bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Related Factors for Low-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis in Breast Cancer Patients Who Underwent Surgical Resection: What Do We Know and What Should We Care
Authors: Chen Liqiang , Feng Qiang , Wang Wenjuan , Liu Lanbo
Published: February 2022

Malignancy, surgical resection, and neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy increase the low-extremity deep vein thrombosis (LDVT) risk in patients with breast cancer, bringing in great physical burdens, disabilities, and worse survivals. However, LDVT in surgical breast cancer patients is scarcely reported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence and related factors for LDVT in these patients. Patients with breast cancer who underwent surgical resection were included. LDVT was examined on the day of discharge and 1 month after the discharge. A total of 491 eligible patients were included, among which 11 (2.2%) patients occurred LDVT. Besides, higher age, history of diabetes mellitus, advanced T and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stages, higher platelet count, and shorter activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were correlated with increased LDVT incidence (all p < 0.05). Additionally, higher age [p = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 1.082 (1.023–1.144)], history of diabetes mellitus [p = 0.003, OR (95% CI): 10.426 (2.219–48.986)], and a higher platelet count [p = 0.008, OR (95% CI): 1.017 (1.004–1.029)] were independent factors for increased LDVT incidence, while higher APTT [p = 0.004, OR (95% CI): 0.636 (0.467–0.866)] was an independent factor for decreased LDVT incidence. Lastly, the risk prediction model involving age, history of diabetes mellitus, platelet count, and APTT showed a good ability to predict LDVT occurrence (area under curve: 0.919, 95% CI: 0.869–0.968). In conclusion, the LDVT incidence is 2.2%, and its independent factors consist of age, history of diabetes mellitus, platelet count, and APTT in patients with breast cancer who underwent surgical resection, which provides evidence for the prevention and surveillance of LDVT in surgical breast cancer.
Case Report: Combined Small Cell Lung Carcinoma With Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Shen Cheng , Che Guowei
Published: February 2022

Background

Combined small cell lung carcinoma is defined as cancer tissues that mainly contain small cell lung cancer (SCLC) components with non-SCLC (NSCLC) histopathological types. The most common part of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma or large cell carcinoma. Combined SCLC (CSCLC) contains adenocarcinoma is extremely rare.

Case Presentation

We reported a case with surgically treated diagnosed as CSCLC with adenocarcinoma in an elderly and we summarized the clinical features of this disease. The patient has remained well for over 2 weeks after the treatment.

Conclusion

There are still few research reports on CSCLC. Since the survival time of patients with advanced CSCLC is shorter than that of simple SCLC, the recommended treatment for CSCLC is early detection and early surgery. In order to facilitate preoperative diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosis of such rare diseases, more cases need to be reported.
Hierarchical Optimization Algorithm and Applications of Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization
Authors: He Hanqing , Shi Peng , Zhao Yushan
Published: February 2022

The pursuit of excellent performance in meta-heuristic algorithms has led to a myriad of extensive and profound research and achievements. Notably, many space mission planning problems are solved with the help of meta-heuristic algorithms, and relevant studies continue to appear. This paper introduces a hierarchical optimization frame in which two types of particles—B-particles and S-particles—synergistically search for the optima. Global exploration relies on B-particles, whose motional direction and step length are designed independently. S-particles are for fine local exploitation near the current best B-particle. Two specific algorithms are designed according to this frame. New variants of classical benchmark functions are used to better test the proposed algorithms. Furthermore, two spacecraft trajectory optimization problems, spacecraft multi-impulse orbit transfer and the pursuit-evasion game of two spacecraft, are employed to examine the applicability of the proposed algorithms. The simulation results indicate that the hierarchical optimization algorithms perform well on given trials and have great potential for space mission planning.
Numerical Simulation of Aircraft Icing under Local Thermal Protection State
Authors: Wang Zhengzhi , Zhao Huanyu , Liu Senyun
Published: February 2022

The icing phenomenon seriously threatens flight safety, and, therefore, the aircraft needs to be equipped with an icing protection system. Icing may still occur when the anti-icing system is in operation when the protection range or protection power is too small. Given this state, the ice shapes of the airfoil under local thermal protection states are studied in this paper. A numerical simulation method for icing considering water film flow is demonstrated. The solution methods for the governing equations and convective heat transfer coefficient are given. The calculation results were compared with experimental data and a LEWICE calculation to verify the validity of the method. Different protection ranges and protection powers were designed, and the ice shapes under different conditions were simulated. The calculation results show that when the protection range is large, but the protection power is low, icing will still occur in the protection range. Alternatively, when the protection range is small, icing may form outside the protection area. When the combination of protection range and protection power is inappropriate, the critical ice ridge phenomenon will occur. Ice ridges cause the degradation of aerodynamic characteristics and are more dangerous than icing.
Design and Experiment of a Reciprocating Intermittent Chopping Device for Maize Straw Returning
Authors: Lin Han , He Jin , Li Hongwen , Wang Qingjie , Lu Caiyun , Yang Wenchao , Huang Shenghai , Liu Peng , Chang Yongbin
Published: February 2022

Straw returning has shown great advantages in residue management and soil protection in crop planting systems. Mechanized retention of straw is the primary straw returning method, which can reduce costs and improve efficiency. It is important to increase the chopping quality in the field of straw returning, because poor chopping quality will provoke a series of problems including seeding blockage. Straw chopping pass rate (CPR) is an important indicator to measure the chopping quality. Therefore, the CPR of straw should be improved during the chopping process. This paper introduced a novel maize straw chopping device. With the ground as the support, the maize straw was chopped rapidly in the vertical direction. The key parameters of the chopping device were determined by establishing mathematical models and kinematics simulation analysis methods via ADAMS. The effects of rotational velocity, installation positions of chopping units, and the tractor forward velocity on the CPR of maize straw and soil bulk density (SBD) were examined through the Box–Behnken design method. The test factors were the rotational velocities of the chopping units (RV, 550 rpm, 650 rpm, 750 rpm), the installation distance of the two chopping units (IDTCU, 480 mm, 600 mm, 720 mm), and the velocity of the tractor (VT, 3 km/h, 4 km/h, 5 km/h). The results showed that the maximum CPR value and better value of SBD were obtained under the RV of 610 rpm, the IDTCU of 526.8 mm, and the VT of 3.96 km/h. Finally, field validation experiments were conducted under the RV of 610 rpm, the IDTCU of 550 mm, and the VT of 4 km/h. The results showed that the CPR of maize straw was 92.0%, which was superior to the requirement as stipulated in the National Standards of China (CPR ≥ 85%). In addition, in 0–50 mm and 50–100 mm soil layers, the bulk density was decreased by 25.42% and 13.24%, respectively. These results become of considerable importance for crop production in China.
Potential of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems in Brazilian Dairy Farms
Authors: Steidle Neto Antonio José , Lopes Daniela de Carvalho , Nascimento Sheila Tavares
Published: February 2022

The insufficient supply of electrical energy, in addition to frequent disturbances and interruptions, has motivated the inclusion of solar, biogas, biomass or wind energy systems in many Brazilian farms. However, there are few studies that have addressed the technical and economic impacts of renewable sources for generating electricity in rural applications, leading farmers not to invest in these technologies for fear of financial losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of grid-connected photovoltaic systems for supplying the electricity demand in dairy farms located at Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The electricity generated by grid-connected photovoltaic systems was estimated from global solar radiation measurements, considering six municipalities of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Electricity consumption was monitored monthly during one year in 12 farms. The average percentages of electricity consumption in the main operations executed at farms were 4, 27, 12, 33 and 24% for lighting, milking, cleaning/disinfection (water heating and pumping), milk cooling/refrigeration and miscellaneous, respectively. The monthly differences between the electricity generation and consumption for the studied municipalities demonstrated the technical feasibility of grid-connected systems installed directly in the dairy farms, helping to achieve energy sustainability.
Pseudozyma aphidis Enhances Cucumber and Tomato Plant Growth and Yield
Authors: Shoam Idan , Calderon Claudia E. , Levy Maggie
Published: February 2022

The need to supply food for a growing world population, while protecting the environment by using sustainable agriculture, presents a major challenge, in terms of decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The application of Pseudozyma aphidis cells onto crop plants considerably reduced infection by several pathogens, as well as significantly enhancing plant growth and yield. It was demonstrated in the current work that P. aphidis can enhance cucumber and tomato growth, both in vitro and in the greenhouse. P. aphidis was active when applied either via spray treatment or by seed coating. A significant promotion effect of P. aphidis on tomato and cucumber growth, flowering, and tomato yield and ripening, as compared to control plants, was demonstrated. Specifically, a 10–30% increase in tomato and cucumber plant height and leaf number, a 45% increase in average fruit weight, a 120% increase in tomato fruit ripening, and a flowering time advanced by two weeks were demonstrated. In conclusion, P. aphidis can significantly enhance the growth and yield of crop plants and can, thus, be used as bio-fertilizer.
Comparison of Droplet Deposition, 28-Homobrassinolide Dosage Efficacy and Working Efficiency of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Knapsack Manual Sprayer in the Maize Field
Authors: Hussain Mujahid , Wang Zhao , Huang Guanmin , Mo You , Kaousar Rehana , Duan Liusheng , Tan Weiming
Published: February 2022

Brassinolides (BRs) are naturally-occurring phytohormones, which are essentially important to improve the crop adoptive capacity to various stresses. Spray volume (SV) and agrochemical application methods are associated with chemical deposition and field efficiency. The objective of this study was to compare the possible effects of 28-Homobrassinolide (HBL) dosages 18, 22, and 30 mg a.i. ha−1 for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers (15 L ha−1 and 30 L ha−1) and 22 mg a.i. ha−1 for Knapsack manual sprayers (KMS) (450 L ha−1) at maize silking stage on droplets deposition distribution, photosynthetic parameters, grain filling process and yield. The results showed that the droplet deposition of UAV (15, 30 L ha−1) was 47.04%, 8.89% higher than KMS. However, the UAV sprayer had a poor droplet deposition distribution. HBL significantly increased the photosynthetic parameters, grain filling rate, and yield. A UAV spray volume of 15 L ha−1 with 22 mg a.i. ha−1 significantly increased grains yield by 4.16–5.64%, 7.5–12.09% compared to KMS and CK in both years. Considering the high efficiency of the UAV sprayer and better effects of HBL on final yield, spraying 22~30 mg a.i. ha−1 with UAV spray volume 15 L ha−1 at the silking stage could be a better strategy.
A Study on the Efficiency of Sustainable Wine Grape Vineyard Management Strategies
Authors: Perria Rita , Ciofini Alice , Petrucci William Antonio , D’Arcangelo Mauro Eugenio Maria , Valentini Paolo , Storchi Paolo , Carella Giuseppe , Pacetti Andrea , Mugnai Laura
Published: February 2022

Crop protection strategies based on cupric products and mainly adopted in organic viticulture produce a consistent environmental impact due to the persistence of copper in soils and its negative effects on edaphic biodiversity. In this work, trials were carried out during the crop years 2018–2020 in a vineyard with an organic management by a low-copper strategy and in a conventional IPM management with an IPM strategy with reduced use of fungicides. Phytosanitary treatments have been strictly planned according to forecasting models, and fungicides have been partially substituted with substances improving the resistance mechanisms of plants. Different strategies of green manure management, in order to improve the health of vines, were also adopted. Results suggest the efficacy of the “GreenGrapes” plant protection strategy in conditions of low downy mildew pressure. Furthermore, no declines in the production quality have been recorded; conversely, the synergic effect of the green manure and the tested biostimulant substances (“GreenGrapes” protocols) and the green manure management improved yield and grape quality, compared with conventional conduction (IPM and Organic) with a grass covering.
Diversity of Coronaviruses with Particular Attention to the Interspecies Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Shehata Awad A. , Attia Youssef A. , Rahman Md. Tanvir , Basiouni Shereen , El-Seedi Hesham R. , Azhar Esam I. , Khafaga Asmaa F. , Hafez Hafez M.
Published: February 2022

In December 2019, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in China with serious impacts on global health and economy that is still ongoing. Although interspecies transmission of coronaviruses is common and well documented, each coronavirus has a narrowly restricted host range. Coronaviruses utilize different receptors to mediate membrane fusion and replication in the cell cytoplasm. The interplay between the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of coronaviruses and their coevolution are determinants for host susceptibility. The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has also been reported in domestic and wild animals, raising the question about the responsibility of animals in virus evolution. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic might also substantially have an impact on animal production for a long time. In the present review, we discussed the diversity of coronaviruses in animals and thus the diversity of their receptors. Moreover, the determinants of the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 in several animals, with special reference to the current evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in animals, were highlighted. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
Point Prevalence Survey of Antibiotic Use across 13 Hospitals in Uganda
Authors: Kiggundu Reuben , Wittenauer Rachel , Waswa JP , Nakambale Hilma N. , Kitutu Freddy Eric , Murungi Marion , Okuna Neville , Morries Seru , Lawry Lynn Lieberman , Joshi Mohan P. , Stergachis Andy , Konduri Niranjan
Published: February 2022

Standardized monitoring of antibiotic use underpins the effective implementation of antimicrobial stewardship interventions in combatting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). To date, few studies have assessed antibiotic use in hospitals in Uganda to identify gaps that require intervention. This study applied the World Health Organization’s standardized point prevalence survey methodology to assess antibiotic use in 13 public and private not-for-profit hospitals across the country. Data for 1077 patients and 1387 prescriptions were collected between December 2020 and April 2021 and analyzed to understand the characteristics of antibiotic use and the prevalence of the types of antibiotics to assess compliance with Uganda Clinical Guidelines; and classify antibiotics according to the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification. This study found that 74% of patients were on one or more antibiotics. Compliance with Uganda Clinical Guidelines was low (30%); Watch-classified antibiotics were used to a high degree (44% of prescriptions), mainly driven by the wide use of ceftriaxone, which was the most frequently used antibiotic (37% of prescriptions). The results of this study identify key areas for the improvement of antimicrobial stewardship in Uganda and are important benchmarks for future evaluations.
Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics
Authors: Murugaiyan Jayaseelan , Kumar P. Anand , Rao G. Srinivasa , Iskandar Katia , Hawser Stephen , Hays John P. , Mohsen Yara , Adukkadukkam Saranya , Awuah Wireko Andrew , Jose Ruiz Alvarez Maria , Sylvia Nanono , Nansubuga Esther Patience , Tilocca Bruno , Roncada Paola , Roson-Calero Natalia , Moreno-Morales Javier , Amin Rohul , Kumar Ballamoole Krishna , Kumar Abishek , Toufik Abdul-Rahman , Zaw Thaint Nadi , Akinwotu Oluwatosin O. , Satyaseela Maneesh Paul , van Dongen Maarten B. M.
Published: February 2022

Antibiotic resistance, and, in a broader perspective, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), continues to evolve and spread beyond all boundaries. As a result, infectious diseases have become more challenging or even impossible to treat, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Despite the failure of conventional, traditional antimicrobial therapy, in the past two decades, no novel class of antibiotics has been introduced. Consequently, several novel alternative strategies to combat these (multi-) drug-resistant infectious microorganisms have been identified. The purpose of this review is to gather and consider the strategies that are being applied or proposed as potential alternatives to traditional antibiotics. These strategies include combination therapy, techniques that target the enzymes or proteins responsible for antimicrobial resistance, resistant bacteria, drug delivery systems, physicochemical methods, and unconventional techniques, including the CRISPR-Cas system. These alternative strategies may have the potential to change the treatment of multi-drug-resistant pathogens in human clinical settings.
Effect of Oxidative Stress on Reproduction and Development
Authors: Guerriero Giulia , D'Errico Gerardino
Published: February 2022

There is a growing amount of literature on the effects of oxidative stress resulting from the imbalance between prooxidants and antioxidants [...]
Pharmacological Inhibition of Epac1 Averts Ferroptosis Cell Death by Preserving Mitochondrial Integrity
Authors: Musheshe Nshunge , Oun Asmaa , Sabogal-Guáqueta Angélica María , Trombetta-Lima Marina , Mitchel Sarah C. , Adzemovic Ahmed , Speek Oliver , Morra Francesca , van der Veen Christina H. J. T. , Lezoualc’h Frank , Cheng Xiaodong , Schmidt Martina , Dolga Amalia M.
Published: February 2022

Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac) proteins are implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including oxidative stress and cell survival. Mitochondrial-dependent oxidative stress has been associated with progressive neuronal death underlying the pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases. The role of Epac modulation in neuronal cells in relation to cell survival and death, as well as its potential effect on mitochondrial function, is not well established. In immortalized hippocampal (HT-22) neuronal cells, we examined mitochondria function in the presence of various Epac pharmacological modulators in response to oxidative stress due to ferroptosis. Our study revealed that selective pharmacological modulation of Epac1 or Epac2 isoforms, exerted differential effects in erastin-induced ferroptosis conditions in HT-22 cells. Epac1 inhibition prevented cell death and loss of mitochondrial integrity induced by ferroptosis, while Epac2 inhibition had limited effects. Our data suggest Epac1 as a plausible therapeutic target for preventing ferroptosis cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Synthesis and Characterization of Anatase TiO2 Nanorods: Insights from Nanorods’ Formation and Self-Assembly
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Naveed , Chen Xiaodan , Baesjou Patrick J. , Imhof Arnout , van Blaaderen Alfons
Published: February 2022

Highly crystalline, organic-solvent-dispersible titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods (NRs) present promising chemicophysical properties in many diverse applications. In this paper, based on a modified procedure from literature, TiO2 NRs were synthesized via a ligand-assisted nonhydrolytic sol-gel route using oleic acid as the solvent, reagent, and ligand and titanium (IV) isopropoxide as the titanium precursor. This procedure produced monodisperse TiO2 NRs, as well as some semi-spherical titania nanocrystals (NCs) that could be removed by size-selective precipitation. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction results showed that the nanorods were anatase, while the semipheres also contained the TiO2(B) phase. By taking samples during the particle growth, it was found that the average length of the initially grown NRs decreased during the synthesis. Possible reasons for this unusual growth path, partially based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations during the growth, were discussed. The dispersion of anatase TiO2 nanorods was capable of spontaneous formation of lyotropic liquid crystals on the TEM grid and in bulk. Considering high colloidal stability together with the large optical birefringence displayed by these high refractive index liquid crystalline domains, we believe these TiO2 NRs dispersions are promising candidates for application in transparent and switchable optics.
UAV-Cooperative Penetration Dynamic-Tracking Interceptor Method Based on DDPG
Authors: Luo Yuxie , Song Jia , Zhao Kai , Liu Yang
Published: February 2022

The multi-UAV system has stronger robustness and better stability in combat. Therefore, the collaborative penetration of UAVs has been extensively studied in recent years. Compared with general static combat scenes, the dynamic tracking and interception of equipment penetration are more difficult to achieve. To realize the coordinated penetration of the dynamic-tracking interceptor by the multi-UAV system, the intelligent UAV model is established by using the deep deterministic policy-gradient algorithm, and the reward function is constructed using the cooperative parameters of multiple UAVs to guide the UAV to proceed with collaborative penetration. The simulation experiment proved that the UAV finally evaded the dynamic-tracking interceptor, and multiple UAVs reached the target at the same time, realizing the time coordination of the multi-UAV system.
Detailed and Average Models of a Grid-Connected MMC-Controlled Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Generator
Authors: Rosyadi Marwan , Umemura Atsushi , Takahashi Rion , Tamura Junji
Published: February 2022

In this paper, a detailed model and an average model of an MMC (Modular Multilevel Converter)-controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-based direct drive wind turbine are proposed. The models are used to analyze the steady-state and transient characteristics of the grid connectivity study of the wind turbine generator. Configuration of the electrical topology and the control scheme of the wind turbine generator for both models are comprehensively presented. In the detailed model, the MMC circuit is represented by power electronic IGBTs, with switching phenomena considered. Meanwhile, in the average model, the MMC circuit is simplified by using voltage source representation, hence the complexity of the MMC circuit and the simulation duration of the analysis can be reduced. Comparative analysis between the detailed and the simplified models is also investigated through simulation performed using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show that both models have a good controllability and dynamic stability under steady-state and transient conditions. The simulation results also confirm that the average model has adequate accuracy, and simulation time can be reduced significantly.
A New Era for the Early and Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis: The Use of Fast-Track Ultrasound in Clinical Practice
Authors: Monti Sara , Delvino Paolo , Montecucco Carlomaurizio
Published: February 2022

Background: The assessment of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in fast-track assessment clinics (FTA) including the use of ultrasound (US) is becoming the preferred practice in specialized centers. Methods: Patients with suspected GCA referred to the FTA of the Rheumatology Department, University of Pavia, Italy, between 2016 and 2021 were included to analyze the clinical and US findings. Results: A total of 553 US examinations were performed on 347 patients. A total of 246 were female (71%), and the mean age was 73 ± 12. Of these, 287 US on newly referred patients led to a confirmed diagnosis of GCA in 111 (39%). The sensitivity of US was 81.98% (95% CI 73.55–88.63%), and the specificity 99.43% (95% CI 96.88–99.99%). Only 4 patients required temporal artery biopsy. The most specific symptoms to inform the pre-test probability of GCA and differentiate from patients with other conditions were: jaw or tongue claudication, scalp tenderness, and bilateral visual loss. Headache was not reported in 33% of patients. Systemic symptoms were significantly more frequent in GCA (42.3%), together with combinations of cranial, systemic, and/or polymyalgia rheumatica symptoms. Out of 88 patients, there were 52% with a confirmed relapse. Of these, 67% had a positive US. Conclusion: The use of FTA in clinical practice ensures an early diagnosis, avoiding invasive procedures for the patient. Our data support the increasingly recognized adjunctive role of US in the monitoring of GCA.
Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for e-Mobility Using Metamodels
Authors: Kim Se-eun , You Yong-min
Published: February 2022

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with rectangular coils in hairpin windings exhibit improved fill factor and reduced end turn of the coils, which in turn improve the efficiency and power density of PMSMs, making them ideal for e-mobility applications. Herein, the shape of a PMSM was optimized for torque ripple reduction using metamodels to improve the noise and vibrational performance of the motor. The objective function of the optimal design aimed to minimize the torque ripple, and the average torque and efficiency were set as constraints. The notch width and depth and barrier length were selected as the design variables to satisfy the objective function and constraints. Using the optimal Latin hypercube design technique, 27 experimental points were selected, and a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed for each point. Furthermore, a function approximation was performed using six metamodels, and the best metamodel was selected using the root mean square error test. Moreover, the optimization was performed by combining the best metamodels for each variable with a sequential two-point diagonal quadratic approximation optimization algorithm. The torque ripple was improved by approximately 1.63% compared with the initial model, whereas the constraint values remained constant. Finally, an FEA was performed on the optimal point, and the FEA results matched with those of the optimal method.
A Surrogate-Model-Based Approach for the Optimization of the Thermal Design Parameters of Space Telescopes
Authors: Zhu Wenbo , Guo Liang , Jia Zhuohang , Tian Defu , Xiong Yan
Published: February 2022

The thermal design parameters of space telescopes are mainly optimized through traversal and iterative attempts. These optimization techniques are time consuming, rely heavily on the experience of the engineer, bear a large computational workload, and have difficulty in achieving optimal outcomes. In this paper, we propose a design method (called SMPO) based on an improved back-propagation neural network (called GAALBP) that builds a surrogate model and uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the model parameters. The surrogate model of a space telescope that measures the atmospheric density is established using GAALBP and then compared with surrogate models established using a traditional BP neural network and radial-basis-function neural network. The results show that the regression rate of the surrogate model based on the GAALBP reaches 99.99%, a mean square error of less than 2 × 10−6, and a maximum absolute error of less than 4 × 10−3. The thermal design parameters of the surrogate model are optimized using a genetic algorithm, and the optimization results are verified in a finite element simulation. Compared with the design results of the manually determined thermal design parameters, the maximum temperature of the CMOS is reduced by 5.33 °C, the minimum temperature is increased by 0.39 °C, and the temperature fluctuation is reduced by a factor of 4. Additionally, SMPO displays versatility and can be used in various complex engineering applications to provide guidance for the better selection of appropriate parameters and optimization.
Experimental Investigations of a Passive Cooling System Based on the Gravity Loop Heat Pipe Principle for an Electrical Cabinet
Authors: Polačiková Mária , Nemec Patrik , Malcho Milan , Jandačka Jozef
Published: February 2022

This paper deals with the experimental research and verification of a passive cooling system operating on the principle of a loop gravity heat pipe designed for cooling electrical cabinets. This type of cooling works automatically by changing the state of the working substance and thus saves energy consumption. Since the designed cooling system ensures heat transfer from the interior cabinet to the outdoor space, where the heat can naturally dissipate to the surroundings, it is dustproof. The heat pipe consists of an innovative evaporator concept designed to minimize liquid and vapour phase interference in the refrigeration circuit. The aim of the research was to experimentally determine the limit performance parameters of the refrigeration system for different volumes of working medium in the evaporator and decrease heat loss in the cabinet interior. The designed device was verified experimentally and by mathematical calculations as well. The greatest benefit of the work is that the cooling device was able to ensure temperature conditions inside the electrical enclosure at a heat load of 2000 W under 60 °C, 1500 W under 55 °C, 1000 W under 50 °C, 750 W under 45 °C and 500 W under 40 °C.
Automated SEM-EDS Analysis of Transition Metals and Other Metallic Compounds Emitted from Incinerating Agricultural Waste Plastic Film
Authors: Kim Tae-Han , Choi Boo-Hun , Yoon Choong-Sik , Ko Yong-Kyu , Kang Moon-Sung , Kook Joongjin
Published: February 2022

Illegal open burning, which is criticized as a leading source of air pollutants among agricultural activities, currently requires constant effort and attention from countries around the world. A speciation analysis method is required to examine the harmful effects of particulate matter generated by incineration on the human body. In this study, to simulate open-air incineration, infrastructure for incineration tests complying with US EPA method 5G was built, and a large-area analysis was conducted on the particulate matter through automated SEM-EDS. For test specimens, waste mulching LDPE collected by Korea Environment Corporation Dangjin Office was used. To raise the identifiability of analyzed particles, the specimen was sampled on a plate made of Ag, which has a high atomic number, three times. Metal particulate matter showed a high reaction to C and C-O. The ratio of metal particulate matters that reacted to C and C-O was in the order of Cu (94.1%) > Fe (83.3%) > Al (79.7%). In this study, it was verified that waste mulching adsorbs metal chemicals originating from the soil due to its properties and deterioration, and that when it is incinerated, it emits particulate matter containing transition metals and other metals that contribute to excessive ROS production and reduction.
Sensible Heat and Latent Heat Flux Estimates in a Tall and Dense Forest Canopy under Unstable Conditions
Authors: Castellví Francesc , Buttar Noman Ali , Hu Yongguang , Ikram Kamran
Published: February 2022

A method to estimate the sensible heat flux (H) for unstable atmospheric condition requiring measurements taken in half-hourly basis as input and involving the land surface temperature (LST), HLST, was tested over a tall and dense aspen stand. The method avoids the need to estimate the zero-plane displacement and the roughness length for momentum. The net radiation (Rn) and the latent heat flux (λE) dominated the surface energy balance (SEB). Therefore, λE was estimated applying the residual method using HLST as input, λER-LST. The sum of H and λE determined with the eddy covariance (EC) method led to a surface energy imbalance of 20% Rn. Thus, the reference taken for the comparisons were determined forcing the SEB using the EC Bowen ratio (BREB method). For clear sky days, HLST performed close to HBREB. Therefore, it showed potential in the framework of remote sensing because the input requirements are similar to current methods widely used. For cloudy days, HLST scattered HBREB and nearly matched the accumulated sensible hear flux. Regardless of the time basis and cloudiness, λER-LST was close to λEBREB. For all the data, both HLST and λER-LST were not biased and showed, respectively, a mean absolute relative error of 24.5% and 12.5% and an index of agreement of 68.5% and 80%.
Tomatoes: An Extensive Review of the Associated Health Impacts of Tomatoes and Factors That Can Affect Their Cultivation
Authors: Collins Edward J. , Bowyer Cressida , Tsouza Audrey , Chopra Mridula
Published: February 2022

This review outlines the health benefits associated with the regular consumption of tomatoes and tomato products. The first section provides a detailed account of the horticultural techniques that can impact the quality of the fruit and its nutritional properties, including water availability, light intensity, temperature, and growing media. The next section provides information on the components of tomato that are likely to contribute to its health effects. The review then details some of the health benefits associated with tomato consumption, including anticancer properties, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and skin health. This review also discusses the impact tomatoes can have on the gut microbiome and associated health benefits, including reducing the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases. Other health benefits of eating tomatoes are also discussed in relation to effects on diabetes, the immune response, exercise recovery, and fertility. Finally, this review also addresses the negative effects that can occur as a result of overconsumption of tomato products and lycopene supplements.
DNA Double-Strand Breaks Induced in Human Cells by 6 Current Pesticides: Intercomparisons and Influence of the ATM Protein
Authors: Sonzogni Laurène , Ferlazzo Mélanie L. , Granzotto Adeline , Fervers Béatrice , Charlet Laurent , Foray Nicolas
Published: February 2022

A mechanistic model from radiobiology has emerged by pointing out that the radiation-induced nucleo-shuttling of the ATM protein (RIANS) initiates the recognition, the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), and the final response to genotoxic stress. More recently, we provided evidence in this journal that the RIANS model is also relevant for exposure to metal ions. To document the role of the ATM-dependent DSB repair and signaling after pesticide exposure, we applied six current pesticides of domestic and environmental interest (lindane, atrazine, glyphosate, permethrin, pentachlorophenol and thiabendazole) to human skin fibroblast and brain cells. Our findings suggest that each pesticide tested may induce DSB at a rate that depends on the pesticide concentration and the RIANS status of cells. At specific concentration ranges, the nucleo-shuttling of ATM can be delayed, which impairs DSB recognition and repair, and contributes to toxicity. Interestingly, the combination of copper sulfate and thiabendazole or glyphosate was found to have additive or supra-additive effects on DSB recognition and/or repair. A general mechanistic model of the biological response to metal and/or pesticide is proposed to define quantitative endpoints for toxicity.
The Degradation of Hyaluronan in the Skin
Authors: Žádníková Petra , Šínová Romana , Pavlík Vojtěch , Šimek Matěj , Šafránková Barbora , Hermannová Martina , Nešporová Kristina , Velebný Vladimír
Published: February 2022

Hyaluronan (HA) comprises a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix and participates in a variety of biological processes. Half of the total amount of HA in the human body is present in the skin. HA exhibits a dynamic turnover; its half-life in the skin is less than one day. Nevertheless, the specific participants in the catabolism of HA in the skin have not yet been described in detail, despite the essential role of HA in cutaneous biology. A deeper knowledge of the processes involved will act to support the development of HA-based topical and implantable materials and enhance the understanding of the various related pathological cutaneous conditions. This study aimed to characterize the distribution and activity of hyaluronidases and the other proteins involved in the degradation of HA in healthy human full-thickness skin, the epidermis and the dermis. Hyaluronidase activity was detected for the first time in healthy human skin. The degradation of HA occurred in lysates at an acidic pH. HA gel zymography revealed a single band corresponding to approximately 50 kDa. This study provided the first comprehensive view of the distribution of canonic HA-degrading proteins (HYAL1 and HYAL2) in human skin employing IHF and IHC. Furthermore, contrary to previous assumptions TMEM2, a novel hyaluronidase, as well as CEMIP, a protein involved in HA degradation, were localized in the human epidermis, as well as in the dermis.
Glioma Stem Cells Upregulate CD39 Expression to Escape Immune Response through SOX2 Modulation
Authors: Liu Bin , Cao Yufei , Li Yanyan , Ma Haifeng , Yang Mingfei , Zhang Qiang , Li Guofeng , Zhang Kai , Wu Yue , Zhou Youxin , Yang Wei , Sun Ting
Published: February 2022

Ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzing extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a key modulator of immune response in the tumor microenvironment, yet the role of CD39 in contributing tumor stem cells in a more immunosuppressive microenvironment remains elusive. Here we report that the upregulation of CD39 is crucial for the decrease of extracellular ATP concentration around glioma stem cells (GSCs) to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Adriamycin (ADM) is able to promote the release of ATP, which recruits dendritic cells (DCs) to phagocytose GSCs. CD39 inhibition further increased extracellular ATP concentrations following ADM treatment and DCs phagocytosis. In addition, GSCs upregulated CD39 expression by SOX2-binding CD39 promotor. In mouse tumor models, the combination of ADM and CD39 blockade increased immune cell infiltration and reduced tumor size. These findings suggest that GSCs upregulate CD39 expression by their biological characteristics to maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and CD39 inhibition supplies a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) for immunotherapeutic intervention and enhances the immune response induced by chemotherapy.
Risk Factors for Female Breast Cancer: A Population Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Yu-Chiao , Lin Ching-Hung , Huang Shih-Pei , Chen Mingchih , Lee Tian-Shyug
Published: February 2022

Background: The incidence of female BC among the Eastern and Southeastern Asian populations has gradually increased in recent years. However, epidemiological studies on the relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and female BC are insufficient. In order to determine the association between this lifestyle and the incidence of female BC, we conducted a population-based cohort study on women in Taiwan. Methods: We followed a prospective cohort of 5879 women aged 30 years and over enrolled in the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), who developed female BC over a period of 72,453 person years, and we estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: RFs associated with female BC incidence included parity (adjusted HR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.44–0.91), body mass index (adjusted HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04–1.71), and ≥3 h/day spent sitting (adjusted HR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.08–3.32). The incidence of female BC in participants who sat for ≥3 h/day and consumed sugary drinks was 2.5 times greater than that in those who sat for <3 h/day and did not consume sugary drinks (adjusted HR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.01–6.23). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that sedentary behavior and sugary drink intake may increase the risk of developing female BC. These are modifiable RFs; therefore, a healthy lifestyle and diet can reduce the incidence of female BC.
Oral Immune-Related Adverse Events Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Salivary Gland Dysfunction and Mucosal Diseases
Authors: Yura Yoshiaki , Hamada Masakazu
Published: February 2022

Conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapies have limited efficacy against advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as antibodies against CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 interrupt the co-inhibitory pathway of T cells and enhance the ability of CD8+ T cells to destroy tumors. Even in advanced HNSCC patients with recurrent diseases and distant metastasis, ICI therapy shows efficiency and become an effective alternative to conventional chemotherapy. However, as this therapy releases the immune tolerance state, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can also attack organs and tissues expressing self-antigens that cross-react with tumor antigens and induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). When patients with HNSCC are treated with ICIs, autoimmune diseases occur in multiple organs including the skin, digestive tract, endocrine system, liver, and respiratory tract. Treatment of various malignancies, including HNSCC, with ICIs may result in the appearance of oral irAEs. In the oral cavity, an oral lichenoid reaction (OLR) and pemphigoid develop. Sicca syndrome also occurs in association with ICIs, affecting the salivary glands to induce xerostomia. It is necessary to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of these intractable diseases that are not seen with conventional therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate approaches to irAEs are needed for efficient treatment of advanced HNSCC by ICIs.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Prior Fertility-Sparing Surgery in Women with FIGO 2018 Stage IB2 Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Buda Alessandro , Borghese Martina , Puppo Andrea , Perotto Stefania , Novelli Antonia , Borghi Chiara , Olearo Elena , Tripodi Elisa , Surace Alessandra , Bar Enrica , Scambia Giovanni , Fanfani Francesco
Published: February 2022

Nowadays, the optimal management of patients with cervical cancers measuring 2–4 cm desiring to maintain fertility is still uncertain. In this systematic review, we assessed the reliability of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) prior to fertility-sparing (FS) surgery in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 stage IB2 cervical cancer, in terms of pathologic response, oncological and obstetric outcomes. The review of the literature was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data, using MEDLINE and PubMed, were searched for from 1 January 2005 up to 1 December 2020. We identified 20 articles and 114 women with IB2 disease, possible candidates for NACT prior to FS surgery. However, uterine conservation was achieved only in 76.7% of them. Patients reached optimal pathological response to NACT in 60.9% of cases and a TIP (cisplatin, ifosfamide and paclitaxel) regime was related to the best response. Suboptimal response to NACT appeared to be an independent negative prognostic factor. Up to 9.2% of patients recurred with a median 7.4-months DFS, and 4.6% of patients died of disease. Fifty percent of women tried to conceive after treatment and NACT prior to conization appeared to be the most promising alternative to upfront radical trachelectomy in terms of obstetric outcomes. In conclusion, NACT prior to FS surgery is an option, but the literature about this issue is still weak and FS should be carefully discussed with patients.
Is Laterality Prognostic in Resected KRAS-Mutated Colorectal Liver Metastases? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Belias Michail , Sasaki Kazunari , Wang Jane , Andreatos Nikolaos , Kamphues Carsten , Kyriakos Georgios , Seeliger Hendrik , Beyer Katharina , Kreis Martin E. , Margonis Georgios Antonios
Published: February 2022

Background: It is debated whether primary tumor laterality (PTL) is prognostic in all patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) or only those with KRAS wild-type or KRAS-mutated tumors; Methods: We systematically reviewed PubMed for studies reporting on resected CRLM originating from left-sided (LS) versus right-sided (RS) colon cancer stratified by KRAS status. Individual participant data (IPD) were used if available. Given that there are two definitions of PTL, we performed two meta-analyses for KRAS-mutated and two for wild-type patients. To assess if an interaction underlies the possible difference between the effects of PTL in KRAS-mutated vs. wild-type CRLM, we similarly performed two meta-analyses of interaction terms; Results: The meta-analyses included eight studies and 7475 patients. PTL had a prognostic association with OS in patients with wild-type tumors (HR for LS: 0.71 [0.60–0.84]), but not in those with KRAS-mutated tumors (HR: 0.99 [0.82–1.19]). This difference stemmed from a truly variable effect of PTL for each KRAS status (mutated vs. wild-type) as the meta-analysis of interaction terms showed a significant interaction between them (HR:1.38 [1.24–1.53]). Similar results were obtained when the second definition of PTL (LS to not include the rectum) was used; Conclusions: KRAS status modifies the association of tumor site with survival. Right-sided tumors are associated with worse OS only in patients with wild-type CRLM.