bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Associations of 115 Polymorphisms with Cancers of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract across 10 European Countries: The ARCAGE Project
Authors: Canova Cristina , Hashibe Mia , Simonato Lorenzo , Nelis Mari , Metspalu Andres , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Ahrens Wolfgang , Pigeot Iris , Merletti Franco , Richiardi Lorenzo , Talamini Renato , Barzan Luigi , Macfarlane Gary J. , Macfarlane Tatiana V. , Holcátová Ivana , Bencko Vladimir , Benhamou Simone , Bouchardy Christine , Kjaerheim Kristina , Lowry Ray , Agudo Antonio , Castellsagué Xavier , Conway David I. , McKinney Patricia A. , Znaor Ariana , McCartan Bernard E. , Healy Claire M. , Marron Manuela , Brennan Paul
Published: April 2009

Cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) include malignant tumors of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and account for 6.4% of all new cancers in Europe. In the context of a multicenter case-control study conducted in 14 centers within 10 European countries and comprising 1,511 cases and 1,457 controls (ARCAGE study), 115 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 62 a priori–selected genes were studied in relation to UADT cancer. We found 11 SNPs that were statistically associated with UADT cancers overall (5.75 expected). Considering the possibility of false-positive results, we focused on SNPs in CYP2A6, MDM2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and gene amplified in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (GASC1), for which low P values for trend (P trend < 0.01) were observed in the main effects analyses of UADT cancer overall or by subsite. The rare variant of CYP2A6 −47A>C (rs28399433), a phase I metabolism gene, was associated with reduced UADT cancer risk (P trend = 0.01). Three SNPs in the MDM2 gene, involved in cell cycle control, were associated with UADT cancer. MDM2 IVS5+1285A>G (rs3730536) showed a strong codominant effect (P trend = 0.007). The rare variants of two SNPs in the TNF gene were associated with a decreased risk; for TNF IVS1+123G>A (rs1800610), the P trend was 0.007. Variants in two SNPs of GASC1 were found to be strongly associated with increased UADT cancer risk (for both, P trend = 0.008). This study is the largest genetic epidemiologic study on UADT cancers in Europe. Our analysis points to potentially relevant genes in various pathways. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2956–65]
Long-Term In vivo Effects of Cisplatin on γ-H2AX Foci Signaling in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Tumor Patients After Irradiation
Authors: Sak Ali , Grehl Sara , Engelhard Marianne , Wierlemann Arne , Kaelberlah Hans-Peter , Erichsen Patricia , Pöttgen Christoph , Groneberg Michael , Stuschke Martin
Published: April 2009

Purpose: This study determined the effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) on radiation-induced foci formation of γ-H2AX and Rad51 in lymphocytes.

Experimental Design: Twenty-eight cancer patients were irradiated for intrathoracic, pelvic, or head and neck tumors and received simultaneous cisplatin containing chemotherapy. The effect of cisplatin on radiation-induced γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci as a response to ionizing radiation–induced DNA double-strand breaks was measured in lymphocytes after in vivo and in vitro radiochemotherapy. The role of DNA-dependent protein kinase and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase in γ-H2AX signaling, the consequences of altered γ-H2AX foci formation on double-strand break end joining, was studied.

Results: Cisplatin decreased the number of induced γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes after in vivo or in vitro irradiation by 34% ± 6% at days 0 to 3 after cisplatin (P < 0.0001) and remained significant until day 6. The variation in this cisplatin effect from patient to patient was larger than the retest error within the same patient (P = 0.01). The cisplatin effect was not accompanied by an inhibition of end joining of double-strand break as analyzed using gel electrophoresis of DNA under neutral conditions. Cisplatin also decreased radiation induced Rad51 foci formation in lymphocytes after stimulation of proliferation with phytohemagglutinin by 47% ± 6% (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Cisplatin has long-term effects on the early double-strand break response of γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci formation after ionizing radiation. Inhibition of sensing and processing of double-strand break by γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci formation are important mechanisms by which cisplatin can alter the radiation response.
A Model of Strongly Forced Wind Waves
Authors: Fedorov Alexey V. , Melville W. Kendall
Published: April 2009

A model of surface waves generated on deep water by strong winds is proposed. A two-layer approximation is adopted, in which a shallow turbulent layer overlies the lower, infinitely deep layer. The dynamics of the upper layer, which is directly exposed to the wind, are nonlinear and coupled to the linear dynamics in the deep fluid. The authors demonstrate that in such a system there exist steady wave solutions characterized by confined regions of wave breaking alternating with relatively long intervals where the wave profiles change monotonically. In the former regions the flow is decelerated; in the latter it is accelerated. The regions of breaking are akin to hydraulic jumps of finite width necessary to join the smooth “interior” flows and have periodic waves. In contrast to classical hydraulic jumps, the strongly forced waves lose both energy and momentum across the jumps. The flow in the upper layer is driven by the balance between the wind stress at the surface, the turbulent drag applied at the layer interface, and the wave drag induced at the layer interface by quasi-steady breaking waves. Propagating in the downwind direction, the strongly forced waves significantly modify the flow in both layers, lead to enhanced turbulence, and reduce the speed of the near-surface flow. According to this model, a large fraction of the work done by the surface wind stress on the ocean in high winds may go directly into wave breaking and surface turbulence.
Clinical Research: Nonfluoroscopic, Postpyloric Feeding Tube Placement: Number and Cost of Plain Films for Determining Position
Authors: Chen Michael Y. M. , Ott David J. , Gelfand David W.
Published: April 2009

After nonfluoroscopic placement (NFP) of a feeding tube, a conventional radiograph is obtained to determine the location of the catheter tip. At our institution, ideal position for enteral feeding is the distal duodenum or beyond, and multiple radiographs may be needed to confirm migration to this location. Acquiring the number of films needed to achieve this goal may be time consuming and costly. The aim of this project was to determine the relative charge of NFP, on the basis of successful placement confirmed radiographically, to that of fluoroscopic placement. We determined the number of films needed and the relative charge of NFP in 257 patients (157 men, 100 women; mean age, 60. years) over a 4‐month period. At our institution, the relative charge factor of a single abdominal film us. fluoroscopic feeding tube placement was 0.54. Results showed that on the first radiograph, the tip of the feeding tube was in the duodenum or jejunum in 95 (37%) of 257 patients and in the stomach or esophagus in the remaining 162 patients. Additional films were obtained for 143 patients, for a combined total of 458 (mean, 3.2 films per patient in this group). Therefore the relative charge for NFP in patients who needed just one film was half that of our fluoroscopic charge; however, the cost of conventional radiographs was nearly twice (1.73) that of the fluoroscopic method in patients who underwent NFP if multiple films were needed. These results suggest that failure 'of NFP after several films are obtained warrants consideration of fluoroscopic placement
Teaching Case: The Appearance of Pica in a 5 1/2‐Year‐Old Child With Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Yaworski Jane Anne , Koehler Anita , Ewing Linda , Barksdale Edward
Published: April 2009

W.M., a 5 1/2‐year‐old male with short bowel syndrome (SBS) secondary to an in utero midgut volvulus, had been dependent on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in addition to gastrostomy tube (GT) feeds to maintain his nutritional status since birth. Bowel lengthening procedures performed at 15 and 30 months of age left W.M. with 82 centimeters of small bowel. Despite these procedures and what was presumed to be adequate nutrition, W.M.'s weight/age and height/age remained below the 5th percentile. With an observed improvement in oral intake at 5 1/2 years of age (2000 kcal/d), his GT was removed. TPN, which was continued for several months thereafter, was subsequently discontinued after a septic episode that resulted in severe neutropenia. However, family members soon began to report significant alterations in his behavior. An evaluation performed by a behavioral psychologist demonstrated no familial or developmental contributions to this new behavior pattern, which is termed pica in the psychological literature. Although a nutritional deficiency was suspected, serum levels of trace metals were found to be normal. With a reported increase in listlessness and lethargy at school, TPN was promptly reinstituted (approximately 6 months after it had been discontinued). The observed pica disappeared 1 week following the reinitiation of TPN therapy.
Clinical Observations: Orogastric Enteral Feeding: An Alternative Feeding Access
Authors: Asfaw Meheret , Miles Aida , Caplan Daniel B.
Published: April 2009

In patients who are unable to consume adequate nutrients orally, enteral feeding is the preferred route of nutrition support. This may include nasogastric, gastrostomy, and, less commonly, the jejunostomy routes. The former may be difficult for those patients with rhino‐sinusitis problems and for those with an aversion to tube passage via the nostril, and the latter two are surgically invasive. At our Cystic Fibrosis Center, the orogastric route has also been used for nocturnal nutrition support. To date, the orogastric feeding route has been beneficial and well received by 15 patients whose age at the initiation of feedings ranged between 11 and 24 years. The actual technique of tube placement is simple and similar to that of nasogastric tube insertion. A French silastic feeding tube is inserted nightly into the stomach via the mouth in a manner similar to that of nasogastric tube insertion. It can be used for both continuous and intermittent bolus feedings. In our experience, orogastric feedings allow for successful nutrition intervention in those who are unsuccessful with oral supplements. In addition, this method helps to avoid the problems that are frequently associated with nasogastric and other invasive tube feeding maneuvers.
Current Literature: Effect of Antioxidants on the Occurrence of Pre‐eclampsia in Women at Increased Risk: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Chappell LC , Seed PT , Briley AL
Published: April 2009

Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pre‐eclampsia. This randomised controlled trial investigated the effect of supplementation with vitamins C and E in women at increased risk of the disorder on plasma markers of vascular endothelial activation and placental insufficiency and the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia. Methods: 283 women were identified as being at increased risk of pre‐eclampsia by abnormal two‐stage uterine‐artery doppler analysis or a previous history of the disorder and were randomly assigned vitamin C (1000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) or placebo at 16–22 weeks' gestation. Plasma markers of endothelial activation (plasminogen‐activator inhibitor 1 [PAI‐1]) and placental dysfunction (PAI‐2) were measured every month until delivery. Pre‐eclampsia was assessed by the development of proteinuric hypertension. Analyses were done by intention to treat, and in the cohort who completed the study. Findings: Supplementation with vitamins C and E was associated with a 21% decrease in the PAI‐1/PAI‐2 ratio during gestation (95% CI 4–35, p = 0.015). In the intention‐to‐treat cohort, pre‐eclampsia occurred in 24 (17%) of 142 women in the placebo group and 11 (8%) of 141 in the vitamin group (adjusted odds ratio 0.39 [0.17–0.90], p = 0.02). In the cohort who completed the study (81 placebo group, 79 vitamin group), the odds ratio for pre‐eclampsia was 0.24 (0.08–0.70, p = 0.002). Interpretation: Supplementation with vitamins C and E may be beneficial in the prevention of pre‐eclampsia in women at increased risk of the disease. Multicentre trials are needed to show whether vitamin supplementation affects the occurrence of pre‐eclampsia in low‐risk women and to confirm our results in larger groups of high‐risk women from different populations. (Lancet 354:810–816, 1999)
Teaching Case: Improvement of Chronic Chylous Pleural Effusion Using a Restricted Fat Diet and Medium Chain Triglycerides in a Patient with Congenital Lymphangiectasia
Authors: Celona‐Jacobs Nicole , Lipson David A. , Unger Lisa D. , Tino Gregory
Published: April 2009

Congenital lymphangiectasia is a rare disease of the lymphatic system often causing respiratory symptoms from chylous pleural effusions. Treatment options for these effusions include drainage by multiple thoracenteses or chest thoracostomy tube placement. Previous studies have reported the efficacy of surgical intervention with adjunctive nutrition therapy using total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in decreasing chylous effusions. Few reports, however, describe the use of very low‐fat diets with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a therapeutic option. Objective: In order to help manage recurrent pleural effusions in a 28‐year‐old woman with a history of congenital lymphangiectasia, an oral diet restricted in fat using MCT was administered. Methods: The patient was treated with a very low‐fat diet, with fat consumption approximately 5% of total caloric intake using food sources and MCT oil. Her diet was supplemented with a multivitamin and linoleic essential fatty acid. Results: After implementation of this diet, the patient has had a stable, small pleural effusion and has not required repeat thoracentesis for more than 24 months. Conclusion: Oral diet therapy restricted in fat using MCT oil may be a beneficial first intervention before considering the use of long‐term TPN in patients with chylous pleural effusions from congenital lymphangiectasia.
Metabolic Occurrences in Total Parenteral Nutrition Patients Managed by a Nutrition Support Team
Authors: Dodds Elizabeth S. , Murray John D. , Trexler Katherine M. , Grant John P.
Published: April 2009

Few reports have been published examining the impact of a nutrition support service on avoiding serious metabolic complications in hospitalized patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We report a high frequency of metabolic abnormalities, with 33% of patients having at least one laboratory value outside the normal range during their course of TPN. Nonetheless, only 13 abnormalities in 11 patients were associated with adverse clinical symptoms in 2747 courses of TPN over 7 years (0.47%). Data were obtained by retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained nutrition support team database. This report is offered as a standard of care to be attained.
What is Subjective Global Assessment?
Authors: Foulks Charles J.
Published: April 2009

Presented and described in detail is a clinical technique called subjective global assessment (SGA), which assesses nutritional status based on features of the, history and physical examination. Illustrative cases are presented. To clarify further the nature of the SGA, the method was applied before gastrointestinal surgery to 202 hospitalized patients. The primary aim of the study was to determine the extent to which our clinicians' SGA ratings were influenced by the individual clinical variables on which the clinicians were taught to base their assessments. Virtually all of these variables were significantly related to SGA class. Multivariate analysis showed that ratings were most affected by loss of subcutaneous tissue, muscle wasting, and weight loss. A high degree of interobserver agreement was found (kappa = 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.624 to 0.944, p < .001). We conclude that SGA can easily be taught to a variety of clinicians (residents, nurses), and that this technique is reproducible. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 11:8–13, 1987)
Clinical Research: Indicators of Feeding‐Tube Placement in Neonates
Authors: Metheny Norma A. , Eikov Rosemary , Rountree Vonnie , Lengettie Evie
Published: April 2009

This article presents a literature review of methods used to determine feeding‐tube placement in neonates and describes a small clinical study in which several methods that were tested in adults were also evaluated in neonates. According to the literature review, clinicians usually determine feeding‐tube placement in neonates by one or more of the following methods: auscultating for insufflated air, testing the pH of feeding‐tube aspirates, or radiography. The study reported in this article consisted of describing the pH as well as the enzyme and bilirubin content of 90 feeding‐tube aspirates from 39 acutely ill neonates. Eighty‐eight of the aspirates were from nasogastric or orogastric tubes and 2 were from nasointestinal tubes. Three‐fourths of the infants were receiving ranitidine, about half had fasted for 4 or more hours, and about half were receiving continuous feedings. As expected, the mean gastric pH was substantially lower than the mean intestinal pH (4.32 vs 7.80, respectively). The neonates' mean fasting gastric pepsin concentration (76.1 μ/ml) was much lower than that of adults. The two specimens of intestinal fluid contained substantial quantities of trypsin and bilirubin, similar to levels reported in adults. Because of the limited sample of intestinal specimens, it was not possible to determine the ability of pH and concentrations of enzymes and bilirubin in the aspirates to distinguish between feeding‐tube location in the stomach and small intestine in neonates.
Seroprevalence and factors associated with herpes simplex virus type 2 among HIV-negative high-risk men who have sex with men from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Rodrigues Junia , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Bastos Francisco I , Velasque Luciane , Luz Paula M , de Souza Claudia TV , Georg Ingebourg , Pilotto Jose H , Veloso Valdilea G
Published: April 2009

Background

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease in developing countries, including Brazil, and is especially prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). HSV-2 infection represents a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other sexually transmitted diseases. The goal of the present cross-sectional study was to estimate HSV-2 seroprevalence and to determine the factors associated with HSV-2 seropositivity in HIV-negative high-risk MSM from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Methods

Stored sera were tested to estimate HSV-2 seroprevalence, while socio-demographic and sexual behavior data were used to measure associations between risk factors and HSV-2 seropositivity. Using the Poisson regression model with robust variance, prevalence ratios (PR) were used to estimate de degree of association between risk factors and HSV-2 seropositivity in bivariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Seroprevalence of HSV-2 was of 45.7% (184 out of 403). Factors independently associated with HSV-2 seroprevalence in the multivariate model were: older age (≥ 26 years, PR: 1.41 95% Confidence Interval: 1.11–1.78), non-white race (PR: 1.32 95%CI: 1.06–1.64), positive serology for syphilis (PR: 1.65 95%CI: 1.33–2.05), positive serology for hepatitis B (PR: 1.25 95%CI: 0.99–1.57), stable male partner in the past 6 months (PR: 1.42 95%CI: 1.12–1.79), and unprotected anal sex with a stable female partner (PR: 1.46 95%CI: 1.05–2.04) in the 6 months preceding the cross-sectional assessment.

Conclusion

The present study made evident a high prevalence of HSV-2 infection in a sample of HIV-negative high-risk MSM from Rio de Janeiro. This finding indicates the need and urgency for implementing integrated programs for the prevention of HSV-2 and other sexually transmitted diseases, and, in particular, programs targeting high-risk MSM.
Comparative Effects of Teriparatide and Strontium Ranelate on Bone Biopsies and Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis
Authors: Recker Robert R , Marin Fernando , Ish-Shalom Sophia , Möricke Rüdiger , Hawkins Federico , Kapetanos Georgios , de la Peña María P , Kekow Jörn , Farrerons Jordi , Sanz Beatriz , Oertel Heide , Stepan Jan
Published: April 2009

We assessed the effects on bone remodeling and histomorphometry after daily subcutaneous injections of teriparatide (n = 39, 20 μg/d) or oral strontium ranelate (SrR, n = 40, 2 g/d) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Evaluable biopsies were obtained from 29 patients in the teriparatide group and 22 in the SrR group after 6 mo of treatment. The mean ± SD mineralization surfaces as a percent of bone surfaces (MS/BS, %) at the trabecular level were 7.73 ± 1.48% for teriparatide and 5.25 ± 1.15% for SrR (p = 0.219) and at the endocortical level were 17.22 ± 3.06% and 9.70 ± 2.07%, respectively (p = 0.052). Cortical porosity was 5.40 ± 0.41% in the teriparatide and 4.14 ± 0.40% in the SrR group (p = 0.037). Teriparatide induced significant increases from baseline in bone formation and resorption markers, reaching statistical significance for amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) after 1 mo (+57%, p < 0.001). SrR induced small, but statistically significant, reductions from baseline in PINP at 3 (−14%, p = 0.005) and 6 mo (−19%, p < 0.001) and in serum β-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) at 1 and 3 mo (−11%, for both, p < 0.05). There were more patients with adverse events after SrR (70%) than teriparatide (41%) treatment (p = 0.013). In conclusion, the changes in biochemical markers of bone formation confirmed bone-forming activity of teriparatide but not of SrR treatment. The effects of SrR on bone remodeling and cell activity were modest, indicating that its effects on fracture reduction may be predominantly mediated through a different mechanism than that observed with anabolic or more potent antiresorptive agents.
The Increased Trafficking of the Calcium Channel Subunit α2δ-1 to Presynaptic Terminals in Neuropathic Pain Is Inhibited by the α2δ Ligand Pregabalin
Authors: Bauer Claudia S. , Nieto-Rostro Manuela , Rahman Wahida , Tran-Van-Minh Alexandra , Ferron Laurent , Douglas Leon , Kadurin Ivan , Sri Ranjan Yorain , Fernandez-Alacid Laura , Millar Neil S. , Dickenson Anthony H. , Lujan Rafael , Dolphin Annette C.
Published: April 2009

Neuropathic pain results from damage to the peripheral sensory nervous system, which may have a number of causes. The calcium channel subunit α2δ-1 is upregulated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in several animal models of neuropathic pain, and this is causally related to the onset of allodynia, in which a non-noxious stimulus becomes painful. The therapeutic drugs gabapentin and pregabalin (PGB), which are both α2δ ligands, have antiallodynic effects, but their mechanism of action has remained elusive. To investigate this, we used anin vivorat model of neuropathy, unilateral lumbar spinal nerve ligation (SNL), to characterize the distribution of α2δ-1 in DRG neurons, both at the light- and electron-microscopic level. We found that, on the side of the ligation, α2δ-1 was increased in the endoplasmic reticulum of DRG somata, in intracellular vesicular structures within their axons, and in the plasma membrane of their presynaptic terminals in superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Chronic PGB treatment of SNL animals, at a dose that alleviated allodynia, markedly reduced the elevation of α2δ-1 in the spinal cord and ascending axon tracts. In contrast, it had no effect on the upregulation of α2δ-1 mRNA and protein in DRGs.In vitro, PGB reduced plasma membrane expression of α2δ-1 without affecting endocytosis. We conclude that the antiallodynic effect of PGBin vivois associated with impaired anterograde trafficking of α2δ-1, resulting in its decrease in presynaptic terminals, which would reduce neurotransmitter release and spinal sensitization, an important factor in the maintenance of neuropathic pain.
Toll-like receptor signaling in hen ovarian granulosa cells is dependent on stage of follicle maturation
Authors: Woods Dori C , Schorey Jeffrey S , Johnson A L
Published: April 2009

The recent identification of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling within ovarian granulosa cells has broad implications for ovarian physiology. Functions of TLRs within granulosa cells of the laying hen are of particular interest due to the method of transovarian transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, which results in egg contamination. This study utilized hen granulosa cells to evaluate the expression and function of Gallus TLR-signaling at distinct stages of follicular maturity. Data presented herein demonstrate the presence of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR15 mRNAs in undifferentiated granulosa cells from prehierarchal follicles and differentiated granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles, together with mRNAs encoding adaptor proteins and signaling components required for TLR signaling gene. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LH, in vitro, led to the differential regulation of TLRs based on the stage of follicle maturation, with the largest (F1) follicle granulosa cells having the most rapid response. Furthermore, treatment with LPS resulted in attenuation of agonist-induced progesterone synthesis in undifferentiated, but not differentiated, granulosa cells. Additionally, undifferentiated granulosa cells were significantly more sensitive to LPS-induced apoptosis than differentiated granulosa cells from the F1 follicle. Together, these data provide evidence for a complete and functional TLR signaling pathway in hen granulosa cells, with effects on steroidogenesis and cell viability dependent upon stage of maturation. These differences may reflect the susceptibility of granulosa cells at early stages of maturation to undergo apoptosis in response to select pathogenic stimuli, thus attenuating transovarian transmission, whereas granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles are comparably resistant to LPS-mediated apoptosis.
Suturing for Optimal Soft-Tissue Management
Authors: Silverstein Lee H. , Kurtzman Gregori M. , Shatz Peter C.
Published: April 2009

Establishing nontension primary wound closure of various soft tissue flaps is paramount for optimal postsurgical wound healing. Surgical procedures that require clinical flap manipulation, such as those used with traditional periodontal therapy, periodontal plastic cosmetic surgery, hard and soft tissue regeneration, and the excision of pathologic tissue, also require excellence in execution. Also paramount to clinical success is a thorough understanding of the various techniques of surgery, suturing, and the materials currently available to ensure the desired clinical results. This article will discuss the rationale of specific suturing techniques and suture materials to help the clinician obtain optimal wound closure.
A Blueprint for Florida's Clean Energy Future - Case Study of a Regional Government's Environmental Strategy
Authors: Lowman Margaret
Published: April 2009

On 13 July 2007, Governor Charlie Crist of Florida signed executive orders to establish greenhouse gas emission targets that required an 80 percent reduction below 1990 levels by the year 2050. Florida is a very high-risk state with regard to climate change. Its 1,350-mile-long coastline, location in "Hurricane Alley," reliance on coral reefs and other vulnerable natural resources for its economy, and the predictions that state population could double in the next 30 years all contribute to this designation of "high-risk. As a consequence of the potential economic and ecological impacts of climate change to Florida, a series of Action Teams were created to plan for adaptation to impending environmental changes. As the 26th largest emitter of carbon dioxide on a global scale, Florida needs to act aggressively to create a clean energy footprint as part of its statewide initiatives but with global impacts. This case study examines the process and expected outcomes undertaken by a regional government that anticipates the need for stringent adaptation.
Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Watkins Simon
Published: April 2009

Immunohistochemistry is a vastly diverse and essential method for localization of proteins in cells and tissues. This unit presents methods for labeling proteins in suspension and adherent cultures and in tissue sections, using detection methods for both fluorescence and bright‐field microscopy. Choices of antibodies and detection methods are discussed, and detailed troubleshooting guidelines are provided. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 48:12.16.1‐12.16.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical integration in the wine industry: a transaction costs analysis on the Rioja DOCa
Authors: Fernández‐Olmos Marta , Rosell‐Martínez Jorge , Espitia‐Escuer Manuel A.
Published: April 2009

The authors study the determinants of make or buy decisions for grapes made by wineries belonging to the Rioja Qualified Designation of Origin (DOCa). In particular, they analyze the relationship between product quality and vertical integration. Although there is a long tradition in transaction cost theory of analyzing the determinants of make or buy decisions in manufacturing, surprisingly few empirical studies have been conducted in the agriculture and food and beverage industry. Likewise, although quality is a key competitive variable in many food sectors, only a few studies have analyzed quality in their models. The authors find that transaction costs and product quality provide a useful explanation of vertical integration in the wine industry in the Rioja DOCa. Wineries that produce high‐quality wines are more likely to integrate vertically than those producing low‐quality wines. They also find that the size of the winery significantly affects make or buy choices. Implications are explored for managers facing a governance mode choice. [EconLit Classifications: L220, Q130]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid prototyping of paper‐based microfluidics with wax for low‐cost, portable bioassay
Authors: Lu Yao , Shi Weiwei , Jiang Lei , Qin Jianhua , Lin Bingcheng
Published: April 2009

Here we present a simple and low‐cost production method to generate paper‐based microfluidic devices with wax for portable bioassay. The wax patterning method we introduced here included three different ways: (i) painting with a wax pen, (ii) printing with an inkjet printer followed by painting with a wax pen, (iii) printing by a wax printer directly. The whole process was easy to operate and could be finished within 5–10 min without the use of a clean room, UV lamp, organic solvent, etc. Horse radish peroxidase, BSA and glucose assays were conducted to verify the performance of wax‐patterned paper.
Self Assembling and Crosslinking of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films of Chitosan and Alginate Studied by QCM and IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Alves Natália M. , Picart Catherine , Mano João F.
Published: April 2009

The formation of novel biocompatible multilayer films based on the alternate deposition of CHI and ALG was investigated for the first time by QCM‐D and FTIR‐ATR. A linear increase of the thickness was found during the film build‐up. GLUT was used to crosslink the films terminated with either CHI or ALG. A change in the QCM‐D signal was observed just in the first case, indicating that crosslinking only takes place in the top CHI layer. The evolution of the dissipation factor during crosslinking was modelled with a first‐order kinetics; this reaction was found to be faster for chitosan terminated films with a lower number of multilayers. It was also found that more robust films could be produced by crosslinking the intermediate CHI layers during the build‐up.

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Investigation of Discharge Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics in Microdischarges Generated in Nanosecond Multipin‐to‐Plane Pulsed N2/O2 Corona Systems
Authors: Aggadi Najia , Redolfi Michaël , Duten Xavier , Michau Armelle , Hassouni Khaled
Published: April 2009

The dynamics and reactivity of streamer microdischarges in a 300 pin‐to‐plane pulsed corona device working in the nanosecond regime were investigated. Results showed that the physical characteristics of the streamer dynamics are sensitive to the voltage waveform. On the other hand, the discharge reactivity during the streamer phase is very little affected by this parameter. During this phase, the oxygen dissociation mainly occurs at the tip of the microdischarge. It appears, however, that the majority of oxygen dissociation processes take place during the post‐streamer phase. The dissociation yield of oxygen only depends on the amount of energy injected in the nanosecond pulsed corona.

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Greening Garhwal through stakeholder engagement: the role of ecofeminism, community and the state in sustainable development
Authors: Pandey Anupam
Published: April 2009

This paper highlights the critical role played by ecofeminism and stakeholder engagement in the region to depict a symbiotic relationship between women and forests that is critical in sustaining human and non‐human life in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. While it uses ecofeminism to demonstrate the positive role of community in sustainable forestry and development, the chief aim of the paper is to highlight the need to go beyond the ‘civil society’ versus ‘state’ debate that has become rather popular in the development studies discourse. Instead, the paper posits the need for the two to work in active collusion, not only to be successful but also because it is what the subject/agent needs and demands. This paper is the result of field research by the author in the summer of 2004 in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Blinded assessment of treatment effects utilizing information about the randomization block length
Authors: Miller Frank , Friede Tim , Kieser Meinhard
Published: April 2009

It is essential for the integrity of double‐blind clinical trials that during the study course the individual treatment allocations of the patients as well as the treatment effect remain unknown to any involved person. Recently, methods have been proposed for which it was claimed that they would allow reliable estimation of the treatment effect based on blinded data by using information about the block length of the randomization procedure. If this would hold true, it would be difficult to preserve blindness without taking further measures. The suggested procedures apply to continuous data. We investigate the properties of these methods thoroughly by repeated simulations per scenario. Furthermore, a method for blinded treatment effect estimation in case of binary data is proposed, and blinded tests for treatment group differences are developed both for continuous and binary data. We report results of comprehensive simulation studies that investigate the features of these procedures. It is shown that for sample sizes and treatment effects which are typical in clinical trials, no reliable inference can be made on the treatment group difference which is due to the bias and imprecision of the blinded estimates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BifunctionalN‐Oxides of Alkyldiamidoamines
Authors: Piasecki Andrzej , Wójcik Beata , Łuczyński Jacek , Piłakowska‐Pietras Dorota , Witek Stanisław , Krasowska Anna
Published: April 2009

A homologous series of new surface‐active 1,1‐bis{[3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl]‐amido}alkane‐di‐N‐oxides were synthesized in the reaction of an appropriate diethyl 2‐alkylmalonate withN,N‐dimethylethylenediamine followed by oxidation with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The adsorption isotherms of their aqueous solutions were measured and evaluated to obtain adsorption parameters: critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface excess concentration (ΓCMC), equilibrium surface tension at the CMC (γCMC), cross‐sectional area of the adsorbed surfactant molecule (ACMC), standard free energies of adsorptionand micellization
Effects of herbivory by Hyblaea puera (Hyblaeidae: Lepidoptera) on litter production in the mangrove on the coast of Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Fernandes Marcus Emanuel Barroncas , Nascimento Antonia Aparecida Monteiro , Carvalho Muzenilha Lira
Published: April 2009

Mangrove trees are not immune to herbivory. They are affected mainly by folivores, which may influence litter production and nutrient cycling within the system (Choudhury 1988). The amount of leaf material lost to herbivory is also related to the characteristics of the trees and local environmental conditions (Feller 1995), which result in widely varying rates of leaf consumption (Anderson & Lee 1995). According to Cannicci et al. (2008), the true ecological role played by insect herbivores is not simply the amount of plant material lost to herbivory, but also involves effects at the scale of whole plant performance and ecosystem functioning. Thus, the activities of insect herbivores may also be viewed as a positive impact on mangroves, influencing, for example, energy transfer in the system.
REGULARITY OF CURVES WITH A CONTINUOUS TANGENT LINE
Authors: BURGUÉS J. M. , CUFÍ J.
Published: April 2009

This note contains a proof of the fact that a Jordan curve in ℝ2 with a continuous tangent line at each point admits a regular reparameterization. We extend the result both to more general curves in ℝn and to higher orders of differentiability.
Sperm–egg adhesion and fusion in mammals
Authors: Sutovsky Peter
Published: April 2009

Fertilisation is an orchestrated, stepwise process during which the participating male and female gametes undergo irreversible changes, losing some of their structural components while contributing others to the resultant zygote. Following sperm penetration through the egg coat, the sperm plasma membrane fuses with its oocyte counterpart, the oolemma. At least two plasma membrane proteins essential for sperm–oolemma fusion – IZUMO and CD9 on the male and female gametes, respectively – have been identified recently by classical cell biology approaches and confirmed by gene deletion. Oolemma-associated tetraspanin CD81, closely related to CD9, also appears to have an essential role in fusion. Additional proteins that may have nonessential yet still facilitating roles in sperm–oolemma adhesion and fusion include oolemma-anchored integrins and oocyte-expressed retroviral envelope proteins, sperm disintegrins, and sperm-borne proteins of epididymal origin such as CRISP1 and CRISP2. This review discusses these components of the gamete fusion mechanism within the framework of gamete structure, membrane biology, cell signalling and cytoskeletal dynamics, and revisits the topic of antipolyspermy defence at the oolemma level. Harnessing the mechanisms of sperm–egg fusion is of importance to animal biotechnology and to human assisted fertilisation, wherein male patients with reduced sperm fusibility have been identified.
Unverträglichkeit als Folge einer Hyperreaktivität
Authors: Pichler
Published: April 2009

Viele Patienten klagen über eine Überempfindlichkeit (Hyperreaktivität) der Haut oder der Schleimhäute, wobei eher harmlose Reize («Trigger») zu überschiessenden Reaktionen (Fliesschnupfen, Bronchospasmus, Urtikaria, etc) führen. Meist liegt dieser Überempfindlichkeit ein Entzündungsprozess zugrunde. Es ist wichtig nicht nur den Trigger zu eliminieren sondern die Ursache der Entzündung («Auslöser») zu eruieren und zu behandeln, da dadurch auch die Hyperreaktivität verloren geht. Anhand von vier Modellen (Anstrengungsasthma, Pollenassozierte Nahrungsmittelallergie, Flare-up Reaktion bei Medikamentenallergie und Überempfindlichkeit bei chronischer Urtikaria) wird dieses Auslöser-Trigger Modell erläutert.
Efficacy of Effect Size Measures in Logistic Regression
Authors: Gómez-Benito Juana , Hidalgo M. Dolores , Padilla José-Luis
Published: April 2009

Statistical techniques based on logistic regression (LR) are adequate for the detection of differential item functioning (DIF) in dichotomous items. Nevertheless, they return more false positives (FPs) than do other DIF detection techniques. This paper compares the efficacy of DIF detection using the LR significance test and the estimation of the effect size that these procedures provide using R2 of Nagelkerke. The variables manipulated were different conditions of sample size, focal and reference group sample size ratio, amount of DIF, test length and percentage of test items with DIF. In addition, examinee responses were generated to simulate both uniform and nonuniform DIF (symmetric and asymmetric). In all cases, dichotomous response tests were used. The results show that the use of R2 as a strategy for detecting DIF obtained lower correct detection percentages than those obtained from significance tests. Moreover, the LR significance test showed adequate control of FP rates, close to the nominal 5%, although the rate was slightly higher than the nominal 5% when the sample size was smaller. However, when the effect size measure was used to detect DIF, the FP rates were lower and <1% for a wide number of conditions. In addition, a statistically significant main effect of the sample size variable was obtained. Thus, the FP percentages were higher when the sample size was small (100/100). The results obtained indicate that the use of R2 as a measure of effect size together with the statistical significance test reduces the rate of FP.
Riding over the Kuroshio from the South to the East China Sea: Mixing and transport of DIC
Authors: Sheu David D. , Chou Wen‐Chen , Chen C. T. Arthur , Wei Ching‐Ling , Hsieh Hsiu‐Ling , Hou Wei‐Ping , Dai Minhan
Published: April 2009

Export of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to adjoining oceans enhances the potential of CO2 sequestration in marginal seas. By using a series of measured DIC depth profiles and reported flow transports, we estimated that the intermediate outflow (100–600 m) from the South China Sea is capable of transporting 6.5 ± 4.1 Tg (1 Tg = 1012g) of biologically mediated carbon (DICbio) annually to the East China Sea (ECS) via the northwardly flowing Kuroshio current. The mixing and transport of these DIC‐rich waters would raise 3% and 16% of DIC/TA ratio and the Revelle factor of the adjoining seawaters, respectively. Upon upwelling onto the ECS shelf, these DIC‐rich waters would counteract the potential of CO2 uptake of shelf waters that might have been enhanced by the accompanying increase in nutrient inputs, thus complicating assessment of the ECS as a net CO2 source or sink.
Predictability of mineral dust concentrations: The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis first short observation period forecasted with CHIMERE‐DUST
Authors: Menut Laurent , Chiapello Isabelle , Moulin Cyril
Published: April 2009

The predictability of northern Africa dust events is assessed using daily numerical forecast simulations for the next 3 days. The dust concentration fields, modeled with the CHIMERE‐DUST model, were first evaluated by comparison with both Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) surface data and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) satellite measurements. The accuracy and spread between measurements and simulations are discussed for the first short observation period of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) experiment in western Africa, between January and March 2006. The predictability of dust events was then estimated by comparing model results for different leads in a forecast mode. The model performance was evaluated with respect to its capability to forecast the surface wind speed, which is the key process for dust emission, and the transport of mineral dust near source regions and toward remote areas. It is shown that forecast emissions can vary up to 80% (close to the sources) but that the variability on forecasted dust concentrations and optical thicknesses do not exceed 40% and 20%.
Variation of hydrological regime with permafrost coverage over Lena Basin in Siberia
Authors: Ye Baisheng , Yang Daqing , Zhang Zhongliang , Kane Douglas L.
Published: April 2009

We use monthly discharge and permafrost data to examine the relationship between discharge characteristics and basin permafrost coverage for the nested subbasins of the Lena River in Siberia. There are similarity and variation in streamflow regimes over the basin. The ratios of monthly maximum/minimum flows directly reflect discharge regimes. The ratios increase with drainage area from the headwaters to downstream within the Lena basin. This pattern is different from the nonpermafrost watersheds, and it clearly reflects permafrost effect on regional hydrological regime. There is a significant positive relationship between the ratio and basin permafrost coverage. This relationship indicates that permafrost condition does not significantly affect streamflow regime over the low permafrost (less than 40%) regions, and it strongly affects discharge regime for regions with high permafrost (greater than 60%). Temperature and precipitation have similar patterns among the subbasins. Basin precipitation has little association with permafrost conditions and an indirect relation with river flow regimes. There exists a good relation between the freezing index and permafrost extent over the basin, indicating that cold climate leads to high coverage of permafrost. This relation relates basin thermal condition with permafrost distribution. The combination of the relations between temperature versus permafrost extent, and permafrost extent versus flow ratio links temperature, permafrost, and flow regime over the Lena basin. Over the Aldan subbasin, the maximum/minimum discharge ratios significantly decrease during 1942–1998 due to increase in base flow; this change is consistent in general with permafrost degradation over eastern Siberia.
Pathway-Specific Variations in Neurovascular and Neurometabolic Coupling in Rat Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Enager Pia , Piilgaard Henning , Offenhauser Nikolas , Kocharyan Ara , Fernandes Priscilla , Hamel Edith , Lauritzen Martin
Published: April 2009

Functional neuroimaging signals are generated, in part, by increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) evoked by mediators, such as nitric oxide and arachidonic acid derivatives that are released in response to increased neurotransmission. However, it is unknown whether the vascular and metabolic responses within a given brain area differ when local neuronal activity is evoked by an activity in the distinct neuronal networks. In this study we assessed, for the first time, the differences in neuronal responses and changes in CBF and oxygen consumption that are evoked after the activation of two different inputs to a single cortical area. We show that, for a given level of glutamatergic synaptic activity, corticocortical and thalamocortical inputs evoked activity in pyramidal cells and different classes of interneurons, and produced different changes in oxygen consumption and CBF. Furthermore, increases in stimulation intensities either turned off or activated additional classes of inhibitory interneurons immunoreactive for different vasoactive molecules, which may contribute to increases in CBF. Our data imply that for a given cortical area, the amplitude of vascular signals will depend critically on the type of input, and that a positive blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal may be a consequence of the activation of both pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons.