bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture, Nature, Environment: Steps to an Ecology of Life
Authors: Ingold Tim
Published: November 2023

Professor Tim Ingold has been Max Gluckman Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Manchester since 1995. He took his first degree, a double First in Natural Sciences and Social Anthropology, at the University of Cambridge and stayed on there to undertake research for his PhD, which he was awarded in 1976. He joined the Department of Social Anthropology at Manchester in 1974 and has served it ever since, as Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Professor, and Head of Department. He has carried out ethnographic fieldwork among Saami (Lapp) people in northern Finland, and has written extensively on hunter-gatherer and pastoral societies, evolutionary theory, and human ecology. His current research deals with issues of environmental perception and the anthropology of technology. Professor Ingold’s major works include Evolution and Social Life (1986) and The Appropriation of Nature (1986).As a social anthropologist with ethnographic interests in the northern circumpolar regions, I begin with an observation drawn from my own field experience of mustering reindeer in Finnish Lapland. When pursuing reindeer, there often comes a critical point when a particular animal becomes immediately aware of your presence. It then does a strange thing. Instead of running away it stands stock still, turns its head, and stares at you squarely in the face. Biologists have explained this behaviour as an adaptation to predation by wolves. When the reindeer stops, the pursuing wolf stops too, both of them getting their breath back for the final, decisive phase of the episode when the deer turns to flight and the wolf rushes to overtake it. Since it is the deer that takes the initiative in breaking the stalemate, it has a slight head start, and indeed a healthy adult deer can generally outrun a wolf (Mech 1970).
The role of electron density in X-ray crystallography
Authors: Hirshfeldt Fred L
Published: November 2023

Most X-ray crystallographic studies are aimed at structural information and pay little attention, if any, to the details of the electron distribution. But the two are, in practice, inseparably linked. It is only when we are content with a routinely approximate structure that we can afford to disregard the electron density. When better than everyday accuracy is required, the relation between the nuclear and the electronic distributions becomes more symmetric. An accurate set of nuclear coordinates and a detailed map of the electron density can be obtained, via X-ray diffraction, only jointly and simultaneously, never separately or independently.
Light and ionizing radiation: generation of excited states and radicals
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G
Published: November 2023

The sun and light were associated with life and medicine in the most ancient cultures. The Indian sacred book Atharva Veda and. the Buddhist Bower manuscript described, 34 centuries ago, a phototreatment of leukoderma or vitiligo, a disease characterized by depigmented patches of skin (see Chapter 9). The deleterious effects of sunlight were also known thousands of years ago. This century we have learned what light is, what are the excited states and the radicals formed by the interaction of light with molecules, and what are the other possible sources of excited states and radicals.
Stability of Linear Feedback Control
Authors: Arimoto Suguru
Published: November 2023

A set of linear PD (proportional and differential) servo-loops installed independently and locally at each joint actuator establishes global asymptotic stability for set point position control, provided that the gravity force is compensated carefully. Without compensation for the gravity term, linear and distributed PIO servo-loops establish an asymptotic stability in a local sense. These control schemes can be extensively applied to robot dynamics with flexible joints, under holonomic tool endpoint constraint, or under coordination control of multiple arms. In order to make the argument simple, we consider a class of anthropoid robot manipulators with all revolute-type joints (see Fig. 2.1).
Circumferential milling on 5C milling machines
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof
Published: November 2023

A typical application of SC milling machines is the machining of long twisted surfaces (Fig. 13.1).

Let the cylindrical tool be positioned so as to make a common straight line W(u) as shown in Fig. 13.2. Looking at the tool and the part surface along the line W we observe that such a tool position causes undercutting. We may approximately minimise the depth e(u) of unnecessary machining by aligning the axis of the cylindrical tool symmetrically, where only the surface between the curves Q(u) and R(u) is taken into account, as shown in Fig. 13.2.
The Contact-impact Problem and its General Formulation
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

A contact system may contain only one or more than one contact body, and contact-impacts may occur between two bodies or within a single body. As a study model, however, a two-body contact system can be used without losing any generality. A typical two-body contact system is shown in Fig. 2.1.
Contact-impact Problems with Shell and Beam Structures
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

In engineering, shell and beam structures are very common and of great importance. In passenger cars and aircraft, for example, the majority of structures can be classified as shells or beams. Shell and beam structures can of course be modelled using the continuum elements described in the preceding chapters. However, they can be modelled more accurately and efficiently using shell and beam elements. A shell element is often represented by a reference surface with a number of nodes on it but still represents the behaviour of the material within a three-dimensional volume. Similarly, a beam element is represented by a reference line with a number of nodes on it but still represents the behaviour of the material within a three-dimensional volume. Great effort has been put into both theoretical and experimental studies of shells and beams. An abundant literature on shell and beam theories is now available, and so are a large number of useful shell and beam elements; see for example, Ahmad et al. (1970), Hughes and Liu (1981), Onate and Zienkiewicz (1983), Owen and Figueiras (1983), Belytschko et al. (1984a), Bergan and Nygard (1985), Owen et al. (1985), Park et al. (1985a,b), Stanley and Felippa (1985), Belytschko and Bachrach (1986), Ginsberg et al. (1986), Hallquit and Benson (1986), Onate and Oliver (1986), Parisch (1986), Park and Stanley (1986), Stanley et al. (1986), Belytschko and Engelman (1988), Chaudhuri (1988), and Noor et al. (1989). In this chapter, contact-impact problems involving shell and beam structures are studied.
Contact-searching Algorithms
Authors: Zhong Zhi-Hua
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, the formulation, the finite element discretization, and the solution procedures of contact-impact problems have been discussed. There is, however, an important topic which has not yet been discussed sufficiently. That is how to locate contacting nodes and potential contacting nodes, i.e. to search contacts, reliably and efficiently.
Comparison With Electromagnetic Motors
Authors: Sashida Toshiiku , Kenjo Takashi
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we have presented the outline, theory, and practical design aspects of the ultrasonic motor. However, this work is not intended as an exhaustive treatise on the subject and there remain areas in need of further research. In our final chapter, we shall take a different approach and compare the ultrasonic motor with electromagnetic motors, which should highlight the properties and future prospects of the former. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with and possesses a basic knowledge of electromagnetic machines. Reference 1 is recommended for those who have yet to learn about conventional motors.
Flow Around Circular Cylinders
Authors: Zdravkovich M M
Published: November 2023

The book is a unique compilation of experimental data, theoretical models, and computer simulations of flow past circular cylinders. The circular cylinder is the most widely used shape in engineering making appearances in aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, off-shore, and wind engineering. The book will be useful to postgraduates and practising engineers in those fields of study and application.
An Introduction to Homogenization
Authors: Cioranescu Doina , Donato Patrizia
Published: November 2023

This book provides an introduction to the mathematical theory of homogenization, which describes the replacement of a real composite material by a fictitious homogeneous one. The aim of the theory is to describe the macroscopic properties of the composite by taking into account the properties of the microscopic structure. The first four chapters cover variational methods for partial differential equations, which is the natural framework of homogenization theory. The text then discusses the homogenization of several kinds of second order boundary value problems. Particular attention is given to the classical examples of the steady and non-steady heat equations, the wave equation and the linearized system of elasticity. All topics are illustrated by figures and numerous examples.
Bayesian Inference in molecular Phylogenetics
Authors: Yang Ziheng
Published: November 2023

‘l’he Bayesian method of statistical inference combines the prior for parameters with the data to generate the posterior distribution of parameters, upon which all inferences about the parameters are based. The method has become very popular due to recent advances in computational algorithms. In molecular evolution and phylogenetics, Bayesian inference has been applied to address fundamental biological problems under sophisticated models of sequence evolution. This chapter introduces Bayesian statistics through comparison with the likelihood method. I will discuss Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms, the major modern computational methods for Bayesian inference, as well as two applications of Bayesian inference in molecular phylogenetics: estimation of species phylogenies and estimation of species divergence times.
Statistical Approach to Tests Involving Phylogenies
Authors: Holmes Susan
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews statistical testing involving phylogenies. We present both the classical framework with the use of sampling distributions involving the bootstrap and permutation tests and the Bayesian approach using posterior distributions.
Distance-Based Genome Rearrangement Phylogeny
Authors: Wan. Li-San , Warnow Tandy
Published: November 2023

Evolution operates on whole genomes through mutations, such as inversions, transpositions, and inverted transpositions, which rearrange genes within genomes. In this chapter, we survey distance-based techniques for estimating evolutionary history under these events. \\le present results on the distribution of genomic distances under the Generalized NadeauTaylor model, a Markovian model that allows an arbitrary mixture of the three types of mutations, and the derivation of three statistically-based evolutionary distance estimators based on these results. \Ve then demontrate by simulation that the use of these new distance estimators with methods such as Neighbor Joining and neighbor can result in improved reconstructions of evolutionary history.
How Much Can Evolved Characters Tell us about the Tree that Generated Them?
Authors: Mossel Elchanan , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we review some recent results that shed light on a. funda,... mental question in molecular systematics: how much phylogenetic “signal” can we expect from characters that have evolved under some Markov process? There are many sides to this question and we begin by describing some explicit bounds on the probability of correctly reconstructing an ancestral state from the states observed at the tips. We show how this bound sets upper limits on the probability of tree reconstruction from aligned sequences, and we provide some new extensions that allow site-to-site rate variation or a covariant mechanism. We then explore the relationship between the number of sites required for accurate tree reconstruction and other model parameters such as the number of species, and substitution probabilities, and we describe a phase transition that occurs when substitution probabilities exceed a critical value. In the remainder of this chapter we turn to models of character evolution where the state space is assumed to be either infinite or very large. These models have some relevance to certain types of genomic data (such as gene order) and here we again investigate how many characters are required for accurate tree reconstruction.
Species numbers games: the macroecology of island biotas
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María
Published: November 2023

Having established the biogeographical significance of islands, we now move on to the theories that have been developed from their study. We take our lead from Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson’s (1967) classic monograph The theory of island biogeography, by working from a consideration of ecological patterns and processes, through island evolutionary processes to the emergent evolutionary outcomes. In this first ecological chapter, we focus on a research programme within ecological biogeography in which MacArthur and Wilson provided the seminal influence. This programme centres around species numbers as the principal response variable, and is concerned with: the nature of species-area relationships; the factors determining the number of species found on an island; and the rates of species turnover in isolates.
Community assembly and dynamics
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4, we took a macroecological approach to island biotas: species were treated largely as exchangeable units. Such an approach ultimately has its limits. This chapter is therefore concerned with those aspects of island biogeographic theory dealing with compositional pattern and how it is assembled (mostly) in ecological time. By considering the much more complicated response variable of ‘composition’, it is possible to cast a different light on to some of the problems left over from the species numbers games (Worthen 1996). Pattern interpretation in this chapter will again invoke forces such as immigration, competition, and predation, but will also pay greater attention to species autecology, dispersal attributes, and succession. In essence then, whereas the previous chapter took a macroecological approach, this chapter is concerned with ecological biogeography.
Emotion and Reason
Authors: Berthoz Alain
Published: November 2023

Decision making is an area of profound importance to a wide range of specialties for psychologists, economists, lawyers, clinicians, managers, and of course philosophers. Only relatively recently, though, have we begun to really understand how decision making processes are implemented in the brain, and how they might interact with our emotions. Emotions and Reason presents a groundbreaking new approach to understanding decision making processes and their neural bases. The book presents a sweeping survey of the science of decision making.
Decision making and shape recognition: ambiguity and rivalry
Authors: Berthoz Alain
Published: November 2023

An old French expression cautions against ‘mistaking bladders for lanterns’. I imagine that in villages, in the past, animal bladders were hung out to dry in front of houses and then used as containers. Their shape and texture must have been similar to lanterns. Today, the expression refers to letting oneself be fooled. Deciding whether an ambiguous visual form is a bladder or a lantern is a fundamental task of perception.

Here, decision making settles a contest between two possible interpretations of the same shape. The ambiguous forms of Gestalt theory are classic examples of decisions made by the brain to interpret the same visual form. It really is a matter of perceptual decision making because the percept can be changed although sometimes only with great difficulty. Once a percept has been acquired, the brain persists in its interpretation, in the same way that some patients with frontal lesions have a hard time changing the rules of a game (see Chapter 3).
‘I think, therefore I suppress’
Authors: Berthoz Alain
Published: November 2023

Everyone is familiar with the magnificent attitude of a pointer dog stopped, frozen before its prey, fascinated by the idea of devouring it, ready to go, no doubt already imagining its satisfaction. The dog is trained to perfect its gesture, adopting a posture that terrorizes the prey, leaving the hunter, its master, the enjoyment of vanquishing the pheasant or the hare. Arrested action is expressed by the card player staying his hand an instant before laying his cards on the table, the diver pausing just before diving, the writer lifting his pen to search for a word, the sigh in the musical phrase, the kiss momentarily suspended to enable the lips to resume their soft encounter, the hand raised in anger that hesitates to strike.
Root, leaf, blossom, or bole: Concerning the origin and adaptive function of music
Authors: Dissanayake Ellen
Published: November 2023

In an earlier survey of ideas about the adaptive function of art (Dissanayake 1994), I invoked the old analogy of blind men examining an elephant to describe what kind of creature it is. The concept of art, I said, is similarly composed of a variety of features, some as different from one another as the elephant’s trunk from its ear or tail. Yet to discuss the subject of art’s function (or origin) cogently, we need to know what it is that we are referring to—we need to have an idea of the larger whole.
Ritual foundations of human uniqueness
Authors: Merker Bjorn
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents reflections on the natural history of human culture. They had their origin in a puzzle generated by a study of music in mother–infant interaction which I conducted with Colwyn Trevarthen in the late 1990s. Since the pieces of that puzzle have finally fallen into place to reveal an unexpected perspective on the nature and origins of human culture, I will take this opportunity to step back from the motivating details in infant development—covered in Eckerdal and Merker, Chapter 11, this volume—to paint that evolutionary perspective in broad strokes. In so doing, I will draw a crucial distinction (apart from language) between the culture possessed by our closest relatives among animals, the apes, and the culture we possess as humans.
The neuroscience of emotion in music
Authors: Panksepp Jaak , Trevarthen Colwyn
Published: November 2023

Music moves us. Its rhythms can make our bodies dance and its tones and melodies can stir emotions. It brings life to solitary thoughts and memories, can comfort and relieve loneliness, promote private or shared happiness, and engender feelings of deep sadness and loss. The sounds of music communicate emotions vividly in ways beyond the ability of words and most other forms of art. It can draw us together in affectionate intimacy, as in the first prosodic song-like conversations between mothers and infants. It can carry the volatile emotions of human attachments and disputes in folk songs and grand opera, and excite the passions of crowds on great social occasions.
Early trios: Patterns of sound and movement in the genesis of meaning between infants
Authors: Bradley Benjamin S
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the extent to which spontaneous communication between babies can be said to be musical. Previous research on communicative musicality in infancy has focused on babies interacting with adults, analysing their responses to a parent who chats or sings to them (e.g., Malloch 1999; Trevarthen and Malloch 2002; Powers and Trevarthen, Chapter 10, this volume). Clearly, the musicality of the adult partner’s behaviour can be a source of or stimulus for musical responses from the infant. Here, I discuss the kinds of sound and movement generated by babies in threesomes, without adults present.
Communicative musicality as creative participation: From early childhood to advanced performance
Authors: Rodrigues Helena Maria , Rodrigues Paulo Maria , Correia Jorge Salgado
Published: November 2023

This chapter reports two very different artistic experiences, and uses them to explore fundamental ideas about communication, music and human behaviour. These two experiences were created in different contexts, with participants of widely different age and background, were aimed at different goals, and were conceived independently by the authors of this chapter. Despite these differences, the experiences have one important feature in common: both sought to stimulate creative musical artistry and artistic production.
Born Slave To The Queen Of Lifeऻ
Authors: Hamilton W D
Published: November 2023

What use is evolution? Can it make money and does it raise your social standing? Starting with my own case and answering the last two questions, I would say, on the whole, no. As result of my infatuation with it, I am a half man—a person who can ‘t name to you one film-star, two ministers of his own government, three models of car in short, in the terms of the man in the street, I ’m a disaster, a ‘Professor Cosinus ’. All these shortcomings undoubtedly follow from my having spent my life in a 95% effort to understand evolution better.
Bill Hamilton ’s Involvement With The Opv Theory ‘Medical Science ’s most Hated Hypothesis ‘
Authors: Hooper Edward
Published: November 2023

I knew Bill Hamilton for the last six years of his life, and our relationship was almost exclusively based around a mutual interest in how the AIDS pandemic began. It was also, however, an intensely personal relationship–so much so that after his death, I was for some time unable even to mention his name without weeping. The reasons for that are many, but in retrospect, I believe they mainly involve certain qualities of his which I find both exceptional and moving—his lack of hubris, his searing honesty and his intellectual generosity. By the time Bill and I first met, in September 1993, I had been working on AIDS for seven years, and researching its origins for three.
Tarski on models and logical consequence
Authors: Mancosu Paolo
Published: November 2023

In the last two decades there has been a heated debate on the exact nature of Tarski’s theory of logical consequence (Tarski 1936a, 1936b). Since the publication of Etchemendy’s papers and book in the 1980s, contributions by, among others, Sher, Ray, Gomez-Torrente, and Bays have provided a much more detailed picture of Tarski’s seminal 1936 paper. However, this intense focus on the original publication has led to several disagreements with respect to important interpretative issues related to Tarski’s contribution. One of the bones of contention, and the only one I will treat in this chapter, concerns Tarski’s notion of model, the key element of Tarski’s famous definition of logical consequence. In this chapter I shall offer new arguments (see Sections 2 and 3) to show that Tarski upheld a fixeddomain conception of model in his 1936 paper and that he was still propounding it in 1940.
Markov chains in continuous time
Authors: Stirzaker David
Published: November 2023

Of course many random processes in the real world do not change state only at integer times. Your telephone can ring; you can inhale a rhinovirus; meteorites can fall; your cam-belt can fail, at any time.
The cancer cell cycle
Authors: Norbury Chris J
Published: November 2023

The relationship between cell cycle progression and tumour biology is both complex and fascinating. The major cell cycle events of chromosomal DNA replication in S (synthesis) phase and chromosome segregation in mitosis (M phase) must be orchestrated reasonably accurately if a neoplastic cell is to proliferate to an extent that is clinically significant. Disorderly DNA replication or uncontrolled progression through mitosis, if sufficiently extreme, would be incompatible with cell survival, and hence with tumour development. Like many other aspects of cell cycle regulation, this point is clearly illustrated by reference to model organisms such as yeasts. In these simple eukaryotes, cell cycle progression is governed by proteins that, in many cases, are highly conserved in human cells.
Cellular immortalization and telomerase activation in cancer
Authors: Newbold Robert F
Published: November 2023

The development of cancer is a multi-step process, with the result that the cells of malignant tumours contain a number of superimposed heritable alterations that have accumulated in a neoplastic lineage over a protracted period of time (Newbold, 1985). The process by which this is thought to occur, known as ‘clonal evolution’, involves the repeated selection and succession, due to growth advantage, of variant cells that exhibit greater fit- ness to survive and proliferate in a particular environment (Figure 10.1). Malignant tumours are thus viewed as continually evolving populations of cells that can adapt to multiply in new sites distant from the primary growth.
The immunology of cancer
Authors: Beverley Peter C L
Published: November 2023

Animals or men born without a properly functioning immune system suffer from multiple infections and usually die at an early age. However, it was proposed, as long back as the turn of the twentieth century by Paul Ehrlich, that the immune system might also prevent, or at least delay, the growth of many tumours. This chapter examines the function of the immune system in relation to cancer. The cells of the immune system (white cells or leucocytes) are found throughout the body because they circulate in the blood stream and also migrate

into tissues, particularly at sites of inflammation.
Local treatment of cancer
Authors: Fentiman Ian S
Published: November 2023

Cancer exerts its damaging effects upon patients by the destruction caused by growth and invasion at the primary site and secondly by similar damage caused at distant sites as a result of metastatic spread. For many cancers it is clear that local growth continues for some time before metastasis occurs. This presents therapists with ‘a window of opportunity’ during which the removal or complete destruction of the cancer at the primary site can result in complete cure.
Cancer gene therapy
Authors: Chester John D
Published: November 2023

Gene therapy is a new and exciting treatment modality with potential utility in a range of diseases for which there are either no current effective treatments or in which existing treatments have had limited efficacy and/or significant toxicity. Clinical scenarios in which gene therapy is being applied include monogenic inherited disorders such as haemophilia, severe combined immunodeficiency and cystic fibrosis. Its use is also being investigated in a variety of acquired diseases, such as vascular disease (including coronary artery and cerebro vascular disease), neurological diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, and infectious diseases, particularly acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is also appropriate for the huge collection of neoplastic conditions we call cancer.
Under what conditions do infants detect continuity violations?
Authors: Baillargeon Renée , Li Jie , Luo Yuyan , Wang Su-hua
Published: November 2023

According to Spelke (1994), infants interpret physical events in accord with a core principle of continuity, which states that objects exist and move continuously in time and space. Here we adopt a stronger definition of the principle, which states that objects not only exist and move continuously in time and space, but also retain their physical properties as they do so. We then present a new account of infants’ physical reasoning that specifies under what conditions infants succeed and fail in detecting violations of the principle. Finally, we describe new lines of research that test specific predictions from the account.
Different profiles of plasticity within human cognition
Authors: Neville Helen J
Published: November 2023

Behavioral, event related potentials (ERP), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the development and plasticity of visual processing, auditory processing, attention, and language are reviewed. The results show that within each domain of processing there is considerable variability in the degree to which, and the time periods when, different subsystems are modifiable by experience. Some subsystems appear highly constrained and are not different even when experience is very different. Others are dependent on, and modified by, experience but only during specific time periods in human development.
Enhanced red/green color input to motion processing in infancy: Evidence for increasing dissociation of color and motion information during development
Authors: Dobkins Karen R
Published: November 2023

Early in postnatal development, the brain produces exuberant connections, some of which are later retracted. This retraction process is thought to play a role in the formation of functionally segregated modules in the brain. In the case of visual development, retraction between visual areas might underlie the known psychophysical and neural segregation of processing for different aspects of vision (e.g. color, motion, form, depth) known to exist in adults. The segregation between color and motion processing is a particularly interesting case to study, since in adults a wealth of psychophysical and neural data has documented the limited contribution of chromatic information to motion processing, which is thought to arise from minimal cross-talk between neural areas encoding object color vs. object motion.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Peter J
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to some of the notation and ideas that make up mathematics. Much of this may be familiar to you when you begin the study of abstract algebra. But, if it is not, I have tried to provide a friendly introduction. Your job is to practice unfamiliar skills until you are frequent. If you do not feel confident, please read this chapter carefully.
Rings
Authors: Cameron Peter J
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about rings, which are abstract systems in which addition and multiplication are deﬁned. The prototype is the ring Z of integers, with the ordinary arithmetic operations. This is the example to which we keep coming back: we are interested in seeing how far the familiar properties of integers (as outlined in Chapter 1) can be extended.
Geometric definition of quasiconformal maps
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V
Published: November 2023

This example shows that the C  1 condition on quasiconformal maps turns out to be an unnatural condition since we want to have compactness properties for K-quasiconformal maps. Our aim is to extend the definition of quasiconformal maps so that limits of K-quasiconformal C  1 maps, which are not themselves C  1, can still be K-quasiconformal. The new definition of quasiconformality involves quadrilaterals and we use the method of extremal length to show that our two notions of quasiconformality agree.
Holomorphic motions and applications
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we investigate holomorphic motions and their relationship to quasiconformal mappings. The main problem in the theory of holomorphic motions is that of extending them, and we show how this can be achieved in an equivariant way. We also show how holomorphic motions can be applied to Astala’s theorem on area distortion in the theory of quasiconformal mappings.
Elements of hierarchical Bayesian inference
Authors: Carlin Bradley P , Clark James S , Gelfand Alan E
Published: November 2023

Serious investigation of ecological processes is challenging due to the complex nature of these processes and the lack of sufficient data to see them well. Hence, acknowledging our limitations, we turn to stochastic modeling as a means to capture the uncertainty in inference about the process. Since typically, such processes involve components at different levels, stages, and scales, it is natural to frame our modeling in the context of hierarchical models. In turn, since such models introduce unknowns, for example, parameters or latent processes, we need to incorporate the uncertainty associated with these unknowns in order to achieve a better overall assessment of uncertainty.
The genomes of dinoflagellates
Authors: Hackett Jeremiah D , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: November 2023

The dinoflagellates are a diverse group of marine and freshwater protists that play a central role in the ecology of aquatic environments and display amazing morphological diversity (Taylor 1987; Fensome et al. 1993). Each of their genomes contains a fascinating complement of traits that makes dinoflagellates a model for studying alternative evolutionary pathways. Because of the presence of cellular structures called alveoli, dinoflagellates are included in the Alveolata, together with the ciliates and apicomplexans. Alveoli are flattened vesicles that lie under the plasma membrane and, in many dinoflagellates, contain cellulose armor plates that form the cell covering, or theca. Some species lack armor plates (e.g. Karenia brevis, Fig. 3.1a), whereas others have remarkably complex forms, such as Polykrikos schwartzii (Fig. 3.1b).
Finite Depth Foliations
Authors: Calegari Danny
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the very important class of finite depth foliations. Amongst all taut foliations, those of finite depth are perhaps the best understood, from virtually every point of view. There is a very precise and powerful structure theory for such foliations ([82], [173], [72], [75]), parallelling in many ways the structure theory of Haken manifolds. Note that throughout this chapter we assume that all foliations are oriented and co-oriented.
Constructing Transverse Laminations
Authors: Calegari Danny
Published: November 2023

This is a technical chapter, in which we show that if M is atoroidal, and ℱ is a taut foliation with two-sided branching, then the axioms of a universal circle give rise to a pair of essential laminations transverse to ℱ. For the particular universal circles constructed in Chapter 7, we obtain more detailed information about these laminations and their interaction with ℱ. Finally, this structure theory gives a new proof of Theorem 6.48, thus filling a gap in the literature.
The neuroeconomic path of the law
Authors: Hoffman Morris B
Published: November 2023

Developments at the intersection of evolutionary biology and neuroscience are beginning to approach a powerful resonance with the foundations of law. In this essay, I argue that significant advances in our understanding of evolution, the brain and behaviour presage a similar revolution in our understanding of the roots of law. The old paradigm of law as a purely cultural construct to repress our natural aggressions is giving way to a deeper understanding of the law’s adaptive value and its role as an institutional expression of evolved social behaviours.
The property ‘instinct’
Authors: Stake Jeffrey Evans
Published: November 2023

People untrained in the law often think of ‘property’ as a relationship between a thing and a person. It is common for law professors to attempt to correct this lay notion by describing property as a relationship between people with respect to a thing. In denying the importance of the relationship between the person and his things, however, this professional view obscures the possibility that the institution of property rests in part on deep-seated connections to and attitudes toward things.
Solitons, Instantons, and Twistors
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: November 2023

Most nonlinear differential equations arising in natural sciences admit chaotic behaviour and cannot be solved analytically. Integrable systems lie on the other extreme. They possess regular, stable, and well behaved solutions known as solitons and instantons. These solutions play important roles in pure and applied mathematics as well as in theoretical physics where they describe configurations topologically different from vacuum. While integrable equations in lower space-time dimensions can be solved using the inverse scattering transform, the higher-dimensional examples of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills and Einstein equations require twistor theory. Both techniques rely on an ability to represent nonlinear equations as compatibility conditions for overdetermined systems of linear differential equations. The book provides a self-contained and accessible introduction to the subject. It starts with an introduction to integrability of ordinary and partial differential equations. Subsequent chapters explore symmetry analysis, gauge theory, gravitational instantons, twistor transforms, and anti-self-duality equations. The three appendices cover basic differential geometry, complex manifold theory, and the exterior differential system.
Soliton equations and the inverse scattering transform
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: November 2023

A universally accepted definition of integrability does not exist for partial differential equations (PDEs). The phase space is infinite dimensional but having ‘infinitely many’ first integrals may not be enough – we could have missed every second one. One instead focuses on properties of solutions and solution-generation techniques. We shall study solitons – solitary non-linear waves which preserve their shape (and other characteristics) in the evolution. These soliton solutions will be constructed by means of an inverse problem: recovering a potential from the scattering data.
Lie symmetries and reductions
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: November 2023

Phrases like ‘the unifying role of symmetry in . . . ‘ feature prominently in the popular science literature. Depending on the subject, the symmetry may be ‘cosmic’, ‘Platonic’, ‘perfect’, ‘broken’, or even ‘super’.
Statistical Inference
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron
Published: November 2023

Adopting a broad view of statistical inference, this text concentrates on what various techniques do, with mathematical proofs kept to a minimum. The approach is rigorous, but will be accessible to final year undergraduates. Classical approaches to point estimation, hypothesis testing and interval estimation are all covered thoroughly, with recent developments outlined. Separate chapters are devoted to Bayesian inference, to decision theory and to non-parametric and robust inference. The increasingly important topics of computationally intensive methods and generalised linear models are also included. In this edition, the material on recent developments has been updated, and additional exercises are included in most chapters.
Eocene—Oligocene geological, climatic, and biotic evolution: an overview of the ecological stresses driving mammalian subterraneity
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

Biodiversity dynamics, both evolution and extinction, depend on the dynamically interacting earth spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The geodynamics of the core/ mantle processes and the resulting plate tectonics modify ocean—continent patterns. The resultant responses (feedback) in atmosphere-ocean circulation and climate changes led to substantial, integrated changes in marine and terrestrial biodiversity dynamics. This is clearly demonstrated in the exciting world of the mid-Paleogene (Prothero and Berggren, 1992; see also a popular version in Prothero, 1994). The transition from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene was a period of profound change in earth geology, climate, and biota. The earth changed from a warm, equable, mostly subtropical world that persisted from the Mesozoic to the beginning of the glaciated world of today (Prothero and Berggren, 1992; Janis, 1993). Cooling, aridization, and greater seasonality represent, intermittently, most of the Cenozoic Era beginning in mid-Eocene times.
Overview
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

Subterranean mammals have been briefly reviewed previously (Ellerman, 1956; Pearson, 1959; Dubost, 1968; Nevo, 1979, 1995d; Nevo and Reig, 1990). Following is the description, summarizing the neontological and palaeontological record, of the 11 extant, subterranean, mammalian families (Table 5.1, Fig. 5.1) from across the planet, in three orders (Marsupialia, Insectivora, and Rodentia), or four orders if Chrysochloridae is excluded from the ‘Insectivors’ which appear in unnatural order (see Stanhope et al., 1998; De Jong, 1998).
Marsupial moles
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

The endemic Australian family of subterranean poly-protodont marsupial moles, Notoryctidae, involves one genus, Notoryctes (southern burrower) and two species, N. typhlops and N. caurinus, the only representatives of living subterranean marsupials, found in sandy areas in central and western Australia (Fig. 5.5E,F, colour figure section). No fossils are known from Australia, but the enigmatic, extinct genus Necrolestes patagonensis, a South American Miocene fossil, is most likely to have been a burrowing marsupial (Patterson, 1958). Notoryctids, earlier considered monotremes or allied to insectivorous chrysochlorids, display the morphological subterranean mammalian syndrome of small tubular body, reduced extremities, underskin eyes, no pinnae, and heavily keratinized, bare skin covering the rostrum and short tail. The epipubic bones are distinctly reduced. Their phenotypic resemblance to some chrysochlorids is striking. The following description is based on N. typhlops: head and body length about 14 cm and a weight of about 60 g. No obvious neck region, head merges with body; limbs are short, powerful and furred to the manus and pes. Manus with large claws, spade-like. Rostrum keratinized and tail horny. Claws on digits III and IV (Stirling 1891a). Pelage silky, pale cream, with golden or reddish-brown tint, matching the sand colour. Sebaceous glands developed near patch and cloaca surrounded by large hair (Sweet, 1907) (Fig. 5.5B).
Morphological adaptive strategies: structure, function, and variation
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

The body of subterranean mammals is modified to minimize friction, maximize forward, backward and turning movement, and keep dirt out of orifices (Hildebrand, 1985). Consequently the body is compact, stocky, and cylindrical. The head merges into the body without constriction at the short neck. The legs are relatively very short and their proximal segments are contained within the body contour (Figs 6.1, 6.2, 7.2A,C, 7.4a,b, 7.6, 7.7a—d, 9.2). Sharp turnings in the runways are facilitated by a flexible spine and the loose fit of body skin.
The evolution and genetic basis of reduction and expansion
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

The Plio-Pleistocene evolutionary scenery involved drier climatic conditions followed by a decrease in woodlands and an extension of grasslands, steppes, and deserts. The increasing aridity caused massive extinctions of large ungulates and the survival of small to medium-sized xeric species. New adaptive radiations of small subterranean rodents followed, including cricetids in the Pliocene and ctenomyids, primarily in the Pleistocene. All in all, these changes have driven representatives of several mammalian orders and families to partial or total life underground. (Figs 5.2, 5.3).
Natural selection and evolution
Authors: Nevo Eviatar
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary change in organisms is affected by the interaction of several major forces, including mutation (broadly conceived), recombination, inbreeding, migration, natural selection, and genetic drift, operating at present on past evolutionary constraints, of individuals and higher levels of organization. However, the relative importance of these evolutionary forces in the processes of adaptation and speciation of natural populations remains as enigmatic now as ever (Nevo, 1978, 1988a, 1990a, 1998b; Nevo et al., 1984a). The following discussion will focus on natural selection which seems to me the predominant evolutionary force underlying the twin evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. In 1859, Darwin and Wallace suggested that the major cause of evolutionary change is natural selection. Despite the passage of 140 years, the exact nature and relative importance of diverse mechanisms of natural selection (e.g. stabilizing, diversifying, balancing, frequency-dependent cyclical, etc.) in evolutionary change at single loci and multilocus structures, and its applicability to both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, are still the topic of many debates.
History
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

The arterial baroreflex has captured the interest of scientists and naturalists since antiquity, and the historical development of understanding of baroreflex mechanisms yields a penetrating insight into the nature of scientific discovery. An important thread of continuity in this development is the deep and abiding interest of generations of scientists in the human response to carotid massage.
Valsalva’s manoeuvre
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

A diverse and powerful array of quantitative techniques is available for research into human arterial baroreflex control mechanisms: afferent sensory input can be modified by numerous physical and pharmacological manoeuvres; central autonomic modulation can be altered; changes of efferent autonomic activity can be measured directly or inferred from changes of effector organ function; and efferent mediation of responses can be inferred from changes of response patterns produced by autonomic blocking drugs or from measurements of neurotransmitters.
Carotid sinus reflex hypersensitivity
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

The final chapter of this book deals with a much discussed but nevertheless poorly understood condition described originally by Roskam (1930), and popularized by Weiss and co-workers (Weiss and Baker 1933; Ferris et al. 1935) and Sigler (1941, 1942), who reported the occurrence of asystole or high-grade atrioventricular block, arterial hypotension, and symptoms of presyncope or syncope during unilateral carotid sinus massage. Several excellent reviews of this enigmatic medical problem have been published (Marcel 1956; Franke 1963; J.E. Thomas 1972; Morley and Sutton 1984; Strasberg et al. 1989). The review of Morley and Sutton (1984) is particularly commended for its discussion of pathophysiology and natural history, and for its survey of modern treatment methods.
The radiations of temnospondyl amphibians
Authors: Milner Andrew R
Published: November 2023

The temnospondyls are the largest group of archaic amphibians, currently placed in 40 families and 160 genera. They first appear in the Visean, are represented by a wide range of forms from the Westphalian to the Spathian, and then decline in diversity, the latest specimen being of early Cretaceous age. A provisional phylogenetic analysis of temnospondyl families combined with their chronological distribution suggests that the patterns of diversity and evolution of the group can be modelled in terms of two major radiations, here termed the Carboniferous radiation and the Griesbachian radiation. The Carboniferous radiation commenced with the appearance of temnospondyls in the Visean and full diversification by the late Westphalian largely, if not entirely, within Euramerica. This was followed by relative stability through the Permian culminating in extinction of most families, probably at the end-Permian event. This extinction may have been centred in the northern region of Pangaea with differential survival of southern Pangaea temnospondyls through the Permo-Triassic boundary. The Griesbachian radiation of the stereospondyls may have been triggered by the ecological opportunities left by the end-Permian extinctions.