bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Robb E.W.
Published: July 2016

A gas-chromatographic procedure using the electron-capture detector is presented. By fractionation of cigarette smoke on silica gel, followed by gas-chromatographic analysis of the fractions, fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified. Application of this procedure to quantitative analysis was demonstrated in the case of benzo[a]pyrene. An analysis for benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke which utilizes paper-chromatographic separation and fluorescence measurements is also presented. This procedure, which gives good precision with a 20-cigarette sample, represents a great simplification of existing methods.
Determination of Benzo[a]pyrene and Related Compounds in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Ayres C.I. , Thornton R.E.
Published: July 2016

The determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke by a method based upon high-temperature gas-liquid chromatography is described. The extension of this method to the examination of other aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in smoke is briefly discussed.
Determination of the Filling Capacity. Reproducibility of the Measurement and Significance of the Results / Über die Bestimmung der Füllfähigkeit. Reproduzierbarkeit der Messung und Aussagewert der Ergebnisse
Authors: Artho A.J.
Published: July 2016

Working on 50 different brands of cigarettes, the apparent specific volume of tobacco was determined in a measuring cylinder under pressure, and the most favourable load was established to obtain best sensitivity. The values thus determined were then compared with the effective specific volume of intact cigarettes, calculated according to diameter, length and weight of the tobacco rod. A good correlation was found to exist between both values.
Standardized regulations for the analysis of tobacco and tobacco smoke / Einheitliche Vorschriften für die Analyse von Tabak und Tabakrauch
Authors: Wissenschaftliche Forschungsabteilu
Published: July 2016

3. Vorschrift für die Bestimmung des Nitrats im Tabak

3.1 Reagenzien

3.2 Durchführung

3.3 Berechnung

3.4 Literatur
The Formation of Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[e]pyrene during the Heating of Tobacco in Correlation to Temperature and Flow Rate in Nitrogen and Air Atmospheres / Die Bildung von Benzo[a]pyren und Benzo[e]pyren beim Erhitzen von Tabak in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in Luft- und Stickstoffatmosphäre
Authors: Grimmer G. , Wilhelm G.
Published: July 2016

The authors investigated the dependence upon temperature of the formation of benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene from tobacco pyrolyzed in a thermostatic oven in atmospheres of nitrogen or air. The heating of tobacco to temperatures between 400° and 1000°C was found to result in a marked increase of the benzopyrene yield in the volatile parts. In this temperature range the quantity of benzo[a]pyrene formed from 100 g of tobacco augments from 4.4 µg to 18 350.0 µg (N
Composition Studies on Tobacco. XXlll: Pyrolytic and Structural Investigations on the Polyphenol-amino Acid Pigments of Leaf
Authors: Chortyk O.T.O. T. , Schlotzhauer W. S. , Stedman R. L.
Published: July 2016

The complex polyphenolic pigments of Turkish tobacco have been pyrolyzed to determine their possible contribution to the formation of aromatic compounds, especially polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of smoke. The dark brown pigments were initially obtained by a basic aqueous extraction of tobacco. Various hydrolytic procedures showed the presence of rutin, chlorogenic acid, and a series of amino acids; some information on the structure of these pigments is presented. The pyrolysis of the pigments was carried out at 850°C and the products were fractionated to reveal the presence of more than a dozen PAH. Addition of pigments to cigarettes gave an increase in the level of benzo[a]pyrene in the smoke. The possible role of the polyphenolic pigments as a source of PAH in smoke is discussed
The Determination of Nitrate in Tobacco by UV-Spectrometry / Die Bestimmung von Nitrat in Tabak durch UV-Spektrometrie
Authors: Barkemeyer H.
Published: July 2016

A new spectrophotometric method, suitable for routine determination of nitrate in tobacco, is described. Quantities as low as 0.05 % of nitrate in tobacco are determinable, the results can be reproduced very well (RSD (relative standard deviation) = 1.43 % for 0.7 % of nitrate in tobacco). 15-20 determinations per day and per person can be performed. The figures obtained by this method are identical with those obtained by other methods. Interferences by other compounds have not been observed. Commercial cigarettes show contents of nitrate in tobacco in the range between 2 % and 0.04 %.
A Periodic-Automatic Apparatus for the Determination of the Moisture Content of Tobacco / Eine periodisch-automatische Feuchtigkeitsmesseinrichtung für Tabak
Authors: von Bethmann M. , Dettmer W.
Published: July 2016

Having reviewed general conditions and various difficulties of routine measurement and control of tobacco humidity, the authors present a new periodic-automatical principle which they developed for the determination of the moisture content of tobacco. Tobacco specimens continuously taken from the conveyor by an automatic sampler are tested by the principle of conductibility with constant pressure and time values. A velocity of 5 to 9 measurements per minute can easily be achieved. The measuring process is controlled by electronic programming. The results are recorded as deviation from a desired value by a registering instrument giving preferably also an account of the time of sampling. The said value to be fixed at choice represents a given electric resistance which is adjusted to the desired humidity value, to the temperature at the measuring point and to the specific properties of the respective tobacco mixture. Supplementary appliances for the automatic indication of ranges, the direct registering of figures and the storage of results can be incorporated with the apparatus presented. It is also possible to take parallel measurements of temperature and to compensate for its influence on the measuring results.
An Apparatus for the Control of Tobacco Filling Regularity of Cigarettes. 2nd Report: Results of an Improved Gap Counter / Ein Gerät zum Prüfen der Füllungsgleichmäßigkeit von Cigaretten: 2. Mitteilung: Ergebnisse mit einem verbesserten Lochzähler
Authors: Lorenz H.W. , F. Seehofer
Published: July 2016

The filling gap counter formerly described has been improved. The apparatus detects and counts the number of holes (irregularities) of cigarettes. A comparison of the results obtained respectively by manual and mechanical control showed the judgement formed by an examiner to be unsatisfactory. The ejection of faulty cigarettes as well as the automatical recording of the rate of irregularities are prerequisites to the rapid discovery of the source of defects.
Comparison of the Fungicidal Properties of Different Humectants in a Tobacco Blend / Vergleich der fungistatischen Wirkung verschiedener Feuchthaltemittel bei einer ungesoßten Tabakmischung
Authors: van Nooy H.
Published: July 2016

The experimental results indicated in the present paper reveal that among all humectants admitted 1,3-butyleneglycol alone has marked fungicidal properties satisfying the requirements of practical tobacco treatment, and that, on the other hand, diethyleneglycol and glycerine practically do not have such qualities
An Apparatus for the Determination of the Compactness of Cigarettes / Der Betriebs-Kompazitätsmesser
Authors: Flesselles J.
Published: July 2016

Abstact

An apparatus for the rapid determination of the compactness of cigarettes is presented. We may recall to mind that the compactness of a cigarette is the subjective measure of its filling regarded as average value of the whole of the cigarette. It does not take into account irregularities along the paper wrapping. The compactness thus applying to the total of cigarette filling has direct relation to the degree of exploitation of cut tobacco. In view of an optimum control of manufacture it is desirable to determine cigarette compactness by representative samples. The apparatus meets these requirements. It permits to measure the average compactness of a sample of 15 cigarettes in a short time and holds a device for the determination of tobacco humidity by which compactness values can be referred to a given standard of moisture. The apparatus is suitable for direct utilization in the factory
Nicotine Degradation by Microorganisms in Model Experiments / Über Nikotinabbau durch Mikroorganismen in Modellversuchen
Authors: Schmidt J. A.
Published: July 2016

Zur Verminderung des Nikotingehaltes stehen heute technologische Maßnahmen im Vordergrund. Eingangs wurde ein Überblick über die aus diesem Sektor vorliegenden Arbeiten über den mikrobiellen und biochemischen Nikotinabbau gegeben. An Hand von eingehenden Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß spezielle Bakterien nach Zugabe von Vitamin- und Wuchsstoffen und bei guter Belüftung bis zu 70% der vorgelegten Nikotinmengen abzubauen imstande sind. Schimmelpilze zeigten sich ebenfalls zum Nikotinabbau befähigt. Die innerhalb der eigenen Versuche erhaltenen Abbaustufen wurden chromatographisch dargestellt. Diese bedürfen der weiteren chemischen und physiologischen Bestimmung. Die aus den eigenen mikrobiologischen Ergebnissen gezogenen Folgerungen wurden diskutiert und, soweit dies heute möglich ist, auf die Belange der praktischen Tabakfermentation, Tabakanalytik und Tabakzüchtung ausgerichtet
An Automatic Smoking Machine for the Collection of Large Quantities of Cigarette Smoke Condensate / Eine vollautomatische Rauchmaschine für die Herstellung großer Mengen von Cigarettenrauchkondensaten
Authors: Elmenhorst H.
Published: July 2016

A smoking machine is described which is capable of smoking cigarettes in large quantities completely automatically. The machine was developed from the smoking machine of BAT type for 30 cigarettes. 30 cigarettes are smoked simultaneously and each puff is drawn from the cigarette individually. The following processes are automatic: the feeding of the cigarettes from a hopper into the smoking head, the lighting and the smoking of the cigarettes, the counting of puffs, the ejection of the butts after a determined number of puffs and the extinction of the butts. The control of these automatic processes is effected electrically. In the case of a deficiency of cigarettes in the hopper or when the operation of the machine is defective, the staff is alerted by means of an automatic control system. The smoke is condensed in a cold trap with a high capacity. The capacity of the trap is large enough to receive the smoke production of five days. The puff profile of the smoking machine is rectangular. The smoking machine can be used for plain cigarettes as well as for filter cigarettes. The length of the cigarettes to be smoked is unrestricted. Any number of puffs per cigarette can be chosen. The conditions of smoking correspond to the CORESTA standard. The dimensions of the machine are small enough to make the machine fit easily in every normal laboratory hood. 8 machines can be supervised by one person. This means that one experienced person could control the smoking of 8000-10 000 cigarettes a day. It is shown that the smoking to a constant number of puffs gives the same results as the smoking to a constant butt length, provided the number of puffs yields the required butt length.
The Distribution of Tobacco Smoke Constituents Between the Vapour and Particulate Phases
Authors: Williamson J.T. , Allman D.R.
Published: July 2016

The distribution between the vapour and particulate phases of 17 volatile constituents of tobacco smoke in the boiling point range 21°C to 111°C was examined by gas chromatography. Analyses of the vapour passing through ambient temperature traps, namely, electrostatic and Cambridge Filter were carried out and compared with the analyses of vapours recovered by heating from the condensate precipitated in these traps. The vapours passing through the traps were compared with the vapour composition of smoke from which the particulate matter had been allowed to settle by gravity. Results indicated that the retention pattern of the Cambridge Filter Unit and the electrostatic trap in this range were very similar and that their efficiencies towards the 17 constituents examined ranged from 0 % to 18 %. The indications are that the composition of the vapour passing either of these traps is closely similar to that of the vapour phase in the original aerosol.
Effect of Cellulose on Taste of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Wakeham H. , Silberman H.
Published: July 2016

Experiments were performed to define the contribution of the cellulose component in cigarette-filler to the organoleptic qualities of smoke. Pure cellulose shreds added to leaf tobacco gave the smoke a harsh quality readily detected by the smoker. Similar amounts of cellulose powder and tobacco dust, homogenized together and made into a film which was then used as cigarette filler, did not show the harshness effect even up to levels of 44 % added cellulose content in the mixture. Presoaking the cellulose paper in aqueous tobacco solubles also prevented the harshness in smoke observed from pure cellulose shreds. It was concluded that the intimate mixture of noncellulosic components with the cellulose in tobacco lamina and stems to a large extent modifies the burning of the cellulose component from that of pure cellulose paper. Chemical analyses showed that the manner of cellulose addition influenced appreciably the cigarette-smoke composition, thus accounting qualitatively for the organoleptic changes noted.
The Examination of Semi-Volatiles in Cigarette Smoke/Untersuchung der „Semi -Volatiles“ des Cigarettenrauches
Authors: Neurath G. , Dünger M. , Küstermann I.
Published: July 2016

Six fractions of the steam volatiles of tobacco smoke condensate (semi-volatiles) are formed by column chromatography on silica gel. The constituents are identified by means of a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. About 320 compounds are indicated. Out of the 215 substances identified 69 have not been previously reported in cigarette smoke.
The Differentiation of Tobacco Smoke Condensates on the Basis of Reducing Properties
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Nisbet M.A.
Published: July 2016

Condensates obtained by smoking cigarettes, cigars and pipe tobacco have been compared on the basis of their abilities to reduce cytochrome c and DCIP. Most market brands of flue-cured cigarettes, while differing on the basis of total reducing activities, give similar values when reducing activity is expressed as specific activity (reducing activity per mg particulate matter). Condensates from blended cigarette brands containing other types of tobacco in addition to flue-cured, have lower specific activities. Special types, such as cigarettes made from 100 % reconstituted tobacco and a ventilated cigarette, also give lower values. Both cigars and pipe tobaccos give condensates with distinctly lower specific activities than those obtained from flue-cured cigarettes. In the case of pipe tobacco a large amount of water accumulates on the Cambridge pads and has to be taken into account when calculating specific activities.
Tobacco Chemistry: 4: ChemicaI and Ciliotoxic Studies of Smoke from Freeze-Dried Tobacco
Authors: Enzell C.R. , Bergstedt E. , Dalhamn T. , Johnson W.H.
Published: July 2016

Freeze-dried and corresponding conventionally cured tobacco have been subjected to comparative studies. It is shown that the cigarettes manufactured from the freeze-dried tobacco have a noticeably lower average weight due to the higher filling capacity of this tobacco and that this has little or no influence on the taste, but affects the burning rate considerably. Determinations of the amounts of total particulate matter, dry condensate, and nicotine in the smoke shows that these are about half in the case of the freeze-dried material when an equal number of cigarettes are smoked; they differ much less when an equal amount of tobacco or an equal number of puffs are used as the bases for comparison. The "phenol" content of the smoke is however in all cases found to be noticeably lower for the freeze-dried cigarettes. Examination of the ciliotoxic effect of the smoke from the two types of tobacco on rabbit trachea in vitro shows that there is no significant difference between the number of puffs required to achieve complete ciliostasis. A detailed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study using a high resolution glass capillary column and computerised data-acquisition demonstrates that there are no significant differences between the gas phases of the smoke derived from the two differently treated tobaccos.
Market Analysis of the Per Capita Consumption of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany Between 1961 – 1970/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961-1970
Authors: Misfeld J. , Timm J.
Published: July 2016

On the basis of numerous research results and data on the development of nicotine and condensate contents of German cigarettes, of their respective shares in the market, the smoked length of cigarettes, and of the pro capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany, an estimate has been prepared on the yearly pro capita consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic covering the years 1961-1970. The values for 1961 amount to 40.2 g of smoke condensate (crude) and to 2.04 g of nicotine. The values for 1970 are found to be only 29.4 g and 1.63 g respectively. That means that the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine in the Federal Republic has decreased during the last ten years. The share of smokers having remained almost the same, the consumption of smoke condensate and nicotine per smoker is, as well, found to have decreased by about 27 % and 20 % respectively during the years between 1961 and 1970 despite an increased cigarette consumption.
The Statistical Investigation of Sorption Phenomena in Tobacco/Die mathematische Behandlung verschiedener Sorptionsgleichungen für Tabak
Authors: Hübschen L.
Published: July 2016

Even to-day the theory of sorption phenomena does not provide for an exact analytical solution to the problem of the different types of binding existing between the liquid and gaseous phases and the material to be studied. Under these circumstances, the empirical relations between the equilibrium moisture content and the relative air humidity is of increasing significance. The validity of the mathematic principles of the Theory BET and of the Equation of Henderson is examined by comparison with experimental results obtained for tobacco. The limits set to determination reveal themselves even in the sphere of adsorption, if the calculation of the Theory BET is made on the basis of five molecular layers. Finally, the sorption theory which has recently been established by Kollmann and which is based on statistical investigations is presented. The author intends to apply Kollmann's theory to tobacco and will report the results at a later date
The Identification of Maltol in Cigarette Smoke/Nachweis von Maltol in Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Elmenhorst H.
Published: July 2016

Maltol (2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4-pyrone) as a new tobacco smoke constituent was identified by thin layer chromatography and UV-spectrometry. After conversion into the methylether, by reaction with diazomethane, maltoI was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The amount of maltol in the smoke of a cigarette, made from tobacco without any additives, was 5 to 10 µg/cigarette. As far as we know, the occurrence of γ-pyrone derivatives in tobacco smoke has not been reported until now. It might be possible that the newly found γ-pyrone derivative is only the first representative of a new class of chemical smoke constituents
Gas-Chromatographic Determination of the Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of Polyhydric Alcohol Humectants in Tobacco and in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Carugno N. , Rossi S. , Lionetti G.
Published: July 2016

A qualitative and quantitative procedure has been developed for the determination of humectants in manufactured tobacco by gas-chromatographic method with a flame ionization detector. It consists of extraction with methanol, concentration of the extract and treatment with Tri-Sil reagents. The operating gas-chromatographic conditions are set forth. Samples of tobacco containing glycerine, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-3 butylene glycol and sorbitol have been analysed with recoveries, for the first five ones, in the range of 95-104 %. In order to verify that each chromatographic peak corresponded to the relative glycol, with no interference by other silylated compounds, the mass spectra were obtained through the combination of gas-chromatography with mass spectrometry. The results achieved confirm, as far as tobacco is concerned, that the procedure is accurate and precise. The same method for the determination of humectants was extended to cigarette smoke. Even though this involves morecomplicated problems, as compared to tobacco, because of the presence of silylated compounds, it was found that, for certain glycols, the gas-chromatography of the trimethyl derivatives can be also used as a method of analysis. The mass spectra of some polyhydric alcohols are shown
Relation of Wood Colour in Burley Tobacco Stalks to Nicotine Content of the Leaves
Authors: Gupton C.L. , Neas M.O. , Bowman D.R.
Published: July 2016

The colour of Burley tobacco stalks was found to be correlated with nicotine content of the leaves. The wood varies from oyster white to pumpkin in colour; the lighter the coloUr the less nicotine. Correlation coefficients between wood colour index and percent nicotine ranged between .81 and .84 which was highly significant at the .01 Ievel of probability. These results indicate that percent nicotine in Burley tobacco can be reliably estimated by using the simple, rapid, and wood in inexpensive wood colour index for classification of plants. Colour photographs to illustrate these differences are included
Tobacco Chemistry: 8: Chemical and Ciliotoxic Studies of Smoke from Heat-Treated Tobacco
Authors: Enzell C.R. , Bergstedt E. , Dalhamn T. , Johnson W.H.
Published: July 2016

Heat-treated and corresponding conventionally cured tobacco have been subjected to comparative studies. The heat-treating process has been carried out under laboratory and curing barn conditions. Analyses of the three different tobaccos show that the heat treatment leads to a considerable reduction of the polyphenols and a less pronounced reduction of nicotine. Determinations of the amount of total particulate matter, dry condensate, nicotine, and "phenol" in the smoke from cigarettes manufactured from the three types of tobaccos show that the heat treatment in the barn gives rise to a small but relevant lowering of these values. Examination of the ciliotoxic effect of the smokes on rabbit trachea in vitro reveals that there is a significant, although moderate, difference between the tobacco heat-treated in the laboratory and the control as regards the number of puffs required to achieve complete ciliostasis. A detailed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study using a high resolution glass capillary column and computerised data-acquisition demonstrates the absence of significant differences in the gas phases of the smoke derived from the differently treated tobaccos.
The Determination of Tobacco Additives 2nd Report: A Method for Series Analyses of Menthol in Tobacco and Tobacco Products/Zur Bestimmung von Tabakadditiven: 2. Mitteilung: Eine Methode zur serienanalytischen Bestimmung von Menthol in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

The method used in our laboratories since 1965 for the determination of menthol in tobacco and tobacco products has meanwhile been improved and made suitable for series analyses. Menthol is isolated from the mentholated material to be investigated by steam distillation The distillate containing the menthol in question (dissolved in acetone) is directly subjected to gas chromatography for quantitative determination. The recovery was found to amount to 97 %, the coefficient of variation to 1.45 %, and the detection limit to 0.002 mg of menthol per mI.
Evaluation of Acids and Phenols in the Semi-Volatile Fraction of the Smoke of Blend Cigarettes and of Cigarettes Made from Virginia, Burley and Oriental Tobaccos - Säuren und Phenole in der „Semi-Volatile“-Fraktion des Rauches von Blend-, Virginia-, Burley- und Orient-Cigaretten
Authors: Elmenhorst H.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this work was to compare the composition of the semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of different tobacco types. A German blend cigarette without any additive and further three cigarettes made from Virginia, Burley and Oriental tobaccos were compared. The composition of the acidic fraction of the "semi-volatiles" of the smoke was analysed. 22 substances including the newly identified octadeca-9,12,15-trien-1-ol were identified by GC and mass spectrometry and quantitatively determined by GC-methods. Although in general all the smoke samples were qualitatively similar in volatile acid and phenol composition, there were, quantitatively, remarkable differences between the different tobacco types. In the semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of the Oriental cigarette, the level of 3-methylvaleric acid and isovaleric acid was highly increased. The semi-volatile fraction of the smoke of the Virginia cigarette showed an overall increased level for the rest of the aliphatic acids which we analysed. Especially the amount of palmitic acid is increased. Phenol, cresol, catechol, guajacol and benzoic acid were also increased compared with the Burley and Oriental cigarettes. In the semi-volatile fraction of Burley smoke all analysed substances were diminished
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke Comparison of Two Different Smoking and Trapping Procedures/Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid in Cigarettenrauch: Vergleich zweier Abrauch- und Gasspeicherverfahren
Authors: Klimisch H.J. , Meissner K.
Published: July 2016

A gas chromatographic method is described which is suitable for the quantitative routine determination of CO in tobacco smoke. The CO is separated from other gases on a moderately activated molecular sieve column and is quantitatively determined after hydrogenation on a nickel-contact at 290°C with a flame ionisation detector. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and great stability of the separation column. A comparison of a "constant flow" smoking machine and a smoking machine operated by pistons, in the course of which a container filled with a saturated solution of sodium chloride or a polyvinylchloride bag was employed for gas storing, led to comparable results. The addition of NaNO
Investigation about the Necrosis Formation “Sharilka” (Aladja) on the Leaves of Field-Grown Tobacco Plants: Part I. About the Causes of the Phenomenon Part II. BiochemicaI Changes in the “Sharilka”-Affected Leaf
Authors: Edreva A. , Bailov D. , Nikolov S.
Published: July 2016

A specific dot-like necrosis formation on Oriental type tobacco, called "sharilka'' was studied. The phenomenon is of a physiological nature. It manifests itself under conditions of water excess during the time when the leaves begin to become overripe. It was established that susceptibility to "sharilka" is connected with a low content of pectins and proteins. The latter fact predetermines the lower water binding capacity of protoplasm or higher content of free water in the tissues which suffer from "sharilka''. The raised quantity of free water as a possible source of degenerative cell changes, which become apparent on the leaf in the form of "sharilka", was considered
Nature and Problems of the Fermentation of Oriental Tobacco/Nature et Problèmes de la Fermentation des Tabacs Orientaux
Authors: Arsenyan E. , Gyuzelev L.
Published: July 2016

The study of the nature of the fermentation of Oriental tobacco is of both theoretical and practical importance, as these tobaccos are fermented either under natural or artificially created conditions. The most recent research carried out in Bulgaria for the study of the fermentation of Oriental tobacco is described. The changes in the oxidizing enzymes of tobacco as a function of storing conditions were examined, as were the quantitative changes in the principal groups of chemical components of tobacco such as: protein, free amino acids, alkaloids, volatile bases, brown pigments, reducing substances, soluble sugars and polyphenols, under various conditions of fermentation. The pattern of the alteration revealed by these investigations suggests that the changes in chemical composition during the fermentation of Oriental tobacco are, above all, the result of purely chemical processes. It is concluded that there is no essentiaI difference in the nature of the processes which occur during natural and forced fermentation. By suitable adjustment of the parameters and duration of forced fermentation, it is possible to cause changes in tobacco composition corresponding in character and intensity to those induced by natural fermentation. This theory was confirmed by the results of comparative studies on the alterations in the chemical composition of tobaccos fermented under different conditions as well as qualitative studies on the brown pigments isolated from these tobaccos.
The Control of Cigarette Weight During the Manufacturing Process/Die Kontrolle des Gewichtes von Cigaretten auf den Produktionsmaschinen
Authors: Moretti G.
Published: July 2016

The check of the cigarette weight can be made “a posteriori”, that is when a certain number of cigarettes has been manufactured, and then it is aimed at verifying the acceptability of the lot. Conversely, it can also be executed during the manufacturing process in order to produce acceptable cigarettes. In the first case the ordinary statistical theories can be applied, whereas in the second case, which is the more interesting from cigarette manufacturers' viewpoint, Wiener's theories must be applied on both checks and servo-mechanisms. Consequently, it is necessary to revise the basic principles of the "check'' and then those of the operation of weight-governors in order to attain the highest possible precision, regardless of the external causes which might affect the result. So, the idea of ''self-optimizing'' governors is assumed, that is regulators adjusting their own action to obtain the best results. Molins, Decoufle and, lately, the Industrial Nucleonic Corp., though not having yet developed an adaptive adjuster, have made in recent times the most significant efforts in this field.
Study of Cigarette Smoke Filtration by Means of the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H. , Peck V.G.
Published: July 2016

The method developed by Peck (8) for observing smoke deposits on cigarette filters with the scanning electron microscope was extended to two techniques to determine how the particulate phase of smoke is deposited on celluIose acetate filters and on individual cellulose acetate fibers.

Technique A: Immediately after the smoke particles were deposited on the fibers, the filter was exposed to methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapour; the methyl 2 cyanoacrylate monomer polymerized rapidly and formed a very thin film (0.05 µ thick) over the partially volatile particles so they could be examined in the vacuum chamber of the scanning electron microscope. This technique was used to observe smoke deposits on single fibers oriented either parallel or perpendicularly to the smoke stream.

Technique B: Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapour was drawn into a mixing chamber in front of the filter as each puff of smoke was taken. The monomer coated the particles and polymerized. The coated particles were subsequently trapped by the fibers and observed with the scanning electron microscope.

From techniques A and B, it was observed that single fibers oriented parallel to the smoke stream showed a heavy deposition of small particles (<< 0.1 µ in diameter). This observation qualitatively confirms the theory that diffusion is one of the predominant mechanisms of filtration. Relatively smalI numbers of large smoke particles (> 0.5 µ in diameter) were trapped by single fibers oriented perpendicularly to the smoke stream. These large particles were trapped by interception on fibers which were perpendicular to the smoke path. The edge of each Y-cross-section fiber, where interception is most likely to occur, was more heavily coated than other parts of the fiber. All of the large particles in a 28- × 45-µ area on a single fiber oriented perpendicularly to the smoke stream were counted. The total number of particles on the fiber were calculated and compared to the amount expected from the totaI number of particles per puff, the fraction of particles larger than 0.5 µ, and the single fiber efficiency. Good agreement between the experimental and calculated values was obtained.
The Influences of Different Smoking Conditions on Smoke Yields/Über den Einfluss von Abrauchparametern auf die Rauchausbeuten
Authors: Schulz W. , Seehofer F.
Published: July 2016

With regard to the standardization of smoking parameters, the influences of different smoking conditions upon smoke yields have been investigated (type of smoking machine used: RM 20/71). The analytical results obtained show that none of the systems in question, i.e. piston pump - vacuum pump; rectangular puff profile - bell-shaped profile; Cambridge filter - electrostatic trap; “free” smoking - “restricted” smoking; is to be unambiguously preferred.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XXI: Correlation and Multiple Regression among Selected Cigarette-Smoke Constituents and Leaf Characteristics of Bright Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Hoffmann D. , Rathkamp G
Published: July 2016

Simple correlation and multiple regressions among 160 variables of leaf characteristics and smoke constituents were calculated, based on experimental cigarettes made from 4 cultivars of bright-type tobacco, each from 8 stalk positions. Smoke composition is a function of the botanical, physical, and chemical properties of leaf tobacco used to make the cigarette. Detailed simple correlation data, multiple-regression equations, and expressions of variety and stalk position as factors of TPM and BaP formation are presented.
Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Effects of Ammonium Sulfamate in Cigarette Paper
Authors: Michelson I. , Rathkamp G.
Published: July 2016

Treatment of cigarette paper with ammonium sulfamate was found to cause changes in the composition of cigarette smoke, in the concentrations of components of both the gas and particulate phases. The concentrations of several polycyclic hydrocarbons were reduced by over 25 %, though benzo[a]pyrene was virtually unchanged. The concentrations of two nitrosamines were also reduced more than 25 %, while indole and skatole concentrations were reduced about 15 %. Among the gas phase components, acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde were reduced about 20 %; only carbon monoxide was moderately increased. Since these tests explored only small segments of the spectrum of cigarette smoke components, it is not known which of the observed reductions, if any, contributed to the reduction of biological activity of the smoke of treated cigarettes reported by Bock et al. (8). The tests indicate only that the nature of the smoke has been modified in several respects. The tar and nicotine yield of the treated cigarette was higher than that of the control cigarette, but this can be compensated for by reducing the diameter or length of tobacco rod available to be smoked
The Cadmium, Nickel and Lead Content of Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Westcott D.T. , Spincer D.
Published: July 2016

The cadmium, nickel and lead contents of a variety of tobacco types and their respective cigarette smokes have been measured by atomic absorption analysis. Their levels in tobacco were found to be in the ranges 0.5 to 3.5, 4 to 9.5 and 8 to 23 µg/g respectively. The transfer of cadmium from tobacco to mainstream particulate phase was less than 25%, whereas for nickel it was less than 5% and for lead less than 10 %. Commercial filters were found to retain more than 50% of cadmium presented to them. The Ievels of the metals in the vapour phase portion of smoke were found to be lower than those in the particulate phase, values for lead being higher than those of cadmium or nickel. A smalI number of samples have been examined with respect to country of origin, curing processes and plant position which show some differences in metal content. These differences, in our opinion, are indicative of the Iikely spread of values rather than reflecting real differences due to the source of the tobacco or its treatment after harvesting
Quantitative Determination of Free and Protein-Bound Amino Acids of Tobacco
Authors: Carugno N. , Neri M. , Lionetti G.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a method for the extraction, separation and determination of amino acids, both free and protein-bound, which are present in tobacco. The introduction of the lyophilization process and the ''cold finger'' technique made it possible to obtain a good purification of extracts which, unlike the previous methods, have been preserved for a long time. The combined use of column chromatography and mass spectrometry enabled all amino acids present to be detected. The analyses carried out on different tobacco varieties showed certain quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of amino acids and only small quantitative variations in the composition of protein-bound amino acids
An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Total Amino Acids and its Application to the Analysis of Tobacco
Authors: Collins P.F. , Sarji N.M. , Williams J.F.
Published: July 2016

An automated procedure for the determination of total alpha-amino acids in aqueous solution has been developed which utilizes the Technicon Auto Analyser I. The procedure is based in part on a manual method proposed by Van Slyke wherein the CO
Inhibition of Radical-Initiated Vinyl Acetate Polymerisation by Tobacco Smoke Fractions
Authors: Nisbet M.A. , Schmeller S.
Published: July 2016

Both the vapour and particulate phases of tobacco smoke have been shown to retard benzoyI-peroxide-initiated polymerisation of vinyl acetate by interception of the radicals involved in the polymerisation process. The extent of inhibition of polymerisation by test compounds is estimated by measuring time taken for a mixture of monomer and benzoyl peroxide, immersed in a water-bath at 70°C, to reach a spontaneous boil and comparing it with the time required for a similar mixture with added retarder to reach boiling point. Units are expressed as minutes of inhibition per part per million of inhibitor × 10
Some Effects of Adding Sugar to Tobacco
Authors: Thornton R. E. , Massey S. R.
Published: July 2016

A series of cigarettes made from Burley tobacco containing different levels of added reducing sugar (10.5 to 17.8 %) have been examined. Compared to the control cigarette there was virtually no change in the deliveries of aldehydes and carbonyl constituents. However, an increase in the delivery of 2-furfural was observed, especially when fructose was the added sugar: even so, the conversion efficiency was only 1-2 %. A similar increase in the delivery of 2-furfural was also observed when glucose was added to flue-cured tobacco. An additional finding was that the addition of glucose and fructose reduced the delivery of nicotine. Radioactivity balance experiments on flue-cured cigarettes with added glucose indicated that this was probably due to an increase in the nicotine filtration efficiency of the cigarette rod. Filtration studies using air-cured cigarettes demonstrated that, on addition of glucose, there was a significant increase in the nicotine filtration efficiency of the tobacco rod and that less of the available nicotine was directed into the mainstream.
The Antioxidant Activity of Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Johnson J. , Nisbet M. A.
Published: July 2016

Cigarette smoke has been shown to contain free radicals in both the vapour and particulate phases. The present investigation was undertaken to find out whether these radicals could initiate or promote the formation of radical peroxides which might in turn lead to lipid peroxidation. To investigate this, a system involving the coupled oxidation of b-carotene and linoleic acid was utilized. In this coupled reaction, b-carotene is destroyed through oxidation by free peroxy radicals. The system can therefore be used as a convenient detector of auto-oxidative mechanisms in which peroxide radicals participate, as well as provide an assay for antioxidants, since in their presence oxidative destruction of b-carotene is blocked. Our results show that smoke did not contribute to the oxidative destruction of b-carotene but rather behaved as an antioxidant. Both smoke vapour and particulate matter were found to be highly antioxidant. A number of pure vapour phase components were tested and the bulk of antioxidant activity was found to be due to HCN. Smoke condensates from different tobacco types were compared and differentiated according to their relative efficiencies of antioxidant activities. For comparison, units of antioxidant activity were expressed as rate of change of optical density with time. The highest antioxidant activities were obtained with air-, flue-cured (cut) and perique tobaccos. Pipe tobacco had the least activity while cigar and flue-cured (granulated), stem and sheet tobaccos had intermediate values. Tests done on smoke fractions derived from the fractionation of total condensate revealed that antioxidant activity resided largely in the neutral and water-insoluble acid fractions with virtually no activity in the basic fractions. The mode of antioxidant action of tobacco smoke is discussed in terms of free-radical mechanisms.
Insecticide Residues on 1972 U.S. Auction-Market Tobacco
Authors: Domanski J. J. , Haire P. L. , Sheets T.J.
Published: July 2016

Average residue Ievels of DDT + TDE in flue-cured tobacco decreased from 6.1 ppm in 1970 to 0.85 ppm in 1972. DDT + TDE residues in Burley also dropped sharply from previous levels. In 1972 one sample from Kentucky contained 8.17 ppm; all other Burley samples were less than 0.25 ppm. DDT + TDE residues also declined in fire-cured and air-cured types; of these samples Tennessee dark air-cured tobacco contained the highest average residue (3.5 ppm of DDT + TDE). In 1972 over 90 % of the flue-cured samples were positive for toxaphene. Since each of our samples was a composite of tobacco from 10 farmers, we cannot conclude from this result that 90 % of the individual piles contained toxaphene. Significant amounts of toxaphene were found in other types also; for example, 50 % of the 1972 Burley samples had toxaphene concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm. Average endosulfan levels decreased between 1970 and 1972 in flue-cured and Burley tobaccos. However, in all of the dark air and dark fire-cured samples from Tennessee endosulfan residues exceeded 5 ppm. Average endrin residues were at or near the low detection limit in alI samples except fire-cured and dark air-cured tobacco from Tennessee; these averaged 0.26 and 0.17 ppm, respectively.
Homogenized Leaf Curing: I. TheoreticaI Basis and Some Preliminary Results
Authors: Tso T. C. , Lowe R. , DeJong D. W.
Published: July 2016

A new procedure (HLC) of curing tobacco leaf through homogenization, incubation, and dehydration is described. At the homogenate stage, chemicaI composition can be improved by controlled enzyme action, by extraction, or with chemical additives. PhysicaI properties can be improved by reconstitution. Preliminary results show HLC may provide smoke with quality comparable to that from conventionally cured material, but with relatively lower biologicaI response. There is a great potential in using the HLC procedure for labour saving as well as for improving leaf usability.
The Distribution with Respect to Smoke Particle Size of Dotriacontane, Hexadecane and Decachlorobiphenyl Added to Cigarettes
Authors: Jones R. T. , Lugton W. G. D. , Massey S. R. , Richardson R. B.
Published: July 2016

When studying the distribution of smoke deposited in the lung, it is necessary to use a tracer which indicates the levels of particulate matter deposited at various sites. Because the site of deposition can be dependent on the particle size of the aerosol, it is important that the tracer should be uniformly distributed with respect to particle size, otherwise the levels of particulate matter may be wrongly estimated. The distributions in the smoke from a cigarette containing flue-cured tobacco of three possible tracers (dotriacontane, hexadecane and decachlorobiphenyl) have been measured; alI three show a slight dependence but probably not sufficient to exclude them from possible use in inhalation studies. However, because of the different environment which exists in the lung, and the possible dependence of the results on the type of tobacco, it should not be assumed that there are no selective effects
CORESTA - Method No. 1 Method of the determination of Dithiocarbamats in tobacco (revised version) / CORESTA – Methode Nr. 1 Methode für die Bestimmung von Dithiocarbamaten in Tabak (revidierte Version)
Authors: Unterausschuss für Pestizidrückstän
Published: July 2016

1. Prinzip

2. Reagenzien

3. Apparatur

4. Methode

5. Eichung

6. Berechnung
Determination of Volatile N-Nitrosamines in the Vapour Phase of the Smoke from Various Tobacco Products
Authors: Groenen P.J. , ten Noever de Brauw M.C.
Published: July 2016

Volatile N-nitrosamines were determined in the vapour phase of tobacco smoke after accumulation of Iarge vapour samples on to a cooled capillary GLC column. Detection was effected by computerized mass spectrometry and by a nitrogen-specific detector. Five different tobacco products were studied with mass spectrometry for the presence of eight individuaI nitrosamines. The result was negative thirty-nine times and positive only once. Initially, the detection Iimit for the individual nitrosamines was 2 ng per 20-55 mI vapour injection; during this study the effective detection limit was Iowered for some of the compounds by a further twofold to fivefold increase of the vapour volume analysed. The one nitroso compound identified positively and unambiguously was N-nitrosopiperidine in the smoke from the American blend cigarettes. It amounted to about 5.6 ng in the vapour phase of the smoke of one cigarette. The partition of nitrosamines between vapour phase and particulate phase is not known, but amounts of more than 1 µg of dimethylnitrosamine or nitrosopiperidine in the whole smoke of one cigarette as found by some authors, seem improbably high. It is shown in this paper that exclusive use of the alkali flame ionization detector for nitrosamine determinations would have led to false-positive results, especially for dimethylnitrosamine.
Fractionation of Cigarette Smoke Condensate for Biological Testing: Concentration of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Weak-Acid Fractions
Authors: Chamberlain W. J. , Waiters D. B. , Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Akin F. J.
Published: July 2016

Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was fractionated for bioassay to determine possible tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. Two fractions which previously had shown activity were further separated. A weak-acid fraction (F 8) was separated into three subfractions. A polynuclear aromatic hydrocarboncontaining fraction (F 20) was divided into two fractions by gel permeation chromatography. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, the suspected active materials in F 20, were successfully concentrated into a fraction (F 55) representing only 0.05 % of CSC. These materials are currently undergoing bioassay.