bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal and transmammary infections of Toxocara canis in dogs: effect of benzimidazole‐carbamate anthelmintics on various developmental stages of the parasite
Authors: LLOYD S. , SOULSBY E. J. L.
Published: April 2008

Fenbendazole and albendazole, given at a dose rate of 150 mg/kg for 3 days, produced a 90 per cent reduction in the numbers of second stage larvae of Toxocara canis present in the tissues of dogs although no reduction in the number of larvae found in the brains of infected dogs occurred with this treatment. The results suggest that a course of 3 day therapy with these anthelmintics should prevent prenatal infections in puppies. However, if infection is acquired by bitches during late pregnancy or early lactation, the transmammary route of infection becomes important. Therefore, anthelmintic treatment of the bitch prior to pregnancy will not prevent transmission of infection to her puppies should the bitch acquire a new infection of T. canis during pregnancy or early lactation.

Alternatively, infection with T. canis can be controlled through the treatment of neonatal puppies for migrating larvae of T. canis. Treatment of newborn puppies with fenbendazole, albendazole or oxfendazole at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 2–3 days produced a 91–99 per cent reduction in the number of adult parasites found. In addition, a single dose of fenbendazole, given at a dose rate of 40 mg/kg, eliminated 93–96 per cent of adult T. canis from the intestines of 4–5‐week‐old puppies. These latter treatments would need to be repeated to eliminate completely the infection from puppies.
Hip dislocation and the use of the De Vita pin in the cat
Authors: WILDGOOSE W. H.
Published: April 2008

The paper presents observations made on hip luxation in cats in general practice over a four‐year period. Attention is drawn to some previous reports of this common injury, and discusses the use of the De Vita pin when reluxation follows a closed reduction. The possibility of sciatic nerve injury following this technique is mentioned.
Ciliary body epithelial tumours in the dog and cat; a report of thirteen cases
Authors: PEIFFER ROBERT L.
Published: April 2008

The veterinary literature regarding ciliary body epithelial tumours is reviewed with a comparative perspective to serve as a background for a discussion of the epidemiological, clinical, morphological, and biological behavioural features of eleven canine and two feline cases.

Six of the canine cases were adenomas and five were adenocarcinomas; both feline cases were adenocarcinomas. It would appear that these lesions are relatively common intraocular tumours that may present with a variety of clinical signs and relatively consistent morphological characteristics. The potential for metastasis of malignant tumours exists but metastasis occurs infrequently in the advanced stages of the disease. Differential diagnosis and clinical management are discussed.
The use of a modified Kirschner—Ehmer apparatus in avian fracture repair
Authors: KOCK MICHAEL D.
Published: April 2008

A modified Kirschner‐Ehmer apparatus using hoof acrylic as the stabilizing bar was used for fracture fixation in a series of birds.

Adequate reduction and stabilization were achieved in most birds. Complications that developed in some birds were life threatening, emphasizing the need for medical management prior to surgical intervention in avian species.
Extra‐neural lesions in experimental lead toxicosis of dogs
Authors: HAMIR A. N. , SULLIVAN N. D.
Published: April 2008

A lead salt mixture was given orally to nine dogs at 5–10 mg/kg/day for periods varying from 14 to 152 days. Macroscopic lesions included reddening of bone marrow and gastric ulceration. Jaundice occurred in dogs receiving high total lead dosage. Histopathologically, periacinar fatty change in the liver was a consistent finding and at high doses of lead, this was accompanied by cholestasis and biliary hyperplasia. Testicular degeneration and aspermia was found in two of the three male dogs. Acid‐fast lead inclusions were present in the liver, kidney and osteoclasts.
Clinical and epidemiological studies on canine hepatozoonosis in Zaria, Nigeria
Authors: EZEOKOLI C. D. , OGUNKOYA A. B. , ABDULLAHI R. , TEKDEK L. B. , SANNUSI A. , ILEMOBADE A. A.
Published: April 2008

A clinical and epidemiologic picture of canine hepatozoonosis is presented. Clinically the disease is characterized by a chronic debilitating course, persistent or recurrent fever unresponsive to antibiotics and the common babesiocidal agents, progressive anaemia, eosinophilia and polychromasia, and H. canis parasitaemia. H. canis was the most prevalent haematozoan parasite, affecting 22 per cent of the dogs examined; B. canis affected 11 per cent, and E. canis 5 per cent. H. canis affected all ages of dogs while B. canis and E. canis affected predominantly young dogs.
Results of ancillary tests for respiratory disease in normal dogs
Authors: DILLON A. R. , PECHMAN R. D. , SPANO J.S. , TEER P. A. , ADAIR S. , BUXTON B.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐five mixed‐breed clinically normal mature dogs were evaluated for respiratory disease by thoracic radiographs, complete blood counts, modified Knott's test, fluorescent antibody test for heartworms, bronchoscopy, tracheal washing, and bronchial brushing. Gross necropsies, cultures of lung parenchyma, and microscopic studies of lung at the site of and adjacent to the tracheal washing and bronchial brushing techniques were performed. The high prevalence of abnormal findings reflected subclinical disease in a confined population. The importance of a combination of complementary diagnostic tests was reinforced by the lack of specificity of individual tests.
Congenital diabetes insipidus in a kitten
Authors: WINTERBOTHAM JUDY , MASON KENNETH V.
Published: April 2008

Congenital diabetes insipidus in an 8‐week‐old, female longhair kitten is described. The mean urine specific gravity was 1–006; this remained unchanged after water deprivation but rose following intramuscular injection of vasopressin tannate. Pathological examination suggested pituitary malformation as the cause of the condition.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis complicated by partial ruptures and a perforation of the small intestine in a dog
Authors: VAN DER GAAG INGRID , HAPPE R. P. , WOLVEKAMP W. Th. C.
Published: April 2008

A 2‐year‐old male Bouvier de Flandres was admitted because of muco‐haemorrhagic diarrhoea of three weeks duration. Radiographic examination revealed signs of gastrointestinal perforation with peritonitis and ileus. Laparotomy revealed a severely changed intestine with longitudinal ruptures of the external part of the wall, and jejunal perforation causing an acute peritonitis. The mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. A diffuse eosinophilic gastroenteritis and lymphadenitis were found at autopsy with granulomatous lesions in the oesophagus, stomach and intestines.
Myelofibrosis in the dog: three case reports
Authors: THOMPSON J. C. , JOHNSTONE A. C.
Published: April 2008

Myelofibrosis has been reported infrequently in dogs. The pathological features of three dogs with this disease are described. All three animals were presented clinically with non‐regenerative anaemia. In two dogs, the neoplastic disorder was unaccompanied by other myeloproliferative disease and was characterized histologically by extensive replacement of normal bone marrow elements by proliferating reticulum cells and myeloid metaplasia of the enlarged liver and spleen. In one animal, focal myeloid metaplasia were also present in the lungs. In the third dog, myelofibrosis was accompanied by erythraemic myelosis and in this animal immature erythroid cells were present in blood, bone marrow, liver and spleen.
Dystrophy, degeneration and infiltration of the canine cornea
Authors: CRISPIN S. M. , BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Three conditions of the cornea in the dog are described; a form of corneal dystrophy (central/paracentral lipid dystrophy, lipidosis, lipoidosis, cholesterolosis), degeneration (fatty and calcareous degeneration) and infiltration (arcus lipoides corneae, anterior embryotoxon, pre‐senile arcus). The clinical appearance, together with histopathological and ultrastructural details, are recorded. The age, sex, breed incidence and possible hereditary factors are also included. Reference is made to previous reports in the veterinary literature and the three conditions are compared with similar conditions in man.
Real‐time ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch
Authors: BONDESTAM S. , ALITALO I. , KÄRKKÄINEN M.
Published: April 2008

A portable real‐time ultrasound scanner was used for pregnancy diagnosis in eight bitches. Pregnancy was detected in seven; one bitch was not pregnant. The period between the 28th and 35th days of gestation seemed to be the most suitable time for counting the foetuses. Details of the foetal bodies were clearly visible after the 40th day of pregnancy. Most of the foetuses were detected. Real‐time ultrasound can be used for the diagnosis of canine pregnancy as a safe, rapid and easy method, although some inaccuracy in foetal count exists.
Cricopharyngeal achalasia in Cocker Spaniels
Authors: WEAVER A. D.
Published: April 2008

Cricopharyngeal achalasia is described in three Cocker Spaniel puppies, two being male littermates, the other a bitch from a litter comprising two bitches and two dogs. From 3 weeks of age, solid food was consistently regurgitated, while some fluids were returned via the nares. Diagnosis was made on fluoroscopic demonstration of failure of relaxation of the cricopharyngeal sphincter dorsal to the larynx. Myotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle and partial section of the thyropharyngeus and oesophageal musculature resulted in considerable improvement. One animal with aspiration pneumonia remained with an occasional cough and all three animals were liable occasionally to regurgitate if eating fast.
Feline central retinal degeneration in the domestic cat
Authors: RICKETTS J. D.
Published: April 2008

The literature on taurine deficiency in the cat is reviewed and six cases occurring in general small animal practice in Britain are reported. The histological findings in one case are described.
Corneal ulceration in the dog
Authors: STARTUP F. G.
Published: April 2008

Ulceration of the cornea, a common ocular disorder of the dog, is reviewed. Corneal anatomy and physiology and the healing of the cornea are noted, together with the diagnosis of the condition. The many causes of ulceration are discussed and treatment, both general and specific, medical and surgical, is detailed. Finally, the various complications that can follow corneal ulceration are described and a full bibliography is included for further reading.
Echocardiographic and clinical signs of canine dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: LOMBARD CHRISTOPHE W.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms of 12 dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy of large breeds and congestive heart failure were reviewed. There was a high prevalence of males (11 dogs) and of the Doberman breed (7 dogs). Seven dogs had atrial fibrillation. The echocardiograms revealed significant increases in left ventricular and left atrial dimensions. The shortening fraction (%ΔD), aortic root excursion and left ventricular wall excursion were all significantly decreased, documenting a decrease in contractile function of the left ventricle that, together with the cardiac enlargement characterize this disease. The advantages of obtaining these functional parameters non‐invasively are emphasized.
Bacteriuria in the dog
Authors: OXENFORD C. J. , LOMAS G. R. , LOVE DARIA N.
Published: April 2008

The results of a retrospective study of 85 bacteriological cultures on urine samples from 64 dogs is presented. Fifty‐three of the samples produced a pure growth of bacteria and Proteus spp was grown from 24 of those samples while Escherichia coli was grown from 13 samples and Staphylococcus spp from six samples. It was noted that a large majority of the Proteus spp isolates (87.5 per cent) were from females and conversely a large majority of the E. coli isolates 92.3 per cent came from males. A study of conditions concurrent with the urinary tract infection showed that many animals had underlying problems that could compromise the ability of their urinary tracts to withstand invasion by micro‐organisms. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of E. coli and Proteus spp are discussed and the value of various antimicrobial agents considered.
DL 717‐IT: a non‐hormonal agent for the control of fertility in the bitch
Authors: GALLIANI GIULIO , CARAMEL CARLO , ASSANDRI ALESSANDRO
Published: April 2008

The development of a new class of non‐hormonal contragestational agents provided a derivative, 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐striazole|5,1‐alisoquinoline (DL 717‐IT or L 12717), with the qualities needed for application in the veterinary field as a post‐coital pregnancy‐terminating agent.

Single intramuscular injections of this compound arrest pregnancy over a wide period of gestation in the bitch. A dose of 2.5 mg/kg was found to be very well tolerated and highly effective (100 per cent) when administered between the day of mating and the 15th day of pregnancy. The desired effect was not accompanied by uterine disorders or other unwanted effects.

This non‐hormonal agent appears to have several real advantages over the only other drugs (oestrogens) available in veterinary practice for the termination of unwanted pregnancies in bitches.
Necrotizing pulmonary arteritis in a dog with peritoneo‐pericardial diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: TURK M. A. M. , TURK J. R. , RANTANEN N. W. , BOND B. R.
Published: April 2008

A 4‐month‐old male, miniature Schnauzer had dyspnoea of 4 days duration, cyanosis, grade II/VI systolic murmur and jugular pulse. The presence of intestinal loops in the pericardial sac was detected by radiography. Repair of the peritoneo‐pericardial diaphragmatic hernia did not improve the clinical condition of the puppy, which died on the day of surgery. Pulmonary arterial medial hypertrophy, necrotizing pulmonary arteritis, and right ventricular hypertrophy were diagnosed post mortem.
Metastasis of osteosarcoma to the bladder in a Finnish harrier: a case report
Authors: PAUL ROBERT , ILLUKKA TUOMAS , TALVIO TIMO , JOHANSSON RISTO , KIURU AARO , SÖDERSTROM KARL‐OVE
Published: April 2008

Osteosarcoma has not been previously reported to have metastasized to the urinary bladder in the dog. Here such a case is reported; the diagnosis was based on clinical, radiological, scintigraphic and histological verification of the primary and metastatic tumours.
Obstructive cholelithiasis and gall bladder rupture in a dog
Authors: HARRIS S. J. , SIMPSON J. W. , THODAY K. L.
Published: April 2008

The literature on canine cholelithiasis is briefly reviewed. Details of a case of gall bladder rupture secondary to cholelithiasis in a six‐year‐old, neutered female, German shepherd dog are presented. The cholelith was found to be of amorphous composition and consisted of bilirubin and bile salts, with small amounts of calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol. These findings are compared with previous reports of canine choleliths.
Progressive lymphocytic cholangitis in the cat
Authors: LUCKE VANDA M. , DAVIES J. D.
Published: April 2008

A distinct type of liver disease is described in 21 cats. It is characterized morphologically by monolobular fibrosis, lymphocytic infiltrates which surround and permeate bile ducts and proliferation of bile ductules of varying intensity. The most common clinical signs are ascites, jaundice and hypergammaglobulinaemia. The condition appears to progress through an active stage of intense lymphocytic infiltration and proliferation of bile ductules to a stage of progressive monolobular fibrosis which results in distortion of liver architecture. The rate of progression is very variable.

The condition differs from that of ascending or suppurative cholangitis described in the cat and bears only superficial resemblances to various forms of cholangitis in man and other species. At present the aetiology is unknown but it is suggested that genetic and immunological factors may predispose certain animals to produce hepatic lesions after exposure to a variety of environmental factors.
Some considerations when nursing birds in veterinary premises
Authors: COLES B. H.
Published: April 2008

This paper indicates the need for, and the benefits to be gained by, better standards of avian nursing. The subject is approached by a discussion of the behaviour of birds in general and suggests ways in which stress in the hospitalized bird can be reduced to the minimum. The dangers of young birds becoming imprinted are emphasized. The contrasts between mammalian and avian anatomy, particularly of the respiratory and renal systems, are considered together with the implications when nursing birds. There is a discussion of the avian metabolic rate, the nutrition of sick birds, and some indications for physiotherapy in birds are mentioned.
Six cases of progressive retinal atrophy in Abyssinian cats
Authors: CARLILE J. L. , CARRINGTON S. D. , BEDFORD P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

Six cases of a type of progressive retinal atrophy in Abyssinian cats are recorded. This condition appears to be late in onset (approximately six years of age) and progresses relatively slowly after its initial appearance in the central retina. Only cats which reach an advanced age appear to become completely blind as a result of disease progression. Histopathological findings from one case are described and the condition is discussed and contrasted with previously published cases of progressive retinal atrophy in the breed.
A case of intestinal impaction in a Marginated Tortoise (Testudo marginata)
Authors: JOHNSON M. PAYNE
Published: April 2008

A case of impaction of the large intestine in the Marginated Tortoise (Testudo marginata) is described. It was associated with the ingestion of pebbles, probably in an attempt to obtain calcium.
Familial renal disease in Soft‐coated Wheaten Terriers
Authors: ERIKSEN K. , GRÖNDALEN J.
Published: April 2008

In two litters of Soft‐coated Wheaten Terriers, having the same parents, chronic renal failure developed in five out of ten dogs. The dogs died, or were destroyed on humane grounds, at 7 to 30 months of age.

Clinical signs were inappetence, weight loss, vomiting, depression and, in two cases, polydipsia and polyuria. The laboratory data revealed isosthenuria, non‐regenerative anaemia, extremely high serum urea nitrogen, and creatinine values.

Pathoanatomical findings included small kidneys with an irregular and pale external surface. Cortical lesions were mostly segmental in distribution, and consisted of loss of glomerular elements and increased interstitial connective tissue. Medullary lesions were severe, diffuse in distribution, and consisted of loss of tubules and proliferation of connective tissue.

The clinical, laboratory, and pathoanatomical findings show similarities to renal diseases seen in young dogs of other breeds.
Breed associations of canine ectopic ureter: a study of 217 female cases
Authors: HAYES HOWARD M.
Published: April 2008

Ectopic ureter has been diagnosed in 228 dogs collectively at 15 North American university veterinary medical teaching hospitals over a 17 year reporting period. The female‐to‐male ratio was 217:11. Among female dogs, six breeds (Siberian husky, Newfoundland, bulldog. West Highland white terrier, fox terrier, and miniature and toy poodle), representing more than half of the total cases, were identified with significantly greater frequency of diagnosis than expected by their representation in the overall hospital population. The strength of association in certain purebred dogs, plus the significant deficit in mongrel dogs supports the likelihood that familial genetics are responsible for a substantial amount of the occurrence of this defect.
High pressure pulsatile lavage and high pressure syringe lavage in the treatment of contaminated wounds in dogs
Authors: NDIKUWERA J. , WINSTANLEY E. W.
Published: April 2008

The effectiveness of high pressure pulsatile lavage and syringe lavage in cleansing experimentally contaminated and infected wounds was studied. Such treatment significantly (P < 0.05) lowered the bacterial counts in contaminated wounds, but high pressure pulsatile lavage caused extensive damage to tissue and was considered to be unsuitable for treatment of wounds in the loose skin areas of the dog. Both pulsatile and syringe lavage caused significant (P < 0.05), but transient, reduction in the bacterial counts in infected wounds but both methods failed to lower the wound bacterial counts to 105 or less. Successive wound biopsies for quantitative bacterial analysis showed that syringe lavage with povidone‐iodine caused greater reduction in bacterial numbers than did pulsatile lavage with povidone‐iodine. Combination of high pressure syringe lavage with povidone‐iodine and systemic penicillin‐streptomycin given at the time of lavage sufficiently reduced the bacterial numbers to allow for safe closure of the wounds.
Oestrogen‐induced alopecia in a bitch
Authors: WATSON A. D. J.
Published: April 2008

An 8‐year‐old, spayed female Labrador Retriever, which had been treated with oestrogens for urinary incontinence, developed non‐pruritic, bilaterally‐symmetrical alopecia and skin hyperpigmentation, with enlargement of mammary glands and vulva. Skin biopsy changes were consistent with an endocrine alopecia, hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism were excluded by hormonal tests. Oestrogen‐induced alopecia was suspected and hormonal treatment withdrawn. Two months later, hair regrowth was almost complete and genital changes were lessened.
Diaphragmatic rupture and biliary tract damage in a dog
Authors: DONALD C. L. , LEE R. , SULLIVAN M.
Published: April 2008

A 9‐month‐old bitch was presented with respiratory distress 7 days after a road traffic accident. Radiographs showed a severe hydrothorax and moderate ascites. The removal of bile‐stained fluid by thoracentesis reduced the dyspnoea. A diaphragmatic and a hepatic duct rupture were found and repaired at laparotomy. A biliary peritonitis and pleuritis was present. A blood bilirubin of 67 μmol/1 and elevated serum enzymes were present prior to surgery. These changes were largely reversed once the leakage was stopped.
Experimental induction of secretory and purulent otitis media by the surgical obstruction of the eustachian tube in dogs
Authors: TOJO M. , MATSUDA H. , FUKUI K. , SASAI H. , BABA E.
Published: April 2008

Secretory and purulent otitis media developed after the surgical obstruction of the eustachian tube in dogs. On 3 days after the obstruction, secretory otitis media alone was induced without regard of presence of aerobes in middle ear fluid. On 10 and 15–20 days, two types of otitis media were induced; in the secretory type aerobes were hardly detected, and in the purulent type a considerable number of various species of aerobes were detected. The present results suggest that the eustachian tube obstruction readily generates secretory otitis media and, when aerobes are present in the middle ear, the otitic condition may develop to purulent otitis media.
A microsporidian infection in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Authors: MAJEED S. K. , DOUGLAS M. , JOLLY D. W.
Published: April 2008

Approximately 500 fish were delivered to the Department of Fish Toxicology for routine experiments. Post‐mortem examination of 19 fish (10 males and 9 females) revealed the presence of greyish white cysts in the abdominal cavity, loosely attached to the viscera.

Apparently, 50 percent of the total 500 fish were affected, none of which showed clinical abnormality. Pathological results are described and discussed.
The cytopathological features of thymoma in a dog
Authors: MILLS J. N. , SHAW S. E. , KABAY M. J.
Published: April 2008

A dog presenting with weight loss and displacement of the heart to the right was diagnosed as having a thymoma by transthoracic fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. The cytological findings are described and correlated with the histological findings. Cytologically the lesion contained numerous large clusters of neoplastic epithelial cells with scant basophilic cytoplasm, and scattered, well‐differentiated lymphocytes. Histologically the thymoma was composed of predominantly spindle‐shaped epithelial cells arranged in broad sheets or forming sworling and storiform patterns. Some lobules contained lymphoid cells.
Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: prevalence in referred dogs and retrospective analysis of sixty cases
Authors: HOLT P. E.
Published: April 2008

A retrospective analysis of 174 cases of canine incontinence was made to determine the incidence of sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. This diagnosis was made in 60 bitches (21 juveniles and 39 adults) and the clinical features and response to puberty and oestrogen treatment in these cases are discussed.
Clinical observations on the use of vecuronium as a muscle relaxant in the dog
Authors: JONES R. S. , SEYMOUR C. J.
Published: April 2008

The use of the non‐depolarizing muscle relaxant vecuronium bromide is described in 21 dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. An initial dose of 0.1 mg kg‐1 proved effective and produced an initial block of 25 minutes duration. Incremental doses of 0.04 mg kg‐1 were used and up to six increments were shown to be non‐cumulative. No untoward side‐effects were observed with the use of this drug in the dog.
Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment
Authors: HOLT P. E.
Published: April 2008

Many bitches with sphincter mechanism incompetence fail to respond to medical therapy. This paper describes a method of surgical treatment and discusses the results obtained in 33 bitches in which it was employed.
Iohexol myelography in the dog and cat: a series of one hundred cases, and a comparison with metrizamide and iopamidol
Authors: WHEELER S. J. , DAVIES J. V.
Published: April 2008

Iohexol has been found to be a safe and radiographically satisfactory myelographic contrast medium in man and some experimental animals. This study has shown it is also suitable for the dog and cat. No adverse side effects were encountered and radiographic quality was good. A random comparison found it superior in radiographic quality to metrizamide. Iohexol is recommended as the contrast medium of choice for small animal myelography.
Diabetic retinopathy in a cat with megestrol acetate‐induced diabetes
Authors: HERRTAGE M. E. , BARNETT K. C. , MACDOUGALL D. F.
Published: April 2008

A case of diabetes mellitus in a cat is described, associated with prolonged administration of megestrol acetate for miliary dermatitis. The cat was presented with blindness due to diabetic retinopathy. Following the diagnosis, megestrol acetate was withdrawn.

The diabetes proved to be transient and resolved after insulin therapy; however, severe visual impairment remained. The mechanism by which megestrol acetate induces diabetes is discussed.
Two cases of paradoxical vestibular syndrome in Rough Collies
Authors: SKERRITT G. C. , WHITBREAD T. J.
Published: April 2008

Two cases of paradoxical vestibular syndrome are described. The principal clinical signs were a persistent head tilt to the right and a progressive ataxia in unrelated 6‐year‐old Rough Collies. In both dogs the primary lesion found post mortem was a papilloma of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle on the left side. This was associated with severe disruption of the cerebellar peduncles, cerebellar folia and the medulla oblongata adjacent to the tumour.
Oral treatment with ketoconazole of plantar candidosis in a mute swan
Authors: DEGRYSE A‐D. , VAN CUTSEM J. , FRANSEN J.
Published: April 2008

Candida albicans infection of the plantar region of the digit was diagnosed in a mute swan (Cygnus olor). Diagnosis was based on histological examination and on cultures. The pathogenicity of the C. albicans isolate was proven by inoculation in laboratory animals. Oral treatment with ketoconazole resulted in complete clinical recovery; no relapse occurred during a sixteen‐month follow‐up period.
Parvovirus enteritis in Nigerian dogs
Authors: EZEOKOLI C. D. , UMOH J. U. , ADEYANJU J. B. , ABDULLAHI S. U.
Published: April 2008

Parvovirus enteritis in dogs presented with clinical diarrhoea was studied. Parvovirus was identified in seven out of 11 dogs with diarrhoea by means of haemagglutination and haemagglutination‐inhibition tests. Haemagglutination activity was found to persist in faeces for up to 22 days after onset of diarrhoea. Antibody to canine parvovirus was detected in 24 out of 40 dogs selected randomly from dogs presented for clinical examination. Antibody prevalence was highest in dogs 1 year old or younger.
What is shock?
Authors: MICHELL A. R.
Published: April 2008

Shock is a caricature of the physiological response to haemorrhage; as it progresses, the defensive attributes are replaced by adverse effects on circulation, reticuloendothelial function, respiration and metabolism. Haemorrhage is only one possible cause of shock and any severe reduction of circulating fluid volume can potentially trigger similar responses. Indeed despite the existence of several types of shock (e.g. anaphylactic, endotoxin, septic) the ‘final common path’ is remarkably similar and consists of a widespread failure of capillary perfusion. The essential prerequisite for effective perfusion is not merely the presence of blood in capillaries but its efficient movement through them. Thus viscosity is a key property of blood in shock and a limited fall in PCV may improve oxygen delivery. The pathophysiology of shock is discussed in relation to its therapeutic implications, notably the relative importance of fluid therapy, antibiotics and corticosteroids, the limitations on the effectiveness of antihistamines and α‐blockers, and more recent work with Mg‐ATP, hypertonic solutions, prostaglandins, endogenous opiates and dopamine.
Rapidly progressive diffuse retinal degeneration in a kitten
Authors: KELLY D. F. , LEWIS D. G.
Published: April 2008

Advanced diffuse bilateral retinal degeneration was identified in a 13‐week old female domestic short‐haired kitten. The animal was in good physical health but had steady deterioration in vision over a period of a month. Clinical signs were mydriasis, tapetal hyper‐reflectivity, marked loss of retinal vasculature and almost total blindness. Histological examination of the retina showed degeneration of the photoreceptor and outer nuclear layers. The clinical and pathological features are similar to those described in inherited retinal degeneration in Persian kittens.
Multiple squamous cell carcinoma of the digits in two cats
Authors: BROWN P. J. , HOARE C. M. , ROCHLITZ IRENE
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the clinical and pathological features of two cats with squamous cell carcinoma affecting several digits. Similar lesions have been described in dogs and humans.
Hyperparathyroid disorders in the dog: primary, secondary and cancer‐associated (pseudo)
Authors: WELLER R. E. , CULLEN J. , DAGLE G. E.
Published: April 2008

Hyperparathyroid disorders were diagnosed in four dogs: one had primary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by parathyroid adenoma and hyper‐calcaemia; one had renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, characterized by parathyroid gland hyperplasia, hypocalcaemia and renal failure; and two had cancer‐associated hyperparathyroidism (pseudohyperpara‐thyroidism), characterized by the presence of neoplasia, parathyroid gland atrophy, hypercalcaemia and absence of skeletal metastases. Significant clinicopathologic findings included serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), presence or absence of parathyroid and bone lesions, and the presence of non‐parathyroid neoplasia.
Cats, coronaviruses and coronavirus antibody tests
Authors: BARLOUGH J. E.
Published: April 2008

Feline infectious peritonitis and other coronavirus infections of cats are briefly reviewed. Interpretation and applications of feline coronavirus antibody tests are described, and general recommendations are provided for practitioners. Some of the major unresolved questions regarding coronavirus infections of cats are delineated.
Clinical biochemistry in veterinary practice: results of a survey by questionnaire
Authors: DOUGLAS T. A. , ECKERSALL P. D.
Published: April 2008

A questionnaire on the use of clinical biochemistry in veterinary practice was circulated round the West of Scotland Division of the British Veterinary Association. The results indicated that clinical biochemistry was used in 9‐6 per cent of cases, with liver and kidney function tests being the most useful performed. The analysis of samples either within a practice or by use of a central laboratory were shown to present different problems with quality control being the major problem for practice laboratories and delay in obtaining results being the major problem for central laboratories.
Cutaneous collagen nodules in a dog
Authors: JONES B. R. , ALLEY M. R. , CRAIG A. S.
Published: April 2008

A 16‐month‐old German short‐haired pointer was examined because of the development of multiple nodules (0.5‐3 cm diameter) in the skin of the head, back, sternum and limbs. The nodules were first noticed when the dog was 8 weeks of age. At no time did the animal show clinical signs of a systemic disease. Histology and electron microscopy revealed that the nodules were composed of irregular bundles of dense collagen fibres and the constituent fibrils had a distribution of diameters similar to that expected in normal skin. Immunofluorescence tests for immunoglobulin (IgG) and complement (C3) showed no deposits of these in the skin and the serum antinuclear antibody test was negative. It was concluded that the nodules were collagenous naevi.
Congenital lobar emphysema in two dogs
Authors: HERRTAGE MICHAEL E. , CLARKE DAVID D.
Published: April 2008

Congenital lobar emphysema is described in two dogs. The condition was characterized by progressive dyspnoea and cyanosis from a very young age. There was marked expiratory effort, and wheezing and crackling were evident on auscultation. Radiographic examination revealed overdistension and emphysema of the right middle lobe with displacement of the heart and mediastinum to the opposite side. The pathology and possible treatments are discussed.
A survey of urolithiasis in cats
Authors: HESSE A. , SANDERS G.
Published: April 2008

The incidence of urolithiasis in cats is 0.6 per cent. A total of 41 calculi were subjected to epidemiological and analytical investigation. Calculus formation is most frequent in male castrates and occurs exclusively in the bladder and urethra. Eighty per cent of the animals under investigation were overweight and the same percentage required surgical or instrumental treatment. Thirty‐seven per cent of the calculi were recurrent, but only 22 per cent were accompanied by an infection. A predisposition due to diet (dry food/tinned food) was not established. Over 75 per cent of the calculi which were analysed consisted of struvite, the formation of which is promoted by an increased pH‐value, as well as by a high level of magnesium and phosphate in the urine. The crystalline structure of the calculi indicates a slow growth rate not influenced by an acute infection. The genesis of struvite urolithiasis in cats, as well as measures to prevent its recurrence, are explained.
The radiological features of non‐osteogenic malignant tumours of bone in the appendicular skeleton of the dog: a review of thirty‐four cases
Authors: GIBBS CHRISTINE , DENNY H. R. , LUCKE V. M.
Published: April 2008

The clinical features, sites of origin and radiological changes in 34 dogs with 38 histologically proven non‐osteogenic malignant tumours of the appendicular skeleton are reported. The incidence of such tumours when compared with the number of osteosarcomas recorded during the same period is much higher than in previously reported series. A wide variety of tumour types was recorded, fibrosarcomas (nine cases), metastatic deposits (eight cases) and haemangiosarcomas (five cases) being the most common. No distinctive features could be related to histological type, but only one tumour in this group demonstrated radiological signs indistinguishable from those previously classified as characteristic of osteosarcoma (Gibbs, Denny & Kelly, 1984). Lung metastases were detected radiographically in approximately 15 per cent of cases. Of eight dogs treated, either by amputation or surgical excision, three are known to have survived without recurrence for more than two years.
Pneumomediastinum in seventeen dogs: aetiology and radiographic signs
Authors: BROEK A. van den
Published: April 2008

The aetiology, pathogenesis and radiographic signs of pneumomediastinum are reviewed. A series of seventeen cases in dogs is reported. In these seventeen dogs thoracic trauma was the most common cause of pneumomediastinum. The most frequent and reliable radiographic signs were, delineation of both the inner and outer aspects of the tracheal wall, identification of the azygos vein and the presence of mediastinal air pockets. Pneumothorax was also present in fifteen cases. The radiographic appearance of pneumomediastinum is compared with that of oesophageal air.
Avulsion of the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon in three dogs
Authors: BREE H. van
Published: April 2008

Three cases are described in which avulsion of the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon occurred. All three dogs were presented with a lameness of long duration. In two cases the avulsion followed a treatment for tendinitis of the Achilles tendon by local infiltration of corticosteroids. One dog was presented with this condition after a long standing treatment for cystitis. The three dogs were presented with characteristic clinical and radiological signs accompanying this tendon injury. Two of these patients were treated by surgical repair of the avulsed tendon combined with temporary immobilization of the hock accomplished by transfixation using methyl methacrylate* as external fixation. Within twelve weeks following surgery, these dogs had regained normal function without any evidence of gait abnormality. The third dog, treated conservatively failed to regain normal function.
BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE
Authors: WILLEMSE T.
Published: April 2008

The current knowledge on canine atopic dermatitis (syn. canine inhalant dermatitis, atopy) is reviewed.

The significance of history, clinical signs and in vitro and in vivo allergy tests is emphasized.
Evaluation of the efficacy of oxfendazole against larval and adult Toxocara canis in unweaned dogs
Authors: JACOBS D. E. , GOWLING G. , FOSTER J. , REID J. F. S.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of oxfendazole given at a dose‐rate of 10 mg kg‐1 for 3 consecutive days against adult and larval Toxocara canis was determined in four litters of naturally infected unweaned greyhound pups. Comparison of the worm‐burdens of four pups treated on days 30–32 post partum with four matched litter‐mate untreated controls gave an apparent efficacy value of 98‐5 per cent, the numbers of adult T. canis at post mortem examination being 3 and 202, respectively. A similar comparison involving 10 pups treated on the 5th to 7th days of life, when the T. canis would have been in various stages of larval development, gave an overall efficacy value of 75.8 per cent, with worm‐counts of 1,325 and 321 for control and treatment groups. However, a greater reduction (84.1–91.7 per cent) was observed in worms achieving a length of 40 mm by the time of post mortem examination (Day 21 post partum) than in shorter worms. In the latter case, no demonstrable anthelmintic activity was detected.
Feline giardiasis: a review
Authors: KIRKPATRICK C. E.
Published: April 2008

Giardia is a widespread and common protozoan parasite of domestic cats, with reported prevalences of infection ranging from 1 to 11 per cent. Chronic diarrhoea, either intermittent or continuous, which does not respond to routine antidiarrhoeal treatments is characteristic of giardiasis; although illness does not necessarily result from infection. Giardia cysts or trophozoites may be detected in the faeces of infected cats; however, the small size of the cysts (relative to helminth ova), their transparency, and their discontinuous excretion by cats may frustrate diagnosis. Zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation is the method of choice for detection of faecal Giardia cysts. Clinically affected cats respond well to oral metronidazole or furazolidone treatments. The relationship of G. felis to the Giardia spp. of other mammals (including man) remains controversial.
The occurrence of pili torti in a litter of kittens in England
Authors: GEARY M. R. , BAKER K. P.
Published: April 2008

A condition resembling pili torti of man is reported in seven kittens. However, in the latter there were associated systemic signs terminating in death. No report of the condition occurring in animals other than man has been found in a literature search.
Invasive thymoma complicated by pneumothorax and haemothorax in a dog
Authors: SQUIRES R. A. , GASKELL C. J. , KELLY D. F.
Published: April 2008

An invasive thymoma associated with pneumothorax and haemothorax is described in a 3^‐year‐old Labrador Retriever. Diagnosis was based upon radiological and surgical findings and confirmed at autopsy. The case is compared with other thymomas reported in the dog.
Bilateral blindness in a dog due to invasion of the optic chiasma by a glioma
Authors: SKERRITT G. C. , OBWOLO M. J. , SQUIRES R. A.
Published: April 2008

A diagnosis of neoplasia involving the optic chiasma of an 8‐year‐old Labrador Retriver was suggested by the neurological and radiological findings. At post‐mortem examination the location of the tumour was confirmed and it was identified as an oligodendroglioma.
Bronchial foreign bodies in four dogs
Authors: BROWNLIE SERENA E. , DAVIES J. V. , JONES D. G. CLAYTON
Published: April 2008

This paper describes the history, clinical signs and diagnosis of cereal ear foreign bodies in four dogs. Presternal tracheotomy was required for removal of the foreign bodies in three out of the four cases and the technique is described.
Surgery of the canine external auditory meatus: a review of failures
Authors: LANE J. G. , LITTLE C. J. L.
Published: April 2008

Analysis of the contributing causes of failure of surgery of the external auditory meatus is presented. One hundred and thirty‐five dogs were examined including 46 with bilateral persistence of signs of otitis. The single most frequent feature to which failure was attributed was otitis media, but errors of case selection and deficient surgical technique were also common factors.
Vaginal neoplasia in the bitch: a review of forty clinical cases
Authors: KYDD D. M. , BURNIE A. G.
Published: April 2008

Forty cases of vaginal neoplasia in the bitch are described. Twenty‐one neoplasms were examined histologically, the remaining 19 being identified by gross morphology. The mean age at presentation was 11‐2 years, in only one case was the bitch neutered, and all but one were nulliparous. Presenting signs included vaginal discharge, swelling of vulva, and urinary or faecal tenesmus. Mammary tumours, ovarian cysts or tumours, pyometra, or a history of previous treatment with ‘reproductive hormones’ were found in all but four of the histologically confirmed cases. Treatment involved resection of the tumour after episiotomy in 15 cases, and also ovariohysterectomy in five of these cases. No tumour recurred after surgery and survival periods ranged from 4 months to 4 years. The most common tumours were leiomyomas.
Preliminary results of maxillectomy in the dog and cat
Authors: EMMS S. G. , HARVEY C. E.
Published: April 2008

Maxillectomy was used in the treatment of 23 dogs and four cats with oral tumours and one dog with osteomyelitis. The major post‐operative complication was wound dehiscence. All dehiscences occurred in dogs with tumour epicentres caudal to PM1. Maxillectomy in eight dogs with oral fibrosarcoma gave disappointing results (median survival time of 7 months and a median tumour‐free interval of 3½ months). Three of four dogs with squamous cell carcinoma were tumour free after a minimum follow‐up period of 6 months; two of these dogs received orthovoltage radiation therapy following surgery. Maxillectomy provided excellent local control of benign tumours: three epulides and one atypical odontogenic tumour did not recur (minimum follow‐up period was 10 months); an osteoma recurred after 17 months. Four cats, three with squamous cell carcinoma and one with fibrosarcoma, developed local tumour recurrence within 4 months.
Excision arthroplasty of the humero‐radial joint
Authors: PRYMAK CAROLINE , BENNETT DAVID
Published: April 2008

Excision arthroplasty of the radial head can be used to treat luxations of the humero‐radial joint when more appropriate means are not feasible.
Skin disease in dogs associated with zinc deficiency: a report of five cases
Authors: BROEK A. H. M. van den , THODAY K. L.
Published: April 2008

The literature on zinc deficiency is discussed. Five cases of skin disease in dogs associated with zinc deficiency are described. All the animals were Labrador Retrievers. Lesions in all cases were similar and consisted of a dry hair coat, mild generalized seborrhoea sicca and bilaterally symmetrical, focal, yellow crusts and scale over the distal parts of the limbs and the chin. These were accompanied by ceruminous otitis externa and superficial lymphomegaly. The serum and hair zinc concentrations were markedly subnormal in all cases. Treatment with oral zinc sulphate produced a rapid resolution of physical signs and restoration of serum zinc concentrations to the reference range.

All dogs were fed on unsupplemented cereal‐based diets. The clinical condition appeared to arise from dietary imbalances rather than an absolute deficiency of zinc, although there may have been accompanying inherent defects of zinc absorption in some cases.
Secondary lymphoedema in a dog
Authors: CARMICHAEL N. G. , WATSON A. D. J. , ROTHWELL T. L. W.
Published: April 2008

Oedema associated with obstruction of the lymphatic pathways is termed lymphoedema. A number of cases of primary lymphoedema attributed to congenital lymphatic abnormalities have been reported in dogs. Cases associated with secondary or acquired lymphatic drainage failure are rare. This paper reports a dog with generalized peripheral oedema in which a presumptive diagnosis of secondary lymphoedema was made and discusses the causes, investigation and treatment of lymphoedema.
Secondary ectopic pregnancy in a cat: a case report
Authors: TIRGARI M.
Published: April 2008

A case of secondary ectopic pregnancy found in a 2½‐year‐old queen. The clinical case history, surgical findings and examination of excised tissue are described and discussed.
BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE
Authors: LITTLEWOOD JANET D.
Published: April 2008

Correct diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate management in cases presented with a bleeding tendency is important, since failure to achieve these objectives may result in the death of the patient. Whilst the coagulopathy due to vitamin K antagonism caused by coumarin compounds (e.g. Warfarin) is a well known entity, it is by no means the most common cause of bleeding diatheses. The clinical and laboratory features which allow differentiation of the more commonly encountered bleeding disorders highlighted, and aspects of case management covered.