bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Been Here Long Enough
Authors: Flowe Douglas J.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 5 looks at the imprisonment of black men, the horrors of internment, its impact on their families, and the systems of injustice they had to navigate in order to free themselves. It also considers what “freedom” meant to them, and how they conceptualized their own rehabilitation. It ultimately argues that black men, in many cases, depended upon relationships with black women, and patriarchal, male-centered, domestic living situations with dutiful wives in order to reimagine their own lives and identities after time behind bars.
Introduction
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

This section offers an overview of the history of the racial ideology of colorblindness, beginning with it’s first use in the Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision. It then explains the difference between colorblind ideology and colorblind rhetoric. Drawing on theories of racial formation, cultural representation, and discursive transcoding, the chapter outlines the theoretical my argument regarding the role of Hollywood in shaping colorblindness. It then provides an overview of the scholarship on colorblindness before outlining the book’s major arguments.
I Can’t Wear Your Colors
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Ronald Reagan’s first presidential term, the rise of the War on Drugs, and Rocky III (1982). Reagan took office hopeful that he could ban affirmative action and stop school desegregation orders by reframing racial discrimination as an individual rather than a group is- sue. With this, Reagan’s Justice Department developed a politics of colorblind neoliberalism. Reagan also ramped up the War on Drugs, which targeted low-income black communities and relied on resurrecting popular media representations of urban blacks as animalistic criminals in need of discipline and punishment by the state. Rocky III engages Reagan’s War and, in so doing, reveals that although colorblindness in many ways represented a new racial discourse in America—one based in racially neutral language and neoliberal notions of individualism—beginning in the 1980s it increasingly relied on very old tenets of antiblackness.
Lord, How Dare We Celebrate
Authors: Gomer Justin
Published: May 2021

The final chapter examines teacher films, those movies in which a (typically) suburban white woman accepts a job teaching student of color in low-income urban neighborhoods. Although the late 1980s and 1990s certainly do not mark the first instances of teachers as protagonists in American cinema, it was during these years that films centered around white teachers and their inner-city nonwhite pupils became increasingly popular and developed specific themes and tropes that were inherently informed by the logic of colorblindness. This analysis of this genre is situated, most notably the 1995 film Dangerous Minds, within the context of the War on Drugs, urban blight, the dismantling of affirmative action, and, most importantly, neoliberal educational reform in arguing that colorblindness ultimately produced entirely new film genres that are inherently colorblind.
Papists in Trouble, 1681–1688
Authors: McIlvenna Noeleen
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes developments in England and the colonies, as the Stuart kings passed Navigation Acts and built the infrastructure for Atlantic trade in people and commodities that would help them remain independent of Parliament. The opposition to them in Maryland took the form of anti-popery, for the Stuarts were Catholic-friendly. In Virginia, in the plant-cutting of 1682, desperate small farmers tried to systematically destroy tobacco crops to stop the glut that drove down prices and their income. Meanwhile the big planters enslaved more Africans and developed a philosophy of white supremacy to justify racial hierarchy. The rich grew richer.
New Afrikan Lifestyle Politics
Authors: Onaci Edward
Published: May 2021

Using interviews with Republic of New Afrika citizens and participant observation, this chapter seeks to understand New Afrikan lifestyle politics more deeply. Personal stories about the real and imagined RNA family, educational choices, and career paths as paper-citizens in an oppressive nation add more depth to the historical and sociological discussions about social movement activism. Because New Afrikans were members of organizations such as the Black Panther Party, because they experienced incarceration, and because they participated in all manners of activism, sometimes from their youth into adulthood, the people who have carried the NAIM into the twenty-first century provide unique opportunities to question and review the life course consequences of social movement activism.
Sodom and Cumorah
Authors: Petrey Taylor G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows a competing set of ideologies for thinking about same-sex relationships from the 1950s to the 1980s, from moral causes and cures to psychological causes and cures. Mormon theories of homosexuality focused primarily on men and believed that it was a result of deficient masculinity. Church leaders invested in new institutions and theories to provide a cure to homosexuality during this period, including both pastoral counselling and reparative therapy. There also emerged a new anxiety about the word “homosexuality” as conveying unchangability, and LDS leaders cautioned against using the term. New teachings on transgender identity also arose in this period.
Born Strong without Fear
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman was raised within a family of tough Jews who knew how to work hard and fight. Raised in a small town within the religiosity and communal values of his Jewish family, Berkman found his place balancing his innate brilliance with sports and sexual adventures. He grew up fearing being seen as incompetent or likely to fail. He won a third of all prizes given out at high school graduation, enumerable other scholarships, and planned on his future as a physician.
Political Medicine
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman’s high standing in medical school got in a prestigious internship at Columbia. But the extra care given to his white upper-class patients versus the poor he saw in the clinics tugged at his sense of justice as he saw the consequences of unequal treatment. After the state’s vicious retaking of the Attica Prison after a prisoner uprising, Berkman evaluated the medical conditions of the prisoners. He quit after the first year of internship and became instead a community doctor. With Barbara Zeller, he snuck medical supplies into the American Indian Movement stalwarts during the siege at Wounded Knee, escaping FBI surveillance. His intellectual commitment to politics now had a deeper emotional tone.
Becoming Brother Doc
Authors: Reverby Susan M.
Published: May 2021

Berkman prepared for his upcoming trial, as sympathetic Black prison inmates called him Brother Doc. Only a few months into his pre-trial imprisonment he tore his Achilles tendon and then developed life threatening Hodgkin’s lymphoma, neither of which was treated properly by prison health care. His transport between hospital and prison, or prison to prison, involved gun-wielding marshals and troopers. He was sentenced to ten years, although the government had asked what amounted to a life sentence. He now faced years in prison.
Legislating Civil and Human Rights Education
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the causal connection between the 2004 commemoration and another racially significant transformation: Mississippi Senate Bill 2718, an education bill mandating civil rights and human rights education in Mississippi schools. Providing historical perspective on the legislation—the first of its kind in the country—the chapter traces its origins to the fortieth anniversary commemoration in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 2004. After providing a brief history of school desegregation in Mississippi and previous efforts to mandate Holocaust education in the state, the chapter demonstrates how the 2004 commemoration and subsequent civil rights trial mobilized a new generation of local memory activists. When joined with institutional resources at the state-level, these developments generated the commemorative capacity for local organizers to institutionalize civil rights memory through curricular change. Thus, in contrast to other multicultural or human rights education mandates, which have typically been outgrowths of large-scale progressive social movements or the diffusion of global norms, Mississippi’s civil and human rights education bill emerged out of local commemorative efforts.
Commemoration Is a Constant Struggle
Authors: Whitlinger Claire
Published: May 2021

Readers may be familiar with Civil Rights Movement adage: “freedom is a constant struggle.” This concluding chapter demonstrates how commemoration is a constant struggle, highlighting the decades-long efforts to institutionalize the collective memory of racial violence in the United States. Thus, this chapter argues that attention to commemorative outcomes should be a critical concern of collective memory research, concerns that have remained largely unexplored. The chapter further suggests that it is most advantageous to conceptualize commemorations and memory movements as iterative, a feedback loop in which movements produce commemorations and commemorations produce movements. It then highlights the process of commemorating difficult pasts, arguing that the meso-level interactional dynamics such as intergroup contact shape possibilities for commemorative outcomes. In this way, the social psychology of racial identity and intergroup contact provide important insights for local memory activists and racial reconciliation practitioners more broadly.
Western Men
Authors: Woods Michael E.
Published: May 2021

Jefferson Davis and Stephen Douglas both identified closely with the Mississippi River Valley, which they envisioned as the core of a sprawling continental empire. By situating them in time and place, this chapter illuminates their ambitions and ideals. Davis, born in Kentucky in 1808, moved to Mississippi as a child and, after a stint in the army, established himself as a cotton planter during the booming years of the mid-1830s. Born five years later in Vermont, Douglas moved west in 1833 and relished the upward mobility afforded him in Illinois. As hotbeds of agrarian capitalism, Mississippi and Illinois shaped Davis and Douglas’s clashing visions for the future. Life as a cotton planter confirmed Davis’s unyielding devotion to slavery—and to making its preservation a national priority. Douglas’s early experiences in Illinois shaped his determination to banish slavery from public debate and focus instead on territorial conquest, infrastructure, and other policies calculated to hasten the development of a Greater Northwest that sprawled from Chicago to Puget Sound.
Plantations
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

Chapter Three explores women’s roles in propelling the growth of Jamaica’s plantation economy. It uses a rare collection of letters authored by a female planter, Mary Elbridge, to explore the varied agricultural activities of women living in the island’s rural regions. This chapter complicates a narrative of plantation slavery that centers on sugar cultivation. Although some women did cultivate sugar, others worked as ranchers, grew pimento, ginger, cotton, and provisions. Regardless of the size of their agricultural ventures, women relied intensively on the labor of enslaved people. This chapter scrutinizes their exploitative, coercive, and violent treatment of captive Africans during the volatile era of the Maroon War. Female inhabitants in Spanish Town, the seat of the colonial government, were especially involved in the livestock industry, and many operated ranches on the outskirts of the town. Altogether, women planters and ranchers contributed to the growth of a symbiotic and incredibly profitable plantation economy.
Nonmarital Intimacies
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

Chapter Five surveys the varied intimate and nonmarital relationships formed between free and freed people. A comprehensive survey of more than two thousand baptism records demonstrates that Jamaica had the highest illegitimacy rate in the British Empire. One in four of the children baptized on the island was born out of wedlock. This chapter explores the confluence of factors that led to the development of a sexual culture in Jamaica that afforded unmarried women more autonomy in their intimate lives. In contrast with other colonies in British North America, Jamaica adopted a remarkably lenient approach toward female sexuality. Women also commanded more authority and wealth, largely owing to their participation in slavery. In the absence of social censure and legal repercussions, a large number of free couples established families outside of marriage. Doing so protected women’s material assets and legal autonomy, which would otherwise be comprised by coverture—a set of laws that ceded a wife’s property to her husband. Instead, colonists used baptism rather than marriage to recognize, legitimize, and even legalize intimate relationships with free and enslaved partners.
Manumissions
Authors: Walker Christine
Published: May 2021

The final chapter probes the ambivalent and varied intimate connections between free, formerly enslaved, and enslaved people from another angle, investigating women’s manumission practices. Manumission or legal freedom has typically been portrayed as a reward offered by white men to the enslaved women whom they maintained largely coercive sexual relationships with. Focusing on women’s manumission directives tells a different story. Whereas men preferred to manumit their biological children, female slaveholders largely freed other adult women whom they perceived to be intimate companions. Women also displayed an interest in manumitting enslaved children, whom they treated as surrogate kin. Women sought to blend these children into their own families, bestowing money, education, and enslaved people on them. A notable portion of female enslavers bestowed money, property, and slaves on the people whom they manumitted. Their actions had multivalent consequences. On the one hand, women who manumitted captives aggregated the community of free people of African descent on the island. On the other, they used slaveholding to co-opt freed people into Jamaica’s slaveholding system. In a place where liberty and slavery were mutually constitutive, enslaving others became a key means of securing and protecting one’s free status.
Kulturni angažman u aplikativnoj etnomuzikologiji - primjeri iz BiH - Prilog primijenjenoj znanosti
Authors: Karača Beljak Tamara , Talam Jasmina
Published: May 2021

Ovaj tekst ne treba doživjeti kao promicanje novog smjera, novih ideja, nego kao vrstu iščitavanja onog što je bilo i onog što se zbiva u domeni tradicionalnog/folklornog muzičkog mišljenja u Bosni i Hercegovini. U fokusu ove prezentacije su etnomuzikolozi starije generacije koji su djelovali u vremenu od šezdesetih do devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, dok ćemo umjesto zaključka na kraju predstaviti ono što je vidljivo u polju aplikativne etnomuzikologije od devedesetih godina do danas.
Iz glazbenih arhiva u Hrvatskoj. Slavko Zlatić (1919-1993) - Glazbenik, ideolog, agitator
Authors: Duraković Lada
Published: May 2021

Veliki dio ostavštine skladatelja, dirigenta, glazbenog pedagoga i etnomuzikologa Slavka Zlatića pohranjen je u Državnom arhivu u Pazinu. U namjeri da se skrene pozornost
na njezinu višestruku uporabnu vrijednost te značajan znanstveno‐istraživački i edukativni potencijal članak se fokusira na građu vezanu uz Zlatićev pedagoški i politički angažman.
Značaj i utjecaj spoljnih faktora na formiranje i oblikovanje individualnog muzičkog mišljenja u sferi elementarne muzičke teorije
Authors: Kazić Senad
Published: May 2021

Autor u istraživanju propituje u kojoj mjeri/omjeru apstrakcija ili vizualizacija utječu na formiranje muzičkog mišljenja što može voditi do pitanja u kojoj mjeri teorijsko znanje pomaže u izvođačkoj praksi, ali i obratno: da li i u kojoj mjeri percepcija odabranog instrumenta može pomoći u sigurnijem znanju elementarne teorije muzike? Istraživanje je bazirano na osobnom iskustvu autora iz višegodišnje nastavne prakse.
Popularizacija glazbenoga obrazovanja na primjeru glazbeno-scenskoga projekta Prljavi ples
Authors: Ferović-Fazlić Alma , Nuhanović Sanja
Published: May 2021

Rad se bavi promišljanjima o razlozima sve slabije zainteresiranosti učenika za formalno glazbeno obrazovanje i mogućnostima kako poboljšati i popularizirati glazbeni odgojno-obrazovni sustav. Vrijeme koje učenik provodi da bi se glazbeno odgajao i obrazovao ne smije biti teret, nego zadovoljstvo, a fleksibilnost planova i programa u glazbenim školama može im to i omogućiti. Jedan od načina obogaćivanja glazbene nastave moglo bi biti osmišljavanje i sudjelovanje u raznim projektima kojima se može ostvariti suradnja s umjetnicima izvan matične institucije, bilo amaterima ili profesionalcima, ali i povezivanje s ostalim umjetnostima ukoliko projekt to zahtijeva. Osim obrazovne komponente važno je misliti i na onu, ne manje bitnu, odgojnu kojom bi učenika potakli na promišljanje o tome kako bi, nastavi li se obrazovati, mogao i sam biti izvođač na sceni te na taj način imati priliku putovati, surađivati s drugim umjetnicima i stvarati nova prijateljstva. Kao primjer jedne uspješne suradnje na međunarodnom nivou predstavljamo glazbeno-scenski projekt Prljavi ples, koji je okupio veliki broj amaterskih i profesionalnih umjetnika i timskim radom doveo do uspješne realizacije.
The Multiculturality of Children's Folklore in Vojvodina
Authors: Fracile Nice
Published: May 2021

The objective of this paper is to cast light – relying on use of the subject-related literature and on personal field research over the past three decades – on the phenomenon of multiculturality of children’s folklore practice found in some national/ethnic communities in Vojvodina: Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks, and Romanians. Considerable attention is given to the (dis)continuity, changes, comparative research and the latest trends in the children’s folklore on the cultural scene of this multicultural milieu.
Treatment of Text in Vocal Works by Bosnian and Herzegovinian Composers
Authors: Bosnić Amra
Published: May 2021

The paper discusses the half-century of composition in Bosnia and Herzegovina throughout the prism of musical setting to text phenomenon in vocal forms. In its focus are the solo song Pjesma u zoru by Milan Prebanda, Otvori u noć vrata by Vlado Milošević, Sappho by Nada Ludvig Pečar and The impact of the analogue synthesizer by Dino Rešidbegović. Analysis of the relationship between text and music in these works points out to the compositionaltechnical manner characteristic for these composers, generally marked by: Milošević consistently holds on to a text quantitative and qualitative characteristics, Prebanda raises melody above all the expressive characteristics, Ludvig Pečar holds to neoclassicist formal patterns, while Rešidbegović partly disposes the authority of vocal expressiveness to an interpretant.
Influence of stress factors on the personality of employees of the Russian penal system in the course of professional activity
Authors:   VLI of the FPS of Russia, SOKOLOVA YULIYA A.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The article examines the issues related to the influence of stress factors on the personality of penal system employees, analyzes the concept of stress, the symptoms of its manifestation, as well as the causes of stress. The article is devoted to the results of psycho-diagnostic research and scientific literature on the topic of the work. The research is aimed at studying stress factors affecting the personality of the penal system employees, confirming the statement that the professional activity of the penal system employees takes place in tense, conflict, extreme conditions, it is associated with the presence of permanent stress factors, which leads to the development of professional stress, has a negative impact on the mental and emotional state of the individual, affects the success of the performance of official duties. The methodological basis of the research includes methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical and system- structural method. As a result of this work, the concept of stress as a response of the body to the impact of the external environment has been studied, its symptoms have been identified. The stress factors of professional activity are analyzed, their negative impact on the personality of the penal system employees is investigated, professionally important qualities that prevent the negative impact of stress on the personality are highlighted. It has been established that the intensity of the stress factors’ impact on the personality of penal system employees depends on the length of service in the penal system, age, and the level of professionalism. Conclusions are drawn about the importance of preventing stressful conditions for maintaining and strengthening the mental and emotional health of employees, for reducing the risk of development of negative personality changes, for developing skills of overcoming and regulating stressful conditions, for the successful fulfillment of professional duties. Key words: professional stress, stress factors, professional activity, penal system employees, penal system.
Problems of procurement of medicines to ensure the activities of medical and sanitary units of the FPS of Russia
Authors:   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia», DYUZHEVA ELENA V. , POLISHCHUK VERA E. ,   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia»
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The article analyzes the situation with the procurement of medicines, carried out to support the activities of healthcare institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in 2019–2020. Based on the survey data, problems and main factors were identified that reduced the efficiency of procurement, an analysis of the causes of the current situation was carried out. Based on the results of the study, proposals were prepared to amend the current procedures governing the procurement of medicines. Key words: procurement of medicines, healthcare institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, legal regulation, the right to health, wholesale premium, electronic auction, competitive procurement.
Problems of procurement of medicines to ensure the activities of medical and sanitary units of the FPS of Russia
Authors:   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia», PONOMAREV SERGEY B. , VOSTROKNUTOV MIKHAIL E. ,   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, AVERYANOVA ELENA L. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Pskov State University», PONOMAREV DMITRIY S. ,   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, GOROHOV MAKSIM M. ,   Branch (Izhevsk) of the Federal Governmental Institution «Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The article is devoted to the application of mathematical modeling methods to create prognostic techniques for HIV + tuberculosis coinfection in persons held in institutions of the penitentiary system. The development of progosis models is important for fulfilling the tasks of preventing infectious diseases, improving the quality of medical care and the timeliness of correcting the treatment tactics, as well as improving the organizational measures. The article describes scientific approaches and methods of mathematical modeling used to solve the described problem: regression, correlation, analysis of variance, logistic regression, hierarchy analysis method, expert judgment method, artificial neural network. A brief description of the main prognostic methods is given, the influence of predictive factors on an unfavorable outcome of the disease is defined. The main prognostically unfavorable factors that have the greatest impact on the unfavorable prognosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis (the presence of active HIV-associated diseases, extensive and chronic forms of tuberculosis, the level of CD4 lymphocytes, high viral load of HIV, and others) are presented. It is concluded that the increase in the incidence of HIV-associated tuberculosis has led to the development of new effective prediction methods in the case of this co-infection. Key words: HIV infection, tuberculosis, mathematical modeling, forecasting.
On certain features of the prosecutor’s supervision activities in correctional institutions
Authors:   Academy of the FPS of Russia, LEGOSTAEV SERGEI V.
Published: May 2021

Abstract. The article considers the issues of certain prosecutor’s powers in exercising supervision over the execution of sentences in the form of imprisonment, the significance of their implementation in the context of reforming the penal system of the Russian Federation. The article is devoted to the official statistics, domestic legislation and scientific literature on the topic of the work. The purpose of the study is to reveal the state of legality in this area, to substantiate the influence of the supervisory activities of prosecutors on the implementation of tasks facing the correctional institutions. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the statistical method, the systemstructural and formal-logical analysis. As a result of the work carried out, the powers of the prosecutor, their features and methods of exercising were studied. The influence of external and internal factors on the content of this activity of prosecutors is analyzed, importance attention is paid to the need to take into account judicial practice when forming the work areas. The of interdepartmental interaction for improving the quality of supervision and the effectiveness of the institutions’ activities, as well as the positive impact of joint decisions on ensuring the rights of convicts is substantiated. Conclusions are made on the relevance of issues of ensuring the personal safety of this category of persons, the application of penalties and incentives to them, on the differentiation of prosecutorial response measures. Key words: prosecutorial supervision, the penal system, correctional institutions, the powers of the prosecutor, acts of the prosecutor's response.
Judicial Review in Date Protection Cases in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Comparative Jurisdictions
Authors: Čunjalo Armina , Omerspahić Zlatan
Published: May 2021

The paper analyses the issue of judicial review in personal data protection proceedings. The subject of analyses is a procedural safeguard and other peculiarities of the administrative dispute and the standard of administrative law protection in the mentioned proceedings and the role of the Court of BiH. A comparative legal analysis of administrative-legal protection in the same disputes within Croatia and Slovenia is conducted, together with the relevant legal framework of the European Union. The comparative legal analysis aims to determine the extent to which the domestic model of administrative-legal protection and legal standards of judicial protection is compatible with the solutions adopted across Europe. It draws attention to problematic and controversial solutions to domestic legislation. In conclusion, the authors propose several regulatory solutions which would bring improvements to the current system of judicial protection in domestic law.
Political-constitutional Position And Organization of Local Self-government In the Republic of Kosovo
Authors: Delić Rijad
Published: May 2021

The paper analyzes the organization of local self-government in the Republic of Kosovo through the prism of the Constitution, the Law on Local Self-Government, and other laws that affect the work and functioning of municipalities. In the social context, local self-government is very important. Citizens exercise most of their rights through the competencies of local self-government. With the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the Council of Europe has set the standards of local self-government that are implemented by its members. Kosovo is not a member of the Council of Europe, but through UNMIK regulations and its normative acts, it applies the standards of the Charter. The Republic of Kosovo, with the help of the international community and non-governmental organizations, strives to become a modern, democratic state and a member of the European Union. Along the way, Kosovo is implementing the reforms needed to comply with EU acts. In addition to presenting the organization of local self-government in Kosovo, this paper intends to determine the extent to which the Law on Local Self-Government is harmonized with the European Charter of Local Self-Government.
Use of the Term "Citizen" In Online Media Reports On Mostar's Local Elections
Authors: Mehmedović Mirza
Published: May 2021

The specific regulatory framework under which the local elections in Mostar in 2020 were held, and especially the fact that the elections in this city were held after 12 years, puts in the focus of communication research the media treatment of the relationship between citizens and political parties in local communities organized under a mortgage of war ethnic and territorial divisions. Having in mind the influence of online media, both independent and relying on traditional media productions, this paper primarily deals with reporting on the results of local elections in Mostar, questioning the focus of reports in the context of relations between citizens, as a universal political category, and political candidates competing for the management of public affairs at the local level. Also, in additional elements of the research, the paper deals with the analysis of identification of participants in political processes, on the one hand, a citizen, who in the public discourse of Bosnia and Herzegovina is often treated as a member of an ethnic group, and a political party on the other, usually treated in media reports as a representative of national categories, and not as a performer of public affairs concerning the achieved election results.
Death Alive: The Challenges of Live Reporting On Disasters and Tragedies
Authors: Silajdžić Lamija
Published: May 2021

Given that recordings of wars, terrorist attacks, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and other tragic and catastrophic events have become commonplace and ubiquitous in the modern mediated world, this paper questions the importance and role of the media as a mediator in distributing these recordings to the public. The role of the media in providing credible information in situations of crisis is very important, but also difficult, especially when it comes to live reporting, when there is no possibility to control the situation and when no one can know whether we will see death or hear it live. The paper uses a case study of two regional news televisions (N1 and Al Jazeera Balkans) reporting on the earthquake inPetrinja (Croatia), to show the weight of dilemmas and challenges that a journalist faces when he experiences, sees, and records a tragic event, and must report about it immediately - ethically, professionally and objectively. The aim of the paper is therefore to point out the reality of the journalistic profession in which sometimes, not with the intention of relativizing journalistic objectivity, there may still be a gap between ideals and practice.
PENERAPAN PRINSIP BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE TERHADAP DIREKSI YANG MELAKUKAN KEBIJAKAN YANG MERUGIKAN PERUSAHAAN
Authors: Panjaitan Robin , Anggusti Martono , Nababan Roida
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami penerapan business judgement rule pada direksi yang menjalankan fungsi pengurusan Perseroan dan Perlindungan Hukum terhadap direksi dalam pengurusan perusahaan melakukan kebijakan yang merugikan perusahaan dikaitkan  pada Undang-Undang No. 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif dengan metode pendekatan penelitian terhadap pendekatan perundang-undangan. Sumber data berdasarkan data primer, sekunder dan tersier yang dianalisis secara yuridis deskriftif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Business Judgement Rule memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi direksi dan pejabat perseroan dari pertanggungjawaban atas setiap kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi yang mengakibatkan kerugian bagi perseroan, selama kebijakan atau keputusan bisnis atau transaksi tersebut dilakukan dengan itikad baik, penuh kehati-hatian, serta dalam lingkup tanggung jawab dan wewenangnya
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KETIADAAN AKSESIBILITAS PENYANDANG DISABILITAS SEBAGAI PENUMPANG PESAWAT UDARA OLEH MASKAPAI PENERBANGAN DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI UU NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PENERBANGAN
Authors: OCTARIA SHERENA , Nababan Roida , Silaen August
Published: May 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini ingin mengetahui siapa saja yang bertanggung jawab dalam pemenuhan kewajibanya sebagai pihak pengangkutan udara dan apa saja yang dapat dimintai dan menjadi hak penyandang disabilitas atas ketiadaan aksesibilitas (fasilitas umum) bagi para difabel dalam ruang lingkup penerbangan. Dalam penelitian ini pengumuplan data dan fakta menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam pemecahan masalah. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pihak yang bertanggung jawab dalam pemberian ganti kerugian penyandang disabilitas adalah pihak pengangkutan udara yaitu maskapai penerbangan selaku pelaku usaha. Dalam undang-undang no. 8 tahun 1999 tentang perlindungan konsumen pada pasal 19 disebutkan bahwa setiap pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab memberi ganti rugi atas kerusakan, pencemaran, dan/ kerugian akibat mengkonsumsi barang dan/jasa yang dihasilkan atau diperdagangkan. Maka pihak maskapai penerbangan selaku pelaku usaha bertanggung jawab dalam pemberian ganti kerugian dikarenakan kelalaian yang menggunakan aksesibilitas khusus penyandang disabilitas yang tidak memumpuni menyebabkan tertinggalnya penumpang pesawat tersebut.
Roots of Crops from the Window of an Forage Expert
Authors: TURAN Nizamettin , SEYDOŞOĞLU Seyithan
Published: May 2021

Less known infos like the effect of wounding faba bean roots by high temperature, how maize roots climb up slopes, effect of cold on Medicago spp., effect of drought on soybeans, effect of active microbe species diversity in rhizosphere-plant interface on complex interactions on roots, allelochemicals, axial water flow, gravitropism, fine and coarse roots, salt-responsive mechanisms, transport in root cells, phototropism, hormones, nutrient acquasition, hydrotropism and many other important physiologic processes attracting a forage crops academician’s attention and interest were extracted from international studies and reviewed this article.
Real world management of esophageal ulcers : analysis of their presentation, etiology, and outcomes
Authors: Cohen D.L. , Bermont A , Richter V , Shirin H
Published: May 2021

Background and study aims : Esophageal ulcers are a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal morbidity and may be due to different etiologies. We sought to systematically evaluate patients with esophageal ulcers and describe their presentations, endoscopic findings, etiologies, treatments, and outcomes.

Patients and methods : Patients diagnosed with esophageal ulcers over an 11-year period were retrospectively identified from our institution’s electronic medical records.

Results : We identified 100 patients with esophageal ulcers (0.49% of patients undergoing upper endoscopy). Half of them presented due to gastrointestinal bleeding and three-quarters were admitted to the hospital. The majority were in the lower esophagus. Twenty-two unique etiologies, including multiple iatrogenic causes, were diagnosed in 91 of the cases. The most common etiology was gastroesophageal reflux disease (57%), followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (7%), malignancies (3%), vomiting (3%), caustic ingestion (2%), pill esophagitis (2%) and radiation (2%). Many etiologies showed a predilection for specific segments of the esophagus. Nine ulcers required endoscopic intervention and all were treated successfully. Repeat endoscopies were performed 5 times for diagnostic or “second look” reasons, none of which changed the patients’ diagnosis or treatment. No patients required surgery or stricture dilation. One patient’s ulcer was complicated by perforation and he subsequently died. Four other patients died from non-ulcer related causes.

Conclusions : While the majority of ulcers were due to gastro-esophageal reflux disease, 22 different etiologies were identified. Many were due to medication or iatrogenic causes. Repeat endoscopy did not appear to be helpful. While the incidence was low, they were frequently associated with significant morbidity.
The role of neuromodulation in chronic functional constipation : a systematic review
Authors: Pauwels N , Willemse C , Hellemans S , Komen N , Van den Broeck S , Roenen J , Van Aggelpoel T , De Schepper H
Published: May 2021

Background : Chronic functional constipation is a highly prevalent disorder in which, when conservative measures fail to relieve symptoms, surgical interventions are sometimes indicated. In recent years, neuromodulation for the treatment of functional constipation has gained interest but its role and effectiveness are still unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic overview on the current literature on the different modalities of neurostimulation and their effect on chronic functional constipation in adults as reported in the literature.

Methods : A search in the literature for articles concerning the effect of different types of neuromodulation on constipation was performed in PubMed using extensive search terms for the different modalities of neuromodulation. Studies and trials were checked for eligibility. For all types of neuromodulation together, 27 articles were included.

Results : 17 studies were included on SNM (sacral nerve modulation). Although multiple studies show positive results on the effect of SNM in constipation, double-blind crossover RCT’s (randomised controlled trials) showed no significant effect. 3 studies were included for tSNS (transcutaneous sacral nerve stimulation), 2 for PTNS (percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation) and 2 for TTNS (transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation). Studies and trials on these modalities of neuromodulation reported ambiguous results on statistical significance of the effect. For transcutaneous IFC (interferential current therapy) 2 studies were included, which both reported a statistically significant effect on all outcomes.

Conclusion : The beneficial effect of neuromodulation in chronic functional constipation remains questionable. However, neuro-modulation might be worth considering in patients refractory to treatment before turning to more invasive measures. Future research should shed more light on the effects of neuromodulation in constipation.
Diagnostic and prognostic scoring systems for autoimmune hepatitis : a review
Authors: Ducazu O , Degroote H , Geerts A , Schouten J , Van Vlierberghe H , Verhelst X
Published: May 2021

Introduction : Auto-immune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare condition which primarily affects young women. Several diagnostic scoring systems exist based on clinical, biochemical, immunologic and histologic characteristics of AIH. Additionally, prognostic parameters can be identified. The purpose of this literary review is to compare the clinical value, strengths and limitations of these diagnostic and prognostic scoring systems.

Methods : A literature search was performed in two databases and selected based on diagnostic and prognostic criteria. Only studies concerning AIH in adults were included.

Results : The backbone of scoring systems remains the revised AIH criteria published in 1999 and the simplified from 2008. The revised system shows a higher sensitivity, lower specificity and lower diagnostic accuracy compared to the simplified. Limitations to these scoring systems include limited diagnostic accuracy in acute or fulminant liver failure, insufficient inclusion of atypical auto-antibodies and lacking diagnostic power in presence of overlap syndromes. Concerning these overlap syndromes, the Paris criteria show a higher diagnostic accuracy compared to the scoring systems for AIH. Presently, no clinical prognostic scoring systems are available. However, a first system based on response to treatment accurately predicts long-term survival in AIH.

Conclusion : Diagnostic scoring systems are useful in diagnosing AIH and have complementary value. However, they are no sub- stitute for the gold standard of appropriate clinical assessment and are mostly useful in defining cohorts for research purposes. An evolution towards a more dynamic scoring system, using prognostic parameters and the progression of typical features, seems more valuable than the current diagnostic systems.
Time-dependent 3D simulations of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem)
Authors: Herrmann Maximilian , Sihler Holger , Frieß Udo , Wagner Thomas , Platt Ulrich , Gutheil Eva
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Tropospheric bromine release and ozone depletion events (ODEs) as they commonly occur in the Arctic spring are studied using a regional model based on the open-source software package Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). For this purpose, the MOZART (Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers)–MOSAIC (Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry) chemical reaction mechanism is extended by bromine and chlorine reactions as well as an emission mechanism for reactive bromine via heterogeneous reactions on snow surfaces. The simulation domain covers an area of 5040 km×4960 km, centered north of Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, and the time interval from February through May 2009. Several simulations for different strengths of the bromine emission are conducted and evaluated by comparison with in situ and ozone sonde measurements of ozone mixing ratios as well as by comparison with tropospheric BrO vertical column densities (VCDs) from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) satellite instrument. The base bromine emission scheme includes the direct emission of bromine due to bromide oxidation by ozone. Results of simulations with the base emission rate agree well with the observations; however, a simulation with 50 % faster emissions performs somewhat better. The bromine emission due to bromide oxidation by ozone is found to be important to provide an initial seed for the bromine explosion. Bromine release due to N2O5 was found to be important from February to mid March but irrelevant thereafter. A comparison of modeled BrO with in situ and multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) data hints at missing bromine release and recycling mechanisms on land or near coasts. A consideration of halogen chemistry substantially improves the prediction of the ozone mixing ratio with respect to the observations. Meteorological nudging is essential for a good prediction of ODEs over the 3-month period.
Spatial–temporal variations in riverine carbon strongly influenced by local hydrological events in an alpine catchment
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Ting , Wang Liang , Liu Zongguang , Zhu Erxiong , Wang Simin , Cai Yue , Zhu Shanshan , Feng Xiaojuan
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Headwater streams drain >70 % of global land areas
but are poorly monitored compared with large rivers. The small size and low
water buffering capacity of headwater streams may result in a high
sensitivity to local hydrological alterations and different carbon transport
patterns from large rivers. Furthermore, alpine headwater streams on the
“Asian water tower”, i.e., Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, are heavily affected
by thawing of frozen soils in spring as well as monsoonal precipitation in
summer, which may present contrasting spatial–temporal variations in carbon
transport compared to tropical and temperate streams and strongly influence
the export of carbon locked in seasonally frozen soils. To illustrate the
unique hydro-biogeochemistry of riverine carbon in Qinghai–Tibetan headwater
streams, here we carry out a benchmark investigation on the riverine carbon
transport in the Shaliu River (a small alpine river integrating headwater
streams) based on annual flux monitoring, sampling at a high spatial
resolution in two different seasons and hydrological event monitoring. We
show that riverine carbon fluxes in the Shaliu River were dominated by
dissolved inorganic carbon, peaking in the summer due to high discharge
brought by the monsoon. Combining seasonal sampling along the river and
monitoring of soil–river carbon transfer during spring thaw, we also show
that both dissolved and particulate forms of riverine carbon increased
downstream in the pre-monsoon season due to increasing contribution of
organic matter derived from thawed soils along the river. By comparison,
riverine carbon fluctuated in the summer, likely associated with sporadic
inputs of organic matter supplied by local precipitation events during the
monsoon season. Furthermore, using lignin phenol analysis for both riverine
organic matter and soils in the basin, we show that the higher
acid-to-aldehyde (Ad/Al) ratios of riverine lignin in the monsoon season
reflect a larger contribution of topsoil likely via increased surface runoff
compared with the pre-monsoon season when soil leachate lignin Ad/Al ratios
were closer to those in the subsoil than topsoil solutions. Overall, these
findings highlight the unique patterns and strong links of carbon transport
in alpine headwater catchments with local hydrological events. Given the
projected climate warming on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, thawing of frozen
soils and alterations of precipitation regimes may significantly influence
the alpine headwater carbon transport, with critical effects on the
biogeochemical cycles of the downstream rivers. The alpine headwater
catchments may also be utilized as sentinels for climate-induced changes in
the hydrological pathways and/or biogeochemistry of the small basin.
TransEBM v. 1.0: description, tuning, and validation of a transient model of the Earth's energy balance in two dimensions
Authors: Ziegler Elisa , Rehfeld Kira
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Modeling the long-term transient evolution of climate remains a technical and scientific challenge.
However, understanding and improving modeling of the long-term behavior of the climate system increases confidence in projected changes in the mid- to long-term future.
Energy balance models (EBMs) provide simplified and computationally efficient descriptions of long timescales and allow large ensemble runs by parameterizing energy fluxes. In this way, they can be used to pinpoint periods and phenomena of interest.
Here, we present TransEBM, an extended version of the two-dimensional energy balance model by Zhuang et al. (2017a). Transient CO2, solar insolation, orbital configuration, fixed ice coverage, and land–sea distribution are implemented as effective radiative forcings at the land surface.
We show that the model is most sensitive to changes in CO2 and ice distribution, but the obliquity and land–sea mask have significant influence on modeled temperatures as well.
We tune TransEBM to reproduce the 1960–1989 CE global mean temperature and the Equator-to-pole and seasonal temperature gradients of ERA-20CM reanalysis (Hersbach et al., 2015).
The resulting latitudinal and seasonal temperature distributions agree well with reanalysis and the general circulation model (GCM) HadCM3 for a simulation of the past millennium (Bühler et al., 2020).
TransEBM does not represent the internal variability of the ocean–atmosphere system, but non-deterministic elements and nonlinearity can be introduced through model restarts and randomized forcing.
As the model facilitates long transient simulations, we envisage its use in exploratory studies of stochastic forcing and perturbed parameterizations, thus complementing studies with comprehensive GCMs.