bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Intercropped Insectary Plants (Sweet Alyssum, Coriander, and White Mustard) on Elemental Composition and Antioxidant Levels in Broad Bean Plants
Authors: Gospodarek Janina , Tamiru Gedyon , Nadgórska-Socha Aleksandra , Kandziora-Ciupa Marta , Paśmionka Iwona B.
Published: December 2024

Insectary plants, such as sweet alyssum, coriander, and white mustard, are well known for their traits that attract beneficial insects, allowing them to protect crops from pests. The aim of the study was to analyze the compounds that are important in the antioxidant response, such as malondialdehyde, ascorbic acid, proline, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, as well as the content of elements, including macroelements (K, Mg, Na, Ca, P, and S) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Fe) in broad bean plants. These plants were grown in field conditions as the main protected plant alongside a mixture of three insectary plants at different proportions of the individual components. The soil was analyzed in terms of the above-mentioned elements, as well as in terms of its enzymatic activity (arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, FDA (fluorescein diacetate), and acid phosphatase). The introduction of insectary plant mixtures did not cause major changes in the content of the elements in the soil. The changes in the content of elements in broad bean leaves depended on the type of element and the proportion of individual components in the companion plant mixture. However, a general trend of increasing macronutrient content was observed, influenced by the presence of companion plants. All types of companion plant mixtures used enhanced the activity of FDA, while the mixture with 50% sweet alyssum additionally caused an increase in arylsulfatase activity (more than 2 fold). The companion plants improved the physiological condition of the protected plant, which was reflected in the reduced content of proline and total flavonoids. Considering the response of the protected plant to the proposed intercropped plant mixtures and their effect on broad bean growth, it appears that the most suitable mixtures are those with an equal share of all three plant species or a mixture with a predominance of sweet alyssum.
Search for New Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory Activity Among 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives
Authors: Glomb Teresa , Minta Julia , Nowosadko Michalina , Radzikowska Julia , Świątek Piotr
Published: December 2024

Compounds containing the 1,2,4-triazole moiety in their structure exhibit broad biological activities. Many of these compounds demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in vitro through various mechanisms, such as inhibiting COX-1/COX-2 and LOX, modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, or having effects on other specific enzymes. Some also display activities in vivo. In many publications, the activities of new 1,2,4-triazole-based compounds exceed those of the reference drugs, suggesting their promising potential as new therapeutic agents. This review of active 1,2,4-triazole derivatives with anti-inflammatory activity is based on literature published from 2015–2024.
Nanoconfined Chlorine-Substituted Monomethine Cyanine Dye with a Propionamide Function Based on the Thiazole Orange Scaffold—Use of a Fluorogenic Probe for Cell Staining and Nucleic Acid Visualization
Authors: Ishkitiev Nikolay , Micheva Maria , Miteva Marina , Gaydarova Stefaniya , Tzachev Christo , Lozanova Vesela , Lozanov Valentin , Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Kandinska Meglena , Ilieva Sonia , Gargallo Raimundo , Baluschev Stanislav , Stoynov Stoyno , Dyankova-Danovska Teodora , Nedelcheva-Veleva Marina , Landfester Katharina , Mihaylova Zornitsa , Vasilev Aleksey
Published: December 2024

The development of fluorescence-based methods for bioassays and medical diagnostics requires the design and synthesis of specific markers to target biological microobjects. However, biomolecular recognition in real cellular systems is not always as selective as desired. A new concept for creating fluorescent biomolecular probes, utilizing a fluorogenic dye and biodegradable, biocompatible nanomaterials, is demonstrated. The synthesis of a new dicationic asymmetric monomethine cyanine dye with benzo[d]thiazolium-N-propionamide and chloroquinoline end groups is presented. The photophysical properties of the newly synthesized dye were examined through the combined application of spectroscopic and theoretical methods. The applicability of the dye as a fluorogenic nucleic acid probe was proven by UV-VIS spectroscopy and fluorescence titration. The dye–nucleic acid interaction mode was investigated by UV-Vis and CD spectroscopy. The newly synthesized dicationic dye, like other similar fluorogenic structures, limited permeability, which restricts its use as a probe for RNA and DNA. To enhance cellular delivery, we utilized a patented technology that employs solid, insoluble lipid nanoparticles. This method ensures the complete introduction of the dye into cells while minimizing activity outside the cells. In our study involving two human cell lines, we observed improved penetration through the cell membrane and distinctive selectivity in visualizing nucleic acids within the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Phytosome-Encapsulated 6-Gingerol- and 6-Shogaol-Enriched Extracts from Zingiber officinale Roscoe Protect Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurotoxicity
Authors: Mairuae Nootchanat , Noisa Parinya , Palachai Nut
Published: December 2024

The rising prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to prevent neuronal cell death. This study evaluates the neuroprotective potential of phytosome-encapsulated 6-gingerol- and 6-shogaol-enriched extracts from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (6GS), bioactive compounds renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The novel phytosome encapsulation technology employed enhances the bioavailability and stability of these compounds, offering superior therapeutic potential compared to conventional formulations. Additionally, the study investigates the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-signaling pathway, a key mediator of the neuroprotective effects of 6GS. Neurotoxicity was induced in SH-SY5Y cells (a human neuroblastoma cell line) using 200 μM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), following pretreatment with 6GS at concentrations of 15.625 and 31.25 μg/mL. Cell viability was assessed via the MTT assay alongside evaluations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px]), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA]), and molecular mechanisms involving the PI3K/Akt pathway, apoptotic factors (B-cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl-2] and caspase-3), and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]). The results demonstrated that 6GS significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS, MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, 6GS treatment upregulated PI3K, Akt, and Bcl-2 expression while suppressing caspase-3 activation. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by 6GS led to phosphorylated Akt-mediated upregulation of Bcl-2, promoting neuronal survival and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, Bcl-2 inhibited ROS generation, further mitigating neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that phytosome encapsulation enhances the bioavailability of 6GS, which through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, exhibits significant neuroprotective properties. Incorporating these compounds into functional foods or dietary supplements could offer a promising strategy for addressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Direct Synthesis of 2-(4-Hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide Derivatives from 2-Aryloxybenzamide via PhIO-Mediated Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Shang Zhenhua , Jiao Dechen , Cheng Haoran , Huang Daowei
Published: December 2024

The 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide scaffold is frequently found in a variety of bioactive compounds, displaying a broad spectrum of properties, such as antibacterial and antitumor effects. In this study, we developed a new method for synthesizing 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide derivatives from 2-aryloxybenzamide via a PhIO-mediated oxidation reaction. The optimal reaction conditions were established as follows: TFA was used as the solvent, PhIO served as the oxidant with a substrate-to-oxidant ratio of 1:2, and the reaction was conducted at room temperature. This method, characterized by mild reaction conditions, broad applicability, and a metal-free nature, considerably improves the accessibility of 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)benzamide derivatives, which have been challenging to prepare using previously reported methods.
Synthesis of a Cholesterol Derivative and Its Application in Gel Emulsion Preparation
Authors: Liu Yang , Liu Shuaihua , Zhang Qiang , Tian Guanghui
Published: December 2024

As a small-molecule gelator used as a stabilizer in gel emulsions, it has numerous advantages, such as low dosage, independence from phase ratios, and ease of control. In this study, a cholesterol derivative (CSA) was designed and synthesized to be used as a stabilizer for gel emulsions. Gelation experiments demonstrated that this small molecule could gelate various organic solvents, including linear alkanes, toluene, isoamyl alcohol, and acetone. Based on these gelation experiments, a series of gel emulsions were prepared with water as the dispersed phase and an organic solvent immiscible with water as the continuous phase. Finally, the gelation behavior of the gelator/water/toluene and gelator/water/cyclohexane systems was investigated, exploring the effects of different systems and varying water content within the same system on the structure and stability of the gel emulsions. Studies have shown that the gel emulsion prepared from the gelator/water/toluene system exhibits superior stability, likely due to the molecular self-assembly behavior of this cholesterol derivative exhibited in the water/toluene biphasic system. The research results provide a basis for using gel emulsions as templates to prepare porous materials and adjust their internal structure, ultimately laying a solid foundation for applying these porous materials in fields such as adsorption and catalysis.
Porphyrin-Based Supramolecular Self-Assemblies: Construction, Charge Separation and Transfer, Stability, and Application in Photocatalysis
Authors: Hu Yingxu , Peng Jingfeng , Liu Rui , Gao Jing , Hua Guancheng , Fan Xiangjiang , Wang Shengjie
Published: December 2024

As a key means to solve energy and environmental problems, photocatalytic technology has made remarkable progress in recent years. Organic semiconductor materials offer structural diversity and tunable energy levels and thus attracted great attention. Among them, porphyrin and its derivatives show great potential in photocatalytic reactions and light therapy due to their unique large-π conjugation structure, high apparent quantum efficiency, tailorable functionality, and excellent biocompatibility. Compared to unassembled porphyrin molecules, supramolecular porphyrin assemblies facilitate the solar light absorption and improve the charge transfer and thus exhibit enhanced photocatalytic performance. Herein, the research progress of porphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies, including the construction, the regulation of charge separation and transfer, stability, and application in photocatalysis, was systematically reviewed. The construction strategy of porphyrin supramolecules, the mechanism of charge separation, and the intrinsic relationship of assembling structure-charge transfer-photocatalytic performance received special attention. Surfactants, peptide molecules, polymers, and metal ions were introduced to improve the stability of the porphyrin assemblies. Donor-acceptor structure and co-catalysts were incorporated to inhibit the recombination of the photoinduced charges. These increase the understanding of the porphyrin supramolecules and provide ideas for the design of high-performance porphyrin-based photocatalysts.
Engineering n-Type and p-Type BiOI Nanosheets: Influence of Mannitol on Semiconductor Behavior and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Yang Shuo , Li Wenhui , Li Kaiyue , Huang Ping , Zhuo Yuquan , Liu Keyan , Yang Ziwen , Han Donglai
Published: December 2024

Photocatalytic technology holds significant promise for sustainable development and environmental protection due to its ability to utilize renewable energy sources and degrade pollutants efficiently. In this study, BiOI nanosheets (NSs) were synthesized using a simple water bath method with varying amounts of mannitol and reaction temperatures to investigate their structural, morphological, photoelectronic, and photocatalytic properties. Notably, the introduction of mannitol played a critical role in inducing a transition in BiOI from an n-type to a p-type semiconductor, as evidenced by Mott–Schottky (M-S) and band structure analyses. This transformation enhanced the density of holes (h+) as primary charge carriers and resulted in the most negative conduction band (CB) position (−0.822 V vs. NHE), which facilitated the generation of superoxide radicals (·O2−) and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Among the samples, the BiOI-0.25-60 NSs (synthesized with 0.25 g of mannitol at 60 °C) exhibited the highest performance, characterized by the largest specific surface area (24.46 m2/g), optimal band gap energy (2.28 eV), and efficient photogenerated charge separation. Photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that BiOI-0.25-60 NSs achieved superior methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency of 96.5% under simulated sunlight, 1.14 times higher than BiOI-0-70 NSs. Additionally, BiOI-0.25-60 NSs effectively degraded tetracycline (TC), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-D), and rhodamine B (Rh B). Key factors such as photocatalyst concentration, MB concentration, and solution pH were analyzed, and the BiOI-0.25-60 NSs demonstrated excellent recyclability, retaining over 94.3% of their activity after three cycles. Scavenger tests further identified ·O2− and h+ as the dominant active species driving the photocatalytic process. In this study, the pivotal role of mannitol in modulating the semiconductor characteristics of BiOI nanomaterials is underscored, particularly in promoting the n-type to p-type transition and enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. These findings provide a valuable strategy for designing high-performance p-type photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.
Effects of Au Addition on the Performance of Thermal Electronic Noses Based on Porous Cu2O–SnO2 Nanospheres
Authors: Tonezzer Matteo , Ueda Taro , Torai Soichiro , Fujita Koki , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Hyodo Takeo
Published: December 2024

The electronic nose is an increasingly useful tool in many fields and applications. Our thermal electronic nose approach, based on nanostructured metal oxide chemiresistors in a thermal gradient, has the advantage of being tiny and therefore integrable in portable and wearable devices. Obviously, a wise choice of the nanomaterial is crucial for the device’s performance and should therefore be carefully considered. Here we show how the addition of different amounts of Au (between 1 and 5 wt%) on Cu2O–SnO2 nanospheres affects the thermal electronic nose performance. Interestingly, the best performance is not achieved with the material offering the highest intrinsic selectivity. This confirms the importance of specific studies, since the performance of chemoresistive gas sensors does not linearly affect the performance of the electronic nose. By optimizing the amount of Au, the device achieved a perfect classification of the tested gases (acetone, ethanol, and toluene) and a good concentration estimation (with a mean absolute percentage error around 16%). These performances, combined with potentially smaller dimensions of less than 0.5 mm2, make this thermal electronic nose an ideal candidate for numerous applications, such as in the agri-food, environmental, and biomedical sectors.
Nanodots of Transition Metal Sulfides, Carbonates, and Oxides Obtained Through Spontaneous Co-Precipitation with Silica
Authors: Rödig Bastian , Funkner Diana , Frank Thomas , Schürmann Ulrich , Rieder Julian , Kienle Lorenz , Kunz Werner , Kellermeier Matthias
Published: December 2024

The controlled formation and stabilization of nanoparticles is of fundamental relevance for materials science and key to many modern technologies. Common synthetic strategies to arrest growth at small sizes and prevent undesired particle agglomeration often rely on the use of organic additives and require non-aqueous media and/or high temperatures, all of which appear critical with respect to production costs, safety, and sustainability. In the present work, we demonstrate a simple one-pot process in water under ambient conditions that can produce particles of various transition metal carbonates and sulfides with sizes of only a few nanometers embedded in a silica shell, similar to particles derived from more elaborate synthesis routes, like the sol–gel process. To this end, solutions of soluble salts of metal cations (e.g., chlorides) and the respective anions (e.g., sodium carbonate or sulfide) are mixed in the presence of different amounts of sodium silicate at elevated pH levels. Upon mixing, metal carbonate/sulfide particles nucleate, and their subsequent growth causes a sensible decrease of pH in the vicinity. Dissolved silicate species respond to this local acidification by condensation reactions, which eventually lead to the formation of amorphous silica layers that encapsulate the metal carbonate/sulfide cores and, thus, effectively inhibit any further growth. The as-obtained carbonate nanodots can readily be converted into the corresponding metal oxides by secondary thermal treatment, during which their nanometric size is maintained. Although the described method clearly requires optimization towards actual applications, the results of this study highlight the potential of bottom-up self-assembly for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles at mild conditions.
A Narrative Review on the Neuroprotective Potential of Brown Macroalgae in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Cokdinleyen Melis , dos Santos Luana Cristina , de Andrade Cristiano José , Kara Huseyin , Colás-Ruiz Nieves R. , Ibañez Elena , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: December 2024

Systematic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease increasingly prevalent in the aging population. AD is characterized by pathological features such as β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque accumulation, tau neurofibrillary tangles formation, oxidative stress, an impaired cholinergic system, and neuroinflammation. Many therapeutic drugs have been developed to slow the progression of AD by targeting these pathological mechanisms. However, synthetic drugs, such as donepezil and memantine, can often lead to side effects. In this context, seaweeds have been drawing attention as a nutrient source and a potential source of health-improving metabolites. Studies have shown that extracts from brown macroalgae can potentially reduce the inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine expression. Furthermore, their bioactive compounds exhibit antioxidant properties vital in combating oxidative stress. Antioxidants, mainly carotenoids and phenolic compounds, have been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative disorders by protecting neuronal cells through their ability to scavenge free radicals. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids found in certain macroalgae have the potential to support brain health and cognitive function, further enhancing their neuroprotective effects. In conclusion, this review has comprehensively evaluated the research conducted on brown macroalgae in the last five years, covering their potential bioactive compounds, methods of obtaining these compounds, and their neuroprotective properties against AD. The limited number of clinical studies in the literature highlights the need for further research. This narrative review provides a basic framework for new approaches to neuroprotective strategies, such as those associated with brown macroalgae natural resources. Furthermore, they may play an increasingly important role in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals that can support human health in preventing and managing neurodegenerative diseases.
A Meal with Ultra-Processed Foods Leads to a Faster Rate of Intake and to a Lesser Decrease in the Capacity to Eat When Compared to a Similar, Matched Meal Without Ultra-Processed Foods
Authors: Galdino-Silva Maria Bárbara , Almeida Karine Maria Moreira , Oliveira Ana Debora Santos de , Santos João Victor Laurindo dos , Macena Mateus de Lima , Silva Dafiny Rodrigues , Pereira Micnéias Roberth , Silva-Júnior André Eduardo , Ferro Débora Cavalcante , Paula Déborah Tenório da Costa , Carvalho Guilherme César de Oliveira , Rocha Marianna Victória Cerqueira , Silva Juliane Pereira da , Barreto Emiliano de Oliveira , Bueno Nassib Bezerra
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: It is unknown whether the negative health effects associated with ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are due to their nutritional composition or to the extent of food processing itself. We evaluated the impact of a test meal composed only of UPF, according to the NOVA classification, compared to a similar meal without UPF in adults with obesity. Methods: This is a parallel, randomized trial. Adult individuals with obesity, according to BMI, % body fat, and/or waist circumference were included. Individuals ate one out of two test meals, matched for energy density, macronutrients, sodium, and fiber, differing in NOVA classification, as a breakfast after a 12-h fast. The rate of intake, appetite, satiety hormones, energy expenditure, and autonomic function were measured. Data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance. Results: Forty-two individuals were included. We found a significantly faster intake rate (07:52 ± 3:00 vs. 11:07 ± 03:16 min), with less chewing and bites, and greater capacity to eat (39.68 ± 22.69 vs. 23.95 ± 18.92 mm) after the UPF meal, without observed differences in the metabolic outcomes. In an exploratory analysis, after adjusting by sex, leptin levels showed a greater decrease after the test meal in the control group. Conclusions: Although we found a faster intake rate in the UPF meal, only marginal effects were found on the participants’ capacity to eat after the UPF meal. The high similarity between meals, despite differences according to the NOVA classification, may explain these results. As our study was small, these findings require further investigation.
Evaluating the Impact of a Novel Program to Address Acute Food Insecurity Among Cancer Patients
Authors: Sina Elliott M. , Rowe Michael , Mancuso Gina , Garber Gregory , Kelly W. Kevin , Leader Amy E.
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Acute food insecurity (FI) significantly impacts cancer patients’ health, exacerbating physical and psychological burdens. While current interventions address chronic FI, acute cases remain undermanaged. Legacy of Hope, a Philadelphia-based non-profit, addresses this gap through its Emergency Patient Support Network (EPSN), offering free bi-weekly groceries to patients facing acute FI. Materials and Methods: The pilot study evaluated EPSN’s impact utilizing the Legacy of Hope Acute Food Insecurity (LOHAFI) survey, which was performed at baseline and two weeks post-intervention. The survey combines the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—General (FACT-G7) and questions on food and financial security. Mean scores and frequencies were calculated. Results: Fifty patients (n = 50) completed the LOHAFI survey. The mean age was 55.1 years; 70% were female; 33 (66%) identified as Black. Two weeks after receiving groceries, patients reported a decrease in nausea (pre: 1.34; post: 1.18) and anxiety related to their cancer (pre: 2.49; post: 2.41) and an increase in the availability (pre: 1.70; post: 1.84) and consumption (pre: 2.26; post: 2.30) of healthy food. However, patient overall quality of life did not improve (pre: 13.14; post: 12.76). Conclusions: Legacy of Hope’s EPSN shows potential in alleviating acute FI among cancer patients, although larger studies are needed to fully assess its impact.
Adipokines and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase as Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Mexican School-Aged Children
Authors: Solís-Pérez Elizabeth , Mar-Buruato Ana Marina , Tijerina-Sáenz Alexandra , Sánchez-Peña Maria Alejandra , González-Martínez Blanca Edelia , Lavalle-González Fernando Javier , Villarreal-Pérez Jesús Zacarías , Sánchez-Solís Gerardo , López-Cabanillas Lomelí Manuel
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in children has been increasing, raising concerns about early detection and clinical management. Adipokines, which are secreted by adipose tissue, play a critical role in metabolic regulation and inflammation, while gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), as a liver enzyme, is linked to oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. The objective was to examine the association of circulating adipokines and GGT with metabolic syndrome risk in school-aged children from Northeast Mexico. Methods: A total of 140 children from 6 to 12 years of age in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico, participated in this study. Obesity was classified according to the BMI z-score by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007), and metabolic syndrome was classified according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF, 2007). Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6, and GGT were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student’s t-test, simple linear regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Among the 140 participants, 60 children (43%) were classified as obese, and of those children with obesity, 55% were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Leptin was significantly associated with waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol (HDL-c). Adiponectin also showed significant associations with WC, SBP, serum triglycerides, and HDL-c. GGT was significantly correlated with WC and HDL-c, while IL-6 and TNF-α did not indicate significance. Associations were observed among leptin, adiponectin, and GGT, highlighting their combined role as potential markers for metabolic syndrome in children. The ROC curve analysis and Youden’s index provided cut-off points for these biomarkers: leptin: 8.3665 ng/mL, adiponectin: 9.87 µg/mL, GGT: 17.8 U/L, IL-6 2.77 pg/mL, and TNF-α: 6.68 pg/mL; Conclusions: These findings emphasize the utility of leptin, adiponectin, and GGT as early biomarkers for identifying children with obesity who are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
Importance of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Molecular Regulation as Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Brusnic Olga , Boicean Adrian , Fleacă Sorin-Radu , Grama Blanca , Sofonea Florin , Roman-Filip Corina , Roman-Filip Iulian , Solomon Adelaida , Bîrsan Sabrina , Dura Horatiu , Porr Corina , Adrian Cristian , Onisor Danusia
Published: December 2024

Noncoding RNAs, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MiRNAs, small endogenous RNA molecules that silence target mRNAs to regulate gene expression, are closely linked to immune responses and inflammatory pathways in IBD. Notably, miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-155 are consistently upregulated in IBD, influencing immune cell modulation, cytokine production, and the intestinal epithelial barrier. These miRNAs serve as biomarkers for disease progression and severity, as well as therapeutic targets for controlling inflammation. This comprehensive review highlights the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and miRNA regulation. It concludes that microbiota and FMT influence miRNA activity, presenting a promising avenue for personalized IBD treatment.
Update on Fatty Acids and the Brain
Authors: Sinclair Andrew J.
Published: December 2024

The brain is a lipid-rich organ, mainly due to the very high lipid content of myelin, but in addition to this, all the neuronal cell membranes, of which there are over 80 billion in the human brain [...]
A Narrative Review on the Neurocognitive Profiles in Eating Disorders and Higher Weight Individuals: Insights for Targeted Interventions
Authors: Krug Isabel , Dang An Binh , Lu Evonne , Ooi Wenn Lynn , Portingale Jade , Miles Stephanie
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Recent research has increasingly explored the cognitive processes underlying eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFEDs), and individuals with higher weight (HW). This critical narrative review focuses on neurocognitive findings derived from mainly experimental tasks to provide a detailed understanding of cognitive functioning across these groups. Where experimental data are lacking, we draw on self-report measures and neuroimaging findings to offer supplementary insights. Method: A search of major databases that prioritized meta-analyses and recent publications (last 10 years) was conducted. Using comprehensive search terms related to EDs, HW, and neurocognition, eligible studies focused on human neurocognitive outcomes (e.g., cognitive flexibility, attentional bias, etc.) published in English were selected. Results: We found that some neurocognitive characteristics, such as cognitive rigidity, impulsivity, emotion processing difficulties, and dysregulated reward processing, appear transdiagnostic, spanning multiple ED subtypes and HW populations. We also revealed neurocognitive features specific to ED subtypes and HW. For instance, individuals with AN demonstrate an enhanced focus on detail, and BN and BED are characterized by a pronounced attentional bias toward food-related stimuli. In individuals with HW, cognitive processes underpin behaviours associated with overeating and weight gain. Conclusions: These findings highlight the critical importance of understanding both the unique and shared neurocognitive patterns across ED subtypes and HW populations. By identifying transdiagnostic factors, such as cognitive rigidity and reward processing, alongside ED subtype/HW-specific vulnerabilities, researchers and clinicians can develop more nuanced, evidence-based interventions that address the core mechanisms driving disordered eating behaviours.
Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Activates Mitophagy Through Cargo Receptor and Phagophore Formation
Authors: Hsiao Yuan-Chao , Chang Chih-Wei , Yeh Chau-Ting , Ke Po-Yuan
Published: December 2024

Chronic HCV infection is a risk factor for end-stage liver disease, leading to a major burden on public health. Mitophagy is a specific form of selective autophagy that eliminates mitochondria to maintain mitochondrial integrity. HCV NS5A is a multifunctional protein that regulates the HCV life cycle and may induce host mitophagy. However, the molecular mechanism by which HCV NS5A activates mitophagy remains largely unknown. Here, for the first time, we delineate the dynamic process of HCV NS5A-activated PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. By performing live-cell imaging and CLEM analyses of HCV NS5A-expressing cells, we demonstrate the degradation of mitochondria within autophagic vacuoles, a process that is dependent on Parkin and ubiquitin translocation onto mitochondria and PINK1 stabilization. In addition, the cargo receptors of mitophagy, NDP52 and OPTN, are recruited to the mitochondria and required for HCV NS5A-induced mitophagy. Moreover, ATG5 and DFCP1, which function in autophagosome closure and phagophore formation, are translocated near mitochondria for HCV NS5A-induced mitophagy. Furthermore, autophagy-initiating proteins, including ATG14 and ULK1, are recruited near the mitochondria for HCV NS5A-triggered mitophagy. Together, these findings demonstrate that HCV NS5A may induce PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy through the recognition of mitochondria by cargo receptors and the nascent formation of phagophores close to mitochondria.
Mass Spectrometric Based Metabolomics of the Saudi Cultivar of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): A Combined GC-MS, Antimicrobial and Computational Approach
Authors: Almuzaini Nujud A. M. , Sulieman Abdel Moneim E. , Alanazi Naimah A. , Badraoui Riadh , Abdallah Emad M.
Published: December 2024

Background and Objective: In Saudi Arabia, numerous plant species with promising medicinal properties are cultivated, widely traded, and commonly utilized in traditional medicine, including fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). This study aimed to comprehensively assess the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of the Saudi cultivar of fenugreek using an integrative approach combining in vitro and in silico methodologies. Methods: A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds, assessing its antibacterial, antifungal, properties. Computational modeling was employed to predict pharmacokinetic behavior and potential toxicity of the identified bioactive compounds. Results: Qalitative phytochemical analysis showed presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids, while terpenoids were notably absent. GC-MS analysis of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds identified 25 bioactive compounds, with Ethyl methane sulfonate (12.41%) being the predominant component. Other key compounds included n-Hexadecanoic acid, 4-Butyl-2(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazole, and α-Tocopherol. In silico modeling of fenugreek phytochemicals supported their antibacterial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective potential, with compounds 21 and 24 showing strong binding to key targets like Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase (TyrRS) of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Aspartic proteinase from Candida albicans (C. albicans) and human peroxiredoxin 5. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated good oral bioavailability, minimal CYP inhibition, and blood-brain barrier penetration, suggesting potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. These bioactive compounds, including diosgenin and trigonelline, support fenugreek’s therapeutic promise and warrant further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Conclusion: The Saudi fenugreek cultivar is rich in bioactive compounds with good antibacterial potential. These findings establish a robust foundation for continued pharmacological research on the Saudi cultivar of T. foenum-graecum, highlighting its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal value.
Sodium Thiosulfate: An Innovative Multi-Target Repurposed Treatment Strategy for Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hayden Melvin R. , Tyagi Neetu
Published: December 2024

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a chronic, multifactorial, and progressive neurodegenerative disease that associates with aging and is highly prevalent in our older population (≥65 years of age). This hypothesis generating this narrative review will examine the important role for the use of sodium thiosulfate (STS) as a possible multi-targeting treatment option for LOAD. Sulfur is widely available in our environment and is responsible for forming organosulfur compounds that are known to be associated with a wide range of biological activities in the brain. STS is known to have (i) antioxidant and (ii) anti-inflammatory properties; (iii) chelation properties for calcium and the pro-oxidative cation metals such as iron and copper; (iv) donor properties for hydrogen sulfide production; (v) possible restorative properties for brain endothelial-cell-derived bioavailable nitric oxide. Thus, it becomes apparent that STS has the potential for neuroprotection and neuromodulation and may allow for an attenuation of the progressive nature of neurodegeneration and impaired cognition in LOAD. STS has been successfully used to prevent cisplatin oxidative-stress-induced ototoxicity in the treatment of head and neck and solid cancers, cyanide and arsenic poisoning, and fungal skin diseases. Most recently, intravenous STS has become part of the treatment plan for calciphylaxis globally due to vascular calcification and ischemia-induced skin necrosis and ulceration. Side effects have been minimal with reports of metabolic acidosis and increased anion gap; as with any drug treatment, there is also the possibility of allergic reactions, possible long-term osteoporosis from animal studies to date, and minor side-effects of nausea, headache, and rhinorrhea if infused too rapidly. While STS poorly penetrates the intact blood–brain barrier(s) (BBBs), it could readily penetrate BBBs that are dysfunctional and disrupted to deliver its neuroprotective and neuromodulating effects in addition to its ability to penetrate the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier of the choroid plexus. Novel strategies such as the future use of nano-technology may be helpful in allowing an increased entry of STS into the brain.
Breath and Beyond: Advances in Nanomedicine for Oral and Intranasal Aerosol Drug Delivery
Authors: Du Simeng , Wen Zhiyang , Yu Jinghan , Meng Yingying , Liu Yuling , Xia Xuejun
Published: December 2024

Designing and standardizing drug formulations are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. Nanomedicine utilizes nano drug delivery systems and advanced nanodevices to address numerous critical medical challenges. Currently, oral and intranasal aerosol drug delivery (OIADD) is the primary method for treating respiratory diseases worldwide. With advancements in disease understanding and the development of aerosolized nano drug delivery systems, the application of OIADD has exceeded its traditional boundaries, demonstrating significant potential in the treatment of non-respiratory conditions as well. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of oral and intranasal aerosol formulations in disease treatment. It examines the key challenges limiting the development of nanomedicines in drug delivery systems, formulation processes, and aerosol devices and explores the latest advancements in these areas. This review aims to offer valuable insights to researchers involved in the development of aerosol delivery platforms.
Early-Stage IM Treatment with the Host-Derived Immunostimulant CPDI-02 Increases Curative Protection of Healthy Outbred Mice Against Subcutaneous Infection with Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300
Authors: Stewart Jason , Sandall Caleb , Parriott Jacob , Curran Stephen , McCulloh Russell , Ronning Donald , Phillips Joy , Schroeder Robin , Neel Christy , Lechtenberg Kelly , Cohen Samuel , Alnouti Yazen , Daria Sohel , Smith D. , Vetro Joseph
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) greatly complicates the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). It was previously found that subcutaneous (SQ) treatment with the mononuclear phagocyte (MP)-selective activator complement peptide-derived immunostimulant-02 (CPDI-02; formerly EP67) increases prophylaxis of outbred CD-1 mice against SQ infection with CA-MRSA. Here, we determined if treatment with CPDI-02 also increases curative protection. Methods: Female CD-1 mice were challenged SQ with CA-MRSA USA300 LAC, then CPDI-02 or inactive scCPDI-02 was administered by a topical, SQ, IM, or IV route at 6 or 24 h post-challenge. Abscess sizes were compared over 10 days and CA-MRSA burden, neutrophils, MP, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were compared in subcutaneous abscesses. CPDI-02 PK and distribution in female CD-1 mice were compared after IM or IV dosing and CPDI-02 toxicity in male and female CD-1 mice was determined by IM dose escalation and repeat IM dosing. Results: Repeat IM treatment starting at 6 h post-challenge decreased maximum abscess surface area, CA-MRSA burden, and time to resolution, whereas repeat treatment by a topical, SQ, or IV route had no effect. Repeat treatment starting at 24 h post-challenge was ineffective by the current routes. Single IM treatment starting at 6 h post-challenge was as effective as repeat IM treatment, increased systemic exposure to CPDI-02, and, in subcutaneous abscesses, initially decreased IL-1β and increased MP. CPDI-02 was tolerated between 130 and 170 mg/kg after IM dose escalation and between 65 and 130 mg/kg after repeat IM dosing with males being more tolerant. Conclusions: Single early-stage IM treatment with CPDI-02 may increase curative protection against SSTI caused by CA-MRSA and/or other pathogens controlled by activated MP.
Cationic Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Nanocomplexes and RANK siRNA/Zoledronate Co-Delivery Systems for Osteoclast Inhibition
Authors: Lee Sohyun , Park Seoyeon , Kim Tae-il
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: In this study, HECP2k polymer, polyethylenimine2k (PEI2k)-modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was utilized to form the nanocomplexes with receptor activator of nuclear factor k-B (RANK) siRNA and zoledronate (Zol) for osteoclast inhibition. HECP2k/(RANK siRNA + Zol) nanocomplexes prepared by simple mixing were anticipated to overcome the low transfection efficiency of siRNA and the low bioavailability of Zol. Methods: The characterization of both HECP2k/(pDNA + Zol) nanocomplexes and HECP2k/(RANK siRNA + Zol) nanocomplexes was performed. Results: The nanocomplexes were successfully formed even in the presence of Zol, showing about 200 nm sizes and about 20 mV of positive zeta potential values suitable for efficient cellular uptake. They also possessed high endosome buffering ability by PEI and Zol, suggesting the potential for efficient endosomal escape. It was found that the low cytotoxic nanocomplexes (>90% cell viability) displayed greater transfection efficiency than PEI25k and even HECP2k polyplexes. Finally, it was found by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay and qPCR analysis that HECP2k/(RANK siRNA + Zol) nanocomplexes could inhibit the TRAP to about 50% value and another characteristic osteoclastic gene expression, increasing FAS gene expression to about 16 times higher than control and more efficiently (about 3 times and 5 times higher, respectively) than HECP2k/siRNA polyplexes and Zol only. Conclusions: HECP2k/(RANK siRNA + Zol) nanocomplexes formed by simple mixing showed great potential for inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and osteoclast activity, inducing the apoptosis via combinatorial effects of RANK siRNA and Zol.
A Multifunctional Nanozyme Hydrogel with Antibacterial, Antioxidative, and Photo-Induced Nitric Oxide-Supplying Properties for Promoting Infected Wound Healing
Authors: Zuo Wen , Wei Kunpeng , Zhang Xinyi , Wang Dongjing , Gong Haoyang , Zhang Yanzhuo , Wang Hui
Published: December 2024

Objectives: To design a multifunctional nanozyme hydrogel with antibacterial, photo-responsive nitric oxide-releasing, and antioxidative properties for promoting the healing of infected wounds. Methods: We first developed ultra-small silver nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated sodium nitroprusside-doped Prussian blue (SNPB) NPs, referred to as SNPB@Ag NPs, which served as a multifunctional nanozyme. Subsequently, this nanozyme, together with geniposide (GE), was incorporated into a thermo-sensitive hydrogel, formulated from Poloxamer 407 and carboxymethyl chitosan, creating a novel antibacterial wound dressing designated as GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel. The physical properties of a GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel were systematically investigated. Results: After embedding the nanozyme and GE, the resulting GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel retains its thermosensitive properties and exhibits sustained release characteristics. In addition to its catalase-like activity, the nanozyme demonstrates high photothermal conversion efficiency, photo-induced nitric oxide release, and antibacterial activity. In addition, the hydrogel exhibits favorable antioxidant properties and high biocompatibility. The results of animal experiments demonstrate that the composite hydrogel combined with laser irradiation is an effective method for promoting infected wound healing. Conclusions: In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the resulting GE/SNPB@Ag hydrogel holds significant potential for the treatment of infected wounds and for further clinical applications.
Development and Evaluation of Five-in-One Vaccine Microneedle Array Patch for Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Immunological Efficacy and Long-Term Stability
Authors: Choi In-Jeong , Cha Hye-Ran , Kwon Danbi , Kang Aram , Kim Ji Seok , Kim Jooyoung , Choi Jeong-Eun , Chung Hyeon Woo , Park Sunghoon , Shim Doo Hee , Kim Tae-Hyun , Baek Seung-Ki , Na Woon-Sung , Lee Jae Myun , Park Jung-Hwan
Published: December 2024

Background and objectives: The development of a five-in-one vaccine microneedle patch (five-in-one MN patch) aims to address challenges in administering vaccines against Diphtheria (DT), Tetanus (TT), Pertussis (wP), Hepatitis B (HBsAg), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Combining multiple vaccines into a single patch offers a novel solution to improve vaccine accessibility, stability, and delivery efficiency, particularly in resource-limited settings. Methods: The five-in-one MN patch consists of four distinct microneedle arrays: DT and TT vaccines are coated together on one array, while wP, HepB, and Hib vaccines are coated separately on individual arrays. The patch was tested for long-term stability (12 months at 25 °C) and evaluated for immunogenicity in mice and minipigs. Antibody titers were measured using ELISA to compare immune responses between microneedle-based delivery and traditional intramuscular (IM) injection. Results: The five-in-one MN patch demonstrated stable antigenicity for up to 12 months at room temperature. In animal studies, the patch induced antibody titers comparable to traditional IM injections for all vaccines. Notably, immunogenic responses to Pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines via microneedles were reported for the first time. The patch facilitated the simultaneous yet independent delivery of vaccines, preserving their immunogenicity without interference. Conclusions: The five-in-one MN patch represents a significant advancement in vaccine delivery by enabling stable, minimally invasive, and efficient immunization. Its innovative design addresses the critical limitations of combination vaccines and has the potential to enhance vaccine accessibility in low- and middle-income countries. Future studies will focus on optimizing patch application techniques and evaluating broader clinical applicability.
On-Chip Sensor Utilizing Concatenated Micro-Ring with Enhanced Temperature Invariance Using Deep Learning
Authors: Mikhail Thomas , Shafaay Sarah , Swillam Mohamed
Published: December 2024

An approach to measuring chemical concentrations using a slotted micro-ring resonator (sMRR) is proposed which is robust to spectral shifts caused by temperature variations. Two 1-D Convolutional Neural Network architectures, ResNet34 and VGG20, were trained for regression, achieving mean squared errors (MSEs) of 1.1251 ×10−4 and 1.2195 ×10−4, respectively. The models predict concentrations of water, ethanol, methanol, and propanol (0–100%) from the transmission spectra of a single-ring sMRR etched in heavily doped silicon, operating in the mid-infrared range (290–310 K). Transfer learning adapted the models for datasets with different temperature ranges, analytes (e.g., butanol), and sMRR designs, achieving comparable accuracy. Variations in accuracy across these datasets are also explored.