bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the β‐amino alcohols framework: identification of novel β‐hydroxy pyridinium salt‐decorated pterostilbene derivatives as bacterial virulence factor inhibitors
Authors: Qi Pu‐Ying , Zhang Tai‐Hong , Yang Yi‐Ke , Liang Hong , Feng Yu‐Mei , Wang Na , Ding Zheng‐Hao , Xiang Hong‐Mei , Zhou Xiang , Liu Li‐Wei , Jin Lin‐Hong , Li Xiang‐Yang , Yang Song
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

Bacterial virulence factors are involved in various biological processes and mediate persistent bacterial infections. Focusing on virulence factors of phytopathogenic bacteria is an attractive strategy and crucial direction in pesticide discovery to prevent invasive and persistent bacterial infection. Hence, discovery and development of novel agrochemicals with high activity, low‐risk, and potent anti‐virulence is urgently needed to control plant bacterial diseases.

RESULTS

A series of novel β‐hydroxy pyridinium cation decorated pterostilbene derivatives were prepared and their antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) were systematacially assessed. Among these pterostilbene derivatives, compound 4S exhibited the best antibacterial activity against Xoo in vitro, with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 0.28 μg mL−1. A series of biochemical assays including scanning electron microscopy, crystal violet staining, and analysis of biofilm formation, swimming motility, and related virulence factor gene expression levels demonstrated that compound 4S could function as a new anti‐virulence factor inhibitor by interfering with the bacterial infection process. Furthermore, the pot experiments provided convinced evidence that compound 4S had the high control efficacy (curative activity: 71.4%, protective activity: 72.6%), and could be used to effectively manage rice bacterial leaf blight in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Compounds 4S is an attractive virulence factor inhibitor with potential for application in treating plant bacterial diseases by suppressing production of several virulence factors. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Burkholderia ambifaria H8 as an effective biocontrol strain against maize stalk rot via producing volatile dimethyl disulfide
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Liu Jingrong , Chen Amanda Juan , Wang Lin , Jiang Xianzhi , Gong Andong , Liu Wende , Wu Hanxiang
Published: April 2024

Background

Maize stalk rot (MSR) caused by Fusarium graminearum is the primary factor contributing to the reduction in maize yield and quality. However, this soil‐borne disease presents a significant challenge for sustainable control through field management and chemical agents. The screening of novel biocontrol agents can aid in developing innovative and successful strategies for MSR control.

Results

A total of 407 strains of bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a resistant maize inbred line. One strain exhibited significant antagonistic activity in plate and pot experiments, and was identified as Burkholderia ambifaria H8. The strain could significantly inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of F. graminearum, induce resistance to stalk rot, and promote plant growth. The volatile compounds produced by strain H8 and its secondary metabolites in the sterile fermentation broth exhibited antagonistic activity. The primary volatile compound produced by strain H8 was identified as dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Through in vitro antagonistic activity assays and microscopic observation, it was confirmed that DMDS was capable of inhibiting mycelial growth and disrupting the mycelial structure of F. graminearum, suggesting it may be the major active compound for strain H8. The transcriptome data of F. graminearum further indicated that strain H8 and its volatile compounds could alter pathogenic fungi metabolism, influence the related metabolic pathways, and potentially induce cell apoptosis within F. graminearum.

Conclusion

Our results showed that B. ambifaria H8 was capable of producing the volatile substance dimethyl disulfide, which influenced the synthesis and permeability of cell membranes in pathogens. Thus, B. ambifaria H8 was found to be a promising biological control agent against MSR. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Current review of faba bean protein fractionation and its value‐added utilization in foods
Authors: Stone Andrea K. , Shi Dai , Marinangeli Christopher P. F. , Carlin Janelle , Nickerson Michael T.
Published: April 2024

Faba beans are widely consumed around the globe especially in the mid‐Eastern region as whole seeds while being an emerging feedstock for protein‐rich ingredients for the food industry. Their higher protein levels compared to other pulses (e.g., pea) make them attractive to ingredient processors for adding value to primary crop production. Protein fractionation occurs through wet or dry processing which results in different techno‐functional properties (solubility, foaming, emulsifying, etc.) depending on the exact fractionation method used. Pre or post fractionation treatments allow for modulation of the properties needed for specific food formulation. Faba bean protein ingredients have been integrated into a range of food applications with success as substitutes for cereal flours in bread and pasta and as animal protein replacements in dairy and meat alternatives. Therefore, this review examines the current state of faba bean processing as value‐added fractionated ingredients, their functionality, flavor, and novel food applications to highlight the important role faba bean protein can play in the food industry.
Enhancing Carrier Transport in 2D/3D Perovskite Heterostructures through Organic Cation Fluorination
Authors: Pang Haoran , Du Shijie , Deng Junpeng , Kong Wei , Zhao Yilun , Zheng Bohong , Ma Lin
Published: April 2024

The interfacial 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures have attracted extensive attention due to their unique ability to combine the high stability of 2D perovskites with the remarkable efficiency of 3D perovskites. However, the carrier transport mechanism within the 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures remains unclear. In this study, the carrier transport dynamics in 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures through a variety of time‐resolved spectroscopic measurements is systematically investigated. Time‐resolved photoluminescence results reveal nanosecond hole transfer from the 3D to 2D perovskites, with enhanced efficiency through the introduction of fluorine atoms on the phenethylammonium (PEA) cation. Transient absorption measurements unveil the ultrafast picosecond electron and energy transfer from 2D to 3D perovskites. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the positioning of fluorination on the PEA cations effectively regulates the efficiency of charge and energy transfer within the heterostructures. These insightful findings shed light on the underlying carrier transport mechanism and underscore the critical role of cation fluorination in optimizing carrier transport within 2D/3D perovskite heterostructure‐based devices.
Interphase Precipitation in Cold‐Rolled Dual‐Phase Steel Strip: Design and Challenges
Authors: Lu Shao‐Lun , Hsu Ya‐Lan , Chen Yi‐Sheng , Yang Kuo‐Cheng , Yen Hung‐Wei
Published: April 2024

In microalloyed steels, interphase precipitation involves the formation of precipitates at the ferrite/austenite interface during their transformation. The study on interphase precipitation has been ongoing since the 1970s and remains highly relevant today. While this metallurgical approach has been applied in various products of advanced steels, its application to cold‐rolled steels is still absent. This study presents a development of cold‐rolled dual‐phase (DP) steels strengthened by interphase‐precipitated carbides. A CALPHAD‐based approach is established to facilitate austenite to ferrite transformation coupled with interphase precipitation during simulated annealing for cold‐rolled DP steels. Further experimental investigations on the effects of V and Mo optimize the alloy composition, and the corresponding nano/microstructures are validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography. Besides, this work further addresses the impacts of interfacial segregation and microsegregation bands on the capability of interphase precipitation in the studied steels. In summary, this work charts a new pathway for the development of cold‐rolled DP steels strengthened by interphase‐precipitated carbides, advancing the realm of high‐strength steels.
RNA modification‐related EIF4G2 is an immunotherapy determinant in osteosarcoma: A single‐cell sequencing analysis
Authors: Qin Haocheng , Yang Shu , Feng Zhennan , Wu Song , Cai Ting , Xie Zijing , Hu Hai
Published: April 2024

The clinical outcomes of osteosarcoma are relatively dismal. As immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for solid tumors, exploring novel immunotherapy‐related therapeutic targets for osteosarcoma is important. In this study, we aimed to establish the connection between RNA modification and immunotherapy in osteosarcoma to identify novel therapeutic targets. An RNA modification‐related signature was first developed using weight gene correlation network analysis and a machine‐learning algorithm, random forest. The signature's prognostic value, drug prediction, and immune characteristics were analyzed. EIF4G2 from the signature was next identified as a critical immunotherapy determinant. EIF4G2 could also promote tumor proliferation, migration, and M2 macrophage migration by single‐cell sequencing analysis and in vitro validation. Our signature and EIF4G2 are expected to provide valuable insights into the clinical management of osteosarcoma.
Magmatic evolution of the Kolumbo submarine volcano and its implication to seafloor massive sulfide formation
Authors: Hector Simon , Patten Clifford G. C. , Beranoaguirre Aratz , Lanari Pierre , Kilias Stephanos , Nomikou Paraskevi , Peillod Alexandre , Eiche Elisabeth , Kolb Jochen
Published: April 2024

Seafloor massive sulfides form in various marine hydrothermal settings, particularly within volcanic arcs, where magmatic fluids may contribute to the metal budget of the hydrothermal system. In this study, we focus on the Kolumbo volcano, a submarine volcanic edifice in the central Hellenic Volcanic Arc hosting an active hydrothermal system. Diffuse sulfate-sulfide chimneys form a Zn-Pb massive sulfide mineralization with elevated As, Ag, Au, Hg, Sb, and Tl contents. These elements have similar behavior during magmatic degassing and are common in arc-related hydrothermal systems. Trace-element data of igneous magnetite, combined with whole rock geochemistry and numerical modelling, highlights the behavior of chalcophile and siderophile elements during magmatic differentiation. We report that, despite early magmatic sulfide saturation, chalcophile element contents in the magma do not decrease until water saturation and degassing has occurred. The conservation of chalcophile elements in the magma during magmatic differentiation suggests that most of the magmatic sulfides do not fractionate. By contrast, upon degassing, As, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg, Sb, Sn, Pb, and Zn become depleted in the magma, likely partitioning into the volatile phase, either from the melt or during sulfide oxidation by volatiles. After degassing, the residual chalcophile elements in the melt are incorporated into magnetite. Trace-element data of magnetite enables identifying sulfide saturation during magmatic differentiation and discrimination between pre- and post-degassing magnetite. Our study highlights how magmatic degassing contributes to the metal budget in magmatic-hydrothermal systems that form seafloor massive sulfides and shows that igneous magnetite geochemistry is a powerful tool for tracking metal-mobilizing processes during magmatic differentiation.
How to Hide a Clique?
Authors: Feige Uriel , Grinberg Vadim
Published: April 2024

In the well known planted clique problem, a clique (or alternatively, an independent set) of size k is planted at random in an Erdos-Renyi random G(n, p) graph, and the goal is to design an algorithm that finds the maximum clique (or independent set) in the resulting graph. We introduce a variation on this problem, where instead of planting the clique at random, the clique is planted by an adversary who attempts to make it difficult to find the maximum clique in the resulting graph. We show that for the standard setting of the parameters of the problem, namely, a clique of size $$k = \sqrt{n}$$

k
=

n

planted in a random $$G(n, \frac{1}{2})$$

G
(
n
,

1
2

)

graph, the known polynomial time algorithms can be extended (in a non-trivial way) to work also in the adversarial setting. In contrast, we show that for other natural settings of the parameters, such as planting an independent set of size $$k=\frac{n}{2}$$

k
=

n
2

in a G(n, p) graph with $$p = n^{-\frac{1}{2}}$$

p
=

n

-

1
2

, there is no polynomial time algorithm that finds an independent set of size k, unless NP has randomized polynomial time algorithms.
Revisiting the Distortion of Distributed Voting
Authors: Filos-Ratsikas Aris , Voudouris Alexandros A.
Published: April 2024

We consider a setting with agents that have preferences over alternatives and are partitioned into disjoint districts. The goal is to choose one alternative as the winner using a mechanism which first decides a representative alternative for each district based on a local election with the agents therein as participants, and then chooses one of the district representatives as the winner. Previous work showed bounds on the distortion of a specific class of deterministic plurality-based mechanisms depending on the available information about the preferences of the agents in the districts. In this paper, we first consider the whole class of deterministic mechanisms and show asymptotically tight bounds on their distortion. We then initiate the study of the distortion of randomized mechanisms in distributed voting and show bounds based on several informational assumptions, which in many cases turn out to be tight. Finally, we also experimentally compare the distortion of many different mechanisms of interest using synthetic and real-world data.
Finite semigroups and periodic sums systems in $$\beta \mathbb {N}$$ and their Ramsey theoretic consequences
Authors: Zelenyuk Yevhen
Published: April 2024

Let $$m,n\ge 2$$

m
,
n
≥
2

and define $$\nu :\omega \rightarrow \{0,\ldots ,m-1\}$$

ν
:
ω
→
{
0
,
…
,
m
-
1
}

by $$\nu (k)\equiv k\pmod {m}$$

ν
(
k
)
≡
k

(
mod

m
)

. We construct some new finite semigroups in $$\beta \mathbb {N}$$

β
N

, in particular, a semigroup generated by m elements of order n with cardinality $$m^n+m^{n-1}+\cdots +m$$

m
n

+

m

n
-
1

+
⋯
+
m

. We also show that, for $$n\ge m$$

n
≥
m

, there is a sequence $$p_0,\ldots ,p_{m-1}$$

p
0

,
…
,

p

m
-
1

in $$\beta \mathbb {N}$$

β
N

such that all sums $$\sum _{j=i}^{i+k}p_{\nu (j)}$$

∑

j
=
i

i
+
k

p

ν
(
j
)

, where $$i\in \{0,\ldots ,m-1\}$$

i
∈
{
0
,
…
,
m
-
1
}

and $$k\in \{0,\ldots ,n-1\}$$

k
∈
{
0
,
…
,
n
-
1
}

, are distinct and $$\sum _{j=i}^{i+n}p_{\nu (j)}=\sum _{j=i}^{i+n-m}p_{\nu (j)}$$

∑

j
=
i

i
+
n

p

ν
(
j
)

=

∑

j
=
i

i
+
n
-
m

p

ν
(
j
)

for each i. As consequences we derive some new Ramsey theoretic results. In particular, we show that, for $$n\ge m$$

n
≥
m

, there is a partition $$\{A_{i,k}:(i,k)\in \{0,\ldots ,m-1\}\times \{0,\ldots ,n-1\}\}$$

{

A

i
,
k

:

(
i
,
k
)

∈

{
0
,
…
,
m
-
1
}

×

{
0
,
…
,
n
-
1
}

}

of $$\mathbb {N}$$
N
such that, whenever for each (i, k), $$\mathscr {B}_{i,k}$$

B

i
,
k

is a finite partition of $$A_{i,k}$$

A

i
,
k

, there exist $$B_{i,k}\in \mathscr {B}_{i,k}$$

B

i
,
k

∈

B

i
,
k

and a sequence $$(x_j)_{j=0}^\infty $$

(

x
j

)

j
=
0

∞

such that for every finite sequence $$j_0<\ldots <j_s$$

j
0

<
…
<

j
s

such that $$j_{t+1}\equiv j_t+1\pmod {m}$$

j

t
+
1

≡

j
t

+
1

(
mod

m
)

for each $$t<s$$

t
<
s

, one has $$x_{j_0}+\cdots +x_{j_s}\in B_{i_0,k_0}$$

x

j
0

+
⋯
+

x

j
s

∈

B

i
0

,

k
0

, where $$i_0=\nu (j_0)$$

i
0

=
ν

(

j
0

)

and $$k_0$$

k
0

is s if $$s\le n-1$$

s
≤
n
-
1

and $$n-m+\nu (s-n)$$

n
-
m
+
ν
(
s
-
n
)

otherwise.
Cell density and extracellular matrix composition mitigate bacterial biofilm sensitivity to UV-C LED irradiation
Authors: Labadie Maritxu , Marchal Frédéric , Merbahi Nofel , Girbal-Neuhauser Elisabeth , Fontagné-Faucher Catherine , Marcato-Romain Claire-Emmanuelle
Published: April 2024

Ultraviolet-C light-emitting diodes (UV-C LEDs) are an emerging technology for decontamination applications in different sectors. In this study, the inactivation of bacterial biofilms was investigated by applying an UV-C LED emitting at 280 nm and by measuring both the influence of the initial cell density (load) and presence of an extracellular matrix (biofilm). Two bacterial strains exposing diverging matrix structures and biochemical compositions were used: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Leuconostoc citreum. UV-C LED irradiation was applied at three UV doses (171 to 684 mJ/cm2) on both surface-spread cells and on 24-h biofilms and under controlled cell loads, and bacterial survival was determined. All surface-spread bacteria, between 105 and 109 CFU/cm2, and biofilms at 108 CFU/cm2 showed that bacterial response to irradiation was dose-dependent. The treatment efficacy decreased significantly for L. citreum surface-spread cells when the initial cell load was high, while no load effect was observed for P. aeruginosa. Inactivation was also reduced when bacteria were grown under a biofilm form, especially for P. aeruginosa: a protective effect could be attributed to abundant extracellular DNA and proteins in the matrix of P. aeruginosa biofilms, as revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observations. This study showed that initial cell load and exopolymeric substances are major factors influencing UV-C LED antibiofilm treatment efficacy.

Key points

• Bacterial cell load (CFU/cm2) could impact UV-C LED irradiation efficiency

• Characteristics of the biofilm matrix have a paramount importance on inactivation

• The dose to be applied can be predicted based on biofilm properties

Graphical Abstract
Planar Graphs with the Maximum Number of Induced 4-Cycles or 5-Cycles
Authors: Savery Michael
Published: April 2024

For large n we determine exactly the maximum numbers of induced $$C_4$$

C
4

and $$C_5$$

C
5

subgraphs that a planar graph on n vertices can contain. We show that $$K_{2,n-2}$$

K

2
,
n
-
2

uniquely achieves this maximum in the $$C_4$$

C
4

case, and we identify the graphs which achieve the maximum in the $$C_5$$

C
5

case. This extends work in a paper by Hakimi and Schmeichel and a paper by Ghosh, Győri, Janzer, Paulos, Salia, and Zamora which together determine both maxima asymptotically.
Following prevalence of myopia in a large Swiss military cohort over the last decade: where is the European “myopia boom”?
Authors: Eppenberger Leila Sara , Jaggi Gregor P. , Todorova Margarita G. , Messerli Jürg , Sturm Veit
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Myopia prevalence is increasing globally, with the highest rates found in Asia. Data from European countries is scarce. We aimed to investigate whether the prevalence of myopia is rising in our meridians.

Methods

Data from male military conscripts for the recruitment period of 2008–2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Year of recruitment, conscripts’ birth year, visual acuity, refractive status (spherical equivalent), and spectacle wear (yes/no) were available.

Results

The dataset contained data of a total of 355,657 male conscripts, who had been recruited in the years 2008 to 2017. The mean number of conscripts per year was 35,566 (MD = 35,440, SD = 1249), reaching a minimum number of 33,998 conscripts in 2017 and a maximum of 37,594 in 2011. Mean age at recruitment was 19.7 years (MD = 19.0 years, SD = 1.1 years). Overall, the number of conscripts wearing spectacles remained stable over the observation time; on average 29.6% (n = 10,540; MD = 10,472; SD = 492) of conscripts wore glasses at recruitment. Of 21.8% (n = 77,698) of conscripts, data on the refractive status was available: The mean spherical equivalent for both right and left eyes was -2.3D (MD = -2 D, SD = 2.4 D). No decrease in mean spherical equivalent per recruitment year was noted over the observation period. Estimated myopia prevalence reached an average of 27.5% (SD = 0.8%) and did not increase during the observation period.

Conclusion

In summary, no change in spherical equivalent refractive errors of male Swiss army conscripts was found for the years 2008–2017. Equally, the percentage of spectacle wearers (MN = 29.6%) and estimated myopia prevalence (MN = 27.5%) did not significantly increase during the observation time.

Trial registration: BASEC 2019-00060 (18/01/2019)
Rehabilitation of amblyopia using a digital platform for visual training combined with patching in children: a prospective study
Authors: Hernández-Rodríguez Carlos J. , Ferrer-Soldevila Patricia , Artola-Roig Alberto , Piñero David P.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To assess the possible benefits of the use of perceptual learning and dichoptic therapy combined with patching in children with amblyopia over the use of only patching.

Methods

Quasi-experimental multicentric study including 52 amblyopic children. Patients who improved their visual acuity (VA) by combining spectacles and patching were included in patching group (PG: 20 subjects), whereas those that did not improved with patching performed visual training (perceptual learning + dichoptic therapy) combined with patching, being assigned to the visual treatment group (VT: 32 subjects). Changes in VA, contrast sensitivity (CS), and stereopsis were monitored during a 6-month follow-up in each group.

Results

Significant improvements in VA were found in both groups at 1 month (p < 0.01). The total improvement of VA was 0.18 ± 0.16 and 0.31 ± 0.35 logMAR in PG and VT groups, respectively (p = 0.317). The Wilcoxon effect size was slightly higher in VT (0.48 vs. 0.54) at 6 months. An enhancement in CS was observed in the amblyopic eye of the VT group for all spatial frequencies at 1 month (p < 0.001). Likewise, the binocular function score also increased significantly in VT group (p = 0.002). A prediction equation of VA improvement at 1 month in VT group was obtained by multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.747).

Conclusions

A combined treatment of visual training and patching is effective for obtaining a predictable improvement of VA, CS, and binocularity in patching-resistant amblyopic children.
Performance of concrete produced with alkali-activated artificial aggregates
Authors: Bekkeri Gopal Bharamappa , Shetty Kiran K. , Nayak Gopinatha
Published: April 2024

The excessive use of natural aggregates raises mining activity. Further, it leads to environmental damage, which can be reduced using artificial aggregates produced from waste powdered materials. This study discussed the production process of alkali-activated artificial coarse aggregates and how their use affects the behavior of concrete. The different concrete mixtures were designed by replacing natural aggregates with artificial ones at different percentages. Various tests were conducted to determine concrete’s fresh, hardened, permeability, and microstructural characteristics. The result showed that concrete incorporated with artificial aggregates can achieve higher workability and lower density than natural aggregate concrete. The mechanical strengths were slightly decreased as the percentage addition of artificial aggregates in a mix increased. However, adding up to 50% showed comparable results to natural aggregate concrete. The water permeability and chloride ion penetration were within the standard limits for all the mixes. The scanning electron micrographs showed a solid and compact ITZ between the phases. XRD pattern revealed that the addition of artificial aggregates had not changed the mineralogical composition of the concrete; the formation of hydrated products helps concrete obtain strength. The study concluded that artificial aggregates could effectively replace natural coarse aggregate in producing structural concrete with many advantages.
Non-invasive prenatal test identifies circulating cell-free DNA chromosomal abnormalities derived from clonal hematopoiesis in aggressive hematological malignancies
Authors: Giudice Valentina , Ianniello Monica , De Novellis Danilo , Pezzullo Luca , Petrillo Nadia , Serio Bianca , D’Addona Matteo , Della Corte Anna Maria , Rizzo Michela , Cuffa Bianca , Castaldi Maria Antonietta , Savarese Pasquale , Mori Alessio , Castiello Rosa , Fico Antonio , Savarese Giovanni , Selleri Carmine
Published: April 2024

Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive diagnostic tool for identification of tumor-related mutations in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA). The aim of this study was to investigate feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity of non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT) for identification of chromosomal abnormalities in cfDNA from a total of 77 consecutive patients with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), or plasma cell dyscrasia. In this case series, half of patients had at least one alteration, more frequently in chromosome 6 (23.1%), chromosome 9 (20.5%), and chromosomes 3 and 18 (16.7%), with losses of chromosome 6 and gains of chromosome 7 negatively impacting on overall survival (OS), with a 5-year OS of 26.9% and a median OS of 14.6 months, respectively (P = 0.0009 and P = 0.0004). Moreover, B-cell lymphomas had the highest NIPT positivity, especially those with aggressive lymphomas, while patients with plasma cell dyscrasia with extramedullary disease had a higher NIPT positivity compared to conventional cytogenetics analysis and a worse outcome. Therefore, we proposed a NIPT-based liquid biopsy a complementary minimally invasive tool for chromosomal abnormality detection in hematological malignancies. However, prospective studies on larger cohorts are needed to validate clinical utility of NIPT-based liquid biopsy in routinely clinical practice.
Letermovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in lung-transplant recipients: a comprehensive study with literature review of off-label use and real-world experiences
Authors: Hirama Takashi , Shundo Yuki , Watanabe Toshikazu , Ohsumi Akihiro , Watanabe Tatsuaki , Okada Yoshinori
Published: April 2024

Letermovir, initially approved for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, has gained attention for off-label use in lung-transplant (LTx) recipients. Given the high susceptibility of LTx recipients to CMV infection, this study explores the effectiveness and safety of letermovir prophylaxis. A retrospective analysis of using letermovir for LTx recipients at Tohoku University Hospital (January 2000 to November 2023) was conducted. Case summaries from other Japanese transplant centers and a literature review were included. Six cases at Tohoku University Hospital and one at Kyoto University Hospital were identified. Prophylactic letermovir use showed positive outcomes in managing myelosuppression and preventing CMV replication. The literature review supported the safety of letermovir in high-risk LTx recipients. Despite limited reports, our findings suggest letermovir’s potential as prophylaxis for LTx recipients intolerant to valganciclovir. Safety, especially in managing myelosuppression, positions letermovir as a promising option. However, careful consideration is important in judiciously integrating letermovir into the treatment protocol.
Perception of Research Misconduct in a Spanish University
Authors: Feenstra Ramón A. , Carretero García Carlota , Gómez Nicolau Emma
Published: April 2024

Several studies on research misconduct have already explored and discussed its potential occurrence in universities across different countries. However, little is known about this issue in Spain, a paradigmatic context due to its consolidated scientific evaluation system, which relies heavily on metrics. The present article attempts to fill this gap in the literature through an empirical study undertaken in a specific university: Universitat Jaume I (Castelló). The study was based on a survey with closed and open questions; almost half the total population of the university’s researchers participated (505 out of 1030, i.e. 49.03%), yielding a representative sample of different academic career stages and areas of knowledge. Results show that 71.68% (n = 362) of the respondents consider at least one form of misconduct to be proliferating in their area of knowledge at the national level. This figure falls to 48.95% (n = 247) in reference to misconduct in their own institution. The most frequently reported types of misconduct linked to life with colleagues are especially the use of personal influence (in evaluation or review processes); lax supervision of doctoral theses; and the abuse of power over people in lower positions. Personal ambitions and pressure from the evaluation system are regarded as the most influential causes of misconduct proliferation, according to academics at this Spanish university.
Examining Differential Item Functioning from a Multidimensional IRT Perspective
Authors: Ackerman Terry A. , Ma Ye
Published: April 2024

Differential item functioning (DIF) is a standard analysis for every testing company. Research has demonstrated that DIF can result when test items measure different ability composites, and the groups being examined for DIF exhibit distinct underlying ability distributions on those composite abilities. In this article, we examine DIF from a two-dimensional multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) perspective. We begin by delving into the compensatory MIRT model, illustrating and how items and the composites they measure can be graphically represented. Additionally, we discuss how estimated item parameters can vary based on the underlying latent ability distributions of the examinees. Analytical research highlighting the consequences of ignoring dimensionally and applying unidimensional IRT models, where the two-dimensional latent space is mapped onto a unidimensional, is reviewed. Next, we investigate three different approaches to understanding DIF from a MIRT standpoint: 1. Analytically Uniform and Nonuniform DIF: When two groups of interest have different two-dimensional ability distributions, a unidimensional model is estimated. 2. Accounting for complete latent ability space: We emphasize the importance of considering the entire latent ability space when using DIF conditional approaches, which leads to the mitigation of DIF effects. 3. Scenario-Based DIF: Even when underlying two-dimensional distributions are identical for two groups, differing problem-solving approaches can still lead to DIF. Modern software programs facilitate routine DIF procedures for comparing response data from two identified groups of interest. The real challenge is to identify why DIF could occur with flagged items. Thus, as a closing challenge, we present four items (Appendix A) from a standardized test and invite readers to identify which group was favored by a DIF analysis.
Multi-criteria decision analysis: technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution for selecting greener analytical method in the determination of mifepristone in environmental water samples
Authors: Makwakwa Tlou A. , Moema Dineo E. , Msagati Titus A. M.
Published: April 2024

This work proposes the use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to select a more environmentally friendly analytical procedure. TOPSIS, which stands for Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, is an example of a MCDA method that may be used to rank or select best alternative based on various criteria. Thirteen analytical procedures were used in this study as TOPSIS input choices for mifepristone determination in water samples. The input data, which consisted of these choices, was described using assessment criteria based on 12 principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC). Based on the objective mean weighting (MW), the weights for each criterion were assigned equally. The most preferred analytical method according to the ranking was solid phase extraction with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (SPE-MEKC), while solid phase extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS) was ranked last. TOPSIS ranking results were also compared to the green metrics NEMI, Eco-Scale, GAPI, AGREE, and AGREEprep that were used to assess the greenness of thirteen analytical methods for mifepristone determination. The results demonstrated that only the AGREE metric tool correlated with TOPSIS; however, there was no correlation with other metric tools. The analysis results suggest that TOPSIS is a very useful tool for ranking or selecting the analytical procedure in terms of its greenness and that it can be easily integrated with other green metrics tools for method greenness assessment.
What do diatom indices indicate? Modeling the specific pollution sensitivity index
Authors: Blanco Saúl
Published: April 2024

Diatoms are commonly used in environmental assessments to detect pollution and eutrophication. The specific pollution sensitivity index (SPI) is one of the most frequently used indices, which assigns scores to diatom taxa based on their sensitivity to pollution. The study analyzed diatom communities in the Duero River basin in Spain to examine the relationship between SPI scores and various limnological variables. A GLM model showed that phosphates, nitrites, and water temperature were the main factors explaining SPI variability. The study also reviews previous results using SPI for water quality monitoring in different world regions, highlighting the role of nutrients in general as major drivers of SPI values worldwide. Overall, the findings reinforce the reliability of SPI as a metric for biological monitoring in various watercourses.
Gesunde Entwicklung von Vorschulkindern unter Pandemiebedingungen aus Sicht von pädagogischen Fachkräften aus Kindertagesstätten (KiTas)
Authors: Eigl Jacqueline , Dierks Marie-Luise , Dreier Maren
Published: April 2024

Hintergrund

Die Coronaviruspandemie erschwerte durch Schließungen von KiTas die professionelle Unterstützung der altersgerechten Entwicklung von Vorschulkindern. Soziale Isolation, familiäre Belastungen und eingeschränkte Freizeit- und Betreuungsangebote können zu entwicklungsrelevanten Defiziten in Sprache und Sozialverhalten von Kindern führen. Welche Auswirkungen die KiTa-Schließungen auf die altersgerechte Entwicklung von Vorschulkindern hatten, wird auf Basis einer explorativen Analyse der Perspektive von pädagogischen KiTa-Fachkräfte untersucht.

Methodik

Die Erhebung möglicher Auffälligkeiten in der kindlichen Entwicklung nach Rückkehr der Kinder in die KiTa sowie der hier vorliegenden Einflussfaktoren basiert auf leitfadengestützten Telefoninterviews mit pädagogischen Fachkräften der Kindertagesbetreuung (n = 16) zwischen 11/2021 und 05/2022 in einem niedersächsischen Landkreis. Die Auswertung erfolgte anhand inhaltlich strukturierender qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz. Qualitative Gruppenvergleiche wurden nach Wohnort, KiTa-Größe und Betreuungskonzept durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Die Fachkräfte berichteten Auffälligkeiten der Kinder im Bereich der sozial-emotionalen, sprachlichen und motorischen Entwicklung. Innerfamiliäre Förderung, der Wohnort und die Teilnahme an der Notbetreuung werden als Einflussfaktoren identifiziert. Eine innerfamiliäre Förderung während der Schließzeiten, ein ländlicher Wohnort und die Teilnahme an der Notbetreuung zeigten einen positiven Einfluss auf die motorische Entwicklung. Laut Fachkräften hatte die Teilnahme an der Notbetreuung und innerfamiliäre Unterstützung in der häuslichen Betreuung zudem eine protektive Wirkung auf die sozialemotional und die sprachliche Entwicklung.

Schlussfolgerung

Vorschulkinder entwickelten sich während der Coronaviruspandemie aus Sicht der pädagogischen Fachkräfte je nach Betreuungsmöglichkeiten und Wohnort unterschiedlich. Eine altersgerechte Förderung innerhalb der Familie und in Betreuungseinrichtungen sowie der sichere Zugang zu Bewegungsräumen sind wichtige Komponenten einer gesunden kindlichen Entwicklung, die in zukünftigen Pandemien aufgrund ihrer Relevanz besonders zu berücksichtigen sind. Der Zugang zu niedrigschwelligen und naturnahen Bewegungsräumen in städtischen wie in ländlichen Regionen ist zu prüfen und verstärkt zu fördern. Die Implementierung und Evaluation kleinerer Betreuungsgruppen in KiTas mit individuelleren Fördermöglichkeiten werden empfohlen.
Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of the multiple-herbivore community of horsenettle, and evidence for evolutionary responses in host-plant resistance
Authors: Wise Michael J.
Published: April 2024

The geographic mosaic model of plant–herbivore coevolution asserts that interactions between a plant species and an herbivore species vary in intensity among populations across the plant’s geographic range. Despite this model’s intuitive appeal, data to investigate its implications for the type of complex, multiple-herbivore communities that occur in nature are scant. This paper reports on the results of 2 years of field surveys of damage by five leaf herbivores and one stem herbivore in four Solanum carolinense (horsenettle) populations, combined with results of a common-garden study quantifying the mean resistance levels of the plants from each field against each of the six herbivores. The relative amounts of damage caused by each species (representing the “herbivore-community structure”) differed significantly among the four fields. The plants were much more heavily damaged in the 2nd year than in the first, but the herbivore-community structure remained stable within each field between years. Overall, the amount of damage by species of herbivores in a field tended to be positively correlated with the plants’ levels of resistance that were measured in the common garden (r = 0.40, P = 0.05). Specifically, for five of the six herbivores, greater damage in the field was associated with greater plant resistance. This result suggests that horsenettle’s evolution of resistance against specific herbivores can occur rather quickly within fields, creating a local-scale mosaic of populations specifically adapted to the particular structure of the herbivore community that they are facing, but that herbivore-community structure is not strongly determined by plant resistance.
Pollution sources affecting the oxidative potential of fine aerosols in a Portuguese urban-industrial area - an exploratory study
Authors: Canha Nuno , Gonçalves Sara , Sousa Diogo , Gamelas Carla , Mendez Sergio , Cabo Verde Sandra , Almeida Susana Marta , de Bartolomeo Anna Rita , Guascito Maria Rachele , Merico Eva , Contini Daniele
Published: April 2024

This study targets to determine the oxidative potential (OP) of fine aerosols in an urban-industrial area of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal) and, in addition, to identify which pollution sources may have an impact on the OP levels of fine aerosols. For this purpose, thirty samples were selected from a set of 128 samples collected over one year (Dec 2019-Nov 2020), based on the highest load for each source (both mass and %) previously assessed by source apportionment studies (using Positive Matrix Factorisation, a total of 7 different sources were identified: soil, secondary sulphate, fuel-oil combustion, sea, vehicle non-exhaust, vehicle exhaust and industry). The OP associated with the water-soluble components of PM2.5 was assessed using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method. The samples had a mean DTT activity (normalised to the mass) of 12.9 ± 6.6 pmol min− 1 µg− 1, ranging from 3.5 to 31.8 pmol min− 1 µg− 1. The DTT activity (normalised to the volume, $${\text{O}\text{P}}_{\text{V}}^{\text{D}\text{T}\text{T}}$$) showed to have a significant positive association with PM2.5 levels (R2 = 0.714). Considering that the mass contributions of the different sources to the PM2.5 levels were known, Spearman correlations were assessed and significant correlations were found between $${\text{O}\text{P}}_{\text{V}}^{\text{D}\text{T}\text{T}}$$ and three different sources: vehicle exhaust (ρ = 0.647, p-value = 0.001), fuel-oil combustion (ρ = 0.523, p-value = 0.012) and industry (ρ = 0.463, p-value = 0.018). Using a multiple linear regression analysis, these three sources were found to explain 82% of the variability in $${\text{O}\text{P}}_{\text{V}}^{\text{D}\text{T}\text{T}}$$, with vehicle exhaust being the most influential source.
Therapie-Update zur atopischen Dermatitis
Authors: Riedl Elisabeth
Published: April 2024

Atopische Dermatitis (AD) ist eine häufige, chronisch-entzündliche Hauterkrankung, die durch eine komplexe Pathogenese, klinische Heterogenität und einen schubhaften Verlauf gekennzeichnet ist. Vor allem die Behandlung von mittelschweren bis schweren Formen stellt eine Herausforderung dar, die bislang durch eine begrenzte Auswahl an Behandlungsoptionen zusätzlich erschwert wurde. Die Entwicklung neuer zielgerichteter Systemtherapien hat die Therapiemöglichkeiten deutlich erweitert und verbessert. Diese Neuerungen, unterstützt durch evidenzbasierte Ergebnisse aus klinischen Studien, signalisieren einen Wandel in der Behandlung der AD. Diese Übersicht gibt einen Überblick über die praxisrelevanten Fortschritte, einschließlich wichtiger Studienergebnisse, zur Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von innovativen Systemtherapien bei AD.
Orbit while in service
Authors: Hanukov Gabi , Yechiali Uri
Published: April 2024

In various real-life queueing systems, part of the service can be rendered without involvement or presence of the customers themselves. In those queues, customers whose service order is still in process may leave the service station, go to ‘orbit’ for a random length of time, and then return to find out if their order has been completed. Common examples are car’s annual maintenance works, food ordering, etc. In this paper, a thorough analysis of a single-server ‘orbit while in service’ queueing model with general service time is presented. Assuming an Exponentially distributed orbit time, we derive general formulae for the distributions of (i) a customer’s total residence time in the system; (ii) a customer’s net actual residence time in the system during service (not including orbit time); (iii) the time an orbiting customer is late to return, i.e., remains in orbit after his/her service has been completed; and (iv) the total number of customers in the system. Considering the family of Gamma-distributed service times (spanning the range of distributions between the Exponential and the Deterministic), as well as the Uniform distribution, we further derive explicit formulae for the distributions of the above variables. Under linear cost assumptions, the optimal mean orbit time is numerically calculated for each of the above service-time distributions. Figures depicting the behavior of the measures as functions of the parameters are presented.
Production of new functional coconut milk kefir with blueberry extract and microalgae: the comparison of the prebiotic potentials on lactic acid bacteria of kefir grain and biochemical characteristics
Authors: Aktas Doğan Kürşad , Aydin Sevcan
Published: April 2024

Probiotic foods are recognized for their importance on human health. Kefir is a versatile probiotic food that can be made from non-dairy sources for vegan diet. This study evaluated the addition of microalga Haematococcus pluvialis (0.50% w/v) and blueberry Vaccinium myrtillus (0.50% w/v) extracts to compare their influence on the biochemical properties and the bacterial community of coconut milk kefir through Nanopore-based DNA sequencing. Results revealed that the V. myrtillus increased the microbial diversity in coconut milk kefir with more abundant Proteobacteria species such as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (22%) and Lactococcus lactis (6.3%). Microalga demonstrated the opposite effect on C, making Firmicutes represent the whole of the microbiota. Biochemical analysis revealed increased fat content in the kefir samples, with the C1 registering 1.62% and the 1.07% in C2, in contrast to the control group’s 0.87% fat content. The crude protein content exhibited a decrease in both samples compared to the control group (0.00% and 0.88% versus 1.07%). These findings suggest that fortifying vegan kefir with prebiotics has the potential to induce significant alterations in the kefir microbiota.

Graphical abstract
An overall evaluation toolchain for assessing helicopter ship deck landings
Authors: Kalra Arti , Maibach Malte-Jörn , Štrbac Alexander
Published: April 2024

A compact toolchain is implemented for the control system design for helicopter ship deck landings in a simulated environment which provides a cost-efficient and safe environment to test different scenarios. The evaluation of the ship deck landing manoeuvres is mostly performed for Ship Helicopter Operation Limits (SHOL) evaluation and performance of the helicopter. In most of the assessments, a subjective assessment is performed using different pilot rating scales which is not sufficient and the objective assessment of the simulation data for the mission success itself is seldom performed. The developed toolchain evaluates the successful operation of ship-based rotorcraft by considering both ship and helicopter dynamics, environmental conditions, and the pilot’s responses. The toolchain evaluates various touchdown conditions like helicopter position, velocity and attitude relative to the ship deck. It also displays additional evaluation parameters for the entire approach. A preliminary pilot study was performed in a simulator within a complete maritime scenario design. The maritime simulation environment includes a nonlinear helicopter flight model with a model-based flight control system, a ship dynamic model with the simulated turbulent air wake and realistic wave and water effects. For a subjective assessment of the ship deck landings, subjective pilot ratings using different rating scales were recorded during the pilot study. Simulation results show that the toolchain is convenient and well suited for assessing helicopter ship deck landing performance in a simulation environment as it provides a complete objective and subjective evaluation.
Tailoring the Microstructure using Quenching and Partitioning Processing in a Commercial Mn-Si-Cr Spring Steel to Improve Tensile Properties
Authors: Masoumi Mohammad , Centeno Dany Michell Andrade , Echeverri Edwan Anderson Ariza
Published: April 2024

This study explores a novel approach to quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatment applied to AISI 9260 spring steel, comprising Fe-0.65C-1.58Mn-1.05Si-0.41Cr (wt.%). Our research focuses on balancing strength and ductility through optimized Q&P pathways, leading to a diverse microstructure that includes martensite, bainite, carbide, and retained austenite. Advanced X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques were employed to analyze the complexities of this microstructure. A key aspect of this study is the precise control of partitioning temperature and time, crucial for modulating lattice distortion and dislocation density within martensitic and bainitic structures. Optimal partitioning temperature promotes carbon distribution into austenite, tempering lattice distortions, and dislocation densities. Concurrently, carbide precipitation and segregation contribute to the refinement of the bainite phase. The sample quenched at 125 °C and partitioned at 350 °C (Q&P-125/350) demonstrates notable mechanical properties: a yield strength of 950 ± 15 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1710 ± 15 MPa, and an elongation of approximately 9.7%. These results are partly attributed to the effect of silicon in preventing cementite coarsening and the effective distribution of carbide. Our findings highlight the potential of Q&P heat treatment in developing tailored microstructures with enhanced mechanical properties in steel, without relying on costly alloying elements. This approach presents new avenues for the design and application of high-performance materials.