bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Attic Inscriptions
Authors: Osborne Michael J.
Published: September 2013

In the Addendum to the editio minor Kirchner quotes with approval the opinion of Wilhelm that the two fragments published separately as IG ii2. 121 and IG ii2. 185 belong together. As far as I have been able to ascertain, this suggestion has never been withdrawn. There are, however, a number of reasons which make it clear that this proposed join must be rejected.

Both pieces are of white marble and are housed in the Epigraphical Museum at Athens. IG ii2. 121 (= EM 6958) constitutes the top right part of a stele and has a right edge preserved. The dimensions are: maximum height 0·366 m., maximum width 0·222 m., maximum thickness 0·151 m. The surface is rather badly worn. Part of the bottom of a heading in large letters (of 22 mm. height) is preserved at the very top. Below this there is an uninscribed space of 0·113 m., followed by the remains of some six lines of text which comprise part of the prescript of the decree.
The Agrinion Group
Authors: McPhee Ian
Published: September 2013

The museums in Agrinion and Ioannina possess a number of small squat-lekythoi, decorated usually with a single figure flanked by spiral tendrils, which may be seen to form a group. To this nucleus other examples may be added from the Balkans, Italy, and Switzerland. These are all minor vases, but they are of some interest if, as seems possible, they represent a local fabric from north-west Greece.
The Lapidary's Workshop at Knossos
Authors: Younger John G.
Published: September 2013

Evans dates the Lapidary's Workshop, located in the south-west basements of the Palace at Knossos, to his Re-occupation Period (LM IIIB), thus making it and its contents one of three stone jewellery workshops known for the period LM/LH III B, and implying that after LM IIIA 1(/2) part of the Palace at least remained an artistic and administrative centre (if the making of sealstones here implies their concomitant use as impressing agents for sealing sets of documents, tombs, etc.). Other scholars, however, such as Boardman, date the Workshop prior to LM IIIA 1(/2), on the basis of the styles of the motifs carried on the clay nodules and of the unfinished sealstones found in the Workshop.
Knossos 1975: Minoan Paralipomena and Post-Minoan Remains
Authors: Callaghan P. , Catling H. W. , Catling E. A. , Smyth D. , Spawforth A. , Wall Shelagh
Published: September 2013

In BSA 74 (1979) 1–80, an account was given of MM III and LM I buildings and their contents uncovered in 1975 at Knossos during a rescue excavation undertaken by the British School, in the northern half of the Staphylakis field, on the south-east flank of the acropolis (Site Plan, Fig. 1). In that account reference was made (p. 4) to the discovery of other ancient features within the heavily ploughed area. The more important of these finds are briefly described in what follows, to complete the summary publication of the results of the 1975 operation.

Full details of the circumstances in which this investigation was undertaken are given in BSA 74, together with acknowledgements to all those who assisted the authors on the site and in the preparation of the material for publication. A brief account of the whole excavation appeared in AR 1976–77.
Notes from Knossos, Part III
Authors: Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

The present contribution in this series of Notes is principally concerned with vases in Heraklion Museum which excavators of Knossos either did not publish or illustrated very sketchily. The vases range in date from MM III/LM I to LM IIIC. Two groups are from Evans's excavations in the Palace and near the Temple Tomb, five pots may be ascribed to Hogarth's tests on Gypsadhes Hill and a further five were found by Forsdyke in the Mavrospelio Cemetery.

Both vases appear on a photograph numbered 465.1 in the Evans archives of the Ashmolean Museum. They were then unrestored and included with them is a much larger amphora decorated with body bands and a disc on the shoulder, Plate 57a. The back of the print has been annotated; Evans gives brief descriptions, stating that the amphora was 48 cm high; Mackenzie ascribes the vases to the ‘Deposit with tripod W of the NE Magazines’ while, at the bottom, is written in Greek in a hand which I take to be that of their foreman ‘In the North Magazines’. It looks as though the excavators were uncertain where the pots had been found and the foreman was called in to help.
Greek Pottery at Veii: Another Look
Authors: Descœudres Jean-Paul , Kearsley Rosalinde
Published: September 2013

The significance of Greek chevron and pendent semicircle skyphoi to the dating of I, IIA, IIB, and III at Veii, and thus the dating of the early Iron Age in Central Italy, is discussed. A survey of examples of chevron skyphoi from Greece defines and dates the various probable centres of manufacture: Athens, Corinth, Cyclades, Euboea, Crete, Rhodes, East Greece, Argolid. The Veii chevron skyphoi are assigned to their probable places of origin, and a later date argued for them (IIA 780–730, IIB 750–710). The pendent semicircle skyphoi from Veii are described. The chronology and typology of the psc skyphoi in general are discussed. It is argued that the major production centres of the psc skyphoi had shifted to the east by the late Geometric period.
IGii2399: Evidence for Athenian Involvement in the War of Agis III
Authors: Potter David
Published: September 2013

This article presents a somewhat improved text of IG ii2399, a discussion of the development of the language associated with ransoming prisoners in the mid-late fourth century, and a new context for the activity commemorated by the decree. If the text which is argued for is accepted, it would provide new evidence for the relations between Athens and Sparta, and between Athens and Alexander, at the time of Agis III's war.
Ευκτιτον Αιπυ
Authors: Zachos Constantine L.
Published: September 2013

It is proposed that Aipy, named inIliadii. 592 as part of Nestor's kingdom be located (following Strabo) in the vicinity of Lepreon, and specifically at the prehistoric acropolis of Ayios Dhimitrios.
Byzantine Agricultural Implements: The Evidence of Medieval Illustrations of Hesiod's Works and Days
Authors: Bryer Anthony
Published: September 2013

It is argued that Byzantine manuscript illustrations to Hesiod's eighth-century BC poem offer realistic evidence for the appearance and function of common Medieval agricultural implements, of which there is little other record. Fourteen manuscripts illustrated from the tenth to sixteenth centuries AD are analysed in the Table on p. 67. In them seventeen implements not named in the text may be regarded as contemporary Medieval pictures, which may also be true of the six implements which Hesiod describes, for traditional textual or arthistorical rules hardly apply to these rustic drawings. Using the methodology of K. D. White's studies of Roman farming, other pictorial, literary, documentary, and the scanty archaeological evidence, together with that of survivals, is applied to these twenty-three implements alone. Conclusions are that the Byzantines may have introduced an eliktrin spade-fork, and possibly a wheel structure, but the article must be read within the context of Roman, Western Medieval and later Mediterranean studies of technology and means of peasant production, for which it offers only a first step in the largely unexplored Byzantine field.
Two Fikellura Vase Painters
Authors: Schaus Gerald P.
Published: September 2013

The two most important Fikellura vase painters are here studied and their works catalogued. The earlier of the two, the Altenburg Painter, was recognized first by R. M. Cook (BSA 34 (1933–4) 1–98), but the number of vases attributed to this painter has greatly increased and now includes some of the earliest Fikellura vases with figure decoration. His career covers most of the third quarter of the sixth century. The second painter, named the Painter of the Running Satyrs, is studied for the first time here. His production spans most of the fourth quarter of the century. Although not very numerous, his vases have novel themes and show a vigorous figure style. The study of these two painters' careers helps in dating some of Cook's various groups of Fikellura vases and clarifies their relationship with the work of these painters. The source of most Fikellura is now seen to be Miletus, but the question of the origin or antecedents of Fikellura pottery is still not entirely settled. Some explanation is, however, offered for the sudden appearance of this ware about the mid sixth century.
A Picture of the Battle of Lepanto
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: September 2013

A painting of the Battle of Lepanto was published in JHS 1 (1930) 1–3 by R. M. Dawkins; an inscription on the back names the painter as the monk Laurentios. This inscription is shown to be a copy, and the painting itself to be a late nineteenth-century work by D. Pelekassis.
Excavations at Palaikastro, 1986
Authors: Macgillivray J. A. , Sackett L. H. , Driessen J. , Smyth D.
Published: September 2013

New excavations were undertaken at Palaikastro in 1986 in the fields lying between the previous excavations and the sea. The remains of two structures and a roadway were found. Building 1 is a monumental structure, constructed in LM IA, that seems to have been destroyed in LM IB, and probably reoccupied and destroyed/abandoned in LM IIIA2. Over the top of Building 1 a less impressive structure was built and occupied then abandoned in LM IIIB. The second structure has many features in common with Late Minoan cult buildings. Building 2 is a typical LM town house of the wealthier variety, destroyed in LM IA with traces of later reoccupation in ?LM III. The roadway, called ‘Harbour Road’, seems to lead from the likely location of the Minoan harbour to the entrance of Building 1.
Protogeometric Vases from Amorgos in the Museum of the British School
Authors: Catling R.W.V. , Jones R.E.
Published: September 2013

Two vases, a cup and an oinochoe, from Arkesine in south-west Amorgos are published for the first time. It is argued that both are probably Middle Protogeometric, one an import from Euboia, the other from the south-east Aegean; chemical analysis supports both attributions. Their implications for the early history of Amorgos are discussed.
Last chance to see? Karfi (Crete) in the twenty-first century: presentation of new architectural data and their analysis in the current context of research
Authors: Wallace Saro
Published: September 2013

The paper presents new studies of the architecture at Karfi (12th-11th centuries BC) which has significantly deteriorated since excavation in the 1930s. 1:50 plans of the best-preserved buildings, a new topographical plan of the whole site area, and an EDM plot of the main visible unexcavated remains, allow enhancement of previous commentary on social organization at the site and others of the period. It examines in detail and with the use of wide-ranging comparisons (including with sites of the preceding LM III and subsequent PG-A periods) the ways in which new social systems were materially constructed from soon after widespread settlement relocations in Crete c. 1200 BC. It highlights inter-site similarities suggesting regular, deep-rooted interaction between communities during or soon after this horizon of major social change while evaluating subtle differences probably related to differences in size and complexity between the new villages. For example, cooking facility distribution suggests a role for communal cooking, paralleled at other sites, which is here especially pronounced. This limitation on individuals' potential to achieve status through the hosting of exclusive secular feasts/gatherings may relate to particularly volatile factional competition in large settlements. Evidence recently cited in support of such a model for Karfi (the presence of several different large structures, some containing feasting evidence) is used to raise the question of whether all large secular buildings at this period must be seen as residences. The distinctive character of Karfi's eastern excavated zone (previously argued to relate to diachronic development or to ethnic origins/power balance at the sites) is here characterized in terms of its static rather than agglutinative planning, a feature possibly marking a unique social role for the area. The ‘Megarons’ block, located in this zone, is compared with similar buildings at contemporary sites, with the conclusion that Crete saw the emergence soon after 1200 BC of a fairly fixed template for public feasting buildings, drawing deliberately on features which had earlier possessed exotic/prestige associations. Though such buildings may have shared their social role with powerful families' residences, and direct emulation of their form may have been an important element in social competition, they represent a separate, standardized social institution at this period, complementing the new standardization of cult practice in settlement temples. We seem able identify consistently recognized social concepts spanning the Latest Bronze through Archaic periods in Crete, which were nonetheless transformed through their materialization in changing historical circumstances. The paper concludes by discussing future management and research potential at Karfi.
A. H. S. Megaw (1910–2006): A Memoir
Authors: Catling Hector
Published: September 2013

An account is given of the adult life and career of Peter Megaw, from his first admission to the British School at Athens as Walston Student in 1931, to his Vice-Presidency of the School at the time of his death in 2006. His years (1935–60) as Director of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus are described, and the great importance stressed of his work in preserving the island's architectural heritage of the Christian period. His Directorship of the British School at Athens is described. His publications are noted, including his (posthumous) Kourion: Excavations in the Episcopal Precinct.
Excavations at Kouphovouno, Laconia: Results from the 2001 and 2002 Seasons
Authors: Cavanagh W. , Mee C. , Renard J.
Published: September 2013

A final report is presented here on the excavation of four Areas at the prehistoric site of Kouphovouno, Sparta, Lakonia. Areas A and D were excavated as trials in 2001 and lie outside the land purchased by the BSA for the main campaigns, so they could not be excavated further, whilst Areas E and F had extensive deposits of historic date and were not further explored as being outside the remit of the main Kouphovouno Project. The excavations have yielded important Neolithic and Early Helladic II deposits, plus Bronze Age burials and later Roman remains. After summarising the aims of the Project and mentioning earlier work at the site, the report gives an account of the stratigraphy and finds and includes specialist reports on the human and animal bones, the ceramics, the chipped and ground stone and other finds. Also discussed is the relationship between the surface remains reported in BSA 99 and the excavated material.
The Road to a Closed Forum: The Council's Membership Amendments
Authors: Knoll George H.
Published: September 2013

I have just read with dismay, Council-proposed amendments to the proposed Constitution,PS, Winter, 1971, page 17, Article III.

Apparently Council members feel only those who possess Doctor of Philosophy degrees are capable of knowledge and perceiving “truth”. This type of blatant elitism is difficult to believe or understand coming from those professing a concern for the minorities within APSA who have difficulty communicating and developing. I wonder if Council members feel restricting membership will increase the participation of the minorities.
The 1970 APSA Elections
Authors: Taylor Charles L. , Tullock Gordon
Published: September 2013

The annual election for officers and members of the Council of the American Political Science Association took place between November 2 and 23, 1970, with results reported in the Winter, 1971, issue of this journal. Voting was for one President-elect, three Vice Presidents, one Secretary, one Treasurer and eight members of the Council. There were two candidates each for President-elect, Secretary and Treasurer, five for Vice President and sixteen for Council. These candidates were nominated and supported by a variety of groups and three of these groups—The American Political Science Association nominating committee, the Ad Hoc Committee and the Caucus for a New Political Science—fielded complete or virtually complete slates.

This report is an analysis of some of the patterns in the voting. We have worked with constraints, however. Since we received only ballots for the candidates, we were unable to analyze voting on constitutional amendments and resolutions or to look at candidate voting patterns in conjunction with voting patterns on issues. Secondly, there was the limitation inherent in any secret ballot; it was not possible directly to relate voting patterns to attributes of the voters. Thirdly, we did not receive the ballots until early April, 1971. Carding and analyzing them took so much time that we were not able to do all that we had planned. Thus this article is a great deal less comprehensive than we would have liked.
In Defense of the Assembly
Authors: MacRae Duncan
Published: September 2013

The draft constitution for the Association, presented to us by the Constitutional Revision Committee, responds to a widely expressed desire for assurance that our officers are representative of our membership. We live in a time of increasing demands on all of our institutions, including those of the APSA, An important purpose in devising workable democratic forms is therefore to insure that those who make these demands do not feel that they have been unheard because of biases in their institutions of government. Although this is not the only purpose of our constitution, it is an important one, and the central one that the framers of the proposed draft seem to have had in mind. I do not believe that this purpose can easily be attained by other alternatives before us, including our present constitution.
Of Palates and Politics: New York City as a Case Study
Authors: Chambers John Whiteclay
Published: September 2013

Is it possible that despite the many studies of political leadership that social scientists have overlooked the most obvious determinant of politicians' behavior?

Right under their noses all along, so to speak, was what I shall call, for want of a better descriptive title, the Food Connection. You are what you eat, health food people say, and this aphorism may disclose an entirely new area of study, a new subfield for political science. It certainly merits investigation.

The possibilities are tantalizing. Is there a correlation between gastronomical and political style and success? Does digestion determine decision-making? What, in fact, is the connection between a politician's head and stomach.

Consider the importance of such psychology of food. American presidents have already been analyzed as psychological types. Now astute observers could also arrange them into epicurean categories. If food input does affect political output, a study of their eating habits could increase our understanding of their performance in office.
The 1971 APSA Elections
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: September 2013

For the third consecutive year there was a contest for offices of the American Political Science Association. The 1971 APSA election saw two groups fielding complete slates: the APSA nominating committee, and the Caucus for a New Political Science (overlapping in one Council nominee, Christian Bay) and two groups nominating or endorsing candidates, the Ad Hoc Committee and the Women's Caucus. The Ad Hoc Committee endorsements coincided with the nominations of the APSA nominating committee, while the ten Women's Caucus endorsements went to seven nominees endorsed by the New Caucus (three of whom were women) and four nominees of the APSA Nominating Committee (two of whom were women), the overlap being Christian Bay. (See Table 1).

The 1971 Election had much in common with its predecessors. The principal differences shown in Table 2 are a continuing decline in voter turnout, a slow but continuing increase in the number of women candidates, and the entry of the Women's Caucus into the electoral lists.
From Public Law to Public Policy, or The “Public” in “Public Law”
Authors: Shapiro Martin
Published: September 2013

In a self-consciously forward looking survey recently published inPS, Glendon Schubert continues to employ the phrase “public law” as roughly synonymous with the legal concerns of political science. The recent publication of Murphy and Tanenhaus'The Study of Public Lawalso reaffirms that, in spite of the movement toward “judicial behavior,” which it might have been anticipated would change the boundaries of the field, the “public” in public law is still very much with those political scientists particularly concerned with things legal. There does not seem to me to be any valid reason why political scientists should maintain the public law—private law distinction and then proceed to exclude themselves from the “private” law sphere.
Brother, Can You Paradigm?
Authors: Walker Jack L.
Published: September 2013

Political science, if you haven't noticed, is a highly disjointed discipline. The staggering outpouring of articles and books produced each year testify to the prodigious energy of political scientists, but as we have been reminded over and over again in protest manifestos and addresses by presidents of the APSA, the discipline suffers from a chronic case of theoretical underdevelopment. Research methods have improved, to be sure, or at least more of us are “into” statistics these days, but despite the heroic efforts of functionalists, systems theorists, formal modelers, Marxists, and other more or less global thinkers, most empirical work in political science is either highly descriptive and exploratory, or is based on propositions drawn primarily from common sense speculation.

If political science lacks the kind of intellectual guidance that allegedly would stem from consensus on a macro-political theory a la Keynes, this does not mean that researchers in the discipline are left completely adrift. There may not be any ruling paradigm to shape their efforts, but political scientists still have firm ideas about what ought to be studied and what should be ignored. An inspection of political science journals during the past decade indicates that substantial agreement exists among political scientists about the subjects that demand their attention.
Data on Dissertations in Foreign and Comparative Government by World Area: 1965-1972
Authors: Blank Stephen
Published: September 2013

One component of a survey of Western European studies in the United States being conducted by the Council of European Studies in cooperation with the Institute of International Studies of the U.S. Office of Education is a study of dissertations completed in the social sciences in recent years with special emphasis on those in the area of Western European Studies. The full study, to be published early next year, seeks to identify the actual and potential resources in the American academic community with a goal to increasing our understanding of contemporary European society and politics and securing better insights into the ways in which these resources might be more effectively mobilized to support training and research programs.

The data on dissertations completed with special emphasis on those in the fields of foreign and comparative government by world area is presented here because of its general interest and as a complimntary piece to the data presented in this issue by Walfred Peterson.
A Skeptic's View of Corporate Jobs and New Academic Programs
Authors: Licklider Roy E.
Published: September 2013

Like the leading edge of the hurricaine, the first signals of the approaching depression in the academic job market are upon us. The change in expectations from 1968 to 1978 is hard to overstate. Departments that assumed their students would get “appropriate” jobs without help must now organize to get any employment for some of their graduates. It is not uncommon for graduates from second-level institutions to find that there simply are no academic jobs in their specialty anywhere in the country. Increasingly, departments are haunted by the fear of being “tenured up,” so even tenure-track junior positions may not lead anywhere. Already we are seeing the first consequences of this, as people rejected for tenure compete with new Ph.D.s for entry-level positions. All this is merely prelude, however, since the first actual population decline in the 18–22 year age bracket will not occur until the early 1980s, just about the time that people now entering graduate school will come on the job market.
Federalism and the Academic Community: A Brief Survey
Authors: Stenberg Carl W. , Walker David B.
Published: September 2013

No general consensus exists concerning the status of American State and local government and intergovernmental relations as fields within the discipline of political science. Any attempt to make such an evaluation by gauging the attention given to these subjects in colleges and universities should distinguish between the two basic roles of American higher educational institutions—research and teaching.

Some observers have noted that in recent years political scientists have become increasingly interested in conducting research in American State and local government. As late as 1963, however, a large number of the members of the American Political Science Association responding to a questionnaire survey of trends in their discipline indicated that State and local government were areas in which the least significant work was being done. Yet, five years later, in a symposium on the advance of political science as a discipline, it was contended that:

State and local politics as a field of political science is no longer a ‘lost world’ or the site of ‘Dullsville.’ Rather than being the laggard of the discipline that some political scientists perceive it to be, the study of state and local politics has reentered the mainstream of political research. Much of the work in political science which has influenced the drift of the profession has been within its domain.
Presentation of 1981 Award to Evron M. Kirkpatrick
Authors: Peltason Jack W.
Published: September 2013

This award, The 1981 National Capital Area Political Science Association Pi Sigma Alpha Award, presented to a political scientist who has made a substantial contribution to strengthen the relationship between political science and public service, appropriately goes to one who has, more than anybody else I know, worked to strengthen the relationship between political science and public service, Evron Kirkpatrick.

Kirk's own career reflects that relationship. He studied political science at the University of Illinois where he earned a B.A. and M.A. and learned all that he knows. Then he went on to Yale in order to bring enlightenment to that area and to teach them what we had taught him at Illinois and for which they so gratefully gave him a Ph.D.

Kirk is a teacher, one of the best. He has taught at Minnesota, Howard, and Georgetown, and he has never stopped teaching throughout his demanding career.
The Medium Versus the Message: The Issue of Access to TV News
Authors: Pride Richard A.
Published: September 2013

The decade of the 1960's was a tumultuous period for the American polity, and thus far the 1970's have been equally so, if for different reasons. During these same years network news programs emerged as America's most used and most trusted source of information about national affairs. Taken together, these news programs have given us a dramatic and interpretive record of our time. Strange as it may seem, until 1968 no one—not even the networks themselves—maintained an archive of television news tapes. While an interested person could have reviewed past editions of newspapers and magazines at a local library, past television newscasts were not available for study until Vanderbilt University acted.

The Vanderbilt Television News Archive has videotaped the three networks' evening news programs off-the-air in Nashville since August, 1968. The archive has also taped other historic public affairs programs, including presidential nominating conventions, the Senate Watergate Hearings, and the Judiciary Committee's impeachment proceedings.

From the beginning Vanderbilt informed the networks that it was archiving this material because the public interest required that it be saved and made available for research.

In December, 1973, CBS brought suit against the university to stop the Vanderbilt effort. A trial may occur in the near future.
The Reformed Nominating System: Its Critics and Uses
Authors: Nakamura Robert T.
Published: September 2013

The debate on the current presidential nominating system centers on the consequences of formal changes in the rules and laws governing it: the formalization of opportunities for participation in the Democratic Party as well as changes like public financing and the increased number of primaries affecting both parties. These changes undoubtedly have made the process more permeable and have thereby diminished the power of party elites and enhanced that of the shapers of mass participation such as candidate organizations, direct mail and communications specialists, and the mass media. Critics have faulted this system for replacing party professionals with others less interested in or less able to select nominees popular with voters and capable of governing if elected. In this short essay, I will examine some of the critics' arguments, note some positive effects of the reforms, and suggest that the new system is an apt one for the present, de-aligned electoral environment.
New York: The Great Anomaly
Authors: Mollenkopf John
Published: September 2013

Rufus Browning, Dale Marshall, and David Tabb present some straightforward and convincing theses in their admirable workProtest Is Not Enough. Urban policy responsiveness to minority interests, they argue, depends not so much on the direct impact of protest as on the advent of a dominant liberal coalition in which blacks and Hispanics have some role. Where such coalitions have not succeeded, racial exclusion and policy resistance tend to hold sway. Where blacks or Hispanics have played a leading role in bringing such a coalition to power, or in Browning, Marshall and Tabb's terms where political incorporation has been greatest, then policy results favor minority interests. Political incorporation depends on protest and electoral mobilization among blacks and Hispanics combined with favorable white attitudes toward minority interests. The size of the minority community and its leadership capacity in turn explain minority political mobilization.

By these propositions, New York City should be characterized by substantial black and Hispanic political incorporation and the resulting targeting of policy outputs on minority interests. In the 1980 Census, New York's population was 23.9% black and 19.9% Hispanic; these numbers may have been substantially undercounted. In any case, two-thirds of a decade later New York is clearly a majority minority city. Black political participation dates from Adam Clayton Powell and Benjamin Davis' election to the city council in 1941 and 1943. The first Puerto Rican assemblyman was elected on the Republican and American Labor Party lines in 1938. Subsequently, both groups have had a long and sophisticated history of political participation. From the 1960s onward, a new generation of leadership led both groups to assert their political demands more strongly. The Lindsay administration afforded a national model of how a new liberal coalition could experiment with new forms of political incorporation. Voting in state and national elections would suggest the city is on the liberal end of the urban political spectrum. In short, by Western lights New York should be a model of strong minority incorporation and the consequent targeting of city policies toward minority interests. The problem, however, is that New York City has not incorporated minorities and, depending on what indicators are chosen, has not produced policies that are especially aimed toward minorities.
Public Morality and Religion in the Liberal State
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2013

During the past generation, the view has arisen that a liberal polity must remain systematically neutral on the widest possible range of moral and religious questions. During this same period, religious fundamentalism has attained an influence not seen in the United States for more than half a century. It is my thesis that these two developments are intimately related and that, considered together, they have much to teach us about public morality in a liberal society.

Early liberal theorists worked to disentangle civil society from destructive religious quarrels. But they nevertheless assumed that civil society needed morality and that publicly effective morality rested on religion. Juridical liberalism, which focused on the exercise of liberty and the limits of government, presumed a foundation of individual moral restraint. While the civil authority in a liberal society need not directly enforce this moral code in most cases, it should certainly encourage that morality—at the very least, by refraining from utterances and policies that undermine it.

This understanding of the proper relation among politics, morality, and religion dominated the American Founding. It suffused Tocqueville's analysis. In clearly recognizable form, it survived well into the twentieth century. In the past generation, however, this understanding came under attack, and the delicate balance between juridical liberalism and its social preconditions was disrupted. Influential philosophers argued that the essence of liberalism was public neutrality on the widest possible range of moral issues.
The Changing Structure of Party Identification
Authors: Epstein Laurily K.
Published: September 2013

However one wishes to characterize Walter Mondale's campaign for the presidency, his loss was only the latest in a series of Democratic presidential candidate defeats beginning in 1968. In 1968, Hubert Humphrey got 43 percent of the popular vote. In 1972, George McGovem received 38 percent of the popular vote. And in both 1980 and 1984, the Democratic presidential tickets got 41 percent of the popular vote. Only in 1976 did a Democratic presidential candidate receive a (very slim) majority of the popular votes cast. Indeed, Democratic presidential candidates have received only 42 percent of the total votes cast between 1968 and 1984.

Although Democratic presidential candidates have not been faring well for 16 years, party identification has remained about the same—with the Democrats as the majority party. Until 1984. And that is what makes the 1984 election interesting, for in this election the voters finally seemed to change their party identification to correspond with what now appears to be their habit of electing Republican presidents.

In 1980, when Jimmy Carter received the same proportion of the total votes cast as did Walter Mondale in 1984, self-styled Democrats were still in the majority. But, by 1984, Republicans and Democrats were at a virtual tie nationwide, as these figures from NBC News election day voter polls demonstrate.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: Grofman Bernard
Published: September 2013

This minisymposium brings together excerpts from the expert witness declarations of four political scientists in an important case challenging California's congressional reapportionment as an unconstitutional political gerrymander,Badham v. Eu(D.C. California, 1984). These declarations are merely the “opening gun” inBadham. If the case goes to trial, we can anticipate additional statistical analyses will be performed and, of course, each of these experts would be subject to cross-examination about his testimony. Nonetheless, these four declarations represent an excellent illustration of the potential for political science (and political scientists) to be helpful to (even if not determinative of) judicial decision-making in an important policy arena.

The basic issues raised byBadhamare as follows:

What is a gerrymander? Are there manageable standards through which political gerrymandering can be detected and measured? Is there (prima facie) evidence giving rise to a (rebuttable) presumption that the California congressional plans in 1981 and 1983 were political gerrymandering? Ought political gerrymandering to be justiciable? If so, did the degree of political manipulation in the California congressional plan(s) rise to the level of constitutional violation? If political gerrymandering is held justiciable, on whom should the burden of proof of gerrymandering rest?
Changing Politics of Federal Health Insurance Programs
Authors: Bowler M. Kenneth
Published: September 2013

In 1965, when Medicare and Medicaid were enacted, concern about access to the health care system for the elderly and poor overrode concerns about cost. The legislation focused on removing financial barriers to health care for these groups, and implementation of the legislation was a matter of reaching agreements with hospitals and physicians over reimbursement and administrative procedures with the objective of insuring that health care resources would be available to the beneficiaries of these new federal health insurance programs (Wolkstein, 1984).

Ideological conflict and the alignment of interest groups are central to understanding the politics of Medicare. The intense disagreement over public versus private financing of medical care, and of universal coverage versus covering only the needy (i.e., social insurance versus charity), were key points of contention that established the context within which Medicare and Medicaid were developed, debated and enacted. Labor unions led the liberal organizations and those representing the elderly in advocating a universal, non-income tested federal health insurance system. The American Medical Association (AMA) led the health industry, business and conservative groups in opposing federal financing of personal health care. The intense opposition of the health providers and political conservatives to a universal federal insurance system led the national health insurance advocates to shift to an incremental strategy, the objective of which was to achieve a universal federal health insurance program in stages, beginning with a payroll-tax-financed Medicare program covering all (not just low income) elderly who were eligible for social security pension benefits.
Reforming the Presidency: Nonproblems and Problems
Authors: Rockman Bert A.
Published: September 2013

Riddle: Why is political reform like a clear mountain lake? Answer: When we look into both we see ourselves.

The Means and Ends of Reforms

What should be the ends of presidential reform? Obviously, such a question assumes that something is wrong and can be remedied through reform, which I define here as an intentional act (or acts) of institutional engineering to restructure incentives in the political system. Naturally, any effort to engage in reform, therefore, raises numerous issues. What are the purposes of reform? What are the problems a reform proposal or package of proposals presumes to address and to remedy? What are the feasibilities for implementation? What are the consequences and implications of reform? Will its purported benefits be larger than the costs incurred? To what extent does thinking about reform help lead to or clarify a theory of the presidency and, more generally, a theory of government? To what extent, above all, when thinking about reform can we escape the time warp in which our present preferences or momentary dissatisfactions lie? A would-be reformer must struggle to disassociate short-term preferences and judgments about an incumbent from longer-term conceptions as to how institutions should operate. In this regard, a would-be reformer must think like a constitution-maker. Is this the system one would prefer under worst case conditions?
The New Copyright Act, or How to Get into a Heap of Trouble Without Really Trying
Authors: Henry Nicholas
Published: September 2013

On January 1st, 1978, a new Copyright Act will go into effect. It is the first revision of copyright law since 1909.

Copyright is perhaps the oldest public policy extant in America. Indeed, its origins can be traced back to colonial times prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. By that year, only Delaware of the original thirteen colonies had failed to establish its own copyright law. When the Constitution was adopted, Article 1, Section 8 (which likely was penned by James Madison, a person with substantial intellectual interests), stated that “Congress shall have the Power to Promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts, by securing for Limited Times to Authors and Inventors the Exclusive Right to their respective Writings and their Discoveries.” In 1790, Congress passed the first national Copyright Act.
Dietary and supplemental antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrient intakes and pulmonary function
Authors: Ng Tze Pin , Niti Mathew , Yap Keng Bee , Tan Wan Cheng
Published: September 2013

Objective

A limited but growing body of evidence supports a significant role of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory micronutrients in pulmonary health. We investigated the associations of dietary and supplemental intakes of vitamins A, C, E and D, Se and n-3 PUFA with pulmonary function in a population-based study.

Design

Population-based, cross-sectional study and data analysis of fruits and vegetables, dairy products and fish, vitamins A, C, E and D, Se and n-3 PUFA supplemental intakes, pulmonary risk factors and spirometry.

Subjects

Chinese older adults (n 2478) aged 55 years and above in the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies.

Results

In multiple regression models that controlled simultaneously for gender, age, height, smoking, occupational exposure and history of asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI, physical activity, and in the presence of other nutrient variables, daily supplementary vitamins A/C/E (b = 0·044, se = 0·022, P = 0·04), dietary fish intake at least thrice weekly (b = 0·058, se = 0·016, P < 0·0001) and daily supplementary n-3 PUFA (b = 0·068, se = 0·032, P = 0·034) were individually associated with forced expiratory volume in the first second. Supplemental n-3 PUFA was also positively associated with forced vital capacity (b = 0·091, se = 0·045, P = 0·045). No significant association with daily dairy product intake, vitamin D or Se supplements was observed.

Conclusions

The findings support the roles of antioxidant vitamins and n-3 PUFA in the pulmonary health of older persons.
High-resolution summer precipitation variations in the western Chinese Loess Plateau during the last glacial
Authors: Rao Zhiguo , Chen Fahu , Cheng Hai , Liu Weiguo , Wang Guo'an , Lai Zhongping , Bloemendal Jan
Published: September 2013

We present a summer precipitation reconstruction for the last glacial (LG) on the western edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) using a well-dated organic carbon isotopic dataset together with an independent modern process study results. Our results demonstrate that summer precipitation variations in the CLP during the LG were broadly correlated to the intensity of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) as recorded by stalagmite oxygen isotopes from southern China. During the last deglaciation, the onset of the increase in temperatures at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and decline in the intensity of the East Asia winter monsoon in mid latitudes was earlier than the increase in ASM intensity and our reconstructed summer precipitation in the western CLP. Quantitative reconstruction of a single paleoclimatic factor provides new insights and opportunities for further understanding of the paleoclimatic variations in monsoonal East Asia and their relation to the global climatic system.
MATE-CLEVER: Mendelian-inheritance-aware discovery and genotyping of midsize and long indels
Authors: Marschall Tobias , Hajirasouliha Iman , Schönhuth Alexander
Published: September 2013

Motivation: Accurately predicting and genotyping indels longer than 30 bp has remained a central challenge in next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies. While indels of up to 30 bp are reliably processed by standard read aligners and the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK), longer indels have still resisted proper treatment. Also, discovering and genotyping longer indels has become particularly relevant owing to the increasing attention in globally concerted projects.

Results: We present MATE-CLEVER (Mendelian-inheritance-AtTEntive CLique-Enumerating Variant findER) as an approach that accurately discovers and genotypes indels longer than 30 bp from contemporary NGS reads with a special focus on family data. For enhanced quality of indel calls in family trios or quartets, MATE-CLEVER integrates statistics that reflect the laws of Mendelian inheritance. MATE-CLEVER’s performance rates for indels longer than 30 bp are on a par with those of the GATK for indels shorter than 30 bp, achieving up to 90% precision overall, with >80% of calls correctly typed. In predicting de novo indels longer than 30 bp in family contexts, MATE-CLEVER even raises the standards of the GATK. MATE-CLEVER achieves precision and recall of ∼63% on indels of 30 bp and longer versus 55% in both categories for the GATK on indels of 10–29 bp. A special version of MATE-CLEVER has contributed to indel discovery, in particular for indels of 30–100 bp, the ‘NGS twilight zone of indels’, in the Genome of the Netherlands Project.

Availability and implementation: http://clever-sv.googlecode.com/

Contact: tm@cwi.nl or as@cwi.nl

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inflation Dynamics and Time-Varying Volatility: New Evidence and an Ss Interpretation
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Authors: Vavra Joseph
Published: September 2013

Is monetary policy less effective at increasing real output during periods of high volatility than during normal times? In this article, I argue that greater volatility leads to an increase in aggregate price flexibility so that nominal stimulus mostly generates inflation rather than output growth. To do this, I construct price-setting models with “volatility shocks” and show these models match new facts in CPI micro data that standard price-setting models miss. I then show that these models imply that output responds less to nominal stimulus during times of high volatility. Furthermore, because volatility is countercyclical, this implies that nominal stimulus has smaller real effects during downturns. For example, the estimated output response to additional nominal stimulus in September 1995, a time of low volatility, is 55% larger than the response in October 2001, a time of high volatility.