bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monopolar radiofrequency for dermal temperature regulation and remodeling: A porcine model study
Authors: Park Chidae , Hong Jumi , Ryu Hye Guk , Kim Seokhong , Park Jinyoung , Kim Kyung , Won Jongah , Lee Jungmi , Chun Soo Il
Published: July 2024

Background

Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency (NMRF) is widely used for dermal and subdermal volumetric heating, yet detailed research on its effects on dermal temperature is scarce.

Aims

This study evaluates the impact of NMRF on dermal temperature and its potential for dermal remodeling using a porcine model.

Methods

Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency was applied to porcine skin with temperature monitoring via optic fiber technology and forward‐looking infrared thermal imaging. Safety was evaluated using nitro blue tetrazolium chloride assessments, and effectiveness was determined through histological examinations before and after treatment.

Results

Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency treatment in a porcine model achieved effective dermal remodeling with no thermal damage, recording peak temperatures of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. Histological analysis showed increased collagen density, indicating successful tissue remodeling.

Conclusion

Noninvasive monopolar radiofrequency is effective in delivering controlled dermal heating and enhancing collagen synthesis, promoting safe and efficient skin tightening and dermal remodeling in a porcine model. It presents a viable option for skin rejuvenation therapies.
Phylogeography and local environmental adaptation in the differentiation of Leptocorisa sister species in East Asia
Authors: Dong Xue , Zhu Xiuxiu , Tang Zechen , Yi Wenbo , Xue Huaijun , Ye Zhen , Zheng Chenguang , Bu Wenjun
Published: July 2024

A full understanding of local adaptation at the genomic level will help to elucidate its role in the differentiation between closely related species. This study focused on rice seed bugs sister species (Leptocorisa chinensis and Leptocorisa oratoria), which are native to East Asia and are notorious pests targeting growing rice spikelets. East Asia is a region where diverse geology and fluctuating climate are known to have profound impacts on organisms. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing and geographic distribution information were used to investigate phylogeography and assess the environmental contribution to genetic variation. We found clear genetic differentiation between sister species, but a lack of genetic structure within species because of their long‐distance dispersal ability. The demographic model involved a scenario in which divergence in isolation (~0.6 Ma) was followed by secondary contact (~7 kya). The initial divergence may have been caused by the intensification of the East Asian monsoon during the Pleistocene climate oscillation. The historical demography indicated that the effective population size (Ne) showed an evident increase from 9 to 7 kya, which may be related to rice domestication and extensive human cultivation during the Holocene. We also detected a significant correlation between genetic and environmental distance, and the niche difference occupied between them. Temperature‐related variables were ranked as the main factors for the difference, and 410 selective SNPs involved in adaptation were identified. The Nanling Mountains in southern China serve as a geographical boundary between them and act as an ecological barrier belt that promotes local environmental adaptation. Our study demonstrates that historical climate change and local adaptation by climate‐imposed selection shape the phylogeographical patterns of sister species.
Araguainha impact structure, Brazil: New insights into the geology of the central uplift
Authors: Souza Carolinna da Silva Maia de , Hauser Natalia , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Bernardes Renato Borges , Vieira Lucieth Cruz , Guimarães Edi Mendes , Gottwald Manfred
Published: July 2024

Extensive, new outcrops along the MT‐100 state road in the northern part of the central uplift of the 40‐km diameter, 252–259 Ma old Araguainha impact structure, Central Brazil, have become available for investigation. They offer new insight into the contact relationships between the different lithologies and the genesis of different types of impact‐related rocks, as well as the current level of erosion of the structure. Three types of impact melt rock (IMR) with different field relationships and compositions can now be distinguished: (1) Type‐I of granitic composition and occurring mainly as veins and dikes, besides a few larger pods, in the central alkali granite core of the central uplift; (2) Type‐II in the form of plastically deformed clasts of mainly highly silicious compositions in polymict impact breccia; and (3) Type‐III, derived from partially melted conglomerate or sandstone precursors, and that occurs at selected sites in (meta)sedimentary strata of the basement in the immediate environs of the alkali granite core. Both polymict lithic and melt‐bearing (suevitic) impact breccias are recognized in the 110‐m thick integrated section through impact breccia directly overlying the crater floor. This crater floor is composed of (meta)‐sedimentary basement strata with granite injections and, locally, sandstones of the Devonian sedimentary Furnas Formation of the Paraná Basin. Main breccia components are (meta)‐pelites and (meta)sandstones of the basement that is currently favored to be related to the regional Paraguay Belt and to the lower sequence of the Paraná Basin sedimentary strata. Locally, breccia contains clasts of IMR Type‐II, and only very rarely are granitic fragments observed. Clasts of IMR Type‐I have never been observed in the breccia deposits. These new observations preclude significant involvement of alkali granite in the formation of the polymict breccia or in the production of shock melts. They also reveal the major role of the (meta)sedimentary precursors in the production of IMR by shock melting and provide essential information for better understanding the cratering processes involved in the formation of an impact structure in a sedimentary target, of the size of the Araguainha impact structure.
Mechanism of azole resistance in Candida vulturna, an emerging multidrug resistant pathogen related with Candida haeumulonii and Candida auris
Authors: Macedo Daiana , Berrio Indira , Escandon Patricia , Gamarra Soledad , Garcia‐Effron Guillermo
Published: July 2024

Background

Candida vulturna is an emerging pathogen belonging to the Metshnikowiaceae family together with Candida auris and Candida haemulonii species complex. Some strains of this species were reported to be resistant to several antifungal agents.

Objectives

This study aims to address identification difficulties, evaluate antiungal susceptibilities and explore the molecular mechanisms of azole resistance of Candida vulturna.

Methods

We studied five C. vulturna clinical strains isolated in three Colombian cities. Identification was performed by phenotypical, proteomic and molecular methods. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed following CLSI protocol. Its ERG11 genes were sequenced and a substitution was encountered in azole resistant isolates. To confirm the role of this substitution in the resistance phenotype, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with a chimeric ERG11 gene were created.

Results

Discrepancies in identification methods are highlighted. Sequencing confirmed the identification as C. vulturna. Antifungal susceptibility varied among strains, with four strains exhibiting reduced susceptibility to azoles and amphotericin B. ERG11 sequencing showed a point mutation (producing a P135S substitution) that was associated with the azole‐resistant phenotype.

Conclusions

This study contributes to the understanding of C. vulturna's identification challenges, its susceptibility patterns, and sheds light on its molecular mechanisms of azole resistance.
FveDREB1B improves cold tolerance of woodland strawberry by positively regulating FveSCL23 and FveCHS
Authors: Luo He , Guan Yuhan , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Zihui , Zhang Zhihong , Li He
Published: July 2024

Cold stress has seriously inhibited the growth and development of strawberry during production. CBF/DREB1 is a key central transcription factor regulating plant cold tolerance, but its regulatory mechanisms are varied in different plants. Especially in strawberry, the molecular mechanism of CBF/DREB1 regulating cold tolerance is still unclear. In this study, we found that FveDREB1B was most significantly induced by cold stress in CBF/DREB1 family of diploid woodland strawberry. FveDREB1B was localized to the nucleus, and DREB1B sequences were highly conserved in diploid and octoploid strawberry, and even similar in Rosaceae. And FveDREB1B overexpressed strawberry plants showed delayed flowering and increased cold tolerance, while FveDREB1B silenced plants showed early flowering and decreased cold tolerance. Under cold stress, FveDREB1B activated FveSCL23 expression by directly binding to its promoter. Meanwhile, FveDREB1B and FveSCL23 interacted with FveDELLA, respectively. In addition, we also found that FveDREB1B promoted anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry leaves by directly activating FveCHS expression after cold treatment and recovery to 25°C. DREB1B genes were also detected to be highly expressed in cold‐tolerant strawberry resources ‘Fragaria mandschurica’ and ‘Fragaria nipponica’. In conclusion, our study reveals the molecular mechanism of FveDREB1B‐FveSCL23‐FveDELLA module and FveDREB1B‐FveCHS module to enhance the cold tolerance of woodland strawberry. It provides a new idea for improving the cold tolerance of cultivated strawberry and evaluating the cold tolerance of strawberry germplasm resources.
An Investigation Into the Measurement of Injury Severity in Running‐Related Injury Research: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lacey Aisling , Whyte Enda , Burke Aoife , O'Connor Siobhán , Dillon Sarah , Moran Kieran
Published: July 2024

Understanding injury severity is essential to inform injury prevention practice. The aims of this scoping review were to investigate how running‐related injury (RRI) severity is measured, compare how it differs across studies, and examine whether it influences study outcomes (i.e., injury rates and risk factor identification). This scoping review was prospectively registered with Open Science Framework. A systematic electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscuss, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases. Included studies were published in English between January 1980 and December 2023, investigated RRIs in adult running populations, and included a measure of injury severity. Results were extracted and collated. Sixty‐six studies were included. Two predominant primary criteria are used to define injury severity: the extent of the effect on running and/or the extent of the physical description. When secondary definition criteria are considered, 13 variations of injury severity measurement are used. Two approaches are used to grade injury severity: a categorization approach or a continuous numerical scale. Overall, the measurement of RRI severity is relatively inconsistent across studies. Less than half of studies report incidence rates per level of injury severity, while none report specific risk factors across levels, making it difficult to determine if the approach to measuring injury severity influences these study outcomes. This lack of information is possibly contributing to inconsistent rates of RRIs reported, and the lack of clarity on risk factors.
From Novice to Expert: How Expertise Shapes Motor Variability in Sports Biomechanics—a Scoping Review
Authors: Marineau Emile , Ducas Julien , Mathieu Janny , Rodriguez Alvaro De Pano , Descarreaux Martin , Abboud Jacques
Published: July 2024

With expertise, athletes develop motor strategies that enhance sports performance or reduce functional costs. Motor variability is known as a relevant way to characterize these strategies in athletes with different levels of expertise. The aim of this scoping review is to gather and discuss the latest advances in the impact of expertise on motor variability during sports‐related tasks. A search encompassing three databases, Medline, SportDiscus, and Academic Search Complete, was performed. Our research methodology included three core themes: motor variability, laboratory instruments, and sports. Motor variability metrics (e.g., standard deviation and approximate entropy) and laboratory instruments (e.g., motion capture system, EMG, and force plate) were compiled. Athletes' expertise was defined by the time of deliberate practice, the performance results, or the level in which they performed. Overall, 48 of the 59 included studies determined that higher‐skilled athletes had lesser motor variability than lower‐skilled athletes. This difference in motor variability between skill levels was present within individual athletes (intra‐individual) and between athletes (inter‐individual). This result was independent of the criteria used to define expertise, the type of instrumentation used, and the metrics used to quantify motor variability.
Re‐evaluating treatment thresholds in patient blood management: Female patients experience more perioperative anaemia and higher transfusion rates in major elective surgery
Authors: Arya Sumedha , Howell Alanna , Vernich Lee , Lin Yulia , Pavenski Katerina , Freedman John
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives

By optimizing erythropoiesis, patient blood management (PBM) programmes can reduce transfusions, lower mortality and provide cost‐effective care. While definitions of anaemia have historically varied by sex, for the purposes of PBM, anaemia is defined as a haemoglobin <130 g/L. Our objective was to describe whether perioperative anaemia and transfusion rates in the PBM setting vary by sex.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of the Ontario Nurse Transfusion Coordinators Program (ONTraC) database from 2018 to 2022. ONTraC collects data from 25 Ontario hospitals which together account for >70% of Ontario's provincial blood use (~400,000 units per year). We collected data on patients undergoing elective isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), open heart valve replacement, CABG plus valve replacement, single‐knee arthroplasty and single‐hip arthroplasty.

Results

From 2018 to 2022, 17,700 patients were included in the ONTraC program; 47% were females (N = 8376). Across almost all years and procedures, females were found to have a significantly lower pre‐operative, nadir and discharge haemoglobin as compared with males, irrespective of PBM interventions. Transfusion rates were significantly higher for females; this was most pronounced in cardiac surgery.

Conclusion

Females experienced more perioperative anaemia and higher transfusion rates. Historic sex‐specific definitions of anaemia may contribute to a greater tolerance of anaemia in females. Prioritizing females for multimodal PBM and consistently achieving a pre‐operative haemoglobin >130 g/L may reduce the amount of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions that female patients receive.
Livestock‐associated spatial risk factors for human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis
Authors: Mulder Annemieke Christine , Mughini‐Gras Lapo , van de Kassteele Jan , Blanken Sara Lynn , Pijnacker Roan , Franz Eelco
Published: July 2024

Aims

Most human infections with non‐typhoid Salmonella (NTS) or Campylobacter are zoonotic in nature and acquired though consumption of contaminated food of mainly animal origin. However, individuals may also acquire salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis through non‐foodborne transmission pathways, such as those mediated by the environment. This emphasizes the need to consider both direct and indirect exposure to livestock sources as a possible transmission route for NTS and Campylobacter. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing whether salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis incidence is spatially associated with exposure to livestock (i.e. small ruminants, dairy cows, veal calves, laying hens, broiler chickens and pigs) in the Netherlands for the years 2007–2019 and 2014–2019 respectively.

Methods and Results

Risk factors (population‐weighted number of animals) and their population attributable fractions were determined using a Poisson regression model with a log‐link function fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximation. The analyses were performed for different hexagonal sizes (90, 50, 25 and 10 km2) and accounted for geographical coverage of the diagnostic laboratory catchment areas. Moreover, serological data were used to look into the possible effects of acquired immunity due to repeated exposure to the pathogen through the environment that would potentially hinder the analyses based on the incidence of reported cases. A linear mixed‐effects model was then fitted where the postal code areas were included as a random effect. Livestock was not consistently significantly associated with acquiring salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis in the Netherlands.

Conclusions

Results showed that living in livestock‐rich areas in the Netherlands is not a consistently significant, spatially restricted risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis, thereby supporting current knowledge that human infections with Salmonella and Campylobacter are mainly foodborne.
Microbiología Ambiental - De la teoría a la práctica
Authors: Pedroza-Rodriguez Aura Marina ,   Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Martínez Salgado María Mercedes , Ortega Blu Rodrigo , Franco-Correa Marcela , Rivera Hoyos Claudia Marcela , Gómez Méndez Luis David , Díaz Ariza Lucía Ana , Jiménez Luis Camilo , Salcedo Reyes Juan Carlos , Carrascal-Camacho Ana Karina , Paéz Morales Adriana Inés , Poutou-Piñales Raúl Alberto , Matiz Villamil Adriana
Published: July 2024

Este libro es un manual práctico y didáctico, concebido como un tributo al profesor René Novo Sordo y como una herramienta para estudiantes y profesionales interesados en el campo de la microbiología ambiental. La obra abarca una amplia gama de temas relacionados con la presencia y el papel de los microorganismos en diversos entornos, desde el suelo y el agua hasta el aire. Destaca la diversidad de aplicaciones prácticas de la microbiología ambiental, como el desarrollo de biofertilizantes, el control de agentes patógenos y la evaluación de la calidad ambiental. El libro se estructura en 13 capítulos, cada uno de los cuales presenta una guía detallada para la realización de experimentos y análisis en el laboratorio. La inclusión de secciones dedicadas a materiales, metodología y referencias bibliográficas facilita la reproducción de los experimentos y la profundización en los temas tratados.
Tuning cohesin trajectories enables differential readout of the Pcdhα cluster across neurons
Authors: Kiefer Lea , Gaudin Simon , Rajkumar Sandy M. , Servito Gabrielle Isabelle F. , Langen Jennifer , Mui Michael H. , Nawsheen Shayra , Canzio Daniele
Published: July 2024

Expression of Protocadherin (Pcdh) genes is critical to the generation of neuron identity and wiring of the nervous system. Pcdhα genes are arranged in clusters and exhibit a range of expression profiles, from stochastic to deterministic. Because Pcdhα promoters have high sequence identity and share distal enhancers, how distinct neurons choose which gene to express remains unclear. We show that the interplay between multiple enhancers, epigenetics, and genome folding orchestrates differential readouts of the locus across neurons. The probability of Pcdhα promoter choice depends on enhancer/promoter encounters catalyzed by cohesin, whose extrusion trajectories determine the likelihood that an individual promoter can “escape” heterochromatin-mediated silencing. We propose that tunable locus-specific regulatory elements and cell type–specific cohesin activity underlie the generation of cellular diversity by Pcdh genes.
Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics
Authors: Dong L. R. , Zhang J. , Li Y. Z. , Gao Y. X. , Wang M. , Huang M. X. , Wang J. S. , Chen K. X.
Published: July 2024

The inherent brittleness of ceramics, primarily due to restricted atomic motions from rigid ionic or covalent bonded structures, is a persistent challenge. This characteristic hinders dislocation nucleation in ceramics, thereby impeding the enhancement of plasticity through a dislocation-engineering strategy commonly used in metals. Finding a strategy that continuously generates dislocations within ceramics may enhance plasticity. Here, we propose a “borrowing-dislocations” strategy that uses a tailored interfacial structure with well-ordered bonds. Such an approach enables ceramics to have greatly improved tensile ductility by mobilizing a considerable number of dislocations in ceramic borrowed from metal through the interface, thereby overcoming the challenge associated with direct dislocation nucleation within ceramics. This strategy provides a way to enhance tensile ductility in ceramics.
Toward cleaner air and better health: Current state, challenges, and priorities
Authors: Huang Wei , Xu Hongbing , Wu Jing , Ren Minghui , Ke Yang , Qiao Jie
Published: July 2024

The most up-to-date estimate of the global burden of disease indicates that ambient air pollution, including fine particulate matter and ozone, contributes to an estimated 5.2 million deaths each year. In this review, we highlight the challenges in estimating population exposure to air pollution and attributable health risks, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and among vulnerable populations. To protect public health, the evidence so far confirms urgent needs to prioritize interdisciplinary research on air pollution exposure and risk assessment and to develop evidence-based intervention policies and risk communication strategies. Here, we synthesize the emerging evidence supporting the monitoring and evaluation of the progress in implementation of the Global Air Quality Guidelines prepared by the World Health Organization.
Neutrality’s effects on academic freedom
Authors: Thorp H. Holden
Published: July 2024

The idea that universities in the United States—and especially their presidents—should be politically neutral was taking hold long before their recent struggles in responding to the Israel–Hamas war. A document called the Kalven Report that was produced at the University of Chicago in 1967 famously declared that “the university is the home and sponsor of critics; it is not itself the critic.” Thus, in matters of political controversy, the university best serves its faculty and students by remaining neutral so that those with disciplinary expertise can opine freely. Neutrality makes good sense when it comes to political issues that by their nature are matters of opinion. But what about matters of science, especially when a finding has powerful political implications such as studies on climate or vaccines? Where should universities draw the line?
In Science Journals
Authors: Smith Jesse , Funk Michael A. , Stern Peter , Osborne Ian S. , Smith Keith T. , Maroso Mattia , Yeston Jake S. , Grocholski Brent , Foley John F. , Simonti Corinne N. , Jiang Di , Szuromi Phil , Isles Hannah M. , Malo Courtney
Published: July 2024

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Can scientists help corals by killing starfish?
Authors: Quaglia Sofia
Published: July 2024

Culling crown-of-thorns boosted coral cover on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef
Burned-up satellites are tainting the atmosphere
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: July 2024

As private fleets grow, so do concerns about ozone-destroying effects of metal particles
Evidence for large Holocene earthquakes along the Yangsan fault in the SE Korean Peninsula revealed in three-dimensional paleoseismic trenches
Authors: Naik Sambit Prasanajit , Rockwell Thomas K. , Jeong Su-Ho , Kim Young-Seog , Shin Hyeon-Cho , Choi Jeong-Heon , Ha Sangmin , Son Moon
Published: July 2024

The Yangsan fault is the most prominent NNE-SSW–striking active right-lateral strike-slip fault crossing the Korean Peninsula, with a continuous trace of ~200 km. It can likely generate large earthquakes; however, the paleoseismic information on slip per event, slip rate, and timing of past ruptures along this fault remains sparse. To explore these parameters for the Yangsan fault, we excavated trenches across the central segment of the fault, which showed evidence for at least five surface-rupturing earthquakes preserved in Quaternary fluvial deposits. The timing of these earthquakes is discussed based on luminescence and radiocarbon ages. A close examination of three-dimensional trench exposures revealed that the most recent event(s) occurred during or slightly after the third century CE (one-event interpretation) or sixth to eighth century CE (two-event interpretation), and it was associated with 4.5 m to 5.3 m of lateral displacement of a paleochannel. The observed lateral displacement indicates that large earthquakes with a magnitude of around Mw 7 have taken place in the recent past, which is the first-ever direct evidence of large-magnitude earthquakes along the Yangsan fault. The penultimate event occurred after 17 ± 1 ka, whereas an earlier late Quaternary event occurred in the late Pleistocene, suggesting a recurrence interval in the range of 10,000 yr, and a consequent slip rate on the order of 0.5 mm/yr. The oldest observed ruptures are preserved below an erosional unconformity that probably dates back to the last interglacial period, based on infrared stimulated luminescence ages. An unknown number of ruptures may have occurred between the unconformity and subsequent sedimentation during the latest Pleistocene to Holocene period. Historical earthquake records indicate clustered behavior of moderate and large earthquakes along the Yangsan fault. Past faulting events and implied recurrence intervals constrain the long-term faulting behavior along the Yangsan fault and will contribute to a better seismic hazard assessment in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula.
Mixed burn injury to thigh secondary to D-cell lithium battery explosion
Authors: Brennan Christie , Kay Alan
Published: July 2024

There is an increasing trend globally of fire incidents as a direct consequence of battery failures[1-6], but a dearth of reporting in medical literature regarding injuries associated with primary lithium cell explosions. We present the case of an electrical engineer referred to the burns team as a chemical burn secondary to a D-cell lithium battery explosion. Initial assessment revealed an entry wound on the anteromedial thigh leaking contaminated fluid. Orthogonal X-rays demonstrated the battery casing lodged within the posterior thigh compartment. The wound was managed similar to that of a ballistic injury with staged debridement, washout and delayed primary closure. This is the first reported case of a lithium-thionyl chloride battery explosion causing injury. The case highlights various issues for attending teams, including appropriate first aid for chemical burns, consideration of significant soft tissue trauma deep to seemingly innocuous wounds and safeguarding concerns surrounding domestic explosive devices.
Paris air quality monitoring for the 2024 Olympics and Paralympics: focus on air pollutants and pollen
Authors: Bougault Valerie , Valorso Richard , Sarda-Esteve Roland , Baisnee Dominique , Visez Nicolas , Oliver Gilles , Bureau Jordan , Abdoussi Fatine , Ghersi Veronique , Foret Gilles
Published: July 2024

Background

Exposure to air pollution can affect the health of individuals with respiratory disease, but may also impede the health and performance of athletes. This is potentially relevant for people travelling to and competing in the Olympic and Paralympic Games (OPG) in Paris. We describe anticipated air quality in Paris based on historical monitoring data and describe the impact of the process on the development of monitoring strategies for future international sporting events.

Methods

Air pollutant data for July to September 2020–2023 and pollen data for 2015–2022 were provided by Airparif (particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3)) and RNSA stations in the Paris region. Airparif’s street-level numerical modelling provided spatial data for the OPG venues.

Results

The maximum daily mean PM2.5was 11±6 µg/m3at traffic stations, below the WHO recommended daily air quality threshold (AQT). Daily NO2concentrations ranged from 5±3 µg/m3in rural areas to 17±14 µgm3in urban areas. Near traffic stations, this rose to 40±24 µg/m3exceeding the WHO AQT. Both peaked around 06:00 and 20:00 UTC (coordinated universal time). The ambient O3level exceeded the AQT on 20 days per month and peaked at 14:00 UTC. The main allergenic taxa from June to September was Poaceae (ie, grass pollen variety).

Conclusion

Air pollutant levels are expected to be within accepted air quality thresholds at the Paris OPG. However, O3concentrations may be significantly raised in very hot and clear conditions and grass pollen levels will be high, prompting a need to consider and manage this risk in susceptible individuals.
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of allopurinol on the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk, including the presence of long-COVID-19 syndrome: the ALL-VASCOR study protocol
Authors: Lewandowska Katarzyna , Lipski Dawid , Uruski Paweł , Narkiewicz Krzysztof , Januszewicz Andrzej , Wolf Jacek , Prejbisz Aleksander , Rajzer Marek , Więcek Andrzej , Tykarski Andrzej
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Numerous studies, but not all, have suggested a positive effect of allopurinol on the cardiovascular system. The randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of allopurinol on the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with high and very high cardiovascular risk, including the presence of long-COVID-19 syndrome (ALL-VASCOR) study aims to evaluate the efficacy of allopurinol therapy for improving cardiovascular outcomes in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk excluding ischaemic heart disease. This is particularly important due to the high cost of cardiovascular disease treatment and its status as one of the leading causes of mortality.

Methods and analysis

The ALL-VASCOR study is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial that examines the effect of allopurinol therapy (200–500 mg of allopurinol daily) versus an equivalent dose of placebo on the risk of cardiovascular events in 1116 patients aged 40–70 with serum uric acid levels above 5 mg/dL at high and very high risk of cardiovascular disease. The ALL-VASCOR study will also assess the occurrence of long-COVID-19 syndrome. The study will measure primary and secondary as well as additional endpoints and the planned intervention will end on 31 July 2028 unless advised otherwise by the Safe Monitoring Board or other applicable authorities. Participant recruitment is planned to begin in March 2024 in Poland.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was ethically approved by the Bioethics Committee of Poznan University of Medical Sciences (No 03/23, 12 January 2023). The results are expected after 2028 and will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at international conferences.

Protocol version number

01–15 November 2022.

Trial registration number

EudraCT: 2022-003573-32, 27 October 2022, ClinicalTrials:NCT05943821, 13 July 2023.
Development and application of a qualitative rapid analysis framework in a hybrid trial within primary care
Authors: Mathieson Amy , Elvey Rebecca , Wilson Paul
Published: July 2024

Context

In the context of iterative feedback loops to support real-time policy decision making, and an emphasis on speeding up adoption of evidence-based interventions, qualitative healthcare researchers are increasingly expected to produce rapid results and products. Traditional qualitative methods have been adapted for this purpose.

Objective

To develop and apply a rapid analysis framework in a process evaluation for the VICTORION-Spirit study; a ground-breaking hybrid trial examining real-world delivery of inclisiran—a cholesterol-lowering treatment—in primary care.

Design

We developed a rapid analysis framework, using a summary template, to analyse data from semistructured telephone interviews.

Setting

Primary care in Greater Manchester, UK.

Participants

Patients who had received inclisiran as part of the VICTORION-Spirit trial (56), providers delivering inclisiran (28) and representatives from the Academic Health Science Network (8) participated in the original study.

Results

The rapid analysis framework we developed and applied comprised six steps: (1) creating a summary template based on the five Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains; (2) test-driving, refining and finalising the summary template; (3) completing the template soon after each interview using field notes; (4) discussing analysis as a team; (5) transferring summaries to a matrix; and (6) using the summary matrix to inform presentations and interim reports for stakeholders. Our rapid analysis framework saved time and improved efficiency, as we were able to feedback barriers to stakeholders in real time via presentations.

Conclusions

Rapid analysis in applied healthcare research can produce timely and trustworthy findings. Our rapid analysis framework would be useful within studies where there is a need to feedback to stakeholders and adjust implementation strategies accordingly in real time. Thus, supporting successful implementation efforts and accelerating adoption.

Trial registration number

NCT04807400, 19/03/2021.
Assessing factors associated with compliance to preventive measures of COVID-19 in Rwanda: a cross-sectional community survey
Authors: Mugeni Regine , Ruranga Charles , Mutezimana Elias , Nishimwe Aurore , Nzabanita Joseph , Masabo Emmanuel , Akili Viviane , Twizeyimana Laurence , Bahati Odile , Uwimana Annie , Musabanabaganwa Clarisse , Semakula Muhamed , Rukundo Gilbert , Jansen Stefan , Mukamana Liberata , Rubagiza Jolly , Twagirumukiza Marc
Published: July 2024

Objective

To assess the level of compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures and compliance-associated factors in the Rwanda community.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Settings

Country-wide community survey in Rwanda.

Participants

4763 participants were randomly sampled following the sampling frame used for the recent Rwanda Demographic Health Survey. Participants were aged between 22 years and 94 years.

Outcomes

The participants’ compliance with three preventive measures (wearing a face mask, washing hands and social distancing) was the main outcome.

Methods

From 14 February 2022 to 27 February 2022, a cross-sectional survey using telephone calls was conducted. Study questionnaires included different questions such as participants’ demographics and compliance with COVID-19 preventives measures. Verbal consent was obtained from each participant. The compliance on three main preventive measures (wearing a mask, washing hands and social distancing) were the main outcomes. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors associated with compliance (age, gender, level of education, socioeconomic status).

Results

Compliance with the three primary preventive measures (washing hands 98%, wearing a mask 97% and observing social distance 98%) was at a rate of 95%. The respondents’ mean age was 46±11 SD (range 22–98) years. In addition, 69% were female and 86% had attended primary education. Bivariate and regression analyses indicated a significant association among the three primary preventive measures (p<0.05). The results showed factors associated significantly between the different models (p<0.05): proper mask use and social distancing in the hand washing model; hand washing, social distancing, avoiding handshakes and not attending gatherings in the proper mask use model; hand washing and avoiding handshakes in the social distancing model.

Conclusion

Compliance with the three key preventive measures against COVID-19 was high in the Rwandan community and these measures were interdependent. Therefore, the importance of all three measures should be emphasised for effective disease control.
Selective early medical treatment of the patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low gestational age infants: a pilot randomised controlled trial protocol (SMART-PDA)
Authors: Mitra Souvik , Hébert Audrey , Castaldo Michael , Disher Tim , El-Naggar Walid , Dhillon Santokh , Alhassen Ziad , Koo Jenny , Katheria Anup C , Hyderi Abbas , Kumaran Kumar , Makoni Marjorie , Weisz Dany E , Jain Amish , Bacchini Fabiana , Cameron Austin , Hatfield Tara , Dorling Jon , McNamara Patrick J , Thabane Lehana
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most common cardiovascular problem that develops in extremely preterm infants and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Uncertainty exists on whether early pharmacotherapeutic treatment of a clinically symptomatic and echocardiography-confirmed haemodynamically significant PDA in extremely preterm infants improves outcomes. Given the wide variation in the approach to PDA treatment in this gestational age (GA) group, a randomised trial design is essential to address the question. Before embarking on a large RCT in this vulnerable population, it is important to establish the feasibility of such a trial.

Methods and analysis

Design:a multi-centre, open-labelled, parallel-designed pilot randomised controlled trial.

Participants:preterm infants born <26 weeks of gestation with a PDA diagnosed within 72 hours after birth.

Intervention (selective early medical treatment (SMART) strategy):selective early pharmacological treatment of a moderate-severe PDA shunt (identified based on pre-defined clinical signs and routine screening echocardiography) within the first 72 postnatal hours with provision for repeat treatment if moderate-severe shunt persists.

Comparison (early conservative management strategy):no treatment of PDA in the first postnatal week.

Primary outcomes:(1) proportion of eligible infants recruited during the study period; (2) proportion of randomised infants treated outside of protocol-mandated therapy.

Sites and sample size:the study is being conducted in seven neonatal intensive care units across Canada and the USA with a target of 100 randomised infants.

Analysis:the primary feasibility outcomes will be expressed as proportions. A pre-planned Bayesian analysis will be conducted for secondary clinical outcomes such as mortality, severe intraventricular haemorrhage, procedural PDA closure and chronic lung disease to aid stakeholders including parent representatives decide on the appropriateness of enrolling this vulnerable population in a larger trial if the feasibility of recruitment in the pilot trial is established.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the IWK Research Ethics Board (#1027298) and six additional participating sites. On the completion of the study, results will be presented at national and international meetings, published in peer-reviewed journals and incorporated into existing systematic reviews.

Trial registration number

NCT05011149(WHO Trial Registration Data Set in Appendix A).

Protocol version

Ver 7.2 (dated July 19, 2023).
Characterising the killing of girls and women in urban settings in Latin America, 2000–2019: an analysis of variability and time trends using mortality data from vital registration systems
Authors: Trejo Bricia Gonzalez , Michael Yvonne L , Diez Roux Ana V , Sánchez Brisa N , Sun Nina , Stöckl Heidi , Vidaña-Perez Dèsirée , Correa-Salazar Catalina , Ortigoza Ana , de Lima Friche Amélia Augusta , DiCecco Vanessa , Mazariegos Mónica , Bilal Usama
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Latin America is burdened by high levels of violence. Although boys and men often experience more violence and fatalities, girls and women face a greater risk of being killed by family members or intimate partners due to their gender, a phenomenon known as femicide. Our study estimates femicide rates in Latin America across age groups, examining city-level variations and temporal trends.

Methods

Utilising data from theSalud Urbana en America Latinaproject, we analysed mortality data from 343 cities in nine countries between 2000 and 2019. We calculate the variability between and within countries using data from 2015 to 2019. We then describe time trends using femicide counts by year and city and fitting a three-level negative binomial model with a random intercept for country, fixed effects for age categories, and city-level and country-level random slopes for time (scaled to decades). Finally, we assess longitudinal time trends by age by including an interaction term for age and time (scaled to decades).

Results

Our results highlight substantial heterogeneity in femicide rates within and between countries. Additionally, we find that women 15–29 and 30–44 years of age experience the highest femicide rates across all countries. While our findings suggest a slight decline in femicide rates per additional decade (RR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.74 to 1.24) between 2000 and 2019, the trends diverge in different countries, suggesting increasing rates in some countries like Mexico. Age-specific trends suggest the persistence of higher rates among women 15–29 and 30–44 years of age over time.

Conclusion

We underscore the need to consider gender dynamics in understanding and preventing femicides, focusing on city-level interventions to address the multifaceted causes of violence against girls and women in the region.
Merkel cell carcinoma refractory to anti-PD(L)1: utility of adding ipilimumab for salvage therapy
Authors: Akaike Tomoko , Jabbour Austin J , Goff Peter H , Park Song Y , Bhatia Shailender , Nghiem Paul
Published: July 2024

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) incidence has risen to approximately 3,000 cases annually in the USA. Although anti-programmed cell death (ligand) 1 (PD-(L)1) agents are now the first-line treatment for advanced MCC, approximately 50% of such patients do not persistently benefit. In PD-(L)1-refractory cases, ipilimumab (anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) is often added; however, the extent of the clinical benefit of this combination is controversial. We identified one prospective study, three retrospective studies, and three case reports regarding this combination in refractory MCC. The aggregate response rate from retrospective studies was 32% (13 of 41 patients) with 4 complete responses (CR) and 9 partial responses (PR). In the prospective study, the response rate was very similar at 31% (8 of 26 patients; 4 CR, 4 PR). Response durability was highly variable (range 2 to >43 months), with patients achieving CR having greater durability. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were ≥grade III in 29% (retrospective cohort, N=41) and 36% (prospective cohort, N=50). While these aggregate data indicate adding ipilimumab should be considered in this setting, many patients with refractory MCC are ineligible due to comorbidities/irAEs, and approximately 70% will not benefit from this regimen. There is thus a significant unmet need in PD-(L)1-refractory MCC and clinical trials in this setting should be encouraged.
Detection of early neurological deterioration using a quantitative electroencephalography system in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke after endovascular treatment
Authors: Yan Yujia , An Xingwei , Ma Yuxiang , Jiang Zeliang , Di Yang , Li Tingting , Wang Honglin , Ren Hecheng , Ma Lin , Luo Bin , Huang Ying
Published: July 2024

Background

Early neurological deterioration (END) is a serious complication in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. However, modalities to monitor neurological function after endovascular treatment (EVT) are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) system for detecting END.

Methods

In this prospective, nested case–control study, we included 47 patients with anterior circulation LVO stroke and 34 healthy adults from different clinical centers in Tianjin, China, from May 2023 to January 2024. Patients with stroke underwent EEG at admission and after EVT. The diagnostic accuracy of qEEG features for END was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and the feasibility was evaluated by the percentage of artifact-free data and device-related adverse events.

Results

14 patients with stroke had END (29.8%, 95% CI 16.2% to 43.4%), with most developed within 12 hours of recanalization (n=11). qEEG features showed significant correlations with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and infarct volume. After matching, 13 patients with END and 26 controls were included in the diagnostic analysis. Relative alpha power demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy for the affected and unaffected hemispheres. The optimal electrode positions were FC3/4 in the unaffected hemisphere, and F7/8 and C3/4 in the affected hemisphere. No device-related adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

The qEEG system exhibits a high diagnostic accuracy for END and may be a promising tool for monitoring neurological function. The identification of optimal electrode positions may enhance device convenience.

Clinical trial registration

ChiCTR 2300070829.
Does therapy with immunosuppressive drugs improve gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis?
Authors: Stamm Lea , Garaiman Alexandru , Becker Mike Oliver , Bruni Cosimo , Dobrota Rucsandra , Elhai Muriel , Ismail Sherif , Jordan Suzana , Zampatti Norina , Tatu Aurora Maria , Distler Oliver , Mihai Carina
Published: July 2024

Objectives

While important progress was made regarding the treatment of systemic sclerosis (SSc), there is still no evidence-based disease-modifying treatment available for SSc-related gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations. We aimed to identify an association between immunosuppressive therapy and the the severity of GI symptoms, measured by the University of California at Los Angeles/Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastro-Intestinal Tract instrument 2.0 (GIT).

Methods

We selected patients with SSc who had at least two visits (further referred to as ‘baseline’ and ‘follow-up’) with completed GITs, within an interval of 12±3 months. The study outcome was the GIT score at follow-up. We used multivariable linear regression with the following covariates: immunosuppressive therapy during observation, immunosuppressive therapy before baseline, baseline GIT and several baseline parameters selected by clinical judgement as potentially influencing GI symptoms.

Results

We included 209 SSc patients (82.3% female, median age 59.0 years, median disease duration 6.0 years, 40 (19.1%) diffuse cutaneous SSc, median baseline GIT 0.19). Of these, 71 were exposed to immunosuppressive therapy during the observation period, and, compared with unexposed patients, had overall more severe SSc and a higher prevalence of treatment with proton pump inhibitors. In multivariable linear regression, immunosuppressive therapy during the period of observation and lower baseline GIT scores were significantly associated with lower (better) GIT scores at follow-up.

Conclusion

Immunosuppressive treatment was associated with lower GIT scores in our cohort, which suggests the potential effects of immunosuppressants on GI manifestations in patients with SSc, requiring confirmation in prospective randomised clinical trials.
AAC GN963 great northern dry bean
Authors: Balasubramanian Parthiba M. , Chatterton Syama , Abdelmagid Ahmed
Published: July 2024

AAC GN963 is a high yielding great northern dry bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar with an upright, indeterminate bush (Type II) growth habit, early maturity, and a large seed size. Lodging resistance of AAC GN963 is slight improvement compared to AAC Whitehorse, a great northern bean cultivar with predominant commercial acres under irrigation in southern Alberta. The canning and cooking quality attributes of AAC GN963 were similar to the check cultivars AAC Whitehorse and Resolute. AAC GN963 is well suited for commercial production under irrigation in Alberta and Saskatchewan.