bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of copper halides on the course of photolysis of α,α′-Disubstituted stilbenes
Authors: Collins DJ , Hobbs JJ
Published: September 2010

Photolysis of
4,4?-dimethoxy-α,α?-dimethylstilbene (Id)
in the presence of air, in cyclohexane containing iodine (Method A), gave an
abnormally low yield (11%) of 3,6-dimethoxy-9,10-dimethylphenanthrene
(IId), together with 9% of p-methoxy-acetophenone formed
by photooxidative fission. Irradiation of (Id) in the presence of air in
absolute ethanol containing iodine and cupric chloride (or bromide) (Method B),
afforded a significantly higher yield (54%) of (IId),
while a similar reaction in which cupric chloride was omitted produced only
0.6% of (IId). The yields of phenanthrenes obtained
by photolysis by Methods A and B of various α,α?-disubstituted,
α-monosubstituted, and α-unsubstituted stilbenes are compared.

The nature of the photooxidative cleavage
of (Id) (using Method A), and the possible role of cupric and/or cuprous ions
in facilitating the photoconversion of (Id) into (IId),
are discussed.

Demethylation of (IId),
(IIe), and (IIf) afforded
the phenanthrene diols (IIa), (IIb), and (IIc), respectively.
Conformational analysis of coordination compounds: R-N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis-(2'-aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminopropanecobalt(III)
Authors: Gollogly JR , Hawkins CJ
Published: September 2010

The stereospecificity of
the ligand, R-N,N,N?,N?-tetrakis(2?- aminoethyl)-1,2-diaminopropane, when
coordinated as a sexadentate chelate to cobalt(III), has been investigated by
an a priori calculation of the conformational energy difference between the various
possible absolute configurations of the complex. It has been shown that the L
isomer is more stable than the D isomer by an extremely large energy difference
which is due mainly to van der Waals interactions. Some of the terms which
contribute to conformational energy differences between metal complexes have
not been considered previously.
Pyridinium ylids in synthesis. I. Alkylation of ylids and synthesis of ketones and acids
Authors: Henrick CA , Ritchie E , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

Ylids generated by bases from pyridinium salts containing
an activated methylene group can be C-alkylated in aprotic solvents. Reductive
cleavage of the pyridine residue then affords alkylated ketones or esters. The
reaction sequence constitutes an overall synthesis which is formally analogous
to syntheses from β-keto esters.��� Alkylation of N-pyridinium phenacylid with
phenacyl bromide gave chiefly 1,2,3-tribenzoylpropene,
the tautomerism of which was examined.
Reactions of lead tetraacetate. I. Formation of acylamines from primary carboxamides
Authors: Acott B , Beckwith ALJ , Hassanali A
Published: September 2010

Pentanamide, when treated with lead tetraacetate in hot benzene,
affords a mixture of N-butylacetamide and N,N?-dibutylurea.
Examples of similar transformations of a number of primary carboxamides
are described. The reaction, which may also be conducted in acetic acid or
benzene-acetic acid mixture, is catalysed by pyridine. Cyclohexanecarboxamide,
when oxidized by lead tetraacetate in the presence of propionic
or benzoic acid, is converted into the appropriate acylcyclohexylamine.
The reaction mechanism involves intermediate formation of alkyl isocyanate, possibly via Curtius
rearrangement of acylnitrene.
The preparation of 3,4-diphenylpyridine and some of its derivatives
Authors: Mortimer PI
Published: September 2010

2,3-Diphenylglutarimide
reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form 2,5,6-trichloro-3,4-diphenylpyridine,
which was readily reduced to 3,4-diphenylpyridine,
and 5,6-dichloro-3,4-diphenylpyridin-2-ol, which
appears to exist in this tautomeric form.
Photochemical reactions of azo compounds. XV. Ortho/para substitution ratios in the photoinduced reactions of trans-azobenzene with acid chlorides
Authors: Hamon DPG , Lewis GE , Mayfield RJ
Published: September 2010

Irradiation of trans-azobenzene in acetyl chloride, and
subsequent hydrolysis-oxidation of the photo product, has been shown to yield a
small amount of 2-chloroazo-benzene in addition to 4-chloroazobenzene (main product). Analogous reaction
sequences, starting with different acid chlorides, show marked variations in ortho/para substitution ratios; and
correlations indicate that the relative extents of ortho and para
substitution are associated with the ionizability of
the acid chlorides.
Carbonyl halides of the Group VI transition metals. X. Further dithiocarbamate derivatives of Molybdenum Halocarbonyls
Authors: Colton R , Scollary GR
Published: September 2010

The changes effected in the
stability of molybdenum carbonyl compounds of the types Mo(CO), dtc,
and Mo(CO), dtc, (dtc = dialkyldithiocarbamate) and
in their carbon monoxide carrying ability, by varying the alkyl group in the
dithiocarbamate group, have been investigated. The oxidation of the
carbonyl dithiocarbamate complexes by oxygen to the known molybdenum(v)
complexes of the type Mo2O3
dtc, is reported. Extensive infrared and mass spectrometric studies on the
latter compounds have been carried out. Attempts to isolate the
corresponding tungsten compounds have been unsuccessful.
Condensation products of pyrrole and hexane-2,5-dione
Authors: Dalton LK , Teitei T
Published: September 2010

Pyrrole and hexane-2,b-dione react in glacial acetic acid
containing zinc acetate to give 4,7-dimethylindole, 5,8-dimethylindolizine, 1,4,6,8-tetramethyl-carbazole
and a more highly condensed product which has been assigned the structure
1,4-bis(4,7-dimethylindol-2-yl)-1,4,5,8-ethyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole.
Absorption spectra in the vacuum ultraviolet and the ionization potentials of naphthalene and naphthalene-d8 molecules
Authors: Angus JG , Christ BJ , Morris GC
Published: September 2010

The vapour absorption
spectra of naphthalene and naphthalene-d8 were obtained photographically
and photoelectrically from 50000 to 70000 cm-1.
A series of Rydberg transitions and possibly two π*-π
systems are observed. Each of the five Rydberg series
converges to an ionization potential of 65620 � 40 cm-l, i.e. 8.136
� 0.005 eV (C10H8), and 65640 �
60 cm-l, i.e. 8.138 � 0.008 eV (C10D8). The quantum defects of
the series are (0.94, 0.88, 0.82, 0.67, 0.53) � 0.01. The significance of these
results is discussed.
Shock-initiated exothermic reactions. V. The oxidation of ethylene
Authors: Drummond LJ
Published: September 2010

Mixtures of C2H4
with 02 or N3O and argon have been ignited with reflected
shocks. The temperature dependence of the induction period to explosion
suggests that the rate-controlling reaction for the C2H4-02
system is CH2O + O2 + CHO +HO2. Results for the C2H4-N2O
system do not identify one particular reaction as being rate-controlling. A
combination of reactions is probably involved. Possibilities include the
pyrolysis of ethylene and of ethylene oxide and the reaction CH2+N2O
→ CH+OH+N2.
Organoaluminium compounds. XVII. Dimeric and trimeric dimethylaluminium phenoxide
Authors: Jeffery EA , Mole T
Published: September 2010

Molecular weight and proton
magnetic resonance measurements indicate that in solution dimethylaluminium phenoxide slowly equilibrates to a mixture of dimer and
trimer.
Carbonyl halides of the Group VI transition metals. XIII. Diiodotetracarbonyls of molybdenum and tungsten and some of their derivatives
Authors: Colton R , Rix CJ
Published: September 2010

Diiodotetracarbonyls of
molybdenum and tungsten(II) have been prepared for the first time by the direct
interaction of the parent hexacarbonyls with iodine at room temperature under
the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Reaction of the iodocarbonyls with
donor ligands such as triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, and triphenylstibine
generally gives neutral substitution products, but the reaction between the
molybdenum compound and triphenylphosphine yielded the previously reported
triphenylphosphonium salt of the triiodotricarbonyl(triphenylphosphine)-molybdate(II)
ion. ��� Diiodotricarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)tungsten(II)
loses carbon monoxide on heating under vacuum to give the corresponding blue
dicarbonyl compound. The dicarbonyl dissolved in dichloromethane readily
absorbs carbon monoxide to reform the tricarbonyl and the compounds therefore
represent a further carbon monoxide carrying system. ��
Mass spectrometric studies. V. Benzylidenemalonic acid and related compounds
Authors: Baldas J , Porter QN , Ramsay CCR
Published: September 2010

The mass spectra of
benzylidenemalonic acids are dominated by dehydration to species formulated as
anhydrides, except in cases where ortho effects alter the fragmentation. Furfurylidenemalonic
acid shows a novel rearrangement process involving an oxygen atom transfer. The
mass spectra of the corresponding dimethyl and monomethyl esters have also been
examined. The former show marked methoxy group migrations, whereas the latter
have spectra in which fragmentation processes characteristic of both the parent
acids and the diesters are observed.
Tetraphenylborate derivatives of titanium(III)
Authors: Coutts RSP , Kautzner B , Wailes PC
Published: September 2010

Three new titanium(III)
compounds which incorporate solvent molecules have been prepared by replacing
the chlorido ligand of cp2TiCl by the non-coordinating group BPh4-.
The new compounds are formulated as [cp2Ti(H2O)3]2[BPh4]2,
[cp2Ti(N≡CCH3)2]BPh4, and [cp2Ti(py)2]BPh4.
The methyl cyanide and pyridine complexes are monomeric and show the normal
paramagnetic behaviour of isolated titanium(III) compounds, but the aquo
derivative is dimeric with magnetic interaction between titanium atoms.
Acridone studies. VI. Bromination of acridones in chloroform
Authors: Prager RH , Thredgold HM
Published: September 2010

In chloroform and acetic
acid, N-methylacridone and methoxylated derivatives rapidly form 1 : 2 adducts
with bromine, formulated as hypobromite salts. On gentle warming these
decompose to the monobromo substitution product. Hydroxylated acridones appear
to also add bromine to the substituted ring, forming products which are highly
reactive to water and other nucleophiles.
The electronic spectra of binuclear molybdenum(II) carboxylates
Authors: Dubicki L , Martin RL
Published: September 2010

The electronic spectra of
binuclear molybdenum(II) acetate, benzoate, p-fluorobenzoate, and
pentafluorobutyrate show intense absorption at ≈ 30000cm-1
which may, in part, be due to strong Mo-Mo bonding. The binuclear structure is
characterized by a weak band at ≈ 23000 cm-1 which displays
extensive vibrational fine structure. A semi-empirical molecular orbital
calculation is used as an aid in the interpretation of the spectra.
A synthesis of methyl 10,11-Epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
Authors: Cavill GWK , Williams PJ
Published: September 2010

Methyl
(�)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-trans-2,trans-6-dienoate (VI) has been
synthesized, starting from 5,6-isopropylidenedioxy-6- methylheptan-2-one (II).
Spectroscopic and gas chromatographic data for the cis,cis-,trans-, trans,cis-,
and trans,trans-isomers of methyl 10,11-isopropylidenedioxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6-dienoate
(X) are given.
Sulphur-nitrogen chelating agents. VIII. Magnetic behaviour of some cobalt(II) complexes at the crossover region
Authors: Chia PSK , Livingstone SE
Published: September 2010

The bis-ligand cobalt(II)
complexes of 6-methylpyrid-2-yi-N-(2?-
methylthio-phenyl)methyleneimine (SNNMe) are
spin-free and the corresponding complexes of 2-pyridyl-N-(2?- methylthiophenyl)methyleneimine
(SNN) are spin-paired. This difference in magnetic behaviour arises from a
lower effective ligand field strength of SNNMe,
presumably due to the steric inter-ligand interference introduced by the methyl
group in the 6-position of SNNMe. The moments of the
cobalt(II) complexes are dependent on temperature and the departures from the
Curie-Weiss law are quite anomalous. No quantitative treatment is given for the
anomalous magnetic behaviour; however, the results are best explained as a
thermal equilibrium between the nearly equi-energetic
spin-paired and spin-free states of the cobalt(II) atom.
Five- and six-coordinated complexes of cobalt(II) with 2,2',2'-terpyridyl: Unusual structure and magnetism
Authors: Harris CM , Lockyer TN , Martin RL , Patil HRH , Sinn E
Published: September 2010

Cobalt(II) complexes of the
type [Co(terpy)X2] (I), [Co(terpy)2]X2,nH2O
(II), and [Co(terpy)2]Y2,nH2O (III), where X =
Cl-, Br-, I-, NCS-, and Y = ClO4-, [BPh4]-, have been
prepared and characterized by magnetic, spectroscopic, and conductance measurements.
The ?mono? complexes (I) are 5-coordinated and monomeric, non-ionic in
nitrobenzene, and have high-spin magnetic moments in the range 4.7-5.0 B.M.
They are readily and reversibly converted into the ?bis? complexes (II) with
the addition or loss of a molecule of terpyridyl: [Co(terpy)X2]+ terpy
↔ [Co(terpy)2]X2 ��� The bis complexes (II) and (III) exhibit
the characteristic features of the electronic cross-over phenomenon, their
magnetic moments being strongly dependent on temperature, the anion X or Y, and
water of crystallization. A model based on the 4T1-2E
cross-over is set up which gives a good representation of the magnetic
properties. Values of the difference between the zero-point energies of the 4T1
and 2E states are given for the various compounds. ��� Attempts to isolate halogeno complexes of
the type [Co(terpy)X]+ were unsuccessful.
Autoxidation of α-Farnesene
Authors: Anet EFLJ
Published: September 2010

α-Farnesene rapidly
autoxidizes at 1�, the primary monomeric products being conjugated triene
hydroperoxides, namely (E,E)-1,5-dimethyl-1-(4- methylpent-3-enyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienyl
hydroperoxide, with some of the (E,Z) isomer, and a mixture of the erythro and
threo (E,E)-4-(1- hydroperoxy-1-methylethyl)-1-methyl-1-(4-methylhexa-1,3,5-
trienyl)tetramethylene peroxide. The structures of these oxidation products
were deduced largely from the p.m.r. spectra of alcohols obtained after
reduction of the hydroperoxide groups. The mechanism of the autoxidation is
discussed.
The chemistry of aliphatic unconjugated nitramines. III. Thermal, electrophilic, and nucleophilic reactions
Authors: Stals J
Published: September 2010

The VESCF(BJ)-MO electronic
bond energies, charge distributions, bond orders, free valencies, and frontier
orbital charges, when used as reactivity indices, provide a surprisingly good
account of the thermal decomposition and of the electrophilic and nucleophilic
substitution reactions of nitramide and primary and secondary aliphatic
nitramines. A good account of the chemistry of RDX and HMX is also given by the
calculated parameters for s- and as-N,N-dimethylnitramines.
The chemical constituents of Australian Zanthoxylum species. V. The constituents of Z. pluviatile Hartley; the structures of two new lignans
Authors: Corrie JET , Green GH , Ritchie E , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

The bark of Zanthoxylum pluviatile
Hartley yielded xanthyletin, hesperidin,
(-)-or-oanadine methiodide,
protopine, lupeol, savinin, sesamin, sucrose, and
two new lignans, pluviatilol
and pluviatolide. The leaves gave rutaecarpine,
kokusaginine, β-sitosterol, an alkane mixture,
and pluviatolide. From the wood there were isolated hesperidin, skimmianine, and β-sitosterol;
in addition, evidence for the presence of ohelerythrine
was obtained. Structures (3) and (7) are
proposed for pluviatolide and pluviatilol
respectively from chemical and spectroscopic considerations. From an aged
phenolic fraction from the bark the new substance, pluviatide
(ll), was isolated and its structure determined; it was probably an artefact derived from pluviatilol.
Studies in the chemistry of technetium. Complexes of technetium-(II), -(III), and -(IV) with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane
Authors: Fergusson JE , Hickford JH
Published: September 2010

Complexes of bi-and ter-valent technetium have been prepared with the

diphosphine 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane,
viz. [Tc(diphos)2X2]
and [Tc(di-phos)2Br2]Br where X = CL, Br. The
complexes can be formulated as octahedral compounds and both magnetic and
spectral evidence agree with this. The quadrivalent
technetium compounds TcBr4, TcBr4(Ph3P)2,
and the salts (diphos-H2)TcX6 (X = CL, Br) and Ag2TcCl6 have also been prepared and
are described. Attempts to prepare the trichloride (TcCL3)
are also reported.
Kinetics of the oxidation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of phenolic compounds
Authors: Gun SR , Nandi US
Published: September 2010

The kinetics of the
reaction of methyl methacrylate with oxygen in the presence of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile has been studied at 60-70� both in
the presence and absence of phenol and 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol.
Retarded rates are proportional to the first power of the initiator
concentrations, the first power of the methyl methacrylate
concentrations, and the inverse first power of the phenol concentrations. The
overall activation energy of the reaction in the absence of phenol is 31.51
kcal/mole and in the presence of phenol is 41.00 kcal/mole. The mechanism is
discussed in the light of the experimental results and it is inferred that
termination in inhibited oxidation proceeds through hydrogen abstraction and
chain transfer.
The four 3,4:5,6-Di-O-benzylidene derivatives of glucose phenylosotriazole
Authors: Carman RM , Petty JD
Published: September 2010

The four possible
diastereomeric bisdioxolan dibenzylidene derivatives of glucose
phenylosotriazole have been synthesized.
Interaction of heterocycles and nucleophiles. III. Interconversion of the methine sigma complexes derived from 3,5-dinitropyridine and methoxide ion in dimethyl sulphoxide
Authors: Biffin MEC , Miller J , Moritz AG , Paul DB
Published: September 2010

The conversion of the methine complex (4; R1 = H) into the more stable isomer (5; R1 =
R2 = H) is reported.
Oxidation of hydrazones with iodine in the presence of base
Authors: Pross A , Sternhell S
Published: September 2010

The oxidation of 14
hydrazones with iodine in the presence of base (generally triethylamine) was
investigated. The typical reaction products are mixtures of gem-diiodides and vinyl iodides obtained in total yields of 38-85%.
The features of the reaction are consistent with a mechanism involving an
intermediate iododiazonium salt and/or an iodocarbonium ion. The preparation and purification of
hydrazones was investigated.
Complexes of 8-Amino-2-methylquinoline with divalent iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc sulphates
Authors: Litzow MR , Power LF , Tait AM
Published: September 2010

The complexes formed by
8-amino-2-methylquinoline (maq)
with iron(11), cobalt(11), nickel(11),
copper(11), and zinc(11) sulphates have been prepared. The visible spectra,
conductivities, and infrared spectra favour the assignment of dimeric octahedral
stereochemistries for the copper(11) and zinc(11)
complexes, involving ohelating sulphato
groups. The complexes of iron(11), nickel(11), and cobalt(11) appear to be octahedral and monomeric
with monodentate sulphato groups.
Metal complexes of 1,10-Phenanthroline derivatives. III. Complexes of 1,10-Phenanthroline-2-amidoxime
Authors: Goodwin HA , Smith FE
Published: September 2010

Complexes of 1,l0-phenanthroline-2-amidoxime with iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper salts are
described. Bis-ligand, six-covalent complexes were obtained with all metals.
The iron(11) complex is spin-paired while the cobalt(11) and nickel(11)
complexes are spin-free. Two series of mono-ligand complexes were obtained with
copper(11). One of these consists of green, paramagnetic complexes of the
uncharged ligand, and the other of brown, diamagnetic complexes of the
deprotonated ligand. Salts of the two series are
readily interconvertible. A binuclear structure is
proposed for the cation in both series. Deprotonation
of the bis-ligand cobalt(11) complex is accompanied by oxidation and
cobalt(111) complexes of both the uncharged and the deprotonated ligand were obtained.
Reduction by dissolving metals. XV. Reactions of some cyclohexadienes with metal-ammonia solutions
Authors: Birch AJ , Subba Rao GSR
Published: September 2010

Reduction by metal-ammonia solutions of 1-methoxycyclohexa-1,3-dienes
gives mixtures of cyclohexenes and 1-methoxycyclohexenes, the ratios being de-
pendent on presence or absence of an alcohol. In the absence of a proton source
other than ammonia 1-methoxycyclohexa-1,4-dienes are reducible directly, under-
going preliminary conjugation under the basic conditions.
Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Structure of molten nitrates. V. Effect of cation change and anion symmetry on melt structure
Authors: James DW , Charlisle RD , Leong W
Published: September 2010

A previous study of the
effect of univalent cations on the intensity of symmetrical stretching
frequency in nitrate melts has been extended. The use of divalent cations Mg2+, Ca2+,
Pb2-, and Cd2+
has confirmed that for systems in which covalent bonding is not important the
intensity of the symmetrical stretching frequency decreases linearly with the
strength of the cationic field. In systems for which covalent interactions are
important the change in intensity is probably related to the electronic structure
of the cation. The low frequency vibrational modes for the melts studied also
showed great variation in intensity. This has been correlated with the
variation in the anisotropy of the anionic polarizability and substitution in
the pseudo lattice of the melt.
The effect of the anisotropy of the polarizability was further studied by
replacing the nitrate ion by perchlorate, chlorate, and nitrite. The measurements showed
that the greater the anisotropy the higher the intensity of the lattice modes.
Imidazolato-bridged complexes of copper(II)
Authors: Bridson ME , Walker WR
Published: September 2010

Compounds of the empirical
formula Cu(HIm)2(Im)X
[where X = NO3-,

ClO4-, Cl-, Br-, and I-; HIm =
imidazole and Im- = anion of imidazole] have been
prepared and investigated. Evidence for the imidazolato
anion acting as a bridging ligand in the solid state is based on magnetic and
spectroscopic data. The electronic spectra of aqueous solutions of tetrakisimidazolecopper(11) compounds suggest the presence
of the binuclear hydroxy-bridged cation (1) :

(See diagram in article)

which is also furnished by
the imidazolato-bridged species in aqueous solution.
Metal template reactions. IV. The attempted dimerization of α,ω amino aldehydes around nickel(II) ions
Authors: Black DSC , Lane MJ
Published: September 2010

The dimerization of certain
α,w amino aldehydes around a nickel(11) ion-a
potentially useful procedure for the preparation of macrocyclic nickel(11)
complexes-could not be achieved. Hydrogenation of 2-formyl-2'-nitrodiphenylamine
and several of its derivatives, with or without the presence of nickel(11)
ions, in all cases yielded 10,11-dihydro-5H dibenzo[b,f][1,4]diazepine.

α,w Amino acetals have been
prepared by reactions of 2-minobenzaldehyde and 2-nitrobenzalclehyde
respectively with 2-amino-1,l-diethoxyethane,
followed by reduction in the latter case, but these could not be converted into
macrocyclic products.
Extractives of Australian timbers. X. Autoxidation and other reactions of the conjugated side-chain of eberlin lactone. Isolation of a new isomer of ebelin lactone
Authors: Eade RA , Ellis J , Shannon JS , Simes HV , Simes JJH
Published: September 2010

The conjugated triene side-chain of ebelin
lactone has been degraded in a stepwise manner using osmium tetroxide.
A new isomer of ebelin lactone has been isolated from
the sapogenin mixture and has been assigned the
structure (9) in which the 25(26) double bond has the cis configuration. Autoxidation of ebelin lactone in the solid state yields a mixture from
which three compounds have been isolated and identified; all three arise from
oxidation of the side-chain at the terminal double bond and methyl groups.
N.M.R. study of the dehydration of sodium bromide dihydrate
Authors: Campbell ID , Mackey DJ
Published: September 2010

The dehydration of
polycrystalline NaBr,2H2O is studied by
observing the proton, sodium, and bromine nuclear magnetic resonances. Fully
hydrated samples and samples which have been partly vacuum-dehydrated show the
same behaviour. As the sample is gradually warmed from room temperature water
is evolved more and more freely until at 50.8�C complete dehydration occurs.
However, the proton resonance results indicate little, if any, preliminary
reorientation or migration of the water molecule through the lattice, as this
increasingly rapid loss of water occurs. With each stage of vacuum dehydration
the sodium and bromine resonances, which are sensitive indicators of the
anhydrous cubic phase, increase steadily in intensity. The observations are
consistent with the classical mechanism of vacuum dehydration proceeding
inwards from the surface of the crystallite. The outer layers are completely
converted into the cubic phase while the interior of the crystallite is
unaffected.
The H_ acidity function in ethylene and propylene glycols
Authors: Chattanathan N , Kalidas C
Published: September 2010

The H_ acidity function has
been determined for solutions of sodium and lithium glycollates in ethylene and
propylene glycols with a series of nitrodiphenyl-amines as indicators. The
validity of the H_ function has been established in basic solutions of ethylene
glycol but not in propylene glycol. Equilibrium constants have been reported
for the ionization of some nitrodiphenylamines in basic solutions of the two
glycols.
Inter-ring proton couplings in naphthalene
Authors: Javis MW , Moritz AG
Published: September 2010

The nuclear magnetic
resonance spectra of 1,3,5,7- and 1,3,6,8- tetradeutero-naphthalenes have been
examined at 60 MHz with simultaneous 1H-{2H} spin
decoupling. Analysis of the spectra has yielded the following values for the
interring coupling constants in naphthalene : J1,5 = | 0.83|;
J1,6 = -0.16; J1,7 = + 0.21 and J2,6
= | 0.28| Hz. The signs of J1,6 and J1,7 have
been determined relative to J1,3.
Antimicrobial factors in wool wax
Authors: Goodrich BS , Roberts DS
Published: September 2010

(+)-10-Methyldodecanoic
acid and 12-methyltridecanoic acid have been isolated from the acid fraction of
wool wax. These acids have a high inhibitory activity against Gram positive
bacteria, but not against Gram negatives or fungi. A steric relationship with
the Gram positive cell wall surface is suggested.
Charge-transfer and intraligand electronic spectra of bipyridyl complexes of iron, ruthenium, and osmium. II. Tervalent complexes
Authors: Bryant GM , Fergusson JE
Published: September 2010

The electronic spectra of a
series of six-coordinate octahedral tris-, bis-, and mono-bipyridyl complexes
of tervalent iron, ruthenium, and osmium have been recorded and spectral bands
assigned to intraligand and charge-transfer transitions. The tris-bipyridyl
complexes and bis- and mono-bipyridyl complexes containing other ligands such
as pyridine and cyanide show a metal reduction transition π(bipy) →
t2(metal). Bipyridyl complexes of osmium containing halide ligands
show a similar transition, but for the corresponding complexes of iron and
ruthenium the metal reduction transition is now X(halogen) → t2(metal),
the electron originating on the halide ligand. Bipyridyl-acetylacetonate
complexes have more complicated spectra. Trends in the spectral bands, for all
the complexes, indicate that of the three metal ions ruthenium probably forms
the strongest M→L π-interaction.
Reactions of cyclohexadienes. X. Some dichlorocarbene adducts of alkoxycyclohexa- 1,4-dienes and their conversion into hydroxycyclopropanes and cycloheptenones
Authors: Birch AJ , Keeton R
Published: September 2010

Some reactions of
dichlorocarbene adducts of alkoxycyclohexa-1,4-dienes have been examined. The
tetrahydropyranyl ethers lead to dichlorohydroxycyolopropanes, which often
undergo ready ring fission to give initially chlorocycloheptenones. Bis-adducts
can produce cyclooctane derivatives. β-(2?-Pyranyloxy)-1,4,5,8-tetra-
hydronaphthalenes give rise with dichlorocarbene to bis- or tris- adducts in
which one cyclopropane ring can be opened through the hydroxycyclopropane to
give ring-fused cycloheptenone derivatives.
Donor-acceptor complexes formed by perfluoro-organo bromides and iodides with nitrogenous and other bases. I. Vapour pressure measurements
Authors: Cheetham NF , Pullin ADE
Published: September 2010

Vapour pressure
measurements of systems of the type perfluorocarbon
bromide or iodide-trimethylamine have been made. These measurements clearly
show that, at sufficiently low temperatures, a solid 1 : 1 adduct is reversibly
formed. For the systems 1,2- dibromotetrafluoroethane-trimethylamine
and trifluoro-methyl bromide- tetramethylethylenediamine
1 : 2 and 2 : 1 halide-amine adducts respectively were also observed. These
stoicheiometries show that the dominant interaction leading to adduct formation
is between the nitrogen and bromine atoms. Systems giving 1 : 1 stoicheiometry
were examined at higher temperatures at which liquid and vapour but no solid
phase is present. Strong negative deviations from ideality consistent with 1 :
1 interactions were observed. Approximate values of the thermodynamic
quantities pertaining to the interaction have been derived.
The far-infrared spectra of arsenic chalcogenides
Authors: Whitfield HJ
Published: September 2010

The far-infrared spectra of
AsS, As2S3, As4Se3, and As2Se3
are reported for the range 15-400 cm-1. For As4S3
molecules, of symmetry C3v, strong bands at 370 cm-1 and
340 cm-1 arise from symmetric As-S stretching frequencies of
symmetry class A1 and a strong band at 176 cm-1 arises
from a S-4s-S bending mode of degenerate class E. For As2Se3,
bands in the region 90-130 cm-1 are identified as Se-As-Se bending
modes and bands between 200 and 280 cm-1 are due to As-Se stretching
modes.
The synthesis of 8-Azabenzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]naphthalene: A new heterocyclic aromatic system
Authors: Craig JT , Woolhouse AD
Published: September 2010

8-Azabenzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]naphthalene,
a nitrogen analogue of one of the hypothetical hydrocarbons on which Pullman et
al.1 have made a theoretical-study, has
been synthesized. This compound has been found to undergo nucleophilic addition
of water, methanol, or aniline to the carbon-nitrogen double bond with
surprising ease, and a possible explanation for these reactions has been
proposed.
Transition metal complexes of thiabendazole
Authors: Kowala C , Murray KS , Swan JM , West BO
Published: September 2010

Complexes of thiabendazole
with transition metals (Co2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Mn2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) containing one, two, or
three molecules of ligand per metal ion are described. Their spectra and
magnetic moments are reported. In general, the complexes are insoluble or only
slightly soluble in water or most organic solvents. Only complexes of metal
chlorides are sufficiently soluble in methanol to show electrical conductivity.
It is suggested that most of the insoluble complexes are of polymeric
character.

� The
anthelmintic activity of all complexes is only slightly higher than that of
thiabendazole.
Ligand design and synthesis. II. Linear five-donor-atom compounds derived from 1,5-Dibromo-3-azapentane
Authors: Black DSC , McLean IA
Published: September 2010

A series of linear,
five-donor-atom compounds, with nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen donor-atoms, has
been prepared to examine the effects of steric crowding on the formation of
octahedral complexes. 1,11-Diamino- 3,9-dithia-6-azaundecane
(5) and 4-methyl-1,7-di(8?-quinolyl)-1,7- dithia-4-azaheptane (6) form octahedral complexes with Ni(ClO4)2 or Co(ClO4)2.
An increase in the bulkiness of the ligand, as shown by 1,11- bis(dimethylamino)-3,9-dithia-6-azaundecane (7), led to the formation of
five-coordinate or partially five-coordinate cobalt(II) and nickel(II)
complexes. With 1,11-bis(diethylamino)-3,9-dithia-6- azaundecane
(8), a very hindered ligand, no pure cobalt(II) or nickel(II) complexes could
be isolated. Several other hindered compounds containing all sulphur, or
sulphur and oxygen, central donor- atoms did not form pure complexes when
treated with Co(ClO4)2 or Ni(ClO4)2.
Unimolecular reactions as radiationless transitions. Calculation of the rate of decomposition of N2O
Authors: Gilbert RG , Ross IG
Published: September 2010

We attempt an a priori
calculation of the rate of a particular reaction, in a treatment in which all
quantum states associated with nuclear motion are identified either as reactant
states or product states. The validity of this separation is discussed in some
detail. It is particularly appropriate for non-adiabatic reactions. Passage
between reactant levels presents a standard problem in collision theory;
passage from reactant levels to product is treated by procedures already well
explored in the theory of radiationless transitions between electronic states.
A matrix formalism, which draws on the work of Schlag and others, permits all
these processes to be handled conveniently. Calculations are then carried out
for the reaction

������������������������� N2O(1Σ+)
→ N2(1Σ+g) + O(3P)

for which experimental data
are extensive. The spectroscopic data are incomplete, however, and the product
potential surface has still to be defined in terms of adjustable parameters.
Practical approximations, needed to handle the thousands of vibrational levels
of N2O, are proposed and found to meet a convergence test. The
calculations are performed on models with one (NO stretch) and two (NO, NN
stretches) degrees of freedom. Even with the neglect of anharmonicity in the
ground state, and with other approximations, the computational elaboration
involved in including the second degree of freedom is large. Agreement with
experimental rates and activation energies can be obtained in both high and low
pressure limits with reasonable values of the upper state parameters, though
the fit to the intermediate pressure region is apparently no better than that
obtained by the simple Lindemann-Hinshelwood approach.
Organoindium compounds. I. Preparative routes to pentafluorophenylindium compounds
Authors: Deacon GB , Parrott JC
Published: September 2010

Trispentafluorophenylindium has been prepared by heating iodopentafluoro-benzene
with an excess of indium metal, but was obtained mixed with iodobispenta-fluorophenylindium
when the stoicheiometric amount was used. An attempted synthesis by thermal
decomposition of indium trispentafluorobenzoate was un-successful.
Reaction of indium with bispentafluorophenylmercury
and subsequent treatment with ether gave (C6F5)3In,OEt2. The complex (C6F5)3In,diox (diox = 1,4-dioxan)
has been obtained by reaction of indium trichloride with pentafluorophenyl-magnesium
chloride or with an excess of bispentafluorophenylmagnesium, and C6F5InCl2,diox from
bispentafluorophenylmagnesium and an excess of indium trichloride.
The effect of pressure on the volumes and excess volumes of aqueous solutions of organic liquids
Authors: Hamann SD , Smith F
Published: September 2010

The compressions of binary
mixtures of ten organic liquids with water have been measured at a pressure of
1013 bar (1000 atm) at 30�C. The excess compressions
for these and six similar systems are compared and used to derive the excess
volumes, under pressure, of fourteen of the systems. In all cases the excess
volumes are numerically smaller at 1013 bar than at 1 bar and, in this sense,
the solutions are more nearly ideal. ��� For the ethanol-water system, the excess
volumes at the two pressures are compared with theoretical values derived from
the dipole model of Haskell. There is qualitative agreement, although it may be
fortuitous.
Heterocyclic compounds from alloxan and amines. XIII. Phenazine freeradical betaines and their dehydro dimers derived from alloxan and 2-aminodiphenylamines
Authors: Clark-Lewis JW , Moody K
Published: September 2010

2-Amino-N-alkydiphenylamines
and 2-aminotriphenylamines react with alloxan at room temperature to give
green, intensely coloured, stable, free-radical betaines (dihydrophenazinioylbarbiturates).
Heating the free-radical betaines alone or in a solvent gives rise to blue
dimers. 3,7-Disubstitution of the phenazinioyl nucleus by methyl groups
prevents formation of the blue dimers, which are therefore considered to arise
by dimerization at the 3-position, followed by dehydrogenation. Dimerization of
3,7- dimethyldihydrophenazinioylbarbi- turates gives deep green 3,3?-dimers in which the 3,3?-methyl
substituents prevent the dehydrogenation step entailed in the formation of the
blue dehydro dimers. ��� A violent explosion occurred in two
instances during preparation of phenazine by oxidative sublimation of crude
dihydrophenazine by Morley's method (J. chem. Soc., 1952, 4008).
Metal complexes as ligands. X. Investigation of valency and substituent effects in binuclear complexes derived from tetradentate salicylaldimines
Authors: Kokot S , Harris CM , Sinn E
Published: September 2010

A series of binuclear
complexes has been formed by using planar copper(11) complexes (CUTSB) of tetradentate Schiff bases (TSB) as ligands to coordinate
with metal chlorides. The binuclear complexes, (CuTSB)MCln (M = Cu11, Fe111, Mn11;
n. = 2, 3), all exhibit pairwise antiferromagnetic
interactions. The nickel complexes (NitsB)Mcln (M = FeIII,
MnII) can be formed similarly, but the
nickel atoms are diamagnetic so that no
significant magnetic interactions are expected. The effect of 5-Cl, 5-Br,
and 5,6-benzo substituents in the phenyl rings of the TSB groups on the
strength of the antiferromagnetic interactions was examined in the complexes
(CUTSB)CuCl2. Although the presence of a substituent usually
increases the strength of the interaction, this trend is not systematic and
there is no reason to attribute it to electronic effects of ring substituents. In (CUTSB)MCln, the main difference between the complexes
with M = Fe111 and M = Mn11 is
the difference in the valencies of the two d5
metals. In our limited sampling (one complex of each type), the interaction is
stronger between iron(111) and copper(11) than between the manganese(11) and
copper(11). These complexes form as hydrates, and since iron(111) and
manganese(11) prefer octahedral environments, it is probable that one and two
molecules of water respectively are coordinated to these metals. In the case
where M = FeIII, N�ssbauer
measurements indicate that this is so.
N.M.R. determination of the sites of coordination of some paramagnetic metal ions with Adenosine-5'-monophosphate
Authors: Missen AW , Natusch DFS , Porter LJ
Published: September 2010

The 1H and 31P
magnetic resonance spectra of adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) have been recorded as
a function of pD in the presence and absence of low
molar-ratios of the paramagnetic metal ions Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+
Cr3+, CU2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+.
All of these cations form chelate complexes involving the phosphate moiety and
the adenine ring of AMP, but different binding sites on the adenine ring appear
to be utilized.
The N-acylhydrazine grouping as a ligand. I. Coordination compounds of Keto- and Enol-N-acylhydrazines with cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II)
Authors: Alcock JF , Baker RJ , Diamantis AA
Published: September 2010

Ligands containing the N-acylhydrazine
grouping, RCONHKH2, act as bidentate chelating agents
with transition metal ions. Cationic complexes of coba1t(11), nickel(11), and
copper(11) containing the ligands coordinated in the keto form were isolated,
but the ligands also reacted in the enol form
producing neutral complexes with cobalt(111) and copper(11). Complex formation
in the enol form was facilitated by condensation of
the ligands with acetone to produce the N'-iso-propylidene
derivatives, from which keto complexes were also isolated. Under certain
conditions N-acylhydrazines
can act as reducing agents, leading to the formation of complexes containing
copper in both oxidation states (I) and (11). Using N-benzoylhydrazine, this reaction can be
utilized as a benzoylating medium for amines.
Synthesis of some partially methylated sucrose derivatives
Authors: O'Donnell GW , Richards GN
Published: September 2010

1',6,6'-Tri-O-methylsucrose, a new compound, has
been synthesized by methylation of
2,3,3',4,4'-penta-O-acetylsucrose
with diazomethane and boron trifluoride with subsequent deacetylation.
2,3,3',4,4'-Penta-O-methylsucrose has
been obtained in improved yield from the tri-O-trityl derivative by reduction with lithium
in liquid ammonia. A major product of the incomplete methylation of
11,6,6'-tri-O-tritylsucrose was the
2,3,3',4'-tetra-O-methyl derivative,
and after reductive detritylation 2,3,3',4'-tetra-O-methylsucrose, a new compound, was
isolated and identified by examination of its hydrolysis products.
N,N-Dialkyldithiocarbamate complexes of niobium(V), vanadium(V), molybdenum(V), molybdenum(VI), and rhenium(v)
Authors: Casey AT , Mackey DJ , Martin RL , White AH
Published: September 2010

Sodium dialkyldithiocarbamates
react with salts of each of the above metals to produce compounds formulated as
NbO(dtc)3, VO(dto)3,
Mo203(dtc)4, MoO2(dtc)2,
and Re2O3(dtc)4. These compounds are
characterized particularly by their infrared and mass spectra which are
discussed in detail.
Aromatic amides. VII. Steric hindrance to hydrogen bonding in ortho-substituted acetanilides
Authors: Andrews BD , Poynton AJ , Rae ID
Published: September 2010

A series of 2-substituted
3,5-dimethylanilines and their N-acetyl
derivatives have been synthesized, and their proton magnetic resonance spectra
recorded. Intramolecular hydrogen
bonding between the amide N-H and the 2-substituent is disturbed by steric hindrance
of the 2-substituent only in the case of the 2-nitro, 2-acetyl, and
2-methoxycarbonyl substituents.
Catalysis by hydrogen halides in the gas phase. XXIV. 2,2-Dimethoxypropane and hydrogen chloride
Authors: Stimson VR , Tilley JW
Published: September 2010

The decomposition of
2,2-dimethoxypropane to methyl isopropenyl ether and
methanol in the gas phase is catalysed by hydrogen chloride in c. 1% proportion
at 226-364�C. The reaction is first order in each reactant and rates are given
by the equation

kz = 2.3 x 1013 exp(-22200/RT) (s-1 ml mol-1)

The possibility of the
reaction being a radical chain or surface one is discussed. However, it is
believed to be homogeneous and molecular.
Physico-chemical investigation on the complexes of indium(III) with Mercapto-, Hydroxy-, and Amino-substituted propionic acid
Authors: Sarin R , Munshi KN
Published: September 2010

Potentiometric studies have been carried out on the metal complexes
of indium(111) with β-mercaptopropionic, β-hydroxypropionic,
and β-aminopropionic acid. The Calvin-Bjerrum pH-titration technique, as used by Irving and Rossotti, has been applied to determine the stepwise
formation constants of the complexes. The
logK values
have been computed by alternative methods. Thermodynamic formation constants
have been obtained by extrapolation of the values at various ionic
concentrations. The values of overall changes in ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS
accompanying complex formation have been evaluated at three different
temperatures at an ionic strength of 0.lM (NaClO4). The stability
constant of the indium(111) complex decreases as the subsituted
group changes from SH to OH to NH2.
Dienone-pheno1 rearrangement studies. 5-Hydroxy-4a-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydronaphthalen-2(4aH)-one and 5-Acetoxy-4a-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2(4aH)-one
Authors: Bell KH
Published: September 2010

Attempted synthesis of the
first of the title compounds indicates that it undergoes a spontaneous
dienone-phenol rearrangement involving ring opening to yield
4-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronephthalene-l,8-diol the structure of which has been
confirmed by an unambiguous synthesis of its Ar-methyl
ether. The second of the title
compounds has been synthesized and undergoes an acid-catalysed dienone-phenol
rearrangement in acetic anhydride to yield a ring-opened aldehyde diacetate,
the structure of which has been confirmed by hydrolysis and methylation to the
same methyl ether above.
[3,4-D2]Thiophen: synthesis and scrambling on electron impact
Authors: Dawson RM , Gillis RG
Published: September 2010

[3,4-D,]Thiophen (1) has
been prepared by hydrogen-deuterium exchange reactions using
trifluoroacetic acid. [2,5-D2]Thiophen (2) and (1) show an
unexplained difference in the amount of scrambling in the formation of the CHS+
ion on electron impact. This difference is maintained when the electron beam
and ion draw-out voltages are varied.
Insect moulting hormones: the synthesis and configuration of some 20-hydroxyecdysones
Authors: Middleton EJ , Horn DHS , Galbraith MN
Published: September 2010

A number of model
20-hydroxy steroids have been synthesized. The N.M.R. spectra of these and
certain related compounds have been measured and the data so obtained used to
assign configuration at C20 to synthetic 22-deoxy-β-ecdysone and ,β-ecdysone.
s-SHIP promoter expression marks activated stem cells in developing mouse mammary tissue
Authors: Bai Lixia , Rohrschneider Larry R.
Published: September 2010

Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) play critical roles in normal development and perhaps tumorigenesis of the mammary gland. Using combined cell markers, adult MaSCs have been enriched in a basal cell population, but the exact identity of MaSCs remains unknown. We used the s-SHIP promoter to tag presumptive stem cells with GFP in the embryos of a transgenic mouse model. Here we show, in postnatal mammary gland development, that GFP+ cap cells in puberty and basal alveolar bud cells in pregnancy each exhibit self-renewal and regenerative capabilities for all mammary epithelial cells of a new functional mammary gland upon transplantation. Single GFP+ cells can regenerate the mammary epithelial network. GFP+ mammary epithelial cells are p63+, CD24mod, CD49fhigh, and CD29high; are actively proliferating; and express s-SHIP mRNA. Overall, our results identify the activated MaSC population in vivo at the forefront of rapidly developing terminal end buds (puberty) and alveolar buds (pregnancy) in the mammary gland. In addition, GFP+ basal cells are expanded in MMTV-Wnt1 breast tumors but not in ErbB2 tumors. These results enable MaSC in situ identification and isolation via a consistent single parameter using a new mouse model with applications for further analyses of normal and potential cancer stem cells.
Dental Wax Impressions of Plant Tissues for Viewing with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Authors: Beermann Anke , Hülskamp Martin
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a valuable method for examining surface structures. Taking wax impressions of plant structures, such as leaves, is a nondestructive procedure that makes it possible to view changes in surface structures over time, such as during development. This protocol describes a method for making dental wax impressions of plant tissues.
Simple Copy Number Determination with Reference Query Pyrosequencing (RQPS)
Authors: Liu Zhenyi , Schneider Daniel L. , Kornfeld Kerry , Kopan Raphael
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION

The accurate measurement of the copy number (CN) for an allele is often desired. We have developed a simple pyrosequencing-based method, reference query pyrosequencing (RQPS), to determine the CN of any allele in any genome by taking advantage of the fact that pyrosequencing can accurately measure the molar ratio of DNA fragments in a mixture that differ by a single nucleotide. The method involves the preparation of an RQPS probe, which contains two linked DNA fragments that match a reference allele with a known CN and a query allele with an unknown CN. In each fragment, a single nucleotide variation (SNV) is engineered to differentiate it from its genomic counterparts when the probe is mixed with genomic DNA. The ratios of the two pairs of fragments (probe reference vs. genomic reference and probe query vs. genomic query) in the mixture reflect the ratio between the probe and the genomic DNA in a CN-dependent manner. Pyrosequencing can be used to quantify these ratios and thus determine the CN of the query allele. This method could be used to measure the CN of any transgene, differentiate homozygotes from heterozygotes, detect the copy number variation (CNV) of endogenous genes, and screen embryonic stem (ES) cells targeted with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors that are not compatible with standard screening methods.