bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary on “Developing a logic model to guide evaluation of impact for learning disability projects: the case of the Positive Behavioural Support (PBS) Academy”
Authors: MacDonald Anne
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on some of the issues raised in the paper “Developing a logic model to guide evaluation of impact for learning disability projects: the case of the Positive Behavioural Support (PBS) Academy”.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the PBS literature and with reference to the Scott et al. paper, the use of a logic model as a framework for implementing PBS within social care organisations is described.

Findings

A logic model may be a useful framework for the implementation of PBS within social care organisations and could be used to help organisations develop a strategic approach to whole-system implementation of PBS.

Originality/value

This commentary adds to the discussion by considering the use of a logic model as a framework for implementing PBS within social care organisations.
Inhibition of the voltage‐dependent K+ current by the class Ic antiarrhythmic drug flecainide in rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells
Authors: An Jin Ryeol , Kim Hye Won , Li Hongliang , Seo Mi Seon , Jung Won‐Kyo , Ha Kwon‐Soo , Han Eun‐Taek , Hong Seok‐Ho , Firth Amy L. , Choi Il‐Whan , Park Won Sun
Published: July 2018

This study examined the inhibitory effect of flecainide, a class 1c antiarrhythmic agent (Na+ channel blocker), on voltage‐dependent K+ (Kv) channels in smooth muscle cells isolated from coronary arteries. Flecainide decreased the vascular Kv channel current in a dose‐dependent manner with an IC50 value of 5.90 ± 0.87 μmol/L and a Hill coefficient of 0.77 ± 0.06. Although the steady‐state activation curve was not affected by flecainide, it shifted the steady‐state inactivation curves toward a more negative potential. Application of train pulses such as 1 or 2 Hz did not change the flecainide‐induced inhibition of Kv channels, indicating that the inhibitory effect of flecainide was not use‐dependent. Using perforated‐patch clamp experiments, we found that inhibition of Kv channels by flecainide caused membrane depolarization. Together, these results suggest that flecainide inhibits Kv channels in a concentration‐dependent, but not use‐dependent manner by changing the inactivation gating properties. Furthermore, Kv channel inhibition by flecainide occurs regardless of Na+ channel inhibition.
Low‐dose Magnesium Sulfate Versus High Dose in the Early Management of Rapid Atrial Fibrillation: Randomized Controlled Double‐blind Study (LOMAGHI Study)
Authors: Bouida Wahid , Beltaief Kaouthar , Msolli Mohamed Amine , Azaiez Noussaiba , Ben Soltane Houda , Sekma Adel , Trabelsi Imen , Boubaker Hamdi , Grissa Mohamed Habib , Methemem Mehdi , Boukef Riadh , Dridi Zohra , Belguith Asma , Nouira Semir
Published: July 2018

Objectives

We aim to determine the benefit of two different doses magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) compared to placebo in rate control of rapid atrial fibrillation (AF) managed in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

We undertook a randomized, controlled, double‐blind clinical trial in three university hospital EDs between August 2009 and December 2014. Patients > 18 years with rapid AF (>120 beats/min) were enrolled and randomized to 9 g of intravenous MgSO4 (high‐dose group, n = 153), 4.5 g of intravenous MgSO4 (low‐dose group, n = 148), or serum saline infusion (placebo group, n = 149), given in addition to atrioventricular (AV) nodal blocking agents. The primary outcome was the reduction of baseline ventricular rate (VR) to 90 beats/min or less or reduction of VR by 20% or greater from baseline (therapeutic response). Secondary outcome included resolution time (defined as the elapsed time from start of treatment to therapeutic response), sinus rhythm conversion rate, and adverse events within the first 24 hours.

Results

At 4 hours, therapeutic response rate was higher in low‐ and high‐MgSO4 groups compared to placebo group; the absolute differences were, respectively, 20.5% (risk ratio [RR] = 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45–3.69) and +15.8% (RR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.20–2.99). At 24 hours, compared to placebo group, therapeutic response difference was +14.1% (RR = 9.74, 95% CI = 2.87–17.05) with low‐dose MgSO4 and +10.3% (RR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.45–7.17) with high‐dose MgSO4. The lowest resolution time was observed in the low‐dose MgSO4 group (5.2 ± 2 hours) compared to 6.1 ± 1.9 hours in the high‐dose MgSO4 group and 8.4 ± 2.5 hours in the placebo group. Rhythm control rate at 24 hours was significantly higher in the low‐dose MgSO4 group (22.9%) compared to the high‐dose MgSO4 group (13.0%, p = 0.03) and the placebo group (10.7%). Adverse effects were minor and significantly more frequent with high‐dose MgSO4.

Conclusions

Intravenous MgSO4 appears to have a synergistic effect when combined with other AV nodal blockers resulting in improved rate control. Similar efficacy was observed with 4.5 and 9 g of MgSO4 but a dose of 9 g was associated with more side effects.
Structure and robustness of an epiphyte–phorophyte commensalistic network in a neotropical inselberg
Authors: Francisco Talitha M. , Couto Dayvid R. , Evans Darren M. , Garbin Mário L. , Ruiz‐Miranda Carlos R.
Published: July 2018

Ecological networks describe the interactions between species, the underlying structure of communities, the function and stability of ecosystems. To date, network analyses have been extensively applied to understand mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, but few have examined commensal interactions, particularly in neotropical regions. The inselbergs of southeastern Brazil are considered one of the three most important regions in the world in terms of terrestrial species diversity and endemism but are poorly studied. In this study, we constructed the first epiphyte–phorophyte commensalistic network in a Brazilian inselberg and examined its structure and robustness to simulated species loss. A total of 138 phorophyte individuals belonging to eight species were observed in 20 2 m × 50 m transects, interacting with 5039 individuals of vascular epiphytes belonging to 85 species. The epiphyte–phorophyte network structure exhibited a low degree of specialization (), low connectance and robustness; when the most connected phorophyte species were sequentially removed the number of secondary extinctions was high, based on robustness metrics. One generalist phorophyte, Pseudobombax sp. nov., was particularly important, hosting a high number of epiphyte species. A single phorophyte individual of Pseudobombax supported 46% of the total richness of the epiphyte community studied. Our results demonstrate that the richness and abundance of epiphytes were correlated with phorophyte size (as measured by the diameter at breast height (DBH)), probably due to increased habitat area and the time available for colonization. We conclude that phorophyte size and species identity are important factors for predicting the structure of epiphyte–phorophyte interaction networks. We discuss the conservation implications of phorophyte loss and secondary extinctions of epiphytes in Atlantic Forest inselbergs.
Nonmedical benzodiazepine use in adults with alcohol use disorder: The role of anxiety sensitivity and polysubstance use
Authors: McHugh R. Kathryn , Geyer Rachel , Karakula Sterling , Griffin Margaret L. , Weiss Roger D.
Published: July 2018

Background and Objectives

The nonmedical use of benzodiazepines—defined as use without a prescription or at a dose or frequency higher than prescribed—is increasing among adults in substance use disorder treatment and is associated with risk for overdose. The aim of the current study was to characterize the prevalence of nonmedical benzodiazepine use among adults seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder and to examine whether nonmedical benzodiazepine use was associated with: (1) polysubstance use and (2) greater anxiety sensitivity.

Methods

A sample of 461 treatment‐seeking adults with alcohol use disorder who were recruited for a cross‐sectional study were included in this analysis.

Results

A total of 89 participants (19%) reported nonmedical benzodiazepine use in the previous 30 days. Results of a logistic regression indicated that polysubstance use (number of substances used in the past month) was associated with nonmedical benzodiazepine use. The association between anxiety sensitivity and nonmedical benzodiazepine misuse was moderated by gender; anxiety sensitivity was associated with benzodiazepine use among women, but not men.

Discussion and Conclusions

These results replicate findings from research on opioid use disorder suggesting that anxiety sensitivity is associated with nonmedical benzodiazepine use in women and not men.

Scientific Significance

Targeted intervention to those with polysubstance use—including education on overdose risk when benzodiazepines are combined with other substances—is indicated in men and women with alcohol use disorder. Anxiety sensitivity may be a potential therapeutic target to reduce nonmedical benzodiazepine use among women with alcohol use disorder. (Am J Addict 2018;27:485–490)
Multi‐omics analysis points to altered platelet functions in severe food‐associated respiratory allergy
Authors: Obeso David , Mera‐Berriatua Leticia , Rodríguez‐Coira Juan , Rosace Domenico , Fernández Paloma , Martín‐Antoniano Isabel Adoración , Santaolalla Marcela , Marco Martín Guadalupe , Chivato Tomás , Fernández‐Rivas Montserrat , Ramos Tania , Blanco Carlos , Alvarado María I. , Domínguez Carmen , Angulo Santiago , Barbas Coral , Barber Domingo , Villaseñor Alma , Escribese María M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Prevalence and severity of allergic diseases have increased worldwide. To date, respiratory allergy phenotypes are not fully characterized and, along with inflammation progression, treatment is increasingly complex and expensive. Profilin sensitization constitutes a good model to study the progression of allergic inflammation. Our aim was to identify the underlying mechanisms and the associated biomarkers of this progression, focusing on severe phenotypes, using transcriptomics and metabolomics.

Methods

Twenty‐five subjects were included in the study. Plasma samples were analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS and LC‐MS, respectively). Individuals were classified in four groups—“nonallergic,” “mild,” “moderate,” and “severe”—based on their clinical history, their response to an oral challenge test with profilin, and after a refinement using a mathematical metabolomic model. PBMCs were used for microarray analysis.

Results

We found a set of transcripts and metabolites that were specific for the “severe” phenotype. By metabolomics, a decrease in carbohydrates and pyruvate and an increase in lactate were detected, suggesting aerobic glycolysis. Other metabolites were incremented in “severe” group: lysophospholipids, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, sphinganine‐1‐phosphate, and lauric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic fatty acids. On the other hand, carnitines were decreased along severity. Significant transcripts in the “severe” group were found to be downregulated and were associated with platelet functions, protein synthesis, histone modification, and fatty acid metabolism.

Conclusion

We have found evidence that points to the association of severe allergic inflammation with platelet functions alteration, together with reduced protein synthesis, and switch of immune cells to aerobic glycolysis.
Veno‐Arterial ECMO Weaning Failure in the Operating Room: Have You Considered Preweaning Bronchoscopy?
Authors: Luedi Markus , Friess Jan‐Oliver , Erdoes Gabor
Published: July 2018

Current guidelines on postcardiotomy veno‐arterial extracorporeal oxygenation ECMO (vaECMO) do not mention the assessment of pulmonary function, especially prior to the weaning procedure in the operation room (OR). Mucociliary dysfunction, a nearly ubiquitous finding among mechanically ventilated patients, might put these patients at risk for potential airway problems and associated weaning failure at the time of vaECMO weaning in the OR. In conformity to veno‐venous ECMO management, we suggest routine bronchoscopy with bronchial hygiene in the ICU prior to vaECMO weaning in the OR. Likewise, an assessment of patient pleura for effusions should be routinely performed. Although cardiac and respiratory failure often co‐exist and there are multiple causes of respiratory failure in patients who require vaECMO, we anticipate that vaECMO patients would significantly benefit from an expanded focus on the pulmonary function and possible respiratory mucous congestion. A routine preweaning bronchoscopy would reduce the frequency of weaning failures in this particular setting, especially in those patients with successfully restored cardiac function.
Expression of CD56 defines a distinct subgroup in childhood T‐ALL with inferior outcome. Results of the ALL‐BFM 2000 trial
Authors: Fuhrmann Stephan , Schabath Richard , Möricke Anja , Zimmermann Martin , Kunz Joachim B. , Kulozik Andreas E. , Ludwig Wolf‐Dieter , Schrappe Martin , Karawajew Leonid , Ratei Richard
Published: July 2018

This study reports the prognostic impact of the expression of the natural killer cell marker CD56 in a large series of risk‐adapted paediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL; n = 493) treated within the ALL‐Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster (BFM) 2000 protocol. The immunophenotype was analysed centrally at diagnosis using flow cytometry and correlated with clinical parameters and outcome. CD56 expression was detected in 7·1% and early T‐cell precursor (ETP) phenotype in 6·7% of all T‐ALL patients. The percentage of ETP in the CD56+ T‐ALL cohort was 4‐fold higher than in the whole cohort. CD56+ T‐ALL frequently expressed the progenitor marker CD34 and myeloid antigens CD13 and CD33. The 5‐year event‐free survival (EFS) rates for the European Group for the Immunological classification of Leukaemias/World Health Organization subgroups and the ETP phenotype were not statistically different. By contrast, patients with CD56 expression had a significantly reduced EFS (60 ± 8%) and overall survival (60 ± 8%) at 5 years, with a hazard ratio of 2·46 (P = 0·002) and 2·99 (P < 0·001), respectively. Moreover, CD56 expression in combination with the minimal residual disease (MRD)‐based high risk assignment defined a population with a ‘very‐high’ risk probability of relapse in the ALL‐BFM 2000 trial. The CD56 marker has the potential to augment MRD‐based risk stratification and may serve as a molecular target for antibody‐based treatment strategies in childhood T‐ALL.
Low incidence of symptomatic osteonecrosis after allogeneic HSCT in children with high‐risk or relapsed ALL – results of the ALL‐SCT 2003 trial
Authors: Kuhlen Michaela , Bader Peter , Sauer Martin , Albert Michael H. , Gruhn Bernd , Güngör Tayfun , Kropshofer Gabriele , Lang Peter , Lawitschka Anita , Metzler Markus , Pentek Falk , Rossig Claudia , Schlegel Paul G. , Schrappe Martin , Schrum Johanna , Schulz Ansgar , Schwinger Wolfgang , von Stackelberg Arend , Strahm Brigitte , Suttorp Meinolf , Luettichau Irene Teichert‐von , Wößmann Wilhelm , Borkhardt Arndt , Meisel Roland , Poetschger Ulrike , Glogova Evgenia , Peters Christina
Published: July 2018

Osteonecrosis (ON) was prospectively assessed in 557 children and adolescents in the Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster Stem Cell Transplantation in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 2003 trial. Median age at haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was 10·3 years (range 0·5–26). Cumulative incidence of symptomatic ON (sON) was 9% at 5 years (standard deviation 1%), median time from HSCT to diagnosis of sON was 12·4 months (range 1–126). Multivariate analysis identified age at HSCT [10–15 years vs. <10 years: hazard ratio (HR) 3·73, P = 0·009; >15 years vs. <10 years: HR 5·46, P = 0·001], diagnosis of sON prior to HSCT and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (yes versus no: HR 2·696, P = 0·015) as significant independent risk factors for the development of sON.
Balancing between caregiving and professionalism—Women's narratives on fostering a victim of maternal sexual abuse
Authors: Wubs Dorijn , Batstra Laura , Grietens Hans
Published: July 2018

The impact of sexual abuse on children is enormous, particularly when a child is abused sexually by a mother figure. In order to gain insight into the experiences of this rarely studied group, the life stories of four foster mothers of victims of maternal sexual abuse were collected. The narratives were coded inductively, and several topics concerning foster motherhood were studied more in‐depth. Four key themes emerged in the women's narratives: their attitude towards the abusing female, the foster child's sexual behaviour towards the foster mother, the emotional and physical distance of the foster mothers towards their foster child, and lastly, their sense of responsibility. The four foster mothers continuously balance between fostering their foster child as a parent and responding as a professional caregiver. The consequences of being a foster mother of a victim of maternal sexual abuse should be more socially acknowledged.
The least‐cost biodiversity impact mitigation hierarchy with a focus on marine fisheries and bycatch issues
Authors: Squires Dale , Garcia Serge
Published: July 2018

Least‐cost implementation of the mitigation hierarchy of impacts on biodiversity minimizes the cost of a given level of biodiversity conservation, at project or ecosystem levels, and requires minimizing costs across and within hierarchy steps. Incentive‐based policy instruments that price biodiversity to alter producer and consumer behavior and decision making are generally the most effective way to achieve least‐cost implementation across and within the different hierarchy steps and across all producers and conservation channels. Nonetheless, there are circumstances that favor direct regulation or intrinsic motivation. Conservatory offsets, introduced within the conservatory first three steps of the mitigation hierarchy, rather than the fourth step to compensate the residual, provide an additional incentive‐based policy instrument. The least‐cost mitigation hierarchy framework, induced through incentive‐based policy instruments, including conservatory offsets, mitigates fisheries bycatch consistent with given targets, the Law of the Sea, and the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Non‐oxidative hair dye products on the European market: What do they contain?
Authors: Hedberg Yolanda S. , Uter Wolfgang , Banerjee Piu , Lind Marie‐Louise , Skovvang Steengaard Sanne , Teo Ying , Lidén Carola
Published: July 2018

Background

Hair dyeing is very common and may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Oxidative (often termed permanent or semi‐permanent) hair dye products have constituted the focus of market surveys and toxicological risk assessments, while non‐oxidative (semi‐permanent, temporary or direct) products have not been assessed.

Objectives

To identify the hair dye substances presently used in non‐oxidative hair dye products in Europe.

Methods

Ingredient label data on eligible products in 5 European countries were collected, and 289 different non‐oxidative hair dye products were included in this study.

Results

Up to 9 hair dye substances were present in each product. Sixty‐eight individual hair dye substances were identified on the 289 product labels, and their occurrence ranged from 0.3% to 34%. There were differences concerning substances used and their number per product between products of different consistency and colour.

Conclusions

The hair dye substances in non‐oxidative hair dye products are different from those in oxidative hair dye products, and are currently not covered by patch test series. The toxicological and skin‐sensitizing profile of the substances in non‐oxidative hair dye products, as well as their concentrations, should be further investigated.
MiR‐616‐3p modulates cell proliferation and migration through targeting tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 in preeclampsia
Authors: Xu Yetao , Wu Dan , Jiang Ziyan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Sailan , Ma Zhonghua , Hui Bingqing , Wang Jing , Qian Weiping , Ge Zhiping , Sun Lizhou
Published: July 2018

Objectives

Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, preeclampsia (PE) continues to pose a significant risk of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality if not addressed promptly. An increasing number of studies have suggested that tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 (TFPI2) acts as a suppressor gene, possibly inhibiting multiple serine proteases affecting cell proliferation and migration. It plays an essential role in the occurrence and development of PE, but the pathogenesis remains unclear.

Materials and methods

In our research, we performed western blotting, immunohistochemistry and qPCR assays to investigate TFPI2 and miR‐616‐3p expression in preeclamptic placental tissues. Cell assays were performed in HTR‐8/SVneo and JEG3 cell lines. Cell proliferation and migration events were investigated by MTT, EdU and transwell assays. In conjunction with bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assays were performed to elucidate the mechanism by which miR‐616‐3p binds to TFPI2 mRNA.

Results

We established that TFPI2 protein levels were significantly upregulated in PE placental tissues. In addition, we found that miR‐616‐3p binds specifically to the 3′‐UTR region of TFPI2 mRNA. Furthermore, miR‐616‐3p knockdown or TFPI2 overexpression substantially impaired cell growth and migration, whereas miR‐616‐3p upregulation or TFPI2 knockdown stimulated cell proliferation and migration. This miR‐616‐3p/TFPI2 axis was also found to affect the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition process in PE.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that TFPI2 plays a vital role in the progression of PE and might provide a prospective therapeutic strategy to mitigate the severity of the disorder.
Methods for calculation of per capita alcohol consumption in a Muslim majority country with a very low drinking level: Findings from the 2011 Iranian mental health survey
Authors: Amin‐Esmaeili Masoumeh , Motevalian Abbas , Hajebi Ahmad , Sharifi Vandad , Stockwell Tim , Rahimi‐Movaghar Afarin
Published: July 2018

Introduction and Aims

There is a paucity of data on volume of alcohol use from Muslim majority countries. We aimed to present estimation methods for alcohol consumption with the use of survey data for these societies and provide an estimation for age 15+ per capita consumption of pure alcohol for Iran.

Design and Methods

The Iranian Mental Health Survey was a nationally representative household survey on individuals aged 15–64 years, with a multistage, cluster sampling design. We used the ‘Last Week’ method and ‘Quantity‐Frequency’ methods for gathering data on alcohol consumption and combined these to provide more complete estimates.

Results

The response rate was 85.7%. From the total of 7840 respondents, 5.7% and 1% reported past 12 months and past week alcohol use, respectively. The highest estimation for age 15+ per capita consumption of pure alcohol was yielded by the ‘combination method’ (0.108 L ethanol/person/year) followed by the Quantity‐Frequency method (0.079 L). The ‘Last Week’ method provided the lowest estimate (0.059 L).

Discussion and Conclusions

Unlike in surveys of non‐Muslim countries, frequency of drinking from recent recall (last week) was much lower than from recall of usual drinking in the last year. We conclude that 0.108 L (SE = 0.03) is the best survey‐based estimate of age 15+ per capita consumption, which translates to about 5 750 000 L of national consumption per year in Iran. However, this method is still likely to under‐estimate per capita consumption due to evidence of under‐reporting in the survey.
Sleep deprivation and melatonin for inducing sleep in paediatric electroencephalography: a prospective multicentre service evaluation
Authors: Alix James J P , Kandler Rosalind H , Pang Catherine , Stavroulakis Theocharis , Catania Santiago
Published: July 2018

Aim

To compare the efficacy of the main methodologies in attaining sleep and electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in children with a view to producing recommendations on best practice.

Method

Fifty‐one UK centres participated. Methods for sleep induction (sleep deprivation, melatonin, and combined sleep deprivation/melatonin) were compared. Data pertaining to demographics, achievement of stage II sleep, and recording characteristics (duration of study, presence of epileptiform activity in awake/sleep states) were prospectively collected for consecutive patients in November and December 2013.

Results

Five hundred and sixty‐five patients were included. Age range was 1 years to 17 years (mean 7y 10mo), 27.7 per cent had an underlying neurobehavioural condition. Stage II sleep was achieved in 69 per cent of sleep deprived studies, 77 per cent of melatonin studies, and 90 per cent of combined intervention studies (p<0.001, χ2). In children who slept, there was no difference between the three interventions in eliciting epileptiform discharges. In children who did not sleep, epileptiform abnormalities were seen more often than after sleep deprivation alone (p=0.02, χ2). Seizures were rare.

Interpretation

Combined sleep deprivation/melatonin is more effective than either method alone in achieving sleep. The occurrence of epileptiform activity during sleep is broadly similar across the three groups. We recommend the combined intervention to induce sleep for paediatric EEG.

What this paper adds

Combined sleep deprivation/melatonin is more effective in achieving sleep than either sleep deprivation or melatonin alone.

Sleep latency is shorter with combined sleep deprivation/melatonin.

When children do sleep, there is no difference in the occurrence of epileptiform abnormalities between different induction methods.

Seizures are rare in sleep electroencephalography recordings.
Long‐term clinical outcomes of patients with hematologically unexplained cytopenia after routine assessment: A single center study
Authors: Johansen Morten Munk , Andersen Michael Asger , Grønbæk Kirsten , Hansen Jakob Werner
Published: July 2018

Objective

We investigated mortality and long‐term development of malignant hematological disease, cancer, liver‐, renal‐, and rheumatic disease in patients with unexplained cytopenia (UC).

Methods

We screened all patients referred to the outpatient clinic at the Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, with a suspected myeloid neoplasm from June 2009 to the end of 2012. Through registry linkage, we obtained information on hospital‐based ICD‐10 diagnoses and survival. We estimated cumulative incidences of disease and hazard ratios of all‐cause mortality using the Aalen‐Johansen estimator and Cox regression. We compared incidences and mortality with a control cohort.

Results

Among 1820 referrals, 221 had UC. The UC group had a 5‐year cumulative incidence of malignant hematological disease of 8.91% (CI 95%: 4.98‐12.84) compared to 0.93(CI 95%: 0.32‐1.55) in the matched controls. In addition, UC patients had higher incidences of cancer, liver, and rheumatic disease. Mortality was higher in UC patients compared to the matched controls with a HR of 1.43 [P = 0.038, CI 95%: 1.02‐2.00] adjusted for comorbidity, sex, and age. Most of the mortality and morbidity were ascribed to patients 50 years or older.

Conclusions

Unexplained cytopenia patients had a higher incidence of malignant hematological‐, cancer‐, liver‐, and rheumatic disease and increased mortality compared to the general population.
Multiple data sources and freely available code is critical when investigating species distributions and diversity: a response to Knouft (2018)
Authors: Dallas Tad , Decker Robin R , Hastings Alan
Published: July 2018

A recent comment from Knouft () has suggested that our original article (Dallas et al. ) was an ‘inappropriate application of biodiversity data’. Here, we affirm our results, and address the more general point about biodiversity data use.
Spawning patterns provide further evidence for multiple stocks of sardine (Sardinops sagax) off eastern Australia
Authors: Sexton Stuart C. , Ward Tim M. , Stewart John , Swadling Kerrie M. , Huveneers Charlie
Published: July 2018

Previous studies have suggested that sardine, Sardinops sagax, off eastern Australia spawns across its entire range when habitat conditions are suitable. However, recent studies have suggested that separate sub‐populations and spawning groups may occur in the region. Spawning patterns off eastern Australia were investigated using data collected during nine ichthyoplankton surveys conducted between 1997–2015, and adult reproductive data obtained from ad hoc commercial sampling off New South Wales (NSW). The egg surveys covered the known distribution of sardine off eastern Australia and included year‐round sampling in the northern and southern parts of this range. Egg distributions and analysis of gonadosomatic indices identified two spatio‐temporally separate spawning groups; one occurring off southern Queensland to northern NSW during late winter and early spring, and a smaller group off eastern Tasmania to southern NSW during summer. Most eggs were collected from waters 50–90 m deep, with sea surface temperatures of 18–23°C. Additive modelling indicated depth was the most significant factor driving selection of spawning habitat, followed by the interaction of month and latitude. Low egg densities were recorded in waters between 34–37°S, despite conditions within the ranges suitable for spawning. The presence of two spawning groups of sardine off eastern Australia supports recent findings that two sub‐populations occur in the region. Findings of this study will help to optimise the spatio‐temporal extent of future egg surveys and further confirm the need to coordinate future management of each sub‐population among relevant jurisdictions.
New directions in the historiography of the administration of the Bloody Code
Authors: Walliss John
Published: July 2018

In this article, I will review the recent historiography of the administration of the so‐called Bloody Code of the long eighteenth century. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed a debate among Marxist historians and others over the extent to which the Bloody Code operated as a tool of the ruling elite to protect property interests. In recent years, however, several historians have begun to explore a different series of questions in regard to the Bloody Code. One theme that unites the current work is an emphasis on the variability of the Bloody Code. In the article, I discuss three areas of variability highlighted by this work: time, geography, and judicial decision‐making.
A study on gender differences in newly detected leprosy cases in Sichuan, China, 2000–2015
Authors: Liu Yang‐Ying , Yu Mei‐Wen , Ning Yong , Wang Hao
Published: July 2018

Background

Many researches on gender differences in leprosy found that female patients were detected with the disease later and had more serious disabilities than male patients. We analyzed the gender differences related to epidemiological characteristics of new leprosy cases detected from 2000 to 2015 in Sichuan Province, China.

Methods

A retrospective study was undertaken to analyze the gender differences with respect to age, delay in disease detection, the main modes of detection, and disability grade. The chi‐squared test and t test were applied for the comparison using Epi Info 7.2 with a significance level of a = 0.05. The data were collected from the Leprosy Management Information System in China.

Results

A total of 2900 new leprosy cases were detected from 2000 to 2015, of whom 2075 (71.6%) were male and 825 (28.4%) were female with a gender ratio of 2.5. The gender ratio of patients aged 15–30 was significantly lower than that of patients aged 31–45 and 46–60. Male cases were older than female cases when they were detected. The proportion of Grade 2 Disability (G2D) among men (20.6%) was significantly higher than that among women (17.3%). The average period of delay in detection among male cases was similar with that among females cases.

Conclusions

Gender‐related differences existed among the leprosy cases detected from 2000 to 2015. Female patients were younger than male patients. The detection of leprosy in women was not later than in the case of men. The disability situation in men was more serious than in women.
Ex vivo stone surgery in donor kidneys at renal transplantation
Authors: Sarier Mehmet , Duman Ibrahim , Yuksel Yucel , Tekin Sabri , Ozer Mustafa , Yucetin Levent , Yavuz Asuman Havva , Demirbas Alper , Kukul Erdal
Published: July 2018

Objective

To report our experience on the outcomes of ex vivo ureteroscopy and ex vivo pyelolithotomy carried out on the donor kidney before living donor renal transplantation.

Methods

Between 2009 and 2016, 13 stone‐bearing donor kidneys underwent ex vivo bench surgery after donor nephrectomy. Of these, six patients underwent ex vivo ureteroscopy and seven patients underwent ex vivo pyelolithotomy. Data were analyzed for technical feasibility, intraoperative and postoperative complications, stone clearance, and stone recurrence.

Results

The mean stone burden was 9.1 mm (range 5–15 mm). Renal collecting system access and stone extraction were successfully achieved, and a stone‐free status was accomplished with both techniques. The mean duration of ex vivo ureteroscopy was 12.5 min (range 9–20 min), and the mean duration of ex vivo pyelolithotomy was 3.1 min (range 1–8 min). One patient in the pyelolithotomy group developed urinary leakage and underwent surgical repair on the third postoperative day. The mean long‐term follow‐up duration was 49.6 months (range 14–101 months). None of the 13 patients included in the study suffered from stone recurrence.

Conclusions

Our experience suggests that both ex vivo ureteroscopy and ex vivo pyelolithotomy procedures can safely and effectively be carried out in stone‐bearing living donor kidneys, without compromising renal allograft function.
Medición del trabajo infantil: ¿A quién debemos preguntar?
Authors: JANZEN Sarah A.
Published: July 2018

Dado que las estadísticas sobre el trabajo infantil condicionan la asignación de las ayudas destinadas a los niños vulnerables, es importante asegurar su correcta medición. La autora investiga si el tipo de encuestado explica las variaciones estadísticas. Según los datos de dos distritos de Tanzanía, el encuestado influye en las estimaciones sobre la prevalencia del trabajo infantil, que aumenta entre un 35 y un 65 por ciento cuando son los propios niños, y no terceros, quienes informan. Entre el 14 y el 31 por ciento de la muestra presenta este sesgo, según el indicador. Las discrepancias disminuyen en relación inversa a la edad del niño y aumentan si el tercero manifiesta una actitud opuesta al trabajo infantil.
Retinal imaging to identify target organ damage in older Africans: A pilot study
Authors: Jones Rebecca , Putnam Harry W.I. , Philippin Heiko , Cleland Charles , Steel David H. , Gray William K. , Klaptocz Joanna E. , Swai Bernadetha , Walker Richard W.
Published: July 2018

By 2030, sub‐Saharan Africa is forecast to see the steepest rise in the number of people with hypertension of any world region. Hypertensive retinopathy is known to be a common complication of hypertension in developed countries and some studies suggest it is associated with the presence of other hypertension‐related end‐organ damage (EOD) such as stroke and cardiovascular disease. In Tanzania hypertension is relatively more common than in other parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, especially in the older population; however, the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy and its association with EOD remain unknown. The authors conducted a cross‐sectional study of elderly, community‐dwelling, rural Tanzanians to determine the prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy and its association with hypertension and other forms of EOD. Hypertensive retinopathy was diagnosed based on retinal imaging. In a cohort of 61 patients with gradable images, the authors found the overall prevalence of hypertensive retinopathy to be 64% (n = 39), which was strongly associated with hypertension (X2 [1] = 4.207, P = .004), with a significant trend towards more severe retinopathy with more severe hypertension (r = .377, P = .003). The authors did not find hypertensive retinopathy to be associated with other forms of EOD. Hypertensive retinopathy is highly prevalent in this population and is associated in most but not all cases with hypertension. These findings do not suggest that it could be used as a screening tool for EOD, but it is important to identify and educate patients with retinopathy about possible complications of the condition.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling in the skin and adverse vemurafenib effects
Authors: Merk H.F.
Published: July 2018

Linked article: This is a commentary on G. Kaya et al., pp. 1368–1372 in this issue. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14945
Reference centiles for the gross motor function measure and identification of therapeutic effects in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Duran Ibrahim , Stark Christina , Martakis Kyriakos , Hamacher Stefanie , Semler Oliver , Schoenau Eckhard
Published: July 2018

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) can show an increase in gross motor function until the age of 9 to 10 years under the standard of care. Additionally, the motor development can have large individual fluctuations. Therefore, in clinical setting, it is not trivial to estimate the effect of an additional therapeutic intervention at this age interval. The study aim was to develop a method which allows quantification of the gross motor function changes over 6 months of the individual child with CP.

Method

The present study was a single center retrospective analysis. Data were collected in children with CP who participated in a rehabilitation program between 2006 and 2016. The gross motor function of the children was measured with the Gross Motor Function Measurement (GMFM‐66). Reference centiles for the GMFM‐66 were created with data before starting the rehabilitation program. The variability of the evolution of the GMFM‐66 was assessed with data at the start and the end of a 6‐month observational phase of standard of care.

Results

In total, the GMFM‐66 data of 919 children before starting the rehabilitation program were available (age 6.49 ± 2.49 years, GMFCS‐level I‐V). For 515 study participants (6.76 ± 2.30 years, GMFCS‐level I‐V), data were also available at the start and the end of a 6‐month observational phase.

Conclusions

The presented method helps to guide the clinician to track the individual patient's gross motor development and assess the additional effect of an additionally applied intervention while taking into account the expected progression of gross motor function under standard of care.
Systematic review of the changing pattern of the oral manifestations ofHIV
Authors: El Howati Asma , Tappuni Anwar
Published: July 2018

The purpose of the present study paper was to review the reported prevalence of the oral manifestations ofHIV(OM‐HIV) worldwide since 1980, and to determine the global variation in its prevalence over time. PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar were searched. The filter “English” was used. The timeframe searched was 1980‐ 2015. ThePRISMAflow chart was used. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute standardized data extraction form and transferred toSPSSversion 22 for analysis. The systematic review of 97 studies (70 low bias risk) showed that the prevalence ofOM‐HIVcontinue to be significant in developing countries. Globally and through all the decades, oral candidiasis remained the most commonly encounteredOM‐HIV, including among patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (26.2%). Hairy leukoplakia was more prevalent in Europe and America compared with Africa and Asia. Oral warts were reported more often in studies on patients receivingART. Interestingly, salivary gland disease decreased in the developed world and increased in developing countries over time. Despite the changing pattern of these conditions over time, there is no evidence that theOM‐HIVhave become of less significance globally. Maintaining the drive for high‐quality research in the subject will have an impact on less developed countries to help address oral health inequalities.
Rehabilitation service utilisation among adults with intellectual disabilities: Trends and socioeconomic disparities in China
Authors: He P. , Chen G. , Liu T. , Zhang L. , Zheng X.
Published: July 2018

Background

Intellectual disabilities (IDs) have become a public health concern worldwide, but few studies on rehabilitation service utilisation in this population were conducted in developing countries. We aimed to examine trends and socioeconomic disparities in the utilisation of rehabilitation services among adults with IDs in China.

Methods

We obtained data from a population‐based survey by using a multistage, randomised, cluster sampling process to ascertain adults with IDs in 2006 and a selected subsample for follow‐up surveys during 2007–2013. Psychiatrists ascertained individuals with IDs ascertained by intelligence quotient score under 70, deficits in two or more adaptive behaviours and age of onset under 18 years.

Results

Overall, the utilisation rate of rehabilitation services significantly increased from 10.1% in 2007 to 33.7% in 2013, with an annual average percentage growth of 34.3% when adjusting for multiple confounders. The mounting trends remained significant in all socioeconomic groups. The growth rates among lower socioeconomic participants were much higher than those among higher socioeconomic participants, and the strength in the association between socioeconomic position (education and region) and rehabilitation service utilisation declined in 2007–2013.

Conclusions

This study found an upward trend in rehabilitation service utilisation in Chinese adults with IDs during 2007–2013, and socioeconomic disparities in rehabilitation service use in this population showed a downward trend over time.
“Where do all the lovers go?” – The Cultural Politics of Public Kissing in Mumbai, India (1950–2005)
Authors: Annavarapu Sneha
Published: July 2018

Public expressions of sexual intimacy have often been subject to moral censure and legal regulation in modern India. While there is literature that analyzes the cultural‐political logics of censorship and sexual illiberalism in India, the discourses of sympathy towards public displays of intimacy has not received as much critical attention. In this paper, I take the case of one representative discursive space offered by a popular English newspaper and show how the figure of the ‘kissing couple’ became an important entity in larger discussions about the state of urban development, the role of pleasure in the city, and the imagination of a “modern” Mumbai.
Financial Markets and Societal Constitutionalism
Authors: Pinelli Cesare
Published: July 2018

The global financial crisis of 2008 proved that a sovereign of last resort would always rescue the financial system from self‐destruction. In constitutional democracies, stability and change are balanced through constitutional devices and procedures. In global finance's realm, on the contrary, no room is left for a dialectic between stability and change. The question of how power is distributed within the financial system is not only intrinsically connected with the analysis of its legal functioning but is also a necessary premise for addressing the issue of reform before the next, and perhaps fatal, ‘catastrophe moment'. States might thus recognize that to be treated as sovereigns only when it fits with the immediate needs of the global finance is not a good deal. Nor is it to renounce ex ante whichever reform that could avert a global crisis without threatening the elasticity of the law that governs the financial system
Effect of Aging Time and Thickness on Low‐Temperature Degradation of Dental Zirconia
Authors: Zhuang Yongxiang , Zhu Ziyuan , Jiao Ting , Sun Jian
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the influence of specimen thickness and low‐temperature degradation (LTD) on yttrium‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y‐TZP).

Materials and Methods

Thin discs of Y‐TZP from four manufacturers were sintered according to each manufacturer's recommendations, cut into 23 mm (length) × 4 mm (width) × 0.8 mm/1.5 mm (thickness) specimens, artificially aged under standard autoclave sterilization conditions (34°C at 0.2 MPa for 10 and 20 hours), and finally ground and polished. Tetragonal to monoclinic transformation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Flexural strength was measured by 3‐point bending tests and Vickers hardness measurements. Fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

SEM investigation revealed that with increasing aging time, the surface defects and grain size increased, particularly in the 20‐hour group. Compared with the 1.5 mm group, the 0.8 mm group showed more significant defects, irrespective of aging time. The flexural strengths of Y‐TZP materials decreased with a decrease in the thickness. Moreover, LTD of Y‐TZP can cause significant tetragonal to monoclinic transformation, which also results in a statistically significant decrease in the flexural strength.

Conclusion

A thinner Y‐TZP specimen was likely to present surface defects and microcracks after aging. In addition, the flexural strengths decreased with a decrease in the thickness, a notable fact for further studies.
In ovo feeding of beta‐hydroxy beta‐methylbutyrate and dextrin optimized growth performance of broiler for pre‐placement holding time using the Box‐Behnken response surface design
Authors: Ghanaatparast‐Rashti Moein , Mottaghitalab Majid , Ahmadi Hamed
Published: July 2018

To investigate the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) of beta‐hydroxy beta‐methylbutyrate (HMB), dextrin and post‐hatching water and feed deprivation time on growth performance of broilers, 1,500 eggs were assigned into 15 experimental runs of Box‐Behnken design, including three levels IOF of HMB (0%, 0.5% and 1%), dextrin (0%, 20% and 40%) and three levels of the first water and feed deprivation (6, 27 and 48 hr). After hatching, day‐old chicks (seven males and seven females) from each replicate were then selected and randomly assigned to 60 floor pens for a 42‐day feeding trial. The experimental data were fitted to the quadratic response surface models, and the goodness of fit of the models was expressed by the R2 value. The interaction between IOF of dextrin and timing of first feed deprivation had the largest effect on body weight of chicks at day 7 (BW7) and corrected European production efficiency factor (EPEF). In ovo feeding of dextrin reduced negative effects of delayed access to feed and water after hatch up to 48 hr on BW7, body weight of chicks at day 42, EPEF and corrected EPEF. The results of the current study suggested that the EPEF corrected by hatchability could provide the better understanding of IOF experimental findings. The ridge optimization analysis revealed that the optimal levels of HMB and dextrin inclusion in eggs and timing of first feed deprivation for maximum corrected EPEF were 0.37, 15.94% and 7.22 hr, respectively. These results demonstrate that the Box‐Behnken statistical design and response surface models are effective to describe the relationship between IOF of nutrients and pre‐placement holding time and predict the performance of broilers to achieve the optimal target.