bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An early revascularization strategy is associated with a survival benefit for diabetic patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Farkouh Michael E. , Ramanathan Krishnan , Aymong Eve D. , Webb John G. , Harkness Shannon M. , Sleeper Lynn A. , Hochman Judith S.
Published: June 2007

Background: The role of diabetes mellitus (DM) in cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not well understood. Previous studies have reported an in‐hospital mortality rate for patients with DM and CS of about 60%.

Objectives: This study compares the 1‐year mortality rates of patients with DM and those without (NDM) and evaluates early revascularization (ERV) compared with initial medical stabilization (IMS) in patients with DM and CS.

Methods: Baseline characteristics, clinical and hemodynamic measures, and management were compared for 90 patients (31%) with DM and 198 with NDM (69%) who were randomized to ERV or IMS in the SHOCK Trial.

Results: When compared with NDM, patients with DM were of similar age but had higher rates of prior MI (44.4 vs. 27.8%, p = 0.007) and hypertension (56.2 vs. 42.5%, p = 0.04). The DM group had a lower rate of fibrinolytic therapy (44.4 vs. 60.1%, p = 0.02). In patients randomized to ERV, patients with DM had a higher rate of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (50.0 vs. 30.9%, p = 0.03) despite similar rates of triple‐vessel disease. The 1‐year mortality rates in both groups were equivalent (58.9%). One‐year mortality was not associated with diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02, 95% CI, 0.73‐1.42, p = 0.91). The benefit of an ERV strategy was similar (HR [DM] 0.62; HR [NDM] 0.75, p = 0.58). Even after adjusting for the imbalance in CABG rates, 1‐year mortality was not associated with DM.

Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is not a predictor of 1‐year mortality in CS after AMI. The benefit from an ERV strategy is similar for DM and NDM. The management strategies and influence of DM on mortality in CS deserve further evaluation.
Implantable cardiac arrhythmia devices—Part II: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and implantable loop recorders
Authors: Kusumoto Fred , Goldschlager Nora
Published: June 2007

Implantable cardiac devices have become firmly entrenched as important therapeutic tools for a variety of cardiac conditions. The second part of this two‐part review discusses the contemporary use and follow‐up of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) and the implantable loop recorder. The ICD has become the standard therapy for protecting patients against sudden cardiac death. Two recent trials, the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Trial II (MADIT II) and the Sudden Cardiac Death Heart Failure Trial (SCD‐HEFT), demonstrated that the ICD is associated with a significant survival benefit for patients with reduced ejection fraction (<0.30–0.35), particularly if heart failure symptoms are present. The ICD has an important role in the management of other conditions associated with a high risk for sudden death, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, and Brugada syndrome. The implantable loop recorder has become an important diagnostic tool for the patient with unexplained syncope.
Association of statin therapy and the risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with a permanent pacemaker
Authors: Amit Guy , Katz Amos , Bar‐on Shikma , Gilutz Harel , Wagshal Avraham , Ilia Reuven , Henkin Yaakov
Published: June 2007

Background: Recent studies have shown conflicting results regarding a protective effect of statin therapy on atrial fibrillation (AF).

Hypothesis: We sought to determine whether statins are effective in reducing the risk of developing arrhythmia in a cohort of 264 patients (49% women, mean age [± standard deviation] 71 [± 12] years) with permanent pacemakers who are at high risk for AF.

Methods: All patients who underwent implantation of a permanent pacemaker over a 3 ‐year period were eligible for inclusion in the study. We excluded patients with AF at implantation, incomplete medication information, or less than a yearly follow‐up visit. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed by ECG documentation, pacemaker interrogation, and Holter monitoring. Statin treatment was verified through a central pharmacy‐computerized database (for most patients) or by chart review. Of the 264 patients, 36% had coronary artery disease.

Results: Atrial fibrillation developed in 70 patients (26%) at a median of 359 days post pacemaker implantation. The incidence rate for the first occurrence of AF post pacemaker implantation among patients treated and not treated with statins was 10.5 versus 9.8 events per 100 patient‐years, respectively (p = 0.81). Even after controlling for baseline differences, the hazard ratio (HR) for developing AF among statin users did notachieve statistical significance (HR = 0.59 [0.31‐1.12]).

Conclusions: We could not demonstrate that statin therapy had a protective effect against the risk of AF in patients implanted with a permanent pacemaker. The low prevalence of coronary artery disease in our patients may partly explain our results.
Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on cytokine network and myocardial cytokine production
Authors: Gasz B. , Lenard L. , Racz B. , Benko L. , Borsiczky B. , Cserepes B. , Gal J. , Jancso G. , Lantos J. , Ghosh S. , Szabados S. , Papp L. , Alotti N. , Roth E.
Published: June 2007

Background: In addition to the well‐investigated proinflammatory cytokine expression, there is an ever increasing interest in the field of anti‐inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Evidence suggests that myocardium serves as an important source of cytokines during reperfusion and application of CPB. The effect of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) without CPB on myocardial cytokine production has not as yet been investigated.

Hypothesis: Cardiopulmonary bypass can cause long‐term disturbance in pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine balance, which may impede a patient's recovery following surgery. Therefore, the effect of CPB on the balance of the pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines network and myocardial cytokine outflow was assessed throughout a longer period after surgery.

Methods: Twenty patients were scheduled for CABG with CPB and 10 had off‐pump surgery. Blood samples were taken before, during, and over the first week following surgery. Coronary sinus blood samples were collected during surgery. The ratio of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines was calculated and the cytokine concentration of peripheral and coronary sinus blood were compared in both groups.

Results: Pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokine ratio decreased early after CPB followed by a delayed and marked increase. A more balanced ratio was present following off‐pump surgery. Coronary sinus levels of certain cytokines exceeded the concentration of systemic blood in the course of CPB but not during off‐pump operation.

Conclusion: Patients show pro‐inflammatory predominant cytokine balance at a later stage after CPB in contrast to those without CPB. The heart produces a remarkable amount of cytokines only in the course of surgery with CPB.
Difficulties in maintaining potassium homeostasis in patients with heart failure
Authors: Dursun Ihsan , Sahin Mahmut
Published: June 2007

Potassium (K) concentration plays a significant role in cell metabolism and membrane excitability. The imbalance of serum potassium is important because it can lead to life‐threatening events. Potassium balance may be lost both through the neurohormonal mechanisms involved in cardiovascular diseases and through the drugs used in the treatment of this illness. Avoiding both hypo‐ and hyperkalemia is beneficial in several cardiovascular diseases, especially heart failure. Electrolyte abnormalities are frequently seen complications in subjects with heart failure. Malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are particularly feared complications in K+ instability.
Transient global left ventricular dysfunction in a localized myocardial infarction related to occlusion of the distal left anterior descending artery
Authors: Yoon Seong Bo , Lee Sang Hak , Choi Seonghoon , Jung Jae‐Hun , Lee Namho
Published: June 2007

In some patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), wall motion in the noninfarcted area declines globally despite localized myocardial damage. In most, an infarct‐related lesion is the proximal part of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Previous studies have reported that hypo‐kinesis of remote myocardium may be related to multivessel disease, impaired coronary flow, or coronary flow reserve in nonculprit arteries. This report describes the case of a 53‐year‐old man who presented with severe global left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after an acute MI associated with distal LAD occlusion. Follow‐up echocardiographic examination revealed nearly normalized LV function 5 days after the episode. We discuss a plausible mechanism of dysfunction of noninfarcted myocardium.
The cervical bruit: Sound spectral analysis related to severity of carotid arterial disease
Authors: Tavel Morton E. , Bates John R.
Published: June 2007

Cervical bruits may signal the presence of high‐grade narrowing of arterial supply to the brain. Previous small studies have suggested that severe arterial stenosis may produce bruits that persist longer and contain a greater proportion of higher‐frequency sound spectral components. This study included 96 patients referred for duplex/Doppler testing after cervical bruits had been detected. With the use of a stethoscope equipped with wireless communication to an ordinary handheld computer, we recorded these bruits, analyzed peak sound frequencies and the durations of sound persistence > 200 Hz, and correlated them with Doppler velocities. Overall, the durations and peak frequencies within the bruits correlated significantly with the peak Doppler derived velocities, that is, severity of arterial obstruction. In the presence of high‐grade arterial stenosis (peak Doppler velocity > 200 cm/s), bruits regularly possessed either high peak frequencies or prolonged signal durations with a sensitivity approaching 90%. Bruits containing lower and nonsustained peak frequencies were uncommonly associated with severe arterial obstruction. Only well‐transmitted bruits with frequencies reaching 200 Hz could be analyzed satisfactorily. In conclusion, we confirm earlier observations that peak frequencies and duration of arterial bruits correlate significantly with severity of underlying arterial obstruction. Equipment used is inexpensive, convenient, and portable. This method provides an objective means for confirming and quantifying subjective auditory impressions of bruits gained at the bedside. It can provide assistance in selecting patients for further testing and as a means for serial follow‐up of individuals with known disease.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of chinese patients with cholesterol crystal embolism after coronary intervention
Authors: Meng Lei , Huo Yong , Ho Wa , Liu Zhao‐Ping
Published: June 2007

Background: Cholesterol crystal embolism (CCE) is a complication of atherosclerosis. Vascular surgery, vascular angiography, and anticoagulation have been identified as inciting factors.

Hypothesis: This paper sought to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with CCE after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods: Six patients with atherosclerosis presenting with simultaneous occurrence of acute renal failure and peripheral ischemic changes were diagnosed with CCE and their clinical data were analyzed.

Results: The average age of the patients was 72 years. Most had risk factors of atherosclerosis such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. The levels of serum creatinine increased progressively after coronary angiography. All patients had concomitant skin lesions, including blue toes. Cholesterol crystal emboli were found in arterioles by cutaneous biopsy in one patient. All patients received statins and two of these received dialysis therapy. Three patients died and three remained in chronic renal failure.

Conclusion: Since CCE is a severe complication of coronary intervention, special attention should be paid to this disease.
p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Asioli Sofia , Righi Alberto , Volante Marco , Eusebi Vincenzo , Bussolati Gianni
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin tumor, mostly affecting elderly individuals. The histogenesis of this rare tumor as well as its prognostic criteria are a matter of dispute.

METHODS.

An immunohistochemical analysis of markers of proliferation (Ki‐67/MIB‐1), neuroendocrine differentiation (chromogranin A and synaptophysin), and basal cell differentiation (p63) was performed in a series of 47 cases of MCC. The significance of pathologic data and of immunoreactivity with different markers was evaluated using the chi‐square test. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meyer method. The survival difference was estimated using the Wilcoxon or Mantel‐Cox test.

RESULTS.

Immunohistochemical evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation and immunopositivity for cytokeratin 20 were observed in all cases, whereas positivity for p63 was detected in approximately half of the cases (25 of 47 cases; 53.2%). Cases that were positive for p63 demonstrated a more aggressive clinical course than those that were negative (Z value of 2.93;P= .0003; hazards ratio of 22.22).

CONCLUSIONS.

Data from the current study indicate that p63 expression is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with MCC and represents a new independent marker of clinical evolution. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A study of the volatile organic compounds exhaled by lung cancer cells in vitro for breath diagnosis
Authors: Chen Xing , Xu Fengjuan , Wang Yue , Pan Yuefeng , Lu Deji , Wang Ping , Ying Kejing , Chen Enguo , Zhang Weimin
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

The specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled by lung cancer cells in the microenvironment are the source biomarkers of lung cancer and also serve as direct evidence that the diagnosis of lung cancer by breath is possible. However, to the authors' knowledge, few articles published to date have provided accurate VOCs in the microenvironment, thereby leading to different points of view with regard to searching for biomarkers in the breath from lung cancer patients In this article, an innovative pathologic analysis method of lung cancer and the early diagnosis of lung cancer at the cellular level were introduced for this purpose.

METHODS.

Solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography is used as the detection system to determine the VOCs in the culture medium of several target cells, including different kinds of lung cancer cells, bronchial epithelial cells, tastebud cells, osteogenic cells, and lipocytes. As a result, each kind of cells has a unique chromatogram. There are 4 special VOCs that were found to exist in all culture mediums of lung cancer cells, which are the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and can be viewed as markers of lung cancer.

RESULTS.

The authors were able to determine a correlation between VOCs in the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and VOCs in the breath of lung cancer patients, some of whom had stage I and II disease, and eventually hope to certify the biomarkers in the breath of lung cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

This research is significant and provides the basis for the noninvasive detection and the breath diagnosis of lung cancer using an electronic nose. Cancer 2007; 110:835–44. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Color Changes of Dyeings in Spectrophotometers Using Heterochromatic Illumination
Authors: Hoffmann Konrad
Published: June 2007

In Spectrophotometers using heterochromatic illumination (so‐called reversed optics), total spectral radiance factor curves of textile dyeings showed marked changes on repeated measurements, approaching equilibrium after 15–20 min. For reactive dyes on cotton, color differences as large as 5 Adams‐Nickerson (AN) units were observed between the first and last measurements; for disperse dyes on polyester, the differences were below 2 AN units. They result from evaporation of water from the substrate— hence, “hygrochromism” —and place a principal limit on measurement accuracy of hygroscopic fabrics when using polychromatic illumination.
Color Popularity in Automotive Finishes
Authors: Hall Jon
Published: June 2007

In the automotive industry, decisions must be made years in advance of a car's actual appearance on the road. While many figures are kept on current and past sales, they can only reflect general trends and not specific colors. This article does not ignore the presence of sales figures. It presents an alternative view of color popularity that is future seeking rather than statistically tied. Popularity is seen as a potential rather than a recorded fact, and this outlook is the basis for projecting programs for the future. There are no figures which accurately reflect which colors were handled with good taste in the total design of an automobile. This article does not cover all of the complex ramifications of automotive color, but does suggest through several examples the kind of thinking that goes into developing a palette of colors offered for use in a future production year. Above all, styling is not just a process of adding up the figures andfunneling out the future.
Measurement of Luminance Factor
Authors: Saunders S. B. , Grum F.
Published: June 2007

Luminance factor of a diffusing material is defined as the ratio of the luminance of the surface of the material to that of a perfect (Lambertian) diffuser under specified conditions of illuminance and angle of view. Measurement of this quantity has always been rather difficult, involving visual photometric measurements at widely different levels of illuminance. A physical method of measuring luminance factor is described which has given more repeatable results and better interlaboratory agreement than the former visual method.
Comparison of Colorant‐Formulation Methods
Authors: Minato Sachie
Published: June 2007

Various colorant‐formulation methods were compared by their probabilities for accuracy of color prediction after pseudo‐generalizing their previously developed piecemeal forms to a constant form by two methods: one is the reference‐color method by which the scattering coefficient of a colored material can be estimated; the other is the colorani‐mixture‐equation which determines a linear relationship of the optical property given by a color‐recipe equation between colorants to be used in a matching mixture. A result from the comparison of the methods is that one form of the Love‐Oglesby‐Gailey equation, (K/S) = (0.9 ‐ R)2/R, has considerable usefulness for computer‐color‐matching (CCM).
1976 Remeasurement of NBS Spectrophotometer‐Integrator Filters
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Venable W. H.
Published: June 2007

Sets of five colored‐glass filters, identified as Standard Reference Materials 2101 through 2105 and intended for checking the performance of spectrophotometer‐integrator systems, have been issued by NBS for many years. Highaccuracy transmittance measurements were performed on a set of the colored filters designated Master Set No. 3 by using a reference spectrophotometer constructed at NBS. A comparison of the new values with the original data obtained in 1962 for Master Set No. 3 shows agreement to within the experimental uncertainties of the 1962 measurements.
Experience with the lovibond colour vision analyser
Authors: Ensell J. S.
Published: June 2007

A method of detecting and quantifying defective colour vision using the Lovibond Colour Vision Analyzer is described. The results obtained in tests on 120 subjects, including 20 colour defectives, are discussed and compared with results from the Ishihara Test Plates.
The house & garden color program
Authors: Bertin Nadine
Published: June 2007

The history and the aims of the House & Garden Color Program are described and its 1978 offering, Color—now and tomorrow!, is presented.
Colour terminology
Authors: Hunt R. W. G.
Published: June 2007

Some of the revisions to the CIE International Lighting Vocabulary suggested by the CIE Colorimetry Committee are discussed, with particular reference to the introduction of a set of psychometric terms and formulae, and their relationships to psychophysical and perceptual terms.
Enhancement of chroma by the design of illuminants
Authors: Hemmendinger Henry
Published: June 2007

Computations of the colorimetric specifications of numerous colored objects illuminated by a series of hypothetical metameric illuminants reveal that the metric chroma may be enhanced by appropriate design of the spectral distribution of the source. Specifically, the Thornton “prime‐color lamp” is of the type which enhances metric chroma.
A study in black: The cielab and cieluv L* function for very low values of Y
Authors: Stenius Åke S:son
Published: June 2007

Four approximations to the CIELAB and CIELUV metric lightness function L* for values of Y < 1% have been examined. It is shown that the requirement of equality in both value and first derivative at the point of transfer results in considerably poorer fit to the Munsell Renotation Value function than approximations that do not demand continuity at the point of transfer.
Comparison of chromatic‐adaptation transforms
Authors: Bartleson C. J.
Published: June 2007

Eight methods of chromatic‐adaptation transformation have been compared as part of a CIE activity. Variability among the methods is about ten times as great as that for color matching in terms of radii of ellipses. There appear to be two general classes of prediction. One class agrees in whole or in part with the von Kries coefficient rule. The other does not. CIE TC 1.3 Subcommittee 2 on Chromatic Adaptation, is anxious to determine which of the two classes of prediction best represents practical observations of the influence of chromatic adaptation on color appearances.
The effect of toner surface structure on color gamut
Authors: Ruckdeschel F. R.
Published: June 2007

An analytical model is presented which describes the overall absorption properties of layers of fused toners having thickness variations. The model deals explicitly with collimated‐ and diffuse‐light transmission conditions and the results are applied to transparencies and opaque copy. Significant losses in maximum optical density and color gamut are shown to occur under practical conditions. The color‐gamut loss can be partially regained with significant increases in toner mass per unit area. The conclusion is that a laminar toner/paper structure offers significant color‐gamut and materials‐consumption advantages.
The spectro sensor—A new generation spectrophotometer
Authors: Stanziola Ralph , Momiroff Boris , Hemmendinger Henry
Published: June 2007

A system is described which consolidates into a single unit the facilities required for color measurement, for spectrophotometric and colorimetric computations, and for formulation predictions and adjustments. This system represents a new generation of instrumentation, in which the design of the optical, mechanical, and electronic components is completely integrated with the data‐handling facilities which are required for the efficient application of colorimetry to industrial processes. It utilizes an integrating sphere with simulated daylight illumination, a wavelength‐selecting disk consisting of a continuously variable interference filter, and silicon photodetectors, On‐line data processing is executed by a high‐speed digital computer.
Judd's contributions to color metrics and evaluation of color differences
Authors: Macadam David L.
Published: June 2007

The contributions of Dr. Deane Brewster Judd to colorimetry extended over five decades. Among the most crucial contributions to the development of modern colorimetry were his studies of colorimetric purity, relations among color‐mixture and luminosity data, visual sensibility to color differences, uniform chromaticity diagrams, Munsell notation and renotation, color names, color blindness and anomalies, color‐vision theory, and uniform color scales.
Color Metrics: Facts and Formulae
Authors: Friele L. F. C.
Published: June 2007

The backgrounds of the FCM metric, which was presented at Color 77, are discussed. Analysis of color‐discrimination data [threshold as well as color‐difference scaling data] and interpretation in terms of present conceptions on zonal processing of primary stimulations leads to principles that have to be respected by any metric. The FCM metric is a mathematical approximation of these principles. This metric presents a color‐order system in L a b rectangular coordinates, which links up with the Munsell System. However, it is not a uniform color space. Difference scaling is handled by the FCM color‐difference metric. The CIELAB formula is in serious conflict with several of the principles developed.
Line elements and physiological models of color vision
Authors: Vos J. J.
Published: June 2007

Line elements are mathematical formulations that describe subjective color differences in terms of model characteristics. An attempt is made to discover a trend in their development—a trend that is, interestingly, marked by gains in insight into the mechanism of color vision, rather than by distinct improvements in the description of color discrimination data.
Analysis of colour‐scaling data
Authors: Troscianko T. S.
Published: June 2007

There is a need for standardization of the mathematical treatment applied to data generated by magnitude estimation techniques in colour scaling, in which hue, saturation [colourjulness]. and absolute or relative brightness are scaled by observers. An aspect of data analysis which has not been considered adequately is the method employed in averaging scaled data points in hue‐saturation space. This article suggests a possible approach: averaging on the assumption of global cylindrical polar coordinates describing hue and saturation, with rectangular Cartesian coordinates assumed for each individual cluster of points to be averaged. The method described here generates concentration ellipses which can be used to give discrimination data in any direction. The question of interobserver normalization is also addressed, as well as that of accuracy limitations of the proposed method.
Matrix Partitioning Applied to Colorant Formulation with Four or More Dyes
Authors: Holdaway H. W.
Published: June 2007

Algorithms for formulating colorant combinations of more than three dyes are based on a process of conditioned‐least‐squares minimization. Using a technique of matrix partitioning, rather than the classical procedure which uses undetermined Lagrangian multipliers, it is possible to reduce the problem to a lower‐order one of unconstrained minimization followed by matrix substitution. The system also yields a correction matrix which may be employed to improve the metameric match of a trial dyeing by adjusting the first three dyes of the set. The algorithms have been incorporated into a colour‐matching program using a PDP11‐VO3 minicomputer. Included in a number of subroutines for matrix manipulation is one called GINV, which produces a generalized inverse with features designed to achieve best possible accuracy. It is demonstrated that the generalized inverse provides versatility without requiring elaborate modifications of programming, since the generalized inverse may be directly applied to solving least‐squares problems. This feature may be useful when setting up the initial recipe approximation for more than three dyes, and it can yield directly the best approximation to a tristimulus match where the colour to be matched calls for two dyes or a single dye.
Color and Colorants in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: June 2007

The use of color in ancient Egypt is briefly explored and thought is given to the level of consciousness that color occupied. Colorants that were used in painting, dyeing, pottery, glass materials, and jewelry manufacture are discussed.
A Compact Computer Programme for the Specification of Dominant Wavelength and Purity
Authors: Warschewski Dirk , Brungs Michael P.
Published: June 2007

The division of the CIE chromaticity diagram into 4 sectors has made possible a compact, yet flexible, computer search programme for the determination of dominant wavelength and excitation purity.
Brightness and Luminance of Light‐Emitting Diodes: Influence of Size and Defocus
Authors: Ronchi Lucia Rositani , Macii R. , Stefanacci S. R. , Bassan M.
Published: June 2007

When a narrow‐band source is compared to a white source, through a simultaneous brightness match, the equibrightness condition does not necessarily imply that the luminances of the two sources coincide. This known fact is now checked by using as sources red and green light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), compared to CIE source A. In addition, we check some predictions concerning the influence of saturation, wavelength dependence, and small‐field effects. Some problems related to eye‐lens accommodation are attacked by taking into account the chromatic aberration of the eye and the unpredictable role of psychological factors in determining the wavelength focused on the retina. Their influence on the brightness‐luminance ratio is quantified.
Guide to Educational Opportunities, Publications, and Associations Dealing with Color and Appearance Technology
Authors: Stanziola Ralph
Published: June 2007

The following listings are intended to be a guide to courses, seminars, associations, publications, and reference materials pertaining to color and appearance technology. Specific information regarding dates, places, fees, and costs can be obtained by contacting directly the sources listed. While every effort has been made to make the information contained here accurate and complete, the MCCA assumes no responsibility for errors. A future update of this guide is intended, and we invite readers to forward any corrections, additions, changes, etc., to the MCCA offices.
NCS—Natural Color System: A Swedish Standard for Color Notation
Authors: Hård Anders , Sivik Lars
Published: June 2007

The Natural Color System (NCS) is a psychometric model for color description and also a practical application of Hering's opponent‐color theory. The need for different color‐measurement systems in industry, architecture, design, and research is discussed, together with the importance of having in common a valid language by which all those who work with colors can describe the perceptions of color and color combinations. The origin of the NCS is described with its underlying phenomenological philosophy—color is what we see. NCS is a symbol language which provides various possibilities for describing colors and relationships between them, both by graphical illustrations and by letter–digit notations. Finally, some principles of the Swedish Standards Institution Color Atlas NCS are mentioned; this collection of color samples provides a physical representation of the psychometric of the NCS system for color notation and is now published as a Swedish Standard.
A New Look at the Calculation of Tristimulus Values
Authors: Stearns E. I.
Published: June 2007

The method of calculating tristimulus values currently recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) consists of summing, over the visible region, terms which involve an approximation over the wavelength interval 1, 5, or 10 nm for which data from standard tables are multiplied by measured spectral radiance factors. It is suggested that this approximation be carried out by integration. Integration can be carried out if the standard data are considered as points on a curve subject to interpolation between listed values and if the spectral radiance factor can be determined by interpolation between measured values. Adoption of this suggestion would lead to more accurate determination of tristimulus values and improved agreement among laboratories.
Visual Evaluation of Daylight Simulators for the Colorimetry of Luminescent Materials
Authors: Chong Tak‐Fu , Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

The accuracy of several methods for assessing the colorimetric performance of daylight simulators as practical realizations of CIE standard daylight illuminants such as D65 was studied by visual methods. Eight luminescent samples containing various fluorescent whitening agents were used. Visual differences between sample pairs, each consisting of a luminescent sample and its nonluminescent substrate, were judged under a reference source simulating D65 and six test sources with different ultraviolet content from the reference source but nearly the same spectral irradiance in the visible region. Over 3000 observations were made by eight observers. Visual scale values were derived and compared to indices calculated by five published methods. The results show that four methods based on colorimetric weighting gave significantly better correlations than one based on radiometric weighting, with little choice among them; that the CIELAB color‐difference equation was preferred to CIELUV; and that the choice of 2° or 10° standard observer had no effect.
The Effect of Chromatic Adaptation on Color Rendering
Authors: Schanda J.
Published: June 2007

Present‐day calculations of color‐rendering index are based on color differences determined using the test light source and a standard illuminant. Chromatic adaptation is corrected by the von Kries transformation and the color differences are calculated in the CIE 1964 uniform color space. The present article discusses the possibility of introducing either the CIE 1976 CIELUV or CIELAB color space for calculating the color differences, and investigates how different forms of chromatic‐adaptation corrections influence the color differences. It is concluded that a change from the present system to a CIELUV color‐space calculation would not affect the color‐rendering indices considerably; changing, however, to other color spaces or to a single reference illuminant with a better chromatic‐adaptation formula (Bartleson‐type chromatic‐adaptation correction) would change the color‐rendering order of some light sources. In the present article some critical samples and light sources are pointed out, where a comparison between the different types of calculations is possible.
What the Educated Person Knew About Color A.D. 1700
Authors: Kuelni Rolf G.
Published: June 2007

The state of knowledge about color of the educated person at the end of the 17th century is discussed briefly and illustrated with a translation of pertinent material from a book on natural philosophy written by the Danish anatomist and physician Caspar Thomeson Bartholin and published in 1703.
Notes on Color Terminology in the Iliad and the Epic of Gilgamesh
Authors: Kuchni Rolf G.
Published: June 2007

Color terms in Homer's Iliad and in the Epic of Gilgamesh were studied, and some conclusions are drawn regarding the development of human color consciousness as indicated by the development of color terminology.
Current Regulatory Status of Cadmium Pigments
Authors: Heiser David J.
Published: June 2007

This article presents a review of the present federal regulatory situation for a group of materials having particular interest for colorists: the cadmium sulfoselenide pigments. In recent years, use of cadmium has been subject to criticism based on adverse health effects. Accordingly, government has responded, as it has generally to human health and environmental concerns, with a proliferation of regulatory activity. Policies, programs, and rules of the FDA, EPA, and OSHA covering cadmium pigments are reviewed with respect to both current status and near‐term future outlook. Although cadmiums have been and will continue to be caught up in a great many proposals for regulation, the actual level of rules in effect, at least up to the present, has been relatively modest.
Fifty years of the inter‐society color council. I. Formation and early years
Authors: Nickerson Dorothy
Published: June 2007

For its 50th anniversary year, the history of the formation and early years of the Inter‐Society Color Council is reported.
The golden jubilee of colour in the CIE 1931–1981
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: June 2007

The system of colorimetry defined by the CIE in 1931 was the culmination of the pioneering determinations of the colour‐mixture curves by Maxwell, König, and Abney in the 19th century. American workers then made major contributions in the form of the 1922 Colorimetry Report of the Optical Society of America and the data adopted by the CIE in 1924 as the standard Vλ curve. The colour‐matching data for the 1931 CIE standard observer were provided by Guild and the author in England, but it was a race against time to get the form of the system agreed in time for its adoption at the 1931 meeting of the CIE.
International intercomparison of absolute reflectance scales
Authors: Budde Wolfgang , Erb Wolfgang , Hsia Jack J.
Published: June 2007

An intercomparison of the absolute reflectance scales of NBS, Washington, D.C. (USA), NRC, Ottawa (Canada), and PTB, Braunschweig (FRG) was organized by sending two samples of Russian opal glass MS‐20 to the three laboratories. An additional exchange of a Halon sample between NBS and NRC was arranged. The results of this intercomparison are presented. They show that the three different geometries used at the three laboratories yield values which agree to within ±0.1%.
Chromatic adaptation in image reproduction
Authors: Hunt R. W. G.
Published: June 2007

The factors affecting the differences in appearance between colours in original scenes and in their pictures are reviewed. These include the picture's border, its angular magnification, its luminance, the colour of its illuminant, its surround, and the extent to which it is itself perceived as an object. Different criteria of picture evaluation are needed according to the circumstances.
Chromatic adaptation and π mechanisms
Authors: Walraven Jan , Werner John S.
Published: June 2007

Adaptive hue shifts of the achromatic point were measured in conditions in which a test field was presented as a flashed increment on steady chromatic backgrounds. The variables investigated were background chromaticity, luminance, and stimulus contrast. The results could be accounted for quantitatively by a mechanistic model with the following properties: discounting of the (steady) background, or ac‐coupled signal processing; cone spectral sensitivities as estimated by Vos and Walraven; and receptor‐specific gain controls that have the same action spectra and gain characteristics as Stiles' π5, π4, and (modified) π1 mechanisms.
Saturation as a function of test‐field size and surround luminance
Authors: Troscianko Tom S.
Published: June 2007

Direct scaling procedures were used to estimate the apparent saturation (colourfulness) of chromatic test fields as a function of (1) the ratio of the luminance of a test field to that of an achromatic surround, and (2) the test‐field subtense. It was found that saturation was maximised when the test field and surround were at an approximate brightness match, and that increasing the test‐field size in the range of 10.0'–10.0° caused a monotonic increase in saturation in the presence of relatively dim surrounds, but if the surrounds were brighter than the test field, a peak saturation was found for 1° test fields. These findings are consistent with a model of the visual system in which separate comparisons are made of (a) centre and surround luminance, and (b) centre chromatic and achromatic activity.
The role of L‐type horizontal cells in the opponent‐color process
Authors: Toyoda J. , Kujiraoka T. , Fujimoto M.
Published: June 2007

It has been suggested that the interaction among horizontal cells, including a negative feedback to cones, plays an indispensable role in the transduction from a trichromatic to an opponent‐color process. To test this hypothesis, L‐and RG‐type horizontal cells were recorded simultaneously in the carp retina and the effect of polarization by current of L‐type cells on RG‐type cells was studied. In some pairs, hyperpolarization of an L‐type cell elicited a depolarizing response in an RG‐type cell. The effect of polarization of L‐type cells was also observed in some cones. Depolarizing responses of RG cells were thus shown to be mediated by L‐type cells, possibly through a feedback pathway to cones. The same type of interaction was also observed between RG‐ and RGB‐type cells.
New observations concerning red–green color defects
Authors: Pokorny Joel , Smith Vivianne C.
Published: June 2007

The majority of research on X‐chromosomal defects has been with a 2° field of view. The studies concur in a view of dichromacy as a loss or reduction system, and anomalous trichromacy as an alteration system. According to this view, protanopes have no functional LWS (long‐wave‐length‐sensitive) photopigment; deuteranopes have no functional MWS (middle‐wavelength‐sensitive) photopigment. With larger fields of view, dichromats show trichromacy which is mediated by rods at low photopic luminances, and by anomalous cones for retinal illuminances above 1000 trolands. These studies suggest that the same (or similar) anomalous (L'WS) photopigment is formed at the protan locus and the same (or similar) anomalous (M'WS) photopigment is formed at the deutan locus for both the anomalous trichromatic and dichromatic forms of the defects. Family studies reveal that intrafamilial variability in chromatic discrimination is less than interfamilial variation. A possible interpretation of such studies is that multiple, rather than three or four, alleles may be involved in X‐chromosomal color‐vision defects, with the alleles determining the proportion of functional anomalous cones.
The appearance of colors produced by a minimum‐energy stimulus and two pairs of fundamental colors
Authors: Hasegawa Takashi
Published: June 2007

This article presents the results of experiments designed to measure the color appearance produced by a minimum‐energy stimulus within very small color fields and exposed for a very short duration. The experiments also revealed the common nature of colors in both spatial and temporal reductions. The hue is shifted toward either red or green and then toward a line connecting yellow and blue on the chromaticity diagram. The decrease and increase in saturation and brightness, respectively, correspond to this variation in hue. The nature of the results pertaining to the mechanism of color perception led to the assumption that a color‐sensation mechanism consisting of two pairs of fundamental colors acted functionally. These fundamental colors were calculated from the variations of the results obtained in color space, and were defined respectively as 513C, 510, 585, and 484 nm.
Fluorescent standards
Authors: Grum F.
Published: June 2007

A number of fluorescent materials have been examined by various organizations and committees with the aim of selecting a suitable set of samples for working standards of fluorescence. The luminescent reference materials (standards) that will best satisfy the industrial requirements are solids prepared for front‐surface illumination. These standards, according to the CIE subcommittee on luminescence, preferably should be thin and turbid to simulate products, which are mostly opaque. Since such standards will be used in an industrial environment, they should be rugged, reusable, and very stable to laboratory light and atmosphere. Stability is the most important quality; absolute calibration is not required for industrial use. The needs for the colorimetric and photometric applications of luminescent reference materials appear to be best satisfied by materials used in the front‐surface mode and having, as an additional requirement, a measurable diffuse reflectance. This article describes the requirements which should be met, gives the reasons why these standards of fluorescence are needed and by whom, and describes the optical materials considered by various organizations such as the CIE and ISCC.
Daytime colorimetry of retroreflective materials
Authors: Terstiege Heinz
Published: June 2007

The daytime color of retroreflective materials is a mixture of sensations caused by diffusely reflected light plus a small amount of retroreflected light, the exact mixture depending on the illumination geometry and the goniophotometric characteristics of the material. The most nearly comparable results of color measurement can be obtained with instruments having 45°/0° geometry instead of sphere geometry. Spectrophotometers or colorimeters can be used. The calibration of these instruments is discussed. Most specifications for the daytime color of retroreflective materials call for the use of CIE standard illuminant D65. However, one can use colorimeters designed to give color coordinates for illuminant C provided that color standards calibrated for D65 are used.
The photometry of retroreflectors using a computer‐controlled four‐axis goniometer
Authors: Johnson Norbert L.
Published: June 2007

A photometric range for measurement of retroreflectance using a computer‐controlled four‐axis goniometer for positioning the test specimen and a computer‐controlled observation‐angle drive is described. The four‐axis goniometer allows for positioning of all types of retroreflectors in the CIE (α, β1, β2, ϵ) geometric system and has the flexibility to provide direct angular positioning in other geometric systems. The observation‐angle drive allows accurate alignment of the observation angle at variable test distances. Included is a description of the calibration methods used to insure photometric accuracy and stability for the duration of the measurement. The control of both the photometric and geometric systems uses peripheral devices interfaced to a central computer. Computer programs are outlined that provide output in terms of selected sets of angles at which measurements are required to verify performance in user specifications. Also described are graphic outputs of retroreflectance versus angle which are used to characterize the intrinsic performance of retroreflective materials.
Small and moderate color differences. IV. Color‐difference‐perceptibility ellipses in surface‐color space
Authors: Rich Danny C. , Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

Moderate (0.5–1.5 CIELAB units) color differences in surface colors were scaled visually to obtain color‐dif‐ference‐perceptibility ellipses. The ellipse orientations appeared to be independent of the size of the color differences over the range indicated, and were consistent with literature results obtained with visual colorimeters. In the uivid greenish yellow region, the experimental ellipse orientation agreed with the Munsell spacing but not with the orientation of the CIELAB ellipse. In the deep greenish blue region, the experimental ellipse orientation agreed belter with the results of Wyszecki and Fielder than with the orientation of the MacAdam PGN ellipse.
Absolute spectral reflectance of mirrors
Authors: Grum F. , Wightman T.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the techniques for measuring specular (regular) reflectance of mirrors on an absolute basis. Two independent methods of measuring mirrors are described, and data are presented for the two methods of measurement in the range 400–1500 nm.
Physiological response to color: A critical review
Authors: Kaiser Peter K.
Published: June 2007

Physiological human responses to color as evidenced by the electroencephalogram, galvanic skin response, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, eyeblink frequency, and oxiometry are reviewed. A casual reading of the descriptive literature on the human response to color leads one to the conclusion that color can have rather specific physiological effects. It is concluded from this review that there are reliably recordable physiological responses to color in addition to those generally associated with vision. However, it may be that some are indirect effects mediated by cognitive responses to color.