bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimising Solar PV Placement in Indonesia: AHP Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Ideal Locations
Authors: Alius Qayyum , Mamun Afifah , Chung Ka Yi Karen
Published: July 2024

The latest Indonesian Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL 2021-2030) confirms Indonesia’s commitment to renewable energy. The government projects electricity generation of 40.6 GW in 2023 and is committed to involving renewable energy, which constitutes 38% of the total electricity generation capacity. Using simple regression analysis, the projected renewable energy capacity requirement is 47 GW, some of which can be met by building solar PV as a power plant. The main obstacle to achieving this goal is securing private investment, which requires identifying optimal locations where protected and conservation areas are not threatened. GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) techniques are used in this research to evaluate various constraints. A commonly used method in this framework is AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), which uses pairwise comparisons to assign weights based on significance in a hierarchy of objectives. Criteria for determining locations for solar PV development using spatial analysis include prohibited areas, including forest areas and protected habitats, rice fields and peatlands; surface radiance, slope, temperature at 2m; and proximity to highways and power grids. Since the surface radiance spatial data obtained possess missing data, inverse distance weighting (IDW) is utilised to overcome this issue due to its simplicity and fast computation. The location determination process resulted in an estimated 43 solar power plant locations strategically located across all islands in Indonesia to help meet national energy needs.
Numerical investigation of enhanced thermal performance in phase change materials (PCMs) via nanoparticles across diverse regenerator configurations
Authors: El Fiti Maryam , Salihi Mustapha , Harmen Yasser , Chebak Ahmed , Chhiti Younes
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the use of CuO-enhanced Paraffin wax (RT-55) in a horizontal co-axial regenerator, addressing the challenge of low thermal conductivity in Phase Change Materials (PCM). The focus is primarily on examining the influence of CuO nanoparticles on the thermal and energetic performance of the regenerator. The research begins by exploring the impact of CuO volume fraction on both the total melting time and energy density. Subsequently, the study incorporates the addition of 3 wt.% of nanoparticles to diverse regenerator configurations, including non-uniform longitudinal fins, eccentricity, and combined fins with eccentricity. The objectives are twofold: firstly, to evaluate the effect of nanoparticles on power densities across various geometries; secondly, to assess the implications of natural convection within each configuration upon nanoparticles addition. The results demonstrate that while the nanoparticles enhance the power density of the system, they concurrently modify the storage capacity of the Latent Thermal Energy Storage System (LTES). Furthermore, the impact of nanoparticles varies depending on the regenerator’s configuration, owing to the influence of natural convection. Therefore, it was demonstrated that in the eccentric case, which experiences the highest impact of natural convection, the total melting time is increased by 2% when nanoparticles are added. Conversely, the finned and combined cases show a 4% and 8% reduction in the melting time with the addition of the same amount of CuO nanoparticles.
PIV measurement of near shear layer of a circular jet
Authors: Duda Daniel , Yanovych Vitalii , Tsymbayuk Volodymyr , Uruba Václav
Published: July 2024

The shear layer (SL) of a turbulent jet is studied by using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) up to distance 0.2 nozzle diameters in axial × radial plane. The jet is generated by circular nozzle at Reynolds numbers 1.1·105 to 1.1·106. This range covers the transition from laminar instable SL to turbulent SL. The observed average velocity profiles are fitted by using Michalke function. This function describes both: the shear layer of tanh profile and the boundary layer formed inside the nozzle at the same time. In the second part of this contribution we show the fluctuations, their anisotropy and length-scale observing doubling in the wavelength at the transition.
The spray measurement with two different optical methods
Authors: Huněk Adam , Bartoš Ondřej
Published: July 2024

The aim of the paper is to compare two optical measurement methods for the measurement of the atomization properties of the two-phase nozzle. The measured liquid is the water at a room temperature and the atomization fluid is the compressed air. The first method is the Phase Doppler Anemometer (PDA) and the second is the Laser Diffraction LD. The two commercial instruments were tested, together with inhouse photogrammetric measurement of the nozzle outlet. The tested droplets have Sauter Mean Diameter approximately around 10 µm. The presented results could be useful for the estimation of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods and recommend the application in the wide field of aerosol technology. The first results of the comparison show the fine resolution with PDA system, but the tuning of the setup requires several times more time. The accuracy of the LD is sufficient. The important advantage of the PDA system is knowledge of the velocity distribution for each measured droplet.
Using the Monte Carlo method for estimation of temperature uncertainty due to infrared thermography and K-type thermoelement measurements
Authors: Maciejewska Beata , Piasecka Magdalena , Piasecki Artur
Published: July 2024

The main objective of this study is to estimate the uncertainty of surface temperature measurement using the Monte Carlo method. The calculation is based on an experimental study on heat transfer during fluid flow in a group of parallel minichannels with a common heated wall. Temperature distributions on the heated wall surface were performed simultaneously using infrared thermography and K-type thermoelements. Infrared thermography is the contactless temperature measurement method, while thermoelement measurement is the contact method (measurement at selected points). Example results of both methods of temperature measurement were presented and discussed. In the calculations, the Monte Carlo method was used to estimate the uncertainty of surface temperature measurement uncertainty. Comparative analyses of Monte Carlo simulation results and uncertainty spreading methods were carried out. The results obtained from these two methods were found to be consistent.
Influence of inhalation flow rate on the particle size of liposomal carrier aerosol generated by the medical nebulizer
Authors: Misik Ondrej , Maly Milan , Cejpek Ondrej , Szabova Jana , Lizal Frantisek
Published: July 2024

Nebulizers are medical devices for inhalation treatment that create an aerosol from liquid drug formulation. The efficacy of the treatment is dependent on the particle size distribution (PSD) of generated aerosol. PSD can be influenced by the inhalation flow rate as well. Within the here-presented study PSD of aerosol generated by nebulizer Pari LC Sprint Star was measured by Phase Doppler Anemometry for inhalation flowrate of 8; 12; 20 and 40 l/min. The nebulized solution consisted of a liposomal system (20 %) from dipalmitoylfosfatidylcholine (DPPC), phosphatidic acid (PA) and cholesterol (Chol), and MiliQ – ultrapure water (80 %). Slight dependence of PSD on inhalation flow rate was identified. With the increasing flow rate, the particle size of generated aerosol is decreasing. However, the change of Dv50 with the measured flow rates was smaller than 1 µm. According to the results, the change in particle size induced by flow rate will not have a significant impact on drug delivery.
Roughness density effect on turbulent boundary layer evolution
Authors: Yanovych Vitalii , Sokolenko Vasyl , Uruba Václav , Duda Daniel
Published: July 2024

This work aimed to investigate the boundary layer topology over various densities of roughness. For experiments, we used three different surface conditions comprised of rectangular elements with uniform height arranged in staggered rows and covered the entire floor of the wind tunnel. The frontal and plan solidity for each case changed, λf from 0.3 to 1.2 and λp from 1.3 to 4.7, respectively. Also, we used one more surface, without roughness, for comparison. During the experiment, the position of measuring cross-sections varied relative to the inlet, while the free flow velocity was 5 m·s-1. Thus, the corresponding Reynolds number Reτ was from 300 to 1500 (based on boundary layer thickness δ and friction velocity uτ) or Reθ was from 400 to 5500 (based on momentum thickness). To determine the boundary layer topology in streamwise directions, we used a 55P14 miniature hot-wire probe. The obtained data allowed us to estimate patterns of distribution mean velocity profile, streamwise Reynolds stress, and turbulence intensity for different surface cases. In addition, an analysis of the scales of the turbulent flow over different surface types was also carried out. Namely, the integral length scale, Taylor microscale, and dissipation scale were determined. Obtained results show that roughness density composition strongly affects boundary layer characteristics. The obtained results also represent a correlation between the Taylor microscale and the initial position of the log region.
Spawning behaviour of lake whitefish in Lake Huron revealed by fine-scale acoustic telemetry and Indigenous ecological knowledge
Authors: Ryther Camilla M. , Lauzon Ryan , Buell Mary-Claire , Duncan Ruth , Redford Breanna , Dunlop Erin S.
Published: July 2024

Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) are ecologically, economically, and culturally significant across their range, yet little is documented about the species’ spawning behaviour. Here, we used a VEMCO Positioning System (VPS) and the local ecological knowledge of Saugeen Ojibway Nation in a Two-Eyed Seeing approach to characterize sex-specific movement patterns of lake whitefish at a spawning shoal in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron (Ontario, Canada). In fall 2020, 50 lake whitefish were tagged with acoustic transmitters and 28 of those fish were detected during the deployment of the VPS between 15 October 2021 and 18 January 2022. Occupancy of lake whitefish on the VPS followed a bell-shaped pattern, with an increase, plateau that lasted ∼1 week, and subsequent decrease in activity over a 48-day period demarcating the 2021 spawning season. Apart from 2 resident females, males appeared in the area first. Both sexes moved into shallower lake depths at night and deeper depths during the day. Females moved 18.0% faster than males during the day whereas males moved 39.5% faster than females at night. Depths occupied became shallower over time until the peak activity phase, followed by a transition back to deeper waters. Both sexes used a variety of habitats over the spawning season, including the main spawning shoal, sandy substrates, and steep slopes. These insights on the habitat usage and spawning phenology of lake whitefish provided through our Two-Eyed Seeing approach can help inform stewardship initiatives aimed at increasing recruitment of depleted populations of this important species.
ETP et PrEP : Évaluation des besoins éducatifs des usagers de la PrEP au CeGIDD de Grenoble
Authors: Di Donato Margaux , Busi Aurore , Vareilles Gaëlle , Dionnet Rachel , Boyer Anne
Published: July 2024

Introduction : La PrEP est une innovation dans le domaine de la stratégie de prévention de l’infection par le VIH et dans la lutte contre le SIDA. Ce traitement médicamenteux est utilisé à titre préventif pour empêcher une contamination par le VIH. Les usagers sont amenés à devoir gérer un traitement au quotidien et intègrent un parcours de soins complexe. Objectifs : Identifier les connaissances et les besoins des sujets face à leur traitement, pour, dans un second temps, déterminer si la prise en charge éducative des usagers de la PrEP est adaptée. Méthode : Il s’agit ici d’une étude qualitative d’analyse des besoins via un questionnaire auto-administré et des entretiens semi-directifs individuels auprès de différents usagers de la PrEP du CeGIDD de Grenoble. Résultats : Douze personnes ont participé à l’étude. Le niveau de connaissances des usagers de la PrEP est plutôt hétérogène. Les usagers sont demandeurs de développer leurs connaissances sur le traitement, d’être informés sur les IST et la prévention diversifiée, d’être en capacité d’adapter leur traitement aux différents évènements de leur vie quotidienne et d’alléger le parcours de soins actuel. Discussion et conclusion : Dans le cadre de la PrEP, l’ETP permettrait, avec des outils éducatifs adaptés, d’optimiser l’assimilation des connaissances et un meilleur développement des compétences du patient le tout aboutissant à une meilleure adhésion thérapeutique ce qui permettrait in fine d’alléger le parcours de soins.
Was wissen Sie über … die Wirbelsäule?
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: July 2024

Liebe Leser, testen Sie Ihr Wissen und frischen Sie Ihre Kenntnisse auf. Bitte kreuzen Sie jeweils eine Antwort an. Viel Spaß beim Beantworten wünscht Ihnen HP Eva C. Schmid!
Lumbalgie
Authors: Blume Ralf , Hake Petra , Stern Cornelia , Zhang Zheng
Published: July 2024

4 Expert*innen stellen Ihnen Behandlungsstrategien aus der Osteopathie, Phytotherapie, TCM und Homöopathie vor.
Freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen aus Sicht intensivstationärer Behandlungsteams
Authors: Slesaczeck Julia , Buddrus Marianne , Klump Charlotte , Schramm Johanna , Berg Almuth , Abraham Jens
Published: July 2024

Zwangsmaßnahmen gehören noch immer zur gängigen Handlungspraxis auf der Intensivstation. Dennoch sind sie nicht immer unbedingt notwendig oder angemessen. Der folgende Beitrag gewährt einen Einblick in das Erleben freiheitsentziehender Maßnahmen aus der Perspektive der beteiligten Berufsgruppen und beleuchtet die damit verbundenen Routinen, Herausforderungen und Chancen.
Klinische Überwachung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
Authors: Bittner Sebastian
Published: July 2024

Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche, die etwa durch einen schweren Unfall im Straßenverkehr oder eine andere Art von Gewalteinwirkung ein Schädel-Hirn-Trauma erlitten haben, benötigen eine gründliche und genaue Überwachung während ihrer Behandlung. Sekundär- und Folgeschäden sollen vermieden werden. Gerade in der Phase der Erstversorgung und in der intensivmedizinischen Akutphase müssen Veränderungen und beginnende oder drohende Komplikationen frühzeitig und sicher erkannt werden. Dieser Beitrag greift zwei Grundlagen der für diese Altersgruppe relevanten klinischen Überwachung auf.
Quality of endoscopic surveillance of Lynch syndrome patients in a Swedish cohort
Authors: Walton Bernstedt Sophie , Haxhijaj Adrianna , Jamizadeh Nigin , Björk Jan , Andreasson Anna , Forsberg Anna M , Backman Ann-Sofie
Published: July 2024

Background and study aims Risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Lynch syndrome (LS) include sex, age, smoking, high body mass index (BMI), surveillance interval length, and risk genotype. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) produces a standardized bowel cleanliness rating. A low BBPS score might be a risk factor for missed early lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between BBPS score and adenoma detection (with known risk factors for CRC) and surveillance interval with CRC detection in LS patients.

Methods A retrospective cohort study including 366 LS patients with 1,887 colonoscopies under surveillance in Stockholm, Sweden from 1989 to 2021 was conducted. Associations were tested using linear and logistic regression.

Results We found no association between BBPS score and number of
adenomas detected. A low BBPS score was found to be associated with older age (regression
coefficient (coeff) –0.015; 95% confidence interval [CI] –0.026 to –0.004; P = 0.007) and obesity (coeff = –0.48; 95% CI: –0.89 to –0.062; P = 0.024). A higher number of detected adenomas was associated with older age
(coeff = 0.008; 95% CI 0.004 to 0.012; P < 0.001), male sex
(coeff = 0.097; 95% CI 0.008 to 0.19; P = 0.033) and CRC (coeff =
0.28; 95% CI 0.061 to 0.50; P = 0.012). Surveillance interval
length was not significant in CRC detection.

Conclusions Bowel cleanliness was not associated with adenoma detection and was less likely achieved in patients who were older and had higher BMI. Adenoma detection was associated with older age and male sex. The results indicate the need for better adherence to guidelines and attention to older age groups, men, and patients with obesity.
Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Heteroarylation of Thioamides: A Simple Route to Benzothieno[2,3-b]quinolones
Authors: Peruncheralathan Saravanan , Janni Manojkumar , Thirupathi Annaram , Subramaniam Subhashini V.
Published: July 2024

Domino reactions are essential for advancing organic synthesis. This study introduces novel thioamide-based precursors for a palladium-catalyzed selective domino heteroarylation process. The method efficiently produces benzothieno[2,3-b]quinolones with yields ranging from moderate to very good. By employing aryl chlorides, the efficiency of the domino hetero-annulation process is comparable to that of aryl bromides. Executing a one-pot, two-step reaction also delivered a single domino product with high selectivity. The strategy involved fine-tuning substituent reactivity, utilizing electron-rich arenes, and forming metallocycles with nucleophilic sulfur, consistently yielding a single product. The proposed mechanism is corroborated by mechanistic studies.
Recent Progress in Accessing Multi-functionalized Caged Hydrocarbons: En Route to Highly Functionalized Saturated (Bio)isosteres of Benzene Rings
Authors: Nagasawa Shota , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: July 2024

Recently, many saturated bioisosteres of the benzene ring have been developed, and their applications in drug development have been evaluated. Most of these bioisosteres are caged hydrocarbons, which have rigid skeletons and three-dimensional spaces. Recent efforts to synthesize these caged hydrocarbons have enabled access to multi-functionalized congeners that are expected to be (bio)isosteres of multi-functionalized benzenes. This short review summarizes recently reported methods for obtaining multi-functionalized (typically more than disubstituted) caged hydrocarbons.

1 Introduction

2 Proposed Structures of Caged Hydrocarbons as Saturated (Bio)isosteres of the Benzene Ring: A Brief Summary

3 Access to Multi-functionalized Caged Hydrocarbons: De Novo Synthetic Approaches

3.1 Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs)

3.2 Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs)

3.3 Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (BCHeps)

3.4 Others

4 Access to Multi-functionalized Caged Hydrocarbons: C–H Functionalization

5 Conclusion
Sciatic Nerve Entrapment from Cerclage Wiring in Intramedullary Nail Fixation
Authors: Hussein Mohsin , Shah Ankit Bipin , Shah Bipin Ramanlal , Iyengar Karthikeyan Parthasarathy , Botchu Rajesh
Published: July 2024

Cerclage wiring may be used to optimize the stability of intramedullary nail or plate fixations in comminuted proximal femoral fractures, periprosthetic fractures, and other selected cases. In this article, we presented a novel case of iatrogenic sciatic nerve entrapment from cerclage wiring used to supplement intramedullary nail fixation. We also illustrate and highlight the role of ultrasound in assessing the sciatic nerve to make a timely diagnosis.
Discretionary decisions in capital requirements under Solvency II
Authors: Grochola Nicolaus , Schlütter Sebastian
Published: July 2024

European insurers are allowed to make discretionary decisions in the calculation of Solvency II capital requirements. These choices include the design of risk models (ranging from a standard formula to a full internal model) and the use of long-term guarantees measures. This article examines the situation of insurers that utilize the discretionary scope regarding capital requirements for market risks. In a first step of our analysis, we assess the risk profiles of 49 stock insurers using daily market data. In a second step, we exploit hand-collected Solvency II data for the years 2016 to 2020. We find that long-term guarantees measures substantially influence the reported solvency ratios. The measures are chosen particularly by less solvent insurers and those with high interest rate and sovereign credit risk sensitivities. Internal models are used more frequently by large insurers and especially for market risks for which they have already found adequate immunization strategies.
Benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers of agricultural lands in Argentina: the functional diversity response to environmental stress
Authors: Ávalos C. A. , Saigo M. , Licursi M.
Published: July 2024

Context The rapid intensification of human impacts on rivers is a major threat for the provision of key ecosystem services for societies. In this context, many of these services rely on the ecological functions performed by macroinvertebrates. Therefore, understanding the relationship between human impacts and the functional diversity of macroinvertebrates is urgent. Aims We aimed at analysing the relationship between human impact and the functional diversity of macroinvertebrates in rivers of agricultural lands of Argentina. Methods We sampled seven rivers of central Argentina during three seasons (spring, autumn and winter). In each site, we measured pesticides, metals, chlorophyll-a, nutrients and the taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrates. We summarised the environmental information using principal-component analysis and assessed the relationship between the assemblage metrics with the first three principal components. Key results We found that functional metrics presented a negative relationship with the human-impact gradient in the three seasons. However, taxonomic metrics showed less sensitivity. Conclusion The functional diversity of macroinvertebrates, but not the taxonomic diversity, decreases with increasing human impacts on rivers. Implications Our result implies that functional metrics should be included in environmental monitoring in agricultural lands of Argentina.
Range expansion of bark beetles in the genus Ips (ECLIPSE - Ecological Co-factors Lead IPS Expansion)
Authors: Evans Hugh ,   Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs,Alice Holt Lodge,Farnham,Surrey,GU10 4LH,UK., Ryan Cathal , Bourke Andy , Økland Bjørn , Gohli Jostein , Kunca Andrej , Nikolov Christo , Vakula Jozef , Grégoire Jean-Claude , Griffin Christine , Fealy Rowan , Klapwijk Maartje , Murchie Archie , Smith Aoife ,   Department of Agriculture,Food and Marine,Agriculture House,Kildare St. Dublin 2. D02 WK12,Irish Republic.,   Department of Agriculture,Food and Marine,Agriculture House,Kildare St. Dublin 2. D02 WK12,Irish Republic.,   Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO),Pb 115,NO-1431 Ås,Norway.,   Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO),Pb 115,NO-1431 Ås,Norway.,   Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic,T.G. Masaryka 22,960 92 Zvolen,Slovakia.,   Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic,T.G. Masaryka 22,960 92 Zvolen,Slovakia.,   Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic,T.G. Masaryka 22,960 92 Zvolen,Slovakia.,   Université libre de Bruxelles,CP 160/12 50 av FD Roosevelt,1050 Bruxelles,Belgium.,   Maynooth University,Maynooth University,Maynooth,County Kilare,Irish Republic.,   Maynooth University,Maynooth University,Maynooth,County Kilare,Irish Republic.,   Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),Inst för Ekologi,PO Box 7044,SE-750 07 Uppsala,Sweden.,   Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland,18a Newforge Lane,Belfast,Northern Ireland,BT9 5BX,UK.,   Department of Agriculture,Environment and Rural Affairs,Plant Health,Forest Service,Inishkeen House,Killyhevlin,Enniskillen,BT74 4EJ,(Northern Ireland),UK.
Published: July 2024

Bark beetles, particularly those in the genus Ips, are major pests of conifer trees in Europe, causing extensive damage to both natural and commercial forests. The ECLIPSE project has analyzed the history of Ips infestations, focusing on factors driving their geographic spread. Key findings indicated that the availability of suitable host trees, largely due to extensive afforestation with conifers, was a primary factor enabling beetle infestations. Climatic factors, such as extreme weather events, further exacerbated infestations by weakening trees. Long-distance dispersal through both beetle flight and human movement of infested wood contributed to the spread. The project also highlighted the importance of monitoring beetle arrivals and source populations to manage risks effectively. Policy recommendations emphasized the need for integrated pest risk assessments that consider both natural dispersal and trade-related movements. The obtained results underscored the necessity of international collaboration and timely information sharing to mitigate the impact of bark beetle infestations.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mitigate drought and salinity stresses, and improve the physiological and agronomic performances in crops: A systematic review
Authors: Kibret Mulugeta , Devkota Krishana , Bakrim Widad Ben , Ezzariai Amine , Terefe Habtamu , Karouach Fadoua , Sobeh Mansour , Hafidi Mohamed , Kouisni Lamfeddal
Published: July 2024

Drought and salinity are environmental factors that negatively impact crop productivity in arid and semi-arid climates. Plant growth promoting rhizobia (PGPR) can help mitigate the harmful effects of drought and salinity on plant growth and productivity. This systematic review aims to summarize studies on PGPR and their mechanisms for reducing the impacts of drought and salinity, as well as to explore the effects of PGPR on different crops to improve agronomic indicators focusing on recent findings. Search was performed on PubMed, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar for papers published from 2013 to 2022. A total of 174 papers were analyzed in this review. The results showed that the PGPRs were found to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and stimulate plant growth under adverse conditions. The PGPRs also reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents, while increasing exopolysaccharide, chlorophyll, and relative water contents, for mitigating both drought and salinity stresses. PGPR strains are effective in increasing root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight, leaf area, and leaf content. Most of the studies regarding the applications of PGPRs to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in crops were conducted under laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions, with Asia having the highest number of publications on cereals. This review shows the potential for PGPR to manage soil salinity and drought across diverse crops and ecologies. Studies on the roles of PGPRs for crop production at the field level to achieve large-scale adoption with agronomic and economic improvements are recommended.
Nanosecond pulsed gliding arc plasma for ammonia synthesis: better insight from discharge mode and vibrational temperature
Authors: Xu Xiaofang , Sun Meng , Song Qinlong , Liu Guangyi , Zhang Haibao
Published: July 2024

Low-temperature plasma technology is a promising technological route to achieve green and efficient ammonia synthesis at ambient temperature and pressure. In this work, a Laval nozzle type gliding arc plasma reactor was designed for the direct synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2 discharges ignited by a high voltage nanosecond pulsed power supply to investigate the effect of different electrode gaps, pulse voltages, and V
N2:V
H2 on ammonia synthesis. The nanosecond pulsed plasma discharges were characterized through oscilloscope and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The maximum rate of NH3 synthesis was 538.12 μmol·h−1 at 1.5 mm electrode gap, 16 kV peak pulse voltage, 6 kHz pulse repetition frequency, 100 ns pulse width, 100 ns pulse rising edge, 100 ns pulse falling edge, and 200 mL·min−1 total gas flow rate with V
N2:V
H2 = 1:1. It was demonstrated that the discharge mode of the nanosecond pulsed gliding arc plasma can transit from a unipolar state to a bipolar state determined by the duty cycle accompanied with higher discharge power and vibrational temperature. Bipolar discharge mode is beneficial to improve the efficiency of plasma ammonia synthesis because of it can strengthen the plasma discharge and increase the vibrational temperature. The ammonia synthesis rate and N2 conversion rate increased with the increase of the discharge power and vibrational temperature.
Dynamical analysis of a discrete Aihara neuron under a locally active memristor as electromagnetic radiation and its DSP implementation
Authors: Cao Hongli , Cao Yinghong , Xu Xianying , Mou Jun
Published: July 2024

The study of neuron model under electromagnetic radiation is significant for learning brain principles and treating mental diseases. In this paper, a novel discrete locally active memristor(DLAM) model is designed and its characteristics are investigated thoroughly. Then, the DLAM is used to imitate electromagnetic radiation to stimulate Aihara neuron, called EMR-Aihara neuron model. The equilibrium point of this discrete model is analyzed. Dynamical characteristics are studied by means of phase diagram, iteration sequence, bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov Exponent spectrum(LEs), Kolmogorow entropy(KE) and Spectral Entropy(SE) complexity. With these analysis methods, rich dynamical behaviors and neuron firing patterns are discovered from the EMR-Aihara neuron map, including hyperchaos, chaos and period. In addition, complex multistability and state transition phenomena concerning various attractors and neuron firing modes are observed. This EMR-Aihara neuron map is implemented in digital circuit by DSP platform as well, confirming the physical availability of the model. The EMR-Aihara neuron model can simulate biological neuron under electromagnetic radiation and apply to image encryption.
Shifting climate and the associated impacts on regional biodiversity: a present and future outlook from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Sachan Disha , Kumar Pankaj
Published: July 2024

Anthropogenic climate change accelerates the decline of global biodiversity and disrupts ecosystem functioning, forcing terrestrial and aquatic species to change their ranges, phenology, physiology, and morphology. In our study, we have employed univariate and a newly-defined vector-algebra-derived multivariate estimate of the velocity of climate change (VoCC) derived from near-surface temperature and total precipitation to present the historical (1980–2005) and projected (2020–2097) shifts in the climate space over the Indian subcontinent. The multivariate VoCC was further used to derive climatic divergence (stress) and residence time of eight representative protected areas (PAs). VoCC is a versatile metric that approximates the ‘required’ migration speeds for the species. Our results from observations (CRU, ERA5) and model simulations (CMIP5, Regional Earth System Model) show that regions with relatively flatter terrain, such as Deserts, Semi-Arid, Deccan Peninsula and Gangetic Plains, displayed the highest historical velocities in the range of 2–15 km yr−1, which are also projected to increase in the future period to range of 4–20 km yr−1. The estimates of multivariate velocities were generally higher than the univariate velocities, leading to a better representation of shifts in real climate space. The high-resolution regional earth system model, ROM, performed better than the global circulations models in producing realistic VoCCs. The climatic stress (diverging vectors closer to 180 degrees) was higher for the Trans-Himalayas, Himalayas, Gangetic Plains, and parts of the Deccan Peninsula, and it is projected to increase in the near and mid future. The PAs with the shortest residence times were found to be Sundarbans (63 years) and Ranthambore (32 years), illustrating a severe challenge for conservationists under changing climate. Our results present the importance of employing multivariate velocities to simulate more realistic estimates of shifting climate and added benefits of measures of climatic divergence and stress on biodiversity.
Antibacterial efficacy of decorated carbon nanotubes by nano silver against pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Khalil Alaa M , Gharieb Menna Ali , Abdelaty Shokry M , El-Khatib Ahmed M
Published: July 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as a promising nanomaterial for a variety of applications. It has desirable physicochemical characteristics of high surface area, superior mechanical and thermal strength, and electrochemical activity. In this study, CNTs decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were manufactured by an arc discharge technique. As a result, etching produces stable AgNPs-CNTs aqueous suspensions of pure silver and carbon electrodes in ethanol vapor condensed in water. UV- visible photometer, x-ray Diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive x-ray characterized the synthesized AgNPs-CNTs. The synthesized AgNPs-CNTs crystals showed CNTs formation of an average 9.5 nm, with intermediate length position of about 75.8 nm decorated by homogeneous spherical AgNPs of average size 15.2 nm. The antibacterial efficiency of AgNPs-CNTs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was established at a series of concentrations (45 g ml−1: 0.0879 g ml−1) while values for the MIC and MBC were determined. The MIC and MBC levels were found to be (>5.625 μg ml−1) and (>11.25 μg/ml) respectively. The bacteria cytotoxicity was evaluated through LDH and protein leakage levels. Treated samples with 3.2 μg ml−1 AgNPs-CNTs revealed significant injuries in the cell membrane by two times greater in LDH and protein leakage levels than samples treated by 5.0 μg ml−1 AgNPs. Results in this work substantiate the synergistic effect of combining AgNPs with CNTs to enhanced antibacterial properties and performance compared to AgNPs alone. The efficiency of using synthesized AgNPs-CNTs showed high antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner. The arc discharge method can be adapted to incorporate different materials or change the synthesis conditions, allowing for the production of AgNPs-CNTs with tailored properties for specific applications.
A causal machine-learning framework for studying policy impact on air pollution: a case study in COVID-19 lockdowns
Authors: Heffernan Claire , Koehler Kirsten , Zamora Misti Levy , Buehler Colby , Gentner Drew R , Peng Roger D , Datta Abhirup
Published: July 2024

When studying the impact of policy interventions or natural experiments on air pollution, such as new environmental policies or the opening or closing of an industrial facility, careful statistical analysis is needed to separate causal changes from other confounding factors. Using COVID-19 lockdowns as a case study, we present a comprehensive framework for estimating and validating causal changes from such perturbations. We propose using flexible machine learning–based comparative interrupted time series (CITS) models for estimating such a causal effect. We outline the assumptions required to identify causal effects, showing that many common methods rely on strong assumptions that are relaxed by machine learning models. For empirical validation, we also propose a simple diagnostic criterion, guarding against false effects in baseline years when there was no intervention. The framework is applied to study the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the eastern United States. The machine learning approaches guard against false effects better than common methods and suggest decreases in NO2 levels in 4 US cities (Boston, Massachusetts; New York, New York; Baltimore, Maryland; and Washington, DC) during the pandemic lockdowns. The study showcases the importance of our validation framework in selecting a suitable method and the utility of a machine learning–based CITS model for studying causal changes in air pollution time series.

This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.
Prevalence and correlates of diagnosed and probable polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in a cohort of parous women
Authors: Perng Wei , Fitz Victoria W , Salmon Kyle , Hivert Marie-France , Kazemi Maryam , Rifas-Shiman Sheryl L , Shifren Jan , Oken Emily , Chavarro Jorge E
Published: July 2024

Correlates of diagnosed and probable polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among parous women were assessed in this study. A total of 557 women were recruited from multi-specialty clinics in eastern Massachusetts. The women were categorized as being diagnosed with PCOS based on medical records and self-reported clinician-diagnoses. A category of “probable PCOS” was created for women without a diagnosis but with ≥ 2 of the following: ovulatory dysfunction (cycle length < 21 or ≥ 35 days), hyperandrogenism (free testosterone concentration > 75th percentile), or elevated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration (> 75th percentile). The remaining participants were placed in the “no PCOS” category, and characteristics were compared across groups. Of the total cohort, 9.7% had diagnosed and 9.2% had probable PCOS. The frequency of irregular cycles was similar for diagnosed and probable PCOS. Free testosterone and AMH levels were higher in women with probable than with diagnosed PCOS. Frequency of irregular cycles and both hormones were higher for the 2 PCOS groups vs the no PCOS group. Obesity prevalence for diagnosed PCOS was twice that of probable PCOS (43.9% vs 19.6%), yet the 2 groups had similar HbA1c and adiponectin values. Women with probable PCOS are leaner but have comparable glycemic traits to those with a formal diagnosis, highlighting the importance of assessing biochemical profiles among women with irregular cycles, even in the absence of overweight/obesity.
How does viewing angle affect the perceived accuracy of Batesian mimicry in hoverflies?
Authors: Baker Lucy , Taylor Chris , Gilbert Francis , Reader Tom
Published: July 2024

Despite Batesian mimicry often eliciting predator avoidance, many Batesian mimics, such as some species of hoverfly (Syrphidae), are considered to have an “imperfect” resemblance to their model. One possible explanation for the persistence of apparently imperfect mimicry is that human perceptions of mimicry are different from those of natural predators. Natural predators of hoverflies have different visual and cognitive systems from humans, and they may encounter mimics in a different way. For example, whilst humans often encounter hoverflies at rest on vegetation, or in photographs or textbooks, where they are typically viewed from above, natural predators may approach hoverflies from the side or below. To test how viewing angle affects the perception of mimicry, images of mimetic hoverflies and their models (wasps and bees) were shown from different angles in an online survey. Participants were asked to distinguish between the images of models and mimics. The results show that the viewing angle does affect perceived mimicry in some species, although it does not provide a complete explanation for the persistence of imperfect mimicry in nature. The effect is also highly species-specific. This suggests that to understand better how selection has shaped mimetic accuracy in hoverflies and other taxa, further study is required of the viewing angles that predators utilize most commonly in nature.
A method for determining the layout of a yaw system based on the Delphi method and the analytic hierarchy process
Authors: Lin ShuTing , Lu Lanxing , Zhang Peng , Li Hua
Published: July 2024

Wind power technology has been widely used due to its characteristics of environmental protection, sustainability and low cost. The yaw system plays a vital role in improving the energy capture efficiency of a wind turbine. However, the method of layout determination is lacking in the yaw system. To solve this problem, a method that combines the Delphi method and the analytic hierarchy process was proposed in this study. Twelve evaluation indexes, including transmission efficiency, ratio range, operating temperature range and others, were identified by screening 18 technical indicators using the Delphi method. Subsequently, the evaluation system of the yaw system was established. Then, six configuration schemes were selected. Experts’ scores of schemes were collected according to the evaluation system and the score matrix of evaluation indexes was obtained. The hierarchical model of the evaluation indexes of the yaw system was established and the comprehensive weight was obtained by using the analytic hierarchy process. After calculating the comprehensive evaluation score, the comprehensive evaluation result was obtained. The 2Z-X(A) negative mechanism, which achieved the highest score of 0.9227, is the optimal scheme. A new method and specific process are provided for designers. The research gap in the scheme selection method for yaw systems is filled.
An artificial intelligence grading system of apical periodontitis in cone-beam computed tomography data
Authors: Zhao Tianyin , Wu Huili , Leng Diya , Yao Enhui , Gu Shuyun , Yao Minhui , Zhang Qinyu , Wang Tong , Wu Daming , Xie Lizhe
Published: July 2024

Objectives

In order to assist junior doctors in better diagnosing apical periodontitis (AP), an artificial intelligence AP grading system was developed based on deep learning (DL) and its reliability and accuracy were evaluated.

Methods

One hundred and twenty cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were selected to construct a classification dataset with four categories, which were divided by CBCT periapical index (CBCTPAI), including normal periapical tissue, CBCTPAI 1-2, CBCTPAI 3-5, and young permanent teeth. Three classic algorithms (ResNet50/101/152) as well as one self-invented algorithm (PAINet) were compared with each other. PAINet were also compared with two recent Transformer-based models and three attention models. Their performance was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, balanced F score (F1-score), and the area under the macro-average receiver operating curve (AUC). Reliability was evaluated by Cohen’s kappa to compare the consistency of model predicted labels with expert opinions.

Results

PAINet performed best among the four algorithms. The accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC on the test set were 0.9333, 0.9415, 0.9333, 0.9336, and 0.9972, respectively. Cohen’s kappa was 0.911, which represented almost perfect consistency.

Conclusions

PAINet can accurately distinguish between normal periapical tissues, CBCTPAI 1-2, CBCTPAI 3-5, and young permanent teeth. Its results were highly consistent with expert opinions. It can help junior doctors diagnose and score AP, reducing the burden. It can also be promoted in areas where experts are lacking to provide professional diagnostic opinions.
Preoperative risk evaluation and optimization for patients with liver disease
Authors: Bhalla Sameer , Mcquillen Brendan , Cay Edward , Reau Nancy
Published: July 2024

The prevalence of liver disease is rising and more patients with liver disease are considered for surgery each year. Liver disease poses many potential complications to surgery; therefore, assessing perioperative risk and optimizing a patient’s liver health is necessary to decrease perioperative risk. Multiple scoring tools exist to help quantify perioperative risk and can be used in combination to best educate patients prior to surgery. In this review, we go over the various scoring tools and provide a guide for clinicians to best assess and optimize perioperative risk based on the etiology of liver disease.
Proteomic Stratification of Prognosis and Treatment Options for Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Huo Zitian , Duan Yaqi , Zhan Dongdong , Xu Xizhen , Zheng Nairen , Cai Jing , Sun Ruifang , Wang Jianping , Cheng Fang , Gao Zhan , Xu Caixia , Liu Wanlin , Dong Yuting , Ma Sailong , Zhang Qian , Zheng Yiyun , Lou Liping , Kuang Dong , Chu Qian , Qin Jun , Wang Guoping , Wang Yi
Published: July 2024

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly malignant and heterogeneous cancer with limited therapeutic options and prognosis prediction models. Here, we analyzed formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of surgical resections by proteomic profiling, and stratified SCLC into three proteomic subtypes (S-I, S-II, and S-III) with distinct clinical outcomes and chemotherapy responses. The proteomic subtyping was an independent prognostic factor and performed better than current tumor–node–metastasis or Veterans Administration Lung Study Group staging methods. The subtyping results could be further validated using FFPE biopsy samples from an independent cohort, extending the analysis to both surgical and biopsy samples. The signatures of the S-II subtype in particular suggested potential benefits from immunotherapy. Differentially overexpressed proteins in S-III, the worst prognostic subtype, allowed us to nominate potential therapeutic targets, indicating that patient selection may bring new hope for previously failed clinical trials. Finally, analysis of an independent cohort of SCLC patients who had received immunotherapy validated the prediction that the S-II patients had better progression-free survival and overall survival after first-line immunotherapy. Collectively, our study provides the rationale for future clinical investigations to validate the current findings for more accurate prognosis prediction and precise treatments.
Moonshot. Long shot. Or sure shot. What needs to happen to realize the full potential of AI in the fertility sector?
Authors: Letterie Gerard
Published: July 2024

Quality healthcare requires two critical components: patients’ best interests and best decisions to achieve that goal. The first goal is the lodestar, unchanged and unchanging over time. The second component is a more dynamic and rapidly changing paradigm in healthcare. Clinical decision-making has transitioned from an opinion-based paradigm to an evidence-based and data-driven process. A realization that technology and artificial intelligence can bring value adds a third component to the decision process. And the fertility sector is not exempt. The debate about AI is front and centre in reproductive technologies. Launching the transition from a conventional provider-driven decision paradigm to a software-enhanced system requires a roadmap to enable effective and safe implementation. A key nodal point in the ascending arc of AI in the fertility sector is how and when to bring these innovations into the ART routine to improve workflow, outcomes, and bottom-line performance. The evolution of AI in other segments of clinical care would suggest that caution is needed as widespread adoption is urged from several fronts. But the lure and magnitude for the change that these tech tools hold for fertility care remain deeply engaging. Exploring factors that could enhance thoughtful implementation and progress towards a tipping point (or perhaps not) should be at the forefront of any ‘next steps’ strategy. The objective of this Opinion is to discuss four critical areas (among many) considered essential to successful uptake of any new technology. These four areas include value proposition, innovative disruption, clinical agency, and responsible computing.