bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiles, Coyotes, and Vanilla
Authors: Broughton Chad
Published: November 2020

On the Road to Volador were tree-lined, rocky hills, as well as a fútbol field where a few kids kicked around a ball. A boy on a wobbly-wheeled bicycle navigated the dirt path next to the road, spinning his legs as fast as he could to keep up with our truck. Just outside of town, a group of ten women and girls were picking chile piquín on a steep slope above the road. As Josh and I spoke in English to prepare our questions, the women chattered in rapid-fire Spanish to one another, clearly welcoming the work interruption. They had stopped plucking the tiny red and orange chiles, which they collected in two-liter Coke bottles with the tops cut off. Before we could introduce ourselves, an older woman said in Spanish, “It sounds nice, like what we’ve heard on soap operas.” They said they had seen gringos from time to time in Papantla, the municipal seat, and at the pyramids of nearby El Tajin, the spectacular pre-Colombian archeological site. But they claimed during our trip in 2007 that we were the first gringos to visit tiny Volador. The rugged but fertile land around Volador was planted with corn, beans, papaya, chiles, bananas, oranges, mangoes, and other crops. It was more difficult land to farm than that of Agua Dulce. Volador was also more isolated, and it had fewer people. The main difference, though, was that Don Beto Cruz, an absentee landlord from Papantla, owned nearly all of the land surrounding the village. There was no ejido here. Locals traded their labor with Cruz for little plots of land to farm. Wage work in the fields earned about $8 a day, but it was irregular, maybe one or two days a week. Several of the fieldworkers were high school–aged girls earning summer money. Despite the blazing heat, they dressed in jeans or sweatpants and had layers on top to protect against the scratchy fieldwork and the sun. One of the girls wore a white-and-blue shirt that read, “Telesecundaria Mariano Matamoros.” The shirt featured a television with a smiley face inside.
Neural Networks in Chemical Reaction Dynamics
Authors: Raff Lionel , Komanduri Ranga , Hagan Martin , Bukkapatnam Satish
Published: November 2020

This monograph presents recent advances in neural network (NN) approaches and applications to chemical reaction dynamics. Topics covered include: (i) the development of ab initio potential-energy surfaces (PES) for complex multichannel systems using modified novelty sampling and feedforward NNs; (ii) methods for sampling the configuration space of critical importance, such as trajectory and novelty sampling methods and gradient fitting methods; (iii) parametrization of interatomic potential functions using a genetic algorithm accelerated with a NN; (iv) parametrization of analytic interatomic potential functions using NNs; (v) self-starting methods for obtaining analytic PES from ab inito electronic structure calculations using direct dynamics; (vi) development of a novel method, namely, combined function derivative approximation (CFDA) for simultaneous fitting of a PES and its corresponding force fields using feedforward neural networks; (vii) development of generalized PES using many-body expansions, NNs, and moiety energy approximations; (viii) NN methods for data analysis, reaction probabilities, and statistical error reduction in chemical reaction dynamics; (ix) accurate prediction of higher-level electronic structure energies (e.g. MP4 or higher) for large databases using NNs, lower-level (Hartree-Fock) energies, and small subsets of the higher-energy database; and finally (x) illustrative examples of NN applications to chemical reaction dynamics of increasing complexity starting from simple near equilibrium structures (vibrational state studies) to more complex non-adiabatic reactions. The monograph is prepared by an interdisciplinary group of researchers working as a team for nearly two decades at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK with expertise in gas phase reaction dynamics; neural networks; various aspects of MD and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of nanometric cutting, tribology, and material properties at nanoscale; scaling laws from atomistic to continuum; and neural networks applications to chemical reaction dynamics. It is anticipated that this emerging field of NN in chemical reaction dynamics will play an increasingly important role in MD, MC, and quantum mechanical studies in the years to come.
Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: November 2020

Based on educational theory and on recognized music teaching methods, Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction develops a framework for examining music teaching that uses technology to introduce, reinforce, and assess skills and concepts. The framework guides in-depth discussions about theoretical and philosophical foundations of technology-based music instruction (TBMI), materials for teaching, teaching behaviors, and assessment of student work, teacher work, and fit of technology into the music program. The book includes examples of TBMI lessons from real teachers, and analyses of the successful and developing parts of these lessons. The book also addresses issues of accountability and standards; recommendations for professional development; and the future of the field, embodied in emerging technologies, alternative ensembles, and social issues. It will be a key volume for teachers implementing new curricular offerings and for music teacher educators as a foundation for teaching with technology beyond a focus on software and hardware.
Accountability Concerns
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: November 2020

With the advent of technology-based music instruction, we are at an important juncture in terms of standards and accountability. To date, there are no sets of standards that directly address the ways in which TBMI teachers and students work, and therefore there is a lack of clarity as to how we are accountable to the larger educational culture. Several sets of standards exist that come close; they address either the musical or the technological portions of TBMI, but not both. Others address teachers’ roles or students’ roles, but not both. In this chapter, we will examine relevant sets of standards and explore how they imply accountability for TBMI teachers and students. In 1994, the Music Educators National Conference (now the National Association for Music Education) released a document outlining the National Standards for Music Education, in coordination with similar standards in theater, art, and dance. The nine music standards from 1994 were the following: Singing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. Performing on instruments, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. Improvising melodies, variations, and accompaniments. Composing and arranging music within specified guidelines. Reading and notating music. Listening to, analyzing, and describing music. Evaluating music and music performances. Understanding relationships between music, the other arts, and disciplines outside the arts. Understanding music in relation to history and culture. The NAfME standards suggest curricula that are distributed among performance, musical creativity, and connections between music and context. These are noble goals for which teachers should strive. The NAfME standards are widely accepted, and many teachers refer to them as benchmarks to assess the completeness of curriculum. In no way do the NAfME standards suggest that musical learning should be achieved through technology, nor do they contain suggestions about how students should meet any of them. In this way, the shapers of the NAfME standards are to be commended because the standards are flexible enough that they can be addressed in ways teachers see fit. Therefore, the standards passively suggest that technology-based music instruction is as valid a means of music learning as are other forms.
Teacher Preparation Considerations
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: November 2020

In order to accommodate the growth of technology-based music classes in schools, institutions that educate music teachers—both prior to their service and during—must begin to implement structures for inclusion of TBMI in their curricula. In this chapter, I will examine some of the models of inclusion of TBMI in teacher education. I will do so with the understanding that teacher education in music is a constant work in progress, and that adding TBMI in already crowded curricula is a very difficult task. Students working toward music teacher certification typically take a course focused on the uses of technology. Music teacher education faculty members generally agree that it is necessary for the skills embedded in these classes to be developed. In addition, the accrediting bodies that enable teacher preparation programs to grant licensure credentials suggest inclusion of such a course. Courses in teacher preparation programs frequently address many of the standards delineated in the previous chapter, specifically the types of skills suggested by the TI:ME standards. An emphasis of some of these courses lies in the area of information management and communication. Students are often engaged—though sometimes unnecessarily so—in activities such as database creation and management, email communication, simple website development, and the uses of general education software. This is often the case when pre-service teachers are required to take courses in information technology or education departments of the university other than the music department in which the focus of the courses is general educational technology, devoid of a content area emphasis. Requiring these types of classes denies the existence of the critical intersections built into the TPACK model, which suggests that content, technology, and pedagogy influence each other. Music teacher educators should carefully consider whether such non-specific courses are advantageous for their students; perhaps there are better ways for future music teachers to gain proficiency with technologies that will be more meaningful for them in their careers.
Imagination and Creativity: The School Based Paradox
Authors: Greher Gena R. , Heines Jesse M.
Published: November 2020

People who are considered “creative”are generally respected and sought after in our society, both in the professional and social realms. Yet among the many paradoxes of our educational system is the strange fact that it does little to encourage a child’s imaginative and subsequent creative potential. As discussed by Judith Groch in her book The Right to Create, one reason might be a strongly held belief that creativity is innate and something one is born with. You either have it or you don’t. Another reason might be the difficulty in assessing creativity objectively. Unlike questions and problems with only one right answer, how can you make an objective value judgment on a student’s creative output? But imagine a young Pablo Picasso growing up in 21st-century America and attending a public school dominated by high-stakes testing. According to a case study by Howard Gardner in Creating Minds, our young Picasso had great difficulty mastering his numbers. Other than his artistic inclinations, which were nurtured by his family, he was an unremarkable student. In most of today’s public schools, Picasso would be force-fed a fairly prescribed curriculum that would ensure mastery of test-taking techniques but would be mostly devoid of opportunities for personal self-expression. In fact, in a climate focused on high-stakes testing, little attention would even be given to the arts. Picasso’s unique and imaginative vision of the world would probably be squelched for not conforming to the accepted adult views of how one draws the sun, trees, or sky. According to Feldman, Csikszentmihlayi, and Gardner, in Changing the World: A Framework for the Study of Creativity, creative people are shaped as much by their early experiences as by the natural abilities they are born with. Absent a home life where artistic insights are valued and nurtured, how many future Picassos are walking around America’s schools right now who will never know their potential because they will never come into contact with those experiences? Consider the following scenario. If Gena and Jesse walked into a cocktail party, who would be considered the more “creative” of the two? Why, certainly you would pick Gena.
The Sun Always Rises
Authors: Ross Andrew
Published: November 2020

Nothing has driven the growth of metro Phoenix more than the sun’s rays. For most of its residents and visitors, the chief reason for coming to the region was its 334 days of annual sunshine, yet precious little of this radiation showed up in the energy supply. Indeed, Arizona has often been held up as an object of shame for the cause of solar power. Despite the bounty of its sun cover, by 2009 the state generated only 7 watts of photovoltaic power (PV) per capita, while New Jersey, with only half the available sunlight, managed 14.6 watts per capita, and Germany, with even less, delivered 100 watts to each person. If the solar industry was to have its long-deferred day in the United States, then the Valley of the Sun had to be at, or near the top, of the location list. Surely, it should be easier to generate “clean electrons” here than almost anywhere else. Yet the dismal historical record shows that the abundance of this natural resource mattered very little in the face of a political and economic environment that has prevented the sun’s energy from being enjoyed by its liberty-loving residents, let alone developed on an industrial scale. For a metropolis in the deepest trough of the Great Recession, the prospect of developing solar industry was just about the only source of boosterism I could find among the business community. Glenn Hamer, president of the Arizona Chamber of Commerce, bragged that, with the help of federal and state incentives currently available, “the cocktail is in place for Arizona to truly be a national and international leader in solar. . . . with our incredible natural advantage, we have just about the world’s best solar resource.” Someone in his position could reasonably be expected to be gung ho about any new local market for investment, but Hamer also happened to be former national director of the Solar Energy Industries Association.
The Real Poop: How Rivers Become Sewers
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

The train coasts into Agra, full of tourists coming to visit the newly scrubbed, sparkling white Taj Mahal. Through the window I see dozens of men squatting on the bare, flat ground between the railway tracks and a string of low buildings. Their backs are partially turned to the train tracks. Some squat alone; others hunch near each other in companionable duos. They gaze meditatively into the distance as they relieve themselves on the garbage-strewn ground. I see this lineup for at least a mile as we glide toward the train station in the early morning. Some of the men carry little aluminum pots or plastic bottles as they approach the waste ground. The vessels sit on the ground next to men who are still engaged in their morning ritual. The water is for washing, for this is a land of washers, not wipers. I can’t tell whether or not the train has surprised the men today by its punctuality. No one looks uncomfortable. No one is hurrying. Privacy seems irrelevant to them. And in any case the men’s long white cotton tunics cover most of their bodies. There are no women. Perhaps they came earlier, when it was darker, before there was a chance that the frequently delayed train would catch them. I had not planned for a whole chapter in this book, let alone one right here at the beginning, to be about toilets and bodily functions. But there’s really no avoiding it. Rivers pour clear and clean out of the mountains, then become sewers in the Gangetic plain. One of the biggest problems in South Asia is, simply, what to do with the shit of more than a billion people. Few of them have toilets as Westerners understand the word. Many have nothing at all—no outhouse, no pit latrine. Globally, 1.2 billion people are still defecating in the open, approximately six hundred million of them in India. By 2010 more than half of India’s billion people had access to a cell phone while only a third had some form of toilet to use.
In the Valley of Dhunge Dhara
Authors: Colopy Cheryl
Published: November 2020

The Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. Ancient stories tell us the valley was created when the Boddhisattva Manjushree came to worship a divine lotus planted in the lake long before by a messenger of the as yet unborn Buddha. Manjushree could not reach the lotus because of the deep waters, so with a sword he smote the rocks in a narrow gorge and drained the lake. Geological evidence supports the mythic lake that Manjushree is said to have emptied. The Kathmandu Valley is a basin at an altitude of approximately 4,000 feet between the lower and the middle hills of the Himalaya. As the Himalaya were shoved north into the Tibetan plateau, many valleys were created between the folds of the hills. If a landslide were to block the main exit from such a valley, it might begin to fill up with water from rivers and springs. Around two million years ago, it seems a large lake formed in this fashion in the Kathmandu Valley’s bowl of wooded hillsides. Long after, perhaps because of a big earthquake, or a series of jolts over many years, a channel opened a gorge at the west end of the valley. What would later be called the Bagmati River spilled out, finding its way down to what is now the Ganga and leaving the valley dry by around 10,000 years ago. There were, as far as we know, no people living in the path of any such Bagmati flood, so none were harmed. Instead, the draining of the valley led to the superb conditions the earliest settlers would eventually exploit: terraces and knolls, rich soil, springs, rivers, and shallow aquifers. It is enticing to imagine that the myth captures some distant human memory of the events that helped to create this perfect valley. We know these hills and mountains have been a crossroads for restless mankind since before any recorded history. Perhaps even for thousands of years before the oldest inscriptions give us hints about settlements and rulers in the valley, people were peacefully going about their business here.
Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates and Amino Acids
Authors: Morrow Gary W.
Published: November 2020

We have already seen that some of the basic building blocks used in the biosynthesis of natural products are amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and others. These and other crucial construction materials such as the acyl group in acetyl-CoA are all ultimately derived from carbohydrates. In this chapter, we will present an abbreviated overview of the components of carbohydrate structure and metabolism sufficient for our purposes going forward, with a schematic flowchart showing how carbohydrates and amino acids are modified, combined, and branched off in various ways to yield the distinct set of biosynthetic pathways that will form the core of the remainder of the text. We will finish the chapter with a brief, general review of amino acid nomenclature and structure with emphasis on the key amino acids that will be used throughout the remainder of the text. We know that plants make glucose (C6H12O6) by photosynthesis using light, water (H2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Another way of looking at the formula for glucose is C6(H2O)6, that is, six carbon atoms and six water molecules. Thus, glucose was originally referred to as a hydrated form of carbon—a carbohydrate. But this is a very general term since there are many different types of carbohydrate compounds. One way to broadly classify carbohydrates is to identify them as either mono- (one), di- (two), oligo- (a few) or poly- (many) saccharides. For example, glucose (C6H12O6) cannot be broken down into simpler carbohydrates by simple hydrolysis, so it is classified as a monosaccharide, that is, a single, discrete carbohydrate compound. On the other hand, the carbohydrate sucrose (C12H22O11) is classified as a disaccharide since when it is subjected to aqueous hydrolysis, it yields two different monosaccharide carbohydrates, namely glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6). Noting that glucose and fructose are different compounds but with the same molecular formula, they must be related to one another either as stereoisomers or as constitutional isomers, so further refinement of classification is needed. Structurally speaking, most monosaccharide carbohydrates are simply polyhydroxyaldehydes (aldoses) or polyhydroxyketones (ketoses) which can be further classified using a combination of aldo- or keto- prefixes along with suffixes such as triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose to designate the number of carbon atoms.
Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and Related Compounds
Authors: Morrow Gary W.
Published: November 2020

Though definitions may vary from source to source, the term alkaloid generally refers to members of a large set of naturally occurring, slightly basic (i.e., alkaline) nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Generally excluded from this group are amino acids, peptides, proteins, N-containing carbohydrates, and nitrogenous bases used in the construction of nucleotides. Though a small number are produced by animals or microorganisms, the vast majority of alkaloids are plant-produced compounds possessing a remarkably diverse range of structural features, from simple cycloaliphatic amines to highly complex polycyclic N-heterocycles. Some representative alkaloids are shown in Fig. 7.1. Alkaloid-containing plants and their extracts have been used by humans for thousands of years, mainly on the basis of their stimulant, therapeutic, or poisonous properties. References to plants containing compounds such as morphine (from opium poppies), strychnine (from seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree), ephedrine (from the plant Ephedra chinensis), and coniine (from the poison hemlock plant) may be found in some of our earliest known writings. Today, it has been estimated that the health care of over 5 billion people worldwide benefits from the use of plant-based medicinal agents, many of which are alkaloids. With that in mind, it is worth noting concerns that deforestation, environmental damage, large-scale development, and unregulated harvesting programs may ultimately lead to the extinction of hundreds of known medicinal plants and perhaps even more whose medicinal properties have yet to be discovered, thereby endangering the prospects for future discoveries of new curative agents for the benefit of all humankind. As a scientific field, alkaloid chemistry itself dates back to the early 1800s with the first isolation of pure crystalline morphine from opium. This milestone achievement allowed the delivery of accurate, therapeutic doses of a drug that was immensely valuable for the relief of pain but which could also lead to fatal overdoses when administered from simple extracts of variable composition and strength. The subsequent rapid development of increasingly sophisticated techniques for the isolation and purification of the active components (often alkaloids) from many other medicinal plants essentially spawned the field of organic chemistry.
Strategic Control Over Wind Power Development Policy
Authors: Valentine Scott
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 introduced a three-step framework that could be applied to case study analysis in order to extract insights for refining wind power development policy. The first step of the framework entailed the analysis of a sufficient number of national case studies to identify prominent commonalities that influence wind power development. In this book Germany, Denmark, China, the United States, Japan, and Canada were chosen as nations for analysis. Germany and Denmark—two nations that have laudable and sustained successes in wind power development—were selected in order to provide insight into successful wind power development policies. China and the United States, which have both experienced boom and bust periods of wind power development, were picked to provide insight into factors that cause such oscillations in development. Japan and Canada, which are two nations that have underperformed in regard to wind power development, were selected to provide insight into barriers to wind power diffusion. Although only six nations were included in this study, additional wind power policy analysis undertaken by the author in Australia and Taiwan provide general confirmation of the external validity of the findings that will be summarized in this chapter. In this chapter the social, technological, economic, and political (STEP) factors that emerged as influential for either supporting or impeding wind power development in the six case study nations will be summarized. The intention of this compendium is to provide policymakers and interested stakeholders with greater clarity regarding the factors that must be strategically managed in order to enhance the scale scope and pace of wind power diffusion. The factors introduced in this chapter should not be misconstrued as constituting a best practice list for optimizing wind power policy success. As was pointed out in the introductory chapter, energy policy is designed and implemented within a contextually unique environment that involves a seamless web of dynamically evolving forces. Consequently, the notion that it might be feasible to construct a universally applicable manual of best policy practice is a fool’s errand.
The First Europeans
Authors: Price T. Douglas
Published: November 2020

The story of our human ancestors is a fascinating, but fragmentary, tale. There are lots of missing pages in the book. The further back we go in time, the less evidence is available and the more conjecture is required to ﬁll in the gaps. Our oldest arguably human ancestors are found mostly in East and South Africa, resemble our ape family relatives, and date to more than 6 mya (million years ago). These individuals walked on two feet, the ﬁrst step on the path to becoming human. Fossils of our ancient ancestors are diagnosed as to genus and species, a dual scientiﬁc designation in Latin; a wide range of names have been applied. We modern humans are Homo sapiens. Some of our earliest relatives have species names such as Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, and many others. These names are often more confusing than enlightening for anyone but the experts. To make a long story short, there appear to have been several early humanlike ancestors and the exact relationships among them are not clear. These individuals walked on two legs, had relatively small brains, did not use tools, and were largely vegetarian. Sometime around 2.5 mya, however, a clearer line of human evolution emerged with the appearance of the ﬁrst members of our own genus, Homo, again in East Africa. This area is the center for most of the current research on early human ancestors. There are fossil-containing geological deposits from the appropriate time periods. Many of the earliest human remains have been found in this region. The ﬁrst Homo is subtitled habilis, or tool-using human. At about this same time, the ﬁrst evidence for the manufacture of simple stone tools comes to light. These so-called pebble tools provided a cutting edge for a creature that lacked sharp teeth and claws. Stone tools may have aﬀorded better access to meat for these individuals, whose brains began to grow from ape toward human in size. Shortly after 2 mya a new species, Homo ergaster, emerged in Africa and our evolutionary story started to change dramatically.
Fear: The Maze in Canyonlands and John of the Cross
Authors: Lane Belden C.
Published: November 2020

It’s one thing to wake up in the middle of the night to an imagined terror. It’s another thing to be wide awake and feel the hand of fear creeping up your spine. Camping alone one winter night above Ghost Ranch in New Mexico, I heard (or did I dream I heard?) scratching on the wall of the tent and the heavy breathing of an animal outside in the snow. I was so frightened I couldn’t voice the scream stifled in my throat. Or was it in my dream that I wasn’t able to make any sound? On waking I wasn’t sure what had or hadn’t happened—or whether it was all in my mind. An even more uncanny experience came on another moonlit night in the depths of the Maze in Canyonlands National Park in southeast Utah. A friend and I had walked a mile down the canyon from our campsite, under the shadow of the towering walls within that vast winding labyrinth. Hiking in the light of a full moon without flashlights, we felt a sense of wild, animal abandonment. With reckless exuberance we’d been howling like wolves at the moon. But then we found ourselves standing before a canyon wall covered with ancient figures painted by archaic artists some two thousand years ago. These were spirit beings standing vigil—long, ethereal shadows hovering on the surface of the rock. Whether they were guarding, witnessing, or offering protection, I didn’t know. But in the hollowed-out world of moonlight and shadow that formed the Maze, I sensed the presence of something I couldn’t name. It’s a place about as far away from other people as you can get in the lower forty-eight, yet for an instant I had an uncanny awareness of a finger lightly touching me on the back of the neck. I’d been taken into a profoundly deeper meaning of fear. Three days earlier we had driven seven hours from the Hite Marina on Lake Powell along a tortuous dirt road, part of the old Flint Trail. It was a belly-scraping, wheel-spinning, bronco-twisting ride, with hairpin turns around huge boulders and narrow rocky ledges.
The Transformation of Federal Policy: Ideas and the Triumph of Accountability Politics
Authors: Mehta Jal
Published: November 2020

Even with the movement of the states toward standards-based reform, there was no reason to think a similar movement would, or even could, take place at the federal level. The defining characteristic of American education was its decentralization: the Republican Party habitually called for the elimination of the Department of Education, and the Democratic Party confined the federal role to providing aid to disadvantaged students. But over the course of fewer than 20 years, all of this was transformed, culminating in the most far-reaching federal education law in the nation’s history, passed under a Republican president no less. What explains this transformation? Three sets of changes need to be explained: how political actors were realigned, how policies were chosen, and how institutions changed. To begin with the political: How did the Republican Party, which had long been philosophically opposed to a federal role in education and had called for the abolition of the Department of Education as recently as 1996 come to support the biggest nationalization of education in the nation’s history? Why did Congressional Democrats, who in 1991 had strongly opposed a proposal by George H. W. Bush for national standards and testing as unfair to minority students, shift by 2001 to embrace a similar proposal offered by another Republican President, George W. Bush? In short, how did an overwhelming bipartisan political consensus form in favor of policies that had been opposed by large majorities in both parties only 10 years earlier? A second set of questions relates to policy choices. Of all the available policy tools, what explains the choice of standards-based reform as the primary federal response to this perceived crisis? The bipartisan embrace of tough accountability in No Child Left Behind seems particularly hard to account for by conventional interest group explanations, given that teachers unions are consistently rated the strongest players in educational politics and have historically been opposed to greater demands for school or teacher accountability. Why were standards and accountability the chosen policy vehicle, and why did they triumph over interest group opposition?
Context
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: November 2020

Consider the current landscape of depression. In an ABC poll in 2002, 15% of Americans said they felt “really depressed” once a week or more. Another 17% said once a month. That means that one-third of the American population believes itself to be depressed in a given month. If you are riding on a subway train with a hundred other people, one-third of them will be currently depressed, or have just been, or are about to be. That is a lot. In fact, it is way too many. We know that only 3% of the population is chronically sad. We know that the serious disease, melancholia, is only a fraction of the ranks of the depressed. Far too many people have received the diagnosis of depression. Whose fault is this? At the beginning of our story, psychiatry spoke German. From around 1870 to 1933, German-speaking Europe was the epicenter of world psychiatry. This was so for two reasons. One, German, Swiss, and Austrian psychiatrists saw large numbers of very sick individuals because they practiced in mental hospitals, leaving outpatients to other practitioners. Of course this was true of alienists elsewhere, but there were more mental hospitals in Germany affiliated with universities because Germany had so many universities. Almost all had university psychiatric hospitals. This was not true elsewhere. So German psychiatry was oriented toward the academic study of large numbers of patients, and a genial figure such as Emil Kraepelin used these resources to make big strides. Second, German psychiatrists had a thorough familiarity with internal medicine because they were also trained as neurologists. From the viewpoint of subject matter, neurology has always been treated as a subspecialty of internal medicine, even though in Central Europe it was hived off to the nerve specialists. In learning so much neurology, German psychiatrists acquired a feeling for brain illness as involving the entire body: They were indeed attuned to looking at the body as a whole, in contrast to Anglo-Saxon psychiatrists, who usually did not also train as internists.
The Naturalist Out East: 1903– 1905
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

For decades, Carl Leopold had watched rafts of pine logs swaddled together like organ pipes, from a block to a half-mile in length, float down the Mississippi from the northern forests of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. By the turn of the century, these rafts had dwindled in frequency and length. Most of the two-to five-hundred-year-old white pine forests that had surrounded the Great Lakes and the eastern seaboard had been sliced to stubble, and logging companies were abandoning these leavings for the untouched forests of the West. Carl couldn’t help but notice. His business was built on wood, and if wood supplies ran out, so would his source of income. Greed and waste were the razors of the lumber trade, and Carl knew well that the forests of the West would fall to their blades if the public did not protest. Just as he monitored the number of ducks and geese he hunted, Carl believed in guarding the number of trees cut. So, despite his longing for Aldo to follow him in the family business, he unintentionally primed his eldest for a very different profession. Carl scanned newspapers and outdoors magazines seeking forest news, expounding on his findings to his eldest. Edwin Hunger tagged along on some of Carl’s outings with his sons and described them as “lectures on the move” in which the boys learned “much about the woods in general and how they should be managed and preserved.” While Aldo was in elementary school, Presidents Benjamin Harrison and Grover Cleveland set aside millions of acres out West in forest reserves. Members of the lumber, mining, and ranching industries responded with outrage; they wanted no limits on their use of public lands. But increasingly, concerned citizens were pushing for national laws to protect the remaining forests. One prophet in the fray was John Muir. He preached a gospel of preservation: Stop the wasteful destruction and let the forests manage themselves. Cut only populous common trees, and then only sparingly and carefully, “for every right use.”
Organic Functional Group Protection and Deprotection
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Corey R. J. Stephenson of Boston University devised (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 5040) a protocol using visible light for removing the PMB group from 1 to give 2. John F. Hartwig, now at the University of California, Berkeley, developed (Science 2011, 332, 439) a Ni catalyst for the cleavage of the durable aryl ether of 3 to give 4. Mark S. Taylor of the University of Toronto devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 3724) the catalyst 6, which selectively mediated esterifi cation of 5 to 7. Jean-Marie Beau of the Université Paris-Sud added (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2146) Et3 SiH following the Fe-catalyzed deprotection-protection of 8, resulting in clean conversion to the bis ether 9. Mahmood Tajbakhsh of the University of Mazandaran showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 1260) that guanidine HCl catalyzed the conversion of 10 to 11. Stephen W. Wright of Pfizer/Groton established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 3171) that the new urethane protecting group of 12, stable to many conditions, could be deprotected to 13 under conditions that spared even a Boc group. Matthias Beller of the Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis protected (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 2152) the amine 14 as the readily hydrolyzed imidazole 16. Sentaro Okamoto of Kanagawa University found (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2626) a simple reagent combination for the removal of the sometimes reluctant sulfonamide from 17. Jordi Burés and Jaume Vilarrasa of the Universitat de Barcelona removed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 3275) the oxime from 19 by Au-catalyzed exchange with 20. Pengfei Wang of the University of Alabama, Birmingham, designed (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 2040) a range of photochemically removable protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Rafael Robles of the University of Granada selectively protected (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 2277) the diol 24 using the reagent created by the activation of 25. Berit Olofsson of Stockholm University prepared (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 3462) the phenyl ester 28 by exposing 27 to the diaryl iodonium triflate. Kannoth Manheri Muraleedharan of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, selectively (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1932) esterified 29 to 30 with catalytic SmCl3.
Construction of Oxygenated and Aminated Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Computational analysis of the Novozyme 435 active site led (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 309) Liyan Dai and Hongwei Yu of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, to t-butanol for the enantioselective monoesterification of 1 to 2. Bruce H. Lipshutz of the University of California, Santa Barbara, devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7852) a Cu catalyst that mediated the enantioselective 1,2-reduction of α-branched enones such as 3. Qi-Lin Zhou of Nankai University found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1172) that an α-alkoxy unsaturated acid 5 could be hydrogenated with high ee. Tohru Yamada of Keio University desymmetrized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4072) the tertiary alcohol 7, delivering the enol lactone 8. Zachary D. Aron of Indiana University established (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1916) that the simple aldehyde 10 effected rapid racemization of the α-amino ester 9. Running the epimerization in the presence of an enantioselective esterase produced 11 high ee. Robert A. Batey of the University of Toronto devised (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 260) a Pd catalyst for the enantioselective rearrangement of 12 to 13. In the course of a synthesis of dapoxetine, Hyeon-Kyu Lee of the Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology showed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 237) that the Rh*-mediated intramolecular C-H insertion of 14 to 15, as developed by Du Bois, gave the opposite absolute configuration to that originally assigned. To prepare α-quaternary amines, Thomas G. Back of the University of Calgary explored (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 1612) the selectivity of the PLE hydrolysis of esters such as 16. Daniel R. Fandrick and colleagues at Boehringer Ingelheim reported (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7600) a general method for the catalytic enantioselective propargylation of aldehydes, including 18. Dennis G. Hall of the University of Alberta devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5544) a route to α-hydroxy esters such as 22 by enantioselective conjugate addition to 21. Alexandre Alexakis of the University of Geneva prepared (Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 4085) disubstituted epoxides such as 25 by the conjugate addition of 23 to 24.
Substituted Benzenes: The Piers/Lau Synthesis of Hamigeran B
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Govindasamy Sekar of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, developed ( Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 5076) an environmentally friendly procedure for the amination of 1 to 2. Jens-Uwe Peters of Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 749) that the Udenfriend protocol could be used to convert drugs such as 3 to their hydroxylated metabolites. Suman L. Jain and Anil K. Sinha of the Indian Institute of Petroleum reported (Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 1610) complementary conditions for arene hydroxylation. Dimethyl aniline has been used, inter alia, as a nucleophile in enantioselective MacMillan conjugate addition. Zhong-Xia Wang of USTC established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 4901) that the quaternized salt 5 could participate in Negishi coupling. Mark R. Biscoe of the City College of New York discovered (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1218) that with a Ni catalyst, the secondary organozinc 9 will couple without rearrangement. Igor V. Alabugin of Florida State University devised (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 1521) a radical-based protocol for replacing a phenolic OH with alkyl, to give 12. Petr Beier of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic used (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 4781) vicarious nucleophilic substitution followed by alkylation to convert 13 to 15. Robin B. Bedford of the University of Bristol developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 5524) a Pd-catalyzed procedure for the ortho bromination of an anilide 16. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla took advantage (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7652) of the energetic N-O bond of 19 to drive the functionalization of 18 to 20. Lei Liu of Tsinghua University devised (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 3235) a Rh-mediated oxidative ortho coupling of the carbamate 21 with 22. Kohtaro Kirimura of Waseda University inserted (Chem. Lett. 2011, 40 , 206) the DNA for a novel Trichosporon decarboxylase into Escherichia coli and found that the resulting fermentation efficiently converted 24 into 25. The alternative Kolbe-Schmitt reaction requires high temperature and pressure. Sometimes, usually with more highly substituted benzene rings, creating the ring is worthwhile.
Heteroaromatics: The Mal Synthesis of Clausevatine D
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Huanfeng Jiang of the South China University of Technology showed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 966) that an alkynoate 1 could be condensed with a 1,3-dicarbonyl compound 2 to give, under oxidizing conditions, the furan 3. Phil Ho Lee of Kangwon National University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1899) that the enyne 4 cyclized smoothly to the furan 5. Yahong Li of Suzhou University and Vladimir Gevorgyan of the University of Illinois, Chicago, demonstrated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7645) that the cyclization of 6 proceeded with silyl migration, to give 7. François Bilodeau and Pat Forgione of Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 1550) the Pd-mediated decarboxylative coupling of a furoic acid 8 with 9 to give 10. This protocol also worked well with pyrrole carboxylic acids. In another transformation of a preformed pyrrole, Masatomo Iwao of Nagasaki University observed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2734) that in the presence of LDA/diisopropylamine, the initially formed 2-anion from the deprotonation of 11 gave the 2-product 12 with more reactive electrophiles but the 5-product 13 with less reactive electrophiles. Umasish Jana of Jadavpur University developed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 1674) a route to more highly substituted pyrroles such as 17 using the remarkable four-component coupling of 14, 15, and 16 with nitromethane, the carbon of which was incorporated in the product. Laura L. Anderson, also of the University of Illinois, Chicago, designed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2290) a clever approach to pyrroles, based on the Ir-catalyzed rearrangement of O-allyl oximes such as 18. Xiaofeng Tong of the East China University of Science and Technology reported (Chem. Commun. 2010, 312) the condensation of 20 with 21 to give the dihydropyridine 22. Base-mediated elimination of sulfinate could convert 22 into the pyridine. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1275) that Pd-mediated activation of the nictotinamide 23 proceeded with high regioselectivity, leading to 25. Zhiping Li of Remnin University of China demonstrated (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4636) that the chloroenamine 26 cyclized to the indole 27 on exposure to NaI.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic C-C Ring Construction
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Ming Yan of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, optimized (Synlett 2010, 266) the organocatalyzed addition of 2 to a cyclic enone 1, establishing the cyclopropane 3 with high diastereo- and enantiocontrol. Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4136) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective methanolysis of the anhydride 4. Other ring sizes worked as well. Hisashi Yamamoto of the University of Chicago reported (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2476) the organocatalyzed addition of the ketone silyl enol ether 6 to the aldehyde 7, to give the syn aldol product 8 in high ee. Gang Zhao of the University of Science and Technology, Hefei, established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4467) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of the allene ester 10 to 9. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii uncovered (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8266) conditions for the enantioselective Nazarov cyclization of 12 to 13. Karl A. Scheidt of Northwestern University devised (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2830) an easily scaled protocol for the cyclization of the prochiral diketone 14 to the β-lactone 15. Thermolysis then converted 15 to the corresponding cyclopentene. Yixin Lu of the National University of Singapore showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2278) that the simple combination of commercial cinchonidine with (+)-camphorsulfonic acid gave a catalyst that effected the room-temperature conjugate addition of 16 to 1. Hiyoshizo Kotsuki of Kochi University combined (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1616) 1,2-diaminocyclohexane with cyclohexane-1,2-bis carboxylate to give a similarly simple catalyst system, that effected Robinson annulation of 18 to 20. Binding an organocatalyst to a polymer simplifies recovery and reuse. Tore Hansen of the University of Oslo reported (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75 , 1620) a bottom-up approach to such polymer-bound catalysts. The bound proline worked well for the condensation of 21 with 22. The corresponding polymeric diphenyl OTMS (Jørgensen-Hayashi) catalyst was sluggish, but it effected the three-component coupling of 24, 25, and 26 in high ee. Two cascade cyclizations warrant particular mention. The racemic cyclization of 28 is expected to be facile in the presence of HCl.