bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Student’s English Learning in School of Economics at University of Transport and Communications in Ho Chi Minh Campus
Authors: Ha Thai Thi Xuan , Bao Nguyen Kim Vu
Published: May 2024

The article focuses on analyzing the factors influencing the English learning of Economics students at the University of Transport and Communications Ho Chi Minh Campus. This study aims to identify which factors may affect the effectiveness of English learning among students, in order to improve teaching and learning quality. Factors considered include the learning environment, teaching methods, learning resources, students' individual characteristics such as motivation, initial English proficiency, and cultural and social factors that may influence the learning process. By analyzing and evaluating these factors, the research can provide recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of English learning among students and improve the learning environment in the university. This may positively contribute to the development of students' English proficiency, thereby increasing their learning opportunities and future career success.
Application of Partitions of Odd Numbers and their Odd Sums to Prove the Nonexistence of Odd Perfect Numbers
Authors: Ndegwa Duncan , Njagi Loyford , Mutembei Josephine
Published: May 2024

Perfect numbers, which are integers equal to the sum of their proper divisors, excluding themselves, have intrigued mathematicians for centuries. While it is established that even perfect numbers can be expressed as 2p-1(2p-1), where p and 2p-1 are prime numbers (Mersenne primes), the existence of odd perfect numbers remains an unsolved problem. This study aims to prove the nonexistence of odd perfect numbers by utilizing an algorithm which demonstrates that a positive even integer can be partitioned into all pairs of odd numbers. Using this approach, it is proven that any positive odd number 2n+1 can be partitioned into all pairs of both odd and even numbers and from the set of these partitions, we show that there exist a proper subset containing all proper divisors of 2n+1. Using these results, and the facts that there exist infinitely many odd numbers and the odd sums of odd numbers is always odd, we prove the nonexistence of odd perfect numbers contributing to the conjecture that they do not exist.
Isolation of Aspergillus sp from some Decomposing Fruits and Vegetables from Banana Rhyzosphere Soil for Citric Acid Production
Authors: Kouman Wimbélé Épiphanie , Yéhé Désirée , Niaba Koffi Pierre Valéry , Gbassi Komenan Gildas , Beugré Grah Avit Maxwell
Published: May 2024

Aims: The general objective of this study is to isolate certain strains capable of producing citric acid.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection was carried out on two types of organic matter. Sampling was done from February to April 2021 in 3 municipalities in Abidjan with 10 samples per site.
Methodology: To carry out this work, isolation and purification of Aspergillus sp strains were carried out. Macroscopic and microscopic identifications of the mold isolates were carried out. The search for aflatoxin-producing molds was carried out. The analysis ended with a screening of molds capable of synthesizing citric acid.
Results: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp1 and Aspergillus sp2 showed no fluorescence, while Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus candidus and Aspergillus fumigatus showed fluorescent spots, indicating the presence of aflatoxin.
Conclusion: Aspergillus isolates capable of producing citric acid were isolated during this study. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp1 and Aspergillus sp2 do not produce aflatoxin and have the capacity to synthesize citric acid.
Detection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Candida Species Isolated from the Urine of Patients in a Tertiary Health Facility, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: A. B. Damola , O. V. Adeoshun , A. S. Bakarey , U. N. Udeh,
Published: May 2024

Aims: This study aimed to identify and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Candida species causing UTI among patients attending a tertiary Teaching Hospital, in southwest Nigeria.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria between June 2017 and February, 2018.
Methodology: A total of 250 participants whose provisional diagnosis was candiduria were recruited for this study. Urine samples were collected from consenting participants early in the morning into sterile wide mouth universal containers. These samples were cultured aerobically on Blood agar, Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SAB) at 370C within 1 to 2 days. The isolates were profiled into species level using microscopic, biochemical test, chromogenic media (Chrom agar Candida) and Analytical Profile Index (API) 32C examination analysis.
Results: An overall rate for Candidiasis in this study was 12.8% (32/250). The rate was higher in female 17.5% compared to 6.5% in their male counterparts (p=0.014). Highest rate of infections peaked at 28.6% among age group 83-92 years and lowest (6.7%) in age group 23-32 years. A total of 11 (4.4%) urine culture from participants produced C. albicans pure fungi isolates. However, by gender, this was statistically significant (p=0.003). A total of 81 bacterial (32.4%) and fungal isolates 32 (12.8%) were isolated and profiled. Distribution of Candida species indicated highest incidence in age range 31-40 years, followed by 21-30years and age 61-70 years age brackets. The isolated species were Candida albicans 11(34.4%), C. tropicalis 8(25%), C. parapsilopsis 6(19%), C. krusei 2(6.3%) and C. hellenica 1(3.1%). Sixty to seventy percent of fungal isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and fluconazole while the susceptibility pattern of Candida species to itraconazole, terbinafine and nystatin varied between moderately susceptible to resistance. All the Candida isolates were resistant to griseofulvin.  However, C. albicans was found to be the major Candida species causing Candidal urinary tract infection. The only C. hellenica isolated was resistant to all the antifungal drugs were approved except nystatin.
Conclusion: High profile of Candida isolates and related UTI microbes were found in this study. There is need for advocacy for the use of API and Chrom agar Candida for routine diagnosis for Candida identification. Nevertheless, the Candida isolates were mostly susceptible to ketoconazole and Fluconazole but only the isolates were griseofulvin resistant.
Morphological and Agronomical Characterization in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Germplasm and Combined Study of Heritability, Genetic Variance, Genetic Advances and Association of Characters
Authors: Rani Anjali , Gangwar L.K , Chaudhary Mayank , Kumar Dharamraj
Published: May 2024

The present experiment was carried out during Rabi 2021-2022 at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut-250110 (U.P.). The material used in the present study comprised 103 germplasm accessions of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)  having variability for various agronomic and morphological characters were obtained from the available germplasm in the Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, SVPUA&T, Meerut. The number of genotypes are 103 including four check (DBW-71, DBW-222, DBW-173, HD-3226), the Plot size is10 row 2.5m length spaced at 0.25m and the date of sowing is 20 December, 2021 on Augmented experimental design. Twelve observations were recorded. In each plot, five plants from each genotype were arbitrarily selected and tagged to record the observations studied characteristics except days to 50 % flowering and days to maturity they were recorded on plot basis. The highest value of biological yield per plant was estimated in CSW-18 (45.16g), DBW-621 (51.45%) recorded a high value of harvest index and the maximum grain yield is from CSW-18 (15.94) g. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance observed for gluten content, grain yield per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and number of productive tillers per plant.
Efficacy of Selected Biopesticides against Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Mushinamwar Dayana Ramesh , Yadav Usha , Gafar Biradar Bilal , Rajawat Sakshi
Published: May 2024

The present experiment was carried out at Central Research Farm, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, during Rabi season of the year 2023-2024under Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments and three replications. Single spray Twosprays were undertaken at fourteen days interval. Neem oil 5 %, imidacloprid 17.8 SL, Beauveria bassiana 1.15 % WP, Nisco Sixer plus, Metarhizum anisopliae, spinosad + neem oil 5 %, spinosad 45% SC were the treatments tested against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Results show that imidacloprid 17.8% SL was significantly superior over the other treatments showing 30.08/top 10cm twig and Beauveria bassiana being least effective recorded the highest number of aphids of 69.53/top 10cm twig of plant. The highest yield and cost benefit ratio was recorded from the plots treated with imidacloprid 17.8% SL (18.5 q/ha and 1:5.19) and the lowest from Beauveria bassiana (12.55 q/ha and 1:3.43).
Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Establishment of Papaya (Carica papaya) Cv. Pusa Nanha
Authors: Pandey Anamika , Bahadur Vijay
Published: May 2024

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is an economically significant tropical fruit, but its cultivation is often hindered by low seed germination rates and poor seedling vigor. The present study aims to investigate the effects of different Plant Growth Regulator on seed germination, seedling growth and establishment of papaya (Carica papaya) Cv. Pusa Nanha. at The Department of Horticulture, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, during the period 2023-24. The experiment was laid in completely randomized block design with three replications and ten treatment combinations. viz, T0 (Control), T1 (NAA 100ppm), T2 (NAA 150ppm), T3 (NAA 200ppm), T4 (GA3 100ppm), T5 (GA3 150ppm),T6 (GA3 200 ppm), T7 (IAA 100ppm), T8 (IAA 150ppm), T9 (IAA 200ppm). Seeds were soaked in respective PGR solutions for 12 hours before sowing and various parameters related to Germination Parameters, Growth Parameters, Survival and Establishment were evaluated. On the basis of present experimental findings, it is concluded that treatmentT6(GA3 200ppm) performed best in term of Germination percentage (100%), Seedling vigour index (823.33), Number of leaves (10.00), Plant height (16.83 cm), Chlorophyll content (41.30 SPAD value) and stem girth (0.56 cm) Whereas T2 (NAA 150ppm) performed best in term of Leaf length (8.83 cm), Leaf width (8.50 cm), Leaf area (59.53 cm2) and Establishment Percentage (82.20%). The lowest observation was recorded in T0 (Control). These findings suggest that specific PGR treatments can substantially enhance the germination and growth parameters of papaya seedlings, potentially leading to improved crop yields.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability for Yield Improvement in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Genotypes
Authors: Aftab Oneza , Nazir Gazala , Gautam Ashutosh , Hussain Khursheed , Ali Gowhar , Nazir Nageena , Masoodi Ummyiah H. , Bashir Khansa , Mushtaq Faheema
Published: May 2024

The degree of genetic variability found in any particular germplasm is a major factor in determining the best breeding program or technique to be used. Exploitation of the natural genetic variability present within a crop species can aid in meeting the rising demand through the identification and modification of the adaptive and productive genes present. Breeders thus identify natural genetic variability as the key to crop improvement. The present investigation was undertaken at the Experimental field of Urban Technological Park Habbak, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir during kharif-2022. To investigate several aspects of genetic variability, including mean, range, PV, GV, PCV, GCV, heritability, genetic gain, and genetic advance among the genotypes, the experiment was set up in a Randomized Block Design with three replications and a plant spacing of 2×1 m for thirty genotypes. For every character under study, it was discovered that the estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variation were marginally greater than the respective genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating a possible involvement of environment in the expression of these traits. Fruit yield hectare-1 (q) exhibited the largest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation (39.788 and 38.970). For yield hectare-1 (q), high heritability and high genetic gain (0.95 and 78.62) were observed. This suggests that additive gene effects are most likely the cause of the heritability and increases the likelihood that this characteristic would be fixed by selection. For every characteristic, the estimates of broad sense heritability were high. All these factors help in selection of better parents for the development of commercial varieties/hybrids. Considering the potential nutritional and economic benefits of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), there is an imperative necessity to isolate such breeding lines having desirable traits, high yield potential along with better quality.
Advancing RNAi for Sustainable Insect Management: Targeted Solutions for Eco-friendly Pest Control
Authors: Hanamasagar Yamuna , N M Ramesha , Mahapatra Simran , Panigrahi Chandan Kumar , C.S. Vidhya , Agnihotri Nikhil , Satapathy Satya Narayan
Published: May 2024

Insect pests pose significant challenges to agriculture, forestry, and public health, causing substantial economic losses and threats to food security. Traditional pest control methods, such as chemical insecticides, have limitations due to the development of insecticide resistance, negative impacts on non-target organisms, and environmental concerns. RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising approach for developing targeted and environmentally safe insect control strategies. This review explores the potential of RNAi-based methods for pest management, discussing the mechanism of RNAi in insects, factors influencing its efficiency, and various delivery strategies. We highlight the advantages of RNAi, such as species-specific targeting and reduced off-target effects, while also addressing challenges and limitations, including variability in RNAi efficiency among insect species and potential resistance development. The review examines the environmental safety and risk assessment of RNAi-based insect control, current applications, and future prospects. We also discuss the socio-economic impact and public perception of RNAi technology, as well as research gaps and future directions. The integration of RNAi-based insect control into integrated pest management programs is crucial for developing sustainable and effective pest control solutions. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future potential of RNAi-based insect control, this review aims to inform research, policy, and practice in this rapidly evolving field.
Climate Change and Global Agriculture: Addressing Challenges and Adaptation Strategies
Authors: Pratap Dheer , Tamuly Gariyashi , R Ganavi N , Anbarasan S. , Pandey Amit Kumar , Singh Ashutosh , P Priya , Debnath Abhijit , Asmatullah  , Iberaheem Mohammed
Published: May 2024

Climate change poses significant challenges to global agriculture, affecting crop production, food security, and the livelihoods of millions worldwide. This paper reviews the current understanding of the impact of climate change on agriculture and explores adaptation strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. Climate change-induced phenomena such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and shifts in pest and disease dynamics threaten crop yields and agricultural productivity. To address these challenges, various adaptation measures are being implemented, including the development and adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties, improved water management techniques, agroforestry practices, and enhanced early warning systems. Furthermore, policy interventions and international collaborations are crucial for building resilience and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the face of climate change. This review highlights the urgent need for concerted efforts at local, national, and global levels to safeguard agricultural systems and ensure food security in a changing climate.
Never Walk Alone: Clathrin-coated Vesicle (CCV) Components in Plant Immunity
Authors: Thabrez MD , M Vineeth , Sharma Ayushi , Sharma Sakshi , Umashankar Madduri
Published: May 2024

The plasma's protein makeup at the host-pathogen interaction membrane (PM) has significant effects on a plant cell's perception of and reacts to microbiological infections that invade. The capacity of a plant to adjust Its PM composition is essential for controlling the intensity, length, and immunological response integration. One method by which plant cells reconfigure the vesicular trafficking on their cell surface, encompassing secretion and endocytosis. During these trafficking procedures, cargo proteins (such as transporters, receptors for pattern recognition, and other proteins with immunological activities) by tiny, membrane-bound vesicles to or from the PM.  Vesicles covered with clathrin (CCVs) that develop at the PM and trans-Golgi membranes Early endosomes and networks have become the most common vesicle form in the control of plant defense mechanisms.
The Inhibitive Action of Ocimum gratissimum leaf Extract on Mild Steel Corrosion using the Ultra Violet Light
Authors: Ibeaja Adamma Chinyere E., , Ugorji Chinonso Chiagoziem,
Published: May 2024

This study investigated on the use of Ultra violet rays to determine its effect on mildsteel coated with Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract.  It was an experimental research that was carried out using two media (the acid and the base), where the HCl served as the acidic medium while NaCl served as the basic medium respectively. Two containers containing 1200mg/l concentration of each corrodent, that is, 1200mg/l of HCl and NaCl respectively were used. Four well-polished coupons having mirror image were weighed and suspended over the corrodents HCl and NaCl respectively and placed in a dark cupboard over a UV light for one week. After one week two coupons were removed weighed, snapped and discarded. The remaining two were sprayed for another one week and kept under the UV light, they were blow dried and snapped for comparism. The results obtained showed that addition of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract synergistically increased the efficiency of the inhibitor and that the HCl corroded more than the NaCl. The result shows that there was a reduction in the weight of the coupons, indicating that the UV light had an effect on the coupons by reducing the corrosive effect. It is observed that the two coupons in the acidic medium (HCl) weighed 5.0403 before brushing and 4.7697 after brushing and after one week under the UV light, it was observed that they weighed 5.0938 and 4.6082 before and after brushing respectively. The same thing was done for the basic medium(NaCl) and the result showed the weight of the two coupons before brushing was 4.5647 and after brushing was 4.5073 respectively.  After one week it was seen that the weight of the coupons before brushing was 4.8786 and after brushing was 4.7237 respectively. This shows that UV radiation also increased the inhibitor efficiency and that corrosion activation energy increased in presence of the inhibitor. There was a reduction in the weight of the coupons in both media.  It is therefore recommended that a mechanism of adsorption is proposed to explain inhibition behaviour.
Assessment of the Bacteriological Properties of Indoor Dust in some Classrooms of Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro
Authors: J.O. Orogu , D.A. Ehwarieme, , J.I. Okinedo, , E.M. Eze , U.B Okobia
Published: May 2024

The bacteriological properties of indoor dust in some classrooms of the Delta State University of Science, Ozoro was examined with a view to identify any possible source of pollution of classroom indoor air quality; measurement of microbial load of classroom dust sample and to compare findings of selected locations as a means to determine high air polluted areas. This was done by the collection of dust samples from classrooms table and chair surfaces. It was observed that the amount of bacteria available in classrooms differ based on activities in and around the classrooms. Bacteria isolates indicated the presence of pathogen associated with disease such as Bacillus sp; Staphylococcus sp; Micrococcus sp. of indoor air pollution exist and this is identified as open dump practice birthing more microbial cells which are transported through air and poor sanitation practice around and within the classrooms. Contamination of sample was observed for dust at different locations with the bacteria count seen to be higher at sample C (1.8x102cfu/m3) and lower in sample D (0.2x102cfu/m3). Staphylococcus sp dominated all the locations that were analyzed while Micrococcus sp. only occurred in site C. This is because poor environmental sanitation is observed at certain classrooms in addition to shattered classroom windows given an ease of access of dust flow indoor. It can be concluded that only a minimal sources of indoor air pollution exist and hence only a small amount of bacteria is present. In spite of this, prevalence of such practices is likely to promote the growth of more microbial cells.
Molecular Sieves: Aluminophosphates
Authors: Rajic Nevenka , Kaucic Venceslav
Published: May 2011

Aluminophosphate molecular sieves exhibit structural and compositional diversity. Their frameworks can be modified by other elements, thus providing novel SAPO, MAPO, and MAPSO materials. They possess the characteristics of both zeolites and aluminophosphates all of which result in unique catalytic, ion‐exchange, and adsorbent properties. Aluminophosphate molecular sieves have been prepared hydrothermally in nonaqueous reaction media. The crystallization process depends on a number of variables including temperature, time, molar ratio of the reactants, and pH. The most commonly investigated metal ions incorporated into aluminophosphate frameworks are transition metal ions of first transition series. Different characterization techniques are used for studying their oxidation number, location, and coordination environment within aluminophosphate frameworks. These parameters, together with structural characteristics of the framework such as pore size, pore shape, and geometry, significantly affect the catalytic performance of aluminophosphate materials. Methanol to olefin conversion and oxidation reactions are instances of industrially important reaction systems where aluminophosphate molecular sieves demonstrate an important catalytic performance.
Molecular Sieves: Aluminophosphates
Authors: Rajic Nevenka , Kaucic Venceslav , Logar Natasa Zabukovec
Published: May 2011

Aluminophosphate molecular sieves exhibit structural and compositional diversity. Their frameworks can be modified by other elements, thus providing novel silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO), metaloaluminophosphate (MAPO), and metalosilicoaluminophosphate (MAPSO) materials. They possess the characteristics of both zeolites and aluminophosphates, all of which result in unique catalytic, ion‐exchange, and adsorbent properties. Aluminophosphate molecular sieves have been prepared hydrothermally in nonaqueous reaction media. The crystallization process depends on a number of variables including temperature, time, molar ratio of the reactants, and pH. The most commonly investigated metal ions incorporated into aluminophosphate frameworks are transition metal ions of first transition series. Different characterization techniques are used for studying their oxidation number, location, and coordination environment within aluminophosphate frameworks. These parameters, together with structural characteristics of the framework such as pore size, pore shape, and geometry, significantly affect the catalytic performance of aluminophosphate materials. Methanol‐to‐olefin conversion and oxidation reactions are instances of industrially important reaction systems where aluminophosphate molecular sieves demonstrate an important catalytic performance.
Multifunctional Hybrid Polymer‐Based Porous Materials
Authors: Lee Anna , Dubinsky Stanislav , Tumarkin Ethan , Moulin Mathieu , Beharry Andrew A. , Kumacheva Eugenia
Published: May 2011

Polymer‐based porous hybrid materials (PHMs) carrying inorganic nanoparticles on the surface of pores have important applications in chemical and biological sensing, in chromatography, and in heterogeneous catalysis. This Feature Article provides an overview of the recent developments in the synthesis and fabrication of multifunctional PHMs using polymerization‐induced phase separation. Exemplary applications of a PHM coated with gold nanorods were demonstrated for the simultaneous detection of different analytes using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
Sub‐Micrometer Patterning of Amorphous‐ and β‐Phase in a Crosslinkable Poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene): Dual‐Wavelength Lasing from a Mixed‐Morphology Device
Authors: Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Kaiser Markus , Mackintosh Allan R. , Wallikewitz Bodo H. , Hertel Dirk , Pethrick Richard A. , Meerholz Klaus
Published: May 2011

The metastable β‐phase morphology, inherent to most polyfluorene homo‐polymers, is of interest due to its superior optical and electrical characteristics compared to its amorphous analogue. Here, a polyfluorene with vinyl‐ether‐functionalized aliphatic side‐chains that allow crosslinking is reported. It is demonstrated that the previously induced conformational morphology is preserved in the resulting polyfluorene network, which enables subsequent wet thin‐film processing. Electron‐beam lithography provides a means for sub‐(optical)‐wavelength patterning of the crosslinkable polyfluorene films. As a specific demonstration, optically‐pumped distributed‐feedback (DFB) lasers made from surface‐relief gratings in amorphous and β‐phase polyfluorene are presented. By backfilling gratings of one morphology by the other, devices are demonstrated that exhibit lasing at two wavelengths with a threshold (<1 μJ cm−2) at least an order of magnitude lower compared with previous data.
Craniorachischisis and omphalocele in a stillborn cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Moore Charleen M. , Dick Edward J. , Hubbard Gene B. , Gardner Stephanie M. , Dunn Betty G. , Brothman Arthur R. , Williams Vick , Prajapati Suresh I. , Keller Charles , Davis Michael D.
Published: May 2011

Nonhuman primates have been a common animal model to evaluate experimentally induced malformations. Reports on spontaneous malformations are important in determining the background incidence of congenital anomalies in specific species and in evaluating experimental results. Here we report on a stillborn cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with multiple congenital anomalies from the colony maintained at the Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas. Physical findings included low birth weight, craniorachischisis, facial abnormalities, omphalocele, malrotation of the gut with areas of atresia and intussusception, a Meckel diverticulum, arthrogryposis, patent ductus arteriosus, and patent foramen ovale. The macaque had normal male external genitalia, but undescended testes. Gestational age was unknown but was estimated from measurements of the limbs and other developmental criteria. Although cytogenetic analysis was not possible due to the tissues being in an advanced state of decomposition, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization analysis using human bacterial artificial chromosome clones was successful in effectively eliminating aneuploidy or any copy number changes greater than approximately 3–5 Mb as a cause of the malformations. Further evaluation of the animal included extensive imaging of the skeletal and neural tissue defects. The animal's congenital anomalies are discussed in relation to the current hypotheses attempting to explain the frequent association of neural tube defects with other abnormalities. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toriello‐Carey syndrome with a 6Mb interstitial deletion at 22q12 detected by array CGH
Authors: Said Edith , Cuschieri Alfred , Vermeesch Joris , Fryns Jean Pierre
Published: May 2011

Toriello–Carey syndrome is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome comprising agenesis of the corpus callosum, telecanthus, short palpebral fissures, abnormal ears, Pierre Robin sequence, and cardiac anomaly. Autosomal recessive inheritance has been hypothesized and chromosome abnormalities have been reported. The present case is a girl with agenesis of the corpus callosum, a large cleft palate, telecanthus, hypertelorism, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. A routine karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization subtelomeric analysis were normal. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) identified a de novo 6 Mb interstitial deletion at 22q12.1 → 22q12.2. These findings support recent findings of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with the Toriello–Carey phenotype. We suggest that the clinical features described in some cases with Toriello–Carey syndrome might be due to cryptic chromosomal rearrangements and that array CGH should be considered in any case presenting with clinical features of Toriello–Carey. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The smallest teeth in the world are caused by mutations in the PCNT gene
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit , Tanpaiboon Pranoot , Porntaveetus Thantrira , Ohazama Atsushi , Sharpe Paul , Rauch Anita , Hussadaloy Atiwat , Thiel Christian T.
Published: May 2011

We report a follow up study on two MOPD II Thai families with severe dental anomalies and hypoplastic alveolar bone. Striking dental anomalies comprise severe microdontia, opalescent and abnormally shaped teeth, and rootless molars. As a result of severe hypoplastic alveolar bone, most permanent teeth have been lost. Mutation analysis of PCNT revealed 2 novel mutations (p.Lys3154del and p.Glu1154X) and a recurrent mutation (p.Pro1923X). Teeth of the patient who carried a homozygous novel mutation of p.Glu1154X are probably the smallest ever reported. The sizes of the mandibular permanent incisors and all premolars were approximately 2‐2.5 mm, mesiodistally. All previously reported, PCNT mutations have been described to cause premature truncation of the pericentrin protein. p.Lys3154del mutation was unique as it was pathogenic as a result of missing only a single amino acid. In situ hybridization of Pcnt shows its expression in the epithelium and mesenchyme during early stages of rodent tooth development. It is evident that PCNT has crucial role in tooth development. The permanent dentition is more severely affected than the one. This implies that PCNT appears to have more role in the development of the permanent dentition. As pericentrin is a critical centrosomal protein, the dental phenotype found in MOPD II patients is postulated to be the consequence of loss of microtubule integrity which leads to defective centrosome function. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventricular noncompaction and absent thumbs in a newborn with tetrasomy 5q35.2‐5q35.3: An association with Hunter–McAlpine syndrome?
Authors: Sellars Elizabeth A. , Zimmerman Sarah L. , Smolarek Teresa , Hopkin Robert J.
Published: May 2011

We report on an infant with tetrasomy of 5q35.2‐5q35.3, an interstitial triplication on one chromosome and normal complement on the other. The patient has some features of Hunter–McAlpine syndrome including intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), almond‐shaped eyes, epicanthal folds, and downturned mouth with thin vermillion of the upper lip. In addition, left ventricular noncompaction and absent thumbs were identified, which have never been described in Hunter–McAlpine syndrome. This chromosome abnormality is distinct from those previously reported. Within this region of tetrasomy is MSX2, a highly conserved homeobox containing gene. Increased copies of MSX2 have been previously associated with craniosynostosis. Our patient's only skeletal defect is absent thumbs, also potentially related to increased dosage of MSX2 which is important for limb formation. In addition, MSX2 is expressed in the developing heart and overexpression of this gene may disrupt the co‐regulation of other cardiac genes in this region, namely CSX1. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interstitial deletion 5q14.3q21.3 with MEF2C haploinsufficiency and mild phenotype: When more is less
Authors: Tonk Vijay , Kyhm Jee Hong , Gibson Caro E. , Wilson Golder N.
Published: May 2011

An 18‐year‐old female with mild mental disability (global IQ 69), febrile seizures with subsequent myoclonic/grand mal epilepsy, and subtle morphologic changes is described with del 5(q14.3q21.3) by karyotype and minimal DNA deletion of 21.08 Mb by array comparative genomic hybridization microarray analysis (arr chr5:83,592,798‐104,671,993 X1) that encompasses at least 50 genes. Included in the deletion interval is the MEF2C gene that usually causes severe mental disability when haploinsufficient, illustrating the complexity of clinic–cytogenetic correlation even with defined segmental aneuploidy. Interaction of MEF2C with the deleted febrile seizure (FEB4) and juveline myoclonic epilepsy (EJM4) loci plus the G‐protein receptor (GPR98/MASS1/Usher syndrome) gene may moderate the phenotype, perhaps through common regulation by calcium. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between the genetic counseling profession and the disability community: A commentary
Authors: Madeo Anne C. , Biesecker Barbara B. , Brasington Campbell , Erby Lori H. , Peters Kathryn F.
Published: May 2011

Since the inception of the field of genetic counseling, the profession has had a tenuous relationship with the disability community. Genetic counselors both offer prenatal diagnostic testing that allows individuals the opportunity to avoid the birth of a child with a disability and they advocate for the rights of individuals who have a disability. Some in the disability rights community have argued that they feel their lives and the lives of the disabled individuals in their families judged by the offer of prenatal genetic diagnosis and by the attitudes of genetic service providers they encounter in clinical settings. Select voices from the disability community fear that the result of developing technologies may contribute to a world less tolerant of disabilities. The available empirical data suggest that genetic counselors do little to counteract these perspectives. Although limited, investigations into the attitudes and practices of genetic counselors suggest that they have a more negative perspective on disabilities than individuals whose lives are directly affected by them and these attitudes may affect their description of disabling conditions in a prenatal setting. The National Society of Genetic Counselors, the organization that represents the profession in the US has more publicly aligned itself with abortion service providers over disease advocacy organizations, thus subjecting itself to the perception of bias. We suggest possible solutions to these criticisms and argue that individually and collectively, genetic counseling professionals should develop and identify opportunities to more fully support and advocate for the needs of a broader spectrum of clients. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does cognitive reserve shape cognitive decline?
Authors: Singh‐Manoux Archana , Marmot Michael G. , Glymour Maria , Sabia Séverine , Kivimäki Mika , Dugravot Aline
Published: May 2011

Objective:

Cognitive reserve is associated with a lower risk of dementia, but the extent to which it shapes cognitive aging trajectories remains unclear. Our objective is to examine the impact of 3 markers of reserve from different points in the life course on cognitive function and decline in late adulthood.

Methods:

Data are from 5,234 men and 2,220 women, mean age 56 years (standard deviation = 6) at baseline, from the Whitehall II cohort study. Memory, reasoning, vocabulary, and phonemic and semantic fluency were assessed 3× over 10 years. Linear mixed models were used to assess the association between markers of reserve (height, education, and occupation) and cognitive decline, using the 5 cognitive tests and a global cognitive score composed of these tests.

Results:

All 3 reserve measures were associated with baseline cognitive function; the strongest associations were with occupation and the weakest with height. All cognitive functions except vocabulary declined over the 10‐year follow‐up period. On the global cognitive test, there was greater decline in the high occupation group (−0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.28 to −0.26) compared to the intermediate (−0.23; 95% CI, −0.25 to −0.22) and low groups (−0.21; 95% CI, −0.24 to −0.19); p = 0.001. The decline in reserve groups defined by education (p = 0.82) and height (p = 0.55) was similar.

Interpretation:

Cognitive performance over the adult life course was remarkably higher in the high reserve groups. However, rate of cognitive decline did not differ between reserve groups with the exception of occupation, where there was some evidence of greater decline in the high occupation group. Ann Neurol 2011;
Baseline serum adipokine levels predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klein‐Wieringa Inge R. , van der Linden Michael P. M. , Knevel Rachel , Kwekkeboom Joanneke C. , van Beelen Els , Huizinga Tom W. J. , van der Helm‐van Mil Annette , Kloppenburg Margreet , Toes René E. M. , Ioan‐Facsinay Andreea
Published: May 2011

Objective

Adipose tissue can secrete soluble mediators (adipokines) with potent immune regulatory functions. Some adipokines have been previously associated with radiographic damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we investigated the capacity of baseline adipokine levels to predict radiographic progression over a period of 4 years and studied their contribution relative to that of other known risk factors, such as anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibodies.

Methods

Serum concentrations of leptin, visfatin, resistin, adiponectin, adipsin, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were determined in serum samples obtained at baseline from 253 patients with RA from the Early Arthritis Cohort. The association between levels of these adipokines and radiographic progression was determined using a multivariate normal regression model correcting for age, sex, treatment strategy, body mass index (BMI), and the presence of anti‐CCP antibodies.

Results

Levels of IL‐6, TNFα, visfatin, and adiponectin were positively associated with radiographic progression over 4 years. This association was independent of BMI. However, only adiponectin levels remained significantly associated with radiographic progression when the model was corrected for the presence of anti‐CCP antibodies, whereas a trend was observed for IL‐6. The association of both TNFα and visfatin with radiographic damage disappeared after correction for the presence of anti‐CCP antibodies, which is consistent with the fact that the levels of both cytokines correlated significantly with anti‐CCP antibody levels in these patients.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that adipokines are predictors of radiographic progression in RA, possibly through distinct underlying biologic mechanisms.
Tuning different expression parameters to achieve soluble recombinant proteins in E. coli: Advantages of high‐throughput screening
Authors: Correa Agustín , Oppezzo Pablo
Published: May 2011

Proteins are the main reagents for structural, biomedical, and biotechnological studies; however, some important challenges remain concerning protein solubility and stability. Numerous strategies have been developed, with some success, to mitigate these challenges, but a universal strategy is still elusive. Currently, researchers face a plethora of alternatives for the expression of the target protein, which generates a great diversity of conditions to be evaluated. Among these, different promoter strength, diverse expression host and constructs, or special culture conditions have an important role in protein solubility. With the arrival of automated high‐throughput screening (HTS) systems, the evaluation of hundreds of different conditions within reasonable cost and time limits is possible. This technology increases the chances to obtain the target protein in a pure, soluble, and stable state. This review focuses on some of the most commonly used strategies for the expression of recombinant proteins in the enterobacterium Escherichia coli, including the use of HTS for the production of soluble proteins.
Contemporary clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of angiographically confirmed coronary stent thrombosis: Results from a multicenter California registry
Authors: Yeo Khung Keong , Mahmud Ehtisham , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Bennett William E. , Shunk Kendrick A. , MacGregor John S. , Li Zhongmin , Low Reginald I. , Rogers Jason H.
Published: May 2011

Objectives: To describe the contemporary treatment and outcomes for patients with angiographically confirmed (definite) stent thrombosis (ST). Background: Limited data are available on contemporary treatment patterns and outcomes of patients with ST in the United States. Methods: In this multicenter California registry, consecutive cases of definite ST over 5 years were identified. Clinical characteristics, in‐hospital outcomes, and long‐term survival are reported. Results: One hundred and sixty five consecutive episodes of ST were identified in 153 patients from January 2005 to February 2010. The distribution of acute (≤24 hr), subacute (24 hr to 30 days), late (30 days to 1 year), and very late (≥1 year) ST was 3.9%, 21.8%, 17.6%, and 50.3%, respectively. Only 41.2% of patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy at the time of presentation, while 22.4% of patients were on none. Of the 61.4% of patients treated with restenting, 71.1% of them received a drug‐eluting stent. Procedural success was 88.1%, and in‐hospital death, stroke, and CABG occurred in 5.5%, 0.6%, and 6.1% of subjects, respectively. All‐cause mortality at 1 year was 14.3%. Although female gender, diabetes mellitus (DM), bifurcation disease, ejection fraction <40%, and cardiogenic shock at the time of presentation were associated with an increased risk of in‐hospital mortality, only DM (P = 0.047) and bifurcation disease (P = 0.027) remained independent predictors of in‐hospital death. Conclusion: In‐hospital mortality from definite ST is lower than previously reported, but long‐term mortality remains high. DM and bifurcation disease, but not type of percutaneous therapy, are independently associated with in‐hospital mortality. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐hospital complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation revisited according to the valve academic research consortium definitions
Authors: Nuis Rutger‐Jan , Piazza Nicolo , Van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Otten Amber M. , Tzikas Apostolos , Schultz Carl J. , van der Boon Robert , van Geuns Robert‐Jan , van Domburg Ron T. , Koudstaal Peter J. , Kappetein Arie Pieter , Serruys Patrick W. , de Jaegere Peter P.
Published: May 2011

Objectives: To determine the occurrence of in‐hospital complications after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) criteria in addition to the length of stay (LOS). Background: The absence of uniformity in endpoint definitions challenges the comparison between previously reported major adverse cerebro‐ and cardiovascular event rates after TAVI. To address this, in 2009, the VARC was established aiming to provide standardized endpoint definitions for TAVI clinical trials. Methods: Between November 2005 and September 2010, we prospectively enrolled 150 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI with the Medtronic CoreValve System in our institution. Complications, prosthetic valve associated endpoints, and therapy‐specific endpoints were defined according to the definitions provided by the VARC. Results: The mean age (±SD) was 81 (±7) years and 55% were female. Thirty‐day or in‐hospital mortality was 11%, and the 30‐day combined safety endpoint was 22%. Seventy‐six patients (51%) had ≥1 cardiovascular and/or noncardiovascular complication of whom 16 also underwent a new permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI). In the 74 patients with uneventful TAVI, 12 patients (8%) underwent PPI. TAVI was truly uneventful in 62 patients (41%). Bleeding complications were observed most frequently (31%), followed by acute kidney injury (18%), vascular complications (16%), and stroke/TIA (11%). The median LOS in patients with a complicated and a truly uncomplicated TAVI was 14.0 (8.0–20.5) and 8.0 (7.0–10.8) days, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: TAVI was associated with ≥1 cardiovascular and/or noncardiovascular event in 51% of the patients; new PPI was needed in another 8%, and TAVI was truly uncomplicated in 41%. Complications and need for new PPI significantly prolonged LOS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent‐Dependent Aromatic versus Antiaromatic Conformational Switching in meso‐(Heptakis)pentafluorophenyl [32]Heptaphyrin
Authors: Yoon Min‐Chul , Shin Jae‐Yoon , Lim Jong Min , Saito Shohei , Yoneda Tomoki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho
Published: May 2011

We have investigated conformational switching dynamics of meso‐heptakis(pentafluorophenyl) [32]heptaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1) in various solvents using steady‐state, time‐resolved, and temperature‐dependent spectroscopy. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of [32]heptaphyrin are quite sensitive to solvent environments. In nonpolar toluene, the antiaromatic figure‐of‐eight conformation is dominant, as seen in the X‐ray crystallography, based on broad and weak absorption bands without any fluorescence and moderate paratropic ring current. On the other hand, a well‐resolved sharp absorption spectrum, strong fluorescence, and diatropic ring current in the 1H NMR spectrum in slightly polar THF indicate that most of [32]heptaphyrin molecules take significantly distorted Möbius conformation with aromatic character. By using transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy, the lowest singlet excited‐state lifetimes have been revealed to decay biexponentially with the time constants of 5 and 65 ps for figure‐of‐eight and Möbius conformations, respectively. Based on these results along with vertical excitation energy calculations, we are able to assign two conformers as Hückel antiaromatic and Möbius aromatic species, respectively; it shoulf be noted that the aromaticity/antiaromaticity does not change with temperature variation. Interestingly, in moderately polar solvent, ethyl ether, we find out that these two conformational isomers coexist with a dynamic equilibrium, as revealed by excitation‐wavelength‐dependent TA, temperature‐dependent absorption and 1H NMR spectra. Through our findings, we have demonstrated that the conformational switching dynamics between Hückel antiaromatic and Möbius aromatic conformers in [32]heptaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1) are strongly affected by solvent medium as well as temperature.