bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogeography and diversification of colletid bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): emerging patterns from the southern end of the world
Authors: Almeida Eduardo A. B. , Pie Marcio R. , Brady Seán G. , Danforth Bryan N.
Published: December 2011

Aim The evolutionary history of bees is presumed to extend back in time to the Early Cretaceous. Among all major clades of bees, Colletidae has been a prime example of an ancient group whose Gondwanan origin probably precedes the complete break‐up of Africa, Antarctica, Australia and South America, because modern lineages of this family occur primarily in southern continents. In this paper, we aim to study the temporal and spatial diversification of colletid bees to better understand the processes that have resulted in the present southern disjunctions.

Location Southern continents.

Methods We assembled a dataset comprising four nuclear genes of a broad sample of Colletidae. We used Bayesian inference analyses to estimate the phylogenetic tree topology and divergence times. Biogeographical relationships were investigated using event‐based analytical methods: a Bayesian approach to dispersal–vicariance analysis, a likelihood‐based dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model and a Bayesian model. We also used lineage through time analyses to explore the tempo of radiations of Colletidae and their context in the biogeographical history of these bees.

Results Initial diversification of Colletidae took place at the Late Cretaceous (≥ 70 Ma). Several (6–14) lineage exchanges between Australia and South America via Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs could explain the disjunctions observed between colletid lineages today. All biogeographical methods consistently indicated that there were multiple lineage exchanges between South America and Australia, and these approaches were valuable in exploring the degree of uncertainty inherent in the ancestral reconstructions. Biogeographical and dating results preclude an explanation of Scrapterinae in Africa as a result of vicariance, so one dispersal event is assumed to explain the disjunction in relation to Euryglossinae. The net diversification rate was found to be highest in the recent history of colletid evolution.

Main conclusions The biogeography and macroevolutionary history of colletid bees can be explained by a combination of Cenozoic vicariance and palaeoclimatic changes during the Neogene. The austral connection and posterior break‐up of South America, Antarctica and Australia resulted in a pattern of disjunct sister lineages. Increased biome aridification coupled with floristic diversification in the southern continents during the Neogene may have contributed to the high rates of cladogenesis in these bees in the last 25–30 million years.
More academics in regular schools? The effect of regular versus special school placement on academic skills in Dutch primary school students with Down syndrome
Authors: de Graaf G. , van Hove G. , Haveman M.
Published: December 2011

Background  Studies from the UK have shown that children with Down syndrome acquire more academic skills in regular education. Does this likewise hold true for the Dutch situation, even after the effect of selective placement has been taken into account?

Method  In 2006, an extensive questionnaire was sent to 160 parents of (specially and regularly placed) children with Down syndrome (born 1993–2000) in primary education in the Netherlands with a response rate of 76%. Questions were related to the child's school history, academic and non‐academic skills, intelligence quotient, parental educational level, the extent to which parents worked on academics with their child at home, and the amount of academic instructional time at school. Academic skills were predicted with the other variables as independents.

Results  For the children in regular schools much more time proved to be spent on academics. Academic performance appeared to be predicted reasonably well on the basis of age, non‐academic skills, parental educational level and the extent to which parents worked at home on academics. However, more variance could be predicted when the total amount of years that the child spent in regular education was added, especially regarding reading and to a lesser extent regarding writing and math. In addition, we could prove that this finding could not be accounted for by endogenity.

Conclusion  Regularly placed children with Down syndrome learn more academics. However, this is not a straight consequence of inclusive placement and age alone, but is also determined by factors such as cognitive functioning, non‐academic skills, parental educational level and the extent to which parents worked at home on academics. Nevertheless, it could be proven that the more advanced academic skills of the regularly placed children are not only due to selective placement. The positive effect of regular school on academics appeared to be most pronounced for reading skills.
Asymptomatic carriage of malaria parasites in blood donors in Yaoundé
Authors: Noubouossie D. , Tagny C. T. , Same‐Ekobo A. , Mbanya D.
Published: December 2011

Background: Malaria can be transmitted through blood transfusion, but there is paucity of data concerning transfusion‐transmitted malaria in Cameroun.

Objective: To determine prevalence of malaria infection and association with epidemiological and clinical data obtained from donors' responses.

Methods: Microscopic examination of stained thick and thin blood smears for the detection, quantification and specification of Plasmodium sp was performed on 493 blood donors in two main hospitals in Yaoundé during October and November 2007.

Results: Overall 6·5% of blood donors were detected positive for Plasmodium sp infection: 90·6% was Plasmodium falciparum and 9·4% was Plasmodium malariae. Parasite counts ranged from 80 to 800 µL−1 with a median of 320 µL−1. Asexual and sexual forms were found in 75·9 and 24·1% of cases, respectively. Age, sex, type of blood donor (voluntary non‐remunerated vs familial/replacement) and fate of blood donation (selected vs discarded) did not affect the prevalence of malaria carriage. The lack of malaria prophylaxis as well as the manifestation of malaria symptoms within 2 weeks and 1 month preceding blood donation were significantly associated with high frequency of parasites carriage.

Conclusion: Malaria parasites carriage is frequent among blood donors in Yaoundé. These data seem to describe high‐risk donor profile and may help improving blood safety related to transfusion‐transmitted malaria in Cameroon.
Increasing access to the MDR‐TB surveillance programme through a collaborative model in western Kenya*
Authors: Park Paul H. , Magut Cornelius , Gardner Adrian , O’yiengo Dennis O. , Kamle Lydia , Langat Bernard K. , Buziba Nathan G. , Carter E. Jane
Published: December 2011

Objective  Kenya, like many resource‐constrained countries, has a single mycobacterial laboratory, centrally located in Nairobi, with capacity for drug‐susceptibility testing (DST) – the gold standard in diagnosing drug‐resistant tuberculosis. We describe and evaluate a novel operational design that attempts to overcome diagnostic delivery barriers.

Methods  Review of the public DST programme identified several barriers limiting access: lack of programme awareness amongst physicians, limited supplies, unreliable transport and no specimen tracking methods. Staff visited 19 clinic sites in western Kenya and trained healthcare providers in regard to the novel diagnostics model. Provincial laboratory registries were reviewed to assess utilization of DST services prior to and after programme modification.

Results  Onsite training consisted of the inclusion criteria for re‐treatment patients – the high‐priority group for DST. Additionally, infrastructural support established a stable supply chain. An existing transport system was adapted to deliver sputum specimens. Task shifting created an accession and tracking system of specimens. During the 24 months post‐implementation, the number of re‐treatment specimens from the catchment area increased from 9.1 to 23.5 specimens per month. In comparing annual data pre‐ and post‐implementation, the proportion of re‐treatment cases receiving DST increased from 24.7% (n = 403) to 32.5% (n = 574) (P < 0.001), and the number of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) TB cases increased from 5 to 10 cases.

Conclusion  The delivery model significantly increased the proportion of re‐treatment cases receiving DST. Barriers to accessing the national MDR‐TB surveillance programme can be overcome through an operational model based on pragmatic use of existing services from multiple partners.
Analysis of allergen immunotherapy studies shows increased clinical efficacy in highly symptomatic patients
Authors: Howarth P. , Malling H.‐J. , Molimard M. , Devillier P.
Published: December 2011

To cite this article: Howarth P, Malling H‐J, Molimard M, Devillier P. Analysis of allergen immunotherapy studies shows increased clinical efficacy in highly symptomatic patients. Allergy 2012; 67: 321–327.

Background:  The assessment of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) efficacy in the treatment for seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SAR) symptoms is challenging. Allergen immunotherapy differs from symptomatic therapy in that while symptomatic therapy treats patients after symptoms appear and aims to reduce symptoms, AIT is administered before symptoms are present and aims to prevent them. Thus, clinical studies of AIT can neither establish baseline symptom levels nor limit the enrolment of patients to those with the most severe symptoms. Allergen immunotherapy treatment effects are therefore diluted by patients with low symptoms for a particular pollen season. The objective of this analysis was to assess the effect possible to achieve with AIT in the groups of patients presenting the most severe allergic symptoms.

Methods:  Study centres were grouped into tertiles categorized according to symptom severity scores observed in the placebo patients in each centre (low, middle and high tertiles). The difference observed in the average score in each tertile in active vs placebo‐treated patients was assessed. This allowed an estimation of the efficacy that could be achieved in patients from sites where symptoms were high during the pollen season.

Results:  An increased treatment effect was observed in the most severe patients and was independent of the study analysed and symptom score used.

Conclusions:  The use of a tertile approach to analyse efficacy in AIT in SAR clinical studies can give a more accurate assessment of potential clinical benefit.
Ethylene negatively regulates EXPA5 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Son Seung‐Hyun , Chang Soo Chul , Park Chan Ho , Kim Seong‐Ki
Published: December 2011

We examined the effects of ethylene on the expression of Arabidopsis expansins (AtEXPs). Among the AtEXPs tested, transcription of the AtEXPA5 gene was reduced most by exogenous ethylene. 2‐Aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, increased AtEXPA5 transcription. Ethylene insensitive (ein7) and constitutive (ctr1) mutants resulted in increased and decreased transcription, respectively, thereby suggesting that ethylene endogenously downregulates AtEXPA5 expression. Hypocotyl elongation followed the same trend as AtEXPA5 expression, implying that changes in hypocotyl elongation reflect changes in AtEXPA5 expression. A transgenic plant line that overexpresses AtEXPA5, 35S‐EXPA5, showed a reduced response to exogenous ethylene in terms of hypocotyl lengths when compared to wild‐type and expA5–1, a knockout mutant. These results and the dose‐dependent effect of aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxyl acid on hypocotyl elongation implicate AtEXPA5 overexpression in making tissues more sensitive to high doses of ethylene. In summary, AtEXPA5 appears to respond to ethylene and play a role in ethylene regulating hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Effect of pegylated interferon‐α‐2a treatment on mental health during recent hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Alavi Maryam , Grebely Jason , Matthews Gail V , Petoumenos Kathy , Yeung Barbara , Day Carolyn , Lloyd Andrew R , Van Beek Ingrid , Kaldor John M , Hellard Margaret , Dore Gregory J , Haber Paul S ,   the ATAHC Study Group
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has neuropsychiatric side effects. Data on the effect of HCV treatment on mental health among injecting drug users (IDUs) are limited. We assessed mental health during treatment of recently acquired HCV, within a predominantly IDU population.

Methods:  Participants with HCV received PEG‐IFN‐α‐2a (180 µg/week) for 24 weeks; HCV/HIV received PEG‐IFN with ribavirin. Depression was assessed using the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with depression at enrolment and during treatment. Also, the effect of depression prior to and during treatment on sustained virological response (SVR) was assessed.

Results:  Of 163 participants, 111 received treatment (HCV, n = 74; HCV/HIV, n = 37), with 76% ever reporting IDU. At enrolment, 16% had depression (n = 25). In adjusted analysis, depression at enrolment occurred less often in participants full‐/part‐time employed (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06, 0.82, P = 0.023) and more often in recent IDUs (AOR 3.04; 95% CI: 1.19, 7.72, P = 0.019). During treatment, 35% (n = 31) developed new‐onset depression. In adjusted analysis, poorer social functioning (higher score) was associated with new‐onset depression (score ≤ 9 vs score ≥ 17; OR 5.69; 95% CI: 1.61, 20.14, P = 0.007). SVR was similar among participants with and without depression at enrolment (60% vs 61%, P = 0.951) and in those with and without new‐onset depression (74% vs 63%, P = 0.293).

Conclusions:  Although depression at enrolment and during treatment was common among participants with recent HCV, neither influenced SVR. Participants with poor social functioning may be most at risk of developing depression during HCV therapy.
Characteristics of intestinal lamina propria dendritic cells in a mouse model of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Long Yanqin , Wang Wenfeng , Wang Huan , Hao Liangcheng , Qian Wei , Hou Xiaohua
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS), which results from inflammation has been emphasized a lot recently. Dendritic cells (DCs) may contribute to intestinal mucosal immune activation in the pathogenesis of PI‐IBS. This study tested the hypothesis that phenotype and function of intestinal lamina propria DCs (LPDCs) changed in the development of a PI‐IBS mouse model.

Methods:  Mice infected with Trichinella spiralis underwent abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) to evaluate visceral sensitivity. LPDCs were isolated and purified by intestine digestion and magnetic label‐based technique. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. Endocytic activity, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and chemotaxis were studied. Cytokine production of the LPDCs cocultured with CD4+ T cells was determined.

Results:  Intestinal inflammation resolved after 8 weeks infection with sustained visceral hyperalgesia. Surface markers CD86 and MHCII were lower in the acute infection group, but increased in the PI‐IBS stage. Enhanced ability of endocytic activity and decreased abilities to attract and stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation were in the acute infection group. However, LPDCs in the PI‐IBS stage showed weakened endocytic ability with enhanced abilities to attract and stimulate CD4+ T cell proliferation. Cocultured LPDCs with CD4+ T cells showed a predominant Th2 response in the acute infection stage, and more important roles of Th1, Th17 responses in the PI‐IBS stage.

Conclusions:  The hypothesis was supported that the phenotype and function of LPDCs changed in the development of PI‐IBS, which induced the maintenance of intestinal mucosal immune activation and might provide a clue for the treatment of the disease.
Economic analysis between entecavir and lamivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Kenneth KC , Wu David Bin Chia , Chow Pui Yu , Lee Vivian Wing Yan , Li Hong
Published: December 2011

Background and Aim:  Tremendous healthcare resources have been spent on the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and its related complications. Therefore, a proper evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness of pharmacotherapy is vital in aid of decision‐making. The aim of the present study was to examine the long‐term economic and clinical influence if lamivudine was replaced by entecavir in a group of CHB patients.

Methods:  A recently published decision analytic model was adapted to study the cost‐effectiveness of 2 years of treatment of entecavir in a hypothetical cohort of 1000 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative CHB patients from a public hospital perspective. Compensated cirrhosis (CC) and de‐compensated cirrhosis (DC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) events were projected to 10 years. Hong Kong‐specific health care costs were used. Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) were calculated using the utility values obtained from a local study.

Results:  In the base case analysis, compared with lamivudine, the use of entecavir was expected to reduce the incidences of CC, DC and HCC by 41.8%, 57.1% and 49.3%, respectively, and lead to a saving of $US 1.17 million in medical cost. The overall disease management cost for entecavir, which was 67.7% higher than lamivudine for 2 years treatment was reduced to 17.2% after projecting 2‐year treatment duration to 10 years. The incremental cost per QALY gained for entecavir compared with lamivudine was $US 13 759.

Conclusions:  Based on the recommended cost‐effectiveness threshold of the World Health Organization, entecavir is considered cost‐effective compared with lamivudine in treating CHB in Hong Kong when long term medical consequences were considered.
Oncological outcomes of the prostate cancer patients registered in 2004: Report from the Cancer Registration Committee of the JUA
Authors: Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Miki Tsuneharu , Kubota Yoshinobu , Takahashi Satoru , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Kanayama Hiro‐omi , Mikami Kazuya , Homma Yukio
Published: December 2011

Objectives:  In 2001, the Cancer Registration Committee of the Japanese Urological Association initiated a data collection of prostate cancer patients into a computer‐based database. The aim of the present study is to report the clinical and pathological characteristics and outcomes of prostate cancer patients diagnosed in 2004 in Japan.

Methods:  Overall, 11 385 patients from 239 institutions were registered into the database. After excluding 1105 patients because of insufficient data, duplication or insufficient follow up, 10 280 patients were eligible for the analysis. Most of them (10 198, 99.2%) were Japanese and 1195 (11.6%) had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. The mean and median follow up was 53.2 months and 61.5 months, respectively.

Results:  The 5‐year overall and prostate cancer‐specific survival rate was 89.7% and 94.8%, respectively. The 5‐year prostate cancer‐specific survival rate of M0 and M1 disease was 98.4% and 61.1%, respectively. For 8424 cases of organ‐confined or regional disease, Japanese urologists used as the initial treatment hormone ablation therapy alone (3360, 39.9%), radical prostatectomy (3140, 38.1%), radiation therapy (1530, 18.2%) and watchful waiting (394, 4.7%) including active surveillance or palliative observation.

Conclusions:  This is the first large population report of survival data in Japanese prostate cancer patients. In Japan, the disease population, survival period with metastatic disease and ratio of patients having hormone ablation therapy differ from those in Western countries.
The use of alprazolam by people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: HORYNIAK DANIELLE , REDDEL SIOBHAN , QUINN BRENDAN , DIETZE PAUL
Published: December 2011

Introduction and Aims. In Australia, people who inject drugs (PWID) commonly report the use of benzodiazepines (BZDs). This paper explores the emerging use of alprazolam among PWID in Melbourne, Australia.

Design and Methods. This study reports on 3 years of data collected through the Victorian Illicit Drug Reporting System (2008–2010). Structured interviews were conducted with 451 PWID and analysed using odds ratios and χ2‐tests for trends over time.

Results. While the proportion of PWID reporting recent BZD use remained stable over time, the proportion reporting alprazolam to be their most commonly used BZD fluctuated, peaking in 2009. Alprazolam users were significantly more likely to report using illicit BZDs and to report recent BZD injection compared with users of other BZDs. Alprazolam use was associated with the sale of drugs for cash, but not with other criminal activities.

Discussion and Conclusion. The fluctuations in alprazolam use over time may be reflective of medical practitioners ceasing to prescribe alprazolam in response to reports of associated harms; however, this may in turn be driving the illicit alprazolam market. While the data do not indicate a clear association between alprazolam use and harms, considering the potential severity of associated harms and the association between alprazolam use and anterograde amnesia, patterns of alprazolam use among PWID should be closely monitored. Potential changes to prescribing practice should consider unintended consequences, such as replacement with other BZD types, or illicitly obtained BZDs.[Horyniak D, Reddel S, Quinn B, Dietze P. The use of alprazolam by people who inject drugs in Melbourne, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:585–590]
AFTER THE FALL: AN EX POST CHARACTERIZATION OF HOUSING PRICE DECLINES ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS
Authors: CARSON RICHARD T. , DASTRUP SAMUEL R.
Published: December 2011

Housing prices have plummeted across the United States. This article examines differences in the magnitude of housing price decreases across metropolitan areas. A small number of housing market variables observable before the fall are capable of explaining over 70% of the considerable variation in price declines. An additional non‐parametric analysis suggests that exceeding particular thresholds for some of the key predictors is associated with much larger price drops. These findings are consistent with historical price patterns, which raises questions about the validity of mortgage pricing policy and risk diversification norms in the United States. The analysis points to a set of stylized facts concerning the housing price bubble that need to be explained and suggests fruitful hypotheses for understanding the dramatic housing price declines. (JEL R31, R21, R11, G21)
The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress
Authors: Michetti Fabrizio , Corvino Valentina , Geloso Maria Concetta , Lattanzi Wanda , Bernardini Camilla , Serpero Laura , Gazzolo Diego
Published: December 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 644–659.

S100B is a calcium‐binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra‐neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.
Regulation of the inflammatory response of vascular endothelial cells by EPAC1
Authors: Parnell Euan , Smith Brian O , Palmer Timothy M , Terrin Anna , Zaccolo Manuela , Yarwood Stephen J
Published: December 2011

Life‐threatening diseases of the cardiovascular system, like atherosclerosis, are exacerbated by unwanted inflammation within the structures of large blood vessels. This inflammation involves increased permeability of the vascular endothelial cells (VECs) that form the lining of blood vessels, leading to exaggerated extravasation of blood components and accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space. This results in tissue dysfunction and increased secretion of chemokines that attract leukocytes and monocytes to the inflamed endothelium. Cyclic AMP is synthesized in VECs in response to endogenous Gs‐coupled receptors and is known to limit cytokine action and reduce endothelial hyperpermeability induced by multiple pro‐inflammatory stimuli. The mechanisms underlying this anti‐inflammatory action of cyclic AMP are now being elucidated and it is becoming clear that the cyclic AMP sensor, exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC1), appears to play a key role in suppressing unwanted inflammation. EPAC1 mediates at least three anti‐inflammatory pathways in VECs by down‐regulating inflammatory signalling through the induction of the suppressors of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS‐3) gene, limiting integrin‐dependent vascular permeability and enhancing endothelial barrier function through the stabilization of VE‐cadherin junctions. Given that manipulation of cellular cyclic AMP levels currently forms the basis of many effective pharmaceuticals and that EPAC1 is involved in multiple anti‐inflammatory protective processes in VECs, does this make EPAC1 an attractive target for the development of activators capable of eliciting a coordinated programme of ‘protection’ against the development of endothelial dysfunction? Here we discuss whether EPAC1 represents an attractive therapeutic target for limiting endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Novel cAMP Signalling Paradigms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐2
Measuring Individual Preferences for Rural Multifunctionality: The Importance of Demographic and Residential Heterogeneity
Authors: Gómez‐Limón José A. , Vera‐Toscano Esperanza , Rico‐González Margarita
Published: December 2011

We propose an approach to conceptualise ‘rural multifunctionality’ and further investigate peoples’ preferences for it. We use an opinion survey concerning individual preferences for several functions that rural spaces should provide. We use the analytical hierarchy process approach to assess the relative importance of each function. The results show how the social weightings of these functions are balanced, confirming that society demands truly multifunctional rural territories. Nonetheless, differences are found in individual preferences. We explore the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of these individual preferences, paying particular attention to the importance of heterogeneity using seemingly unrelated regressions. In short, results from this research could be employed as a useful informative element for the future development of public policies related to rural spaces.
An updated analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes and subtypes based on the complete coding region
Authors: Nakano Tatsunori , Lau Gillian M. G. , Lau Grace M. L. , Sugiyama Masaya , Mizokami Masashi
Published: December 2011

Background

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genomic database is expanding rapidly.

Aims

There is a need to provide an updated phylogenetic tree analysis based on the complete coding region of HCV.

Methods

All available HCV complete genome sequences in the HCV databases available through October 2010 were analyzed.

Results

The assignment of all known complete sequences up‐to‐date confirmed the previous six major genotypes and one new sequence, which have been provisionally assigned as subtype 7a. New recombinant forms of HCV, although uncommon, have been detected and were found to have different crossover points.

Conclusion

This updated analysis based on the complete region of HCV confirmed the validity of the previously assigned genotypes/subtypes and provided an up‐to‐date reference for future basic research and clinical studies.
Complications associated with tissue anchor migration after vaginal surgery using the tissue fixation system – a case series
Authors: ATHERTON Michelle J. , DABORN John P. , TSOKOS Nicolas , JEFFERY James T. , YIN Michelle J.
Published: December 2011

This case series describes eleven women with serious complications related to migration of tissue anchors after vaginal surgery for uterovaginal prolapse and/or urinary incontinence using the tissue fixation system.
Clinical score for the outcome of external cephalic version: A two‐phase prospective study
Authors: BURGOS Jorge , COBOS Patricia , RODRIGUEZ Leire , PIJOÁN José Ignacio , FERNÁNDEZ‐LLEBREZ Luis , MARTÍNEZ‐ASTORQUIZA Txantón , MELCHOR Juan Carlos
Published: December 2011

Aim:  To design a score based on clinical parameters to predict the outcome of external cephalic versions (ECVs) at term.

Materials and Methods:  A two‐phase study was conducted (analysis/design and prospective validation) regarding 1000 versions performed between March 2002 and November 2010. The variables considered in the score were selected based on the results of multiple logistic regression models and multiple correspondence analyses published by our group. The predictive capacity was estimated through the area under the ROC curve.

Results:  The success rates for ECV in phases 1 and 2 were 52.2 and 51.2%, respectively, making the overall success rate 51.7%. The score was designed with the variables parity, placental location, breech variety and amount of amniotic fluid giving a value for each one. A clinical recommendation, based on the result of the score, was the estimated success rate with the 95% confidence interval. The predictive capacity of the score for the outcome of ECV at term was 70.1% (95% CI 66.9–73.4).

Conclusions:  A score composed of four easily measurable variables enabled us to predict the outcome of ECV at term.
An Obituary for GFR as the Main Marker for Kidney Function?
Authors: Vanholder Raymond , Eloot Sunny , Schepers Eva , Neirynck Nathalie , Glorieux Griet , Massy Ziad
Published: December 2011

This publication comments on the recently published findings of a study by Eloot et al. (cJASN, 6: 1266–1273, 2011) that evaluated the correlation between several formulae for calculating estimated GFR (eGFR) and different low molecular weight uremic toxins; eGFRs were based on serum creatinine (SCrea), cystatin C (Cys C), or a combination of both. Unexpectedly, the correlations for the different solutes were highly inconsistent, irrespective of the eGFR formula. On the other hand, the different eGFR formulae gave consistent results per solute. Correlation coefficients for some solutes were low (hippuric acid, p‐cresylsulfate, indole acetic acid, uric acid, asymmetric dimethylarginine) to nonsignificant (carboxy‐methyl‐propyl‐furanpropionic acid). These data point to the fact that eGFR is a deceiving predictor of uremic solute concentration and their biological action; this inconsistency is very likely the result of the impact of other factors affecting concentration, such as tubular secretion, generation by intestinal flora and metabolism.
Topical Propranolol Therapy for Infantile Hemangiomas
Authors: Kunzi‐Rapp Karin
Published: December 2011

Abstract:  The nonselective beta‐adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol is an effective therapy for infantile hemangiomas. Systemic propranolol therapy shows a rapid therapeutic effect with good drug tolerability. We report on the efficacy of local application of propranolol ointment in superficial hemangiomas of the skin. In our outpatient department, 45 children with 65 hemangiomas were treated with 1% propranolol in a hydrophilic ointment topically applied twice a day. Before start of treatment and at each visit, clinical photographs were taken. If ultrasound did not confirm occult deeper components, children were included in the study. Treatment in the proliferative phase within the first 6 months of life (including seven preterm infants) induced regression in 59% and cessation of growth in 26% of the hemangiomas. No response or proliferation of subcutaneous components was observed in 15%. Clinically, no side effects caused by the beta‐receptor blocker were noticed. Treatment of two ulcerated hemangiomas of the perineal region twice using a flash lamp pulsed‐dye laser and propranolol ointment in the surrounding lesion led to healing of the ulcers in 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. In six patients, topical therapy was started between the ages of 7 and 33 months. Even in these hemangiomas, improvement was obvious after 2 or 3 months. Propranolol administered topically in 1% ointment could have a beneficial effect on superficial hemangiomas of the skin. The treatment was well tolerated without side effects even in preterm infants and in children with numerous or large lesions.
Early Growth Response‐1 Contributes to Steatosis Development After Acute Ethanol Administration
Authors: Donohue Terrence M. , Osna Natalia A. , Trambly Casey S. , Whitaker Nash P. , Thomes Paul G. , Todero Sandra L. , Davis John S.
Published: December 2011

Background:  Previous work demonstrated that the transcription factor, early growth response‐1 (Egr‐1), participates in the development of steatosis (fatty liver) after chronic ethanol (EtOH) administration. Here, we determined the extent to which Egr‐1 is involved in fatty liver development in mice subjected to acute EtOH administration.

Methods:  In acute studies, we treated both wild‐type and Egr‐1 null mice with either EtOH or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) by gastric intubation. At various times after treatment, we harvested sera and livers and quantified endotoxin, indices of liver injury, steatosis, and hepatic Egr‐1 content. In chronic studies, groups of mice were fed liquid diets containing either EtOH or isocaloric maltose‐dextrin for 7 to 8 weeks.

Results:  Compared with controls, acute EtOH‐treated mice showed a rapid, transient elevation in serum endotoxin beginning 30 minutes after treatment. One hour postgavage, livers from EtOH‐treated mice exhibited a robust elevation of both Egr‐1 mRNA and protein. By 3 hours postgavage, liver triglyceride increased in EtOH‐treated mice as did lipid peroxidation. Acute EtOH treatment of Egr‐1‐null mice showed no Egr‐1 expression, but these animals still developed elevated triglycerides, although significantly lower than EtOH‐fed wild‐type littermates. Despite showing decreased fatty liver, EtOH‐treated Egr‐1 null mice exhibited greater liver injury. After chronic EtOH feeding, steatosis and liver enlargement were clearly evident, but there was no indication of elevated endotoxin. Egr‐1 levels in EtOH‐fed mice were equal to those of pair‐fed controls.

Conclusions:  Acute EtOH administration induced the synthesis of Egr‐1 in mouse liver. However, despite its robust increase, the transcription factor had a smaller, albeit significant, function in steatosis development after acute EtOH treatment. We propose that the rise in Egr‐1 after acute EtOH is an hepatoprotective adaptation to acute liver injury from binge drinking that is triggered by EtOH metabolism and elevated levels of endotoxin.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Circulating Stress‐Related Proteins and Chronic Ethanol Self‐Administration in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Helms Christa M. , Messaoudi Ilhem , Jeng Sophia , Freeman Willard M. , Vrana Kent E. , Grant Kathleen A.
Published: December 2011

Background:  Alcoholics have alterations in endocrine and immune functions and increased susceptibility to stress‐related disorders. A longitudinal analysis of chronic ethanol intake on homeostatic mechanisms is, however, incompletely characterized in primates.

Methods:  Plasma proteins (n = 60; Luminex) and hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]; cortisol) were repeatedly measured in adult male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, n = 10) during a 32‐month experimental protocol at baseline, during induction of water and ethanol (4% w/v in water) self‐administration, after 4 months, and after 12 months of 22‐hour daily concurrent access to ethanol and water.

Results:  Significant changes were observed in ACTH, cortisol, and 45/60 plasma proteins: a majority (28/45) were suppressed as a function of ethanol self‐administration, 8 proteins were elevated, and 9 showed biphasic changes. Cortisol and ACTH were greatest during induction, and correlations between these hormones and plasma proteins varied across the experiment. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear factor κ‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) as possible mediators of ethanol‐induced effects on immune‐related proteins in primates.

Conclusions:  Chronic ethanol consumption in primates leads to an allostatic state of physiological compromise with respect to circulating immune‐ and stress‐related proteins in NF‐κB‐ and STAT/JAK‐related pathways in correlation with altered endocrine activity.
Collaborative Helping Maps: A Tool to Guide Thinking and Action in Family‐Centered Services
Authors: Madsen William C.
Published: December 2011

This article highlights “disciplined improvisation” as a metaphor for community‐based work with multi‐stressed families. It introduces Collaborative Helping maps as a tool that both helps workers think their way through complex situations with families and provides a structure to support constructive conversations between workers and families about challenging situations. The article illustrates this map through a clinical vignette and uses interviews with workers to highlight ways in which the map can both enhance worker thinking and support constructive conversations between workers and families about problems that could easily divide them and lead to polarization and escalating tension.
Between Pink and Blue: A Multi‐Dimensional Family Approach to Gender Nonconforming Children and their Families
Authors: Malpas Jean
Published: December 2011

Families of gender nonconforming children need to negotiate the interactions between two gender systems: a rigid gender binary imported from familial, social, and cultural experiences and a fluid gender spectrum articulated by their child. This article reviews parental reactions to nonconforming gender developments and poses that the parental mandates of protection and acceptance are problematized by the difference of gender norms between the child and the family, as well as the child and the environment. Through multiple therapeutic modalities—parental coaching and education, parent support group, and child and family therapy—the author illustrates interventions supporting both parents and prepubescent children in their negotiation of safety, connection, and fluidity. Case vignettes illustrate the method in action.
The Persistence of Neighboring as a Determinant of Community Attachment: A Community Field Perspective*
Authors: Sundblad Daniel R. , Sapp Stephen G.
Published: December 2011

Abstract

We examined the community field perspective as a complement to the linear‐development and systemic models of community attachment, wherein community attachment is defined as a social bond to the community of place. We empirically evaluated indicators of the actor's interaction within the social field, such as the perceived quality of neighboring and density of friendships, using social survey and census data from 99 communities in 1994 and 2004 and evaluated as well the percentage change in these indicators from 1994 to 2004. Results show that the community field perspective can complement previous approaches by highlighting the importance of perceived neighboring and friendship density and the persistence of perceived neighboring over time. We suggest implications for community development efforts aimed at enhancing community attachment.
Gender differences in facial skin dielectric constant measured at 300 MHz
Authors: Mayrovitz Harvey N. , Bernal Maria , Carson Sophia
Published: December 2011

Background/purpose

Skin tissue dielectric constant (TDC) measurements at 300 MHz provide non‐invasive data on free and bound tissue water. TDC‐data is available for some body sites, but most is for female forearm. Contrastingly, there are no data on face‐skin or comparative data between genders. Our goals were to obtain facial‐TDC reference values and determine if TDC‐values differ between genders.

Methods

TDC was measured at forehead, cheek, and forearm in 60 young adults (30 men) to a 1.5‐mm depth. Measured TDC‐values were compared with TDC‐values calculated using skin‐thickness data.

Results

Measured TDC‐values ranged from 39.6 ± 2.9 at male‐forehead to 28.2 ± 2.4 at female forearm and were significantly different (P < 0.001) among each site in the order forehead > cheek >forearm. Male TDC‐values were greater than female TDC‐values (P < 0.01) with differences from 5.6% at forehead to 11.3% at forearm. Calculated TDC‐values incorporating site and gender skin‐thickness differences yielded TDC‐values at the most 3% different from measured values.

Conclusion

Gender differences should be considered in clinical studies in which men and women are included in a common study population with respect to experimental design and data interpretation. This is especially true if absolute TDC‐values are of interest rather than changes in TDC‐values on the same subject subsequent secondary to an intervention.
Surgical Reconstruction of Peri‐Implant Bone Defects with Prehydrated and Collagenated Porcine Bone and Collagen Barriers: Case Presentations
Authors: Slotte Christer , Lindfors Ninita , Nannmark Ulf
Published: December 2011

Background: Surgical reconstruction of peri‐implant defects is challenging and unpredictable due to, for example, the extent of the bone defect or the osteogenic potential of adjunctive materials used.

Purpose: To study the healing capacity of a new bone xenograft material in the treatment of peri‐implant defects.

Material and Methods: In three cases with advanced peri‐implant defects, flap surgery was performed. After thorough debridement including cleaning of the exposed implant surface, prehydrated and collagenated porcine bone (PCPB) particles were placed into the defect. A bioresorbable collagen barrier was adapted and placed over the defect and the flaps were relocated. After 6 and 12 months of healing, clinical and radiographic examinations were done. In one case, the surgical procedure was repeated 6 months postoperatively. One year after the second surgery, a bone biopsy was harvested and analyzed with histology.

Results: All defects healed uneventfully. At 6 months, probing depths were reduced by 3–4 mm with no bleeding on probing or pus formation. At 12 months, healthy peri‐implant conditions were found. Intra‐oral radiographs showed gain of the marginal bone level by 2–4 mm. In the case where reconstructive surgery was repeated, histology showed osteoconductive properties as bone formation with typical osteoblastic seams was observed directly on the surface of the grafted particles.

Conclusion: The presented cases show that PCPB have favorable properties enhancing bone regeneration in peri‐implant bone defects.
Perceptions and Practices of Illegal Abortion among Urban Young Adults in the Philippines: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Gipson Jessica D. , Hirz Alanna E. , Avila Josephine L.
Published: December 2011

This study draws on in‐depth interviews and focus group discussions with young adults in a metropolitan area of the Philippines to examine perceptions and practices of illegal abortion. Study participants indicated that unintended pregnancies are common and may be resolved through eventual acceptance or through self‐induced injury or ingestion of substances to terminate the pregnancy. Despite the illegality of abortion and the restricted status of misoprostol, substantial knowledge and use of the drug exists. Discussions mirrored broader controversies associated with abortion in this setting. Abortion was generally thought to invoke gaba (bad karma), yet some noted its acceptability under certain circumstances. This study elucidates the complexities of pregnancy decisionmaking in this restrictive environment and the need for comprehensive and confidential reproductive health services for Filipino young adults.
Farmland bird invertebrate food provision in arable crops
Authors: Holland J.M. , Smith B.M. , Birkett T.C. , Southway S.
Published: December 2011

Invertebrates are an essential food source for most farmland birds yet their relative abundance and biomass in the most commonly grown arable crops are poorly understood. Dvac suction sampling was used to determine the abundance, biomass and community composition of those invertebrate groups considered important in the diet of farmland birds for the commonest arable crops. Approximately 40 fields were sampled at the edge and mid‐field over 2 years in three different locations in England. In cereals, the fauna was primarily comprised of Araneae (10%), Coleoptera (30%) and Hemiptera (58%), whereas the oilseed rape fauna was dominated by Coleoptera (65%) and peas and potatoes by Hemiptera (89%). Beans contained a high proportion of Coleoptera (39%) and Hemiptera (49%). Aphididae were the most abundant family (20–86% of total), although in oilseed rape and beans, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae and Nitidulidae formed ca 20% of the fauna. Aphids only formed a small proportion (7%) of the total biomass, except in peas (32%). Instead, Araneae, Carabidae, Heteroptera, Homoptera and Tipulidae formed much larger and more equal proportions. The highest abundance and biomass of invertebrates were recorded in cereals and least in potatoes. The Grey Partridge chick‐food index in all crops was only a half or less of the level required to ensure that chick survival is sufficient to maintain numbers of this red‐listed species. The total number of invertebrates, their biomass, diversity and the Grey Partridge chick‐food index were higher at the crop edge compared to mid‐field. Conservation measures are needed to help reverse the long‐term declines of invertebrates on farmland, which should include developing further invertebrate‐rich, agri‐environment scheme options and management techniques to encourage invertebrates considered important as bird food within arable crops.
A‐ and B‐Site Modified Perovskite Nanosheets and Their Integrations into High‐k Dielectric Thin Films
Authors: Osada Minoru , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: December 2011

We investigated dielectric properties of perovskite nanosheets with different compositions (Ca2−xSrxNb3−yTayO10) to study the influence of A‐ and B‐site modifications on dielectric properties. Langmuir–Blodgett deposition was employed to fabricate multilayer nanofilms of perovskite nanosheets. In these nanosheets, the A‐site modification by Sr2+ ions causes the increase in εr value, whereas the B‐site modification with Ta5+ ions improves leakage current characteristics and reduces permittivity value. The optimized property (εr = 240) is obtained for Sr2Nb3O10 nanosheet. We also discuss high‐κ properties of Ca2−xSrxNb3−yTayO10 nanosheets by detailed investigations on first‐principles calculations and interfacial structures.