bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Camera as Object and Process
Authors: Bishop Ryan , Burgin Victor , Cubitt Sean
Published: January 2020

The chapter provides a conversation between the three authors in which a number of Burgin's site-specific installations frame a consideration of the status and future of the camera from photography to moving image to computer-generated virtual works. In the process Burgin modifies Bazin's question 'What is cinema?' to ask 'What is a camera?'. The CGI projection works extend and develop Burgin's long-standing interest in the relationship of aesthetics and politics as rendered through visualisation technologies, especially as it pertains to space. Burgin's account constructs a genealogy of seeing, visualising and image-making as technologically determined and crafted. In brief, he explains that 'the history of the camera is inseparable from the history of perspective'.
Prairie (Argo)
Authors: Kreider Kristen , O’Leary James
Published: January 2020

This chapter offers a reimagining of Victor Burgin's projection piece Prairie and its political aesthetic. Using the specificity of Chicago as site and staging ground, the chapter deploys Roland Barthes' conceit of the ship Argo, 'each piece of which the Argonauts gradually replaced, so that they ended with an entirely new ship, without having to alter either its name or its form.' Using this critical tool in which 'the system prevails over the very being of objects' to build its own version of the projection, the chapter explores explicitly many of the themes and issues in Burgin's piece: issues of urban destruction, race relations, spatial justice and deep time. The chapter begins with Prairie and, 'by dint of combinations made within one and the same name' comes to find that, like the argo, 'nothing is left of the origin', but instead is understood as a site of both disappearance and of writing.
Negotiating Female Identity in Nineteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Tilley Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Periodicals such as the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine were created in England but were often read in diverse locations within the British Empire and beyond. Indeed, as Elizabeth Tilley notes in this chapter, women in Ireland often had no choice but to read magazines and newspapers produced in the metropole. Consequently, she notes, it is ‘difficult to establish the cultural influence of Irish-produced periodicals, including those aimed at women, before the 1870s’ (69). The emergence of periodicals such as the Emerald; The Irish Ladies’ Journal (1870–1) demonstrated that there was a sufficient local market to support Irish periodicals for women. The journal not only incorporated fashion, recipes, and domestic advice but also information about women’s educational and employment opportunities. Still, it was ‘not until well into the twentieth century that women claimed a larger share of the public sphere and its cultural products’ (83).
Rewriting Fairyland: Isabella Bird and the Spectacle of Nineteenth-Century Japan
Authors: Tange Andrea Kaston
Published: January 2020

Illustrated papers were not only crucial for imaging women’s bodies and identities but also for depicting other cultures, often through an imperialist lens. As Andrea Kaston Tange notes in this essay, weeklies such as the Illustrated London News responded to the opening up of Japan after 1854 with illustrations ‘that tended to draw more heavily on tropes that depicted a country that was artistically very fine in part because it was simultaneously woefully behind in modern technologies’ (p. 273). To some degree, Isabella Bird (1831‒1904), in her travel narrative Unbeaten Tracks in Japan (1880), reiterates these Orientalist strategies, yet she also, through letterpress descriptions and visual representations, balanced ‘fairyland’ imagery with realist detail that defies stereotypes and self-reflexively draws attention to her own status as a foreign spectacle. Tange’s essay challenges us to view women writers’ relationship to the colonialist discourse of illustrated journalism in complex terms, as a ‘series of layered registers, a palimpsest of meaning’ (p. 273).
Making Space for Women’s Work in the Leisure Hour: From Variety to ‘Verity’
Authors: Malone Katherine
Published: January 2020

Drawing upon Margaret Beetham’s influential formulation of the periodical as a space imbued with both ‘open’ and ‘closed’ qualities (1989), in this essay Katherine Malone examines the often-competing models of women’s work that emerge from the interplay of those features in the penny weekly magazine the Leisure Hour (1852–1905) in the 1850s. The ‘closed’ trait of the magazine’s consistent fidelity to the evangelical rhetoric of self-improvement facilitated the ‘open’ sounding of more progressive notes within its pages. As Malone explains, ‘individual articles about women’s work and education could be read by different types of readers and interpreted in a variety of ways without forcing the magazine to take a clear editorial position within divisive debates’ (p. 320). By contrasting this content with the treatment of women’s work in the magazine’s dedicated women’s column, Malone demonstrates how the conflicting rhetoric presented within this ‘closed’ women’s space introduced tensions between it and the magazine’s implied editorial agenda, leading to a paradoxical tapering of the Leisure Hour’s support for progressive women’s issues more generally.
Making Space for Women: The Labour Leader, the Clarion, and the Women’s Column
Authors: Mutch Deborah
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Deborah Mutch considers the women’s columns of two socialist periodicals in the 1890s: the Labour Leader (1894–1922), edited by Keir Hardie, and the Clarion (1891–1935), edited by Robert Blatchford. In spite of the progressive, ethical brand of socialism promoted by the two male editors, Mutch demonstrates that broader anxieties about the place of women within the socialist movement can be mapped spatially in their periodicals. What emerges from a spatial analysis of the women’s columns in both is a clear sense of the relationship between column inches and the gender politics that undergirds each periodical’s editorial agenda. Measuring the space allocated to women in both periodicals yields the conclusion that ‘women’s voices and women’s problems held only a fraction of the importance of men’s,’ which functions to further highlight the ‘marginal position’ that women occupied within British socialism at this time (p. 377).
By the Fireside: Margaret Oliphant’s Armchair Commentaries
Authors: Sanders Valerie
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Valerie Sanders considers the spatial limitations imposed on female writers by male editors, specifically in relation to the late journalism of Margaret Oliphant. Sanders explores the gendered dynamics of women writers publishing work in the press without an accompanying, genuine signature. The ‘grey-haired woman by the fireside’ persona Oliphant assumed for her series in the St James’s Gazette and the Spectator served an emancipatory function in her final years as a journalist in the 1880s and 1890s (p. 391). Making the most of the ‘spatial freedom’ she earned after a long career writing for periodicals, Oliphant’s canny experiments with personae facilitate the expression of ‘idiosyncratic views in opinionated language,’ without danger of recrimination (p. 390). Yet Sanders is also careful to remind us that the professional perspicacity and freedom of voice demonstrated in these late columns come after five decades of writing for Blackwood’s without the security of a ‘formal and continuing contract for regular contributions’ (p. 379). For Oliphant, negotiating a space for her work in the masculine sphere of journalism was not without its difficulties, given that Victorian women rarely, if ever, had access to the press on the same terms as their male counterparts.
Constructing the Mass-Market Woman Reader and Writer: Eliza Cook and the Weekly Dispatch, 1836–1850
Authors: Easley Alexis
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Alexis Easley points to the significance of the marginal space of the ‘facts and scraps’ column for women writers and readers alike. As a precursor to the women’s columns and the dedicated women’s press that proliferated in the final decades of the century, the ‘facts and scraps’ columns of cheap Sunday newspapers are here shown to have ‘provided opportunities for women to publish poetry aimed at a mass-market reading audience’ (p.413). The exposure provided in this context, as well as through the practice of poems being reprinted in other newspapers, was a double-edged sword for women writers in professional terms: on the one hand, this practice ‘did not make writing newspaper poetry a lucrative enterprise’ while on the other, it ‘provided a means for women poets to establish recognisable public identities in the popular press–a visibility that sometimes led to book publication’ (p.414). The example of Eliza Cook (1812–89), a contributor to the ‘facts and scraps’ column of the Weekly Dispatch (1795–1961), shows ‘how women writers could capitalise upon opportunities that arose with the formation of new publishing media in order to establish themselves in a male-dominated literary marketplace’ (p.414).
Evangelical Awakening: Becoming Protestant in the Arab Renaissance
Authors: Womack Deanna Ferree
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 considers what it meant to become Protestant in the sectarian landscape of nineteenth-century Ottoman Syria in a period of widespread socio-cultural and political transformation. It compares and contrasts American missionary and Syrian Protestant views of evangelical identity and religious conversion as it examines Protestant conversion accounts written after 1860, including an account by the renowned scholar Butrus al-Bustani. Drawing upon shared values of literacy, Bible reading, and evangelistic printing, these narratives demonstrate how Syrian and American Protestants upheld the printed word as a cultural force, a concept that fit with the intellectual currents of the Nahda in the late Ottoman period. Whereas traditional studies of this literary renaissance characterize it as a secular movement, Syrian Protestants tell a story of nahdawi identity entwined with evangelical commitments.
The Muhallabids: War, Politics and Memory
Authors: Ulrich Brian
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on both the careers of the Muhallabids, the most prominent al-Azd family during the Umayyad period, and their role as sites of memory for later generations. It examines narratives by Abu Mikhnaf, al-Mada’ini, Wahb b. Jarir, al-Awtabi, and others for events including al-Muhallab’s war against the Azraqites, Yazid b. al-Muhallab’s governorships of Khurasan, and the Muhallabid revolt against the caliph Yazid II. In doing so, it teases out the different approaches to the family in Abbasid-era accounts, and so charts shifts in the significance of al-Azd identity in the late 700’s and 800’s. One key theme is that the Muhallabids’ significance depended in part on their ability to tap Oman as a source of military manpower. Finally, it examines the prominent Muhallabids of the early Abbasid era and their roles in the Abbasid revolution and others.
‘The dead man touched me from the past’:1 Tennyson’s In Memoriam and Wordsworth
Authors: Thomas Jayne
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Tennyson’s In Memoriam (1850). Tennyson was open about the difficulties he sustained in writing the poem, and this chapter argues that the Wordsworthian borrowings in the poem help the later poet to work toward finding a form of consolation, however tenuous this consolation subsequently proves to be, and therefore to make his accommodations with his faith, with the claims of nineteenth-century science and religion, but also with the loss of Arthur Henry Hallam, the direct subject of the poem. It also examines how the Wordsworthian language in In Memoriam helps Tennyson both to stabilise his ‘public’ voice and to develop the pastoral elements of elegy. The borrowings from Wordsworth form a chamber of echoes that Tennyson harnesses, reworks, reconfigures, replays in a different context and in a different time. At times the later poet is unable fully to transfigure and rework Wordsworth’s language, but is constrained, limited, inhibited by it, and these effects make themselves manifest in the poem too.
Monodrama and Madness: Maud and the Shrieking of the Wainscot Mouse
Authors: Thomas Jayne
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Tennyson’s Maud, published in 1855. The poem was met with sustained criticism, not least because of its ‘innovatory’ form, a ‘drama in lyrics’ as Tennyson himself terms it. Maud displays a variety of influences, including, most conspicuously, Hamlet, and a variety of metrical forms, in its attempt to render the speaker’s successive phases of passion; the latter include ballad, heroic couplet, alexandrines, and epithalamion. It has also been claimed that Maud, Tennyson’s first non-occasional poem as Laureate, is the result of an Oedipal rivalry with Wordsworth, largely as a result of his inheritance of the Laureateship in 1850. However, Wordsworth’s presence in Maud is more complex than Harold Bloom’s somewhat monolithic model would allow, creating a multiplicity of effects: some borrowings allow Tennyson to remodulate Wordsworth, allowing him to define himself in relation to his predecessor; others define him in turn, underlining the trajectory of the poem and questioning its narrative form; others allow Tennyson to address issues which the poem ostensibly avoids; yet others allow Tennyson to question his role as public poet and as poet of ‘sensation’.
Crossing the Wordsworthian Bar
Authors: Thomas Jayne
Published: January 2020

This chapter confirms the book’s findings through an analysis Tennyson’s late poem, ‘Crossing the Bar’ (1889); in ending with Tennyson’s valedictory lyric, the book also substantiates the claim that Tennyson did not move away from Wordsworth in his later years, drawing out the literary-historical implications of Tennyson’s echoing of Wordsworth’s language and phrasing. In studying the echoes that sound through poems, the book validates the notion that historical and cultural context cannot fully account for the author’s poetic and literary associations, as ‘literature itself has a history […] and manifests authors’ own histories of reading and writing’. Implicit in the summary is an acknowledgement of the dangers inherent in limiting the study of Tennyson’s Romantic influences simply to one, albeit toweringly important, poet. Yet the conclusion also implicitly acknowledges how the book’s concentration on Tennyson’s echoing of Wordsworth reveals compelling things about the later poet’s poetic relationship with Wordsworth, making a timely intervention in the field of Romantic and Victorian literary continuities and discontinuities, and expanding critical understanding of Tennyson’s poetic relationship with Wordsworth and with his own poetry.
Writing on the Image
Authors: Balafrej Lamia
Published: January 2020

This chapter takes a close look at the semantic richness and transgressive potential of the Cairo Bustan’s illustrated frontispiece, a double painting opening the manuscript and representing a celebration in a royal palace. While the double painting belongs to the tradition of the Persian royal frontispiece, whose main task was to reflect the royal patron’s glory, it also considerably departs from it. In the painting, the king is marginalized, pushed to the periphery by a host of details and scenes. Visual abundance derails the viewer’s attention and suggests multiple lines of interpretation. The frontispiece can be read as a mystical scene, a parody of royal portraiture, and a self-reflective device, shifting our attention from patron to painting.
Wondrous Signature
Authors: Balafrej Lamia
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 explores the expressive qualities of the line in Persian painting and drawing. Using contemporary sources that linked linear precision to the maker’s dexterity and morality, this chapter focuses on the line as a vehicle of artistic representation. For historical viewers, the line read less as a contour designed to create motifs than as an object in its own right, endowed with plastic meaning and expressive effects. The line not only captured the sensory work of artists but it also attested to their moral qualities. Through precision, grace and minuteness, the line became the emblem of a painter’s moral character. Lyrical poetry further testified to the line’s ethical thrust by linking the calligraphic flow of the line to the mystical quest for love.
Manuscripts in Motion
Authors: Balafrej Lamia
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 takes a close look at the signatures of Bihzad in the paintings of the Cairo Bustan. Each signature was concealed as a pictorial detail, taking a different form in each painting. Signatures, moreover, were unusual in Persian painting. This chapter argues that through concealment, variety, ambiguity and uniqueness, Bihzad’s signatures were designed to elicit a feeling of wonder, emphasising the painter’s virtuosity and creativity. Through excessive minuteness, they mythicized the painter and described artistic authority as transcendent, while also obscuring the participation of many other artists and artisans. Signature was thus as much a step toward visibility as it was an instrument of self-praise, and an act of appropriation.
No Gods! No Masters!: From Ontological to Political Anarchism
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: January 2020

The aim of this chapter is to clarify one the most significant misunderstandings of Deleuze and Guattari’s political theory: the difference between their conceptions of ontological anarchism and political anarchism. The author’s thesis is that equating these two kinds anarchism undermines the theory and practice of political anarchism. He also argues more generally that there is no necessary relation between ontological anarchism and political anarchism and, finally, shows the practical and analytic strength of a strictly political theory of anarchism derived from Deleuze and Guattari’s work.
Absolutely Deterritorial: Deleuze, Indigeneity and Ethico-Aesthetic Anarchism as Strategy
Authors: Stones Andrew
Published: January 2020

Andrew Stones accounts in this chapter for the ways in which relative and absolute deterritorialisation are used strategically by indigenous activists and theorists. In particular, he thinks about the relations between struggles ‘for’ freedom – or against the structure of domination – and struggles ‘of’ freedom – or struggles that take place within the structure of domination. Turning to examples of both anarchist and indigenous struggles in India, Africa and Australia, he shows how Deleuze’s concepts of ‘relative’ and ‘absolute’ deterritorialisation offer concrete strategic resources for resistance to settler colonialism.
Immanent Ethics and Forms of Representation
Authors: Vasileva Elizabet
Published: January 2020

Among the many recurring themes in Deleuzeʼs writings is the problem of representation. This can be traced as early as Difference and Repetition, but his critique of representation also played a major role in his collaborations with Guattari and continue in later writings such as What is Philosophy? This chapter aims at extending and applying this critique to ethics and, more specifically, to (post)anarchist ethics.
Deleuze and Stirner: Ties, Tensions and Rifts
Authors: Feiten Elmo
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the author demonstrates the potential that a combination of Deleuze and Stirner holds for (post)anarchism. A critical reading of Deleuze’s depiction of Stirner in his work on Nietzsche opens up the possibility of combining their thought. The comparative analysis of Deleuze and Stirner goes beyond the work of Saul Newman and draws on Gabriel Kuhn’s application of schizo-revolutionary thought and minoritarian becoming to an anarchist, anti-fascist mode of existence, highlighting the strong links to Stirner’s creative nothingness and the self-dissolving, never-being ego.
From the Autochthonousphere to the Allochthonousphere: Escaping the Logics of Plantations and the Moving Target
Authors: Gray van Heerden Chantelle
Published: January 2020

Chantelle Gray van Heerden argues that plantation logics create a particular appreciative of the spatial coordinates of histories since the carceral, a kind of facialisation of power, is always reliant on binarisation and biunivocalisation. She argues that in order to bring about real change in the world, anarchism has to become imperceptible without invisibilising whitenesss. Drawing on Deleuze’s The Logic of Sense, she invites the reader to reconsider the surface and the ground. This, she holds, can help us think about how to disrupt the spatial coordinates of the plantation and the racial violence it portends.
Alpyağıl’s Case for Canon
Authors: Wilkinson Taraneh R.
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the reader to the figure and work of Istanbul theologian and philosopher of religion RecepAlpyağıl.Alpyağıl’s work reflects a deep critical interest in authenticity and the formation of intellectual canon. This discussion lays out his case for an inclusive canon of philosophy of religion and explores why Alpyağıl thinks it is needed in the context of an authentically Turkish and Muslim study of philosophy of religion. In his case for an inclusive canon, Alpyağıl turns to the example of French philosopher of religion Paul Ricoeur and his discussion of intertextuality. By teasing out the parallels between Ricoeur’s legacy in philosophy of religion and Alpyağıl’s use of Ricoeur’s example for a Turkish paradigm, this chapter argues for the dialectical and complex nature of Alpyağıl’s proposed path forward: that an authentically Turkish and Muslim philosophy of religion is intertextual and inclusive.
Conclusion: The future of FOIA and executive privilege
Authors: Baron Kevin M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes the book, offering a discussion on the Cold War Paradigm, CLDC and interconnected double feedback loops in providing an analytical model to understand inter-branch power struggles and how policy is developed as a congressional check on executive power. The chapter also summarizes the intertwined nature of executive privilege and FOIA, and how the policy of FOIA continues to be relevant to current political debates within the contemporary period. FOIA has been amendment multiple times since the 1974 amendments, and every successive administration has sought to contain and control the flow of information. As we move into the Trump administration, the issue of executive privilege has resurged again, forcing Congress into a positon to once again learn new ways of seeking to contain executive power.
Disrupting Sovereignty: Deleuze and Guattari on the War Machine
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

This chapter engages with Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s analysis of the war machine, suggesting that it contradicts Arendt’s analysis and offers the most radical critique within the radical-juridical paradigm. Premised on the notion that we must rethink sovereignty from ontological difference rather than unity, Deleuze and Guattari radically undermine the indivisibility that defines the classic-juridical conception. Far from being located in one individual or point, sovereignty is always tied to the State, which is a multiplicity that expresses the constantly moving, fluid, and dynamic field of difference. By thinking the social world in terms of heterogeneity, Deleuze and Guattari undermine the hierarchical conception of sovereignty underpinning the classic-juridical model, but continue to implicitly insist that State sovereignty is tied to the maintenance of juridical order; an order that is always threatened by or in conflict with the war machine that disrupts it. As a consequence, they conclude that sovereign order is always far more unstable and disordered than it appears to be.
Nietzsche and the Genealogy of Evil
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

This chapter demonstrates that Friedrich Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals argues that, rather than being ahistoric, moral concepts are inherently historical. Focusing on its first essay, this chapter shows that Nietzsche’s approach (1) undercut the histories and thus justifications underpinning the Christian and Kantian frameworks, (2) demonstrates that the moral categories historically used in Western thinking are semiotically heterogeneous, and (3) shows that the meaning of moral concepts generally and ‘evil’ specifically are rooted in dynamic semiotic relations that are determined socially by heterogeneous and ever-changing power relations. ‘Evil’ as a moral category is not, then, an objective, ahistoric category, but one borne from a particular worldview and semiotic system. In turn, this shows that the meaning of this concept is dependent upon changing, heterogeneous, power relations manifested through pre-personal, socio-historical interactions and relations.
Lacan and the Symbolic Function of Evil
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

This chapter shows that Jacques Lacan combines insights from Saussurean linguistics with an innovative reading of Freudian psychoanalytic theory to account for the ways in which meaning is generated from the differential relations between signifiers. Lacan does not offer a theory of evil per se; prior to doing so, he argues that we needed to account for how meaning is created and accounted for this by introducing the three registers of the imaginary, symbolic, and real. By suggesting that ‘evil’ is found at the intersection of what he calls the real and the symbolic, Lacan argues that it needs to be understood as the signifier that aims, but, due to the nature of the Lacanian real, always fails, to designate the non-signifiable real within the symbolic order. ‘Evil’ is then the symbol that stands at the liminal point between the symbolic and the real and designates the ineffable excessive aspect of existence that, because it cannot be comprehended within the symbolic order, is strange, indescribable, and beyond comprehension.
The Perpetrators of Evil
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines John Kekes’s attempt to develop a perpetrator-based account of evil that holds that evil entails undeserved harms inflicted on others. This leads him to distinguish between different types and degrees of harm, as well as to develop what he calls a ‘character-based’ morality against the historically dominant ‘choice-morality.’ However, he also claims that evil is not simply caused by the actions of individuals but emanates from the conditions of life itself, including contingency, indifference, and destructiveness. Because these induce the harm that Kekes associates with evil, he concludes that evil is in-built into human existence. However, while there is no escaping all forms of evil, Kekes introduces the notion of moral desert to argue that the job of morality is to face evil and ensure that it is suffered only to the extent that it is deserved based on the actions and hence character of the individual. The implication being that some individuals deserve to suffer the evils that befall them whereas others suffer evil without deserving it. The conclusion identifies a number of problems inherent in Kekes’s account.
Remembering the Victims
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

This chapter engages with Claudia Card claim that we can only ever understand evil by focusing on its victims to insist that evils are reasonably foreseeable intolerable harms produced by inexcusable wrongs. From this, the chapter identifies that her analysis works on two distinct, but related, levels: Conceptually speaking, Card maintains that good and evil are distinct, but evil is distinguished from lesser wrongs, and all are defined by degrees. Experientially speaking, she recognises that agents often find themselves in situations that require actions that are not clearly good or evil. She develops this through Primo Levi’s notion of ‘grey zones,’ which entail the creation of extremely stressful spaces or relationships wherein victims become perpetrators of evil against other victims. This brings her analysis into the socio-political realm, and so is reminiscence of Arendt’s approach, while, by linking grey zones to diabolical evil, she departs from Kant’s rejection of the latter form of evil: for Card, there is an absolute, diabolical form of evil entailing evil done for its own sake. In positing this notion, she returns us to an absolute conception of evil that had long been downplayed by secular theories of evil.
On Clausewitz
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores Aron’s understanding of Clausewitz and his theory of war. It maintains that Aron intended to offer a careful reading of Clausewitz’ work and to correct many of the misunderstandings and misinterpretations of this great military authority. It concludes with a claim that rather than being outdated, Clausewitz’ theory can be instructive in the atomic age.
On ideology and totalitarianism
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: January 2020

This chapter has two parts: one on ideology and the other on totalitarianism. In the first part, it explores Aron’s adaption of the notion of ideology through Karl Mannheim and Edward Shils and concludes with a discussion of the “End of Ideology?” debate. In the second part, it clarifies the similarities and differences between Aron’s conception of totalitarianism and that of Hannah Arendt.
On freedom
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: January 2020

This chapter explains Aron’s three meanings of freedom. One is his conception in contrast to de Tocqueville and the young Marx. Another is his conception in comparison with F.A. Hayek. The third is his conception of freedom within the confines of modern industrial technology. It underscores Aron’s insistence on reason, prudence, and responsibility in determining what true freedom is and what it means for individuals and for society.
Introduction: Italian Unity and International Alliances
Authors: Cove Patricia
Published: January 2020

Although many historical narratives of the Risorgimento and early Italian constitutional monarchy view Italy as a nation-state unable to consolidate itself against political division and regional diversity, Italian political culture’s cultivation of a sense of internal fragmentation and powerlessness also constituted part of the Risorgimento’s ideological content and Italy’s national identity. Risorgimento culture’s oppositionalism also infiltrated British reaction to Italian politics. Theodosia Garrow Trollope’s eyewitness Athenaeum correspondence, collected as Social Aspects of the Italian Revolution (1861), develops politicised familial metaphors for unification and international alliance that empower and transform Italy through political solidarity. By contrast, texts by D. G. Rossetti, George Meredith, Anthony Trollope, Benjamin Disraeli, Henrietta Jenkin and Arthur Hugh Clough propose more sceptical familial and romantic metaphors for Risorgimento Italy, revealing disillusioned and hesitant attitudes toward Italy in relation to its neighbouring powers, including France, Austria and Great Britain.
Spying in the British Post Office: Letter-Opening, Italy and Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White
Authors: Cove Patricia
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses Wilkie Collins’s sensation novel The Woman in White (1859–60) in relation to the 1844 Post Office Espionage Scandal, which revealed British government spying against Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. Representations of the Post Office Scandal in Parliament and print predict the revision of the Gothic into sensation fiction, helping to create the imaginative space through which the sensation genre could begin to interrogate Gothic national stereotypes and relocate the Gothic plot within modern Britain’s private homes and institutions. The letter-opening scandal and The Woman in White share a central place in a mid-Victorian moment of evolution in the mutually constitutive relationship between Italian and British national identities, generating and reflecting a crisis in Britishness focused on the secret tyrannies concealed beneath the surface of Victorian liberalism that emerged from the collision of British and Italian politics and print culture.
Broadening Intelligence Accountability
Authors: Van Puyvelde Damien
Published: January 2020

This chapter develops a conceptual model of intelligence accountability as a relationship between accountability holders and holdees, or principals and agents. This model identifies three conditions for accountability to occur: access to information, existence of adequate standards, and authority and willingness to use them. The model posits that the existence of these conditions and the broader relationship between accountability holders and holdees are not fixed in time. When one or more of these conditions is not satisfied, accountability problems emerge and trigger responses that may or may not fill accountability gaps. This conceptual model is used to broaden the study of intelligence accountability – which has largely focused on the role of the three branches of government – and take into account the place of non-state actors in the U.S. system of intelligence accountability.
The Rise of Islamic Political Movements and Parties
Authors: Kirdis Esen
Published: January 2020

Although regarded as a single community of Islamists, Islamic political movements utilise vastly different means to pursue their goals. This book examines why some Islamic movements facing the same socio-political structures pursue different political paths, while their counterparts in diverse contexts make similar political choices. Based on qualitative fieldwork involving personal interviews with Islamic politicians, journalists, and ideologues – conducted both before and after the Arab Spring – this study draws close comparisons between six Islamic movements in Jordan, Morocco and Turkey. It analyses how some Islamic movements decide to form a political party to run in elections, while their counterparts in the same country reject doing so and instead engage in political activism as a social movement through informal channels. More broadly, this study demonstrates the role of internal factors, ideological priorities and organisational needs in explaining differentiation within Islamic political movements, and discusses its effects on democratisation. In Morocco, this book examines the Movement for Unity and Reform that formed the Party for Justice and Development, and the Justice and Spirituality Movement that eschewed party politics. In Turkey, it examines the National Outlook Movement that is the mother-movement to various Islamic political parties, and the Gülen Movement that has a complicated relationship with incumbent parties. In Jordan, this book examines the Muslim Brotherhood and its political wing the Islamic Action Front Party, and the Quietist Salafis rejecting institutional politics.
Can One Person Make a Difference? Fearless Speech vs. Security Politics
Authors: Neal Andrew W.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the status of ‘truth’ and ‘speech’ in security politics. It explores the dilemmas and limitations of different political mechanisms for speaking out on security in the social context of the traditional silencing and marginalising effects of security politics. Specifically, it does this though Michel Foucault’s work on ‘parresia’, the ancient Greek practice of ‘truth-telling’ or ‘free-spokenness’. For Foucault, parresia is an act of freely speaking out, when a speaker steps out of the regular political game and puts themselves at risk to speak a truth. The chapter argues that this offers a different perspective to other approaches to security such as the Copenhagen and Paris Schools, defying their pathways of expected behaviour in the political field. It explores ‘parresia’ though the example of British Conservative MP David Davis, who resigned his parliamentary seat in protest at the Labour government’s security policies in June 2008.
Security as a Whole-of-Government Project: Risk, Economy, Politics
Authors: Neal Andrew W.
Published: January 2020

This chapter departs from others by focusing on government as a site of politics. It finds the same trend at work: ‘security’ has been migrating out from a ‘black box’ at the dark heart of the state and into the wider reaches of government, encroaching on all policy areas and all government departments. Building on current literatures on risk, the chapter argues that central to this trend is the rise of a risk-based based rationality in government, which supplants the traditional threat-based security logic with one based on possibilities. The chapter argues that this allows ‘security’ to become subordinate to other political goals such as economic growth, relativising its traditional existential claim on political rationality.
Conclusion: More Security, More Politics
Authors: Neal Andrew W.
Published: January 2020

The conclusion reasserts that professional politicians are more active on security than ever before, and that although parliamentary politics is deeply unfashionable among critical scholars, it is precisely this unfashionableness that makes it so important in this context. If ‘security’ can increasingly be found in this most ‘normal’ of political arenas, then we cannot seriously maintain that security is inherently exceptional and anti-political. The chapter revisits the debate on security as a state of exception, arguing that if security is increasingly part of normal politics, and not a damaging exception to it, then we need to rethink our very understanding of security. The exclusions, prerogatives, taboos, boundaries, hierarchies and symbolic inequalities that elevated security above normal politics have been diluted by new security practices and problematisations. As these have proliferated, they have spilled into the normal political arena and the activities of politicians. The chapter demonstrates this argument by summarising the book’s story of UK security politics over four decades from the 1980s onwards, discussing issues of parliamentary marginalisation, influence, voice, and oversight. Finally, the chapter concludes that more security does not mean less politics, it means more.
Introduction: Scottish Coal Miners and Economic Security
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: January 2020

Changes in coalfield employment and coal industry ownership illustrate the ways in which economic security was strengthened from the 1920s to the 1960s. Private ownership was an obstacle to communal security, with employers protecting their profits at the expense of employment and wage stability. Nationalisation in 1947 was an important victory. Progress was not straightforward, however, disturbed by pit closures and job losses from the late 1950s onwards. Policy-makers moved human and capital resources out of basic industry, including coal, and into higher value-added manufacturing. The new employer, the National Coal Board (NCB), was initially clumsy in its approach to restructuring. Nationalisation involved limited innovation in the sense of enhanced industrial democracy. But miners and their union representatives made the changes work in their favour. Policy-makers were persuaded to accommodate the needs of the coalfields as miners defined them. New factories were established in the coalfields through UK government regional policy, mainly in mechanical engineering and then electrical engineering, with jobs for women as well as men. A reconfigured pattern of social relations emerged gradually, with more opportunities for women and less gender inequality.
Miners and the Scottish Nation: from the 1950s to the 1970s
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: January 2020

Economic security in the coalfields was strengthened after the closure of Scotland’s largest colliery, Michael in East Fife, in 1967. The moral economy was enforced vigorously by the New Mine generation. Mobilisation averted a significant erosion of employment. Increased coal burn at new power stations was secured. As the creation of jobs in new industries slowed, so did the rate of employment loss in coal. Pits closed only where the interests of mining localities were carefully protected. Security was also pursued through industrial action for improved wages. The New Mine generation in Scotland was instrumental in shifting union politics to the left, and Scottish miners were prominent in major unofficial strikes in 1969 and 1970. Miners across Britain won significant pay increases in 1972 and 1974. These struggles reflected ambitions for more trenchant resistance to deindustrialisation, but the trend to unity across the coalfields was countered by the NCB’s introduction of area incentive schemes. The prominence of territorial divisions reinforced the Scottish labour movement’s argument that deindustrialisation and economic security were phenomena with distinct national features in Scotland.
Resisting Closures and Winning Wages in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: January 2020

The 1984-85 miners’ strike in defence of collieries, jobs and communities was an unsuccessful attempt to reverse the change in economic direction driven in the UK by Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative governments. The government was committed to removing workforce voice from the industry. Its struggle against the miners was a war against the working class more generally. Mining communities were grievously affected in economic terms by the strike and its aftermath, but in the longer run emerged with renewed solidarity. Gender relations, evolving from the 1960s as employment opportunities for women increased, changed in further progressive ways. This strengthened the longer-term cohesion of mining communities. The strike had a more general and lasting political impact in Scotland. The narrative of a distinct Scottish national commitment to social justice, attacked by a UK government without democratic mandate, drew decisive moral force from the anti-Thatcherite resistance of men and women in the coalfields. This renewed the campaign for a Scottish Parliament, which came to successful fruition in 1999.
Legacy and Conclusion
Authors: Phillips Jim
Published: January 2020

On 9 September 2017 a service of remembrance was held in East Wemyss for the nine miners killed in the disastrous fire at Michael, exactly 50 years previously. The service was organised by the Fife Mining Heritage Preservation Society (FMHPS), and held at the village memorial, a miniature replica of Michael’s No. 3 pit head-frame. The service was attended by a multi-generational assembly of about 450. It was introduced by Duncan Gilfillan and Elizabeth McGuire, Chair and Secretary of the FMHPS, and led by the Reverend Wilma Cairns of Buckhaven and East Wemyss Parish Church. The Reverend Cairns spoke warmly about the nine miners who were still mourned by the families who lost them: Hugh Gallacher, aged 61, Alexander Henderson, 41, James Mackay, 59, Henry Morrison, 36, Johnston Smith, 60, James Tait, 41, Andrew Taylor, 43, Andrew Thomson, 55, and Philip Thomson, 64. She remembered these men as skilled workers, loving husbands, fathers and sons, helpful colleagues, friendly drinking buddies and pals who went to the football. Family flowers were joined on the village memorial by tributes from the Scottish Mines Rescue Training Centre in Crossgates, Fife, which had assumed a leading role in the difficult recovery operation in 1967, and representatives of Fife Trades Union Council, present with their banner, along with Peter Grant, MP for Glenrothes, and David Torrance, MSP for Kirkcaldy....
Вплив кризи полісної системи на характер і напрямок економіки давньогрецьких полісів V-IV ст. до н.е.
Authors: Popelniuk Borys
Published: January 2020

У статті проаналізована криза полісної системи внаслідок греко-перських і Пелопоннеської війн, наслідки якої проявилися майже у всіх сферах життя давньогрецького суспільства. Доведено, що попри занепад певних галузей економіки, у цілому, дохід на душу населення виріс, покращилися й умови проживання, збільшилося кількість населення, яке стало більш урбаністичним, що, у свою чергу, вплинуло на розвиток торгівлі, особливо зовнішньої. Отже можемо стверджувати, що в Елладі у V-IV ст. до н.е. відбувається загальний економічний підйом.
Формування зовнішньої політики Бразилії з 1985 по 1995 роки: від Жозе Сарні до Ітамара Франко
Authors: Zhoga Myroslav
Published: January 2020

У даній статті здійснена спроба аналізу зовнішньої політики Бразилії з 1985 по 1995 рр. Особливу увагу приділено місцю президентів Бразилії та їхньому впливу на розвиток зовнішньої політики країни. Проведено аналіз факторів, що вплинули на формування зовнішньої політики Бразилії у відносинах з США, ЄС та країнами Латинської Америки, визначено характер їх змін упродовж означеного періоду.
Вплив міжнародних відносин на розвиток і крах останньої колоніальної імперії в Європі
Authors: Oliynyk Mykola
Published: January 2020

У статті проаналізовано особливості Нової держави, акцентовано увагу на її пристосуванні до зміни міжнародного становища. Розглянуто вплив членства у НАТО на розвиток Португалії. Досліджено обставини військового перевороту та його переростання у демократичну революцію. Наголошено на міжнародному значенні «Революції гвоздик».
Правова регламентація соціального захисту військових з інвалідністю у контексті підготовки СРСР до Великої війни: джерелознавчий дискурс
Authors: Hordiyenko Vyacheslav , Hordiyenko Galyna
Published: January 2020

У статті розкрито правові аспекти упорядкування системи соціального захисту військових з інвалідністю у СРСР напередодні радянсько-німецької війни. Здійснено аналіз урядових документів, ухвалених упродовж 1940-41 рр., які визначали контингенти соціального забезпечення інвалідів війни й обсяг державної допомоги. Обґрунтовано зв’язок ухвалених документів із загальним стратегічним планом наступальної війни, який розробляло вище партійно-урядове керівництво СРСР і Генеральний Штаб РСЧА.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Administrative Sciences in 2019
Authors:   Administrative Sciences Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Modeling and Characterization of a Thermally Controlled Iodine Feeding System for Electric Propulsion Applications
Authors: Saravia Manuel Martín , Bernazzani Luca , Ceccarini Alessio , Vinci Alfio Emanuele , Paganucci Fabrizio
Published: January 2020

Iodine is considered as a feasible alternative to xenon as a propellant for electric propulsion systems, thanks to its good propulsive performance, high availability, and high storage density. However, as iodine is stored in solid state at ambient temperature, current state-of-the-art propellant management systems are not suitable to be used with it. Moreover, due to its high reactivity, iodine imposes requirements on material-compatibility, hindering the use of mass flow measurement and control systems typically used with other propellants. The architecture of a controlled iodine feeding system for low power (200 W class) ion and Hall effect thrusters is presented and the resulting prototype is described. It consists of a sublimation assembly whose temperature is used to control the tank pressure, a normally-closed ON-OFF valve, and a thermal throttle to perform the fine control of the mass flow rate. A 1D thermal-fluid model concerning the vapor generation in the tank, and its evolution along the different components is detailed. The thermal throttle model has been experimentally verified using air as a working fluid. The model results agree with the measurements of the verification tests in the hypothesis of the presence of an extended region at the entrance of the pipe where the laminar flow velocity and temperature profiles are not fully developed (known as entry flow region). Finally, the system is experimentally characterized and the model of the full system is calibrated using experimental measurements. The calibration shows that the thermal throttle flow presents an entry flow region, that the viscosity is correctly modeled, and that there is a difference between the measured tank temperature and the effective sublimation temperature.