bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuel Planning in Small Power Craft
Authors: Bartlett Tim
Published: October 2009

Engine performance data, including fuel consumption data, is freely available in the sales literature published by most of the major manufacturer' or marinizers of diesel engines. Boatbuilders, similarly, quote the fuel capacity of their craft in all but the most superficial of brochures.
The Military Plan for European Navigation into the 21st Century
Authors: Bogg R.
Published: October 2009

For the foreseeable future, and despite a forecast reduction in the amount of activity, military flying will continue to embrace the diverse requirements of low, medium, and high-level route navigation, as well as the less structured, but more demanding, tactical navigation, principally carried out at low-level. As East-West relations have improved, defence budgets have come under increasing pressure and, whereas military projects have been in the vanguard of navigation system development in the past, the stagnation of military flying rates has been overshadowed by a dramatic expansion in the commercial sector. Consequently, the balance has shifted and many developments in all spheres of navigation are now led by civil requirements. Nevertheless, there continues to be close cooperation within NATO, with nations attempting to keep in step with each other and with international developments.
Civil Marine Radar Developments in the Eighties
Authors: Ibbetson E. R.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at an RIN meeting on ‘Air and Marine Radar Developments’ on Wednesday 16 January 1991.

During the last decade there have been significant developments in the civil marine radar field, resulting in: (1) Improved radar detection performance; (2) Improved operational facilities; (3) Improved reliability; (4) High brightness, daylight viewing, colour and monochrome displays with full ARPA performance; (5) Integrated radar and navigation systems; (6) Reduction in costs.
The Future Navigation of Small Craft Both at Sea and in the Air
Authors: Page David
Published: October 2009

This is a synopsis of a paper that formed the 1991 Anderson Memorial Lecture. It was presented at a combined meeting of the Bristol Channel and Boscombe Down branches on 21 February 1991
ECDIS Sea Trials
Authors: Spaans J. A.
Published: October 2009

In 1989 the International Maritime Organization (IMO) published its Provisional Performance Standards (PPS) for ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems) and asked member governments to assess these standards and submit their findings to the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation. IMO intends to finalize the standards in 1993.
The Shortest Distance Between Two Nearly Antipodean Points on the Surface of a Spheroid
Authors: Williams R. , Phythian J. E.
Published: October 2009

Lambert, in his paper entitled The distance between two widely separated points on the surface of the Earth, published in 1942, having given a solution which was applicable in most cases, stated that there was a particular problem in determining the shortest distance between two nearly antipodean points on the surface of the spheroidal Earth but this was not fully analysed in that paper.
Geostationary Augmentation of Global Satellite Navigation–1991 Update
Authors: Kinal George V. , Nagle Jim
Published: October 2009

This paper and the following five papers were presented at the NAV91 Conference on Satellite Navigation held at Church House, London, 6–8 November 1991. Copies of the conference proceedings are available from the Director, price £85 (non-members) and £65 (members).

In the last two years, the idea of a civil geostationary overlay (augmentation) to GPS and GLONASS has moved from the discussion/concept stage to something approaching reality. Many details of implementation have been or are in the process of being determined. Major developments that have taken place in this period of time include: (i) INMARSAT'S adoption of a four ocean region satellite deployment (three had been employed previously), now including one region (AOR-West) that covers the conterminous United States, (ii) Inclusion in the specifications, and contracting for, navigation repeater payloads in the four INMARSAT-3 spacecraft, now under construction, (iii) Major improvements in the Test Bed, bringing the test signals closer in function and structure to those to be provided through the INMARSAT-3 navigation payloads. (iv) Plans in the US and Europe to employ the Test Bed, or a facsimile thereof, for field trials of the GPS/GLONASS integrity channel (GIC) concept, (v) Endorsement of the ‘Wideband GIC’ concept (transmission at GPS L, frequency of a spread spectrum signal) by many members of the aviation community, (vi) Introduction and study of the possibility that the Gic might be able to carry some form of differential corrections in addition to the basic integrity and constellation augmentation functions. In other words, whereas two years ago we were still considering the possibility of a civil element of global satellite radionavigation, this year we are deeply in the process of putting the necessary elements into place.
The International Activities of the Civil GPS Service Interface Committee
Authors: Preiss George
Published: October 2009

The paper opens with a brief description of the formation and roles of the Civil GPS Service Interface Committee (CGSIC) and its various Sub-Committees, defining clearly the concept of civil GPS status and health information, and the information services which are necessary. The paper then concentrates on international implications, referring to the activities of the CGSIC's international Sub-Committee, the International Information Sub-Committee (IISC). The concepts of national points-of-contact and national information centres are introduced together with a description of their perceived functions, and this is followed by discussion of the products which they are expected to make available. The paper continues to describe the consequences that have been encountered by the IISC, and the action that has been or is being undertaken. The concept of so-called ‘active distribution’ is defined, and is followed by discussion of the dissemination not only of GPS status and health information, but of information about how that information can be obtained. The possibility of legal implications and the consequences is also discussed and developed towards the arguments for appropriate international agreements regarding the civil use of the Global Positioning System.
A GPS Attitude Determination System
Authors: Wilson Gregory J. , Tonnemacher Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2009

In 1991 Trimble Navigation introduced a Global Positioning System (Gps)-based attitude determination receiver capable of 3-axis solutions with accuracy to several milliradians for airborne, sea and land platforms. This paper discusses the physical, architectural, and operational features of this receiver system. Analysis of system performance will also be reviewed for various configurations and user applications. The Trimble Navigation attitude determination receiver uses differential carrier phase techniques to determine azimuth, pitch and roll angles of a 3-antenna array. This product is designed to operate in a variety of user applications and to withstand rugged operating environments. Trimble Navigation has expanded its proven GPS sensor architecture to incorporate three independent RF sections and additional processing channels to measure and process the differential phase between antennas on two orthogonal baselines. Direct measurement of differential phase utilizing a common local oscillator provides highly accurate relative phase data. The navigation and attitude processor computes azimuth, pitch, and roll angles as well as position, velocity and time. The solution accuracy and stability statistics are sensitive to various parameters. Antenna baseline length, signal multipath, platform dynamics and filtering are investigated. Test data from static and various dynamic platforms are also presented.
GPS : Can it Contribute to European ATC?
Authors: Cox M. E. , Rawlings R. C. , van der Kraan P. , Lefas C.
Published: October 2009

This paper commences by outlining the developments expected in en-route navigation capabilities in Western Europe and describes the current provision of surveillance employing monopulse SSRS. Following a brief review of GPS characteristics, it then considers the use of ADS, in conjunction with GPS, as an alternative and/or supplement to these ground-based systems. In the light of a simple cost comparison, it suggests that the space-based system could be very advantageous, particularly where new routes are to be established in areas with little or no ATS infrastructure. A final section discusses the possibility of using GPS for height-monitoring purposes as will be necessary when a reduced vertical separation minimum of iooo ft, is employed above FL290 in Europe, and elsewhere.
Zheng He's Expeditions to the Western Ocean and His Navigation Technology
Authors: Guangqi Sun
Published: October 2009

Zheng He was the greatest navigator in China's history and he conducted major oceanic voyages, before the western ‘Age of Discovery’, at a time when the Portuguese under Prince Henry were just beginning to feel their way down the coast of Africa. Under the orders of Emperor Yongle and then Emperor Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He led a fleet which was the greatest in the world in the fifteenth century and made, in all, seven expeditions to the Western Ocean from 1405 to 1433. His fleet sailed across most of the sea areas of the Western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and visited more than thirty Asian and African countries and regions. This paper will mainly discuss the extraordinary achievements of Zheng He's expeditions and their navigational technology, and will also briefly evaluate their role in navigational history.
Navstar GPS – Charting Aspects
Authors: Gooding Nigel R. L.
Published: October 2009

The historical development of positioning in relation to the nautical chart is very briefly described. Present nautical charts are largely based on geodetic surveys which date from the 19th and early 20th century. This gave rise to the use of many local datums and there has been a need to provide the mariner with information to enable him to transfer his position from one chart to an adjacent one on a different datum. The sizes of discrepancies in position between various datums are given. The availability of the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) datum enables positioning on a single worldwide datum to become a reality. The important factors affecting the adoption of WGS 84 as the datum for nautical charts, namely data availability and the practical and political considerations, are discussed. The importance of the proper consideration of datum in relation to new developments in the use of nautical charts is also mentioned.
Collision Risk Circumstances and Traffic Routeing in the Approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca
Authors: Judson Brad
Published: October 2009

1. Introduction. This paper is concerned with collision risk reduction through the identification, measurement and analysis of contributing factors and the evaluation of risk control measures appropriate to the approaches to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Risk factors were identified through a traffic survey and collision probabilities were estimated and modified by a simulated modification to traffic routeing. Marine collision risk analyses have tended to describe the circumstances of collisions without comparison to the conditions encountered by marine traffic. In the absence of any test of significance, such an analysis is revealing yet provides an incomplete basis for traffic management decisions. This study examines the importance of contributing factors through such a comparison.
Towards Global Marine Traffic Control — the Need, the Technical Feasibility and the Social and Political Impediments
Authors: Corbet A. G.
Published: October 2009

1. Introduction. Active MTC (Marine Traffic Control), in its various forms, is at present mainly confined to port areas and canals and their approaches, whereas all other areas are mainly subject to passive MTC measures; that is, the Collision Regulations, including traffic separation schemes, areas to be avoided by certain classes of vessels, deep water routes, etc. The Collision Regulations, however, despite many attempts to improve them, are fundamentally flawed by specious logic sanctioned, unfortunately, by legislation which is supported in turn by the well-meaning connivance of the courts. This paper highlights some of the insoluble problems of the Collision Regulations and looks at the planning of ocean passages, weather routeing, search and rescue, and fishery protection; and shows that there is already a measure of active MTC in these areas of activity. The future possibility of a comprehensive global active MTC system to deal with avoidance of collisions and strandings, in addition to those other activities, is considered with respect to technical feasibility and to social and political impediments.
TMSIM: A Runway Capacity Study for Frankfurt and Chicago O'Hare Airports
Authors: Trivizas Dionyssios
Published: October 2009

A realistic runway capacity study for two major airports, namely Frankfurt (EDDF) and Chicago O'Hare (ORD) is presented, assessing the effect of optimal scheduling on the runway capacity and air traffic delays. The maximum position shift (MPS) runway scheduling algorithm, used in the study, was developed by Trivizas at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1987).

EDDF is studied in the context of 160 major European airports, with a real traffic sample from 6 July, 1990. ORD is studied in the context of 26 major US airports using a large traffic sample from 1 March, 1989. Secondary airport traffic has been assigned to the geographically nearest major hub and time compression has been used to extrapolate to an artificially denser scenario.

The results show that optimal scheduling can bring about capacity improvements of the order of 20 percent, which in turn reduce delays up to 70 percent. These results are the product of a dynamic traffic management process which has been visually validated by observing animated runway operations and monitor functions.

The study has been conducted with TMSIM, a comprehensive, object-oriented simulation tool that allows one to build an understanding of the structure and functionality of the air traffic control system, by modelling its components, their functionality and interactions, and measuring component and system performance. It features interactive route network editing (using menu/mouse techniques), complete route and airport structure modelling, independent flight and ATC objects, 3-D animation, advanced algorithms for scheduling, routeing, flow management, airspace restructuring (sectorization) and performance (capacity and communications workload) analysis.
Data Representation Using a Standard Data Transfer Specification
Authors: Killick James
Published: October 2009

In the 1990s, digital maps are being used for a wide variety of applications. In the world of digital road maps, the most notable applications are in the area of theIntelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS). In the USA IVHS is involved with five basic interrelated applications:

(i) Advanced Traffic Management Systems.

(ii) Advanced Vehicle Control Systems.

(iii) Commercial Vehicle Operations.

(iv) Advanced Public Transportation Systems.

(v) Advanced Traveller Information Systems.
The Navigation Sensor System Interface Project
Authors: Greer Robert A.
Published: October 2009

The AN/SSN-6 Navigation Sensor System Interface (NAVSSI) Project is a new system being designed with two primary objectives; to serve as the central distribution computer for navigation data to shipboard combat/weapon systems and to serve as the electronic chart display and information system (ECDIS). The NAVSSI will operate the digital nautical chart (DNC) database being developed by the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA). Our goal is for the digital nautical chart to replace the paper chart as a legal means of ownship navigation plotting. This paper will introduce the project and will primarily explore the use of digital nautical charts for ownship navigation with NAVSSI.
The Royal Institute of What?
Authors: Dahl Norman B.
Published: October 2009

This paper formed the 1993 Anderson Memorial Lecture. It was presented by the President at a meeting of the Bristol Channel Branch on Tuesday 10 March. At that time, the second Way Ahead Group (WAG 2) was still sitting. This Group has since reported to Council (see Navigation News, July/August) but the discussion of the future of the Institute is ongoing (see also the following paper).
Navigation Philosophy Past and Future
Authors: Burnett Adrian
Published: October 2009

In his Presidential Address at the 45th Annual General Meeting in October 1991, Norman Dahl gave a thought-provoking discussion of the future of the navigator. He suggested that the navigator's trade is not just a changing trade, but a vanishing one. He proposed then, and subsequently in his 1993 Anderson Memorial Lecture (reproduced as the previous paper in this issue of the Journal), that consideration should be given to the future of navigation, the future of the navigator and the future of the Institute.

In this contribution, papers and addresses over the history of the Institute are examined critically to extract insights into navigation applicable to the present era. These are used to discuss and develop the meanings of the terms ‘navigator’ and ‘navigation’.
CIS Radionavigation System Evolution and International Cooperation in Radionavigation Support
Authors: Denisov V. I.
Published: October 2009

In the former USSR, the Radionavigation Service was based on national radio systems without any real employment of foreign navigation aids. Separation of the independent sovereign States from the USSR caused problems in operating separate radionavigation systems (RNS) and resulted in failure to support the economic activity of the States with radionavigation data. Solving the problem for each new State individually seems unrealistic. Its solution can, however, be found through cooperation amongst the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Internavigation Committee therefore suggested an initiative to coordinate these efforts via a new Radionavigation Intergovernmental Advisory Council. This suggestion was approved by the Independent States and the Council has been formed. Also, since operating the RNS in limited national interests seems inefficient, the Internavigation Committee is broadening international cooperation for the integration and joint exploitation of radionavigation systems in the interests of the world radionavigation community.
European ATC Harmonization and Integration Programme
Authors: Marten D.
Published: October 2009

Europe is moving towards a more closely integrated air traffic management system through the European ATC Harmonization and Integration Programme (EATCHIP). This paper explains the need for such an approach and how it was brought about by capacity limitations in the current European air traffic system. It describes the key strategy of progressive harmonization and integration by the various States, examines the roles of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), EUROCONTROL and the European Commission in the management of the Air Traffic Management (ATM) development programmes. It also reviews the longer-term planning of a future system with an enhanced relationship between the air and the ground, and addresses the navigation aspects of ATM systems.
The Development and Implementation of the EUROCONTROL Central Air Traffic Flow Management Unit (CFMU)
Authors: Duytschaever D.
Published: October 2009

For the travelling public in the late eighties and early nineties, the most disturbing characteristic of air travel must be delays. In Europe, this is certainly the case. These delays not only cause much inconvenience to the air travellers but also generate high costs for the aircraft operators. To a large extent, these delays are due to an imbalance between the air traffic demand and the capacity of the present Air Traffic Control (ATC) system in Europe.
Comments on Ship Domains
Authors: Jingsong Zhao , Zhaolin Wu , Fengchen Wang
Published: October 2009

The ship domain is a very important and useful concept in marine traffic engineering. It has been widely used in traffic simulation models, for encounter criteria, traffic lane design criteria, VTS planning, risk assessment, collision avoidance, and for other applications.

Dr Y. Fujii, Dr E. M. Goodwin and Dr T. G. Coldwell have done a lot of work on this subject. The differences between their ship domain concepts are described in the second part of this paper. In the third part, the authors have used a new branch of social psychology – the theory of Proxemics – to analyse the factors which affect the ship domain, and point out that the basis of producing ship domains is in the field of Proxemics. Finally, in the fourth part of this paper, some problems in ship domains are analysed.
Bus Identification, Communication and Control System (BICCS)
Authors: Frewer Michael
Published: October 2009

What's in a name? Well quite a lot really, and first of all, an explanation is required of our company name. PMT Limited is the trading name used for our core business area of North Staffordshire. The original full title was ‘The Potteries Motor Traction Company Limited’ but it is the abbreviation to PMT by which we have been known and loved for many decades – and who are we to argue with our customers? Under the terms of the 1985 Transport Act, we became one of the early management buyouts from the government-owned National Bus Company and chose to call the new company just PMT Limited.
Integrated Navigation for Ocean Racing Boats
Authors: Thornton Tim
Published: October 2009

Navigation systems on ocean-racing yachts have developed significantly over the last ten years, due to advances in communications systems, position fixing systems, and computer systems. This paper looks at the systems being used on boats competing in offshore racing events, discusses some of the shortcomings of existing technology, and also looks at areas of future development. We take the term ocean racing to cover events of such duration that the weather systems along the route are not able to be known in advance. Thus, for example, this excludes most Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) races, as these finish within a day or two of starting.
The Application of Advanced Systems – An Airline Perspective
Authors: Reid K.
Published: October 2009

The achievement of the goals of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Future Air Navigation System (FANS) is essential for the continued development of the airline industry. A recently completed movement study for the North Atlantic Track area forecast that the previously anticipated aircraft movements for 2010 would now be achieved by 1999. Peak time capacity growth for the region is now reliant on the introduction of Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) scheduled for January 1997. Similarly, Europe had an all-too-evident capacity problem though some alleviation should follow from the introduction of precision area navigation (PRNAV) routeings in early 1998. However, despite the introduction of these developments, the restrictions on flow rates imposed by capacity variations in adjacent areas will remain. Quite obviously, an enhanced and fully capable Air Traffic Management (ATM) environment is required to solve many of the problems that commonly exist today. Nevertheless, more could be achieved through the application and exploitation of advanced navigation equipment such as the aircraft Flight Management Computer System (FMS) that is in widespread use today – a theme that will be returned to later in the paper.
Position Accuracy of Celestial Fixes
Authors: Bovens N. L. A.
Published: October 2009

For centuries, celestial navigation was the main method of determining a ship's position at sea, especially when sailing into more exotic areas. Later on, vast areas of the oceans were only covered by the Omega system and there was still every opportunity of finding a position by using the sextant. Nowadays, with GPS coverage worldwide, we consider celestial navigation as an interesting back-up.
Assessment of the Potential of Satellite Navigation Systems for Europe Results of a Study for the European Commission
Authors: Stich Hubert , Blanchard Walter , Lechner Wolfgang , Kayser Detlef , Gaillard Henry
Published: October 2009

This paper and the following five papers were presented at the DSNS-94 Conference organized by the Institute from 18–22 April in London. The full proceedings, including some 78 papers, are available from the Director, price £40 (exc. P&p).
Comparison of Two Multi-site Reference Station Differential GPS Systems
Authors: Johnston G. T.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the infrastructure and concept of two multi-site reference station differential GPS (DGPS) options being offered to land and marine users by Racal Survey. The infrastructure of the Racal SkyFix system is briefly outlined followed by descriptions of Racal's internetting and network capabilities.

The two systems are compared including infrastructure, differential data management, user coverage, datalinks and positioning performance in various parts of the world. The paper describes the design of each of the systems and the tests undertaken to assess their functionality, before going on to compare their performances under a variety of conditions. Emphasis is placed on the technical issues associated with multi-reference station DGPS including error sources, weighting observations and monitoring of the data. The fundamental approach of the systems is shown to achieve high data integrity which is necessary to develop the systems to their next phase.

Having described the two options, examples of various combinations of reference stations are used to illustrate the potential of the system and to show the increased performance over ordinary, single-station DGPS. The conclusions summarize the paper's findings and make recommendations for the future development of the system. The object of the developments so far have been to improve the quality of real-time offshore DGPS positioning. The internetting and network options are providing real-time results to illustrate the benefits and, together with SkyFix, offer significant developments in the ability of DGPS to provide accurate and reliable positioning over vast areas of the world.
Drift Errors in Search and Rescue: The Report on the 1992 Drift Experiment off Cape Race Newfoundland
Authors: Ross Myles , Dawson Ron
Published: October 2009

The national SAR (search and rescue) objective is to prevent loss of life and injury through search and rescue alerting, responding and aiding activities. Specific objectives under the SAR Branch's five year R & D (research and development) plan are: reduction of search time, improvement of rescue technology, and systems integration. The project described in this paper falls under the first objective – reduction of search time.
The Management of Marine Traffic, A Survey of Current and Possible Future Measures
Authors: Degré Thomas
Published: October 2009

The risks involved in maritime transport are very much greater now than was formerly the case. This has been accompanied by a considerable increase in the damage resulting from certain accidents. Maritime traffic management has been made necessary not only for reasons of safety but also productivity and comprises two main types of measure: first, laying down and enforcing suitable regulations and secondly, providing navigators with real time information which is not available to them on board from the Vessel Traffic Services (VTS).

Section 2 of this paper is a general description of the techniques used in maritime traffic management and an account of possibilities for the future. Section 3 describes a feasibility study for a traffic monitoring aid system based on VTS and using a knowledge based system.

This paper is based on one which was first published in the journal, Recherche Transports Sécurité, issue no. 9, 1993.
Development and Testing of a Radar Target Enhancer for Navigation Buoys
Authors: Ward N.
Published: October 2009

A device has been developed to enhance the radar conspicuity of navigation buoys. It is also very effective on small craft. This paper describes the specification and testing of the device and discusses the regulatory position regarding its use.
Military Needs for Personal Navigation
Authors: Starbuck J. A.
Published: October 2009

Map reading has always been and will continue to be a vital military skill. The ability to relate map to ground and vice versa is an essential skill for all ranks. Having determined his position and that of his objective, a soldier must be able to navigate between the two in the most expeditious manner. The advent of the Global Positioning System GPS has not diminished this requirement. Map reading and navigational skills are practical subjects that must be regularly practised and assessed if skills are to remain high.
The Application of Inertial Navigation Technology in Land Vehicles
Authors: Mitchell J.
Published: October 2009

This paper and the following two papers were presented at the Euronav 94 Conference organized by the DGON and the R1N and held in Dresden in June 1994.
Single Points of Failure in Complex Aviation Systems of Communication, Navigation and Surveillance
Authors: Asbury M. J. A. , Johannessen R.
Published: October 2009

State-of-the-art avionics achieves very good reliability, and the electronics in the current generation of communication and navigation satellites is sufficiently good to allow a design-life of around 10 years. Nevertheless, failures will arise. The purpose of failure analysis is to identify the consequences if a particular module does encounter a failure, and to ensure that, by system redundancy or through operational procedures, the effect and/or its probability of occurrence will be acceptably safe. This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the strength and weakness of redundancy in satellite-based Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) systems as envisaged by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to be an integral part of the future air navigation system. This particular paper makes a comparison with today's terrestrial-based systems.
A Worldwide Database for Digital Nautical Charts
Authors: Kerr Adam J.
Published: October 2009

It is of historical interest that it was written instructions in the form of periplus, rather than the paper chart, that are recorded as providing the first form of document to guide marine navigators. Therefore perhaps the wheel has turned full circle when it is the digital information rather than the video display that may provide the basic guidance for the navigation of ships in the future. In 1986, when IMO and IHO set out to develop standards and specifications, it was decided that the product to be specified would have to be equivalent to the paper chart. In so doing they were following the guidance of the SOLAS Convention, which requires charts to be carried in Chapter V Regulation 20 and, in Chapter 1 Regulation 5, permits Administrations to substitute equivalents. Regulation V/20 does not state that the charts to be carried be paper but, until recently, it has been assumed that this is what is meant. What is explicit, is that the charts to be carried are to be ‘adequate, up-to-date and necessary for the intended voyage’. Following this guidance, the IMO/IHO Harmonizing Group attempted to specify an electronic system that would be equivalent to a printed paper document. This proved to be no easy task. It was extremely difficult to claim that an electronic system can be as durable and as generally reliable as a sheet of paper. What if the power breaks down? This and many other questions had to be answered before the standards would satisfy the members of IMO.
The Use of GPS for Low-Cost Aerial Block Photography
Authors: Ekin Bill
Published: October 2009

Flight trials using an inexpensive Garmin GPS receiver, Century 1 autopilot and a Cessna F172H aircraft to acquire block aerial photography are described. The performance of the whole system in the maintenance of constant sidelap and forward lap in block aerial vertical photography was good. However, the system was not good enough to manoeuvre the aircraft accurately on curved flight paths.
Clarification of the Steering and Sailing Rules of the COLREGS
Authors: Weber Hanno
Published: October 2009

Traffic regulations have to be clear and strict. Only then can navigators ran their vessels safely. As a complete set of simple rules cannot be developed and introduced within the next decade, suggestions are made to improve the existing rules.
A Kalman Filter Model for an Integrated Land Vehicle Navigation System
Authors: Ramjattan Allison N. , Cross Paul A.
Published: October 2009

Unlike in the case of airborne and offshore applications, GPS cannot be used continuously for land vehicle navigation due to the loss of satellite signals by obstructions from buildings, trees, etc. With the increasing trend in various sectors of the economy towards efficient fleet management, the challenges of providing a system capable of providing high-accuracy vehicle position and location anywhere, continuously, has led to renewed interest in the area of integrated navigation systems. In order to satisfy these conditions, an integrated system comprising GPS and gyro/odometer dead reckoning has been developed. This paper gives a description of the implemented system and shows some of the practical results that can be obtained using Kalman filtering algorithms.
SATCOM/ADS: The Key to CNS Integration for ATM in Europe?
Authors: Cox M. E.
Published: October 2009

The availability of an aeronautical mobile satellite service and the emergence of a global navigation satellite system should enable CNS services to be established for civil aviation, virtually worldwide. This paper discusses how the development of a low-cost ADS system, employing these satellite services, might be used to the advantage of European air traffic management (ATM). It indicates that the earlier action is taken, the greater will be the potential benefits. This paper is an updated version of that presented at the NAV94 Conference in November 1994.
Captain Vancouver's Longitudes – 1792
Authors: Doe Nicholas A.
Published: October 2009

Captain George Vancouver's survey of the North Pacific coast of America has been characterized as being among the most distinguished work of its kind ever done. For three summers, he and his men worked from dawn to dusk, exploring the many inlets of the coastal mountains, any one of which, according to the theoretical geographers of the time, might have provided a long-sought-for passage to the Atlantic Ocean. Vancouver returned to England in poor health but, with the help of his brother John, he managed to complete his charts and most of the book describing his voyage before he died in 1798. He was not popular with the British Establishment and, after his death, all of his notes and personal papers were lost, as were the logs and journals of several of his officers.
A GPS Backpack System for Mapping Soil and Crop Parameters in Agricultural Fields
Authors: Stafford J. V. , LeBars J. M.
Published: October 2009

Farmers are having to gather increasing amounts of data on their soils and crops. Precision agriculture – the targeting of inputs such as fertilizers and herbicides according to locally determined (‘metre-by-metre’) requirements – is based on a knowledge of the spatial variation of soil and crop parameters across a field. The data has to be spatially located and GPS is an effective way of doing this. A backpack data logging system with GPS position tagging is described which has been designed to aid a fanner in the manual collection of data.
Walkers' Navigational Needs–Steam or the Chip?
Authors: Tippett Julian
Published: October 2009

Surveys reveal that walking is by far the most popular leisure activity in the UK, and still growing. Each year some half a billion ‘leisure day visits’ specifically involve walking in the countryside and over 60 percent of the adult population claim to participate in walking as a ‘sport’. These statistics serve to confirm our own experience that enormous numbers of walkers go out to enjoy the countryside, but when we say ‘walker’ we include Sunday afternoon strollers in Windsor Great Park, a rambling group following the coastal path in Dorset, strong fit youths doing the Pennine Way, or Munro baggers in the Scottish highlands. Walkers come in many a hue.
An Advanced Ship's Operation Control System
Authors: Maodong Ren
Published: October 2009

The advanced ship's operational control system (ASOCS), as described in this paper, has been developed as an important part of a one man bridge system (OMBS). Systems of this kind are expected to become an essential feature as ship navigational systems develop in the future. This paper systematically analyses the structure and composition of ASOCS and proposes a type of computer network for the system. The functions of ASOCS are analysed with OMBS research particularly in mind.
Raster Digitized Mapping For The Royal Air Force
Authors: Ayliffe A. C.
Published: October 2009

In a paper delivered to Geo '89, a NATO symposium, Wing Commander G. T. Scard was tempted to summarize RAF requirements for digital geographic information as ‘raster now, vector later’.1 He avoided that temptation. However, it is still easy to assume that supplying raster data is today's quick solution to the problem of providing geographic information, and that soon raster products will be replaced by a new generation of vector products. Six years on, raster digitized mapping is becoming firmly established as a major geographic information product supplied by the Military Survey Defence Agency. Although vector data is becoming widely available, there are no defined RAF requirements to procure map displays based on vector products. It is apparent that raster data will remain an important source of displayed geographic information on which the RAF will rely for a long time. However, supplying raster mapping is not easy. There are technical problems which need further work to find solutions. This work is urgent. Systems using raster data are already in service and we cannot wait for vector data to replace raster data at some unspecified future date.
Maps for Planning, Situation Assessment and Mission Control
Authors: Taylor R. M. , MacLeod I. S.
Published: October 2009

Maps are familiar objects that need little introduction. By strict definition, a map is a diagrammatic representation of the spatial environment – for example, the Earth's surface, the stars or parts thereof. The techniques of map-making, or cartography, are basically concerned with reducing the spatial characteristics of large surface areas to a form that makes them observable. Cartography has been considered as both a science and an art. As an art form and craft tradition with printed maps, cartography traditionally has sought to address aesthetic criteria for human appreciation and visual attractiveness, in addition to considerations of functional utility.
Strategic Planning of Vessel Traffic Services using ABS Analysis and Optimization
Authors: Babu A. J. G. , Ketkar W.
Published: October 2009

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) advise vessels navigating the waterways, VTS communications provide to the mariner timely, pertinent, and accurate information that would assist in safe manoeuvring of the vessel.

Following several oil spills in 1989, Congress passed The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–380). The Act requires the “Secretary to conduct a study…to determine and prioritize the US ports and channels that are in need of new, expanded, or improved vessel traffic service systems.…”

As required by the Act, the US Coast Guard analysed historical vessel casualties and their consequences and projected future vessel casualties and consequences for 23 study zones. The study uses a benefit–cost approach, VTS benefits are defined as the avoided vessel casualties and the associated consequences. The avoided consequences are measured in physical units and are assigned monetary values, VTS costs are defined as the initial federal investment for a state-of-the-art VTS system in each study zone and its annual operating and maintenance costs. Both the benefits and costs are expressed in the 1993 Net Present Value of annual stream over the life cycle at 10 percent basic annual rate. The study recommends VTS design by rank-ordering the zones by net benefit.

In this paper, we use alternative methodologies for offering better assistance in making VTS design decision-making. First, we perform ABC analysis on the zones; that is, we classify them into three groups: The A group deserves a state-of-the-art, full-fledged VTS presence, the B group could use an intermediate level of VTS services, and the c group deserves an elementary level of VTS services, as and if the budget permits. This analysis assumes that VTS services can be offered at various levels with correspondingly changing costs. Secondly, we perform resource allocation analysis; that is, for a given budget and given criterion (e.g. maximize the total benefit), select the optimal zones in which the VTS services should be offered. This analysis, done for various levels of budget, would form a useful decision aid for the VTS design.
Ernest Livingston Johnston — Air Navigator
Authors: Johnson E. A.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at a meeting of the RIN History of Air Navigation Group held at Shoreham Airport on 20 September 1995. In the paper, Group Captain Johnston tells the story of the distinguished and extraordinary career of his father, Squadron Leader E. L. Johnston. Bound up with this is the brief and glorious, but ultimately tragic, story of the operation and navigation of British airships.
Detection of Marine Radar Targets
Authors: Briggs John N.
Published: October 2009

A radar must detect targets before it can display them. Yet manufacturers' data sheets rarely tell us what the products will detect at what range. Many of the bigger radars are Type Approved so we consult the relevant IMO performance standard A 477 (XII). Paraphrasing Section 3.1 of the draft forthcoming revision (NAV 41/6): under normal propagation conditions with the scanner at height of 15 m, in the absence of clutter, the radar is required to give clear indication of an object such as a navigational buoy having a radar cross section area (RCS) of 10 m2 at 2 n.m. and, as examples, coastlines whose ground rises to 60/6 m at ranges of 20/7 n.m., a ship of 5000 tons at any aspect at 7 n.m. and a small vessel 10 m long at 3 n.m.

This helps, but suppose we must pick up a 5 m2 buoy at g km? What happens in clutter? Should we prefer S- or X-band? To answer such questions we use equations which define the performance of surveillance radars, but the textbooks and specialist papers containing them often generalize with aeronautical and defence topics, making life difficult for the nonspecialist.

This paper attempts a concise and self-contained engineering account of all main factors affecting detection of passive and active targets on civil marine and vessel traffic service (VTS) radars. We develop a set of equations for X- and S-band (3 and 10 cm, centred on 9400 and 3000 MHz respectively), suited for spreadsheet calculation.

Sufficient theory is sketched in to indicate where results should be valid. Some simplifications of conventional treatments have been identified.
The INMARSAT Satellite Radionavigation Test Bed
Authors: Kinal G. V.
Published: October 2009

Although INMARSAT's founding charter includes provision for a space segment for radiodetermination, the organization has, to date, concentrated on the telecommunications aspects of its mission. However, a satellite radiodetermination (including radionavigation) services development programme has been under way for about two years, and includes both study and experimental activities. Early studies performed for INMARSAT on both passive and active radiodetermination provided a number of significant conclusions, including the rather obvious but important fact that all satellite radiodetermination concepts possess two common elements: the forward transmission (broadcast) of a relatively wideband timing/ranging signal, and the precise tracking in orbit of the satellites.
An Omega/VLF Radio Compass
Authors: Kemp John F.
Published: October 2009

This contribution is an updated version of a paper presented at the thirteenth annual meeting of the International Omega Association. It discusses the extraction of directional as well as positional information from the Omega signal pattern. The two outputs might be combined to form a self-contained, Omega-based, ship or aircraft navigation system, or the directional information could be fed to a conventional gyro-magnetic compass as an alternative to the magnetic input. Directional information from other VLF transmissions could also be used.
Navigators
Authors: King G. A. B.
Published: October 2009

This paper formed the 1990 Anderson Memorial Lecture and was presented to the Bristol Channel Branch on 22 February. In developing his theme, George King concentrated very much on the characters of the navigators concerned with six extraordinary exploits, but without losing sight of the navigation itself. The following version is necessarily much abridged and the editor has reluctantly omitted the detail of fascinating accounts of the expedition commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore the American West, the epic open boat voyage by Ernest Shackleton in the Antarctic in 1916, the first solo air crossing of the Atlantic by Charles Lindbergh in 1927, and the spectacularly successful Apollo 11 mission in 1969. The full text of George King's meticulously researched and brilliantly written paper is available to members from the Institute, price £3.
The Channel Navigation Information Service for the Dover Strait
Authors: Neill H. J.
Published: October 2009

The history of the first 10 years of the Channel Navigation Information Service (CNIS) from its inception in 1972 has been well-documented in Captain Richard Emden's three papers published in the Journal of the Royal Institute of Navigation. While the purpose of this paper is to discuss the period of consolidation following these first 10 years, it is perhaps appropriate to set out briefly the factors leading up to the introduction of CNIS in the Dover Strait, the operating philosophy and some of the major milestones along the way.
A New Threat Detection Criterion for Airborne Collision Avoidance Systems
Authors: Ford R. L. , Powell D. L.
Published: October 2009

A new threat detection criterion is described which provides a better match to the requirements than the well-known modified tau criterion for a civil air transport collision avoidance system. Experimental evidence is given to show that it also reduces the number of undesirable alerts.
ACAS in Europe – a U.K. View
Authors: Thorning A. G.
Published: October 2009

The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent CAA policy.

The author would like to give grateful acknowledgement to the various companies from which information has been received. (Note that the original presentation at a RIN ordinary meeting was illustrated by numerous colour slides which cannot be reproduced here, as well as three video films).