bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stop that nonsense!
Authors: Jopling Catherine L
Published: September 2014

Cells can avoid the effects of so-called ‘nonsense’ mutations by several methods, including a newly discovered mechanism driven by microRNA molecules.
Mapping the zoonotic niche of Ebola virus disease in Africa
Authors: Pigott David M , Golding Nick , Mylne Adrian , Huang Zhi , Henry Andrew J , Weiss Daniel J , Brady Oliver J , Kraemer Moritz UG , Smith David L , Moyes Catherine L , Bhatt Samir , Gething Peter W , Horby Peter W , Bogoch Isaac I , Brownstein John S , Mekaru Sumiko R , Tatem Andrew J , Khan Kamran , Hay Simon I
Published: September 2014

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a complex zoonosis that is highly virulent in humans. The largest recorded outbreak of EVD is ongoing in West Africa, outside of its previously reported and predicted niche. We assembled location data on all recorded zoonotic transmission to humans and Ebola virus infection in bats and primates (1976–2014). Using species distribution models, these occurrence data were paired with environmental covariates to predict a zoonotic transmission niche covering 22 countries across Central and West Africa. Vegetation, elevation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and suspected reservoir bat distributions define this relationship. At-risk areas are inhabited by 22 million people; however, the rarity of human outbreaks emphasises the very low probability of transmission to humans. Increasing population sizes and international connectivity by air since the first detection of EVD in 1976 suggest that the dynamics of human-to-human secondary transmission in contemporary outbreaks will be very different to those of the past.
Kinetic simulations of electric field structure within magnetic island during magnetic reconnection and their applications to the satellite observations
Authors: Huang S. Y. , Zhou M. , Yuan Z. G. , Deng X. H. , Sahraoui F. , Pang Y. , Fu S.
Published: September 2014

Magnetic islands are considered to play a crucial role in collisionless magnetic reconnection. We use particle‐in‐cell simulations to investigate electric field Ez structure in the magnetic islands (including primary and secondary islands) with and without a guide field during magnetic reconnection. It is found that the electric field has multilayers in the primary island and a large bipolar structure in the secondary island in the absence of guide field. The electric field is provided by the Hall term (J × B)z (mainly), the divergence of electron pressure tensor, and the convective term (Vi × B)z in the outer and the inner region of primary island, while the electric field is much smaller (~0) in the middle and the core region of primary island due to the cancelation of the three terms. The single bipolar electric field is primarily provided by the Hall term in the secondary island. In the presence of a guide field, the electric field has multiple layers in the primary island (similar to zero guide field case) and the secondary island. However, there still exists one single large sharp bipolar structure of electric field in the central region of the secondary island. The differences of electric field in the primary and secondary islands are essentially due to the variations of the current Jy. These features can be used as the observational criteria to identify different types of magnetic islands in the magnetosphere using the data of future mission, such as the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission.
Antiarrhythmic Potential of Anticytokine Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Tocilizumab Reduces Corrected QT Interval by Controlling Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Lazzerini Pietro Enea , Acampa Maurizio , Capecchi Pier Leopoldo , Fineschi Irene , Selvi Enrico , Moscadelli Valentina , Zimbone Stefania , Gentile Daniela , Galeazzi Mauro , Laghi‐Pasini Franco
Published: September 2014

Objective

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are twice as likely to experience sudden cardiac death compared with individuals without RA. Although the underlying mechanisms of this have not been clarified, evidence points to the effects of systemic inflammation on ventricular repolarization. Accordingly, prolongation of the corrected QT (QTc) interval is more frequent in patients with RA compared with individuals without RA also correlating with C‐reactive protein (CRP) and predicting all‐cause mortality. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is an anti–interleukin‐6 receptor antibody that potently inhibits inflammatory activation in RA, with rapid normalization of acute‐phase reactant levels, including the CRP level. Therefore, we hypothesized that TCZ may normalize the QTc interval by dampening systemic inflammation, thus reducing the risk of arrhythmia in patients with RA.

Methods

Seventeen consecutive patients with active RA who were scheduled to receive TCZ once every 4 weeks underwent a clinical examination, electrocardiography, and blood sampling just before the first injection with TCZ and again after 3 months and 6 months of treatment.

Results

At baseline, 76% of patients displayed prolongation of the QTc interval (mean ± SD 452.3 ± 35.8 msec). TCZ treatment was associated with a rapid and significant reduction of the QTc interval to mean values <440 msec (up to 428.1 ± 34.3 msec). Throughout the study, QTc interval shortening correlated with decreases in both the CRP level, and more strongly, with circulating tumor necrosis factor α level.

Conclusion

These data provide further evidence of the close link between the degree of systemic inflammation and QTc interval duration in RA and also suggest an anti‐arrhythmic potential for TCZ treatment, which may have a beneficial impact on the mortality of these patients.
Validation of the Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index
Authors: England Bryant R. , Sayles Harlan , Mikuls Ted R. , Johnson Dannette S. , Michaud Kaleb
Published: September 2014

Objective

There is no consensus on which comorbidity index is optimal for rheumatic health outcomes research. We compared a new Rheumatic Disease Comorbidity Index (RDCI) with the Charlson‐Deyo Index (CDI), Functional Comorbidity Index (FCI), Elixhauser Total Score (ETS), Elixhauser Point System (EPS), and a simple comorbidity count (COUNT) using a US cohort of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Using administrative diagnostic codes and patient self‐reporting, we tested predictive values of the RDCI, CDI, FCI, ETS, EPS, and COUNT for 2 outcomes: all‐cause mortality and physical functioning. Indices were compared using 3 models: bare (consisting of age, sex, and race), administrative (bare plus visit frequency, body mass index, and treatments), and clinic (administrative plus erythrocyte sedimentation rate, nodules, rheumatoid factor positivity, and patient activity scale).

Results

The ETS and RDCI best predicted death, with FCI performing the worst. The FCI best predicted function, with ETS and RDCI performing nearly as well. CDI predicted function poorly. The order of indices remained relatively unchanged in the different models, though the magnitude of improvement in Akaike's information criterion decreased in the administrative and clinic models.

Conclusion

The RDCI and ETS are excellent indices as a means of accounting for comorbid illness when the RA‐related outcomes of death and physical functioning are studied using administrative data. The RDCI is a versatile index and appears to perform well with self‐report data as well as administrative data. Further studies are warranted to compare these indices using other outcomes in diverse study populations.
filtering for switched discrete‐time systems under asynchronous switching: A dwell‐time dependent Lyapunov functional method
Authors: Xiang Weiming , Xiao Jian , Mahmoud Magdi S.
Published: September 2014

In this article, the
filtering problem for switched discrete‐time linear systems under asynchronous switching is addressed in the framework of dwell time, where ‘asynchronous switching’ covers more general and practical cases, for example, the switching lags caused by mode identification process are taken into consideration. Firstly, a novel dwell‐time dependent Lyapunov function (DTDLF) is introduced to solve stability and ℓ2 gain analysis problems. The main advantage of DTDLF approach is that the derived conditions are all convex in system matrices, so it is convenient to be applied into filter design with
performance instead of weighted
performance as many other previous results. Thus, on the basis of DTLDF, a dwell‐time dependent filter with time‐varying structure is proposed to achieve the desirable non‐weighted
filtering performance. It is notable that the proposed approach can also easily characterize the relationships among
filtering performance, dwell time, and asynchronous time. Two examples are provided to validate the theoretical findings in this paper. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐Molecular Mass Organic Gelcasting of Titanium Hydride to Prepare Titanium
Authors: Ye Qing , Guo Zhimeng , Lu Boxin , Lin Junpin , Shao Huiping
Published: September 2014

Low‐molecular mass organic gelcasting is utilized to fabricate titanium structural materials. The aim is to find a low‐residual gel system for the fabrication of titanium with good ductility. The thermally reversible gel system is composed of 1,3:2,4‐dibenzylidene sorbitol (gelator) and 1‐butanol (solvent). Titanium hydride powders are used as raw material and the solid loading of gelcasting slurry reaches 48 vol%. Combination of dehydriding and sintering in one process accelerate densification and the relative sintered density reaches up to 97.5%. The contents of oxygen and carbon contamination are 0.31 and 0.08 wt%, respectively, which contribute to a high‐level of mechanical property with tensile strength of 580 MPa and elongation of 8%. To achieve the near‐net shape forming capability of low‐molecular mass organic gelcasting, rosin is used to increase the green strength. Eventually, titanium parts with complex shape are successfully prepared.
Palladium(II) Chloride‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intermolecular Cycloaddition Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenz‐ aldehydes and Electron‐Deficient Terminal Alkenes: An Efficient Synthesis of Naphthyl Ketones
Authors: Janreddy Donala , Kavala Veerababurao , Kotipalli Trimurtulu , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Chen Mei‐Ling , He Chiu‐Hui , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: September 2014

We describe a simple and efficient synthetic methodology for the synthesis of a library of 2,4‐dicarbonyl‐substituted naphthalene derivatives through the PdCl2‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative intermolecular cycloaddition of 2‐alkynylbenzaldehydes to some electron‐deficient terminal alkenes. A wide variety of functionalized 2‐alkynylbenzaldehydes and electron‐deficient alkenes were examined for this reaction to deliver the corresponding naphthyldicarbonyl compounds in moderate to good yields.

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Application of Langlois’ Reagent in Trifluoromethylation Reactions
Authors: Zhang Cai
Published: September 2014

The incorporation of a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group into organic compounds is of great importance in pharmaceutical, agricultural, and materials science. Trifluoromethylation based on radical intermediates, as a valuable alternative transformation using the inexpensive and stable solid sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (CF3SO2Na; Langlois’ reagent), has attracted much attention and has become a hot research field. This review examines recent advances in radical trifluoromethylation reactions with CF3SO2Na as CF3 source.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Selective Synthesis of Isoindolin‐1‐ones and Isoquinolin‐1‐ones from the Three‐Component Coupling of 2‐Halobenzoic Acid, Alkynylcarboxylic Acid and Ammonium Acetate
Authors: Irudayanathan Francis Mariaraj , Noh Jieun , Choi Jinseop , Lee Sunwoo
Published: September 2014

Isoindolin‐1‐ones and isoquinolin‐1‐ones were selectively synthesized from the reaction of 2‐halobenzoic acid, arylalkynylcarboxylic acid and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) in the presence of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) and a copper catalyst. Conducting the reaction under one‐pot conditions provided isoindolin‐1‐ones in good yields. Changing the addition sequence of ammonium acetate after all reagents had reacted at 120 °C for 6 h selectively produced isoquinolin‐1‐ones. A variety of arylalkynylcarboxylic acids produced the corresponding isoindolin‐1‐ones and isoquinolin‐1‐ones in good yields.

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Exploiting the Nucleophilicity of NH Imines: Synthesis of Enamides from Alkyl Azides and Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Han Junghoon , Jeon Mina , Pak Han Kyu , Rhee Young Ho , Park Jaiwook
Published: September 2014

The nucleophilicity of N‐unsubstituted imines, which were generated from alkyl azides by a ruthenium‐catalyzed reaction, was investigated in the reaction with acid anhydrides. The initial products were N‐acylimines, which isomerized to the corresponding enamides. Heating or triethylamine facilitated the isomerization of N‐acylimines that are stable at room temperature. A wide range of acyclic and cyclic enamides containing various functional groups was successfully synthesized under mild conditions. In addition to acetic anhydride, various acid anhydrides were applicable. From the reaction with cyclic anhydrides, enamides containing carboxylic acid group were obtained.

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Long‐term outcomes in revision powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed , Psaltis Alkis James , Wormald Peter John
Published: August 2014

Background

Long‐term outcomes of revision dacryocystorhinostomy are less known. The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term outcomes of revision powered endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).

Methods

Retrospective review of all consecutive revision powered endoscopic DCRs performed over a period of 10 years from 2003 to 2012 were included. All patients completed a minimum of 12 months follow‐up following stent removal. Patient records were reviewed for demographic data, type of past surgery, causes of failure, clinical and surgical profiles, adjunctive procedures, complications, and success rates at last follow‐up.

Results

Twenty‐three revision powered endoscopic DCRs were performed on 18 patients who had failed primary DCR. The mean age at surgery was 61 years (range, 28–84 years). All patients presented with epiphora. Nearly 67% (66.7%; 12/18) were failed endoscopic DCRs and 33.3% (6/18) were failed external DCRs. The most common cause of failure was from cicatricial closure of ostium in 55.5% (10/18) of the cases. Over 44% (44.4%; 8/18) of patients underwent adjunctive endonasal procedures at the time of revision endoscopic DCR. The mean follow‐up was 26.4 months (range, 12–66 months). A complication of ostium granuloma in 1 patient was noted, which was successfully managed. At the last follow‐up, anatomical success was achieved in 91.3% of the cases and functional success in 86.9%.

Conclusion

Powered endoscopic DCR is a suitable option for revising failed DCRs and offers good long‐term results. Meticulous evaluation to identify causative factors of failure and addressing them is crucial for successful outcomes.
Die vielen Gesichter von Ruß: Charakterisierung verbrennungsmotorischer Ruß‐Nanopartikel
Authors: Niessner Reinhard
Published: September 2014

Ruß‐Nanopartikel (NP) aus verbrennungsmotorischen Prozessen stellen eine Bedrohung für die menschliche Gesundheit dar. Für den analytischen Chemiker ist Ruß eine harte Nuss, denn die emittierten Ruß‐Partikel unterliegen raschen Veränderungen bezüglich ihrer Größe, Form und Anzahlkonzentration. Um die immer strenger werdenden Emissionsgrenzwerte einhalten zu können, ist eine umfassende Charakterisierung des emittierten Rußes notwendig. Neben der Messung der Lichtextinktion verwendet man zu diesem Zweck auch eine Reihe weniger bekannter Effekte wie das Kondensationsverhalten von flüchtigen Substanzen auf der Partikeloberfläche, Immunantworten von Wirbeltieren auf Exposition gegenüber diesen Partikeln oder den Einfluss der Nanopartikel auf die kardiovaskuläre Funktion eines schlagenden Herzens. Des Weiteren lassen die Lichtemission und insbesondere die Raman‐Spektroskopie Rückschlüsse über die Nanokristallinität der Ruß‐Partikel zu. Die Emission von thermischen Elektronen ermöglicht außerdem die elektrische Partikelzählung im Aerosol. Sogar die Verbrennung der Ruß‐NP birgt Potential für die Charakterisierung dieser Partikel.
PEG 400/Paraffin oil non‐aqueous emulsions stabilized by PBut‐Block‐P2VP block copolymers
Authors: Atanase Leonard Ionut , Riess Gérard
Published: September 2014

For the preparation of PEG 400 in paraffin oil non‐aqueous biocompatible emulsions, the stabilization efficiency was compared for two well‐defined poly(butadiene)‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PBut‐block‐P2VP) block copolymers, with similar molecular weights but different compositions. The PBut128‐block‐P2VP50 and PBut189‐block‐P2VP37 samples, designated as copolymer A and B, respectively, are self‐organized in paraffin oil as micelles with a P2VP core and a PBut corona. The PEG 400/paraffin oil emulsion characteristics were determined as a function of the copolymers concentrations and phase ratios. Higher static and shear stabilities were obtained for emulsions stabilized by copolymer B than for those obtained in the presence of copolymer A. A further difference concerns the droplet size, relative viscosity, and loss modulus values obtained at a given dispersed phase volume fraction. At constant copolymer concentrations, it appeared that copolymer B, with a longer PBut sequence, is a more efficient emulsifier and stabilizer than copolymer A. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41390.
Radical/Addition polymerization silicone hydrogels with simultaneous interpenetrating hydrophilic/hydrophobic networks
Authors: Xu Jinku , Yang Pengfei , Zhang Leilei , Huo Guanghua
Published: September 2014

Transparent silicone hydrogels with interpenetrating hydrophilic/hydrophobic networks were simultaneously synthesized on the basis of the radical polymerization of the methacrylic monomer of 3‐methacryloxypropyl tris(trimethylsiloxy) silane (TRIS)/N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and the addition polymerization of hydroxyl‐grafted polysiloxane (HPSO)/isophorone diisocyanate. The curing temperature was set at 80°C by a differential scanning calorimetry study. The polymerization process was studied by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the curing time was about 4.5 min, and the addition polymerization had a faster rate than radical polymerization. Then, the radical polymerization rate increased rapidly, and this led to instant curing. The interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) silicone hydrogels were characterized by swelling kinetics and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results show that all of the hydrogels reached swelling equilibrium at about 4 h in water, and the IPN silicone hydrogels with a hydrophobic network of HPSO indicated a slower water transport than that of the copolymerization hydrogel of DMA and TRIS. The hydrophobic network was finely dispersed in the hydrophilic network, and the increasing hydrophobic network of HPSO decreased the glass‐transition temperature of the IPN silicone hydrogels. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41399.
PROTEIN PROFILES OF CHINESE WHITE WAX SCALE, Ericerus pela, AT THE MALE PUPAL STAGE BY HIGH‐THROUGHPUT PROTEOMICS
Authors: Yang Pu , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: September 2014

The Chinese white wax scale insect (Ericerus pela) is sexually dimorphic with holometabolous males and hemimetabolous females. Holometabolous insects were assumed to originate from hemimetabolous ancestors. Therefore, the male pupal stage is a major innovation compared with hemimetabolous female insects. Here, the protein profiles of the male pupae were obtained by high‐throughput proteomics and analyzed using bioinformatics methods. A total of 1,437 peptides were identified and assigned to 677 protein groups. Most of the proteins had molecular weights below 40 kDa and isoelectric points from 4 to 7. Gene Ontology terms were assigned to 331 proteins, including metabolic process, developmental process, and cellular process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations identified 142 pathways and most proteins were assigned to metabolism events. Pathways involved in cell growth and death, signal transduction, folding, and sorting and degradation were also identified. Six proteins that had undergone positive selection were classified into four groups, protein biosynthesis, protein degeneration, signal transduction, and detoxification. Many of the high‐abundance proteins were enzymes involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism; signal transduction; degradation; and immunization, which indicated that metabolism, disruption, and development occurred intensely at the pupal stage. These processes are closely related to the physiological status of pupae. The results also suggested that these related proteins may be fundamental factors in the formation of pupae. This study describes pupal characterization at the molecular level and provides a basis for further physiological studies.
Association Between Antinuclear Antibodies and the HLA Class II Locus and Heterogeneous Characteristics of Staining Patterns: The Nagahama Study
Authors: Terao Chikashi , Ohmura Koichiro , Yamada Ryo , Kawaguchi Takahisa , Shimizu Masakazu , Tabara Yasuharu , Takahashi Meiko , Setoh Kazuya , Nakayama Takeo , Kosugi Shinji , Sekine Akihiro , Matsuda Fumihiko , Mimori Tsuneyo ,   on behalf of the Nagahama Study Group
Published: September 2014

Objective

While antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) are observed in healthy populations as well as in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the detailed genetic background of ANAs has remained unclear. We undertook this study to identify the genetic determinants of ANAs in the general population in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ANA production and to distinguish disease susceptibility genes from ANA production genes.

Methods

A total of 9,575 Japanese volunteers were registered, and their ANA levels were quantified using indirect immunofluorescence to analyze correlates of ANA positivity. Genetic studies were performed using 7,148 of the 9,575 subjects. We performed a genome‐wide association study using 3,185 subjects genotyped for 303,506 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), followed by a replication study of 3,963 subjects. HLA–DRB1 and HLA–DQB1 alleles were imputed, and associations between ANA positivity and the SNPs or the HLA alleles associated with SLE were analyzed.

Results

Female sex and old age were associated with ANA positivity, except for the nucleolar pattern. The T allele of rs2395185 in the HLA locus, which was in moderate linkage disequilibrium with HLA–DRB1*0405, was significantly associated with ANA positivity (P = 1.3 × 10−11). The T allele of rs2395185 displayed increasing effects on the frequency of speckled and homogeneous patterns (P = 7.5 × 10−12 and P = 2.2 × 10−11, respectively) but decreasing effects on the frequency of the nucleolar pattern (P = 0.0045). The 7 SNPs and 4 HLA–DRB1 alleles associated with SLE did not display strong associations with ANA positivity.

Conclusion

SNP rs2395185 linked with HLA–DRB1*0405 is a genetic determinant of ANA production in the Japanese population. Overlapping of loci for susceptibility to SLE and to ANA positivity was limited. The nucleolar pattern showed different associations from other staining patterns, both with correlates of ANA positivity and with the HLA locus.
A Self‐regulation Perspective on Hidden‐profile Problems: If–Then Planning to Review Information Improves Group Decisions
Authors: Thürmer J. Lukas , Wieber Frank , Gollwitzer Peter M.
Published: September 2014

In hidden‐profile (HP) problems, groups squander their potential to make superior decisions because members fail to capitalize on each other's unique knowledge (unshared information). A new self‐regulation perspective suggests that hindrances in goal striving (e.g., failing to seize action opportunities) contribute to this problem. Implementation intentions (if–then plans) are known to help deal with hindrances in goal striving; therefore, supporting decision goals with if–then plans should improve the impact of unshared information on group decisions. Indeed, in line with past research, control participants in two experiments rarely identified the best alternative despite monetary incentives and setting decision goals. In contrast, simply adding if–then plans to review advantages of the non‐preferred alternatives before making the final decision significantly increased solution rates. Process manipulations (Experiment 1) and measures (Experiment 2) indicate that conceptualizing HP problems as a self‐regulation challenge provides explanatory power beyond existing accounts. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new open‐source technological system for real‐time assessment in the classroom
Authors: Rodriguez‐Sanchez M. Cristina , Torrado‐Carvajal Ángel , Vaquero Joaquin , Borromeo Susana , Hernandez‐Tamames J. Antonio
Published: September 2014

Personalized feedback tools in learning is a powerful method that expert applies when helping students to optimize their learning. We propose a new educational framework to optimize the continuous evaluation process for large groups. In our system, a computer provides tests to the mobile devices of the students; they then return the answers to be corrected. The framework provides real‐time knowledge about the progress of the class to the teacher and real‐time feedback to the students, increasing the rate of student success. Our low‐cost implementation makes it unnecessary to incorporate additional resources or to modify the infrastructure. We have tested it in several courses and conferences. We conclude with an evaluation and a discussion from different stakeholders perspectives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:412–421, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21611
Phase‐Transfer Catalysis in Oxidations Based on the Covalent Bonding of Hydrogen Peroxide to Amphiphilic Flavinium Salts
Authors: Zelenka Jan , Hartman Tomáš , Klímová Kateřina , Hampl František , Cibulka Radek
Published: September 2014

The amphiphilic flavin derivatives 1,10‐ethylene‐bridged 3‐alkylalloxazinium salts (alkyl=butyl, octyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl) were shown to catalyse the chemoselective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide in chloroform/water or dichloromethane/water systems. The efficiency of the catalytic oxidation depended substantially on the pH of the aqueous phase to reach maximum values at pH 7. Under such conditions, the complete conversion of aliphatic and aromatic sulfides occurred within a maximum of 24 h, whereas the non‐catalysed reaction gave only traces of products. This new concept of two‐phase oxidation utilises the activation and the increase in the lipophilicity of hydrogen peroxide by its covalent bonding to the alloxazinium catalyst. A practical application in the synthesis of modafinil was demonstrated.
Anomalous Enhancement of Proton Conductivity for Water Molecular Clusters Stabilized in Interstitial Spaces of Porous Molecular Crystals
Authors: Tadokoro Makoto , Ohata Yuki , Shimazaki Yuriko , Ishimaru Shin'ichi , Yamada Teppei , Nagao Yuki , Sugaya Tomoaki , Isoda Kyosuke , Suzuki Yuta , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Matsui Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

In an investigation into the proton conductivity of crystallized water clusters confined within low‐dimensional nanoporous materials, we have found that water‐stable nanoporous crystals are formed by complementary hydrogen bonding between [CoIII(H2bim)3]3+ (H2bim: 2,2′‐biimidazole) and TATC3− (1,3,5‐ tricarboxyl‐2,4,6‐triazinate); the O atoms in the COO− groups of TATC3− in the porous outer wall are strongly hydrogen bonded with H2O, forming two types of WMCs (water molecular clusters): a spirocyclic tetramer chain (SCTC) that forms infinite open 1D channels, and an isolated cyclic tetramer (ICT) present in the void space. The ICT is constructed from four H2O molecules as a novel C2‐type WMC, which are hydrogen bonded with four‐, three‐, and two‐coordination spheres, respectively. The largest structural fluctuation is observed at elevated temperatures from the two‐coordinated H2O molecules, which begin to rapidly and isotropically fluctuate on heating. This behavior can be rationalized by a simple model for the elucidation of pre‐melting phenomena, similar to those in ice surfaces as the temperature increases. Moreover, high proton conductivity of SCTCs (ca. 10−5 S cm−1 at 300 K with an activation energy of 0.30 eV) through a proton‐hole mechanism was observed for pellet samples using the alternating impedance method. The proton conductivity exhibits a slight enhancement of about 0.1×10−5 S cm−1 at 274 K due to a structural transition upon approaching this temperature that elongates the unit cell along the b‐axis. The proton‐transfer route can be predicted in WMCs, as O(4) of an H2O molecule at the center of an SCTC shows a motion that rotates the dipole in the b‐axis direction, but not the c‐axis; the thermal ellipsoids of O(4) based on anisotropic temperature factors obtained by X‐ray crystallography reflect a structural fluctuation along the b‐axis direction induced by [CoIII(H2bim)3]3+.
Catalyst‐Directed Diastereo‐ and Site‐Selectivity in Successive Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Allylations of Chiral 1,3‐Diols: Protecting‐Group‐Free Synthesis of Substituted Pyrans
Authors: Shin Inji , Wang Gang , Krische Michael J.
Published: September 2014

The iridium‐catalyzed, protecting group‐free synthesis of 4‐hydroxy‐2,6‐cis‐ or trans‐pyrans through successive nucleophilic and electrophilic allylations of chiral 1,3‐diols occurs with complete levels of catalyst‐directed diastereoselectivity in the absence of protecting groups, premetallated reagents, or discrete alcohol‐to‐aldehyde redox reactions.
A Single‐Wavelength‐Emitting Ratiometric Probe Based on Phototriggered Fluorescence Switching of Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Qu Zhi‐bei , Zhang Min , Zhou Tianshu , Shi Guoyue
Published: September 2014

Ratiometric fluorescent probes are of great importance in research, because a built‐in correction for environmental effects can be provided to reduce background interference. However, the traditional ratiometric fluorescent probes require two luminescent materials with different emission bands. Herein a novel ratiometric probe based on a single‐wavelength‐emitting material is reported. The probe works by regulating the luminescent property of graphene quantum dots with UV illumination as activator. The ratiometric sensor shows high sensitivity and specificity for iron ions. Moreover, the ratiometric sensor was successfully employed to monitor ferritin levels in Sprague Dawley rats with chemical‐induced acute liver damage. The proposed single‐wavelength ratiometric fluorescent probe may greatly broaden the applicability of ratiometric sensors in diagnostic devices, medical applications, and analytical chemistry.
Metal‐Free Intramolecular Carbocyanation of Alkenes: Catalytic Stereoselective Construction of Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines with Multiple Substituents
Authors: Chen Jianming , Xu Qiuqin , Liao Weiwei
Published: September 2014

The first catalytic stereoselective approach to prepare multiple substituted cyclic nitriles by means of a novel metal‐free intramolecular carbocyanation strategy has been developed, which provided an efficient protocol to construct densely functionalized diastereoenriched pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline derivates under mild reaction conditions (up to 20/1 d.r., 98 % yield).
Outcome of patients with negative and unsatisfactory cytologic specimens obtained by endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine‐needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes
Authors: Mehta Hiren J. , Tanner Nichole T. , Silvestri Gerard , Simkovich Suzanne M. , Shamblin Clayton , Shaftman Stephanie R. , Nietert Paul J. , Yang Jack
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine‐needle aspiration (EBUS‐FNA) has gained acceptance as the diagnostic procedure of choice with which to sample hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) for diagnosing and staging patients with lung cancer. Studies have shown that EBUS has a high positive predictive value; however, its negative predictive value (NPV) varies significantly. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the clinical outcome surrounding negative and nondiagnostic EBUS‐FNA of mediastinal LNs.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of cases of EBUS‐FNA performed between 2008 and the middle of 2011 was conducted. Mediastinal LNs with cytologic diagnoses of negative for malignant cells and unsatisfactory were selected for the study. Each LN was followed for up to 1 year with imaging or biopsy/surgical resection. A true‐negative result was defined as a LN that did not enlarge on repeat imaging or was negative for malignancy on repeat biopsy or surgery during the follow‐up period.

RESULTS

Among 1418 LNs sampled, 479 from 228 patients met the search criteria, including 394 LN (82.3%) with the cytologic diagnosis of negative for malignant cells and 85 (17.8%) with a diagnosis of unsatisfactory. A total of 104 patients (45.6%) were followed with imaging, and 124 patients (54.3%) underwent repeat biopsy/surgery. A total of 445 LNs met the definition of a true‐negative finding, resulting in an overall NPV of 92.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 90.6%‐95.2%). The NPVs of a negative and unsatisfactory diagnosis were 93.9% (95% CI, 91.6%‐96.3%) and 88.2% (95% CI, 81.4%‐95.1%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The vast majority of LNs with a cytologic diagnosis of negative and unsatisfactory were likely to be true‐negative findings. In these patients, a more conservative approach to follow‐up may be appropriate.Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)2015;123:92–97.©2014 American Cancer Society.
Introducing Mutations to Modify the C13/C9 Ratio in Linoleic Acid Oxygenations Catalyzed by Rabbit 15‐Lipoxygenase: A QM/MM and MD Study
Authors: Suardíaz Reynier , Masgrau Laura , Lluch José M. , González‐Lafont Àngels
Published: September 2014

Lipoxygenases (LOs) are a family of nonheme iron‐containing enzymes that catalyze the hydroperoxidation of several polyunsaturated fatty acids with a huge regio‐ and stereospecificity. Mammalian 15‐LO‐1 yields almost exclusively oxygenation at the C13 position of the linoleic acid (LA), its preferred substrate. This is very important because metabolites derived from oxidation in distinct positions produce opposite physiological effects. We have combined here quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations with molecular dynamics simulations to show how a suitable mutation of the rabbit 15‐LO‐1 enzyme can produce a significant amount of products derived from oxygenation at the C9 position of LA. In effect, the Leu597Val or Leu597Ala mutants are predicted to lead to a diminution of the oxygenation C13/C9 ratio in LA as huge as five orders of magnitude. This shows that the conserved residue Leu597 actually drives the regiospecific hydroperoxidation of LA catalyzed by 15‐LO‐1 enzyme.
Zinc‐Assisted Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Dimethylfuran
Authors: Saha Basudeb , Bohn Christine M. , Abu‐Omar Mahdi M.
Published: September 2014

2,5‐Dimethylfuran (DMF), a promising cellulosic biofuel candidate from biomass derived intermediates, has received significant attention because of its low oxygen content, high energy density, and high octane value. A bimetallic catalyst combination containing a Lewis‐acidic ZnII and Pd/C components is effective for 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) to DMF with high conversion (99 %) and selectivity (85 % DMF). Control experiments for evaluating the roles of zinc and palladium revealed that ZnCl2 alone did not catalyze the reaction, whereas Pd/C produced 60 % less DMF than the combination of both metals. The presence of Lewis acidic component (Zn) was also found to be beneficial for HMF HDO with Ru/C catalyst, but the synergistic effect between the two metal components is more pronounced for the Pd/Zn system than the Ru/Zn. A comparative analysis of the Pd/Zn/C catalyst to previously reported catalytic systems show that the Pd/Zn system containing at least four times less precious metal than the reported catalysts gives comparable or better DMF yields. The catalyst shows excellent recyclability up to 4 cycles, followed by a deactivation, which could be due to coke formation on the catalyst surface. The effectiveness of this combined bimetallic catalyst has also been tested for one‐pot conversion of fructose to DMF.
Am I Dyslexic? Parental Self‐Report of Literacy Difficulties
Authors: Leavett Ruth , Nash Hannah M. , Snowling Margaret J.
Published: September 2014

In the absence of criteria for the diagnosis of dyslexia, considerable weight is given to self‐report, in particular in studies of children at family risk of dyslexia. The present paper uses secondary data from a previous study to compare parents who self‐report as dyslexic and those who do not, in relation to objectively determined levels of ability. In general, adults are more likely to self‐report as ‘dyslexic’ if they have poorer reading and spelling skills and also if there is a discrepancy between IQ and measured literacy. However, parents of higher social status who have mild literacy difficulties are more likely to self‐report as dyslexic than parents who have weaker literacy skills but are less socially advantaged. Together the findings suggest that the judgement as to whether or not a parent considers themselves ‘dyslexic’ is made relative to others in the same social sphere. Those who are socially disadvantaged may, in turn, be less likely to seek support for their children. Â © 2014 The Authors Dyslexia Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Antioxidants in frying: Analysis and evaluation of efficacy
Authors: Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Ruiz‐Méndez M. Victoria , Velasco Joaquín
Published: September 2014

The action of antioxidants is well known under room temperature conditions during storage or at the moderate temperatures of the accelerated tests used to measure the oil stability. However, efficacy of antioxidants under frying conditions is far more difficult to be evaluated and defined because availability of air is lower and variable, and both oxidation and thermal reactions are simultaneously involved. This review is focused on the analysis and evaluation of efficacy of antioxidants in frying. Specific aspects of the action of natural and synthetic antioxidants at high temperature are discussed, and the most important methods used for the analysis of antioxidants and their efficacy are described.

Addition of dimethylpolysiloxane (DMPS) was highly protective during discontinuous frying. Figure shows formation of polar compounds in high‐linoleic sunflower oil (HLSO) and high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with and without DMPS during discontinuous frying of potatoes at 180°C. Oil degradation was remarkedly decreased by DMPS addition since it is specifically active during the period in which the oil is not protected from the penetration of oxygen by the steam water from the fried food.
Cytogenetic alterations and their molecular genetic correlates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A next generation window to the biology of disease
Authors: Gollin Susanne M.
Published: September 2014

Cytogenetic alterations underlie the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), whether tobacco and alcohol use, betel nut chewing, snuff or human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the disease. Many of the molecular genetic aberrations in HNSCC result from these cytogenetic alterations. This review presents a brief introduction to the epidemiology of HNSCC, and discusses the role of HPV in the disease, cytogenetic alterations and their frequencies in HNSCC, their molecular genetic and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) correlates, prognostic implications, and possible therapeutic considerations. The most frequent cytogenetic alterations in HNSCC are gains of 5p14‐15, 8q11‐12, and 20q12‐13, gains or amplifications of 3q26, 7p11, 8q24, and 11q13, and losses of 3p, 4q35, 5q12, 8p23, 9p21‐24, 11q14‐23, 13q12‐14, 18q23, and 21q22. To understand their effects on tumor cell biology and response to therapy, the cytogenetic findings in HNSCC are increasingly being examined in the context of the biochemical pathways they disrupt. The goal is to minimize morbidity and mortality from HNSCC using cytogenetic abnormalities to identify valuable diagnostic biomarkers for HNSCC, prognostic biomarkers of tumor behavior, recurrence risk, and outcome, and predictive biomarkers of therapeutic response to identify the most efficacious treatment for each individual patient's tumor, all based on a detailed understanding of the next generation biology of HNSCC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the Quality of Mixed Research Reports in the Field of Human Resource Development and Beyond: A Call for Rigor as an Ethical Practice
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Corrigan Julie A.
Published: September 2014

Since 2000, only 13% of the total number of empirical research articles (n = 230) published inHuman Resource Development Quarterly (HRDQ)have represented mixed research studies. Plausible explanations for why theHRDQprevalence rate is not more than 13% include the possibility that a high proportion of mixed research studies that are being submitted toHDRQare not of sufficient quality to be accepted. Thus, in this editorial, we provide evidence‐based guidelines for conducting and reporting mixed research that are framed around Collins, Onwuegbuzie, and Sutton's (2006) 13‐step model of the mixed research process. Further, we divide our reporting standards into four general areas—research formulation, research planning, research implementation, and research dissemination—that we itemize via a taxonomy that contains more than 60 elements.
Hepatitis C virus genotype 4 in England: Diversity and demographic associations
Authors: Ngui Siew‐Lin , Brant Lisa , Markov Peter V. , Tung John‐Paul , Pybus Oliver G. , Teo Chong‐Gee , Ramsay Mary E.
Published: September 2014

HCV strains belonging to genotype 4 may be gaining endemicity across Continental Europe but the extent of their spread in the United Kingdom is unknown. Sera referred from patients attending hospitals in England between 2004 through 2008 were characterised. A total of 243 sera carried HCV genotype 4. The most common subtypes were 4a (33%) and 4d (35%). Compared to patients infected by 4d, those infected by 4a were 20 times more likely to be Middle Eastern than English, and those infected by non‐4a/4d were older, tended to be female, and 50 or 12 times more likely to be Middle Eastern or South Asian, respectively, than English. Persons infected by 4d tended to be English rather than Middle Eastern or South Asian. One group of 4d strains clustered with strains reported from persons in Europe engaged in male homosexual activity. Surveillance of trends in the importation and subsequent spread of HCV genotype 4 and its subtypes is advocated. J. Med. Virol. 87:417–423, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing multilayered wire‐grid polarizers using a monochromatic recursive convolution finite‐difference time‐domain algorithm
Authors: Banerjee Saswatee
Published: September 2014

Multilayered wire‐grid polarizers (WGP) find application as low‐reflection polarizers in projection‐type liquid crystal display devices. A multilayered WGP is formed by adding thin layers on top of the metal ridges of an ordinary WGP. The ordinary WGP consists of a periodic array of parallel metal ridges, where the period of the array and the width of any individual metal ridge are typically less than the wavelength of the incident light. Such WGPs are often used as efficient polarizers. However, in certain applications, it is important to reduce the reflection from the WGP while preserving the polarization efficiency. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to add thin layers on top of the metal ridges of the ordinary WGP. The reduction in reflection from the multilayered WGP depends on the number and material of these additional layers. In this paper, we describe a design method for multilayered WGPs based on an effective medium theory, thin‐film computation method and a monochromatic recursive convolution finite‐difference time‐domain algorithm. The goal of design process is to identify suitable materials and thicknesses for the additional thin layers needed to lower the reflection appreciably. The design method is explained with the help of bilayered WGPs.
Effect of Cropping System on Physical Properties of Clay Soil Under Intensive Rice Cultivation
Authors: Tran Ba Linh , Le Van Khoa , Van Elsacker Sara , Cornelis Wim M.
Published: September 2014

Cropping systems are thought to alter soil quality in paddy rice fields. This study was conducted to quantify the long‐term effects of continuous crop production under different cropping systems with different crop rotations on physical properties of alluvial clay soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Soil samples were collected from four treatments: (i) traditional intensive rice monoculture with three rice crops per year (R–R–R); (ii) rotation with two rice crops and maize (R–M–R); (iii) rotation with two rice crops and mung bean (R–Mb–R); and (iv) rotation with one rice and two upland crops, mung bean and maize (R–Mb–M). We hypothesized that cropping systems with rotations of upland crops and their temporary beds improve the physical quality of paddy rice soil; hence, they are better options towards sustainable agriculture. Results show an improvement of soil physical quality for systems with two rice crops and one upland crop (R–M–R and R–Mb–R) and those with one rice crop with two upland crops (R–Mb–M) compared with intensive rice monoculture (R–R–R). This was translated in decreased bulk density and soil strength, increased soil organic carbon and total porosity, and higher aggregate stability index, plant‐available water capacity, and Dexter's S index, especially at depths of 10–20 and 20–30 cm. The systems with different upland crops (maize or mung bean) showed similar high physical quality improvement. To maintain soil quality in future seasons, introducing a cropping system with at least one upland crop in rotation with rice is recommended. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.