bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of media and antifoam selection on monoclonal antibody production and quality using a high throughput micro‐bioreactor system
Authors: Velugula‐Yellela Sai Rashmika , Williams Abasha , Trunfio Nicholas , Hsu Chih‐Jung , Chavez Brittany , Yoon Seongkyu , Agarabi Cyrus
Published: October 2017

Monoclonal antibody production in commercial scale cell culture bioprocessing requires a thorough understanding of the engineering process and components used throughout manufacturing. It is important to identify high impact components early on during the lifecycle of a biotechnology‐derived product. While cell culture media selection is of obvious importance to the health and productivity of mammalian bioreactor operations, other components such as antifoam selection can also play an important role in bioreactor cell culture. Silicone polymer‐based antifoams were known to have negative impacts on cell health, production, and downstream filtration and purification operations. High throughput screening in micro‐scale bioreactors provides an efficient strategy to identify initial operating parameters. Here, we utilized a micro‐scale parallel bioreactor system to study an IgG1 producing CHO cell line, to screen Dynamis, ProCHO5, PowerCHO2, EX‐Cell Advanced, and OptiCHO media, and 204, C, EX‐Cell, SE‐15, and Y‐30 antifoams and their impacts on IgG1 production, cell growth, aggregation, and process control. This study found ProCHO5, EX‐Cell Advanced, and PowerCHO2 media supported strong cellular growth profiles, with an IVCD of 25‐35 × 106 cells‐d/mL, while maintaining specific antibody production (Qp > 2 pg/cell‐d) for our model cell line and a monomer percentage above 94%. Antifoams C, EX‐Cell, and SE‐15 were capable of providing adequate control of foaming while antifoam 204 and Y‐30 noticeably stunted cellular growth. This work highlights the utility of high throughput micro bioreactors and the importance of identifying both positive and negative impacts of media and antifoam selection on a model IgG1 producing CHO cell line. © 2017 The Authors Biotechnology Progress published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:262–270, 2018
Recent advances on sources and industrial applications of lipases
Authors: Sarmah Nipon , Revathi D. , Sheelu G. , Yamuna Rani K. , Sridhar S. , Mehtab V. , Sumana C.
Published: October 2017

Lipases are the industrially important biocatalysts, which are envisioned to have tremendous applications in the manufacture of a wide range of products. Their unique properties such as better stability, selectivity and substrate specificity position them as the most expansively used industrial enzymes. The research on production and applications of lipases is ever growing and there exists a need to have a latest review on the research findings of lipases. The present review aims at giving the latest and broadest overall picture of research and development on lipases by including the current studies and progressions not only in the diverse industrial application fields of lipases, but also with regard to its structure, classification and sources. Also, a special emphasis has been made on the aspects such as process optimization, modeling, and design that are very critical for further scale‐up and industrial implementation. The detailed tabulations provided in each section, which are prepared by the exhaustive review of current literature covering the various aspects of lipase including its production and applications along with example case studies, will serve as the comprehensive source of current advancements in lipase research. This review will be very useful for the researchers from both industry as well as academia in promoting lipolysis as the most promising approaches to intensified, greener and sustainable processes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:5–28, 2018
A phenomenological investigation of altruism from the perspective of counsellors in Scotland
Authors: Limberg Dodie , Schuermann Hope , Fox Jesse , Robinson Edward Hamilton Mike
Published: October 2017

Aim/Purpose

This phenomenological investigation sought to describe how counsellors (n = 9), residing in Scotland, experience altruistic caring in their personal and professional lives. This study is an extension of a research line of qualitative studies focused on a model of altruism development. The purpose is to focus on practising counsellors’ common experiences as they relate to altruistic caring and to describe the phenomenon that occurs within the context of the Altruism Development Model (ADM) (Curry, Smith & Robinson, 2009).

Methodology

This study is a phenomenological research design. The research team obtained permission from the institutional review board (IRB) to conduct in‐depth interviews and record observations. A diverse group of practising counsellors, living in Scotland, were interviewed. Moustaka's (1994) transcendental approach was used to analyse the data, to provide a new perspective from previous studies. More specifically, the research team conducted horizontalisation and developed structural and textural descriptions to describe the phenomenon.

Findings

The findings provide support for the ADM. The textural description of participants’ experiences of altruism is that their experiences are complex, and sometimes conflicting. The structural description of participants’ experiences of altruism is that it is a part of themselves. Counsellors in Scotland experience altruism as part of everyday life and view it as an expectation, and counsellors in Scotland recognise that altruism can include wellness and self‐care and that these are important to be an effective counsellor.

Research Limitations

All the participants were members of a professional organisation and self‐selected to be a part of the study. Additionally, the researchers’ culture may have influenced the way they analysed the findings.

Implications

Altruism is a socially learned attribute, and it is highly regarded in Scottish culture. Therefore, counsellors may want to explore the influence of culture within a client's life, in relation to altruism. Additionally, exploring the constructs of altruism and self‐care for clients may be an important step in a holistic assessment.
Phytochemical Investigation of Male and Female Hedyosmum scabrum (Ruiz & Pav.) Solms Leaves from Ecuador
Authors: Herrera Claudia , Morocho Vladimir , Vidari Giovanni , Bicchi Carlo , Gilardoni Gianluca
Published: October 2017

This article reports the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of male and female H. scabrum fresh leaves. The essential oils, HSMO and HSFO, respectively, were analyzed by GC/MS and GC‐FID. A total of 93 components were detected, accounting for 94.8% and 95.3% of HSMO and HSFO, respectively. The prevalent constituents of HSMO were pinocarvone (13.1%), d‐germacren‐4‐ol (12.6%), 1,8‐cineole (10.8%), α‐pinene (6.4%), and β‐pinene (4.8%), whereas the major components of HSFO were 1,8‐cineole (20.5%), linalool (16.5%), α‐pinene (15.0%), β‐pinene (6.4%), and sabinene (6.3%). The different enantiomeric distribution of β‐pinene, sabinene, limonene, linalool in the two oils, was determined. The non‐volatile esters of p‐coumaric and ferulic acids with borneol (1 and 4), cis‐chrysanthenol (2 and 5), and cis‐pinocarveol (3 and 6) were identified in the leaves after basic hydrolysis and analysis of the NMR spectra of the free acids, and GC/MS spectra of the monoterpene alcohols, respectively. Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 have been found in nature for the first time. These findings demonstrated that, from a chemical point of view, male and female individuals of H. scabrum collected in Ecuador seem quite differentiated between each other and from samples of the same species growing in Bolivia and in Peru.
Differential responses to larger volume intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation: Hemodynamic and clinical outcomes
Authors: Baran David A. , Visveswaran Gautam K. , Seliem Ahmed , DiVita Michael , Wasty Najam , Cohen Marc
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Examine hemodynamic and clinical correlates of use of an intra‐aortic balloon pump catheter in a single center.

Background

The intra‐aortic balloon pump catheter (IABC) has been used for 50 years but the clinical benefit is still debated. We reviewed 76 patients with right heart catheter measurements prior to IABC to assess response and outcomes.

Methods

All patients who received IABC with a 50cc balloon for at least 1 hour were included in this retrospective chart review study. Demographics, comorbidities, lab values, and hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline and 15 h postinsertion.

Results

Seventy‐six patients had paired measurements of cardiac output. 60 patients had a higher cardiac output with IABC treatment (responder group) and 16 did not (nonresponders). In the 60 patients in the responder group, cardiac output and index significantly increased from baseline 3.6 ± 1.3 L/min to 5.2 ± 1.8 L/min, and 1.8 ± 0.5 L/min/m2 to 2.6 ± 0.8 L/min/m2 respectively following IABC placement (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Various hemodynamic variables were examined and the best predictor of response to IABC was a cardiac power index of 0.3 or less. Regardless of response, in hospital survival was similar between groups.

Conclusions

The majority of patients improve their cardiac output with IABC but survival was unchanged. Further work into the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock is needed.
Dopamine Self‐Polymerization Enables an N‐Doped Carbon Coating of Exfoliated MoS2 Nanoflakes for Anodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Hang , Li Jianlong , Wu Hao , Dong Tiange , Zhang Yun , Liu Heng
Published: October 2017

The molybdenum sulfide has a layered structure, similar to graphite, and delivers a good transfer channel for lithium ions as an anode. To enhance the discharge capacity and cycling stability of the molybdenum sulfide, exfoliated MoS2 nanoflakes with a N‐doped carbon coating were prepared by exfoliation of bulk MoS2 and carbonization of a polydopamine coating. The morphological characteristics show that the carbonized polydopamine was coated on the surface of MoS2 nanoflakes successfully. Consequently, as‐prepared E‐MoS2@NC delivers a good electrochemical performance and cycling stability as the anode for lithium‐ion batteries; the reversible lithium storage capacity was up to 650 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, and the discharge specific capacity was stabilized at 562 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g−1.
Electrochemical Investigation of the Kinetics of Chloride Substitution upon Reduction of [Ru(porphyrin)(NO)Cl] Complexes in Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Zink Jeremy R. , Abucayon Erwin G. , Ramuglia Anthony R. , Fadamin Arghavan , Eilers James E. , Richter‐Addo George B. , Shaw Michael J.
Published: October 2017

The electrochemistry of several ruthenium porphyrin nitrosyl chloride complexes [Ru(por)(NO)Cl] have been examined in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The complexes undergo one‐electron irreversible reductions, which result in diffusion‐limited substitutions of the chloride ligands for THF. This chloride metathesis is reversible in the presence of added NBu4Cl, and equilibrium constants and rate constants for chloride loss have been estimated. These parameters correlate with the NO stretching frequencies of the parent complexes, with more electron‐donating porphyrin ligands favoring chloride loss from the reduced complexes. The [Ru(por)(NO)(THF)] products of the reductions can be detected by IR, EPR, and visible spectroscopies. These species undergo three further reductions, with good reversibility at scan rates >0.40 V s−1. The [Ru(por) (NO)(THF)]+/0 couples have also been determined, and the rate constants and equilibrium constants for recombination with chloride have been estimated. One‐electron reductions of the [Ru(por)(NO)Cl] complexes result in approximately 1018 enhancement of the rates of chloride loss.
Models of diffusion signal decay in magnetic resonance imaging: Capturing complexity
Authors: Magin Richard L.
Published: October 2017

Diffusion‐weighted MRI is a key diagnostic component of clinical medicine. Radiologists use models of the effects of diffusion weighting to connect the decay of the signal intensity in tissues with macroscopic (diffusion tensor imaging) and microscopic (q‐space imaging) structures. This multi‐scale problem has stimulated the creation of many diffusion models spanning phenomenon in cells, in tissues, and in organs. Such models can be heuristic or based on simulations, stochastic processes, histological structure or physical and physiological constraints. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of these approaches by considering several different classes of mathematical models (linear, nonlinear, integer, and fractional orders) that can, and have in some cases, been used to fit diffusion attenuation in complex biological tissues, such as brain white and gray matter. The focus here is not on solving the Bloch‐Torrey equation or on fitting curves to data, but on the choices (Gaussian, anomalous, isotropic, anisotropic) one often has to make when beginning the analysis of diffusion data. It is hoped that this presentation, while oversimplified, will be of use to students and to new investigators who seek an introduction to diffusion attenuation model selection and characterization. Examples are given that illustrate the relationship between the functional form of the diffusion decay rate and, in the case of a Stejskal‐Tanner gradient pulse sequence, the expected signal decay. Model limitations are noted and connections to more advanced treatments of diffusion modeling methods are provided.
Correlating Catalyst Structure and Activity at the Nanoscale
Authors: Van Loon Jordi , Kubarev Alexey V. , Roeffaers Maarten B. J.
Published: October 2017

Heterogeneous catalysts are commonly applied to enhance chemical reactions. Their performance is largely determined by catalyst structure and composition. These properties are however intrinsically variable at the nanoscale. Traditional bulk‐scale characterization tools often fail to capture the structure‐activity relationship at this scale. The development of fluorescence based assays has enabled catalytic activity mapping at the level of single catalytic turnovers, allowing catalyst activity to be investigated beyond the single particle level. Nonetheless, interpretation of these insights remains challenging without matching local structural information. This has resulted in increased efforts to develop approaches that correlate super‐resolution fluorescence with electron microscopy. In this focus review, a concise overview of currently available approaches is provided, followed by some case studies in which correlative nanoscale structure‐activity investigations of (photo)catalyst materials were performed.
Linear and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Triazobenzene‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐2,4,6‐trione (Isocyanurate) Derivatives
Authors: Pokladek Ziemowit , Dudek Marta , Mongin Olivier , Métivier Rémi , Mlynarz Piotr , Samoc Marek , Matczyszyn Katarzyna , Paul Frédéric
Published: October 2017

The synthesis of three new isocyanurate derivatives 2‐X (X=NO2, H, NMe2) with azobenzene arms terminated by various X substituents is reported, and their linear and nonlinear absorption properties are studied. It is shown that mixtures that contain increased contents of cis‐azo isomers can be reversibly generated upon photoirradiation at specific wavelengths from the most stable all‐trans isomers with X=NO2 and H. In addition, we show that 2‐X derivatives are two‐photon absorbers with cross‐section maxima around 120 GM for 2‐NO2, thus indicating that trans‐to‐cis isomerization might be achievable by two‐photon excitation, whereas the photoinduced structural changes should have only a modest influence on these nonlinear absorption properties.
Anisotropic Diffusion of Microbeads Surrounded by an Anisotropically Elongated Supramolecular Diarylethene Architecture under Linearly Polarized Light
Authors: Sakaguchi Akira , Higashiguchi Kenji , Matsuda Kenji
Published: October 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. K. Matsuda at Kyoto University (Japan).The image shows the anisotropically elongated diarylethene fibre structure generated by linearly polarized light and the anisotropic diffusion of microbeads surrounded by the anisotropically elongated fibres. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/cptc.201700101.
Primary diagnosis of angiosarcoma by fine needle aspiration: Lessons learned from 3 cases
Authors: Lepe M. , Hui Y. , Pisharodi L. , Canepa M.
Published: October 2017

Angiosarcomas are rare malignancies arising from cells of endothelial origin and are aggressive sarcomas that can occur in any anatomic site. They are reported to have predilection for the scalp, extremities and breasts. The incidence of these tumors is increasing, which has been suggested to be attributable to the growing use of radiotherapy to treat breast and other malignancies. There is currently limited literature describing the primary cytologic diagnosis of angiosarcoma on fine needle aspirate material. We describe the findings of three cases of angiosarcoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Our three cases offer distinct radiologic, clinical and cytopathologic points‐of‐view: a thyroid angiosarcoma, a mediastinal angiosarcoma and a skin angiosarcoma. The cytomorphology of angiosarcoma is characterized by large highly atypical spindle to epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm in dispersed single cells or loose aggregates. The nuclei are large and pleomorphic with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Mitoses are readily identified. The background can be bloody and/or necrotic. Occasional intracytoplasmic lumens are a helpful morphologic feature suggesting vascular differentiation. HHV‐8 immunostaining may aid in the differential diagnosis with Kaposi sarcoma while epithelioid hemangioendothelioma can be distinguished based on morphologic features. Given the metastatic potential and high mortality rate associated with these tumors, this entity is an important consideration in the contexts herein described.
A real‐time in vitro assay to evaluate the release of macromolecules from liposomes
Authors: Mujoo Himang , Reynolds John N. J. , Tucker Ian G.
Published: October 2017

The availability of a real‐time assay to experimentally investigate the release of encapsulated proteins would be beneficial given the interest in the use of liposomes as a drug delivery vehicle. Although simple assays for small molecular weight substances exist, assays to evaluate macromolecules do not. Here we describe a method that detects the release of model macromolecules from liposomes in real time. The assay employs the intermolecular distance‐dependent phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorophore donor, fluorescein (FITC), and fluorescent quencher, QSY®9. The macromolecular species were conjugated to the markers fluorescein (44kDa dextran) and QSY®9 (67 kDa bovine serum albumin, BSA). Following confirmation of quenching between FITC‐Dex and QSY®9‐BSA, liposomes were loaded with the macromolecular markers and subjected to various treatments (high‐pressure extrusion and Triton X solubilisation) to cause release from liposomes. An increase in FITC fluorescence was observed when liposomes were subjected to extrusion cycles. Surprisingly, the addition of Triton X did not cause an increase in fluorescence probably because the FRET pair became associated with mixed micelles. This assay method should be useful in studies to investigate the mechanisms by which macromolecules are released from liposomes, particularly when liposomes are exposed to release‐triggers (eg, temperature change, pH change, ultrasound). Such understanding will underpin the formulation of triggered liposomal delivery systems for macromolecules.
Improvement Mechanism of AC Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oil with Dispersed Nanoparticles
Authors: KOJIMA HIROKI , KONDO TAKAFUMI , HANAI MASAHIRO , HAYAKAWA NAOKI
Published: October 2017

We investigated the fundamental insulation characteristics of insulating oil with dispersed nanoparticles. The AC breakdown voltage of the insulating oil increased by mixing the dispersed hydrophilic nanoparticles, because the hydrophilic nanoparticles absorbed moisture in the oil, which decreased the number of weak points in the oil for breakdown. In contrast, the hydrophobic nanoparticles did not contribute to the increase of AC breakdown voltage, and decreased the AC breakdown voltage. On the other hand, in the case of overdosing of nanoparticles, the aggregation of nanoparticles caused the decrease in the AC breakdown voltage of the oil, which depended upon the volume concentration of nanoparticles regardless of the diameter of nanoparticles. The aggregation of nanoparticles was led by dielectrophoresis phenomenon, which brought the gap length dependence of the AC breakdown voltage of the insulating oil with the dispersed nanoparticles, because the gradient of electric field strength at the gap was smaller in the case of shorter gap length.
How to Synthesise High Purity, Crystalline d‐Glucaric Acid Selectively
Authors: Armstrong Robert D. , Kariuki Benson M. , Knight David W. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: October 2017

Glucaric acid has potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and polymer industries yet no methodology exists within the public domain for isolation of this key bio‐derived platform molecule as a pure, crystalline solid. Here we demonstrate the difficulties, which arise in doing so and report development of a process for derivation of free‐glucaric acid from its Ca2+/K+ glucarate salts, which are both commercially available. Employing Amberlyst‐15 (H+) exchange resin and azeotrope drying, powdered glucaric acid is prepared at > 99.96 % purity in 98.7 % dry yield.
Characterization and production of banana crop and rice processing waste briquettes
Authors: de Oliveira Maia Bianca G. , de Oliveira Antonio P. N. , de Oliveira Therezinha M. N. , Marangoni Cintia , Souza Ozair , Sellin Noeli
Published: October 2017

With the purpose of adding value to the waste of banana crop and rice processing, banana leaves and pseudostem, and rice husk were prepared and characterized through proximate and ultimate chemical analyses, high heating value (HHV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The prepared waste was then compacted into briquettes in a hydraulic press at 18 MPa for 1 s. The resulting briquettes were characterized through the same analyses used in waste and through mechanical compressive strength. The waste moisture content, between 8 and 15%, were adequate for briquetting and combustion. The briquettes exhibited the maximum energy release under combustion at temperatures that were lower than the waste's. The rice husk and its briquettes had a lower energy release in comparison with the other waste. The HHV of the waste ranged from 15 to 18 MJ/kg. The compaction of the waste resulted in an increase of the HHV for the rice husk and the briquettes presented the highest compressive strength: 19 MPa. From these three waste samples that were studied, the banana leaves presented the best features, properties, and potential for generating energy as briquettes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1266–1273, 2018
The Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project: Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Anne G , Apitz Sabine E , Harrison David , Ruffle Betsy , Edwards Deborah A
Published: October 2017

This article introduces the Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project (PHSP) special series in this issue. The Portland Harbor Superfund Site is one of the “mega-sediment sites” in the United States, comprising about 10 miles of the Lower Willamette River, running through the heart of Portland, Oregon. The primary aim of the PHSP was to conduct a comprehensive sustainability assessment, integrating environmental, economic, and social considerations of a selection of the remedial alternatives laid out by the US Environmental Protection Agency. A range of tools were developed for this project to quantitatively address environmental, economic, and social costs and benefits based upon diverse stakeholder values. In parallel, a probabilistic risk assessment was carried out to evaluate the risk assumptions at the core of the remedial investigation and feasibility study process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:17–21. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Key Points

The Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project (PHSP) developed a framework to quantitatively evaluate the sustainability of remedial alternatives proposed in the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) feasibility study (FS) for the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (“Site”), Portland, Oregon, USA, in terms of environmental quality, economic viability, and social equity. The Site encompasses 2167 acres over 10 miles (River Miles 1.9 to 11.8) on the Lower Willamette River, in urban Portland, Oregon; USEPA remedial alternatives (A through I) were designed to address PCBs, PAHs, dioxin, pesticides, and metals contamination in sediment, tissue, and surface water. The remedial alternatives in the proposed plan A through I range in cost from US$642 million to almost $2.2 billion to remediate 201 to 776 acres using a combination of dredging, capping, enhanced natural recovery (ENR), and monitored natural recovery technologies; the PHSP evaluated Alternatives A, B, D, E, I, and F. Selecting a sustainable remedy requires that diverse stakeholder values and priorities are considered, thereby balancing the need to spend money wisely, preserve the regional economic base, restore and protect environmental endpoints as well as human health, use, and access.
MEASUREMENT OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR
Authors: Stgeorge Jennifer , Freeman Emily
Published: October 2017

Although there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father–child play that are most valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father–child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta‐analysis, associations between father–child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father–child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta‐analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father–child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self‐regulation. Research investigating the effect of father–child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father–child relationships and a catalyst for child development.
A Population-Based Study of the Epidemiology of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Vadiveloo Thenmalar , Donnan Peter T , Leese Graham P
Published: October 2017

There are very few reports on the epidemiology of chronic hypoparathyroidism. A population-based study was undertaken to describe the prevalence and incidence of hypoparathyroidism in Tayside, Scotland. Data on biochemistry, hospital admissions, prescribing, and death records in Tayside, Scotland, from 1988 to 2015 were linked electronically. Patients with at least three serum albumin–corrected calcium concentrations below the reference range that were taken in an outpatient setting were included in the study. Patients with severe chronic kidney disease before low calcium were excluded from the study. Patients with hypocalcemia were included if they had either previous neck surgery/irradiation, a low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), or were treated with vitamin D. Patients were identified as having either a postsurgical or a nonsurgical cause or had secondary hypoparathyroidism, eg, hypomagnesemia. Overall, 18,955 patients were identified with hypocalcemia. Of these, 222 patients had primary hypoparathyroidism, 116 with postsurgical and 106 with nonsurgical chronic hypoparathyroidism. In 2015, the prevalence of primary hypoparathyroidism was 40 per 100,000, with a rate of 23 and 17 per 100,000, respectively, for postsurgical and nonsurgical. Eighty percent of the former and 64% of the latter were female. The mean serum calcium at diagnosis was 1.82 mmol/L (SD ± 0.24) and the annual incidence varied from 1–4 per 100,000. Overall, 71% of patients were prescribed vitamin D and/or calcium, whereas activated vitamin D was used in 48% of postsurgical cases and 43% of nonsurgical cases. Thyroxine and/or hydrocortisone were prescribed in more than 90% of postsurgical and 64% of nonsurgical cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of nonsurgical chronic hypoparathyroidism was greater than previously reported using this population-based approach. Many had mild hypocalcemia and did not receive any treatment. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
High prevalence of HIV and non‐communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: van Heerden Alastair , Barnabas Ruanne V. , Norris Shane A. , Micklesfield Lisa K. , van Rooyen Heidi , Celum Connie
Published: October 2017

Introduction

South Africa faces epidemics of HIV and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors and depression, stratified by HIV status, in a community with a high burden of HIV.

Methods

We conducted a home‐based HIV counselling and testing study in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa between November 2011 and June 2012. Contiguous households were approached and all adults ≥18 years old were offered an HIV test. During follow‐up visits in January 2015, screening for HIV, depression, obesity, blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure were conducted using point‐of‐care tests.

Results

Of the 570 participants located and screened; 69% were female and 33% were HIV‐positive. NCD risk factor prevalence was high in this sample; 71% were overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2), 4% had hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >11.0 mmol/l/200 mg/dl), 33% had hypertension (HTN, >140/90 mmHg), 20% had hyperlipidaemia (low density cholesterol >5.2 mmol/l/193.6 mg/dl) and 12% had major depressive symptoms (nine item Patient Health Questionnaire ≥10). Of the 570 participants, 87% had one or more of HIV, hyperglycaemia, HTN, hyperlipidaemia and/or depression. Over half (56%) had two or more. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors. Around 80% of both HIV‐positive and negative persons had one of the measured risk factors (i.e. obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, HTN), or depression.

Conclusions

In a community‐based sample of adults in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors were high. This study is among the first to quantify the substantial burden of NCD risk factors and depression in this non‐clinic based population.
99mTc‐labeled oligomeric nanoparticles as potential agents for folate receptor‐positive tumor targeting
Authors: Liang Lili , Zhang Xueqian , Su Xiaoyu , Li Jianchun , Tian Yong , Xue Hongbao , Xu Huiqin
Published: October 2017

One type of biocompatible nanoparticles functionalized with folate and 99mTc was successfully synthesized. Maleimide‐folic acid (Mal‐FA) was selected to covalently conjugate with ‐SH of the nanoparticles (NPs) to prepare NPs‐FA for targeting. 99mTc was selected to conjugate with ‐NH2 and ‐SH groups of cysteine residues on the surface of NPs to prepare NPs‐FA‐99mTc for radioactive counting. The ability to target folate receptors of NPs‐FA‐99mTc was assessed in uptake studies with folate‐receptor–positive human HepG2 cells. The results showed that the as‐prepared NPs can selectively uptake by folate receptor‐overexpressing HepG2 tumor cells in vitro. The oligomeric hybrid NPs radiolabeled with 99mTc may develop to be SPECT/CT imaging biomaterials with high selectivity.
Potential role for a specialized β3 integrin‐based structure on osteocyte processes in bone mechanosensation
Authors: Cabahug‐Zuckerman Pamela , Stout Randy F. , Majeska Robert J. , Thi Mia M. , Spray David C. , Weinbaum Sheldon , Schaffler Mitchell B.
Published: October 2017

Osteocyte processes are an order of magnitude more sensitive to mechanical loading than their cell bodies. The mechanisms underlying this remarkable mechanosensitivity are not clear, but may be related to the infrequent αVβ3 integrin sites where the osteocyte cell processes attach to canalicular walls. These sites develop dramatically elevated strains during load‐induced fluid flow in the lacunar‐canalicular system and were recently shown to be primary sites for osteocyte‐like MLO‐Y4 cell mechanotransduction. These αVβ3 integrin sites lack typical integrin transduction mechanisms. Rather, stimulation at these sites alters Ca2+ signaling, ATP release and membrane potential. In the current studies, we tested the hypothesis that in authentic osteocytes in situ, key membrane proteins implicated in osteocyte mechanotransduction are preferentially localized at or near to β3 integrin‐foci. We analyzed these spatial relationships in mouse bone osteocytes using immunohistochemistry combined with Structured Illumination Super Resolution Microscopy, a method that permits structural resolution at near electron microscopy levels in tissue sections. We discovered that the purinergic channel pannexin1, the ATP‐gated purinergic receptor P2 × 7R and the low voltage transiently opened T‐type calcium channel CaV3.2–1 all reside in close proximity to β3 integrin attachment foci on osteocyte processes, suggesting a specialized mechanotransduction complex at these sites. We further confirmed this observation on isolated osteocytes in culture using STochasitc Optical Resonance Microscopy. These findings identify a possible structural basis for the unique mechanosensation and transduction capabilities of the osteocyte process. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:642–652, 2018.
Towards engineering distinct multi‐lamellated outer and inner annulus fibrosus tissues
Authors: Iu Jonathan , Santerre J. Paul , Kandel Rita A.
Published: October 2017

The annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) has a zonal distribution of phenotypically distinct cells. The outer AF (OAF) cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in type I collagen with little proteoglycans, whereas the ECM of the inner AF (IAF) has abundant type II collagen and proteoglycans. The inhomogeneous distribution of the ECM in the AF may reflect the complex mechanical forces that the IVD experiences. A bioengineered AF tissue should recapitulate both the inner and outer zones in order to have proper functionality. The aim of this study is to generate multi‐lamellated OAF and IAF tissues with ECM compositions that resemble their zonal origin using polycarbonate urethane (PU) scaffolds. It was observed that supplementation of the media with insulin‐transferrin‐selenium (ITS) and proline yielded tissues with good cellularity. However, IAF cells accumulated only type I collagen, similar to OAF cells. Addition of dexamethasone and sodium pyruvate induced the accumulation of IAF tissues rich in type II collagen and aggrecan, without altering the accumulation of type I collagen in OAF tissues. Dexamethasone stimulated mitochondrial membrane potential in both tissues in the presence of sodium pyruvate, suggesting a relationship between the mitochondrial aerobic respiratory state and dexamethasone signalling during the in vitro‐tissue formation by OAF and IAF cells. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor blocked the stimulation of mitochondrial membrane potentials and type II collagen accumulation. In summary, biologically distinct multi‐lamellated OAF and IAF tissues can be generated, which will facilitate advancement towards the goal of engineering a biological IVD replacement. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1346–1355, 2018.
Longitudinal Annular Systolic Displacement Compared to Global Strain in Normal Fetal Hearts and Those With Cardiac Abnormalities
Authors: DeVore Greggory R. , Klas Berthold , Satou Gary , Sklansky Mark
Published: October 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare a new technique that measures the midventricular basal‐apical longitudinal diastolic and systolic lengths, computes the longitudinal displacement fractional shortening, and compares it to global strain.

Methods

Two hundred control fetuses were examined between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation, in whom the longitudinal displacement fractional shortening was computed from end‐diastolic and end‐systolic lengths measured from the apex to the mid portion of the distance between the level of the basal lateral and septal walls using 2‐dimnsional speckle tracking. In addition, global strain was computed using speckle tracking. A correlation analysis was used to compare the longitudinal displacement fractional shortening to global strain. The longitudinal displacement fractional shortening of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV) was measured in 10 fetuses with heart abnormalities.

Results

The longitudinal displacement fractional shortening for the RV (mean ± SD, 22.94% ± 4.73%) and LV (21.05% ± 4.21%) was independent of gestational age and other biometric growth parameters, as was global strain (RV, –22.7% ± 4.07%); LV, –22.93% ± 3.52%). The RV longitudinal displacement fractional shortening was greater than that of the LV (P < .024). The correlations between the longitudinal displacement fractional shortening and global strain were 0.95 for the RV and 0.97 for the LV. Comparing the longitudinal displacement fractional shortening and global strain in fetuses with abnormal cardiac findings showed concordant findings in 9 of 10 fetuses.

Conclusions

The RV and LV longitudinal displacement fractional shortening can be computed from 2‐dimensional images of the 4‐chamber view and correlated with global strain. The longitudinal displacement fractional shortening was significantly greater for the RV than the LV and was abnormal in fetuses with RV and LV cardiac abnormalities.
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma incidence and mortality trends in the United States, 1973–2013
Authors: Megwalu Uchechukwu C. , Sirjani Davud , Devine Erin E.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To analyze oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma incidence and mortality trends in the United States for the years 1973 through 2013.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study using a large population‐based cancer database.

Methods

Data on incidence and mortality rates were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 9 Database. Annual percentage change in rates was calculated using Joinpoint regression analysis (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD).

Results

Incidence rates increased (annual percent change [APC]; 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17 to 2.88) from 1973 to 1983, remained stable (APC −0.52, 95% CI −1.30 to 0.26) from 1983 to 1997, and increased (APC 1.32, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.81) from 1997 to 2013. Overall, incidence rates increased for males (APC 0.73, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.25) but not females (APC −0.77, 95% CI −0.68 to 0.82). Incidence rates increased in the white population (APC 0.79, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.25) but decreased in the black population (APC −0.72, 95% CI −1.41 to −0.02). The incidence rates increased for tongue‐base tumors (APC 1.17, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.92) and tonsil tumors (APC 0.47, 95% CI 1.10 to 4.96) but decreased for other sites. Incidence‐based mortality decreased (APC −0.78, 95% CI −1.13 to −0.42) from 1993 to 2013.

Conclusion

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma incidence rates increased in a nonlinear fashion from 1973 to 2013, whereas mortality rates declined. This, along with variation in trends by demographic and tumor factors, suggest that human papilloma virus is the main driver of the recent rise in incidence.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 128:1582–1588, 2018
Detection of cartilage invasion in laryngeal carcinoma with dynamic contrast‐enhanced CT
Authors: Dankbaar Jan W. , Oosterbroek Jaap , Jager Elise A. , de Jong Hugo W. , Raaijmakers Cornelis P. , Willems Stefan M. , Terhaard Chris H. , Philippens Marielle E. , Pameijer Frank A.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Staging of laryngeal cancer largely depends on cartilage invasion. Presence of cartilage invasion affects treatment choice and prognosis. On MRI and contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) it may be challenging to differentiate cartilage invasion from inflammation. The purpose of this study is to compare the diagnostic properties of dynamic contrast‐enhanced CT (DCECT) and CECT for visual detection of cartilage invasion in laryngeal cancer.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Patients with T3 or T4 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with total laryngectomy were evaluated using 0.625 mm slice CT. DCECT derived permeability and blood volume maps and CECT images were visually evaluated for the presence of invasion of the cartilaginous T‐stage subsites of laryngeal cancer, by detecting continuity with the tumor‐bulk of increased permeability, increased blood volume, and enhancement. Histological evaluation of the surgical total laryngectomy specimen served as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were calculated and compared using the McNemar and Chi‐squared test.

Results

From 14 included patients, a total of 462 subsites were available for T‐stage analysis, of which 84 were cartilage. The median time between CT imaging and total laryngectomy was 1 day (range 1–34 days). There was no significant difference in the detection of cartilage invasion between DCECT and CECT. The sensitivity of CECT was better for all subsites combined (0.85 vs. 0.75; p < 0.01).

Conclusion

DCECT does not improve visual detection of cartilage invasion in T3 and T4 laryngeal cancer compared to CECT.

Level of Evidence

2b, individual cohort study.
Longitudinal up‐regulation of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere's disease during medical treatment
Authors: Fukushima Munehisa , Kitahara Tadashi , Oya Ryohei , Akahani Shiro , Inohara Hidenori , Naganawa Shinji , Takeda Noriaki
Published: October 2017

Objective/Hypothesis

Meniere's disease (MD) is a common inner ear disease characterized by repeated episodic vertigo, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus. Its pathology is defined as endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in the inner ear and EH has been hypothesized to correlate with the clinical symptoms of MD. We presented the dynamics of in vivo EH in MD patients during medical treatments.

Study Design

Prospective, single‐arm repeated measures

Methods

Eleven MD patients were enrolled. All subjects prospectively underwent gadolinium‐enhanced inner ear magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and neuro‐otological testing before and after medical treatment. The volume of EH was quantitatively evaluated by processing MR images. All MD patients were administered continuous medication and followed up for more than 12 months.

Results

The frequency of vertigo episodes decreased in all patients and vestibular function decreased to 13–91% of the pre‐treatment level. The volume ratio of post‐treatment EH‐to‐pre‐treatment EH ranged from 1.01–3.22. The total volume of pre‐treatment EH was significantly correlated with cochlear symptom disease duration and the affected ear's hearing level.

Conclusion

EH in MD patients developed longitudinally with deterioration of inner ear function during medical treatment. The natural course of MD may progress with development of EH at least for a certain period.

Level of Evidence

2b.
Models for the study of nasal and sinus physiology in health and disease: A review of the literature
Authors: Al‐Sayed Ahmed A. , Agu Remigius U. , Massoud Emad
Published: October 2017

Objective

Chronic sinusitis is a very common yet poorly understood medical condition with significant morbidity. Hence, it remains an entity that is difficult to treat with unsatisfactory outcomes of current management options. This necessitates research into the etiology and pathophysiology of the condition to enhance our knowledge and the therapeutic options. Unfortunately, this kind of research is not always feasible on human subjects due to practical and ethical limitations. Therefore, an alternative model that simulates the disease had to be found in order to overcome these limitations. These models could either be in vivo or in vitro. The aim of our review is to summarize the research findings and key discoveries of both in vivo and in vitro models of chronic sinusitis that have enhanced our understanding of the condition today and have paved the way for the future research of tomorrow.

Data Sources: PubMed literature review.

Methods

A review of the literature was conducted to identify the main successful in vivo and in vitro models for chronic sinusitis.

Results

Creating a successful model for chronic sinusitis is no easy task. Over the years, both in vivo animal models and in vitro tissue culture models were proposed, with each model having its accolades and pitfalls, with the ideal model remaining elusive to this day. However, advancing three‐dimensional cell culturing techniques seems to be a promising new way to find a more accurate model.

Conclusion

None of the current models is perfect for a thorough study of chronic sinusitis. However, three‐dimensional cell cultures have the potential to bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro studies.

Level of Evidence

NA
Flavonoid‐Rich Apple Improves Endothelial Function in Individuals at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Bondonno Nicola P. , Bondonno Catherine P. , Blekkenhorst Lauren C. , Considine Michael J. , Maghzal Ghassan , Stocker Roland , Woodman Richard J. , Ward Natalie C. , Hodgson Jonathan M. , Croft Kevin D.
Published: October 2017

Scope

The cardioprotective effects of apples are primarily attributed to flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin. This study aimed to determine if acute and/or chronic (4 weeks) ingestion of flavonoid‐rich apples improves endothelial function, blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Methods and results

In this randomized, controlled cross‐over trial, acute and 4 week intake of apple with skin (high flavonoid apple, HFA) is compared to intake of apple flesh only (low flavonoid apple, LFA) in 30 participants. The primary outcome is endothelial function assessed using flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, while main secondary outcomes are 24 h ambulatory BP and arterial stiffness. Other outcomes include fasting serum glucose and lipoprotein profile, plasma heme oxygenase‐1 (Hmox‐1), F2‐isoprostanes, flavonoid metabolites, and plasma and salivary nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) concentrations. Compared to LFA control, the HFA results in a significant increase in FMD acutely (0.8%, p < 0.001) and after 4 weeks chronic intake (0.5%, p < 0.001), and in plasma flavonoid metabolites (p < 0.0001). Other outcomes are not altered significantly.

Conclusion

A lower risk of CVD with higher apple consumption could be mediated by the beneficial effect of apple skin on endothelial function, both acutely and chronically.