bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steroid hormones polymorphisms and cholelithiasis in Greek population
Authors: Kitsiou‐Tzeli S. , Giannatou E. , Spanos I. , Nicolaidou P. , Fretzayas A. , Tzetis M. , Lazaris D. , Kanavakis E. , Tsezou A.
Published: December 2006

Background: Genetic variation in genes involved in steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and signal transduction have been suggested to play a role in gallstone disease.

Methods: To elucidate the possible role of genetic variation in the estrogen receptors α and β (ER‐α, ER‐β) and androgen receptor (AR) genes in breast cancer risk, the −1174(TA)n, c.1092+3607(CA)n and c.172(CAG)n repeat polymorphisms of the three genes were studied. A case–control cohort of 99 patients with cholelithiasis and 179 controls were used.

Results: No significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of −1174(TA)0–26 in the ER‐α gene between patients and controls, while a significant difference was observed in the frequency distribution of repeat polymorphism c.1092+3607(CA)5–27 and c.172(CAG)5–32 in the ER‐β gene and AR gene, respectively (P≤0.0001 and P=0.05, respectively). A significant difference was observed in the repeat genotype distribution (SS, SL, LL) in the (CA)n of the ER‐β gene (P<0.0001) and in the (CAG)n of the AR gene (P≤0.0001). A significantly decreased odds ratio for cholelithiasis risk was observed in individuals having the SL and LL genotype for ER‐β gene compared with SS genotype (OR=0.212; 95% CI 0.105–0.426; P<0.0001 and OR=0.042; 95% CI 0.018–0.097, respectively) and LL genotype for AR gene (OR=0.622; 95% CI 0.345–1.121; P=0.114 and OR=0.287; 95% CI 0.151–0.543, P<0.0001, respectively). This protective effect of SL and LL genotypes for ER‐β and LL for AR gene remained evident (P<0.0001 for all of them) even after adjustment for various risk factors.

Conclusions: In conclusion an association for cholelithiasis risk between short alleles for both c.1092+3607(CA)5–27 and c.172(CAG)5–32 repeat polymorphisms of the ER‐β and AR was found in individuals of Greek descent.
Cat scratch disease causing hepatic masses after liver transplant
Authors: Thudi Kavitha R. , Kreikemeier Jeffrey T. , Phillips Nancy J. , Salvalaggio Paolo R. , Kennedy Donald J. , Hayashi Paul H.
Published: December 2006

Hepatic cat scratch disease is rarely reported in liver transplant recipients and has never been reported with discrete liver lesions in the graft. A 52‐year‐old woman was transplanted for hepatitis C cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Her posttransplant course was uneventful. She presented 2.7 years after transplantation with fever of unknown origin and went on to develop multiple and diffuse discrete liver lesions. Despite an extensive work‐up including percutaneous and laparoscopic biopsies, a subsegmental resection that included one of these masses was required to make the diagnosis of Bartonella henselae infection. Serologic tests were equivocal. Histology was consistent with cat scratch disease of the liver, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of the resected tissue confirmed the diagnosis. Response to doxycycline was rapid. Fevers resolved within 7 days. Repeat abdominal CT scan showed reduction of the liver masses. Cat scratch disease should be considered in postliver transplant patients presenting with fever and liver lesions, especially if close contact with cats has occurred. Diagnosis by PCR testing of involved tissue is preferred when serologies are equivocal due to immunosuppression.
MARS®: a futile tool in centres without active liver transplant support
Authors: Wai Chun‐Tao , Lim Seng‐Gee , Aung Myot‐Oo , Lee Yin‐Mei , Sutedja Dede S. , Dan Yock‐Young , Aw Marion M. , Quak Seng‐Hock , Lee Margaret K. , Da Costa Maureen , Prahbakaran K. , Lee Kang‐Hoe
Published: December 2006

Background and aim: Studies on Molecular Adsorbent Recycling Systems (MARS®) showed inconclusive survival benefits.

Patients and method: We evaluated the efficacy of MARS® for patients with either acute liver failure (ALF) or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (AoCLF) at our centre, from February 2002 till April 2006 retrospectively.

Results: Fifty ALF patients underwent median (range) three (1–10) sessions of MARS®. Acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B (n=26) and drug‐induced liver injury (n=12) were the commonest causes. Living donors were available in 6, 2 paediatric patients underwent left lobe and four adults underwent right lobe living donor liver transplant. Among the 44 ALF patients without a suitable living donor, one underwent deceased donor liver transplant and survived, another 19‐year‐old male with acute exacerbations of chronic hepatitis B recovered without transplant, and the rest died. Twenty‐six had AoCLF and underwent four (1–10) MARS® sessions. Sepsis (n=16) and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n=4) were the commonest precipitating factors. None had a suitable living or deceased donor, suitable for transplantation during their hospitalization. Only one of 26 AoCLF patients survived the hospitalization, but the survivor died of sepsis 1 month later.

Conclusion: In this non‐randomized study, survival after MARS® was related to the availability of transplant, and in patients where living or deceased donor transplant was unavailable, MARS® was of little benefit. Randomized‐controlled trials on MARS® are urgently needed to clarify its clinical utility.
Analysis of bile acid‐induced regulation of FXR target genes in human liver slices
Authors: Jung Diana , Elferink Marieke G. L. , Stellaard Frans , Groothuis Geny M. M.
Published: December 2006

Information about the role of nuclear receptors has rapidly increased over the last decade. However, details about their role in human are lacking. Owing to species differences, a powerful humanin vitrosystem is needed. This study uses for the first time precision‐cut human liver slices in the nuclear receptor field. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was chosen as a model. We were able to demonstrate that human liver slices efficiently take up bile acids and show a stable expression of a wide variety of genes relevant for bile acid metabolism, including bile acid transporters, cytochrome P450 enzymes and transcription factors. Treatment with chenodeoxycholate induced small heterodimer partner, bile salt export pump and p‐glycoprotein, ABCB4 and repressed cholesterol 7α hydroxylase, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1, HNF4 and organic anion transporting peptide (OATP)1B1. OATP1B3, FXR, HNF3β and cytochrome P450 enzyme remained relatively constant. In contrast to what has been observed in mice and rat studies, SHP induction did not result in repression of sodium‐dependent bile acid cotransporter expression. Further, regulation of genes seemed to be dependent on concentration and time. Taken together, the study shows that the use of liver slices is a powerful technique that enables to study nuclear receptors in the human liver.
Prevalence and clinical associations of posttransplant fatty liver disease
Authors: Lim Lee Guan , Cheng Chee Leong , Wee Aileen , Lim Seng Gee , Lee Yin Mei , Sutedja Dede Selamat , Da Costa Maureen , Prabhakaran K. , Wai Chun‐Tao
Published: December 2006

Background and Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) could recur after liver transplant in patients with preexisting NAFLD, and has recently been reported to occur after transplant in patients transplanted without preexisting NAFLD. The literature on posttransplant NAFLD is limited. We aimed to study the prevalence of posttransplant NAFLD in patients transplanted for non‐NAFLD‐related liver diseases.

Methods: Thirty liver transplant recipients: 18 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), seven with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), five others, were recruited. Liver biopsies were performed in all CHB and CHC patients annually as per protocol, or when clinically indicated. All biopsies were reviewed by one hepato‐histopathologist blindly to assess and stage for steatosis and steatohepatitis.

Results: After a mean follow‐up of 44±4 months, 12 (40%) and four (13%) developed posttransplant steatosis and steatohepatitis, respectively. None developed steatosis‐related fibrosis or cirrhosis. Posttransplant steatohepatitis was associated with higher pretransplant body mass index (BMI) (32.3±3.9 vs 23.1±0.8, P=0.02) and higher BMI at last biopsy (32.5±4.3 vs 22.9±0.7, P=0.01).

Conclusion: Posttransplant steatosis is common after liver transplant even in patients transplanted for non‐NAFLD‐related liver diseases. However, it is mostly benign during our follow‐up, with only 13% developing steatohepatitis and none with fibrosis or cirrhosis.
Contrasting behaviour of rare earth and major elements during partial melting in granulite facies migmatites, Wuluma Hills, Arunta Block, central Australia
Authors: CLARKE G.L. , WHITE R.W. , LUI S. , FITZHERBERT J.A. , PEARSON N.J.
Published: December 2006

Low‐P granulite facies metapelitic migmatites in the Wuluma Hills, Strangways Metamorphic Complex, Arunta Block, preserve evidence of polyphase deformation and migmatite formation which is of the same age of the c. 1730 Ma Wuluma granite. Mineral equilibria modelling of garnet‐orthoproxene‐cordierite‐bearing assemblages using thermocalc is consistent with peak S3 conditions of 6.0–6.5 kbar and 850–900 °C. The growth of orthopyroxene and garnet was primarily controlled by biotite breakdown during partial melting reactions. Whereas orthopyroxene in the cordierite‐biotite mesosome shows enrichment of heavy‐REE (HREE) relative to medium‐REE (MREE), orthopyroxene in adjacent garnet‐bearing leucosome shows depletion of HREE relative to MREE. There is no appreciable difference in major element contents of minerals common to both the mesosome and leucosome. The REE variations can be satisfactorily explained by decoupling of major element and REE partitioning, in the context of appropriate phase‐equilibria modelling of a prograde path at ∼6 kbar. Sparse garnet nucleii formed at ∼760 °C, along with concentrated leucosome development and preferentially partitioned HREE. Further heating to ∼800 °C at constant or subtly increasing pressure conditions additionally stabilized orthopyroxene and decreased the garnet mode. Orthopyroxene in the leucosome inherited an REE pattern consequent to the partial consumption of garnet, it being distinct from the REE pattern in mesosome orthoproxene that was mostly controlled by biotite breakdown. Such within‐sample variability in the enrichment of heavy REE indicates that caution needs to be exercised in the application of common elemental partitioning coefficients in spatially complex metamorphic rocks.
Stretch Goals and Backcasting: Approaches for Overcoming Barriers to Large‐Scale Ecological Restoration
Authors: Manning Adrian D. , Lindenmayer David B. , Fischer Joern
Published: December 2006

The destruction and transformation of ecosystems by humans threatens biodiversity, ecosystem function, and vital ecosystem services. Ecological repair of ecosystems will be a major challenge over the next century and beyond. Restoration efforts to date have frequently been ad hoc, and site or situation specific. Although such small‐scale efforts are vitally important, without large‐scale visions and coordination, it is unlikely that large functioning ecosystems will ever be constructed by chance through the cumulative effects of small‐scale projects. Although the problems of human‐induced environmental degradation and the need for a solution are widely recognized, these issues have rarely been addressed on a sufficiently large‐scale basis. There are numerous barriers that prevent large‐scale ecological restoration projects from being proposed, initiated, or carried through. Common barriers include the “shifting baseline syndrome,” the scale and complexity of restoration, the long‐term and open‐ended nature of restoration, funding challenges, and preemptive constraint of vision. Two potentially useful approaches that could help overcome these barriers are stretch goals and backcasting. Stretch goals are ambitious long‐term goals used to inspire creativity and innovation to achieve outcomes that currently seem impossible. Backcasting is a technique where a desired end point is visualized, and then a pathway to that end point is worked out retrospectively. A case study from the Scottish Highlands is used to illustrate how stretch goals and backcasting could facilitate large‐scale restoration. The combination of these approaches offers ways to evaluate and shape options for the future of ecosystems, rather than accepting that future ecosystems are victims of past and present political realities.
Wilderness Restoration: The Paradox of Public Participation
Authors: Throop William , Purdom Rebecca
Published: December 2006

Recent trends in ecological restoration complicate the job of wilderness managers. An emphasis on volunteer participation in restoration designed to foster human/nature relationships often conflicts with the mandate to leave land untrammeled. We frame this conflict as the “participation paradox.” Higgs’ (2003) Nature by Design contains a response to the paradox that includes a strong defense of participatory focal restoration and a related critique of wilderness. After identifying the limitations of Higgs’ arguments, we address the paradox by showing how an appeal to the moral virtues of humility, self‐restraint, and altruism supports a restrictive conception of wilderness and a healing metaphor for wilderness restoration. The virtue‐informed healing metaphor provides an argument for restricting volunteer participation and long‐term restoration projects in wilderness areas. It also identifies the general conditions in which damaged wilderness should be allowed to “heal itself.” The upshot of our approach to the paradox is that some standards for good restoration should be contextualized to land use designations. In particular, the emphasis on participatory restoration is appropriate in humanized landscapes but not in wilderness.
Restoration Goes Wild: A Reply to Throop and Purdom
Authors: Higgs Eric S.
Published: December 2006

Throop and Purdom’s proposal for virtues based restoration is consistent with my concept of focal restoration, but their interpretation conflates focal restoration with participatory restoration. We disagree on the meaning of wilderness and on the appropriate underlying relationship between nature and culture, which affects how each of us regards the role of restoration in so‐called wilderness. I prefer the term “wildness” over wilderness precisely because the former locates the power of meaning in process rather than place. The primary metaphors we used to describe the proper role of restoration differ, too. Throop and Purdom prefer “healing,” whereas my preference is for “design” as a way of acknowledging the moral implications of restoration interventions in natural processes.
Seed Rain and Seed Limitation in a Planted Gallery Forest in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Karina C. , Pizo Marco A.
Published: December 2006

With seeds collected monthly during one year from 53 1‐m2 seed traps, we investigated the seed rain and seed limitation in a gallery forest planted in 1994 in SE Brazil. Contrasting animal‐ (zoochorous) and wind‐dispersed (anemochorous) plants we investigated (1) which aspects of the composition and structure of the vegetation influence the abundance and species richness of the seed rain; (2) if such influences differ between zoochorous and anemochorous seeds; (3) if the abundance and richness of the seed rain sampled under zoochorous and nonzoochorous plant species differ; and (4) if seed limitation (given by the proportion of sites to which seeds were not dispersed) differs between zoochorous and anemochorous plant species, and also between species that have been planted and those that further colonized the area (colonists). Seed rain was intense and dominated by anemochorous species. The overall seed rain was not influenced by the vegetation parameters we analyzed (canopy height and cover, plant size, abundance, and richness) or by the plant species above the seed trap. The abundance and richness of zoochorous seeds in a given spot was influenced by the abundance and richness of zoochorous plants in its immediate vicinity. Seed limitation was higher for anemochorous than zoochorous species and higher for planted than for colonist species. We concluded with recommendations for the initial establishment of a planted forest, including the homogeneous distribution of zoochorous plants to permit a spatially homogeneous zoochorous seedfall, which will likely enhance the chances of survival and successful establishment of seeds.
A Regional Assessment of Salt Marsh Restoration and Monitoring in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Konisky Raymond A. , Burdick David M. , Dionne Michele , Neckles Hilary A.
Published: December 2006

We compiled salt marsh monitoring datasets from 36 complete or imminent restoration projects in the Gulf of Maine to assess regional monitoring and restoration practices. Data were organized by functional indicators and restoration project types (culvert replacement, excavation works, or ditch plugging) then pooled to generate mean values for indicators before restoration, after restoration, and at reference sites. Monitoring data were checked against the regional standards of a voluntary protocol for the Gulf of Maine. Data inventories showed that vegetation and salinity indicators were most frequently collected (89 and 78% of sites, respectively), whereas nekton, bird, and hydrologic measures were collected at only about half of the sites. Reference conditions were monitored at 72% of sites. Indicators were analyzed to see if project sites were degraded relative to reference areas and to detect ecological responses to restoration activities. Results showed that compared to reference areas, prerestoration sites had smaller tidal ranges, reduced salinity levels, greater cover of brackish plants species, and lower cover of halophyte plants. Following restoration, physical factors rebounded rapidly with increased flood and salinity levels after about one year, especially for culvert projects. Biological responses were less definitive and occurred over longer time frames. Plant communities trended toward recovered halophytes and reduced brackish species at 3+ years following restoration. Nekton and avian indicators were indistinguishable among reference, impacted, and restored areas. The protocol was successful in demonstrating restoration response for the region, but results were limited by regional inconsistencies in field practices and relatively few multiyear datasets. To improve future assessment capabilities, we encourage greater adherence to the standard protocol throughout the Gulf of Maine salt marsh restoration community.
Stream Restoration in the Upper Midwest, U.S.A.
Authors: Alexander Gretchen G. , Allan J. David
Published: December 2006

Restoration activities intended to improve the condition of streams and rivers are widespread throughout the Upper Midwest, U.S.A. As with other regions, however, little information exists regarding types of activities and their effectiveness. We developed a database of 1,345 stream restoration projects implemented from the years 1970 to 2004 for the states of Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin in order to analyze regional trends in goals, presence of monitoring, spatial distribution, size, and cost of river restoration projects. We found that data on individual projects were fragmented across multiple federal, state, and county agencies, as well as nonprofit groups and consulting firms. The most common restoration goals reported for this region were in‐stream habitat improvement, bank stabilization, water‐quality management, and dam removal. The former two were most common in Michigan and Wisconsin, where salmonid fisheries enhancement appeared to be an important concern, whereas water‐quality management was most frequent in Ohio. The most common restoration activities were the use of sand traps and riprap, and other common activities were related to the improvement of fish habitat. The median cost was $12,957 for projects with cost data, and total expenditures since 1990 were estimated at $444 million. Over time, the cost of individual projects has increased, whereas the median size has decreased, suggesting that restoration resources are being spent on smaller, more localized, and more expensive projects. Only 11% of data records indicated that monitoring was performed, and more expensive projects were more likely to be monitored. Standardization of monitoring and record keeping and dissemination of findings are urgently needed to ensure that dollars are well spent and restoration effectiveness is maximized.
Invasion by Non‐Native Annual Grasses: The Importance of Species Biomass, Composition, and Time Among California Native Grasses of the Central Valley
Authors: Lulow Megan E.
Published: December 2006

The Central Valley of California is noted for its dearth of remnant native grass populations and for low native grass seedling establishment within grasslands now dominated by non‐native annual species. In contrast, remnant populations are common along the coast, and studies have shown an ability for seedlings and adults to compete with non‐native annual grasses. The invasibility of well‐established populations of native grasses in the Central Valley remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to compare the invasibility of native grasses differing in density and species composition and, given the species in this study, to assess the ability of mixes with greater species richness to resist invasion relative to their abilities in monoculture. In the Sacramento Valley of California, six species of native grasses were planted at three densities in monospecific and mixed‐species plots. Percent cover of native perennial and non‐native annual grasses was measured in years 2 and 3, and biomass was sampled in year 5. Native grass biomass and, to a lesser extent, species composition were important in explaining variation in non‐native grass invasibility in the fifth year. Species‐rich treatments did not experience less invasion than would be expected by the proportional invasibility of each species in monoculture. However, invasibility of plots consisting of slower growing, shorter statured species decreased over time, suggesting a successional benefit to diverse communities. This study demonstrates that established stands of native grasses in the Sacramento Valley can resist invasion by non‐native annual grasses and that stand biomass is a particularly important factor in determining invasibility.
Restoration Success of Backfilling Canals in Coastal Louisiana Marshes
Authors: Baustian Joseph J. , Eugene Turner R.
Published: December 2006

The need for effective marsh restoration techniques in Louisiana is a pressing issue as the state continues to lose coastal wetlands. Returning spoil banks to canals, known as “backfilling,” is an attractive restoration option because it restores marsh, prevents future wetland loss, and is cost effective. The restoration of 30 canals backfilled 20 years ago was examined in this study and compared to restoration success 5 and 10 years after backfilling. Ultimately, the success of backfilling was controlled by the amount of spoil returned to the canal and the position of the canal in the marsh. Up to 95% of the spoil area was restored to marsh when the spoil banks were adequately removed, but only 5% of the spoil area was restored at sites where spoil removal was poor. Restoration of organic matter, bulk density, water content, and plant communities of the former spoil areas was also constrained by the adequacy of spoil removal. Backfilling restored up to 90% of the organic matter, 92% of the bulk density, and 93% of the water content after 20 years at sites where spoil was properly removed. Canals backfilled in areas of intact marsh showed greater restoration success than canals backfilled in highly degraded marshes. This study indicates that the benefits of backfilling continue to increase over time, although complete restoration will take longer than 20 years. Improving the completeness of spoil removal, coupled with appropriate site selection, could speed up the restoration process and enhance the success of future backfilling projects.
Assessment of Potential Karner Blue Butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) (Family: Lycanidae) Reintroduction Sites in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Chan Pak Kin , Packer Laurence
Published: December 2006

Although species reintroduction is useful as both an integral part and a performance indicator of habitat restoration, it is not a risk‐free process. Evaluation of potential reintroduction sites is often crucially important in reducing chances of failure. Despite its importance, there is no standard way to do so. This study applied a systematic scheme to evaluate five potential reintroduction sites for the endangered Karner Blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis Nabokov) in Ontario, Canada, by looking at both biotic and abiotic aspects. Field data were collected in 2003 from these sites, and three potential founder butterfly sites in the United States. We used data collected from the U.S. sites to determine the minimum standards for ecological requirements of the Karner Blue. Data from the Ontario sites were then compared against these standards. The results show that all five potential reintroduction sites are of lower quality, at least in certain aspects, compared with the three potential founder butterfly sites. This implies that success is not guaranteed if the Karner Blue is reintroduced into these sites under current habitat conditions. Further site restoration is required and should focus on the shortcomings identified for individual sites in this study. The lessons from this study are useful for potential reintroduction site assessment in other restoration projects because they reveal whether the sites are ready for species reintroduction and, if not, how they need to be improved.
Prioritization of Target Areas for Rehabilitation: A Case Study from West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Marjokorpi Antti , Otsamo Riikka
Published: December 2006

To rehabilitate degraded forestlands and conserve the remaining forests in Kalimantan, effective measures are needed that accommodate various land uses in the landscape. We present a pragmatic model for prioritizing target areas for rehabilitation and discuss a potential approach, combining traditional reforestation and the forest management methods of local Dayak tribes with the operations of a commercial tree plantation venture, to promote the rehabilitation of elements of the tropical lowland rainforest. We characterized the vegetation and land use in the study area and assume that rehabilitation and conservation value will be maximized by concentrating rehabilitation efforts around forest patches with high cultural and economic value to the local Dayaks. We simulated potential enlargement of these culturally important forests and built a model to calculate a rehabilitation value for each forest fragment and fragment group with easily measurable criteria of vegetation and area. The model gives priority to areas where large continuous areas of culturally important forests already exist and/or will be created. The individual culturally important forest patches and their total area in the landscape are small, but even a small potential enlargement may be enough to establish relatively large concentrations. The potential matrix area for rehabilitation is dominated by young successional woody vegetation. Forested areas, although heavily degraded, connect several culturally important forest concentrations and are the most desirable target for rehabilitation. A well‐managed commercial tree plantation can enhance conditions for the protection and rehabilitation of degraded forestlands through traditional reforestation and forest management methods.
Olive baboon (Papio anubis anubis) as a model for intrauterine research
Authors: Chai D. , Cuneo S. , Falconer H. , Mwenda J.M. , D'Hooghe T.
Published: December 2006

Background  The Olive baboon is a popular animal model for reproductive and surgical research. The Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya, has been using the animal for reproductive research for many years. In the baboon, compared with other smaller non‐human primates, it is possible to insert uterine probes such as, catheters, curettes and other linear instruments (to cannulate cervix for uterine procedures like flushing, endometrium biopsy, embryo transfer, etc.).

Methods  However we noticed in a few animals this was difficult and problematic, particularly in some stages of the menstrual cycle, in retroverted uteri, in extensive adhesions or in some anatomically unique animals and we have developed a technique called ‘Chai technique’ for this purpose.

Results and Conclusions  The Chai technique is unique to the baboon and not possible in human. It does not seem to cause injuries as frequently as uterine perforation and, in our experience, has been surprisingly successful.
Prevention of zona hardening in non‐human primate oocytes cultured in protein‐free medium
Authors: VandeVoort Catherine A. , Hung Pei‐hsuan , Schramm R.D.
Published: December 2006

Background Development of a protein‐free medium for in vitro maturation of oocytes that prevents zona hardening is essential for the study of components that affect the maturation process.

Methods Immature macaque oocytes were cultured in modified CMRL medium with serum protein or without protein [with or without polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)] for 24 hours.

Results Sperm penetration of oocytes cultured for 24 hours prior to insemination was poor in CMRL medium alone, but was dramatically improved in CMRL medium with the addition of either PVA or BCS. In the second experiment, in vivo matured oocytes were cultured in CMRL with PVA or serum for 6 hours prior to insemination. The incidence of fertilization and embryo development to the blastocyst stage were similar in CMRL with PVA.

Conclusions These results indicate that fertilization failure occurs when macaque oocytes are cultured in medium without protein, but can be prevented with PVA.
Chlorhexidine varnish for preventing dental caries in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review
Authors: Zhang Qi , Van Palenstein Helderman Wim H. , Van't Hof Martin A. , Truin Gert‐Jan
Published: December 2006

This systematic review aimed to determine the caries‐inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) varnishes on the permanent dentition of children, adolescents and young adults, and to explore two possibly related factors, namely application frequency and the time between evaluation and the last application. The literature search identified 14 publications of randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials where the effect of CHX varnish was compared with placebo controls or controls that received no preventive treatment. To obtain uniform outcome effects, the prevented fraction and 95% confidence intervals of caries increment were calculated. Owing to insufficient data presentation, only eight publications were included. Another two publications were included after receiving additional data from the authors. This systematic review did not result in a meta‐analysis as an overall prevented fraction could not be computed because of the large variation of outcome results. The variation could not be explained by the time between evaluation and last application but might be explained by application frequency. It is tentatively concluded that CHX varnish has a moderate caries‐inhibiting effect when applied every 3–4 months. However, this effect seems to have diminished by around 2 yr after the last application. There is no evidence for a caries‐inhibiting effect of CHX varnish with longer intervals between applications.
Mandibular jaw movement capacity in 10–17‐yr‐old children and adolescents: normative values and the influence of gender, age, and temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Hirsch Christian , John Mike T. , Lautenschläger Christine , List Thomas
Published: December 2006

The aims of this study were, first, to report normative values for jaw movements in Caucasian children and adolescents (maximum opening, laterotrusion, and protrusion) and, second, to investigate the influence of age, gender, and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) on jaw movement capacity. The population‐based study included 1,011 randomly selected German children and adolescents, aged 10–17 yr. Case histories, as well as mandibular movements and the presence of TMD, were assessed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). The mean ± standard deviation for maximum opening was 50.6 ± 6.4 mm, for laterotrusion to the right was 10.2 ± 2.2 mm, for laterotrusion to the left was 10.6 ± 2.3 mm, and for protrusion was 8.2 ± 2.5 mm. Bivariable (t‐test) and multivariable (linear regression) analyses showed that normative values for jaw opening capacity were influenced by age and gender. No influence on jaw movement capacity was seen when TMD were present. Based on the distribution of the measurements in the population (lowest decentile), the mandibular mobility of subjects with a maximum opening of < 43 mm and laterotrusive movements < 8 mm or protrusive movements < 5 mm might be considered as being limited. However, these limitations do not necessarily require treatment.
Ameloblastin expression during craniofacial bone formation in rats
Authors: Spahr Axel , Lyngstadaas Staale P. , Slaby Ivan , Pezeshki Gita
Published: December 2006

Based on previous results showing the expression of ameloblastin (Ambn; amelin) in the formation of mesenchymal dental hard tissues, we investigated its presence during bone development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) were used to investigate the expression of ameloblastin protein and mRNA during craniofacial development in rats. Tissue samples were collected on embryonic day 18 and from days 2–28 postnatally. IHC revealed the expression of ameloblastin during bone formation at embryonic and early postnatal stages with different patterns of expression in intramembranous and endochondral ossification. In intramembranous ossification, ameloblastin expression was detected in the superficial layer of the condensed vascularized primitive connective tissue and in the cellular layer covering the surface of the newly formed woven bone. In endochondral ossification, ameloblastin was expressed within the extracellular matrix of the cartilage templates and in the perichondrium. Between days 2 and 28 the expression decreased markedly, concordant with the maturation of the bone, and disappeared after completion of bone remodeling. The results obtained by IHC were confirmed by ISH and RT–PCR, showing the expression of ameloblastin mRNA during craniofacial bone formation. This study indicates the expression of the putative dental protein ameloblastin during craniofacial bone development in rats.
Establishing quantitative light‐induced fluorescence cut‐offs for the detection of occlusal dentine lesions
Authors: Kühnisch Jan , Ifland Susanne , Tranæus Sofia , Angmar‐Månsson Birgit , Hickel Reinhard , Stösser Lutz , Heinrich‐Weltzien Roswitha
Published: December 2006

The aims of this in vitro study were, first, to define suitable cut‐off values for the detection of occlusal dentine lesions by means of quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF), and, second, to compare the validity of light microscopy (LM) and microradiography (MR) as reference standards. Fifty‐four third molar occlusal fissures with sound sites or non‐cavitated lesions were examined. Standard QLF equipment was used to capture, display, store, and analyze fluorescence images. Each tooth was cut into sections in the bucco‐lingual direction using a microtome saw, and the caries levels were subsequently assessed with the two reference methods. The histological examination with LM indicated that 46% of the specimens had carious lesions progressing into the dentine compared with 41% measured using MR (D3–4 level). Using optimal cut‐off levels for the detection of dentine lesions, the sensitivity and specificity values were > 80%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was slightly higher for MR (0.91–0.93) than for LM (0.88–0.89). The results of this study give a good idea of suitable cut‐off points for the detection of occlusal dentine lesions using QLF. Owing to the small number of specimens in this study, further studies should be carried out before establishing definite cut‐offs.
Regional differences of expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and RANKL in the rat dental follicle
Authors: Wise Gary E. , Yao Shaomian
Published: December 2006

Tooth eruption requires alveolar bone resorption and bone formation. The coronal half of the dental follicle probably mediates the bone resorption seen in the coronal region of the alveolar bony crypt, and the basal half of the follicle mediates bone growth in the basal region. We hypothesized that the expression of a gene for bone resorption – receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) – would be higher in the coronal than in the basal region of the follicle. Conversely, the level of expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), a gene for bone formation, would be higher in the basal region. Results obtained using laser‐capture microdissection and real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) confirmed the hypothesis. Scanning electron micrographs of the bony crypt showed that the coronal area of the crypt was scalloped in appearance (bone resorption), whereas the basal area was trabecular (bone formation). Thus, the differences in bone activity at opposite poles of the crypt appear to be caused by differences in the regional expression of genes in the dental follicle and suggest a molecular mechanism whereby the dental follicle could regulate both the alveolar bone resorption and formation needed for eruption.
Class II restorations: influence of a liner with rubbery qualities on the occurrence and size of cervical gaps
Authors: Dewaele Magali , Asmussen Erik , Devaux Jacques , Leloup Gaëtane
Published: December 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of new rubbery liners, used as a cervical increment, to relieve contraction stress and thereby reduce the formation of cervical gaps in class II composite restorations. The investigated liners were made of polyester‐acrylate (PE1, PE2 or PE3) or silicone‐acrylate (S), mixed with UDMA, without (A, B, C, D) or with HEMA (AH, BH, CH, DH). A silanized filler was added to the mixture, DH, to give composites with 20, 40, 60, and 70% (w/w) of filler (DHF20, DHF40, DHF60, DHF70, respectively). The presence and width of cervical gaps were determined using a light microscope. Statistical analysis showed that six of the 12 rubbery liners (AH–DH, DHF20–DHF40) significantly decreased gap formation in comparison with the control group. In addition, the polymerization shrinkage, flow, and strain capacity of these liners were measured and the influence of these factors on gap formation was examined. Two‐ and three‐dimensional regression analyses showed significantly negative linear correlations between gap formation and strain capacity, and between gap formation and flow, and a significantly positive linear correlation between gap formation and shrinkage.
Formation of acellular cementum‐like layers, with and without extrinsic fiber insertion, along inert bone surfaces of aging c‐Src gene knockout mice
Authors: Baba Otto , Miyata Atsushi , Abe Tatsuhiko , Shibata Shunichi , Nakano Yukiko , Terashima Tatsuo , Oda Tsuyoshi , Kudo Akira , Takano Yoshiro
Published: December 2006

To investigate the long‐term effects of c‐src deficiency on skeletal and dental tissues, we examined the lower jaws and long bones of c‐src gene knockout (c‐src KO) mice by histological and histochemical methods. Numerous multinucleated osteoclasts were distributed throughout the mandible in 5‐wk‐old c‐src KO mice, but by 14 wk they had almost completely disappeared from the alveolar bone, leaving tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive layers along the bone surface. Deposition of osteopontin‐positive mineralized tissue, reminiscent of acellular afibrillar cementum (AAC), was confirmed along the TRAP‐positive bone surface at 14 wk. The layer progressively thickened up to 21 months. A comparable mineralized layer was noted along the trabeculae of long bones as thickened cement lines. In the periostin‐rich areas of jaw bones, but not in the long bones, portions of AAC‐like mineralized layers were often replaced with and/or covered by acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC)‐like tissue. These data suggest that the deposition of AAC‐like mineralized tissue is a general phenomenon that may occur along inert or slowly remodeling bone surfaces under conditions characterized by reduced bone‐resorbing activity, whereas the induction of AEFC‐like tissue seems to be associated with the expression of certain molecules that are particularly abundant in the microenvironment of the periodontal ligament.
Fluoride concentrations in dental plaque and saliva after the use of a fluoride dentifrice preceded by a calcium lactate rinse
Authors: Pessan Juliano P. , Sicca Cristina M. , De Souza Tatiana S. , Da Silva Salete M. B. , Whitford Gary M. , Buzalaf Marília A. R.
Published: December 2006

Plaque fluoride concentrations ([F]) are directly related to plaque calcium concentrations [Ca]. Attempts to increase plaque F uptake from dentifrices or rinses have used methods designed to increase plaque [Ca] but with inconsistent results. This double‐blind, double‐crossover study tested the effect of a 150 mM calcium lactate rinse used prior to brushing with placebo or fluoridated dentifrices (1030 p.p.m. as NaF) on plaque and salivary [F] and [Ca]. Sixteen children (8–10 yr of age) were randomly assigned to four different groups according to the four treatments (placebo dentifrice or fluoridated dentifrice preceded by calcium lactate or deionized water prerinses). Plaque and saliva were collected 1 and 12 h after brushing on day 7 after starting to use the dentifrices. F was determined using the electrode and Ca was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Plaque and salivary [Ca] were not significantly increased after use of the calcium lactate prerinse, except for plaque [Ca] 1 h after the use of the placebo dentifrice. A significant increase in salivary [F] was associated with the calcium lactate prerinse only at 1 h after the use of the fluoridated dentifrice. The the calcium lactate prerinse did not significantly affect plaque [F] under any condition.
Plasminogen activators and inhibitor type‐1 in alveolar osteitis
Authors: Serratì Simona , Margheri Francesca , Bruschi Silvia , D'Alessio Silvia , Pucci Marco , Fibbi Gabriella , Tonelli Paolo , Del Rosso Mario
Published: December 2006

Alveolar osteitis (AO) is characterized by excess fibrinolysis, leading to early dissociation of the clot that normally follows tooth extraction. Nonetheless, scarce information is available on the fibrinolytic system in AO. In this study, we report on the differential composition of postextraction wound healing tissue and of peri‐alveolar gingival epithelium from normal healing and AO patients in terms of plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐type 1, and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor. Plasminogen activators were studied by overlay zymography, western blotting, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐type 1 and urokinase receptor were measured by ELISA. In AO, the fibrinolytic activity of wound healing tissue was accounted for by an increase (≈ 85%) of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator, whereas tissue‐type plasminogen activator was unchanged. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐type 1 showed a 6.7‐fold increase in AO. These results point to key roles of urokinase in AO hyper‐fibrinolysis and of plasminogen activator inhibitor type‐1 in slowing down the healing response. Peri‐alveolar gingival epithelium in AO showed an overall decrease of all the components of the fibrinolytic system, including the urokinase receptor, which indicates a decrease of the migration properties of epithelial cells.
Minor salivary gland secretion rates and immunoglobulin A in adults and the elderly
Authors: Eliasson Lars , Birkhed Dowen , Österberg Tor , Carlén Anette
Published: December 2006

Previously published data are conflicting about the effect of various factors on secretions from minor salivary glands. The aim of the present study was to investigate the secretion rate from palatal, buccal, and labial glands, and to analyze the immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in relation to age, gender, circulatory disease, diabetes, medication, smoking, and pregnancy. Resting and stimulated whole‐saliva secretion rates, as well as IgA concentration in stimulated whole saliva, were also examined. One‐hundred and forty two individuals (96 women and 46 men), 18–82 yr of age, participated. The results did not suggest any effect of aging on the secretion capacity of minor salivary glands, but the IgA concentration seemed to increase with age. Women had lower buccal and labial saliva secretion rates, and lower levels of IgA in buccal saliva, than men. For whole saliva, resting, but not stimulated, saliva secretion rates were reduced with age, and the secretion rate of stimulated whole saliva was lower in women than in men. The IgA concentration in buccal saliva showed a positive correlation with IgA in stimulated whole saliva, and the IgA concentration decreased with increased flow rate in both salivas.
Susceptibility of type 2 diabetic mice to low‐virulence bacterial infection: induction of abscess formation by gingipain‐deficientPorphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Ishihara Y. , Anan H. , Yoneda M. , Maeda K. , Hirofuji T.
Published: December 2006

Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is considered an important risk factor of adult periodontitis. However, recent studies have revealed that the subgingival microbial flora of diabetes mellitus patients does not differ from that of healthy individuals. In this study, we examined the response of type 2 diabetes mellitus hosts to low‐virulence bacteria in a murine abscess model.

Material and Methods: Porphyromonas gingivalisATCC 33277 or KDP128 (rgpA rgpB kgp) were injected into two mouse strains – C57BL/6J and its derivative, KK/AY, which becomes diabetic spontaneously.

Results: Lesions of KK/AYmice injected with either low‐virulenceP. gingivalisKDP128 or wild‐type 33277 were significantly larger than those of C57BL/6J mice injected with the same strains. Histologically, more neutrophils and macrophages migrated to the lesions in the KK/AYmice injected withP. gingivalis33277 and KDP128 compared with those of C57BL/6J mice injected with the same respective strains.

Conclusion: These results suggest that severe inflammation is observed in response to low‐virulence bacteria in addition to the highly virulent bacteria in type 2 diabetes mellitus hosts.