bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bronze portrait statue NM 23321 from Sparta
Authors: Pikoula Eleni Kourinou
Published: September 2013

In 1964, in the agora at Sparta, Ch. Christou excavated part of a monumental building which is identified as the Persian Stoa. The most important find was a bronze female portrait statue, Roman in date, which is on display in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens (NM 23321). The identification of the statue as Julia Mamaea, suggested by Ch. Christou, is still prevalent, although several scholars see in the Sparta statue iconographical elements that link it with Caracalla's wife Plautilla or with Annia Faustina, Elagabalus' third wife. However, the rendering of the hairstyle provides evidence for the identification of the woman whom the statue depicts as the empress Julia Aquilia Severa, Elagabalus' second and fourth wife. The erection of a statue of Julia Aquilia Severa in the Persian Stoa is most likely connected with the imperial cult of Elagabalus and his empress in Sparta.
Early Christian pottery from Knossos: the 1978–1981 finds from the Knossos Medical Faculty Site
Authors: Hayes J. W.
Published: September 2013

Here is presented, along with a revised overall site-plan indicating findspots, the late material from the BSA excavations in the northern cemetery area of ancient Knossos, prior to the construction of the present University buildings. These finds were excluded from the major published site-reports. They relate to the Early Christian martyrion-church complex noted in the preliminary site report. Dating from the period c. AD 400–650, they comprise some small deposits within the church complex, items placed in some of the many ossuaries (osteothekai) surrounding it, and in particular a well/cistern filling datable to c. 620–640 which may signal the end of use of the church (though perhaps not of the cemetery). The ossuary finds document a widespread sixth and seventh century burial custom—did the practice of depositing pots in funerary contexts then cease, due to religious censure? The well finds include the normal ‘export’ wares of the period, along with a class of Cretan(?) imitations of the African and Phocaean fine wares. Some wheelmade lamps have parallels from elsewhere in Crete; a class of very simple coarse bowls could be locally made. Several vessels bear graffiti, in particular a Phocaean Red Slip dish with two Christian dedicatory texts.
Nicholas Hammond
Authors: Walbank Frank W.
Published: September 2013

This is the text of an address given at the funeral of Nicholas Hammond in Cambridge in March 2001.
Rock-cut Fish Tanks in Eastern Crete
Authors: Davaras Costis
Published: September 2013

A Strange and unusual relic of ancient times in Crete is the tank cut in the rock near the sea for storing fish alive. Sinclair Hood and John L. Leatham some years ago made a detailed study of remains of fish tanks on the northern coast of Crete. These tanks belong to two groups, one at Chersonesos in central Crete, with a row of three tanks of various sizes, and one on the shore opposite the island of Mochlos in eastern Crete, with two adjacent and almost identical compartments. The authors date the tanks to Roman times and interpret them with the help of a rich documentation from ancient sources, mainly the two Roman agricultural writers Columella (viii. 16–17) and Varro (iii. 17).
A Note on the LM IB Marine Style at Knossos
Authors: Mountjoy P.-A.
Published: September 2013

The published corpus of LM IB Marine Style pottery from Knossos is small. It includes:

1. A jar from the Royal Road, AR (1961–2) 28 fig. 36.

2. A jar from the South-west Corner of the Palace, PM iv 280 fig. 215.

3. A ewer from the House of the Sanctuary, ibid, iv 215 fig. 165.

4. A tall alabastron from the Tomb of the Double Axes, TDoAx. 87.

5. A bridge-spouted jar from a chamber tomb near the Temple Tomb, PM iv 279 fig. 214.

6. A fragment from a jar, ibid, ii 506 fig. 310a.

7. A fragment from a flower-pot, ibid, ii 506 fig. 310b–c.
The Seals and Sealings from the Citadel House Area: A Study in Mycenaean Glyptic and Iconography
Authors: Tamvaki Angela
Published: September 2013

The excavations in the Citadel House area have produced an appreciable number of seals and sealings, of which the importance is increased by the late contexts (LH IIIB 1 or 2, LH IIIC), in which the majority of them were found.

Of the eighteen objects discussed here, four are complete seals (nos.1–3, 5), one is an unfinished seal (no.4), five are broken beads probably used as seals (nos.6–10), and eight are sealings (nos.11–18), of very unequal state of preservation and importance. Four of the latter (nos.11, 14, 15, 17), are of really fine workmanship and of considerable iconographical interest. Not only are their subjects clearly recognizable, but they are also worth a closer study and discussion, because of their unusual arrangement and the presence of some unexpected details.
Athens Honours Proxenos (IG i2. 146)
Authors: Walbank Michael B.
Published: September 2013

This document is one of a number of Attic proxeny-decrees that A. G. Woodhead considered to be evidence for Athenian concern with the south-west Aegean towards the end of the fifth century B.C. He identified the honorand Proxenos as a native of Chalke, a small island off the west coast of Rhodes. I share the view of J. and L. Robert that Woodhead has not proved his case either for the date or for the ethnic.

The inscription is non-stoichedon, its engraving inexpert and careless, with several mistakes untidily erased and corrected. There is a mixture of Attic and Ionic letter-forms in the first three lines (gamma, eta, and lambda are Ionic, while xi is written chi sigma); otherwise the lettering is Attic, indicating a date before 403 B.C.
Provenance Studies of the LMIB/LHIIA Marine style
Authors: Mountjoy P.-A. , Jones R. E. , Cherry J. F.
Published: September 2013

The provenance of vessels of the Marine Style of LMIB from Crete and LHIIA from the Mainland remains an important unsolved problem. This article describes an attempt to discriminate between selected Mainland and Cretan specimens by multivariate analysis of the compositions of their fabrics determined by optical emission spectroscopy with the aim of determining whether the Mainland Marine Style pieces were indeed made on the Mainland, perhaps locally at their find spots, or were imported from Crete or the islands. Accordingly Marine Style sherds have been sampled from seven Mainland, two island, and two Cretan sites, together with a large number of definitively local sherds from each site to serve as a control over the characteristics of the local clays. A distribution map, Fig. 1, and a corpus, as complete as possible, defining and describing the motifs and shapes used in the Marine Style from the Mainland, Crete, and the islands as a whole is included below in order to provide an overview of the available information.
Notes from Knossos, part II
Authors: Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

This article continues the purpose, begun in the previous issue, of publishing various finds and ideas connected with Knossos and especially with material housed in the Stratigraphical Museum there. On this occasion the discussion is somewhat more discursive, a description of the main objects being inserted into the discussion where convenient or relegated to footnotes where of subsidiary interest. In the main a chronological presentation has been retained.
The Linear B Inscribed Stirrup Jars and West Crete
Authors: Catling H. W. , Cherry J. F. , Jones R. E. , Killen J. T.
Published: September 2013

The four authors of this paper have worked in close consultation throughout the project, and present a joint result rather than so many separately initialled sections. Catling has most responsibility for the archaeological matter, Jones for the analytical work, Cherry and Jones for the interpretation of the results of the analyses and Killen for the epigraphic comment.

It must be noted that a single series of numbers, 1–108, is used throughout this paper to distinguish the test samples. The significance of these numbers is made clear in the Catalogue and Concordances.
Two notes on possible Hestiatoria
Authors: Tomlinson R.A.
Published: September 2013

1 A Note on an Inscription from Chorsiai: Hestiatoria in Boeotia

The inscription is SEG XXIV 361. Originally published by N. Platon and M. Feyel in BCH LXII (1938) 149–66, the occasion for its appearance in SEG was the detailed study b J. Taillardat and P. Roesch, Rev. Phil. (IIIe Sér) XL 1966 70–87.
Excavations at Assiros, 1975–9: A Settlement Site in Central Macedonia and Its Significance for the Prehistory of South-East Europe
Authors: Wardle K. A. , Halstead Paul , Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

Archaeological research into the prehistory of Central Macedonia started at the end of the last century with the explorations of Makridis, Schmidt, Träger, Wace and others, who reported on the numerous mound settlements and the surface material to be found on these, or undertook minor excavations. Extensive excavation began fortuitously with the entrenchments of the French and English expeditionary forces who arrived in 1916 to open a new front against the Austrians and Bulgarians and ‘dug in’ in a wide arc from the Vardar (modern Axios) to the Struma (modern Strymon) to the north of Thessaloniki. Enlightened officers, both French and English, encouraged the recovery of antiquities wherever possible, as well as undertaking the topographical study of many of the mounds. The finds were collected together into a temporary museum in the White Tower, and were later reported by Picard, Rey, Gardiner and Casson at the end of the war.
An Archaeological Survey on the South Coast of Crete, between the Ayiofarango and Chrisostomos
Authors: Blackman D. J. , Branigan K.
Published: September 2013

This report describes twelve archaeological sites discovered and briefly surveyed in September 1971 by a team from the University of Bristol, led by the writers. The work was completed in three days, following a more extended and intensive survey of the Ayiofarango catchment area. Our attention was concentrated on the two harbour sites just east of the mouth of the Ayiofarango valley, at Kaloi Limenes and Lasaia, and on the evidence that they had attracted human occupation throughout antiquity (Plate 5a). Nevertheless, the whole of the coastal strip from the mouth of the Ayiofarango valley to the ruined church at Chrisostomos was examined (Fig. 1), and the areas between the gorge and the sites just west of Kaloi Limenes (SC1–5) and between Kaloi Limenes and the tholoi and Roman farmstead overlooking Lasaia (SC8–9) do seem to be empty of evidence for occupation at any period before the present.
The Comparative Chronology of Inscriptions relating to Boiotian Festivals in the First Half of the First Century B.C.
Authors: Gossage A. G.
Published: September 2013

The existence of agonistic festivals in Boiotia in the first half of the first century B.C. is well attested by inscriptions, many of them collected in the pages of IG vii, which appeared in 1892, and others published as a result of subsequent archaeological discoveries. Foremost in this field were the French scholars who conducted important excavations in the neighbourhood of Thespiai, at the Ptoïon and elsewhere. In his IG commentaries Dittenberger laid the foundations of a relative chronology for these inscriptions, and many supplementary details have been added from time to time by various French scholars. The value of this epigraphical evidence for an understanding of Boiotian affairs in the first half of the first century B.C. can be still further enhanced if the chronological relationships of the inscriptions are defined more precisely, and especially if it can be shown which of them belong to the period before, and which to the period after, the Mithridatic War.
The Fortetsa Gold Rings
Authors: Lebessi A.
Published: September 2013

The floruit of the Cretan jewellery workshop in the Iron Age is attested by many finds. To these are now added two gold finger-rings, each decorated with two attached embossed heads, recently acquired by the Metaxas Collection in Heraklion (Plate 23, a). They not only enrich our knowledge of this important branch of the art of Crete, but also prove Cretan priority in the adoption of a decorative technique widely used in the islands and in Ionia. I am greatly indebted to Mr. N. Metaxas for permission to publish these important works.
On the Date of Alyattes' Sack of Smyrna
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: September 2013

The archaeological evidence for the sack of Smyrna is considered, together with later material. It is argued that this confirms a date for the sack around 600 BC, early in Alyattes' reign.
Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery from Tell Atchana (Alalakh)
Authors: Crouwel J. H. , Morris C. E.
Published: September 2013

Considerable quantities of Mycenaean pottery were recovered by the late Sir Leonard Woolley from the site of Tell Atchana (Alalakh) in the Hatay province of Turkey, close to the Syrian border. This paper brings together the largely unpublished, Mycenaean pictorial pottery from the site. The Atchana material contributes examples both of standard chariot scenes and other less familiar themes to the corpus of pictorial pottery. The question of the dating of early pictorial pottery is briefly reconsidered. In addition to its artistic and chronological interest, the material from Tell Atchana also highlights the existence of not inconsiderable quantities of Mycenaean pictorial pottery in the Near East as well as in Cyprus.
Two Type B Skyphoi in Birmingham
Authors: Gill David W. J. , Tomlinson R. A.
Published: September 2013

Two ‘twin’ type B black-glaze skyphoi with an unusual profile to the base are described. Other examples of Type B skyphoi are listed, and the problem of origins discussed.
Bronze Age Greece and Libya
Authors: Boardman John
Published: September 2013

The possibility of relations between Greece, especially Crete, and Libya, in the Bronze Age has been explored by many scholars. The Minoans and Mycenaeans seem to have been no less intrepid seafarers than their successors in the period of Greek colonization, to whom the shores of Cyrenaica soon became familiar. Professor Stucchi has reviewed these matters in (Quaderni di archeologia della Libia v (1967) 19 ff., but he goes further since he believes that he can add the evidence of actual Late Minoan imports to Cyrene, and it is this evidence which I wish to discuss in this article. Through his kindness I was able personally to examine the relevant material.

In Roman fill at Cyrene was found a cup fragment which Stucchi has restored as part of a kylix with argonaut decoration and dated to L.M. IIIA 2, by Furumark's classification. My Fig. 1 copies his photograph of the sherd (loc. cit., fig. 1) and Fig. 2 his reconstruction (Ibid., fig. 2). There seem to me some difficulties in this explanation of the fragment. The way the interior is painted over is not normally met in L.H./L.M. IIIA and it is very rare later. The addition of horizontal white stripes (Stucchi notes two on the interior) is, so far as I know, completely irregular. For the exterior, the spiral might be restored as some part of a marine device, but the three dashes above do not really suggest the filling pattern which is restored, nor are they truly comparable with the Minoan foliate pattern.
The Origin of the Minoan Coffin
Authors: Rutkowski Bogdan
Published: September 2013

At the turn of the nineteenth century there arose an interest in the origin and development of the Minoan larnax. After many years of research it is understandable that we find the views published at that time inadequately furnished with arguments. The scholars of the past investigated only some selected questions, because their studies were prompted by the finding of a single tomb containing larnakes, as when in 1890 the larnakes at Pentamodi and Vasilika Anogeia were discovered, and P. Orsi published a study on the origin of the chest-larnax. Nevertheless in the early stage of these studies no one could imagine that the coffin chest was a shape of short duration and one which was introduced into burial rites rather late. This is of some importance for the study of the origin of the chest-larnax.

There is the very interesting problem of the theoretical background of the views expressed at that time, which we shall here pass briefly in review. The opinions published at the time were influenced by a general theory of culture which was rather vaguely accepted by scholars. The three main ideas were as follows (1) the theory of diffusion, (2) the belief in the evolutionary development of society, and (3) a supposition that there existed an interconnection of shape, plan, and to some degree of furnishing between grave and house.
A. J. B. Wace: Supplementary Bibliography
Authors: Waterhouse Helen
Published: September 2013

The appearance this year of the late Professor Wace's book on the Marlborough Tapestries at Blenheim Palace completes the tale of his published work. This seems an opportune moment to bring up to date the Bibliography published in the Festschrift Volume, xlvi of this Annual. The new entries will observe as far as possible the categories there adopted.
The Façade of the Treasury of Atreus at Mycenae
Authors: Ellis S. E. , Higgins R. A. , Simpson R. Hope
Published: September 2013

A53 (red) from Mycenae is identical with two of the Kyprianon samples (Ky 3 and 4) and differs from two others (Ky 6 and 7) only in the composition of one accessory mineral, viz. the feldspar. These are all typical rosso antico marbles.

A51 (grey-green) is not exactly matched either in texture or by accessory minerals with any single sample from Kyprianon, but all its accessories, and approximations to its structural characters, are found among different grey-green (Ky 2, Ky 7) and white (Ky 5W) samples. Further search would probably yield an exact match.

The evidence indicates that a source for the Mycenae marbles on the outcrop of the beds exposed in the Kyprianon quarries is highly probable.
A Group of Late Helladic IIIB 2 Pottery from Mycenae
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

L.H. IIIB 2 has until recently been ill-served in archaeological publication, for two reasons. Firstly it does not seem to have been the custom in this period in mainland Greece to put much pottery in tombs. Secondly at settlement sites the period ended in a vast destruction which was preceded by either evacuation or plundering. This resulted in debris levels containing a mass of sherd material (often of earlier periods) but few restorable pot,s and thus of no interest to early excavators. Until 1966 practically the only L.H. IIIB 2 material of settlement type readily available for comparison was that from Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae illustrated in Mykenische Vasen, and the sherds from the same group in the British Museum Catalogue.

The discovery at Tiryns in 1957 of deep and extensive debris of this period (which has now been published in outline) concentrated attention on the period and has enabled some studies of historical importance to be made.
A Euboean Centaur
Authors: Desborough V. R. , Nicholls R. V. , Popham Mervyn
Published: September 2013

The statuette of a centaur at Plates 8–9 was found during excavations at Lefkandi in Euboea, conducted by the British School at Athens during last summer. Standing 36 centimetres high, it is among the earliest representations of a centaur yet known from the Aegean area, and the largest of terracotta centaurs. Its outstanding interest seemed to the authors to call for a more detailed publication than the normal brief preliminary account of the excavation and its finds.

It has an unusual archaeological history, suggesting that it was a valued object before it was eventually buried in a cemetery at Lefkandi. This cemetery, which lies on a small hill called Toumba, overlooking the modern fishing village of Lefkandi, was an unexpected discovery. Trials were made during 1969 in this vicinity in the hope of finding the Submycenaean and Early Protogeometric settlement which went with the nearby cist graves. The virtual absence of remains of this period on the main town site of ‘Xeropolis’ had led to the belief that at this time the inhabitants may have temporarily moved to the Toumba area, a smaller and more easily defensible hill and one with a natural supply of water. However, our trial there found not the settlement we hoped for, but another cemetery.
Honours for Sthorys (IG ii2. 17)
Authors: Osborne Michael J.
Published: September 2013

This inscription consists of two decrees, one of which gives a certain Sthorys the Athenian citizenship, the other of which provides for a simple amendment. Despite fairly numerous editions, a number of difficulties of detail remain which seem sufficient to warrant a further discussion. In the first place, the most recent editors, Wilhelm and Meritt, while agreeing on the general substance of the text, have a number of discrepancies in their readings, though neither has provided a detailed commentary on the readings adopted. In addition, the full implications of fragment (b) have not been taken into account hitherto. Secondly, Sthorys, the recipient, is a very shadowy figure, and the precise circumstances in which he received Athenian citizenship are not altogether clear. Thirdly, the formula employed for the grant of citizenship in this decree is somewhat unusual compared with that found in other such decrees of the fifth and early fourth centuries. The purpose of this article therefore is, firstly, to provide a new text with a full critical commentary, and also to consider the physical details of the stele; secondly, to consider fully the contents of the two decrees, and in particular the status of Sthorys and the possible reasons for his honours; and finally, to discuss the formula for the grant of citizenship in this decree and in the other preserved examples of the fifth and early fourth centuries.
The Stone Tripods from Plataea
Authors: Pharaklas Nikolaos
Published: September 2013

Two stone tripods—in fact the only known stone tripods of early times—have for many years been in the Museum of Thebes. They are made of the local poros limestone. Even though they have been exhibited, hitherto they have not been cleaned and are virtually unpublished. Villagers found them by chance in the vicinity of Plataea; in 1899 they were handed over to A. Keramopoulos, who was then conducting excavations at Plataea. Keramopoulos, in the same year, wrote a brief note about them, in which he entirely misunderstood their dating. Karouzos included a paragraph about them in his Guide to the Thebes Museum, accompanied by a photograph of one of them.

The first tripod, Thebes 19, is intact (Plates 43, 44a–c; Fig. 1). There are a few breaks on the feet, and in places the surface of the stone has decayed, forming holes of various sizes. The height of the bowl is greater than its width, and its greatest diameter is at the mouth. As for the lip, its outer half is bevelled, its inner half horizontal. The feet are short, plump, and broad; they taper downwards because their inner surfaces, which begin at the bottom of the bowl, splay outwards. The feet are not strictly vertical, but open out slightly towards their base; they reach up to the rim. Their outer surface is slightly curved, roughly following the curve of the lip. There were no handles. The total height is 0·38 m.; the lip has a diameter of 0·31 m. outside, and 0·22 m. inside. The bevelled surface of the lip, the front surfaces of the feet and the upper half of the bowl's outer surface are covered with incised decoration: the motifs consist of zigzags, simple circles, circles with inscribed cross, and concentric circles, almost all with deep holes in the centre.
Another Mycenaean Horse-leader?
Authors: Crouwel J.H.
Published: September 2013

A fragment of Mycenaean pictorial pottery, unprovenanced and now in Florence, is published. It depicts, partly preserved, a man standing between two (chariot ?) horses. This is the so-called horse-leader motif, illustrated on only one or two other Mycenaean vases but well-known from late Geometric Argive and Attic vase painting.

It is suggested that the reappearance of the motif in the 8th cent. B.C. may be explained not as inspired by surviving Mycenaean models but as an independent creation.
Social Diversity in Dark Age Greece
Authors: Whitley James
Published: September 2013

This paper attempts to provide new insights into the nature of Greek society in the Dark Ages (1100–700 B.C.). It re-examines the relationship between the archaeological evidence and the institutions and practices described in the Homeric poems. The archaeological evidence indicates that there were marked regional differences in settlement pattern, burial customs and pottery traditions. This must, it is argued, reflect profound regional differences in social organisation. Ethnographic analogies are used to make sense of some of these regional patterns. Two of the larger and more stable communities in Dark Age Greece, Athens and Knossos, are subjected to detailed scrutiny. A close contextual analysis of the relationship between pot style and mortuary representations in these two sites reveal two patterns which are divergent rather than convergent. In Athens burial customs and later pot style appear to be part of an age and sex linked symbolic system. In Knossos however, there is no clear patterning, either in pot style or mortuary representations. Instead there is a continuum of variation. Such fundamental differences cannot be accomodated within the concept of a uniform ‘Homeric Society’. It is suggested here that the institutions and practices described in Homer only operated at an inter-regional level.
The ‘Proto-palatial façade’ at Knossos
Authors: Momigliano Nicoletta
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an analysis of Evans' ‘Proto-palatial façade’ at Knossos, which casts doubts not only on the date but also on the very existence of such a façade, at least as envisaged by Evans. It is argued that Evans' ‘façade’ is composed of two distinct and unrelated sections. One, the N section, is a wall which can be assigned to the Pre-palatial period; the other, the S section, is probably just part of the paving of the West Court, and belongs to the Neo-palatial period.
A ‘new’ mirror handle from Cyprus
Authors: Krzyszkowska O. H.
Published: September 2013

Three finely carved ivory mirror handles from Cyprus are closely related in form, subject matter, and style. To these we may now add a fourth example, albeit preserved only as a fragment. Found in the British excavations at Enkomi, this piece has been regarded hitherto as a pyxis fragment. Technical considerations prove that this cannot be the case and that the fragment must belong to a mirror handle, closely comparable to the famous ‘griffin-slayer’, also in the British Museum.
The priest and priestess from Archanes–Anemospilia: reconstructing Minoan faces
Authors: Musgrave J. H. , Neave R. A. H. , Prag A. J. N. W. , Sakellarakis E. , Sakellarakis J. A.
Published: September 2013

In 1987 the Manchester team made casts of the skulls of the priest and priestess discovered at Anemospilia (Archanes) by J. A. and E. Sakellarakis, and after careful medical study—which showed that the priestess suffered from anaemia as well as halitosis—reconstructed their faces, according to the technique used on the skull from tomb II at Vergina (Philip II).
Early Cycladic Objects from Ios Formerly in the Finlay Collection
Authors: Arnott Robert
Published: September 2013

Whilst visiting Ios during his Cycladic tour of 1837, George Finlay purchased a number of Early Cycladic objects, which include four marble figurines (three of folded arm type), three marble vessels and a lead figurine now thought to be fake. This article traces the current whereabouts of these objects, describes and illustrates them, examines the detail of their original purchase and places them within the current framework of Early Cycladic chronology.
D.G. Hogarth (1862–1927): ‘…A Specialist in the Science of Archaeology.’
Authors: Lock Peter
Published: September 2013

David G. Hogarth (1862–1927) was the second student to be admitted to the newly-established British School at Athens in February 1887. In 1897 he became its fourth Director. Hogarth conducted much fieldwork and excavation in the eastern Mediterranean in the period 1888 to 1911 and has left a fine series of eleven excavation daybooks covering such important sites as Phlylakopi, Naucratis, Ephesus and Carchemish. Based upon this material the paper examines Hogarth as a theoretical and practical archaeologist of his day.
‘Some Pamphlets on Dead Greek Dialects’: R.M. Dawkins and Modern Greek Dialectology
Authors: Mackridge Peter
Published: September 2013

After a brief account of the life and personality of R.M. Dawkins (Director of the British School at Athens, 1906–1914), based partly on unpublished material, the author summarizes Dawkins's career as an archaeologist, philologist, and folklorist. There follows a critical account of his work on the Greek dialects of Cappadocia and of other regions in central Asia Minor; Dawkins's magnum opus, Modern Greek in Asia Minor (1916) was the most thorough study ever made of this topic. Mention is made of Dawkins's contribution to the study of Pontic, which he was prevented by events from exploring thoroughly in situ. Apart from his work on individual dialects, his reputation as a dialectologist rests on his accumulation of evidence in support of his hypothesis that there is a fundamental east-west division in the Modern Greek dialects. The limitations of Dawkins's accumulative method are alluded to; he described a corpus rather than formulating rules for the generation of utterances. His contribution to the collection and classification of Greek folk tales – his second most important achievement – is also assessed. Finally mention is made of developments in Modern Greek studies since Dawkins's time.
Notes on Attic Decrees
Authors: Walbank Michael B.
Published: September 2013

Several fragments of 4th-century BC Athenian decree-inscriptions are discussed. Joins are made betweenIGii2. 13a and 68 andHesperia, 40, no. 3;IGii2. 257 and 300; 242 and 373; 407 andSEG32. 94;IGii2. 309 and 552; 530 and 590. Attributed to the same stele, but not joining, areIGii2. 139 and 289; 277 and 428; 540a andSEG24. 117;IGii2. 540b andHesperia, 21, no. 17;IGii2. 286 and 625; 414a and 403; 398a (+ 438) and 612; 484 and 558; 489 and 532; 495 and 709; 405 andHesperia, 4, no. 32. Other decrees discussed, mainly in light of the work of A.S. Henry on the formulae of Athenian decrees, areIGii2. 44; 81; 121; 129; 147; 154; 155; 156; 285+ 414d; 321; 335; 364; 406; 416; 1001; andSEG21. 362 and 25. 85.
Thorikos Mine no. 3: the Mycenaean Pottery
Authors: Mountjoy P. A.
Published: September 2013

The Transitional LH III B2/C early pottery from Thorikos mine No. 3 is of particular importance for the definition of this as yet little-known phase. It is also of interest for its context. The assemblage is unusual; its nature implies a specific function rather than the debris of normal settlement. It is suggested that it may have resulted from mining activity.
The dating of the Late Phylakopi I as evidenced at Akrotiri on Thera
Authors: Sotirakopoulou Panayiota
Published: September 2013

The dating of the Late Phylakopi I (I-ii/iii) has recently been debated warmly among bronze age specialists. The typological correlations in two sealed contexts of Early Cycladic pottery at Akrotiri show Phylakopi I-ii to overlap with the ‘Kastri’ phase and the ‘Amorgos’ group, and thus to follow EC II without interruption and to date to the early part of EC III. Phylakopi I-iii thus belongs to the later part of EC III, though elsewhere it also seems to overlap with the early Middle Bronze Age. These chronological equations appear valid for Phylakopi and Akrotiri but are not to be considered as applying to all Cycladic sites: at Ayia Irini IV and the Phrourion of Paroikia on Paros the situation seems to be different.
A possible east sally-port in the North-east Extension at Mycenae? A brief note
Authors: Loader N. Claire
Published: September 2013

In order to explain the different masonry between the E wall of the NE Extension and that used elsewhere in the circuit at Mycenae, a study of the construction between the north and south sally-ports and the E wall of the NE Extension is presented. This suggests the possibility that a similar east sally-port once existed, being sealed either when the structure became unsafe or as a result of a security measure taken at the end of the LBA or in the 5th century BC.
Arvi Fortetsa and Loutraki Kandilioro: two refuge settlements in Crete
Authors: Nowicki Krzysztof
Published: September 2013

Among dark age defensible sites in Crete there exist extensive settlements which in size, significance, and chronology are comparable to Karphi, the best-known example. Representative of this settlement type are Arvi Fortetsa and Loutraki Kandilioro, two LM III C sites investigated in the early 1990s. This article presents a topographical description, an analysis of surface material, and a discussion of their significance for the settlement pattern. Although Arvi Fortetsa represents a coastal settlement and Loutraki Kandilioro is on the high slopes of the Lasithi mountains, both sites suggest a probable threat from the sea in the very late 13th century BC, which completely changed the settlement pattern.
The canal of Xerxes: investigations in 1993–1994
Authors: Isserlin B. S. J. , Jones R. E. , Papamarinopoulos S. , Syrides G. E. , Maniatis Y. , Facorellis G. , Uren J.
Published: September 2013

The paper describes the continuation in 1993–4 of the investigation into the Canal of Xerxes in the Chalkidiki, N. Greece. Effort was concentrated in the central sector of the isthmus, where geophysical survey using seismic methods revealed a channel-like structure some 14–15 m below the present ground level. Encouraging support for the hypothesis that this structure is a canal came from the analysis of cores from two boreholes in the central sector: there was a marked discontinuity in the sediments at a depth of c.14.6 m. Radiocarbon dates of some sediments from these boreholes provided useful ancillary information.
Knossos: area of South-west Houses, early Hellenic occupation
Authors: Catling H. W. , Coldstream J. Nicolas , Macdonald Colin F.
Published: September 2013

In 1992–93 excavations were conducted in central Knossos, among the Minoan houses south-west of the Palace. This article describes the unexpectedly large amount of post-Minoan occupation there, casting new light on the extent to which the Hellenic town encroached upon the allegedly deserted Palace area. One Minoan house, much ruined, proved to have been reoccupied in the tenth century BC and again in the seventh. Nearby, a well-preserved pottery kiln of the early seventh century was discovered, and also a paved road of the fifth century which apparently ran across the ruins of the Minoan houses.

The pottery and other finds are presented in fourteen stratified deposits, mainly of the Early Protogeometric, Early Orientalizing, Late Archaic, and Classical periods. These are supplemented by important unpublished pieces from Evans's soundings in the immediate neighbourhood, confirming the extensive seventh-century reoccupation of the site.
Entasis in Fourth-Century BC Doric Buildings in the Peloponnese and at Delphi
Authors: Pakkanen Jari
Published: September 2013

Entasis, the slight outward curve of the column shaft, is a constant feature of fourth-century BC Doric architecture in the Peloponnese and at Delphi. In the buildings studied, the position of the maximum entasis is usually in the middle of the column shaft and, even though the degree of entasis varies, it is usually less pronounced than in fifth-century Doric columns. The relation between different mathematical formulae and entasis curves is also discussed; if Greek architects used a particular curve in the design of the column shaft, is it currently possible to identify it? The curves considered are the conic sections (circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola) and the vertical projection of a helix. All the conic sections fit almost equally well in each individual building; therefore, if any particular curve was employed in the design, the simplest method of stretching a circle into an ellipse is a likely candidate.
Ceramic fabric analysis and survey archaeology: the Sphakia Survey
Authors: Moody Jennifer , Robinson Harriet Lewis , Francis Jane , Nixon Lucia , Wilson Lucy
Published: September 2013

Macroscopic Fabric Analysis, the systematic study and description of ceramic fabrics with the aid of a handlens and other simple equipment, has grown in importance along with systematic archaeological survey. Microscopic Fabric Analysis, or ceramic petrology, is better known, but more expensive and time-consuming. Using examples drawn from Sphakia Survey material, the authors show that Macroscopic Fabric Analysis of large pottery collections with a high proportion of coarse ware sherds, when combined with targeted microscopic analysis, provides detailed, reliable information on crucial topics such as chronology, in this case from FN/EM I–Turkish; function (cooking, transport, storage, and beehives); and regional interaction. The authors also discuss issues connected with publication, including the use of electronic publications such as the Sphakia Survey website, and the rigorous comparison of individual fabrics, and they make a case for adopting standard ceramic terminology.
Three Neopalatial deposits from Palaikastro, East Crete
Authors: Knappett C. , Cunningham T. F.
Published: September 2013

Although the MM III B and LM I A ceramic phases of the Neopalatial period have in central Crete recently been subjected to refinement and revision, some of it controversial, in the east of the island they are still not very clearly defined. It is often argued that these phases see important changes in Minoan political geography, with Knossos seemingly extending its influence farther afield than ever before. Thus closer definition of these phases in east Crete in relation to the centre of the island represents an important step. It is in this light that three deposits from Palaikastro are here fully presented and discussed, with a view to clarifying the nature of the MM III B and LM I A phases in east Crete. The deposits in question were excavated during the recent programme of British School excavations conducted between 1986 and 1996. They are from three different contexts, in Building 6, Area 6 and Building 2 respectively, and contain abundant pottery (447 catalogued pots in total). The pottery from these deposits consists largely of cups, stored in some quantity in what seem to be small storerooms or ‘pantries’. Although east Cretan Neopalatial pottery does exhibit its own stylistic and typological traits, there are sufficient comparisons with material in central Crete to assign the deposits from Building 6 and Area 6 to MM III B, and the one from Building 2 to LM I A. It is hoped that the publication of this material will serve as a clear basis for future discussions of these significant phases in east Crete.
Black-Figure vases in the collection of the British School at Athens
Authors: Jo Smith Tyler
Published: September 2013

Although some of the black-figure vases presented here were studied by Beazley and others, many are published for the first time. This article provides a summary of the collection followed by a catalogue of the objects by fabric and shape, and an illustration of each piece. The fabrics include Athenian, Corinthian, Boeotian and Euboean. A wide range of shapes, styles and iconographic themes are represented. An appendix of largely unpublished Athenian black-figure from the site of Kynosarges, excavated by the BSA (1896–7), appears at the end.
Hellenistic and Roman pottery deposits from the ‘Saranda Kolones’ castle site at Paphos
Authors: Megaw A. H. S. , Hayes J. W.
Published: September 2013

The Crusader castle (now called ‘Saranda Kolones’) on the ancient site of Paphos was built and occupied c. AD 1192–1222. It overlies and partly truncates a series of ancient features (tombs, cisterns, wells, church remains, etc.). The layers associated with these, excavated at various times between 1957 and 1985, contain rich deposits spanning a period from the 4th century BC to the 8th/9th centuries AD.

Some 410 pottery items from the pre-Castle phases are presented here, mostly in a series of 16 selected deposits arranged in chronological order. These range from early tomb-groups to stratified well fills and an important destruction deposit of c. AD 650. The final ancient occupation (8th–9th centuries) is marked by the appearance of some lead-glazed wares and some imports from the Umayyad orbit.

Individual items of interest from other layers are appended. Some Hellenistic and Roman imports from Phoenicia and elsewhere are here documented in Cyprus for the first time. The later (Medieval) pottery from the site is reserved for publication in the main report on the castle (forthcoming).
Changes in the economic and administrative organization of Crete in the Late Minoan II–III period: a new proposal
Authors: Merousis Nikos
Published: September 2013

Following the destruction of Minoan palaces in LM I B, a new social reality emerged in Crete. Important economic and administrative changes occurred over a period of 250 years (LM II–III). Originally, a strictly centralized system was imposed by Knossos with the aim of securing authority over part of the island in LM II–III A 1. Later, in LMIII A 2 the economic and administrative system appears to have changed. This new system was decentralized and based on regional centres. Knossos was at the summit, a few powerful regional centres were subjects to the palace. In the LM III B period, after the final destruction of the palace of Knossos, the scene changes again. The economic system rested on independent regional centres of greater or smaller economic impact, which were scattered all over the island. The most important of these centres was undoubtedly Chania.
Hellenistic and Roman mosaic glass: a new theory of production
Authors: Dawes Susan
Published: September 2013

This article argues for a revision of the theories and assumed production methods used in Hellenistic and Roman mosaic glass. Knowing how glass behaved in different circumstances under differing heat processes allowed for the possibility of experimenting and demonstrating the inconsistencies in many of the accepted explanations of mosaic production. Experiments were run to test new production ideas, contrasting the findings with previously suggested production methods. The findings bring into question many of the accepted hypotheses for mosaic production. The evidence and hypotheses formed from the experiments challenge many of the traditionally held ideas for the production of this glass and reinforce the need for experimental and practice-based approaches to this type of work.
Engraved Gems in the Collection of the British School
Authors: Betts John H.
Published: September 2013

The origin of the sealstones in the British School of Archaeology at Athens is rather obscure. Although they have sometimes been referred to as the Finlay collection, this is apparently incorrect. That collection is now in the museum of the University of Manchester. Numbers 1–18 below (M30–M47 in the School's museum inventory) consist of three Minoan gems of the ‘talismanic’ type and fifteen ‘Melian’ Island gems. The combination of Island with a small admixture of Minoan gems, especially ‘talismanics’, seems to have been characteristic of material derived from Geometric tombs in the cemeteries of Trypiti, Trion Vasallon, and elsewhere on Melos during the latter part of the nineteenth and the first years of this century, in particular during the period in which the British School was excavating on the island at Phylakopi.
The Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurines
Authors: French Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

Mycenaean figurines have been known for as long as Mycenaean pottery itself, for they were found both by Biliotti on Rhodes and by Schliemann at Mycenae. It was, however, Schliemann's (1878, 10 ff.) imaginative interpretation of female and bovine figures alike as representations of ox-eyed Hera that ensured their conspicuous place in the history of Mycenaean culture and religion. Not only did he illustrate a considerable number in his works, but he also preserved with great care all fragments found. Indeed, even today there are some five hundred figurines from his excavations in the National Museum at Athens, and others have gone as gifts to the museums of Europe. These finds, with those of the Greek excavations at Nauplia, supplied a happy hunting ground for early scholars of prehistoric religion such as Mayer (1892) and Reichel (1897).
Four Early Roman Groups from Knossos
Authors: Hayes J. W.
Published: September 2013

The purpose of the present article, which forms one of a series of reports on the Knossos excavations of 1951–61, is to present a cross-section of pottery and other small finds of the early Roman period (first century B.C. to first century A.D.) from Knossos. Three good deposits of this period were found during the work in 1958–61; these, together with a fourth group of similar date found in 1951, are published here. Excluded from the present article is the stratified material of the period from the Royal Road site, which will be published shortly in a general report on the excavations there.
The Late Helladic IIIC Pottery of Xeropolis (Lefkandi), a Summary
Authors: Popham Mervyn , Milburn Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

We have attempted below to define three main phases in the development of the Late Helladic IIIC pottery of Lefkandi. The first two phases we have further subdivided into an early and late stage. We recognize the dangers of over-classification, principally in that it may obscure the main differences between each phase. In this case, however, the danger seemed worth the risk in that Lefkandi has produced unusually deep and well-stratified deposits of IIIC pottery, such as are unlikely to have accumulated or to have survived on most sites of this period. This is not, of course, to say that the stages which we believe to be recognizable at our site are necessarily valid elsewhere. But the extent to which they are generally applicable will appear only after they have first been defined and then tested against the finds from other excavations with stratified deposits of this period.
Knossos 1975: Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan I Houses by the Acropolis
Authors: Catling Elizabeth , Catling Hector , Smyth David
Published: September 2013

We give here a partial account of trial excavations undertaken at Knossos by the British School in autumn 1975 at the request of the Greek Government. The site lay in a field on the south-east flank of the acropolis, immediately above and west of the unmetalled track that runs roughly north–south, leading from the upper part of Knossos (Bougadha Metochi) towards the Venetian aqueduct and, eventually, to Arkhanes (see Site Plan, Fig. 1). The field is the property of the Staphylakis family. Until late summer 1975 it had served as rather low grade arable land, covered with stone apparently eroded from the acropolis. The owner in 1975 applied for permission to deep-plough the land with a view to converting it to an olive-grove.
Mycenaean Objects in the Sarmas Collection in Patras
Authors: Kontorli-Papadopoulou Litsa
Published: September 2013

Mr. Theodoros Sarmas has in his possession a collection of objects, among which are a few of Mycenaean date. The origin of these finds is somewhat obscure, although the owner says that they come from the Mycenaean cemeteries of Klauss and Kallithea, near Patras.

During recent visits to Patras, I had the opportunity to see and study these Mycenaean finds in detail. Since they belong to a class of Mycenaean material which is of some intrinsic interest it seems appropriate that they should be made more widely known.