bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Donor funding and implementation of road development projects
Authors:   ,   Uganda Martyrs University, Naturinda Abbot
Published: February 2025

A lot has been written and said in praise for the increase in funding of the roads sector as an answer to the desired state of the roads in the country. The majority of developing countries heavily rely on donor funds for the improvement of the road infrastructure. However observations of the road development projects that are funded by the donors have a lot amiss. Therefore little is known about the effects of donor funding requirements on the implementation of road development projects. This study examines the effect of donor funding requirements on the implementation of road development projects in Uganda National Roads Authority. A sample of 64 respondents comprising of Directors, Project Managers, Station Engineers and Project Engineers was chosen using purposive sampling. The objectives of the study were; (i) to examine the effects of donor procurement requirements on implementation of road development projects (ii) to examine the effect of donor legal requirements on the implementation of road development projects (iii) to examine the effect of donor financial performance requirements on the implementation of road development projects and (iv) to establish the relationship between donors funding requirements and implementation of road development projects in Uganda. The research used cross sectional survey design methodology. The research largely applied a quantitative method for data collection, whereby structured questionnaires were designed and administered to the respondents. Documentary review was used to get qualitative data. Secondary data from various sources was also used. The research findings revealed that donor funding requirements positively affect implementation of road development projects. The research findings indicated that; procurement, legal and financial requirements affected project implementation by 37.1%, 23.7% and 15.6% respectively of donor funded projects in UNRA. The research findings also indicated that donor funding requirements were followed in UNRA. However, the research findings indicated that road projects were not completed on time, road projects were not allocated all the required funds, there was low absorption of donor project funds, the cost of completed road projects were much higher than the initial contract price and donor requirements did not lead to the development of the local contractors. The study recommends that UNRA should ensure that debt funded projects are implemented on schedule and according to work-programs to avoid payment of excess commitment fees on un-utilized funds. The Government should also budget adequate counterpart funding requirements for all loans procured and the evaluation of projects by the donors using internal rate of return (IRR) needs to be revised since the areas where some projects are located may not have major economic returns at the time of evaluation or in the near future to come.
A Rare Case of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis 5 in A Child: From Initial Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms to Severe Neurodegeneration
Authors: Okuyucu Merve , Kaygisiz Esra
Published: February 2025

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of rare, inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of lipopigments in neuronal cells. Among these, CLN5 lipofuscinosis is generally considered a juvenile-onset variant, presenting with a complex clinical Picture that includes psychiatric, cognitive, and motor impairments. The aim of this report is to describe a rare case of pediatric CLN5 lipofuscinosis initially presenting with psychiatric symptoms, contributing to early diagnostic challenges. We report the case of a boy aged 7;11 (years; months) who initially presented with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and verbosity at the age of 5, which led to an early diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatric assessments and evaluations were conducted in accordance with DSM-5 guidelines to support the diagnosis and monitor the progression of symptoms. As the disease advanced, additional clinical evaluations, including genetic testing, were performed to confirm the diagnosis of CLN5 lipofuscinosis and assess the progression of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. The patient, initially diagnosed with ADHD, experienced a rapid progression over approximately one year to severe neurodegenerative symptoms, including loss of ambulation, vision impairment due to retinal atrophy, and cognitive decline. Genetic testing confirmed CLN5 lipofuscinosis, with accompanying psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety. Early psychiatric symptoms in CLN5 lipofuscinosis may be underrecognized, delaying appropriate diagnosis and intervention. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the evaluation of psychiatric and neurological symptoms in pediatric patients, especially in the context of rare neurodegenerative diseases.
Evaluation of Body Mass Index Changes, Nutritional Habits and Food Literacy Levels of Individuals Receiving Nutrition and Dietary Counseling During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period; Ankara, Pursaklar
Authors: Altundal Eylem Gözde , Ünal Egemen , Gökler Mehmet Enes
Published: February 2025

Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the BMI values, changes in nutritional habits and food literacy levels of individuals who had previously received nutrition and diet counseling during the COVID-19 restriction process. Method: The study was cross-sectional and was conducted with 44 individuals over the age of 18 who received nutrition and diet counseling at Pursaklar District Health Directorate. After the individuals were called by phone and their verbal consent was obtained, they were directed to a questionnaire consisting of questions about sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric data, nutrition and lifestyle habits, and the short food literacy questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 40.20±9.08 years and 93.2% were women. The mean BMI of the participants was 33.87±6.36 before the restriction period and 32.84±5.87 after the restriction period. During the restriction period, 47.7% of the participants reported that their eating habits worsened and 36.4% reported that their appetite increased. 22.7% of the group stated that they skipped main meals during the period, while 20.5% added to main and snacks. The mean food literacy scale score of the participants was 33.54±5.8. As the education level of the participants increased, the food literacy score increased. Discussion: Individuals’ exercise, screen time and eating habits were negatively affected during the COVID-19 restriction process.
Determinants of Compliance Behavior of GST Taxpayers:a Conceptual Model via Review
Authors: Narwal Karam Pal ,   Professor, Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Garg Shubham ,   Research Scholar, Haryana School of Business, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology,
Published: February 2025

To make any taxation law successful, the rate of compliance should be as high as possible. The
government of India recently implemented the Goods and Services Tax in India in July 2017. Since
GST is a new taxation law in India, it has become critical to investigate the level of compliance
among GST taxpayers by reviewing the available literature on determinants of compliance behavior
around the globe. Therefore, the present study analyzed the variables affecting the compliance
behavior of GST taxpayers and synthesizes those into the Indian Goods and Services Tax system
to shape a conceptual model and use it as a tool for increasing the GST revenue by taxation
authorities in India. The result revealed that GST taxpayers’ compliance behavior is affected by a
variety of socio-psychological and institutional factors, in addition to economic factors, and their
behavior is moderated by the quality of GST services perceived by them. The government should
try to increase the taxpayer’s satisfaction and their knowledge regarding various aspects of GST
with economic and other socio-psychological factors to improve the GST collection in the country.
3-D Electromagnetic Simulations for
Electron Beam Positioning
Authors:   Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India, Goel Vanya , Roy Amitava , Maiti Namita
Published: February 2025

In this paper, 3-D simulations have been carried out to position electron beam of high-power (60 kW, 60 kV, 1 A) linear electron gun. These simulations are highly significant for indirectly heated electron guns due to the presence of an additional electrode. In the inter-electrode space, particle trajectories, effective electron beam cross-section bombardment at solid cathode and electron beam emittance are crucial beam characteristics. Detailed 3-D electrostatic, electromagnetic and particle tracking simulations in inter-electrode region as well as in post-anode region have been successfully done for two parametric variations of electron gun. These include 1) Filament-solid cathode interspacing: Interelectrode region and 2) Magnetic coil current and corresponding magnetic field: Post-anode region. CST Studio Particle Tracking Module simulation software has been used, employing adaptive mesh refinement for fine meshing to ensure high accuracy results.
Parent perceptions of children’s early writing practices
Authors: Cossa Nedra L.
Published: February 2025

Children’s early writing development and expression through symbolic representation is heavily influenced by the social and cultural factors but the most influencing factors considered is their parents and families’ interactions. In this scenario, this study explored how 12 parents understand their young children's early writing practices, or symbolic representation, such as drawing and writing. Data were collected through focus groups, home interviews, children's work samples, and observations of parent-child activities. The preschool was located on a public university campus in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Constant comparative analysis was used to analyze the data. Results indicate that most parents valued conventional forms of symbolic representation, especially writing and drawing, and emphasized the importance of alphabetic writing for kindergarten readiness. Parents believed that children’s ability to write letters and their names is crucial at the kindergarten level. The study contributed significantly by recording parents’ voices on their children’s symbolic representation and suggested a strong home-school connection could further support children’s development and learning.
Innovations in Solar Thermal Technologies, Including Improved Ingredients and the Integration of Hybrid Systems
Authors: Minal Rajendra Wadyalkar  , Dilip Mishra  , Prof. Debendra Shadangi
Published: February 2025

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions has intensified research into solar thermal systems, which play a critical role in harnessing renewable solar energy for various applications. This study explores innovative methods to improve the thermal efficiency of solar thermal systems, focusing on advanced materials, optimized fluid dynamics, energy storage solutions, and hybrid system architectures. The primary objective is to identify strategies that enhance energy absorption, transfer, and storage, thereby increasing the overall performance and cost-effectiveness of solar thermal energy generation. Key findings include the significant impact of advanced materials such as Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), which exhibit up to 30% higher heat absorption efficiency compared to traditional metals like Copper and Aluminium. Nanofluids, especially those with Copper Oxide and Alumina nanoparticles, were found to improve heat transfer efficiency by 20-25% over conventional fluids like water. Additionally, the study examined Thermochemical energy storage systems, which demonstrated superior energy retention, with 98% efficiency, compared to traditional Phase-Change Materials (PCMs). The integration of hybrid solar thermal systems combining Photovoltaic (PV) panels and battery storage resulted in an 18-20% increase in overall system efficiency. The results suggest that the adoption of these advanced materials and hybrid systems can significantly enhance the efficiency, scalability, and economic viability of solar thermal technologies, contributing to the global transition toward clean energy. This research underscores the importance of continuing innovation in solar thermal energy and emphasizes its potential for widespread application in both residential and industrial sectors.
Enoxacin adversely affects Salmonella enterica virulence and host pathogenesis through interference with type III secretion system type II (T3SS-II) and disruption of translocation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 (SPI2) effectors
Authors: Khafagy El-Sayed , Soliman Gamal A. , Abdel-Kader Maged S. , Bendary Mahmoud M. , Hegazy Wael A. H. , Askoura Momen
Published: February 2025

Salmonella enterica is a clinically significant oro-fecal pathogen that causes a wide variety of illnesses and can lead to epidemics. S. enterica expresses a lot of virulence factors that enhance its pathogenesis in host. For instance, S. enterica employs a type three secretion system (T3SS) to translocate a wide array of effector proteins that could change the surrounding niche ensuring suitable conditions for the thrive of Salmonella infection. Many antimicrobials have been recently introduced to overcome the annoying bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Enoxacin is member of the second-generation quinolones that possesses a considerable activity against S. enterica. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of enoxacin at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) on S. enterica virulence capability and pathogenesis in host. Enoxacin at sub-MIC significantly diminished both Salmonella invasion and intracellular replication within the host cells. The observed inhibitory effect of enoxacin on S. enterica internalization could be attributed to its ability to interfere with translocation of the T3SS effector proteins. These results were further confirmed by the finding that enoxacin at sub-MIC down-regulated the expression of the genes encoding for T3SS-type II (T3SS-II). Moreover, enoxacin at sub-MIC lessened bacterial adhesion to abiotic surface and biofilm formation which indicates a potential anti-virulence activity. Importantly, in vivo results showed a significant ability of enoxacin to protect mice against S. enterica infection and decreased bacterial colonization within animal tissues. In nutshell, current findings shed light on an additional mechanism of enoxacin at sub-MIC by interfering with Salmonella intracellular replication. The outcomes presented herein could be further invested in conquering bacterial resistance and open the door for additional effective clinical applications.
Advancements in dengue vaccines: A historical overview and pro-spects for following next-generation candidates
Authors: Yan Kai , Mao Lingjing , Lan Jiaming , Xiao Zhongdang
Published: February 2025

Dengue, caused by four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is the most prevalent and widely mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been reported in over 100 countries, and approximately half of the world's population is now at risk. The paucity of universally licensed DENV vaccines highlights the urgent need to address this public health concern. Action and atten-tion to antibody-dependent enhancement increase the difficulty of vaccine development. With the worsen-ing dengue fever epidemic, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Qdenga® (TAK-003) have been approved for use in specific populations in affected areas. However, these vaccines do not provide a balanced immune response to all four DENV serotypes and the vaccination cannot cover all populations. There is still a need to develop a safe, broad-spectrum, and effective vaccine to address the increasing number of dengue cases worldwide. This review provides an overview of the existing DENV vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on DENV vaccine development, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in the field.
Synbiotic combination of fructooligosaccharides and probiotics ameliorates the metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Authors: Lee Sang Yoon , Lee Su-Been , Kwon Goo-Hyun , Song Seol Hee , Park Jeong Ha , Kim Min Ju , Eom Jung A , Lee Kyeong Jin , Yoon Sang Jun , Park Hyunjoon , Won Sung-Min , Jeong Jin-Ju , Oh Ki-Kwang , Ham Young Lim , Baik Gwang Ho , Kim Dong Joon , Sharma Satya Priya , Suk Ki Tae
Published: February 2025

Synbiotics have become a new-age treatment tool for limiting the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; however, inclusive comparisons of various synbiotic treatments are still lacking. Here, we have explored and evaluated multiple synbiotic combinations incorporating three distinctive prebiotics, lactitol, lactulose and fructooligosaccharides. Of the synbiotic treatments evaluated, a combination of fructooligosaccharides and probiotics (FOS+Pro) exhibited superior protection against western diet-induced liver degeneration. This synbiotic (FOS+Pro) combination resulted in the lowest body weight gains, liver weights and liver/body weight ratios. The FOS+Pro synbiotic combination substantially alleviated liver histopathological markers and reduced serum AST and cholesterol levels. FOS+Pro ameliorated hepatic inflammation by lowering expression of proinflammatory markers including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2. FOS+Pro significantly improved steatosis by restricting the expression of lipid metabolic regulators (ACC1, FAS) and lipid transporters (CD36) in the liver. These findings are critical in suggesting that synbiotic treatments are capable of restraining western diet-induced metabolic dysfunction in the liver. Additionally, this study demonstrated that adding probiotic strains amplified the effectiveness of fructooligosaccharides but not all prebiotics.
Single nucleotide genome recognition and selective bacterial lysis using synthetic phages loaded with CRISPR-Cas12f1-truncated sgRNA
Authors: Lee Ho Joung , Jeong Song Hee , Lee Sang Jun
Published: February 2025

Phage specificity primarily relies on host cell-surface receptors. However, integrating cas genes and guide RNAs into phage genomes could enhance their target specificity and regulatory effects. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12f1 system-equipped bacteriophage λ model capable of detecting Escherichia coli target genes. We demonstrated that synthetic λ phages carrying Cas12f1-sgRNA can effectively prevent lysogen formation. Furthermore, we showcased that truncating the 3-end of sgRNA enables precise identification of single-nucleotide variations in the host genome. Moreover, infecting E. coli strains carrying various stx2 gene subtypes encoding Shiga toxin with bacteriophages harboring Cas12f1 and truncated sgRNAs resulted in the targeted elimination of strains with matching subtype genes. These findings underscore the ability of phages equipped with the CRISPR-Cas12f1 system to precisely control microbial hosts by recognizing genomic sequences with high resolution.
Review of theoretical and experimental investigations on lateral-torsional buckling of planar steel trusses made of hollow section members
Authors: Penelov Chavdar
Published: February 2025

Направен е обзор на съществуващите теоретични и експериментални изследвания върху огъвно-усуквателната форма на обща загуба на устойчивост на равнинни стоманени ферми с елементи от затворени профили. Представен е критичен анализ на различни съществуващи методи за оценка на изкълчвателната дължина на натиснатия пояс извън равнината на фермата.
Optimizing Information System Utilization through Strategic Planning using Ward-Peppard and Cassidy Methodology
Authors: Kharis Syaban  , Hamsinar Henny
Published: February 2025

This research aims to optimize the utilization of information systems (IS) at Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka through a strategic planning approach using the Ward-Peppard and Cassidy Methods. In the context of globalization and intense competition in higher education, appropriate strategies in IS management are crucial for institutional success. The Ward-Peppard and Cassidy Methods are used to design an IS strategic plan integrated with the organization's goals. The methodological steps include analysing the university's internal and external environment, identifying stakeholder needs and expectations, and formulating IS strategies that consider available resources and future development directions. A case study was conducted at Universitas Sembilanbelas November Kolaka, using a qualitative approach involving in-depth interviews with university leaders, administrative staff, and IS users. The research findings identify challenges in IS utilization, including a lack of integration between existing systems, the need for human resource skills development, and the maintenance of high-quality IT infrastructure. This study provides a comprehensive view of the IS strategies needed to enhance operational effectiveness and achieve the university's strategic goals. The practical implications of this research are the development of an action plan that can help the university manage and optimize their IS investments more effectively
Hammasbiofilmit karieksen, ientulehduksen ja parodontiitin yhteydessä
Authors: Belstrøm Daniel , Davies Julia , Pernu Hilkka , Jokstad Asbjørn , Schlafer Sebastian
Published: February 2025

Katsaus on tuoreeseen tietoon perustuva yhteenveto terveen suun mikrobiomista ja suun biofilmeistä karieksen, ientulehduksen ja parodontiitin osalta. Lisäksi katsauksessa tähdennetään isännän osuutta suusairauksien kehittymisessä. Suunterveyttä ylläpidetään suun mikrobiomin ja isännän välisen symbioottisen suhteen avulla. Suun ekosysteemin häiriötekijät, kuten toistuva sokeripitoisten ruokien nauttiminen tai riittämätön omahoito, voivat kuitenkin muuttaa ekologisia olosuhteita, mikä aiheuttaa suun mikrobiston paikallisia koostumusmuutoksia ja voi johtaa sairauksiin, kuten kariekseen, ientulehdukseen ja parodontiittiin. Viimeaikaiset havainnot viittaavat siihen, että yksilön taipumus sairastua ientulehdukseen tai parodontiittiin ei johdu pelkästään biofilmin määrästä, eikä oletettujen patogeenien runsaudesta. Kliinisesti todetun ientulehduksen ja parodontiitin kehittymiseen vaikuttavat pikemminkin isännän tulehdusvaste biofilmiä ja siihen liittyviä virulenssitekijöitä kohtaan. Karies johtuu happoa tuottavien ja happoa sietävien bakteerilajien asteittaisesta yleistymisestä mikrobistossa. Hammasbiofilmien solunulkoinen polymeerimatriksi edistää matalan pH:n ylläpitoa hampaan pinnalla ja on siten olennainen virulenssia määräävä tekijä kariogeenisissä biofilmeissä.
EFEKTI FITNES PROGRAMA NA FUNKCIONALNE SPOSOBNOSTI
Authors: Radojičić Nebojša , Stanić Đorđe
Published: February 2025

Grupni fitnes programi predstavljaju organizovane treninge koji se sprovode u grupnom okruženju pod vođstvom instruktora, a osmišljeni su tako da obuhvate različite nivoe fizičke spremnosti. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 52 ispitanika, podijeljenih na eksperimentalnu i kontrolnu grupu. Za procjenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti korišćen je Brusov tredmil test sa sedam izlaznih varijabli. Eksperimentalni program je trajao 12 nedelja sa kombinacijom različitih programa i intenzitetom između 40-85%. Rezultati ukazuju na pozitivne efekte grupnih fitnes programa na srčani rad, poboljšanje brzine, efekte na apsolutni i relativni utrošak kiseonika. U varijabli forsiranog vitalnog kapaciteta nisu zabilježene razlike što sugeriše potrebu za dodatnim istraživanjima kako bi se optimizovali efekti na sve aspekte fizičke spremnosti. Preporučuje se da buduća istraživanja uključe veće uzorke i duže vremenske periode kako bi se dodatno ispitali efekti na funkcionalne sposobnosti.
DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS OF STUDENTS AT THE FACULTY OF SECURITY SCIENCES BASED ON BODY MASS INDEX
Authors: Kovačević Saša , Paspalj Darko , Rađević Nenad , Vulin Lazar
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted on a sample of 305 participants, students of the Faculty of Security Sciences of the University of Banja Luka, representing the population of 19- to 20-year-old police trainees, to determine differences in motor skills based on body mass index (BMI). The diagnosis of body mass index (BMI) status as a basic measure for the assessment of physical and nutritional status was subjected to a cluster analysis to define six categories of participants hypothetically characteristic for the specificity of the population studied. In accordance with the health epidemiological standards of the World Health Federation, a universal categorization of BMI values was made: underweight individuals, normal weight individuals, overweight individuals or individuals with excessive body weight, preobese individuals (mild obesity), obese individuals (moderate obesity), and morbidly obese individuals (severe obesity). The central values of the isolated BMI clusters in the sample studied were as follows: BMI cluster 1 = 18.70 kg/m2, cluster 2 = 20.61 kg/m2, cluster 3 = 22.16 kg/m2, cluster 4 = 23.83 kg/m2, cluster 5 = 25.81 kg/m2, and cluster 6 = 27.38 kg/m2. In the first cluster, 8 participants were identified, representing 2.6 % of the population studied, in the second cluster 57 participants or 18.7 %, in the third cluster 68 participants or 22.3 %, in the fourth cluster 138 participants or 45.2 %, in the fifth cluster 22 participants or 7.2 % and in the sixth cluster 12 participants or 3.9 % of the population studied. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in motor skills variables between certain categories of participants: Standing Long Jump (MSDM) - assessing lower extremity explosive strength - and Cooper 12-Minute Run Test (MKUP) - assessing aerobic endurance, while the Maximum Number of Sit-ups (MPTR) variable - assessing dynamic core strength - is at the borderline of statistical significance.
REFLECTIONS ON EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE JUDGEMENT IN THE CASE OF EUROPEAN SUPERLEAGUE COMPANY V. UEFA AND FIFA
Authors: Belović Jelena
Published: February 2025

There is no doubt that the judgment of European Court of Justice (ECJ) from 21 December 2023 is of the great importance to world of football. It could be qualified as real a “tsunami” in the European club competition. It caused reactions of the whole football society including all its relevant subjects: national associations, confederations, players, fans and other stakeholders. Namely, the ECJ decides that International Association Football Federation (FIFA) and Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) supreme body decisions made in order to forbid the forming of European Super League (ESL) are unlawful. The FIFA and UEFA decisions are based on the rules on prior approval of international football competitions and sanctions against the professional clubs intending to create separate association and competitions other than those created and allowed by FIFA and UEFA. The ECJ decide that such conduct is abusing of the dominant position prohibited by Article 102 of the Treaty of Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as well as Article 101 of the TFEU related to rules on competition. In addition, the ECJ judgment addresses other important issues as free movement of persons, services and capital.
Dimorphic Neural Network Architecture Prioritizes Sexual-related Behaviors in Male C. elegans
Authors: Wang Xuebin , Liu Hanzhang , Yang Wenjing , Yang Jingxuan , Sun Xuehong , Liu Qiuhan , Zhu Ying , Sun Yinghao , Liu Chunxiuzi , Shi Guiyuan , Liu Qiang , Zhang Ke , Di Zengru , Yang Wenxing , Liu He
Published: February 2025

Neural network architecture determines its functional output. However, the detailed mechanisms are not well characterized. In this study, we focused on the neural network architectures of male and hermaphrodite C. elegans and the association with sexually dimorphic behaviors. We applied graph theory and computational neuroscience methods to systematically discern the features of these two neural networks. Our findings revealed that a small percentage of sexual-specific neurons exerted dominance throughout the entire male neural net-work, suggesting male’s prioritized sexual-related behavior outputs. Based on the structural and dynamical characteristics of two complete neural networks, sub-networks containing sex-specific neurons and their immediate neighbors, or sub-networks exclusively comprising sex-shared neurons, we predicted dimorphic behavioral outcomes for males and hermaphrodites. To verify the prediction, we performed behavioral and calcium imaging experiments and dissected a circuit that is specific for the increased spontaneous local search in males for mate-searching. Our research sheds light on the neural circuits that underlie sexually dimorphic behaviors in C. elegans, and provides significant insights into the inter-connected relationship between network architecture and functional outcomes at the whole-brain level.
Enzymatic protein fusions with 100% product yield
Authors: Fuchs Adrian CD
Published: February 2025

The protein ligase Connectase can be used to fuse proteins to small molecules, solid carriers, or other proteins. Compared to other protein ligases, it offers greater substrate specificity, higher catalytic efficiency, and catalyzes no side reactions. However, its reaction is reversible, resulting in only 50% fusion product from two equally abundant educts. Here, we present a simple method to reliably obtain 100% fusion product in 1:1 conjugation reactions. This method is efficient for protein-protein or protein-peptide fusions at the N-or C-termini. It enables the generation of defined and completely labeled antibody conjugates with one fusion partner on each chain. The reaction requires short incubation times with small amounts of enzyme and is effective even at low substrate concentrations and at low temperatures. With these characteristics, it presents a valuable new tool for bioengineering.
Cellular evolution of the hypothalamic preoptic area of behaviorally divergent deer mice
Authors: Chen Jenny , Richardson Phoebe R , Kirby Christopher , Eddy Sean R , Hoekstra Hopi E
Published: February 2025

Genetic variation is known to contribute to the variation of animal social behavior, but the molecular mechanisms that lead to behavioral differences are still not fully understood. Here, we investigate the cellular evolution of the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA), a brain region that plays a critical role in social behavior, across two sister species of deer mice (
Peromyscus maniculatus
and
P. polionotus
) with divergent social systems. These two species exhibit large differences in mating and parental care behavior across species and sex. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing, we build a cellular atlas of the POA for males and females of both
Peromyscus
species. We identify four cell types that are differentially abundant across species, two of which may account for species differences in parental care behavior based on known functions of these cell types. Our data further implicate two sex-biased cell types to be important for the evolution of sex-specific behavior. Finally, we show a remarkable reduction of sex-biased gene expression in
P. polionotus
, a monogamous species that also exhibits reduced sexual dimorphism in parental care behavior. Our POA atlas is a powerful resource to investigate how molecular neuronal traits may be evolving to give rise to innate differences in social behavior across animal species.
Small-molecule Activation of TFEB Alleviates Niemann-Pick Disease Type C via Promoting Lysosomal Exocytosis and Biogenesis
Authors: Du Kaili , Chen Hongyu , Pan Zhaonan , Zhao Mengli , Cheng Shixue , Luo Yu , Zhang Wenhe , Li Dan
Published: February 2025

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a devastating lysosomal storage disease characterized by abnormal cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes. Currently, there is no treatment for NPC. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a member of the microphthalmia transcription factors (MiTF), has emerged as a master regulator of lysosomal function and promoted the clearance of substrates stored in cells. However, it is not known whether TFEB plays a role in cholesterol clearance in NPC disease. Here, we show that transgenic overexpression of TFEB, but not TFE3 (another member of MiTF family) facilitates cholesterol clearance in various NPC1 cell models. Pharmacological activation of TFEB by sulforaphane (SFN), a previously identified natural small-molecule TFEB agonist by us, can dramatically ameliorate cholesterol accumulation in human and mouse NPC1 cell models. In NPC1 cells, SFN induces TFEB nuclear translocation via a ROS-Ca
2+
-calcineurin dependent but MTOR-independent pathway and upregulates the expression of TFEB-downstream genes, promoting lysosomal exocytosis and biogenesis. While genetic inhibition of TFEB abolishes the cholesterol clearance and exocytosis effect by SFN. In the NPC1 mouse model, SFN dephosphorylates/activates TFEB in brain and exhibits potent efficacy of rescuing the loss of Purkinje cells and body weight. Hence, pharmacological upregulating lysosome machinery via targeting TFEB represents a promising approach to treat NPC and related lysosomal storage diseases, and provides the possibility of TFEB agonists ie SFN as potential NPC therapeutic candidates.
Farmer Research Networks and Dissemination of Agroecological Knowledge and Practices in Singida District of Tanzania
Authors: Athumani Hadia Mwarizo , Mosha Devotha B. , Kalungwizi Vituce J. , Mwaseba Dismas L.
Published: February 2025

The paper explores different methods used by Farmer Research Networks (FRNs) to disseminate agroecological knowledge and practices in Singida District, Tanzania. The study used cross-sectional research design, using a qualitative research approach. Data were collected from 75 participants of focus group discussions, 19 key informants, 26 in-depth interviewees and personal observations. The data collected were analysed using thematic analysis, a structured method to identify patterns and themes based on the study topic. The use of natural pesticides (bio-pesticides), use of organic fertilizer (mainly compost), intercropping, crop rotation, mixed cropping, nine seed planting methods, Zambian hoe, soil conservation techniques (mainly mulching), timely planting as well as application of recommended spacing are common and major practices in Singida district. FRNs used farmer field schools (FFSs), village government meetings, demonstration plots, farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing, and community groups as the main methods for disseminating agroecology knowledge and practices to farmers. These methods create a wide awareness of agroecological knowledge and practices among farmers in the study villages. It is recommended that local government authorities and development organisations should utilize FRNs to disseminate agroecological evidence-based knowledge and practices to farmers and scale up the utilization of the FRN approach to communicate and disseminate recommended agroecological and agricultural practices for sustainable farming and food systems in Tanzania.
Cooperative Peace and Conflict Resolution Programmes for Good Governance in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Dokubo Chidinma , Egumah Chizi-otu Samuel
Published: February 2025

This study examined how cooperative peace and conflict resolution programmes affected good governance in selected communities in Rivers State's Emohua local government area. Inclusivity is necessary to improve good governance by encouraging communication, learning, and collaboration among groups in conflict. 4 crisis-prone communities were selected from Emohua LGA and used for the study. The research design used in the study was a descriptive survey, with 155 respondents altogether, including 140 beneficiaries and 15 facilitators, who were recruited from 4 different communities. All 155 of the respondents made up the study's sample. A validated structured 4-point Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect the data. The instrument was put through a reliability test, and employing the instrument's different clusters, reliability coefficients of 0.81,0.86, and 0.78 were found using the Cronbach alpha. The collected data was analyzed using the standard deviation and mean. The results demonstrate that the cooperative mediation program has made a substantial contribution to lowering political tensions, establishing trust, and encouraging community collaboration; community negotiating efforts have improved democratic processes and significantly decreased political strife in rural communities; this is corroborated by the reports of lowered political tensions in the Emohua communities; and the integrative bargaining program has been successful in reducing conflicts and improving governance structures by encouraging cooperation and transparency. The study concluded that community negotiation, cooperative mediation and integrative bargaining are essential to enhance governance by promoting harmony and dispute resolution.
Estimation of Litterfall Production of Sonneratia alba and Its Contribution to Carbon Accumulation in Mangrove Sediments in Kailolo Village, Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Latuconsina Abdul S. R. , Tuahatu Juliana W. , Rahman
Published: February 2025

Mangrove ecosystem degradation threatens its ecological functions, including its role in the carbon cycle. This study is essential to estimate the litterfall production of Sonneratia alba and its contribution to carbon accumulation in sediments. The findings can support conservation efforts and the sustainable management of mangroves in Kailolo, Maluku. This study aims to estimate the litterfall production of Sonneratia alba and its contribution to carbon accumulation in mangrove sediments in Kailolo Village, Maluku, Indonesia. The research methods included measuring the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and collecting litterfall using litter traps measuring 70 × 100 cm², placed beneath the canopy of trees with varying DBH. The collected litterfall was oven-dried at 150°C for four hours to determine dry weight, followed by biomass production and carbon estimation using the species' carbon fraction (0.471). The results showed that total litterfall production ranged from 2.26 to 18.83 g/m²/day, primarily consisting of leaves, twigs, and fruits. The highest litterfall production was recorded for trees with a DBH of 27.07 cm (18.83 g/m²/day), while the lowest was observed at a DBH of 17.20 cm (2.26 g/m²/day). Carbon accumulation analysis indicated that carbon input into sediments ranged from 1.06 to 8.87 gC/m²/day, with leaves contributing the most. This study confirms that Sonneratia alba plays a significant role in carbon sequestration within mangrove ecosystems due to its high litterfall production. Therefore, the conservation and sustainable management of mangroves, particularly this species, are essential for climate change mitigation and coastal ecosystem sustainability.
A Cross-Sectional Study on Smartphone Usage and Craniovertebral Angle: Key Predictors of Neck Pain in Adolescents
Authors: Medeiros Jéssica Nayara Silva de , Silva Débora dos Santos , Barbosa Gisele da Silva Vitorino , Pereira Ana Clara Catanho , Barreto Thaynara do Nascimento Paes , Dias Vitória Beatriz Nascimento Alves , Pinto Priscila Karla Leoncio , Cruz Darlyn Winna , Monte Juliana Alves do , Araújo Maria das Graças Rodrigues de , Siqueira Gisela Rocha de
Published: February 2025

Purpose: Smartphone use and craniovertebral angle (CVA) have been linked to neck pain in adolescents. However, the multifactorial contributors to neck pain remain unclear. Identifying its predictors is essential for informing preventive strategies. This study investigated smartphone use, craniovertebral angle, and other factors as predictors of neck pain in school-aged adolescents.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: six public high schools from the state education network in Pernambuco, Brazil, under the jurisdiction of the Education Department of Pernambuco.
Methodology: Adolescents (14-19 years), were divided into neck pain (69, 62,7%)  and no pain (41, 37,3%). They completed a questionnaire on smartphone use and musculoskeletal symptoms. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale and the Neck Disability Index, while physical activity was evaluated with the IPAQ short version. CVA was analyzed using CorelDraw software. Binomial logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of neck pain, reporting odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The model’s explanatory power was assessed using Nagelkerke’s R², which estimates the proportion of variance in neck pain explained by the predictors.
Results: Excessive smartphone use (>4 hours/day) was a predictor of neck pain (OR = 5.06, p = 0.001), along with a smaller craniovertebral angle (OR = 0.90, p = 0.023) and upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms (OR = 3.18, p = 0.014). Tablet possession was associated with lower odds of neck pain (OR = 0.37, p = 0.046). The model explained 17.6% of the variance in neck pain ( R² = 0.176).
Conclusion: Excessive smartphone use, a smaller craniovertebral angle, and upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms were predictors of neck pain in adolescents, highlighting the need for preventive strategies to reduce modifiable risk factors.
Cardioprotective Potentials of Ethanolic Seed Extract of Persea americana on Doxorubicin-Induced Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Chibueze Ejiogu Ikedichukwu , Chima Maduka Hugh Clifford , Chukwudi Maduka Ignatius
Published: February 2025

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Persea americana seed has been used for its antioxidant, anti-dyslipidemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. The health benefits of avocado seeds stem from essential nutrients and phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective potentials of ethanolic seed extract of Persea americana on doxorubicin-induced male wistar rats. Thirty-six male wistar rats were divided into six groups: Group A were control rats. Group B rats received doxorubicin (DOX) alone in over a 5 weeks period. Group C animals received the DOX treatment plus Vitamin E. Groups D, E and F rats received the DOX treatment plus 400 mg/Kg, 800 mg/Kg and 1200 mg/Kg b.wt of the extract respectively. Animals were sacrificed after the treatment period, histopathological examination was carried out on the heart tissues, and serum lactate dehydrogenase, Creatine kinase-MB and Troponin I levels were evaluated. The results showed that DOX+400 and DOX+800 mg/kg b.wt of the extract were found to be lower in Lactate dehydrogenase and Troponin I values when compared to those of the DOX-test group. Moreover, the body weight gains of the groups administered with the extract were significantly lower than that of the normal group. Histology result showed myocytic proliferation and mild congestion in the heart tissues of the DOX-Test group, indicating response to injury, whereas the rest of the groups showed a conserved heart architecture. The extract acted as cardioprotective agent against DOX induced toxicity as evidenced by mitigation of impacts on cardiac function markers. These findings support the therapeutic values attributed to P. americana.
The reception of William Paley's Natural Theology
in the University of Cambridge
Authors: FYFE AILEEN
Published: July 2002

In order to pass the BA examination, it was, also, necessary to
get up
Paley's Evidences of
Christianity, and his Moral Philosophy. This was done
in a thorough manner, and I am convinced
that I could have written out the whole of the Evidences
with perfect correctness, but not of course
in the clear language of Paley. The logic of this book and, as I may add,
of his Natural Theology gave
me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of these works,
without attempting to learn any
part by rote, was the only part of the Academical Course which, as I
then felt and as I still believe,
was of the least use to me in the education of my mind.

Charles Darwin

Autobiography

One of the books Charles Darwin read at Cambridge University was
William Paley's
Natural Theology (1802). Many scholars have assumed that this
was a set text at the university in the early nineteenth century.
However, a study of the examination papers of
the university, and contemporary memoirs, autobiographies and correspondence,
reveals
no evidence that this was so, though it did appear in some of the
college examinations.
This contrasts with other books by Paley which did appear for many years
in both
university and college examinations. This paper uses the misapprehension
about Paley's text as a starting point to investigate the role
of natural theology in a Cambridge education
in the first three decades of the nineteenth century.
Analysis of the circadian clock gene period in the sheep
blow fly Lucilia cuprina
Authors: WARMAN G. R. , NEWCOMB R. D. , LEWIS R. D. , EVANS C. W.
Published: July 2002

We have isolated a homologue of the period (per) gene from the Australian sheep blow fly, Lucilia
cuprina, as part of a comparative approach to the analysis of dipteran circadian systems. Sequence
analysis of the 4 kb per cDNA revealed the conservation of three functional domains, namely the
PAS dimerization motif, and the nuclear and cytoplasmic localization domains. A fourth domain,
the threonine–glycine (TG) repeat region, is also conserved in L. cuprina per but has been severely
truncated. No length variation was found in the TG repeat of L. cuprina or L. sericata collected
from several different latitudinal zones. Expression analysis indicated a diel oscillation in per
mRNA in LD 12[ratio ]12 with a period of 24 h and a peak at Zt 12. PER-immunoreactive protein
oscillations were also demonstrated, with peak immunoreactivity lagging approximately 3 h behind
peak mRNA levels. These results show the existence of a Drosophila-like circadian system in a
calliphorid fly. They also provide evidence for the conservation of per function across the Diptera,
and confirm the relevance of the Drosophila system as a model for fly circadian rhythms.
Stratigraphy and eruptive history of the Late Devonian Mount

Pleasant Caldera Complex, Canadian Appalachians
Authors: McCUTCHEON S. R. , ANDERSON H. E. , ROBINSON P. T.
Published: July 2002

Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical evidence indicate

that the volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Late Devonian Piskahegan

Group, located in the northern Appalachians of southwestern New

Brunswick, represent the eroded remnants of a large epicontinental

caldera complex. This complex – the Mount Pleasant Caldera

– is one of few recognizable pre-Cenozoic calderas and is

divisible into Exocaldera, Intracaldera and Late Caldera-Fill

sequences. The Intracaldera Sequence comprises four formations that

crop out in a triangular-shaped area and includes: thick ash flow

tuffs, thick sedimentary breccias that dip inward, and stocks of

intermediate to felsic composition that intrude the volcanic pile or

are localized along caldera-margin faults. The Exocaldera Sequence

contains ash flow tuffs, mafic lavas, alluvial redbeds and

porphyritic felsic lavas that comprise five formations. The Late

Caldera-Fill Sequence contains rocks that are similar to those of the

outflow facies and comprises two formations and two minor intrusive

units. Geochemical and mineralogical data support the stratigraphic

subdivision and indicate that the basaltic rocks are mantle-derived

and have intraplate chemical affinities. The andesites were probably

derived from basaltic magma by fractional crystallization and

assimilation of crustal material. The various felsic units are

related by episodes of fractional crystallization in a high-level,

zoned magma chamber. Fractionation was repeatedly interrupted by

eruption of material from the roof zone such that seven stages of

caldera development have been identified. The genesis of the caldera

is related to a period of lithospheric thinning that followed the

Acadian Orogeny in the northern Appalachians.