bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the observed and modeled Southern Hemisphere circulation response to volcanic eruptions
Authors: McGraw Marie C. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Deser Clara
Published: June 2016

Confusion exists regarding the tropospheric circulation response to volcanic eruptions, with models and observations seeming to disagree on the sign of the response. The forced Southern Hemisphere circulation response to the eruptions of Pinatubo and El Chichón is shown to be a robust positive annular mode, using over 200 ensemble members from 38 climate models. It is demonstrated that the models and observations are not at odds, but rather, internal climate variability is large and can overwhelm the forced response. It is further argued that the state of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation can at least partially explain the sign of the observed anomalies and may account for the perceived discrepancy between model and observational studies. The eruptions of both El Chichón and Pinatubo occurred during El Niño events, and it is demonstrated that the Southern Annular Mode anomalies following volcanic eruptions are weaker during El Niño events compared to La Niña events.
Sustained water‐level changes caused by damage and compaction induced by teleseismic earthquakes
Authors: Shalev Eyal , Kurzon Ittai , Doan Mai‐Linh , Lyakhovsky Vladimir
Published: June 2016

Sustained water‐level increase and decrease induced by distant earthquakes were observed in two wells, Gomè 1 and Meizar 1 in Israel. The Gomè 1 well is located within a damage zone of a major fault zone, and Meizar 1 is relatively far from a fault. The monitored pressure change in both wells shows significant water‐level oscillations and sustained water‐level changes in response to the passage of the seismic waves. The sustained water‐level changes include short‐term (minutes) undrained behavior and longer‐period (hours and days) drained behavior associated with groundwater flow. We model the short‐term undrained response of water pressure oscillations and sustained change to the distant 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake by nonlinear elastic behavior of damaged rocks, accounting for small wave‐induced compaction and damage accumulation. We suggest that the rocks are close to failure in both locations and strain oscillations produced by the passing seismic waves periodically push the rock above the yield cap, creating compaction when volumetric strain increases and damage when shear strain increases. Compaction increases pore pressure, whereas damage accumulation decreases pore pressure by fracture dilation. The dominant process depends on the properties of the rock. For highly damaged rocks, dilatancy is dominant and a sustained pressure decrease is expected. For low‐damage rocks, compaction is the dominant process creating sustained water‐level increase. We calculate damage and porosity changes associated to the Balochistan earthquake in both wells and quantify damage accumulation and compaction during the passage of the seismic waves.
A new planar broadband antenna based on meandered line loops for portable wireless communication devices
Authors: Alibakhshi‐Kenari Mohammad , Naser‐Moghadasi Mohammad , Sadeghzadeh R. A. , Virdee Bal S. , Limiti Ernesto
Published: June 2016

This article presents the design of a novel planar antenna structure comprising two pairs of interconnected meandered line loops that are grounded to a truncated T‐shaped ground plane through two via holes. The T‐shaped ground plane is used as a reflector to enhance the performance of the antenna. The resulting antenna is compact occupying an area of 38.5 × 36.6 mm2 (0.070λo × 0.067λo), where free‐space wavelength is 550 MHz. The antenna radiates omnidirectionally in the E plane across its operational bandwidth (550 MHz to 3.85 GHz) with peak gain and efficiency of 5.5 dBi and 90.1%, respectively, at 2.35 GHz and reflection coefficient better than −10 dB. These characteristics make the antenna suitable for numerous applications, in particular, JCDMA, UHF RFID, GSM 900, GPS, KPCS, DCS, IMT‐2000, WiMAX, WiFi, and Bluetooth.
Long‐term fore‐arc basin evolution in response to changing subduction styles in southern Alaska
Authors: Finzel Emily S. , Enkelmann Eva , Falkowski Sarah , Hedeen Tyler
Published: June 2016

Detrital zircon U‐Pb and fission track double‐dating and Hf isotopes from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata in the southern Alaska fore‐arc basin system reveal the effects of two different modes of flat‐slab subduction on the evolution of the overriding plate. The southern margin of Alaska has experienced subduction of a spreading‐ridge (~62–50 Ma) and an oceanic plateau (~40–0 Ma). When a subducting spreading ridge drives slab flattening, our data suggest that after the ridge has moved along strike retro‐arc sediment sources to the fore arc become more predominant over more proximal arc sources. Spreading‐ridge subduction also results in thermal resetting of rocks in the upper plate that is revealed by thermochronologic data that record the presence of young age peaks found in subsequent, thin sedimentary strata in the fore‐arc basin. When a subducting oceanic plateau drives slab flattening, our data suggest that basin catchments get smaller and local sediment sources become more predominant. Crustal thickening due to plateau subduction drives widespread surface uplift and significant vertical uplift in rheologically weak zones that, combined, create topography and increase rock exhumation rates. Consequently, the thermochronologic signature of plateau subduction has generally young age peaks that generate short lag times indicating rapid exhumation. The cessation of volcanism associated with plateau subduction limits the number of syndepositional volcanic grains that produce identical geochronologic and thermochronologic ages. This study demonstrates the merit of double‐dating techniques integrated with stratigraphic studies to expose exhumational age signatures diagnostic of large‐scale tectonic processes in magmatic regions.
Hydrogen Concentration in Dual‐Phase (DP) and Quenched and Partitioned (Q&P) Advanced High‐Strength Steels (AHSS) under Simulated Service Conditions Compared with Cathodic Charging Conditions
Authors: Liu Qinglong , Zhou Qingjun , Venezuela Jeffrey , Zhang Mingxing , Atrens Andrej
Published: June 2016

The hydrogen permeation through dual‐phase (DP) and quenched and partitioned (Q&P) advanced high‐strength steels (AHSS) is investigated under simulated auto service conditions. The hydrogen concentration in the steels under simulated auto service corrosion in 3 wt% NaCl solution (either at the free corrosion potential or if polarized to the potential of a galvanized steel surface) is lower than that at the least negative cathodic charging potential of −1.100 VHg/HgO in 0.1 M NaOH. Crevice corrosion introduces three times more hydrogen than the corrosion at the free corrosion potential.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Adaptive Nanoparticles Codeliver Paclitaxel and siRNA to Inhibit Growth and Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Tang Shan , Meng Qingshuo , Sun Huiping , Su Jinghan , Yin Qi , Zhang Zhiwen , Yu Haijun , Chen Lingli , Chen Yi , Gu Wangwen , Li Yaping
Published: June 2016

Prolonged circulation, specific and effective uptake by tumor cells, and rapid intracellular drug release are three main factors for the drug delivery systems to win the battle against metastatic breast cancer. In this work, a tumor microenvironment‐adaptive nanoparticle co‐loading paclitaxel (PTX) and the anti‐metastasis siRNA targeting Twist is prepared. The nanoparticle consists of a pH‐sensitive core, a cationic shell, and a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐cleavable polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona conjugated via a peptide linker. PEG will be cut away by MMPs at the tumor site, which endows the nanoparticle with smaller particle size and higher positive charge, leading to more efficient cellular uptake in tumor cells and higher intra‐tumor accumulation of both PTX and siRNA in the 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice models compared to the nanoparticles with irremovable PEG. In addition, acid‐triggered drug release in endo/lysosomes is achieved through the pH‐sensitive core. As a result, the MMP/pH dual‐sensitive nanoparticles significantly inhibit tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Therefore, this tumor‐microenvironment‐adaptive nanoparticle can be a promising codelivery vector for effective therapy of metastatic breast cancer due to simultaneously satisfying the requirements of long circulating time, efficient tumor cell targeting, and fast intracellular drug release.
Genetically Engineered Antibody Functionalized Platinum Nanoparticles Modified CVD‐Graphene Nanohybrid Transistor for the Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarker, HER3
Authors: Rajesh  , Gao Zhaoli , Vishnubhotla Ramya , Ducos Pedro , Serrano Madeline Díaz , Ping Jinglei , Robinson Matthew K. , Johnson Alan Thornton Charlie
Published: June 2016

Biosensors based on graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) decorated with antibody‐functionalized platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are developed for the quantitative detection of breast cancer biomarker HER3. High‐quality chemical vapor deposited graphene is prepared and transferred over gold electrodes microfabricated on an SiO2/Si wafer to yield an array of 52 GFET devices. The GFETs are modified with PtNPs to obtain a hybrid nanostructure suitable for attachment of HER3‐specific, genetically engineered thiol‐containing single‐chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv) to realize a biosensor for HER3. Physical and electrical characterization of Bio‐GFET devices is carried out by electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and current–gate voltage measurements. A concentration‐dependent response of the biosensor to HER3 antigen is found in the range 300 fg mL−1 to 300 ng mL−1 and is in quantitative agreement with a model based on the Hill–Langmuir equation of equilibrium thermodynamics. Based on the dose–response data, the dissociation constant is estimated to be 800 pg mL−1, indicating that the high affinity of the scFv antibody is maintained after immobilization. The limit of detection is 300 fg mL−1, showing the potential for PtNP/G‐FETs to be used in label‐free biological sensors.
General optimization model for the energy planning of industries including renewable energy: A case study on oil sands
Authors: Elsholkami Mohamed , Elkamel Ali
Published: June 2016

A multi‐period optimization model is developed for the energy procurement planning of industries including renewable energy. The model is developed with the objective of identifying the optimal set of energy supply technologies to satisfy a set of demands (e.g., power, heat, hydrogen, etc.) and emission targets at minimum cost. Time dependent parameters are incorporated in the model formulation, including demands, fuel prices, emission targets, carbon tax, lead time, etc. The model is applied to a case study based on the oil sands operations over the planning period 2015–2050. Various production alternatives were incorporated, including renewable, nuclear, conventional and gasification of alternative fuels. The results obtained indicated that the energy optimization model is a practical tool that can be utilized for identifying the key parameters that affect the operations of energy‐intensive industrial operations, and can further assist in the planning and scheduling of the energy for these industries. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 610–638, 2017
Explicit model predictive control of hybrid systems and multiparametric mixed integer polynomial programming
Authors: Charitopoulos Vassilis M. , Dua Vivek
Published: June 2016

Hybrid systems are dynamical systems characterized by the simultaneous presence of discrete and continuous variables. Model‐based control of such systems is computationally demanding. To this effect, explicit controllers which provide control inputs as a set of functions of the state variables have been derived, using multiparametric programming mainly for the linear systems. Hybrid polynomial systems are considered resulting in a Mixed Integer Polynomial Programming problem. Treating the initial state of the system as a set of bounded parameters, the problem is reformulated as a multiparametric Mixed Integer Polynomial optimization (mp‐MIPOPT) problem. A novel algorithm for mp‐MIPOPT problems is proposed and the exact explicit control law for polynomial hybrid systems is computed. The key idea is the computation of the analytical solution of the optimality conditions while the binary variables are treated as relaxed parameters. Finally, using symbolic calculations exact nonconvex critical regions are computed. © 2016 The Authors AIChE Journal published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3441–3460, 2016
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction in adult sickle‐cell disease: presentations, outcomes, and treatments of 99 referral center episodes
Authors: Habibi Anoosha , Mekontso‐Dessap Armand , Guillaud Constance , Michel Marc , Razazi Keyvan , Khellaf Mehdi , Chami Btissam , Bachir Dora , Rieux Claire , Melica Giovanna , Godeau Bertrand , Galacteros Frédéric , Bartolucci Pablo , Pirenne France
Published: June 2016

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) is one of the most feared complications of sickle‐cell disease (SCD). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and biological features, treatments and outcomes of 99 DHTRs occurring in 69 referral center patients over 12 years. The first clinical signs appeared a median of 9.4 [IQR, 3–22] days after the triggering transfusion (TT). The most frequent DHTR‐related clinical manifestation was dark urine/hemoglobinuria (94%). Most patients (89%) had a painful vaso‐occlusive crisis and 50% developed a secondary acute chest syndrome (ACS). The median [IQR] hemoglobin‐concentration nadir was 5.5 [4.5–6.3] g/dL and LDH peak was 1335 [798–2086] IU/L. Overall mortality was 6%. None of the patients had been receiving chronic transfusions. Among these DHTRs, 61% were developed in previously immunized patients, 28% in patients with prior DHTR. Among Abs detected after the TT in 62% of the episodes, half are classically considered potentially harmful. No association could be established between clinical severity and immunohematological profile and/or the type and specificity of Abs detected after the TT. Management consisted of supportive care alone (53%) or with adjunctive measures (47%), including recombinant erythropoietin and sometimes rituximab and/or immunosuppressants. Additional transfusions were either ineffective or worsened hemolysis. In some cases, severe intravascular hemolysis can be likely responsible for the vascular reaction and high rates of ACS, pulmonary hypertension and (multi)organ failure. In conclusion, clinicians and patients must recognize early DHTR signs to avoid additional transfusions. For patients with a history of RBC immunization or DHTR, transfusion indications should be restricted. Am. J. Hematol. 91:989–994, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Access to properly fitting personal protective equipment for female construction workers
Authors: Onyebeke Lynn C. , Papazaharias Demetrios M. , Freund Alice , Dropkin Jonathan , McCann Michael , Sanchez Sadie H. , Hashim Dana , Meyer John D. , Lucchini Roberto G. , Zuckerman Norman C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Previous literature suggests that most personal protective equipment (PPE) for construction is designed for males and does not accommodate female anthropometry. We conducted a pilot study to identify whether female construction workers currently have adequate access to properly fitting PPE.

Methods

Semi‐structured focus group interviews were conducted with union female carpenters, laborers, and ironworkers. Researchers coded focus group transcriptions and extracted major themes using thematic framework analysis.

Results

Participants (n = 23) had a mean of 15.1 years of construction experience (range 3–34.5 years). A majority reported fit problems for many types of PPE (gloves, harnesses, safety vests, work boots, outerwear), generally noting that the equipment provided by contractors was too large. Other emergent themes included female workers purchasing their own PPE, exposure to various safety hazards from poorly fitted PPE, and perceived indifferent safety culture.

Conclusions

Female construction workers continue to have difficulty accessing properly fitting PPE. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1032–1040, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expanding the genotypic spectrum of CCBE1 mutations in Hennekam syndrome
Authors: Crawford Joanna , Bower Neil I. , Hogan Benjamin M. , Taft Ryan J. , Gabbett Michael T. , McGaughran Julie , Simons Cas
Published: June 2016

Hennekam lymphangiectasia–lymphedema syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, with 25% of patients having mutations in CCBE1. We identified a family with two brothers presenting with primary lymphedema, and performed exome sequencing to determine the cause of their disease. Analysis of four family members showed that both affected brothers had the same rare compound heterozygous mutations in CCBE1. The presumed paternally inherited NM_133459.3:c.310G>A; p.(Asp104Asn), lies adjacent to other known pathogenic CCBE1 mutations, while the maternally inherited NM_133459.3:c.80T>C; p.(Leu27Pro) lies in the CCBE1 signal peptide, which has not previously been associated with disease. Functional analysis in a zebrafish model of lymphatic disease showed that both mutations lead to CCBE1 loss of function, confirming the pathogenicity of these variants and expanding the genotypic spectrum of lymphatic disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RhIII‐Catalyzed Directed C−H Bromination and Iodination to Synthesize Atropisomeric Biaryls
Authors: Kim Kiseong , Hyun Jaeyong , Kim Jin , Kim Hyunwoo
Published: June 2016

The [RhIIICp*]‐catalyzed directed C−H bromination and iodination reactions of 2‐aryl isoquinolines/pyridines are highly efficient and afford atropisomeric biaryl compounds (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopenta‐2,4‐dienyl) in good yields. Among several reported C−H bond halogenation methods, the combination of [RhIIICp*Cl2]2/AgSbF6, N‐halosuccinimide, and pivalic acid in 1,2‐dichloroethane is found to be the only effective catalytic system to provide atropisomeric 2′‐halogenated 2‐aryl isoquinolines/pyridines.
Determinants of terrestrial feeding in an arboreal primate: The case of the southern bamboo lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis)
Authors: Eppley Timothy M. , Donati Giuseppe , Ganzhorn Jörg U.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

The proximate and ultimate determinants that may have prompted some primates to shift from an arboreal to terrestrial feeding niche, whether due to environmental change, seasonality, and/or predation pressure, are poorly understood. Within a fragmented littoral forest in southeast Madagascar, an arboreal strepsirrhine population spends a large proportion of time on the ground, thus we aimed to identify which factors influence terrestrial feeding.

Methods

From January to December 2013, we conducted 103 full‐day focal follows on three social groups of southern bamboo lemursH.meridionalis. We continuously recorded feeding time on all arboreal and terrestrial items, as well as whether the focal individual was under the canopy or exposed, and the distance to their nearest conspecific neighbor. All observed food items were collected and analyzed for macronutrient content. Daily climatic variables (temperature, precipitation), resource seasonality, daily path length (DPL), along with dietary and predation risk proxies, were used as fixed effects in a linear mixed model, with the daily proportion of terrestrial feeding as the dependent variable.

Results

Our model indicated that daily terrestrial feeding increased at cooler temperature, was associated with reduced DPL, and the intake of dietary metabolizable energy increased as terrestrial feeding increased. All other fixed effects were not significant predictors.

Discussion

Our study provides a window into the ultimate determinants of niche expansion: ancestral primates, in absence of their primary resources, may have initially descended to the ground in peripheral population range areas where the benefits (e g., nutritional pay‐off) out‐weighed the costs.
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐ and glucopyranoside‐substituted N‐heterocyclic carbene precursors for the synthesis of arylfluorene derivatives using efficient palladium‐catalyzed aqueous Suzuki reaction
Authors: Zhou Zhonggao , Zhao Yan , Zhen Hongyu , Lin Zhenghuan , Ling Qidan
Published: June 2016

This paper reports an environmentally friendly and highly efficient synthesis of organic semiconductor materials via a Pd/N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction in aqueous ethanol with high isolated yields (86–98%). Firstly, four glucopyranoside‐substituted NHC precursors with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains were synthesized and characterized. The NHC precursor with the longest PEG chain (n = 16) was found to be the most efficient ligand in the reactions of a wide range of aryl halides and arylboronic acids. The best catalyst system obtained in this work could be recycled five times without significant loss of catalytic activity.l Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt spun matrix fibers of toughened polypropylene copolymers modified by high energy electrons
Authors: ALRahhal Samer , Brünig Harald , Gohs Uwe , Heinrich Gert
Published: June 2016

Binary blends of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene‐octene copolymer (EOC) are prepared by continuous electron‐induced reactive processing at various mass ratios of the blend components and various doses without adding of any grafting agents. The influence of mass ratio and dose is investigated in order to get the optimum processing behavior of toughened PP as well as optimum properties of resulting fibers. It is found that toughened PP with a PP/EOC blend ratio of 97.5–2.5  mass % can be used advantageously as a matrix component for the process of online spinning of glass fiber/toughened PP hybrid yarns. Such hybrid yarns belong to one of the most advanced production methods for the manufacturing of fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites with an increased mechanical performance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44011.
Opportunities and challenges for water‐dependent protected area management arising from water management reform in the Murray–Darling Basin: a case study from the Macquarie Marshes in Australia
Authors: Berney Peter , Hosking Tim
Published: June 2016

In dryland environments, freshwater ecosystems often suffer extensive degradation through habitat modification and water regime changes. The Macquarie Marshes are located in the Murray–Darling Basin in south‐eastern Australia. They are an example of an ecosystem that has experienced significant degradation in recent decades owing to upstream water diversions. Recent reforms of water management in the Murray–Darling Basin have attempted to balance environmental needs against consumptive uses of water.

This paper examines the role a protected area has played in conserving the Macquarie Marshes freshwater ecosystem and discusses how Murray–Darling Basin water reform, together with social expectations of public land managers, have had impacts on the management of the Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve.

Protected areas may limit adverse impacts on habitat associated with local‐scale agricultural production but struggle without formal water management arrangements to protect water‐dependent ecosystems from threats operating at a catchment scale. Protected area managers balance demands from stakeholders to address local issues, such as fire management and geomorphic changes, against contributing to the achievement of environmental goals in a water planning system that operates at the catchment scale.

European settlement and water resource development has marginalized local Aboriginal people from any role in land and water management activities. The water reforms have given them more opportunities for involvement in decision‐making processes, but opportunities for increased access to water for cultural and spiritual purposes remain limited. Protected areas offer a means of providing greater access for Aboriginal people to their ancestral lands.

The strategies and processes developed to maintain and enhance the Macquarie Marshes exemplify the evolution in understanding of freshwater ecosystem protection in Australia, and are relevant globally to water resource management in complex social‐ecological systems.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protected areas and imperilled endemic freshwater biodiversity in the Western Ghats Hotspot
Authors: Raghavan Rajeev , Das Sandeep , Nameer P.O. , Bijukumar A. , Dahanukar Neelesh
Published: June 2016

Fresh waters and their resources continue to be one of the most imperilled ecosystems on Earth, yet very little emphasis has been placed on identifying and developing in situ conservation mechanisms, such as freshwater protected areas. In the southern region of the Western Ghats Hotspot, India, a globally important eco‐region harbouring unique freshwater taxa, there has been very little effort to identify the role played by terrestrial protected areas in freshwater biodiversity conservation.

Around 130 species of freshwater‐dependent fauna belonging to five taxonomic groups (fish, amphibians, crabs, shrimps and odonates) are endemic to the region, of which 25% have a high risk of extinction. More than half of the 130 species are not represented in the current protected area (PA) network, and the distributions of 12 endemic and threatened species (10 fish, one amphibian and one shrimp), of which five are single‐location species, also fall wholly outside the PA network.

Although 44% (58 species) of endemic freshwater‐dependent fauna of the region occur either wholly (25 species) or partly (33 species) inside terrestrial PAs, they are rarely subject to species‐specific management or monitoring plans.

To improve freshwater biodiversity conservation at the local level, and to achieve global conservation targets, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi targets (for example targets 11 and 12), the PA network of the region should be doubled. This may be achieved by expanding the area of existing PAs to incorporate priority sites for freshwater taxa, creating new PAs by specifically targeting areas that are of significance to freshwater biodiversity, and developing and implementing freshwater‐specific management plans in existing PAs of the region.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change sensitivity of threatened, and largely unprotected, Amazonian fishes
Authors: Frederico Renata G. , Olden Julian D. , Zuanon Jansen
Published: June 2016

Climate change is poised to have fundamental impacts on the freshwater environments of the Amazon River Basin, and protected areas are routinely proposed as a possible management strategy to conserve freshwater fishes. However, there remains a paucity of information regarding the sensitivity of threatened fish species to climate‐induced changes in water quantity and quality.

An expert‐based survey was used to address the following questions: (1) Are currently threatened fish species in Brazil also sensitive to projected effects of climate change? (2) Does the current conservation status of fish species also reflect their degree of sensitivity to climate change? and (3) What are the specific aspects of climate change that are likely to contribute the most to species sensitivity?

Survey respondents evaluated 35 species (11 families) representing 50% of the threatened species in the Brazilian Amazon. The results suggest that the majority of threatened Brazilian fish species are considered highly sensitive to climate change impacts.

Climate‐induced changes in water quality were, on average, considered a greater threat to species persistence than potential changes in water quantity. Survey results also suggest that fishes exhibit high sensitivity to changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen, and moderate to high sensitivity to changes in high‐flow (i.e. flood) and low‐flow (i.e. drought) regimes.

A considerable mismatch was found between species conservation status and sensitivity to climate change, suggesting that perceptions of present‐day extinction risk do not necessarily provide insight into future risks associated with climate change.

Species sensitivity to climate change showed no relationship to dispersal ability, indicating that protected areas may serve as important refugia for those species unable to keep pace with climate change. Despite this, the number and size of protected areas in Brazil have decreased over the past decade, largely to support the exploitation of hydropower and mining. Strategic conservation planning that involves existing and new protected areas for those species most at risk to climate change is warranted.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expect the unexpected: place‐based protections can lead to unforeseen benefits
Authors: Flitcroft Rebecca L. , Bottom Daniel L. , Haberman Karen L. , Bierly Ken F. , Jones Kim K. , Simenstad Charles A. , Gray Ayesha , Ellingson Kami S. , Baumgartner Erin , Cornwell Trevan J. , Campbell Lance A.
Published: June 2016

Protection of places important for aesthetic, ecological, and cultural values has been a goal of conservationists for over 150 years. Cornerstones of place‐based conservation include legal designations, international agreements, and purchase by public or non‐profit organizations.

In the Salmon River catchment, Oregon, protections were initially developed in the 1930s for the freshwater riparian corridor and forestry research in the uplands. Over time, additional protections in the estuary and nearshore marine environments were added, motivated by local desire to protect and restore habitats and fish populations.

Removal of three levees in the Salmon River estuary occurred over three consecutive 9‐year time‐steps, and provided the opportunity for research on tidal marsh recovery in the framework of a space‐for‐time chrono‐series. Elevation, channel morphology, and vegetation all exhibited trajectories toward reference conditions. Fish and macroinvertebrates also served as indicators of tidal marsh recovery, although their recovery patterns were not strictly related to the chrono‐series trajectories. The extent of restoration provided a novel opportunity to measure a significant response of biotic indicators at the site and catchment scales.

Salt marsh restoration augmented protected freshwater habitats by expanding rearing habitats for juvenile salmonids and increasing expression of life‐history diversity for both Chinook and coho salmon. This finding highlights linkages between freshwater and marine habitats and populations, and has the potential to influence important policy advances and changes in management of Pacific salmon.

Restoration promoted collaborations among stakeholders, community involvement, and inspiring educational opportunities that enabled more comprehensive research than any single sponsor could have accomplished.

Protected status designations have fostered a wealth of opportunities that were not specifically envisioned when the protections were first put in place. In particular, dedicated scientific investigation of landscape‐scale change did not occur by design, but was pieced together as funding opportunities arose over time.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A disconnectivity index for improving choices in managing protected areas for rivers
Authors: Rivers‐Moore Nick , Mantel Sukhmani , Ramulifo Pfananani , Dallas Helen
Published: June 2016

Ecological processes in freshwater lotic systems are disrupted when upstream–downstream connectivity is broken. Changes in catchment land use, catchment density of small dams, and instream impoundments result in changes to thermal and flow regimes, which in turn affect natural biological turnover patterns and rates, as well as organism exchange and dispersal.

This study describes the development of a comprehensive connectivity index for rivers, and how this can be used as a spatial product to prioritize areas of freshwater importance within the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.

A longitudinal connectivity index (i.e. in‐channel barriers) reflected as a cumulative downstream score, as well as the characterization of these barriers as a spectrum from absolute to partial, was developed for the main rivers in the province of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. This was combined with a lateral connectivity index based on the effects of catchment fragmentation and a density index for small dams.

The impacts of instream barriers on flow and water temperature time series were assessed using metrics describing magnitude, frequency, duration and timing of thermal and flow events for time series before and after impoundment. These impacts were spatially mapped using a surrogate function that related reset distance to average discharge, and the assumption that should the unimpounded downstream river length exceed the reset distance, the river species patterns would revert to natural conditions.

It is concluded that a multi‐metric connectivity surface should be used as a cost layer for freshwater conservation plans for the province. Assessed in tandem with protected areas, it provides a tool for setting priorities for whole river systems suitable for immediate conservation versus systems that may require rehabilitation.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin Disruption Results in Altered Morphology of Basal Tubulobulbar Complexes in Rat Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Sriram Aarati , Lyon Kevin R.P. , Ho Clement Dallas , Huynh Nghi , Vogl A. Wayne
Published: June 2016

Basal tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) that occur at attachment sites between neighboring Sertoli cells are subcellular machines that internalize intercellular junctions during movement of spermatocytes from basal to adluminal compartments of the seminiferous epithelium. Each complex consists of an elongate tubular extension of two attached plasma membranes, and is capped at its distal end by a clathrin‐coated pit. The tubular region is surrounded by a cuff of actin arranged in a dendritic network. Near the end of the complex, a bulbous region forms that lacks the actin cuff but is closely associated with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The bulb eventually buds from the complex and enters endocytic compartments of the Sertoli cell. Previous research has shown that when the actin network is perturbed using the actin filament–disruptor, cytochalasin D, apical tubulobulbar complexes that are associated with spermatids were associated with lower levels of actin, patchy actin networks and swollen tubular regions. Here we explored the effects of actin network perturbation on the morphology of basal tubulobulbar complexes in stage V seminiferous tubules. Isolated rat testes were perfused ex vivo for one hour with oxygenated Krebs‐Henseleit buffer (with BSA) containing either 40 μM cytochalasin D or control solution containing DMSO and perfusion‐fixed for electron microscopy. Compared to control, actin cuffs in drug‐treated TBCs appeared less uniform and patchy. In addition, the tubular regions of the complexes appeared swollen. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that intact networks of actin filaments are required for maintaining the structural integrity of basal TBCs. Anat Rec, 299:1449–1455, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Catalyzed Reductive N‐Alkylation of Amides with N‐Tosylhydrazones Derived from Ketones
Authors: Xu Peng , Qi Fu‐Ling , Han Fu‐She , Wang Yan‐Hua
Published: June 2016

A CuI‐catalyzed reductive coupling of ketone‐derived N‐tosylhydrazones with amides is presented. Under the optimized conditions, an array of N‐tosylhydrazones derived from aryl–alkyl and diaryl ketones could couple effectively with a wide variety of (hetero)aryl as well as aliphatic amides to afford the N‐alkylated amides in high yields. The method represents the very few examples for reliably accessing secondary and tertiary amides through a reductive N‐alkylation protocol.
Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles via Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Ethyl Allenoates with Activated Isocyanides
Authors: Lu Kui , Ding Fang , Qin Long , Jia Xiaoliang , Xu Chuanming , Zhao Xia , Yao Qingwei , Yu Peng
Published: June 2016

A new method for the synthesis of di‐ and trisubstituted pyrroles via copper‐catalyzed cyclization of ethyl allenoates with activated isocyanides has been developed. In contrast to related annulation reactions previously reported, this new process features a skeletal rearrangement in which the aryl sulfonyl moiety, which functions as the electron‐withdrawing group in the α‐carbon of the isocyanide, was found to migrate to the γ‐carbon of the starting allenoate in the final product for the first time.
Peptide drugs accelerate BMP‐2‐induced calvarial bone regeneration and stimulate osteoblast differentiation through mTORC1 signaling
Authors: Sugamori Yasutaka , Mise‐Omata Setsuko , Maeda Chizuko , Aoki Shigeki , Tabata Yasuhiko , Murali Ramachandran , Yasuda Hisataka , Udagawa Nobuyuki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Honma Masashi , Aoki Kazuhiro
Published: June 2016

Both W9 and OP3‐4 were known to bind the receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL), inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Recently, both peptides were shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation; however, the mechanism underlying the activity of these peptides remains to be clarified. A primary osteoblast culture showed that rapamycin, an mTORC1 inhibitor, which was recently demonstrated to be an important serine/threonine kinase for bone formation, inhibited the peptide‐induced alkaline phosphatase activity. Furthermore, both peptides promoted the phosphorylation of Akt and S6K1, an upstream molecule of mTORC1 and the effector molecule of mTORC1, respectively. In the in vivo calvarial defect model, W9 and OP3‐4 accelerated BMP‐2‐induced bone formation to a similar extent, which was confirmed by histomorphometric analyses using fluorescence images of undecalcified sections. Our data suggest that these RANKL‐binding peptides could stimulate the mTORC1 activity, which might play a role in the acceleration of BMP‐2‐induced bone regeneration by the RANKL‐binding peptides.
A simple procedure to estimate the optimal sample size in case of conjunctive coprimary endpoints
Authors: Varga Zsófia , Tsang Yu C. , Singer Júlia
Published: June 2016

For clinical studies in which two coprimary endpoints are necessary for assuring efficacy of the treatment of interest, it is important to determine the minimal sample size needed to attain a certain conjunctive power (i.e., power to reject false null hypothesis for both endpoints). The traditional method of assigning the square root of the targeted overall power to each of the two hypothesis tests is optimal only when the standardized treatment effect sizes of the two endpoints are equal. In spite of this limitation the square root method is applied routinely, resulting in frequent overestimation of the overall sample size. A new, iterative method is presented to find the two individual power values for the two endpoints so that the targeted overall power is attained with the smallest possible overall sample size. The principle is to assign more power to the endpoint for which a larger standardized effect size is likely to occur based on prior information. The main assumption of the new method is the independence of endpoints. However, this is not a serious limitation in case of type II error, thus the method yields a good approximation even if the condition of independence is not fulfilled. The advantages of the new method are (a) a considerable saving (up to 24% in our examples) in the overall sample size, (b) the flexibility as it can be applied to any combination of endpoint types (e.g., normally distributed + binomial, survival + binomial, etc.) and (c) easy to program.
Base‐Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides with Diborons
Authors: Yamamoto Yutaro , Matsubara Hiroshi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2016

The base‐free palladium‐catalyzed borylation of aryl chlorides with diborons was achieved. The base‐free conditions offered acceptable functional group compatibility. Based on experimental and computational studies, it was shown that smooth boryl transfer from the diborons to the arylpalladium chloride was promoted by strong interaction between the Lewis acidic boron and the chlorine atom on palladium.
Ambient Pressure Photoemission Spectroscopy Reveals the Mechanism of Carbon Soot Oxidation in Ceria‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Soler Lluís , Casanovas Albert , Escudero Carlos , Pérez‐Dieste Virginia , Aneggi Eleonora , Trovarelli Alessandro , Llorca Jordi
Published: June 2016

Removing soot is one of the most important challenges in minimizing the impact of combustion engines on the environment. Catalysts based on CeO2 have proved suitable to oxidize soot owing to their capacity to store and release oxygen easily while maintaining structural integrity, although their mode of operation in a complex environment involving two solid phases (catalyst and soot) and a gas phase (oxygen) is not yet fully understood. Herein, we provide a study of the surface/subsurface of ceria–soot and ceria–zirconia–soot mixtures under working conditions by means of near‐ambient‐pressure photoelectron spectroscopy. Soot abatement involves two cooperative routes: one occurring at the ceria–soot interface with formation of oxygen vacancies and CeIII and the other at the surface of soot, mediated by active superoxide species, which result from the reaction between gas‐phase O2 and oxygen vacancies. The two routes occur simultaneously and mutually reinforce each other.
Effect of Salinity on Enhancing Waste Activated Sludge Alkaline Fermentation at Different Temperatures
Authors: Jin Baodan , Wang Shuying , Xing Liqun , Li Baikun , Peng Yongzhen
Published: June 2016

Carbon source shortage and waste sludge treatment are two problems facing sewage treatment plants. The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using salt (NaCl) to enhance the production of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from waste sludge, reduce sludge production, and lower the operating cost. Four sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 2, 15, and 25 g/L) and temperatures (20, 30, 35, and 40°C) were examined individually in batch‐mode sludge fermentation systems. The results showed that NaCl promoted the release of soluble proteins and polysaccharides, enhanced hydrolysis acidification and SCFAs accumulation, suppressed the activity of coenzyme 420 and the growth of methanogens. The optimal condition of hydrolysis acidification was 15 g/L NaCl and 35°C, and the acidification was deteriorated at 25 g/L NaCl and 40°C. Compared with the blank test (0 g/L NaCl), the sludge reduction and SCFAs production increased by 22.12 and 21.21%, respectively. With regard to the alkali consumption per unit (1 mmol), the SCFAs production and sludge reduction was increased by 9.6 and 21.99%.
Small BODIPY Probes for Combined Dual 19F MRI and Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Huynh Anh Minh , Müller Andreas , Kessler Sonja M. , Henrikus Sarah , Hoffmann Caroline , Kiemer Alexandra K. , Bücker Arno , Jung Gregor
Published: June 2016

The combination of the two complementary imaging modalities 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI) possesses high potential for biological and medical applications. Herein we report the first design, synthesis, dual detection validation, and cytotoxic testing of four promising BODIPY dyes for dual 19F MRI–fluorescence detection. Using straightforward Steglich reactions, small fluorinated alcohols were easily covalently tethered to a BODIPY dye in high yields, leaving its fluorescence properties unaffected. The synthesized compounds were analyzed with various techniques to demonstrate their potential utility in dual imaging. As expected, the chemically and magnetically equivalent trifluoromethyl groups of the agents exhibited a single NMR signal. The determined longitudinal relaxation times T1 and the transverse relaxation times T2, both in the lower second range, enabled the imaging of four compounds in vitro. The most auspicious dual 19F MRI–fluorescence agent was also successfully imaged in a mouse post‐mortem within a 9.4 T small‐animal tomograph. Toxicological assays with human cells (primary HUVEC and HepG2 cell line) also indicated the possibility for animal testing.
A Novel Way To Radiolabel Human Butyrylcholinesterase for Positron Emission Tomography through Irreversible Transfer of the Radiolabeled Moiety
Authors: Sawatzky Edgar , Al‐Momani Ehab , Kobayashi Ryohei , Higuchi Takahiro , Samnick Samuel , Decker Michael
Published: June 2016

The enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is known to be involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics in blood plasma and is associated with the progress of neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes type 2, obesity, and diseases of the cardiovascular system. In the present study, we developed carbamate‐based inhibitors serving as positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers with 18F and 11C as radioisotopes to visualize BChE distribution. These inhibitors are radiolabeled at the carbamate site and transfer this moiety onto BChE, which thus results in covalent and permanent radiolabeling of the enzyme. There are no comparable radiotracers for cholinesterases described to date. By ex vivo autoradiography experiments on mice brain slices and kinetic investigations, selective and covalent transfer of the radiolabeled carbamate moiety onto BChE was proven. These tracers might provide high resolution of BChE distribution in vivo to enable investigations into the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases associated with alterations in BChE occurrence.
Impact of Afirma gene expression classifier on cytopathology diagnosis and rate of thyroidectomy
Authors: Sacks Wendy L. , Bose Shikha , Zumsteg Zachary S. , Wong Ronnie , Shiao Stephen L. , Braunstein Glenn D. , Ho Allen S.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

The Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) assesses malignancy risk in patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules. Afirma putatively reduces costs by classifying certain nodules as benign and thereby avoiding unnecessary surgery. Prior studies have evaluated its impact exclusively on GEC‐tested nodules. The objective of the current study was to analyze the effect of Afirma on 1) cytopathology diagnosis, 2) the rate of surgery, and 3) the rate of malignancy on all indeterminate nodules at a high‐volume thyroid center.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort analysis of indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) thyroid nodules from 2012 through 2014 was performed. Cases were evaluated from January 2012 to July 2013 (pre‐Afirma), and from July 2013 to December 2014 (post‐Afirma).

RESULTS

Of 4292 fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) performed, 13.2% were classified as indeterminate. The GEC was used in 45.3% of post‐Afirma cases, with the GEC‐Benign call rate at 37.1%. In comparing pre‐Afirma and post‐Afirma cohorts, a significant increase in Bethesda III (10.7% vs 13.4%; P<.005) and Bethesda IV (1.8% vs 2.9%; P<.01) rates were observed. Conversely, the incidence of Bethesda II was found to be significantly decreased (74.6% vs 68.8%; P<.001). The rate of surgery did not change significantly between pre‐Afirma and post‐Afirma cohorts (37.7% vs 45.1%; P = .11), nor did the malignancy rate (25.3% vs 36.0%; P = .12).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of indeterminate FNA diagnoses significantly increased after Afirma became routinely available, whereas the incidence of benign diagnoses significantly decreased. These data suggest that Afirma may shift FNA interpretation toward Bethesda III/IV, in which molecular testing is used. Moreover, the institutional rates of surgery and malignancy did not appear to change, raising uncertainty regarding the benefits of molecular assay risk stratification. Afirma may produce unintended collateral effects, increasing the number of indeterminate FNA diagnoses while not affecting the institutional thyroidectomy rate or malignancy yield. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:722–8. © 2016 American Cancer Society.