bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural network sliding mode controller of atomic force microscope‐based manipulation with different cantilever probes
Authors: Korayem Moharram H. , Esmaeilzadehha Soliman
Published: March 2019

Development of nanotechnology has given rise to various applications, including the nano‐manipulation process within small‐size environments. The implementation of such processes requires the use of tools and proper equipment and understanding of various factors influencing it. One such tool is the atomic force microscope (AFM) and its probe, used for imaging surfaces and manipulation tools. The AFM probe is the most important element of the AFM with a key role in system function. The dynamic analysis and control of AFM are necessary to increase efficiency. In this paper, a model of AFM is reviewed and rewritten by considering various cantilever probes, including rectangular, V‐shaped, and dagger. The AFM actuator was modeled and analyzed on uncertain conditions. The position of the stage was controlled to the desired position through the desired motion profiles. To overcome the problem of model nonlinearity, a neural network (NN) sliding mode controller was used to optimize the controller parameter and provide the desired output. The simulation of system was performed by the effective parameters, its control was implemented, and the results were analyzed. The simulation revealed that the modified sliding mode controller with learnable NN improved controller performance by decreasing the rise time and eliminating the overshot.
Effect of early highly active antiretroviral therapy on viral suppression among newly diagnosed men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus in Xi'an, China
Authors: Wei Xiaoli , Zhang Yajuan , Santella Anthony J. , Wang Lirong , Zhuang Guihua , Li Siwen , Zhang Hailan
Published: March 2019

Background

The number of men who have sex with men (MSM) living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in China has increased rapidly and thus immediate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) after diagnosis was implemented as a strategy to reduce the HIV transmission.

Methods

MSM who were diagnosed with HIV and received HAART between 2013 to 2015 in Xi’an were divided into three groups (>350, 200‐350, and <200 cell/μL) according to their baseline CD4+ T cell count. The time of follow‐up was calculated from the first date of receiving HAART to December 31, 2016. The CD4+ T cell count was detected with 1 week before or after HAART. The plasma viral loads were tested after 1, 2, and 3 years of treatment.

Results

Of 1442 subjects who received HAART, 690 (47.9%) cases were in >350 cell/μL group, whereas 400 (27.7%) cases and 352 (24.4%) cases were in the 200‐350 cell/μL group and <200 cell/μL group, respectively. After 1 year of treatment, the viral suppression rate in the <200 cell/μL group was 91.1%, which was significantly lower than the other two groups. The logistic regression results show that the >350 cell/μL group and 200‐350 cell/μL group predicted higher viral suppression rates.

Conclusions

Baseline CD4+ T cell count more than 350 cell/μL can improve viral suppression among MSM living with HIV. Furthermore, to reduce the transmission risk, the treatment compliance of people living with HIV with high CD4+ T cell levels should be improved, and their diagnosis to the treatment time should be decreased.
Barriers to thyroid cancer screening with ultrasound in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Nagy Celeste , Kelly Zachary , Keilin Steven , Willingham Field , Chen Amy
Published: March 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

To identify barriers to care in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) that have not undergone ultrasound for thyroid cancer (TC) screening.

Study Design

Case series and survey.

Methods

A study was conducted examining referral patterns for thyroid ultrasound (TUS) in FAP patients for TC screening. Patients with FAP seen at our institution were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision codes. Chart review was performed for TUS and the results were recorded. Patients and healthcare providers were surveyed to determine barriers to TUS and opportunities for improvement.

Results

Thirteen out of 35 patients surveyed (37%) were told by a healthcare provider that TUS was recommended for TC screening. The incidence for TC in FAP patients ranges from 15 to 12%, whereas the general population risk is 0.02% to 1%. In our series, one patient of 12 (8%) had TC. Barriers to care included poor patient education about the risk of TC in FAP and miscommunication among specialties for referral for TUS. Also, patients enrolled in a FAP registry have improved care, as they are more likely to undergo TUS than those not enrolled.

Conclusions

FAP patients are at a higher risk of developing TC. Therefore, it is important for these patients to be informed and follow the recommended guideline to get a baseline TUS for screening as well as receive better patient education about the risk of TC and improved communication among specialties. Additionally, patients enrolled in a FAP registry are more likely to undergo ultrasound for TC screening, so there needs to be more centralized coordination for the multidisciplinary care of this disease.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:2436–2441, 2019
Oncologic outcomes after surgery for locally aggressive basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Gill Amarbir S. , Nittur Vinay R. , Moore Michael G. , Farwell D. Gregory , Bewley Arnaud F.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer, locally aggressive BCC of the head and neck is rare and not well studied.

Study Design

Retrospective review of patients who underwent primary surgical resection of locally aggressive head and neck BCC at a single tertiary academic center.

Results

Eighty‐seven patients with 98 tumors demonstrated a 5‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimated recurrence‐free survival of 64.5%, overall survival of 83.3%, and disease‐specific survival of 98.3%. Intraoperative positive frozen section margin was a strong independent predictor of local recurrence (hazard ratio 6.88, P = 0.038) and was more likely to occur in tumors previously treated with radiation (odds ratio 6.47 = 0.05).

Conclusion

Locally aggressive BCCs of the head and neck have high rates of local recurrence but low disease‐specific mortality when treated with primary surgery and selected use of adjuvant therapy. Intraoperative positive frozen section margin is a strong independent predictor of local recurrence and is more likely in tumors that were previously treated with radiation therapy.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:115–119, 2020
A systematic review of surgical treatment for supraglottic exercise‐induced laryngeal obstruction
Authors: Siewers Karina , Backer Vibeke , Walsted Emil Schwarz
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Exercise‐induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) is a condition causing breathing difficulties and stridor during exercise. The condition has in severe cases been treated surgically with supraglottoplasty. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the evidence and recommendations for surgical intervention in treating patients with EILO.

Methods

A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase to identify relevant studies describing surgical treatment of patients diagnosed with severe EILO. According to eligibility criteria, data were independently extracted by two reviewers. To assess the risk of bias of each included study, the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale (NOS) was used.

Results

The screening process identified 11 observational studies with a total of 75 patients. Findings indicated that many beneficial outcomes are to be found in surgical treatment for EILO. These indications were found both on visual verification of improvement of the laryngeal obstruction during exercise and patient self‐reported symptom severity. The average NOS score (4.3) indicated low level of evidence in the included studies.

Conclusion

Studies reporting effects of surgical treatment of EILO have shown promising results in patients with laryngeal obstruction. However, the heterogeneity of study methodologies and the level of evidence precludes definitive recommendations for or against supraglottoplasty at this time; prospective and methodologically robust studies are now needed.

Level of Evidence

4
Optical Patterns on Drawn Polyethylene by Direct Laser Writing
Authors: Lafleur Sarah S. D. , Shen Lihua , Kamphuis Ebeltien J. T. W. , Houben Simon J. A. , Balzano Luigi , Severn John R. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Bastiaansen Cees W. M.
Published: March 2019

Optical patterns are produced on the surface of drawn linear polyethylene containing 2‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4,6‐ditertpentylphenol (BZT), a photothermal dye, by direct laser writing. The photothermal dye absorbs the UV light and dissipates heat in the polyethylene film. This heat locally results in the melting, shrinking, and recrystallization of PE and the loss of the fibrillar crystalline morphology which is typical for these materials. By using this writing method, an optical image can be obtained by controlling the local UV irradiation dose with a pulsed UV laser. The optical image is visible with the naked eye but also between crossed polarizers giving an overt and covert authentication verification that might be interesting for anti‐counterfeit applications.
Enhanced Na+‐K+‐2Cl‐ cotransporter 1 underlies motor dysfunction in huntington's disease
Authors: Hsu Yi‐Ting , Chang Ya‐Gin , Liu Yu‐Chao , Wang Kai‐Yi , Chen Hui‐Mei , Lee Ding‐Jin , Yang Sung‐Sen , Tsai Chon‐Haw , Lien Cheng‐Chang , Chern Yijuang
Published: March 2019

Background

Altered γ‐aminobutyric acid signaling is believed to disrupt the excitation/inhibition balance in the striatum, which may account for the motor symptoms of Huntington's disease. Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 is a key molecule that controls γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic signaling. However, the role of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 and efficacy of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic transmission remain unknown in Huntington's disease.

Methods

We determined the levels of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 in brain tissue from Huntington's disease mice and patients by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunocytochemistry. Gramicidin‐perforated patch‐clamp recordings were used to measure the Eγ‐aminobutyric acid in striatal brain slices. To inhibit Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 activity, R6/2 mice were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of bumetanide or adeno‐associated virus‐mediated delivery of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 short‐hairpin RNA into the striatum. Motor behavior assays were employed.

Results

Expression of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 was elevated in the striatum of R6/2 and Hdh150Q/7Q mouse models. An increase in Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 transcripts was also found in the caudate nucleus of Huntington's disease patients. Accordingly, a depolarizing shift of Eγ‐aminobutyric acid was detected in the striatum of R6/2 mice. Expression of the mutant huntingtin in astrocytes and neuroinflammation were necessary for enhanced expression of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 in HD mice. Notably, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 rescued the motor deficits of R6/2 mice.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that aberrant γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic signaling and enhanced Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter‐1 contribute to the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease and identify a new therapeutic target for the potential rescue of motor dysfunction in patients with Huntington's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Micro‐XRD and nanoindentation investigation of bioceramics for dental pulp therapy
Authors: Alapati Satish , Iijima Masahiro , Brantley William A. , Ito Shuichi , Muguruma Takeshi , Saito Takashi , Mizoguchi Itaru
Published: March 2019

Therapeutic bioceramics for dental pulp treatment are an area of active research. This study investigated the phases in two commonly used bioceramics and depth of dentin remineralization after application of these bioceramics. Cavities in non‐carious third molars were filled with ProRoot White mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (Dentsply Tulsa Dental), EndoSequence Root Repair Material (Brasseler USA) and with calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Dentsply Caulk) serving as a control. Specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3 months, and Micro‐X‐ray diffraction (Micro‐XRD) analyses were performed on the bioceramics two minutes after placement and at seven subsequent intervals. After three months in SBF, specimens were subjected to nanoindentation testing. Micro‐XRD revealed the presence of dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and calcium sulphate in both bioceramics. Opacifying agents bismuth oxide and zirconia were also detected in ProRoot White MTA and EndoSequence Root Repair Material, respectively. There was no evidence for the silicate gel matrix that forms during setting of these bioceramics. Nanoindentation testing revealed that at <17 µm from the interface, the nanohardness of dentin in specimens filled with Dycal was lower than for EndoSequence and ProRoot White MTA, whereas at 21–97 µm from the interface, there was no significant difference in nanohardness of dentin filled with any material.
Mutation screening in the FBN1 gene responsible for Marfan syndrome and related disorder in Chinese families
Authors: Gong Bo , Yang Lan , Wang Qingwei , Ye Zimeng , Guo Xiaoxin , Yang Chen , Hao Fang , Shi Yi , Huang Yi , Qu Chao , Yang Zhenglin
Published: March 2019

Background

Previous studies showed that the fibrillin‐1 gene (FBN1) is responsible for Marfan sydrome (MFS) pathogenesis. This study is conducted to screen for mutations in the FBN1 gene in Chinese families with MFS.

Methods

Eight families with MFS and related disorder were recruited in this study. All available family members underwent complete physical, ophthalmic, and cardiovascular examination. Mutation screening was performed using targeted next‐generation sequencing. Candidate variants were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and verified by direct Sanger sequencing.

Results

Four novel heterozygous mutations in FBN1, including c.2861G>T (p.R954L), c.4087G>A (p.D1363N), c.4987T>G (p.C1663G), and c.5032T>G (p.Y1678D), as well as four known mutations, c.3617G>A (p.G1206D), c.4460A>G (p.D1487G), c.4588C>T (p.R1530C), and c.718C>T (p.R240C) were identified. Affected patients from each family were found to carry one of the mutations, whereas the unaffected members and 1,086 normal controls were not. Each mutation was found to be cosegregated with MFS phenotype and related disorder in each family. Multiple sequence alignment of the human fibrillin‐1 protein showed that these mutations occurred in a highly conserved region among different species.

Conclusions

Eight FBN1 mutations were identified in Chinese families with MFS and related disorder. These data expands FBN1 mutation spectrum and further emphasizes the role of FBN1 in the pathogenesis of MFS.
Preventing lives affected by hemophilia: A mixed methods study of the views of adults with hemophilia and their families toward genetic screening
Authors: Boardman Felicity K. , Hale Rachel , Gohel Raksha , Young Philip J.
Published: March 2019

Background

Genomic sequencing technologies have made the possibility of population screening for whole panels of genetic disorders more feasible than ever before. As one of the most common single gene disorders affecting the UK population, hemophilia is an attractive candidate to include on such screening panels. However, very little is known about views toward genetic screening amongst people with hemophilia or their family members, despite the potential for a wide range of impacts on them.

Methods

Twenty‐two in‐depth qualitative interviews were undertaken to explore the views of adults with hemophilia and their family members, recruited through the Haemophilia Society UK. These interviews were used to develop a survey, the Haemophilia Screening Survey (UK), which was distributed in paper and online format through the support group, receiving 327 returns between January and June 2018.

Results

Fifty‐seven per cent of the sample supported preconception carrier screening of the population for hemophilia, and 59% supported prenatal carrier screening. Key reasons for support included a desire to reduce pregnancy terminations and increase awareness of hemophilia. Despite support for screening however, 90% of the sample disagreed with pregnancy terminations for hemophilia.

Conclusions

Families and adults living with hemophilia are more supportive of screening for information and preparation purposes than to prevent boys with hemophilia from being born. A distinction was made between preventing the disease and preventing the lives of people with it, with support shown for the use of screening to achieve the former, but not at the expense of the latter.
A wideband millimeter‐wave antenna based on quasi‐Yagi antenna with MIMO circular array antenna beamforming for 5G wireless networks
Authors: Nouri Mahdi , Abazari Aghdam Sajjad , Jafarieh Alireza , Bagby Jonathan , Sahebghalam Sara
Published: March 2019

In this letter, a wideband printed antenna and its arrays for 5G wireless cellular systems have been proposed. The proposed antenna is like the Yagi‐Uda antenna which fed by an optimized microstrip line. The single antennas have two kinds of bandwidth. In broadband case, it has |S11| < −10 dB with an impedance bandwidth of 47% (24.8‐40 GHz) and a range gain of 6.3‐8.9 dBi. In multiband case, it covers two licensed bandwidths for 5G systems (27‐29 GHz and 36‐40 GHz) and a range gain of 7.2‐7.9 dBi. Furthermore, by optimizing the constructive interference between the patches and the aperture, a relatively high antenna gain even with a wide beamforming across an azimuthal plane with the merits of the average gain equal 10.5 dBi could be obtained. The measurement results showed that the proposed antenna and array antenna have stable radiation patterns, low cross‐polarization, and high gain, exhibiting potential use for the applications of 5G wireless communication systems.
Half‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide based band‐pass filter for C band application
Authors: Vala Alpesh , Patel Amit
Published: March 2019

Design and development of half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) for a C band application is proposed here. First SIW structure is designed and developed for the cut‐off frequency 5 GHz, and then HMSIW structure is designed and developed from the same structure. Simulated and measured results of both the structures are compared for the verification. A band pass filter (BPF) is designed using HMSIW structure based on transverse slots. Tuning of frequency is carried out by changing the slot length. All the simulation is carried out with the use of high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). BPF provides the pass band from the frequency range of 7.1 to 7.2 GHz with insertion loss less than 2 dB and return loss more than 22 dB. HMSIW structure is further optimized by inserting parallel RLC resonator in between two transverse slots. Measured results are similar with the simulated one.
Economic model predictive control for time‐varying system: Performance and stability results
Authors: Grüne Lars , Pirkelmann Simon
Published: March 2019

We consider economic model predictive control (MPC) without terminal conditions for time‐varying optimal control problems. Under appropriate conditions, we prove that MPC yields initial pieces of approximately infinite horizon optimal trajectories and that the optimal infinite horizon trajectory is practically asymptotically stable. The results are illustrated by numerical examples motivated by energy‐efficient heating and cooling of a building.
Safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy subjects aged 9 months to 55 years in Vietnam
Authors: Phan Cong Hung , Nguyen Thi Phuong Thuy , Doan Uyen Y. , Nguyen Thuy An , Thollot Yaël , Nievera Maria Carmen
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Meningococcal disease is a major global health concern due to its severe and sudden clinical manifestations, devastating long‐term sequelae, and predominance in younger age groups. This study evaluated the safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY‐D; Menactra) in participants aged 9 months to 55 years in Vietnam.

Methods

This was an open‐label, single‐arm study conducted between June and December 2016. Participants received one 0.5‐mL dose of the vaccine, and those aged 9 to 23 months received a second 0.5‐mL dose 3 months later. Participants (or their parents or legal guardians) reported adverse events during the 28 days after each dose.

Results

The study included 112 participants aged 9 to 23 months and 112 participants aged 2 to 55 years. Of these 224 participants, 100 (44.6%) had one or more solicited reactions within 7 days following any MenACWY‐D dose, mostly injection site pain, lost appetite (in 9 to 23‐month‐olds), and malaise (in 2 to 55‐year‐olds). Most solicited reactions were of mild or moderate intensity and resolved within 3 days. Five participants had unsolicited adverse reactions (ARs), two of which (tonsillitis and febrile convulsion), in 9 to 23‐month‐olds, were considered by the investigator as serious adverse events related to the vaccine. No immediate unsolicited ARs, severe unsolicited nonserious ARs, or unsolicited injection site reactions were reported, and both participants who experienced vaccine‐related serious adverse events recovered.

Conclusion

Consistent with studies in other countries, MenACWY‐D had an acceptable safety profile in individuals from Vietnam aged 9 months to 55 years (WHO Universal Trial Number: U1111‐1143‐9207).
Acculturation and quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors: The mediating role of self‐stigma, ambivalence over emotion expression, and intrusive thoughts
Authors: Tsai William , Wu Ivan H.C. , Lu Qian
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Highly acculturated Chinese American breast cancer survivors have greater access to health care providers, are English language proficient, and have more knowledge about the health care system. However, less is known about the potential psychosocial factors that may account for the health benefits of acculturation. As such, the current study seeks to understand how mainstream acculturation is associated with higher quality of life by investigating self‐stigma, ambivalence over emotion expression (AEE), and intrusive thoughts, as serial mediators among Chinese breast cancer survivors.

Methods

One hundred twelve Chinese American breast cancer survivors completed a self‐reported questionnaire with these trait variables.

Results

We found support for a serial multiple mediation hypothesis in which mainstream acculturation was indirectly associated with quality of life through self‐stigma, AEE, and intrusive thoughts. Specifically, mainstream acculturation was associated with lower self‐stigma, which, in turn, was associated with lower AEE and intrusive thoughts and subsequently resulted in lower quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that psychosocial factors are important mechanisms through which acculturation is associated with quality of life among Chinese American breast cancer survivors. As Chinese immigrants acculturate to mainstream American culture, they may benefit from the reduced public stigma toward breast cancer and incorporate new post‐immigration knowledge about cancer that protects them from high levels of self‐stigma. This, in turn, may lead Chinese American breast cancer survivors to experience lower AEE and intrusive thoughts and subsequently experience higher quality of life.
Assessing arthritis in the context of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Clarke Elizabeth A. , Watson Pippa , Freeston Jane E. , Peckham Daniel G. , Jones Andrew M. , Horsley Alex
Published: March 2019

Inflammatory arthritis in the context of cystic fibrosis (CF) can represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Poor recognition and under‐treatment of musculoskeletal conditions increases symptom burden, affects quality of life, and may lead to changes to an individual's ability to carry out activities of daily living and to exercise. A careful assessment and multidisciplinary approach is essential when considering a diagnosis of CF‐associated arthritis (CFA), both in terms of identifying other treatable conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and effectively addressing symptoms. In this collaboration between CF specialists and Rheumatologists, we consider joint symptoms in patients with CF, with a focus on CFA. We offer a differential diagnosis list and consider steps to assess and manage CF patients presenting with arthralgia including appropriate up‐to‐date rheumatological assessment.
Confirmation of 2,4‐D resistance and identification of multiple resistance in a Kansas Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) population
Authors: Kumar Vipan , Liu Rui , Boyer Grant , Stahlman Phillip W
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats is among the most problematic annual broadleaf weed species in the USA, including in Kansas. In late summer 2015, seeds of an A. palmeri population (MHR) that had survived field‐use rates of 2,4‐D were collected from Barton County, KS, USA. The main objectives were to: (i) confirm and characterize 2,4‐D resistance in a MHR population; (ii) characterize the resistance profile of the MHR population in relation to a multiple herbicide‐susceptible (MHS) population to glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, atrazine, mesotrione, fomesafen; and (iii) determine the effectiveness of alternative POST burndown herbicides for controlling MHR population.

RESULTS

The MHR population had 3.2‐fold resistance to 2,4‐D. In addition, the MHR population also exhibited multiple resistance to glyphosate (11.8‐fold), chlorsulfuron (5.0‐fold), atrazine (14.4‐fold), and mesotrione (13.4‐fold). Furthermore, the MHR population also showed reduced sensitivity to fomesafen (2.3‐fold). In a separate study, dicamba with glyphosate, atrazine or fluroxypyr + 2,4‐D, and paraquat alone or with atrazine, metribuzin, saflufenacil or 2,4‐D provided ≥ 99% injury to the MHR population. Similarly, saflufenacil alone or with atrazine, metribuzin or 2,4‐D, and glufosinate alone or with glyphosate + 2,4‐D, and glyphosate + dicamba, and a premix of bicyclopyrone + atrazine + mesotrione + S‐metolachlor also effectively controlled the MHR population.

CONCLUSION

This research confirms the first global case of an A. palmeri population from Kansas with multiple resistance to 2,4‐D, glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, atrazine and mesotrione, and reduced sensitivity to fomesafen. Dicamba, glufosinate, paraquat, and saflufenacil alone or in tank‐mixtures with PRE herbicides effectively controlled this MHR population. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Statistical testing strategies for assessing treatment efficacy and marker accuracy in phase III trials
Authors: Nonaka Takahiro , Igeta Masataka , Matsui Shigeyuki
Published: March 2019

When a candidate predictive marker is available, but evidence on its predictive ability is not sufficiently reliable, all‐comers trials with marker stratification are frequently conducted. We propose a framework for planning and evaluating prospective testing strategies in confirmatory, phase III marker‐stratified clinical trials based on a natural assumption on heterogeneity of treatment effects across marker‐defined subpopulations, where weak rather than strong control is permitted for multiple population tests. For phase III marker‐stratified trials, it is expected that treatment efficacy is established in a particular patient population, possibly in a marker‐defined subpopulation, and that the marker accuracy is assessed when the marker is used to restrict the indication or labelling of the treatment to a marker‐based subpopulation, ie, assessment of the clinical validity of the marker. In this paper, we develop statistical testing strategies based on criteria that are explicitly designated to the marker assessment, including those examining treatment effects in marker‐negative patients. As existing and developed statistical testing strategies can assert treatment efficacy for either the overall patient population or the marker‐positive subpopulation, we also develop criteria for evaluating the operating characteristics of the statistical testing strategies based on the probabilities of asserting treatment efficacy across marker subpopulations. Numerical evaluations to compare the statistical testing strategies based on the developed criteria are provided.
Spatial mixing and nonlocal Markov chains
Authors: Blanca Antonio , Caputo Pietro , Sinclair Alistair , Vigoda Eric
Published: March 2019

We consider spin systems with nearest‐neighbor interactions on an n‐vertex d‐dimensional cube of the integer lattice graph . We study the effects that the strong spatial mixing condition (SSM) has on the rate of convergence to equilibrium of nonlocal Markov chains. We prove that when SSM holds, the relaxation time (i.e., the inverse spectral gap) of general block dynamics is O(r), where r is the number of blocks. As a second application of our technology, it is established that SSM implies an O(1) bound for the relaxation time of the Swendsen‐Wang dynamics for the ferromagnetic Ising and Potts models. We also prove that for monotone spin systems SSM implies that the mixing time of systematic scan dynamics is . Our proofs use a variety of techniques for the analysis of Markov chains including coupling, functional analysis and linear algebra.
EIS investigation of a Ce‐based posttreatment step on the corrosion behaviour of Alclad AA2024 anodized in TSA
Authors: Prada Ramirez Oscar Mauricio , Queiroz Fernanda Martins , Terada Maysa , Donatus Uyime , Costa Isolda , Olivier Marie‐Georges , de Melo Hercílio Gomes
Published: March 2019

In the aircraft industry, anodizing and posttreatment steps use Cr (VI) compounds, which, despite offering good corrosion resistance and self‐healing properties, are highly toxic and carcinogenic. Ce compounds are recognized as efficient corrosion inhibitors for Al alloys, and several works report self‐healing ability for these chemicals. In this investigation, the corrosion resistance of Alclad AA2024‐T3 alloy anodized in tartaric‐sulphuric acid (TSA) bath and posttreated in a solution comprising cerium nitrate without and with hydrogen peroxide was evaluated. The purpose is to investigate the potentiality of using hydrothermal treatment in Ce nitrate solution as candidate to replace Cr (VI) posttreatment. The aim is to provide a posttreatment step which, while improving the corrosion resistance, does not plug the mouths of the pores maintaining the adhesion properties of the porous anodic layer. Microstructural characterization was carried out by SEM‐EDS whereas corrosion resistance was evaluated by EIS. The surface analysis showed that the posttreatments, all performed at 50°C, kept the open structure of the pores. EIS analysis showed that the posttreatments performed in the H2O2 solution for short immersion times were the most effective in improving the corrosion resistance of the samples, whereas electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) fitting of the data indicated sealing of the porous layer during the immersion of the different samples in the test solution. SEM‐EDS analysis of the samples posttreated in the H2O2 containing solution, prior and after the corrosion test, showed the presence of Ce oxy‐hydroxide randomly deposited on the sample surface, indicating that Ce could be incorporated/stored in the anodic layer.
Development of Materials for Blue Organic Light Emitting Devices
Authors: Sarma Monima , Wong Ken‐Tsung
Published: March 2019

The success of organic light emitting diodes (OLED) has been witnessed by the commercialization of this technology for manufacturing the vivid and colorful displays used in our daily life now. The prospective growth of OLED technology on display industry will be optimistic. Over the last three decades, many different approaches on material and device designs have been implemented for improving the efficiency and stability of OLED devices. These efforts install main cornerstones to support the great achievement of OLED technology. However, until now, the performance and stability of blue OLEDs still have some concerns. This troublesome issue should be totally conquered before the large‐scale manufactures dominated over other display technologies, particularly liquid crystal‐based displays, takes place. Though significant progress has already been made to achieve high performance and long lifetime blue OLEDs, this topic still remains as one of the hot researches in OLEDs. We have been working on this area for about two decades and made some notable contributions. Consequently, in this personal account we have outlined our efforts to obtain better performing blue OLEDs by utilizing a range of emitters based on fluorescence, phosphorescence, delayed fluorescence and exciplex systems. We have also developed some novel host materials for blue OLEDs, which are worth mentioning in this account.
Modeling and analysis of centralized demand response with two‐way communication in a microgrid
Authors: Matsumoto Jun , Paul Debdeep , Zhong Wen‐De
Published: March 2019

Real‐time imbalance between demand and supply due to either consumers' unforeseen activities or wide penetration of renewable energy resource has become one of the critical factors to our daily power quality. To address the real‐time imbalance challenge, demand response (DR) management is imperative in a smart grid, as it can effectively shape the total load from the demand side. We have presented a concept of a new DR architecture, which is characterized by controlling DR clients in each home with two‐way communication for demand management, while in a conventional way DR clients are controlled by a central server with specific signals differing from one device to another. The proposed architecture offers the advantages of high adjustment capability, less communication overhead, improved scalability, and universality. In this article, we model the proposed DR architecture in detail from the viewpoint of DR clients and server, and analyze the feasibility of it by conducting extensive simulations. The results demonstrate that the proposed DR architecture is efficient and effective in stabilizing power quality in terms of the change rate of total load and power frequency. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Infinite distance networks in field space and charge orbits
Authors: Grimm Thomas W. , Li Chongchuo , Palti Eran
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The Swampland Distance Conjecture proposes that approaching infinite distances in field space an infinite tower of states becomes exponentially light. We study this conjecture for the complex structure moduli space of Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this context, we uncover significant structure within the proposal by showing that there is a rich spectrum of different infinite distance loci that can be classified by certain topological data derived from an associated discrete symmetry. We show how this data also determines the rules for how the different infinite distance loci can intersect and form an infinite distance network. We study the properties of the intersections in detail and, in particular, propose an identification of the infinite tower of states near such intersections in terms of what we term charge orbits. These orbits have the property that they are not completely local, but depend on data within a finite patch around the intersection, thereby forming an initial step towards understanding global aspects of the distance conjecture in field spaces. Our results follow from a deep mathematical structure captured by the so-called orbit theorems, which gives a handle on singularities in the moduli space through mixed Hodge structures, and is related to a local notion of mirror symmetry thereby allowing us to apply it also to the large volume setting. These theorems are general and apply far beyond Calabi-Yau moduli spaces, leading us to propose that similarly the infinite distance structures we uncover are also more general.
Is Calcification in the Regional Lymph Nodes a Benign Feature in Patients with Lung Cancer?
Authors: Nakanishi Keita , Nakagawa Kazuo , Asakura Keisuke , Yoshida Yukihiro , Watanabe Hirokazu , Watanabe Shun‐ichi
Published: March 2019

Background

Calcified lymph nodes (LNs) on computed tomography (CT) in patients with lung cancer are generally considered to be a benign feature. However, few studies have evaluated the pathological status of such calcified LNs. We investigated the clinicopathological findings of patients with calcified LNs on preoperative CT who underwent operation for lung cancer and assessed the frequency of metastasis to calcified LNs as well as the risk factors associated with such metastases.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 72 consecutive patients with calcified LNs detected on preoperative CT who underwent pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer between 2011 and 2013. A total of 354 LN stations including 101 LN stations with calcified LNs were evaluated.

Results

The frequency of metastasis to calcified LNs was 19.4% (14 of 72 patients) on a per‐person basis and 18.8% (19 of 101 stations) on a per‐nodal station basis. When the size of calcification was major (>5 mm), the frequency of metastasis to such calcified LNs was significantly lower than when it was minor (≦5 mm) on a per‐nodal station basis (11.1% vs 27.7%, P = 0.043). Furthermore, when the size of calcification was major and the status of LN stations with calcified LNs was single, there was no metastasis to such LN stations (0 of 26 stations).

Conclusions

The frequency of metastasis to calcified LNs was about 20% on both a per‐person and a per‐nodal station basis. Although calcified LNs as well as non‐calcified LNs should be dissected during operation, dissection of a single LN station with calcification, particularly major calcification, can be omitted.
The global technology frontier: productivity growth and the relevance of Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship
Authors: Lafuente Esteban , Acs Zoltan J. , Sanders Mark , Szerb László
Published: March 2019

We evaluate how country-level entrepreneurship—measured via the national system of entrepreneurship—triggers total factor productivity (TFP) by increasing the effects of Kirznerian and Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. Using a database for 45 developed and developing countries during 2002–2013, we employ non-parametric techniques to build a world technology frontier and compute TFP estimates. The results of the common factor models reveal that the national system of entrepreneurship is a relevant conduit of TFP, and that this effect is heterogeneous across countries. Policies supporting Kirznerian entrepreneurship—e.g., increased business formation rates—may promote the creation of low value-adding businesses which is not associated with higher TFP rates. Policy interventions targeting Schumpeterian entrepreneurship objectives—e.g., innovative entrepreneurship and the development of new technologies—are conducive to technical change by promoting upward shifts in the countries’ production function and, consequently, productivity growth.
Brain networks require a network-conscious psychopathological approach
Authors: Pasqualotto Achille
Published: March 2019

In experimental psychology and neuroscience, technological advances and multisensory research have contributed to gradually dismiss a version of reductionism. Empirical results no longer support a brain model in which distinct “modules” perform discrete functions, but rather, a brain of partially overlapping networks. A similarly changed brain model is extending to psychopathology and clinical psychology, and partly accounts for the problems of reductionism.
Elimination, not reduction: Lessons from the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and multiple realisation
Authors: Pernu Tuomas K.
Published: March 2019

The thesis of multiple realisation that Borsboom et al. are relying on should not be taken for granted. In dissolving the apparent multiple realisation, the reductionist research strategies in psychopathology research (the Research Domain Criteria [RDoC] framework, in particular) are bound to lead to eliminativism rather than reductionism. Therefore, Borsboom et al. seem to be aiming at a wrong target.
Families of network structures – we need both phenomenal and explanatory models
Authors: Ward Tony , Fischer Ronald
Published: March 2019

Symptom network models (SNWMs) play an important role in identifying but not explaining patterns of symptoms. We discuss underlying assumptions of SNWMs and argue that they represent phenomenal models, best suited to detecting patterns among symptoms. SNWMs need to be supplemented with mechanistic models that provide constitutive and etiological explanations of each symptom (network nodes) once relevant patterns have been identified.
Beyond reduction with the representation: The need for causality with full complexity to unravel mental health
Authors: Desseilles Martin , Phillips Christophe
Published: March 2019

In this commentary on Borsboom et al.’s target article, we argue that researchers should be aware of the historical development of models in neuroscience. Considering the importance of causality in anatomo-clinical approach and stressing the complexity of mental phenomenon, we provide new insight on reductionism and representation limitation.
The ideology of ageismversusthe social imaginary of the fourth age: two differing approaches to the negative contexts of old age
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: March 2019

The development of social gerontology has led to the emergence of its own terminology and conceptual armoury. ‘Ageism’ has been a key concept in articulating the mission of gerontology and was deliberately intended to act as an equivalent to the concepts of racism and sexism. As a term, it has established itself as a lodestone for thinking about the de-valued and residualised social status of older people in contemporary society. Given this background, ageism has often been used to describe an overarching ideology that operates in society to the detriment of older people and which in large part explains their economic, social and cultural marginality. This paper critiques this approach and suggests an alternative based upon the idea of the social imaginary of the fourth age. It argues that not only is the idea of ageism too totalising and contradictory but that it fails to address key aspects of the corporeality of old age. Adopting the idea of a social imaginary offers a more nuanced theoretical approach to the tensions that are present in later life without reducing them to a single external cause or explanation. In so doing, this leaves the term free to serve, in a purely descriptive manner, as a marker of prejudice.
Trajectory Tracking and Stability Analysis for Mobile Manipulators Based on Decentralized Control
Authors: Fareh Raouf , Saad Mohamad R. , Saad Maarouf , Brahmi Abdelkrim , Bettayeb Maamar
Published: March 2019

Trajectory tracking of a mobile manipulator in the Cartesian space based on decentralized control is considered in this paper. The dynamic model is first rearranged to take the form of two interconnected subsystems with constraint flow, namely, a nonholonomic mobile platform subsystem and a holonomic manipulator subsystem. Secondly, using the inverse kinematics, the workspace desired trajectory of the mobile manipulator is transformed to the manipulator joint space as well as the platform desired trajectory. The kinematic control is developed from the desired trajectory of the platform. Then, the desired velocity is derived using the kinematic controller of the mobile platform, after which the velocity is used to obtain the control law of the mobile platform subsystem. Thirdly, the control law of the manipulator subsystem is developed based on the desired and real values of the manipulator, as well as the desired velocity. According to the Lyapunov stability theory, the proposed decentralized control strategy guarantees the global stability of the closed-loop system, and the tracking errors are bounded. Experimental results obtained on a 3-DOF manipulator mounted on a mobile platform are given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. This is confirmed by a comparison with the computed torque approach.
Law Libraries: A Community Service for Modern Africa
Authors: Phillips Sally
Published: March 2019

I would like to start by having a brief look at the basic aims of a librarian before relating them to the specific title under discussion, namely, the old adage: “the right book (or information) to the right person at the right time”. It is to this end that we practice our technical skills of book selection, cataloguing and classification, information retrieval, etc. In titling this paper “law libraries: a community service” I am aware that I am introducing an unusual juxtaposition of ideas. A law library is generally considered to be an esoteric service for a professional elite rather than one intended for the benefit of the community as a whole, but if a community is in need of this type of service then surely it is up to us to provide it. In this paper I want to introduce a completely new concept into law librarianship and suggest, that this is what is needed in Africa today.
Some Remarks on the External Relations of the European Communities
Authors: Schloh Bernhard
Published: March 2019

The three European Communities and their institutions There are three European Communities:

– the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), established by the Treaty of Paris, of 18 April 1951,

– the European Economic Community (EEC, “Common Market”), and

– the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), the two latter both established by the Treaties of Rome, of 25 March 1957.
The Approximation of Commercial Law — Free Movement of Persons, Goods, Capital, and Services within the Communities
Authors: Seidel Martin
Published: March 2019

The proper way to begin, when talking to you on the activities of the European Communities in the field of approximation of national laws and legislation for the purpose of freeing movements of persons, goods, capital and services from various obstacles, would be for me to simply refer to the Treaty establishing the EEC and to inquire how legislative provisions are to be harmonised in compliance with the aims of the founders of the Community and of the signatories of the Treaty.
Copyright Revision in the United States of America
Authors: Marke Julius J.
Published: March 2019

Title 17 of the United States Code (Copyright Act of 1909) was amended in its entirety by Public Law 94–553 (90 Stat. 2541), on October 19, 1976. The new Statute specifies that, with particular exceptions, its provisions are to enter into force on January 1, 1978. Until then, the Copyright Act of 1909, as amended, remains in force. As a result, any cause of action in copyright arising before December 31, 1977 will be governed by the 1909 law. There is a three-year statute of limitations in which such an action may be brought. Hence, the 1909 law can be applicable in these cases until 1981.
An Introduction to British Government Documents
Authors: Banks Margaret A.
Published: March 2019

It was with some trepidation that I agreed to participate in this workshop by speaking on British government documents, for the subject is very complex and I do not profess to be an authority on it. To cover the topic with any degree of thoroughness would require a course of 30 hours or so, and today I have little more than half an hour. So all I can do is give you an introduction and suggest some reading for those of you who are interested in further study of the subject.