bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Methanol: A Perspective Focusing on Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Fernandes de Almeida Vitor , Navalón Sergio , Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: February 2025

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH3OH, particularly with metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as photocatalysts, has garnered significant attention due to its long‐term potential to harness sunlight for converting CO2 into a valuable fuel and chemical feedstock. Numerous studies in the literature report the successful formation of CH3OH from photocatalytic CO2 reduction, sometimes supplemented with sacrificial agents, with claims substantiated by isotopic labelling measurements. However, in this Scientific Perspective, we note that much of the existing evidence has not been obtained under sufficiently rigorous experimental conditions to conclusively confirm the formation of a highly reactive product like CH3OH from the chemically stable CO2 molecule. This Scientific Perspective outlines best practices designed to provide robust evidence for CH3OH formation in photocatalytic processes, which could be instrumental in clarifying the state‐of‐the‐art and accelerating the development of this technology toward practical applications.
Photocatalytic Radical Bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinolation of Alkenes and Heteroarenes
Authors: Qiu Shiqin , Yu Xiaoye , Guo Huaixuan , Li Jian , Li Xinyao , Xu Peng
Published: February 2025

Structural modification of drug candidates with fluorine atoms has revolutionized drug discovery, frequently enhancing pharmacological properties. However, the strategic integration of privileged bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinol moiety remains challenging, primarily due to the overreliance on closed‐shell strategies typically involving toxic gaseous hexafluoroacetone. Alternative radical‐based strategies exist but are constrained by the inherently weak electrophilicity of the key bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinol radical intermediate, significantly limiting the scope of accessible transformations. Here we report the development of a novel masked bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinolation reagent, enabling the efficient generation of bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinol radical species with significantly enhanced electrophilicity under mild photocatalytic conditions. This approach facilitates chloro‐ and oxy‐bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinolation of versatile alkenes, alongside highly selective C2–H bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinolation of diverse heteroarenes, providing streamlined access to a structurally diverse array of alkyl and aryl bis(trifluoromethyl)carbinols previously considered synthetically challenging.
Re and Ru Co‐Doped Transition Metal Alloy as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Electrooxidation of Glycerol to Formate Coupled with H2 Production
Authors: Chen Hengyi , Gao Rui-Ting , Su Kerong , Li Zilong , Wu Limin , Wang Lei
Published: February 2025

Glycerol electrooxidation (GOR), as an innovative strategy for the production of value‐added chemicals, is considered a promising anodic alternative to oxygen evolution reaction in electrocatalysis. However, the high potential and the limited selectivity and faradaic efficiency impede the industrial‐scale application toward GOR. Herein, we for the first time constructed rhenium and ruthenium co‐doped transition metal alloy (NiCoFeRuRe) for the efficient electrooxidation of glycerol to formate. Benefiting from the rapid generation of M3+‐OOH induced by Ru element and the inhibition of OER and excessive oxidation of glycerol by Re species through in situ chacterization, the optimized NiCoFeRuRe requires only 1.133 VRHE to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm‐2, a faradaic efficiency of 95.6% for formate product with a stability more than 450 h. Importantly, employing NiCoFeRuRe as a bifunctional catalyst, the cell is constructed to produce hydrogen and formate simultaneously, which is 265 mV lower than the electrolytic water splitting owning an excellent stability of 350 h. This work provides a facile strategy for rationally designing high‐performance GOR catalysts for biomass upgradings.
Aging Behavior of PEEK, PTFE, and PI Insulation Materials Under Thermal Oxidative and Humid Conditions for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Ahmad Jawad , Niasar Mohamad Ghaffarian
Published: February 2025

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyimide (PI) are widely used in aerospace due to their excellent properties. Understanding their aging behavior is essential for long‐term performance in extreme environments. This study examines the effects of thermal oxidative aging (at 250°C over varying periods) under humid conditions on their chemical, structural, thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties. In PEEK, aging led to solidification and crosslinking phenomenon which resulted in increased tensile strength and storage modulus, while elongation at break and tan δ decreased. Dielectric permittivity, polarization charge density, and leakage current also declined with aging, while AC breakdown strength increased by 1.6% in PEEK. PTFE exhibited surface oxidation, thermal degradation, and a decrease in storage modulus, with an increase in loss tangent. Breakdown strength slightly decreased, while dielectric loss and leakage current increased over aging time. PI underwent severe mechanical degradation, with tensile strength reduced by 54% and elongation by 16%, along with oxidation‐induced discoloration. Low‐mass polar molecules generated in PI during thermal degradation which contributed to the deterioration of its dielectric properties, lead to increased permittivity, polarization, leakage current, and a lower breakdown strength observed after aging. These findings provide insights into degradation mechanisms, aiding aerospace material selection for extreme environments.
Robotic reconstruction of complex bladder neck stenosis: Single‐centre experience with three techniques
Authors: Rinderknecht Emily , Engelmann Simon Udo , Saberi Veronika , Haas Maximilian , Kälble Sebastian , Eckl Christoph , Hartmann Valerie , Goßler Christopher , Pickl Christoph , Denzinger Stefan , Burger Maximilian , Bründl Johannes , Mayr Roman
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To evaluate and compare surgical techniques for robot‐assisted reconstruction of recurrent bladder neck stenosis (BNS). BNS following a simple prostatectomy represents a rare but challenging condition in operative urology. Various robotic reconstructive techniques have been described, showing differing success rates. This monocentric case series reports on three distinct robotic surgical approaches for managing recurrent BNS.

Patients and methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients undergoing robot‐assisted surgical repair for recurrent BNS at our institution. Clinical data, including patient history, comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index), surgical treatment, complications (Clavien‐Dindo classification) and follow‐up outcomes, were analysed.

Results

A total of 27 patients underwent robotic bladder neck reconstruction for recurrent BNS. Twelve patients were treated with YV plasty, 12 with stricture resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis and 3 with reconstruction using a buccal mucosa graft (BMG). At a median follow‐up of 18 months, therapy failure occurred in 9 patients (33.3%), with failure rates of 25.0% for YV plasty, 33.3% for stricture resection and 66.7% for BMG plasty. Nine patients (33.3%) experienced surgery‐related complications, including 7 minor complications (5 in the stricture resection group, 1 in the YV plasty group and 1 in the BMG group) and 2 major complications (1 in the stricture resection group and 1 in the YV plasty group). De novo incontinence occurred in five patients (19.2%), all of whom had undergone stricture resection with end‐to‐end anastomosis.

Conclusions

Recurrent BNS poses a significant surgical challenge. Based on our experience, BMG reconstruction demonstrated suboptimal outcomes, while stricture resection was associated with the highest complication rate and the most frequent occurrence of de novo incontinence. YV plasty, with its relatively low morbidity and minimally invasive nature, has become the preferred technique in our institution for managing this condition. Prospective studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm these findings and further refine surgical approaches.
Enhancing the Learning Process in Structural Dynamics Through Jupyter Notebooks: A Project‐Based Learning Approach
Authors: Ledezma‐Ramírez Diego Francisco
Published: February 2025

Numerical simulation is nowadays an essential tool for different engineering disciplines, and in the case of mechanical vibrations and structural dynamics, it finds several important applications not only in theoretical approaches but also in virtual experiments and data analysis. However, most of the commercial applications are expensive or limited for student use, and as a result, open source and free alternatives have become popular in academia. Jupyter is an open‐source project that allows for the creation of interactive notebooks using Python, which is a powerful learning tool for engineering learning. In this paper, a new strategy for the course of structural dynamics is discussed, implementing the use of Jupyter notebooks, considering topics such as signal analysis, and free and forced vibration of systems with one and several degrees of freedom, among others. These notebooks combine background theory, text, images, and interactive code. Apart from being used as a learning tool with provided examples, the students are encouraged to use this tool to develop their reports in an integrative project. The description of the process and case study is presented, and the student learning process is assessed through anonymous surveys, demonstrating a great level of engagement and motivation resulting from the implementation of the strategy.
Improved Quantification of Circulating Tumor DNA in Translocation‐Associated Myxoid Liposarcoma by Simultaneous Detection of Breakpoints and Single Nucleotide Variants
Authors: Schmid A. , Lausch U. , Runkel A. , Kiefer J. , Pauli T. , Boerries M. , Bogner B. , Eisenhardt S. U. , Braig D.
Published: February 2025

Background

Myxoid liposarcomas (MLS) can exhibit a disseminated metastatic pattern, necessitating extensive diagnostics during follow‐up. With no tumor markers available, early diagnosis of recurrences and tumor monitoring is difficult. The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA; liquid biopsy) in MLS with the characteristic translocations t(12;16) and t(12;22) can provide an additional diagnostic. However, due to the often very low tumor fraction, distinguishing actual tumor variants from sequencing artifacts remains a key challenge.

Methods

Using MLS as a model for translocation‐driven tumors, this study evaluates a refined analytical approach for detecting both single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and structural variants (SVs) with the highest possible sensitivity and specificity. Different analysis pipelines using Unique Molecular Identifiers (UMIs) were compared in dilution series of tumor DNA from MLS patients (n = 11) and a cell line. The results were validated on plasma samples (n = 36) from two MLS patients and one patient with Synovial Sarcoma (SS).

Results

In dilution series, the use of UMIs significantly reduced false positive events in SNV analysis while maintaining high sensitivity without significant differences. In SV analysis, the effect of UMIs was not consistently detectable, as some dilution series exhibited no false positive events even without UMI correction. Additional filter criteria further improved specificity without significantly compromising assay sensitivity. Validation on patient plasma samples confirmed these findings, demonstrating the advantages of the differentiated analytical approach.

Conclusion

By integrating a refined analytical approach for SNVs and SVs, we achieved reliable ctDNA detection that corresponded with the clinical course of the patients’ disease. This method enables non‐invasive tumor detection in translocation‐driven tumors with low mutational burden and can easily be adapted into routine clinical diagnostics.
To Adopt or Adapt: A Scoping Review of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy With Patients With Minoritised Identity Constructs
Authors: Aunon Frances M. , Ingram Polly , Wolkowicz Noah , Martino Steve , Kacos Heather , Spana Ethan , Honsberger Mark , Rielage Jennifer Klosterman , Doran Neal , Carretta Rachel , Ridley Josephine , Giovannelli Thorayya Said , Bannister Jenny , Merians Addie , Howell Brittany , Demirelli Stacey , Smith Jason G. , Decker Suzanne E.
Published: February 2025

Objective

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is an evidence‐based psychological intervention (EBP) for reducing suicide behaviour. While DBT, like many EBPs, was developed and first evaluated in largely white samples in Western contexts, it is now broadly applied. This review assessed how DBT has been adopted or adapted when used with patient populations with minoritised identity constructs.

Methods

We conducted a PRISMA‐guided scoping review of articles using DBT with a minoritised patient population. We used an implementation science framework, Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications‐Enhanced, to characterise adaptations to the content and context of DBT application. Through PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO, we identified 273 articles where the title or abstract mentioned DBT and described a minoritised adult patient population.

Principle Findings

We found 83.5% (228/273) articles reviewed reported adaptations to DBT content. Specifically, 66.3% (181/273), 44.6% (122/273) and 39.6% (108/273) of articles described reducing, expanding or changing DBT content, respectively. We found that 42.1% of articles (115/273) reported adaptations to the DBT context. Moreover, 57.5% of content adaptations and 65.3% of context adaptations did not specify a reason for adaptation.

Conclusions

This scoping review indicates that the majority of articles of studies using DBT with patients with minoritised identity constructs made adaptations to DBT, but few provided justification for these adaptations. We encourage clinicians and clinical administrators, researchers and policymakers to document adaptations and justifications thereof, and evaluate clinical and implementation outcomes.
From Genes to Molecules: The Fusarium PKS16 Gene Cluster facilitates the biosynthesis of proliferapyrones
Authors: Atanasoff-Kardjalieff Anna K. , Steinert Katharina , Bergander Klaus , Kalinina Svetlana , Studt-Reinhold Lena
Published: February 2025

Ascomycete fungi of the genus Fusarium are found in manifold ecological niches and thus pursue several lifestyles. On average, individual Fusarium species have the genetic capability to produce 50 natural products (NPs), which are in general thought to improve the fungus's fitness in defined environments. This also includes NPs with toxic potential (mycotoxins) contaminating food and feed sources. Recent research has shown that the production of NPs is tightly regulated on the transcriptional level and depends on the delicate balance between the deposition and removal of histone marks. Within this study, we show that the expression of the prior cryptic Fusarium PKS16 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) greatly depends on modifications at histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27). By combining molecular‐, chemical‐, and bioinformatic analyses we show that the PKS16 BGC from F. fujikuroi B14 (FfB14) consists of nine genes, including a positively acting pathway‐specific transcription factor, which although absent in some fusaria, functions in activating other PKS16 cluster genes. Moreover, we linked the PKS16 BGC to the biosynthesis of proliferapyrone (PRO) B, an isomer of the recently isolated PRO A.
Experience With Vaughan‐Jackson Syndrome at Eastern Regional Referral Hospital, Bhutan: Diagnosis and Its Treatment
Authors: Dorji Kinzang
Published: February 2025

Vaughan‐Jackson syndrome is a clinical diagnosis that does not require advanced investigations. Timely intervention with tendon suturing or reconstruction, along with addressing the offending structures, can result in a successful functional outcome.
Base‐Induced Apparent Inverted Solvatochromism in Pyridinium Phenolates
Authors: Franzese Stephen , Ren Chaoyu , Wong Wallace Wing Ho
Published: February 2025

Due to conflicting reports regarding the solvatochromism of p‐extended pyridinium‐phenolate dyes, the choice of base (N,N,N‘,N‘‐tetramethylguanidine or 1M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in methanol) used to deprotonate the dyes was investigated. Three known dyes were synthesized and their UV‐vis absorbance spectra were measured in a range of solvent using the two bases and the zwitterionic forms of the dyes. It was found that the methanolic tetrabutylammonium hydroxide could cause the appearance of inverted solvatochromism in negatively solvatochromic dyes when used in solvents of sufficiently low polarity. This was attributed to the presence of the polar, hydrogen bond donating methanol which preferentially solvates the dye, increasing the polarity it observes. Informed by these results, recommendations are presented for the methods used to compare solvatochromic dyes.
Formal Umpolung Strategy for the Synthesis of α‐Branched Amides via α‐Sulfenylnitro Compounds
Authors: Shiomi Shinya , Shintani Mao , Yoshida Masahiro
Published: February 2025

Amide compounds are essential structural motifs found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, peptides and materials. A novel formal umpolung strategy for an efficient synthesis of α‐branched amides was developed, employing nitroalkenes, Grignard reagents and amines as reacting components. The synthesis involves the formation of α‐sulfenylnitro intermediates, which undergo oxidative amidation under optimized conditions using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant and K2CO3 as a base. The key intermediate, an α‐sulfenylnitro compound, was successfully synthesized in a one‐pot operation. This methodology demonstrates a broad substrate scope, accommodating various amines, including primary and secondary amines as well as amino acid derivatives, and yielding the corresponding α‐branched amides in high efficiency. The sulfenyl nitro scaffold proved particularly effective, offering both stability and reactivity. The developed process simplifies the preparation of α‐branched amides and expands the accessible structural diversity.
Asymmetric Catalytic Aziridination to Synthesize Spiro‐aziridine Oxindoles
Authors: Qu Yinhe , Liu Zhenzhong , Zhou Yuqiao , Feng Xiaoming , Liu Xiaohua
Published: February 2025

Asymmetric catalytic aza‐Michael‐initiated ring closure of methyleneindolinones with N‐tosyloxycarbamates has been established. The reaction using a chiral nickel complex catalyst enabled the formation of a series of spiro‐aziridine oxindoles in good yields (up to 99%) with high stereoselectivity (up to 97% ee, >19:1 dr) under mild reaction conditions. Ring‐opening of spiro‐aziridine oxindole leads to formation of glycinate‐bearing oxindoles with retention of configuration.
Investigating T‐Cell Receptor Dynamics Under In Vitro Antibody‐Based Stimulation Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
Authors: Isozaki Akihiro , Kita Kazuma , Tiffany Ishii Natsumi , Oka Yuma , Herbig Maik , Yamagishi Mai , Wakamiya Tsubasa , Araki Taketo , Matsumura Hiroki , Harmon Jeffrey , Shirasaki Yoshitaka , Huang Kangrui , Zhao Yaqi , Yuan Dan , Hayashi Mika , Ding Tianben , Okamoto Yuji , Kishimoto Ayuko , Ishii Masaru , Yanagida Masatoshi , Goda Keisuke
Published: February 2025

T cells play a pivotal role in the immune system's response to various conditions. They are activated by antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) via T‐cell surface receptors, resulting in cytokine production and T‐cell proliferation. These interactions occur through the formation of immunological synapses. The advent of imaging flow cytometry has enabled detailed statistical analyses of these cellular interactions. However, the dynamics of T‐cell receptors in response to in vitro stimulation are yet to receive attention, despite it being a crucial aspect of understanding T‐cell behavior. In this article, we explore the responses of T cells to in vitro antibody‐based stimulation without APCs. Specifically, we established a Th1 cell clone, subjected it to a combination of centrifugation‐induced mechanical stress and anti–human CD3 and anti–human CD28 antibody stimulation as the in vitro antibody‐based stimulation, and captured and analyzed bright‐field and fluorescence images of single cells various hours after stimulation using an imaging flow cytometer. Our results indicate distinct temporal dynamics of CD3 and CD28. Notably, CD3 and CD28 relocated on the T‐cell surface immediately after stimulation, with CD3 receptors dispersing after 3.5 h, whereas CD28 remained clustered for 7.5 h. These receptor morphological changes precede cytokine production, suggesting their potential as early indicators of T‐cell activation.
Gender Disparities in Melanoma: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and the Role of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kakish Diala Ra'Ed Kamal , Alsamhori Jehad Feras , Qaqish Lana N. , Aburumman Layan , Sarsur Razan , Salkhadi Asham Al , Nassif Zbeida Bassam , Akmal Mustafa Ahmed , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: February 2025

Background

Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer, demonstrates significant gender disparities, with men facing later‐stage diagnoses, more aggressive tumor characteristics, and worse survival rates. This review examines the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors driving these disparities, alongside recent advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, it explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can address gender‐specific differences in melanoma incidence and outcomes.

Results

Gender disparities in melanoma stem from biological factors, such as hormonal and genetic differences, and behavioral patterns like delayed health‐seeking among men. AI‐driven diagnostic tools, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), show promise but often reflect biases in training data sets, underrepresenting darker skin tones and gender‐specific patterns. Ensuring diverse data sets, integrating “super‐prompts” or region‐specific demographic prompts, and utilizing bias‐aware algorithms can help mitigate these biases, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and equity.

Conclusion

Reducing gender disparities in melanoma requires integrating innovative technologies with equitable healthcare policies and education. Early detection using inclusive AI models tailored to diverse skin tones and genders, alongside targeted therapeutic strategies, is critical to improving outcomes for high‐risk groups, particularly men and underserved populations.
An analysis of contractile and protrusive cell behaviors at the superficial surface of the zebrafish neural plate
Authors: Araya Claudio , Boekemeyer Raegan , Farlie Francesca , Moon Lauren , Darwish Freshta , Rookyard Chris , Allison Leanne , Vizcay‐Barrena Gema , Fleck Roland , Aranda Millaray , Tada Masa , Clarke Jonathan D. W.
Published: February 2025

Background

The forces underlying convergence and internalization of the teleost neural plate remain unknown. To help understand this morphogenesis, we analyzed collective and individual cell behaviors at the superficial surface of the neural plate as internalization begins to form the neural keel in the hindbrain region of the zebrafish embryo.

Results

Convergence to the midline is not accompanied by anteroposterior elongation at this stage, and it is characterized by oscillatory contractile behaviors at the superficial surface of the neural plate, a punctate distribution of Cdh2 and medially polarized actin‐rich protrusions at the surface of the neural plate. We also characterize the intimate relationship and dynamic protrusive cell behaviors between the surfaces of the motile neural plate and the stationary overlying non‐neural enveloping layer.

Conclusions

Superficial neural plate cells are coupled by a punctate distribution of Cdh2‐rich adhesions. At this surface, cells tug on neighbors using oscillatory contractions. Oscillatory contractions accompany convergence and shrinkage of the cells' superficial surface for internalization during keeling. Some shrinkage for internalization occurs without oscillations. The deep surface of the overlying non‐neural enveloping layer is in contact with the superficial surface of the neural plate, suggesting that it may constrain the neural plate movements of convergence and internalization.
One‐Step Synthesis of Donor‐Substituted Symmetric and Unsymmetric Trityl Cations from Arenes and Benzoic Acids
Authors: Schriefers Yanick , Gong Yiwei , Ward Jas S. , Rissanen Kari , Mulks Florian F.
Published: February 2025

In this study, we report that reacting electron‐rich arenes and benzoic acids with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride gives convenient one‐step and one‐pot access to triphenylmethylium trifluoromethanesulfonates. This method enables the straightforward formation of these useful Lewis acids without external C1 sources. Three examples were isolated with one preparation upscaled to give 3 g of the trityl salt. Control experiments support a Friedel‐Crafts acylation‐alkylation sequence as formation mechanism. Interestingly, the first Friedel‐Crafts acylation is reversible, indicating a hydrolysable C–C bond. We envision these findings to help design future synthetic processes to form trityl cation Lewis acids.
One‐step Synthesis of a 2,2’‐Directly‐linked Perylene Dimer from a 2,5,8,11‐Tetraborylated Perylene
Authors: Fujita Ryuichi , Hirakawa Miho , Oyama Ryoko , Matsuo Kyohei , Hayashi Hironobu , Yamauchi Mitsuaki , Yamada Hiroko , Aratani Naoki
Published: February 2025

One‐step Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction of 2,5,8,11‐tetra‐borylated perylene with 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)bromo‐benzene gave 2,2’‐linked perylene dimer for the first time in 7.3% yield under the standard conditions. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure exhibits three independent dimers in the unit cell, reflecting the low rotational energy around 2,2’‐linkage. Excited state properties of 2,2’‐dimer were compared with the corresponding 3,3’‐linked congener. The facile synthetic method developed in this study could be a general route to access polyaromatic hydrocarbon oligomers linked at less reactive positions.
How to authenticate anyone requesting student records
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: February 2025

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act generally prohibits the disclosure of personally identifiable information in a student education record to a third party without consent. Importantly, authenticating the identity of a party receiving or transmitting student records is a key practice for FERPA compliance. In this context, authentication means ensuring the recipient or sender of education records is the authorized or intended recipient or sender.
Controlling the Morphology of Carbon Xerogel by Diluents and Preparation Parameters for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Medhavi Amit , Singh Vivek Kumar , Sharma Utkarsh Kumar , Singh Saras Prakash
Published: February 2025

This work examined organic xerogels derived from resorcinol‐formaldehyde polycondensation and investigated bio‐alcohols as diluents. The concentrations of water, methanol, and ethanol in the precursor solution were shown to affect the porosity properties of the materials and their conductivity behavior. The xerogels synthesized with lesser catalyst and methanol as a diluent demonstrate enhanced properties. All samples exhibited an amorphous structure. A maximum double layer conductance of 50.28 F/g was observed for the sample synthesized at a formaldehyde to resorcinol ratio of 2.0 and a precursor to catalyst ratio of 200. The xerogel's pore volume and surface area grew significantly, reaching a BET surface area of 463.02 m2/g. XPS and TGA studies demonstrated a more pronounced graphitic nature in the xerogel. Electrochemical experiments showed relevant property for methanol‐mediated carbon xerogel. The results are noteworthy, as diluting agents decrease synthesis time, facilitating the fabrication of more competitive supercapacitor materials with better surface and porous properties.
Open Science in Impact Evaluation: What Impact Evaluators Can Learn From the Replication Crisis in Social Psychology
Authors: McNamee Ben , Forscher Patrick S. , Lenczner Michael
Published: February 2025

Since 2011, the academic field of social psychology has been undergoing a crisis of confidence in its results. This so‐called “replication crisis” has inspired a widespread examination of the practices that can lead to less‐than credible results, the incentives that inspire such practices, and the practices that could protect or enhance research credibility. We believe that the credibility of the field of impact evaluation may be similarly threatened by incentives to use poor research practices. We assess the history of both social psychology and impact evaluation and conclude that, although the source of the incentives for impact evaluators are different in kind than those for social psychologists, impact evaluators may be similarly incentivized to make their results look better than they really are. We review three parallels in the history of the two fields, including the use of research as sales, the pressurized, competitive environments in which the work takes place, and the use of research methods as rhetorical devices. Impact evaluators may be able to learn from the credibility‐enhancing solutions that worked for social psychology, though the field can consider new tools, such as standards, investment mechanisms, administrative data labs, and innovations in evidence‐sharing and synthesis. Rather than sleepwalking through a crisis we cannot see, impact evaluators should consider that their field may be in crisis, a crisis that may require widespread and collective efforts—a credibility renaissance—to discover and deploy methods to protect its legitimacy.
The Development and Application of a Method for the Detection of Viable but Nonculturable Staphylococcus aureus by Magnetic Bead Separation Combined With PMA‐qPCR
Authors: Wu Yong , He Jikun , Cai Zijian , Hsiao Hsin‐I. , Tang Junni , Chen Juan
Published: February 2025

Staphylococcus aureus is a major food‐borne pathogen and easy to be induced into a viable but nonculturable state under stress conditions from food processing, causing a significant and potential risk to public health. In this study, the primers for femB gene were examined to be specific to S. aureus. 10 μM of PMA was determined as the optimal treatment concentration to minimize the PCR amplification signal produced by dead bacterial DNA. When ∼107 CFU/mL of S. aureus was treated with sorbic acid, about 85% of S. aureus ATCC 6538 cells and 76% S. aureus‐1 cells were induced into VBNC state after 6 days, respectively. 1 mg/mL of Fe3O4 nanomagnetic beads, at 37°C for 10 min were determined as the optimal condition to separate VBNC S. aureus cells. The detection capability of Fe3O4‐PMA‐qPCR for VBNC S. aureus in rice, chicken, and milk was comparable with DNeasy PowerFood Microbial Kit‐PMA‐qPCR, and the detection efficiency of Fe3O4‐PMA‐qPCR was comparatively more excellent. Compared to commercial Kit‐PMA‐qPCR, the established Fe3O4‐PMA‐qPCR combined with plating assay was applied to quantify VBNC S. aureus inoculated into food samples, with advantages of specificity to S. aureus, short time, low cost, and sensitive results.
A MAZ::NCOA2 Subcutaneous Small Round Cell Sarcoma of Infancy With Diffuse S100/SOX10 Positivity: A Novel Entity
Authors: Chen Huiyao , Zhang Pu , Zhou Lingli
Published: February 2025

Small round cell sarcomas (SRCSs) constitute a heterogeneous group of high‐grade tumors with a poor prognosis, predominantly affecting children and young adults. According to the 2020 WHO Soft Tissue Tumor classification, SRCSs are categorized into Ewing sarcoma, round cell sarcoma with EWSR1‐non‐ETS fusions, CIC‐rearranged sarcoma, and sarcoma with BCOR genetic alterations. Herein, we report a case of a 10‐month‐old boy presenting with a progressively enlarging left lumbar mass. Histopathological examination revealed a well‐demarcated lesion composed of small, round to oval cells with scant cytoplasm and mildly irregular nuclei. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated strong, diffuse positivity for S100 and SOX10, indicating neurocristic differentiation. Next‐generation sequencing identified an in‐frame fusion between MAZ exon 3 on chromosome 16 and NCOA2 exon 12 on chromosome 8. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed a break‐apart signal at the NCOA2 locus. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documented instance of an NCOA2 rearrangement involving MAZ in SRCSs. This case broadens the molecular spectrum of SRCSs, highlights the importance of incorporating molecular techniques into diagnostic workflows, and may have implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Gorham stout disease in pregnancy
Authors: Calayo Janine V. , Corro Agustin B. , Factor Patricia Ann A.
Published: February 2025

Gorham‐Stout disease (GSD) is a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous and progressive bone resorption. Its clinical presentation varies from unremarkable to life‐threatening, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Despite extensive research, no definitive correlations have been established between GSD and age, gender, race, or environmental and infectious risk factors. A 32‐year‐old woman with GSD presented during her second pregnancy, experiencing gingival mass recurrence after 20 years. Biopsy revealed pyogenic granuloma, leading to 20 cycles of radiotherapy with no disease progression. She underwent an elective cesarean section at 37 weeks for low‐lying placenta, recovering well postpartum. The limited documentation of GSD in pregnant women complicates diagnosis and management. Outcomes vary widely, from life‐threatening complications like chylothorax to unremarkable cases. Comprehensive understanding is crucial for providing appropriate prenatal, antenatal, and postnatal care for affected women in the future.
Machine Learning Assisted Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules Based on 3D Images Reconstructed From CT Scans
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Yuan , Hong Qin , Li Da‐Wei , Wu Tao , Liu Yue‐Qiang , Qian Ruo‐Can
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly diseases worldwide. The precise diagnosis of lung cancer at an early stage holds particular significance, as it contributes to enhanced therapeutic decision‐making and prognosis. Despite advancements in computed tomography (CT) scanning for the detection of pulmonary nodules, accurately assessing the diverse range of pulmonary nodules continues to pose a substantial challenge. Herein, we present an innovative approach utilizing machine learning to facilitate the accurate differentiation of pulmonary nodules. Our method relies on the reconstruction of three‐dimensional (3D) lung models derived from two‐dimensional (2D) CT scans. Inspired by the successful utilization of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) in the realm of natural image recognition, we propose a novel technique for pulmonary nodule detection employing DCNNs. Initially, we employ an algorithm to generate 3D lung models from raw 2D CT scans, thereby providing an immersive stereoscopic depiction of the lungs. Subsequently, a DCNN is introduced to extract features from images and classify the pulmonary nodules. Based on the developed model, pulmonary nodules with various features have been successfully classified with 86% accuracy, demonstrating superior performance. We hold the belief that our strategy will provide a useful tool for the early clinical diagnosis and management of lung cancer.
External Validation of Raman Spectroscopy for Lyme Disease Diagnostics
Authors: Juárez Isaac D. , Holman Aidan P. , Horn Elizabeth J. , Rogovskyy Artem S. , Kurouski Dmitry
Published: February 2025

Lyme disease (LD), caused by Borreliella burgdorferi, is the most common tick‐borne illness in the United States, yet early‐stage diagnosis remains challenging due to the limitations of current serological diagnostics. Raman spectroscopy (RS), paired with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA), showed promise as an alternative diagnostic tool. Using RS, we analyzed 107 coded human blood samples (42 LD‐positive and 65 LD‐negative) obtained from the Lyme Disease Biobank. PLS‐DA models showed nearly perfect internal validation performance with a sensitivity and specificity of 97.1% and 100.0%, respectively, indicating robust predictive capabilities. External validation of the developed chemometrics model with 80/20 training/validation split of all spectra gave true positive rates of 92.7% and 87.3% for serological positive and negative spectra, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of RS as a rapid and noninvasive diagnostic platform for LD, particularly when integrated with machine learning.
Measuring Colloidal Forces With Atomic Force Microscopy 1: Salt Influence on Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Authors: Ponce‐Gonzalez Luis N. , Sudjarwo Wisnu Arfian A. , Toca‐Herrera José L.
Published: February 2025

Colloidal forces are essential for maintaining the stability and functionality of colloidal systems, affecting various industrial, biological, and environmental processes. They play an important role in determining the behavior of particles in suspensions, including stability, aggregation, and surface interactions. In this primer, we present basic concepts and protocols for studying colloidal interactions at different salt concentrations using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Following this methodology, hydrophilic substrates (i.e., silica) were easily functionalized with a hydrophobic fluorocarbon (1H,1H,2H,2H‐Perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane, FOTS) via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and characterized by the sessile drop method, electrophoretic light scattering, AFM imaging, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine parameters such as contact angle, zeta potential, and surface roughness, respectively. Thus, after the preparation and characterization of a well‐defined colloidal system, force‐distance experiments using AFM allowed for the measurement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions in salt solutions. Furthermore, we describe in detail the processing and fitting of the experimental data with an extended DLVO model.
Trends in Antarctic Sea Ice and Albedo: Impacts of Ocean‐Atmospheric Processes
Authors: Swathi M , Srivastava Aakriti , Kumar Avinash , Yadav Juhi , Gupta Dinesh Chandra , Mohan Rahul
Published: February 2025

Surface albedo (SAL), a critical factor in climate studies, significantly impacts the Earth's radiation budget and sea ice dynamics. The long‐term spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic SAL were derived from the third edition of the Cloud, Albedo, and Surface Radiation Dataset (CLARA‐A3). The analysis focused on spring and summer across five longitudinal sectors around Antarctica. The relationships of sea ice concentration (SIC) and SAL with climatic variables such as sea surface temperature (SST), 2 m air temperature (T2m), turbulent heat flux, and total cloud cover are explored in detail. The study examined SAL changes in two distinct timescales, pre‐2015 (1979–2015) and post‐2015 (2016–2021), to understand sea ice variations and trends in Antarctic climate change. The study revealed contrasting summer SAL trends, with a positive trend pre‐2015 and a decreasing trend post‐2016 across most of Antarctica, except the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Sea, which showed an opposite trend. West Antarctica exhibited higher SAL compared to East Antarctica. SAL and SIC were significantly negatively correlated with SST, T2m, and turbulent heat flux across all sectors. Cross‐seasonal lead–lag analysis indicated that increased turbulent heat flux was followed by an increase in SAL after 1–5 months. Wind patterns showed that winds from higher to lower latitudes increased SIC and SAL, while winds from lower to higher latitudes reduced SIC. Post‐2015, notable wind direction reversals were observed in the Antarctic Peninsula during spring. Sectors with higher cloud cover absorbed more ocean heat, reducing turbulent heat flux and affecting SAL. Overall, post‐2015 observations highlighted major shifts in sea ice dynamics and SAL trends during both spring and summer seasons. The SIC decreased markedly across all sectors, with the Weddell Sea showing the most significant reduction. This study highlights regional and seasonal variations in SAL and its interactions with SIC and climatic factors, emphasising shifts in trends post‐2015.
Proof of Concept: Macro‐Raman Mapping of a Three‐Dimensional Object
Authors: Vermeersch Eva , Vandenabeele Peter
Published: February 2025

Macro‐Raman mapping has been proposed as a novel technique to visualise the molecular distribution over a surface of typically several tens of cm2. By combining large stages with a fibre‐optic probe head of a Raman spectrometer and appropriate data processing, it is possible to obtain large Raman maps. Therefore, a data cube containing thousands of spectra is processed in such a way that the relevant spectral information is represented as different colours in the image. A mapping experiment consists of the alignment, the recording of the spectra and postprocessing. In the current work, it is aimed to deliver a proof of concept of the macro‐Raman mapping of a three‐dimensional (3‐D) object, such as a statue. When Raman mapping experiments are performed using microscope objectives, the surface should be relatively flat, and the distance between the surface and the spectrometer cannot display abrupt changes. Therefore, the macro‐Raman set‐up needs to be equipped with a long working distance lens. By measuring for each point the distance to the surface, and by knowing the positions of the stage, the recorded spectral information is related to the 3‐D position of the measurement point. Thus, a 3‐D point cloud is obtained, and the linked spectral information is colour‐coded to obtain a 3‐D macro‐Raman map. To be able to record information from all areas of the painted statuette, including from points that are on planes parallel to the laser beam, several maps have been recorded, and the point clouds were merged, resulting in a complete reconstruction of the 3‐D artefact.
Voting Trends Among Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Trainees
Authors: Bourdillon Alexandra T. , Moneer Osman , Zhan Kevin Y. , Lee Jake J. , Valenzuela Carla V. , Farzal Zainab
Published: February 2025

Objective

Health policies affect clinical practice and outcomes, serving as an impetus for civic engagement. Voting participation among Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) trainees is poorly characterized and may be afflicted by distinct barriers specific to training. This is the first study to evaluate voter participation among OHNS trainees.

Methods

We analyzed survey data from the 2020 American Academy of Otolaryngology Section for Residents and Fellows (AAO SRF), capturing voting practices among trainees as well as attitudes to promoting electoral participation among programs. Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used to assess statistical differences by voting practices.

Results

20.9% of 277 respondents experienced decreased electoral participation since starting residency. These rates did not vary significantly by trainees' subjective views on the importance of voting (p = 0.69, 95% CI = [−184, 23]). While 84.6% (226 out of 267) of eligible trainees voted in the 2016 election, eligible nonvoters most frequently cited reasons such as lack of time and perceived lack of impact. Additionally, the greatest proportion of trainees voted on election day (42.6%), followed by mail‐in/absentee ballot (24.2%), and finally by early voting (14.8%). Trainees reported a wide range of attendings (71.5% responded ≤ 2 attendings) who explicitly advocated for trainee voting participation. Greater attending support was concordant with trainees' overall voting (p = 0.057, 95% CI = [−6, 84]) and voting in the 2016 election (p = 0.042, 95%. CI = [−95, 0]). Even if excused from clinical duties, 10.5% of respondents stated they would not leave work to vote due to guilt of being away from clinical duties, and 27.8% of respondents would do so reluctantly. These different practices among trainees did not significantly vary with overall voting participation (p = 0.20, 95% CI = [−8, 124]) or 2016 electoral participation (p = 0.20, 95% CI = [−136, 1]).

Conclusion

Voting participation among OHNS trainees is higher than the national average of adults but slightly lower than other medical specialties. Training program culture can mitigate barriers to electoral participation.

Level of Evidence

NA.
Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable NIR‐Emitting Phosphor with Largely Tunable Peak Wavelength and Bandwidth Toward NIR Spectroscopy Applications
Authors: Chen Xiaoyuan , Huang Xiaoyong
Published: February 2025

Developing tunable broadband near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent materials with outstanding luminescence properties and superior thermal robustness remains a significant challenge for next‐generation intelligent NIR light sources. Herein, a high‐performance large‐scale tunable NIR‐emitting garnet‐type phosphor, SrLu2Al3ScSiO12:Cr3+ (SLASSO:Cr3+), is presented. Upon 450 nm blue light excitation, SLASSO:1%Cr3+ phosphor yields a broadband emission with full width at half maximum of 108 nm and a prominent sharp peak at 694 nm superimposed on a broadband radiation, which is attributed to the co‐occupation of Cr3+ ions at the dominant [AlO6] octahedral site (Cr1 site) and subordinate [ScO6] octahedral site (Cr2 site). Remarkably, as the Cr3⁺ content increases, a significant red‐shift in emission peak wavelength spanning from 694 to 785 nm and emission bandwidth broadening from 89 to 152 nm are observed, which stems from the weakening of the crystal field strength and the energy redistribution within Cr1 and Cr2 luminescence centers regulated by the formation of the local Cr3+‐Cr3+ ion pairs. Notably, the optimal SLASSO:1%Cr3+ sample boasts an excellent internal quantum efficiency of 89.4% and an exceptional thermal stability (97.6%@423 K). Additionally, the fabricated NIR phosphor‐converted light‐emitting diode devices demonstrate promising multi‐functional applications, including plant cultivation, night vision, bioimaging and non‐destructive detection.
Sensitivity and Robustness Analyses in Social Multi‐Criteria Evaluation of Public Policies
Authors: Azzini Ivano , Munda Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

In policy arenas, the major virtue of Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is the possibility of dealing with a plurality of multidimensional features both at technical and social levels. However, in this process there is always the danger of oversimplifying complex issues by creating false certainties. MCDA outputs may seem a precise result, while they are not, frequently. In this article, we introduce various improvements of the state of the art, in particular with reference to Social Multi‐Criteria Evaluation (SMCE), which has been explicitly developed for public policies. From the theoretical point of view, local and global sensitivity analyses are considered as complementary, while habitually they are considered as separate analyses; this is particularly relevant for criterion weights, which are one of the most sensitive input parameters in real‐world applications. Algorithmically, our approach allows to perform exhaustive sensitivity and robustness analyses in the context of the Kemeny median ranking aggregation rule by solving its computational time issue. From an empirical point of view, we propose an approach, based on frequency matrices, to make output uncertainty transparent and easy to communicate; this helps improving the policy learning process, too. Finally, we present an illustrative example, where we summarise the whole approach and put emphasis on the role of sensitivity analysis as a tool for better understanding the decision model and explore its informative content.