bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facebook as an official communication channel in a crisis
Authors: Atkinson Susan , Kim Chris , Lee Jee Young
Published: February 2021

Digital platforms have become valuable resources to citizens as they allow immediate access to quality information and news. Staying up to date with information and news is particularly vital in crises such as bushfires. The 2019–20 bushfire season in Australia was extreme, resulting in widespread devastation and loss of life, property and wildlife. Communicating with affected communities is a critical component of community response and resilience in a disaster. Organisations, such as ACT Emergency Services Agency and the NSW Rural Fire Service, need to provide timely, accurate and reliable information. This study investigated official communication using Facebook during the Orroral Valley bushfires from these two emergency services agencies and considers to what extent messaging demonstrated the characteristics of effective crisis communication, including application of the National Framework for Scaled Advice and Warnings to the Community. A content analysis of over 600 posts revealed marked differences in approaches. The study revealed the benefits of using a combination of text, images and infographics in communication activities. Suggestions are provided about how social media could be used more effectively by truly connecting with communities to improve community preparedness and resilience.
Az állam szerepe a feltörekvő multinacionális vállalatok terjeszkedésében : Kína és Brazília esete
Authors: Ricz Judit , Szunomár Ágnes
Published: February 2021

A feltörekvő országok multinacionális vállalatainak (FMNV-k) globális terjeszkedésében központi szerepet játszik a saját kormányzatuk. Az egyik legkézenfekvőbb példa Kína és a kínai cégeknek a globális piacra lépése, ugyanakkor mind az új államkapitalizmus, mind az FMNV-k állami támogatása túlmutat a kínai eseten. A Globális Dél számos országában megfigyelhetünk hasonló tendenciákat és kezdeményezéseket – többek között Brazíliában is. A brazil modell sok tekintetben alapvetően különbözik a kínaitól, ugyanakkor a „nemzeti bajnok” vállalatok külföldi piacra lépését ott is kiterjedt kormányzati eszköztár támogatja, így ebből a szempontból a brazil és a kínai eset összehasonlítása releváns és indokolt. Az írás célja a főbb hasonlóságok és különbözőségek feltárása; az esettanulmányok elemzéseire támaszkodva pedig visszacsatolunk a legújabb elméletekre, és következtetéseket fogalmazunk meg, amelyek akár más, hasonló adottságokkal vagy fejlesztési stratégiákkal rendelkező feltörekvő országok számára is hasznosak lehetnek.
Features of improving the quality of chemistry lessons through virtual laboratories
Authors:   South Kazakhstan state pedagogical University, Kerimbayeva Kulash , Kistaubaev Ermakhan ,   Shymkent University, Usenbay Ayash ,   Shymkent University
Published: February 2021

As you know, improving the education system of students in the learning process has become one of the fundamental problems of modern Soviet pedagogy and psychology and didactics, and in the context of scientific and technological progress and the transformation of the public education system, it is of particular importance. It is especially important that the school teaches not only to give specific knowledge, but also to draw conclusions, make decisions, conduct research based on this knowledge, i.e. to form creative thinking skills. Much attention is paid to the content of the subject of chemistry, technical equipment and methods of organizing laboratory work in scientific and methodological, psychological and pedagogical research literature. The main role in the study of chemistry is played by chemical laboratories, which are an integral part of the educational process. Laboratories are divided into several types depending on the area of application. One of them is virtual laboratories. Using virtual laboratories, logical generalization and visual refinement of the course of training. Application of effective methods and techniques for working with modern software in creating virtual laboratories. Its special feature is that it analyzes problems with other laboratory work.
COMPARATIVE-CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTICCULTUROLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CONCEPT “DOG” IN THE STUDY OF PAREMIOLOGY
Authors:   South Kazakhstan State Pedagogical University, Kenzhebaeva Aknur , Abramova Galina
Published: February 2021

The article deals with the specific features, similarities and differences of the linguistic and cultural features of the concept "Dog" in the Russian, Kazakh and English languages. The authors give a number of examples of phraseological units, sayings and proverbs in three languages, note the elements of commonality and inconsistency in the verbal characteristics of this concept. As a conclusion, the idea is given that the concept of "Dog" expresses the specific properties that people themselves give it, there is also an element of its identification with the direct participants of these relations – with people. The practical significance of the work is determined by the wide use of its results in the preparation of lexicographical dictionaries used in teaching students and in teaching activities, scientific researches in the field of ethnolinguistics, cultural linguistics, psycholinguistics, and other related Sciences.
Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru dalam Menggunakan Media Pembelajaran Melalui Pendampingan
Authors: Anifah Nur
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to find out how to improve the competence of teachers in using learning media through mentoring in TK Boh Hate Ma, Aceh Besar District. This research is a school action research. Research procedures include; planning, implementing actions, observation and reflection. The subjects in this study were all teachers at TK Boh Hate Ma, totaling 8 people. The data collection techniques used were observation, interview and documentation. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results showed that in the initial conditions the percentage of completeness of the teacher's ability to use learning media was 12.5%. In the first cycle there was an increase of 40% to 62.5%. In the second cycle, the completeness of the teacher's ability increased 25% to 87.5%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the competence of teachers in using learning media can be increased through mentoring at TK Boh Hate Ma, Aceh Besar District.
Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dalam Konteks Islam
Authors: Husaini Husaini
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara jelas dasar dan tujuan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD), materi serta kurikulum yang di pakai dalam kontek pendidikan Islam.  Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitik, maka pendekatannya adalah telaah krpustakaan dan penelaahan konsep, dalam hal ini buku-buku  yang berhubungan  dengan pandidikan anak sejak dalam kandungan dan yang lain yang relevan  dengan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian  diperoleh data bahwa tujuan pendidikan  anak usia dini adalah  agar terwujud  insan yang taqwa , Berakhlak  mulia, berilmu, aktif dan kreatif , mandiri berjiwa  demokratis serta bertanggung jawab, terpelihara  kesucian jiwa  agar menjadi fitrah sesuai dengan ajaran Islam sehingga membawa anak dalam kehidupan kebahagian dunia dan akherat, Materi/ kurikulum yang harus ditanamkan  pada anak usia dini adalah materi tentang pokok-pokok inti ajaran Islam,; seperti shalat  fardhu lima waktu, membaca al-Qur,an, mengenal Allah, malaikat, rasul dan Kitab-kitabnya, dan pelajaran tata karma yang baik, serta ilmu keduniaawiaan yang berguna bagi pertumbuhan anak di masa anak-anak maupun masa dewasanya kelak.
Utilization of Pain Rating Scales in Peadiatric Care Among Health Professionals in A Tertiary Children’s Hospital in Kenya
Authors: Limungi Godfrey Mbaabu , Makworo Dr Drusilla , Oluchina Dr Sherry , Mburugu Dr Patrick M.
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The study assessed utilization of pain rating scales at a children’s hospital as a basis for making recommendation for their adoption by the ministry of health, Kenya. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing both quantitative and qualitative approaches, conducted in a tertiary children’s hospital in Nairobi-Kenya. Data was collected using semi- structured self-administered questionnaire, key informant interview guide (KII) and observation check list from a sample size of 160 Health Professionals and 71 patients’ medical records sampled from a study population of 280 Health professionals and 88 patients’ medical records. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics where by data was summarized using frequency tables and presented using pie chart, and bar graphs. A content analysis was performed on qualitative data based on stages of qualitative data analysis.Results: The hospital was found to have adopted four pain rating scales which included Neonatal guide score, FLACC, Wong Baker faces scale, and Numerical pain scale. Utilization of these tools among Health Professionals was found to be excellent, with nurses being the main health professionals who utilized them at 99%. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy:  This study aims at improving pain management in child health care in Kenya, where many paediatric units do not assess and measure pain in paediatric patients. Though nurses were the main Health Professionals who utilized pain rating scales in the hospital, inclusion of pain guidelines in all patient’s medical records would promote their utilization among other Health Professionals
I Encuentro Latinoamericano de Residentes de Odontopediatría
Authors: Pistochini Adriana , Bernal María del Pilar , ALOP Comité Académico
Published: February 2021

Resúmenes de Trabajos
A Panel Data Analysis of Stock Returns and Accounting Information in Indian Paint Industry
Authors: Rangi Pradeep Kumar , Aithal P. S.
Published: February 2021

The accounting ratios and published financial information serve as a critical tool for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders to ascertain companies' profitability, control, and financial status, which may significantly impact the Stock returns and performance on exchanges. This paper aims to examine whether crucial accounting information affects the price of paint companies in India. In this paper, nine-years (2012-2020) accounting ratios such as returns on asset, equity, and cash cycles for the five listed paint companies in India as explanatory (independent) variables to estimate stock returns. Secondary data is collected chronologically and at a regular yearly frequency. Variables data are derived from the company’s financial statements, Stock Exchange and related website. The study aims to assess and elaborate these accounting ratios effectiveness to substantiate the stock returns of these listed companies. The study uses three-panel data models, the pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, to assess stock returns for the cross-sectional data of these five paint companies. This research indicates that accounting information is significant and positively affects the price of Paint company stock returns on the stock exchange. Both Fixed and Random effect model found to fit the data, significance level of 0.05 (Fixed (FE) at F= 6.3625, p<0.000 and R2 of 0.5462, i.e., fixed effect elaborates for about 55% of the return variance. Random effect at F=10.8647 and p<0.000 and R2 of 0.4429, i.e., elaborates for about 44% of stock return variance. Based on the Hausman data test alternative hypothesis is found to be consistent and therefore Random Effect (RE) model is being used to conclude the findings. The paper's fundamental limitation includes use of limited regressors, companies, and time period. A further qualitative analysis together with other accounting performance indicators as regressors may be included in future studies. These ratios include interest coverage, debt ratios, effective tax rates, asset turnover ratios, dividend distribution ratios, sustainable growth, and top line revenue growth.
Interview of Marko Lehti and Heiko Pääbo
Authors: Kesa Katerina , Escach Nicolas
Published: February 2021

How has research on the Baltic space evolved over the last thirty years? Can you perceive a different evolution depending on the universities/research groups/ countries (in particular when comparing American, French, Nordic or Baltic research poles/centres)? Which issues have been left out of the research on Baltic space until today? Generally speaking, research on the Baltic space has sometimes had difficulties to arouse vocations. How do you explain that? Are the perceptions of specialists coming from countries boarding the Baltic Sea on the Baltic space totally different from that of other experts?
‘The Barke Is Bad, but the Tree Good’ : Hispanophilia, Hispanophobia and Spanish Honour in English and Dutch Plays (c. 1630-1670)
Authors: Bood Rena
Published: February 2021

In the seventeenth century, Spain featured prominently on the English and Dutch stages. Although this foreign influence has been overlooked in the past, especially in the Dutch context, scholars have recently broadened the scope of their analysis to Spain, but the tendency to focus on the image of the Spaniard in predominantly Hispanophobic terms remains widespread. This ‘Black Legend Spaniard’, demonizing the Spanish as the enemy, shows only one side of the coin. Taking the ‘typically Spanish’ characteristic of ‘honour’ as an example, this chapter explores how Spanish characters are presented on the English and Dutch stages, evincing that ‘honour’ was not only an exponent of a vengeful Spanish nature and that such characters could also be viewed as a source of inspiration.
External Auditors and Earnings Management: Palestinian Evidence
Authors:   Department of Accounting Information System, Palestine Technical University- Khadoori, Tulkarm., W. A. Saleh Mohammed , A.Assaf Nafieh ,   Department of Accounting Information System, Palestine Technical University- Khadoori, Tulkarm., Eleyan Derar ,   Department of Applied Computing, Palestine Technical University- Khadoori, Tulkarm.
Published: February 2021

Managers in large companies may manipulate earnings reports to suit their desire at the detriment of shareholders and other stakeholders. This may obstruct the companies and their sustainability. The objective of this study is to examine a relationship between external audit characteristics and Earnings Management (EM) in Palestine. Secondary data is collected for a sample of 480 observations of companies listed in the PSE for the period of 2010-2019. Earnings management is measured by the level of discretionary accruals using the modified Jones model (1995). The results show that external auditors’ type is negative and significantly related to discretionary accruals and may reduce EM. However, external auditors’ independence is positive and significantly related to discretionary accruals and may increase EM. Studying the impact of external auditors’ characteristics on EMhave not been well researched in the past literature, especially in the Palestinian context.
Workplace Environment and its Impact on the Quality of Life of Employees
Authors:   Dept of MBA, KIT Kanpur, India., Begum Bushra , Mohd. Azam ,   Dept of MBA, KIT Kanpur, India.
Published: February 2021

The workplace is an arranged area which is provided by the company in order to achieve its goal. An arranged area can be defined as the layout of a work space which suits the nature of the job or task that is to be performed. Environment, as we know, is the sum total of all factors that are present in the surroundings. Workplace environment includes the workplace culture, the interpersonal relationships, the atmosphere prevailing in the organizations, attitude of superiors and colleagues, level of organizational politics prevailing, physical facilities offered to employees like cabins, ventilation, lightening, rest hours, workstations etc. All these factors have a significant impact in maintaining the quality of life of employees either positively or negatively. Quality of life is influenced by an individual’s physical and mental health, the degree of independency, the social relationship with the environment, and other factors (Ruževičius, 2012; Shin, 1979) . An organization has possibilities to increase its employee’s quality of life and loyalty by improving the working conditions and environment. This paper will address Workplace Environment and quality of life of employees.
Ellacuría
Authors: Editor El
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 732, 2013: 3-5.
El concepto de “mal común” y la crítica a la civilización del capital en Ignacio Ellacuría
Authors: Samour Héctor
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 732, 2013: 7-18.
Injusticia y negatividad, en Ignacio Ellacuría
Authors: Gómez Arredondo David
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 732, 2013: 55-60.
Los derechos humanos y el pensamiento de Ignacio Ellacuría
Authors: Alamanni de Carrillo Beatrice
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 732, 2013: 105-113.
Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements
Authors: Fitch Kyle E. , Hang Chaoxun , Talaei Ahmad , Garrett Timothy J.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Ground-based measurements of frozen precipitation are heavily influenced by interactions of surface winds with gauge-shield geometry. The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), which photographs hydrometeors in free-fall from three different angles while simultaneously measuring their fall speed, has been used in the field at multiple midlatitude and polar locations both with and without wind shielding. Here, we present an analysis of Arctic field observations – with and without a Belfort double Alter shield – and compare the results to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow and corresponding particle trajectories around the unshielded MASC. MASC-measured fall speeds compare well with Ka-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Zenith Radar (KAZR) mean Doppler velocities only when winds are light (≤5ms-1) and the MASC is shielded. MASC-measured fall speeds that do not match KAZR-measured velocities tend to fall below a threshold value that increases approximately linearly with wind speed but is generally <0.5ms-1. For those events with wind speeds ≤1.5ms-1, hydrometeors fall with an orientation angle mode of 12∘ from the horizontal plane, and large, low-density aggregates are as much as 5 times more likely to be observed. Simulations in the absence of a wind shield show a separation of flow at the upstream side of the instrument, with an upward velocity component just above the aperture, which decreases the mean particle fall speed by 55 % (74 %) for a wind speed of 5 m s−1 (10 m s−1). We conclude that accurate MASC observations of the microphysical, orientation, and fall speed characteristics of snow particles require shielding by a double wind fence and restriction of analysis to events where winds are light (≤5ms-1). Hydrometeors do not generally fall in still air, so adjustments to these properties' distributions within natural turbulence remain to be determined.
Impacts of biogenic polyunsaturated aldehydes on metabolism and community composition of particle-attached bacteria in coastal hypoxia
Authors: Wu Zhengchao , Li Qian P. , Ge Zaiming , Huang Bangqin , Dong Chunming
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Eutrophication-driven coastal hypoxia has been of great interest for
decades, though its mechanisms remain not fully understood. Here, we showed
elevated concentrations of particulate and dissolved polyunsaturated
aldehydes (PUAs) associated with the hypoxic waters in the bottom layer of a
salt-wedge estuary. Bacterial respiration within the hypoxic waters was
mainly contributed by particle-attached bacteria (PAB) (> 0.8 µm), with free-living bacteria (0.2–0.8 µm) only accounting for
25 %–30 % of the total rate. The concentrations of particle-adsorbed PUAs
(∼ 10 µmol L−1) in the hypoxic waters were directly
quantified for the first time based on large-volume filtration and
subsequent on-site PUA derivation and extraction. PUA-amended incubation
experiments for PAB (> 25 µm) associated with sinking or
suspended particles retrieved from the low-oxygen waters were also performed
to explore the impacts of PUAs on the growth and metabolism of PAB and
associated oxygen utilization. We found an increase in cell growth of PAB in
response to low-dose PUAs (1 µmol L−1) but an enhanced
cell-specific bacterial respiration and production in response to high-dose
PUAs (100 µmol L−1). Improved cell-specific metabolism of PAB in
response to high-dose PUAs was also accompanied by a shift of PAB community
structure with increased dominance of the genus Alteromonas within the Gammaproteobacteria.
We thus conclude that a high PUA concentration associated with aggregate
particles within the bottom layer may be crucial for some species within
Alteromonas to regulate PAB community structure. The change in bacteria community could
lead to an enhancement of oxygen utilization during the degradation of
particulate organic matter and thus likely contribute to the formation of
coastal hypoxia. These findings are potentially important for coastal
systems with large river inputs, intense phytoplankton blooms driven by
eutrophication, and strong hypoxia developed below the salt-wedge
front.
Assessment of a full-field initialized decadal climate prediction system with the CMIP6 version of EC-Earth
Authors: Bilbao Roberto , Wild Simon , Ortega Pablo , Acosta-Navarro Juan , Arsouze Thomas , Bretonnière Pierre-Antoine , Caron Louis-Philippe , Castrillo Miguel , Cruz-García Rubén , Cvijanovic Ivana , Doblas-Reyes Francisco Javier , Donat Markus , Dutra Emanuel , Echevarría Pablo , Ho An-Chi , Loosveldt-Tomas Saskia , Moreno-Chamarro Eduardo , Pérez-Zanon Núria , Ramos Arthur , Ruprich-Robert Yohan , Sicardi Valentina , Tourigny Etienne , Vegas-Regidor Javier
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In this paper, we present and evaluate the skill of an EC-Earth3.3 decadal prediction system contributing to the Decadal Climate Prediction Project – Component A (DCPP-A). This prediction system is capable of skilfully simulating past global mean surface temperature variations at interannual and decadal forecast times as well as the local surface temperature in regions such as the tropical Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and most of the continental areas, although most of the skill comes from the representation of the external radiative forcings. A benefit of initialization in the predictive skill is evident in some areas of the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic oceans in the first forecast years, an added value that is mostly confined to the south-east tropical Pacific and the eastern subpolar North Atlantic at the longest forecast times (6–10 years). The central subpolar North Atlantic shows poor predictive skill and a detrimental effect of initialization that leads to a quick collapse in Labrador Sea convection, followed by a weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and excessive local sea ice growth. The shutdown in Labrador Sea convection responds to a gradual increase in the local density stratification in the first years of the forecast, ultimately related to the different paces at which surface and subsurface temperature and salinity drift towards their preferred mean state. This transition happens rapidly at the surface and more slowly in the subsurface, where, by the 10th forecast year, the model is still far from the typical mean states in the corresponding ensemble of historical simulations with EC-Earth3. Thus, our study highlights the Labrador Sea as a region that can be sensitive to full-field initialization and hamper the final prediction skill, a problem that can be alleviated by improving the regional model biases through model development and by identifying more optimal initialization strategies.
Impact of IASI thermal infrared measurements on global ozone
reanalyses
Authors: Emili Emanuele , El Aabaribaoune Mohammad
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The information content of thermal infrared measurements for tropospheric O3 estimation has already been well demonstrated. However, the impact of such measurements to constrain modelled ozone distributions within global assimilation systems is not yet unequivocal. A new tropospheric O3 reanalysis is computed for the year 2010 by means of assimilating measurements from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) within the MOCAGE chemical transport model. The objective is to evaluate the impact of recent methodological improvements of the data assimilation scheme on the O3 distribution. The new O3 reanalysis (named IASI-r) and its precursor (IASI-a) have been validated against ozonesondes, compared to independent estimations of tropospheric O3 and to results from two state-of-the-art models based on detailed tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-CCM and C-IFS). The main difference between IASI-r and the former IASI-a concerns the treatment of IASI observations, with radiances being assimilated directly in IASI-r instead of intermediate Level 2 O3 retrievals. IASI-r is found to correct major issues of IASI-a, i.e. the neutral or negative impact of IASI assimilation in the extra-tropics and the presence of residual biases in the tropics. IASI-r compares also relatively well to the C-IFS reanalysis, which is based on more comprehensive chemical mechanism and the assimilation of several UV and microwave measurements.
ShellChron 0.2.8: A new tool for constructing chronologies in accretionary carbonate archives from stable oxygen isotope profiles
Authors: de Winter Niels J.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. This work presents ShellChron, a new model for generating accurate age-depth models for high-resolution paleoclimate archives, such as corals, mollusk shells and speleothems. Reliable sub-annual age models form the backbone of high-resolution paleoclimate studies. In absence of independent sub-annual growth markers in many of these archives, the most reliable method for determining the age of samples is through age modelling based on stable oxygen isotope or other seasonally controlled proxy records. ShellChron expands on previous solutions to the age model problem by modelling seasonal variability in the proxy record using a combination of growth rate and temperature sinusoids in sliding window approach. This new approach creates smoother, more precise age-depth relationships for multi-annual proxy records with the added benefit of allowing assessment of the uncertainty on the modelled age. The modular script of ShellChron allows the model to be tailored to specific archives, without being limited to δ18Oc proxy records or carbonate archives, with high flexibility in assigning the relationship between the input proxy and the seasonal cycle. The performance of ShellChron in terms of accuracy and computation time is tested on a set of virtual seasonality records and real coral, bivalve and speleothem archives. The result shows that several key improvements in comparison to previous age model routines enhance the accuracy of ShellChron on multi-annual records while limiting its processing time. The current full working version of ShellChron enables the user to model the age of a 10-year long high-resolution (16 samples/yr) carbonate records with monthly accuracy within one hour of computation time on a modern personal computer. The model is freely accessible on the CRAN database and GitHub. Members of the community are invited to contribute by adapting the model code to suit their research topics.
The EC-Earth3 Earth System Model for the Climate Model
Intercomparison Project 6
Authors: Döscher Ralf , Acosta Mario , Alessandri Andrea , Anthoni Peter , Arneth Almut , Arsouze Thomas , Bergmann Tommi , Bernadello Raffaele , Bousetta Souhail , Caron Louis-Philippe , Carver Glenn , Castrillo Miguel , Catalano Franco , Cvijanovic Ivana , Davini Paolo , Dekker Evelien , Doblas-Reyes Francisco J. , Docquier David , Echevarria Pablo , Fladrich Uwe , Fuentes-Franco Ramon , Gröger Matthias , v. Hardenberg Jost , Hieronymus Jenny , Karami M. Pasha , Keskinen Jukka-Pekka , Koenigk Torben , Makkonen Risto , Massonnet Francois , Ménégoz Martin , Miller Paul A. , Moreno-Chamarro Eduardo , Nieradzik Lars , van Noije Twan , Nolan Paul , O’Donnell Declan , Ollinaho Pirkka , van den Oord Gijs , Ortega Pablo , Prims Oriol Tintó , Ramos Arthur , Reerink Thomas , Rousset Clement , Ruprich-Robert Yohan , Le Sager Philippe , Schmith Torben , Schrödner Roland , Serva Federico , Sicardi Valentina , Sloth Madsen Marianne , Smith Benjamin , Tian Tian , Tourigny Etienne , Uotila Petteri , Vancoppenolle Martin , Wang Shiyu , Wårlind David , Willén Ulrika , Wyser Klaus , Yang Shuting , Yepes-Arbós Xavier , Zhang Qiong
Published: February 2021

Abstract. The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the simulations are comparable across different HPC systems, and with the physical performance of base configurations over the historical period. The variety of possible configurations and sub-models reflects the broad interests in the EC-Earth community. EC-Earth3 key performance metrics demonstrate physical behaviour and biases well within the frame known from recent CMIP models. With improved physical and dynamic features, new ESM components, community tools, and largely improved physical performance compared to the CMIP5 version, EC-Earth3 represents a clear step forward for the only European community ESM. We demonstrate here that EC-Earth3 is suited for a range of tasks in CMIP6 and beyond.
Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for
landslide forecasting in India
Authors: Brunetti Maria Teresa , Melillo Massimo , Gariano Stefano Luigi , Ciabatta Luca , Brocca Luca , Amarnath Giriraj , Peruccacci Silvia
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Landslides are among the most dangerous natural hazards, particularly in developing countries where ground observations for operative early warning systems are lacking. In these areas, remote sensing can represent an important tool to forecast landslide occurrence in space and time, particularly satellite rainfall products that have improved in terms of accuracy and resolution in recent times. Surprisingly, only a few studies have investigated the capability and effectiveness of these products in landslide forecasting, to reduce the impact of this hazard on the population. We have performed a comparative study of ground- and satellite-based rainfall products for landslide forecasting in India by using empirical rainfall thresholds derived from the analysis of historical landslide events. Specifically, we have tested Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and SM2RAIN-ASCAT satellite rainfall products, and their merging, at daily and hourly temporal resolution, and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) daily rain gauge observations. A catalogue of 197 rainfall-induced landslides occurred throughout India in the 13-year period between April 2007 and October 2019 has been used. Results indicate that satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations thanks to their better spatial (10 km vs 25 km) and temporal (hourly vs daily) resolution. The better performance is obtained through the merged GPM and SM2RAIN-ASCAT products, even though improvements in reproducing the daily rainfall (e.g., overestimation of the number of rainy days) are likely needed. These findings open a new avenue for using such satellite products in landslide early warning systems, particularly in poorly gauged areas.
Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation
Authors: Jiménez-Rodríguez César Dionisio , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Schilperoort Bart , González-Angarita Adriana del Pilar , Savenije Hubert
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Forest evaporation exports a vast amount of water vapor from land ecosystems into the atmosphere. Meanwhile, evaporation during rain events is neglected or considered of minor importance in dense ecosystems. Air convection moves the water vapor upwards leading to the formation of large invisible vapor plumes, while the identification of visible vapor plumes has not yet been studied. This work describes the formation process of vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest as evidence of evaporation processes happening during rain events. In the dry season of 2018 at La Selva Biological Station (LSBS) in Costa Rica it was possible to spot visible vapor plumes within the forest canopy. The combination of time-lapse videos at the canopy top with conventional meteorological measurements along the canopy profile allowed us to identify the driver conditions required for this process to happen. This phenomenon happened only during rain events. Visible vapor plumes during the daytime occurred when the following three conditions are accomplished: presence of precipitation (P), air convection, and a lifting condensation level value smaller than 100 m at 43 m height (zlcl.43).
Local Participatory Flood Hazard Mapping’s Assessment and Coping: A Conceptual Model of Sustainability in Downstream Area of Belu Regency in the Western Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Authors: Costa Apolonia Diana Sherly da
Published: February 2021

This study applies interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs), Participatory Geographical Information Systems (pGIS), and a conceptual model of sustainability (CMS) using risk perception of local community to map flood hazard and assess the social and cultural copings to cope with river flooding in downstream areas i.e., Lasaen, Umatoos, and Fafoe villages of West Malaka Subdistrict of Belu Regency, Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the rural-river flooding was inundated at all three villages. The cycle of flood is twenty-years per event (1939, 1959, 1975, 1999 through 2000), and from 2000 its occurrence was each year until 2012. Based on interviews and FGDs, the information of flood characteristics of Lasaen and Fafoe villages were similar, but Umatoos village was not. The single longevity of flood inundation was in Fafoe village (1 week-1 month). Whilst Lasaen and Umatoos villages were experiencing less duration of flood inundations (0-7 days to 14-21 days). Lasaen and Umatoos Villages were dealing with flood depth’s variation from the lowest depth (0-50cm) to its deepest (251-300cm). For CMS, the most invaluable coping that might be sustainable was cultural capital. Both social and cultural coping enhancements were implemented by local community. The minimum and lack of both these transformable sub-copings were still the problem in the discourse unit of sustainability. As each sub-coping would be overlapped if there has no sufficient distribution of it, utilized by the local community. The genuineness local knowledge of community in applying their social and cultural copings in sustainability is seen as a unique reference and a useful form of local wisdom which can be highlighted and adopted as an effective and/or example discourse analysis by the other rural villages in developing nations that are also still struggling and coping with flood disaster.
Soziale Arbeit ist niemals neutral und darf es nicht sein
Authors: Wurtzbacher Jens
Published: February 2021

Als im Herbst 2018 einige Landtagsfraktionen der Partei Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) begannen, mittels Webportalen unter der Überschrift ›Neutrale Schule‹ Schüler und Eltern dazu aufzurufen, vermeintliche Verletzungen des staatlichen Neutralitätsgebotes durch Lehrkräfte zu melden, so dass diese disziplinarisch belangt werden könnten, führte das bundesweit zu teilweise aufgebrachten Diskussionen. Dadurch wurden Praktiken offensichtlich, die von rechtspopulistischen Politiker*innen an anderen, verglichen mit Schulen weniger im Licht der Öffentlichkeit stehenden Stellen, schon länger praktiziert wurden.
Das Ende der Jugendarbeit
Authors: Burkukat Tobias
Published: February 2021

Das vom Autor in der sächsischen Kleinstadt Grimma ins Leben gerufene Projekt »Dorf der Jugend« wurde vielfach ausgezeichnet - u. a. mit dem Sächsischen Förderpreis für Demokratie. Überschattet wurde der Erfolg von der Erfahrung, wie schnell mit dem missbräuchlichen Vorwurf der Verletzung des Neutralitätsgebots die Jugendarbeit freier Träger unter Druck geraten kann.
Methodenkompetenz entwickeln durch ein ILIAS-basiertes E-Portfolio für die Juristische Methodik – Werkstattbericht über ein Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt an der HSPV NRW
Authors: Attendorn Thorsten
Published: February 2021

Das Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt hatte die Entwicklung von Methodenkompetenz durch ILIAS-gestütztes E-Portfolio-Lernen zum Gegenstand. Es wurde an der HSPV NRW in sechs Anfänger-Kursen im Modul „Juristische Methodik“ eingesetzt, einem stark auf Grundlagen- und Handlungskompetenz ausgerichteten Modul, das in allen (juristischen und betriebswirtschaftlichen) Studiengängen des Fachbereichs Allgemeine Verwaltung/Rentenversicherung obligatorisch zu belegen ist. Ziel des Projekts war es, Erkenntnisse für die Tauglichkeit zum Einsatz von E-Portfolios als Reflexionsinstrument an der HSPV NRW zu eruieren. Ein besonderes Augenmerk lag auf dem lehrendenseitigen Betreuungsaufwand.
A New Generation of Energy Harvesting Devices
Authors: Lee Byunghong , Bob Chang Robert
Published: February 2021

This chapter has been mainly focused on the development and fabrication of various nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion, specially, third generation (3rd) thin film photovoltaic system such as organic dye or perovskite -sensitized Solar Cells. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to the development of a variety of clean energy, capable of harvesting energy of various forms. Among the various energy forms, electrochemical devices that produce electric energy from chemical energy have received the most attention as the most promising power sources. In the majority of cases, researchers who come from the different background could engage on certain aspects of the components to improve the photovoltaic performances from different disciplines: (i) chemists to design and synthesize suitable donor–acceptor dyes and study structure–property relationships; (ii) physicists to build solar cell devices with the novel materials, to characterize and optimize their performances, and to understand the fundamental photophysical processes; and (iii) engineers to develop new device architectures. The synergy between all the disciplines will play a major role for future advancements in this area. However, the simultaneous development of all components such as photosensitizers, hole transport layer, photoanodes and cost effective cathode, combined with further investigation of transport dynamics, will lead to Photovoltaic cells, 30%. Herein, in this book, with taking optimized processing recipe as the standard cell fabrication procedure, imporant breakthough for each components is achieved by developing or designing new materials, concepts, and fabrication technique. This book report the following studies: (i) a brief introduction of the working principle, (ii) the detailed study of the each component materials, mainly including TiO2 photoanode under the category of 0D and 3D structures, strategies for co-sensitization with porphyrin and organic photosensitizers, and carbon catalytic material via controlled fabrication protocols and fundamental understanding of the working principles of electrochemical photovoltaic cell has been gained by means of electrical and optical modelling and advanced characterization techniques and (iii) new desgined stratages such as the optimization of photon confinement (iv) future prospects and survival stratagies for sensitizer assisted solar cell (especially, DSSC).
Crohn’s Disease Treated by Chinese Medicine
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Wu Luyi , Lv Siyi , Li Mei , Wu Huangan
Published: February 2021

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease with variable clinical symptoms, it can affect the whole gastrointestinal tract from the oral cavity to the anus and lead to lower quality of life and greater social and economicloss. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history and is unique characteristic by the theory of overall concept and treatment based on syndrome differentiation, it should be an important part of world medicine. This chapter introduces the research advance of Crohn’s disease in TCM, including its name, location, etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation, therapeutic criteria, treatment methods and other contents. The mechanism of TCM treatment of Crohn’s disease remains to be further studied.
Salmonella and the Immune System
Authors: Saad Al-Hamadany Weam
Published: February 2021

The human body has many mechanisms to resist invaders like pathogenic bacteria to avoid harm according to the living creature’s law “survival for the best”. On the opposite; Salmonella as pathogenic bacteria have many weapons that they utilize to invade the human body. The resistance mechanisms expressed by the human body are called immunity which represented by the immune system that has many different types of resistance processes, either specific (adaptive immune response) or non-specific (Innate Immune Response) against certain pathogenic invaders. As far as these processes are strong they will be enough to avoid infections occurrence, otherwise, the human body will get infected with Salmonella, be ill, show the disease symptoms, transmit the disease to others, and may become a carrier for the pathogen according to many circumstances. Prevention is still stood the most effective way to avoid getting infected with Salmonella by personal hygiene or suitable vaccination if available.
Fructose Intake: Metabolism and Role in Diseases
Authors: He Luke , S. Babar Ghufran , M. Redel Jacob , L. Young Sabetha , E. Chagas Callie , V. Moore Wayne , Yan Yun
Published: February 2021

Fructose consumption has dramatically increased worldwide over the past decades. There are numerous clinical, experimental, and epidemiological studies evidenced that increased consumption of fructose negatively impacts carbohydrate metabolism and lactate formed from fructose can also affect whole-body energy balance. Excessive fructose intake stimulates endogenous glucose production and lipid synthesis in the liver. Currently fructose is believed to be a major contributing factor to chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. These new findings bring challenges to researchers today because of what is still to be discovered, and how to apply what has been discovered to modern health. Further investigation should seek to analyze and understand specific mechanistic effects of fructose in metabolic pathways, and how to apply this knowledge to our daily lives. Conducting this monosaccharide research is important to improve the diet of the general population and to attenuate the epidemics of metabolic disease and associated diseases. Here, we focus on the mechanism and role of fructose in diseases as well as its potential as a dietary interventional target.
Plant Uptake, Translocation and Metabolism of PBDEs in Plants
Authors: Dobslaw Daniel , Kuch Bertram , Woiski Christine , Kiel Martina
Published: February 2021

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been widely used as flame retardants in concentrations up to 30 w% of the total mass of the products. Worldwide consumption of technically relevant PBDE mixtures was about 7500 tons (penta-BDEs), 3790 tons (octa-BDEs) and 56,100 tons (deca-BDE) in 2001 and about 50–60% of this total volume was discharged into environment only by agricultural use of sewage sludges. The use of PBDEs was strictly regulated from 2004 onwards due to their high emission load and their effect as endocrine disrupters, neurotoxins, and fertility reducing agents. Nevertheless, soils worldwide are contaminated by gaseous and particle-bound transport of PBDEs. Therefore, the uptake of PBDEs from contaminated agricultural land via crops and the food chain is a major human exposure pathway. However, uptake and intrinsic transport behavior strongly depend on crop specifics and various soil parameters. The relevant exposure and transformation pathways, transport-relevant soil and plant characteristics and both root concentration factor (RCF) and transfer factor (TF) as derivable parameters are addressed and quantified in this chapter. Finally, based on available crop specific data a general statement about the transport behavior of PBDEs in twelve different crops according to relevant PBDE congeners is given.
Proprioception and Clinical Correlation
Authors: Gelener Pinar , İyigün Gözde , Özmanevra Ramadan
Published: February 2021

Proprioception is the sense of position or the motion of the limbs and body in the absence of vision. It is a complex system having both conscious and unconscious components involving peripheral and central pathways. The complexity of sensorimotor systems requires deep knowledge of anatomy and physiology to analyze and localize the symptoms and the signs of the patients. Joint sense and vibration sense examination is an important component of physical examination. This chapter consists anatomy, motor control, postural control related to proprioception with neurologic clinical correlation and also the information about the changes of proprioception after orthopedic surgeries and discuss with the available literature.
Effect of Additive Perturbations on the Solution of Reflected Backward Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Ðorđević Jasmina
Published: February 2021

This chapter has as a topic large class of general, nonlinear reflected backward stochastic differential equations with a lower barrier, whose generator, final condition as well as barrier process arbitrarily depend on a small parameter. The solutions of these equations which are obtained by additive perturbations, named the perturbed equations, are compared in the L p -sense, p ∈ ] 1 , 2 [ , with the solutions of the appropriate equations of the equal type, independent of a small parameter and named the unperturbed equations. Conditions under which the solution of the unperturbed equation is L p -stable are given. It is shown that for an arbitrary a > 0 there exists t a ≤ T , such that the L p -difference between the solutions of both the perturbed and unperturbed equations is less than a for every t ∈ t a T .
Noise Exposure
Authors: Behar Alberto
Published: February 2021

Noise exposure is a basic concept used to assess the risk of noise induced hearing loss in the workplace. It is very important, since loud noise is omnipresent in almost all human activity, especially in industry, construction, mining and transportation. The question to answer is how to determine the risk of a person performing in an environment where the noise levels, duration and frequency content change with time. The answer is obtained by measuring his noise exposure. Although the measurement itself is not complex or difficult, a proper knowledge of what exactly is the noise exposure and how to deal with the measurement result in fundamental to avoid getting wrong conclusions.
Ketogenic Diet Is Good for Aging-Related Sarcopenic Obesity
Authors: Suchkov Sergey , Seifi Salmi Tahereh , Bai Chyi-Huey , Alizargar Javad , Wu Jia-Ping
Published: February 2021

Sarcopenic obesity is a skeletal muscle weight loss disease. It has happened at an elderly age. A ketogenic diet is a low-carbohydrate (5%), moderate protein (15%), and a higher-fat diet (80%) can help sarcopenic obese patients burn their fat more effectively. It has many benefits for muscle and fat weight loss. A ketogenic diet can be especially useful for losing excess body fat without hunger and for improving type 2 diabetes. That is because of only a few carbohydrates in the diet, the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketones. Ketone bodies can replace higher ATP energy. This diet forces the human body to burn fat. This is a good way to lose fat weight without restriction.