bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Nationalism Values Through PKn Learning for Class V Students at UPT SPF SDN 106803 Pematang Johar School Year 2022/2023
Authors: Hafizah Nurul
Published: April 2024

This research aims to analyze the implementation of instilling nationalist values ​​through Civics learning in class V students at UPT SPF SDN 106803 Pematang Johar. This research is research that uses descriptive research methods with a qualitative approach used to describe and answer problems in detail. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study are: 1) UPT SPF SDN 106803 Pematang Johar has instilled nationalist values ​​through all learning activities, especially in Civics learning and non-academic activities through programs set by the school and extracurricular activities; 2) the obstacles experienced during the process of instilling nationalist values ​​are due to environmental factors which have quite a big influence on the formation of student behavior, lack of knowledge of nationalist values, as well as the influence of globalization which is not addressed properly; 3) Efforts that can be made to overcome these obstacles are by carrying out established school programs through religious activities, carrying out extracurricular scout activities, mutual cooperation activities, literacy activities, and visiting museums through study tour activities. lack of knowledge of nationalist values, as well as the influence of globalization which is not addressed properly; 3) Efforts that can be made to overcome these obstacles are by carrying out established school programs through religious activities, carrying out extracurricular scout activities, mutual cooperation activities, literacy activities, and visiting museums through study tour activities. lack of knowledge of nationalist values, as well as the influence of globalization which is not addressed properly; 3) Efforts that can be made to overcome these obstacles are by carrying out established school programs through religious activities, carrying out extracurricular scout activities, mutual cooperation activities, literacy activities, and visiting museums through study tour activities.
The Influence of Prices and Advertising on Decisions Purchase Oppo Smartphones at Imelda Teluk Phones in South Nias
Authors: Berkati Halawa
Published: April 2024

Android-based smartphones are a very effective and efficient digital technology communication tool that is really needed by the public in carrying out their mobility and activities in the digital economy. The Oppo smartphone is already widely known among the public. This research aims to analyze the influence of price and advertising on purchasing decisions for Oppo smartphone products at Imelda Mobile Telukdalam South Nias. This research is quantitative descriptive research using manual data obtained incidentally (accidental slice) and analyzed using validity test methods, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis analysis. The results of the research show that price has no effect on purchasing decisions with a value of tcount<ttable or 0.978<1.980, while advertising has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions as indicated by a value of tcount>ttable or 2.173>1.980. Simultaneously price and advertising have a significant positive influence on purchasing decisions. with a value of Fcount> Ftable or 4.506> 3.07. Thus, many people make purchases of Oppo smartphone products.
Activity Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Siuzdak Gary
Published: April 2024

Mass spectrometry has a special intrigue that comes from its interdisciplinary nature, as it freely crosses the borders of physics, chemistry, and biology. Its history goes back to the early 1900’s, and its development has reached a pinnacle in recent years. Metabolomics and the study of metabolism has also had an equally interesting trajectory encompassing many different technologies; however it is safe to say that mass spectrometry has been a key technology in its evolution. Especially in the realm of Activity Metabolomics and the discovery of biologically active metabolites.
When Does Old Become Too Old?
Authors: Woodward Kathleen
Published: April 2024

“For Voters, When Does Old Become Too Old?”: this question heads the February 9, 2024 subscriber-only piece by Nate Cohn in The New York Times referring to the presumptive presidential contest in the U.S. between Joseph Biden and Donald Trump. The answer? “Polling shows it’s a broad concern expressed about President Biden, not just one person’s opinion.” Cohn’s piece, which prompted 1236 comments that very day (they constitute my dataset for this reflection), is only one in an avalanche in the news and on social media in the U.S. and beyond that provides us with a window into attitudes toward aging in general and aging in relation to the American presidency in particular.
Partitioning to ordered membrane domains regulates the kinetics of secretory traffic
Authors: Castello-Serrano Ivan , Heberle Fred A. , Diaz-Rohrer Barbara , Ippolito Rossana , Shurer Carolyn R. , Lujan Pablo , Campelo Felix , Levental Kandice R. , Levental Ilya
Published: April 2024

The organelles of eukaryotic cells maintain distinct protein and lipid compositions required for their specific functions. The mechanisms by which many of these components are sorted to their specific locations remain unknown. While some motifs mediating subcellular protein localization have been identified, many membrane proteins and most membrane lipids lack known sorting determinants. A putative mechanism for sorting of membrane components is based on membrane domains known as lipid rafts, which are laterally segregated nanoscopic assemblies of specific lipids and proteins. To assess the role of such domains in the secretory pathway, we applied a robust tool for synchronized secretory protein traffic (RUSH, R etention U sing S elective H ooks) to protein constructs with defined affinity for raft phases. These constructs consist solely of single-pass transmembrane domains (TMDs) and, lacking other sorting determinants, constitute probes for membrane domain-mediated trafficking. We find that while raft affinity can be sufficient for steady-state PM localization, it is not sufficient for rapid exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is instead mediated by a short cytosolic peptide motif. In contrast, we find that Golgi exit kinetics are highly dependent on raft affinity, with raft preferring probes exiting Golgi ∼2.5-fold faster than probes with minimal raft affinity. We rationalize these observations with a kinetic model of secretory trafficking, wherein Golgi export can be facilitated by protein association with raft domains. These observations support a role for raft-like membrane domains in the secretory pathway and establish an experimental paradigm for dissecting its underlying machinery.
Gradual pollen presentation in Vaccinium corymbosum ‘Bluecrop’: an adaptive mechanism to improve pollination efficiency and outcrossing
Authors: Zhou Chunzhi , Yu Yalong , Liu Yuwei , Yang Shanlin , Chen Yanfeng
Published: April 2024

Gradual pollen presentation is a plant reproductive mechanism to improve pollination efficiency and accuracy and promote outcrossing. Vaccinium corymbosum ‘Bluecrop’ has a typical gradual pollen presentation mechanism. ‘Bluecrop’ exhibits an inverted bell-shaped flower with a white coloration. By investigating the flower syndrome, pollination characteristics, pollination efficiency, and breeding system of ‘Bluecrop’, this study aims to explore the adaptive significance of these traits. The results showed ‘Bluecrop’ released pollen gradually through anther poricidal dehiscence. Among different pollinators, Apis mellifera and Bombus can pollinate effectively, and the mechanism of gradual pollen presentation significantly improved the efficiency of pollen transfer. This characteristic limits the amount of pollen removed by the pollinators and prolongs pollen presentation, thus attracting more pollinators and thereby increasing male fitness. The nectar secretion of ‘Bluecrop’ is gradual, with a large nectar production and a long phase of nectar secretion, enhance visitation frequencies and the chances of successful pollination. At the same time, campanulate corolla can protect pollen as well as nectar from waste due to environmental factors and other effects. The breeding system of ‘Bluecrop’ relies mainly on outcrossing because of its low affinity for self-fertilization and good interaction with pollinating insects. Thus, the special floral syndrome and the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation are significant in improving pollination efficiency and promoting the reproductive success of ‘Bluecrop’ by outcrossing. It can provide a certain theoretical basis for the future propagation breeding of ‘Bluecrop’.
Fossil-informed biogeographic analysis suggests Eurasian regionalization in crown Squamata during the early Jurassic
Authors: Wilenzik Ian V. , Barger Benjamin B. , Pyron R. Alexander
Published: April 2024

Background

Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) is a Triassic lineage with an extensive and complex biogeographic history, yet no large-scale study has reconstructed the ancestral range of early squamate lineages. The fossil record indicates a broadly Pangaean distribution by the end- Cretaceous, though many lineages (e.g., Paramacellodidae, Mosasauria, Polyglyphanodontia) subsequently went extinct. Thus, the origin and occupancy of extant radiations is unclear and may have been localized within Pangaea to specific plates, with potential regionalization to distinct Laurasian and Gondwanan landmasses during the Mesozoic in some groups.

Methods

We used recent tectonic models to code extant and fossil squamate distributions occurring on nine discrete plates for 9,755 species, with Jurassic and Cretaceous fossil constraints from three extinct lineages. We modeled ancestral ranges for crown Squamata from an extant-only molecular phylogeny using a suite of biogeographic models accommodating different evolutionary processes and fossil-based node constraints from known Jurassic and Cretaceous localities. We hypothesized that the best-fit models would not support a full Pangaean distribution (i.e., including all areas) for the origin of crown Squamata, but would instead show regionalization to specific areas within the fragmenting supercontinent, likely in the Northern Hemisphere where most early squamate fossils have been found.

Results

Incorporating fossil data reconstructs a localized origin within Pangaea, with early regionalization of extant lineages to Eurasia and Laurasia, while Gondwanan regionalization did not occur until the middle Cretaceous for Alethinophidia, Scolecophidia, and some crown Gekkotan lineages. While the Mesozoic history of extant squamate biogeography can be summarized as a Eurasian origin with dispersal out of Laurasia into Gondwana, their Cenozoic history is complex with multiple events (including secondary and tertiary recolonizations) in several directions. As noted by previous authors, squamates have likely utilized over-land range expansion, land-bridge colonization, and trans-oceanic dispersal. Tropical Gondwana and Eurasia hold more ancient lineages than the Holarctic (Rhineuridae being a major exception), and some asymmetries in colonization (e.g., to North America from Eurasia during the Cenozoic through Beringia) deserve additional study. Future studies that incorporate fossil branches, rather than as node constraints, into the reconstruction can be used to explore this history further.
Ecological niche divergence or ecological niche partitioning in a widespread Neotropical bird lineage
Authors: Cooper Jacob C.
Published: April 2024

Ecological niche divergence is generally considered to be a facet of evolution that may accompany geographic isolation and diversification in allopatry, contributing to species’ evolutionary distinctiveness through time. The null expectation for any two diverging species in geographic isolation is that of niche conservatism, wherein populations do not rapidly shift to or adapt to novel environments. Here, I test ecological niche divergence for a widespread, pan-American lineage, the avian genus of martins (Progne). The genusProgneincludes migrant and resident species, as well as geographically restricted taxa and widespread, intercontinentally distributed taxa, thus providing an ideal group in which to study the nature of niche divergence within a broad geographic mosaic. I obtained distributional information for the genus from publicly available databases and created ecological niche models for each species to create pairwise comparisons of environmental space. I combined these data with the most up-to-date phylogeny ofPrognecurrently available to examine the patterns of niche evolution within the genus. I found limited evidence for niche divergence across the breeding distributions ofProgne, and much stronger support for niche conservatism with patterns of niche partitioning. The ancestralPrognehad a relatively broad ecological niche, like extant basalPrognelineages, and several geographically localized descendant species occupy only portions of this larger ancestral niche. I recovered strong evidence of breeding niche divergence for four of 36 taxon pairs but only one of these divergent pairs involved two widespread species (Southern MartinP. elegans vs. Gray-breasted MartinP. chalybea). Potential niche expansion from the ancestral species was observed in the most wide-ranging present-day species, namely the North American Purple MartinP. subisandP. chalybea. I analyzed populations ofP. subisseparately, as a microcosm ofProgneevolution, and again found only limited evidence of niche divergence. This study adds to the mounting evidence for niche conservatism as a dominant feature of diversifying lineages, and sheds light on the ways in which apparently divergent niches may arise through allopatry while not involving any true niche shifts through evolutionary time. Even taxa that appear unique in terms of habitat or behavior may not be diversifying with respect to their ecological niches, but merely partitioning ancestral niches among descendant taxa.
Gestão documental com aplicação do padrão de interoperabilidade na validação de disciplinas do ensino técnico no ensino superior: uma análise sociotécnica
Authors: Inocêncio Giovana Nunes , Pereira Fernando Lauro , Martina Jean Everson
Published: April 2024

Considerando a necessidade de uma gestão eficiente de dados educacionais, este estudo objetiva analisar a viabilidade sociotécnica da implementação de um padrão de interoperabilidade no Ensino Técnico, baseando-se no que foi executado no Ensino Superior brasileiro. Para tanto, procede-se a uma análise comparativa dos processos de validação de disciplinas em instituições públicas, utilizando padrões de interoperabilidade de dados. Desse modo, observa-se que a padronização contribui significativamente para a otimização dos processos administrativos, promovendo a mobilidade estudantil e a integração eficiente dos sistemas de informação. O que permite concluir que a adoção de padrões de interoperabilidade, como o XML, é viável e benéfica para a gestão educacional estratégica.
Comparative Profitability of Napier Fodder with Competitive Cash Crops in Selected Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Syidul , Sultana Sharmin , Islam Md. Ashraful , Yasmin Sabina , Amin Md. Ruhul , Islam Md. Sirazul , Khatun Razia
Published: April 2024

The research was carried out to investigate the scenario of the fodder-cultivated farmer along with the profitability of Napier fodder cultivation in comparison to main cash crops like rice, jute and onions and the challenges in fodder cultivation. This study was done by collecting primary data through a baseline survey from 60 livestock cum fodder cultivating farmers by random sampling techniques. This study was mainly done in Shahjadpur, Sirajganj and Santhia, Pabna from June 2022- July 2022. Data were entered, sorted, compiled, and analyzed by using a Microsoft Excel worksheet. Descriptive statistics were performed to test the differences among the variables of fodder, rice, jute, and onion production by using SPSS Software, IBM-25 Corporation. The results of this study shows that the average age range of farmers was 41.68% between the ages of 41 and 60, whereas 38.33% of farmers were between 20 and 40 years ages. In the study areas, 75.00% of farmers had minimum primary to graduation or above educational level. Overall 56.67% of farmer’s main occupation was agriculture in the selected areas. Only 25.00% of farmers knew feed processing. The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) in rice and onion were 1.81 and 1.66 in Shahjadpur and 1.78 and 1.52 in Santhia. In jute and fodder, BCR was 1.34 and 2.11 in Santhia whereas 1.28 and 2.00 in Shahjadpur, respectively. The profitability of fodder was higher than other selected cash crops. The maximum 80.00% of farmers had a lack of training on scientific ways of fodder production. This study concluded that fodder cultivation can play a significant role in more income generation in the studied milk pocket areas in comparison to rice, jute, and onion cultivation because they had a scarcity of fodder and high demand for it.
Preference Analysis of Pigeonpea Varietal Attributes among Farmers and Traders in Kalyana Karnataka Region: A Conjoint Analysis Approach
Authors: Ajayakumar . , Patil Suresh S , Reddy B S , Hiremath G M , Goudappa S B
Published: April 2024

Pulses play important role in the farming economy of Kalyana-Karnataka region. The study was carried out to identify the attributes of pigeonpea varieties preferred by both the farmers and traders using conjoint analysis technique. Multistage purposive random sampling technique was used for selection of respondents. Totally 120 farmers constituting 40 from each districts growing TS-3R and GRG-811 was selected from Bidar, Kalaburagi and Yadgir districts along with 30 pigeonpea traders 10 from each district were selected for the study. The findings of the study indicated that Kalyana Karnataka region is primarily inclined by attributes such as output price, crop duration, resistance to pests and diseases, and yield levels. Farmers prioritize varieties with higher output prices and shorter crop durations. Resistance to wilt and pod borer, along with minimal flower drop, are also significant factors. Farmers aim for yields exceeding 6 to 7 quintals per acre, alongside output prices above Rs.7000. Pigeonpea traders in the study area prioritize moisture content, thickness of seed coat, and recovery percentage for milling. Grains with less than 8% moisture content and thin seed coats are preferred. Recovery rates above 80% and longer keeping quality are also favored, while raw material price holds minimal importance. Conjoint analysis is finding increasing application in the field of market research and wider management decision- making. Hence, in the present study, it was used to measure the farmer’s and trader’s preference for the pigeonpea quality attributes. This study highlights the pivotal attributes guiding farmer and trader preferences for pigeonpea varieties in Kalyana-Karnataka region. Through conjoint analysis, it reveals crucial factors shaping variety selection and market dynamics. Future researchers can leverage these insights to optimize agricultural interventions and enhance crop productivity in similar contexts.
Haematological Profile of Patients Infected with Monkeypox Virus
Authors: Parashar Neha , Gupta Rashmi Jain , Relhan Vineet , Kumar Suresh
Published: April 2024

The “Type of Article” of this paper is “Letter to the Editor”. This paper discuses about: “Haematological Profile of Patients Infected with Monkeypox Virus”. No formal abstract is available. Readers are requested to read the full article.
PENGARUH LIVE STREAMING TERHADAP PURCHASE INTENTION PADA THRIFT SHOP DENGAN CONSUMERS ATTITUDES SEBAGAI VARIABEL MEDIASI
Authors: Widiyaningsih Nita , Nugroho Jonet Ariyanto
Published: April 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh live streaming terhadap minat konsumen untuk melakukan pembelian setelah menonton live streaming pada thrift shop dengan sikap konsumen sebagai variabel mediasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Model Stimuli-Organism-Response (SOR) digunakan sebagai kerangka teoritis, dan kuesioner terstruktur digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data. Sebanyak 166 mahasiswa Universitas Sebelas Maret yang memiliki pengalaman sebelumnya dengan pemasaran live streaming pada thrift shop menjadi sampel penelitian ini. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu nonprobability purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan metode structural equation modelling (SEM-PLS). Live Streaming menjadi model second-order construct dari stimulus lingkungan berupa informativeness, wishful identification, para-social relationship dan inspiration. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa live streaming memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap sikap konsumen pada live streamer dan produk serta pada minat untuk membeli, dan sikap konsumen pada produk dapat memediasi hubungan antara live streaming dengan minat membeli. Sementara, sikap konsumen pada live streamer tidak mampu memediasi hubungan antara live streaming dengan minat membeli.
Complex Multifactorial Genetic Diseases
Authors: Camp Nicola J , Bansal Aruna
Published: September 2009

Variation in traits can be due to genetic factors or the environment – nature versus nurture – or, more likely, to a combination of both. It can be of interest, especially when a trait is detrimental, to localize the regions of the genome that contain the genes involved and, beyond that, to map them and specific risk variants. Understanding the possible roles that genes may play in trait variation and, furthermore, estimating or modelling the genetic component are important first steps to inform subsequent genetic studies. There are many different study designs and genetic analysis techniques, each with their respective strengths and weaknesses for the identification of risk variants. Knowledge of disease susceptibility genes may help in the quest for new treatments and cures.

Key Concepts:

Types of trait variation

The possible roles of genes in trait variation

The components of phenotypic variation

Study designs for the estimation of genetic effects and heritability

The concept of genetic heterogeneity

Types of genetic study designs

Various analysis techniques used in genetic studies
Envenoming: Consequences and Management
Authors: Warrell David A
Published: September 2009

Some snakes, arthropods and aquatic invertebrates can inject venom into prey or enemies by biting or stinging. Envenoming is a neglected occupational/environmental disease of the rural tropics, preventable by wearing proper footwear, using a light after dark and not sleeping unprotected on the ground. Treatment involves specific antivenom, supporting vital functions and surgical debridement of necrotic wounds.

Snake bites: Local effects include swelling, blistering and necrosis. Life‐threatening systemic effects are shock, hemostatic disturbances, descending flaccid paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure.

Arthropods: Hypersensitization to bee, wasp and ant venoms is a common cause of anaphylaxis. Mass attacks can also kill. Scorpion stings are intensely painful and may cause autonomic storm, particularly lethal in children. Spiders' bites are necrotic or neurotoxic.

Marine stingers: Fish, jellyfish, coral, cone shell and sea urchin stings can be painful and dangerous. Immersion of the stung part in hot (not scalding) water relieves pain.

Key concepts

Animal venoms and venom apparatus have evolved to immobilize and digest the animal's prey, to facilitate haematophagy and for defence.

Knowledge of the venomous fauna of a particular locality, use of protective clothing and avoidance of sleeping on open ground reduce the risk of envenoming.

Antivenom, purified immunoglobulin from animals and hyperimmunized with specific venoms, is the only antidote to envenoming.

Animal venoms may have tissue damaging local effects leading to permanent dysfunction and, by targeting physiological receptors, can cause haemostatic disturbances, shock, paralysis and autonomic nervous system overactivity.

Snakebite is a neglected occupational and environmental disease of agricultural workers and children.

The greatest risk after neurotoxic snakebite is the development of respiratory muscle paralysis before the victim can be delivered to medical care; the only known method for delaying this catastrophe is pressure immobilization.

Bee, wasp and ant stings more often kill by anaphylaxis in hypersensitized people than by direct effects of their venoms.
Neurofibromatosis TypeI(NF1)
Authors: Viskochil David
Published: September 2009

Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) is a common, autosomal dominant condition that manifests as multiple café‐au‐lait spots, peripheral nerve sheath tumours, optic nerve pathway tumours, orthopaedic abnormalities and learning disabilities. The gene for NF1 encodes neurofibromin, aRasGTPaseactivating protein (RasGAP) that activates the intrinsicGTPaseof Ras and negatively regulates its role in signal transduction. As a tumour suppressor, inactivating mutations inNF1lead to increased intracellular Ras signalling. Other components of theRas‐MAP(mitogen‐activated protein) kinasepathway are now known to be involved in other genetic conditions including Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, Cardio‐facial‐cutaneous syndrome and Legius syndrome. NF1 is a neurocutaneous disorder that is a paradigm for many principles in the practice of medical genetics: variable clinical expressivity, penetrance, pleiotropy, age‐dependent clinical expression and mosaicism. The development of inhibitors of the Ras‐MAPK pathway, and other Ras‐connected pathways, opens new avenues of therapeutic intervention for myriad complications of this disorder.

Key concepts

Tumour suppressor: TheNF1gene loosely fits the paradigm of the “two‐hit” model of tumour suppressor in that somatic inactivation of a haploinsufficient gene in a subset of cells leads to tumour development.

Variability of clinical expressivity: NF1 demonstrates multiple phenotypes, even in the same family where all affected individuals have the identical gene mutation.

Age‐related penetrance: The clinical manifestations of NF1 arise at different ages and the condition is fully penetrant in adults.

Genomic structure: The NF1 gene is traditional in its gene structure, yet there are unique features including embedded genes transcribed in the opposite orientation and multiple disease‐causing translocation breakpoints.

Value of diagnostic criteria: NF1 is one of the few genetic conditions that can be diagnosed by the application of seven diagnostic criteria.

Mosaicism: NF1 has a high sporadic incidence, and somatic mutations occurring in early pregnancy can lead to a mosaic clinical presentation evident by skin manifestations.

Positional cloning: TheNF1gene was identified by application of genetic and physical mapping techniques.

Animal models: Animal models, particularly the conditional mice, have been instrumental in furthering our understanding of this condition.

Integration of kinase pathways: The Ras‐MAPK pathway is integrated in the intracellular network of signalling that includes growth factor receptors at the cell membrane.

Pathophysiology: The understanding of the biochemical pathway and processes leading to tumour formation have led to the design and application of specific therapeutics that would not otherwise have been considered in the treatment of NF1.
Climate Change Impacts: Vegetation
Authors: Sykes Martin T
Published: September 2009

Climate, more than any other factor, controls the broad‐scale distributions of plant species and vegetation. Rapid climate change over the next century is likely to lead to major changes in the distribution of plants and thus in biomes and habitats. This will affect many other nonplant species as their ecology is intimately linked not only to climate but also to the habitat availability. How plants have already responded to climate change, concentrating on their phenology, the timing of events in their annual cycle such as leaf out or flowering and shifts in species ranges are summarized. How plants have responded in the past to changing climates particularly since the end of the last ice age is also discussed. Simulation modelling is a tool that is being used to forecast vegetation change and some of the techniques and forecasts for the future from modelling experiments are also described.
Genomics of Algae
Authors: Heijde Marc , Bowler Chris
Published: September 2009

Algae are dominant contributors to primary production and have a major impact on biogeochemical cycles because of their unique metabolisms. Few algal genomes have so far been characterized, although whole genome sequences have now been generated from representatives of the green, red and brown algae. In addition, numerous projects are progressing to define algal transcriptomes using expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and microarrays. Multiple efforts based on comparative and functional genomics approaches have already generated an influx of exciting data about evolutionary origins and functional innovations of different algal species dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Key concepts:

Algal species have little common phylogeny and are widely dispersed throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.

Red and green algae lie within the Archaeplastida whereas brown algae lie within the Stramenopile and Alveolata lineages.

Brown algae have secondary plastids, thought to be derived from secondary endosymbiosis.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii represents the best‐studied experimental system for algae.

Diatom genomes are highly chimeric in nature, with genes derived from both partners of the secondary endosymbiosis, as well as large numbers of bacterial genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer.

The existence of C4 photosynthesis in algae has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.

Distinct algal species often comprise ecotypes optimized for growth in specific environmental conditions.
High‐Throughput Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Genotyping Technologies
Authors: Chee Seng KU , Katherine KASIMAN , Kee Seng CHIA
Published: September 2009

Genome‐wide association studies have successfully identified many novel genetic loci for various human complex diseases and quantitative traits. There are several important factors contributing to the feasibility of this approach; one of them is the rapid advancement in high‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping technologies which has enabled researchers to comprehensively interrogate the entire human genome. Almost all the studies that have been published up to date used commercially available whole‐genome genotyping arrays from Illumina® and Affymetrix®. The most prominent feature of these high‐throughput genotyping platforms is the ability to interrogate several hundred thousands to one million SNPs simultaneously in a microarray. The application of genotyping arrays is not only limited to association studies, but it has also been applied to many other human genetic studies. However, the rapid developments of sequencing technologies have started replacing the microarray experiments for both structural and functional genomics studies.

Key concepts:

Over the past three years, GWAS have been playing an important role in identifying novel genetic loci for various human complex diseases and quantitative traits.

The paradigm shift in genetic approach to GWAS has been attributed to several important developments, notably the rapid advancement in high‐throughput SNPs genotyping technologies.

High‐throughput SNPs genotyping technologies had enabled researchers to interrogate several hundred thousands to one million SNPs simultaneously in a microarray.

GWAS is a comprehensive and agnostic approach in the search for unknown disease variants, as such; the ability to interrogate large number of SNPs covering the entire human genome is a prerequisite to this study design.

Currently, Illumina® and Affymetrix® are the only two companies in the market who design and provide whole‐genome genotyping arrays for human genetic studies.

There are two commonly adopted approaches in SNPs selection for whole‐genome genotyping arrays: direct and indirect. Direct approach focuses on selecting SNPs that are of putative functional importance. In contrast, indirect approach selects SNPs despite their functionality.

Genome coverage is an estimate of the proportion of SNPs (using the International HapMap data as reference) that can be captured by the SNPs which directly genotyped in an array with a preset
r
2
threshold.

Expeditious developments of sequencing technologies have started threatening the market of microarray.

Currently, the three next‐generation sequencing platforms are Illumina® Genome Analyzer, Roche® 454 GS‐FLX Sequencer and ABI® SOLiD Sequencer.

Sequencing approach has been quickly adopted for various applications in structural and functional genomic studies, for example, ChIP‐Seq, transcriptome profiling (RNA‐Seq) and paired‐end sequencing method to detect structural variations.
Higher Order Statistical Signal Processing
Authors: White Paul
Published: September 2009

The use of higher order spectra as tools for structural health monitoring is discussed. They are reviewed with reference to the familiar concepts of correlation functions and power spectra. In particular, third‐order spectra, bispectra, are considered for the detection of cracks in beams through numerical simulations. The ability of the fourth‐order spectrum, the trispectrum, to identify nonlinearities is demonstrated using a simulated softening spring.
Piezoceramic Materials—Phenomena and Modeling
Authors: Kaliappan Jayabal , Sivakumar Srinivasan M.
Published: September 2009

Piezoceramics are widely used as sensors and actuators and are incorporated predominantly in structural health monitoring (SHM) devices to predict the condition of the structure without affecting its continued operation. This article provides an overview of the ferroelectrics that are known as piezoceramics within their linearized region. Crystal structure of the ferroelectrics stimulating the piezoelectric behavior and the phenomena realized by their characteristics are dealt with. The effect of domain switching and its influence on the response of the ferroelectrics are discussed from the microscopic perspective. A variety of models that have attempted to predict the behavior of the ferroelectrics under complex loading conditions are discussed in brief. In addition, a few important parameters necessary to design the piezoelectric devices are discussed.
Fatigue Life Assessment of Structures
Authors: Bruder Thomas
Published: September 2009

This article gives an overview on fatigue life assessment methods based on finite element (FE) results. The basic analysis of service loads acting on a structure is described. The essential background is provided for evaluating the fatigue life using the stress‐life and the strain‐life approach. Furthermore, attention is given to effects on the fatigue strength related to the component's surface and size. Exemplarily, fatigue life evaluation is illustrated for a uniaxially loaded notched member as well as a component under multiaxial loading.
A Simplified Damage Model forSHMMetallic and Composite Structures
Authors: Hu N. , Mahapatra D. R. , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan
Published: September 2009

In this work, a numerical technique is proposed to study wave propagation in metallic and composite materials containing various damages, such as transverse cracks and delaminations. In this approach, a novel yet accurate two‐dimensional (2‐D) plane element is constructed to model the damaged areas. The element is based on the partition of unity approach, in which the approximate spectral properties of the infinite dimensional system are embedded within the space of conventional finite element method through a consistent technique of waveform enrichment. The technique is general, such that it can be applied to the Lagrangian family of finite elements with specific waveform enrichment scheme, depending upon the dominant modes of wave propagation in the physical system. As a result, the frequency‐dependent stiffness matrix and the mass matrix are obtained, which capture the higher frequency response with even coarse meshes, accurately. To enhance the computational efficiency, the ordinary spectral element method is employed to model the exterior or far‐field regions without damages. Numerical verification is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the method and the behavior of wave propagation in damaged metallic and composite materials is investigated.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) for Monitoring Long Suspension Bridges
Authors: Meng Xiaolin , Huang Wei
Published: September 2009

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS), notably global positioning system (GPS), has been utilized for more than a decade in the deformation monitoring of a variety of stationary structures such as dams, building, slopes, etc., around the world. With the technological advent of GPS positioning, telecommunications, and signal processing, as well as public awareness, GPS has been widely used in recent years for monitoring slender structures such as large suspension bridges and high‐rise buildings. This article briefly reviews the history of GNSS for SHM of different civil structures, with its focus on the applications of GNSS positioning for long suspension bridge deformation monitoring. It is followed by a discussion on the architecture of GNSS centered SHM system, which consists of subsystems such as instrumentation, data acquisition and transmission, data processing, visualization of deformations, and interface with dedicated analytical models. The issues in using GNSS for SHM are addressed by the authors and also relevant solutions are introduced in the article. At the end of the article, the authors present their future vision about GNSS for SHM.
Nanoengineering of Sensory Materials
Authors: Kang Inpil , Maheshwari Gunjan , Yun Yeo Heung , Shanov Vesselin , Chopra Sachit , Abot Jandro , Choi Gyeongrak , Schulz Mark
Published: September 2009

Nanoengineering of sensory materials is based on integrating nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes or nanotube intermediate products into a host material to provide sensing and other properties that we want. Nanoengineered sensory materials can be nano or macroscale in size, with unique combinations of properties such as high strength, supercapacitance, electrical conductivity, magnetic response, piezoresistance, lightweight, and photonic behavior. These properties provide new opportunities to custom design multifunctional sensors and self‐sensing materials for structural health monitoring. This article gives an overview of the state of the art in nanoengineering of sensor materials including development of carbon nanotube continuous sensors, crack, corrosion, chemical sensors, and a concept wireless transponder. Overall, the emergence of nanoengineered sensors is predicted to open up many new opportunities in the field of health monitoring, not just for structures, but also for humans, electronics, and the environment. Since the field is new, most of the work is in progress. However, we can expect in the near future that nanoengineering will produce a medley of self‐sensing new materials that will monitor and report their condition, and partially repair damage. Nanoscale materials may enable the design of long‐lasting transportation systems and extend the human lifespan.
Piezoelectricity Principles and Materials
Authors: Giurgiutiu Victor
Published: September 2009

This article starts with the general presentation of piezoelectric principles and equations. Both tensor notations and Voigt matrix notations are discussed. Subsequently, several types of electroactive materials are presented: piezoelectric ceramics, electrostrictive ceramics, piezoelectric polymers, etc. Various formulations of these materials are currently commercially available. The names lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (a piezoelectric ceramic), lead manganate niobate (PMN) (an electrostrictive ceramic), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (a piezoelectric polymer), which have become widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor applications, are presented. A general perspective on piezoelectricity and ferroelectric ceramics, explaining some of the physical behavior underpinning their salient features, especially in relation to perovskite crystalline structures, is given. Piezoelectric polymers such as PVDF, which are flexible, resilient, and durable but produce less force, are presented. Magnetoactive materials such as the magnetostrictive Terfenol‐D are also presented because they are used in some SHM sensor applications. Summary and conclusions wrap up the article.
Sensor Network Paradigms
Authors: Farrar Charles R. , Park Gyuhae , Farinholt Kevin M.
Published: September 2009

Structural health monitoring (SHM) requires a rigorous approach to designing the sensing system used for the data‐acquisition portion of a problem. To date, most SHM sensor system designs are done in a somewhatad hocmanner where the engineer picks a sensing system that is readily available and that he or she is familiar with, and then attempts to demonstrate that a specific type of damage can be detected with that system. More recently, researchers have begun to develop sensor networks designed specially for SHM. On the basis of this research, several SHM sensor network paradigms have emerged, and this article is intended to provide an overview of these paradigms. First, a brief summary of the statistical pattern‐recognition approach to SHM problem is presented. The data‐acquisition portion of the paradigm is then addressed in detail, where the various parameters of the system that must be considered in its design and subsequent field deployment are summarized. This article focuses on several general SHM sensor network paradigms that have emerged and concludes by summarizing axioms for SHM that have been proposed in the literature and that are directly related to sensing issues for SHM.
Web‐basedSHM
Authors: Karbhari Vistasp M. , Guan Hong
Published: September 2009

The tremendous advances in sensor technologies and data transmission have provided unique and timely opportunities for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure. For SHM to be truly effective, the system must not just collect data regarding the response of infrastructure components, but must also be able to use this data to allow for rapid assessment of the health of the structure and even of the need and timeliness of maintenance and/or repairs. The SHM system must, therefore, intrinsically allow engineers to review the “health” of a structure within a network of such structures from a remote location and to reach decisions regarding its state using on‐line tools working almost autonomously, thereby enabling a true 24/7 monitoring of response. Web‐based monitoring enables this advancement. This article provides the rationale for the structure of and an example of a web‐based SHM system.
HybridPZT/FBGSensor System
Authors: Wu Zhanjun , Qing Xinlin P. , Chang Fu‐Kuo
Published: September 2009

Piezoelectric transducers and fiber‐optic sensors have been established as excellent sensors for monitoring structural health. To utilize the advantages of both piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and fiber‐optic sensor, hybrid piezoelectric/fiber‐optic structural health monitoring systems have been developed for quick nondestructive evaluation and long‐term health monitoring of aerospace vehicles and civil structures. In this article, a general review of the state of art of the hybrid piezoelectric/fiber‐optic sensing techniques is presented, which include the ultrasonic stress wave detectability study based on both experimental demonstration and theoretical analysis. An integrated hybrid active system and its application are also introduced. The hybrid active system uses PZT transducers as actuators to input diagnostic waveforms to the structure, and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors to receive the response signals in a pitch‐catch manner. Demonstrations of damage detection of the system in both metallic and composite structures with the proposed system are presented as well.
Ambient Vibration Monitoring
Authors: Wenzel Helmut
Published: September 2009

Structural health monitoring has become widely accepted in bridge management. The methodologies have become considerably developed over the past 10 years and reached a certain maturity. Many lessons have been learned from the monitoring activities. This article highlights the lessons learned over time that have relevance to bridge design.

Our transportation infrastructure is aging. Bridges are an essential asset of our economy. Reference is made to the situation in the United States, where within the network of the
Federal Highway Agency
(
FHWA
) 590 000 bridges are serving, out of which 160 000 are rated deficient when the traditional methodology is applied. It is estimated that replacement costs of seven billion US$ annually over 20 years may be required to achieve a perfect upgrade. In order to avoid such costs, the lessons learned with relevance to design should be considered in bridge design processes at the present time. Another drastic example is a bridge built in Austria in 1978, following the minimization principle of construction costs, at €8.5 million. Within 25 years, a total of €19.5 million had to be invested into retrofit measures. Considering the life‐cycle costs, such situations have to be avoided in future.

The following is a collection of lessons learned from ambient vibration monitoring of over 400 bridge structures since 1997. The structures monitored are mainly situated in central Europe and represent the typical design for this region. Nevertheless, most of these lessons can be extended to structures worldwide. The terms and detailed explanations can be found in the book “Ambient Vibration Monitoring”, John Wiley, ISBN 0470024305, which is the
standard literature
on this subject.
Modal Testing of the
V
asco
da
G
ama
B
ridge,
P
ortugal
Authors: Caetano Elsa , Cunha Álvaro
Published: September 2009

The Vasco da Gama Bridge is a 17‐km crossing over the river Tagus in Lisbon that was constructed and opened to traffic on the occasion of the World Exhibition Expo'98. As part of the dynamic tests required at the commissioning stage, ambient and free vibration tests were developed on the five viaducts and on the main cable‐stayed part that form the bridge, with the purpose of assessing the most relevant dynamic parameters in order to validate design studies and verify the safety condition of the structure.

Focusing on the main cable‐stayed bridge, the efficient strategy followed in order to form an extensive and high‐quality database and the different techniques successively employed to identify modal properties are described, showing the potential of operational modal analysis in the assessment of the dynamic behavior of a complex structure and the usefulness of free vibration tests in the accurate identification of modal damping ratios.

The full characterization of the dynamic behavior of the bridge provides the definition of the so‐called zero‐state condition of the bridge and has been used as reference in the subsequent surveillance and monitoring of the bridge that has been implemented by Lusoponte, the consortium that owns the concession of the bridge.