bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macroeconomic Conditions and Stock Market Liquidity in Kenya
Authors: Ochenge Rogers , Muriu Peter , Ngugi Rose
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the role of macroeconomic conditions on systematic stock market liquidity in Kenya. The study first estimates the monthly probability of liquidity switching from a high to a low liquidity state using the Markov regime switching framework. Then, using ordinary least squares, the study identifies macro factors that significantly drive liquidity fluctuations. Importantly, monetary policy changes, exchange rate fluctuations and global risk aversion are found to significantly explain the resilience of stock market liquidity. Understanding the specific macroeconomic variables that drive liquidity fluctuations helps investors to monitor their liquidity exposures further enabling them to make informed investment choices. This ultimately leads to efficient resource allocation. Additionally, the empirical findings of this study provide key information to financial market supervisors regarding which macro variables to watch in their surveillance duties.
Linguistic-Based Detection of Fake News in Social Media
Authors: Mahyoob Mohammad , Algaraady Jeehaan , Alrahaili Musaad
Published: November 2020

The tremendous growth and impact of fake news as a hot research field gained the public’s attention and threatened their safety in recent years. However, there is a wide range of developed fashions to detect fake contents, either those human-based approaches or machine-based approaches; both have shown inadequacy and limitations, especially those fully automatic approaches. The purpose of this analytic study of media news language is to investigate and identify the linguistic features and their contribution in analyzing data to detect, filter, and differentiate between fake and authentic news texts. This study outlines promising uses of linguistic indicators and adds a rather unconventional outlook to prior literature. It utilizes qualitative and quantitative data analysis as an analytic method to identify systematic nuances between fake and factual news in terms of detecting and comparing 16 attributes under three main linguistic features categories (lexical, grammatical, and syntactic features) assigned manually to news texts. The obtained datasets consist of publicly available right documents on the Politi-fact website and the raw (test) data set collected randomly from news posts on Facebook pages. The results show that linguistic features, especially grammatical features, help determine untrustworthy texts and demonstrate that most of the test news tends to be unreliable articles.
Space, place, narrative in JOHN QUINN’s poetry
Authors:   Editura Universitara, Vlad Florian Andrei
Published: November 2020

The genesis of these poems links them to places as diverse as Horse Lake and Zigzag Creek, Oregon, sometimes in quest for monsters such as the mythic Ogopogo in Lake Okanagan in the same part of America. Klan Country may be less unspoilt and scenic than the above-mentioned Oregonian sites, but is part of a Trans American journey, and such places as Mala Ivanča, Serbia, Ahwaz, Iran or Mt. Fujimidai, Japan, although scattered over the globe, coexist in John Quinn’s “chronotopic poetic imaginary,” as it were. The poet has shared his poems with us, but he has also challenged us to explore remote places on our own, once the reading of these poems is done. He invites us to explore the wilderness and its wildlife, in addition to his poetic vision.
"FOUR CANDIDATE BINARY STARS WITH STRONG REFLECTION EFFECT FROM THE ZWICKY TRANSIENT FACILITY"
Authors: Bernhard K. , Hümmerich S.
Published: November 2020

We present five stars from the ZTF Catalogue of Periodic Variable Stars whose properties are fully compatible with variable stars of GCVS-type R, that is, short-period binary systems with light variations dominated by strong reflection effect. If verified by spectroscopic studies, our results show that the variability amplitude limit of 1.0 mag (V) currently listed in the International Variable Star Index can be exceeded and may be in need of revision.
İnternet Haberciliğinde yasadışı Göç Sorunu (Ocak 2011-Nisan 2012)
Authors: ÇAKIR Mukadder
Published: November 2020

Yeni ve farklı dünyalar arayan, daha iyi koşullarda yaşamak isteyen insanlar tarih boyunca hep göç etmeye yönelmişlerdir. Göçün nedeni, verili gerçekliği reddetme ve bu reddedişi umutla birleştirerek arayışa geçmektir. Kendi yurdundan uzaklaşma, yollara düşme ve gideceği yerin nasıl bir yer olduğunu ayrıntılarıyla bilmeme durumu, çok sayıda riskin hatta ölümün bile göze alındığı süreçleri beraberinde getirir. Günümüzde göç, kaçak ya da yasadışı göçmenlik, küreselleşme süreci ile birlikte ölüm, yaralanma, tutuklanma ya da geri iadelerle sonuçlanır olmuş, çok sayıda yasadışı örgütün uluslararası alanda en kârlı faaliyet alanına dönüşmüş, devlet politikalarında ve uluslararası alanda büyük bir sorun olarak kendini dayatır hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada genelde medyada ve özelde internet haberciliğinde göç olgusunun işlenme biçimi, kullanılan söylem ve bazı süreçlerin haber yapılıp bazılarının yapılmaması gibi sorunlara dikkat çekilmek istenmekte; internet haberciliğinin getirdiği sorunlar açımlanmak ve tartışılmak istenmektedir. Bunun için nitel araştırmanın içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmış ve söylem yaklaşımından kavramsal düzeyde yararlanılmıştır. Ocak 2011 ile Nisan 2012 tarihleri arasındaki dönem 16 ay için Google arama motorunda “göç”, “göçmenlik”, “kaçak göçmenlik” “yasadışı göç” terimleriyle Türkçe tarama yapılmış, rastgele seçim yöntemi ile ulaşılan 30 haber incelenmiş, konu disiplinlerarası interdisipliner ve eleştirel bir perspektifle tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Evaluation of Disaster Management E-Learning Webs in Turkey
Authors: KAPTAN Kubilay , YILMAZ Onur
Published: November 2020

It is emphasized that Turkey experiences frequent earthquakes, causing extensive losses to economy, life and limb. In order to mitigate the losses due earthquakes, a number of issues are identified to be studied and managed properly on a national scale. Firstly, the importance of education and research about earthquakes and earthquake preparedness, from cradle to grave, is stressed. Secondly, for a successful solution of the risk mitigation problems, the legislative and financial structures as well as the social and technical organizations are presented. Recommendations are given, concerning the disasters management, dealing with emergency matters during and after the earthquake, and also the risk management, dealing with preparations before the earthquake. Finally, the problems related to inventory of buildings, repair and retrofitting issues, earthquake insurance, supervision of design and construction of buildings are discussed. E-learning is a new project for education based on the adoption of new computerised, multimedia and telematic technologies. Its application has deeply changed the concept of a teacher-based teaching to a student-centred educational project. It offers a great flexibility in the educational methodology, in the administration of contents, in the synchronous and/or asynchronous interaction between teachers and students, in the organisation and in the structure of the course, in the educational plans, in the support, the tracking and the evaluation of the student. E-learning could represent a great resource and a possible revolution in the concept of education and in the field of disaster education as well. In Turkey, there are some important websites concerning disaster education. These websites are reviewed to evaluate if these sites provide good e-learning environments. The official websites concerning disaster education in Turkey are scorched and the websites are reviewed according to the established protocol. Each website has been evaluated by two independent reviewers. The average scores were obtained by averaging the two scores. Of the available 6 websites, the total scores of these 6 websites varied from 42 points to 28 points (average 34+12 points). In conclusion, this report demonstrated that the e-learning of disaster education was still primitive in Turkey. It should be the first priority to implement a well-established e-learning environment to provide good disaster education.
No Intrinsic Value? No Problem
Authors: Tenen Levi ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: November 2020

Heirlooms and memorabilia are sometimes thought to be valuable for their own sakes even if they lack intrinsic value. They can have extrinsic final value, meaning that they can be valuable for their own sakes on account of their relation to other things. Yet if heirlooms and memorabilia can have this sort of value, then perhaps so can natural entities. If correct, this idea secures the claim that nature is valuable for its own sake without requiring that it have a normative property just in itself. Additionally, it does not commit one to the contentious view that natural entities have a more foundational value than that of persons or sentient beings. Yet it remains to be shown how, precisely, natural entities can have this sort of value. As argued here, one such way is if the given natural entity is related to something else that people are justified in valuing in a partly passive manner. This account then sheds light on the values present in a world increasingly affected by humans.
Quantifying the Scientific Cost of Ambiguous Terminology in Community Ecology
Authors: Trombley Carolyn A. , Cottenie Karl ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

Fundamental terms in the field of ecology are ambiguous, with multiple meanings associated with them. While this could lead to confusion, discord, or even tests that violate core assumptions of a given theory or model, this ambiguity could also be a feature that allows for new knowledge creation through the interconnected nature of concepts. We approached this debate from a quantitative perspective, and investigated the cost of ambiguity related to definitions of ecological units in ecology related to the general term “community.” We did a meta-analysis of tests associated with two bodies of literature, Hubbell’s unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography and Diamond’s assembly rules, that rely on a specific ecological unit that assumes that species are existing within a local area and that they have overlapping resource needs. We predicted that if ambiguous terminology is widespread, then researchers will have tested them with many different ecological units, that in addition some of these ecological units will violate the core assumptions of the theory, and finally that the overall level of support for a theory will be stronger if appropriate ecological units were used. We found that indeed multiple different ecological units were used in the literature to test both theories, with 65 percent appropriate ecological units for neutral theory tests, and only 6 percent for assembly rule tests. Finally, there was some evidence that the support for a theory depended on whether appropriate ecological units were used for neutral tests, but there was not enough data for the assembly rule tests. These results thus show that ambiguous terminology in ecology is having measurable effects on research and is not of solely philosophical concern. We advocate that authors be explicit in their writing and outline core assumptions of theories, that researchers apply these consistently in their tests, and that readers be attentive to what is written and cognizant of their potential biases.
General Unificatory Theories in Community Ecology
Authors: Lean Christopher Hunter ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

The question of whether there are laws of nature in ecology has developed substantially in the last 20 years. Many have attempted to rehabilitate ecology’s lawlike status through establishing that ecology possesses laws that robustly appear across many different ecological systems. I argue that there is still something missing, which explains why so many have been skeptical of ecology’s lawlike status. Community ecology has struggled to establish what I call a General Unificatory Theory (GUT). The lack of a GUT causes problems for explanation as there are no guidelines for how to integrate the lower-level mathematical and causal models into a larger theory of how ecological assemblages are formed. I turn to a promising modern attempt to provide a unified higher-level explanation in ecology, presented by ecologist Mark Vellend, and advocate for philosophical engagement with its prospects for aiding ecological explanation.
Noble English woman Adeline Paulina Irby on Kosovo and Metohija in Serbia
Authors: Atlagić Marko , Martinović Aleksandar , Elezović Dalibor
Published: November 2020

This paper is about Adeline Paulina Irby, an English lady. She left deep trace and indelible mark in memory of Serbs from Bosnia and Old Serbia (Kosovo and Metohija). Furthermore, it is focused on her journey through whole "European Turkey" (the Balkans) where she was acquainted with living conditions of the Christians there. She informed England and the whole western world about it. For that purpose, she travelled through Old Serbia-Kosovo and Metohija. Irby broke all the stereotypes Western World adhered to, in the first place stereotypes about "wild Slaves living in the Balkans". Irby presented to English reader the whole truth about Serbian nation whose Empire was conquered by Ottomans. Paper is particularly focused on her humanitarian work.
Women's language in literary discourse: The focus on modality
Authors: Babić-Antić Jelena , Dančetović Nikola
Published: November 2020

Various linguistic means characterizing women's language were presented to the public in the 70-s. The first systematic and critical approach to linguistic features of women's language was presented in a pioneering study by Robin Lakoff in 1975. Since then, it has been considered as a beginning of a new interdisciplinary field of "gender studies". Nowadays, women's language presents an important issue of sociolinguistic studies of language and gender. This paper analyzes the means for expressing modality in women's language found in literary discourse. The corpora are comprised of seven novels about Harry Potter in English and Serbian. According to some theoreticians of language and gender, among whom are Coates, Mills, Livia and others, frequent use of epistemic modality presents a significant trait of women's linguistic pattern. If we assume that attitudes and ideologies could be expressed by linguistic features such as modality, this paper aims to compare the modal forms and their meaning in English and Serbian by using contrastive linguistic analysis, determine the differences in linguistic patterns between the two, and attempt to explain possible ideological implications from the CDA perspective.
The classroom and other platforms: Teaching methods at the turning point of Hungarian language and literature instruction
Authors: Horvat Futo , Hoža Eva
Published: November 2020

The study presented in this paper looks at current issues concerning the teaching of Hungarian literature and language and its attendant dilemmas and problems from the aspect of the practical needs of final year undergraduate students and master's students at the Department of Hungarian Studies in Novi Sad, and also considers the significance of these issues for the methods of Hungarian language and literature instruction. The Department has been educating Hungarian language teachers for sixty years. In that time, including the past twenty years that we have been teaching teaching methods at the Department, a paradigm shift has occurred in the teaching of literature, and a new era of literature studies has also reshaped the methods of literature instruction. A similar paradigm shift has occurred in language teaching. Thus, for instance, the so-called new Hungarian grammar has introduced significant changes to the teaching of syntax, while at the same time theoretical teaching of pragmatics, semantics, rhetoric and textual studies has been foregrounded. Moreover, there have been changes stemming from contemporary didactic ideas, the implementation of ICT, and the changing role of the teacher. The study focuses on the work of teaching specialists to date and on the activities of the workshop at the Department of Hungarian Studies in Novi Sad and the discursive challenges of teaching a minority first language. It also examines the extent to which students have received training in didactics and teaching methods during the current pandemic, without the possibility of observation and teaching practice in schools.
Online language teaching and learning: Anglistics students' perspectives on the new educational environment imposed by the COVID 19 outbreak
Authors: Prodanović Marijana , Gavranović Valentina
Published: November 2020

This paper focuses on students' perspectives on the quality of online teaching and learning environment, created, and organized as a response to the COVID-19 outbreak, which unexpectedly interrupted the traditional face-to-face education context and changed the delivery and mode of classes overnight. The aim of this research is to gather information pertaining to students' learning experience in an online education environment, and to gain a deeper insight into the nature of online delivery of classes as perceived by students who had not had any similar learning experience prior to this newly created educational context. The theoretical framework of the paper states the latest EU education policies passed as an immediate and urgent response to the pandemic and its aftermath. This pilot study relies on a qualitative research which includes the analysis of a corpus of questionnaires taken by a group of 52 undergraduate students majoring in English. The main part of the questionnaire is composed of open-ended questions, and the respondents were asked to write their own answers, thus providing a valuable resource for the analysis; the other part relies on one Likert-scale question measuring the overall attitude of the respondents to the online learning. The students' answers are analyzed and classified into several categories according to their common denominator. Not only do the results show the students' opinions related to the benefits and drawbacks of online delivery of classes, the comparison of online and traditional form of teaching and learning, types of courses which are more suitable to be delivered in one of these modes, and the students' suggestions how to improve the quality of online classes, but they also shed light on different aspects of online teaching and its complexities enhanced by social and psychological factors involved.
Mathematical Miscellanea
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: November 2020

Tills version of an old game was described to the editor of this department by Mrs. Lloyd Middleton Garris of the Lincoln Memorial High School of Palmetto, Florida.
Notes on the History of Mathematics: The Problem of the Lion in the Well
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: November 2020

It is proposed to treat under this head the problems dealing with the time needed to go a certain distance at a constant rate when this progress is hampered by a constant retrograde motion.
A Five Year Program of Preparation for Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Rosskopf Myron F.
Published: November 2020

During the past ten years there has been more than usual interest in the problem of teacher training. The shortage of teachers brought on by total mobilization for our participation in the Second World War, the flight from teaching of men and women into industry and government service in the post-war economic expansion, and the increase in the number of children entering the schools of the nation served to keep this problem constantly before those responsible for teacher education. The gap between supply and demand of qualified teachers of science and mathematics is particularly important. All reports that have appeared since 1945 stress the problem of attracting a sufficient number of students into preparing themselves for teaching science and mathematics. In addition these reports give evidence of much dissatisfaction with the present program of teacher preparation. There is need for a new approach both to courses in the sciences and mathematics and to professional courses in education.
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: November 2020

Concerning Ar. 5 Gr. 7-9 “Famous Explosions on the Earth,” Dr. John Kinsella writes as follows: “The January Mathematics Teacher a rrived today. Your department pages came into view. There was something on 'famous explosions.' That reference brought back memories of University School where I tried hard to make 7th and 8th grade mathematics function in science materials. I'm not sure the credit for the six problems belongs to me; I do know that the content was provided by Dr. Charles C. Weidemann who was teaching there when I came in September 1942. I may or may not have provided the questions on the material.” In giving credit your editor used the evidence of the initials “JJK” in the corner of the guidesheet. Therefore, it is likely that Dr. Kinsella made up the questions based on materials gathered by Dr. Weidemann.
Misconceptions about Rationalization in Arithmetic
Authors: Weaver J. Fred
Published: November 2020

Within recent years the doctrine of meaning in arithmetic has received wide recognition. Much professional writing has been done in an attempt to translate sound theory into effective practice. Unfortunately, however, certain aspects of the basic doctrine have been misinterpreted. The rationalization of computational processes or skills is an important case in point.
The Teaching of Mathematics in the Argentine Republic
Authors: Cabrera Emanuel S. , Medici Hector J.
Published: November 2020

This article is addressed to the North American colleagues who feel curious to know what, how, and to whom mathematics is taught in the Argentine Republic.
References for Teachers: The Theorem of Pythagoras
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: November 2020

Justly called the most celebrated theorem of geometry, the Pythagorean proposition is probably the one bit of mathematics which millions of laymen will remember long after they have forgotten whatever other mathematics they may once have known. The theorem is notable first because of the rich historical associations with which it is attended; secondly, because of the amazing variety of proofs which have been given; and thirdly, because further exploration quickly leads to interesting and unexpected byways, such as the Golden Section, dynamic symmetry, logarithmic spirals, angle trisection, duplication of the cube, squaring the circle, determining the value of π, the concept of irrational number, regular and star polygons and polyhedra, theory of numbers, constructibility of angles and polygons, continued fractions, phyllotaxy, musical scales, Diophantine equations, Heronian triangles, and Pythagorean number lore.
Note on Pythagoras' Theorem
Authors: Gattegno C.
Published: November 2020

In the following pages we propose to discuss some of the thoughts on the beautiful theorem which still fascinates millions of people all over the world.
How to Express the Remainder in Division
Authors: Winter Richard A.
Published: November 2020

Each new school year, hundreds of seventh grade mathematics teachers are faced with the same common problem— namely, how to express the remainder in division.
What is Going on in your School?
Authors: Mayor John R. , Brown John A.
Published: November 2020

In the spring of 1951, Los Angeles City College held its first annual William B. Orange Mathematics Prize Competition for high school students of Los Angeles City High Schools.
Notes on The History of Mathematics: The Decimal Point
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: November 2020

In the earliest description of decimal fractions, Simon Stevin1 used a symbolism that had certain advantages, although it appears to be clumsy.
Let's Forget Mental Transfer
Authors: Skolnik David
Published: November 2020

The doctrine of mental discipline dates back to the time when the mind was regarded as a muscle that could be exercised. More recently the doctrine was challenged by stubborn facts and modified. Thorndike advanced the theory that transfer took place only between situations with identical elements. This sharply limited the principle of mental transfer. After its curtailment by “identical elements,” mental transfer was further demolished by the experimental evidence of Gestalt psychologists which showed that experience is always complex, never an aggregation of elements. This has led to the view that mental development consists of the power to think abstractly and to form general ideas. This view would in fact make mental transfer inherent in the definition of mental development.
Applications
Authors: Myers Sheldon S.
Published: November 2020

One of the reasons why some teachers are reluctant to employ applications to any extent is because they believe that practice always follows theory and is separated from it.
What is Going on in Your School?
Authors: Brown J. A. , Karnes H. T.
Published: November 2020

This Department will be continued under the co-editorship of H. T. Karnes, Department of Mathematics, Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, and J. A. Brown, Wisconsin High School, Madison, Wisconsin. The plan for gathering materials will be similar to the procedure used in 1951-52. The co-editors will be happy to have short reports submitted by readers describing classroom procedures, data and related activities. Your suggestions for improvement of the Department will be welcome at all times.
The House that Geometry Built: A Plane Geometry Project
Authors: Oliver Nina
Published: November 2020

It wasn't at all like a drab schoolroom anymore. There was the beauty of the late sun coming through, splashing red, blue, and yellow patterns over the floor and desks. “Seems like we ought to read a Scripture when we come in here,” one of the boys in my geometry class said. This was the effect of our House That Geometry Built.
Using Geometry in Teaching Algebra
Authors: Meserve B. E.
Published: November 2020

Algebraic concepts may be used in defining elements of geometry, and geometric concepts may be used in defining elements of algebra. These alternatives, along with discussions of the use of algebra in teaching geometry† and the use of geometry in teaching algebra, should not be considered as creating a problem similar to the proverbial problem of the chicken and the egg. Rather they indicate how the interdependence of algebra and geometry may be used to improve the presentation and understanding of both subjects in terms of fundamental concepts of mathematics.
Modern trigonometry
Authors: Andree Richard V.
Published: November 2020

Is your school still teaching the trigonometry of the surveyor when today's engineers, scientists, and mathematicians need to study analytical trigonometry—a study of the properties of the trigonometric functions?
Mathematical Miscellanea: Streamlining the proof of the binomial theorem
Authors: Mirsky Robert
Published: November 2020

The proof of the binomial theorem for any positive integral index is usually given in a first-year course of college mathematics. The proof is by induction and is strikingly the same in hundreds of textbooks. Because the traditional proof is wordy and unduly complicated, it is hoped that the following proof will find its way into many classrooms.
What is Going on in Your School?: Deciphering the general trinomial
Authors: Welling Gifford
Published: November 2020

Sometimes teachers teach the factoring of the general trinomial ax2+bx+c by means of a trial and error method. For some, the trial and error method is an unsatisfactory process and may he eliminated by a more systematic method as illustrated below.
Mathematics and general education
Authors: Dixon Lyle J.
Published: November 2020

What criteria should be considered in developing a mathematics course for general education purposes? The author lists a few and discusses types of general education courses.
Tips For Beginners: Building an appreciation of mathematics
Authors: Alley Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2020

There is ample reason why students should take from their study of mathematics pleasant memories, a sincere appreciation of the beauty and worth of the subject, and an interest that may enrich their leisure and provide recreation in the years ahead of them. For some, mathematics may become a means by which the mysteries and beauties of the universe are unfolded. To build an appreciation of mathematics is an appropriate goal in the early study of arithmetic as well as in the study of later courses.
The teaching of mathematics to the blind
Authors: Witcher C. M.
Published: November 2020

Those who have sight will always marvel at how the blind learn mathematics and all Will be glad to know how recent improvements in the Braille system facilitates the study of mathematics by the blind.
Student discovery of algebraic principles as a means of developing ability to generalize
Authors: Schaaf Oscar
Published: November 2020

The ability to generalize (and to specialize) is an important objective in any course in mathematics. Can it be successfully taught in the secondary school?
Devices for The Mathematics Classroom: Using The Tower of Hanoi to Present The Principle of Mathematical Induction
Authors: Koenen William
Published: November 2020

Recently it occurred to this writer that the Tower of Hanoi and the rules that make up the problem associated with it might possibly be used to introduce the principle of mathematical induction in an easily understood presentation at an elementary level of instruction.
What is Going on in Your School?: Divide and Conquer
Authors: Sokol Irwin N.
Published: November 2020

This is a report of an experiment in small group teaching performed at Rawlings Junior High School in Cleveland, Ohio. It explains how I solved my particular problem. Perhaps you, too, have had similar frustrations and have not known exactly what to do. This report traces what happened to a class in 7B-5 mathematics during the first semester of the 1952- 53 school year
Devices for the Mathematics Classroom: Fishline and Sinkers
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: November 2020

A fishline plus a few lead sinkers and a piece of cardboard are all that is needed to produce a dynamic model of a polyhedral angle.
Historically Speaking,— America's second mathematician: not Adrian, but Adrain
Authors: Gehman Hurry M.
Published: November 2020

The interesting article by P. S. Jones on Nathaniel Bowditch published in the May number of this journal1 mentioned another mathematician of the same period who, like Bowditch, contributed toward the beginnings of mathematical research in this country.2 Unfortunately the name of the second mathematician was misspelled, His name is not Adrian, but Adrain. I believe that the proper pronunciation of his name is “Add-drain’.”
Affiliated Groups
Authors: Ayre H. Glenn
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this letter is to state some of the accomplishments of the past year and to mention some of the activities being planned for 1955-56.
A mathematics teacher's creed
Authors: Hassler J. O.
Published: November 2020

At times a teacher should state what he believes and support the statement with sound arguments.
Points And Viewpoints: National Council news
Authors: Wilcox Marie S.
Published: November 2020

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has for several years held four meetings each year: the annual meeting in the spring, a summer meeting, a Christmas meeting, and a one-day meeting at the time of the meeting of the NEA.
Mathematics and the technical manpower shortage
Authors: Yoder Leonard G.
Published: November 2020

“A great mathematician or theoretical physicist needs only the same tools a poet uses: pencil, paper, and mind. The nature of the whole universe is unmasked by a blackboard with the right man standing in front of it, chalk in hand. Then come the chemists, the strength-of-materials men, the nuclear engineers— with all their ponderous laboratory apparatus—who poke into the details of that universe, and what use they can be to man. The United States is as rich in big labs as she is in other gadgets; but in producing the poet-of-the-blackboard we don t do so well.”—The Introduction to Thomas H. Grainger's “The Emergency in Basic Science,” The Saturday Review, July 16, 1955.
Angle comparison device
Authors: Chipman Hope H.
Published: November 2020

This simple device may be used to help students gain familiarity with the various sets of equal and supplementary angles that are formed when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal.
Notes from the Washington Office: The establishing of the new journals
Authors: Ahrendi M. H.
Published: November 2020

August 23, 1953, might with reason be said to date the beginning of a new era in The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. For it was on this date that the Board of Directors made its final decision to introduce two new journals, the Arithmetic Teacher and the Mathematics Student Journal. Editors were selected, general plans were outlined, and then the editors, executive committee, and the executive secretary were instructed to work out the details.
Psychology of learning in the junior high school
Authors: Fehr Howard F.
Published: November 2020

Too often mathematics is “taught” without regard for those things which are known about the learning process and the characteristics of a particular age group. This article summarizes some of these important facts for the junior high school teacher.
The postulates of algebra, and non-Archimedean number systems
Authors: Graves Lawrence M.
Published: November 2020

This lecture was given in 1936 at the Galois Institute of Mathematics and is reprinted with the permission of the Galois Institute. Because this article is not readily available to secondary teachers, and because of recent interest in the structure of algebra for high schools, this lucidly written article is recommended for close study.
A unit about numbers
Authors: Rippey Robert M.
Published: November 2020

There are many things one can do to make a course in mathematics lively. This article offers a few suggestions.
Points and Viewpoints: Should we challenge elementary school mathematics?
Authors: Gibb E. Glenadine
Published: November 2020

A column of unofficial comment.
Developing a city-wide algebra test
Authors: McCamman Carol V.
Published: November 2020

The story of how one city system developed a testing instrument to achieve greater uniformity in grading ninth-year algebra students.
Novel drill material for signed numbers
Authors: Mehl William G.
Published: November 2020

The extent to which students need to he “drilled” in mathematics is debatable. Nevertheless, the search for new ways to present drill exercises continues. Some teachers will find this suggestion useful.
An introduction to calculus for junior high school students
Authors: Kucinski Romuald A.
Published: November 2020

Calculus in the junior high school? As the author points out, it is possible to teach some of the ideas of the calculus intuitively. However, great care must be taken not to overload the work with unnecessary symbolism and terminology.
Provisions for the slow learner
Authors: Boyer Lee E.
Published: November 2020

In this age of emphasis on provisions for the college-capable group, it is good to know that the non-college-capable group is not being forgotten.
Mechanics of orbiting
Authors: Landon M. V.
Published: November 2020

A timely article for mathematics classes in the high school.
Clock arithmetic and nuclear energy
Authors: Scheid Francis
Published: November 2020

A particle enters a sheet of lead. It collides with an atom of lead and bounces off in a new direction toward another collision. What per cent of the number of particles entering the lead will succeed in penetrating it? Clock arithmetic helps find the answer.
A “long” method of factoring quadratic trinomials
Authors: Mclean Robert C.
Published: November 2020

An approach to factoring trinomials that emphasizes the distributive law.
A survey of teachers' opinions of a revised mathematics curriculum
Authors: Leissa Arthur W. , Fisher Robert C.
Published: November 2020

Do high school and college teachers differ on whether the high school curriculum should be revised?
Historically Speaking,—: Georg Mohr and Euclidis Curiosi
Authors: Hallerberg Arthur E.
Published: November 2020

In 1673 a small geometrical treatise entitled Compendium Euclidis Curiosi (Figure 1 shows a reproduction of the title page of the work) was published in Dutch in Amsterdam. This work showed in effect that all constructions of Euclid's Elements are possible if one uses a straightedge and a compass restricted to one and the same opening throughout the entire construction.
A two-and-one-half-place logarithm table
Authors: Hartzler M. E.
Published: November 2020

Approximating log x by finding integers m and n such that xm is approximately equal to 10n.
New Ideas for the Classroom: Sets, factors, and patterns
Authors: Carlson Philip R.
Published: November 2020

Sets, relations, and patterns seem to be the fashion in mathematics these days. Here is a self-contained lesson that will give you a chance to try some modern mathematics in your classroom. Both articles in this section illustrate the discovery approach in teaching new mathematical concepts.
Writing a number in different bases
Authors: Fulkerson Elbert
Published: November 2020

An example of changing the symbol for a number from one base to another base is presented here.
Problems involving overlapping finite sets
Authors: Alfred Brother U.
Published: November 2020

In a sampling of 1,000 persons it was found that 215 took at least two of four leading magazines, 35 took all four, while 125 took none. A total of 965 copies was involved. Are these data consistent?
Experimental Programs: Seventh graders volunteer for after-school classes in algebra
Authors: Standish Henry
Published: November 2020

You may believe that a teacher would volunteer to stay after school to teach algebra, but do you think that he could get students to volunteer to come and learn after the other children have gone home? I have been doing just this since last September and find great pleasure in it. Of course, many people do not understand why a teacher should take on an extra burden without pay. The father of one of my students asked me, at a P.T.A.
Experimental Programs: A study of the effectiveness of classroom teaching techniques following a closed-circuit television presentation in mathematics
Authors: Williams Horace E.
Published: November 2020

Discussion, study, and research concerning the use of television as a medium of instruction have been taking place for slightly more than a decade. For the past five years this type of educational research has proceeded at a fast, accelerating rate. Past research has indicated, with demonstrated validity in a number of cases, that televised instruction can be an effective means of educating students.
Historically Speaking,—: Venn diagrams
Authors: Stephanie Sister M.
Published: November 2020

Hardly a mathematics text appears today without its quota of Venn diagrams, those ubiquitous, interlaced circles—plain, labeled, shaded, cross-hatched, and even colored. When did they originate and where, and who was John Venn? E. J. McShane defines a Venn diagram as a “symbolic representation of a set, obtained by letting the parts of the plane represent the objects under consideration, and letting each set be represented by the points inside of some closed curve.”1*
Some inequality problems
Authors: Lange L. H.
Published: November 2020

Treating inequalities along with equations
Some thoughts about curriculum revision
Authors: Adler Irving
Published: November 2020

What are the goals toward which curriculum change is directed, and for which pupils is the revised curriculum appropriate?
From algebra to geometry in four easy lessons
Authors: Condit Martha C.
Published: November 2020

I have found beginning geometry students confused as to what geometry is like. They are so used to “finding an answer” that they are bewildered and even disturbed when faced with a different kind of activity. Even with the recent emphasis on the use of proof in algebra, it is apparent that the idea of axioms has not, for most students, penetrated very deeply by the tenth grade.
A Dialogue on Two Triangles
Authors: Smith Leander W.
Published: November 2020

When are the perimeter and the area of a triangle numerically equal?
A comment on Professor Charles L. Smith's Paper “On the Origin of ‘>’ and ‘<’”
Authors: Eves Howard
Published: November 2020

Professor Smith's conjecture as to the origin of Harriot's two inequality signs (see his paper, “On the origin of ‘>’ and ‘<,’” in the present issue of this journal) is very interesting and, in the absence of any stated or recorded motivation on the part of Harriot, could be the true accounting. But there is at least one feature of Harriot's early symbols perhaps militating against the conjecture.
Angles, arcs, and Archimedes
Authors: Allendoerfer Carl B.
Published: November 2020

Beautiful mathematics and valuable pedagogy
An exercise for the mathematics laboratory
Authors: Perham Father Arnold
Published: November 2020

How to relate the symbolic to the material.
Complex contrapositives
Authors: Wiseman John D.
Published: November 2020

As you might guess, forming contrapositives from complex statements is not simple.
Some really new “new mathematics”
Authors: Viertel William K.
Published: November 2020

Proofs, like checks, can he forged.
International Mathematical Education: The development of the teaching of mathematics in France at the first and second degree levels
Authors: Felix Lucienne
Published: November 2020

Bourbaki and “modern mathematics” originated in France. lt is natural, then, for the rest of the world to ask what effect they have had on the French secondary and preparatory mathematics instruction. Mlle Lucienne Felix is one of the most active leaders seeking reform of a traditional but rigorous mathematical program in the French public schools. In this article Mlle Felix gives a forthright account of the situation in France today.
Problems as Means
Authors: Trimble Harold C.
Published: November 2020

Problems are still the best tool of the teacher of mathematics who wants to involve students in the creation or recreation of mathematical ideas. Perhaps an example will serve to illustrate how much more is at stake than merely teaching “applications of mathematics.”
The Use of the Taylor Series in Change of Bases
Authors: Tehan Vincent
Published: November 2020

There must be a simpler way than is usually followed in converting numerals from one base to another.
Classics in Mathematics Education: Algebra and the Development of Reason
Authors: Langer Susanne K.
Published: November 2020

WHAT I wish to say to you today is a general reflection on the subject of high school algebra. As a layman both in mathematics and in secondary school teaching, I can speak only from two lay points of view—that of the pupil, which meets you at one end of your activity, and that of the philosopher, which you encounter at the other. Consequently, I shall begin by talking about the futility and barrenness of algebra, and end, I hope, by reviewing with you its importance, interest, and charm. For it is a peculiarity of the subject that an uninitiate mind can usually see nothing in it but a dry, lifeless discipline, whereas the adept sees in it the apotheosis of human reason.
Historically Speaking—: The Remarkable Mental Arithmetic of the Egyptian Scribes, I
Authors: Gillings R.
Published: November 2020

The whole structure of ancient Egyptian arithmetic was built upon two completely simple basic concepts.
Trends in Mathematics Offerings and Enrollments
Authors: Brown Kenneth E. , Abell Theodore L.
Published: November 2020

In Our nation's public secondary day schools the mathematics enrollments more than doubled between 1948-49 and 1962-63. (See table.) The greatest rate of growth is in intermediate algebra, which is usually taught in the eleventh grade. Hence an increasing percentage of high school youth is taking three years of high school mathematics.
A Few Graphical Methods
Authors: Killam S. Douglas
Published: November 2020

Graphical methods in mathematics are not only of practical value, but are of great interest as they give the student a new viewpoint from which to consider, discuss, or solve some problem in pure mathematics. I will consider here an application of graphical multiplication to the solution of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0; the cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0; and in general the polynomial
What Mathematical Subjects Should be Included in the Curriculum of the College?
Authors: Guthrie C. C.
Published: November 2020

I was requested to prepare a paper dealing with the question of college preparation in mathematics for pre-medical students. After due consideration, I have decided to occupy the time allotted in sketching some of the conditions encountered by the medical student, and some of the ideals being followed in the leading medical schools, and leave the question of the kind and extent of mathematics to be offered to such students in the college, to the judgment of the college faculty, rather than to take the matter up more dogmatically. For thus it will receive consideration by the men who are best qualified to specify the amount and kind of mathematics to be offered,—not to mention the fact of its being their right and duty. If in presenting the matter, I may seem to get far afield from mathematics, it will be intentional, for only by considering the medical student’s needs, and the conditions as a whole, can we meet such special needs most efficiently.
An Experiment in Grading Problems in Algebra
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Babb Maurice J. , Breckenridge William E. , Thorndike Edward L.
Published: November 2020

Two hundred teachers of mathematics, chiefly members of the New York Section of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics of the Middle States and Maryland, ranked the twentyfive problems printed below for difficulty, “difficulty” being defined as in the instructions appended. The variations in the individual opinions were very great, being as shown in Table I. It is an interesting exercise to examine this table, and imagine, as well as one can, the points of view from which these varying estimates were each plausible-to divine, for example, why Problem Twas rated all the way from easiest to hardest of the twentyfive. How much of the variation was due to tenable points of view and how much was due to errors of judgment cannot, of course, be told until the problem in question has been tested with respect to the percentage of pupils able to solve it in the time allowed.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Babb Maurice J. , Breckenridge William E.
Published: November 2020

Dr. Wheelock’s paper gives some very interesting statistics concerning the success of different schools in the examinations in mathematics set by the New York State Regents Department.
A General Structure for the Study of Prime Numbers
Authors: Williamson John N.
Published: November 2020

In the May 1965 issue of The Mathematics Teacher, Stephen I. Brown considered the problem of how the choice of domain affects the solution of several number-theoretic problems involving prime numbers and the possible pedagogical benefits of having students study the behavior of prime numbers in these domains.
Some Results on Quadrilaterals with Perpendicular Diagonals
Authors: Szabo Steven
Published: November 2020

In a standard treatment of Euclidean geometry, perpendicular lines are usually defined as intersecting lines with other special properties. Even when the notion of skew lines is developed, no relations on these lines are discussed.
The Trigonometry of the Square
Authors: Mikula Thomas
Published: November 2020

A Teacher working with students in the year prior to the introductory algebra course is constantly searching for vehicles which can be used effectively in presenting that material. He must use many drills in order to develop competence in the basic manipulations with numbers, and these drills tend to become monotonous rather quickly.