bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity and utility of the DSM‐5 severity specifier for binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Dakanalis Antonios , Colmegna Fabrizia , Riva Giuseppe , Clerici Massimo
Published: February 2017

Objective

To test both the concurrent and predictive significance of the new DSM‐5 severity specifier for binge‐eating disorder (BED) in adult outpatients.

Method

Existing data from 195 adults with DSM‐5 BED who received evidence‐based treatment (manual‐based cognitive‐behavioral therapy) in an outpatient setting were re‐analysed to examine whether these patients sub‐grouped according to the DSM‐5 severity levels, defined by the frequency of binge‐eating (BE) episodes, would show meaningful differences in a range of variables of clinical interest assessed at pre‐treatment and end‐of treatment abstinence from BE.

Results

Participants categorized with mild (33.3% of the sample), moderate (35.4%), severe (15.9%), and extreme (15.4%) severity of BED, based on their pre‐treatment clinician‐rated frequency of BE episodes, differed significantly from each other in physical characteristics (body mass index) and another sixteen variables of clinical interest assessed at pre‐treatment regarding eating disorder psychopathology and putative maintenance factors, lifetime and current psychiatric disorder comorbidity, general psychiatric distress, and psychosocial impairment. The four DSM‐5 severity groups were statistically indistinguishable in demographics or age‐of‐BED onset. However, significant between‐group differences were observed in the treatment outcome, i.e., abstinence from BE, achieved by 98.5%, 66.7%, 38.7% and 6.7% of participants categorized with mild, moderate, severe, and extreme severity respectively. The outcome analyses repeated in the completer sample (n = 187) yielded the same pattern of the aforementioned intent‐to‐treat (N = 195) results.

Discussion

The findings provide support for the severity specifier for BED introduced in the DSM‐5 as a means of addressing within‐group variability in severity.
Thermophysical properties of different olive oils: Evaluating density and rheology through a fluid dynamic approach
Authors: Ribeiro Elisa Franco , Polachini Tiago Carregari , Carvalho Gisandro Reis , Romero Javier Telis , Cabral Renato Alexandre Ferreira
Published: February 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the Newtonian viscosity and density of different types of olive oils with the ultimate aim of optimizing the unit operations involved in their production process. A total of 14 oils were selected and tested at a wide range of temperatures. These included ten extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) and four olive oils (OOs) from five different countries of origin. The oils were analyzed to determine their fatty acid (FA) composition and all were found to contain large amounts of monounsaturated FAs such as oleic acid. FA composition did not appear to influence density, but viscosity demonstrated slight differences in activation energy in accordance with monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. Both viscosity and density were affected by temperature. When the oils were heated, viscosity decreased exponentially following an Arrhenius type equation, while density decreased linearly. Rheological data was fitted well to theoretical results for absolute temperature and FA composition simultaneously, displaying fitting parameters different to those published in literature. A brief study of the fluid dynamics of the oils indicated close agreement between theoretical and experimental friction factor, confirming the accuracy of the prediction models reported in this work.

Practical applications:If variations in fatty acid composition are not taken into account during olive oil production processes, problems could be encountered. In other words, over‐ or underestimating the liquid's dynamic properties could have adverse effects on pumping, refining, and other essential operations. This investigation therefore aimed to provide mathematical models to assess the thermophysical properties of various olive oils at a wide range of temperatures. Analyzing changes in density and dynamic viscosity provided valuable data that can be used to ensure equipment and processes are properly designed. The scarcity of fluid dynamic research in this specific area makes this investigation particularly relevant. Not only did it provide information about pressure loss in pipes and other parts of the machinery, it also proved useful in confirming the accuracy of prediction models reported by researching experimental density and rheological parameters.

This work evaluated the fluid dynamic as a classical method to confirm the determination of the thermophysical properties of different commercial olive oils.
Physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of low‐fat ice cream designed by double emulsions
Authors: Tekin Ezgi , Sahin Serpil , Sumnu Gulum
Published: February 2017

This research was conducted to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of using double emulsions to reduce fat content in ice cream. Polyglycerol poliricinoleate (PGPR)‐lecithin blend and guar gum (GG) or guar gum‐gum tragacanth (GGGT) blend were used as emulsifier/stabilizer in the formulations. Ice cream samples prepared by double emulsion method and by conventional method were compared in terms of rheological properties, overrun, melt‐down resistance, and sensory properties. It was possible to reduce fat content of ice cream to 2.8% by means of double emulsion method without affecting ice cream quality adversely. Using GGGT blends in double emulsion formulation provided about 6% increase in overrun values, 13% decrease in rate of melting, and 20% increase in overall acceptability in sensory analysis as compared to the samples prepared by GG.

Practical applications: The result of this research can be used in production of low fat ice cream. There have been many attempts to reduce fat content of ice cream by using fat replacers or components imitating fat. However, the major problem of using fat replacers is low sensory quality of reduced fat ice cream. In this study, double emulsion method was used for reducing the fat content of ice cream. It was possible to reduce fat content of ice cream to 2.8% by means of double emulsion method was possible without affecting ice cream quality adversely.

Double emulsion as a new technique to form ice cream with reduced fat content without changing quality characteristics as compared to regular fat content ice cream.
Adsorption of ciprofloxacin on to bamboo charcoal: Effects of pH, salinity, cations, and phosphate
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Guangcai , Ling Chen , Zhang Jianfeng , Szerlag Kathryn
Published: February 2017

The adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bamboo charcoal in aqueous solution was explored under varying pH, salinity, metal cations, and phosphate. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were depicted well by the pseudo‐second‐order and Langmuir models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (
) was 36.02 mg g−1 according to the Langmuir model. The CIP adsorption increased with increasing pH and reached the maximum adsorption amount at pH 5.5, then decreased with increasing pH. It indicated that cation exchange played an important role in CIP adsorption. The effects of metal cations (0.2 mM Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Al3+) on the CIP adsorption are both pH and cation species dependent. Al3+ greatly increased the CIP adsorption on to bamboo charcoal at pH 3.5, 5.5, and 9.5 (p < 0.05). Pb2+ inhibited the CIP adsorption, while Cu2+ significantly enhanced the CIP adsorption at pH 3.5 and 5.5, but both showed insignificant effects at pH 9.5. The presence of phosphate enhanced the CIP adsorption at pH 3.5 and 5.5, while slightly inhibiting the CIP adsorption at pH 9.5. The adsorption mechanisms of CIP on to bamboo charcoal were ascribed to cation exchange, hydrogen bonding and metal bridging. These results suggest that bamboo charcoal has great potential to be used as an efficient material in CIP removal from aquatic environments. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1108–1115, 2017
Third‐order WENO scheme with a new smoothness indicator
Authors: Gande Naga Raju , Rathod Yogita , Rathan Samala
Published: February 2017

In this article, we have devised a new reference smoothness indicator for third‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme to achieve desired order of convergence at critical points. In the context of the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme, reference smoothness indicator is constructed in such a way that it satisfies the sufficient condition on the weights for the third‐order convergence. The goal is to construct a reference smoothness indicator such that the resulted scheme have to achieve the required order of accuracy even if the first two derivatives vanish but not the third derivative. The construction of such reference smoothness indicator is not possible through a linear combination of local smoothness indicators only. We have proposed a reference smoothness indicator to be of the fourth order of accuracy on three‐point stencil that contains the linear combination of the first derivative information of the local and global stencils. The performance enhancement of the WENO scheme through this reference smoothness indicator is verified through the standard numerical experiments. Numerical results indicate that the new scheme provides better results in comparison with the earlier third‐order WENO schemes like WENO‐JS and WENO‐Z. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The histone methyltransferase Suv39h2 contributes to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice
Authors: Fan Zhiwen , Li Luyang , Li Min , Zhang Xinjian , Hao Chenzhi , Yu Liming , Zeng Sheng , Xu Huihui , Fang Mingming , Shen Aiguo , Jenuwein Thomas , Xu Yong
Published: February 2017

Uncontrolled inflammatory response highlights the central theme of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a growing global pandemic. Hepatocytes and macrophages represent two major sources of hepatic inflammation during NASH pathogenesis, contributing to excessive synthesis of proinflammatory mediators. The epigenetic mechanism that accounts for the activation of hepatocytes and macrophages in this process remains obscure. Here, we report that compared to wild‐type littermates, mice with a deficiency in the histone H3K9 methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 39 homolog 2 (Suv39h2, knockout) exhibited a less severe form of NASH induced by feeding with a high‐fat, high‐carbohydrate diet. Pro‐NASH stimuli increased Suv39h2 expression in cell culture, in mice, and in human livers. In hepatocytes, Suv39h2 bound to the Sirt1 gene promoter and repressed Sirt1 transcription. Suv39h2 deficiency normalized Sirt1 expression, allowing nuclear factor kappa B/p65 to become hypoacetylated and thus dampening nuclear factor kappa B–dependent transcription of proinflammatory mediators. In macrophages, Suv39h2‐mediated repression of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma transcription favored a proinflammatory M1 phenotype over an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype, thereby elevating hepatic inflammation. Conclusion: Suv39h2 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response in hepatocytes and macrophages, contributing to NASH pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2017;65:1904‐1919).
Adaptive parenting for alleviating young children's shyness: A randomized controlled trial of an early intervention program
Authors: Luke Felix , Chan Charles C. , Au Alma , Lai Simon M.K.
Published: February 2017

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the efficacy of the Cool Little Kids program implemented for parents of temperamentally inhibited Hong Kong Chinese preschool‐aged children. This early intervention program was designed to help inhibited children alleviate shy and anxious behaviors in social situations by training parents on adaptive parenting skills. Parents of 57 inhibited children (mean age = 3.91, 35 boys) were randomly assigned to an intervention group and a waitlist control group. Children were assessed by teachers on Chinese shyness, social initiative, and internalizing problems before and after the intervention to evaluate the program effects. As hypothesized, relative to the control group, children from the intervention group reduced significantly with a large effect size detected (Cohen's f = .40) in anxious shyness but not regulated shyness. However, the same children did not significantly improve on social initiative with peers nor decrease in internalizing problems. These results were discussed with some plausible explanations. The randomized controlled trial supported wider dissemination of this preventive intervention for alleviating anxious shyness in early childhood. The positive parental receptivity also demonstrated the feasibility of a larger‐scale implementation. A future community‐wide program rollout for Chinese families in Hong Kong is warranted.

Highlights

This paper investigates if parenting intervention can help reduce anxious shyness among Hong Kong Chinese children.

A randomized controlled trial evidenced the efficacy of the Cool Little Kids program in alleviating Chinese children's shyness.

Wider dissemination of this early intervention program in the Hong Kong Chinese community is supported by this paper.
No! Don't touch the toys: Preschoolers' discipline towards their younger siblings
Authors: van Berkel Sheila R. , Groeneveld Marleen G. , van der Pol Lotte D. , Endendijk Joyce J. , Hallers‐Haalboom Elizabeth T. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J. , Mesman Judi
Published: February 2017

Parental limit setting is a challenging and common situation in the daily lives of young children. During these situations, older siblings may use their more advanced cognitive skills and their greater physical strength to discipline their younger sibling and prevent or correct noncompliant behavior. This is the first study to examine preschoolers' discipline towards their toddler siblings during parental limit setting. In addition to observing preschoolers' sibling discipline, associations with their inhibitory control and externalizing behavior, their sibling's noncompliance and both children's gender were investigated. Sibling discipline was observed during parental limit setting in 285 families during one home visit with the mother and one home visit with the father. Preschoolers did discipline their younger siblings without being asked in the majority of the families, with girls displaying more disciplining behavior than boys. Toddlers' noncompliance was related to increased sibling discipline when their older siblings showed high levels of externalizing behavior themselves, although no such relation was found in case of older siblings with low levels of externalizing behavior. Sibling discipline was not related to preschoolers' inhibitory control or toddler's gender. Sibling discipline might thus be an expression of power assertion of the older sibling, instead of the moral urge to prevent transgressions.

Highlights

Preschoolers' discipline towards their toddler siblings was examined during parental limit setting, as well as associations with characteristics of both children.

Observed discipline towards a younger sibling was related to externalizing behavior and not to inhibitory control of the older sibling.

Sibling discipline seems to be an expression of older siblings' power assertion, instead of a moral urge to prevent transgressions.
Modeling adsorbate‐induced property changes of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Groß Lynn , Bahlke Marc Philipp , Steenbock Torben , Klinke Christian , Herrmann Carmen
Published: February 2017

Because of their potential for chemical functionalization, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising candidates for the development of devices such as nanoscale sensors or transistors with novel gating mechanisms. However, the mechanisms underlying the property changes due to functionalization of CNTs still remain subject to debate. Our goal is to reliably model one possible mechanism for such chemical gating: adsorption directly on the nanotubes. Within a Kohn–Sham density functional theory framework, such systems would ideally be described using periodic boundary conditions. Truncating the tube and saturating the edges in practice often offers a broader selection of approximate exchange–correlation functionals and analysis methods. By comparing the two approaches systematically for NH3 and NO2 adsorbates on semiconducting and metallic CNTs, we find that while structural properties are less sensitive to the details of the model, local properties of the adsorbate may be as sensitive to truncation as they are to the choice of exchange–correlation functional, and are similarly challenging to compute as adsorption energies. This suggests that these adsorbate effects are nonlocal. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of “Huoshan shihu” Fengdou: Comparative authentication of the Daodi herb Dendrobium huoshanense and its related species by macroscopic and microscopic features
Authors: Zhao Yujiao , Han Bangxing , Peng Huasheng , Wang Xiao , Chu Shanshan , Dai Jun , Peng Daiyin
Published: February 2017

“Huoshan shihu,” derived from Dendrobium huoshanense, is a well‐known, valuable, and rare Daodi herb. Because of its higher price and scarce resources, its related species D. officinale and D. moniliforme are usually presented as “Huoshan shihu” for sale. Fengdou, the processed form of D. huoshanense, its identification is particularly important. To effectively identify Fengdou of D. huoshanense and protect the Daodi herb, the morphological and microscopic characteristics of the stems of three Dendrobium species were examined. The results showed that macroscopic and microscopic features helpful for identification of the three species were the total lengths and internode numbers of stems, diameter and length of each internode, number of vascular bundles, and presence or absence of silica masses. The key features useful for distinguishing between D. huoshanense and its related species, and also between their Fengdou, were the stem lengths and the trends of change in diameter in different internodes. The results of the study indicated that a combination of macroscopic and microscopic identification techniques might conveniently and effectively be applied for identification of Dendrobium species. “Longtou Fengwei” is the main feature of the Daodi herb “Huoshan shihu,” (D. huoshanense Fengdou) and reflects the wisdom behind the protection of Daodi herbs in ancient times.
Flows and Bisections in Cubic Graphs
Authors: Esperet L. , Mazzuoccolo G. , Tarsi M.
Published: February 2017

A k‐weak bisection of a cubic graph G is a partition of the vertex‐set of G into two parts V1 and V2 of equal size, such that each connected component of the subgraph of G induced by () is a tree of at most vertices. This notion can be viewed as a relaxed version of nowhere‐zero flows, as it directly follows from old results of Jaeger that every cubic graph G with a circular nowhere‐zero r‐flow has a ‐weak bisection. In this article, we study problems related to the existence of k‐weak bisections. We believe that every cubic graph that has a perfect matching, other than the Petersen graph, admits a 4‐weak bisection and we present a family of cubic graphs with no perfect matching that do not admit such a bisection. The main result of this article is that every cubic graph admits a 5‐weak bisection. When restricted to bridgeless graphs, that result would be a consequence of the assertion of the 5‐flow Conjecture and as such it can be considered a (very small) step toward proving that assertion. However, the harder part of our proof focuses on graphs that do contain bridges.
Degree Conditions for Matchability in 3‐Partite Hypergraphs
Authors: Aharoni Ron , Berger Eli , Kotlar Dani , Ziv Ran
Published: February 2017

We study conjectures relating degree conditions in 3‐partite hypergraphs to the matching number of the hypergraph, and use topological methods to prove special cases. In particular, we prove a strong version of a theorem of Drisko [14] (as generalized by the first two authors [2]), that every family of matchings of size n in a bipartite graph has a partial rainbow matching of size n. We show that milder restrictions on the sizes of the matchings suffice. Another result that is strengthened is a theorem of Cameron and Wanless [11], that every Latin square has a generalized diagonal (set of n entries, each in a different row and column) in which no symbol appears more than twice. We show that the same is true under the weaker condition that the square is row‐Latin.
BMI z‐Scores are a poor indicator of adiposity among 2‐ to 19‐year‐olds with very high BMIs, NHANES 1999‐2000 to 2013‐2014
Authors: Freedman David S. , Butte Nancy F. , Taveras Elsie M. , Lundeen Elizabeth A. , Blanck Heidi M. , Goodman Alyson B. , Ogden Cynthia L.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Although the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts are widely used, BMI‐for‐age z‐Scores (BMIz) are known to be uninformative above the 97th percentile. This study compared the relations of BMIz and other BMI metrics (%BMIp95, percent of 95th percentile, and ΔBMIp95, BMI minus 95th percentile) to circumferences, skinfolds, and fat mass. We were particularly interested in the differences among children with severe obesity (%BMIp95 ≥ 120).

Methods

Data was used from 30,003 2‐ to 19‐year‐olds who were examined from 1999‐2000 through 2013‐2014 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Results

The theoretical maximum BMIz based on the growth charts varied by more than threefold across ages. The BMI metrics were strongly intercorrelated, but BMIz was less strongly related to the adiposity measures than were ΔBMIp95 and %BMIp95. Among children with severe obesity, circumferences and triceps skinfold showed almost no association with BMIz (r ≤ 0.10), whereas associations with %BMIp95 and ΔBMIp95 ranged from r = 0.32 to 0.79. Corresponding associations with fat mass ÷ height2 ranged from r = 0.40 (BMIz) to r =0.82 (%BMIp95) among 8‐ to 19‐year‐olds.

Conclusions

Among children with severe obesity, BMIz is only weakly associated with other measures of body fatness. Very high BMIs should be expressed relative to the CDC 95th percentile, particularly in studies that evaluate obesity interventions.
HIV infection does not prevent the metabolic benefits of diet‐induced weight loss in women with obesity
Authors: Reeds Dominic N. , Pietka Terri A. , Yarasheski Kevin E. , Cade W. Todd , Patterson Bruce W. , Okunade Adewole , Abumrad Nada A. , Klein Samuel
Published: February 2017

Objective

To test the hypothesis that HIV infection impairs the beneficial effects of weight loss on insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Methods

A prospective clinical trial evaluated the effects of moderate diet‐induced weight loss on body composition, metabolic function, and adipose tissue biology in women with obesity who were HIV‐seronegative (HIV−) or HIV‐positive (HIV+). Body composition, multiorgan insulin sensitivity (assessed by using a two‐stage hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp procedure with stable isotopically labeled tracer infusions), and adipose tissue expression of markers of inflammation, autophagy, and ER stress were evaluated in 8 HIV− and 20 HIV+ women with obesity before and after diet‐induced weight loss of 6% to 8%.

Results

Although weight loss was not different between groups (∼7.5%), the decrease in fat‐free mass was greater in HIV+ than HIV− subjects (−4.4 ± 0.7% vs. −1.7 ± 1.0%, P < 0.05). Weight loss improved insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (suppression of palmitate rate of appearance [Ra]), liver (suppression of glucose Ra), and muscle (glucose disposal) similarly in both groups. Weight loss did not affect adipose tissue expression of markers of inflammation or ER stress in either group.

Conclusions

Moderate diet‐induced weight loss improves multiorgan insulin sensitivity in HIV+ women to the same extent as women who are HIV−. However, weight loss causes a greater decline in fat‐free mass in HIV+ than HIV− women.
The care pentagon: Older adults within Sri Lankan‐Australian transnational families and their landscapes of care
Authors: De Silva Menusha
Published: February 2017

Much of the scholarship on care for older parents within transnational families concentrates on challenges migrants encounter when providing care across transnational space. This paper focuses attention on older adults as transnational care recipients, their agency, and alternative sources of care. Drawing on the experiences of 35 affluent, urban older parents residing in Sri Lanka with at least one adult child who is a skilled, permanent migrant in Australia, I examine how the older parents adapt to the migration of their traditional caregivers, and how the family, community, market and state respond to this care gap to varying degrees. I propose a “care pentagon” as a framework to interrogate older persons' negotiations with these multiple caregivers in the home and host countries, and the manner these agents operate to form a tiered network of caregivers. Through the analysis, I highlight the care‐receiver's tendency to self‐care and the agency they exert within their relationships of care. The paper demonstrates that older persons' landscapes of care change both temporally and spatially as their levels of health and independence vary over time.
Numerical and experimental study of the leakage flow in guide vanes with different hydrofoils
Authors: Chitrakar Sailesh , Thapa Biraj Singh , Dahlhaug Ole Gunnar , Neopane Hari Prasad
Published: February 2017

Clearance gaps between guide vanes and cover plates of Francis turbines tend to increase in size due to simultaneous effect of secondary flow and erosion in sediment affected hydropower plants. The pressure difference between the two sides of the guide vane induces leakage flow through the gap. This flow enters into the suction side with high acceleration, disturbing the primary flow and causing more erosion and losses in downstream turbine components. A cascade rig containing a single guide vane passage has been built to study the effect of the clearance gap using pressure sensors and PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. This study focuses on developing a numerical model of the test rig, validating the results with experiments and investigating the behavior of leakage flow numerically. It was observed from both CFD and experiment that the leakage flow forms a passage vortex, which shifts away from the wall while travelling downstream. The streamlines contributing to the formation of this vortex have been discussed. Furthermore, the reference guide vane with symmetrical hydrofoil has been compared with four cambered profiles, in terms of the guide vane loading and the consequent effect on the leakage flow. A dimensionless term called Leakage Flow Factor (Lff) has been introduced to compare the performances of hydrofoils. It is shown that the leakage flow and its effect on increasing losses and erosion can be minimized by changing the pressure distribution over the guide vane.

Highlights Use of the computational tool (CFD) to predict the flow phenomena in hydropower application. Validation of the computationally obtained pressure with pressure sensors and velocity with PIV experiment. Use of the validated numerical model to compare the guide vane profiles for erosion-friendly design of the turbines.
Conflict Management in Land, River, and Maritime Claims
Authors: Owsiak Andrew P. , Mitchell Sara McLaughlin
Published: February 2017

Why do disputants favor some conflict management strategies when managing certain territorial claim types—land, river, or maritime—but not others? We propose that state interests—defined via claim characteristics and interdependence—and transaction costs (i.e., the challenges associated with aggregating state preferences over outcomes) differ across claim types. These differences then incentivize states to cede varying levels of control over claim management, ultimately encouraging them to prioritize and institutionalize certain conflict management strategies when managing particular types of territorial claims. More specifically, we theorize and find that states pursue distinct management strategies when addressing their land (informal; bilateral negotiations and arbitration), river (more formal; third-party non-binding), and maritime claims (most formal; multilateral negotiations and legal processes).
The Uses of a Book Review Section
Authors: Best John Hardin
Published: February 2017

The book review section of a quarterly such as the one in the History of Education Quarterly might be useful in a variety of ways. First and obviously, it would provide a listing along with some comment concerning writing being done in history of education, a convenient service for anyone who would be aware of what is current in the field. Other journals of course would likely serve the purpose of providing notices of current writing adequately enough, though all too often this comment may be the ruminations of a staff writer, or even an outright “pitch” for selling books. This review section could offer somewhat more than a listing with comment and that is a review of each work by one qualified professionally to criticize, to praise, to blame, to judge relevance and competence, to relate to other works in history and education—in sum, to make a professional appraisal of the book. Such reviewing in this review section would likely be of interest to everyone concerned with history of education, but it would be of special value to those who are doing research and writing in the field. The profession owes these scholars this sort of critical attention, that in illuminating the successes as well as failures in their work, their scholarly efforts may be encouraged.
Remarks Upon the Views of the Livings of College Officers 1782
Authors: Fowler William M.
Published: February 2017

The Committee of the Corporation and Overseers will observe in the view that the Professor of Mathematics had for many years a larger salary than the Professor of Divinity…. Perhaps the discrimination continued too long.
Incidence, 10-year recidivism rate and prognostic factors for cholesteatoma
Authors: Britze A , Møller M L , Ovesen T
Published: February 2017

Objective:

Cholesteatoma patients have a high risk of recurrence with complications, and knowledge exchange is a prerequisite for improving treatment. This study aimed to apply appropriate statistics to provide meaningful and transferable results from cholesteatoma surgery, to highlight independent prognostic factors, and to assess the incidence rate.

Methods:

Incidence rates were assessed for the district of Aarhus, Denmark. From 147 patients operated on mainly with canal wall up mastoidectomies for debuting cholesteatomas, 10-year Kaplan–Meier recidivism rates were calculated and independent prognostic factors for the recidivism were identified by Cox multivariate regression analyses.

Results:

Incidence rate was 6.8 per 100 000 per year. The 10-year cumulative recidivism rate was 0.44 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.37–0.53). Independent prognostic factors for the recidivism were: age below 15 years (hazard ratio = 2.2; p > z = 0.002), cholesteatoma localised to the mastoid (hazard ratio = 1.7; p > z = 0.04), stapes erosion (hazard ratio = 1.9; p > z = 0.02) and incus erosion (hazard ratio = 1.9; p > z = 0.04).

Conclusion:

The recidivism rate is influenced by several factors that are important to observe, both in the clinic and when comparing results from surgery.
Dispensing Irregular Justice: State Sponsored Abductions, Prisoner Surrenders, and Extralegal Renditions Along the Canada–United States Border
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2017

In 1899, Levi Edwin Dudley, the American consul at Vancouver, complained about the ways that Canadian and American police officers enacted justice along their shared border. During one of Dudley's investigations into alleged abuses, he spoke with a Canadian officer about the ways that local agents on both sides of the border approached their jobs. The officer, speaking under conditions of anonymity, noted that “on the border here we must do things in an irregular way in order to preserve the peace.” The ability of criminals to move back and forth across the line forced American and Canadian officers to “‘stand in’ with each other, [or] we should have the country filled with desperadoes.” American officers transferred criminals over to Canadian agents without proper clearance and Canadian officers later returned the favor. This system of irregular justice utilized informal prisoner exchanges built on local understandings, professional courtesy, and mutual concern to circumvent the slow, uncertain, and expensive extradition process. For Dudley, this kind of behavior threatened the liberty of citizens in both countries. For the officers tasked with policing a region of bisecting jurisdictions, it was a necessary evil.
A combined diffraction and EXAFS study of LaCoO3 and La0.5Sr0.5Co0.75Nb0.25O3 powders
Authors: Efimova E. A. , Sikolenko V. V. , Karpinsky D. V. , Troyanchuk I. O. , Pascarelli S. , Ritter C. , Feygenson M. , Tiutiunnikov S. I. , Efimov V.
Published: February 2017

A combination of neutron diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements has been used to clarify the correlations between long- and local-range structural distortions across the spin-state transition in powders of LaCoO3 and La0.5Sr0.5Co0.75Nb0.25O3. The analysis of the diffraction data has revealed that the isotropic thermal parameters of Co–O bond abnormally increase below 100 K in both samples, while the temperature dependence of the average Co–O bond lengths is linear from 10 to 300 K. We also have found that the Co–O bond lengths are larger in La0.5Sr0.5Co0.75Nb0.25O3, as compared with the ones in LaCoO3. The X-ray absorption data showed an anomalous decrease of the Co–O bond lengths only for LaCoO3, in contrast to the bond length values obtained by diffraction. The structural anomalies observed by spectroscopy measurements are discussed in terms of the spin-state transition model.
The ‘Judicialization’ of International Commercial Arbitration: Pitfall or Virtue?
Authors: TRAKMAN LEON , MONTGOMERY HUGH
Published: February 2017

This article critiques the global concern that international commercial arbitration (ICA) is becoming increasingly ‘judicialized’, addressing the growing sentiment in ICA that arbitral proceedings are too lengthy, expensive, and complex. Assuming a contrarian perspective, it argues that attempts to address the cost and length of arbitration proceedings ought not to undermine the value of finely reasoned arbitral decisions grounded in law and justice. It also argues for a contextual assessment of ICA that extends beyond the debate over ‘judicialization’.

Using global illustrations and ICA developments in Australia as an initial guide, this article suggests that balancing party autonomy, accountability, efficiency,andfairness in ICA can help resolve these growing criticisms of ‘judicialization’. Ultimately, the reform of international arbitration should take place within a framework of ‘international best practice’ that is both analytical in nature and functional in operation. As such, ICA should not only be affordable and expeditious, it should serve as a legitimate and effective method of resolving international commercial disputes. In addition, it should balance the virtue of transparent proceedings against the need to respect the confidences of the parties.
Linking the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants: a story of interdependence?
Authors: Horn Sebastian , Hempel Stefan , Verbruggen Erik , Rillig Matthias C , Caruso Tancredi
Published: February 2017

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial to plants and vice versa, but little is known about the factors linking the community structure of the two groups. We investigated the association between AMF and the plant community structure in the nearest neighborhood of Festuca brevipila in a semiarid grassland with steep environmental gradients, using high-throughput sequencing of the Glomeromycotina (former Glomeromycota). We focused on the Passenger, Driver and Habitat hypotheses: (i) plant communities drive AMF (passenger); (ii) AMF communities drive the plants (driver); (iii) the environment shapes both communities causing covariation. The null hypothesis is that the two assemblages are independent and this study offers a spatially explicit novel test of it in the field at multiple, small scales. The AMF community consisted of 71 operational taxonomic units, the plant community of 47 species. Spatial distance and spatial variation in the environment were the main determinants of the AMF community. The structure of the plant community around the focal plant was a poor predictor of AMF communities, also in terms of phylogenetic community structure. Some evidence supports the passenger hypothesis, but the relative roles of the factors structuring the two groups clearly differed, leading to an apparent decoupling of the two assemblages at the relatively small scale of this study. Community phylogenetic structure in AMF suggests an important role of within-assemblage interactions.
Origin and fate of methane in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Chronopoulou Panagiota-Myrsini , Shelley Felicity , Pritchard William J , Maanoja Susanna T , Trimmer Mark
Published: February 2017

Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) contain the largest pools of oceanic methane but its origin and fate are poorly understood. High-resolution (<15 m) water column profiles revealed a 300 m thick layer of elevated methane (20–105 nm) in the anoxic core of the largest OMZ, the Eastern Tropical North Pacific. Sediment core incubations identified a clear benthic methane source where the OMZ meets the continental shelf, between 350 and 650 m, with the flux reflecting the concentration of methane in the overlying anoxic water. Further incubations characterised a methanogenic potential in the presence of both porewater sulphate and nitrate of up to 88 nmol g−1day−1 in the sediment surface layer. In these methane-producing sediments, the majority (85%) of methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit (mcrA) gene sequences clustered with Methanosarcinaceae (⩾96% similarity to Methanococcoides sp.), a family capable of performing non-competitive methanogenesis. Incubations with 13C-CH4 showed potential for both aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation in the waters within and above the OMZ. Both aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidation is corroborated by the presence of particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene sequences, related to type I methanotrophs and the lineage of Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera, known to perform nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO), respectively.
Exploring the microbial community (microflora) associated with ovine Haemonchus contortus (macroflora) field strains
Authors: El-Ashram Saeed , Suo Xun
Published: February 2017

High-throughput sequencing technology has shown tremendous promise for microbial community composition and diversity. Illumina MiSeq platform was exploited to study the microbial community associated with the different stages of the life-cycle of ovine Haemonchus contortus field strains using two distinct amplification primer sets (targeting V3–V4, and V5–V7). Scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction coupled with Illumina MiSeq platform were employed to confirm the absence of any parasite surface contamination by intact bacteria or their DNA products. Results showed 48 (V3–V4 tags) and 28 (V5–V7 tags) bacterial genera comprised the microbial flora of H. contortus microbiome. The dominant bacterial genera belonged to Escherichia-Shigella, Pseudomonas and Ochrobactrum, which were shared in all the stages of the parasite life-cycle using V3–V4 and V5–V7 amplicons. Moreover, the parasite microbiome could reflect the external micro-organisms (i.e. micro- and macro-habitats). There is abundant room for further progress in comparing microbiome of different helminths, which has, and will continue to offer considerable potential for better understanding a wide-variety of devastating animal and human diseases.
An sd2hybridized transition-metal monolayer with a hexagonal lattice: reconstruction between the Dirac and kagome bands
Authors: Zhou Baozeng , Dong Shengjie , Wang Xiaocha , Zhang Kailiang , Mi Wenbo
Published: February 2017

All these TM@Cl_Si systems exhibit ferromagnetic coupling and a strong interfacial interaction may disturb the topological bands.
Preparation of avermectin microcapsules with anti-photodegradation and slow-release by the assembly of lignin derivatives
Authors: Liu Zhiqing , Qie Runtian , Li Wei , Hong Nanlong , Li Yuan , Li Cuihua , Wang Rongjie , Shi Yulin , Guo Xuhong , Jia Xin
Published: February 2017

A facile, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strategy for affording stability and the slow-release of avermectin based on self-assembly of lignin derivatives is described.
Growing a hydrophilic nanoporous shell on a hydrophobic catalyst interface for aqueous reactions with high reaction efficiency and in situ catalyst recycling
Authors: Hao Yajuan , Jiao Xuan , Zou Houbing , Yang Hengquan , Liu Jian
Published: February 2017

We developed a strategy to construct a catalyst with a hydrophobic catalytic interface covered by a hydrophilic, nanoporous shell, which displays high catalytic efficiency and recyclability in aqueous reactions.
A triptycene-based porous hydrogen-bonded organic framework for guest incorporation with tailored fitting
Authors: Yan Wenqing , Yu Xiaopeng , Yan Tao , Wu Doufeng , Ning Erlong , Qi Yi , Han Ying-Feng , Li Qiaowei
Published: February 2017

By employing a robust and non-coplanar building block strategy, a triptycene-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework was constructed with almost no sacrifice of molecular surfaces, and it was capable of incorporating C60 molecules in high concentration in the channels with tailored fitting.
Dual function photocatalysis of cyano-bridged heteronuclear metal complexes for water oxidation and two-electron reduction of dioxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide as a solar fuel
Authors: Aratani Yusuke , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Ohkubo Kei , Yamada Yusuke , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: February 2017

Hydrogen peroxide was produced from oxygen and water via visible-light irradiation of polymeric heteronuclear cyano-bridged complexes with the 2,2′-bipyridine ligand (bpy) (MII[RuII(CN)4(bpy)]; MII = NiII, FeII and MnII).
Distribution, sources and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the estuarine–coastal sediments in the East China Sea
Authors: Li Ye , Liu Xinran , Liu Min , Li Xiaofei , Wang Qing , Zhu Junmin , Qadeer Abdul
Published: February 2017

Pollution by PAHs in the estuarine–coastal area of the ECS should be paid attention.
Correction: Novel application of peptaibiotics derived from Trichoderma sp. for methanogenic suppression and enhanced power generation in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Ray S. Ghosh , Noori Md. T. , Ghangrekar M. M.
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘Novel application of peptaibiotics derived from Trichoderma sp. for methanogenic suppression and enhanced power generation in microbial fuel cells’ by M. M. Ghangrekar et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 10707–10717.
Morphology-dependent AEE performance of conjugated poly(tetraphenylethene)s
Authors: Liu Xiaoning , He Lipeng , Wang Chen , Hanif Iram , Huang Huanting , Bu Weifeng
Published: February 2017

Completely hydrophobic AEE-active conjugated polymers self-assemble into nanospheres, hollow nanostructures and free-standing sheets in solvents of weakened quality. These morphologies correlate well with the AEE features.
A general and facile approach to disperse hydrophobic nanocrystals in water with enhanced long-term stability
Authors: Wu Linzhong , Yu Jiaqi , Chen Lei , Yang Di , Zhang Shumin , Han Lu , Ban Muyang , He Le , Xu Yong , Zhang Qiao
Published: February 2017

A general and fast approach has been developed to transfer any hydrophobic nanocrystals into water within several seconds without vigorous stirring or ultrasonication treatment at room temperature by using a bi-soluble solvent through the classical “like dissolves like” rule.
Position sensorless technology of switched reluctance motor drives including mutual inductance
Authors: Kuai Song‐yan , Zhao Shuai , Heng Feng‐ping , Cui Xin
Published: February 2017

To reduce the effect of estimation position angle error caused by mutual inductance on sensorless control of switched reluctance motor (SRM) in clear command channel mode, a SRM rotor position estimation method is presented. Using this method, the effect of mutual inductance can be eliminated without measuring mutual inductance. First, different working states are analysed. When working at single‐phase excitation, mutual inductance can be ignored, inductance model method is used to estimate the position angle. When working at two‐phase excitation situation, mutual inductance is non‐zero, based on flux linkage‐difference a new method is used to eliminate mutual inductance influence. Finally, the proposed method is verified by experiments. Experiment results show that compared with the mutual inductance ignored methods, the proposed method has higher estimation accuracy. This method can realise stable and reliable running of SRM sensorless control in wider speed range.
Structural properties and fragile to strong transition in confined water
Authors: De Marzio M. , Camisasca G. , Conde M. M. , Rovere M. , Gallo P.
Published: February 2017

We derive by computer simulation the radial distribution functions of water confined in a silica pore modeled to reproduce MCM-41. We perform the calculations in a range of temperatures from ambient to deep supercooling for the subset of water molecules that reside in the inner shell (free water) by applying the excluded volume corrections. By comparing with bulk water we find that the first shell of the oxygen-oxygen and hydrogen-hydrogen radial distribution functions is less sharp and the first minimum fills in while the oxygen-hydrogen structure does not significantly change, indicating that the free water keeps the hydrogen bond short range order. The two body excess entropy of supercooled water is calculated from the radial distribution functions. We connect the behavior of this function to the relaxation time of the same system already studied in previous simulations. We show that the two body entropy changes its behavior in coincidence with the crossover of the relaxation time from the mode coupling fragile to the strong Arrhenius regime. As for bulk water also in confinement, the two body entropy has a strict connection with the dynamical relaxation.