bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation Research on Head Structure and Rod Components
Authors: Dong Yu Cai , Liu Rong Zhong , Liu Jie , Xia Long Xiang
Published: September 2013

In order to further optimize the structure of tube-rod extended penetrator, the author did numerical simulation to the penetration process of five different head structures and rod assembly of tube-rod extended penetrator to finite RHA603 target with LS-DYNA at a certain speed. Be drawn from the results of the numerical simulation, the penetration effect of truncated cone head structure is the best, because its top angle is small, the wave on the top is weak, the overpressure is small, and it is faster to open a pit on the target. 3mm aluminum sleeve rod attachment structure is the best. In the early penetrating stage, it can enhance the stiffness of the the rear rod, so that it will not deform under the stress wave in front penetration. In the late penetrating stage, due to the weak aluminum sleeve, it is easy to crash in contact with the target plate, so no excessive energy of the rod is used to open the pit.
Comparison on Harmonic Response Analysis of Two Kinds of Air Cooling Fan Bridge Model
Authors: Qi Qing , Song Jin Сhun , Ni Ke , Zhang Kai
Published: September 2013

The fan bridge is the important supporting structure in the air cooling system, is mainly influenced by the fan vibration. By using ANASYS soft ware, analyzing the two different structures of Fan Bridges harmonic response, and comparing them, the conclusion is that the style that Bearing skew support is connected with the upper chord member say truss structure can effectively reduce the adverse effects of equipment vibration on the structure.
Research on Improving Seal Performance of High Pressure Gas for the Accumulator
Authors: Lu Ya Ping , Kang Jian Li
Published: September 2013

In this paper, the seal principle of high pressure gas is deeply analyzed. In addition, the thermal compatibility between a piston and a cylinder of the accumulator are simulated by finite element analysis. Furthermore, a new project of high pressure oil sealing high pressure gas is developed. The study and experimentation show that this project greatly improve the seal performance.
Movable Virtual Wall for Operation of Master-Slave Manipulator Arms
Authors: Ditsariyakul Nawakorn , Sangveraphunsiri Viboon
Published: September 2013

This research work is to develop a concept of movable virtual wall for miniature tasks operation of a master-slave manipulator arm with force reflection. The purposes are to improve accuracy of the operation and preventing over travelling beyond a desired boundary. The predicted distance of the end-effector can be calculated based on various end-effector and hand models. From the experiments, movable virtual wall shows adjusting some wall parameters, the over travelling through the forbidden boundary can be prevented and the possibility of further development to improve miniature tasks operation.
A Review of Methodologies Used for Fault Diagnosis of Gearbox
Authors: Han Zhen Yu , Liu Yu Long , Jin Hong Yu , Fu Hong Ya
Published: September 2013

A review of methods used for fault recognition of the rolling elements in gearbox, namely gear and bearing, is presented in this paper. The procedure of the fault recognition can be classified into three phases, which are data acquisition, data processing or important features extraction, and the fault mode detection. Many different methods have been developed in dealing with each phase, so that the arrangement of the entire process has different strategies. This paper summarizes some general used and recently popular developed methods of each phase, and makes comparison between them. This work also aims at giving a perspective in such area in the future, based on the known researches.
Type Test and Performance Analysis of the Non-Backlash Double-Roller Enveloping Hourglass Worm Drive
Authors: He Rong , Wang Jin Ge , Deng Xing Qiao , Zhang Jun Fu , Liu Si Jun
Published: September 2013

A transmission experiment platform was built to make an explicit test plan for the non-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm drive reducing device, according to the type test and performance analysis, the noise, temperature, and efficiency of the new worm was obtained under different load and rotational speed. The results show that the non-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm gearing possesses a excellent meshing performance as expected, which can eliminate the backlash, and it indicates that the new drive has achieved the anticipated project objective, eliminated the hysterisis error in transmission, and has the advantages of low noise, high transmission efficiency.
Co-Simulation Research of In-Wheel Motor Drive Vehicle Steering Control
Authors: Ma Xiao Jun , Su Jian Qiang , Xiang Yu , Ji Xiang Pu , Hou Ming Jie
Published: September 2013

Aiming at the steering special requirement of in-wheel motor drive wheeled vehicle, the dual-steering control is adopted. The target of control system is the vehicle yaw rate, and active disturbance rejection controller is designed. Yaw moment torque is produced by adjusting the both sides of motor torque output to achieve the target of reference yaw rate. The vehicle kinetics model is built in the Adams, and the co-simulation model is designed base on the Adams and Matlab. The results of simulation demonstrate that the dual-steering control increased the vehicle outboard power output and decreased the steering radius, and improve the steering agility of the vehicle.
The Study on Field Kitchen Vehicle Self-Propelled Dynamotor PTO System
Authors: Zhang Xiang Hong , Yang Han , Sheng Si Lian , Li Yan Jun , Yin Li Jun
Published: September 2013

In the process of military vehicle design and modification, because of the dynamotor, oil pump and other load demands, installation of power take off (PTO) is an common project which will meet different needs of users. The paper designs and summarizes the military field used in conjunction self-propelled dynamotor system of kitchen vehicle's design project, process, performance testing and test data and etc.
Study on Kinematics of a Ice-Skater Robot of Passive Wheel Type and its Structure Characteristics
Authors: Lin Feng Yun , Wang Ji Rong , Wang Yu
Published: September 2013

This paper put forward the idea of ice skater robot of passive wheeled type integrating the features of wheeled mobile robots and legged mobile robots. The motion principle of a kind of leg-wheeled robot was analyzed. On the basis of introduction of kinematics analysis, the paper gives the model of the robot kinematics, Meanwhile, the paper analyzes the motion condition of the robot.
Tapered Roller Bearing and Comprehensive Durability Identification of Ceramic Cutting Materials in Machining Process of Steel 80MoCrV4016
Authors: Panda Anton , Duplák Ján , Jurko Jozef
Published: September 2013

Specification cutting tools durability made of cutting ceramic in machining process of steel 80MoCrV4016 is very important for economics of small and medium-sized enterprises, because cutting tool durability is factor that significantly affects the budget of these enterprises. This problematic is determined for small and medium-sized manufacturers of bearings, because steel 80MoCrV4016 is most commonly used for production of bearings. Durability of cutting tool defines lifetime of this cutting tool and it determines its suitability for select technological operation. Especially for cutting ceramic is necessary to define durability dependence on available set of cutting speeds and to determine lifetime of tools made of cutting ceramic. Technical science defines a lot of different factors, that they may be cause of shorter cutting tool lifetime. For increase cutting tool durability is necessary maximally possible elimination of these factors. Determination of cutting tool durability is very important, because provides comprehensive information how to determine appropriate technological conditions for selected cutting tool. In engineering is for determination of cutting tools durability used T-vc dependence. The article describes process how to create durability dependence for cutting tools made of cutting ceramic by means of T-vc dependence in machining process of steel 80MoCrV4016.
Study on the Effect of the Microstructure of Steel on Mechanical Property
Authors: Chen Gen Yu , Liu Hao Min , Chen Zhong Wen
Published: September 2013

Steel material is one of the indispensable raw materials for human, and its mechanical property is one of the most popular measurements used for weighing the mass. In this paper, we study the microstructure of steel how to affect the mechanical property. Some conclusions are drawn about the structure of pearlite, bainite and martensite have different mechanical properties while the constitution of steel is regular, and we can vary the mechanical properties of steel through the way of metal heat treatment.
The Influence of Cutting Parameters of Turning Process on the Oil Palm Wood Using Carbide Tool
Authors: Rawangwong Surasit , Chatthong Jaknarin , Boonchouytan Worapong
Published: September 2013

This research study aimed to investigate the effect of main factors on the surface roughness in oil palm wood turning process for manufacturing furniture parts using carbide tools. The main factors, namely, cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were investigated for the optimum surface roughness in furniture manufacturing process. The result of preliminary trial shown that the depth of cut had no effect on surface roughness. Moreover, the experiment was found that the factors affecting a surface roughness were cutting speed and feed rate, with having tendency for reduction of roughness value at lower feed rate and greater cutting speed, Therefore in the turning process of oil palm wood, it was possible to determine a cutting condition by means of the equation Ra = 19.8-0.00742 Cutting Speed+3.98 Feed rate, This equation can be best used with limitation of cutting speed at 122-450 m/min, feed rate at 0.1-0.5 mm/rev and depth of cut does not over 1 mm,. To confirm the experiment result, a comparison between the equation value and an actual value by estimating a prediction error value was calculate with the surface roughness and margin of error does not over 10%. The experimental result reveals the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the equation of surface roughness is 3.24%, which is less than the predicted error value and it is acceptable.
Research on Transient Temperature Field Modeling and Simulation of Flat End Mill for High Speed Milling
Authors: Tan Guang Yu , Li Da Peng , Chen Dong , Wang Zhen Yu , Li Guang Hui
Published: September 2013

In order to reveal the breakage mechanism of flat end mill under periodic thermal shock, transient temperature field model of chisel edge were established by heat source method, transient temperature field model of side edge were established along the sliced differential elements from the bottom of the flute toward the final axial depth of cut by means of line heat source. The simulation results show that transient temperature field prediction model can be used for prediction transient temperature field in high speeding.
Research on Structure and Control System of a New High-Rise Building Fire Fighting Robot
Authors: Jiang Hua , Luo Min Zhou , Li Lu
Published: September 2013

This new high-rise building fire fighting robot is a multifunctional fire fighting cabin, which integrated detection of a fire, fire fighting, person search and rescue, etc. The robot is connected with helicopter by a cable and transported over high building by a helicopter. This paper presents the system structure, the position and attitude control strategy, and the control system including hardware and software, the control system is atwo-layer hardware structure, uses a PC as upper machine, a MCU as lower computer and a multi-task software system based on Visual C++ class structure. experiments demonstrate the reliability of the system and all performance indexes are satisfied with the designed requirement.
The Relationship between Design Concept and Design Psychology
Authors: Sun Jie , Wang Zhen Ya , Sun Xing Zhou
Published: September 2013

The generation of design concept is the first step in the process of design which related the design direction and thematic. Design psychology is a new cross subject. Both seemed unrelated, actually, it is a close relationship between them. Design psychology is an auxiliary of helping Design concept creation. Design psychology is the basis and skills of the design concept. In this paper two angles from design concept and design psychology at first to assumed, then the relations between design concept and design psychology are analyzed. The target is use of design psychology‘s knowledge to improve the design concept better so as to lead a good design.
Influencing Factors Analysis of House Prices Based on Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Wang Cheng
Published: September 2013

Housing problems are related to the vital interests of people and the stability of community. The stability of housing prices is directly related to the level of people's life and the development of the national economy. This paper analyzed the influence factors for market supply and demand of commodity housing, and established price influence factors analysis model based on multiple linear regression. By the empirical analysis, the main influencing factors of housing prices are got, and some policy recommendations of price control are given based on these main influencing factors.
Optimal Bidding Decision of Bidders in Homogeneous Goods Procurement
Authors: Chen Zhong Wen
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a uniform price auction mechanism for procuring homogeneous divisible goods is studied, and both nonlinear bidding strategy and linear bidding strategy of symmetric bidders are analyzed. And then the dominant relationship is discussed deeply between the two kinds of equilibrium bids. The results show that the nonlinear equilibrium bidding strategy dominates linear ones. Based on this analysis, several suggestions are given on how to make optimal decision making on bidding strategy choice for bidders.
Research on the Usability of Product Design
Authors: Sun Jie , Wang Zhen Ya , Sun Xing Zhou
Published: September 2013

The usability design is also an important part in product design process. Product is a service, but we often confused about the operation of the product in our daily life. So far, the theoretical researches about the usability have been widely investigated. However, the methods of usability are seldom researched in the process of design. In this paper, easy to learn and easy to use of the product which are fully consider and won't have wrong operation in the design are advocated. Principles and affecting factors of usability are analyzed in the design. The methods of usability are proposed at the beginning of the design and in the process of late. According to the principles and influencing factors, it shows that the design method of usability is easier to design a rational product with high performance and practical value.
Research on Chlorine Dosing Control Based on Adaptive Generalized Predictive Control
Authors: Xie Pei Zhang , Zhou Xing Peng
Published: September 2013

Chlorine dosing is a complicated system with time delay, time-varying, non-linear and coupling. In this paper, multivariable adaptive generalized predictive controller based on Smith predictor is proposed. Instead of the optimal predictor, the Smith predictor with adaptive identifying parameters can increase the robustness of the MIMO system. Simulation and application in water-works at Suzhou (China) shows that the algorithm can overcome time-varying, time delay and disturbance.
Environment Supervisory Control of Computer Room Based on Android Device
Authors: Tung Shu Chu , Li Wu Jeng , Lee Kuang Chyi , Lin Jui Chang
Published: September 2013

This research designs environment supervisory control system of computer room which consists of multiple Android environment controllers and one supervisory control server. An Android environment controller is a controller based on Android device. The controller contains an Android device, a Wi-Fi wireless access point, a switch hut (or NAT) and three data acquisition modules. The Android device enters TCP/IP LAN through the Wi-Fi access point. The data acquisition modules with TCP/IP interface are plugged into the LAN, and read/written by the Android device with Modbus TCP/IP protocol. Control logics are designed for computer room environment control. The controller monitors air conditioning systems, room temperature and humidity, fire alarm systems, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems, electricity supply systems, leak detections, and door access control systems. If something happens, it can drive buzzer, alarm, voice dialing, or air conditioning, send SMS, voice mail, record audio, or video. A supervisory control server is used to help remote controls of all Android environment controllers. All Android controllers send their operation data to the server. Authorized user can login to the server to monitor and control certain Android controller with a browser or Android device.
The Development and Design of a Laser Detection System for Tire Thickness Measurement
Authors: Lee King Sun
Published: September 2013

This system is a self-developed real-time thickness inspection system including high-precision laser sensors and a mobile platform for on-line detection of tire rubber skin. The measurement data is used to calculate the standard deviation and process capability indices, and to evaluate measurement capacity. The system is a real-time measurement system in which the obtained measuring data compare with the standard value and show any errors. A technician can adjust the process parameters precisely on-line to improve product quality. The standard deviation of repeatability of the system for height is within +/- 0.0081 mm. The repeatability error of the horizontal sliding rail is within 0.0145mm, while the measurement error between this system and a coordinated measuring machine is within 0.028mm.
Global Path Planning for Mobile Robot Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithms
Authors: Huang Min , Ding Ping , Huan Jiao Xue
Published: September 2013

Global optimal path planning is always an important issue in mobile robot navigation. To avoid the limitation of local optimum and accelerate the convergence of the algorithm, a new robot global optimal path planning method is proposed in the paper. It adopts a new transition probability function which combines with the angle factor function and visibility function, and at the same time, sets penalty function by a new pheromone updating model to improve the accuracy of the route searching. The results of computer emulating experiments prove that the method presented is correct and effective, and it is better than the genetic algorithm and traditional ant colony algorithm for global path planning problem.
Size Effect of the Single Crystal Copper Based on D-P Yield Function
Authors: Hao Yi , Feng Lu , Wang Jing
Published: September 2013

Studies of strain gradient plasticity theory have achieved considerable achievements in recent years. However, the combination of the mechanisms of the pressure-sensitive yielding and the size dependence of plastic deformation still remains an open challenge, especially in the relevant numerical simulation. In this paper, the finite-element formulation based on the flow theory of MSG plasticity for pressure-sensitive materials is set up. The elastic indentation response of the single crystal copper is computed using a user-defined eight-node isoparametric element through the USER-ELEMENT interface supported by the commercial software ABAQUS. The results of the numerical simulation show that the indenter load and the hardness have been slightly enhanced when the strain gradient is taken into account, compared to the results obtained from the CAX8R element.
A Study on the Introducing Plan and Process of TPM into Taiwan Traditional Industry
Authors: Shen Chi Chih
Published: September 2013

As needed by Taiwan industry upgrade, international competitiveness became a mutual goal for domestic traditional industries. Therefore, TPM equipment management strategy drew much attention from domestic industry. However, the current TPM promoters are mainly large scale industry since the introduction will put a huge amount of manpower and resources. Hence the study aimed to explore how to modify or reconstruct the proper models and procedures of TPM introduction to meet the needs of traditional industries. With this model, it is hoped that it could be used as a reference for proprietors in the process of implementing TPM, thus to reduce their exploration costs. It is also hoped that the study gains can be smoothly implemented in TPM activities in Taiwan traditional industries, thus enhance domestic competitiveness of traditional industries.
Parameter Optimization of Servo Drivers and Controller for CNC Machine Tools Based on Grey Relational Approach
Authors: Chen Jenn Yih , Lin Wei Ting
Published: September 2013

This paper aims at finding the optimal parameters of the servo drivers and controller for a machine tool in order to improve machining accuracy and reduce machining time. Firstly, the backlash and pitch error of a transmission device were compensated by means of the controller. The control factors of the drivers include the ratio of load inertia moment to servo motor, speed loop gain, and integral time constant of the speed loop. The control factors of the controller are the acceleration/deceleration constant of feed rate and position loop gain. Each factor was classified into three levels and each experiment was repeated three times. The experimental data were converted into the signal-to-noise (SN) ratio to obtain the response tables of the SN ratio. Finally, the grey relational method was applied to find the optimal parameters. We compared the difference of the experimental results by employing the optimal parameters and default values of the drivers and controller of the CNC machine tool. Experimental results show that machining accuracy and machining time can be improved. Therefore, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A New Resolution about Calculating Degree of Freedom Planar Mechanism with Higher Pairs
Authors: Jia Zhi Ning , Hao Cai Zhe , Liu Xiang Yu , Wang Long
Published: September 2013

A detailed study on the calculating of planar mechanism degree of freedom-including gear pair was carried out in detail. By the analysis of the basis concept of constraint, the constraint type of bogus higher pair was introduced. Based on the constraint type, the classical Grübler-Kutzbach formula of planar mechanism degree of freedom is beyond doubt. In addition, the correct-ness and practicality the method for the calculation of the freedom of planer mechanism was proved. It is believed that the work will provided instructive guidance for the calculating of planar mecha-nism degree of freedom and design of planar gear-link mechanism.
Analysis of Cold Preforming Process for Hollow Fasteners with Thin Flange
Authors: Chang Ting Ping , Huang Shyh Chour , Huang Te Fu , Dao Thanh Phong
Published: September 2013

This paper aims to study and detect the imperfects of the hollow fasteners with thin flange during cold forging process. In this study, the finite element analysis (FEA) based on 3-D DEFORMTM software to investigate the plastic deformation behavior of the hollow fasteners with thin flange. The simulation results showed that there is a folding phenomenon, which is occurring in the forming process. As a result, it revealed that with using FEA, the imperfects of forming hollow fasteners with the thin flange can be correctly predicted. From that, the occurrence of defects can be effectively prevented in the actual fabricating process. Future work will include an investigation into the optimization of the mold geometric parameters during cold pre-forming process for hollow fasteners with thin flange by comparing the simulative and experimental results.
Design of Embedded Streaming Media Server Based on Python
Authors: Zhang Hai Feng , Fang Xu Chang
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the design of a Python-based embedded streaming media server. The server uses the streaming media protocol which is written by Python, implementing video capturing using c language, not only highly efficient and stable, and more scalable, its very convenient for routine maintenance. The design is simple to implement two streaming media protocols, RTMP and RTSP; the client can play the video smoothly, using VLC or Pot player.
Measurement of Backlash and Fatigue Wear of PEEK Bush in Robot Joint under Middle Load
Authors: Koike Hitonobu , Itakura Kiyoto , Okazaki Shota , Takamiya Masahiro , Kanemasu Kenji , Kida Katsuyuki
Published: September 2013

In order to establish the application possibilities in transmission parts in humanoid robot joints, wear of reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) polymer bushes in friction against 7075 aluminium alloy cam plates is investigated. Additionally the transmission error (backlash) in robot joint was measured. The PEEK bush wear requires close examination as well as the input axis-output axis transmission error. Fatigue wear tests were performed on bushes under middle load at 3000 rpm motor speeds, while the cam plate oscillated in the humanoid robot leg joint evaluation system under 1300 kgfcm (132 Nm) load torque. The robot joint using PEEK bush achieved stable small backlash due to good friction perforance.
Facility of Humanoid Robot Control via the Isosceles Triangle Method
Authors: Sheu Jia Shing , Shou Ho Nien , Lin Ching Kai
Published: September 2013

This study demonstrates the application of the simple isosceles triangle concept to adjust the position of a humanoid robot from the lying to the standing position. In robot control, the stability of the standing posture of the robot is prioritized to the robot to efficiently perform expected actions, thereby enabling the robot to perform dancing or boxing motions. This study aims to achieve the complete transition of a humanoid robot from the lying state to the standing state by a simple control design.
Sliding-Mode Fuzzy Control Using in a Double-Axial Pump-Controlled Folding Machine
Authors: Wong Ray Hwa
Published: September 2013

The double-axial pump-controlled folding machine is a coupled system and has significant structural interaction. This paper proposes a coupled adaptive self-organizing sliding-mode fuzzy controller (CASOSMFC) to improve its level control performance. CASOSMFC is associated with two basic single-axial sliding-mode fuzzy controllers, self-learning fuzzy rule mechanisms, adaptive laws, coupled controllers and regulators. Different loadings are used to simulate different working pieces and variety coupled intensity folding processes. Experimental results indicate that CASOSMFC applied in the folding machine has excellent level control performance and has strong robustness to different coupled intensity.
Parametric Design of Coupled Adaptive Self-Organizing Sliding-Mode Fuzzy Controller in a Valve-Controlled Folding Machine
Authors: Wong Ray Hwa
Published: September 2013

The double-axial valve-controlled folding machine is a coupled system. This paper proposes a coupled adaptive self-organizing sliding-mode fuzzy controller (CASOSMFC) to improve its level control performance. CASOSMFC has two basic single-axial sliding-mode fuzzy controllers, self-learning fuzzy rule mechanisms, adaptive laws, coupled controllers and regulators. Then, base on variety parameters to study their parametric effects individually. Experimental results indicate that the learning rate can reduce error of steady state to improve the tracking performance. Adaptive law improves tracking error. Coupled controllers and regulators improve synchronous error.
Hybrid Fuzzy-Sliding Control with Fuzzy Self-Tuning for Vector Controlled Drive Systems
Authors: Wang Shun Yuan , Tseng Chwan Lu , Lin Shou Chuang , Chou Jen Hsiang , Chang Yung Shun , Sung Wen Tsai
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to develop a hybrid fuzzy-sliding controller with fuzzy self-tuning (HFSC). This controller used a fuzzy supervisory system to allocate the output proportions of a sliding-mode controller and a fuzzy controller (FC). The sliding-mode controller primarily provides rapid control efforts in the transient state, and the FC mainly offers smooth control in the steady state and decreases the chatter phenomenon caused by the sliding-mode controller. Finally, the proposed HFSC was implemented in the vector controlled drive system of induction motor as the speed controller. The experimental results showed that the tracking performance and effects of the HFSC were superior to those of the FC.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE SIMULATION OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVERS USING THE VENSIM PLE® SOFTWARE
Authors: Gonçalves Julio Cesar Souza Inácio , Giorgetti Marcius F.
Published: September 2013

Mathematical modeling of water quality in rivers is an important tool for the planning and management of water resources. Nevertheless, the available models frequently show structural and functional limitations. With the objective of reducing these drawbacks, a new model has been developed to simulate water quality in rivers under unsteady conditions; this model runs on the Vensim PLE® software and can also be operated for steady-state conditions. The following eighteen water quality variables can be simulated: DO, BODc, organic nitrogen (No), ammonia nitrogen (Na), nitrite (Ni), nitrate (Nn), organic and inorganic phosphorus (Fo and Fi, respectively), inorganic solids (Si), phytoplankton (F), zooplankton (Z), bottom algae (A), detritus (D), total coliforms (TC), alkalinity (Al.), total inorganic carbon (TIC), pH, and temperature (T). Methane as well as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds that are present in the aerobic and anaerobic layers of the sediment can also be simulated. Several scenarios were generated for computational simulations produced using the new model by using the QUAL2K program, and, when possible, analytical solutions. The results obtained using the new model strongly supported the results from the QUAL family and analytical solutions.
BIOGAS POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC WASTE IN NIGERIA
Authors: Ngumah Chima , Ogbulie Jude N. , Orji Justina C. , Amadi Ekpewerechi S.
Published: September 2013

With the growing demerits of fossil fuels - its finitude and its negative impact on the environment and public health - renewable energy is becoming a favoured emerging alternative. For over a millennium anaerobic digestion (AD) has been employed in treating organic waste (biomass). The two main products of anaerobic digestion, biogas and biofertilizer, are very important resources. Since organic wastes are always available and unavoidable too, anaerobic digestion provides an efficient means of converting organic waste to profitable resources. This paper elucidates the potential benefits of organic waste generated in Nigeria as a renewable source of biofuel and biofertilizer. The selected organic wastes studied in this work are livestock wastes (cattle excreta, sheep and goat excreta, pig excreta, poultry excreta; and abattoir waste), human excreta, crop residue, and municipal solid waste (MSW). Using mathematical computation based on standard measurements, Nigeria generates about 542.5 million tons of the above selected organic waste per annum. This in turn has the potential of yielding about 25.53 billion m³ of biogas (about 169 541.66 MWh) and 88.19 million tons of biofertilizer per annum. Both have a combined estimated value of about N 4.54 trillion ($ 29.29 billion). This potential biogas yield will be able to completely displace the use of kerosene and coal for domestic cooking, and reduce the consumption of wood fuel by 66%. An effective biogas programme in Nigeria will also remarkably reduce environmental and public health concerns, deforestation, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A HELICAL SAVONIUS ROTOR WITHOUT SHAFT AT 45° TWIST ANGLE USING CFD
Authors: Deb Bachu , Gupta Rajat , Misra R.D.
Published: September 2013

Helical Savonius rotor exhibits better performance characteristics at all the rotor angles compared to conventional Savonius rotor. However studies related to the performance measurement and flow physics of such rotor are very scarce. Keeping this in view, in this paper, a three dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis using commercial Fluent 6.2 software was done to predict the performance of a two-bucket helical Savonius rotor without shaft and with end plates in a complete cycle of rotation. A two-bucket helical Savonius rotor having height of 60 cm and diameter of 17 cm with 45° bucket twist angle was designed using Gambit. The buckets were connected at the top and bottom circular end plates, which are 1.1 times the rotor diameter. The k-ε turbulence model with second order upwind discretization scheme was adopted with standard wall condition. Power coefficients (Cp) and torque coefficients (Ct) at different tip speed ratios were evaluated at different rotor angles. From the investigation, it was observed that power coefficient increased with increase of tip speed ratio up to an optimum limit, but then decreased even further tip speed ratio was increased. Further investigation was done on the variations of Cp & Ct in a complete cycle of rotation from 0° to 360° in a step of 45° rotor corresponding to the optimum tip speed ratio. The value of Cp at all the rotor angles is positive. Moreover, velocity magnitude contours were analyzed for each rotor angle and it could be concluded that high aerodynamic torque and power can be expected when the rotor is positioned at 45º & 90º with respect to incoming flow.
THE ACTORS OF A WIND POWER CLUSTER: A CASE OF A WIND POWER CAPITAL
Authors: Sarja Jari Matti
Published: September 2013

Raahe is a medium-sized Finnish town on the western coast of Northern Finland. It has declared itself to become the wind power capital of Finland. The aim of this paper is to find out what being a wind power capital can mean in practice and how it can advance the local industrial business. First, the theoretical framework of this systematic review study was formed by searching theoretical information about the forms of industrial clusters, and it was then examined what kinds of actors take part in these types of clusters. Finally, the actors of the case area were studied. The core companies of wind power clusters are the wind turbine manufacturers, component manufacturers, developers of the wind farms, wind power operators, and service and maintenance organizations. Understanding of the wind power cluster structure may help decision makers to develop the best possible conditions for the emergence of clusters.
FLOW PHYSICS OF 3-BLADED STRAIGHT CHORD H-DARRIEUS WIND TURBINE
Authors: Gupta Rajat , Biswas Agnimitra
Published: September 2013

Steady-state two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using Fluent 6.0 software to analyze the flow physics of 3-bladed straight chord H-Darrieus wind turbine having blade twist of 300 for 10% of its chord at the trailing ends. The flow was simulated using finite volume method coupled with moving mesh technique to solve mass and momentum conservation equations. The standard k-ε turbulence model with enhanced wall condition was used. Second-order upwind discretization scheme was adopted for pressure-velocity coupling of the flow. Flow physics of the turbine was analyzed with the help of pressure and velocity contours. It was found that velocity magnitude decreases from upstream to downstream side across the turbine, which will cause overall lift for the turbine. Further, blade twist at the trailing ends creates circulations that interact with the blades in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the turbine which would enhance power production for the three bladed turbine.
RETROFITTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) COMPOSITES – A REVIEW
Authors: Aravind Namasivayam , Samanta Amiya K. , Singha Roy D. K. , Thanikal Joseph V.
Published: September 2013

Rehabilitation and strengthening of old structures using advanced materials is a contemporary research in the field of Structural Engineering. During past two decades, much research has been carried out on shear and flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using different types of fibre reinforced polymers and adhesives. Strengthening of old structures is necessary to obtain an expected life span. Life span of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures may be reduced due to many reasons, such as deterioration of concrete and development of surface cracks due to ingress of chemical agents, improper design and unexpected external lateral loads such as wind or seismic forces acting on a structure, which are also the reasons for failure of structural members. The superior properties of polymer composite materials like high corrosion resistance, high strength, high stiffness, excellent fatigue performance and good resistance to chemical attack etc., has motivated the researchers and practicing engineers to use the polymer composites in the field of rehabilitation of structures. This paper reviews fourteen articles on rehabilitation of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The paper reviews the different properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites and adhesives, influence of dimensions of beams and loading rate causing failure. The paper proposes an enhanced retrofitting technique for flexural members and to develop a new mathematical model.
An assessment of the reading motivation skills of Nigerian primary school teachers: Implications for language and science education
Authors: Okebukola Foluso , Owolabi Tunde , Onafowokan Beatrice O.A.
Published: September 2013

Recent studies and frequent news reports have expressed concerns about African children’s decreasing reading habits and dwindling achievement in language and primary science examinations. African children are not reading because they have reading difficulties or because they have no interest in books. This article focuses on the elementary schooling years, when the ability to read and comprehend and the love of reading are developed, using Nigeria as a case study. The article begins with a review of the literature on reading that underscores the importance of nurturing and supporting good reading habits amongst African children. Following a cursory exposition of the categories of schools in Nigeria and the place of reading and science in the National Policy on Education, the remainder of the article presents the findings of a study conducted to assess the reading motivation skills of primary school teachers and illustrates pedagogical ways of developing good reading habits amongst African children. Implications for language and science education are discussed.
Perspectives on the Value of Biomarkers in Acute Cardiac Care and Implications for Strategic Management
Authors:   STAR-P Consortium, Kossaify Antoine , Garcia Annie , Succar Sami , Ibrahim Antoine , Moussallem Nicolas , Kossaify Mikhael , Grollier Gilles
Published: September 2013

Biomarkers in acute cardiac care are gaining increasing interest given their clinical benefits. This study is a review of the major conditions in acute cardiac care, with a focus on biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Through a PubMed search, 110 relevant articles were selected. The most commonly used cardiac biomarkers (cardiac troponin, natriuretic peptides, and C-reactive protein) are presented first, followed by a description of variable acute cardiac conditions with their relevant biomarkers. In addition to the conventional use of natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponin, and C-reactive protein, other biomarkers are outlined in variable critical conditions that may be related to acute cardiac illness. These include ST2 and chromogranin A in acute dyspnea and acute heart failure, matrix metalloproteinase in acute chest pain, heart-type fatty acid binding protein in acute coronary syndrome, CD40 ligand and interleukin-6 in acute myocardial infarction, blood ammonia and lactate in cardiac arrest, as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha in atrial fibrillation. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the physiopathology of most cardiac diseases, whether acute or chronic. In summary, natriuretic peptides, cardiac troponin, C-reactive protein are currently the most relevant biomarkers in acute cardiac care. Point-of-care testing and multi-markers use are essential for prompt diagnostic approach and tailored strategic management.
Analyses of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines and hybrids in response to early-season planting and cool conditions
Authors: Kapanigowda Mohankumar H. , Perumal Ramasamy , Aiken Robert M. , Herald Thomas J. , Bean Scott R. , Little Christopher R.
Published: September 2013

Kapanigowda, M., H., Perumal, R., Aiken, R. M., Herald, T. J., Bean, S. R. and Little, C. R. 2013. Analyses of sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] lines and hybrids in response to early-season planting and cool conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 773–784. Early-season cold tolerance in sorghum contributes to emergence, seedling establishment, and early vegetative growth, and reduces damping-off diseases under chilling conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify cold-tolerant sources and to evaluate and optimize rapid screening techniques under a controlled environment. Field studies involving 48 genotypes, representing phases of the hybrid development process (landraces, elite and advanced breeding lines, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and hybrids were conducted with early and normal planting dates in 2011 at Hays and Colby, Kansas. Studies under controlled environments were conducted at both locations using 18 genotypes that differ for emergence index (EI) and 30 d after emergence (DAE) shoot biomass based on field studies during 2011. Significant differences among the genotypes were recorded for all seedling traits (emergence percentage, EI, shoot biomass, plant height, and leaf number measured 30 DAE), and agronomic traits (days to 50% flowering, panicle exsertion, panicle length, and plant height at maturity). Eight advanced breeding lines: ARCH10731, ARCH10732, ARCH10736, ARCH10737, ARCH10738, ARCH10739, ARCH10744 and ARCH10749 and one RIL (RTx430/SQR-2) were found to be potential sources of cold tolerance with early EI, higher biomass and relatively early flowering. These genotypes are free from tannin, which helps to increase the feed grain efficiency of livestock, and hence were selected for test hybrid evaluation to assess fertility status, combining ability and yield performance. Significant correlation was observed between EI and biomass during early planting, which indicated that late-emerging genotypes produced greater biomass (30 DAE) compared with early-emerged genotypes. Significant correlation between growth chamber and field study for EI offers a potential and fast preliminary high-throughput screening technique for identification of cold-tolerant sorghum.
Temporal dynamics of nitrogen rhizodeposition in field pea as determined by 15N labeling
Authors: Arcand Melissa M. , Knight J. Diane , Farrell Richard E.
Published: September 2013

Arcand, M. M., Knight, J. D. and Farrell, R. E. 2013. Temporal dynamics of nitrogen rhizodeposition in field pea as determined by 15 N labeling. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 941–950. Assessing the contribution of symbiotically fixed N2 to soil from pulse crops necessitates a full accounting of the total crop residue N remaining in the field after seed harvest. Below-ground N, including root and rhizodeposit N, comprises an important component of this total plant N balance – without it the N input to soil is underestimated. Under controlled conditions in a greenhouse, N in intact roots and N rhizodeposition were quantified in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) using the cotton-wick 15N labeling technique. Plants were supplied with 15N on a continuous basis and harvested at the vegetative stage (nine leaves unfolded), flowering, and maturity. As the plants aged, the 15N enrichment in the rhizosphere soil decreased, whereas that in the bulk soil increased, suggesting that N released as root exudates comprised a more important proportion of N rhizodeposition in plants at the early vegetative stage compared with mature plants. In mature plants, N rhizodeposition was comprised predominantly of N associated with root turnover. The contribution of N rhizodeposition recovered in soil to the total plant N balance decreased from 17.8% at the vegetative stage harvest, to 12.3% at flowering, and finally to 7.5% at maturity. However, the total amount of root-derived N released to soil by pea increased with plant development. Below-ground N, including N rhizodeposition and N in intact roots contributed 11.3% to the total plant N balance of mature pea.
Barley yield and nutrient uptake in rotation after perennial forages in the semiarid prairie region of Saskatchewan
Authors: Jefferson P. G. , Selles F. , Zentner R. P. , Lemke R. , Muri R. B.
Published: September 2013

Jefferson, P. G., Selles, F., Zentner, R. P., Lemke, R. and Muri, R. B. 2013. Barley yield and nutrient uptake in rotation after perennial forages in the semiarid prairie region of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 809–816. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most common perennial forage legume grown for hay and pasture in the semiarid Brown soil zone of the Canadian prairies. Perennial forages often are not recommended for inclusion in annual crop rotations due to lower grain yields and drier soils following forage stand termination, but this is based on research results from 50 yr ago. Three replicated experiments consisting of three grasses [slender wheatgrass (Elymus tracycaulus), intermediate wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia), and Dahurian wildrye (Elymus dahuricus)] grown in monoculture and in mixture with two alfalfa varieties (cv. Beaver or cv. Nitro) were terminated and seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare ‘Harrington’) for 2 consecutive crop years at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Soil water content was lower after the alfalfa–grass mixtures compared with the grass monocultures, even during a wet growing season. Barley yield and N concentration in the grain were significantly greater following Beaver alfalfa/grass mixture compared with grass monoculture in 3 and 4 of 6 site years, respectively. N uptake by the barley crop (grain and straw) was also significantly greater following Beaver alfalfa/grass mixture than following grass monoculture in all 6 yr. Both barley grain yield and N uptake after intermediate wheatgrass (grown in monoculture) were lower than after Dahurian wildrye or slender wheatgrass in 3 of 6 yr. The use of alfalfa and a short-lived grass species in hay and pasture mixtures in the Brown soil zone when grown in rotation with annual crops may indeed result in lower grain yields in the short term than continuous annual cropping systems, but the inclusion of alfalfa will provide a N benefit to the subsequent grain crop thereby enhancing yield and possibly its market value.
SPA493 (Salish™) apple
Authors: Hampson Cheryl R. , MacDonald Richard A. , McKenzie Darrell-Lee , Walters Warren
Published: September 2013

Hampson, C. R., MacDonald, R. A., McKenzie, D.-L. and Walters, W. 2013. SPA493 (Salish™) apple. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 979–982. ‘SPA493’ (Salish™) is a new bi-coloured dessert apple from the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada breeding program at Summerland, BC, Canada. The fruit is crisp and juicy, with balanced flavour and medium to long storage potential. The fruit reaches harvest maturity in early October in Summerland. ‘SPA493’ trees are moderately vigorous, productive, and not subject to biennial bearing or pre-harvest drop.