bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutation in the SLC29A3 Gene in an Egyptian Patient with H Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: El-Bassyouni Hala T. , Thomas Manal M. , Tosson Angie M.S.
Published: October 2019

Histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome (H syndrome) is caused by mutations in the SLC29A3 gene that result in histiocytic infiltration of numerous organs. Patients suffering from this disorder can be easily mistaken for similar conditions such as Muckle–Wells syndrome. We present a 9.5-year-old boy, who is the offspring of a consanguineous marriage. He suffered from sensorineural hearing loss, dark hyperpigmented indurated dry areas on the medial thighs sparing the knees with hypertrichosis on the affected areas, and areas of hypopigmentation on the abdomen. The patient displayed mild dysmorphism including frontal bossing, synophrys, bilateral proptosis (with normal thyroid function), thick eyebrows, flat nose, long philtrum, and pectus excavatum. Formal intelligence testing showed that he was a slow learner. Laboratory findings included elevated serum amyloid-A, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and total proteins in urine tests. Complete blood count showed mild microcytic hypochromic anemia. The molecular analysis was crucial to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis. H syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory syndrome with pleiotropic manifestations that affect many organs and can be mistaken for other conditions. Our patient's description may expand the phenotype of H syndrome, as areas of hypopigmentation were observed on the abdomen. Molecular analysis of SLC29A3-related diseases is essential to highlight the variability and increase the awareness of H syndrome aiming for early diagnosis and proper treatment.
Anti-Factor Xa–Based Anticoagulation during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Potential Problems and Possible Solutions
Authors: Ranucci Marco , Cotza Mauro , Isgrò Giuseppe , Carboni Giovanni , Ballotta Andrea , Baryshnikova Ekaterina ,   for the Surgical Clinical Outcome REsearch (SCORE) Group
Published: September 2019

Choices for monitoring of unfractionated heparin (UFH) anticoagulation in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients include activated clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, reaction times of viscoelastic tests, and anti-factor Xa activity (between 0.3 and 0.7 IU/mL). Recent studies propose the anti-factor Xa to be the gold standard for monitoring UFH anticoagulation in ECMO. However, many extraneous factors combined question the utility of anti-factor Xa as the sole method of monitoring of UFH effects in ECMO. Anti-factor Xa is a chromogenic assay, which may be biased by the frequently elevated values of bilirubin and free hemoglobin in ECMO patients. The test may alternatively underestimate UFH effects in cases of low antithrombin values. More importantly, the anti-factor Xa assay is a plasma-based test which does not take into account the role of platelets and fibrinogen in forming a stable clot. Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction are common features in ECMO patients, and underestimating their role may lead to over-anticoagulation, should only anti-factor Xa guiding be used to adjust the UFH dose. Conversely, fibrinogen is an acute phase protein, and some patients may experience high levels of fibrinogen during the ECMO course. In this case, an UFH monitoring based on anti-factor Xa is insensitive to this condition, although it may potentially be associated with thrombotic complications. Finally, the generally suggested range of 0.3 to 0.7 IU/mL is a somewhat arbitrary estimate, based on the desired range for treating and preventing thrombotic events in non-ECMO patients. In conclusion, anti-factor Xa may offer useful information on the real effects of UFH only when combined with a whole blood test capable of assessing the relative contribution of platelets and fibrinogen to clot formation.
Evaluation of The Erosive Potential of Soft Drinks
Authors: Carvalho Sales-Peres Sílvia Helena de , Magalhães Ana Carolina , Andrade Moreira Machado Maria Aparecida de , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: September 2019

Objectives: This in vitro study evaluated the capability of different soft drinks (Coca-Cola® -C, Coca- Cola Light® -CL, Guaraná® -G, Pepsi Twist® -P and Sprite Light® -SL) to erode dental enamel, relating the percentage of superficial microhardness change (%SMHC) to concentrations of fluoride and phosphate, buffering capacity and pH of these drinks.

Methods: The soft drinks were evaluated in respect to concentration of phosphate and fluoride spectrophotometrically using Fiske, Subarrow method and by specific electrode (Orion 9609), respectively. The pH and the buffering capacity were determined by glass electrode and by estimating of the volume of NaOH necessary to change the pH of the drink in one unit, respectively. One hundred specimens of bovine enamel were randomly assigned to 5 groups of 20 each. They were exposed to 4 cycles of demineralisation in the beverage and remineralisation in artificial saliva. The softening of enamel was evaluated by %SMHC.

Results: The mean %SMHC was:C=77.27%, CL= 72.45%, SL=78.43%, G=66.65% and P=67.95%. Comparing the %SMHC promoted by 5 soft drinks, SL = C > CL > P = G (P<.05). There was not significant correlation between %SMHC and the other variables tested for the five drinks (P>>.05)

Conclusions: The five soft drinks caused surface softening of enamel (erosion). In respect to the chemical variables tested, despite not statistically significant, the pH seems to have more influence on the erosive potential of these drinks. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:10-13)
Changeability of Oral Cavity Environment
Authors: Surdacka Anna , Strzykała Krystyna , Rydzewska Anna
Published: September 2019

Objectives: In dentistry, the results of in vivo studies on drugs, dental fillings or prostheses are routinely evaluated based on selected oral cavity environment parameters at specific time points. Such evaluation may be confounded by ongoing changes in the oral cavity environment induced by diet, drug use, stress and other factors. The study aimed to confirm oral cavity environment changeability.

Methods: 24 healthy individuals aged 20–30 had their oral cavity environment prepared by having professional hygiene procedures performed and caries lesions filled. Baseline examination and the examination two years afterwards, evaluated clinical and laboratory parameters of oral cavity environment. Caries incidence was determined based on DMFT and DMFS values, oral cavity hygiene on Plaque Index (acc. Silness & Löe) and Hygiene Index (acc. O`Leary), and the gingival status on Gingival Index (acc. Löe & Silness) and Gingival Bleeding Index (acc. Ainamo & Bay). Saliva osmolarity, pH and concentrations of Ca2+, Pi, Na+, Cl-, total protein, albumins, F- and Sr2+ were determined.

Results: The results confirmed ongoing changeability of the oral cavity environment. After 2 years of the study reduction in oral cavity hygiene parameters PLI and HI (P<0.1), and gingival indices as well as lower saliva concentration of Ca2+ (P<.001), Pi (P<.06), K+ (P<.04), Sr2+ (P<.03), Na+ (P<.1), against the baseline values, were observed. Total protein and albumin saliva concentrations were also significantly lower.

Conclusion: Physiological oral cavity environment is subject to constant, individually different, changes which should be considered when analysing studies that employ oral cavity environment parameters. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:14-17)
Marginal Integrity of CAD/CAM
Fixed Partial Dentures
Authors: Rosentritt Martin , Behr Michael , Kolbeck Carola , Handel Gerhard
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) allows the milling of high strength zirconia fixed partial dentures (FPD), however bonding to an inert ZrO2 ceramic surface may effect the marginal integrity of the FPDs. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of zirconia FPDs at the interfaces between zirconia, cement, and tooth.

Methods: Methods: 32 3-unit FPDs were fabricated of the CAD/CAM Y-TZP zirconia (Lava, 3M Espe, Germany) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Resin cements with corresponding primer and bonding systems were used to lute the FPDs: Compolute/EBS multi (3M Espe, Germany), Panavia F/ED (Kuraray, Japan), Variolink 2/Syntac classic (Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL) and RelyX Unicem/without treatment (3M Espe, Germany). Au-alloy FPDs (BioPontostar, Bego, Germany) were cemented with RelyX Unicem and Harvard (Harvard, Germany) as the control. Marginal adaptation was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy using replica specimen before and after artificial aging. After aging, microleakage tests were performed with fuchsine solution. The interfaces between cement-tooth and cement-FPD were examined.

Results: At the interfaces (cement-tooth and cement-FPD), the systems showed a 95% or higher perfect margin before and after aging. Only Variolink2/Syntac had a marginal adaptation, lower than a 70% perfect margin. Generally, the fuchsine penetration was below 20%, only BioPontstar/Harvard and Lava/Variolink2 showed penetration results between 80% and 100%.

Conclusion: The success of the adhesive cementation of zirconia FPDs depends on the cement system. Under the conditions of this study, zirconia FPDs showed good to sufficient marginal integrity in combination with Panavia/ED, Compolute/EBS and RelyX Unicem. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:25-30)
Osteosarcoma: A Case Report
Authors: Yeşilovaa Esra , Akgünlü Faruk , Dolanmazc Doğan , Yaşar Füsun , Şenere Sevgi
Published: September 2019

Although osteosarcoma of the head and neck is a relatively rare disease, it is a highly malignant bone tumor. Diagnosis of the tumor is important especially in early stages for improving prognosis. The patients with orofacial pain firstly prefer to go to dentists. Such kind of pain may be associated with an oral or maxillofacial cancer. The dentists must be careful for evaluating the clinical and radiologic clues. These clues determine the biopsy necessity, type and management plan. The aim of this case presentation is to emphasize the importance of dentists on diagnosis and prognosis of oral malignancies. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:60-63)
Prevalence of Malocclusion Among
Adolescents In Central Anatolia
Authors: Gelgör İbrahim Erhan , Karaman İhya Ali , Ercan Ertuğrul
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of malocclusion in a population of Central Anatolian adolescents in relation to gender.

Methods: The sample comprised 2329 teenagers (1125 boys and 1204 girls), aged between 12 and 17 years (mean age: 14.6 yrs). Occlusal anteroposterior relationships were assessed using the Angle classification. Other variables examined were overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, posterior crossbite, and scissors bite.

Results:The results showed that about 10.1% of the subjects had normal occlusions, 34.9% of the subjects had Class I malocclusions, 40.0% had Class II Division 1 malocclusions, 4.7% had Class II Division 2 malocclusions and 10.3% had Class III malocclusions. Over 53.5% had normal overbites, and 18.3%, 14.4%, 5.6%, and 8.2% had increased, reduced, edge-to-edge or anterior open bite values, respectively. Overjet relationship was normal in 58.9%, increased in 25.1%, reversed in 10.4%, and edge-to-edge in 5.6%. A posterior crossbite registered in 9.5% and scissors bite in 0.3%. Anterior crowding was present in 65.2% of the sample and midline diastema in 7.0%. No clear gender differences were noted, except for normal overbite (most frequent in girls, P>.001) and increased overbite (most frequent in boys, P>.05)

Conclusions: Class II Division 1 malocclusion is the most prevalent occlusal pattern among the Central Anatolian adolescents and the high values (25.1% and 18.3%) of increased overjet and overbite were a reflection of the high prevalence of Class II malocclusion. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:125-131)
The Effect of ABO Blood Types on Periodontal Status
Authors: Demir Turgut , Tezel Adnan , Orbak Recep , Eltas Abubekir , Kara Cankat , Kavrut Fahri
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether there was a relationship between periodontal diseases and ABO blood groups.

Methods: This epidemiological study was carried out on 1351 subjects who were randomly selected from individuals referred to the Faculty of Dentistry clinics for periodontal treatment or for other reasons regarding dental health. The study based on periodontal condition, blood group, and medical history. The subjects were divided into three groups as those with gingivitis, periodontitis, and the healthy ones. The effects of blood subgroups on periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis were investigated separately.

Results: A relatively higher percentage of A group patients was found in gingivitis group and relatively higher percentage of O group patients was found in periodontitis group. A significant relationship was also determined between Rh factor and gingivitis.

Conclusions: ABO blood subgroups and Rh factor may constitute a risk factor on the development of periodontal disease. However, long-term studies are needed to make a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of ABO group on periodontal diseases. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:139-143)
Color Stability of Silicone or Acrylic
Denture Liners: An in Vitro Investigation
Authors: Ergun Gulfem , Nagas Isil Cekic
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the color stability of three acrylic based hard liners (Ufi gel hard, Dura-Liner II, Tokuso Rebase) and two silicone based soft liners (Ufi gel permanent, Molloplast B) by using the colorimeter.

Methods: Sixty disc-shaped samples, with uniform size of 10 mm diameter and 2 mm in thickness were fabricated for each material. Thirty samples were made as control group in distilled water and the remaining thirty samples were weathered in accelerated aging chamber. Color measurements were made before and after distilled water and aging. Data were statistically analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results: Data showed that there are significant differences among materials in both after distilled water and aging treatments (P>.001). These results indicated that the most discolored liner material was Dura Liner II after aging (ΔE*=16.30) and the least discolored material was Ufi gel permanent after distilled water (ΔE*=0.41).

Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, silicone based liner materials are considered to be more color stable than acrylic based liner materials. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:144-151)
Detection of Enterococcus faecalis in Necrotic Teeth Root Canals by Culture and Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods
Authors: COGULU Dilsah , UZEL Atac , ONCAG Ozant , AKSOY Semiha d , ERONAT Cemal
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in
endodontic infections in both deciduous and permanent teeth by culture and polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) methods.

Methods: A total of 145 children aged 5-13 years old were involved in this study. The presence of E. faecalis in necrotic deciduous and permanent teeth root canals was studied using culture and polymerase chain reaction methods.

Results: Among 145 molar teeth, 57% (n=83) presented necrotic asymptomatic pulp tissues and were included in this study. Culture and PCR methods detected the test species in 18 and 22 of 83 teeth involved, respectively. E. faecalis was cultured from 8 (18%) of 45 necrotic deciduous teeth and from 10 (26%) of 38 necrotic permanent teeth. PCR detection identified the target species in 10 (22%) and 12 (32%) of necrotic deciduous and permanent teeth respectively. Statistically significant difference in the presence of E. faecalis in deciduous and permanent teeth was found by culture and PCR methods (P=0.03 and 0.02, respectively). The difference in the presence of E. faecalis between two different methods was not statistically significant (P>.05).

Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that both culture and PCR methods are sensitive to detect E. faecalis in root canals. (Eur J Dent 2007;1:216-221)
Progression of non-cavitated lesions in dentin through a nonsurgical approach: a preliminary 12-month clinical observation
Authors: Silva da Silveira Ana Daniela , Dutra Borges Boniek Castillo , Varela Hugo de Almeida , Lima Kenio Costa de , Assunção Pinheiro Isauremi Vieira de
Published: October 2019

Objective: Considering the minimally invasive approach to dentistry, the scientific community has focused on non-invasive treatments for caries lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a nonsurgical approach to arrest occlusal non-cavitated dentin lesions through glass ionomer sealing.

Methods: In this controlled clinical trial, 51 teeth with clinically non-cavitated occlusal caries radiographically located beneath the enamel-dentine junction (radiolucent area) were selected among patients presenting a moderate to high risk of caries. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group receiving an application of Vidrion-R (SS White) glass ionomer and a control group not submitted to any clinical intervention. Caries progression was monitored by clinical and radiographic examination at 4-monthly intervals over a period of one year. In addition, marginal integrity of the sealant was evaluated in the experimental group.

Results: Clinical examination showed no statistical difference between the groups (P=.13). On the other hand, sealed teeth presented lower caries progression when analyzed by radiographic examination (P=.004).

Conclusion: A glass ionomer sealant over non-cavitated occlusal caries lesions in dentin may not be sufficiently effective in arresting their progression. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:34-42)
Efficiency of caries risk assessment in young adults using Cariogram
Authors: Celik Esra Uzer , Gokay Necmi , Ates Mustafa
Published: October 2019

Objectives: The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the caries risk in young adults using Cariogram and (2) compare the efficiency of Cariogram with the regression risk models created using the same variables in Cariogram by examining the actual caries progression over a 2-year period.

Methods: The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the caries risk in young adults using Cariogram and (2) compare the efficiency of Cariogram with the regression risk models created using the same variables in Cariogram by examining the actual caries progression over a 2-year period.

Results: Diet frequency, plaque amount and secretion rate were significantly associated with caries increment (P<.05). Cariogram and the regression risk models explained the caries formation at a higher rate than single-variables. However, the regression risk model developed by diet frequency, plaque amount and secretion rate explained the caries formation similar to Cariogram, while the other regression model developed by all variables used in Cariogram explained the caries formation at a higher rate than this computer program.

Conclusions: Cariogram is effective and can be used for caries risk assessment instead of single variables; however, it is possible to deve
An unusual presentation of generalized aggressive periodontitis with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth
Authors: Salman Arif , Meethil Archana
Published: October 2019

Aggressive periodontitis is a rare condition that progresses rapidly but affects only a small percentage of population. Most of the cases are familial. The presence of supernumerary teeth is also rather rare and often familial. Therefore, a concomitant presentation of aggressive periodontitis and supernumerary teeth in an individual has generated a great interest among clinicians. Here, we report a rare nonsyndromic case of generalized aggressive periodontitis with multiple impacted supernumerary teeth. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:335-339)
Direct observation of terahertz emission from ultrafast spin dynamics in thick ferromagnetic films
Authors: Huang Lin , Kim Ji-Wan , Lee Sang-Hyuk , Kim Seon-Dae , Tien Van Manh , Shinde Kiran Prakash , Shim Je-Ho , Shin Yooleemi , Shin Hee Jun , Kim Seongheun , Park Jaehun , Park Seung-Young , Choi Yeon Suk , Kim Hyun-Joong , Hong Jung-Il , Kim Dong Eon , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: October 2019

We have experimentally investigated the field- and fluence-dependent terahertz (THz) emission behaviors by a femtosecond optical pump in Co ferromagnetic films, together with the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect measurement. The thickness of Co and Ta capping layers has been systematically varied. For thick films, THz emission behavior is found to be directly matched with the photoinduced ultrafast demagnetization and remagnetization dynamics. The angle-dependent THz emission measurement also confirms a direct relation between the THz emission and the photoinduced demagnetization/remagnetization dynamics in the case of thick films, while THz emission from the inverse spin Hall effect also plays a role in the case of thin Co films.
Fourier computed tomographic imaging of two dimensional fluorescent objects
Authors: Stockton Patrick A. , Wernsing Keith A. , Field Jeffrey J. , Squier Jeff , Bartels Randy A.
Published: October 2019

We introduce a new form of tomographic imaging that is particularly advantageous for a new class of super-resolution optical imaging methods. Our tomographic method, Fourier Computed Tomography (FCT), operates in a conjugate domain relative to conventional computed tomography techniques. FCT is the first optical tomography method that records complex projections of the object spatial frequency distribution. From these spatial frequency projections, the spatial slice theorem is derived, which is used to build a tomographic imaging reconstruction algorithm. FCT enables enhancement of spatial frequency support along a single spatial direction to be isotropic in the entire transverse spatial frequency domain.
Defect evolution of oxygen induced Vth-shift for ON-state biased AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Wang Rong , Xu Jianxing , Zhang Shiyong , Cheng Zhe , Zhang Lian , Zheng Penghui , Chen Feng-Xiang , Tong Xiaodong , Zhang Yun , Tan Wei
Published: October 2019

The origin of the threshold voltage (Vth) shift that occurs in ON-state biased AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) is proposed in terms of experimental researches and first-principles calculations. Experimentally, ∼20% negative shift of the Vth is found for the 0.2 μm gate length T-gate AlGaN/GaN HEMT under the ON-state stress. 1/f noise measurements are carried out to investigate the evolution of defect distribution in the GaN channel, which indicates that the Vth shift is accompanied by the diminishing of the defect level of Ev + 0.8 eV. Combined with first-principles studies based on hybrid functionals defect calculations, we find that the defect evolution of O from negatively charged VGa-ON to neutral ON-H gives rise to the decrease in acceptors in the GaN channel and thus the negative shift of Vth. Our work indicates that the strengthening of oxygen-related defects in GaN during material growth and device fabrication would improve the reliability of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Energy-based modeling of micro- and nano-droplet jumping upon coalescence on superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Huang Jun-Jie , Huang Haibo , Xu Jian-Jun
Published: October 2019

Existing energy-based models on coalescence-induced droplet jumping on superhydrophobic surfaces often assume that the viscously dissipated energy is proportional to the Ohnesorge (Oh) number (linear form). Based on the numerical results by two different methods, we found that the energy dissipation for droplet coalescence follows a power law form. What is more, the energy dissipation at the time of droplet jumping was found to be larger than that of droplet coalescence. Besides, existing energy-based models assume a fixed portion of translational kinetic energy (KE) within the droplet's total KE, whereas it actually varies with the Oh number from our simulations. Incorporating a special form of energy dissipation and an Oh-dependent portion of translational KE, we obtained an improved model that can predict the jumping velocity of the coalesced droplet of tens of nanometer- to micrometer-size on nonwetting surfaces much more accurately than the existing energy-based models. Finally, we extended the model for superhydrophobic surfaces with finite adhesion and demonstrated its capability through extensive comparisons with relevant experimental and numerical results.
Steady laminar plume generated from a heated line in polymer solutions
Authors: Cheng Jian-Ping , Qu Jia-Gang , Zhang Hong-Na , Cai Wei-Hua , Shen Lian , Li Si-Ning , Li Feng-Chen
Published: October 2019

From the theoretical viewpoint, governing equations are derived for a steady laminar plume generated from a heated line in polymer solutions, in which similarity variables and the single polymer chain model are introduced. The resolved solutions imply that polymers promote the velocity in the centerline-near region but suppress that in the region far from the centerline. The equivalent effect of polymers is understood as producing two space-dependent source terms, which can explain the interaction between polymers and fluid flow from the viewpoint of energy transport. There exists a critical Weissenberg number (Wi) beyond which the promotion effect in the centerline-near region disappears, which results from the competition of stretching and relaxation of the polymer chain. Meanwhile, the corresponding modification of similarity velocity and heat transport are illustrated and validated numerically by single plume flow in polymer solutions. This work thus may contribute to the understanding of the polymer effect on single plume flow and further the heat transport enhancement mechanism in the bulk flow of turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection with polymers.
Test particle dynamics in low-frequency tokamak turbulence
Authors: Médina J. , Lesur M. , Gravier E. , Réveillé T. , Bertrand P.
Published: October 2019

We study the evolution of one million test particles in a turbulent plasma simulation, using the gyrokinetic code Trapped Element REduction in Semi-Lagrangian Approach (TERESA), as a method to get insights into the type of transport governing the plasma. TERESA (Trapped Element REduction in Semi-Lagrangian Approach) is a collisionless global 4D code which treats the trapped particles kinetically, while the passing particles are considered adiabatic. The Vlasov-Poisson system of equations is averaged over the cyclotron and the trapped particle's bounce motion, and thus, the model focuses on slow phenomena of the order of the toroidal precession motion of the banana orbits. We initialize the test particles, which are de facto “test banana-centers,” at a time of the simulation when the plasma is turbulent. We impose an initial temperature and density gradients, and only the Trapped Ion Mode (TIM) instability can develop in this system. We then calculate the Mean Squared Displacement of the test particles as a function of time in order to obtain a random walk diffusion coefficient. We observe that the radial diffusion of the test particles depends on their toroidal precession kinetic energy (E), in such a way that the transport of particles is dominated by a strong, relatively narrow peak at the resonant energies. A radial particle diffusion flux is then calculated and compared to the total radial particle flux accounting for all the transport processes such as diffusion and advection which is obtained directly from the TERESA code. We can thus compare the diffusive contribution to the particle flux against the nondiffusive contributions. The results show that the total flux is essentially diffusive which is consistent with our simulation setup aiming for “global turbulence.” Both fluxes present a peak around a resonance energy ER≈1.74Ti between the TIM and the particles. Both thermal and high-energy particles do not contribute significantly to radial transport.
A high-efficiency dual-band relativistic Cerenkov oscillator based on dual electron beams
Authors: Zhang Peng , Ge Xingjun , Dang Fangchao , Huang Chao , Zhao Chenyu , Zhang Jun , Zhang Jiande
Published: October 2019

High efficiency and high frequency are key research topics for the development of high power microwave devices. There are, however, serious issues with mode competition in relativistic Cerenkov devices based on a single electron beam, which can lead to low efficiency in the beam-wave interaction process. In this paper, a high-efficiency relativistic Cerenkov oscillator based on a dual electron beam is proposed. The hollow slow wave structure is embedded in the inner conductor of the coaxial waveguide to obtain a double coaxial electromagnetic structure, which can suppress mode competition and improve the beam-wave interaction efficiency of the dual-band radiation. Moreover, each band of radiation is independent of the other, such that high frequency output radiation is generated. Using the particle-in-cell method, the physical processes involving the beam-wave interaction in the oscillator are studied with the aim of designing a high-efficiency double-electromagnetic structure. Simulation results indicated that the output power levels for the X-band and Ka-band were 1.50 GW and 710 MW, respectively, and the efficiencies were 34.7% and 30.7%, respectively, for a diode voltage of 550 kV and a guiding magnetic field of 0.85 T.
Challenges and opportunities for supercapacitors
Authors: Huang Shifei , Zhu Xianglin , Sarkar Samrat , Zhao Yufeng
Published: October 2019

Supercapacitors or ultracapacitors are considered as one of the potential candidates in the domain of energy storage devices for the forthcoming generations. These devices have earned their significance in numerous applications, viz., to power hybrid electric/electric vehicles and other power and electronic systems which require electrical energy for their operation. Supercapacitors are the most versatile devices which are most widely used for delivery of electrical energy in short time and in arenas which demand long shelf life. Therefore, the development of supercapacitors has huge market requirements, and long-term progress is needed for their successful advancement and commercialization. Meanwhile, supercapacitors are also facing challenges such as technical problems, establishing electrical parameter models, consistency testing, and establishing industrial standards. In this paper, the above challenges and the future development opportunities of supercapacitors are introduced in detail. This perspective will provide corresponding guidance and new directions for the development of supercapacitors.
The transition from “double-gradient” to ballooning unstable mode in bent magnetotail-like current sheet
Authors: Korovinskiy D. B. , Divin A. V. , Semenov V. S. , Erkaev N. V. , Ivanov I. B. , Kiehas S. A. , Markidis S.
Published: October 2019

The magnetotail-like magnetoplasma configuration is examined for the stability to the transversal mode by means of linear 2.5- and nonlinear 3-dimensional MHD simulations. The exact two-dimensional Kan-like solution of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations is utilized for background equilibrium bent current sheets. Both linear and nonlinear simulations reveal the same features: the bent current sheet is unstable to perturbations with the wave vector pointing in the out-of-plane direction; the unstable mode is localized in the summer hemisphere; in-plane plasma flow is rotating from the earthward/tailward direction in the near-Earth region to the vertical direction in the tail. Rotation of the plasma velocity and variation of the background plasma parameters in longitudinal (Earth-Sun) direction allow considering the observed plasma motions as a transient mode from the so-called double-gradient (in distant tail) to the conventional ballooning (close to the Earth) instability. It is found that the mode localization is controlled by second derivatives of the total pressure in longitudinal and normal (north-south) directions. This feature is rendered by a newly developed quasi-two-dimensional analytical model of the transversal mode in the bent current sheet.
Observation and manipulation of CIGSe phase formation in a two stage sequential process
Authors: Schönherr Sven , Schöppe Philipp , Kusch Alexander , Oertel Michael , Reislöhner Udo , Ronning Carsten
Published: October 2019

The formation process of the absorber layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based (CIGSe) thin film solar cells is complex and still not understood in detail. Specifically, the Ga gradient of CIGSe solar cells has a strong impact on the efficiency. In a common sequential process, the gradient cannot be adjusted directly by a variation of the sputtered metal precursor layers. Therefore, CIGSe solar cells were produced in a two stage sequential process. The selenization was further split into two stages at different selenization temperatures in order to manipulate the phase formation. We observed that a variation of the selenization temperature in the first stage leads to absorber layers with significant changes in the Ga distribution and show that the formation of the CIGSe phase starts in the center of the deposited precursor layers and not at any interface to the back contact or at the surface.
Effect of cation replacement on the phase stability of formamidinium lead iodide perovskite
Authors: Zhang Jiajia , Xie Chenggen , Li Gang , Dai Panpan , Yang Lei , Liu Renyong , Pan Bicai
Published: October 2019

First-principles calculations have been performed to study the effect of cation replacement with methylammonium (MA+), Cs+, and Rb+ on the properties of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite. It is found that these dopants could improve the stability of the desired α phase of FAPbI3 at reduced temperature by lowering the transition temperature between the perovskite cubic α phase and nonperovskite hexagonal δ phase. Interestingly, the optical absorption properties and the effective masses of holes of FAPbI3 perovskite are only slightly affected. The nature of the improvement of the phase stability resulting from the cation replacement is revealed. However, the calculated mixing energies indicate that these multication materials still suffer long-term instability. Our results provide theoretical guidance for improving current multication engineering strategies or even developing new approaches.
Write-error rate of nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions in the precessional regime
Authors: Saino Takaharu , Kanai Shun , Shinozaki Motoya , Jinnai Butsurin , Sato Hideo , Fukami Shunsuke , Ohno Hideo
Published: October 2019

We investigate the write-error rate (WER) of spin-transfer torque (STT)-induced switching in nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for various pulse durations down to 3 ns. While the pulse duration dependence of switching current density shows a typical behavior of the precessional regime, WER vs current density is not described by an analytical solution known for the precessional regime. The measurement of WER as a function of magnetic field suggests that the WER is characterized by an effective damping constant, which is significantly larger than the value determined by ferromagnetic resonance. The current density dependence of WER is well reproduced by a macrospin model with thermal fluctuation using the effective damping constant. The obtained finding implies a larger relaxation rate and/or thermal agitation during STT switching, offering a previously unknown insight toward high-reliability memory applications.
Ion conduction and relaxation mechanism in ionogels embedded with imidazolium based ionic liquids
Authors: Pal P. , Ghosh A.
Published: October 2019

The impact of physicochemical properties of imidazolium based different ionic liquids such as BDMIMBF4, BMIMBF, and EMIMBF4 on the ion conduction and relaxation mechanisms in ionogels is investigated using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The complex conductivity isotherms of these ionogels are analyzed using a universal power law coupled with a modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck model for the contribution of electrode polarization dominated in the low frequency region. The effect of electrode polarization is analyzed by using the Macdonald-Coelho model to determine free-ion diffusivity and number density in these ionogels. The relaxation process of ions is also systematically studied using electric modulus spectroscopy over wide frequency and temperature ranges. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity, free-ion diffusivity, and relaxation times follows the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher relationship, indicating existence of coupling between the ion transport and segmental dynamics in these ionogels. The EMIMBF4 ionic liquid doped ionogel shows the highest ionic conductivity, lowest relaxation time, highest free-ion diffusivity and highest number density due to the smallest size of cations, highest static dielectric constant, and lowest viscosity of the EMIMBF4 ionic liquid. It is observed that the stretched exponents for different ionogels obtained from Havriliak-Negami and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts fits of electric modulus are lower than unity, indicating highly nonexponential relaxation in the investigated ionogels.
Generalization of the Wall theorem to out-of-equilibrium conditions
Authors: Urrutia Ignacio , Paganini Iván E. , Pastorino Claudio
Published: October 2019

The well-known Wall theorem states a simple and precise relation among temperature, pressure, and density of a fluid at contact with a confining hard wall in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this Communication, we develop an extension of the Wall theorem to out-of-equilibrium conditions, providing an exact relation between pressure, density, and temperature at the wall, valid for strong nonequilibrium situations. We derive analytically this nonequilibrium Wall theorem for stationary states and validate it with nonequilibrium event-driven molecular-dynamics simulations. We compare the analytical expression with simulations by direct evaluation of temperature, density, and pressure on the wall of a nanoconfined liquid under stationary flow. This is done for linear regime, medium and very strong out-of-equilibrium conditions, presenting viscous heating and heat transport. The agreement between theory and simulation is excellent, allowing for a conclusive verification. In addition, we explore the degree of accuracy of using the equilibrium Wall theorem and different expressions for the local temperature, employed in nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations.
Spin-orbit torque induced magnetization switching in ferrimagnetic Heusler alloy D22-Mn3Ga with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Zhao X. P. , Lu J. , Mao S. W. , Yu Z. F. , Wei D. H. , Zhao J. H.
Published: October 2019

Magnetization switching induced by spin–orbit torque is of fundamental interest for developing spintronic devices with low-power consumption and nonvolatility. Here, we report on the spin–orbit torque induced magnetization switching behavior of (001) oriented tetragonal Heusler alloy D022-Mn3Ga films with an intrinsic ferrimagnetic spin structure grown on the GaAs(001) substrate by molecular-beam epitaxy. The out-of-plane hysteresis loop and anomalous Hall effect demonstrated a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and low saturation magnetization of D022-Mn3Ga thin films. The spin–orbit torque induced magnetization switching has been realized in D022-Mn3Ga/Pt heterostructure based Hall devices under an in-plane external field. It is found that the critical switching current density Jc is much smaller than that of the L10-MnGa/heavy metal system. Besides, both a dampinglike effective field HDL and a fieldlike effective field HFL are quantified by performing harmonic Hall voltage measurements. All these results indicate that ferrimagnetic D022-Mn3Ga can be a promising candidate material for realizing high-density and energy-efficient spintronic devices.
Effects of the orange lemma (rob1) mutant line of barley cv. ‘Optic’ compared with its wild-type on the ruminal microbiome and fermentation tested with the rumen simulation technique
Authors: Klevenhusen F. , Emsenhuber C. , Grausgruber H. , Petri R. M. , Zebeli Q.
Published: September 2019

The use of cereals as forage crops is limited due to the high lignin content in the cell walls reducing nutrient digestibility. Recent research has focused on reducing lignification in forage crops through gene mutations. This study investigated the ruminal fermentation characteristics of a barley mutation (orange lemma), which is associated with a lower lignin content, using the in vitro ruminal fermentation system (RUSITEC). Two-rowed spring barley cv. ‘Optic’ and its ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced orange lemma (rob1) mutant line were harvested at both stem elongation and early fruit development and incubated in the RUSITEC system. Gas production, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and ammonia and the nutrient degradation of the plants after 48 h incubation were investigated. Additional samples were analysed for microbial composition using MiSeq sequencing technology. In general, acid detergent lignin (ADL) was higher at early grain filling than stem elongation. ADL was lower in the mutant line than in the wild type at both stem elongation (13.9% vs 18.5%) and early grain development (26.0% vs 28.6%; dry matter basis). This was reflected in increased ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fibre (61.7% vs 53.7%; P < 0.001) when harvested at stem elongation, but not at the later stage. In contrast, methane formation was lower with rob1 than ‘Optic’ (P = 0.002), especially when harvested at stem elongation. No difference was seen in protein degradation between the barley genotypes. The fermentation SCFA profile did not differ between barley genotypes when harvested at stem elongation, but at early fruit development more acetate and less butyrate was produced with rob1. Microbial species richness was lower when barley was incubated at stem elongation compared to fruit development (P < 0.001), which was especially pronounced with rob1 (P = 0.026). The abundance of Bacteroidetes, Synergistetes and Tenericutes was lower when plants harvested at early grain development were incubated compared to the stem elongation stage, whereas the abundance of Cyanobacteria, Elusimicrobia, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and WPS-2 was higher (P < 0.001). In conclusion, most fermentation parameters were affected by vegetation stage and related changes in nutrient composition. However, additional effects of barley genotype were seen on the rumen microbial community structure, SCFA profile and methane production.
A CTG repeat-selective chemical screen identifies microtubule inhibitors as selective modulators of toxic CUG RNA levels
Authors: Reddy Kaalak , Jenquin Jana R. , McConnell Ona L. , Cleary John D. , Richardson Jared I. , Pinto Belinda S. , Haerle Maja C. , Delgado Elizabeth , Planco Lori , Nakamori Masayuki , Wang Eric T. , Berglund J. Andrew
Published: October 2019

A CTG repeat expansion in the
DMPK
gene is the causative mutation of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Transcription of the expanded CTG repeat produces toxic gain-of-function CUG RNA, leading to disease symptoms. A screening platform that targets production or stability of the toxic CUG RNA in a selective manner has the potential to provide new biological and therapeutic insights. A DM1 HeLa cell model was generated that stably expresses a toxic r(CUG)480 and an analogous r(CUG)0 control from
DMPK
and was used to measure the ratio-metric level of r(CUG)480 versus r(CUG)0. This DM1 HeLa model recapitulates pathogenic hallmarks of DM1, including CUG ribonuclear foci and missplicing of pre-mRNA targets of the muscleblind (MBNL) alternative splicing factors. Repeat-selective screening using this cell line led to the unexpected identification of multiple microtubule inhibitors as hits that selectively reduce r(CUG)480 levels and partially rescue MBNL-dependent missplicing. These results were validated by using the Food and Drug Administration-approved clinical microtubule inhibitor colchicine in DM1 mouse and primary patient cell models. The mechanism of action was found to involve selective reduced transcription of the CTG expansion that we hypothesize to involve the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex. The unanticipated identification of microtubule inhibitors as selective modulators of toxic CUG RNA opens research directions for this form of muscular dystrophy and may shed light on the biology of CTG repeat expansion and inform therapeutic avenues. This approach has the potential to identify modulators of expanded repeat-containing gene expression for over 30 microsatellite expansion disorders.
Local alliances and rivalries shape near-repeat terror activity of al-Qaeda, ISIS, and insurgents
Authors: Chuang Yao-Li , Ben-Asher Noam , D’Orsogna Maria R.
Published: October 2019

Significance

We examine near-repeat activity patterns of al-Qaeda, ISIS, and local insurgents, whereby a first terrorist attack temporarily increases the likelihood of a second one by the same group. We observe heightened near-repeat activity for all organizations in six geographic clusters and quantify the effect to persist within 20 km and 4 to 10 weeks after the first event. Near-reaction patterns, where two distinct groups react to each other’s activities, depend on the adversarial, neutral, or collaborative relationship between parties at the local level. We find no evidence of outbidding, whereas terrorist and state activities mutually reinforce one another. Our results may be useful for counterterrorism decision making and strategic resource allocation; near-repeat patterns may offer insight into local power structures.
Rationally engineered
Staphylococcus aureus
Cas9 nucleases with high genome-wide specificity
Authors: Tan Yuanyan , Chu Athena H. Y. , Bao Siyu , Hoang Duc Anh , Kebede Firaol Tamiru , Xiong Wenjun , Ji Mingfang , Shi Jiahai , Zheng Zongli
Published: October 2019

RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 proteins have been widely used for genome editing, but their off-target activities limit broad application. The minimal Cas9 ortholog from
Staphylococcus aureus
(SaCas9) is commonly used for in vivo genome editing; however, no variant conferring high genome-wide specificity is available. Here, we report rationally engineered SaCas9 variants with highly specific genome-wide activity in human cells without compromising on-target efficiency. One engineered variant, referred to as SaCas9-HF, dramatically improved genome-wide targeting accuracy based on the genome-wide unbiased identification of double-stranded breaks enabled by sequencing (GUIDE-seq) method and targeted deep sequencing analyses. Among 15 tested human endogenous sites with the canonical NNGRRT protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), SaCas9-HF rendered no detectable off-target activities at 9 sites, minimal off-target activities at 6 sites, and comparable on-target efficiencies to those of wild-type SaCas9. Furthermore, among 4 known promiscuous targeting sites, SaCas9-HF profoundly reduced off-target activities compared with wild type. When delivered by an adeno-associated virus vector, SaCas9-HF also showed reduced off-target effects when targeting
VEGFA
in a human retinal pigmented epithelium cell line compared with wild type. Then, we further altered a previously described variant named KKH-SaCas9 that has a wider PAM recognition range. Similarly, the resulting KKH-HF remarkably reduced off-target activities and increased on- to off-target editing ratios. Our finding provides an alternative to wild-type SaCas9 for genome editing applications requiring exceptional genome-wide precision.