bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alimentary Canal ofCalliphora erythrocephalaL., with Special Reference to its Musculature and to the Proventriculus, Rectal Valve and Rectal Papillae
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

A detailed description of the musculature in the different regions of the alimentary canal ofCalliphora erythrocephalais given, and an account of the structure and function of the crop, proventriculus, ducts of the Malpighian tubes, rectal valve and rectal papillae. It has been shown by dissections and experiments that a system of channels exists in the rectal papillae through which the body fluid probably circulates, and it is suggested that the very large cells may have functions resembling those of liver cells.
Observations on Trichostrongylus tenuis Infestation in Domestic and Game Birds in the United States
Authors: Cram Eloise B. , Cuvillier Eugenia
Published: June 2009

Clinical trichostrongylosis, caused by T. tenuis in the caeca, previously known in epizootic form among gallinaceous birds in Great Britain, is here reported for the first time in this country, in native domestic geese in the District of Columbia and in imported pheasants in Michigan.

In cultures made from caecal contents of infected pheasants, eggs hatched in 36–38 hours; the infective larval stage might be reached as early as the sixth day (fourth day after hatching). Moisture being present, migrating larvae, retracted within the cuticular sheath, resisted an average temperature of about −3° C. (range +3° to −20° C.) for 4 months, proving infective for a bird host at the end of that period. The chicken, turkey and guinea-fowl were successfully infected with cultures derived from pheasants; attempts to infect the duck and pigeon with cultures from pheasants, and to infect the duck with cultures from geese, were unsuccessful. Development to adults in bird hosts took place in a minimum of 7 days after infection; the size of adults varied in different birds, being greater in the chicken than in the pheasant, and still greater in the turkey. In early stages of infection diarrhoea from the caeca, with passage of mucus and blood, occurred; later all discharge from the caeca ceased. The pathological picture was that of acute typhlitis, with the trichostrongyles lying in close contact with or penetrating the mucosa. Reinfection being prevented, symptoms were of fairly short duration, and the infestation tended to die out in about 2 months.
Studies on the Influence of the Environment on the Sheep Blow-fly Lucilia Sericata Meig
Authors: Evans A. C.
Published: June 2009

The many factors governing loss of water from the egg of Lucilia sericata are discussed, and this loss of water is shown to be the probable cause of mortality and failure to complete development at different combinations of temperature and humidity.
On the Early Stages ofLestodiplosis alveiBarnes (Diptera, Cecidomyidae), especially in Relation to the Larval Head Capsule
Authors: Otter G. W.
Published: June 2009

The main object of this paper is the description of the larva of a new species of Cecidomyid, found by me in January 1933 in two old beehives from Selehurst, Horsham, Sussex. The adult Cecidomyids, reared from these larvae, were submitted to Dr H. F. Barnes, who has found them to be a new species described by him under the name ofLestodiplosis alvei, in the paper which immediately follows.
On two new species of Giardia parasitic in Indian mammals
Authors: Abraham Rajender
Published: June 2009

Two new species of Giardia are described: G. wenyoni sp.nov., from the duodenum of slender loris, Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus, and G. dasi sp.nov. from the duodenum of palm-civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus hermaphroditus.

The distinguishing features of G. wenyoni are (measurements in microns): range of length 12·0–20·0, average 15·6; range of breadth 5·5–11·5, average 8·8; ratio of length to breadth 1·7; distance from anterior end to centre of nucleus 4·5; centre of nucleus to ends of lateral shields 7·0; ends of lateral shields to posterior end 3·6; breadth across centre of nucleus 7·7; length of the sucker 6·2; the ratio of body length to the length of sucker 2·5. The nuclei do not lie parallel to the axostyles. Each nucleus contains chromatin granules along the periphery.

G. dasi is distinguished by its dimensions which are (in microns): range of length 11·8–20·0, average 15·5; range of breadth 5·0–12·5, average 7·2; ratio of length to breadth 2·1; distance from anterior end to centre of nucleus 4·7; centre of nucleus to ends of lateral shields 6·0; ends of lateral shields to posterior end 5·4; breadth across the centre of nucleus 6·6; length of the sucker 6·0; the ratio of body length to length of sucker 2·5. Chromatin granules are present in the form of a ring in the centre of the nucleus. The most characteristic feature of this organism is the presence of certain large granules in the cytoplasm.
The sensory physiology of the human lousePediculus humanus corporisde Geer (Anoplura)
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

(i) Sensory responses

The reactions of the body louse to temperature, humidity, smell, contact and light have been tested in an arena divided into two halves.

Temperature. A temperature of 29–30° C. is preferred before 32° C. or 27° C. As the alternative temperature rises above 32° C. or falls below 27° C. the avoidance becomes increasingly strong. Different individuals vary in sensitivity.

These results are in accordance with those observed in a linear gradient of temperature, in which the lice collect chiefly in the region from 28 to 31° C.

The response is always to air temperature; there is no response to radiant heat from objects at 20–45° C.

Humidity. The louse is generally indifferent to humidity over the range from 10 to 60 or 75%r.h.Higher humidities are avoided. But when offered two humidities the choice is greatly influenced by the conditions experienced by the louse in the immediate past; it avoids any change; hence different individuals may show quite different responses. Moreover, when offered the choice of very moist air (95 %r.h.or over) and very dry (47 %r.h.or under) the louse becomes more readily adapted to the moist air and begins to avoid the dry.

Smell. The louse prefers cloth that has been in contact with human skin to clean cloth or cloth smelling of dog or rabbit. The smell of other lice and of their excreta is also attractive. Many substances serve as repellents; a refined petroleum with a very faint odour has been chiefly used for the experiments.

Contact. When offered smooth and rough materials the louse chooses the latter. It moves more rapidly on smooth materials and does not come to rest so readily. It shows little response to air currents unless very strong, when they are avoided.

Light. The movements of the louse are arrested or retarded by sudden exposure to a bright light, and sometimes it may show avoiding movements. But the movement of the louse towards dark places is mainly a response to directed light received by the horizontally placed eyes. Slight differences in the light received from different directions exert a much greater effect if the louse is exposed to a low level of general light intensity.

The movement of the louse towards relatively small dark objects is probably a manifestation of the same response.
The effect of temperature upon the hatching of the eggs of Pediculus humanus corporis de Geer (Anoplura)
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: June 2009

The hatching of the eggs of Pediculus humanus corporis De Geer is influenced by temperature.

High temperatures accelerate and low temperatures delay development.

The lowest constant temperature at which eggs will hatch is 24° and the highest 37°.

At 24° eggs begin to hatch on the seventeenth day and continue hatching until the twenty-first. At 37° eggs hatch on the sixth and seventh days. The temperature at which eggs hatch in the shortest time is 35° and the time 5 days. At these extremes many eggs are killed so that the percentages of successful hatches are very low. Eggs are killed by 2 days' exposure to 39°.

Temperatures at which the maximum number of eggs hatch he between 29 and 32°. In this range of “favourable” temperatures, up to 97% of successful hatches may be recorded. The incubation period is from 7 to 11 days. This is a convenient range of temperatures for laboratory purposes and gives largest numbers in a reasonably short time.

Newly deposited eggs will not hatch if kept for 14 days at 23° or for shorter periods at lower temperatures, until at 8° exposure for 7 days is sufficient to ensure that all eggs are dead.

If partially developed eggs are exposed to temperatures of 15° or lower, development ceases. If they are restored to a favourable temperature within 7 days, development is resumed and some of the eggs will hatch.

Older eggs which have almost reached hatching point at a “favourable” temperature hatch if transferred to temperatures as low as 18°. They do not hatch at 15° or lower if kept at such temperatures for at least 9 days.
The physiology of digestion in larvae ofGastrophilus equi
Authors: Roy D. N.
Published: June 2009

The results of the study on the digestion ofGastrophiluslarvae may be summarized as follows:

(1) Pepsin-like enzymes are totally absent.

(2) The salivary glands secrete a proteolytic enzyme, which has no effect on the digestion of casein, gelatine and fibrin, but acts on milk alone.

(3) The midgut is capable of secreting amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes.

(4) The body fluid contains a strong reducing substance.

(5) The body fluid, as was shown by Khemnitz (1914), contains an amylolytic enzyme which is also capable of converting glycogen into glucose.

(6) Free glycogen and glucose circulate in the body fluid of the larva during the prepupal and possibly the pupal stage also.

(7) The larva ofGastrophilusdoes not feed on blood, but lives on the fluid material partly digested by its host in the stomach.

(8) For this reason the horses do not show any symptoms even when there is a heavy infestation.
East Coast fever; its transmission by ticks in Kenya Colony
Authors: Fotheringham W. , Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

1. Investigations into some of the problems associated with African East Coast fever and its vectors have been undertaken: and although these are, as yet, incomplete we consider them of sufficient interest to warrant their publication at this stage.

2. The present position regarding the distribution of certain tick species in relation to East Coast fever in Kenya is briefly reviewed; and outbreaks of what may be peculiar forms of the disease in sporadic areas are mentioned.

3. It is thought that the passage of Theileria parva through different species of ticks might throw light on some sporadic outbreaks of the disease and on the peculiar character of some of the cases encountered.

4. Transmission by nymphae and adults of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, by adults of R. evertsi and R. simus is confirmed. Experiments with R. sanguineus, R. pulchellus and Amblyomma variegatum were negative.

5. Exposure of infective nymphae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus to different degrees and conditions of temperature prove that the ticks remain infective after being subjected to 4–6° C., and 8–10° C. for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Exposure to different alternating temperatures for similar periods had no effect on the virulence of the parasite. The ticks exposed to warm temperatures (35–38° C,) did not survive to the same extent as those exposed to cold temperatures. Ticks that survived for 1 week transmitted the disease.

6. Animals that ultimately recover from artificial infection may show a mild thermal reaction during the short course of the disease without showing typical clinical symptoms. In such cases diagnosis is frequently difficult, and Koch's bodies may be rare.

7. The association of Hyalomma spp. with many different diseases is briefly dealt with; and it is shown that Hyalomma impressum near planum P. Sch. is capable of transmitting East Coast fever in the nymphal and the adult stages after the larvae and nymphae respectively have fed on an infected animal. The parasite does not pass through the egg. H. impressum near planum is common in most parts of Kenya Colony.
Studies with Eperythrozoon parvum Splitter, 1950
Authors: Seamer John
Published: June 2009

1. The staining and morphology of E. parvum were characteristic of the genus Eperythrozoon. The diameter of the organism was approximately 250 mμ.

2. Visible eperythrozoa disappeared in 20 min. from infected blood incubated at 56° C., and in 12 hr. at 37° C. They persisted for several days at room temperature.

3. E. parvum was preserved for short periods at 5° C. and for longer periods at −30 and −79° C.

4. Splenectomized early-weaned piglets were experimentally infected by the parenteral and oral routes, and by means of the pig louse Haematopinus suis.

5. The mean prepatent period of 103 primary infections in splenectomized pigs was 9·7 days. Patent infections sometimes persisted for at least 36 days. One pig remained a carrier of E. parvum for 23 months.

6. A severe anaemia occurred in splenectomized piglets affected with E. parvum, but intact piglets were apparently unaffected.

7. E. parvum was susceptible in vivo to neoarsphenamine and oxytetracycline, but not to sulphadimidine, penicillin or streptomycin.
A new species of Amplicaecum (Nematoda) from the carpet snake (Morelia argus variegatus): with a re-definition and a key for the genus
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. , Mines J. J.
Published: June 2009

A new species of Amplicaecum is described from the carpet snake (Morelia argus variegatus) in coastal Queensland. It differs from all previously described species in this genus in that its host is a pythonid snake. It is the largest species yet described, and the spicules are about 3 times as long as in any other species. The genus Amplicaecum is tentatively re-defined and a key is given to the differential features of the recognized species. The view is expressed that before classification of these and related ascaridoids can be adopted, further information is necessary, particularly on (1) the phylogenetic significance of differential features already in use, and (2) on the existence of other more significant differential features.
The growth of Cooperia curticei (Giles, 1892), a nematode parasite of sheep
Authors: Sommerville R. I.
Published: June 2009

A growth curve of the parasitic stage of Cooperia curticei was drawn from measurements of worms collected from sheep between 2 and 22 days after infection. Exsheathed third-stage larvae did not grow during the first 48 hr. in the host. However, growth commenced between 48 and 72 hr. after infection, immediately prior to the third ecdysis. Following this ecdysis, the young fourth-stage larvae increased in length until the sixth day after infection, when growth ceased with the onset of the fourth lethargus. In most worms, this lethargus was terminated by the fourth ecdysis 8 days after infection. However, even in the oldest infections, late fourth-stage larvae were found which had been unable to enter the fifth stage. The first worms to reach the fifth stage ceased growth between 12 and 14 days after infection.
New species and new records of Argasidae from Israel. Observations on the rudimentary scutum and the respiratory system of the larvae of the Argasidae
Authors: Theodor O. , Costa M.
Published: June 2009

1. The dorsal plate which probably represents a rudimentary scutum in some Argasid larvae is discussed and described.

2. The respiratory system of the larvae of some species of Argas and Ornithodorus is described.

3. The systematic position of the lahorensis group of the genus Ornithodorus is discussed and the use of the name Alveonasus with an emended diagnosis for this group is suggested.

4. Ornithodorus procaviae n.sp. is described. Two other probably new species are described provisionally, but not named.

5. New records for other species of Argasidae in Israel are given.
Duration of invasiveness ofEntamoeba histolyticamaintainedin vitro
Authors: Vincent Patricia , Neal R. A.
Published: June 2009

The infectivity and invasiveness of a single strain ofEntamoeba histolyticato young rats has been studied over a period of 12 years. The virulence was slowly lost over a period of months or years of cultivationin vitro.After four to six liver passages, virulence was again established and again declined in culture. This was repeated on three occasions. Each time the strain lost virulence, the capacity to invade the mucosa was lost before the amoebae became non-infective to young rats. The duration of experimentally acquired virulence was progressively reduced after each succeeding series of liver passages.
The functional anatomy of the cysticercoid of Choanotaenia crassiscolex (Linstow 1890) (Dilepididae) from the digestive gland of Oxychilus cellarius (Müll) (Stylommatophora), with some observations on developmental stages
Authors: Rawson Dilys , Rigby Joyce E.
Published: June 2009

1. Four stages in the development of Choanotaenia crassiscolex are described with the help of five text figures and one plate.

2. The functional anatomy of the cysticercoid is given with the help of diagrams.

3. The identification is based on comparisons with material at the British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington, London, and comparison is made with earlier records in Table 1.

4. The unusual cyclophyllidean scolex is discussed and tentative suggestions and queries concerning the general form of the early cysticercoid are put forward.

5. An attempt is made to determine more precisely than has hitherto been done for cysticercoids, the relationship of parasite and host.
Diapause and metamorphosis of the blowfly,Lucilia sericataMeig
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

1. Diapause inLucilia sericatais caused by unfavourable conditions during the larval or prepupal period.

2. Diapausing prepupae usually contain a higher proportion of dry matter than do normal individuals.

3. Diapause occurs because the corpus allatum (Weismann's ring) is not producing the necessary hormone.

4. Diapause is ended when prepupae are removed from sand to empty tubes. Probably the corpus allatum is stimulated by a nervous reaction; the reaction is not due to an increase in the rate of metabolism.

5. Low temperatures (5° C.) do not affect the hormone, but high ones (35–37° C.) destroy it.

6. Prepupae ofLucilia sericatahave salivary glands which are dilated to nearly a quarter the body size. The contents serve as a store of water during diapause.

7. Diapausing prepupae after desiccation drink water and return to their original body weight. The water increases the volume of blood in circulation, and the blood controls the size of the adult produced.

8. Diapause in nature enables the species to survive unfavourable conditions.
Studies of the effect on T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense of prolonged maintenance in mammals other than man; with special reference to the power of these trypanosomes to infect man
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

In this paper the history is given of the maintenance away from man of certain strains of T. rhodesiense originally isolated from man in Tanganyika Territory.
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 III. Life Cycle in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle of Trypanosoma avium in both its hosts is described.

2. In the vector (Ornithomyia avicularia) it undergoes a cyclical development in the alimentary canal. Multiplication occurs while the flagellate is in the crithi-dial stage, and, finally, pyriform haptomonad crithidia appear in the insect's hind-gut: these change into the infective metacyclic trypanosomes.

3. After penetrating the mucous membranes of the bird (following its ingestion of the louse-fly), the metacyclic trypanosomes probably invade the lymph system, and there develop (by growth alone) into the large forms seen in the bird's blood some 18–24 hr. later.

4. The trypanosomes persist in their natural hosts (but not in canaries) throughout the winter, more-or-less restricted to the bone-marrow. In the spring they reappear in the peripheral blood.
Camallanidae parasitic in some Ceylon fish
Authors: Kulasiri C. , Fernando C. H.
Published: June 2009

1. Camallanus anabantis is recorded from Ceylon in Anabas testudineus, Ophicephalus punctatus, Puntius filamentosus and Rasbora daniconius. P. filamentosus, R. daniconius and O. punctatus are new hosts for this species.

2. Camallanus sweeti is recorded from Ceylon in Anabas testudineus, Ophicephalus punctatus, Ophicephalus striatus and Rasbora daniconius. One third stage larva was observed in each of O. punctatus and Clarias batrachus. O. punctatus, O. striatus and R. daniconius are new hosts for this species.

3. Procamallanus planoratus is recorded in Clarias batrachus, Ophicephalus punctatus and Ophicephalus striatus from Ceylon. O. punctatus and O. striatus are new hosts for this species.

4. Variations in the anatomy of the posterior ends of the three species are mentioned.

5. No Camallanidae were obtained from Macropodus cupanus, Puntius chola, P. dorsalis, P. vittatus, Panchax panchax, Nemacheilus botia botia, Etroplus macu-latus and Etroplus suratensis.

6. Reasons are given for suggesting direct infection of the host from the first intermediate host, although a ‘carrier host’ may exist.
Henneguya tegidiensis sp.nov. (Myxosporidia), from the freshwater fish Coregonus clupeoides pennantii (the Gwyniad)
Authors: Nicholas W. L. , Jones J. W.
Published: June 2009

A description is given of a new species of Henneguya (Myxosporidia), named H. tegidiensis sp.nov. It is parasitic in the freshwater fish, Coregonus clupeoides pennantii, from Lake Bala (North Wales), producing in it intramuscular cysts.
Studies on parasitic worms of sheep in Scotland
Authors: Silverman Paul H. , Campbell J. Allan
Published: June 2009

Laboratory studies on the embryonic and larval development of Haemonchus contortus under constant temperatures of 0·0°, 7·2°, 11°, 14·4°, 21·7° and 37° C., and varying moisture conditions were carried out. Reports of preliminary studies on Ostertagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum venulosum are included.

Observations showed that eggs in the same culture may behave in several ways: (1) eggs may develop at different rates; (2) eggs may exhibit intermittent stages of active and inhibited development; and (3) eggs may fail to develop and die at any stage from unknown causes.
The anatomy ofPhyllobothrium sinuosicepssp.nov. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) fromHexanchus griseus(Geilin) the six gilled shark
Authors: Williams H. Harford
Published: June 2009

The external features, the excretory, nervous and genital systems ofPhyllobothrium sinuosicepssp.nov. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) fromHexanchus griseusare described in detail, particular attention being given to the genitalia.

The species is compared withPhyllobothrium dohrnii, a well-known cestode.

The systematic position ofP. sinuosicepsis discussed and the differences betweenP. sinuosiceps, P. lactuca and P. radioductumare tabulated.

The simple arrangement of the nervous and excretory systems, the specialized features of the genitalia and host distribution suggest thatP. sinuosicepsmay be one of the most primitive species belonging to the family Phyllobothriidae.
Inhibition of Entamoeba histolytica in vitro by specific antibody
Authors: Nakamura Mitsuru
Published: June 2009

Bacteria-free cultures of E. histolytica have been inhibited by specific and related antibodies in the antisera produced in rabbits. Maximal culture-inhibiting antibodies were produced when the rabbits were immunized with frozen and thawed, formalin-treated trophozoites injected intravenously. Human sera from subjects with current or past histories of amoebiasis also inhibited growth of amoebae in vitro.
The incidence and distribution in Britain of the trematodes of Talpa europaea
Authors: Frankland Helga M. T.
Published: June 2009

1. Moles were collected from four main areas, Suffolk, Cheshire-Staffordshire, Westmorland-Yorkshire, and south-west Scotland, and examined for the presence of flukes. Three species were found: Itygonimus lorum from all the areas (and in one mole from Oxford); I ocreatus from Suffolk; Omphalometra flexuosa from Suffolk and Cheshire-Staffordshire.

2. The sex of the host has no effect on the incidence of parasitism with flukes.

3. I. lorum is almost exclusively a parasite of the lower half of the intestine, whereas I.ocreatus and O. flexuosa are predominantly parasites of the upper half of the intestine.

4. The commonest number of flukes of any of the three species to find in a mole is one, though two individuals is almost as common a number in the case of I. lorum. Nevertheless, large populations of I. ocreatus or O. flexuosa and moderate numbers of I. lorum are on occasion found in one mole.

5. Premunition does not occur with infestations of I. lorum and probably not with I. ocreatus and O. flexuosa.

6. The distribution of each species even within an area where it occurs is very patchy and local. This is probably bound up with restricted movement of the hosts, whether final or intermediate, and may also be associated with the influence of soil conditions on the intermediate hosts.

7. There appears to be no seasonal variation in the presence of flukes in moles.

8. Simultaneous infestation with more than one species of fluke is rare. It is possible for O. flexuosa to live in company with I. lorum or I. Ocreatus, but the two Itygonimus species were never found together in the same mole.

9. The presence of flukes in a mole has no effect on the rest of the intestinal helminth population of the host.
Observations on the genusPterygosoma(Acari: Pterygosomidae)
Authors: Jack K. M.
Published: June 2009

A generic diagnosis is given together with notes on infraspecific variation of known species in the subgeneraPterygosomaPeters, 1849, andGerrhosaurobiaLawrence, 1958, and first descriptions of the following hitherto unrecorded stages. Males ofP. transvaalensis, P. triangulare, P. hirsti hirsti, P. melanum melanum, P. melanum longipalpe, P. agamae aculeatumandP. persicum; nymphae ofP. transvaalense, P. neumanni, P. agamae agamaeandP. persicum; larvae ofP. neumanniandP. agamae agamae. The following species are here considered to be subspecies:P. hirsti bedfordiLawrence, 1936,P. melanum longipalpeLawrence, 1936,P. agamae aculeatumLawrence, 1936. The following species are reduced to synonymy:P. neumanni hirstielliAbdussalam, 1941 (=P. neumanniBerlese, 1910),P. rubicundumLawrence, 1958 (=P. agamae agamaePeters, 1849). Three subspecies and two species are described for the first time, namely,P. fimbriata problematica, P. melanum angolae, P. melanum capensis, P. benguellaeandP. spinosa. A list of parasitized lizard species with their scale-mite parasites is presented together with unparasitized lizard species of the Gerrhosauridae and the agamid generaCalotesandAgama. Support is given to Lawrence's (1936) conclusions on the factors preventing parasitization of the lizards. This is followed by a brief discussion of host-parasite relations and similarities between different species are evinced.

Sincere thanks are tendered to Dr A. J. Hesse, Chief Entomologist, South African Museum, for the loan of paratype material of many species; to Dr R. F. Lawrence for making available slides ofP. fimbriata, P.(G.)gerrhosauriand co-types ofP. rubicundum; to Dr G. O. Evans, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for advice and for the loan of Hirst's material ofP. agamae, P. persicum, P. neumanniandP. inermis; to Mr J. C. Battersby and Miss Alice Grandison of the Reptile Section of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for facilitating the collection of parasites from the lizards under their care; and finally to Mr T. E. Hughes and Dr F. A. Turk for their invaluable advice and encouragement.
Studies on the life history of Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)
Authors: Dutt S. C. , Mehra K. N.
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze), first reported in 1955, has been described.

2. The grasshoppers Acrotylus humbertianus Sauss., Acrida exaltata Walk., Oedaleus abruptus Thunb., Crotogonus sp. and Aiolopus sp. were found, experimentally, to serve as intermediate hosts. The cysticercoid has been described and figured. A crow was experimentally infected with the cysticercoid and the adult tapeworm recovered.

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr L. Sahai, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., the then Director of the Institute, for providing the requisite facilities, and to Dr H. D. Srivastava, M.Sc., D.Sc., F.N.I., Head of the Division of Parasitology, for valuable advice. They are grateful to Dr B. P. Uvarov, Director, Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, and to Dr A. P. Kapoor of the Zoological Survey of India for the identification of the insects.
On the genus Eucampsipoda Kol. and Dipseliopoda n.g. (Nycteribiidae, Diptera)
Authors: Theodor O.
Published: June 2009

The genus Eucampsipoda was created by Kolenati in 1857 for Eucampsipoda hyrtlii, the common parasite of Rousettus aegyptiacus, and Nycteribia fitzingeri Kol., 1856, which he later considered as synonym with N. aegyptia Macquart, 1851. In his paper of 1863 Kolenati gives illustrations of E. hyrtlii, but not of E. aegyptia as he had in the meantime lost his specimens. Macquart's description does not permit the recognition of the species, and it is even doubtful whether he was dealing with an Eucampsipoda at all. Speiser (1901) adds only a few details to Kolenati's description of E. hyrtlii, but introduces an unfortunate complication by incorrectly identifying specimens from Burma and Sumatra as E. hyrtlii. Later (1908) Speiser identified specimens from the Comoro Islands as E. hyrtlii, but this record has also become doubtful, as will be shown later. Scott (1914) accepts Speiser's identification of the Indonesian material as E. hyrtlii, and describes and figures a female specimen from Ceylon as E. hyrtlii, which is in fact E. latisternum Schuurm. Stekh. Scott (1925) identified specimens from South Africa as E. hyrtlii which on re-exaniination proved to belong to a new species. He also mentions Madagascar as a locality for E. hyrtlii without giving details. The distribution of E. hyrtlii was thus apparently extremely wide, throughout Africa, from the Cape Province to Egypt and beyond into Palestine, Comoro Islands, Madagascar, Ceylon, Burma and Sumatra.
Anthelmintic studies: I. A controlled critical entero-nemacidal test
Authors: Steward J. S.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the technique and interpretation of a test which can be used for the detection of anthelmintics active against threadworm (Enterobius) in man and a number of the helminth infections in herbivorous animals.

It can also be used for the qualitative comparison of active compounds.

It has been used to investigate some of the fundamental practices in the use of anthelmintics—the results of which are to be published elsewhere.
The louse populations of some cricetid rodents
Authors: Cook Edwin F. , Beer James R.
Published: June 2009

In 1952 and 1953, 798 specimens ofPeromyscus maniculatus,Microtus pennsylvanicusandClethrionomys gapperiwere examined for total louse populations. Two species of sucking lice,Hoplopleura acanthopusandH. hesperomydis, were found on these species.H. acanthopuswas found almost exclusively onMicrotus pennsylvanicusandClethrionomys gapperi, andHoplopleura hesperomydiswas found almost exclusively onPeromyscus maniculatus.

Contamination appears to account for the apparently abnormal associations. The rates of infestation varied from host to host and from year to year. In general the higher infestations were found on host populations which were stable or declining, and the lower rates were on hosts which were increasing in density.Microtus pennsylvanicushad the highest infestation rate followed byPeromyscus maniculatus, withClethrionomys gapperinearly free of lice.

The age of the host apparently had little to do with rate of infestation or population size.

The louse populations were made up of about equal numbers of adults and nymphs. The adult sex ratio was, in each sample, unbalanced in favour of the females.

The average population size varied between sexes of host and years. The male hosts had a higher average population than the female.
On the histology and ultrastructure ofCysticercus longicollis, the cysticercus ofTaenia crassicepsZeder, 1800, (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Baron P. J.
Published: June 2009

Studies with both the light and electron microscope on the bladder wall ofCysticercus longicollishave revealed details of its structure and shown that it contains structures comparable with those of adult cestodes. The structure of the everted scolex of the fully developed cysticercus has also been studied. Development of the scolex and rostellum has been briefly considered and is similar to that ofC. fasciolarisandC. pisiformis. The importance of the tegument in both bladder wall and scolex is emphasised.

The rostellar hooks appear first as small cones to which a base is added after some growth has occurred. Mature and immature hooks probably contain keratin. Results of histochemical tests on this and other parts of the cysticercus have been given.

Thanks are due to Dr L. G. Goodwin, Director of the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, London Zoo, for allowing the author to use the EM 6 B and photographic facilities. Dr J. Mahon of Imperial College, London, kindly read the script, gave advice on it and provided photomicrographic facilities. The author is grateful to the Principal and Governors of West Ham College of Technology for general and financial support of the project.
The skin reactions of two species of Southeast Asian Chiroptera to notoedrid and teinocoptid mites
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Rajamanickam C.
Published: June 2009

The host–parasite relationships of several notoedrid and teinocoptid mites of two Malaysian bats, Cheiromeles torquatus (the hairless bat) and Cynopterus brachyotis (the common fruit bat), were studied.

C. torquatus is parasitized by five species of Notoedres (family Sarcoptidae)—N. alexfaini, N. longisetosus, N. elongatus, N. rajamanickami and N. cheiromeles. Two, N. alexfaini and N. longisetosus, are responsible for generalized mange, which affects mainly the trunk. The three remaining species produce small, discrete lesions, each having a distinctive morphology and polarity.

Notoedres elongatus causes papilliform swellings, usually over the bony parts of the wing. It inhabits deep burrows in the swellings, which consist largely of hyper-plastic connective tissue heavily infiltrated with round cells. The lesions produced by N. rajamanickami resemble those of N. elongatus, except that they are located on the head in the neighbourhood of the vibrissae and are not elevated. N. cheiromeles dwells in cupules in the stratum corneum on various parts of the body, including the wings. These cupules are formed as a result of an intense hyper-keratosis in the immediate vicinity of the mites.

The reaction of the skin of Cynopterus brachyotis to the teinocoptid mite, Teino-coptes asiaticus (family Teinocoptidae), expresses itself chiefly as an extensive acanthosis. There is little or no thickening of the stratum corneum except on the lips of the epidermal cupule in which the anterior end of the mite rests. The dermis underlying the mite undergoes moderate fibroblastic proliferation.

We would like to thank Mr Lim Boo Liat of the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, and Mr Eric Alfred of the National Museum, Singapore, who very kindly allowed us to examine material from their collections. Mr Lim also assisted in other ways and proved to be a genial and helpful host when we visited his laboratory at the IMR. We are also most grateful to Professor John Harrison, who so generously provided us with space in his department.
The life-cycle of Echinoparyphium serratum sp.nov. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Authors: Howell M. J.
Published: June 2009

Echinoparyphium serratum sp.nov., with 37 collar spines, is described from experimentally infected ducklings and chickens. It appears to be most closely related to E. aconiatum but differs from it in having smaller eggs, fewer tegument spines, almost confluent vitellaria in the post-testicular region, and the inner margin of the ventral sucker is serrated. The natural host is unknown but thought to be a bird.

Bile composition may account for the markedly different recovery percentages of adult worms from the two experimental hosts.

Miracidia hatch between 9 and 11 days at 22 °C. Experimental infections of snails with miracidia have not been obtained.

Rediae occur naturally in Isidorella brazieri Smith, and free-swimming cercariae encyst in the pericardium of the same species of snail.

This latter part of the life-cycle is based on strong circumstantial evidence. A few cysts were occasionally found in the pericardium of Lenameria sp. but the enclosed metacercariae were dead.

The cercaria can be distinguished from Cercaria echinata, the cercaria of E. aconiatum, and C. equispinosa in having cystogenous gland cells containing granular material only, and the inner margin of the ventral sucker serrated.

I would like to record my sincere thanks to Professor J. D. Smyth for his advice, and comments on the manuscript.
The virulence to rats of five Entamoeba histolytica-like strains capable of growth at 25°C and attempts to discover similar strains
Authors: Neal R. A. , Johnson Pauline
Published: June 2009

Five strains of Entamoeba histolytica isolated from man and capable of growth at room temperature were tested for virulence by inoculation into the caeca of young rats. The results showed all strains to have a low infectivity and none produced caecal ulceration. Ten laboratory strains of E. histolytica were examined for growth at 25 °C, but none were established at this low temperature.
The effect of temperature on the development and survival of the infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti Sandground, 1925
Authors: Barrett J.
Published: June 2009

The development of the free-living infective larvae of a homogonic strain Strongyloides ratti is described.

The larvae develop only between 15 and 34 °C. Transfer experiments show the temperature block to be in the preparation for the second moult.

Within the temperature range 15–34 °C, increasing the temperature speeds up the rate of development of all the larval stages equally, the Q10 for development being 2·5.

The maximum percentage development occurs at 20 °C. The percentage development is highest in faeces–peat culture (95% development at 20 °C), whilst the percentage development in charcoal and vermiculite cultures is about the same (75% development at 20 °C.).

Larvae grown on charcoal cultures are larger than those grown on vermiculite, which are larger than those grown on peat. No significant difference was found in the length:oesophagus and length:width ratios or in the variability of larvae grown at different temperatures or on different culture media.

Different worm densities in the cultures of from 2000 to 10000 larvae per g of culture did not affect either the size of the infective larve or the percentage development.

The optimum temperature for survival is 15 °C. Worms grown at 20 °C lived longer than worms grown at any other temperature. There was no evidence of temperature adaptation by the larvae.

The infective larvae are positively thermotactic, and show maximum activity at 37 °C.

I should like to thank my supervisor, Dr Tate, for his advice and encouragement. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship.
The infection of Boophilus microplus with Babesia bigemina
Authors: Callow L. L.
Published: June 2009

Experiments were performed to determine at what phase or phases of its parasitic development Boophilus microplus becomes infected with Babesia bigemina. Problems due to Boophilus microplus being a one-host tick were overcome by artificially transferring ticks from one host to a second just prior to a moult. In several experiments, a babesiacide was used to eliminate parasites so that the exposure of ticks to infection could be restricted to one phase of their development. Further information was obtained by correlating the presence or absence of patent parasitaemia in the bovine with the presence or absence of infection in ticks which fed on it.

It was found that ticks were susceptible to infection for approximately the last day of their parasitic life. Infection at other times, that is, during larval, nymphal and the major part of the adult stages was not usual. Four of five attempts to infect larvae and all five attempts to infect nymphs were negative.

Infection of ticks always resulted when a patent parasitaemia coincided with the last day of parasitic life. Ticks were infected in all thirteen instances when these conditions existed but in only seven of eighteen instances when the animal was a carrier but was not showing parasitaemia.

Stage-to-stage transmission did not occur, although suitable conditions for this existed on nine occasions.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford , Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Five tame monkeys (3Macacus sinicusand 2M. rhesus) have been treated with emetine bismuthous iodideper os, in order to study the effects of the alkaloid upon their intestinal amoebae (and other protozoa).

These monkeys were originally infected withEntamoeba histolytica(large and small strains),Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Enteromonas(=Tricercomonas), andGiardia. Treatment with emetine ultimately eradicated theE. histolyticainfections from four out of five animals, but did not remove any of their other intestinal protozoa.

It has been found necessary to administer 60 mg. of emetine bismuthous iodide daily for about a week to a macaque weighing about 5 kg. in order to eradicate an infection withE. histolytica. Such dosage was toxic to four of the five monkeys used.

The general conclusion drawn is that emetine affects the various intestinal protozoa ofM. sinicusandM. rhesusexactly as it does the comparable species in man; and it is suggested that macaques can therefore be utilized—if similar methods be employed—in place of men in future chemotherapeutic experiments directed towards the discovery of remedies for human amoebic dysentery.
The development of single infections of Nematodirus battus in lambs
Authors: Mapes C. J. , Coop R. L.
Published: June 2009

The course of single infections of Nematodirus battus was studied and the developmental phases of the fourth larval stage described. The third moult occurred between days 2 and 4 after infection and the fifth between days 8 and 10. The period of maximum larval penetration of the intestinal mucosa occurred around day 4 and most of the larvae had returned to the mucosal surface by day 6, during the middle of the fourth-stage. Some larvae remained deep in the mucosa and moulted to the fifth-stage in this site.

The relationship between growth and morphological development was not constant and was different in worm populations from different sites. Some larvae grew very rapidly during the early fourth-stage and then entered a period of lethargus while continuing to develop sexually, while others grew and developed throughout the larval stage.

The worms recovered from the second 30% of the small intestine were consistently smaller and less advanced morphologically than those from the first 30%. The worms in the posterior region of the small intestine were preferentially lost from the mucosa in the third- and fourth-stages between days 2 and 4 and from the mucosal surface as adults between days 12 and 16.
The excretory system of nematodes: structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus with some observations on D. dipsaci and Heterodera rostochiensis
Authors: Narang H. K.
Published: June 2009

The structure and ultrastructure of the excretory system of Panagrellus redivivus, Ditylenchus myceliophagus, D. dipsaci and the second-stage larvae of the Heterodera rostochiensis are described. Panagrellus has two lateral ducts, a median duct and a gland. The two lateral ducts are joined over the anterior part of the oesophageal bulb to form a loop. Anteriorly this loop continues as a median duct, which opens to the exterior in an excretory pit, part of the system lies free in the pseudocoelom. The lumen of the lateral excretory duct and the greater part of the median duct is surrounded by capitate tubules, which open into the lumen of the excretory duct. Capitate tubules develop by the invagination of the hypodermal membranes and lie embedded in thick cytoplasm surrounded by mitochondria. Ensheathed in cell membranes the excretory duct forms an anastomosis in the loop and at three other places along the length of each lateral excretory duct. At these regions there are nerve endings. The excretory gland opens posteriorly into the loop and is full of Golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules.

In the system of Ditylenchus and the second-stage larva of Heterodera the right lateral duct is absent while the left lateral excretory duct continues anteriorly past the median excretory duct; a true loop is not formed. The median excretory duct lies embedded almost throughout its length in the excretory gland. Capitate tubules are present along the length of the lateral excretory duct, but, unlike Panagrellus, are not present around the median excretory duct. Anastomosis is not formed in the excretory ducts. In other respects the system of the species studied is similar to that of Panagrellus.

The capitate tubules form a system of fine microtubules. Their ultrastructure and, particularly, their association with large numbers of mitochondria, is very reminiscent of structures thought to be concerned with an active transport role, related to ionic and osmoregulation in other phyla.

The excretory system is almost certainly hypodermal in origin. Differences between the morphology and relations of the median duct of Enoplus (Narang, 1970), on the one hand, and that of the other forms studied suggest that these ducts may have different origins: the presence of separate nuclei in the lateral duct and gland portions of the system would be consistent with this view. It is considered that the two parts may have originated separately and have become joined during evolution. It is also shown that the excretory system of Ditylenchus cannot be derived either from an H-shaped system or from a primitive gland system.

I wish to thank Professor C. Ellenby and Mr L. Smith for their helpful criticism.
Schistosoma mansoni: in vitrotransformation of cercariae into schistosomula
Authors: Gilbert B. , Da Rosa Marlene N. , Borojević R. , Pellegrino J.
Published: June 2009

The transformation of cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoniinto schistosomula has previously been achieved by passage through membranes of biological origin. This transformation has now been effected in the absence of a membrane. Chemical stimulus for transformation results from contact with human or rat skin lipid and fractionation of the latter led to localization of the active component in a fraction containing phospholipids. The series of processes involved in transformation was subsequently found to be set in motion by the action of egg lecithin-water mixtures on an aqueous suspension of cercariae and yields of 90% of live schistosomula may be obtained reproducibly with crude egg lecithin-water in the ratio 1:50. The juvenile worms were found, by accepted criteria, to be identical to those produced by the normal penetration procedure. Purified lecithin does not produce the same stimulus and the effect of the physical state and of possible impurities present in crude egg lecithin is discussed.

This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (Brazil), the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econâmico FUNTEC contracts nos. 99 and 110 (Brazil), U.S. Army Grants nos. DAHC-19-70-G-0017 (to B.G.) and DAHC-19-70-G-0070 (to J.P.) and by the FORGE Foundation. Contribution no. 18 from the Schistosomiasis Research Unit, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.