bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic Changes as a Function of Classical Aversive Conditioning in Human Subjects
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. , Browe Andrew C. , Horvath Steven M.
Published: February 2007

Eleven subjects underwent a discriminative classical aversive conditioning paradigm while heart rate, stroke index, and hence cardiac index were continuously monitored. Ten out of 11 subjects showed heart rate decreases to the conditioned stimulus at the time of shock onset. This decrease in rate did not change other hemodynamic parameters. The hemodynamic response to the unconditioned stimulus was an increase in heart rate and cardiac index even though stroke index decreased. These results suggest that the conditioned heart rate changes in human heart rate conditioning are too small to alter other hemodynamic variables.
Task‐Related EEG Asymmetry: Effects of Age and Ability
Authors: McLeod Sarah S. , Peacock Lelon J.
Published: February 2007

EEG was recorded over parietal sites in 16 adult males while they were engaged in verbal and spatial tasks. A portion of the Modified Minnesota Paper Form Board Test was administered to obtain a measure of spatial ability. Computer analysis of 1 min of EEG during each task revealed relatively reduced amplitude of EEG alpha frequency (7–13 Hz) from the left hemisphere during the verbal task, while the opposite pattern held during the spatial task, with right hemisphere alpha reduced compared to the left hemisphere alpha. No task‐related asymmetry was seen for the whole‐band EEG. No relationship was found between spatial test scores and degree of task‐related asymmetry, but degree of asymmetry increased with increasing age.
Psychophysiology in Fechner's Psychophysics: The Relationship Between Heart Rate and Accuracy of Comparative Weight Judgments
Authors: Davis Christopher M.
Published: February 2007

In his Elements of Psychophysics, Fechner described an apparent relationship between HR and the accuracy of comparative weight judgments. A reexamination of Fechner's data confirmed the relationship between psychophysical sensitivity and the average of the daily HR taken before and after testing. He attributed the high HRs he found to a form of long lasting arousal caused by strenuous exercise.
Two Experiential Orientations Toward a Stressful Situation and Their Related Somatic and Visceral Responses
Authors: Barrell James J. , Price Donald D.
Published: February 2007

Experiential orientations toward a stressor, a threat of very painful electric shock, were found to be related to some visceral and somatic responses. Under such conditions, subjects either attempted to confront or avoid the stressor. Moreover, in the stress situation, a confronting orientation showed significantly higher trapezius electromyograms (EMGs) when compared to an avoiding orientation, and avoiding significantly higher heart rates (HRs) when compared to confronting. The existence of stress in this situation was based upon both physiological changes toward activation and subject feedback (i.e., self reports). Attention targets were suggested as another way of conceptualizing these two experiential orientations. The results indicated that these specific stress orientations expressed themselves in the body through specific physiological response profiles.
Event Related Potentials and Time Estimation
Authors: Ruchkin D. S. , McCalley M. G. , Glaser E. M.
Published: February 2007

Event related potentials (ERPs) recorded from the scalp of man were studied during a time estimation task. The principal ERP correlate of mental activity associated with time estimation appeared to be a CNV wave followed by a late positive shift. Latency of CNV termination was correlated with temporal judgments. There was some evidence that the onset of CNV termination occurred prior to the estimated time of occurrence of cortical motor command signals associated with production of the temporal judgments.
Exercise and Sleep Loss: Effects on Recovery Sleep
Authors: Moses J. , Lubin A. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. C.
Published: February 2007

The effects of exercise and sleep loss on recovery sleep were studied in young male naval volunteers. For 1 hr out of every 4 hrs during a 40‐hr period, 20 subjects rested in bed and 10 subjects bicycled. Eleven measures of recovery night sleep were selected for comparison of the bedrest and exercise groups. Only one reached significance under the conservative Dunn‐Bonferroni criterion: the exercise group had a higher percent total sleep time. The results indicate that exercise does increase the effects of sleep loss on recovery sleep, but that there is no simple, direct effect on specific sleep stages.
Lack of Correlation Between Frontalis EMG and Either Neck EMG or Verbal Ratings of Tension
Authors: Shedivy David I. , Kleinman Kenneth M.
Published: February 2007

Eight normal subjects were trained with the aid of EMG feedback to successively increase and decrease the activity of the frontalis muscle on 5 consecutive days. Along with the activity of the frontalis, sternomastoid EMG was recorded from 4 subjects and EMG from both the semispinalis and splenius capitus was recorded from the other 4 subjects. Estimates of the degree of subjective tension or relaxation were obtained following Baseline, Increase Frontalis, and Decrease Frontalis periods on each treatment day. Frontalis EMG activity showed significant increases and decreases relative to baseline levels during appropriate periods. Sternomastoid EMG did not change significantly during either Increase Frontalis or Decrease Frontalis periods. Semispinalis/splenius EMG activity also did not change during Increase Frontalis periods, but increased significantly during Decrease Frontalis periods. Subjects’estimates of subjective tension increased above baseline during increases in frontalis EMG activity, but did not change significantly during decreases in frontalis EMG. These data support the findings of Alexander that changes in frontalis EMG neither generalize to other somatic muscles nor correlate with verbal reports of cognitive tension or relaxation.
Cuff Pressure Oscillations in the Measurement of Relative Blood Pressure
Authors: Geddes L. A. , Newberg D. C.
Published: February 2007

The continuous relative blood pressure measure obtained with a partially‐inflated arm blood‐pressure cuff operates under the same principle as the oscillometric method of blood pressure determination. In psychophysiological studies the rise in blood pressure seen, for example, in response to an emotion‐evoking question, produces a rise in cuff pressure, along with any of three pulse‐amplitude changes: a decrease, no change, or an increase. These seemingly paradoxical responses which accompany an increase in blood pressure may be explained by considering the relationship of cuff pressure to the cuff pressure for maximum oscillations. Experiments were conducted in which cuff pressure and its oscillations were recorded. Indications of an increase in blood pressure, and the pulse‐amplitude changes resulting there from, were obtained at different cuff pressures in the same subject. The results confirm the hypothesis that with cuff pressure below the point of maximum oscillation, an increase in blood pressure results in a decrease in pulse amplitude. With a cuff pressure just above the point of maximum oscillations, an increase in blood pressure results in an increase in pulse amplitude.
Elicitation of Subjective Uncertainty during Vasomotor and Electrodermal Discrimination Classical Conditioning
Authors: Biferno Michael A. , Dawson Michael E.
Published: February 2007

Subjective uncertainty was introduced during discrimination classical conditioning of the skin conductance and vasomotor responses. All 48 college student subjects were informed that one 7‐sec colored light would always be followed by a shock (CS+) while a 7‐sec light of another color would never be followed by a shock (CS−). After half of the conditioning trials, a novel stimulus (NS) was illuminated (a third color) and remained on. One group was previously informed about the NS while the other group was noninformed. Results of between trial verbal reports and postsession interviews indicated that noninformed subjects experienced more general uncertainty and more uncertainty regarding the CS‐US contingency on the postNS trials than did the informed group. On the trial pair following the NS onset, the short latency electrodermal response (1 to 4.5 sec) of the noninformed subjects increased while the informed subjects maintained a stable level of responding. Evaluation of later postNS trials revealed that the long latency response (4.6 to 7.9 sec) of the noninformed subjects decreased more than for the informed subjects. The decrease for the noninformed subjects was greatest to CS+. No group differences in vasomotor activity were elicited by NS onset. It was concluded that momentary increases in orienting and more sustained decreases in preparatory activity may accompany increases in subjective uncertainty.
Long‐Latency Evoked Potentials and Reaction Time
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Ford Judith M. , Kopell Bert S.
Published: February 2007

Tone pips separated by a constant 1 sec interval were delivered to 12 subjects. The pips were of three pitches given in a random sequence. The 400 and 1600 Hz pips each had a probability of 0.1 and the 800 Hz pips had a probability of 0.8. For each subject, either the 400 or 1600 Hz pips were designated as targets in a reaction time (RT) task.

Stimulus‐synchronized averages (SSAs) to infrequent tones contained two prominent waves: a P3 and a slow wave (SW). SW and P3 amplitudes were larger, and P3 latency was 15 msec shorter, to targets than to non‐targets. SSAs were computed for RT quartiles (Q1–Q4) of each subject. Between Q1 and Q4, P3 amplitude decreased, while SW amplitude increased, demonstrating behavioral and dissociation of the two waves. Between Q1 and Q4, RTs increased from 366 to 540 msec, while P3 latency at Cz increased from 328 to 359 msec. Response‐synchronized averages computed for each RT quartile showed no response‐related deflections that could explain the effects in the SSAs.
Locating NREM Dreaming Through Instrumental Responses
Authors: Brown Judith N. , Cartwright Rosalind D.
Published: February 2007

One difficulty associated with the study of dreams has been the absence of an objective indicator of dreaming in sleep other than REM. This study explores the use of a subjective judgment and instrumental response to mark the occurrence of dreams. Content reports of 8 subjects collected under two conditions were compared. On 2 nights the experimenter determined the time of the awakening and on the other 2 the subject's behavioral response was used as the indicator. The subjects' judgments that they were dreaming proved to be more accurate than was the experimenter's. A single case study of a high NREM responder carried out for 9 nights showed the frequency of NREM dreaming signals to covary with presleep mood.
Biofeedback Training of Blood Pressure: A Comparison of Three Feedback Techniques
Authors: Shannon Brian J. , Goldman Mark S. , Lee Richard M.
Published: February 2007

Three biofeedback procedures were compared for their effectiveness in training subjects to modify systolic blood pressure (BP). Three groups of 6 normotensives received three training sessions using one of three types of systolic BP feedback: 1) proportional feedback at 75‐sec intervals, 2) relatively continuous proportional feedback, or 3) a form of continuous binary feedback. Three subjects also completed a fourth, no‐feedback, session. Each session consisted of 5 training cycles, during which the subject was first instructed to “lower” BP and then “don't lower” BP. This design permitted demonstration of subjects' ability to control BP, rather than just lowering it. Systolic and diastolic BPs were recorded, as were heart rate, respiration rate and respiration volume. The continuous binary feedback technique was most successful in producing systolic BP control, apparently due to the short feedback latency and maximal information available to subjects. Diastolic BP often increased within sessions even when systolic BP decreased. No consistent covariation between BP and other physiological responses was observed, although at times these responses varied systematically with instruction. Continued systolic BP control at diminished levels was demonstrated by subjects who completed a fourth, no‐feedback, session.
Differential Effects of Left versus Right Monaural Biofeedback for Heart Rate Increase
Authors: Greenstadt Lisa , Schuman Marjorie , Shapiro David
Published: February 2007

Cerebral lateralization in the voluntary increase of heart rate was investigated in a biofeedback experiment involving 20 right‐handed female subjects randomly assigned to one of two groups: right or left ear input of stimulus and biofeedback information. The stimulus was a 1000 Hz tone which signalled the start and duration of 30 20‐sec training trials. Feedback was a click presented every time an interbeat interval was shorter than a criterion established through a shaping schedule. A monetary bonus provided additional reinforcement at the end of each trial. Subjects given right ear feedback increased their heart rate significantly more than subjects given left ear feedback. The largest difference between the group means (7 bpm) was recorded after the first 20 training trials. The results are discussed in terms of hemispheric perceptual and functional differences.
Overextinction and Test Stimulus Modality Determinants of Dishabituation
Authors: Smith Barry D. , Dickel Michael , Deutsch Sara
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of stimulus novelty, amount of overextinction exposure, and overextinction response frequency on phasic electrodermal test and dishabituation response amplitudes. Each subject underwent auditory habituation to a criterion and was then exposed to one of three overhabituation conditions: 0, 15, or 30 trials. The last trial of overhabituation was followed by either a dissimilar auditory stimulus or a visual stimulus, which was in turn followed by a repetition of the standard stimulus. Results showed that the intermodal test stimulus produced larger phasic test and dishabituation responses than the intramodal stimulus. The discrepancy in amplitude between the dishabituation response to the auditory stimulus and that to the visual stimulus was reduced by greater overextinction exposure. Results did not provide clearcut support for either the expectancy hypothesis of Sokolov (1963) or the generalization hypothesis of Thompson and Spencer (1966). Additional findings showed that high frequency overextinction responders gave test responses of greater amplitude than low frequency responders.
Physiological Responding During Self Generated Imagery of Contextually Complete Stimuli
Authors: Jones Gary E. , Johnson Harold J.
Published: February 2007

This study analyzes autonomic responding during imagination of preselected stimulus material, and evaluates the relative importance of stimulus activity and valence on the resultant cardiac response. Thirty‐two undergraduate female subjects were presented four stimulus sentences chosen to reflect extremes of the Semantic Differential Activity and Evaluation factors. Subjects were instructed to memorize and subsequently generate an image to these stimuli in a time‐locked methodology. Phasic cardiac responding occurred during imagery, and the magnitude of the cardiac acceleration was most clearly dependent on the rated activity of the image stimulus. The valence of the stimulus (pleasant‐unpleasant) appears important primarily in conjunction with low activity imagery stimuli. The results are also discussed in relation to the possible role of somatic mediation in imagery.
Normality of Distributions and Homogeneity of Variance of Heart Rate and Heart Period Samples
Authors: Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

One consideration in choosing between the measures, heart period and heart rate, is how well they meet the assumptions of statistical models. A review of previous findings and new data suggests that, with adult subjects, there is little basis for preferring one measure to the other but, with infant subjects, rate has the advantage of being more nearly normally distributed and more homogeneous in variance. Other considerations, briefly discussed, are the nature of measurement error and whether a cardiac or real time base is to be used.
A Window Comparator to Accommodate Natural Variability in Psychophysiological Measurements
Authors: Doyle F. James , Allon Richard
Published: February 2007

Natural variability of a physiological parameter which is reflected by a voltage proportional to some characteristic of the parameter, as for example in cardiotachometer or cutaneous temperature recordings, often renders interpretation of small change difficult. This article describes an inexpensive window comparator circuit that accounts for natural variability and produces a binary indication of whether a signal lies above or below a preselected range of natural variability.
Reliable and Precise Identification of R‐Waves in the EKG with a Simple Peak Detector
Authors: Shimizu Hidemi
Published: February 2007

A simple instrument is described which reliably and accurately identifies R‐waves in the EKG signal. These R‐waves are obtained by “Modified Lead 2′’and other similar methods. By using a peak detector instead of a Schmitt trigger, three important advantages are obtained. If the instrument is connected to a time interval counter, reliable and accurate acquisition of heart beat interval and heart rate data may be achieved with a relatively simple operation.
An Automatic Voltage Suppressor For the Measurement of Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Simon Wolfgang R. , Homoth Reiner W. G.
Published: February 2007

An automatic voltage suppressor is described which increases the resolution of skin conductance and/or skin potential responses, facilitates the measurement of the corresponding levels, and prepares both electrodermal quantities for automatic data processing. The device accomplishes: 1) scanning of the levels at preset moments, 2) digital storing of these values for the corresponding time intervals, 3) subtraction of the stored values (minus an adjustable reserve) from the input signals, and 4) amplification of the difference voltages. Easy and inexpensive construction of the apparatus is possible using a minimal number of highly integrated circuits.
Effects of Stimulus Variability on the Amplitude and Habituation of the Electrodermal Orienting Response
Authors: Connolly John F. , Frith Christopher D.
Published: February 2007

Two experiments using 12 male subjects were conducted to study the effects of stimulus information on the amplitude and habituation of the electrodermal orienting response (OR). Visual stimuli which could be varied along information, contour, and symmetry dimensions were presented. In the first experiment, 2 series of 10 different stimuli each were presented; 1 series was characterized by high information and high contour, the other by low information and low contour. No difference in OR habituation between the 2 series was found. In the second experiment, the 2 series of stimuli were again presented with 3 test stimuli inserted at Trials 3, 6 and 9. Test stimuli differed from habituation stimuli by symmetry or information and/or contour. Changes in stimulus information or contour, but not symmetry, resulted in OR recovery. OR recovery did not result in dishabituation of the following stimuli. Results are interpreted as favoring an information processing model of OR habituation. Findings suggest that laws governing habituation processes under conditions of identical stimulus presentations may differ from those operating when stimuli are variable.
Effects of Changes in Verbal Stimuli on the Skin Conductance Response Component of the Orienting Response
Authors: Siddle David A. T. , Kyriacou Chris , Heron Peter A. , Matthews William A.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents three experiments which were designed to investigate the effects of changes in verbal stimulus meaning on magnitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR). In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects received 12 visual presentations of a single word stimulus followed by a test trial involving change. The results of Experiment 1 (N = 48) indicated that a test stimulus which constituted change in meaning and taxonomic category induced larger responses than did a change in meaning alone, which in turn induced larger responses than did a control condition of no change. Experiment 2 (N = 64) investigated the effects of both semantic and acoustic changes and the results indicated that only semantic changes resulted in test trial SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition. Experiment 3 (N = 48) investigated the effects on SCR magnitude of within‐ and between‐taxonomic category shifts following habituation training with 4 examples of the category. In this case, only the between‐category change resulted in SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition of no change. The results of all three experiments were interpreted as support for Sokolov's (1963) claim that the meaning of verbal stimuli is encoded during habituation. Moreover, the results of Experiment 1 indicate that responsiveness on a change trial is a positive function of the amount of change, while the results of Experiment 3 suggest that when a number of examples of a word class are employed during habituation, the semantic characteristics of that class are encoded.
The Time Constant in P300 Recording
Authors: Duncan‐Johnson Connie C. , Donchin Emanuel
Published: February 2007

A standard counting task was used to illustrate the effect of the time constant of the recording system on the amplitude and waveform of the P300 component. A random sequence of 1500 Hz (probability = .10) and 1000 Hz (probability = .90) tones was presented to one male subject. The EEG from Cz and Pz was recorded simultaneously at time constants of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 10.0 sec. The ERP waveform was markedly affected by the time constant: the shorter the time constant, the smaller the amplitude of both the P300 and Slow Wave components.
Effect of Feedback Delay Upon Learned Heart Rate Control
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Blanchard Edward B.
Published: February 2007

The effects of heart rate feedback delay upon bidirectional heart rate control were determined by comparing four groups of 10 subjects who received either: a) immediate feedback, or b) feedback that was delayed by 1.4 sec, 5 sec, or 14 sec. All subjects received 3 sessions of training which included 3 within‐session phases, i.e. 2 (pre and post‐feedback) Instructional Control phases during which subjects were instructed to speed or slow heart rate without the aid of feedback, and a Feedback phase during which bidirectional heart rate control was assisted by analogue heart rate feedback. Heart rate, chin EMG, and respiration rate were recorded during all phases.

The results indicated that the magnitude of heart rate increases and decreases was systematically influenced by differing amounts of feedback delay. For increasing and decreasing heart rate, the group receiving immediate feedback showed superior heart rate control in comparison to groups which received feedback that was delayed by 14 sec. The strongest effects of feedback delay were evident during Feedback and the final Instructional Control phase. Only the group receiving immediate feedback improved HR control during Feedback and post‐feedback Instructional Control phases.

These findings were discussed in terms of a motor skills learning model for learned HR control. It was concluded that while many of the same parameters influence HR and motoric behavior, the two responses should not be regarded as equivalent.
Psychological Stress Evaluator—Two Tests of a Vocal Measure
Authors: Brenner Malcolm , Branscomb Harvie H. , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: February 2007

The Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE), a commercial lie detector employing voice analysis, was tested on two laboratory tasks. On the guilty knowledge task of Lykken (1960), 20 subjects were interrogated on personal information after being offered a reward to fool the interrogator. PSE analysis failed to identify correct responses beyond chance levels. On the mental arithmetic task of Kahneman, Tursky, Shapiro, and Crider (1969) and Tursky, Schwartz, and Crider (1970), 16 subjects performed arithmetic problems which varied in difficulty but were performed under identical pacing. According to PSE scoring, stress increased with task difficulty. In addition, the PSE‐measured differences occurred with high consistency across subjects. Some aspects of PSE analysis may be valid for the measurement of stress, although the validity of the analysis for practical lie detection is questionable.
Somatic and Non‐Somatic Influences on the Heart: Hemodynamic Changes
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. , Bedi John F. , Horvath Steven M.
Published: February 2007

Hemodynamic changes in response to two different stressors were obtained and compared in order to determine whether non‐somatic influences on the cardiovascular system were similar to somatic influences regardless of the metabolic requirements. Ten subjects participated in three different treatment conditions: a) pre‐performance anxiety (a realistic psychological stress condition), b) mild exercise (the physical stress condition), and c) a control (no stress condition). The exercise levels were assigned to elicit heart rates equivalent to those observed during the pre‐performance anxiety condition. The cardiac index (CI) for both stressors was significantly increased above control values and even though the exercise condition had a higher predicted metabolic requirement, similar CI values were found in 8 out of 10 subjects. Two subjects classified as labile hypertensive responded with a greater cardiovascular reactivity to the psychological stress than to the physical stress. It appeared that the psychological stress condition evoked a cardiovascular response that was excessive for the metabolic requirements.
Autonomic Differences Between Extraverts and Introverts During Vigilance
Authors: Gange James J. , Geen Russell G. , Harkins Stephen G.
Published: February 2007

Heart rate and skin resistance indices were obtained from 30 introverts and 30 extraverts as they performed on one of three levels of a visual vigilance task. Introverts detected more signals than did extraverts during the vigilance task. This superiority by introverts was associated with a pattern of heart rate and electrodermal activity which supported H. J. Eysenck's (1967) theoretical formulation.
Contour‐Following Integrator for Dynamic Tracking of Electromyographic Data
Authors: Fridlund Alan J.
Published: February 2007

A circuit is described which provides a varying DC voltage proportional to the envelope of a raw electromyographic waveform. The design is inexpensive, employs readily available integrated circuitry, and includes selectable gain and integration time constants.
Autonomic Interactions in the Control of Heart Rate in the Monkey
Authors: Gottlieb Sheldon H. , Engel Bernard T.
Published: February 2007

Each of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was operantly conditioned to raise and to lower heart rate consistently and reliably. Following such training the animals were tested using autonomic blocking agents (methyl‐atropine bromide and 1‐propranolol) to characterize the autonomic mechanisms mediating such control. The results were: 1) In the undrugged animal the extent to which it decreases its heart rate over a 2048‐sec period is a linear function of the baseline heart rate; 2) A linear relationship between baseline heart rate and heart rate decrease also is present within the first 128 sec; 3) There is a less consistent relationship between baseline heart rate and change in heart rate when animals must increase heart rate; 4) Vagal blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate, primarily by reducing their ability to produce large, relatively rapid increases; 5) Sympathetic blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate both in terms of overall changes and in terms of large, relatively rapid responses; 6) Vagal blockade very significantly attenuates the ability of all animals to slow heart rate; 7) Sympathetic blockade facilitates the ability of most animals to slow heart rate. These findings show that both branches of the autonomic nervous system participate in the operant control of heart rate. The relative role of one branch or the other in a given experiment will depend upon the baseline conditions at the time of testing, and upon the requirements—i.e., raising or lowering of heart rate.
Anticipation and Response Set: Cortical, Cardiac, and Electrodermal Correlates
Authors: Simons Robert F. , ÖHman Arne , Lang Peter J.
Published: February 2007

Three experiments are reported investigating cortical and visceral responding during a twostimulus anticipation paradigm. Male undergraduate volunteers received auditory warning stimuli signalling the presentation of either high or low interest color slides at the end of a 6‐sec foreperiod. A between subject factor, reaction time (RT), was included to assess the effects of a motor response on the anticipatory psychophysiology. Subjects performing the reaction time task produced a two component cortical slow potential with both components larger than under no‐task conditions. The reaction time procedure also prompted larger visceral responses. The slow cortical response proved most sensitive to the “interest” manipulation when attentional demands were maximized.
Binocular Depth Perception Following REM Deprivation or Awake State Visual Deprivation
Authors: Herman John H. , Roffwarg Howard P. , Rosenmann Carl J. , Tauber Edward S.
Published: February 2007

Based upon the demonstration by Wallach and Karsh (1963) that stereoacuity is easily disruptable in the awake state, we postulated that central visual excitation, which is a feature of rapid eye movement sleep, operates to prevent deterioration of depth perception capacity nightly during sleep. Three awake state and four REM sleep conditions, each consisting of an 8‐hr period, were tested as follows: Awake: 1) baseline testing, 2) monocular patching, 3) binocular patching; Sleeping: 4) REM sleep deprivation, 5) NREM control (Stage 2 awakenings), 6) eye movement control (Condition 4 with substitution of awake eye movements), 7) uninterrupted sleep. A new device was developed and is described which measures stereoacuity as free as possible from other binocular or monocular cues in an actual depth situation.

We replicated Wallach and Karsh's (1963) finding of awake state disruption of stereopsis following monocular patching. However, our results indicate that REM sleep deprivation by awakenings is not detrimental to binocular depth perception the next morning. In a second experiment, we found that binocular depth perception at the end of REM periods is not significantly different from depth perception at the beginning of REM periods. We have concluded that REM sleep does not have the function of enhancement of stereoacuity processing.
UR Magnitude as a Predictor of Conditioned Alpha Blocking
Authors: Braggio John T. , Putney R. Thompson
Published: February 2007

Classical conditioning of the EEG response system was examined by considering the influence of US intensity, perceived US intensity, UR magnitude, and awareness of the CS‐US contingency on conditioned alpha blocking. Results indicated that conditioned alpha blocking occurred only for those subjects who had low and not high UR magnitudes in pseudoconditioning. Regression analyses showed that UR magnitude was a better predictor of conditioned alpha blocking than either US intensity or perceived US intensity. Conditioned alpha blocking was unrelated to a subject's awareness of the conditioning process. The influence of cognitive control on CRs for the EEG and GSR response systems is discussed.
Probability Learning and the P3 Component of the Visual Evoked Potential in Man
Authors: Johnston Victor S. , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: February 2007

Evoked potentials were recorded to stimuli (S1) which were predictive of stimuli (S2) worth different monetary values to determine if these waveforms reflected the probability and/or the value of the predicted event as the subject learned the relationship between S1 and S2. Both the monetary value of S2 and its conditional probability following S1 were systematically manipulated over a wide range of values. Subjects were required to use the conditional probability information (0.5,0.75,1.0) in order to make a correct behavioral response and receive the monetary payoff ($0, $1, $2). The results indicate that the amplitude of the P3 component of the average evoked response to S1 increases as subjects learn the relationship between S1 and S2, and S2 is a high value event.
Path Analysis of Psychophysiological Data
Authors: Ray R. L.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the use of path analysis with multivariate psychophysiological data. Path analysis is a simple descriptive multivariate technique which, given a matrix of intercorrelations and a hypothetical model of the direction of relationships among the variables, can produce estimates of the magnitude of the direct and indirect influences which together produce the observed intercorrelations.
Phasic Heart Rate Change and the U‐Shaped Relationship Between Choice Reaction Time and Auditory Signal Intensity
Authors: Van der Molen M. W. , Orlebeke J. F.
Published: February 2007

The effect of auditory intensity on choice reaction time (RT) and heart rate (HR) was studied in two experiments using a 2.5‐sec fixed foreperiod paradigm and a mixed block intensity presentation mode. Experiment I showed a U‐shaped RT/intensity function and a triphasic HR response. However, the usually obtained anticipatory HR deceleration did not appear. There was only a slight deceleration after the onset of the imperative signal. Both strong tones and faster responding were associated with a more rapid shift from less deceleration to more acceleratory recovery. A second experiment produced similar findings. In addition, differential warning with respect to signal intensity reduced its effect on RT and accelerated the HR response to the imperative signal. The triphasic HR response disappeared in reaction to a “No‐Go” warning signal instructing the subject to withhold his motor response to the imperative signal. It was argued that, apart from being an input variable, auditory intensity has an additional effect upon the motor system. It was concluded that this immediate arousal effect of loud auditory signals (Sanders, 1977) could be related to Graham's (1980) notion of defense as primarily a motor facilitating system.

Finally, the finding of a consistent relationship between fast reactions and less deceleration together with the absence of the anticipatory deceleration clearly does not fit either the Obrist model or the Lacey model.
Habituation of The Orienting Response to Complex Sequences of Stimuli
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon
Published: February 2007

The present paper investigates habituation of the electrodermal component of the orienting response to complex sequences of stimuli—i.e. sequences of at least two different recurring stimuli. From the simple habituation curve to one stimulus, three alternative models are suggested to predict the response to that same stimulus in a given trial of the complex sequence.

The study was carried out in two stages. In Experiment 1 simple habituation curves were constructed for two types of stimuli (chosen and non‐chosen). The results of this experiment provided two negative exponential functions fitted to the data of 101 subjects. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to compare the models and used complex sequences of chosen and non‐chosen stimuli in different mixtures. The prediction of each model was correlated with the actual data of 120 subjects in Experiment 2 and 160 subjects in Experiment 3. The two experiments produced a similar picture regarding the relative validities of the three models. The two models that assume independent habituation processes of the two stimuli comprising the sequence fitted the data better than a model that assumes complete generalization of habituation. The results were discussed within the framework of Sokolov's theory. Theoretical and methodological implications of the models were mentioned, and several suggestions for further research and formulation of more complex models were proposed.
T‐wave Amplitude and the P‐Q Interval: Relationships to Noninvasive Indices of Myocardial Performance
Authors: Bunnell David E.
Published: February 2007

This study examines the interrelationship of five noninvasive measures of cardiac performance: T‐wave amplitude (TWA), the P‐Q interval of the EKG (PQI), Pulse Transit Time (PTT), Carotid dP/dt, and heart rate or interbeat interval (IBI). These measures were manually derived from high‐speed recordings of EKG and carotid displacement pulse made as subjects performed a demanding mental arithmetic task. Within‐subject correlations between the measures were determined from 18 cardiac cycles sampled from baseline and task periods. Five of the median correlations were significant in the overall sample (N=19), most notably that between IBI and PQI. When subjects were partitioned into high and low PTT reactors, a larger number of significant correlations were observed in the more reactive group. PTT reactivity significantly enhanced the magnitude of three correlations: PTT vs IBI, PTT vs PQI, and PQI vs TWA.

Comparing the two electrocardiographic indices, PQI displayed larger correlations with both IBI and PTT than did TWA. The pattern of correlations suggests that PQI measurement provides little information beyond that provided by HR alone and that TWA, although strongly related to PTT in a few subjects, is not consistently related to any measure except PQI. The results are discussed in light of reports suggesting that these indices might be used to assess beta‐adrenergic influences on the myocardium.
Sleep, Performance and Mood After the Energy‐Expenditure Equivalent of 40 Hours of Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Bonnet Michael H.
Published: February 2007

Twelve Marine subjects marched approximately 20 miles to expend as much energy in one 16‐hr day as is expended during 40 hrs of relatively inactive sleep deprivation. At the end of the march, performance on addition, vigilance, choice reaction time, tapping, short‐term memory, symbol substitution, and three mood scales was decremented significantly. Those decrements closely approximated decrements reported in the literature following 40 hrs of sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep stages and arousal thresholds were essentially unchanged as compared to baseline and were significantly different from those predicted after 40 hrs of sleep loss. It was concluded that while changes in performance were probably linked to total energy consumption, the commonly measured sleep variables were not.
Electrodermal Response Dysfunction in Patients on Maintenance Renal Dialysis
Authors: Doerr Hans O. , Follette William , Scribner Belding H. , Eisdorfer Carl
Published: February 2007

In a study of autonomic function in chronic renal failure, electrodermal response to valsalva stimulation (exhalation against 40 mmHg for 12 sec) was recorded for 25 patients maintained on hemodialysis and 25 normal controls. The dialysis patients were found to have greatly reduced phasic (skin conductance response) and tonic (skin conductance level) electrodermal activity. There was minimal overlap between the two groups. Positive correlations were obtained among electrodermal conductance and residual renal function and motor nerve conduction velocity. The results may bear on the assessment of the dialysis technique.
On the Validation of Discriminant Functions: An Empirical Analysis Using Event Related Potentials
Authors: Daruna Jorge H. , Karrer Rathe
Published: February 2007

Discriminant analysis is becoming increasingly popular in psychophysiology. Appropriate use of this technique requires computation of the discriminant function using one set of data followed by its validation using a new data set (i.e., cross‐validation). Recent studies have relied on an alternative method of validation referred to as the jackknife or leave‐one‐out procedure. This study examined the appropriateness of such a procedure in instances like those typical of psychophysiology, where only a subset of the available variables is used in the discriminant function. Results are presented which indicate that the jackknife procedure can be misleading when the variables entering the discriminant function are selected on the basis of differences between the groups (i.e., stepwise discriminant analysis). It is concluded that under such circumstances cross‐validation is the more appropriate procedure.
Electrodermal Orienting Responses to Onset and Offset of Auditory Stimulation under Nonsignal Conditions
Authors: Goldwater Bram C. , Egner Karl
Published: February 2007

It has previously been reported that the orienting reflex (OR) to the onset of a stimulus habituates more slowly than the OR to stimulus offset. In this paper, we attempted to account for this in terms of differences between the ON condition (whose presentation elicits the onset OR) and the OFF condition (whose “presentation” elicits the offset OR). Because the typical habituation paradigm begins with a period of adaptation to the OFF (stimulus absent) condition, the relative novelty of the ON condition is enhanced. This bias would contribute to the advantage of onset ORs over offset responses. This hypothesis was evaluated by comparing skin conductance responses (SCRs) to onset and offset of a 600 Hz tone in a group adapted in the presence of that tone (Tone Adaptation, TA) vs one adapted in its absence (Silent Adaptation, SA). The results supported our hypothesis; onset ORs habituated significantly more slowly than offset ORs in Group SA, but not in Group TA.
Male Sexual Arousal and the Law of Initial Value
Authors: Julien Elise , Over Ray
Published: February 2007

Penile circumference was measured for 24 men before and during exposure to erotic material of matched content presented in 5 modes: film, slides, spoken, written, and fantasy. Stimulation in each case involved 8, 2‐min episodes graded in content from low to high heterosexual arousal value. Three indices were used to test for the Law of Initial Value (LIV). No consistent evidence was obtained that stimulation levels or change scores varied systematically with prestimulus baseline values. The data indicate that male sexual arousal can be investigated without the need to adjust change scores to take into account initial value, at least when guided relaxation has been used to stabilize basal rates.
Orienting and Defensive Reactions to Phobic and Conditioned Fear Stimuli in Phobics and Normals
Authors: Fredrikson Mats
Published: February 2007

The aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular and electrodermal responses from subjects conditioned to fear‐relevant stimuli with responses from phobics selected to fear the same stimuli. In the first session of the conditioning group slides of either a snake or a spider were presented. One of these served as a CS+ reinforced by an electrical shock and the other as a CS‐, which was never followed by shock. In addition the conditioning group was exposed to two neutral pictures (flowers and mushrooms). The phobic group viewed the same type of stimuli and were administered some electrical shocks uncorrelated with the slides. In the second session, randomly formed halves of each group were shown (a) slides of a spider and a snake, or (b) two neutral ones.

There were reliable acquisition effects in the conditioning group with the CS+ evoking larger palmar than dorsal skin conductance responses (SCRs) whereas the reverse was true for the CS‐. During extinction differential responding to CS+ and CS‐ was maintained but palmar/dorsal differentiation disappeared. In the phobic group, feared and non‐feared cues elicited differential responding with larger palmar SCRs for the feared cue only. The conditioning group failed to evidence heart rate differentiation during acquisition when all heart rate responses (HRRs) were collapsed into a single trial block (TB). When HRRs were grouped into 2 TBs, responses shifted from deceleration to CS+ on TB1 to acceleration on TB2 whereas responses to CS‐ were unaffected. During extinction, HR exhibited deceleration to both cues but more to CS+ than to CS‐. The phobic group's heart rate accelerated to the feared cue and decelerated to the unfeared cues in both sessions. There was no difference between groups' responses to neutral cues during the second session. The results partially validate a conditioning analogue for specific phobias and the inconsistent aspects are discussed in terms of different coping strategies.
Sensory Decision Theory Describes Evoked Potentials in Pain Discrimination
Authors: Chapman C. Richard , Chen Andrew C. N. , Colpitts Yoko M. , Martin Roy W.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between two procedures for assessing laboratory pain. Sensory Decision Theory (SDT) psychophysics and quantification of evoked potentials, was explored to determine whether the two methods measure a common perceptual process. Evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded from vertex while subjects performed a conventional SDT discrimination task that required repetitive judgment of two painful electrical tooth stimuli delivered in random order over trials. Peak‐to‐peak amplitudes and peak latencies were obtained for summation‐averaged waveforms between 50 and 500 msec routed to four categories corresponding to SDT response classifications: hits, false affirmatives, misses and correct rejections. EPs associated with hits and false affirmatives had significantly greater amplitudes at N157‐P237 than those associated with misses and correct rejections. Peak latencies were not related to response categories. These results suggest that N157‐P237 amplitudes associated with dental pain are appropriately described by the SDT psychophysical model, and they demonstrate that the two paradigms assess a single perceptual process associated with pain.
P300 and Feedback Provided by Absence of the Stimulus
Authors: Ruchkin Daniel S. , Sutton Samuel , Munson Robert , Silver Kenneth , Macar Franfoise
Published: February 2007

This experiment is concerned with the issue of functional equivalence of emitted (in response to ahsence of a stimulus) and evoked (in response to presentation of a stimulus) P300s. Subjects attempted to estimate a 600‐msec time interval hy the method of reproduction. Subjects were informed whether the time interval was under‐ or overestimated and whether the estimation error magnitude was within a limit (“correct” estimate, positive feedback) or exceeded the limit (“incorrect,” negative feedback). This feedback was presented by means of either a single event or a combination of two events. Each event consisted of a pair of stimuli.

Emitted, as well as evoked, early fronto‐central and late parietal P3OOs were elicited by the feedback event regardless of whether positive or negative feedback was delivered, and regardless of whether feedback was delivered by a single event or by the combination of two events. In addition, what appears to be a positive Slow Wave was found following the first stimulus ofthe feedback event when this stimulus was low intensity indicating an underestimation. The other condition (high intensity, overestimation) was followed by a CNV. Since these slow wave findings were serendipitous, counterbalancing was not available to determine whether intensity (low vs high) or information (underestimation vs overestimation) was responsible for the difference.