bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise do lavado broncoalveolar em vítimas de queimaduras faciais graves
Authors: Rabello Eucir , Batista Vera Flores , Lago Patrícia Martins , Alvares Renata de Azevedo Gameiro , Martinusso Cesônia de Assis , Silva José Roberto Lapa e
Published: May 2009

OBJETIVO: Analisar o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) de vítimas de queimaduras que inalaram fumaça a fim de identificar alterações que possam estar associadas à morte ou à sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Dezoito vítimas de queimaduras faciais foram submetidas a LBA até 24 h após o evento, sendo realizadas a análise do conteúdo celular e proteico, incluindo TNF-α, HLA-DR, CD14, CD68 e iNOS. RESULTADOS: Dos 18 pacientes submetidos à broncoscopia, 8 (44,4%) morreram durante o seguimento. A média de idade dos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente maior (44,7 vs. 31,5 anos). A superfície corporal queimada foi em média de 60,1% nos pacientes que morreram e de 26,1% nos sobreviventes (p < 0,0001). Entre os 18 pacientes submetidos à broncoscopia, 11 (61,1%) apresentaram sinais endoscópicos de lesão por inalação de fumaça, e 4 (36,4%) destes faleceram. Dos 7 pacientes sem sinais de lesão por inalação de fumaça, 4 (57,1%) faleceram. A média do número de células epiteliais ciliadas no LBA dos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente maior daquela dos sobreviventes (6,6% vs. 1,4%; p = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros analisados não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A superfície corporal queimada mostrou ser um fator preditivo de mortalidade. O aumento do número de células epiteliais ciliadas no LBA, denotando descamação epitelial brônquica, esteve associado à maior mortalidade de pacientes com queimaduras faciais.
Remote sensing for highway management of landslides
Authors: Smedley M. I. , Paulson R. , Tucker A.
Published: May 2009

Recent developments in remote sensing have made it feasible to review high-risk, large-scale, earthwork sites on the highway network that have a history of instability. This paper describes two such sites in the UK: the Crackenthorpe landslide on the A66 in Cumbria; and the Leys Bend landslide on the A40 near Monmouth. Both sites have been the subject of long-term monitoring regimes, but because of dense vegetation and steep access it has proved very difficult to quantify ongoing slope creep movement accurately. This paper presents the case histories of the two slip sites, and demonstrates how the use of remote-sensing techniques has made it feasible to compare current topography accurately with historical records, to evaluate and plan future maintenance and stabilisation interventions.
Tree topkill, not mortality, governs the dynamics of savanna–forest boundaries under frequent fire in central Brazil
Authors: Hoffmann William A. , Adasme Ryan , Haridasan M. , T. de Carvalho Marina , Geiger Erika L. , Pereira Mireia A. B. , Gotsch Sybil G. , Franco Augusto C.
Published: May 2009

Tropical savanna and forest are recognized to represent alternate stable states, primarily determined by feedbacks with fire. Vegetation–fire dynamics in each of these vegetation types are largely determined by the influence of the vegetation on fire behavior, as well as the effects of fire behavior on tree mortality, topkill (defined here as complete death of the aerial biomass, regardless of whether the plant recovers by resprouting), and rate of growth of resprouts. We studied the effect of fire on three savanna–forest boundaries in central Brazil. Fire intensity was greater in savanna than forest, as inferred by a twofold greater height of stem charring. Despite lower fire intensity, forest tree species exhibited higher rates of topkill, which was best explained by their thinner bark, relative to savanna species. Following topkill, there was no tendency for sprouts of savanna trees to grow faster than those of forest species, contrary to expectations, nor was whole‐plant mortality higher in forest than in savanna. This contrasts with observations of high rates of postburn mortality in many other tropical forests. The low tree mortality in these transitional forests suggests that the dynamic of these natural savanna–forest boundaries is fundamentally different from that of forest boundaries originating from deforestation in the humid tropics. The forests studied here appear to be much more resilient to occasional incursion of fire from the savanna, despite being unable to invade frequently burned savanna. The thin bark of forest species makes them particularly susceptible to the “fire trap,” whereby repeated topkill of small trees prevents recruitment into adult size classes. Rapid growth will be particularly important for forest species to escape the fire trap, so we predict that, where fire is frequent, forests should be restricted to high‐resource sites. Here, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations had particularly strong effects on postburn growth rates, suggesting that these elements may most strongly limit the distribution of forest in these fire‐prone savannas.
Indirect competition facilitates widespread displacement of one naturalized parasitoid of imported fire ants by another
Authors: LeBrun E. G. , Plowes R. M. , Gilbert L. E.
Published: May 2009

Species abundances in natural systems are usually close to some equilibrium, making mechanisms that maintain or prevent species coexistence difficult to discern. Biological control projects provide an opportunity to observe systems transition between equilibriums as a result of the influence of the newly introduced species. In the southeastern United States and Texas, species of phorid fly parasitoids are being sequentially introduced as control agents for imported fire ants. The first two species introduced, Pseudacteon tricuspis and P. curvatus, partition the host niche based upon body size and co‐exist broadly in their native range in Argentina, indicating they would form a co‐existing and complementary suite of parasitoids in North America. This study examines the interaction between these parasitoids at multiple temporal and spatial scales. Surprisingly, data at all scales reveal that as P. curvatus establishes at a site it competitively displaces P. tricuspis. However, the speed of this reduction appears to differ between ecoregions, suggesting that the rate of displacement depends on environment. At the site where P. curvatus has been established the longest, this population interaction approaches complete displacement. Tests of potential mechanisms causing this displacement reveal that direct competition for host workers alters the operational sex ratio of the P. tricuspis population, but the strength of this effect is insufficient to explain the displacement. Experiments reveal the operation of a strong, indirect effect whereby locally common species preempt reproductive opportunities from rarer species by inducing host behavioral defenses. Finally, a re‐examination of published data from their native range reveals that a previously overlooked negative relationship between the densities of these two species also exists there, suggesting that the same processes as those reported here also operate in South America.
Going-Concern Audit Opinions and the Provision of Nonaudit Services: Implications for Auditor Independence of Bankrupt Firms
Authors: Callaghan Joseph , Parkash Mohinder , Singhal Rajeev
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: Researchers in the area of auditor independence have examined the relationship between auditors' opinions and auditor-provided services. While DeFond et al. (2002) and Geiger and Rama (2003) fail to find auditor impairment for distressed U.S. companies, Sharma (2001) and Sharma and Sidhu (2001) find a negative relationship between the likelihood of a going-concern (GC) opinion and nonaudit fees paid to auditors for bankrupt Australian companies. These conflicting results may arise from jurisdictional differences between Australia and the U.S. or differential managerial incentives and firm costs between distressed and bankrupt firms. In light of these differences, an empirical question exists as to whether the results of the Australian studies will obtain in the U.S. We examine the relationship between the propensity of auditors to render GC opinions and nonaudit fees (and other auditor fees) for a sample of bankrupt U.S. firms. We do not observe any association between GC opinions and nonaudit fees, audit fees, total fees, or the ratio of nonaudit fees to total fees.
Financial Restatements, Audit Fees, and the Moderating Effect of CFO Turnover
Authors: Feldmann Dorothy A. , Read William J. , Abdolmohammadi Mohammad J.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: We examine post-restatement audit fees and executive turnover for a sample of firms that restated their 2003 financial statements. We investigate and find evidence that audit fees are higher for restatement firms compared with a matched-pair control group of non-restatement firms. We propose that the higher audit fees reflect a cost of both an increase in perceived audit risk and a loss of organizational legitimacy. Prior literature suggests that changing top management is a response to a legitimacy crisis; thus we expect to find that executive turnover moderates the positive relationship between restatement and audit fees. Our results indicate that a change in CFO for a restatement firm moderates the increased audit fee, but a change in CEO does not.
Evodiamine: A Novel Anti-Cancer Alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa
Authors: Jiang Junlin , Hu Changping
Published: May 2009

Traditional Chinese herbs are regarded as a new and promising source of potential anti-cancer remedies and new chemotherapy adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and/or to ameliorate its side effects. Extensive investigations have been undertaken both in the experimental and clinical studies over the years to augment the efficacy of chemotherapy. Evodia rutaecarpa is a very popular multi-purpose herb traditionally used in China for the treatment of headaches, abdominal pain, postpartum hemorrhage, dysentery and amenorrhea. The major constituents of Evodia rutaecarpa are evodiamine and rutaecarpine. Growing evidence demonstrates that evodiamine possesses anti-cancer activities both in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting proliferation, invasion and metastasis, inducing apoptosis of a variety of tumor cell lines. This review is aimed to summarize the recent researches on evodiamine focusing on anti-cancer activity and to highlight molecular mechanisms during the past ten years.
Sur quelques journaux fructidoriens (septembre-octobre 1797)
Authors: Suratteau Jean-René
Published: May 2009

Four « Thennidorian » Newspapers

The study relates to four newspapers published in Paris in the automn of 1797, shortly after the Coup d'Etat of the 18th of Fructidor. Albert Mathiez did not know these newspapers. From these four newspapers, two of them, the Impartial Républicain and the Réveil des Départements were published only once or at least only a number one was kept ; the other two ones were published for a longer time ; we have got eleven numbers of the Démocrate (n° 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17 and 18) and thirteen numbers of the Défenseur de la Constitution (from 1 to 13).

The period covered by the first three newspapers goes from the 10th to the 28th of September 1797 whereas the Défenseur de la Constitution was published from the 8th to the 21th of following October.

These four newspapers are all « fructidoriens » but appear somehow quite different in their political appreciation. If all four are favourable to the Coup d'Etat it is the last one — published later — that seems the most « advanced » one. Of course the personality of their editors, some of them well-known, others less famous if not unknown, is to be considered. The analysis of these papers gives us eventually more information about the post-fructidorian period than about the 18th of Fructidor itself.

J.-R. SURATTEAU.
Le Royaume anglo-corse (1794-1796). Contre-révolution ou continuité ?
Authors: McErlean John Michael Peter
Published: May 2009

The few studies so far of the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom 1794-1796 put heavy emphasis on its counter — revolutionary character, one even seeing it as a model for other States. Though set up in opposition to the France of the Terror and imitating it in the tone of its repressive legislation, the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom did not apply its severe laws. Some policies and enactments can be traced directly to the cahiers of 1789 and this suggests that continuity explains some developments

1794-1796 better than simple reaction.

J.-M.-P. Mac Erlean.
L'organisation de l'Europe selon Brissot et les Girondins à la fin de 1792.
Authors: Bouloiseau Marc
Published: May 2009

The « plan of defence and general action » worked out by Brissot toward the end of 1792 was brought by Polish senator Mostovski to Russia in 1795. In the beginning he thought the French population exceeded 28 million, not 25 million as the historians of the day maintained. 28 million people he dit not ce as a population ablic to be governed. Thus he initiated a long and brutal war which basted six to seven years and which was to end the lives of two million adult men.

Otherwise when French Republic could be reached his natural frontiers, she could be created around one belt of little indépendants Republics. After her armies could be invaded Poland, Hungary, Holland, Great Britain, Spanish and Italia.

Marc BOULOISEAU.
Les mariages des ecclésiastiques députés à la Convention
Authors: Graham Ruth
Published: May 2009

THE MARRIAGES OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL DEPUTIES

The marriages of the ecclesiastical deputies to the Convention were revolutionary acts which provide insight to the revolutionary status of women. Responding to the sweet sentiments of nature, some of these priest-deputies married poor citoyennes, rich in republican virtues. But the dowry, still considered necessary, revealed that the revolutionary bourgeoisie did not rule out advantageous matchmaking. In the marriage announcements the wives were not identified as individuals but through the male members of their families. The revolutionary « domestic virtues of a household » elevated wives as companions but in a male-dominated household.

Ruth GRAHAM.
La Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme de 1789 aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D.
Published: May 2009

One intends to give a contribution to Jacques Godechot's enquiry on international welcome to the french Proclamation. Netherlands offer a specially interesting position, since they are just getting out of a revolutionary episode when this question was not ignored, under the light of the previous american one especially. On the other hand the importance of netherlandish press, which was international, explains that the french texts, more or less distorted, have known an early publicity, in spite of a contrary reactionary environment.
Bias Parent curé Jacobin, agent national du district de Clamecy en l'an II
Authors: Bossut Nicole
Published: May 2009

Unknown to local or national historiography, Jean François Parent, called Bias Parent, is studied here at the various stages of his career which is typical of a whole group of priest who became militant Jacobins. This priest and philosophe came from Clamecy, became the patriotanayor of the commune of Rix and was the leader of the town from the beginning of the Revolution when he took a stand in the work disputes in Clamecy between the wood floaters and those that exploited them. His encounter with Fouché in August 1793 was to determine his political career and he became one of the organizers of the dechristianizing crusade in the Nièvre department. Having left the priesthood himself, he had to face the various kinds of resistance caused by these measures and recommended an active policy of education. As agent national, he played an important part in the strike of the wood floaters who engaged their action in February-March 1794 and he had to face the problem of imposing the maximum on wages, even while continuing to defent the most underpriviledged. Neither a « red priest » nor a « pre-socialist », this Jacobin, so close to the people persecuted in the year III, remained faithful to his Jacobin opinions until his death in 1802.
Le réseau des Sociétés Politiques dans le département de l'Hérault pendant la Révolution Française (1789-1795)
Authors: Dubost Jean-François
Published: May 2009

Ninety-one clubs were founded in this southern department. Geography — lowlands versus highlands — explains their unequal distribution and the specific character of rural clubs. The town-country contrast is obvious and is inscribed in the very chronology of the founding of the clubs within two sucessive waves : in 1791-1792 and then in Year II when the network really spread through the country villages. The author describes the earlier forms of sociability (masonic lodges, literary societies) and draws a sociological portrait of the club members, stressing the part played by certain groups (such as women and young people). The study of affiliations and correspondance shows just how the network of clubs functioned. The political role of the societies is analyzed, demonstrating the way they acted as relays for revolutionary propaganda ; but the clubs were also the arena of struggles tied up with the Counter-Revolution and with Federalism. Between town and country, the societies definitely worked as an instrument of political acculturation which did not survive after Year II.
Le général Laveaux, gouverneur de Saint Domingue, député néo-jacobin
Authors: Gainot Bernard
Published: May 2009

This article presents a biography of a figure little known despite the importance of the part he played in the history of San Domingo where he was governor from October 1793 to October 1796 during a crucial period in the island's history. Of noble birth and an officer, Laveaux became progressively more and more involved in the revolutionary movement and it was his colonial experience which determined his standpoint. He did much to keep San Domingo within the control of the Republic and opposing the planters and mulattoes, he had the support of the newly enfranchised blacks and especially of his personal friend Toussaint-Louverture. On his return to France, Laveaux joined the neo-Jacobin group and was for a time President of the Conseil des Anciens. He was a firm advocate of freedom for all, an « assimilationist » as one would say today and he symbolizes a certain stage in the thinking about democracy in relation to the colonies during the French Revolution. He constantly showed an unusual independence of spirit even in his later career.
Une double image de la Révolution : le calendrier et le mètre
Authors: Froeschlé-Chopard Marie-Hélène , Froeschlé-Chopard Michel
Published: May 2009

Amongst the legacies of the Revolution, the calendar and the meter were to know different fates. The authors remind us that they represented two complex images, both very much tied to the political and philosophical character of the Revolution, as instruments of collective regeneration within an order governed by Reason. The authors' discussion of the debates around the calendar evokes the image of the republican rupture with the past, the calendar inaugurating a new era and they describe, as the metric system was established, the ideal of the triumph of rationality to which it corresponded in the minds of its promoters. In both cases, here were essential elements of the ideological struggle of the Revolution against the « Ancien Régime ».
Jacques Godechot et le Midi Toulousain
Authors: Fournier Georges
Published: May 2009

Georges Fournier : Jacques Godechot et le Midi toulousain.

Professeur à Toulouse de 1945 à 1980, J. Godechot y a dirigé un nombre considérable de recherches sur l'histoire régionale, en particulier pour la période de la Révolution et de l'Empire. Il en a lui-même dressé un premier bilan dans les A.H.R.F. en 1971. Ces travaux, ainsi que d'innombrables lectures, ont nourri deux grandes synthèses : les chapitres de l'Histoire de Toulouse consacrés à la période de 1715 à nos jours et surtout La Révolution française dans le Midi toulousain. Ayant largement contribué à définir la spécificité historique de cette région, J. Godechot a été aussi de 1961 à 1971 un Doyen actif et soucieux de concertation, véritable fondateur, au lendemain de la crise de 1968, de l'Université de Toulouse- Le Mirail. Il a su rester au-delà de sa retraite un maître respecté, participant activement jusqu'à ses derniers jours aux manifestations du Bicentenaire.
Jacques Godechot et le Directoire
Authors: Suratteau Jean-René
Published: May 2009

Jean-René Suratteau : Jacques Godechot et le Directoire.

L'auteur, lui-même spécialiste de l'époque du Directoire retrace la façon dont Albert Mathiez engagea Jacques Godechot sur la voie des études de la période directoriale, traditionnellement délaissée par l'historiographie révolutionnaire. Il analyse l'apport de la thèse monumentale soutenue en 1938 sur Les Commissaires aux armées sous le Directoire, tant pour l'histoire intérieure de la période que pour celle des relations extérieures. Il présente les aspects relatifs au Directoire dans les ouvrages et publications ultérieures de l'auteur : dans le domaine de l'histoire italienne, mais plus largement européenne dans le cadre de la « Grande Nation », et des Révolutions Atlantiques. Jacques Godechot a renouvelé l'histoire de la Contre- Révolution, analysant non seulement les réseaux conspirateurs, mais les aspects populaires de ces résistances. Enfin il a coordonné à Toulouse des études sur le Midi, dans lesquelles la période directoriale tient une place importante, et dont il a lui- même donné une vue synthétique.
Mon ami Jacques Godechot
Authors: Bouloiseau Marc
Published: May 2009

Marc Bouloiseau, « My friend, Jacques Godechot. »

This is the account of the life, activity and personality of Jacques Godechot written by one of his oldest friends who knew him in the days of study under Albert Mathiez and Georges Lefebvre, and who became one of his most faithful correspondants until the very end of Jacques Godechot's life.
Le suspect parisien en l'an II
Authors: Boulant Antoine
Published: May 2009

Sociological studies of Parisian suspects during the Revolution have already been made but never such a typology as the author of this analysis establishes thanks to his use not only of the National Archives but of the wealth found in the file which we owe to the sadly missed Michel Eude. How was the suspect looked upon in the daily experience of the sans-culottes? Five main types of suspects have been defined: the royalist, the violent suspect, «the leech of the people», the factious person, the indifferent one. They were not recruted in the same milieu: a breakdown of these groups is suggested and even more interesting, a portrait is drawn of each of them the way they were seen and denounced in the documents concerning them. The study of the sans-culottes' perception is superimposed on the study of a sociological and political reality.
L'essor de l'individualisme : la saisie de l'âge dans le bailliage de Caen au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Lethuillier Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2009

This study is based on the use of a sampling of more than two thousand testimonies collected from the years 1660 to the Revolution in the archives of the criminal baillage of Caen concerning the rural areas. Especially precious source material because the witnesses were asked to state their age: the project has therefore aimed to measure the progress made in the domain of the individual's self- awareness and thereby to underline the turning point which appeared in mental attitudes through a clearer and clearer comprehension of time on the level of the individual's life-span. After the period in which round figures and large areas of error were the rule, a growing precision appeared throughout the Eighteenth Century. The author measures the forms of this transformation in different social groups and takes into account various factors (actual age, the degree of alphabetization); this makes it possible to come to a conclusion which goes well beyond the history of a single detail since it unveils the disappearance of a whole system of age evaluation, doubtless very ancient, based on approximation. After 1760, the Normans "entered the universe in which the number is king", thus expressing a new conscienciousness of being and writing down one's own life-span in terms of time.
La notion d'étranger en l'an II : les constructions d'un dialogue Paris-Province dans les Archives Parlementaires
Authors: Wahnich Sophie
Published: May 2009

Sophie Wahnich: "The concept of foreigner in Year H: the development of a dialogue between Paris and the provinces as studied in the Parlementary Archives ".

This study is based on the systematic use of the contents of the Parliamentary Archives and on an analysis of discourse which they make possible. The author examines the development and the workings of the concept of foreigner from 5 Nivôse to 9 Thermidor Year IL An analysis is made of the attitudes toward different nationalities, attitudes which are above all political and deleate two major divisions: friends and enemies, among whom the English are exceptionally prominent. This analysis makes it possible to evaluate the dialectics of the dialogue between Paris and the provinces. On one hand, the directional role played by the Assembly which set the tone and the other, the spread of such concepts carried out by the various senders of addresses : local governments, popular societies, représentants en mission. The rhythm of dialogue was affected by the pression* of international events and also by the compact of incidents in domestic politics whithin the revolutionary government.
Les auteurs des catéchismes révolutionnaires (1789-1799)
Authors: Durruty Bruno
Published: May 2009

Bruno Durruty : Les auteurs des catéchismes révolutionnaires (1789-1799).

A partir d'un corpus de près de 200 catéchismes révolutionnaires, l'auteur s'interroge sur la personnalité des auteurs de ces manuels de pédagogie civique. Il rappelle le flux de la production, avec ses temps forts, notamment en l'an II et les caractéristiques de ces ouvrages. Mais il s'attache surtout à présenter, à défaut d'un portrait type une typologie des auteurs, présentés dans leur sociologie, âge, état-civil, appartenance socioprofessionnelle, comme dans leur carrière, avant et pendant la Révolution, voire après l'épisode révolutionnaire. Des professionnels de l'écriture majoritairement, certes, mais aussi beaucoup de pédagogues, des cadres du mouvement révolutionnaire, et ceux aussi auxquels la sollicitation du moment a donné l'occasion de prendre la parole pour diffuser les valeurs nouvelles auprès des jeunes et des adultes.
L'Almanach du Père Gérard, un exemple de diffusion des idées jacobines
Authors: Biard Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Biard : L'almanack du Père Gérard, un exemple de diffusion des idées jacobines.

«L'almanach du Père Gérard» couronné en octobre 1791 à l'issue d'un concours lancé par la Société des Amis de la Constitution, a beaucoup contribué à faire connaître son auteur, Collot d'Herbois et à l'introduire sur la scène politique. S'agit-il d'un ouvrage de circonstance, somme toute bien pensant comme on l'a écrit ? L'auteur en doute, qui met en valeur les allusions directes ou détournées par où s'affirment les convictions de Collot. La presse jacobine ne s'y est pas trompée, dont les réactions sont analysées, de même que celles de la presse royaliste. Le test le plus probant reste le succès editorial considérable de cet ouvrage, suivi non seulement dans ses rééditions de l'époque, mais ultérieures, jusqu'au centenaire de 1889.
La Révolution Française vue par les contre-révolutionnaires à l'Assemblée Nationale de 1789 à 1791
Authors: Middell Matthias
Published: May 2009

Matthias Middell : La Révolution Française vue par les contre-révolutionnaires à l'Assemblée Nationale de 1789 à 1791.

S'inscrivant dans la problématique récemment renouvelée de l'identification de la Contre-Révolution et de l 'Anti-Révolution, cette étude fondée sur une analyse systématique des interventions et des prises de position à l'Assemblée Nationale Constituante tente de reconstituer de la formation d'un parti Contre-révolutionnaire et de ses stratégies aux débuts de la Révolution. Il s'attache à suivre le passage du refus pur et simple de la Révolution à l'élaboration d'un programme associant la défense de l'Ancien régime social à une démagogie populiste destinée à rompre le front révolutionnaire.
Notes sur le dirigeant babouviste Robert François Debon
Authors: Schiappa Jean-Marc
Published: May 2009

Jean-Marc Schiappa, Notes on the Babouvist leader Robert-François Debon.

This study has been carried out by cross-checking a series of unpublished or little-known sources and has led to the identification of one of the protagonists of the conspiration des égaux, mentioned by Buonarotti and for a long time victim of a confusion of names. We discover here a strong personality whose career was extraordinary and who remains appealing by the rectitude of his life. It is better known thanks to this study which retraces its various stages.
Un inédit de Saint-Just : la Raison à la morne
Authors: Vinot Bernard
Published: May 2009

Bernard Vinot : An Unpublished Work by Saint-Just: Reason in The Morgue ("Morne").

This short text was doubtless written in the spring of 1789 and is one of saint- Just's early essays. It is a sort of will drawn up by Reason and found in Reason's pocket. The personification is in the form of a poor woman whose body has been laid out in the morne (the morgue); the will is in the form of a letter supposedly written by Necker . . . this is a clever excuse for Saint- Just to paint a picture of the turpitude of the times and more specifically of the court as well as of Paris. He takes sides in a much talked about incident (the Kornmann incident) that very much divided public opinion. Saint- Just here was still a young man who was still feeling his way and was easily influenced by the fashions of the day but he was already quite capable of judging the actors on the political scene with great perspicacity.
Sécularisations et médiatisations dans les quatre départements de la rive gauche du Rhin (1794-1814)
Authors: Schieder Wolfgang
Published: May 2009

Wolfgang Schieder : Sécularisations et médiatisations dans les quatre départements de la rive gauche du Rhin 1794-1814.

Cette étude analyse un aspect essentiel de la politique sociale napoléonienne dans les territoires rhénans conquis, la nationalisation de la propriété foncière de l'Église catholique et de la noblesse et le transfert des « biens nationaux » à la propriété privée. Elle concerne les quatre départements de la Roer, de la Sarre, du Rhin et Moselle et du mont Tonnerre. Résumant le bilan d'une importante enquête l'auteur étudie le volume et la répartition régionale des biens nationaux, les bénéficiaires, acheteurs ou spéculateurs, enfin les perdants, essentiellement l'Église et la noblesse, toutes deux fortement touchées.
L'esclavage vu par l'opinion publique : la question coloniale et le colportage de l'information (1775-1815)
Authors: Halpern Jean-Claude
Published: May 2009

Jean-Claude Halpern, L'esclavage vu par l'opinion publique : la question coloniale et le colportage de l'information (1775-1815).

On se propose de suivre l'évolution de l'image donnée de la question coloniale à travers deux séries d'almanachs de la littérature de colportage entre 1775 et 1816 : le « Véritable Messager boiteux de Bâle » et les « Étrennes intéressantes des quatre parties du Monde ». Le véritable Messager boiteux participe à sa manière à l'effort abolitionniste, mais ne reste pas insensible à la propagande bonapartiste après 1800. Les Étrennes Intéressantes, dont le ton est assez neutre en 1779 vis-à-vis de l'Afrique adoptent un ton grossièrement réducteur dès l'an III, pour se laisser aller en 1815 aux lieux communs de la littérature esclavagiste.
Salzbourg et la Révolution française
Authors: Pasetzky Gilda
Published: May 2009

Gilda Pasetzky, Salzbourg et la Révolution française.

Comment le petit archevêché souverain de Salzbourg, gouverné par son archevêque, Hieronymus von Colloredo, a-t-il vécu la période révolutionnaire jusqu'à l'occupation française en 1803 ? La poursuite d'une politique éclairée en fait un site privilégié où la presse est relativement libre, et où la diffusion des nouvelles venues de France s'accompagne de commentaires favorables très avant dans la période. Des propagandistes y sont tolérés par un gouvernement qui craint les troubles suscités par les levées d'hommes depuis 1792, et l'agitation populaire. L'occupation française mettra fin aux sentiments pro-français, et l'archevêché est sécularisé en 1803, pour devenir autrichien en 1805.
Les Gardes Nationales en Limousin (juillet 1789-juillet 1790)
Authors: D'Hollander Paul
Published: May 2009

Paul D'Hollander, Les Gardes Nationales en Limousin (juillet 1789-juillet 1790).

La liste des gardes nationales représentées aux fédérations départementales de Limoges, Guéret et Tulle, en mai, juin et juillet 1790, permet d'établir la carte des gardes existant en Limousin dans le premier semestre de cette année. Leur implantation géographique, en particulier dans les communes rurales, correspond aux courants de la Grande Peur de juillet 1789. Jusqu'à la fin du printemps 1790, au moins, et avant que leur institution ne devînt obligatoire, elles furent créées pour des motivations essentiellement défensives, sauf, peut-être, dans la partie occidentale du Bas-Limousin. Il faut enfin noter qu'elles ne rassemblèrent qu'une minorité de citoyens dont beaucoup étaient âgés de moins de 25 ans et que, dans les communes rurales, le recrutement dépassa largement le bourg et s'étendit aux hameaux.
Histoire d'un patrimoine en révolution : Claude Bonnet de Paillerets, robin de Marvejols en Lozère de 1766 à 1815
Authors: Castaing Thomas
Published: May 2009

Thomas Castaing, Histoire d'un patrimoine en révolution : Claude Bonnet de Paillerets, robin de Marvejols en Lozère, de 1766 à 1815.

Conseiller à la cour des comptes de Montpellier à la veille de la Révolution, mais en prise directe par tradition familiale avec les activités commerciales du négoce de laine, et du commerce maritime, Claude Bonnet de Paillerets est représentatif d'une stratégie de promotion sociale qui a privilégié le revenu noble à partir de la vente immobilière et mobilière. Gros propriétaire, il tire une bonne part de ses revenus de ses créances. L'épisode révolutionnaire affecte momentanément leur perception, mais ne freine que momentanément, grâce à des stratégies adaptées, l'accroissement d'une fortune finalement consolidée sous l'Empire. Les choix de ce notable s'expliquent par des facteurs autres qu'économiques : la recherche de l'intégration à l'élite de sa région et les efforts de distinction sociale, dont témoigne le renouvellement de ses contacts. Loyaliste vis-à- vis des nouveaux régimes quels qu'ils soient, homme des Lumières, il prend ses distances vis-à-vis d'un univers populaire auquel s'oppose son idéal de la famille comme son mode de vie de notable. Cette étude s'attache à suivre la dialectique des choix individuels et des déterminations sociales à partir d'un cas individuel significatif.
L'opinion publique aux environs de Sancey et Belvoir (Doubs) sous la Révolution Française : essai d'interprétation
Authors: Carrez Maurice
Published: May 2009

Maurice Carrez, L 'Opinion publique aux environs de Sancey et Belvoir (Doubs) sous la Révolution française : essai d'interprétation.

Les villages de l'ancienne baronnie de Belvoir, dont une partie a constitué en 1790 le canton de Sancey dans le Doubs, ont été le cadre d'une des « petites Vendées » que la France a connues en 1793. Récusant les classements simplificateurs, l'auteur montre que cette option contre-révolutionnaire recouvre en fait des conflits très vifs, qui se sont manifestés dès 1789 dans le mouvement antiseigneurial, pour prendre à partir de 1791 la forme d'une âpre rivalité entre les « catholiques » et une minorité patriote. Mais il y a plus que des nuances à l'intérieur de chaque camp. Les patriotes ont réussi en 1793 après la répression du mouvement contre-révolutionnaire à imposer une éphémère domination, avant la victoire durable des conservateurs. On s'interroge sur le poids respectif des déterminations socio-économiques et des déterminations idéologiques et culturelles voire anthropologiques (les structures familiales) qui ont conduit à une option collective de longue durée dans ce microcosme original.
Tradition et innovation iconiques : La Rousse royale (1791)
Authors: Duprat Annie
Published: May 2009

Annie Duprat, Iconic tradition and novelty : "the Royale Red-head", 1791.

"The Royale Red-head", a large-sized print in the allegorical style belongs to the rich collection of prints inspired by the flight to Varennes. The complex thematics demand a very precise decoding. The originality of the image lies in its graphic treatment which associates a traditional symbolism in the compact group of which Louis XVI, along with Marie Antoinette and the pope, forms the center contrasted with a new symbolism which clusters the personifications and the emblems of the new régime around the altar of the patrie. The old, infernal world is thus opposed to a universe of regeneration but in the framework of a composition, the complexity of which no doubt explains the lack of popularity and the meager circulation of the print.
Culture et histoire. Les signes de la romanité nîmoise à l'époque de la Révolution française.
Authors: Naudin Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Naudin, Culture and History. Roman signs from Nîmes during the period of the french revolution.

For utilitarian reasons, the provincial and municipal authorities were lead during the 18th century to reconvert the numerous roman constructions of Nîmes and its surroun- dings. There was then a great erudite and artistic interest for the roman history of the town. An academy was founded by the local worthy to be devoted to the study of roman past of the town. It soon became an ideological and political stake. The revolution allowed the popular mentality to penetrate the Academy. The idea that Nîmes is the french Rome rised from the year V to the proclamation of the Empire.
Le calendrier républicain et ses incidences littéraires
Authors: Tieder Irène
Published: May 2009

Irène Tieder, The republican calendar and its litterary effect.

Whereas Michelet powerfully praised the adoption of the republican calendar by the Convention, the writers who used the revolution as their subject matter or as a framework have shown little interest for its use, Stendhal being the exception who adopted it to date his diary until 1805. The writers who are chronologicaly the closest to the revolution are the most discret or the most critical. On the other hand at the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, the republican calendar became positively (Zola) or negatively (Anouilh) emblematic of the revolution, whilst Anatole France used it in a neutral manner.
L'État, l'Église, l'école et la Révolution : le cas de Tourcoing.
Authors: Ettori Gisèle
Published: May 2009

Gisèle Ettori, State, Church, School and the Revolution.

According to the well known test of the signature on the marriage certificate, the author studied the evolution of literacy of children born at Tourcoing between 1769 et 1792 and married there. Although the shock produced by the revolutionary dismantling of religious instruction somewhat accentuated a decline in literacy rates, the process had actually commenced long before 1791. It then came to a stop with the generation which had learned to read and write between 1797 and 1802. Consequently, there are some factors not associated with the Revolution which are responsible for the decline — in particular, the change of the social composition of the population between 1770- 1780. The demand for literacy of the first generation of proletariat (of which the proportion was increasing at Tourcoing) was, in effect, weaker.
Église et contre-révolution : la mission Laonnoise (1795-1802)
Authors: Dreux Yves
Published: May 2009

Yves Dreux, Chiesa e Controrivoluzione : la missione « laonnaise » (1795-1802).

Nel Giugno del 1795, l'arcivescovo di Reims, esule in Sassonia, decidò di far entrare clandestinamente nel diocesi di Laon, preti non giurati, incaricati di una missione di restauro della Chiesa romana. Yves Dreux studia il diario di questa missione. Essa ebbe il vento in poppa fino al colpo di stato del Fruttidoro. Ma incontrò tuttavia una resistenza certa del clero costituzionale, mentre molti preti esitevano tra le due scelte affermate.
Mouvements paysans : Angleterre des années 1640, France de l'an II
Authors: Lemarchand Guy
Published: May 2009

Guy Lemarchand, Mouvements paysans en période révolutionnaire : Angleterre des années 1640, France de l'an II.

Dans les deux pays, l'explosion des mouvements paysans à la faveur d'une révolution présente de nombreuses ressemblances avec les troubles agraires antérieurs. Mais dans l'un et l'autre cas, le relâchement de l'autorité et la perte du prestige des classes dirigeantes suscitent de bien plus grandes espérances. Ces ressemblances établies, G. L. souligne que les mouvements paysans pendant la Révolution française allèrent beaucoup plus loin, dans leurs formes, dans l'étendue de l'adhésion qu'ils suscitèrent, dans les résultats obtenus. Cependant, comme en Angleterre, les paysans français échouèrent à conserver l'organisation du marché des grains.
Le projet de l'an II : promotion ouvrière et formation professionnelle
Authors: Gross Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2009

Jean-Pierre Gross, Le projet de l'an II. Promotion ouvrière et formation professionnelle.

Les sources de l'article sont les proclamations adressées aux maîtres de forges et aux ouvriers des fonderies du Limousin, du Périgord, du Quercy par les représentants en mission Romme, Lakanal et Roux-Fazillac, lors de la mobilisation économique au service de la défense nationale en l'an H.

Motivée par le souci du rendement, la politique jacobine ne négligea ni la qualité du travail ni la protection du travailleur. Par-delà un salaire minimum garanti, seuil au-dessous duquel un contrat de travail devenait caduc, elle développa pour les ouvriers de fabriques de guerre la notion d'une rétribution « honorable » de leur haute qualification, et une sorte de régime d'assurances sociales.

Par ailleurs, les représentants en mission projetèrent de faire des anciennes fabriques des ateliers de formation pour les nouveaux ouvriers, et même de créer en Dordogne une véritable école technique de la sidérurgie.
La création du royaume anglo-corse : préméditation et tractations
Authors: Carrington Dorothy
Published: May 2009

Dorothy Carrington, La creazione del regno anglo-corso : premeditazione e maneggi.

Dei documenti conservati nell'archivio di Stato britannico mostrano che i primi passi per l'unione anglo-corsa furono tentati non da Pascal Paoli ma dai Inglesi, l'll Giugno 1793. Ma questa scoperta non infirma ciò che era già conosciuto : esiliato in Inghilterra negli anni 1780, Pascal Paoli aveva già allora pensato ad un protettorato inglese sull'isola ; durante Testate 1793, essendo sotto la minaccia d'arresto dalla Convenzione, Paoli chiese un intervento inglese in Corsica.
La Gironde et le Bureau d'esprit public : livre et révolution
Authors: Kupiec Anne
Published: May 2009

Anne Kupiec, The Gironde and the Bureau of Public Spirit; book and revolution.

Anne Kupiec retraces the history of the Bureau of Public Spirit, created by Roland, Minister of the Interior, the 18 August 1792, and financed by the government. From both the cultural and political point of views its mission was pedagogical. Specifically, there would be intense publication activity (from almanacs and placards to scholarly treatises), sent from lecturers in the departments designed to incite attendance at public readings. At the same time, however, there is no doubt that it also had a partisan mission. The Bureau was the vector of propaganda from the future Gironde ; particularly that generated at the bosom of the popular societies. In another sense, the Bureau played the rôle of government informant as to the state of public opinion.
Le républicanisme du possible : les opportunistes. (Boissy d'Anglas, Lanjuinais, Durand -Maillane. . .)
Authors: Le Bozec Christine
Published: May 2009

Christine Le Bozec, Republican conceptions : the opportunists (Boissy d'Anglas, Lanjuinais, Durand de Maillane...).

On 14 Germinal Year III, the Convention elected an eleven-member commission. They became the final editors of the Constitution of Year III. Observing their political trajectory, past and future, and their discourse at the time, Christine Le Bozec establishes the unity of their social conceptions (e.g., the Nation must be led by its "best" — in other words, property holders ; equality is to be limited to the civil domain) and of their institutional conceptions. However, they diverged over conceptions of the Republic. For some, the Republic had simply been a means of defense, among other possibilities at another time, of the ideals of 1789. For the others, former Girondins, the Republic was the only possible régime.
La représentation de l'opinion publique populaire dans la presse parisienne révolutionnaire
Authors: Elvada Ouzi
Published: May 2009

Ouzi Elyada, The Representation of the Popular Public Opinion in the Parisian Press.

A Paris between 1789 and 1799 ninety periodical publications and hundreds of pamphlets feigned to directly reproduce popular speech. During the first year of the Revolution, the personae of popular speech was represented by wives addressing the authorities. However, this persona got no response. Beginning with the spring of 1790, the popular persona par excellence is a man, the Père Duchesne. The Père Duchesne refused to acknowledge the superiority of the political élite and, instead, recognized the people as the sovereign.
Jean-François Gaultier de Biauzat (1739-1815), Hortensius ou nouveau Robespierre ?
Authors: Bourdin Philippe
Published: May 2009

Philippe Bourdin, Jean-François Gaultier de Biauzat (1734-1815) : Hortensius ou nouveau Robespierre ?

Cent ans après F. Mège, P.B. reprend la biographie de Gaultier de Biauzat dont le rôle politique national s'arrêta à la fin de la Constituante. Il exerça ensuite des fonctions judiciaires. Ce prototype du notable provincial (Auvergne), soucieux des intérêts familiaux, parcourut alors une trajectoire à contre-courant : patriote fort modéré jusqu'aux lendemains de Thermidor, il se révéla ferme républicain, défenseur local du jacobinisme, indulgent même à l'égard des « Égaux ».
La guerre des plumes : La presse provinciale et la politique de faction sous le Premier Directoire à Marseille, 1796-1797
Authors: Clay Steven
Published: May 2009

Steven Clay, La guerre des plumes : la presse provinciale et la politique des factions à Marseille sous le premier Directoire.

Le Journal de Marseille de Ferréol Bougeard (reparution le 23 prairial an III) et L'Observateur du Midi de Peyre Ferry (parution le 1er germinal an IV), représentèrent à l'état quasiment pur, dans le grand port provençal, les deux visages du républicanisme sous le Directoire : républicanisme antiterroriste du premier, républicanisme antiréactionnaire du second. Utilisant un vocabulaire stéréotypé, plus que l'analyse, pour stigmatiser l'adversaire ; alternativement encouragés par la présence de tel représentant en mission ou de tel commandant militaire, l'un et l'autre disparurent après les élections de l'an V : L'Observateur parce que les « réacteurs » les gagnèrent, Le Journal parce que le « coup d'État » de fructidor en renversa les résultats.
Appliquer une loi sociale en France sous la Convention. La mise en œuvre de la loi du 13 septembre 1793
Authors: Teyssier Eric
Published: May 2009

Éric Teyssier, Appliquer une loi sociale en France sous la Convention. La mise en oeuvre de la loi du 13 septembre 1793.

Établissant son champ de recherche en Ardèche et dans le district de Grenoble, l'auteur fait la critique de l'historiographie sur la vente des biens des émigrés. Il soutient, à l'aide de multiples exemples locaux, que la loi était applicable et qu'elle fut appliquée là où il y eut convergence d'une forte demande d'acheteurs modestes et de la bonne volonté des administrateurs de district. Pour E. Teyssier, l'échec de la loi est à mettre au compte de la timidité de la Convention qui n'a pas su encourager l'ensemble des districts à appliquer la loi.