bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychological Distress and Quality of Life in Families With a Germline CDKN2A Pathogenic Variant
Authors: Onnekink A. M. , Klatte D. C. F. , van Hooft J. E. , van den Berg S. H. , van der Zwaan S. M. S. , van Doorn R. , Hinnen S. C. H. , Potjer T. P. , Bleiker E. M. A. , van Leerdam M. E.
Published: February 2025

Background

Individuals with a germline CDKN2A pathogenic variant (PV) have an increased lifetime risk of melanoma and pancreatic cancer. It is unknown whether the CDKN2A PV impacts quality of life (QoL). Therefore we aimed to assess QoL and psychological distress in families affected by the PV.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included confirmed carriers and those with a 50% likelihood of carrying the PV (at‐risk carriers) under cancer surveillance who were invited to complete a one‐time questionnaire. Both confirmed and at‐risk carriers are offered skin surveillance, whereas only confirmed carriers aged 40 years or older can participate in pancreatic surveillance.

Results

In total, 59/247 (24%) individuals under skin surveillance only (skin surveillance group) and 188/290 (65%) individuals under both skin and pancreatic cancer surveillance (pancreatic surveillance group) responded. In both surveillance groups, health‐related QoL and general distress levels were within the general population norms. However, more than 40% of all study participants reported melanoma‐related distress. Pancreatic cancer‐related distress was experienced by 45% of the pancreatic surveillance group. Determinants of cancer‐related distress were a first‐degree relative with melanoma or pancreatic cancer, increased cancer risk perception, and poor general health perception. Over 80% of the participants felt that the benefits of cancer surveillance outweigh the disadvantages.

Conclusion

In conclusion, confirmed and at‐risk carriers of the CDKN2A PV under cancer surveillance experienced similar levels of QoL and general distress compared to the general population. However, cancer‐related worry was substantial in this population. These findings can help identify individuals who may benefit from psychological support.
Mixed‐Type Multiobjective Nondifferentiable Symmetric Duality Programming Problem Over Arbitrary Cones
Authors: Balram  , Jaiswal Shubham , Dubey Ramu
Published: February 2025

In the present article, we formulate mixed‐type multiobjective nondifferentiable symmetric duality over cone and derive the duality results under ‐‐convex and ‐‐pseudoconvex. Also, we give non‐trivial examples of ‐‐convex and ‐‐pseudoconvex and show that every ‐‐convex need not be ‐‐pseudoconvex. We give non‐trivial examples of some basic definitions used in this research area. Also, some graphs are used to understand the information better. The outcomes we obtained expand upon several earlier discoveries in the field.
Asymmetry analysis of nuclear Overhauser enhancement effect at ‐1.6 ppm in ischemic stroke
Authors: Zhao Yu , Afzal Aqeela , Zu Zhongliang
Published: February 2025

Background

The nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE)‐mediated saturation transfer effect at ‐1.6 ppm, termed NOE(‐1.6 ppm), has demonstrated potential for detecting ischemic stroke. However, the quantification of the NOE(‐1.6 ppm) effect usually relies on a multiple‐pool Lorentzian fit method, which necessitates a time‐consuming acquisition of the entire chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) Z‐spectrum with high‐frequency resolution, thus hindering its clinical applications.

Purpose

This study aims to assess the feasibility of employing asymmetry analysis, a rapid CEST data acquisition and analysis method, for quantifying the NOE(‐1.6 ppm) effect in an animal model of ischemic stroke.

Methods

We examined potential contaminations from guanidinium/amine CEST, NOE(‐3.5 ppm), and asymmetric magnetization transfer (MT) effects, which could reduce the specificity of the asymmetry analysis of NOE(‐1.6 ppm). First, a Lorentzian difference (LD) analysis was used to mitigate direct water saturation and MT effects, providing separate estimations of the contributions from the guanidinium/amine CEST and NOE effects. Then, the asymmetry analysis of the LD fitted spectrum was compared with the asymmetry analysis of the raw CEST Z‐spectrum to evaluate the contribution of the asymmetric MT effect at ‐1.6 ppm.

Results

Results show that the variations of the LD quantified NOE(‐1.6 ppm) in stroke lesions are much greater than that of the CEST signals at +1.6 ppm and NOE(‐3.5 ppm), suggesting that NOE(‐1.6 ppm) has a dominating contribution to the asymmetry analysis at ‐1.6 ppm compared with the guanidinium/amine CEST and NOE(‐3.5 ppm) in ischemic stroke. The NOE(‐1.6 ppm) variations in the asymmetry analysis of the raw CEST Z‐spectrum are close to those in the asymmetry analysis of the LD fitted spectrum, revealing that the NOE(‐1.6 ppm) dominates over the asymmetric MT effects.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that the asymmetry analysis can quantify the NOE(‐1.6 ppm) contrast in ischemic stroke with high specificity, thus presenting a viable alternative for rapid mapping of ischemic stroke.
Electrodiagnostic Assessment of Peri‐Procedural Iatrogenic Peripheral Nerve Injuries and Rehabilitation
Authors: Seidel Geoffrey K. , Vocelle Amber R. , Ackers Ian S. , Scott Kenneth A. , Carl Curtis A. , Bradt Barent A. G. , Dumitru Daniel , Andary Michael T.
Published: February 2025

Iatrogenic nerve injuries are a significant concern for medical professionals and the patients affected. Peri‐procedural nerve injuries result in functional deficits associated with pain and disability. The exact pathophysiology and etiology of peri‐procedural nerve injuries are complex and often elude providers. The rates of injury to specific nerves are unclear and relate to both procedural and patient specific risk factors. Initial classification of the nerve injury into neurapraxia, axonotmesis, mixed nerve injury, or possible complete transection (neurotmesis) guides rehabilitation and management. Electrodiagnostic medical consultation at least four weeks post‐injury, supplemented with nerve imaging (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging), can allow for accurate nerve injury classification. Supplemented with nerve imaging and detailed clinical evaluation, treatment, recovery and rehabilitation can be maximized. Recognizing nerves at risk associated with medical and surgical procedures can facilitate injury avoidance and early diagnosis. If a nerve injury is incomplete, in an optimized physiologic milieu (good glucose control, smoking cessation, etc.), there is a good potential for spontaneous (total or partial) improvement over time. Surgical referral should be considered for severe nerve injuries within 6 months, especially if there is concern for neurotmesis, and/or deteriorating nerve function. This review gives guidance for approaching peri‐procedural peripheral nerve injuries, including the timing and the role of electrodiagnostic medical consultation including serial electrodiagnostic studies in management and rehabilitation.
Relationship Between the First Undisturbed Sleep Period and Diuretic and Urine Storage States of the First Void After Sleep
Authors: Akashi Yasunori , Miki Koji , Kiba Keisuke , Yamamoto Yutaka , Fujita Kazutoshi , Hirayama Akihide
Published: February 2025

Objective

To explore why older men awaken to urinate within 3 h after falling asleep, we examined diuretic and urine storage states associated with the first void after falling asleep.

Methods

We enrolled 102 male patients, 50 years or older, hospitalized for prostate biopsy between November 2021 and September 2023. Patients were grouped based on their first undisturbed sleep period (FUSP): FUSP < 3 h or FUSP ≥ 3 h. A 24‐h frequency‐volume chart (FVC) was recorded. Urinary sodium, creatinine, and osmolality were measured from the first urine after sleep and upon waking. Free water clearance (FWC) and sodium clearance (SC) of the first urine after sleep were recorded. The urine storage state was calculated as the ratio of urine volume at first nocturnal voiding to the maximum voided volume (VV) according to 24‐h FVC.

Results

Overall, 86 cases were analyzed. FWC was elevated in the first urine after sleep. It was significantly higher in the FUSP < 3 h group (p = 0.041). SC was elevated in the FUSP < 3 h group for both the first urine after sleep and the urine upon waking. The urine storage state tended to be lower in the FUSP < 3 h group (p = 0.057). Multivariate analysis revealed that FWC, SC, and the urine storage state independently associated with FUSP < 3 h.

Conclusion

Decreased urine storage function, increased water diuresis, and increased sodium diuresis in the first urine after sleep are independent factors associated with FUSP < 3 h. Management of these factors may improve nocturia.

Trial Registration

Institutional Review Board Certification Number: 679.
Neonatal Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Retrospective Study of Management and Follow‐Up at One Institution
Authors: Jain Suhani , Maurer Lisa , Cooper James , Correa Debra , McCormick Meghan , Devine Kaitlin , Close Allison , Braverman Erica , Squires Judy , Ritchey Arthur Kim , Nolfi‐Donegan Deirdre
Published: February 2025

Background

Management of neonatal portal vein thrombosis (PVT), a relatively common type of pediatric deep vein thrombosis, is not completely standardized. Questions remain about the benefit of anticoagulation (ATC) therapy and about the optimal frequency and duration of doppler ultrasound (US) surveillance for liver complications such as portal hypertension and gastrointestinal bleeding. Current guidelines suggest reserving ATC only for occlusive PVT, highlighting a need for explicit grading of PVT in radiologic reports and a consensus approach to imaging and management.

Methods

To address these issues, we implemented an institutional Neonatal PVT Management Algorithm using plan–do–study–act (PDSA) methodology. We aimed to standardize screening tests, reduce unnecessary ATC, and optimize imaging checkpoints. A five‐year retrospective review established baseline data, which we compared to outcomes five years post‐implementation of the algorithm.

Results

The algorithm recommended ATC only for occlusive PVT and advised US imaging at Week 1, Month 1, Month 3, and Month 6 from diagnosis, with annual surveillance for unresolved or abnormal cases. Post‐implementation analysis revealed improvements in radiologic documentation of PVT grading, a reduction in the use of ATC for subocclusive PVT, and a decrease in the median duration of ATC for all patients. Follow‐up imaging adherence did not improve between the pre‐ and post‐implementation periods.

Conclusions

The algorithm successfully enhanced documentation of PVT grading and reduced unnecessary ATC but highlighted persistent challenges in follow‐up adherence, suggesting a need for further refinement in future PDSA cycles.
The Lived Experience of Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Parents: A Multi‐National Study of Access to Survivorship Care and Information and Support Needs
Authors: McLoone Jordana K. , Wakefield Claire E. , Glasson N. , Wiener Lori , Ortiz R. , Ilbawi Andre , Schilstra Clarissa E. , Hoffman Ruth , Cayrol Julie
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Lifelong follow‐up care for childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is recommended and ideally involves both medical and psychosocial care. It is important for CCS and their families to be adequately informed about what to expect after cancer treatment completion to ensure they receive appropriate care. This study aimed to describe patterns of access to survivorship care among a multi‐national sample, as well as examine unmet information and support needs, for CCS and their parents.

Method

An online survey, developed by pediatric psycho‐oncology experts and people with lived experience of pediatric cancer, was distributed by the World Health Organization. This study presents a subanalysis from these data.

Results

Participants included 102 parents of CCS (94 females, mean age 45 years, mean time since child's diagnosis 9 years), and 43 CCS (28 females, mean age 31 years, mean time since diagnosis 21 years) from 17 countries. Thirty‐five percent of CCS (13/37) were not accessing survivorship care. Most parents (95%; 97/102) and CCS (76%; 31/41) reported a desire for discussion of emotional impacts following cancer treatment completion; however, this did not occur for 69% (70/102) of parents and 46% (19/41) of CCS. Additionally, 92% (93/102) of parents and 83% (33/41) of CCS reported an unmet need for more information about what to expect after cancer treatment. Most CCS (54%; 22/41) reported feeling “somewhat—not at all” supported by healthcare professionals in the period after cancer treatment.

Conclusion

Discussions regarding emotional well‐being and ongoing needs post treatment are lacking in cancer survivorship care worldwide.
The Flow Method: An improved Hazard and Operability Study methodology
Authors: Smith Craig , Morris Brandon , Memmott James , Azimi Reza , Hanson Joel , Brown Scott S.
Published: February 2025

The traditional Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a well‐established methodology in the chemical industry for hazard identification and risk analysis, also known as Process Hazard Analysis (PHA). However, its deviation‐based approach can lead to inefficiencies, fragmented reviews, and increased team fatigue. The Process Flow Failure Modes Analysis (PFFM) was introduced as an efficient alternative, evaluating risk based on the natural process flow, and recognizing that each piece of equipment has knowable failure modes. However, PFFM's limitations include the intensive preparation and the qualitative nature of the evaluation, leaving potential for missed risks. Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA), a more quantitative method, typically relies on HAZOP results, which increases team resource usage. This paper introduces the “Flow Method,” an evolved and optimized blend of HAZOP, PFFM, and LOPA. By integrating additional tools, the Flow Method enhances the overall PHA process, resulting in streamlined, and consistent studies with unparalleled thoroughness. With over 200 studies conducted across 25 production sites and terminals, Nutrien has now adopted the Flow Method for all PHA studies. This paper presents comparative data from multiple studies and locations, demonstrating the Flow Method's effectiveness and its potential to revolutionize process safety analysis in the chemical industry.
IAMPDB: A Knowledgebase of Manually Curated Insects‐Derived Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Mondal Rajat Kumar , Tripathi Prabhat , Mondal Rudra Prasad , Sen Debarup , Arya Ankish , Karmakar Debayan , Pal Oshin , Dey Avijit , Samanta Sintu Kumar
Published: February 2025

Insects, a majority of animal species, rely on innate immunity and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are a part of their innate immunity, to combat diverse parasites and pathogens. These peptides have applications ranging from agriculture to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, there is a lack of a specialized database, prompting the development of the Insect Antimicrobial Peptide Database (IAMPDB) as a pioneering comprehensive Knowledgebase dedicated to insect‐derived antimicrobial peptides (IAMPs), serving as a resource for researchers and industry professionals. Curated from UniProt and associated literature(s), IAMPDB currently houses 438 curated entries of IAMPs from various insect species, spanning 10 taxonomical orders of insects. Each entry is meticulously annotated with details on peptide sequence, source organism, activities, physicochemical properties, and more. IAMPDB offers a user‐friendly interface with diverse search options, interactive visualizations, and links to external databases; advanced tools, including a peptide sequence alignment toolbox and a peptide feature calculation toolbox, facilitating sequence alignment, physicochemical property calculation, and in‐depth analysis. The knowledgebase is accessible online (at URL https://bblserver.org.in/iampdb/).
Assessing forecast benefits of future constellations of microwave sounders on small satellites using an ensemble of data assimilations
Authors: Lean Katie , Bormann Niels , Healy Sean , English Stephen , Schüttemeyer Dirk , Drusch Matthias
Published: February 2025

The ensemble of data assimilations (EDA) method is employed to evaluate the expected impact of a wide range of potential future constellations of passive microwave (MW) sounders on small satellites for global numerical weather prediction. Such constellations are expected to become an important component of the future observing system, complementing a backbone of larger, high‐performance platforms and allowing unprecedented temporal sampling. Twelve constellations are investigated to probe key aspects of the constellation design: number of satellites (ranging from 8 to 20), types of orbits (sun synchronous, mid‐inclination), and channel complement (183 GHz humidity‐sounding capabilities only versus combining these with temperature‐sounding capability around 50 GHz). The small‐satellite data and accompanying errors are simulated, using an all‐sky framework, and the relative benefits from adding the different constellations to the observing system are measured by the reduction in the spread of the ensemble members, reflecting improvement to the forecast uncertainties. Results suggest continued benefit from adding MW‐sounding observations beyond currently available observations. The EDA spread reduction for different variables (e.g., wind and geopotential height) and different pressure levels is already significant using the smallest constellation considered, adding eight satellites to a four‐satellite baseline of existing MW‐sounding instruments. The EDA spread reduction continues as further observations are added, although the rate of reduction slows significantly, especially where scenarios use only humidity‐sounding channels. Use of temperature‐sounding channels gives significant added benefit over humidity sounding only, generally 2–3 and 1.5–2 times larger in the extratropics and Tropics respectively. Different behaviour in the relative magnitudes and rates of EDA spread reduction is seen between the extratropics and Tropics, which can be attributed to different physical processes and different error growth. This study was unable to provide conclusive results on the choice of polar orbits only, mid‐inclination orbits only, or a mix of orbit types.
The Completion Numbers of Hamiltonicity and Pancyclicity in Random Graphs
Authors: Alon Yahav , Anastos Michael
Published: February 2025

Let denote the minimum number of edges whose addition to results in a Hamiltonian graph, and let denote the minimum number of edges whose addition to results in a pancyclic graph. We study the distributions of in the context of binomial random graphs. Letting , we prove that there exists a function of order such that, if with , then with high probability . Let denote the number of degree vertices in . A trivial lower bound on is given by the expression . We show that in the random graph process with high probability there exist times , both of order , such that for every and for every . The time can be characterized as the smallest for which contains less than copies of a certain problematic subgraph. In particular, this implies that the hitting time for the existence of a Hamilton path is equal to the hitting time of with high probability. For the binomial random graph, this implies that if and , then, with high probability, . For completion to pancyclicity, we show that if and , then, with high probability, . Finally, we present a polynomial time algorithm such that, if and , then, with high probability, the algorithm returns a set of edges of size whose addition to results in a pancyclic (and therefore also Hamiltonian) graph.
Sustainable Tourism and SDGs in the South Caucasus
Authors: Martins Flavio , Sitchinava Tatiana , Keryan Tigran , Mitrofanenko Alexander , Stefanelli Nelson , Guigoz Yaniss
Published: February 2025

This study examines sustainable tourism practices in the South Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) through the lens of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A scoping literature review was conducted, analyzing academic papers from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Content analysis and expert validation were employed to map synergies and trade‐offs between sustainable tourism practices and the 169 SDG targets. The analysis of 94 papers reveals 434 connections, comprising 276 synergies and 158 trade‐offs. Notable synergies were identified with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The study highlights region‐specific challenges and opportunities, including the need for water resource management in Azerbaijan and the potential of wine tourism in Georgia. Findings underscore the importance of cross‐border cooperation and tailored approaches to SDG implementation, considering each country's distinct characteristics. The research contributes to understanding the complex interactions between sustainable tourism and SDGs in the South Caucasus, offering insights for policymakers and stakeholders.
How does artificial intelligence improve human decision‐making? Evidence from the AI‐powered Go program
Authors: Choi Sukwoong , Kang Hyo , Kim Namil , Kim Junsik
Published: February 2025

Research Summary

We study how humans learn from artificial intelligence (AI), leveraging an introduction of an AI‐powered Go program (APG) that unexpectedly outperformed the best professional player. We compare the move quality of professional players to APG's superior solutions around its public release. Our analysis of 749,190 moves demonstrates significant improvements in players' move quality, especially in the early stages of the game where uncertainty is highest. This improvement was accompanied by a higher alignment with AI's suggestions and a decreased number and magnitude of errors. Young players show greater improvement, suggesting potential inequality in learning from AI. Further, while players of all skill levels benefit, less skilled players gain higher marginal benefits. These findings have implications for managers seeking to adopt and utilize AI in their organizations.

Managerial Abstract

We examine how professionals can learn from artificial intelligence (AI) by studying an AI‐powered Go program (APG) that outperformed the best professional player. By analyzing 749,190 moves, we find that players' move quality improved significantly, closely aligning with the AI's recommendations. The number and magnitude of errors also decreased. This learning effect was particularly strong early in the game where decisions are more uncertain. Young players showed greater effect, suggesting that learning from AI may vary by age. While players of all skill levels benefited, those with less skill saw the greatest improvement. These findings highlight the instructional role of AI and offer guidance on how to effectively integrate AI into organizations to enhance worker performance across different age groups and skill levels.
Regulating Rotational Dynamics of Co‐Adsorbed Guest Molecules via Halogen Bonds in Functionalized Pores of Self‐Assembled Molecular Networks at the Liquid‐Solid Interface
Authors: Machida Yoshihito , Katsu Akitoshi , De Feyter Steven , Tahara Kazukuni
Published: February 2025

Understanding and controlling molecular rotation on surfaces is crucial for the development of molecular‐scale artificial motors that operate at interfaces. Herein, it is reported the successful co‐adsorption of guest molecules within the functionalized 2D pores of self‐assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) through directional halogen bonding, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Specifically, the porous SAMN formed by dehydrobenzo[12]annulene derivative DBA‐Py with a pyridyl group at the termini of its three alkoxy chains, hosts an iodinated trigonal guest molecule, tris(4‐iodophenyl)benzene (TIB), through a halogen bond between the nitrogen and iodine atoms. Within the pores, the TIB molecule exhibits rotational motion, preferentially residing at two locations. In contrast, within the pores formed by a mixture of DBA‐Py and DBA‐Ph, where DBA‐Ph features three phenyl groups instead of pyridyl groups, the guest molecule preferentially resides in a single location. This behavior is attributed to the reduced number of energy minima within the pores owing to the decreased number of pyridyl units. Statistical analysis of the guest orientation suggests that the on‐surface arrangement of DBA‐Py and DBA‐Ph is influenced by the guest molecule. This modular approach using functionalized pores in SAMNs provides an effective strategy for controlling molecular rotational behavior.
Over 20% Efficiency in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Open‐Circuit Voltage via a Multifunctional Ionic Liquid
Authors: Zhang Yang , Chen Yiwen , Liu Yan , Cai Yongxiang , Liu Yunxiang , Wu Chenshu , Wang Jinjiang , Zhang Zheling , Wang Dongjie , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2025

The large open‐circuit voltage (VOC) losses limit the enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) in printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p‐MPSCs). These losses primarily result from the high defect density at perovskite grain boundaries within the mesoporous scaffold, which promotes non‐radiative recombination. In this study, the crystallization improvement and defect modulation of perovskite is promoted by adopting a multifunctional ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMMIm[OTF]). The imidazolium ions in BMMIm[OTF] form hydrogen bonds with the PbI64− framework and coordinate with under‐coordinated lead ions through S═O bonds. These interactions synergistically improve the crystallinity of perovskite films and optimize energy level alignment at the perovskite/carbon electrode interface. This improved interface facilitates more efficient charge transfer and extraction while reducing non‐radiative recombination. As a result, the champion p‐MPSCs incorporating BMMIm[OTF] achieve a PCE of 20.02% and a VOC of 1.055 V, significantly outperforming control devices with a VOC of 0.965 V. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of BMMIm[OTF] enhances device stability. This research provides a practical strategy for developing efficient and durable p‐MPSCs.
Hierarchical Nanoporous Carbons with an Integrated Activation Using 3D Flower‐Like ZnO Microspheres and KOH for Flexible EDL Capacitor with a High Operating Potential
Authors: Balamurugan Ramalingam , Chandra Bose Arumugam , Vinu Ajayan
Published: February 2025

Activated nanoporous carbons are widely used in various applications, where their efficiency is largely determined by their specific surface area and pore structure. Traditional KOH‐assisted chemical activation methods primarily produce micropores, limiting the performance of these porous carbons in applications requiring a hierarchical arrangement of micro, meso, and macropores. This study introduces a novel integrated activation strategy using 3D flower‐like microsphere (3DFM) ZnO and KOH to synthesize nanoporous carbons from Sesbania Grandiflora side shoots. The porous nanosheet tips and microsphere bulk of 3DFM‐ZnO generate mesopores and macropores, while KOH induces microporosity, resulting in a hierarchical structure with an ultrahigh specific surface area of 4114 m2 g−1. The fabricated activated carbon electrodes with the combination of macro, meso, and micropores exhibit high specific capacitances of 672 F g−1 for the positive electrode and 756 F g−1 for the negative electrode. The performance of electrodes is optimized with the proper selection of electrolytic ions for positive and negative electrodes. A high operating potential window of 2.7 V is achieved in a symmetric device through charge‐balanced mass loading. The fabricated flexible electric double‐layer capacitor demonstrates a maximum specific energy of 128.2 W h kg−1 at a specific power of 1.35 kW kg−1.
An Empirical Study on the Effects of Jayvee, a Domain‐Specific Language for Data Engineering, on Understanding Data Pipeline Architectures
Authors: Heltweg Philip , Schwarz Georg‐Daniel , Riehle Dirk , Quast Felix
Published: February 2025

A large part of data science projects is spent on data engineering. Especially in open data contexts, data quality issues are prevalent and are often tackled by non‐professional programmers. We introduce and evaluate Jayvee, a domain‐specific language for data engineering aimed at reducing barriers to building data pipelines. We show that a structured DSL can have positive effects on speed, ease of use, and quality for data engineering by non‐professional developers. For this, we present an empirical quantitative study, in which we compare the performance of students as proxies for non‐professional programmers using Jayvee with Python and Pandas. We search for reasons for the empirical findings using a follow‐up interview study on how using a DSL changes how non‐professional programmers build data pipelines. Participants solve a subset of tasks faster, more easily, and with higher quality when using Jayvee compared to Python. Interviewees describe tradeoffs regarding the DSL's more limited features, stricter code structure, and explicit descriptions. Jayvee is found to be more approachable, which leads to a more guided development flow. New data engineering languages should provide good tooling and documentation, plan how to visualize intermediate data and consider new development workflows involving tools like ChatGPT to find adoption.
Optimization of Eutectic Carbide Inhomogeneity in M42 High‐Speed Steel through Machine Learning and Finite‐Element Modeling
Authors: Yuan Qiangqiang , Yin Haiqing , Wang Yongwei , Sun Ruixia , Qiao Zheqi , Zhang Cong , Zhang Ruijie , Khan Dil Faraz , Li Dong , Liang Jingbin , Qu Xuanhui
Published: February 2025

The optimization of forging processes in M42 high‐speed steel is crucial for enhancing its microstructure and mechanical properties, particularly in reducing eutectic carbide inhomogeneity. In this study, machine learning (ML) is integrated with finite‐element modeling (FEM) to address the challenges of process parameter optimization in large‐sized ingots. The random forest algorithm is employed to predict the inhomogeneity of eutectic carbides using strain variables derived from FEM simulations as input features. The optimized process, validated through experimental analysis, demonstrates a significant improvement in carbide fragmentation, leading to a more uniform distribution of fine precipitates. The optimized M42 steel exhibits superior mechanical properties, with yield and compressive strengths increasing by ≈115 MPa and 305 MPa compared to the prior forging process. In the results, the efficacy of ML‐driven optimization is underscored in achieving a refined microstructure and enhanced material performance, offering a promising approach for industrial applications of high‐speed steel.
In‐Plane Directional MoS2 Emitter Employing Dielectric Nanowire Cavity
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexey , Anikina Maria Aleksandrovna , Toksumakov Adilet Nurlanbekovich , Abramov Artem Nikolaevich , Dremov Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich , Zavyalova Eseniya , Kondratev Valeriy Mikhailovich , Fedorov Vladimir Victorovich , Mukhin Ivan Sergeevich , Kravtsov Vasily , Novoselov Kostya Sergeevich , Arsenin Aleksey Vladimirovich , Volkov Valentyn Sergeevich , Ghazaryan Davit Armenovich , Bolshakov Alexey Dmitrievich
Published: February 2025

Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) exhibit exceptional optical properties, such as strong light‐matter interaction and robust light emission. Nonetheless, their integration into conventional silicon‐based nanophotonic devices, which allow high emission efficiency is still challenging. Herein, a hybrid nanophotonic structure based on monolayer MoS2 and GaP nanowire for the enhancement of the emission and its directional outcoupling through the nanowire is presented. Furthermore, the resonant optical action of the nanowire, which leads to spectral modulation of the MoS2 photoluminescence with a remarkable Q factor exceeding 350 is investigated. The work showcases the achievement of directional in‐plane outcoupling of the 2D TMDC's photoluminescence and its remote optical excitation. These results pave the way to the development of nanoscale laser sources and on‐chip light routing for basic nanophotonic circuitry based on 2D materials.
Dynamic Catalytic Structures of Single‐Atom (or Cluster) Catalysts: A Perspective Review
Authors: Li Zesheng , Li Bolin , Yu Changlin
Published: February 2025

Academician Tao Zhang and co‐workers designed and prepared the first Pt1/FeOx “single‐atom catalysts (SACs)” in 2011, which fills the gap between homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis. The “single‐cluster catalysts (SCCs)” (e.g., triatomic clusters and multiatomic clusters) with continuous metal sites and fully exposed atomic structures exhibit unique synergistic effects and high catalytic efficiencies. The SACs and SCCs can undergo dynamic structural evolution in both geometric and electronic structures in the actual catalytic conditions. The dynamic structural evolution of the two atomic‐level catalysts presents great opportunities and challenges for the real catalytic mechanism and dynamic structural stability. Herein, a new concept of “dynamic catalytic structures (DCSs)” is proposed to illuminate these dynamic phenomena of SACs and SCCs in heterogeneous catalysis fields. Particularly, the DCSs are divided into three categories: 1) dynamic atomic structures, 2) dynamic coordinated structures, and 3) dynamic electronic structures. The scientific significances and application principles of DCSs in versatile heterogeneous catalysis fields (including the thermocatalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis) are summarized. The underlying challenges and rational proposals of DCSs for SACs and SCCs are also provided in this perspective review.
Light‐Induced Radix Modulation and Optoelectronic Synaptic Properties in Ternary‐Logic Devices
Authors: Park Chohyeon , Lim Jung Wook
Published: February 2025

Multivalued logic (MVL) devices overcome the limitations of binary computing. However, their complex structures and complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) incompatibility pose considerable challenges. Herein, a streamlined MVL device has been developed using a transistor with an oxide channel and dual‐gate dielectric, eliminating the need for a barrier junction in the channel layer. This new device supports three logic states (OFF, intermediate, and ON) through Fowler–Nordheim tunneling between the gate and source. It exhibits optoelectronic synaptic properties by leveraging the photoresponse of its constituent TiO2 channel and charge trapping at the gate dielectric/channel interface, achieving optical potentiation of 128 multistates with a linearity of 0.94. Additionally, the device can switch between ternary and binary‐logic states within a specific wavelength range. The proposed approach is a practical solution to integrating logic state switching and synaptic functions in a single device, with potential application in advanced semiconductor technologies.
Top‐Level Electromagnetic Design of Multishell Resonant Cavity for Microspherical Microwave Structural Absorbers
Authors: Li Tian , Li JiaTong , Zhi DanDan , Li Jinzhe , Deng Wenting , Zhang RunHua , Qin Renchi , Qi Qing , Park Chul B. , Ma Li , Meng Fanbin
Published: February 2025

In response to the increasing need for high‐performance microwave absorption materials (MAMs), this study introduces a multiaxis electrospinning method for synthesizing graphene‐based aerogel microspheres (GAMs) aimed at broadband microwave absorption (MA). The micro/nanostructures and shell configurations of GAMs are effectively regulated and controlled to establish a predictable structure‐properties relationship via establishing equivalent electromagnetic (EM) models. The computational simulations results of the structure–property relationship are employed as guidance to evaluate the effects of structural features, like hollow structures and multilayered shells. The analysis reveals that enhancing the hollow cavity optimizes impedance matching and promotes MA performance. Utilizing these insights, the fabricated hollow GAMs (HGAMs) achieve an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 8.1 GHz and an optimal reflection loss of −34.8 dB at 3.3 mm thickness. Further simulations involving various hierarchical structures of GAMs arranged into mono/bilayer arrays investigate the group coupling effects on MA performance through the synergistically absorptive, interferential, and resonant attenuation mechanisms. Actual MA performance examination using an arch method on HGAM bilayer arrays confirms the simulations, achieving an EAB of 15 GHz at a thickness of 7 mm. Consequently, this approach demonstrates a promising avenue for developing lightweight, nanostructured MAMs suitable for advanced applications.
Unveiling the potential of emerging microRNA panels as diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer: A review
Authors: Manoj Anveshika , Prasad Gautam , Ahmad Mohammad Kaleem
Published: February 2025

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifaceted disease that envelops 1.41 million new cases globally. It is the second most common cancer reported in men. Its heterogeneity and indolent growth, coupled with incompetent early screening methods such as serum prostate‐specific antigen level estimations and digital rectal examinations, contribute to its delayed detection, potentially leading to misdiagnosis or overtreatment. Despite the advancement in surgical methods, better management of PCa requires definitive diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics. PCa cells express microRNA (miRNA) on their surface as well as release miRNA into the bloodstream, which enables their noninvasive detection in body fluids like serum, plasma, and urine. miRNA acts as sponge for circulating RNA that regulates gene expression of crucial pathways in PCa progression. In recent years, compelling evidence indicates that the use of miRNAs, individually or in combination, in the form of miRNA panels in both tissue and body fluids, together with clinicopathological parameters, might act as a diagnostic biomarker. This will increase the accuracy of risk stratification and early screening of PCa patients under active surveillance. These findings will help differentiate aggressive PCa from indolent and decipher novel therapeutic findings. We have put together a review of studies that have found and confirmed miRNA panels in PCa tissue and PCa liquid biopsies (serum, plasma, and urine exosomes), with a focus on how they might help patients.
Multi-parametric [18F]PI-2620 tau PET/MRI for the phenotyping of different Alzheimer’s disease variants
Authors: Rullmann Michael , Henssen Dylan , Melasch Juliana T. , Scherlach Cordula , Saur Dorothee , Schroeter Matthias L. , Tiepolt Solveig , Koglin Norman , Stephens Andrew W. , Hesse Swen , Strauss Maria , Brendel Matthias , Mishchenko Olena , Schildan Andreas , Classen Joseph , Hoffmann Karl-Titus , Sabri Osama , Barthel Henryk ,   for the German Imaging Initiative for Tauopathies (GII4T)
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Heterogeneity in clinical phenotypes has led to the description of different phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Besides the most frequent amnestic variant of AD (aAD), patients presenting with language deficits are diagnosed with logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), whereas patients presenting with visual deficits are classified as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA).

Methods

This study set out to investigate the value of a multi-parametric [18F]PI-2620 tau PET/MRI protocol to distinguish aAD, lvPPA and PCA to support clinical diagnosis in 32 patients. Phenotype-specific information about tau accumulation, relative perfusion, grey matter density, functional network alterations and white matter microstructural alterations was collected.

Results

The aAD patients showed significantly higher tau accumulation, relative hypoperfusion and grey matter density loss in the temporal lobes compared to PCA and lvPPA patients. PCA patients, on the other hand, showed significantly higher tau accumulation in the occipital lobe as compared to aAD patients. Relative hypoperfusion in the occipital lobe and loss of functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex to supplementary visual cortical regions helped to distinguish PCA from lvPPA. Tau accumulation in the cerebellum and microstructural changes in the cingulum were found to help differentiate lvPPA from aAD.

Conclusion

This study highlights structural and functional differences between patients with different AD phenotypes. Differences in regional tau PET signals suggest that refinements in the Braak staging system are needed for the non-aAD cases. These patterns of tau accumulation align with the cascading network failure hypothesis, though more research is needed to warrant the here presented results in larger patient cohorts.
Radiomics for differentiating radiation-induced brain injury from recurrence in gliomas: systematic review, meta-analysis, and methodological quality evaluation using METRICS and RQS
Authors: Kocak Burak , Mese Ismail , Ates Kus Ece
Published: February 2025

Objective

To systematically evaluate glioma radiomics literature on differentiating between radiation-induced brain injury and tumor recurrence.

Methods

Literature was searched on PubMed and Web of Science (end date: May 7, 2024). Quality of eligible papers was assessed using METhodological RadiomICs Score (METRICS) and Radiomics Quality Score (RQS). Reliability of quality scoring tools were analyzed. Meta-analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis were performed.

Results

Twenty-seven papers were included in the qualitative assessment. Mean average METRICS score and RQS percentage score across three readers was 57% (SD, 14%) and 16% (SD, 12%), respectively. Score-wise inter-rater agreement for METRICS ranged from poor to excellent, while RQS demonstrated moderate to excellent agreement. Item-wise agreement was moderate for both tools. Meta-analysis of 11 eligible studies yielded an estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.832 (95% CI, 0.757–0.908), with significant heterogeneity (I
2 = 91%) and no statistical publication bias (p = 0.051). Meta-regression did not identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis revealed high heterogeneity across all subgroups, with the lowest I
2 at 68% in studies with proper validation and higher quality scores. Statistical publication bias was generally not significant, except in the subgroup with the lowest heterogeneity (p = 0.044). However, most studies in both qualitative analysis (26/27; 96%) and primary meta-analysis (10/11; 91%) reported positive effects of radiomics, indicating high non-statistical publication bias.

Conclusion

While a good performance was noted for radiomics, results should be interpreted cautiously due to heterogeneity, publication bias, and quality issues thoroughly examined in this study.

Key Points

Question

Radiomic literature on distinguishing radiation-induced brain injury from glioma recurrence lacks systematic reviews and meta-analyses that assess methodological quality using radiomics-specific tools.

Findings

While the results are encouraging, there was substantial heterogeneity, publication bias toward positive findings, and notable concerns regarding methodological quality.

Clinical relevance

Meta-analysis results need cautious interpretation due to significant problems detected during the analysis (e.g., suboptimal quality, heterogeneity, bias), which may help explain why radiomics has not yet been translated into clinical practice.

Graphical Abstract
Potential of photon-counting detector CT technology for contrast medium reduction in portal venous phase thoracoabdominal CT
Authors: Popp Daniel , Siedlecki Martin , Friedrich Lena , Haerting Mark , Scheurig-Muenkler Christian , Schwarz Florian , Kroencke Thomas , Bette Stefanie , Decker Josua A.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To compare image quality and iodine attenuation intra-individually in portal venous phase photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) scans using protocols with different contrast medium (CM) volume.

Materials and methods

A prospectively acquired patient cohort between 04/2021 and 11/2023 was retrospectively screened if patients had the following combination of portal venous phase thoracoabdominal CT scans: (a) PCD-CT with 120 mL CM volume (PCD-CT120 mL), (b) PCD-CT with 100 mL CM volume (PCD-CT100 mL), and (c) prior energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) with 120 mL CM volume. On PCD-CT, virtual monoenergetic image (VMI) reconstructions at 70 keV were applied for both groups as well as additional VMI at 60 keV for PCD‑CT100 mL. Quantitative analyses including signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and qualitative analyses were performed using a mixed linear effects model.

Results

The final study cohort comprised 49 patients (mean age 67 [31–86] years, 12 female). Comparison to EID-CT was available in 33 patients. In standard 70 keV VMI reconstructions, PCD-CT100 mL was non-inferior to PCD-CT120 mL as well as to EID-CT120 mL for CNR in abdominal organs (all p > 0.050). The mixed linear effects model revealed significant differences between contrast volume groups for both contrast enhancement and image quality ratings. PCD-CT100 mL/70 keV demonstrated the smallest deviation from optimal contrast enhancement (−0.306, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

In portal venous phase thoracoabdominal PCD-CT, a nearly 17% reduction in CM was achievable while maintaining subjective and objective image quality compared to prior higher CM volume PCD-CT scans within the same patients and still surpassing image quality of previous exams on an EID-CT system.

Key Points

Question

How do image quality and iodine attenuation intra-individually compare in portal venous phase photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) scans using protocols with different contrast medium volume.

Findings

PCD-CT scans exhibit superior quantitative and qualitative image quality compared to energy-integrating detector-CT acquisitions and are not negatively affected by contrast volume reductions up to 17%.

Clinical relevance

This study provides further evidence that PCD-CT enables a considerable reduction in iodine dose for portal venous phase acquisition, benefiting both patients and healthcare system costs.