bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conditions of Development of Peripheral Areas in the Context of Present-Day Transformations of the International Environment
Authors: Wosiek Małgorzata
Published: November 2011

The Conditions of Development of Peripheral Areas in the Context of Present-Day Transformations of the International Environment

The author of the article has tried to analyse the influence of transformations taking place in the international environment on the development of the countries and peripheral regions (i.e. regions that are underdeveloped in economic terms). It has been indicated that spontaneous globalisation and liberalisation - on the level of national and regional economies - intensify side effects of the market mechanism which is manifested as adversely growing development imbalances. Market fallibility points to the need of enclosing these processes in institutional frameworks, which would correct market regulations. Compensatory cohesion policy of the European Union makes integration processes more attractive to the underdeveloped countries and regions than the offer of global capitalism. However, overcoming mutual discrepancies between social goals and economic effectiveness still remains a challenge. On the other hand, evolving towards an information society and a knowledge-based society supports holistic and interdisciplinary thinking, where economic rationality is but one of a number of aspects, and not the key issue. Such tendencies favour dissemination of principles of humanism which motivate to reduce unnecessary development disproportions and to carry out sustainable development. At the same time, the fact that some areas are underdeveloped while functioning in a knowledge-based economy is mainly due to the quality factor, hence it is more durable by nature and it requires more time to be eliminated.
Unburned carbon in the circulating fluidised bed boiler fly ash
Authors: Kobyłecki Rafał
Published: November 2011

Unburned carbon in the circulating fluidised bed boiler fly ash

The paper describes the results of various actions and industrial tests conducted in order to decrease the content of unburned carbon in the fly ash of a circulating fluidised bed combustor (CFBC). Several attempts to improve the situation were made and the effects of several parameters on the unburned carbon content in the fly ash were investigated (e.g. bed temperature, cyclone separation efficiency, fuel particle size distribution, boiler hydrodynamics, grid design, and fuel data). Unfortunately, no satisfactory solution to these problems was found. Probably, apart from attrition and char fragmentation, additional factors also contributed to the formation of unburned carbon in the CFBC fly ash.
Starch gelatinisation in Couette-Taylor flow apparatus
Authors: Hubacz Robert , Buczyńska Monika
Published: November 2011

Starch gelatinisation in Couette-Taylor flow apparatus

In this paper starch gelatinisation in Couette-Taylor flow (CTF) apparatus (equipped with a water heat jacket) has been investigated. CTF (characterised by the presence of Taylor vortices) provides good environment for gelatinisation, e.g. effective mixing, fast heat transfer, positive influence on starch rheological properties. During experiments starch gelatinisation degree and starch swelling has been studied. It was accompanied by temperature measurements performed along the apparatus. Additionally, starch gelatinisation was investigated by computer simulation. A complete starch gelatinisation was obtained for the shortest investigated residence time in the apparatus when the temperature in the heat jacket was above 85 °C. Nevertheless, it seems that it is still possible to reduce a residence time value, as well as, the value of Thj, but it may require some acceleration of rotor rotation. The swelling degree of gelatinised starch increased with growing values of residence time, rotor rotation and process temperature. Heat transferred could be affected by the structure of the Taylor vortex flow. No significant destruction of starch granules was observed during the treatment in Couette-Taylor flow apparatus. A quite satisfactory agreement between computer simulation and experiments results was achieved.
Association Between Socioeconomic Factors and the Choice of Dentifrice and Fluoride Intake by Children
Authors: Martins Carolina Castro , Oliveira Maria José , Pordeus Isabela Almeida , Cury Jaime Aparecido , Paiva Saul Martins
Published: November 2011

It is questionable whether socioeconomic factors influence the choice of marketed children’s dentifrices and whether these products are associated with greater fluoride (F) intake in children. The present cross-sectional study involving 197 children (mean age: 40.98 ± 6.62 months) was carried out in Montes Claros, Brazil. Parents completed a questionnaire on socioeconomic status and the tooth brushing habits of their children. The children brushed their teeth and saliva residues were collected for F analysis. F intake from dentifrice was determined with an ion-specific electrode. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were used to test whether the type of dentifrice (children’s or family) and F dose (< 0.05 and ≥0.05 mg F/Kg of body weight/day) were associated with the independent variables (p < 0.05). No differences were found between children’s and family dentifrices regarding daily F intake (0.046 and 0.040 mg F/Kg/day, respectively; p = 0.513). The following were strong predictors for the use of a children’s dentifrice: studying at a private kindergarten (OR: 6.89; p < 0.001); age that the child begun to tooth brush < 2 years (OR: 2.93; p = 0.041), and the interaction between the variables “use of the same dentifrice as parents” and “type of tooth brush used” (OR: 27.20; p < 0.001). “The amount of dentifrice used” and “frequency of tooth brushing” (p ≤ 0.004) had a statistically and synergistic effect over the daily F dose. The present study found a social influence over the choice of dentifrice: children with a high socioeconomic status tend to use a children’s dentifrice. The amount of dentifrice used can strongly increase the risk of exposure to higher doses of F, regardless of the type of dentifrice.
3-[1-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-oxo-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]propanoic Acid
Authors: Csende Ferenc , Jekő József , Porkoláb Andrea
Published: November 2011

A simple solvent-free synthesis of 3-[1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-oxo-1,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl]propanoic acid 3 was achieved by fusion of cis-2-[(4-methylphenyl)carbonyl]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1 with 3-aminopropanoic acid 2. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, EI-MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data.
Chemical Constituents of the Mexican Mistletoe (Psittacanthus calyculatus)
Authors: Moustapha Bah , Marina Gutiérrez-Avella Dora , Raúl Fuentes-Ordaz , Raquel Castañeda-Moreno , Mahinda Martínez
Published: November 2011

A phytochemical study of the methanol-soluble fraction of an aqueous extract of a sample of Psittacanthus calyculatus collected from the host plant Prosopsis laevigata (Smooth Mesquite) using several techniques, including co-chromatography coupled with UV detection, chromatographic purifications and IR, NMR and MS studies, resulted in the identification of gallic acid, two flavonol-3-biosides and the nonprotein amino acid N-methyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenols from the Methanolic Extract of Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana Leaves
Authors: Pieroni Laís Goyos , Rezende Fernanda Mendes de , Ximenes Valdecir Farias , Dokkedal Anne Lígia
Published: November 2011

Miconia is one of the largest genus of the Melastomataceae, with approximately 1,000 species. Studies aiming to describe the diverse biological activities of the Miconia species have shown promising results, such as analgesic, antimicrobial and trypanocidal properties. M. albicans leaves were dried, powdered and extracted to afford chloroformic and methanolic extracts. Total phenolic contents in the methanolic extract were determined according to modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was measured using AAPH and DPPH radical assays. Chemical analysis was performed with the n-butanol fraction of the methanolic extract and the chloroformic extract, using different chromatographic techniques (CC, HPLC). The structural elucidation of compounds was performed using 500 MHz NMR and HPLC methods. The methanolic extract showed a high level of total phenolic contents; the results with antioxidant assays showed that the methanolic extract, the n-butanolic fraction and the isolated flavonoids from M. albicans had a significant scavenging capacity against AAPH and DPPH. Quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, rutin, 3-(E)-p-coumaroyl-α-amyrin was isolated from the n-butanolic fraction and α-amyrin, epi-betulinic acid, ursolic acid, epi-ursolic acid from the chloroformic extract. The results presented in this study demonstrate that M. albicans is a promising species in the search for biologically active compounds.
Formulation Optimization of Sustained-Release Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer Microspheres. Effects of Log P and Concentration of Polar Cosolvents, and Role of the Drug/Copolymer Ratio
Authors: Sipos Péter , Rajkó Róbert , Pintye-Hódi Klára , Erős István , Szabó-Révész Piroska
Published: November 2011

The objectives of this work were the formulation optimization of the preparation process parameters and to evaluate spray-dried sustained-release microspheres using ammonio methacrylate copolymer (AMC) as a polymer matrix. The effects of log P and the concentrations of the cosolvents (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and n-butyl acetate) and different drug/copolymer ratios as independent variables on the physicochemical parameters (the W1/O emulsion viscosity, the microsphere production yield, the average particle size, the encapsulation efficiency) and the cumulative in vitro drug release as dependent variables were studied. The optimization was carried out on the basis of the 33 factorial design study. The optimization process results showed that addition of polar cosolvents proved effective, linear relationships were observed between the independent and the dependent variables. The best conditions were achieved by microspheres prepared by using a low/medium cosolvent log P, cosolvent concentration of 25–50% v/v and a drug/copolymer ratio of 1:16. The microspheres ensured sustained release with Nernst and Baker-Lonsdale release profiles.
The Molecular Biology of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Authors: Kenyon Julia C. , Lever Andrew M. L.
Published: November 2011

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is widespread in feline populations and causes an AIDS-like illness in domestic cats. It is highly prevalent in several endangered feline species. In domestic cats FIV infection is a valuable small animal model for HIV infection. In recent years there has been a significant increase in interest in FIV, in part to exploit this, but also because of the potential it has as a human gene therapy vector. Though much less studied than HIV there are many parallels in the replication of the two viruses, but also important differences and, despite their likely common origin, the viruses have in some cases used alternative strategies to overcome similar problems. Recent advances in understanding the structure and function of FIV RNA and proteins and their interactions has enhanced our knowledge of FIV replication significantly, however, there are still many gaps. This review summarizes our current knowledge of FIV molecular biology and its similarities with, and differences from, other lentiviruses.
Biology and Genomics of Viruses Within the Genus Gammabaculovirus
Authors: Arif Basil , Escasa Shannon , Pavlik Lillian
Published: November 2011

Hymenoptera is a very large and ancient insect order encompassing bees, wasps, ants and sawflies. Fossil records indicate that they existed over 200 million years ago and about 100 million years before the appearance of Lepidoptera. Sawflies have been major pests in many parts of the world and some have caused serious forest defoliation in North America. All baculoviruses isolated from sawflies are of the single nucleocapsids phenotype and appear to replicate in midgut cells only. This group of viruses has been shown to be excellent pest control agents and three have been registered in Canada and Britain for this purpose. Sawfly baculoviruses contain the smallest genome of all baculoviruses sequenced so far. Gene orders among sequenced sawfly baculoviruses are co-linear but this is not shared with the genomes of lepidopteran baculoviruses. One distinguishing feature among all sequenced sawfly viruses is the lack of a gene encoding a membrane fusion protein, which brought into question the role of the budded virus phenotype in Gammabaculovirus biology.
Un révélateur des rapports entre Rome et les missions au XIXe siècle : le contrôle des livres publiés en Extrême-Orient
Authors: Ragöt-Delcourt Véronique
Published: November 2011

Die von den katholischen Missionaren in Fernost abgefassten Texte waren einer strikten Kontrolle durch den Vatikan unterworfen, um zu vermeiden, dass im Ritenstreit verurteilte Fehler wieder zutage treten könnten. Ab 1770 mussten die Schriften über Religion und Kirche der Propaganda Fide geschickt werden, kleinere Texte für die Gläubigen (Katechismus und Gebetbücher) blieben im Aufgabenbereich des apostolischen Vikars. Erst die Ordnung Ojficiorum ac munerum von 1897 wies dem örtlichen Missionsleiter die Aufsicht über die Veröffentlichungen zu. Die Praxis war jedoch schon vor Leo XIII. von einer geringen Strenge in der Anwendung der Normen geprägt. Es bestand eine bestimmte Diskrepanz zwischen den von der Propaganda erlassenen Regeln, deren eigener Interpretation und der letztlichen Anwendung in den Missionen. Die Untersuchung der Buchzensur ist ein deutliches Anzeichen für die relative Autonomie der Missionen gegenüber Rom. Die Zentralisierung der Missionsangelegenheiten zugunsten der Propaganda, die man als charakteristisch für das 19. Jahrhundert angesehen hat, erwies sich als weitgehend löchrig.
Population et rénovation rurales : L'aménagement rural et la participation des populations en Wallonie
Authors: Christians Charles
Published: November 2011

« L'espace interstitiel » des campagnes, le laissé pour compte des villes, prend aujourd'hui des valeurs nouvelles et positives. Un nouvel aménagement rural, global, élaboré en concertation permanente et directe avec les populations concernées, est expérimenté en Wallonie. Les « animateurs » jouent un rôle-clé dans les opérations-pilotes de « rénovation rurale », fondée sur la prise en main par les populations de leur destinée collective.
La variation spatiale et temporelle du déclin de la mortalité infantile dans nos régions
Authors: Masuy-Stroobant Geneviève , Poulain Michel
Published: November 2011

Spatiotemporal variation in the decline in infant mortality in Western Europe.

The authors present a summary of the social and spatiotemporal evolution of infant mortality in Western Europe, during the XlXth and XXth centuries. They recall the importance of certain periods during which the infant mortality rate started an irreversible decline. However, social and regional disparities remained throughout this general movement. Consequently, the authors propose to interested scolars two types of analysis of this phenomenon: an extensive analysis as a first approach, followed by a phase of more intensive research focusing on certain populations.
Les migrations intra-européennes : à la recherche d'un fil d'Ariane au travers des 21 pays du Conseil de l'Europe
Authors: Poulain Michel , Wattelar Christine
Published: November 2011

La comparaison et, par là même, l'analyse des statistiques migratoires internationales sont malaisées en raison de la variabilité des définitions et de la non-exhaustivité de l'enregistrement. Toute migration doit, en principe, faire l'objet d'une double collecte ; ceci nous a permis une confrontation de l'Europe. Le recours à la méthode des moindres carrés débouche sur une meilleure estimation de la matrice des échanges migratoires intra-européens.
Forêts et frontières : quelques réflexions pour une étude causale et évolutive
Authors: Dubois Jean-Jacques , Renard Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Les auteurs proposent d'étudier les forêts de France septentrionale dans le cadre des constructions politiques qui se sont édifiées au fil des siècles. De la notion de « marches forestières primitives », ils tentent de reconstruire le long cheminement qui nous mène au concept de « forêt-frontière ». Depuis que l'enveloppe externe du pays n'est plus remise en question, que deviennent les systèmes forestiers-frontaliers ?
Bilan de la recherche française en géographie de la population. 1980-1983
Authors: Thumerelle Pierre-Jean
Published: November 2011

La recherche française en géographie de la population offre une double singularité : d'une part des publications nombreuses, plus diversifiées que franchement novatrices, bien qu'émergent de nouvelles approches et un souci d'aborder les questions que pose la démographie au temps présent, d'autre part une faible cohésion d'ensemble à laquelle s'ajoutent une grande dispersion des individus et la grande inégalité des moyens dont ils disposent. Un effort de rationalisation et de concertation pourrait être très fructueux.
Le champ d'études de la démogéographie
Authors: Noin Daniel
Published: November 2011

The field of study of demogeography.

D. Noin proposes a delimitation of the field of study of demogeography based on the works published in the last fifteen years. According to the subjects studied by the various authors, one discovers a conception sometimes large, sometimes narrow of geography of population. However in practice, one can define the core of demogeographic analysis. It consists of migrations, demographic structures, demographic dynamics and spatial distribution of the population. However, according to D. Noin, what may be even more important than to reflect on the field of study, is to go deeper in the methodological research and in the topical questions.
La géographie de la population : une analyse démo-socio-géographique
Authors: Pailhé Joël
Published: November 2011

La géographie de la population se doit tout à la fois d'être conduite suivant l'analyse géographique à propos d'espaces démographiques. Mais il est nécessaire d'intégrer également la dimension sociale des phénomènes de population.
La population comme objet géographique
Authors: Jagielski Andrzej
Published: November 2011

Population as an object of geographical study.

A. Jagielski assesses the epistemological consequences of the development of systemic analysis applied to geography of population. The idea of system has deeply influenced the concept of population which is no longer viewed as an aggregate of distinct individuals but as a complex structure involved in a continuous process of mutual adjustment and balancing of all its elements.
L'intérêt pratique et opératoire de la réfléxion théorique en démogeographie
Authors: Thumerelle Pierre-Jean
Published: November 2011

The practical interest of the theorization and modelization effort in demogeography.

P.J. Thumerelle regrets that the French geographer still hesitates to set his research in relation to other works and disciplines, to abandon even partially idiographic accumulation, and to associate field practice to a certain theoretical reflection. What advantages can one expect from a theorization effort? The author makes several suggestions: explanation of the processes, evaluation of the relevance of the methods as regards to their object, going beyond empiricism, generalization, introduction of the "differential influence of the milieu according to scale and time", development of systemic analysis and modelization. He recalls that the major problem is not to substitute an intellectual speculation to the description and understanding of reality.
Géographie sociale et géographie de la population : les Parisiens âgés [Exemple d'approche longitudinale des migrations]
Authors: Cribier Françoise
Published: November 2011

Présentation méthodologique d'une recherche de géographie sociale sur la mobilité d'une génération de Parisiens arrivés à la retraite au début des années soixante dix. Les thèmes successivement abordés sont ceux du départ de la province, de l'arrivée à Paris et des comportements de ces migrants à l'âge de la retraite.
Problèmes épistémologiques dans l'approche géographique de l'immigration étrangère en France
Authors: Boumaza Nadir
Published: November 2011

Les comportements démographiques de l'immigration étrangère doivent être interprétés en tenant compte de l'origine culturelle, des caractéristiques socio-économiques et de l'ancienneté d'implantation en France des populations immigrées. L'approche géographique de l'immigration doit également saisir avec précision les modalités de répartition et d'insertion sociale des étrangers dans les milieux d'accueil afin d'apprécier de façon critique les notions de seuil de tolérance, de ségrégation ou d'intégration.
Niveau et impact de la mortalité par accident de la route en Amérique du Nord, 1960-1982
Authors: Bourbeau Robert , Gauvin S.
Published: November 2011

Les accidents de la route représentent un problème de santé publique fort important en Amérique du Nord. De 1960 à 1982, ces accidents sont responsables d'une moyenne d'environ 55.000 décès par année. L'analyse de l'évolution des taux de mortalité par accident de la route durant la période de 1960-1982 permet de distinguer deux grandes phases : une augmentation presque continue des taux durant la décennie 1960-1970 et une tendance générale à la baisse durant les années soixante-dix marquée cependant par plusieurs variations liées surtout aux facteurs socio-économiques mais aussi en partie à la mise en place de mesures spécifiques de sécurité routière. La mortalité par accident de la route a un impact non négligeable sur l'ensemble de la société, à cause de sa structure par âge particulière : les jeunes de 15-24 ans sont largement surreprésentés parmi les décédés de la route. Elle a aussi un effet indirect sur la natalité puisqu'une forte proportion des décès concernent des hommes et des femmes qui sont en âge de procréer. Enfin, nous présentons certaines estimations du coût économique des accidents mortels de la route survenus en 1980 au Canada et aux États-Unis. Devant un tel constat, nous rappelons l'importance de la mise en place de mesures de sécurité routière actives et passives qui sont les plus susceptibles de réduire le fardeau des accidents de la route.
La mortalité régionale aux âges adultes en Belgique : 1969-1972
Authors: André Robert
Published: November 2011

Cet article s'appuie sur des travaux réalisés au Centre de Démographie de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles qui ont abouti aux calculs de tables régionales 1969-1972 toutes causes réunies et selon diverses causes. Les régions ont été définies à partir des taux bruts de mortalité 1968-1973 des 2.379 communes qui formaient en 1970 le canevas administratif de la Belgique.

R. Andre utilise comme support de cette analyse de la mortalité aux âges adultes, les valeurs de l'espérance de vie à 15 ans, 35 ans et 60 ans ainsi que les quotients quiquennaux de 45 à 69 ans. Chez les hommes, il aparait une sous-mortalité flamande et bruxelloise qui contraste avec une surmortalité wallone ; chez les femmes les différences régionales sont moins tranchées, une légère surmortalité wallone persistant toutefois. L'article se termine par la présentation des variations régionales de la mortalité provoquée par les maladies de l'appareil circulatoire et par les tumeurs. Pour mesurer les effets de ces causes, l'auteur utilise des tables selon la cause et des tables la cause exclue.
De la migration internationale à la migration intérieure : São Paulo
Authors: Rossini Rosa Ester
Published: November 2011

From international to national migration: São Paulo.

São Paulo is one of the States of Brazil that has presented one of the highest population growth rates, not only in what concerns natural growth rates but due to its development it has attracted national migrants after having received many foreigners.

In 1920 one fifth of the total population of the State of São Paulo was compensed by foreigners, fifty per cent of which beeing Italians. Nowadays the participation of foreign population is only about 2,57% and the percentage of national migrants has raised to 30%, of which are important those proceeding from the States of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Parana and Pernambuco, who sum up to 72.3% of the total of national migrants in the State of São Paulo according to the 1980 Census.

In its beginning, international and national migration went mainly to the countryside. Nowadays it assumes an important role in the migration to urban centers ans specially to the area of Great São Paulo and São Paulo city. With the spreading of the capitalist mode of production in Brazil the focus of accumulation is mainly situated in the Southeast in which the State of São Paulo assumes the commanding role in the production of brazilian space.

In spite of the economic difficulties that the country undergoes in the last years, with its serious consequences in the level of employment and standard of living of the population, migration movements to the State of São Paulo continue very intensively and especially to the cities that form the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and to its capital - the city of São Paulo.
Intra-urban migration and housing provision: Grenoble 1962-68
Authors: Winchester Hilary P.M.
Published: November 2011

ENG:Intra-urban Migration!Housing!A.I.D.!France.
Modélisation de la distribution des migrations en Pologne
Authors: Potrykowska Alina
Published: November 2011

Modelling migration schedules in Poland.

Statistical schedules of the general structures of population according to the rates of age-specific fertility or mortality show that remarkably persistent regularities are characteristic of most human populations. Contrariwise to well-developed model schedules applied in analysis of fertility and mortality, similar techniques have not yet been applied in migration studies. A. Rogers and L. Castro (1981) have used these techniques, in their most recent studies concerned with modelling migration schedules. The purpose of this study is to test A. Rogers-L. Castro model in Polish conditions. The author states, that the structure of migration schedules in the multiregional system are regular and stable in time. The test applied make possible to carry out comparative analysis of migration schedules in various fractions of time and space.
Localisations industrielles et bassins d'emploi
Authors: Guglielmo Raymond
Published: November 2011

Industrial location and employment basins

Governmental decentralization policy, old industrial areas decline, crisis and entrepreneurial new location policies have led to a new industrial geography of France. Employment basins characteristics are now the main factor regarding location strategies, mainly an interest for rural ones. Old industrial towns are sometimes quite attractive, but more often reconversion is difficult in old industrial areas, or it leads to manpower dequalification, or yet to substitution of male manpower by a young unqualified female. In North and Lorraine, industrial decline affects the whole region. One must bear in mind that every industrial (re)location modifies employment basins dimensions and characteristics.
Activité et chômage dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Authors: Duvernay B. , Thumerelle Pierre-Jean
Published: November 2011

Activity and unemployment in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nord-Pas-de-Calais is characterised by one of the highest unemployment levels in France and a very high emigration rate, so that the active population grows less here than the French mean. Male active population decreased, through modification of activity rates by age. While females activity rates grew strongly, they are yet the weakest in the whole of France. Nord-Pas-de-Calais is a good illustration of how it is dangerous to explain active population evolutions through aggregates, which should be sex, age or employment basins.
La fécondité au Mexique. Émergence et modalités de règlement d'un problème de population
Authors: Livenais Patrick , Quesnel André , Bronfman Mario , Lopez Elsa
Published: November 2011

Fertility in Mexico, emergence of a population problem and modes of its settlement.

Despite overall social and economic changes faced by the Mexican society over the last fifty years, the fertility rate did not decrease significantly. This issue was addressed by state agencies as a population problem and led to the implementation of birth-control policies during the 70's . At last, the authors provide supportive evidence of efficiency of these policies.
Migration and social development in a household perspective. An attemps to develope an integrated model of migration
Authors: Borgegard Lars-Erik , Häggström Nils
Published: November 2011

Les conditions de vie des ménages et l'analyse des migrations et de l'évolution de la société.

L'intérêt porté à l'étude des mouvements migratoires s'est, durant ces dernières années, de plus en plus concentré sur les ménages (en tant qu'unités de population), leur pouvoir de décision et leur comportement. D'un point de vue méthodologique, il est difficile d'établir un rapport entre la façon d'agir de ménages particuliers et le niveau collectif. Un autre problème est d'expliquer le comportement migratoire sans le mettre en rapport avec les changements de société.

Dans le modèle que nous étudions, nous essayons d'intégrer tous les niveaux d'analyse et toutes les façons d'aborder les différentes disciplines afin de mieux comprendre les processus qui se cachent derrière les divers courants migratoires.

Comme point de départ, nous considérons l'évolution des besoins des ménages durant les différentes étapes de la vie. Les conditions de vie des ménages constituent l'idée centrale dans notre modèle. Les ménages sont influencés dans leur action aussi bien par une série de facteurs dus à l'environnement que par les ressources dont les ménages eux-mêmes disposent. Les ménages soupèsent les différents éléments avant de se décider pour un certain type d'action. La migration n'est cependant qu'une des solutions auxquelles un ménage a recours lorsque les conditions de vie se modifient.

Pour comprendre le modèle migratoire que l'on peut observer, et pour pouvoir prendre des mesures adéquates dans la planification de la société, une connaissance accrue des mécanismes qui règlent le jeu d'ensemble entre les ménages et la société s'avère indispensable.
Les zones résidentielles d'après-guerre et les marchés de logement locaux aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Hoekveld Gérard A.
Published: November 2011

L'enquête néerlandaise sur les besoins en logements de 1980 sert ici à comparer le développement du logement d'après-guerre dans les quatre grandes villes, les villes moyennes et les communes suburbaines des Pays-Bas.

Une analyse générale du système national de logement depuis 1945, caractérisé par une importante intervention de l'Etat - souvent par l'intermédiaire de règlements communaux, permet de décrire la composition différente du parc de logement et les différents degrés de tension sur le marché dans les trois groupes de communes. Ils déterminent des conditions spécifiques de fonctionnement des marchés locaux. Les développements futurs des quartiers ne dépendent pas d'une évolution cyclique, comme le laissent croire les théories du développement des zones résidentielles, ni des tendances nationales, mais des structures des marchés locaux qui assignent des fonctions spécifiques à chaque type de logement selon leur offre, leur demande et leur accessibilité.
Municipal housing-market policy and the socio-spatial differentiation of the Amsterdam urban region
Authors: Ostendorf Wim
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the influence of the municipal housing market policy on the social differentiation of the Amsterdam urban region. Local governments can try to influence their population composition by building houses of certain types in certain quantities and by their housing allocation system. Four profiles of municipal housing market policies are discerned: urban, suburban, new town and rural. The autonomy related to housing gives the municipal authorities a good opportunity to pursue an own population composition and many municipalities take their chance. The regional housing market is divided firstly in autonomous municipalities, and secondly, within each municipality, in a public and private housing sector. This division is impeding very much the mobility of the population group which is entirely commited to the public housing sector. A reduction of the municipal autonomy in favour of a regional regulation of the housing market, might cope with this problems.
The end of social housing in the Federal Republic of Germany? The case of Hannover.
Authors: Kreibich Volker
Published: November 2011

La fin du logement social en République Fédérale Allemande ? Le cas de Hanovre.

En République Fédérale Allemande, la part du logement social dans les grandes conurbations est très importante. Les politiques d'après-guerre ont favorisé la construction et la distribution égalitaire de logements sociaux. Les tendances récentes en menacent l'avenir.

La structure et l'importance du logement social et sa fin programmée (plus spécifiquement le secteur locatif où les logements sont attribués par les administrations urbaines du logement) sont analysées à l'aide des résultats d'une étude récente du marché régional du logement de Hanovre. Apparaissent des effets de redistribution importants (privatisation, résidualisation, marginalisation et recentralisation). Des conclusions quant à la politique communale du logement sont tirées.
Le logement et la différenciation sociale et résidentielle dans la ville pré-industrielle en Europe occidentale (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles)
Authors: Vanneste Dominique
Published: November 2011

Social differentiation and housing in the European pre- industrial city.

In a first part this paper considers a few models of social and residential differentiation of the post-medieval city (16th - 18th century). Sjobergs model shows a centrifugal core-periphery gradation in the spatial differentiation of the pre-industrial city. The model of Lichtenberger, worked out for Vienna, describes a social and residential differentiation on a macro-scale but defends also the integration-idea on a micro scale.

The influence of economic cycli, the price of land and houses and typical forms of credit on the pre-industrial housing mar- ket are explored as well as the distribution of social groups and institutions in urban space and the role played by authorities in the social production of this space.
Première naissance et mariage de 1950 à nos jours
Authors: Desplanques Guy , De Saboulin Bollena Michel
Published: November 2011

First child and marriage from 1950 to nowadays.

Until 1972, women had been conceiving their first child in an increasing proportion outside of the institution of marriage. But, in most cases, they were marrying before the birth of the child. The growth of the rate of conceptions outside of marriage was then interrupted by the diffusion of modern means of contraception. Starting in 1978, the trend began again. It was attributable not to very young women, but to slightly older ones. These conceptions have terminated more and more often in births outside of marriage. The link between first births and marriage has also loosened within marriage itself.
Naissances hors mariage : permanences et transformations
Authors: Pailhé Joël
Published: November 2011

L'accroissement des naissances illégitimes (ou hors mariage) est ajourd'hui un phénomène durable, au moment où la fécondité légitime connaît un recul. L'inégalité de leur répartition est maintenue, et même parfois accentuée entre les départements et les grandes agglomérations. L'analyse de la structure des naissances hors mariage selon la qualité juridique, fait apparaître les transformations significatives de nouveaux comportements (croissance des reconnaissances par le père et la mère ensemble).
La préscolarisation du jeune enfant en milieu rural
Authors: Norvez Alain
Published: November 2011

Nursery schooling in rural areas.

As the result of reproduction rate falling for the last twenty years~small children aren't proportionaly more numerous than in 1945. To the opposition between young populated areas and elderly populated ones can be added the opposition between towns and the country. In these circumstancies, what can be done to allow small children coming from rural sparcely populated areas, to get into infant schools? The varied choosen methods must suit the local realities and prospects and demand a real vitality from the villages. Such a kind of schooling can only take a place thanks to considerable subsidies. Therefore can such a system hope to survive?
La réorganisation de la place des étrangers dans la population active française sous la double influence de la crise et de la sédentarisation
Authors: Faidutti Anne-Marie
Published: November 2011

Les étrangers représentent, au R.P. 82,8 % de la population active masculine de la France contre 9,30% en 1975. Cette évolution s'accompagne de modifications d'activités liées à la crise et à la différenciation de la place professionnelle des ressortissants de chaque communauté. Les ouvriers agricoles marocains, les maçons portugais, les OS turcs occupent les emplois dévolus depuis des décennies aux immigrants, mais Italiens, Espagnols et Algériens présentent une répartition professionnelle variée, assez proche de celle des Français, qui témoigne de leur stabilisation et de leur enracinement.
Équilibre ou déséquilibre du marché du travail au niveau départemental de 1975 à 1982.
Authors: Marchand Olivier
Published: November 2011

Cette communication vise à éclairer les évolutions observées entre 1975 et 1982 en matière de population active, d'emploi et de chômage au niveau départemental. Après une rapide description «à plat», une analyse des données permet de dégager les liens existant entre les évolutions de toutes les variables (variables d'offre-demande, variables d'ajustement, variables structurelles). Cette analyse débouche sur un partage du territoire en 7 groupes de départements plus ou moins homogènes vis-à-vis des évolutions du marché du travail entre 1975 et 1982.
Disparités de l'activité féminine. L'exemple des grandes agglomérations françaises
Authors: Sztokmann Nicole
Published: November 2011

Disparities of feminine activity.

The contribution of French women to professional life has increased continuously since 1968. The economic crisis which exists since 1973 has not reduced this progress but has checked the improvement in women professional situation. The gap between men and women can therefore only be reduced slowly. The regional analysis of women's work also reveals the persistence of great disparities. The mining and steel- working towns, the ports, the towns of Southern and Central France, propose various situations to their female inhabitants; depending as much on the existence of more or less open and structured employment possibilities, as on the varying attitude of employers towards the recruitment of female staff.
Les déplacements domicile-travail en France : évolution de 1975 à 1982
Authors: Terrier Christophe
Published: November 2011

Lorsqu'ils effectuent un trajet pour aller de leur domicile à leur lieu de travail les Français parcourent deux cent millions de kilomètres. Ce chiffre a augmenté de près de 30% de 1975 à 1982: ceux qui se déplacent sont plus nombreux et leurs trajets sont plus longs. Rapportée à l'ensemble des actifs ayant un emploi en France la distance moyenne parcourue par personne est de 9,2 kilomètres. Mais ceux qui se déplacent effectivement en changeant de commune pour aller travailler effectuent un trajet moyen de 19,5 kilomètres. Cette distance varie de 15 à 40 kilomètres selon les départements.
Cinquante ans d'évolution du peuplement de la région du Bas-Rhône.
Authors: George Pierre
Published: November 2011

La population de la région étudiée, du Tri- castin à la mer a subi deux phases d'évolution de sens contraire. Le renversement de tendance se traduit par un accroissement global de plus de 60%. La croissance est liée à des actions ponctuelles qui ont privilégié de petites sous-régions où la croissance a dépassé 100% : l'équipement hydroélectrique et nucléaire de la plaine de Pierrelatte- Bollène et du centre de Bagnols sur Cèze-Marcoule, l'installation de la base militaire du plateau d'Albion (Montagne de Lure), le développement des installations aéronautiques d'Istres et de Salon de Provence, la transformation agricole de la Haute Crau. Les deux grandes villes restent Avignon et Nîmes, mais les centres- villes ont peu gagné, la croissance s'est faite dans la périphérie.
L'univers familial des enfants ruraux
Authors: Delamarre Aliette , Calmès Roger
Published: November 2011

The social and professional universes of the young rural people.

Multivariate analysis is used for studying, at different spatial scales for the whole France, the populations of rural households according to the male/female activity and the activity of young people, with a view on the mono- or bi-parental structure of the family.
Campagnes qui se vident et campagnes qui s'urbanisent au Portugal
Authors: Cavaco Carminda
Published: November 2011

Depopulating countries and urbanizing countries in Portugal.

The great actual differences of the distribution, the recent tendancies and structures of the rural and agricultural population of Portugal are pointed out, due to the strong geographical diversities of the country, the continuum rural-urban, the pluriactivity of agricultural families, the very small farming's structure and industrial units dispersion, namely in the Northwest, ass well as the effects of rural and agricultural exodus in the interior inlands. In short, the differences in the Central Atlantic regions, the intermediary, semy-peripheral regions and the marginal, peripheral regions are accentuated from the demographic, economic and social point of view, and as far its dynamics, urbanizaion rythm and modernization.
La géographie des équipements et services en faveur des personnes âgées en France
Authors: Delbès Christiane
Published: November 2011

II existe de profondes disparités régionales dans les équipements destinés aux personnes âgées. Si l'on compte en moyenne 140 lits d'hébergement collectif pour 1000 personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus, les Pays de la Loire, la Basse et la Haute-Normandie en possèdent plus de 180 tandis que la Corse, la région Provence- Alpes-Côte d'Azur et le Languedoc-Roussillon en ont 100 ou moins. 4,6 °/o des prestataires du régime général bénéficient d'une aide- ménagère. Mais ce sont 5,9 % de ceux du Midi-Pyrénées et 3,2 % de ceux de la Provence- Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Les services de soins à domicile touchent en moyenne 5,8%o des personnes âgées de 75 ans et plus, 13%o des habitants de la Bretagne, et aucun Corse.
The Ageing of Britain's Population: Geographical Dimensions
Authors: Warnes Anthony M.
Published: November 2011

The ageing of Britain's population proceeded rapidly between 1901 and 1971 but has now slowed. Even the very high rates of increase of the population aged 75 or more years are likely to moderate in the 1990s. Further increases in the elderly population will be strongly influenced by trends in late-age mortality. For the last twenty years there have been substantial improvements in mortality but these will not inevitably continue. The distribution of elderly people in Britain has altered towards a less urban and more peripheral distribution, partly as a result of the migrations undertaken by elderly people. Rapid changes in the household distribution of elderly people are taking place, with one and two person households becoming more predominant.
Quelques perspectives des populations âgées dans les pays jeunes
Authors: Tabutin Dominique
Published: November 2011

About perspectives of elderly people in young countries.

First the West was concerned by ageing, but today the phenomenon is world-wide. The developing countries are still young, but the ageing from the basis of the pyramids of ages has started everywhere, except in Africa, and it is fast. The speed of the process will get problems, more especially because people are not conscious of its importance.
Le vieillissement local de la population en Wallonie
Authors: Poulain Michel
Published: November 2011

The local ageing of population in Walloonia.

Ageing of Belgium's population will be on increase in the early XXIth century, as in all countries of Western Europa, especially by the growth of people aged 75 and more years. But, on account of internal migrations, ageing appears very diversfied in Walloonia. In some regions persists a phenomenon of superageing, caused by the secular young working depopulation as well as the recent rush of young pensioners. These epiphenomena of ageing have to be integrated in the local management.
Opposition centre-périphérie et vote d'extrême droite en Europe.
Authors: Vanlaer Jean
Published: November 2011

Une étude régionale comparative montre l'existence d'une étroite relation entre le vote d'extrême droite et l'opposition entre le «centre» et la «périphérie», toujours présente mais variable selon les pays. Dans les Etats de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest (sans la RFA), l'extrême droite apparaît dans les grandes régions urbaines, confrontées à diverses crises de société (insécurité, cohabitation avec les immigrés). Ailleurs, l'extrême droite, nettement périphérique, exprime les révoltes des couches sociales et des régions marginalisées, qui cherchent dans l'instauration d'un Etat fort la solution à leurs problèmes. Presque partout, l'implantation spatiale de l'extrême droite diffère profondément de celles des autres familles politiques; cette famille politique attire les groupes sociaux qui, par leur position de classe ou par leur appartenance culturelle, ne s'identifient pas - ou plus - avec les formations politiques classiques.
Le Rassemblement National en Languedoc-Roussillon aux élections de 1986.
Authors: Bernard Marie-Claire , Carrière Pierre
Published: November 2011

The 1986 general election and Le Pen's party in Languedoc-Roussillon.

In 1986 (general election) as in 1984 (European election) the Rassemblement national (Le Pen's party) is, in Languedoc-Roussillon as in the whole France, mainly a demonstration of discontent from urban people. A part of them are the last to come, not yet firmy rooted; the other ones, of ancient stock, regard themselves as expelled from modernization, upset at the same time by increasing unemployment and insecurity, calamities imputed to immigrants. Their presence, at the "departement" scale, explains the votes for Le Pen's supporters; at the parish scale, yet, the mobility of this uprooted population appears to be a best explanation of the electoral behaviour than the presence of foreigners or unemployed people. The extreme right has made a spectacular breakthrough, using the need to be secure and xenophobic feelings among the electorate; it has become a first-rank political force.