bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of physical and chemical disinfection methods of Brassica oleracea seeds naturally contaminated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
Authors: Sanna M. , Gilardi G. , Gullino M. L. , Mezzalama M.
Published: June 2022

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot of crucifers, is a seedborne pathogen that causes severe yield losses worldwide. Seed treatments represent the most effective strategies to control the pathogen. In this study several physical and chemical treatments were evaluated for their efficacy in containing the contamination of the seeds with Xcc, without compromising the germination. The experiments were carried out with a naturally contaminated seed batch, selected among four lots for its higher contamination with Xcc (9.5 × 101 cells/g of seed). The evaluation was performed under controlled conditions following a modified protocol from ISTA (2019), highlighting different degrees of effectiveness of the tested disinfection treatments. Seeds disinfected under laboratory conditions with hydrogen peroxide (3%) for 30 min showed the 100% containment of the level of contamination with Xcc with the germination rate at 95.3% after the treatment, if compared with the untreated control. The same treatment was tested at the operation site of the seed company to evaluate the applicability of the method under commercial conditions. Under practical conditions, reducing the length of the treatment to 15 min, the strict control of the temperature of the disinfecting bath, the drying temperature at 37 °C and the use of small quantities of seeds, between 50 and 300 g, were crucial to obtain disinfected and viable seed.
A Virtual Prototyping Approach for Development of PMSM on Real-Time Platforms: A Case Study on Temperature Sensitivity
Authors: Scheer René , Bergheim Yannick , Aleff Simon , Heintges Daniel , Rahner Niclas , Gries Rafael , Andert Jakob
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of system interactions in a battery electric vehicle caused by temperature sensitivity of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). An analytical model of a PMSM considering iron losses and thermal impact is implemented on a field programmable gate array suitable for hardware-in-the-loop testing. By the presented virtual prototyping approach, different machine characteristics defined by the design are used to parameterize the analytical model. The investigated temperature effect is understood as an interacting influence between machine characteristics and control, which are investigated in terms of torque generation, voltage utilization and efficiency under closed-loop condition in a vehicle environment. In particular, using a surface permanent magnet rotor and an interior permanent magnet rotor, the performance of both machine designs is analyzed by varying temperature-adjusted feedforward control strategies on the basis of a driving cycle from a racetrack. The comparison shows that the machine design with surface-mounted magnets is associated with higher temperature sensitivity. In this case, the temperature consideration in the feedforward control provides a $$14\,\%$$

14

%

loss reduction in closed-loop vehicle test operation. It can be summarized that the electromagnetic torque is less sensitive to a temperature variation with increasing reluctance. The presented development approach demonstrates the impact of interactions in electric powertrains without the need of real prototypes.
Onlay and retrorectus synthetic nonabsorbable mesh-augmented fascia closure during midline laparotomy: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis using trial sequential analysis
Authors: Kasetsermwiriya Wisit , Laopeamthong Issaree , Sukhvibul Pakkapol , Techapongsatorn Suphakarn , Tansawet Amarit
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of prophylactic mesh placement. This study aimed to update evidence on IH prophylaxis using onlay (OM) or retrorectus (RM) mesh-augmented fascia closure and assess the certainty of evidence using trial sequential analysis (TSA).

Methods:

Scopus and Medline databases were searched to identify new studies on prophylactic OM and RM (2019–2022). Studies were eligible if they were RCTs and had investigated nonabsorbable mesh efficacy in midline laparotomy. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Relative risk (RR) of IH, with 95% confidence interval (CI), was estimated from a meta-analysis. Heterogeneities were explored using meta-regression, and publication bias was assessed. Required information size (RIS) was calculated using control event rate (CER) and relative risk reduction (RRR), and accumulated Z-scores were compared with adjusted significance boundary in TSA.

Results:

Nine RCTs were included for analysis. RR (95% CI) of IH compared to primary suture closure (PSC) was 0.28 (0.15, 0.50) for OM and 0.33 (0.17, 0.65) for RM. TSA indicated that evidence from meta-analyses for OM versus PSC and RM versus PSC was certain. However, uncertainty was observed in RM versus PSC meta-analysis when sensitivity TSA was performed using 40% RRR.

Conclusions:

Both OM and RM significantly lowered IH incidence, and TSA indicated that evidence from meta-analysis for OM versus PSC was certain. Evidence from RM versus PSC was less certain than that of OM versus PSC, especially when the results from sensitivity analysis were considered.

Highlights
How we do it: endoscopic tracheal dilatation technique using a supraglottic airway device and non-occlusive balloon
Authors: Hofmeyr R , Lubbe D
Published: June 2022

Background

Tracheal stenosis can be difficult to manage. Dilatation can relieve acute symptoms, avoid emergency tracheostomy and may be curative, but traditional dilators risk injury and obstruction in an already critical airway. This paper describes a novel technique for conducting tracheobronchial dilatation with a non-occlusive balloon through a supraglottic airway device, performed under endoscopic guidance.

Technical description

A supraglottic airway device is placed whilst the patient is under total intravenous anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation. Using a multiport airway adaptor, inspection is performed by flexible endoscopy and a guidewire is placed through the stenosis. A non-occlusive balloon is advanced over the guidewire and positioned using the endoscope reinserted through the second adaptor port. Ventilation can thus be continued throughout dilatation under vision.

Conclusion

This technique has revolutionised our approach to tracheal dilatation in our institution. It avoids tracheostomy, and can be safely and reliably performed by junior staff in the emergency setting after adequate training.
Remembering Thomas Postlewait 1941–2021
Authors: SAUTER WILLMAR , REINELT JANELLE
Published: June 2022

The picture of the group of scholars on the steps of the University of Helsinki in 1993 is typical of Thomas Postlewait and depicts at the same time an important moment in the history of the International Federation for Theatre Research (Fig. 1). Tom keeps in the background, furthest back in the top row, next to Selma Jeanne Cohen and Martine de Rougemont, then the vice president of IFTR. This position was in a way typical of Tom. He remained in the background and at the same time he supported and pushed those around him. This characterized his role as the editor of the University of Iowa Press series called Studies in Theatre History and Culture. During twenty years he published forty books by authors from many countries. Some of them can be seen assembled around him on the photograph. Anyone who was lucky to be coached by Editor Tom will easily confirm the strong directions that were given with a soft hand, preserving the particularities of the author within the overall framework of the series.
Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by targeted deletion of Mfn1 does not result in telomere shortening in oocytes
Authors: Cozzolino Mauro , Seli Emre
Published: June 2022

Telomere shortening during oocyte growth and development is related to reproductive ageing and infertility. The main mechanism involved in the maintenance of telomeres is based on telomerase activity, a specialized enzyme complex, which is capable of adding TTAGGG repeats at the ends of the chromosomes. Mitochondrial dysfunction may cause progressive shortening of telomeres by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. Mitofusin-1 is a protein required for mitochondrial fusion. Mice with the mitofusin-1 (Mfn1) deletion in the oocyte are characterized by accelerated follicular depletion and infertility, associated with defective oocyte maturation and follicular development. We hypothesized whether mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes with targeted deletion of Mfn1 causes telomere shortening. We analyzed telomere length in oocyte and somatic cells in 3-, 6- and 9-month-old Mfn1−/− and wild-type mice. Immunofluorescence in oocyte mice of TRF1 and H2A.X was assessed to evaluate the interplay between the end-protection functions and the response to DNA damage occurring inside the telomeric repeats. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to the deletion of Mfn1 does not seem to affect telomere length in mouse oocytes.
Health Risk Implications of Volatile Organic Compounds in Wildfire Smoke During the 2019 FIREX‐AQ Campaign and Beyond
Authors: Dickinson Gabrielle N. , Miller Dylan D. , Bajracharya Aakriti , Bruchard William , Durbin Timbre A. , McGarry John K. P. , Moser Elijah P. , Nuñez Laurel A. , Pukkila Elias J. , Scott Phillip S. , Sutton Parke J. , Johnston Nancy A. C.
Published: June 2022

Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality was a NOAA/NASA collaborative campaign conducted during the summer of 2019. The objectives included identifying and quantifying wildfire composition, smoke evolution, and climate and health impacts of wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States. Ground based mobile sampling via sorbent tubes occurred at the Nethker and Williams Flats fires (2019) and Chief Timothy and Whitetail Loop fires (2020) in Idaho and Washington. Air samples were analyzed through thermal desorption‐gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry for a variety of volatile organic compounds to elucidate both composition and health impacts. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, butenes, phenol, isoprene and pinenes were observed in the wildfire smoke, with benzene ranging from 0.04 to 25 ppbv. Health risk was assessed for each fire by determining sub‐chronic (wildfire event) and projected chronic inhalation risk exposure from benzene, a carcinogen, as well as other non‐carcinogenic compounds including toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and hexane. The cancer risk of benzene from sub‐chronic exposure was 1 extra cancer per million people and ranged from 1 to 19 extra cancers per million people for the projected chronic scenarios, compared to a background level of 1 extra cancer per million people. The hazard index of non‐carcinogenic compounds was less than one for all scenarios and wildfires sampled, which was considered low risk for non‐cancer health events.
A Method to Determine Moment Magnitudes of Large Earthquakes Based on the Long‐Period Coda
Authors: Jiang Xinyu , Song Xiaodong
Published: June 2022

We present a novel and robust method for estimating moment magnitudes (Mw) of large earthquakes with long‐period and long‐lasting coda energy. Fitting the energy with a simple decay model, we derive a straightforward relationship between the coda energy and the Mw. Tests with both real and synthetic data of 10 globally distributed large earthquakes (Mw > 8) verify the method and the results are stable and reliable even with a fast calculation of synthetics for a 1D model. Tests also show that the method is applicable for earthquakes with Mw above 7.5–8.0 with energy sufficiently greater than the ambient noise. The method removes or reduces the effects of geometric spreading, focal mechanism, source rupture process, and the actual Earth structure, making it advantageous for estimating the magnitudes of large earthquakes. The new long‐period coda moment magnitude (Mwo) estimations are similar to the conventional solutions but are slightly larger (by 0.04 on average).
Plankton Imagery Data Inform Satellite‐Based Estimates of Diatom Carbon
Authors: Chase A. P. , Boss E. S. , Haëntjens N. , Culhane E. , Roesler C. , Karp‐Boss L.
Published: June 2022

Estimating the biomass of phytoplankton communities via remote sensing is a key requirement for understanding global ocean ecosystems. Of particular interest is the carbon associated with diatoms given their unequivocal ecological and biogeochemical roles. Satellite‐based algorithms often rely on accessory pigment proxies to define diatom biomass, despite a lack of validation against independent diatom biomass measurements. We used imaging‐in‐flow cytometry to quantify diatom carbon in the western North Atlantic, and compared results to those obtained from accessory pigment‐based approximations. Based on this analysis, we offer a new empirical formula to estimate diatom carbon concentrations from chlorophyll a. Additionally, we developed a neural network model in which we integrated chlorophyll a and environmental information to estimate diatom carbon distributions in the western North Atlantic. The potential for improving satellite‐based diatom carbon estimates by integrating environmental information into a model, compared to models that are based solely on chlorophyll a, is discussed.
Persistent Magma‐Rich Waves Beneath Mid‐Ocean Ridges Explain Long Periodicity on Ocean Floor Fabric
Authors: Sim S. J.
Published: June 2022

The ocean floor makes up the majority of the Earth's surface and yet, its geomorphology is not fully understood. Recent debate has focused on whether sea level changes—driven by Milankovitch glacial cycles—generate the abyssal hill fabric of the ocean floor by modulating mid‐ocean ridge magma supply. However, periodicities longer than Milankovitch cycles are prominent in the ocean bathymetry. Using crustal thickness estimates from two‐phase flow simulations of ridge magma transport, I show that persistent melt‐rich porosity waves could be responsible for the ocean floor fabric at periods of 100 kyr and longer, except in the case of fast‐spreading ridges. For periods longer than 100 kyr, spectral energy is notably present at large mantle permeabilities regardless of spreading rates. Therefore, two‐phase flow models can provide constraints on elusive mantle parameters such as permeability and viscosity when directly linked to the ocean floor fabric produced.
Crust and Uppermost Mantle Magma Plumbing System Beneath Changbaishan Intraplate Volcano, China/North Korea, Revealed by Ambient Noise Adjoint Tomography
Authors: Fan Xingli , Guo Zhen , Zhao Yang , Chen Qi‐Fu
Published: June 2022

Changbaishan volcano (CBV), straddling the border between China and North Korea, is one of the most intriguing and explosive volcanoes on Earth owing to its voluminous Holocene eruptions and unusual magma composition within a continental intraplate setting. Despite the enormous size and destructive past, its underlying magma plumbing system remains debated and poorly understood. We present a refined high‐resolution 3D crust and uppermost mantle S‐wave velocity (Vs) model of CBV by applying advanced 3D full‐waveform adjoint tomography on seismic ambient noise data recorded in both China and North Korea. The newly obtained seismic images detail a 3D architecture of magma plumbing systems beneath CBV, characterized by the presence of a prominent lower‐crustal mush zone with an estimated melt fraction of ∼1.5%–3.6%, which is sourced from upwelling asthenosphere through a vertical narrow conduit in the uppermost mantle region that contains an estimated melt fraction of ∼6%.
Snow Crash: Compaction Craters on (486958) Arrokoth and Other Small KBOs, With Implications
Authors: McKinnon William B. , Mao Xiaochen , Schenk P. M. , Singer K. N. , Robbins S. J. , White O. L. , Beyer R. A. , Porter S. B. , Keane J. T. , Britt D. T. , Spencer J. R. , Grundy W. M. , Moore J. M. , Stern S. A. , Weaver H. A. , Olkin C. B.
Published: June 2022

Evidence from Arrokoth and comets strongly suggests a very low density for this and similar small Kuiper belt objects. Plausible compositions imply high porosities, in excess of 70%, and low compaction crush strengths. If so, impact craters on Arrokoth (especially Sky, its largest) formed largely by compaction of pore space and material displacement. This is consistent with geological evidence from New Horizons imaging. High porosity reduces cratering efficiency in the gravity regime whereas compaction moves it toward crush strength scaling and increased efficiency. Compaction also guarantees that most impactor kinetic energy is taken up as waste heat near the impact point, with momentum transferred to the rest of the body by elastic waves only. Monte Carlo simulations of Sky‐forming conditions indicate that the momentum imparted likely separated Arrokoth's two lobes, but displacement was limited by dissipation at the neck between them. Unusual strength properties are not required to preserve Arrokoth's bilobate configuration.
Amplification of Plunging Flows in Bedrock Canyons
Authors: Hurson Max , Venditti Jeremy G. , Rennie Colin D. , Kwoll Eva , Fairweather Kirsti , Haught Dan R. W. , Kusack Kyle M. , Church Michael
Published: June 2022

Bedrock river erosion is driven by channel hydraulics, which are not well understood for complex morphologies. Many bedrock rivers exhibit a constriction‐pool‐widening (CPW) morphology associated with submerged plunging flows. These flows cause velocity profile inversions resulting in high velocities near the bed and low velocities on the water surface. The first observations documenting plunging flows were from relatively low discharge, and it is unclear whether they persist during floods. Here we show that plunging flows persist and get stronger at flood discharge, increasing bedrock erosion potential by particle impacts. Flood‐discharge plunging flows contact the bed and maintain high velocities farther through the CPW structure, and evacuate large volumes of sediment from the pools. These reach‐scale processes are not represented in large‐scale landscape evolution models, yet these erosion mechanisms set the pace of landscape evolution, begging for a re‐evaluation of process representation in landscape evolution models.
Does Large‐Scale Crustal Flow Shape the Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau? Insights From Episodic Magmatism of Gongga‐Zheduo Granitic Massif
Authors: Hu Fangyang , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Ducea Mihai N. , Chapman James B. , Yang Lei
Published: June 2022

The mechanisms driving crustal deformation and uplift of orogenic plateaus are fundamental to continental tectonics. Large‐scale crustal flow has been hypothesized to occur in eastern Tibet, but it remains controversial due to a lack of geologic evidence. Geochemical and isotopic data from Cenozoic igneous rocks in the eastern Tibet‐Gongga‐Zheduo intrusive massif, provide a way to test this model. Modeling results suggest that Cenozoic magmas originated at depths of ∼30–40 km, the depth that crustal flow has been postulated to occur at. Detailed isotopic analyses indicate that the igneous rocks are derived from partial melting of the local Songpan‐Ganzi crust, arguing against a long‐distance crustal flow. Episodic magmatism during the Cenozoic showing a repeated shifting of magmatic sources can be correlated with crustal uplift. The continued indentation of the Indian Block and upwelling of the asthenosphere contribute to the crustal deformation, magmatism, and uplift.
The Geoeffectiveness of Solar Wind Current Sheets and Its Modulation by Foreshock Ions
Authors: Wang Boyi , Wang Yi , Liu Terry Z. , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: June 2022

We examined the evolution of 34 solar wind bifurcated current sheets in the magnetosheath and their magnetospheric responses, using the in‐situ observations of the THEMIS probes and the GOES satellites. The role of foreshock ions in that process is also determined. The first current sheet event did not exhibit any modulation by foreshock ions; it generated a dynamic pressure plateau, which further evolved into a dynamic pressure plateau in the magnetosheath and likely generated mirror mode waves in the magnetosphere. The second event exhibits foreshock ions which enhanced the perturbations in the current sheet due to the disappearance and reappearance of foreshock ions controlled by the direction changes of magnetic field. That current sheet further compressed the magnetosphere and drove stronger magnetic field oscillations than the first event. Thus, solar wind current sheets can be geoeffective and their geoeffectiveness can be amplified by the foreshock ions inside their structures.
Observational Evidence for the Origin of Repetitive Chorus Emissions
Authors: Gao Xinliang , Chen Rui , Lu Quanming , Chen Lunjin , Chen Huayue , Wang Xueyi
Published: June 2022

Chorus waves, discovered as a series of repetitive coherent emissions, are well known for producing hazard radiation environments in Earth's magnetosphere. Its repetitive nature directly causes the rapid modulation of pulsating aurora in the upper atmosphere and microburst in the ionosphere, but its origin remains a decades‐old puzzle. Recent simulation suggested the energetic electrons, injected from the magnetotail and drifting eastward around the Earth, are critical to form the repetitive pattern. Based on a survey of 1.5 year data from Van Allen Probes, we provide the first observational evidence for the origin of repetitive chorus emissions. We find there exists universally an inverse correlation between the repetitive period and drift velocity of energetic electrons, uncovering how the drifting energetic electrons tune the repetitive period of chorus emissions, which is also supported by kinetic simulations. Our finding may apply to understand the generation of repetitive emissions in planetary magnetospheres and laboratory plasmas.
The Response of Radiative Forcing to High Spatiotemporally Resolved Land‐Use Change and Transition From 1982 to 2010 in China
Authors: Jian Xiaohu , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Yijie , Liu Xinrui , Chen Kaijie , Wang Linfei , Li Jixiang , Zhao Yuan , Luo Jinmu , Zhugu Ruiyu , Ma Jianmin
Published: June 2022

Significant uncertainties remain in the estimate of radiative forcing (RF) induced by land‐use change (LUC), partially attributable to the lack of reliable LUC data with a high spatiotemporal resolution. We implemented a high spatiotemporally resolved LUC data set in an earth system model (OSCAR) to examine the response of RF to LUC from 1982 to 2010 in China. Results were compared with the RF estimated using a low spatiotemporally resolved LUC inventory employed previously. The updated LUC data set reduces negative RF by −3.8% from 2000 to 2010 due to the changes in surface albedo subject to LU transition. The simulated mean RF driven by CO2 associated with LUC from 1982 to 2010 using a high spatiotemporally resolved LUC data set reached 0.074 W m−2, considerably higher than 0.022 W m−2 of mean RF derived from the low spatiotemporally resolved LUC inventory, implying increasing net RF and more substantial LUC induced warming.
Continuous Loss of Global Lake Ice Across Two Centuries Revealed by Satellite Observations and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Wang Xinchi , Feng Lian , Qi Wei , Cai Xiaobin , Zheng Yi , Gibson Luke , Tang Jing , Song Xiao‐peng , Liu Junguo , Zheng Chunmiao , Bryan Brett A.
Published: June 2022

Lake ice loss has been detected worldwide due to recent climate warming, yet spatially and temporally detailed information on the changes in global ice phenology does not exist. Here, we build a global lake ice phenology database comprising three lake ice phenologies—freeze‐up, break‐up, and ice duration—for each year across two centuries (1900–2099). The timing of all three phenologies experienced mild but statistically significant warming trends in the 20th century; continued warming trends were detected in ∼60% of the lakes from 2001 to 2020. Under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), future global median ice duration would be shortened by 49.9 days by the end of the 21st century; such change can be substantially reduced under lower emission scenarios. We revealed continuous loss of global lake ice during the observed period, our generated database provides critical baseline information to evaluate the consequences of historical and future lake ice changes.
Scaling the Mixing Efficiency of Sediment‐Stratified Turbulence
Authors: Tu Junbiao , Fan Daidu , Liu Zhiyu , Smyth William
Published: June 2022

The flux Richardson number Rf, also called the mixing efficiency of stratified turbulence, is important in determining geophysical flow phenomena such as ocean circulation and air‐sea transports. Measuring Rf in the field is usually difficult, thus parameterization of Rf based on readily observed properties is essential. Here, estimates of Rf in a strongly turbulent, sediment‐stratified estuarine flow are obtained from measurements of covariance‐derived turbulent buoyancy fluxes (B) and spectrally fitted values of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (ε). We test scalings for Rf in terms of the buoyancy Reynolds number (Reb), the gradient Richardson number (Ri), and turbulent Froude number (Frt). Neither the Reb‐based nor the Ri‐based scheme is able to describe the observed variations in Rf, but the Frt‐based parameterization works well. These findings support further use of the Frt ‐ based parameterization in turbulent oceanic and estuarine environments.
Cascading Drought‐Heat Dynamics During the 2021 Southwest United States Heatwave
Authors: Osman M. , Zaitchik B. F. , Winstead N. S.
Published: June 2022

In June of 2021 the Southwest United States experienced a record‐breaking heatwave. This heatwave came at a time when the region was in severe drought. As drought alters the surface energy budget in ways that affect lower atmosphere temperature and circulations, it is possible that the combined drought‐heat event was a cascading climate hazard, in which preexisting drought exacerbated the heatwave. We apply satellite observation and numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to test for land‐atmosphere feedbacks during the heatwave consistent with drought influence. We find a modest positive drought‐heat effect, as WRF simulations that include the drought have marginally higher air temperatures than those that exclude the initial drought conditions, with more substantial effects in wetter, forested areas. Evidence of drought‐heat‐drought‐coupled feedbacks was similarly modest in our simulations, as accounting for drought preconditioning led to a small reduction in simulated precipitation in the region.
Relative Permeability of Hydrogen and Aqueous Brines in Sandstones and Carbonates at Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Rezaei Amin , Hassanpouryouzband Aliakbar , Molnar Ian , Derikvand Zeinab , Haszeldine R. Stuart , Edlmann Katriona
Published: June 2022

Geological hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields represents a new technology to mitigate climate change. It comes with several research gaps, around hydrogen recovery, including the flow behavior of hydrogen gas in porous media. Here, we provide the first‐published comprehensive experimental study of unsteady state drainage relative permeability curves with H2‐Brine, on two different types of sandstones and a carbonate rock. We investigate the effect of pressure, brine salinity, and rock type on hydrogen flow behavior and compare it to that of CH4 and N2 at high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions representative of potential geological storage sites. Finally, we use a history matching method for modeling relative permeability curves using the measured data within the experiments. Our results suggest that nitrogen can be used as a proxy gas for hydrogen to carry out multiphase fluid flow experiments, to provide the fundamental constitutive relationships necessary for large‐scale simulations of geological hydrogen storage.
Direct Observation of Acceleration and Thermalization of Beam Electrons Caused by Double Layers in the Earth's Plasma Sheet
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Dong Yue , Huang Shiyong , Xue Zuxiang , Yu Xiongdong
Published: June 2022

We report direct observations of the detailed processes for the acceleration and thermalization of beam electrons in the plasma sheet (PS) of the Earth's magnetotail. With observations from the four magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) satellites, the potential of a double layer (DL) structure is found to be mostly consistent with enhancements of the averaged parallel energy of the beam electrons passing through the DL structure, demonstrating that beam electrons are accelerated by the DL structure. Thereafter, Debye‐scale parallel electric field turbulences and an increase of the parallel temperature are simultaneously observed, implying that electrostatic parallel turbulences thermalize beam electrons. These observations imply that the DL is a key process controlling the acceleration and thermalization of beam electrons in the PS of the Earth's magnetotail.
Butterfly Distribution of Relativistic Electrons Driven by Parallel Propagating Lower Band Whistler Chorus Waves
Authors: Saito S. , Miyoshi Y.
Published: June 2022

We report results from a test particle simulation to reveal that electron scattering driven by lower band whistler chorus waves propagating along a magnetic field line plays an important role to produce the butterfly distribution of relativistic electrons. The results show that two nonlinear scattering processes, which are the phase trapping and the dislocation process, contribute to the formation of the butterfly distribution within a minute. We confirm that the quasilinear diffusion estimated from the whistler chorus waves are too slow to reproduce the butterfly distribution within a minute. The simulation results also show that there is the upper limit of rapid electron acceleration. We expect that the upper limit of the rapid flux enhancement is an evidence that the phase trapping process contributes to relativistic electron acceleration in the heart of the outer radiation belt.
Multispecies MHD Study of Ion Escape at Ancient Mars: Effects of an Intrinsic Magnetic Field and Solar XUV Radiation
Authors: Sakata R. , Seki K. , Sakai S. , Terada N. , Shinagawa H. , Tanaka T.
Published: June 2022

Ion escape is one of the key processes responsible for drastic climate change on ancient Mars. Ion escape is affected by the solar X‐ray and EUV (X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV)) flux, the solar wind, and the presence of a planetary intrinsic magnetic field, all of which was much different at ancient Mars. We investigated how the presence and strength of a dipole field affects the ion escape under 50 or 10 times higher solar XUV flux and strong solar wind with multispecies magnetohydrodynamics model. The results showed two opposite effects on the escape rates, which is associated with the pressure ratio of the dipolar magnetic pressure at the equatorial surface to the solar wind dynamic pressure. The escape rates increase by up to a factor of 6 for O2+ and CO2+ but change little for O+ if the pressure ratio is below 0.1. On the other hand, the escape rates decrease by more than one order of magnitude for the three ions if the pressure ratio is above 0.1. The threshold can be described by the pressure balance between the solar wind flow and the dipole field at high latitudes, where the ionospheric outflow emerges in the unmagnetized cases. The effects on the escape rates are stronger under lower solar XUV cases. The total escape rate reaches 1027 s−1 in the unmagnetized case, which may lead to a large contribution to atmospheric loss at ancient Mars, but it can be reduced by an order of magnitude in the presence of a dipole field.
Folic acid effect on homocysteine, sortilin levels and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: El-khodary Noha M. , Dabees Hossam , Werida Rehab H.
Published: June 2022

Aim

The present study aimed to determine the folic acid supplement (FAS) effects on serum homocysteine and sortilin levels, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in type II diabetic patients.

Method

A double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial have been performed on 100 patients with T2DM randomly divided into two groups that received either placebo or folic acid 5 mg/d for 12 weeks.

Results

FAS caused a significant decrease in homocysteine and sortilin serum levels (28.2% and 33.7%, P < 0.0001, respectively). After 3 months of intervention, 8.7% decrease in fasting blood glucose (P = 0.0005), 8.2% in HbA1c (P = 0.0002), 13.7% in serum insulin (P < 0.0001) and 21.7% in insulin resistance (P < 0.0001) were found in the folic acid group, however no significant difference was observed in the placebo group. Serum hs-CRP level showed significant positive associations with sortilin (r = 0.237, P = 0.018), homocysteine (r = 0.308, P = 0.002) and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.342, P = 0.000). There were no significant changes in lipid profile in both groups after 12 weeks.

Conclusion

FAS might be beneficial for reducing homocysteine and sortilin levels, enhancing glycemic control, and improved insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.
Role of polygenic and environmental factors in the co-occurrence of depression and psychosis symptoms: a network analysis
Authors: Garcia-Mondragon Liliana , Konac Deniz , Newbury Joanne B. , Young Katherine S. , Ing Alex , Fürtjes Anna E. , Barker Edward D.
Published: June 2022

Depression and psychosis are often comorbid; they also have overlapping genetic and environmental risk factors, including trauma and area-level exposures. The present study aimed to advance understanding of this comorbidity via a network approach, by (1) identifying bridge nodes that connect clusters of lifetime depression and psychosis symptoms and (2) evaluating the influence of polygenic and environmental risk factors in these symptoms. This study included data from European ancestry participants in UK Biobank, a large population-based sample (N = 77,650). In Step 1, a network model identified bridge nodes between lifetime symptoms of depression and psychosis and functional impairment. In Step 2, genetic and environmental risk factors were incorporated to examine the degree to which symptoms associated with polygenic risk scores for depression and schizophrenia, lifetime exposure to trauma and area-level factors (including deprivation, air pollution and greenspace). Feelings of worthlessness, beliefs in unreal conspiracy against oneself, depression impairment and psychosis impairment emerged as bridges between depression and psychosis symptoms. Polygenic risk scores for depression and schizophrenia were predominantly linked with depression and psychosis impairment, respectively, rather than with specific symptoms. Cumulative trauma emerged as a bridge node associating deprivation with feelings of worthlessness and beliefs in unreal conspiracy, indicating that the experience of trauma is prominently linked with the co-occurrence of depression and psychosis symptoms related to negative views of oneself and others. These key symptoms and risk factors provide insights into the lifetime co-occurrence of depression and psychosis.
FABP4 secreted by M1-polarized macrophages promotes synovitis and angiogenesis to exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Guo Dong , Lin Chuangxin , Lu Yuheng , Guan Hong , Qi Weizhong , Zhang Hongbo , Shao Yan , Zeng Chun , Zhang Rongkai , Zhang Haiyan , Bai Xiaochun , Cai Daozhang
Published: June 2022

Increasing evidence shows that adipokines play a vital role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), a novel adipokine that regulates inflammation and angiogenesis, has been extensively studied in a variety of organs and diseases. However, the effect of FABP4 on RA remains unclear. Here, we found that FABP4 expression was upregulated in synovial M1-polarized macrophages in RA. The increase in FABP4 promoted synovitis, angiogenesis, and cartilage degradation to exacerbate RA progression in vivo and in vitro, whereas BMS309403 (a FABP4 inhibitor) and anagliptin (dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor) inhibited FABP4 expression in serum and synovial M1-polarized macrophages in mice to alleviate RA progression. Further studies showed that constitutive activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by TSC1 deletion specifically in the myeloid lineage regulated FABP4 expression in macrophages to exacerbate RA progression in mice. In contrast, inhibition of mTORC1 by ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb1) disruption specifically in the myeloid lineage reduced FABP4 expression in macrophages to attenuate RA development in mice. Our findings established an essential role of FABP4 that is secreted by M1-polarized macrophages in synovitis, angiogenesis, and cartilage degradation in RA. BMS309403 and anagliptin inhibited FABP4 expression in synovial M1-polarized macrophages to alleviate RA development. Hence, FABP4 may represent a potential target for RA therapy.
Nano- to macro-scale control of 3D printed materials via polymerization induced microphase separation
Authors: Bobrin Valentin A. , Yao Yin , Shi Xiaobing , Xiu Yuan , Zhang Jin , Corrigan Nathaniel , Boyer Cyrille
Published: June 2022

Although 3D printing allows the macroscopic structure of objects to be easily controlled, controlling the nanostructure of 3D printed materials has rarely been reported. Herein, we report an efficient and versatile process for fabricating 3D printed materials with controlled nanoscale structural features. This approach uses resins containing macromolecular chain transfer agents (macroCTAs) which microphase separate during the photoinduced 3D printing process to form nanostructured materials. By varying the chain length of the macroCTA, we demonstrate a high level of control over the microphase separation behavior, resulting in materials with controllable nanoscale sizes and morphologies. Importantly, the bulk mechanical properties of 3D printed objects are correlated with their morphologies; transitioning from discrete globular to interpenetrating domains results in a marked improvement in mechanical performance, which is ascribed to the increased interfacial interaction between soft and hard domains. Overall, the findings of this work enable the simplified production of materials with tightly controllable nanostructures for broad potential applications.
Gapless Dirac magnons in CrCl3
Authors: Schneeloch John A. , Tao Yu , Cheng Yongqiang , Daemen Luke , Xu Guangyong , Zhang Qiang , Louca Despina
Published: June 2022

Bosonic Dirac materials are testbeds for dissipationless spin-based electronics. In the quasi two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of CrX3 (X = Cl, Br, I), Dirac magnons have been predicted at the crossing of acoustical and optical spin waves, analogous to Dirac fermions in graphene. Here we show that, distinct from CrBr3 and CrI3, gapless Dirac magnons are present in bulk CrCl3, with inelastic neutron scattering intensity at low temperatures approaching zero at the Dirac K point. Upon warming, magnon-magnon interactions induce strong renormalization and decreased lifetimes, with a ~25% softening of the upper magnon branch intensity from 5 to 50 K, though magnon features persist well above TN. Moreover, on cooling below ~50 K, an anomalous increase in the a-axis lattice constant and a hardening of a ~26 meV phonon feature are observed, indicating magnetoelastic and spin-phonon coupling arising from an increase in the in-plane spin correlations that begins tens of Kelvin above TN.
Multi-marker DNA metabarcoding detects suites of environmental gradients from an urban harbour
Authors: Robinson Chloe V. , Porter Teresita M. , McGee Katie M. , McCusker Megan , Wright Michael T. G. , Hajibabaei Mehrdad
Published: June 2022

There is increasing need for biodiversity monitoring, especially in places where potential anthropogenic disturbance may significantly impact ecosystem health. We employed a combination of traditional morphological and bulk macroinvertebrate metabarcoding analyses to benthic samples collected from Toronto Harbour (Ontario, Canada) to compare taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrates and their responses to environmental gradients. At the species rank, sites assessed using COI metabarcoding showed more variation than sites assessed using morphological methods. Depending on the assessment method, we detected gradients in magnesium (morphological taxa), ammonia (morphological taxa, COI sequence variants), pH (18S sequence variants) as well as gradients in contaminants such as metals (COI & 18S sequence variants) and organochlorines (COI sequence variants). Observed responses to contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons and metals align with known patchy distributions in harbour sediments. We determined that the morphological approach may limit the detection of macroinvertebrate responses to lake environmental conditions due to the effort needed to obtain fine level taxonomic assignments necessary to investigate responses. DNA metabarcoding, however, need not be limited to macroinvertebrates, can be automated, and taxonomic assignments are associated with a certain level of accuracy from sequence variants to named taxonomic groups. The capacity to detect change using a scalable approach such as metabarcoding is critical for addressing challenges associated with biodiversity monitoring and ecological investigations.
In vitro study on efficacy of PHELA, an African traditional drug against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Matsabisa M. G. , Alexandre K. , Ibeji Collins U. , Tripathy S. , Erukainure Ochuko L. , Malatji K. , Chauke S. , Okole B. , Chabalala H. P.
Published: June 2022

In 2019, coronavirus has made the third apparition in the form of SARS-CoV-2, a novel strain of coronavirus that is extremely pathogenic and it uses the same receptor as SARS-CoV, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, more than 182 vaccine candidates have been announced; and 12 vaccines have been approved for use, although, even vaccinated individuals are still vulnerable to infection. In this study, we investigated PHELA, recognized as an herbal combination of four exotic African medicinal plants namely;Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey.Lamiaceae, Gladiolus daleniivan Geel,Rotheca myricoides(Hochst.) Steane & Mabb, andSenna occidentalis(L.) Link; as a candidate therapy for COVID-19. In vitro testing found that PHELA inhibited > 90% of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection at concentration levels of 0.005 mg/ml to 0.03 mg/ml and close to 100% of MERS-CoV infection at 0.1 mg/ml to 0.6 mg/ml. The in vitro average IC50of PHELA on SARS-COV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-COV were ~ 0.01 mg/ml. Secondly in silico docking studies of compounds identified in PHELA showed very strong binding energy interactions with the SARS-COV-2 proteins. Compound 5 showed the highest affinity for SARS-COV-2 protein compared to other compounds with the binding energy of − 6.8 kcal mol−1. Our data showed that PHELA has potential and could be developed as a COVID-19 therapeutic.
A dynamic assessment of various non-Newtonian models for ternary hybrid nanomaterial involving partially ionized mechanism
Authors: Nazir Umar , Sohail Muhammad , Kumam Poom , Sitthithakerngkiet Kanokwan , Mousa Abd Allah A. , Khan Muhammad Jahangir , Galal Ahmed M.
Published: June 2022

The dynamic of fluids and coolants in automobiles are achieved by enhancement in heat energy using ternary hybrid nanostructures. Ternary hybrid nanomaterial is obtained by suspension of three types of nanofluid (aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide) in base fluid (EG). Prime investigation is to address comparison study in thermal energy involving various flow models termed as Maxwell fluid and Williamson fluid. This exploration is carried out by partially ionized fluidic particles in the presence of ternary hybrid nanomaterial over cone. Heat transfer is carried out by heat source and thermal radiation. Equations regarding Ordinary differential are achieved from PDEs using variable transformations. The numerical consequences are obtained implementing finite element method. Flow into fluid particles is enhanced versus higher values of Hall and ion slip parameters. Thermal performance as well as flow performance for the case Williamson fluid is better than for case of Maxwell fluid. Production via energy is boosted versus heat source parameter.
Retrospective evaluation of early thrombosis in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic polytetrafluoroethylene-coated shunts under 2-day postinterventional heparinization
Authors: Goessmann Holger , Schuffenhauer Verna , Kandulski Arne , Weigand Kilian , Jung Ernst-Michael , Uller Wibke , Scharf Gregor , Stroszczynski Cristian , Verloh Niklas
Published: June 2022

The development of acute thrombosis within the TIPS tract may be prevented by prophylactic anticoagulation; however, there is no evidence of the correct anticoagulation regimen after TIPS placement. The purpose of this single-center retrospective study was to evaluate the short-term occlusion rate of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs) with polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)-coated stents under consequent periprocedural full heparinization (target partial thromboplastin time [PTT]: 60–80 s). We analyzed TIPS placements that were followed up over a six-month period by Doppler ultrasound in 94 patients and compared the study group of 54 patients who received intravenous periprocedural full heparinization (target PTT: 60–80 s) without any other anticoagulation to patients with prolonged anticoagulation medication. The primary endpoint was TIPS patency after six months. The primary patency rate was 88.3% overall, and in the study group, 90.7%, with an early thrombosis rate of 3.2% (study group: 1.9%) and a primary assisted patency rate of 95.7% (study group: 96.3%). In the study group, one case of TIPS thrombosis occurred on the 23rd day after TIPS placement. Two patients underwent reintervention because of stenosis or buckling. Moreover, the target PTT was not attained in 8 of the 54 patent TIPSs. Four patients had an increased portosystemic pressure gradient, without stenosis, and the flow rate was corrected by increasing the TIPS diameter by dilation. Two-day heparinization seems sufficient to avoid early TIPS thrombosis over a six-month period.
Potential generation of nano-sized mist by passing a solution through dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Watanabe Ryosuke , Tanaka Shiori , Miyaji Godai , Yoshino Daisuke
Published: June 2022

Plasma medicine, a therapeutic technology that uses atmospheric-pressure plasma, is attracting much attention as an innovative tool for the medical field. Most of the plasma biomedical tools use direct effects, such as heat, optical stimulation, and reactive chemical species, on the lesion. Nanoparticulation techniques using indirect action by plasma, i.e., generation of electric fields, have the potential to be applied to promote transdermal absorption, where drugs pass through the barrier function of skin and penetrate into internal tissues. Here, we show a method to directly generate the nano-sized mist by passing a solution through the dielectric barrier discharge. This method enables us to produce the mist potentially in the nanometer size range for both water-based and oil-based solutions. Ease of mist generation was influenced by the plasma-induced changes in physical and chemical characteristics, including electrical conductivity, viscosity, and chemical species. We anticipate the developed method for nano-sized mist generation to provide a technique in the applications of the transdermal absorption system, including those related to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.