bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary Task Measurement of Workload as a Function of Simulated Vehicle Dynamics and Driving Conditions
Authors: Wierwille Walter W. , Gutmann James C. , Hicks Thomas G. , Muto William H.
Published: January 2017

A driving simulator with a six-degree of freedom computer-generated display, a four degree of freedom physical motion system, and a three-channel sound system was used to determine the sensitivity of a secondary task to vehicle handling parameters and various driving conditions. Six subjects drove a simulated vehicle with normal automobile handling and another six drove with degraded handling (slow response). Steering ratio and disturbance level were adjusted within each set of six subjects. A secondary task consisting of reading random digits aloud from a single-digit dashboard display was used to assess workload. Using a technique similar to that of Knowles (1963) and McDonald (1973), it was found that workload increased significantly as disturbance level increased. Furthermore, workload increased significantly with degraded vehicle handling. In contrast, increasing steering ratio did not produce a significant change in workload. These results indicate that the secondary task method can be used to assess the major effects of simulated vehicle handling on driver workload. The secondary task used is directly transferable to test vehicles, and it allows the assessment of large changes in primary task difficulty even though direct primary task measurement may not be feasible or economical. Problems remain, however, in designing more sensitive secondary-task measures.
A Layout Designer's Data Projection Reticle
Authors: HAINES RICHARD F.
Published: January 2017

Designers of visual displays and instrument panels often need to relate the known response capabilities of a large portion of the visual field to their particular design problem (Haines, 1974). Collection of a large amount of simple response time data for the full binocular and monocular visual field which is reported elsewhere (Haines, Dawson, Galvan, and Reid, 1975; Haines and Gilliland, 1973), led to the development of the designer's projection reticle (DPR) described here. Many other kinds of psychophysical vision data could also be incorporated into such a device (cf., Haines, 1975).
Anti-system Contentions and Authoritarian Response in China: Evolution and Mechanisms
Authors: He Jingkai , Su Zhenhua
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes a new framework to analyze social contentions in China from the perspectives of contention motives and mobilization channels, explains why traditional forms of contention do not undermine the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) rule, and identifies anti-system contention as a distinctive form of contention that poses the greatest challenge to the CCP’s rule. Through analysis of political opportunity structures and mobilization mechanisms that allowed anti-system contentions to rise, this paper argues that since such contentions mainly consist of value-oriented social actors mobilized via informal channels, it would require the Chinese regime to adapt to a more targeted and coordinated model of repression to address the new challenges. The paper further provides empirical case studies to show the effectiveness of the regime’s adaptive repression and shows that anti-system contentions in China face their own hurdle to develop into more prominent contentions.
Analysis of Test Specimens for Interlaminar Mode II Fracture Toughness, Part 1. Elastic Laminates
Authors: Chatterjee Sailendra N.
Published: January 2017

Results from approximate and exact stress analyses are reported for elastic stress and displacement fields in two interlaminar mode II fracture toughness specimens. End-notched flexure tests for laminates and unidirectional composites are studied in detail. Based on approximate closed form solutions for energy release rates procedures are suggested for fitting compliance versus delamination length data. Such procedures should be followed when through the thickness shear moduli of the layers are small as compared to axial moduli.
Failure Analysis and Damage Initiation in Carbon-Carbon Composite Materials under Three-Point Bending
Authors: Copp P. D. , Dendis J. C. , Mall S.
Published: January 2017

Carbon-carbon composite materials offer designers a significant improvement over conventional materials for advanced turbine engine applications. However, these composite components must be attached to other components which is usually done using mechanical fasteners. These attachments create contact stresses, which in turn lead to a variety of failure modes and damage. In order to characterize these failure modes and damage mechanisms a three-point bend test was employed. This test has been widely studied by many researchers and provides a wealth of comparative data. In addition it is the simplest mechanical and experimental model of a contact problem. This study focused on determining damage initiation and failure mechanisms in woven uncoated carbon-carbon composite laminates resulting from the three-point bend test. Failure modes and damage initiation sites for short and long beam geometries were determined.
A New Approach toward Understanding Damage Mechanisms and Mechanics of Laminated Composites Due to Low-Velocity Impact: Part I—Experiments
Authors: Choi Hyung Yun , Downs R. J. , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: January 2017

An investigation comprised of experiments and analysis was performed to study impact damage in laminated composites caused by low-velocity impact. The major objective of the study was to fundamentally understand the failure mechanisms and mechanics of fiber-reinforced composites resulting from impact and to identify the essential parameters governing the impact damage. Matrix cracks and delaminations were the primary concern of the study.

This paper emphasizes the experimental work of the study. A unique and special air-pressed impact tester was designed and built for the investigation. The major characteristics of the tester was the design of a rectangular barrel and a rectangular based impactor rather than a small circular barrel and a spherical ball, which are commonly adopted for impact study. This new design allows the user to control the impact damage patterns by appropriately selecting different shapes and sizes of the noses which are mounted to the base of the impactor.

In this study, a line-nosed impactor was adopted which could produce a uniformly distributed, transient dynamic load across the specimen's width. Accordingly, the impact damage mode was considerably simplified, and the results of the tests were extensively examined and studied for understanding the basic impact damage mechanisms. The essential parameters governing the impact damage were also identified.
A Universal Model for the Overall Thermal Conductivity of Porous Media
Authors: Tzou Da Yu
Published: January 2017

A general field theory is developed in this work to estimate the overall degradation of the thermal conductivity of the solid due to the presence of internal cavities. In addition to the volume fraction of cavities in the matrix material, the effect of internal heat transfer across the pore surface on the overall thermal conductivity is absorbed in an added tensor. Based on the field theory thus formulated, application is made to investigate the effects of pore geometry and internal heat transfer on the overall thermal conductivity. In the aspect of pore geometry, the overall thermal conductivity of the porous medium is obtained for insulated spherical cavities and penny-shaped cracks. In the aspect of internal heat transfer, on the other hand, the effect of heat conduction and convection across the pore surface is analyzed. All the cases under consideration are compared with the experimental results and the dominant physical modulus in the overall thermal conductivity is identified for each case.
Approximate Analysis of the Temperature Induced Stresses and Deformations of Composite Shells
Authors: Kollår Låszló P.
Published: January 2017

In this paper simple formulas are presented which can be used to estimate the response of composite plates and shells to hygrothermal loads.

The layup of the shell can be arbitrary (i.e., it can be symmetric or unsymmetric, balanced or unbalanced).

The formulas serve two purposes. First, they can be used to calculate directly the stresses, strains, and displacements caused by a temperature and a moisture gradient. Second, the formulas can be used to determine the“effective”thermal and moisture expansion coefficients which are the parameters needed in more accurate numerical (FEM) calculations.

The accuracies of the approximate formulas were assessed by sample problems. In these problems the hygrothermal deformations of cylinders and cylindrical segments were calculated by the present approximate formulas and by an exact, three-dimensional analysis. The results of the exact and approximate methods were compared. These comparisons showed that the approximate formulas yield the deformations with a high degree of accuracy.
Shape Control of Composite Plates and Shells with Embedded Actuators. I. Voltages Specified
Authors: Koconis David B. , Kollår Låszló P. , Springer George S.
Published: January 2017

The changes in shapes of fiber-reinforced composite beams, plates and shells affected by embedded piezoelectric actuators were investigated. An analytical method was developed which can be used to calculate the changes in shapes for specified applied voltages to the actuators. The method is formulated on the basis of mathematical models using two-dimensional, linear, shallow shell theory including transverse shear effects which are important in the case of sandwich construction. Solutions to the governing equations were obtained via the Ritz method. A computationally efficient computer code with a user-friendly interface was written which is suitable for performing the numerical calculations. The code, designated as SHAPE1, provides the change in shape for specified applied voltages. To validate the method and the computer code, results generated by the code were compared to existing analytical and experimental results and to test data obtained during the course of the present investigation. The predictions provided by the SHAPE1 code were in excellent agreement with the results of the other analyses and data.
Shape Control of Composite Plates and Shells with Embedded Actuators. II. Desired Shape Specified
Authors: Koconis David B. , Kollår Låszló P. , Springer George S.
Published: January 2017

The changes in shapes of fiber-reinforced composite beams, plates and shells affected by embedded piezoelectric actuators were investigated. An analytical method was developed to determine the voltages needed to achieve a specified desired shape. The method is formulated on the basis of mathematical models using two-dimensional, linear, shallow shell theory including transverse shear effects which are important in the case of sandwich construction. The solution technique is a minimization of an error function which is a measure of the difference between the deformed shape caused by the application of voltages and the desired shape. A computationally efficient, user-friendly computer code was written which is suitable for performing the numerical calculations. The code, designated as SHAPE2, gives the voltages needed to achieve specified changes in shape. To validate the method and the computer code, results generated by the code were compared to existing analytical and experimental results. The predictions provided by the SHAPE2 code were in excellent agreement with the results of the other analyses and data.
Even Generals Need Friends
Authors: Thyne Clayton , Powell Jonathan , Parrott Sarah , VanMeter Emily
Published: January 2017

Signals from domestic and international actors have been shown to influence the likelihood of coups. Coups remain difficult to predict and consequently leave policy makers in a reactive stance, but little systematic work assesses how these reactions influence long-term outcomes. We examine how reactions from domestic and international actors influence the duration of coup-born regimes, arguing that negative reactions will shorten leadership duration. We further probe these relationships by considering how signaling consistency, Cold War dynamics, and precoup relationships condition the influence of reactions on leadership duration. Tests use events data to capture domestic and international reactions and newly coded information on leadership to capture leader duration. Results indicate that international responses have a profound influence on leadership tenure, especially those from strong actors. We find tentative support that state reactions have the strongest effect during the Cold War, while international organizations matter the most afterward.
Implications of the Reflectivity-Impulsivity Dimension for Special Education
Authors: Epstein Michael H. , Hallahan Daniel P. , Kauffman James M.
Published: January 2017

The cognitive development of exceptional children has been a topic of discussion for many years. Cognitively based explanations for faulty academic and social performance, however, have not been forthcoming. A major problem has been that theorists and researchers alike have viewed cognition as a global process. Reliance upon standardized global intelligence tests for research data has contributed to the dilemma. Therefore, theories have been presented in universal terminology, and research has neglected many subtle differences among individuals. If special educators are to understand the cognitive processes of exceptional children, the search for global explanations of behavior must be attenuated and redirected toward the understanding of individual differences in cognition. The task can be accomplished by dissecting the process of cognition into smaller, more discrete units so that the dynamics of cognition can be observed.
Hospital Post Mortems in Psychiatry… Mortue Vivos Docent?!
Authors: Salib Emad , Tadros George , Yacoub Maged
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Despite the potential benefits of post-mortem examination, rates are declining throughout the world, and reasons for the decline include the reluctance among doctors to request, relatives to give permission for, and pathologists to perform hospital post mortems (Kamal et al., 1997). The progressive and universal decline in hospital autopsy rates has been not just an absolute decline, but is seen especially in the elderly where there is a potentially higher discrepancy rate, and a correspondingly higher rate of undiagnozed but potentially treatable conditions (Lancet, 1982).

Although most people do not appear to mind what happens to their bodies after death, and the vast majority did not object to post mortems (Brown, 1984), in real life the lay perceptions of the purposes and value of autopsy are rather different, as no doubt some of us must have experienced at some time in our careers.
Death by Homicide in Italy, 1980–94: Age and Gender Differences among Victims
Authors: Preti Antonio , Miotto Paola
Published: January 2017

To investigate the role of sociodemographic factors in the risk of death by homicide in Italy, official statistics from 1980 to 1994 concerning death by homicide have been studied.

Homicide rates increase from 1980 to 1994 for males and, to a much lesser extent, for females. Clear differences exist by age and gender, with rates peaking in both genders at young adult age (25-34) and men having five times higher rates than women. Mean rate in the general population is 1.98 per 100,000, one of the highest rates in the civilized world. These findings are mostly influenced by higher homicide rates for both males and females in southern regions, where cultural attitudes towards violence, linked to the greater diffusion of criminal organizations, greatly influence the risk of death by homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms: clearly in Italy availability of lethal weapons is a key factor in homicide.

Intervention aimed at increasing community awareness of the causes and methods of prevention of violence (including the roles of substance abuse and social inequality) are needed if adequate policies are to be developed to reduce the risk of death by homicide. Differences in homicide rates across countries clearly indicate that homicide is a preventable cause of death.
Medico-Legal Implications of Hidden Thyroid Dysfunction: A Study of Two Cases
Authors: De Letter Els A , Piette Michel H A , Lambert Willy E , De Leenheer André P
Published: January 2017

In this paper we present two cases in which thyroid disorders were unexpectedly brought to view. The question we ponder is whether hidden thyroid dysfunction may be important in the cause, mechanism and manner of death, or just an incidental discovery during the post-mortem examination. A short literature review has been conducted in order to evaluate previously reported cases of thyroid pathology and sudden death. The significance of post-mortem evaluation of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) will be considered briefly.
Criminal Responsibility and Mental Health Experts: The A,B,Cs of Cross-Examination
Authors: Manarin Brian
Published: January 2017

Experts from the field of behavioral sciences are regularly called upon in criminal prosecutions to offer an opinion as to an accused person's mental state at the time an alleged crime was committed. Within the confines of a criminal courtroom, perception often becomes reality. From a lawyer's perspective, the author attempts to reveal how the optics of a trial can become better aligned with actual fact through the adversarial process. Although written by a prosecutor, the upcoming commentary on the A,B,Cs of cross-examination should equally assist the defence counsel who must prepare his/her expert, the judge who must decide what weight to put on the testimony and the mental health expert who ultimately will be obliged to answer the questions.
The Identification of Make, Model and Year of Manufacture of a Car by an Examination of its Paint Flakes
Authors: Tippett C. F.
Published: January 2017

A scheme has been devised, based on over four hundred colour plates supplied by eight car manufacturers, which can give valuable information concerning the car of a hit-and-run driver, from an examination of paint flakes left at the scene of an accident.
The Neuropathology of Status Epilepticus
Authors: Norman R. M.
Published: January 2017

A description is given of the clinical and neuropathological findings in eleven cases of status epilepticus in young children. The distribution of ischaemic nerve cell changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, conform to the pattern of post-ictal brain damage described by Scholz. The same changes are found in brains showing oedema as in those without. Reasons are given for discounting the theory that vascular compression plays a decisive part in the pathogenesis of this type of encephalopathy.
Dating a Waterlogged Coffin
Authors: Richardson B. A.
Published: January 2017

A Coffin found on a beach at Hayling Island, southern England was examined to determine the probable date of burial. The coffin, containing a skeleton, was found protruding from the upper middle shore. Pathological investigation disclosed identifiable brain tissue within the skull and the initial examination of the elm boards which formed the coffin disclosed inner zones with a remarkably fresh pinkish-brown appearance. The upper portions of the coffin were covered with marine growths which indicated that it had been exposed to the sea for at least nine months and probably for more than a year. The extensive Soft Rot attack of the upper parts of the coffin indicated prolonged waterlogging which was confirmed by the extent of deterioration of the nails and the spread of ‘nail sickness’. The absence of Basidiomycete attack suggested that the wood was waterlogged throughout the burial period. Saturated moisture content studies suggested that the wood had been waterlogged for between 56 and 172 years, but it can be suggested that the ‘new elm’ moisture contents were too low through kiln seasoning retaining cell contents which would be absent in new air seasoned elm. In addition, the moisture content of the coffin samples might be exaggerated by Soft Rot. Both these possible errors tend to reduce the probable period of waterlogging.

A reconstruction of the nails suggests that they were well made cut steel brads which were most likely to have been used in coffin making in England between 1840 and 1940. However, the boards were only about 15 mm. thick, unusually thin for a coffin constructed more than thirty years ago.

The most likely explanation is a burial during the First World War in a coffin constructed by a foreign carpenter, perhaps a prisoner. The fresh colour of the interior of the boards and the presence of brain tissue is probably explained by the anaerobic reducing conditions resulting from waterlogged burial in heavy clay.
The Composition and Current Use of Abortifacients
Authors: David T. J.
Published: January 2017

Nine different preparations sold as abortifacients have been collected, by obtaining them from hospital in-patients who had used them in attempts to procure abortions, from others who purchased them from various sources, and from hospital staff, who through acquaintances provided information about the sale of abortifacients as well as unused remains of abortifacient preparations. Chemical analysis of tablets was made when there was doubt about their precise composition. The possible medical hazards of using these preparations are outlined. Their use continues despite the availability of legal abortions.
Incest Offences and Alcoholism
Authors: Virkkunen M.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to clarify whether alcoholic incest offenders differ from other criminals who commit these offences. The series consisted of 45 cases of incest, of which 22 cases (48.9 per cent) gave an indication of alcoholism in the offender. The alcoholics showed more evidence of previous criminal offences, and this was especially true when considering acts of violence only. The alcoholics had also exhibited more often than the others aggressive features at home before the detection of incest. Statistically, significant differences were not arrived at as to depression, psychotic disturbances, intellectual defects, problems of jealousy, psychiatric hospitalization, and earlier sexual behaviour.

The spouse had a rejective sexual attitude towards the offender in alcoholic cases more frequently than in other cases. The cause of this appeared to be mainly disgust at the abuse of alcoholic drinks and its consequences, as well as the result of a large family and/or poor living conditions.

In more than half of the cases of incest in both groups actual intercourse had taken place. Generally, the relationship had, however, started by only touching sexual organs and so forth. According to the offender the victim had shown activity in one-third of the cases of alcoholics. The alcoholic offender tended to be under the influence of alcohol at least at the beginning of the relationship more often than the non-alcoholic person. Offences or an offence were reported by the victim or the offender's spouse in the cases of alcoholics more often than in the other cases; then the informer was usually an outsider. However, the victim's and the spouse's fear of the offender was one reason for concealment when the alcoholics were involved.
Judicial Problems Related to Transsexualism in France
Authors: Gromb Sophie , Chanseau B , Lazarini H J
Published: January 2017

The French courts have recently changed their juridical position about transsexualism. The new decisions have, among other things, asserted the necessity for preliminary judicial expertise, an ordinary medical report not being satisfactory as a legal basis.

The authors present a summary of the juridical evolution, an expert analysis of transsexualism and the key concepts that the experts will have to debate.
Dirty Protests: A Phenomenological Assessment
Authors: Hall J M
Published: January 2017

The use of faecal material as a means to effect a personal protest appears to be a behaviour restricted to prison establishments. Over the last decade, this form of protest appears to be diminishing. Dirty protests are described, and possible aetiologies explored.
Inadequacies in the Mental Health Act, 1983 in Relation to Mentally Disordered Remand Prisoners
Authors: Akinkunmi Akintunde , Murray Kevin
Published: January 2017

There are widely recognized problems regarding access to NHS facilities for mentally disordered remand prisoners (Robertson et al., 1994). The Bentham Unit was set up in February 1994 to provide the earliest possible hospital admission for mentally disordered remand prisoners. Over the first twelve months of the service's operation we assessed 150 and admitted 62 remand prisoners: a full description of the service is in preparation. Because admission is restricted to remand prisoners, the inadequacies of current legislation in allowing effective, uninterrupted care for remand transfers have become very apparent. There have been recent proposals to review the 1983 Mental Health Act (Murphy, 1995) and we suggest that provisions for assessment and treatment of mentally disordered remand prisoners should be revised in this context.
1. Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Myxoma
Authors: Vassiliadis N , Vassiliadis K , Karkavelas G
Published: January 2017

Primary tumours of the heart are rare, their incidence ranging from 0.0017 to 0.28 per cent in various autopsy series (Colucci and Braunwald, 1992). Thirty per cent of these tumours are cardiac myxomas (McAllister and Fenaglio, 1978). The latter are histologically benign but potentially lethal.

Sudden death is reported in 15 per cent of cases and is mainly attributed to massive embolism or mechanical interference to blood flow within the heart by the tumour (Fisher, 1983). This incidence could be due to the absence of clinical manifestations of the disease or to the presence of non-specific or subtle ones that preclude early referral for specialist evaluation (Colucci and Braunwald, 1992). Such a poor prognosis is not altogether justified, however, considering the highly sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques and the level of surgical treatment which can be offered today (Larsson et al., 1989; Roberts, 1989; Bortolloti et al., 1990; Lyons et al., 1991).

We present a case diagnosed at post-mortem of an atrial myxoma which had subtle ante-mortem manifestations. This paper should alert the clinician with regard to the need to be aware of the rather obscure clinical presentation which may accompany this potentially treatable condition.
5. Oncocytic Cardiomyopathy: A Rare Cause of Unexpected Early Childhood Death Associated with Fitting
Authors: Stahl Jürgen , Couper Richard T L , Byard Roger W
Published: January 2017

A 15-month-old girl died unexpectedly in hospital following a five-day history of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and convulsions preceded by several weeks of occasional vomiting. Autopsy revealed subendocardial nodules in the left ventricle, and tricuspid and mitral valves that were composed of aggregated large cells with foamy, pale pink cytoplasm characteristic of oncocytic cardiomyopathy. Fat stains were positive for neutral lipid and phospholipid and electron microscopic examination revealed numerous irregular mitochondria within affected cells. Examination of the brain revealed no structural or histologic abnormalities, anoxic damage or thromboembolic material. Oncocytic cardiomyopathy, though rare, may cause unexpected death in previously well young children with quite variable preceding clinical symptoms and signs which include fitting. Although the aetiology is unknown there is evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction may be involved.
Recent Legal Issues in the Defence of Provocation
Authors: Hall J M
Published: January 2017

The Homicide Act 1957 has been in force for over 40 years. This article briefly reviews the state of the law regarding provocation prior to the Act, and subsequent attempts to modify the interpretation of the Act to date.
Audit of the Use of Nurses' Holding Power under Section 5(4) of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Salib Emad
Published: January 2017

Emergency detention of psychiatric patients by doctors under s. 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 is not always preceded by the use of nurses' holding power under s. 5(4). In this review of patients in North Cheshire, all applications of s. 5(4), allowing the emergency detention of voluntary in-patients by registered psychiatric nurses for a maximum period of six hours, were reviewed to examine the extent of its use and to assess its effect on s. 5(2) outcome. Of the 877 detentions under s. 5(2) implemented during the 11-year review period, 140 (16%) were preceded by s. 5(4). There was no significant difference in age, sex, clinical diagnosis, day of the week, reason for detention and length of hospital stay before section application between those who had s. 5(4) applied before 5(2) and those who did not. The latter were less likely to be converted to other sections (53%) compared to a much higher rate of 80% if s. 5(4) preceded s. 5(2). The review has also found that time of section application and length of hospital stay prior to detention may have influenced the use of nurses' holding power. It suggests that s. 5(4) may be a useful predictor of s. 5(2) outcome.
Spanish Adaptation of the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD-S) in Nursing Undergraduates
Authors: Edo-Gual Montserrat , Tomás-Sábado Joaquín , Gómez-Benito Juana , Monforte-Royo Cristina , Aradilla-Herrero Amor
Published: January 2017

The Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying Scale (FATCOD) is designed to assess the attitudes of professionals and trainees toward caring for the dying patient and their family members. In this study the main aim is to adapt the FATCOD to a Spanish context (FATCOD-S). In addition, the relations between FATCOD-S, sociodemographic variables, emotional intelligence, and death attitudes have been analyzed. A sample of 669 Spanish nursing students from four Universities responded to a questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) concludes a structure composed of two significant factors. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out. The CFA supported a two-factor model. Students with past experience of death and those who had received training in palliative care scored significantly higher on both factors of the FATCOD-S ( p < 0.01). The FATCOD-S is an effective and valid tool for measuring the attitudes of Spanish nursing students toward caring for patients at the end of life.
Child Labor in Ghana Cocoa Production: Focus upon Agricultural Tasks, Ergonomic Exposures, and Associated Injuries and Illnesses
Authors: Mull L. Diane , Kirkhorn Steven R.
Published: January 2017

Objectives.

The goal of this study was to determine the occupational hazards experienced by children harvesting cocoa in western Ghana in order to design a vocational literacy life skills curriculum and radio social messaging campaign with a safety component to decrease hazardous work exposures in child agricultural work.

Methods.

An observational analysis was conducted of children aged 9 through 17 based upon personal interviews of agricultural workers, focus groups, and direct observation of work practices and activities. Job site analysis incorporated task mapping, job hazard review, and a review of equipment and use of protective gear.

Results.

Children and young people aged 9 through 17 are exposed to hazardous occupational exposures including strenuous work, sharp tools, and pesticides. Lack of training in proper safety practices and inadequate personal protective equipment were commonly noted. Injuries and illnesses included musculoskeletal disorders, sprains, strains, lacerations to the head, fractures, eye injuries, rashes, and coughing.

Conclusion.

Children working in cocoa harvesting are exposed to physical and chemical hazards without proper training or personal protective equipment. Unless safety interventions occur, there are potential long-term adverse health consequences.
Comparison of Acute Viral Hepatitis Data Quality Using Two Methodologies, 2005–2007
Authors: Iqbal Kashif , Klevens R. Monina , Jiles Ruth
Published: January 2017

Objective.

We compared the quality of data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from sites that received funding for acute viral hepatitis surveillance through CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) with sites that have electronic infrastructure to collect data but do not receive funding from CDC to support viral hepatitis surveillance.

Methods.

Descriptive analysis was conducted on acute hepatitis A, B, and C cases reported from EIP sites and National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS)-based states (NBS) sites from 2005 to 2007. Data were compared for ( 1) completeness of demographic and risk behavior/exposure information; ( 2) adherence to CDC/Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) case definition for confirmed cases of acute hepatitis A, B, and C; and ( 3) timeliness of reporting to the health department.

Results.

Data reported for sex and age were at least 98% complete for both EIP and NBS sites and race/ethnicity was more complete for EIP sites. For acute hepatitis A, B, and C, case reports from EIP sites were more likely than those from NBS sites to include a “yes” response to at least one risk behavior/exposure variable and were more likely to meet the CDC/CSTE case definition. EIP sites received case reports in a more timely fashion than did NBS sites. The case definition for acute hepatitis C proved problematic for both EIP and NBS sites.

Conclusions.

Data from the EIP sites were more complete and reported in a more timely way to health departments than data from the NBS sites. Funding for follow-up activities is essential to providing surveillance data of higher quality for decision-making and public health response.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Michie R. I. C.
Published: January 2017

The variation of tensile strength with test specimen length (jaw span) has been examined theoretically and experimentally for a range of nonwoven fabrics. It is shown that the plot of strength versus jaw span provides a basis for assessing the extent to which fiber strength is utilized in a bonded fiber system, weakness due to poor bonding being associated with a rapid increase in strength as the jaw span is decreased below the fiber length. By this method, the relative bonding strengths of several commercial nonwoven fabrics have been determined.
Relations between Specific Volume, Count, and Twist of Spun Nylon Yarns
Authors: Hearle J. W. S. , Merchant V. B.
Published: January 2017

Measurements of count, twist, and diameter were made on 500 specimens from 20 spun nylon yarns, covering counts from 10s to 40s and twist factors from 2 to 8, and used to study the specific volumes of these yarns. It was shown that in hard-twisted yarns the packing was about 7% less effective than in an ideal ring structure. In soft-twisted yarns, the specific volume was much greater. The effect of tension on yarn diameter was investigated in preliminary tests. The correlation between twist t and count N was also considered, and the constants k and m in the relation t = kNm were calculated. The value of m was shown to vary with twist factor in a way which could be explained by the torque-twist relations of yarns.
Wool Shrinkproofing Studies
Authors: Williams V. A.
Published: January 2017

Potassium permanganate in water confers shrink resistance on wool fabric, the degree of initial shrink resistance increasing with addition of inorganic salts. On extended severe washing, fabrics treated in higher salt concentrations felt at a greater rate, once the initial period of shrink resistance has passed, than do fabrics treated in low salt concentrations. On the basis of these observations a theory of felting shrinkage is proposed which defines felting behavior of treated wool in terms of cuticle and cortex modification. Cortex modification need only be in the outer layers.

Shrink resistance conferred by cuticle modification is characterized by an initial period during which no felting shrinkage takes place, followed by felting at a rate similar to that of untreated wool. Permanganate in saturated salt is an example of such a cuticle treatment.

Shrink resistance conferred by outer cortex modification is not achieved by a shrink resist induction period, but by a reduced rate of felting shrinkage. Examples of shrinkproofing treatments resulting in outer cortex modification are: permanganate in water; dry, acid, and alkaline chlorinations; and the additional shrink resistance, following permanganate oxidation, conferred by residue times in bisulfite beyond that necessary to clear manganese dioxide.

In permanganate treatments followed by reductive clearing, the major portion of shrink resistance is imparted during the oxidation stage for treatments in saturated salt, and during the clearing stage for treaments in water.
Mechanical Properties of Set Keratin Fibers
Authors: Rebenfeld L. , Dansizer C. J.
Published: January 2017

Various degrees of set, and sets of various degrees of permanence, were imparted to four keratin fiber types: human hair, kid mohair, a noncrimp coarse wool, and a fine high-crimp wool. The sets were imparted in a water system at 97° C and at room temperature. The mechanical properties at 70° F and 65% RH of the set fibers were measured and examined in relation to the type and degree of set imparted. In general, fibers with a permanent set are weaker and more extensible than fibers with a temporary set. Significant differences in behavior were observed among the four fiber types.
Reactive Dyes Related to the Remazol Class
Authors: Caldwell J. B. , Milligan Brian
Published: January 2017

Seven Remazol dyes, which bear the reactive substituent, —SO2CH2CH2OSO3Na, have been converted into related compounds with —SO2CH2CH2SSO3Na substituents, referred to hereafter as Buntazol dyes. When applied to wool from boiling dyebaths acidified with sulfuric acid, the Buntazol dyes give dyeings of slightly better washfastness than the corresponding Remazols, which undergo covalent reaction with the fiber to a lesser extent. Buntazol and Remazol dyes, applied from dyebaths acidified with acetic acid, give dyeings of similar washfastness, despite the slightly greater degree of covalent reaction observed for most of the Remazol dyes; the two types differ mainly with respect to dyeing rate, Buntazol dyes being exhausted more rapidly than the corresponding Remazol dyes, although giving dyeings of similar levelness.
Single Dyebath Application of Direct, Acid, and Basic Dyes to Cotton—Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylate) Fabrics
Authors: Harris James A. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: January 2017

Cotton cellulose was macromolecularly modified by free-radical-initiated graft copolymerization with glycidyl methacrylate from aqueous methanol. The cotton—poly(glycidyl methacrylate) fabrics and chemically modified fabrics were dyed by single dyebath application of direct, direct plus acid, acid, basic, acid plus basic, and cuprophenyl dyestuffs. The colors of the dyed fabrics were matched with standard color plates. Modifications of the fabrics by reaction with allylamine, ammonia, p-anisidine, ethylenediamine, cyclo-hexylamine, N- cyclo-hexylpiperidine, methacrylamide, oxalic acid, o-phenylenediamine, phenylphosphinic acid, or sulfamide resulted in changes in colors of the dyed fabrics. However, the changes in colors of the fabrics were generally in strengths of hues rather than in color groupings.
The Properties of Hercosett + Primal Resin Mixtures Used in Wool Fiber Coating Technology
Authors: Beevers R. B.
Published: January 2017

An examination has been made of the mechanical properties and swelling equilibria of cured resin sheet prepared from a range of mixed Hercosett and Primal prepolymer resin solutions. With the increase in the proportion of Primal in the resin mixture the initial modulus increases slightly to a maximum at 0.3 w/w Primal, thereafter decreasing to a low value. The stress- and strain-at-break show a large increase over the composition range up to 0.9 w/w Primal when the stress-at-break decreases sharply. Calculation of the size of the crosslinked network shows that the average molecular weight between crosslink junctions falls to a minimum at about 40% w/w Primal.

In buffer solutions of constant ionic strength a large degree of swelling is observed at low pH but this decreases rapidly in the region of pH 9. Incorporation of Primal into the resin mixture reduces the overall degree of swelling with an almost linear dependence on the weight fraction of Primal under conditions of constant pH. This arises from the increased separation of the charged cationic groups in Hercosett resin by the incorporation of Primal segments.
Comparison of Preshrinkage Treatments for Crosslinked Knitted Cotton and Cotton Blends
Authors: Frick J. G. , Verburg G. B.
Published: January 2017

Laundry shrinkage in knitted fabrics of cotton or cotton-polyester was reduced by a combination of chemical cross-linking and preshrinkage treatments. Preshrinkage during finishing was induced by compression either before or after crosslinking, and by either wet or dry relaxation after crosslinking. The effects on fabric loss in processing, strength, fabric structure, and recovery from deformation were compared for each combination.
The Effect of Selected Pretreatments on the Dyeing and Color Properties and pH-Sensitivity of Wools Dyed with Metallized Azo Dyes
Authors: Needles Howard L.
Published: January 2017

The effect of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) and peroxydisulfate (PS) anion pretreatments on the dyeing properties of wool with metallized azo dyes was studied and characterized. Chrome-metallized azo dyes containing pyrazolone or acetoacetanilide moieties dyed THPC and PS-treated wools to different shades than those found for untreated wool, whereas treated and untreated wools dyed with chrome-metallized azo dyes containing aromatic benzenoid rings on both sides of the azo group gave much smaller color differences. The particular mordant used did not significantly affect the nature of color differences observed when treated and untreated wools dyed with mordant dyes containing a pyrazolone moiety were metallized; however, the pH-sensitivity of the mordant-dyed wools was reduced by metallization, with sodium dichromate and cuprous sulfate metallization providing the greatest degree of stabilization.
Dyeing of Anionically-Modified Polyamide Fibers with Cationic Dyestuffs
Authors: Müller H. , Rossbach V.
Published: January 2017

The physicochemical principles of the dyeing of two polyamide-6 fibers modified with the monosodium salt of 5-sulphoisophthalic acid at pH 1.8 and 4.5 with an oxazonium dye (Astrazon Blue BG, C.I. 51004) and a thiazonium dye (Methylene Blue, C.I. 52015) are described. Measurements of the zeta potential by the flow-potential method have shown that the fibers have a very highly negatively-charged surface as compared with unmodified types. This decisively promotes the adsorption of the dyestuff cations on the fiber. The uptake of the dye can be described by means of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm as an ion-exchange reaction. It follows from the agreement of dyestuff saturation figures and comonomer contents that the dyestuff is bound stoichiometrically by the sulpho groups (pH 4.5; 80°C). Carboxyl groups probably take no part in the dyestuff binding at pH 1.8 and 4.5. The standard values of the heat of reaction have been determined from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants for reactions responsible for the dyestuff binding. They show that the dyestuff/fiber bond contains a covalent component, which is probably due to interactions between the sulphonate group and the dyestuff cation.
Investigation of Degree of Set and Deset for PET and Nylon 66 Yarns
Authors: Shishoo Roshan , Bergh Kerstin M.
Published: January 2017

Degrees of set and deset have been investigated for polyester and nylon multifilament yarns which were set and deset at the same temperature over the range 30–200°C. These values were calculated on the basis of the “true” values of original length determined by subjecting the specimens to heat treatment at different temperatures in an undeformed and unloaded state. The results obtained throw light on structural and dimensional changes in heat-set polyester and nylon yarns which remain unidentified in conventional shrinkage measurements.
Instrumental Techniques to Quantify Textural Change in Carpet Part II: Goniophotometry
Authors: Jose D. J. , Hollies N. R. S. , Spivak S. M.
Published: January 2017

Further work on carpet appearance change is reported, focusing on new textural measurements of carpet pile. These techniques have included image analysis, goniophotometry, and densitometry. A set of specially prepared saxony-type polyester carpet constructions were tested, both as unworn controls and service-worn to 60,000 steps of foot traffic. In Part II of this series, the results of goniophotometry, i.e. variable angle reflectometry, are reported. Techniques are presented to generate goniophotometric reflectance curves, which can be analyzed for directional pile lay in carpet. These techniques appear promising in characterizing certain changes in pile shading and wear patterns, both in unworn and service-worn carpet.
Sorption of Carboxylic Acids by Wool: Effect of Solvents
Authors: Fleischfresser B. E. , Smith G. C.
Published: January 2017

The sorption of low molecular weight carboxylic acids by wool from various solvents has been investigated. More extensive sorption was observed from neutral than from either basic or acidic solvents. These results may be rationalized in terms of acid-base interactions between solvent, wool, and carboxylic acids. Basic solvents inhibit sorption by competing with the wool for the acids, whereas acidic solvents inhibit sorption by competing with the carboxylic acids for the wool. Water, an amphoteric solvent, gives limited sorption of acids compared with that found from neutral solvents.
Anatomy of a Nep
Authors: Hebert J. J. , Boylston E. K. , Thibodeaux D. P.
Published: January 2017

Neps appearing in all stages of textile processing up to the dyed fabric were extracted from cotton samples. These neps were disassembled and the individual fibers making up each nep, along with any foreign material appearing in the nep, were studied using microscopic techniques. Three distinct types of neps could be recognized. The data obtained from each tend to support the theory that for the most part, problematic neps are a result of immature fibers present in the cotton.
Selecting Cotton Fiber Properties for Fitting Reliable Equations to HVI Data
Authors: Mogahzy Yehia E. El
Published: January 2017

An advanced statistical procedure for developing reliable prediction equations relating cotton fiber properties and the skein break factor of yarn is demonstrated. The procedure consists of a sequential analysis in which subsets of independent variables are obtained by linear regression to best predict a dependent variable. Selection of the most reliable equation is based on three main criteria: the R2 statistic, the Cp statistic, and the MSE. The independent variables considered in the analysis are the cotton fiber properties measured by the HVI system (MCI3000). A reliable regression equation relating cotton fiber properties and yarn quality should simultaneously satisfy the two criteria: it has a high R2 value and uses only the most important fiber properties. Written primarily for textile scientists and engineers, the details of the statistical analysis are minimized, and the analysis is presented in its proper context, as a useful tool for the nonstatistician.