bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
stylite (esṭūnōrō) et sa ṣawmaʿa face aux milieux cléricaux islamiques et miaphysites (i er–iie /viie –viiie siècles)
Authors: Pierre Simon
Published: June 2021

Stylites (esṭūnōrē) represented a major form of eremitism in late antique and early Islamic Syria and Mesopotamia. As archetypes of the Holy Man described by Peter Brown, they were in close contact with rural populations (pagani) and therefore promoted the Christianization of such marginal, non-civic spaces. In doing so, they quickly became authorities competing with urban bishoprics. Many Syriac sources (such as synodical canons) attest to preaching, teaching, arbitration, judgments, and even administrative sentences carried out by these ascetics on columns for faithful crowds (ʿamē) in villages. Consequently, the churches, and especially the Syrian Orthodox Church, tried to use them for local anchorage during the seventh and eighth centuries while, at the same time, seeking to integrate them into stable and enclosed monastic structures. These solitary monks also fascinated Arab populations since St. Simeon both invented this asceticism and converted local Bedouins. Indeed, the Muslim tradition contains important evidence of the influence exerted by the so-called ahl alṣawāmiʿ on Muslims. In this article I demonstrate that during the first two centuries of the hijra, the concept of ṣawmaʿ(a) exactly matches the Syriac understanding of esṭūnō as a retreat on top of a high construction, whether a square tower or a proper column. I rely on poetry, early lexicography, bilingual hagiography and historiography, and especially the Syriac and Arabic versions of Abū Bakr’s waṣiyya, which expressly refers to these monks. I then show how the developing Islamic authorities tried to divert Arab Muslims from these initially privileged and valued figures. To this end, they used the same kinds of arguments as did the canonical anathemas against stylites, who were also often seen as competitors and threats by the official ecclesiasticalauthorities. Scholars of ḥadīṯ, fiqh, and tafsīr developed their own rhetoric, distinguishing, for instance, between good stylites and bad “tonsured” ones, while jurists gradually restricted their initial tax privileges. Finally, the latter, at the end of the second/eighth century, they required Muslims to completely avoid them, completing the process of excommunicating both Christianity and its most revered figure.
Dans le ventre de l’histoire
Authors: Garnier Sébastien
Published: June 2021

Le cycle des sept voyages de Sindbad le marin comprend un grand nombre d’actes diégétiques relevant du manger. Plus profondément, nous soutenons ici que la progression même de chaque péripétie s’appuie sur une forme de repas. À bien y regarder, les intrigues, plus ou moins complexes, comportent toutes une ou plusieurs scènes dans lesquelles se nourrir détermine la suite des événements. Nous croyons que les narrèmes mobilisés servent un projet qui ressortit à l’adab : montrer jusqu’à quelles extrémités l’accumulation pousse les hommes. Le motif alimentaire au cœur de ce dispositif relève alors de la métaphore, celle du glouton.

The story cycle of Sindbad the Sailor’s seven travelogues contains many diegetic acts related to eating. I will argue that on each journey, the narrative relies on the form of a meal. Furthermore, on closer inspection, the plots, whether complex or not, all contain one or more scenes in which feeding determines the sequence of events. I contend that the underlying narremes serve a purpose pertaining to the axiological adab system: to show to what extremes accumulation can drive people. From this perspective, the food motif at the heart of this literary device falls under the metaphor of a glutton.
The Association of Various Placental Lesions with Perinatal Outcome in Preterm Births
Authors: Sarode Ashwini , Joshi Anil R , Kulkarni Anjali S
Published: June 2021

Objective: Present study was designed to identify various lesions in placenta and investigate their impact on neonatal and perinatal outcome and also to determine the frequency of various inflammatory lesions in placenta.
Materials and Methods: Placentae of 60 singleton nonanomalous preterm births were examined at Department of pathology at Tertiary care centre. Complete placental examination including both macroscopic and microscopic examination with the help of Haematoxylin and Eosin staining done. Thereafter placental lesions were classified according to Redline criteria for classification of placental pathology. Thereafter placental lesions were correlated with perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity in early neonatal period. The relevant clinical details were collected from the obstetric clinical records and neonatal clinical records.
Result: We found placental vascular processes as most frequent (73.33%) pathological lesion in our study. Most common inflammatory lesion in our study was chorioamnionitis (15%). Also among placentae of stillbirths, placental vascular lesions were predominant finding present in 85.7% of placentae of stillbirths. Other lesions found in placentae of stillbirths were Immune inflammatory lesions, maternal floor infarction and placenta accreta.
Out of total placentae with vasculopathy, 19.2% cases developed neonatal sepsis, in chorioamnionitis group 66.6% live births were having sepsis.
In present study we observed higher frequency of resuscitation in babies with placentae having chorioamnionitis.
Discussion: This study revealed that the placental pathological findings appear to be correlated with perinatal mortality and early neonatal morbidity. So, examination of the preterm placentae gains importance in early determination of morbidity in infants. Placental findings can help neonatologist in routine diagnosis and management.

Keywords: Placenta, Placental pathology, Preterm births, Perinatal outcome.
Microbiological Profile of Significant Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms Isolated in a Tertiary Care Centre, Kerala, India
Authors: Kaniyarakkal Vishnu , Variamkandi Suresh Baboo , George Kalpana
Published: June 2021

Emergence of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major concern across the globe. Infections with multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO’s) increase the morbidity and mortality in addition to financial costs, especially in vulnerable patients. Knowing the profile of MDRO’s in a particular region or institution helps in optimal and timely antibiotic therapy, which is a key factor in avoiding the selection pressure exerted on microorganisms. In this study, microbiological profile of significant MDRO’s isolated over a period of two years were analysed retrospectively. 58% of the total isolates were classified as MDRO’s. Intensive care units (ICU’s) contributed to a significantly higher number of MDRO’s than other departments (p<0.001). Methicillin resistance was seen in 54% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Carbapenem resistance was encountered widely amongst members of the genus enterobacteriaceae (approximately 40% isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp.) and Acinetobacter spp. (78%). This study emphasizes the fact that AMR burden is high in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC’s) and that a concerted effort on the part of legislators, medical community and general public is required to address the issue.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, MDRO profile, carbapenem resistance.
TERORISME INTERNASIONAL DAN PENGARUH AL-QAEDA PASCA MENINGGALNYA OSAMA BIN LADEN
Authors: Nugroho Agung Yudhistira
Published: June 2021

al-Qaeda is one of the movement of global terrorism network that has a neat organizational structure and has established a strong chain of command and have an extensive network, greatly influenced by movements in sentiment toward the United States. WTC tragedy and other actions always lead to the infrastructure of Western countries, especially the U.S.. Osama Bin Laden as the leader of the al-Qaeda network has strong power in giving its influence in leading al-Qaeda. It can not be denied that Bin Laden was in first place most wanted people in the world. Under Bin Laden, al-Qaeda terrorist movement became a professional and highly coordinated, it can be seen from their actions is very neat. Osama bin Laden's death in 2011 and then, for some people is the end of the story of al-Qaeda. But the name of al-Qaida continues to appear in the news all over the world. In the name of the late al-Qaeda has been attributed to several events in the form of bomb attacks in Iraq, killing and conflict in Mali, clashes in Yemen, and sporadic raids and several incidents of kidnapping in Afghanistan. Looking at some of these cases the question "How gait or lunge al-Qaeda terrorist network after the death of Osama Bin Laden?
Aliansi Militer Dan Keamanan Amerika Serikat-Korea Selatan Pasca Perang Dingin Dan Pengaruhnya Di Kawasan Asia Timur
Authors: Gusfianda Bobi , Indrawati Indrawati
Published: June 2021

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran umum mengenai latar belakang Aliansi Amerika Serikat dan Korea Selatan, serta hubungan bilateral antar dua negara tersebut. Selain itu juga adanya gambaran umum mengenai karakteristik dari Kawasan Asia Timur, serta adanya ancaman dari beberapa   negara-negara Asia timur seperti China dan Korea Utara. Secara spesifik tujuan dari penelitian ini diarahkan untuk : 1). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari aliansi militer Amerika Serikat dan Korea Selatan terhadap keamanan di Asia Timur, 2) Mengetahui prospek, Bagaimana prospek aliansi Amerika Serikat dan Korea Selatan di masa akan datang. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah menggunakan metode deskriptif-eksplanatif. Penulis menggambarkan dan menjelaskan mengenai Aliansi militer Amerika Serikat dan Korea Selatan, selanjutnya pengaruh dari Aliansi tersebut di kawasan Asia Timur. Teknik pengumpulan data, penulis menggunakan teknik studi kepustakaan, teknik ini menggunakan cara pengumpulan data yang bersifat teoritis dan sumber informasi yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan berupa buku buku,jurnal dan melalui website-website di internet. Kesimpulan dari skripsi ini adalah Aliansi dari Amerika serikat dan Korea Selatan disebabkan untuk membendung kekuatan militer dari Korea Utara dan Aliansi ini juga dapat meprovokasi keamanan di kawasan Asia Timur terutama dengan negara China serta Korea Utara itu sendiri.Kata kunci : Aliansi, Militer, Bilateral
KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA TERHADAP MEMBANJIRNYA PRODUK CHINA DI INDONESIA PERIODE SBY-JK
Authors: Jawa Elisabeth Ria , Khoirunissa Ani
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAKDalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini, persaingan perekonomian antar negara-negara kawasan Asia semakin meningkat. Persaingan perekonomian ini ditandai dengan perkembangan dan laju pertumbuhan perekonomian serta permintaan pasar dan para konsumen yang meningkat. Hal ini di tandai dengan semakin banyaknya produk China yang masuk ke Indonesia. Langkah-langkah pemerintah Indonesia dalam menanggulangi membajirnya produk dari China melalui penerapan kebijakan standar nasional karena di sadari bahwa kualitas sangat penting untuk bisa unggul di pasar dunia. Kebijakan standar oleh pemerintah terhadap produk asing adalah: penerapan SM, pengawasan mutu produk, identifikasi ketersediaan SNI pada sector prioritas dan lainya. Disamping itu pula kinerja industri kecil dan menengah semakin ditingkatkan karena kekuatan ekonomi kerakyatan mempunyai peran yang penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia serta mengembangkan infrastruktur dan logistik 5ehingga pengiriman barang lebih muda dilakukan. Terdapat banyak kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah untuk menangani fenomena ini namun hasilnya tidak sesuai dengan yang diharapkan masyarakat banyak kebijakan hanya menguntungkan beberapa kalangan ataupun golongan tertentu saja.Kata Kunci : negara-negara kawasan Asia, Persaingan ekonomi, China, Indonesia
Kesiapan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia yang Tidak Memiliki Keterampilan (Unskill) dalam Menghadapi ASEAN Community 2015
Authors: Afni Nur , Rahmawati Restu
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT Indonesia is the most populous country in South East Asia. Indonesia's population growth continues to increase from year to year so that the total labor force also increased. This raises the employment problem in the absence of a balance between labor and Bid in negeri.Akan commencement Asean Community in 2015 will provide a positive and negative impact for Indonesia. Liberalism free market of goods and services will spur domestic investment and attracted foreign workers to Indonesia. The influx of foreign workers in Indonesia can be a threat if possible Indonesian workers do not have a comparable competitiveness. Rights for workers in Indonesia have been set in both the 1945 constitution, the Law No. 39 Year 2004 on Human Rights, and the Act No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower.Keywords: Indonesian labor unskill,Asean Community 2015  ABSTRAK Indonesia adalah Negara dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak di Asia Tenggara.Pertumbuhan penduduk Indonesia terus meningkat dari tahun ketahun sehingga jumlah angkatan kerja juga terus meningkat. Hal tersebut menimbulkan masalah ketenagakerjaan karena tidak adanya keseimbangan antara permintaan dan penawaran tenaga kerja dalam negeri.Akan dimulainya Community asean 2015 akan memberikan dampak positif dan negative bagi Indonesia. Liberalisme pasarbebas barang dan jasa akan memacu investasi dalam negeri dan menarik tenaga kerja asing ke Indonesia. Masuknya tenaga kerja asing ke Indonesia dimungkinkan dapat menjadi ancaman apabila tenaga kerja Indonesia tidak mempunyai daya saing yang sebanding. Hak-hakasasi bagi para tenaga kerja di Indonesia telah diatur dalam konstitusi baik dalam UUD 1945, Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2004 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, maupun dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 13 tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan.Kata Kunci :Tenaga kerja tidak memiliki ketrampilan, Asean Community 2015
ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI KANADA STUDI KASUS MUNDURNYA KANADA DARI PROTOKOL KYOTO TAHUN 2011
Authors: Saputra Indra , Andriasanti Lelly
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe withdrawal Canada from Kyoto Protocol on 2011 was one of Canada's foreign policy in dealing with environmental problems like climate change. This research aims to determine the impact of these policies for global environment, factors that affect this policy, and policy formulation.The result of this research indicate that impact of Canada’s withdrawal for global environment like increasing global emissions and threatened the existence of the Kyoto Protocol. After that, the factors that affect Canada to withdraw was the economic competition with NAFTA countries, Kyoto’s system, Canada’s geographic and nature conditions, Canada’s economic condition, Canada’s political process; and the failure of Canada to realize Protocol Kyoto’s target. At the last, Canada’s foreign policy formulation was done in four steps. Those are, identify national interest, identify options, consideration of each option, and choose policy option that best serves national interest.Key Words: Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Canada’s Foreign Policy ABSTRAKMundurnya Kanada dari Protokol Kyoto di tahun 2011 adalah salah satu bentuk kebijakan luar negeri Kanada dalam menangani masalah lingkungan seperti perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kebijakan ini bagi lingkungan global, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebijakan tersebut, dan bagaimana kebijakan tersebut dirumuskan.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak penarikan Kanada bagi lingkungan global seperti peningkatan emisi global dan terancamnya eksistensi Protokol Kyoto. Setelah itu, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Kanada untuk mundur antara lain seperti persaingan ekonomi dengan negara-negara anggota NAFTA, sistem dalam Protokol Kyoto, kondisi geografis, kondisi perekonomian, proses politik; dan kegagalan Kanada untuk mencapai target Protokol Kyoto. Terakhir, perumusan kebijakan luar negeri Kanada dilakukan dalam empat langkah. Langkah tersebut antara lain mengidentifikasi kepentingan nasional, mengidentifikasi opsi-opsi yang tersedia, pertimbangan masing-masing opsi, dan memilih opsi kebijakan yang terbaik sesuai kepentingan nasional.Kata kunci: Perubahan Iklim, Protokol Kyoto, Kebijakan Luar Negeri Kanada
Understanding Defense Cooperation Between Indonesia-China Through State Owned Enterprise (Norinco and Indonesia’s Government)
Authors: Pratama Arinaldo Habib
Published: June 2021

Saat ini, Indonesia dan China menjalankan berbagai kerjasama di berbagai bidang, termasuk pertahanan. Kerjasama Indonesia-China merupakan strategi penjagaan bagi Indonesia. Kedua, Indonesia memahami Kerjasama Pertahanan Indonesia-China memiliki nilai strategis. Jurnal ini menjelaskan kebutuhan akan peningkatan teknologi alutsista TNI sehingga Indonesia perlu melakukan usaha peningkatan kekuatan Alutsista TNI melalui Kerjasama Pertahanan Indonesia-China. Sedangkan nilai strategis yang dimaksud adalah bahwa Kerjasama Pertahanan Indonesia-China, bagi Indonesia menguntungkan dari segi alih teknologi, ekonomi, dan politik. Menguntungkan dari segi alih teknologi karena dalam kerjasama ini China bersedia melakukan alih teknologi. Dari segi ekonomi menguntungkan karena harga peralatan militer China murah. Dan segi politik menguntungkan karena China tidak menyertakan syarat-syarat politik dalam kerjasama ini. Selain itu kerjasama pertahanan ini juga dapat menyeimbangkan hubungan dengan negara-negara besar, khususnya dengan Amerika Serikat.
DIPLOMASI PUBLIK INDONESIA MELALUI BALI DEMOCRACY FORUM SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI KEBIJAKAN POLITIK LUAR NEGERI INDONESIA
Authors: Angreini Yolla , Indrawati Indrawati
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAKSebagai negara demokrasi terbesar ketiga di dunia, negara dengan jumlah penduduk muslim terbesar, pengalaman Indonesia mempertahankan demokrasi dan keberhasilan Indonesia untuk bangkit setelah krisis adalah modal yang berharga yang harus dibagikan kepada negara lain. Demokrasi menjadi ikon dan salah satu asset diplomasi Indonesia, khususnya dalam diplomasi publik, disamping islam moderat, ekonomi progresif, masyarakat plural dan budaya beragam yang dimiliki Indonesia.  Penerapan diplomasi publik sangat ditentukan dari kesiapan Indonesia terhadap sistem demokrasi. Pada masa kepemimpinan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono demokrasi dan penegakan HAM merupakan bagian dari kebijakan politik luar negeri. Kebijakan ini didasari pada pemahaman Indonesia terhadap nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Maka dari itu gagasan besar untuk menyelenggarakan forum demokrasi dalam rangka mendorong pengembangan demokrasi dan juga mempromosikan demokrasi di kawasan Asia-Pasifik dan negara-negara diluar kawasan yakni melalui Bali Democracy Forum.Kata Kunci: Bali Democracy Forum, Diplomasi Publik, Politik Luar Negeri  ABSTRACT As the third largest democracy in the world, a country with the largest Muslim population, experience of Indonesia of maintaining democracy and success of Indonesia to rise after the crisis is valuable capital that must be distributed to other countries. Democracy has become an icon and one of diplomacy assets of Indonesia, especially in public diplomacy, besides moderate Islam, progressive economics, plural society and diverse cultures that Indonesia has. The application of public diplomacy is largely determined by readiness of Indonesia for a democratic system. During leadership of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono democracy and human rights enforcement were part of foreign policy. This policy is based on Indonesia's understanding of Indonesia of human values. Therefore the big idea is to hold a democratic forum in order to encourage the development of democracy and also promote democracy in the Asia-Pacific region and countries outside the region, namely through the Bali Democracy Forum.Keywords: Bali Democracy Forum, Public Diplomacy, Foreign Policy.
Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri Australia di Era Pemerintahan PM Tony Abbott
Authors: Santoso Ismail Adi
Published: June 2021

ABSTRAKSetiap negara pasti memiliki arah dan tujuan negaranya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dibutuhkan sebuah kebijakan luar negeri. Sebagai sebuah negara Australia tentu memiliki tujuan dan kepentingan nasionalnya. Pada era pemerintahan Perdana Menteri Tony Abbott, Australia memiliki kebijakan luar negeri yang ditujukan untuk memenuhi kepentingan nasionalnya. Isu-isu ekonomi dan imigran merupakan isu yang menjadi pokok utama dalam pemerintahan Tony Abbott. Dalam meningkatkan perekonomian, Australia menjalin kerja sama dalam bentuk free trade agreement dengan Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan. Australia menerapkan kebijakan pencegahan imigran ilegal yang dinamai Operation Sovereign Borders yang dilakukan untuk mencegah imigran ilegal masuk ke dalam teritorial Australia.Kata Kunci: Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Australia, Free Trade Agreement, Operation Sovereign BordersABSTRACTEvery nation must have directions and objectives. To achieve certain objectives requires foreign policies. As a nation, Australia certainly has its own national goals and interests. In Tony Abbott’s government era, Australia had many foreign policies aimed at fulfilling its national interests. Economic and immigrant issues are the focus in Abbott’s government. Australia cooperates in the form of free trade agreements with China and Korea to improve its economy. Australia also implements an illegal immigrant prevention policy called Operation Sovereign Borders which is conducted to prevent illegal immigrants from entering Australian territory.Keywords: Foreign Policy, Australia, Free Trade Agreement, Operation Sovereign Borders
HUBUNGAN AUSTRALIA-INDONESIA DI MASA PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDEN SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO (SBY)
Authors: Megananda Sherin , Sholeh Badrus
Published: June 2021

Abstrak                        : Hubungan bilateral antara Australia dan Indonesia selalu dinamik. Pada penelitian ini, berfokus kepada kebijakan-kebijakan Presiden SBY terhadap Australia yang kemudian menandai bagaimana naik turunnya hubungan bilateral kedua negara tersebut. Pemilihan topik ini didasarkan atas keingin tahuan penulis tentang hubungan antara Australia dan Indonesia yang membingungkan karena pada sejarahnya hubungan ini selalu disebut dengan “Roller Coaster Relationship”. Namun pada penelitian ini, penulis memfokuskan pembahasan pada masa kepemimpinan Presiden SBY. Metode yang digunakan berupa penelitian Kualitatif dengan menggunakan data-data sebagai acuan. Hubungan Australia dan Indonesia pada sejarahnya selalu naik turun , tidak terkecuali saat masa pemerintahan SBY, hal ini dikarenakan pergantian kepemimpinan di Australia, perbedaan-perbedaan antara Australia dan Indonesia, meskipun begitu faktor geografi mengharuskan kedua negara dapat saling beradaptasi satu sama lain. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi hubungan Australia-Indonesia bagi peneliti lainnya dimasa depan.
UPAYA KETERLIBATAN INDONESIA DALAM MENGINTERNASIONALISASIKAN KONSEP BLUE ECONOMY STUDI KASUS: KEPEMIMPINAN INDONESIA DALAM IORA PERIODE 2015-2017
Authors: Nugroho Agung Yudhistira , Sampe Ktisas Revafiani Dandel
Published: June 2021

Tulisan ini membahas upaya keterlibatan Indonesia untuk menginternasionalisasikan konsep blue economy dengan mengambil studi kasus pada kepemimpinan Indonesia di IORA periode 2015-2017. Kepemimpinan Indonesia memprakarsai KTT IORA 2017 dan menghasilkan dokumen penting IORA Concord, IORA Action Plan dan Deklarasi Jakarta tentang Ekonomi Biru. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber-sumber yang diperoleh secara dokumenter, studi kepustakaan, dan penelusuran data online untuk memperkuat argumentasi penulis. Blue Economy merupakan konsep yang dikembangkan oleh Gunter Pauli yang memadukan unsur ekonomi dan lingkungan. Agenda Indonesia untuk mengedepankan konsep ini untuk meningkatkan ekonominya, mengukuhkan kepentingan politisnya dan memperkuat pengaruhnya di Samudra Hindia, dan menyelamatkan lingkungan. Penelitian menggunakan teori rezim internasional untuk melihat perkembangan blue economy sebagai aturan dan norma yang menjadi pengikat Indonesia dengan IORA dan teori norm life cycles yang membahas tentang siklus hidup norma blue economy yang menjelaskan tentang kaitan Indonesia dengan kemunculan blue economy mulai periode Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono sampai Presiden Joko Widodo, kepemimpinan Indonesia dalam mempersuasi dan mensosialisasikan blue economy dan internalisasi blue economy dalam ruang lingkup IORA. Penelitian ini juga membahas output yang didapatkan setelah Indonesia bertindak sebagai blue economy norm entrepreneur yaitu mendapatkan pengakuan internasional tentang kemampuan Indonesia, hal ini sejalan dengan usaha Indonesia yang berusaha untuk mewujudkan Poros Maritim Dunia.Kata Kunci : Blue Economy, IORA, Norm entrepreneur, Norm Life Cycles, Rezim Internasional.
Redifining Gender Role During Wartime: Power Relations, Disparities and Impacts
Authors: Padmi Made Fitri
Published: June 2021

AbstrakKarya tulis ini mencoba untuk membuat suatu hubungan antara manusia dan peperangan, dan menganalisa peran dari suatu gender dalam masa perang. Perspektif gender memiliki peran yang signifikan, tidak hanya dalam membentuk dan menjalankan perang, tetapi juga terhadap dampak dari perang. Di berbagai budaya, masyarakat menentukan perannya berdasarkan perbedaan gender, termasuk di dalamnya peran masyarakat pada masa perang. Perang dan militarisasi dipandang sebagai produk maskulin, dan juga bagaimana “memaskulinkan” masyarakat. Sedangkan, Feminisme membawa perspektif yang berbeda untuk memahami peperangan. Pasifis atau karakter damai dari perempuan digunakan untuk menganalisa perdamaian pasca perang. Sebagai hasil, tulisan ini berpendapat bawah suatu hal yang penting untuk memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik bahwa peperangan bukanlah fenomena yang bebas dari atribut gender. Peperangan juga berperan besar dalam mengkonstuksi hubungan antar gender.Kata kunci: Gender, Feminisme, Maskulinitas, Perang, Militerisasi.AbstractThis paper tries to make correlation between war and people, and to analyse the role of gender perspectives during wartime. Gender perspective plays a significant role not only in shaping and executing warfare, but also in giving the specific impact of war. In many cultures in the world, people determine social roles based on gender disparities, including roles during wartime. War and militarisation are products of the masculine and, at the same time, means of masculinizing people. However, Feminism bring different levels of perspectives on how to understand the war. Pacific or peace characteristics of women are often used to analyse the peace prospect after war. As result, this paper argues that, it is a significant attempt to create better understanding that war is not gender neutral. War plays a massive role in gender construction and impacts greatly on gender relations.Keywords: Gender, Feminism, Masculinity, War, Militarisation
Analisis Kekuatan Kolom Beton Bertulang Berdasarkan Diagram Interaksi Kolom
Authors: Manguki' Indra Dody Kurniawan , Tanijaya Jonie , Sanggaria Olan Jujun
Published: June 2021

The column interaction diagram is a boundary area graph showing the various combinations of axial loads and moments that the column can safely hold. The benefit of a column interaction diagram provides an overview of the strength of the column in question. This study aims to analyze rectangular and circular columns using column interaction diagrams and then compare the strength of the columns in withstanding a combination of axial loads and bending moments with the same area. In this study, square and circular columns have the same number of reinforcement, diameter of reinforcement, steel strength, concrete quality, and cross-sectional area. The column is reviewed based on five conditions, namely pure axial load conditions, pure bending moment, and three failure conditions. Based on the five conditions that occurred, a column interaction diagram was created by using Microsoft Excel. Results of the analysis show that in the same area, the square column is stronger in withstanding the bending moment (Mu) of the circular column by 0.015 - 0.61%, while the circular column is stronger in resisting the axial force (Pu) of the square column by 1,9 - 4.4%.
Pemanfaatan FIy Ash Sebagai Substitusi Semen Dan Batu Gamping Sebagai Agregat Pada Beton
Authors: Desliono Windi , Parung Herman , Tonapa Suryanti Rapang
Published: June 2021

FIy Ash is a waste combustion combustion system and one of the pozzolanic mixed minerals found in Indonesia. An environmentally friendly concrete technology innovation to reduce the use of cement and river stone, namely utilizing FIy ash as a substitute for cement and limestone as an aggregate for concrete mixtures. This study aims to see the mechanical properties of concrete and the optimum proportion of FIy ash in the concrete mixture with limestone as coarse aggregate. The percentage of FIy ash used varies, namely 0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Concrete compressive strength testing is carried out when the concrete is 7 days, 21 days, and 28 days old with a compressive strength plan of 25 MPa. For the flexural strength and split tensile strength test, it is carried out when the concrete is 28 days old. The research used 48 cylinders 150 x 300 mm, 12 beams measuring 150 x 150 x 600 mm, carried out at the Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures, PauIus Christian University of Indonesia, Makassar. The observation results show that the influence of FIy ash as a substitute for cement with limestone aggregate for concrete, produces concrete with compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength, the maximum is 27.56 MPa, 2.50 MPa, respectively. and 4.68 MPa for normal concrete with the optimum use proportion of FIy ash 15%.
O REALISMO MARGINAL RACIAL BRASILEIRO
Authors: Góes Luciano
Published: June 2021

A construção do Brasil como um mundo branco1, consolidou a condição dos negros como não-humanos a par-tir do racismo, ideologia ontológica, estruturante, estrutural e condicionante que tangencia toda sua história, responsável pelo maior, mais duradouro e mais importante sistema escravagista do mundo, foram mais de 370 anos objetificando 40% do total de negros sequestradosdesembarcados no continente americano até 1850. Imprescindível, portanto, falarmos em “raças”, conceito biologicamente falso, mas verdadeiro enquanto construção sociopolítica objetificante transformada em instrumento identitário, de resistência e conscientização.A partir desse contexto, questionamos: podemos, para uma Criminologia brasileira, identificar sua “clientela” penal em termos de cor, raça e classe social, bem como as vítimas daquele genocídio, sem situarmos o racismo na construção de sua realidade?Objetivamos explicitar o controle racial-social marginal brasileiro e seu racismo, mantido praticamente incólume ao não ser identificado/nomeado, reforçado constantemente pelo conto da democracia racial e pulverização da questão racial, práticas que ignoram o condicionamento que o fator raça exerce sobre os “Direito Penais” brasileiros.Assim, partimos de um realismo marginal racial onde racismo e genocídio são as pedras angulares, os dois lados de uma mesma moeda forjada para a exclusão dos indesejados para quem a violência estatal fora direcionada, impulsionada e presente cotidianamente, naturalizada a ponto de se tornar quase imperceptíveis apesar da herança marcada a ferro em mais da metade de uma das maiores populações negras do mundo.Desvelar o racismo brasileiro e suas legitimações sucessivas significa reconhecer o processo político genocida ininterrupto transformando-o em projeto político de conscientização racial, uma posição contra-hegemônica que rompe a dependência teórica central e com a velha tradição das traduções, fomentando o impulso transformador para concretizar as promessas de uma abolição profundamente falsa
LA DESMONOPOLIZACIÓN DE LA VIOLENCIA EN EL CAPITALISMO CRIMINAL
Authors: Rodríguez Alzueta Esteban
Published: June 2021

El objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir al análisis de los procesos de desmonopolización de la violencia relacionando sus condiciones históricas a las transformaciones del estado dentro del capitalismo, desde una perspectiva materialista. Para lograr lo anterior, en una primera parte del trabajo se expondrán las condiciones de la monopolización de la violencia por parte del estado moderno, tratando de explicar su función dentro de la formación del capitalismo. En una segunda sección se analizarán los procesos de desmonopolización de la violencia en relación con las condiciones históricas del capital y su función en su reproducción. Así, en la sección siguiente se analiza las prácticas policiales diferenciadas, en relación con la zona en que se realizan y la función que ésta tiene para el capital, y la función de dichas prácticas en la regulación de la ilegalidad y su papel en el capitalismo. En la penúltima parte del escrito se estudia la manera en que se conforma la fuerza de trabajo de las economías ilegales, así como las relaciones que guarda el crimen organizado con las instituciones policíacas en la regulación de los territorios, partiendo, principalmente, de casos argentinos. En la última sección, se plantean, de manera preliminar, cuáles podrían ser las respuestas al aumento de la violencia.
An Integrated Nutrient Management Approach for Improving Maize (Zea mays L.) Yield
Authors: Waseem Muhammad , Ali Asghar , Nadeem Muahammad Ather , Tahir Muhammad , Ibni Zamir Muhammad Shahid , Iqbal Asif , Iqbal Naveed
Published: June 2021

The study of integrated use of chemical fertiliser and compost showed beneficial effects on growth and yield of maize. Plant height, number of grain rows per cob, number of grains per row, number of grains per cob and 1000-grain weight were significantly affected by all the treatments. However, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and grain-pith ratio were significantly affected by compost and  chemical fertiliser alone or in certain combinations. The highest grain yield of 7.18 t/ha was obtained with the application of 25% nitrogen from compost + 75% nitrogen from chemical fertiliser.
Effect of Methods of Nutritional Administration on the Development of Silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Authors: Raja Shazia , Mahmood Rashid , Sarwar Ghulam , Iftikhar Farida , Asad Saima
Published: June 2021

The effect of nitrogen in different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 %) through soil, foliar application and dipping of mulberry leaves on food consumption, larval development and cocoon weight of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) was studied. Larvae when fed on wet mulberry (Morus alba laevigata) leaves dipped in 0.2% N concentration proved the best, as it consumed maximum food (5726.26 mg), gained significantly more weight (3182.30 mg) and produced heavier cocoons (424.65 mg) as compared to all other treatments. Food efficiency ratio (FER: 4.43) and coefficient of utilization (CU: 67.61) were also maximum for the leaves dipped in 0.2% N.
Nematicidal Potential of the Galinsoga parviflora
Authors: Anwar Muhammad Aijaz , Afzaa Nighat , Ferheen Sadia , Akhtar Musarrat , Ahmed Agha Nisar , Kalhoro Mahboob Ali , Malik Abdul
Published: June 2021

Seven pure compounds of the Galinsoga parviflora: �-sitosterol (1); octacosanoic acid (2); ursolic acid (3); 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4); 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (5); gallic acid (6); �-sitosterol' 3-0-, �-D glucopyranoside (7) and the plant crude extract fractions were assayed in the laboratory for their nematicidal properties against plant parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot) and Cephalobus litoralis in different concentrations after 24 and 48 h. It was observed that crude extract, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol fractions and compounds no 1, 3, 4, and 7 showed significant activity whereas compounds 2, 5 and 6 showed low order of mortality.
Effect of Added Modified Water Chestnut (Trapa bispinosa) Starch on Physical and Sensory Properties of Yeast Leavened Breads
Authors: Lutfi Zubala , Siddique Ayesha , Hasnain Abid
Published: June 2021

The effects of using different concentrations of chemically and physically modified water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa) starch (WCS) on loaf weight, volume and specific volume of yeast leavened bread were studied. The highest loaf weight was obtained by the addition of native water chestnut starch at 3 % concentration, while the opposite effect was observed regarding the loaf volume and specific volume. The highest loaf volume and the specific volume was obtained on addition of WCS, pregelatinized and acetylated (pga), at 1% concentration. Maximum mean score (7.8) was obtained by native water chestnut starch at concentration of 5% and minimum mean score was obtained by pgaWCS at 1% concentration with respect to the taste of bread. Regarding the texture, the maximum mean score (7.5) was that of the bread containing 5% pga (pregelatinized and acid thinned) WCS and minimum mean score (4), that of the bread containing 5% acetylated water chestnut starch.
The Composition and Relative Abundance of Fish Species in a Mangrove Creek in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Based on Different Types of Gear
Authors: Oribhabor Blessing Julius , Udo Mfon Timothy , Etima Lawrence , Adisa-Bolantab Ahmed Sardauna
Published: June 2021

The composition and relative abundance of fish species assemblage of a mangrove creek in the Niger Delta, Nigeria based on different types of gear was assessed at four stations between November 2004 and June 2006. The overall community structure was made up of 25 species of 16 families. Visual observation showed that tilapia species comprising of Sarotherodon melanotheron and Tilapia guineensis were the most dominant species. Samples from baited entrance traps indicated that S. melanotheron dominated T. guineensis. Samples from baited hook and line, and cast net showed dominance of P. elongatus followed by P. quadrifilis. (The baited hook and line is commonly used by the fishers because it is effective in catching diversity of species, except that it is unable to catch bottom feeders such as mullets and tilapia species). Funnel entrance trap had the highest species selectivity, catching only tilapia species. Cast net was more selective in species catch than baited hook and line, but it was effective in catching both pelagic and benthic species. Among the fish species, members of the families: Sciaenidae, Polynemidae, Ariidae, Monodactylidae and Cichlidae were permanent residents; Carangidae, Luthjanidae and Serranidae were temporary residents; while Elopidae, Gobiidae, Dasyatidae, Cynoglossidae, Sphyraenidae and Trichiuridae were rare species.

Keywords: composition
The Effect of Preservation Methods on the Nutritional Quality of Fluted Pumpkin (Tel/airia occidentalis) Leaves
Authors: Joseph Oboh Fred Omon , Aigbe Osayuwamen
Published: June 2021

The present research was undertaken to investigate the effect of various blanching and drying treatments on the vitamin C, �-carotene, iron, protein content and drying time of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) leaves. The leaves were subjected to sun or oven drying alone or after blanching in boiling water, dilute citric acid (0.3%) or dilute potassium meta-bisulphite (0.5%). In the absence of blanching pre-treatment, oven drying resulted in shorter drying time for the leaves and a higher vitamin C content of the dried product than sun drying and there was no significant difference (p>0.01) between the protein, �-carotene and iron content of the oven and sun dried products. Leaves blanched in boiling water, dilute citric acid, or dilute potassium meta-bisulphite solution, followed by sun or oven drying had less vitamin C, iron, protein and �-carotene than leaves dried without blanching. Compared with the use of boiling water, blanching in boiling potassium meta-bisulphite reduced the loss of �-carotene, protein and iron; blanching in dilute citric acid reduced the loss of iron. Except for citric acid pre-treatment, blanching prior to drying shortened drying time.
Predicting factors for improvement of serum creatinine after percutaneous nephrostomy in adults with bilateral hydronephrosis associated with malignancy
Authors:   Division  of  Urology,  Department  of  Surgery,  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Siriraj  Hospital,  Mahidol  University,  Bangkok, Thailand, Aekgawong Sekdusit , Ramart Patkawat ,   Division  of  Urology,  Department  of  Surgery,  Faculty  of  Medicine,  Siriraj  Hospital,  Mahidol  University,  Bangkok, Thailand
Published: June 2021

Objective: Improvement of renal function in obstructive uropathy is a main goal of urinary diversion. In cases of failed internal diversion, percutaneous nephros-tomy (PCN) is used to divert urine from the obstructed kidney. PCN also affect on quality of life, particularly having both sides. The objective of this study was to identify a predicting factor associated with improvement of renal function after bilateral PCNs and to avoid performing bilateral PCNs. Materials and Methods: Data of all patients with bilateral hydronephrosis asso-ciated with malignancy who were performed bilateral PCNs in Siriraj Hospital between December 2011 and December 2016 were reviewed and collected. Success with PCN was defined as a serum creatinine less than 2 mg/dl or decreased more than 95% of initial serum creatinine. Results: A total of 240 patients met the criteria. Mean age was 64.6 ± 14.9 years old. Most common organ of malignancy was cervix. Mean initial serum creatinine (iCr) and nadir serum creatinine (nCr) were 7.7 and 1.9 mg/dl, respectively. On multivariate analysis, no significant predicting factors were demonstrated but only iCr tended to have a statistically significant (p = 0.058). From receiver operating characteristics analysis, at cut-off value of iCr 5 mg/dl could demonstrate signifi-cant difference between success and failure (p = 0.027). Sensitivity and specificity were 72.4% and 44.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Only the iCr was more likely to be a predicting factor. At cut-off value of iCr 5 mg/dl, if a patient presented with iCr more than 5 mg/dl and unilateral PCN at dominant side did not improve serum creatinine, performing contralateral PCN might not help.
Review of the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015-19
Authors: Lyneham Samantha , Voce Isabella
Published: June 2021

The National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking and Slavery 2015–19 provides the strategic framework for Australia’s response to human trafficking and slavery for the five-year period from 2015 to 2019. The National Action Plan is founded on the need to prevent human trafficking and slavery; detect, investigate and prosecute offenders; and protect and support victims. Four central pillars underpin this strategy: prevention and deterrence, detection and investigation, prosecution and compliance, and victim support and protection. The Commonwealth Government has oversight of the National Action Plan, with core activities undertaken by members of the Interdepartmental Committee on Human Trafficking and Slavery and complementary activities undertaken by members of the National Roundtable on Human Trafficking and Slavery. The Department of Home Affairs commissioned the Australian Institute of Criminology to undertake this review to inform the development of the next National Action Plan.
Changes in online gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Brown Rick , Hickman Amelia
Published: June 2021

This study explores the potential for increased online gambling as a result of COVID-19 social distancing measures. Questions were included in an omnibus survey employing an online panel sample, with data collected in early April 2020. The results showed that almost a quarter of respondents had participated in online gambling in the previous month. Ten percent had increased their participation in at least one form of online gambling, while 14 percent had decreased their involvement. Those betting on sporting events in Australia were the most likely to increase their participation in online gambling. When demographic factors were examined, being male, aged under 30 and in full-time employment were all associated with increased participation in online gambling in the last month.
Availability of COVID-19 related products on Tor darknet markets
Authors: Broadhurst Roderic , Ball Matthew
Published: June 2021

Twenty Tor darknet markets were surveyed on 3 April 2020 to conduct a census of COVID-19 related medical products and supplies. There were 645 listings, including 222 unique listings, of COVID-19 related products across 12 markets. Three markets accounted for 85 percent of all unique listings identified. Of the 110 vendors identified, eight were active in multiple markets. A small proportion of vendors accounted for most listings. The estimated value of all unique listings was A$369,000. Personal protective equipment accounted for nearly half of all unique listings, and one third of products were antiviral or repurposed medicines. Supposed vaccines, tests and diagnostic instruments each accounted for nearly 10 percent of listings.
Why Australian police detainees choose to use (or not use) non-prescribed fentanyl
Authors: Voce Alexandra , Sullivan Tom
Published: June 2021

This study aims to better understand the motivations of Australian police detainees who use non-prescribed fentanyl. Respondents who had used non-prescription fentanyl (n=44) began using it to achieve intoxication, or to reduce physical pain, mental distress or the symptoms of withdrawal from other drugs. Some had also used fentanyl as a more potent substitute for other drugs. Although detainees rated the risks of fentanyl overdose and dependence as high, these risks were not the main deterrents to fentanyl use.
The prevalence of domestic violence among women during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Boxall Hayley , Morgan Anthony
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the findings from an online survey of 15,000 Australian women about their experience of domestic violence during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the three months prior to the survey, conducted in May 2020, 4.6 percent of women who responded to the survey experienced physical or sexual violence from a current or former cohabiting partner. Almost six percent (5.8%) of women experienced coercive control and 11.6 percent reported experiencing at least one form of emotionally abusive, harassing or controlling behaviour. For many women, the pandemic coincided with the onset or escalation of violence and abuse. Two-thirds of women who experienced physical or sexual violence by a current or former cohabiting partner since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic said the violence had started or escalated in the three months prior to the survey. Many women, particularly those experiencing more serious or complex forms of violence and abuse, reported safety concerns were a barrier to help-seeking.
Bail practices and policy alternatives in Australia
Authors: Travers Max , Colvin Emma
Published: June 2021

In this paper we seek to review the rapid rise in remand in custody rates in Australia. In particular, and in response, we ask and discuss three specific questions: 1. To what extent do defendants applying for bail have vulnerabilities? 2. To what extent can risk analysis tools that seek to predict breach of bail terms be relied upon? 3. To what extent can the emerging pre-trial services programs in Australia reduce remand in custody populations?
Corporate crime in Australia: the extent of the problem
Authors: Bartlett David , Ransley Janet
Published: June 2021

Government and public concern about corporate wrongdoing in Australia is arguably at an all-time high. However, the extent and nature of corporate crime is largely unknown; it is concealed by regulatory agency reporting practices and the absence of a single data source which combines data across all regulators. This study addresses the problem by examining corporate offending by 33 of the country’s top companies, and their wholly owned subsidiaries, over a five-year period. The results indicate that corporate offending is patterned and unevenly distributed across the business community. Drawing on the findings and on their experience of conducting the research, the authors make recommendations for improving policy and practice, including the establishment of a national database of corporate offending.