bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and the Timing of Family Formation: Evidence from Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Batyra Ewa
Published: August 2024

The relationship between educational level and the age at which women start families has been extensively researched. However, studies have primarily explored how additional schooling shifts the mean or, more broadly, only one point of the age at first union and first birth distributions. This ignores variation in the association between education and the timing of family formation, and the fact that schooling might shape behaviours of vulnerable and more privileged women differently. Using quantile regressions, this article examines heterogeneity in the relationship between education and the age at first union and first birth across the distribution of these events within 50 low‐ and middle‐income countries. It investigates whether additional schooling shifts relatively early union formation and childbearing (that is, lower parts of distributions) similarly or differently than it shifts other parts of the distributions. It finds that association between an additional year at school and the age at first union and birth is weaker in the lower than the upper parts of the distributions. Education has a relatively weak effect on the reduction of early first unions and births and plays an unequalizing role in shaping family formation within countries. These findings are key to understanding persistently high levels of early marriage and pregnancy, despite the expansion of education.
A dyadic investigation of shy children's behavioral and affective responses to delivering a speech
Authors: Hassan Raha , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: August 2024

Shyness is typically associated with avoidant social behavior and restricted affect in new social situations. However, we know considerably less about how one child's shyness influences another child's behavior and affect in new social situations. Children's shyness was parent‐reported when children were age 3 (N = 105, 52 girls, Mage = 3.50 years), and children were tested approximately 1 year later (Mage = 4.76 years) in same‐gender dyads where they were asked to give an impromptu speech about their most recent birthday in front of an experimenter and the other member of the dyad. We examined whether children's shyness and speech order influenced their own and their social partner's observed behavior and affect during the speech. Regardless of speech order, children's own shyness was positively associated with their own avoidant social behavior and gaze aversion. Regardless of shyness, children who gave their speech second averted their gaze more than children who gave their speech first. We also found that children who gave their speech second displayed less positive affect if their social partner who they watched give the speech first was shyer. We speculate that some 4‐year‐old children may be sensitive to the avoidant behaviors of their shy peers and, in turn, respond with less animation when it is their turn to participate in the same activity.

Research Highlights

We examined whether preschool children's shyness and speech order influenced their own and their social partner's observed behavior and affect during a dyadic speech task

Children's own shyness was positively associated with their own avoidant social behavior and gaze aversion

Children who gave their speech second averted their gaze more than children who gave their speech first.

Children who gave their speech second displayed less positive affect if their social partner who they watched give a speech first was shyer

These findings suggest that preschool‐aged children are sensitive to learning about their environment indirectly through social observation
First time ACS in patients with on‐target lipid levels: Inflammation at admission and re‐event rate at follow‐up
Authors: Muñoz‐García Natàlia , Cordero Alberto , Padro Teresa , Mendieta Guiomar , Vilahur Gemma , Flores Emilio , Badimon Lina
Published: August 2024

Background

Dyslipidaemia, inflammation and elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. This study investigates whether patients with a first‐time presentation of chest pain and on‐target LDL‐C levels and intermediate FRS/ESC‐Score risks, display a high inflammatory burden linked to myocardial injury and whether inflammation at admission affects the re‐event rate up to 6 years follow‐up.

Methods

Blind assessments of novel inflammatory markers such as Glycoprotein A and B via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), cytokines, hsCRP, Neutrophil‐to‐Lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Lipoprotein(a) levels were examined. Out of 198 chest pain patients screened, 97 met the inclusion criteria at admission.

Results

cTnI(+) patients (>61 ng/L) with elevated Lipoprotein(a), showed significantly increased levels of Glycoprotein A and B, hsCRP, IL‐6, a high NLR and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (%) compared to cTnI(−) individuals. Those patients, with a higher inflammatory burden at hospital admission (hsCRP, IL‐6, Glycoprotein A and B, and Lipoprotein(a)) had a higher re‐event rate at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Inflammation and Lipoprotein(a) levels were particularly prominent in patients presenting with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Notably, Glycoproteins A/B emerge as novel markers of inflammation in these patients. Our study highlights the significantly higher impact of inflammatory burden in patients with chest pain and high level of myocardial damage than in those with lower myocardial affectation, even when they all had lipid levels well controlled. Inflammation at the time of admission influenced the re‐event rate over a follow‐up period of up to 6 years.
Impacts of assisted migration: An introduced herbivore has short‐term and long‐term effects on its native host plant population
Authors: Ravikanthachari Nitin , Burch Libby L. , Powell Rachel E. , Scott Danielle M. , Wayne Charlotte R. , Niitepõld Kristjan , Rosenberg Risa H. , Boggs Carol L.
Published: August 2024

Assisted migration consists of the introduction of a species to previously inhabited areas or to new suitable regions. Such introductions have been touted as a viable tool for conserving the earth's biodiversity. However, both the likely success of assisted migrations and the impacts on local communities are hotly debated. Empirical data on the local impacts of assisted migration are particularly lacking. We examined the short and long time‐scale effects of herbivory on Lonicera involucrata (Richards) Banks ex. Spreng (Caprifoliaceae) after an introduction of Euphydryas gillettii Barnes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Melitaeini) to Gunnison County, Colorado, USA, via an assisted migration in 1977. The plant is the primary larval host plant for the butterfly. We quantified plant seed production, plant survival, and population stage structure in two sets of observational experiments. We found that herbivory by E. gillettii increased L. involucrata reproduction on an annual time scale, independent of plant size and local microhabitat characteristics. Over the time since the butterfly's introduction, herbivory by E. gillettii resulted in a plant population structure biased toward smaller plants in the butterfly introduction and satellite sites compared with sites without the butterfly. Our results highlight the importance of studying the effects of assisted migrations on native populations at different temporal scales. As assisted migration becomes an indispensable tool for species conservation, our work adds to the understanding of the multi‐trophic impacts of assisted introductions on local populations and communities.
Application of visual attribute transfer technology in analysing changes in emotional expression in picture books
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Yin , Qi Yansu , Miao Sheng , Gao Weijun
Published: August 2024

In picture books, readers can obtain different emotional perceptions according to different image style attributes. Artists often use different combinations of colours, textures, materials, and other style elements in images to convey different emotions in their creations. Especially in picture books for children, there is a strong correlation between the perceived effect of the work and the accuracy and degree of emotional expression. In the process of creating picture books, various factors will affect the efficiency of artists trying to transfer styles to meet their creative needs. With the development of image style transfer technology based on a deep convolutional neural network, artists can use this technology to create works with different styles of emotional changes efficiently. In this paper, we select illustrations of picture books and use deep convolutional neural networks to transfer image styles from three aspects: colour style transfer, texture style, and material style transfer. Through sampling survey experiments, we discuss the changes in image attributes, emotional expression, and emotional perception in picture books for children. The survey results found that the most direct and evident influence on the emotional changes of picture book images is the transfer of colour style attributes, material style attributes, and texture style attributes. The results of this study can provide a valuable reference for improving the accuracy of emotional expression, the depth of meaning extension, and the height of artistic value in picture books for children during the process of an artist's creation. This research stands out by systematically analysing the distinct impact of each style attribute transfer, offering a comprehensive framework that can be utilized by artists and technologists alike to enhance the emotional and artistic quality of children's picture books.
Selection preference and effectiveness quantification of provincial energy security policies in China
Authors: Wu Liangpeng , Tang Yujing , Zhu Qingyuan
Published: August 2024

Energy security constitutes a pivotal determinant in safeguarding the seamless functioning of economies. This research endeavours to shed light on the underlying predilections and potential scopes for enhancement within China's provincial energy security policies. By delving into an array of policy documents procured from the esteemed Legal Information Network of Peking University, it offers a meticulous exploration. Employing sophisticated text analysis methodologies, the study constructs a two‐tier analytical framework, meticulously encapsulating both the policy instruments employed and the intricate processes of their execution. Leveraging the power of Nvivo 12 Plus software, pertinent policy contents are systematically coded, with those aligning with the defined analytical dimensions aggregated for frequency computations. Furthermore, a Policy Measurement and Categorization (PMC) index model is devised, harnessing word frequency statistical data to assign a quantitative assessment to the policies under scrutiny. The empirical results demonstrate a noteworthy disparity in the adoption of policy tools among various provinces, with command‐and‐control mechanisms, economic incentive structures, and societal engagement strategies emerging as the most recurrent policy types. Among the energy security policies scrutinized, approximately 84.85% were categorized as effective, while a smaller yet significant portion, 6.06%, was classified as outstanding. Despite the overall robustness of China's provincial energy security policies, the investigation identifies several avenues for further refinement. The study suggests that the government could bolster these measures through intensified focus on transformative adjustments to energy structures, augmentation of green loan guarantee systems, and fostering enhanced inter‐sectoral collaboration. These strategic enhancements may serve as key levers to propel China's provincial energy security policies towards even greater effectiveness and resilience.
Physical description and model validation of welded joint fatigue damage evolution
Authors: Wei Guoqian , Zhao You , Duan Ruochen , Dang Zhang , Lu Zhiwen
Published: August 2024

For welded structures, the concept of damage is highly abstract and difficult to describe, leading to a lack of physical foundation and universality for existing fatigue damage accumulation models. A new fatigue damage parameter definition based on remaining bearing capacity is proposed in this paper, which is constructed by the equivalent stress on the remaining bearing surface and the equivalent stress intensity factors along the crack front curve. Tension and three‐point bending fatigue tests under two‐level loading block sequences were conducted, and the real fatigue damage evolution processes were obtained by combining measured crack front information and FEA simulation. Five damage accumulation models were utilized to estimate the fatigue damage evolution processes of the two specimens. Results show that there are differences in describing the damage evolution processes and predicting the early fatigue lives. The Rege model is most consistent with the measured data, demonstrating its applicability and effectiveness.
Impacts of marine heatwaves in coastal ecosystems depend on local environmental conditions
Authors: Starko Samuel , van der Mheen Mirjam , Pessarrodona Albert , Wood Georgina V. , Filbee‐Dexter Karen , Neufeld Christopher J. , Montie Shinae , Coleman Melinda A. , Wernberg Thomas
Published: August 2024

Marine heatwaves (MHWs), increasing in duration and intensity because of climate change, are now a major threat to marine life and can have lasting effects on the structure and function of ecosystems. However, the responses of marine taxa and ecosystems to MHWs can be highly variable, making predicting and interpreting biological outcomes a challenge. Here, we review how biological responses to MHWs, from individuals to ecosystems, are mediated by fine‐scale spatial variability in the coastal marine environment (hereafter, local gradients). Viewing observed responses through a lens of ecological theory, we present a simple framework of three ‘resilience processes’ (RPs) by which local gradients can influence the responses of marine taxa to MHWs. Local gradients (1) influence the amount of stress directly experienced by individuals, (2) facilitate local adaptation and acclimatization of individuals and populations, and (3) shape community composition which then influences responses to MHWs. We then synthesize known examples of fine‐scale gradients that have affected responses of benthic foundation species to MHWs, including kelp forests, coral reefs, and seagrass meadows and link these varying responses to the RPs. We present a series of case studies from various marine ecosystems to illustrate the differential impacts of MHWs mediated by gradients in both temperature and other co‐occurring drivers. In many cases, these gradients had large effect sizes with several examples of local gradients causing a 10‐fold difference in impacts or more (e.g., survival, coverage). This review highlights the need for high‐resolution environmental data to accurately predict and manage the consequences of MHWs in the context of ongoing climate change. While current tools may capture some of these gradients already, we advocate for enhanced monitoring and finer scale integration of local environmental heterogeneity into climate models. This will be essential for developing effective conservation strategies and mitigating future marine biodiversity loss.
New tree height allometries derived from terrestrial laser scanning reveal substantial discrepancies with forest inventory methods in tropical rainforests
Authors: Terryn Louise , Calders Kim , Meunier Félicien , Bauters Marijn , Boeckx Pascal , Brede Benjamin , Burt Andrew , Chave Jerome , da Costa Antonio Carlos Lola , D'hont Barbara , Disney Mathias , Jucker Tommaso , Lau Alvaro , Laurance Susan G. W. , Maeda Eduardo Eiji , Meir Patrick , Krishna Moorthy Sruthi M. , Nunes Matheus Henrique , Shenkin Alexander , Sibret Thomas , Verhelst Tom E. , Wilkes Phil , Verbeeck Hans
Published: August 2024

Tree allometric models, essential for monitoring and predicting terrestrial carbon stocks, are traditionally built on global databases with forest inventory measurements of stem diameter (D) and tree height (H). However, these databases often combine H measurements obtained through various measurement methods, each with distinct error patterns, affecting the resulting H:D allometries. In recent decades, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has emerged as a widely accepted method for accurate, non‐destructive tree structural measurements. This study used TLS data to evaluate the prediction accuracy of forest inventory‐based H:D allometries and to develop more accurate pantropical allometries. We considered 19 tropical rainforest plots across four continents. Eleven plots had forest inventory and RIEGL VZ‐400(i) TLS‐based D and H data, allowing accuracy assessment of local forest inventory‐based H:D allometries. Additionally, TLS‐based data from 1951 trees from all 19 plots were used to create new pantropical H:D allometries for tropical rainforests. Our findings reveal that in most plots, forest inventory‐based H:D allometries underestimated H compared with TLS‐based allometries. For 30‐metre‐tall trees, these underestimations varied from −1.6 m (−5.3%) to −7.5 m (−25.4%). In the Malaysian plot with trees reaching up to 77 m in height, the underestimation was as much as −31.7 m (−41.3%). We propose a TLS‐based pantropical H:D allometry, incorporating maximum climatological water deficit for site effects, with a mean uncertainty of 19.1% and a mean bias of −4.8%. While the mean uncertainty is roughly 2.3% greater than that of the Chave2014 model, this model demonstrates more consistent uncertainties across tree size and delivers less biased estimates of H (with a reduction of 8.23%). In summary, recognizing the errors in H measurements from forest inventory methods is vital, as they can propagate into the allometries they inform. This study underscores the potential of TLS for accurate H and D measurements in tropical rainforests, essential for refining tree allometries.
Trajectories of hepatic steatosis and incidence of cardiovascular disease over a 29‐year follow‐up
Authors: Yu Ming‐Whei , Wu Wan‐Jung , Lin Chih‐Lin , Liu Chun‐Jen , Peng Wei‐Ya , Huang Pin‐Yu , Huang Yi‐Wen , Hu Jui‐Ting , Chang Hung‐Chuen , Liou Jyh‐Ming
Published: August 2024

Aim

To examine the dynamic change in hepatic steatosis status during repeated assessments over time, and its potential impact on the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

We assessed trajectories of hepatic steatosis and other metabolic disorders in 3134 middle‐aged adults undergoing longitudinal assessment of ultrasonography during a pre‐baseline period (1993–2009) in a population‐based cohort study of liver health. Subsequently, we determined the association of hepatic steatosis trajectories with the incidence of CVD among 2185 CVD‐free individuals, followed until 2021. Metabolic risk factors and cardiovascular events (including coronary heart disease and stroke) were determined through medical examination and linkage with nationwide health databases.

Results

We identified three discrete trajectories of hepatic steatosis according to changing pattern over time through group‐based trajectory modeling: “stable, non‐steatosis” (n = 1298), “intermittent” (n = 921), and “persistent steatosis” (n = 915). During the pre‐baseline period, hepatic steatosis trajectories were associated with trajectories of developing diabetes and hypertension, and persistent steatosis (vs. other trajectories) was associated with higher risks and rapidly progressive disease patterns. At a median 13.6 years of follow‐up, 629 CVD events occurred. A persistent (vs. non‐steatosis: HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.17–1.76), but not intermittent, steatosis pattern predicted the future risk of CVD, after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, and obesity. This association was independent of genetic background, and remained after accounting for pre‐baseline body‐mass index, other cardiometabolic risk factors, Framingham risk score, medications, and hepatic fibrosis score.

Conclusions

The persistence of hepatic steatosis is associated with trajectories of metabolic disorder development and increased risk of CVD. These data have important implications for practice and further research.
The efficacy of adipose stem cell‐derived exosomes in hair regeneration based on a preclinical and clinical study
Authors: Lee Ester , Choi Mi Soo , Cho Byong Seong , Won Yu Jin , Lee Jun Ho , Kim Soon Re , Kim Myung Hwa , Jeon Ju Hung , Park Gyeong Hun , Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Lee Joon , Park Kui Young , Park Byung Cheol
Published: August 2024

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent hair loss disorder with psychological repercussions. Traditional treatments have limitations, leading to the exploration of regenerative therapies such as exosomes derived from adipose tissue stem cells (ASC‐Exosomes).

Methods

First, using human hair follicle (HF) dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) treated with ASC‐Exosomes, ALP, VCAN, β‐catenin, and LEF‐1 levels with RT‐PCR and p‐GSK3β, GSK3β, β‐catenin, ALP, and β‐actin levels with western blot analysis were assessed. Hair shaft elongation test and assay for ALP, Ki‐67, and β‐catenin were done using human HF organ culture. Patients with AGA had ASC‐Exosomes treatment and were evaluated for hair counts, photographic assessments, subjective satisfaction, and safety profiles.

Results

ASC‐Exosomes impact hDPCs, increasing proliferation and the upregulation of hair growth‐related genes, including ALP, VCAN, β‐catenin, and LEF‐1. The Wnt/β‐catenin pathway was activated, indicating their role in promoting hair growth. ASC‐Exosomes also promoted hair shaft elongation and ALP activity, suggesting a potential for hair regeneration. Thirty participants with AGA enrolled and treated over 24 weeks. The subjects experienced a significant increase in total hair density, improved global photographic assessments, and reported higher subjective satisfaction without severe adverse reactions.

Conclusion

This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of exosomes in hair loss treatment, offering a safe and effective alternative for individuals with AGA.
Association between calcium intake from different food sources during childhood and cardiometabolic risk on adolescence: The Generation XXI birth cohort
Authors: Silva Sara , Severo Milton , Lopes Carla
Published: August 2024

Background

Calcium intake has been associated with lower adiposity, but few studies explored the longitudinal relation of calcium from different sources and cardiometabolic markers in young population.

Objective

Prospectively estimate the association between dairy and non‐dairy calcium intake at 4, 7, and 10 years (y) of age and cardiometabolic risk at 13 y.

Methods

The sample included 4017 participants from the Generation XXI birth cohort. Dietary data were collected from a 3‐day food diary. Cardiometabolic clusters at 13 y were estimated by a probabilistic Gaussian mixture model (z‐score of waist circumference [WC], HOMA‐IR; HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure [BP]). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate associations.

Results

Calcium intake (/100 mg), after adjustment for confounders, was negatively and significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (β = −0.02, 95% CI: −0.04; −0.01), WC (cm) (β = −0.23, 95% CI: −0.36; −0.11), and diastolic BP (mmHg) (β = −0.14, 95% CI: −0.26; −0.03). After additional adjustment for total energy intake, associations lose statistical significance. Calcium intake from milk at 7 y was inversely associated with WC (β = −0.25, 95% CI: −0.48; −0.03) and from yogurt at 10 y was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03; 0.13) and WC (β = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.12; 0.96). Calcium from vegetables at 4, 7, 10 y reduces later cardiometabolic risk (OR = 0.71; OR = 0.84; OR = 0.98, respectively).

Conclusions

This study supports a protective effect of calcium on adolescents' cardiometabolic health, especially from vegetables.
Body composition, metabolic syndrome, and lifestyle in treatment‐naïve gender‐diverse youth in Israel
Authors: Borger Ophir , Segev‐Becker Anat , Perl Liat , Ben Simon Asaf , Yackobovitch‐Gavan Michal , Sheppes Tamar , Brener Avivit , Oren Asaf , Lebenthal Yael
Published: August 2024

Background

There is a scarcity of published studies evaluating transgender/gender‐diverse youth before initiating gender‐affirming hormones.

Aim

To study the body composition, metabolic syndrome (MetS) components and lifestyle habits in treatment‐naïve transgender youth.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study evaluating 153 transgender youth [median age 15.7 years, 94 transgender males] who attended The Israeli Children and Adolescents Gender Clinic between 6/2021–12/2022. Clinical, metabolic data and lifestyle habits (diet, physical activity and sleep patterns) were retrieved from the medical files. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index and muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐scores were calculated by sex designated at birth.

Results

Weight categories differed between genders, with a greater proportion of subjects classified as underweight among transgender females, and a greater proportion affected by overweight/obese/severe obese among transgender males (p = 0.035). The odds for MetS components were increased by 2.2 for every 1 standard deviation decrease in the muscle‐to‐fat ratio z‐score (95%CI: 1.45 to 3.26, p < 0.001). About one‐third of the cohort did not meet any of the three lifestyle recommendations. Transgender males had increased odds for MetS components by 3.49 (95%CI: 1.63 to 7.44, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Treatment‐naïve transgender‐male adolescents have an imbalance between muscle and adipose tissue, which places them at increased susceptibility for MetS components even prior to hormonal treatment.
“Even if I am going to die, I must go”: Understanding the influence of predestination thinking on migration decision‐making in the Gambia
Authors: Cham Omar N.
Published: August 2024

The existing migration sociology literature predominantly explains migration decision‐making through rational frameworks (socioeconomic factors), often influenced by Western (scientific) bias, neglecting other relevant subjective factors. By relying on data collected through interviews with 60 potential migrants in the Gambia, I go beyond these socioeconomic explanations and identify a key ideational factor – predestination thinking – as an important factor that influences migration decision‐making, especially concerning the perception of risk associated with irregular migration among potential migrants. This article demonstrates how predestination thinking influences different aspects of potential migrants' decision‐making, including the decision to embark on an irregular migration trajectory, risk assessment, and the nature of family support provided to a potential migrant. I argue that non‐conventional, intangible factors such as predestination thinking cannot be neglected when explaining migration decision‐making, especially in societies with embedded belief systems. This article contributes to a more nuanced and holistic understanding of migration decision‐making beyond Western‐centred perspectives.
The conveyor belt for older people nearing the end of life
Authors: Hillman Ken , Barnett Adrian G. , Brown Christine , Callaway Leonie , Cardona Magnolia , Carter Hannah , Farrington Alison , Harvey Gillian , Lee Xing , McPhail Steven , Nicholas Graves , White Ben P. , White Nicole M. , Willmott Lindy
Published: August 2024

The current fallback position for the elderly frail nearing the end of life (less than 12 months to live) is hospitalisation. There is a reluctance to use the term ‘terminally ill’ for this population, resulting in overtreatment, overdiagnosis and management that is not consistent with the wishes of people. This is the major contributor to the so‐called hospital crisis, including decreased capacity of hospitals, reduced ability to conduct elective surgery, increased attendances at emergency departments and ambulance ramping. The authors recently conducted the largest randomised study, to their knowledge, attempting to inform specialist hospital medical teams about the terminally ill status of their admitted patients. This information did not influence their clinical decisions in any way. The authors discuss the reasons why this may have occurred, such as the current avoidance of discussing death and dying by society and the concentration of healthcare workers on actively managing the acute presenting problem and ignoring the underlying prognosis in the elderly frail. The authors discuss ways of improving the management of the elderly nearing the end of life, such as more detailed goals of care discussions using the concept of shared decision‐making rather than simply completing Advanced Care Decision documents. Empowering people in this way could become the most important driver of people's health care.
DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic prospects
Authors: Kwak Hyosang , Lee Ein , Karki Rajendra
Published: August 2024

DNA sensors generally initiate innate immune responses through the production of type I interferons. While extensively studied for host defense against invading pathogens, emerging evidence highlights the involvement of DNA sensors in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of modified, damaged, or ectopically localized self‐DNA and non‐self‐DNA have been observed in patients and animal models with obesity, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The accumulation of cytosolic DNA aberrantly activates DNA signaling pathways, driving the pathological progression of these disorders. This review highlights the roles of specific DNA sensors, such as cyclic AMP‐GMP synthase and stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS‐STING), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9), interferon gamma‐inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK), and DEAD‐box helicase 41 (DDX41) in various metabolic disorders. We explore how DNA signaling pathways in both immune and non‐immune cells contribute to the development of these diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the intricate interplay between metabolic stress and immune responses, offering insights into potential therapeutic targets for managing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA sensor signaling in these contexts provides a foundation for developing novel interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of these pervasive health issues.
Arthropod diversity in constructed wetlands is affected strongly by shoreline properties but only weakly by grazing
Authors: Åhlén David , Jarsjö Jerker , Jonsell Mats , Klatt Björn K. , Schneider Lea D. , Strand John , Hambäck Peter A.
Published: August 2024

Aim

Aquatic‐terrestrial transition zones contain features essential for many species that often benefit wetland biodiversity. Shallow flood‐zone areas and reed beds are indicative of natural wetland habitats; however, how such features affect the native arthropod biodiversity in constructed wetlands is scarcely investigated. We asked how these shoreline features, as well as wetland shoreline properties and grazing management, influence riparian arthropod diversities and habitat specializations.

Location

Constructed wetlands, Sweden.

Taxa

Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera.

Methods

Taxonomic‐, phylogenetic‐ and trait diversities, along with habitat specialist species richness, were measured in riparian spiders, beetles and selected Diptera in 68 constructed wetlands in two regions of Sweden. We ran structural equation models to estimate direct and indirect effects from shoreline slope, flooded grassland, reed areas and grazing management on group diversities, and used multivariate models to determine drivers on habitat specialist species richness.

Results

Flooded grassland and reed area, along with shoreline slope influenced arthropod diversities, and responses differed between arthropod groups and diversity metrics. Spider trait diversity was greater in wetlands with larger flooded grassland areas, whilst beetle trait diversity was reduced. Spider phylogenetic diversity was greater in wetlands containing larger reed areas and in wetlands with steeper shorelines. However, species richness in predatory flies was greater in wetlands with more gentle shorelines. Grazing management had limited effects on arthropod diversities; however, species richness in wetland specialist and generalist predatory dipterans was greater in the absence of grazers in wetlands with greater flooded grassland areas.

Main Conclusions

As requirements vary considerably among arthropods, care must be taken when constructing and managing wetlands to benefit arthropod biodiversity. The present results suggest wetlands with a varied shoreline, albeit with greater proportions of flood areas, or multiple adjacent wetlands with varying shores in a wet landscape and a mild grazing regiment, would accommodate a more diverse arthropod fauna.
A2 reactive astrocyte‐derived exosomes alleviate cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by delivering miR‐628
Authors: Wang Yingju , Li He , Sun Hanwen , Xu Chen , Sun Hongxue , Wei Wan , Song Jihe , Jia Feihong , Zhong Di , Li Guozhong
Published: August 2024

Ischemia and hypoxia activate astrocytes into reactive types A1 and A2, which play roles in damage and protection, respectively. However, the function and mechanism of A1 and A2 astrocyte exosomes are unknown. After astrocyte exosomes were injected into the lateral ventricle, infarct volume, damage to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), apoptosis and the expression of microglia‐related proteins were measured. The dual luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the target genes of miR‐628, and overexpressing A2‐Exos overexpressed and knocked down miR‐628 were constructed. qRT–PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were subsequently performed. A2‐Exos obviously reduced the infarct volume, damage to the BBB and apoptosis and promoted M2 microglial polarization. RT–PCR showed that miR‐628 was highly expressed in A2‐Exos. Dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that NLRP3, S1PR3 and IRF5 are target genes of miR‐628. After miR‐628 was overexpressed or knocked down, the protective effects of A2‐Exos increased or decreased, respectively. A2‐Exos reduced pyroptosis and BBB damage and promoted M2 microglial polarization through the inhibition of NLRP3, S1PR3 and IRF5 via the delivery of miR‐628. This study explored the mechanism of action of A2‐Exos and provided new therapeutic targets and concepts for treating cerebral ischemia.
Pyrocurzerenone suppresses human oral cancer cell metastasis by inhibiting the expression of ERK1/2 and cathepsin S proteins
Authors: Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Lin Chia‐Chieh , Ho Hsin‐Yu , Chuang Yi‐Ching , Lo Yu‐Sheng , Chen Mu‐Kuan
Published: August 2024

Pyrocurzerenone is a natural compound found in Curcuma zedoaria and Chloranthus serratus. However, the anticancer effect of pyrocurzerenone in oral cancer remains unclear. Using the MTT assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay and western blot analysis, we investigated the impact of pyrocurzerenone on antimetastatic activity, as well as the critical signalling pathways that underlie the processes of oral cancer cell lines SCC‐9, SCC‐1 and SAS in this work. Our findings suggested that pyrocurzerenone inhibits cell migration and invasion ability in oral cancer cell lines. Furthermore, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 had significant inhibitory effects in SCC‐9 and SCC‐1 cell lines. Combining ERK1/2 inhibitors with pyrocurzerenone decreased the migration and invasion activity of SCC‐9 and SCC‐1 cell lines. We also found that the expressed level of cathepsin S decreased under pyrocurzerenone treatment. This study showed that pyrocurzerenone reduced ERK1/2 expression of the proteins and cathepsin S, suggesting that it could be a valuable treatment to inhibit human oral cancer cell metastasis.
Reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Chinese Life Attitude Self‐rating Questionnaire for Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhou Kaina , Wang Wen , Ning Fan , Wang Xiao , Zhao Fang
Published: August 2024

Rationale, Aims and Objectives

Psychometrics of the Chinese Life Attitude Self‐rating Questionnaire for Breast Cancer (LASQ‐BC) has not yet been conducted in a larger sample of women with breast cancer. This study aimed to examine the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the LASQ‐BC in Chinese mainland female breast cancer patients.

Method

This is a cross‐sectional study. Reliability was determined by Cronbach's α and Guttman split‐half coefficient. Convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated via item‐subscale and item‐total score correlations. Factorial validity was estimated using a principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Sensitivity was identified via Cohen's effect size (ES) and an independent sample t‐test between the new and recurrent cases. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to further examine sensitivity of the LASQ‐BC under the influence of newly diagnosed breast cancer (yes vs. no).

Results

A total of 429 patients completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's α of the LASQ‐BC was 0.96, ranging from 0.86 to 0.92 for the four subscales (i.e., choice and responsibility, life meaning, benevolence, and life experiences). The Guttman split‐half coefficient was 0.90. The hypothesised item‐subscale and item‐total score correlations were higher than the critical value of 0.50. Four factors were extracted from the 23 items, explaining 69.29% of the total variance. Eligible ES (range: 0.38−0.48) was found in the four subscales and total score between the new and recurrent cases (independent sample t‐test), and under the influence of newly diagnosed breast cancer (yes vs. no; multiple linear regression analysis).

Conclusion

The Chinese LASQ‐BC has acceptable reliability, validity, and sensitivity in women with breast cancer of mainland China. It can be used to female breast cancer patients as an invaluable metric and a crucial instrument for assessing and discerning those grappling with a suboptimal life attitude, and in gauging the efficacy of psychological interventions tailored to enhance this perspective.
Adoption of self‐measured blood pressure monitoring in underserved communities: Program evaluation in primary care
Authors: Shields Maureen , Guzman Iridian , Rouse Jackie , Siddiqi Alvia , Pletcher Mark J. , Khatib Rasha
Published: August 2024

Rationale

Self‐measured blood pressure (SMBP) monitoring is crucial for hypertension management, yet its adoption, particularly among disadvantaged populations, remains low. ‘Love Your Heart’ is a quality improvement program providing free standard SMBP devices to hypertensive patients, aiming to enhance adoption and assess its impact on blood pressure control.

Aims and Objectives

This study evaluates the ‘Love Your Heart’ program's implementation success through assessing adoption rates and exploring changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) among participants. We aim to understand factors influencing adoption and potential benefits of SMBP monitoring in a diverse, socially disadvantaged patient population.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the ‘Love Your Heart’ program using electronic health records (EHR) at a primary care site in Chicago. Adult patients with hypertension were enroled in the 6‐month program, which included education sessions and free SMBP devices. Adoption was measured by participation in program components, and changes in SBP were analysed based on adoption status. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS software, adhering to STROBE reporting guidelines.

Results

Of 621 eligible patients, 104 participated, with 83 included in the evaluation. Despite all participants receiving free SMBP devices, adoption rates were modest, with only 7% sharing readings with the care team. However, patients who received device instructions demonstrated greater decreases in SBP compared to those who did not. Although not statistically significant, clinically meaningful decreases in SBP were observed among adopters.

Conclusion

The ‘Love Your Heart’ program highlights the challenges of promoting SMBP monitoring among disadvantaged patient populations. While providing free devices addresses access barriers, low reporting to the care team suggests the need for further support mechanisms. Future research should explore strategies to enhance SMBP adoption and integration into clinical care, particularly in settings lacking automated data transmission systems.
Remarkable genetic variability and high antigenicity of the octapeptide‐repeat region in an Entamoeba nuttalli‐specific surface protein
Authors: Imai Tatsuya , Kakino Azumi , Sugawara Akitomo , Cheng Xunjia , Tachibana Hiroshi
Published: August 2024

Entamoeba nuttalli is genetically the closest to Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amebiasis. E. nuttalli is found in Macaca species, exhibiting no symptoms while potentially virulent. Using comparative genomics of Entamoeba species, we identified a gene encoding an E. nuttalli‐specific protein containing 42 repeats of an octapeptide (PTORS). In the present study, we analyzed the genes in E. nuttalli strains derived from various geographic locations and host species. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA from four strains indicated 43, 44, and 48 repeat types in addition to 42 repeats and remarkable genetic diversity in the repeat region, although all nucleotide substitutions were synonymous. In contrast, the sequences of the N‐terminal side region and C‐terminus were identical among the strains. Monoclonal antibodies prepared against recombinant PTORS were reactive to the repeat regions but not to the N‐terminal side regions. Polyclonal antibodies did not react with the N‐terminal region, demonstrating that the repeat region had higher antigenicity. Analysis using synthetic peptides revealed that the two repeats of the octapeptide functioned as epitopes. Immunofluorescence microscopy using monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the surface localization of PTORS. These results suggest that the repeat region of PTORS plays an important role in host–parasite interactions.
Utility of prostaglandin analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as promising last resorts for the treatment of vitiligo: A systematic review, from mechanisms of action to mono‐, combination and comparative therapies
Authors: Pourriyahi Homa , Hosseini Nastaran‐Sadat , Nooshabadi Mohammadreza Padooiy , Pourriahi Homayoun , Baradaran Hamid Reza , Abtahi‐Naeini Bahareh , Goodarzi Azadeh
Published: August 2024

Background

The treatment of vitiligo is a persistent challenge in dermatology. New treatments are being offered and studied in this field for those resistant to or intolerant of classical therapies.

Aims

In this systematic review, we study the use of prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) and phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEIs) in the treatment of vitiligo, as they are known for their pigmentation inducing effects through activating melanocytes.

Methods

We searched four main online databases with the keywords “Vitiligo”, “Prostaglandin analogue” and “Phosphodiesterase inhibitor”.

Results

A total of 42 articles were included, with 1027 cases, studying drugs like bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost, dinoprostone, apremilast, crisaborole, etc. Among the included studies, the treatment regimens are commonly once or twice daily for 12–48 weeks, with a mean of 20.61 weeks, and the routes of administration are mainly topical gels or ophthalmic solutions and oral tablets. Side effects are mild and tolerable, namely erythema, itching or burning sensations at application site for topicals, or gastrointestinal problems with apremilast. Repigmentation results are significant in both adult and pediatric patients and progressive or stable vitiligo. PGAs and PDEIs outperform many classical therapies, for example, narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy (NB‐UVB), tacrolimus, mometasone or methylprednisolone mini‐pulse. PGAs or PDEIs are usually used in combination therapies to either cause synergism or increase drug delivery, and almost always enhance repigmentation, for example, with NB‐UVB, fractional CO2 laser, microneedling, and mometasone.

Conclusion

Monotherapy or add‐on PGAs and PDEIs can be considered effective treatments for vitiligo and promising last resorts for those resistant to other therapies.
Hepatocyte growth factor‐modified adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells inhibit human hypertrophic scar fibroblast activation
Authors: Zhang Tianli
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Nucleoside‐modified messenger RNA (modRNA) holds the potential for facilitating genetic enhancement of stem cells. In this study, modRNA encoding hepatocyte growth factor (modHGF) was used to chemically modify adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and the effect of modified ADSCs on the activation of hypertrophic scar fibroblasts (HSFs) was evaluated.

Methods

CCK‐8, wound healing, and transwell assays were utilized to evaluate the viability and migratory potential of modHGF‐engineered ADSCs and their effect on HSF activation. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect the expression of collagen‐I (Col I), collagen‐III (Col III), alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP‐1), and MMP‐3.

Results

Transfection of ADSCs with modHGF (HGF‐ADSC) resulted in enhanced production of HGF. Meanwhile, modHGF modification enhanced the viability and migration of ADSCs. Notably, culture media from HGF‐ADSCs exhibited a more potent inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of HSFs. In addition, culture media from HGF‐ADSCs inhibited extracellular matrix synthesis of HSFs, as evidenced by reduced expression levels of Col I, Col III, and α‐SMA, while increasing expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐3. Conversely, neutralization experiments confirmed that these effects could be effectively alleviated by blocking HGF activity.

Conclusion

modHGF modification optimizes the inhibitory effect of ADSCs on HSF activation, which provides a promising alternative for preventing and treating hyperplastic scars.
Implementation of the Health Promoting School Approach in Europe: A Cross‐Sectional Study Among National Representatives
Authors: Bartelink Nina , van Assema Patricia , Vennegoor Gerjanne , Bessems Kathelijne
Published: August 2024

Background

Although principles of the health promoting school (HPS) approach are followed worldwide, differences between countries in the implementation are reported. The aim of the current study was (1) to examine the implementation of the HPS approach in European countries in terms of different implementation indicators, that is, percentage of schools implementing the HPS approach, implementation of core components, and positioning on so‐called HPS‐related spectra, (2) to explore patterns of consistency between the implementation indicators across countries, and (3) to examine perceived barriers and facilitators to the implementation of the HPS approach across countries.

Methods

This study analyzed data from a survey that was part of the Schools for Health in Europe network's Monitoring Task 2020. The survey was completed by HPS representatives of 24 network member countries.

Results

Large variations exist in (the influencing factors for) the implementation of the HPS approach in European countries. Observed patterns show that countries with higher percentages of schools implementing the HPS approach also score higher on the implementation of the core components and, in terms of spectra, more toward implementing multiple HPS core components, add‐in strategies, action‐oriented research and national‐level driven dissemination. In each country a unique mix of barriers and facilitators was observed.

Conclusion

Countries committed to implementing the HPS approach in as many schools as possible also seem to pay attention to the quality of implementation. For a complete and accurate measurement of implementation, the use of multiple implementation indicators is desirable.