bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prokaryotic Microbial Diversity Analysis and Preliminary Prediction of Metabolic Function in Salt Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhang Man , Xing Jiangwa , Long Qifu , Shen Guoping , Zhu Derui , Li Yongzhen
Published: January 2024

The Dong Taijinar (DT) and Xi Taijinar (XT) Salt Lakes have been extensively researched for their mineral richness. However, the composition and distribution of their microbial communities are still poorly known. In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing to explore the diversity and potential functions of the microbial populations in DT and XT. Our findings indicate that the salinity levels in DT (332.18–358.30 g/L) were tenfold higher than in XT (20.09–36.83 g/L). Notably, archaea dominated the DT domain at 96.16%, while bacteria prevailed in XT at 93.09%. In DT, the bacterial community comprised 33 phyla and 1717 genera, with Marinobacter emerging as the dominant genus, showing a positive correlation with the total phosphorus content. The archaeal community in DT included four main phyla and 153 genera. The most abundant genera were Natronomonas (24.61%) and Halorubrum (23.69%), which had a strong positive correlation with the concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, and Cl−. Conversely, XT hosted 33 phyla and 1906 bacterial genera, with Loktanella as the dominant genus. The archaeal taxonomy in XT encompassed four phyla and 149 genera. In both salt lakes, Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were the most abundant bacterial and archaeal phyla, respectively. Our analysis of the halophilic mechanisms of these microorganisms suggests that the bacteria in XT tend to synthesize compatible solutes, whereas the archaea in DT adopt a ‘salt-in’ strategy, integrating salt into their cellular machinery to cope with the high-salinity environment.
Comprehension of Seismic-Induced Groundwater Level Rise in Unsaturated Sandy Layer Based on Soil–Water–Air Coupled Finite Deformation Analysis
Authors: Yoshikawa Takahiro , Noda Toshihiro
Published: January 2024

Immense liquefaction damage was observed in the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. It was reported that, in Chiba Prefecture, Japan, the main shock oozed muddy water from the sandy ground and the aftershock which occurred 29 min after the main shock intensified the water spouting; thus, the aftershock expanded the liquefaction damage in the sandy ground. For comprehending such a phenomenon, using a soil–water–air coupled elastoplastic finite deformation analysis code, a rise in groundwater level induced by main shock is demonstrated, which may increase the potential of liquefaction damage during the aftershock. The authors wish to emphasize that these results cannot be obtained without soil–water–air coupled elastoplastic finite deformation analysis. This is because the rise in groundwater level is caused by the negative dilatancy behavior (plastic volume compression) of the saturated soil layer which supplies water to the upper unsaturated soil layer, and it is necessary to precisely calculate the settlement of ground and the amount of water drainage/absorption to investigate the groundwater level rise. This study provides insight into the mechanism of ground liquefaction during a series of earthquakes.
Rapport de synthèse
Authors: Favoreu Louis
Published: January 2024

Summing up

Dean Favoreu first of all reviews the topics discussed at the symposium with particular reference to the problem of defining this new form of administration — of parallel administration — which, in his opinion, needs to be set alongside local, departmental or regional administration — the situation in Provence being a case in point. What is more, such a definition has the effect of sanctioning the need for this type of intervention. Lastly, it would appear impossible to State to what extent this parallel administration encourages or hinders decentralisation.

In his analysis of the features of this new form of administration, Dean Favoreu draws attention to the fact that this is an administrative System which duplicates the traditional administrative machinery and which has temporary and sometimes even clandestine features. This new administration is also of an experimental nature. And lastly, it is a foretaste of things to come. This new form of administration is the result of technological necessity (meaning in most cases the need for efficiency), financial reasons, of which the most important is surely that of overcoming the constraints of public accountability, psychological reasons (the new form of administration being generally better accepted) and lastly, political reasons, in particular promoting the grouping together of communes. Dean Favoreu goes on to examine the legal forms adopted by this new form of administration and concludes by listing the consequences arising from the use of such structures. He seems to see emerging a form of administration with tangled, overlapping areas of competence, often not subject to any law, and symptomatic of the dilution of responsibility. However, he feels that, in the last analysis, the drive and energy of this new form of administration should enable one to overlook its inevitable shortcomings.
Historique du système de formation et de recrutement des hauts fonctionnaires
Authors: Kessler Marie-Christine
Published: January 2024

A history of the formation and recruitment system for first class civil servants

The System of formation and recruitment for first class civil servants as it has been applied since 1945 can be explained by the past history ; three stages are to be distinguished : 1° From the XIXth century into the IIIrd Republic : all the administrative bodies and services that form the framework of our civil service were created under the Consulat or the Empire. But for a long period of time during the XIXth century the socio-political context worked against the implementation of a rational mode of formation and recruitment for FCCS ; 2° From the IIIrd Republic into 1935-36, the IIIrd Republic established on these bases a two-level System of formation and recruitment, i.e. : a) The free school for Political Sciences (Sc. Po), a private institution where future candidates to the Civil Service are edicated ; b) A series of official text governs the access to the central administrations and bodies through competitive examinations. These very bodies and services are to organize their own recruitment and thus practice a form of cooptation ; 3° From 1936 to 1945 : this mode of recruitment and formation has been criticized from a double point of view : a) technically it does not assure a sufficient and equal level among FCCS while it strengthens administrative particulars ; b) Politically as well as socially, it facilitates the access to the upper civil service for the wealthier classes of the society. The decree of October 9, 1945 which transforms the whole recruitment and formation System for FCCS will resolve certain faults but unfortunately preserve traces of the past.
Développements récents de l’entreprise mixte au Japon
Authors: Yoshitake Kiyohiko
Published: January 2024

Desarrollo reciente en la empresa mixta en el Japon

La empresa mixta comporta una doble característica : por una parte su capital está, conjuntamente, en posesión de los accionistas privados y de los poderes públicos, además que éstos últimos deben participar en su dirección. La empresa mixta que se desarrolló considerablemente en el Japón durante los años de 1960, se ha concentrado especialmente en los sectores del desarrollo urbano y regional. Las causas de este desarrollo reciente son de orden financiero (compensar las deficiencias del sector privado dentro de estos campos) y relativas a la gestion (encontrar una forma de intervención más flexible que la de la acción administrativa directa de un ministerio o una colectividad local). Es pues, por su gran flexibilidad de gestión y sus facilidades de financiamiento, por lo que las empresas mixtas del Japón constituyen una experiencia original. Después de haber realizado un cuadro general de la empresa pública local japonesa, el autor se dedica a las principales características del control público que ejercen con respecto a ella el Parlamento y el Gobierno.
Organisation gouvernementale et administrative orientée vers le processus de développement national : le cas du Brésil
Authors: Wahrlich Beatriz
Published: January 2024

La organización gubernamental y administrativa orientada hacia el proceso de desarrollo nacional — el caso del Brasil. En estos últimos años, la organización gubernamental y administrativa brasileña ha sufrido substanciales cambios, contribuyendo a una aceleración del proceso de desarrollo nacional. De estos, el autor analiza tres mayores : el creciente fortalecimiento de la Unión en la federación brasileña, el predominio cada vez más notable del Ejecutivo sobre el Legislativo, y finalmente, el rápido y significativo crecimiento de la administración federal indirecta o descentralizada frente a la administración directa o centralizada.
La réforme de la fonction publique en Europe
Authors: König Klaus
Published: January 2024

Civil service reform in Europe

Both in Western and Socialist countries, important reform movements are under way. Among the most discussed questions are those concerning the structures and the status of civil service, and participatory, staff management and staff training issues.

As a decision-making process, civil service reform has to be viewed in the light of its pertaining politico-administrative System, and its social, economic and political environment. In addition, the part played by reform-oriented forces (in particular the civil service unions) calls for specific attention.
La prévision au niveau gouvernemental : orientation normative
Authors: Whiston Tom
Published: January 2024

Governmental forecasting — Trend to normative. Starting out on an overall analysis of the forecasting process, the author rejects the main topics which most governments will have to deal with, namely future levels of unemployment, the control of inflation, restructuring of industry, and the world economic crisis. On the basis of precise data (automation, the combined effect of the energy crisis and ecological issues), he believes that it will be necessary to provide for substantial changes in prevailing concepts on the structure of future society and eventually follow a normative approach.
Fiscalité et croissance dans les États de la Zone franc
Authors: Duverger Daniel
Published: January 2024

Sistema tributario y crecimiento en los Estados de la zona franc.

Analizando los factores del crecimiento económico en los países africanos, los dos primeros papeles llegan a conclusiones comparables por vías diferentes : una gran diferenciación del crecimiento económico según los países, por una parte, y por la otra, la importancia que lleva el comercio exterior y las relaciones del intercambio con el crecimiento de las rentas públicas.
Le processus de réforme communale en République fédérale d’Allemagne (1964-1980)
Authors: Siedentopf Heinrich
Published: January 2024

El proceso de reforma comunal en RFA.

Hasta hace poco, la autonomía de gestión de las colectividades locales fue fundada en la aplicación de principios constitucionales que garantizan la libertad. Desde ahora, los problemas relativos a la política local tienen tendencia a reducirse a un mero problema de política administrativa. La yuxtaposición y distinción de varios niveles de administración tiene tendencia a limitarse a una diferenciación de carácter funcional según criterios de política y técnica administrativa. Ello permite al autor de interrogarse si, a pesar de considerar las legítimas exigencias del Estado de derecho, y del Estado social, así no se saca el fundamento político y específico de la autonomía de gestión de las colectividades locales.
La réforme de l’administration locale aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Bours Adriaan
Published: January 2024

Local Government Reform In The Netherlands.

After describing the history of local government in the Netherlands, the author expresses the opinion that reform is now required on the local and regional levels. If attempts at reform have so far not been successful, this is, according to the author, not because of practical errors within the System of government, but because of the obvious lack of an overall policy for administrative reform. Lacking a clearly defined policy of this sort, the reform undertaken in the Netherlands boils down to a set of expedients.
Remarques sur la restructuration des entreprises publiques françaises
Authors: Debène Marc
Published: January 2024

Comments on the reshuffling of french public enterprise.

Underlying the recent nationalizations is the motive to provide the authorities with a tool for the reorganization of the French economy. The public sector has been growing these past thirty years in a variety of forms, but with the common target of concentrating economic power. Yet in this respect, a line is to be drawn between the aim pursued by the corporate effort on the one hand and the industrial policy of the State on the other.

This double-headedness is the key factor for evolving the right criteria to assess the effectiveness of the reorganization, in the teeth of unwieldy decisions vs. reconciliation of public concerns. To this effect, the new government will have to clarify the relations between the State and public enterprise, confer tot the latter whatever additional powers may be assigned, and give priority ot the targets of industrial policy.
Les moyens économiques d’évaluation de l’efficacité des entreprises publiques
Authors: Bernard Alain
Published: January 2024

Economic efficiency yardsticks of public enterprise.

What methods and/or tools are used for performance assessment of administration regarding their economic choices and the results of public enterprise ? Public corporations have specific tools, such as accountancy, order development indicators, investment decision models, for which a fast expansion has been observed over the past twenty years and which greatly facilitate information of public authorities. It is however absolutely necessary for government to call upon their own yardsticks to evaluate the decisions of public enterprise in order to ensure agreement with the general economic goals and to appraise the results obtained.

After an overview of the economic trend and the role of public enterprise since the end of the war, the author shows how the available yardsticks have evolved in line with the economic and institutional context.
La formation du fonctionnaire dans un «État social de droit»
Authors: Parejo Alfonso Luciano
Published: January 2024

En la administración española existe un derecho y un deber de formación para el funcionario, pero se traduce hasta ahora solo con pocas disposiciones de derecho positivo, tanto para el funcionario del Estado que para los de las comunidades autónomas.

El derecho debe figurar al centro de las disciplinas a enseñar, pero son actitudes y hábitos que conviene transmitir durante la formación. Esta será positiva solo si los funcionarios están motivados.
Les entreprises publiques des années 1990 face au défi européen
Authors: Long Marceau
Published: January 2024

State Enterprise and the European Challenge of the 1990’s

Is there any scope for state enterprise in the europewide market of the 1990’s ? The Single European Act reaffirms the liberal policy set forth in the Treaty of Rome and many governments consider the challenges of an internationalised economy would be better met by state enterprises privatised in whole or in part while others are tempted to assimilate state enterprise and loss-making sectors of the economy. However, less economic liberalization need not imply allowing state enterprise to lag in terms of economic efficiency and advanced technology ! On the contrary, state enterprises should not loss their identity by imitating the private sector. Alongside the private initiative, state enterprise has a duty to meet the 1992 challenges of economic integration and of technological change that Europe cannot afford to sidestep.
La maladministration aujourd’hui
Authors: Ripoche Paul
Published: January 2024

Misadministration Today.

Administration must adjust and modernize. Services and activities must expand. The needs of business and the general public must be met. The quality of products and services requires attentive care. Senior-level civil service bears an especial reponsibility in the unswerving search for quality.
Les abonnés du téléphone et les PTT
Authors: Vigouroux Christian
Published: January 2024

Telephone Users and the PTT.

Cryptic billing, threats of cut-off, burden of proof on users and restricted access to PTT corridors of power all make users feel powerless in the face of overbilling. The PTT are adopting modem technology to provide users with new services that will prevent complaints, or handle them more efficiently, thus alleviating the current State of affairs.
Élaboration des politiques publiques et mobilisation sociale : le cas de l’environnement, de la consommation et des droits de la femme
Authors: Spanou Calliope
Published: January 2024

Public Policymaking for the Environment, Consumer Action and Women’s Rights.

Support from non-profit action groups has considerably enhanced the efficacy of the Ministries of the Environment, Consumer Rights and Women’s Rights. Ministries are now coordinating activities directly with such groups. This article describes why this approach is less effective for the formulation of public policy or where potential support lacks organizational structure, homogeneity or coherence.
La recherche de défense
Authors: Bindel Serge
Published: January 2024

Defense Rresearch.

Defense research is defined in terms of scope, organization and openness. It consumes 1/3 of the total national research budget. A high degree of cooperation at ail levels is required between weapons designers and end users. Working relationships with the scientific community at large both in government and in research laboratories are expanding. The Ministry of Defense farms out over 60 % development to industry, thereby opening up a new two-way information flow that contributes to weapons development and benefits the national economy.
«Peut-on enseigner l’art d’administrer sans administrer soi-même ?» Réflexions
Authors: Pisani Edgard
Published: January 2024

“Can one teach the art of government without being an administrator oneseif ?”

Comments by Edgard Pisani

Is it possible to teach the art of government and administration without being in either government or administration oneself ? Yet this is precisely what co-operation in the field of organization and management of the State machinery seeks to do. This co-operation — which is tremendously important — can take various forms. Specific, local, and technical assignments should be particularly encouraged.
Le rôle des études de cas aux États-Unis
Authors: Rosenbloom David H.
Published: January 2024

Legal and Management Training of Public Employees in the United States :

the Use of Case studies.

There is no centralized or unified system of initial training for the 15 million or so American administrative public employees. The majority of these employees receive legal and management training outside state-run institutions, in universities usually offering a Masters’s course in Public Administration. Consequently, the legal casebooks on which the teaching of law is based are giving an increasingly amount of space to law — constitutional and administrative — relating to administrative practice. Case studies in management, which have been used from the thirties onwards, in particular at Harvard University, and supported by a vast movement of ideas, are increasingly focusing on the specific nature of public administration.
Pour un statut juridique de la diversité biologique
Authors: Hermitte Marie-Angèle
Published: January 2024

Towards a Law on Biological Diversity.

Owing to the total ineffectiveness of environmental law, we must devise a law on biological diversity. The task is a difficult one. Treating the environment (land, sea and air) as a subject of law flies in the face of ail recent legal thinking, according to which man is the only possible subject of law. The regulations stemming from the biological diversity charter need to cover four basic areas in order to be coherent : the environment, living things, and the space as well as the time of biological evolution which would provide a basis for establishing much longer periods of responsibility. The drafting of this law, far from being a matter for experts alone, raises issues of political responsibility that must be faced in the open in accordance with traditional democratic procedures.
La gestion des espaces naturels
Authors: Raynaud Pierre
Published: January 2024

Management of Natural Spaces.

Nature is not made up of closed, independent Systems, but of a variety of specific natural entities linked to each other in space and time. One must move beyond a System of management that revolves around the protection and conservation of natural spaces towards one that involves forward planning. Man should no longer be considered the center of nature when he is only a tiny part of it. The relationship between nature conservation and economic growth should be redefined, as should the allocation of responsibilities, in order to integrate nature conservation into a comprehensive approach, which alone would provide a genuine basis for altering management practices.
Les aspects internationaux de la prévention et du règlement des risques technologiques et naturels majeurs
Authors: Huglo Christian
Published: January 2024

The International Aspects of the Prevention and Control of Major Technological and Natural Risks.

The concept of major risk (whether natural or technological) excludes the very idea of liability. Nevertheless, a body of international law on compensation for disaster-related damage has gradually been developed. Risk prevention, affecting as it does the sovereignty of States, is making slower headway and is not sufficiently effective. The author recommends that a full-fledged environmental law, which goes beyond statements of co-operation and solidarity and provides for the setting up of an integrated international System for the prevention and management of major risks and the provision of compensation, be established at international level.
Collectivités locales : du modèle communautaire et territorial au modèle fonctionnel de l’entreprise
Authors: Mazères Jean-Arnaud , Regourd Serge
Published: January 2024

Local Authorities : From a Communal and Territorial Model to a Functional Corporate Model.

In recent years the organization and working methods of local and regional authorities appear to have been clearly inspired by the corporate model. This development is characterized by a functionalization and de-territorialization of activities, one of the most common features being the privatization of management methods. After identifying these features, the study attempts to explain this phenomenon by tracing it back to the very sources of the distinction between the functional and the territorial approach and by placing it in an ‘archeological’ perspective of local government.
Les projets de service au centre des questions du management public
Authors: Guérin Martine
Published: January 2024

The Service Project at the Heart of Public Management Questions

The main interesting aspect of the process involved in the «service project» is matching the objectives of the general policy of modernisation of the public service with the personal hopes of Civils Servants. The study of past experience in the Administration has shown that their success depends on a series of factors and particularly on the strategy used to introduce the change, on the organisational context, on the degree of involvment on the part of middle and top-ranking Civil Servants and on the evolution of union practices. It seems indispensable to combine the process involved in the «service project » that includes the participation of Civil Servants in major decision-making with new methods of human resources management.
L’Europe de la consommation
Authors: Van Miert Karel
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection in the EEC.

Consumer protection policy has developed since 1972. The achievement of internal market requires from the Commission the adoption of adequate regulations in order to guarantee consumer’s interests and to organize their legal protection. The three-year european plan of action defines four specific programs : consumer’s representation ; open access to information about financial services and comparative publicity ; consumers safety and security ; fair transactions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to surmount the contradictions between consumers and producers’ interests, and to conciliate the beginning national policies and the requirement of a high level of protection in the EEC.
Le projet de code de la consommation
Authors: Calais Auloy Jean
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection Towards a Codification.

Consumer protection requires the codification of a law which for twenty years has grown in a haphazard fashion. There now exists a scheme to mould the existing provisions into a single and coherent text. This entails introducing preventive and collective consumer protection methods and facilitating the exercise by individuals of their consumer rights. The presentation of such a bill before parliament is all the more important today as it would enable France to exercise a decisive influence in the European arena.
Peut-on adapter l’administration aux finalités de la justice ?
Authors: Raingeard de la Bletière Louis-Marie
Published: January 2024

Can We Adapt the Management of Justice to Judicial Ends?

By its geographic circumscriptions, legal administration is archaic, remaining quantitatively insufficient. It must operate in an extremely complex environment in which it is necessary to conciliate, in particular, jurisdictional independence and the administrative hierarchy. In addition, it is also undergoing sharp tension, mainly in terms of human resource management. The current trend is towards increasing resources to the juridictions, strengthening decentralization in management and developing continuing professional education.
La gestion de l’innovation : un modèle général
Authors: Booth Simon A.
Published: January 2024

Managing Innovation -A General Model.

Public Agencies are frequently characterised as being unresponsive and lack a capacity to innovate. However there are non intrinsic reasons why public agencies cannot behave in an innovative fashion. The article looks at some general lessons from the private sector which may provide public sector managers with an insight into how to engage in a systematic search for an innovative approach. To ensure successful innovation it is not enough to set up favourable organizational cultures, create ‘champions’ and provide resources. Policy-makers must in addition to other factors pay attention to the vehicule for creating the innovation.
Hongrie : la transition vers le marché passe par l’État
Authors: Harmathy Attila
Published: January 2024

The Transition to the Market Depends on State. The nature of State has undergone a profound change in many countries of central and Eastern Europe since 1989. Since this time, the importance of the private sector is not simply considered in terms of efficiency and profitability, but also as an economical basis for democracy.
Bénin : renforcer la crédibilité de l’État
Authors: Videgla Pamphile
Published: January 2024

Benin : Strengthening State Credibility. Programs for State modernization should take impetus from a deep need for redefining development policies, behavior and priorities. In this context, a certain number of legislative and legal measures have been taken in Benin to institute a free market economy.
L’État, garant du futur de l’économie de marché
Authors: Israël Arturo
Published: January 2024

State : Guarantor of the Market Economy. There is a large consensus in the need to reorientate the public sector and to improve its quality. To analyze and to determine what should be done with regard to the real underlying causes of the lack of progress in the matter, we must go deeper into the ‘micro-perspective’ as far as the functions fulfilled, the requisite qualifications and the objectives carried out, are involved. In this area, progress will come through specific improvements.
Le pouvoir de décision politique du juge européen et ses limites
Authors: Rasmussen Hjalte
Published: January 2024

The Policy making Power of the European Judge and its Limits

Is a government by judges possible in the European Community ? The pro-Community activism in the European Court of Justice over the last decade, criticized in certain member States, was based on the inertia of political institutions with regard to integration. This activism is no longer justifiable as the political institutions have found new strength. Initiatives in favor of change should corne from the Court itself. Thus, the ideal role of the European Court of Justice in the 1990s should be characterized by judicial self-restraint.
Déficit démocratique et déficit juridique : quoi, de neuf en France ?
Authors: Guillaume Marc
Published: January 2024

Democratie and Legal Deficits : What’s New in France ?

The development of the EC System has accelerated the loss of influence of national parliament, already favored by the Constitution of 1958. Parallel to this democratie deficit, the European construction has largely resulted in a legal deficit in France. The recent constitutional revision, which attempted to increase parliamentary control over Community decisions and aimed at responding to the democratie deficit, is limited in innovation. Its implementation through more modest provisions could, on the other hand, lead to a reduction in the legal deficit.
Les paradoxes de la gestion publique des identités territoriales : à propos des politiques culturelles outre-mer
Authors: Constant Fred
Published: January 2024

The Paradox of Public Management of Local Identities.

Paradoxically, cultural policies in french overseas departments often converge with metropolitan ones. Public cultural offer, which looks like a more or less standardized outfit of ail kinds, is in search of national recognition. In the same way, resistances to the modernization of cultural management are as strong as in metropolitan France. Nevertheless, there are persistent local specificities, such as a heavy politicization of cultural policy and the weak institutionalization of the cultural field. Confronting these convergences and divergences brings out two major debates : the role of culture in the economy and the status of difference in the content of public action in cultural matters.
L’évaluation, nouvel avatar de la rationalisation administrative ? Les limites de l’import-export institutionnel
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: January 2024

Evaluation as a New Version of Administrative Rationalization ? The Limits of Institutional Import-Export.

The emergence of policy evaluation is a sign of the transformation of french public space, but its integration in the french political and administrative System raises difficult questions. The U. S. model shows that evaluation is not a mere technical tool. It is also a means of communicating and negociating between policy actors. The role and scope of evaluation in France depends on its intellectual construction as well as on its compatibility with the logic of administrative institutions. A realistic development is based on evaluation being conceived mainly at present as an instrument of management control, and being an extension of existing control mechanisms.
La réforme de l’administration publique
Authors: Franchini Claudio
Published: January 2024

Reforming Public Administration

In Italy, public administration is submitted to a set of contradictory constitutional principles which underline the lack of a global approach. The evolution of public administration has not been coherent, according to predetermined lines of development, but by piling up institutions and adding up systems. Contrary to common understanding in public opinion, Italian administration has undergone numerous changes in recent years, even if the transformation process has not been a straight one, because of a lack of global political orientation.
Quarante ans au quai d’Orsay - Changements et permanence
Authors: Chayet Claude
Published: January 2024

Forty years at the Quai d’Orsay.

In forty years, the natural scope for action of the ministry of Foreign Affairs has grown and been amplified according to the political, economie and technological revolutions which the world underwent. From inside, looking at fourty years of functioning of a big administration reveals big changes : certain discreet and hardly mentioned discriminations have disappeared, the framework of action of the ministry has changed, working conditions have evolved. Notwithstanding criticisms as well as successive and sometimes contradictory reforms, the Quai d’Orsay has constantly been able to adapt to modem challenges of diplomacy.
Racines des politiques pour la ville des années cinquante aux années soixante-dix
Authors: Mayet Pierre
Published: January 2024

Roots of Urban Policies

Thirty years of French urban policies show a constant renewal of objectives and a permanent care, but a continuity of methodological answers in matters of budgets, human resources and institutions. The housing crisis, a main characteristic of post-war period, has been solved by putting in place new legal instruments. The following period has been marked by the creation of the ministry of equipment, which was complemented by a new organisation of field services, an important mobilisation of field officials and the 1969 Land Orientation Act, which founded the urban code. Eventually, during the preparation of the VIth plan, the commission in charge of "global urban policy" has considered the matter as a phenomenon with a much wider range than the housing issue and thus laid down the problematique of present day urban policy.
Le droit administratif face à la diversification de l’action administrative
Authors: Obata Junko
Published: January 2024

Administrative Law facing Diversification of Administrative Activity

At university teaching administrative law is mainly oriented towards general principles whereas specialized study fields which can be linked to it (environment, town-planning, education...) are often not taught due to lack of time. The general principles of administrative law do not represent a codified body. This leads to diverging interpretations. The most recent one is rejecting the distinction between public law and private law and tries to find the specificities of law as applied to administration rather than to define its content in order to establish a corpus of rules. Administrative activity has been considerably diversified, using other methods than authority decisions : contracts, general administrative directives... Recently an act on administrative procedure has been adopted by parliament, which officialised amongst others the mechanism of administrative directives. This illustrates a more pragmatic approach to administrative law.
La réforme des structures locales dans la République tchèque
Authors: Vidlâkovâ Olga
Published: January 2024

The Reform of Local Structures in the Czech Republic.

The reform of local structures in the Czech Republic consisted, in the first place, to guarantee the municipalities’ independence by fixing their powers and by enumerating their composing organs. Besides the prerogatives related to the management of local affairs, the municipalities were also given some atributions delegated by the State. The Constitutional Act of January lst, 1993, also provides for the creation of a second level of territorial divisions whith its own powers. Nevertheless, this reform has not been completed yet because of the difficulties to draw the territorial divisions and the necessity to define the State-local authorities relations.
Le cas britannique : le démantèlement de l’administration traditionnelle
Authors: Wright Vincent
Published: January 2024

The Dismantling of Traditional Administration : The Case in Great Britain. Reform of public administration in Great Britain began in 1979 with the Conservative Party newly-installed in power. This modernization policy, strongly motivated by ideological factors, proceeded with a complete calling into question of traditional characteristics of British central administration. Subsequent modifications focused on two main areas : on the one hand, political leaders reinforced their means of control in an effort to assert their authority, and on the other hand, a vast campaign of privatizations was launched, accompanied by numerous measures designed to increase the efficiency of administrative activity.
L’administration publique espagnole : réforme ou modernisation ?
Authors: Alba Carlos R.
Published: January 2024

Spanish Public Administration : Reform or Modernization ? Under Franco, the Spanish administration -fundamentally corporatist and elitist in structure -underwent technocratic reforms which maintained it in its archaism. Changes carried out after Franco’s death are more a consequence of the transition to democracy than the fruit of a genuine public administration policy. Twenty years later, the administration has developed significantly, but still urgently awaits a fundamental reform program that must, above all, reduce the public deficit and successfully fight against political corruption.
Réformes administratives et gestion publique aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Kickert Walter J.M.
Published: January 2024

Administrative Reforms and Public Sector Governance in the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands, as in most Western countries, reducing public deficits has constituted the main objective of administrative reform. However, successive governments have attempted to find alternative solutions, persuaded that the pure and simple adoption of management and private competition methods would not suffice. This is why, parallel to the traditional «management» approach, new relationships have developed within the very heart of the administration, in order to increase their efficiency on both the level of public policy elaboration as well as its application.
À la recherche du temps perdu : la modernisation de l’administration en Grèce
Authors: Spanou Calliope
Published: January 2024

The Search for Lost Time : The Modernization of Greek Administration.

The turbulent history of the Hellenic nation encouraged the establishment of a pre-Weberian bureaucracy completely dependent on the political branch. Over the past fifteen years, several important reforms have introduced a sort of anarchical transformation of administrative structures and public service organization. The environment and functioning of the administration remain unchanged since innovative measures are often stillborn. Only Greek’s participation in the European Union seems to be a favorable factor motivating the modernization of its administration.
L’administration et le principe de légalité
Authors: Schmidt-Abmann Eberhard
Published: January 2024

Administration and the Principle of Legality.

As in any System governed by the rule of law, the administration in Germany is obliged to abide by the principle of legality. The application of legal norms which are binding upon the administration (such as the Constitution, EC Law, statute law, general principles of administrative law, administrative regulations and customary law) are often complex, given the specific nature of administrative activity. Moreover, the principle of legality is faced with new challenges linked to the emergence of new enquiries into the capacity of law to regulate activity.
La cogestion dans l'administration allemande
Authors: Battis Ulrich
Published: January 2024

Co-management in German Administration

Ulrich Battis

The rules which apply to co-management in German administration vary according to the status of the employer : the rules goveming businesses apply to persons regulated by private law, those goveming the representation of personnel apply to public law bodies. Co-management implies the participation of private interests in order to promote the public interests. Laws -both federal and regional- about the representation of personnel govem the co-management regime. Constitutional control over regional laws has led to the formulation of two questions. Do the laws respond to the demands of efficient administration ? Do the measures conceming co-management respond to the demands of democratie legitimacy ?
Alice au pays de la codification à droit constant
Authors: Vigouroux Christian
Published: January 2024

Alice in the Codification of Existing Laws Land.

The codification of existing laws to retain legal constancy is criticised for leading to legal uncertainty because it reasserts a form of incomplete law. This type of codification, as a form of compilation, is a first and indispensable stage for any practitioner or subsequent reform. Because the continued codification of new law demands that the content and the perimeter of the code be established, this is an instance of real legal politics.
La codification aux États-Unis
Authors: Bermann George A.
Published: January 2024

Codification in the United States of America.

The lack of recognition given to codification in the United States is a reflection of the role played by the common law in the legal system which prohibits a legal text from being considered the exclusive or universal source of law in a particular area. Certain objectives of codification (unity, transparency, coherence) are sought by other means (model or standard-form statutes, restatements, Law Revision Commissions), but systematisation remains for the moment a preoccupation which is alien to the American System.
Les structures françaises : la Commission supérieure de codification
Authors: Robineau Yves
Published: January 2024

The French System : the Superior Commission on Codification.

A policy of codification was initiated with the creation of a specialised institution called the Superior Commission on Codification. Operating under the presidency of the prime minister, the Commission comprises permanent and non permanent members from a variety of sectors. The institution's role is to provide the impetus of initiative even before preparation of a code is underway. Codification is a long-term operation and demands continual initiatives from the successive governments which take up office around the Commission.
Remarques sur la numérotation des articles dans la codification
Authors: Reigné Philippe
Published: January 2024

The Numbering of Codes and its Implications.

In former times figures added a symbolic, magical dimension to written law. Nowadays, concern over rationalisation dictates the way in which texts are numbered. While this issue is not confined simply to the drafting of codes, it is, nevertheless, most developed in the process of codification. As far as its form is concerned, numbering is particularly influenced by history and by models taken from abroad. Its primary objective remains to facilitate the reading of the codified articles, without losing sight of the interest of users, without which codification would lose all sense.
Les rapports du Président français et du Premier ministre
Authors: Carcassonne Guy
Published: January 2024

Relations between the President of the Republic and the Prime Minister are inscribed within an unvarying institutional framework. Admittedly the respective weight of the two actors varies depending upon whether or not the presidential and parliamentary majorities are in harmony or, on the contrary, in opposition. But the passage from one situation to the other changes neither the principles governing their institutional relations nor their methods of collaboration. Nevertheless, political relations between those fulfilling these two functions can vary and, while the President of the Republic may have a certain formal advantage, it is none the less equally true to say that technically it is the Prime Minister who is the main player because, whatever the political context, it is Matignon which lies at the heart of the System.
La «présidentialisation» du système espagnol : la Moncloa
Authors: Heywood Paul , Molina Ignacio
Published: January 2024

In Spain the whole of the administrative apparatus which directs and coordinates the action of the government is concentrated in one single entity which is known by the name of Moncloa. The administrative structure which lies at the summit of the executive was altered in 1982 in order to remedy the chronic instability inflicting the system under the different governments which made the transition towards democracy. The two organs which are closest to the head of government are the General Secretariat and the presidential cabinet. The role of assisting Prime Minister is equally important but it varies according to the political choices of the Prime Minister. Finally the ministry of the presidency is more specifically charged with the task of assuring intergovemmental coordination. The importance of these structures often appears as a factor in the ‘presidentialisation’ of the Spanish parliamentary regime.
Belgique : l’exécutif au sommet
Authors: Delpérée Francis , Lombaert Bruno
Published: January 2024

According to the Belgian Constitution, federal executive power belongs to the King. A deeper analysis reveals that the top of the executive apparatus is much more expansive than this. Executive power is divided between public authorities of which the council of ministers, which assumes responsibility for political and administrative action, is a key institution. Moreover, numerous consultative authorities and a variety of services are associated with the work of the government which enables a reduction in the gap between citizens and the exercise of power.
Le rôle des technologies de l'information dans la réforme de l'État
Authors: Bion Richard
Published: January 2024

The Role of Information Technology in State Reform.

New technologies and information Systems provide practical means to accompany changes linked to State reform. Thus, having identified the advantages and disadvantages which are generated by use of information technology, the Commissariat for State reform has come to play a key role in putting this technology into operation in the French administrative System. The objective sought is to equip the State with all performance Systems which may be necessary to enable it to function properly, to evolve in the future and especially to improve its relations with those who use public services.
Les enjeux socio-politiques de la mise en place de l'inforoute
Authors: Comeau Paul-André
Published: January 2024

The Socio-political Implications of Setting up the Information Super-highway.

The appearance and development of new information technologies necessarily imply that urgent consideration be given to the reconciliation of these techniques with the respect of citizens’ fundamental rights. The demands of modernisation mean that administration are making huge usage of information technologies but, while it is understandable that State has knowledge of certain aspects of the activity of its citizens, its gaze should not linger upon those aspects which concern the core of private life. A dialogue must be established between the State, its administration and citizens in order to create a better understanding of technology and a better appreciation of the advantages and the problems which arise from its use.
Le citoyen «Internaute» entre liberté d'accès aux documents administratifs et protection des données personnelles
Authors: Maisl Herbert
Published: January 2024

The Citizen ‘Internetted’ Between Freedom of Access to Administrative Information and Data Protection.

As the administration becomes more transparent access to administrative information constitutes both a liberty for the citizen and a threat to private life. The legislative framework in France reproduces this duality by distinguishing access to administrative information from the protection of personal data. The massive circulation of data on international networks makes it necessary to evaluate this legislation. The use of network services generates usage of computerised data. The increasing dissemination of