bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of a CuIIcomplex with a bridging ligand: poly[[pentakis[μ2-1,1′-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(1H-imidazole)-κ2N3:N3′]dicopper(II)] tetranitrate tetrahydrate]
Authors: Wu Fayuan , Shang Mengxiang , Li Shihua , Zhao Yu
Published: November 2014

A novel two-dimensional→three-dimensional CuIIcoordination polymer, {[Cu2(C10H14N4)5](NO3)4·4H2O}n, based on the 1,1′-(butane-1,4-diyl)bis(1H-imidazole) (biim) ligand and containing one crystallographically unique CuIIatom, has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. The CuIIatom is coordinated by five N atoms from biim ligands, one of which has crystallographically imposed inversion symmetry, giving rise to a slightly distorted CuN5square-pyramidal geometry. The CuIIcations are linked by biim ligands to give a 44layer; the layers are further bridged by biim ligands, generating a double sheet with a thickness of 14.61 Å. The sheet features rhombic Cu4(biim)4windows built up from four CuIIcenters and four biim ligands with dimensions of 14.11 × 14.07 Å2. Each window of a layer is penetrated directly by the biim ligand of the adjacent net, giving a two-dimensional→three-dimensional entangled framework.
Unexpected formation and crystal structure of tetrakis(1H-pyrazole-κN2)palladium(II) dichloride
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Christiansen Nena , Hrib Cristian G. , Kaufmann Dieter E. , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: November 2014

The title salt, [Pd(C3H4N2)4]Cl2, was obtained unexpectedly by the reaction of palladium(II) dichloride with equimolar amounts of 1-chloro-1-nitro-2,2,2-tris(pyrazolyl)ethane in methanol solution. The Pd2+cation is located on an inversion centre and has a square-planar coordination sphere defined by four N atoms of four neutral pyrazole ligands. The average Pd—N distance is 2.000 (2) Å. The two chloride anions are not coordinating to Pd2+. They are connected to the complex cations through N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. In addition, C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds are observed, leading to a three-dimensional linkage of cations and anions.
Crystal structures of Sr(ClO4)2·3H2O, Sr(ClO4)2·4H2O and Sr(ClO4)2·9H2O
Authors: Hennings Erik , Schmidt Horst , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

The title compounds, strontium perchlorate trihydrate {di-μ-aqua-aquadi-μ-perchlorato-strontium, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)3]n}, strontium perchlorate tetrahydrate {di-μ-aqua-bis(triaquadiperchloratostrontium), [Sr2(ClO4)4(H2O)8]} and strontium perchlorate nonahydrate {heptaaquadiperchloratostrontium dihydrate, [Sr(ClO4)2(H2O)7]·2H2O}, were crystallized at low temperatures according to the solid–liquid phase diagram. The structures of the tri- and tetrahydrate consist of Sr2+cations coordinated by five water molecules and four O atoms of four perchlorate tetrahedra in a distorted tricapped trigonal–prismatic coordination mode. The asymmetric unit of the trihydrate contains two formula units. Two [SrO9] polyhedra in the trihydrate are connected by sharing water molecules and thus forming chains parallel to [100]. In the tetrahydrate, dimers of two [SrO9] polyhedra connected by two sharing water molecules are formed. The structure of the nonahydrate contains one Sr2+cation coordinated by seven water molecules and by two O atoms of two perchlorate tetrahedra (point group symmetry ..m), forming a tricapped trigonal prism (point group symmetrym2m). The structure contains additional non-coordinating water molecules, which are located on twofold rotation axes. O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the water molecules as donor and ClO4tetrahedra and water molecules as acceptor groups lead to the formation of a three-dimensional network in each of the three structures.
Prediction of molecular crystal structures by a crystallographic QM/MM model with full space-group symmetry
Authors: Mörschel Philipp , Schmidt Martin U.
Published: November 2014

A crystallographic quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical model (c-QM/MM model) with full space-group symmetry has been developed for molecular crystals. The lattice energy was calculated by quantum-mechanical methods for short-range interactions and force-field methods for long-range interactions. The quantum-mechanical calculations covered the interactions within the molecule and the interactions of a reference molecule with each of the surrounding 12–15 molecules. The interactions with all other molecules were treated by force-field methods. In each optimization step the energies in the QM and MM shells were calculated separately as single-point energies; after adding both energy contributions, the crystal structure (including the lattice parameters) was optimized accordingly. The space-group symmetry was maintained throughout. Crystal structures with more than one molecule per asymmetric unit,e.g.structures withZ′ = 2, hydrates and solvates, have been optimized as well. Test calculations with different quantum-mechanical methods on nine small organic molecules revealed that the density functional theory methods with dispersion correction using the B97-D functional with 6-31G* basis set in combination with the DREIDING force field reproduced the experimental crystal structures with good accuracy. Subsequently the c-QM/MM method was applied to nine compounds from the CCDC blind tests resulting in good energy rankings and excellent geometric accuracies.
Coming across information serendipitously – Part 2
Authors: Makri Stephann , Blandford Ann
Published: November 2014

Purpose

In “Coming across information serendipitously – Part 1: a process model” the authors identified common elements of researchers' experiences of “coming across information serendipitously”. These experiences involve a mix of unexpectedness and insight and lead to a valuable, unanticipated outcome. In this article, the authors aim to show how the elements of unexpectedness, insight and value form a framework for subjectively classifying whether a particular experience might be considered serendipitous and, if so, just how serendipitous.

Design/methodology/approach

The classification framework was constructed by analysing 46 experiences of coming across information serendipitously provided by 28 interdisciplinary researchers during critical incident interviews. “Serendipity stories” were written to summarise each experience and to facilitate their comparison. The common elements of unexpectedness, insight and value were identified in almost all the experiences.

Findings

The presence of different mixes of unexpectedness, insight and value in the interviewees' experiences define a multi‐dimensional conceptual space (which the authors call the “serendipity space”). In this space, different “strengths” of serendipity exist. The classification framework can be used to reason about whether an experience falls within the serendipity space and, if so, how “pure” or “dilute” it is.

Originality/value

The framework provides researchers from various disciplines with a structured means of reasoning about and classifying potentially serendipitous experiences.
An Indonesian model of successful school leadership
Authors: Raihani
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper seeks to explore principals' leadership in successful Indonesian secondary schools from the perspectives of multiple sources of data.

Design/methodology/approach

Inspired by the ISSPP, three schools which met the set criteria of successful schools were selected to be the cases for this study. Within each, individual or group interviews were conducted with the principal, vice‐principal, three teachers, one support staff member, two groups of students, one group of parents, and the school committee president. The collected data were transcribed, coded and categorized following the emerging themes, and interpreted using inductive and deductive methods.

Findings

Whilst confirming several common practices of successful school leadership from earlier research, the principals from the three successful schools in Yogyakarta also demonstrated significant differences, particularly in terms of beliefs and values that underpinned their leadership. These values include Islamic and cultural beliefs and values which were strong and enduring, and which were articulated in the school leadership and strategies. The principals demonstrated ability in developing the school vision, setting strategies, building capacity, and establishing a broader network to achieve the benefits of school improvement.

Originality/value

The paper provides an insight into school leadership practices in the Asian context, particularly in Indonesian Muslim schools, which have suffered from a lack of attention from international researchers. The paper will also contribute to a worldview of successful school leadership characteristics and practices, the research into which has been piloted in the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP).
Adult protection and effective action in tackling violence and hostility against disabled people: some tensions and challenges
Authors: Hoong Sin Chih , Hedges Annie , Cook Chloe , Mguni Nina , Comber Natasha
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss the sensible management of risk for disabled people, which can turn into disproportionate steps to attempt to completely eliminate risk, leading to diminished opportunities across life. Instincts to protect are heightened in the context of disabled people as potential victims of targeted violence and hostility. Individual‐, organisational‐ and systemic‐level responses can often be orientated towards protection and/or the minimisation of risk rather than towards providing access to justice and effective redress.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on evidence generated through a literature review, interviews with disabled people and interviews with representatives from a number of key organisations.

Findings

For many disabled people, incidents can be persistent and ongoing. Common responses by disabled victims include avoidance and/or acceptance strategies. They are also advised by those around them and by agency staff they come in contact with to ignore perpetrators or to avoid putting themselves at risk. Criminal justice agencies may be more concerned about a victim's disability than about taking action to provide access to justice and effective redress. The protectionistic approach underpinning much of policy, legislation and guidance can be at odds with the positive promotion of disability equality.

Originality/value

The paper examines the need to move away from a protectionist paradigm to a rights‐based paradigm. It calls for a more inclusive approach where disabled people are involved meaningfully in the process of risk management and in other decisions around combating targeted violence and hostility against them.
Assessing children's quality of life in health and social services: meeting challenges and adding value
Authors: Skevington Suzanne , Gillison Fiona
Published: November 2014

The measurement of children's quality of life has an important role to play in improving their experience of health and social services, and in promoting a child‐centred approach to service provision. This article provides a rationale for both the development of robust quality of life measures specifically for children and also the use of these measures in assessing the effectiveness of treatments and policy changes. It highlights recent advances in the development of quality of life measures and provides examples of two instruments that have incorporated these steps to produce reliable and valid measures that are not only comprehensible to children of different age groups, but also meaningful to parents and health professionals. The challenge of matching statistically significant change in quality of life to changes of perceived importance to the individual is also discussed in the light of the advantages to be gained from the increased uptake within health and social care of quality of life measures for children.
Interventions to prevent or ameliorate child physical abuse and neglect: findings from a systematic review of reviews
Authors: Barlow Jane , Simkiss Doug , Stewart‐Brown Sarah
Published: November 2014

The aim of this article is to summarise the available evidence from systematic reviews about the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat child physical abuse and neglect. A computerised search was undertaken of major electronic databases up to December 2005 using key search terms. Only systematic reviews were included in which the primary studies evaluated the effectiveness of targeted or indicated interventions for child physical abuse or neglect. A total of 31 systematic reviews were identified and 15 met all the inclusion criteria. They covered a range of interventions/services, including home visiting, parenting programmes, multi‐component interventions, intensive family preservation services, family‐focused casework and multi‐systemic family therapy. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of services in improving objective measures of abuse and neglect, due in part to methodological issues involved in their measurement, but good evidence of modest benefits in improving a range of outcomes that are associated with physical abuse and neglect, including parental and family functioning and child development. The results also showed some interventions (eg. media‐based and perinatal coaching) to be ineffective with high‐risk families. The evidence provided by these reviews has clear implications for children's services in the UK and other western developed countries.
Why costs vary in children's care services
Authors: Beecham Jennifer
Published: November 2014

This article identifies the broad reasons why costs in children's care services might vary, illustrating them with examples from research literature relating to England. An intentionally broad use of ‘costs’ is employed. The literature has been neither systematically nor comprehensively reviewed but does include most of the recent work in the social care field. Articles have been selected to illustrate particular cost associations. This article finds that there is as yet insufficient research into the costs, cost variations or cost‐effectiveness of children's services. However, the findings provide guidance for decision‐makers as they try to understand how resources are currently deployed and why this might be.
Early prevention of conduct disorder: how and why did the North and Mid Wales Sure Start study work?
Authors: Hutchings Judy , Bywater Tracey , Daley Dave
Published: November 2014

Both the government and local service providers in the UK are becoming increasingly aware of the possibility of improving child outcomes through the delivery of parenting programmes. Government initiatives, such as Sure Start, Pathfinders and Flying Start are a positive step forward, yet programmes sometimes fail to work in service settings. This article describes the components necessary to deliver effective interventions, exploring the need to choose an evidence‐based parent programme, implement it with fidelity and evaluate the outcome. It describes the steps taken in North and Mid Wales to do this and reports briefly on the successful outcomes achieved by delivering the Incredible Years Basic Parenting Programme to the parents of high‐risk children in Sure Start areas.
Early Years services in Britain 1997‐2007: a quiet revolution?
Authors: Smith Teresa
Published: November 2014

This article analyses UK Early Years policy in terms of service expansion and service transformation since the Labour Government's election in 1997. Childcare is now a matter of public policy, driven largely by concerns about child poverty and inequalities in children's life chances. The evidence is considered, first, on service expansion, increased take‐up and increased employment by parents with young children, and, second, on service transformation and child outcomes: to what extent have changes benefited disadvantaged children, families and neighbourhoods? The Effective Provision of Preschool Education (EPPE) research shows that pre‐school can boost disadvantaged children's intellectual development in particular, and the article concludes that programmes such as Sure Start and Neighbourhood Nurseries have been successfully targeted at the most disadvantaged areas, although better‐off families and neighbourhoods may have benefited even more, and that problems of cost and sustainability remain. It is too early to judge whether better integrated services now being developed will be successful in transforming the lives of the most disadvantaged children.
The politics of random assignment: implementing studies and impacting policy
Authors: Gueron Judith
Published: November 2014

This article presents lessons from social experiments in the US over 30 years testing employment and training, welfare reform and social service programmes and systems. It discusses the challenges in implementing a random assignment study and strategies to overcome them, and also sets out lessons for ensuring that an experiment informs and affects policy. In laying out the ingredients for success, the article argues that creative and flexible research design skills are essential, but that just as important in a complex, real‐world context are operational and political skills, applied both to marketing the experiment in the first place and to helping interpret and promote its findings down the line.
A dark art comes to the water‐cooler: a review of some key texts on RCTs for children's services professionals and researchers
Authors: Hobbs Tim , Carr Matthew , Holley Marc , Gray Nathan , Axford Nick
Published: November 2014

The need for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to support evidence‐based services to improve outcomes for children is increasingly recognised by researchers and policy‐makers. However, this brings a pressing requirement to build research capacity for conducting RCTs and to address the concerns of practitioners who may be suspicious about the method. This article reviews a variety of texts on the subject, ranging from analyses of the historical and political context of RCTs, to concise introductions of the key methodological and practical issues, to more in‐depth discussions of complex designs and statistics. The article seeks to help readers navigate these resources by focusing on seven questions that seem particularly salient for those considering whether and how to commission, undertake, participate in or use results from RCTs.
Using the right design to get the ‘wrong’ answer? Results of a random assignment evaluation of a volunteer tutoring programme
Authors: Ritter Gary , Maynard Rebecca
Published: November 2014

Academically focused tutoring programmes for young children have been promoted widely in the US in various forms as promising strategies for improving academic performance, particularly in reading and mathematics. A body of evidence shows the benefits of tutoring provided by certified, paid professionals; however, the evidence is less clear for tutoring programmes staffed by adult volunteers or college students. In this article, we describe a relatively large‐scale university‐based programme that creates tutoring partnerships between college‐aged volunteers and students from surrounding elementary schools. We used a randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of this programme for 196 students from 11 elementary schools over one school year, focusing on academic grades and standardised test scores, confidence in academic ability, motivation and school attendance. We discuss the null findings in order to inform the conditions under which student support programmes can be successful.
Development and pilot evaluation of the Hands On Parent Empowerment (HOPE) project ‐ a parent education programme to establish socially disadvantaged parents as facilitators of pre‐school children's learning
Authors: Leung Cynthia , Tsang Sandra , Dean Suzanne , Chow Paully
Published: November 2014

Socially disadvantaged parents often concentrate on providing for their children instead of stimulating them to learn because of their own low self‐efficacy as learning agents. This study describes the development and pilot evaluation of a programme designed to empower new immigrant parents in Hong Kong to assume active, systematic and confident roles to teach their pre‐school children learning skills. A needs assessment was conducted to guide the development of the programme, which was also informed by research evidence and community engagement. A pilot trial was conducted and qualitative data were obtained from the participating parents. Parents reported improvements in their children's motivation to learn and the parent‐child relationship. The research provided information on programme design, delivery and implementation strategies. It suggested important entry points to engage and empower parents to provide timely stimulation to their young children.
Professional regulation and the integration of children's services in the UK: maintaining standards while promoting disability equality
Authors: Sin Chih
Published: November 2014

The representation of ‘the child’ within children's services and the representations of ‘risk’ and its management have implications for disabled people hoping to qualify for and work within certain professions. This article assesses the relevance for children's services of findings from the Disability Rights Commission's Formal Investigation into the impact of professional regulation on disabled people studying and working within three public sector professions in Britain ‐ nursing, social work and teaching. Many professional regulations include varied and vague requirements for ‘fitness’. These are interpreted and implemented differently, often informed by unexamined negative assumptions around disability. Disabled people, particularly those with ‘hidden disabilities’, can be discouraged from disclosing their conditions. This deprives them of the support and adjustments necessary for them to practise safely and effectively. Professional regulation can thus paradoxically induce a false sense of security. The various professions are urged to review and update their regulations, guidance and policies in order to ensure concordance with recent developments in disability and wider antidiscrimination legislation.
Making recovery a reality for family and friends
Authors: Chandler Ruth , Repper Julie
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to build on the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (now Centre for Mental Health) workshops by focusing on the recovery of family and friends in particular.

Design/methodology/approach

There are already policy supports for the well being of family and friends but at present, their recovery has been overshadowed by the recovery of people who use services. Taking hope, agency and opportunity as key recovery tenets, we use life story work (LSW) to explore this gap and further a relational approach between people who give care, people who use services and people who provide them.

Findings

The loop between existing policy and recovery oriented practice should be closed, suggesting LSW as a training platform to consider the humanity of family and friends as of equal worth to people who use services and people who provide them.

Originality/value

The authors argue that without equal consideration and support, family and friends are at risk of becoming hopeless as their sense of agency and access to opportunities diminish. LSW with family and friends paints a consistently worrying picture of the quality of engagement with services which are not sufficiently resourced to offer an integrated approach to recovery. Without such an approach, however, the effectiveness of recovery‐oriented practice may be compromised by the creation of new cycles of hopelessness.
Government sponsored research in the field of industrial robots in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Warnecke H.J. , Schraft R.D.
Published: November 2014

In May 1974, a new research programme entitled “Humanization of Working Life” was published by the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its aims are to temper and to reduce the hindrances, damage, harassments and handicaps of working life. What is involved here is an improvement in the content of work and in relationships at work, i.e. entire working processes are to be reformed comprising both organisational and control functions. Moreover, facilities are to be created for improved communication and co‐operation between workers. Situations leading to both over‐stress and lack of stress are to be reduced insofar as they are caused by the harmful effects of noise, vibrations, dangerous substances, etc. as well as by too few or one‐sided mental demands. Special attention is to be paid to any stresses of a combined nature that might occur and their effects. The number of accidents at work is to be cut by improving safety at work. Finally, the reciprocal relationships are to be examined, within the framework of the research programme, between working life and other aspects of life; and strategies will be developed for further humanization of working life by taking into consideration numerous other factors of a political, economic and technical nature.
Social implications of industrial robots: Project design and preliminary hypotheses
Authors: von Gizycki Rainald
Published: November 2014

The Battelle Institute e.V., Frankfurt in co‐operation with IPA, Stuttgart, is carrying out a project sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology: “Social Implications of the Introduction of Industrial Robots into the Production Process”.
Elminating the HumanTouch
Authors: Buckley B.R.A. , Smith J.D. , Welbourn D.B.
Published: November 2014

Lapping blind bores has until recently defied automation. It has depended on operators deriving information about the process through their fingertips and using the information to control the process. This article describes the information which was found to be passing through the fingertips and how an adaptive substitute for the operators brain could be made to control the lapping. Any similar system using human touch for detection and control could be automated.
Future of robotics
Authors: Kato I.
Published: November 2014

Almost everyone is familiar with the word “robot” in our civilized society. A man‐made man first appeared as Talos, a bronze giant of Creta in the remote past of greek mythology. Since ancient times, the robot has been an object of human imagination. Unexpectedly, the word “robot” was used for the first time relatively recently. It was a drama title “Rossum's Universal Robots (RUR)” which Karel Capek, a Czechoslovakian dramatist produced in 1920. “Robot” was a new word which was coined from “robota” which means to work or a serf in Czechoslovakia. Hence, the robot is a man‐made man who works for and serves a human being. In the meantime, the pedigree of automata which started with Heron in about 100 B.C. uninterruptedly continues until today. An outstanding example of all those in existence is the three automata which still please people in a historical museum by the lake of Neuchatel, Switzerland. The automata, which were made in the middle of the 18th century, play the organ, write sentences and draw pictures as if they were alive. (Photo 1).
IS CHINA MOVING FROM MARX TO MASTERCARD?
Authors: Eastlack Joseph O. , Lucker Roberta
Published: November 2014

President Richard M. Nixon's historic trip to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1972 established a relationship between the United States and the PRC which was formalized when President Nixon signed the Shanghai Communique. This treaty proclaimed China's willingness to accept foreign investment and its movement toward becoming a more “open door” nation. With the normalization of full diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC in 1978, U.S. investments in the PRC and the interest of world marketers has gained momentum. Today there is intense interest in the potential of the PRC market among U.S. consumer goods manufacturers, of both consumer durables and nondurables. U.S. consumer goods companies are starting to produce their products for and in China.
CAREER‐STAGES APPROACH TO MANAGING THE SALES FORCE
Authors: Cron William L. , Slocum John W.
Published: November 2014

There is growing awareness that careers grow and change in a variety of ways during a person's work life. One change is in people's concerns and goals for their careers. This article discusses how people's career concerns will change over their working lives. The results indicate that the career goals of salespeople have a significant relationship to job attitudes and behavior. Management implications for recruiting and selection, motivating individual salespeople, and strategic sales force analysis are discussed.
Semiotics, advertising and marketing
Authors: Zakia Richard D. , Nadin Mihai
Published: November 2014

In the summer of 1986 the first International Conference on Marketing and Semiotics was held at Northwestern University. It was sponsored jointly by J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern and the Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies at Indiana University. The three‐day conference underscored the fact that although the vocabulary for the two disciplines might be different, there was much commonality between Semiotics and Marketing.
EXPORT ACTIVITIES AND PROSPECTS OF HAWAIIAN FIRMS
Authors: Hook Ralph C. , Czinkota Michael R.
Published: November 2014

Export activity has become an issue of national importance with exports from the Pacific region increasing dramatically over the past ten years. Within the Pacific region, Hawaii is of particular interest for US trade development purposes. This article investigates export activities and prospects of Hawaiian firms in order to obtain a better understanding of international trade.
Critical Success Factors for Wine Tourism
Authors: Getz Donald , Dowling Ross , Carlsen Jack , Anderson Donald
Published: November 2014

Generic factors influencing the development and marketing of wine tourism, both in destinations and at wineries, are examined. Results of surveys of wine and tourism industry professionals in Australia and in Washington State, USA, are presented, enabling identification of critical success factors. These are grouped as quality (of wine, service and experiences), wine country appeal, winery appeal, and developmental and marketing factors. Agreement on certain critical success factors did emerge, with quality considered to be the most important success factor, but some significant differences existed between respondents from the two countries examined. Recommendations for ongoing research on wine tourism are made.
SCOTLAND AND THE 1987 GENERAL ELECTION:
Authors: Dickson A.D.R.
Published: November 2014

The most startling characteristics of the 1987 General Election were, by common consent, the scale of the Conservative victory nationally and the extraordinary contrast to this British picture provided by the results in Scotland. North of the border the Conservatives found themselves reduced to holding only 10 of the 72 Scottish seats. Scottish Office Ministers such as Michael Ancram and John MacKay were dumped by the electorate, leaving the Secretary of State, Malcolm Rifkind, with the immediate problem of finding enough live bodies to fulfil the administrative requirements associated with parliamentary business in Scotland (apart from the difficulty of also ensuring that his team had a minimum level of ability necessary to understand and undertake their duties!).
BISHOPSGATE INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT LTD (IN LIQUIDATION) V HOMAN AND OTHERS
Authors: DILLON  , LEGGATT  , LJJ HENRY , Gray Joanna
Published: November 2014

This case concerned an attempt by the liquidators of Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd (BIM) the trustee of assets belonging to pension schemes for employees of Maxwell companies to recover some of the large amounts of BIM's pension fund monies which had been improperly paid into bank accounts of Maxwell Communication Corporation PLC group companies and private sector companies owned by Maxwell, his family and trusts set up by him.
LONDON LOCAL COLLECTIONS
Authors: SMITH RAYMOND
Published: November 2014

1. To talk on London collections is a most ambitious project if construed in its widest terms, since there is hardly a library of any size anywhere which would not include some books or other material on London. I am, however, taking a much more restricted view. I propose to confine myself to collections in this country whose primary interest is London or a geographical part of it. By London I mean the administrative area of the County of London. And by collection I mean a systematic assemblage of books, &c., adequately arranged, catalogued, classified, and so on, with a trained and knowledgeable staff to exploit it.
THE ARCHIVES OF THE HOSPITALLERS AND THE RECORDS OF THE COMMUNE IN THE ROYAL MALTA LIBRARY
Authors: GALEA JOS.
Published: November 2014

UP to the present the knowledge of these archives is most unsatisfactory. There is only one complete catalogue, which apparently was begun by Dr. L. Vella during the first half of the nineteenth century, and completed in 1890 by Doctors Camilleri and Briffa. This catalogue is a manuscript volume written in the Italian language, and has never been published in its entirety. A copy exists, however, also in manuscript, at the headquarters of the Sovereign Military Order of St. John in Rome.
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PALAEOGRAPHY
Authors: RECORD P.D.
Published: November 2014

PALAEOGRAPHY as a discipline in itself is the choice of a few, but as a hand‐maiden to Clio is pursued by many whose real object is the favour of her mistress. As an ancillary study, the lore of which is mainly carried in the learned heads of its protagonists, its bibliography has received somewhat sporadic treatment and many of the most useful bibliographical resources are buried in unlikely places, while many of the more obvious bibliographies are not what they seem. The object of this article is to guide the student within a limited field in which the bibliographical controls are confusing and relatively poor.
THE HULTON PICTURE POST LIBRARY
Authors: GIBBS‐SMITH C.H.
Published: November 2014

Introduction FEW librarians have had the good fortune to plan and classify a large library from the ground up, so to speak. Most of us have to take over going concerns, repair deficient concerns, or rebuild on other people's foundations. In the particular case in question I had the rare opportunity to plan a ‘library’ of pictorial material with every possible help and consideration from those who commissioned me.
THE DEPARTMENTAL LIBRARIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
Authors: BUTCHER D.W.
Published: November 2014

There are over fifty Faculty, Departmental, and Special Libraries in the University of Cambridge and, as may be imagined, the functions of these libraries vary greatly. There are roughly speaking three main types. The main purpose of the first group is to make books available to undergraduates who are reading for Tripos and other examinations, while that of the second group is to supply the needs of the teaching staff and of research. The third group of libraries caters for the needs of the teaching staff, of research students, and of examination students. It must be borne in mind that this grouping is purely arbitrary, and the reader will find that scientific libraries are in many cases seeking to cater for undergraduates as well as for those engaged in research.
SYSTEMATIC SUBJECT INDEXING
Authors: VICKERY B.C.
Published: November 2014

The function of a subject index is above all practical: it is a working tool designed to help the user to find his way about the documented information in a given subject field. Any system of indexing and classification must be judged by its practical value to the user, not by its conformity to a set of abstract principles. Despite this, it is only on the basis of inductively derived principles that a system can be constructed at all.
INFORMATION THEORY AND CLERICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: FAIRTHORNE R.A.
Published: November 2014

Apart from direct revelation, all communication demands that something be done, something be recognized, and that an agreed something else be done about it when recognized. In other words, communication takes place through artificially induced physical events, interpreted in action according to artificial rules. There are two essential aspects, the physical and the conventional, of every process and type of communication, from engraving epitaphs to measuring photographs. Each of Faust's attempts to translate Logos was valid.
RULES FOR SUBJECT HEADINGS, PERIODICALS SUBJECT INDEX, ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS LIBRARY
Authors: THOMPSON ANTHONY
Published: November 2014

The following rules for subject headings were evolved in the library of the Royal Institute of British Architects over a period of about three years while the index to articles in periodicals was being completely overhauled and expanded.
CURRENT PUBLICATIONS ON TWENTIETH‐CENTURY FRENCH LITERATURE
Authors: BENN T.V.
Published: November 2014

The recording of books and articles on twentieth‐century French literature, and of contributions to the literature itself, is defective in a number of ways. The distribution of books and periodicals among libraries in Great Britain is even more imperfect.
GUIDES TO SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Authors: TOWNSEND A.C.
Published: November 2014

During the years between the two wars a witty and provocative series of little books was issued bearing such titles as Cain, or the future of Crime, Gallio, or the tyranny of science, and similar phrases likely to excite the curiosity of the prospective reader. Indeed, this present contribution might be adorned with some such title as ‘Ariadne Panepistemon, or the future of guides to the literature of science’, a class of reference books of which there would seem to be some need at the present, and which may repay examination.
CATALOGUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF PERIODICALS
Authors: MARGARET GUMMER H.
Published: November 2014

In writing about reference books it is difficult to recommend one rather than another unless one knows the exact purpose for which it is needed. This article, therefore, is a survey of the contents and scope of some important catalogues, union lists, and bibliographies of periodicals, and does not attempt to say that one is better or more useful than another. Each librarian can only decide that for himself.
PRINTED CATALOGUE CARDS
Authors: WELLS A.J.
Published: November 2014

When the Council of the British National Bibliography was established in 1949 the question of a printed card service was very much in the air. There was at the time a considerable body of opinion in support of such a service and it was felt by some that this was of equal if not greater importance than a printed bibliography. The Council, however, thought the cost of a printed card service would prove too great and decided to postpone its introduction until a later date, giving its full attention to a printed bibliography. It promised, in its first prospectus, to give consideration to a card service if the bibliography proved successful.
NOTES ON READING MACHINES FOR MICRO‐OPAQUES
Authors: RICHNELL D.T.
Published: November 2014

Progress in the development of the use of micro‐opaques in Britain has been slow. One of the main reasons for this has been the lack of a satisfactory reading machine. Those libraries which obtained import licences for American models were few, and the reports on the quality of these models were of a nature to discourage would‐be purchasers. Neither the reader marketed by the Microcard Foundation nor that of the Readex Microprint Corporation seems to have met with the general approval of library users in Britain. In academic libraries, in particular, it has been felt that the advantage of possessing in compact form such material as the Microprint edition of the Three centuries of drama has been outweighed by the fact that members of the academic staff were unwilling to subject themselves to the strain of prolonged reading on these reading machines.
THE COVERAGE OF HEAVY ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PERIODICAL LITERATURE BY ABSTRACTS JOURNALS
Authors: CLAGUE P.
Published: November 2014

The investigation was undertaken to find out whether material is indexed quickly and completely enough by the published abstracts journals to obviate the need for the individual libraries of the English Electric Group to continue their own indexes for periodical literature. Answers to the following questions were sought:
TESTS ON ABSTRACTS JOURNALS
Authors: MARTYN JOHN , SLATER MARGARET
Published: November 2014

The amount of scientific and technical information published annually in the form of journal articles, conference papers, reports, theses, patents, and books now greatly exceeds, in every field of interest, the amount which may be scanned by a scientist wishing to keep himself completely up to date in his own subject. For a scientist wishing to inform himself of new developments in neighbouring subject‐fields the problem is even greater. Consequently, either the scientist reconciles himself to the knowledge that he is not aware of all relevant information in his field or he places increasingly more reliance on such bibliographic tools as are available to guide him towards the relevant literature.
US Supreme Court Defines Approach to be Used in Determining Excessiveness of Criminal Forfeiture
Authors: Arrastia John
Published: November 2014

Clarifying the proper approach to test the constitutionality of a criminal in personam forfeiture, the US Supreme Court has recently determined that only a ‘proportionality test’ can be used to determine whether such a forfeiture violates the prohibition against excessive fines found in the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment to the US Constitution. Prior to this determination, lower courts were split as to whether to apply an instrumentality test, a proportionality test, or some combination of the two. The more encompassing instrumentality test, as used in civil in REM forfeiture, only enquires whether the seized property was ‘instrumental’ in the commission of the underlying offence. If property itself was used to facilitate a crime, however slight, the property was forfeit to the government. This test allowed for the forfeiture of huge amounts of currency or property such as an entire estate if the court determined that the property was used as the meeting place for the sale of an occasional marijuana cigarette. On the other hand, the proportionality test requires a judicial analysis of the ‘proportionality’ of the forfeiture to the egregiousness of the underlying criminal activity. In adopting a proportionality rule, the Supreme Court has receded from the bright‐line test for approving forfeiture and reinvested the judiciary with some latitude in examining the more egregious excesses of criminal forfeiture.
ORGANIZATION STRATEGY
Authors: Vlcek Donald J.
Published: November 2014

The satisfactions and accompanying frustrations of running a rapidly growing, decentralized company occasionally appear to cancel each other out. But Domino's Pizza Distribution Corp. (or “Distribution”) remains committed to the concept even though employees sometimes describe their job as a “battlefield.”
Orchestrating the Planning Process
Authors: Brooker Robert E.
Published: November 2014

Strategic planning at Lord Corporation is developed by line and staff managers. As a result, those responsible for implementation “own the plan,” while the CEO directs the formulation of the strategy.
The behaviour and use of cobalt 2‐ethylhexanoate
Authors: Goodman R.J.
Published: November 2014

Cobalt compounds have been used to accelerate the drying of paints, such as those containing linseed oil, since the turn of the century. Coffey was one of the first people to investigate the influence of driers on the drying of an oil. He found that a drier shortens the induction time an unsaturated oil requires to absorb oxygen from the atmosphere.
Recent progress in electrocoating
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Scarcely a decade has passed since the paint industry embraced the concept of electrocoating in its modern sense. Its acceptance has been a gratifying one simply because it has been possible to translate this highly advanced scientific process into clearly demonstrated practical benefits. These benefits reflect themselves in the adaptation of the process to automation, and thus to economy in coating coupled with the achievement of highly desirable coating properties.
Profiling Rival Decision Makers
Authors: Barndt Walter D.
Published: November 2014

If business can be looked on as a type of game, it is generally agreed that the idea is to outwit and out‐perform your competitors. If you do, then you may be rewarded with the advantages that go along with market share, low cost, high quality, superior service, and strategic alliances.
Understanding Afghan healthcare providers: a qualitative study of the culture of care in a Kabul maternity hospital
Authors: Arnold R , van Teijlingen E , Ryan K , Holloway I
Published: November 2014

Objective

To analyse the culture of a Kabul maternity hospital to understand the perspectives of healthcare providers on their roles, experiences, values and motivations and the impact of these determinants on the care of perinatal women and their babies.

Design

Qualitative ethnographic study.

Setting

A maternity hospital, Afghanistan.

Population

Doctors, midwives and care assistants.

Methods

Six weeks of observation followed by 22 semi‐structured interviews and four informal group discussions with staff, two focus group discussions with women and 41 background interviews with Afghan and non‐Afghan medical and cultural experts.

Main outcome measures

The culture of care in an Afghan maternity hospital.

Results

A large workload, high proportion of complicated cases and poor staff organisation affected the quality of care. Cultural values, social and family pressures influenced the motivation and priorities of healthcare providers. Nepotism and cronyism created inequality in clinical training and support and undermined the authority of management to improve standards of care. Staff without powerful connections were vulnerable in a punitive inequitable environment—fearing humiliation, blame and the loss of employment.

Conclusions

Suboptimal care put the lives of women and babies at risk and was, in part, the result of conflicting priorities. The underlying motivation of staff appeared to be the socio‐economic survival of their own families. The hospital culture closely mirrored the culture and core values of Afghan society. In setting priorities for women's health post‐2015 Millennium Development Goals, understanding the context‐specific pressures on staff is key to more effective programme interventions and sustainability.