bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sparse maps—A systematic infrastructure for reduced-scaling electronic structure methods. II. Linear scaling domain based pair natural orbital coupled cluster theory
Authors: Riplinger Christoph , Pinski Peter , Becker Ute , Valeev Edward F. , Neese Frank
Published: January 2016

Domain based local pair natural orbital coupled cluster theory with single-, double-, and perturbative triple excitations (DLPNO-CCSD(T)) is a highly efficient local correlation method. It is known to be accurate and robust and can be used in a black box fashion in order to obtain coupled cluster quality total energies for large molecules with several hundred atoms. While previous implementations showed near linear scaling up to a few hundred atoms, several nonlinear scaling steps limited the applicability of the method for very large systems. In this work, these limitations are overcome and a linear scaling DLPNO-CCSD(T) method for closed shell systems is reported. The new implementation is based on the concept of sparse maps that was introduced in Part I of this series [P. Pinski, C. Riplinger, E. F. Valeev, and F. Neese, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 034108 (2015)]. Using the sparse map infrastructure, all essential computational steps (integral transformation and storage, initial guess, pair natural orbital construction, amplitude iterations, triples correction) are achieved in a linear scaling fashion. In addition, a number of additional algorithmic improvements are reported that lead to significant speedups of the method. The new, linear-scaling DLPNO-CCSD(T) implementation typically is 7 times faster than the previous implementation and consumes 4 times less disk space for large three-dimensional systems. For linear systems, the performance gains and memory savings are substantially larger. Calculations with more than 20 000 basis functions and 1000 atoms are reported in this work. In all cases, the time required for the coupled cluster step is comparable to or lower than for the preceding Hartree-Fock calculation, even if this is carried out with the efficient resolution-of-the-identity and chain-of-spheres approximations. The new implementation even reduces the error in absolute correlation energies by about a factor of two, compared to the already accurate previous implementation.
Positron acceleration in plasma bubble wakefield driven by an ultraintense laser
Authors: Hou Ya-Juan , Wan Feng , Sang Hai-Bo , Xie Bai-Song
Published: January 2016

The dynamics of positrons accelerating in electron-positron-ion plasma bubble fields driven by an ultraintense laser is investigated. The bubble wakefield is obtained theoretically when laser pulses are propagating in the electron-positron-ion plasma. To restrict the positrons transversely, an electron beam is injected. Acceleration regions and non-acceleration ones of positrons are obtained by the numerical simulation. It is found that the ponderomotive force causes the fluctuation of the positrons momenta, which results in the trapping of them at a lower ion density. The energy gaining of the accelerated positrons is demonstrated, which is helpful for practical applications.
Many-body effects and excitonic features in 2D biphenylene carbon
Authors: Lüder Johann , Puglia Carla , Ottosson Henrik , Eriksson Olle , Sanyal Biplab , Brena Barbara
Published: January 2016

The remarkable excitonic effects in low dimensional materials in connection to large binding energies of excitons are of great importance for research and technological applications such as in solar energy and quantum information processing as well as for fundamental investigations. In this study, the unique electronic and excitonic properties of the two dimensional carbon network biphenylene carbon were investigated with GW approach and the Bethe-Salpeter equation accounting for electron correlation effects and electron-hole interactions, respectively. Biphenylene carbon exhibits characteristic features including bright and dark excitons populating the optical gap of 0.52 eV and exciton binding energies of 530 meV as well as a technologically relevant intrinsic band gap of 1.05 eV. Biphenylene carbon’s excitonic features, possibly tuned, suggest possible applications in the field of solar energy and quantum information technology in the future.
Mean flow generation in rotating anelastic two-dimensional convection
Authors: Currie Laura K. , Tobias Steven M.
Published: January 2016

We investigate the processes that lead to the generation of mean flows in two-dimensional anelastic convection. The simple model consists of a plane layer that is rotating about an axis inclined to gravity. The results are twofold: first, we numerically investigate the onset of convection in three-dimensions, paying particular attention to the role of stratification and highlight a curious symmetry. Second, we investigate the mechanisms that drive both zonal and meridional flows in two dimensions. We find that, in general, non-trivial Reynolds stresses can lead to systematic flows and, using statistical measures, we quantify the role of stratification in modifying the coherence of these flows.
Photoacoustic shock wave emission and cavitation from structured optical fiber tips
Authors: Mohammadzadeh M. , Gonzalez-Avila S. R. , Wan Y. C. , Wang X. , Zheng H. , Ohl C. D.
Published: January 2016

Photoacoustic waves generated at the tip of an optical fiber consist of a compressive shock wave followed by tensile diffraction waves. These tensile waves overlap along the fiber axis and form a cloud of cavitation bubbles. We demonstrate that shaping the fiber tip through micromachining alters the number and direction of the emitted waves and cavitation clouds. Shock wave emission and cavitation patterns from five distinctively shaped fiber tips have been studied experimentally and compared to a linear wave propagation model. In particular, multiple shock wave emission and generation of strong tension away from the fiber axis have been realized using modified fiber tips. These altered waveforms may be applied for novel microsurgery protocols, such as fiber-based histotripsy, by utilizing bubble-shock wave interaction.
Resolution of the vibrational energy distribution function using a direct simulation Monte Carlo-master equation approach
Authors: Boyd Iain D. , Josyula Eswar
Published: January 2016

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is the primary numerical technique for analysis of rarefied gas flows. While recent progress in computational chemistry is beginning to provide vibrationally resolved transition and reaction cross sections that can be employed in DSMC calculations, the particle nature of the standard DSMC method makes it difficult to use this information in a statistically significant way. The current study introduces a new technique that makes it possible to resolve all of the vibrational energy levels by using a master equation approach along with temperature-dependent transition rates. The new method is compared to the standard DSMC technique for several heat bath and shock wave conditions and demonstrates the ability to resolve the full vibrational manifold at the expected overall rates of relaxation. The ability of the new master equation approach to the DSMC method for resolving, in particular, the high-energy states addresses a well-known, longstanding deficiency of the standard DSMC method.
Exciton interference revealed by energy dependent exciton transfer rate for ring-structured molecular systems
Authors: Yan Yun-An
Published: January 2016

The quantum interference is an intrinsic phenomenon in quantum physics for photon and massive quantum particles. In principle, the quantum interference may also occur with quasi-particles, such as the exciton. In this study, we show how the exciton quantum interference can be significant in aggregates through theoretical simulations with hierarchical equations of motion. The systems under investigation are generalized donor-bridge-acceptor model aggregates with the donor consisting of six homogeneous sites assuming the nearest neighbor coupling. For the models with single-path bridge, the exciton transfer time only shows a weak excitation energy dependence. But models with double-path bridge have a new short transfer time scale and the excitation energy dependence of the exciton transfer time assumes clear peak structure which is detectable with today’s nonlinear spectroscopy. This abnormality is attributed to the exciton quantum interference and the condition for a clear observation in experiment is also explored.
Landau-Ginzburg description of anomalous properties of novel room temperature multiferroics Pb(Fe1/2Ta1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1-xO3 and Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1−xO3
Authors: Glinchuk Maya D. , Eliseev Eugene A. , Morozovska Anna N.
Published: January 2016

Landau-Ginzburg thermodynamic formalism is used for the description of the anomalous ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and magnetoelectric properties of Pb(Fe1/2Ta1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1−xO3 and Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)x(Zr0.53Ti0.47)1−xO3 micro-ceramics. We calculated temperature, composition, and external field dependences of ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic phases transition temperatures, remanent polarization, magnetization, hysteresis loops, dielectric permittivity, and magnetoelectric coupling. Special attention was paid to the comparison of developed theory with experiments. It appeared possible to describe adequately main experimental results including a reasonable agreement between the shape of calculated and measured hysteresis loops and remnant polarization. Since Landau-Ginzburg thermodynamic formalism appertains to single domain properties of a ferroic, we did not aim to describe quantitatively the coercive field under the presence of realistic poly-domain switching. Information about linear and nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling coefficients was extracted from the experimental data. From the fitting of experimental data with theoretical formula, we obtained the composition dependence of Curie-Weiss constant that is known to be inversely proportional to harmonic (linear) dielectric stiffness, as well as the strong nonlinear dependence of anharmonic parameters in free energy. Keeping in mind the essential influence of these parameters on multiferroic properties, the obtained results open the way to govern practically all the material properties with the help of suitable composition choice. A forecast of the strong enough influence of antiferrodistortive order parameter on the transition temperatures and so on the phase diagrams and properties of multiferroics are made on the basis of the developed theory.
Suppress carrier recombination by introducing defects: The case of Si solar cell
Authors: Liu Yuanyue , Stradins Paul , Deng Huixiong , Luo Junwei , Wei Su-Huai
Published: January 2016

Deep level defects are usually harmful to solar cells. Here we show that incorporation of selected deep level defects in the carrier-collecting region, however, can be utilized to improve the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. The designed defects can help the transport of the majority carriers by creating defect levels that are resonant with the band edge state, and/or reduce the concentration of minority carriers through Coulomb repulsion, thus suppressing the recombination at the carrier-collecting region. The selection process is demonstrated by using Si solar cell as an example. Our work enriches the understanding and utilization of the semiconductor defects.
The contribution of the delayed ionization in strong-field nonsequential double ionization
Authors: Chen Yinbo , Zhou Yueming , Li Yang , Li Min , Lan Pengfei , Lu Peixiang
Published: January 2016

With the classical ensemble model, we have investigated the pulse-duration dependence of nonsequential double ionization (NSDI) over a wide range of laser intensity. The correlated electron momentum distributions are distinctly different for the few-cycle and multiple cycle pulses, which agree well with the previous experiments. Based on this agreement, we analyzed the underlying process for the pulse-duration dependence of the electron correlation by tracing the classical trajectories. Counterintuitively, our analysis shows that the recollision-induced excited states of NSDI could resist ionization in the strong laser field for a time much longer than one optical cycle even at very high intensities. For the multiple-cycle pulses, NSDI events with such a long time delay have significant contribution to the total NSDI yields, which is responsible for the pulse-duration dependence of the observed correlated patterns in the electron momentum distributions.
Switching probabilities of magnetic vortex core reversal studied by table top magneto optic Kerr microscopy
Authors: Dieterle G. , Gangwar A. , Gräfe J. , Noske M. , Förster J. , Woltersdorf G. , Stoll H. , Back C. H. , Schütz G.
Published: January 2016

We have studied vortex core reversal in a single submicron Permalloy disk by polar Kerr microscopy. A sophisticated lock-in-technique based on repetitive switching of the magnetic vortex core and a continuous calibration allows for a reliable determination of the switching probability. This highly sensitive method facilitates the detection of a change in the magnetic moment of the tiny magnetic vortex core which is about 1.5 × 10−17 A m2. We have investigated vortex core switching caused by excitation of the vortex core gyromode with varying frequencies and amplitudes. The frequency range in which switching occurs was found to broaden with increasing excitation amplitude, whereby the highest frequency in this range shifts stronger to higher frequencies than the lowest frequency to lower frequencies. The experimental results are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.
All-in-all-out magnetic domain size in pyrochlore iridate thin films as probed by local magnetotransport
Authors: Fujita T. C. , Uchida M. , Kozuka Y. , Ogawa S. , Tsukazaki A. , Arima T. , Kawasaki M.
Published: January 2016

Pyrochlore iridates have attracted growing attention because of a theoretical prediction of a possible topological semimetal phase originating from all-in-all-out spin ordering. Related to the topological band structure, recent findings of the magnetic domain wall conduction have stimulated investigations of magnetic domain distribution in this system. Here, we investigate the size of magnetic domains in Eu2Ir2O7 single crystalline thin films by magnetoresistance (MR) using microscale Hall bars. Two distinct magnetic domains of the all-in-all-out spin structure are known to exhibit linear MR but with opposite signs, which enables us to estimate the ratio of the two domains in the patterned channel. The linear MR for 80 × 60 μm2 channel is nearly zero after zero-field cooling, suggesting random distribution of domains smaller than the channel size. In contrast, the wide distribution of the value of the linear MR is detected in 2 × 2 μm2 channel, reflecting the detectable domain size depending on each cooling-cycle. Compared to simulation results, we estimate the average size of a single all-in-all-out magnetic domain as 1–2 μm.
Imaging the oblique propagation of electrons in germanium crystals at low temperature and low electric field
Authors: Moffatt R. A. , Cabrera B. , Corcoran B. M. , Kreikebaum J. M. , Redl P. , Shank B. , Yen J. J. , Young B. A. , Brink P. L. , Cherry M. , Tomada A. , Phipps A. , Sadoulet B. , Sundqvist K. M.
Published: January 2016

Excited electrons in the conduction band of germanium collect into four energy minima, or valleys, in momentum space. These local minima have highly anisotropic mass tensors which cause the electrons to travel in directions which are oblique to an applied electric field at sub-Kelvin temperatures and low electric fields, in contrast to the more isotropic behavior of the holes. This experiment produces a full two-dimensional image of the oblique electron and hole propagation and the quantum transitions of electrons between valleys for electric fields oriented along the [0,0,1] direction. Charge carriers are excited with a focused laser pulse on one face of a germanium crystal and then drifted through the crystal by a uniform electric field of strength between 0.5 and 6 V/cm. The pattern of charge density arriving on the opposite face is used to reconstruct the trajectories of the carriers. Measurements of the two-dimensional pattern of charge density are compared in detail with Monte Carlo simulations developed for the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (SuperCDMS) to model the transport of charge carriers in high-purity germanium detectors.
Phase dependence of optical bistability and multistability in a four-level quantum system near a plasmonic nanostructure
Authors: Asadpour Seyyed Hossein , Rahimpour Soleimani H.
Published: January 2016

The optical bistability and multistability properties of a four-level quantum system near a plasmonic nanostructure embedded in a unidirectional ring cavity are studied theoretically. Two orthogonal circularly polarized laser fields with the same frequency, different phases and electric fields amplitude are interacted by four-level quantum system. It is found that in the presence of the plasmonic nanostructure, the bistable behaviors related to one of the laser fields propagating through the unidirectional ring cavity can be modified by relative phase and amplitude control of another laser fields. Our obtained results show that the optical bistability can be converted into the optical multistability by varying the value of distance between the quantum system and the surface of the plasmonic nanostructure. Moreover, it is shown that under specific condition related to the distance, the lasing without population inversion can be obtained.
First-principles approach to investigate toroidal property of magnetoelectric multiferroic GaFeO3
Authors: Nie Yung-mau
Published: January 2016

A first-principles approach incorporating the concept of toroidal moments as a measure of the spin vortex is proposed and applied to simulate the toroidization of magnetoelectric multiferroic GaFeO3. The nature of space-inversion and time-reversal violations of ferrotoroidics is reproduced in the simulated magnetic structure of GaFeO3. For undoped GaFeO3, a toroidal moment of −22.38 μB Å per unit cell was obtained, which is the best theoretical estimate till date. Guided by the spin vortex free-energy minimization perturbed by an externally applied field, it was discovered that the minority spin markedly biases the whole toroidization. In summary, this approach not only calculates the toroidal moment but provides a way to understand the toroidal nature of magnetoelectric multiferroics.
Renormalization shielding effect on the Wannier-ridge mode for double-electron continua in partially ionized dense hydrogen plasmas
Authors: Lee Myoung-Jae , Jung Young-Dae
Published: January 2016

The influence of renormalization shielding on the Wannier threshold law for the double-electron escapes by the electron-impact ionization is investigated in partially ionized dense plasmas. The renormalized electron charge and Wannier exponent are obtained by considering the equation of motion in the Wannier-ridge including the renormalization shielding effect. It is found that the renormalization shielding effect reduces the magnitude of effective electron charge, especially, within the Bohr radius in partially ionized dense plasmas. The maximum position of the renormalized electron charge approaches to the center of the target atom with an increase of the renormalization parameter. In addition, the Wannier exponent increases with an increase of the renormalization parameter. The variations of the renormalized electron charge and Wannier exponent due to the renormalization shielding effect are also discussed.
Self-heating induced instability of oxide thin film transistors under dynamic stress
Authors: Kise Kahori , Fujii Mami N. , Urakawa Satoshi , Yamazaki Haruka , Kawashima Emi , Tomai Shigekazu , Yano Koki , Wang Dapeng , Furuta Mamoru , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Uraoka Yukiharu
Published: January 2016

Degradation caused by Joule heating of transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors (TFTs) is an important issue for display technology. Deep understanding of the mechanism of self-heating degradation generated by driving pulse voltage will pave the way for the development of highly reliable flexible displays. In this work, by using a pseudo interval measurement method, we examined the relationship of the highest and the lowest heating temperature in pulse 1 cycle and frequency. These self-heating converged to a constant temperature under pulse voltage applied at 1 kHz. Moreover, the long-term reliability under positive-bias stress voltage at 1 kHz of low converged temperature condition was improved relative to that of the stress voltage at 10 Hz of dynamic temperature change condition. We discussed the degradation mechanism of oxide TFTs generated by pulse voltage, and clarified that the degradation was accelerated by thermionic emission which occurred at low frequency.
Infrared to visible image up-conversion using optically addressed spatial light modulator utilizing liquid crystal and InGaAs photodiodes
Authors: Solodar A. , Arun Kumar T. , Sarusi G. , Abdulhalim I.
Published: January 2016

Combination of InGaAs/InP heterojunction photodetector with nematic liquid crystal (LC) as the electro-optic modulating material for optically addressed spatial light modulator for short wavelength infra-red (SWIR) to visible light image conversion was designed, fabricated, and tested. The photodetector layer is composed of 640 × 512 photodiodes array based on heterojunction InP/InGaAs having 15 μm pitch on InP substrate and with backside illumination architecture. The photodiodes exhibit extremely low, dark current at room temperature, with optimum photo-response in the SWIR region. The photocurrent generated in the heterojunction, due to the SWIR photons absorption, is drifted to the surface of the InP, thus modulating the electric field distribution which modifies the orientation of the LC molecules. This device can be attractive for SWIR to visible image upconversion, such as for uncooled night vision goggles under low ambient light conditions.
Isotopic evidence for nitrogen exchange between autotrophic and heterotrophic tissues in variegated leaves
Authors: Abadie Cyril , Lamothe-Sibold Marlène , Gilard Françoise , Tcherkez Guillaume
Published: January 2016

Many plant species or cultivars form variegated leaves in which blades are made of green and white sectors. On the one hand, there is little photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in white tissue simply because of the lack of functional chloroplasts and thus, leaf white tissue is heterotrophic and fed by photosynthates exported by leaf green tissue. On the other hand, it has been previously shown that the white tissue is enriched in nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and polyamines, which can, in turn, be remobilised upon nitrogen deficiency. However, the origin of organic nitrogen in leaf white tissue, including the possible requirement for N-reduction in leaf green tissue before export to white tissue, has not been examined. Here, we took advantage of isotopic methods to investigate the source of nitrogen in the white tissue. A survey of natural isotope abundance (δ15N) and elemental composition (%N) in various variegated species shows no visible difference between white and green tissues, suggesting a common N source. However, there is a tendency for N-rich white tissue to be naturally 15N-enriched whereas in the model species Pelargonium × hortorum, white sectors are naturally 15N-depleted, indicating that changes in metabolic composition and/or N-partitioning may occur. Isotopic labelling with 15N-nitrate on illuminated leaf discs clearly shows that the white tissue assimilates little nitrogen and thus relies on nitrate reduction and metabolism in the green tissue. The N-sink represented by the white tissue is considerable, accounting for nearly 50% of total assimilated nitrate.
Transcriptome comparison reveals candidate genes responsible for the betalain-/anthocyanidin-production in bougainvilleas
Authors: Xu Suxia , Huang Qingyun , Lin Chunsong , Lin Lixian , Zhou Qun , Lin Fucong , He Enming
Published: January 2016

The occurrence of betalains and anthocyanins is mutually exclusive, which is a curious phenomenon in the plant kingdom, and the biochemical mechanisms for this restriction are unknown. In the present study, we performed transcriptome analysis of two betalain-producing species, red Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. ‘Sanderiana’ (R) and white B. glabra ‘Alba’ (W) by transcriptome sequencing. In total, we obtained 69 692 (Red) and 60 727 (White) genes with an average length of 665 and 728 bp respectively. Out of 3106 significantly differentially-expressed genes (71%), 1003 were R-specific (32%), and 1605 were W-specific (52%). To validate betalain-/anthocyanidin-biosynthesis genes detected (cytochrome P 450 76AD1 (CYP76AD1), dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA)-4,5-dioxygenase (DODA), cyclo DOPA-5-O-glycosyltransferase (cyclo-DOPA-5-GT) dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX)), real-time PCR was performed in leaves and three development stages of flowers in four Bougainvilleas, red R, white W, orange Bougainvillea × buttiana ‘Salmoea’ (O) and purple B. glabra ‘Formosa’ (P). Contents of betalains were also measured. The results showed that betalains accumulation was consistent with the expression level of DODA in O. A correlation between expression of CYP76AD1 and cyclo-DOPA-5GT and betalains was not discovered. This suggests that production of betacyanins was under the regulation of more complex factors. Both DFR and LDOX responsible for anthocyanidin production were first validated in floral organs and leaves in betalain-producing plants by real-time PCR. These findings suggest a fully functioning anthocyanin pathway, at least, to the stage of LDOX in bougainvilleas.
Needs-gap analysis on culturally and linguistically diverse grandparent carers’ ‘hidden issues’: a quality improvement project
Authors: Sepulveda Mercedes , Henderson Saras , Farrell Dana , Heuft Gaby
Published: January 2016

In Australia, a significant number of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) grandparents are sole carers for their grandchildren. Available information on the impact of caring on CALD grandparents and the ability of service providers to respond to their needs is limited. Our needs-gap analysis quality improvement project aimed to uncover ‘hidden issues’ for CALD grandparent carers so that services can be improved. One hundred service providers, such as community and aged-care services, child and/or grandparent support services and CALD-specific services, were approached using six structured questions. Six consultative forums on the caring role, issues encountered, and what needed to be done, were conducted with African, Asian, Spanish, Middle Eastern, European, Pacific Island and Maori grandparent carers in Queensland. The data were qualitatively analysed. Six themes emerged: 1) service provider and grandparent carer perception that there was limited research on CALD grandparents; 2) inadequate legal and financial support; 3) barriers to accessing information; 4) lack of childcare options; 5) transport difficulties; and 6) inadequate technological skills. Our findings provide insight to health service providers on the ‘hidden issues’ so that they can better assist CALD grandparent carers by improving access to relevant information, referrals and resources.
Early Descriptions of Pama-Nyungan Ergativity
Authors: Stockigt Clara
Published: January 2016

Ergative marking and function are generally adequately described in the grammars of the small minority of the Aboriginal Australian Pama-Nyungan languages made before 1930. Without the benefit of an inherited descriptive framework in which to place foreign ergative morphosyntax, missionary-grammarians engaged a variety of terminology and descriptive practices when explaining foreign ergative structures exhibited by this vast genetic subgroup of languages spoken in an area larger than Europe. Some of the terminology had been previously employed in descriptions of other ergative languages. Other terms were innovated in Australia. The great distances separating missionary-grammarians describing different Pama-Nyungan languages, and the absence of a coordinating body fostering Australian grammatical description, meant that grammars were produced in geographic and intellectual isolation from one another. Regional schools of descriptive influence are however apparent, the strongest of which originates in grammars written by Lutheran missionaries of the ‘Adelaide School’. The synchronic descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages made by missionary-grammarians in Australia informed the development of linguistics in Europe. There is however, little evidence of the movement of linguistic ideas from Europe back into Australia. The term ‘ergative’ to designate the case marking the agent of a transitive verb and the concept of an absolutive case became established practice in the modern era of Australian grammatical description without recognizing that the same terminology and concept of syntactic case had previously been employed in descriptions of Pama-Nyungan languages written in German. The genesis of the term ‘ergative’ originates in the description of Australian Pama-Nyungan case systems.
Investigating the usefulness of machine translation for newcomers at the public library
Authors: Bowker Lynne , Buitrago Ciro Jairo
Published: January 2016

This study investigates the potential of machine translation as an efficient and cost-effective means to translate sections of the Ottawa Public Library website into Spanish to better meet the linguistic needs of the Spanish-speaking newcomer community. One-hundred and fourteen community members participated in a recipient evaluation survey, in which they evaluated four different versions of a translated portion of the library’s website — a professional human translation, a maximally post-edited machine translation, a rapidly post-edited machine translation, and a raw machine translation. Participants also considered metadata such as the time and cost required to produce each version. Findings show that while machine translation cannot address every need, there are some instances for which the faster and cheaper post-edited versions are considered useful and acceptable to the community.
Context as Achilles’ heel of translation technologies
Authors: Killman Jeffrey
Published: January 2016

The tools of translation memories and machine translation can be viewed as (not) being able to draw on different aspects of context that are relevant to a particular translation project, such as bilingual text, portions of a text, versions of a text, related text, or extralinguistic context. The aspects of context that the tools can indeed draw on and how well they do so highlight their most important benefits, whereas the aspects of context that the tools may fail to draw on reveal their weaknesses. In cases where, depending on the context, a piece of text being translated may have more than one meaning or a translation of a piece of text may be rendered in more than one way, the contexts the tools are able to draw on are critical. An analysis of different kinds of context in different applications highlights the circumstances in which users of TM and MT tools may risk accepting semantically and lexically undesirable output, as well as when TM tool users may risk inputting contextually inappropriate translations. Further, context is an important consideration when integrating MT output into TM tools. Although TM and MT technologies differ in how they produce translation output, end-users of both tool types may face similar contextual challenges.
A controlled language-based evaluation approach to ensure image accessibility during web localisation
Authors: Rodríguez Vázquez Silvia
Published: January 2016

In spite of recent improvements in non-visual web access, images on the web still present an accessibility barrier to screen reader users. For this population group the presence of inappropriate text alternatives for images, or simply their absence, usually results in a poor web user experience. In this paper, we propose a controlled language (CL) rule-based approach that enables translation professionals to ensure image accessibility during the web localisation process. We describe the set of 40 CL rules we developed and then present the results of the evaluation of a selection of ten rules from the set. During the study, which sought to assess their impact on the appropriateness of text alternatives in French, the ten rules were applied usingAcrolinx, a state-of-the-art CL checker. The results of the evaluation suggest that this sub-set of ten rules can help translators significantly improve the level of image accessibility obtained in the localised web product.
Decision-making in the translation of end-user license agreements
Authors: Torres-Hostench Olga , Huerta Ramon Piqué , Leal Pilar Cid
Published: January 2016

EULAs (End-User License Agreements) present specific translation challenges, ones contingent on how the EULAs will be used. In a recent study, the decisions made by forty-seven translation students while translating a EULA were observed and analyzed. The aim of the study was threefold: (1) to observe the criteria used for decision-making when translating a EULA; (2) to observe how decision-making criteria changed after using specific resources designed for translating EULAs (lawcalisation.com); and (3) to evaluate the overall usefulness of the lawcalisation.com resource. Results suggest that by providing translators with a single website portal of specific resources, they were able not only to find the equivalents they needed but also to consult the relevant legal and translation information that ultimately helped them develop more solid criteria for translation decision-making. Decisions were guided by principles of law applicability, terminology, legislation, and translation studiesSkopostheories.
Auteurism and game localization — revisiting translational approaches
Authors: Pettini Silvia
Published: January 2016

In the fertile ground between cinema and video games, Hideo Kojima’s Metal Gear Solid saga stands out for its auteur’s clear tendency to use film language and aesthetics and for his evident inspiration from pop culture and the American cinematic tradition. Moreover, the series is rich in quotations meant to pay tribute to cinema and communicate with movie-cultured players intertextually. With regard to the process of localization, auteurist references to film culture represent a constraint for translators rendering Kojima’s game into different languages for a Metal Gear Solid-educated audience. This paper presents a comparative analysis of some film quotations in their English into Italian and Spanish localizations of Kojima’s Metal Gear Solid series in order to demonstrate the importance of loyalty to the game experience as a whole within a translational-cultural approach to localization.
Heritage interpretation, place branding and experiential marketing in the destination management of geotourism sites
Authors: Hart Robertson Margaret
Published: January 2016

In these competitive times for tourism marketing, “place branding” has become an essential element of a tourist destination’s success, an element of market differentiation with respect to rival tourist areas. Place branding captures the attention of potential tourists using experiential marketing; it creates destination loyalty using techniques such as heritage interpretation to create unique and memorable experiences for visitors. A memorable tourism experience may produce repeat visits and word-of-mouth or active social web promotion of the destination. Heritage interpretation communicates information to visitors and tourists about the sites and destinations they visit. An interpretive plan specifies exactly how heritage interpretation will be used to communicate with potential visitors using oral, written and digitally communicated language. A well-constructed plan is necessary in order to generate tourist income responsibly and sustainably for local communities. This article examines the value-added roles heritage interpretation and interpretive planning play in experiential marketing and in destination management as a whole. It looks at interpretation at the personal on-site level and as used on the internet. The goal of place branding is to allow communities to function as their own destination management organizations and to exert control over their most valuable economic resources, their intangible heritage: landscape, ecosystem, and traditional way of life. The general framework considered is responsible geotourism, designed to improve the quality of life for the host and the quality of experience for the tourist.
Genes Involved in Stress Response and Alcohol use among High-Risk African American Youth
Authors: Goyal Neeru , Aliev Fazil , Latendresse Shawn J. , Kertes Darlene A. , Bolland John M. , Byck Gayle R. , Mustanski Brian , Salvatore Jessica E. , Dick Danielle M.
Published: January 2016

Background: Genetic and environmental factors influence substance use behaviors in youth. One of the known environmental risk factors is exposure to life stressors. The aim of this project is to study the interaction between NR3C1 and CRHBP, genes thought to be involved in stress pathways, exposure to stressful life events, and adolescent alcohol use/misuse. Methods: The sample included 541 African American individuals (ages 13–18) from the Genes, Environment, and Neighborhood Initiative, a subset of the Mobile Youth Survey sample from whom DNA and more extensive phenotypic data were collected. Participants were selected from high-poverty neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama, with potential exposure to a variety of extreme life stressors. Results: A measure of stressful life events was significantly predictive of alcohol use/misuse. In addition, this association was significantly dependent upon the number of putative risk variants at rs1715749, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CRHBP ( P ≤ .006). There was no significant interaction between NR3C1 and stressful life events with respect to alcohol use/misuse, after taking into account multiple testing. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CRHBP variants are potentially relevant for adolescent alcohol use/misuse among African American youth populations being reared within the context of stressful life events and warrant replication.
Iraq from occupation to the risk of disintegration
Authors: Jawad Sa’ad Naji
Published: January 2016

This article discusses the longstanding and recent intentions of the United States to include Iraq into its spheres of influence. The American occupation of Iraq in 2003, however, not only changed the regime but also led to the destruction of the whole country. A most regrettable outcome of the US occupation of the country was the instigation of sectarian and ethnical differences, as well as the prolonged and continuing struggle between the centre and the peripheries. More harmful was the embodiment of all these negative and divisive phenomena into the permanent constitution of the country. In the final analysis, there have been many unsuccessful initiatives to solve the Iraqi dilemma throughout the last 13 years since the occupation. This article examines these initiatives in detail.
Equipartition and cosmic ray energy densities in central molecular zones of starbursts
Authors: Yoast-Hull Tova M. , Gallagher John S. , Zweibel Ellen G.
Published: January 2016

The energy densities in magnetic fields and cosmic rays (CRs) in galaxies are often assumed to be in equipartition, allowing for an indirect estimate of the magnetic field strength from the observed radio synchrotron spectrum. However, both primary and secondary CRs contribute to the synchrotron spectrum, and the CR electrons also loose energy via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton. While classical equipartition formulae avoid these intricacies, there have been recent revisions that account for the extreme conditions in starbursts. Yet, the application of the equipartition formula to starburst environments also presupposes that time-scales are long enough to reach equilibrium. Here, we test equipartition in the central molecular zones (CMZs) of nearby starburst galaxies by modelling the observed γ-ray spectra, which provide a direct measure of the CR energy density, and the radio spectra, which provide a probe of the magnetic field strength. We find that in starbursts, the magnetic field energy density is significantly larger than the CR energy density, demonstrating that the equipartition argument is frequently invalid for CMZs.
The role of trade openness for industrial sector development: panel data evidence from SAARC region
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Ruiz Estrada Mario , Khan Imran , Afridi Muhammad Asim
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to focus on South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member economies to examine the impact of trade openness on the industrial sector development.

Design/methodology/approach

– Panel data econometric techniques are used to the data for the period 1980-2013 for the selected six countries, namely, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.

Findings

– It is found that trade openness has positively and significantly influenced the industrial sector of the sampled countries. Other determinants such as education and investment have also played a key role in helping the selected developing countries to develop their industrial sectors.

Practical implications

– The study suggests the policy-makers of the SAARC member countries to liberalize international trade substantially to enhance the contributions of industrial sector toward gross domestic product (GDP) and to achieve the dreamed goal of sustainable long-run growth for the region.

Originality/value

– An explicit relationship between trade openness and industrial sector of the SAARC member economies is yet to be examined.
How leading companies practice software development and delivery to achieve a competitive edge
Authors: Lesser Eric , Ban Linda
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Increasingly companies recognize that effective and rapid software development – from ideation to delivery – is crucial to achieving competitiveness. This article looks at how leading companies are establishing an enterprise capability for accelerated software delivery to differentiate themselves in the market.

Design/methodology/approach

– This research looks at how leading software organizations focus on software investments that efficiently and speedily deliver marketplace results.

Findings

– Successful companies build comprehensive skills in Agile and lean software development methods and for fostering extensive collaboration among business users, IT professionals and customers throughout the software development and delivery lifecycle.

Practical implications

– Advanced organizations are more likely to apply more mature development practices, such as service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Agile iterative development methods.

Originality/value

– Advanced organizations collaborate much more with customers and business partners to improve software development outcomes.
Chest pain risk assessment in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians using HEART Score
Authors: Bodapati Sarath Naidu , Gunnarsson Ronny , McBride William John , Stone Richard , Sutcliffe Steven
Published: January 2016

Objective

The objectives of this study were to investigate factors that correlate to cardiac events within 30 days in Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians who present to ED with chest pain and to describe the predictive ability of the HEART Score in these groups.

Methods

Patients who presented with chest pain between 1 January 2013 and 16 May 2013 in a university hospital were retrospectively enrolled in the study. HEART Scores were retrospectively assigned to participants. The study's end‐point was Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) within 30 days.

Results

Participants (678) were enrolled in the study, of which 148 were Indigenous Australian. Twenty‐eight percent of Indigenous Australian participants and 19% of non‐Indigenous Australian participants were diagnosed with MACE within 30 days. Within the Indigenous Australian participant cohort, 1.6% of those with HEART Scores 0–3, 29% of those with HEART Scores 4–6 and 96% of those with HEART Scores 7–10 were diagnosed with MACE within 30 days. Within the non‐Indigenous Australian participant cohort, 0.58% of those with HEART Scores 0–3, 17% of those with HEART Scores 4–6 and 79% of those with HEART Scores 7–10 were diagnosed with MACE within 30 days. The negative predictive value of HEART Scores 0–3 for ruling out MACE within 30 days was 98% for Indigenous participants and 99% for non‐Indigenous participants.

Conclusion

The HEART Score is a reliable predictor of patient outcome in both Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians. Modification of the HEART Score may not be required for use in the Indigenous Australian population who present to the ED with chest pain.
Dynamics of bacterial populations during bench‐scale bioremediation of oily seawater and desert soil bioaugmented with coastal microbial mats
Authors: Ali Nidaa , Dashti Narjes , Salamah Samar , Sorkhoh Naser , Al‐Awadhi Husain , Radwan Samir
Published: January 2016

This study describes a bench‐scale attempt to bioremediate Kuwaiti, oily water and soil samples through bioaugmentation with coastal microbial mats rich in hydrocarbonoclastic bacterioflora. Seawater and desert soil samples were artificially polluted with 1% weathered oil, and bioaugmented with microbial mat suspensions. Oil removal and microbial community dynamics were monitored. In batch cultures, oil removal was more effective in soil than in seawater. Hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria associated with mat samples colonized soil more readily than seawater. The predominant oil degrading bacterium in seawater batches was the autochthonous seawater species Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. The main oil degraders in the inoculated soil samples, on the other hand, were a mixture of the autochthonous mat and desert soil bacteria; Xanthobacter tagetidis, Pseudomonas geniculata, Olivibacter ginsengisoli and others. More bacterial diversity prevailed in seawater during continuous than batch bioremediation. Out of seven hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial species isolated from those cultures, only one, Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum, was of mat origin. This result too confirms that most of the autochthonous mat bacteria failed to colonize seawater. Also culture‐independent analysis of seawater from continuous cultures revealed high‐bacterial diversity. Many of the bacteria belonged to the Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, and were hydrocarbonoclastic. Optimal biostimulation practices for continuous culture bioremediation of seawater via mat bioaugmentation were adding the highest possible oil concentration as one lot in the beginning of bioremediation, addition of vitamins, and slowing down the seawater flow rate.