bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging: towards optimized patient information
Authors: Leithner K. , Pörnbacher S. , Assem‐Hilger E. , Krampl‐Bettelheim E. , Prayer D.
Published: July 2009

Objectives

To investigate the perception of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by women confronted with the necessity of a targeted prenatal examination because of suspicion of an abnormality, in order to develop a pre‐scan information leaflet tailored to the information requirements of these women.

Methods

Sixty‐two women were assessed by qualitative interview immediately before and after scanning. Data were analyzed by means of a qualitative content analysis. The transcribed interviews were coded within established categories, including knowledge of the purpose of the exam, understanding of the procedure, expectation of the baby's reaction, satisfaction with pre‐information, experience of fetal MRI, distressing conditions during scanning, anxiety and suggestions for improvement of the scanning procedure.

Results

Pre‐scan interviews indicated 66% of our sample to be well‐informed about the purpose of fetal MRI. A realistic, detailed description of the examination was given by 37%. Only 32% expected the scanning to be safe for their baby. Despite the overall good tolerance of fetal MRI (63%), post‐scan interviews revealed that 58% of women had experienced anxiety during MRI, which was partly due to the fearful perception of intensified fetal body movements during scanning. The quality of the pre‐information leaflet was rated as sufficiently informative by 68% of the women. Suggestions for improvement were centered on physical conditions, the presence of the partner during scanning, and the availability of pre‐scan briefings.

Conclusions

Based on women's needs, detailed information about the fetal MRI procedure should be provided, containing clear‐cut explanations about the purpose, course, method and possible distressing conditions. A leaflet describing these details should be given to women by the referring physician well in advance of the examination, and the woman given the opportunity to discuss unclear points. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light detection and ranging measurements of wake dynamics part I: one‐dimensional scanning
Authors: Bingöl Ferhat , Mann Jakob , Larsen Gunner C.
Published: July 2009

The vast majority of wind turbines are today erected in wind farms. As a consequence, wake‐generated loads are becoming more and more important. In this first of two parts, we present a new experimental technique to measure the instantaneous wake deficit directly, thus allowing for quantification of the wake meandering, as well as the instantaneous wake expansion expressed in a meandering frame of reference. The experiment was conducted primarily to test the simple hypothesis that the wake deficit is advected passively by the larger‐than‐rotor‐size eddies in the atmospheric flow, and that the wake at the same time widens gradually, primarily because of mixing caused by small‐scale atmospheric eddies. In this first paper, we focus on our new measurement technique, and test if the wake meandering follows the wind direction fluctuations, i.e. if it is advected passively in the lateral direction. The experimental results are used as a preliminary verification of a wake meandering model that essentially considers the wake as a passive tracer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploratory data analysis
Authors: Morgenthaler Stephan
Published: July 2009

Exploratory data analysis, or EDA for short, is a term coined by John W. Tukey for describing the act of looking at data to see what it seems to say. This article gives a description of some typical EDA procedures and discusses some of the principles of EDA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Data masking for disclosure limitation
Authors: Duncan George , Stokes Lynne
Published: July 2009

Protecting confidentiality is essential to the functioning of systems for collecting and disseminating data on individuals and enterprises that are necessary for evidence‐based public policy formulation. Deidentification of records, defined as removing obvious identifiers such as name and address, is not sufficient to protect confidentiality. Microdata have characteristics that lead to increased disclosure risk, such as existence of identification files, geographical detail, outliers, many/detailed attribute variables, or longitudinal or panel structure in the data. Data stewardship organizations can lower disclosure risk through disclosure limitation methods and through the construction of synthetic data. Both record and attribute suppression can be represented by matrix masks, as can perturbation through noise addition, and data swapping. Also sampling and aggregation have matrix mask representations. Distinct from masking methods, synthetic data construction considers the microdata to be a realization of some statistical model. It then replaces the true microdata with samples generated according to the model. The released data consist of records of individual synthetic units rather than records for the actual units. The organization must recognize uncertainty in both model form and values of model parameters. This argues for the relevance of hierarchical and mixture models to generate the synthetic data. Synthetic data has an advantage as a disclosure limitation method over masked data because it is easier for the user to analyze. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Data Preparation and Processing
A One‐Dimensional Metal Embedded in Salt Matrices: Synthesis, Modulated Crystal Structures, Electrical Conductivity, and Chemical Bonding of {}^1_\infty[PdBi6][(Bi,Sn)1–δBr5–δ’]
Authors: Wahl Bernhard , Kloo Lars , Ruck Michael
Published: July 2009

. The metal‐rich compounds [PdBi6][(Bi,Sn)1–δBr5–δ’] with δ1 = 2/13, δ’1 = 5/26, or δ2 = δ’2 = 2/12 were synthesized from Bi2Pd, BiBr3, and Sn at 300 °C. The crystal structures contain intermetallic rods {}^1_\infty[Pd@Bi2/1Bi8/2]2.5+ embedded in salt‐like matrices, which consist of groups of bromido‐bismuthate(III)‐stannate(II) octahedra [(Bi,Sn)nBr4n+2]m– (n = 2, 3) and isolated Br– ions. Metrical incompatibilities of the two subsystems in the crystalline metal‐salt hybrid result in non‐stoichiometry of the salt part associated with complex superstructures. The average structure is described in the orthorhombic space group Pmmm with a ≈︁ 408 pm, b ≈︁ 2263 pm, c ≈︁ 849 pm. It feigns statistical distribution of vacancies and orientational disorder of the concatenated octahedra. By choosing the modulation vectorsqi = 2/ta* + ${1 \over 2}$b* + ${1 \over 2}$c* with t1 = 13 or t2 = 12, the additional weak reflections of the diffraction patterns are indexed. Ordered structure models are achieved in the [3+1]‐dimensional superspace group Pmmm(α${1 \over 2}$${1 \over 2}$)000. Metallic conductivity along [100], i. e. the direction of the {}^1_\infty[Pd@Bi2/1Bi8/2]2.5+ rods, was determined for a single‐crystal. One‐dimensional band structure calculations reveal Bi p‐bands crossing the Fermi level for formula charges higher than 2+. The electron localization indicator (ELI) indicates two‐center Bi–Bi bonds as well as multi‐center bonds inside the metallic part, whereas the bismuth lone‐pairs point towards the non‐conducting part of the structure.
Initial findings on visual acuity thresholds in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Shyan‐Norwalt Melissa R. , Peterson Jeff , Milankow King Barbara , Staggs Timothy E. , Dale Robert H.I.
Published: July 2009

There are only a few published examinations of elephant visual acuity. All involved Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and found visual acuity to be between 8′ and 11′ of arc for a stimulus near the tip of the trunk, equivalent to a 0.50 cm gap, at a distance of about 2 m from the eyes. We predicted that African elephants (Loxodonta africana) would have similarly high visual acuity, necessary to facilitate eye‐trunk coordination for feeding, drinking and social interactions. When tested on a discrimination task using Landolt‐C stimuli, one African elephant cow demonstrated a visual acuity of 48′ of arc. This represents the ability to discriminate a gap as small as 2.75 cm in a stimulus 196 cm from the eye. This single‐subject study provides a preliminary estimate of the visual acuity of African elephants. Zoo Biol 29:30–35, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feeding live prey to zoo animals: response of zoo visitors in Switzerland
Authors: Cottle Lauren , Tamir Dan , Hyseni Mimoza , Bühler Dominique , Lindemann‐Matthies Petra
Published: July 2009

In summer 2007, with the help of a written questionnaire, the attitudes of more than 400 visitors to the zoological garden of Zurich, Switzerland, toward the idea of feeding live insects to lizards, live fish to otters, and live rabbits to tigers were investigated. The majority of Swiss zoo visitors agreed with the idea of feeding live prey (invertebrates and vertebrates) to zoo animals, both off‐ and on‐exhibit, except in the case of feeding live rabbits to tigers on‐exhibit. Women and frequent visitors of the zoo disagreed more often with the on‐exhibit feeding of live rabbits to tigers. Study participants with a higher level of education were more likely to agree with the idea of feeding live invertebrates and vertebrates to zoo animals off‐exhibit. In comparison to an earlier study undertaken in Scotland, zoo visitors in Switzerland were more often in favor of the live feeding of vertebrates. Feeding live prey can counter the loss of hunting skills of carnivores and improve the animals' well‐being. However, feeding enrichments have to strike a balance between optimal living conditions of animals and the quality of visitor experience. Our results show that such a balance can be found, especially when live feeding of mammals is carried out off‐exhibit. A good interpretation of food enrichment might help zoos to win more support for the issue, and for re‐introduction programs and conservation. Zoo Biol 29:344–350, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐Port Versus Four‐Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Sun Shaoliang , Yang Kehu , Gao Mingtai , He Xiaodong , Tian Jinhui , Ma Bin
Published: July 2009

Background

Since the first laparoscopic cholecystectomy was reported, the four‐trocar laparoscope has become the golden standard procedure. Some surgeons, however, thought that the three‐port technique may be safe, effective, and economic. Our meta‐analysis compared the three‐port technique to the four‐port technique.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Quality assessment and data extraction were done by two reviewers independently. The statistical analysis was performed by RevMan4.2.10 software.

Results

A total of five publications comprising 591 patients met the inclusion criteria. The result showed that three‐port technique could not reduce the analgesia requirements: the sample mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were –0.28 (–0.66, 0.10). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of operating time [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 2.08, 95% CI (–3.63, 7.79)], success rate [odds ratio (OR) = 0.99,95% CI (0.31, 3.12)], or postoperative hospital stay [OR = –0.52,95% CI (–1.22, 0.17)].

Conclusions

The current evidence showed that the two groups had similar operating times, success rates, analgesia requirements, and postoperative hospital stays. The methodological qualities of studies are not high, so more high‐quality studies are needed for further analysis.
Addressing the Challenges Faced by Early Adolescents: A Mixed‐Method Evaluation of the Benefits of Peer Support
Authors: Ellis Louise A. , Marsh Herbert W. , Craven Rhonda G.
Published: July 2009

In this article, we describe a mixed‐methods study used to examine the effectiveness of a widely‐used peer support program designed to facilitate the transition to adolescence and high school by enhancing self‐concept and other desirable outcomes. For the quantitative component, a longitudinal design was employed (930 Grade 7 students, 3 schools, 2 years), with control group and baseline (i.e., pre‐program) data against which to compare the effects. Using a multilevel approach, the results provide evidence to suggest that the program was largely successful in achieving its aims of enhancing students’ school self‐concept, school citizenship, sense of self and possibility, connectedness, and resourcefulness. A sub‐sample of students from the experimental group participated in the qualitative component, which included open‐ended survey results (n = 408 Grade 7 students, n = 75 peer support leaders) and focus groups (n = 119 Grade 7 students, n = 44 peer support leaders) to identify students’ personal perspectives of the program. The qualitative results confirmed the quantitative findings that the program has important benefits for Grade 7 students and provided rich and valuable insights into students’ views of the intervention. The findings of this research have important implications and suggest that the provision of peer support has the potential to a make significant contribution to schools’ efforts to orchestrate positive outcomes for adolescents.
Mortality and cause of death in mucopolysaccharidosis type II—a historical review based on data from the Hunter Outcome Survey (HOS)
Authors: Jones S. A. , Almássy Z. , Beck M. , Burt K. , Clarke J. T. , Giugliani R. , Hendriksz C. , Kroepfl T. , Lavery L. , Lin S.‐P. , Malm G. , Ramaswami U. , Tincheva R. , Wraith J. E. ,   on behalf of the HOS Investigators
Published: July 2009

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II or Hunter syndrome) is a progressive, multisystemic disease caused by a deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase. Patients with the severe form of the disease have cognitive impairment and typically die in the second decade of life. Patients with the less severe form do not experience significant cognitive involvement and may survive until the fifth or sixth decade of life. We studied the relationship of both severity of MPS II and the time period in which patients died with age at death in 129 patients for whom data were entered retrospectively into HOS (Hunter Outcome Survey), the only large‐scale, multinational observational study of patients with MPS II. Median age at death was significantly lower in patients with cognitive involvement compared with those without cognitive involvement (11.7 versus 14.1 years; p = 0.024). These data indicate that cognitive involvement is indicative of more severe disease and lower life expectancy in patients with MPS II. Median age at death was significantly lower in patients who died in or before 1985 compared with those who died after 1985 (11.3 versus 14.1 years; p α 0.001). The difference in age at death between patients dying in or before, relative to after, the selected cut‐off date of 1985 may reflect improvements in patient identification, care and management over the past two decades. Data from patients who died after 1985 could serve as a control in analyses of the effects of enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase on mortality in patients with MPS II.
Micro/Nanoscale Parallel Patterning of Functional Biomolecules, Organic Fluorophores and Colloidal Nanocrystals
Authors: Sabella S. , Brunetti V. , Vecchio G. , Torre A. Della , Rinaldi R. , Cingolani R. , Pompa P. P.
Published: July 2009

We describe the design and optimization of a reliable strategy that combines self-assembly and lithographic techniques, leading to very precise micro-/nanopositioning of biomolecules for the realization of micro- and nanoarrays of functional DNA and antibodies. Moreover, based on the covalent immobilization of stable and versatile SAMs of programmable chemical reactivity, this approach constitutes a general platform for the parallel site-specific deposition of a wide range of molecules such as organic fluorophores and water-soluble colloidal nanocrystals.
Structural Characterization of Mesoporous Silica Nanofibers Synthesized Within Porous Alumina Membranes
Authors: Gong Zhihong , Ji Guangbin , Zheng Mingbo , Chang Xiaofeng , Dai Weijie , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi , Zheng Youdou
Published: July 2009

Mesoporous silica nanofibers were synthesized within the pores of the anodic aluminum oxide template using a simple sol–gel method. Transmission electron microscopy investigation indicated that the concentration of the structure-directing agent (EO20PO70EO20) had a significant impact on the mesostructure of mesoporous silica nanofibers. Samples with alignment of nanochannels along the axis of mesoporous silica nanofibers could be formed under the P123 concentration of 0.15 mg/mL. When the P123 concentration increased to 0.3 mg/mL, samples with a circular lamellar mesostructure could be obtained. The mechanism for the effect of the P123 concentration on the mesostructure of mesoporous silica nanofibres was proposed and discussed.
The life skills program IPSY: Positive influences on school bonding and prevention of substance misuse
Authors: Wenzel Victoria , Weichold Karina , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: July 2009

The present study investigated whether a life skills program (LSP) for the prevention of adolescent substance misuse can have positive influences on a school context and on school bonding. The study also explored whether effects on alcohol use are mediated by positive effects on school bonding resulting from program participation. The LSP IPSY (Information + Psychosocial Competence = Protection) was implemented over a 3‐year period via specially trained teachers. Analyses were based on a German evaluation study utilizing a quasi‐experimental design (intervention/control) with school‐wise assignment to the respective groups. Analyses were based on four measurement points (N = 952, 10 years at pre‐test). Results indicated that IPSY was well implemented, highly accepted by teachers and students, and that teachers profited regarding their teaching methods. ANCOVAS revealed positive program effects on alcohol use and school bonding. Multiple regressions indicated that positive influences on school bonding following program participation partially mediated effects on alcohol use.
Spinal cord long‐term potentiation (LTP) is associated with increased dorsal horn gene expression of IL‐1β, GDNF and iNOS
Authors: Pedersen Linda M. , Jacobsen Line M. , Mollerup Steen , Gjerstad Johannes
Published: July 2009

Previous data show that spinal cord long‐term potentiation (LTP) can be induced by electrical high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) conditioning applied to the sciatic nerve. It has been suggested that the cellular events leading to this form of plasticity may contribute to central hyperalgesia. In the present study, extracellular recordings from single dorsal horn neurons and quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) on rat dorsal horn tissue were used to examine whether maintenance of spinal LTP is associated with changes in gene expression of the proinflammatory interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The data demonstrated that the HFS conditioning induced a robust increase in the dorsal horn C‐fibre responses, which outlasted the duration of the experiments of 6 h (p < 0.05, HFS vs. control). Moreover, a significant increase in the expression of mRNA for IL‐1β, GDNF and iNOS were observed 6 h following the HFS conditioning (p < 0.05, HFS vs. control). For the first time we show that spinal cord LTP is associated with an increased dorsal horn expression of the genes for IL‐1β, GDNF and iNOS.
A revision of the Tsetse-flies (Glossina), based on a study of the male genital armature
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

The examination of the armature of the males of all the hitherto described species of the genus Glossina, with the exception of G. maculata, Newstead,* has not only revealed some very striking morphological characters, but has led to the discovery of three new species† and the re-establishment of Bigot's G. grossa.‡ One of these new species, G. submorsitans, Newstead, has hitherto been overlooked through its striking similarity to G. morsitans. Morphologically these two species are separable chiefly by the small but important organs herein described as the median lobes; these characters will be best understood by reference to the accompanying figures (figs. 15ml, 16ml), in which the difference is as well marked as that between the holoptic and dichoptic heads found in certain groups of Diptera. G. palpalis, R. D., and G. tachinoides, Westw., are also very closely allied in the general form of the armature of the males, but they are easily separable by the minute differential characters of the inferior claspers (figs. 9ic, 11ic).
The Papataci Flies (Phlebotomus) of the Maltese Islands
Authors: Newstead R.
Published: July 2009

Acting under the instructions of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine I proceeded to Malta on the 25th of June 1910, and stayed in the Island for a period of two months. The object of this expedition was to investigate the problems connected with the menace to health caused by the blood-sucking “Papataci Flies” of the genus Phlebotomies.* The greater part of my time was devoted to searching for the breeding-places of these insects with a view to devising practical prophylactic measures for the control of the pest. Other phases relating chiefly to the bionomics of Plilebotomus were also investigated; and attempts were made to rear the insect from the egg
Some new West African species of Anopheles (sensu lato), with notes on nomenclature
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

In describing the following new species from West Africa, some words of explanation are needed as to the generic names used. In the first place, it is necessary to say that the writer follows Messrs. Dyar and Knab in considering that most of the genera into which Meigen's genus Anopheles has recently been split up are not genera in any accepted sense, and should sink under the old name Anopheles. Provisionally, however, Stethomyia, Chagasia, Calvertina and Bironella are considered as distinct; as none of these genera are African, this will not affect the present paper. Lieut.-Col. A. Alcock, of the London School of Tropical Medicine, has kindly allowed me to see the manuscript of a paper on the classification of Anopheles, which he is about to publish in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and I have been able to concur entirely with his views; he recognises only five sub-genera of Anopheles, the sub-genus Nyssorhynchus including all those species with flat scales on thorax and abdomen, i.e., the genera Nyssorhynchus, Cellia and Neocellia of Theobald's Monograph.
The Photography of Diptera
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: July 2009

In the following article I have endeavoured to write as simply as possible a detailed account of the methods for photographing insects which I have myself found to be most successful, and no attempt has been made to discuss alternative methods.
Two new species of Tabanus from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The types of the species described below have been presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by Mr. H. H. King, Government Entomologist, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, by whom coloured figures of both species will shortly be published in the forthcoming Fourth Report of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, Khartoum.
On a new genus and species of Siphonaptera from Nyasaland
Authors: Rothschild N. Charles
Published: July 2009

The Entomological Research Committee has received from Zomba four specimens of a new species of flea which is related to the genera Leptopsylla, Roths. (1911; type musculi, Dugès, 1832) and Palaeopsylla, Wagn. (1902; type minor, Dale, 1878 = gracilis, Tasch., 1880) but differs so much from the species belonging to these genera that it requires a separate genus. The species is especially remarkable for the development of its head and buccal organs (fig. 1). The mandibles as well as the labrum are very broad, particularly the former, and closely resemble those of Spilopsyllus cmiiculi, Dale (1878), and the Sarcopsyllidae. This peculiar parallelism also obtains in the labial palpi, which show a reduction similar to that which occurs in the fleas mentioned, being but feebly chitinized and consisting of only three distinct segments. The size of the labrum and mandibles suggests that the species fixes itself to the host by means of these organs in the same way as Spilopsyllus cunieuli, i.e., more permanently than do the majority of fleas. The structure of the head bears out this surmise inasmuch as the buccal slit extends far upwards, the frons being short, which allows the piercing organs to assume an almost horizontal position when being driven into the skin of the host.
New African species of Tabanus.—Part I
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The types of the new species described in the following pages are in the British Museum (Natural History).
Colour conventions to indicate the distribution of Blood-sucking Insects and the Diseases they transmit
Authors: Simpson Jas. J.
Published: July 2009

The necessity for graphic representation of the distribution of insects and the diseases which are transmitted by them is now so evident as to need no special demonstration. But it is further obviously important that some uniform method should be adopted in the preparation of such maps, in order to make them intercomparable, and the object of the present notes is to suggest a comprehensive system of notation for the whole genus Glossina—a system which may be readily adapted for use in other genera or families of blood-sucking insects.
Experiments and Observations Upon Glossina Palpalis
Authors: Macfie J. W. Scott
Published: July 2009

In Northern Nigeria the dry season begins in October, and ends in March. During this period practically no rain falls, and the highest temperatures of the year are recorded during the day, whilst the lowest annual temperatures occur during the night at this season. A short tornado season occurs at the beginning and end of the dry weather. In the case of Zungeru, where my experiments were carried out, the following is the meteorological return for the year 1910:—
A new species of Stygeromyia (Family Muscidae, Sub-family Stomoxydinae) from the East Africa Protectorate
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The genus Stygeromyia, so far as is at present known, is confined to the Ethiopian Region. The species described below, of which the type is in the British Museum (Natural History), is the third to be discovered.
New African Tabanidae.—Part I
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The following paper contains descriptions of eleven new species belonging to seven genera, besides notes on some other species. The types of all the new forms are in the British Museum (Natural History). As indicating the countries in which the new species have been obtained, the appended list may be of service.
Entomological Research in British West Africa. III.—Southern Nigeria
Authors: Simpson Jas. J.
Published: July 2009

The Colony of Southern Nigeria was traversed by the writer in 1910, and the following short report is founded on observations made during the first seven months of that year. As will be seen later on, various officers, chiefly medical, stationed in the Colony, afforded material help in the investigation, and the results of their work are also incorporated here; the collections of injurious insects made by them have been duly acknowledged in previous issues of this Bulletin, and also, as far as possible, throughout this report.
Notes on Tineina bred from cotton-bolls
Authors: Durrant John Hartley
Published: July 2009

Enquiries are frequently made through the Entomological Research Committee with reference to TINEINA bred from cotton, and as the notes on Gelechia gossypiella, Sndrs., published by Lord Walsingham in Fauna Hawaiiensis [1. 731–4 (1907)] are not generally accessible, I have been requested to revise these notes and reprint them with additional information on gossypiella and two species of Pyroderces. It is quite clear that the Gelechia does immense damage to the cotton, attacking the seeds in the boll, but what damage (if any) is actually occasioned by Pyroderces simplex, Wlsm. (= gossypiella, Wlsm.), and rileyi, Wlsm., is not manifest; it would seem that these species are associated with cotton already injured by damp or other insects rather than themselves being the cause of injury. Further information will doubtless be supplied now that the names are available.
A new species of phlebotomus from South America
Authors: Summers Sophia L. M.
Published: July 2009

Four specimens—one male and three females—mounted in Canada Balsam were sent from Rio Javary, South America. In this condition nothing can said about their colour, and very little about the nature of their hairy covering, except that all parts of the body are apparently hairy, as usual, and that the hairs that are left on the abdomen are very long and almost recumbent.
Insects directly or indirectly injurious to man and animals in Mozambique, East Africa
Authors: Howard C. W.
Published: July 2009

The following is a list of the more important insects collected in the Province of Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa) and which in some stage of their existence may be harmful to men or animals. During the writer's stay in Mozambique it was impossible to make a complete survey of that immense colony, but as much collecting was done as opportunity offered and this list may be considered a fairly representative one.
Notes on the tsetse-flies of Muri Province, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Pollard J.
Published: July 2009

As a general rule, on the Benue River and its tributaries, at least between Abinsi and Lau, the tsetses found are Glossina tachinoides and G. palpalis, the latter occurring far less frequently.
A Key for Determining the African Species of Anopheles (Sensu Lato)
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The compilation of the following key has been a matter of no little difficulty, mainly owing to the close connection of the species in some of the groups, which sometimes makes it almost impossible to assign specific limits. The difficulty has in some cases been increased through the paucity of material, which prevents any adequate conception of the range of variability being obtained. This is particularly the case with some of the species coming from the Mediterranean region, which are very closely allied, and of which, as a rule, the British Museum possesses very few specimens. Names have only been sunk here as synonyms in those cases where there appeared to be no reasonable doubt, either after a comparison of the types, or of the descriptions, when these were sufficiently detailed. Eventually, therefore, it may be found that some forms which are here given specific rank will have to be regarded at most as varieties. Since so many figures of Anopheline wings, etc., have already appeared, it is not deemed necessary to add to their number. Some new records have been included, but on the other hand some old ones, which appeared to be questionable, have been omitted. As with the writer's previous papers, this key is merely intended to supplement the detailed descriptions which will be found in other works.
On the Utilisation of an Indigenous African Silk-worm (Anaphe Infracta, Wlsm.) in Uganda
Authors: Gowdey C. C.
Published: July 2009

The silkworms which are found in the largest quantities in Uganda belong to the genus Anaphe (family EUPTEROTIDAE), of which we have three species, Anaphe infracta, Wlsm., A. venata, Butl., and A. moloneyi, Druce. The other species of silkworms which have so far been observed in the Protectorate are Mimopacha gerstaeckeri, Dew., and Hypsoides milleti, de Juan, but these are comparatively rare. This paper deals only with Anaphe infracta.
New African Tabanidae.—Part II
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

Q.—Length (12 specimens) 9·5 to 12 mm.; width of head 3·5 to 4·4 mm.; width of front at vertex just under 0·5 to just under 0·6 mm.; length of wing 7·75 to 9·8 mm.
Notes on Phlebotomus, with Descriptions of New Species—Part I
Authors: Newstead R.
Published: July 2009

In making a critical examination of the palpi of the various species of phlebotomus described in this paper, I have found that the third* segment of the palpi in all of them is provided with a compound group of minute and curiously modified spines. In P. minutus (fig. 1c) they are somewhat squamiform and the pedicel is, so far as I can ascertain, extremely short; in P. papatasii (fig. 1d) they are distinctly spathuliform, with the pedicel long and strongly curved. In P. squamipleuris (fig. 1i) the spines are similar to those found in P. papatasii, but they appear to be more gradually dilated distally and have relatively shorter pedicels. These organs are common to both sexes and are probably sensory in function; but they are so easily deciduous that they can rarely be seen, though the position occupied by them is generally indicated by a compound group of circular cicatrices clearly showing the point of attachment of the spines with the integument.
Biological Studies of Sawflies infestingRibes.
Authors: Miles Herbert W.
Published: July 2009

Pteronidea ribesii, Scop., the common gooseberry sawfly, is widely distributed in Middle and Northern Europe and in North America, and appears to be confined to food-plants of the genusRibes, particularlyR. grossulariaandR. rubrum. It has an extensive literature, one of the best and most recent accounts being that of Kemner (1924). In the present account, therefore, only a summary of the author's investigations are given, with emphasis on points of special interest or significance in relation to the present series of studies.
Notes on the Sarcophaga peregrina Group (Dipt.)
Authors: Hardy G. H.
Published: July 2009

Illingworth (1926) published his experiences with Sarcophaga fuscicauda, a fly regarded by him as being of medical importance, and he also suggested it was being transported over the Orient by shipping. There can be little doubt concerning the identity of the fly, this being identical with that published under the same name by Senior-White (1924); both authors included Queensland in its distribution.
On Experiments in the Use of Poison Dusts against Adult Locusta migratorioides, Rch. & Frm., in the Sudan
Authors: King H. H. , Ruttledge W.
Published: July 2009

The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan has, so far as may be ascertained, always been liable to plagues of the migratory locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk., generally referred to as the desert locust. In the summer of 1930 in addition to this species swarms of another migratory locust, Locusta migratorioides, Rch. & Frm., locally known as the hairy-chested locust, appeared. In most districts natives stated that they had never before seen this second species, but elderly inhabitants of Darfur and northern Kordofan recognised it as having occurred some forty-two years previously for two successive seasons; the first year in large numbers, the second in but small numbers. It was hoped that history would repeat itself and that the hairy-chested locust would be relatively scarce in its second year, but unfortunately this hope has not been realised; L. migratorioides was a more serious plague in 1931 than in the preceding year.
An ecological Study of the “Lucerne Flea” (Smynthurus viridis, Linn.)—I
Authors: Maclagan D. Stewart
Published: July 2009

The agricultural importance of the Collembola has in the past usually been regarded with some scepticism by economic entomologists. Recently, however, the activities of certain species, particularly those belonging to the genera Bourletiella and Smynthurus, have resulted in an increasing amount of publicity for this order of primitive insects. The subject of the present investigation is Smynthurus viridis, Linn., which, from its jumping habits and the depredations it causes to lucerne (alfalfa), has come to be known commonly as the “Lucerne Flea,” although the damage it causes to clovers is equally serious.
A new Species of Helopeltis (Hemiptera—Heteroptera, Miridae) found in Ceylon
Authors: De Silva Mervyn D.
Published: July 2009

The earliest reference to the occurrence of Helopeltis in Ceylon was made by the French entomologist, Signoret (1858), when he described Helopeltis antonii, the so-called “Mosquito Blight”. Helopeltis attacking cacao in Ceylon was first recorded in the year 1880 or 1881 in the Matale district (Green, 1901), the damage to the young leaves and stems having attracted the attention of cacao planters. Populations of Helopeltis occurring on cacao today, however, favour the pods, damage to young leaves and stems being relatively rare and generally associated with poor shade over the cacao plant. This apparent change of feeding habits prompted a careful and critical examination of the existing species of Helopeltis in Ceylon. Extensive collections of Helopeltis from the major cacao-growing areas in the island, including the Matale district, have not provided any specimens referable to Helopeltis antonii. The new species described below was the only species of Helopeltis found on cacao at Teldeniya, Kundasale and in the Matale district, which may be regarded as representative of the major cacao-growing areas of Ceylon.
Louse Control through Textile Fibre Size
Authors: Hocking B.
Published: July 2009

The possibility of controlling the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L., through the development of clothing which is inimical to it on physical rather than chemical grounds was investigated. Claw size in lice was shown to be related to diameter of host hair. The grip force of lice on fabrics made of fibres of various diameters and compositions, some spun and some unspun, and of various weaves largely dictated by availability, was measured with an apparatus of which the essential parts were a torsion balance and a kymograph motor. The force was found to be a maximum at fibre-diameters approximating that of human hair. The ability of lice to grab hold of a fabric when dropped on to an inclined surface of it was also measured and found to vary with fibre-diameter in a similar manner to grip, but less strongly. The number of eggs laid on fabrics when no choice was offered was also found to vary with fibre-diameter in a similar manner. While this physical method of louse control is not promising for immediate practical application, it has possibilities which may be enhanced by developments in textile technology.
Olfactory Stimulation of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) by Combustion Products from Petrol Engines
Authors: Hughes J. C.
Published: July 2009

The effects of exhaust gases and distillates of sump oil from old motor cars on the activity of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) were briefly investigated, using a method described in the preceding paper. The exhaust gases had no effect on the tsetse flies and the threshold and standard concentrations of vapour of distillates from sump oil required to stimulate the tsetse flies decreased as the boiling point of the fractions increased. This result is consistent with the results of experiments by previous workers using series of homologous pure compounds, and suggests that any very stimulating compound could only be present in very small quantities in sump oil.
Trials of Residual Insecticides against Anophelines in African-type Huts
Authors: Burnett G. F.
Published: July 2009

Since November 1951, trials of residual insecticides have been carried out at Taveta, Kenya, against Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in native-type huts fitted with exit traps.

DDT wettable powder at over 2·5 g. DDT per sq. metre in a hut with plaster of absorbent mud gave, for eight months, kills of over 50 per cent. of the female Anophelines that entered.

BHC wettable powder in huts with absorbent walls at 0·24 g. γ isomer per sq. metre gave kills of over 50 per cent. for nine months or more. On non-absorbent walls the kill fell rapidly during the third month and was negligible by the fifth. Insecticide persisted in walls of active material after the roof of inactive materials had become relatively innocuous.

Wettable powders combining DDT and BHC were not effective unless the deposit of DDT was at least 2·1 g./m.2. For an equivalent cost, BHC alone was more effective on active walls and dieldrin on inactive ones.

BHC in urea-formaldehyde resin at 2·5 g. γ BHC per sq. metre was persistent but the persistence was not commensurate with the cost of the material and difficulty of application. The insecticide persists longest on mud surfaces, presumably because it is absorbed from the skin of resin and later released as vapour. Absorption would render permanently innocuous a nonvolatile insecticide.

Aldrin wettable powder was found considerably less persistent than BHC on absorbent walls.
Studies concerning the Uptake of Contact Insecticides
Authors: Lewis C. T. , Hughes J. C.
Published: July 2009

This paper presents the results of an investigation of certain processes taking place when flies of the species Phormia (Protophormia) terraenovae R.-D. are exposed to finely particulate deposits. Information is advanced concerning the precise sites of uptake of particles on the tarsi and pretarsi, the effects of “cleaning” reflex movements on the location and retention of particles and the influence of lipoid solubility (a fundamental property of contact insecticides) on the adhesion of dry particles to the lipophilic surfaces of insect and leaf cuticle.

A technique for the controlled exposure of active blowflies of the species P. terraenovae to particulate deposits is described.
The Activity Cycle of domestic Aëdes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Dipt., Culicid.) in Southern Province, Tanganyika
Authors: Lumsden W. H. R.
Published: July 2009

The population of the Makonde plateau, Newala district, Tanganyika, underwent a severe epidemic of a virus disease in 1952–55, and during an investigation of the epidemic the opportunity was taken to define the biting activity cycle of Aëdes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.), a mosquito that was extremely common in native huts on the plateau.

Continuous baited catches, lasting for 49 hours, were made by teams of four native catchers, inside a hut and on its verandah. The intensity of attack is expressed as the geometric-mean numbers of A. aegypti alighting on such a team per hour. The catches are recorded on a 24-hour system in which sunset is near to 1800 hr.
Studies of Crop Loss following Insect Attack on Cotton in East Africa
Authors: Coaker T. H.
Published: July 2009

The study of crop loss following insect attack on cotton in Uganda, described in Part I of this work, was continued for two further seasons (1954–56), using the same experimental procedure, except that half the DDT in the spray formulation was replaced by toxaphene, only three periods of protective treatment were used for each date of sowing, and the late-season ones were continued until boll-opening was complete, so as to give maximum control of boll worm.

Methods are described of estimating an index of leaf damage caused by Lygus spp., based on comparisons with standard grades. At Serere (Eastern Province), the index of leaf damage was closely related to Lygus populations in the crop, and at Namulonge (Buganda) it was markedly reduced on plots protected from Lygus attack, but in the 1954–56 experiments no relationship could be found between the mean seasonal index and the loss of fruiting bodies attributable to Lygus attack, or the final yield.

Analysis of the cause and incidence of shedding of developing fruit bodies (flower buds or young bolls, the latter predominating among those recovered) showed that the total amount of shedding was roughly the same whatever the treatment, that due to insect damage tending to be balanced by that due to other causes, which were probably physiological in nature. There was thus some over-riding factor, other than pest attack, that governed the crop finally held by the plant.

Damage caused by insects to older bolls, which do not shed, constitutes a real loss that is reflected in the final harvest. The proportion of clean seed cotton was higher in the treated plots, particularly in the early-sown cotton, in which analysis of the harvested locules showed that the damage was predominantly due to bollworm, but there were no significant differences in yield between the various treatments in either date of sowing or in either season.

It is concluded that under such conditions as those experienced at the Research Station in the three seasons of the experiments, insect damage to cotton is small in relation to other environmental factors governing crop production.
A veranda-trap hut for studying the house-frequenting habits of mosquitoes and for assessing insecticides. III. The effect of DDT on behaviour and mortality
Authors: Smith A. , Webley D. J.
Published: July 2009

The effects of DDT on the behaviour and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles, A. funestus Giles, Mansonia uniformis (Theo.) and Culex pipiens fatigans Wied., entering experimental huts, have been studied with the assistance of gas-chromatographic techniques.

Sixty to 70% of A. gambiae and 70–80% of M. uniformis were deterred from entering verandah-trap huts treated indoors with a nominal dosage of 200 μg/cm2 of DDT active ingredient. Gas chromatographic techniques indicate that the chemical basis of the deterrency was a steadily diminishing outflow of DDT from the hut, either as a dust or vapour, and the build-up of deposit on the untreated overhanging eaves to 0·02 to 0·27 μg/cm2 seven months after treatment. A. funestus was less deterred than A. gambiae and M. uniformis, but the behaviour of C. p. fatigans was almost unaffected by the DDT deposit.

Overall mortalities were highest in A. funestus and M. uniformis, lower in A. gambiae and extremely low in C. p. fatigans.

There was a marked irritant effect of the DDT deposit on recently blood-fed A. gambiae, some 50–70% being driven out of the treated huts. This behaviour occurred to a lesser degree in A. funestus but was absent in M. uniformis and C. p. fatigans. The chemical basis of the irritant effect was indicated to the extent that surviving mosquitoes, that left the treated hut, showed 1·5 ng/insect of DDT. Mosquitoes that died, whether indoors or after leaving the hut, picked up amounts ranging from 7 to 20 ng/insect.