bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-pyrolysis of crude palm oil and polypropylene in a stirred tank reactor to produce non-oxygenated bio-oil
Authors: Supramono Dijan , Stefani Eliana , Dewi Pramesti Amanda
Published: May 2021

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) and polypropylene (PP) has been carried out in a stirred tank reactor to produce bio-oil at heating rate of 10 °C/min and maximum pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C with a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL/min. Catalyst of ZrO2/α-Al2O3-TiO2 was used and prepared through calcination at heating rate of 7 °C/min with the maximum temperature of 1150 °C. Catalyst as much as 15% of the total feed was used. Composition of CPO and PP was varied and it was found that the feed containing 50%PP achieved the highest yield of bio-oil in which the bio-oil contains 81% volume of hydrocarbons based on GCMS spectroscopy measurement. Using pyrolysis feed containing 50% PP, compared to non-catalytic co-pyrolysis, catalytic co-pyrolysis produces nearly twice yield of bio-oil. The H-NMR and C-NMR analysis shows that bio-oil contains mostly chemical bonds of alkyl, followed by carbonyl constituting ketones and carboxylic acids and vinyl. H-NMR analysis of bio-oil and FTIR analysis of wax indicate that the catalyst is more effective in PP pyrolysis rather than CPO deoxygenation reactions to hydrocarbons with unreacted products of the deoxygenation forming wax via ketonic decarboxylation. Steric hindrance by the use of microporous catalyst may cause such incomplete deoxygenation reactions.
Genetic diversity assessment of Indonesian sorghum germplasm based on agro-morphological traits
Authors: Santoso Sigit Budi , Isnaini Muzdalifah , Bunga Marcia , Pabendon
Published: May 2021

Sorghum is a multifunctional crop that has been traditionally cultivated in Indonesia, especially in the eastern part where marginal and drought prone areas dominate the region. To understand similarities and genetic relationship among various accessions, study of genetic diversity was conducted using agro-morphological data to differentiate accessions and to obtain its genetic variance component. This research was conducted in 2012 and assigned in randomized complete block design with 2 replications in 5 m plot. Genotypes were 38 accessions of sorghum collected from various regions in Indonesia and also introduction lines. Traits observed were according to sorghum descriptors released by UPOV. The results of this study showed that there was significant effect of genotypes across quantitative traits, and also specific trait such as total biomass, brix content and juice extract volume (p <0.01). Analysis of genotypic and phenotypic variance suggests that diversity among accessions were broad and heritability (H2) varies from middle to high. Genetic correlation showed that juice extract volume was highly correlate and significant with total biomass weight and stalk weight. Based on quantitative traits dendrogram of accessions was grouped to 12 different clusters at 0.20 coefficients, with the highest contain 7 accessions. Abundant and very diverse germplasm collection indicates high potential of possible heterotic pattern to be used further in breeding program in order to develop high yielding varieties for biomass (stalk) and food (grain).
Characterization of physiological properties of bacteria isolates TM4 and BNt8 in biopesticide formulas
Authors: Djaenuddin N , Suwarti  , Pakki S , Muis A
Published: May 2021

Some physiological characteristics can be used to determine the antagonistic ability of a bacterium, was the ability of bacteria to produce extracellular enzymes (chitinase, proteases, and cellulose), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phosphate solvents, and fluorescence activities. The aim of the study was to examine the physiological characteristics of bacterial isolates TM4 and BNt8 biopesticide formulations. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and greenhouse of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute at Maros South Sulawesi. The results showed that the two isolates tested for physiological characteristics using specific media had chitinolytic, proteolytic, cellulolytic, phosphate and potassium activity. This result was seen from the formation of a clear zone. Based on the results of in vitro tests using a completely randomized design, it was found that the two bacterial isolates tested were able to inhibit the growth of R. solani pathogen with inhibitory levels by TM4 isolates ranging from 13-26% and inhibition of BNt8 isolates around 11-38% respectively. The percentage of bacterial inhibition on PDA media was higher than on media PDA and PDA + TSA. From the field test on maize plants, it was found that the two bacterial isolates tested could significantly increase plant growth.
Potential and prospect of various raw materials for bioethanol production in Indonesia: A review
Authors: Zahroh S F , Syamsu K , Haditjaroko L , Kartawiria I S
Published: May 2021

An increased population has an impact on rising fuel needs. Fuel has relied on non-renewable sources in the last few decades and therefore, alternative renewable materials are needed to be developed. Bioethanol is one of the bioenergy sources that can replace gasoline. Bioethanol generates very low emission and uses renewable sources. The development of bioethanol has three beneficial aspects, i.e. environment, energy security, and socio-economy. Various studies have been conducted on the potential materials that can be used as raw materials for bioethanol. Raw materials for bioethanol production are divided into three categories, i.e. first generation, second generation and third generation. Analysis of the characteristics, yield, productivity, availability and economy are mostly done to get the most prospective raw materials for bioethanol production. This paper discusses various raw materials for bioethanol based on differences in characteristics, sources, yield, productivity and availability of materials in Indonesia. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each as prospective materials are discussed.
Effect of pyrolysis operating conditions on the biomass shrinkage process of leaf waste and the formation of oxygenate and non-oxygenate compound products in bio-oil using ZSM-5 and YSZ catalysts
Authors: Meidistira Miranda , Setiadi
Published: May 2021

Leaf waste can be converted into more useful products by using several processes, one of which is using a pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process can be carried out by requiring several parameters, namely raw material, temperature, residence time, and also the rate of heating. In the pyrolysis, biomass undergoes a shrinkage process. In this study, the variables used are temperature, gas flow rate, and catalyst combination ratio with the aim of seeing the relationship of these variables with the shrinkage process and the resulting pyrolysis product. The pyrolysis process produces products in the form of liquid, gas, and solid products. The liquid product formed was analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) tool and it was found that the liquid product contained oxygenate and non-oxygenate in it. Oxygenate and non-oxygenate content in liquid products is increased by using ZSM-5 catalysts (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5) and YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia). ZSM-5 serves as an acid catalyst that can increase the hydrocarbon content and YSZ serves to increase the production of non-oxygenate in the resulting bio-oil product. Distribution products produced by catalytic processes have a more diverse distribution of products. The addition of catalysts also reduced the activation energy used by 5.41%.
Evaluation of Mono-Diacyl Glycerol (MDAG) purification process to increase product yield
Authors: Muna Neli , Setyaningsih Dwi , Qatrinada  , Riyadi
Published: May 2021

Monodiacyl glycerol (MDAG) was successfully synthesized by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and glycerol with acid catalyst. MDAG products with mono and diacyl glycerol content > 90% were obtained after purification through solvent extraction and crystallization at low temperature. However, the yield of purified MDAG products was only around 16.23% so it was not economically feasible. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of the hydrolysis process before the esterification process and got the best conditions of solvent extraction in the MDAG purification, to improve yields of purified MDAG. The hydrolysis process was done on PFAD (or PFAD activation) to break down the remaining triglyceride and maximize the presence of free fatty acid that can react with glycerol. Evaluation of solvent extraction process included determination of crude MDAG and hexane ratio (1:10, 1:8, 1:4), determination of ethanol to water volume ratio (1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 0.5:1) with various immersion duration (24, 48, 72 h). The data analysis was done with a description method and completely randomized design method (CRD) with a significance level of 5% (P <0.05 %). The activation of PFAD was carried out by reacting PFAD with water at ratio of 1:6 (w/v). This process used para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) as a catalyst, which added as much as 1.2% of the weight of PFAD. The hydrolysis process was done for one hour at 110 °C. From esterification using pre-treated PFAD obtained crude MDAG with FFA content of 4.69%, yield of purified MDAG of 24.7% with no FFA was detected. The best MDAG to hexane ratio was 1:10 which has a yield of purified MDAG of 19.30% and 0% FFA content. While the best ethanol to water volume ratio was 1:0.5 with immersion time for 24 h, where the yield of purified MDAG was 27.78%.
Development of smart algae pond system for microalgae biomass production
Authors: Hermadi Irman , Setiadianto Ilham Rahmad , Al Zahran Dhirgama Fa’Iq , Simbolon Mesi Nofita , Saefurahman Ganjar , Wibawa Dhani S. , Arkeman Yandra
Published: May 2021

The production of microalgae biomass is very promising as an alternative sustainable food, feed, high value biochemical, and 3rd generation biofuel. However, the use of microalgae biomass for the production of biofuel is still considered less feasible at this time. The main obstacle is the scale up of biomass production, high processing costs and low efficiency using the conventional biomass production system. Therefore, the use of advanced digital technology such as sensors, automation applications and the Internet of Things (IoT) was applied in this study. This research aimed to develop a Smart Algae Pond system equipped with three main functions of smart mixing, control of pH and CO2 supply, and the automatic harvesting system. The results revealed that the use of advanced digital technology and IoT could improve the productivity as well as control the production of biomass effectively and efficiently. The tested optimum value of pH was achieved at 8.5-9.5 with the CO2 concentration of 1 to 2% of the cultivation volume. Temperature was maintained from 25 to 35 °C, water velocity from 16 to 35 cm s−1, and air velocity of 8.33 cm3 s−1. Using the smart mixing system, the use of electrical energy was decreased from 0.5 to below 0.2 Kw/h. This study showed that microalgae biomass production can be measured using a water turbidity sensor.
Activated carbon-Fe catalyst modification on stainless steel cathode affects hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cell
Authors: Hidayati Istia Prianti , Ekadewi Putty , Arbianti Rita , Surya Utami Tania
Published: May 2021

Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) can be used to produce hydrogen gas from organic matter contained in wastewater. However, at the cathode of MECs, hydrogen production may be limited by methanogenesis wherein CO2 and hydrogen protons react to form methane and water. In this study, activated carbon (AC)-Fe was used as a catalyst coated onto SS mesh 304 cathode. AC-Fe/SS was chosen for its high surface area, good activity, and stability. The combination of AC-Fe on SS was expected to increase hydrogen production in MECs. Adsorption and phase inversion were chosen to coat AC-Fe mixture on SS. The research was carried out in a 100 mL MEC reactor with an operating time of 258 h. The produced hydrogen was analyzed for its purity by GC-TCD. Voltage measurements were carried out using a digital multimeter. Additionally, bacterial growth was analyzed by spectrophotometer. The highest fraction of hydrogen gas production was 60% without catalyst (uncoated) over only 0.08% with AC-Fe/SS. The highest value of optical density for bacterial growth was 0.611 for AC-Fe/SS, higher than 0.427 without catalyst. The highest current density was 99.11 mA/m2 for AC-Fe/SS and 59.52 mA/m2 without catalyst. The results suggested AC-Fe/SS coating allows for increased bacterial growth and voltage generation at the cost of an adverse effect on hydrogen gas production.
Foraminiferal Abundance at the Western Water of Kai Islands, Molucca Province, Related to Oceanographic Condition
Authors: Gustiantini L , Silalahi I R , Latuputty G , Zuraida R , Hernawan U , Purwanto C , Marina S
Published: May 2021

Foraminifera is a single-celled marine organism known as a potential proxy for (paleo)environment and (paleo)oceanography conditions. It also has been widely used as an indicator of coral reef health. We analyzed microfauna foraminifera from nine core top of marine sediments. Marine sediments have been collected by gravity core from western Water of Kai Islands, on board Geomarin III of MGI. The study aims to understand the microfaunal community and the oceanographical condition of Kai islands. The result indicates the high abundance and diversity of foraminifera, comprised of 95 species, including 28 species of planktonic and 67 benthic species. Planktonic type is very dominant (95.4% on average), typical for a bathyal environment. The dominant species are Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (21.21% on average), Globorotalia menardii (16.67% on average), Globigerina bulloides (11.73%), and Pulleniatina obliqueloculata (7.83%). Those are indicator species for a high productivity environment. However, Globigerinoides ruber, an oligotrophic warm water type, is also abundant (13.86% on average). Furthermore, the dominant genera of benthic types are Bolivina, Bulimina, dan Uvigerina (1.2% on average). This finding indicates relatively eutrophic and warm water conditions of west waters surrounding Kai Islands, with dysoxic bottom water conditions.
Screening of Extracellular Enzyme from Phaeophyceae-Associated Fungi
Authors: Ayuningtyas E P , Sibero M T , Hutapea N E Br , Frederick E H , Murwani R , Zilda D S , Wijayanti D P , Sabdono A , Pringgenies D , Radjasa O K
Published: May 2021

Enzymes are known as a multipurpose catalyst and their potential through time. Various types of enzymes are widely utilized in fermentation and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the most potential enzyme producers is marine fungi, which can be isolated from seaweed. The purposes of this research were to isolate and screen seaweed-associated fungi that exhibited extracellular amylase. The fungi were isolated by tapping method on PDA medium and screened using starch agar, agarase, alginate, and carrageenan medium. Enzyme activity was detected by flooding the starch plates with iodine reagent. The presence of the inhibition zone around the colony indicated enzyme activity. Two potential isolates were identified as Penicillium oligosporum. and showed their activity in producing amylase, agarase, alginate lyase, and carrageenase.
Quality Characteristics of Body Cream with the Addition of Gelatin from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Scales as an Emulsifier
Authors: Rahmandari F , Swastawati F , Kurniasih R A
Published: May 2021

Gelatin is type of protein extracted from the skin collagen tissue, bone or connective tissue of animals. Gelatin is commonly used as a thickener, an edible film, and an emulsifier whether in food, cosmetic or pharmacy. This research aimed to examine the effect of adding gelatin as an emulsifier in cosmetic products, namely body cream. The treatment has tilapia scales gelatin with different concentrations, 0% as a control, 5%, 7%, and 9%. The difference in gelatin concentration had significantly different on the hedonic test, pH value, and specific gravity of body cream. The difference of the result shown in total bacteria and irritation test were significant. Overall, body cream characteristics with 9% gelatin had better values than the control, 5% and 7% gelatin. The body cream with 9% gelatin was pleasant for the panelists with hedonic value of 8.30<μ <8.48, pH 4.86, viscosity 98.13 Poise, specific gravity 1.03 g/mL, no bacteria, and non-irritation symptoms. Thus, tilapia scale gelatin has great potential to be developed as an emulsifier in body creams.
The Change in Elevation, Land Subsidence and Local Sea Level Rise Using Coastal Response Model in Jakarta
Authors: Asmadin  , Siregar V P , Sofian I , Jaya I , Wijanarto A B
Published: May 2021

The rapid urban development activities on the coast of Jakarta has a major impact on the risk of land subsidence. This land subsidence causes significant changes in land elevation. Especially, the coastal areas of Jakarta receive the risk of inundation. The primary purpose of this research was to examine the responses of Jakarta coastal areas based on land subsidence rates of a 24-day baseline data of SAR Sentinel 1A, and local sea-level rise prediction from MOTIWALI data. The methods used in this research were an interferometric SAR (InSAR) and Coastal Response Models. The results of this study indicate that the coastal model response using adjusted elevation based on interferogram elevation and land subsidence rates of SAR Sentinel A1 in a relatively short time (monthly) escalates the evaluation of areas with potential undergoing inundation impacts. Jakarta coastal area receives a greater response with changes in the elevation adjustment based on the local sea-level rise of 0.54 m and land subsidence rates of 0.02. The model demonstrates that the coastal landscape of Jakarta was not possessing the capacity to respond to sea-level rise. Coastal dikes are quite effective as an initial defense in the event of extreme sea waves. The coastal response model using SAR Sentinel 1A data can respond to resource management decisions in coastal areas, and improve assessments quickly that consider the impacts of future land subsidence and local sea-level rise.
Shallow Subsurface Sediment Characteristics of Northern Obira Coastal Based on Georadar Facies Interpretation
Authors: Sugiarto B , Prasetyo F B , Zulfikar M , Latuputty G , Zuraida R , Gustiantini L , Noviadi Y , Hernawan U
Published: May 2021

The Georadar (GPR) as a non-destructive technique has been used extensively for geological research. The study was conducted in order to identify coastal sediment characteristics of northern Obi coastal area by performing GPR radar facies analysis. The model of GPR used was Sirveyor 20 with MLF antenna frequency 40 Mhz, penetration depth was 10 meter, and Radan 5 as processing software which include time zero correction, spatial filtering, deconvolution, migration, adjustment amplitude and signal gain. Data interpretation describes georadar image/radargram based on radar facies methodology. The result showed three differences of radar facies unit. The radar facies unit can be divided into 2 facies units in which there are 2 other sub-units, namely unit 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B. Radar facies characterized by medium-high amplitude, continuous parallel-subparallel, medium-weak reflector. At the top part down to 3.75 m is Unit 1A that intersects with 1B. Below 3.75 – 7.75 m depth interval is Unit 2A, and unit 2B is from 7.75-10 meter depth interval. Unit 1 is interpreted as Quartenary alluvium (Qa) and unit B is Woi Formation (Tmpw). Radar facies characteristic indicated the differences of the geological unit.
Distribution of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) and BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) in the Waters of Karimunjawa National Park using Two-Dimensional Model Approach
Authors: Rizki N , Maslukah L , Sugianto D N , Wirasatriya A , Zainuri M , Ismanto A , Purnomo A R , Ningrum A D
Published: May 2021

Massive mangrove conversion into intensive pond farming has become environmental problem in Kemujan Island and Karimunjawa Island which affect the water quality. This research aimed to examine the dispersion of DO and BOD related to the current pattern in the seas west of Kemujan Island and Karimunjawa Island by using two-dimensional modelling simulations. Quantitative and descriptive methods were used to provide interpretation and analysis of the modelling simulation results. Modelling simulations were conducted in September 2019. The validation results show that the model and the field measurements has a very good. The results show that the current characteristics are dominated by tidal current, which moves westward with an average magnitude of 0.078 m/s. Furthermore, divergence, convergence and turbulence are also identified. Based on the simulation results, the prediction of DO and BOD concentrations fluctuate in Lagoon Mrican. During spring tide, the DO concentration changes from 7.95 - 8.1 mg/L into 8.55 - >9.45 mg/L and during neap tide, it changes from 8.55 - 8.7 mg/L into 9.15 - >9.45 mg/L. On the other hand, the BOD concentration increases from 0 - 0.08 mg/L to 0.88 - 0.96 mg/L during spring tide and neap tide.
Stratification on the Vertical Structure of the Tidal Ellipse and Power Density Estimation in the Larantuka Strait, East Flores Based on ADCP Measurement Data
Authors: Siagian H , Ismanto A , Putra T W L , Pranata
Published: May 2021

An understanding of tidal current stratification with a tidal ellipse in coastal oceanography is needed, especially in the development of power density for renewable energy. The movement of the water mass can be converted into power density, by optimizing potential energy (sea level) and kinetic energy (tidal currents). Interaction between tidal current and stratification layer has been of importance to optimize the energy conversion (also turbine selection) at each depth layer. The stratification on the vertical structure can be described by variability of the tidal ellipse, in terms of the semi-major axis, the semi-minor axis, the direction of rotation, ellipticity, inclination angle and phase. ADCP measurement is implemented at Larantuka Strait to examine the tidal behavior on a vertical layer of depth. M2 tidal constituent presents the highest amplitudes among the tidal constituents, predominantly straight line, being the most energetic in Larantuka Strait. M2 constituent the highest major-axis at the near-surface layer when compared with S2 with 243.7 cm/s, 128.9cm/s respectively. Most ellipses rotate clockwise 74° as inclination characterizes the current ellipse orientation. Estimation power density conversion is shown >20.000 kW/m2, with power density average 5014.9 Watt/m2 in spring tide condition. Power density degenerates at the near-surface layer following changes in the depth layer, major-minor axis, inclination angle, and tidal phase of the tidal ellipse.
Preliminary Evaluation of Anti Fish Pathogenic Bacteria and Metabolite Profile of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Ethanol Extract
Authors: Frederick E H , Sibero M T , Wijaya A P , Syafitri E , Siswanto A Puspitarini , Murwani R , Wijayanti D P , Sabdono A , Pringgenies D , Radjasa O K
Published: May 2021

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is an endemic plant commonly utilized by people in North Sumatera as an additional food ingredient regarding its intense flavor. The previous study has proven that the andaliman fruit showed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The purposes of this research were to evaluate the antibacterial activity of andaliman fruit ethanol extract against fish pathogenic bacteria and understand its metabolite profile. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with agitation (115 r.p.m) for 24 hours in ethanol. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical test were carried out to characterized the secondary metabolite. The antibacterial activity evaluation was conducted using the paper disc diffusion method against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi. Ethanol extract of andaliman fruit gave 16 spots on the TLC plate, while the phytochemical results showed the presence of tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid steroid, and quinone. Besides, the evaluation of antibacterial activity gave negative results against fish pathogenic bacteria.
Preliminary Screening of Carbohydrase-Producing Bacteria from Chaetomorpha sp. in Sepanjang Beach, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Wijaya A P , Sibero M T , Zilda D S , Windiyana A N , Wijayanto A , Frederick E H , Murwani R , Wijayanti D P , Sabdono A , Pringgenies D , Radjasa O K
Published: May 2021

Enzyme is a biocatalyst that has been known for its function in various industrial applications. One of the potential natural producers of enzymes is seaweed associated bacteria. Seaweed associated bacteria has been studied as a natural source of carbohydrase such as carrageenase, alginate lyase, and agarase. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of seaweed associated bacteria from Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia as a source of carbohydrase enzymes. A total of 13 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated from Chaetomorpha sp. in Sepanjang Beach. Enzymatic activity was measured through cultivation of each bacterium on semi-solid media with addition of substrate of each enzyme. The results showed that 3 isolates (GK.6.10; GK.6.11; GK.6.12) had clear zones around the growing colonies in medium containing 0,2% starch and 2% κ-carrageenan. Meanwhile, 4 isolates (GK.6.3; GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12) showed clear zones in medium containing 0,5% alginate and 2% agar indicating the production of alginate lyase and agarase enzyme. Bacteria GK.6.10; GK.6.11; and GK.6.12 were identified as Salinicola zeshunii, Bacillus piscis, and Bacillus licheniformis with BLAST homology 95.23%, 99.46%, and 99.26%.
Benthic Habitat Mapping using Sentinel 2A: A preliminary Study in Image Classification Approach in An Absence of Training Data
Authors: Munawaroh  , Rudiastuti AW , Dewi RS , Ramadhani YH , Rahadiati A , Sutrisno D , Ambarwulan W , Pujawati I , Suryanegara E , Wijaya SW , Hartini S
Published: May 2021

Numerous approaches for deriving benthic habitat mapping from visible spectrums of remotely-sensed imagery have been widely used, but image classification without training data for remote benthic habitat remains a few. In many cases, the collection of the needed ground-truth data is often prohibitively expensive or logistically infeasible. This will prevent us from providing training data for image classification purposes. In this paper, we evaluated the accuracy of the classification of benthic habitat from Sentinel 2A imagery in an absence of training data in the optically shallow water of Pari Island, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia. Benthic Habitat map was produced from geometrically, radiometrically, and water column corrected Sentinel 2A images. For water column correction, we performed Depth Invariant Index (DII) transformation. It was followed by the classification of Sentinel 2A imagery by applying unsupervised classification, such as IsoData and K-means algorithm. From the experiment, we produced four habitat classes. The analyses result for each unsupervised classification shows that the overall accuracy of IsoData and K-Means was 47.98% and 55.64%. However, the results of the Kappa coefficient show that the IsoData algorithm has slightly better accuracy of benthic habitat mapping (0.39) rather than K-Means (0.30).
Characterization of Charcoal From Kerandang (Channa pleurophthalma Bleeker) Fish Fins Waste As A Source of Hydroxiapatite
Authors: Aryani  , Riyadi P H
Published: May 2021

This study aims to characterize the charcoal from the fins waste of the Kerandang fish, namely from the dorsal (DF), pectoral (PF), ventral (VF), anal (AF), and caudal fin (CF). The charcoal as a source of hydroxyapatite. Qualitative characterization used a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transfer Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The charcoal’s chemical composition consists of Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Magnesium, Phosphor, Sulfur, and Chlorine, Potassium, and Calcium. The highest carbon element was 67.74% in the caudal fins. The lowest chemical element in the element sulfur is 0.197% in the dorsal fins. SEM photos show that the charcoal from the caudal fins has more pores than the other fins. The FTIR results show that the functional groups contained in the charcoal from the fins are NH, OH, CO, C=O, C=C, S1-O, and CH groups, with wave numbers 1032-1036 cm−1. The absorption area of the S1-O group (silica), where the silica group from charcoal, has the highest intensity. XRD results showed that the charcoal from fish fins of Kerandang contained 100% hydroxyapatite.
Physical Oceanography Condition and the Turbulent Mixing in Mid-upper Layer of the Eastern Indian Ocean during the InaPRIMA Cruise 2019
Authors: Firdaus R , Populasi C S , Maulida T , Rahayu S P , Pramujo B , Widiaratih R , Rajaguguk W L P , Putra P R , Manoto H
Published: May 2021

Turbulent mixing in the ocean has a significant role in weather and climate, especially concerning flux between the ocean and atmosphere. This research aims to study physical oceanography conditions and quantify the turbulent mixing in the Eastern Indian Ocean during the InaPRIMA cruise in November 2019. The CTD data from five meridional stations were processed to determine the oceanographic condition. Water mass stratification was determined by a temperature gradient of 0.05°C/m for thermocline boundaries, and turbulent mixing was calculate using the Thorpe method. The results showed that the mixed layer depth (MLD) varied between 16.41-45.74 m, while the depth of the thermocline layer ranged from 178.3-237.0 m. The MLD was getting deeper to the north, while thermocline depth tends to be shallower associated with the wind speed. The Thorpe analysis for all CTD showed that overturn with size varies between 2.5-30 m was identified. The turbulent kinetic energy was ranged from an order of 10−8 to 10−6 Wkg−1, while the turbulent diffusivity was ranged from an order of 10−4 to 10−2 m2s−1. Turbulence mixing in MLD suggests driving by wind stress, while in thermocline because of shear instability and double-diffusive salt fingering and in deep layer because of topography.
A Preliminary Study of Land Use Change and Hydro-meteorological Disaster in The North Coast of Central Java
Authors: Putri I H S
Published: May 2021

The upstream-downstream area of the north coast of Central Java is categorized as a rapid development area that results in changes in land use and land cover. This region is also prone to floods, landslides, and drought. Land-use change contributes to climate change, increasing disasters such as sea-level rise, erosion, rising surface temperatures, floods, landslides, and droughts. Moreover, hydrometeorological disasters caused by human activity damages the river basin ecosystems, especially land use and land cover changes. This study aims to prove that land-use difference does matter for hydrometeorological disasters in the North Coast River Basin of Central Java in terms of the upstream and downstream areas using a quantitative method and GIS. The river basins are Jratunseluna, Bodri Kuto, Pemali Comal, and Wiso Gelis. The results indicate that from 2009 to 2018, the midstream and upstream river basins areas show the highest land use change compared to downstream. This study also finds that forests reduced significantly in the Central Java river basin, one of the disaster drivers. Above all, through this research, hydrometeorological disaster mitigation efforts in the north coast river basin in Central Java can be appropriately identified.
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Effect on Upwelling in The North Maluku Sea
Authors: Putri I W , Wirasatriya A , Kunarso  , Ramdani F , Jalil A R , Prasetyawan I B
Published: May 2021

The north Maluku Sea has a high wind speed in the southeast season caused an increase in the Ekman transport at the coastal area so affects in rising of chlorophyll-a and the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is cooling, who indicates the upwelling phenomenon. Upwelling in the North Maluku Sea is a type of coastal Upwelling where it occurs on the coast with a depth of more than 1500 m. The intensity of Upwelling is influenced by climate variability, one of which is El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). By using remote sensing is chlorophyll-a data, SST, wind obtained from satellite imagery, and the value Ekman Mass Transport (EMT) with method composite formula. This research aims to know the influence of climate variability ENSO against the phenomenon of upwelling that occurred in the North Maluku Sea in the southeast season. Effect of climate variability ENSO at the time of El Niño (La Niña), chlorophyll-a concentration has positive (negative) anomalies, negative (positive) SST anomaly and wind conditions thus causing EMT energy to increase (decrease).
Morphometric Distribution of Java Eel Anguilla sp. Caught from Different Estuaries of Central Java
Authors: Taufiq-Spj N , Hutabarat J , Trianto A , Sugianto D N , Santosa G W , Pratikto I , Ario R , Indarjo A , Suryono S
Published: May 2021

Morphometric analysis is one of the procedures that can be used for identifying organism species. Determination of the long and shortfin eel (Anguilla sp.) is usually based on the specific measurements of the dorsal and anal fin. This study aims to evaluate a variety of pre-dorsal (PD/TL %), pre-anal (PA/TL %), and ano-dorsal ratio (AD %) in the different eel size classes and variation of sizes among Central Java estuaries. Samples (148 eels) were taken from riverine, marshes, and impounding seawater of Central Java estuaries in July 2019. The results show that the widest ranges of PD/TL, PA/TL, and AD ratios (%) were 12.98 – 48.18 %, 19.03 – 50.78 %, and -6.56 to 32.88 %, respectively, which were found in Gatel riverine of Nusawungu. Those values overlap with the species of Anguilla interioris, A. megastoma, A. nebulosa nebulosa, A. labiata, A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor, and even A. b. pacifica. Percentage value in a certain ranges of A-D were dominated by 0 - 3.6 % (96.3 %) and 14.1 – 19.3 % (3.7 %). This can be concluded that during the months of July, the short-fin eel (known as A. b. bicolor) had been dominated to be caught from Southern Central Java Estuaries than a long-fin eel.
The Effect of Starting Shocking Time on Carbon, Nitrogen, and Organic Matter Absorption of Bacillus megaterium BM1 in Vegetative and Sporulation Phases
Authors: Mahariawan I M D , Kusuma W E , Yuniarti A , Hariati A M
Published: May 2021

The application of shock induction is concerned with the sporulation. The essential indicator of the vegetative cell and spore quantities is influenced by the absorption of the organic compound components. The principal objective of this experiment was to establish the impact of starting shocking time on organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic matter absorbed by B. megaterium BM1 in vegetative and sporulation phases. This research was conducted in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 200 ml media and was added with 1% (v/v) bacterial starter (1.7 × 108 cells/ml−1). The test media were incubated at 37 °C and shocking started at 5, 10, and 15 hours after inoculation, respectively. The sample from each test medium was measured as much as 15 ml to calculate organic compound uptake. The results showed that the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the culture media are decreasing from the vegetative phase to the sporulation period throughout the given treatments. The highest organic carbon and total nitrogen absorption in vegetative phase occurred at the starting shocking at 10th hour and 15th hour with a value of more than 30%. However, in the sporulation, the highest of three parameters happened in the starting shocking time at the 5th hour.
Breakfast Cereal in Flakes Form Based on Millet Flour and Snakehead Fish Koya
Authors: Anandito RBK , Siswanti  , Purnamayati L
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this research was to determine the formulation of flakes made from millet flour and snakehead fish Koya based on its physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The ingredients used were millet flour, snakehead fish koya, sugar, margarine, skim milk and egg. Koya is a savory powder and usually added to traditional Indonesian foods such as Soto and noodles. The initial formulation was determined with a mass balance of the ingredients. The variations of millet flour and snakehead fish koya were 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60. All treatments were carried out sensory evaluation using a hedonic test, proximate analysis, calories analysis using bomb calorimetry methods, and physical analysis using a texture profile analyzer. The Compensatory model was used in this study to determine the best formula based on all parameters. The results of this study showed that the best formula of flakes had compositions of millet flour 60% and snakehead fish koya 40%. The physical properties showed that its hardness, fracturablity, crispness, and crunchiness in milk values respectively were 1.41 N, 1.02 N, 39.90, and 8.09 minutes. Chemical properties showed that its moisture, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and total calorie content were 2.23%, 3.18%, 14.01%, 19.32%, 61.25%, and 240.81 kcal/50 g, respectively. Sensory analysis showed a brownish color, fishy aroma, fishy taste, and crunchy texture.
Length-Weight Ratio and Condition Factor of Endemic Fish Oryzias nigrimas (Kottelat, 1990) in Poso Lake, Central Sulawesi
Authors: Serdiati N , Arfiati D , Widodo M S , Lelono T D , Masyahoro A , Hasanah N , Gani A
Published: May 2021

This research aimed to evaluate the length-weight relationship (LWR) and condition factor of the endemic fish Oryzias nigrimas in Lake Poso and took place from May 2017 until April 2018. A total of 645 O. nigrimas samples were analysed (137 males and 508 females). The length-weight equation was 1.55 × 106 L2.346 for males and W = 3.95 × 106 L2.107 for females. The LWR coefficient b was b = 2.346 for males and b = 2.107 for females (combined value 2.155) which means that b < 3, indicating O. nigrimas is a fish with an allometric negative growth pattern. The condition factor ranged from 0.945-1.091 for males and 0.940-1.107 for females. Overall, the condition factor (Kn) ranged from 0.940 - 1.091, indicating that the sampled fish could be considered in a normal condition. Kn appeared to be related to reproduction with the average Kn value of both male and female fish, being highest in September and February during peak spawning seasons.
Coral Reef Coverage and Reef Fish Abundance in Menyawakan Island, Karimunjawa
Authors: Wijayanto A , Munasik  , Farasara F P , Fadlilah Y N , Windiyana A N , Meiliana S , Haryanti D
Published: May 2021

Karimunjawa is one of the National Parks in Indonesia, a marine conservation area known for its diverse coral reefs, and mangrove forest. This study aims to determine coral reef status in Menyawakan Island at the northwest part of Karimunjawa Archipelago. Coral coverage as well as reef fish data were collected from the South, West, North, and East side of Menyawakan Island. Surveys were conducted at a depth of 5 and 10 meters, using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) for coral coverage and visual census for reef fish abundance. The highest coral cover, categorized as good condition, was found in the North side of Menyawakan Island at a depth of 5 m (64.94%). Pomacentrus shows the greatest abundance with 291 individuals on the South side of Menyawakan Island. Overall coral cover in Menyawakan Island is categorized as medium to good condition, while the highest reef fish abundance is dominated with family of Pomacentridae, which are native habitat in coral reef area.
Bioeconomic Model of Threadfin Bream Fish Resources in Banten Bay Waters
Authors: Irnawati R , Surilayani D , Mustahal
Published: May 2021

Threadfin bream or Nemipterus sp. becomes one of the fish resources utilized in Banten Bay waters. The catch of threadfin bream decreased from year to year. Therefore, threadfin bream resources in the Banten Bay waters have alleged over-exploited. This study aims to analyze the optimum utilization of threadfin bream fish resources, seen from three management positions namely maximum sustainable yield (MSY), maximum economic yield (MEY) and open access equilibrium (OAE). Bio-economic analysis was carried out using the Gordon Schaefer model. Economic parameters that used in this research are price and fishing cost. Biological parameters are estimated using the Schaefer model. The set gillnet, Danish seine, and trammel net are the fishing gear for catching the threadfin bream in this research. The result shows that the maximum sustainable yield of threadfin bream is 1,344 tons/year and the optimum effort is 2,298 units/year. The productions rate of threadfin bream from 2007 continued to decrease until 2016. The highest economic profit was obtained in MEY of IDR 12.9 billion. The actual condition of threadfin bream fisheries is still under the condition of MEY management. The utilization of threadfin bream can still be optimized, but it needs to be done carefully and wisely so as not to cause damage to fish resources and the environment. The decrease in catch and CPUE needs to be aware of symptoms of overfishing.
Impact of climate change on food security of rice in Malaysia: An empirical investigation
Authors: Duasa J , Mohd-Radzman N A
Published: May 2021

Since rice is the staple food of the nation, the production of rice would strongly influence the country’s food security. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and rice yield in Malaysia that is, as a mean to assess the impact of climate change on the food security of the country. The results of the empirical analysis conducted using ARDL reveal that the impact of climate change as measured by carbon dioxide emissions does not significantly affect the rice yield in the short-run but positively affect it in the long-run. Further analysis using OLS regression however shows the adverse impact of carbon dioxide emissions on rice yield is traced when interaction effects are incorporated in the regression. The positive impact of carbon dioxide emissions on rice yield occurs depending on the consumption of fertilizers and the harvested area utilized. The results postulate a long-run positive impact of carbon dioxide emissions on rice production in Malaysia despite the expectation of pure negativity.
Analysis of food security in Southeast Asia countries
Authors: Fauziyyah N E , Duasa J
Published: May 2021

The present study aims to investigate the determinants of food security in nine developing and least-developed countries of Southeast Asia. By adopting fixed effects model of panel regression with interaction terms, using yearly data (2006-2016), the results showed that all explanatory variables are significant, except agriculture land and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Employment in agriculture, Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) positively affect food production. Meanwhile, CO2 emission and gross fixed capital negatively related to food production. The study also found that employment in agriculture gives negative impact on food production when it interacts with CO2 emission and agriculture land. When RGDP interacts with CPI, it also contributes negatively to food production. However, gross fixed capital has a positive and significant relationship with food production when it interacts with CO2 emission. The findings postulate the importance of appropriate policies and innovative programs for agriculture sector to boost food production as well as to hamper food insecurity in Southeast Asia countries.
Screening of Indonesian rice cultivars against bacterial leaf blight disease under acidic soil condition
Authors: Safni I , Lubis K , Lisnawita
Published: May 2021

Marginal lands, which often have poor soil, are largerlyfound in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Acidic soil, one of margial lands, become an obstacle for agiculture including rice growing. Additionally, bacterial leaf blight disease which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, is also the main problem for rice production in Indonesia and worldwide. This study was aimed to screen rice cultivars that were tolerant to acidic soils and showed resistance to bacterial leaf blight (X. oryzae pv. oryzae).This research was conducted at the Screenhouse in Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara from July to November 2020. This experiment was designedas factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) by 3 factors, i.e. Factor 1:rice cultivars (Inpari 30, Inpara 5, Inpago 9 and InpagoUnsoed 1); Factor 2: soil pH (control (pH 6.8) and pH 4.0); Factor 3:isolate of X.oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo 1) with three replications. The results showed that all cultivars grown in acidic soil were susceptible to bacterial leaf blight diseases, while all cultivars grown in control soil pH were moderately susceptible. Disease incidence for all cultivars were 100% starting from the fifth week after planting. Plant growth in acidic soil was affected more severely than that of on neutral soil, while the highest disease severity was 75 % (Inpari 30).
Microplastics occurrence in the commercial Southeast Asian seafood and its impact on food safety and security: A review
Authors: Sarijan S , Azman S , Mohd Said M I , Andu Y , Zon N F
Published: May 2021

Microplastics are plastic particle with size less than 5 mm and omnipresent in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of microplastics in marine environments has been reported in many studies and recently extended to the freshwater ecosystem. To date, the increasing incidence of microplastic ingestion by various edible aquatic species has raised concern about its potential impact on food safety, food security, and human health. Therefore, this paper overviews the current knowledge on the occurrence of microplastics in edible fish and shellfish in the Southeast Asian region. The review also discussed the research findings on the adverse effects of contaminated seafood with microplastics to human health.
Agro-morphological response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (cv MR 284) to chronic gamma irradiation
Authors: Hasan N A , Rafii M Y , Harun A R , Ahmad F , Jaafar N N , Akmal Shukri A I
Published: May 2021

An experiment to study the effect of cobalt 60 gamma irradiation on agronomic traits of Malaysian rice variety, MR284, was performed by using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Gamma Green House (GGH) located at Malaysia Nuclear Agency. The GGH facility can produce a low dose rate of chronic gamma-ray which causes less damage to the plant cell and eliminate undesirable traits as well as produce wide mutation spectrum. Seedlings in pots at the age of 14 days were exposed to gamma rayS in GGH at different dose rate from 0.03 Gy/hour to 0.66 Gy/hour for 77 days (flowering stage). Data on survival rate and growth performance such as plant height and tiller number were recorded every 7th day. The result showed that, chronically irradiated MR284 plant exhibited various significant responses of agronomic characteristic against different doses of chronic gamma irradiation. Based on the survival curve, growth reduction (GD50) for MR284 was recoded at 318.63 Gy based on filled grain per plant trait. At cumulative doses of 68.87 Gy and 167.25 Gy (0.07 and 0.17 Gy/hour, respectively), the rice seedlings demonstrated the highest plant height with maximum tillering and highest number of filled grains. Those rates are stimulating to the growth and development of the plants. This study helps explicate the dose-response on local rice varieties through chronic radiation in a Gamma Green House facility in Malaysia.