bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myelin dystrophy in the aging prefrontal cortex leads to impaired signal transmission and working memory decline: a multiscale computational study
Authors: Ibañez Sara , Sengupta Nilapratim , Luebke Jennifer I. , Wimmer Klaus , Weaver Christina M.
Published: October 2023

Normal aging leads to myelin alternations in the rhesus monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), which are often correlated with cognitive impairment. It is hypothesized that remyelination with shorter and thinner myelin sheaths partially compensates for myelin degradation, but computational modeling has not yet explored these two phenomena together systematically. Here, we used a two-pronged modeling approach to determine how age-related myelin changes affect a core cognitive function: spatial working memory. First we built a multicompartment pyramidal neuron model fit to monkey dlPFC data, with axon including myelinated segments having paranodes, juxtaparanodes, internodes, and tight junctions, to quantify conduction velocity (CV) changes and action potential (AP) failures after demyelination and subsequent remyelination in a population of neurons. Lasso regression identified distinctive parameter sets likely to modulate an axon’s susceptibility to CV changes following demyelination versus remyelination. Next we incorporated the single neuron results into a spiking neural network model of working memory. While complete remyelination nearly recovered axonal transmission and network function to unperturbed levels, our models predict that biologically plausible levels of myelin dystrophy, if uncompensated by other factors, can account for substantial working memory impairment with aging. The present computational study unites empirical data from electron microscopy up to behavior on aging, and has broader implications for many demyelinating conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia.
Murine models of colorectal cancer: the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis-associated cancer
Authors: Dzhalilova Dzhuliia , Zolotova Natalia , Fokichev Nikolai , Makarova Olga
Published: October 2023

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer. It is a heterogeneous disease, including both hereditary and sporadic types of tumors. CRC results from complex interactions between various genetic and environmental factors. Inflammatory bowel disease is an important risk factor for developing CRC. Despite growing understanding of the CRC biology, preclinical models are still needed to investigate the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, as well as to find new methods of treatment and prevention.

Objectives

The purpose of this review is to describe existing murine models of CRC with a focus on the models of colitis-associated CRC. This manuscript could be relevant for experimental biologists and oncologists.

Methodology

We checked PubMed and Google from 01/2018 to 05/2023 for reviews of CRC models. In addition, we searched PubMed from 01/2022 to 01/2023 for articles using the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) CRC model.

Results

Existing murine models of CRC include spontaneous, genetically engineered, transplantation, and chemically induced models. For the study of colitis-associated cancer (CAC), the AOM/DSS model is predominantly used. This model is very similar in histological and molecular characteristics to the human CAC, and is highly reproducible, inexpensive, and easy to use. Despite its popularity, the AOM/DSS model is not standardized, which makes it difficult to analyze and compare data from different studies.

Conclusions

Each model demonstrates particular advantages and disadvantages, and allows to reproduce different subtypes or aspects of the pathogenesis of CRC.
Effects of a Meditation-Based Healing Program on Stress Level, Stress Vulnerability, and Sleep Quality of Fire Officers
Authors: Kim Mihan , Kim Hyeyoung , Lee Insoo
Published: October 2023

Fire officers work in a high-risk environment and are exposed to repetitive stressful situations. In this study, an intervention using a meditation-based healing program was applied to examine the effects on stress level, stress vulnerability, and sleep quality. The results showed significant changes in stress level, and its sub-factors, that is, somatization, depression, and failure of self-regulation after the intervention program, but not in stress perception and anxiety. In contrast, significant changes were observed in stress vulnerability but not in its sub-factors: emotion suppression, neuroticism, and perfectionism. Significant changes were observed in sleep quality as well. In conclusion, the meditation -based healing program was effective in reducing stress levels, improving stress vulnerability, and improving sleep quality. Thus, this study suggests that mind subtraction meditation can be used to improve the mental health of fire officers.
An Analysis of Related Laws and Literatures to Identify Fire Risk Factors for Factories in Industrial Complexes
Authors: Hwang Euy-Hong , Kweon Oh-Sang
Published: October 2023

Owing to recent factory fires in industrial complexes, fire safety measures are being prepared nationally. Accordingly, this study conducted an analysis of related laws and literatures to identify fire risk factors for factories in industrial complexes as part of the development of fire prediction, control, and response technologies. Through this, the definition and classification system for industrial complexes, application of fire safety measures, fire risk factor identification methods and processes, and fire characteristics and protection measures for factories in industrial complexes were examined. The review results confirmed that the buildings corresponding to factories in industrial complexes were large, and the facilities were of Type 3. Based on this, the scale and scope of buildings located in fire risk blind spots in factories within industrial complexes were set to be less than 5,000 m2 in total floor area and no more than 10 stories (less than 33 m in height). In addition, in & exterior of protection and risk (IEPR) analysis using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) analysis was proposed to select fire risk factors for factories in industrial complexes. In conclusion, the following four fire risk factor selection models were proposed through matrix creation: fire risk, life safety, fire spread, and fire protection.
A Full-scale Fire Test on Electric Vehiclein an Underground Car Parks
Authors: Shin Yeon Je , Kwon Minjae , Kang Sungwook , Choi Joung Yoon
Published: October 2023

A full-scale test was conducted to evaluate the risk of a modern battery electric vehicle (BEV) fire in an underground car park. A test rig 7,800 × 7,800 × 2,300 mm in size was built to simulate the corner segment of an underground car park. The BEV was positioned in a parking bay at a corner of the structure . The lithium-ion battery pack was heated using an electric heating sheet to activate thermal runaway inside the pack. The temperature distribution in the internal space of the test rig was measured using a thermocouple. The incident heat fluxes on neighboring cars were also estimated using heat flux gauges positioned around the test vehicle. Deflagration venting was observed instantaneously after the initial ignition of the flammable gas accumulated under the ceiling of the test rig. This phenomenon accelerated the growth of the BEV fire, resulting in an average ceiling jet temperature of 1,000 ℃ and a peak heat flux of 225 kW/m2.
Fire Characteristics of Lithium-ion Battery According to the State of Charge in an Accelerating Rate Calorimeter
Authors: Kim Sin-Woo , Lee Eui-Ju
Published: October 2023

Recently, the interest in ecofriendly energy as an alternative to fossil fuels, which cause climate change and sea level rise, has increased. To achieve the efficient utilization of ecofriendly energy, such as a renewable energy, considerable effort has been made to use energy storage systems (ESSs) and smart grid systems. However, many safety problems, such as battery fires caused by the increase in the use of secondary batteries, significantly limit their application scope. In this study, to investigate the fire characteristics of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the characteristics of the spontaneous exothermic reaction and thermal runaway phenomenon that occur at each temperature of an LIB battery were investigated using an accelerating rate calorimeter. The batteries used in the experiments were standard 18650 cylindrical batteries with a capacity of 2600 mAh, and they were tested at three different state-of-charge (SOC) levels: 0%, 50%, and 100%. The type of heat generated by each experimental condition was classified into four stages, and the existence and temperature rise characteristics of each stage were investigated according to the SOC. Although thermal runaway occurred at both 50% and 100% SOC, the reaction at 50% SOC did not escalate into violent explosions like the reaction observed at 100% charging. Furthermore, the activation energies for the thermal runaway observed in the experiments conducted at 50% and 100% SOC are presented.
Efecto de la adición integrada de un extracto de coronta de maíz morado (Zea mays L.) obtenido mediante extracción con líquidos calientes presurizados sobre el contenido de contaminantes neoformados en galletas saladas
Authors:   , García Siu Maykabeth Wendh
Published: October 2023

Las galletas y otros productos de panadería de consumo masivo que sufren la aplicación de tratamientos térmicos durante su fabricación son fuente importante de contaminantes neoformados (NFC) como 5-HMF y acrilamida. Este grupo de alimentos representa el ~70% de la exposición dietaria de la población chilena. Sin embargo, este proceso térmico es necesario para la formación de compuestos responsables del sabor, aroma, color y textura de los productos horneados. Debido a lo mencionado, esta investigación tiene como objetivo aplicar una metodología alternativa para la reducción de 5-HMF y acrilamida en galletas saladas y evaluar su efecto sobre el contenido de estos NFC, adicionando un extracto de coronta de maíz morado (Zea mays L.) obtenido mediante extracción con líquidos calientes presurizados (HPLE). La coronta de maíz morado fue sometida a un proceso HPLE usando diversas mezclas etanol: agua como solvente de extracción y diversas temperaturas (T1: 90°C- 0% etanol; T2: 90 °C-32,5% etanol y T3: 150 °C-50% etanol) para la obtención de extractos crudos de compuestos polifenólicos, los que fue caracterizados fisicoquímicamente para determinar polifenoles totales, antocianinas totales y actividad antioxidante. El extracto seleccionado (T2) obtuvo 55,43 mg EAG/gcs de polifenoles totales, 13,42 mg Cy3G/gcs de antocianinas totales y 1120,18 µM Eq. Trolox/gcs. Este extracto fue incorporado en concentraciones de 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm y 3000 ppm en galletas saladas para la cuantificación de los niveles de 5-HMF y acrilamida por HPLC-DAD y GS-MS, respectivamente. La adición de 1000 ppm de extracto de coronta de maíz morado redujo significativamente (p<0,05) los niveles de 5-HMF en 99,3% y de acrilamida en 67,7% en galletas saladas horneadas a 180 °C por 13 minutos. Obteniendo una galleta con 11% del valor indicativo de acrilamida establecido por la Unión Europea y el 2% del valor de 5-HMF en alimentos del mismo grupo de alimentos.
An autocorrelation-based bayesian estimator for acoustic-radiation-force-induced displacements
Authors:   , Klemmer Chandía Stefan Werner
Published: October 2023

Los algoritmos de estimación de desplazamiento juegan un rol crítico en los métodos de elastografía por ultrasonido. Los estimadores bayesianos han mostrado resultados prometedores en la última década, pero su costo computacional impide su implementación en tiempo real. En esta tesis, una nueva función de verosimilitud llamada autocorrelation kernel” (ACK) es incorporada a la estimación bayesiana. Al contrario de funciones anteriores, ACK permite evaluar directamente la probabilidad de desplazamientos sub-muestra sin necesitar sobremuestreo ni interpolación. Se generaron imágenes de modo B representativas de shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI). Primero, la fuerza de radiación acústica fue simulada. Segundo, el método de elementos finitos fue utilizado para simular desplazamientos de ondas cortantes. Por último, un programa de simulación de ultrasonido fue utilizado para producir imágenes de tejido en movimiento con textura apropiada. La función de verosimilitud propuesta fue comparada contra la clásica correlación cruzada normalizada (NCC). Ambas fueron combinadas con un prior de norma L1 para calcular la probabilidad a posteriori. Adicionalmente, un prior de norma L2 fue probado con ACK. El desplazamiento fue estimado a partir de las imágenes de modo B simuladas y los resultados fueron comparados en términos de su sesgo, variabilidad y la raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSE). NCC tuvo un mejor desempeño que ACK. Esta mejoró la estimación inicial no bayesiana entre 24.2% y 42.5% en términos de su RMSE. ACK mejoró esta estimación en tan solo 16.6% a 36.7% con norma L1 y entre 19.3% y 33.8% con norma L2. Respecto al tiempo de cómputo, cada evaluación de ACK fue en promedio ´ 28.6% más rápida que las de NCC. No obstante, la convergencia del algoritmo de optimización no-lineal no fue acelerada.
Perceived Stress and Sleep Quality among Medical Students and their Relationship with Body Mass Index and Body Fat: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Amin Yusra , Mushtaq Sonia , Taj Rukhsana , Sachdev Sunil , Magray Sami Manzoor
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Medical students tend to reduce their sleep in an effort to cope with their workload and stressful environment. This results in unhealthy lifestyles among students, which may lead to changes in Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage (BF%). Thus, there is a need to investigate the stress level and sleep quality among medical students and their relationship with BMI and body fat. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the perceived stress level and sleep quality in medical students and to correlate the stress and sleep quality with BMI and body fat. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Medical College, Jammu from November 2019 to October 2020 using stratified random sampling. A total of 200 medical students, aged 17-25, were recruited for this study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to assess sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and stress level using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.0. Categorical variables were analysed using the Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation was used to find correlations among the variables. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of the total 200 medical students, 116 (58%) had a PSQI score of <5, 62 (31%) had a score in the range of 5-7, and 22 (11%) had a score >7. The PSS score showed moderate stress (14-26) in 138 (69%) students, low stress (0-13) in 32 (16%) students, and high stress level (27-40) in 30 (15%) students. A statistically significant correlation was observed between PSS and PSQI (p-value=0.001). However, there was no statistically significant correlation observed between PSQI and PSS with BMI and body fat. Conclusion: While a notable correlation was observed between perceived stress and sleep quality, the impact of sleep quality and stress levels on BMI and BF% appears to be insignificant. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of stress on sleep quality, particularly among medical students. There is a need for interventions and support systems aimed at managing stress and promoting better sleep hygiene to improve overall well-being.
Monitoring the Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea on the Crookhaven floodplain at Nowra, New South Wales from 2016-2022 and implications for conservation
Authors: Daly Garry , Bryant Jeff , Senior Chris , Sewell Sophia Muller , Smith Michael , Mahony Michael
Published: October 2023

Systematic (time constrained) and targeted surveys were conducted for the Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea from 2016-2022 on the Crookhaven River - Shoalhaven River floodplains, on the south coast of New South Wales. Systematic nocturnal surveys were conducted at 30-34 sites, three to four times between October and March. Litoria aurea were observed at 20 sites and males were heard calling at five of these. The majority of detections during the breeding season (January - February) were in flooded areas of Terara Swamp and Brundee Swamp, while outside the breeding season more frogs were seen in the catchment of Rotten Creek, the largest tributary of Brundee Swamp. Ten of the systematic sites were ponds constructed for the species as offsets for various developments. Breeding activity (calling males) was detected at two of these offset ponds, but no tadpoles or juveniles were found. The number of frogs detected during systematic surveys varied from eight to forty-four per season, while the number found during diurnal surveys of 136-175 sites annually ranged from zero to thirty-three. Although recruitment occurred in most years the population did not recover to that previously found in 2010-2012. The lack of recovery was influenced by drought, wildfire and a continual loss of habitat from urban developments. Large adult females were seen each survey beside Rotten Creek or nearby ponds suggesting the adult population overwinters within the catchment of this creek and disperse down this catchment to Brundee Swamp to breed in spring. The results from six years monitoring indicate the Crookhaven L. aurea population has not recovered in abundance and distribution since 2010-2012. The three most abundant species of frog Litoria fallax, Litoria peroni and Limnodynastes peroni were also analysed for site preference and population variations over the survey.
A Study on Constraints in Consumption of Organic Products and Green Marketing in Varanasi District of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Mishra Rakesh Kumar , Stephen Ameesh John , Singh Bhavna , Noel Asish S.
Published: October 2023

Any factor or factors inhibiting or limiting individuals or groups from adopting any intervention or achieving a goal can be defined as constraint. It can be external factor as well as internal factors. This study looked at the limitations of green marketing and the consumption of organic products in Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 332 people took part in the study from four blocks of Varanasi district in Uttar Pradesh. The study looked at different types of limitations that can be put into four main groups: consumption, psychological, institutional, and social. It also examined the smaller components within each of these groups. Garret methods were employed to figure out the limitation. A major obstacle to buying organic products was the higher price compared to regular products. In the study area, social constraints were mainly due to strict food habits, and psychological constraints were mainly due to a lack of interest in consuming organic products.
Assessment on Endangered Plant Biodiversity of Shirui National Park, Ukhrul, Manipur, India
Authors: Meitei Yumlembam Lichingamba , James Abhishek
Published: October 2023

Five different random sites were analyzed for the study of the plant species using quadrat methods from Shirui National Park. The plants were measured and recorded by random sampling with 20 quadrats of 10m ×10m in each study site during the period between January 2023  and April 2023.Site 4 Showed the maximum parameter for IVI value of Plant Species which was represent by Bidens Pilosa with the value of 130.7 Site 5 Showed the minimum parameter for IVI value of Plant Species which was represent by Lliliummackliniae with the value of 24. The IVI results show that the plant species importance values differs from site to site. From the study Llilium Mackliniae (Shirui Lily) is found decreasing in population, a species which is only endemic to Shirui National Park, Manipur.
Nutrient Analysis of Different Media Used for Nursery Production
Authors: Gupta Alka , Qureshi Nazneen , Dangwal Adarsh , Kumar Chandan , Badoni Anoop
Published: October 2023

An experiment was conducted in the Soil testing laboratory PLANTICA – Indian Academy of Rural Development, Dehradun during January – July 2023, which focused on the nutrient analysis of various growing media for nursery development. Growing media is a crucial component of nursery cultivation as it aids in the growth and development of plants. Different types of growing media are used, and one of them is soil-based media, which is a mixture of different materials with soil being the primary component. In this trial, a mixture of soil, sand, vermicompost, and cocopeat was used to create growing media with different ratios. In this experiment completely randomized design (CRD) was used, in which soil and sand were mixed together to form one treatment, while cocopeat and vermicompost were mixed with soil and sand in different ratios, resulting in a total of 13 treatments with 4 replications each. The treatments for this experiment were, as follows: T1 - soil, T2 - soil + sand (1:1), T3 - soil + sand + cocopeat (1:1:1), T4 - soil + sand + cocopeat (1:1:2), T5 - soil + sand + cocopeat (1:1:3), T6 - soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:1), T7 - soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:2), T8 - soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:3), T9 - soil + sand + cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1:1:1), T10 - soil + sand + cocopeat  + vermicompost (1:1:1:3), T11 - soil + sand + cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1:2:1), and T12 - soil + sand + cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1:3:1). To analyse the nutritive value of the growing media, NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), organic carbon, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and water holding capacity were measured. The most suitable treatments for nursery n cultivation were found to be T9 (soil, sand, cocopeat, and vermicompost with a ratio of 1:1:1:1) and T11 (soil, sand, cocopeat, and vermicompost with a ratio of 1:1:1:3). These treatments had the perfect balance of soil, sand, vermicompost, and cocopeat, providing all the necessary nutrients required by the plants. T9 was particularly suitable for nursery beds due to its high phosphorus content, which is beneficial for root development. On the other hand, T11 was the best choice for growing media after transplanting the saplings as it contained a high nitrogen content, which promotes foliage development.
Comprehension of the Application of Mckinsey’s 7s Model by Women in SMEs in Ghana; the Mediating Role of Commitment
Authors: Dodor Ann
Published: October 2023

One of the issues facing SMEs is how to align the internal structures of the organization to improve performance. This study seeks to investigate how SMEs apply the Mckinsey’s 7s framework to align together to improve performance. The study further examines the role of employee commitment on McKinsey’s 7s to performance.

The study employed causal and descriptive research design with a sample size of 378 women entrepreneurs in SMEs in Ghana selected through purposive sampling method. Quantitative data were collected from participants through surveys with the use of questionnaire. Data were analysed by employing structural equation modelling (SEM) supported by AMOS 23.0 with maximum likelihood estimation to test the formulated hypotheses. The mediation analysis was done via bootstrapping through AMOS.

The findings showed that the application of Mckinsey’s 7S has a positive contribution to performance of SMEs. The study further revealed that 4 out of the 7 variables have direct, statistically, and significant influence on employee commitment. The variables include strategy; structures; skills and shared value. The other 3 variables that shown insignificant relationship with employee commitment were Systems, staff and style. Also, the results of the mediating variable suggests that employee commitment has no direct influence on performance results outcome and the hypothesis is not supporting but indicated inverse relationship.
EVALUASI SISTEM MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT DENGAN PENDEKATAN LEAN BUILDING MAINTENANCE PADA APARTEMEN X DI SURABAYA
Authors: Evan Evan , Andi Andi , Arijanto Lie
Published: October 2023

Seiring berkembangnya apartemen di Indonesia maka pekerjaan maintenance tidak bisa dipandang remeh. Pekerjaan maintenance yang terlalu lama dapat membahayakan user apartemen sehingga sistem maintenance management harus dibuat seefisien mungkin agar pekerjaan maintenance selesai dengan cepat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi dan membuat perbaikan dari sistem maintenance management pada bangunan apartemen. Metode utama yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah Maintenance Value Stream Mapping (MVSM) yang merupakan bagian dari pilar waste identification pada Lean Building Maintenance. Metode ini menghasilkan model awal yang disebut current MVSM untuk dianalisa lebih lanjut sehingga menghasilkan usulan model perbaikan yang disebut future MVSM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waktu untuk alur 1 sistem maintenance Apartemen X membutuhkan waktu 210 jam yang kemudian diusulkan langkah perbaikan dengan mengurangi waste pada beberapa aktivitas yang tidak perlu (Non-Value Added Activity). Setelah perbaikan diusulkan dengan model future MVSM maka waktu untuk alur 1 sistem maintenance Apartemen X dapat lebih cepat 68.57%.
Assessment of Construction Plan for Chungju Dam Supplementary Spillway Using Flow-3D Model
Authors: Jo Moonsu , Joo Jingu , Kim Hayong
Published: October 2023

The occurrence of extreme rainfall events is increasing owing to climate change. Therefore, projects to enhance the capacity of existing hydraulic structures are underway to address this challenge. In the case of the Chungju Dam, the installation of a supplementary spillway has been planned to accommodate the increased probability maximum flood. Hydraulic model experiments have been conducted for the design of large hydraulic structures. However, hydraulic model experiments have drawbacks, such as being time-consuming and costly, which make it challenging to consider various alternatives. Recently, with the advancement of computer technology, three-dimensional (3D) numerical models are replacing hydraulic model experiments. In this study, the suitability of the supplementary spillway installation plan for the Chungju Dam was evaluated using the Flow-3D model, and improvements were proposed. The proposed improvements include increasing the width of the spillway, shifting the location of the spillway downstream, and increasing the diameter of the tunnel. This study is expected to be a valuable reference for planning the Chungju Dam and applying various 3D numerical models.
A Study on the Drought Occurrence Characteristics in Volcanic Island Regions: The Case of Jeju Island
Authors: Park Changyeol
Published: October 2023

This study examined the characteristics of drought occurrence in a volcanic island. The study area was chosen to be Jeju island. It was divided into eastern, western, southern and northern regions, taking into account the influence of Halla mountain, to compare and evaluate reginal differences in rainfall and drounght occurrence characteristics (return period, duration). As a result, the rainfall characteristics were significantly different between the southern and eastern regions, as well as between the northern and western regions. Notably, the northern and western regions exhibited a relatively higher likelihood of spring drought occurrence. Futhermore, when comparing drought characteristics, for SPI-3, the average return period during dry months ranged from 6 to 14 months, and the average duration was 1.4 to 2.7 months. Regional differences were relatively minor. However, for SPI-6, the average return period during dry months ranged from 7 to 73 months, and the average duration was 1.5 to 3.2 months, indicatings significant regional differences in drought characteristics. Theses variations underscore the need for region-specific drought response strategies in consideration of the regional features of Jeju island. For SPI-6, where the drought duration does not exhibit significant variation (2-3 months), a common strategy for the entire Jeju region is also indicated.
Effect of the Effective Clear Width of Door in a Modular Classroom on Evacuation Time
Authors: Jeong Seon Yong , Lee Hong Sang , Kong Ha Sung
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study was to measure and analyze the change in evacuation time according to the effective clear width of the entrance door of a modular classroom using an evacuation simulation program. In order to measure the evacuation time in this manner, a scenario was constructed to analyze the change in evacuation time owing to the increase in the effective clear width of the entrance. On the one hand, an entrance door width exceeding 140 cm did not affect the evacuation time. On the other hand, the evacuation took the longest when the door width was much narrower (60 cm). As the effective clear width of the entrance to the modular classroom increases, the evacuation time decreases. If the modular classroom is occupied by many students, it is necessary to establish a separate rule for the effective clear width of the entrance in the Rule on the Standard for Evacuation and Fire Structure of Buildings.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Hydrogen Gas Explosion Accidents at Complex Hydrogen Refueling Station
Authors: Park Byoungjik , Kim Yangkyun , Kim Ji Woong , Lim Ohk Kun
Published: October 2023

The global automobile market is shifting from vehicles powered by LNG, LPG, diesel, and gasoline toward electric and hydrogen-driven vehicles. To boost the development of a hydrogen economy, the Korean government has been supporting the supply of hydrogen vehicles and permitting the installation of hydrogen refueling stations alongside the existing LNG, LPG, diesel, and gasoline refueling stations. This study entailed an evaluation of the risk of hydrogen gas explosion accidents at a combined hydrogen fueling station that supplies hydrogen, gasoline, and diesel. Numerical analysis was used to examine the extent of damage to the interior and exterior of the hydrogen station caused by the blast wave generated by the vapor cloud explosion resulting from a hydrogen gas leakage inside the station. The results indicate that the severity of the damage to nearby structures and facilities due to the vapor cloud explosion increased with increasing hydrogen gas leakage. The results have applicability in planning the safety separation distance of hydrogen stations and placement of hydrogen facilities.
Masks During Pandemics Caused by Respiratory Pathogens—Evidence and Implications for Action
Authors: Cash-Goldwasser Shama , Reingold Arthur L. , Luby Stephen P. , Jackson Lisa A. , Frieden Thomas R.
Published: October 2023

Importance

As demonstrated by the influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, viruses spread by the respiratory route can cause deadly pandemics, and face masks can reduce the spread of these pathogens. The effectiveness of responses to future epidemics and pandemics will depend at least in part on whether evidence on masks, including from the COVID-19 pandemic, is utilized.

Observations

Well-designed observational studies have demonstrated the association of mask use with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community settings, and rigorous evaluations of mask mandates have found substantial protection. Disagreement about whether face masks reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been exacerbated by a focus on randomized trials, which are limited in number, scope, and statistical power. Many effective public health policies have never been assessed in randomized clinical trials; such trials are not the gold standard of evidence for the efficacy of all interventions. Masking in the community to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is supported by robust evidence from diverse settings and populations. Data on the epidemiologic, environmental, and mask design parameters that influence the effectiveness of masking provide insights on when and how masks should be used to prevent transmission.

Conclusions and Relevance

During the next epidemic or pandemic caused by a respiratory pathogen, decision-makers will need to rely on existing evidence as they implement interventions. High-quality studies have shown that use of face masks in the community is associated with reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be an important component of an effective response to a future respiratory threat.
Association of Parental Status and Gender With Burden of Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards Among Oncology Physicians
Authors: Chau Brittney L. , LaGuardia Jonnby S. , Kim Sungjin , Zhang Samuel C. , Pletcher Eric , Sanford Nina N. , Raldow Ann C. , Singer Lisa , Gong Jun , Padda Sukhmani K. , Kamrava Mitchell , Cohen Tara , Mitra Devarati , Atkins Katelyn M.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Tumor boards are integral to the care of patients with cancer. However, data investigating the burden of tumor boards on physicians are limited.

Objective

To investigate what physician-related and tumor board–related factors are associated with higher tumor board burden among oncology physicians.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Tumor board burden was assessed by a cross-sectional convenience survey posted on social media and by email to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center cancer physicians between March 3 and April 3, 2022. Tumor board start times were independently collected by email from 22 top cancer centers.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Tumor board burden was measured on a 4-point scale (1, not at all burdensome; 2, slightly burdensome; 3, moderately burdensome; and 4, very burdensome). Univariable and multivariable probabilistic index (PI) models were performed.

Results

Surveys were completed by 111 physicians (median age, 42 years [IQR, 36-50 years]; 58 women [52.3%]; 60 non-Hispanic White [54.1%]). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with higher probability of tumor board burden included radiology or pathology specialty (PI, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.79; P = .02), attending 3 or more hours per week of tumor boards (PI, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.76; P < .001), and having 2 or more children (PI, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.77; P = .03). Early or late tumor boards (before 8 am or at 5 pm or after) were considered very burdensome by 33 respondents (29.7%). Parents frequently reported a negative burden on childcare (43 of 77 [55.8%]) and family dynamics (49 of 77 [63.6%]). On multivariable analysis, a higher level of burden from early or late tumor boards was independently associated with identifying as a woman (PI, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.57-0.78; P = .003) and having children (PI, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.84; P < .001). Independent assessment of 358 tumor boards from 22 institutions revealed the most common start time was before 8 am (88 [24.6%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

This survey study of tumor board burden suggests that identifying as a woman or parent was independently associated with a higher level of burden from early or late tumor boards. The burden of early or late tumor boards on childcare and family dynamics was commonly reported by parents. Having 2 or more children, attending 3 or more hours per week of tumor boards, and radiology or pathology specialty were associated with a significantly higher tumor board burden overall. Future strategies should aim to decrease the disparate burden on parents and women.
Recommendations for Improving Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Care From Black Adults
Authors: Yalavarthi Bhaavna , Summerville Johari , Farahani Nikki , Xiao Lillian Z. , Yu Christine , Aboul-Hassan Deena , Rajgarhia Sia , Clauw Daniel J. , Kahlenberg J. Michelle , DeJonckheere Melissa , Bergmans Rachel S.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Racial inequities in incidence, morbidity, and mortality are a defining feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Health care systems are integral to addressing these inequities. However, qualitative evidence that highlights Black SLE care experiences is limited.

Objective

To identify opportunities for improving SLE care based on the experiences and perspectives of Black adults with SLE.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this qualitative study, an interpretive description approach was used and data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Semistructured interviews with Black adults in Michigan who were diagnosed with SLE were conducted. Interviews occurred from November 2, 2021, to July 19, 2022, and data analysis occurred from May 6, 2022, to April 12, 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Deidentified transcripts from the interviews were analyzed to develop themes that focused on opportunities to improve quality of care and symptom management.

Results

The participants included 30 Black adults with SLE (97% women; mean age, 41 years; range, 18-65 years). Four main themes were identified: (1) awareness of SLE signs and symptoms before diagnosis (participants emphasized delays in diagnosis and how knowledge concerning SLE could be limited in their families and communities); (2) patient-clinician interactions (participants faced discrimination in health care settings and talked about the value of coordinated and supportive health care teams); (3) medication adherence and health effects (participants experienced a range of adverse effects from medications that treat SLE and described how monitoring medication use and efficacy could inform tailored care approaches); and (4) comprehensive care plans after diagnosis (participants reported persistent pain and other symptoms despite treatment). In the context of disease management, participants emphasized the importance of behavioral change and the negative impact of social risk factors.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this qualitative study suggest how limited information about SLE, experiences of racism, treatment regimens, and social risk factors may affect Black people with SLE. Future research should further engage and include Black communities within the context of treatment and intervention development to reduce racial inequities.
Phase Selection Rules of Multi‐Principal Element Alloys
Authors: Wang Lin , Ouyang Bin
Published: October 2023

Computational prediction of phase stability of multi‐principal element alloys (MPEAs) holds a lot of promise for rapid exploration of the enormous design space and autonomous discovery of superior structural and functional properties. Regardless of many plausible works that rely on phenomenological theory and machine learning, precise prediction is still limited by insufficient data and the lack of interpretability of some machine learning algorithms, e.g., convolutional neural network. In this work, a comprehensive approach is presented, encompassing the development of a complete dataset that contains 72 387 density functional theory calculations, as well as a predictive global phenomenological descriptor. The phase selection descriptor, based on atomic electronegativity and valence electron concentration, significantly outperforms the widely used valence electron concentration, excelling in both accuracy (with an f1 score of 63% compared to 47%) and its ability to predict the HCP phase (0.48 recall compared to 0). The comprehensive data mining on the global design space of 61 425 quaternary MPEAs made from 28 possible metals, together with the phenomenological theory and physical interpretation, will set up a solid computational science foundation for data‐driven exploration of MPEAs.
Unrestricted Chiral Patterning by Laser Writing in Liquid Crystalline and Plasmonic Nanocomposite Thin Films
Authors: Szustakiewicz Piotr , Powała Filip , Szepke Dorota , Lewandowski Wiktor , Majewski Pawel W.
Published: October 2023

Obtaining hierarchical structures with arbitrarily controlled chirality remains a challenge. Here, thin films featuring chiroptically bipolar patterns are produced by a device utilizing microscale photothermal re‐melting of materials exhibiting chirality synchronization. This device operates autonomously, guided by an algorithm that facilitates the homochiral growth of supramolecular organic helices through controlling their re‐melting. The chirality synchronization phenomena of constitutionally achiral molecules grants availability of both handednesses of the helices, enabling unrestricted chiral writing in the film. The collective chiroptical response of assembled molecules is utilised to guide the patterning process, creating a foundation for optically secured information. The established methodology enables achieving dissymmetry factor values for circular dichroism (CD) a magnitude higher than previously reported, as confirmed with state‐of‐the‐art, synchrotron‐based Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP). Moreover, the developed method is extended to nanocomposites comprising gold nanoparticles, providing the opportunity to tune the CD toward the plasmonic region. This strategic application of photothermal processing, specifically laser‐directed melting, uncovers the potential to broaden the selection of nanostructured materials with precisely designed functionalities for photonic applications.
A Robust Bridge‐Type Airflow Sensor Based on Flexible Superhydrophobic Carbon Nanotube Fiber Thin Films
Authors: Qi Tianci , Chen Chen , Yong Zhenzhong , Gong Xiaojing , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: October 2023

Despite a great deal of research about airflow sensors by far, it is still hard to maintain ultra‐low limit of detection, short response, and recovery time under humid and rainy environment, which compromises its practical applications. Herein, a robust bridge‐type airflow sensor base on flexible superhydrophobic carbon nanotube fiber thin films is developed, which can not only own remarkable sensitive properties with ultra‐low limit of detection, fast response, and rapid recovery, but also exclude the influence of moisture or water drops in real applications. Both response time and recovery time are reduced compared with that of the previously reported flexible carbon‐based airflow sensors. Particularly, recovery time is reduced by ≈2/3. Meanwhile, the superhydrophobic structure renders normal functioning of the sensor in severe environment of high humidity or even in the rain, so that the influence of moisture and raindrops can be excluded, a property deficient in the previously reported airflow sensors. Not only can the sensor detect ambient airflow sensitively, but it also exhibits outstanding performance in respiratory health monitoring. Hence, the novel sensor designed in this work realizes operation in the environment of high humidity and rain, which tremendously uplifts the applicability of flexible sensors.
Arylsulfonic Anhydride as Thiol Surrogate for Sulfenylation of sp2 C−H Bond Through De‐oxygenative Reduction with Neutral Ionic Liquid: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Rastogi Sumit K. , Equbal Danish , Kumar Santosh , P. R. Gayathri , Kumar Ravindra , Sinha Arun K.
Published: October 2023

We disclosed the dual role of neutral [Hmim]Br towards the direct conversion of arylsulfonic anhydride into arylthiol surrogate for the controlled and regioselective synthesis of 3‐sulfenylindoles from indole derivatives at rt. In addition, 2‐bromo‐3‐sulfenylindoles were synthesized in the presence of catalytic water at 50 °C in a cascade manner i. e. sulfenylation and bromination through de‐oxygenative reduction with [Hmim]Br in the absence of any additional brominating agent. The present method was also utilized for the sulfenylation of other heterocycles including azaindole, coumarin, naphthol, and pyrrole in good to excellent yields. Moreover, mechanistic investigations revealed this reaction was driven by imidazolium cation of neutral ionic liquid i. e. [Hmim]Br, which converts arylsulfonic anhydride into sulfenyl group for sulfenylation/bromination of sp2 C−H bond wherein an acidic ionic liquid [Hmim]pTSA is released as a by‐product.
Chemical Imaging of RNA‐Tau Amyloid Fibrils at the Nanoscale Using Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Cooney Gary Sean , Talaga David , Ury‐Thiery Vicky , Fichou Yann , Huang Yuhan , Lecomte Sophie , Bonhommeau Sébastien
Published: October 2023

In the presence of cofactors, tau protein can form amyloid deposits in the brain which are implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders. Heparin, lipids, and RNA are used to recreate tau aggregates in vitro from recombinant protein. However, the mechanism of interaction of these cofactors and the interactions between cofactors and tau are poorly understood. Herein, we use tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to visualize the spatial distribution of adenine, protein secondary structure, and amino acids (arginine, lysine and histidine) in single polyadenosine (polyA)‐induced tau fibrils with nanoscale spatial resolution (<10–20 nm). Based on reference unenhanced and surface‐enhanced Raman spectra, we show that the polyA anionic cofactor is incorporated in the fibril structure and seems to be superficial to the β‐sheet core, but nonetheless enveloped within the random‐coiled fuzzy coat. TERS images also prove the colocalization of positively charged arginine, lysine, and histidine amino acids and negatively charged polyA, which constitutes an important step forward to better comprehend the action of RNA cofactors in the mechanism of formation of toxic tau fibrils. TERS appears as a powerful technique for the identification of cofactors in individual tau fibrils and their mode of interaction.
T Cell Antigen Recognition and Discrimination by Electrochemiluminescence Imaging
Authors: Yan Yajuan , Zhou Ping , Ding Lurong , Hu Wei , Chen Wei , Su Bin
Published: October 2023

Adoptive T lymphocyte (T cell) transfer and tumour‐specific peptide vaccines are innovative cancer therapies. An accurate assessment of the specific reactivity of T cell receptors (TCRs) to tumour antigens is required because of the high heterogeneity of tumour cells and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. In this study, we report a label‐free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging approach for recognising and discriminating between TCRs and tumour‐specific antigens by imaging the immune synapses of T cells. Various T cell stimuli, including agonistic antibodies, auxiliary molecules, and tumour‐specific antigens, were modified on the electrode's surface to allow for their interaction with T cells bearing different TCRs. The formation of immune synapses activated by specific stimuli produced a negative (shadow) ECL image, from which T cell antigen recognition and discrimination were evaluated by analysing the spreading area and the recognition intensity of T cells. This approach provides an easy way to assess TCR‐antigen specificity and screen both of them for immunotherapies.