bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online audit and feedback improve fetal second‐trimester four‐chamber view images: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jaudi Suha , Granger Benjamin , Herpin Claire Nguyen , Fries Nicolas , Du Montcel Sophie Tezenas , Dommergues Marc
Published: June 2013

Objectives

We aimed to study the impact of online audit and feedback on fetal four‐chamber view image quality.

Methods

Ultrasonographers uploaded a set of four‐chamber views from 10 consecutive screening examinations and a second set 3 months later. They were randomised to receive (group A) or not (group B) a feedback for their first set. The primary outcome was the difference in image mean score and in percentage of inadequate images between the first set and the second set, comparing the groups with and without feedback.

Results

There were 258 ultrasonographers who completed the trial (group A: 122; group B: 136), and 5160 images were audited. In both groups, the mean score increased. In group A, it rose from 17.0 to 18.5 (p < 0.0001), and in group, B from 17.6 to 18.3 (p < 0.0001). The improvement was greater in group A than in group B (1.5 vs 0.7, p = 0.0007). The mean percentage of inadequate images decreased in both groups. In group A, it dropped from 32% to 19% (p < 0.0001), and in group B, from 26% to 21% (p = 0.012). The decrease was greater in group A than in group B (13% vs 5%, p = 0.007).

Conclusions

Image quality improved following online audit, the improvement being slightly greater with feedback. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irradiation effects in poly(ethylene oxide)/silica nanocomposite films and gels
Authors: Jurkin Tanja , Pucić Irina
Published: June 2013

Poly(ethylene oxide)/silica (PEO/SiO2) nanocomposite films were modified, and nanocomposite gels were prepared by γ‐irradiation up to 100 kGy. Thermal analysis, optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the outcome mostly depended on the state of the PEO matrix on irradiation and that the state of the sample had a bearing on the effect of nanosilica addition. In unirradiated films, nanosilica induced heterogenous nucleation and increased crystallization temperatures proportional to its content. On irradiation of nanocomposite films, degradation prevailed, resulting in an increased crystallinity of samples irradiated to 50 kGy and a significant deterioration of mechanical properties at higher doses. In films irradiated in air, nanosilica did not provide radiation resistance. It enhanced oxidative degradation by increasing the content of a more radiation sensitive amorphous phase and probably facilitated the crystallization of broken chains resulting in an additional crystallinity increase. In the same dose range, the irradiation of PEO/nano‐SiO2 aqueous solutions produced cross‐linked nanocomposite gels of much lower crystallinity and phase transformation temperatures and better mechanical properties. Interactions and radiation‐induced effects in nanosilica likely contributed to a further crystallinity reduction in nanocomposite gels. Pronounced changes on the addition of 20 wt% of nano‐SiO2 to both nanocomposite films and gels indicate a possible synergism of γ‐irradiation and nanoparticle addition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:2318–2327, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and characterization of aliphatic polyesteramides mainly composed of alternating diester diamide units from N,N′‐bis(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐oxamide and diacids
Authors: Yin Tiao , Sun Hui Yun , Zhao Jing Bo , Zhang Zhi Yuan , Yang Wan Tai
Published: June 2013

This article provided a convenient method to synthesize aliphatic polyesteramides mainly composed of alternating diester diamide units by polycondensation and chain extension. Two kinds of polyesteramide prepolymers were prepared through melt polycondensation from N,N'‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)oxamide and adipic acid or sebacic acid. Chain extension of them was conducted with 2,2′‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐bis(2‐oxazoline) and adipoyl biscaprolactamate as combined chain extenders. The chain extended polyesteramides (ExtPEAs) were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, tensile test, and dynamic thermomechanical analysis. The results showed that the ExtPEA(0, m)s were mainly constituted with the diester oxamide alternating units. They had Tm above 140.8°C and the initial decomposition temperature above 298.0°C. They crystallized in similar crystallites to Nylon‐66 and were thermoplastic materials with tensile strength up to 31.47 MPa. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:756–765, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of a Porous polymer by a catalyst‐free diels‐alder reaction and its structural modification by post‐reaction
Authors: Kim Hyungwoo , Choi Taejin , Cha Min Chul , Chang Ji Young
Published: June 2013

A microporous polymer is prepared by a catalyst‐free Diels–Alder reaction. A cyclopentadiene with both a diene and a dienophile functionality and a dienophilic maleimide are used for the Diels–Alder reaction. 1,3,5‐Tris(bromomethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene is reacted with sodium cyclopentadienide to produce the multicyclopentadiene‐functionalized monomer. A crosslinked polymer (CDAP) is obtained by the reaction of the cyclopentadiene monomer with N,N′‐1,4‐phenylenedimaleimide. The thermal dissociation of the cyclopentadiene dimeric unit and the subsequent Diels–Alder reaction with the maleimide group are investigated by the model reaction. We are able to restructure the crosslinked polymer network by taking advantage of the thermal reversibility of the Diels–Alder linkage. After the post thermal treatment, the BET surface area of the polymer (CDAP‐T) is greatly increased from 317 to 1038 m2 g−1. CDAP‐T is functionalized with pyrene by bromination with N‐bromosuccinimide and the subsequent substitution reaction with aminopyrene. The adsorption property of the pyrene‐functionalized polymer for an aromatic dye is investigated using malachite green. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3646–3653
Multi‐model ensemble approach for statistically downscaling general circulation model outputs to precipitation
Authors: Sachindra D. A. , Huang F. , Barton A. F. , Perera B. J. C.
Published: June 2013

Two statistical downscaling models were developed for downscaling monthly General Circulation Model (GCM) outputs to precipitation at a site in north‐western Victoria, Australia. The first downscaling model was calibrated and validated with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis outputs over the periods of 1950–1989 and 1990–2010 respectively. The projections of precipitation into the future were produced by introducing the outputs of HadCM3, ECHAM5, GFDL2.0 and GFDL2.1, pertaining to A2 and B1 greenhouse gas emission scenarios to this downscaling model. In this model, the input data used in the development and future projections are not homogeneous, as they originate from two different sources. As a solution to this issue, the second downscaling model was developed and precipitation projections into the future were produced with a homogeneous set of inputs. To produce a homogeneous set of inputs to this model, regression relationships were formulated between the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis outputs and the twentieth‐century climate experiment outputs corresponding to the variables used in the first downscaling model obtained from the ensemble consisting of HadCM3, ECHAM5 and GFDL2.0. The outputs of these relationships pertaining to the periods of 1950–1989 and 1990–1999 were used for the calibration and validation of this downscaling model respectively. Using the outputs of HadCM3, ECHAM5 and GFDL2.0 pertaining to A2 and B1 emission scenarios on these relationships, inputs for the second downscaling model pertaining to the period of 2000–2099 were generated. The first downscaling model with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis outputs showed a high Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.75 over the period 1950–1999. When this downscaling model was run with the twentieth‐century climate experiment outputs of HadCM3, ECHAM5, GFDL2.0 and GFDL2.1, it exhibited limited performances over the period 1950–1999, which was indicated by relatively low NSEs of −0.62, −2.54, −0.40 and −0.48 respectively. The second downscaling model displayed an NSE of 0.35 over the period 1950–1999.
Managing changes in requirements: an empirical investigation
Authors: Janes Andrea , Remencius Tadas , Sillitti Alberto , Succi Giancarlo
Published: June 2013

This paper describes the challenges of handling changing requirements in software companies. This empirical investigation deals with the different sources of changes and with the different approaches to requirements evolution. We have considered the point of view of 35 managers of software companies interviewed through a questionnaire. The final results highlight some areas to improve requirements engineering and requirements management. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hochbelastbare CFK‐Biege‐ und CFK‐Querkraftträger: Angepasste Balkentheorien höherer Ordnung
Authors: Kroker Andreas M. , Becker Wilfried
Published: June 2013

Biege‐ und Querkraftträger mit rechteckigem oder I‐förmigem Querschnitt sind im Stahlbau hinlänglich bekannt, jedoch ist bei der Ausbildung der Trägerstege und ‐gurte aus modernen CFK‐Verbund‐Laminaten eine angepasste Strukturmodellbildung erforderlich, um den Besonderheiten des im Allgemeinen anisotropen Leichtbauwerkstoffes CFK adäquat Rechnung zu tragen. Im Rahmen des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderten Projekts “Große, hochbelastbare Biegeträger aus Faser‐Kunststoff‐Verbunden“ sind angepasste Balkentheorien höherer Ordnung formuliert und implementiert worden, die auf einer recht allgemeinen Kinematik mit segmentweise verschiebungsbasierten Ansätzen für die Trägerstege und ‐flansche basieren. Den Besonderheiten unterschiedlichster Laminat‐Lagenaufbauten kann damit adäquat Rechnung getragen werden. In vielen Fällen können damit die Träger‐Deformationen und Beanspruchungen sogar in geschlossen‐analytischer Weise gewonnen werden, ansonsten ist eine wenigstens semi‐analytische Beschreibung möglich. Dies ist insbesondere im Hinblick auf Parameterstudien und die gezielte Trägeroptimierung von großem Vorteil.

Highly loaded CFRP‐beams: Adapted higher‐order beam theories. Load carrying beam structures with rectangular or I‐shaped cross‐sections are very common in steel constructions, but in the case of webs and flanges made of modern CFRP composite laminates an adapted new structural modeling is required in order to take into account the peculiarities of the typically anisotropic light weight material CFRP. In the framework of the joint project “Large high‐strength fiber‐reinforced polymer beams”, funded by the German Research Foundation, adapted higher‐order beam theories have been formulated and implemented on the basis of rather general kinematical assumptions with segment‐wise displacement representations for the webs and the flanges. Herewith the peculiarities of very different laminate layups can be taken into account properly. In many cases the beam deformations and stresses even can be given in a closed‐form analytical manner, otherwise at least a semi‐analytical description is possible. In particular in regard of parameter studies and in regard of a well‐aimed beam optimization this is a big advantage.
Demand‐driven propagation‐based strategies for testing changes
Authors: Santelices Raul , Harrold Mary Jean
Published: June 2013

Test‐suite augmentation techniques enhance test suites for software changes. In previous work, we introduced an augmentation technique that enumerates the conditions for the propagation of the effects of changes. Empirical studies showed that this technique can test changes effectively but, because of the high complexity of the technique, the experiments were small and the propagation distances from each change were limited. In this paper, we present a new, demand‐driven approach for performing this propagation‐based testing of changes that achieves much greater distances and that enables larger and more significant studies. We implemented this new approach and studied it on a set of changes in Java programs by comparing, to a larger extent than possible before, propagation‐based strategies with other change testing techniques. Our results confirm, with statistical significance, the superiority of propagation‐based strategies over other techniques, and show that these strategies are especially effective for those changes that are the most difficult to test.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A brief history of stereoscopy
Authors: King R. Duane
Published: June 2013

We focus on a timeline for stereoscopic visualization. The timeline can be conceived as three distinct eras. The first era was characterized by the full understanding of stereoscopic vision and the development of the stereoscope technology for viewing three dimensional images. The first era was greatly enabled by the simultaneous development of photographic technologies. The second era was characterized by the development of polarized light and anaglyph stereo technology and was mainly manifested with a dramatic outpouring of motion pictures. The third era, the digital era, was developed in connection with virtual reality and scientific data visualization. WIREs Comput Stat 2013, 5:334–340. doi: 10.1002/wics.1264

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Virtual Reality
On the formation of breakthrough curves tailing during convergent flow tracer tests in three‐dimensional heterogeneous aquifers
Authors: Pedretti D. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D. , Bolster D. , Sanchez‐Vila X.
Published: June 2013

Anomalous transport in advection‐dominated convergent flow tracer tests can occurs due to small‐scale heterogeneities in aquifer hydraulic properties. These result in fluctuations of the groundwater velocity field and complex connectivity patterns between injection and extraction wells. While detailed characterization of heterogeneity is often not possible in practice, a proper understanding of what fundamental physical mechanisms can give rise to macroscopic behaviors that are measurable is essential for proper upscaling of solute transport processes. We analyze here how heavy‐tailed breakthrough curves can arise in radially convergent flow to a well. The permeability fields are three‐dimensional multi‐Gaussian fields with varying statistical geometry and degrees of heterogeneity. We consider transport of conservative tracers from multiple injection locations by varying distance and angle from the extraction well. Anomalous power law tailing in breakthrough curves is attributed to a variety of features including the initial vertical stratification of the solute that arises due to a flux‐weighted injection, the injection distance to the well relative to the depth of the aquifer, and the statistics of the heterogeneity field as defined by the correlation length and variance of the permeability. When certain conditions cooccur for a given injection, such as strong connectivity contrasts between aquifer layers, injection distances comparable to the horizontal heterogeneity integral scales, and large global variances, breakthrough curves tend to scale as a PL with unit slope at late time. These findings offer new insights to understand what physical processes must be understood to develop and choose appropriate upscaling approaches that might reproduce such anomalous transport in heterogeneous advection‐dominated systems.
Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to the practice of emergency contraception among women in Sikkim, India
Authors: Rahman Hafizur , Khalda Ezzat , Kar Sumit , Kharka Latha , Bhutia Golay Paden
Published: June 2013

Objective

To assess knowledge, attitudes, and barriers associated with the practice of emergency contraception (EC) among women from the state of Sikkim, India.

Methods

Between November 15, 2011, and June 14, 2012, trained female medical officers and interns used a standard questionnaire to interview 1474 women of reproductive age attending 2 outpatient gynecology clinics.

Results

Of those who agreed to participate, 40.6% had ever heard of EC, and EC awareness was particularly low (6.4%) among illiterate women. The most common sources of EC information were electronic media (77.1%), friends and relatives (33.8%), and health personnel (30.4%). Overall, 71.9% of the participants who had heard of EC did not know the timeframe when it should be used. Only 19.6% of the women who had ever heard of EC had adequate knowledge of it, and only 15.1% of these (or 6.1% of the total sample) had ever used EC. The most common barriers to using EC were inadequate knowledge of it, its perceived non‐availability, considering it an abortifacient, and religious beliefs.

Conclusion

Knowledge and practice of EC was low among the women interviewed. There is a need for intensive information EC on the available methods and their correct timing.
Willingness of pregnant women to participate in a birth cohort study in China
Authors: Qiu Xiu , He Jianrong , Qiu Lan , Larson Charles P. , Xia Huimin , Lam Kin‐Bong H.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To determine the willingness of pregnant women in Guangzhou, China, to participate in a large‐scale birth cohort study.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of 526 pregnant women who attended their first prenatal class at Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China, between September 21 and November 15, 2011. Information on demographic characteristics, willingness to participate, and preferences regarding collection procedures and incentives were analyzed.

Results

In all, 47.9% of the women were willing to participate in a birth cohort study, whereas 23.0% refused and 29.1% were unsure. The majority of the women willing to participate (95.2%–98.4%) accepted the use of non‐invasive data collection methods except for stool collection, and 85.9% would allow their offspring to participate in long‐term follow‐up. Willingness to participate rose to 85.2% when non‐monetary incentives were offered. The most popular incentive was assessment of child development.

Conclusion

The willingness of pregnant Chinese women to participate in long‐term observational research was similar to that reported in high‐income countries. Non‐monetary incentives improved their level of willingness, a finding that might inform future maternal and child health research in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Greece and Mesopotamia
Authors: Haubold Johannes
Published: June 2013

This book proposes a new approach to the study of ancient Greek and Mesopotamian literature. Ranging from Homer and Gilgamesh to Herodotus and the Babylonian-Greek author Berossos, it paints a picture of two literary cultures that, over the course of time, became profoundly entwined. Along the way, the book addresses many questions of crucial importance to the student of the ancient world: how did the literature of Greece relate to that of its eastern neighbours? What did ancient readers from different cultures think it meant to be human? Who invented the writing of universal history as we know it? How did the Greeks come to divide the world into Greeks and 'barbarians', and what happened when they came to live alongside those 'barbarians' after the conquests of Alexander the Great? In addressing these questions, the book draws on cutting-edge research in comparative literature, postcolonial studies and archive theory.
Dimensions of Politics and English Jurisprudence
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: June 2013

Understandings of law and politics are intrinsically bound up with broader visions of the human condition. Sean Coyle argues for a renewed engagement with the juridical and political philosophies of the Western intellectual tradition, and takes up questions pondered by Aristotle, Plato, Augustine, Aquinas and Hobbes in seeking a deeper understanding of law, politics, freedom, justice and order. Criticising modern theories for their failure to engage with fundamental questions, he explores the profound connections between justice and order and raises the neglected question of whether human beings in all their imperfection can ever achieve truly just order in this life. Above all, he confronts the question of whether the open society is the natural home of liberals who have given up faith in human progress (there are no ideal societies), or whether liberal political order is itself the ideal society?
Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845–1893
Authors: Wolff Joshua D.
Published: June 2013

This work chronicles the rise of Western Union Telegraph from its origins in the helter-skelter ferment of antebellum capitalism to its apogee as the first corporation to monopolize an industry on a national scale. The battles that raged over Western Union's monopoly on nineteenth-century American telecommunications - in Congress, in courts, and in the press - illuminate the fierce tensions over the rising power of corporations after the Civil War and the reshaping of American political economy. The telegraph debate reveals that what we understand as the normative relationship between private capital and public interest is the product of a historical process that was neither inevitable nor uncontested. Western Union's monopoly was not the result of market logic or a managerial revolution, but the conscious creation of entrepreneurs protecting their investments. In the process, these entrepreneurs elevated economic liberalism above traditional republican principles of public interest and helped create a new corporate order.
The Logic of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Beltrametti Enrico G. , Cassinelli Gianni , Carruthers Peter A.
Published: June 2013

Originally published in 1981, this book forms volume 15 of the Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. The text provides a clear and thorough treatment of its subject, adhering to a clean exposition of the mathematical content of serious formulations of rational physical alternatives of quantum theory as elaborated in the influential works of the period, to which the authors made a significant contribution. The treatment falls into three distinct, logical parts: in the first part, the modern version of accumulated wisdom is presented, avoiding as far as possible the traditional language of classical physics for its interpretational character; in the second part, the individual structural elements for the logical content of the theory are laid out; in part three, the results of section two are used to reconstruct the usual Hilbert space formulation of quantum mechanics in a novel way.
Next Generation Wireless LANs
Authors: Perahia Eldad , Stacey Robert
Published: June 2013

If you've been searching for a way to get up to speed on IEEE 802.11n and 802.11ac WLAN standards without having to wade through the entire specification, then look no further. This comprehensive overview describes the underlying principles, implementation details and key enhancing features of 802.11n and 802.11ac. For many of these features the authors outline the motivation and history behind their adoption into the standard. A detailed discussion of key throughput, robustness, and reliability enhancing features (such as MIMO, multi-user MIMO, 40/80/160 MHz channels, transmit beamforming and packet aggregation) is given, plus clear summaries of issues surrounding legacy interoperability and coexistence. Now updated and significantly revised, this 2nd edition contains new material on 802.11ac throughput, including revised chapters on MAC and interoperability, plus new chapters on 802.11ac PHY and multi-user MIMO. An ideal reference for designers of WLAN equipment, network managers, and researchers in the field of wireless communications.
The Mosaics of Roman Crete
Authors: Sweetman Rebecca J.
Published: June 2013

This book examines the rich corpus of mosaics created in Crete during the Roman and Late Antique eras. It provides essential information on the style, iconography and chronology of the material, as well as discussion of the craftspeople who created them and the technologies they used. The contextualized mosaic evidence also reveals a new understanding of Roman and Late Antique Crete. It helps shed light on the processes by which Crete became part of the Roman Empire, its subsequent Christianization and the pivotal role the island played in the Mediterranean network of societies during these periods. This book provides an original approach to the study of mosaics and an innovative method of presenting a diachronic view of provincial Cretan society.
Compressive Sensing for Wireless Networks
Authors: Han Zhu , Li Husheng , Yin Wotao
Published: June 2013

Compressive sensing is a new signal processing paradigm that aims to encode sparse signals by using far lower sampling rates than those in the traditional Nyquist approach. It helps acquire, store, fuse and process large data sets efficiently and accurately. This method, which links data acquisition, compression, dimensionality reduction and optimization, has attracted significant attention from researchers and engineers in various areas. This comprehensive reference develops a unified view on how to incorporate efficiently the idea of compressive sensing over assorted wireless network scenarios, interweaving concepts from signal processing, optimization, information theory, communications and networking to address the issues in question from an engineering perspective. It enables students, researchers and communications engineers to develop a working knowledge of compressive sensing, including background on the basics of compressive sensing theory, an understanding of its benefits and limitations, and the skills needed to take advantage of compressive sensing in wireless networks.
The Principle of the Common Cause
Authors: Hofer-Szabó Gábor , Rédei Miklós , Szabó László E.
Published: June 2013

The common cause principle says that every correlation is either due to a direct causal effect linking the correlated entities or is brought about by a third factor, a so-called common cause. The principle is of central importance in the philosophy of science, especially in causal explanation, causal modeling and in the foundations of quantum physics. Written for philosophers of science, physicists and statisticians, this book contributes to the debate over the validity of the common cause principle, by proving results that bring to the surface the nature of explanation by common causes. It provides a technical and mathematically rigorous examination of the notion of common cause, providing an analysis not only in terms of classical probability measure spaces, which is typical in the available literature, but in quantum probability theory as well. The authors provide numerous open problems to further the debate and encourage future research in this field.
Differential Geometry of Singular Spaces and Reduction of Symmetry
Authors: Śniatycki J.
Published: June 2013

In this book the author illustrates the power of the theory of subcartesian differential spaces for investigating spaces with singularities. Part I gives a detailed and comprehensive presentation of the theory of differential spaces, including integration of distributions on subcartesian spaces and the structure of stratified spaces. Part II presents an effective approach to the reduction of symmetries. Concrete applications covered in the text include reduction of symmetries of Hamiltonian systems, non-holonomically constrained systems, Dirac structures, and the commutation of quantization with reduction for a proper action of the symmetry group. With each application the author provides an introduction to the field in which relevant problems occur. This book will appeal to researchers and graduate students in mathematics and engineering.
Schopenhauer and the Aesthetic Standpoint
Authors: Vasalou Sophia
Published: June 2013

With its pessimistic vision and bleak message of world-denial, it has often been difficult to know how to engage with Schopenhauer's philosophy. Schopenhauer's arguments have seemed flawed and his doctrines marred by inconsistencies; his very pessimism almost too flamboyant to be believable. Yet a way of redrawing this engagement stands open, Sophia Vasalou argues, if we attend more closely to the visionary power of Schopenhauer's work. The aim of this book is to place the aesthetic character of Schopenhauer's standpoint at the heart of the way we read his philosophy and the way we answer the question: why read Schopenhauer - and how? Approaching his philosophy as an enactment of the sublime with a longer history in the ancient philosophical tradition, Vasalou provides a fresh way of assessing Schopenhauer's relevance in critical terms. This book will be valuable for students and scholars with an interest in post-Kantian philosophy and ancient ethics.
Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Binmore K. G.
Published: June 2013

For the second edition of this very successful text, Professor Binmore has written two chapters on analysis in vector spaces. The discussion extends to the notion of the derivative of a vector function as a matrix and the use of second derivatives in classifying stationary points. Some necessary concepts from linear algebra are included where appropriate. The first edition contained numerous worked examples and an ample collection of exercises for all of which solutions were provided at the end of the book. The second edition retains this feature but in addition offers a set of problems for which no solutions are given. Teachers may find this a helpful innovation.
The Phantom World
Authors: Calmet Augustin
Published: June 2013

The Benedictine monk and biblical scholar Antoine Augustin Calmet (1672–1757) published this work in 1746; it was translated into English in 1850 by Henry Christmas (1811–68). It examines a wide selection of supernatural tales and beliefs from across Europe. Taking the stance of a scientific enquirer, Calmet sought to understand the truth behind stories of good and bad angels, vampires, witchcraft, possession by demons, and the dead who come back to life. He compiled accounts of the supernatural from official reports, newspapers, eyewitness accounts and travel writing, and this two-volume anthology of his collected data analyses the material, noting problems and inconsistencies. Volume 1 investigates the appearance of good and bad angels, magic among the Greeks and Romans, sorcerers and witches, and possession by demons. Covering a vast repertory of legends, the work paints a vivid picture of the beliefs entertained in an ostensibly Christian era.
Law's Fragile State
Authors: Massoud Mark Fathi
Published: June 2013

How do a legal order and the rule of law develop in a war-torn state? Using his field research in Sudan, the author uncovers how colonial administrators, postcolonial governments and international aid agencies have used legal tools and resources to promote stability and their own visions of the rule of law amid political violence and war in Sudan. Tracing the dramatic development of three forms of legal politics - colonial, authoritarian and humanitarian - this book contributes to a growing body of scholarship on law in authoritarian regimes and on human rights and legal empowerment programs in the Global South. Refuting the conventional wisdom of a legal vacuum in failed states, this book reveals how law matters deeply even in the most extreme cases of states still fighting for political stability.
Global Appetites
Authors: Carruth Allison
Published: June 2013

Global Appetites explores how industrial agriculture and countercultural food movements underpin US conceptions of global power in the century since the First World War. Allison Carruth's study centers on what she terms the 'literature of food' - a body of work that comprises literary realism, late modernism and magical realism along with culinary writing, food memoir and advertising. Through analysis of American texts ranging from Willa Cather's novel O Pioneers! (1913) to Novella Carpenter's non-fiction work Farm City (2009), Carruth argues that stories about how the United States cultivates, distributes and consumes food imbue it with the power to transform social and ecological systems around the world. Lively and accessible, this interdisciplinary study will appeal to scholars of American literature and culture as well as those working in the fields of food studies, food policy, agriculture history, social justice and the environmental humanities.
Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman
Authors: Şahin Kaya
Published: June 2013

Kaya Şahin's book offers a revisionist reading of Ottoman history during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–66). By examining the life and works of a bureaucrat, Celalzade Mustafa, Şahin argues that the empire was built as part of the Eurasian momentum of empire building and demonstrates the imperial vision of sixteenth-century Ottomans. This unique study shows that, in contrast with many Eurocentric views, the Ottomans were active players in European politics, with an imperial culture in direct competition with that of the Habsburgs and the Safavids. Indeed, this book explains Ottoman empire building with reference to the larger Eurasian context, from Tudor England to Mughal India, contextualizing such issues as state formation, imperial policy and empire building in the period more generally. Şahin's work also devotes significant attention to the often-ignored religious dimension of the Ottoman-Safavid struggle, showing how the rivalry redefined Sunni and Shiite Islam, laying the foundations for today's religious tensions.
Landscape and Change in Early Medieval Italy
Authors: Squatriti Paolo
Published: June 2013

This innovative environmental history of the long-lived European chestnut tree and its woods offers valuable new perspectives on the human transition from the Roman to the medieval world in Italy. Integrating evidence from botanical and literary sources, individual charters and case studies of specific communities, the book traces fluctuations in the size and location of Italian chestnut woods to expose how early medieval societies changed their land use between the fourth and eleventh centuries, and in the process changed themselves. As the chestnut tree gained popularity in late antiquity and became a valuable commodity by the end of the first millennium, this study brings to life the economic and cultural transition from a Roman Italy of cities, agricultural surpluses and markets to a medieval Italy of villages and subsistence farming.
Women, Work, and Clothes in the Eighteenth-Century Novel
Authors: Smith Chloe Wigston
Published: June 2013

This groundbreaking study examines the vexed and unstable relations between the eighteenth-century novel and the material world. Rather than exploring dress's transformative potential, it charts the novel's vibrant engagement with ordinary clothes in its bid to establish new ways of articulating identity and market itself as a durable genre. In a world in which print culture and textile manufacturing traded technologies, and paper was made of rags, the novel, by contrast, resisted the rhetorical and aesthetic links between dress and expression, style and sentiment. Chloe Wigston Smith shows how fiction exploited women's work with clothing - through stealing, sex work, service, stitching, and the stage - in order to revise and reshape material culture within its pages. Her book explores a diverse group of authors, including Jane Barker, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Eliza Haywood, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Charlotte Lennox, John Cleland, Frances Burney and Mary Robinson.
Modernism and the Aesthetics of Violence
Authors: Sheehan Paul
Published: June 2013

The notion that violence can give rise to art - and that art can serve as an agent of violence - is a dominant feature of modernist literature. In this study Paul Sheehan traces the modernist fascination with violence to the middle decades of the nineteenth century, when certain French and English writers sought to celebrate dissident sexualities and stylized criminality. Sheehan presents a panoramic view of how the aesthetics of transgression gradually mutates into an infatuation with destruction and upheaval, identifying the First World War as the event through which the modernist aesthetic of violence crystallizes. By engaging with exemplary modernists such as Joyce, Conrad, Eliot and Pound, as well as lesser-known writers including Gautier, Sacher-Masoch, Wyndham Lewis and others, Sheehan shows how artworks, so often associated with creative well-being and communicative self-expression, can be reoriented toward violent and bellicose ends.
What is Life?
Authors: Schrödinger Erwin , Penrose Roger
Published: June 2013

Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger's What is Life? is one of the great science classics of the twentieth century. A distinguished physicist's exploration of the question which lies at the heart of biology, it was written for the layman, but proved one of the spurs to the birth of molecular biology and the subsequent discovery of the structure of DNA. The philosopher Karl Popper hailed it as a 'beautiful and important book' by 'a great man to whom I owe a personal debt for many exciting discussions'. It appears here together with Mind and Matter, his essay investigating a relationship which has eluded and puzzled philosophers since the earliest times. Schrodinger asks what place consciousness occupies in the evolution of life, and what part the state of development of the human mind plays in moral questions. Brought together with these two classics are Schrödinger's autobiographical sketches, published and translated here for the first time. They offer a fascinating fragmentary account of his life as a background to his scientific writings, making this volume a valuable additon to the shelves of scientist and layman alike.
Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change
Authors: Scharf Michael P.
Published: June 2013

This is the first book to explore the concept of 'Grotian Moments'. Named for Hugo Grotius, whose masterpiece De jure belli ac pacis helped marshal in the modern system of international law, Grotian Moments are transformative developments that generate the unique conditions for accelerated formation of customary international law. In periods of fundamental change, whether by technological advances, the commission of new forms of crimes against humanity, or the development of new means of warfare or terrorism, customary international law may form much more rapidly and with less state practice than is normally the case to keep up with the pace of developments. The book examines the historic underpinnings of the Grotian Moment concept, provides a theoretical framework for testing its existence and application, and analyzes six case studies of potential Grotian Moments: Nuremberg, the continental shelf, space law, the Yugoslavia Tribunal's Tadic decision, the 1999 NATO intervention in Serbia and the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Old and New Oppositions in Contemporary Europe
Authors: van Biezen Ingrid , Wallace Helen
Published: June 2013

Unity and peace in Europe, freedom and democracy in Eastern Europe: Government and Opposition's founding editor Ghiţă Ionescu – the centenary of whose birth this special issue commemorates – might have been contented to see that two of his main ideals have now by and large been realized. At the same time, in contemporary Europe we can observe a huge variety of forms of opposition to the conventional holders of power, who appear to have been unable to respond successfully to new and pressing societal and economic challenges. The old convictions that once characterized politics in the European liberal democracies are gradually eroding, while the volatile and fragmented polities of the new post-communist democracies in the East are only adding to the increased uncertainties. The ongoing financial and economic crises have exacerbated many of the existing tensions, between new and old generations, between groups with levels of educational attainment, and between the domestic and supra-national levels. European democracies in the twenty-first century are thus having to contend with various challenges that are aimed, directly or indirectly, at the core of the political system, including the populist disregard for some of the fundamental values of liberal democracy and the rule of law, the variety of anti-establishment parties and movements challenging the democratic legitimacy of a discredited financial and political class, and the unclear outcomes of further European integration. Taken together, the contributions to this special issue suggest, these developments may cast a different light on our empirical and normative understanding of the European models of liberal democracy and the welfare state
No Justice, No Ships Get Loaded: Political Boycotts on the San Francisco Bay and Durban Waterfronts
Authors: Cole Peter
Published: June 2013

Using a comparative methodology, this essay examines how and why longshore workers in both the San Francisco Bay area and Durban demonstrate a robust sense of working-class internationalism and solidarity. Longshore workers are more inclined than most to see their immediate, local struggles in larger, even global, contexts. Literally for decades, workers in both ports used their power to advocate for racial justice at home and in solidarity with social movements globally. While such notions might seem outdated in the twenty-first century, as unions have been on the decline for some decades, longshore workers grounded their ideals in the reality that they still occupied a central position in global trade. Hence, they combined their leftist and anti-racist ideological beliefs with a pragmatic understanding of their central role in the global economy. While not the norm, these longshore workers’ attitudes and actions demand attention, as they challenge the notion that workers in recent decades are powerless to shape their world.
Determination of antiprotozoal drug mechanisms by metabolomics approaches
Authors: CREEK DARREN J. , BARRETT MICHAEL P.
Published: June 2013

The discovery, development and optimal utilization of pharmaceuticals can be greatly enhanced by knowledge of their modes of action. However, many drugs currently on the market act by unknown mechanisms. Untargeted metabolomics offers the potential to discover modes of action for drugs that perturb cellular metabolism. Development of high resolution LC-MS methods and improved data analysis software now allows rapid detection of drug-induced changes to cellular metabolism in an untargeted manner. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of untargeted metabolomics to provide unbiased target discovery for antimicrobial drugs, in particular for antiprotozoal agents. Furthermore, the utilization of targeted metabolomics techniques has enabled validation of existing hypotheses regarding antiprotozoal drug mechanisms. Metabolomics approaches are likely to assist with optimization of new drug candidates by identification of drug targets, and by allowing detailed characterization of modes of action and resistance of existing and novel antiprotozoal drugs.
Integrating process and genre into the second language writing classroom: Research into practice
Authors: Racelis Juval V. , Matsuda Paul Kei
Published: June 2013

The field of second language (L2) writing has moved beyond the false dichotomies between process- and genre-based pedagogies perpetuated in the 1980s and 1990s, but there has still been little research on how the two are actually reconciled in the classroom. Consequently, L2 writing instructors are left with an incomplete picture, unsure how to incorporate such research into their own classrooms. This paper describes how one teacher, Juval, encountered the research on process- and genre-based pedagogies and negotiated his understanding of this research into his practice. Alongside Juval's voice is the voice of a teacher educator, Paul, setting these frameworks in the context of larger developments in the field of L2 writing. Their discussion takes Juval from his initial view of writing as a grammar-elicitation task to his resort to research for answers to the complex needs of his students. With further support from colleagues, Juval reaches a place where the two pedagogies are not only reconciled but work together to prepare his students for their writing tasks. His narrative chimes with the experience of many L2 writing teachers and should inspire novice and experienced teachers to reflect on their relationship with theory and research.
Invited colloquium: Foreign languages in an age of globalization
Authors: Kramsch Claire
Published: June 2013

With the advent of globalization and the increasingly multilingual and multicultural nature of nations, institutions and classrooms, the fundamental nature of foreign language instruction is changing. Such traditional notions as: ‘native speaker’, ‘target culture’, ‘standard L2’ are becoming problematic with the influx of immigrants to industrialized nation-states, the diversification of accents, and the stratification of language varieties. Foreign language classrooms, too, are becoming less and less homogenous: lacking common points of reference in a common L1, students have to learn the L2 without any common prior cultural or historical context. Caught between the need to impart a skill that will be ‘usable’ in a variety of global settings and the desire to develop an L2 academic literacy that is specific to a given national culture, foreign language study is challenged to reconcile the local and the global, its national premise and its transnational entailments. This colloquium explored the changing nature of the challenges facing the teaching and learning of foreign languages in an age of global information technologies, global job market, and global migrations. In particular it focused on the notion of the ‘foreign’ in foreign language education and how globalization has affected this foreignness.
XRF analysis of high gain-on-ignition samples by fusion method using fundamental-parameter method
Authors: Watanabe Mitsuru , Inoue Hisashi , Yamada Yasujiro , Feeney Michael , Oelofse Laura , Kataoka Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2013

Fusion bead method produces homogeneous samples and is suitable for analysis using fundamental-parameter (FP) method in XRF. This report describes an FP method for analysis of non-oxide samples such as metals made into fusion beads. During the fusion process, all non-oxide elements in the sample are oxidized and gain-on-ignition (GOI) occurs. Volatile elements such as carbon do not remain in the sample as a result of fusion. This process is known as loss-on-ignition (LOI). To obtain reliable analysis results of fusion beads with the FP method, weight changes as a result of LOI and GOI must be reflected accurately in software calculation. The newly developed FP method, which takes these weight changes and dilution ratios into consideration, was able to yield accurate analysis results for ferroalloys FeSi, FeMn, and SiMn, some of which have high carbon content. This method is also applicable for sulfides and carbides.