bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lorient, port de pêche industrielle
Authors: Fournet Philipponneau
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Lorient-Kéroman est aujourd'hui l'un des grands ports de pêche de la C.E.E. grâce à l'activité de sa flotte industrielle. Celle-ci, forte de 34 unités, emploie près de 600 marins-pêcheurs et assure à 60 % l'approvisionnement du port. Elle est le résultat d'une politique d'investissement entreprise au début des années 10 par les armateurs lorientais appuyés par l'État. Dotés de moyens de capture et de conservation considérables, les chalutiers industriels opèrent principalement au nord de l'Irlande et de l'Ecosse, ainsi que dans les parages des îles Féroé, à la recherche d'espèces communes destinées aux unités de transformation bretonnes ou étrangères.

Malgré la forte productivité de leurs navires, les armateurs à la pêche industrielle éprouvent depuis 1974 de sérieuses difficultés financières en raison de la hausse des coûts d'exploitation, de l'irrégularité du marché du poisson, des mesures visant à réglementer le droit de pêche dans les zones de 200 milles et de la fragilité des industries de transformation bretonnes. Face à cette situation, certains n'hésitent pas à redéployer leurs activités, soit en approvisionnant directement les gros consommateurs européens, soit en exploitant des ressources lointaines dans le cadre de « joint ventures ». Cette politique tous azimuts présente l'avantage de préserver l'emploi de la plus grande partie des équipages et de sauvegarder un outil de production remarquable qui sera bien nécessaire à la C.E.E. lorsque les mesures de protection des espèces commenceront à porter leurs fruits. Elle signifie néanmoins pour Lorient la fin d'une époque dominée par le secteur « pêche industrielle » et caractérisée par un accroissement continu du potentiel de capture, par des débarquements massifs d'espèces communes et par de vaines tentatives de développement du potentiel de transformation.
Une grande institution au service de la Nation : La Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Vieillesse des Travailleurs Salariés (C.N.A.V.S.T.)
Authors: Maury Régis
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

La Caisse Nationale d'Assurances Vieillesse des Travailleurs Salariés (C.N.A.V.T.S.) concerne presque le tiers des Français et ses prestataires forment 41 % de tous les retraités.

Les services sont répartis entre la région parisienne, quatorze caisses régionales, et Tours ou se trouve le Centre informatique. Aujourd'hui, les charges croissent tandis que les ressources diminuent ; la situation paraît préoccupante.
La notion d'espace de production halieutique : proposition méthodologique d'étude à partir de l'exemple danois
Authors: Corlay J.-P.
Published: January 2011

L'activité halieutique est considérée comme un système, qui engendre un espace spécifique: l'espace halieutique, structure géographique ambivalente se développant à la fois sur terre et sur mer et dont l'élément liquide, situé à « l'amont », représente l'espace de production halieutique.

Dans le cas danois, cet espace d'intervention est multiforme ; il oppose de vastes secteurs ouverts comme la Mer du Nord et des secteurs plus fermés, comme le Belt ou la Baltique. Leur exploitation a évolué dans le temps en fonction des variables qui composent le système halieutique.

Le matériel statistique danois permet une étude comparée des secteurs halieutiques. Un indice est alors proposé comme fondement méthodologique d'une démarche qui aboutit à une typologie des secteurs de production ; elle oppose des « pêcheries de masse », où une part importante des captures est destinée à l'industrie de la farine et de l'huile, à des « pêcheries de qualité », plus spécialisées dans le poisson de consommation ou poisson de table.

L'étude de l'indice et de ses composantes permet alors une analyse fonctionnelle de l'espace de production, en même temps qu'un diagnostic sur l'état du système.
Géographie physique de la Bretagne, fondements structuraux
Authors: Garreau Jacques
Published: January 2011

Das Fundament der Bretagne ist nicht auf die Halbinsel begrenzt. Es erstreckt sich im Norden bis zum Graben des Ärmelkanals und un Süden und Westen bis zum Kontinentalabfall. Zwei von Osten nach Westen gerichtete Verwerfungen teilen die Bretagne in drei Gegenden auf :

Im Norden verbindet die Gegend des Armelkanals niedrige Plateaus ans kristallinen Gesteinen mit einem Kontinentalschelf aus mesozoischen und cenozoischen Sediment gesteinen.

In der Mitte, von der Iroise bis zum Anjou, ist die mittlere Armorique eine eingeschlossene Gegend, die hauptsdchlich aus Schiefer und Sandsteinen besteht.

Im Süden bildet die Arvor (Granite, Gneise ; Glimmerschiefer) mit einem ausgedehnten Kontinentalschelf aus Sediment gesteinen des Mesozoikums und Cenozoikums die Gegend der Biskaya.
L'évolution de la construction navale à l'estuaire de la Loire
Authors: Cabanne Claude
Published: January 2011

Activité traditionnelle de l'estuaire de la Luire, la construction navale est en crise. A Nantes, il ne demeure plus qu'un seul établissement dont l'existence est menacée. A Saint-Nazaire, des transformations successives ont fait des Chantiers de l'Atlantique un outil techniquement remarquable mais l'entreprise subit les effets du marasme mondial de l'industrie navale. Malgré une diversification accrue des activités et la participation à un groupe d'importance nationale — Alsthom Atlantique — , maintes difficultés subsistent.
Exploring Urban Creativity: Visitor Experiences of Spitalfields, London
Authors: Pappalepore Ilaria , Maitland Robert , Smith Andrew
Published: January 2011

This article critically examines visitor experiences of a creative urban area, to help explore the relationships between creative industries, consumption, and the development of urban tourism. After reviewing available literature on creative areas and their appeal for emerging types
of contemporary tourists, the article concentrates on one creative area in London: Spitalfields. Drawing on 50 semistructured interviews conducted with visitors between November 2007 and March 2008, the article explores the role of the creative industries in developing urban tourism, via an
analysis of visitors' perceptions, experiences, and characteristics, as well as the tangible and intangible qualities of an emerging tourism area. The findings suggest that Spitalfields is an established offthe-beaten-track destination that is starting to attract more mainstream tourists with
the consequent departure of some groups of visitors. “Atmosphere” appears to be crucial to the visitor experience and is created by a number of elements including independent shops, a high number of young artists, new fashions, and cultural diversity. All these elements contribute
to make the area seem distinctive, but at the same time “typically London.” The findings shed light on the complexity of the tourist experience, interrogating some key concepts such as atmosphere, perceived authenticity, and new forms of cultural capital in the context of a creative
urban area.
Creating High and Low Art: Experimentation and Commercialization at Fringe Festivals
Authors: Frew Elspeth A. , Ali-Knight Jane
Published: January 2011

Fringe festivals make an important contribution to the creative industries by providing artistic output and experiences. Fringe festivals are open access noncurated multi-art festivals where artist choose to present their work. The article considers the phenomenon of fringe festivals
in the context of creative industries and, in particular discusses the issue of commercialization at two such festivals, namely the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and the Adelaide Fringe Festival. Both fringe festival organizations have been criticized as staging festivals that have become overly
commercial and less experimental. The study found that this criticism has occurred because venues and promoters, particularly in relation to comedy shows, aggressively market the artists they support. However, both fringe festivals have maintained their original philosophy of open access to
allow all artists and a range of art forms to be staged. A new definition of a fringe festival is provided, and future areas of research are identified.
Social Identity and Indie Music: Me or We?
Authors: Chan Julia , Polegato Rosemary
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of social identity on the consumption of Canadian Indie music. Data collected in 2008 with a self-completion questionnaire comprised of measures of social identification, values, opinion leadership, and consumption behavior for
Indie music were used to address four research questions. Strong identifiers with Indie music (SIs), compared to weak identifiers (WIs), were found to have a stronger association of the music with four specific values, to differ in their opinion leadership behavior, and to differ in more than
half of the consumption patterns studied. Implications of the findings for musicians and promoters are suggested.
Home Dialysis in the New USA Bundled Payment Plan: Implications and Impact
Authors: Golper Thomas A. , Guest Steven , Glickman Joel D. , Turk Joe , Pulliam Joseph P.
Published: January 2011

On 1 January 2011, a new payment system for Medicare patients will be implemented in the United States. This new system bundles services previously charged separately and under a “fee for service” environment. The authors discuss the implications of this approach. Over the next several pages is a response by American physicians and dialysis innovators to a federal initiative to change the way dialysis is paid for in the United States. Peter Blake, the Editor-in-Chief of Peritoneal Dialysis International, invited Thomas Golper to articulate physicians’ concerns with this new payment scheme. After the government of the USA closed its comment period over the new payment methodology, called “bundling,” Golper sought out colleagues from diverse backgrounds and compiled this collective view of the situation.
SbCl3-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 4,4′-diaminotriarylmethanes under solvent-free conditions: Synthesis, characterization, and DFT studies
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem Rezanejade
Published: January 2011

A simple, efficient, and mild procedure for a solvent-free one-step synthesis of various 4,4′-diaminotriarylmethane derivatives in the presence of antimony trichloride as catalyst is described. Triarylmethane derivatives were prepared in good to excellent yields and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The structural and vibrational analysis were investigated by performing theoretical calculations at the HF and DFT levels of theory by standard 6-31G*, 6-31G*/B3LYP, and B3LYP/cc-pVDZ methods and good agreement was obtained between experimental and theoretical results.
A study of the socio-cultural parameters associated with meat purchasing and consumption pattern: a case of Southern Province, Sri Lanka
Authors: De Silva PHGJ , Atapattu NSBM , Sandika AL
Published: January 2011

The factors affecting purchasing and consumption of meat are diverse and complex. The objective of this study was to understand the social and cultural parameters associated with the meat purchasing and consumption pattern of southern province in Sri Lanka. Pre-tested structured questionnaire was employed to collect information from 265 consumers. All the respondents consumed at least one kind of animal product. Only 1 % of respondents did not consume any type of meat. Eighty five percent of the respondents had established their meat consumption pattern at their child age. The religious believes (74 %), economic concerns (47 %) and antipathy for killing animals (82 %) were the most popular reasons for not being meat consumers. The most preferred meat types were chicken followed by mutton, beef and pork. There was a significant correlation between the type of meat consumed and sex, religion, family size but not with type of market (rural vs. urban), education level and occupation. An inverse relationship was found between age and meat consumption. Financial capabilities, religious concerns and preference of children were the priority determinant that influenced the purchasing behaviour of meat and meat products. It was concluded that the meat and meat product market in Sri Lanka should be diversified to match with the diverse preferences for different meat types.  Key words: Meat; purchasing; consumption; socio-cultural DOI: 10.4038/jas.v5i2.2786The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010, vol. 5, no 2 pp.71-79
Preparation of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage from palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) fruit pulp
Authors: Nilugin SE , Mahendran T
Published: January 2011

A study was conducted to develop a ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage using palmyrah fruit pulp at different concentrations of 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16% with sugar, citric acid, distilled water and potassium metabisulphite, considering the recommendations of Sri Lanka standards for RTS fruit beverages. The results of physico-chemical analysis revealed that titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and total sugar increased while the pH decreased and total soluble solids remained same as 15°Brix with the increase in the pulp concentration from 8 to 16%. The findings of microbial studies showed no total plate counts in the formulated beverages. Samples subjected to sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences between treatments with respects to colour, aroma, taste, consistency and overall acceptability. From the results of quality assessments, the formulated beverage with 12% of pulp concentration was found to be superior in quality and could be stored at 30±2°C for a minimum period of six months without any significant changes in quality. Keywords: Palmyrah; Physico-chemical analysis; Ready-to-serve beverage; Sensory evaluation. DOI: 10.4038/jas.v5i2.2787The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2010, vol. 5, no 2 pp.80-88
Genetics of Birth Defects
Authors: Deka Deepika , Kabra Madhulika , Gupta Neerja
Published: January 2011

Congenital anomalies constitute a significant proportion of infant morbidity and mortality. In about 50 to 70%, the cause of the birth defect remains unknown. However, with continued advancements in technology and research, as the genes involved in various processes instrumental in programming early embryonic development are identified, the molecular basis of an increasing number of birth defect syndromes is being defined.
Fetal Skeletal System
Authors: Kapoor Nikhil , Chaddha Vandana
Published: January 2011

The prevalence of skeletal dysplasias is between 1 and 2000, and 1 and 4000 live births. While here are over 200 skeletal dysplasias approximately four disorders comprise 70% of the total: Achondroplasia, thanatophoric dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, and achondrogenesis. The appropriate identification of lethal skeletal dysplasia is important not only for current pregnancy management, but also for genetic counseling concerning future pregnancies. Detection of skeletal dysplasias is usually possible by prenatal ultrasound, an accurate specific diagnosis is possible by radiologic, pathologic and molecular genetic examination. A total body ultrasound approach should include assessment of the following: Limbs, long bones and extremities, bone mineralization, any joint contractures, joint dislocations, fetal calvarium, spine and thorax.
Prune-belly Syndrome versus Posterior Urethral Valve
Authors: Raga Francisco , Osborne Newton G , Bonilla Francisco , Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Machado Luiz Eduardo , Ruiz Fernando , Castillo Juan Carlos
Published: January 2011

Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4D), specially using tomographic ultrasound image (TUI), inverse mode, automatic volume calculation (AVC) and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL), provided us with new possibilities to study fetal low urinary obstructions before 24th week. Ultrasound scan studies have been conducted in order to provide information about prune-belly syndrome and posterior urethral valves (PUV). The purpose of this paper is to give brief anatomical, histological and ultrasound review to use 3D and 4D US in the assessment of both syndromes.

Objectives

Define possibilities to differentiate with ultrasound between fetal prune-belly (PB) and posterior urethral valves (PUV) syndromes.

Describe the ultrasound images and accompanying malformations in both syndromes.

Evaluate the value of different US modes for differential diagnoses.
Ultrasound Markers of Chromosomal Anomalies in the First Trimester
Authors: Khurana Ashok
Published: January 2011

Chromosomal anomalies are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The protocol for identifying these fetuses had for many years included a single clinical criterion of maternal age. Advances in biochemical screening combined with the excellent display of fetal dysmorphology afforded by technological advances in ultrasound equipment have resulted in a paradigm shift in the diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus, from the second trimester to the late first trimester. The accuracy of diagnosis as reported in multiple large series has pushed both screening and diagnostic testing for chromosomal disorders to the window now referred to as the 11 to 13 weeks + 6 days scan. Recent data have shown chorion villus sampling after 10 weeks to be as safe in experienced hands as amniocentesis and this has pushed the advantages of first trimester screening further. Ultrasound parameters for the detection of Down's syndrome in the first trimester include the nuchal translucency (NT) as the most well-defined and studied parameter, evaluation of the nasal bone (NB), frontomaxillary facial (FMF) angle, ductus venosus (DV) flow velocity waveform, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and fetal heart-rate. Each parameter has well-defined criteria to be fulfilled for accurate quantification. Biochemical parameters that are currently in wide use include PAPP-A and free beta-hCG. Other parameters that the software accounts for are the gestational age assessed by the crown-rump length, maternal age, ethnicity, smoking, IVF and number of fetuses with chorionicity. Combining maternal age, biochemistry, NT and NB between 11 to 13 weeks + 6 days yields a detection rate of 96% with a false positive rate of 5%.
Endometrial Receptivity and Scoring for Prediction of Implantation and Newer Markers
Authors: Rao JP , Malhotra Narendra , Mishra Neelam
Published: January 2011

There are many markers to indicate the preparation of endometrium for successful implantation, and these manifest during the implantation window. Today TVS color Doppler can reliably show the increase in blood flows during the peri- and postovulatory phase and objectively assess these flows to predict endometrial receptivity.
Genetic Counseling for Obstetricians
Authors: Deka Deepika
Published: January 2011

Today many chromosomal defects can be suspected and diagnosed by the currently available biochemical testing and invasive tests analysis of chromosomes.

It is necessary for the clinician to have a through knowledge of chromosomal defects so a proper genetic counseling can be done. This review article discusses the genetic counseling for the various defects which can occur in the unborn fetus.
Fetal Transcerebellar Diameter to Abdominal Circumference Ratio (TCD/AC) in the Assessment of Normal Fetal Growth
Authors: Bellad MB , Dhumale Hema , Pujar Yeshita V , Shravage Jyotsana C , Sherigar Bhavana Y , Durdi Geeta S , Amber Sheetal S
Published: January 2011

Objective

To derive population specific transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio (TCD/AC ratio) for the assessment of normal fetal growth.

Materials and methods

A one-year prospective observational study conducted at the KLE University's teaching hospital, Belgaum. The TCD/AC ratio was calculated for 434 obstetric patients, who met the inclusion criteria and the arithmetic mean and 1 standard deviation (SD) was calculated for the population studied.

Results

Within the study population, the TCD/AC ratio assessed for normal fetal growth with gestational age ranging from 18 to 34 weeks was found to be a constant with a mean of 13.56 +/− 1.21(1 SD).

Conclusion

A normal standard value to assess normal fetal growth is required for a given set of population in order to be compared with those fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The TCD/AC value in our study remained a constant between gestational ages ranging from 18 to 34 weeks with a mean of 13.56 +/− 1.21.
Role of Fetal Thigh Circumference in Estimation of Birth Weight by Ultrasound
Authors: Grover Sonal , Dahiya Krishna , Sen Jyotsna , Duhan Nirmala
Published: January 2011

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of predicting birth weight by measuring fetal thigh circumference by ultrasound and to compare with other conventional methods like Johnson's and Hadlock's.

Methods

In 100 pregnant women, ultrasonic measurements of mid-thigh circumference, along with BPD, FL and AC were done within 48 hours before delivery. Birth weights were estimated by Johnson's clinical method, Hadlock's and Vintzileos’ method. Statistical analysis of various ultrasound birth weight formulae in different weight categories was done and compared with each other, and also with clinical method.

Results

In the present study, Vintzileos’ method was found to be better than Johnson's and Hadlock's in predicting birth weight in the categories < 2500 gm, and 2500 to 3000 gm. Between 3000 and 3500 gm, it was better than Johnson's method, while the results were comparable to Hadlock's method. In the category > 3500 gm, all three methods were comparable to each other, however it could be because of the small sample size involved (n = 6).

Conclusions

Incorporating fetal thigh circumference measurements along with biparietal diameter, femur length and abdominal circumference, significantly improved the accuracy of birth weight estimations by ultrasound. There was a good correlation between ultrasound measurements and actual postnatal measurements of thigh circumference (r2 = 0.71).
Ergosterol, arabitol and mannitol as tracers for biogenic aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Burshtein N. , Lang-Yona N. , Rudich Y.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Aerosols containing biological components can have a significant effect on human health by causing primarily irritation, infection and allergies. Specifically, airborne fungi can cause a wide array of adverse responses in humans depending on the type and quantity present. In this study we used chemical biomarkers for analyzing fungi-containing aerosols in the eastern Mediterranean region during the year 2009 in order to quantify annual fungal abundances. The prime marker for fungi used in this study was ergosterol, and its concentrations were compared with those of mannitol and arabitol which were recently suggested to also correlate with fungal spores concentrations (Bauer et al., 2008a). Back trajectory analysis, inorganic ions, humidity and temperature were used in an attempt to identify sources as well as the dependence on seasonal and environmental conditions. We found that the ambient concentrations of ergosterol, arabitol and mannitol range between 0 and 2.73 ng m−3, 1.85 and 58.27 ng m−3, 5.57 and 138.03 ng m−3, respectively. The highest levels for all biomarkers were during the autumn, probably from local terrestrial sources, as deduced from the inorganic ions and back trajectory analysis. Significant correlations were observed between arabitol and mannitol during the entire year except for the winter months. Both sugars correlated with ergosterol only during the spring and autumn. We conclude that mannitol and arabitol might not be specific biomarkers for fungi and that the observed correlations during spring and autumn may be attributed to high levels of vegetation during spring blossoms and autumn decomposing.
Global distributions of methanol and formic acid retrieved for the first time from the IASI/MetOp thermal infrared sounder
Authors: Razavi A. , Karagulian F. , Clarisse L. , Hurtmans D. , Coheur P. F. , Clerbaux C. , Müller J. F. , Stavrakou T.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Methanol (CH3OH) and formic acid (HCOOH) are among the most abundant volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. In this work, we derive the global distributions of these two organic species using for the first time the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) launched onboard the MetOp-A satellite in 2006. This paper describes the method used and provides a first critical analysis of the retrieved products. The retrieval process follows a two-step approach in which global distributions are first obtained on the basis of a simple radiance indexing (transformed into brightness temperatures), and then mapped onto column abundances using suitable conversion factors. For methanol, the factors were calculated using a complete retrieval approach in selected regions. In the case of formic acid, a different approach, which uses a set of forward simulations for representative atmospheres, has been used. In both cases, the main error sources are carefully determined: the average relative error on the column for both species is estimated to be about 50%, increasing to about 100% for the least favorable conditions. The distributions for the year 2009 are discussed in terms of seasonality and source identification. Time series comparing methanol, formic acid and carbon monoxide in different regions are also presented.
An integrated modeling study on the effects of mineral dust and sea salt particles on clouds and precipitation
Authors: Solomos S. , Kallos G. , Kushta J. , Astitha M. , Tremback C. , Nenes A. , Levin Z.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. This report addresses the effects of pollution on the development of precipitation in clean ("pristine") and polluted ("hazy") environments in the Eastern Mediterranean by using the Integrated Community Limited Area Modeling System (ICLAMS) (an extended version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, RAMS). The use of this model allows one to investigate the interactions of the aerosols with cloud development. The simulations show that the onset of precipitation in hazy clouds is delayed compared to pristine conditions. Adding small concentrations of GCCN to polluted clouds promotes early-stage rain. The addition of GCCN to pristine clouds has no effect on precipitation amounts. Topography was found to be more important for the distribution of precipitation than aerosol properties. Increasing by 15% the concentration of hygroscopic dust particles for a case study over the Eastern Mediterranean resulted in more vigorous convection and more intense updrafts. The clouds that were formed extended about three kilometers higher, delaying the initiation of precipitation by one hour. Prognostic treatment of the aerosol concentrations in the explicit cloud droplet nucleation scheme of the model, improved the model performance for the twenty-four hour accumulated precipitation. The spatial distribution and the amounts of precipitation were found to vary greatly between the different aerosol scenarios. These results indicate the large uncertainty that remains and the need for more accurate description of aerosol feedbacks in atmospheric models and climate change predictions.
Aerosol indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF
Authors: Wang M. , Ghan S. , Ovchinnikov M. , Liu X. , Easter R. , Kassianov E. , Qian Y. , Morrison H.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Much of the large uncertainty in estimates of anthropogenic aerosol effects on climate arises from the multi-scale nature of the interactions between aerosols, clouds and large-scale dynamics, which are difficult to represent in conventional global climate models (GCMs). In this study, we use a multi-scale aerosol-climate model that treats aerosols and clouds across multiple scales to study aerosol indirect effects. This multi-scale aerosol-climate model is an extension of a multi-scale modeling framework (MMF) model that embeds a cloud-resolving model (CRM) within each grid cell of a GCM. The extension allows the explicit simulation of aerosol/cloud interactions in both stratiform and convective clouds on the global scale in a computationally feasible way. Simulated model fields, including liquid water path (LWP), ice water path, cloud fraction, shortwave and longwave cloud forcing, precipitation, water vapor, and cloud droplet number concentration are in agreement with observations. The new model performs quantitatively similar to the previous version of the MMF model in terms of simulated cloud fraction and precipitation. The simulated change in shortwave cloud forcing from anthropogenic aerosols is −0.77 W m−2, which is less than half of that in the host GCM (NCAR CAM5) (−1.79 W m−2) and is also at the low end of the estimates of most other conventional global aerosol-climate models. The smaller forcing in the MMF model is attributed to its smaller increase in LWP from preindustrial conditions (PI) to present day (PD): 3.9% in the MMF, compared with 15.6% increase in LWP in large-scale clouds in CAM5. The much smaller increase in LWP in the MMF is caused by a much smaller response in LWP to a given perturbation in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations from PI to PD in the MMF (about one-third of that in CAM5), and, to a lesser extent, by a smaller relative increase in CCN concentrations from PI to PD in the MMF (about 26% smaller than that in CAM5). The smaller relative increase in CCN concentrations in the MMF is caused in part by a smaller increase in aerosol lifetime from PI to PD in the MMF, a positive feedback in aerosol indirect effects induced by cloud lifetime effects. The smaller response in LWP to anthropogenic aerosols in the MMF model is consistent with observations and with high resolution model studies, which may indicate that aerosol indirect effects simulated in conventional global climate models are overestimated and point to the need to use global high resolution models, such as MMF models or global CRMs, to study aerosol indirect effects. The simulated total anthropogenic aerosol effect in the MMF is −1.05 W m−2, which is close to the Murphy et al. (2009) inverse estimate of −1.1 ± 0.4 W m−2 (1σ) based on the examination of the Earth's energy balance. Further improvements in the representation of ice nucleation and low clouds are needed.
Effects of temperature on the heterogeneous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone on calcium carbonate
Authors: Wu L. Y. , Tong S. R. , Wang W. G. , Ge M. F.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The heterogeneous oxidations of sulfur dioxide by ozone on CaCO3 were studied as a function of temperature (230 to 298 K) at ambient pressure. Oxidation reactions were followed in real time using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) to obtain kinetics and mechanistic data. From the analysis of the spectral features, the formation of sulfate was identified on the surface in the presence of O3 and SO2 at different temperatures from 230 to 298 K. The results showed that the heterogeneous oxidations and the rate of sulfate formation were sensitive to temperature. An interesting stage-transition state was observed at temperatures range from 230 to 257 K, but it became ambiguous gradually above 257 K. The reactive uptake coefficients at different temperatures from 230 to 298 K were acquired for the first time, which can be used directly in the model studies to predict the formation of secondary sulfate aerosol in the troposphere. Furthermore, the rate of sulfate formation had a turning point at about 250 K. The sulfate concentration at 250 K was about twice as large as that at 298 K. The rate of sulfate formation increased with decreasing temperature at temperatures above 250 K, while there is a contrary temperature effect at temperatures below 250 K. The activation energy for heterogeneous oxidations at temperatures from 245 K to 230 K was determined to be 14.63 ± 0.20 kJ mol−1. Mechanism of temperature dependence was proposed and the atmospheric implications were discussed.
Newest developments of ACMANT
Authors: Domonkos P. , Poza R. , Efthymiadis D.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The seasonal cycle of radiation intensity often causes a marked seasonal cycle in the inhomogeneities (IHs) of observed temperature time series, since a substantial portion of them have direct or indirect connection to radiation changes in the micro-environment of the thermometer. Therefore the magnitudes of temperature IHs tend to be larger in summer than in winter. A new homogenisation method, the Adapted Caussinus – Mestre Algorithm for Networks of Temperature series (ACMANT) has recently been developed which treats appropriately the seasonal changes of IH-sizes in temperature time series. The performance of ACMANT was proved to be among the best methods (together with PRODIGE and MASH) in the efficiency test procedure of COST ES0601 project. A further improved version of the ACMANT is described in this paper. In the new version the ANOVA procedure is applied for correcting inhomogeneities, and with this change the iterations applied in the earlier version have become unnecessary. Some other modifications have also been made, from which the most important one is the new way for estimating the timings of IHs. With these modifications the efficiency of the ACMANT has become even higher, therefore its use is strongly recommended when networks of monthly temperature series from mid- or high geographical latitudes are subjected to homogenisation. The paper presents the main properties and the operation of the new ACMANT.
Stable carbon isotope as a proxy for the change of phytoplankton community structure in cascade reservoirs from Wujiang River, China
Authors: Wang B. , Liu C. Q. , Peng X. , Wang F. , Chen C.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. Phytoplankton community structure and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and phytoplanktonic carbon (PPC), and the related hydro-chemical parameters have been seasonally investigated in the cascade reservoirs from the Wujiang River Basin. Average values of δ13CDIC, δ13CPOC and δ13CPPC were −8.1±1.3‰, −29.6±2.8‰, and −30.9±4.5‰, respectively. Seasonal fluctuation of δ13CPPC was comparable to that of δ13CPOC and larger than that of δ13CDIC. The δ13CPPC values showed a significant linear correlation with δ13CPOC, indicating that endogenetic phytoplankton is the main source of POC in these cascade reservoirs. Compared to environmental factors such as temperature, taxonomic differences are the main factor influencing δ13CPPC in this study. As a result, the contribution of Bacillariophyta to the total phytoplankton showed a significant negative correlation with δ13CPPC and Δδ13C (δ13CPPC−δ13CDIC), respectively, suggesting that δ13CPPC can be used to discern the change of phytoplankton community structure although only two kinds of dominant algae (i.e. Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta) facilitate achieving this relationship. This relationship will have an important significance in understanding evolvement of phytoplankton community structure with time using geochemical technique once it is confirmed at a larger scale in field study.
A measure of watershed nonlinearity: interpreting a variable instantaneous unit hydrograph model on two vastly different sized watersheds
Authors: Ding J. Y.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. The linear unit hydrograph used in hydrologic design analysis and flood forecasting is known as the transfer function and the kernel function in time series analysis and systems theory, respectively. This paper reviews the use of an input-dependent or variable kernel in a linear convolution integral as a quasi-nonlinear approach to unify nonlinear overland flow, channel routing and catchment runoff processes. The conceptual model of a variable instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) is characterized by a nonlinear storage-discharge relation, q = cNsN, where the storage exponent N is an index or degree of watershed nonlinearity, and the scale parameter c is a discharge coefficient. When the causative rainfall excess intensity of a unit hydrograph is known, parameters N and c can be determined directly from its shape factor, which is the product of the unit peak ordinate and the time to peak, an application of the statistical method of moments in its simplest form. The 2-parameter variable IUH model is calibrated by the shape factor method and verified by convolution integral using both the direct and inverse Bakhmeteff varied-flow functions on two watersheds of vastly different sizes, each having a family of four or five unit hydrographs as reported by the well-known Minshall (1960) paper and the seldom-quoted Childs (1958) one, both located in the US. For an 11-hectare catchment near Edwardsville in southern Illinois, calibration for four moderate storms shows an average N value of 1.79, which is 7% higher than the theoretical value of 1.67 by Manning friction law, while the heaviest storm, which is three to six times larger than the next two events in terms of the peak discharge and runoff volume, follows the Chezy law of 1.5. At the other end of scale, for the Naugatuck River at Thomaston in Connecticut having a drainage area of 186.2 km2, the average calibrated N value of 2.28 varies from 1.92 for a minor flood to 2.68 for a hurricane-induced flood, all of which lie between the theoretical value of 1.67 for turbulent overland flow and that of 3.0 for laminar overland flow. Based on analytical results from the small Edwardsville catchment, the 2-parameter variable IUH model is found to be defined by a quadruplet of parameters N, c, the storm duration or computational time step Δt, and the rainfall excess intensity i(0), and that it may be reduced to an 1-parameter one by defaulting the degree of nonlinearity N to 1.67 by Manning friction. For short, intense storms, the essence of the Childs – Minshall nonlinear unit hydrograph phenomenon is encapsulated in a peak flow equation having a single (scale) parameter c, and in which the impact of the rainfall excess intensity increases from the linear assumption by a power of 0.4. To illustrate key steps in generating the direct runoff hydrograph by convolution integral, short examples are given.
Modelling the spatial pattern of ground thaw in a small basin in the arctic tundra
Authors: Endrizzi S. , Quinton W. L. , Marsh P.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. In the arctic tundra the ground is normally composed by a relatively thin organic soil layer, overlying mineral sediment. Subsurface water drainage generally occurs in the organic layer for its high hydraulic conductivity. However, the organic layer shows significant decrease of hydraulic conductivity with depth. The position and the topography of the frost table, which here acts as a relatively impermeable surface, are therefore crucial in determining the hillslope drainage rate. This work aims at understanding how the topography of the ground surface affects the spatial variability of the depth of thaw in a 1 km2 low-elevation arctic tundra basin with a fine resolution model that fully couples energy and water flow processes. The simulations indicate that the spatial patterns of ground thaw are not dominated by slope and aspect, but are instead entirely controlled by the spatial distribution of soil moisture, which is determined by subsurface flow patterns. Measured thaw depths have a similar range of variability to the simulated values for each stage of active layer development, although the model slightly overestimated the depth of thaw.
The Value of Routine Histopathology during Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Degenerative and Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Niggemeyer Oliver , Steinhagen Joern , Zustin Jozef , Rüther Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of routine pathological examination of operative specimens obtained during primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed for osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 100 consecutive patients (50 OA, 50 RA) were prospectively evaluated. A radiological score (Kellgren-Lawrence/Larsen) and a clinical score (Harris Hip Score) were calculated in each case.

Specimens of bone and cartilage from the femoral head as well as capsule were obtained intraoperatively. A histological grading (Mankin score) was obtained, and additional histological findings were also reported.

In patients with RA the clinical and pathological diagnoses were concordant in 37 (74%) and discrepant in 13 patients (26%). In patients with OA there was concordance in 30 (60%) and discrepance in 20 patients (40%). Discrepancies were additional findings such as focal osteonecrosis amyloidosis or crystal deposits. Discordance (management alteration) did not occur in any case.

Histological evaluation of the capsule and the synovium was more informative than evaluation of bone. Calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) and amyloid was frequently found in OA suggesting that these substances may contribute to joint damage, and control of their production by therapeutic means may prevent degeneration.
A Review of 202 Periprosthetic Fractures - Stem Revision and Allograft Improves Outcome for Type B Fractures
Authors: Pavlou George , Panteliadis Pavlos , Macdonald David , Timperley John A. , Gie Graham , Bancroft Gordon , Tsiridis Eleftherios
Published: January 2011

We report a retrospective review of the outcome of treatment of 202 periprosthetic fractures around total hip arthroplasty (THA) from two specialised arthroplasty centres. Fractures were classified according to the Vancouver classification. The aim was to evaluate treatment methods with respect to stem revision and grafting. Transverse B1 fractures treated with stem revision compared to those treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with a plate showed a trend towards improved overall union rate (OR=2, p=0.6, 95% CI:0.14–28.4) and shorter times to union (p=0.038, mean 12 months SD 6.573 for ORIF versus 4.48 months SD 0.757 for stem revision). B2 fractures undergoing stem revision and grafting were significantly more likely to unite compared to ORIF alone (OR=17.3, p=0.018 95%CI:1.63–184.4). B3 fractures presented with significant variation in fracture configuration and bone loss and therefore their treatment was individualised. When treated with stem revision and grafting healing was achieved in a mean time of 7 months (n=81). Periprosthetic fractures of the femur are highly complex and challenging. Stem revision for transverse B1 fractures is now considered as a viable treatment modality as this fracture configuration is difficult to control with single plating, and fixation with a long stem bypassing the distal fracture line is necessary to achieve axial stability and healing. Bone allografting, whether used as a cortical onlay or in morselised impacted form for B2 and B3 fractures enhances fracture healing.
Two-incision minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty – results and complications
Authors: Van Oldenrijk Jakob , Hoogervorst Paul , Schaap Gerard R. , Van Dijk C. Niek , Schafroth Matthias U.
Published: January 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the complication rate and functional result after two-incision minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty in a retrospective consecutive case series of the first 45 patients treated by a single surgeon. The mean follow up period was 2.1 years. There were 4 early major complications (2 peri-operative fractures and 2 re-interventions) and 28 early minor complications (1 superficial infection and 27 patients with a loss of sensation of the lateral aspect of the thigh). One stem loosening required revision within two years. The mean modified Harris Hip Score at final follow-up was 91,5.

Our experience shows a relatively high complication risk after two-incision minimally invasive total hip arthroplasty, and we have since abandoned this technique.
Femoral Head Viability following Resurfacing Arthroplasty. A Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Ullmark Gösta , Sundgren Kent , Milbrink Jan , Nilsson Olle , Sörensen Jens
Published: January 2011

Hip resurfacing (HR) carries attendant risks of avascular necrosis (AVN) and femoral neck fracture. We used fluoride positor emission tomography (PET) scans to analyze bone metabolism 2–5 years after surgery in 35 cases. Three of the patients had been clinical failures. Using PET scans in the remaining 32 cases, 7 were found to have an area of non-viable bone in the femoral head. This was seen following both posterior and antero lateral approaches. Fluoride PET is a sensitive and useful method for evaluating bone metabolism following HR.
Making Assessment Easier with the Organizational Effectiveness Model
Authors: Heilman Savannah C. , Kennedy-Phillips Lance
Published: February 2011

Savannah C. Heilman and Lance Kennedy-Phillips describe a comprehensive, step-by-step, mixed-methods assessment model.
Respiratory symptoms among swedish swine producers
Authors: Wilhelmsson Jan , Bryngelsson Ing‐Liss , Ohlson Carl‐Göran
Published: February 2011

Two hundred nine male farmers engaged in swine production, born in 1913 or later, and alive in 1985 received mailed questionnaires on respiratory symptoms, medical history, and exposure to contaminated air in swine confinement buildings. The response rate was 76%.

The prevalence of three or more symptoms of bronchitis was higher than that in welders who had completed the same questionnaire—Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio 5.26 (1.9–14.8) for smoking subjects.

The number of reported symptoms was strongly influenced by smoking habits (p < .01) and by exposure (p < .01), and by a positive interaction between these (p < .01, two‐way analysis of covariance).

Air in swine confinement buildings is contaminated with bacterial endotoxins and organic dust, and it is concluded that it may pose a risk for airways diseases such as chronic bronchitis.
Comparison of smoking‐related risk factors among black and white males
Authors: Sterling Theodor D. , Weinkam James J.
Published: February 2011

The lung cancer risk factors of smoking prevalence, amount smoked, and age started to smoke were compared for blacks and whites, using the 1970 and 1979/80 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) survey data. For both survey years, proportionally more blacks were never smokers and fewer were ever smokers (although more were current and fewer former smokers). The average adult black smoker smoked approximately 65% of the number of cigarettes smoked by the average white adult. Blacks started smoking later than whites for almost all occupational categories. Thus, it could be argued that whites had higher smoking‐associated risk factors than did blacks. At the same time, a much greater proportion of blacks than whites were in the types of occupation where they would have been exposed to occupational hazards. The sharp rise in and the larger incidence of lung cancer among blacks compared to whites may not be due to differences in black and white smoking, but more likely are a reflection of occupational differences.
The Cytoskeletal Regulator Zyxin is Required for Viability in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Renfranz Patricia J. , Blankman Elizabeth , Beckerle Mary C.
Published: January 2011

Expression of EGFP‐tagged zyx102 protein in salivary gland and trachea of mid‐third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. See Refranz et al., on page 1455, in this issue.
Lymphatic/Blood Endothelial Cell Connections at the Capillary Level in Adult Rat Mesentery
Authors: Robichaux Jennifer L. , Tanno Eleanor , Rappleye Jeff W. , Ceballos Mariana , Stallcup William B. , Schmid‐Schönbein Geert W. , Murfee Walter L.
Published: January 2011

Investigating the structural interactions between blood and lymphatic endothelial cells at the microvascular level in adult tissues is critical for understanding how microvascular networks grow and function. In this issue, observations by Robichaux et al. (p. 1629) identify the presence of non‐lumenal lymphatic/blood endothelial cell connections and highlight the potential for endothelial cell plasticity. The cover image illustrates topical BSI‐lectin (orange) labeling of two blood capillary sprouts connecting to a lymphatic vessel. Injected FITC‐albumin (green) identifies that the blood capillary sprout lumens terminate proximal to the lymphatic/blood endothelial cell connection.