bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HOLISTIC APPROACH IN ELT: LIFE EDUCATION THROUGH ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING
Authors: Wijaya Ginanjar Arif
Published: March 2021

As the integral part of education, English language teaching has taken too little part of it and brought it to the level where English learning seems to talk only about English. In another extent, English for specific purpose declares its specialty to satisfy the demand of workforce. Researches in ELT are also commonly propelled by the urges to counter the work challenges and to answer the questions of how English can effectively be acquired. Reductionism roots as the problem. This tendency is then strengthened by the education system that leaves the teachers with not many options, systematically forcing the language learners to merely surpass the minimum standard score of English language subject. Within ecological and humanity crises, ELT needs to contribute more than just enabling the learners to communicate well or preparing them for works. ELT needs to take broader scope in order to induce life enlightenment, educate life skills, nurture humanity, and maintain the planet. Such enormous scope cannot be maintained by the current reductionistic approach. Therefore, holistic approach in ELT that integrates it with the whole network of life appears as the solution for this problem.
SUGGESTIONS FOR GLOBAL ISSUES IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION MATERIALS AND ACTIVITIES
Authors: Goodmacher Gregory , Kajiura Asako
Published: March 2021

Universities and other centers of learning are joining with the United Nations and other international institutions to further the study of significant issues that are affecting the lives of people across the globe. Ministries of education in various countries want to have their students develop an understanding of the concept of global citizenship and the connections between the peoples of our increasingly intertwined world. In line with this, many educational institutions are including global issues education in their curricula. The English language is the predominant language of international business, globalization, medicine, international education, and politics. Billions of people are studying and using English daily. Can language teachers play a part in promoting global citizenship and creating a peaceful and sustainable world? This paper aims to answer that question and to address vital principles involved in the creation of activities and teaching materials that merge global issues content and language education. It will also provide examples of how teachers can combine content education and critical thinking skills in ways that develop grammatical knowledge and the traditional skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
AN ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN MORAL VALUES FOUND IN THE SONG LYRICS FORGIVE ME ALBUM BY MAHER ZAIN
Authors: Hudayah Lutfy Fajar
Published: March 2021

Moral values are standard accepted principles of life. It is concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human characters. Moral values from a subset of the set of all values, and value simply consist of the things that some people values. The purpose of this study were as follows (1) to find out the Indonesian moral value in song lyrics album by Maher Zain, (2) to find out the kinds of the moral values in the song lyrics album by Maher Zain and (3) to find out the most frequent moral values in the song lyrics album by Maher Zain. Subject in this study are song lyrics that consider and containing moral values. This study was qualitative descriptive because this study is aim to make systematic, factual, accurate description of the moral values in the song lyrics forgive me album. The data was analyzed systematically based on the data Moleong (2009: 6) who state that qualitative research is a kind of research carried out to understand the phenomena that occur in research subject such as musical note; intonation and meaning of song lyrics by describe it in words and using various scientific method. The result of this analysis is shown eleven moral values are found in Forgive Me album by Maher Zain songs. The similarities Indonesian moral values wih the moral values found n Maher Zain songs, and the moral values most frequent in forgive me album by Maher Zain song. The findings of the moral values in Forgive me album by Maher Zain are eleven. There are religiosity, love affection, loyalty, sincerity, thankfulness, steadfastness, humbleness, peace loving, brotherhood, respecting other, and optimism. The Indonesian moral values found in the song lyrics album are religiosity, communicative, and peace-loving. And the moral values most frequent in the song lyrics album are religiosity, love affection and loyalty.
FUN VOCABULARY LEARNING IN EFL CLASSROOM THROUGH CHARADES GAME: WHY NOT?
Authors: Halimah Nur , Basri Megawati
Published: March 2021

The purposes of this paper are to portray charades game in learning vocabulary mastery in EFL classroom and tell the readers that this game is effective in every skill. This game has the activities like teamwork, served some topic given by the teacher, then she list the mistakes, then the last is reviewing by the teacher. The game enables the students to acquire new experiences in foreign language then fun and enjoyable environment is able to raise students’ motivation in learning. Vocabulary mastery is one of the most effective skills which may improve the students’ achievement in learning a language in the classroom. The students who have great quantities of vocabularies will bring them to be a great in mastering four crucial skills in English. They could easily do their task in the process of learning without any panicky or something disturbs their mind about the word. Meanwhile, English as a foreign language in Indonesia is still hard to get to serve for Indonesian students especially. Some of them have not remember well yet single word or vocabulary even though they have learned for almost twelve years if we count from primary school till college.
IMPROVING THE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING PERFORMANCE THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TIERED ACTIVITIES
Authors: Tanjung Pradana Akbar , Hidayati Fitri , Larasati Andyani
Published: March 2021

This study aims at implementing differentiated instruction in the form of tiered activities to the students of Government Study Program, Faculty of Social and Political Studies, Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah University. There are three objectives in this study; 1) to give contribution in improving students’ speaking performance and to solve the problems that the students have in terms of their readiness in the selected Free Conversation class, 2) to provide new activities which can be used as a consideration to evaluate the current material provided by the institution, 3) to provide related language instructors new insight and experience in applying a certain kind of approach, that is the use of differentiated instruction through tiered activities. 19 students from Class IP A2 who were taking the Free Conversation class were the participants of this study. The study was started by conducting observation, pre-test, and need analysis. Then, it was followed by the implementation and post-test. To measure the success of this study, pre-test and post-test scores were compared. The result indicated that the implementation of the tiered activities in Free Conversation class helped to improve the students’ speaking performance.
DEVELOPING ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR MUHAMMADIYAH SCHOOL; AN IDEA TO INTEGRATE THE MUHAMMADIYAH VALUES INTO ELT
Authors: Cahyo Septian Dwi , Vitasari Ika Rizqi , Sucipto Sucipto
Published: March 2021

As the most common teaching materials, textbook always has significant impact toward English language teaching. An English textbook contains language culture, ideology, and behavior. While a common textbook is developed by mimicking the native language, it can be said that an English textbooks have secular knowledge for not integrating faith into its content. The Muhammadiyah proposed an education of coherence between knowledge and faith for better education by developing unique curriculum known as ISMUBA which is contain Islamic values and enhancing knowledge. The problem is most of teachers in the Muhammadiyah school use general English which does not meet with the Muhammadiyah education goal.This paper propose and give example of an idea to develop an English textbook for the Muhammadiyah schools by integrating the Muhammadiyah values into textbook. The textbook is developed by integrating Islamic values as base of language teaching materials. The textbook is also developed based on Kurikulum 2013 for English language teaching, so there is no contradiction of national education goal and the textbook itself. The textbook is developed in order to achieve coherence of knowledge and faith in the Muhammadiyah education
DEVELOPING ESP READING COMPREHENSION INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS THROUGH SCHEMA THEORY APPROACH AT PAI STUDY PROGRAM OF TARBIYAH FACULTY OF IAIN BENGKULU
Authors: Rizal Syamsul
Published: March 2021

The fact that the English reading comprehension ability of the students of Islamic Religious Education of Tarbiyah Faculty of IAIN Bengkulu is still low. One of the causes of the problem is the ineffectiveness of the English teaching materials that have been used. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to produce ESP English reading comprehension instructional materials based on Islamic Educational Studies (IES) in accordance with the characteristics of Islamic Education Study Program students of Tarbiyah Faculty. The procedure in developing this instructional materials was adapted from Borg and Gall's research and development model. The research method used to investigate the effectiveness of the product is quasi-experimental method.  The developed instructional material prototype was validated by material and media experts and also by English lecturers. According to experts of material and media, the product is very good with the percentage of ideality of 76% and 73.3%. According to the English lecturers’ validations are also categorized in good category with 77.5% percentage and the students' responses from the aspect of material, presentation and language assessment are classified as positive (good) category. There is a significant difference of reading comprehension achievement between experimental and control group students. It means that the students’ reading comprehension ability in the experimental group is higher than that of in the control group. It indicates that the product of this research is effective in improving the students’ English reading comprehension achievement.
Terrorism as reflected in Joseph Conrad’s the secret agent: A sociological approach
Authors: Ali Raden Muhammad , Candramukti Aria
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, there are so many people talking and discussing what we called terrorism. However, most of us still do not have sufficient insight related to the kinds, motivations, and purposes of terror attacks. This paper is aimed to find the types of terror attack as reflected in The Secret Agent by Joseph Conrad and to show the causes of terror as reflected in the novel. The researchers apply descriptive qualitative as the method of analyzing the data. Some of the research findings are as follows. First, the terror attacks found in the novel are physical and mental. Second, the causes of terror are political and economic.
Destruction caused by greed and brutality as reflected in Shakespeare’s Macbeth: A psychological approach
Authors: Fainuddin Nuri
Published: March 2021

Destruction Caused by Greed and Brutality as Reflected in Shakespeare’s Macbeth: A Psychological Approach becomes the title of the research. It is intended to describe the greed and brutality of the main character; the main character’s id, ego, and super ego; the catastrophe suffered by the main character, and the moral values of this drama. The subject of the research is Macbeth, a play written by William Shakespeare and the main character’s greed. The object is the psychological aspect of the main character. The research belongs to a library research since its sources are taken from books. Horney’s theory of greed is applied to analyze the data. The study found several interesting results. First, Macbeth becomes a king by murdering King Duncan (a form of Macbeth’s greed). Second, Macbeth’s brutality is shown by murdering Banquo’s and Macduff’s family. Third, Macbeth’s id is murdering the king and the followers; the ego supports the King; and the super ego cuts of the King head when Birnam wood comes. The play delivers several messages to the readers, such as those who plant will harvest and the good deed will destroy the bad deed.
Lesson study implementation: How is the students’ language learning motivation?
Authors: Hardiyanto Asep
Published: March 2021

The current article attempts to elaborate on the students’ language learning motivation within the application of lesson study for the learning community at STKIP Muhammadiyah Kotabumi. This article is a descriptive-quantitative study involving 60 students of the English Education Study Program as the sample. A questionnaire to identify the language learning motivation is administered as the instrument of the research. The questionnaire is validated by experts and the reliability is tested using Cronbach Alpha formula. The data are analyzed descriptively. The findings show that the students’ language learning motivation within a lesson study framework tends to be instrumental orientation. Therefore, lesson study for a learning community is effective to be implemented at STKIP Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, especially for the students of the English Education Study Program.
EFL students’ voices on English national examination in Indonesia
Authors: Sari Yulnada , Pratolo Bambang Widi , Klaudiya Dhei , Bahari Bella Nusa
Published: March 2021

This research examines the students’ voices on national examination of English subject using Computer-Based Test (CBT) in Indonesia. The research design in this study applies qualitative research. The participants of this research consist of seven graduated students from senior high school and they used CBT in their National English examination. The data was obtained through in-depth interview. Therefore, the finding of this research defines that most of the students agree with Computer-Based Test (CBT) as standardized of national examination especially in English subject in Indonesia. CBT has the positive contribution for the students, such as it is easy to access, flexible, simpler and more practical than PBT, and it is not time consuming. Besides, it motivates the students to learn English through technology and helps them answer the questions both in listening and reading sections easily. However, the students encounter some difficulties in CBT dealing with internal and external factors namely student’s anxiety, the background knowledge of the students, and lack of the school facilities, internet connection, and technical problems.
English language teachers’ literacy competence in literature
Authors: Eko Prasetyo Hazairin , Dwi Kurniati Victa Sari , Adhi Kusuma
Published: March 2021

The study was carried out to describe English teachers’ literacy competence in English literature which had a very important role in the teaching of English language through literature to strengthen character educational values. The study applied descriptive statistics in the forms of frequencies “to describe and summarize the data.” In reporting the data, percentages were used (Leavy, 2017: 111). The respondents of the study consisted of fifteen English language teachers working for five senior high schools organizing special interest classes in languages. The techniques for collecting data were questionnaires and FGD (focus group discussion). The data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive techniques consisting of central tendency and percentage analysis. The results of the study showed that all the teachers got between two and fourteen credits in literature from their undergraduate colleges. Their reading hours in literature after graduation did not show any regular base. This was particularly due to the fact that the portion of literature materials to be taught to the students was very limited. Thus, they thought that it was not necessitated to develop literary competence to support their teaching activities. However, all of them agreed that the teaching of literature to high school students was important and useful to improve their language skills as well as their character educational values.
Students’ expectations in EFL classroom: A case study at management department of a private university in Yogyakarta
Authors: Eriani Efit , Pratolo Bambang Widi , Nailufer Yuyun , Astuti Devi Martha
Published: March 2021

Students have their own expectations in the teaching and learning process in the classroom. Students’ expectations are also one of the important things that the lecturer should know and do to get a good outcome. The purpose of this study is to identify students’ expectations in the teaching and learning process in English class. This study uses a qualitative method. To collect the data, the researchers used observation and semi-interview methods. Observation was carried out to investigate the students’ and lecturer’s activities in the classroom, while interview was used to examine the students’ expectation related to the use of English in the future, the content of English subject, and their learning style. Seventh students in the first semester of the undergraduate Management Department became the participants of this study. The result of the study shows that all students expect that they would learn all skills of English as well as grammar and pronunciation. They also believe that they would get good jobs if they could master English well.
An analysis of Indonesian literary translation ‘Pena Beracun’ by Suwarni A.S. from Agatha Christie’s novel The Moving Finger
Authors: Suharjono Sigit
Published: March 2021

The work of translation is not a matter of only transferring words from one language to another. It is a communication bridge through which a translator must pick up and carry the message of the whole text that the writer is trying to communicate in the given situation of the source-text readers and deliver it to the target-text readers in their adopted and adapted situation. This is the point at which a translator often misses what is in the writer’s mind because s/he is unable to get into the writer’s mind to reveal the hidden message. As a result, the way the readers of the target text think and feel about what they read is often not the same as the way the readers of the source text do. This paper is aimed at finding out problems related to non-equivalence from the word level to the pragmatic level based on Baker’s that may be found in a literary translation of the first chapter of Pena Beracun by Suwarni A.S from Agatha Christie’s novel ‘The Moving Finger” and discusses the translator’s choices of the target text equivalence for the source text. The method of this study is a library research. The data was collected from two sources: Pena Beracun, an Indonesian translation of ‘The Moving Finger’ by Agatha Christie and its original English novel. The data collection technique was done by comparing the two sources to find non-equivalence problems from the word level to the textual level.  The problem(s) in the translator’s choice of TL equivalence for SL, which may range from choosing the equivalence at word level to the choice of textual equivalence was identified and discussed by referring to the strategies as proposed by Baker (2011).  Lots of cases of non-equivalence problems are found in the translation of the first chapter Pena Beracun by Suwarni A.S from Agatha Christie’s novel ‘The Moving Finger’ which range from non-equivalence at word level to textual level. Most of the problems of non-equivalence are related to collocation and fixed expressions. The translator’s strategies to overcome the problems are directed more to the acceptability and naturalness in the target language, giving style to the literary use of language.
Contemporary online Indonesian folk literature for 21st century learners
Authors: Aprilliandari Dwi Indra
Published: March 2021

This research intends to acknowledge the advantages of contemporary online Indonesian folk literature for 21st century learners. The 21st century is a technology era where information can be spread faster and an internet connection is the most important thing to share all the information around the world. It is qualitative research which are aimed at revealing the use of Indonesian folk literature for Indonesian learners which learn English as a foreign language. There is still a lack of research about Indonesian folk literature for 21st century learners; therefore, this research is significant to be conducted. The finding of this research can be described as follows: First, contemporary online Indonesian folk literature is as an instructional media that combine the positive sides of traditional mode such as define, extract and deliver the moral values contain in literary works with technology use to keep, improve and engage the students’ interest to learn English but reminds to keep their culture roots. Second, technology improves the learners to combine the traditional and modern ways of learning. Third, 21st century skills help the learners to be able to compete in this era.
The assessment of Indonesian EFL students' reading comprehension ability using Reading Evaluation and Decoding System (READS)
Authors: Wahyuni Indah Fajar
Published: March 2021

This study focused on reading comprehension ability of the English Department students in answering READS, MCQ questions. READS is an alternative standardized assessment system that is capable of measuring reading comprehension ability. This is a descriptive study based on Barrett's Taxonomy levels, such as literal comprehension, reorganization, and inferential comprehension. This study consisted of 122 students of the English Department academic year 2015 through 2018 at one of the private universities in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study analysis utilized the three Barrett's taxonomy scales to identify whether the students were at meet the standard, below standard, above standard or at academic warning. Finding of the research indicated that 27.8 % students categorized into academic warning (Band 2 and 3), 46.7% students categorized into below standard (Band 4) and 25.5% students categorized into meet standard (Band 5). Consequently, READS as an alternative assessment will guide the teachers to design specific reading material based on students' needs.
The constructivist approach (coap) to enhance students comprehension in reading procedure text for students of Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang
Authors: Hardianti Hardianti , Ahmad Jamaluddin , Hermansyah Syam
Published: March 2021

This research aimed to investigate the constructivist approach to enhance students reading comprehension at UMS Rappang. This research employed the pre-experimental method with one group pre-test and post-test design. The population was the second-year students of UMS Rappang in 2018-2019 academic years. The population included 66 students consisting of three classes; one class (I.2) was taken as a sample by using cluster sampling, as many as 22 students. The instrument used in this research was reading test. The result of this research showed that the pre-test got the mean score of 44.50, while the post-test 64.18. It showed that the p-value (0.000) was lower than the level of significance (alpha (α) = 0.05). It means that H1 was accepted. The research concluded that teaching reading comprehension by using a constructivist approach enhances students’ reading comprehension at the First year of UMS Rappang.
All within grasp
Authors: Marsh Sian
Published: March 2021

Understanding how physical development links to children's readiness for school is a priority for trainees on the EYITT programme. Sian Marsh describes how one trainee is using the Movement Environment Rating Scale to support colleagues to develop children's fine and gross motor skills.
When play counts
Authors: Henty Neil
Published: March 2021

Neil Henty talks to Amy Parker, head of early years at Prince Edward School in Sheffield, about how it has implemented the Talk for Maths Mastery programme, which makes language and play fundamental to effective learning.
From a solid base
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: March 2021

Children are at their most self-absorbed in the construction area which means there are strong opportunities for maths learning. Jenni Clarke suggests ways to support this through in the moment planning.
Time to grow
Authors: Davies Sarah
Published: March 2021

When spring is sprung, it's time to introduce children to some elementary gardening skills. Learning about life cycles and taking responsibility for growing plants will give them an enormous sense of achievement.
Embrace downtime
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: March 2021

While covid restrictions are being eased, there are still some weeks ahead in which parents will find themselves continuing to be at home with their young children. With light at the end of the tunnel, now is the time to make the most of this.
On point
Authors: White Hilary
Published: March 2021

Try the following ideas for making sustainable wood or cork geoboards, and give your children the invaluable experience of creating their own eco-friendly resources using nails or pins, says Hilary White.
Patient or self-indulgent consumer?
Authors: Winter George
Published: March 2021

George Winter considers whether we are now purchasing medication as a patient or a consumer; examinging the ethical considerations that are now at play in our modern culture
Integrating research and evidence-based guidance into prescribing practice
Authors: Bedson Adam
Published: March 2021

The College of Paramedics and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society are clear that they require advanced paramedics, as non-medical prescribers, to review and critically appraise the evidence base underpinning their prescribing practice. Evidence-based clinical guidance such as that published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is recommended as the primary source of evidence on which paramedics should base their prescribing decisions. NICE guidance reflects the best available evidence on which to base clinical decision-making. However, paramedics still need to critically appraise the evidence underpinning their prescribing, applying expertise and decision-making skills to inform their clinical reasoning. This is achieved by synthesising information from multiple sources to make appropriate, evidence-based judgments and diagnoses. This first article in the prescribing paramedic pharmacology series considers the importance of evidence-based paramedic prescribing, alongside a range of tools that can be used to develop and apply critical appraisal skills to support prescribing decision-making. These include critical appraisal check lists and research reporting tools
Declaration of Trust: A useful tool for the modern practice
Authors: Davison Lisa
Published: March 2021

Lisa Davison, Real Estate Partner from specialist healthcare law firm Hempsons, explains why a Declaration of Trust is vital to protect your surgery
Practice staff who refuse to have the Covid-19 vaccine
Authors: Mackenzie Peter , Simsek Ceylan
Published: March 2021

There will always be people who refuse vaccinations for a variety of reasons. Dr Peter Mackenzie, Quality Assurance Lead and Ceylan Simsek, Case Management Assistant at Medical Protection, offer some guidance for practice managers
Wie 'Haar' zu 'Maus' wird: Geschlechtsbezogene pronominale Referenz im Thailändischen
Authors: Attaviriyanupap Korakoch
Published: March 2021

The use of gender-related personal pronouns is mostly found in different forms of third person singular (e. g. he/she/it in English or er/sie/es in German). In Thai, an isolate language without grammatical gender, the gender-specification can be observed in the use of first person singular pronominal reference. The selection of gender-related self-reference depends not only on sex but also on gender identity of the speaker. In this article, the complex system of pronominal reference in Thai language will be briefly introduced. After that, forms of self-reference used in the Thai film Iron Ladies are analyzed to show how the gender identity of speakers can influence their selection of pronominal reference.
Der geschlechtsspezifische Zugriff auf Lesestrategien - Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung im Rahmen unterrichtsdidaktischer Forschung
Authors: Grütz Doris
Published: March 2021

Do girls read differently from boys? This contribution presents a study on the empirical research in classroom teaching following an overview on the findings from research on reading which concerns above all the motivational and emotional dimensions of reading. A research was carried out on 1450 pupils of the 4th year of primary school to find out which reading strategies normally applied in the classroom lead to a successful text comprehension in girls and which in boys. The pattern of the research is based on the cognitive-psychological, hierarchic model of text understanding according to Dijk/Klintsch (1983), which considers the process of reading comprehension as interactional and constructive. Two important results of the study are that in the case of girls certain types of readers develop, whereas with boys it is above all the silent reading of a text which leads to the best reading results.
Ein altes Problem: Partikeln in der Grammatik - ja, aber wie?
Authors: Kärnä Aino
Published: March 2021

This article deals with the concept 'particle', specifically with the German notion of 'Abtönungspartikel'. These pragmatic or modal particles were first discussed in contemporary German grammars by Harald Weydt. Although the concept itself is clear, it is difficult to include such a category in existing grammars, as is shown by the treatment of such inflexible words in different editions of the standard German grammar, Der Duden. It seems difficult to formulate a description of the word class 'particle' in such a way that it includes pragmatic particles as well as other kinds of particles, such as focus particles. This problem is not new, and I also discuss parallels from the history of linguistics.
Languages in contact: The influence of language activation and competing language patterns on translation performance
Authors: Ehrensberger-Dow Maureen , Jekat Susanne J.
Published: March 2021

The two pilot studies described in this article, both part of a larger on-going project investigating multilingualism in a translation context, deal with separation of languages in translation students. At the same time, they demonstrate how multilingualism research can be integrated into the translation classroom. Within the framework of Grosjean's model (1997, 1998, 2001), the first study tests the influence on translation performance of preferentially activating one of the languages for the translation version Spanish (L2) into German (L1). The second assesses the transfer of structures from the dominant language in translating from German (L1) into English (L2). Despite the relatively small database, various inferences can be made about multilingual language processing in trainee translators.
Zur Rolle der Dolmetschnotizen beim Konsekutivdolmetschen. Ein Erfahrungsbericht
Authors: Laukovà Jana
Published: March 2021

This paper deals with the note-taking system in consecutive interpretation. It discusses the relevance and usefulness of taking notes as well as some essential issues relating to problems which note-taking presents, e.g. whether note-taking can be learnt. If yes, which method is the best one? Symbol for everything or noting words? Which one is the most effective technique? Which language to prefer? The foreign or the target language? Or, another case, is it better to use some international symbols offered by various interpreting schools? The aim of this paper is not to answer those questions, it is rather an attempt to show some famous ideas of interpreters with international recognition like Jean-Francois Rozan, Jean Herbert, Danica Seleskovitch, Heinz Matyssek etc. In spite of their differing views on note-taking, all of them stick to some general principles they recommend: it is important to note the idea, not the word; the interpreter must focus on the main idea; and, at last, notes should be clear, simple and easy to be read.
We can say that each of us, teachers, interpreters and student interpreters, will have our own idea on what note-taking should be. Therefore, it is very difficult to demand the same system of note-taking of all students.
My own experience shows that, at first, students try to note everything which is being said finding out that they can not cope with their notes afterwards. Taking this into account, students should be taught general principles and techniques because they could help students elaborate their own way of note-taking while training their analytical abilities.
Semantische Besonderheiten phraseologischer Ausdrücke – korpusbasierte Analyse
Authors: Hümmer Christiane
Published: March 2021

In the linguistic literature, phraseological units have been described as a subgroup of lexical units characterised by a set of morphosyntactic and semantic properties such as idiomaticity, expressiveness, motivation and fixedness. These properties are generally seen as gradual, i. e. their validity for individual phraseological units is a matter of degree, none of them being obligatory. With the increasing importance of corpus linguistics in recent years, there has been a growing interest in grounding all linguistic generalizations on a broad empirical basis. The present paper therefore proposes a method for systematically inferring statements on the degree of idiomaticity, motivation and expressiveness of phraseological units from corpus data. The criteria taken as relevant for this aim are derived from the realisation of the phraseological unit itself as well as from properties of its contextual embedding. Thus, evidence for a greater or lesser degree of idiomaticity, expressiveness and motivation comes from certain types of deviations from the canonical form of a phraseological unit on the one hand. On the other hand, contextual elements and structures that are related to that phraseological unit on the level of literal or figurative meaning of its components or of the entire unit, to the level of metaphor or to the phraseological unit's internal phrase structure provide the basis for systematic insights. The present paper illustrates the practical application of the proposed method by means of three case studies. The contextual behaviour of the German expressions etw. aus dem Ärmel schütteln ('to do sth. with great ease'), etw. mit der Muttermilch einsaugen/aufsaugen ('to learn sth. very early in life') and auf allen Hochzeiten tanzen (similar to the English expression to have a finger in every pie) is analysed in detail on the basis of their occurrences in the 949 mio word-corpus of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and the Humanities. As a result, the case studies show that idiomaticity, expressiveness and motivation can be quantified on the basis of the criteria proposed here. Nevertheless, no direct quantification is possible, since the evidence has to be interpreted in terms of its function for each individual idiom under analysis.
Korpusbasierte Analyse der Semantik von Idiomen
Authors: Stathi Katerina
Published: March 2021

Idioms are usually defined in semantic terms as non-compositional units whose meaning does not result from the meaning of their parts. This definition implies that idioms have exactly one meaning. But if we examine idioms in context in large electronic corpora, we observe that the meaning of idioms is contextually variable, like that of words. We observe uses that exceed the range of the conventionalized and (lexicographically) codified meaning. A case study (the German idiom ins Gras beißen, literally "to bite into the grass", 'to die, to bite the dust') is used as an illustration of the relation between core meaning and contextual variability or meaning extension in idioms and the underlying mechanisms of this process.
Phraseologische Befragungen und ihre statistische Auswertung
Authors: Juska-Bacher Britta
Published: March 2021

It is widely accepted that empirical research methods and statistics belong together. This is no different in phraseology. In contrast to the natural and social sciences however, no standardized statistical culture has yet emerged in this field. Empirical research in German phraseology during the last 15 years shows a variety of approaches and analysis methods, which often led to contradictory results. Part of this dilemma can be explained by the fact that statistical methods were ignored, too few participants were involved in the studies, the participants chosen were not representative for the intended group or the statistical tests were improperly used.
This article gives a basic introduction to the main statistical tests needed in phraseological research (i. e. chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance and regression) and clear instructions on when and how to use them. Special attention is drawn to the importance of interactions between different factors (that can be tested with the help of analysis of variance).
With this article I hope to have been able to demonstrate that statistics are a necessary tool in phraseology and other linguistic disciplines: on the one hand to organize and to clearly present the data and on the other hand to provide more evidence for regularities in the data.
Phraseologisches Optimum für Deutsch als Fremdsprache. Ein Vorschlag auf der Basis von Frequenz- und Geläufigkeitsuntersuchungen
Authors: Hallsteinsdóttir Erla , Sajánková Monika , Quasthoff Uwe
Published: March 2021

In this paper we introduce results from two studies on frequency and knowledge of German idioms. The aim of the first study was to determine the frequency of idioms in a written language corpus, and in the second study the native speakers knowledge of idioms was exploited. In both studies selected idioms from dictionaries of idioms and dictionaries for German as a foreign language were used, and here we present the result of the comparison of the data from both studies concerning 1112 German idioms. One part of the result is a list with 143 highly frequent and well known idioms, that we propose to be a part of a "phraseological optimum" for German as a foreign language.
Ansätze zur Darstellung nicht- und schwach idiomatischer verbonominaler Wortverbindungen in der zweisprachigen (Lerner-)Lexikografie Deutsch-Finnisch (Beschreibung eines Forschungsvorhabens)
Authors: Heine Antje
Published: March 2021

The study focuses on verb-noun-connections of the type verb + subject (accusative) and verb + preposition + subject. They will be described systematically, among themselves and in relation to free word connections. The units to be examined will be taken from electronic corpora. They will be analysed with regard to their utilisation. The second part of the research project focuses on the elaboration of Finnish analogies to these units, asking, whether the results can be used for bilingual lexicography (German-Finnish).
Theoretical and Computational Solutions for Phraseological Lexicography
Authors: Almind Richard , Bergenholtz Henning , Vrang Vibeke
Published: March 2021

THE DANISH IDIOM DICTIONARY has been criticized by Ken Farø to use a less than optimal theory in the description of what a phraseme really is. A closer examination of that theory, however, shows that this is not the case due to the hitherto neglected role of the common, non-academic user who has little need for an in-depth classification. The current article describes how THE DANISH IDIOM DICTIONARY puts the simplified theory into use and how a new and improved version currently under way improves on the theory by focusing on the user's needs, thereby reducing the necessity for complicated classifications. THE DANISH IDIOM DICTIONARY including its search capabilities is described in full.
Dealing with phraseology in business dictionaries: focus on dictionary functions – not phrases
Authors: Leroyer Patrick
Published: March 2021

The language of written business communication is characterised by the extensive use of phraseology, not only in terms of collocations and idiomatic expressions, but also of standard phrases in prototypical business genres. In any case, the phraseological information should be included in business dictionaries (in the following referred to as BDs) in accordance with the planned dictionary functions. Hence, the selection and presentation of the phraseological information should be decided by the lexicographer on the basis of the user needs alone and not on the recommendations of the phraseological literature about lexicographical practice. In this paper, I will firstly explain why lexicography and phraseology, although closely associated in a large number of studies, are quite different disciplines, and how their shared interest for dictionary practice in general is based on radically different views. I will then discuss the dictionary functions of BDs and focus on a number of concepts featuring extensive phraseological solutions to show and argue that dealing with phraseology in BDs should always keep focus on dictionary functions.
Politeness as a feature: so important and so rare
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: March 2021

Politeness has a major place in many languages, and is remarkably pervasive in some. Yet we rarely find respect as a morphosyntactic feature, alongside gender, person, number and case. I document this imbalance, and then ask why this is what we find.
All men become brothers – The use of kinship terms for non-related persons as a sign of respect or disrespect
Authors: Hentschel Elke
Published: March 2021

In many different languages, kinship terms can be used in order to address or refer to non-kin. These terms can be very polite, and in many languages this is the only meaning and function they have. However, in some languages terms with the same meaning can be very impolite. This article shows how these differences can be explained by the nature of the underlying cultural concepts. In addition, it explores the question why kinship terms are used at all, be it in a polite or impolite way, in order to talk to or about non-related people.
Zur Einzelsprachenspezifik wissenschaftlichen Sprachausbaus im gnoseologischen Funktionsbereich von Sprache
Authors: Thielmann Winfried
Published: March 2021

This paper attempts to demonstrate that academic research depends, to a certain degree, on the language in which it is conducted. The reason for this is that European languages have, due to their typological differences, different histories of linguistic expansion (Sprachausbau). As can be shown for German and English, the purpose of naming the object of investigation in academic research is served by linguistic devices of very different nature. This may lead to different conceptions of the object of research and thus impact on the course of investigation.
Des Menschens Genitive. Normabweichende Genitiv-Varianten bei schwachen Maskulina
Authors: Krischke Wolfgang
Published: March 2021

Abstract The genitive singular of the weak masculine nouns appears in three non-standard variations in addition to the standard suffix -(e)n: one variation is case augmenting (des Bär-en-s), one is stem affixing (des Polizist-s) and one lacks a case suffix (des Patient-Ø). Linguists as well as language critics have focussed mainly on the stem affixing genitive while more or less ignor¬ing the two other non-standard variations. This paper presents a corpus-based investigation regarding frequency and contexts of all three variations, also considering the diachronic back¬ground and the implications the results might have for predicting the further development of the declension class of the weak masculine nouns.
Eine neue phonetische Hypothese zum primären Umlaut von germ. */a/ im Althochdeutschen
Authors: Panieri Luca
Published: March 2021

This paper is concerned with the origin of the so-called Old High German primary umlaut. Even if this question has long been discussed, debate on this subject is still open. It seems however that scholars, though not agreeing with each other, mostly accept the standard theory's assumption of the existence of two kinds of short e in Old High German, of which the one derived from an umlauted germ. */a/ is taken to be higher than the one derived directly from germ. */e/, usually denoted by 〈ë〉 in handbooks and grammars.
While thinking that there is indeed no reason to doubt that German had at a certain time set up a phonological opposition between, respectively, [e] and [ε], the apparent phonetic paradox of the rise of the former and more closed vowel starting from an ancient very open [a] still remains: how could [a] develop into [e] without running across the [ε]? This paper gives a new phonetic solution to this problem, which is able to account for such enfants terribles as OHG thanchandi/thenkendi (< germ. *þankijanđ-), both found in the same manuscript.
Self-Customization: Using a Portfolio to Enhance Learner Independence
Authors: Engrand-O'Hara Marion
Published: March 2021

This article is based on the principle that traditional in-class teaching does not have to be radically overhauled for individualised learning to take place. The premise is that students need to be trained as effective independent learners so that, having recognised a specific learning need, they are empowered to fulfil it rather than wasting time searching for the perfect bite-size course.
To this effect, the FL section of RHI has been requiring a Portfolio of Independent Study from students on all courses since September 2002. The Portfolio has been developed, and constantly revised, not only as part of a learner-centred approach to teaching and a drive to increase student motivation, but also as a lifelong learning tool. Considerations such as tutors' workload and the limitations imposed by quality assurance procedures also had to be taken into account.
RHI offer an Institution-Wide Language Programme, where courses last 11 weeks and can be taken as part of a degree. However, most students take them as an elective, and most are international students. With such a variety of backgrounds and needs, a learner-centred approach was a necessity. By completing a Portfolio of Independent Study, students are given a chance to take charge of their own learning by assessing their current level / capabilities; setting realistic goals for themselves; planning learning activities; selecting relevant, level-appropriate materials to work from; evaluating the effectiveness of an activity; assessing their own progress both in terms of language competence and in terms of learner-training; setting new goals for themselves and taking advantage of learning opportunities arising in daily life.
Over the last eight years, we have been in tune with the students' reaction to what is seen as an unconventional learning approach. This article thus highlights the difficulties and successes of this endeavour.