bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of distraction on the performance of endourological tasks: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Persoon Marjolein C. , van Putten Kim , Muijtjens Arno M.M. , Witjes J. Alfred , Hendrikx Ad J.M. , Scherpbier Albert J.J.M.
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Although research in other fields of society demonstrate a negative effect of distraction on performance, little research is done within the surgical specialties. We aimed to establish what the effect of distraction is, on the performance of basic endourological tasks by medical students.

OBJECTIVE

• To establish the effect of distraction on the performance of cystoscopy and basic endourological tasks by using a virtual reality (VR) simulator.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

• A total of 86 third‐year medical students from Maastricht University, who had no previous experience in performing the tasks on a VR simulator, were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group.

• All participants performed three endourological tasks on the VR simulator. Participants in the intervention group were distracted 1 min into the third task. The distraction consisted of being asked to answer questions about a medical case that had been presented to all the participants before the hands‐on session. After two adequate verbal responses the conversation was terminated.

• Number of traumata, number of missed lesions in the bladder and time to completion were measured by the VR simulator.

RESULTS

• Number of traumata and missed lesions, as well as time to completion were significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group with effect sizes (using Cohen’s categorization) of 0.48, 0.41 and 0.50 respectively.

• Nevertheless, only 9.5% of the participants in the intervention group reported feeling burdened by the distraction.

CONCLUSIONS

• Distraction during the performance of endourological skills results in significantly poorer performance by medical students on all the variables measured in a controlled learning environment.

• Most students do not realize they are affected by distraction.

• Further research is needed to determine the impact of distraction on more experienced participants and on patient safety.
Incidence and survival of patients with carcinoma of the ureter and renal pelvis in the USA, 1973–2005
Authors: Raman Jay D. , Messer Jamie , Sielatycki John A. , Hollenbeak Christopher S.
Published: September 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively uncommon urological malignancy with survival and outcomes data largely determined from single‐centre series which can be limited by relatively small case numbers.

Through review of a large population based cohort, this study provides valuable information regarding epidemiological and survival patterns for over 13,000 patients with UTUC diagnosed over the past three decades.

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate epidemiological and survival patterns of upper‐tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) over the past 30 years through a review of a large, population‐based database.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database from 1973 to 2005 were reviewed in 10‐year increments to evaluate disease trends.

• Univariate and multivariate survival analyses identified prognostic variables for outcomes.

RESULTS

• In total, 13 800 SEER‐registered cases of UTUC were included. The overall incidence of UTUC increased from 1.88 to 2.06 cases per 100 000 person‐years during the period studied, with an associated increase in ureteral disease (0.69 to 0.91) and a decrease in renal pelvic cancers (1.19 to 1.15).

• The proportion of in situ tumours increased from 7.2% to 31.0% (P < 0.001), whereas local tumours declined from 50.4% to 23.6% (P < 0.001).

• There was no change in the proportion of patients presenting with distant disease.

• In multivariate analysis, increasing patient age (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), black non‐Hispanic race (P < 0.001), bilateral UTUC (P= 0.001) and regional/distant disease (P < 0.001) were all associated with poorer survival outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

• The incidence of UTUC has slowly risen over the past 30 years.

• Increased use of bladder cancer surveillance regimens and improved abdominal cross‐sectional imaging may contribute to the observed stage migration towards more in situ lesions.

• Although pathological disease characteristics impact cancer outcomes, certain sociodemographic factors also appear to portend worse prognosis.
Bulk Processing of Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder Using Radio Frequency Induction Plasma
Authors: Roy Mangal , Bandyopadhyay Amit , Bose Susmita
Published: September 2010

Spherical hydroxyapatite (HA) nanopowder was synthesized at a rate of 20 g/h from HA sol using a 30 kW inductively coupled radio frequency plasma spray system. The HA sol was axially fed with a water‐cooled steel probe in the lower temperature region of the supersonic plasma nozzle, which helped in HA phase stabilization. The HA powder was synthesized at plate power between 19 and 28 kW. Particle size, surface area, particle morphology, and phase composition of the synthesized powder were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy, BET specific average surface area, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized nanopowder was spherical in nature, with the particle size ranging from 30 to 70 nm. The increase in plate power resulted in a decrease in particle size. XRD results indicated HA to be the primary phase along with phase decomposition products, such as tricalcium phosphate and calcium oxide. Cytotoxicity behavior was studied using human osteoblast cells to ensure biocompatibility.
Sassolite Formation in Glass Powders: A Novel Method to Study Phase Separation in Alkali Borosilicate Glass Compositions
Authors: Dileep Kumar C. J. , Shadiya M. A. , Sunny E. K. , Raghu N. , Venkataramani N. , Kulkarni Ajit R.
Published: September 2010

This paper reports, for the first time, observation of sassolite (crystalline B(OH)3) formation in alkali borosilicate glass (BSG) powder due to hydration during aging. Correlation between hydration behavior, sassolite formation, and phase separation has been established and hydration‐resistant low‐alkali BSG powders were successfully prepared. The glass composition exhibited very low moisture absorption of <3 wt% in powder form, for an aging duration of 6000 h. This has been achieved by carefully tailoring the glass transition temperature (Tg) and critical immiscibility temperature (Tc). We also report a new, simple, and effective sample preparation method for detecting phase separation in BSG, using transmission electron microscopy.
Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Dendrite by the Arc Plasma Process and Observation of Nanorod Bundles in the Dendrite Arm
Authors: Nayak Bijan Bihari , Behera Debadhyan , Mishra Barada Kanta
Published: September 2010

Silicon carbide dendrite (micrometer size) is produced by carbothermic reduction of rice husk ash in an arc plasma. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the occurrence of equispaced primary arms (60–70 nm in length) in the dendrite consisting of nanorod bundles. Each nanorod is seen to contain thin transverse lamellas, which appear like slip bands/twins in atomic layer thickness. A liquid phase Si‐based growth mechanism is discussed to understand the dendrite growth.
Corporal punishment and child maltreatment in New Zealand
Authors: Kelly Patrick
Published: September 2010

On 2 May, 2007, the New Zealand Parliament passed a law repealing Section 59 of the Crimes Act. In so doing, New Zealand became the first English‐speaking nation in the world to make corporal punishment of a child illegal. The passage of this legislation was surrounded by intense and persistent public debate, and supporters of corporal punishment continue to advocate against the law change to the present day. In Sweden, where the first stage of similar repeal took place in 1957, it may be difficult for many to understand the strength of the public opposition to this change in New Zealand. This article will present a viewpoint on the evolution of the debate in New Zealand, review the wider context of child maltreatment and family violence in New Zealand and summarize a range of attempts to prevent or intervene effectively in the cycle of dysfunction.

Conclusion: Child maltreatment and family violence are public health issues of great importance, and a stain on all societies. While corporal punishment may be a significant contributing factor, there is no single ‘solution’. Change must occur on multiple levels (political, economic, cultural, familial and professional) before the tide will turn.
Synthesis, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of Ti3Sn(1−x)AlxC2 MAX Phase Solid Solutions
Authors: Dubois Sylvain , Bei Guo P. , Tromas Christophe , Gauthier‐Brunet Véronique , Gadaud Pascal
Published: September 2010

Ti3Sn(1−x)AlxC2 MAX phase solid solutions are successfully synthesized from different reactant mixtures. Rietveld refinement allows to carefully characterize their structures and the ocathedra and trigonal prims distortion parameters as a function of the Al content. Mechanical properties of solid solutions are studied from nanoindentation experiments and dynamic resonant method. It is shown that solid solution hardening is not operative in this system. Elastic modulus is found to increase from Ti3SnC2 to Ti3AlC2, and such a result is discussed in terms of Ti–A bond stiffness.
Postmenopausal females and the link between oral bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw: A clinical review
Authors: Haumschild Mary S. , Haumschild Ryan J.
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Purpose: To increase awareness for nurse practitioners (NPs) of new information concerning the plausible link between the oral bisphosphonate drug classification and necrosis in the jaw.

Data sources: Selected research and clinical articles. In addition, several peer‐reviewed, refereed medical and dental journals were consulted.

Conclusions: Oral bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed by NPs for postmenopausal females with the diagnosis of osteoporosis to arrest bone loss and preserve bone density. Recent reports have shown a link between these medications and osteonecrosis of the jaw, which is a complication resulting in necrotic bone inside the mouth.

Implications for practice: NPs must be able to determine early warning signs of osteonecrosis to ensure prompt referral to a dental specialist in order to prevent irreversible sequelae. Because of the aging population, osteoporosis is predicted to increase; therefore, treatment with these drugs and the side effects that go along with them will most likely also increase.
Hyers-Ulam Stability of Nonlinear Integral Equation
Authors: Gachpazan Mortaza , Baghani Omid
Published: September 2010

We will apply the successive approximation method for proving the Hyers-Ulam stability of a nonlinear integral equation.
Pneumococcal Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis in a Young African American: A Case for Inclusion of African Americans in Pneumococcal Vaccine Criteria
Authors: Odiete Oghenerukevwe , Akinwande Olagoke , Murray John J. , Akamah Joseph
Published: September 2010

Following the development of penicillin, complications from streptococcus pneumonia such as endocarditis have become rare. However, certain independent risk factors such as cigarette smoking and being of African-American (AA) decent have been associated with a higher incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease, but only cigarette smoking has been targeted by current recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunological Practices (ACIPs). We report a case of a young AA smoker, who developed an isolated tricuspid valve pneumococcal endocarditis. This case will illustrate the high susceptibility for invasive pneumococcus sequelae in AA, thereby raising the argument for the consideration of AA in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) criteria, regardless of smoking history.
SART-Type Image Reconstruction from Overlapped Projections
Authors: Yu Hengyong , Ji Changguo , Wang Ge
Published: September 2010

To maximize the time-integrated X-ray flux from multiple X-ray sources and shorten the data acquisition process, a promising way is to allow overlapped projections from multiple sources being simultaneously on without involving the source multiplexing technology. The most challenging task in this configuration is to perform image reconstruction effectively and efficiently from overlapped projections. Inspired by the single-source simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART), we hereby develop a multisource SART-type reconstruction algorithm regularized by a sparsity-oriented constraint in the soft-threshold filtering framework to reconstruct images from overlapped projections. Our numerical simulation results verify the correctness of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate the advantage of image reconstruction from overlapped projections.
Electronic Retail Lending in Estonia: Legal Limits on the Cost of Credit
Authors: Ulst Ingrid
Published: September 2010

In 2009, a legal limit to the annual percentage rate of charge (APRC) was established in Estonia. The limit is 'soft' in its nature, allowing a lender to opt to exceed it; simultaneously, however, the burden of proof is placed on the lender who argues that such a lending transaction should not be declared void on the ground on the basis of being contrary to good morals. This article examines the legal function of the APRC limit and addresses the legal problems with regard to the nature and extent of the burden of proof; it also makes suggestions as to how lenders could comply with their legal obligation in respect of the burden of proof when engaging in their daily practice of electronic retail lending. The legal function of an APRC limit, which is linked to the market of consumer credit, is to reduce the willingness to conclude credit agreements in which mutual obligations are unreasonably out of balance. The author suggests that identifying the extent of the lender's burden of proof could be based on the principles of reasonableness and effectiveness. Accordingly, the lender would be reasonably expected to use due care to ensure the understanding and willingness of the borrower with regard to the lending transaction, and be convinced about the repayment ability of the borrower. The principle of effectiveness implies that, at a minimum, the extent of the lender's burden of proof should include the identification of a borrower profile and, furthermore, that due care should be exercised in such identification. As there are no legal directions about the meaning of 'due care' or the details of 'profile identification' in lending, the author suggests applying the analogy of law (e.g., the provisions of the 2001 Estonian Securities Market Act). On this basis, electronic retail lenders could attempt to identify the purpose of a loan, prior lending experience, education, profession, income, assets and obligations, payment discipline and repayment sources of the borrower in order to design good practices which, in turn, should assist lenders to comply with the obligations deriving from the legal limit of the APRC.
Making Chengdu “The Kingdom of God as Jesus Conceived It”: The Urban Work of West China Union University's Sociology Department
Authors: Kyong-McClain Jeff
Published: September 2010

This paper uses the case of West China Union University's Sociology Department as an example to study the mutually beneficial relationships that generally prevailed between Protestant colleges in China and local governments during the Republican era (1912-1949). In most cases, Protestant colleges and local administrations shared a vision of modern urban society that led quite naturally to collaboration. Drawing from modernist theologizing about the city, West China's Sociology Department played an important role both in research on and social work in Chengdu. To theorize this cooperative relationship, this paper takes West China's sociological work as an instrument of globalizing modernity, which was changing the West in many of the same ways as the East. Cet article se penche sur le département de sociologie de la West China Union University afin d'étudier les relations mutuellement bénéfique qui se tissèrent entre les instituts de formation supérieure protestants et les gouvernements locaux en Chine durant la période républicaine (1912-1949). Dans la majorité des cas, les instituts protestants et les administrations locales avaient des vues convergentes sur la société moderne, ce qui entraina une collaboration naturelle entre les deux. S'inspirant de la pensée théologique moderniste sur les villes, le département de sociologie de l'université de la West China Union joua un rôle crucial aussi bien en termes de recherche que de travail social à Chengdu. Afin de théoriser cette relation de coopération, l'article considère le travail sociologique de l'université de la West China Union comme un instrument d'une modernité globalisante qui était en train de transformer le monde occidental de manière similaire à l'Asie.
Athens in a Basket: Naming, Objects, and Identity in Euripides' Ion
Authors: Mueller Melissa
Published: September 2010

In this essay I explore two distinctly gendered strategies of recognition in Euripides' Ion. His human surrogate father, Xouthos, names Ion but fails to recognize him as Athens' lost son, whereas Athenian heirlooms-an olive wreath, golden snakes, and a woven aegis-restore Ion, via Kreousa's memory, to the city of his birth. These material and maternal symbols of identity enroll Ion into the elite ranks of autochthonous Athenians. As icons, moreover, of foundational moments in Athens' own history, the recognition tokens exert their "pull" on the play's Athenian audience, prompting them to see themselves in Ion and consequently to recognize their own Erechtheid origins.
The Rise of the Jingle
Authors: Taylor Timothy D.
Published: September 2010

The advertising jingle, or "singing commercial," as it was formerly known, is now considered to be moribund in the industry, but for decades was the musical workhorse of the advertising industry. This paper chronicles the birth of this musical form in verse advertisements through its colossal success for Pepsi-Cola and the United Fruit Company (as Chiquita Banana) in the mid-1940s.
Guarding the Mysteries of Salvation: The Pastoral Pedagogy of Origen's Universalism
Authors: Scott Mark S. M.
Published: September 2010

Origen has an enduring reputation as a universalist. Patristic scholars and non-specialists alike routinely associate him with the doctrine of universal salvation. This article complicates the simplistic portrayal of Origen as a universalist while affirming the universalist implications of his theology. Far from explicitly teaching universalism, particularly the salvation of the devil, Origen consistently presupposes the reality of hell and the destruction of the devil. He circumspectly reserves the deeper mysteries of salvation, including the possibility of salvation beyond the purging fires of hell, for the intellectually and spiritually mature. With the "simple-minded" and "common crowd," however, he conceals potentially subversive speculations about universal salvation. As a prudent teacher and caretaker of souls, Origen carefully calibrates his theological reflections to the intellectual and spiritual capacity of his audience.
Créolités dans les Amériques
Authors: Ureña-Rib Pedro
Published: September 2010

L’article aborde la créolité dans la Caraïbe hispanophone et francophone comme un mouvement similaire de construction consciente d’identités nationales ou régionales face aux identités imposées par le colonisateur par le biais de l’assimilation. Le vieux principe de civilisation ou barbarie s’impose dans la région par le rejet de l’Indien disparu et de l’Africain soumis en esclavage, rejet des ancêtres et rejet de soi, produit “mulâtre” de l’union du dominant et du dominé. L’article se concentre sur les cas de la République Dominicaine, de la Martinique et de l’ancienne colonie française de Saint Domingue.
Genre et récit de guerre: La parole des femmes de la Grande Muette (1939–1962)
Authors: Jauneau Elodie
Published: September 2010

La parole des femmes a longtemps été ignorée en histoire. Si depuis une trentaine d’années, la visibilité des femmes dans le champ historique semble se confirmer peu à peu, il n’en demeure pas moins que la transmission de la mémoire reste majoritairement masculine. Certaines sphères particulièrement genrées comme l’Armée Française étouffent plus que d’autres la voix des femmes. Pourtant, elles sont nombreuses, engagées dans l’Armée entre 1938 et 1962, à avoir décidé de raconter leur expérience de l’Armée et de la guerre. Bien que largement minoritaires parmi leurs frères d’armes, les traces écrites et orales qu’elles ont laissées sont inversement proportionnelles. Du journal de guerre aux souvenirs en passant par les interviews et la presse, les soldates françaises brisent le silence de la Grande Muette.
Paroles et tambours créoles
Authors: Cécile Christian
Published: September 2010

Les tambours créoles francophones sont nés de la culture coloniale qui s’est développée du dix-septième au dix-neuvième siècle. Dans les trois régions étudiées (Guyane, Guadeloupe, Martinique) ils figurent dans des corps musicaux ( kasékò; gwoka ; bèlè ) dans lesquels s’observent des rythmes, des danses et des chants. Ces pratiques musicales sont encore bien présentes dans ces pays fortement marqués par un processus d’assimilation culturelle; elles s’adaptent et continuent à compter dans l’organisation sociale des Créoles. Elles ne s’inscrivent dans aucune manifestation magique ou religieuse, mais il n’en demeure pas moins qu’elles représentent des éléments symboliques qui nourrissent l’imaginaire et les stratégies identitaires. Les tambours, témoins oculaires et parlants, représentent dans ces pays d’oralité des vecteurs majeurs avec lesquels composent toutes les entités sociales et culturelles.
Le “Double-singulier”: L’Inscription du tragique dans L’Enfant de sable de Tahar Ben Jelloun
Authors: Quintiliano Deise
Published: September 2010

Cet article propose une lecture du roman référé de l’écrivain marocain, appuyée notamment sur la méthodologie fournie par les perspectives philosophiques de Friedrich Nietzsche et Clément Rosset, ayant pour but de mettre en évidence la question du tragique et ses relations avec la crise d’identité dans les sociétés francophones. Telle une parabole, la tragédie qui caractérise le personnage central d’Ahmed, toujours à la recherche de l’identité perdue, renvoie à l’éternel dilemme des écrivains maghrébins francophones dont le cordon ombilical est rompu avec leur société d’origine. Heureusement, notre époque se réclame des métissages culturels, des ambivalences plurielles, des bilinguismes et d’intertextualités. La sonorité de cette polyphonie s’achemine donc, comme l’affirme Déjeux, vers des “fertiles confluences”, plutôt que vers des clôtures stériles, nous permettant de repérer dans la craintive double appartenance, non pas une menace à l’unité d’une société acculturée, mais surtout une invitation à l’acquis d’une identité nationale plus ouverte et enrichie.
Epistémê esclavagiste et sorcellerie subalterne de Loudun à Salem, en passant par Jules Michelet et Maryse Condé
Authors: Cottille-Foley Nora
Published: September 2010

La formation discursive caractérisant la représentation de la sorcière évoque une épistémê héritée du Moyen Âge qui a engendré une colonisation non seulement outre-mer mais aussi intra-européenne. Les textes de Jules Michelet ( La Sorcière ) et de Maryse Condé ( Tituba ) engagent le lecteur dans une écoute dialogique car c’est une répression religieuse, sociale, et ethnique qu’ils cherchent à la fois à révéler et à déconstruire dans l’espace de l’œuvre littéraire. Personnage dont la facticité devient un leitmotiv ironique, la sorcière dénonce la fiction inhérente à la construction d’un système d’altérité absolue en réaction au folklore païen. Représentation imagée et imaginaire d’une oralité disparue, la sorcière est forcément aphone et subalterne. La répétition de son procès permet de dévoiler les rouages d’une scène judiciaire productrice de torts irréconciliables. En fin de compte, c’est le différend, au sens où l’entend Lyotard (1983), qui trouve une expression silencieuse dans ces textes.
Les Formes courtes dans la littérature malgache
Authors: Ranaivoson Dominique
Published: September 2010

Alors que l’oralité valorise le long et sinueux déroulement d’une parole riche en images, les formes traditionnelles les plus connues de la littérature malgache sont des formes brèves. La poésie, les proverbes, les contes, les devinettes semblent, non seulement s’en tenir à des volumes limités, mais valoriser une esthétique de la concision qui laisse une part importante au mystère, à l’encodage et au jeu sur le langage. D’autre part, les productions écrites récentes de la poésie, la nouvelle ou la chanson, s’organisent autour de la force contenue dans la briè veté, l’ellipse et le jeu de la double lecture de ces formulations concises. Nous nous interrogeons sur le lien entre ces formes traditionnelles, écrites en français ou en malgache, et les choix d’écritures contemporains, cherchant en particulier la légitimité des formes courtes, de leur esthétique dans l’élaboration d’une littérature dite “authentique” ou, à tout le moins, fidèle à une identité aussi célébrée que discutée.
The Legacy of Eugène Ysaÿe: Transmitted, Adapted, and Reinterpreted
Authors: Iwazumi Ray
Published: September 2010

The study of interpretation is paramount for any performing artist. Given that the bulk of classical music is connected to a sophisticated notation-based tradition, the marked-up score can possibly inform and connect us, with remarkable precision, to the legacy of a past master-interpreter. Manuscripts with performer's markings, the personal performing scores of the artist, the teaching materials the artist used in guiding students, personal cadenzas, and the adaptations and alterations made by students and disciples, are all materials that can show traces of the journey and struggle of the interpreter. The thought process that may be revealed from these materials can help us understand the aesthetic and technical preferences and priorities of an artist. In connection with Eugène Ysaÿe, the immensely influential Belgian violinist, who dominated and revolutionized violin playing at the turn of the twentieth century, an exemplary resource for studying marked-up violin scores exists at the Juilliard School: the materials that belonged to two of his favored, and successful, American students, Louis Persinger and Viola Mitchell. For the performer-scholar, the Louis Persinger Collection and Viola Mitchell Collection provide a remarkably clear view into the aesthetic and mindset of Persinger, Mitchell, and Eugène Ysaÿe.
Maus tratos contra crianças e adolescents
Authors: Martins Christine Baccarat de Godoy
Published: September 2010

Os maus-tratos contra a criança e o adolescente têm sido reconhecidos como um fenômeno crescente no mundo, mas cujo conhecimento ainda está em processo de construção em função de sua complexidade. O estudo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica, cujo objetivo foi conhecer e divulgar os dados epidemiológicos acerca da violência praticada contra menores, bem como discutir o conhecimento da magnitude desses eventos, os fatores relacionados e as consequências para as vítimas. A literatura aponta para a abrangência e magnitude da violência praticada contra crianças e adolescentes e enfatiza a importância de se conhecer a natureza e a realidade acerca destes eventos a fim de se formar um diagnóstico que auxilie na elaboração e implantação de estratégias de prevenção e intervenção.
Linguagem, cultura e alteridade: imagens do outro
Authors: Gusmão Neusa Maria Mendes de
Published: September 2010

A interação a um só tempo complementar e conflitiva de três temas: linguagem, cultura e alteridade, constituem o eixo de um debate sobre a infância e a criança portadora de marcas sociais e étnicas. Na medida em que a percepção do social se prende a princípios e a valores considerados universais, verdadeiros, legítimos e únicos, que precisam ser relativizados, questiona-se o fato de a cultura e a alteridade se expressarem por linguagens nem sempre visíveis e explícitas, que exigem um olhar atento e aprofundado nas muitas realidades do campo social e no seu cotidiano como meio de compreender-lhes seus muitos significados. Crianças pobres de periferia urbana e do meio rural, crianças brancas, negras e mestiças e, ainda, crianças de rua, emprestam-nos suas falas e imagens construídas com desenhos, para expressar a sua percepção do meio em que vivem. Tais expressões referem-se também à escola que aí está, a seus processos e agentes para dizer, por meio de outras linguagens, como olham seu mundo e como são olhados por ele.
Educação brasileira: da realidade à fantasia
Authors: Garcia Walter E
Published: September 2010

O texto que aqui se apresenta por solicitação do Grupo de Política Educacional da ANPED no ano de 1988 talvez não acrescente nada de novo ao que todos já sabem a respeito do andamento da gestão educativa em nosso país. Na maior parte da análise retomarei conceitos e informações que já são de domínio público, com exceção de algumas nuances que surgem na condução política das questões educativas ao longo dos últimos anos, com o aparecimento do marketing como meio fundamental de produzir fatos e criar uma meta-realidade, bastante distinta do que ocorre no cotidiano da vida escolar do país, com repercussões inevitáveis sobre o rumo dos acontecimentos.
Acúmulo e efeitos fitotóxicos do flúor em folhas de boldo-gambá e capim-cidreira utilizadas para chás
Authors: Campos Naiara Viana , Azevedo Aristéa Alves , Sant'Anna-Santos Bruno Francisco
Published: September 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de acúmulo de fluoreto em folhas de boldo-gambá (Plectranthus neochilus) e capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus), determinar o percentual de liberação do poluente por meio da infusão e caracterizar, visual e microscopicamente, os danos foliares causados pelo poluente. Mudas das duas espécies foram submetidas a nevoeiro simulado com fluoreto de potássio. O acúmulo de fluoreto na matéria seca foi mensurado com eletrodo específico em folhas lavadas e não lavadas, infundidas e não infundidas. O percentual de flúor disponibilizado nos chás foi superior para capim-cidreira, embora essa espécie apresente acúmulo de flúor menor que o boldo-gambá. Não foram observados sintomas visuais nas folhas das espécies estudadas, mas ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, constatou-se a alteração da turgidez das células epidérmicas, ruptura da cutícula e deformação de estômatos e tricomas. O elevado teor de fluoreto nas folhas de C. citratus e P. neochilus e a ausência de sintomas visuais evidenciam que as espécies são tolerantes ao poluente. A lavagem das folhas em água é ineficiente para a remoção do flúor. O acúmulo e a liberação diferenciais de flúor estão relacionados às características morfoanatômicas das espécies analisadas.
Estado nutricional de diferentes cultivares de pereira nas condições edafoclimáticas de Guarapuava-PR
Authors: Botelho Renato Vasconcelos , Müller Marcelo Marques Lopes , Basso Clori , Suzuki Atsuo
Published: September 2010

A adubação de plantas frutíferas de clima temperado é rotineiramente recomendada em função da interpretação de laudos de análises químicas de solo e folhas, mas não são específicas para as diferentes cultivares e porta-enxertos. Neste contexto, um experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos, com o objetivo de avaliar o estado nutricional de diferentes cultivares de pereira enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto marmeleiro 'CP', em Guarapuava-PR. As cultivares de pereira Cascatense, Tenra, Hosui, Packham's Triumph e Williams foram plantadas em 2004, em densidade de 2.500 plantas ha-1. Amostras de folhas e de frutos foram coletadas em 2006 e 2007 para análises químicas dos teores de nutrientes. Folhas completas e normais foram amostradas em meados de janeiro, retiradas da parte mediana das brotações do ano. Os frutos foram colhidos quando o teor de sólidos solúveis totais atingiram 10º Brix. As cultivares de pereira apresentaram diferenças em relação aos teores de nutrientes nas folhas e frutos, demonstrando exigências nutricionais distintas. A cv. Cascatense apresentou os maiores teores de N e P nos frutos em, pelo menos, um dos anos avaliados, e a cv. Hosui, os maiores valores para K. A extração de nutrientes pelos frutos situou-se entre 0,366 e 0,825 kg de N; 0,097 e 0,205 kg de P; 0,996 e 1,302 kg de K; 0,085 e 0,049 a 0,085 kg de Ca, e entre 0,041 e 0,095 kg de Mg por tonelada de frutos.
Estabilidade térmica de embalagens de poli (tereftalato de etileno (PET): determinação de Oligômeros
Authors: Freire Maria Teresa de A. , Reyes Felix G. R. , Castle Laurence
Published: September 2010

RESUMO: Embalagens plásticas para alimentos contendo poli(tereftalato de etileno (PET) foram submetidas a diversas condições de aquecimento. Oligômeros foram identificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas, quantificados e usados como parâmetro de avaliação da estabilidade térmica do PET. Pequenas variações foram verificadas na distribuição dos oligômeros unicamente nas amostras aquecidas a 230 °C, o que sugere estabilidade térmica do PET nas condições de aquecimento utilizadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso do polímero é adequado para utilização como material de embalagem para alimentos a serem aquecidos em fornos convencionais ou de microondas.
Pelagic and littoral cladocerans (Crustacea, Anomopoda and Ctenopoda) from reservoirs of the Northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Castilho-Noll Maria Stela Maioli , Câmara Carolina Figueira , Chicone Maira Favaron , Shibata Érico Hissashi
Published: September 2010

There are few studies on the zooplankton from the northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil, compared to other regions of the State. Cladocerans are a very representative zooplankton group with high species diversity. Most of this diversity can be found at littoral zones of lakes and reservoirs, especially those occupied by macrophytes. This study was part of a thematic project FAPESP/BIOTA Program - The Virtual Institute of Biodiversity (www.biotasp.org.br), and its aim is to catalogue and analyze the distribution of cladoceran species (Crustacea, Anomopoda and Ctenopoda) in pelagic and littoral zones from small reservoirs in the northwest of the São Paulo State, in dry and rainy seasons. Zooplankton samplings were carried out in littoral and pelagic zone of 10 small shallow reservoirs (mean depth: 2.8 m) using a plankton 45 µm mesh net. Water physical and chemical parameters were also monitored with a multiparameter Horiba U10. pH and dissolved oxygen concentration were lower at rainy than dry seasons, indicating high decomposition rates of organic matter introduced from the rural environment, being the main factor contributing to reservoirs' eutrophication. Fifty eight cladocerans species were recorded, with four new occurrences for the São Paulo State. This high richness contrasts with the high devastation of the northwestern region in the State. During the two seasons, littoral zones presented higher cladoceran richness and diversity than pelagic zone. Littoral zones with higher macrophytes diversity also showed higher cladocerans richness and diversity than that with low macrophyte diversity. Littoral and pelagic zones comparisons emphasized the importance of studies on different regions of the aquatic environments, confirming the elevated richness in the littoral zone, as reported in previous works. This study revealed also the strong influence of the macrophyte community and the adjacent terrestrial environment, which is occupied by forest or agriculture.
Taxocenose de anuros (Amphibia: Anura) em uma área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Armstrong Camila Graziela , Conte Carlos Eduardo
Published: September 2010

A riqueza de espécies, o uso de habitat e a identificação das principais ameaças sobre uma taxocenose de anfíbios anuros foram determinadas ao longo de 19 meses, em uma localidade originalmente coberta de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no município de Morretes, Paraná, Brasil. Foram registradas 32 espécies de anuros pertencentes a 10 famílias. A anurofauna local apresenta 58% das espécies associadas à ambientes de área aberta e 42% associadas à ambientes florestais. Dentre todos os modos reprodutivos registrados, o modo tipo um - ovos e larvas exotróficas em habitats lênticos, foi o mais comum, especialmente em Hylidae. A atividade de desmatamento, que atualmente é umas das causas de maior efeito negativo sobre populações de anfíbios, ocorre a pelo menos 28 anos nessa região. Iniciativas de conservação e o manejo adequado da área são necessários para que a diversidade de anuros possa ser preservada.
Caracterização florística e fitofisionômica da Serra do Condado, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Pifano Daniel Salgado , Valente Arthur Sérgio Mouco , Almeida Hisaias de Souza , Melo Pablo Hendrigo Alves de , Castro Ricardo Montianeli de , van den Berg Eduardo
Published: September 2010

O complexo serrano do Espinhaço Sul é ainda floristicamente desconhecido e a conservação destas serras está ameaçada em função de sua exclusiva riqueza mineral. A Serra do Condado, localizada no município de Serro, MG (18° 37' 30" S e 43° 22' 30" W) é um bom exemplo de como as atividades de mineração estão distantes da conservação destes ecossitemas e por tal razão o presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização florística e fitofisionômica desta serra. As campanhas de campo foram quinzenais e ocorreram entre os meses de maio/2006 a maio/2007. Foram coletados apenas os materiais botânicos em estágio fenológico reprodutivo. Os mesmos foram incorporados aos acervos dos herbários CESJ, RB e ESAL. O valor em área de cada fisionomia na constituição da paisagem foi feito através do software ArGis 9.0 e a similaridade florística entre as fisionomias foi realizada mediante cálculo do índice de Sørensen. Na área estudada foram encontradas Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais Montanas, Matas Ciliares, Brejos e Vegetação Arbustivo-Lenhosa sobre Canga. A floresta semidecídua montana corresponde a 80% da vegetação local, apresentando 426 espécies (391 exclusivas) distribuídas em 83 famílias. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Fabaceae (40), Asteraceae (30) e Myrtaceae (30). A floresta ciliar é pouco representativa, cobrindo 5% da área florestada. Nessa formação foram encontradas 74 espécies (54 exclusivas) pertencentes a 28 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Fabaceae (sete), Piperaceae (quatro) e Annonaceae (três). Os brejos, devido a perturbações antrópicas, cobrem apenas 2% da área. Por fatores como a saturação hídrica constante essa fitofisionomia apresentou o maior número de espécies exclusivas, 18 das 19 encontradas, sendo Cyperaceae e Melastomataceae (cinco) as famílias mais ricas. A Vegetação arbustivo-lenhosa sobre canga cobre 13% da área. Nela foram encontradas 94 espécies (74 exclusivas), distribuídas em 29 famílias. Asteraceae (nove), Orchidaceae (sete) e Bromeliaceae (cinco) destacaram-se pela riqueza de espécies nessa fisionomia. A flora da Serra do Condado foi diferenciada entre seus hábitats (fitofisionomias), pois os valores obtidos para o índice de Sørensen foram inferiores a 10% em todas as comparações. Isso demonstra o quanto estudo florísticos são fundamentais para o conhecimento da vegetação de áreas extensas geograficamente e diversas biologicamente. A variedade de ambientes apresentados e a riqueza da flora associada às suas formações agregam valor de conservação e manutenção da flora dos complexos serranos do Espinhaço Sul de Minas Gerais.
Ichthyofauna of Rio Jurubatuba, Santos, São Paulo: a high diversity refuge in impacted lands
Authors: Mattox George Mendes Taliaferro , Iglesias José Manoel Pires
Published: September 2010

Ichthyofaunistic surveys in the Atlantic Rainforest have been published in relatively few works, in spite of the major biological importance of this once vast biome which is rapidly vanishing due to disordered human population growth and natural resources overexploitation. The present study aimed to access the fish fauna of a relatively well preserved basin between the cities of Santos and Cubatão (SP), an area highly modified by human activities where recent ichthyofaunistic surveys are still missing. Collections were made during three field trips in Rio Jurubatuba, a medium sized costal river, and Riacho Sabão, one of its main tributaries. A total of 2773 specimens were sampled, representing 25 species from 14 families. Six species were primary marine using the upper reaches of Rio Jurubatuba. Twelve of the 19 freshwater species are endemic of the Atlantic Rainforest and four are present in regional lists of endangered species. Only five species occurred in both Rio Jurubatuba and Riacho Sabão. The most diverse family was Characidae, followed by Poeciliidae, Rivulidae and Heptapteridae. Phalloceros caudimaculatus was the most abundant species, followed by Poecilia vivipara and Geophagus brasiliensis. The study area is considered well preserved and due to its critical location, urges for conservation policies to protect its fish diversity.
Biologia reprodutiva de Cercosaura schreibersii (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) e Cnemidophorus lacertoides (Squamata, Teiidae) no escudo Sul-Riograndense, Brasil
Authors: Balestrin Rafael Lucchesi , Cappellari Lize Helena , Outeiral Arlete Ballestrin
Published: September 2010

Foram analisadas as gônadas de 124 exemplares de Cercosaura schreibersii e 192 exemplares de Cnemidophorus lacertoides do Escudo Sul-Riograndense, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Ambas as espécies apresentaram reprodução tipicamente sazonal com fêmeas vitelogênicas no final do inverno e primavera, ovígeras na primavera e verão e o recrutamento ocorrendo nos meses com médias mais altas de temperatura na região. Não foi observada variação no volume médio ajustado dos testículos de machos de C. schreibersii ao longo do ano, contudo, o volume médio ajustado dos testículos de machos adultos de C. lacertoides alcançaram os maiores valores na primavera. Todas as desovas de C. schreibersii apresentaram número fixo de 2 ovos (n = 8) havendo correlação positiva entre o CRC das fêmeas e o tamanho dos ovos (R² = 0,55; p < 0,05). Em C. lacertoides o tamanho das desovas variou de 2 a 6 ovos ( = 3,75 ± 1,24; n = 15) e foi observada correlação positiva entre o CRC das fêmeas e o tamanho das desovas (R² = 0,50; p < 0,001). Em ambas as espécies, fêmeas maduras apresentam CRC significativamente maiores que machos (Teste t; p < 0,001). Por outro lado, machos maduros apresentam o comprimento (Ancova; p < 0,001) e largura da cabeça (Ancova; p < 0,001) maiores que as das fêmeas. Fêmeas juvenis podem alcançar tamanho compatível ao de exemplares maduros em aproximadamente 7 meses de vida para C. schreibersii e 8 meses para C. lacertoides durante a primeira estação reprodutiva após o nascimento. Não foi possível estimar a idade de maturação sexual dos machos, contudo, pode-se inferir que amadureçam antes e com menor tamanho que as fêmeas em ambas as espécies.
Morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas de Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Lima Liliane Ferreira , Lima Patrícia Barbosa , Almeida Jr. Eduardo Bezerra de , Zickel Carmen Silvia
Published: September 2010

Morfologia de frutos, sementes e plântulas de Guettarda platypoda DC. (Rubiaceae). Guettarda platypoda DC., conhecida popularmente por angélica, é uma planta arbustiva, possui importância medicinal e distribuição neotropical. Por serem praticamente escassos trabalhos sobre essa espécie, o presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente as sementes, frutos e plântulas, acrescentando dados para subsidiar estudos sobre sua utilização e conservação. Os frutos maduros foram coletados manualmente de 10 árvores matrizes na restinga de Maracaípe, armazenados em sacos de papel-madeira e resfriados até o processamento em laboratório. Foram feitas análises morfológicas dos frutos, sementes e plântulas. Para avaliar o processo germinativo as sementes foram submetidas a tratamentos de quebra de dormência. Os frutos de G. platypoda são drupóides, com apenas um pirênio bilocular, embrião hipocotilar e cotilédones vestigiais. A taxa de germinação apresentou-se baixa, com germinação do tipo epígea e com cotilédones foliáceos. O tipo e as características do fruto, a morfologia da semente e da plântula de G. platypoda contribuem tanto para identificação quanto para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a biologia da espécie.
Limb amputation by male Neotropical longhorn beetles during competition for females
Authors: Larsson Folke Kustvall
Published: September 2010

The biology and mating behaviour of the spectacularly large and brightly coloured Neotropical longhorn beetle Schwarzerion holochlorum Bates 1872 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is largely unknown. For the first time I report and photographically document violent male-male competitions for females involving frequent amputations of competitors' legs and antennae.
Composição da ictiofauna em função da fisiografia de um riacho costeiro de Floresta Atlântica - Brasil
Authors: Guimarães Ana Tereza Bittencourt , Menezes Márcia Santos de , Peret Alberto Carvalho
Published: September 2010

Os riachos costeiros apresentam grande diversidade de peixes, apesar dos impactos a que são submetidos. O conhecimento da estrutura e da composição da ictiofauna constitui importante esforço para levantamento de parâmetros de avaliação que possam proporcionar atitudes para a conservação destes ambientes. A composição da ictiofauna relacionada a características fisiográficas de riachos costeiros do sul do Brasil constitui-se uma contribuição para a interpretação da dinâmica destes ecossistemas. Foram realizadas coletas de peixes em cinco pontos amostrais do Rio do Pinto, localizado no município de Morretes, Paraná, Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas entre os meses de maio de 2006 a novembro de 2007, utilizando a técnica de pesca elétrica, com um esforço amostral de 50 m/hora em cada localidade. Os animais coletados foram fixados em formaldeído 10%. Cada localidade foi classificada em relação ao tipo de substrato, profundidade, velocidade de correnteza e largura média. Foi possível observar a relação direta entre o tipo de substrato e a composição da ictiofauna. Em regiões onde a granulometria era maior, tais como matacões e seixos, prevaleceram os Siluriformes. Por outro lado, em regiões onde o sedimento apresentava menor granulometria, tais como areia grossa associada a cascalho, ocorreram espécies de Characiformes.
Parapentaneura bentogomensis Stur, Fittkau et Serrano (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanypodinae) taken in Southeastern, Brazil: additional characters and modified generic diagnosis
Authors: Oliveira Caroline Silva Neubern de , Fonseca-Gessner Alaíde Aparecida , Navarro-Silva Mário Antônio
Published: September 2010

The genus Parapentaneura was established in 2006 and is composed of a single species, Parapentaneura bentogomensis, originally from Mato Grosso State. This species was collected in São Paulo State and is thus redescribed. The specimens from both localities were compared, adding new characters to the description of the species and emending the genus diagnosis. The new record increases considerably the geographical distribution of Parapentaneura.