bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paquidermoperiostose: forma completa da síndrome
Authors: Guerini Marina Besen , Barbato Mariana Tremel , Sá Naiana Bittencourt de , Nunes Daniel Holthausen , Zeni Paulo Roberto
Published: June 2011

A paquidermoperiostose é uma genodermatose rara, com apresentações clínicas variadas, que se apresenta com espessamento cutâneo, baqueteamento digital e periostose. Apresenta patogênese ainda incerta e acomete, principalmente, homens. Descreve-se caso de paciente com manifestações clínicas típicas e exuberantes e alterações radiológicas clássicas desta síndrome, em sua forma completa
Donovanose
Authors: Bezerra Sarita Maria de Fátima Martins de Carvalho , Jardim Marcio Martins Lobo , Silva Valdir Bandeira da
Published: June 2011

Os autores apresentam imagens de duas formas clínicas mais frequentes da Donovanose, em ambos sexos. A donovanose é considerada uma doença sexualmente transmissível, endêmica nas regiões tropicais e semitropicais do globo. Apresentam também imagens de duas lâminas: uma da pesquisa direta (corpúsculos de Donovan, dentro de grandes células mononucleadas coradas de vermelho pelo Giemsa) e outra de achados histológicos típicos (formato de alfinete dentro do histiócito)
Síndrome de extravasamento capilar sistêmico
Authors: Bressan Aline Lopes , Gripp Alexandre , Oliveira Elisa Fontenelle de , Silva Roberto Souto da
Published: June 2011

A síndrome de extravasamento capilar sistêmico é rara e causada por aumento da permeabilidade capilar. Várias etiologias estão envolvidas. No nosso serviço de Dermatologia, a principal é a psoríase instável. Diversos tratamentos são usados e muitos ainda estão em estudo. Nosso objetivo foi apresentar esta situação clínica potencialmente fatal que ocorre em nossa especialidade
Uso de ondas de alta frequência no tratamento de onicomicose: comunicação preliminar de três casos
Authors: Silva Juliana Leal Monteiro da , Doimo Gabriela , Faria Daniele Pedroso
Published: June 2011

A pesquisa avaliou a eficácia de ondas de alta frequência, no tratamento de onicomicose em 3 pacientes, durante 12 meses, através do exame clínico das unhas e exame micológico. O agente causal da micose nos três pacientes foi o dermatófito Trichophyton rubrum, e, após a aplicação da alta frequência, foi possível observar uma grande melhora no aspecto das unhas e uma inibição do crescimento em cultura, apesar do micológico direto se manter positivo. O estudo preliminar dos três casos demonstrou a atividade fungistática das ondas de alta frequência sendo um método promissor para ser utilizado, em associação com fármacos convencionais
Caso para diagnóstico
Authors: Dinato Sandra Lopes Mattos e , Nóvoa Estela Gemha de , Dinato Marcelo Mattos e , Almeida José Roberto Paes de , Romiti Ney
Published: June 2011

O termo úlcera de Marjolin é usado para designar a transformação maligna que se origina na pele cronicamente lesada. Trata-se de neoplasia mais agressiva do que aquelas não relacionadas com cicatriz e, frequentemente, é subdiagnosticada ou tratada de forma inadequada. Relatamos a ocorrência de carcinoma, do tipo espinocelular sobre cicatriz de queimadura, salientando a necessidade do diagnóstico e intervenção precoces visando um melhor prognóstico
Dermatologia comparativa: lesão de ataque por caravela portuguesa (Physalia physalis)
Authors: Queiroz Maria do Carmo Araújo Palmeira , Caldas Juliana Nascimento de Andrade Rabelo
Published: June 2011

Demonstra-se lesão dermatológica, em caprichoso formato de coração, característica de ataque por caravela-portuguesa, em banhista do sexo feminino, 21 anos
Comorbidade entre bulimia e transtorno de personalidade borderline: implicações para o tratamento
Authors: Rosa Bruno de Paula , Santos Manoel Antônio dos
Published: June 2011

O estudo investiga o manejo clínico de pacientes com comorbidade entre transtorno alimentar e transtorno de personalidade borderline. Utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica o estudo de caso e o enfoque psicanalítico para análise dos dados. Após revisão teórica do tema, acompanha-se a evolução do tratamento por meio de vinhetas clínicas. Finalmente, postula-se o lugar do terapeuta como alguém que oferece um ambiente de confiança e acolhimento do sofrimento do paciente.
Desenvolvimento de técnicas micromagnéticas de análise de tensões em risers flexiveis
Authors: Martins C.O.D. , Souza R. R. , Lima T.R.S. , Reguly A.
Published: June 2011

Em algumas aplicações, a detecção de defeitos não é suficiente para a segurança operacional de componentes e estruturas. Deste modo, as técnicas não destrutivas precisam ser adaptadas para a análise do estado de tensões atuantes no componente. Este trabalho apresenta os esforços despendidos no desenvolvimento de sistemas não destrutivos de análise de tensões, voltados para o monitoramento do estado de tensões atuantes em arames da armadura de tração de Risers flexíveis utilizados para o transporte de petróleo e seus derivados. Combinando técnicas como a Análise Harmônica do Campo Magnético Tangencial, Análise Incremental da Permeabilidade Magnética e Análise Multi-freqüência das Correntes Parasitas os resultados mostraram boa correlação entre os carregamentos aplicados e as medidas micromagnéticas, mostrando a grande aplicabilidade das técnicas magnéticas para a caracterização de materiais de engenharia.
Avaliação da associação de compósito de fibra de vidro e carbono no reforço de madeira de eucalyptus in natura e autoclavada
Authors: Mohamad G. , Accordi J. , Roca L.E.
Published: June 2011

Reforçar estruturas é uma prática que demanda conhecimento do sistema de reforço e do comportamento da estrutura interferida. A necessidade de recuperação e reforço em estruturas de madeira, em detrimento à troca das peças de um arranjo estrutural, exigiu da construção civil a procura por métodos eficientes e confiáveis. Dentre esses métodos tem se destacado o uso de fibras, sendo as de carbono, vidro e aramida as mais pesquisadas e utilizadas. Nesta pesquisa avaliou-se a associação da fibra de vidro e de carbono à madeira de Eucalyptus grandis in natura e autoclavada com o uso do adesivo epóxi, objetivando analisar a viabilidade técnica desse tipo de combinação no reforço de estruturas de madeira por meio da interpretação dos resultados de ensaios de tração e modos de ruptura. Definidas as variáveis, procederam-se os ensaios de tração direta nas amostras. Os resultados apontaram uma superioridade da fibra de carbono em relação às fibras de vidro quanto à tensão de ruptura. Com a aplicação da fibra de carbono em corpos de prova fraturados, obteve-se uma recuperação de 90% da resistência em comparação aos corpos de prova sem fraturas. Em relação ao substrato, de um modo geral, as madeiras de Eucalyptus in natura e autoclavada não apresentaram diferenças significas no desempenho quanto à aderência da resina epóxi.
A administração do lucro contábil e os critérios para determinação da eficácia do hedge accounting: utilização da correlação simples dentro do arcabouço do sfas nº 133
Authors: Lopes Alexsandro Broedel , Santos Nelson Seixas dos
Published: June 2011

O hedge accounting constitui inovação relevante introduzida pelo SFAS 133. Dentro desse critério, operações designadas como hedge deverão ter seus resultados diferidos para o momento no qual os itens sendo protegidos forem reconhecidos. Problema central nessa contabilização é a determinação do quê constitui uma operação de hedge. Os órgãos reguladores analisados neste trabalho apresentam critérios ad hoc para a determinação da eficácia das operações de hedge. Esses critérios não possuem propriedades estatísticas de previsão do comportamento dos ativos no futuro, condição necessária para o sucesso do hedge. Esse tipo de qualificação de hedge introduz enorme subjetividade no processo de reconhecimento contábil, fornecendo ampla margem para manipulação dos resultados. Este trabalho analisa e critica a opção adotada pelo FASB e outros órgãos reguladores e oferece sugestões.
"Jogos de empresas" aplicados ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem de contabilidade
Authors: Santos Robertovatan dos
Published: June 2011

O jogo sempre esteve presente na história do homem. No entanto, a utilização dos "Jogos de Empresas" como estratégia de ensino e aprendizagem em negócios teve seu incremento nos Estados Unidos, a partir da década de 50, com a finalidade de treinar executivos da área financeira. Este trabalho estuda a aplicação dos jogos simulados de gestão, conhecidos como "Jogos de Empresas" em Contabilidade. "Jogos de Empresas" são abstrações matemáticas simplificadas de uma situação relacionada com o mundo dos negócios. Um jogo de empresas permite, em laboratório, experimentos muitas vezes não possíveis na realidade, propiciando aos jogadores novas experiências, sendo um recurso adicional para fixação do aprendizado, simulando situações reais de gestão e/ou outras. No desenvolvimento deste estudo foram resgatados os conceitos de didática como a arte e ciência do ensino, as diferentes correntes teóricas que abordam o processo de ensino e aprendizagem, a aprendizagem de adultos denominada andragogia, e as contribuições da teoria dos jogos para tomada de decisão, relacionando estes com o ensino de contabilidade. Propusemos e testamos através de uma pesquisa experimental um "Jogo de Empresas" especificamente projetado para o ensino e aprendizagem em Contabilidade. Este permite que o professor e/ou aluno tenham flexibilidade na montagem e formatação dos relatórios contábeis, pois existem diferentes formas de avaliação do patrimônio e apuração do resultado, e também diferentes usuários que necessitam de informações diferenciadas. Além disso, observamos que esta estratégia de ensino e aprendizagem deveria ser aplicada dentro de um contexto de aprendizagem em adultos, sob o enfoque da educação centrada no aluno, através de uma perspectiva de trabalhos em equipe.
Tendências recentes de abordagem à contabilidade pública em Portugal
Authors: Marques Maria da Conceição da Costa
Published: June 2011

Face à especial atenção que tem vindo a ser dada à contabilidade pública não só em Portugal como na maioria dos países desenvolvidos do mundo, revelase de particular interesse um estudo evolutivo/cronológico da contabilidade pública em Portugal. Com efeito, esta contabilidade, submetida durante anos a um anonimato sem sentido, viu, sobretudo com a adesão de Portugal à Comunidade Europeia em 1986 e, mais tarde, à União Económica e Monetária, um interesse especial não só do Governo e entidades envolvidas, como do público em geral. E tanto assim é, que sobretudo desde 1990 que se assiste à aprovação de um conjunto de diplomas reguladores das matérias inerentes à contabilidade pública, inseridos num processo de reformas que ainda não terminou. É com este pano de fundo que pretendemos elaborar este trabalho, o qual esperamos elucide o leitor sobre os progressos da contabilidade pública em Portugal, que, de uma contabilidade meramente legal, passa a uma contabilidade baseada em critérios emergentes de economia, eficiência e eficácia.
Development of a screening method to assess flood risk on Danish national roads and highway systems
Authors: Nielsen N. H. , Larsen M. R. A. , Rasmussen S. F.
Published: June 2011

A method to assess flood risk on Danish national roads in a large area in the middle and southern part of Jutland, Denmark, was developed for the Danish Road Directorate. Flood risk has gained renewed focus due to the climate changes in recent years and extreme rain events are expected to become more frequent in the future. The assessment was primarily based on a digital terrain model (DTM) covering 7,500 km2 in a 1.6 × 1.6 m grid. The high-resolution terrain model was chosen in order to get an accurate estimation of the potential flooding in the road area and in the immediate vicinity, but also put a high requirement on the methods, hardware and software applied. The outcome of the analysis was detailed maps (as GIS layers) illustrating the location of depressions with depths, surface area and volume data for each depression. Furthermore, preferential flow paths, catchment boundaries and ranking of each depression were calculated. The ranking was based on volume of depressions compared with upstream catchment and a sensitivity analysis of the runoff coefficient. Finally, a method for assessing flood risk at a more advanced level (hydrodynamic simulation of surface and drainage) was developed and used on a specific blue spot as an example. The case study shows that upstream catchment, depressions, drainage system, and use of hydrodynamic calculations have a great influence on the result. Upstream catchments can contribute greatly to the flooding.
Quantification of increased flood risk due to global climate change for urban river management planning
Authors: Morita M.
Published: June 2011

Global climate change is expected to affect future rainfall patterns. These changes should be taken into account when assessing future flooding risks. This study presents a method for quantifying the increase in flood risk caused by global climate change for use in urban flood risk management. Flood risk in this context is defined as the product of flood damage potential and the probability of its occurrence. The study uses a geographic information system-based flood damage prediction model to calculate the flood damage caused by design storms with different return periods. Estimation of the monetary damages these storms produce and their return periods are precursors to flood risk calculations. The design storms are developed from modified intensity–duration–frequency relationships generated by simulations of global climate change scenarios (e.g. CGCM2A2). The risk assessment method is applied to the Kanda River basin in Tokyo, Japan. The assessment provides insights not only into the flood risk cost increase due to global warming, and the impact that increase may have on flood control infrastructure planning.
Samplinghelper a web-based tool to assess the reliability of sampling strategies in sewers and receiving waters
Authors: Rossi L. , Rumley L. , Ort C. , Minkkinen P. , Barry D. A. , Chèvre N.
Published: June 2011

Sampling is a key step in the analysis of chemical compounds. It is particularly important in the environmental field, for example for wastewater effluents, wet-weather discharges or streams in which the flows and concentrations vary greatly over time. In contrast to the improvements that have occurred in analytical measurement, developments in the field of sampling are less active. However, sampling errors may exceed by an order of magnitude those related to analytical processes. We proposed an Internet-based application based on a sampling theory to identify and quantify the errors in the process of taking samples. This general theory of sampling, already applied to different areas, helps to answer questions related to the number of samples, their volume, their representativeness, etc. The use of the internet to host this application facilitates use of theoretical tools and raise awareness of the uncertainties related to sampling. An example is presented, which highlights the importance of the sampling step in the quality of analytical results.
Assessing dry weather flow contribution in TSS and COD storm events loads in combined sewer systems
Authors: Métadier M. , Bertrand-Krajewski J. L.
Published: June 2011

Continuous high resolution long term turbidity measurements along with continuous discharge measurements are now recognised as an appropriate technique for the estimation of in sewer total suspended solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) loads during storm events. In the combined system of the Ecully urban catchment (Lyon, France), this technique is implemented since 2003, with more than 200 storm events monitored. This paper presents a method for the estimation of the dry weather (DW) contribution to measured total TSS and COD event loads with special attention devoted to uncertainties assessment. The method accounts for the dynamics of both discharge and turbidity time series at two minutes time step. The study is based on 180 DW days monitored in 2007–2008. Three distinct classes of DW days were evidenced. Variability analysis and quantification showed that no seasonal effect and no trend over the year were detectable. The law of propagation of uncertainties is applicable for uncertainties estimation. The method has then been applied to all measured storm events. This study confirms the interest of long term continuous discharge and turbidity time series in sewer systems, especially in the perspective of wet weather quality modelling.
Fouling cake layer in a submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating saline wastewaters: curse or a blessing?
Authors: Vyrides I. , Stuckey D. C.
Published: June 2011

The treatment of inhibitory (saline) wastewaters is known to produce considerable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs), and this has been implicated in membrane fouling; the fate of these SMPs was of considerable interest in this work. This study also investigated the contribution of SMPs to membrane fouling of the; (a) cake layer/biofilm layer, (b) the compounds below the biofilm/cake layer and strongly attached to the surface of the membrane, (c) the compounds in the inner pores of the membrane, and (d) the membrane. It was found that the cake/biofilm layer was the main reason for fouling of the membrane. Interestingly, the bacteria attached to the cake/biofilm layer showed higher biodegradation rates compared with the bacteria in suspension. Moreover, the bacteria attached to the cake layer showed higher amounts of attached extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) compared with the bacteria in suspension, possibly due to accumulation of the released EPS from suspended biomass in the cake/biofilm layer. Molecular weight (MW) analysis of the effluent and reactor bulk showed that the cake layer can retain a large fraction of the SMPs in the reactor and prevent them from being released into the effluent. Hence, while cake layers lead to lower fluxes in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactors (SAMBRs), and hence higher costs, they can improve the quality of the reactor effluent.
Research of waste dump water mutagenicity of bacterial detection system SOS chromotest
Authors: Vojtková H. , Janáková I.
Published: June 2011

The paper deals with a possible use of the bacterial detection system of SOS chromotest to test mutagenicity of waste dump water checking the mutagenicity degree on real samples from Praksice waste dump, which is a controlled waste dump with mixed industrial, municipal and inert wastes. The waste dump surface water samples were taken from a no-name influent stream springing below the waste dump body between 2005 and 2009. After metabolic activation by microsomal fraction in vitro, medium to high mutagenicity was registered in all the samples. The SOS chromotest is assessed as an effective and economically acceptable method to check and determine the mutagenicity degree of contaminated water.
Development of headspace–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection procedure to determine volatile fatty acids in zoo organic waste leachates
Authors: Banel Anna , Wasielewska Marta , Felchner-Żwirełło Monika , Zygmunt Bogdan
Published: June 2011

In order to determine volatile fatty acids (short chain monocarboxylic acids with 2 to 6 carbon atoms in a molecule) in leachates formed in organic waste piles a procedure based on static headspace (HS) coupled with gas chromatography (GC) have been proposed and optimized. The conditions of HS extraction and sample introduction into a gas chromatograph as well as of chromatographic separation were considered. Using flame ionization detection LODs were of the order of 0.02– 0.37 mg/L. The analyzed leachate collecting on and close to a zoo organic waste pile contained VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids) at a concentration ranging from 5.5 mg/L to 0.88 g/L and from below LOD to 10.1 mg/L for pool water at some distance from the pile, respectively.
The fate of 14C-radiolabelled diclofenac and 4′-hydroxydiclofenac in membrane bioreactor treatment of wastewater
Authors: Bouju H. , Hommes G. , Wintgens T. , Malpei F. , Corvini P. F. X.
Published: June 2011

This study aimed at enhancing knowledge on the fate of diclofenac (DF), together with its main human metabolite 4′-hydroxydiclofenac (4′OHDF), during wastewater treatment by using a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The reactor was fed continuously with non-radiolabelled diclofenac for a one month period prior to a single pulse of a 14C-radiolabelled solution of DF and 4′OHDF. The solution spike contained approximately 25% 4′OHDF and 65% DF, which corresponds to the ratio observed in municipal sewage, as well as traces of two other metabolites. The radioactivity was monitored for a total of twelve days in the various output streams. The calculation of the complete mass balance in the system demonstrated that the major part of the radioactivity left the reactor with the permeate (88.7%), while 2.1% was recovered in the excess sludge. Negligible amounts were recovered in the off-gas traps and on the membranes. Chromatographic analyses of effluent samples, by means of HPLC-MS coupled in parallel to a radiodetector, displayed a different pattern than the one of the spiked solution. It showed the occurrence of three additional metabolites.
Biosorption of Methylene Blue onto spent corncob substrate: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Zhou Qi , Gong W. Q. , Li Y. B. , Chen S. H. , Yang D. J. , Bai C. P. , Liu X. F. , Xu N.
Published: June 2011

This study focuses on the possible use of the spent corncob substrate (SCS), an agricultural waste used after the cultivation of white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, to adsorb Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. A batch adsorption study was carried out with variable solution pH, adsorption time, temperature and initial MB concentration. It was found that MB uptake was favorable at pH ranging from 4.0 to 12.0 and the equilibrium adsorption capacity can be reached promptly within about 180 min. The biosorption data were also calculated by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The study highlighted a new pathway to develop potential low-cost biosorbent for the removal of dye pollutants from wastewater.
Estimated costs of implementation of membrane processes for on-site greywater recycling
Authors: Humeau P. , Hourlier F. , Bulteau G. , Massé A. , Jaouen P. , Gérente C. , Faur C. , Le Cloirec P.
Published: June 2011

Greywater reuse inside buildings is a possible way to preserve water resources and face up to water scarcity. This study is focused on a technical-economic analysis of greywater treatment by a direct nanofiltration (NF) process or by a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for on-site recycling. The aim of this paper is to analyse the cost of recycled water for two different configurations (50 and 500 inhabitants) in order to demonstrate the relevance of the implementation of membrane processes for greywater recycling, depending on the production capacity of the equipment and the price of drinking water. The first step was to define a method to access the description of the cost of producing recycled water. The direct costs were defined as a sum of fixed costs due to equipment, maintenance and depreciation, and variable costs generated by chemical products and electricity consumptions. They were estimated from an experimental approach and from data found in literature, enabling operating conditions for greywater recycling to be determined. The cost of treated water by a SMBR unit with a processing capacity of 500 persons is close to 4.40 € m−3, while the cost is 4.81 € m−3 with a NF process running in the same conditions. These costs are similar to the price of drinking water in some European countries.
Synthesis and structure-activity study of quaternary ammonium functionalized β-cyclodextrin-carboxymethylcellulose polymers
Authors: Bonenfant Danielle , Bourgeois François-René , Mimeault Murielle , Monette Frédéric , Niquette Patrick , Hausler Robert
Published: June 2011

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based polymers functionalized with two types of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), the alkaquat DMB-451 (N-alkyl (50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C10) dimethylbenzylammonium chloride) (DMD-451) named polymer DMB-451, and FMB 1210-8 (a blend of 32 w% N-alkyl (50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C10) dimethylbenzylammonium chloride and 48 w% of didecyldimethylammonium chloride) named polymer FMB 1210-8, were synthethized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of these polymers against Eschericia coli were also evaluated at 25 °C in wastewater. The results have indicated that the polymer FMB 1210-8 possesses a high-affinity binding with bacterial cells that induces a rapid disinfection process. Moreover, in the same experimental conditions of disinfection (mixture of 1.0 g of polymer and 100 mL of wastewater), the polymer FMB 1210-8 has a higher antimicrobial efficiency (99.90%) than polymer DMB-451 (92.8%). This phenomenon might be associated to a stronger interaction with bacterial cells due to stronger binding affinity for E. coli cells and greater killing efficiency of the C10 alkyl chains QAC of polymer FMB 1210-8 to disrupt the bacterial cell membrane as compared to N-alkyl (50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C10) dimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Together, these results suggest that the polymer FMB 1210-8 could constitute a good disinfectant against Escherichia coli, which could be advantageously used in wastewater treatments due to the low toxicity of β-CD and CMC, and moderated toxicity of FMB 1210-8 to human and environment.
Effect of diffusional mass transfer on the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands in tropical climate conditions
Authors: Njau K. N. , Gastory L. , Eshton B. , Katima J. H. Y. , Minja R. J. A. , Kimwaga R. , Shaaban M.
Published: June 2011

The effect of mass transfer on the removal rate constants of BOD5, NH3, NO3 and TKN has been investigated in a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland (HSSFCW) planted with Phragmites mauritianus. The plug flow model was assumed and the inlet and outlet concentrations were used to determine the observed removal rate constants. Mass transfer effects were studied by assessing the influence of interstitial velocity on pollutant removal rates in CW cells of different widths. The flow velocities varied between 3–46 m/d. Results indicate that the observed removal rate constants are highly influenced by the flow velocity. Correlation of dimensionless groups namely Reynolds Number (Re), Sherwood Number (Sh) and Schmidt Number (Sc) were applied and log–log plots of rate constants against velocity yielded straight lines with values β = 0.87 for BOD5, 1.88 for NH3, 1.20 for NO3 and 0.94 for TKN. The correlation matched the expected for packed beds although the constant β was higher than expected for low Reynolds numbers. These results indicate that the design values of rate constants used to size wetlands are influenced by flow velocity. This paper suggests the incorporation of mass transfer into CW design procedures in order to improve the performance of CW systems and reduce land requirements.
Effect of polyaluminium chloride on phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater
Authors: Reddy G. B. , Forbes Dean A. , Hunt P. G. , Cyrus Johnsely S.
Published: June 2011

Total phosphorus (TP) removal in aged constructed wetlands poses a challenge, especially when treated with swine wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). Our earlier studies with anaerobic lagoon swine wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands showed a decline in P removal (45–22%) with increased years of operation. These particular wetlands have been treated with swine wastewater every year since the first application in 1997. Preliminary lab-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the removal of phosphate-P (PO4-P) from swine wastewater. The experimental objective was to increase the phosphorus treatment efficiency in constructed wetland by adding PAC as a precipitating agent. PAC was added by continuous injection to each wetland system at a rate of 3 L day−1 (1:5 dilution of concentrated PAC). Swine wastewater was added from an anaerobic lagoon to four constructed wetland cells (11m wide x 40m long) at TP loads of 5.4–6.1 kg ha−1day−1 in two experimental periods, September to November of 2008 and 2009. Treatment efficiency of two wetland systems: marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and continuous marsh (CM) was compared. The wetlands were planted with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). In 2008, PAC treatment showed an increase of 27.5 and 40.8% of TP removal over control in M-P-M and CM respectively. Similar trend was also observed in the following year. PAC as a flocculant and precipitating agent showed potential to enhance TP removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater.
Superoxide Production by Macrophages and T Cells Is Critical for the Induction of Autoreactivity and Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Thayer Terri C. , Delano Matthew , Liu Chao , Chen Jing , Padgett Lindsey E. , Tse Hubert M. , Annamali Mani , Piganelli Jon D. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Mathews Clayton E.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their dissipation in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis have garnered considerable controversy. Our recent work has demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity for type 1 diabetes development and modulating T-cell autoreactivity. We previously linked decreased monocyte ROS with diabetes resistance in the alloxan-resistant mouse, and NOD-Ncf1m1J mice with a genetic ablation of NOX activity had reduced and delayed type 1 diabetes compared with NOD mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

To determine the required cellular sources of ROS that are necessary for type 1 diabetes initiation, we used antibody depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into NOD and NOD-Scid females, respectively. After receiving treatment, female mice were monitored for hyperglycemia and overt diabetes.

RESULTS

Depletion of macrophages and neutrophils fully protected NOD mice from type 1 diabetes. However, elimination of neutrophils alone showed no significant reduction or delay. Type 1 diabetes induction in NOD-Scid mice by adoptive transfer with NOD-Ncf1m1J splenocytes was significantly delayed compared with NOD splenocytes, suggesting macrophage ROS and modulation of effector responses are critical for diabetes. The adaptive immune response was also altered by the absence of NOX activity, as purified T cells from NOD-Ncf1m1J mice exhibited delayed transfer kinetics. Cotransfer experiments demonstrated the defect was intrinsic to NOX-deficient CD8+ T cells. After stimulation, cytotoxic T cells exhibited decreased effector function in the absence of superoxide production.

CONCLUSIONS

These data demonstrate that the impaired autoreactive response of NOX-deficient NOD-Ncf1m1J immune system results from an alteration in the antigen-presenting cell–T-cell axis rather than failure of neutrophils to act as effector cells and that ROS signaling is important for the initiation of β-cell–directed autoimmunity by T cells.
Evidence for Consistency of the Glycation Gap in Diabetes
Authors: Nayak Ananth U. , Holland Martin R. , Macdonald David R. , Nevill Alan , Singh Baldev M.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

Discordance between HbA1c and fructosamine estimations in the assessment of glycemia is often encountered. A number of mechanisms might explain such discordance, but whether it is consistent is uncertain. This study aims to coanalyze paired glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)-fructosamine estimations by using fructosamine to determine a predicted HbA1c, to calculate a glycation gap (G-gap) and to determine whether the G-gap is consistent over time.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We included 2,263 individuals with diabetes who had at least two paired HbA1c-fructosamine estimations that were separated by 10 ± 8 months. Of these, 1,217 individuals had a third pair. The G-gap was calculated as G-gap = HbA1c minus the standardized fructosamine-derived HbA1c equivalent (FHbA1c). The hypothesis that the G-gap would remain consistent in individuals over time was tested.

RESULTS

The G-gaps were similar in the first, second, and third paired samples (0.0 ± 1.2, 0.0 ± 1.3, and 0.0 ± 1.3, respectively). Despite significant changes in the HbA1c and fructosamine, the G-gap did not differ in absolute or relative terms and showed no significant within-subject variability. The direction of the G-gap remained consistent.

CONCLUSIONS

The G-gap appears consistent over time; thus, by inference any key underlying mechanisms are likely to be consistent. G-gap calculation may be a method of exploring and evaluating any such underlying mechanisms.
Contribution of Antibodies Against IA-2β and Zinc Transporter 8 to Classification of Diabetes Diagnosed Under 40 Years of Age
Authors: Vermeulen Ilse , Weets Ilse , Asanghanwa Milca , Ruige Johannes , Van Gaal Luc , Mathieu Chantal , Keymeulen Bart , Lampasona Vito , Wenzlau Janet M. , Hutton John C. , Pipeleers Daniel G. , Gorus Frans K. ,   The Belgian Diabetes Registry
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether measuring autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and IA-2β (IA-2βA) may improve classification of new-onset type 1 diabetic patients based on detection of autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), and IA-2 (IA-2A). In addition, we studied the correlation of IA-2βA and ZnT8A with other biological and demographic variables.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Circulating autoantibodies were determined by liquid-phase radiobinding assays from 761 healthy control subjects and 655 new-onset (<1 week insulin) diabetic patients (aged 0–39 years) with clinical type 1 diabetes phenotype consecutively recruited by the Belgian Diabetes Registry.

RESULTS

At diagnosis, IA-2βA and ZnT8A prevalences were 41 and 58%, respectively. In IAA-negative, GADA-negative, and IA-2A–negative patients, one IA-2βA–positive and eleven ZnT8A-positive individuals were identified at the expense of eight and seven additional positive control subjects (1%), respectively, for each test. ZnT8A or IA-2βA screening increased (P < 0.001; McNemar) the number of patients with ≥2 antibodies both under (from 78 to 87% for ZnT8A and 82% for IA-2βA) and above age 15 (from 51 to 63% for ZnT8A and 56% for IA-2βA) versus 0% in control subjects. IA-2βA and ZnT8A were preferentially associated with IA-2A, and with younger age at diagnosis. Unlike ZnT8A, IA-2βA levels were positively correlated with HLA-DQ8 and negatively with HLA-DQ2. ZnT8A could replace IAA for classification of patients above age 10 without loss of sensitivity or specificity.

CONCLUSIONS

ZnT8A, and to a lesser degree IA-2βA, may usefully complement GADA, IA-2A, and IAA for classifying insulin-treated diabetes under age 40 years.
Improved Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Rapid-Acting Insulin Using Needle-Free Jet Injection Technology
Authors: Engwerda Elsemiek E.C. , Abbink Evertine J. , Tack Cees J. , de Galan Bastiaan E.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

Insulin administered by jet injectors is dispensed over a larger subcutaneous area than insulin injected with a syringe, which may facilitate a more rapid absorption. This study compared the pharmacologic profile of administration of insulin aspart by jet injection to that by conventional insulin pen.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Euglycemic glucose clamp tests were performed in 18 healthy volunteers after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 units/kg body wt of aspart, either administered by jet injection or by conventional pen, using a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, cross over study design. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles were derived from the glucose infusion rate (GIR) needed to maintain euglycemia and from plasma insulin levels, respectively.

RESULTS

The time to maximal GIR was significantly shorter when insulin was injected with the jet injector compared with conventional pen administration (51 ± 3 vs. 105 ± 11 min, P < 0.0001). The time to peak insulin concentration was similarly reduced (31 ± 3 vs. 64 ± 6 min, P < 0.0001) and peak insulin concentrations were increased (108 ± 13 vs. 79 ± 7 mU/L, P = 0.01) when insulin was injected by jet injection compared with conventional pen injection. Jet injector insulin administration reduced the time to 50% glucose disposal by ∼40 min (P < 0.0001). There were no differences in maximal GIR, total insulin absorption, or total insulin action between the two devices.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of insulin aspart by jet injection enhances insulin absorption and reduces the duration of glucose-lowering action. This profile resembles more closely the pattern of endogenous insulin secretion and may help to achieve better meal insulin coverage and correction of postprandial glucose excursions.
Low Estradiol Concentrations in Men With Subnormal Testosterone Concentrations and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dhindsa Sandeep , Furlanetto Richard , Vora Mehul , Ghanim Husam , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

It has been suggested that the high prevalence of subnormal free testosterone concentrations, along with low or inappropriately normal gonadotropins in men with type 2 diabetes, may be the result of an increase in plasma estradiol concentrations secondary to an increase in aromatase activity in the adipose tissue that leads to the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

To investigate this hypothesis, plasma estradiol, testosterone, leutinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured in fasting blood samples of 240 men with type 2 diabetes. Free estradiol concentrations were either calculated (n = 198) using total estradiol and SHBG measured by immunoassay or directly measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and equilibrium dialysis (n = 102).

RESULTS

The calculated free estradiol concentration in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations was lower than that in men with normal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.047 vs. 0.063 ng/dL, P < 0.001). Directly measured (LC-MS/MS) free estradiol concentrations were also lower in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.025 vs. 0.045 ng/dL, P = 0.008). Free estradiol concentrations were directly related to free testosterone but not to BMI or age.

CONCLUSIONS

These data show that the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with subnormal free testosterone concentrations and type 2 diabetes is not associated with increased estradiol concentrations. The pathogenesis of subnormal free testosterone concentrations in type 2 diabetes needs to be investigated further.
Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in Egypt
Authors: Abd-Elazeem Mohamed , Farah Ashraf , Farrag Farrag
Published: June 2011

Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in Egypt

Many applications in navigation, land surveying, land title definitions and mapping have been made simpler and more precise due to accessibility of Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and thus the demand for using advanced GPS techniques in surveying applications has become essential. The differential technique was the only source of accurate positioning for many years, and remained in use despite of its cost. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is a viable alternative to the differential positioning method in which a user with a single receiver can attain positioning accuracy at the centimeter or decimeter scale. In recent years, many organizations introduced online (GPS-PPP) processing services capable of determining accurate geocentric positions using GPS observations. These services provide the user with receiver coordinates in free and unlimited access formats via the internet. This paper investigates the accuracy of the Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) (CSRS-PPP) service supervised by the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD), Canada. Single frequency static GPS observations have been collected at three points covering time spans of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. These three observed sites form baselines of 1.6, 7, and 10 km, respectively. In order to assess the CSRS-PPP accuracy, the discrepancies between the CSRS-PPP estimates and the regular differential GPS solutions were computed. The obtained results illustrate that the PPP produces a horizontal error at the scale of a few decimeters; this is accurate enough to serve many mapping applications in developing countries with a savings in both cost and experienced labor.
Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global Data
Authors: Blais J.
Published: June 2011

Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global Data

Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms (SHTs) are commonly defined for equiangular grids on the sphere. However, when global array data exhibit near equidistributed patterns rather than equiangular grids, discrete SHTs require appropriate adaptations for analysis and synthesis. Computational efficiency and reliability impose structural constraints on possible equidistribution characteristics of data patterns such as for instance with Chebychev quadratures and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). Following some general introduction to discrete SHTs and equidistributions on the sphere, equitriangular (near equiareal) lattices based on the octahedron and the icosahedron are introduced for SHT analysis and synthesis. The developed formulations are described and implemented using simulated data and geopotential models such as the Earth Geopotential Model EGM 2008. Comparative results for analysis and synthesis at different levels of resolution show the potential of the spherical equitriangular approach for geodetic and other applications with nearly equidistributed global data.
On the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-Negative Estimator of a Two-Variance Component Model
Authors: Sjöberg Lars
Published: June 2011

On the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-Negative Estimator of a Two-Variance Component Model

Variance components (VCs) in linear adjustment models are usually successfully computed by unbiased estimators. However, for many unbiased VC techniques estimated variance components might be negative, a result that cannot be tolerated by the user. This is, for example, the case with the simple additive VC model aσ2/1 + bσ2/2 with known coefficientsaandb, where either of the unbiasedly estimated variance components σ2/1 + σ2/2 may frequently come out negative. This fact calls for so-called non-negative VC estimators. Here the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-negative Estimator (BQMBNE) of a two-variance component model is derived. A special case with independent observations is explicitly presented.
The Low Pass Rate in the RANZCP Clinical Examinations: Is the Exam the Problem?
Authors: MacDonald Joanna , Ellis Pete M.
Published: June 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the role of supervision during psychiatric training in ensuring that registrars are adequately trained to meet the standards of the RANZCP examinations and to consider the implications for improving examination pass rates.

Method: Audiotaped recordings of 50 h of supervision involving six supervisors and thirteen trainees, obtained 2000–2003, were transcribed and analysed thematically in a qualitative study, informed by a postmodern, Foucaultian perspective.

Results: Until an examination loomed, supervisors rarely required evidence of theoretical study or structured case presentations from their trainees. The examination and the examiners served to justify the supervisors requiring such discipline. This enabled the supervisors to remain in a supportive role, while requiring higher standards from trainees. Paradoxically, while requiring higher standards ‘for the exam’, trainees were told that the examiners expected nothing more than ‘good psychiatric practice’. In presenting cases, the attributes of prioritization, thoughtfulness, conciseness and good timing were valued, as reported in both undergraduate and other postgraduate medical training.

Conclusions: Much of supervision bore little relationship to preparation for college examinations until these were imminent. While the daily practice of trainees and supervisors continues to be at variance with the practices required to pass the examination (reflected by reference to ‘exam-style’ and ‘non-exam style’ presentations) the pass rates will remain low. If we believe that the standard set in the examination is that required of a practising psychiatrist, change is required to supervision and daily practice standards to reflect these standards.
Comparison of British National Newspaper Coverage of Homicide Committed by Perpetrators with and Without Mental Illness
Authors: Kalucy Megan , Rodway Cathryn , Finn Judith , Pearson Anna , Flynn Sandra , Swinson Nicola , Roscoe Alison , Cruz Damian Da , Appleby Louis , Shaw Jenny
Published: June 2011

Objective: Adverse newspaper reporting of mental illness and in particular, violence committed by a mentally ill person, is thought to contribute to stigma. However, violent events are also considered highly newsworthy by journalists. The aim of this study was to compare the likelihood of newspaper reporting for convicted perpetrators of homicide with and without a history of contact with mental health services.

Method: A 12 month (April 2000-March 2001) cohort of 577 homicide perpetrators with and without a history of contact with mental health services in England and Wales was examined. These cases were identified by the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. By examining 12 national newspapers, we compared the likelihood of reporting homicide perpetrators with and without mental illness.

Results: Under half (228 cases, 40%) of the homicide perpetrators were reported in at least one of the study newspapers. Under a fifth (94 cases, 16%) of perpetrators had a history of contact with mental health services and such previous contact did not increase the likelihood of newspaper reporting (odds ratio 1.0 (0.6–1.6)).

Conclusions: Previous contact with mental health services did not influence the newsworthiness of a homicide perpetrator. The stigmatizing effect of reporting homicide by perpetrators with mental illness may relate more to the quality of reporting rather than selective over-reporting.
Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia
Authors: Inder Warrick J. , Castle David
Published: June 2011

Background and objectives: Antipsychotic medications are a potential cause of hyperprolactinaemia and may be implicated in the development of pituitary adenomas. This review examines the effect of different antipsychotic medications on prolactin and sexual function, and provides practical guidelines for investigation and management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia.

Method: Literature review.

Results and conclusions: Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia occurs overall in up to 70% of patients with schizophrenia, depending on the medications used. It is associated with significant levels of hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction, which in general relates to the degree of prolactin elevation. A consequence of the hypogonadism is clinically significant bone loss which may lead to osteoporosis and increased risk of minimal trauma fracture. Where the potentially offending drug cannot be safely withdrawn to document a normal prolactin, imaging with MRI should be undertaken to exclude a structural pituitary lesion. The management strategy of choice is switching to a prolactin-sparing antipsychotic. Sex steroid replacement can reverse many of the adverse effects including the hypogonadal symptoms and bone loss. Low dose dopamine agonist therapy should be used with caution as a third line treatment, since there have been cases of dopamine agonist-induced exacerbation of psychosis. There is a need for a randomised controlled trial of low dose dopamine agonist therapy versus sex steroid replacement to establish the relative safety and efficacy of each approach.