bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disenfranchised
Authors: Andreas Joel
Published: September 2019

Chapter 8 examines the consequences of industrial restructuring, which began in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. The great majority of state-run and collective enterprises have been privatized, and all firms—including those in which the state has retained a stake—have been turned into shareholding companies. Tens of millions of workers have lost their jobs, and permanent job tenure has been replaced by much more precarious employment relations. As work unit communities have been transformed into profit-oriented enterprises, workers have been reduced to hired labor, losing their status as legitimate stakeholders and eroding the foundations for workplace participation. Shop-floor self-management has been replaced by harsh disciplinary regimes enforced by bonuses, fines, and the threat of dismissal, and staff and workers congresses have been sidelined. Workers, whose influence is now explicitly seen as compromising efforts to maximize profits, have been disenfranchised.
American While Black
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele
Published: September 2019

While the Civil Rights Movement brought increasing opportunities for blacks, this period also saw the liberalization of American immigration policy. The same agitation that allowed blacks to vote also made it possible for increasing numbers of non-European immigrants to enter America for the first time. What has an expanded immigration regime meant for how blacks express national attachment? Using quantitative and qualitative data, this book helps us understand the context and constraint of white supremacy on the formation of black public opinion and national attachment. Recent waves of immigration have presented a dilemma for blacks, causing them to reflect yet again on the meaning and depth of their own citizenship, national identity, and sense of belonging in the United States. It is the author’s contention that immigration, both historically and in the contemporary moment, has served as a reminder of the limited inclusion of African Americans in the body politic.
The Baltic States
Authors: Graney Katherine
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the successful “return to Europe” by the three Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It details how they presented European gatekeepers in the EU and NATO with expertly shaped historical and cultural-civilizational narratives that cast the Baltic states as “essentially European” states that had been “captured” by the alien Soviet Union in 1939, hence worthy of “rejoining” a European community they had been unjustly severed from. Skilled leadership and high levels of human development and national unity also helped ease the Baltic return to Europe. The chapter discusses the Baltics’ key role in pushing for an expanded understanding of Europe that would encompass other ex-Soviet states like Ukraine and Georgia, while denying Europeanness to Russia, which is seen as a threat to Europe. Case studies of each of the three Baltic states detail their specific Europeanization processes since 1989.
Clean Hands
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: September 2019

Scrupulosity is a form of OCD that raises philosophical puzzles because of its superficial similarities to morally extreme, non-pathological motivation. Cases of Scrupulosity are first presented, then Scrupulosity is characterized as a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) because of its moral or religious obsessions and/or compulsions and its underlying anxiety. Scrupulosity is specifically characterized by perfectionism, chronic doubt and intolerance of uncertainty, and moral thought-action fusion. It is a mental illness and not simply religious devotion, moral virtue, or strength of character. Scrupulous moral judgments differ from genuine moral judgments because their underlying anxiety leads to systematic distortions and leads those with Scrupulosity to act in a way that primarily soothes their anxiety instead of responding to the morally relevant features of the situation. People with Scrupulosity are likely less accountable for harms they cause, which can be explained by reasons-responsiveness theories of responsibility. There is justification for treating Scrupulosity over moral objection without imposing the therapist’s own moral standards.
The Significance of Nonsense
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

The Abstrakte Oper Nr. 1 opposed operatic tradition through its use of a non-narrative text that represented archetypal emotions and states of being. The opera’s main point of reference was Weimar Berlin: Blacher drew belatedly on Dada and cabaret and referenced New Objectivity and the German appropriation of jazz. Blacher also relied on many time-honored musical conventions from both opera and popular styles to convey the libretto’s affects and situations, references that for many critics negated the piece’s claims to “abstraction.” The work created an uproar at its premiere as audiences and critics perceived politicized narratives in the work’s purported nonsense. Detractors saw the piece as hastening the genre’s demise, while its defenders affected a modernist rejection of audience complacency. Both sides saw the Abstrakte Oper as a political statement and seized the opportunity to accuse their opponents of having an unsavory relationship to the National Socialist past.
Rebuilding and Retrenchment
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond
Published: September 2019

This chapter places the opera commissioned for the reopening of Munich’s faithfully reconstructed Nationaltheater, Egk’s Die Verlobung in San Domingo, in the context of postwar Munich’s architectural and cultural restoration. The ethos behind the Nationaltheater reconstruction reflected Munich’s understanding of its relationship to National Socialism and to wartime destruction. The festival to celebrate the newly built theater mythologized Munich’s operatic tradition and was largely insensitive to recent history, instead emphasizing a continuity of greatness. This attitude of retrenchment was reflected in Egk’s opera, which was about romance and racial violence during the Haitian Revolution. Despite his interest in modern techniques, Egk was invested in traditional operatic expression and forms. He problematically used jazz idioms and percussion effects to “other” Black characters while coding expressive verismo tropes as white and heroic. Die Verlobung in San Domingo is a product of the patriotic, monumental, and traditional milieu for which it was written.
How to Qualify for Cabinet: Experiential Criteria
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 focuses on experiential criteria as qualifications for inclusion in cabinet. The chapter shows that across all country cases, ministrables qualify by demonstrating their political experience and/or policy expertise, and in some cases, their educational background. There is no evidence that ministers in presidential systems are more likely to qualify through policy experience, or that ministers in parliamentary democracies are more likely to qualify through generalist political experience. The chapter shows that experiential criteria are strongly prescriptive rules, but they are non-specific and flexible rather than straightforward. The chapter concludes that experiential criteria are employed strategically by selectors to justify the choices of ministers and are post facto rationalizations. If all ministrables must meet some experiential criteria, additional qualifying criteria are necessary to determine the subset among them selected for cabinet.
Gendered Representational Criteria
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan
Published: September 2019

Chapter 10 addresses the gendered consequences of representational criteria. It shows that in all seven country cases, representational criteria have been gendered to include women, and these have in turn become a powerful predictor of women’s inclusion in cabinet. The presence of strong prescriptive rules requiring women’s inclusion shapes selectors’ choices of ministers, often reducing their capacity to appoint ministers on the basis of affiliational criteria. A key finding of the chapter is that all-male cabinets are clearly a thing of the past, having disappeared as early as 1957 in Germany but as late as 1993 in Australia. Among the book’s case studies, women’s inclusion in cabinet is required. The chapter finds, however, that the timing and strength of the institutionalization of gender as a representational criterion vary cross-nationally.
Coups and Revolutions
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: September 2019

This book offers the first analysis of both the revolution and counterrevolution in Egypt, beginning in January 2011 until July 2018. The period of revolutionary upheaval played out in three uprisings against three distinct forms of authoritarian rule: the Mubarak regime and the police state that protected it, the unelected military junta known as the Supreme Council of Armed Forces, and the religious authoritarianism of the Muslim Brotherhood. The second part of the book analyzes the counterrevolution, which is divided into two periods: the first under Adly Mansour as interim president; and the second after Abdel Fattah El -Sisi was elected president. During the first wave, the regime imprisoned or killed the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and many secular activists, while during the second wave the regime turned against civil society at large: nongovernmental organizations , charities, the media, academia, and minority groups. In addition to providing new and unprecedented empirical data, the book makes two theoretical contributions. First, a new framework is presented for analyzing the state apparatus in Egypt, which is based on four pillars of regime support that can either prop up or press upon those in power: the Egyptian military, the business elite, the United States, and the multiheaded opposition. Second , the book brings together the literature on bottom-up revolutionary movements and top-down military coups, and it introduces the concept of a coup from below in contrast to the revolution from above that took place under Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Ritual Settings II
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

How did the church building become sacred space? This chapter examines the second model: sanctity as represented by the presence of relics or the tombs of martyrs and saints. The popularity of the refrigerium in the fourth century provides ample testimony to the attraction of the tombs of saints and martyrs to the early church. And although the official celebrations ad sanctos were terminated by the end of the century, the cult of saints continued, finding an outlet in the practice of pilgrimage and the veneration of relics. While both were accepted customs, neither was officially sanctioned by the church. They may be best understood as manifestations of popular piety or of private devotion, satisfying the spiritual needs of the individual.
Regional Developments, East and West
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

Despite the continuation of pan-Mediterranean commerce through the fifth century and contacts brought about by imperial patronage and pilgrimage, distinctive styles quickly emerged in the different regions of the empire. This chapter contrasts architectural and urban developments at the heart of the Byzantine Empire with those in Italy (Rome, Milan, and Ravenna) and in the eastern provinces: Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Asia Minor.
Development of Regional Styles III
Authors: Ousterhout Robert G.
Published: September 2019

After a period of minimal activity, both Armenia and Georgia experienced a flourishing of building in the tenth and early eleventh centuries, with finely carved ashlar construction and sculptural ornamentation, distinct from their contemporary Byzantine counterparts. Some avenues of investigation are suggested for understanding the relationship between Byzantine and Caucasian architecture in this period.
The Laughing Philosopher and the Physician
Authors: Hankinson R. J.
Published: September 2019

Ancient doctors knew that laughter, hysterical or otherwise, sometimes presented as a symptom of mental disturbances of various kinds (and indeed of rare physical conditions); equally, they realized that there was a role to be played by laughter in treating mental disorders such as depression. This chapter traces this history, with specific focus on certain texts, in particular the pseudo-Hippocratic correspondence concerning the “madness” of Democritus, in which the concerned citizens of Abdera, Democritus’ hometown, ask the great doctor to advise them concerning the philosopher’s apparently pathological, continuous laughter. This premise frames the first topic: when is laughter pathological, and hence a genuine diagnostic tool? This question leads into the chapter’s second concern, namely, what use can laughter be put to in the treatment of disorders such as depression and melancholy? The chapter also briefly examines the question of the relationship between the mental and the physiological presupposed by such therapeutic practices.
Laughter, Social Norms, and Ethics in Cicero’s Works
Authors: Guérin Charles
Published: September 2019

Among Latin authors, Cicero is our most important source on the topic of laughter. Cicero views laughter as a defining feature of human sociability, and tackles it with four different uses and contexts in mind: the enhancing of human relationships, the enforcing of the norms shared by the community, the strengthening of one’s public figure, and the maintaining of the ethical agent’s individual coherence. By offering a synthesis of these various views, which Cicero expounds both in a rhetorical (De oratore, 55 bce) and a philosophical (De officiis, 46 bce) context, this chapter shows that these approaches stem from a unified understanding of laughter, and that there is no real difference between Cicero’s rhetorical and ethical approach to the topic. The proper and improper uses of laughter, in Cicero’s views, illustrate perfectly what’s at stake in the relationship between the moral agent and the community he belongs to.
Laughter and the Moral Guide
Authors: Trapp Michael
Published: September 2019

In the perspective of the moralist, laughter is both an important diagnostic tool (it matters with whom and at whom one laughs), and a potentially dangerous propensity requiring careful monitoring and control. Though differing in their modes of engagement with their target audiences, Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch share a concern with well- and ill-directed laughter at both the level of the individual and that of whole communities: Dio above all (though by no means only) in his Euboean and Alexandrian Orations (Orr. 7 and 32); Plutarch both in his texts on ethical self-improvement in the Moralia and, most colorfully, in his Life of Antony (which shares with Dio’s Or. 30 a particular anxiety about Alexandria as a city of morally dubious laughter). Close reading of these texts has thus much to tell us about the fine texture of moral philosophical engagement with laughter in the Roman Imperial period.
Ridicule and Protreptic
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret
Published: September 2019

At Philebus 48a–50a, Socrates offers an account of “the laughable” and the mixture of pleasure and pain that constitutes our response to comedy. This account may generalize to our other emotional attitudes: they are complex responses to their intentional objects, often in tension and conflicted. This account of emotional attitudes, and of comedy in particular, may help to explain how the comic episodes described in the dialogues are designed to generate a response, not only in the described audience, but also, most importantly, in the reader. Because that response is conflicted, this chapter argues, it generates a felt puzzlement in its audience; and this—the phenomenology of comedy—is a provocation to attention and then reflection. The chapter considers three comic moments—in the Charmides, the Protagoras, and the Euthydemus—to illustrate how the response to comedy is brought to bear on questions of moral epistemology and how the emotional content of that response renders the moral questions pressing on the reader.
Fluid Intelligence, Working Memory, and Creativity
Authors: Vartanian Oshin
Published: September 2019

Interest in understanding the relationship between intelligence and creativity has a long history in psychology. Conceptions of this relationship have varied greatly, ranging from perceiving intelligence and creativity as completely unrelated constructs to perceiving them as entirely coincident sets. However, the truth appears to lie somewhere between those two extremes. Specifically, recent research employing improved measures of both intelligence and creativity has shown that creativity is related to individual differences in fluid intelligence—defined as the ability to solve novel problems. In addition, creativity has also been shown to be related to individual differences in executive functions, specifically its updating and inhibition components. However, aside from fluid intelligence and executive functions, behavioral and neural evidence has demonstrated that creativity is also supported by associative processes. Indeed, the dynamic interplay between executive and associative processes might be a hallmark of creativity.
All That Glittered
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

From the early eighteenth century into the 1830s, Great Britain was the only major country in the world to adopt gold as the sole basis of its currency, in the process absorbing much of the world’s supply of that metal into its pockets, cupboards, and coffers. During the same period, Britons forged a nation by distilling a heady brew of Protestantism, commerce, and military might, while preserving important features of its older social hierarchy. All That Glittered argues for a close connection between these occurrences, by linking justifications for gold’s role in British society—starting in the 1750s and running through the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes in California and Australia—to contemporary descriptions of that metal’s varied values at home and abroad. Most of these accounts attributed British commercial and military success to a credit economy pinned on gold, stigmatized southern European and subaltern peoples for their nonmonetary uses of gold, or tried to marginalize people at home for similar forms of alleged misconduct. This book tells a primarily cultural origin story about the gold standard’s emergence after 1850 as an international monetary system, while providing a new window on British exceptionalism during the previous century.
Introduction
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the central themes and arguments in the book, a brief chapter outline, and a discussion of research methodology. Besides being in the forefront of commercial credit, Britain also led the way during the eighteenth century in creating and sustaining an intellectual justification for a credit economy based on gold, most clearly articulated in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). Smith’s conjectural history of gold and later modifications hewed closely to the twin categories of class and status, which molded the changing contours of British society during the decades on either side of 1800. Gold’s dual role in this history provides a useful map for exploring Britain’s ascendance during the century after 1750. The dominant British discourse on gold, which privileged its use as currency over decoration, aligns with an interpretation of that century as radically modern, whereby Britain took a comfortable if short-lived lead in the race among nations for wealth and power. Against a forward-looking story that identifies gold as a modernizing motor, the nagging prevalence of decorative gold in Britain and its empire supports a contrary narrative that emphasizes continuity rather than a radical break. In this story, the rise of a modern credit economy shared space with an empire that depended as much on ornamental splendor as on economic and racial subordination and an impulse to draw from the past in order to create a habitable present in the face of rising levels of population and class division.
Value
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: September 2019

Especially after the British Parliament formally adopted the gold standard in 1821, economists reinforced its legitimacy by building on Adam Smith’s account of value in The Wealth of Nations, which followed gold from its decorative uses to its use as a basis of credit. They also sharpened his distinction between gold’s minimal use-value and its exchange-value; and, under newfound conditions of scarcity, they focused attention on the diversion of gold away from ornamental purposes. In laying out this multipronged elaboration of gold’s value, political economy shared space with numerous other discourses—evident in novels, poems, essays, and sermons—that used gold as a metaphor for Christian virtue, artistic genius, and class; or that emphasized gold’s poisonous potential, building on a long history of the metal as an object of monstrous desire.
Legal Realisms
Authors: Holbo Christine
Published: September 2019

U.S. historians have long considered the Civil War and its Reconstruction as a second American revolution. Literary scholars, however, have yet to show how fully these years revolutionized the American imagination. One marker of this was the postwar search for a “Great American Novel”—a novel fully adequate to the breadth and diversity of the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment. The debate over what full representation would mean led to a thoroughgoing reconstruction of the meaning of “literature” for readers, writers, politics, and law. Legal Realisms examines the transformation of the idea of “realism” in literature and beyond in the face of uneven developments in the racial, ethnic, gender, and class structure of American society. The ideal of equality before the law conflicted with persistent inequality, and it was called into question by changing ideas about accurate representation and the value of cultural difference within the visual arts, philosophy, law, and political and moral theory. Offering provocative new readings of Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Helen Hunt Jackson, Albion Tourgée, and others, Legal Realisms follows the novel through the worlds of California Native American removal and the Reconstruction-era South, of the Mississippi valley and the urban Northeast. It shows how incomplete emancipation haunted the celebratory pursuit of a literature of national equality and explores the way novelists’ representation of the difficulty of achieving equality before the law helped Americans articulate the need for a more robust concept of society.
Harlem Carnival
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 turns to the establishment of Harlem’s Dame Lorraine Carnival dances in the mid-1930s and the founding of an outdoor Carnival parade on Seventh Avenue in 1947. The importance of calypso music and the early steelbands in the parade is examined, and the music’s role in maintaining connections to Trinidad and uniting Harlem’s Caribbean migrants is considered. The first large-scale Carnival dances were those produced by the bandleader Gerald Clark, who called his events “Gala Dame Lorraine,” a reference to an early nineteenth-century female Carnival character who was always elegantly dressed. At these dances, bands came clad in themed costumes to compete for prize money. These events showed that New York’s Caribbean migrant communities were eager to support annual Carnival celebrations that combined three essential components of Trinidadian Carnival: dance orchestras, calypso song battles, and masquerade contests. Their success led to an outdoor Carnival parade up Harlem’s Seventh Avenue.
Carnival Comes to Brooklyn
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 recounts the mass in-migration of English-speaking Caribbean people to Brooklyn in the wake of the new 1965 immigration laws. The closing down of Harlem Carnival in 1961 did not lead to the cessation of Carnival activity in New York. In 1971 the West Indian American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA) launched a Labor Day Carnival parade down Brooklyn’s Eastern Parkway, establishing Brooklyn as the new center of New York’s Carnival. There would also be stage shows at the Brooklyn Museum and other nearby venues, as well as an annual Panorama contest and Dimanche Gras dance and stage show as part of the Labor Day festivities. Brooklyn’s Labor Day Carnival would eventually expand into the borough’s premiere cultural event, attracting millions of viewers and providing a nurturing environment for the growth of steelband and calypso, as well as the emerging soca style. Carnival music lay at the heart of the celebration.
Brooklyn Soca as Transnational Expression
Authors: Allen Ray
Published: September 2019

Building upon the history of the Brooklyn-based record companies outlined in the previous section, chapter 7 interprets soca music as transnational expression, anchored in Trinidadian tradition but indelibly shaped by musical and production practices in the diaspora. The style, structure, and themes of Brooklyn-produced songs are examined and positioned within the broader context of Caribbean and world music recordings of the period. An alternative history of soca is proposed, one emphasizing transnational roots resulting from the confluence of Trinidadian and American musical influences. Various patterns of musical style, international marketing, and diasporic song content are useful in assessing the dynamics of cultural globalization. This chapter looks at issues of stylistic transformation, lyrical content, soca’s location vis-à-vis other popular diasporic world musics, and the interplay of musical hybridity and cultural identity.
Features of Flow in the Genre and the Artist
Authors: Ohriner Mitchell
Published: September 2019

Following Leonard B. Meyer’s distinction between stylistic and critical analysis, the first part of this chapter undertakes a stylistic analysis of flow in rap music, drawing on the models of accent, rhyme, groove, and groovy listening presented in Chapters 3 and 4 to characterize flow in the genre as a whole, as evidenced by the corpus constructed in Chapter 2. Features of flow discussed include speed, tempo, phrasing, rhyme patterning, groove class usage, adherence to groove classes, and groove typicality. The second part of the chapter pivots to critical analysis, examining the meanings of virtuosic flow in the rapping of the emcee Black Thought of The Roots (aka Tariq Trotter). By contextualizing Black Thought within the genre, the chapter shows his flow to be a combination of complexity and comprehensibility.
Regulative Epistemology in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

Regulative epistemology was the predominant approach to epistemological questions during the seventeenth century in Europe. This chapter explores some episodes from the period, focusing on important figures on the continent and in England.
How Do Epistemic Principles Guide?
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

Regulative epistemology aims to guide inquiry. But how can abstract epistemological ideals guide people, given that people often don’t live up to their ideals? This chapter explores that question using dual systems psychology, explaining how people can be guided by principles even when they are not consciously reflecting on those principles.
How to Know Our Limits
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

Chapters 5 through 9 of this book defend a method to think about our opinions concerning controversial questions. The method offers us insights into the epistemic status of our controversial opinions. This chapter introduces key concepts and terminology: belief and controversial belief; unreasonableness and defeaters; positive epistemic status; competence defeaters; and the “doxastically open” mindset people may adopt if they are guided by the method’s principles.
Disagreement and Debunking
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

When we learn that other people reject our views, we may gain reasons to change our minds. One common response to our opponents is to attribute biases to them. But “debunking” our opponents sometimes looks dubious because we tend to believe our own judgments are less prone to bias than other people’s judgments, even when that is probably not correct. This chapter defends the idea that we should be less inclined to treat others as more biased than we are ourselves. As a result, we must face the fact that their disagreement cannot be so easily dismissed.
Unpossessed Evidence
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

For most controversial topics, there is far more evidence than we could ourselves possess. This chapter argues that when we learn of unpossessed evidence, we may gain two types of reasons indicating we have made an error. First, evidence of unpossessed evidence against our views can be evidence itself and, second, evidence of unpossessed evidence may prompt doubts that we have formed our controversial views on the basis of a fair or representative sample of the total evidence.
Epistemic Trespassing
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

Many controversial questions are properly explored using tools from multiple fields of inquiry. We risk “epistemic trespassing” when we hold controversial views on the basis of evidence and skills drawn from only some of the relevant fields. This chapter contends that once we learn we have trespassed, we should often lower our level of confidence in our controversial opinions.
The End of Inquiry
Authors: Ballantyne Nathan
Published: September 2019

The method in this book may tell us we can’t gain reasonable beliefs or knowledge about the correct answers to controversial questions. But if that is what the method instructs us to do, does it undermine our motivation to inquire into controversial questions? This chapter considers the possibility that the method “demotivates” our investigation of difficult, controversial questions.
Moral Stagecraft
Authors: Stohr Karen
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an account of how social practices and conventions are used to build moral neighborhoods. It draws on Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical picture of human interaction to describe how moral neighborhoods are constructed in social and physical spaces with methods that have parallels in theater. Social practices and conventions generate scripts for enacting narratives in which participants take up roles as their fictive moral selves. Moral stagecraft consists of the tools employed to create and sustain physical, social, and normative spaces in which those narratives can be enacted. The skill of moral stagecraft requires being able to take up, adapt, and improvise social roles, conventions, and practices in ways that support and sustain moral ideals in the face of unequal power relationships and other problematic social conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Virginia M.
Published: September 2019

The introduction presents the central questions and motivations of the book: How are the mythical narratives in poems for Sicilian Greek victors different from the mythical narratives in the remainder of Pindaric epinician poetry? If the Sicilian odes lack local myths, as has sometimes been argued, how does epinician poetry shape and reinforce identity in celebrations of victors from newly colonized cities? How are conventional elements of epinician poetry activated to signify more than formal aspects of genre? The chapter begins by briefly surveying mythical narratives in the odes for Aegina, Cyrene, and Thebes as points of comparison. It next defines the term “locality” as it is used throughout the study to refer to aspects that are unique to a city, by situating a conception of locality within current scholarly discussions of the notions of place and space in the fields of geography, philosophy, and Classics. After surveying previous studies of place in epinician poetry, the introduction concludes by proposing that while all of Pindar’s epinician odes delineate and redefine places, the Sicilian odes present unique strategies for the expression of identity through choral poetry because of the mixed populations and constant political and civic upheaval that took place in Sicily during the first half of the fifth century.
Demeter and Persephone
Authors: Lewis Virginia M.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 concentrates on representations of Demeter and Persephone in the Syracusan odes. The goddesses are important for two reasons. First, the Deinomenids were ancestral priests of Demeter and Persephone in Sicily and the goddesses therefore could easily be linked to the rule of this family of tyrants. On the other hand, worship of the two goddesses was widespread throughout Sicily. This chapter argues that references to Demeter and Persephone in epinician poetry for Hieron and members of his circle promote and celebrate Syracusan and Deinomenid expansion throughout the island of Sicily by aligning pan-Sicilian and Deinomenid interests and rooting them in the island’s landscape. The first section surveys the material remains for the goddesses in Sicily before exploring discussions of the goddesses in mythological, historical, and literary sources. An analysis of Pindar’s Nemean 1 then proposes that, while the link between Arethusa and Alpheos represents the close tie between Syracuse and the Panhellenic sanctuary at Olympia, Pindar’s references to Demeter and Persephone in epinician poetry define the relationship between Syracuse and the rest of Sicily under the rule of the Deinomenid tyrants. A final section argues that in contrast to the goddesses who celebrate uniquely Syracusan and Deinomenid interests, the hero Herakles articulates a role for Syracuse and the West more generally in the maintenance of the order of the Olympians.
The Conveyance of Messages at the Papal Curia
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

This chapter questions the extent to which the administrative departments of the English crown adopted continental rhetorical styles in their diplomatic and administrative exchange with the papacy in order to comply with the requirements of the stilus curie, namely the rules and procedures in use at the papal curia from the mid-twelfth century, ultimately giving shape to a ‘shared language of diplomacy’. Evidence is provided by English and papal diplomatic records, recording both oral and written communications. The chapter therefore focuses on the conveyance of oral messages at the papal curia, the aurality of diplomatic documents, and the delivery of written diplomatic documents and petitions.
The Election of Clement V and Edward II’s Succession
Authors: Bombi Barbara
Published: September 2019

The examination of Anglo-papal relations between 1305 and 1309 provides an interesting first case study of how political change both in England and at the papal curia impacted on the development of Anglo-papal diplomatic and administrative practices in the early fourteenth century. In order to assess the extent to which political changes influenced Anglo-papal administrative and diplomatic practices in the early fourteenth century this chapter is organized in four sections. After a brief historiographical overview on Anglo-papal relations in the early fourteenth century, the chapter focuses on the surviving diplomatic correspondence, looking at some diplomatic documents produced in the context of the diplomatic missions sent from England to the papal curia between 5 June 1305, when Clement V was elected, and 14 November 1305, when he was consecrated at Lyons, as well as examining the first Roman roll, which recorded the petitions sent from England to the Apostolic See in the last year of Edward I’s reign (April 1306–July 1307). Finally, I address the evidence concerning the first two years of Edward II’s reign in order to look for continuity and change in Anglo-papal administrative and diplomatic practices after the succession of the new English king.
Elements of Classical Common Law Theory
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Common Law theory emerged at a time when modern English society and the modern state were taking shape. Political power became increasingly centralized and the ideology of absolutism was making inroads not only on the continent of Europe, but also in England. Common Law theory arose, in part, in response to the threat of centralized power exercised by those who proposed to make law guided by nothing but their own assessments of the demands of justice, expediency, and the common good. This chapter discusses law as immemorial custom; the customary foundations of lex scripta; and reason and principle in Common Law Theory.
Hume’s Jurisprudence
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter continues the discussion of Hume's theory of justice. Justice addresses the problems arising from the inevitable interdependence of human social behaviour. The sole virtue of justice lies in coordinating this social interaction. Its necessity lies in the disastrous consequences of failure to coordinate it. The special genius of Hume's account of justice lies in his realization of the fact that in this necessity, and the strategic interdependence of social behaviour, also lies the possibility of success. The problem, as Hume sees it, is to explain how general concurrence in a scheme of rules for mutual benefit might arise. Hume's explanation involves giving an account of the strategic situation facing each of the parties in the group and a description of the processes of self-adjustment of belief, intention, and sentiment which result from recognition of this situation. His argument proceeds in two stages: in the first he explains the emergence of a sense of common interest; in the second he explains how this convention is made specific.
Bentham as a Common Law Revisionist
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents Bentham's ‘revisionist’ account of Common Law adjudication. It considers materials where Bentham clearly assumes a context of non-statutory decisional law. Although he discusses issues of statutory interpretation and adjudication in the shadow of statutory law, he is primarily concerned with the special problems of adjudication within (as he called it) ‘judge-made’ law. No defence of familiar Common Law theory or practice is attempted. Rather, Bentham tries to articulate for himself the principles and minimal conditions which such a practice of adjudication must meet. Once these principles and conditions were made clear, Bentham was convinced that no system of law remotely resembling his native Common Law could possibly meet the conditions.
Custom, Rules, and Sovereignty
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter suggests that many commentators and critics have failed to distinguish different theoretical levels at which Bentham worked and different polemical purposes motivating the various statements and arguments he makes throughout his writings. The result is a reading of Bentham's intentions and the theoretical claims they generate that is insensitive to the subtlety and breadth of his theory. Bentham's theoretical motivations, consequently, are obscured and the basic character and thrust of his theory is distorted. The chapter takes a step towards correcting this distortion. It focuses on Bentham's account of custom and customary rules, and his theory of sovereignty. It shows that Bentham has a relatively sophisticated account of custom on which, in fact, a quite subtle and powerful account of the foundations of law rests.
Judicial Virtues and the Sanctions of Public Opinion
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

Bentham's insistence on simplicity and flexibility in judicial procedure ruled out all fixed rules of procedure and evidence. Procedural rules may be set aside whenever utilitarian considerations warrant it. Bentham also insisted on a wide definition of the judicial role involving a broad grant of discretionary power to the judge. Since Bentham decisively rejected the standard method of binding judicial decision to fixed, pre-existing rules, it was incumbent on him to develop an adequate alternative. This alternative can be found in his doctrine of publicity and the constitutional theory which gives that doctrine institutional expression. This chapter examines Bentham's basic-principles of constitutional design as they apply to adjudication, and the relations between these principles and his psychology and general political theory.
The Coherence of Bentham’s Theory of Law
Authors: Postema Gerald J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers again the coherence of Bentham's theory. However, it takes up only two issues: the compatibility of Bentham's utilitarian theory of adjudication with his positivist theory of laws and the plausibility of his theory of adjudication. It argues that Bentham's theories of law and adjudication cannot achieve the aims of the jurisprudential project he set for himself. It suggests briefly why this project itself is fundamentally mistaken. The arguments here can only be sketchy and to an extent they presuppose a conception of the nature and tasks of law which needs to be more fully articulated and defended.
Realism and the Absolute Conception
Authors: Moore A.W.
Published: September 2019

This essay is concerned with Bernard Williams’ argument for the possibility of an absolute conception of reality, that is to say a conception of reality that is not from any point of view. The primary aim of the essay is to see what we can learn from this argument about its underlying realism, which Williams expresses as follows: ‘knowledge is of what is there anyway’. To accept such realism—it is claimed in the essay—is to adopt a conceptual structure that involves, among other things, a commitment to the unity of reality. This helps Williams to express and to motivate his opposition to realism about ethics, where realism about ethics, despite its name, is quite different from realism tout court: realism about ethics is the view that the best reflective explanation of our having the ethical knowledge we have serves as a direct vindication of that knowledge.
Host–parasite interactions and climate change
Authors: Merino Santiago
Published: September 2019

This chapter offers a review of the papers published on the effect of climate change on bird–parasite interactions from 2010 to date. Climatic effects on phenology, prevalence and intensity, range expansion, virulence, anti-parasite defences, and coevolutionary interactions are reviewed. Most studies are centred on diseases that can also affect human populations or that are close phylogenetically to diseases of humans. However, diseases affecting birds are of great interest due to their importance in ecosystems. More empirical data are needed for a better understanding of how climate change affects bird–parasite relationships.
Integrability in 2D fields theory/sigma-models
Authors: Lukyanov Sergei L. , Zamolodchikov Alexander B.
Published: September 2019

This is a two-part course about the integrability of two-dimensional non-linear sigma models (2D NLSM). In the first part general aspects of classical integrability are discussed, based on the O(3) and O(4) sigma-models and the field theories related to them. The second part is devoted to the quantum 2D NLSM. Among the topics considered are: basic facts of conformal field theory, zero-curvature representations, integrals of motion, one-loop renormalizability of 2D NLSM, integrable structures in the so-called cigar and sausage models, and their RG flows. The text contains a large number of exercises of varying levels of difficulty.
Trades
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on understanding the trade winds in the tropical Atlantic. A historical approach is taken, starting from ancient Greek and Chinese theories of wind and then discussing various later theories proposed after European exploration of the Atlantic brought the trade winds into focus. The essentially correct description was provided by George Hadley in 1735, based on the concept of momentum conservation. This chapter hence introduces crucial effects of Earth’s rotation on the atmosphere and provides an overview of tropical Atlantic wind patterns.
Contrasts
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

The effect of the Hadley cell on regional climate is explored, in particular the dry subtropical regions where many of the world’s deserts are to be found, and the equatorial region frequented by deluges and floods. Some effects of friction in fluid dynamics are considered, which explain the rich fishing waters off the west African coast. Our discussion of the key balances in atmospheric fluid dynamics is completed, with links to the flow of energy through the atmosphere and oceans. The chapter concludes with the example of the North African Sahel, a region where dramatic swings in climate have had severe impacts on humanity.
Future
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides a brief introduction to how climate change is expected to affect the structure of the atmosphere. A key part of the story is that different parts of the atmosphere will warm at different rates, and the associated temperature contrasts will drive and interact with changes in the wind patterns. The focus is largely on hemispheric aspects such as the expansion of the tropics and general poleward shift of the jets, but some regional features are also discussed, such as the changes in Atlantic Ocean circulation which may prove especially important for Europe.
Changes
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: September 2019

Many aspects of climate change predicted by scientists are already appearing, with the structure and rate of warming generally proceeding as anticipated. But changes in wind patterns and circulation features such as the jet stream are much more uncertain. While the thermodynamic consequences of climate change have strongly affected the risk of several recent extreme weather events, we are only just starting to see hints of emerging dynamical changes to the jet stream.
Introduction
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter first situates this project in the context of current discussions about the definitions of the terms “orality” and “textuality,” both of which have medial and conceptional senses. It then lays out three lessons from work on orality and textuality from outside the field of classical studies—from linguistic anthropology to folkloristics to medieval studies to religious studies—and reviews how the subsequent chapters apply these lessons to the study of Homeric poetry. It concludes by positioning this study in relation to previous work in Homeric studies and by suggesting which parts of the book readers from outside classical studies will find most valuable.
Conclusion
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: September 2019

This concluding chapter reviews the book’s contributions to the understanding of three kinds of Homeric texts: oral texts, dictated texts, and wild texts. It discusses how the book overlaps with scholarship on the intersections between orality and textuality in both classical studies and numerous other disciplines. It ends by suggesting three ways future research into Homeric texts may proceed: one should continue to investigate what factors enable the production of lengthy oral texts, how oral poets can engage intertextually with their peers, and the ways in which writing poets can work in an oral traditional style.