bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How cognitive, social, and emotional profiles impact humor appreciation: sense of humor in autism spectrum disorder and Williams syndrome
Authors: Treichel Noémie , Dukes Daniel , Barisnikov Koviljka , Samson Andrea C.
Published: November 2021

Humor is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon composed of a variety of cognitive, social, and emotional processes. This paper will discuss humor appreciation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a rare genetic disorder mainly characterized by intellectual disabilities, high social approach tendencies and high positive emotions. Drawing on research on the comprehension and appreciation of humor in individuals with ASD, this paper aims to better understand how the particular cognitive, social, and emotional profile of individuals with WS might affect their appreciation of humor and how such research could ultimately lead to a greater understanding of the nature of humor.
Computer-Supported Cooperative Work – Revisited
Authors: Bullinger-Hoffmann Angelika , Koch Michael , Möslein Kathrin , Richter Alexander
Published: November 2021

Due to the COVID-19 lockdowns and the related mandated work for home, we have seen a massive increase of the use of collaboration tools in various work settings in the last 18 months. Whereas this might have been a new terrain for some, IT-supported work and the related research domain Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) have been around for decades. In this article we briefly review what CSCW has to offer for the currently increasing demand in setting up remote collaboration – and share our own observations about what happened when collaboration tools have been introduced in the pandemic. As a summary, we present some learnings from the experience – both for the current state of CSCW research and for future work.
Augmented Reality for Future Mobility: Insights from a Literature Review and HCI Workshop
Authors: Riegler Andreas , Riener Andreas , Holzmann Clemens
Published: November 2021

There is a growing body of research in the field of interaction between drivers/passengers and automated vehicles using augmented reality (AR) technology. Furthering the advancements and availability of AR, the number of use cases in and around vehicles rises. Our literature review reveals that in the past, AR research focussed on increasing road safety and displaying navigational aids, however, more recent research explores the support of immersive (non-)driving related activities, and finally enhance driving and passenger experiences, as well as assist other road users through external human-machine interfaces (HMIs). AR may also be the enabling technology to increase trust and acceptance in automated vehicles through explainable artificial intelligence (AI), and therefore help on the shift from manual to automated driving. We organized a workshop addressing AR in automotive human-computer interaction (HCI) design, and identified a number of challenges including human factors issues that need to be tackled, as well as opportunities and practical usages of AR in future mobility. We believe that our status-quo literature analysis and future-oriented workshop results can serve as a research agenda for user interface designers and researchers when developing automotive AR interfaces.
Interactions with Artificial Entities Reloaded: 20 Years of Research from a Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Krämer Nicole , Bente Gary
Published: November 2021

Twenty years ago, we reflected on the potential of psychological research in the area of embodied conversational agents and systematized the variables that need to be considered in empirical studies. We gave an outlook on potential and necessary research by taking into account the independent variables behavior and appearance of the embodied agent, by referring to the dependent variables acceptance, efficiency and effects on behavior and summarizing moderating variables such as task and individual differences. Twenty years later, we now give an account on what has been found and how the field has developed – suggesting avenues for future research.
Validating the impact of various ionosphere correction on mid to long baselines and point positioning using GPS dual-frequency receivers
Authors: Elghazouly Alaa A. , Doma Mohamed I. , Sedeek Ahmed A.
Published: November 2021

Due to the ionosphere delay, which has become the dominant GPS error source, it is crucial to remove the ionospheric effect before estimating point coordinates. Therefore, different agencies started to generate daily Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs); the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) values represented in GIMs produced by several providers can be used to remove the ionosphere error from observations.

In this research, an analysis will be carried with three sources for VTEC maps produced by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), Regional TEC Mapping (RTM), and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The evaluation is focused on the effects of a specific ionosphere GIM correction on the precise point positioning (PPP) solutions. Two networks were considered. The first network consists of seven Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers from (IGS) global stations. The selected test days are six days, three of them quiet, and three other days are stormy to check the influence of geomagnetic storms on relative kinematic positioning solutions. The second network is a regional network in Egypt.

The results show that the calculated coordinates using the three VTEC map sources are far from each other on stormy days rather than on quiet days. Also, the standard deviation values are large on stormy days compared to those on quiet days. Using CODE and RTM IONEX file produces the most precise coordinates after that the values of IRI. The elimination of ionospheric biases over the estimated lengths of many baselines up to 1000 km has resulted in positive findings, which show the feasibility of the suggested assessment procedure.
Die Bedeutung Hans Vaihingers für die Kant-Forschung seiner Zeit – ein chronologischer Überblick
Authors: Neuber Matthias
Published: November 2021

This paper scrutinizes and chronologically reconstructs Hans Vaihinger’s impact on contemporary Kant research. It provides an account of his engagement at both the exegetical and the institutional level. More broadly, it allows us to appreciate – for the first time, and in a comprehensive way – Vaihinger’s significance to the assessment of Kant’s legacy.
Kant and the Production of the Antinomy of Pure Reason
Authors: Herszenbaun Miguel Alejandro
Published: November 2021

In this article, I claim that the Antinomy of pure reason emerges as the result of synthetic activities that require succession. In this regard, I show that cosmological conflicts involve different kinds of representations: (1) cosmological ideas, purely conceptual representations of the unconditioned and the product of non-temporal synthetic activities; and (2) putative complete series of spatiotemporal conditions, which require temporal synthetic activities. As I show, purely conceptual representations cannot produce cosmological conflicts: The Antinomy requires the interaction of reason, understanding, and sensibility. I also discuss the maxim and principle of pure reason, how they lead to the unconditioned (and its different notions), and how the cosmological syllogism produces the Antinomy.
Das Verhältnis von Subjektivität und Zeit bei Kant und Schopenhauer
Authors: Gebrecht Raphael
Published: November 2021

This paper focuses on Kant’s and Schopenhauer’s models of self-consciousness and their specific relation to time. It aims to show that genuine philosophical theories can explain the idiosyncratic relation between ourselves and the world without relying on pure metaphysical speculations or strictly empirical and phenomenally oriented conceptions, as many contemporary proponents of analytic philosophy entail. The first groundbreaking doctrine in this regard is Kant’s transcendental theory of apperception, which unfolds a new theoretical dimension of thinking, grounding the logical unity of thought in the pure, originally synthetic unity of the subject itself. In order to constitute a structural order within the appearing phenomenal world, Kant conceptualizes a theory of self-affection in the second edition of the Critique of pure reason, positing a dynamic relation between the spontaneously acting intellect and the purely receptive inner sense of time as a result of productive transcendental imagination. The problematic relation between self-reliance and empirical consciousness that Kant did not resolve completely led to various subsequent transformations of Kant’s transcendental principles, one of which boasts Schopenhauer as a prominent but rarely considered representative.

Schopenhauer’s systematic approach consists in a modified version of Kant’s transcendental idealism, which ties the Kantian subject of logical and transcendental unity to an intuitive corporeal individual that can only conceptualize itself as an original, willing subject. The Schopenhauerian subject unfolds its empirical character in accordance with its own inner impulses and motivations, which manifest themselves in time but can only be interpreted as a phenomenal representation of a higher, metaphysical unity, which Schopenhauer calls the will as a thing in itself. Schopenhauer reaches his final metaphysical conclusion via a problematic analogy, positing another perspective on the corporeal nature of the individual which, by means of abstraction, can be extended to the whole phenomenal world. Therefore, Schopenhauer interprets the underlying (intelligible) character of the subject and the phenomenal world as a whole as a timeless, omnipresent will to live which can be temporally experienced within the nature of our own subjectivity.
Engaging students in multimodal literacy practices in a university ESP context: towards understanding identity and ideology in government debates
Authors: Incelli Ersilia Amedea
Published: November 2021

This paper focuses on issues of multimodal literacy practices in ESP higher education settings. In particular, the research explores how students become engaged in various literacy activities aimed at enhancing their critical-thinking skills and interpretation of images. For this purpose, two datasets consisting of video clips were extracted from a larger multimodal corpus and developed for teaching applications: one involved a UK live parliament debate and the other a US House of Representatives debate. The main objective is to identify the key verbal strategies reflecting persuasive, argumentative rhetoric and the non-verbal features accompanying these verbal utterances such as prosodic stress, body/head movements, gaze, gesture. Thus, the focus of the analysis is on how different semiotic modes of communication construct meaning, especially in terms of how they reinforce the construction of identity and ideological stance. The results were systematically categorized and applied on a practical level to a teaching unit on ‘identity and ideology’.
Strategies for improving rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: From active materials to CO2 emissions
Authors: Chiluwal Shailendra , Rao Apparao M. , Podila Ramakrishna
Published: November 2021

The recent past witnessed rapid strides in the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries. Here, some key technological developments in intercalation, conversion, and alloy-type anode and cathode materials are reviewed. Beyond the active electrode materials, we also discuss strategies for improving electrolytes and current collectors. An outlook with remarks on easily misleading battery characteristics reported in the literature, impending challenges, and future directions in lithium-based rechargeable batteries is provided. Lastly, the authors also emphasize the need for lab-based research at the pouch cell level with practical energy densities, in addition to discussing scalability and economic viability of different battery materials and their architectures.
The origins of the term “phraseology”1
Authors: Autelli Erica
Published: November 2021

Most researchers associate the beginnings of phraseological studies with Charles Bally (1909) and Soviet studies, especially with V. V. Vinogradov (e.g. 1944; 2001 [1947]), and with English and German studies (e.g. Burger 1973; Rothkegel 1973). However, this article will show that phraseology actually has a centuries-long tradition, at least as far as some languages, including Italian, are concerned.

For example, for the Spanish historical phraseological tradition it is worth mentioning Montoro del Arco (2012) and Olímpio de Oliveira Silva (2020). As the Spanish tradition has already been much studied, it will not be further investigated in this paper, although some Spanish “historical phraseologiae” have also been found (such as in the Italian-Spanish works by Franciosini 1620 and the plurilingual work by Pielat 1673).

First, I will briefly show what “phraseology” means according to a modern conception, and what it meant originally. The development of the term is traced using some old rediscovered “phraseologiae”, which also have relevance to phraseography and phraseodidactics.
Morphemic and Syntactic Phrasemes
Authors: Mel’čuk Igor
Published: November 2021

A morphemic phraseme is a phraseme (= a constrained combination of linguistic signs) composed of morphemes that are part of the same wordform. Like a lexemic phraseme, a morphemic phraseme has a segmental signifier. All logically possible types of morphemic phrasemes are presented and illustrated: morphemic idioms, collocations, nominemes and clichés. Formally, these can be phraseologized complex stems, phraseologized complex affixes and phraseologized wordforms.

A syntactic phraseme is a phraseme that includes at least two minimal syntactic subtrees and whose signifier is non-segmental (it involves prosody or an operation). All syntactic phrasemes are idioms. A syntactic idiom must be distinguished from 1) phrases described by means of semantically loaded surface-syntactic relations; 2) phrases consisting of a lexical unit taken together with its actants; 3) lexemic phrasemes consisting of “light-weight” words, such as Rus. ˹nu i˺ [X]! lit. ‘Well and [X]’ = ‘What an amazing X!’, and 4) lexemic phrasemes with syntactic pecularities. The notion of fictitious lexeme, necessary for designating some syntactic idioms (those that are expressed only by prosody), is introduced. An illustrative list of 29 Russian syntactic idioms is presented, as well as the lexical entries for several Russian syntactic idioms.
“Shall I (compare) compare thee?”
Authors: Buljan Gabrijela , Maras Lea
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the results of a corpus-based analysis of a special type of modification of the English (as) Adj as NP similes. The modification involves filling the property slot with a cognate noun-adjective compound, i.e., a compound adjective consisting of the original adjective and the noun representing the original source of comparison, and inserting a new source of comparison into the construction (red as blood vs blood-red as a raw steak). Our data come from three sources: the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the iWeb Corpus, and material published on the Google website. Using quantitative methods we first explored whether there is a relationship between various distributional and formal features of the “original” as-similes and their likelihood of exhibiting this type of modification behavior. We then performed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the semantic and, to a lesser extent, discourse-related features of authentic examples of this type of modification. Our results indicate that while these modifications are not abundant, the as-similes that have been found to modify in this way are significantly different from the as-similes that have been found not to modify in this way, on a number of formal and distributional features. The analysis of the semantic and discourse-related features of the modifications themselves revealed (i) the typical semantic domains of the three nominal entities featured in the modified simile: the original source, the new source, and the target, including the semantic fit among the domains of those entities; (ii) the typical semantic domains of the properties for which the three nominal entities are compared, including the semantic fit among the domains of those properties; and (iii) the typical text varieties accommodating these modifications. The latter results confirm, and to some extent elaborate on, some earlier findings about the semantic and discourse-related profiles of similes at large.
Fractional modeling of COVID-19 epidemic model with harmonic mean type incidence rate
Authors: Jitsinchayakul Sowwanee , Zarin Rahat , Khan Amir , Yusuf Abdullahi , Zaman Gul , Humphries Usa Wannasingha , Sulaiman Tukur A.
Published: November 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). It was declared on March 11, 2020, by the World Health Organization as a pandemic disease. Regrettably, the spread of the virus and mortality due to COVID-19 have continued to increase daily. The study is performed using the Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo operator with a harmonic mean type incidence rate. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the fractional COVID-19 epidemic model have been developed using the fixed point theory approach. Along with stability analysis, all the basic properties of the given model are studied. To highlight the most sensitive parameter corresponding to the basic reproductive number, sensitivity analysis is taken into account. Simulations are conducted using the first-order convergent numerical approach to determine how parameter changes influence the system’s dynamic behavior.
Experimental study on the influence of mixing time on concrete performance under different mixing modes
Authors: Zhao Wu , Yang Jing , Zhao Wenjun , Yang Chi
Published: November 2021

To study the influence of different mixing times on the performance of concrete under vibration mixing and conventional mixing, C40 and C60 are selected in this paper to verify the influence of mixing time of 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 s on the compressive strength and durability of concrete comparing vibration mixing and common forced mixing. The results show that the early strength of concrete is more significantly improved in 3 and 7 day; the strength with vibration mixing for mixing 105 s in each age is higher than that of conventional mixing at 120 s; under the condition of guaranteed strength, the mixing time of at least 15 s can be reduced. The strength of C40 concrete with vibration mixing has a peak value with the corresponding mixing time of 105 s, and the rapid growth stage of compressive strength is 15 s earlier than that of conventional mixing. For all mixing time, the electric flux of vibrated concrete is significantly smaller than that of forced concrete, and the change rate is generally above 10%; compared with conventional mixing for 120 s, the durability of C40 and C60 concrete increases by 11.8 and 11.1%, respectively, at the time of vibration mixing for 105 s. It was found that under the same mixing time, the compressive strength of concrete with vibration mixing method is higher than that of conventional mixing. In a certain range, the durability of concrete can be improved by prolonging the mixing time.
A continuum damage model for fatigue life prediction of 2.5D woven composites
Authors: Wang Nan , Wen Weidong , Cui Haitao
Published: November 2021

A new model based on continuum damage mechanics is proposed to predict the fatigue life of 2.5D woven composites. First, a full-cell model reflecting the real microstructure of 2.5D woven composites is established in ANSYS. Subsequently, three independent damage variables are defined in the framework of the composite micromechanics to establish the component constitutive relations associated with damage. The strain energy density release rate and damage evolution equations for the matrix, fiber in yarns, and matrix in yarns are derived. Finally, the proposed model is implemented for fatigue life prediction and damage evolution analysis of 2.5D woven composites at 20 and 180°C. The results show that the numerical results are in good agreement with the relevant experimental results.
Challenging Valuations: How Rankings Navigate Contestation
Authors: Ringel Leopold
Published: November 2021

Accounts of why rankings are pervasive features of the modern world focus mostly on their properties as valuation devices that, upon entering the public sphere, exert pressure on the ranked. In doing so, however, research tends to overlook the important role played by the different types of organizations that produce rankings. To remedy this, the article draws from a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with members of these organizations to show that they put a great deal of effort into addressing and responding to different kinds of criticism. Working towards building and maintaining the credibility of rankings is thus revealed to require constant attention by their producers, who devise multiple procedures and rhetorical strategies to this end.
Research note: The COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on scientific work in German sociology
Authors: Sawert Tim , Keil Maria
Published: November 2021

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific work is highly affected by the governments’ measures taken to reduce the spread of the virus. With closing colleges, universities, and kindergartens, scientists had to adapt to new forms of working procedures. Immediately after the peak of the first COVID-19 wave in Germany, we surveyed in professors and postdoctoral researchers in the field of German sociology in May 2020 to investigate how their work is constrained by these measures. In this research note, we present the results of this survey. They show that the position in the sociological field as well as demographic factors affect the degree to which sociologists feel constrained in their work. Postdoctoral sociologists feel more restricted in their work than professors, and qualitatively working sociologists more restricted than quantitatively working sociologists. Moreover, being a woman and having children under the age of 14 years increases the probability that sociologists expect to research less. Our empirical results shed some light on the effect of COVID-19 measures on working routines and inequality in Higher Education during the pandemic.
Dimension Stone Use in the Built Environment
Authors: Naggatz Steven G. , Muehlbauer Charles J.
Published: November 2021

Description

The 12 peer-reviewed papers featured in this book provide a formal exchange of information on the use of dimension stone in the built environment.

Dimension stone cladding and paving systems continue to evolve and present challenges to design professionals, owners, and installation, repair, and restoration contractors alike. This special publication presents the very latest research from a diverse group of 24 global experts from North and South America, Europe, and Australia who work directly on the design, construction, evaluation, and use of dimension stone.

Topics in these detailed papers include
An Investigation of Suspected Salt Crystallization Deterioration of Fine-Grained Limestone Used as Architectural Cladding
Authors: Blank Lurita McIntosh
Published: November 2021

Where once architectural stone was primarily locally sourced, the modern global economy gives designers and brokers access to exotic stones worldwide. It is widely understood that stone performance can be variable in differing climates, and whether the initial stone selection is made purely for aesthetics or considers physical properties, the natural heterogeneity of stone can result in undesirable issues for appearance or structural performance of the material. When stone cladding performs unexpectedly, an investigation is necessary to diagnose the underlying issues. A fine-grained limestone is installed at a private residence on the Gulf Coast. Quarried in Turkey and fabricated in China, within weeks of installation, the stone exhibits persistent efflorescence and spalling. Subsequent shipments arrive with surface encrustations and scaling. Salt contamination during fabrication or shipping is assumed, but is the minerology of the stone contributing? Can the long-term durability of the stone under the predelivery salt contamination be predicted? Is the deterioration exacerbated by in situ exposure to a marine environment? Preliminary petrography of the limestone identifies calcite and sodium sulphate-phase minerals, along with halite and trace clays. A testing protocol is developed to identify both contaminating and inherent salts, including a salt crystallization durability test. There is currently no ASTM standard for this property, although standard development is in process. Using EN 12370 as a starting point, performance of the Turkish limestone under cyclical salt crystallization is explored. This paper reviews the advantages and limitations of EN 12370, including the results of modifications made in an effort to replicate real-world salt exposures to compare against the baseline but aggressive conditions of the EN test method. The results of this investigation will provide supporting data to C18 and the broader practice on the application of EN 12370 when considering long-term performance of stone under salt contamination.
Improving the Resistance of Lightweight Stone Panels to Fatigue, Fire, and Meteorological Events
Authors: Piccioli De Carolis Giorgio , Galletti Gianluca , Callant Philip , Sache Christene
Published: November 2021

Lightweight stone panels consist of a thin layer of natural stone bonded to a lightweight yet extremely durable honeycomb core sandwich panel. The sandwich panels comprise aluminum honeycomb cores faced with sheets of either aluminium or fiberglass that have been impregnated with epoxy or phenolic resin. Applying sandwich panels to stone slabs allows for the thickness of the stone to be halved, greatly reducing the material weight and cost. In addition, the increased and stabilized structural performance minimizes the influence of the variability of the stone's mechanical properties on the in situ performance. The advantages of this solution include weight reduction, material and cost savings (including reduced logistics and installation costs), increased mechanical properties, and material reinforcement; the solution is therefore highly valued when an optimal stiffness to weight ratio is required. However, as the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion between stone veneer and aluminum can have a serious impact on the panel's performance, aluminum skins are not recommended if the application will be subject to temperature variations (e.g., exterior cladding, steam showers). In such cases, fiberglass skins, with a coefficient of thermal expansion closer to stone veneer, are recommended instead. To support the use of lightweight dimension stone panels as the standards for the mechanical properties of exterior cladding products continue to increase, it is necessary to improve the resistance of such lightweight stone panels to fatigue, fire, and meteorological events. This paper details the performance of these materials under severe conditions. In compliance with ASTM D1781, ASTM C393, ASTM C365, special fiberglass and adhesives are being tested to achieve satisfactory results for ASTM E84, ASTM E72, ASTM C297, and ASTM C67 and will support their use in exterior claddings and other applications when the demands of the environment require such performance.
Investigation of Test Specimen Size and Shape on Absorption Measurements of Granite Dimension Stone
Authors: Frascá Maria H. B. O. , Yamamoto Jorge K.
Published: November 2021

Absorption is an important property of rocks, as it is indicative of the capacity for assimilation or incorporation of water by the stone material, which in turn may influence the durability of dimension stone in the built environment. It is strongly associated to the rock type and thus to the related petrographic characteristics. Regarding igneous and metamorphic rocks, the lack of pores is responsible for typically low absorption values. Laboratory determination of absorption normally involves specimens with dimensions greater than 50 mm. However, when used effectively as flooring or cladding, dimension stones are cut into slabs or tiles with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 30 mm. Thus, to investigate a possible influence of the thickness on the absorption of granitic dimension stone, laboratory determinations were conducted on test specimens of two different sizes and shapes (cubic and flat). The differences in test results between cubic and flat specimens show slightly higher absorption in flat specimens than cubic ones, indicating that the stone processing can modify its absorption characteristics. Regarding the stone type tested, granites, usually sound, present a tendency to greater absorption than gneisses, generally weathered, an indication of their relative brittleness to stress conditions. Moreover, these rocks would present increased and modified microcracking patterns in response to the procedures for quarrying or processing dimension stone, or both.
Nonuniform Wetting/Drying Behavior of Exterior Granite-Slab Pavers: An Interchange
Authors: Karras John N. , Landis Evan J.
Published: November 2021

Exterior dimension stone pavers, particularly when fabricated from relatively thin granite slabs, can experience nonuniform wetting/drying in service that manifests itself as an obvious color variation between the center and perimeter of each unit. The existence of the phenomenon, referred to with terms such as “haloing,” “picture framing,” or “ghosting,” is known to dimension stone subject matter experts, experienced stonemasons, and some design professionals. However, details about the mechanism of causation are complex and not well understood, which challenges our ability to predict specific stones that will be more vulnerable to this color variation in service, and advice in the industry literature about effective avoidance techniques is limited and fragmented. This paper intends to elevate awareness of the granite-slab paver nonuniform wetting/drying phenomenon by defining the problem, highlighting aspects of relevant conventional wisdom, and sharing steps that we are taking toward advancing this discussion in the dimension stone community. Our ultimate goal is to compile the dimension stone community’s knowledge and experience toward the development of reliable solutions.
A New Methodology for Evaluating the Weathering Durability Performance of Limestone Using WUFI
Authors: Kehrer Manfred , Scheffler Michael J.
Published: November 2021

This paper describes how material testing combined with WUFI 2D computer-analysis models might be used to predict the freeze-thaw durability of limestone dimension stone. The focus of this paper is to establish a methodology that can be used to predict the durability of a specific stone in various construction conditions and environments. The paper explores the use of the method on Indiana limestone, which is a stone that has performed well over a long history of use in severe environments. The future goal is to use the methodology as a technique that is more efficient than currently available methods of predicting the in-service freeze-thaw durability of a specific dimension stone for a specific construction in a specific environment.
A 21st-Century Marble Revival: How Testing and Quality Assurance Can Make Marble a Durable Option for Exterior Cladding
Authors: Schouenborg Björn , Grelk Bent , West David , Blasi Paola
Published: November 2021

Many prominent 20th-century buildings around the world were clad with marble. Some of them have experienced severe problems with rapidly deteriorating marble panels and accompanying safety issues, such as La Grande Arch de la Defénse in Paris, Finlandia Hall in Helsinki, Australia's National Library in Canberra, and the Standard Oil Building in Chicago. The stories of these buildings have attracted great attention around the world and, perhaps unfairly, have created a perception that marble is unsuitable for use as exterior cladding. From the late 1990s, the use of marble as exterior cladding material reduced significantly, and it was even forbidden in some countries, regardless of reference projects. In response to this problem, the European research project Testing and Assessment of Marble and Limestone was initiated. This comprehensive study on marble resulted in test methods to discriminate between marble that is suitable and unsuitable for outdoor use. The most important test is the 2013 European standard EN 16306. One of the remaining obstacles for using marble that this standard identifies as suitable for use as exterior cladding is ensuring the traceability of its characteristics all the way from the quarry through block production and to the final panels installed on the building. With the rise of green building rating systems and CE marking in Europe, there has been increased interest in documenting the full life cycle of building materials and systems to ensure traceability. This paper explores the potential for traceable systems to facilitate integrated quality assurance during marble production. Such an approach would provide confidence that marble panels installed on a building are consistent with the samples originally tested and specified. We outline the detailed elements for quality assurance, from geological mapping of the quarry and tracking of block extraction to the production of panels and installation of the cladding. We also review case studies for several recent exterior marble cladding projects.
Structural Evaluation of Mortar or Sand Set Dimension Stone Pavers Using a Probability of Failure Approach
Authors: Kneezel Daren S. , Scheffler Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Structural failures of traditionally set mortar or sand set dimension stone pavers typically manifest as cracking and minor displacements as opposed to life-safety risks associated with similar structural failures of wall cladding panels or pedestal set pavers. Due to the different and reduced life-safety risks associated with traditionally set stone paver flexural failure, a proposed more liberal approach to structural analysis and design is presented in this paper that illustrates the benefits of explicitly evaluating the probability of failure of a particular paver installation rather than applying the traditional allowable stress design (safety factor) approach. This probability of failure approach provides the ability to quantitatively evaluate the influence of material properties and their variabilities. This paper presents the application of a proposed design and analysis approach for mortar or sand set pavers that is based on the probability of paver cracking under anticipated loading using the tested flexural strength and flexural strength variability of the stone and holding other variables constant (e.g., mortar strength and variability). The relative effect of tested stone flexural strength and variability on the probability of cracking is summarized in tables and figures that can be used to compare the risk of cracking for a stone type that meets ASTM requirements to one that does not. This paper is intended to provide a rational approach to the design of mortar and sand set paver systems for potential inclusion in the ASTM guide on installation of stone paving systems that is currently under development.
Adhesive Attachments: An Examination of Epoxy and Limestone Anchors
Authors: Freedland Joshua D. , Naggatz Steven G.
Published: November 2021

Epoxy-set anchors have been used as an attachment method for construction applications into clay masonry and concrete backup for many years. There has been an increasing prevalence to use epoxy-set stainless-steel attachments in dimension stone due to the quick set time and connection strength of these anchors. Several recent failures associated with adhesive set anchors have led to better understanding the history of anchors both in new stone construction as well as retrofit repair anchors. These recent failures led to a desire to review the history of stone adhesive anchors and perform laboratory testing related to the performance of anchors during thermal cycling. In this paper we present a brief history of stone attachments, a review of current published standards, and the results of recent research on thermal cycling and the effect of epoxy in confined holes in limestone attachments. We also offer guidance on avoiding the potential for failure in similar applications.
Evaluation and Avoidance of Stone-Faced Honeycomb Panel Failures
Authors: Kneezel Daren S. , Scarpelli Jeffrey V.
Published: November 2021

Lightweight composite stone-faced honeycomb panels, typically consisting of nominally ¼ in. (6 mm) thick stone adhered to a honeycomb panel, have been successfully used in exterior cladding applications since the mid-1980s. However, as new manufacturers of these products are regularly introduced into the market, failures of these types of panels have occurred, revealing a need for quality-control standards for both the stone facing and composite panels. The stone facing typically does not contribute significantly to the strength of the composite; however, the selection of an inappropriate stone facing can lead to aesthetic and, potentially, life-safety concerns. This paper provides guidance on the selection of a thin stone facing for stone-faced honeycomb composite panels and a review of a mid-rise building where the stone facing used on a composite panel system exhibited rapid deterioration as a result of poor stone facing material selection. This paper also provides an approach for the evaluation of stone-faced honeycomb composite panels prior to selection for use as an exterior cladding, as there are a number of panel attributes that vary by manufacturer that can significantly affect the strength and durability of these panels. A stone-faced honeycomb composite panel failure that resulted from unanticipated panel warping is also presented. The information provided in this paper provides a recommended framework for establishing ASTM guidelines or minimum requirements for the stone facing to be used in these thin veneer applications, as well as for the stone-faced honeycomb composite panels.
On Priority Research Problems in the Scope of Public Finance Control in Poland
Authors: Ruśkowski Eugeniusz
Published: November 2021

This article presents ten priority research problems in the scope of public finance control in Poland with a synthetic discussion of their aims. Implementation of the proposed research should serve a harmonious development of a part of financial law - called control of public finance. The article is mainly based on the Author’s own views and should encourage further scientific discussion on the mentioned topics.
On Evidence Preclusion in Tax and Control Procedures: a Comparative Legal Approach
Authors: Etel Leonard , Strzelec Dariusz
Published: November 2021

In the framework of tax collection procedures in different legal orders, various mechanisms may be introduced aiming at the implementation of the economy and the promptness of proceedings, which are aimed at observing the rule of evidence material concentration. One of the ways of securing it is the institution of so-called evidence preclusion, which constitutes a certain limitation on the possibility of referring to new evidence due to the stage of particular proceedings. The objective of the paper is to establish whether the institution of evidence preclusion in the tax procedure is necessary. One should search for the clues to answer the question presented through comparative legal studies. Implementing such a complex aim of research, we analysed legal regulations connected with the concentration of evidence material in selected states. So far, this question has not been a subject of a separate analysis. The results of the studies demonstrated that in the legal orders under analysis there are solutions, the aim of which is, to prevent lengthy proceedings and seeking that the resolution occur in the shortest possible time; if possible, without any harm for the actual and legal clarifying the matter. Evidence preclusion cannot be used by tax authorities as an instrument limiting the taxpayer’s right to a fair tax process.
Current Problems of Financial Law in Poland and in the Czech Republic Including Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Tyniewicki Marcin , Kozieł Michal
Published: November 2021

It should be clearly stated that current pandemic of the COVID-19 virus has significantly impacted the public finances of many countries and considerably influenced the functioning of world’s economy. Allocation of public resources to prevent, or counteract, negative effects of the pandemic has taken various forms. Regardless of the extraordinariness of this situation, the possibility to use aid instruments depends on legislative changes and, thus, on the prior passing of appropriate legal provisions, since they determine the rules based on which these instruments are implemented. Poland, and the Czech Republic, have taken proper actions to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Referring to the experience of both of these countries, it should be noted that legal and financial solutions used to counteract the pandemic have not always been conducted in accordance with constitutional norms, established financial law rules, or principles of conducting financial economy in the public finance sector. The Authors of this article, while evaluating these solutions, have decided to indicate certain general trends happening in the current financial law, which, unfortunately, are not always positive.
Rethinking the Indirect Taxation of Trust in the Reform of the Italian Tax System
Authors: Parente Salvatore Antonello
Published: November 2021

In Italy, among the priorities of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), a strategic position is taken by the tax reform, which is part of the actions to remedy the structural weaknesses of the country’s system and to stimulate economic recovery aft er the Covid-19 crisis. In this context, in order to design a new tax structure, in terms of economic growth and competitiveness, a legislative rethink of indirect taxation of trusts and other destination constraints is desirable. In fact, the current tax rules of these negotiation models, in addition to giving rise to numerous disputes, oft en discourage their use in regulating new interests and needs.
The German-Polish Tax Problems of Cross-Border Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic – When the Remedy is Worse than the Problem
Authors: Morawski Wojciech , Kuźniacki Błażej
Published: November 2021

The article pertains to the tax issues arising from the COVID-19 pandemic in respect of cross-border workers. The main issue is the impact of the restriction in cross-border movements during the pandemic on the determination of the place of work. The authors refer to two situations. The first is when a Polish worker employed by a Polish employer and working abroad cannot return to Poland. The second is when he or she performs work at home in Poland instead of at the normal place of work abroad. The authors consider the legal fiction of carrying out work in the place where it would have been done before the pandemic as a rational solution. However, they are strongly critical of the introduction of such solution via the Mutual Agreement.
Proceedings in Tax Matters Before the Supreme Administrative Court during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020 – July 2021)
Authors: Presnarowicz Sławomir
Published: November 2021

In Poland, the administration of justice, including in tax matters, is exercised by the provincial administrative court in the first instance, and the Supreme Administrative Court, as an appeal (cassation) court. In this article, its author discusses the repeatedly changing rules of conduct in tax matters before the Supreme Administrative Court during the COVID-19 pandemic (for the period 2020 – July 2021). The almost one-and-a-half-year duration of the pandemic allowed for the formulation of conclusions relating to both the legal solutions and the practice of litigation in tax matters before the Supreme Administrative Court during this period. In the work, the author presents his conclusions based on the judicature of the Supreme Administrative Court and the available statistical data on the completed court hearings and closed sessions, as well as resolved cassation complaints in tax matters.
Understanding Civil Engineering and Architectural Engineering Students’ Perceptions about BIM Practices
Authors: Fitriani Heni , Yanti Audrey Fitri , Foralisa Mona , Muhtarom Ahmad
Published: November 2021

The use of BIM within construction industry is experiencing development. However, the development of BIM in Indonesia is still very limited. One of the inhibiting factors in the development of BIM is the inadequate availability of BIM specialists and professionals in the construction industry so that an active role of students is needed as the main target in meeting the needs of the construction industry in Indonesia. This research was conducted to analyze the perceptions of students of the Sriwijaya University in the civil engineering and architecture study programs regarding perceptions of knowledge, benefits, adoption, and development of BIM. This study used a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. It was stated that ‘BIM technology and concepts are important for students to learn’ was to be the highest rank with an average score of 4.70 for Civil Engineering and 4.56 for architecture students. The result shows that the benefits of BIM that influence the most in the construction industry are to improve the quality of construction and enhance design visualization. The most significant driving factor on the development and adoption of BIM is education and training on using BIM software. In addition, the most significant inhibiting factors that influence the development and adoption of BIM are lack of education or training on the use of BIM and lack of knowledge on how to implement BIM software.
School Safe Route in Sumbersari District, Jember Regency
Authors: Mutiah Asna Malikhatul , Kriswardhana Willy , Hasanuddin Akhmad
Published: November 2021

The number of underage accidents in Jember Regency in 2011-2012 increased from 37 to 190 cases. Therefore, bicycle and pedestrian paths were planned through the School Safe Route program that could encourage students to choose to ride a bicycle or walking. The method of this study was the Level of Service analysis (LOS), student and travel characteristics, cross tabs, bicycle lanes, pedestrians, and road equipment facilities. The results showed that the level of road service on each road section varied, including LOS A, B, D and E. The characteristic and common cross tabs analysis results showed that most transportations used by students were motorcycles. Still, there was a relatively large proportion of students’ willingness to change their transportation mode in operational conditions if bicycle and pedestrian path facilities were provided. Cycle path analysis showed that the types of bicycle lanes were planned, specifically type A and C, with a bicycle lane width was 1.44 m for each lane. From the calculation of the minimum effective width of the sidewalk obtained 1.01 m with a crossing facility in the form of a pelican crossing with waiting stalls. Several road equipment facilities were planned, such as traffic signs, road markings and Traffic Signaling Equipment (TSE). Bicycle and pedestrian routes were planned at Tawang Mangu Street, Danau Toba Street, Mastrip Barat Street, Kalimantan Street, Jawa Street, Karimata Street, M.T. Haryono Street, Letjen S. Parman Street, Letjen Panjaitan Street and Letjen Suprapto Street.