bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel
Authors: Michaud Alexis , Jacques Guillaume , Rankin Robert L.
Published: July 2012

Comparative data from several language families show that nasality can be transferred between a syllable-initial consonant cluster and the following vowel. The cases reported to date are summarized, and a new analysis is proposed for a set of Sino-Tibetan data. The evolution appears to go in both directions: from the consonantal onset to the following vowel in Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo (Kwa) and Indo-European (Celtic), and from the vowel to the preceding consonant in Siouan. However, an examination of the conditions on these changes brings out an asymmetry. In most cases, transfers of nasality take place from a consonantal onset to a following vowel; the instances we found of a regular change in the opposite direction all come from languages where there is one of the following restrictions on nasal sounds: (i) nasal consonants are nonphonemic (contextually predictable), or (ii) the opposition between nasal and oral vowels is neutralized after nasal consonants (in favor of nasal vowels).
The recruitment of knowledge regarding plurality and compound formation during language comprehension
Authors: Fiorentino Robert , Bost Jamie , Abel Alyson D. , Zuccarelli Jordan
Published: July 2012

Compound formation has been a major focus of research and debate in mental lexicon research. In particular, it has been widely observed that compounds with a regular plural non-head are dispreferred, and a long line of research has examined the nature of this constraint, including which morphological, semantic or phonological properties of the non-head underlie this dispreference. While it is typically assumed that this constraint in fact leads to the barring of a compound analysis to a noun-noun string which would otherwise violate the constraint, its implementation during sentence comprehension has not been thoroughly examined. Using self-paced reading, we demonstrate that knowledge of pluralization and compound formation is immediately utilized in the assignment of structure to noun-noun strings, and that the dispreference for regular plural non-heads in fact leads the parser away from the compound analysis in favor of a more complex grammatical alternative. These results provide new evidence for the online deployment of knowledge regarding pluralization and its interaction with compound formation, and inform our understanding of how morphological information is deployed during, and impacts real-time sentence comprehension.
The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells
Authors: Ma Cindy S. , Deenick Elissa K. , Batten Marcel , Tangye Stuart G.
Published: July 2012

The generation of high-affinity antibodies (Abs) plays a critical role in the neutralization and clearance of pathogens and subsequent host survival after natural infection with a variety of microorganisms. Most currently available vaccines rely on the induction of long-lived protective humoral immune responses by memory B cells and plasma cells, underscoring the importance of Abs in host protection. Ab responses against most antigens (Ags) require interactions between B cells and CD4+ T helper cells, and it is now well recognized that T follicular helper cells (Tfh) specialize in providing cognate help to B cells and are fundamentally required for the generation of T cell–dependent B cell responses. Perturbations in the development and/or function of Tfh cells can manifest as immunopathologies, such as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Unraveling the cellular and molecular requirements underlying Tfh cell formation and maintenance will help to identify molecules that could be targeted for the treatment of immunological diseases that are characterized by insufficient or excessive Ab responses.
Global left ventricular longitudinal strain is closely associated with increased neurohormonal activation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction: a two‐dimensional speckle tracking study
Authors: Ersbøll Mads , Valeur Nana , Mogensen Ulrik Madvig , Andersen Mads , Greibe Rasmus , Møller Jacob Eifer , Hassager Christian , Søgaard Peter , Køber Lars
Published: June 2012

Aims

N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is released in response to increased myocardial wall stress and is associated with adverse outcome in acute myocardial infarction. However, little is known about the relationship between longitudinal deformation indices and NT‐proBNP.

Methods and results

We prospectively included 611 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to a tertiary centre and performed echocardiography within 48 h of admission. Global longitudinal myocardial function was assessed by two‐dimensional speckle tracking simultaneously with measurement of plasma NT‐proBNP. A significant linear relationship between NT‐proBNP and global longitudinal strain (GLS) was found (P < 0.0001, r = 0.62). Weaker correlation was found between NT‐proBNP and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; P < 0.0001, r = – 0.44). GLS emerged on multivariable analysis including age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate, Killip class ≥2, diabetes, hypertension, presence of ST segment elevation, anterior infarction, troponin level, left atrial volume index, mitral valve deceleration time, and E/e' as the strongest predictor of log(NT‐proBNP) (P < 0.0001). In patients with preserved systolic function (LVEF >45%), GLS remained strongly correlated with NT‐proBNP (P < 0.0001, r = 0.50). The C‐statistic associated with prediction of upper vs. lower quartiles of NT‐proBNP was significantly higher for GLS compared with LVEF (0.76 vs. 0.56; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Left ventricular longitudinal function assessed by GLS exhibits a stronger association with NT‐proBNP levels in acute myocardial infarction compared with LVEF. In patients with apparently preserved systolic function, GLS is superior to LVEF in identifying increased neurohormonal activation.
Determinants of cell–material crosstalk at the interface: towards engineering of cell instructive materials
Authors: Ventre Maurizio , Causa Filippo , Netti Paolo A.
Published: June 2012

The development of novel biomaterials able to control cell activities and direct their fate is warranted for engineering functional biological tissues, advanced cell culture systems, single-cell diagnosis as well as for cell sorting and differentiation. It is well established that crosstalk at the cell–material interface occurs and this has a profound influence on cell behaviour. However, the complete deciphering of the cell–material communication code is still far away. A variety of material surface properties have been reported to affect the strength and the nature of the cell–material interactions, including biological cues, topography and mechanical properties. Novel experimental evidence bears out the hypothesis that these three different signals participate in the same material–cytoskeleton crosstalk pathway via adhesion plaque formation dynamics. In this review, we present the relevant findings on material-induced cell response along with the description of cell behaviour when exposed to arrays of signals—biochemical, topographical and mechanical. Finally, with the aid of literature data, we attempt to draw unifying elements of the material–cytoskeleton–cell fate chain.
Non-Markovianity: initial correlations and nonlinear optical measurements
Authors: Dijkstra Arend G. , Tanimura Yoshitaka
Published: July 2012

By extending the response function approach developed in nonlinear optics, we analytically derive an expression for the non-Markovianity in the time evolution of a system in contact with a quantum mechanical bath, and find a close connection with the directly observable nonlinear optical response. The result indicates that memory in the bath-induced fluctuations rather than in the dissipation causes non-Markovianity. Initial correlations between states of the system and the bath are shown to be essential for a correct understanding of the non-Markovianity. These correlations are included in our treatment through a preparation function.
Conserved microRNA miR-8 controls body size in response to steroid signaling in Drosophila
Authors: Jin Hua , Kim V. Narry , Hyun Seogang
Published: July 2012

Body size determination is a process that is tightly linked with developmental maturation. Ecdysone, an insect maturation hormone, contributes to this process by antagonizing insulin signaling and thereby suppressing juvenile growth. Here, we report that the microRNA miR-8 and its target, u-shaped (USH), a conserved microRNA/target axis that regulates insulin signaling, are critical for ecdysone-induced body size determination in Drosophila. We found that the miR-8 level is reduced in response to ecdysone, while the USH level is up-regulated reciprocally, and that miR-8 is transcriptionally repressed by ecdysone's early response genes. Furthermore, modulating the miR-8 level correlatively changes the fly body size; either overexpression or deletion of miR-8 abrogates ecdysone-induced growth control. Consistently, perturbation of USH impedes ecdysone's effect on body growth. Thus, miR-8 acts as a molecular rheostat that tunes organismal growth in response to a developmental maturation signal.
Two-Photon Chloride Imaging Using MQAE In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Kovalchuk Yury , Garaschuk Olga
Published: July 2012

This protocol describes a technique for high-resolution chloride imaging of living cells using a quinoline-based chloride (Cl−) indicator dye, MQAE (N-[6-methoxyquinolyl] acetoethyl ester). Bath-applied to acute brain slices, MQAE provides high-quality labeling of neuronal cells and their processes. In living anesthetized mice, cortical cells are labeled using the multicell bolus loading procedure. In combination with two-photon microscopy, this procedure enables in vivo visualization of cell bodies of neurons and astrocytes as well as some astrocytic processes and allows one to monitor changes in the intracellular chloride concentration in dozens of individual cells.
Direct Injection of Indicators for Calcium Imaging at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction: Figure 1.
Authors: Macleod Gregory T.
Published: July 2012

Calcium imaging is a technique in which Ca2+-binding molecules are loaded into live cells and as they bind Ca2+ they “indicate” the concentration of free calcium through a change in either the intensity or the wavelength of light emitted (fluorescence or bioluminescence). There are several possible methods for loading synthetic Ca2+ indicators into subcellular compartments, including topical application of membrane-permeant Ca2+ indicators, forward-filling of dextran conjugates, and direct injection. Calcium imaging is a highly informative technique in neurobiology because Ca2+ is involved in many neuronal signaling pathways and serves as the trigger for neurotransmitter release. This article describes the direct injection of Ca2+ indicators at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This technique allows rapid loading of most Ca2+ indicators, but there are drawbacks in that it is a difficult technique to master and requires additional electrophysiological equipment. Also, Ca2+ indicators that are easily injected are usually susceptible to compartmentalization.
Imaging and Analysis of Nonratiometric Calcium Indicators at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Macleod Gregory T.
Published: July 2012

Ca2+ indicators can be loaded into a Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) preparation using several methods, including topical application of membrane-permeant Ca2+ indicators, forward-filling of dextran conjugates, and direct injection. This article describes how such an NMJ preparation loaded with Ca2+ indicator is set up for imaging of the muscle fiber during stimulation of its innervating nerve cell. A simple protocol is provided for collecting and analyzing a set of imaging data, together with the sequence of calculations involved in image analysis. The change in the intensity of the Ca2+ indicator must be quantified to obtain an estimate of the change in the concentration of free Ca2+ (Δ[Ca2+]). The change in intensity is conventionally represented as the expression “ΔF/F.” Simply put, this is the change in fluorescence intensity relative to the resting fluorescence intensity. If the KD of the Ca2+ indicator is in excess of the maximum value of [Ca2+] during the response, then ΔF/F is considered to be linearly related to Δ[Ca2+]. In practice, ΔF/F is calculated for each image using a simple algorithm ([Fstim − Frest]/Frest), where Fstim is the intensity of the Ca2+ indicator in each image, and Frest is the intensity before nerve stimulation. Finally, various options for building a Ca2+-imaging rig are considered.
Dimerizer-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression
Authors: Rivera Victor M. , Berk Lori , Clackson Tim
Published: July 2012

Several systems have been developed that allow transcription of a target gene to be chemically controlled, usually by an allosteric modulator of transcription factor activity. An alternative is to use chemical inducers of dimerization, or “dimerizers,” to reconstitute active transcription factors from inactive fusion proteins. The most widely used system employs the natural product rapamycin, or a biologically inert analog, as the dimerizing drug. A key feature of this system is the tightness of regulation, with basal expression usually undetectable and induced expression levels comparable to constitutive promoters. In our experiments, the use of the minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter is an important determinant of this; substitution of a minimal simian virus 40 (SV40) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter results in significantly higher levels of basal expression. The key factor dictating the successful use of the system is achieving high expression levels of the activation domain fusion protein. In the context of clinical gene therapies, the system has the advantage of being built exclusively from human proteins, potentially minimizing immunogenicity in the clinical setting. The dimerizer system has been successfully incorporated into diverse vector backgrounds and has been used to achieve long-term regulated gene expression in vitro and in vivo. This article provides guidance in designing constructs and experiments to achieve dimerizer-regulated expression of a target gene both in vitro and in vivo.
Chlorophyll b Reductase Plays an Essential Role in Maturation and Storability of Arabidopsis Seeds
Authors: Nakajima Saori , Ito Hisashi , Tanaka Ryouichi , Tanaka Ayumi
Published: June 2012

Although seeds are a sink organ, chlorophyll synthesis and degradation occurs during embryogenesis and in a manner similar to that observed in photosynthetic leaves. Some mutants retain chlorophyll after seed maturation, and they are disturbed in seed storability. To elucidate the effects of chlorophyll retention on the seed storability of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we examined the non-yellow coloring1 (nyc1)/nyc1-like (nol) mutants that do not degrade chlorophyll properly. Approximately 10 times more chlorophyll was retained in the dry seeds of the nyc1/nol mutant than in the wild-type seeds. The germination rates rapidly decreased during storage, with most of the mutant seeds failing to germinate after storage for 23 months, whereas 75% of the wild-type seeds germinated after 42 months. These results indicate that chlorophyll retention in the seeds affects seed longevity. Electron microscopic studies indicated that many small oil bodies appeared in the embryonic cotyledons of the nyc1/nol mutant; this finding indicates that the retention of chlorophyll affects the development of organelles in embryonic cells. A sequence analysis of the NYC1 promoter identified a potential abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed the binding of an ABA-responsive transcriptional factor to the NYC1 promoter DNA fragment, thus suggesting that NYC1 expression is regulated by ABA. Furthermore, NYC1 expression was repressed in the ABA-insensitive mutants during embryogenesis. These data indicate that chlorophyll degradation is induced by ABA during seed maturation to produce storable seeds.
The Subcellular Localization of Tubby-Like Proteins and Participation in Stress Signaling and Root Colonization by the MutualistPiriformospora indica
Authors: Reitz Marco Uwe , Bissue Jeff Kweku , Zocher Kathleen , Attard Agnès , Hückelhoven Ralph , Becker Katja , Imani Jafargholi , Eichmann Ruth , Schäfer Patrick
Published: June 2012

Tubby and Tubby-like proteins (TLPs) were first discovered in mammals, where they are involved in the development and function of neuronal cells. Due to their importance as plasma membrane (PM)-tethered transcription factors or mediators of vesicle trafficking, their lack causes obesity and other disease syndromes. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding of the carboxyl-terminal Tubby domain attaches these proteins to the PM and vesicles and is essential for function. TLPs are conserved across eukaryotic kingdoms including plants, suggesting fundamental biological functions of TLPs. Plant TLPs possess an amino-terminal F-box domain that distinguishes them from other eukaryotic TLPs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) encodes 11 AtTLPs that fall into six phylogenetic clades. We identified the significance of AtTLPs for root colonization of Arabidopsis by the mutualistic fungus Piriformospora indica. Our results further indicate conserved phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-binding sites in the Tubby domains that are required for PM anchoring of AtTLPs. More detailed studies revealed phospholipase C-triggered release of AtTLP3 from the PM, indicating a conserved mechanism as reported for mammalian Tubby and TLP3. We further show that hydrogen peroxide stimulates the release of AtTLP3 from the PM, presumably for activating downstream events. Different from mammalian homologs, the amino-terminal part of almost all AtTLPs has nucleocytosolic and plastidial localization patterns. Thus, it is tempting to assume that TLPs translate reactive oxygen species currents into signaling not only for transcriptional regulation in the nucleus but also affect plastid-associated functions after release from the PM.
High‐speed flow erosion test study on roller compacted concrete dam during construction
Authors: Wang Xin , Luo Shaoze , Yuan Qiang
Published: June 2012

Purpose

A new roller compacted concrete dam of Fengman hydropower station was determined to be built in the toe of the old dam which had been identified as a dangerous dam. The new dam during construction would be impacted by the high‐speed flow discharged from the old dam. This is an important problem met for the first time in China, which would affect the whole project construction. The purpose of this paper is to describe a series of erosion experiments of the new dam material.

Design/methodology/approach

A kind of high‐speed flow erosion test apparatus was developed for erosion experiment of the new dam material. The maximum jet velocity was up to 40 m/s and the section area of the nozzle was 25 cm2. In the process of experiments, the equipment showed its good performance. Erosive wear tests of two types of materials used in the new dam, a roller compacted concrete and a distorted concrete with four kinds of ages were carried out with the flow velocity in the range of 30‐35 m/s.

Findings

Erosion parameters and erosion laws of the two types of concretes with different ages were obtained, and a general relationship had been found between erosion rate and flow velocity: with velocity exponent between 3.33 and 3.93. It was also concluded that the erosion resistance of the distorted concrete was better than that of the roller compacted concrete and the mechanics properties of the concretes of over 14 days age was influenced slightly by water impacted.

Originality/value

The test results would play a practical technique guide role for the safety of this project during construction in the flood season.
Oxidation behavior of TiAl alloy for various times
Authors: Jun Xi Yan , Jun Liu Yong , Xin Wang Zhi , Bin Liu Jin
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the oxidation behavior of Ti‐48Al‐8Cr‐2Ag (at.%) at 900°C and 1000°C for various different times.

Design/methodology/approach

Laboratory tests were performed to determine growth process of the oxide scale at 900°C and 1000°C for various different times with SEM/EDX, XRD and TEM.

Findings

Merely Al2O3 occurred on the Laves phase at the initial stage at 900°C, while a mixture of Al2O3+TiO2 formed at the initial stage at 1000°C. Oxidation rate of the alloy at 900°C after long‐term oxidation was higher than that at 1000°C because a dense Al2O3 scale formed on the surface at 1000°C.

Originality/value

The paper shows that the oxidation behavior of TiAl alloy at initial stage is the basis of the revealing mechanism of oxidation. It is necessary to further investigate the oxidation of Ti‐Al‐Cr‐Ag alloy in more detail to clearly understand its oxidation process and growth process of the oxide scale.
Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in stimulated cooling water by blends of molybdate, nitrite and picrate as new anodic inhibitor
Authors: Baghaei Ravari Fatemeh , Mohammadi Saeed , Dadgarinezhad Athareh
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how to improve the corrosion inhibition behavior of molybdate‐based inhibitors for mild steel, using organic compounds containing a phenyl ring together with nitrite agent. As picrate contains a phenyl ring together with three substituent nitrite anions, it is used as an organic compound. In this study a new molybdate‐based inhibitor was introduced with the composition of 60 ppm molybdate/40 ppm nitrite/20 ppm picrate. Inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild steel in stimulated cooling water was assessed.

Design/methodology/approach

The inhibition efficiency of molybdate alone and with nitrite and picrate on the uniform corrosion of mild carbon steel in stimulated cooling water (SCW) was assessed by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance (AC impedance) measurements and weight loss determinations at the room temperature. Studies of electron microscopy included scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photography and X‐Ray energy dispersive (EDS) microanalysis were used.

Findings

The results obtained from the polarization and AC impedance curves were in agreement with those from the corrosion weight loss results. The results indicated that the new inhibitor was as effective as molybdate alone, though at one quarter of the concentration range of molybdate, which is economically favorable.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates improvement in corrosion inhibition of mild steel in SCW via a blend of molybdate, nitrite and picrate as a new anodic inhibitor.
The effect of additions of carboxylic acids to the anodising bath on the corrosion and SCC of anodised aluminium
Authors: Spathis P.K. , Papastergiadis E.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study of the effect of carboxylic acids additions to the anodising bath on the subsequent corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tendencies of anodised 1050 Al‐Alloy in 3M NaCl solution.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was carried out using SCC tests and electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic measurements at a high or a slow scan rates. The anodic coatings were prepared electrolytically in a bath of 4 M H2SO4, with and without additions of 0.015 M oxalic, malonic, tartaric, maleic, or citric acids. The consequent thicknesses and packing densities of the coatings were measured.

Findings

The SCC behaviour was found to vary with both anodising conditions and stress level. The addition of carboxylic acids in the anodising bath increased the protective properties of the coating. In corrosion conditions without stress, the addition of the carboxylic acids decreased the susceptibility to pitting corrosion, the effect depending on the presence or absence of corrosion products. The addition of the carboxylic acids during anodising leads to the formation of less porous and more compact oxide layers and increases the anticorrosive properties of the coatings. The benefits were most pronounced for the coating prepared in the presence of maleic acid.

Research limitations/implications

The belief that the effect of carboxylic acids on the corrosion and SCC behaviour of Al‐Alloys is due to the absorption of these compounds on the metal surface and the formation of complexes on it, depending on the structure and carbonic chain of these compounds, remains yet to be confirmed.

Practical implications

Anodic coatings prepared in an electrolytic bath containing carboxylic acids can be used for the protection of aluminium alloys against corrosion.

Originality/value

The paper provides information regarding the improvement of the anticorrosive properties of electrolytically prepared anodic coatings on aluminium alloys.
The role of iron content on the corrosion behavior of 90Cu‐10Ni alloys in 3.5% NaCl solutions
Authors: Zubeir Hosni M.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of iron content (2% and up to 6% Fe) on the corrosion behavior of 90Cu‐10Ni alloys in 3.5% NaCl at different temperatures (23, 50 and 80°C) under stagnant conditions and fluid flow (with an agitation speed of 350 and 900 RPM). The laboratory study was conducted following a failure of high iron content (up to 6%) 90Cu‐10Ni heat exchanger tubes in a desalination plant.

Design/methodology/approach

Potentiodynamic polarization measurement (DC) was used to estimate the corrosion rate of the 90Cu‐10Ni alloys in NaCl solutions under stagnant and fluid flow conditions.

Findings

It was found that the higher iron content cupronickel material suffered higher corrosion rates in all tests. The intensity of the corrosion attack of both materials was increased significantly with increasing experimental temperature or flow velocity. The results support a previous prediction that the presence of excess iron (well above 2%) has played a major role in corrosion failure of 90Cu‐10Ni heat exchanger tubing material in seawater.

Originality/value

This paper explains the role of iron content on the corrosion behavior of 90Cu‐10Ni alloys in 3.5% NaCl under stagnant and fluid flow conditions.
Craft beer: penetrating a niche market
Authors: Murray Douglas W. , O'Neill Martin A.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the underexplored niche market potential of craft beer, especially as it may relate to independent food and beverage operations, as a means of gaining competitive advantage.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected through the distribution of a survey instrument to craft beer and home brewers, designed to assess the demographic profile, purchasing/restaurant selection, and decision behavior of this group and assess the likelihood of their future behavioral intentions toward continued participation in the craft beer segment.

Findings

The paper reveals that craft beer and micro brew pub success has been driven by the home brew movement and continues to gain market share at the expense of broad line food service and macro beer producers. The demographic profile of this group shows age range, income, and educational levels sufficient to drive continued growth. The high satisfaction and likelihood to recommend scores support this assessment.

Research limitations/implications

The sample is limited to members of the Brewers Association, the American Home Brewers Association, and craft beer enthusiasts known to members of the organization. Additionally, the survey was administered electronically limiting participation to people comfortable with this medium.

Practical implications

F&B operators who demonstrate commitment to craft beer through server education, beverage list commitment, and supporting events can achieve market differentiation and dominance within the niche; leading ultimately to competitive advantage.

Originality/value

This research sheds light on underexplored areas of craft beer and the opportunity for independent F&B operators to identify and penetrate an increasingly important niche market, which to date has been viewed primarily from the perspective of microbrew pubs.
A simplified health information model increased the level of knowledge regarding “five a day” and food safety in a city district
Authors: Nydahl Margaretha , Jacobsson Fanny , Lindblom Marielle , Marklinder Ingela
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect according to knowledge and behavior, respectively, through a simplified health information model launched in a selected city district.

Design/methodology/approach

The intervention in this study encompasses information meetings where two educational computer programs highlighting the “five a day” concept, and food hygiene were showcased in conjunction with a group discussion. In total, 92 people living or working in a selected city district participated. The effect of the intervention was determined by means of inquiries (multiple‐choice) that were carried out prior to, immediately following, and three weeks after the intervention.

Findings

A statistically significant improvement in knowledge of the concepts “five a day”, cross‐contamination, and recommended storage temperature (for smoked salmon and raw mince meat) was observed, however, no major change in behavior was reported.

Practical implications

The knowledge improvement suggests that the education programs, in conjunction with discussions, are a useful information model for raising awareness about the notion of “five a day” and food safety. The results of the study make it clear that there are difficulties in getting people to change their behavior, let alone getting them to participate in health education offered locally.

Originality/value

Intervention projects are a communication tool that may be used in order to increase knowledge and produce behavioral change. The project is working from the inside out, i.e. it examines the needs first and then develops solutions for them.
Constructing a typology of trust in asymmetrical food business relationships
Authors: Suvanto Hannele
Published: June 2012

Purpose

This paper aims to present insights into representations of discursive trust in asymmetrical business‐to‐business relationships in food chains. The purpose is to understand and define the interorganisational trust in business relationships by viewing these inductive findings in light of the relevant literature.

Design/methodology/approach

Discourse analysis of interviews with individuals in the food processing industry is used to determine different representations of trust.

Findings

Three representations of trust emerged from the interviews. They indicate that trust is a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The representations found were: a key operational element; recognition of context; and relationship resource stemming from individual bonds and personal characters. Trust is associated with control and context in the food industry as well as with a business's size and its customer reputation.

Research limitations/implications

The implications for food chain participants and other stakeholder groups are discussed to emphasise further the research on trust. However, because the discursive representations are context‐specific, changes in economic, market or relationship power situations can prompt new and different representations.

Practical implications

This paper provides complementary insights into the challenges that business relationships face in their daily processes. The results can be used to recognise and analyse the dynamic and asymmetrical contexts of business relationships and build the competitive advantages of businesses. Trust can actively be used as a tool to distinguish a business from its competitors.

Originality/value

This research increases understanding of the representations of trust in an asymmetrical food business context and offers some new analytical tools for the current trust research.
Preference for ethnic specialty produce by the Hispanics in the east coast of the USA
Authors: Ariyawardana Anoma , Govindasamy Ramu , Puduri Venkata
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The consumption of ethnic food is an integral part of the Hispanic culture. Therefore, this study was carried out with the intention of assessing the consumption and preferences for ethnic specialty produce by the Hispanics in the east coast of the USA with an aim of formulating production and marketing guidelines to meet the increasing demands of the rising Hispanic population in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected through telephone interviews from 542 randomly selected Mexicans and Puerto Ricans living in 16 east coast regions of the USA. Questions related to socio‐demographic details and consumption and preference for 20 pre‐determined ethnic specialty produce were asked. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.

Findings

Chain grocery stores were the most common outlets for ethnic produce. Freshness and quality were the most important criteria for both Mexicans and Puerto Ricans. Expenditure patterns revealed that they allocate 71 percent and 62 percent respectively on ethnic produce compared with other produce. Age and education had a negative influence while income had a positive influence on the willingness‐to‐pay for ethnic specialty produce.

Research limitations/implications

In this study, only ten crops each were selected as ethnic specialty crops that are consumed by Mexicans and Puerto Ricans and the average willingness‐to‐pay for these crops were elicited.

Practical implications

Based on the expenditure patterns of 20 ethnic specialty produce commonly consumed and having a potential to be grown in the USA, this study recommends crops to be prioritized for production trials and grower recommendations.

Originality/value

The approach outlined in this paper uses a market‐driven assessment for crop prioritization research.
Antioxidant potential of oregano extract (Origanum vulgareL.)
Authors: Pereira Moura Aranha Caroline , Jorge Neuza
Published: June 2012

Purpose

This research aims to evaluate the antioxidant potential of oregano extract (OE), as well as its isolated and synergistic effect when applied to soybean oil (SO) under thermal oxidation.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to determine the antioxidant activity of oregano extract and its synergistic effect with tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), thermal oxidation was performed using the following treatments: SO, SO with 50 mg/kg of TBHQ, SO with 3,000 mg/kg of OE, and SO with 3,000 mg/kg of oregano extract and 50 mg/kg of TBHQ (mixture). The treatments underwent heating at 180°C for 20 hours, and analyses of oxidative stability, total polar compounds, tocopherols and fatty acids composition were performed. The results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test for averages at 5 percent, using the program ESTAT version 2.0.

Findings

Considering the results of antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, it was possible to verify that the ethanolic extract of oregano has presented antioxidant potential. Furthermore, considering the results obtained in the analyses of oxidative stability, polar compounds, tocopherols and fatty acids profile, it was possible to observe that the extract has prevented lipid oxidation when added to SO.

Originality/value

The study offers information on the use of natural antioxidants as an alternative to the use of synthetic antioxidants, which can be considered toxic.
Nigella sativa L. fixed oil supplementation improves nutritive quality, tocopherols and thymoquinone contents of cookies
Authors: Tauseef Sultan Muhammad , Sadiq Butt Masood , Saeed Farhan , Batool Rizwana
Published: June 2012

Purpose

Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) has a unique nutritional profile that can be employed in food formulation to improve health of consumers. Black cumin is already used in traditional medicines in Pakistan to treat various maladies like diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal disorders, and as immune booster. The core objective of the present research study is to explore the role of black cumin fixed oil (BCFO) as a functional ingredient in cereal‐based bakery products.

Design/methodology/approach

The BCFO was supplemented in cookies' formulations and impact on nutritive quality, tocopherols and thymoquinone contents was studied.

Findings

The results indicated that addition of fixed oil influenced the physical characteristics of cookies significantly. Chemical attributes varied non‐significantly, but oxidative stability of the cookies was improved as indicated from decreased peroxide (POV) and TBA value. Gradual increase in BCFO in cookies formulations increased the amounts of total tocopherols significantly from 9.85 ± 0.392 to 53.19 ± 1.689 mg/kg‐oil. BCFO addition significantly enhanced α‐, β‐, γ‐, δ‐tocopherols i.e. 8.80±0.630 to 32.19±1.410, 0.96±0.035 to 3.47±0.114, 0.09 ± 0.000 to 14.98 ± 0.520, 0.00 ± 0.000 to 2.55 ± 0.127 mg/kg‐oil, respectively. Likewise, thymoquinone contents were recorded highest in cookies containing 5.0 @ BCFO (7.25 ± 0.482 mg/100 g) as compared to control. Moreover, cookies containing fixed oil @ 4% rated better on hedonic scale as compared with control by the trained taste panel during sensory evaluation.

Originality/value

The results of present research paved the way for the commercial applications of BCFO especially in cereal‐based products. Moreover, present intervention heightened the prospects of using black cumin seed oil in different food products that may produce healthy impact on end consumers.
Attitudinal inconsistency toward organic food in relation to purchasing intention and behavior
Authors: Tung Shih‐Jui , Shih Ching‐Chun , Wei Sherrie , Chen Yu‐Hua
Published: June 2012

Purpose

This study aims to examine the attitudinal inconsistency among Taiwanese consumers toward organic agriculture/food, and its relationship to their willingness to pay a premium and purchase for organic product.

Design/methodology/approach

A telephone survey consisting of 913 households was made to reach an estimated 3.3 percent sampling error with 95 percent confidence level.

Findings

It was found that those who were female, who had higher occupation prestige, who had college education levels, who were aged in their 40s, and who possessed an optimistic opinion toward the necessity of organic farming tend to pay a premium for and buy organic food. The majority of Taiwanese respondents showed a high level of concern about pesticides but a low trust in organic food, which revealed an attitudinal inconsistency toward organic agriculture/food. A multiple discriminant analysis with a moderating variable shows that consumers' trust in organic food and their pesticide concern jointly explain the respondents' willingness to pay a premium and purchasing behavior. The influence of consumers' pesticide concern on their willingness to pay a premium and purchase actually depends on their levels of trust.

Originality/value

As a whole, lack of trust and confusing organic product certification levels is the main barrier to Taiwan's organic agriculture development. Further communication and policy modification is needed to reinforce consumers' confidence in organic agriculture/food.
A simulated recall study in five major food sectors
Authors: Anne‐Marie Donnelly Kathryn , Mari Karlsen Kine , Dreyer Bent
Published: June 2012

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of current traceability systems in five food sectors: dairy, fish, red meat, fruit and vegetable, and grain. Products were bought within Norway, with national and international origins.

Design/methodology/approach

The method used structured interviews and questionnaires at each link in the production and supply chain of 30 products in order to discover the ability to identify the origin of product, the size of batches used during production, the potential product and process information available and the estimated time of recall in an emergency situation.

Findings

The results showed that it was possible to trace 53 percent of the products bought through their supply chains to their origin. The results demonstrated that mixing transformations create challenges for traceability that are more severe than other types of transformations. Company motivation is an important factor in creating the conditions for a successful tracing event.

Social implications

The study presents findings that can be used by the food producing industry and regulators that will aid in improving the ability to track and trace food effectively. This will aid the food producing industry in providing society with better food information so that consumers can make informed choices.

Originality/value

This study presents data on multi sector traceability, which is not only valuable because of its uniqueness, but also because of the possibility to use this in future studies for comparison and measurement of progress. This study is highly valuable to food producing industries, regulators and researchers as it presents new and unique data, regarding recall times and sector specific challenges.
From outsourcing to Cloud computing: evolution of IT services
Authors: Dhar Subhankar
Published: June 2012

Purpose

Many organizations are outsourcing their information technology (IT) related services to a third party vendor for quite some time. However, the IT services industry including outsourcing is going through rapid changes with the increasing adoption of Cloud computing. The purpose of this paper is to compare global IT outsourcing with Cloud computing along with the evolution of traditional IT services.

Design/methodology/approach

Cloud computing is a model for provisioning and consuming IT capabilities on a need and pay by use basis. This helps in shifting the cost structure from capital expenditure to operating expenditure and also helps the IT systems to be more agile. This innovative model of acquiring IT related services has made organizations revisit their infrastructure and platform services strategy and optimize their IT spending while improving overall agility. This paper compares global IT outsourcing with Cloud computing along with the evolution of traditional IT services.

Findings

The impact of Cloud computing on IT outsourcing is no doubt significant. Cloud computing represents a fundamental shift in how organizations pay for and access IT services. It has created new opportunities for IT services providers and the outsourcing vendors will have to modify their strategy to take advantage of this new computing paradigm.

Practical implications

This research is relevant for practitioners as well as researchers in the field of IT outsourcing and Cloud computing.

Originality/value

This research compares global outsourcing with Cloud computing along with the evolution of IT services. Very little research has been done in this nascent and important area.
Reverse logistics in Czech companies: increasing interest in performance measurement
Authors: Škapa Radoslav , Klapalová Alena
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether Czech companies believe that value is being generated by reverse logistics (RL), and whether (and how) they track its costs and benefits. The quality of performance measurement of RL was related to three corporate attributes. The findings were then compared to the results of an older study to describe developments over the past five years, and to evaluate the changes during this time period.

Design/methodology/approach

This exploratory research is based on data from 102 Czech companies collected in 2009. The basic statistical tests were applied in the analysis. A part of the paper takes the form of longitudinal research.

Findings

One third of Czech companies surveyed reported that RL had a positive influence on their profits. A positive relationship between the profitability of RL activities and a company's strategic focus on RL was also identified. The level of interest by companies in performance measurement has increased; however, the companies tend to focus on the efficiency of RL while the effectiveness is neglected.

Research limitations/implications

Managers must acknowledge the issue of proper measurement of RL performance, and involve RL in the planning process if they want to improve it. They should focus more on effectiveness, not just on efficiency. The analyzed data express the opinions of executive management, and were not accompanied by financial or production data.

Originality/value

The survey first maps the status of RL performance measurement in the Czech Republic. It finds a relationship between profitability of RL and corporate planning, and it points out that companies focus mainly on RL efficiency, and fail to consider effectiveness in their performance measurement.
Do green mutual funds perform well?
Authors: Chang C. Edward , Nelson Walt A. , Doug Witte H.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the financial performance of green and traditional mutual funds in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 131 green mutual funds identified by US SIF, were compared with the averages of all traditional mutual funds in their respective Morningstar categories. Performance measures analyzed included annualized rates of return, expense ratios, and Sharpe ratios, among others. Most data pertained to at least the past three years, while other data pertained to the most recent 5 to 15 years.

Findings

The results demonstrate that green mutual funds have generated lower returns and similar risks compared to traditional mutual funds in their respective Morningstar categories. Green mutual funds have underperformed on a risk‐adjusted basis.

Research limitations/implications

Since there is no formal definition of a green mutual fund, the researcher and investor must make a subjective call in assessing which funds invest “green”. However, at least in this early stage in the history of green investing, green mutual funds have underperformed their peers.

Originality/value

Results confirm the limitations of green investing as suggested by various researchers, among them Sharpe, Rudd and Kurtz and DiBartolomeo. Results stand in contrast to Corson and Van Dyck and Statman, among others, which reported no significant underperformance for socially responsible investments.
Credit risk assessment and the impact of the New Basel Capital Accord on small and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Matias Gama Ana Paula , Susana Amaral Geraldes Helena
Published: June 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a credit‐scoring model as an aggregate valuation procedure that integrates various financial and non‐financial factors and thereby improves small to medium‐sized enterprises' (SMEs) knowledge about their default risk.

Design/methodology/approach

Using panel data from a representative sample of Portuguese SMEs operating in the food or beverage manufacturing sector, this paper develops a logit scoring model to estimate one‐year predictions of default.

Findings

The probability of non‐default in the next year is an increasing function of profitability, liquidity, coverage, and activity and a decreasing function of leverage. Smaller firms and those with just one bank relationship have a higher probability of default. The findings suggest that a main bank has incentives to engage in hold up by increasing margins that ex post are too high.

Practical implications

Because SMEs differ from large corporations in their credit risk (e.g., riskier, lower asset correlations), this study has implications for both banks and supervisory actors. Banks should consider qualitative variables when setting internal systems and procedures to manage credit risk. Supervisory institutions should claim mixed credit ratings to determine regulatory capital requirements.

Originality/value

This paper offers a new model, focused specifically on SMEs, and explores the role of financial and non‐financial factors in determining internal credit risks.