bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Capture success and population density of the northern bettong Bettongia tropica in northeastern Queensland.
Authors: Vernes K. , Pope L. C.
Published: March 2010

The population density of the northern bettong (Bettongia tropica), an endangered potoroid restricted to northeastern Australia, was estimated using minimum known-to-be-alive (MKTBA) and Jolly-Seber estimates derived from mark-recapture data. At Davies Creek in the north of the bettong's current range, bettong population densities were significantly lower in Allocasuarina forest (1.5 bettongs km-2) that in Eucalyptus woodland (3.7 - 7.5 bettongs km-2). At Eucalyptus woodland sites south and west of Davies Creek, population density was up to twice as great as it was at Davies Creek, while at sites north of Davies Creek, population densities were very low. Capture success was variable, ranging between 5 and 21%. Our data support previous research that suggested B. tropica density on the Lamb Range was correlated with latitude and moisture. Despite the restricted distribution of the northern bettong, our data indicate that populations on the Lamb Range, the species' stronghold, are generally healthy.
Pelage coloration of breeding crabeater seals Lobodon carcinophaga (Carnivora: Phocidae).
Authors: Shaughnessy P. D. , Jones R. T. , Ensor P.
Published: March 2010

Pelage colouration of the crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophaga) which occupies the Antarctic pack-ice zone were studied during on breeding sites in the spring (October- November) of 1985 and and 1987. Colour categories for the dorsum and venter graded from silve-white through silver-gery to dark grey and dark brown. Aerial observation over Enderby Land indicated that the males were usually paler than the females. Females, but not males, were commonly dappled on the trunk.
Diets of sympatric red foxes Vulpes vulpes and wild dogs Canis lupus in the Northern Rivers Region, New South Wales.
Authors: Glen A. S. , Fay A. R. , Dickman C. R.
Published: March 2010

In the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales the diets of sympatric foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and dogs (Canis lupus) were determined from analysis of oportunitically collected scats. Mammalian prey dominated the diet of both species but foxes had a more diverse diet than dogs. The red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis) had the highest occurrence in both predators. the northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) was the second most common prey of the fox but did not occur in dog scats. Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) was more common in dog scats than fox scats.
Field observation of daytime courtship and mating of the common wombat Vombatus ursinus.
Authors: Hughes M. A. , Hughes R. D.
Published: March 2010

A pair of wombats (Vombatus ursinus) near Braidwood NSW, were observed in the early afternoon for over one hour during which time the darker and greyer animal (male) followed close (about 2 m) behind the larger, tawny furred animal (female). They followed a fixed path over a 0.25 ha area of short grass. Copulation occured 4 times with the male partly on its side at right angles acroos the hind quarters of the female.
Studies on the crest-tailed mulgara Dasycercus cristicauda and the brush-tailed mulgara Dasycercus blythi (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae).
Authors: Woolley P. A.
Published: March 2010

Two genetically distinct Dasycercus are correctly named D. cristicauda (crest-tailed mulgara) and D. blythi (brush-tailed mulgara). Some publications reporting observations have mistakenly referred to D. cristicauda when the animal was really D. blythi. Based on the source of the material I document the species on which the observations were made in all publications known to me.
Resolving the correct nomenclature of the orange leaf-nosed bat Rhinonicteris aurantia (Gray, 1845) (Hipposideridae).
Authors: Armstrong K. N.
Published: March 2010

The endemic Australian orange leaf-nosed bat Rhinonicteris aurantia has a history of nomenclature changes. This report reviews the systematic history, specific epithet and common names.
400-MHz 1H N.M.R. of adjuvant muramyl dipeptide in dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Mcfarlane EF , Martinic C
Published: March 2010

The minimal active
principle, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine*
(MDP), of complete Freund's adjuvant was studied in dry dimethyl sulfoxide
solutions by 1H n.m.r. at 400 MHz. All resonances except those of
the non-anomeric CH protons of the sugar ring were
assigned. The α/β anomeric ratio was found to be
the same (2 : 1) as reported for the equilibrated aqueous solutions from which
the dimethyl sulfoxide solutions were prepared. The present findings indicate
that MDP adopts a substantially structured conformation in dimethyl sulfoxide
solutions.
The effect of acid concentration on the pyridine nitramine rearrangement: an N.M.R. study
Authors: Deady LW , Korytsky OL
Published: March 2010

The rearrangement of 2-and
4-nitraminopyridines in 70-95% sulfuric acid has been investigated by n.m.r.
Ring nitration is favoured by conditions leading to initial dissociation of the
nitramine, and the results provide no support for an
intramolecular rearrangement mechanism. 2-Nitraminopyridines react to give the
analogous pyridin-2-one at the low and, surprisingly, high ends of the
concentration range. The 4-nitraminopyridine rearrangement is slower because of
the greater basicity of pyridin-4-amine, and also
because of the formation of an unidentified species which required heat to give
the rearrangement product.
The chemistry of Eremophila spp. XIX. New cembrane diterpenes from E. granitica and E. abietina
Authors: Ghisalberti EL , Jefferies PR , Mori TA , Patrick VA , White AH
Published: March 2010

The isolation and
structural elucidation of five new cembrane
diterpenes from two Eremophila
species is reported. (1R,3S,4S,7E,11Z)-3,15-Epoxy-19-oxocembra-7,11-dien-18-oic
acid (3) and (1R,3S,4S,7Z,11Z)-3,15-epoxycembra-7,11-dien-18-oic acid (7) were
isolated from E. granitica,
and dimethyl(1R,3S,4S,7E,11Z)-3,15-epoxycembra-7,11-diene-18,19-dioate (16),
(1R,3S,4S,8R,11Z)-3,15-epoxycembr-11-ene-18,19-dioic acid (14) and its dimethyl
ester were isolated from E. abietina. Structural studies on the diol derived from (14)
were carried out by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
The pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Senecio triangularis
Authors: Roitman JN
Published: March 2010

Methanolic extracts of Senecio triangularis Hook. (Compositae)
gave a substantial amount of senecionine* (1) and small amounts of six other
pyrrolizidine alkaloids, integerrimine* (2), platy-phylline* (3), rosmarinine*
(12), retrorsine* (ll), and two new alkaloids, triangularine* (5) and
neotriangularine* (6). The structures of the new alkaloids were determined by
carbon and proton nuclear magnetic resonance and electron imoact and chemical
ionization mass spectrometry. Triangularine is 7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]-9-[(Z)-2-hydroxymethylbut-2-enoyl]retronecine
aid neotriangularine is
7-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]-9-[(E)-2-hydroxymethylbut-2-enoyl]retronecine.
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines and an imidazo[l,2-a]pyrazine from pyridazin- and pyrazin-amines
Authors: Barlin GB , Brown DJ , Kadunc Z , Petric A , Stanovnik B , Tisler M
Published: March 2010

The ambiguous condensations
of phenylglyoxal with pyridazin-3-amines and
pyrazin-2-amine are shown to yield 2-phenylimidazo[l,2-b]pyridazin-3(5H)-ones
and imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one, respectively. The former products exist as
such, at least in the solid state, whereas the latter product exists to a large
extent as the corresponding dipolar molecule. The reactions, degradations and
n.m.r. spectra of the products are discussed.
Synthesis of 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan, a new electron-deficient aromatic
Authors: Read RW , Spear RJ , Norris WP
Published: March 2010

Preparation of
4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (6) has been investigated by a number of routes. Its
synthesis from 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan 1-oxide) (1) by
reduction with triphenyl- phosphine proceeds in similar overall yield to the
known method of nitration of 5-nitrobenzofurazan (8) but in fewer steps.
Nitration of 4-nitrobenzofurazan (7) was studied as an alternative route, and
the difference in reactivity between (7) and (8) is discussed. The benzofurazan
(6) readily forms hydroxy and methoxy Meisenheimer complexes which have been
isolated as stable, but highly explosive, potassium salts.
Mechanisms of nucleophilic attack at carbon-nitrogen double bonds. The reaction of aryl N-arylbenzimidates with methoxide ion
Authors: Rowe JE
Published: March 2010

Rate data for the reaction
of three series of aryl N-arylbenzimidates with methoxide
ion at 303 K are presented. Linear Hammett plots were obtained for each series.
Solvent isotope effects have also been measured. The results are interpreted in
terms of rate-determining formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, irrespective
of the nature of the substituent.
Steric inhibition of π-electron delocalization in acyclic aryl ketones. Conformational analysis of 19-Aryl-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-19-ones
Authors: Smith RAJ
Published: March 2010

The syntheses of
12-methoxy-19-phenylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-19-one, 19-(p-chlorophenyl)-12-
methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-19-one and 19-(p-bromophenyl)-12-methoxypodocarpa-8,11,13- trien-19-one are
presented. From u.v. and 13C n.m.r. studies, the preferred
conformation for these molecules embodies a non-coplanar arrangement of the
pendant aryl ketone moiety. These compounds represent rare cases of
non-coplanar acyclic aryl ketones which do not contain bulky ortho
substituents.
Characterization of the two-protein complex in
Escherichia coli
responsible for lipopolysaccharide assembly at the outer membrane
Authors: Chng Shu-Sin , Ruiz Natividad , Chimalakonda Gitanjali , Silhavy Thomas J. , Kahne Daniel
Published: March 2010

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major glycolipid that is present in the outer membranes (OMs) of most Gram-negative bacteria. LPS molecules are assembled with divalent metal cations in the outer leaflet of the OM to form an impervious layer that prevents toxic compounds from entering the cell. For most Gram-negative bacteria, LPS is essential for growth. In
Escherichia coli
, eight essential proteins have been identified to function in the proper assembly of LPS following its biosynthesis. This assembly process involves release of LPS from the inner membrane (IM), transport across the periplasm, and insertion into the outer leaflet of the OM. Here, we describe the biochemical characterization of the two-protein complex consisting of LptD and LptE that is responsible for the assembly of LPS at the cell surface. We can overexpress and purify LptD and LptE as a stable complex in a 1∶1 stoichiometry. LptD contains a soluble
N
-terminal domain and a
C
-terminal transmembrane domain. LptE stabilizes LptD by interacting strongly with the
C
-terminal domain of LptD. We also demonstrate that LptE binds LPS specifically and may serve as a substrate recognition site at the OM.
Hydrophobically stabilized open state for the lateral gate of the Sec translocon
Authors: Zhang Bin , Miller Thomas F.
Published: March 2010

The Sec translocon is a central component of cellular pathways for protein translocation and membrane integration. Using both atomistic and coarse-grained molecular simulations, we investigate the conformational landscape of the translocon and explore the role of peptide substrates in the regulation of the translocation and integration pathways. Inclusion of a hydrophobic peptide substrate in the translocon stabilizes the opening of the lateral gate for membrane integration, whereas a hydrophilic peptide substrate favors the closed lateral gate conformation. The relative orientation of the plug moiety and a peptide substrate within the translocon channel is similarly dependent on whether the substrate is hydrophobic or hydrophilic in character, and the energetics of the translocon lateral gate opening in the presence of a peptide substrate is governed by the energetics of the peptide interface with the membrane. Implications of these results for the regulation of Sec-mediated pathways for protein translocation vs. membrane integration are discussed.
Constructing disability in online worlds: conceptualising disability in online research
Authors: Carr Diane
Published: March 2010

In this paper the online construction of disability is investigated and the implications for educators working in virtual worlds are considered. Based on the analysis of data collected through interviews with deaf residents of Second Life, it is argued that research into online
identity, disability and education needs to allow room for self-description, and that educators need to recognise the power relations that can lurk within practices of provision or accessibility support. Working through these issues involves reconciling disability studies with e-learning and
accessibility perspectives. It is proposed that strategies that would support this reconciliation might be found in recent literature on disability and technology.
Education, the formation of self and the world of Web 2.0
Authors: Seery Aidan
Published: March 2010

Education has long been considered as playing a part in the construction or formation of self and identity. The processes of education and formation, being historically and culturally shaped, display the concerns and features of time and place. One of the distinguishing and influential
features of contemporary western societies is communication technologies. Some features of the role of these technologies in self-formation and the construction of identity is discussed in this paper together with a reflection on the role that traditional forms of schooling might continue
to play in rooting self and identity in a real, embodied world.
Academic blogging: academic practice and academic identity
Authors: Kirkup Gill
Published: March 2010

This paper describes a small-scale study which investigates the role of blogging in professional academic practice in higher education. It draws on interviews with a sample of academics (scholars, researchers and teachers) who have blogs and on the author's own reflections on blogging
to investigate the function of blogging in academic practice and its contribution to academic identity. It argues that blogging offers the potential of a new genre of accessible academic production which could contribute to the creation of a new twenty-first century academic identity with
more involvement as a public intellectual.
Spin symmetry in the relativistic symmetrical well potential including a proper approximation to the spin–orbit coupling term
Authors: Wei Gao-Feng , Dong Shi-Hai
Published: March 2010

In the case of exact spin symmetry, we approximately solve the Dirac equation with scalar and vector symmetrical well potentials by using a proper approximation to the spin–orbit coupling term, and obtain the corresponding energy equation and spinor wave functions for the bound states. We find that there exist only positive-energy bound states in the case of spin symmetry. Also, the energy eigenvalue approaches a constant when the potential parameter α goes to zero. The special case for equally scalar and vector symmetrical well potentials is studied briefly.
On the energies of a bounded Coulomb potential
Authors: Fernández Francisco M
Published: March 2010

We discuss recent results for a confined Coulomb model obtained by means of the asymptotic iteration method. Here, we apply the Riccati–Padé method that is based on a rational approximation to a modified logarithmic derivative of the wavefunction. We improve those earlier results and argue that the model may not be useful for actual physical applications.
(G′/G)-expansion method equivalent to the extended tanh-function method
Authors: El-Wakil S A , Abdou M A , El-Shewy E K , Hendi A , Abdelwahed H G
Published: March 2010

Very recently, Wang et al (2008 Phys. Lett. A 327 417–23) proposed a method, namely the (G′/G)-expansion method, for constructing multiple travelling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics. They believe that the (G′/G)-expansion method is a new method and more travelling wave solutions of many nonlinear evolution equations can be obtained. In this paper, we show that the (G′/G)-expansion method is equivalent to the extended tanh function method.
Filtering error from SOLiD Output
Authors: Sasson Ariella , Michael Todd P.
Published: March 2010

Summary: Here, we report the development of a filtering framework designed for efficient identification of both polyclonal and independent errors within SOLiD sequence data. The filtering utilizes the quality values reported by SOLiD's primary analysis for the identification of the two different types of errors. The filtering framework facilitates the passage of high-quality data into a variety of functional genomics applications, including de novo assemblers and sequence matching programs for SNP calling, improving the output quality and reducing resources necessary for analysis.

Availability: This error analysis framework is written in Perl and runs on Mac OS and Linux/Unix systems. The filter, documentation and sample Excel files for quality analysis are available at http://hts.rutgers.edu/filter and are distributed as Open Source software under the GPLv3.0.

Contact:  tmichael@waksman.rutgers.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Purported flaws in management strategy evaluation: basic problems or misinterpretations?
Authors: Butterworth Douglas S. , Bentley Nokome , De Oliveira José A. A. , Donovan Gregory P. , Kell Laurence T. , Parma Ana M. , Punt André E. , Sainsbury Keith J. , Smith Anthony D. M. , Stokes T. Kevin
Published: March 2010

Butterworth, D. S., Bentley, N., De Oliveira, J. A. A., Donovan, G. P., Kell, L. T., Parma, A. M., Punt, A. E., Sainsbury, K. J., Smith, A. D. M., and Stokes, T. K. 2010. Purported flaws in management strategy evaluation: basic problems or misinterpretations? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 567–574. Rochet and Rice, while recognizing management strategy evaluation (MSE) as an important step forward in fisheries management, level a number of criticisms at its implementation. Some of their points are sound, such as the need for care in representing uncertainties and for thorough documentation of the process. However, others evidence important misunderstandings. Although the difficulties in estimating tail probabilities and risks, as discussed by Rochet and Rice, are well known, their arguments that Efron's non-parametric bootstrap re-sampling method underestimates the probabilities of low values are flawed. In any case, though, the focus of MSEs is primarily on comparing performance and robustness across alternative management procedures (MPs), rather than on estimating absolute levels of risk. Qualitative methods can augment MSE, but their limitations also need to be recognized. Intelligence certainly needs to play a role in fisheries management, but not at the level of tinkering in the provision of annual advice, which Rochet and Rice apparently advocate, inter alia because this runs the risk of advice following noise rather than signal. Instead, intelligence should come into play in the exercise of oversight through the process of multiannual reviews of MSE and associated MPs. A number of examples are given of the process of interaction with stakeholders which should characterize MSE.
Spatial and Spatiotemporal Pattern Analysis of Coconut Lethal Yellowing in Mozambique
Authors: Bonnot F. , de Franqueville H. , Lourenço E.
Published: March 2010

Coconut lethal yellowing (LY) is caused by a phytoplasma and is a major threat for coconut production throughout its growing area. Incidence of LY was monitored visually on every coconut tree in six fields in Mozambique for 34 months. Disease progress curves were plotted and average monthly disease incidence was estimated. Spatial patterns of disease incidence were analyzed at six assessment times. Aggregation was tested by the coefficient of spatial autocorrelation of the β-binomial distribution of diseased trees in quadrats. The binary power law was used as an assessment of overdispersion across the six fields. Spatial autocorrelation between symptomatic trees was measured by the BB join count statistic based on the number of pairs of diseased trees separated by a specific distance and orientation, and tested using permutation methods. Aggregation of symptomatic trees was detected in every field in both cumulative and new cases. Spatiotemporal patterns were analyzed with two methods. The proximity of symptomatic trees at two assessment times was investigated using the spatiotemporal BB join count statistic based on the number of pairs of trees separated by a specific distance and orientation and exhibiting the first symptoms of LY at the two times. The semivariogram of times of appearance of LY was calculated to characterize how the lag between times of appearance of LY was related to the distance between symptomatic trees. Both statistics were tested using permutation methods. A tendency for new cases to appear in the proximity of previously diseased trees and a spatially structured pattern of times of appearance of LY within clusters of diseased trees were detected, suggesting secondary spread of the disease.
Rapid Differentiation and Identification of Potential Severe Strains of Citrus tristeza virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays
Authors: Yokomi R. K. , Saponari M. , Sieburth P. J.
Published: March 2010

A multiplex Taqman-based real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to identify potential severe strains of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and separate genotypes that react with the monoclonal antibody MCA13. Three strain-specific probes were developed using intergene sequences between the major and minor coat protein genes (CPi) in a multiplex reaction. Probe CPi-VT3 was designed for VT and T3 genotypes; probe CPi-T36 for T36 genotypes; and probe CPi-T36-NS to identify isolates in an outgroup clade of T36-like genotypes mild in California. Total nucleic acids extracted by chromatography on silica particles, sodium dodecyl sulfate-potassium acetate, and CTV virion immunocapture all yielded high quality templates for real-time PCR detection of CTV. These assays successfully differentiated CTV isolates from California, Florida, and a large panel of CTV isolates from an international collection maintained in Beltsville, MD. The utility of the assay was validated using field isolates collected in California and Florida.
Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analyses of Class II and IV Chitinase Genes from Douglas-Fir Seedlings Infected by Phellinus sulphurascens
Authors: Islam M. A. , Sturrock R. N. , Williams H. L. , Ekramoddoullah A. K. M.
Published: March 2010

Laminated root rot (LRR) disease, caused by the fungus Phellinus sulphurascens, is a major threat to coastal Douglas-fir (DF) (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in western North America. Understanding host–pathogen interactions of this pathosystem is essential to manage this important conifer root disease. Our research objectives were to identify DF pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and analyze their expression patterns over the course of infection. We constructed a cDNA library of Phellinus sulphurascens-infected DF seedling roots and sequenced a total of 3,600 random cDNA clones from this library. One of the largest groups of identified genes (203 cDNA clones) matched with chitinase genes reported in other plant species. We identified at least three class II and six class IV chitinase genes from DF seedlings. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses showed significant differential expression patterns locally in root tissues and systemically in needle tissues after fungal invasion. Nonetheless, there was a common trend in gene expression patterns for most of the chitinase genes: an upregulation within 12 h of pathogen inoculation followed by down-regulation within 2 to 3 days postinoculation (dpi), and then further upregulation within 5 to 7 dpi. Western immunoblot data showed differential accumulation of class IV chitinases in Phellinus sulphurascens-infected DF seedlings. Further detailed functional analyses will help us to understand the specific role of DF chitinases in defense against Phellinus sulphurascens infection.
Microbial Aspects of Accelerated Degradation of Metam Sodium in Soil
Authors: Triky-Dotan Shachaf , Ofek Maya , Austerweil Miriam , Steiner Bracha , Minz Dror , Katan Jaacov , Gamliel Abraham
Published: March 2010

Preplant soil fumigation with metam sodium is used worldwide to control soilborne diseases. The development of accelerated degradation of pesticides in soil, including metam sodium, results in reduced pesticide efficacy. Therefore, we studied microbial involvement in accelerated degradation of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) following repeated soil applications of the parent compound, metam sodium. MITC degradation was reduced in soil with a history of metam sodium applications following sterilization, indicating the key role of microorganisms in accelerated degradation. Accelerated degradation of MITC was induced by inoculation of soil with no previous application of metam sodium with soil with a history of metam sodium applications. We developed a method to extract the active microbial fraction responsible for MITC degradation from soil with a history of metam sodium applications. This concentrated soil extract induced accelerated degradation of MITC when added to two different soils with no previous application of metam sodium. An extensive shift in total bacterial community composition in concentrated soil extracts occurred after a single metam sodium application. Two Oxalobacteraceae strains, MDB3 and MDB10, isolated from Rehovot soil following triple application of metam sodium rapidly degraded MITC in soil with no previous application of metam sodium. Polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bacterial community composition showed relative enrichment of MDB3 following metam sodium application, suggesting its potential in situ involvement in accelerated degradation development in Rehovot soil. Responses of resident Oxalobacteraceae community members to metam sodium applications differed between Rehovot and En Tamar soils. Isolate MDB10 did not induce accelerated degradation of MITC in En Tamar soil and, with the slow dissipation of MITC, soil suppressiveness of accelerated degradation is suggested. The isolation and identification of MITC-degrading bacteria might be helpful in developing tools for managing accelerated degradation.
Genetic Differentiation Within the Puccinia triticina Population in South America and Comparison with the North American Population Suggests Common Ancestry and Intercontinental Migration
Authors: Ordoñez M. E. , Germán S. E. , Kolmer J. A.
Published: March 2010

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is the most prevalent and widespread disease of wheat in South America. The objective of this study was to determine whether genetically differentiated groups of P. triticina are currently present in South America and to compare the South American population with the previously characterized population in North America. In total, 130 isolates of P. triticina from the wheat-growing regions of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay, mostly from the 1990s to 2008, were tested for virulence on 20 lines of wheat with single genes for leaf rust resistance and for molecular genotypes with 23 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers. After removal of isolates with identical virulence and SSR genotypes, 99 isolates were included for further analysis. Principal coordinate analysis plots indicated five different groups of isolates based on SSR genotypes that also differed for virulence to leaf rust resistance genes. All pairs of groups, except for one pair, were significantly differentiated for SSR genotypes according to RST statistics. All but two pairs of groups were significantly differentiated for virulence phenotype according to ΦPT statistics. Isolates in all five groups had high values of fixation index for SSR alleles and linkage disequilibrium was high across all isolates that indicated the clonal reproduction of urediniospores. Only one of the five P. triticina groups from South America was differentiated for SSR genotypes from all of the six P. triticina groups from North America. The high degree of similarity for SSR genotype of isolates from both South America and North America suggested a common European origin of P. triticina that was introduced to both continents. The emergence of the same P. triticina virulence phenotypes with highly related SSR genotypes in the United States in 1996 and in Uruguay in 1999 indicated the likely intercontinental migration of these genotypes from Mexico to both South America and North America.
Fatal congenital tuberculosis due to a Beijing strain in a premature neonate
Authors: Abalain M. L. , Petsaris O. , Héry-Arnaud G. , Marcorelles P. , Couturaud F. , Dobrzynski M. , Payan C. , Gutierrez C.
Published: March 2010

Congenital tuberculosis (TB) remains a rare disease but is fatal if untreated. Early detection is difficult because of the non-specific nature of the symptoms in TB during pregnancy and infancy. This report summarizes a case of congenital TB in a very premature infant, born at 25 weeks gestation. Miliary TB was diagnosed in the mother when the neonate was 20 days old. Antituberculous therapy allowed a rapid improvement in the mother. The infant died at 27 days old. A Beijing genotype strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated both in the mother, from pulmonary and urine specimens, and in the infant, from peritoneal fluid.
Inhibition of neutrophil function following exposure to the Aspergillus fumigatus toxin fumagillin
Authors: Fallon John P. , Reeves Emer P. , Kavanagh Kevin
Published: March 2010

The filamentous fungusAspergillus fumigatusproduces a variety of enzymes and toxins that may facilitate fungal colonization of tissue and evasion of the host immune response. One such toxin, fumagillin, was investigated for its ability to inhibit the action of neutrophils, which are a central component of the innate immune response to microbial infection. Neutrophils exposed to 2 μg fumagillin ml−1for 25 min showed a significantly reduced ability to kill yeast cells (P<0.02), to phagocytose conidia ofA. fumigatus(P<0.023) and to consume oxygen (P<0.032). The ability of neutrophils to generate superoxide is dependent upon the action of a functional NADPH oxidase complex which is composed of cytosolic (p40phox, p47phox, p67phox, Rac2) and membrane (gp91phox) proteins. Exposure of neutrophils to fumagillin inhibited the formation of the NADPH oxidase complex by blocking the translocation of p47phoxfrom the cytosolic to the membrane fraction (P=0.02). In addition to the production of superoxide, neutrophils also undergo degranulation, which leads to the release of proteolytic enzymes that contribute to the microbicidal activity of the cell. Fumagillin-treated neutrophils showed reduced degranulation as evidenced by lower myeloperoxidase activity (P<0.019). Fumagillin-treated cells demonstrated reduced levels of F-actin, thus indicating that retarding the formation of F-actin may contribute to the inhibition of the structural rearrangements required in the activated neutrophil. This work indicates that fumagillin may contribute to reducing the local immune response by altering the activity of neutrophils and thus facilitate the continued persistence and growth ofA. fumigatusin the host.
Linking H3K79 trimethylation to Wnt signaling through a novel Dot1-containing complex (DotCom)
Authors: Mohan Man , Herz Hans-Martin , Takahashi Yoh-Hei , Lin Chengqi , Lai Ka Chun , Zhang Ying , Washburn Michael P. , Florens Laurence , Shilatifard Ali
Published: March 2010

Epigenetic modifications of chromatin play an important role in the regulation of gene expression. KMT4/Dot1 is a conserved histone methyltransferase capable of methylating chromatin on Lys79 of histone H3 (H3K79). Here we report the identification of a multisubunit Dot1 complex (DotCom), which includes several of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) partners in leukemia such as ENL, AF9/MLLT3, AF17/MLLT6, and AF10/MLLT10, as well as the known Wnt pathway modifiers TRRAP, Skp1, and β-catenin. We demonstrated that the human DotCom is indeed capable of trimethylating H3K79 and, given the association of β-catenin, Skp1, and TRRAP, we investigated, and found, a role for Dot1 in Wnt/Wingless signaling in an in vivo model system. Knockdown of Dot1 in Drosophila results in decreased expression of a subset of Wingless target genes. Furthermore, the loss of expression for the Drosophila homologs of the Dot1-associated proteins involved in the regulation of H3K79 shows a similar reduction in expression of these Wingless targets. From yeast to human, specific trimethylation of H3K79 by Dot1 requires the monoubiquitination of histone H2B by the Rad6/Bre1 complex. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of Bre1, the E3 ligase required for H2B monoubiquitination, leads specifically to reduced bulk H3K79 trimethylation levels and a reduction in expression of many Wingless targets. Overall, our study describes for the first time the components of DotCom and links the specific regulation of H3K79 trimethylation by Dot1 and its associated factors to the Wnt/Wingless signaling pathway.
GEN1/Yen1 and the SLX4 complex: solutions to the problem of Holliday junction resolution
Authors: Svendsen Jennifer M. , Harper J. Wade
Published: March 2010

Chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be among the most deleterious DNA lesions found in eukaryotic cells due to their propensity to promote genome instability. DSBs occur as a result of exogenous or endogenous DNA damage, and also occur during meiotic recombination. DSBs are often repaired through a process called homologous recombination (HR), which employs the sister chromatid in mitotic cells or the homologous chromosome in meiotic cells, as a template for repair. HR frequently involves the formation and resolution of four-way DNA structures referred to as the Holliday junction (HJ). Despite extensive study, the machinery and mechanisms used to process these structures in eukaryotes have remained poorly understood. Recent work has identified XPG and UvrC/GIY domain-containing structure-specific endonucleases that can symmetrically cleave HJs in vitro in a manner that allows for religation without additional processing, properties that are reminiscent of the classical RuvC HJ resolvase in bacteria. Genetic studies reveal potential roles for these HJ resolvases in repair after DNA damage and during meiosis. The stage is now set for a more comprehensive understanding of the specific roles these enzymes play in the response of cells to DSBs, collapsed replication forks, telomere dysfunction, and meiotic recombination.
A Method of Blood Volume Determination
Authors: HAHN L. , HEVESY G.
Published: March 2010

A method of blood volume determination based on the determination of the dilution of labelled corpuscles is described. Radioactive sodium phosphate is administered to rabbit B; after the lapse of some days, a known blood sample of this rabbit is injected into the vein of rabbit A. A few minutes later, the corpuscles of a known volume of the blood of rabbit A are secured, their phosphatide content extracted, and its activity measured. Corpuscles of a known blood volume of rabbit B are treated in the same way. From the ratio of the labelled phosphatide P content of the corpuscles of rabbit A and rabbit B, the total blood volume of rabbit A is calculated.

An alternative and often preferable determination is based on the comparison of the activity of the acid‐soluble P secured from the corpuscle samples of rabbit A and rabbit B.

The blood volume per kg of rabbit weight is found to be 42 c.c., per kg of chick weight 45 c.c.

We wish to express our hearty thanks to Professor Niels Bohr for putting numerous facilities at our disposal, to Professor Ernest O. Lawrence for the gift of the radioactive phosphate, and to Dr. H. Dam for his effective help in the experiments with chicks.
Zur Pharmakologie der Cozymase
Authors: EULER H. v. , EULER U. S. v. , SCHLENK F.
Published: March 2010

Reine Cozymase (Adenin‐nikotinsäureamid‐dinukleotid) besitzt annähernd die gleiche blutdruckssenkende, darmhemmende und uteruserregende Wirkung wie Adenosin. Desaminocozymase ist in entsprechenden Mengen unwirksam.

Hefeadenylsäure war in unseren Versuchen weniger wirksam als Adenosin, das seinerseits schwächer als Adenosin‐triphosphorsäure wirkte.

Die Wirkung der Cozymase und der Adenylverbindungen wird mit ihrer Bedeutung für den Phosphatstoffwechsel in Beziehung gesetzt.
Wirkung der Sauerstoffatmung auf die Atmungssteigerung bei Carotisabklemmung1
Authors: RUDBERG TURE
Published: March 2010

An der Katze wird gezeigt, dass der ventilationsvermehrenden Wirkung der Carotidenabklemmung bei relativ niedrigem Blutdruck dutch Einatmung von Sauerstoff entgegengewirkt werden kann. Ein wesentlicher Teil wenigstens der Atmungssteigerung muss deshalb durcli Hypoxämiereizung des Sinus caroticus zustande kommen.
Are population outbreaks in sub‐arctic geometrids terminated by larval parasitoids?
Authors: Schott Tino , Hagen Snorre B. , Ims Rolf A. , Yoccoz Nigel G.
Published: March 2010

1. Larval parasitoids (i.e. parasitoids attacking host larvae) constitute a major source of mortality in many ecologically and economically important forest insects, but how this mortality affects spatio‐temporal population dynamics is often not clear.

2. In sub‐arctic Fennoscandian birch forest, the two geometrids Epirrita autumnata and Operophtera brumata exhibit pronounced outbreak cycles with significant ecosystem impacts. As mortality owing to larval parasitoids often is very high, the hypothesis that parasitism terminates outbreaks has been advocated, but without decisive empirical evidence.

3. We analysed the altitude‐ and species‐specific timing of population outbreaks typically seen in the coastal section of the sub‐arctic birch forest ecosystem to evaluate the critical premise that parasitoid‐inflicted larval mortality ought to predict geometrid population growth.

4. However, despite temporally high rates of parasitism, this did not influence the strongly species‐ and altitude‐patterned geometrid outbreaks. We therefore conclude that termination of cyclic outbreaks in these geometrids is caused by other regulatory mechanisms than larval parasitoids.

5. Regardless of their lack of effect on the altitude‐specific outbreak dynamics, larval parasitoids accounted for some of the local spatial variance in the temporal dynamics. This implies that results from spatially localized observations and experiments, which dominate research on parasitoid–host interaction, may be misinterpreted with respect to their relevance for large‐scale and long‐term population dynamics.
Protection against heterologous Streptococcus iniae isolates using a modified bacterin vaccine in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
Authors: Shoemaker C A , LaFrentz B R , Klesius P H , Evans J J
Published: March 2010

Streptococcus iniae is a significant pathogen impacting aquaculture production worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine whether a developed modified S. iniae (ARS‐98‐60) bacterin vaccine is efficacious in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), against challenge with heterologous isolates from diverse geographical locations and to evaluate protein and antigenic variability among the isolates tested. Two groups of tilapia (approximately 5 g) were intraperitoneally (IP) vaccinated with 100 μL of the vaccine or sham vaccinated with 100 μL of sterile tryptic soy broth and held for 28 days. Fish were challenged with each isolate by IP injection of 2–3 × 107 CFU per fish using calcein to mark fish prior to cohabitation for challenge. The results demonstrated significant protection against all challenge isolates, and relative percent survivals ranged from 79% to 100%. SDS–PAGE analysis of whole‐cell lysate proteins from the S. iniae isolates demonstrated similar protein profiles between 10 and 31 kDa and variation in profiles between 35 and 100 kDa. Western blot analysis using antiserum from vaccinated fish (ARS‐98‐60) demonstrated shared immunogenic proteins among all isolates in the molecular mass range of 22–35 kDa and high molecular mass material >150 kDa. The results suggest that the developed S. iniae vaccine has broad ranging protection among isolates exhibiting different protein profiles.
De novo membranous nephropathy and antibody‐mediated rejection in transplanted kidney
Authors: Honda Kazuho , Horita Shigeru , Toki Daisuke , Taneda Sekiko , Nitta Kosaku , Hattori Motoshi , Tanabe Kazunari , Teraoka Satoshi , Oda Hideaki , Yamaguchi Yutaka
Published: March 2010

Honda K, Horita S, Toki D, Taneda S, Nitta K, Hattori M, Tanabe K, Teraoka S, Oda H, Yamaguchi Y. De novo membranous nephropathy and antibody‐mediated rejection in transplanted kidney. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 191–200. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  The etiology of de novo membranous nephropathy (MN) after kidney transplantation is still uncertain. Immunological response to various allograft antigens is speculated to be a candidate for the etiology.

Methods:  Seventeen patients with post‐transplant de novo MN were studied clinically and pathologically in comparison with control post‐transplant patients without MN. Double immunofluorescent staining was performed to identify the presence of donor‐specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) combined with IgG in the deposits on glomerular capillary walls.

Results:  De novo MN occurs in relatively late period after transplantation (102.1 ± 68.3 months), presenting various degree of proteinuria. Histological findings associated with antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), such as peritubular capillaritis and C4d deposition in peritubular capillary, were more frequently observed in the patients with de novo MN than the non‐MN control patients. Donor‐specific antibody (DSA) was detected in five patients at the time of biopsy. In one case of de novo MN with DSA, a donor‐derived HLA was identified in the subepithelial deposits on the glomerular capillary walls combined with IgG deposition.

Conclusions:  DSA and AMR might play some roles for the pathogenesis in some patients with de novo MN after kidney transplantation.
Hyperleptinemia positively correlated with metabolic syndrome in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Lee Ming‐Che , Lee Chung‐Jen , Ho Guan‐Jin , Lee Chia‐Chi , Shih Ming‐Hui , Chou Kuei‐Chun , Hsu Bang‐Gee
Published: March 2010

Lee M‐C, Lee C‐J, Ho G‐J, Lee C‐C, Shih M‐H, Chou K‐C, Hsu B‐G. Hyperleptinemia positively correlated with metabolic syndrome in renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E124–E129. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Objective:  Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and fasting serum leptin concentration in renal transplant recipients.

Patients and methods:  Fasting blood samples were obtained from 55 renal transplant recipients. Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined using the diagnostic criteria of the International Diabetes Federation.

Results:  Thirteen patients (23.6%) had metabolic syndrome. Fasting leptin concentrations were positively correlated with metabolic syndrome (p = 0.003). Univariate linear regression analysis indicated fasting serum leptin values were positively correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.284; p = 0.036), body mass index (r = 0.358; p = 0.007), body fat mass (r = 0.610; p < 0.001), triglycerides (r = 0.268; p = 0.048), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) (r = 0.377; p = 0.005), triceps skinfold (r = 0.335; p = 0.012), and mid‐arm fat area (r = 0.351; p = 0.009). Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of the significant variables revealed that body fat mass (R2 change = 0.373; p < 0.001) and hs‐CRP (R2 change = 0.045; p = 0.049) were the independent predictors of fasting serum leptin concentration.

Conclusion:  Serum leptin concentration correlates positively with metabolic syndrome in renal transplant recipients.
Donor graft does not affect the P450 2C19 genotype expressed in peripheral blood in recipients of living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Chiu King‐Wah , Tai Wei‐Chen , Nakano Toshiaki , Tseng Hui‐Peng , Cheng Yu‐Fan , Jawan Bruno , Goto Shigeru , Chen Chao‐Long
Published: March 2010

Chiu K‐W, Tai W‐C, Nakano T, Tseng H‐P, Cheng Y‐F, Jawan B, Goto S, Chen C‐L. Donor graft does not affect the P450 2C19 genotype expressed in peripheral blood in recipients of living donor liver transplantation.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 830–834. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The function of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) is altered in patients with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) that require liver transplantation (LT). The status of CYP2C19 is of considerable interest because the transplanted healthy donor livers are perfused with the blood of the recipient with ESLD. This study aims to clarify the changes in CYP2C19 in the peripheral blood before and after LT. Thirty pairs of living donors and recipients were enrolled in this study. The CYP2C19 genotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied immediately before operation in donors, on the day preceding the operation in the unstable recipients, and one month after LT in stable recipients. Limited data suggest that the post‐LT genotype in liver biopsy is the same as donor’s original genotype in most cases (80.0%) and that only 2 patients in the study cohort had the same liver tissue genotype as the respective recipient PBMCs. However, expression of the CYP2C19 genotype after living donor LT (LDLT) was identical to pre‐transplant expression in 100% (30/30) of recipients, i.e., CYP2C19 genotypes in recipient PBMCs did not change after LDLT, suggesting that the donor liver did not render any mutations to the CYP2C19 genotypes after LT.
mTOR inhibitor‐associated dermatologic and mucosal problems
Authors: Campistol Josep M. , de Fijter Johan W. , Flechner Stuart M. , Langone Anthony , Morelon Emmanuel , Stockfleth Eggert
Published: March 2010

Campistol JM, de Fijter JW, Flechner SM, Langone A, Morelon E, Stockfleth E. mTOR inhibitor‐associated dermatologic and mucosal problems. Clin Transplant 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2010.01232.x. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor use is associated with numerous adverse events, including dermatologic and mucosal problems. Awareness of these complications, which clinically manifest across a severity spectrum from minor through severe and may occur at varied time points after initiation of sirolimus therapy, can be useful to clinicians in both managing these events and determining the appropriate intervention(s) for patients. This manuscript examines the dermatologic and mucosal problems associated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor use, reviews the literature, and provides personal experiences regarding the management and treatment of these adverse events.