bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ARGYNNIS IDALIA Drury
Authors: Lyman H. H.
Published: February 2010

Mr. W. H. Edwards, in his article on Argynnis myrina, published on page 189 of Vol. vii, of the Canadian Entomololgist, says that in all the species of butterflies which he has made observations on, except Apatura clyton, the females emerge as early as the males, and in the course of the same article he mentions having “bred from the egg four of our larger species of Argynnis, viz., diana, cybele, aphrodite and idalia.”
ON SPECIES OF CATOCALA
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

The male is now taken by Mr. Jas. Angus. The species is larger than obscura,agreeing with it in tone and in the white fringes of hind wings; it may be distinguished by the strongly marked median lines of primaries with a deeper toothing. The lines in obscura are thread-1ike, inconspicuous, and with shallower indentations. The opinion expressed that simulatilis is the ♀ of obscura must be the result of error; as I remarked at the time of describing the species, such a sexual variation would be without a parallel in the genus.
NEW TEXAN MOTHS
Authors: Harvey Leon F.
Published: February 2010

♂.This species has the fore wings and thorax of a soft brown. The primary is covered by a pea-green patch, which does not reach the margins and is defined outwardly by a narow dark line running once deeply inwardly below vein 2 and slightly opposite the cell. Hind wings light yellowish. It appears to be allied to paenulata Clem., unknown to me, but differs by the shape of the green patch and in its not being bordered with white.
NEW CALIFORNIAN AND TEXAN MOTHS
Authors: Harvey Leon F.
Published: February 2010

Eyes naked, tibiae unarmed, tufting of body obsolete, so that it approaches oligia, but is stouter than those species. Fore wings light gray. basal line black, distinct; t.a. line geminate, black outwardly and white inwardly, irregular; t.p. line geminate, produced above the reniform, curved outward, joining the reniform inferiorly.
ON GENERA AND THE LAW OF PRIORITY
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

The writers who are engaged in the work of giving us an account of the different kinds of Butterflies and Moths inhabiting North America, seem to fall into two categories with respect to their ideas of classification. As in other departments of Natural Science, the Entomologists differ principally in their conception of what constitutes a genus. They are either lumpers, making their genera very wide, or splitters, making their genera restricted and dependent upon less conspicuous details of structure.
NOTES ON BISTON URSARIA WALKER
Authors: Bowles G. J.
Published: February 2010

This moth, which is very common in and about Montreal, is described by Walker, in a paper by W. S. d'Urban, published in Vol. 5 of the canadian Naturalist (1860), entitled “A systematic List of Lepidoptera collected in the vicinity of Montreal.” It is also taken at Quebec, but I met with only two specimens there during several years' collecting.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Whitney C. P.
Published: February 2010

The larva of Thyreus Abbottii possesses a peculiar interest to the Entomologist, as it is the only species of which the sex is supposed to be indicated by the coloration. Frequent reference to this is found in works of different authors, and nowhere have I seen any doubt expressed about the validity of the distinguishing markings between ♂ and ♀ (vide Harris' Ent. Correspondence, p. 284; N. Y. State Museum Report, p. 114; Can. Entomologist, 1874, p. 146).
ON PLATYSAMIA COLUMBIA Smith
Authors: Caulfield F. B.
Published: February 2010

In No. 4, Vol. ii, of the “Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,” Dr. H. A. Hagen gives an interesting paper on this moth and its parasites.

After a brief review of the previous literature of the species, Dr. Hagen says : “If columbia should happen not to be a distinct species, it must be either a variety of some other species or a hybrid of two species.”
NEW PYRALIDS
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

♂ ♀. This species in ornamentation approaches partialis Led., Taf.9, fig. 8. Both wings clear pale lemon yellow. Primaries crossed by four equidistant lines, of which the first three from the base form brown spots narrowly outlined in black on the costal region. The third spot coalesces with an inferior spot on the line. The second line widens into a small spot on internal margin. The fourth line has a small dark spot on costa and one on internal margin.
Microglia and macrophages in glioblastoma: landscapes and treatment directions
Authors: Solomou Georgios , Young Adam M. H. , Bulstrode Harry J. C. J.
Published: May 2024

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of the central nervous system and remains uniformly and rapidly fatal. The tumour‐associated macrophage (TAM) compartment comprises brain‐resident microglia and bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) recruited from the periphery. Immune‐suppressive and tumour‐supportive TAM cell states predominate in glioblastoma, and immunotherapies, which have achieved striking success in other solid tumours have consistently failed to improve survival in this ‘immune‐cold’ niche context. Hypoxic and necrotic regions in the tumour core are found to enrich, especially in anti‐inflammatory and immune‐suppressive TAM cell states. Microglia predominate at the invasive tumour margin and express pro‐inflammatory and interferon TAM cell signatures. Depletion of TAMs, or repolarisation towards a pro‐inflammatory state, are appealing therapeutic strategies and will depend on effective understanding and classification of TAM cell ontogeny and state based on new single‐cell and spatial multi‐omic in situ profiling. Here, we explore the application of these datasets to expand and refine TAM characterisation, to inform improved modelling approaches, and ultimately underpin the effective manipulation of function.
Femtosecond Laser Carburization of WS2 Flakes to W2C for Enhanced Photothermal Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Ullah Farman , Chung Darren , Ye Fan , Karimi Reza , Sanderson Joseph , Musselman Kevin
Published: May 2024

Photothermal therapy is a new, promising approach for treating cancer in a noninvasive way. Herein, a photothermally efficient nanomaterial is synthesized by exposing bulk WS2 powder, dispersed in carbon‐rich acetonitrile, to high‐intensity femtosecond laser pulses. The photothermal measurements show a significantly higher rise in temperature and enhance photothermal efficiency for the laser‐treated material. The attribution is on the enhancement to the formation of tungsten semi‐carbide (W2C), which is verified by morphological and structural characterization. The tungsten semi‐carbide is formed by laser‐induced carburization; intense laser pulses knock S atoms out of the WS2 lattice and dissociate the acetonitrile molecules, resulting in the formation of W2C. Interestingly, the hexagonal W2C has a two‐dimensional (2D) layered morphology like that of the WS2, suggesting its morphology is not random and might be determined by the morphology of the parent material. The study provides a simple route to transform a 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide into a 2D transition‐metal carbide, which is useful for applications including photothermal therapy.
Synergistic Enhancement of Supercapacitors with Cobalt–Copper Bimetal–Organic Framework
Authors: Zhang Zhefei , Wang Zegao , Dong Mingdong , Zhu Qiangqiang , Hyldgaard Klausen Lasse
Published: May 2024

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as high‐potential electrode materials for applications in supercapacitors, have received significant attention recently. Unfortunately, MOF materials still suffer from unsatisfactory specific capacitances due to poor conductivity and limited redox active sites. Herein, a novel cobalt–copper‐based bimetal–organic framework (CoCu‐MOF) is synthesized by a bottom‐up synthesis strategy, the material properties systematically characterized, and finally investigated as a supercapacitor electrode material. The synthesized CoCu‐MOF presents a high specific surface area of 62.4 m2 g−1, and 83% of the copper ions attains the +1 oxidation state contributing to the formation of additional redox active sites and leading to the formation of dual‐redox sites. The CoCu‐MOF displays an excellent specific capacitance of 618 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is more than twice that of Co‐MOF and four times that of Cu‐MOF. The CoCu‐MOF retains 75% of its original capacitance after 3000 charge–discharge cycles at the current density of 1 A g−1. Overall, this work demonstrates how the bimetallic synergistic strategy can effectively enhance the electrochemical properties of MOFs by providing a higher specific surface area and by the introduction of dual redox sites.
Stearate‐Modified Montmorillonite and Polylactic Acid Synergistically Enhanced the Microcellular of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Foam and Improved Its Dimensional Stability
Authors: Wu Mingjie , Shao Liang , Ma Chunyan , He Yinkun , Yang Yanlong , Wang Wenqi , Ma Jianzhong , Ji Zhanyou
Published: May 2024

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer is a commonly used material for foam preparation. However, its application is hindered by significant shrinkage behavior. To reduce the foam shrinkage, polylactic acid (PLA) and calcium stearate‐modified montmorillonite (MMT‐St) are incorporated into the polyurethane matrix. The TPU/PLA/MMT‐St composite foams are formed using an intermittent supercritical carbon‐dioxide‐foaming process. The addition of PLA inhibits the relaxation of TPU chain segments, while the introduction of calcium stearate (GaSt2) improves the dispersion of MMT within the matrix, increases the nucleation sites of cell growth, and improves cell structure. The cell diameter decreases from 10 to 4 μm, while the cell density increased from 4.1 × 1012 to 15.8 × 1012 cell cm−3. In addition, the cell distribution range narrows from 4–19 to 2–6 μm. Incorporating MMT‐St increases the crystallinity and thermal stability of TPU/PLA, mitigates chain relaxation at room temperature, and enhances foam dimensional stability. As a result, this leads to a decrease in shrinkage rate from 27.5% to 5%. As both matrices of the material are thermoplastic, this composite foam possesses recyclability with enhanced material utilization.
Coupling of Infrared Active Colloidal Quantum Dots and Amorphous Selenium for Fast and Sensitive Photodetection
Authors: Mølnås Håvard , Mukherjee Atreyo , Kannan Haripriya , Han Zhihang , Ravi Vikash K. , Paul Shlok J. , Rumaiz Abdul K. , Zhao Wei , Goldan Amir H. , Sahu Ayaskanta
Published: May 2024

Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) based infrared (IR) photodetectors offer facile wavelength tunability in the IR and low‐cost fabrication. However, owing to their large surface areas, CQDs intrinsically have significant surface traps critically affecting the speed of CQD photodetectors, typically mediated through tedious surface passivation efforts. In this report, an alternative strategy involving coupling of near‐IR photoactive lead sulfide CQDs with a thermally evaporated amorphous selenium (a‐Se) hole transport layer is proposed. By separating the detector into a photon absorbing CQD region and a charge transport a‐Se region, the study takes advantage of the extremely low noise, predominantly hole‐only transport process in a‐Se. A high 3 dB bandwidth of 2.5 MHz and a competitive specific detectivity of 2.5 × 1011 Jones at room temperature are demonstrated at 980 nm. This report serves as a first demonstration of strong coupling between an IR active CQD absorber and a‐Se, which paves the path to obtain fast and highly photoresponsive IR photodetection in the future.
Unraveling the Reasons Behind SnO2/Perovskite Defects and Their Cure Through Multifunctional Ti3C2TX
Authors: Khan Danish , Muhammad Imran , Qu Geping , Gao Changqin , Xu Jiamin , Tang Zeguo , Wang Yang‐Gang , Xu Zong‐Xiang
Published: May 2024

The rationale for low performances in perovskite solar cells with buried interface still needs to be clarified, owing to the complicated physiochemistry of metal oxides/perovskite interface, and literature offers a meager knowledge about the reactions at this interface. While exploring the SnO2/perovskite interfacial interactions, the reasons behind deteriorating perovskite at the interface are comprehensively investigated, and it is revealed that the PbI2 residue and metallic Pb0 are the byproducts of this decomposed perovskite. Introducing an optimized amount of Ti3C2TX at the SnO2/perovskite interface detaches the SnO2 hydroxyls, which are found to be responsible for interfacial ion migrations. In addition, Ti3C2TX passivates the interface defects via its functional groups and establishes ballistic pathways for electrons with high chances of non‐radiative recombination. Thus, 25.19% (certified as 24.41%) of efficiency with superior long‐term operational stability is achieved.
Radioiodine‐Mediated Transition Metal Valence Conversion for Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Chaochao , Wang Ya , Zhang Xuelian , Cai Xuechao , Guo Zhongqiu , Meng Xianfu , Jiang Xingwu , Wu Yelin , Cao Yi , Zuo Changjing , Bu Wenbo
Published: May 2024

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) presents promise as a cancer treatment method, but its efficacy faces challenges due to the inefficient Fenton catalytic reaction, where the transition metals' conversion from high to low valence states acts as the rate‐limiting step. Here, a strategy employing radioiodine is introduced to facilitate the valence conversion of transition metals for CDT enhancement. Iron‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized labeled with radioiodine‐125 (125I), referred to as 125I‐MIL‐88B(Fe) NPs. These NPs possess a porous structure capable of concentrating and catalyzing H2O2 to generate highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Furthermore, 125I can continuously produce hydrated electrons (eaq−) in aqueous environments, promoting the conversion of Fe3+/Fe2+ to boost ·OH production. In vitro and in vivo experiments validate the enhanced CDT effect on pancreatic cancer, driven by the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p53 pathway‐mediated cell apoptosis. The radioiodine‐mediated electron‐supplying strategy not only amplifies the effectiveness of CDT but also unlocks new potential applications for radionuclides.
Small‐Bandgap Transducers Induced Carrier Separation for In Situ Dual‐Amplified Tumor Oxidative Stress
Authors: Hu Guangyao , Wang Jiarui , Chen Lulu , Zheng Haoqin , Lan Yuanpei , Wang Kaiyang , Liu Xijian , You Hongpeng , Luo Yu , Dong Lile
Published: May 2024

The inherent and unique charge‐carrier release characteristics of piezoelectric sonosensitizers with desired bandgap can be leveraged to initiate reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactions that have considerable potential for sonodynamic therapy (SDT). In this study, a bimetallic Bi4NbO8Br‐polyvinylpyrrolidone (BNOBP) with a small bandgap (2.45 eV) is synthesized as a potential piezoelectric sonosensitizer. The robust interactions within and between the Bi─O and Nb─O layers narrow the bandgap, facilitating carrier transfer. Concurrently, compared with that of TiO2 and BiOBr, BNOBP exhibits a rapid acoustoelectric response and desirable electron–hole separation efficiency, enabling the generation of ·O2− under ultrasound (US) irradiation. Notably, BNOBP alleviates the overexpression of glutathione (GSH) in tumors and prevents the consumption of the generated ROS by GSH. Combining the previous small bandgap endow the high ROS generation efficiency, this study provides a paradigm for in situ regulation of oxidative stress levels in tumor tissue microenvironment based on bimetallic piezoelectric sonosensitizers.
Applications of Biodegradable Polymers in the Encapsulation of Anticancer Metal Complexes
Authors: Redrado Marta , Xiao Zhimei , Upitak Kanokon , Doan Bich‐Thuy , Thomas Christophe M. , Gasser Gilles
Published: May 2024

Metal complexes have recently attracted a lot of attention, particularly as anticancer and antibacterial agents, owing to their versatile mechanisms and easily tunable characteristics. However, the application of such compounds in a medical context, especially in cancer treatment, has been hampered due to their limited solubility and stability in water and aqueous solutions, as well as a lack of selectivity. To address these limitations, several approaches have been developed to improve the targeted delivery of these compounds and their solubility. The first strategy involves the physical encapsulation of these metal complexes within carriers to facilitate controlled drug release. The second strategy involves covalently linking metal complexes to polymers, creating prodrugs that can be converted to active drugs at a more controllable rate. Despite the increasing variety of polymers available, the need to develop those able to be metabolized by the body, producing non‐toxic residues, remains crucial for effective treatment, particularly in the area of diseases such as cancer. In this perspective article, an overview of recent developments in the encapsulation of metal complexes using biodegradable polymers for cancer therapy is provided. It is specifically highlighting how the formed nanoparticles (NPs) enhance the selectivity and toxicity toward cancer cells compared to the parent metal complex, while simultaneously reducing the harmful side effects of traditional chemotherapies, opening the door for using them in combination therapies (PDT, PTT).
Construction of an Internal Charge Field: CoS1.097/Ni3S2 Heterojunction Promotes Efficient Urea Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Du Mingxuan , Ji Yujin , Li Youyong , (Frank) Liu Shengzhong , Yan Junqing
Published: May 2024

Urea oxidation reaction (UOR) features a lower overpotential compared to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during electrolysis, facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode. The distribution of charge plays a pivotal role in promoting the adsorption and cleavage of chemical groups in urea molecules, which can be modulated by introducing a heterostructure. Herein, a CoS1.097/Ni3S2 heterojunction grown on nickel foam is designed, serving simultaneously for UOR and HER. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the spontaneous charge transfer at the CoS1.097/Ni3S2 heterointerface induces the formation of localized electrophilic/nucleophilic regions, intelligently adsorbing electron‐donating/electron‐withdrawing groups in urea molecules, activating chemical bonds, thereby triggering urea decomposition. CoS1.097/Ni3S2 exhibits excellent catalytic activity for urea, requiring only a potential of 1.22 V (with an overpotential of 0.85 V) to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm−2 in UOR, and potentials of 1.27 and 1.57 V to reach current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, in a UOR//HER electrolysis cell, maintaining good stability at high current density for 60 h. Tests in real urine have demonstrated performance similar to that in urea electrolyte. This work represents nearly the best catalytic performance of transition metal‐based materials in UOR applications, promising for both efficient hydrogen production and urea decomposition.
Formation of N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with MoP Nanoflakes for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Chen Duhong , Chen Chen , Yu Huan , Zheng Saiyan , Jin Tong , Li Nian Wu , Yu Le
Published: May 2024

Metallic lithium (Li) is recognized as a promising candidate for anode material of Li‐ion batteries owing to high theoretical specific capacity and low redox potential. However, uncontrollable dendrite growth and huge volume expansion during Li plating/stripping processes hinder its practical application. Herein, N‐doped carbon nanofibers@MoP nanoflakes (NCNF@MoP) is developed as a potential host to address the above challenges. During the formation of solid electrolyte interphase, MoP nanoflakes can be changed into metallic Mo with high lithiophilicity and Li3P with high ionic conductivity. The whole composite host is transformed into a mixed ion/electron conducting network to reduce nucleation overpotential and accelerate diffusion kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interface. As a proof of concept, the symmetric cell using NCNF@MoP host presents a long‐term cycling up to 2500 h with a low nucleation overpotential of 10 mV at 1 mA cm−2. Additionally, the Li‐NCNF@MoP||LiFePO4 full cell demonstrates a good capacity retention of 92.6% over 2200 cycles at a high current density of 5C (1 C = 169 mA g−1).
Curcuma Longa: Nutraceutical Use and Association With Nanotechnology
Authors: Corrêa Carvalho Gabriela , Marena Gabriel Davi , Gaspar Gonçalves Fernandes Micaela , Ricci Leonardi Gabriela , Santos Hélder A. , Chorilli Marlus
Published: May 2024

Curcumin is a natural product found in the rhizome of Curcuma longa (L.) and other Curcuma spp. As a lipophilic molecule, it has greater affinity for polar, non‐polar, alkaline, or extremely acidic organic solvents. Several studies indicate that curcumin has several benefits for human health, for example, against degenerative diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases. To obtain a quality product with nutraceutical properties, it is necessary to know its physicochemical characteristics and preserve it from cultivation until ingestion by the human. However, its low solubility leads to low absorption; in this context, nanotechnological systems can contribute to increase curcumin bioavailability. This review aims to highlight important issues in all stages that curcumin goes through: from aspects related to its extraction to its association with nanotechnology. Although curcumin extraction process is already well established, it is possible to observe more and more research focused on increasing yield and being more environmentally friendly. Further, curcumin's low absorption is notable due to its physicochemical characteristics, mainly due to its low aqueous solubility. However, its association with nanotechnology shows to be promising and an increasingly growing trend because the use of this “Indian solid gold” is the hope of many patients.
Tuning the Interfacial Chemistry of Nanoparticle Assemblies via Spin‐Coating: From Single Sensors to Monolithic Sensor Arrays
Authors: Liu Chih‐Yin , Bittinger Sophia C. , Bose Ahir , Meyer Andreas , Schlicke Hendrik , Vossmeyer Tobias
Published: May 2024

Sensor arrays based on gold nanoparticle (GNP) films are promising candidates for numerous applications, including medical diagnosis and health monitoring. Their economic fabrication, however, remains challenging. This study presents a facile route to GNP chemiresistors with tunable properties via layer‐by‐layer spin‐coating (LbL‐SC). Key steps involve the alternating deposition of dodecylamine‐stabilized GNPs and mixtures of monothiols (MTs) with 1,9‐nonanedithiol (9DT). The 9DT molecules serve to reinforce the growing film via GNP cross‐linking while the MT ligands are used to tune the interfacial chemistry of the GNP assembly. Hence, by employing differently functionalized MTs the sensors' chemical selectivity can easily be adjusted. Further, by varying the MT‐9DT ratio and adjusting the size of the MT ligands the sensitivity can be tuned along with the conductivity and optical properties of the films. In general, decreasing the 9DT fraction significantly enhances the sensitivity while the response isotherms change from Langmuir‐Henry to Henry type. Finally, the cross‐linked GNP films are robust enough to be patterned via photolithography. Hence, this study demonstrates the fabrication and application of monolithic sensor arrays. Different features of the responses to numerous analytes are used as input data for linear discriminant analyses (LDA), revealing that very similar analytes can be distinguished.
Enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts Reaction of ortho‐Alkynylnaphthols with Naphthofurans: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Axially Chiral Styrenes
Authors: Zhang Wenxuan , Sun Jiaying , Yang Daoshan , Song Ran , Si Wen , Lv Jian
Published: May 2024

Herein, we report a chiral Brønsted acid‐catalyzed enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts reaction of ortho‐alkynylnaphthols with various naphthofurans, realizing the asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral styrenes with naphthofurans in 67 to 93% yield and with 34 to 96% ee.
Pressure‐Driven Intrinsic Quantum Confinement and Semiconducting‐to‐Metallic Transition in the Topological Flat Bands Kagome Nb3Cl8 Compounds
Authors: Bouhmouche Ayoub , Rhrissi Ilyass , Moubah Reda
Published: May 2024

Nb3Cl8 is a unique subset of 2D crystalline materials renowned for their Kagome structure and distinctive flat energy bands. These bands contribute to the distinct electronic behavior, rendering Nb3Cl8 a compelling subject for study. In this study, by employing ab initio calculations, the impact of pressure on the electronic properties of Nb3Cl8is scrutinized, yielding valuable insights. Under high pressures, Nb3Cl8 undergoes a transition from a semiconductor state (with a 1.23 eV bandgap) to a metallic one, accompanied by electronic band restructuration. Notably, the flat energy bands are suppressed with increasing pressure. Furthermore, this investigation underscores the distinctive nature of flat energy bands in Nb3Cl8, delving into quantum effects, particularly their association with the quantum confinement of electronic states. The confinement of charge carriers in Nb3Cl8 results in discrete energy levels, corresponding to specific orbitals in the density of states, indicating robust electron confinement. Pressure‐induced changes in the energy gap between these quantized levels suggest a decrease in confinement strength. Consequently, the study lays a robust foundation for future exploration, contributing to the development of innovative electronic devices grounded in quantum confinement effects.
Alkali‐Ion‐Assisted Activation of ε‐VOPO4 as a Cathode Material for Mg‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sari Dogancan , Rutt Ann , Kim Jiyoon , Chen Qian , Hahn Nathan T. , Kim Haegyeom , Persson Kristin A. , Ceder Gerbrand
Published: May 2024

Rechargeable multivalent‐ion batteries are attractive alternatives to Li‐ion batteries to mitigate their issues with metal resources and metal anodes. However, many challenges remain before they can be practically used due to the low solid‐state mobility of multivalent ions. In this study, a promising material identified by high‐throughput computational screening is investigated, ε‐VOPO4, as a Mg cathode. The experimental and computational evaluation of ε‐VOPO4 suggests that it may provide an energy density of >200 Wh kg−1 based on the average voltage of a complete cycle, significantly more than that of well‐known Chevrel compounds. Furthermore, this study finds that Mg‐ion diffusion can be enhanced by co‐intercalation of Li or Na, pointing at interesting correlation dynamics of slow and fast ions.
The Functional Role of Disordered Metal Oxides from Active Catalysis to Biological Metabolism
Authors: Baghestani Ghazal , King Hannah J. , Hocking Rosalie K.
Published: May 2024

It has been observed by many authors that highly active electrocatalysts are frequently “disordered” or “amorphous” in nature. The correlation between this lack of order and functionality is highly debated, with researchers still questioning if this structural property is a simple coincidence of the material preparation method, or if this lack of order has an important functional role for these catalysts. Using metal oxides as an example, how amorphous and disordered metal oxides can react by fundamentally different pathways are explored from more ordered forms with very similar bonding and redox states. The distinction between amorphous, disordered, and crystalline materials is reviewed in different characterization methods and suggests how these material characteristics fundamentally change the reactivity of these materials beyond surface area effects. How disorder can change the underlying thermodynamic stability of a material is explored, which in turn impacts redox potential, proton‐transfer, and electron‐transfer properties. It is these fundamental properties that govern the electrocatalytic activity and microbial metabolism of these materials. It is further argued that understanding the amorphous and disordered state of materials may be key to understanding a range of catalytic reactions; from clean energy reactions to the biological systems that underpin life's existence.
Boosting the Proton Intercalation via Crystal Plane Optimization of TiS2 for Cycling‐Stable Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Manlin , He Xin , Zhou Min , Ning Jing , Zhang Zidong , Cao Shenglin , Wang Tianqi , Wang Kangli , Jiang Kai
Published: May 2024

TiS2 has received significant attention as a promising anode for “Rocking‐Chair”‐type aqueous Zn‐ion batteries due to the large interlayer spacing and low discharge plateau. However, the structural distortion caused by the embedding of divalent Zn2+ as well as the undesirable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) severely affects their cycling stability. Herein, a facet‐dependent mechanism is first deeply investigated to understand charge storage behaviors of TiS2 via differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and in situ X‐ray diffraction characterizations. By regulating the exposed crystal facets of TiS2 from (001) (TS (001)) to (011) (TS(011)), HER can be effectively inhibited, and the charge storage mechanism is transformed from Zn2+ insertion/extraction dominating to H+ insertion/extraction dominating, resulting in faster charge transfer kinetics and strong structure stability during long‐term cycling. Hence, TS(011) delivers a higher reversible capacity of 212.9 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a strong cycling stability of 74% capacity retention over 1000 cycles, much better than that of TS (001) with a reversible capacity of 164.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a capacity retention of 17% after 1000 cycles. These new findings can provide deep insight into the rational design of high‐performance intercalation‐type electrode materials for energy storage applications.
Reconstruction of Electric Double Layer on the Anode Interface by Localized Electronic Structure Engineering for Aqueous Zn Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Jingwen , Li Caixia , Lv Qingliang , Chen Dehong , Zhao Jinling , Xia Xiaodan , Wu Zexing , Lai Jianping , Wang Lei
Published: May 2024

The electric double layer (EDL) at the electrode/electrolyte interface plays a crucial role to the electrochemical reactions of zinc ion batteries. For Zn anode, the EDL consists of H2O dipoles, which can cause Zn corrosion and passivation. Herein, the localized electronic‐rich (LER) structure performing as soild electrolyte interphase (SEI) changes the electron distribution, leading to the rapid capture of Zn2+, thus promoting the desolvation of the cH2O shell. Moreover, the LER generates an electrostatic repulsion effect to SO42−. Consequently, a unique H2O‐poor EDL is reconstructed with the distribution of Zn2+‐H2O‐SO42−, which inhibits side reactions and improves the deposition kinetics of Zn2+. In situ Raman intuitively confirms that the zinc‐ion‐flux is uniform during the whole electroplating process. LER as regulator for EDL structure, leads to smooth and fast Zn2+ deposition. The performance enhancement is demonstrated by LER@Zn//LER@Zn cells, which exhibit exceptional lifespan for 4800 h. Furthermore, the LER@Zn///MnO2 cell shows improved cycling stability over 1500 cycles, with a high capacity of 124 mAh g−1 at 5 C.
Proteomic changes in the human cerebrovasculature in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies linked to peripheral biomarkers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Wojtas Aleksandra M. , Dammer Eric B. , Guo Qi , Ping Lingyan , Shantaraman Ananth , Duong Duc M. , Yin Luming , Fox Edward J. , Seifar Fatemeh , Lee Edward B. , Johnson Erik C. B. , Lah James J. , Levey Allan I. , Levites Yona , Rangaraju Srikant , Golde Todd E. , Seyfried Nicholas T.
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION

Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, detecting cerebrovascular changes within bulk tissues has limited our ability to characterize proteomic alterations from less abundant cell types.

METHODS

We conducted quantitative proteomics on bulk brain tissues and isolated cerebrovasculature from the same individuals, encompassing control (N = 28), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (N = 18), and AD (N = 21) cases.

RESULTS

Protein co‐expression network analysis identified unique cerebrovascular modules significantly correlated with amyloid plaques, cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and/or tau pathology. The protein products within AD genetic risk loci were concentrated within cerebrovascular modules. The overlap between differentially abundant proteins in AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma with cerebrovascular network highlighted a significant increase of matrisome proteins, SMOC1 and SMOC2, in CSF, plasma, and brain.

DISCUSSION

These findings enhance our understanding of cerebrovascular deficits in AD, shedding light on potential biomarkers associated with CAA and vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases.
Correlation analysis of peripheral platelet markers and disease phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Fu Jiajia , Lai Xiaohui , Zhang Chongwei , Wei Qianqian , Chen Xueping , Shang Huifang
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION

Platelets serve as the primary peripheral reservoir of amyloid beta (Aβ). However, there is limited research on platelet markers in routine blood examinations, particularly with regard to the large platelet ratio (P‐LCR) in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

This study included 512 AD patients and 205 healthy controls (HCs). Platelet markers and apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 status were assessed in all participants.

RESULTS

The study revealed that P‐LCR was significantly elevated in AD patients compared to HCs. In AD patients carrying APOE4, P‐LCR significantly negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. There was an observed increasing trend in the rate of change in P‐LCR with disease progression. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that P‐LCR may constitute a risk factor for AD, after adjusting for age, sex, APOE4, and body mass index.

DISCUSSION

P‐LCR is associated with disease severity in AD patients carrying APOE4. P‐LCR may be a promising marker to reflect platelet activity in AD patients.

Highlights

P‐LCR significantly negatively correlated with MoCA scores in AD patients with APOE4.

The rate of change in P‐LCR showed an increasing trend with disease progression.

P‐LCR may be a risk factor for AD.
Mechanical Strain Induces and Increases Vesicular Release Monitored by Microfabricated Stretchable Electrodes
Authors: Yan Jing , Zhang Fu‐Li , Jin Kai‐Qi , Li Jia‐Xin , Wang Li‐Jun , Fan Wen‐Ting , Huang Wei‐Hua , Liu Yan‐Ling
Published: May 2024

Exocytosis involving the fusion of intracellular vesicles with cell membrane, is thought to be modulated by the mechanical cues in the microenvironment. Single‐cell electrochemistry can offer unique information about the quantification and kinetics of exocytotic events; however, the effects of mechanical force on vesicular release have been poorly explored. Herein, we developed a stretchable microelectrode with excellent electrochemical stability under mechanical deformation by microfabrication of functionalized poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) conductive ink, which achieved real‐time quantitation of strain‐induced vesicular exocytosis from a single cell for the first time. We found that mechanical strain could cause calcium influx via the activation of Piezo1 channels in chromaffin cell, initiating the vesicular exocytosis process. Interestingly, mechanical strain increases the amount of catecholamines released by accelerating the opening and prolonging the closing of fusion pore during exocytosis. This work is expected to provide revealing insights into the regulatory effects of mechanical stimuli on vesicular exocytosis.
Zwitterionic Cellulose‐Based Polymer Electrolyte Enabled by Aqueous Solution Casting for High‐Performance Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Cheng Yong , Cai Zhichao , Xu Jinglei , Sun Zhefei , Wu Xiaoyu , Han Jiajia , Wang Yao‐Hui , Wang Ming‐Sheng
Published: May 2024

Polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based solid‐state batteries hold great promise as the next‐generation batteries with high energy density and high safety. However, PEO‐based electrolytes encounter certain limitations, including inferior ionic conductivity, low Li+ transference number, and poor mechanical strength. Herein, we aim to simultaneously address these issues by utilizing one‐dimensional zwitterionic cellulose nanofiber (ZCNF) as fillers for PEO‐based electrolytes using a simple aqueous solution casting method. Multiple characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the unique zwitterionic structure imparts ZCNF with various functions, such as disrupting PEO crystallization, dissociating lithium salts, anchoring anions through cationic groups, accelerating Li+ migration by anionic groups, as well as its inherent reinforcement effect. As a result, the prepared PL‐ZCNF electrolyte exhibits remarkable ionic conductivity (5.37×10−4 S cm−1) and Li+ transference number (0.62) at 60 °C without sacrificing mechanical strength (9.2 MPa), together with high critical current density of 1.1 mA cm−2. Attributed to these merits of PL‐ZCNF, the LiFePO4|PL‐ZCNF|Li solid‐state full‐cell delivers exceptional rate capability and cycling performance (900 cycles at 5 C). Notably, the assembled pouch‐cell can maintain steady operation over 1000 cycles with an impressive 93.7 % capacity retention at 0.5 C and 60 °C, highlighting the great potential of PL‐ZCNF for practical applications.
Development of Stable Water‐Soluble Supratomic Silver Clusters Utilizing A Polyoxoniobate‐Protected Strategy: Giant Core‐Shell‐Type Ag8@Nb162 Fluorescent Nanocluster
Authors: Hong Li‐Hao , Yue Sheng‐Nan , Huang Xing , Sun Cai , Cai Ping‐Wei , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Li Xin‐Xiong , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: May 2024

Atomically precise low‐nuclearity (n<10) silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) have garnered significant interest due to their size‐dependent optical properties and diverse applications. However, their synthesis has remained challenging, primarily due to their inherent instability. The present study introduces a new feasible approach for clustering silver ions utilizing highly negative and redox‐inert polyoxoniobates (PONbs) as all‐inorganic ligands. This strategy not only enables the creation of novel Ag‐PONb composite nanoclusters but also facilitates the synthesis of stable low‐nuclearity AgNCs. Using this method, we have successfully synthesized a small octanuclear rhombic [Ag8]6+ AgNC stabilized by six highly negative [LiNb27O75]14− polyoxoanions. This marks the first PONb‐protected superatomic AgNC, designated as {Ag8@(LiNb27O75)6} (Ag8@Nb162), with an aesthetically spherical core–shell structure. The crystalline Ag8@Nb162 is stable under ambient conditions, What's more, it is water‐soluble and able to maintain its molecular cluster structure intact in water. Further, the stable small [Ag8]6+ AgNC has interesting temperature‐ and pH‐dependent reversible fluorescence response, based on which a multiple optical encryption mode for anti‐counterfeit technology was demonstrated. This work offers a promising avenue for the synthesis of fascinating and stable PONb‐protected AgNCs and sheds light on the development of new‐type optical functional materials.
Engineered Phenylalanine Ammonia‐Lyases for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Aspartic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Buslov Ivan , Desmons Sarah , Duhoo Yoan , Hu Xile
Published: May 2024

Biocatalytic hydroamination of alkenes is an efficient and selective method to synthesize natural and unnatural amino acids. Phenylalanine ammonia‐lyases (PALs) have been previously engineered to access a range of substituted phenylalanines and heteroarylalanines, but their substrate scope remains limited, typically including only arylacrylic acids. Moreover, the enantioselectivity in the hydroamination of electron‐deficient substrates is often poor. Here, we report the structure‐based engineering of PAL from Planctomyces brasiliensis (PbPAL), enabling preparative‐scale enantioselective hydroaminations of previously inaccessible yet synthetically useful substrates, such as amide‐ and ester‐containing fumaric acid derivatives. Through the elucidation of cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) PbPAL structure and screening of the structure‐based mutagenesis library, we identified the key active site residue L205 as pivotal for dramatically enhancing the enantioselectivity of hydroamination reactions involving electron‐deficient substrates. Our engineered PALs demonstrated exclusive α‐regioselectivity, high enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope. The potential utility of the developed biocatalysts was further demonstrated by a preparative‐scale hydroamination yielding tert‐butyl protected l‐aspartic acid, widely used as intermediate in peptide solid‐phase synthesis.
A waste hemp‐based biomass carbon aerogel with high fire‐resistance
Authors: Liu Jiangtao , Yang Ke , Yang Yaru , Zhang Mingshuo , Shi Yiran , Xue Baoxia , Niu Mei , Zhang Li
Published: May 2024

To enhance the efficient utilization of waste hemp rods, a kind of three‐dimensional (3D), mesh‐like lamellar structured hemp‐based biomass carbon aerogel (CA) was developed by freeze‐drying and subsequent high‐temperature carbonization method. The microstructure, flame resistance, thermal stability, and thermal conductivity of CA were investigated using several analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), simulated combustion tests, and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Optimum formulation yielded at an alkali treatment concentration of 20% and a carbonization temperature of 700°C, CA with a 3D network of reticulated lamellae was obtained. CA exhibited minimal values for thermal conductivity (0.06 W/m K) and thermal diffusion coefficient (0.41 mm2/s), which are indicative of superior insulative properties. Moreover, the material demonstrated remarkable thermal endurance and flame resistance, achieving a char yield of 70.03% when subjected to a temperature of 700°C in an oxidative environment.
Ökobilanzen von Baustoffen für Tragwerke in Abhängigkeit von den Bewertungssystemen im DACH‐Raum
Authors: Zitterl Thomas , Bauer Peter
Published: May 2024

Aufgrund der Komplexität der Ergebnisse von Ökobilanzen bestehen Bemühungen, die Fülle an Indikatoren zu einem einzelnen aussagekräftigen Wert als Ergebnis einer Ökobilanz zusammenzuführen. Derartige vollaggregierende Bewertungsmethoden charakterisieren und gewichten einzelne Indikatoren und deren Auswirkungen und führen diese in Punktesysteme über. Die für die Berechnung herangezogenen Ökologieindikatoren basieren auf baustoffbezogenen Datensätzen, welche laut Norm zumindest die Phasen Herstellung, Entsorgung und Wiederverwendung bzw. Recycling deklarieren sollten. In der Praxis verwendete Datenbanken entsprechen derzeit jedoch nur begrenzt diesen Anforderungen. Die in Österreich verwendete Datenbank berücksichtigt etwa nur die Herstellung, in der Schweiz werden Herstellung und Entsorgung herangezogen und in Deutschland zwar alle drei Phasen, diese jedoch nicht immer vollständig. Ein Vergleich auf Baustoffebene zeigt, dass sich je nach Datengrundlage und Bewertungsmethode teilweise stark unterschiedliche Erkenntnisse und Handlungsanleitungen ergeben. Ergebnisse von Ökobilanzierungen sollten daher immer in Relation zur verwendeten Datenquelle betrachtet werden. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt auf, dass Datenbanken der KBOB und der ÖKOBAUDAT, welche Herstellung und Entsorgung der Baustoffe einbeziehen, sowie die Methode der ökologischen Knappheit empfehlenswert sind. Die Datenbank baubook sowie der Oekoindex OI3 liefern aktuell nur begrenzt verwendbare Ergebnisse.
State of Health Estimation of Lithium‐ion Batteries Based on Machine Learning with Mechanical‐Electrical Features
Authors: Gong Lili , Zhang Zhiyuan , Li Xueyan , Sun Kai , Yang Haosong , Li Bin , Ye Hong , Wang Xiaoyang , Tan Peng
Published: May 2024

As one of the key parameters to characterize the life of lithium‐ion batteries, the state of health (SOH) is of great importance in ensuring the reliability and safety of the battery system. Considering the complexity of practical application scenarios, a novel method based on mechanical‐electrical feature extraction and machine learning is proposed to accurately estimate the SOH. A series of degradation experiments are designed to generate battery aging datasets, including the stress and voltage changes. Health features are directly extracted from the stress‐voltage profile and the mechanical‐electrical health feature factors are obtained through correlation analysis. The long short‐term memory (LSTM) network is introduced to map the relationship between mechanical‐electrical responses and the SOH, where the health feature factors are selected as input vectors. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by battery datasets under different conditions, from which the estimated errors are less than 1.5 %. This work demonstrates that the analysis and utilization of mechanical‐electrical parameters can not only realize accurate SOH estimation, but also provide a broader field for battery energy management.
How are Trypanosoma brucei receptors protected from host antibody‐mediated attack?
Authors: Banerjee Sourav , Minshall Nicola , Webb Helena , Carrington Mark
Published: May 2024

Trypanosoma brucei is the causal agent of African Trypanosomiasis in humans and other animals. It maintains a long‐term infection through an antigenic variation based population survival strategy. To proliferate in a mammal, T. brucei acquires iron and haem through the receptor mediated uptake of host transferrin and haptoglobin‐hemoglobin respectively. The receptors are exposed to host antibodies but this does not lead to clearance of the infection. Here we discuss how the trypanosome avoids this fate in the context of recent findings on the structure and cell biology of the receptors.
Vaccine process technology—A decade of progress
Authors: Buckland Barry , Sanyal Gautam , Ranheim Todd , Pollard David , Searles Jim A. , Behrens Sue , Pluschkell Stefanie , Josefsberg Jessica , Roberts Christopher J.
Published: May 2024

In the past decade, new approaches to the discovery and development of vaccines have transformed the field. Advances during the COVID‐19 pandemic allowed the production of billions of vaccine doses per year using novel platforms such as messenger RNA and viral vectors. Improvements in the analytical toolbox, equipment, and bioprocess technology have made it possible to achieve both unprecedented speed in vaccine development and scale of vaccine manufacturing. Macromolecular structure‐function characterization technologies, combined with improved modeling and data analysis, enable quantitative evaluation of vaccine formulations at single‐particle resolution and guided design of vaccine drug substances and drug products. These advances play a major role in precise assessment of critical quality attributes of vaccines delivered by newer platforms. Innovations in label‐free and immunoassay technologies aid in the characterization of antigenic sites and the development of robust in vitro potency assays. These methods, along with molecular techniques such as next‐generation sequencing, will accelerate characterization and release of vaccines delivered by all platforms. Process analytical technologies for real‐time monitoring and optimization of process steps enable the implementation of quality‐by‐design principles and faster release of vaccine products. In the next decade, the field of vaccine discovery and development will continue to advance, bringing together new technologies, methods, and platforms to improve human health.