bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theobaldia (Culicella) litorea (Shute) n.sp. (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J.
Published: June 2009

In The Entomologist of August, 1928, P. G. Shute gave an account of mosquitoes reared from larvae collected by him in salt marshes at Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex), which, he stated, though closely resembling Theobaldia (Culicella) morsitans Theo., differed from that species in certain respects, notably by having the male adult palps distinctly shorter. The description given by Shute of this “short-palped” Culicella was as follows:

Larvae. Dark brown in colour, pecten teeth more widely spaced in typical C. morsitans and sometimes extending as far as one-third the length of the siphon. Comb scales taper sharply at the base. Anal gills shorter, hardly more than one-third the length of the anal segment.
Morphological Study of Malaria Pigment in Oocysts of Naturally Infected Anopheles
Authors: Gibbins E. G.
Published: June 2009

The different types of malaria pigment occurring in oocysts of naturally infected Anopheles caught in human dwellings at Kampala, Uganda, are described and figured (selection from 204 camera lucida drawings).

The exact significance of each particular type of pigment is uncertain and in the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to do more than to place them tentatively into four groups and to indicate to which species they probably belong.
On the Life History of Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) (Diptera-Acalyptera) Parasitic on Birds, with some general considerations on the Problem of Myiasis in Plants, Animals and Man
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

1. Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) is an Acalypterate fly, the larva of which inhabits the nests of various birds, e.g. Greenfinches, Chaffinches, Linnets, Thrushes and Blackbirds.

2. The structure of the early stages of this fly namely eggs, larva and pupa is here described for the first time.

3. Hendel's view that Neottiophilum should be separated into a new family is confirmed.

4. The larvae of Neottiophilum live as intermittent blood-sucking parasites upon the birds. Their feeding habits are similar to those of Phormia and Passeromyia.

5. The structure of the pharynx in Cyclorhaphous Dipterous larvae gives important indications as to the mode of feeding. Those larvae which are provided with longitudinal ridges are saprophagous or living upon decomposed vegetable or animal substances, while those which are devoid of ridges are biontophagous or feeding upon living substances (parasites in plants and in animals, predaceous or living in the uterus of the mother).

6. This generalisation, when applied to the study of myiasis in plants, animals and man, enables us to separate them into two categories: (1) primary or parasitic myiasis and (2) secondary or pseudoparasitic myiasis, these being either accidental (intestinal) or following upon bacterial infection.
Two New Species of Trematodes from an Indian Ruff (Philomachus pugnax Gray)
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

The two specimens of trematodes herein described were obtained from the intestine of an Indian Ruff, Philomachus pugnax. Of six birds examined, three harboured a few of both species. The genera to which these worms belong have not been hitherto recorded from India.
The Primary Larvae of Three Ophionine Ichneumonids, Parasitic On Rhyacionia buoliana
Authors: Thorpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper concerning the numerous species of insect parasites associated with the Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff., the mature larvae of the more important Hymenoptera were described in detail, special attention being paid to the mouth parts and tentorial structures which were found, in many cases, to provide valuable characters for distinguishing the species.
A Note on Rot-Holes in Horse-Chestnut Trees
Authors: Macan T. T. , Tutin T. G.
Published: June 2009

In 1927 Keilin described the fauna of a rot-hole and a slime-flux in a horse-chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum) standing on the Downing site, Cambridge. For several consecutive years prior to 1927 he took there the larvae of the mosquito Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis Rondani (described as 0. albionensis by MacGregor), this being only the second record for Britain. In 1926 the chestnut tree was cut down and the part of the trunk containing the rot-hole was placed standing on the ground close to the Molteno Institute on its south side. As the rot-hole, after a time, ceased to be water-tight, its bottom was cemented and the “reservoir” kept filled with water. (For further details see Keilin in this issue, p. 280.) Three to four weeks later larvae of Orthopodomyia were found in the reservoir. It was not clear how this recolonisation had taken place as no other breeding place was known in the vicinity.
The Occurrence of Peculiar Bodies in Blood Cells of Animals after Treatment with some Chemical Compounds
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

Oral and subcutaneous administration of the compounds aminopropyl-aminostyrylmethoxyquinoline trihydrochloride and o-β-diethylaminoethyl harmol hydrochloride causes the appearance of peculiar bodies in the blood cells of canaries and mice.

The bodies are irregular in shape and size, stain intensely blue with Leish-man's and Giemsa's stains, and are most numerous in erythrocytes, but occur also in eosinophiles, leucocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells.

The bodies show no cytological structure, are not seen to undergo multiplication, and are not transmissible by blood inoculation.

They are apparently non-living inclusions in the blood cells caused by the action of these two chemical compounds.
A Study of Some Cercariae obtained from Molluscs in the Sudan
Authors: Archibald R. G. , Marshall A.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper1 we gave an account of three non-furcocercous cercariae found in Bulinus contortus in the Sudan. During further investigations on the intermediate hosts of Bilharzia, other cercariae have been found in molluscs collected in different districts of the Sudan. As their post-larval development has not been studied, the classification of these cercariae has not been attempted; the procedure of giving them numbers rather than names, indicating specific peculiarities, has been continued.
A revision of the nematode genus Meteterakis Karve, 1930
Authors: Inglis William G.
Published: June 2009

1. The genus Meteterakis is reconstituted with eight species: M. govindi, M. louisi, M. baylisi, M. longispiculata, M. cophotis, M. japonica, M. mabuyi and M. triaculeata.

2. M. cophotis, M. japonica and M. longispiculata were previously placed in the genus Spinicauda.

3. M. mabuyi was previously in the genus Africana.

4. M. triaculeata was previously in the genus Ganguleterakis.

5. M. baylisi and M. louisi are new species.

6. Spinicauda bufonis and, probably, Africana varani are considered synonyms of M. govindi.

7. Africana howardi is considered a synonym of M. japonica.

8. A list of the remaining species in the genera Africana and Spinicauda is given.
Life history and pathogenicity of Eimeria adenoeides Moore & Brown, 1951, in the turkey poult
Authors: Clarkson M. J.
Published: June 2009

The life cycle and pathogenicity of a strain of Eimeria isolated in Great Britain from turkey poults by single cell inoculation are described and, using the criteria laid down by Tyzzer, the species is identified as E. adenoeides.

The life cycle is of the same general pattern as in other Eimeria species, consisting of two asexual and one sexual generations.

The organism is highly pathogenic for young poults, a dose of 200,000 oocysts producing 100 % mortality in 3-week-old birds and smaller doses causing reduced weight gain. Birds 11 weeks old resisted a dose of 3 million oocysts.

The gross and microscopic pathology of the infection is described. No changes were found in the blood picture.
Notes on three species of Pterygosoma (Acarina: Pterygosomidae) from Gerrhosaurid lizards
Authors: Jack K. M.
Published: June 2009

1. A short note is given on Pterygosoma hystrix Lawrence, 1935, amplifying the original description and extending the known range of variation.

2. The hitherto undescribed male, larva, protonymph and deutonymph of Pterygosoma gerrhosauri Law, 1935, are described and figured.

3. The protonymph and deutonymph of Pterygosoma bicolor Law, 1935, are described and figured, together with a record of variation in the female.
A note on a species of Syngamus found in the intestine of Turdus pilaris
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

A male and a female of a species of Syngamus were found in copula in the small intestine, about 1 in. from the gizzard, of a fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) which had been shot accidentally. The nematodes were well preserved and were undamaged. Eighty-four small tapeworms, of two different genera, were also present in the intestine. Neither the tapeworms nor the nematodes were attached to the intestinal wall.
A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds, including a consideration of other cognate material. I
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The male of Ixodes rothschildi is described for the first time from the burrows of Fratercula arctica grabae at Skokholm, Wales.

2. The species described as I. rothschildi by Zumpt is now considered as a new species, I. diomedeae.
The effect of immune sera on the respiration of Trypanosoma brucei in vitro
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

1. Blood-stream forms of Trypanosoma brucei ‘O’ strain from infected rats were separated from the blood by differential centrifugation. After washing, the trypanosomes were suspended in modified Ringer-phosphate solution with 0·2m glucose, and normal or immune rabbit serum was added. The oxygen uptake of such trypanosome suspensions was measured at 37° C. for 2 hr. with differential manometers using microflasks of 5 ml. capacity.

2. Immune sera that affected the motility of the trypanosomes also caused a decrease in oxygen uptake.

3. Some trypanosomes appeared to be unaffected by the less active concentrations of immune sera, while other trypanosomes in the same suspension were clumped together or lysed.

4. The most active serum inhibited oxygen uptake less at the highest concentration tested (1/4·5) than at lower concentrations (1/9 and 1/20).

5. This technique was less sensitive than Soltys's method (1957) for demonstrating neutralizing antibodies in the same sera.
Three new ophidian lung mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae Ewing, 1922
Authors: Keegan Hugh L.
Published: June 2009

1. Three new species of dermanyssid mites of the subfamily Entonyssinae are described. These are: Entonyssus heterodontos n.sp. from Heterodon contortrix contortrix, Ophiopneumicola elaphes n.sp. from Elaphe obsolete, obsoleta, Ophiopneumicola natricis n.sp. from Natrix sipedon pictiventris.

2. Keys for the identification of male and female mites of the Entonyssinae are given.

3. 141 snakes, representing thirty-five species, were examined for lung mites. Thirteen individuals, representing eight species, were found to be infested.

4. Two species incertae sedis, one from Pituophis sayi, the other from Coluber constrictor flaviventris, are discussed.

5. Problems of classification and distribution of this group of parasites are discussed.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis I. Neutralization reaction
Authors: Soltys M. A.
Published: June 2009

A study of neutralization reaction of trypanosomes with immune sera made against them is recorded, together with a description of the technique.

Neutralizing antibody appears in rabbits infected withT. brucei5 days after infection and reaches its peak (1/320) within 28 days.

The same titre of neutralizing antibody can be produced in rabbits by a series of injections of dead formalized trypanosomes.

Antibody titres persist at high levels for a longer period in animals infected and subsequently treated than in animals immunized with dead trypanosomes.

Neutralizing antibody can be demonstrated in infected guinea-pigs but on a much lower level than in rabbits. Mice and rats infected withT. bruceiand not treated failed to show demonstrable neutralizing antibody.

Mice infected withT. bruceican be protected from infection by inoculation at the same time, or even 1 hr. later, with 0·5 ml. of antiserum showing a high level of neutralizing antibody.

Mice inoculated with the same antiserum showed passive immunity lasting for 10 days.

The evidence thatT. brucei‘O‘ after passages through rabbits failed to be neutralized by homologous or heterologous sera which, on the other hand, were able to neutralize the parent strain, suggests that strains after passage through rabbits were not genetic variants, but developed a protective mechanism against immune bodies.
Trichomonas Muris, Parasitic in the Oxyurid Nematodes, Aspicularis tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata, from White Mice
Authors: Theiler Hans , Farber Seymour M.
Published: June 2009

Trichomonas muris infections were encountered in the oxyurid nematodes Aspicularis tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata parasitic in laboratory white mice. More rarely infections with other protozoa were encountered in the helminths. The distribution of both protozoan and helminth infections was studied, and the incidence of infected helminths determined. Dividing forms of Trichomonas muris occurred in the intestine of the worm as well as free in the lumen of the intestine of the mouse. An interpretation of certain findings in dividing forms is offered.
Studies on tapeworm physiology
Authors: Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2009

The plerocercoid larvae of the pseudophyllidean cestode Ligula intestinalie have been removed from the body-cavity of the roach, Rutilua rutilus, and cultured in vitro under aseptic conditions, using a technique similar to that successfully applied to Schistocephalus solidus.

In the larval condition, the genitalia are in a primitive, immature condition, with the testes, ovaries and yolk-glands only partially developed.

Larvae were cultured in peptone-broth in plugged tubes at a temperature of 40° C, i.e. the body temperature of birds in which the plerocercoids normally develop into adult worms.

Three of the nine larvae used became sexually mature after 7 days' cultivation, and oviposition took place. Copulation between successive genitalia of the same worm or with genitalia of another worm in the same culture tube was not observed.

Histological examination revealed that spermatogenesis, oogenesis, vitellogenesis and shell formation had apparently taken place in a normal manner. The testes contained giant polyploid cells as well as mature spermatozoa. The receptaculum seminis contained no spermatozoa, from which it was concluded that fertilization had not taken place. This was confirmed by the fact that attempts to hatch out the eggs were unsuccessful. The unfertilized eggs, however, underwent parthenogenic development within the uterus as far as the two-cell stage. Of the remaining six larvae, four developed sufficiently to undergo eversion of the cirrus, but died without oviposition taking place.
A New Protozoan Parasite, Nyctotherus cheni n.sp. (Ciliata), from Chinese Frogs
Authors: Wichterman Ralph
Published: June 2009

In 1904, Bezzenberger investigated ciliates from the rectum of several amphibian hosts of Asia and described two new species of Nyctotherus, N. macropharyngeus and N. magnus. Recently Dashi Nie (1932) described two more new species, N. nankingensis and N. pyriformis, with several opalinids from Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst of Nanking. It is the purpose of this paper to describe a new species of Nyctotherus from the Chinese frog, Rana spinosa.
Gloiopotes watsoni n.sp. and Lernaeenicus seeri n.sp., Parasitic Copepods of Fish from Ceylon
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

Host and record. Several males and females were collected from the skin of a sailfish, Histiophorus gladius Day, caught off the south coast of Ceylon in December, 1931. Since then this form was found to occur commonly as an external parasite on the skin of many of the sailfish and swordfish found in Ceylon waters.
A Case of Myiasis, due to Calliphora erythrocephala, occurring in Man
Authors: Harvey W. Henwood
Published: June 2009

The case described in this note is believed to be unique, for no similar record has been found after search of the relevant literature. The subject of myiasis has been carefully reviewed and abstracted by Huber (1899), Umaña (1915) and Bedford (1927), and no cogent references of more recent date have been discovered.
Ecological Studies on Some Ticks
Authors: Bodenheimer F. S.
Published: June 2009

Many basic data relating to the ecology of ticks are known, thanks mainly to the studies of Hunter, Bishopp and others on North American ticks.
Observations on the duration of the acquired immunity of chickens to Eimeria maxima Tyzzer, 1929
Authors: Long P. L.
Published: June 2009

Young chickens given an infection of 5000 oocysts of E. maxima were highly resistant when they were given a 2nd dose 3 weeks later. Immunity in these fowls was not apparent when they were again infected 10 weeks after the 2nd infection. The same fowls given a final dose 26 weeks after the 3rd infection became heavily infected. These observations suggest that immunity developed to this infection is short-lived, and this finding is discussed in relation to the duration of acquired immunity to E. tenella infection in the fowl and E. stiedae infection in the rabbit.
Michał Siedlecki (1873–1940)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

On 6 November 1939, shortly after the invasion of Poland, the professors at the Jagellonian University of Cracow were summoned to attend a lecture on “Nazi Science”, to be delivered by a high German official. Those who obeyed the order were arrested. The charge brought against them was, in brief, that they had been attempting to fulfil their duties at the University, and were thereby guilty of striving to keep alight the flame of Polish national culture. For these offences the unfortunate professors—some of them old and feeble— were imprisoned and robbed of their property. After being jailed in Cracow they were taken to a convict prison at Breslau and thence to a concentration camp at Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg (near Berlin)—where, of course, many of them died.
The cattle lice of Great Britain Part II. Lice populations
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The seasonal variations and regional distribution of the cattle lice have been studied by monthly examinations of cattle at the Cooper Field Research Station.

2. Additional evidence has been obtained by the distribution of a questionnaire to farmers, the general results of which are included in this paper.

3. The seasonal variations of the populations of the four species of cattle lice in Great Britain are similar. The maximum population density is reached in February and March. In April and May there is a rapid decline until the populations reach their lowest level in June, July and August. In September, the lice start increasing in numbers till they reach their maximum density in February and March.

4. The regional distribution of the population varies in accordance with the seasonal variations of the whole population.

5. The various climatic factors that may affect the lice populations are discussed. It is considered that the light intensity is a factor of major importance in this country.

6. The various factors inherent in the host animal are discussed, and it is suggested that the seasonal fluctuations of the density of the animal's coat are important.

7. The finding of a previous paper (Craufurd-Benson, 1941) that the microclimatic temperature is important as affecting the hatching of eggs is discussed in relation to the variations of lice populations as a whole.
On four eight-combed Chinese bat-fleas of the genus Ischnopsyllus in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History)
Authors: Jordan Karl
Published: June 2009

An Ischnopsyllus Westw., 1833, lately sent by Miss Kuei-Chen Li, National Kweiyang Medical College, China, differs considerably from all the known Ischnopsyllus and suggests that the species are as numerous in China as in Europe. Inclusive of Miss Li's specimens four eight-combed species from China are represented in the British Museum, all that have so far been described from that country. We are much indebted to Miss Li for the new species and to Mr Yin-ch'i Hsü for paratypes of two bat-fleas described by him
The occurrence of Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann in cattle in England, with an account of its life history and development in Simulium ornatum Mg
Authors: Steward J. S.
Published: June 2009

1. Onchocerca is recorded for the first time from English-bred cattle.

2. A specific diagnosis of O. gutturosa is made, O. bovis being regarded as a synonym. It is suggested that Stiles's description of Filaria lienalis may have referred to this species.

3. The microfilariae occur in the skin of infected cows, and blood-sucking flies of the genus Simulium were found to be the vectors.

4. Complete development was observed in S. ornatum and partial development in S. erythrocephalum. S. ornatum appears to be a very efficient intermediate host, as over 40 per cent became infected.

5. Culicoides nubeculosus, the vector of Onchocerca cervicalis of horses, does not appear to carry the bovine Onchocerca.
The trematode parasites from a red-bellied watersnake,Farancia abacura
Authors: Byrd Elon E.
Published: June 2009

A number of trematode parasites were taken from the digestive tract of a red-bellied watersnake,Farancia abacura(Holbrook), on 27 March 1933. This snake had been captured on the previous day from a canal at Harvey, Louisiana. The parasites were studied while still alive and were tentatively identified before being fixed with formalin while under the pressure of a cover-slip. Representatives of three genera were encountered. Two of the species, representing two separate genera, are considered by us to be new to science and are herein described under the proposed names ofCercorchis auridistomin.sp. andStomatrema guberletin.sp. The third species was recognized asVitellotrema fusiporaGuberlet, 1928.
On the genus Artyfechinostomum (Lane, 1915) (Echinostomatidae: Trematoda)
Authors: Jain G. P.
Published: June 2009

Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 (type A. sufrartyfex Lane, 1915) is a synonym of Paryphostomum Dietz, 1909 (type P. radiatum Dujardin, 1845). While the general morphology of the two forms is similar and places them both in the family Echinostomatidae, other characters clearly place them in different genera of this family. In Artyfechinostomum the cirrus-sac extends far posterior to the acetabulum, and the right and left fields of vitellaria in the post-testicular region are confluent. In Paryphostomum the cirrus-sac is small and anterior to the middle of the acetabulum and the vitellaria in the post-testicular region are not confluent. These differences entitle Artyfechinostomum to be placed in a separate genus. The species Paryphostomum indicum Bhalerao, 1931 and P. mehrai Jain, 1957 are transferred to the genus Artyfechinostomum.
Geckobia japonicum, a re-publication of Pterygosoma japonicum Kishida, 1927. (Acarina, Pterygosomidae)
Authors: Jack K.M.
Published: June 2009

In a literature search for species of Pterygosoma it has been my good fortune to find a figure and Japanese description of Pterygosoma japonicum Kishida, 1927, in Figuraro de Japanaj, Bestej Tokyo, 1927, Hokurykan and Co. Ltd. This species
has not been listed by the Zoological Record, and indeed it seems to have been completely overlooked in the West. Hence this re-publication.
Shunsennia gracilis, a new species of Trombiculid Mite from Korea (Acarina, Trombiculidae)
Authors: Ah Hyong-Sun
Published: June 2009

Shunsennia gracilis is described as a new species from a wood mouse, Apodemus speciosus peninsulae Thomas and a field mouse, A. agrarius coreae Thomas, of Mt Samak in the vicinity of Chunchon, Korea. A key to the Shunsennia is presented.
A dipterous parasite of mycetophilids
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

References to dipterous parasites of Diptera are rare in the literature. Bombyliids of the genera Villa and Thyridanthrax have been reared from the puparia of Glossina; Hemipenthes morio L., from the tachinid Parasetigena segregata Rond., and the sarcophagid Sarcophaga affinis Fall.; Argyramoeba varia F. from the tachinid Sturmia inconspicua Mg. The phorid Hypocera incrassata Mg. was found by H. M. Morris in dead and unhealthy larvae of Bibio marci L. Only one larva of Hypocera was obtained from each specimen of Bibio, and the account given by Morris suggests that this species is a true parasite. The evidence is, however, not absolutely conclusive and further study of this interesting species is desirable. The same thing must be said of E. E. Edwards' record of Aphiochaeta brevicostalis Wood, as a parasite of Tipula sp.
Researches on the intestinal protozoa of monkeys and man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

1. The life-history of Entamoeba coli (from a marmoset, several macaques, and Man), as observable in cultures, is here described and illustrated. It is found to be similar, in general outline, to that of E. histolytica, but to differ considerably in its excystation and metacystic stages.

2. At excystation, the entire contents of the cyst usually escapes, as a single multinucleate amoeba, through a large opening in the cyst wall, which is composed of two layers.

3. Normal ripe cysts frequently lose 1 to 4 of their 8 original nuclei before hatching, thus becoming “infranucleate” (i.e. containing only 4 to 7 nuclei instead of the “typical” 8).

4. During the metacystic stages no nuclear divisions occur. The hatched amoeba eventually produces, by a series of binary cytoplasmic fissions with random nuclear distribution, as many uninucleate amoebulae as it originally contained nuclei.

5. An originally 8-nucleate cyst may therefore produce 8 amoebulae finally –never more: but owing to the frequent development of infranucleate forms, it often produces only 7, 6, 5, or 4.

6. Development is complicated by occasional division into two within the cyst before hatching, or at the moment of hatching—such divisions being seen in both “typical” and “infranucleate” cysts; and also by the occurrence of supernucleate cysts (containing more than 8 nuclei), which are often viable but usually develop in an infranucleate condition. Consequently, amoebae containing any number of nuclei from 1 to 8—or even more—may hatch from the cysts of this species (unlike those of any other hitherto described).

7. The uninucleate amoebulae resulting from the metacystic divisions are young trophic amoebae—not gametes—and no sexual stages occur in the life-cycle. Division of the trophic amoebae is briefly described and figured.

8. The life-cycle of E. coli is finally compared with that of E. histolytica and related species: the relevant observations of other workers are briefly analysed: and the taxonomic implications are noted.

A memorandum is added on the genus Entamoeba, in an attempt to clarify the nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion created by Opinion 99 promulgated by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. This leads to the conclusion that the Opinion itself is a dead letter, though the genus Entamoeba still lives and should therefore be retained, for the time being, with E. coli Casagrandi & Barbagallo, 1895, as its type.
Notes on the cestode parasites of English sparrows in Indiana
Authors: Kintner Kenneth E.
Published: June 2009

One hundred and ninety-seven English sparrows collected in the vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana, have been examined for cestode parasites. The species recovered and incidences of infection are as follows: Hymenolepis passeris (Gmelin), 2·5%; Choanotaenia passerina (Fuhrmann) provis, 3·5%; Anonchotaenia globata (von Linstow), 2·5%. Of these, Hymenolepis passeris is reported for the first time from North America. The name Haploparaxis linstowi is proposed for Aploparaksis fringillarum von Linstow nec Rudolphi. Additions are made to the present descriptions of the species observed.
Report on helminths collected from an Indian chukar, with descriptions of two new species of Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920
Authors: Davies Thomas Idwal , Evans Reginald
Published: June 2009

The helminths dealt with in the present paper were recovered from an Indian chukar, Alectoris graeca chukar, brought in for examination by Major H. O. Pugh, D.S.O., Glandyfi, Cardiganshire, on 21 April 1938. The bird was one of several which were brought over from India in December 1937, and which were kept in captivity up to the date of examination of the bird under consideration. The death of this bird was found to be due to entero-hepatitis caused by Histomonas meleagris (Smith, 1895).
Recent progress in the cure of bilharzia disease in South Africa
Authors: Cawston F. Gordon
Published: June 2009

A consideration of the therapeutic doses generally used by South African doctors who avoid toxic effects during the treatment of schistosomiasis indicates that a permanent cure of the disease may be effected with either the potassium salt or the sodium salt of antimony tartrate within a month. A dose of 2 grains need never be exceeded with antimonium potassium tartrate in fresh solution as a maximum repeated dose. A total of 20 grains of this salt is a sufficient total dose; but the solutions of the drug should not be kept. The sodium salt of antimony tartrate was found less stable than the potassium of this compound.
Neodiplostomum intermedium n.sp. from the allied rat, Rattus assimilis, with remarks on the genera Neodiplostomum and Fibricola (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae)
Authors: Pearson J. C.
Published: June 2009

Neodiplostomum intermedium n.sp. from the small intestine of the allied rat, Rattus assimilis, is described. It can be separated from other species of Neodiplostomum by the following combination of characters: genital cone absent; vitellaria form two ventro-lateral bands in hindbody without terminal masses; anterior testis nearly symmetric, as wide as posterior testis. It is proposed that Fibricola be made a subgenus of Neodiplostomum containing the species in Fibricola and the species, N. intermedium described herein, because N. intermedium is intermediate between Neodiplostomum(Neodiplostomum) and Fibricola. Further evidence is given in favour of the invalidation of the subfamily Alariinae.
A revision of the genusCyclopodia(Nycteribiidae, Diptera)
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: June 2009

In 1835 Westwood describedNycteribia sykesiiandN. hopei, and mentioned the possibility of both being male and female of the same species. He also describedN. dubia. In 1860 Bigot describedN. oxycephala. In 1863 Kolenati created the genusCyclopodiaforN. sykesiiandN. hopei, but did not includeN. dubiain the new genus. Kolenati did not see any specimens, but based his diagnosis solely on Westwood's figures and very short descriptions. In 1878 Rondani describedC. albertisiandN. ferrarii. In 1884 Karsch describedC. greeffiand in 1889 de Meijere describedC. horsfieldi. All these descriptions, except that ofC. horsfieldi, are incomplete, and the first paper dealing in detail with ten species, of which four were new, is Speiser's monograph of 1901. Since then only three species have been described (C. inclitaFalcoz, 1927;C. pembertoniScott, 1932; andC. tenuisSchuurmans Stekhoven & Hardenberg, 1938). Speiser re-defined the genus. He mentioned the pigmented eyes with two ocelli, the broad antennae, the long anterior coxae and the three rings on the tibiae.
The attachment of eggs of a mite Epidermoptes bilobatus to the skin of its host
Authors: Murray M. D.
Published: June 2009

Certain species of mites and insects live permanently in the hair coat of mammals and feather coats of birds. The majority lay eggs which are attached either to hairs or feathers, as with lice, or rest on the surface of the skin, as with certain mange mites. However, there appears to be no record in the literature of the eggs of any permanent ectoparasite of birds or mammals which are attached to the skin of its host by means of a distinct stalk. In Fig. 1 may be seen a photograph of the egg of the mite Epidermoptes bilobatus Rivolta, 1876 attached to the skin of a turkey poult. Each egg was attached to the skin by a distinct strap-like stalk which held the egg quite clear of the skin. The manner of attachment of this stalk to the posterior pole of the egg was constant (Fig. 2), in contrast to the attachment to the skin (Fig. 3).
A comparative study of the life histories of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis, nematode parasites of sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of N. battus is described, and a comparative description of the life history of N. filicollis is given.

2. The life histories of these two species are compared with those of N. spathiger and N. helvetianus, two closely related species, and are shown to follow the same basic pattern, with minor variations in timing which appear to be specific in nature, and not related to differences in culture methods or host species.

3. The pathogenesis of Nematodirus species is discussed and related to the migration of larvae into the intestinal mucosa during development.
Descriptions of two amabilid cestodes from the little grebe,Podiceps ruficollis, with remarks on the family Amabiliidae Braun, 1900
Authors: Johri G. N.
Published: June 2009

Of the two specimens of the little grebe,Podiceps ruficollisVroeg shot in the environs of district Pilibhit, U.P., one harboured two mature specimens of the genusSchistotaeniaCohn, 1900 and a large number of specimens of the genusTatriaKowalewski, 1904. Study of these specimens has shown that the former is a new species. So far as the author is aware, this is the first record of amabilid cestodes from India.
Further notes on Actinolaimus hintoni sp.nov. and Dorylaimus keilini sp.nov. (Dorylaimidae)
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

In a paper recently published (Lee, 1961) I described as new two species of freshwater nematodes. Since that paper was published my attention has been drawn to papers by Andrassy (1959, 1960) and Meyl (1957) and to the fact that I did not give a differential diagnosis, without which the specific names are not valid. The keys given by Thorne & Swanger (1936) and by Thorne (1939) were used initially to try to identify the specimens, which were compared with various species recorded up to 1956 in the Zoological Record. They have since been re-examined in the light of Andrassy's papers, (1959, 1960) and Meyl's (1957). Re-examination of the specimens showed that the guiding ring of Dorylaimus keilini is double (Fig. 1) and not single, as was originally figured (Lee, 1961).
On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes: II. Invasion of the nervous system in ascariasis
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

1. Experimental infections in mice showed that the larvae ofToxocara canis, T. mystax, Ascaris devosi, A. columnarisandToxascaris transfugareached the brain of mice; the larvae ofAscaris lumbricoides, A. suum, Parascaris equorumandToxascaris leoninawere not recovered from the brain. The larvae ofT. canis, T. mystax, T. transfugaandA. columnarisremained hi the brain of mice for several months.

2. Larvae reaching the brain produced characteristic haemorrhages on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres in the early stages of infection. It was concluded that the larvae reach the brain via the arterial blood stream, leave the arteries at the point where their diameter approximates that of the larvae, i.e. mostly on the surface of the brain, and penetrate into the brain from the subarachnoid space and chorioidal tissues.

3. The larvae ofT. caniswere found to occur in the brain of mice in relatively greater numbers than the larvae of other species, but only very rarely caused nervous symptoms. The larvae ofT. canisandT. mystaxshowed no growth in the brain.

4. The larvae ofA. columnaris(skunk) frequently caused nervous symptoms in mice, the effect appeared to result from traumatic damage due to the relatively large size attained by these larvae about 3 weeks after infection.

5. The brain of infected mice showed very slight changes consequent upon infection with larvae ofT. canis. These larvae moved actively through the tissues; they incited little or no cellular reaction, but left haemorrhagic tracks. The larvae ofA. columnarisalso moved actively; when in the extended state they were usually found in normal tissue; when coiled, they were often associated with a necrotic focus infiltrated with leucocytes.

6. After experimental infections of dogs with larvae ofT. canis, two out of twelve infected animals harboured larvae in the brain. No natural infections with these larvae were found in the brains of dogs and cats. After experimental infection, larvae ofT. caniswere found in the brain of mice, rats and guinea-pigs, but not of rabbits.

7. Larvae ofA. suumwere recovered from the cerebrum of one pig suffering from posterior paralysis, but not in an experimentally infected pig.

8. No larvae ofP. equorumwere found in the brain of foals in natural and experimental infections.
Hypoderma diana (Diptera, Oestridae) and Lipoptena cervi (Diptera, Hippoboscidae) as parasites of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Scotland with notes on the second-stage larva of Hypoderma diana
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Utsi M. N. P.
Published: June 2009

Some of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) introduced into Scotland from Northern Sweden have become infested with the deer warble fly Hypoderma diana and the deer ked Lipoptena cervi.

Evidence is presented which suggests that the larvae of H. diana proceed to their final site on the back of the host by way of the neural canal, and in this way probably caused the deaths of two reindeer in the winter of 1953–4.

A detailed analysis is presented of the frequency with which various bands of spines occurred on second-stage larvae of H. diana. An analysis of the number of chitinous rings in the two posterior spiracles on second-stage H. diana larvae showed that in any individual larva the two numbers were not independently determined.

On reindeer L. cervi produced puparia in December.
Ixodes hoogstraali, a new species of tick from Yemen
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

In January 1954 I received from Dr Harry Hoogstraal of the United States Naval Medical Research Unit no. 3, Cairo, Egypt, a collection of ticks for investigation. In the monograph of Nuttall, Warburton, Cooper & Robinson (1911) these specimens were run down to Ixodes ugandanus Neumann, but in view of the constant differences between them I recognize the present material as a new species. I assign the name hoogstraali to them in consideration of Harry Hoogstraal's kindness and generosity in supplying me with tick material. Unfortunately the entire collection consists of females.
Intranuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of Tipula paludosa (Meig.)
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

By means of ultra-thin sections for electron microscopy it has been possible to observe intra-nuclear changes in the polyhedrosis of larvae of Tipula paludosa. The virus rods arise in the centres of the greatly enlarged nuclei of blood cells. Thin-walled vesicles, apparently filled with fluid, form round individual virus rods and collect in masses on the inner wall of the nuclear membrane. Crystallization then begins, starting at the edge against the nuclear membrane. The vesicles are gradually compressed round the rods, eventually forming a capsule. Sections through free virus particles show them to be enclosed in a membrane, a second inner membrane round the substance of the rod may also be present.

There appears to be no capsule round the free virus particles such as encloses the virus particles inside the polyhedral crystal.
The feeding behaviour on rabbits and in vitro of the Ixodid tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901
Authors: Joyner L. P. , Purnell R. E.
Published: June 2009

A series of observations on the feeding behaviour of a laboratory strain of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on rabbits and measurements of the fluid consumption during feeding in vitro have been made.

Male and female ticks less than 5 weeks after moulting were less inclined to attach than older ticks.

Female ticks fed slowly during the early stages of attachment until after approximately 6 days of attachment when engorgement proceeded very rapidly and their body weight increased by approximately thirty times. Male ticks fed steadily until they roughly doubled their weight in approximately 7 days.

By an in vitro feeding technique in which whole blood, serum or plasma was offered in capillary tubes placed over the mouthparts, it was possible to measure the volumes absorbed over a period of 24 h. More serum or plasma was consumed than either defibrinated or heparinized blood. After 4 or 5 days’ attachment on a rabbit, females generally consumed greater volumes than males.

Dr G. H. Freeman, Head of the Statistics Division of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Organization, kindly carried out the statistical analysis of the quantitative data on the in vitro feeding.

Acknowledgements are also due to the technical staff who contributed to this work, especially to Mrs D. Backhurst. Mr K. P. Bailey maintained the colony of R. appendiculatus from which the ticks used in this study were derived.

This work was carried out during the assignment of one of us (L.P.J.) by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to the East African Veterinary Research Organization.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica. XVI. Cordonema venusta gen. et. sp.nov., and Skrjabinoclava spp. (Acuariidae: Echinuriinae), from birds
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: June 2009

Cordonema gen.nov. is proposed for C. venusta sp.nov. (type species), C. longifuniculata (Sobolev, 1952) comb.nov. and C. solonitzini (Sobolev, 1943) comb.nov. The genus differs from Skrjabinoclava Sobolev, 1943, in lacking laterally directed loops of the cordons. Cordonema venusta sp.nov. from Cinclus pallasi from Taiwan, differs from Cordonema longifuniculata in its spicule ratio of 4:1 compared to 2:1. It differs from C. solonitzini in having longer cordons in proportion to body size and in spicule ratio, which is 2:1 in C. solonitzini.

Skrjabinoclava cincli (Yamaguti, 1935) Sobolev, 1943, is redescribed from males and females from the type host, Cinclus pallasi, from Taiwan. Skrjabinoclava decorata (Solonitzin, 1928) Sobolev, 1943, is redescribed from Lonchura fuscans from Borneo.

Skrjabinoclava rallae sp.nov. from Rallus striatus from Palawan differs from S. horrida in its spicule ratio of 4.7:1 compared with 3.6–4:1, and in the structure of the right spicule. It differs from S. cincli in having shorter cordons and spicules. Skrjabinoclava amaurornae sp.nov. from Amaurornis phoenicurus from Palawan differs from S. alii Ali, 1968, in having longer cordons, shorter pharynx, and in the absence of a sclerotized bar connecting the first spines of the lateral rows. It differs from S. cincli in having larger body spines and a right spicule of different shape.

Keys to the genera in Echinuriinae and the species in Cordonema and Skrjabinovlava are included.

We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts. Dr John M. Kinsella kindly read the manuscript and improved it with his advice.
Some observations on the worm burdens of calves infected daily with Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Michel J. F.
Published: June 2009

Two experiments are described in each of which three groups of calves received infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi daily, each group at a different rate. Changes in worm burdens were followed by the periodic slaughter of calves.

Numbers of adult worms quickly rose to and remained at levels which bore a positive relation to the infection rate. There was evidence that a turnover of worms was occurring and it appeared that burdens of adult worms were regulated by a loss of worms which depended on the number present. As the host's experience of infection increased, the adult worms present were smaller and an increasing proportion of females lacked a fully developed vulval flap. Evidence is presented which suggests that these were effects of resistance and that they depended on separate mechanisms.

Faecal egg counts of groups carrying different numbers of worms rose to the same peak and then declined according to the same logarithmic curve. This finding, together with data concerning the number of eggs in the uteri of the worms, suggested that the egg output of the entire population was restricted by the host to a limit which depended on previous egg-laying.

Infection did not have an adverse effect on the growth of the calves unless the infection rate exceeded a critical value. The resistance of calves to infection was impaired by clinical ostertagiasis.
Immunization against schistosome infection in rhesus monkeys with living worms by intraperitoneal injection
Authors: Hsü S. Y. , Hsü H. F.
Published: June 2009

Immunization was performed against Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum infection in rhesus monkeys either with living schistosomula and young adult worms or with only schistosomula by intra-peritoneal injection. Each monkey was immunized four or more times and subsequently challenged. A significant degree of resistance against the challenge was produced. The injected worms lived in the peritoneal cavity for a short period, then died and disintegrated therein, thus obviating their inhabiting the circulatory system. The functional antigens were evidently derived from the metabolic products of the immunizing living schistosomes in the peritoneal cavity.

The results of the present experiment indicate that the main immune mechanism induced by the intraperitoneal injection of living schistosomula and young adult worms is that which inhibits the development of the late stage of schistosomula and the early stage of adults which have originated from the challenge infection. This immune mechanism may be induced by the functional antigens either from both the schistosomula and adult worms or from the schistosomula alone.
The egg sorting function of the uterine bell ofPolymorphus minutus(Acanthocephala)
Authors: Whitfield P. J.
Published: June 2009

An adult femalePolymorphus minutusreleases only mature eggs into the intestine of its final host. These eggs come from the pool of eggs in the body cavity of the worm which contains only about 30% of mature eggs, the rest being immature. An analysis of the age structures of the egg populations in the body cavity and the uterus shows that an assortment of mature and immature eggs has taken place as the eggs pass from the body cavity to the uterus. The uterus contains only mature eggs and these are the eggs which are about to be released. The only pathway whereby eggs can enter the uterus from the body cavity is through the uterine bell. This suggests that it is the uterine bell which is able to select mature eggs from the mixture of eggs in the body cavity.

A uterine bellin vitroengages in precisely patterned muscular activity which propels eggs through its branching lumen. In one part of the bell (the grooves between the median wall cells and the lappets of the uterine duct cells), the patterned muscular activity passes mature eggs into the uterus and immature eggs back into the body cavity to complete their development. The greater length of mature eggs seems to be the character which enables them to be ‘recognized‘ by the uterine bell.
Gregarines found in cockroaches of the genus Blaberus
Authors: Peregrine Pauline C.
Published: June 2009

1. A description of four new species of gregarine found in Blaberus discoidalis and Blaberus boliviensis is given. The species have been called Protomagalhaensia granulosae, Gregarina cubensis (from B. discoidalis), Protomagalhaensia blaberae and Gregarina princisi (from B. boliviensis).

2. A discussion of the taxonomic status of the species in relation to one another and to Gregarina blattarum and Protomagalhaensia serpentula is given, and further work to elucidate this problem is suggested.