bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinicians as Social Policymakers
Authors: Dolgoff Ralph L.
Published: May 2018

Social workers in direct practice make policy decisions that have actual and potential effects on policy at various levels. These decisions, which are made in regard to ideology and intervention, may coalesce to affect policy for an agency, an agency-interagency group, or the broader community.
A Framework for Self-Supervision in Social Work Practice
Authors: Wallace Marquis Earl
Published: May 2018

Self-supervision within the interview enables the worker to focus on the client's immediate psychosocial situation and utilize client motivation to the fullest. A conceptual framework based on principles of psychoanalytic ego psychology and three case examples are presented to aid in this process.
Gender Differences in the Perceptions of Social Workers
Authors: Jayaratne Srinika , Irey Karen V.
Published: May 2018

A survey of clinical social workers regarding their perceptions of their clients indicated that they do not view their clients negatively and there were no gender differences in perceptions. Female workers, however, were more likely to use positive adjectives for female clients and negative adjectives for male clients.
Rural Social Work Practice: Clinical Quality
Authors: Walsh M. Ellen
Published: May 2018

Intervention with rural clients requires an emphasis on certain qualities of practice. The value systems of rural clients indicate a practice stance that reflects authenticity, sensitivity to hierarchy in the treatment relationship, modification of language, and a belief in clients' resources and capabilities.
The Adjustment of Black Children Adopted by White Families
Authors: Silverman Arnold R. , Feigelman William
Published: May 2018

A study has found that, initially, transracially placed children are more maladjusted than their inracially adopted peers. Yet, when age at placement is taken into account, the differences disappear. Thus, transracial adoption may continue to be a viable option for the many nonwhite children awaiting placement.
Informed Consent: For Whose Benefit?
Authors: Parry Joan K.
Published: May 2018

The relationship of social work ideology to the ideological conflict between informed consent and medical technology relates directly to patient rights and self-determination. The struggle between modern medical technology and informed consent is discussed by examining its history, legal involvement, and a case illustration.
Strategic Therapy Interventions with Latency-Age Children
Authors: Efron Donald E.
Published: May 2018

Fantasy play sessions with latency-age children are effective in eliciting information concerning logical and pragmatic binds that prevent a child from growth and change. Strategic interventions into this role play provide a powerful means for the therapist to aid the child in breaking the impasse.
Group Treatment of Elderly with Ill Spouses
Authors: Beaulieu Elise Martini , Karpinski Judith
Published: May 2018

Elderly couples, whose spouses are either chronically ill or institutionalized, face particular problems of their own. A group-treatment process, designed to meet the needs of these caretakers, helped them to adapt positively to the changes in their lives that resulted from the incapacity of their partners.
Values: Passing on the Torch without Burning the Runner
Authors: Noble Dorinda N. , King John E.
Published: May 2018

Viewing social work values and ethics as a torch held high to unify the profession increases the importance of transmitting them to students. One of the major organizing factors of social work education should be the teaching of values and ethics, and this effort should be intensified in field placement programs.
Family Crisis Intervention Using Multiple Impact Therapy
Authors: Garrison Christine , Weber Janet
Published: May 2018

A family crisis intervention program designed to meet the needs of youth and families in crisis is described and evaluated. A modified version of multiple impact therapy, the program utilizes a community agency model involving caregivers from a mental health center, a youth shelter, and a probation office.
Survival Skills for Working with Potentially Violent Clients
Authors: Kaplan Stephen G. , Wheeler Eugenie G.
Published: May 2018

Mental health and social workers often lack an understanding of the factors leading to violence and how to deal with it. Three helpful modalities for defusing violence are discussed and practical ways for workers to protect themselves are outlined.
Clinical and Ecological Approaches to the Borderline Client
Authors: Goldstein Eda G.
Published: May 2018

A combination of developmental and transactional theoretical formulations is necessary in working with young people with borderline personality. A case example illustrates how intervention with individual, family, and social environment can lead to improved functioning.
Directions for Building Family Development Theory
Authors: Jung Marshall
Published: May 2018

A review of major treatment theories and study approaches indicates the need for continuing development. Family agencies are natural laboratories for the testing of ideas, and their mission to work with families implies a challenge to engage in theory development.
Group Treatment for Children in Substitute Care
Authors: Mayfield Judy , Neil Jennifer Branch
Published: May 2018

A support group can increase the self-esteem of children in substitute care by promoting self-awareness and by teaching communication and coping skills. Treatment needs of these children are discussed, with emphasis on breaking through the superficial survival roles they have assumed.
Working with Victims of Violent Assault
Authors: Lee Judith A.B. , Rosenthal Susan J.
Published: May 2018

Such traumatic assaults as mugging, gunshot wound, and rape produce common responses in their victims. The authors discuss these patterns and develop principles for helping the victims. Case illustrations show how people can survive and grow in the aftermath of devastating events.
Students' Narcissism and Academic Performance
Authors: Vigilante Florence Wexler
Published: May 2018

Persons studying social work at the graduate level manifest temporary self-preoccupation due to situational stress and continuing self-preoccupation because of personality traits. Study of such narcissism offers the possibility of predicting the likelihood of success as a student.
When Understanding the Situation is the Real Problem
Authors: Rumelhart Marilyn Austin
Published: May 2018

Misleading conclusions can result from the use of certain verbal strategies by conversationalists who are covering their uncertainty about the meaning of a situation. Eleven of these ‘masking’ strategies are shown at work in a social work interview and their significance is reviewed.
The Identity of Transracial Adoptees
Authors: McRoy Ruth G. , Zurcher Louis A. , Lauderdale Michael L. , Anderson Rosalie E.
Published: May 2018

A study identifies familial and contextual factors that may influence the development of racial self-perceptions among black children whose major reference groups are white. It also suggests responsibilities for transracial adoptive families and agencies that provide service for them.
Self-Study: Organizational Resource in Staff Development Preparation
Authors: Lee Laura J.
Published: May 2018

Human service organizations today must achieve maximal use of existing resources, including staff. A cost-effective model of staff development shows how staff can undertake organization-wide self-study. Benefits include heightened morale and an emphasis on future-oriented planning.
Reminiscing: Toward Achieving Ego Integrity in Old Age
Authors: Carlson Christie M.
Published: May 2018

Eight interviews with elderly community residents support the view that reminiscing encourages the maintenance of self-esteem and a continuity of identity in the last stage of the life cycle. The interviews demonstrate the quality and content of positive reminiscing.
Serving Families who Survive Homicide Victims
Authors: Getzel George S. , Masters Rosemary
Published: May 2018

A special agency in New York City provides a variety of assistance to families traumatized by the murder of a loved one. Particular attention is given to helping alienated and depressed parents with grief work and with the reestablishment of ties to a society that they perceive as having failed them.
Therapeutic Mother-Child Groups: A Developmental Approach
Authors: Bittner Ruth
Published: May 2018

Parents who were stalemated in their own emotional development have children who are at risk of being similarly thwarted. A group for mothers and young children helps the adults to achieve greater self-object differentiation and the children to establish object constancy and to move toward independence.
Multiple Losses in the Elderly: An Ecological Approach
Authors: Freeman Edith M.
Published: May 2018

The elderly person is likely to have to deal with a multiplicity of losses in several significant areas. Proper intervention from the environment can help elderly clients cope with necessary losses, prevent those that are avoidable, and achieve mutual support systems to combat “generational disconnectedness.”
The Painful Phenomenon of Child Snatching
Authors: Noble Dorinda N. , Palmer C. Eddie
Published: May 2018

Helping professionals will deal increasingly with the theft of children by parents. This article examines the motivations and emotions involved in the issue and explores legislative attempts at control. Attention is given to the difficulties in retrieving lost children.
Significant Research Findings in the Etiology of Child Abuse
Authors: Smith Susan L.
Published: May 2018

Three variables—the role of the child, the psychological/personality factors of the parent, and sociological-environmental factors—are used as bases for analyzing current findings. The analysis indicates methodological problems and the need for further development of knowledge.
Protective Services: Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Dunkle Ruth E.
Published: May 2018

Reanalysis of data from the Blenkner study of protective services to the elderly indicates that the services were not necessarily harmful. It also helps to identify the future role of evaluation research in regard to protective services. Qualitative as well as quantitative data will be helpful.
Normal Siblings of Retarded Persons
Authors: Schreiber Meyer
Published: May 2018

Should the sibling of a retarded person be regarded by the practitioner as one who is at-risk or one whose developmental tasks are simply different? A comparative analysis of five articles in a neglected area sheds light on these questions and outlines the need for research.
Have you Heard the One about Social Work Humor?
Authors: Siporin Max
Published: May 2018

As evidenced by its infrequent appearance in professional literature, social work humor is a rare commodity. Yet it is valued by social workers for therapeutic reasons and for their own self-development and adjustment. Here are reasons for the situation and samples of what is needed.
Extramarital Affairs: Clinical Issues in Therapy
Authors: Rhodes Sonya
Published: May 2018

Disclosure of an extramarital affair produces a crisis in most marriages that disrupts their stability. The therapist's task is to help the wife and husband to use the crisis to restructure their relationship. This article discusses the complexities of such therapy.
Blaming Women for Unemployment: Refuting a Myth
Authors: Abramovitz Mimi
Published: May 2018

This article seeks to refute the myth holding women responsible for increases in unemployment. It identifies versions of the myth, presents data to challenge them, and discusses the ways in which the myth helps preserve the status quo.
Elder Abuse: Issues for the Practitioner
Authors: Bookin Deborah , Dunkle Ruth E.
Published: May 2018

Workers assigned to cases of elder abuse experience significant problems related not only to the nature of the problem but also to their own feelings, biases, and attitudes about violence and the aging. This article examines the problems and suggests strategies for dealing with them.
Loneliness and Isolation in Child Neglect
Authors: Polansky Norman A. , Ammons Paul W. , Gaudin James M.
Published: May 2018

This investigation of 156 black and white low-income families from rural Georgia contrasted neglectful with control families. The isolation and loneliness of neglectful mothers was confirmed, although their neighborhoods were no less supportive than those of non-neglectful mothers.
Using Ratio Analysis for Financial Accountability
Authors: Hairston Creasie Finney
Published: May 2018

Financial accountability is now a fact of life for nonprofit as well as profit-making organizations. This article describes the useful ratio analysis technique, provides relevant examples, discusses problems and issues, and makes suggestions for needed changes.
Women as Homemakers: How Social Workers can Help
Authors: Koerin Beverly B.
Published: May 2018

Social and economic changes have greatly affected women's roles as homemakers; the helping professions can do much to assist women suffering the stresses of coping with new or altered conditions. A typology of homemakers identifies the situations and choices that they face.
Freud's Metapsychology Revisited
Authors: Loewenstein Sophie Freud
Published: May 2018

This article summarizes today's critical thinking on such major psychoanalytical concepts as the sexual and aggressive drives, the Oedipus complex, the psychic apparatus, and the unconscious. It distinguishes between concepts that have lost validity and those that are of ongoing clinical value.
Mary E. Richmond: The Philadelphia Years
Authors: Pittman-Munke Peggy
Published: May 2018

Mary E. Richmond is a central figure in the evolution of professional social work. Yet details of much of her life remain unknown. This article, which focuses on the decade she spent in Philadelphia, reveals much about her work with the Charity Organization Societies movement.
Handling Emotional Problems in Business and Industry
Authors: Madonia Joseph F.
Published: May 2018

Seventy-three small-to-large companies were studied to determine the number of their emotionally disturbed employees and the services provided them. Company size determined type of service offered and whether referral for counseling was in-house or out.
Indian Agency Development: An Ecological Practice Approach
Authors: Kelley Mary Louise , McKay Sharon , Nelson Connie H.
Published: May 2018

Non-Indian practitioners worked with the Indian staff and board of a Northern Ontario indigenous Indian crisis house in a facilitator-mentor role. Within an ecological systems perspective, four practice principles—mutuality, maximizing differences, empowerment, and a structural approach—were utilized.
Underwhelming Participation: Inhibitors to Family Enrichment
Authors: Bowman Ted , Kieren Dianne K.
Published: May 2018

Fears about loss of privacy, misunderstandings of qualifications, and lack of time are some inhibitors that keep families from family enrichment programs. Such inhibitors can be countered by promotion, proper settings, and effective planning and programming.
A Feminist World View Conceptual Framework
Authors: Wetzel Janice Wood
Published: May 2018

Feminism and social work ideology are shown to be closely related in principle, but the application of the ideology is questioned. A case is made for a “feminist world view” in social work to facilitate evaluation of the essence of content across curriculum, practice, programs, and policy making.
The Process of Emotional Divorce: Examination of Theory
Authors: Hansen Laura B. , Shireman Joan F.
Published: May 2018

Five indicators of intrapsychic change shown by a client, a divorced mother, were monitored to determine if unresolved emotions about her divorce seven years earlier were blocking therapy. Grief work, in three stages, helped the client gain her goal of cooperative coparenting and more financial support.
Premature Death: Dilemmas of Infant Mortality
Authors: Palmer C. Eddie , Noble Dorinda N.
Published: May 2018

Infant death has extreme emotional and symbolic effects on parents and health care professionals who face the moral and ethical aspects of life and death decisions, complicated by government ideology. Social workers can help with understanding the resulting dilemmas and suggest possible interventions.
Experience as Knowing: Utilizing Therapist Self-Awareness
Authors: Lammert Marilyn
Published: May 2018

Awareness and empathy are processes central to client-worker interaction in productive therapeutic work. For the therapist, the processes involve experiencing, making meaning of experience, and making behavioral choices.
Resistant Clients: Confrontation, Interpretation, and Alliance
Authors: Hartman Carl , Reynolds Diane
Published: May 2018

A sequence of interventions according to a paradigm of confrontation, interpretation, and alliance allows workers to engage resistant clients effectively. The clients’ resistance is used as an integral part of the treatment process. The alliance that develops helps bond clients to workers.
Psychosocial Functioning of Adolescents in Foster Care
Authors: Timberlake Elizabeth M. , Verdieck Mary Jeanne
Published: May 2018

Foster parents of seventy-one older adolescents were asked to provide information about their foster child's psychosocial functioning on eight conceptual dimensions. The practice implications of the findings, an asset profile, and a vulnerability profile are explored.
Knowing What's Best: A New Look at Self-Determination
Authors: Weick Ann , Pope Loren
Published: May 2018

Rationalistic and legalistic influences have diminished the power of self-determination as a guiding principle of social work practice. The authors discuss an approach that places the client's own knowledge of self at the center of social work practice.
Homeless Families: Services Make a Difference
Authors: Phillips Michael H. , DeChillo Neal , Kronenfeld Daniel , Middleton-Jeter Verona
Published: May 2018

An emergency shelter that provides services to single-parent homeless families is described. Findings indicate that when the concrete needs of families are met during the initial stage of treatment, a trusting relationship can be established between the worker and client.
Primary and Secondary Alcoholic Women
Authors: Turnbull Joanne E.
Published: May 2018

Little attention has been given to the complex issues regarding assessment and treatment of primary and secondary alcoholic women. The author differentiates between these two groups, discusses clinical and psychosocial characteristics of each, and provides assessment and treatment strategies.
Integrating Safer-Sex Counseling into Social Work Practice
Authors: Shernoff Michael
Published: May 2018

Social workers receive minimal training in sexuality counseling and therefore are often uncomfortable when discussing sexual matters with clients. The author discusses specific ways in which workers can discuss sexual behaviors with clients.
Parallel Issues for AIDS Patients, Families, and Others
Authors: Stulberg Ian , Buckingham Stephan L.
Published: May 2018

People with AIDS, their families, and significant others often face similar psychosocial issues. The authors identify and discuss these issues within the social context of the AIDS epidemic and make treatment recommendations for social work professionals.
Religion and Social Work Practice
Authors: Joseph M. Vincentia
Published: May 2018

Practitioners identified religious and spiritual issues that emerge in social work practice and that are salient factors during various life stages. The data suggest that attention should be directed to this area of practice so that workers can deal competently with these issues.
Patients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Their Caretakers
Authors: Giunta Carole T. , Streissguth Ann Pytkowicz
Published: May 2018

Patients with fetal alcohol syndrome typically have multiple handicaps and require special medical, educational, familial, and community assistance. Their caretakers need medical information, peer support, financial assistance, and respite care.
Stress-Coping Skills: An Ounce of Prevention in Direct Practice
Authors: Keefe Thomas
Published: May 2018

Drawing upon basic concepts, research, and theory in the field of stress, the author identifies universal stress-coping skills that can be used in direct practice. Procedures for helping clients acquire stress-coping skills in the context of a practice relationship are outlined.
Who's Serving the Homeless?
Authors: Hagen Jan L. , Hutchison Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

Although responses to homelessness have increased dramatically, little attention has been paid to the service providers who work with this population. The authors present descriptive data on the characteristics of service providers, their job functions and roles, and job satisfaction.
Managing Domestic Violence in Two Urban Police Districts
Authors: Caputo Richard K.
Published: May 2018

The author presents findings of a study concerning referrals from two police districts to a demonstration project called Family Options. Demographic characteristics of 1,941 referrals are presented, and the results of one hundred initial and thirty-four follow-up interviews are analyzed.
The “Ties that Bind”: Relationships in Life Transitions
Authors: Powell William E.
Published: May 2018

Caregivers focus on the functional needs of the elderly. However, the need to maintain relationships and establish new ones is ongoing throughout life. The author discusses the elderly's need for intimate relationships and the effect of action chains and synchrony on relationships.
The Worker–Client Relationship: A General Systems Perspective
Authors: Petr Christopher G.
Published: May 2018

The worker–client relationship is examined from two distinct general systems perspectives. The author contends that the social work profession has adopted the more traditional of these perspectives, resulting in a skewed conceptualization of the appropriate role of the worker vis-à-vis the client.
How Helpful are Helplines? A Survey of Callers
Authors: Gingerich Wallace J. , Gurney Raymond J. , Wirtz Thomas S.
Published: May 2018

The authors report the findings of a follow-up survey of callers to an anonymous telephone hotline. Nine of ten respondents felt they had been helped. Approximately half said their problem was less severe at follow-up. The authors offer suggestions for further research.
Educating Restaurant Workers About Paid Sick Leave: A Pilot Study From New York City
Authors: Tsui Emma K. , Duffy Madeline , Baron Sherry
Published: May 2018

Across the United States, cities, states, and counties are rapidly adopting paid sick leave laws. Paid sick leave policies for restaurant workers may be particularly beneficial, since these workers are less likely to have these benefits and have the potential to spread infection through food-handling and engagement with the public. In order for paid sick leave laws to work, workers and employers must be educated about these laws broadly and effectively. Focusing on New York City, we conducted a pilot research using key stakeholder interviews to learn about New York City’s successes and challenges in educating workers and businesses about the law. Our findings indicate several lessons learned, including allocating sufficient funding, combined use of coalition building and organizing models, and attention to the needs of immigrant restaurant workers. Findings also suggest that greater attention should be paid to proactively addressing workplace organization and practices that thwart paid sick leave use.
Evaluating the Time to Palliative Care Referrals in Patients With Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Centre Retrospective Review
Authors: Watson Geoffrey Alan , Saunders Jean , Coate Linda
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Lung cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients with lung cancer may experience a plethora of symptoms, which can be debilitating and affect their quality of life. Palliative care input to manage their physical and psychological well-being is a crucial component of their oncological care. The benefit of early palliative care input has been shown in patients with non-small cell lung cancer; however, data pertaining to patients with small-cell lung cancer are scarce. Nevertheless, early palliative care input is recommended by several national and international guidelines. Thus, we aimed to assess the time to palliative care referrals in patients diagnosed with small-cell lung cancer in an Irish tertiary hospital and to determine what impact this had on overall survival.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective, single-center audit of all patients diagnosed with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer over a 6-year period in an Irish tertiary hospital.

Results:

Overall, 91 patients were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 66 years (range: 38-83 years). The median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status at diagnosis was 1 (range: 0-3); 24 (26%) patients had multiple sites of distant metastasis at diagnosis; 45 (49.5%) patients were alive at 6 months, and 15 (16.5%) patients were alive at 12 months. One hundred percent of patients received palliative care input in our center over the course of their care. In the patients alive at 6 months after diagnosis, there was no survival advantage in those receiving palliative care within 1 month ( P = .002, odd ratio: 0.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.59).

Conclusion:

Palliative care treatment is a critical aspect in the oncological treatment of all patients diagnosed with advanced cancer, and this study highlights good compliance with existing national guidelines. Further research focusing on quality-of-life issues with the use of questionnaires to assess physical and psychological symptoms should be performed to further understand the impact of palliative care in these patients.
Differences in Weight Loss and Recovery After Cleft Lip and Palate Repair
Authors: Kaye Alison , Che Columbine
Published: May 2018

Objective:

To determine the degree of weight loss, time to regain lost weight, and impact on postoperative outcomes after primary cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CP) repair.

Design:

Single institution retrospective.

Patients:

Two hundred seven patients who underwent primary CL and/or CP repair procedures.

Results:

One hundred thirty primary CL repairs (isolated CL = 59; cleft lip and palate [CLP] = 71) and 140 primary CP repairs (isolated CP = 72; CLP = 69): At the first postoperative visit, 21.54% of CL and 57.14% of CP repair patients had not returned to their immediate preoperative weights ( P < .0001). Maximum weight loss after CL repair was 0.44 kg (mean = 0.15 kg; standard deviation [SD]: 0.11) and for CP repair was 0.85 kg (mean = 0.31 kg; SD: 0.21; P = .002). Maximum percentage body weight loss was 6.11% after CL repair (mean = 2.08%; SD: 1.56) and 9.2% after CP repair (mean = 3.10%; SD: 2.13; P = .02). If not returned to preoperative weight by first postoperative visit, CP repair took significantly longer. Median time to return to preoperative weight was CL = 14.08 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 7.26) and CP = 25.37 days (IQR: 21.07; P < .0001). Patients undergoing CP repair with slowed weight recovery had a 22.5% rate of unintentional fistula/partial dehiscence compared to 10.0% of those who recovered quickly ( P = .052).

Conclusions:

Primary CP repair involves significantly higher risk and degree of postoperative weight loss and slower rates of weight recovery when compared with primary CL repair. Postoperative weight loss is associated with increased risk of complications with palatal healing. Cleft palate repair patients should be monitored closely for weight recovery and considered for nutritional interventions to support improved postoperative outcomes.
Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Volatile Versus Intravenous Anesthesia for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Surgery
Authors: Oh Tak Kyu , Kim Kwhanmien , Jheon Sanghoon , Lee Jaebong , Do Sang-Hwan , Hwang Jung-Won , Song In-Ae
Published: May 2018

Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been reported to improve long-term outcome following cancer surgery, when compared with inhalation agents. However, such investigational reports are still controversial, and no studies have been conducted in relation to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) surgery. The present study aimed to compare the favorable effects of TIVA versus inhalation agents on recurrence-free survival and overall survival after curative resection of NSCLC. This retrospective cohort study examined medical records of the patients who were diagnosed with NSCLC and underwent curative resection at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from August 2003 to July 2012. The primary outcome included the comparison of postoperative overall survival and recurrence-free survival in both groups. To balance the 2 groups for analysis, a propensity matching method was used, and stratified Cox proportional hazard models were used for statistical analysis. This study included 943 cases of NSCLC for final analysis, and the cases were divided into the TIVA group (n = 749) and inhalation group (n = 194). Propensity matching produced 196 patients in each group. The final analysis revealed no significant difference in the hazard ratio (HR) for recurrence between the TIVA and inhalation groups ( P = .233). The HR for death between the 2 groups was not significantly different either ( P = .551). In this study, we found no benefit of propofol-based TIVA for long-term oncologic outcome after NSCLC surgery, relative to inhalation agents.
A New Perspective on the Nitrate–Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Interaction
Authors: Kloner Robert A. , Goggin Paul , Goldstein Irwin , Hackett Geoffrey , Kirby Michael G. , Osterloh Ian , Parker John D. , Sadovsky Richard
Published: May 2018

Background:

Nitrates and nitrate-containing compounds are vasodilators used for the treatment of angina and heart failure. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction are also vasodilators, and when taken together with nitrates, synergistic effects that enhance hypotensive effects may occur. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are therefore contraindicated in patients taking organic nitrates.

Methods and Results:

A literature review was performed to provide a historical overview of different phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and nitrates and their interaction. The pharmacologic characteristics of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and nitrates are reviewed, and clinical recommendations for treating cardiovascular disease in men taking phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are discussed. Pharmacologic and adverse drug reactions between nitrates and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are dependent on many variables. Organic nitrates remain an absolute contraindication in men treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. In general, nitrates may be taken 24 hours after the last dose of short-acting phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and 48 hours after the last dose of long-acting phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors.

Conclusions:

This literature review determined that the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors with nitrates is a contraindication, with the duration between the last dose of phosphodiesterase inhibitor and nitrate use generally varying between short- and long-acting phosphodiesterase type 5 formulations. Patients receiving nitrates who wish to use phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors should be educated regarding the interaction and should be evaluated to determine whether nitrate treatment can be discontinued. Further research is needed to determine how soon phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors can be restarted after a patient has taken a nitrate and the effect of high and low phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor doses on the interaction effect.
Gentrification and the Increasing Significance of Racial Transition in New York City 1970–2010
Authors: Sutton Stacey
Published: May 2018

Gentrification is characterized as a spatial manifestation of economic inequality. An unsettled debate about gentrification is the extent to which it is also marked by distinct changes in neighborhood racial composition over time. This study uses a balanced panel of census data and retail data for New York City between 1970 and 2010 to extend prior research on the trajectory of gentrification and racial transition. This analysis finds an inverse relationship between Black and Latino residents and the pace of gentrification that increases over time. Consistent with theories of gentrification, it consistently trends with increasing household income. When income growth is disaggregated by race, Blacks and Latinos either have no effect or dampen the pace of gentrification by 2010. These findings support popular claims that even middle-class Blacks and Latinos are increasingly unable to remain in gentrifying neighborhoods as processes of change extend across the city.
Intrapreneurial spaces to entrepreneurial cities
Authors: Dobson Stephen , McKendrick John
Published: May 2018

By drawing upon a diverse range of literature, this article aims to set out play and playfulness as an under-researched area in entrepreneurship. The conceptual lens applied is that of space and the city, from playfulness as a means to support intrapreneurial activity in the organization through to play and playfulness in the urban environment. This position paper aims to emphasize potential areas for research as pertinent to the special issue and, along with the collection of papers present here, aims to highlight news avenues for research into the space for creativity and entrepreneurial activity conceptualized as an extension of play.
Comprehensive Analysis of Factors Affecting Clinical Response and Short-Term Survival to Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization for Treatment in Patients With Liver Cancer
Authors: Wu Xia , Chen Ran , Zheng Weiliang , Hu Hongjie
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to investigate the clinical response and short-term survival and further explore the comprehensive factors for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with liver cancer treated by drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization . Forty-nine patients with liver cancer who received drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization treatment were consecutively enrolled in this cohort study. Demographic features, medical histories, clinicopathological properties, biochemical indexes, previous treatments, and chemoembolization reagents were recorded. Ten (20.4%) patients achieved complete response and 31 (63.3%) patients achieved partial response after drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization treatment, with overall response rate of 83.7%. Logistic analysis revealed that high aspartate aminotransferase ( P = .041), high carbohydrate antigen 199 ( P = .030), and low hemoglobin ( P = .020) could independently predict less possibility for complete response achievement. As to survival analysis, high alkaline phosphatase ( P = .040), low albumin ( P = .033) low hemoglobin ( P = .018), portal vein invasion ( P = .025), higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ( P = .011), and higher Child-pugh stage ( P = .001) were independent predictors for worse overall survival. In conclusion, the present study validated that drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization was effective and well tolerated for patients with liver cancer, and high aspartate aminotransferase, high alkaline phosphatase, low albumin, low hemoglobin, portal vein invasion, higher Child-pugh stage, higher Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage, higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status were correlated with worse outcomes.
Motion planning with dynamics awareness for long reach manipulation in aerial robotic systems with two arms
Authors: Caballero Alvaro , Bejar Manuel , Rodriguez-Castaño Angel , Ollero Anibal
Published: May 2018

Human activities in maintenance of industrial plants pose elevated risks as well as significant costs due to the required shutdowns of the facility. An aerial robotic system with two arms for long reach manipulation in cluttered environments is presented to alleviate these constraints. The system consists of a multirotor with a long bar extension that incorporates a lightweight dual arm in the tip. This configuration allows aerial manipulation tasks even in hard-to-reach places. The objective of this work is the development of planning strategies to move the aerial robotic system with two arms for long reach manipulation in a safe and efficient way for both navigation and manipulation tasks. The motion planning problem is addressed considering jointly the aerial platform and the dual arm in order to achieve wider operating conditions. Since there exists a strong dynamical coupling between the multirotor and the dual arm, safety in obstacle avoidance will be assured by introducing dynamics awareness in the operation of the planner. On the other hand, the limited maneuverability of the system emphasizes the importance of energy and time efficiency in the generated trajectories. Accordingly, an adapted version of the optimal Rapidly-exploring Random Tree algorithm has been employed to guarantee their optimality. The resulting motion planning strategy has been evaluated through simulation in two realistic industrial scenarios, a riveting application and a chimney repairing task. To this end, the dynamics of the aerial robotic system with two arms for long reach manipulation has been properly modeled, and a distributed control scheme has been derived to complete the test bed. The satisfactory results of the simulations are presented as a first validation of the proposed approach.
The toxic triangle in academia: A case analysis of the emergence and manifestation of toxicity in a public university
Authors: Pelletier Kathie L , Kottke Janet L , Sirotnik Barbara W
Published: May 2018

In this case analysis, we apply the toxic triangle framework, in its entirety, to a public university upon the entry of a new president. We found considerable fit of the theoretical triad to the university: a destructive leader, an enabling environment, and susceptible followers. Consistent with the theory, an environment that lacked fundamental checks and balances, coupled with instability and perceived threats, spawned the conditions that brought a toxic leader to the institution, which, in turn, revealed and fostered conformers and colluders. We describe three episodes (critical incidents) that show how the toxic triangle evolved and strengthened over time. We also offer a critical examination of all three components of the toxic triangle with a special focus on the psychosocial forces that paralyzed even tenured faculty from resisting. In this critical examination, organizational miasma, rationalizations, and control myths provide substantive explanations for ineffective employee action. Further, we suggest that leadership as processual communication can be used to advance the value of the framework. We conclude by highlighting areas for future inquiry.
Loss of salience as a source of latent inhibition in human associative learning
Authors: Rodríguez Gabriel , Aranzubia-Olasolo Manuel , Liberal Unai , Rodríguez-San Juan Fernando , Hall Geoffrey
Published: May 2018

Two experiments made use of a procedure known to generate latent inhibition in human associative learning. Participants received training consisting of exposure to a list of actions performed by a fictitious Mr. X. For most of his actions, an outcome was described, but some were not followed by any outcome. The last action performed by Mr. X was novel for participants in the NOVEL condition. For participants in the EXPOSED condition, Mr. X had performed that target action on repeated occasions, without it producing any outcome. After training, all participants were tested on their ability to retrieve what was the last action performed by Mr. X. In both experiments, retrieval of the target action was poorer in the EXPOSED than in the NOVEL condition. Experiment 2 also included a condition in which the target action was followed by a novel outcome and demonstrated a latent inhibition effect—poorer performance in the EXPOSED condition on a test of the association between the target event and its outcome. These results are interpreted in terms of an attention-reducing mechanism, triggered by the repeated preexposure to the target in the absence of a following event. It is argued that the attentional change involves a reduction in the effective salience of the stimulus of the target event, and thus reduces the processing necessary for encoding in memory and the ability of the event to enter into associations.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease: current data and future directions
Authors: Ward Mark G. , Sparrow Miles P. , Roblin Xavier
Published: May 2018

The introduction of vedolizumab, a lymphocyte adhesion inhibitor, has expanded the relatively limited therapeutic armamentarium available for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Despite its effectiveness, both primary nonresponse and secondary loss of response to vedolizumab do occur, as is observed with the use of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy. Further, in a proportion, onset of efficacy may be relatively slow. A large body of data support an exposure–response relationship with anti-TNF drug levels, which has led to therapeutic drug monitoring becoming incorporated into everyday clinical management. The influence of patient and disease factors on the pharmacokinetics of anti-TNF levels, including immunogenicity, has also been examined. The role of therapeutic drug monitoring with vedolizumab is less clear. This review summarizes the available evidence on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease and how drug levels, immunogenicity and other factors influence clinical outcomes. Vedolizumab clearance is increased with very high body weight and hypoalbuminaemia, but is not influenced by the addition of an immunomodulator. Immunogenicity is uncommon. α4β7 receptor saturation occurs at low serum vedolizumab drug levels, and measuring it alone is insufficient to predict clinical outcomes. Using quartile analysis of vedolizumab drug levels, there appears to be a modest exposure–response relationship during induction. Drug levels at week 6 of approximately >20 μg/ml have been shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes, including subsequent mucosal healing rates during maintenance and avoiding the need to dose escalate due to lack of response. There are currently insufficient data to support the routine use of therapeutic drug monitoring during maintenance therapy. Further studies to elucidate the role of therapeutic drug monitoring of vedolizumab are needed.
Serum lipidomics of bovine paratuberculosis: Disruption of choline-containing glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
Authors: Wood Paul L , Erol Erdal , Hoffsis Glen F , Steinman Margaret , DeBuck Jeroen
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

Bovine paratuberculosis is a devastating infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis that ultimately results in death from malnutrition. While the infection is characterized by a long (2–4 years) subclinical phase with immune activation, ultimately host defense mechanisms fail and the bacteria spread from the small intestine to other organs. Since both the gastrointestinal tract and liver are essential for the biosynthesis of structural glycerophospholipids, we investigated the circulating levels of these lipids in field infections and experimentally infected cattle.

Methods:

Serum lipidomics of control and M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis–infected cattle were performed utilizing high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Results:

In M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis–positive cattle, demonstrating clinical signs, we monitored large decreases in the levels of circulating phosphocholine-containing lipids. These included phosphatidylcholines, choline plasmalogens, and sphingomyelins. Next, we monitored the time course of these lipid alterations in experimentally infected calves and found that altered lipid levels were only detected in cattle with clinical signs of infection.

Conclusions:

Our data indicate that altered availability of choline-containing lipids occurs late in the disease process and is most likely a result of malnutrition and altered biosynthetic capacities of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Alterations in the bioavailability of these critical structural lipids presumably contributes to the demise of M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis–infected cattle. In light of increasing concern that M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis may be a zoonotic bacterium that contributes to the development of Crohn’s disease and multiple sclerosis, our data also have human clinical relevance.
Contradictions in digital health engagement: An activity tracker’s ambiguous influence on vulnerable young adults’ engagement in own health
Authors: Kanstrup Anne Marie , Bertelsen Pernille , Jensen Martin B
Published: May 2018

Objective

Activity trackers are designed to support individuals in monitoring and increasing their physical activity. The use of activity trackers among individuals diagnosed with depression and anxiety has not yet been examined. This pilot study investigates how this target group engages with an activity tracker during a 10-week health intervention aimed to increase their physical activity level and improve their physical and mental health.

Methods

Two groups of 11 young adults (aged 18–29 years) diagnosed with depression or anxiety participated in the digital health intervention. The study used mixed methods to investigate the research question. Quantitative health data were used to assess the intervention’s influence on the participants’ health and qualitative data provided insights into the participants’ digital health experience.

Results

The study demonstrated an ambiguous influence from the use of an activity tracker with positive physical and mental health results, but a fading and even negative digital health engagement and counterproductive competition.

Conclusions

The ambiguous results identify a need for (1) developing strategies for health professionals to provide supervised use of activity trackers and support the target groups’ abilities to convert health information about physical activity into positive health strategies, and (2) designing alternatives for health promoting IT targeted users who face challenges and need motivation beyond self-tracking and competition.
Time Deficits with Children: The Link to Parents’ Mental and Physical Health
Authors: Milkie Melissa A. , Nomaguchi Kei , Schieman Scott
Published: May 2018

Time spent with children has become a central concern in North American parenting culture. Using the 2011 Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study ( n = 2,007), the authors examine employed parents’ perceptions about having too little time with children and whether these relate to parents’ mental and physical health. The “pernicious stressor” hypothesis posits that the demands of paid work combined with intensive mothering or involved fathering create unique time tensions that act as chronic stressors and that these are associated with poorer health and well-being. Alternatively, the “public face” hypothesis suggests that parents often present themselves as good mothers or fathers through an expressed lack of time with children, but statements are superficial and thus are not related to health. The authors find that about half of employed parents report time shortfalls with children; work hours, schedule control, location of work, and family context are related to perceived time deficits with children. Supporting the pernicious stressor hypothesis, expressed time deficits are associated with distress, anger, and sleep problems, even when adjusting for work and family factors.