bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—On Dr. Sterry Hunt's Geological Chemistry
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

In considering the mutual relations of the sciences of Geology and Chemistry, the student must always bear in mind which of these two sciences is to form the basis or starting point for his inquiry, for this cannot fail to exercise an important influence on his reasonings and deductions.
IV.—A Revision of the British Graptolites, with Descriptions of the New Species, and Notes on their Affinities
Authors: Carruthers Wm.
Published: May 2009

Gen. I. Rastrites, Barr. (Grapt. de Boh. p. 64). Polypary simple, consisting of a slender capillary common tube, supporting a single series of isolated hydrothecæ, which are free throughout their whole length.
V.—On Actinoceras baccatum, a New Species of Orthoceratite from the Woolhope Limestone
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The fossil about to be described was obligingly sent to me by Dr. Bull, of Hereford, having been happily rescued from the remorseless hammer of the road-mender, by Richard Johnson, Esq., the Town Clerk of that city. It exhibits the shell in section, fractured longitudinally, and embedded in a hard compact mass of dark blue Woolhope Limestone, which may be seen well exposed in situ in the Little Hope quarries, near Woolhope, from whence the block which contains the fossil was derived. Dr. Bull informs me that the Woolhope Limestone from these quarries is always used for road-metal in the surrounding district.
III.—On Banded and Brecciated Concretions
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: May 2009

The next group of agates which I have to describe belongs to the nested series; but is distinguished from all other varieties of that series by having a pure chalcedonic surface (unaffected, except in the form of it, by the material of its gangue); and by uniformity of colour; consisting only of white and transparent grey bands, wholly untinged by more splendid colours. But nearly all the agates of this group which now occur in the market have been dyed brown or black at Oberstein, to the complete destruction of their loveliest phenomena.
V.—The Fossil Insects of North America
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago, Dr. Dawson, who has himself been very successful in the discovery of insect-remains, described and figured fragments of a species of myriapod under the name of Xylobius sigillaria. The remains, many of which occurred in coprolites of reptiles, were obtained at the Joggins, in upright Sigillaria trees, between coal-groups fourteen and fifteen of division four in Dr. Dawson's detailed section of the Nova Scotia formations. As his descriptions of the animal and its mode of occurrence are easily accessible to English geologists, it is needless to refer to them more explicitly. The coprolites, however, yielded some true insect remains; these, as well as fragments of insects, not coprolitio, were kindly sent me for examination by Dr. Dawson. They consist almost entirely of crushed and indeterminate masses of chitinous matter; the few detached and connected abdominal segments which can be distinguished in variably show that the abdomen was slender and the insect of medium size. Beyond this, little can be said of them. I noticed, however, two remains of eyes; one crushed, distorted, and ill-defined, the other, the beautiful fragment mentioned by Dr. Dawson, whose original size it is difficult to determine. The facets are large and regularly disposed, somewhat resembling the Perlidœ; but the proportion of the eye to the body varies so much in insects that it is impossible to judge of the size of the animal to which this fragment belonged. A few articulations of an antenna are seen on one of the stones; they probably belonged to a very small or very young cockroach. All the remains of insects appear to be neuropterous or orthopterous. I believe I have distinguished five different kinds. There were also two leeches belonging to distinct genera.
III.—Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Pyrgoma cretacea, H. Woodw.—In my first Report on Fossil Crustacea (Brit. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1865, Reports, p. 321), I called attention to the occurrence, in the Upper Chalk of Norwich, of a sessile Cirripede belonging to the genus Pyrgoma. This unique example—for which I proposed the name of pyrgoma cretacea—was discovered by Mr. T. G. Bayfield, of Norwich, who forwarded the specimen to the British Museum where I had the good fortune to detect its character. As no other specimen of this new species has been met with, I have thought it advisable (although only an imperfect example) to place it on record in the hope that better ones may be found. It is represented in the accompanying Plate XIV., Figs. 1 and 2, of the natural size.
VII.—Optically Positive Cordierite
Authors: Chacko I. C.
Published: May 2009

Cordierite was first found in Travancore at Teruwulla (lat. 9° 22′ N. and long. 76° 37′ E.) in a kind of diorite. In the hand-specimen the mineral appears as violet patches and spots. Monazite, magnetite or ilmenite, garnet and biotite with probably a little hornblende, occur in association with it. In the sections the mineral is found to contain numerous globular inclusions which are surrounded by pleochroic halos. The larger of these may be identified as monazite under the microscope. The mineral is itself pleochroic, light vibrating in the direction of the axis of mean velocity (Y) showing a pronounced violet tint. When light vibrates in other directions the plates do not show any distinct colour, but a faint yellow tint may be observed in some plates. When light vibrates in the direction of the Y axis the pleochroic halos round the inclusions disappear and assume the violet tint of the crystal plate. Cordierite is supposed to occur usually in metamorphosed sediments, and the pleochroic halos are regarded as due to the presence of organic impurities. But a sedimentary origin is out of the question in the present case. It is held by some that pleochroic halos are due to the presence of radio-active substances. I kept an Ilford Empress photographic plate exposed in a dark box to a crushed sample of the mineral for more than twelve hours, but on development the plate did not show any indication of having been affected by the mineral.
IV.—On the Age of the Crystalline Schists in the Piedmontese and other parts of the Alpine Chain
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Dr. preller's recent contributions to this Magazine on the geology of the Piedmontese Alps prove that (1) Italian authorities have expressed widely different opinions on this subject, and (2) some of them have maintained sundry Alpine gneisses and crystalline schists to be Palæozoic or Mesozoic (often Permian or Trias) in age. I infer from these contributions that he is well acquainted with the physical geography of this region, but fail to find in them any signs of either microscopic study or independent petrological work. As these have led me in several cases to very different results, I shall venture to put them on record as briefly as possible. In the course of thirty-five visits I have wandered over the peaks and valleys of the Alps from the southern border of the Cottians to the Salzkammergut, paying at first much more attention to physical than petrological questions. But in 1869, when beginning to lecture on geology, I found not only (as I was already aware) that my knowledge of rocks was scanty, but also that on this subject very little trust could be given to much that had been written. So I tried, as best I could, to teach myself. With this intention I visited many places of petrological interest in our own country and on the Continent, forming (partly by purchase) a considerable collection of rock specimens and slices. Circumstances soon directed my attention to the gneisses and crystalline schists, and from 1872 I paid more and more attention to them in my Alpine journeys, of which this was the thirteenth. In 1885 (my twenty-first journey) I began endeavouring to obtain clearer ideas about their succession, history, and relation to the ordinary stratified rocks, by running sections, sometimes up to, sometimes across the watershed of the chain, going in that year from the Lake of Lucerne to the Lago Maggiore and returning across the Great St. Bernard.
I.—On the Distribution beyond the Tertiary Districts of White Clays and Sands subjacent to the Boulder-clay Drifts
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

The object of the following paper is to record some further observations on the distribution in North Wales of deposits of White Clays and Sands older than the Boulder-clay and its accompanying gravel drifts, similar to those in the neighbourhood of Llandudno, described in the Geological Magazine of May, 1865, and also to give a condensed summary of what records I have been able to collect of the occurrence of similar deposits in other parts of the kingdom.
II—On the Structure and Affinities of the Genus Dicrangraptus
Authors: Hopkinson John
Published: May 2009

The name Dicranograptus was proposed by Hall, in his Memoir on the “Graptolites of the Quebec Group” (p. 112), for certain forms of Graptolites, some of which were then included in the genus Didymograpsus, and others in Diplograpsus. He, however, only considered these forms as constituting a sub-generic group of his genus Climacograptus, believing them to have a similar structure.
III.—On the Transition Beds between the Devonian and Silurian Rocks
Authors: Marston Alfred
Published: May 2009

The transition or passage-beds between any two large formations are always difficult to make out, and those between the Old Red Sandstone and the Silurian are no exception to the rule. Much light has recently been thrown upon the latter, yet much more is needed before the exact order and position of their different beds can be considered as finally decided.
IV.—On the Situation of the Iron-ore Fossils in the Water Blain Mines, South Cumberland
Authors: Hodgson E.
Published: May 2009

At a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, December, 1867, a paper was, read by Mr. E. W. Binney, “On the Age of the Haematite Iron Deposits of Furness,” when he exhibited and described some iron-ore fossils brought by me from the Water Blain mines, west of the Duddon.
IV.—On the Discovery of Reptilian Footprints in Nova Scotia
Authors: Selwyn Alfred R. C.
Published: May 2009

The very fine series of fossil footprints which, at my request, Principal Dawson has kindly examined and described in the accompanying note, were discovered last summer, in Nova Scotia, under the following circumstances.
IX.—Ice Scratches in Derbyshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

At page 440, Vol. II., of the Geol. Mag., is a very careful and accurate description, by Mr. A. H. Green, of certain markings on an exposed rock near Matlock, locally named the Bloody Stone. These markings he refers, though not without some hesitation, to the action of ice. I have lately visited Matlock, and twice examined this spot. On the first occasion the surface was wet from recent rain, on the second it was dry.
I.—Notes on some British Palæozoic Crustacea Belonging to the order Merostomata
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

When I first drew attention to this genus at the Bath Meeting of the British Association in 1864, only one nearly perfect specimen was known. Mr. Salter was acquainted with this form, so long ago as 1857, and referred to it, among other new and undescribed Crustacea, in a paper “On some New Palæozoic Star-fishes” found at Leintwardine, Shropshire, under the name of Limuloides. Portions of several others had also been met with, to which Mr. Salter attached MS. names in (the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn-street, but they have not been heretofore described. The most perfect of these Limuloid forms was described by me in a paper read before the Geological Society in June, 1865.3 (See Plate X. Fig. 1.)
I. Oxford Fossils.—No. 1
Authors: Phillips
Published: May 2009

The specimen of Fossil Wood in flint, figured in Pl. IX. of the Geological Magazine, from a drawing by Mr. Crozier, was presented to the Oxford Museum by Sir Woodbine Parish, K.C.H., to whose intelligent liberality the public collections of England are greatly indebted. It was obtained from the Chalk of Winchester.
II.—Notice of the Occurrence of Cupressocrinus in a Quarry of Devonian Limestone near Kingsteignton
Authors: Lee John Edward
Published: May 2009

The genus Cupressocrinus is very characteristic of the Devonian formation in Germany. In some parts of the Eifel it may be called common; and yet in England, though equally characteristic of the same formation, and though it has been found in several places, yet it is considered so rare that it is hardly mentioned by many of the writers on the Devonian fossils. In Morris's Catalogue the localities given are Plymouth and (somewhat strangely) Collumpton, where there is no Devonian limestone. For these reasons it may be worth recording that there is one small and somewhat insignificant quarry between Newton and Teignmouth, where fossils of this genus occur in abundance, though unfortunately generally in the state of casts.
I.—On the Occurrence of a Quartzite Boulder in a Coal-seam in South Staffordshire
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Interruptions in the continuity of a Coal-seam, whether in the form of intercalated layers of sand or shoals of clay, are not rare; but I have been able to find little on record concerning the occurrence of pebbles of any considerable size, except where there was reason to suppose that the miners had struck upon an old river channel. The Boulder, which forms the subject of this paper, was found in the 13th Coal of the sinkings belonging to the Cannock and Rugeley Colliery Company; and I am indebted to the kindness of its manager, E. C. Peake, Esq., for the opportunity of exhibiting the specimen and for much of the following information. The seam occurs at a depth of about 540 feet from the surface of the ground; the Boulder was completely enveloped in the coal, but its precise distance from the top of the seam was not ascertained. This 13th coal is considered to be identical with the 12th coal in the Brereton Colliery. In the latter colliery this seam is about 135 feet above the lowest or 15th coal; and by boring to a depth of 68 feet, red rocks were reached, which very probably, like those detected in the sinkings at Halesowen, belong to the passage-beds between the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone.
IV.—On Some Undescribed Species of Lamellibranchiata from the Carboniferous Series of Scotland
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

The Lamellibranchiata of the Scotch Carboniferous beds appear to agree on the whole tolerably well with those of the series as developed further south, notwithstanding we here and there meet with well-marked varieties, and occasionally new species. These are not so numerous as might have been expected when we take into consideration the very different physical conditions which must have existed during the deposition of the series in the two areas.
V.—On a New Method of Writing Crystallographic Formulæ
Authors: Rutley Frank
Published: May 2009

Crystallographic, like all other formulæ, are simply short-hand methods of describing that which could otherwise only be rendered intelligible by the expenditure of many words, and, in type, by considerable waste of space. Anything, therefore, which tends to simplify and contract formulæ, without diminishing the amount of information which they convey, must necessarily be advantageous. The different systems of notation used at the present time by eminent crystallographers render the comprehension, of their formulæ somewhat difficult to the student; and it would doubtless be productive of much satisfaction if a universal system of crystallographic notation could be adopted.
VII.—On the Occurrence of Lead, Zinc, and Iron Ores in some Rocks of Carboniferous Age in the North-west of England
Authors: Rance Charles E. De
Published: May 2009

East Cumberland.—In the Cross Fell and Alston Moor district the Mountain Limestone is split up into numerous beds of limestone, sandstone, and shale, the thickness and character of which are well known through the local names given to each horizon by the miner, and from the writings of Messrs. Westgarth Forster, Sopwith, and Wallace.
II.—On the Ffynon Beuno Caves
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: May 2009

Much interest has been recently aroused in the exploration of the caves of the Vale of Clwyd, partly by the enthusiasm of the principal promoter of the investigation, Dr. Hicks, but chiefly owing to the inferences he has drawn from the observations made. When reading the Report of the British Association Committee for the Exploration, of which he was Secretary, he assumed the entire responsibility of those theoretical deductions. In these, however, he was supported by all the speakers who followed him on the subject, including the other members of the Committee excepting myself. He had previously anticipated the report by the announcement in Nature of his discovery of Pre-Glacial Man in the Vale of Clwyd. I therefore ask leave briefly to state my reasons for differing from his conclusions.
III.—On a Facetted and Striated Pebble from the Olive Group Conglomerate of Cliel Hill in the Salt Range of the Punjab, India
Authors: Wynne A. B.
Published: May 2009

Amongst others found by Dr. H. K. Warth, the particular pebble referred to was picked up by its discoverer on the 10th of June, 1886, in about lat. 32° 48' N. and long. 73° 15' E. Its size is 3¼ inches by 2¼ by 2 inches; and its weight is 10¼oz. The material is felsitic rock, the colour reddish-brown, and its density= 2·608 (that of albite being 2·59—2·64).
I.—On the Structure and Organisms of the Lower Limestone Shales, Carboniferous Limestone and Upper Limestones of the Forest of Dean
Authors: Wethered Edward
Published: May 2009

Sir Andrew Ramsay has described the Coal-fields of the Forest of Dean, Somersetshire, and Bristol as outliers of the great Coal-fields of South Wales; there is, however, a marked thinning out in the thickness of the Carboniferous rock in the Forest of Dean as compared with the development of those rocks in South Wales and Bristol. At Clifton, near Bristol, the total thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone is about 2900 feet, at the northern end of the Forest of Dean Coal-field it is about 600 feet.
II.—On the Rocks surrounding the Warwickshire Coal-field, and on the Base of the Coal-measures
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: May 2009

In a paper read before the Birmingham Philosophical Society in 1882, it was announced by Professor Lapworth that the discovery of fossils in some shales underlying the productive Coalmeasures of Warwickshire, and coloured on the Geological Survey Map as Coal-measures, proved that these shales must be of Cambrian age (Lower Silurian of the Geological Survey). As the true age of these shales had for many years been a debateable question, Professor Lapworth's discovery was of considerable interest, and has led to an important alteration being made in the map, the supposed Lower Coal-measures and Millstone Grit having both been now relegated to the Lower Silurian (Lingula Flags). It may be of interest, before entering on the description of these beds, to trace shortly the history of the error in their classification.
IV.—On the New Species Olenus Nuneatonensis and Obolella granulata, from the Lower Silurian (‘Cambrian,’ Lapworth), near Nuneaton
Authors: Sharman George
Published: May 2009

Locality.—West end of the Midland Railway cutting, between Nuneaton and Stockingford.

Several fragmentary specimens of this Trilobite, differing in size, yet exhibiting similar characters, have been collected from this locality. The most perfect, although one of the smallest, is best fitted for description.
II.—On a New Species of Axosmilia (A. elongata) from the Pea Grit of the Inferior Oolite of England
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: May 2009

Many years since, Mr., now Prof., Ralph Tate gave me a small slender coral, which he had obtained from the Pea Grit of the West of England. I had just completed the Supplement to the British Fossil Corals, Pal. Soc., so the fossil has remained undescribed.
IV.—Notes on Some Hornblende-Bearing Rocks from Inchnadampf
Authors: Teall J. J. H.
Published: May 2009

In the present communication I propose to describe the petrographical characters of some hornblende-bearing rocks which occur as intrusive sheets and bosses in the limestones and quartzites of the Assynt district. These rocks have been referred to under various names by the different writers on the geology of the district. Prof. Nicol speaks of them as greenstone and trap, and Sir R. Murchison, as syenitic greenstone. Mr. Hudleston indicates their character more definitely by speaking of them as a “kind of diorite.” Prof. Bonney, in an appendix to Dr. Callaway's paper “On the Newer Gneissic Eocks of the Northern Highlands,” describes the microscopic structure of a specimen from the Traligill Burn near Inchnadampf, and designates the rock a hornblendic porphyrite. Dr. Hoddle gives some valuable information as to the distribution of the rocks, and calls attention to the perfection of form exhibited by the hornblende in certain varieties. He gives a figure of the hornblende which shows the forms (110), (010) and (011). With regard to the relations of the rocks to the associated strata he speaks somewhat doubtfully, but evidently inclines to the view that they are intrusive. That this is the case seems proved by the absence of vesicular structure and associated tuffs, and by the fact that although they keep as a rule parallel with the bedding, cases occasionally occur in which they can be seen to move from one horizon to another.
VII.—On the Geological History of the Cornish Serpentinous Rocks
Authors: Collins J. H.
Published: May 2009

My argument that at Porthalla there is a “passage” from hornblende-schist to serpentine; or rather that some beds of a common series have been changed into serpentine, others into hornblende-schist, and others again into a substance of intermediate character, is, I think, much strengthened by the fact that many such “apparent passages” are admitted to exist by all those who have examined the Lizard Coast with any degree of detail. De la Beche's description of that seen near the Lizard Town is as follows, and it would apply equally well to the others. “The hornblende slate,” he says, “supports the great mass of the Lizard serpentine with an apparent passage of the one into the other in many places—an apparent passage somewhat embarrassing,” that is, from his point of view; from mine it is perfectly natural. He goes on to say: “Whatever the cause of this apparent passage may have been, it is very readily seen at Mullion Cove, at Pradanack Point, at the coast west of Lizard Town, and at several places on the east coast between Landewednack and Kennick Cove, more especially under the Balk … and at the remarkable cavern and open cavity named the Frying-Pan, near Cadgwith.” At Kynance some of the laminse of serpentine are not more than one-tenth of an inch in thickness for considerable distances.
III.—The Unconformity between the Bagshot Beds and the London Clay
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

In the paper on the well-section at Brookwood in the August Number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, the author pointed out that a comparison of the lithological facts brought to light in that section with those furnished by two other deep-well sections (at Wokingham and Aldershot respectively) lead to an inference in favour of a considerable amount of denudation of the London Clay having taken place during the deposition of the Bagshot Beds; that is to say, irrespectively of the particular horizon in the Bagshot Series to which certain marginal portions of the Bagshot Beds may be ultimately assigned, there seemed to be pretty clear evidence furnished, from the London Clay itself, of the fact, that along their northern and southern flanks the Bagshot Beds rest on beds belonging to lower horizons in the London Clay formation than those on which the Bagshot Beds rest in the more central portions of the area. The present brief paper is an attempt to show that the above conclusion is borne out by a much wider induction from data gathered from the area of the London Basin in general. I have carefully gone through the 448 well-sections appended to Mr. Whitaker's Memoir on the London Basin, and have selected from among them such instances as seemed to throw any light upon this question. A large majority of those sections include the London Clay; but since, in a great number of them, the thickness of that formation in feet is given only, unaccompanied by any lithological notes on the strata, they have been omitted, as affording no help to us in the present investigation. There are, however, as many as 29 sections, in which such notes appear. In every one of these the Beading Beds or the Thanet Sands, and in most cases both these formations, were proved below the London Clay, so that we are quite sure of a correct basal horizon. In many instances also the Basement Bed of the London Clay is noted. In 22 of these 29 sections, the thickness of the London Clay is less than 200 feet, and in all these there is mention of such inclusions in the strata as ‘green sand,’ septaria (‘claystones’), pyrites, flint pebbles, and ‘shells.’ These therefore agree in this respect (without a single exception) with the lower half or rather more of the London Clay of the Brookwood section, as shown in the deep well at the Asylum on Knap Hill, which also (as shown in my last paper) agrees with the London Clay strata pierced at Wokingham on the northern, and at Aldershot on the southern, margin of the Bagshot area. From this I conclude that in all these 22 sections we have (within their several limits) homotaxial equivalents of strata of the lower half or rather more of the London Clay, as that formation is proved in the Brookwood section.
I.—George Poulett Scrope, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Authors: Scrope George Poulett
Published: May 2009

George Poulett Scrope was born in London in 1797, is the second son of J. Poulett Thomson, Esq., of Waverley Abbey, Surrey, the head of the eminent mercantile firm of Thomson, Bonar, and Co., of London and Petersburg, and was educated at Harrow and St. John's College, Cambridge. During his undergraduateship he passed the winter of 1816–17 at Naples, with a part of his family, where he was struck by the phenomena of the neighbouring volcano, then in almost permanent though moderate activity. Returning to Naples in 1819, he renewed his study of Vesuvius and the volcanic territory of the Campagna; and, in the spring of 1820, made the tour of Sicily, visiting Etna and the Lipari isles. Having by these opportunities been led to take much interest in the phenomena of volcanos—at that era much misunderstood and undervalued by the rising schools of geology, both in England and on the Continent, where the doctrines of Werner were still in the ascendant—Mr. Thomson (who, on his marriage in 1821, had assumed the surname of Scrope) passed the summer of that year in a close study of the extinct volcanos of Central France, and collected there, the materials for the volume, published by him some, years later (in 1827), “On the Geology and Extinct Volcanos of Central France”—a work which has been ever since generally accepted as the best authority as to this interesting district.
IV.—On the Lower Silurian Rocks of Galashiels
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

The Lower Silurian rocks of Scotland, largely developed as they are in the south, and in spite of the great labour that has been bestowed upon them, are by far the least known of all the fossiliferous formations of that country. While the maps of the Government Geological Survey are coloured in all the subdivisions of the strata of the other formations included in their area, the Lower Silurians are merely indicated by a common purple tint, and not the slightest attempt at a subdivision is made. Even the single bed of Limestone they contain, below the horizon of that of the W. coast, is doubtfully referred to the Llandeilo, and the sign of interrogation is carefully placed before its title. Nicol, Harkness, J. C. Moore, and many other eminent geologists, have worked different portions of these ancient deposits since the publication of “The Silurian System,” but as yet very little progress has really been made in correlating its different parts with those of the type formation of the sister country.
I.—On the Microscopic Structure of the Pitchstones of Arran
Authors: Allport S.
Published: May 2009

The Island of Arran has long been celebrated among geologists for the variety and extensive development of its igneous rocks. The basaltic group is well represented in its various forms of structure and modes of occurrence; the more highly silicated series by felsites and porphyrites, forming dykes and huge amorphous or columnar masses; while the glassy varieties are illustrated by dykes and veins of pitchstone. All these rocks may be readily studied in the small area comprised within the southern half of the island, the greater part of which consists of eruptive rocks, and sandstones of the Carboniferous period. It is among these sandstones that most of the igneous rocks have been intruded. Some, however, are evidently interbedded and contemporaneous, forming great sheets of melaphyre between the Carboniferous strata.
II.—On Cirques and Taluses
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

I Have had the pleasure of reading Mr. Bonney's paper, “On a Cirque at Skye,” and send you these few lines rather as an appendage to it than in the spirit of criticism. I think Mr. Bonney has made out the greater part of his case very well; but being a rather more “ardent glacialist” than he (though far less acquainted with glaciers), I do not think he has attributed quite enough to their operation in the formation of a cirque. Speaking of a Glacial period, he says, “The cliffs would still be cut back, by water in summer, by frost in winter; the talus borne away or crushed by the glacier, the rocks below somewhat worn and rounded, but still the completeness of the Cirque as a whole forbids us—unless we assign it entirely to glacial action—to suppose that it was more than slightly altered by this.”
III.—On the Geology of Donegal
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

A Discussion on the geological features of a locality between one who has never been on the spot and another who has seen so little of it as not even to know which is the bottom or top of an elaborate section which he has designed to illustrate these very features, is not likely to prove particularly instructive to the geological public, and for these reasons I would gladly have avoided it, had not Mr. Green thought proper to bring my name prominently forward in a paper entitled “Notes on the Geology of part of Co. Donegal,” in last month's GeologicalMagazine; which paper, it' may be remarked, was read and discussed on the 20th June last at the meeting of the Geological Society, although the Society subsequently declined to print it in the Quarterly Journal.
IV.—The age of Floating Ice in North Wales
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

Without occupying valuable space with introductory remarks, I would begin with a description and attempted explanation of the drifts along the coast of Rhos Bay, or what is now generally called Colwyn Bay. Well-sinkings, clay and gravel pits, and coast sections, very clearly reveal a quadripartite arrangement of drifts similar to what may be seen in Cumberland. A recent well-boring at Old Colwyn went through loose gravel 9 feet; brown clay, 33 feet; and was stopped in blue clay. In Mr. Pender's brickfield, west of the Station, the pit-section and a well-boring have revealed red brick clay nearly 20 feet; sand and a little fine gravel, 16 feet; boring drill stuck fast under 60 feet of blue clay. In the ballast-pit close to the Railway Station, 30 or 40 feet of sand and gravel lie under a thin covering of red clay, the former (according to Mr. Darbishire, though this I overlooked) being underlaid by brown clay; and the sand rises up from beneath the red clay at a spot south of the road between New Colwyn and Mr. Pender's brickfield.
IV.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In my last communication to the Magazine I made an attempt to correlate the Scottish Glacial deposits with the equivalent accumulations in Switzerland, Northern Europe, and North America, my purpose being to show that the same order of succession holds good in all those regions where the “Drifts” have been examined, and that in each case there is no proof whatever of any warm period having intervened since the deposition of the clays with Arctic shells and the decrease and disappearance of local glaciers. In the present and a subsequent paper I propose to treat of the superficial deposits of Ireland and England, more especially those of the latter country.
VI.—Reply to Mr. James Geikie’s Correlation of the Scotch and English Glacial Beds
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: May 2009

In his fourth paper Mr. Geikie sweeps the entire Glacial series of the Eastern side of England into correlation, not only with the Scotch Till, but with the Boulder-clay, both Upper and Lower, of the North-west of England. This he does, so far as I follow him, without any other grounds than that there are beds of “gravel, sand, mud and clay” in the Scotch Till. It is impossible, within the compass of these remarks, adequately to contest Mr. Geikie's views; but if the evidence of organie remains is to be regarded as worth anything, such a correlation cannot, I contend, be maintained.
II.—Notes on the Relations of the Rhætic Beds to the Lower Lias and Keuper Formations in Somersetshire
Authors: Woodward Horace B. , Blake J. H.
Published: May 2009

It would at first sight seem superfluous that anything more should be written upon the relations of the Rhætic Beds in England, for during the past twelve years they have received so much attention—the principal sections have been described, and the beds have been well and successfully searched for fossils. But whilst there has been no lack of petrological and palæontological evidence,—and we ought to be very thankful to railway companies in the western counties for opening up so many fine sections,—still it is somewhat astonishing to remark, there has been and there still appears to be a considerable diversity of opinion on the subject of the relations of the beds. Some authorities have placed them with the Lias, others with the Trias; some regard them as quite an independent formation, others as passage-beds belonging as much to the one as to the other.
VI.—On Meteorites
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

On the previous occasions upon which I have had the honour of lecturing in this hall, my observations were confined to the consideration of the structure of the earth beneath our feet. Now, however, I would crave your indulgence still further, when I attempt to carry your thoughts with me to infinitely higher regions by directing your attention to the study of what may be termed the mineralogy of the heavens above us.
II.—Description of a New Fossil Butterfly (Satyrites Reynesii), found at Aix in Provence
Authors: Scudder Samuel H.
Published: May 2009

During a recent visit to the Marseilles Museum, and while examining the rich collection of fossil insects preserved there, my attention was attracted by two specimens of the remains of a fossil butterfly. Although not very well preserved, nor indeed so perfect as the specimen of a fossil butterfly from the same formation, which was described thirty years ago by Dr. Boisduval, it was evident, at first sight, that the remains in question belonged to a different species, since the lateral moulding of the principal wings was very much inflated.
V.—On the Temperature and other Physical Conditions of Inland Seas, in their Relation to Geological Inquiry
Authors: Carpenter William B.
Published: May 2009

The researches in which the Author has been personally engaged during the last four years into the Temperature and other Physical conditions of the Deep Sea, combined with the information he has obtained from other sources, have led him to the knowledge of certain remarkable differences in regard to these conditions, which prevail between Inland Seas and the open Ocean. As these differences have a most direct and important bearing upon the distribution of Animal life, and as it would seem highly probable that similar differences have existed in all Geological periods, he thinks it important that Geologists, by being made aware of them, should be in possession of a key that seems likely to open the way to a rational interpretation of many Palæontological phenomena which are at present obscure.
IV.—Notes on Staurolite, in Connexion with Metamorphism
Authors: Lebour G. A.
Published: May 2009

In the December Number of the GeologicalMagazine there is an abstract of a most interesting paper published in the “Jahrbuch für Mineralogie”, etc., of Leonhard and Geinitz, by C. W. C. Fuchs, entitled, “The Geological, Microscopical, and Chemical Examination of the old Sedimentary Formations in the French Pyrenees, with especial reference to the Metamorphosis of these and other old Rocks”. In this paper attention is called to the manner in which the degree of metamorphism of clay-schists and other rocks is sometimes indicated by the formation and gradual development of certain minerals, Andalusite and Chiastolite being those specially mentioned.
V.—On some supposed Fossil Remains of Arachnida (?) and Myriopoda from the, English Coal-Measures
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the fourth part of my Monograph on the Merostomata, published in last year’s volume of the Palæontographical Society’s annual issue, I drew attention to two very singular fossil remains which had been somewhat doubtfully referred by Mr. J. W. Salter to the genus Eurypterus. A portion, at least, of the remains referred by him to Eurypterus? mammatus are really plant-remains (as shown by Mr. Carruthers, op. cit., p. 168), whilst the remainder must, for the present, be classed with M. Jordan’s Arthropleura armatu, from the Coal-measures of Saarbruck, Rhenish Prussia, a very anomalous Crustacean (if it be a Crustacean at all, which I greatly doubt), but which is certainly not a Eurypterus.
I.—On Holaspis sericeus, and on the Relationships of the Fish-genera Pteraspis, Cyathaspis, and Scaphaspis.
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: May 2009

The paper of Dr. A. Kunth, “Ueber Pteraspis,” Zeitschr. der Deutscheri Geol. Gesellsch., 1872, Hft. 1, came into my hands at a time when I had just been examining the specimen of which a restored figure is given in the Plate accompanying this paper. I took an early opportunity of replying to Dr. Kunth's adventurous assertions in the Academy, and the remarks then made have been reproduced in, this Journal (April, 1873). I need, therefore, here, in reference to that matter, only make one or two additional observations Dr. Kunth based his statements on a single specimen in a bad state of preservation. His figure shows how inadequate the specimen is to support his views. Out of the many hundreds—I may even say thousands—of specimens of Heterostraci which have passed through my hands, I could easily pick several exhibiting all varieties of juxtaposition of Pteraspis with Scaphaspis, and of specimens of a single species of either genus with other specimens of the same species. The packing of several shields one within another not unfrequently occurs, as happens very generally in the embedding of concave shells. The mere association of these shields, as in Gallicia and in Herefordshire, is not a phenomenon on which any one familiar with them—through examination of numbers of specimens from various localities—would venture to base any argument as to structural connexion.
VI.—History of the Names Cambrian and Silurian in Geology
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

We have already noticed that Barrande, as early as 1852, gave the name of Primordial Silurian to the rocks which, in Bohemia, were marked by the first fauna; although he, at the same time, recognized this as distinct from and older than the second fauna, discovered in the Llandeilo rocks, which Murchison had declared to represent the dawn of organic life.
III.—The Grit-rocks of the Eastern Border of North Wales
Authors: Aitken John
Published: May 2009

The sandstone beds which skirt the eastern border of Wales, and stretch from a little south-west of the town of Oswestry to near the Point of Ayr, on the shores of the Irish Sea, a distance of upwards of 40 miles in a direct line, have for several years past been a source of perplexity to those who have investigated their peculiarities, and who have been interested in arriving at a determination of their true age and geological horizon.
V.—Note on a Pre-Historic Dwelling and Kitchen-Midden, on the Coast of Haddingtonshire
Authors: Laidlay J. W.
Published: May 2009

I Have much pleasure in furnishing you with the accompanying rough sketch of the rock on which were discovered, some time ago, the remains of a building and its “kitchen-midden,” belonging to a remote period, and in which you took some interest in respect of its bearing upon a geological question of the day, namely, the supposed rise of our coasts within the historical period. The rock in question, situated about three miles east of North Berwick, on the south side of the Frith of Forth, is isolated at spring-tides, but is not at other times separated by the sea from the main-land.
III.—On the Milk Dentition of Palæotherium Magnum
Authors: Huxley
Published: May 2009

In the British Museum there is the right ramus of the mandible of a young Palœotherium magnum, obtained by M. Bravard from the Eocene strata of Vaucluse, which possesses a peculiar interest, inasmuch as the three principal milk molars are completely cut, though their unworn crowns show that they have not long been, in place. The ramus itself must have been nearly eight inches long when it was complete, while the distance from the articular surface of the condyle to the lower margin is about 3·25in. The symphysial surface is oval, rugose, and extends back nearly as far as the anterior margin of the crown of the first visible grinder; the anterior, or mental region of the ramus, is inclined upwards and forwards, and is slightly convex, as in all the true Palœotheria. In front of the most anterior milk molar which is in place, there is an oval fossa about 0·2in. long, which appears to lead into the alveolus of the proper first milk molar (dm1); and further forward (but not more than 0·2in., so that the diastema of the milk teeth must have been exceedingly short) a series of depressions on the truncated anterior end of the ramus represent the bottoms of the alveoli of the canine and incisors.
IV.—Notes on the Tertiary Entomostraca of England
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In the February number of the GeologicalMagazine is a revised list of the Cretaceous Entomostraca, described and figured in my Pal. Soc. Monograph of 1849; and I now propose to offer a revision of the Tertiary Entomostraca published in my Pal. Soc. Monograph of 1856. The general observations on the subject offered in February will hold good in this instance also. A corrected list of the generic and specific names is appended; and to this the numbers in the following notes refer.
V.—On the Basaltic Rocks of the Midland Coal-fields
Authors: Allport Samuel
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for March last, Vol. VI., p. 115, I gave a short account of the discovery of Olivine and its pseudomorphs in the igneous rocks of the South Staffordshire Coal-field, and as I have since then made a microscopical examination of similar rocks from the surrounding district, I am induced to offer the following observations.
IV.—The Older Deposits in the Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire
Authors: Tiddeman R. H.
Published: May 2009

The following remarks were written for the Settle Caves Exploration Committee in the spring of 1871. They were subsequently submitted to the British Association in 1872, and are, with additions embodying the result of the latest explorations, offered to the scientific public. First, I propose briefly to describe the beds with which we have become acquainted in the course of the explorations, their apparent range and superposition. Secondly, I will endeavour to show to what natural causes they probably owe their origin.
V.—On the Occurrence of Copper and Lead Ores in the Bunter Conglomerates of Cannock Chase
Authors: Molyneux William
Published: May 2009

The district known as Cannock Chase is, at the present moment, the scene of a series of extensive mining operations which, if even moderately successful, will open up a very considerable area of valuable coal-seams, computed at not less than 200,000,000 tons, and push outwards a distance of upwards of five miles the northern apex of the South Staffordshire Coal-field. This apex, as is well known, now rests on Brereton, where the Coal-measures are thrown down on the east by a fault of considerable range and influence, and on the west they are overlapped unconformably by Bunter conglomerates. From this point the conglomerates are continued in a broad unbroken tract, over the Chase to within about four miles of the town of Stafford, up to which point the mining investigations, to which I have alluded, will be extended.
MAKING YEMEN INDIAN: REWRITING THE BOUNDARIES OF IMPERIAL ARABIA
Authors: Willis John M.
Published: May 2009

This article argues that the Aden Protectorate constituted one of the westernmost parts of India in terms of its political–legal identity and its place in the cultural project of imperial India. Although the port of Aden was governed as part of the Bombay Presidency until 1937, the tribes of the Aden Protectorate were treated as independent native states similar to the princely states of India. Using the sultanate of Lahj as a case study, the article shows the extent to which the colonial state used the Indian model to elaborate a history of the sultanate as an independent political entity, a status that was then institutionalized in historical texts, ethnographic knowledge, and state rituals. The article concludes with an analysis of the protectorate's participation in the 1903 Coronation Durbar in Delhi as a means of demonstrating its place in the British imagination of a socially and politically fragmented India that extended beyond geographical South Asia.
EMPOWERING GOVERNMENTALITIES RATHER THAN WOMEN: THE ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2005 AND WESTERN DEVELOPMENT LOGICS
Authors: Hasso Frances S.
Published: May 2009

This article analyzes the Arab Human Development Report 2005: Towards the Rise of Women in the Arab World. I argue that the Arab Human Development Report 2005 works within a United Nations development framework that strengthens states and elites in relation to their populations. This strategy reinforces the logic of national, transnational, and feminist governmentalities. Little attention is given to oppositional movements as sources of development. The authors of the report are often caught in the contradictions of using it to make radical critiques of undemocratic Arab state regimes and repressive Western state policies. International measures such as the human development index and the “global women's rights” discourse used by the United Nations Development Programme and other organizations selectively authorize subjectivities, freedoms, and transformations and help to normalize and constitute a range of inequalities among women.