bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Multisensor SAR Datasets to Monitor Land Subsidence in Los Angeles from 2003 to 2017
Authors: Hu Bo , Chen Xiongle , Zhang Xingfu
Published: February 2019

Los Angeles has undergone tremendous deformations over the past few decades, mainly due to human factors such as natural disasters and earthquakes, urban construction, overexploitation of groundwater, and oil extraction. The purpose of this study is to map the temporal and spatial variations of land subsidence in Los Angeles and to use the improved SBAS (small baseline subset) technique and multisensor SAR datasets to analyze the causes of deformations in this area from October 2003 to October 2017. At the same time, the deformation results of SBAS inversion are compared with the GPS measurements and the multisensor SAR dataset deformation, and the results are highly consistent. During the period from 2003 to 2017, there were several subsidence regions and one uplift region in Los Angeles. The cumulative subsidence was -266.8 mm at the maximum, and the average annual subsidence velocity was -19 mm/yr, which was mainly caused by groundwater overexploitation. The maximum amount of accumulated lift is +104.8 mm, and the average annual lifting velocity can reach +7.5 mm/yr. Our results have very strong practical application value and can provide a significant basis for local government services in disaster prevention and mitigation decision-making.
EPB41L5 Mediates TGFβ-Induced Metastasis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jeong Mi-Hyeon , Park Soo-Yeon , Lee Seung-Hyun , Seo JaeSung , Yoo Jung-Yoon , Park Seung-Ho , Kim Mi Jeong , Lee SooYeon , Jang Subhin , Choi Hyo-Kyoung , Lee Jae Eun , Shin Su-Jin , Choi Kyung-Chul , Cheong Jae-Ho , Yoon Ho-Geun
Published: February 2019

Purpose:

Because of disease heterogeneity, limited studies on effective chemotherapies and therapeutic agents for advanced gastric cancer are available. Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 5 (EPB41L5) has critical roles in renal and breast cancer metastasis. However, its role in metastatic gastric cancer remains unknown.

Experimental Design:

The specimens of 78 gastric cancer patients were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray and survival analysis. In vitro experiments and metastatic mice models were used to assess the effects of EPB41L5 on gastric cancer metastasis.

Results:

Gastric cancer patients with high EPB41L5 levels had poor prognosis and low survival rate. Further, TGFβ1-induced EPB41L5 expression promoted gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by Smad-dependent TGFβ signaling. Phospho-Smad3 recruitment to the EPB41L5 promoter was significantly inhibited by a TGFβ inhibitor. EPB41L5 overexpression increased lung metastasis of gastric cancer cells in nude mice, which was completely reversed by anti-EPB41L5 monoclonal antibody treatment. Importantly, p120-catenin knockdown abolished EPB41L5-enhanced gastric cancer cell metastasis. Anti-EPB41L5 monoclonal antibody treatment blocked the association of EPB41L5 with p120-catenin.

Conclusions:

TGFβ/EPB41L5/p120-catenin axis regulates gastric cancer cell metastasis, and EPB41L5 is a promising therapeutic target for advanced gastric cancer.
Patientenauswahl für die Immun-Checkpoint-Therapie bei fortgeschrittenem nicht kleinzelligem Lungenkarzinom: Bedeutungen für die klinische Praxis
Authors: Schütte Wolfgang , Möller Miriam
Published: February 2019

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 represent a standard treatment option for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, a substantial proportion of patients will not benefit from these treatments, and robust biomarkers are required to help clinicians select patients who are most likely to benefit. Here, we discuss the available evidence on the utility of clinical characteristics in the selection of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer as potential candidates for single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and provide practical guidance to clinicians on identifying those patients who are most likely to benefit. Recommendations on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor in clinically challenging populations are also provided.
Rückenschmerzen bei Hidradenitis suppurativa: Eine Diagnose, die nicht übersehen werden sollte!
Authors: Schnebert Benjamin , del Marmol Véronique , Benhadou Farida
Published: February 2019

Wir berichten über einen Patienten mit einer seit der Pubertät bestehenden Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Er klagte über chronische Rückenschmerzen in Verbindung mit Sensibilitätsstörungen und Muskelschwäche im rechten Bein. Es wurde eine Lumboischialgie diagnostiziert. Die Gabe von nichtsteroidalen Antiphlogistika und Schmerzmitteln brachte keine Symptomlinderung. Daraufhin wurde die Indikation zur chirurgischen Dekompression gestellt. Diese wurde jedoch intensiv kontrovers diskutiert, denn in der Hautregion, in der die Operation erfolgen sollte, befanden sich ausgedehnte entzündliche und fibrotische HS-Läsionen. Eine Kombinationstherapie mit Clindamycin/Rifampicin wurde eingeleitet und die Operation verschoben. Einen Monat nach Beginn der antibiotischen Therapie waren die Gelenksymptome vollständig abgeklungen und die entzündlichen Hautläsionen zeigten eine starke Besserung. Anhand des vorliegenden klinischen Falles möchten wir die verschiedenen mit HS assoziierten rheumatischen Erkrankungen erörtern, die eine korrekte Diagnose erfordern und bei der therapeutischen Versorgung des Patienten berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Schweizer Praxisempfehlungen für die Behandlung der Hidradenitis suppurativa (Acne inversa)
Authors: Hunger Robert E. , Laffitte Emmanuel , Läuchli Severin , Mainetti Carlo , Mühlstädt Michael , Schiller Peter , Lapointe Anne-Karine , Meschberger Pascale , Navarini Alexander A.
Published: February 2019

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) ist eine schmerzhafte, belastende entzündliche Hauterkrankung mit chronisch-intermittierendem Verlauf. Das zentrale pathogenetische Ereignis scheint die Okklusion von Haarfollikeln zu sein. Die 1-Jahres-Prävalenz der HS beträgt rund 1%. Die Erkrankung tritt typischerweise nach der Pubertät auf und ist durch schmerzende, tief sitzende, entzündete Läsionen in Körperregionen mit apokrinen Drüsen gekennzeichnet, vor allem in der Achsel-, Inguinal- und Anogenitalregion. HS geht mit erheblicher Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität der Patienten schon bei geringer Krankheitslast einher und die Diagnosestellung erfolgt oft erst mit erheblicher Verzögerung. Die vorliegende Kurzfassung für die Praxis enthält diagnostische und therapeutische Empfehlungen auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Literaturanalyse sowie eines informellen Expertenkonsenses von Schweizer Dermatologen und dermatologischen Chirurgen.
Type of Re-Hospitalization and Association with Neonatal Morbidities in Infants of Very Low Birth Weight
Authors: Kuint Jacob , Lerner-Geva Liat , Chodick Gabriel , Boyko Valentina , Shalev Varda , Reichman Brian ,   Israel Neonatal Network
Published: February 2019

Background: Preterm infants are at high risk for long-term morbidities and an increased rate of re-hospitalization. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the type of re-hospitalization of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, from infancy through adolescence, and to assess the association of neonatal morbidities with specific types of re-hospitalization. Study Design: The study cohort comprised 6,385 VLBW infants who were registered with the Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS) from their birth hospitalization. Data were collected for up to 18 years (median 10.7 years) following neonatal intensive care unit discharge. Hospitalization types were determined from the MHS coding. Neonatal morbidities included necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), grades 3–4 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Overall, 3,956 infants were re-hospitalized at least once and a total of 11,595 hospitalization types were identified. NEC, IVH, PVL, and BPD were associated with significantly higher aHRs for general pediatric (aHR 1.28–1.55), general surgical (aHR 1.18–1.46), and pediatric intensive care unit (aHR 1.57–2.04) hospitalizations. IVH and PVL were associated with significantly higher aHRs for orthopedic (aHR 2.12 and 4.88, respectively) and ophthalmology (1.76 and 4.02, respectively) hospitalizations. IVH was associated with a 14.2-fold higher aHR for neurosurgical admissions, and ROP with a 1.62-fold higher aHR for ophthalmology hospitalizations. Conclusion: Among VLBW infants, specific patterns of re-hospitalization types associated with major neonatal morbidities were identified as particularly high risks for orthopedic and ophthalmology hospitalizations in infants with IVH and PVL, and for intensive care admissions in infants with NEC and BPD.
Hohe Prävalenz aktinischer Keratosen schon bei über 30-Jährigen
Authors: Braun-Falco Markus
Published: February 2019

Background: Most of the data concerning the prevalence of actinic keratosis (AK) originate from the USA and Australia, and recently from Austria and Spain, but are based on populations in dermatology practices. Switzerland is the leading country with skin cancer incidence in Europe. AK prevalence among the Swiss population is therefore an important public health issue. Objective: To assess the prevalence of AK in the outpatient Swiss population in general practice. Methods: General practitioners captured AK diagnosis stage and localization in consecutive patients, who attended the physician for any reason. Results: A total of 2,844 consecutive patients (55.7% female) were enrolled in 59 general practitioners' offices. AK prevalence was 25.3% and increased steadily with age; 33% of men and 19% of women were diagnosed with AK. Every second AK patient declared leisure-related UV exposure, while only 23% were exposed to UV occupationally; 16% of the patients were UV exposed both occupationally and during leisure. AK distribution among sun-exposed body sites and extent of disease varied by sex. Conclusion: In Switzerland AK is a common diagnosis in dermatology practices. Since up to 5% of AK may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), prevention of AK, as well as education of patients and general practitioners, may play a critical role for subsequent SCC development. This is the first study on AK prevalence in Switzerland identifying patients most affected by AK. These results will help to define future approaches to target general practitioners for education, screening, and specific intervention in patients with AK.
Neue Charakteristika klinisch manifester Latexallergiker
Authors: Mahler Vera
Published: February 2019

Background: Natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy is commonly diagnosed according to medical history, skin allergy tests, and serological analyses. However, skin tests are increasingly being abandoned because of (i) their time-consuming nature, (ii) latex preparations for skin tests being not commercially available, and (iii) the use of in-house prepared test solutions is becoming ever more difficult due to increasing regulatory hurdles. In this light, we have evaluated differences in the profiles of current and former patients with suspected latex allergy. Methods: Sera of skin test-positive patients from a historic cohort (1995-2001, n = 149 patients) and currently (2014-2015, n = 48 patients) were simultaneously analyzed for specific IgE to latex by ImmunoCAP. If the serological screening was positive (≥ 0.35 kU/l), component-resolved diagnostics including profilins and cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) were performed. Results: In contrast to 88% (131/149) of the skin test-positive patients from the 1990s, only 51.1% (24/47) of the current cohort were found positive for specific IgE to latex. While 48.3% (72/149) of the patients had a convincing positive history in the 1990s, current skin test-positive patients rarely reported a relevant medical history (8.5%, 4/47). Specific IgE levels to latex were significantly higher in former patients with suspected latex allergy (p < 0.001) than in former sensitized individuals without allergy. However, this significant difference was lost in current allergic and sensitized patients with positive skin tests. Conclusion: Sensitization profiles in patients with latex allergy have changed significantly over the last 2 decades. Discrimination between NRL sensitization and clinical allergy remains a diagnostic challenge. Our data highlight the need for a combination of all 3 criteria, i.e., patient history, skin test, and analysis of specific IgE, for a correct diagnosis of latex allergy.
An Outbreak of Peripheral Neuropathy in a Prison
Authors: Tiamkao Somsak , Boonsong Anuwat , Saepeung Kamol , Kasemsap Narongrit , Apiwattanakul Metha , Suanprasert Narupat , Hemachudha Thiravat , Pithak Prakai , Juntee Kittiphit , Waisaen Chamnan , Madha Supat , Buathong Rome , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: February 2019

Prisoners are at risk for both physical and psychological diseases. Here, we report an outbreak of peripheral neuropathy in a prison in northeast Thailand. Between July and December 2014, there were 88 male prisoners at Bueng Kan Provincial Prison in Bueng Kan, Thailand suffering from peripheral neuropathy out of a total of 1,464 prisoners (6.01%). The common age range was 20–39 years (58 patients; 65.91%). The three most common features were hyporeflexia/areflexia of the lower extremities (36 patients; 83.72%). On laboratory vitamin B1 deficiency was detected in 4/5 patients, positive rhinovirus polymerase chain reaction in 3/4 patients, positive Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM in 1/12 patients, and positive urinary arsenic in 4/7 patients. A dT vaccination was given on October 14 during the outbreak. This was a large outbreak of peripheral neuropathy in male prisoners. There are several possible causes of this outbreak including vitamin B1 deficiency, dT vaccination, arsenic toxicity, rhinovirus, and Mycoplasma infection.
Genome-Wide Association Scan of Serum Urea in European Populations Identifies Two Novel Loci
Authors: Thio Chris H.L. , Reznichenko Anna , van der Most Peter J. , Kamali Zoha , Vaez Ahmad , Smit Johannes H. , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Haller Toomas , Mihailov Evelin , Metspalu Andres , Damman Jeffrey , de Borst Martin H. , van der Harst Pim , Verweij Niek , Navis Gerjan J. , Gansevoort Ron T. , Nolte Ilja M. , Snieder Harold ,   Lifelines Cohort Study group
Published: February 2019

Background: Serum urea level is a heritable trait, commonly used as a diagnostic marker for kidney function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in East-Asian populations identified a number of genetic loci related to serum urea, however there is a paucity of data for European populations. Methods: We performed a two-stage meta-analysis of GWASs on serum urea in 13,312 participants, with independent replication in 7,379 participants of European ancestry. Results: We identified 6 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near 6 loci, of which 2 were novel (POU2AF1 and ADAMTS9-AS2). Replication of East-Asian and Scottish data provided evidence for an additional 8 loci. SNPs tag regions previously associated with anthropometric traits, serum magnesium, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, as well as expression quantitative trait loci for genes preferentially expressed in kidney and gastro-intestinal tissues. Conclusions: Our findings provide insights into the genetic underpinnings of urea metabolism, with potential relevance to kidney function.
Late Cutaneous Metastasis Originating from Gastric Cancer with Synchronous Metastasis
Authors: Koyama Ryota , Maeda Yoshiaki , Minagawa Nozomi , Shinohara Toshiki , Hamada Tomonori
Published: February 2019

An 89-year-old man was diagnosed with late cutaneous metastasis in the right axilla 6 years after undergoing a surgery for gastric cancer with synchronous cutaneous metastasis in the same site. The patient became aware of small reddish nodules in the right axilla, and computed tomography imaging showed an irregular thickening of the right axillary skin. No other sign of recurrence was observed. By en-bloc resection, the nodules were diagnosed as late cutaneous metastasis from gastric cancer. The patient received no additional postoperative chemo- or radiotherapy and was only carefully observed. Cutaneous metastases from gastric cancer have a high recurrence rate even if total resection with no residual cancer is achieved. Therefore, meticulous follow-up, including routine visual inspection, is required for the early detection of late cutaneous metastases.
Generalized Molluscum Contagiosum Successfully Treated with Interferon-Alpha in a Patient with Folliculotropic Mycosis Fungoides
Authors: Melchers Rutger C. , Willemze Rein , Jansen Patricia M. , Vermaat Joost S.P. , Vermeer Maarten H. , Quint Koen D.
Published: February 2019

We present the case of a 50-year-old patient with folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (FMF) unresponsive to retinoids and the chemotherapeutic regimens CHOP, gemcitabine, and brentuximab-vedotin. During immunosuppressive therapy, the patient developed extensive progressive molluscum contagiosum. The mollusca did not respond to topical imiquimod but showed a swift complete response to interferon-alpha 2a (IFNa). Recently, the patient started with alemtuzumab as induction therapy for an allogenic stem cell transplantation and simultaneously continued IFNa therapy.
L-Tyr-Induced Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase at Ser40: An Alternative Route for Dopamine Synthesis and Modulation of Na+/K+-ATPase in Kidney Cells
Authors: Taveira-da-Silva Rosilane , da Silva Sampaio Luzia , Vieyra Adalberto , Einicker-Lamas Marcelo
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Dopamine (DA) is a natriuretic hormone that inhibits renal sodium reabsorption, being Angiotensin II (Ang II) its powerful counterpart. These two systems work together to maintain sodium homeostasis and consequently, the blood pressure (BP) within normal limits. We hypothesized that L-tyrosine (L-tyr) or L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) could inhibit the Na+/K+-ATPase activity. We also evaluated whether L-tyr treatment modulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH). Methods: Experiments involved cultured LLCPK1 cells treated with L-tyr or L-dopa for 30 minutes a 37°C. In experiments on the effect of Dopa Descarboxylase (DDC) inhibition, cells were pre incubated for 15 minutes with 3-Hydroxybenzylhydrazine dihydrochloride (HBH), and them L-dopa was added for 30 minutes. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was quantified colorimetrically. We used immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry to identify the enzymes TH, DDC and the dopamine receptor D1R in LLCPK1 cells. TH activity was accessed by immunoblotting (increase in the phosphorylation). TH and DDC activities were also evaluated by the modulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase activity, which can be ascribed to the synthesis of dopamine. Results: LLCPK1 cells express the required machinery for DA synthesis: the enzymes TH, and (DDC) as well as its receptor D1R, were detected in control steady state cells. Cells treated with L-tyr or L-dopa showed an inhibition of the basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase activity. We can assume that DA formed in the cytoplasm from L-tyr or L-dopa led to inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase activity compared to control. L-tyr treatment increases TH phosphorylation at Ser40 by 100%. HBH, a specific DDC inhibitor; BCH, a LAT2 inhibitor; and Sch 23397, a specific D1R antagonist, totally suppressed the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity due to L-dopa or L-tyr administration, as indicated in the figures. Conclusion: The results indicate that DA formed mainly from luminal L-tyr or L-dopa uptake by LAT2, can inhibit the Na+/K+-ATPase. In addition, our results showed for the very first time that TH activity is also significantly increased when the cells were exposed to L-tyr.
Crescents and Global Glomerulosclerosis in Chinese IgA Nephropathy Patients: A Five-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Peng Wei , Tang Yi , Tan Li , Qin Wei
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: This study aims to evaluate the clinical significance of crescent and global glomerulosclerosis formation on renal outcome in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Methods: Biopsy-proven primary IgAN patients from West China Hospital of Sichuan University were studied retrospectively between 2008 and 2015. Clinicopathological features and treatment modalities were recorded. The patients were divided into several groups on the basis of cellular and/or fibrocellular crescents scores and global glomerulosclerosis scores. Crescent (C) was scored according to the updated Oxford classification (C0/C1/C2). Global glomerulosclerosis (G) was scored according to the frequency of global glomerulosclerosis: G0 (≤25% of glomeruli), G1 (26–50% of glomeruli), and G2 (> 50% of glomeruli). The primary endpoint was defined as a 50% reduction in renal function or end stage renal disease. Patients were followed up for at least 12 months, or shorter if they reached study endpoints. 1328 patients with IgAN were recruited. Mean follow-up time was 46.1±23.6 months. The percentage of patients with C1 and C2 was 19.3% and 5.9% respectively. Higher crescent scores was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR), decreased serum albumin levels, increased amounts of urine protein, higher serum creatinine, as well as greater proportions of M1 and E1. The percentage of patients with G0, G1 and G2 was 70.5%, 20.7% and 8.8%, respectively. Elevated glomerulosclerosis scores were associated with lower eGFR levels, increased amounts of urine protein, higher levels of serum creatinine, higher incidences of arterial hypertension, as well as greater proportions of M1. There was a significantly higher proportion of T1/2 in patients with G2. In a multivariate model, crescent and global glomerulosclerosis were identified as independent predictors of decreased renal survival. Conclusion: Global glomerulosclerosis and crescents, as detected in renal biopsies, are strong predictors of long-term renal outcome of IgAN.
Downregulation of miR-503 in Activated Kidney Fibroblasts Disinhibits KCNN4 in an in Vitro Model of Kidney Fibrosis
Authors: Mann Christoph , Kaistha Brajesh Pratap , Kacik Michael , Stiewe Thorsten , Hoyer Joachim
Published: February 2019

Background/Aims: Activated fibroblasts are key controllers of extracellular matrix turnover in kidney fibrosis, the pathophysiological end stage of chronic kidney disease. The proliferation of activated fibroblasts depends on the expression of the calcium-dependent potassium channel KCNN4. Expression of this ion channel is upregulated in fibrotic kidneys. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of KCNN4 inhibits fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. Methods: We studied the regulation of KCNN4 and possible involvement of miRNAs in an in-vitro fibrosis model using murine kidney fibroblasts. We tested fibroblast proliferation, channel function, channel expression and expression regulation after FGF-2 stimulation. Results: Proliferation was significantly increased by FGF-2, channel current and expression were almost doubled (+ 91% and +125%, respectively). MiRNA microarray identified upregulation of miRNA-503, which targets RAF1 and thereby controls KCNN4-expression via disinhibition of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ ERK-cascade. Conclusion: This data show a) a profound upregulation of KCNN4 in stimulated fibroblast and b) identifies miR-503 as a regulator of KCNN4 expression.
LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN PHLEGMONOUS PERITONITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Kuyun L. O.
Published: February 2019

Introduction.    Among surgical diseases, peritonitis is a life-threatening pathological condition characterized by inflammation at both local and systemic levels [8]. Identifying proinflammatory mediators in peripheral blood and in peritoneal fluid and their quantitative characteristic is vital for the diagnosis. High levels of these mediators may be indicators of complications development or lethal outcome.

The aim of the study – to learn the levels of proinflammatory and suppressive cytokines in the peripheral blood and compare their properties in patients with acute phlegmonous appendicitis, which causes peritonitis.

Materials and Methods. The study measured levels of proinflammatory and suppressive cytokines in the peripheral blood and compare their properties in patients with acute phlegmonous appendicitis, which causes peritonitis. Blood samples from 90 patients with peritonitis and 98 healthy volunteers were analyzed. Blood cytokine content was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Vector-Best). Optical density was measured on an analyzer “Stat FAX 303 PLUS” (USA, pg/ml). The results of the study were statistically analyzed using parametrical and nonparametrical criteria using “Minitab 16” software. Colmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the differences between the group of patients and the control group. Key numerical data was gathered and compared using the U-criteria of Mann-Whitney, whereas the average of the two independent data sets were analyzed using the Student method. All persons who took part in the study gave their written consent as required by the bioethics committee.

Results and Discussion. The research demonstrated that acute inflammation during phlegmonous peritonitis is characterized by mediator synergy between proinflammatory and suppressive potentials of the immune response at the systemic level. Significant (р<0.001) increase in the levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and suppressive (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines in the peripheral blood was observed in patients with phlegmonous peritonitis.

Conclusion. Acute inflammation during phlegmonous peritonitis is characterized by mediator synergy between proinflammatory and suppressive potentials of the immune response at the systemic level. Moreover, significant (р<0.001) increase in the levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and suppressive (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines in the peripheral blood was observed in patients with phlegmonous peritonitis.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID HORMONES ON PROTEIN OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION IN CASE OF EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Shcherba V. V. , Yaroshenko T. Ya. , Kubant R. M. , Korda M. M.
Published: February 2019

Introduction. The inflammatory-dystrophic process in periodontium is accompanied by its hypoxia, which causes the activation of free radical oxidation processes. Tissue destruction in periodontal diseases is considered to be the result of an altered inflammatory/immune response to microbial plaque and involves massive release of neutrophils, reactive oxygen species and enzymes.

The aim of the study – to establish the protein oxidative modification in blood and periodontium in case of periodontitis combined with hyper- and hypothyroidism in rats.

Research Methods. Experimental studies were carry out on 48 mature male, nonliner, white rats, which were divided into the following groups: І – control animals; ІІ – animals with periodontitis; ІІІ – animals with periodontitis combined with hyperthyroidism; IV – animals with periodontitis combined with hypothyroidism. Protein oxidative modification (POM) was determined in blood serum and periodontium homogenate by the method of I.F. Meschyshyn.

Results and Discussion. The results of our studies showed that the intensity of the processes of protein oxidative modification was significantly increased in animals of all experimental groups vs control group. The content of aldehyde- and ketone derivatives of the alkali nature changed more pronounced than the content of aldehyde and ketone derivatives of neutral nature.

Conclusions. Thus, the experimental periodontitis is accompanied by a marked increase in the intensity of the protein oxidative modifications both in the homogenate of periodontal tissues and in the blood serum. Imbalance of thyroid hormones increases oxidative stress in experimental periodontitis, especially pronounced in hyperthyroidism.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЛЕТКИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ БЕДРИНЦЮ ЛОМИКАМЕНЕВОГО (PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA L.)
Authors: Parashchuk E. A. , Marchyshyn S. M. , Slobodianiuk L. V.
Published: February 2019

Вступ. В Україні зростає 5 видів рослин роду Бедринець родини селерові (Apiaceae). Найпоширенішим є бедринець ломикаменевий (Pimpinella saxifraga L.) – багаторічна трав’яниста рослина, типовий представник роду Pimpinella. На сьогодні достатньо інформації щодо його застосування в народній медицині: відвари підземних органів рослини як відхаркувальний засіб при тривалому кашлі, фарингіті, ларингіті, трахеїті та хронічному бронхіті; при лікуванні захворювань шлунково-кишкового тракту (метеоризм, порушення травлення, хронічний гастрит, ентероколіт). Використовують рослину також як протизапальний та гіпотензивний засіб.

У доступних джерелах наукової літератури недостатньо інформації про хімічний склад бедринцю ломикаменевого. Відсутні відомості про дослідження його летких сполук. З огляду на це і те, що ефірні олії представників родини Apiaceae широко застосовують у народній та науковій медицині як антибактеріальні, протигрибкові, противірусні, протипаразитарні, інсектицидні, спазмолітичні, відхаркувальні, протизапальні засоби, метою дослідження було вивчити леткі сполуки бедринцю ломикаменевого трави та кореневищ і коренів, встановити їх компонентний склад.

Методи дослідження. Компонентний склад летких сполук досліджували хроматографічним методом на хромато-мас-спектрометричній системі Agilent 6890N/5973 inert (Agilent Technologies, США). Ідентифікацію компонентів проби здійснювали з використанням бібліотеки мас-спектрів NIST 02.

Результати й обговорення. У результаті проведених досліджень у бедринцю ломикаменевого траві виявлено 59 компонентів летких сполук, з них ідентифіковано 26, основними з яких є гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, гептакозан та нонакозан. У траві досліджуваного об’єкта виявлено сесквітерпеновий спирт – α-бергамотол, який може бути маркерною сполукою леткої фракції трави рослини. У Pimpinella saxifraga L. коренях виявлено 65 компонентів летких сполук, з них ідентифіковано 27, основними з яких є каріофілен, п-гексадеканова і 9,12-октадекадієнова кислоти, гермакрен-D та β-гур’юнен. Спільними компонентами бедринцю ломикаменевого трави і підземних органів є β-фарнезен, гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, 1,3-диметилнафтален та п-гексадеканова кислота.

Висновки. Методом газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії досліджено якісний склад летких сполук бедринцю ломикаменевого трави та корененевищ і коренів. У траві виявлено 59 компонентів, ідентифіковано 26. У кореневищах і коренях ідентифіковано 27 компонентів із 65 виявлених. Основними компонентами бедринцю ломикаменевого трави є гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, гептакозан, нонакозан; кореневищ і коренів – каріофілен, гермакрен-D та β-гур’юнен. Спільними компонентами підземних і надземних органів рослини є β-фарнезен, гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, 1,3-диметилнафтален та п-гексадеканова кислота. Встановлено маркерну сполуку леткої фракції бедринцю ломикаменевого трави – α-бергамотол.
Impact of Mitral Regurgitation Severity and Cause on Effort Tolerance–Integrated Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Echocardiographic Assessment of Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing
Authors: Kampaktsis Polydoros N. , Albert Benjamin J. , Kim Jiwon , Xie Lola X. , Brouwer Lillian R. , Tehrani Nathan H. , Villanueva Michael , Choi Daniel Y. , Szulc Massimiliano , Ratcliffe Mark B. , Levine Robert A. , Devereux Richard B. , Weinsaft Jonathan W.
Published: February 2019

Background

Mitral regurgitation (
MR
) has the potential to impede exercise capacity; it is uncertain whether this is because of regurgitation itself or the underlying cause of valvular insufficiency.

Methods and Results

The population comprised 3267 patients who underwent exercise treadmill myocardial perfusion imaging and transthoracic echocardiography within 6±8 days.
MR
was present in 28%, including 176 patients (5%) with moderate or greater
MR
. Left ventricular systolic function significantly decreased and chamber size increased in relation to
MR
, paralleling increments in stress and rest myocardial perfusion deficits (all
P
<0.001). Exercise tolerance (metabolic equivalents of task) decreased stepwise in relation to graded
MR
severity (
P
<0.05). Workload was significantly lower with mild versus no
MR
(mean±SD, 9.8±3.0 versus 10.1±3.0;
P
=0.02); magnitude of workload reduction significantly increased among patients with advanced versus those with mild
MR
(mean±SD, 8.6±3.0 versus 9.8±3.0;
P
<0.001).
MR
‐associated exercise impairment was accompanied by lower heart rate and blood pressure augmentation and greater dyspnea (all
P
<0.05). Both functional and nonfunctional
MR
subgroups demonstrated significantly decreased effort tolerance in relation to
MR
severity (
P
≤0.01); impairment was greater with functional
MR
(
P
=0.04) corresponding to more advanced left ventricular dysfunction and dilation (both
P
<0.001). Functional
MR
predicted reduced metabolic equivalent of task–based effort (B=−0.39 [95% CI, −0.62 to −0.17];
P
=0.001) independent of
MR
severity. Among the overall cohort, advanced (moderate or greater)
MR
was associated with reduced effort tolerance (B=−1.36 [95% CI, −1.80 to −0.93];
P
<0.001) and remained significant (
P
=0.01) after controlling for age, clinical indexes, stress perfusion defects, and left ventricular dysfunction.

Conclusions

MR
impairs exercise tolerance independent of left ventricular ischemia, dysfunction, and clinical indexes. Magnitude of exercise impairment parallels severity of
MR
.
Remparts et philosophie aux Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C.
Authors: Lévystone David
Published: February 2019

The main disciples of Socrates criticise the use of city walls. However, their attacks are less grounded in a deep strategic reflexion than related to the traumatic consequences of Pericles’ strategy at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedemonians’ opposition to the erection of surrounding walls is more likely linked to their aristocratic ideology and interests than to moral imperatives. Though Plato and Xenophon’s motives are to avoid political divisions in the city, their positions on fortifications reveal their aristocratic bias and the question of the walls appears to be part of a more general questioning on the spatial and political organisation of the city. On that issue, Aristotle criticises Plato from a pragmatic point of view and defends the use of walls, but under strict conditions only. The Spartan and Socratic critique of the building of the walls, as well as Aristotle reluctance to fully accept them, could be traced back to a common Greek archaic ideal.
Influences of facultative paedomorphosis on kin selection in a larval salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum
Authors: Mott Cy L. , Dzaferbegovic Haris , Timm Shelby R. , Whiteman Howard H.
Published: February 2019

Kin selection in larval amphibians is hypothesized to increase survival to metamorphosis. While kin selection may benefit amphibians with obligate metamorphosis, increased survival within sibships may exert fitness costs on facultatively paedomorphic species, such as increased competition among kin. Consequently, it is unclear whether such species should engage in kin selection. We investigated kin selection in a facultatively paedomorphic salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, using laboratory behavioural trials and microcosm experiments. Individuals were most aggressive towards familiar siblings, and full-sibship groups incurred more injuries than mixed-sibship groups; however, familiar siblings ultimately exhibited higher survival. Thus, while short-term responses appeared to reflect the hypothesized costs of kin recognition, long-term patterns of survival did not support this hypothesis. The inconsistencies between results suggest that short-term studies may not capture ontogenetic variation in kin selection, and that long-term studies are needed to better test the hypothesized effects of kin selection on survival and metamorphosis.
Adaptive flexibility in cues guiding spider web construction and its possible implications for spider cognition
Authors: Eberhard William G.
Published: February 2019

Orb web construction was originally thought to be highly stereotyped, but adaptive flexibility is now well established in several aspects. This study reviews published data on one behavioural cue and presents new data on flexibility in experimentally modified and control webs of Zosis geniculata and Uloborus diversus. By occasionally ignoring this cue temporarily, spiders gained access to otherwise inaccessible portions of their webs. I discuss three hypotheses concerning the mechanism that resulted in this flexibility. Several types of evidence argue against the hypothesis that the adjustments were pre-programmed: substantial variation in the contexts when adjustments occurred; substantial variation in details of the adjustments; and rarity of the contexts that require adjustments in nature. Lack of plausible links between behavioural decisions and payoffs from prey capture argue against a second, learning hypothesis. By elimination, this flexibility may require a third type of explanation that includes more elaborate cognitive processes.
Biological attributes of Salibro™, a novel sulfonamide nematicide. Part 1: Impact on the fitness of Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla and Acrobeloides buetschlii
Authors: Thoden Tim C. , Wiles John A.
Published: February 2019

Salibro™ is a novel sulfonamide nematicide containing the active substance (a.s.) fluazaindolizine (Reklemel™ active). Its biochemical mode of action is presently unknown but in internal laboratory studies it exerted adverse effects on various fitness parameters (motility, mobility and infectivity) of two species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. hapla). While not causing an immediate knock-down effect on second-stage juveniles (J2) during the first 24-48 h of exposure to concentrations of 1-50 ppm (a.s.), exposed J2 showed clearly visible symptoms of toxicological effects (including characteristic body postures) and started to lose both their mobility as well as infectivity. This decrease in mobility and infectivity was nonreversible, even if the J2 were washed, and was already observed after pre-exposure periods of 24-48 h at 1-50 ppm (a.s.). Lower temperatures during the exposure period (4-10°C) did not prevent toxicological effects of treated J2 but slightly delayed the time-to-effect. By contrast, various vermiform life-stages of the bacteriophagous nematode, Acrobeles buetschlii, did not show any signs of intoxication or reduced motility during continuous exposure to Salibro™ at up to 250 ppm (a.s.). Salibro™ slightly increased hatching of M. hapla but did not significantly impact the hatching of M. incognita at concentrations up to 50 ppm (a.s.). No adverse effects on hatching were observed for A. buetschlii at concentrations up to 250 ppm (a.s.). The results indicate that Salibro™ is an effective and selective nematicide and will be a useful new tool in sustainable nematode management.
A spontaneous Roller mutation in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Tomalak Marek , Filipiak Anna
Published: February 2019

The first spontaneous morphological/anatomical and behavioural mutation Bxy-rol(tom3) has been identified and characterised in the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The mutation is recessive to its wild-type counterpart. The mutant phenotype designated as Roller (Rol) is distinctive for the helical twist of the whole body around its longitudinal axis. The twist of the nematode body wall cuticle is followed by a similar twist of hypodermis, muscles and other organs and cuticular structures. These morphological and anatomical changes are responsible for the altered pattern of the nematode movement. Besides these changes, the Bxy-rol(tom3) mutation does not visibly affect any other essential character or function of B. xylophilus. Both wild-type and Rol nematodes present similar morphometrics, life cycle length, and reproductive potential. The Rol mutant easily cross-bred with individuals from any other tested strains/isolates of B. xylophilus and produced viable intra-specific hybrid offspring in vitro, on B. cinerea/potato dextrose agar plates. The mutants also seem to be well adapted to the nematode’s natural environment in pine wood. They dispersed inside pine seedlings, successfully mated, produced stable and fully viable offspring in this environment, and were as pathogenic to the host tree as the wild-type B. xylophilus. Potential of the characterised mutation as a marker for direct comparative study on strain/species reproductive compatibility, competition for space, food and vector insect, and for intra- and inter-specific hybridisation of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, is discussed.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of two species of Aporcella Andrássy, 2002 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae) from Iran, with new insights into the phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Naghavi Arezoo , Niknam Gholamreza , Vazifeh Nasir , Peña-Santiago Reyes
Published: February 2019

Two species, one new and another known, of Aporcella, isolated from the rhizosphere of fruit trees in East Azarbaijan, Iran, are described, including morphological data and D2-D3 rDNA LSU sequences. Aporcella malekimilanii sp. n. is characterised by its 1.9-2.7 mm long body, lateral chord bearing glandular bodies, lip region offset by weak constriction and 14-17 μm broad, odontostyle 13-15 μm long with aperture occupying 60% of its length, neck 476-619 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 58-63% of total neck length, uterus simple and 91-100 μm long, V = 55-61, tail conical (44-56 μm, c = 41-58, c′ = 1.2-1.7) with finely rounded tip and a short terminal hyaline portion, and male unknown. New data are provided for A. vitrinus, whose Iranian material fits very well the known populations of the species. Molecular analyses reveal close evolutionary relationships of the two species with other representatives of the genus, supporting its monophyly, and confirm that they belong to a major clade with non-aporcelaimid taxa, the relationship with discolaims deserving further attention in the future.
Map is Not Territory, Menu is Not Meal
Authors: Frankenberry Nancy
Published: February 2019

This article focuses on Jonathan Z. Smith’s 1978 essay, “Map is Not Territory,” in terms of its definition of religion, allegiance to anthropology and history, and avoidance of relativism. Updated to the author’s situation forty years later, it articulates the relation between map and territory as one of asymmetrical dependence governed by the rule that the concrete includes the abstract and exceeds it in value. Reading Smith’s essay in light of Donald Davidson’s “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme” provides a philosophical argument against radical relativism. Two brief aperçu about Smith frame this account.
Structure and History and X
Authors: Levene Nancy
Published: February 2019

In working to understand myths, rituals, and the human beings who craft and use them, Jonathan Z. Smith involved himself in a debate located primarily in anthropology. What is one to make of cultural and linguistic differences? How do differences come to matter? Are there barriers to understanding between one culture-group-tribe and another that surpass the power of translation? Smith’s stance in this debate was partly negative. It cannot be the case that there are differences between cultures that entail ranking some higher than others. More constructively, Smith posed the question of the relationship of two approaches that shape the debate: on one side, the approach of structuralism, which seeks to identify what all cultures share, and on the other, the approach of history, which looks for anomalies and outliers, specificities and accidents. One must commit to both, he claimed. The question is, how?
Courtship performance as function of body condition in an ‘ancient’ form of sperm transfer
Authors: Olivero Paola A. , Vrech David E. , Oviedo-Diego Mariela A. , Mattoni Camilo I. , Peretti Alfredo V.
Published: February 2019

In most animal species, body condition has a fundamental role in fitness. In males, sexual selection generally favors larger body size or greater weight. This may result in males with better condition performing more vigorous courtships, and biasing female preferences. The effects of body condition on mating performance have been extensively studied in different animal groups. Among arachnids, scorpions are an interesting group for evaluating the effects of these sexual traits on mating performance, since they exhibit an ancient mode of indirect sperm transfer. Scorpion males deposit a single spermatophore on the soil to transfer the sperm to the females, and therefore, the production of spermatophores involves a high cost for them. In this study, we use the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis as a model to evaluate different patterns of sexual behavior as a function of the body condition of both males and females. We found that males with a better body condition performed the mating dance stage more quickly than males with a lower condition. In addition, males performed the sexual sting behavior for a longer time with females in a better condition. Our results suggest that a better condition provides a mating advantage to males and represents an indicator of courtship performance. Given that female quality is usually correlated with fecundity, males mating with females with a better body condition probably have higher reproductive success.
Limiting Third States’ Military Activities in the EEZ: ‘Due Regard Obligations’ and the Law on the Use of Force Applied to Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Beaucillon Charlotte
Published: February 2019

The aim of this article is to contribute to the general analysis of ‘due regard obligations’, through their articulation with branches of international law other than the law of the sea. More specifically, it focuses on the law of military activities at sea, as governed by international law on the use of force and nuclear weapons. It is argued here that the scope of the Law of the Sea Convention’s ‘due regard obligations’ cannot be examined in a vacuum, but should rather, to the extent possible, be interpreted in conformity with other related sources of international law. Reciprocally, this paper shows that some rules of jus ad bellum and jus in bello applicable to the use of nuclear weapons in a third state’s exclusive economic zone, fail to consider other simultaneously applicable obligations, which could well be grasped through the prism of ‘due regard’.
The Genesis of the ‘Due Regard’ Obligations in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Hamamoto Shotaro
Published: February 2019

The obligation of the coastal state to have due regard to the rights and duties of other states (Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) Art 56(2)) did not suddenly appear with the LOSC. It was gradually formed corresponding to the increasing recognition of the rights of the coastal state in adjacent maritime zones. The practice prior to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the travaux préparatoires of the LOSC indicate that this obligation requires something more than the negative obligation not to interfere with the exercise by the coastal State of its rights and competences, and that the ‘rights and duties’ to which due regard is to be paid are not limited to those explicitly listed in the LOSC, such as the freedoms of navigation, overflight and of laying of submarine cables and pipelines.