bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Resistance of 18Cr-4Ni-2.5Mo Cast Steel
Authors: Kalandyk B.
Published: February 2013

An influence of a decreased Cr content on the microstructure of the highly alloyed Cr-Ni cast steel, duplex type, melted under laboratory conditions, was characterized in the paper. The microstructure investigations were performed in the initial state and after the heat treatment (solution annealing) at 1060°C as well as the phase transformation kinetics at continuous cooling was measured. The wear resistance of the investigated cast steel was tested and compared with the 24%Cr-5%Ni-2.5%Mo cast steel.

The Cr content decrease, in ferritic-austenitic cast steels (duplex), from 24-26%Cr to 18% leads to the changes of the castings microstructure and eliminating of a brittle σ phase. In dependence of the casting cooling rate, apart from ferrite and austenite, also fine martensite precipitates occur in the casting structure. It was shown that the investigated cast steel is characterised by a slightly lower wear resistance than the typical cast steel duplex grades.
A Systemic View of Implementing Data Literacy in Educator Preparation
Authors: Mandinach Ellen B. , Gummer Edith S.
Published: February 2013

Data-driven decision making has become increasingly important in education. Policymakers require educators to use data to inform practice. Although the policy emphasis is growing, what has not increased is attention to building human capacity around data use. Educators need to gain data literacy skills to inform practice. Although some professional development opportunities exist for current educators, fewer formal courses and opportunities for data literacy development in schools of education have been developed and implemented. This article explores issues around the growing need for data-driven decision making in programs in schools of education. The issues are complex and the actors needed to bring about change are multiple. A systems perspective to explore course and programmatic implementation is presented.
Computational Thinking in K–12
Authors: Grover Shuchi , Pea Roy
Published: February 2013

Jeannette Wing’s influential article on computational thinking 6 years ago argued for adding this new competency to every child’s analytical ability as a vital ingredient of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning. What is computational thinking? Why did this article resonate with so many and serve as a rallying cry for educators, education researchers, and policy makers? How have they interpreted Wing’s definition, and what advances have been made since Wing’s article was published? This article frames the current state of discourse on computational thinking in K–12 education by examining mostly recently published academic literature that uses Wing’s article as a springboard, identifies gaps in research, and articulates priorities for future inquiries.
Meat and Masculinity in Men's Ministries
Authors: Gelfer Joseph
Published: February 2013

Men's ministries are initiatives that respond to a perceived feminization of the church and which seek to encourage men back into the church by creating masculine spaces and forms of worship. This is largely achieved by appealing to what men's ministries perceive to be appropriate signifiers for masculinity, which include sporting, military and mythopoetic images, and a particular understanding of servant leadership within the home. This paper extends previous analyses by demonstrating how men's ministries also appeal to hunting and meat consumption as signifiers for masculinity, which results in a way of engaging the non-masculine world in a violent and sexualized manner.
Lipid Profile of Postmenopausal Women with Central Obesity
Authors: Khanam Monowara , Khan Md Aminul Haque , Rahman Md Rezwanur , Akhter Selima , Hoque Md Mozammel
Published: February 2013

Background: Following menopause there are changes in values of lipid profile parameters. Abdominal obesity has also been linked to significant metabolic abnormalities including changes in lipid parameter values. So, we designed this study to observe the pattern of lipid profile parameters in postmenopausal central obese women.Objective: To assess the lipid profile status of postmenopausal women with central obesity. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2005 to December 2005. Seventy four postmenopausal women with central obesity and age matched 56 nonobese postmenopausal women were included in the study. Central obesity was defined having waist hip ratio more than 0.8. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS 12.0. p values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Statistically no significant difference was observed between the central obese women and nonobese women in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. But HDL-cholesterol was found lower and triacylglycerol was found higher in postmenopausal central obese women. Conclusion: Dyslipidaemia is a feature of postmenopausal women with central obesity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i1.13836 J Enam Med Col 2013; 3(1): 08-12
Histomorphological Pattern of Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Rahman Md Atiqur , Biswas Md Mamun Ali , Siddika Syeda Tasfia , Sikder Abdul Mannan
Published: February 2013

Background: Enlarged palpable cervical lymph nodes as a primary presenting sign are very common and may be due to inflammatory lesions and tumors. Correlation between clinical findings and laboratory data is essential in arriving at a diagnosis. In patients presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy, excision biopsy provides material to establish an early diagnosis. We designed this study in our population for histological evaluation of cervical lymph node biopsies that might be important in the management of these patients. Objective: Histopathological evaluation of different diseases involving the cervical lymph nodes in relation to age and sex of the study population. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the department of Pathology, Enam Medical College & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka during the period from January 2006 to December 2010. A total of 107 patients were evaluated for specific cause of cervical lymphadenopathy in relation to age and sex. Lymph node biopsies of all patients of both sexes and all age groups were included in the study. Results: Among the 107 subjects 58 (54.2%) were males and 49 (45.8%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 85 years with a mean age of 32.68 ± 18.01 years. Of the 107 lymph node biopsies, 34 cases (31.8%) were reactive lymphadenitis, 41 cases (38.3%) were tuberculosis, 2 cases (1.9%) were non-caseous granuloma, 6 cases (5.6%) were Hodgkin lymphoma, 8 cases (7.5%) were non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 12 cases (11.2%) were metastatic neoplasm and 4 cases (3.7%) were other specific lesions. Conclusion: The commonest cause of cervical lymphadenopathy was tuberculosis, followed by reactive lymphadenitis, lymphoma and metastatic neoplasm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i1.13837 J Enam Med Col 2013; 3(1): 13-17
Outcomes following Purely Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Pituitary adenomas
Authors: Alam Shamsul , Hossain ATM Mosharef , Uddin AN Wakil , Islam Tariqul , Amin Rezaul , Obaida ASM Abu
Published: February 2013

Background: The use of endoscope for the management of pituitary adenoma is not new. The better magnification and illumination provided by the endoscope gives better outcome than microscopic pituitary surgery. Objective: To find out the benefits of endoscope in relation to microscopic surgery. Materials and Methods: We performed 45 cases of pituitary adenoma surgery by endoscopic endonasal approach from July 2008 to July 2010. Results: Forty five cases underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Gross total removal was done in 35 cases and subtotal removal was done in 10 cases. Residual tumours were seen in 10 cases (22%) in postoperative follow-up MRI scan. Visual improvement was satisfactory, and hormonal improvement of functional adenoma was nice. Postoperative visual acuity and visual field were improved in 75% cases. There were 37% cases of temporary diabetes insipidus and about 4.5% cases of permanent diabetes insipidus. The average duration of follow-up was 20 months. One patient required reexploration to correct visual deterioration in the immediate postoperative period. There were 4.5% cases of CSF leak and 6.6% mortality. Mortality was due to electrolyte imbalance and improper management of infection and hydrocephalus. Conclusion: Endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery now has become a gold standard surgery for most of the pituitary adenomas because of its better advantages in relation to microscopic surgery and less complications and less hospital stay. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i1.13869 J Enam Med Col 2013; 3(1): 18-23
Depression: Like a Common Cold of Human Beings
Authors: Rahim Dewan AKM Abdur
Published: February 2013

Abstract not availableDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v3i1.13878 J Enam Med Col 2013; 3(1)
Use of Satellite Radar Bistatic Measurements for Crop Monitoring: A Simulation Study on Corn Fields
Authors: Guerriero Leila , Pierdicca Nazzareno , Pulvirenti Luca , Ferrazzoli Paolo
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a theoretical study of microwave remote sensing of vegetated surfaces. The purpose of this study is to find out if satellite bistatic radar systems can provide a performance, in terms of sensitivity to vegetation geophysical parameters, equal to or greater than the performance of monostatic systems. Up to now, no suitable bistatic data collected over land surfaces are available from satellite, so that the electromagnetic model developed at Tor Vergata University has been used to perform simulations of the scattering coefficient of corn, over a wide range of observation angles at L- and C-band. According to the electromagnetic model, the most promising configuration is the one which measures the VV or HH bistatic scattering coefficient on the plane that lies at the azimuth angle orthogonal with respect to the incidence plane. At this scattering angle, the soil contribution is minimized, and the effects of vegetation growth are highlighted.
Le filicide : un crime pour la vie
Authors: Verschoot Odile
Published: February 2013

Résumé En plus de l’atteinte à la vie d’un enfant, le crime filicide soulève la question complexe de la filiation et de la position parentale. Malgré une apparente conformité sociale, les auteurs de ce crime – rencontrés au cours de soins psychologiques en milieu carcéral – révèlent un fonctionnement psychique archaïque et a-structuré qui survit dans le clivage, le déni de la différenciation et la dépendance vitale à l’objet. La séparation vécue comme une perte mortelle précipite le recours à l’acte meurtrier, dans une déliaison pulsionnelle nourrie par la haine. La confrontation à la Loi et à l’incarcération favorise la circulation de la parole et l’émergence d’une structuration psychique.
Le filicide paternel comme « solution » généalogique
Authors: Durif-Varembont Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2013

Résumé Cet article propose une réflexion clinique sur la dynamique psychique spécifique du passage à l’acte filicide, à partir de deux cas de pères meurtriers de leur fils. Ces cas sont extraits d’une recherche plus large sur tous les meurtres d’enfants jugés dans une cour d’assises française sur une période de dix ans. Il s’appuie sur l’hypothèse que ce type de meurtre est une tentative de résoudre un conflit psychique inconscient et de sortir d’une impasse généalogique. Il survient dans un contexte d’accumulation de pertes et de ruptures d’étayage. Le passage à l’acte apparaît ainsi comme une « solution » subjective à un débordement d’angoisse.
Une si inquiétante familiarité
Authors: Abdelouahed Houria
Published: February 2013

Résumé La rencontre avec certaines patientes arabes qui ont vécu des situations traumatiques, en lien avec les conditions anthropologiques, confronte l’analyste (femme) à un phénomène d’inquiétante étrangeté et à une massivité d’affects qui compromettent la neutralité bienveillante et l’asymétrie de la situation analytique. Certaines situations provoquent la sidération ou l’agir psychique chez l’analyste et le confrontent aux limites de l’analysable. Ici, à la lumière d’un cas clinique, l’auteur reconsidère la thèse de l’envie du pénis en lien avec le roc du social.
Un militantisme réformateur : les manuels du nouveau management public
Authors: Chelle Élisa
Published: February 2013

Résumé La managérialisation est un processus qui traverse les bureaucraties occidentales depuis les années 1980. Les savoirs et pratiques du nouveau management ont transformé le mode de gestion des fonctionnaires tout comme la conduite des politiques publiques. Des ouvrages ont cherché à les systématiser et, par là, à les édifier en discipline académique. Cet article revient sur les procédés et les limites de cette scientificisation du nouveau management public. L’étude se base sur un corpus de plus de soixante manuels publiés en français et en anglais. Cette littérature prescriptive donne à voir les attendus d’un groupe professionnel et leur objectivation dans des énoncés qui font effet de science. L’article montre qu’en fait d’un contenu original, le nouveau management public est un ensemble composite de savoirs préexistants, issus des sciences de gestion, de la sociologie des organisations, ou de l’économie néoclassique. Une sociologie de ces militants réformateurs donne à voir des profils variés. Du consultant à l’universitaire, en passant par le haut-fonctionnaire, les stratégies convergent vers un affaissement des barrières entre fonction publique et secteur privé. Et, au-delà du cercle des initiés, contribuent à légitimer les discours sur la performance et à conforter la vision d’un « citoyen-consommateur ».
La construction politique d'une « science électorale » en France sous la IIIe République. Facteurs et acteurs d'un métissage politico-scientifique
Authors: Déloye Yves
Published: February 2013

Résumé Par science du gouvernement électoral, il faudra entendre ici l’ensemble cohérent des études juridiques, des discours et des prises de positions qui, de chaque côté de l’échiquier parlementaire français, vont prétendre tout au long de la Troisième République prétendre organiser et rationaliser la pratique du suffrage électoral. Trop souvent perçue à travers une dimension « pragmatique », l’émergence d’une science électorale est contemporaine de l’universalisation du suffrage politique au milieu du XIX e  siècle et, plus encore, du ralliement progressif des forces politiques conservatrices à ce mode de dévolution du pouvoir. Dès lors, le débat autour des formats et des façons de voter précède souvent les oppositions autour des « formules politiques ». L’enquête socio-historique présentée s’attachera à analyser les réseaux d’échanges savants qui ont contribué aussi bien en dehors que dans l’arène parlementaire à forger ce savoir qui contribuera fortement à donner une orientation aristocratique aux pratiques démocratiques représentatives.
La raison d'État. Usages politiques du savoir et gouvernement « scientifique » des technopols au Chili (1990-1994)
Authors: Joignant Alfredo
Published: February 2013

Résumé Entre 1990 et 2010, la coalition de centre-gauche connue sous le nom de Concertación a gouverné le Chili de manière ininterrompue. Une partie de l’explication de cette longue période de domination se trouve dans la présence d’un petit groupe d’agents puissants qui, en tant que Ministres et Secrétaires d’État, ont fourni de la cohérence et du leadership à l’action gouvernementale. Ce petit groupe d’agents était constitué par des technopols, une catégorie où se conjuguent chez un même individu deux types de capitaux : d’une part, des capitaux symboliques (« tech ») qui leur permettent de se nourrir des principaux courants en économie, science politique et sociologie, et d’autre part des capitaux politiques (« pol ») sous la forme de l’occupation de postes de direction partisane avant d’accéder à une première nomination au gouvernement. Ce sont ces deux capitaux qui expliquent le rôle principal qui a été joué par 20 agents, lequel est abordé au moyen de l’analyse systématique de 113 rapports privés qui ont été rédigés afin d’orienter le président de la République au cours des premières années de la transition à la démocratie.
Le credo caché de l'évaluation financière d'un bien. Retour sur la notion de juste prix chez saint Thomas d'Aquin
Authors: Médevielle Geneviève
Published: February 2013

Résumé À l’heure où l’on se pose la question éthique de la définition de la spéculation, reprendre la finesse des analyses des théologiens sur le juste prix, notamment celle de Thomas d’Aquin, peut être instructif pour vérifier où se joue le prix d’une chose et comment fonctionne cette norme du juste. Le prix d’une chose est-il à chercher dans la « nature » même des choses qui s’échangent comme on le pense encore très souvent ? Les choses auraient alors une valeur « objective » distincte des prix observables, une valeur qui permettrait de fonder les prix en justice indépendamment de l’analyse des circonstances de l’échange. L’enjeu de cet article est de mettre en valeur le credo caché de l’évaluation financière d’un bien, bien plus complexe qu’il n’y paraît.
Éthique et finance : le tournant performatif
Authors: Walter Christian
Published: February 2013

Résumé L’éthique de la finance ne peut se limiter à la déontologie mais doit inclure la prise en compte de l’impact des outils de gestion, en particulier ceux qui contiennent une représentation du risque. Véritable machinerie de la finance professionnelle, les outils de gestion transportant une représentation du risque ont un impact à la fois organisationnel (les procédures de contrôle), institutionnel (les normes de régulation internationale), technique (les méthodes d’évaluation), et cognitif (les manières de penser l’incertitude pour s’en prémunir). Le façonnage des activités financières par les outillages techniques et mentaux est appelé « performation » du système financier. Il est de première importance de mieux comprendre le rôle joué par la performation dans la crise financière de 2007-2008 pour que l’éthique de la finance puisse entrer dans les techniques qui façonnent le monde financier.
O lugar do Dia da Defesa Nacional e a profissionalização das Forças Armadas: dilemas e desafios
Authors: Resende José Manuel
Published: February 2013

As Forças Armadas portuguesas entram numa nova fase na sua história recente com a oficialização do Dia da Defesa Nacional. Este evento nacional marca o fim da obrigatoriedade inscrita na lei de Serviço Militar. Através deste artigo o seu autor analisa sociologicamente as consequências da entrada de um novo serviço militar e as novas formas de recrutamento à disposição das Forças Armadas portuguesas. Por outro lado, as bases de enquadramento normativo que enquadram estas alterações são alimentadas por um novo conceito de estratégia de defesa nacional, tendo em conta o lugar do País e das suas Forças Militares, quer na Europa, quer em termos do processo de globalização em curso. Finalmente, o processo de profissionalização destas forças coloca novos desafios a cada um dos três ramos que compõem as Forças Armadas Portuguesas.
Espaços e práticas intersticiais de poder e resistência em Cardiff, País de Gales
Authors: Gonçalves Ana
Published: February 2013

Este artigo procurará questionar o modo como discursos dominantes e dissidentes têm sido construídos e perpetuados nos espaços públicos de Cardiff, capital do País de Gales. Outrora uma movimentada cidade portuária e anfitriã de uma comunidade trabalhadora multiétnica singular, Cardiff tem sofrido profundas transformações urbanas, apresentando hoje uma frente ribeirinha completamente rejuvenescida. Edifícios históricos articulam-se na paisagem urbana com modernos edifícios-âncora num discurso dominante aparentemente consensual entre o passado e o presente, sujeito à ideologia pós-moderna do consumo visual espectacular, onde o lazer e o entretenimento influenciam as novas imagem e identidade da cidade para o mundo. Esta paisagem silencia, todavia, muitas vozes e apaga muitas estórias do passado marítimo e multiétnico de Cardiff, influenciando o modo como as identidades individuais e colectivas se constituem. Excepção parece ser o Butetown History and Arts Centre, onde a democracia cultural procura dar voz aos discursos minoritários da cidade, e o qual merecerá, pois, particular atenção neste artigo.
Diferenças ou desigualdades: que condições socio-históricas para a produção de capital cultural?
Authors: Lahire Bernard
Published: February 2013

Nem todas as diferenças culturais são interpretáveis como desigualdades culturais. Para que uma diferença produza uma desigualdade, é preciso que todos (ou pelo menos tanto a maioria dos “privilegiados” como a dos “lesados”) considerem que a privação de uma actividade, de um saber, do acesso a um determinado bem cultural ou a um dado serviço constitua uma falha, um handicap ou uma injustiça inaceitável. É por esta razão que a distribuição socialmente diferenciada de certas competências técnicas ou específicas não produz necessariamente injustiças ou desigualdades sociais: as nossas crenças colectivas não as identificam como recursos essenciais, como capitais, nem a ausência dessas mesmas competências como uma falha crucial ou um “handicap sócio-cultural” inaceitável. Neste artigo reflecte-se sobre as condições históricas que fazem que as diferenças culturais possam ser experimentadas pelos actores e interpretadas pelos sociólogos como desigualdades sociais.
A Covilhã vista pelos covilhanenses: representações e práticas sobre uma urbanidade em transformação
Authors: Vaz Domingos
Published: February 2013

A escala da pequena cidade é hoje um traço marcante da sociedade portuguesa. Por isso justifica-se uma abordagem às especificidades da Covilhã que se foi constituindo ao longo de séculos como um “enclave” da industrialização em pleno território interior montanhoso. A gradual heterogeneização social da cidade vem-se dando desde há cerca de três décadas sob influência de vários factores: a criação da universidade, a terciarização, a qualificação escolar de segmentos crescentes da população, e a integração num sistema urbano de circulação de pessoas e bens. Através de uma metodologia qualitativa, ao nível do estudo das representações da cidade, distinguem-se dimensões associadas ao passado fabril e outras ligadas ao período mais recente tendencialmente mais cosmopolita. Num outro plano, estudam-se aspectos relacionados com a rede de actores locais que intervêm de forma directa ou indirecta nas dinâmicas urbanas, sendo assim possível ampliar este contributo de interpretação em torno da formação de uma nova urbanidade na Covilhã.
O jogo literário e a condição de escritor em regime de mercado
Authors: Lahire Bernard
Published: February 2013

Actores centrais no universo literário, os escritores em regime de mercado são, no entanto, os elos economicamente mais fracos da cadeia que forma os diferentes “profissionais do livro”. Ao contrário dos operários, dos médicos ou dos empregadores, que passam todo o seu tempo de trabalho num só universo profissional do qual retiram o essencial dos seus rendimentos de trabalho, a grande maioria dos escritores tem uma vida dupla: obrigados a acumular a actividade literária com uma “segunda actividade”, eles alternam permanentemente o tempo de escrita com as actividades extraliterárias remuneradas. Para qualificar um universo tão fracamente institucionalizado e profissionalizado, no qual os principais actores apenas muito raramente são agentes permanentes, podemos falar em jogo literário. Uma tal situação de vida dupla não é nova, nem ocasional. Ela é plurissecular e estrutural, e define o que podemos chamar a condição literária.
A profissionalização das Forças Armadas: um olhar sobre o seu pilar de sustentação – os militares do regime de voluntariado e de contrato
Authors: Cardoso António Ideias , Madeira Isabel , Marques Francisco Sousa , Vilhena Cristina Poças , Baptista Luís Vicente , Resende José Manuel , Ferreira Paulo Antunes , Pereira Patrícia
Published: February 2013

A realidade internacional em que as estruturas de defesa das nações ocidentais tradicionalmente operavam sofreu uma mudança paradoxal com o fim da Guerra Fria. Instalou-se uma nova realidade geoestratégica pautada pela incerteza e pelo carácter multipolar e global dos conflitos, que as confrontou com a incapacidade de resposta dos seus tradicionais exércitos de massas, cuja vocação se baseava essencialmente na defesa territorial e que eram alimentados, essencialmente, através de mecanismos de conscrição. Um sistema de forças de dimensão mais reduzida, tecnologicamente mais desenvolvido e adaptável, quer na sua integração em forças multinacionais, quer na sua capacidade de tradução e adaptação aos contextos em que é chamado a intervir, implica necessariamente umas Forças Armadas compostas de efectivos altamente preparados e totalmente profissionais na sua acção.O que se apresenta neste artigo é uma reflexão sobre a forma como este processo de profissionalização tem sido vivido e desenvolvido pelas Forças Armadas Portuguesas, dando especial ênfase aos seus verdadeiros protagonistas: os militares. Quem são, porque ingressam, e quais as suas expectativas são as perguntas a que tentamos dar uma hipótese de resposta.
Realojamento em zonas de fronteira urbana. O caso da Quinta da Vitória, Loures
Authors: Cachado Rita d'Ávila
Published: February 2013

Desde pelo menos o início dos anos 60 que a Área Metropolitana de Lisboa via crescer a olhos vivos os bairros de barracas, particularmente na sua principal linha de fronteira, a Estrada Militar. Com uma forte carga simbólica no imaginário dos moradores da capital e dos seus visitantes, os bairros de barracas traçavam, juntamente com as principais vias de acesso, a separação entre Lisboa e os concelhos vizinhos. Os seus moradores, destinatários principais dos estigmas associados à pobreza, viveram décadas nestes bairros.Na AML, o município de Loures está entre os concelhos com maior número de bairros inscritos no Programa Especial de Realojamento (PER). Com início em 1993, esta política de habitação social que previa acabar com as barracas realojou milhares de famílias nos mesmos concelhos de residência dos moradores mal alojados. Ainda assim, muitas famílias continuam sem saber onde nem quando serão realojados. A Quinta da Vitória é um dos núcleos residenciais do PER de Loures e a história deste bairro não pode ser contada sem olhar para a história do crescimento da cidade de Lisboa. É esse contexto específico que trarei para debate neste artigo, reflectindo sobre algumas das questões associadas à porosidade das fronteiras urbanas, tais como segregação residencial, condições para a mobilidade e crescimento urbano recente.
“Para mim é o 46 se faz favor”: A neofilia e neofobia no consumo de alimentos
Authors: Luís Luís Soares
Published: February 2013

Nas sociedades modernas globalizadas, o consumidor de alimentos é confrontado com uma variedade de produtos, motivações, valores e necessidades que ultrapassam o propósito básico da alimentação. Parece evidente que o consumidor exibe frequentemente um comportamento paradoxal ao adquirir produtos cujas características não conhece, reconhece ou mesmo ignora se satisfazem as suas necessidades.Coloca-se então a questão: o que leva um consumidor a comprar um produto do qual quase nada sabe? Porque coloca no seu prato um alimento que desconhece? Muitas vezes o consumidor utiliza informação de produtos já existentes para “reconhecer” os novos produtos, por isso é frequente as inovações partilharem características sensoriais com produtos reconhecíveis, de modo a facilitar a sua aceitação. Apresentamos alguns resultados da aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a uma amostra de 384 indivíduos, com mais de 15 anos de idade, da Região de Lisboa, que permite contribuir para o conhecimento destes consumidores e da sua relação com os novos alimentos.
Classical Algebraic Geometry
Authors: Debarre Olivier , Eisenbud David , Schreyer Frank-Olaf , Vakil Ravi
Published: February 2013

Progress in algebraic geometry often comes through the introduction of new tools and ideas to tackle the classical problems the development of the field. Examples include new invariants that capture some aspect of geometry in a novel way, such as the derived category, and the extension of the class of geometric objects considered to allow constructions not previously possible, such as the transition from varieties to schemes or from schemes to stacks. Many famous old problems and outstanding conjectures have been resolved in this way over the last 50 years. While the new theories are sometimes studied for their own sake, they are in the end best understood in the context of the classical questions they illuminate. The goal of the workshop was to study new developments in algebraic geometry, with a view toward their application to the classical problems.
Effect of Aging on the Anodic Behavior of Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys
Authors: HODGE F. G.
Published: February 2013

The precipitation response of corrosion resistant alloys based on the Ni-Cr-Mo phase diagram is complex with both intermetallic and carbide phases being formed during aging in the 650 to 1090 C (1202 to 1994 F) range. Although these phases markedly affect the corrosion resistance, their composition and structure have not been fully defined. Data are presented to show that the precipitating intermetallic phase in Hastelloy alloy C-276 is a (Ni, Fe, Co)3 (W, Mo Cr)2 Mu phase and the carbide is an M6C. Both phases have been shown to significantly increase the anodic dissolution rate of the passive region in boiling 10% sulfuric acid. Intergranular attack on aged alloy C-276 samples occurred due to attack of depleted regions in reducing acids and direct dissolution of precipitates under oxidizing conditions.
The Effect of Molybdenum on the Corrosion Behavior of Iron-Chromium Alloys
Authors: B.ROCKEL M.
Published: February 2013

Fe-18Cr alloys with additions of 2, 4, 6, and 8% Mo are studied in 1N H2SO4 at 25 C (77 F). The effect of Mo on potential-current density curves is determined potentiostatically. Increasing Mo content causes the critical current density to decrease, and the open circuit potential to become more noble. Alloys with 8% Mo do not show any anodic dissolution peak and passivate spontaneously. Some theoretical considerations of the passivation mechanism are discussed in connection with additional electrochemical measurements.
The Relationship Between Galvanic Current and Dissolution Rates
Authors: MANSFELD FLORIAN
Published: February 2013

The recent development of instrumentation suitable for accurate determination of galvanic currents suggests that more data of this nature will be gathered and reported. It is shown that galvanic current data cannot be an accurate measure of dissolution rates in many cases, since dissolution rates from the galvanic current are smaller than the true dissolution rates. Correction of galvanic current data is possible, however, and correction procedures are explained for two limiting cases. Experimental support for the relationships derived is presented for Al alloys in aerated 3.5% NaCl coupled to a variety of dissimilar metals and alloys.
First intercalibration of column-averaged methane from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change
Authors: Sussmann R. , Ostler A. , Forster F. , Rettinger M. , Deutscher N. M. , Griffith D. W. T. , Hannigan J. W. , Jones N. , Patra P. K.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We present the first intercalibration of dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of methane (XCH4) retrieved from solar Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) in the mid-infrared (MIR) versus near-infrared (NIR) soundings from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The study uses multi-annual quasi-coincident MIR and NIR measurements from the stations Garmisch, Germany (47.48° N, 11.06° E, 743 m a.s.l.), and Wollongong, Australia (34.41° S, 150.88° E, 30 m a.s.l.). Direct comparison of the retrieved MIR and NIR XCH4 time series for Garmisch shows a quasi-periodic seasonal bias leading to a standard deviation (stdv) of the difference time series (NIR–MIR) of 7.2 ppb. After reducing time-dependent a priori impact by using realistic site- and time-dependent ACTM-simulated profiles as a common prior, the seasonal bias is reduced (stdv = 5.2 ppb). A linear fit to the MIR/NIR scatter plot of monthly means based on same-day coincidences does not show a y-intercept that is statistically different from zero, and the MIR/NIR intercalibration factor is found to be close to ideal within 2-σ uncertainty, i.e. 0.9996(8). The difference time series (NIR–MIR) do not show a significant trend. The same basic findings hold for Wollongong. In particular an overall MIR/NIR intercalibration factor close to the ideal 1 is found within 2-σ uncertainty. At Wollongong the seasonal cycle of methane is less pronounced and corresponding smoothing errors are not as significant, enabling standard MIR and NIR retrievals to be used directly, without correction to a common a priori. Our results suggest that it is possible to set up a harmonized NDACC and TCCON XCH4 data set which can be exploited for joint trend studies, satellite validation, or the inverse modeling of sources and sinks.
Environmental flow assessments in estuaries based on an integrated multi-objective method
Authors: Sun T. , Xu J. , Yang Z. F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. An integrated multi-objective method for environmental flow assessments was developed that considered variability of potential habitats as a critical factor in determining how ecosystems respond to hydrological alterations. Responses of habitat area, and the magnitude of those responses as influenced by salinity and water depth, were established and assessed according to fluctuations in river discharge and tidal currents. The requirements of typical migratory species during pivotal life-stage seasons (e.g., reproduction and juvenile growth) and natural flow variations were integrated into the flow-needs assessment. Critical environmental flows for a typical species were defined based on two primary objectives: (1) high level of habitat area and (2) low variability of habitat area. After integrating the water requirements for various species with the maximum acceptable discharge boundary, appropriate temporal limits of environmental flows for ecosystems were recommended. The method was applied in the Yellow River estuary in eastern Shandong province, China. Our results show that, while recommended environmental flows established with variability of potential habitats in mind may not necessarily benefit short-term survival of a typical resident organism on a limited temporal or spatial scale, they may encourage long-term, stable biodiversity and ecosystem health. Thus, short-term ecosystem losses may be compensated by significant long-term gains.
Forecasters priorities for improving probabilistic flood forecasts
Authors: Wetterhall F. , Pappenberger F. , Cloke H. L. , Thielen-del Pozo J. , Balabanova S. , Daňhelka J. , Vogelbacher A. , Salamon P. , Carrasco I. , Cabrera-Tordera A. J. , Corzo-Toscano M. , Garcia-Padilla M. , Garcia-Sanchez R. J. , Ardilouze C. , Jurela S. , Terek B. , Csik A. , Casey J. , Stankūnavičius G. , Ceres V. , Sprokkereef E. , Stam J. , Anghel E. , Vladikovic D. , Alionte Eklund C. , Hjerdt N. , Djerv H. , Holmberg F. , Nilsson J. , Nyström K. , Sušnik M. , Hazlinger M. , Holubecka M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Hydrological ensemble prediction systems (HEPS) have in recent years been increasingly used for the operational forecasting of floods by hydrometeorological agencies. The most obvious advantages of HEPS are that more of the uncertainty in the modelling system can be assessed; and that ensemble prediction systems generally have better skill than deterministic systems both in the terms of the mean forecast performance and the potential forecasting of extreme events. Research efforts have so far mostly been devoted to the improvement of the technical aspects of the model systems themselves. However, in this paper we argue that there are other areas of HEPS that need urgent attention; such as assessment of the full uncertainty in the forecast chain, multimodel approaches, robust forecast skill assessment and further collaboration and knowledge exchange between operational forecasters and the model development community. In light of limited resources we suggest a simple model to classify the identified priorities in terms of their cost and complexity to decide in which order to tackle them This model is then used to create an action plan of short-, medium- and long-term research priorities with the ultimate goal of an optimal improvement in operational HEPS.
Supernumerary Renal Arteries and Their Embryological and Clinical Correlation: A Cadaveric Study from North India
Authors: Budhiraja Virendra , Rastogi Rakhi , Anjankar Vaibhav , Babu C. S. Ramesh , Goel Prabhat
Published: February 2013

Background. Classically, each kidney is supplied by a single renal artery originating from abdominal aorta. The present study aimed at its variations and their embryological and clinical correlation. Material and Methods. The formalin-fixed thirty-seven cadavers from north India constituted the material for the study. During routine abdominal dissection conducted for medical undergraduates at the department of anatomy, the kidneys along with their arteries were explored and the morphological variations of renal arteries were noted. Results. We observed supernumerary renal arteries in 23/37 (62.2%) cases (48.6% of aortic origin and 13.5% of renal origin) on the right side and 21/37 (56.8%) cases (45.9% of aortic origin and 10.8% of renal origin) on the left side. Supernumerary renal arteries entered the kidney through hilum, superior pole, and inferior pole. Conclusion. Awareness of variations of renal artery is necessary for surgical management during renal transplantation, repair of abdominal aorta aneurysm, and urological procedures and for angiographic interventions.
Occipital Emissary Foramina in South Indian Modern Human Skulls
Authors: Singhal Suruchi , Ravindranath Roopa
Published: February 2013

An occipital emissary foramen has been traditionally described as a foramen present in the squamous part of the occipital bone at the occipital protuberance transmitting a vein that connects the confluence of sinuses with the occipital vein. The present study was done on 221 South Indian adult modern human skulls of unknown sex in the Department of Anatomy, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India. The foramen was observed in 21/221 (9.50%) skulls, 6/21 (28.57%) to the right of, 10/21 (47.61%) to the left of, and 2/21 (9.52%) on the External Occipital Crest. It was seen more often near the posterior margin of foramen magnum rather than at the External Occipital Protuberance as has been traditionally described. A new finding is that bilateral foramina were observed in 3 skulls (14.28%). The incidence was higher than seen in other Indian population. Since it is present near the foramen magnum in most cases, knowledge of the number and position of the foramen is important for suboccipital craniotomies. The extensive connections of the veins with cranial venous sinuses may lead to intracranial infections and vice versa.
Interspecific difference and frequency dependence in habitat use of coexisting Ohomopterus ground beetle species under reproductive interference
Authors: Ujiie Masayuki , Kubota Kohei , Takami Yasuoki
Published: July 2024

In reproductive interference (RI), the fitness of individuals or populations is decreased through reproductive interactions with other species. This process results in positive frequency dependence, hindering species coexistence. However, theory predicts that species can coexist under weak RI. Habitat segregation can decrease the opportunity for reproductive interactions between species. Thus, a difference in habitat preference between species may weaken RI and facilitate coexistence. We examined this hypothesis by investigating the habitat uses of closely related Ohomopterus ground beetle species under RI, Carabus insulicola and C. esakii, in limited zones of sympatry at their distributional boundary. The effect of RI may be stronger for females of C. esakii than those of C. insulicola due to asymmetry in the genital size mismatch between the species (C. insulicola males have larger genitalia). Field surveys of local abundances and associations with local environmental parameters revealed contrasting habitat uses between the species. C. insulicola preferred open environments, while C. esakii inhabited forest environments. Interestingly, the habitat use of C. esakii, not C. insulicola, changed depending on the frequency of the other species; the species utilized habitats with a low frequency of C. insulicola. The difference in habitat use and its dependence on the frequency of the other species may facilitate species coexistence by promoting habitat segregation within a continuous landscape. Our findings provide insights into the importance of (plastic) trait differences in species distributions and coexistence under RI.
Studying naturally occurring involuntary autobiographical memories with the diary approach: A comparison of diary methods
Authors: Clevinger Amanda M. , Mace John H.
Published: July 2024

Our aim in the current study was to examine how different diary methods might impact the results of involuntary memory studies. We compared three different commonly used diary methods, record all memories experienced per day, record up to two memories per day, or record only the first two per day. Results showed that the record‐all group had the most memories, and in all conditions, more memories were recorded during the first week compared to the second week. Additionally, results showed that the record any‐two group reported more perceptually cued memories compared to the other two conditions, and the record‐all group reported the most memory cued memories. The record‐all group reported being the most confident in their involuntary memories. The results may help explain some discrepancies in the literature, and they may assist future researchers by allowing them to tailor their methods according to their research questions.
Thermally Conductive Hexagonal Boron Nitride/Polymer Composites for Efficient Heat Transport
Authors: Yao Chengning , Leahu Grigore , Holicky Martin , Liu Sihui , Fenech‐Salerno Benji , Lai May Ching , Larciprete Maria Cristina , Ducati Caterina , Divitini Giorgio , Voti Roberto Li , Sibilia Concita , Torrisi Felice
Published: July 2024

Commercial thermally conductive dielectric materials used in electronic packaging typically exhibit thermal conductivities (κ) ranging from 0.8 to 4.2 W m−1 K−1. Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) flakes are promising thermally conductive materials for the thermal management of next‐generation electronics. These electrically insulating yet thermally conducting h‐BN flakes can be incorporated as thermal fillers to impart high κ to polymer‐based composites. A cellulose‐based composite embedded with few‐layer h‐BN (FLh‐BN) flakes, achieving a κ ≈ 21.7 W m−1 K−1, prepared using a cost‐effective and scalable procedure is demonstrated. This value is >5 times higher than the κ observed in composites embedded with bulk h‐BN (Bh‐BN, κ ≈ 4.5 W m−1 K−1), indicating the benefits of the superior κ of FLh‐BN on the κ of h‐BN polymer composites. When applied as a paste for thermal interface material (TIM), the FLh‐BN composite can reduce the maximum temperature (Tmax) by 24.5 °C of a heating pad at a power density (h) of 2.48 W cm−2 compared to Bh‐BN composites at the same h‐BN loading. The results provide an effective approach to improve the κ of cellulose‐based thermal pastes for TIMs and demonstrate their viability for heat dissipation in integrated circuits (ICs) and high‐power electronic devices.
Manipulated Reaction Route for Oxyhydroxides toward Top‐Performing Water Oxidation via eg Electron Filling State
Authors: Yao Na , Luo Na , Jiang Shan , Cai Ao , Pi Wei , Wang Xing
Published: July 2024

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity on transition metal (TM) catalysts is governed by OER mechanism, yet discovering a controllable parameter to custom‐tailor OER mechanism remains a challenge. Here, the study highlights an eg electron‐filling state in octahedral TM‐catalysts, achieved by the modulation of splitting energy (Δ) via different anions (R) (Cl−, PO43−, NO3−, F−, SO42−, CO32−). The eg‐ electron filling state customization predominantly arises from the adjustment of Co‐dz2 orbital energy, which can tailor the bandgap between Co‐dz2 and O‐p orbits (Δεd‐p), thus customizing lattice‐oxygen (OL) activities and the OER mechanism. Combining the experimental measurements with DFT calculations, it is concluded that increased eg electron in TM‐catalysts brings decreased Δεd‐p, which can manageably strengthen lattice‐oxygen reactivity. Consequently, the OER mechanism on TM catalyst is transformed from adsorbate precipitation mechanism (AEM) to lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) and customized OER pathways with different lattice‐oxygen activities. The screened PO43‐_TM, with the optimal OL activity in LOM path, possesses excellent activity and stability, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 236 mV overpotential and maintaining stable operation for 300 h with inapparent degradation at 10 mA cm−2.
Impact of Linker Engineering in Core‐Linked Dimeric Acceptors for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Oh Shinbee , Jeong Dahyun , Bae Kihyun , Kim Geon‐U , Phan Tan Ngoc‐Lan , Lee Jin‐Woo , Park Jinseok , Lee Dongchan , Cho Shinuk , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: July 2024

The dimerization of small molecule acceptors (SMAs) is a promising strategy for enhancing the long‐term stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the reported DSMAs are primarily limited to end‐linked molecular configurations, highlighting the need for further exploration of various dimer architectures. Herein, the development of two distinct core‐linked dimerized SMAs (DYF‐V and DYF‐E) are reported with tailored linker structures (vinylene and ethynyl, respectively), achieving high‐performance OSCs (PCE = 18.53%). Interestingly, a subtle change in the linker structures results in markedly different molecular properties and photovoltaic performances of the dimer acceptors. DYF‐E with an ethynyl linker exhibits more twisted backbone conformation and mitigated aggregation property compared to DYF‐V, inducing desirable blend morphologies with a polymer donor including high crystallinity, face‐on oriented packing structures, and well‐intermixed domains. Thus, the DYF‐E‐based OSCs exhibit a high PCE (17.02%), which significantly outperforms the DYF‐V‐based OSCs (PCE = 9.98%). Furthermore, the ternary OSCs based on DYF‐E achieve a higher PCE of 18.53%. Thus, this study highlights the significance of selecting an appropriate linker in core‐linked dimerized SMAs for producing high‐performance OSCs.