bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responses of fruit physiology and virgin oil quality to cold storage of mechanically harvested ‘Arbequina’ olives cultivated in hedgerow
Authors: Yousfi K. , Weiland C. M. , García J. M.
Published: October 2013

The increase in olive fruit production (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Arbequina’), due to the increasing use of super-intensive cultivation and the need for a rapid fruit processing will force the industry to make a considerable investment in machinery for processing in order to maintain the level of quality of virgin olive oil (VOO). This work aims to study how the storage temperature affects the physiology of the olive and the quality of the oil, in order to use fruit storage as a cheaper and more versatile alternative to the increase in processing capacity. ‘Arbequina’ fruit did not present symptoms of chilling injury during 15 days of cold-storage. Postharvest decay, de-greening, softening, respiration and ethylene production of the olive fruit increased in direct relationship as the storage temperature increased. These facts determined a proportional deterioration of the free acidity and the sensory quality of the VOOs. Furthermore, the contents of tocopherols and of the main phenolic compounds in the VOO exhibited a reduction during fruit storage according to the increase in the temperature used. Storage at 2 °C preserved the integrity of the olive to maintain the best “Extra” level of VOO quality for a period of 12 days.
¿Nació el Islam en España?
Authors: Sánchez Herrero José
Published: October 2013

Con este trabajo pretendo contestar a ciertas opiniones sobre la conquista o no conquista de Hispania por los musulmanes en el siglo VIII que en nuestros días pretenden difundir. Después de referirme a la importancia de la persona y de la obra de San Isidoro de Sevilla (560-636), ignorado por dichos autores, expongo las tesis de Ignacio Olagu.e (1969) y Emilio González Ferrín (2006), contesto a ambos, especialmente y detenidamente al segundo. Se completa el trabajo con otras reflexiones sobre el yihad y el proceso de la composición de El Corán.
Ecce Agnus Dei, qui tollit peccata mundi. Sobre los símbolos de Jesucristo en la Edad Media
Authors: Torres Jiménez Raquel
Published: October 2013

El artículo trata de los significados simbólicos del Agnus Dei en la Edad Media, sus usos, recepciones y evolución, desde la perspectiva de la historia religiosa y de la historia cultural. Se sirve del análisis de textos de los Padres de la Iglesia, literatura cristiana medieval, discursos teológicos, exégesis bíblica en el contexto medieval, iconografía, objetos de iglesias, liturgia, mística. Se privilegia la visión integral de este símbolo, que, más allá de analogías morales, tiene capacidad para explicar toda la historia de la salvación: el Agnus Dei evoca cómo los hechos salvíficos del pasado se hacen presentes en la eucaristía y se proyectan triunfalmente hacia el futuro.
La imitatio Christi y los itinerarios de los religiosos: hagiografía y prácticas espirituales en la vocación religiosa en la España moderna
Authors: Rico Callado Francisco Luis
Published: October 2013

En este trabajo se analiza el calado que tuvo la religiosidad de carácter cristocéntrico en el seno de las órdenes religiosas españolas durante la Edad Moderna, especialmente jesuitas y franciscanos descalzos. Las prácticas de penitencia y de oración impuestas a los religiosos desde su ingreso en las órdenes, centradas en la imitatio Christi, permiten entender tanto los modelos de conversión de la época como el carácter de las prácticas religiosas difundidas por los clérigos de las Órdenes en sus diferentes ministerios.
Moriscos expulsados de Granada y “avecindados” en Toledo
Authors: Rodríguez de Gracia Hilario
Published: October 2013

La expulsión y reparto por Castilla de miles de moriscos granadinos comenzó en noviembre de 1570. La primera expedición, constituida por 624 personas, llegó a Toledo a finales de dicho mes, siendo entregadas, a partir de los diez años de edad, a ciudadanos para que trabajasen con ellos como una forma de impedir su desamparo. El objetivo principal de esta parte del artículo consiste en analizar el número de cada partida, su procedencia, las penalidades que soportaron en el trayecto y su destino final.
El estudio de sus preferencias laborales y su ubicación en las colaciones parroquiales toledanas es el aspecto principal que trata la otra parte de este trabajo. Para obtener conclusiones se utilizan unos poderes realizados por el escribano público Blas Hurtado en 1587. Allí aparecen identificados más de cuatrocientos hombres con sus nombres, apellidos, profesión y residencia. La información posibilita conocer cuáles eran sus actividades preferentes y en qué partes del plano ciudadano establecieron su residencia.
Increased fetal endocardial echogenicity mimicking endocardial fibroelastosis following maternal organophosphorus poisoning and its complete regression in utero
Authors: Balakumar Karippaliyil , Misha Kannan , Milind Karippaliyil
Published: October 2013

Fetal endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) has been diagnosed by antenatal ultrasonography in the past few years. A typical case of isolated endocardial fibroelastosis is illustrated here, in a fetus of 22 weeks of gestational age exposed to maternal organophosphorus poisoning at 20 weeks. No other structural cardiac or other systemic anomalies were detected in this fetus. The abnormal fetal echocardiographic features mimicking endocardial fibroelastosis completely regressed after 14 weeks and a normal full-term baby was delivered. Postnatal echocardiogram showed normal cardiac parameters. The diagnostic features mimicking EFE following maternal organophosphorus poisoning at 20 weeks of gestational age and the subsequent complete reversal of these changes after 14 weeks of diagnosis are reported for the first time in the literature.
Extrahepatic biliary atresia with choledochal cyst: Prenatal MRI predicted and post natally confirmed: A case report
Authors: Nori Madhavi , Venkateshwarlu J , Prasad G Raghavendra ,   Vijaysekhar
Published: October 2013

Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) is an uncommon cause of neonatal jaundice. Antenatal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) diagnosis of EHBA has not been published to the best of our knowledge till date. EHBA with cystic component is likely to be mistaken for choledochal cyst. A case that was antenatally predicted and postnatally confirmed by surgery and histopathology is being reported. All imaging signs are analyzed herewith. Imaging helps in the prediction of EHBA and also helps in early postnatal surgical referral which in turn improves the results of Kasai′s portoenterostomy.
Psychosocial management of diabetes: Applicability of national guidelines to Mewat, an underserved region of Haryana
Authors: Kumar Arun , Goel Pawan , Vashisht Brij , Mittal Kundan
Published: October 2013

Mewat, a district of Haryana state in India, has unique and different socio cultural milieu which can limit the effective implementation of national guidelines on psychosocial management of diabetes. We reviewed and discussed the underlying socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of Mewat district in order to tailor these national guidelines according to the applicability to improve implementation. We also proposed possible multifaceted interventions/solutions to overcome the potential hurdles for successful implementation of the guidelines in the district.
Bibliometric analysis of Journal of Social Health and Diabetes (JOSH Diabetes)
Authors: Bhutani Garima , Kalra Sanjay , Verma Prem , Kaushal Jyoti
Published: October 2013

Materials and Methods: The publications of year 2013 of JOSH Diabetes were analyzed. Total no. of articles published, type of articles, their authorship, and the coverage of various subspecialties were studied. The publications were also classified as being of Indian or foreign origin and from academic or non-academic institutions depending upon the institution of first author. Results and Conclusions: A total of 2 issues of JOSH Diabetes were published in 2013, including a total of 28 publications. Review articles and methodological issues in social health and diabetes research were published maximally. All the subspecialties were covered well, maximum being ethnography. Both academic and non-academic institutions have contributed almost equally towards this journal. The journal has been able to attract the interest of the foreign authors as well. Articles from all parts of the country have been published in JOSH Diabetes, but Haryana has contributed maximally.
Active prediction of syntactic information during sentence processing
Authors: Ilkin Zeynep , Sturt Patrick
Published: October 2013

We describe an eye-tracking experiment that tested the effect of syntactic predictability on skipping rates during reading. We found that plural noun phrases were skipped more often than singular noun phrases, in syntactic contexts which induced a high expectation for a plural. We interpret this effect as evidence that the plural noun phrase has been predicted ahead of time. The results indicate that the examination of skipping rates might be a useful tool for the investigation of syntactic prediction effects.
Data driven components in a model of inner shelf sorted bedforms: a new hybrid model
Authors: Goldstein E. B. , Coco G. , Murray A. B. , Green M. O.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Numerical models rely on the parameterization of processes that often lack a deterministic description. In this contribution we demonstrate the applicability of using machine learning, optimization tools from the discipline of computer science, to develop parameterizations when extensive data sets exist. We develop a new predictor for near bed suspended sediment reference concentration under unbroken waves using genetic programming, a machine learning technique. This newly developed parameterization performs better than existing empirical predictors. We add this new predictor into an established model for inner shelf sorted bedforms. Additionally we incorporate a previously reported machine learning derived predictor for oscillatory flow ripples into the sorted bedform model. This new "hybrid" sorted bedform model, whereby machine learning components are integrated into a numerical model, demonstrates a method of incorporating observational data (filtered through a machine learning algorithm) directly into a numerical model. Results suggest that the new hybrid model is able to capture dynamics previously absent from the model, specifically, the two observed pattern modes of sorted bedforms. However, caveats exist when data driven components do not have parity with traditional theoretical components of morphodynamic models, and we discuss the challenges of integrating these disparate pieces and the future of this type of modeling.
Continental moisture recycling as a Poisson process
Authors: Goessling H. F. , Reick C. H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. On their journey over large land masses, water molecules experience a number of precipitation–evaporation cycles (recycling events). We derive analytically the frequency distributions of recycling events for the water molecules contained in a given air parcel. Given the validity of certain simplifying assumptions, the frequency distribution of recycling events is shown to develop either into a Poisson distribution or a geometric distribution. We distinguish two cases: in case (A) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last advected across the ocean–land boundary. In case (B) recycling events are counted since the water molecules were last evaporated from the ocean. For case B we show by means of a~simple scale analysis that, given the conditions on earth, realistic frequency distributions may be regarded as a mixture of a Poisson distribution and a geometric distribution. By contrast, in case A the Poisson distribution generally appears as a reasonable approximation. This conclusion is consistent with the simulation results of an earlier study where an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water vapor tracers was used. Our results demonstrate that continental moisture recycling can be interpreted as a Poisson process.
Fabrication of Red, Green, and Blue Pixels Using Integrated GaN-Based Schottky-Type Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Honda Tohru , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Sakai Naoyuki , Fujioka Shuhei , Sugiura Yohei
Published: October 2013

GaN-based UV Schottky-type (ST) LEDs were fabricated using GaN layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Red, green, and blue (RGB) pixels were fabricated using the UV-LEDs and RGB phosphors. Surface modification led to the reduction in reverse-bias leakage current and improved forward-bias characteristics. It was found that the ideality factor,n, was improved with increasing breakdown voltage in the reverse-bias range. We believe that the improvement is due to the reduced number of threading-dislocation (TD)-related leakage paths. The effect of the point defects around the TDs on light emission was reduced by the surface modification because the number of current paths around the TDs was reduced.
Self-Alignment Organic Field-Effect Transistors with Silver Nanoparticle Electrodes
Authors: Muramoto Tatsunori , Naka Shigeki , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: October 2013

Self-alignment organic field-effect transistors with silver nanoparticle electrodes fabricated using the back-surface exposure method were investigated. Using a thick silver (Ag) nanoparticle (NP) gate electrode as a photomask, a photoresist on thin and semitransparent Ag NP source and drain electrodes was patterned by back-surface exposure. Transmittances of thick (1,600 Å) and thin (400 Å) Ag NPs were 0.75 and 18.0%, respectively. The overlap between the gate electrode and the photoresist pattern increased with the back-surface exposure time, and the resultant overlap length of the gate–source and gate–drain electrodes was 2 µm. For device characteristics, the field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and on-off ratio were 0.012 cm2/(V·s), 12 V, and 1.5 ×103, respectively.
Surface Texturing of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Using Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Do Kyeom Seon , Kang Min Gu , Park Je Jun , Kang Gi Hwan , Myoung Jae-Min , Song Hee-eun
Published: October 2013

Surface texturing with silicon nanowires on a pyramidal structure was explored by simple metal-assisted chemical etching to improve the electrical performance of a silicon solar cell. The length of nanowires was controlled by changing the etching time in a H2O2/HF solution after Ag ion adsorption. The weighted reflectance from 300 to 1200 nm was reduced to as low as 4.6% with a 200-nm-long nanowire formed by 30 s etching, while the pyramid surface had a 12.3% reflectance before antireflection (AR) coating deposition. However, the surface textured with 200-nm-long silicon nanowires had a similar reflectance, even after AR coating, and a decreased conversion efficiency in the completed solar cell. Since the silicon wafer with 200-nm-long nanowires had a deep and narrow structure, the AR layer could not be deposited uniformly, which resulted in a low passivation quality and an antireflection effect. This means that the surface structure, even with low reflectance, cannot be appropriate in the cell fabrication process because it is not capable of improving the solar cell performance characteristics. On the other hand, the 30-nm-long nanowire-textured silicon solar cell formed by 2 s etching had a decreased reflectance and improved electrical properties. As a result, the 30-nm-long silicon nanowire-textured solar cell exhibited improved performance characteristics, ΔJ
sc = 0.3 mA/cm2, ΔV
oc = 2 mV, and Δη= 0.2%, compared with only a pyramidal textured surface. This suggests that a respectable quality in the passivation and antireflection layers, as well as reflectance reduction, in nanoscale-textured silicon solar cells is required for silicon solar cell performance.
Magnetoresistance Generated by Combination of Spin–Orbit Interaction and Applied Magnetic Field in Bipolar Conductors
Authors: Sakai Masamichi , Kodama Daisuke , Okano Yoshihisa , Sakuraba Takahito , Honda Zentaro , Kitajima Akira , Oshima Akihiro , Higuchi Koji , Hasegawa Shigehiko , Nakamura Osamu
Published: October 2013

We have theoretically studied the magnetotransport properties in bipolar conductors under consideration of the simultaneous presence of an external magnetic field, left–right asymmetric carrier scattering due to spin–orbit interactions, and spin-polarized holes/electrons, predicting both positive and negative transverse magnetoresistance (TMR) terms, the mechanisms of which are completely different from the conventional mechanism in bipolar conductors. The positive TMR term is predicted only for the asymmetric carrier scattering case, the sign of which is the same (negative) between a hole and an electron. The other case of asymmetric scattering, the sign of which is opposite between a hole and an electron, was also determined to always show a negative TMR. Our proposed TMR was experimentally evidenced from the magnetotransport and magnetization measurements of a compensated metal, YH2. Also, application to logic gates is discussed on the basis of our proposed mechanism.
Formation of Polymer Networks for Fast In-Plane Switching of Liquid Crystals at Low Temperatures
Authors: Yu Byeong-Hun , Song Dong Han , Kim Ki-Han , Park Byung Wok , Choi Sun-Wook , Park Sung Il , Kang Sung Gu , Yoon Jeong Hwan , Kim Byeong Koo , Yoon Tae-Hoon
Published: October 2013

We formed a polymer structure to enable fast in-plane switching of liquid crystals at low temperatures. The problem of the inevitable slow response at low temperatures was reduced by the formation of in-cell polymer networks in in-plane switching (IPS) cells. The electro-optic characteristics of polymer-networked IPS cells were measured at temperatures ranging from -10 to 20 °C. The turn-on and turn-off times of an IPS cell were reduced by 44.5 and 47.2% at -10 °C by the formation of polymer networks. We believe that the proposed technology can be applied to emerging display devices such as mobile phones and automotive displays that may be used at low temperatures.
Enhancement of Direct Piezoelectric Properties of Domain-Engineered (100) BiFeO3 Films
Authors: Yoshimura Takeshi , Ujimoto Katsuya , Kawahara Yusaku , Wakazono Keisuke , Kariya Kento , Fujimura Norifumi , Murakami Shuichi
Published: October 2013

The improvement of the e
31,f coefficient of domain-engineered BiFeO3 films, which is one of the important parameters on piezoelectric MEMS application, is discussed. The (100) BiFeO3 epitaxial films grown on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 substrates have a rhombohedral structure with tetragonal distortion. It was found that the BiFeO3 film deposited at the highest temperature (650 °C) has the lowest tetragonality and smallest domain size. The d
33(AFM) coefficients characterized by scanning probe microscopy indicated that the intrinsic contribution of the piezoelectric response increases with increasing tetragonality. On the other hand, the film with the lowest tetragonality exhibited the highest e
31,f coefficient. The results of the analysis of the domain structure by piezoelectric force microscopy revealed that a 71° domain wall has a large contribution to the increase in e
31,f coefficient.
Fabrication and Evaluation of One-Axis Oriented Lead Zirconate Titanate Films Using Metal–Oxide Nanosheet Interface Layer
Authors: Minemura Yoshiki , Nagasaka Kohei , Kiguchi Takanori , Konno Toyohiko J. , Funakubo Hiroshi , Uchida Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

Nanosheet Ca2Nb3O20 (ns-CN) layers with pseudo-perovskite-type crystal configuration were applied on the surface of polycrystalline metal substrates to achieve preferential crystal orientation of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) films for the purpose of enhanced ferroelectricity comparable to that of epitaxial thin films. PZT films with tetragonal symmetry (Zr/Ti=0.40:0.60) were fabricated by chemical solution deposition (CSD) on ns-CN-buffered Inconel 625 and SUS 316L substrates, while ns-CN was applied on the the substrates by dip-coating. The preferential crystal growth on the ns-CN layer can be achieved by favorable lattice matching between (001)/(100)PZT and (001)ns-CN planes. The degree of (001) orientation was increased for PZT films on ns-CN/Inconel 625 and ns-CN/SUS 316L substrates, whereas randomly-oriented PZT films with a lower degree of (001) orientation were grown on bare and Inconel 625 films. Enhanced remanent polarization of 60 µC/cm2 was confirmed for the PZT films on ns-CN/metal substrates, ascribed to the preferential alignment of the polar [001] axis normal to the substrate surface, although it also suffered from higher coercive field above 500 kV/cm caused by PZT/metal interfacial reaction.
Effect of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) As a Stress-Relaxing Additive in Fabrication of PbZrxTi1-xO3 Thin Films Using Sol–Gel Route
Authors: Doi Toshihiro , Soyama Nobuyuki , Sakurai Hideaki
Published: October 2013

We investigated how poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) suppresses crack generation during fabrication. It was confirmed that PVP plays the role of a stress-relaxing agent by in situ stress development measurement at temperatures from 200 to 300 °C. We found that PVP in the film was removed in two steps and that the residual PVP-decomposition product can be the cause of void generation. It was revealed that Young's modulus of the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film prepared from PZT–PVP-sol was lower at temperatures from 300 °C to less than that from 400 °C than from PZT-sol during fabrication despite the fact that the each values at 450 °C are almost the same. It implies that PVP suppress crack formation by degrading Young's modulus of the film before crystallization. We obtained a 2-µm-thick PZT film with only 10 coatings and its electrical properties is equivalent to previously reported values obtained using the sol–gel route.
Fabrication of Multilayer Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 Film Crystallized by Laser Annealing
Authors: Chen Xianfeng , Yagi Masahiro , Akiyama Yoshikazu , Machida Osamu , Ohta Eiichi , Meixner Melanie , Stollenwerk Jochen , Boettger Ulrich , Schneller Theodor
Published: October 2013

Crystallization of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 (PZT) films derived from sol–gel precursor solutions using a continuous-wave (CW) 980 nm semiconductor laser is discussed in this paper. By using a 0.3 M precursor solution and repeating 4 times a sequence of drying, pyrolysis, and laser annealing (LA) processes, 150-nm-thick PZT films with (111)-preferred texture are obtained. By adjusting the laser power according to the variation in film thickness, PZT crystallization is induced throughout the film, which is confirmed by electron diffraction patterns. The dielectric constant and loss tangent measured with an oscillation voltage of 0.8 V at 10 kHz are 1200 and 0.078, respectively. The remanent polarization and coercive field of the LA-PZT film are 30 µC/cm2 and 104 kV/cm, respectively. The field-induced strain property calculated from the voltage-displacement curve obtained by an atomic force microscopy measurement is comparable to that of the PZT film fabricated by rapid thermal annealing.
Measurements of Nonlinear Dielectric Constants of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films Using a Dynamic Measuring Method
Authors: Hiranaga Yoshiomi , Cho Yasuo
Published: October 2013

The nonlinear dielectric constants of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films were studied using a dynamic measuring method. The 111-oriented PZT thin films with various Zr/Ti ratios were deposited on platinum-coated silicon substrates using a sol–gel method. The ε333 of the films increased with the Zr concentration in the tetragonal region and reached a maximum value of 280 aF/V close to the morphotropic phase boundary (Zr/Ti= 52/48). This measured value is 400 times larger than that of LiTaO3 single crystals.
(Co–Ti–O)/Bi–Ti–O Multilayer Films with High-Frequency Electromagnetic Response
Authors: Kijima Hanae , Zhang Yiwen , Kobayashi Nobukiyo , Ohnuma Shigehiro , Muralt Paul , Setter Nava , Masumoto Hiroshi
Published: October 2013

A series of (Co–Ti–O)/Bi–Ti–O multilayer films with 1–65 Co–Ti–O magnetic layers (MLs) are prepared by tandem sputtering method. The effects of the multilayers on the electromagnetic responses were investigated in the frequency range from 0.1 to 10 GHz. The multilayer films demonstrate soft-magnetic performance, maintain low loss of permeability (µ) up to a few GHz, and exhibit a clear peak of µ'' at their resonance frequency (f

r
). f

r
increase from 1.9 to 4.7 GHz with increasing MLs from 1 to 65. The multilayer films show a notable indentation of susceptance (B) at approximately f

r
, which is not observed in a Bi–Ti–O monolayer film.
Effect of Crystal Growth Direction on Domain Structure of Mn-Doped (Na,K)NbO3 Crystal
Authors: Tsuchida Kohei , Kakimoto Ken-ichi , Kagomiya Isao
Published: October 2013

Single crystals of (Na0.55K0.45)(Nb0.995Mn0.005)O3 have been grown by a floating zone method in N2 and decompression atmosphere to avoid alkaline metal volatilization on the SrTiO3 material base. The variation of their ferroelectric domain structure and the chemical composition of the grown crystal in the growth direction were evaluated. In the crystal grown in N2 atmosphere, the Na and K are not distributed homogeneously. In addition, the phase transition temperature T
C and T
O–T showed different values between the grown crystal and raw material. By using laser scanning confocal microscope, the domain structures of the grown crystal revealed random patterns in the initial growth stage and lamellar patterns in the progressing crystal growth. In decompression atmosphere, the T
C and T
O–T values of the grown crystal were similar to those of the raw material and the domain structures showed a constant domain size. The electrical property of the crystal became stable and the domain structure was easily switched against applied electrical field because the oriented lamellar domain was created during cooling of the crystal.
Orientation Control of (K,Na)NbO3 Ceramics Using NaNbO3 Particles Prepared by Single-Step Molten Salt Synthesis
Authors: Ishii Keisuke , Tashiro Shinjiro
Published: October 2013

An effective orientation control of (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) ceramics using plate-like NaNbO3 (NN) particles prepared by single-step molten salt synthesis was accomplished. The factors inhibiting the grain orientation in KNN ceramics were identified. The mixture ratio of Bi2O3 in the starting materials used to synthesize the plate-like NN particles was optimized for the orientation control. In addition, by improving the sintering process, the textured ceramics with an orientation factor of 97% and a relative density of 96% were fabricated.
Possibility of Cofiring a Nickel Inner Electrode in a (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–LiF Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Kobayashi Keisuke , Doshida Yutaka , Mizuno Youichi , Randall Clive A.
Published: October 2013

Multilayer (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) ceramics are considered promising candidates for lead-free piezoelectric actuators. The possibility of cofiring a nickel inner electrode in an NKN–LiF ceramic was investigated by evaluating the electrical properties and microstructures. The fabricated Ni inner electrode multilayer actuator sintered in a reduced atmosphere exhibited comparable dielectric properties to those of bulk NKN ceramics. The electric-field-induced strain was approximately 210 pm/V. Analysis based on the Rayleigh model showed that the extrinsic non-180° domain wall motion was suppressed in the multilayer structure. The microstructure of the NKN ceramic was not affected by cofiring with nickel, and the NKN/Ni interface was both compositionally and structurally sharp. These results imply that the NKN–LiF ceramic can be cofired with nickel without any deterioration of its properties.
Influence of Fabrication Conditions on Monostability of Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Furue Hirokazu , Amano Mana , Shime Tsubasa , Horiguchi Toshiki , Oka Shinichiro , Komura Shinichi , Kobayashi Shunsuke
Published: October 2013

Polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals (PS-FLCs) photocured in the SmA phase can show monostable V-shaped electrooptical characteristics. In this study, we have researched the influence of the fabrication conditions such as polymer concentration, cell gap, and alignment film materials on the monostable electrooptical characteristics of PS-FLCs. As a result, it is confirmed that the monostable capability strongly depends on the polymer concentration. However, the driving voltage increases as the polymer concentration increases. Therefore, to fabricate practicable PS-FLC devices, it is important to investigate the effects of other factors on the monostable capability. From the investigation of the influence of the cell gap and the alignment film materials on the monostable capability of PS-FLCs, it is concluded that the surface anchoring of the alignment film strongly influences the monostable characteristics of PS-FLCs photocured in the SmA phase.
Origin of Composition Variation of Ferroelectric Phase Transition Temperature in (Ba,Ca)TiO3 by Synchrotron Radiation Powder Diffraction
Authors: Moriyoshi Chikako , Takeda Shoichi , Magome Eisuke , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Ikeda Jun
Published: October 2013

The ferroelectric cubic–tetragonal phase transition temperature T
C in (Ba1-x
Ca
x
)TiO3 (BCT) is almost unchanged and is maximum at x ∼0.06 in the T–x phase diagram, in contrast to many other lead-free BaTiO3-based solid solutions that show a decrease in T
C by atomic substitution. To investigate the peculiar atomic substitution effect in BCT, the crystal structure parameters and electron density distributions of BCT were analyzed precisely in the cubic phase by synchrotron radiation powder diffraction measurements and the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld method. The contraction of the lattice induced by the substitution of smaller Ca for Ba promotes the overlap of the electron cloud between the Ti and O atoms in the low x region, whereas it causes the repulsion between the Ti and O atoms in the high x region. The maximum T
C can be attributed to the maximum bonding electron density between the Ti and O atoms at x ∼0.06.
Coexistence States near the Morphotropic Phase Boundary: II. The Scaling of the Free Energy in PbZr1-xTixO3
Authors: Iwata Makoto , Ishibashi Yoshihiro
Published: October 2013

A model of coexistence states due to the stable and metastable phases near the morphotropic phase boundary in perovskite-type ferroelectrics was proposed on the basis of the Landau–Devonshire free energy with the scaled parameter values in our previous paper [M. Iwata and Y. Ishibashi: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51 (2012) 09LE03]. Here, the scaling method for the Landau–Devonshire free energy is discussed to clarify the correspondence relation between the scaled and real parameter systems. A new set of scaled parameter values for PbZr1-x
Ti
x
O3 (PZT) is proposed on the basis of the real parameters reported by Haun et al. [Ferroelectrics 99 (1989) 45]. Using our scaled parameter values, the stable and metastable regions in the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases under equilibrium in PZT are clarified.
First-Principles Study of Point Defect Formation in AgNbO3
Authors: Moriwake Hiroki , Fisher Craig A. J. , Kuwabara Akihide , Fu Desheng
Published: October 2013

AgNbO3 exhibits an antiferroelectric phase transition to the orthorhombic P
b
c
m phase at ∼626 K. At room temperature it exhibits ferroelectric behavior with a large spontaneous polarization. However, the ferroelectric structure is still not well understood, with different groups reporting it to have P
b
c
m symmetry, with its ferroelectricity attributed to local symmetry breaking and/or a defective structure, while others propose space group P
m
c21 on the basis of converged beam electron diffraction and neutron and X-ray diffraction results. Here, we report first-principles calculations of point defect formation in AgNbO3 using the projector augmented wave method within the density functional theory. Our calculations reveal that the material should contain abundant [2VAg' + VO
••]× complexes (i.e., two Ag vacancies charge compensated by formation of an O vacancy) in AgNbO3 crystals. We show that the presence of this defect complex in an antiferroelectric P
b
c
m matrix could act as the origin of the weak ferroelectricity in AgNbO3.
New Wobble-Address Format for an Optical Disc with a Separated Guide Layer
Authors: Ogawa Akihito , Usui Takashi , Okano Hideaki , Yusu Keiichiro , Watabe Kazuo
Published: October 2013

We propose a physical address format suitable for the separated guide layer of a multilayered optical disc. Since the track format of the guide layer is different from that of conventional multilayered discs, a novel address format is required. The proposed format adopts a land-and-groove-track structure to generate a stable tracking signal. The address information for land and groove tracks is physically premastered by the wobbling and width-modulating of grooves. We fabricated a replicated disc sample with the proposed format and demonstrated a sufficiently low bit error rate by an experiment. Consequently, we considered that the format is a promising solution for the physical format for multilayered discs with a separated guide layer.
Proposal for Angular Momentum Multiplexing in Microholographic Recording
Authors: Katayama Ryuichi
Published: October 2013

A novel multiplexing technology in microholographic recording using beams that have an orbital angular momentum has been proposed. The multiplexing is carried out by changing the order of the phase singularity (m) of beams for recording and readout in multiple states. In the recording operation, multiple microholograms are formed at the same position of the recording medium by changing the value of m. In the readout operation, each of the multiple microholograms is selectively reproduced by changing the value of m. Microholograms with m≠0 have a spiral shape, and the handednesses, multiplicities, and pitches of the spiral differ from each other depending on the value of m. A readout signal simulation has demonstrated that the multiplexing of at least five bits is feasible. It is expected that a terabyte-order recording capacity will be achieved in microholographic recording by combining this technology with three-dimensional recording technology.
Domain Bloom in Super-Resolution Near-Field Structure Read-Out Signals
Authors: Im Sungbin , Park Sehwang , Moon Woosik
Published: October 2013

Super-resolution near-field structure (super-RENS) read-out samples are affected by a nonlinear and noncausal channel, which results in intersymbol interference. Some of these nonlinearities are caused by domain bloom or asymmetry, which is an imperfection in the disc. In this study, we investigate the effect of the domain bloom on the super-RENS read-out signal. For this, we employ the asymmetric symbol conversion scheme to generate asymmetric symbols corresponding to a bit pattern and apply the linear modeling approach to model the read-out channel with a finite impulse response filter. The modeling performance is verified with the causal and noncausal filters in terms of normalized mean square error. The performance of the approach considered here is compatible with that of the Volterra filter, whereas the approach maintains a lower complexity than the Volterra filter.
A 6/9 Four-Ary Modulation Code for Four-Level Holographic Data Storage
Authors: Park Keunhwan , Kim Byung-sun , Lee Jaejin
Published: October 2013

A holographic data storage (HDS) system can provide high storage capacity, faster transmission, and shorter access time. However, there are two major concerns with such systems: two-dimensional (2D) inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-page interference (IPI). The use of existing partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) detection can somewhat mitigate the problem of ISI. However, if the channel is subject to misalignment, the performance of PRML detection can be degraded. This problem can be remedied by a modulation code. Thus, this paper proposes a 6/9 modulation code, which mitigates ISI, and a modulation/demodulation scheme.
Study of Flying Stability of a Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording System with Laser Diode Mount Light Delivery
Authors: Choi Jonghak , Park No-Cheol , Park Kyoung-Su , Park Young-Pil
Published: October 2013

The laser diode (LD) is a key component in thermally assisted magnetic recording (TAMR) systems. However, heating from the LD can induce thermal deformation of the slider assembly, and change the gap separation between the slider and disk medium. In this paper, we analyzed the relationship between the slider–medium gap and the optical efficiency of the TAMR head, by considering the thermal effects of epoxy, the adhesive layer, and the near-field transducer (NFT) on the TAMR slider. The epoxy effect was modeled by using finite element (FE) analysis. Five different epoxy models were simulated, and the optimal epoxy model was selected, on the basis of its thermal performance. FE analysis was also carried out to simulate the TAMR slider assembly, which consisted of the LD, NFT, adhesive layer, epoxy, and TAMR head. On the basis of iterative analysis, an FE model was constructed with optimized representation of the epoxy, TAMR head component, and NFT. Thermal analysis of the simulation representation indicated that the epoxy, adhesive layer, and NFT played a significant role in the performance of the TAMR system.
Improved Electrical Properties of Solution-Processed ZrO2 Gate Dielectric for Large-Area Flexible Electronics
Authors: Hasan Musarrat , Jang Mi , Kim Dong-Hyoub , Nguyen Manh Cuong , Yang Hoichang , Jeong Jae Kyeong , Choi Rino
Published: October 2013

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2), which has high dielectric constant, was investigated for application in flexible electronics. When the spun-cast film was annealed at a low temperature, the electrical properties were not encouraging because residual organic particles remained at the dielectric. To address this problem we used plasma annealing at a reasonably low temperature and achieved improved dielectric properties such as lower leakage current, higher dielectric constant, and better reliability. Auger depth profile spectroscopy results suggested reduction of carbon percentage at the dielectric. We demonstrated device application by fabricating transistor device with an organic channel layer. The transistor electrical properties were encouraging, exhibiting an electron mobility of 0.3 cm2/(V·s). The results were very promising and suggest that ZrO2 could be applied to all-printed electronic devices in the near future.
Why Clorine Is an Inefficient n-Type Dopant in CuInSe2?
Authors: Xu Li-Chun , Wang Ru-Zhi , Liu Li-Min , Song Rong-Hui , Wei Xiao-Lin , Chen Yuan-Ping , Yan Hui , Lau Woon-Ming
Published: October 2013

To unveil the physical origin of clorine (Cl) as the low effectiveness n-type dopant, the effects of Cl defects in CuInSe2 (CIS) with the different doping sites and defect-pairs are systematically investigated by first-principles calculations. The results exhibit that the Cl energetically prefers the interstitial site instead of generally believed substitutional site with both Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof (HSE06) functionals. The electronic structure calculations further show that doping would be p-type when Cl occupies the interstitial site, which is greatly different from the n-type doping in substitutional site. Such results clarify the intrinsic mechanism of the low effectiveness of n-type Cl-doping in CIS.
Fracture Toughness and Electrical Properties of 0.975Bi(Na0.78K0.22)TiO3–0.025BiAlO3Ceramics
Authors: Cho Jeong-Ho , Jeong Young-Hun , Nam Joong-Hee , Yun Ji-Sun , Park Yong-Joon
Published: October 2013

0.975Bi(Na0.78K0.22)TiO3–0.025BiAlO3ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction. Their electric properties, such asP–Eloops,S–Ecurve, and permittivity, were investigated and their fracture toughness was studied using a Vickers indentation test. Their density was 5.90 g/cm3, and their grains have an average size below 1 µm and a cubic morphology. TheP–Ehysteresis loops of Bi(Na,K)TiO3–BiAlO3had a slightly pinched and well-saturated loop at 6 kV/mm, exhibiting a small remnant polarization (7.7 µC/cm2) and a large saturated polarization (40 µC/cm2). Little negative strain was observed in the reverse bias region. The small signald33was 120 pC/N and the large signald33was 500–600 pC/N. The fracture toughness of the above ceramics was calculated to be 2.877 MPa·m1/2and compared with those of PZT- and KNN-based materials.
Enhanced Electro-Static Discharge Endurance of GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with Specially Designed Electron Blocking Layer
Authors: Wang Chunxia , Zhang Xiong , Guo Hao , Chen Hongjun , Wang Shuchang , Yang Hongquan , Cui Yiping
Published: October 2013

GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with specially designed electron blocking layers (EBLs) between the multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and the top p-GaN layer have been developed. The EBLs consist of Mg-doped p-AlGaN/GaN superlattice (SL) with the layer thickness of p-AlGaN varied from 1 to 10 nm and the layer thickness of p-GaN fixed at 1 nm in this study. It was found that under a 2000 V reverse bias voltage condition, the electro-static discharge (ESD) yield increased from 61.98 to 99.51% as the thickness of p-AlGaN in the EBLs was increased from 1 to 10 nm. Since the ESD yield was 97.80%, and maximum value for LEDs' light output power (LOP) and minimum value for the forward voltage (V
f) were achieved when the thickness of p-AlGaN in the EBLs was 9 nm with a 20 mA injection current, it was concluded that the p-AlGaN/GaN SL EBLs with the combination of 9-nm-thick p-AlGaN and 1-nm-thick p-GaN would be beneficial to the fabrication of the GaN-based LEDs with high brightness, high ESD endurance, and low V
f.
Simulation and Formulation of Output Performance of 1310-nm-Wavelength Tapered Fiber Optical Sensor
Authors: Hwang Thunter , Cheng Wood-Hi , Su Yan-Kuin
Published: October 2013

The simulation profile of the output performance of a 1310-nm-wavelength tapered fiber optical sensor was obtained and each coefficient in the formula of the output performance was also determined. We found that the output performance in our study can be used to fit the modified Rician distribution function. At a small taper tilt angle, the output performance was used to fit the Rayleigh distribution function. At a large taper tilt angle, the output performance was used to fit the Gaussian distribution function. These techniques were applied to a photonic sensor, which provided the most useful and efficient way for computer simulation. Therefore, we could precisely and effectively conduct experiments on all the measured received power performance characteristics varied by the measured distance with any tilt-angle input fibers. This could avoid errors in duplication or mass production, and even in further study, which utilizes a photonic sensor, a fluorescence probe, or arranged multiheads for multipurpose measurement.
Investigation of the Performance of an Ultralow-Dark-Count Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector
Authors: Subashchandran Shanthi , Okamoto Ryo , Zhang Labao , Tanaka Akira , Okano Masayuki , Kang Lin , Chen Jian , Wu Peiheng , Takeuchi Shigeki
Published: October 2013

The realization of an ultralow-dark-count rate (DCR) along with the conservation of high detection efficiency (DE) is critical for many applications using single photon detectors in quantum information technologies, material sciences, and biological sensing. For this purpose, a fiber-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) with a meander-type niobium nitride nanowire (width: 50 nm) is studied. Precise measurements of the bias current dependence of DE are carried out for a wide spectral range (from 500 to 1650 nm in steps of 50 nm) using a white light source and a laser line Bragg tunable band-pass filter. An ultralow DCR (0.0015 cps) and high DE (32%) are simultaneously achieved by the SNSPD at a wavelength of 500 nm.
Wall-Number Selectivity in Single/Double-Wall Carbon Nanotube Production by Enhanced Direct Injection Pyrolytic Synthesis
Authors: Kobayashi Keita , Shukla Bikau , Ohmori Shigekazu , Kiyomiya Masaharu , Hirai Takayoshi , Kuwahara Yuki , Saito Takeshi
Published: October 2013

The effect of methane (CH4) gas as a secondary carbon source in addition to liquid feedstock, on the number of walls and the diameter of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) produced by floating-catalyst CVD under different conditions has been investigated in this study. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the products mainly contain single-wall (SW) and double-wall (DW) CNTs with the relative abundance of DWCNTs being 9.2–50.7%, which increases linearly with increasing CH4 gas flow rate. In contrast, the distributions of the tube diameters of SW- and DWCNTs are almost constant and are much less dependent on the CH4 gas flow rate. These results suggest that the carbon generated from the pyrolysis of CH4 mainly contributes to the formation of additional walls during the CNT growth in the present CVD system.
Improvement of P–N Junction Leakage and Reduction in Interface State Density in Transistors by Cryo Implantation Technology
Authors: Murakoshi Atsushi , Iwase Masao , Niiyama Hiromi , Tomita Mitsuhiro , Suguro Kyoichi
Published: October 2013

Cryo implantation by a rapid thermal annealing process was applied to achieve defect-free shallow junctions. Boron ions were implanted in (100) Si substrates cooled using liquid nitrogen, with temperature controlled at -160 °C or lower during ion implantation. It was found that an amorphous layer was formed by boron implantation and that the amorphous layer completely recovered to single crystals after annealing at 900 °C for 30 s. No dislocation was observed in the implanted layer. It was also found that the thermal diffusion of boron was suppressed by cryo implantation. Furthermore, cryo implantation was found to be very effective in reducing the density of defects, and P–N junction leakage was reduced by one order of magnitude compared with that in the case of room temperature implantation. These results suggest that the transient enhanced diffusion of boron can be reduced by suppressing vacancy migration toward the surface during implantation. Moreover, the substrate-cooling effect is very effective for improving surface roughness, and it is a very effective technology not only for reducing Si/SiO2 interface state density but also for improving the reliability of gate oxide.
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence of 235U Measured with High-Resolution LaBr3(Ce) Scintillation Detectors
Authors: Omer Mohamed , Negm Hani , Zen Heishun , Daito Izuru , Kii Toshiteru , Masuda Kai , Ohgaki Hideaki , Hajima Ryoichi , Shizuma Toshiyuki , Hayakawa Takehito , Kikuzawa Nobuhiro
Published: October 2013

A nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiment was performed on a 235U target with quasi-monochromatic γ-rays at the High Intensity γ-ray Source (HIγS) facility using a 1733 keV resonant energy. A LaBr3(Ce) detector array consisting of eight cylindrical detectors, each with a length of 7.62 cm and a diameter of 3.81 cm, was implemented in this measurement. Moreover, a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector array consisting of four detectors, each of which has a relative efficiency of 60%, was used as the benchmark for the measurement taken using the LaBr3(Ce) detector array. The integrated cross section of the NRF level, measured with LaBr3(Ce) detectors, showed good agreement with the available data.