bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Law Applicable to International Trade Transactions with Brazilian Parties: a Comparative Study of the Brazilian Law, the Cisg, and the American Law About Contract Formation
Authors: Aguiar Anelize Slomp
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: Despite Brazil's importance in the world economy and its increasing participation in foreign trade, there is considerable legal uncertainty regarding the law applicable to international commercial contracts involving Brazilian parties because Brazilian judicial courts do not recognize' freedom to choose the governing law; thus this determination is only made ex post, by a judge, according to Private International Law rules of the forum. Applying these rules, this study demonstrates that there are at least three potential legal regimes: the Brazilian law, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, and a foreign domestic law. Making use of the American law as the foreign law, a comparative analysis of these three legal regimes regarding contract formation demonstrates that their approaches are very distinct, which confirms the legal uncertainty. In order to reduce this problem, three different strategies are proposed to the Brazilian government.
CIETAC e Suas Novas Regras de 2012
Authors: de Menezes Caio Campello
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission -- CIETAC arbitration rules have been recently reviewed. The new edition came into force on May 1st 2012. The arbitration rules were under review since 2005 and they became more "international". Among the changes that were implemented, some should be highlighted, such as (i) CIETAC may now administrate arbitrations not governed by their own arbitration rules; (ii) the seat of arbitration may be freely chosen by the parties and no longer the People's Republic of China shall be the mandatory seat of arbitration; and (iii) the arbitrators have their powers extended in order to grant interim measures under the laws governing the arbitration.
A Mitigação do Dano e Alocação da Responsabilidade
Authors: Zanetti Cristiano de Souza
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The text reproduces a presentation made by the author on the XI Congress of the Brazilian Arbitration Committee, that has taken place on September 14 2012, on the city of Porto Alegre. The aim of the presentation was to clarify the boundaries of the so called duty to mitigate the loss, regarding the conclusions reached both in Civil Law and Common Law. After indicating the legal framework, the author discusses the elements of the concept, and, afterwards, analyzes the main difficulty on its application, that is, the implementation of reasonableness standard. In the end, a conclusion follows, in order to stimulate the development of the discussion.
Realidade e Desafios de Ser Árbitro no Brasil. ICC Masterclass. São Paulo. 15 de maio de 2014
Authors: Gama Jr. Lauro
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This article is the written version of the Opening Lecture given at the First Arbitration Masterclass held in Brazil and sponsored by the ICC International Business Institute. At this conference, were briefly examined the fundamental differences of performance between the arbitrator and the state judge, which influence the qualities that are required from the arbitrator, both from the point of view of their ethical standards (being, acting and gain the confidence of the parties, their representatives and other arbitrators), as their efficiency standards. The role of an arbitrator must always be based on respect for the will of the parties, respect of the due process of law, the issue of an award with quality, valid and enforceable, within a reasonable time, able to render a satisfactory solution to the dispute, at a moderate cost to the parties.
O Novo Regulamento de Arbitragem do International Centre for Dispute Resolution
Authors: Santos Mauricio Gomm Ferreira dos , Franco Rodrigo de Oliveira
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the major changes incorporated into the new ICDR International Arbitration Rules effective June 1, 2014. The changes have responded to users demand, consolidated what was already the practice of the ICDR, and incorporated the ICDR Guidelines for Arbitrators on Exchange of Information. In addition, the New Rules bring other interesting features, such as the provision of the consolidation arbitrator, the express exclusion of US litigation procedures, the international expedited procedures for cases up to USD $250,000, the express possibility for the ICDR to invite the parties to mediate in a parallel track with arbitration, the electronic documents provision, the rule on privilege, and the express reference to the administrative conference call with the parties before the appointment of the arbitral tribunal and the list method for appointing arbitrators. We note that the main goal of the New Rules is based on the following three pillars: increasing the efficiency of arbitration, reducing costs, and preserving the impartiality and independence of arbitrators. Lastly, there is an important role for mediation as a means of conflict resolution.
Yukos: Proteção dos Investimentos Estrangeiros, Proteção dos Direitos Humanos e Fragmentação do Direito Internacional
Authors: Nasser Rabih A. , Sato Nathalie S. Tiba , Nasser Salem H.
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The paper analyzes the decisions of the Arbitral Tribunal under the auspices of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the European Court of Human Rights in the case of the oil company Yukos and its shareholders against the Russian Federation, with the phenomenon of fragmentation of international law as a background. First, it presents a summary of the major events that resulted in the plurality of dispute settlement procedures. Second, it analyzes the preliminary issues and the merits related specifically to the protection of international investments. Third, it turns to the discussion in the European Court, focusing on the issue of the protection of human rights of legal entities. Finally, it identifies the implications of the fragmentation of international law to the Yukos case.
The Adoption of UNCITRAL Instruments to Fast Track Regional Integration of Commercial Law
Authors: Eiselen Sieg
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The United Nations Commission for International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has adopted and is promoting a number of texts for the harmonization of international trade law such as the 1980 Vienna Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards and the 1974 New York Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods. There are also newer instruments which have not yet gained such wide acceptance that may be considered for adoption such as the 2005 UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts, the 1996 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the 1997 UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. This paper will identify and discuss the UNCITRAL texts that may be most useful to fast track the regional harmonization and integration of commercial law. The paper will discuss the experience with these instruments internationally, more specifically the experience with the CISG and the Model Law on Electronic Commerce. The paper will critically examine the value of such harmonizing instruments. The paper will also outline critical success factors for regional legal harmonization and integration based on the experience with the UNCITRAL documents. Finally it will be argued that a number of these instruments are suitable for adoption in countries in order to facilitate regional integration.
O poder público e a arbitragem após a reforma da Lei nº 9.307/1996
Authors: Hatanaka Alex S.
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Recentes modificações introduzidas na Lei de Arbitragem Brasileira reduziram significativamente a controvérsia em torno da submissão à arbitragem de disputas envolvendo a Administração Pública. O presente estudo analisa os desafios que remanescem após tal reforma, os contornos da arbitrabilidade objetiva de tais litígios, o requisito de publicidade da arbitragem e outros aspectos processuais relacionados ao tema. Por fim, busca-se identificar as vantagens, desvantagens e fatores a serem considerados no manejo da arbitragem envolvendo a Administração Pública.

ABSTRACT: Recent changes to the Brazilian Arbitration Act have materially reduced the controversy surrounding the submission to arbitration of disputes involving the Public Administration. This study analyzes the challenges that remain after such changes, the limits of the objective arbitrability of such disputes, the requirement of publicity of the arbitration and other procedural aspects of the matter at hand. Finally, it seeks to identify the advantages, disadvantages and other considerations to be factored into when resorting to arbitration in disputes involving the Public Administration.
O reconhecimento e a execução por carta rogatória da decisão cautelar arbitral estrangeira no Brasil
Authors: Potsch Bernard
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The paper discusses the possibility of recognition and enforcement in Brazil through rogatory letter of interim relief granted by foreign arbitrators and arbitral tribunals. As such, it analyses the historical evolution of rogatory letters focusing mainly on the possibility to grant exequatur to those providing for executory measures. The paper then addresses the changes brought forth by the recent amendment to Brazil’s Code of Civil Procedure. Coming to arbitration, it analyses if the concepts previously established are compatible with arbitration. At last, the paper concludes that interim relief granted abroad by arbitral tribunals are enforceable in Brazil by means of rogatory letters.
Soft law as a condition for the development of trust in international arbitration
Authors: Mourre Alexis
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT: The present text is the transcription of the author’s inaugural speech at the XII International Arbitration Conference of Rio de Janeiro, on May 10th, 2016. The author’s goal is to illustrate how international arbitration has progressively incorporated a self-legitimacy sourced in the needs of a societas mercatorum who runs quicker than any State normativity. It is from that international arbitration selflegitimation image that the autor proposes to debate the different soft law instruments as being part of this non-State normativity, strengthening the international arbitration procedure as a tool of international commerce, and not a result of central authorities. Based on this analysis, the author addresses – and answer – the most recent criticism towards the IBA Guidelines, maybe one of the most important – and true metaphor – of international arbitration soft law.
Due process paranoia and the procedural judgment rule: a safe harbor for procedural management decisions by international arbitrators
Authors: Jensen J. Ole
Published: March 2022

Faced with a party’s procedural request, international arbitrators sometimes need to decide a delicate question: is this a legitimate exercise of the party’s procedural rights, or an unreasonable move, leading to an unnecessary delay of the proceedings? When answering this question, the fear that the eventual award might be challenged due to a violation of the parties’ due process rights lingers as the proverbial Sword of Damocles. Often, such “due process paranoia” will lead the arbitrator to grant unreasonable procedural requests, thus prolonging the proceedings unnecessarily. This neither benefits the parties nor the attractiveness of international arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism. The present contribution attempts to ameliorate this situation. It reviews the state courts’ approach to dealing with arbitrators’ exercise of their procedural management discretion to reveal that “due process paranoia” is unfounded. Rather, the review brings to light what may be termed the “Procedural Judgment Rule”, a safe harbor for arbitrators’ exercise of their procedural discretion. The contribution encourages international arbitrators to embrace this discretion by conducting proactive proceedings. It offers methods to efficiently deal with delicate procedural management situations in order to avoid “due process paranoia” altogether.
Controle Jurisdicional da Arbitragem
Authors: Greco Leonardo
Published: March 2022

SUMÁRIO: 1 Jurisprudência e precedentes no sistema das fontes de direito; 2 A escolha das regras de direito na arbitragem; 3 As questões de direito na arbitragem; 4 As questões processuais e as questões de mérito na arbitragem; 5 A observância da jurisprudência e dos precedentes na arbitragem; 6 De que forma o novo Código de Processo Civil se aplica na arbitragem?
A Arguição de Ilegalidade na Arbitragem Investidor-Estado: Construindo a Argumentação Jurídica Que Permita o Exame da Conduta do Investidor
Authors: Ribeiro Gustavo Ferreira , da Silva Ana Rachel Freitas
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Tradicionalmente, os tratados de investimento não contêm obrigações para investidores estrangeiros. Porém, quando demandados a indenizar investidores em arbitragem investor-Estado, os Estados têm invocado a necessidade de cumprimento de suas leis, na denominada arguição de ilegalidade. A argumentação, uma vez acatada, permite que tribunais examinem a conduta do investidor. Referida argumentação pode ser articulada a partir de um requerimento explícito, quando existente, no tratado, o que excluiria da competência do tribunal investimentos realizados em desacordo com as leis do Estado anfitrião. Complementarmente, e ainda pouco exploradas na literatura, as ilegalidades cometidas pelos investidores também configuram violações a princípios gerais de Direito, como a boa-fé e as mãos limpas. Como se propõe neste artigo, são, assim, possíveis de serem invocadas, independentemente da existência de um requerimento explícito de legalidade. Por meio de pesquisa teórico-jurisprudencial, apontam-se os caminhos da construção desta argumentação, indicando-se, ainda, que novos modelos de tratados oferecem uma terceira via à arguição de ilegalidade, ao prever obrigações endereçadas aos investidores.

 

ABSTRACT: Traditionally, investment treaties do not contain obligations for foreign investors. However, when demanded to compensate investors in investor-State arbitration, States have been arguing the need that investors comply with the host State law through the so-called plea of illegality. The argumentation, once upheld, allow courts to assess the behavior of the investor. The concerned argumentation can be articulated based on an explicit requirement, whenever available, in a treaty, which would exclude from the court jurisdiction an investment not established in accordance with the host State laws. Additionally and barely developed in the literature, investors illegal behavior also violates general principles of law, like good faith and clean hands. As this paper suggest, these illegalities can be invoked regardless of the existence of an explicit requirement of legality. Based on doctrine and case law research, this article shows the ways to construct this argumentation and points out that new treaty models offer a new perspective regarding the plea of illegality, while establishing direct obligations for investors.

SUMÁRIO: Introdução; 1 Direitos e obrigações dos investidores estrangeiros: a obrigação de respeitar as leis do país anfitrião; 2 Arguição de ilegalidade: exigindo a obrigação de respeitar as leis do país anfitrião; 2.1 Objeto da arguição de ilegalidade; 2.2 Arguição de ilegalidade articulada a partir do requerimento de legalidade contido nos tratados; 2.3 Arguição de ilegalidade articulada a partir de princípios gerais de Direito; 3 Novos modelos: imposição de obrigações de compliance diretamente aos investidores estrangeiros; Conclusão.
Arbitragem no Estado do Rio de Janeiro: breves comentários ao Decreto nº 46.245, de 19 de fevereiro de 2018
Authors: Machado Fabiana Morais Braga
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Comentários ao Decreto Estadual nº 46.245/2018, que regulamenta a adoção da arbitragem no âmbito da Administração Pública do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

ABSTRACT: Notes on State Act nº 46.425/2018, which regulates arbitration within the Public Administration at State of Rio de Janeiro.

SUMÁRIO: Apresentação; Capítulo I – Das Disposições Preliminares; Capítulo II – Da Convenção de Arbitragem; Capítulo III – Do Procedimento; Capítulo IV – Dos Prazos; Capítulo V – Dos Árbitros; Capítulo VI – Da Publicidade; Capítulo VII – Do Cadastramento do Órgão Arbitral Institucional; Capítulo VIII – Da Sentença Arbitral; Capítulo IX – Das Atribuições da Procuradoria-Geral do Estado; Capítulo X – Das Disposições Finais e Transitórias; À guisa de conclusão.
Arbitragem, Competência Internacional Exclusiva e homologação de sentença arbitral estrangeira que verse sobre bens imóveis situados no Brasil
Authors: Monteiro André Luis
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: Este artigo analisa a possibilidade de homologação de sentenças arbitrais estrangeiras tratando sobre direitos relativos a bens imóveis localizados no Brasil. Trata-se de questão especialmente relevante dada a competência internacional exclusiva da autoridade judiciária brasileira nessa matéria.

 

ABSTRACT: This article analyses the possibility of recognising foreign arbitral awards that deal with rights related to real estate properties located in Brazil. This issue is especially important given the exclusive jurisdiction of the Brazilian courts on this matter.
Direito patrimonial disponível da administração pública: tentativa de definição
Authors: Morais Tonin Mauricio
Published: March 2022

RESUMO: O presente estudo pretende contribuir com a definição de direito patrimonial disponível da Administração Pública. A relevância do tema decorre da necessidade de delimitação dos conflitos passíveis de solução pela arbitragem quando envolverem entes estatais. Em outubro de 2017, o Superior Tribunal de Justiça analisou o assunto no julgamento do Conflito de Competência nº 139.519/RJ, relativo a um contrato de concessão entre a Petrobras e a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). Partindo da análise desse caso e da doutrina especializada, o autor distingue a indisponibilidade do interesse público da disponibilidade de direito estatal e, considerando a dicotomia entre interesse público e interesse da Administração Pública, apresenta um conceito de direito patrimonial disponível estatal.

 

ABSTRACT: This paper aims to contribute with the definition of disposal patrimonial right of Public Administration. In October 2017, Superior Court of Justice (STJ) analyzed the subject in judgment of Disposable conflict of Jurisdiction nº 148.519/RJ, but it was not conceptualized. The relevance of this subject comes from the necessity of delimitation of the conflicts that can be resolved by arbitration and by Dispute Board, when involves State bodies. From the vote of Minister Regina Helena Costa (STJ) at the mentioned case, the author analysis the specialized doctrine and provides a concept of disposal patrimonial right of public-law entity and of public companies and government-controlled companies
Arbitrating Disputes Between Public Servants and Public Entities under Brazilian Law
Authors: de Mello Senra Laura Carneiro
Published: March 2022

In this article, the author defends that disputes regarding the remuneration of federal public servants, in which the opposing party is the State or a Public Entity, can be solved through arbitration. This assertion is based on a broader interpretation of objective arbitrability, which is consistent with the principles of legality, efficiency, and with the public interest.
Latest developments in conciliation and mediation in investor-state disputes
Authors: Ruscalla Gabriele
Published: March 2022

Over the last decades, investor-State disputes have drastically increased in number. Most of these disputes are resolved through arbitration. The increase of the arbitration proceedings in investor- State matters is due to the high number of bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements (“IIAs”) containing an arbitration clause which the dispute is based on. IIAs do not include only arbitration clauses: they also offer the parties other ways to settle their disputes through negotiation, conciliation and mediation. Research today suggests that conciliation and mediation have been rarely used in investor-State dispute resolution. The purpose of this article is to investigate the reasons why ADRs are still underused in the settlement of investor-State disputes, by analysing its pros and cons. The author will look into the current international legal instruments dealing with conciliation and meditation in investor-State disputes and will analyse the latest developments in the field. The article does not conclude that alternative dispute resolution methods should replace arbitration in investor-State matters: it rather suggests that, depending on the circumstances of the case, conciliation and mediation might be efficient mechanisms to settle disputes, alone or alongside arbitration procedures.
The Interest Rate Targeting; A Way Out to Curb Price Instability in Pakistan
Authors: Sherazi Humera , Rehman Hafeez Ur , Shahid Arshi , Laila Khalid Laila Khalid
Published: March 2022

To attain sustainable economic growth stability in prices is considered as the key instrument. The SBP is considering interest rate targeting as most suitable strategy to control price instability in Pakistan. Present research will make analysis of interest rate targeting in the country. The study empirically investigates long and short run impact of interest rate targeting on inflation. Estimated outcomes of present research indicate the significance of interest rate targeting for the country. Inflation rate is considered as dependent variable. Main proposed variable to influence inflation is interest rate. The controlled variable of present research is real GDP growth. Annual data covering the period from 1980-2019 has been used. The techniques of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model and pair wise causality approach to assess the nature of causation among variables have been used. The results of the study propose that interest rate is best instrument to achieve target of less volatile prices in economy.
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Islamic Banking Customers of Pakistan
Authors: Ali Shahid , Niazi Amna , Arshad Beenish , Hassan Hamid , Ahmad Aftab
Published: March 2022

This study aims to analyze the impact of corporate social responsibility on trust level of customers in the Islamic banking industry of Pakistan. The impact of trust is further studied on customers’ repurchase intentions and their word of mouth intentions. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from the customers of five different banks offering Islamic banking services in Pakistan. In order to explain the relationship between variables the model was tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using AMOS. Empirical results from this study show that CSR is positively related to customer trust, repurchase intentions and word of mouth intentions in the Islamic banking industry. The findings prove that hypothesized model fit reasonably well based on comparison fit indices. The study adds valuable insights to CSR related research in South Asia and particularly focuses on the factors that influence perceptions and behaviors of Islamic banking customers.
الدافعية العقلية وعلاقتها باكتساب بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية لتلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائي
Authors: شهد فائق  , اقبال عبد الحسين
Published: March 2022

هدفت الدراسة إلى استخدام مقاييس الدافعية العقلية وعلاقتها باكتساب بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية لتلاميذ الصف الخامس الابتدائي , واستخدمت الباحثتان المنهج الوصفي بأسلوبي المسح والعلاقات الارتباطية لملاءمته لطبيعة البحث , إذ تكونت عينة الدراسة من (75) تلميذ وتلميذه من تلاميذ مدرسة فدك الابتدائية الأهلية , إذ قامت الباحثتان بأستخدام مقياس الدافعية العقلية والمكون من (25) فقرة  وأختبار تنمية بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية  المكون من (38) فقرة , وقد تم عرضة على الخبراء والمختصين في مجال علم النفس, وقد أستخدمت الباحثتان  الحقيبة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (ٍSPSS), وأظهرت نتائج البحث أن مقياس الدافعية العقلية له علاقة معنوية مع أختبار تنمية بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الابتدائية الصف الخامس الابتدائي , وضرورة تهيئة التطور العقلي وتبادل المعلومات حول بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية .
الكلمات المفتاحية : الدافعية العقلية , أختبار تنمية أكتساب بعض مفاهيم السلامة المرورية , تلاميذ الصف الخامس  المرحلة الابتدائية .
El apoyo populista bajo la perspectiva de la racionalidad limitada.
Authors: Aguilar Flores María Paula
Published: March 2022

Si bien existen extensos estudios enfocados en esclarecer las razones detrás del apoyo al populismo, solo pocos de ellos se han centrado en la manera en la que la psicología podría jugar un papel importante al explicar este fenómeno. Por este motivo, el presente artículo pretende contribuir con un nuevo análisis respecto a cómo los aspectos cognitivos y la racionalidad limitada pueden explicar el apoyo a líderes y partidos populistas, específicamente por parte de los adultos mayores. Para ello, se desarrollará una propuesta teórica basada en el análisis de las intenciones de voto y resultados electorales en países de América y Europa. El presente trabajo estará dividido en cuatro partes. Primero, se delimitarán los conceptos y se expondrá literatura relevante. Segundo, se evidenciará mediante ejemplos la actual tendencia de adultos mayores a apoyar a líderes/partidos populistas. Tercero, se expondrá el argumento teórico bajo el cual se enmarca el vínculo entre las limitaciones cognitivas y el apoyo al populismo, y finalmente, se recopilarán a manera de conclusión los puntos más relevantes del estudio juntos con sus principales retos y limitaciones.
Saberes Ancestrales y salud en el Qhapaq Ñan del cantón Quilanga-Loja
Authors: Rojas Flores Rosa Amelia , Pineda López Livia Gladys , ARMIJOS FIERRO Shandry Vinicio , Quitama Pastaz Julio Medardo , Flores Chamba Jorge Eduardo , Bustamante Durán Cristina Isabel
Published: March 2022

La presente investigación, realizada en la ruta del Qhapaq Ñan Quilanga provincia de Loja, se propone caracterizar la situación de salud de la población que habita en dicho cantón, desde la perspectiva cultural y oficial; contó con un diseño metodológico descriptivo, analítico y relacional, con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo; encuestó a 95 jefes de familia y entrevistó a ocho Agentes Tradicionales de Salud; identificando enfermedades de filiación cultural como, Mal de aire, Espanto, Susto de agua, Tabardillo y Empacho y, enfermedades alopáticas como, Hipertensión Arterial, Infección de vías urinarias, Rinofaringitis aguda, Cistitis aguda e Hipercolesterolemia. Concluyendo que, en las dos perspectivas, las enfermedades son producto de la imbricación de factores culturales, sociales y económicos, destacando sin embargo, el aporte de hombres y mujeres de sabiduría en la recuperación del equilibrio energético y con ello de la salud, mediante prácticas rituales con plantas medicinales y otros elementos de poder, herbolaria y actos religiosos.
¿La política de participación ciudadana incide en el déficit de control social?
Authors: Cantos Cortez Eduardo , Esparza Aguirre Diego A
Published: March 2022

Este trabajo que tiene como objetivo explicar el déficit de control social causado por la política de participación ciudadana institucionalizada ecuatoriana en el periodo 2007-2017. Para lograrlo se parte del marco neointitucional de diseño de política y se esboza el siguiente mecanismo causal teórico: a) formulación de una nueva política de participación ciudadana institucionalizada; b) adaptación a las reglas existentes; c) gestión coercitiva de los conflictos. A través del uso de la formalización bayesiana se obtiene un valor de confianza en la hipótesis de 0.9, lo que permite afirmar que la formulación del mecanismo causal es válida y funciona de acuerdo al planteamiento
Redes Sociales y su influencia en el desarrollo micro empresarial: caso Loja- Ecuador.
Authors: Boada Max
Published: March 2022

Las redes sociales se han convertido en herramientas empresariales, su uso se ha desarrollado drásticamente en sus diferentes potencialidades para la comercialización en los diferentes niveles del mercado; el objetivo de la presente investigación se fundamenta en describir y entender cuál es la relación que tienen las redes sociales, y el desempeño de los procesos administrativos de las microempresas en la ciudad de Loja, Ecuador. Con un desarrollo significativo  en el sector de las PYMES es importante entender la relación de las nuevas tecnologías de la información en sus procesos de innovación empresarial, tomando una muestra de 105 microempresarios se pudo diseñar una investigación exploratoria- concluyente, donde se pudo describir características fundamentales sobre cómo el uso de las redes sociales inciden en las diferentes actividades de una emperesa; correlacionando dos variables de estudio: V1: Red Social más utilizada para el desarrollo empresarial, y V2: factores de desempeño  comercial, se ejecutó un análisis correlacional de Pearson para poder medir su relación dentro de la microempresa Lojana, dando como resultado que las redes sociales más utilizadas por las PYMES de la localidad son: Facebook, Instagram y WhatsApp teniendo un impacto directo en: la publicidad, al momento de vender y comercializar el producto, para el posicionamiento de marca, descuentos, y conseguir más clientes; concluyendo con una correlación de fuerza alta entre las dos variables de estudio.
Balkan Savaşları Yıllarında Türk-Arap Dayanışması
Authors: KUYUMCUOĞLU Ozan
Published: March 2022

Farklı görüşten gelen Osmanlı seçkinleri Balkan Savaşındaki kayıpların yarattığı travmayı Osmanlıcılık ideolojisine İslami bir karakter kazandırarak aşmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu bağlamda İmparatorluğun iki büyük Müslüman unsuru Türkler ve Araplar arasındaki dayanışmanın kuvvetlendirilmesi gerektiğine inanmışlardır. Yaygın kanının aksine milliyetçiliğe savrulmayan seçkinlerin Türk-Arap dayanışmasına tutunmasının ardında ise 19.yüzyılın ikinci yarısında etkisini hissettirmeye başlayan İslam birliği düşüncesi yer almaktadır. Bu düşünce II. Abdülhamid’in Müslüman orta sınıfı destekleme politikasının ideolojik bir çerçeve kazanması sonucu ortaya çıkmış; II. Meşrutiyet yıllarında da sürekliliğini korumuştur. Balkan Savaşının ardından İmparatorluktaki Müslümanların çoğunluk hale gelmesi ve devletin kendisini varoluş krizi içerisinde bulması İslam birliği fikrinin seçkinlerin zihnindeki yerini daha da pekiştirmesini sağlamıştır. Öyle ki sonu gelmeyen siyasi çatışmalar ve zaman zaman her iki unsur arasında ortaya çıkan iletişimsizlik ve şüphecilik seçkinleri Türk-Arap dayanışması fikrinden vazgeçirmemiştir.
Stil, Habitus, Widerstand: zur Interpretation von Variabilität in der spätneolitischenkeramik von Uivar
Authors: Dammers Barbara
Published: March 2022

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Mitropolia de Karlowitz şi relaţiile sârbo-române din cuprinsul Monarhiei habsburgice / The Metropolitanate of Karlowitz and Serbo-Romanian Relations within The Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Milin Miodrag , Njegovan Drago
Published: March 2022

The connections between Serbian and Romanian orthodoxy reach far into the past. Orthodox Romanians, monks and rulers have close connections to the Serbian monastery of Hilandar on Mount Athos, and those relationships were further expanded during the era of the Branković, with Maksim as a Romanian metropolitan and the foundation of monastery Krušedol on Fruška gora in Sirmium, under the patronage of the Vlach Duke Basaraba. Upon the establishment of the Metropolitanate of Krušedol and afterwards the Metropolitanate of Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci) all Orthodox believers, even the Orthodox Romanians, came under the spiritual protectorate of the Serbian Church in the Habsburg Monarchy. In the struggle for preservation of orthodoxy among Romanians in Transylvania, in the middle of the 18th century, under the guidance of metropolitan Pavle Nenadović, a Serbian monk, reverend Visarion Saraj stood out. He was beatified bz the Romanian Church. In the first half of the 19th century, under the influence of lay people, among Romanians arose the idea about allocating their own, Romanian hierarchy, and separate from the protectorate of the Metropolitanate of Karlowitz. This process had already been institutionally approved (at the May 1848 Assembly in Sremski Karlovci) and it ended with the creation of the Romanian Metropolitanate of Sibiu in 1864, with the support of first the Austrian and later the Hungarian, in the legal form of an act from 1868. Separation of Orthodox Serbs and Romanians into two Church organizations was achieved by a mutual consensus, and the only controversies arose during the division of Church proprieties and possessions in some mixed municipalities in Banat. In some cases, the issues of what belongs to whom were resolved in court. When they were embroiled in these disputes, the mutual acts of Serbian and Romanian civil forces were reinforced with the participation of Slovakian middle class, with the goal of resisting hungarization, wich tended to efface the national identity of both Serbs and Romanians in Dualistic empire, after the Austro-Hungarian agreement in 1867. The process was ended with the Congress of Minorities (1895) where non-Hungarians showed they were a majority in the Hungarian part of the Monarchy. After the doom of Austro-Hungary (1918) and the creation of modern Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians), the Serbo-Romanian relations continued to develop in completely new historical circumstances.
Contribuţii la identificarea şi clasificarea puştilor vest-balcanice cu cremene prezente în muzeele din România / Contributions to Identifying and Classifying Western Balkans Flintlock Rifles from the Romanian Museums
Authors: Marcov Zoran
Published: March 2022

During the Ottoman domination in the Balkan Peninsula, the powerful oriental influences layered on ancient European cultural legacy in the area paved the way to the arrival of some specific types of portable weapons, unseen in the rest of the Ottoman Empire.Massive import of barrels and flintlock mechanisms from Western Europe, especially from the Italian space, promoted full development of rifle production in the Western Balkans. Shortly, under the influence of Ottoman armorers, Balkan craftsmen gave up the standard shape of the hunting rifle of Italian origin and gave free rein to their imagination. Remarkable results came from the cultural and artistic confluences of East and West, at least in the field of portable weapons; the specific shapes of some gun-stocks from the tančice category – especially the roga, karanfilka and rašak types – firmly certify the originality of the Balkan armorers.The flintlock rifles crafted within the western Balkan Peninsula, during the 17th and 19th centuries, are well known under the name of tančice or arnautke. Etymologically speaking, the term tančica comes from SerboCroatian and refers to the narrow and slender shape of these rifles; translated word by word into Romanian, tanak means slender. Regarding the second name used by literature, arnautka, the term is referred to the Albanian origin of those rifles; Albania is considered to be the birthplace of these rifles inspired by the Italian model, then craftsmanship was spread throughout the Balkans. Depending on the shape of the gun-stock, there are two types of tančice rifles: tančice including rifles known as roga, karanfilka and rašak; and the džeferdar and čibuklija rifles, weapons more similar to the Italian hunting rifles than to the Ottoman guns. The main characteristic of the džeferdar and čibuklija rifles is given by the weapons decor, typical for the Balkans, more than the gun-stock shape (identical to the Italian type).Generally, in Romania, these flintlock rifles are considered to be of Turkish origin, most rarely identified as Balkan weapons of Albanian, Bosnian or Montenegrin origin. Since the interwar period, many research studies had been dedicated to the flintlock rifles within their territory of origin, the former Yugoslav territory. Nowadays, many categories of flintlock rifles had been researched. Speaking about the process of dating the Western Balkans rifles, the large majority of the exhibits harbored by the Romanian museums are dated between the 18th and the 19th centuries. The turn of the centuries is considered to be time of intense production of weapons in the Balkans. In the Balkan Peninsula, the flintlock rifles have been used until late 19th century.
Production and Function of Barbed Points from the Gumelniţa Tell of Hârșova (Constanţa County) / Producţia și funcţia vârfurilor barbelate din așezarea Gumelniţa de la Hârșova (jud. Constanţa)
Authors: Mărgărit Monica , Popovici Dragomir Nicolae
Published: March 2022

For the Neo-Eneolithic of the Romanian territory, barbed points (harpoons) represent the type of artifact belongingto the osseous materials industry on which we have most information. Th e lot we had at our disposal for this study,coming from the settlement from Hârşova-tell, is made up of 19 harpoons (coming from the diggings of theperiod 1989–2008), made of Cervus elaphus antler. In this study we have tried to identify how the raw materialwas obtained, turned into finished pieces (processing techniques), the economy of these finished pieces (the wayshow they were used and their role in the economy), and finally the eventual repairs of the fractured pieces andtheir reintegration in the economy of the community. We also provide a series of experimental and ethnographicexamples, in order to illustrate that the general denomination of ‘harpoon’ is incorrect, when extended to designateall the points with barbs. Th e ethnographic comparisons, which at first seemed to offer a key to understanding howthese weapons were used, in the end complicate the problem by demonstrating that prey can be hunted in differentways and that the same weapon can be used with different hunting methods.
Organizarea administrativ-teritoriala a Banatului istoric in perioada 1716-1860 / Administrative-Territorial Organization of the Historical Province of Banat during 1716-1860
Authors: Vertan Maria
Published: March 2022

After the Austrian-Turkish war from 1716 – 1717, the Banat province became part of the Austrian Empire with the status of neoaquistic territory. After a few attempts of temporary administrative-territorial organization, during 1719 – 1720 the Banat province was organized in eleven districts, these being divided into circles (processus).Between 1766 – 1774 the Military Border from Banat was brought into being and comprised an important number of localities situated in the southern part of the province. ose localities had a special status being superintended by the personnel of the Austrian military units from the area.Between 1774 – 1775 the governor of Banat, Iosif Brigido, tried a reorganization of the province into four administrative circles, but this organization was annuled in 1778 after the annexation of Banat at the Hungarian Kingdom. Banat was now organized into three counties: Timiş, Caraş and Torontal. e counties were at their turn divided into smaller administrative units called processus/járás/plase. is organization lasted till the year 1850, when Banat entered under Austrian Imperial administration and was included into the new province called Serbian Vojvodina and Timisan Banat. e former counties from Banat turned into administrative circles which received the German name of “Kreise” and were divided into smaller units called “Beyirke”. e administrative circles (Kreise) from Banat were Timişoara, Lugoj and Becicherecu Mare. is administrative-territorial organization lasted till the abolishment of the Serbian Vojvodina and Timisan Banat province in 1860.In time, there was a territorial stability of the three counties of circles but the number of their subdivisions changed and as a consequence also the distribution of the localities within them changed from one stage at another.
Din istoricul Partidului Naţional-Popular în Banat în a doua jumătate a anului 1946 / From the history of National-Popular Party in Banat in the second half of the year 1946
Authors: Păiuşan Radu
Published: March 2022

Popular-National Party entered relatively late on the political stage, made as a part of communist party. It supposed to include sections of population hereupon the parties of workes did not have any acces, because they could not troust the communists. Beeing aware of the fact that half of Romania’s population was not fully political woven or did not have any political condolence, communist have decided the transformtion of one organization, under theier command, named as Patriots -Union, in a Political-Party. If in the Patriots-Unions could activate members of some parties and pro-communist organizations, the new party was like an independent-political organization, it use to activate in it’s own name under diff erent domes, under the command of P.C.R., like national democratic front, Block of democraties parties, and fi nally $ e popular democracy. To delude the ones that they were directed to, more exactlly to the middles woven, the urban and rural intelectuality, public and particular offi cialdoms, industries, salespeople, workers, woman and young-men, the new party that was founded in january 1946, programaticts desideratums, fundamentals complaints of romanians: Monarchy, School, Church, Family and Traditions. To confuse even more the public opinion in the name of party was also included the word “national”, in one moment that the supposed internationalist proletarism was getting ready. In the program of the party was not remembered of the sovietical kolkhoz and bloscevic ideology, he was counting of good faith of the one that have never been in militant politics in the interbelic times.
Ein Vergessener Hortfund aus Kronstadt (Braşov) in Rumänien. Das Burzenland (Ţara Bârsei) als Hortlandschaft / A Forgotten Hoard from Brașov (Romania). Bronze Age Hoarding in the Ţara Bârsei Region.
Authors: Dietrich Laura , Dietrich Oliver
Published: March 2022

e present contribution discusses a small so-far unknown hoard find from Braşov-Stupini, consisting of two socketed axes, of which only one is preserved. e find is discussed in the context of Bronze Age hoarding in the Ţara Bârsei region. Starting from the Middle Bronze Age and well into the Late Bronze Age the region is characterised by hoards consisting of just one object class. Only towards the end of the Bronze Age more complex hoards appear.
Das erste aunjetitzer Metalgefäß in der Fremde? Überlegungen zu Ursprung und Function der Schmuckschatulle von Skeldal, Dänemark
Authors: Mörtz Tobias
Published: March 2022

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Explorări în microuniversul mitologic la Ardeu. Despre uriași și comori / Exploring the mythological micro-universe at Ardeu. About giants and treasures
Authors: Ferencz Iosif Vasile
Published: March 2022

About the archaeological discoveries from Ardeu (Balşa commune, Hunedoara county), many pages have been written over time1. We tried to present a different overview on the site „Ardeu-Cetăţuie”2. On this paper we set out to undertake an exploration of the mythological micro-universe, in the form in which it is still preserved among the members of the community of Ardeu village. %e investigation is based on small sequences collected from local folklore, directly from the locals, during the research campaigns, as well as by the Hunedoara journalist Laura Oana. %e study area is located in the south of the Apuseni Mountains3, in a place dominated by rocky cliffs (Fig. 1) and caves, where there are traces of habitation of populations from many historical times.%e walls of some fortifications, visible for centuries on top of the Cetăţuie hill, were a source of inspiration for the collective imaginary of the place, allowing the adaptation of some archetypes widespread in mythology, to the geographical framework of the place. %us, we had the opportunity to capture details that ensure the connection with the intimate environment of popular beliefs. We noticed the persistence of a series of significant elements, with their own function, which are correlated with each other: giants and their homes, huge guardians and/or treasure owners, underground rooms and tombs of giants. In the mythical universe, the giants lived in “Colţ”, on/in Dealul Cetăţuie (Cetăţeauă), an archeological site registered in the National Archaeological Repertory and in the List of monuments and archeological sites. From the point of view of archeological research, the association of the site with the treasures brings disadvantages, and the activity of the treasure hunters can only be classified as harmful for the national cultural heritage.%e material proof of the presence of the giants at Ardeu, in antiquity, is a skeleton, or rather the accidentally unearthed head of a person with larger dimensions than the usual ones. As it is still preserved, the legends with and about giants are part of the general structure and limits of the genre, with details that are widespread, in large spaces, but also with some particular ones. %ese fairy tales and stories are in a process of updating, but nevertheless we tried to understand their ancestral meanings and to draw research directions124.%e folklore of Ardeu village is vast unexplored land, in full transformation, land from which representative details are lost every day. Sequences of the mythological universe can still be recovered in Ardeu, such as the set of customs during the winter seasons, whose „piece of resistance” is represented by Căluşerii
Kupferzeitliche äxte zwischen dem 5. und 3. Jahrtausend in Südosteuropa
Authors: Hansen Svend
Published: March 2022

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O descriere a cetății Timişoara din august 1716 / A description of the Fortress of Timişoara (Temeswar) from August 1716
Authors: Feneșan Costin
Published: March 2022

After the victory at Peterwardein (August 5, 1716), the Imperial austrian army under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy moved across the Tisza-river to attack Timişoara (Temeswar), the main fortress of the Ottoman Banat. In order to be provided with reliable information on the strenght of the fortied city, the Austrian generals have sent to Timişoara, as may be presumed at the beginning of August 1716 or even earlier, a spy named John (János) Tutovicz, at that time judge of the town of Szeged (nowadays in South-Eastern Hungary). On the basis of Tutovicz’ eyewitness accounts, Prince Eugene obtained an accurate description (published now in the original German version and its translation into Rumanian) of the fortress and fortication works of Timişoara, wich he certain used in organizing the siege of the city, crowned by its surrender as of October 13, 1716.
Le casque gréco-illyrien a représentations figuratives (VIe – Ve siècles av. J.-C.) de Găvojdia, dep. de Timiş / The Greek-Illyrian Helmet with human representations (VI-Vth centuries B. C.) from Găvojdia, Timiş county
Authors: Sîrbu Valeriu
Published: March 2022

We intend, in the fi rst part of the study, to publish the helmet with fi gurative representations of Greek-Illyrian type, discovered at Găvojdia and, in the second part, to analyse the scenes represented on that helmet in the context of the Balkans art. < e helmet made of a sheet of bronze with silver appliqués and found by accident in the Timiș River is, by its fi gurative representations an exceptional piece; if the rider motive can be seen also on the helmets of Olympia and Trebenište, the scene of the wild boar being hunted by two pedestrians, situated over the visor, is not present on other helmets of this type found until now. < is piece can be placed in the IIIA1 type of the Greek-Illyrian helmets, dating from the end of the 6th – beginning of the 5th centuries BC. < e rider and the wild boar hunt, as well as other ferocious beasts, such as the lion, the bear or the stag, are frequent scenes in the elite’s art of Greece, < racia or Illyria, represented in precious metals, pottery vessels or frescoes in the graves and temples. < e helmet of Găvojdia, together with other Greek-Illyrian ones without fi gurative representations found in the south-western part of Romania, prove that the north-< racian aristocracy was connected to the mentalities and the tastes of the elites in the south-eastern Europe.