bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Heart Transplantation in Human Leukocyte Antigen–Sensitized Patients
Authors: Pollock-BarZiv Stacey M. , den Hollander Neal , Ngan Bo-Yee , Kantor Paul , McCrindle Brian , West Lori J. , Dipchand Anne I.
Published: September 2007

Background—

There is an elevated risk for poor outcomes after heart transplant (HTx) in patients sensitized to human leukocyte antigens including graft dysfunction, acute cellular and antibody-mediated (AMR) rejection, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy. We report our experience with human leukocyte antigens–sensitized pediatric HTx recipients.

Methods and Results—

We identified pediatric HTx patients with elevated pre-HTx Panel Reactive Antibody (Class I/II; >10%), or a positive T- or B-cell crossmatch. Thirteen patients met criteria (5 female, 39%). The median age at HTx was 7 months (3.5 months to 15.5 years). Nine were infants who had prior palliation for congenital heart disease. Four were older patients (median 7.3 years; 4.8 to 15.5 years): 2 had congenital heart disease (Fontan), 2 were re-HTx. B-cell therapies were used in all patients, guided by assessment of CD19+ and CD20+ cells. Immunosuppression included thymoglobulin induction, and tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. Daily plasmapheresis ± intravenous immunoglobulin G was used if there was a positive crossmatch on day 1, with a gradual, biopsy-guided weaning schedule. Rituximab was used when AMR was detected on biopsy: more recently (n=3), used empirically perioperatively. AMR was confirmed in 9 patients within median 0.9 months post-HTx. Seven had early acute cellular rejection (≥ ISHLT Grade 2 R) with no hemodynamic compromise or graft dysfunction. There were 4 deaths post-HTx (range, 11 days to 9 months). The median follow-up of 9 survivors was 1.7 years (0.3 to 3.7 years). Of 7 patients >6 months post-HTx, no AMR or cardiac allograft vasculopathy was observed at a mean of 1.9+1.1 years post-HTx and no cardiac allograft vasculopathy.

Conclusions—

Despite aggressive management, acute cellular rejection and AMR occurred frequently early post-HTx. An algorithm of B cell–directed strategies can be effective in managing these patients with reasonable intermediate-term outcomes.
The Talent Search Model
Authors: Swiatek Mary Ann
Published: September 2007

Typical standardized achievement tests cannot provide accurate information about gifted students' abilities because they are not challenging enough for such students. Talent searches solve this problem through above-level testing—using tests designed for older students to raise the ceiling for younger, gifted students. Currently, talent search programs serve gifted students from grades 2 through 8 throughout the mainland United States and in several foreign countries. Extensive research demonstrates that above-level test scores differentiate among levels of giftedness and have important implications for educational planning. Students with high scores learn advanced material rapidly and well and thrive in accelerated learning settings. Therefore, talent searches have followed up on testing with educational programs, many of which focus on acceleration. Decades of research have documented both academic and psychosocial benefits to participants. Perhaps the greatest challenge ahead of the talent searches is that of facilitating the appropriate education of gifted students in the school setting.
Cognitive and Affective Learning Outcomes of Gifted Elementary School Students
Authors: Delcourt Marcia A. B. , Cornell Dewey G. , Goldberg Marc D.
Published: September 2007

This project was a 2-year investigation of elementary school children placed in programs for high-ability learners. The primary purpose of the study was to investigate academic and affective changes in students during their first 2 years in a gifted program. Students were assessed during the fall of one year and the spring of the next year. Subjects were from 14 different school districts in 10 states and included African American and Caucasian/ non-Hispanic students. The study compared students enrolled in gifted programs (special school, separate class, pull-out, within-class), high-achieving students from districts in which no program was available at the designated grade levels, and nongifted students in regular classrooms. This project focused on academic and affective student outcomes through multiple administrations of an achievement test, a self-perception survey, and a motivation inventory. In addition to comparing programs in general, an important dimension of the project was to examine characteristics of students from traditionally underserved populations. This was accomplished by including the variables of racial/ ethnic status and the social status of participants. Results revealed that there were differences in cognitive and affective outcomes across program types. Therefore, it is strongly advised that educators conduct ongoing evaluations of their programs to be better able to monitor and address all students' needs.
Toward Best Practice
Authors: VanTassel-Baska Joyce , Brown Elissa F.
Published: September 2007

This article provides an overview of existing research on 11 curriculum models in the field of gifted education, including the schoolwide enrichment model and the talent search model, and several others that have been used to shape high-level learning experiences for gifted students. The models are critiqued according to the key features they contribute to student learning, teacher use, and contextual fit, including alignment to standards and use with special populations of gifted and nongifted learners. The authors also provide a set of key principles derived from the research studies on what has been learned as a field about curriculum and instruction for the gifted. The article concludes with a set of practical considerations for educators in implementing any of the curricula analyzed and specific district applications of the Integrated Curriculum Model (ICM) that illustrate effective implementation over time.
Global inequality, power and the unipolar world
Authors: Midgley James
Published: September 2007

English

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, neoconservative intellectuals and policy makers have promoted a unipolarist position which prescribes a new, unilateral role for the government of the United States in world affairs. This article discusses the concept of unipolarism and examines its implications for global inequality, social welfare and social work.

French

Aprè s l’effondrement de l’Union Soviétique, les intellectuels néoconservateurs et les stratèges se sont engagés dans la promotion d’une position unipolaire qui a prescrit un nouveau rô le unilatéral pour le gouvernement américain dans la gestion des affaires mondiales. Cet article aborde la notion d’unipolarité et en examine les conséquences en termes d’iné galités mondiales, de bien-ê tre social et de travail social.

Spanish

Siguiendo el colapso de la Unió n Sovié tica, los intelectuales neoconservadores y los creadores de política han promovido una posició n unipolar que prescribe un nuevo rol unilateral para el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en temas mundiales. Este artículo discute el concepto de unipolaridad y examina sus implicaciones para la desigualdad global, el bienestar social y el trabajo social.
Social work in Pakistan
Authors: Graham John R. , Al-Krenawi Alean , Zaidi Sara
Published: September 2007

English

This exploratory research undertook in-depth interviews with seven practitioners in Lahore. The data revealed five themes regarding culturally respectful practice in Pakistan, related to definition of social work; primacy of family and community; innovative local approaches; and social structures necessary for effective interventions. We consider strategies for making social work knowledge more authentically indigenous to Pakistan.

French

Cette recherche exploratoire consiste en des entrevues en profondeur auprès de sept praticiens à Lahore. Les données recueillies ont permis de dégager cinq thèmes ayant trait à une pratique respectueuse de la culture pakistanaise. Ces thèmes portaient sur la définition du travail social; l’importance de la famille et de la communauté ; les approches locales innovantes; et les structures sociales appropriées pour des interventions efficaces. La recherche aborde également les stratégies à mettre en oeuvre pour développer un savoir en travail social plus particulier au Pakistan.

Spanish

Esta investigació n exploratoria emprendió entrevistas en profundidad con siete profesionales en Lahore. Los datos revelan cinco temas, respecto a la prá ctica culturalmente respetuosa en Paquistá n, relativa a la definició n del trabajo social; primacía de la familia y la comunidad; enfoques locales innovadores; y las estructuras sociales necesarias para intervenciones efectivas. Consideramos estrategias para hacer el conocimiento en trabajo social má s auténticamente autó ctono en Paquistá n.
The quest for western social work knowledge
Authors: Yan Miu-Chung , Tsui Ming-Sum
Published: September 2007

English

Despite the fast development of social work education, scholars in China are eager to import and adapt western social work knowledge which is portrayed as a monolithic entity. Using a case study of American social work literature, we question the existence of a monolithic system of western knowledge.

French

En dé pit du développement rapide de la formation en travail social, les étudiants chinois sont pressé s d’importer et d’adapter le savoir occidental en matière de travail social, qui est dé crit comme une entité monolithique. Àpartir d’une é tude de cas s’appuyant sur de la documentation amé ricaine en travail social, on s’interroge sur l’existence d’un système monolithique de savoir occidental.

Spanish

A pesar del acelerado desarrollo de la enseñ anza del trabajo social, los estudiantes en China tienen muchas ganas de importar y adaptar el conocimiento del trabajo social occidental, el cual es descrito como una entidad monolítica. Utilizando un estudio de caso de la literatura del trabajo social americano, nosotros cuestionamos la existencia de un sistema monolótico del conocimiento occidental.
Pathways to health and mental-health service utilization among older Mexicans
Authors: Rogers Anissa T. , Gallegos Joseph S.
Published: September 2007

Engligh

Pathways to service utilization among older Mexicans and Mexican- Americans were investigated through examining participants’ health beliefs and behaviors. Results indicated that definitions of health and illness had an impact on service utilization decisions. Results also suggested that an assumption that Mexican elders utilize social support networks for healthcare assistance is questionable, with implications for practice.

French

Cette étude analyse les trajectoires des personnes mexicaines et mexicoaméricaines plus â gées en ce qui a trait à l’utilisation des services. Pour ce faire, elle examine les croyances et les comportements des participants en regard de la santé . Les résultats indiquent que la façon de définir la santé et la maladie a un impact sur les décisions de recourir ou non aux services. Les ré sultats ont également remis en question l’hypothèse selon laquelle les personnes â gées mexicaines utilisent les réseaux de soutien social pour obtenir les soins de santé , ce qui a des conséquences sur le plan de la pratique.

Spanish

Se investigaron las formas de utilizació n de servicios entre Mexicanos y Mexico-Americanos de la tercera edad, examinando las creencias y conductas sobre la salud por parte de los participantes. Los resultados indicaron que las definiciones de salud y enfermedad tienen un impacto en las decisiones para utilizar el servicio. Asimismo sugieren que la suposició n de que los adultos mayores Mexicanos utilizan redes de apoyo para la atencio ń de la salud es cuestionable, con implicaciones para la prá ctica.
Labour Politics in the New World: Werner Sombart and the United States
Authors: Archer Robin
Published: September 2007

One hundred years ago, Werner Sombart offered one of the earliest and most influential systematic attempts to explain why the American labour movement had failed to establish a significant labour or socialist party. Both the comparative approach that Sombart adopted, and the substantive conclusions he reached, have remained central to conventional explanations ever since. This article seeks to reassess these long-established orthodoxies by comparing the United States, not with Old World Europe, but with another New World country — Australia — a country with which it shared a great many characteristics during a critical period in the 1890s. The article considers, in turn, each of the main explanatory factors that Sombart proposed, and demonstrates that a most-similar comparison with Australia casts doubt on many of them.
Becoming an Industry: The Struggle of Social and Community Workers for Award Coverage, 1976—2001
Authors: Briggs Chris , Meagher Gabrielle , Healy Karen
Published: September 2007

Until the 1990s, most workers employed by non-government community services organizations were excluded from the most basic right of Australian `industrial citizenship' — award coverage. Expected to be a formality by the newly-formed Australian Social Welfare Union, establishing an award for the non-profit social and community services sector became a grinding struggle at both federal and state levels against the resistance of both Liberal-National coalition and Labor party governments, the major charities and other unions stretching from the 1970s through the 1990s. Our explanation of why the struggle for industrial recognition was so long and hard emphasizes the lack of social recognition for care work and contradictions among care workers between their roles as professionals, caring for others, and unionists — factors that led to internal, institutional, strategic and cultural resistance to an award for the social and community services workers.
Unpaid Entitlement Recovery in the Federal Industrial Relations System: Strategy and Outcomes 1952—95
Authors: Goodwin Miles , Maconachie Glenda
Published: September 2007

Despite awards and industrial agreements providing legally binding conditions of employment, many Australian employees do not always secure their employment entitlements. The inspection and prosecution strategies adopted by or forced upon the agency tasked with monitoring and enforcing the regulations are a key factor affecting whether or not employees will recover monies owed from non-compliant employers. This article examines the outcomes of different inspection and prosecution regimes between 1952 and 1995 in the Australian federal industrial relations system, and makes three points. The first is that employer evasion of employee entitlements has been significant, and sustained. Second, the shift from routine inspections to a complaints-based inspection strategy has reduced the probability of detection and subsequently encourages employer evasion. Third, the use of prosecution as a tool of `last resort' has provided little deterrence to employer non-compliance. The extent of evasion in a centralized industrial relations system raises questions about evasion in decentralized systems.
From Rights to Interests: The Challenge of Industrial Relations in Vietnam
Authors: Clarke Simon , Lee Chang-Hee , Chi Do Quynh
Published: September 2007

Since the mid-1990s Vietnam has achieved rapid economic growth based on the attraction of foreign investment within an unchanged political environment. Changing employment relations have presented a major challenge to the rights-based institutional forms of regulation of industrial relations established in the early stages of reform, which have proved slow to adapt to the new circumstances in which disputes are interest-based. The persistence of strikes has led the authorities to pay increasing attention to industrial relations issues, but their approach remains confined within the legalistic framework of the state-socialist era. Trade unions show little inclination or ability to stand up to employers on behalf of their members, while Vietnamese workers show a preference for direct action over representation through bureaucratic industrial relations structures.
An Empirical Approach to Union Threat Effects in Korea
Authors: Shin Eunjong
Published: September 2007

This study examines the `union threat effect' across different sectors in Korea using a sample of individual workers from the Korean Wage Survey. It focuses on the dynamic mechanism of the union threat effect allowing for three factors: employers' strategic choices, labour mobility and condition of the product market — all of which are interwoven. The empirical findings suggest that unionization does not threaten employers in either the small-scale or large-scale firm sectors. However, the union threat effects are evident in the medium-size firm sector, where the employers tend to raise their wage bill to avoid unionization at their workplace.
Separatism as a Bargaining Posture: The Role of Leverage in Minority Radicalization
Authors: Jenne Erin K. , Saideman Stephen M. , Lowe Will
Published: September 2007

Why do some minorities seek affirmative action while others pursue territorial autonomy or secession, given similar conditions at the substate level? This article attempts to unpack the puzzle of minority radicalization, focusing on group claim-making as an important dynamic that has been overlooked by much of the recent quantitative literature on ethnic conflict. To address this gap, the authors introduce a new `claims' variable, which codes the demands made by groups in the Minorities at Risk dataset for three five-year periods from 1985 to 2000. The authors examine the relationship between minority claim-making and rebellion and conclude that they are similar but distinct forms of group mobilization. Groups use claims as a means of bargaining with the center; relative power, therefore, has a critical influence on the extremity of demands that groups advance against the government. The authors test this model against alternative arguments using ordinal logit analysis and find that factors related to strategic power — including a history of autonomy, outside military support, and territorial concentration — are all positively correlated with a group's propensity to advance more extreme demands. This study shows that minorities with greater power vis-à-vis the center are more likely to both rebel and mobilize around separatist demands. However, minority rebellion — unlike separatist claims — may also be triggered by group deprivation, indicating that violent resistance may be driven by grievances as well as opportunities.
www.PeaceTest.org: Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Web-Based War-Prevention Program in a Time of War
Authors: Howard Brian H. , Shegog Ross , Grussendorf Jeannie , Benjamins Laura J. , Stelzig Donaji , McAlister Alfred L.
Published: September 2007

Collective violence is a major cause of death, illness, and suffering. The theory of moral disengagement offers a framework for understanding and preventing violence between nations, and the Internet provides a vehicle for reaching a diverse population with a war-prevention program. The objectives of the PeaceTest project were to develop, implement, and evaluate a theory-based interactive website to be used as a war-prevention intervention for a general audience. The open-access site www.PeaceTest.org is an intervention to increase visitors' resistance to the cognitive processes of moral disengagement through risk assessment and tailored remediation. Evaluation of the program used a single-group pre-test—posttest design involving self-reported attitudes toward the use of military force. From 13 May to 15 September 2004, the site recorded 7,521 self-selected visitors from around the world; 5,702 (76%) completed the pre-test, and 338 (6%) of these completed the post-test. The intervention effect was examined using paired t-tests. A majority of respondents (75%) recorded PeaceTest scores indicating they were at risk of moral disengagement. Women, medical/public health students, older visitors, and non-US visitors showed significantly greater resistance to moral disengagement than other demographic groups ( p < 0.01). Resistance increased significantly among those who took the post-test ( p < 0.01), especially among women. The number, predisposition, and characteristics of respondents were strongly affected by efforts to promote the site and by the site's launching at a time of intense public sentiment about the US-led war in Iraq. The authors conclude that the PeaceTest project demonstrated the potential to produce change in war-promoting attitudes in an unrestricted population, though findings must be interpreted in the light of study-design limitations. Controversy and publicity can briefly generate a large audience, but that audience may arrive with strong predispositions. Gaining widespread acceptance and use of a web-based public-health approach to war prevention remains a worthwhile challenge.
Public Attitudes Towards Peace: The Greek-Cypriot Position
Authors: Georgiades Savvas Daniel
Published: September 2007

In 1974, Turkey divided Cyprus by military force into the north and south, giving the Turkish Cypriots full control of the north. Since then, the United Nations (UN) has attempted to resolve the Cyprus problem, but diplomatic efforts have always fallen short. In 2004, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed a plan that would reunify Cyprus. In a public referendum that followed, about two-thirds of Turkish Cypriots voted for the plan; however, three-quarters of Greek Cypriots rejected the plan. To help illuminate Greek-Cypriot public opinion, a telephone survey is conducted with 150 randomly selected Greek-Cypriot citizens (with a response rate of 87%). Results demonstrate that about four-fifths of respondents do not mistrust Turkish Cypriots and believe they can peacefully coexist with them. Still, 43% of respondents report that Greek Cypriots as a group are not very well prepared to reunify with Turkish Cypriots. Perception of ethnocentrism for both sides is found to be at comparable, mediocre levels. Narrative analyses suggest that the Annan Plan be revised to assure, among other things, (1) complete and timely demilitarization of the island, (2) removal of all Turkish settlers, (3) containment of extremist elements from both sides, and (4) fiscal backing from the international community to the Turkish-Cypriot side. The social and political implications of the findings, study limitations, and some future research needs are highlighted.
The Cyprus Peace Talks: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Michael Michális S.
Published: September 2007

Despite three decades of persistent efforts to bring about a negotiated settlement, the small island of Cyprus still remains physically and demographically divided. Failure of the 2004 Annan Plan has compounded the need for a thorough reassessment of the Cyprus peace process with a view to ascertaining the reasons for its collapse. Drawing on the findings of research that attributes the failure of earlier negotiations to the negative balance between impeding influences and facilitating factors, the author examines the manner and the extent to which the Annan initiative internalized the lessons learned from these past failures. Was the collapse of the Annan initiative best explained in terms of the shortcomings of the mediating strategy, or did it fail because of the continuing intractability of the conflict (i.e. the two sides remain too far apart on the fundamentals for any mediating strategy to work)? This article examines how the Annan strategy sought to change the imbalance between impeding and facilitating factors, asking, in particular, where it made headway, where did it not, and why. It goes on to characterize the overall impeding/facilitating balance in the post-Annan period and advances a number of propositions on how the imbalance may be shifted in a more positive direction.
Pacification Without Collective Identification: Russia and the Transatlantic Security Community in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Pouliot Vincent
Published: September 2007

Does the emergence of a security community require a collective identity? This constitutive relationship has been hypothesized by prominent scholars from Deutsch to Adler & Barnett. Yet the Russian—Atlantic case shows that collective identification is not a necessary condition for a nascent security community to emerge. In less than two decades, the relationship between Russia and the transatlantic community has quickly transformed from a deep-seated rivalry structured by the specter of mutual assured destruction to a partnership in which the possibility of military confrontation has undeniably receded. Although bones of contention and power struggles continue to abound, empirical indicators attest to the emergence of a nascent Russian—Atlantic security community. But survey data also show that Russian and Western peoples do not meaningfully identify with one another. While the lack of we-ness certainly helps explain the striking instability of the post-Cold War rapprochement between Russia and the transatlantic community, it also recalls the need for constructivists to pay attention to other variables than mutual representations in the study of international peace. As a way forward, the article advocates a practice turn in the study of security communities: peace exists as a social fact when diplomacy becomes the self-evident practice among security elites to solve interstate disputes.
Armed Conflict, 1989—2006
Authors: Harbom Lotta , Wallensteen Peter
Published: September 2007

In 2006, 32 armed conflicts were active, a figure that has remained constant for three years. The decline in armed conflict observed through most of the post-Cold War period has ceased, at least temporarily. Many of the conflicts active in 2006 have a long history, which may have made them more entrenched and thus more difficult to solve. In fact, in contrast to the situation in the early 1990s, no new conflicts have erupted in the last two years. No interstate conflicts were active in 2006, but five of the intrastate conflicts were internationalized. While four of the conflicts recorded for 2005 were no longer active in 2006, four conflicts restarted, two with actions taken by new rebel groups and two by previously recorded actors.
The Funding of Community Colleges
Authors: Mullin Christopher M. , Honeyman David S.
Published: September 2007

Community college funding formulas are tools utilized to substantiate the acquisition of funds and delineate the cost of education. This study develops a typology of community college funding formulas placing 48 states in three categories and five subcategories.
Interpreting the Influence of Community College Attendance Upon Baccalaureate Attainment
Authors: Townsend Barbara K.
Published: September 2007

National quantitative studies examining the impact of community college attendance upon educational attainment conclude that initial attendance at a community college (as opposed to a 4-year institution) reduces the likelihood of attaining a bachelor's degree. Yet these studies, which suggest that initial attendance at a community college is not a rational choice for those seeking the baccalaureate, do not typically consider many of the legitimate reasons students have for enrolling in the community college. In addition, future studies will need to factor in recent developments in the community college environment, such as the emergence of the community college baccalaureate, growth in residence halls, and the development of honors programs.
The Academic Legacy of Berta Vigil Laden
Authors: Hagedorn Linda Serra
Published: September 2007

Berta Vigil Laden was a scholar who helped raise our understanding of minority-serving institutions generally and Hispanic-serving institutions in particular. She approached her work with empathy and compassion. This article reviews her major contributions.
Research Update: The Community College Survey of Student Engagement
Authors: McClenney Kay M.
Published: September 2007

The Community College Survey of Student Engagement, established in 2001 and administered by the Community College Leadership Program at the University of Texas at Austin, provides systematically collected data on the experiences of community college students. This article describes what has been learned through the survey to date and notes plans for the future, including the development of the Survey of Entering Student Engagement (SENSE) for community colleges.
Opinions as Norms
Authors: Glynn Carroll J. , Huge Michael E.
Published: September 2007

This research investigates the impact of normative intensity (i.e., strength of feeling) and crystallization (i.e., level of agreement) regarding communication behaviors and perceptions of social sanctions. By adapting the return potential model originally set forth by Jay Jackson, the authors examine perceptions of communication behaviors as a normative opinion process. Telephone survey respondents were asked to offer their own personal opinions regarding several communicative behaviors. By calculating the normative power (NP = Normative Intensity × Crystallization) associated with each of these behaviors, predictions were made regarding the frequency of behavior. The authors also connect normative power with the social costs ascribed to acts falling outside the accepted realm of behavior. Results indicate that public opinion can be seen as a normative process in which the intensity and crystallization of the climate of opinion exert influence on behavior in various communication situations.
Urban and Rural Differences in Use of Earned Income Credits: A Study of Minnesota's Working Family Credit
Authors: Hirasuna Donald P. , Stinson Thomas F.
Published: September 2007

This article examines receipt rates of Minnesota's earned income credit program by households on welfare from 1992 through 1999. We examine urban and rural differences in the rate of receipt throughout time and in the factors contributing to receipt. Our tabulations show that the central counties of the Minneapolis—St. Paul standard metropolitan statistical area (SMSA) have the lowest receipt rates, although rates are increasing for all regions and the disparities are diminishing through time. We find that a number of policy variables, household characteristics, and local labor market variables differentially affect receipt probabilities. Information from this research might help policy makers and designers of low-income programs construct improved policies that help families more quickly exit poverty.
The Future of Critical Management Studies: A Paleo-Marxist Critique of Labour Process Theory
Authors: Adler Paul S.
Published: September 2007

For many years, the core of critical management studies was labour process theory (LPT), building on Braverman's (1976) reading of Marx. Recently, LPT has been losing momentum in favour of post-structuralist approaches. This paper takes one step back with the hope of taking critical management studies two steps forward. Whereas post-structuralists have largely discarded the Marxist foundations of LPT, this paper argues that LPT has been hobbled by its insufficiently Marxist foundations. I argue that LPT ignores the fundamental contradiction Marx saw between the progressive `socialization' of the labour process and the persistence of capitalist `valorization' constraints. Understood in Marx's terms, socialization is the movement away from local isolation towards `universal interdependence', and it is a key trend both in the objective structure of industry and in subjective self-construals. I use this framework to develop a modified conception of skill, one that reveals how capitalist development drives a process of long-term skill upgrading. On this platform, I sketch a reinterpretation of two well-known cases of work reorganization — Taylorism and lean production. In both cases, useful insight is garnered by showing how the socialization of the labour process represented by these new management principles and the associated skill upgrading was simultaneously stimulated, retarded and distorted by valorization pressures.
Adler's Theory of the Capitalist Labour Process: A Pale(o) Imitation
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: September 2007

Adler's paper raises a host of pertinent theoretical and empirical challenges for anyone interested in contemporary trends in work and organization. A version of `paleo' Marxism is invoked to correct the supposed anomalies of labour process theory and the limits of critical management studies. The theory relies on a notion of the progressive socialization of the productive forces in order to assert a positive conception of Taylorism and lean production, as well as a long-run upskilling trajectory. It is argued in this commentary that it is flawed theory and skewed empirics. Adler's perspectives result in a de-politicized workplace by removing any source of conflict over work relations between capital and labour. His evidence of skill upgrading relies overwhelmingly on a series of unreliable proxies that do not deal with actual work relations. In contrast, the commentary defends the record of labour process theory on issues of skill formation and the workplace as a contested terrain.
Socialization, Yes. Skill Upgrading, Probably. Robust Theory of the Capitalist Labour Process, No
Authors: Knights David , Willmott Hugh
Published: September 2007

This response welcomes and endorses a concern to recognize and restore labour process theory as central to the critical study of management. It accepts the importance attached by Marx to the socialization of labour and its implications for skill; and identifies other specific points of broad agreement with Adler's `paleo-Marxism'. At the same time, we point to a number of limitations of paleo-Marxism, not least of which is an absence of engagement with neo-Marxism. The capacity to appreciate the significance of forms of inequality and struggle other than class — among which may be included gender, sexuality, ethnicity, religion, ageism, ecology and anti-globalization — is conspicuously absent from paleo-Marxism. The importance of subjectivity is acknowledged by Adler, yet he concedes nothing to the so-called neo-Marxists who have sought to address its relevance in the development of labour processes.
Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work
Authors: Orlikowski Wanda J.
Published: September 2007

In this essay, I begin with the premise that everyday organizing is inextricably bound up with materiality and contend that this relationship is inadequately reflected in organizational studies that tend to ignore it, take it for granted, or treat it as a special case. The result is an understanding of organizing and its conditions and consequences that is necessarily limited. I then argue for an alternative approach, one that posits the constitutive entanglement of the social and the material in everyday life. I draw on some empirical examples to help ground and illustrate this approach in practice and conclude by suggesting that a reconfiguration of our conventional assumptions and considerations of materiality will help us more effectively recognize and understand the multiple, emergent, and shifting sociomaterial assemblages entailed in contemporary organizing.
The Bread-Making Machine: Tacit Knowledge and Two Types of Action
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigo , Collins Harry
Published: September 2007

We analyse Nonaka and Takeuchi's (1995) claim that a master baker's tacit knowledge was made explicit and incorporated into a home bread-making machine and its manual — the `knowledge capture' thesis. In order to test the claim, bread was made without and with a breadmaker and we carried out an analysis of the bread-making actions before and after mechanization. Based on the theory of action morphicity (Collins and Kusch 1998) it is shown that the machine only mimics the mechanical counterpart of just a few of certain special kinds of human bread-making actions. The remaining success of the machine and its manual is due to what other human actors bring to the mechanical bread-making scene; this way the breadmaker can be an adequate social prosthesis. Action mimicking, action substitution, and the contributions of these other human actors, who are not needed in the case of the master baker, explain why the machine and its manual do work. It is not a matter of the explication or incorporation of tacit knowledge, but of fitting a social prosthesis into a rearranged world.
Communication, Community, Reality, Ritual, and the “Potato Hole” Woodson
Authors: Tucher Andie
Published: September 2007

Applying James W. Carey's landmark insights into the ritual functions of communication to the widespread and notably ceremonial genre of the family story raises questions about the consequences for enlightened discourse when certain expressive forms become, literally, sacred relics. Because knowledge of a family's foundational story can be the prerequisite for entry into a community whose members otherwise have little in common, such a story is often protected from contestation and is unavailable for use in Carey's central tasks of repairing and transforming reality.
The Last True Believers
Authors: Durham Frank
Published: September 2007

From the early 1930s through the 1960s, the mainstream press in Tennessee relied on the narrative of anti-communism to oppose the labor and desegregation movements. But by 1965, The Knoxville Journal remained as the only newspaper of eight in the state to continue to prosecute the social changes promised by the Civil Rights Movement in those terms. This study applies James Carey's principle of combining mainstream and journalism history to interpret the social meanings of the news. By focusing coverage of the state legislature's last attempt to investigate alleged communist activity at the locally based Highlander Research and Education Center, this textual analysis of the Journal's coverage from 1965 to 1967 shows how the movement's changes were already inscribed on the state's dominant institutions a year before the movement ended in Memphis. The analysis interprets the negotiation of social change in terms of Anthony Giddens's theory of structuration.
The Affordances of Blogging
Authors: Graves Lucas
Published: September 2007

Informed by Carey's cultural approach to communication, this article revisits the debate about the historical impact of new communication technologies. Several studies have pointed to technology “affordances” as offering a useful middle ground between determinist and social constructivist perspectives. This article explores how the concept of affordance might be tweaked to emphasize what an emerging technology suggests in time to the cultures using and developing it. The second half of the article illustrates the discussion with a close examination of the affordances of blogging technology and especially of a novel communications genre: news-related blogs.
Face to face with violence and its effects: Restorative justice practice at work
Authors: Newell Tim
Published: September 2007

Restorative justice is developing organically within the criminal justice system and although initially considered most applicable to young offenders and with less serious offences, there is increasing evidence that it is with more serious offending that there is considerable impact and particularly with offences of violence. Restorative processes are considered in the context of increasing concern about violence in society and in prisons. The author's experience of governing prisons gives him a perspective about violence from within the setting in which the most violent and dangerous people in our society are held. David's story, which is part of the article, gives an illustration of how therapeutic work with people who have been violent can be done in a custodial setting where there is time to focus on the needs of all involved and affected by a violent crime.
Community Spirit and Competition in Idols
Authors: Reijnders Stijn L. , Rooijakkers Gerard , van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: September 2007

A B S T R A C T ■ The TV talent show Idols has been one of the most successful entertainment programmes internationally in recent years. In an attempt to explain the song contest's popularity, this article analyses the content of two seasons of the Dutch version of Idols, with particular attention to the ritual structure. The content analysis shows that the ritual meaning of Idols lies in the representation of harmony and ranking. By criticizing and disgracing `bad' contestants as a ritual of abjection, while at the same time glorifying the battle of the finalists as a classic rite of passage, an imaginary community is created with a fixed social order and a definable morality. Idols is thus able to serve as a platform for the articulation, representation and discussion of contemporary values. ■
Research Note: Reciprocal Effects of Negative Press Reports
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias , Glaab Sonja
Published: September 2007

A B S T R A C T ■ The influence of negative press reports on their subjects was determined by means of a questionnaire answered by 91 persons who had complained about such reports to the Deutsche Presserat (German Press Council). The findings show that negative press reports have long-lasting emotional and social consequences, as perceived by the subjects. Plausible interactions exist between these consequences. There is a theoretical basis for attributing both types of consequences to certain characteristics of the reports. ■
The Relationship between Docu Soap Exposure and Adolescents' Career Aspirations
Authors: Van den Bulck Jan , Beullens Kathleen
Published: September 2007

This study aimed to explore the relationship between adolescents' viewing of docu soaps and their career aspirations. The results show that among a sample of 369 adolescents in their last year of secondary education, regular viewing of a docu soap about midwives, veterinarians or para-commandos was a significant predictor of more positive perceptions of that profession. Ecological data on student numbers suggested that these went up in periods following the broadcasting of a successful docu soap about a particular profession. The odds of becoming a student of a study programme recently featured in a docu soap increased by 15 percent. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings and emphasizes the need for continued research in this area.
Sociology in South Africa
Authors: Jubber Ken
Published: September 2007

It was apparent at the 16th World Congress of Sociology held in South Africa in July 2006 that few sociologists from elsewhere in the world know much about South African sociology. This article provides an introduction and brief historical review of sociology in South Africa. Sociology started here in the early 1900s as a practical social science because of its contribution to the `native problem' and the `poor white problem'. Because of its practical value, departments of sociology were established at all South African universities from the 1930s onwards. The article briefly traces the histories of South Africa's professional sociological associations and journals. It identifies leading research concerns and comments on Apartheid and post-Apartheid research and publishing.
The effect of voluntary trunk rotation and half-field eye-patching for patients with unilateral neglect in stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Fong Kenneth NK , Chan Marko KL , Ng Peggie PK , Tsang May HM , Chow Kathy KY , Lau Cherry WL , Chan Frances SM , Wong Iris PY , Chan Dora YL , Chan Chetwyn CH
Published: September 2007

Objective : To investigate the effectiveness of voluntary trunk rotation and half-field eye-patching to treat patients with unilateral neglect in stroke.

Design : Pre—post, day 60 follow-up, single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Setting : Single-centre inpatient rehabilitation hospital.

Subjects : Sixty subacute patients with right hemisphere stroke having unilateral neglect within eight weeks post stroke consented to participate between November 2003 and July 2005. They were randomly assigned to three comparison groups.

Interventions : Nineteen patients received daily experimental training in voluntary trunk rotation (TR) for 1 hour five times a week for 30 days. Twenty patients received the same kind of treatment together with half-field eye-patching

(TR + EP). Fifteen patients in the control group received conventional training with the same contact time.

Main outcome measures : Patients were assessed on days 0, 30 and 60 using the Behavioural Inattention Test, the Clock Drawing Test, and the Functional Independence Measure.

Results : No significant differences between voluntary trunk rotation (TR), voluntary trunk rotation and half-field eye-patching (TR + EP) and controls were found in functional performance and neglect measures at day 30 (P = 0.042—0.994) and follow-up (P = 0.052—0.911) at P = 0.005 using Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions : The results of this study do not support the use of voluntary trunk rotation alone or with half-field eye-patching to improve functional performance or reduce unilateral neglect in subacute patients with stroke.
The effect of exercise on hip muscle strength, gait speed and cadence in patients with total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Unlu Ece , Eksioglu Emel , Aydog Ece , Aydoð Sedat Tolga , Atay Gulay
Published: September 2007

Objective: To evaluate the effect of home versus in-hospital exercise (under supervision) programmes on hip strength, gait speed and cadence in patients with total hip arthroplasty at least one year after operation.

Setting: Physical therapy and rehabilitation department.

Subjects: Twenty-six patients who had had a total hip arthroplasty operation 12—24 months prior to the study were enrolled.

Interventions: The patients were randomized into three groups: group 1 patients were assigned a home exercise programme, group 2 patients exercised under physiotherapist supervision in hospital, and group 3 served as the control group, with no specific intervention. The study duration was six weeks.

Main measures: Maximum isometric abduction torque of operated hip muscle, gait speed and cadence were measured before and after the study.

Results: Maximum isometric abduction torques of the hip abductor muscles improved in groups 1 and 2, but not in group 3 (30 ± 12 to 38 ± 11 ft.lb in group 1, 18 ± 10 to 30 ± 9.8 ft.lb in group 2). Gait speed improved from 67.8 ± 23 to 74.35 ± 24 m/min in group 1, from 48.53 ± 4 to 56.7 ± 5 m/min in group 2 and from 58.01 ± 12 to 59.8 ± 14 m/min in group 3. Cadence also improved, from 97.7 ± 18 to 111 ± 17 steps/min in group 1, from 90.75 ± 6 to 104.75 ± 7 steps/min in group 2, and from 87 ± 16 to 88.22 ± 16 steps/min in group 3. When the three groups were compared, group 2 showed the best improvement (P = 0.006) only in maximum isometric abduction torque.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both home and supervised exercise programmes are effective one year after total hip arthroplasty. Home exercise programmes with close follow-up could be recommended.