bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ketav Ha-Daʿat or Sefer Ha-Sekhel We-Ha-Muskalot : The Medieval Hebrew Translations of Al-Fārābī's Risālah Fīʾl-ʿAql . A Study in Text History and in the Evolution of Medieval Hebrew Philosophical Terminology
Authors: Fruedenthal Gad
Published: February 2012

Ketav ha-daʿat is an anonymous Hebrew translation of al-Fārābī's Risālah fīʾl-ʿaql (Epistle on the Intellect), preserved in a single manuscript (in Vienna). For the first time it is here distinguished from a similarly entitled text, also preserved in a single manuscript (in Paris), which is a commentary upon Ketav ha-daʿat , by the littérateur Yeda'aya ha-Penini (early 14th century). The paper offers the editio princeps of Ketav ha-daʿat , preceded by an introductive study. The philosophical vocabulary of Ketav ha-daʿat is unique: it is unknown from any other source and appears to be the translator's (mostly infelicitous) own creation. Ketav ha-daʿat is not merely a translation, for it contains many interpolations (not marked as such), by the anonymous translator, introduced with a view to clarifying the text. An analysis of the interpolations sheds some light on the author and shows that he was competent in philosophy and had some original thoughts, as e.g., identifying "the mover of the first heaven" with the Shekhinah. A study of the vocabulary, notably of the history of the term daʿat for "intellect," leads to the suggestion that the translation was done in the mid-12th century, probably in Provence. Ketav ha-daʿat is thus one of the earliest translations into Hebrew of a non-Jewish philosophical work. The annotated critical edition closely compares the Hebrew text with the Arabic original and signals the interpolations. Following upon it is an Arabic-Hebrew comparative glossary of the terms used in Ketav ha-daʿat , in the two other known medieval Hebrew translations of the Epistle on the Intellect , and in Yedaʿaya ha-Penini's commentary. An appendix recounts the history of the research on Ketav ha-daʿat in the 19th and 20th centuries as a comedy of errors and missed opportunities.
אתא אגרתא ממערבא ("An Epistle Came from the West"): Historical and Archaeological Evidence for the Ties Between the Jewish Communities in the Land of Israel and Babylonia During the Talmudic Period
Authors: Safrai Zeʿev , Maeir Aren M.
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the historical and archaeological evidence for connections between the Jewish communities in the Land of Israel and in Babylonia during the Talmudic/Byzantine period is examined in order to define the nature, the context, and the extent of these contacts. The analysis demonstrates that a wide range of connections did in fact exist, although they were limited by the great distance and the political boundaries that lay between the two regions. These connections did not relate solely to matters concerning the 'Batei Midrash' (yeshivot), as we might expect them to be portrayed by the Talmudic sources, but stemmed from a variety of issues. Further, they involved persons of varied social and economic classes.
Epigraphical Rabbis: A Reconsideration
Authors: Lapin Hayim
Published: February 2012

The rabbi or berabbi is used as the title of some sixty-eight men known from inscriptions and other documentary sources from late antiquity. Since the initial survey of these remains by Shaye Cohen in JQR in 1981, no consensus has emerged on the relationship between the epigraphic and documentary use of the title and the rabbinic movement. Along with an updated list of "epigraphical rabbis," this article reviews the evidence, with particular attention to numbers, chronology, and to the special case of Bet Shearim. Except for one instance, the use of the title in inscriptions as a marker of connection to the rabbinic movement cannot be established. Allowing that the epigraphic practice reflects non-rabbinic uses of the same title is the methodologically safer course. One consequence of this reconsideration is that the inscriptions now appear to be overwhelmingly from the fourth century and later. For scholars who do, nevertheless, insist that the epigraphical title implies membership and scholarly attainment in the rabbinic movement, the late date has important implications for assessing the fate of the rabbinic movement after the fourth century.
The Varying Role of po- in the Grammaticalization of Slavic Aspectual Systems: Sequences of Events, Delimitatives, and German Language Contact
Authors: Dickey Stephen M.
Published: February 2012

This article presents a comparative analysis of three interrelated phenomena: the use of imperfective verbs in sequences of events in Czech, Slovak, Sorbian, Slovene, and BCS; the use of po- delimitatives in sequences of events in East Slavic, Polish, and Bulgarian; the semantic nature of the prefix po- in the individual Slavic languages. The use of imperfective verbs in sequences of events in the western languages and the use of po- delimitatives in the eastern languages are two alternative ways of aspectually coding atelic predicates in narratives. The article makes two main arguments in this connection. The first is that the use of imperfective verbs in sequences of events in the western languages has been retained (and perhaps strengthened) due to German language contact, whereas the use of po- delimitatives for such atelic predicates represents an innovation in those languages that did not undergo significant amounts of such German language contact. The second is that the lack of the development of po- into an important perfectivizing prefix in the western languages is likewise due in part to German language contact, as po- was at various times used to calque German be- in its surface-contact and transitive meanings as well as ver- in its meaning of change of state; such calques contributed to the stabilization of po- as a lexical prefix in the western languages. The retarding effect of German language contact on the western languages whereby imperfective verbs remained acceptable in sequences of events, and po- did not become a major perfectivizing prefix, is analyzed as the result of a process of "replica preservation," as opposed to the more commonly discussed process of "replica change" described by Heine and Kuteva (2005).
Feeling the Love: Sportscasters Score Big with Job Satisfaction
Authors: Reinardy Scott , Crawford Jerry
Published: February 2012

This study indicates that TV sportscasters (N = 272) are extremely satisfied in their jobs. Perceived organizational support and management's commitment to local sports coverage contributed to that satisfaction. Work-family conflict, role overload and job demands had little influence on sportscasters' dissatisfaction. Market size, airtime allowed and job title did not appear to influence satisfaction levels. The authors conclude that work autonomy and a perception of support from TV management is what keep sportscasters satisfied.
A 12,000-year Record of Vegetation and Climate Change from the Sierra de Los Cuchumatanes, Guatemala
Authors: Caffrey Maria A. , Taylor Matthew J. , Sullivan Donald G.
Published: February 2012

Pocos estudios sobre cambios climáticos del holocene han sido realizados en el altiplano de Guatemala. Este estudio utiliza datos por poderes de cambios climáticos para el prado Miqul, un sitio elevado (3147m) cerca Huehuetenango dentro de la sierra Cuchumatanes. Los cambios en la vegetación y la incidencia de incendios fueron reconstruidos utilizando el polen y carbón vegetal de una perforación de sedimentos datada a ca. 12,000-2100 años cal BP. Cambios en el taxa forestal indican que períodos de clima seca ocurrieron hace ca. 12,000-10,000, y aún más tarde en el holocene. Nuestros resultados muestran que el clima en la micro-región del prado Miqul estaban secándose gradualmente antes la subida de la cultura Maya en las tierras bajas.
The Instrumentalization of Participatory Management in Protected Areas: The ethnicization of participation in the Kolla-Atacameña Region of the Central Andes of Argentina and Chile
Authors: Guyot Sylvain
Published: February 2012

En este trabajo se presentan varias experiencias de gestión participativa dentro de diferentes áreas protegidas de la región transfronteriza de los Andes centrales que lindan con Argentina y Chile. Los casos estudiados son: "El paisaje cultural de la Humanidad" de la Quebrada de Humahuaca ubicado en la provincia de Jujuy, Argentina, y la reserva nacional "Los Flamencos", en el centro mismo del desierto de Atacama, en el Norte Grande chileno (región de Antofagasta). Nuestra prioridad es de explicar los lazos de legitimación creada entre la gestión participativa y la población local. ¿Cómo definen las organizaciones de conservación la población local y como la utilizan en sus estrategias participativas? A la inversa, ¿qué instrumentos usan las poblaciones locales para legitimarse, para ganar más poder y credibilidad en la gestión participativa? Ambos lados consideran la "etnización" de la población indígena como un proceso relevante de fortalecimiento, que puede llevar al éxito o el fracaso del proceso de participación, según los contextos políticos y estrategias, locales y nacionales, como es analizado en los dos estudios de caso.
Across-Language Perspective on Speech Information Rate
Authors: Pellegrino François , Coupé Christophe , Marsico Egidio
Published: February 2012

This article is a crosslinguistic investigation of the hypothesis that the average information rate conveyed during speech communication results from a trade-off between average information density and speech rate. The study, based on seven languages, shows a negative correlation between density and rate, indicating the existence of several encoding strategies. However, these strategies do not necessarily lead to a constant information rate. These results are further investigated in relation to the notion of syllabic complexity.
The Emergence and Challenge of the Modern Library Building: Ideal Types, Model Libraries, and Guidelines, from the Enlightenment to the Experience Economy
Authors: Dahlkild Nan
Published: February 2012

The evolution of modern libraries has been closely related to the development of modernity in Western societies, both in relation to the development of social life in the last centuries and to the growing importance of reading, information, and knowledge and to the ideas of enlightenment, democracy, tolerance, and the open society. The increasing number of library buildings and the development of library space are part of the greater accessibility of information, the opening of the organization of knowledge, and the creation of a public sphere. This article examines the making of the modern library building and the related discourse by selecting important model buildings, guidelines, discussions, and experiments reflecting various cultural and social visions of democracy and openness. The perspective is international. An investigation is made of the physical as well as the social construction of the modern library space and of its identity and “libraryness.”
The Design of the English Domestic Library in the Seventeenth Century: Readers and Their Book Rooms
Authors: Gwynn Lucy
Published: February 2012

The seventeenth century saw the increase in size of book collections in private hands. Domestic library collections were becoming more visible as important adjuncts to the lives of their socially and culturally engaged owners. This article explores the ways in which the practical and intellectual problems of storing books were addressed in the English home, through inventories and buildings accounts as well as contemporary literature. The changes in library furniture design over the course of the century are traced, together with the emergence of formal organizing systems such as catalogues and subject classification. Finally, the adoption of a different stylistic approach is examined.
Collections to Connections: Changing Spaces and New Challenges in Academic Library Buildings
Authors: Latimer Karen
Published: February 2012

The article looks at changes in information provision and their significant impact on the development of the design of academic library spaces over the years. The history of the academic library as a building type is examined, and the move from the collection-dominated library buildings of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to the service-rich, user-focused ones of the twenty-first century is explored. Recent trends are identified, drawing on a number of mainly UK and other European examples. The effect of increasing availability of e-resources, new technology, and changing methods of teaching, learning, and research on design is also considered. Other issues covered in the paper include the importance of the design brief or program, interior space, fittings and fixtures, and finally the need to reflect on the success or failure of building projects through post-occupancy evaluation.
National Information Literacy Framework (Scotland): Pioneering Work to Influence Policy Making or Tinkering at the Edges?
Authors: Irving Christine
Published: February 2012

This article examines the creation of the National Information Literacy Framework for Scotland, from its original concept linking secondary and tertiary education to an expanded framework including primary education, lifelong learning, the workplace, and adult literacies. It discusses the framework's evolution from the original concept through to the development, piloting, restructuring, and use of the framework. It reflects on how the project engaged with policy and advocacy issues in order to gain recognition of the term information literacy. The policies and strategies it used to influence the inclusion of information literacy within the school curriculum through channels such as the Scottish Parliamentary E-petitions mechanism and engaging with the consultation process on the development of the new Scottish curriculum, "Curriculum for Excellence." It looks at the project's engagement in the wider world outside the academy and its conclusion that to be "effective, an information literacy policy must be firmly pegged to the information, lifelong learning, inclusion, and digital policies of the state." The article concludes that the project did influence information literacy practice, strategies, and policy making locally, nationally, and internationally. It discusses the reasons for that success, the lessons learned, and then examines the issue of sustainability and the future of the framework.
How Information Literacy Becomes Policy: An Analysis Using the Multiple Streams Framework
Authors: Weiner Sharon
Published: February 2012

There is growing recognition that information literacy is a critical skill for educational and workplace success, engagement in lifelong learning, and civic participation. To be considered for allocations of financial and human resources, information literacy must become a policy priority for institutions and societies. Although there has been some progress in this area since 1974, when the term was coined, information literacy is not yet a priority for many organizations or governments. There is no published examination of factors that may influence the adoption of information literacy as a policy priority. This article explores aspects of the policy process from a U.S. perspective that can favor or impede the inclusion of information literacy on political agendas. It examines these questions through the multiple streams framework of policy processes. It proposes recommendations to help those who advocate for information literacy to effect policy changes. It identifies areas for research that would help information literacy policy advocates demonstrate need.
Reconnecting Information Literacy Policy with the Core Values of Librarianship
Authors: Jacobs Heidi LM , Berg Selinda
Published: February 2012

In 2009, President Barack Obama declared October of that year to be National Information Literacy Awareness Month and issued a proclamation stating that "an informed and educated citizenry is essential to the functioning of our modern democratic society." The Obama proclamation's emphasis on information literacy's role in education and democracy makes it akin to the 2005 Alexandria Proclamation on Information Literacy and Lifelong Learning. In both of these documents, information literacy is located at the core of lifelong learning. It empowers people in all walks of life to seek, evaluate, use, and create information effectively to achieve their personal, social, occupational, and educational goals. These two documents are powerful and inspiring to many academic librarians because they are reminders of the broader social context and democratic initiatives within their work. Inspiring as these documents are, they can also be intimidating and overwhelming: how can we help create an informed and educated citizenry or help our students meet technological, economic, and social challenges, to redress disadvantage and to advance the well-being of all? This article is not an attempt to provide answers to these questions but a call to move these questions to the fore of our policy and pedagogical discussions. By revisiting seminal documents like the Alexandria Proclamation, the Association of College and Research Libraries' Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, and the American Library Association's (ALA) Core Values of Librarianship, we argue that information literacy is full of possibilities to explore rather than problems to be solved. To this end, we summon discussions of Appreciative Inquiry and critical information literacy and foreground the ALA Core Values as ways to reengage with the possibilities and potentials within information literacy to meet larger social goals.
Information Literacy Advocacy—Woody's Ten Commandments
Authors: Horton Forest Woody
Published: February 2012

The author focuses on the importance of the role of the advocate for information literacy practitioners who are given the responsibility of introducing information literacy programs and projects into their organizations—whether as a teacher in an educational context, a teacher in a private sector company context, a policy official in a government program context, or in some other context. The article first traces many of the most important events that led to the information literacy concept historically so that the reader will have some background before coming to the "ten commandments," a term the author uses to embrace the lessons he has learned over the years, which are relevant to an advocate's role. In this regard, the author places the concept in an international context, pointing out the key role UNESCO has played, in part because he was directly involved in most of those seminal activities as an organizer and facilitator. Each of ten lessons learned is then taken up briefly, not in any particular order, using an informal and easy-to-understand writing style. One important goal of the article is to emphasize that because information literacy is a relatively "new" concept in the formal sense (albeit under many different labels and terms it has been around for a very long time), and because it uses two words —"information" and "literacy"—that are themselves subject to many different and often confusing interpretations, virtually every information literacy practitioner, even professional librarians very familiar with the concept, too often assume that their audiences, constituents, and clients will readily understand the concept. In the author's view, that is simply not the case, and therefore the added role of becoming an advocate, not just a teacher, is extremely important if the practitioner is to be successful.
Intertextuality and the Historical Graphic Narrative: Kyle Baker’s Nat Turner and the Styron Controversy
Authors: Kunka Andrew J.
Published: February 2012

Kyle Baker’s graphic narrative, Nat Turner , juxtaposes its images and text in a way strikingly different from the traditional graphic narrative. Baker’s illustrated narrative is almost “silent” or textless. Interspersed on many pages are quotes from the most significant original historical source for the story: Nat Turner’s 1831 confession to Thomas Gray. The juxtaposition of image and text is often complementary, but more often, Baker’s images expand or even contradict Gray’s narrative, creating a kind of antagonistic relationship between word and picture. This essay also traces a similar antagonistic or revisionary relationship between Baker and William Styron’s novel, The Confessions of Nat Turner , as well as the critiques that appeared in William Styron’s Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond , edited by John Clarke. Baker reflects the controversial history of Nat Turner by suspending multiple versions of the historical figure within his graphic narrative.
Sequential Sketches of Ethnic Identity: Will Eisner’s A Contract with God as Graphic Cycle
Authors: Royal Derek Parker
Published: February 2012

Although published as a “graphic novel,” Will Eisner’s A Contract with God could more accurately be called a “graphic cycle” in that its narrative structure is based on four short interconnected stories, all linked by the common setting of a 1930s Bronx tenement house. In this way, the text shares more similarities with the short-story cycle than it does with the traditional novel. Through his composite structuring, Eisner links his Dropsie Avenue stories in such a way that the meaning of each individual story is largely contingent upon that of the others in the text. Furthermore, the ambiguous genre distinction of Eisner’s text—neither a novel nor a collection of disparate stories—parallels a more fluid understanding of American ethnic identity, where no one means of expression in isolation can stand as “essentially” Jewish. By creating a “graphic novel” that is not really novelistic, Eisner sequentially sketches Jewish American identity by juxtaposing diverse yet interlinked representations of Jewishness.
James Joyce's Magdalenes
Authors: Eide Marian
Published: February 2012

In his early short story "Clay," Joyce exposes contemporary social hypocrisies and also explores alternative arrangements of love, family, and community through an association between his character Maria and the Biblical figure Mary Magdalene. Aware of the difficult status of women in the Irish family, "Clay" presents the possibility of a satisfying independent life and suggests crucial civic and private roles for single women. This essay explores Biblical and cultural associations with Mary Magdalene along with the institutions built in her name, the Magdalene Laundries, one of which forms the initial setting for "Clay."
Aestheticizing Animal Cruelty
Authors: Donovan Josephine
Published: February 2012

Animal-standpoint criticism is a new vein in literary criticism that questions ideologically-driven representations of animals, their aesthetic exploitation, their absence or silence in literary texts, and the obliviousness of earlier critics to these issues. This article briefly summarizes the main tenets of animal-standpoint criticism to date. Its main focus is then on the question of aesthetic exploitation of animal cruelty, in particular on the pervasive use in contemporary American fiction of the animal proxy, an animal figure whose suffering is largely for aesthetic effect.
Representing "Other" Diasporas in Recent Global Canadian Fiction
Authors: Ty Eleanor
Published: February 2012

A number of novels produced in the last decade by Canadian writers have rendered more complex the notion of "diasporic" people and their relationship to homelands, real or imaginary. I use the examples of Ondaatje's In the Skin of a Lion , Gibb's Sweetness in the Belly , and Brand's What We All Long For to speculate about the emergence of what I would call "global Canadian novels," where dislocated and/or diasporic writers inscribe alternative worlds that create nostalgia or evoke memories of a homeland or past to which they do not belong. The protagonists of the novels are cosmopolitans, not just in the sense of free flowing "citizens of the world," the literal meaning of "kosmo-polities," but also in the sense of what Benita Parry has termed "postcolonial cosmopolitanism," those cosmopolitans who have been produced by "the 'global flows' of transnational cultural traffic." The works of these recent Canadian writers deterritorialize and reimagine diasporic identities, at the same time as they reterritorialize aspects of our cultural memory, a number of public spaces and cities.
Revisiting the Imperial Archive: Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea , and the Decomposition of Englishness
Authors: Hope Trevor
Published: February 2012

Returning to the much-noted relationship between Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre and Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea , and noting the central role of architectural structures in both texts, this essay analyses the ways in which the later novel 'revisits' and 'reinhabits' its forerunner. It is argued that the symbolic architecture described by the texts is inseparable from the discursive practices of the 'imperial archive.' Following Derrida's analysis, however, 'archive' names not a consolidated synchronic signifying order but a series of 'consignations' which remain temporally unintegrated. Indeed, the archive works against its own principle of order in ways which are acted out by the structural 'decomposition' (and 'self-immolation') of Brontë's text, and further exacerbated by Rhys's revisiting of it. If Brontë's text performs the vicissitudes of the imperial (and patriarchal) archive, Rhys's offers an allegory of a postcolonial revisitation haunted by its own ambivalent relationship to the literary archives of empire.
The Classic Coming Out Novel: Unacknowledged Challenges to the Heterosexual Mainstream
Authors: Xhonneux Lies
Published: February 2012

Challenges to the Heterosexual Mainstream The coming out novel has repeatedly come under fire for complying with heterodominance through its supposed focus on visibility and its believed teleology. The article counters these criticisms by means of three classic coming out stories. Audre Lorde's Zami problematizes the primacy of visibility associated with the genre, focusing on those who do not exhibit the presupposed visible markers and countering the essentialism that follows from an equation of visibility and identity. Zami as well as Edmund White's A Boy's Own Story and Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit exhibit a non-linear structure, showing that the coming out novel does not always unfold chronologically until sexual identity is established. A gay or lesbian identity, moreover, is not necessarily the genre's sole end product. Rather than complying with heterodominance, classic coming out novels such as Zami, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit , and A Boy's Own Story actually present unacknowledged challenges to the heterosexual mainstream.
To See or Not to See: Questioning the Essence of Theatre in Javier Daulte's ¿Estás ahí?
Authors: Magnarelli Sharon
Published: February 2012

Although theatre has generally staged presence, the confluence of characters (if indeed a confluence marked principally by conflict) in ¿Estás ahí? by Argentine Javier Daulte, takes a more difficult route in order to stage absence, the spatial and psychological dis-encounters on which human relationships, theatre, and even knowledge in general are constructed. This article not only examines how Daulte uses scenic space as a tool to generate meaning and reveal those aspects of theatre that have traditionally remained "invisible," but it also argues that the issues of space and visibility function as comments on theatre and representation in general as well as on human interpersonal relationships and the construction of knowledge(s).
Performing el cuerpo femenino como menú gastronómico: Stuff de Fusco y Bustamente
Authors: Tomé Patricia
Published: February 2012

In the midst of the political and economical disenchantment suffered by most Cubans during the "Special Period," sexual tourism became a means of survival for many, particularly for women. It is precisely within this framework that Coco Fusco and Nao Bustamante write the performance Stuff , where, as examined in this essay, women become gastronomical menus who satisfy the appetite of the "other." While searching for a means to obtain food, these female entities must create "alternative bodies" to indulge tourists' sexual needs. They openly portray the woman's body as the cultural myths that most foreigners tend to associate with women, food, and sex in Latin America.
Malverde: de Santo familiar a protector de narcotraficantes
Authors: Tayzan Armando Partida
Published: February 2012

This article is an overview of the evolution of legendary popular heroe "Jesús Malverde" in Mexican drama at the turn of the 21 st century. It focuses on the plays El jinete de la divina providencia by Óscar Liera and Malverde, día de la Santa Cruz by Alejandro Román. Through dramatic analysis and a discussion of the critical reception of both plays this article provides insight into the reshaping of the character's social role, from vindicator of the oppressed class to protector of drug smugglers, amidst the social and political environment of the Mexican city of Culiacán, as well as in the rest of the country. The essay also uses the concept narratheme to portray the configuration of a dramatic chronicle in violent times. (APZ, Article in Spanish)
Biografías escénicas: Mi vida después de Lola Arias
Authors: Hernández Paola
Published: February 2012

This article proposes a new approach to documentary theatre of the 21st century through the study of Vivi Tellas’s Biodramas project and a close analysis of the play Mi vida después by Lola Arias. While these works make use of archives—such as videos, testimonies, newspaper articles, and film—as the primary sources in the transmission of knowledge, this article aims to explore the liminality involved in the selection of archives and how their subsequent stagings will be received and interpreted. This new focus on documentary theatre not only expands the notions previously promulgated by Piscator and Weiss, but also represents the ambiguous and arbitrary role that archives play in today’s society. (PH, article in Spanish)
Producing Exile: Diasporic Vision in Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun
Authors: Strehle Susan
Published: February 2012

Set in postcolonial Nigeria during the Biafra War, Adichie's second novel represents the fracturing of national unity and the suffering of the Igbo people as the doomed war propels them into diaspora. The essay explores the novel's diasporic vision, tracing Adichie's representation of the colonial legacies that shape public history and undermine personal communities. Rejecting historical omniscience and narrating instead through three uncertain characters, Adichie demonstrates the diasporic vision produced by events in the novel. The estranged observers demonstrate anticolonial modes of perception and the potential for a diasporic consciousness attuned to the innate failures of nationalism.
'John Cournos and the Politics of Russian Literature in The Criterion '
Authors: Ayers David
Published: February 2012

Resume: This article summarizes the early career of Kievborn writer John Cournos, with emphasis on his exposure to the October Revolution and his treatment of its politics and literature, culminating in a long series of reviews of Russian literary periodicals for T. S. Eliot's journal, The Criterion . The purpose of this article is briefly to outline Cournos' background, his entry into the London literary world, and to concentrate mainly on his neglected work in bringing Soviet literary debates to English-language readers in the 1920s and 1930s. The general purpose of this research is to assess the cultural impact of the Russian Revolution on Modernism, especially in the 1920s. Cournos' reviews forg The Criterion , informed by his commitment to Russian letters, show that a detailed account of Soviet literary culture was available to an Anglo-American literary audience. The present work was supported by a Fellowship funded by the Leverhulme Trust.
Les Métaphores nuptiale et royale du zar: Contributions à l'étude critique de la relation entre le dieu et son adepte dans les cultes de possession
Authors: Mercier Jacques
Published: February 2012

Possession cults were a major religious form in Central Ethiopia before christianization. Since then, they survived repression which occured from time to time in the Ethiopian state. Considered for a long time devilish, then pathological, possession has slowly been acknowledged as a religious, cultural and social fact. But even among scholars suspicion is obvious: they systematically question the sincerity of possessed people. And although they speak about an "ecstatic union" of the spirit and his devotee they don't bother examining possession crisis within the continuity of a cultual relation. The sacrifice of "transcendant" religions has been much studied, but the sacrifice of possession cults has been neglected. In fact possession cults are still considered an inferior religious form. The article will present research on the symbolism of the rituals of possession cults. The commonly admitted "ecstatic fusion" of the god and its devotee during trance will be questioned through a study of the nuptial and royal metaphors developed in the zar cult. The purpose is to identify the mediations cultually developed between the devotee and his god, and ultimately between the devotee and his society.
"La succession des deux états sacrés": Mallarmé's "L'Après-midi d'un faune" and "Bucolique"
Authors: Pies Stacy
Published: February 2012

This essay discusses how, through a series of allusions to his poem "L'Après-midi-d'un faune," Stéphane Mallarmé's poème critique "Bucolique" dramatizes Mallarmé's incorporation of poetry into prose and demonstrates his notion of poetic creation as an act of reminiscence. The author analyzes the different autobiographical monologues in these works in order to argue that in its return to "Faune," "Bucolique" revises the act of imagination that "Faune" portrays. The essay shows that while in "L'Après-midi-d'un faune," a negation of physical presence opens up the possibilities for a present imaginary, "Bucolique" proposes a version of fictionalizing that does not depend on absence.
"The Title of Lawyer Leads Nowhere!": The "Physiology" of the Law Student in Paul Gavarni, Émile de la Bédollierre and George Sand
Authors: Boutin Aimée
Published: February 2012

In the 1830s and 1840s, the law student type develops into a pervasive and enduring cultural topos. The law student type, as sketched by Émile Gigaut de la Bédollierre and Paul Gavarni in Les Français peints par eux-mêmes (1840-42), as well by George Sand, in her novel Horace (1841) written in response to it, accurately refl ects the historical appeal of law among the educated elites as well as concern over the role of education in social mobility during the July monarchy. The type's effectiveness, however, depends less on its ability to make an historical situation legible than on its playful appeal to the reader's connivance. The three authors maintain an ironic distance from their student portraits that makes the reader part of the satire. The same expansion of liberal education that led to the proliferation of students also created a male readership that could see itself in these critical yet sympathetic portraits.
Readers’ Temperaments and Fictional Character
Authors: Keen Suzanne
Published: February 2012

“Readers’ Temperaments and Fictional Character” advocates reviving study of ordinary readers’ variable responses to fictional characters to change the direction of theorizing about character. Admitting the wide range of possible responses to fictional characters limits the governing authority of texts over their denizens and writers over their humanlike creations, I argue here that human temperaments shape reading experiences more markedly than fiction-reading shapes people’s temperaments. The essay concludes with considerations of a revised pedagogy that opens up to the divergent responses predicted by a theory of temperamental character, mediating formalist and subjectivist practices by means of exercises based on Baruch Hochman’s cognitive theory of fictional character.
Willful Parts: Problem Characters or the Problem of Character
Authors: Ahmed Sara
Published: February 2012

This paper addresses the question of character by thinking through how willfulness becomes a moral attribute, a way of making certain characters into problems. Reflecting on how an education in virtue became an education of the will, the paper explores how some characters become “willful parts” when they do not align their wills with the moral and general will. Drawing on readings of willfulness in novels by George Eliot, including Daniel Deronda , Mill on the Floss and Romola , the paper explores how feminist histories might involve the willful claiming of the attribite of willfulness. The paper suggests that when willfulness is reclaimed, it exceeds the very system of characterization, even when it appears to fulfill a set of expectations of what is behind an action.
Derrida and the End of the World
Authors: Gaston Sean
Published: February 2012

Derrida was very attentive to the fictions that arise from claiming to open or to close a world, most notably in his readings of Kant, Hegel, Heidegger, and Nancy. At the same time, he retained a concept—or a difference­­—of world. From his earliest work on Husserl, Derrida relies on a framework that takes its vantage point from what is not only in the world but also of the world, or as Fink puts, at the origin of the world. Derrida uses the difference of world—its origin and end—to register the other as other. In his later work, on an individual death as the end of the world, the difference of world delineates death as other. Like Husserl and Heidegger before him, Derrida needs a concept of world. Do we still need a concept of world?
Against Periodization; or, On Institutional Time
Authors: Hayot Eric
Published: February 2012

A key context for literary studies: the shapes and times of the institutions that sustain, permit, and organize it. This essay argues that we have not thought enough about the impact on concepts of literary history of the ways in which the literary profession organizes itself and finds itself organized by the curriculum, the job market, the professional associations, and the scholastic calendar. Each of these, I claim, exerts a distorting force on the ways in which we think about literature, and each of these, I show, could just as easily be imagined otherwise. The following practices come under fire: the interaction between norms of reading and the 15-week semester; the structure of curricula that lead from first-year surveys to narrowly defined senior seminars; the microscopist historicisms reinforced by the academic job market; the seminar paper format; our own ideological and conservative relation to the comforts of periodizing history.
Preserving the Electroacoustic Music Legacy: A Case Study of the Sal-Mar Construction at the University of Illinois
Authors: Cuervo Adriana P.
Published: February 2012

In the summer of 2008 the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign acquired the papers of Salvatore Martirano (1927–1995), avant-garde composer, faculty member, and performer. This case study examines how the new electroacoustic compositional techniques present in Martirano’s papers and his ground-breaking electronic music instrument, the Sal-Mar Construction, dramatically challenged the archivists to explore access and preservation practices for this unique cultural record. Context plays a key role in the preservation of electroacoustic compositions and instruments, considering that these tend to become ephemeral works of art once the composer ceases to maintain them in working order.
Editorial Challenges in the Early Songs of Gabriel Fauré
Authors: Howat Roy , Kilpatrick Emily
Published: February 2012

Between 1869 and 1879 the Paris publisher Antoine Choudens issued twenty songs by the young composer Gabriel Fauré. These songs, the well-known "first collection" (they were published in volume form in 1879), include such gems as Après un rêve, Ici-bas , and the ever-fresh Le papillon et la fleur . In their chaotic array of manuscript and published sources, dating from the early 1860s to as late as 1908, they also pose numerous documentary and practical challenges for the scholar and the editor. Manuscript sources are traced for only half of the twenty songs, and not one of those served as engraver's copy: rather, they offer a mixture of drafts, early fair copies, presentation manuscripts and non-autograph copies. Printed sources for the songs meanwhile involve several different publishers, numerous editions, and multiple keys, creating a highly complex cocktail of variants. A dearth of documentation concerning the composition and early performances of the songs makes it unusually difficult even to establish such editorial starting points as reliable chronology and "original" keys. The present article complements and reflects the preparation of a new critical edition of Fauré's early songs, commissioned by Peters Edition, London. It explores the songs' idiosyncratic editorial challenges relative to contemporary norms of critical editing, proposes an editorial methodology that blends the scholarly with the practical, and considers the role of a critical edition in addressing performance practice and a reappraisal of the repertoire.
Where *R they all? The Geography and History of *R-loss in Southern Oceanic Languages
Authors: François Alexandre
Published: February 2012

Some twenty years ago, Paul Geraghty offered a large-scale survey of the retention and loss of Proto-Oceanic *R across Eastern Oceanic languages, and concluded that *R was "lost in proportion to distance from Western Oceanic." This paper aims at testing Geraghty's hypothesis based on a larger body of data now available, with a primary focus on a tightly knit set of languages spoken in Vanuatu. By observing the dialectology of individual lexical items in this region, I show that the boundaries between languages retaining vs. losing *R differ for each word, yet they all define a consistent north-to-south cline whereby *R is lost in the south. This cline, which confirms Geraghty's observations, can be recognized all the way to southern Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Such a neat geographic distribution observed today can be interpreted in historical terms. I propose that the tendency to lose *R emerged somewhere south of Efate, at an early date in the settlement of the archipelago. This sound change triggered a range of individual lexical innovations, each of which spread across what was then a vast social and linguistic network, encompassing the whole of Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The geography of *R reflexes constitutes a fossilized picture of prehistoric social networks, as the once unitary world of Lapita settlers was beginning to break down into increasingly diversified dialects—the ancestors of modern languages.
Atavisms: Medical, Genetic, and Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Tomić Nenad , Meyer-Rochow Victor Benno
Published: February 2012

Traits expected to be lost in the evolutionary history of a species occasionally reappear apparently out of the blue. Such traits as extra nipples or tails in humans, hind limbs in whales, teeth in birds, or wings in wingless stick insects remind us that certain genetic information is not completely lost, but can be reactivated. Atavisms seem to violate one of the central evolutionary principles, known as Dollo’s law, that “an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors.” Although it is still not clear what triggers and controls the reactivation of dormant traits, atavisms are a challenge to evolutionary biologists and geneticists. This article presents some of the more striking examples of atavisms, discusses some of the currently controversial issues like human quadrupedalism, and reviews the progress made in explaining some of the mechanisms that can lead to atavistic features.
Richard Doll and Alice Stewart: Reputation and the Shaping of Scientific "Truth"
Authors: Greene Gayle
Published: February 2012

As the world watched the Fukushima reactors release radionuclides into the ocean and atmosphere, the warnings of Dr. Alice Stewart about radiation risk and the reassurances of Sir Richard Doll assumed renewed relevance. Doll and Stewart, pioneer cancer epidemiologists who made major contributions in the 1950s—he by demonstrating the link between lung cancer and smoking, she by discovering that fetal X-rays double the chance of a childhood cancer—were locked into opposition about low-dose radiation risk. When she went public with the discovery that radiation at a fraction of the dose "known" to be dangerous could kill a child, her reputation plummeted, whereas Doll, foremost among her detractors, was knighted and lauded as "the world's most distinguished medical epidemiologist" for his work. Their lives and careers, so closely intertwined, took contrary courses, he becoming "more of the establishment" (as he said), while she became more oppositional. When it was discovered, after his death, that he'd been taking large sums of money from industries whose chemicals he was clearing of cancer risk, his reputation remained unscathed; it is now enshrined in the "Authorized Biography" (2009) commissioned by the Wellcome Institute, along with Doll's denigration of Stewart as an "embittered" woman and biased scientist. Stewart lived long enough to see radiation science move her way, to see international committees affirm, in the 1990s, that there is no threshold beneath which radiation ceases to be dangerous; recent evidence from Chernobyl is bearing out her warnings. But a look at the making and breaking of these reputations reveals the power of status, position, and image to shape scientific "knowledge" and social policy.
John Black Grant: A 20th-Century Public Health Giant
Authors: Litsios Socrates
Published: February 2012

John Black Grant (1890-1962) was instrumental in getting China, India, and Puerto Rico to develop health systems that integrated preventive and curative care and oriented medical education to be supportive of such systems. As these remain priority goals for all countries today, knowledge of his achievements remains of relevance. This article brings his accomplishments to the attention of the contemporary medical public.
Self-awareness: Eliminating the Myth of the “Invisible Subject”
Authors: Chadha Monima
Published: February 2012

The interest in an account of self-awareness derives from the fact that it aims to illuminate, if only partly, an essentially invisible subject of experience. A preliminary look at accounts of self-awareness, discussed in ancient Indian and Western theories, shows that the self is neither essentially nor exclusively an invisible subject. Theories of self-awareness in the Indian and Western traditions fall under two broad categories: the paraprakāśa (literally other-illumination) or reflectionist theories and svaprakāśa (literally self-illumination) or reflexivist theories and are usually presented as incompatible alternatives. Here it is argued that the reflectionist and reflexivist theories of self-awareness are not deeply incompatible; rather they present or reveal different aspects of the self. However, it will be shown that the reflexivist has the upper hand in this debate since reflexive awareness constitutes the basic or fundamental form of self-awareness. Nonetheless, introspectionism and reflexivism together dispel the myth of the “invisible subject.”