bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Triple System for Regulating Women's Reproduction
Authors: Carbone June , Cahn Naomi
Published: October 2015

A half century ago, American family lives did not differ markedly by class or region; children were born to married parents, shotgun marriages helped keep the nonmarital birth rate low, and women stayed home unless economics forced them into the workplace. In that era, the Utah Supreme Court cited New York cases in addressing non-marital cohabitation and family reforms that started in California swept much of the country in short order. While we know that our halcyon memories of those years cloak substantial conflict, we did sweep much of it under the rug; politicians, judges, religious leaders, and even family sit-coms in those years expressed remarkable agreement about family aspirations.
Conceiving of Products and the Products of Conception: Reflections on Commodification, Consumption, ART, and Abortion
Authors: Madeira Jody Lyneé
Published: October 2015

Thorny and difficult questions permeate the issue of commodification of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and abortion. Are ART and abortion services or medical treatment? Are those who seek them patients or consumers? How should we understand the complex relationship between money, markets, choice, and the care relationship?

This paper rejects the dichotomy between patient and consumer roles and focuses instead on how attributes of each are meaningful to those seeking health care. Arguing that health care is already commodified, it suggests that both medicine and the market offer strategies for handling commodification. The important questions are how we understand these attributes and their role in care relationships, and which attributes we should encourage. The medical profession and patient role have long accommodated commodification, using fiduciary roles, flat fees and opaque pricing to distance payment and pricing from care provision.
Particle size distribution and morphological changes in activated carbon‐metal oxide hybrid catalysts prepared under different heating conditions
Authors: BARROSO‐BOGEAT A. , ALEXANDRE‐FRANCO M. , FERNÁNDEZ‐GONZÁLEZ C. , GÓMEZ‐SERRANO V.
Published: October 2015

In catalysis processes, activated carbon (AC) and metal oxides (MOs) are widely used either as catalysts or as catalyst supports because of their unique properties. A combination of AC and a MO in a single hybrid material entails changes not only in the composition, microstructure and texture but also in the morphology, which may largely influence the catalytic behaviour of the resulting product. This work is aimed at investigating the modifications in the morphology and particle size distribution (PSD) for AC‐MO hybrid catalysts as a result of their preparation under markedly different heating conditions. From a commercial AC and six MO (Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZnO, SnO2, TiO2 and WO3) precursors, two series of such catalysts are prepared by wet impregnation, oven‐drying at 120ºC, and subsequent heat treatment at 200ºC or 850ºC in inert atmosphere. The resulting samples are characterized in terms of their morphology and PSD by scanning electron microscopy and ImageJ processing program. Obtained results indicate that the morphology, PSD and degree of dispersion of the supported catalysts are strongly dependent both on the MO precursor and the heat treatment temperature. With the temperature rise, trends are towards the improvement of crystallinity, the broadening of the PSD and the increase in the average particle size, thus suggesting the involvement of sintering mechanisms. Such effects are more pronounced for the Fe, Sn and W catalysts due to the reduction of the corresponding MOs by AC during the heat treatment at 850ºC.
The Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders and Pelvic Surgery on Women's Sexual Satisfaction and Function
Authors: Yount Susan M.
Published: October 2015

Pelvic floor disorders have a significant impact on women's daily lives. Sexual health, which includes sexual satisfaction and function, can be altered by pelvic floor disorders and pelvic surgery. This article reviews common pelvic floor disorders (pelvic organ prolapse, urinary and fecal incontinence) and the effect they have on sexual satisfaction and function. Associations between sexual function and pelvic floor disorders are described, as are the relationships between sexual function and pelvic surgery. Women of all ages need to know their options and understand the impact pelvic surgery can have on sexual satisfaction, function, and activity.
Disappearing Call Delay and Dividend‐Protected Convertible Bonds
Authors: GRUNDY BRUCE D. , VERWIJMEREN PATRICK
Published: October 2015

Firms do not historically call their convertible bonds as soon as conversion can be forced. A number of explanations for the delay rely on the size of the dividends that bondholders forgo so long as they do not convert. We investigate an important change in convertible security design, namely, dividend protection of convertible bond issues. Dividend protection means that the conversion value of the convertible bond is unaffected by dividend payments and thus dividend‐related rationales for call delay become moot. We document that call delay is near zero for dividend‐protected convertible bonds.
American Beaux–Arts Architects and The Decoration of Houses: Elucidating French Academic Influences for a Seminal Literary Work
Authors: Al Shihabi Diane Viegut
Published: October 2015

Ogden Codman and Edith Wharton's book, The Decoration of Houses (1897), is considered among the most important books on interior decoration and classical architecture published in America (Reed, 1997, p. xi; Wilson, 2007; Holm 1997). Given the authors’ limited training and prior experience in decorating houses, this study questions the extent that their authoritative advice comprised their own ideas and explores broader influences for Decoration's development. It appraises how the American Beaux–Arts movement impelled the seminal literary work and seeks to establish that American Beaux–Arts architects and French design theory were primary sources for Decoration's prescribed methodologies. Significantly, the study proposes an alternate view of the development of Decoration, and the process of simplification and unification of interiors and architecture in the late nineteenth century. By considering Decoration from an interiors perspective in relationship to French design theory, it is set apart from the work of previous scholars, who have examined the book from art historical, sociocultural, and literary perspectives. In this way, it broadens understanding of social class and professional competitions based on the aesthetics of taste in architecture and interior decoration.
The Rhetoric Of Context
Authors: Lee Jung H.
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a critical appraisal of the recent turn in comparative religious ethics to virtue theory; it argues that the specific aspirations of virtue ethicists to make ethics more contextual, interdisciplinary, and practice‐centered has in large measure failed to match the rhetoric. I suggest that the focus on the category of the human and practices associated with self‐formation along with a methodology grounded in “analogical imagination” has actually poeticized the subject matter into highly abstract textual studies on normative voices within traditions, largely in isolation from considerations of socio‐historical context, political and institutional pressures, and the lived ethics of non‐elite moral actors. I conclude with some programmatic suggestions for how the field of comparative religious ethics can move forward.
Redeeming the Acquired Virtues
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A.
Published: October 2015

The probing readings of Putting On Virtue offered by Sheryl Overmyer, Darlene Weaver, and James Foster provide a welcome opportunity for further reflection on key questions: Was Aquinas really concerned with the status of pagan virtues? Can we properly understand a thinker whose driving questions are not the same as our own without taking up a stance of pure deference? Can an inquiry into hyper‐Augustinian anxiety over acquired virtue assist us in arriving at an account of positive self‐regard? Can an account that stresses the graced character of all virtue formation be coherent? And can it do justice to the ways in which Christians reached for accounts of infused virtue precisely in order to affirm how grace overcomes the ways in which fortune hounds acquired virtue? I respond affirmatively to all of the above.
Team‐Based Approaches in Early Intervention Services for Children With Disabilities: Irish Parents' Experiences
Authors: Fitzgerald Noelle , Ryan Patrick , Fitzgerald Amanda
Published: October 2015

The authors report on a study addressing gaps in the literature regarding parents' experiences of team‐based approaches for their children with disabilities in practice in early intervention services. Specifically, this study examined the facilitators and barriers of the multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary models through a qualitative, grounded theory approach employed in which semi‐structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 19 parents (15 mothers and four fathers from 18 families) of children with disabilities from two early intervention services in Ireland. The results revealed that both models contained client‐centered values for parents, such as enabling a child/family‐centered model and facilitating parent empowerment. Also, parents reported a range of obstacles, which included misuse of time, inefficient delivery of services, lack of support, and their sense of confusion shifting from one model to another. The delivery of a key working system was also seen as worthwhile by parents. The authors concluded that parents placed the highest value on team guidance and teams' ability to promote optimal development for children. The authors note that their findings suggest that considerable gaps remain between policy and service provision in early intervention services in the Republic of Ireland regarding implementation of best practice team models for children with disabilities and their families.
The Linguistic Geography of the French of Northern France: Do We Have the Basic Data?
Authors: Hall Damien
Published: October 2015

Linguistic geography and dialectology in France have a long and distinguished history. Much foundational early work on the geography of accents and dialects was done there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the work of Gilliéron and Edmont, and their successors. Later, such distinguished figures as Martinet, Walter and others continued the tradition. Most of this dialectology, though, has in common the fact that it is done by ear: a trained fieldworker interviews participants and writes down what he / she hears. Meanwhile, in the United States, Labov, Ash and Boberg have pioneered a new method of phonetic and phonological dialectology, where maps are made not from a linguist's impressions of sounds but from actual phonetic measurements of those sounds. This article describes the French dialectological tradition and these more recent techniques from the United States, then goes on to describe Towards A New Linguistic Atlas of France (TANLAF), a project which will apply these American phonetic and phonological techniques to the linguistic geography of the regional French varieties of Northern France.
Thomistic Reflections on Teleology and Contemporary Biological Research
Authors: Tkacz Michael W.
Published: October 2015

Modern biologists often claim to be committed to a strong reductionist conception of scientific explanation, in contrast to the teleological explanations of medieval natural philosophers. Attention to the actual explanatory strategies used in contemporary biological research, however, reveals a dependence on final cause explanations. A good example can be found in adaptation studies where explanation is typically in terms of optimal design models. Such optimality models are teleological precisely in the way Thomas Aquinas and Albertus Magnus insisted explanation of natural forms must be. Consequently, the non-reductionist conception of final cause defended by Neo-Aristotelian philosophers of science is entirely consistent with common modes of explanation used by contemporary biological researchers.
The Short‐Term Effects of Mediation on Low‐Intensity Civil Wars
Authors: DeRouen Karl , Möller Frida
Published: October 2015

International diplomacy, to the extent it is effective, should not only prevent escalation of low‐intensity conflict, but should also facilitate de‐escalation. This article focuses on the short‐term effects of managing low‐intensity civil wars through third‐party mediation. Specifically, we compare the efficacy of third party‐mediated direct (face‐to‐face) and indirect talks in low‐intensity civil wars from 1993 to 2004 using the Managing Intrastate Low‐Intensity Conflict data set. We argue that a focus on short‐term success is valid because of the relationship among mediation, short‐term success, humanitarian aid access, and peacebuilding. We also assess the roles of mediator identity, mediation strategy (behavior focus versus incompatibility focus), peace agreements, war type, per capita gross domestic product, level of democracy, and conflict duration. Our overarching finding is that direct forms of mediation in which all parties meet face to face were the most likely to yield short‐term success in the sample of civil wars that we analyzed.
Fostering Student Engagement in Negotiation Role Plays
Authors: Poitras Jean , Stimec Arnaud , Hill Kevin
Published: October 2015

Student engagement occurs when students are significantly motivated to invest in their learning behaviorally, cognitively, and emotionally. Although research has shown that higher engagement leads to deeper learning, the importance of student engagement in role plays has been underestimated in negotiation pedagogy. More specifically, role plays that fail to provide authentic experiences or to capture students' interest may lead to suboptimal learning due to a lack of engagement. To help foster learning from role plays, we propose two frames of reference for improving their design: ecological validity and vested interest. Using these frameworks, we suggest strategies to create more authentic and interesting role plays and thus promote richer learning for students.
History of the spruce–fir forest in the Catskill Mountains of New York
Authors: Kudish Michael
Published: October 2015

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) were present by 13,700 years B.C.E. in the Catskills Mountains of southeastern New York State. These conifers were, and still are, largely confined to the eastern and far western portions of the region. A gap in the distribution exists between these populations. Both species are absent from the intervening East Branch Delaware River watershed. No red spruce macrofossils were found in this watershed, suggesting that this conifer never colonized the gap postglacially. Rare macrofossils of balsam fir were found in only three of the 24 peatlands in this watershed, the conifer having disappeared between 11,300 and 8,200 years B.C.E.
Economic aspects of intraoperative coagulation management targeting higher fibrinogen concentrations during major craniosynostosis surgery
Authors: Haas Thorsten , Spielmann Nelly , Restin Tanja , Schmidt Alexander R. , Schmugge Markus , Cushing Melissa M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Results of a previously published study demonstrated a significant decrease in transfusion requirements and calculated blood loss for pediatric major craniosynostosis surgery, if a ROTEM® FIBTEM trigger of <13 mm (early substitution group) was applied as compared to a trigger of <8 mm (conventional group). The aim of this study was a posthoc analysis of the costs for this coagulation management.

Methods

The total volume as well as the number of units or bags for all transfused blood products and coagulation factors were recorded for each case. The number of laboratory and point‐of‐care coagulation tests was also analyzed. Total blood product costs were calculated according to the local prices per unit.

Results

The total cost for all transfused/administered blood products/coagulation factors per patient was a median of 1023EUR (IQR 850EUR–1058EUR) in the early substitution group as compared to a median of 910EUR (IQR 719EUR–1351EUR) in the conventional group (P = 0.81). No difference in the number of coagulation tests performed was observed.

Conclusion

In this study, the use of a higher fibrinogen trigger was not linked to a significant increase in total costs for transfused blood products and coagulation factors, and may offer an economically equivalent approach to coagulation management.
The presumed central nervous system effects of rocuronium in a neonate and its reversal with sugammadex
Authors: Langley Ross J. , McFadzean Jillian , McCormack Jon
Published: October 2015

We describe a 2‐day‐old male infant who received rocuronium as part of general anesthesia for a tracheal esophageal fistula repair. Postoperatively, he had prolonged central and peripheral neuromuscular blockade despite cessation of the rocuronium infusion several hours previously. This case discusses the presumed central nervous system effects of rocuronium in a neonate and its effective reversal with sugammadex.
Ecthyma Gangrenosum–Like Lesions Secondary to Methicillin‐Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in an Immunocompetent Child
Authors: Song Silvia S. , Matiz Catalina , Tom Wynnis L. , Calame Antoanella , Krakowski Andrew C. , Friedlander Sheila F.
Published: October 2015

We describe a previously healthy 15‐month‐old girl who developed ecthyma gangrenosum (EG)–like lesions secondary to methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Her systemic symptoms and negative blood cultures suggested MSSA toxin‐mediated effects. When toxin‐mediated systemic symptoms accompany such lesions, pathogens other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be considered.
Feminist Peace Activism 1915 and 2010: Are We Nearly There Yet?
Authors: Sharp Ingrid
Published: October 2015

In 1915, over one thousand women from warring and neutral nations met at The Hague to protest against the First World War. In 1919, some of them met again in Zurich to discuss ways of building a sustainable peace. Focusing on the concepts of human security and positive peace, this article compares these activists' vision of a gendered peace with the principles underlying UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) and considers whether the barriers and obstacles to women's participation in formal peace negotiations have been overcome. It also considers whether the Hague women's work for peace was informed by a discourse of human rights. The comparison works to improve our historical understanding as well as revealing how attitudes to war, peace, and gender have developed over the intervening period. The experience since passage of UNSCR 1325 has shown that UN Resolutions alone do not guarantee women's effective inclusion in peacebuilding. The failure since 2000 to tackle gender‐based violence, sexual trafficking, and rape during and after conflict also shows the limitations of a human rights discourse that does not explicitly address the differences between men's and women's experiences.
Side‐Door Diplomacy: Herbert Hoover, FDR, and United States–Japanese Negotiations, 1941
Authors: Garry Clifford J. , Okura Masako Rachel
Published: October 2015

This article recounts former president Herbert Hoover's secret efforts to avert war between Japan and the United States in 1941, culminating in his behind‐the‐scenes intervention to encourage an eleventh hour modus vivendi just a few days before Pearl Harbor. Throughout the spring, summer, and fall of 1941, Hoover believed he had inside information about Japanese–American relations through his unique access to Japan's Ambassador Kichisaburo Nomura. Hoover's close associates William R. Castle (former undersecretary of state) and John C. O'Laughlin (publisher of the Army‐Navy Journal) both talked regularly with Nomura and reported back to the “chief.” Hoover's last‐minute involvement in December was facilitated by Raoul Desvernine, an attorney for the Japanese embassy. Hoover's failure to avert war confirmed his belief that FDR's rigidity amounted to “sticking pins in tigers” and guaranteed U.S. entry into World War II via the Pacific “back door.” This essay will assess Hoover's secret, if sometimes misguided, efforts to prevent a war that neither he nor his successor could stop.
“Courage Is Not Something You Have Alone”: Social Supports and Persistent Peace Activism among World War II Conscientious Objectors in the Minnesota Twin Cities
Authors: Rogne Leah
Published: October 2015

In the shadow of a persistent metanarrative that places service in “the good war” as the defining moment of “the Greatest Generation,” the story of conscientious objectors during World War II and their contribution to the peace movement of the twentieth century remains a largely untold story. This article examines the life stories of a group of World War II conscientious objectors in the Minnesota Twin Cities and the sources of social support that helped them maintain a dissident political identity over a 40‐ to 50‐year adult life span.
Descartes on Human Freedom
Authors: Jayasekera Marie
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I explore René Descartes' conception of human freedom. I begin with the key interpretive challenges of Descartes' remarks and then turn to two foundational issues in the secondary literature: the philosophical backdrop of Descartes' remarks and the notions of freedom that commentators have used to characterize Descartes. The remainder of the paper is focused on the main current debate: Descartes' position on the relationship between freedom and determinism.
Normative Reasons for Love, Part I
Authors: Smuts Aaron
Published: October 2015

Are there normative reasons for love? More specifically, is it possible to rationally justify love? Or can we at best provide explanations for why we love? In Part I of this entry, I discuss the nature of love, theories of emotion, and what it takes to justify an attitude. In Part II, I provide an overview of the various positions one might take on the rational justification of love. I focus on the debate between defenders of the no‐reasons view and the reasons view. Along the way, I discuss the significance of falling in love, the problem of trading up, and the notion of irreplaceability. I evaluate attempts to justify love based on the intrinsic and the relational properties of the beloved.
Designing Development: Humanitarian Design in the Financial Inclusion Assemblage
Authors: Schwittay Anke
Published: October 2015

This article examines the emergence of a new group of development experts who tackle development problems in “innovative” ways: professional designers and the organizations that fund them. What has become known as humanitarian design is an instantiation of the afterlives of development, which redefines the problem of development as eliciting the needs of poor clients and creating mechanisms so that they can provide feedback on proposed solutions. This reframing results in hybrid forms of development knowledge that combine business and entrepreneurial objectives with concerns about designers’ moral responsibilities in the contemporary world. The use of humanitarian design in creating formal financial products and services for the poor is analyzed through the work of the Institute for Money, Technology, and Financial Inclusion.
Give Me Children or Else I Die: The Politics and Policy of Cross‐Border Reproductive Care
Authors: Ireni‐Saban Liza
Published: October 2015

The global market of assisted reproductive technology (ART) offers new potential for reproduction, but at the same time opens a Pandora's box by confronting states with cross‐border reproductive care (CBRC) side effects. Literature on CBRC raises the adverse consequences associated with mixing the commercial and the intimate in different institutional, cultural, social, and national settings. The absence of any international or global regulations for governing CBRC has left each state to address the impacts and their attendant costs by themselves. Analyzed through the theoretical lens of vulnerability, I suggest instituting an international regulatory network based on a quasi‐public entity analogous to the United Nations, combined with widening the scope of statutory legislation of ART to include full coverage, broadening accessibility to ART, and improving safety and quality standards that should be contemplated with social capital provided by communities and groups to enhance individuals' coping capacities.

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The Logic of Dispute Initiation under NAFTA Chapter 19
Authors: Thomas Martha
Published: October 2015

Focusing on the North American Free Trade Agreement Chapter 19's dispute settlement mechanism, this article examines why industries in one country initiate disputes at the regional level appealing trade policy in another country. I argue that industries take into account both external and internal dynamics when deciding on dispute initiation. As it relates to external factors, I posit that industries are more likely to dispute unfavorable rulings when they perceive that political pressure from interest groups and looming elections in the protectionist country influenced that ruling. With respect to internal considerations, I contend that wealthy and more concentrated industries will be more likely to appeal unfavorable rulings. Empirical analysis support these arguments by showing that appeals are more likely the closer a ruling is to an election in the protected market, the larger and more concentrated the protected industry, and the wealthier and more concentrated the plaintiff industry.

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The Science‐Natural Resource Policy Relationship: How Aspects of Diffusion Theory Explain Data Selection for Making Biodiversity Management Decisions
Authors: Gerlach John David , Williams Laron K. , Forcina Colleen E.
Published: October 2015

This study extends a previous project which examined the salience of neo‐institutional theory in explaining how data are selected for use in making and implementing biodiversity management decisions. Our prior findings prompted us to examine the selection of data from federal, state or local, and nongovernmental sources using aspects of diffusion theory. We argue that diffusion theory also possesses explanatory value regarding the identification and selection of data within a natural resource agency. We empirically test our theory by analyzing original data collected from a 2007 survey of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service field offices. We find that drivers of diffusion identified by previous research are explanatory of how data are selected. Specifically, perceptions of other field offices’ data selection procedures and collaboration with interest or advocacy groups aid in explaining field office data selection. The results enhance our understanding of the science‐natural resource policy relationship.

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The role of research incentives in medical research organisations
Authors: Derrick Gemma E. , Bryant Chris
Published: October 2015

This paper investigates the effectiveness of institutionalised financial incentive programmes designed to encourage researchers to engage in high‐impact publishing and commercialisation. Five Australian medical research institutes were analysed, three of which were offering financial incentives for high‐impact publishing and two offering financial incentives for commercialisation engagement. The perception of incentives for commercialisation and research productivity within the organisations with incentive schemes was compared with that of organisations without these schemes. We found that incentive policies are effective only if researchers already hold desirable goals with regard to their societal contracts, effectively ‘crowding in’ these behaviours. Researchers also stated that they believed that high‐impact publishing and commercialisation engagement were only possible for large groups of authors and fields. For researchers in smaller fields, the current structures of incentives were ineffective as incentives but instead acted as rewards for when these activities did occur. Alternatively, the existence of these incentives offered researchers options for salary remuneration, attracting high‐quality researchers and increasing the organisation's level of prestige as a result. It is recommended that institutional incentive programmes should concentrate on controlling field differences in order to effectively influence rather than simply reward researcher behaviour.
The influence of material resources on innovation projects: the role of resource elasticity
Authors: Weiss Matthias , Hoegl Martin , Gibbert Michael
Published: October 2015

More (rather than fewer) material resources are thought to be the key driver in innovation project performance. Recent empirical evidence, however, suggests that the influence of material resource availability on innovation projects is not as simple and straightforwardly positive as it may seem. We build on the concept of an innovation project team's resource elasticity to disentangle the material resource–innovation output conundrum. This concept is analogous to the marketing concept of price elasticity and points to four types of innovation project teams based on their resource elasticity: In resource‐elastic teams, the relationship between material resources and innovation outcomes is positive (hence, they are ‘resource driven’ when able to dispose of adequate material resources or ‘resource victims’ when lacking these material resources). In contrast, and as a significant departure from previous work, resource‐inelastic teams show no or even a negative relationship between material resource adequacy and team performance (thus, the teams are ‘resourceful’ if they can perform with limited material resources or ‘resource burners’ if they show low success with adequate material resources). Because neither adequate nor inadequate material resources seem to be a reliable predictor of success, we synthesize empirical research efforts that point to each team type's key characteristics to derive novel implications for managing innovation projects.
Managing Nanotechnology Risks in Vulnerable Populations: A Case for Gender Diversity
Authors: Savath Vivien , Brainard Suzanne Gage
Published: October 2015

Funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN), this study asks qualitatively analyzes interviews with 48 nanoscientist users at four NNIN facilities. The main research questions were: (1) Do nanotechnologies pose unique social and ethical concerns?; (2) how are the risks associated with nanotechnology distributed among different human populations?; (3) what are specific policy steps that can be used to manage such risks? This study purposefully oversampled female scientists to correct for the historical underrepresentation of women in the nanotechnology workforce. By amplifying the voice of this science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce minority, the policy discussion contained herein better reflects the concerns of the general population. The results, analyzed with the aid of qualitative data analysis software, yield interesting differences in risk characterization among the scientists and innovative policy suggestions for the nanoscience community and regulators alike.
Agenda Setting in Emergent R&D Policy Subsystems: Examining Discourse Effects of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act
Authors: Anderson Derrick , Slade Catherine P.
Published: October 2015

The literature on government responsiveness to societal issues is extensive but provides a mixed assessment of effectiveness. We examine this issue in the case of policy addressing effective and safe management of research and development in the emerging field of nanotechnology. Specifically, we examine the agenda setting effects of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (the Act), a piece of legislation designed to be implemented by a network of actors in the nanotechnology research and development policy subsystem. We adopt a public values lens in our examination of discourse related to societal concerns. Policy documents from Congress, an agency, and federal funding recipients are examined. Findings suggest a narrowing of public values discourse around more specific societal concerns in the documents crafted after the Act was passed.
“The Train Has Left the Station”: The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies and the Shaping of Nanotechnology Policy in the United States
Authors: Michelson Evan S.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efforts of the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (PEN) in seeking to influence nanotechnology policy in the United States. Using the conceptual framework of anticipatory governance to guide the analysis, a series of strategies that PEN adopted will be described, including leveraging external expertise, developing cross‐disciplinary research products, providing a future‐oriented view on policy analysis, and building a brand for communications and outreach. This case study is a useful example in demonstrating the recent conceptual shift away from relying on government‐led technology assessment efforts to consider the longer‐term implications of new technologies toward the concept of anticipatory governance that includes a more substantive role for nongovernmental actors, that in providing forward‐looking, actionable intelligence for decision makers. Considering the example of PEN also highlights the critical role that boundary‐spanning organizations play in linking together disparate communities of expertise.
Hungry for Information: Public Attitudes Toward Food Nanotechnology and Labeling
Authors: Brown Jonathan , Kuzma Jennifer
Published: October 2015

What people think about food nanotechnology (nanofood) is under‐explored in the United States, especially outside of quantitative surveys. As such, we set out to examine public attitudes toward food nanotechnology in conversational, focus group settings in order to identify policy options for nanofood governance, and in particular, options for labeling. Through analysis of focus groups in six U.S. locations, we found that the vast majority of the participants wanted nanotechnology labels for all types of food products, and most were willing to pay a premium for labeling. Participants cited abilities to choose and avoid potential risk as the main purposes of nanofood labels. However, they recognized that labels alone do not provide much meaning and that information concerning food nanotechnology products needs to be sought and supplied beyond the label to enable informed choices. Additionally, willingness‐to‐use and risk–benefit perceptions varied according to the position and intended functions of the nanomaterials in food products.
REGIONAL AND SECTORAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PORTUGAL SINCE JOINING THE EUROPEAN UNION: A DYNAMIC PORTRAIT
Authors: Melo Irina , Ferreira‐Lopes Alexandra , Monteiro Henrique
Published: October 2015

Despite few studies regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) in Portugal – especially regarding its effects – FDI can be an important catalyst for regional economic development and growth. This work studies existing FDI in the Portuguese regions, analyzing its distribution by Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics III, the sectors in which FDI has more weight in each region, and its evolution from 1986–2009. Although the relative weight of FDI firms in Portugal remained constant over the years analyzed (around 1%), at the same time these firms spread to all regions of the country, not only concentrating in Lisboa and Porto, the main economic and service agglomerations. Regions attracted FDI not only in specialized sectors, but also for other activities, diversifying the regional productive structure of the country. The increase and diversification of FDI coincided with the tertiarization of the economy, being closer to the productive specialization pattern of the country, while continuing to focus mainly on manufacturing.
A Place for Individual Differences in What Everyone Knows About What Everyone Does: Positive Affect, Cognitive Processes, and Cognitive Experiential Self Theory
Authors: Burton Chad , Heintzelman Samantha , King Laura
Published: October 2015

Individual differences are often incorporated into experimental research to elucidate inconsistent effects. We argue that the inclusion of such differences into established and seemingly straightforward findings is imperative to the goal of reaching a more complete understanding about the processes of interest. Drawing on research on the cognitive effects of positive affect, we illustrate how integrating individual differences in cognitive processing styles to this literature might lead to a more nuanced understanding of the impact of affect on cognitive processes. The addition of individual differences to psychological research should be seen as a means to a thorough scientific comprehension of a topic rather than as burdensome caveats to otherwise straightforward findings.
Reflections on the Concept of Social Exclusion and the Australian Social Inclusion Agenda
Authors: Saunders Peter
Published: October 2015

Social inclusion has been at the centre of the Australian social policy agenda since the Australian Labor Party (ALP) was elected to government in 2007. Since then, the government has set in place a series of administrative, consultative and measurement structures designed to improve understanding of the issue, to monitor change and to help develop appropriate policy responses. However, while much has been achieved, it remains unclear whether the new policy focus has made a substantive difference in practice to what would have been achieved by any new centre‐left government coming to office after a decade of policy reform driven by a combination of social conservatism and economic neo‐liberalism. This article describes how the Australian social inclusion policy agenda has evolved since 2007, reviews recent research developments and presents new findings on recent changes in different dimensions of exclusion. Attention also focuses on the problems associated with identifying instances of exclusion in general, on the overlap/relationship between exclusion and poverty, and on the impact of exclusion and poverty on subjective well‐being.
A Study of Highly Qualified Science Teachers' Career Trajectory in the Deep, Rural South: Examining a Link Between Deprofessionalization and Teacher Dissatisfaction
Authors: Hodges Georgia W. , Tippins Deborah , Oliver J. Steve
Published: October 2015

Science teacher retention, attrition, and migration continue to perplex educational scholars, political entities, as well as the general public. This study utilized an interpretive methodological design to generate assertions regarding career choice made by highly qualified science teachers in the deep, rural South through analysis of documents, interviews, focus groups, and observation. Generally considered “difficult to staff” because of location, socioeconomics, and demographics,WilsonCountyHighSchool is an exemplar in science teacher retention and student achievement. Findings presented include how the science department atWilsonCounty improved student learning outcomes as well as the reasons why two of the highly qualified science teachers at this school were considering leaving the profession they love.
Probing the basis of soil resilience
Authors: Corstanje R. , Deeks L. R. , Whitmore A. P. , Gregory A. S. , Ritz K.
Published: October 2015

Soils need to be resilient to deliver the functions required of them when subjected to perturbations within the context of short‐ and long‐term environmental change. A better understanding of the basis of resilience will likely underpin improved management of poorer soils to enhance their resilience, as well as allowing effective management of all soils in the longer term. In this study, resilience was defined as resistance (degree of change) coupled with recovery (rate and extent of subsequent recovery) from a disturbance. Modelling of factors that drive resilience of a prescribed physical (void ratio) and biological (respiration) soil function was carried out on published data pertaining to 38 English and Scottish soils. This revealed that soil taxonomic class, parent material and soil texture appeared dominant in determining soil resilience in general, and aspects of the soil microbial community were also pertinent. It is notable that land use and organic matter content, which are commonly hypothesized to be influential in this regard, ranked amongst the lowest significant factors. However, these conclusions are based upon the very limited coherent data sets currently available. The key implication of an apparent context dependency of the resistance and resilience phenomena is that management of them is likely to be possible, but not via a single or direct approach. It may require specific approaches in particular circumstances, and it is possible that the system‐level configuration of the soil is of greater consequence than individual factors. Hence, a system‐level approach to management of soils is likely to be the most effective strategy, and this should be considered in developing policy scenarios in relation to soil management.
Multifaith Education in American Theological Schools: Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Authors: Baird Justus
Published: October 2015

The period 2002–2012 saw remarkable developments in multifaith education at American theological schools. Looking ahead, multifaith education in theological schools is poised to enter a new phase of broad engagement and development. This essay focuses on three aspects of the practice of multifaith education in seminaries. It first presents a brief historical overview of the initiatives and institutions that pioneered multifaith education in theological schools. It then summarizes findings from surveys, reports, and collegial gatherings about the pedagogy of multifaith education. Finally, eight questions for practitioners of multifaith education seminaries to explore in the future are offered.
Being Shaped by the Ritual Practices of Others: a Classroom Reflection
Authors: Hess Lisa M.
Published: October 2015

This reflection offers a glimpse into a Masters' level practical theology course in “wisdom formation” for its potential implications and contributions in multifaith education. Instigated by an unexpected companionship between the two instructors – an eighth‐generation rabbi, leader of CLAL (the Center for Learning and Leadership) and a Presbyterian practical theologian in a free‐standing United Methodist seminary – this elective course was developed for Christian and Jewish ministry students, though it eventually evolved into a required Masters of Divinity course in theologies of religious pluralism and interreligious/intercultural encounter. The course's structure and implementation are described, followed by difficulties faced and potential implications for multifaith education, specifically those in disciplinary formation, institutional stewardship, and the diverse contexts and questions for teaching and learning.
Relationship Building through Narrative Sharing: A Retreat for Muslim and Jewish Emerging Religious Leaders
Authors: Kreimer Nancy Fuchs
Published: October 2015

The author and her colleagues planned and led three retreats to build relationships between rabbinical students and Muslim leaders of tomorrow. Narrative Pedagogy served to inform the creation of these immersive experiences. The retreats made use of the shared scriptural traditions around Joseph (Torah) and Yusuf (Qur'an) to build connections based on a common passion for text study. Parallel to the academic exploration of religious and cultural narratives, participants wove connections based on an ethos of appreciative inquiry and the guided sharing of personal stories. Carefully structured exercises provided a container for the growth of understanding and connection.
Pituitary aspergillosis in a kidney transplant recipient and review of the literature
Authors: Vijayvargiya P. , Javed I. , Moreno J. , Mynt M.A. , Kotapka M. , Zaki R. , Ortiz J.
Published: October 2015

Pituitary aspergillosis is a very rare disease, documented in only 12 cases. Although seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, serious invasive sequelae, such as meningoencephalitis and death, have been noted in immunocompromised patients. Immunocompromised patients are susceptible and require complex multidisciplinary care to contain the spread of infection and maximize outcomes. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, of pituitary aspergillosis in the setting of an organ transplant. A 68‐year‐old woman presented with cephalgia, left temporal hemianopsia, and ptosis. Non‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a sellar mass, which was believed to be a benign pituitary adenoma. She underwent trans‐sphenoidal resection, and subsequent histopathologic examination showed aspergillosis. She was subsequently started on voriconazole. On postoperative day 3, she developed a left anterior cerebral artery ischemic stroke, likely from Aspergillus angioinvasion and occlusion. Her mental status declined further and she died when care was withdrawn.
Not a History Lesson: The Erasure of Politics in American Cinema
Authors: Ortner Sherry B.
Published: October 2015

There is a long‐standing distinction in Hollywood between “entertainment” and everything else. The “everything else” includes among other things any direct address of political subjects, which are assumed to turn American audiences off. This article presents both an ethnographic account of this Hollywood ideology and an examination of several recent films in terms of their different strategies for erasing politics, both narratively and visually. It also reviews some of the theories of how this ideology became hegemonic in the world of American film, and how it plays out at different historical periods.