bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of depression in the Stirling County Study:
historical and comparative perspectives
Authors: MURPHY J. M. , LAIRD N. M. , MONSON R. R. , SOBOL A. M. , LEIGHTON A. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. The Stirling County Study provides a 40-year perspective on the epidemiology of
psychiatric disorders in an adult population in Atlantic Canada. Across samples selected in 1952,
1970 and 1992 current prevalence of depression was stable. This paper concerns time trends in
annual incidence as assessed through cohorts selected from the first two samples.

Methods. Consistent interview data were analysed by a computerized diagnostic algorithm. The
cohorts consisted of subjects at risk for a first depression: Cohort-1 (N = 575) was followed
1952–1970; Cohort-2 (N = 639) was followed 1970–1992. Life-table methods were used to calculate
incidence rates and proportional hazards procedures were used for statistical assessment.

Results. Average annual incidence of depression was 4·5 per 1000 for Cohort-1 and 3·7 for Cohort-
2. Differences by gender, age and time were not statistically significant. The stability of incidence
and the similarity of distribution by gender and age in these two cohorts corresponds to findings
about the two early samples. In contrast, current prevalence in the recent sample was distributed
differently and showed an increase among women under 45 years.

Conclusions. The stability of the incidence of depression emphasizes the distinctive characteristics
of current prevalence in the recent sample and suggests that the dominance of women in rates of
depression may have occurred among those born after the Second World War. The results offer
partial support for the interpretation of an increase in depression based on retrospective data in
other recent studies but they indicate that the increase is specific to women.
Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG
Authors: Nunez Paul L.
Published: July 2002

A general conceptual framework for large-scale neocortical dynamics based on data from many laboratories is applied to a variety of experimental designs, spatial scales, and brain states. Partly distinct, but interacting local processes (e.g., neural networks) arise from functional segregation. Global processes arise from functional integration and can facilitate (top down) synchronous activity in remote cell groups that function simultaneously at several different spatial scales. Simultaneous local processes may help drive (bottom up) macroscopic global dynamics observed with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG).

A local/global dynamic theory that is consistent with EEG data and the proposed conceptual framework is outlined. This theory is neutral about properties of neural networks embedded in macroscopic fields, but its global component makes several qualitative and semiquantitative predictions about EEG measures of traveling and standing wave phenomena. A more general “metatheory” suggests what large-scale quantitative theories of neocortical dynamics may be like when more accurate treatment of local and nonlinear effects is achieved.

The theory describes the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action fields. EEG and MEG provide large-scale estimates of modulation of these synaptic fields around background levels. Brain states are determined by neuromodulatory control parameters. Purely local states are dominated by local feedback gains and rise and decay times of postsynaptic potentials. Dominant local frequencies vary with brain region. Other states are purely global, with moderate to high coherence over large distances. Multiple global mode frequencies arise from a combination of delays in corticocortical axons and neocortical boundary conditions. Global frequencies are identical in all cortical regions, but most states involve dynamic interactions between local networks and the global system. EEG frequencies may involve a “matching” of local resonant frequencies with one or more of the many, closely spaced global frequencies.
Fast, frugal, and surprisingly accurate heuristics
Authors: Luce R. Duncan
Published: July 2002

A research program is announced, and initial, exciting progress described. Many inference problems, poorly modeled by some traditional approaches, are surprisingly well handled by kinds of simple-minded Bayesian approximations. Fuller Bayesian approaches are typically more accurate but rarely are they either fast or frugal. Open issues include codifying when to use which heuristic and to give detailed evolutionary explanations.
A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function
Authors: Montangero Jacques
Published: July 2002

Revonsuo's evolutionary theory of dream function is extremely interesting. However, although threat avoidance theory is well grounded in experimental data, it does not take other significant dream research data into account. The theory can be integrated into a more general hypothesis which takes these data into consideration.

[Revonsuo]
An affordance field for guiding movement and cognition
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M. , Cowart Monica R. , Kaschak Michael P.
Published: July 2002

An embodied movement-planning field cannot account for behavior and cognition more abstract than that of reaching. Instead, we propose an affordance field, and we sketch how it could enhance the analysis of the A-not-B error, underlie cognition, and serve as a base for language. Admittedly, a dynamic systems account of an affordance field awaits significant further development.
The right way, the wrong way, and the army way: A dendritic parable
Authors: Scheibel Arnold B.
Published: July 2002

We suggest that neither selectionism nor constructivism alone
are responsible for learning-based changes in the brain. On the basis
of quantitative structural studies of human brain tissue it has been
possible to find evidence of both increase and decrease in tissue mass
at synaptic and dendritic levels. It would appear that both processes
are involved in the course of learning-dependent changes.
The most basic units of thought do more, and less, than point
Authors: Keil Frank
Published: July 2002

Thinking of concepts as explicit lists of features used to
pick out referents neatly is indeed mistaken; but there are other
alternatives than making concepts mere pointers. These alternatives
are suggested by the difference between meaning X and having the
concept X, problems of conceptual change, implicit conceptual
schemata, the conceptual requirements of the division of cognitive
labor, and how concepts figure in perception versus
language.
Testosterone is non-zero, but what is its strength?
Authors: Denenberg Victor H.
Published: July 2002

Mazur & Booth have shown an association between
testosterone and dominance behavior, but the strength of the
relationship is not given. In addition to being statistically
significant, it is also necessary that testosterone account for a
meaningful proportion of the variance; a multivariate model is
probably necessary. A cautionary tale from the animal literature
is related.
Violence, sex, and the good mother
Authors: Beckerman Stephen
Published: July 2002

Campbell's evolutionary explanation of women's
typically lower rates of interpersonal aggression is plausible, but
some supporting evidence requires scrutiny. Women may not commit less
interpersonal violence than men against small children. Women are more
vulnerable than men in same-sex encounters. The link between dominance
and reproductive success for males is less secure than was once
thought.
No reconstruction, no impenetrability (at least not much)
Authors: Edelman Shimon
Published: July 2002

Two of the premises of Pylyshyn's target article –
surface reconstruction as the goal of early vision and inaccessibility
of intermediate stages in the process presumably leading to such
reconstruction – are questioned and found wanting.
Generating oculomotor and neuronal behavior in a neural field model of the superior colliculus
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P. , Klein Raymond M.
Published: July 2002

The functional schema in the Findlay & Walker target article presents an understanding of oculomotor behavior primarily at an algorithmic level of analysis. Although such an analysis is an important first step, present knowledge of the neuroscientific substrate for oculomotor behavior is sufficiently advanced to support, if not warrant, computationally explicit models explaining how oculomotor behavior is implemented by this substrate. The literature contains a growing number of examples of this strategy, which we illustrate using our work.
Cross-linguistic variations in L2 morphological awareness
Authors: KODA KEIKO
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the effects of L1 processing experience on L2 morphological
awareness. Preliminary cross-linguistic comparisons indicated that morphological awareness in
two typologically distinct languages, Chinese and English, differs in several major ways. Based
on the comparisons, three specific hypotheses were formulated: compared with learners with a
typologically similar L1 background, Chinese learners of English as an L2 would be less
sensitive to intraword structural salience, less efficient in structural analysis, and more adept at
integrating word-internal (morphological) and word-external (context) information. These
hypotheses were tested empirically with two groups of adult L2 learners of English with
contrasting L1 backgrounds (Chinese and Korean). The data demonstrated that virtually no
difference existed between the two ESL groups in their intraword structural sensitivity, and that,
although Chinese learners were notably slower than Korean learners in performing intraword
structural analysis, they were far more efficient in integrating morphological and contextual
information during sentence processing. Viewed collectively, these findings seem to suggest that
L1 processing experience influences the development of L2 morphological awareness in specific
and predictable ways.
Involving residents in quality specification
Authors: RAYNES NORMA V.
Published: July 2002

The extension of user involvement in different aspects of service
delivery in
health and social care has been a central element of care in the community

policy. Purchasers and providers of such services for older people have
been
exploring ways of tailoring services to meet individual need and ensure
that
the quality of the service reflects user preference rather than service-provider

requirements. This article describes a project involving residents from
a
random proportionate sample of nursing homes and residential homes for

older people in the City of Manchester. The project was designed to bring
user
views about quality into the service contract specification for the purchase
of
residential and nursing home care. The process and the outcomes are
described. Factors which appear to promote the movement of user involvement

into the mainstream of service specification and service development are

identified. The role of small-scale initiatives is discussed.
Sociological research on age: legacy and challenge
Authors: WHITE RILEY MATILDA , RILEY JOHN W.
Published: July 2002

The hallmark of sociology is its emphases on first, people, secondly, structures
and, thirdly, their interrelationships. Similarly, we see sociological research on
age as concerned with (1) people over their life course; (2) age-related
structures and institutions; and (3) the dynamic interplay between people and
structures as each influences the other. Guided by our ‘aging and society
paradigm’, we review the research legacy as it has focused more on (1) than on
(2), and is only now concerned with understanding the interplay between
them (3). Hence our challenge to future researchers is to devise strategies for
understanding and analysing this interplay and its possible contributions to
the ever-accumulating research legacy.
The “Class” We Have Lost
Authors: Scott Joan W.
Published: July 2002

Geoff Eley's and Keith Nield's essay is marked by a tension
between a desire to update the old social history by detaching it from its
materialist assumptions on the one hand and a commitment to continue writing
narratives of working-class political agency on the other. By insisting that
class is still the best way of analyzing inequality and mobilizing resistance to
it, the authors foreclose other possibilities for thinking about contemporary
politics and for writing critical history. They do not ask the questions that
need to be asked, which are, What are the operative political categories capable
of moving masses of people into agency? and, What terms might be used to
represent inequalities of distribution? These questions don't exclude class
but they don't require it either; they also allow for a more open and
probing approach than is offered by Eley and Nield.
On learning from Wendt
Authors: ALKER HAYWARD R.
Published: July 2002

Alexander Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics is so impressive an achievement that it has a good chance to become a standard text of the mainline, American-oriented, professional International Relations literature. Composing what Morgenthau and Carr provided for my teachers, Morton Kaplan's System and Process in International Politics was for my peers, and Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics (especially in Robert Keohane's reader, Neorealism and its Critics) has been for many North Americans a bit younger than myself, is a remarkable achievement. It suggests a disciplinary mode of review.
Factors affecting pollinator visitation and reproductive success in Sonneratia caseolaris and Aegiceras corniculatum in a mangrove forest in India
Authors: PANDIT SHALINI , CHOUDHURY B. C.
Published: July 2002

Pollinator visitation to, and the reproductive success of, Sonneratia caseolaris (Sonneratiaceae) and
Aegiceras corniculatum (Myrsinaceae) was investigated in a mangrove forest in India. S. caseolaris was shown to be
primarily outcrossed and A. corniculatum was shown to be a selfing species. The flowers of both plant species attracted
several diurnal and nocturnal visitors. Earlier reports had indicated that S. caseolaris flowered for one night and was
exclusively night-pollinated. But flowers of this species were found to be in bloom both at night and during the day,
and diurnal visitors to the flowers were more diverse and frequent than nocturnal ones. This was related to the higher
volume and energy value of nectar in the morning. The effects of time of day and temperature on visitation rates were
quantified. The importance of visitors to plant reproductive success was investigated via controlled visitor-exclusion
experiments. Pollinators were expected to be more important for the outcrossing species than for the selfing species,
and this was confirmed by the results of the exclusion experiments. In S. caseolaris reproductive success was
determined both by pollinator availability and the intensity of flower and fruit predation, while in A. corniculatum it is
likely to be resource limited.
Feeding behaviour of bats and the dispersal of Piper arboreum seeds in Brazil
Authors: BIZERRIL MARCELO X. A. , RAW ANTHONY
Published: July 2002

Phyllostomide bats are the most important consumers of Piper fruits in the Neotropics (Heithaus et al. 1975) and, in particular, Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina are the species which demonstrate distinct preferences for these fruits (Charles-Dominique 1991, Fleming 1981, Fleming et al. 1977, Marinho-Filho 1991, Palmeirim el al. 1989). This is also true of Piper arboreum Aubl. (Piperaceae) in the gallery forests of Central Brazil (Bizerril & Raw 1997).
THE ACQUISITION OF TOPIC MARKING IN L1 CHINESE AND L1 AND L2
FRENCH
Authors: Hendriks Henriëtte
Published: July 2002

This paper focuses on the acquisition of linguistic devices used for discourse cohesion in
Chinese and French. Particular attention is paid to how two types of learners (child L1
[Chinese, French] and adult L2 [Chinese learning French]) acquire the
linguistic means for marking topics, in particular French dislocation,and its
discourse-pragmatic functions. Data consist of narratives based on picture sequences, produced
in absence of mutual knowledge. Previous studies in L2 acquisition have shown that, at early
stages, adult learners' utterances and texts are organized along semantic and pragmatic
principles, rather than along structural ones. These principles play a preponderant role in Chinese
as well. French shares this tendency with Chinese, insofar as particular utterance
patterns—dislocations—mark topic and antitopic. Results show that French
children have to acquire the discourse functions related to dislocations. Postbasic-variety adult
learners readily use French dislocations to mark—appropriately—a variety of
discourse-pragmatic functions. However, the adult learners quite often use forms that deviate
from the dislocated form found in target language French. This is all the more interesting because
the chosen forms, though not usable without a certain context in standard French, do occur in
colloquial French and are clearly functionally related to the target forms.
Survey Boat Attitude Determination with GPS/IMU Systems
Authors: Alkan Reha Metin , Baykal Orhan
Published: July 2002

Any vehicle such as a vessel or aeroplane has three attitude parameters. These are most
commonly defined as pitch, roll and heading from true north. In hydrographic surveying,
determination of these parameters is essential for the correction of multi-beam echo sounder
measurements. In the study on which this paper is based, two of the three parameters, the
pitch and roll angles, were measured with an inexpensive IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit)
device. The third was calculated from GPS carrier phase measurements that were collected
from two antennas on the boat. The GPS antennas depart from the vertical when they are
subject to pitch and roll effects. In this case, the coordinates derived from GPS will be
erroneous. Thus, if heading is to be calculated accurately, the horizontal coordinates have
to be corrected for pitch and roll. This paper defines an algorithm for the purpose that
enables pitch and roll angles to be measured with an accuracy of about 0·003 arcdeg and
headings computed with an accuracy of about 0·010 arcdeg.
Sustainable development: modern elixir or sack dress?
Authors: FRAZIER J. G.
Published: July 2002

Over the past two decades 'sustainable development' has grown from a term expressing concern for social and environmental problems to an international craze. The concept purportedly offers cures for the many and diverse problems afflicting modern society, and because it involves an integrated approach, the sustainable development fashion has resulted in much-needed collaboration between specialists from diverse backgrounds, to work on the complex problems involved in the interactions between society and environment. However, the term is rarely defined, and, being stylish and institutionalized, the 'sustainability movement' now directs the way much science and policy for biological conservation and development are designed, executed and evaluated. Occult, but basic, in nearly all discourses of sustainable development is the axiom of continual growth; and, in most cases, instead of offering a true solution to contemporary problems, the term is a source of confusion, contention and even deception. It is imperative that the use of this term, especially in multidisciplinary, international and scientific spheres, be based on clear understanding of its meaning, and that the issue of growth and the concept of limits be clearly incorporated into the core of the discussion.
Chronic disturbance, a principal cause of environmental degradation in developing countries
Authors: SINGH S.P.
Published: July 2002

Impact of human action is being felt in all ecosystems. Traditionally, urban landscapes and agricultural fields have been considered to be dominated by humans, but human alteration has also been substantial in tropical forests. The common forms of acute forest disturbance are ones that involve logging selectively or clear-cutting, allowing forest to regenerate by natural means. In contrast to the acute forms of disturbance, the chronic form of disturbance, which is subtle and slowly creeping, but equally destructive, is a much less-recognized problem. In the chronic form of disturbance people remove only a small fraction of forest biomass at a given time, generally as head-loads of firewood, or in the form of fodder, leaf litter and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The problem with the chronic form of forest disturbance is that plants or ecosystems often do not get time to recover adequately, because the human onslaught never stops, and can cause adverse changes in the forest, even if rates of biomass removal are within the carrying capacity of the forest. In a similar fashion, the cumulative effects of low but chronic exposure to air pollution are now cause for concern all over the planet (Pitelka 1994). In the case of chronic forest disturbance, the effect somewhat resembles that of persistent insect herbivory at a moderate scale. Fuelwood, which is still the main source of cooking energy in most developing countries, is reported to be in under supply for 1.4 thousand million people, and these may rise to 2.5 thousand million by 2010 (Food and Agriculture Organization 1994). Therefore, more areas are likely to come under regimes of chronic disturbance in the next century.
An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia
Authors: PRICE ANDREW R.G. , JOBBINS GUY , SHEPHERD ALEC R. DAWSON , ORMOND RUPERT F.G.
Published: July 2002

The Red Sea is a large marine ecosystem in which biological research has been considerable but integrated environmental assessment insubstantial. Approximately 1400 coastal and offshore (i.e. island) sites in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea were examined and an analysis of ordinal data on the abundance of ecosystems and magnitude of human uses/environmental impacts was conducted. Mangroves, seagrasses, other floral groups and terrestrial mammals were significantly more abundant at the coastal sites than offshore. The coastal sites were also impacted most heavily, while reefs, birds, turtles and marine mammals were significantly more abundant in offshore areas. Latitudinal trends include significantly increased abundance of mangroves and seagrasses (and other flora) towards the southern Red Sea, and a decrease in abundance of reefs. Significantly higher levels of beach oil were encountered towards the northern Red Sea, probably reflecting its greater proximity to the Gulf of Suez. Cluster analysis using all biological data revealed distinctive groupings which separated according to latitude. The biogeographic patterns are comparable to those observed in previous studies for seagrasses and other communities.

Using a relational database, applications of the findings to coastal management include creation of environmental profiles for particular sites or sectors, identification of resource-use conflict areas, and selection of representative sites for protected areas. Comparison with data from a complementary investigation in the Arabian Gulf indicates that the Red Sea is less perturbed by human activities than the Arabian Gulf. However, it is also evident that the Red Sea is no longer a pristine environment.
Environmental scientists, advocacy, and the future of Earth
Authors: MACKEY BRENDAN G.
Published: July 2002

Norman Myers recently challenged scientists to consider the social responsibilities that derive from their expertise and knowledge (Myers 1999). He raised important questions regarding how pro-active scientists can or should be in leading public debate about the state of the environment. This article is a response to that call, and hopefully will serve to stimulate further debate on the topic.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in patients with chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: VON HERTZEN L. , ALAKÄRPPÄ H. , KOSKINEN R. , LIIPPO K. , SURCEL H.-M. , LEINONEN M. , SAIKKU P.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
was

assessed in 54 patients with

established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 41 of these with
severe

COPD (group I), 13 with mild to moderate COPD (group II), and in 23 patients
with

community-acquired pneumonia (controls, group III). Specific IgG and IgA
antibody

levels and circulating

immune complexes (ICs) were measured in paired sera, and specific secretory
IgA

(sIgA) levels

in sputum specimens. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used for
the

detection of C.

pneumoniae in sputum. According to our definite diagnosis criterion,
65% of

the COPD

patients showed evidence of suspected chronic C. pneumoniae infection
and

the prevalence was

still higher (71%) in patients with severe disease. The occurrence of specific

markers of

infection was invariably highest in patients with severe COPD, next-highest
in

patients with

mild to moderate COPD and lowest in pneumonia patients. The association
between COPD

and C. pneumoniae infection persisted after controlling for the

potential confounding factors.
Characterization of the Lancefield group C streptococcus

16S-23S RNA gene intergenic spacer and its potential for

identification and sub-specific typing
Authors: CHANTER N. , COLLIN N. , HOLMES N. , BINNS M. , MUMFORD J.
Published: July 2002

The 16S-23S RNA gene intergenic spacers of isolates of Streptococcus

equi (n=5), S.

zooepidemicus (n=5), S. equisimilis (n=3)
and

S. dysgalactiae (n=2) were sequenced and

compared. There were distinct regions within the spacer, arranged in the
order

1–9 for all S.

equi and one S. zooepidemicus isolate and 1,2 and 4–9
for

the remaining isolates. Region 4 was identical to the tRNAala

gene found in the 16S-23S intergenic spacers of other streptococci.

Regions 1, 5, 6 and 7 had distinct variations, each conserved in different

isolates. However,

amongst the intergenic spacers there were different combinations of variant
regions,

suggesting

a role for DNA recombination in their evolution. The intergenic spacer
of all

isolates of S.

equi and one S. zooepidemicus isolate were almost identical.

Primers derived from the variant

sequences of regions 1 and 5 to 6 were used to group all S. zooepidemicus

(n=17) and S. equi

(n=5) into 1 of 8 types by polymerase chain reaction; three S.

zooepidemicus isolates typed

the same as S. equi. S. equi and S. zooepidemicus
were

clearly distinguishable from

S. equisimilis and S. dysgalactiae which had shorter
regions

5 and 6 and no region 7. Most

homology for the group C sequences was found in previously published sequences

for the

16S-23S intergenic spacers of S. anginosis, S. constellatus,

S. intermedius, S. salivarius and

S. agalactiae. A 75-90 nucleotide length shared with S. anginosus

and S. intermedius in opposite

orientations in the two main variants of region 6 supported the role for
DNA

recombination

in the evolution of the spacer. The 16S-23S intergenic spacers indicate
that

S. zooepidemicus

was the archetypal species for S. equi and that both are genetically

more distant from

S. equisimilis and S. dysgalactiae. The intergenic spacer

can be used to identify specifically

the group C. streptococci and as an epidemiological marker for
S.

zooepidemicus.
Epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a
randomly selected population in a developed country
Authors: O'NEILL C. , MURRAY L. J. , ONG G. M. L. , O'REILLY D. P. J. , EVANS A. E. , BAMFORD K. B.
Published: July 2002

This cross-sectional study of 400 sera from a randomly selected
adult population in Northern
Ireland, using a microimmunofluorescence assay, demonstrated high overall
seropositivity
(70%) for IgG Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies in developed populations.
Seropositivity was
shown to be unrelated to gender, age or smoking but there was an inverse
trend between
infection and educational level achieved as a measure of socio-economic
status. IgG levels were
also higher during the winter months suggesting seasonal variation of Chlamydia
pneumoniae
infection. The high prevalence of evidence of exposure to Chlamydia
pneumoniae as described
in this study may have implications for prevention of cardiovascular disease
if further evidence
conclusively determines that infection with this organism is a risk factor
for cardiovascular
disease.
Feature spreading as dealignment: the distribution of
[ç] and [x] in German
Authors: Noske Manuela
Published: July 2002

Prosodification processes like syllabification and foot parsing
are often
limited to a particular morphological constituent; i.e. they do not apply
across a morpheme boundary. Prince & Smolensky (1993) present a new
interpretation of this phenomenon which identifies the edge of a morphological
constituent, rather than the morphological constituent as such,
as opaque to prosodification. On their view, the morphological boundedness
of processes that erect metrical structure reflects the desire for a
grammatical constituent edge to coincide with the edge of a prosodic
constituent, formalised as ALIGN(GCat-Edge 1, PCat-Edge 1) in
their
theory. Since prosodification across a morpheme boundary results in a
mismatch between the edges of a prosodic and a morphological constituent,
it is blocked whenever alignment is obeyed.

In this paper I claim that not only prosodification processes but also
feature spreading is subject to pressure from an alignment constraint,
and
so is avoided. The case in point is dorsal fricative assimilation in Modern
Standard German. Dorsal fricative assimilation does not apply across a
compound boundary or to the dorsal fricative of the diminutive suffix
-chen, which, though morphologically a suffix, is prosodically
a separate
phonological word of German (Noske 1990, Iverson & Salmons 1992,
Borowsky 1993, Wiese 1996). Bringing Itô & Mester's (in
press) notion of
crisp alignment to bear on the analysis, I argue that the application of
fricative assimilation is constrained by CRISPEDGE(PrWd),
which requires
the prosodic word to have sharply defined boundaries. Since spreading
from a word-final back vowel to the initial dorsal of the following word
results in a blurred word edge, it is ruled out, because CRISPEDGE(PrWd)
is ranked higher than the constraint governing spreading.
Birth synchrony in greater spear‐nosed bats (Phyllostomus hastatus)
Authors: Porter T.A. , Wilkinson G. S.
Published: July 2002

For many animals, strategies for optimally timing reproduction involve monitoring not only the physical environment, but also the social context. To explore the potential for social factors to modulate reproductive seasonality, the influence of social and environmental cues on birth timing was examined in greater spear‐nosed bats Phyllostomus hastatus. Births were observed or dated from pup growth curves in three caves on Trinidad, West Indies, over 4 years. Nearly 40+ of the variability in birth dates could be explained by environmental factors because birth dates differed significantly between years and showed consistent differences between locations that receive differing rainfall amounts. Nevertheless, the timing of births within caves and in captivity indicated that social cues also affect the timing and synchrony of births within female social groups. Within each cave, social groups differed significantly in mean birth dates. Two groups of greater spear‐nosed bats brought into captivity and maintained without seasonal cues initially exhibited less birth synchrony than wild groups, but birth synchrony did not decline over 3 subsequent years. Further evidence for the influence of social cues on reproductive timing came from four females that were transferred between the captive groups and then gave birth in synchrony with their new group and out of schedule with their original group. Social cues influencing reproductive timing are unlikely to be volatile chemicals or other passively transferred cues, given that frequent prolonged physical contact did not increase birth synchrony between adjacent wild groups. Cues are more probably transferred actively between female group members, perhaps by grooming, or through mating with one attendant male.
Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children
from low and high socioeconomic status
Authors: LUPIEN S. J. , KING S. , MEANEY M. J. , MCEWEN B. S.
Published: July 2002

It is well known that individuals from more advantaged social classes enjoy better mental and
physical health than do individuals within lower classes. Various mechanisms have been evoked to
explain the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health. One mechanism that has
received particular attention in recent years is stress. It has been shown that individuals lower in
SES report greater exposure to stressful life events and a greater impact of these events on their
life than individuals higher in SES. In order to measure whether the development of the
relationship between SES and mental health is sustained by exposure to high levels of
glucocorticoids, we measured morning salivary cortisol levels as well as cognitive function
(memory, attention, and language) in 307 children (from 6 to 16 years of age) from low versus
high SES in the Montreal area in Canada. The results revealed that low SES children from 6 to 10
years old present significantly higher salivary cortisol levels when compared to children from high
SES. This difference disappears at the time of school transition, and no SES differences are
observed in salivary cortisol levels during high school. However, children from low and high SES
do not differ with regard to memory or to attentional and linguistic functions. Also, mothers of
low SES children reported higher feelings of depression and more unhealthy behaviors, while
mothers of high SES children reported higher stress related to work or family transitions.
Altogether, these results show that low SES in young children is related to increased cortisol
secretion, although the impact of SES on cortisol secretion is absent after transition to high
school. These data are interpreted within the context of the equalization process of class
patterning. Four social explanatory factors are suggested to explain the disappearance of SES
differences in basal cortisol levels after school transition, taking into account the influence of
family environment on the child's secretion of stress hormones.
An
ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among
child maltreatment, community violence, and children's symptomatology
Authors: LYNCH MICHAEL , CICCHETTI DANTE
Published: July 2002

Cicchetti and Lynch have conceptualized
ecological contexts as consisting of nested levels with varying degrees of proximity to the
individual. These levels of the environment interact and transact with each other over time in
shaping individual development and adaptation. With a sample of maltreated (n =
188) and nonmaltreated (n = 134) children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, this
investigation employed a 1-year longitudinal design to conduct an ecological-transactional
analysis of the mutual relationships among community violence, child maltreatment, and
children's functioning over time. Indicators of children's functioning were
externalizing and internalizing behavior problems and self-rated traumatic stress reactions,
depressive symptomatology, and self-esteem. Either full or partial support was obtained for the
study's primary hypotheses. Rates of maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, were
related to levels of child-reported violence in the community. In addition, child maltreatment and
exposure to community violence were related to different aspects of children's
functioning. Specific effects were observed for neglect and sexual abuse and for witnessing and
being victimized by violence in the community. Finally, there was evidence that children and
their contexts mutually influence each other over time. Results were discussed within the
framework of an ecological-transactional model of development.
Frontal brain electrical activity in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Relation
to variations in infant behavior
Authors: DAWSON GERALDINE , FREY KARIN , SELF JOANNA , PANAGIOTIDES HERACLES , HESSL DAVID , YAMADA EMILY , RINALDI JULIE
Published: July 2002

In previous studies, infants of depressed mothers have been found to exhibit reduced left
frontal brain electrical activity (EEG). The left frontal region has been hypothesized to mediate
social approach behaviors and positive affective expression. These findings raise important
questions about the cause and nature of atypical EEG patterns in infants of depressed mothers.
The present study begins to address some of these questions by examining whether or not
variations in patterns of frontal brain activity in infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers
are related to variations in infant behavior as observed in naturalistic situations. If such relations
exist, are they specific to certain behaviors hypothesized to be mediated by the frontal region
(i.e., positive approach behaviors)? Frontal and parietal brain electrical activity was recorded
from 14- to 15-month old infants of depressed versus nondepressed mothers during a baseline
condition and during conditions designed to elicit interest and positive affect. Infant behavior
was observed in naturalistic play conditions, with and without mother, on a separate day from
EEG testing. Mothers provided information on infant temperament. Infants of depressed mothers
showed less affection and touching of their mothers. For infants of depressed mothers only,
reduced left frontal brain activity was found to be related to lower levels of affection toward
mother, but not to infant temperament. Furthermore, increased generalized frontal activation was
found to be related to higher levels of negative affect, hostility, and tantrums and aggression.
Relations between infant brain activity and behavior were not found for parietal EEG activity.
These results suggest that infant frontal electrical brain activity is related to variations in infant
behavior, especially those involved in positive affiliative behavior and the expression and
regulation of negative affect. The nature and cause of atypical patterns of brain activity and
question of whether such atypical patterns of frontal brain activity predispose infants to affective
disorders in later life are discussed.
Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: A maturational perspective
Authors: TARTER RALPH , VANYUKOV MICHAEL , GIANCOLA PETER , DAWES MICHAEL , BLACKSON TIMOTHY , MEZZICH ADA , CLARK DUNCAN B.
Published: July 2002

The etiology of early age onset substance use disorder (SUD), an Axis I psychiatric illness, is
examined from the perspective of the multifactorial model of complex disorders. Beginning at
conception, genetic and environment interactions produce a sequence of biobehavioral
phenotypes during development which bias the ontogenetic pathway toward SUD. One pathway
to SUD is theorized to emanate from a deviation in somatic and neurological maturation, which,
in the context of adverse environments, predisposes to affective and behavioral dysregulation as
the cardinal SUD liability-contributing phenotype. Dysregulation progresses via epigenesis from
difficult temperament in infancy to conduct problems in childhood to substance use by early
adolescence and to severe SUD by young adulthood.
The onset of marijuana use from preadolescence and early adolescence to young
adulthood
Authors: BROOK JUDITH S. , KESSLER RONALD C. , COHEN PATRICIA
Published: July 2002

Although it is well documented that intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors are related to
the frequency of marijuana use, much less is known about the initiation of marijuana use. This
paper reports on a longitudinal study of the personality, family, peer, and ecological predictors of
marijuana onset. Survival analysis was applied to a sample of nonusers of illegal drugs, followed
from age 9 years to the 20s. The major findings indicate that (a) youngsters who are
unconventional are at a higher risk for marijuana initiation; (b) youngsters who associate with
peers who use marijuana or who smoke tobacco themselves are at increased risk for marijuana
initiation; (c) youngsters who identify with their parents are less likely to begin marijuana use;
and (d) the predictors related to marijuana onset emerged during preadolescence, early
adolescence, middle adolescence, late adolescence, and the 20s. Results are discussed within the
framework of a family interactional perspective of development. Implications for prevention are
discussed.
Special issue on Logical Frameworks and Metalanguages
http//www-sop.inria.fr/certilab/LFM00/cfp-jfp.html
Authors: Despeyroux Joëlle , Harper Robert
Published: July 2002

Logical frameworks and meta-languages are intended as a common substrate for
representing and implementing a wide variety of logics and formal systems. Their
definition and implementation have been the focus of considerable work over the
last decade. At the heart of this work is a quest for generality: A logical framework
provides a basis for capturing uniformities across deductive systems and support
for implementing particular systems. Similarly a meta-language supports reasoning
about and using languages.

Logical frameworks have been based on a variety of different languages including
higher-order logics, type theories with dependent types, linear logic, and modal logic.
Techniques of representation of logics include higher-order abstract syntax, inductive
definitions or some form of equational or rewriting logic in which substitution is
explicitly encoded.

Examples of systems that implement logical frameworks include Alf, Coq, NuPrl,
HOL, Isabelle, Maude, lambda-Prolog and Twelf. An active area of research in
such systems is the study of automated reasoning techniques. Current work includes
the development of various automated procedures as well as the investigation of
rewriting tools that use reflection or make use of links with systems that already have
sophisticated rewriting systems. Program extraction and optimization are additional
topics of ongoing work.
Domestic service, privacy and the eighteenth-century metropolitan household
Authors: Meldrum Tim
Published: July 2002

Recent analysis of the public-private dichotomy in the eighteenth century has portrayed the London household as the locus of architectural innovation as elites distanced themselves from their domestic servants, so implicating it in a fundamental component of modernity, the ‘growth of privacy’. The master-servant divide allegedly widened over the course of the eighteenth century, trickling down from the nobility to the middling sorts. But the testimony of domestic servants demonstrates that much architectural innovation (like back stairs and servant bells) can be found in London houses well before the orthodox model allows, and their cultural transmission is by no means simply one of trickle-down. Continuity and complexity, rather than paradigmatic shift, are much more apparent, bringing into question the use of probate inventory or architectural evidence alone in charting cultural change.
Media, education and democracy
Authors: HOWELLS RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Media, education and democracy are inseparably connected, as an educated citizenship is fundamental to the proper working of democracy. The mass media have a demonstrated and vital capacity to educate, especially beyond the parameters of formal education. The nature of such education is both civic and social, deliberate and unintentional. Vigilance is required to separate education from persuasion, information from propaganda. Given the centrality of media to democracy, not only do the media have an obligation to educate the citizenship, but the universities need to educate the citizenship about the media. Without such education, democracy itself is threatened.
Supercell storms in Switzerland: case studies and implications for nowcasting severe winds with Doppler radar
Authors: Schmid W , Schiesser H‐H , Bauer‐Messmer B
Published: July 2002

Three severe hail‐ and windstorms, which occurred in Northern Switzerland, have been investigated. The storms produced hailswaths of 70–170 km in length and 12–25 km in width. Compact tracks of severe wind damages within the hailswaths are documented from public reports. These tracks have a length of 12–25 km. The damage was produced by straight‐line winds rather than by tornadoes. Volume‐scan Doppler radar data of the storms are available in time steps of 5 min. Radar signatures, such as low‐level convergence and shear, mid‐level vorticity, and high‐level divergence, were attributed to the damage tracks at the ground. The low‐level radar signatures allow the deduction of the time of occurrence of the damage tracks with a precision of some minutes.

Striking similarities in the evolution of the three storms were found. The storms developed in the foothills of the Alps and the Jura mountains and propagated towards the plains of the Swiss midland. The storms can be classified as ‘high‐precipitation’ supercell storms, known as producers of severe straight‐line winds in the USA. Meso(anti)cyclonic vortex signatures were seen 40–55 min in advance of the heavy wind damage at the ground. The damage tracks were associated with explosive secondary cellular growth aloft. The physical explanation of this behaviour is that the first cells with mid‐level rotation produced a gust front outflow that was accelerated to damaging strength at the time when the secondary cellular growth was initiated. The operational implication is that the nowcasting of severe and damaging winds can be improved by considering mid‐level rotation in an early stage of the evolving storms. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
Meteorological situations associated with significant temperature falls in Buenos Aires: an application to the daily consumption of residential natural gas
Authors: Escobar Gustavo , Bischoff Susana
Published: July 2002

The synoptic situations associated with significant temperature decreases in Buenos Aires are analysed. Knowledge of these situations for the winter season is very useful for the community, especially when they are related to the consumption of natural gas, which is one of the most important sources of energy in Argentina. The rotated principal component method is used to classify the synoptic situations. The significant temperature decreases in winter during the period 1980–1988 occur in five modes at 1000 hPa and three modes at 500 hPa. The relationship between the two levels identifies two dominant patterns. The first has a strong high‐pressure system with a northwest–southeast axis and a maximum strength near 80°W, 40°S; this pattern is related to south‐southeast winds over Buenos Aires. The second type shows a high‐pressure system at 105°W, 48°S and a minimum near 110°W, 30°–35°S; this kind of pattern is associated with persistent blocking situations in the South Pacific which result in persistent winds from the south over Buenos Aires. In addition, a relationship between such situations and the resulting increases in the demand for natural gas in residential areas is shown. This will help in the forecasting of such events in the future. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
RESURGENCE OF ATTACHMENT (BEHAVIOURS) WITHIN A COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTION: EVIDENCE FROM RESEARCH
Authors: Sutton Carole
Published: July 2002

In the course of studies of behavioural parent training with the families of young children who were demonstrating serious conduct disorders, a substantial proportion of the parents reported, without the information being
solicited in any way, that their children had become far more loving and demonstrative than formerly. They were
surprised and delighted by this development. The concepts of “attachment” and “attachment behaviours” are explored
and the usefulness of learning theory in understanding the extinction and recovery of attachment/attachment behaviours
is discussed. This formulation may provide a bridge between cognitive learning theory on the one hand and attachment
theory on the other.