bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luxofractura de Lisfranc compleja: Reporte de dos casos y revisión
Authors: Vera-Alarcón Alvaro , Montesinos-Zavaleta Félix , Cerna-Horna Ricardo , Orozco-De-Iraola Samuel
Published: September 2024

Introducción Las lesiones de Lisfranc abarcan un gran espectro de afecciones que pueden impactar en la calidad de vida del paciente si no son tratadas de la manera adecuada. El diagnóstico certero, incluso de los casos sutiles que muchas veces pasan desapercibidos, mediante exámenes específicos y el manejo temprano son fundamentales para obtener buenos resultados.

Materiales y Métodos Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes con luxofracturas de Lisfranc asociadas a hematomas a tensión sometidos a descompresión, reducción abierta y fijación interna con el uso simultáneo de diversos materiales de osteosíntesis poco descritos en la literatura.

Resultados Se obtuvieron óptimos resultados radiográficos, que permitieron la rehabilitación acelerada y la mejoría progresiva del rango de movimiento desde la semana siguiente a la cirugía. A los 18 meses de la cirugía, se obtuvieron buenas puntuaciones en escalas validadas (como el Foot Function Index [FFI] y el 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]) que evalúan función y calidad de vida.

Discusión Hoy en día, no hay un tratamiento estándar para estas lesiones. En el primer caso se utilizaron tornillos de compresión sin cabeza, placas bloqueadas tarsometatarsianas, un clavo de Kirschner e incluso un sistema de botón, mientras que, en el segundo caso, la fijación fue realizada únicamente con clavos de Kirschner. Ambos casos tuvieron resultados funcionales muy buenos y retorno a sus actividades laborales. Se hace una revisión que enfatiza en el diagnóstico y el manejo de esta patología.
Incidence, Associated Factors, and Prognosis of Liver Dysfunction in Children with Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Multicenter Prospective Study
Authors: Tong Shuai , Gao Shan , Cui Yi , Jin Hong , Liu Li , Xie Xiaoli , Li Xuemei , Min Xiaolan , Wang Zhiling , Wan Chaomin
Published: September 2024

Objective Community-acquired pneumonia with abnormal liver function is not uncommon. There is no systematic study on the clinical characteristics of liver dysfunction in children with community-acquired pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and prognosis of liver dysfunction in children with community-acquired pneumonia.

Methods This study was a multicenter prospective study involving 26 hospitals in Sichuan Province from June 2020 to June 2021. The characteristics of liver dysfunction in children with community-acquired pneumonia were recorded and analyzed according to different factors such as age, medical condition, level of transaminase in liver function, and time for liver function recovery.

Results A total of 4,623 hospitalized children with pneumonia were included. Among them, 592 children had liver dysfunction, accounting for the 12.8% (592/4,623). The degree of liver function injury was more obvious in infants and in children of severe pneumonia group (average ranks were 288.95 and 319.34). The liver lesion was more serious in the group of children less than 1 year old (p = 0.000). The median time to recovery of liver function was 8 days (interquartile range: 6–15.5 days), whereas the fastest recovery was 3 days, and the longest recovery period was 162 days.

Conclusion Community-acquired pneumonia with abnormal liver function is very common. Young age and severe pneumonia are risk factors for liver dysfunction. The recovery time of liver enzymes is not short. Infants and children with severe pneumonia need closer follow-up.
Modes of control in international digital commerce: evidence from Amazon.com
Authors: Li Jiatao , Chen Ziyi , Kwon Ohchan , Wang Jue
Published: September 2024

Online marketplaces such as Amazon.com represent a new channel through which multinational enterprises (MNEs) can sell their products in foreign markets, either as third-party sellers or as suppliers to the platform owner. An MNE can have better control of the marketing mix when selling directly on Amazon.com as a third-party seller, but this task entails two challenges. First is the liability of foreignness, and second is the disadvantage of competing with other products that are directly sold by the platform owner. The platform owner sets the rules of the platform and has data and algorithmic advantages, putting competitive pressure on MNEs with tighter control. Data obtained from Amazon are analyzed and reveal that maintaining control as a third-party seller predicts lower sales than being a supplier to the platform owner. However, the penalty associated with retaining control is smaller for MNEs with more host-country experience and country-of-origin advantage. These findings provide new insights into how MNEs leverage platforms such as Amazon.com to expand their global reach.
Optical inference using nonlinear optical diffraction
Authors: Katz Oded , Barir Gilad Robert , Hadad Barak , Marima Daniel , Bahabad Alon
Published: September 2024

We present an optical inference platform based on the nonlinear interaction of a spatially modulated optical waveform in a second-harmonic-generation nonlinear crystal. Tuning the phase-matching condition allows for both efficient nonlinearity, required for general all-optical computing, and for optimizing the system performance, matching it to the spectral distribution of the input data to be processed.
Numerical analysis of thermal performance of various types of horizontal ground heat exchangers
Authors: Jahan Nushrat , Ali Md Hasan , Miyara Akio
Published: September 2024

In this paper, three types of horizontal ground heat exchangers (GHEs) such as U-tube, spiral, and slinky were numerically analyzed to investigate their thermal performance in cooling mode for 7 days of continuous operation with specific boundary conditions where a rectangular trench of 5 m in length, 2 m in width, and 5 m in depth served as the basis for the modeling of each heat exchanger. The pipe material was selected to be high density polyethylene for higher durability and corrosion resistance, as well as the soil and working fluid, which were clay and water. To confirm the accuracy of simulation results and reduce the computational time, a mesh independence test was performed, and simulation models were validated. There were four types of modifications, and in all of the cases, slinky GHE has better thermal performance. For instance, the heat exchange rate per unit trench length of slinky GHE was 20.72 W/m, which is higher than U-tube and spiral tube with a heat exchange rate of 9.75 and 13.62 W/m, which is of maximum 53% and 28% than U tube GHE, respectively, for the same pipe wall thickness and different material volumes of U-tube, spiral, and slinky GHEs. The pressure drop of slinky GHE is also higher (maximum 87% higher than U tube). To balance the heat exchange rate and pressure drop, the thermal performance capability (TPC) was examined. The slinky GHE has the highest thermal performance capability for all the cases. From the energy balance point, the TPC valued a maximum of 1.72 for the same material volume and different pipe wall thickness. The effectiveness was investigated to examine the heat exchange rate with different ground temperatures, and the slinky GHE showed higher effectiveness than spiral and U-tube GHEs. Finally, the thermal performance of slinky horizontal GHE was examined with different trench lengths to investigate the excavation work reduction with reduced trench length. With the decrease in trench length, the heat exchange rate and excavation work also decreased. The heat exchange rate of slinky horizontal GHEs with trench lengths of 1.5 and 1 m remained better than that of spiral and U-tube horizontal GHEs with a trench length of 3.5 m.
Patterned discharges for material localized treatment in dielectric barrier discharge with modulated gas gap
Authors: Dong Lifang , Zhang Lijia , He Yunan , Wei Ting , Li Yaohua , Li Cheng , Pan Yuyang
Published: September 2024

Eight kinds of patterned discharges are obtained by changing the discharge parameters in a dielectric barrier discharge with modulated gas gaps, which are applicable to materials patterned treatment. A square superlattice pattern consisting of two dot sublattices and one ring sublattice is studied and used to treat a PI film. The formation mechanism is studied by intensified charge coupled device. The spatial distribution of the plasma parameters is measured using optical emission spectra. The gas temperatures as well as the electron densities of the three sublattices are significantly different from each other. The physical and chemical properties of the treated film are measured using a surface profiler, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. The transmissivity, wettability, and etching depth of the treated PI film demonstrate square superlattice pattern distribution, which verifies the predictions based on plasma parameter measurements. The dielectric barrier discharge device reported here is also applicable to materials' patterned growth.
Chaotic dynamics in passively Q-switched Tm:LiYF4 laser operating at 2.3 μm on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition
Authors: Dupont Hippolyte , Glasset Matthieu , Loiko Pavel , Georges Patrick , Druon Frédéric
Published: September 2024

We report on the chaotic dynamics in a passively Q-switched 2.3-μm thulium laser operating on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition. The experiment exploits a Tm:LiYF4 crystal and various laser cavity configurations, involving an optional cascade laser on the 3F4 → 3H6 transition at 1.9 μm. The saturable absorber employed is Cr2+:ZnSe, which is exclusively saturated by the 2.3 μm laser. An analysis of the Q-switched dynamics shows a pronounced inclination of the laser operation toward the unstable and chaotic behavior. To understand the origins of this chaos, we monitor the population of the metastable 3F4 level via cascade laser operation at 1.9 μm, underlying this variable as an interesting parameter to survey chaotic instabilities.
Propagation and stochastic dynamics of ion-temperature-gradient driven fluctuations
Authors: Wang Yihan , Guo Zhibin
Published: September 2024

The drift dynamics of ion-temperature-gradient (ITG) driven fluctuations in the plane perpendicular to a guiding magnetic field is investigated by mapping its governing equation into a Schrödinger-type equation. First, we separate the parallel dynamics and the perpendicular dynamics. The parallel dynamics can coherently couple with the perpendicular dynamics, leading to the growth of a coherent, localized ITG eigenmode. The E × B flow plays a dominant role for the fluctuation propagation dynamics and impact on the radial redistribution of fluctuations. Another attractive finding is that the ITG wave packet can penetrate a strong yet narrow E × B shear layer through “tunneling.” When the parallel dynamics becomes stochastic, non-eigenmode peaks can emerge in the fluctuation power spectrum and an estimate of the saturated spectrum intensity of the ITG fluctuations can be obtained.
Numerical study of infinitely fast chemical reaction-induced Kelvin–Helmholtz interfacial instability in a plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: Kim Min Chan , Hong Joung Sook
Published: September 2024

The Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) interfacial instability induced by an infinitely fast bimolecular chemical reaction (A + B → C) is studied numerically by considering that the depth of the boundary layer and the reaction front develop simultaneously in the channel flow. In a flow of one reactant fluid (A) to another reactant fluid (B), the generation of a more viscous or less viscous product (C) induces a viscosity gradient at the reaction front, resulting in instability motions of different types. According to the redefinition of the log viscosity ratio, RChem and RPhys, which is used to describe the viscosity ratio between the product and non-iso-viscous reactants, the growth of K–H instability is identified chemically and hydrodynamically. Instability with roll-ups occurs along the reaction front near the wall for a less viscous product compared to that with two reactants; i.e., RChem>0, and the number of roll-ups increases with an increase in RChem. For a system with RChem<0, the growth of instabilities is greatly delayed and incomplete roll-ups (billows) arise along the reaction front. This instability motion is determined by the complex contribution of the diffusive flow effect, which delocalizes the vorticity source/sink, and the vorticity effect, which is localized according to the viscosity gradient. Interestingly, for a small Re, the system instead becomes destabilized by a strong wall effect within the boundary layer, showing the active growth of roll-ups at the reaction front near the wall. The wall critically impedes the unstable motion in the entrance region, resulting in the instability becoming localized within the boundary layer, δ∼xRe−1/2, especially for a positive RChem system. This study suggests that the boundary layer thickness plays an important role in the development of instability motion. This wall effect is not profound for a negative RChem system showing billow-type instability motion.
Impedance measurements on kerosene-based ferrofluids
Authors: Batalioto F. , Parekh K. , Barbero G. , Figueiredo Neto A. M.
Published: September 2024

We study the impedance behavior of two ferrofluids, of a similar magnetic material, one constituted by spherical nanoparticles and the other constituted by cubes, both suspended in kerosene. The ferrofluid constituted by cubic nanoparticles has 10% doping of a rare earth ion. The samples were inserted between two parallel disk-like electrodes of area S=2.3cm2 made of surgical steel, separated by d=127μm. The impedance was measured by applying a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude V0=30 mV, from 1 mHz to 100 kHz. To analyze the experimental data, we use a model based on the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations, with Ohmic boundary conditions. In the analysis, we assume that the ferrofluids contain free ions, originated from the manufacturing process, released by the stabilization layer around the magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene. The corresponding nanoparticles are charged of opposite signs with respect to these free ions. In the high frequency region, the effective diffusion coefficient coincides with that from the free diffusion coefficients, defined as the mathematical average between the diffusion coefficients of the nanoparticles and the free ions. In the low frequency region, we found the ambipolar diffusion coefficient, defined as their harmonic average. The effect of the electrodes is taken into account by means of surface conductivity to describe the conduction current across the electrode, assumed to be proportional to the surface electric field. In this model, the role of the electrodes is important just in the low frequency region. On the contrary, in the high frequency region, where the electric current is dominated by the displacement current, the role of the electrodes is negligible. The results show that the nanoparticles of the magnetic material have no effects on the higher-frequency range of the impedance spectra. In the low frequency region, our results indicate a difference in the electric response of the two ferrofluids. Due to their similar dimensions and, hence, similar ambipolar diffusion coefficients, we impute the observed different behavior to the charge transfer from the bulk to the external circuit included in the surface conductivity.
Intra-family transformation of the Bi–Te family via in situ chemical interactions
Authors: He Zhihao , Ho Tin Seng Manfred , Ma Chen , Wang Jiannong , Lortz Rolf , Sou Iam Keong
Published: September 2024

The Bi–Te binary system, characterized by the homologous series of (Bi2)m(Bi2Te3)n, has always attracted research interest for its layered structures and potential in advanced material applications. Despite the fact that Bi2Te3 has been extensively studied, the exploration of other compounds has been constrained by synthesis challenges. This study reports the molecular beam epitaxy growth of FeTe on Bi2Te3, demonstrating that varying growth conditions can turn the Bi2Te3 layer into different Bi–Te phases and form corresponding FeTe/Bi–Te heterostructures. Our combined analysis using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, high-resolution x-ray diffraction, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy indicates that specific growth conditions used for the growth of the FeTe layer can facilitate the extraction of Te from Bi2Te3, leading to the formation of Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3. In addition, by lowering the FeTe growth temperature to 230 °C, Te extraction from the Bi2Te3 layer could be avoided, preserving the Bi2Te3 structure. Notably, all three FeTe/Bi–Te structures exhibit superconductivity, with the FeTe/Bi2Te3 heterostructure enjoying the highest superconductivity quality. The results of magneto-transport measurements indicate that the induced superconductivity displays a three-dimensional nature. These findings introduce a novel method for realizing Bi4Te3 and Bi6Te3 through Te extraction by growing FeTe on Bi2Te3, driven by the high reactivity between Fe and Te. This approach holds promise for synthesizing other members of the Bi–Te series, expanding the functional potential of these materials.
Multi-cycle dynamics of underwater explosion bubbles: An experimental investigation
Authors: Li Shi-Min , Liu Xiao-Bo , Tang Hao
Published: September 2024

An investigation of the multi-cycle dynamics of underwater explosion bubbles near hybrid boundaries is conducted using the experimental method. The experiments are carried out within a square steel tank. The free surface and a freely hanging steel plate comprise the hybrid boundary condition. Bubbles are initially positioned at equal distances from the two boundaries to facilitate a comparison of the relative influence exerted by each boundary. High-speed photography and pressure sensors are utilized to document the dynamics of bubbles and pressures in the flow field. An examination of the bubble behavior is conducted through the analysis of experimental imagery, elucidating the formation of a cone-shaped cavity near the free surface and the subsequent complex distortion behavior of the bubble as it interacts with the wall during the rebound phase. The investigation concentrates on the migratory properties of bubbles across various regions, revealing a spectrum of trajectories due to the varying boundary and buoyancy effects: vertical descent, “L”-shaped trajectory, “U”-shaped trajectory, and diagonal upward trajectory. Unless very close to the free surface, the direction of bubble migration changes at the end of each cycle due to local fragmentation of the bubble surface. Finally, the discussion culminated in an analysis of bubble energy conversion, revealing that the complex bubble behavior near the free surface weakens bubble collapse, resulting in minimal impact on the surrounding fluid dynamics from bubble oscillation. In the region distant from the free surface, when the bubble oscillation is weakly affected by buoyancy and boundaries, the energy emitted by bubble oscillation peaks due to the nearly spherical collapse.
Rapid and precise multifocal cutaneous tumor margin assessment using fluorescence lifetime detection and machine learning
Authors: Su Wenhua , Zheng Dachao , Zhou Jiacheng , Chen Qiushu , Chen Liwen , Yang Yuwei , Fei Yiyan , Yao Haijun , Ma Jiong , Mi Lan
Published: September 2024

The precise determination of surgical margins is essential for the management of multifocal cutaneous cancers, including extramammary Paget’s disease. This study introduces a novel strategy for precise margin identification in such tumors, employing multichannel autofluorescence lifetime decay (MALD), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), and machine learning, including confidence learning algorithms. Using FLIM, 51 unstained frozen sections were analyzed, of which 13 (25%) sections, containing 5003 FLIM patches, were used for training the residual network model (ResNet–FLIM). The remaining 38 (75%) sections, including 16 918 patches, were retained for external validation. Application of confidence learning with deep learning reduced the reliance on extensive pathologist annotation. Refined labels obtained by ResNet–FLIM were then incorporated into a support vector machine (SVM) model, which utilized fiber-optic-based MALD data. Both models exhibited substantial agreement with the pathological assessments. Of the 35 MALD-measured tissue segments, six (17%) segments were selected as the training dataset, including 900 decay profiles. The remaining 29 segments (83%), including 2406 decay profiles, were reserved for external validation. The ResNet–FLIM model achieved 100% sensitivity and specificity. The SVM–MALD model demonstrated 94% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Notably, fiber-optic-MALD allows assessing 12 sites per patient and delivering predictions within 10 min. Variations in the necessary safe margin length were observed among patients, highlighting the necessity for patient-specific approaches to determine surgical margins. This innovative approach holds potential for wide clinical application, providing a rapid and accurate margin evaluation method that significantly reduces a pathologist’s workload and improves patient outcomes through personalized medicine.
Monte Carlo molecular simulations with FEASST version 0.25.1
Authors: Hatch Harold W. , Siderius Daniel W. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: September 2024

FEASST is an open-source Monte Carlo software package for particle-based simulations. This software, which was released in 2017, has been used to study phase equilibrium, self-assembly, aggregation or gelation in biological materials, colloids, polymers, ionic liquids, and adsorption in porous networks. We highlight some of the unique features available in FEASST, such as flat-histogram grand canonical ensemble, Gibbs ensemble, and Mayer-sampling simulations with support for anisotropic models and parallelization with flat-histogram and prefetching. We also discuss how the challenges of supporting a variety of Monte Carlo algorithms were overcome by an object-oriented design. This also allows others to extend classes, which improves software interoperability, as inspired by LAMMPS classes and user packages. This article describes version 0.25.1 with benchmarks, compilation instructions, and introductory tutorials for running, restarting, and testing simulations, user guidelines, software design strategies, alternative interfaces, and the test-driven development strategy.
Effect of gas cavity size and eccentricity on shock interaction with a cylinder at near-critical conditions
Authors: Jiao Yu , Schmidt Steffen J. , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: September 2024

In this study, we investigate the impact of gas cavity size and eccentricity on the interaction of shockwaves with a cavity-embedded fuel-liquid cylinder under near-critical conditions. We analyze a range of scenarios involving both eccentric and concentric cavities, varying cavity radii (0-0.875R), eccentricity angles (0°–180°), and distances (0R-0.45R). Our methodology entails modeling the evolution of the fuel cylinder and surrounding gas flow using compressible multi-component equations, employing a finite-volume-based hybrid numerical framework capable of accurately capturing shocks and interfaces. Additionally, real-fluid thermodynamic relationships are employed, validated against reference data, showing excellent agreement. Mesh independence studies are provided. We analyze the shock impingement characteristics, deformation of the cylinder and cavity, and the formation of vortices. Various phenomena at different evolution stages are explored, including wave pattern evolution, jet formation, cavity breakup, baroclinic vorticity distribution, and circulation histories. Size and eccentricity of the cavity determine time intervals between wave contact with the cylinder and with the cavity, thereby influencing the evolution of wave patterns and interface deformation. We propose an analytical model for deposited circulation, obtained by appropriately combining the Yang, Kubota, and Zukoski (YKZ) and the Zhang and Zou (ZZ) models, which agrees well with numerical findings for cases involving smaller cavities. However, for larger cavities, as the cavity gradually reaches the cylinder surface, induced coupling effects invalidate the model. Furthermore, we introduce four predictive fits for the center-of-mass position of the shocked cylinder under near-critical conditions. These fits—the Time-Size Polynomial Prediction Fit, the Time-Eccentricity Polynomial Prediction Fit, the Time-Eccentricity Distance Polynomial Prediction Fit, and the Connecting Rod Prediction Fit—are tailored for cases involving cavities of varying sizes, eccentricity angles, and distances. Demonstrating good predictive performance, these fits offer valuable insights into the mixing behavior of liquid fuel sprays in a diverse range of near-critical environments and high-speed propulsion systems.
Noise-induced stochastic switching of microcargoes transport in artificial microtubule
Authors: Zheng Xinwei , Li Yongge , Kurths Jürgen , Xu Yong
Published: September 2024

Synchronization plays an important role in propelling microrobots, especially for those driven by an external magnetic field. Here, we substantially contribute to the understanding of a novel out-of-sync phenomenon called “slip-out”, which has been recently discovered in experiments of an artificial microtubule (AMT). In a deterministic situation, we interpret and quantitatively characterize the switching in such a system between the stick and slip modes, whose different combinations over time define four long-term states. The stick-and-slip state is the most typical “slip-out” state with periodic switching, caused by both the phase lock between the microrod and the magnetic field, and the time-dependent magnetic moment. We then illustrate that thermal noise leads to stochastic switching by stimulating the phase difference across a specific threshold randomly. Finally, we reproduce the average velocity simulatively, which is highly consistent with real experiments. Importantly, the nearly permanent slip state is probed by our analysis of long-term states rather than observing real experiments. The investigation supports the design and operational strategies of AMT and other microrobots driven by magnetic fields.
Composition and strain of the pseudomorphic α-phase intermediate layer at the Ga2O3/Al2O3 interface
Authors: Schowalter M. , Karg A. , Alonso-Orts M. , Bich J. A. , Raghuvansy S. , Williams M. S. , Krause F. F. , Grieb T. , Mahr C. , Mehrtens T. , Vogt P. , Rosenauer A. , Eickhoff M.
Published: September 2024

We investigate the composition of α-phase intermediate layers at epitaxial Ga2O3/Al2O3 interfaces using high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Their presence is considered a general phenomenon as they are observed independent of the growth technique [Schewski et al., Appl. Phys. Exp. 8, 011101]. Samples were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy using different growth conditions. Almost independent of these, the quantitative evaluation of the measured intensities gave Ga concentrations of ∼25%. We show that the previously published model, based on a pure α-Ga2O3 interlayer, fails if it is adapted to the measured composition. Density functional theory (DFT) computations were used to overcome the approximations made in this model and suggest that a stabilization of the layer is possible due to the low Ga concentration (≤35%) at which the α-phase is the most stable. Our surface model computations suggest an exchange of Ga atoms at the surface with Al atoms from the underlying substrate as a possible formation mechanism.
Unification of the breakdown criterion for thermal field emission-driven microdischarges
Authors: Lin Chubin , Chen Jiandong , Wang Huihui , Fu Yangyang
Published: September 2024

Determining the characteristics of thermal field emission-induced breakdown is essential for various electron emission devices, such as thermionic energy converters. In previous studies, several mathematical models were developed to determine the breakdown voltages driven by field emission under different conditions; however, complicated computations were required to solve the numerical equations. There is still no consensus on the breakdown criterion when the thermal field emission comes into play. In this work, a unified breakdown criterion for the thermal field emission-induced microdischarge is proposed based on the definition of the thermal field emission coefficient γTFE (combined with the thermionic emission coefficient γTE and field emission coefficient γFE) from the emission current. The breakdown voltages scaling with the cathode temperature and gap distance are quantified. Distinct regimes corresponding to different electron emissions and their transitions are examined with the cathode temperature and gap distance tuned across a range of values. The results from this study provide an evaluation of thermal field emission-induced breakdowns and the dominant electron emission mechanisms in distinct regimes can be straightforwardly determined from the present model.
Optimizing the O-intermediates' chemisorption behavior of Pd metallene via cation doping enables a highly efficient oxygen reduction in PEMFCs
Authors: Xu Shuya , Tao Chen , Chen Sijie , Du Tianheng , Zhang Yunyi , Zhang Lifang , Li Tongfei , Yan Chenglin , Qian Tao
Published: September 2024

Modulating the electronic structure and O-intermediates' chemisorption behavior of Pd metallene with boosted oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is critical to advance proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, Hf doping Pd metallene (Hf-Pd metallene) is developed for efficient ORR electrocatalysis. Multiple characterizations and theoretical simulations disclose that the Hf dopant located in the inner atomic layers of Hf-Pd metallene could modulate the electronic configuration of Pd, lower the binding energies of the Pd d-band centers toward O-related intermediates, deliver a much reduced overpotential during O* hydrogenation into OH*, and thus enhance the catalytic activity. Consequently, the Hf-Pd metallene delivers superior ORR electrocatalytic activity together with excellent stability, surpassing commercial Pt/C and various advanced Pd-based catalysts. Encouragingly, when utilized as the cathode in a PEMFC, the Hf-Pd metallene achieved the higher maximum power density (722.75 mW cm−2) as compared to Pt/C-based batteries, elucidating the practical application of Hf-Pd metallene in PEMFCs.
Biosynthesis of resolvin D1, resolvin D2, and RCTR1 from 7,8(S,S)-epoxytetraene in human neutrophils and macrophages
Authors: Nshimiyimana Robert , Simard Mélissa , Teder Tarvi , Rodriguez Ana R. , Spur Bernd W. , Haeggström Jesper Z. , Serhan Charles N.
Published: September 2024

While the acute inflammatory response to harmful stimuli is protective, unrestrained neutrophil swarming drives collateral tissue damage and inflammation. Biosynthesized from omega-3 essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, resolvins are a family of signaling molecules produced by immune cells within the resolution phase to orchestrate return to homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that govern biosynthesis of these potent molecules gives insight into stimulating endogenous resolution and offers fresh opportunities for preventing and treating excessive inflammation. In this report, using materials prepared by total synthesis and liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry-based matching studies, we established the role of 7,8(S,S)-epoxytetraene intermediate in the biosynthesis of resolvin D1, resolvin D2, and the resolvin conjugate in tissue regeneration (RCTR1) by human phagocytes. We demonstrated that this 7,8(S,S)-epoxy-containing intermediate is directly converted to resolvin D2 by human M2-like macrophages and to resolvin D1 and RCTR1 by human macrophages, neutrophils, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, both human recombinant soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and the glutathione S-transferase leukotriene C4synthase (LTC4S) each catalyze conversion of this epoxide to resolvin D1 and RCTR1, respectively. MS3ion-trap scans and isotope incorporation of18O from H218O with sEH indicated that the oxygen atom at C-8 in resolvin D1 is derived from water. Results from molecular docking simulations with biosynthetic precursor 17S-hydroperoxy-4,7,10,13,19-cis-15-trans-docosahexaenoic acid and the epoxy intermediate were consistent with 5-lipoxygenase production of resolvin D1. Together, these results give direct evidence for the role of resolvin 7,8(S,S)-epoxytetraene intermediate in the endogenous formation of resolution-phase mediators resolvin D1, resolvin D2, and RCTR1 by human phagocytes.
A high-precision measurement method for moment of inertia based on torsion pendulum method
Authors: Cui Haichao , Hong Yanji , Du Baosheng , Han Jianhui , Wang Linyan , Ye Jifei , Wang Diankai
Published: September 2024

The precise determination of moment of inertia (MOI) holds paramount importance in investigating the rotational dynamics of an object. Based on the torsion pendulum system, a novel high-precision measurement method for MOI is developed by using the constant force in this paper. Firstly, the extreme response characteristics of a torsional pendulum measurement system under a constant force are discussed in detail in this paper, and the relationships between the system damping ratio, natural frequency, MOI and the extremal characteristic points of the system response are determined through the linear regression analysis. By applying the superposition principle, the MOI for the object being measured can be computed. As the performance of the constant force source is the key to ensure the measurement accuracy, this paper develops an electromagnetic force source, which consists of a coil and a permanent magnet, and the electromagnetic force variation law with the relative position of the coil and permanent magnet is investigated by utilizing a high-precision electronic balance, and then the optimal relative position is determined to reduce the impact of the relative position on the electromagnetic force. Furthermore, the high-precision electromagnetic force driving equation at the optimal position is acquired by utilizing the least square method. Finally, this paper develops a novel torsional measurement device for the MOI and successfully achieves high-precise measurement of the MOI for the target object using the proposed measurement method. The measurement experiment for MOI of a target object indicates that the corresponding measurement relative error is 0.297%, thereby confirming the effectiveness and high precision of the proposed measurement approach.
Photoelectric response of the variable component GaxIn1−xAsySb1−y nanopillar arrays under the gradient electric field
Authors: Wang Zhidong , Liu Lei , Cao Zhihao , Tian Jian , Zhangyang Xingyue
Published: September 2024

III-V antimonide GaxIn1−xAsySb1−y, known for its narrow bandgap, has become a crucial material for manufacturing infrared detection devices. However, the low energy and weak emission characteristics of infrared wavelengths hinder the development of infrared photocathodes. Utilizing external electric fields to assist emission is one of the primary methods to enhance the efficiency of infrared cathodes. The work establishes a model of multi-component GaxIn1−xAsySb1−y heterojunction pillar array (NPAs) photocathodes under gradient electric fields, and calculate the influence of electric field on the photoelectric performance of nanopillars by numerical analysis. The computational results indicate that external electric fields, along with internal electric fields within heterojunctions affecting carrier transport, effectively regulate the emission performance of nanopillar array cathodes. Gradient-enhanced electric field can significantly enhance the quantum efficiency of nanopillar arrays. The presence of heterojunctions’ internal electric fields allows for modulation of the quantum efficiency amplitude of nanopillars while preventing breakdown, thereby providing a theoretical basis for developing high-efficiency field-assisted infrared cathodes.
A strong order 1.5 boundary preserving discretization scheme for scalar SDEs defined in a domain
Authors: Liu Ruishu , Neuenkirch Andreas , Wang Xiaojie
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we study the strong approximation of scalar stochastic differential equations (SDEs), which take values in a domain and have non-Lipschitz coefficients. By combining a Lamperti-type transformation with a semi-implicit discretization approach and a taming strategy, we construct a domain-preserving scheme that strongly converges under weak assumptions. Moreover, we show that this scheme has strong convergence order

1.5
1.5

under additional assumptions on the coefficients of the SDE. In our scheme, the domain preservation is a consequence of the semi-implicit discretization approach, while the taming strategy allows controlling terms of the scheme that admit singularities but are required to obtain the desired order.

Our general convergence results are applied to various SDEs from applications, with sub-linearly or super-linearly growing and non-globally Lipschitz coefficients. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate our theoretical findings.
Gromov–Witten theory: From curve counts to string theory
Authors: Clader Emily
Published: September 2024

Enumerative gemoetry is a discipline with roots dating back to antiquity, but it experienced an unexpected revolution in the late twentieth century when theoretical physicists became interested in its connection to string theory. The structure of physical systems led to striking predictions about curve-counting, and the field of Gromov-Witten theory grew up around mathematicians’ attempts to explain rigorously why such predictions should hold. This chapter is a broad overview of the subject of Gromov-Witten theory, giving a tour of some of the fundamental definitions, methods, and open questions in the field.
The People Overthrew the Regimes
Authors: Toska Silvana
Published: September 2024

This chapter pairs two countries that had successful revolutions, but which differed in many other aspects. It shows the effects of a neighboring revolt, in Tunisia, on how revolutionaries understood their own mobilization and chances for success and how existing organizations—youth activists and labor unions—used mobilizing emotions to their advantage. It examines the different interactions between protesters and the military in each country using interviews and secondary data. It shows how protesters spoke directly to the military in order to turn them to their cause, and how the military was biding its time before deciding whether to stay with the regime or defect, and that the emotional power of the protests influenced loyal militaries’ decisions to defect.
‘Mentor, friend, teacher, and learner’: The beauty, opportunities, and challenges of heritage speakers as heritage language educators
Authors: Driver Meagan Y , DeRobles Gabriela
Published: September 2024

The last decade has seen an increased interest in heritage language education (HLE), yet only limited work is guided by in-group scholars and community members who themselves identify as heritage speakers (i.e. individuals with family connections to a non-English language). The present study addresses a lack of in-group representation in the research by investigating current barriers and opportunities in HLE through semi-structured narrative interviews with eight in-group HS educators from five different heritage language backgrounds. A thematic analysis of qualitative findings uncovered a multitude of common and critical issues experienced by HS educators, including the benefits and hardships of sharing a sociolinguistic background with HL students and the emotional roller coaster of teaching a personal HL. Findings also outline numerous needs specific to this community of educators, such as increased in-group representation in the field and greater support for social-emotional and professional success and well-being. Results suggest a number of institutional implications to empower current HS educators and encourage a pipeline from HL student to HL teacher for individuals from minoritized language backgrounds.
Sister partnership to overcome the global burden of cancer
Authors: Magné Nicolas , Sotton Sandrine , Varges Gomes Ana , Marta Gustavo Nader , Giglio Raúl Eduardo , Mesía Ricard , Psyrri Amanda , Sacco Assuntina G , Shah Jatin , Diao Peng , Malekzadeh Moghani Mona , Moreno-Acosta Pablo , Bouleftour Wafa , Deutsch Eric
Published: September 2024

Emerging countries are currently facing an increasing burden of cancer while they do not have adequate prevention, monitoring, and research capabilities to tackle the disease. Cancer outcomes are influenced by several factors, including different cancer patterns, national cancer screening guidelines, current stage of disease, and access to quality care and treatments. Discrepancies in cancer care between emerging and developed countries require actions to achieve global health equity. The process of pioneering a sister relationship in the oncology field can thwart the global burden of cancer. The objective of such cooperation programs should include research and training programs, evidence-based oncology practice, and quality cancer. Building global connections will therefore be the novel approach to addressing the global burden of cancer.
Hepatocellular adenoma update: diagnosis, molecular classification, and clinical course
Authors: Poetter-Lang Sarah , Ba-Ssalamah Ahmed , Bastati Nina , Ba-Ssalamah Sami A , Hodge Jacqueline C , Brancatelli Giuseppe , Paradis Valérie , Vilgrain Valérie
Published: September 2024

Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are acquired focal liver lesions, that occur mainly in young-to-middle-aged women who are on long-term estrogen-containing contraceptives or young men after prolonged use of anabolic steroids. Furthermore, distinct underlying diseases, such as obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, glycogen storage disease, etc. are considered risk factors. The 2017 Bordeaux classification, in particular Nault et al, divided HCAs into eight subtypes according to their pheno- and genotypic characteristics. This includes HCAs with hepatocyte-nuclear-factor (HNF1-alpha mutation), HCAs with β-catenin mutation, and HCAs without either of these genetic mutations, which are further subdivided into HCAs with and without inflammatory cells. HCAs should no longer be classified as purely benign without histologic workup since three of the eight subtypes are considered high-risk lesions, requiring adequate management: malignant transformation of the pure (ßex3-HCA) and mixed inflammatory/β-catenin exon 3 (ßex3-IHCA) adenomas, as well as potential bleeding of the sonic hedgehog HCA and pure (ßex7/8-HCA) and mixed inflammatory/β-catenin exon 7/8 (ßex7/8-IHCA). Elective surgery is recommended for any HCA in a male, or for any HCA exceeding 5 cm. Although MRI can classify up to 80% of adenomas, if findings are equivocal, biopsy remains the reference standard for adenoma subtype.
Risk of metachronous neoplasia in early-onset colorectal cancer: meta-analysis
Authors: Pellino Gianluca , Fuschillo Giacomo , González-Sarmiento Rogelio , Martí-Gallostra Marc , Selvaggi Francesco , Espín-Basany Eloy , Perea Jose
Published: September 2024

Background

Metachronous colorectal cancer refers to patients developing a second colorectal neoplasia diagnosed at least 6 months after the initial cancer diagnosis, excluding recurrence. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer in early-onset colorectal cancer (defined as age at diagnosis of less than 50 years) and to identify risk factors.

Methods

This is a systematic review and meta-analysis performed following the PRISMA statement and registered on PROSPERO. The literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase. Only studies involving patients with early-onset colorectal cancer (less than 50 years old) providing data on metachronous colorectal cancer were included in the analysis. The primary endpoint was the risk of metachronous colorectal cancer in patients with early-onset colorectal cancer. Secondary endpoints were association with Lynch syndrome, family history and microsatellite instability.

Results

Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer was 2.6% (95% c.i. 2.287–3.007). The risk of developing metachronous colorectal cancer in early-onset colorectal cancer versus non-early-onset colorectal cancer patients demonstrated an OR of 0.93 (95% c.i. 0.760–1.141). The incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome was 18.43% (95% c.i. 15.396–21.780), and in patients with family history 10.52% (95% c.i. 5.555–17.659). The proportion of metachronous colorectal cancer tumours in the microsatellite instability population was 19.7% (95% c.i. 13.583–27.2422).

Conclusion

The risk of metachronous colorectal cancer in patients with early-onset colorectal cancer is comparable to those with advanced age, but it is higher in patients with Lynch syndrome, family history and microsatellite instability. This meta-analysis demonstrates the need to personalize the management of patients with early-onset colorectal cancer according to their risk factors.
Neurophysiological patterns reflecting vulnerability to delirium subtypes: a resting-state EEG and event-related potential study
Authors: Boord Monique S , Feuerriegel Daniel , Coussens Scott W , Davis Daniel H J , Psaltis Peter J , Garrido Marta I , Bourke Alice , Keage Hannah A D
Published: September 2024

Delirium is a common and acute neurocognitive disorder in older adults associated with increased risk of dementia and death. Understanding the interaction between brain vulnerability and acute stressors is key to delirium pathophysiology, but the neurophysiology of delirium vulnerability is not well defined. This study aimed to identify pre-operative resting-state EEG and event-related potential markers of incident delirium and its subtypes in older adults undergoing elective cardiac procedures. This prospective observational study included 58 older participants (mean age = 75.6 years, SD = 7.1; 46 male/12 female); COVID-19 restrictions limited recruitment. Baseline assessments were conducted in the weeks before elective cardiac procedures and included a 4-min resting-state EEG recording (2-min eyes open and 2-min eyes closed), a 5-min frequency auditory oddball paradigm recording, and cognitive and depression examinations. Periodic peak power, peak frequency and bandwidth measures, and aperiodic offsets and exponents were derived from resting-state EEG data. Event-related potentials were measured as mean component amplitudes (first positive component, first negative component, early third positive component, and mismatch negativity) following standard and deviant auditory stimuli. Incident delirium occurred in 21 participants: 10 hypoactive, 6 mixed, and 5 hyperactive. Incident hyperactive delirium was associated with higher pre-operative eyes open (P = 0.045, d = 1.0) and closed (P = 0.036, d = 1.0) aperiodic offsets. Incident mixed delirium was associated with significantly larger pre-operative first positive component amplitudes to deviants (P = 0.037, d = 1.0) and larger third positive component amplitudes to standards (P = 0.025, d = 1.0) and deviants (P = 0.041, d = 0.9). Other statistically non-significant but moderate-to-large effects were observed in relation to all subtypes. We report evidence of neurophysiological markers of delirium risk weeks prior to elective cardiac procedures in older adults. Despite being underpowered due to COVID-19–related recruitment impacts, these findings indicate pre-operative dysfunction in neural excitation/inhibition balance associated with different delirium subtypes and warrant further investigation on a larger scale.