bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Ey İnsanlar!’ ve ‘Ey İman Edenler!’ İlahî Hitaplarıyla Kimler Kastediliyor? Mukātil b. Süleyman Tefsiri Kapsamında Bir İnceleme
Authors: Aydemir Mehmet
Published: September 2023

The branch of science that studies the types of addresses in the Qur’ān is Khitāb al-Qur’ān. In this paper, we will examine the address forms “O mankind!” and “O you who believe!” which are repeated many times in the Qur’ān. These addresses have been interpreted in different ways by the scholars. The most prominent of these today is “Is the Qur’ān an address or a text?” discussion. The Qur’ān is an address that was revealed in the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century. This address was transfered into a book shortly after the death of the prophet. As a result of the canonization and the rule that “the specificity of the reason does not prevent the generality of the judgment”, which was later put forward by the procedural scholars, the Qur’ān has been subjected to a supra historical reading, but the culture of the period in which it was revealed and the reasons for which the verses were revealed were often ignored. It is on this basis that this paper aims to reveal whether the two addresses in question in the context of Muqātil's tafsīr refer to the people in the revelation period of the Qur'ān since it is the first complete tafsīr that we have received and because it gives a lot of place to the reasons for the revelation of the verses and clearly states who they are addressed to. We have prepared the indications of these addresses in tables. Within this scope, first of all, we determined the places where these two addresses are mentioned in the Qur’ān. Afterwards, we determined who is meant by these addresses adhering to Muqātil’s tafsīr. We touched upon the views of scholars on the nature of these addresses and to whom they signified. As a result of examination, we have come to the conclusion that the general belief that all people are meant by the address of “Oh, people!” and the Muslims who believe in Muhammad is meant by the address of “Oh, you who believe” is not correct. The information conveyed by Muqātil or the information given directly by him emphasizes that “O mankind!”, refers to the infidels of Mecca living in the Meccan period or particular people, and “O you who believe!” refers to hypocrites and other religious groups living in the Medinan period. This result revealed that the views that prove the universality of the Qur’ān on the basis of “O mankind!” address are not correct. In this case, it can be considered as a sign that the universality of the Qur’ān should be examined not through the verses but through the practices of the Prophet. It is among the findings that Muqātil's tafsîr clearly argues that the Qur’ān is an address.
Yeni Bir Zenginlik Kaynağı Olarak Veri ve Geleceği
Authors: Çelik Murat
Published: September 2023

With the penetration of information technologies into the general life, there have been serious changes in human behavior. These changes have been sociological in the sense of social life, psychological in the sense of the personal situation, and so on. Technologies have become cheap, widespread and accessible, first the facts, understandings and behaviors, then the rules, ways of doing business and the law have started to change. Such changes have led to fundamental changes in social, economic and political institutions. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the changing position and nature of data and the fundamental change in the meaning attributed to it. In this way, it is aimed to reveal the development of data as a new asset that enables economic change and whose legal boundaries are drawn rather than being a mere technological product. For this purpose, it is evaluated how information has turned into an economic and strategic value, and it is discussed what kind of quality it will turn into in time. Relevant publications in the fields of information, data, economics and law are utilised to provide evidence for the discussion. In order for the discussion to reach a qualified conclusion, firstly, the values or assets used in exchange, power and purchase throughout history are discussed. Then, it is emphasised how these assets gain and represent this power, and their social, psychological and economic backgrounds are examined. After the ground of thought is established, the data, which is known as the smallest part of the information, is emphasised and its qualitative and quantitative characteristics are investigated. Then, whether data can be a source of economic, political and sociological power is discussed, and whether it can turn into a source of wealth such as commodities and precious metals is compared. In the end, the possible status of the issue in the near future is discussed and a proposal is made to those concerned.
Sosyal Bilim Disiplini / Araştırma Programı Olarak Felsefe Günümüze Ne Söyler?
Authors: Türer Celal
Published: September 2023

It is known that the theory of science deals with the natural sciences and even constructs its own special field of study according to the natural sciences. However, the debates on the nature and method of social sciences in the nineteenth century and the philosophical orientations in the twentieth century brought up the fundamental problem of science again. Philosophy has had to intervene in the process due to the changes and shocks that have emerged in the natural and social sciences. Because the ground on which science is based and the gains it has achieved as a result of deep research processes have not revealed a situation that can build or legitimize its own foundation. No ground was found to substantiate the claim that science is "the only reliable method of arriving at the truth about the nature of things." At this point, a new epistemological (i.e., philosophical) orientation was needed. In addition, philosophy's handling of the sciences in a new way, examining and analyzing the presuppositions of science more carefully than ever before, has created a new common ground between philosophy and science. Despite this background, there have been approaches to fill the mentioned void without philosophy. For example, "neopositivism" or "logical empiricism", which emerged with the work of the Vienna Circle in the 1930s, voiced its claim to be an alternative to classical epistemology and displayed an anti-philosophical attitude. However, in the final analysis, these attempts could not meet the need for philosophy in the field of science. Abandoning the idea that philosophy today can develop a 'final terminology' that transcends all other terminologies, it is a research program that accompanies all fields of human research with a critical approach and analyzes the nature of these fields; It is necessary to realize that there is a search for questioning and giving consistent answers within its own systematic. This point is that philosophy is a field from where and how we can obtain probabilities, not exact information, that unfolds our experiences in its own reality; It can be considered to represent an activity that “constructs” our experiences by reporting current situations of life. This paper aims to reveal what philosophy can say today as a human research program.
Bir Disiplin Olarak Hukuk Günümüze Ne Söyler?
Authors: Kaya Emir
Published: September 2023

It is necessary to overcome the fact that law, which is shielded by the strong assumptions that it is a functional and useful endeavour, cannot be questioned as a whole. What kind of an academic discipline is law? Is it a (social) science? If not, what kind of an endeavour is it? What does the nature of law mean in the face of today's social and political phenomena? By answering the important questions such as those, and by questioning the perceptions, assumptions and habits that shape the discipline of law, it will be possible to construct a more in-depth, consistent, useful and wise notion of law. In this paper, I aim to share my findings, thanks to my natural presence and observations among the lawyers abroad and in Turkey, with a descriptive, critical and prescriptive approach. In order to develop a more mature notion of law against the fact that the current perception of law, which is stuck in the patterns of the expectations of expediency of the political sovereign, does not produce the desired satisfaction due to its philosophical and sociological dullness, it is necessary to start with the identification of the problems of the current perception of law. One of the most important causes of legal problems is the perceptions produced and disseminated in the name of law. The processing of law as a state-centred, excessively official, formal, artificial, non-spiritual and technical doctrine does not only erase the law’s social scientific status but also makes it as harmful as it is beneficial on the social ground.
Erdemli Bireyin İnşası ve Özgecilik: Psikolojik Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Doğanay Süleyman
Published: September 2023

Virtue is a pattern of an individual's emotions and behaviors; It can be defined as feeling, desiring, and taking action when necessary. Virtue is being able to respond with a rational and conscientious judgment rather than a habit that is practiced without thinking. Contrary to the "Kantian" and "Consequentialists" who focus on the rightness or wrongness of actions in the context of moral philosophy, "Virtue Theorists" focus on character and are concerned with the life of the individual as a whole. The main question for virtue theorists is “How should I live?” is the question, and the answer that should be given should be “Trying to have the virtues”. In Islamic culture, great importance is given to the building of the virtuous individual and society; in fact, this is the main purpose of the religion of Islam. In many studies conducted in psychology and its branch, the Psychology of Religion literature, it has been concluded that being virtuous is an important factor in the development and self-realization process of the individual. Altruism, which means living for someone else as a result of a natural goodness, preferring others to oneself, is considered one of the greatest virtues by some. In contrast, it can be seen as a state of psychological imbalance by others. As a result, altruism can sometimes be considered as a healthy mood and sometimes as a neurotic behavior in terms of sociopsychology. True altruists (sincere altruists) are those who can sacrifice themselves for others in times of danger and do so without any expectation. Participating in wars and becoming a martyr because of the love of homeland and religion can be shown as an example of a truly sincere and healthy behavior. There are also some forms of behavior that are actually neurotic behavior or a morbid condition but manifest under the guise of altruism. Hidden selfishness can sometimes be perceived as altruism. The intention to focus on one's own interest lies behind the action that seems like altruism in order to ensure the continuation of worldly interests and/or to gain status. This study is a qualitative study. The data were analyzed in the context of people's understanding of virtue in general and altruism in particular. It has been concluded that the main thing in the construction of the virtuous individual and, therefore, the virtuous society is to have consistency of discourse and action. The aim is to remind people or scientists, raise awareness, and offer a different perspective to the client and the counselor, especially in the psychotherapy process.
Türkiye’de Kütüphanecilik: Cumhurbaşkanlığı Millet Kütüphanesi Örneği
Authors: Tuğlu Ayhan
Published: September 2023

In addition to the various basic needs of human beings, there has always been the need to produce information, use it, keep it and transmit it to the next generations. Based on this need, data has been brought together in a certain systematic and stored and has been instrumental in the emergence of libraries. In parallel with the constantly changing and developing technologies, new services have been added to the existing services of the libraries. In this context, a new generation of libraries and librarians, whose duties and responsibilities have evolved, have come to the fore. As a work that will change and transform the book and librarianship culture in Turkey, the Presidential National Library has been organized according to the understanding of contemporary librarianship. It serves not only as a library but also as a living center. The work to build the Presidential National Library began in 2015 under the leadership of President Recep Tayyip ERDOĞAN. The library serves users within an area of 125,000 m² and with a seating capacity of 5,500 people. The library’s collection contains 2,039,000 printed sources and 1,999,633 issues of 13,294 printed magazines. In addition, 665,000 e-books, 7.000.000 electronic theses, 209.000.000 articles, and reports belong to nearly 77,000 e-journals in the 67 databases accessed. The services of these information resources to the users are provided with the understanding of modern librarianship. The library collection continues to diversify and enrich with the addition of the private collections of valuable people from Türkiye and abroad and its ever-developing resources. The library provides unlimited access to information with technological infrastructure, computers, touch screens and internet access, and an integrated book carrying system, which was used for the first time in our country. In this study, information will be given, and evaluations will be made about librarianship services in Turkey, particularly the Presidential National Library.
Abdüllatif Harpûtî’nin İsbât-ı Vâcib Delilleri
Authors: Yavuz Sümeyye
Published: September 2023

Abdullatif Harpūtī (d.1916) was a late Ottoman scholar who worked as a professor of "Kalām" at the Istanbul Darulfunun. Recognizing the deficiencies in the science of kalām and arguing that some changes should be made in terms of method and content, Harpūtī states that the time has come for the third compilation in the science of kalām and that this compilation is obligatory upon the scholars of the century. He himself tried to serve as a model for this period with his book Tanqīḥ al-kalām. His study, which consists of muqaddimah (preface), divinity, prophecy, sam'iyyāt, and imāmate chapters, deals with the currents of thought that emerged in the Western world by bringing evidence against them. Harpūtī states that the scientific data on matters of faith, which are put forward by rational methods, change over time. For this reason, while writing chapters such as divinity and prophecy, he used different information in light of the scientific data of his time. He also included and refuted the views of movements such as materialism, positivism, and atheism, which were newly widespread in his time. In this paper, we have analyzed the proofs used by al Harpūtī on the subject of ithbāt al-wājib.  Harpūtī analyzed the proofs of ithbāt al-wājib under the subheadings of "the proofs of philosophers and muhaqqiq theologians", "the path followed by most theologians", "the path followed by the prophets and asfiyān", and "the recent theologian philosophers and ithbāt al-wājib”. These subheadings do not clearly indicate which of the classical proofs he means. By "the proof of the philosophers and the muhaqqiq theologians" Harpūtī meant the evidence of possibility (imkān); by "the path followed by most theologians" he meant the proof of existence (huduth); and by “the path followed by the Prophets and asfiyān" he meant the evidence of purpose and order. Under the title “The recent theologian philosophers and ithbāt al-wājib", he collected the proof of possibility, the proof of motion, and the proofs of purpose and order. The proof of the disposition (fıtrah) that is included in our study is not to be found in the titles. However, from Harpūtī 's explanations, we have determined that he also used this argument. This study aims to reveal the proofs of ithbāt al-wājib used by al Harpūtī . This research is significant for us to comprehend what evidence Harpūtī , who opened the door to the new science of Kalām and is considered one of the important figures of the new science of Kalām, used for proof. The documentation method was used in this research, and the data obtained were analyzed and reflected in the text. As a result of the research, it was determined that al Harpūtī used the proofs of possibility, existence, purpose and order, motion, and disposition.
Kazakistan’da Bağımsızlık Sonrası Dinî Durum
Authors: Kongyrbayev Nursultan
Published: September 2023

Kazakhstan has endured the aftermath of the Soviet invasion following the era of Tsarist Russia, negatively impacting the presence of Islam in the country. The repressive policies of the Soviets have squeezed Muslims in this region. With the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1990, a new phase began, marking a new era for Muslims in Kazakhstan. This paper examines the religious life of Kazakhstani Muslims after independence, focusing on the religious services of the Kazakhstan Muslims’ Religious Administration (KMDB), recognized as the Official Representative of Kazakhstani Muslims. For clarity, this institution will be referred to as the Kazakhstan Religious Affairs Presidency or simply KMDB. The institution operates in Kazakhstan, overseeing services in various areas, including universities, madrasas, and mosques. Its goal is to provide services for the Islamic religion as well as propagation and outreach efforts for Islam. To fulfill these services, it has gained accreditation and recognition from the state. In addition to carrying out religious services for Muslims, the Kazakhstan Religious Affairs Presidency strives to counter both social and political operations targeting Muslims. One such operation involves efforts to steer Muslims away from Islam and back towards religious rituals rooted in old Turkic traditions. Kazakhstan has a significant population of Russified Kazakhs, who are a target of these efforts. As an extension of these endeavors, thousands of religious scholars were killed during the Soviet era, and religious literature was destroyed. Today, controlling the Muslim community in religious aspects remains a state policy. Nevertheless, Islam and Muslim identity in Kazakhstan are gradually becoming institutionalized and established. The Kazakhstan Religious Affairs Presidency adapts its religious services to contemporary conditions, utilizing channels such as television, radio, and, notably, social media. The Hanafi tradition takes precedence in religious structure and presentation. Publications in Turkish, Arabic, and Russian have reached significant levels. The Kazakhstani people exhibit a determination to remain committed to Islam and the religious responsibilities inherited from history.
Beyânü’l- Hak Dergisinde Abdullah Âtıf Şiirleri
Authors: Akyüz Şeyma
Published: September 2023

Beyânü’l- Hak is among the first periodicals published with the declaration of the second Constitutional Era. Beyânü'l- Hak, with 182 issues is pivotal in revealing the political, literary, and social structure of the period. Published weekly, Beyânü’l- Hak lasted between 1908- 1912. Editorial staff was comprised of thinkers interested in scientific traditions. One of the prominent names publishing in Beyânü’l- Hak, distinguished with a wide range of editors and writers, was Abdullah Âtıf Tüzüner. Born in Konya in 1869, Atıf, Fatih Mosque lecturer, continued scientific research until he died in 1954. His works ranges from the history of Islam and Arabic grammar to particularly Turkish-language translations of the Qur'an. Along with the articles he published in Beyânü'l- Hak, he also wrote poems and articles in the periodicals Mahfil and İtisâm. Abdullah Âtıf, who published 23 poems in Beyânü’l- Hak, 9 of them in 1908 and 14 of them in 1910 would, would place “A. Âtıf” signature on his works. Abdullah Âtıf dealt with the political content intensively in his poems and incorporated religious and social elements into almost all of his poems. Political content in poems came to existence on the basis of criticisms against the period of Abdulhamid II and in the form of expressing these criticisms over the social life of the people, in general. Besides, there were also some literary elements in poetry, though they remained more in the background compared to other elements. In this study, the poems of Abdullah Âtıf in the journal Beyânü'l- Hak were discussed in terms of their political, religious, social, and literary dimensions. Abdullah Âtıf’s poems were evaluated as a whole, and the contents of the poems were classified according to their subjects. General information about the journal and Abdullah Âtıf was given briefly before the content analysis of the poems to make the subject more comprehensible.  Thus, within the scope of Abdullah Âtıf's poems, this article aimed to discuss the political and social realms of the poems in Beyânü’l-Hak and how Abdullah Âtıf addressed the public in his poems. With this aim, aspects of politics, and the social and religious structure of the period embedded in literature were argued through poems.
Zeydî İmam Kâsım b. Muhammed ve Vasiyyeti: el-Vaṣiyyetü’s-Seniyye
Authors: Demir Fatıma Nur
Published: September 2023

It is possible to study the sect of Zaydī as a history of imams. When considering the process of the sect of Zaydī in Yemen, we can refer to many prominent imams. Hadi-Ilalhaq Yahya b. Husayn b. Qāsim al-Rassī (d. 298/911), an important representative of Zayid thought, Imam al-Mutawakkil Ahmad b. Sulayman (d. 566/1170), who is the founder of II. Zaydī’s state, Imam Mansur-Billah Abdullah b. Hamza, who wrote many works in addition to the struggles he had in political areas, Mutahhar b. Sharafuddin, who showed strong resistance in Yemen after Ottoman domination, ar some of them. It is seen that Qāsim b. Muḥammad, who declared his imamate later 16th century, assumed an essential role of Zaydī’s sect in the formation process of the Qasimi dynasty. He stands out with his deep knowledge and being well equipped as he wrote works in all areas of Islamic sciences in addition to his leap and succes in political areas. In this aspect, Qāsim b. Muḥammad, a bridge that combined the former and later base of ahl al-bayt, enlivened generally Islamic thought and privately the Zaydī’s thoughts with a renewal vision. In the researches conducted about Zaydī’s sect, the fact that only limited references took place and the lack of independent study about the Qāsimi’s period, having had a 300 years history, causes a deficiency in process monitoring and connecting the concept and the case. In this aspect, it is important to introduce Qāsim b. Muhammed’s scientific aspect who is the key person at the starting point of an important process in the sect of Zaydī’s history. From this point, our research is understanding and explanation activity that figures a historıcal person as well as it aims to scrtinize cyclical structure of the perıod in terms of human, society, and frame of mind. Moreover, Qāsim b. Muḥammad understanding of science will be analyzed through his work named al-Waṣiyyah al-Saniyyah.
Zenginliği Yeren Uydurma Rivayetlerin Yarattığı Sosyolojik Etkilerin Teo-Stratejik Boyutu
Authors: Kartal Habib Celaleddin
Published: September 2023

It's possible to say that due to their attribution to the Prophet Muhammad, hadiths have had a significant sociological impact on Muslim societies. Similarly, fabricated narratives falsely attributed to the Prophet, which are believed to be Hadiths, have also had similar sociological effects. Although the fabricated narratives initially weren't created for strategic purposes, they later became utilized for strategic goals by becoming intertwined with power struggles and components of societal influence. This study demonstrates how fabricated narratives labeled as Hadiths can be strategically used based on examples falling into the category of fabrication. The focus of the study is to reveal the theo-strategic dimension of the sociological impact created by fabricated narratives emerging in the Islamic world. Here, "fabricated narratives" refer not to all fabricated narratives but to a few highly sociologically influential examples, exploring their theo-strategic aspect. Notably, narratives such as "For a believer, death is better than life, poverty better than wealth, and humility better than honor. The worst members of the community are the wealthy," facilitate sociological interventions through economics in Muslim societies, making them crucial examples discussed in this study. The impact and relationship of fabricated narratives with the social context, past, present, and future, are both direct and indirect. The study showcases how the selected fabricated narratives under the guise of Hadiths enable various theo-sociological interventions. Furthermore, the study emphasizes not what religion is, but how it functions, through the strategic use of fabricated narratives. The negative long-term consequences of sociological impact created through fabricated narratives for Islamic societies are a reality. The study aims to contribute to interpreting the issue from a strategic perspective by showcasing the sociological impact of fabricated narratives criticizing wealth, attributed to Prophet Muhammad. The undeniable fabrication of these narratives necessitates an interdisciplinary approach involving sociology and history due to their relevance to both religion and society. Therefore, the study employs qualitative research methods, including document analysis, to adequately search, interpret, and analyze sources. It's apparent that the theo-sociological and theo-strategic dimensions of fabricated narratives reconstructed through Hadiths, the second most significant source of Islamic faith, have been inadequately explored. Examples indicating that fabricated narratives are used as theo-sociological intervention tools in power struggles demonstrate that the topic isn't insignificantly religious and can't be dismissed as such.
* This study is based on the doctoral dissertation entitled "Theo-Strategy and its Elements in the Context of Power Struggle", which was completed in March 2021 under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Özcan Güngör (Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 2021).
Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği Üyelik Sürecinin Doksanlı Yıllardaki Siyasi Partilerce Ele Alınışı
Authors: Dölek İsmet
Published: September 2023

Since the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye, the aspiration to reach the level of contemporary civilizations has been a guiding principle, shaping its relations with the West and Western states. While discussing Türkiye's overall relations with communities established in Europe, particularly during the prosperous 1990s when relations reached their zenith, Turkish politics' handling of the matter and the significance of these relations in domestic and foreign policy have been emphasized. This study aims to demonstrate the factors that have contributed to the current state of European Union-Türkiye relations, which still maintain their relevance today, and the direction they have imparted to Turkish domestic and foreign policy. Simultaneously, this study has allowed for political and societal observations relevant to that era. By offering a general perspective on Türkiye's relations with the West, the study aims to highlight the fluctuating political factors of the 1990s and the variable attitudes of the populace driven by them towards the European Union. In this research, primary sources from the parliamentary records of the relevant period have been utilized. Additionally, surveys, written and visual media, and memoirs of individuals likely to provide insight into the period have been examined. Through this study, the fundamental policies Türkiye aimed to pursue in its relations with the West have been identified, and the 'Europeanization' policies of subsequent governments over the years and their perspectives on the matter have been determined. Moreover, the impacts of the altered political landscape following the 1990s, characterized by the end of the Cold War, on both Europe and Türkiye have been pinpointed. It has been determined that following this period, Türkiye was distanced from the concept of 'full membership' and coerced to manage these relations through economic collaborations. Alongside these insights, the European Union-related programs of the era's political parties and these individuals' positive and negative opinions have been presented.
Kozmopsişizm: Evren-Tanrı Anlayışının Bir Eleştirisi
Authors: Yılmaz Aykut Alper
Published: September 2023

Attempts to ascribe divinity to nature or the universe have been around since time immemorial. Unlike classical theism, these attempts see the universe itself as a god, rather than seeking God outside the universe. Today, we observe a similar debate being expressed in the context of cosmopsychism. Some thinkers argue that the entire universe has a consciousness of its own. Cosmopsychism is the name given to the view that the universe is conscious or exhibits certain psychological properties. For some, this makes it possible to see the universe as a god. Of course, the idea of such a god differs from classical theism’s conception of god in many respects. For example, the cosmos-god put forward in the cosmopsychist context is not an omnipotent god, capable of performing miracles, communicating with human beings, or having certain expectations from them such as worship. However, according to these thinkers, this is not an obstacle to seeing him as a god. For he still bears a number of attributes that we can call divine. Some of these attributes are being unique, omniscient, and worthy of reverence. In other words, the universe has a unique consciousness, it is unique, and there is no greater, and therefore worthy of reverence, and at the same time, it is omniscient because it is aware of every change in the universe. Cosmopsychists such as Philip Goff and David Skrbina argue that such a being can be seen as a god. They even argue that such an understanding of God is more plausible than theism. However, there are many issues open to debate here. What does it mean for the universe to be conscious? Why is a being without absolute power worthy of reverence as a god? Or what are the benefits of such a belief in God? In the context of these questions, this study aims to critically address the current claims (by philosophers such as Goff and Skrbina) that the universe is god. It is argued here that even if consciousness is attributed to the universe, it cannot be seen as a god, as it lacks the important qualities required for this. It is also argued that the mere fact that a being has a consciousness greater than ours does not lead us to conclude that it is worthy of reverence.
Tabakat İlminin Önemi ve Mekhûl b. Ebû Müslim’in (öl. 112/730) Râvîlerinin Mertebelendirilmesi Örneği
Authors: Cihangir Ahmet
Published: September 2023

This paper deals with the importance of the science of tabaqat and examines on the superiority of the narrators who narrated from the same teacher over each other. It also envisages to determine the degrees of the narrators who narrated from Imām Makḥūl in terms of justice and ẓabt and to determine their rank in terms of their narrations from him. In addition, in terms of the science of tabaqat, although the narrator generally has thiqa, ḥāfiẓ, and who has ẓabt, for example, the hadiths he narrated from one of his masters can be seen as weak due to the lack of association with his master. Their advantages over each other may vary. This situation highlights the importance of the problem. This paper aims to reveal the importance and benefits of the science of tabaqat and the importance of the superiority of the narrators who narrated from the same teacher over each other. In addition, it is aimed to classify Imām Makḥūl's narrators from the strongest to the weakest. In this study, the importance and benefits of the science of tabaqat with the inductive method, the translations of Makḥūl's narrators, and the books of, the otobiographies, ʿilm al-rijal, al-jarḥ-al-taʿdil and ʿilal al-ḥadīth hidden defects of hadith, which declare the illegitimate narrations, are examined in detail. The ranks of these narrators were determined by making use of the mentioned literary genres and by comparing the narrators with each other. As a result of this study, the following conclusions were reached about the importance and benefits of the science of tabaqat; Tabaqat science ensures that the regions where the narrators live and carry out their scientific activities can be known and that it is possible to distinguish the narrators with similar names, identifiers, nicknames and lineages. In addition to that, in the light of the information provided by the science of tabaqat, it facilitates the discovery of the disconnections in their attributions (irsal and inqiṭaʿ) and their separation from the musnad narrations, in the light of data such as the relationship of the narrators with each other or whether they lived in the same period and the knowledge of their morals. Especially in disputes regarding the shaykh -student relationship, it allows to determine the occurrence of the narrator's conversation with his shaykh and the duration of his association with him, and the fact that some names are abundant in some tabaqa but less in some tabaqa. In addition, these benefits of the science of tabaqat, which we have mentioned, allow us to use this science to other ḥadīth sciences, shows how much data they provide and the strong connection between them. The point of ranking the narrators of Imam Makḥūl, the most powerful narrators were Sulaymān b. Mūsā, Yazīd b. Yazīd, ʿAlāʾ b. Ḥarith and Zayd b. Waqid, the weakest narrator, whom he is worthy of, are Isḥāq b. Abū Farwa, ʿAbd al-Quddūs b. Ḥabīb, Muʿāwiya b. Yaḥyā and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yazīd b. Tamīm were detected.
La construcción estatal en el Río de la Plata a través del empleo civil y militar (1600-1873)
Authors: Rabinovich Alejandro M.
Published: September 2023

Este libro es el fruto colectivo de un proyecto de investigación plurianual del CONICET titulado Militarización y construcción estatal en el Río de la Plata. Presenta los resultados elaborados a partir de una gran base de datos que recogió todas las altas de empleos civiles y militares existentes en el Archivo General de la Nación y en el Registro Oficial. La obra está integrada por una introducción general y cinco ensayos dedicados a explorar aquello que la base de datos puede decirnos sobre los procesos de construcción estatal y militarización en cada etapa de la historia rioplatense y argentina de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Cada capítulo, escrito por especialistas del periodo, busca presentar y analizar los principales hallazgos con la intención de comprender las relaciones entre el flujo de empleos y los acontecimientos políticos y militares más importantes de cada coyuntura. Al mismo tiempo, se validan o falsean las hipótesis principales elaboradas por la historiografía especializada sobre cada período abordado.
Contribution of the GIS in the assessment of the urbanization challenges and the impact on the ecosystems: The case study of El Fqih Ben Saleh city, Tadla Plain, Morocco
Authors: MAZIANE Aziz , SAIDI Jamila , BOUMEAZA Taieb
Published: September 2023

The improved economic performance and development created some new challenges, such as high urbanisation rates and environmental degradation worldwide. In this context, the presented article focuses on the relationships among urbanization, specifically the urban attraction challenge, and its impact on ecosystems in El-Faqih Ben Saleh City in Morocco. Besides, the urban attraction challenge refers to the dynamics that draw individuals to cities, encompassing economic opportunities, education, healthcare, and cultural amenities, while also posing challenges like overpopulation and resource strain. The article discusses how urban expansion often clashes with rural areas, affecting land use, the environment, and social dynamics. The boundaries between these urban and rural areas pose multiple issues and need an integrated planning strategy. The study employs Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, using high-resolution Google Earth Pro imagery, to assess the impacts of urbanization on the environment in El-Faqih Ben Saleh City. The obtained results reveal the city’s rapid urban growth and its consequences, such as deforestation, pollution, and agricultural land loss. The findings highlight the need for sustainable urban planning, green infrastructure, and mixed land use to mitigate these impacts. The case study of El-Faqih Ben Saleh City, considered as a small city to understand the broader dynamics of contemporary urbanization, emphasizes the importance of balancing urban growth with environmental and agricultural preservation.
Evaluation of Helichrysum arenarium flower exudate as an inhibitor on Lolium perrene seed germination under laboratory conditions
Authors: Tihomirova Nikolova Milena , Yankova-Tsvetkova Elina , Stefanova Tatyana , Stoyanov Stoyan , Berkov Strahil
Published: September 2023

Compounds accumulated on the surface of plant tissues and structures like glandular trichomes and thin epicuticular layer are defined as exudate, external, superficial. They exhibited important protective activities - antifungal, antibacterial, insect antifeedant, larvicidal, antiplasmodial, and UV protective. The exudate obtained from Helichrysum arenarium flowers was evaluated for its inhibitory activity on germination and initial radicle elongation of Lollium perrene seeds. The experiment was done in vitro in Petri dishes. The exudate, in water–acetone mixture (99.5:0.5), was assayed at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mg/mL. The chemical composition of the exudate was analyzed by GC/MS. Exudate solution with 5 mg/mL concentration was found to cause more than 90% of seed germination inhibition. At the same concentration, complete inhibition of root growth was observed. The main bioactive component of exudate was identified as flavonoid aglycone–naringenin. The inhibitory activity of H. arenarium on seed germination was investigated for the first time in the present study.
CsCLE3 delays female flower anthesis in cucumber
Authors: Lei Mingyue , Song Xiaofei , Zheng Jinshuang , Sun Chengzhen , Yan Liying
Published: September 2023

A corolla opening is a necessary process affecting the quality of fruits and market competitiveness in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). In the previous paper, we identified a unique cucumber line (‘6457’) that possesses extra-long ovaries and shows a delayed corolla opening when nutrient supplies are abundant. We also previously showed that the expression of CsCLE3 (Csa4G627800) is correlated with the delayed opening of the female corolla. Here, we investigated the function of CsCLE3 in cucumber by conducting transgenic experiments and phenotypic analysis. The results showed that the expression of CsCLE3 in the extra-long ovary was significantly lower than in the typical ovary. In CsCLE3-overexpressed plants, the capacity to produce extra-long ovaries was lost, and the average rates of the extra-long ovary and the extra-long ovary plant were both 0%. In the CsCLE3 knockout plants obtained by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the average extra-long ovary and extra-long ovary plant rates were significantly higher- 66.67% and 100%, respectively. Our study proved a negative regulating corolla opening time factor and provides new insight into the molecular basis of cucumber reproduction, producing fruits with flowers remaining on the tip.
The Problem of Poverty and Inclusive Economic Growth
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Mikiashvili Nino
Published: September 2023

Economic growth is necessary to reduce poverty, but sustainable growth requires maximum involvement of the workforce in the development process. Inclusive growth offers a different mechanism of social policy to society, under which the condition of the poor is improved by involving them in economic activity instead of redistributive policies. The paper presents the main features of inclusive economic growth discussed by various international organizations, the ways to achieve it, and they are related to overcoming the problem of inequality and poverty. Systematic, purposeful and planned activities to alleviate the global problem of poverty, both globally and locally, are necessary, which will create a foundation for the elimination of poverty in the light of the positive development of events. Keywords: Poverty, Inclusive growth, Inequality, Absolute poverty, Gini coefficient.
Confrontational globalization and global sustainable competitiveness of small countries
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Bedianashvili Givi
Published: September 2023

In the face of confrontational globalization, small countries faced new challenges. Confrontational globalization itself, unlike turbulent globalization, is distinguished by a number of features. If globalization in its initial nature in previous periods was focused mainly on cooperation between countries and solving common global problems, its confrontational form is already forming a fundamentally different format of relations between countries. The analysis of the last few years shows that it is becoming important for every country in the world to ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of its socio-economic system. This challenge is particularly relevant for small countries, which are characterized by relatively small resource potential and higher sensitivity to external shocks. For small countries, in the conditions of confrontational globalization, it becomes necessary to establish an effectively adjusted concept of sustainable competitiveness. Along with this, it is necessary to focus on the requirements of the formation of a knowledge-based economy and the development of human capital of the future. Keywords: features of confrontational globalization, challenges of small countries, global sustainable competitiveness.
The Role of Innovative Security in the State's National Security System
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Lazarashvili Tea
Published: September 2023

The article discusses individual theoretical and methodological aspects of innovative security and its importance in the state's national security system. In today's conditions, innovative technologies and their implementation processes are of special importance for raising the quality of life. Most of the economically developed countries have been conducting research related to national and economic security for a long time. In addition, it should be noted that the innovative component in these studies is considered as a component of economic and/or scientific-technical security. To date, there is no unambiguous essence of the impact of innovation on national and economic security. The analysis shows that when moving to the path of innovative development, changes occur not only in the economy and its constituent parts, but also in the psychological, political, socio-economic, scientific-technical, educational and cultural spheres, as well as in the institutional structures of the state and society and the development of personality. In order to solve the multifaceted problems that appear in the process of forming an innovative economy and its safe development, there is an objective need to form a new direction in the national security system, such as innovative security. Keywords: innovative security, economic security, national security of the state.
Georgia's Export Challenges in the Context of Increasing Global Security Risks
Authors:   Grigol Robakidze University, Chikhladze Nikoloz , Ugulava Gocha
Published: September 2023

Despite the general trend of liberalization of foreign trade of goods and services in most countries of the world, this process is characterized by different intensity in different countries and requires taking into account the features of national and regional models of economic development. However, the existing legal field of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in terms of export promotion significantly limits the possibility of using it in international trade for individual countries. Under such circumstances, countries are forced to look for new legal ways to support domestic exporters. In particular, the need for state support for export in many developing countries is due to the fact that in world practice, despite the requirements of the WTO, there are contradictions between economically developed countries (unions) and developing countries. Differences in the national economic interests of different countries in the field of foreign trade give rise to conflicts of interests, the intensity of which led to the necessity of institutionalization of opportunities for the harmonization of interests within the framework of the WTO. Despite the efforts of multilateral trading system institutions and regional trade associations, the list of protectionist barriers that prevent the free movement of goods, capital and people is growing. This is confirmed by the practice of using various taxes and quotas, technical restrictions on imports (introduction of safety norms or standards that differ from those established in the exporting countries), as well as establishing fiscal, legislative, and administrative barriers. The paper examines the main trends of Georgia's exports and highlights the main challenges in the conditions of increasing global security risks. Keywords: Export, Global Security, Foreign Trade.
TECNOLOGIA SOCIAL, ENSINO EM SAÚDE E HUMANIZAÇÃO DO CUIDADO: algumas reflexões
Authors: De Campos Walkiria Nascimento Valadares , De Medeiros Márcia Maria , De Oliveira Roberto Dias , Da Silva Luiz Alberto Ruiz
Published: September 2023

The contemporary world is permeated by relationships marked by the advancement of technology. On the other hand, there is an increasing awareness of the need to enhance actions focused on humanization in various fields of collective interest, including healthcare. The objective of this article is to reflect on the concept of social technology and its relevance to the field of health education, understanding how this concept can be integrated with practices that promote humanized care. To achieve this, a bibliographic and documentary research was conducted, following the principles of narrative literature review as indicated by Rother (2007) and Cordeiro et al (2008). It is concluded that the use of social technologies in the healthcare field can be a powerful ally in the pursuit of care humanization, but its implementation requires a modification in the way the process of health education is structured, expanding its scope beyond anatomopathological issues.