bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of selected sensory properties of wholemeal breads
Authors: Bednářová Markéta , Ošťádalová Martina , Král Martin , Tremlová Bohuslava
Published: July 2015

The aim of this study was to compare textural (firmness) and sensory properties (surface colour, crumb colour, crumb texture, appearance, appearance and colour preferences) between whole breads made from conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) and whole breads made from unconventional wheat (Triticum aestivum, L., winter variety Skorpion, grains with blue aleuron). Wholemeal breads (control samples with marks C1, C2 and C3) were prepared of 100, 90 and 80 % amount of conventional wholemeal wheat flour to 0, 10 and 20% amount of smooth white flour made from conventional wheat using baker's experiment. Wholemeal breads (experimental samples with marks S1, S2 and S3) were prepared of unconventional wholemeal wheat flour to smooth white wheat flour in same ratio as control samples of breads. Our results showed, that negative evaluation of some sensory attributes of breads made from unconventional wheat correlated with increasing addition of wholemeal flour of this wheat. It was found that breads made from conventional wheat (100, 90 and 80% amount of conventional wholemeal flour) were more acceptable in surface colour, colour and appearance preferences than these sensory attributes of breads made from unconventional wheat (same amount of wholemeal flour). Appearance and crumb colour of breads made from conventional wheat (100 and 90% amount of wholemeal flour) were evaluated better than these attributes of breads made from blue coloured wheat (same amount of wholemeal flour). Appearance and crumb colour of both groups of whole wheat breads (80:20) was similarly evaluated. Crumb texture of breads made from conventional wheat (90% and 80% amount of wholemeal flour) was worse than crumb texture of breads produced of same ratio of flour, but made from unconventional wheat. Breads with addition of 80% of wholemeal flour milled of blue coloured wheat were most acceptable in all of sensory attributes for evaluators. Significant difference (p <0.05) of crumb fimness of breads were demonstrated between samples of breads (80:20) made from conventional or unconventional wheat. Crumbs of breads (100:0 and 80:20) made from blue coloured wheat had higher firmness than crumbs of breads (100:0 and 80:20) made from conventional wheat. But crumbs of breads (90:10) made from conventional wheat were firmer than crumbs of breads (90:10) made from unconventional wheat. Breads produced of blue coloured wheat were also more friable than breads made from conventional wheat. Although evaluation of wholemeal breads made from unconventional wheat had not better scores than evaluation of wholemeal breads made from conventioval wheat, but evalution of breads produced of unconventional wheat wholemeal flour were not below average and its market position could be very high in the future, due to the content of health benefit substances, which will be the subject of further research.
The prevalence of Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks producing eggs and their impact on the public health
Authors: Lopašovský Ľubomí­r , Zeleňáková Lucia , Fikselová Martina , Bobková Alica , Kunová Simona , Bobko Marek , Šnirc Marek
Published: July 2015

Since 2008, Slovakia has implemented the National control program of Salmonella infections in laying hen flocks. This program requires the farm operators to monitor and investigate the invasive types of Salmonella (S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium) according to STN ISO 6579. The aim of this study was to perform a microbiological examination of dust and chicken droppings samples of laying hens in the Trenčín region for the presence of Salmonella by Horizontal method according to STN ISO 6579: 2002, to compare results with the statistics across Slovakia and selected EU countries and to evaluate the impact of official controls of salmonellosis in animals and humans.  In the years 2009 - 2013 in the Trenčín region, 730 samples of dust from the conveyor belts and droppings of laying hens were taken to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in individual rearings. In these years, the incidence of positive samples was found from 0% to 29.17%. For the period from 2009 till 2013 was reported 22833 salmonellosis cases in human population of Slovakia, while in the Trenčín region it was 2636. Five-year EU-trend (2009 - 2013) showed a statistically significant decrease of salmonellosis occurence (with a mean reduction of 12% per year). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed in order to provide in-depth epidemiological assessment of salmonellosis cases in Trenčin region in relation to selected characters: etiological agens, transmission mechanism, age, location as well as seasonality of infection.
The effect of drying on antioxidant activity of selected lamiaceae herbs
Authors: Adámková Anna , Kouřimská Lenka , Kadlecová Barbora
Published: July 2015

Antioxidant activity and total phenolics content of selected fresh and dried herbs from the Lamiaceae family were compared. The analysed herbs included Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Satureja hortensis, Origanum majorana, and Origanum heracleoticum from the 1st and the 2nd harvests. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method and the total content of phenols was analysed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Ascorbic and gallic acids were used as reference standards. All the analysed herbs had the reasonable potential to reduce the DPPH radical. The dried herbs from the 2nd harvest had the highest antioxidant activity. Oregano exhibited the highest antioxidant activity from the analyzed samples of both harvests together. The descending order of the samples was oregano ˃ Greek oregano ˃ marjoram ˃ summer savory ˃ thyme. Marjoram from the 2nd harvest had the highest antioxidant activity from the fresh samples. The lowest activity was observed in thyme from the 2nd harvest. In case of dried samples, the highest antioxidant activity was measured in sample of Greek oregano from the 2nd harwest. The lowest activity was observed in thyme from the 1st and 2nd harvest again. The descending order of total phenolics content for both harvests together was oregano ˃ Greek oregano ˃ marjoram ˃ summer savory ˃ thyme. In case of fresh herbs the highest total phenolics content was measured in oregano from the 1st harvest, the lowest content was measured in summer savory from the 2nd harvest. Greek oregano from the 2nd harvest had the highest values from dried herbs. Dried thyme from the second harvest had the lowest total phenolics content. The correlation between the DPPH values and the total content of phenols was determined (for fresh herbs: 0.4917; for dried herbs: 0.8698). According to the total content of phenols a statistically significant difference between the fresh and dried herbs from the 2nd harvest (p = 0.0185) was found.
The effect of feeding wheat with purple pericarp on the growth of carp
Authors: Mareš Jan , Brabec Tomáš , Vyhnánek Tomáš , Trojan Václav , Štiasna Klára , Presinszká Mária , Mrkvicová Eva , Hřivna Luděk , Havel Ladislav
Published: July 2015

This study assessed and compared the influence of feeding wheat with purple pericarp (variety Konini) and standard coloured wheat (red variety Bohemia) on the growth characteristics of fingerling carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) of the "Amurský lysec" line. The total content of anthocyanins converted to cyanidin 3-glucoside in the control Bohemia wheat was 24.95 mg.kg-1 and in the Konini purple wheat 41.70 mg.kg-1. Two experimental variants for feed were evaluated: dipped wheat grain and crushed wheat grain. The feed dose for wheat was 1.5% of the fish stock weight and for natural food (frozen Chironomid larvae) was 0.2% of fish stock weight to all variants. Growth parameters (body length, body weight, Fulton's condition factor and feed conversion ratio) of the fish were evaluated after one month of administration. The feed consumption and physico-chemical parameters (temperature, oxygen saturation, pH, N-NH4 +, N-NO2-, N-NO3- and Cl-) of the environment were observed. During the feeding test, no major differences in food consumption among variations feeding on either wheat and on Chironomid larvae were noted. Satisfying results for mas and length gain were achieved in V2 wheat with purple pericarp (Konini variety - dipped grain), where the average total body length was 156.56 mm and the average unit mass was 60.81 g. In this variant, higher values of the parameters were achieved compared to the control group (100.6%, resp. 104.2%). A positive impact of wheat with purple pericarp on the evaluated parameter of fish condition factor was demonstrated. This trend was confirmed in all variants. No effect was demonstrated for mechanical disruption of kernels on the level of utilization of nutrients. In further experiments on growth characteristics we would like to determine antioxidant parameters in the blood and liver of fry.
The influence of Pichia killer toxins on the wine spoilage yeasts
Authors: Błaszczyk Urszula , Satora Pawel , Sroka Pawel
Published: July 2015

Killer yeasts are able to produce toxins that antagonize the growth of susceptible yeasts cells of the same species or the ones that are related to them. Killer strains are resistant to their own toxins but can be sensitive to killer proteins of other yeasts. The killer proteins of Pichia spp. are known for its broad spectrum of antifungal activity including pathogens such as Candida albicans. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of the partly purified killer toxins to inhibit the growth of selected yeast strains which can contribute to wine spoilage. Three Pichia killer yeast strains (CBS 1982, CBS 5759, CBS 7373) were used in the study. The killer protein secreted by Pichia anomala CBS 1982 was characterized by the highest antifungal activity. The most pronounced effect of the reduction of cell proliferation by killer toxin preparations was found after 2 and 20 h cultivation. Among the 13 tested strains, all Pichia killer toxin preparations inhibited the growth of Rhodotorula graminis Rg, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Rm and Schizosaccharomyces pombe DSM 70576. Killer toxins produced by Pichia anomala CBS 1982 (K8) and CBS 5759 (K4) limited the growth of Candida pulcherrima K5 and Hanseniaspora guillermondii DSM 3432 after 2, 20 and 168 h of incubation. A significant reduction of Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 3428 biomass was observed in medium with the addition of one toxin preparation (Pichia anomala CBS 1982). The growth limitation of Candida glabrata DSM 6425, Hanseniaspora uvarum DSM 2768, Metchnikowia pulcherrima DSM 70321 and Cryptococcus laurentii DSM 70766 was noticed only after 2 hours cultivation in presence of killer protein preparations. The killer toxins could be used in the food industry as selective tools to control infections during the fermentation of wine and improve the quality of the final product.
Toxoplasma gondii in wild ruminants bred in game preserves and farms with production destined for human consumption in the Czech Republic.
Authors: Lorencova Alena , Lamka Jiri , Slany Michal
Published: July 2015

Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of the most common parasitic infection in humans. Almost all warm-blooded animals, as well as humans, can act as intermediate hosts that harbour infective cysts in their tissues. Felids act as definitive hosts excreting oocysts in faeces. In humans, T. gondii can cause subclinical infection but also severe clinical disease with a wide range of symptoms, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The infection is usually asymptomatic in animals and is not recognized at either ante- or post-mortem inspection. The consumption of undercooked meat from infected animals is one of the most important routes by which the infection can be transmitted to humans. Handling of the organs and other tissues of game animals and eating their undercooked meat have been described as a risk of T. gondii infection. For diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, the combination of serological and molecular methods has been described as a suitable approach. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 20.8%, 50.0%, 23.1%, and 24.4% of red deer, sika deer, fallow deer and mouflons, respectively, coming from game preserves and farms in the Czech Republic. T. gondii DNA was found in the muscle tissue of red deer (8.3%) and mouflons (14.6%). The lower prevalence rates based on molecular screening could be due to the random distribution and low density of cysts in tissues of infected animals. Bearing in mind the increase in the number of hunted animals and the growing trend in game consumption, it is important to educate hunters and game meat consumers about the risk of exposure to this zoonotic infection during handling and consumption of the meat.
PROBING THE POSTGELATION REACTIONS OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER CROSS-LINKED WITH DODECENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: Mascia Leno , Russo Pietro , Verdolotti Letizia , Clarke Jane , Lavorgna Marino , Acierno Domenico
Published: July 2015

Pregelled mixes of an epoxidized natural rubber, known as ENR50, containing dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) as cross-linking agent and dimethyl benzyl amine (DMBA) as catalyst, were cured isothermally at 160 °C, and the progress of the reactions was followed by both thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis [TGA]) and infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform near-infrared and attenuated total reflection). The curing reactions were found to be approximately first order for both heat of reaction associated with cross-linking and the disappearance of the epoxy groups, even though the reduction of epoxy group concentration was found to be substantially greater than the amount expected from reactions with the anhydride, because of the formation of large quantities of vicinal OH groups. The TGA data have indicated that the pregelled mixes undergo more extensive anaerobic degradation at higher temperatures than the un–cross-linked elastomer, which is accelerated by the presence of the DMBA catalyst.
WhatShouldBlacks Think When Jews Choose Whiteness?
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna
Published: July 2015

Revisiting James Baldwin's under-engaged contribution to heated debates over Black (Christian)-(white) Jewish relations in New York City in the late 1960s, “Blacks Are Anti-Semitic Because They Are Anti-White,” in what follows I explore the surprising ways in which two European Jewish women political theorists, Emma Goldman and Hannah Arendt, otherwise celebrated for their rigorous sobriety, enacted the very blindness that framed their Jewishness as a form of whiteness worthy of Baldwin's criticism. I close by considering the ways of envisioning being Jewish that we might build from Baldwin's reflections, ones that would, in enlarging the distance of Jewishness from whiteness, invite transformative brands of solidarity rather than specifically black forms of anti-Semitism. Ironically, this path would have entailed American Jews' becoming more fully themselves rather than indexing their advancement or flourishing through a white, Christian index. Put slightly differently, this essay turns backward to look forward, aiming to understand what I consider missed opportunities worth lamenting so we might proceed differently.
Love is Asymmetrical
Authors: Farred Grant
Published: July 2015

This essay considers James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time as a philosophical contemplation on love. Drawing on sources such as the Bible, Jacques Derrida (from whom the notion of “asymmetrical love” derives), and a host of Baldwin critics, this essay understands the Christian love of The Fire Next Time as asymmetrical. The asymmetry of love derives from its understanding of love as the responsibility to Self and Other that demands no reciprocation. Asymmetrical love makes itself vulnerable before the Other and, most importantly, it is a love that risks itself absolutely by offering love to those who will do violence to the subject who gives love.
The Myth of the White Minority
Authors: Pierce Andrew J.
Published: July 2015

In recent years, and especially in the wake of Barack Obama's reelection, projections that whites will soon become a minority have proliferated. In this essay, I will argue that such predictions are misleading at best, as they rest on questionable philosophical presuppositions, including the presupposition that racial concepts like ‘whiteness’ are static and unchanging rather than fluid and continually being reconstructed. If I am right about these fundamental inaccuracies, one must wonder why the myth of the white minority persists. I will argue that by reenvisioning whites as a minority culture struggling against a hostile dominant group, and by promoting white solidarity as a response to a (fabricated) crisis, such predictions actually serve to defend and legitimize white supremacy.
Reducing Misanthropic Memory Through Self-Awareness: Reducing Bias
Authors: Davis Mark D.
Published: July 2015

two experiments investigated the influence of self-awareness on misanthropic recall. misanthropic recall is the tendency to recall more negative behaviors dispositionally attributed and positive behaviors situationally attributed than negative behaviors situationally attributed and positive behaviors dispositionally attributed. it was hypothesized that when one is self-aware, more systematic information processing would occur, thereby reducing misanthropic memory and influencing attitudinal judgments. the first experiment used a mirror and the second experiment used a live video to induce self- awareness. Participants were asked to form an impression of a group. the results of both experiments replicated the previously found pattern of misanthropic memory for non– self- aware participants (ybarra & stephan, 1996), and revealed less misanthropic recall bias in self-aware participants.
Callosal Sensitivity to Short- Range Stimulus Orientation and Long- Range Stimulus Context Orientation: Tachistoscopic Evidence
Authors: Braun Claude M. J. , Achim André , Roberge Carl , Gauvin Geoffrey
Published: July 2015

To study local– global relationships in interhemispheric interactions, tachistoscopically presented pairs of lines (1.15°) were compared for their relative orientation by 48 neurotypical adults. orientations of line stimuli (local aspect of the task) were vertical, horizontal, forward slash or backslash, as were those of the interstimulus axes. the latter created a global context that could influence line discrimination. stimulus pairs were presented within a field (not requiring callosal participation for line orientation comparison) or one on each side of the visual field meridian (requiring callosal participation). the primary purpose of the design was to determine whether local or global violations of stimulus “homotopy” across the meridian would impose costs of interhemispheric integration. the rationale for this expectation is that the fiber projection of the corpus callosum is highly symmetric across the midsagittal plane (i.e., homotopic). the expected “callosal homotopy” effect was significantly upheld as a whole but broke down or became extravagant in certain specific conditions, with specific costs of interhemispheric integration varying from null to a highly significant 20- ms as a function of interactions of interstimulus and stimulus orientations. the corpus callosum seems to be particularly sensitive to local stimulus orientation in interaction with long- range stimulus context orientation.
Reseña: Ex(tra)territorial. Reassessing Territory in Literature, Culture and Languages / Les Territoires littéraires, culturels et linguistiques en question
Authors: Gonzalez Roux Maya
Published: July 2015

Reseña de Didier Lassalle y Dirk Weissmann (eds.): Ex(tra)territorial. Reassessing Territory in Literature, Culture and Languages. Les Territoires littéraires, culturels et linguistiques en question
El espacio vacío o descifrar lo ilegible: «El niño proletario» de Osvaldo Lamborghini
Authors: Sättele Hannes
Published: July 2015

Este trabajo está dedicado al tema de la violencia política y en especial a su tratamiento estético por medio de la figura del infans (entendiendo este a partir del sentido que le da Giorgio Agamben como «aquel que –todavía– no habla»). El interés está dirigido al cuento «El niño proletario» de Osvaldo Lamborghini, en el que esta figura del infans se perfila como el recurso para mantener a distancia los lugares comunes que han definido la violencia (localizándola en un lugar «donde ya se habla»); para llamar, en cambio, la atención sobre la reflexión de esta violencia desde el punto de vista de una inoperabilidad que permita transformar críticamente el lenguaje o el discurso de una cultura.
Narrativa, potencia y estado: la frontera móvil del crimen y su representación en Salsa y control de José Roberto Duque
Authors: Ascanio Celiner
Published: July 2015

La narrativa es uno de los lugares desde donde se pueden visibilizar relatos que permanecen silenciados en los discursos de la oficialidad. El carácter simbólico y ficcional de la narrativa no solo habla de su función estética y cultural, sino también de la posibilidad de leer y mostrar aquello que se escapa de las instituciones formales. Aquí, intentamos abordar un problema que, desde la década de los ochenta, está presente no solo en la literatura, sino también dentro del contexto nacional: la frontera móvil del crimen en Venezuela, sus transformaciones, funcionamiento y carácter inédito. A partir del texto Salsa y control de José Roberto Duque, analizamos los signos sociales y políticos que atraviesan la representación narrativa del crimen como potencia en la que se avizora el problema de la violencia en la Venezuela actual.
Violencia bajo la luz del desierto: Mexicali City Blues de Gabriel Trujillo Muñoz
Authors: Pardo Rodrigo , Tapia Jatziri Lizeth
Published: July 2015

Las novelas de Gabriel Trujillo Muñoz, reunidas en el volumen Mexicali City Blues (2006), se desarrollan a partir de las premisas de la novela negra y cuyo origen es posible rastrear en el hard-boiled estadounidense. Sin embargo, presentan ciertas características propias del espacio geográfico y cultural donde suceden: el desierto y el espacio fronterizo entre México y Estados Unidos. Este trabajo pretende ser una reflexión crítica sobre la violencia en estos textos narrativos, así como sobre la pertinencia de escribir en torno a esta temática.
Los estudios del teatro regional en la posdictadura argentina: desafíos teóricos e implicancias políticas
Authors: Tossi Mauricio
Published: July 2015

En este artículo nos proponemos reflexionar sobre las condiciones y desafíos de la investigación teatral de la República Argentina, puntualmente, en la fase histórica denominada posdictadura. Esta indagación acota su interés a los problemas epistémicos, conceptuales y metodológicos pertinentes a los estudios regionales, es decir, a las formas escénicas desarrolladas en los campos de producción descentralizados, pues partimos del supuesto de que su abordaje es, en los actuales procesos de democratización, una necesaria estrategia teórico-política.
Los espacios fúnebres en la poética de Carlos Pezoa Véliz
Authors: Diamantino Valdés Jesús Fernando
Published: July 2015

En el presente artículo se analiza el espacio fúnebre, entendido como cronotopo, en una selección de poemas de Carlos Pezoa Véliz. Esto en dos periodos específicos del autor. El primero es el de las odas (1899-1902), en donde se advierte un tono reflexivo y filosófico ante la muerte. Aquí, se pretende establecer nexos intertextuales con autores como Poe y Baudelaire, tomando elementos de la tradición fantástica decimonónica: fantasmagorías y vampirismo. Luego, se analiza la segunda y última etapa de producción del poeta (1904-1908) centrándonos en el cronotopo fúnebre y sus connotaciones sociales. En esta parte del estudio, la muerte es entendida como la representación de la marginalidad del sujeto dentro de un contexto social hostil, y destacan temáticas como el abandono y la agonía.
José Trigo y la recreación de los mitos prehispánicos
Authors: Bañuelos Ávila Irma Angélica
Published: July 2015

Este artículo se centra en demostrar que la novela José Trigo, de Fernando del Paso, acomete una lectura del México prehispánico a través de elementos míticos que se interpolan con la descripción de un México moderno, que a su vez ha sido saboteado por una falsa revolución. Además, busca mostrar que la modelización del mundo que se plantea en el texto rompe con los modelos ideológicos previamente codificados. Los elementos prehispánicos que aparecen en el texto no son solo una serie de hechos aislados, sino la constitución de una serie de proyecciones, símbolos y evocaciones que hilan un entramado mitológico que converge en los personajes y muestra la relación del pasado con el mundo contemporáneo. Asimismo, se registra el nacimiento de la clase lumpen proletaria, representada por los obreros ferrocarrileros de la Ciudad de México de finales de 1950.
Insights on Chlorate Occurrence, Intra‐system Variability, and Source Water Concentrations
Authors: Gorzalski Alexander S. , Spiesman Anne L.
Published: July 2015

The potential regulation of chlorate, a by‐product of hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide disinfection, presents a significant challenge for the drinking water community. Data from the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule were analyzed to gain insights about chlorate occurrence. The number of utilities affected by a potential chlorate regulation would vary significantly depending on the concentration at which chlorate might be regulated and whether compliance calculations incorporate averaging. Seasonal trends in chlorate concentrations were observed, with the highest concentrations occurring during the summer. Chlorate concentrations also vary significantly between the entry point to the distribution system and the point of maximum residence time. Analysis of results for systems using gaseous chlorine, which is not known to form chlorate, suggests that source water chlorate concentrations may be significant for some source waters and that those source concentrations may increase during low‐flow or drought events.
Pašarinio papildo kaolino E 559 poveikis telyčių augimui, vystymuisi ir reprodukcijai
Authors: Kardišauskas Arvydas , Kregždytė Rima
Published: July 2015

Telyčių augintojų ūkinės veiklos ekonominis efektyvumas priklauso ne tik nuo optimalių jų augimo, vystymosi rodiklių, bet ir reprodukcinių gyvulio savybių. Darbo tikslas – ištirti kaolino E 559 poveikį telyčių augimui, vystymuisi ir reprodukcijai. Tikslui pasiekti buvo sudarytos dvi Lietuvos juodmargių galvijų veislės veršelių grupės (kontrolinė ir bandomoji) po penkiolika vienetų. Bandymas vykdytas dviem etapais – nuo 2012 m. kovo iki 2014 m. vasario mėnesio. Pirmasis etapas – nuo veršelio 5 gimimo dienos iki 12 mėnesių amžiaus. Šiame etape buvo tiriamas telyčių augimas ir vystymasis, antrajame etape – apsivaisinimas. Telyčios buvo auginamos viename tvarte ir vienodomis sąlygomis, tik bandomajai grupei papildomai buvo duodama kaolino (100 kg koncentruotų pašarų + 2,5 kg kaolino). Bandomosios grupės vidutinis veršelių priesvoris buvo 3,58 % didesnis nei kontrolinės (p > 0,05), bendras priaugimas – didesnis 3,96 % (p > 0,05), didesnis hemoglobino 27 g/l (p > 0,05) ir gliukozės 0,41 mmol/l (p < 0,05) kiekis kraujyje. Bandomosios grupės telyčios 2,4 % geriau apsivaisino (p > 0,05) ir vienu mėnesiu anksčiau apsiveršiavo nei kontrolinės grupės telyčios (p > 0,05).
Algumas abordagens da educação sexual na deficiência intelectual
Authors: Maria de Azevedo Moreira Lília
Published: July 2015

Esta obra apresenta questões importantes e discute tabus sobre o desenvolvimento sexual de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Acreditando na prática interdisciplinar, busca contribuir para uma melhoria na prevenção, qualidade de vida e adaptação social da pessoa com deficiência mental. Para sua elaboração, a autora contou com algumas referências bibliográficas pertinentes ao tema, relatos de experiências pedagógicas diversas e a própria experiência adquirida ao longo de sua carreira acadêmica.
Water‐rich bending faults at the Middle America Trench
Authors: Naif Samer , Key Kerry , Constable Steven , Evans Rob L.
Published: July 2015

The portion of the Central American margin that encompasses Nicaragua is considered to represent an end‐member system where multiple lines of evidence point to a substantial flux of subducted fluids. The seafloor spreading fabric of the incoming Cocos plate is oriented parallel to the trench such that flexural bending at the outer rise optimally reactivates a dense network of normal faults that extend several kilometers into the upper mantle. Bending faults are thought to provide fluid pathways that lead to serpentinization of the upper mantle. While geophysical anomalies detected beneath the outer rise have been interpreted as broad crustal and upper mantle hydration, no observational evidence exists to confirm that bending faults behave as fluid pathways. Here we use seafloor electromagnetic data collected across the Middle America Trench (MAT) offshore of Nicaragua to create a comprehensive electrical resistivity image that illuminates the infiltration of seawater along bending faults. We quantify porosity from the resistivity with Archie's law and find that our estimates for the abyssal plain oceanic crust are in good agreement with independent observations. As the Cocos crust traverses the outer rise, the porosity of the dikes and gabbros progressively increase from 2.7% and 0.7% to 4.8% and 1.7%, peaking within 20 km of the trench axis. We conclude that the intrusive crust subducts twice as much pore water as previously thought, significantly raising the flux of fluid to the seismogenic zone and the mantle wedge.
Representing Greenland ice sheet freshwater fluxes in climate models
Authors: Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Le Bars Dewi , van Kampenhout Leo , Vizcaino Miren , Enderlin Ellyn M. , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: July 2015

Here we present a long‐term (1850–2200) best estimate of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) freshwater runoff that improves spatial detail of runoff locations and temporal resolution. Ice discharge is taken from observations since 2000 and assumed constant in time. Surface meltwater runoff is retrieved from regional climate model output for the recent past and parameterized for the future based on significant correlations between runoff and midtropospheric (500 hPa) summer temperature changes over the GrIS. The simplicity of this approach enables assimilation of meltwater runoff into coupled climate models, which is demonstrated here in a case study with the medium‐resolution (1°) Community Earth System Model. The model results suggest that the decrease in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is dominated by warming of the surface ocean and enhanced GrIS freshwater forcing leads to a slightly enhanced (−1.2 sverdrup in the 21st century) weakening of the AMOC.
Assessment of thermal change in cold avalanching glaciers in relation to climate warming
Authors: Gilbert A. , Vincent C. , Gagliardini O. , Krug J. , Berthier E.
Published: July 2015

High‐elevation glaciers covered by cold firn are undergoing substantial warming in response to ongoing climate change. This warming is affecting the ice/rock interface temperature, the primary driver of avalanching glacier instability on steep slopes. Prediction of future potential instability therefore requires appropriate modeling of the thermal evolution of these glaciers. Application of a state‐of‐the‐art model to a glacier in the French Alps (Taconnaz) has provided the first evaluation of the temperature evolution of a cold hanging glacier through this century. Our observations and three‐dimensional modeling of the glacier response (velocity, thickness, temperature, density, and water content) to climate change indicate that Taconnaz glacier will become temperate and potentially unstable over a large area by the end of the 21st century. The risk induced by this glacier hazard is high for the populated region below and makes observation and modeling of such glaciers a priority.
Human‐caused fires limit convection in tropical Africa: First temporal observations and attribution
Authors: Tosca M. G. , Diner D. J. , Garay M. J. , Kalashnikova O. V.
Published: July 2015

It is well established that smoke particles modify clouds, which in turn affects climate. However, no study has quantified the temporal dynamics of aerosol‐cloud interactions with direct observations. Here for the first time, we use temporally offset satellite observations from northern Africa between 2006 and 2010 to quantitatively measure the effect of fire aerosols on convective cloud dynamics. We attribute a reduction in cloud fraction during periods of high aerosol optical depths to a smoke‐driven inhibition of convection. We find that higher smoke burdens limit upward vertical motion, increase surface pressure, and increase low‐level divergence—meteorological indicators of convective suppression. These results are corroborated by climate simulations that show a smoke‐driven increase in regionally averaged shortwave tropospheric heating and decrease in convective precipitation during the fire season. Our results suggest that in tropical regions, anthropogenic fire initiates a positive feedback loop where increased aerosol emissions limit convection, dry the surface, and enable increased fire activity via human ignition.
A self‐consistent model of helium in the thermosphere
Authors: Sutton Eric K. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Wang Wenbin , Solomon Stanley C. , Liu Xianjing , Foster Benjamin T.
Published: July 2015

We have found that consideration of neutral helium as a major species leads to a more complete physics‐based modeling description of the Earth's upper thermosphere. An augmented version of the composition equation employed by the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamic General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM) is presented, enabling the inclusion of helium as the fourth major neutral constituent. Exospheric transport acting above the upper boundary of the model is considered, further improving the local time and latitudinal distributions of helium. The new model successfully simulates a previously observed phenomenon known as the “winter helium bulge,” yielding behavior very similar to that of an empirical model based on mass spectrometer observations. This inclusion has direct consequence on the study of atmospheric drag for low‐Earth‐orbiting satellites, as well as potential implications on exospheric and topside ionospheric research.
Variation of Jupiter's aurora observed by Hisaki/EXCEED: 2. Estimations of auroral parameters and magnetospheric dynamics
Authors: Tao Chihiro , Kimura Tomoki , Badman Sarah V. , André Nicolas , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Murakami Go , Yoshioka Kazuo , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Yamazaki Atsushi , Fujimoto Masaki
Published: July 2015

Jupiter's auroral parameters are estimated from observations by a spectrometer EXCEED (Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics) on board Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency's Earth‐orbiting planetary space telescope Hisaki. EXCEED provides continuous auroral spectra covering the wavelength range over 80–148 nm from the whole northern polar region. The auroral electron energy is estimated using a hydrocarbon color ratio adopted for the wavelength range of EXCEED, and the emission power in the long wavelength range 138.5–144.8 nm is used as an indicator of total emitted power before hydrocarbon absorption and auroral electron energy flux. The quasi‐continuous observations by Hisaki provide the auroral electron parameters and their relation under different auroral activity levels. Short‐ (within < one planetary rotation) and long‐term (> one planetary rotation) enhancements of auroral power accompany increases of the electron number flux rather than the electron energy variations. The relationships between the auroral electron energy (~70–400 keV) and flux (1026–1027/s, 0.08–0.9 μA/m2) estimated from the observations over a 40 day interval are in agreement with field‐aligned acceleration theory when incorporating probable magnetospheric parameters. Applying the electron acceleration theory to each observation point, we explore the magnetospheric source plasma variation during these power‐enhanced events. Possible scenarios to explain the derived variations are (i) an adiabatic variation of the magnetospheric plasma under a magnetospheric compression and/or plasma injection, and (ii) a change of the dominant auroral component from the main emission (main aurora) to the emission at the open‐closed boundary.
Source inversion of the 1570 Ferrara earthquake and definitive diversion of the Po River (Italy)
Authors: Sirovich L. , Pettenati F.
Published: July 2015

An 11‐parameter, kinematic‐function (KF) model was used to retrieve the approximate geometrical and kinematic characteristics of the fault source of the 1570Mw5.8 Ferrara earthquake in the Po Plain, including the double‐couple orientation (strike angle 127 ± 16°, dip 28 ± 7°, and rake 77 ± 16°). These results are compatible with either the outermost thrust fronts of the northern Apennines, which are buried beneath the Po Plain's alluvial deposits, or the blind crustal‐scale thrust. The 1570 event developed to the ENE of the two main shocks on 20 May 2012 (M6.1) and 29 May 2012 (M5.9). The three earthquakes had similar kinematics and are found 20–30 km from each other en echelon in the buried chain. Geomorphological and historical evidence exist which suggest the following: (i) the long‐lasting uplift of the buried Apenninic front shifted the central part of the course of the Po River approximately 20 km northward in historical times and (ii) the 1570 earthquake marked the definitive diversion of the final part of the Po River away from Ferrara and the closure of the Po delta 40 km south of its present position.
Three‐dimensional geometry of axial magma chamber roof and faults at Lucky Strike volcano on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Combier Violaine , Seher Tim , Singh Satish C. , Crawford Wayne C. , Cannat Mathilde , Escartín Javier , Dusunur Doga
Published: July 2015

We present results from three‐dimensional (3‐D) processing of seismic reflection data, acquired in June 2005 over the Lucky Strike volcano on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge as a part of the Seismic Study for Monitoring of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge survey. We use a 3‐D tomographic velocity model derived from a coincident ocean bottom seismometer experiment to depth convert the poststack time‐migrated seismic volume and provide 3‐D geometry of the axial magma chamber roof, fault reflectors, and layer 2A gradient marker. We also generate a high‐resolution bathymetric map using the seismic reflection data. The magma chamber roof is imaged at 3.4 ± 0.4 km depth beneath the volcano, and major faults are imaged with dips ranging between 33° and 50°. The magma chamber roof geometry is consistent with a focused melt supply at the segment center and steep across‐axis thermal gradients as indicated by the proximity between the magma chamber and nearby faults. Fault scarps on the seafloor and fault dip at depth indicate that tectonic extension accounts for at least 10% of the total plate separation. Shallow dipping reflectors imaged in the upper crust beneath the volcano flanks are interpreted as buried lava flow surfaces.
Gaussian translation operator in a multilevel scheme
Authors: Hansen Thorkild B. , Borries Oscar
Published: July 2015

A multilevel computation scheme for time‐harmonic fields in three dimensions will be formulated with a new Gaussian translation operator that decays exponentially outside a circular cone centered on the line connecting the source and observation groups. This Gaussian translation operator is directional and diagonal with its sharpness determined by a beam parameter. When the beam parameter is set to zero, the Gaussian translation operator reduces to the standard fast multipole method translation operator. The directionality of the Gaussian translation operator makes it possible to reduce the number of plane waves required to achieve a given accuracy. The sampling rate can be determined straightforwardly to achieve any desired accuracy. The use of the computation scheme will be illustrated through a near‐field scanning problem where the far‐field pattern of a source is determined from near‐field measurements with a known probe. Here the Gaussian translation operator improves the condition number of the matrix equation that determines the far‐field pattern. The Gaussian translation operator can also be used when the probe pattern is known only in one hemisphere, as is common in practice. Also, the Gaussian translation operator will be used to solve the scattering problem of the perfectly conducting sphere.
Reliability, return periods, and risk under nonstationarity
Authors: Read Laura K. , Vogel Richard M.
Published: July 2015

Water resources design has widely used the average return period as a concept to inform management and communication of the risk of experiencing an exceedance event within a planning horizon. Even though nonstationarity is often apparent, in practice hydrologic design often mistakenly assumes that the probability of exceedance, p, is constant from year to year which leads to an average return period To equal to 1/p; this expression is far more complex under nonstationarity. Even for stationary processes, the common application of an average return period is problematic: it does not account for planning horizon, is an average value that may not be representative of the time to the next flood, and is generally not applied in other areas of water planning. We combine existing theoretical and empirical results from the literature to provide the first general, comprehensive description of the probabilistic behavior of the return period and reliability under nonstationarity. We show that under nonstationarity, the underlying distribution of the return period exhibits a more complex shape than the exponential distribution under stationary conditions. Using a nonstationary lognormal model, we document the increased complexity and challenges associated with planning for future flood events over a planning horizon. We compare application of the average return period with the more common concept of reliability and recommend replacing the average return period with reliability as a more practical way to communicate event likelihood in both stationary and nonstationary contexts.
Integrating social and physical sciences in water management
Authors: Lund Jay R.
Published: July 2015

Water management has always required more than physical science. This paper reviews the accomplishments of integrating social with physical sciences for water management in the last 50 years. Particular successes are highlighted to illustrate how fundamentals from both physical science and social science have been brought together to improve the performance of water management systems. Some forward‐looking lessons for managing practical and academic interdisciplinary research for water management are also provided.
Charting unknown waters—On the role of surprise in flood risk assessment and management
Authors: Merz B. , Vorogushyn S. , Lall U. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G.
Published: July 2015

Unexpected incidents, failures, and disasters are abundant in the history of flooding events. In this paper, we introduce the metaphors of terra incognita and terra maligna to illustrate unknown and wicked flood situations, respectively. We argue that surprise is a neglected element in flood risk assessment and management. Two sources of surprise are identified: (1) the complexity of flood risk systems, represented by nonlinearities, interdependencies, and nonstationarities and (2) cognitive biases in human perception and decision making. Flood risk assessment and management are particularly prone to cognitive biases due to the rarity and uniqueness of extremes, and the nature of human risk perception. We reflect on possible approaches to better understanding and reducing the potential for surprise and its adverse consequences which may be supported by conceptually charting maps that separate terra incognita from terra cognita, and terra maligna from terra benigna. We conclude that flood risk assessment and management should account for the potential for surprise and devastating consequences which will require a shift in thinking.
Use of Decision Support for Improved Knowledge, Values Clarification, and Informed Choice in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Matzko Cynthia K. , Webb Debra E. , Oppermann Brian , Charpentier Peter , Peters Ellen , Reyna Valerie , Newman Eric D.
Published: July 2015

Objective

To examine the potential value of a theory‐based, interactive decision support tool in clinical practice for patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are candidates for biologic agents.

Methods

We conducted an 8‐week, 2‐arm, parallel, single‐blind pilot trial in which candidates for treatment escalation with a biologic agent were randomized to receive either a link to a web‐based tool or usual care. Outcomes included changes in objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, values clarification, and satisfaction with risk communication as well as the proportion of subjects defined as making an informed choice to escalate care at 2 weeks.

Results

A total of 125 subjects were randomized. Significant between‐group differences at 2 weeks favoring the intervention group were seen for changes in objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, and values clarification. No significant between‐group differences were found in subjects’ satisfaction with risk communication. Among those deciding to escalate care, a greater percentage met the criteria for an informed choice at 2 weeks in the intervention group compared to the control group (32% versus 13%; P = 0.02). Improvements in subjective knowledge and values clarification persisted at 8 weeks. There were no between‐group differences in objective knowledge at 8 weeks.

Conclusion

In this study, use of a decision support tool at the time of decision‐making resulted in improved objective and subjective knowledge, as well as values clarity, compared to usual care. Not all improvements were sustained, emphasizing the need to offer educational support should additional escalation of care be required over the course of the illness.
Economic model predictive control of nonlinear time‐delay systems: Closed‐loop stability and delay compensation
Authors: Ellis Matthew , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: July 2015

Closed‐loop stability of nonlinear time‐delay systems under Lyapunov‐based economic model predictive control (LEMPC) is considered. LEMPC is initially formulated with an ordinary differential equation model and is designed on the basis of an explicit stabilizing control law. To address closed‐loop stability under LEMPC, first, we consider the stability properties of the sampled‐data system resulting from the nonlinear continuous‐time delay system with state and input delay under a sample‐and‐hold implementation of the explicit controller. The steady‐state of this sampled‐data closed‐loop system is shown to be practically stable. Second, conditions such that closed‐loop stability, in the sense of boundedness of the closed‐loop state, under LEMPC are derived. A chemical process example is used to demonstrate that indeed closed‐loop stability is maintained under LEMPC for sufficiently small time‐delays. To cope with performance degradation owing to the effect of input delay, a predictor feedback LEMPC methodology is also proposed. The predictor feedback LEMPC design employs a predictor to compute a prediction of the state after the input delay period and an LEMPC scheme that is formulated with a differential difference equation (DDE) model, which describes the time‐delay system, initialized with the predicted state. The predictor feedback LEMPC is also applied to the chemical process example and yields improved closed‐loop stability and economic performance properties. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4152–4165, 2015