bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oleanolic acid enhances insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells
Authors: Teodoro Tracy , Zhang Liling , Alexander Todd , Yue Jessica , Vranic Mladen , Volchuk Allen
Published: March 2008

We investigated the effect of oleanolic acid, a plant‐derived triterpenoid, on insulin secretion and content in pancreatic β‐cells and rat islets. Oleanolic acid significantly enhanced insulin secretion at basal and stimulatory glucose concentrations in INS‐1 832/13 cells and enhanced acute glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in isolated rat islets. In the cell line the effects of oleanolic acid on insulin secretion were comparable to that of the sulfonylurea tolbutamide at basal glucose levels and with the incretin mimetic Exendin‐4 under glucose‐stimulated conditions, yet neither Ca2+ nor cAMP rose in response to oleanolic acid. Chronic treatment with oleanolic acid increased total cellular insulin protein and mRNA levels. These effects may contribute to the anti‐diabetic properties of this natural product.
Nonsurgical therapies for lymphangiomas: A systematic review
Authors: Acevedo Jason L. , Shah Rahul K. , Brietzke Scott E.
Published: March 2008

Objective

Systematically review the published literature regarding the efficacy of nonsurgical therapies in the treatment of head and neck (H&N) lymphatic malformations (LM) in children.

Data Source

MEDLINE.

Review Methods

MEDLINE was searched for literature relating to nonsurgical treatments for H&N LM.

Results

The initial search returned 1876 articles, with 22 meeting criteria. The majority (20) were case series. All therapies were percutaneous, with OK‐432 or bleomycin sclerotherapy being most common. Random‐effects modeling revealed 43% (CI = 28.9%‐57%) of patients undergoing OK‐432 for LM achieved a complete/excellent response, 23.5% (CI = 5.8%‐41.3%) achieved a good response, 16.9% (CI = 10.3%‐23.4%) achieved a fair/poor response, and 15.4% (CI = 8.6%‐22.2%) observed no response. In the bleomycin group, the results were: 35.2% (CI = 15.7%‐54.6%) excellent, 37.1% (CI = 22%‐52.3%) good, 18.4% (CI = 2.7%‐34.2%) fair/poor, and 11.6% (CI = 3.5%‐19.6%) no response. Seven major complications were noted out of the 289 patients in the series, including two mortalities.

Conclusions

The literature indicates that sclerotherapy for H&N LM achieves excellent/good clinical response in a majority of patients, with few complications, and anecdotally does not complicate future surgery.
Analysis of results in early versus late midface fracture repair
Authors: Janus Seth C. , MacLeod Stephen P.R. , Odland Rick
Published: March 2008

Objective

To evaluate the complication rate in relation to the timing of surgical repair of midface fractures.

Study Design and Subjects

Retrospective chart review at a level 1 trauma center.

Results

Thirty‐four patients were evaluated. Overall complication rate was 23.5% with no significant difference between the early repair (21.1%) and late repair (26.7%) groups. The scope of facial fracture repair was similar between the two groups as measured by the number of screws used and through an injury quantifying system. The only variable that tended toward significance was intraoperative blood loss, which was greater in the early repair group (P = 0.06).

Conclusions

There is no clear consensus with respect to timing of midface trauma repair. Early repair may result in greater blood loss. Further study is needed to help establish a more precise recommendation for the timing of midface trauma repair.
Manually provided temporary maxillomandibular fixation in the treatment of selected mandibular fractures
Authors: Vural Emre , Ragland James , Key J. Michael
Published: March 2008

Objective

To report the occlusal outcomes of manually provided temporary intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMMF) for the open repair of selected mandibular fractures.

Study Design/Subjects and Methods

A retrospective chart review of the patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular fractures with MMMF was performed.

Results

Twenty‐six patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation with MMMF. Postoperative data were available for only 16 patients who kept their follow‐up appointments. With the exception of one patient who experienced minimal cross‐bite in the right molar region, all of the patients had their original normocclusion.

Conclusion

Preliminary results of MMMF suggest that satisfactory postoperative occlusal outcomes may be obtained without the use of wire‐based maxillomandibular fixation methods in selected mandibular fractures.
The value of narrow band imaging endoscope for early head and neck cancers
Authors: Watanabe Akihito , Taniguchi Masanobu , Tsujie Hitoshi , Hosokawa Masao , Fujita Masahiro , Sasaki Shigeyuki
Published: March 2008

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic value of rhinolaryngoscopy using a narrow band imaging (NBI) system in detecting squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in patients with esophageal cancer (EC). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study.

Subjects and Methods

Between January 2006 and December 2006, 667 consecutive EC patients underwent rhinolaryngoscopy screening with both a white light and an NBI system. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive/negative predictive values for detecting SCCHNs were calculated and compared.

Results

Forty‐five patients (6.7%) of 667 patients had SCCHNs. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for detecting SCCHNs by white light were 51.1 percent, 99.7 percent, 96.4 percent, 92 percent, and 96.6 percent. In contrast, those by NBI were 97.7 percentj.otohns.2007.12.034, 98.9 percent, 98.8 percent*, 86.3 percent, and 99.8 percentj.otohns.2007.12.034 (* P > 0.01, j.otohns.2007.12.034 P > 0.001 vs white light).

Conclusion

An NBI endoscope significantly improves diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and negative predictive value in detecting SCCHN in EC patients. This endoscope would be highly beneficial in detecting superficial SCCHNs in high‐risk patients.
Esthesioneuroblastoma: 25‐year experience at a single institution
Authors: Zafereo Mark E. , Fakhri Samer , Prayson Richard , Batra Pete S. , Lee Joung , Lanza Donald C. , Citardi Martin J.
Published: March 2008

Objectives

To evaluate outcomes for patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated at a single institution during a 25‐year period.

Design

Eighteen patients with pathologic diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma between 1980 and 2004 were retrospectively identified.

Results

Two patients had Kadish A, seven had Kadish B, and nine had Kadish C disease. The mean follow‐up was 71 months. Treatment regimens consisted of surgery alone (four patients), surgery followed by postoperative radiation (six patients), surgery followed by postoperative chemoradiotherapy (three patients), preoperative radiotherapy (two patients), preoperative chemoradiotherapy (one patient), chemoradiotherapy (one patient), and surgery plus chemotherapy (one patient). Surgical approaches (n = 17) consisted of 13 traditional craniofacial resections, one endoscopic‐assisted cranionasal resection, and three minimally invasive endoscopic resections. The 10‐year disease‐specific survival was 80%. The overall recurrence‐free survival at five and 10 years was 62% and 46%, respectively. Positive surgical margins and TNM staging predicted survival.

Conclusion

Both endoscopic and open surgical approaches have been successful in treating a small number of esthesioneuroblastoma patients with high survival and low rate of surgical complications.
A Reply to Josef Becker's Response
Authors: Wetzel David
Published: March 2008

The issues raised in Professor Becker's paper bear directly on the claims that the Franco-Prussian War can make for its place as the most critical war of the mid-nineteenth century. These points must be debated, if not resolved, if this subject is to continue to exercise its hold on international historians—as well as, one may add, on non-historians, interested in the past, concerned to know whether the past can help the present, and bewildered by disputes among the experts. Yet there is only so much an expert—or someone vain enough to fancy himself as such—can do. Simply put, to treat this whole subject in a graceful and coherent form within the limits of a single article in a journal of this nature would surpass the capacity of this writer. He can only attempt, as a starter, to sketch out what he takes to be the main thrust and balance of Franco-Prussian relations in the weeks preceding the outbreak of the war of 1870, and to give at least a partial elucidation of the problem by commenting on several aspects of it, without attempting to bring all of these individual comments into one, comprehensive statement.
Motion of a capsule in a cylindrical tube: effect of membrane pre-stress
Authors: LEFEBVRE YANNICK , BARTHÈS-BIESEL DOMINIQUE
Published: March 2008

We present a numerical model of the axisymmetric flow of an initially spherical capsule in a co-axial cylindrical tube. The capsule consists of a liquid droplet enclosed by a thin hyper-elastic membrane that is assumed to obey different membrane constitutive equations such as Mooney–Rivlin, Skalak et al. (1973) or Evans & Skalak (1980) laws. It is further assumed that the capsule may be subjected to some isotropic pre-stress due to initial swelling. We compute the steady flow of the capsule inside the tube as a function of the size ratio between the capsule and tube radii, the amount of pre-swelling and the membrane constitutive law. We thus determine the deformed profile geometry and specifically the onset of the curvature inversion at the back of the particle. We show that for a given size ratio, the critical flow rate at which the back curvature changes is strongly dependent on pre-inflation. The elastic tension level in the membrane as well as the additional pressure drop created by the presence of the particle are also computed. The numerical results are then compared to experimental observations of capsules with alginate membranes as they flow in small tubes (Risso. et al. 2006). It is found that the experimental capsules were probably pre-inflated by about 3% and that their membrane is best modelled by the Skalak et al. law.
Particle–fluid interactions in grid-generated turbulence
Authors: POELMA C. , WESTERWEEL J. , OOMS G.
Published: March 2008

The effect of small particles on decaying grid-generated turbulence is studied experimentally. Using a two-camera system, instantaneous fluid-phase and particle-phase measurements can be obtained simultaneously. The data obtained with this system are used to study the decay behaviour of the turbulent flow. The role of particle size, particle density and volume load is studied in a number of different cases. These cases are chosen so that the individual role of these parameters can systematically be evaluated. Addition of particles to the flow has significant effects on the decaying turbulence: first, the onset of the turbulent decay appears to shift upstream; second, the flow becomes anisotropic as it develops downstream. The latter is observed as an increase in integral length scale in the vertical direction. The rate at which the flow becomes anisotropic can be predicted using a new parameter: the product of the non-dimensional number density and the Stokes number (referred to as the ‘Stokes load’). This parameter, combining the relevant fluid and particle characteristics, is a measure for the energy redistribution leading to anisotropy. In addition to redistributing energy, the particles also produce turbulence. However, this only becomes evident when the grid-generated turbulence has decayed sufficiently, relatively far downstream of the grid. The turbulence production by particles can also account for the observed decrease in slope of the power spectrum, which leads to a ‘cross-over’ effect. The production of turbulence by the particles can be predicted using a model for the momentum deficit of the particle wakes. The validity of this approach is confirmed using conditional sampling of the fluid velocity field around the particles.
On the Lagrangian description of steady surface gravity waves
Authors: CLAMOND DIDIER
Published: March 2008

This paper concerns the mathematical formulation of two-dimensional steady surface gravity waves in a Lagrangian description of motion. It is demonstrated first that classical second-order Lagrangian Stokes-like approximations do not exactly represent a steady wave motion in the presence of net mass transport (Stokes drift). A general mathematically correct formulation is then derived. This derivation leads naturally to a Lagrangian Stokes-like perturbation scheme that is uniformly valid for all time – in other words, without secular terms. This scheme is illustrated, both for irrotational waves, with seventh-order and third-order approximations in deep water and finite depth, respectively, and for rotational waves with a third-order approximation of the Gerstner-like wave on finite depth. It is also shown that the Lagrangian approximations are more accurate than their Eulerian counterparts of the same order.
Spatial and temporal variations in abundance and biomass of penaeid shrimps in the subtropical Conceição Lagoon, southern Brazil
Authors: Lüchmann Karim Hahn , Freire Andrea Santarosa , Ferreira Nicolle Corrêa , Daura-Jorge Fábio Gonçalves , Marques Maria Risoleta Freire
Published: March 2008

This one-year study investigated spatial and temporal variations in the abundance and biomass of the pink shrimp species, Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, in the Conceição Lagoon, southern Brazil (September 2003–August 2004). The influence of salinity, water temperature, and rainfall on shrimp distribution was evaluated. Shrimps were caught monthly at three areas within the Conceição Lagoon (Canto, CA; Centro, CE; and Costa, CO). A total of 744 shrimps were sampled, with F. brasiliensis being the dominant species. The two penaeid species were present throughout the year and significant differences were observed between seasons, with F. paulensis being more abundant during the summer and F. brasiliensis in the autumn, suggesting differential migration timing to the sea, differences in recruitment time and an ontogenetic temporal partitioning. Farfantepenaeus paulensis exhibited a homogeneous spatial distribution, whereas F. brasiliensis was more abundant in CE and CO, suggesting that habitats in this coastal lagoon are heterogeneous. Among the abiotic factors, temperature and salinity seemed to be important variables in defining seasonal and spatial patterns, respectively, of the abundance of F. brasiliensis.
Little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis (Bivalvia: Montacutidae) from the north-western Pacific with notes on Montacuta substriata and Tellimya ferruginosa
Authors: Kamenev Gennady M.
Published: March 2008

An expanded description of a little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis from the Sea of Okhotsk with new data on its morphology, ecology and geographical distribution is given. This is the first record of M. spitzbergensis from the north-western Pacific. It differs from other species of Montacuta in its large (to 8.4 mm), elongate–ovate, thick shell with wide, slightly curved hinge plate, wide, short, and shallow resilifer, and weakly developed external ligament. This species occurs in the Arctic Ocean (Spitsbergen, Barents, Kara, Laptev and Chukchi Seas) and the Pacific Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk) at depths from 9 to 232 m at a bottom temperature from −1.62°C to +2.50°C. The hinge structure of the type species of the genera Montacuta and Tellimya is also discussed.
Gametogenic cycle of Hexaplex (Trunculariopsis) trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) in the Ria Formosa lagoon (Algarve coast, southern Portugal)
Authors: Vasconcelos Paulo , Lopes Belisandra , Castro Margarida , Gaspar Miguel B.
Published: March 2008

The gametogenic cycle of the banded murex, Hexaplex (Trunculariopsis) trunculus, from the Ria Formosa lagoon (Algarve coast, southern Portugal) was studied through macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads during a 1-year study period (March 2003–February 2004). The overall samples presented a balanced sex ratio, with males dominating among smaller individuals and females predominating in larger size-classes. The gametogenic cycle of T. trunculus in the Ria Formosa lagoon comprised an extensive period of gonadal activity, with the simultaneous occurrence of distinct developmental stages of gametogenesis in both sexes almost year-round, and with males invariably presenting gonads in more developed stages of gametogenesis than females. Spawning occurred mainly from May to June 2003, apparently triggered by the rising seawater temperature during spring. Due to the extensive period of gonadal activity, T. trunculus exhibited a short resting phase that occurred simultaneously in both sexes between June and August 2003 and coincided with the period of warmest seawater temperatures. Considering these findings, a closed season in the fishing activity should be implemented during the main spawning period of T. trunculus (May and June), in order to protect the female broodstock and collective spawns.
Female description of the hydrothermal vent cephalopod Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis
Authors: González A.F. , Guerra A. , Pascual S. , Segonzac M.
Published: March 2008

During biological sampling of hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise, the manned submersible ‘Nautile’ caught the first female of the endemic cephalopod Vulcanoctopus hydrothermalis. The specimen caught at the vent site Gromit (21°33 66′S, 114°17 98′W at 2832 m depth) is described here in detail and an amended diagnosis of the species proposed. The external morphology, measurements and internal structure resemble that of males of this species. One of the most remarkable characters is the lack of spermathecae and the absence of apical filaments in the oocytes to provide a site for sperm storage. It is suggested that some species of the genera Benthoctopus and Bathypolypus would be the most suitable octopod ancestor of V. hydrothermalis.
Rigidity properties of Anosov optical hypersurfaces
Authors: DAIRBEKOV NURLAN S. , PATERNAIN GABRIEL P.
Published: March 2008

We consider an optical hypersurface Σ in the cotangent bundle τ:T*M→M of a closed manifold M endowed with a twisted symplectic structure. We show that if the characteristic foliation of Σ is Anosov, then a smooth 1-form θ on M is exact if and only if τ*θ has zero integral over every closed characteristic of Σ. This result is derived from a related theorem about magnetic flows which generalizes our previous work [N. S. Dairbekov and G. P. Paternain. Longitudinal KAM cocycles and action spectra of magnetic flows. Math. Res. Lett.12 (2005), 719–729]. Other rigidity issues are also discussed.
Generalized penetration depth for penalty-based six-degree-of-freedom haptic rendering
Authors: Kolesnikov Maxim , Žefran Miloš
Published: March 2008

Existing penalty-based haptic rendering approaches are based on the penetration depth estimation in strictly translational sense and cannot properly take object rotation into account. We propose a new six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) haptic rendering algorithm which is based on determining the closest-point projection of the inadmissible configuration onto the set of admissible configurations. Energy is used to define a metric on the configuration space. Once the projection is found the 6-DOF wrench can be computed from the generalized penetration depth. The space is locally represented with exponential coordinates to make the algorithm more efficient. Examples compare the proposed algorithm with the existing approaches and show its advantages.
COUPON COLLECTING
Authors: Brown Mark , Peköz Erol A. , Ross Sheldon M.
Published: March 2008

We consider the classical coupon collector's problem in which each new coupon collected is type i with probability pi; ∑i=1npi=1. We derive some formulas concerning N, the number of coupons needed to have a complete set of at least one of each type, that are computationally useful when n is not too large. We also present efficient simulation procedures for determining P(N > k), as well as analytic bounds for this probability.
SESAR and NextGen: Investing In New Paradigms
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: March 2008

SESAR is Europe's ‘Single European Sky Air traffic Research system’. NextGen is the USA's ‘Next Generation Air Transport System’. SESAR and NextGen are developments targeted at post 2020. The common vision is to integrate and implement new technologies to improve air traffic management (ATM) performance – a ‘new paradigm’. SESAR and NextGen combine increased automation with new procedures to achieve safety, economic, capacity, environmental, and security benefits. The systems do not have to be identical, but must have aligned requirements for equipment standards and technical interoperability.

A key component is a ‘cooperative surveillance’ model, where aircraft are constantly transmitting their position (from navigational satellites), flight path intent, and other useful aircraft parameters – known as ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast). The focus for planning and executing system operations will increasingly be aircraft 4D trajectories: a 4D trajectory is the aircraft path, three space dimensions plus time, from gate-to-gate, i.e. including the path along the ground at the airport.

In analysing potential major ATM system changes, a simple division into five Key Test areas might be: Safety Credibility, Operational Concept, Technological Feasibility, Benefits and Costs, and Transition Path. The main attention here is on Benefits and Costs of SESAR. The strategic challenge will be to convince customers and stakeholders of the benefits of paradigm shift expenditure, given the associated impacts on future user charges, aircraft equipment investments and public expenditure. The analysis here shows that the existing cost benefit analysis results for SESAR are not particularly robust, possibly over-estimating Net Present Values by some tens of € billions.
The Potential Impact of GNSS/INS Integration on Maritime Navigation
Authors: Moore Terry , Hill Chris , Norris Andy , Hide Chris , Park David , Ward Nick
Published: March 2008

A version of this paper was presented at ENC-GNSS 2007, Geneva. Its reproduction was kindly authorised by the ENC-GNSS 07 Paper Selection Committee.

The General Lighthouse Authorities of the UK & Ireland commissioned an assessment of the impact that the integration of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) with Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) would have on the aids to navigation (AtoN) services currently provided, and those to be provided in the future. There is concern about the vulnerability of GNSS, and the provision of complementary and backup systems is seen to be of great importance. The integration of INS could provide an independent and self-contained navigation system, for a limited time period, invulnerable to external intentional or unintentional interference, or the influences of changes in national policies. The study included an analysis of the potential use of GNSS-INS in three of the four phases of a vessel's voyage: coastal, port approach and docking. The project consisted of a technology assessment, looking at the different inertial technologies that might be suitable for each phase. This was followed by a technology proving stage, evaluating suitable equipment using simulation and field trials to prove that the claimed performance could be achieved in practice. The final stage of the project was to assess the effects of the availability of such systems on existing and planned aids to navigation services.
Comparative antiviral and proviral factors in semen and vaccines for preventing viral dissemination from the male reproductive tract and semen
Authors: Christopher-Hennings Jane , Nelson Eric A. , Althouse Gary C. , Lunney Joan
Published: March 2008

Many animal and human viruses are disseminated via semen, but there is little information on how to measure and stimulate protective antiviral immunity in the male reproductive tract and semen. This information is important since successful vaccination through the stimulation of protective immune responses could be a mechanism to prevent viral contamination of semen and subsequent wide spread viral dissemination. Even control of the infection by shortening the duration of viral shedding and lowering the viral load in semen would lessen the chances of viral dissemination through this route. This review will highlight the current knowledge of immunity in the male reproductive tract and summarize ‘antiviral’ as well as ‘proviral’ factors in semen such as cytokines, cells, antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, hormones and growth factors. These factors must provide a fine balance between ‘immunosuppression’ in semen needed to protect sperm viability and ‘immunocompetency’ to prevent pathogen contamination. The review will also suggest continuing challenges to researchers for preventing viral dissemination via semen and propose a large animal model for continued research in this important area.
Notfallszenario: Cauda-equina-Syndrom - Beurteilung und Management
Authors: Gautschi O. P. , Cadosch D. , Hildebrandt G.
Published: March 2008

Akute Rückenschmerzen gehören zu einem der häufigsten Gründe für einen Hausarzt- oder Notarztbesuch. Bis zu 90% der Erwachsenen leiden im Laufe ihres Lebens an mindestens einer Rückenschmerzepisode.Obwohl es sich bei den meisten Patienten um ein unkompliziertes, gutartiges Krankheitsbild handelt und es bei 80–90% der Betroffenen innerhalb von 4 bis 6 Wochen zu einer Beschwerdebesserung kommt, liegen bei einem kleinen Anteil schwerwiegende Krankheitsbilder zugrunde. Zu diesen gehören unter anderem eine Aortendissektion, ein rupturiertes Aortenaneurysma, eine vertebrale Osteomyelitis, ein spinaler epiduraler Abszess und das Caudaequina- Syndrom (CES). Letzteres beinhaltet die akute Komprimierung der Nervenwurzeln der Cauda equina. Die Patienten präsentieren sich häufig posttraumatisch mit Rückenschmerzen und der klinischen Trias: Reithosenanästhesie, Blasen- oder Mastdarmfunktionsstörungen und muskuläre Schwäche der unteren Extremitäten. Eine verzögerte Diagnose und Behandlung kann zu einer signifikant erhöhten Morbidität führen. Deshalb sind eine frühzeitige Diagnose und die Einleitung der notwendigen therapeutischen Schritte essentiell. Ausführliche Patientenanamnese und körperliche Untersuchung führen zur Verdachtsdiagnose. Im Folgenden werden klinische Präsentation, Diagnostik und massgebende Therapie des CES praxisnah besprochen.
Vaskulitis als Ursache von Kopfschmerzen
Authors: Ataia I. , Casaulta C. , von Vigier R.O. , Pfammatter J.P. , Brekenfeld C. , Sauvain M.J. , Steinlin M.
Published: March 2008

Auf unserer Notfallstation präsentierte sich ein 13 Jahre altes Mädchen mit einer zunehmenden Chorea, welche im Rahmen eines Status febrilis zusammen mit einem Exanthem aufgetreten war. Eine ausführlichere Anamnese ergab, dass es seit zwei Jahren an rezidivierenden Kopfschmerzen litt und im letzten Halbjahr Müdigkeit, Wesensveränderung und auch Arthralgien dazugekommen waren. Als Ursache all dieser Symptome wurde ein systemischer Lupus erythematodes diagnostiziert. Innerhalb der ersten 48 Stunden der Hospitalisation kam es zu einer akuten Verschlechterung mit schwerem zerebralem Befall durch den Lupus, was eine hochintensive immunmodulatorische Therapie erforderte. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird der Krankheitsverlauf und die Therapie beschrieben und die Diagnostik von atypischen Kopfschmerzen im Kindesalter wie z.B. in unserem Fall aufgrund einer Vaskulitis diskutiert.
Past forearc deformation in Nicaragua and coupling at the megathrust interface: Evidence for subduction retreat?
Authors: Cailleau B. , Oncken O.
Published: March 2008

Deformation at the boundary between the Cocos and Caribbean plates in Nicaragua is currently focused in the volcanic arc in the form of arc‐parallel shearing. In the middle Miocene, however, there was widespread subsidence with local uplift in the outer‐forearc and inner‐forearc broad uplift. To understand this complex deformation, we use numerical modeling to investigate the effect of inhomogeneous friction at the megathrust fault on strain localization in the upper plate. A good fit is obtained when (1) the interface between the slab and upper plate is not situated at the current Wadati‐Benioff zone but rather is moved 50 km landward to where subduction may have been active in the early Tertiary and (2) there is high stress accumulation between 15 and 25 km depths and low stress accumulation updip and downdip of the thrust interface. The results are consistent with a high‐velocity block being the remnant of an oceanic plateau that subducted in the Eocene and was later incorporated into the upper plate. We suggest that this geometry persisted into the middle Miocene, before the slab broke off and the thrust interface jumped seaward.
Electrowetting on mineral and rock surfaces
Authors: Francisca F. M. , Fratta D. , Wang H. F.
Published: March 2008

Electrowetting was investigated as a method to influence fluid movement on mineral or rock surfaces. The experimental setup was to place a small drop of water containing an electrolyte on a solid surface directly or on the same solid surface coated with a hydrophobic film. The contact angle decreased with an applied electric field until it reached a saturation value associated with a critical voltage. The electrowetting experiments were conducted again after surfactant was added to the water drop. In all cases the contact angle decreased with increasing voltage and surfactant concentration. Electrowetting enhanced the wetting effect over that of the surfactant alone both by lowering the contact angle and by promoting rupture of the hydrophobic film. Four zones of behavior were identified based on the surfactant concentration and the voltage level. The results open the possibility that electrowetting can be used to enhance mobilization of one fluid relative to another in hydrocarbon recovery or contaminant remediation, as interfacial tensions control multiphase fluid flow.
Slow earthquake in Afghanistan detected by InSAR
Authors: Furuya M. , Satyabala S. P.
Published: March 2008

The Chaman fault system forms a prominent ∼900‐km‐long left‐lateral transform plate boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Here we show satellite radar interferometry data that revealed an afterslip (or slow earthquake) signal following an earthquake of magnitude 5.0. This slow slip episode lasted for more than a year, and accompanied a widespread creep signal that occurred at least ∼50 km along the fault. We detected no surface slip before the earthquake during the 1.5 years sampled by our data. This finding of long‐lasting widespread afterslip demonstrates that the plate motion along the Chaman Fault is accommodated by slow slip episodes following moderate earthquakes, and suggests that a potential for magnitude 7‐class earthquakes was significantly reduced. The duration and moment release of the detected afterslip do not fit the recently proposed scaling law for slow earthquakes.
Generation of the jovian radio decametric arcs from the Io Flux Tube
Authors: Hess S. , Mottez F. , Zarka P. , Chust T.
Published: March 2008

Jupiter's radio emissions are dominated in intensity by decametric radio emissions due to the Io‐Jupiter interaction. Previous analyses suggest that these emissions are cyclotron‐maser emissions in the flux tubes connecting Io or Io's wake to Jupiter. The electrons that trigger the emission are thought to be accelerated toward Jupiter. We present simulations of this hot electron population under the assumption of impulsive acceleration, consistent with the accelerated electron populations seen in the Io's wake by Galileo during its flyby in 1995. After the impulsive acceleration phase, the electrons are supposed to have an adiabatic motion along the magnetic field lines. Near Jupiter, a loss cone and a shell appear in the magnetically mirrored electron population. Such features are able to amplify extraordinary (X) mode radio waves. We compute the X‐mode growth rate, which allows us to build theoretical dynamic spectra of the resulting Jovian radio emissions. The study of the growth rates obtained by simulation and their comparison with ground‐based radio observations provide strong constraints on the acceleration process and energy sources at the origin of the Io‐controlled decameter emissions.
Heterogeneous crust and upper mantle across the SE Brazilian Highlands and the relationship to surface deformation as inferred from magnetotelluric imaging
Authors: Figueiredo I. , Meju M. A. , Fontes S. L.
Published: March 2008

We provide evidence for lateral structural zoning of the crust and uppermost mantle across the southeast Brazilian Highlands from two‐dimensional magnetotelluric (MT) imaging of a 250 km long NW‐SE profile extending from the Archaean São Francisco craton to near the Atlantic coast. Our model shows the presence of an electrically resistive cover layer of variable thickness (2–20 km) and an underlying 5–15 km thick conductive marker horizon, atop a resistive segmented layer extending to 60–70 km depth. Two structurally different lithospheric provinces are suggested based on conductor geometry and lateral segmentation in the model. The northwestern half of the profile is characterized by flat to shallowly dipping crustal conductors (interpreted as a fold‐and‐thrust belt) while the southeastern half consists of major steeply dipping lithospheric conductors with spatially coincident high amplitude magnetic anomalies (interpreted as a strike‐slip fault belt). The boundary between both provinces may be associated with a suture but lies 35 km NW of a previously suggested boundary between the Occidental and Oriental terranes. The marker horizon is coincident with a low P wave velocity layer and appears to be raised by about 5 km across a 85 km wide belt hosting a Neoproterozoic magmatic arc in the southeastern province. We propose a link between basement heterogeneity and surface deformation in the region.
Response of snow thermophysical processes to the passage of a polar low‐pressure system and its impact on in situ passive microwave radiometry: A case study
Authors: Langlois A. , Fisico T. , Barber D. G. , Papakyriakou T. N.
Published: March 2008

Recent reductions in both the aerial extent and thickness of sea ice have focused attention on the effect climate change is having on the polar marine system. Concomitant with a reduction in sea ice has been an increased frequency of low‐pressure depressions at high latitudes. Recent studies have shown that we can expect both increased in situ cyclogenesis and advection into the arctic region. Since theses cyclones are associated with warm air advection, increased wind speed, relative humidity, and cloud cover, their impact on snow surface energy balance may be significant. The thermophysical response of snow‐covered first‐year sea ice to a low‐pressure disturbance is investigated along with its impact on surface‐based radiometer brightness temperature measurements. The data were collected during the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) between year days 33 and 34 of 2004. Snow grain size increased throughout the sampling period with growth rates of 1.28 and 2.3 mm2 d−1 for thin and thick snow covers, respectively. This rate was much faster than expected on the basis of other similar experiments documented in the literature. Furthermore, brine volume migrated upward in both snowpacks owing to the action of wind pumping affecting the dielectric constant of the snow middle layers. This increase in permittivity caused a decrease in brightness temperatures at 85 GHz of approximately 5 K and 10 K in the vertical and horizontal polarizations, respectively. This signal is sufficiently large to impact interpretation of passive microwave signatures from space.
Human multipotent adipose‐derived stem cells restore dystrophin expression of Duchenne skeletal‐muscle cells in vitro
Authors: Vieira Natássia M. , Brandalise Vanessa , Zucconi Eder , Jazedje Tatiana , Secco Mariane , Nunes Viviane A. , Strauss Bryan E. , Vainzof Mariz , Zatz Mayana
Published: March 2008

Background information. DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) is a devastating X‐linked disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. The use of cell therapy for the repair of defective muscle is being pursued as a possible treatment for DMD. Mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to differentiate and display a myogenic phenotype in vitro. Since liposuctioned human fat is available in large quantities, it may be an ideal source of stem cells for therapeutic applications. ASCs (adipose‐derived stem cells) are able to restore dystrophin expression in the muscles of mdx (X‐linked muscular dystrophy) mice. However, the outcome when these cells interact with human dystrophic muscle is still unknown.

Results. We show here that ASCs participate in myotube formation when cultured together with differentiating human DMD myoblasts, resulting in the restoration of dystrophin expression. Similarly, dystrophin was induced when ASCs were co‐cultivated with DMD myotubes. Experiments with GFP (green fluorescent protein)‐positive ASCs and DAPI (4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole)‐stained DMD myoblasts indicated that ASCs participate in human myogenesis through cellular fusion.

Conclusions. These results show that ASCs have the potential to interact with dystrophic muscle cells, restoring dystrophin expression of DMD cells in vitro. The possibility of using adipose tissue as a source of stem cell therapies for muscular diseases is extremely exciting.
Fostering the Literacy of indigenous Elementary School-Age Children
Authors: Loeb Diane Frome , Redbird Kathy
Published: March 2008

Purpose:
In this article, we describe the existing literacy research with school-age children who are indigenous. The lack of data for this group of children requires speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to use expert opinion from indigenous and non-indigenous people to develop culturally sensitive methods for fostering literacy skills.

Method:
We describe two available curricula developed by indigenous people that are available, which use authentic materials and embed indigenous stories into the learning environment: The Indian Reading Series and the Northwest Native American Reading Curriculum. We also discuss the importance of using cooperative learning, multisensory instruction, and increased holistic emphasis to create a more culturally sensitive implementation of services. We provide an example of a literacy-based language facilitation that was developed for an indigenous tribe in Kansas.

Conclusion:
SLPs can provide services to indigenous children that foster literacy skills through storytelling using authentic materials as well as activities and methods that are consistent with the client's values and beliefs.
Selected Abstracts of Recent Research in Stuttering
Authors: Bain Carrie , Ratner Nan Bernstein
Published: March 2008

Due to the large volume of fluency-related publications since the last column, we have chosen to highlight those articles of highest potential clinical relevance.
Models of RTI for SLPs: Is This What We Have Been Waiting for?
Authors: Montgomery Judy K.
Published: March 2008

In this article, the author reviews recent changes in professional practices and perspectives that have supported the important need for an RTI framework for supporting literacy development in children. In addition to reviewing the three tiers of service included in an RTI model, the author presents examples of RTI models in addressing speech, language, and reading difficulties in children. The article concludes with suggestions for speech-language pathologists for starting an RTI program.
Preventing Long-Term Reading Difficulties through Kindergarten and First Grade Intervention: The Case for Early Intervention
Authors: Vellutino Frank R. , Zhang Haiyan
Published: March 2008

This article reviews recent intervention studies that have provided the foundation for a variety of RTI approaches to reading disability classification and remediation. The three-tier model of RTI is defined and discussed. Selected findings from a kindergarten and first grade intervention study are summarized.
Dysphagia in the Elderly and in Dementia: Helping the Helper
Authors: Sullivan Paula A.
Published: March 2008

In order to explore the literature on the role of family in dysphagia intervention, key search terms were identified and literature was reviewed from Pub Med since 1999. Much of the literature dealing with dysphagia in the elderly, and in persons with dementia, focuses primarily on the patients. Limited attention is often focused on the needs of family. Families should be a focus during planning, as well as during treatment of dysphagia, in order to optimize outcomes. This article addresses the role of the family in this process, strategies for improving the involvement of family in decision-making, and also discusses issues related to caregiver burden and burnout.
Current Court Decisions Impacting School Practice
Authors: Moore Barbara J.
Published: March 2008

Court decisions in special education lawsuits lay the foundation for decisions in Individualized Education Program (IEP) meetings. Recent decisions are reviewed in this article in order that speech-language pathologists and other educators can remain current on judicial trends. Specific cases are landmark for making offers of placement, ensuring the presence of a general education teacher at the IEP meeting, which party bears the burden of proof in a due process hearing, procedural violations and denial of a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE), and how the courts view a student's lack of progress in terms of a district's obligation to provide FAPE.
Current Procedural Terminology: Where and How Do We Get CPT Codes?
Authors: Fifer Robert C. , Nikjeh Dee Adams
Published: March 2008

This tutorial provides the background and rationale for the establishment of the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Manual as well as instructions for its beneficial use. Current Procedure Terminology selection procedure is contingent upon finding the code descriptor that describes precisely what is performed. Guidelines and procedures for CPT code development and the process for valuation of new CPT codes are discussed. Also included in this tutorial is a brief discussion of the documentation requirements to justify and support the particular codes that were selected.
Co
∕
Pt
multilayer based magnetic tunnel junctions using perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Park Jeong-Heon , Park Chando , Jeong Taehee , Moneck Matthew T. , Nufer Noel T. , Zhu Jian-Gang
Published: March 2008

Magnetic tunnel junctions that utilize perpendicular magnetic anisotropy have attracted growing attention due to their potential for higher storage densities in future high capacity magnetic memory applications. In this study, we present an experimental demonstration of magnetic tunnel junctions composed of perpendicularly magnetized Co∕Pt multilayer electrodes and an AlOx tunnel barrier. The emphasis has been on how to maximize the thickness of the Co layers adjacent to the tunnel barrier while still magnetized perpendicularly for possible spin torque utilization in future applications. It is found that the thickness ratio between the Co and Pt layers and the number of bilayers were significant parameters to customize the magnetic properties. The difference between the switching fields of the soft and the hard layers can be adjusted by the number of repeats of the Co∕Pt bilayers. The measured hysteresis shows virtually zero exchange coupling between the two layers through the tunnel barrier. Measured tunneling magnetoresistance ratio of the fabricated submicron-size tunnel junctions ranges from 10% to 15% at room temperature.
Synchrotron radiation spectroscopy study of FeCr2X4 (X=S and Se)
Authors: Kang J.-S. , Kim G. , Lee H. J. , Kim H. S. , Kim D. H. , Han S. W. , Kim S. J. , Kim C. S. , Lee Hangil , Kim J.-Y. , Min B. I.
Published: March 2008

Electronic structures of FeCr2X4 (X=S and Se) have been investigated by employing soft-x-ray absorption spectroscopy and soft-x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). It is found that FeCr2S4 and FeCr2Se4 have similar electronic structures. The valence states of Cr and Fe ions are nearly trivalent (Cr3+) and divalent (Fe2+), respectively. The Fe 3d states are strongly hybridized to the X p states. The Fe and Cr 2p XMCD study provides evidence for the antiparallel alignment between Cr and Fe spins and the strong hybridization between the Fe 3d and X p electrons.
Dynamics of glass-forming liquids. XII. Dielectric study of primary and secondary relaxations in ethylcyclohexane
Authors: Mandanici Andrea , Huang Wei , Cutroni Maria , Richert Ranko
Published: March 2008

The dynamics of ethylcyclohexane are investigated by high resolution dielectric spectroscopy aiming to characterize the relevant relaxational features of this simple system in its fluid, supercooled liquid, and glassy states. The dielectric signature of structural relaxation is a primary loss peak with amplitude Δε=0.01, and a secondary loss process is found in the glassy state. This β relaxation is compared with a “slow” process revealed by ultrasonics and with previously found γ and χ processes in similar materials containing the cyclohexyl group. The results suggest that this secondary process is an intramolecular mode rather than a Johari–Goldstein process, consistent with its persistence in the liquid state at slow relaxation times which exceed those of the α process. The dielectric activity of such a slow process requires that the dipole magnitude changes with the intramolecular transition, whereas a change in dipole direction only would be masked by the faster structural relaxation.
A time-of-flight–Mott apparatus for soft x-ray spin resolved photoemission on solid samples
Authors: Moreschini L. , Ghiringhelli G. , Larsson K. , Veit U. , Brookes N. B.
Published: March 2008

We describe a new spectrometer for spin resolved photoemission from solids in the soft x-ray energy range. It is mounted on the ID08 beamline at the ESRF light source and consists of a time-of-flight (TOF) energy analyzer coupled to a retarding mini-Mott spin polarimeter. It represents a valid alternative to the spin detection system already available on ID08, especially for the acquisition of wide energy regions, where the TOF technique is extremely efficient. By testing the new spectrometer on the 4f levels of Au and on CuO at the Cu L3 threshold we show that the effective Sherman function and figure of merit achieved are, respectively, Seff≃0.16 and η≃1.3×10−4 and that for certain experiments we obtain a significant gain in intensity with respect to the previous system.
Magnetocaloric effect and refrigeration capacity in Gd60Al10Mn30 nanocomposite
Authors: Gorsse S. , Chevalier B. , Orveillon G.
Published: March 2008

The magnetic behavior, magnetocaloric effect (MCE), and refrigeration capacity of the Gd60Al10Mn30 metallic glass containing nanocrystallites of Gd are investigated. It is found that the temperature dependence of the magnetization exhibits multiple second-order magnetic transitions due to the composite effect. The resulting magnetic entropy change and adiabatic temperature change compare well with MCE of known magnetic refrigerants. A high refrigeration capacity of 660Jkg−1, a large operating temperature range around 150K and a soft magnetic behavior make this nanocomposite an attractive candidate as magnetic refrigerants in a temperature range where pure Dy is the best material currently available.