investigating types, severity, and frequency of abuse; and a number of background factors. The rate of overlap (families with files at both units) was 21.6%, although 46.3% of child protection files indicated the presence of domestic violence in the family home. The severity of maltreatment and the extent of injury for both spouse abuse and child maltreatment were significantly related to police response, with greater use of cautions or charges in more severe cases. Families with records in both units showed a higher number of prior referrals relating to both spouse abuse and child maltreatment. In addition, these cases showed greater severity of domestic violence.
Some Thoughts on the Increasing Use of Administrative Data in Child Maltreatment Research
Authors: Drake Brett , Jonson-Reid Melissa
Published: March 2007

This commentary discusses three important articles in this issue that track recidivism among child maltreatment cases using administrative data. An attempt is made to place these articles within the larger picture of administrative child maltreatment research. In particular, this article discusses the strengths and weaknesses inherent in computerized administrative data, and suggests that the increased use of such data in child maltreatment research is both desirable and inevitable. This article concludes with a discussion of long-term benefits attendant to the growth of computerized administrative databases, including the development of historical archives that will allow future researchers unprecedented freedom in pursuing longitudinal designs. Perhaps more importantly, this article contends that a prime benefit of computerized administrative databases is their innate tendency to drive enhanced policy-practice-research synthesis.
Uncorrected Insight: Metaphor and Transcendence "After Truth" in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: McGettigan Timothy
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses an account of an epiphany or a process of boundary-breaking enlightenment in his research on a Green Tortoise adventure travel tour—the manner in which a form of transcendence "after truth" can exist in qualitative inquiry via the medium of metaphor. Despite the pessimism that can result from an engagement with the "Too Big," the author argues that there is sufficient cause for critical postmodernists to remain optimistic in their efforts to develop a coherent, value-oriented, transformational model of social inquiry.
The Ethics of Rapport: Institutional Safeguards, Resistance, and Betrayal
Authors: Wong L. Mun
Published: March 2007

A recurring dilemma encountered by feminist field-workers is the power dynamics emergent during the research process. There is a lack of agreement on how this delicate issue should be approached. Within this debate, there is flip-flop between those who argue for methods influenced by objectivism and those who argue for a more egalitarian approach. The author extends these conversations, discusses the intersubjectivity that emerges during the relationship between the researched and the researcher, and docu ments his problematic "friendship rapport" from three perspectives: the research insti tution, the researched, and the researcher. The author discusses how he collected data from spaces that he was forbidden to enter, such as the women's bathroom and a self-esteem class at a workfare program. He talks about the rapport, ethics, and politics of conducting intensive interviews with poor women. The author writes with a desire to continue and extend conversations about research, writing, and ethics.
Poetics in the Field and on the Page
Authors: Richardson Miles
Published: March 2007

Poetry, as a special language, is particularly suited for those special, strange, even mys terious moments when bits and pieces suddenly coalesce. These moments arrive with a sharp poignancy in the field, when the ethnographer, away from home and in a strange culture, has a heightened sense of the frailty of being human. In such a sense, poetry ap pears to be a way of communicating instances when we feel truth has shown its face. Fi nally, poetry, although a special manner of speaking, may in fact be closer to what it is to be human than more ordinary talk—given that we humans, that is, you and I, are not ordinary facts stored away in nature's warehouse.
A Case of Woman Abuse
Authors: ROSEN KAREN H. , BIRD KIMBERLY
Published: March 2007

Woman abuse is an alarming social problem that remains largely an enigma despite years of research. This article describes some of the complex individual and relationship processes that occurred in an intimate relationship where love and violence coexisted. It describes how gender role ideologies, the distribution of power between partners, and unresolved conflict are related to each other and to the emergence of violence and maintenance of couple bonds. Grounded theory is used to guide data collection and analysis in this single case qualitative study in which both partners were interviewed several times each over the course of 1½ years.
Childhood Forced Sex and Cervical Dysplasia Among Women Prison Inmates
Authors: COKER ANN L. , PATEL NILAM J. , KRISHNASWAMI SHANTHI , SCHMIDT WENDY , RICHTER DONNA L.
Published: March 2007

This cross-sectional study is one of the first to investigate an association between childhood forced sex and cervical dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia can be identified through Pap smear screening and indicates precancerous cervical lesions, which if not treated, could become cervical cancer. Of 123 women confined under medium security in a women's correctional facility and surveyed for this study, 31.7% (n = 39) reported forced sex when less than 17 years old. Almost 6% (7 of 123) had an abnormal Pap smear indicating cervical dysplasia on entering prison. Those reporting forced sex before age 17 were six times more likely to have cervical dysplasia on entry into prison. Earlier age at first being forced to have sex was significantly associated with cervical dysplasia prevalence. This study provides data to suggest that early sexual trauma may be associated with precancerous cervical dysplasia. Further research is needed to clarify this association.
The Changing Distribution of Big-City Crime
Authors: Skogan Wesley G.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the changing relationship between the aggregate demographic characteristics of cities, their investment in policing, and officially reported rates of crime. The data are for the nation's 32 largest cities, for the years 1946-1970. Analysis reveals that 1970 data support Louis Wirth's contention that crime rates are highest in large, dense, heterogeneous places; however, data from earlier years indicate that this overlap is a relatively recent phenomenon. I suggest that this reflects the process of suburbanization. Since World War II, white migration out of certain central cities has encouraged social changes which have led to the current stratification of communities. This process re sembles that which led to the formation of stratified neighborhoods within cities during an earlier era; the current covariation between demography and crime thus resembles that found at the subcommunity level 25 years ago.
Race-Base Accounting
Authors: Murphy Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

Black political strength grew in Richmond in the 1960s. By 1969 Richmond's population was 52% black. In the Holt case the Supreme Court concluded that the annexation of 23 square miles of Chesterfield County by the city of Richmond in 1970 was entered into primarily for the purpose of maintaining white control. Richmond's annexation violated the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Black citizens groups sought a deannexation order. The outcome turned on whether there were administrative and economic benefits to the city of Richmond. The city argued that the higher socioeconomic levels of the suburbanites in the annexed area would produce a surplus of revenues over expenditures. Differences in cost between the city and the annexed area in terms of functional area, base year ana lyzed, and service levels complicated the decision. The district court concluded there was a net administrative and economic benefit to the city. Much work is needed to develop useful management and service delivery records and to formulate a methodology to measure the impact on annexation.
Measuring the Generation and Collection of Household Solid Waste in Cities
Authors: Petrovic William M. , Jaffee Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates several aspects and policy implications of the generation and collection of residential solid waste in a sample of midwestern cities. Most of the data were obtained from carefully developed questionnaires and a large number of personal interviews. In particular, the investigation examines the impacts on the generation and collection of refuse resulting from the imposition of user charges, improvements in the quality of service, and changes in the type of collector. The importance of income, popula tion, and economics of scale are also examined. The results indicate that user charges are likely to have a significant effect on the amount of refuse placed out for collection. Service frequency does not have such an impact, although it does have a substantial effect on collection costs. No economies of scale are observed for the range of community sizes in the sample. Private operations are found, on average, to be more efficient than municipal systems.
The Perverse Effects of Sba Loans To Minority Wholesalers
Authors: Bates Timothy , Osborne Alfred E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates relationships between government programs to finance minority enterprise and the recent progress of Blacks in wholesaling. By emphasizing assistance to less viable Black entrepreneurs, government programs are simultaneously decreasing loan availability for viable, expanding firms in our innercity communities and increasing the overall incidence of default on loans to Black borrowers.
Testing Competing Explanations for the Adoption of Type II Policies
Authors: Elkins David R.
Published: March 2007

The author examines the ability of city leaders to exert influence over the structure of development within their city's borders, particularly heeding the notion that cities are captive to mobile capital. He examines the adoption of Type II developmental strategies: policies that allocate the costs of development more equitably between cities and mobile capital. Using a national survey of directors of chambers of commerce, the author tests a number of hypotheses relating to the adoption of Type II developmental strategies. The analysis both supports conventional wisdom and provides new insight into the more politicized nature of Type II developmental strategies.
Street Blocks with more Nonresidential Land Use have more Physical Deterioration
Authors: Taylor Ralph B. , Koons Barbara A. , Kurtz Ellen M. , Greene Jack R. , Perkins Douglas D.
Published: March 2007

Divergent theories offer two possible connections between nonresidential land use and physical deterioration among urban residential street blocks. Jane Jacobs's model of street blocks indicates that blocks with more nonresidential land use will be better kept; studies of territorial functioning indicate that nonresidential land uses interfere with resident-based informal social control. Here, a comparison of Baltimore and Philadelphia indicates a significant positive correlation between latent constructs for physical deterioration and nonresidential land use. Residential blocks with more nonresidential land uses may have more incivilities because the uses draw more people to the block and/or because the uses interfere with resident-based territorial functioning.
Race, Ethnicity, and Class in American Suburbs
Authors: Phelan Thomas J. , Schneider Mark
Published: March 2007

The postwar trend in migration from central cities to the suburbs continues. In recent decades, this wave of migration has included increasing numbers of Asians, Hispanics, and blacks. The authors focus on the spatial overlap of race, ethnicity, and class in a large sample of suburban communities. Specifically, they examine differences in the characteristics of suburbs to which blacks, Hispanics, and Asians have gained residential access. By introducing controls for levels of community affluence, they address the controversial argument that levels of racially defined inequality diminish as the social class of members of minority groups increases.
Inner-City Policy in Britain
Authors: Mossberger Karen , Stoker Gerry
Published: March 2007

The authors seek to explain why the inner city has remained on the agenda of British governments since the 1960s. Several factors suggest that government attention to the issue should wane over time: the absence of a strong constituency, limited salience to the state's core interests, and the relative failure of past policy. In fact, top government ministers and senior officials have played an active role in maintaining the issue on the agenda. To explain the continued visibility of this issue, one must consider the moral dimension of policy making along with theories of agenda setting.
Urban Politics, Governing Nonprofits, and Community Revitalization
Authors: Hula Richard C. , Jackson Cynthia Y. , Orr Marion
Published: March 2007

Drawing on work by Schattschneider (1960) and Baumgartner and Jones (1993) and examining governing nonprofits in three U.S. cities, the authors assert that governing nonprofits can provide a platform for restructuring political agendas. They take on roles and responsibilities traditionally reserved for the government, and they forge coalitions among and across groups, organizations, and sectors to address societal problems. These organizations require broad community support, embrace flexible policy agendas, and operate in the public domain. The success of governing nonprofits also lies in their ability to foster positive linkages with the local leadership without becoming completely identified with local authorities.
Private and Collective Protection in Urban Areas
Authors: Kilburn John C. , Shrum Wesley
Published: March 2007

The authors examine security as a multidimensional issue with private and collective aspects. Decisions to provide security occur within the household, the community, and the municipality. Considering the determinants of private avoidance and protective security measures as well as collective neighborhood and municipal measures, the authors examine the potential for trade-offs among forms of security by asking whether these forms are complementary or substitutional. Results show that those who take more protective measures in and around their home are more likely to oppose taxes for municipal criminal justice improvements. However, support for neighborhood security organization does not discourage support for these municipal measures.
Who Pays for Growth in the City of Phoenix?
Authors: Guhathakurta Subhrajit , Wichert Michele L.
Published: March 2007

The authors test the hypothesis that there is significant spatial mismatch between property taxation and capital investment in inner, middle, and suburban parts of the city of Phoenix. They empirically test a hedonic model of assessed valuation of homes and find that a typical suburban house within Phoenix city limits bears a lower tax burden than the same house in the inner city. Their study also demonstrates that suburban areas receive 40% to 100% more per household in specific capital improvement monies than the average household in the city. The results suggest a cross-subsidization of suburban growth by inner-city dollars.
Outcomes of Group Cognitive Behavioral Training in the Treatment of Panic Disorder And Agoraphobia
Authors: Schweitzer Pamela B. , Nesse Randolph M. , Fantone Rosalind F. , Curtis George C.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Several investigators have demonstrated the efficacy of group cognitive behavioral treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia. However, no information on nurse-facilitated, short-term, outpatient cognitive behavioral treatment training programs was found in the literature.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined differences in the severity of symptoms before and after participation in a 6-week training program for clients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. This article describes the cognitive behavioral techniques used in the Comprehensive Anxiety Management Program.

DESIGN: Forty consecutive treatment-seeking subjects completed the Symptom Check List-90-Revised and the Weekly Ratings Scale before and afler participation in the training program. Dependent variables included intensity of panic symptoms, phobic avoidance, generalized anxiety, and depression.

RESULTS : Significant differences between baseline and endpoint means scores of the group participants were found. No significant differences in progress were noted between subjects who were taking medication and those who were not, nor did a concurrent diagnosis of depression or another anxiety disorder contribute to differ ent outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that brief, nurse-facilitated group training in cog nitive behavioral treatment can significantly reduce symptoms of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Further research is needed to determine which components of the train ing program were primarily responsible for the observed outcomes. (J AM PSYCHIATR NURSES Assoc [1995], 1, 83-91)
Old Wine in New Bottles?
Authors: Carlson Tom , Djupsund Göran
Published: March 2007

This article expands the research on the Internet as a tool in election campaigning beyond the U.S. context. With regard to Web campaigning, the Nordic countries, including Finland, stand out as being of special interest, since they have a world lead in Internet users per capita. Empirically, the candidates' Web sites in the 1999 Finnish parliamentary election campaign are analyzed. First, the characteristics of the Web candidates ( n = 1,046) are scrutinized. More often than not, the Web candidates are incumbents, female, and rather young. Second, a random sample of sites is analyzed. The sites generally resemble traditional campaign material and rarely include real interactive features. Thus, as has also been observed in studies of U.S. Web campaigns, the candidates rely on the downward dissemination of conventional and positive campaign messages.
Ideological Differences between Australian Journalists and Their Public
Authors: Henningham John
Published: March 2007

Considerable international evidence points to a general liberal positioning and preference for nonconservative political parties on the part of journalists, but less is known about the detail of journalists' ideological values. This article applies attitudinal tests designed to measure conservatism versus liberalism to random samples of journalists and citizens in Australia. It is found that in most dimensions of liberalism-conservatism, including attitudes toward welfare, industrial relations, crime and punishment, ethnic diversity, religion, and sexual and social issues, journalists are significantly more liberal than the general public.
Interior Cracking of a Circular Inclusion with Imperfect Interface under Thermal Loading
Authors: Amenyah W. , Schiavone P. , Ru C. Q. , Mioduchowski A.
Published: March 2007

A semi-analytic solution is developed to determine the effect of an imperfect interface on the stress field inside a circular elastic inclusion containing a preexisting interior radial crack, subjected to thermal loading. The inclusion is surrounded by an infinite matrix of different elastic material with the inclusion- matrix interface assumed to be homogeneously imperfect. This is characterized by continuity of tractions and discontinuity of displacements across the interface. Using complex variable methods, we derive series representations of the corresponding stress functions both inside the circular inclusion and in the surrounding matrix. The governing boundary value problem is then formulated in such a way that these stress functions simultaneously satisfy the traction-free condition along the crack face, the imperfect interface conditions, and the prescribed asymptotic conditions. The thermal load is modeled by a prescribed volume eigenstrain which characterizes the stress-free thermal strain of the inclusion. The method is illustrated for a number of crack-inclusion geometries and shear moduli ratios (of inclusion to matrix). We present explicit values of the stress intensity factor at the crack tips. These results can be used to ascertain the direction of initial crack propagation in, for example, fiber-reinforced composites or in components subjected to thermal loading in microelectronic packaging. To demonstrate the accuracy of the results obtained in this paper, we draw comparisons with corresponding cases documented in the literature where analytical results are available.
Nonlinear Equations of Thermoviscoelectroelasticity
Authors: Yang J. S.
Published: March 2007

Nonlinear equations of thermoviscoelectroelasticity are derived with the electric field vector as the independent electric variable. The equations are linearized for small deformations and weak electric fields.
Existence and Uniqueness of a Solution to an Adaptive Elasticity Model
Authors: Monnier J. , Trabucho L.
Published: March 2007

In this work, the authors study the existence and uniqueness of solutions to an adaptive elasticity model applied to bone remodeling. Specifically, the authors consider the model derived by Cowin and Hegedus directly from continuum mechanics theory. They use a fixed point argument to prove the existence of solutions and a straightforward adaptation of the Cowin and Nachlinger analysis to prove uniqueness.
An Analysis of the Home Health Marketplace: How Telehealth Technology May Assist Home Health Agencies with Changes in Home Care Delivery under the Prospective Payment System
Authors: Komet Harvey
Published: March 2007

Sweeping changes in Medicare policy may have removed the last significant obstacle to the widespread implementation of telehealth. On October 1, 2000, the Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) implemented the Prospective Payment System (PPS), a reimbursement system based on the average cost of Medicare patient care for 60 days. The HCFA has since clarified that home care organizations may utilize telehealth technology in addition to home visits. This change in reimbursement policy is a necessary development, designed to provide reasonable controls on government spending while opening new opportunities to utilize more cost-efficient processes and technologies.
Development and implementation of an agency management and evaluation of care program
Authors: Breakwell Susan , McCarron Janet
Published: March 2007

Community and home health nurses have recognized case management as a core component of home care since the inception of home health agencies. As the interpretation of the reimbursement for coordination activities has broadened, agencies have been able to derive some payment for these services. This article describes the development of a nursing case management program that focuses on the nursing practice model. It discusses goals and criteria developed and the risk factors identified, along with the management and evaluation activities that are key to this case manage ment model.
Establishing a home health intravenous therapy program
Authors: Myers Sally , Texidor Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

This article provides information regarding development of an intravenous (IV) therapy pro gram within the home health care agency setting. Major and necessary steps for program devel opment and the provision of quality service are discussed by the authors, who are directly asso ciated with the actual development of such a program. Key words: home health care, intravenous therapy, patient satisfaction, program development, quality of care
Home Health Care and Nursing Education: Creating Community Practice Models of the Future
Authors: Perzynski Kathy , Zechman Rebecca , Didion Judy , Abbey Carol , Malone Kate
Published: March 2007

The restructuring of the health care system will result in expansion of health promotion and disease prevention services in the community. Nurses in education and home health care can work together to develop practice models of the future by using the resources of both institutions to improve the community's health. The Neighborhood Wellness Center, a nurse managed center, is described and the benefits to home care, nursing education, and the community are discussed.
Community Nursing in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Land Sandra
Published: March 2007

As countries in the Western Hemisphere make progress in the implementation of health sector reform but fall short of reaching the goal set in the late 1970s of Health For All by the Year 2000, community nursing is being viewed as an important alternative for the cost-effective delivery of basic public health and clinical services to individuals, families, and the community. Through innovative approaches and replication of successful demonstration projects, community nursing can improve access to care, particularly for a country's most vulnerable and hard-to-reach groups. Examples from Belize, Chile, Venezuela, Mexico, and Honduras illustrate how community nursing, in its many forms, continues to be relevant today and why it is likely to expand as we enter the twenty-first century.
Project Management: A Powerful Approach for Home Health Care Management
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: March 2007

This article stresses the potential application of a formal project management approach to home health care management. Following a brief description of project management, implementation factors are discussed to facilitate the successful implementation of this approach and to reap the expected benefits. A sample of project management techniques and tools are described, especially for the planning and controlling of projects typically used in the home health care field. Managers can readily see that adopting project management can be done with minimal organizational disruption and training. Clearly, the costs of adopting project management are relatively small compared with the potential benefits in terms of improved efficiency and productivity, work quality, reduced work stress, and reduced conflict at the interpersonal and organizational levels.