bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An alien Sennertia mite (Acari: Chaetodactylidae) associated with an introduced Oriental bamboo‐nesting large carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopa) invading the central Honshu Island, Japan
Authors: KAWAZOE Kazuhide , OKABE Kimiko , KAWAKITA Atsushi , KATO Makoto
Published: September 2010

Since 2006, an introduced Oriental bamboo‐nesting large carpenter bee, Xylocopa tranquebarorum, has been recorded from the central Honshu Island, Japan, which is inhabited only by the endemic subspecies, Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans. Carpenter bees (tribes Xylocopini and Ceratinini) have ecological associations with specific Sennertia spp. in all geographic regions of their distribution, thus it is worried that the introduced carpenter bee has brought non‐indigenous mites into Japan. In their native ranges, X. a. circumvolans and X. tranquebarorum each has specific Sennertia mite faunas: the four Japanese Alloxylocopa bees including X. a. circumvolans have associations with S. alfkeni, while X. tranquebarorum has association with S. potanini in China (except Taiwan) and with S. horrida in South to East Asia including Taiwan. In the present study, we examined phoretic mite fauna on the introduced X. tranquebarorum, and determined whether the mites are indigenous or not based on morphological character and two gene sequences (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer). It was found from the result of this study that the non‐indigenous Sennertia mite has invaded Japan with the introduced X. tranquebarorum. We discuss geographic origin of the introduced X. tranquebarorum based on associated mite fauna and potential ecological risk caused by the introduced Xylocopa‐Sennertia association.
The Aachen MiniHLM—A Miniaturized Heart‐Lung Machine for Neonates With an Integrated Rotary Blood Pump
Authors: Arens Jutta , Schnoering Heike , Pfennig Michael , Mager Ilona , Vázquez‐Jiménez Jaime F. , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich
Published: September 2010

The operation of congenital heart defects in neonates often requires the use of heart‐lung machines (HLMs) to provide perfusion and oxygenation. This is prevalently followed by serious complications inter alia caused by hemodilution and extrinsic blood contact surfaces. Thus, one goal of developing a HLM for neonates is the reduction of priming volume and contact surface. The currently available systems offer reasonable priming volumes for oxygenators, reservoirs, etc. However, the necessary tubing system contains the highest volumes within the whole system. This is due to the use of roller pumps; hence, the resulting placement of the complete HLM is between 1 and 2 m away from the operating table due to connective tubing between the components. Therefore, we pursued a novel approach for a miniaturized HLM (MiniHLM) by integrating all major system components in one single device. In particular, the MiniHLM is a HLM with the rotary blood pump centrically integrated into the oxygenator and a heat exchanger integrated into the cardiotomy reservoir which is directly connected to the pump inlet. Thus, tubing is only necessary between the patient and MiniHLM. A total priming volume of 102 mL (including arterial filter and a/v line) could be achieved. To validate the overall concept and the specific design we conducted several in vitro and in vivo test series. All tests confirm the novel concept of the MiniHLM. Its low priming volume and blood contact surface may significantly reduce known complications related to cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates (e.g., inflammatory reaction and capillary leak syndrome).
Patient Satisfaction With the External Equipment of Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Meyer Anna L. , Kugler Christiane , Malehsa Doris , Haverich Axel , Strueber Martin
Published: September 2010

Patient satisfaction with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) external equipment has not yet been reported. We aimed to evaluate the quality of two different systems based on patients' perspective and its interrelationship with quality of life. Differential assessment of the HeartMate II axial flow pump (n = 17; Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA, USA) and the HVAD centrifugal pump (n = 10; HeartWare, Inc., Miramar, FL, USA) was obtained from 27 outpatients by a questionnaire 2 months to 2.9 years after device implantation. In addition, a health‐related quality of life questionnaire (Short Form‐36 [SF‐36]) was completed. Overall patients' satisfaction was high. Severe limitations were attributed to the loudness of the power base unit in HeartMate II patients (P = 0.00), and HVAD patients were dissatisfied by the length of the driveline (P = 0.02). Between HVAD and HeartMate II patients, no significant differences in the quality of life (assessed by SF‐36) were reported. While the overall satisfaction of outpatients on LVAD support was high, differences between the systems were found. Patients' perspectives may have an important impact on future modification of external components. Ultimately, this may also contribute to an improvement in the quality of life of chronic LVAD patients.
Fully Autonomous Preload‐Sensitive Control of Implantable Rotary Blood Pumps
Authors: Arndt Andreas , Nüsser Peter , Lampe Bernhard
Published: September 2010

A pulsatility‐based control algorithm with a self‐adapting pulsatility reference value is proposed for an implantable rotary blood pump and is to be tested in computer simulations. The only input signal is the pressure difference across the pump, which is deduced from measurements of the pump's magnetic bearing. A pulsatility index (PI) is calculated as the mean absolute deviation from the mean pressure difference. As a second characteristic, the gradient of the PI with respect to the pump speed is derived. This pulsatility gradient (GPI) is used as the controlled variable to adjust the operating point of the pump when physiological variables such as the systemic arterial pressure, left ventricular contractility, or heart rate change. Depending on the selected mode of operation, the controller is either a linear controller or an extremum‐seeking controller. A supervisory mechanism monitors the state of the system and projects the system into the region of convergence when necessary. The controller of the GPI continuously adjusts the reference value for PI. An underlying robust linear controller regulates the PI to the reference value in order to take into account changes in pulmonary venous return. As a means of reacting to sudden changes in the venous return, a suction detection mechanism was included. The control system is robustly stable within a wide range of physiological variables. All the clinician needs to do is to select between the two operating modes. No other adjustments are required. The algorithm showed promising results which encourage further testing in vitro and in vivo.
Atrial Versus Ventricular Cannulation for a Rotary Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Timms Daniel , Gregory Shaun , Hsu Po‐Lin , Thomson Bruce , Pearcy Mark , McNeil Keith , Fraser John , Steinseifer Ulrich
Published: September 2010

The ventricular assist device inflow cannulation site is the primary interface between the device and the patient. Connecting these cannulae to either atria or ventricles induces major changes in flow dynamics; however, there are little data available on precise quantification of these changes. The objective of this investigation was to quantify the difference in ventricular/vascular hemodynamics during a range of left heart failure conditions with either atrial (AC) or ventricular (VC) inflow cannulation in a mock circulation loop with a rotary left VAD. Ventricular ejection fraction (EF), stroke work, and pump flow rates were found to be consistently lower with AC compared with VC over all simulated heart failure conditions. Adequate ventricular ejection remained with AC under low levels of mechanical support; however, the reduced EF in cases of severe heart failure may increase the risk of thromboembolic events. AC is therefore more suitable for class III, bridge to recovery patients, while VC is appropriate for class IV, bridge to transplant/destination patients.
Investigation of the Influence of Volute Design on Journal Bearing Bias Force Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Graefe Roland , Timms Daniel , Böhning Fiete , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich
Published: September 2010

Hydrodynamic fluid film bearings represent an optimal possibility for rotary blood pump (RBP) miniaturization and wear‐free operation. Size is a key parameter in the development of ventricular assist devices (VADs) as smaller patients and the pediatric population become eligible for the device. In order to maintain rotor suspension, radial journal bearings have been widely used in industrial applications as well as in some VADs. A main influence on the performance of such a bearing is the applied hydraulic bias force. This study combines numerical and analytical approaches to determine the bias force of different impeller‐volute configurations and the resulting eccentricity for the hydraulic design point and also for off‐design operation. Significant differences occur for different impeller‐volute configurations, with the circular volute displaying the most beneficial properties for a stable impeller suspension. Moreover, an analytical prediction of eccentricity was found to be incorrect for the relatively small forces that occur in RBPs.
Prediction of the External Work of the Native Heart From the Dynamic H‐Q Curves of the Rotary Blood Pumps During Left Heart Bypass
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshimasa , Kawaguchi Osamu , Kitao Takashi , Kimura Taro , Steinseifer Ulrich , Takatani Setsuo
Published: September 2010

The ventricular performance is dependent on the drainage effect of rotary blood pumps (RBPs) and the performance of RBPs is affected by the ventricular pulsation. In this study, the interaction between the ventricle and RBPs was examined using the pressure‐volume (P‐V) diagram of the ventricle and dynamic head pressure‐bypass flow (H‐Q) curves (H, head pressure: arterial pressure minus ventricular pressure vs. Q, bypass flow) of the RBPs. We first investigated the relationships in a mock loop with a passive fill ventricle, followed by validation in ex vivo animal experiments. An apical drainage cannula with a micro‐pressure sensor was especially fabricated to obtain ventricular pressure, while three pairs of ultrasonic crystals placed on the heart wall were used to derive ventricular volume. The mock loop‐configured ventricular apical–descending aorta bypass revealed that the external work of the ventricle expressed by the area inside the P‐V diagrams (EWHeart) correlated strongly with the area inside dynamic H‐Q curves (EWVAD), with the coefficients of correlation being R2 = 0.869 ∼ 0.961. The results in the mock loop were verified in the ex vivo studies using three Shiba goats (10–25 kg in body weight), showing the correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.802 ∼ 0.817. The linear regression analysis indicated that the increase in the bypass flow reduced pulsatility in the ventricle expressed in EWHeart as well as in EWVAD. Experimental results, both mock loop and animal studies, showed that the interaction between cardiac external work and H‐Q performance of RBPs can be expressed by the relationships “EWHeart versus EWVAD.” The pulsatile nature of the native heart can be expressed in the area underneath the H‐Q curves of RBPs EWVAD during left heart bypass indicating the status of the level of assistance by RBPs and the native heart function.
Development of a Disposable Magnetically Levitated Centrifugal Blood Pump (MedTech Dispo) Intended for Bridge‐to‐Bridge Applications—Two‐Week In Vivo Evaluation
Authors: Nagaoka Eiki , Someya Takeshi , Kitao Takashi , Kimura Taro , Ushiyama Tomohiro , Hijikata Wataru , Shinshi Tadahiko , Arai Hirokuni , Takatani Setsuo
Published: September 2010

Last year, we reported in vitro pump performance, low hemolytic characteristics, and initial in vivo evaluation of a disposable, magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump, MedTech Dispo. As the first phase of the two‐stage in vivo studies, in this study we have carried out a 2‐week in vivo evaluation in calves. Male Holstein calves with body weight of 62.4–92.2 kg were used. Under general anesthesia, a left heart bypass with a MedTech Dispo pump was instituted between the left atrium and the descending aorta via left thoracotomy. Blood‐contacting surface of the pump was coated with a 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer. Post‐operatively, with activated clotting time controlled at 180–220 s using heparin and bypass flow rate maintained at 50 mL/kg/min, plasma‐free hemoglobin (Hb), coagulation, and major organ functions were analyzed for evaluation of biocompatibility. The animals were electively sacrificed at the completion of the 2‐week study to evaluate presence of thrombus inside the pump, together with an examination of major organs. To date, we have done 13 MedTech Dispo implantations, of which three went successfully for a 2‐week duration. In these three cases, the pump produced a fairly constant flow of 50 mL/Kg/min. Neurological disorders and any symptoms of thromboembolism were not seen. Levels of plasma‐free Hb were maintained very low. Major organ functions remained within normal ranges. Autopsy results revealed no thrombus formation inside the pump. In the last six cases, calves suffered from severe pneumonia and they were excluded from the analysis. The MedTech Dispo pump demonstrated sufficient pump performance and biocompatibility to meet requirements for 1‐week circulatory support. The second phase (2‐month in vivo study) is under way to prove the safety and efficacy of MedTech Dispo for 1‐month applications.
MICROSENSOR MEASUREMENTS OF THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MICROENVIRONMENT OFFUCUS VESICULOSUS(PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Spilling Kristian , Titelman Josefin , Greve Tina Maria , Kühl Michael
Published: September 2010

We investigated the O2, pH, and irradiance microenvironment in and around the tissue of the brown algaFucus vesiculosusL. using microsensors. Microsensors are ideal tools for gaining new insights into what limits and controls macroalgal activity and growth at very fine spatial (<100 μm) and temporal (seconds) scales. This first microsensor investigation of a fucoid macroalga revealed differences in the microenvironment and metabolic activities at the level of different cell layers and thallus structures.F. vesiculosusresponded quickly to rapid shifts in irradiance resulting in a highly dynamic microenvironment around and within its thallus. In combination with detailed morphological studies and molecular approaches, microsensors offer a promising toolbox to quantitatively describe structural and functional adaptations of macroalgae to environmental conditions, such as flow and light climate, as well as their physiological responses to environmental stressors.
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CARBON ISOTOPIC DISCRIMINATION BY UNDARIA PINNATIFIDA (PHAEOPHYTA) IN A CLOSED EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM1
Authors: de Carvalho Matheus Carvalho , Hayashizaki Ken‐ichi , Ogawa Hisao
Published: September 2010

The temperature influence on carbon stable isotope discrimination (Δ) in photosynthesis by algae has not been studied taking into account the confounding effect due to photosynthetic rates. This is problematic because usually higher temperatures imply higher photosynthetic rates, and higher photosynthetic rates usually lead to a decrease in Δ. Here, we investigate the effect of temperature on Δ during photosynthesis by Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Suringar (Phaeophyta) in a closed system, varying temperatures between 5°C and 20°C and measuring photosynthetic rates simultaneously. There was a general trend of higher Δ for higher temperatures under the same photosynthetic rate, especially for higher photosynthetic rates. These results were consistent with the influence of phenomena related to carbon supply to the plant, like CO2 diffusion in water and through cell membranes. This influence, however, was less strong than that of photosynthetic rates on Δ (lower Δ for higher photosynthetic rates) and can be difficult to observe in nature.
BIODEGRADATION OF PHTHALATE ESTERS BY CYANOBACTERIA1
Authors: Babu Bakthavachalam , Wu Jiunn‐Tzong
Published: September 2010

Phthalate esters (PEs) are endocrine‐disrupting pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment and can be degraded by microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the kinetics and pathway of biodegradation of di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by cyanobacteria Anabaena flos‐aquae G. S. West (strain 4054) and two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. (strain 2396 and strain SM). Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and a deuterium‐labeled compound were used to analyze the degrading intermediates. The findings revealed that all three organisms were capable of metabolizing PE, and that among these organisms, A. flos‐aquae achieved the highest degradation. Additionally, the biodegradation of DBP, DEP, and DMP followed first‐order kinetics. Moreover, the results of the enzymatic study suggested that PE was degraded through transesterification on the side chains rather than deesterification. Finally, experiments using deuterium‐labeled DBP showed that there were two degradation pathways: C16→ C14→ C12→ C10→ C8 and C16→ C15→ C13→ C11→ C9. Based on our results, the biodegradation pathway of PE for cyanobacteria was suggested.
ALLOPOLYPLOIDY IN NATURAL AND CULTIVATED POPULATIONS OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Niwa Kyosuke , Sakamoto Takashi
Published: September 2010

To confirm whether allopolyploidy occurs in samples of previously identified Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, P. tenera Kjellm., and P. yezoensis × P. tenera from natural and cultivated populations, we examined these samples by using PCR‐RFLP and microsatellite analyses of multiple nuclear and chloroplast regions [nuclear regions: type II DNA topoisomerase gene (TOP2), actin‐related protein 4 gene (ARP4), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and three microsatellite loci; chloroplast region: RUBISCO spacer]. Except for the ITS region, these multiple nuclear markers indicated that the wild strain MT‐1 and the cultivated strain 90‐02 (previously identified as P. yezoensis × P. tenera and cultivated P. tenera, respectively) are heterozygous and possess both genotypes of P. tenera and P. yezoensis in the conchocelis phase. Furthermore, gametophytic blades of two pure lines, HG‐TY1 and HG‐TY2 (F1 strains of MT‐1 and 90‐02, respectively), were also heterozygous, and six chromosomes per single cell could be observed in each blade of the two pure lines. These results demonstrate that allopolyploidy occurs in Porphyra strains derived from both natural and cultivated populations, even though ITS genotypes of these strains showed homogenization toward one parental ITS.
ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL1
Authors: Yokoya Nair S. , Stirk Wendy A. , van Staden Johannes , Novák Ondřej , Turečková Veronika , Pěnčí k Aleš , Strnad Miroslav
Published: September 2010

Endogenous cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were identified and quantified in 11 red algae collected from the Brazilian coast. Field materials and two isolates cultured in the laboratory were extracted with various solvents and buffers containing a mixture of appropriate internal standards, purified by solid‐phase extraction followed by immunoaffinity chromatography, and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Isoprenoid cytokinins (free and conjugated forms of isopentenyladenine [iP], cis‐zeatin [cZ], and trans‐zeatin [tZ]) were detected in all species with concentrations of cZ and iP forms being higher than tZ forms. Dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and its metabolites were only detected at very low levels in nine of the studied species. Aromatic cytokinins (6‐benzylaminopurine [BA], ortho‐ and meta‐topolin [oT and mT]) were not detected in any of the samples. The cytokinin profile of Chondracanthus teedei (Mert. ex Roth) Kütz. was distinct in comparison to other species with para‐topolin (pT) derivatives detected in low concentrations. The main auxins present in all species were free indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and indole‐3‐acetamide (IAM). Indole‐3‐ethanol (IEt), indole‐3‐acetyl glutamic acid (IAGlu), and indole‐3‐acetyl leucine (IALeu) were detected in a few species at low concentrations. ABA was present in all species analyzed except for Hypnea nigrescens Grev. ex J. Agardh. No ABA conjugates were detected in any species. These results confirm that cytokinins, auxins, and ABA were common constituents in red seaweeds, with this being the first report of the occurrence of ABA in Rhodophyta. The complexity of the hormone profiles suggests that plant hormones play a role in regulating physiological processes in Rhodophyta.
AN UNRECOGNIZED ANCIENT LINEAGE OF GREEN PLANTS PERSISTS IN DEEP MARINE WATERS1
Authors: Zechman Frederick W. , Verbruggen Heroen , Leliaert Frederik , Ashworth Matt , Buchheim Mark A. , Fawley Marvin W. , Spalding Heather , Pueschel Curt M. , Buchheim Julie A. , Verghese Bindhu , Hanisak M. Dennis
Published: September 2010

We provide molecular phylogenetic evidence that the obscure genera Palmophyllum Kütz. and Verdigellas D. L. Ballant. et J. N. Norris form a distinct and early diverging lineage of green algae. These palmelloid seaweeds generally persist in deep waters, where grazing pressure and competition for space are reduced. Their distinctness warrants recognition as a new order, the Palmophyllales. Although phylogenetic analyses of both the 18S rRNA gene and two chloroplast genes (atpB and rbcL) are in agreement with a deep‐branching Palmophyllales, the genes are in conflict about its exact phylogenetic placement. Analysis of the nuclear ribosomal DNA allies the Palmophyllales with the prasinophyte genera Prasinococcus and Prasinoderma (Prasinococcales), while the plastid gene phylogeny placed Palmophyllum and Verdigellas as sister clade to all other Chlorophyta.
Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography‐Guided Repair of Residual Shunt after Percutaneous Atrial Septal Defect Closure
Authors: López Antonio L. Gámez , Palomas Juan L. Bonilla , Rubio Dolores Mesa , Ortiz Martin Ruiz
Published: September 2010

A 28‐year‐old woman was referred to closure of a residual shunt produced through a percutaneous device previously implanted in the atrial septum. The imaging protocol to guide the procedure included 2D TEE and real time 3D (RT3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging. RT3D TEE facilitated the evaluation of the defect morphology, and the relationship with the previous device, allowing a proper understanding of the mechanism responsible for the residual shunt. It was also a useful tool for guiding device deployment, providing clear intraprocedural information about catheter position and the spatial relationship with the previous device. In conclusion, RT3D TEE and 2D TEE are complementary techniques for the evaluation and guidance of transcatheter closure of complex atrial septal defects. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E64‐E67)
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Findings in Caseous Mitral Annular Calcification
Authors: Assudani Jyoti , Singh Balwinder , Samar Amena , Pannu Jasleen , Singh Amitoj , Nabavizadeh Fatemeh , Singh Preeti , Sunkavalli Kiran K. , Nanda Navin C.
Published: September 2010

We describe a 77‐year‐old female with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in whom live/real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) provided incremental value over two‐dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (2DTTE, 2DTEE) and three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) in making a more comprehensive assessment and a more confident diagnosis of caseous mitral annular calcification. 3DTEE revealed a portion of the mass to consist of small, multiple, highly echogenic discrete band‐like and punctate areas within a relatively much less echogenic stroma and surrounded by a well defined highly echogenic border. This appearance correlated with the pathological findings of calcific granules/strands located in a liquefied or semiliquefied interior providing a typical toothpaste like appearance. The highly echogenic outer border represented the residual outer portion or rim of the calcific mass which did not undergo liquefaction. These findings on 3DTEE which correlated with the toothpaste like appearance seen at surgery were not visualized on 2DTTE, 2DTEE, and 3DTTE. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1147‐1150)
Nanolaminated Alumina Coatings Deposited by Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Eils Nadine K. , Mechnich Peter , Schmücker Martin , Keune Hartmut , Wahl Georg , Klages Claus‐Peter
Published: September 2010

Alumina (Al2O3)‐coatings were fabricated by a metal–organic chemical vapor deposition at a substrate temperature of 950°C using two different precursor evaporation systems. The application of a screw feeding system for precursor delivery leads to the formation of coatings with a nanolamellar microstructure while precursor evaporation directly from a crucible produces coatings without a specific microstructure. X‐ray diffraction measurements show that both kinds of coatings consist of transitional Al2O3. Closer investigations of the lamellar structured coating by means of transmission electron microscopy reveal that the lamellae result from periodical fluctuations of nanoporosity and grain size. Annealing experiments show that the laminated microstructure is stable at high temperatures. Even though the coatings transform completely into α‐Al2O3 after heat treatment at 1200°C and nanopores coalesce to larger pores, a through‐thickness lamellar coating morphology is maintained.
First‐Principle Calculation and Far Infrared Measurement for Infrared‐Active Modes of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3
Authors: Wang Chun‐Hai , Liu Guang‐Hua , Jing Xi‐Ping , Tian Guang‐Shan , Lu Xiang , Shao Jun
Published: September 2010

A complex perovskite Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BMT) ceramic sample with an almost ideal ordering of B‐site cations was prepared by the conventional solid‐state reactions and its infrared (IR) reflective spectrum in the range 50–5000 cm−1 was measured at room temperature. IR symmetry coordinates and their polar directions of the BMT sample were analyzed based on group theory. Eigenfrequencies, intensities, and transverse optical mode and longitudinal optical mode splitting of 16 IR vibrational modes were obtained based on the first‐principle calculation and these modes were represented by the linear combinations of the symmetry coordinates. Far infrared reflection spectrum of BMT ceramic sample was fitted by the four‐parameter semiquantum model (FPSQ) and assigned based on the calculation results. Generally, the heavier atoms with lower valence have more contributions to the lower frequency modes, while lighter atoms or higher valence atoms often have more contributions to the higher frequency modes. FPSQ fitting shows that the modes Eu(5) (∼241 cm−1) and Eu(4) (∼220 cm−1) dominated by the vibration of high‐valence cation Ta5+ in [TaO6] octahedra play the most important role for dielectric constant ɛ and dielectric loss tan δ.
Magnetodielectric Effect and Tunable Dielectric Properties of LaMn1−xFexO3
Authors: Dong Sining , Hou Ying , Yao Yiping , Yin Yuewei , Ding Dong , Yu Qingxuan , Li Xiaoguang
Published: September 2010

The dielectric properties of LaMn1−xFexO3 (LMFO, 0.1≤x≤0.5) under magnetic fields and electrical biases have been studied. A considerable low‐field magnetodielectric (MD) effect is observed for x≤0.2, but it is suppressed by further Fe substitution. Besides the giant MD effect, the dielectric constants can also be tuned by dc electrical bias, and a reduction of more than 70% for x≤0.2 under a low bias of 40 V/cm is achieved. These results together with the impedance characteristics can be explained by the contributions of barrier layers at interfacial and grain boundaries as well as the magnetoelectric coupling. The giant dielectric response and tunability under both low magnetic and electric fields in the nonferroelectrics may be advantageous for applications.
Fracture Analysis of Some Ceramics Under Mixed Mode Loading
Authors: Ayatollahi Majid Reza , Aliha Mohammad Reza Mohammad
Published: September 2010

Mixed mode fracture resistance was analyzed for some previously tested ceramics using a three‐parameter fracture criterion called the generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) criterion. For using this fracture criterion, the size of a critical distance from the crack tip was required. Therefore, an analytical model was suggested for determining the size of critical distance in terms of mode I fracture toughness and the tensile strength of ceramics. For some ceramics with reported grain size, the size of critical distance was found to be approximately 100 times the average grain size. The experimental results obtained from the cracked Brazilian disk specimen and reported in the literature for sialon, mullite, SiC, glass, sintered carbide, porcelain, zirconia, and alumina could be estimated very well when the GMTS fracture criterion was used.
Submicron‐Scale Exclusion via Polymerizing an Aromatic Nylon in Molded Ceramic Monolith for Paving Interconnected Pore Channels
Authors: Chen Xinwei , Hong Liang , Tai Xiao Hua
Published: September 2010

A matrix with extensively interconnected channels is an important feature to pursue ceramic membrane technology. This work attempts an alternative pore‐forming strategy through utilizing in situ generated poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) nanorods as a pore former. Different from the conventional means, this approach relies on interstice exclusion of the PPTA rods throughout the green ceramic object. The spatial confinement restricts the polymerization extent of PPTA, resulting in a localized generation of nanocrystallite rods and an expansion of interparticle contacts simultaneously. Another feature of this PPTA is the high carbonization degree of PPTA which allows for space retention of the rods during the initial stage of calcination designed to sinter the object. The pore channels left behind in the sintered article possess the throat‐to‐void structural characteristic. Besides the marked improvement on fluid permeability and mechanical strength over the ones fabricated by using starch as pore former, such a pore structure claims an unusual capability to induce a shear thinning effect when a pressure‐driven dilute polymer solution passes through the channels.
Fabrication of Textured Nb4AlC3 Ceramic by Slip Casting in a Strong Magnetic Field and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Hu Chunfeng , Sakka Yoshio , Tanaka Hidehiko , Nishimura Toshiyuki , Grasso Salvatore
Published: September 2010

Textured Nb4AlC3 ceramic was successfully fabricated in a strong magnetic field followed by spark plasma sintering. The optimized suspension parameters for slip casting were determined to be 20 vol% Nb4AlC3 and 2 wt% polyethyleneimine dispersant of powder in deionized water. After texturing in a strong 12 T magnetic field followed by cold isostatic pressing, the relative green densities were 50.4% and 58.7%, respectively. A dense Nb4AlC3 sample was obtained by sintering at 1450°C under a pressure of 30 MPa in vacuum. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the preferred orientation of Nb4AlC3 grains parallel to the magnetic field direction was along the c‐axis. The Lotgering orientation factors on the textured top surface (TTS) and textured side surface (TSS) were determined to be f(00l)=0.59 and f(hk0)=0.64, respectively. The layered texture microstructure contributed to laminar transgranular and intergranular fractures. The indentation response on the TTS showed isotropy and that on the TSS revealed anisotropy.
Simplifying Reading: Applying the Simplicity Principle to Reading
Authors: Vousden Janet I. , Ellefson Michelle R. , Solity Jonathan , Chater Nick
Published: September 2010

Debates concerning the types of representations that aid reading acquisition have often been influenced by the relationship between measures of early phonological awareness (the ability to process speech sounds) and later reading ability. Here, a complementary approach is explored, analyzing how the functional utility of different representational units, such as whole words, bodies (letters representing the vowel and final consonants of a syllable), and graphemes (letters representing a phoneme) may change as the number of words that can be read gradually increases. Utility is measured by applying a Simplicity Principle to the problem of mapping from print to sound; that is, assuming that the “best” representational units for reading are those which allow the mapping from print to sounds to be encoded as efficiently as possible. Results indicate that when only a small number of words are read whole‐word representations are most useful, whereas when many words can be read graphemic representations have the highest utility.
Effects of Ambiguous Gestures and Language on the Time Course of Reference Resolution
Authors: Louwerse Max M. , Bangerter Adrian
Published: September 2010

Two eye‐tracking experiments investigated how and when pointing gestures and location descriptions affect target identification. The experiments investigated the effect of gestures and referring expressions on the time course of fixations to the target, using videos of human gestures and human voice, and animated gestures and synthesized speech. Ambiguous, yet informative pointing gestures elicited attention and facilitated target identification, akin to verbal location descriptions. Moreover, target identification was superior when both pointing gestures and verbal location descriptions were used. These findings suggest that gesture not only operates as a context to verbal descriptions, or that verbal descriptions operate as a context to gesture, but that they complement one another in reference resolution.
Three Attempts to Replicate the Behavioral Sunk‐Cost Effect: A Note on Cunha and Caldieraro (2009)
Authors: Otto A. Ross
Published: September 2010

Cunha and Caldieraro (2009) investigated whether sunk‐cost effects, which are well documented in hypothetical situations involving monetary investments, also occur in choice situations with purely behavioral investments. Their results suggest that decision makers indeed fall prey to behavioral sunk‐cost effects under certain circumstances. I have been unable to replicate their pattern of results in three separate investigations. In these studies, I attempted to recover the effect using two other behavioral effort manipulations in addition to the manipulation used by Cunha and Caldieraro. This failure to replicate the pattern of results calls into question the robustness of the initial findings.
The Role of Within‐Category Variability in Category‐Based Induction: A Developmental Study
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Brickman Daniel
Published: September 2010

The present studies tested the hypothesis that strong assumptions about within‐category homogeneity impede children’s recognition of the inductive value of diverse samples of evidence. In Study 1a, children (7‐year‐olds) and adults were randomly assigned to receive a prime emphasizing within‐category variability, a prime emphasizing within‐category similarities, or to not receive a prime. Only following the variability prime, children demonstrated a reliable preference for evaluating diverse over nondiverse samples to determine whether there is support for a category‐wide generalization. Adults demonstrated a robust preference for diverse samples in all conditions. These effects extended beyond the specific categories included in the prime, as well as to multiple types of test questions. Study 1b demonstrated that priming variability leads children to select diverse samples only when doing so is informative for induction. Implications for conceptual development are discussed.
The Opposite of Republican: Polarization and Political Categorization
Authors: Heit Evan , Nicholson Stephen P.
Published: September 2010

Two experiments examined the typicality structure of contrasting political categories. In Experiment 1, two separate groups of participants rated the typicality of 15 individuals, including political figures and media personalities, with respect to the categories Democrat or Republican. The relation between the two sets of ratings was negative, linear, and extremely strong, r = −.9957. Essentially, one category was treated as a mirror image of the other. Experiment 2 replicated this result, showing some boundary conditions, and extending the result to liberal and conservative categories. The same method was applied to two other pairs of contrasting categories, healthy and junk foods, and male and female jobs. For those categories, the relation between contrasting pairs was weaker and there was less of a direct trade‐off between typicality in one category versus typicality in its opposite. The results are discussed in terms of implications for political decision making and reasoning, and conceptual representation.
Geographic variation in male courtship acoustics and genetic divergence of populations of the Cotesia flavipes species complex
Authors: Joyce A.L. , Bernal J.S. , Vinson S.B. , Hunt R.E. , Schulthess F. , Medina R.F.
Published: September 2010

Courtship behaviors of insect populations can vary across the range of a species. Populations exhibiting divergent courtship behavior may indicate genetic divergence or cryptic species. Courtship acoustic signals produced by male wing fanning and genetic structure (using amplified fragment length polymorphisms) were examined for seven allopatric populations of the Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species complex, using four C. sesamiae (Cameron) and three C. flavipes Cameron populations. Members of this species complex parasitize lepidopteran pests in gramineous crops including sugarcane, maize, and rice. Significant variation was detected in courtship acoustic signals and genetic structure among populations of both species. For C. sesamiae, courtship acoustic signals varied more between populations of two biotypes that were collected near an area of sympatry. The two biotypes of C. sesamiae were also genetically divergent. For C. flavipes, significant differences in acoustic signals and genetic structure occurred among allopatric populations; these differences support the recent designation of one population as a new species. Courtship acoustics play a role in reproductive isolation in this species complex, and are likely used in conjunction with chemical signals. Ecological factors such as host range and host plant use may also influence the divergence of both courtship acoustic signals and genetic structure among populations in the C. flavipes complex.
Recent highlights on bone stem cells: a report from Bone Stem Cells 2009, and not only…
Authors: Cenni Elisabetta , Perut Francesca , Baglío Serena Rubina , Fiorentini Elisa , Baldini Nicola
Published: September 2010

Introduction

Sources of stem cells for bone regeneration

Markers for the identification of adult bone stem cells

Molecular aspects of bone stem cells

Signaling pathways of osteoblast differentiation

Control of bone remodelling by the nervous system

In vivo models

Orthopaedic applications of bone stem cell technology

Conclusions

The use of stem cells has opened new prospects for the treatment of orthopaedic conditions characterized by large bone defects. However, many issues still exist to which answers are needed before routine, large‐scale application becomes possible. Bone marrow stromal cells (MSC), which are clonogenic, multipotential precursors present in the bone marrow stroma, are generally employed for bone regeneration. Stem cells with multilineage differentiation similar to MSC have also been demonstrated in adipose tissue, peripheral blood, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid. Each source presents its own advantages and drawbacks. Unfortunately, no unique surface antigen is expressed by MSC, and this hampers simple MSC enrichment from heterogeneous populations. MSC are identified through a combination of physical, morphological and functional assays. Different in vitro and in vivo models have been described for the research on bone stem cells. These models should predict the in vivo bone healing capacity of MSC and if the induced osteogenesis is similar to the physiological one. Although stem cells offer an exciting possibility of a renewable source of cells and tissues for replacement, orthopaedic applications often represent case reports whereas controlled randomized trials are still lacking. Further biological aspects of bone stem cells should be elucidated and a general consensus on the best models, protocols and proper use of scaffolds and growth factors should be achieved.
Genes, proteins and complexes: the multifaceted nature of FHL family proteins in diverse tissues
Authors: Shathasivam Thiruchelvi , Kislinger Thomas , Gramolini Anthony O.
Published: September 2010

Overview

FHL1: structure, organization, and function

FHL1 and disease

Perspectives

Four and a half LIM domain protein 1 (FHL1) is the founding member of the FHL family of proteins characterized by the presence of four and a half highly conserved LIM domains. The LIM domain is a protein‐interaction motif and is involved in linking proteins with both the actin cytoskeleton and transcriptional machinery. To date, more than 25 different protein interactions have been identified for full length FHL1 and its spliced variants, and these interactions can be mapped to a variety of functional classes. Because FHL1 is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle, all of these proteins interactions translate into a multifunctional and integral role for FHL1 in muscle development, structural maintenance, and signalling. Importantly, 27 FHL1 genetic mutations have been identified that result in at least six different X‐linked myopathies, with patients often presenting with cardiovascular disease. FHL1 expression is also significantly up‐regulated in a variety of cardiac disorders, even at the earliest stages of disease onset. Alternatively, FHL1 expression is suppressed in a variety of cancers, and ectopic FHL1 expression offers potential for some phenotype rescue. This review focuses on recent studies of FHL1 in muscular dystrophies and cardiovascular disease, and provides a comprehensive review of FHL1s multifunctional roles in skeletal muscle.
Babies born at the threshold of viability: attitudes of paediatric consultants and trainees in South East England
Authors: Duffy D , Reynolds P
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To determine attitudes of paediatric consultants and trainees towards immediate care of babies born at 22–24 weeks gestation.

Methods:  A questionnaire was sent to one consultant and one trainee within each of 63 neonatal units in South East England.

Results:  Response rate was 90% (111/123). At 22 weeks gestation, 51% of all respondents would not attend the delivery. At 23 weeks gestation, 63% of respondents would advise against resuscitation during antenatal counselling but 45% would resuscitate despite a parental request for comfort care. Forty‐one percent of respondents would provide comfort care for a 23 week gestation baby born in poor condition. If required, 53% of respondents would use chest compressions and/or adrenaline at birth of a 24 week gestation infant (38% consultants, 54% trainees; p = 0.05). More experienced and older paediatricians were more likely to attend 22 week deliveries and be comfortable with parental requests for resuscitation. Fifty‐four percent of units had written guidelines on care of these babies. Significantly more consultants (67%) than trainees (25%) correctly classified neonatal deaths.

Conclusions:  Paediatricians with greater experience and age demonstrated more shared decision‐making with parents. Nearly half of paediatricians would defy parental wishes at 23 weeks gestation, contrary to ethical recommendations (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org).
Late‐presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia in childhood
Authors: Chao Pei‐Hsin , Chuang Jiin‐Haur , Lee Shin‐Yi , Huang Hsin‐Chun
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To characterize the clinical manifestations of late‐presenting diaphragmatic hernia and its associated anomalies, diagnostic methods and outcomes.

Methods:  The records of patients aged 1 month–18 years old diagnosed with Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia from February 1987–June 2008 were reviewed.

Results:  Fifteen children (nine boys, six girls) met inclusion criteria. Median age was 1.5 years (range, 38 days–9.9 years). Eleven (73%) had left‐sided and four (27%) had right‐sided diaphragmatic hernias. Six (40%) patients presented with respiratory symptoms, six (40%) with gastrointestinal symptoms and three (20%) with both. Five (33%) patients had failure to thrive. Six (40%) were diagnosed by chest radiography alone. The others required gastrointestinal contrast series, or chest computed tomography to confirm the diagnosis. One referred patient had been misdiagnosed as having left pneumothorax. Cases of bowel malrotation and gastric volvulus associated with the hernia were found in one patient each. One patient required mechanical ventilation because of respiratory failure before surgery. Primary repair without patch was performed in all patients. The overall survival in this series was 100%.

Conclusion:  Late‐presenting diaphragmatic hernia should be suspected in cases of unexplained acute or chronic respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms, and abnormal chest radiographic findings. The prognosis is favourable with correct diagnosis and prompt surgical repair.
Early corticosteroid treatment does not affect severity of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in extreme low birth weight preterm infants
Authors: Hulzebos Christian V , Bos Arend F , Anttila Eija , Hallman Mikko , Verkade Henkjan J
Published: September 2010

Aim: To determine the relationship between early postnatal dexamethasone (DXM) treatment and the severity of hyperbilirubinemia in extreme low birth weight (ELBW) preterm infants.

Methods: In 54 ELBW preterm infants, total serum bilirubin concentrations (TSB) and phototherapy (PT) data during the first 10 days were evaluated retrospectively. ELBW infants had participated in a randomized controlled trial of early DXM treatment which aimed to assess effects on chronic lung disease. Infants had been treated with DXM (0.25 mg/kg twice daily at postnatal day 1 and 2) or with placebo (normal saline). Analysis was performed on an intention to treat basis.

Results: Twenty‐five Infants had been randomized into the DXM group; 29 into the placebo group. Mean (±SD) TSB [120 (±19) μmol/L vs. 123 (±28) μmol/L, DXM versus placebo, respectively] and maximum TSB [178 (±23) μmol/L vs. 176 (±48), DXM versus placebo, respectively] concentrations were similar. TSB concentrations peaked 30 h earlier in the DXM group (p ≤ 0.05). The need for PT as well as the duration of PT was similar in both groups.

Conclusions: Early DXM treatment does not affect the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in ELBW preterm infants. Our results seem compatible with the concept that factors other than bilirubin conjugation capacity are important for the pathophysiology of neonatal jaundice in ELBW preterm infants.