bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incised stream physical habitat restoration with stone weirs
Authors: Shields F. D. , Knight S. S. , Cooper C. M.
Published: February 2007

The initial results are described of the restoration of 1 km long reach of Goodwin Creek, a channelized sand and gravel bed warm‐water stream draining a 21 km2 lowland catchment in north‐west Mississippi. Although a series of grade control weirs and bank protection works had been constructed before restoration, sediment production from channel erosion remained high (> 1200 t km−2 y−1) and aquatic habitats were of poor value. At base flow, only 5–20% of the water area was classified as pool habitat (depth >30 cm and velocity <10 cm s−1). Restoration works were designed to be compatible with existing channel stabilization works and economic critera. Stone was added to extend the existing groynes across the base flow channel to create 18 small weirs. The effects of restoration were quantified by collecting fish and physical habitat data semi‐annually for two years before and during the first year after restoration from the restored reach and from two reference streams. Restoration increased pool habitat availability, overall physical heterogeneity, riparian vegetation, shade and woody debris density. After restoration, mean width, depth and velocity exhibited changes of +56, +150 and ‐56%, respectively, despite discharge levels that averaged 43% lower during data collection periods. The pool area increased to 72% of the water area. Bed types became more heterogeneous, with larger fractions of clay, debris and riprap, and less sand and gravel. The fish response to restoration measures was modest, but distinct. Before restoration cyprinids and centrarchids comprised 74 and 11%, respectively, of the numerical catch, but 32 and 55% after restoration. Fish species composition and relative abundance after restoration were slightly more similar to that of the non‐incised reference site than before restoration. The median lengths of five selected fish species were greater after restoration, but were unchanged at reference sites.
Monitoring pelagic whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) and vendace (Coregonus albula) in a hydroelectric reservoir using hydroacoustics
Authors: Linløkken Arne
Published: February 2007

Stock assessment consisting of hydroacoustics each year and gill‐netting every third year was performed in May 1986–1993 in the regulated Lake Osensjøen. Osensjøen, situated 438 m asl in south‐eastern Norway, has a surface area of 45 km2 and a mean depth of 37 m; the water level varies by 6.6 m and the pelagic fish stock consists of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.) and vendace (Coregonus albula L.). The total density of large fish (28 cm) varied from 10.4 to 70.2 specimens/ha, with a mean value of 39.8 specimens/ha, corresponding to ca. 9 kg/ha. Owing to catches in pelagic gill‐nets the fraction of whitefish was 41–68% in number of the estimated stock, and the mean weights of whitefish and vendace were 270–371 and 153–172 g, respectively, so whitefish constituted 62–76% of the biomass. The variation in total density and the variation between whitefish and vendace was caused by the fluctuating recruitment of both species. The mean lengths of two‐year old whitefish and vendace showed reduced growth in years with strong recruitment. Strong year classes seemed to arise only in years when tapping off the lake, which is performed through a tunnel from the bottom, was minor about the time when larvae hatch in April–May.

The yield was estimated in 1989 to be 1.0 kg/ha of whitefish and 0.12 kg/ha of vendace. Survival was estimated from stock assessment of large fish to be S = 0.55 for whitefish and S = 0.66 for vendace. The difference in survival rates was due to differences in exploitation, and the natural mortality and fishing mortality, respectively, were estimated to be M = 0.46 and F = 0.14 for whitefish and M = 0.36 and F = 0.05 for vendace. The best time for echosounding is May, before feeding activity results in the fish moving into the littoral zone, or closer to the surface in the pelagic zone. The fact that Osensjøen is regulated probably diminishes the fraction of fish in the littoral zone, especially immediately after filling of the lake.
Effects of reduced flow on brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations downstream dams in french pyrenees
Authors: Baran Philippe , Delacoste Marc , Dauba Francis , Lascaux J.‐Marc , Belaud Alain , Lek Sovan
Published: February 2007

The effects of 16 hydroelectric power plants, in operation for 75 years, were studied in 15 non‐polluted Salmonid streams in the Pyrenean mountains. The populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and the physical habitat characteristics were compared between two sections, one upstream of the dams (control section) and one below the dams with constant reduced flow (residual section). The average velocity, depth and area of cover decreased significantly below the dams. Similarly, the total abundance of brown trout calculated per linear metre of stream decreased at nine sites for biomass and eight sites for densities. The reductions of biomass and densities per unit area were less at seven sites. The abundances of the main stages of brown trout were modified differently; adults were affected more than fry by constant reduced flow. The modifications of biomass and densities of the age classes were significantly related to the instream flow below the dam, expressed as a proportion of the mean annual flow at the control section. Similarly, the differences of total, adult, juvenile and fry abundances between the control and residual section were significantly related to the differences in weighted usable area (WUA), average depth, average velocity and area of cover. A multiple linear regression model using differences of WUA and area‐of cover explained 84% of the difference of biomass per linear metre of stream and 68% of the difference of density. Estimating the relative capacity of a stream to support fish after a reduction in flow by measuring the variations of WUA is a promising approach for predicting the development of brown trout populations. The results are discussed in terms of modifications and the relative capacity of a stream to support a brown trout population.
Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy
Authors: Cope W. Gregory , Waller Diane L.
Published: February 2007

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re‐establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long‐term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.
Declines in aquatic vegetation in navigation pool no. 8, upper Mississippi River between 1975 and 1991
Authors: Fischer James R. , Claflin Thomas O.
Published: February 2007

The biomass and frequency of occurrence of aquatic macrophytes observed during 1975 and 1991 in Navigation Pool No. 8 of the upper Mississippi River were compared. Samples were collected from contiguous backwater, isolated backwater and impounded habitat types. Overall declines were observed in both frequency and biomass between the two years. Changes in depth, water clarity and bed sediment texture were also observed. About 50% of the samples collected in 1991 had no vegetation, compared with 20% in 1975. The greatest reduction in frequency occurred among submergent taxa (77% in 1975 to 31% in 1991), whereas only slight declines were observed for emergent taxa. However, the mean biomass of both lifeforms decreased substantially (48 to 1 g/m2 for submergent and 61 to 27 g/m2 for emergent lifeforms). The mean total biomass declined from 114g/m2 in 1975 to 35 g/m2 in 1991. Declines were most evident in the impounded habitat, where the frequency of occurrence of submergent taxa decreased from 83% in 1975 to 11% in 1991, and mean biomass decreased from 90 to 1 g/m2. Similar but less extensive reductions in frequency and biomass of submergent taxa were observed in the contiguous backwater habitat. In contrast, both the frequency and biomass of floating‐leaved macrophytes increased slightly in contiguous backwater habitats. Changes in frequency and biomass of macrophytes in isolated backwater habitats were neligible between 1975 and 1991. It is hypothesized that changes in the macrophyte community structure may be related to physical changes associated with 57 years of impoundment.
Ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine: Plans, progress and perspectives
Authors: van Dijk G. M. , Marteijn E. C. L. , Schulte‐Wülwer‐Leidig A.
Published: February 2007

The River Rhine has suffered because of numerous drastic environmental changes — for example, the regulation of the river bed and the construction of weirs and dams. Furthermore, discharges of agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewater have caused a deterioration in the water quality. This problem became particularly acute in the 1960s and 1970s. After the Sandoz accident in Basle in November 1986, the states bordering the River Rhine agreed the Rhine Action Programme for its ecological rehabilitation. This programme has the following four aims, which should be realized by the year 2000: (1) to create conditions which will enable the return of higher species (such as salmon); (2) to safeguard Rhine water as a source for the preparation of drinking water; (3) to abate the contamination of sediments due to toxic compounds; and (4) to fulfil the requirements of the North Sea Action Plan, as the River Rhine flows into the North Sea. Water quality criteria have been developed for about 50 contaminants or contaminant groups and for phosphorus and ammonium. Early signs of the ecological recovery of some aquatic communities in the River Rhine have been observed, but eutrophication and pollution by micropollutants, in particular polychlorinated biphenyls found in suspended matter, sediments and biota, still form a serious threat. In addition to further improving the water quality, river habitats must be improved, reversing the artificial river control measures taken in the past for the return of a number of characteristic riverine organisms such as migratory fish. The ‘Ecological Master Plan for the River Rhine’ aims to restore the mainstream, along with the main tributaries, as habitats for migratory fish (e.g. salmon). This involves protecting, preserving and improving ecologically important reaches of the River Rhine and the Rhine valley. The first steps for realizing the hydrological and morphological modifications have been taken, starting with the development of a specific ecological network focusing on the most important floodplain areas along the Rhine. Habitat improvement measures started later than the pollution abatement measures and, so far, relatively few studies on the effectiveness of the ecological rehabilitation techniques concerning habitat improvements in the Lower Rhine have been published. A major task for research programmes will be to identify the detailed quantifiable and verifiable ecological objectives (e.g. water quality criteria, hydrological and morphological targets) to guarantee the actual ecological rehabilitation of the River Rhine.
Sustainable development in english metropolitan district authorities: An investigation using unitary development plans
Authors: Bruff Garreth , Wood Adrian
Published: February 2007

A survey of eight unitary development plans (UDPs) in metropolitan district authorities outside London is reviewed. The survey sought to assess the policy content of each UDP for its contribution towards the goal of sustainable development. Within the present framework of local–national relations, several areas were identified in which current UDP policies can be seen to be promoting sustainable development. Similarly, other areas of the sustainable development agenda can be seen to be outside the present content of UDPs. To carry out this exercise, a methodology to analyse development plans on their sustainability content was developed. For this purpose, the work of the Local Government Management Board was used to produce a set of ‘policy directions towards sustainability’, against which policies in development plans could be critically assessed.
Institutional development and sustainability: Approaches for public sector project organizations
Authors: Eldridge Derek , Nisar Tahir M.
Published: February 2007

Institutional variables are important in explaining the success or failure of a project, especially in terms of sustainable outcomes. Specific measures are thus needed to develop institutional capacities in projects and this paper aims to explain the appropriate relationships in the context of project organizations. A framework for institutional development purposes is initially outlined that takes into account all exogenous and endogenous factors related to project management, and which guides the selection of intervention models in respect of improving performance. One sector of this framework, namely the influence of societal parameters on institutional behaviour, is recognized as being conceptually weak. Thus the field study undertaken in this work aimed to provide a better understanding of this area. A conceptual framework, arising from the behaviour recorded on the part of project managers, incorporates the institutional parameters of relatedness, dependence, commitment and the underlying authority structure. Further, the concept of adaptive authority is introduced to provide a more comprehensive diagnostic tool for institutional development in project organizations.
Survey research methods in evaluation and case–control studies
Authors: Kalton Graham , Piesse Andrea
Published: February 2007

Survey research methods are widely used in two types of analytic studies: evaluation studies that measure the effects of interventions; and population‐based case–control studies that investigate the effects of various risk factors on the presence of disease. This paper provides a broad overview of some design and analysis issues related to such studies, illustrated with examples.

The lack of random assignment to treatment and control groups in many evaluation studies makes controlling for confounders critically important. Confounder control can be achieved by matching in the design and by various alternative methods in the analysis. One popular analytic method of controlling for confounders is propensity scoring, which bears a close resemblance to survey weighting.

The use of population‐based controls has become common in case–control studies. For reasons of cost, population‐based controls are often identified by telephone surveys using random digit dialling (RDD) sampling methods. However, RDD surveys are now experiencing serious problems with response rates. A recent alternative approach is to select controls from frames such as driver license lists that contain valuable demographic information for use in matching.

Methods of analysis developed in the survey sampling literature are applicable, at least to some degree, in the analyses of evaluation and population‐based case–control studies. In particular, the effects of complex sample designs can be taken into account using survey sampling variance estimation methods. Several survey analysis software packages are available for carrying out the computations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic responsiveness and Bowman's risk–return paradox
Authors: Andersen Torben J. , Denrell Jerker , Bettis Richard A.
Published: February 2007

One of the most enduring puzzles in the strategy literature is the negative association between risk and return known as the Bowman paradox. This paper formalizes a model of strategic conduct based on the concept of strategic fit and the heterogeneity of firm strategic capabilities. This model is shown mathematically to yield the negative association of the Bowman paradox. Furthermore, the model makes several other testable predictions. To examine these predictions, simulated data from the model are compared with a large empirical study of 45 industries during 1991–2000. The predictions of the model are consistent with the empirical data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary Shape Control During Colloidal Quantum‐Dot Growth
Authors: Nair P. Sreekumari , Fritz Karolina P. , Scholes Gregory D.
Published: February 2007

Size‐dependent optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals are of great interest because of the myriad of phenomena stemming from them. The preparation of more complex colloidal shapes will facilitate the systematic study of shape‐dependent phenomena. It is shown that a strategy to obtain systematically more complex nanocrystal structures is to exert a sequence of shape‐directing steps during the colloidal growth. Using experiments based on multiple reagent injections we show how changes in the type of surfactant introduced during growth of CdSe nanocrystals promotes shape evolution. On this basis, we propose a means to achieve a further generation of shape design in nanometer‐sized colloids by using a series of growth steps, each one building from the previous conditions of shape as well as surface‐specific reactivity. To understand the shape formation and stability in nanocrystalline colloids, and particularly the importance of surface ligands, we introduce an analogy with the thermodynamics of droplets.
Ten steps toward integrated environmental excellance
Authors: Smith Ann C.
Published: February 2007

Environmental management is moving away from the traditional use of specialists to currect end‐of‐the‐pipe problems and instead is moving back in the process to reduce the production of these waste materials. The author shows how integrating environmental responsiblity all the way down the production line might work in a practical application, including a ten‐step formula for putting a total quality environmental program in place.
Proactive environmental management is the key to full compliance
Authors: Gallagher Thomas P.
Published: February 2007

There are two key elements to achieving full and complete regulatory compliance: cost‐efficient management of current regulatory requirements under existing environmental law and the capability to anticipate and analyze the impact of future regulations on the facility. The author provides step‐by‐step advice on how to develop a program to accomplish a corporate goal of zero violations.
Integrating pollution prevention into the manufacturing process
Authors: Vajda Gary F.
Published: February 2007

An Integrated Manufacturing and Environmental (IME) approach to pollution prevention offers the opportunity to achieve regulatory compliance and substantial operational efficiencies. It is accomplished by realizing the simple fact that waste represents a quality defect and adapting traditional manufacturing industry analytical methods to also consider environmental factors. The author outlines techniques and procedures entailed by this approach that are applicable to both large and small facilities as part of an overall Total Quality Management program. Several case examples are provided.
The chemical industry's commitment to continuous improvement in environmental performance
Authors: Kavasmaneck Percy R.
Published: February 2007

One of the greatest challenges facing the chemical industry today is regaining the lost confidence of the public. This concern led to the Chemical Manufacturers Association's (CMA's) adoption of the Responsible Care® initiative—not a slick new promotional campaign but a commitment to continuous improvement in environmental performance. The author highlights components of the program, which is seen as an outgrowth of Total Quality Management.
Questions and Answers. The right time for TQM?
Authors: Johannson Lynn
Published: February 2007

In this quarterly column, I will be inviting you—the TQEM reader—to ask our distinguished board of advisors and contributors questions of current interest pertaining to TQM and environmental management. As editor, I will then share the questions with the board at large and compile the answers here. For this issue, the editorial staff has chosen three basic questions (and even helped out with an answer or two). Please take a moment to write down what you think will be an interesting question, or set of questions, and address it to me: TQEM Questions & Answers Editor, 22 West 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. I will credit you with the question and send out an extra copy of TQEM.
TQM and the cost of environmental quality
Authors: Greenberg Richard S. , Unger Cynthia A.
Published: February 2007

Because management is driven largely by financial concerns, determining the cost of environmental quality is a critical step in developing an environmental TQM program for which management will actively demonstrate commitment and support. Costs of environmental quality can be grouped into three categories: failure, prevention, and appraisal. The total cost of environmental quality can be used as a benchmark to monitor the level of environmental quality and to justify the redirection of resources.
Continuous improvement through environmental auditing
Authors: Smith Ann C.
Published: February 2007

Environmental auditing evolved as a means of providing assurance to top management that its health, safety, and environmental responsibilities were being adequately discharged and that no significant noncompliances existed. The author takes an in‐depth look at the HSE audit program developed at Allied‐Signal to permit continuous improvement of environmental management systems.
Turning rhetoric into practice: Integrating tqm into plant operations
Authors: Harper Paul D.
Published: February 2007

Often a management theory fails in practice not because the theory is without merit, but because it was improperly applied. The integration of TQM into plant operations can be accomplished through a four‐step circular process: (1) analysis and identification, (2) design, (3) implementation, and (4) evaluation and adjustment. The author outlines these steps in detail and discusses some practical parameters that should be considered before embarking on a TQM program, including the current management philosophy, plant size, and time management.
Measuring environmental success
Authors: Wells Richard P. , Hochman Mark N. , Hochman Stephen D. , O'Connell Patricia A.
Published: February 2007

Process improvement, environmental results, and customer satisfaction all can—and need to—be measured in order to achieve total quality environmental management. This article details why and how to take such measures, with examples of leading company practices.
Selecting measures for corporate environmental quality: Examples from TQEM companies
Authors: FitzGerald Chris
Published: February 2007

Companies undertaking TQEM programs must decide how to measure continuous improvement in the environmental field at the outset of their implementation activities. In the past three years, the leading TQEM companies have made these tough choices and have begun to share their findings with the larger professional community. The author proposes a model for classifying environmental measurement data and presents examples of approaches adopted by TQEM companies.
Environmental health and safety management at vulcan chemicals: Total quality and auditing
Authors: Parrott W. T.
Published: February 2007

At Vulcan Chemicals, total quality requires auditing and auditing ensures total quality. This article details the continuing integration of the two processes and describes some of the audits—and their measured regulate.
Environmental community relations: A vital component in TQEM
Authors: Leslie‐Bole Cynthia , Nelson Stephen J.
Published: February 2007

In the current regulatory climate, environmental professionals are becoming increasingly involved with a side of the business that has often been given low priority in the past: communicating with the public about environmental and health risk issues. This article describes effective approaches to such communication, and demonstrates their implementation success.
Eleven major companies take quality environmental management initiatives within president's commission
Authors: Neblett Andrew
Published: February 2007

The President'S Commission on Environmental Quality (PCEQ) is translating TQEM theory into action at industrial facilities around the United States. Eleven major corporations are undertaking voluntary demonstration projects at twelve facilities throughout the country to actively test TQEM. Corporate participants will share their conclusions about incentives, barriers, management processes, and metrics to produce a “blueprint” for successful TQEM programs elsewhere.
Pollution prevention benchmarking: AT&T and intel work together with the best
Authors: Klafter Brenda
Published: February 2007

AT&T and Intel teamed together in 1991 to benchmark best‐in‐class corporate pollution prevention programs. In simple terms, benchmarking is a process whereby you identify an area in which you want to improve or maintain superiority, find others in industry who do it best, compare yourself to their processes and achievements, and take steps to reduce the gap between yourself and the best‐in‐class. This article is not a tutorial on benchmarking, but a case study of the pollution prevention benchmarking embarked on by two companies. It will describe the team dynamics, the benchmarking process followed, and the conditions that were key to the team'S success in each phase. In addition, it will try to capture the enthusiasm and excitement experienced by the members of the benchmarking team.
Measuring for success in communications for permits
Authors: Blank Thomas R.
Published: February 2007

Today, U.S. corporations are discovering the merit of combining the principles of total quality environmental management (TQEM) into their measurement and communications programs. This approach has been particularly productive in the permitting process that is necessary for starting, expanding, or sustaining plant operations—a procedure that can easily be thwarted in the absence of a prominent and aggressive communications component. The need to benchmark and measure such a communication program'S progress is critical both for internal management and for environmental regulators concerned that an applicant demonstrate a high degree of public involvement.
Sylvania's gte products problem stoppers: #1 employee involvement team
Authors: Caplan Darlene W.
Published: February 2007

Anyone doubting the dedication of North American workers to total quality and continuous improvement on the job should have witnessed the 1992 National Team Excellence Competition.

Competition was stiff and included such world‐renowned companies as AT&T, Florida Power and Light, Thiokol Corporation, British Columbia Telecom, Atlantic Electric, Harris Corp., Weirton Steel, Rockwell Houstin Operations, Diamond Star Motors, United Technologies, Principal Financial Services, and Weyerhauser Co.

The winner of the 1992 Association for Quality and Participation'S National Team Excellence Competition was a nine‐person work team called the Problem Stoppers from Sylvania Lighting in York, Pennsylvania. The Problem Stoppers won for eliminating glass waste at York by recycling it in the plant, which not only saved the company about $142,000, but also proved to be an outstanding example of total quality environmental management and responsibility. This article details their award‐winning efforts.
Proactive environmental programs: Defining customers and measuring their expectations at apple computer
Authors: Craig Erin
Published: February 2007

Resources to develop proactive environmental programs compete directly with resources dedicated to the fundamental business of the company. Therefore, environmental managers need to prioritize environmental programs using the same criteria as the company as a whole; for many companies, this means measuring how well such programs meet and exceed customer expectations. We must define our customers, measure their expectations, analyze the results, develop programs in response, and finally measure the results of the program implementation. Although Apple has not completed this cycle, our customer definition and measurement systems are taking shape. This article explains how we define our customers, and how we measure their expectations through direct and indirect data collection mechanisms. It also outlines measurement results and our evolving program focus in response to those results.
Why—and how to—benchmark for environmental excellence
Authors: Williams Marcia E.
Published: February 2007

Benchmarking your company'S environmental program against that of another company or organization is one of the more effective means of assuring it is on track toward environmental excellence. If used properly and objectively, it provides a means of gauging the progress of your environmental program while allowing both companies to benefit from new and innovative ideas for improvement. Benchmarking is capable of measuring program efficiency, program design, and program outputs. Benchmarking also provides environmental managers the unique opportunity of sharing successes and failures with respect to program integration into operations. This article describes the steps involved in designing and implementing benchmarking to assess the design of an overall environmental management program.
Long‐time environmental leadership pays off in many ways at herman miller
Authors: Azzarello Joseph A.
Published: February 2007

HermanMiller, Inc. is recognized as one of the most environmentally responsive companies in the United States. It recently received the coveted President'S Environment and Conservation Challenge Award. Top management credits the company'S forty‐year‐old participatory management tradition as a key to its environmental success. This article shows how these “bottom‐up” initiatives have created impressive “bottom‐line” results.
Anheuser‐busch's a pledge and a promise: Total employee involvement
Authors: Long Lawrence W.
Published: February 2007

Anheuser‐Busch is a large, diversified corporation, both in its products and in its environmental efforts. It is well‐known that Anheuser‐Busch is the world'S largest brewer, with twelve operating breweries and a thirteenth under construction. It also operates the largest aluminum can recycling network in the world, Anheuser‐Busch Recycling (A‐BR). A‐BR recycled more than 600 million pounds of aluminum in 1991, or more than 17 billion cans. This article describes how Anheuser‐Busch has put TQEM ideas into practice involving all of its employees.
Evaluating your environmental audit—moving beyond band‐aids in developing corrective actions
Authors: Hedstrom Gilbert S. , Voeller Roger W.
Published: February 2007

Although audit programs have helped companies make big improvements in performance, more progress is still necessary and available. In this article the authors show how still bigger improvements are possible by expanding the corrective action process and utilizing total quality principles in developing corrective actions and evaluating company performance. With sufficient knowledge about the nature of its problems, not just the degree of its problems, a company should be able to rethink its basic management approaches and achieve dramatic improvements in performance.
Product life cycle: The key to integrating ehs into corporate decision making and operations
Authors: Cahan James , Schweiger Mel
Published: February 2007

A consensus is emerging that traditional environmental health and safety (EHS) programs—characterized by EHS professionals serving a support function to a company's main operations—represent only part of effective EHS management. In order to be truly successful, EHS management must go beyond this format and integrate EHS considerations into the corporation itself, from its strategic corporate decision making to its everyday operations on the manufacturing floor. Only when EHS becomes part of the fabric of a business's activity will EHS risks and costs be truly minimized—and the many potential benefits fully realized.

This article discusses how to make this goal a reality by use of the manufacturing and product life cycle (PLC) perspective. It will first stress the importance of integrating EHS considerations into corporate decision making and operations. It will then trace the critical steps for achieving such integration through the use of the PLC, concentrating particularly on a General Electric Company (GE) chemical management process that weaves EHS concerns into every stage of day‐to‐day operations.
Benchmarking and environmental trend indicators
Authors: Naimon Jonathan S.
Published: February 2007

Companies are increasingly incorporating quantitative environmental data in their benchmarking activities as the search for ways to improve corporate environmental performance continues to expand. The Investor Responsibility Research Center supplies time series data to support several benchmarking activities. This article introduces two new trend indicators that may be used for certain environmental benchmarking applications.
Getting organizational buy‐in for benchmarking: Environmental management at weyerhaeuser
Authors: Karch Kenneth M.
Published: February 2007

Benchmarking is a process companies use to identify and evaluate the best practices, both inside and outside their industry, in their field of interest. The goal is to identify gaps between their performance and the benchmarks so that they can find ways to improve their performance. This article describes an early benchmarking effort in the environmental management area of the Weyerhaeuser Company.
Integrating product quality and environmental performance through innovation—the l'oréal case
Authors: Breeden Kay , Fontaine Michel , Kuryk Barbara
Published: February 2007

Meeting the demands of today's marketplace has become an increasingly complex challenge for corporations in all industries. The consumer is demanding high‐quality products, low cost, and more recently, a new variable: environmental performance. Customers will not accept sacrifices in quality or cost to help businesses meet regulatory requirements or develop environmentally sound products. They want it all. Consequently, companies are faced with the complex task of balancing cost, quality, and environmental performance.
Environmental leadership: EPA's “Beyond compliance” pilot program
Authors: Feldman Ira , Schiavo Michael
Published: February 2007

This article draws upon the draft report (prepared with the contractor assistance of DPRA Inc., Arlington, VA) dated December 1993 summarizing public comment on the Environmental Leadership Program proposal; the final report is available from EPA's Pollution Prevention Information Clearinghouse, 202–260–1023. All written public comments and the transcript of the May 6, 1993 public meeting are on file with the Environmental Leadership Program.
Case study: Browning‐ferris industries' computerized system for managing audit and environment performance
Authors: Johnson Curtis J.
Published: February 2007

While some companies have established scoring systems within their audit programs, few utilize the full potential for measurement of the information gathered and subsequently produced from audits. In this article, the use of a computerized tracking system developed and used by Browning‐Ferris Industries is discussed, along with a data report that details the completion of audit items and helps assure that action plans resulting from environmental audits are completed. This and other summary reports from the computer tracking system have provided meaningful measures of individual facilities' and overall company performance.
Changing corporate environmental philosophy: Project renewal gets companies started
Authors: Russell William G. , Giuntini Ron , Henn Carl , Miller Gail
Published: February 2007

Project RENEWAL is an innovative new environmental business project taking place in New Jersey. Project RENEWAL stands for Resource Efficiency Network to Eliminate Waste and Liability. The purpose of this project is to investigate and promote the linkages between ecology, technology, and business economics for the benefit of the economy and the environment. This is a collaborative effort, initially focused on equipment and inventory assets, between the business and environmental communities in order to explore new ways to increase business efficiency and profitability and also benefit the environment. Participants in the project include representatives from industry, consulting, local and state government, environmental agencies, trade groups and academia. This article will outline the background and initial framework of Project RENEWAL's initiatives. (The authors are open to comments, suggestions, criticism, and most importantly input from others who share their vision and are willing to cooperatively accelerate the change process).
Measuring environmental performance at niagara mohawk power
Authors: Miakisz Joseph
Published: February 2007

A system for measuring environmental performance is important to the success of a company's environmental excellence program. In 1991, Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (NMPC) unveiled a new corporate policy on protection of the environment. To measure and communicate progress in achieving the goals and objectives embodied in the new policy, an environmental performance index (EPI) was developed. In this article the author shows how the EPI utilizes a weight and rating scheme to reflect environmental performance in three categories: emissions/wastes, regulatory compliance, and environmental enhancements. Performance goals have been established for the period 1992–1995, and actual performance data has been compiled for 1992 and 1993.

While the EPI is designed to measure changes in NMPC's environmental performance over time, it does not provide information on how the company's performance compares to that of other electric utilities. Accordingly, NMPC is developing an environmental benchmarking program with a group of Northeast electric utilities that will allow comparisons of environmental performance between utilities.
Environmental portfolio analysis: An integrated strategic approach to environmental management
Authors: Townsend David W.
Published: February 2007

As businesses strive to reduce costs and become more competitive, environmental costs and potential future liability issues continue to raise overhead expenses. The decision process is further challenged by the various interpretations of existing laws and the uncertainty of future applicable regulations and their interpretation. To make more informed business decisions and bridge the gap between the environmental and business perspective, organizations need to be able to see the overall environmental picture and how it affects the current and future business operation.

This article presents a systematic approach to developing an organization's integrated baseline “environmental portfolio” with various business risk levels and expected costs. Utilizing computer simulation, sensitivity iterations are performed to show the results of different scenarios. These scenarios can include various probabilities of cost levels, permitting strategies, and litigation, as well as the success of new technologies. Management can then focus attention on the main driving factors and avoid spending too much attention on lesser items. An additional benefit to this process is that communication between the various segments of an organization are enhanced since their perspectives are clearly articulated as part of the analysis.

Sensitivity analysis also provides the framework for a sanity check of the process and results. Are projected levels of success reasonable? What levels would be required to change the decision, and how likely are they to occur? What level of overall business risk associated with environmental issues is prudent? In addition this article shows how computer modeling and simulation can bring a valuable perspective to the decision‐making process.
Using Gemi's environmental self‐assessment procedure (Esap) to evaluate environmental performance
Authors: Morton Robert R.
Published: February 2007

With increasing expenditures on improving environmental management, there comes a need to determine a return on this investment by measuring performance. One such means of measurement, GEMI's environmental self‐assessment procedure (ESAP), is based on a goal of meeting leadership standards and is the focus of this case study. Designed to be a self‐assessment tool, the ESAP reflects a company's perceived rating of environmental performance. This perception can be different from actual performance, depending on the objectivity exercised and the level of compliance assurance information available.
Beyond pollution prevention: A vision for an integrated environmental business management strategy
Authors: Cohan David , Gess David
Published: February 2007

In this article the authors assert that successful long‐term pollution prevention will require changes in the culture and business practices of an organization such that the term “pollution prevention” eventually becomes obsolete. They envision firms evolving to a point where actions that today are referred to as pollution prevention will simply be part of standard business practices and thoroughly embedded in the firms' culture. Although pollution prevention projects and programs need to be highly visible at the outset to communicate throughout the organization and to demonstrate the benefits that can be gained, companies should adopt a long‐term strategy aimed at making fundamental changes in the way they do business, rather than relying solely on piecemeal projects and special plans or programs. Such evolution of the firm will maximize the chances of meeting the dual challenges of business competitiveness and environmental stewardship. This article presents a vision for integrating environmental performance with business objectives and suggests practical steps to begin moving toward that vision.
Corporate waste accounting at PSE&G: Bringing a companywide system on‐line
Authors: Trench W. Corey , Nizolek Don
Published: February 2007

Waste accounting has become a necessary practice for companies endeavoring to track their wastes toward realizing discrete waste minimization and pollution prevention objectives. Measurement systems and program initiatives certainly must be tested to find out what will repeatedly work for and best serve a company. Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G) has committed to revolutionizing the processes of managing materials, wastes, and their associated information. In laying out their strategic plan, company representatives specified the need for a companywide waste accounting system to enable them to monitor progress toward achieving two important short‐term waste management targets by the close of 1995. Together with the Electric Power Research Institute, PSE&G is implementing a four‐year program to install such a system. The results of the first year‐and‐a‐half's work are reported in this article.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the results of implementing a waste accounting system on a utility companywide basis. We will address the experience of bringing such a system on‐line at PSE&G. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) previously developed a framework and approach for measuring the performance of utility pollution prevention programs called waste accounting, including the development of a software program called Accounting Software Application for Pollution Prevention or ASAPP.1 These programs were devised to assimilate detailed information from the facility up through the corporate levels.
The potential effect of ISO 14000 standards on environmental audit training in the United States
Authors: Cahill Lawrence B. , Schomer Dawne P.
Published: February 2007

Training has been an important component of the environmental audit profession since its outset some 15–20 years ago. Training and education have taken on a variety of forms—from audit texts and articles, to formal courses, to videotapes, to on‐the‐job training programs. These efforts have helped to advance the sophistication of environmental auditing over the past few years.

Now, with the advent of the international ISO 14012 Environmental Auditor Qualification Guidelines,1 the auditing profession in the United States and around the world likely will be transformed in the near future. In fact, many organizations are now reengineering their programs in anticipation of the emerging Guidelines. The expected transformation holds for training and education programs as well.

This article suggests some of the ways in which environmental audit training is likely to be reshaped as a result of ISO 14012. Offerors of training courses and seminars would be wise to anticipate the changes and modify their programs accordingly. A quick response could provide a competitive advantage. Moreover, corporate audit program managers should conduct critical evaluations of commercial offerings to assure that the programs' contents are consistent with ISO 14012 “auditor certification” expectations.
Ciba‐geigy develops new regional remediation teams to manage superfund programs
Authors: Wise Glenn L.
Published: February 2007

Ciba‐Geigy is a specialty chemical and pharmaceutical company that is managing over 100 CERCLA and RCRA remediation sites in 38 states. The potential cost is over $500 million. The sites vary in their scope and technical complexity. For years management was frustrated by their lack of control over the selection of cleanup remedies and associated costs. This article shows how the company changed the method of managing remediation projects in an attempt to gain control over the process and improve overall environmental quality performance.
Implementing design for environment at AT&T
Authors: Dambach Barry F. , Allenby Braden R.
Published: February 2007

The quality revolution is sweeping its way through most companies globally. It has focused on improving the quality of products and services delivered to the customers and on companies' internal processes. The success of these programs has led to the realization that the same principles need to be applied to the area of environmental management.

AT&T has fully embraced TQM as witnessed by the many products and services that have received the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 certification and awards such as the Malcolm Baldrige Award and the Deming Prize for Quality. We have been utilizing the TQM methodologies for the past few years to turn our environmental focus from end‐of‐pipe waste management to proactive and preventive TQEM and have made significant progress in reducing our wastes, emissions, and impact on the environment. This article shows how TQEM is now driving Design For Environment (DFE) programs and procedures, recognizing that addressing environmental issues in the initial design process is the most cost‐effective means for minimizing environmental impact.