bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori VacA Induces Programmed Necrosis in Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Radin Jana N. , González-Rivera Christian , Ivie Susan E. , McClain Mark S. , Cover Timothy L.
Published: April 2011

Helicobacter pylori
is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach and contributes to the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The secreted pore-forming toxin VacA is one of the major virulence factors of
H. pylori
. In the current study, we show that AZ-521 human gastric epithelial cells are highly susceptible to VacA-induced cell death. Wild-type VacA causes death of these cells, whereas mutant VacA proteins defective in membrane channel formation do not. Incubation of AZ-521 cells with wild-type VacA results in cell swelling, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, decreased intracellular ATP concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. VacA-induced death of these cells is a caspase-independent process that results in cellular release of histone-binding protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a proinflammatory protein. These features are consistent with the occurrence of cell death through a programmed necrosis pathway and suggest that VacA can be included among the growing number of bacterial pore-forming toxins that induce cell death through programmed necrosis. We propose that VacA augments
H. pylori
-induced mucosal inflammation in the human stomach by causing programmed necrosis of gastric epithelial cells and subsequent release of proinflammatory proteins and may thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and peptic ulceration.
Tenocyte apoptosis in the torn rotator cuff: a primary or secondary pathological event?
Authors: Lundgreen Kirsten , Lian Øystein Bjerkestrand , Engebretsen Lars , Scott Alex
Published: April 2011

Little information exists on the contribution of apoptosis to pathological tendon changes in rotator cuff tendinopathy. The purpose of this study was to quantitate the rate of tenocyte apoptosis in torn supraspinatus tendons and in the matched intact subscapularis and to examine the potential relation between apoptotic index (AI) and tendon pathology. In addition, the authors examined tenocyte density, proliferation rate and p53 gene expression patterns to gain further insight into relevant pathological mechanisms in the torn suprapinatus. 15 torn supraspinatus tendons with matched intact subscapularis tendon samples and 10 reference subscapularis samples were collected. Immunohistochemistry was used to define the AI (F7-26), proliferation rate (Ki67) and presence of p53 (M7001). Tendon degeneration was evaluated according to the Bonar scale. Expression of p53 and relevant genes (n=84) was examined on a subset of samples using microfluidic arrays. The AI was significantly increased in torn supraspinatus tendon and matched subscapularis tendon (R2=0.5742; p=0.0005). Cell density and proliferation rate were also elevated in torn supraspinatus compared with reference subscapularis tendons (p<0.05). A significant increase in p53 occurred specifically in torn supraspinatus tendon (p<0.05), and several genes encoding p53-inhibiting proteins were downregulated in association, including HDAC1 (p<0.05), MDM4 (p<0.001) and PPM1D (p<0.05). Our results suggest that tenocyte apoptosis results from more than one mechanism in the injured rotator cuff, including both intrinsic factors related specifically to the torn supraspinatus tendon, as well as a more generalised effect on the adjacent subscapularis tendon.
Evaluation of the status of canine hydrotherapy in the UK
Authors: Waining M. , Young I. S. , Williams S. B.
Published: April 2011

To establish the current status of canine hydrotherapy in the UK and to ascertain information regarding the current use of hydrotherapy, a questionnaire was sent to 152 hydrotherapy centres throughout the UK, from which 89 responded. Hydrotherapy was found to be a rapidly growing business. Stand‐alone centres were in existence; however, many centres were connected to other businesses, including boarding kennels and general practice veterinary surgeries. The dogs using the facility were mainly pedigree breeds, particularly labrador retrievers (30 per cent), and the most commonly encountered conditions were rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (25 per cent), hip dysplasia (24 per cent) and osteoarthritis (18 per cent). The proportion of qualified versus unqualified staff varied between centres, highlighting a need for improved regulation of this aspect of the industry. However, all the dogs treated by the hydrotherapy centres surveyed were direct veterinary referrals, suggesting a good degree of professionalism in the field and a high regard for the benefits of hydrotherapy.
Serum protein electrophoresis in 147 dogs
Authors: Tappin S. W. , Taylor S. S. , Tasker S. , Dodkin S. J. , Papasouliotis K. , Murphy K. F.
Published: April 2011

Reference intervals for serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) were created from a group of 75 clinically healthy dogs and compared with SPE results obtained from clinical cases presented to the University of Bristol over an eight‐and‐a‐half‐year period. A total of 147 dogs, in which SPE had been performed, had complete case records available and thus met the inclusion criteria. Signalment and final diagnoses taken from the case records and SPE results were divided into normal and abnormal based on the newly established reference intervals. Cases were grouped according to the SPE protein fraction abnormalities and diagnosis using the DAMNITV classification system. Of the 147 cases, 140 (95.2 per cent) had abnormal SPE results. The most common protein fraction abnormality was decreased albumin (59.3 per cent) followed by a polyclonal increase in γ globulins (38.6 per cent). Decreased β‐1 globulins and increased β‐2 globulins were documented in 36.4 and 30.0 per cent of cases, respectively. The most common DAMNITV classification associated with abnormal SPE results was infectious/inflammatory disease, which was diagnosed in 79 of 140 cases (56.4 per cent). Monoclonal gammopathies were noted in eight dogs (5.7 per cent), and underlying lymphoproliferative disease was present in all cases where a diagnosis was achieved, including multiple myeloma (four dogs), splenic plasmacytoma (one dog), hepatic plasmacytoma (one dog) and lymphoma (one dog).
IX.: SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE FREEZING AND THAWING OF LIVE FISH.
Authors: Martin B.A. W. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Threshold moisture content and matric suction potentials in expansive clays prior to initiation of cracking in pavements
Authors: Puppala Anand J. , Manosuthkij Thammanoon , Nazarian Soheil , Hoyos Laureano R.
Published: April 2011

Numerous low- to medium-volume roads constructed on expansive clay subgrades have experienced severe pavement cracking and premature loss of serviceability. These roads often become distressed due to volume change associated with seasonal moisture content fluctuation in the underlying soils. An attempt is made in this paper to study field moisture content and soil suction potentials of expansive subsoils, and investigate the potentials at which soil and pavement cracking occur. Two types of sensors were utilized to measure volumetric moisture content and matric suctions in the soils. These sensors were installed at three pavement subgrade sites in Fort Worth, San Antonio, and Paris Districts in Texas, USA. Test results show that site environmental conditions, such as climate and large trees near the test sections, have a strong influence on expansive soil movements and related pavement cracking. Three possible scenarios where pavement cracking could occur in the field, determined from analysis of the data, are outlined. Theoretical correlation developed between the laboratory-based shrinkage strain tests and changes in soil compaction moisture content was successfully used to estimate surficial crack widths in the field. Finally, methods to control desiccation cracking in the field are outlined.
ABELIAN INTEGRALS FOR A KIND OF NON-HAMILTONIAN INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS UNDER CUBIC POLYNOMIAL PERTURBATIONS
Authors: SONG YAN
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we investigate the number of isolated zeros of the Abelian integrals for a kind of non-Hamiltonian integrable systems with one center and two invariant straight lines and with other orbits formed by quartics. It is proved that the exact upper bound of the number of isolated zeros of the Abelian integrals under cubic polynomial perturbations is equal to two.
A NOVEL DIFFERENTIAL CHAOS SHIFT KEYING MODULATION SCHEME
Authors: XU W. K. , WANG L. , KOLUMBÁN G.
Published: April 2011

In binary Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK), the reference and information bearing chaotic wavelets are transmitted in two consecutive time slots. This TDMA approach provides two independent channels for the transmission of reference and information bearing wavelets but requires a delay component both in the modulator and demodulator circuits, furthermore, it halves the data attainable data rate. The wideband Radio Frequency (RF) delay lines at receiver are extremely difficult to implement with CMOS technology, therefore, the DCSK modulation cannot be exploited in many applications, such as ultra-wideband. To avoid the use of wideband RF delay lines at receiver, an alternative solution is proposed here where both the reference and information bearing wavelets are sent in the same time slot. The two wavelets are separated by Walsh codes instead of time delay. The new modulator and demodulator configurations are given, analytical expressions for the Bit Error Rate (BER) are derived and the derived BER expressions are verified by computer simulations over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and multipath Rayleigh fading channels.
INVARIANT ALGEBRAIC SURFACES OF THE CHEN SYSTEM
Authors: DENG XIJUN , CHEN AIYONG
Published: April 2011

In this paper, enlightened by the idea of the weight of a polynomial introduced by Swinnerton-Dyer [2002], we find all the invariant algebraic surfaces of the Chen system x′ = a(y - x), y′ = (c - a)x + cy - xz, z′ = xy - bz.
A NEW LOOK AT CHUA'S CIRCUIT
Authors: EL GAMMOUDI ICHRAF , FEKI MOEZ
Published: April 2011

This paper proposes a novel way to look at Chua's circuit and to investigate its chaotic behavior. We propose a systematic method to increase the dimension of Chua's circuit and to choose the element values. Our claims are confirmed by numerical simulations on Chua's circuit and on modified Chua's circuit and also supported by experimental results.
MULTISTABILITY AND RARE ATTRACTORS IN VAN DER POL–DUFFING OSCILLATOR
Authors: CHUDZIK A. , PERLIKOWSKI P. , STEFANSKI A. , KAPITANIAK T.
Published: April 2011

We discuss the mechanism leading to the multistability in the externally excited van der Pol–Duffing oscillator. It has been shown that the mechanism (the sequence of bifurcations) leading to the phase multistability in coupled oscillators is the same as the mechanism leading to the bistability in the single oscillator.
ON A POLYTOPE CONTAINING ALL COMPACT INVARIANT SETS FOR A CLASS OF NATURAL POLYNOMIAL HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS
Authors: STARKOV KONSTANTIN E.
Published: April 2011

In this paper we give sufficient conditions under which there exists a polytope containing all compact invariant sets for one class of natural polynomial Hamiltonian systems. As an example, we compute bounds of a polytope with this property for a class of natural polynomial Hamiltonian systems with a cubic potential and two degrees of freedom.
CHAOTIC PITCH MOTION OF A MAGNETIC SPACECRAFT WITH VISCOUS DRAG IN AN ELLIPTICAL POLAR ORBIT
Authors: IÑARREA MANUEL
Published: April 2011

We study the pitch attitude dynamics of an asymmetric magnetic spacecraft in an almost circular orbit under the influence of a gravity gradient torque. The spacecraft is also subject to the influence of three perturbations: the small eccentricity of the elliptical orbit, a small magnetic torque due to the interaction with the Earth's magnetic field, and a small aerodynamic viscous drag generated by the action of the Earth's atmosphere. Under these perturbations, we show that the pitch motion exhibits heteroclinic chaotic behavior by means of the Melnikov method. This method gives us an analytical criterion for the existence of heteroclinic chaos in terms of the system parameters. This analytical criterion is confirmed numerically with good agreement. In spite of the chaos generated by the perturbations, we also find, by means of Poincaré surfaces of section that some periodic pitch motions persist in the perturbed system with the same period as the orbital motion of the spacecraft. Finally, we carry out a bifurcation analysis of these periodic motions by numerical continuation of them in terms of the perturbation parameters.
ON POLYMORPHIC LOGICAL GATES IN SUBEXCITABLE CHEMICAL MEDIUM
Authors: ADAMATZKY ANDREW , DE LACY COSTELLO BEN , BULL LARRY
Published: April 2011

In a subexcitable light-sensitive Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) chemical medium an asymmetric disturbance causes the formation of localized traveling wave-fragments. Under the right conditions these wave-fragments can conserve their shape and velocity vectors for extended time periods. The size and life span of a fragment depend on the illumination level of the medium. When two or more wave-fragments collide they annihilate or merge into a new wave-fragment. In computer simulations based on the Oregonator model, we demonstrate that the outcomes of inter-fragment collisions can be controlled by varying the illumination level applied to the medium. We interpret these wave-fragments as values of Boolean variables and design collision-based polymorphic logical gates. The gate implements operation XNOR for low illumination, and it acts as NOR gate for high illumination. As a NOR gate is a universal gate, then we are able to demonstrate that a simulated light sensitive BZ medium exhibits computational universality.
BREAKING AN IMAGE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM BASED ON CHAOS
Authors: LI CHENGQING , CHEN MICHAEL Z. Q. , LO KWOK-TUNG
Published: April 2011

Recently, a chaos-based image encryption algorithm called MCKBA (Modified Chaotic-Key Based Algorithm) was proposed. This paper analyzes the security of MCKBA and finds that it can be broken with a differential attack, which requires only four chosen plain-images. Performance of the attack is verified by experimental results. In addition, some defects of MCKBA, including insensitivity with respect to changes of plain-image/secret key, are reported.
WEAK MEAN-FIELD APPROXIMATION FOR DISCRETE EPIDEMIC MODELS IN SCALE-FREE NETWORKS
Authors: WU QINGCHU , FU XINCHU
Published: April 2011

Epidemic dynamics in networks have attracted a great deal of attention from many fields. Based on the previous work, we propose a weak discrete mean-field approximation, and the difference with the previous approximation approach is that it can result in more simple difference equations. We mainly consider the minimal SIS epidemic model in complex networks, and make comparisons amongst two kinds of approximation formulations on the prediction of epidemic prevalence and find that they are effective to model epidemic spreading. Moreover, we investigate its application to the risk feedback case and simulations indicate its effectiveness.
KAZAKHSTAN: POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: KUDEBAYEVA ALMA
Published: April 2011

This paper analyses rural poverty in Kazakhstan. The regional differences of poverty are determined. The reasons for high levels of poverty in oil rich regions are examined. The effects of different state programmes are considered. Based on Household Budget Survey for 2005 the main factors of rural poverty are determined. The dynamic changes in access to utilities and potable water are analysed. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are given.
A NEW FAULT-TOLERANT BROADCAST ROUTING ALGORITHM ON MESH NETWORKS
Authors: WANG GAOCAI , CHEN JIANER , LIN CHUANG
Published: April 2011

Mesh networks are a kind of very important network topologies in massively multicomputer parallel systems. One-to-all or broadcast communication is one of the most important routing patterns and can be applied in many important applications. With the continuous increment in network size, routing in large size mesh networks with faults is unavoidable. In this paper, we propose a new fault-tolerant, local-information-based, and distributed broadcast routing algorithm based on the concept of k-submesh in all-port mesh networks. We suppose that each node has independent failure probability, under the assumption, we analyze the fault tolerance of our algorithm. We show that our routing algorithm is highly fault tolerant and has a high success probability to broadcast messages. For example, we formally prove that if the node failure probability is bounded by 0.12%, our broadcast routing algorithm works successfully with probability at least 99%. Simulation results show that our algorithm is efficient and effective in practice and theory, and the time steps of our algorithm is very close to the optimum.
STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN A BALANCED PAIR OF SINGLE-ELECTRON BOXES
Authors: OYA TAKAHIDE , SCHMID ALEXANDRE , ASAI TETSUYA , UTAGAWA AKIRA
Published: April 2011

Stochastic resonance in a fundamental single-electron circuit, i.e., a balanced pair of single-electron boxes, is observed and presented theoretically, where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the internal states stimulated by responding to a periodic subthreshold or suprathreshold input is enhanced by thermal agitation in tunneling junctions. Through extensive Monte-Carlo simulations, the peak SNR was determined as a function of temperature and input amplitudes. These results imply the possibility to design single-electron circuits that may "exploit" thermal noise, instead of employing conventional noise-suppression strategies.
THE ANNIHILATING-IDEAL GRAPH OF COMMUTATIVE RINGS I
Authors: BEHBOODI M. , RAKEEI Z.
Published: April 2011

Let R be a commutative ring, with 𝔸(R) its set of ideals with nonzero annihilator. In this paper and its sequel, we introduce and investigate the annihilating-ideal graph of R, denoted by 𝔸𝔾(R). It is the (undirected) graph with vertices 𝔸(R)* ≔ 𝔸(R)\{(0)}, and two distinct vertices I and J are adjacent if and only if IJ = (0). First, we study some finiteness conditions of 𝔸𝔾(R). For instance, it is shown that if R is not a domain, then 𝔸𝔾(R) has ascending chain condition (respectively, descending chain condition) on vertices if and only if R is Noetherian (respectively, Artinian). Moreover, the set of vertices of 𝔸𝔾(R) and the set of nonzero proper ideals of R have the same cardinality when R is either an Artinian or a decomposable ring. This yields for a ring R, 𝔸𝔾(R) has n vertices (n ≥ 1) if and only if R has only n nonzero proper ideals. Next, we study the connectivity of 𝔸𝔾(R). It is shown that 𝔸𝔾(R) is a connected graph and diam (𝔸𝔾)(R) ≤ 3 and if 𝔸𝔾(R) contains a cycle, then gr (𝔸𝔾(R)) ≤ 4. Also, rings R for which the graph 𝔸𝔾(R) is complete or star, are characterized, as well as rings R for which every vertex of 𝔸𝔾(R) is a prime (or maximal) ideal. In Part II we shall study the diameter and coloring of annihilating-ideal graphs.
POWER MAP PERMUTATIONS AND SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCES IN FINITE GROUPS
Authors: HABLICSEK MÁRTON , MANTILLA-SOLER GUILLERMO
Published: April 2011

Let G be a finite group. For all a ∈ ℤ, such that (a, |G|) = 1, the function ρa: G → G sending g to ga defines a permutation of the elements of G. Motivated by a recent generalization of Zolotarev's proof of classic quadratic reciprocity, due to Duke and Hopkins, we study the signature of the permutation ρa. By introducing the group of conjugacy equivariant maps and the symmetric difference method on groups, we exhibit an integer dG such that [Formula: see text] for all G in a large class of groups, containing all finite nilpotent and odd order groups.
ON RACK POLYNOMIALS
Authors: CARRELL TIM , NELSON SAM
Published: April 2011

We study rack polynomials and the link invariants they define. We show that constant action racks are classified by their generalized rack polynomials and show that nsata-quandles are not classified by their generalized quandle polynomials. We use subrack polynomials to define enhanced rack counting invariants, generalizing the quandle polynomial invariants.
EXTENSIONS OF THE WITT ALGEBRA AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: RIAN KHALID
Published: April 2011

The irreducible representations of the Witt algebra W are completely known. A classification of the irreducible Uχ(W)-modules was first established by Chang and later simplified by Strade. The aim of this paper is to give a classification of the extensions of the simple Uχ(W)-modules having p-character χ of height -1 ≤ r(χ) ≤ 1 and r(χ) = p - 1 where p denotes the characteristic of the ground field. As an application we give a stronger proof of the wildness of Uχ(W) for -1 ≤ r(χ) ≤ 1 such that (r(χ), p) ≠ (1, 5).
ON INNER AUTOMORPHISMS AND CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF NILPOTENT GROUP OF CLASS 2
Authors: AZHDARI ZAHEDEH , AKHAVAN-MALAYERI MEHRI
Published: April 2011

Let G be a group and let Aut c(G) be the group of all central automorphisms of G. Let C* = C Aut c(G)(Z(G)) be the set of all central automorphisms of G fixing Z(G) elementwise. In this paper, we prove that if G is a finitely generated nilpotent group of class 2, then C* ≃ Inn (G) if and only if Z(G) is cyclic or Z(G) ≃ Cm × ℤr where [Formula: see text] has exponent dividing m and r is torsion-free rank of Z(G). Also we prove that if G is a finitely generated group which is not torsion-free, then C* = Inn (G) if and only if G is nilpotent group of class 2 and Z(G) is cyclic or Z(G) ≃ Cm × ℤr where [Formula: see text] has exponent dividing m and r is torsion-free rank of Z(G). In both cases, we show G has a particularly simple form.
W-JAFFARD DOMAINS IN PULLBACKS
Authors: SAHANDI PARVIZ
Published: April 2011

In this paper we study the class of w-Jaffard domains in pullback constructions, and give new examples of these domains. In particular we give examples to show that the two classes of w-Jaffard and Jaffard domains are incomparable. As another application, we establish that for each pair of positive integers (n, m) with n + 1 ≤ m ≤ 2n + 1, there is an (integrally closed) integral domain R such that w- dim (R) = n and w[X]- dim (R[X]) = m.
THE ALGEBRAS DERIVED EQUIVALENT TO GENTLE CLUSTER TILTED ALGEBRAS
Authors: BOBIŃSKI GRZEGORZ , BUAN ASLAK BAKKE
Published: April 2011

A cluster tilted algebra is known to be gentle if and only if it is cluster tilted of Dynkin type 𝔸 or Euclidean type [Formula: see text]. We classify all finite-dimensional algebras which are derived equivalent to gentle cluster tilted algebras.
A LINEAR CONNECTION FOR BOTH SUB-RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY AND NONHOLONOMIC MECHANICS (II)
Authors: BEJANCU AUREL
Published: April 2011

We show that the sub-Riemannian connection ∇, constructed in the first part of our study [2], is the one which enables us to express the Lagrange–d'Alembert equations for a nonholonomic mechanical system in a form that is similar to the Newton's equations from classical mechanics (cf. (2.21)). Also, we define the generalized Chaplygin systems and show that the Lagrange–d'Alembert equations for these systems depend only on some horizontal variables. Two examples are given to illustrate our theory in comparison with other studies.
A NOTE ON THE GOLDBERG CONJECTURE OF WALKER MANIFOLDS
Authors: SALIMOV A. A.
Published: April 2011

This paper is concerned with Goldberg conjecture. Using the ϕφ-operator we prove the following result. Let (M, φ, w g) be an almost Kähler–Walker–Einstein compact manifold with the proper almost complex structure φ. The proper almost complex structure φ on Walker manifold (M, w g) is integrable if ϕφgN+ = 0, where gN+ is the induced Norden–Walker metric on M. This resolves a conjecture of Goldberg under the additional restriction on Norden–Walker metric (gN+ ∈ Ker ϕφ).
Multiscale acquisition and presentation of very large artifacts
Authors: Callieri Marco , Chica Antoni , Dellepiane Matteo , Besora Isaac , Corsini Massimiliano , Moyés Jordi , Ranzuglia Guido , Scopigno Roberto , Brunet Pere
Published: April 2011

The dichotomy between full detail representation and the efficient management of data digitization is still a big issue in the context of the acquisition and visualization of 3D objects, especially in the field of the cultural heritage. Modern scanning devices enable very detailed geometry to be acquired, but it is usually quite hard to apply these technologies to large artifacts. In this article we present a project aimed at virtually reconstructing the impressive (7×11 m.) portal of the Ripoll Monastery, Spain. The monument was acquired using triangulation laser scanning technology, producing a dataset of 2212 range maps for a total of more than 1 billion triangles. All the steps of the entire project are described, from the acquisition planning to the final setup for dissemination to the public. We show how time-of-flight laser scanning data can be used to speed-up the alignment process. In addition we show how, after creating a model and repairing imperfections, an interactive and immersive setup enables the public to navigate and display a fully detailed representation of the portal. This article shows that, after careful planning and with the aid of state-of-the-art algorithms, it is now possible to preserve and visualize highly detailed information, even for very large surfaces.
High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Analysis of the Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Gene in Japanese Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (SALS) Patients
Authors: Akimoto Chizuru , Morita Mitsuya , Atsuta Naoki , Sobue Gen , Nakano Imaharu
Published: April 2011

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and the majority of ALS are sporadic (SALS). Recently, several causative genes for familial ALS (FALS) were identified, but the cause of the SALS is still unknown. This time, we aimed to identify the genetic background of SALS. First, we applied the new sensitive screening methods: high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. HRM analysis detected 18 out of 19 known SOD1 gene mutations ( sensitivity). Next, we screenedSOD1, three novel mutations (C6Y, Q22H, and S134T) were identified in our own 184 SALS cases ( prevalence), and four mutations in another 255 SALS cases ( prevalence) registered from all over Japan. The patients withSOD1mutations suggested a relatively young onset and limb involvement at onset. The HRM analysis is a sensitive and easy screening method; we will use this method for screening other ALS causative genes and revealing the genetic background of SALS.
Characterization of Sucrose Thin Films for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Iconaru S. L. , Ungureanu F. , Costescu A. , Costache M. , Dinischiotu A. , Predoi D.
Published: April 2011

Sucrose is a natural osmolyte accumulated in the cells of organisms as they adapt to environmental stress. In vitro sucrose increases protein stability and forces partially unfolded structures to refold. Thin films of sucrose (C12H22O11) were deposited on thin cut glass substrates by the thermal evaporation technique (P∼10−5torr). Characteristics of thin films were put into evidence by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). The experimental results confirm a uniform deposition of an adherent layer. In this paper we present a part of the characteristics of sucrose thin films deposited on glass in medium vacuum conditions, as a part of a culture medium for osteoblast cells. Osteoblast cells were used to determine proliferation, viability, and cytotoxicity interactions with sucrose powder and sucrose thin films. The osteoblast cells have been provided from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Centre. The outcome of this study demonstrated the effectiveness of sucrose thin films as a possible nontoxic agent for biomedical applications.
The Role of Molecular Imaging in the Diagnosis and Management of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Shen Lie-Hang , Tseng Yu-Chin , Liao Mei-Hsiu , Fu Ying-Kai
Published: April 2011

Neuropsychiatric disorders are becoming a major socioeconomic burden to modern society. In recent years, a dramatic expansion of tools has facilitated the study of the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Molecular imaging has enabled the noninvasive characterization and quantification of biological processes at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels in intact living subjects. This technology has revolutionized the practice of medicine and has become critical to quality health care. New advances in research on molecular imaging hold promise for personalized medicine in neuropsychiatric disorders, with adjusted therapeutic doses, predictable responses, reduced adverse drug reactions, early diagnosis, and personal health planning. In this paper, we discuss the development of radiotracers for imaging dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems and β‐amyloid plaques. We will underline the role of molecular imaging technologies in various neuropsychiatric disorders, describe their unique strengths and limitations, and suggest future directions in the diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric disorders.
A Prediction Model of Oil Cracked Gas Resources and Its Application in the Gas Pools of Feixianguan Formation in NE Sichuan Basin, SW China
Authors: Wang Tongshan , Geng Ansng , Li Xia , Wang Hongjun , Wang Zecheng , Qiufen Li
Published: April 2011

The prediction of oil cracked gas resources is necessary and urgent in the gas exploration of these basins at high to over stage in China. A marine crude oil sample was pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes system in our study. The pyrolysates including gas, liquid, and solid were quantitatively analyzed. Based on the pyrolysis data and kinetic calculation, the yield correlativity among gas, liquid, and solid products was regressed with high correlative coefficients to establish a prediction model suitable for the resource estimation of oil cracked gas. The verification formula for this model was also established on the principle of mass conservation. The affecting factors and the application preconditions of this model were discussed. Finally the model was extrapolated to the prediction of oil cracked gas resources of Feixianguan formation in NE Sichuan basin, SW China. The prediction value of oil cracked resources is about 6.84×1012 m3, and generation intensity of oil cracked gas is about 97.5×108 m3/km2, and the paleo-oil reserves is about 97×108 t. The verifying value for this prediction is approximately equal to 1, indicating the model is reliable in the resource estimation of oil cracked gas.
ErbB3 Ablation Impairs PI3K/Akt-Dependent Mammary Tumorigenesis
Authors: Cook Rebecca S. , Garrett Joan T. , Sánchez Violeta , Stanford Jamie C. , Young Christian , Chakrabarty Anindita , Rinehart Cammie , Zhang Yixian , Wu Yaming , Greenberger Lee , Horak Ivan D. , Arteaga Carlos L.
Published: April 2011

The ErbB receptor family member ErbB3 has been implicated in breast cancer growth, but it has yet to be determined whether its disruption is therapeutically valuable. In a mouse model of mammary carcinoma driven by the polyomavirus middle T (PyVmT) oncogene, the ErbB2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib reduced the activation of ErbB3 and Akt as well as tumor cell growth. In this phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)-dependent tumor model, ErbB2 is part of a complex containing PyVmT, p85 (PI3K), and ErbB3, that is disrupted by treatment with lapatinib. Thus, full engagement of PI3K/Akt by ErbB2 in this oncogene-induced mouse tumor model may involve its ability to dimerize with and phosphorylate ErbB3, which itself directly binds PI3K. In this article, we report that ErbB3 is critical for PI3K/Akt-driven tumor formation triggered by the PyVmT oncogene. Tissue-specific, Cre-mediated deletion of ErbB3 reduced Akt phosphorylation, primary tumor growth, and pulmonary metastasis. Furthermore, EZN-3920, a chemically stabilized antisense oligonucleotide that targets the ErbB3 mRNA in vivo, produced similar effects while causing no toxicity in the mouse model. Our findings offer further preclinical evidence that ErbB3 ablation may be therapeutically effective in tumors where ErbB3 engages PI3K/Akt signaling. Cancer Res; 71(11); 3941–51. ©2011 AACR.
Late Sodium Current Contributes to the Reverse Rate-Dependent Effect of I
Kr
Inhibition on Ventricular Repolarization
Authors: Wu Lin , Ma Jihua , Li Hong , Wang Chao , Grandi Eleonora , Zhang Peihua , Luo Antao , Bers Donald M. , Shryock John C. , Belardinelli Luiz
Published: April 2011

Background—

The reverse rate dependence (RRD) of actions of I
Kr
-blocking drugs to increase the action potential duration (APD) and beat-to-beat variability of repolarization (BVR) of APD is proarrhythmic. We determined whether inhibition of endogenous, physiological late Na
+
current (late I
Na
) attenuates the RRD and proarrhythmic effect of I
Kr
inhibition.

Methods and Results—

Duration of the monophasic APD (MAPD) was measured from female rabbit hearts paced at cycle lengths from 400 to 2000 milliseconds, and BVR was calculated. In the absence of a drug, duration of monophasic action potential at 90% completion of repolarization (MAPD
90
) and BVR increased as the cycle length was increased from 400 to 2000 milliseconds (n=36 and 26;
P
<0.01). Both E-4031 (20 nmol/L) and d-sotalol (10 μmol/L) increased MAPD
90
and BVR at all stimulation rates, and the increase was greater at slower than at faster pacing rates (n=19, 11, 12 and 7, respectively;
P
<0.01). Tetrodotoxin (1 μmol/L) and ranolazine significantly attenuated the RRD of MAPD
90,
reduced BVR (
P
<0.01), and abolished torsade de pointes in hearts treated with either 20 nmol/L E-4031 or 10 μmol/L d-sotalol. Endogenous late I
Na
in cardiomyocytes stimulated at cycle lengths from 500 to 4000 milliseconds was greater at slower than at faster stimulation rates, and rapidly decreased during the first several beats at faster but not at slower rates (n=8;
P
<0.01). In a computational model, simulated RRD of APD caused by E-4031 and d-sotalol was attenuated when late I
Na
was inhibited.

Conclusion—

Endogenous late I
Na
contributes to the RRD of I
Kr
inhibitor–induced increases in APD and BVR and to bradycardia-related ventricular arrhythmias.
Frequency and Predictors of Stent Thrombosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dangas George D. , Caixeta Adriano , Mehran Roxana , Parise Helen , Lansky Alexandra J. , Cristea Ecaterina , Brodie Bruce R. , Witzenbichler Bernhard , Guagliumi Giulio , Peruga Jan Z. , Dudek Dariusz , Möeckel Martin , Stone Gregg W.
Published: April 2011

Background—

Concerns persist regarding the risk of stent thrombosis in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

The Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial included 3602 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention who were randomized to heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) (n=1802) versus bivalirudin monotherapy (n=1800). Stents were implanted in 3202 patients, including 2261 who received drug-eluting stents and 861 who received only bare metal stents. Definite or probable stent thrombosis within 2 years occurred in 137 patients (4.4%), including 28 acute events (0.9%), 49 subacute events (1.6%), 32 late events (1.0%), and 33 very late events (1.1%). The 2-year cumulative rates of stent thrombosis were 4.4% with both drug-eluting stents and bare metal stents (
P
=0.98) and 4.3% versus 4.6% in patients randomized to bivalirudin monotherapy versus heparin plus a GPI, respectively (
P
=0.73). Acute stent thrombosis occurred more frequently in patients assigned to bivalirudin compared with heparin plus a GPI (1.4% versus 0.3%;
P
<0.001), whereas stent thrombosis after 24 hours occurred less frequently in patients with bivalirudin compared with heparin plus a GPI (2.8% versus 4.4%;
P
=0.02). Prerandomization heparin and a 600-mg clopidogrel loading dose were independent predictors of reduced acute and subacute stent thrombosis, respectively.

Conclusions—

Stent thrombosis is not uncommon within the first 2 years after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and occurs with similar frequency in patients receiving drug-eluting stents versus bare metal stents and bivalirudin alone versus heparin plus a GPI. Optimizing adjunct pharmacology including early antithrombin therapy preloading with a potent antiplatelet therapy may further reduce stent thrombosis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Clinical Trial Registration:—

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00433966.
Technology, Nature, Software and Networks: Materializing the Post-Romantic Landscape
Authors: Welsby Chris
Published: April 2011

The author began making films and installations in the early 1970s. Although he has worked across a range of media, he has always concentrated on one particular theme that he conceptualizes as a two-sided question: How do we see ourselves in relation to the natural world, and how should we position our selves and our technologies within it? This essay traces some of the threads of these seminal ideas through a selection of works made in the years between 1974 and 2009. The author concludes with a detailed description of Tree Studies, a large-scale new media installation powered by real-time data from weather stations around the planet.
Socrates And The Patients: Republic IX, 583c-585a
Authors: Warren James
Published: April 2011

Republic IX 583c-585a presents something surprisingly unusual in ancient accounts of pleasure and pain: an argument in favour of the view that there are three relevant hedonic states: pleasure, pain, and an intermediate. The argument turns on the proposal that a person’s evaluation of their current state may be misled by a comparison with a prior or subsequent state. The argument also refers to ‘pure’ and anticipated pleasures. The brief remarks in the Republic may appear cursory or clumsy in comparison with the Philebus, but this appearance is misleading. Rather, they are part of a neat dialectical argument against a potentially troubling set of opponents. Socrates’ use of a topological analogy at 584d3-585a7 rounds off this section by clarifying and illustrating his position, preparing the ground for the final explanation of the pleasantness of the philosophical life at 585a-587c.
Delphi and Jerusalem: Two Spirits or Holy Spirit? A Review of John R. Levison’s Filled with the Spirit
Authors: Shelton James B.
Published: April 2011

Levison presents a sweeping panoramic overview of the Holy Spirit throughout Scripture while noting significant Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian parallels. The Spirit is the life force animating humans, the agent of regeneration, and the source of prophetic inspiration and power. Levison identifies distinct pneumatological trajectories that show a continuity in the Spirit traditions that are clarified and enhanced as they move through the Christian tradition. But how indebted is the Church to Greco-Roman spirit-concepts for her pneumatology?
A Critical Comparison of the Main Compensation Mechanism for Victims of Natural Catastrophes in Belgium and the Netherlands. With a Law and Economics Twist
Authors: Bruggeman Véronique
Published: April 2011

The yearly increase in the number of natural catastrophes is tangible and most probably to persist. It is therefore necessary to build a legal framework that can respond timely and efficiently to events of this scale by formulating a structural, comprehensive and efficient compensation model. This article aims, first, at giving policymakers and legal scholars some clear starting points for setting up such a compensation model to the victims of a natural catastrophe. The article will, second, sketch the compensation systems in Belgium and the Netherlands, discussing only the main compensation regime specifically designed for victims of natural catastrophes. Third and finally, these two systems will be compared using the insights from the economic analysis of law.
Revisiting Cold War Propaganda: Close Readings of Chinese and American Film Representations of the Korean War
Authors: Pickowicz Paul
Published: April 2011

No doubt the most memorable 1950s American propaganda film on the Korean War was Pork Chop Hill (1959), directed by Lewis Milestone, who made the anti-war classic All Quiet on the Western Front (1930). The most popular and influential on the Chinese side was Shangganling (The Battle of Sangkumryung Ridge or The Battle of Triangle Hill; 1956). Both deal with a single battle in which a small, dedicated unit is seen defending a remote hill top in the face of an overwhelming enemy onslaught. Their purpose was to convey political messages and teach long-term lessons to members of the audience well after the Korean War was over. But a shot by shot and character by character comparison and close reading reveals both parallels and differences.
The Contract of Language: John Searle's Philosophy of Society
Authors: Leezenberg Michiel
Published: April 2011

In Making the Social World, John Searle develops what he calls a "philosophy of society", which explores the ontological status and logical structure of institutional facts like universities and baseball games. This philosophy of society crucially depends on Searle's earlier work in the philosophy of language and mind. In this review, I discuss some aspects of Searle's theory of institutional facts as structured in terms of declaratives that are most relevant to working linguists, like the relation of language to other social institutions, the emergence of normativity in language, the articulation of (legitimate and illegitimate) power in language usage, and the question of whether there should be any restrictions on the allegedly universal human right to free speech.
Examination of POLDER/PARASOL and MODIS/Aqua Cloud Fractions and Properties Representativeness
Authors: Zeng Shan , Parol Frédéric , Riedi Jérôme , Cornet Céline , Thieuleux François
Published: April 2011

The Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences Coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) and Aqua are two satellites on sun-synchronous orbits in the A-Train constellation. Aboard these two platforms, the Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances (POLDER) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provide quasi simultaneous and coincident observations of cloud properties. The similar orbits but different detecting characteristics of these two sensors call for a comparison between the derived datasets to identify and quantify potential uncertainties in retrieved cloud properties.

To focus on the differences due to different sensor spatial resolution and coverage, while minimizing sampling and weighting issues, the authors have recomputed monthly statistics directly from the respective official level-2 products. The authors have developed a joint dataset that contains both POLDER and MODIS level-2 cloud products collocated on a common sinusoidal grid. The authors have then computed and analyzed monthly statistics of cloud fractions corresponding either to the total cloud cover or to the “retrieved” cloud fraction for which cloud optical properties are derived. These simple yet crucial cloud statistics need to be clearly understood to allow further comparison work of the other cloud parameters.

From this study, it is demonstrated that on average POLDER and MODIS datasets capture correctly the main characteristics of global cloud cover and provide similar spatial distributions and temporal variations. However, each sensor has its own advantages and weaknesses in discriminating between clear and cloudy skies in particular situations. Also it is shown that significant differences exist between the MODIS total cloud fraction (day mean) and the “retrieved” cloud fraction (combined mean). This study found a global negative difference of about 10% between POLDER and MODIS day-mean cloud fraction. On the contrary, a global positive difference of about 10% exists between POLDER and MODIS combined-mean cloud fraction. These statistical biases show both global and regional distributions that can be driven by sensors characteristics, environmental factors, and also carry potential information on cloud cover structure. These results provide information on the quality of cloud cover derived from POLDER and MODIS and should be taken into account for the use of other cloud products.
Global Modes of Sea Surface Temperature Variability in Relation to Regional Climate Indices
Authors: Messié Monique , Chavez Francisco
Published: April 2011

A century-long EOF analysis of global sea surface temperature (SST) was carried out and the first six modes, independent by construction, were found to be associated with well-known regional climate phenomena: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), El Niño Modoki, and the Atlantic El Niño. Four of the six global modes are dominated by Pacific changes, the other two (M2 and M6) being associated with the AMO and Atlantic El Niño, respectively. The principal component time series of the ENSO (M1) and North Pacific (M3) modes are coherent at time scales >10 yr, and their interaction results in the traditional PDO pattern and the dominant mode of Pacific multidecadal variability. The M3 and PDO time series are well correlated, but the EOFs have different spatial patterns. The fourth mode (M4) has been strengthening since the 1950s and is related to the NPGO but also to El Niño Modoki, especially at the decadal scale. The fifth global mode (M5) is also spatially and temporally correlated to El Niño Modoki. The Pacific SST modes are further related to atmospheric forcing and the circulation of the North Pacific subpolar and subtropical gyres.