bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wie is de natie ? : Een analyse van de betekenis van taal en territorialiteit in België
Authors: Detant Anja
Published: July 2021

The institutional reform of the Belgian state seems to run parallel with a redefinition of the whole of Belgian society. 'Subnationalism' has overtaken the traditional ethno-linguistic definitions which used to provide a basis for political identification and mobilisation. The territorial demarcation of the regions and the politicisation of cultural life on both sides of the linguistic border constitute basic ingredientsfor 'nationbuilding'projects in Flanders and Wallonia. A number of elements are distinguished to explain why the 'nationalism' of the regions will have repercussions on the political developments in the capital area.  Language and territoriality have always played a special role in Brussels. Changes in connection with definitions of territoriality and identity now seem to create opportunities to redefine the relationship between the communities in Brussels. It is not inconceivable that, in the long run, the linguistic divide wilt fade out and wilt be replaced by an identification on the basis of a territorial criterion shared by all the Brussels' inhabitants.
La politique européenne de la Belgique : Les années 1970-1996: entre orthodoxie et pragmatisme
Authors: Franck Christian
Published: July 2021

The 1969-72 period bas shown an evolution in the belgian european policy.  White instituional orthodoxy and federalist teleology had prevailed in the sixties, some pragmatism has been added since Prime minister Gaston Eyskens met President Pompidou in Paris in june 1972. Belgium accepts the launching of a cooperation among the national foreign policies outside the sphere of the EC institutions; regular summits of heads of government are also agreed on. Pragmatism doesn't weaken however the belgian concerns about orthodoxy. Belgian diplomacy is claiming a twofold orthodoxy. The "de lege fata" one insists on the compliance of the institutional practises with the legal provisions of the Treaties and on the extension of the scope of the EC policies by using the faculty provided by art. 235 EC. The constant refusal of the so called "compromis de Luxembourg" and the recurrent plea for the qualified majority voting, or the emphasis put on the powers of the Commission illustrate this kind of orthodoxy. The "de lege ferenda" orthodoxy consists of preventing institutional evolutions from closing the road to the long term federalist aims belgian diplomacy is still working towards for European integration. Hence some dilemmas between pragmatism on short term issues and some dogmatic rigidities which refer to the federalist finality. The discussion about twofold orthodoxy is grounded on a belgian positions' analysis on european affairs which covers the period from the end of the sixties to the belgian positions at the 1996 IGC. By the future perspective of a broader EU enlargement, Belgium will also face a new challenge: will its relative political weight be decreasing in the same time theUnion will extend? Which will be the price for accepting less Belgium in a larger Union ?
De samenstelling van de regering en het Belgische belastingbeleid : Een empirisch onderzoek over de periode 1965-1995
Authors: Van Driessche Frank , Heyndels Astrid
Published: July 2021

We analyse whether Belgian (federal) tax policy over the period 1965-1995 was affected by the ideological position of the government. Both the level and composition of taxation are considered. We find no significant ideological effect on the level of the tax burden. The burden has increased systematically over most of the period, irrespective of the ideology of the incumbent. Considering individual tax categories, one can find a significant ideological influence for taxes on financial and capital transactions. Under centre-left oriented governments this tax is lowered whereas it increases under centre-right governments.  A possible explanation is that centre-left governments try to stimulate households' wealth acquisition by keeping taxes on transactions of immovable properties low.
Vrouwelijke parlementsleden na de verkiezingen van 13 juni 1999 : Analyse van de toegang tot een parlementair mandaat
Authors: Peirens Kirsten
Published: July 2021

The ultimate factor which determines the election offemale MP's (23%) in the 7 Belgian elections of 1999 is the position which women are granted on the list ofcandidates of a political party. 74% of the women won their seat through a "favourable place" on the list. The floating of votes and hence of seats between parties are accountable for 23% of the directly elected women. Only in the case were women are great vote- attractors they can swift the useful order of the list: however their number is extremely limited, only 3%. The succession where effective candidates are being replaced accounts for 15% of the final amount of female MP's. As important is the combination of double mandates and cooptation.
Les changements en Belgique de 1980 à 2000 : La vue d'un président de parti
Authors: Busquin Philippe
Published: July 2021

Several reforms were brought into force in Belgium in the last twenty years.  First of all, Belgium has become a federal state with its typical characteristics of assymetry and complexity: it consists of three regions and three communities which do not coincide completely. The federalisation process has led to linguistic agreements between the Flemish and the French community taking largely into account the specific situation of Brussels. Also budgettary agreements concerning the financing of the communities and the regions are a product ofthe federalisation process.  In these decades Belgian government has also significantly taken care of its public finances: The deficit has decreased and Belgium now finds itself in the European average but it has given Belgium governments a hard time. Today Belgium has reached the objectives necessary to participate at the european monetary union.Fundamental changes in society have put ethical questions on the political agenda. This has led to arrangements in one way or another on subjects like abortion and made discussions on euthanasie and the use of soft drugs at least possible.Last but not least new rules were adopted concerning democracy and the functioning of political parties.  Especially the way political parties will befinanced has been take care of but also measures increasing equality between men and women and procedures for more direct democracy. The reform of the judiciary has been tackled.These changes put forward that the role of the party leaders altered considerably. At the interface of political convictions and the management ot the state, the position is loaded multifunctionally due to the several levels of policymaking and the various ways of political expression. "One bas to strive for the ideal without overlooking the real".
Het dramatisch Eerste Ministerschap van Mark Eyskens : een terugblik na twintig jaar
Authors: Van De Voorde Aloïs
Published: July 2021

The Christian-democrat/socialist government Martens IV resigned at the end ofMarch 1981, because the socialist party could not agree with an urgency plan to reorganize the public finances.  Mark Eyskens, Minister of Finance in that cabinet, put together a new government as soon as April 6 of the same year. He succeeded as Prime Minister while all the other resigning ministers remained in their function. Minister Robert Vandeputte, an extra-parlementarian and honorary governor of the Central Bank, became the new Minister of Finance.  Like the preceding governments, the Eyskens cabinet was strongly hampered by deep mistrust between the coalition partners, opposing views between the two communities of Belgium and by disagreements about the way to deal with the socio-economic crisis.The Eyskens cabinet was particularly confronted with the organization of the restructured steelmill Cockerill-Sambre and with the absolute low point of the economic crisis. The budget was strongly affected by the increasing unemployment benefits and the collapse of the fiscal revenues. Due to the continuing protest of the trade unions, Mark Eyskens did not succeed to adapt the automatic wage indexation in order to improve the competitive position ofthe Belgian enterprises. He did however manage to prevent the devaluation of the Belgian franc, which had come under pressure regularly on the financial markets.By the middle of September 1981 the Eyskens government fell as a result of disagreements between the coalition partners about the financing ofthe money loosing steelmill Cockerill-Sambre in Wallonia.  Parliamentary elections were advanced to November 8, 1981. The Christiandemocrats lost a considerable number of seats. A Christian-democrat/liberal cabinet, again headed by Wilfried Martens, emerged by mid December. It would carry out a neoliberal policy. Mark Eyskens became the Minister of Economicaffairs in the new government.
On en sont les partis politiques, au lendemain du 8 octobre 2000?
Authors: Fraeys William
Published: July 2021

On October 8th 2000 municipal elections were held in Belgium to renew the local councils which had been elected in 1994. In the Walloon region and in Flanders in addition provincial elections were organised.  The aim of the article is to try and measure globally where the political forces stand after these elections and among others to assess whether significant swings have take place since june 13th, 1999, when the latest parliamentary and regional elections took place.  On the basis of an estimation of the global results in the municipal elections of the various parties in the Walloon region, in Flanders and in Brussels, backed up by the actual results of the provincial elections, one can say that the liberal group bas strengthened its first position.The Christian democrats, who make up the second most important political group and the Socialists, who rank third, have regained a large part of the losses they incurred onjune 13th, 1999.Although improving their results in comparison with 1994, the Green parties lost again part of their advance they registered in the parliamentary and regional elections and which had probably been boosted by the dioxin crisis.The frenchspeaking far right practically disappears, whereas the Vlaams Blok obtained an average of 15 % of the Flemish electorate in the municipal and provincial elections, a level which it had reached in the 1999 parliamentary elections.
Federalisme, multi-level governance en twee types van hiërarchie
Authors: Kovziridze Tamara
Published: July 2021

In analyzing European institutional structures, the multi-level governance literature speaks of mutual interdependence, of cooperative and coordinated processes between different levels of authority. The emergence of these processes is sometimes associated with the disappearance of hierarchical relationships organized across vertical channels of communication. The type of hierarchy, which is declared 'eroded', is not further specified.  In the first part of the article a definition of hierarchy is given and an attempt is then made to develop a diversified concept of hierarchy consisting of two types : unilateral and asymmetrically interdependent.  The second part applies this modified concept of hierarchy to relationship structures in those federations which are part of European multi-level polity, and examines the types of hierarchy that exist between federal and federated levels when the latter act within the European framework. The external policies of German and Belgian federated units are analyzed in a comparative perspective.
In de ban van de koning ? : Een verkennend survey-onderzoek naar de structuur van de attitudes van Vlaamse scholieren tegenover de monarchie
Authors: Maddens Bart , Tommissen Jan , Vanhee Dieter , Van Mierloo Wouter , Weekers Karolien
Published: July 2021

A survey amongst 602 Flemish secondary school pupils, aged 17-18, shows that a distinction can be made between two different, albeit closely related, dimensions of royalism : the emotional attachment to the king as a person and to the royal family on the one hand, and the political support for the monarchy on the other. Respondents are predominantly indifferent or negative about the monarchy, particularly on the emotional dimension. A multivariate analysis shows that male and non-churchgoing pupils are more negative on both dimensions. Pupils from migrant families are more positive on the emotional dimension. The scores on both dimensions are higher amongst pupils who identify with Belgium rather than with Flanders, who have strong patriotic feelings and who tend towards an authoritarian attitude. The scores are lower amongst pupils with apreference for a regionalist party. The hypothesis that intense royalist feelings coincide with a general attitude of trust in the political authorities was only confirmed with regard to the emotional dimension, while the political support for the monarchy appears to be detached from the trust in the political authorities.
Het rechtsvormingsproces inzake euthanasie in België : Politieke verklaringen en vergelijkende beschouwingen
Authors: Adams Maurice
Published: July 2021

On the 16th of May 2002, the Belgian House of Representatives approved of a Bill on euthanasia. Belgium is now the second country in the world, next to the Netherlands, that has legislation which under certain conditions legitimizes euthanasia (i.e. intentionally terminating life by another person than the person concerned, at this persons request). In this article the Belgian legislative procedure on euthanasia is looked upon from a political point of view. To be able do so first of all the legal context on euthanasia before the new bill was approved of has to be discussed. Then the political history of the process of legal change with regard to euthanasia is analysed from 1980 onwards. And finally the Belgian process of legal change on this subject is compared with the process of legal change in the Netherlands.
Jongerenafdelingen van politieke partijen : Een onderzoek naar hun recruteringsfunctie en hun functioneren binnen Vlaamse politieke partijen
Authors: Hooghe Marc , Stouthuysen Patrick
Published: July 2021

Despite the fact that numerous political parties in Western democracies include separate youth chapters, these have not been studied systematically in political research. There are two reasons to study youth chapters : we know youth participation has strong and enduring political socialisation effects, while several authors have expressed concern about a decline of political engagement among adolescents. Our assumption is that youth chapters fulfil two functions within a party : recruitment of members and ideological innovation.  Given the structural evolution toward cartel parties (Katz & Mair), both functions have become partly obsolete. Youth chapters of Flemish political parties have indeed lost 70 percent of their members since the 1970s. A survey among city councillors confirms the recruitment,function of,youth chapters : 41 percent of them started their political career in youth chapters. The demise of youth chapters therefore can be seen as a clear indication of a structural transformation of political parties.
Inspraak of Samenspraak ? : Voorwaarden tot, kenmerken en gevolgen van een breuklijnoverstijgende catch-all partij
Authors: Beke Wouter
Published: July 2021

Political parties are at the centre of democratic and parliamentary systems. The current classic political parties are expressions of societal cleavages of the nineteenth and twentieth century. After the Second World War, those parties look for new strategies to assure important parts of the electorate. One of the strategies is to integrate the existent cleavages into the party itself. But this kind of integration is not without ideological and organisational consequences. These cleavages manifest themselves within the party as subgroups and have to respect some overarching loyalties. As far as the internal decision making process is concerned, they have some consequences as well. Rules of pacification have to be respected when the integration of cleavages has to be recognizable and successful. The disadvantage of these rules of pacification is the absence of a formal  active involvement of the party on the ground. At the same time, the presence of subgroups can lead to realdemocratic involvement and even discourage oligarchie tendencies.
Europeanisering en centralisering : Een verkennend onderzoek naar de plaats van de Europese Unie in de organisatie van de Belgische politieke partijen
Authors: Van Assche Martine , Deschouwer Kris
Published: July 2021

The European Union affects the internal organisation of national political parties. We found 'traces of Europe' in the party statutes of all Belgian parties that are represented in the European Parliament since 1999.  Europe is, to a greater or lesser extent, present in party goals, rules on party membership and party organs. Parties have elaborated rules for the organisation of European elections, for the selection of European executives, for the formulation of party programmes, and for internal and external co-ordination of policy formulation.  At first sight these rules seem to confirm the hypothesis that Europe is in the first place a concern of party leadership, and that it reinforces centralisation of decision-making. Yet the full confirmation of this hypothesis requires further comparative research on the Europeanisation of political parties.
Het effect van verkiezingsuitgaven : Een verkennend onderzoek op basis van de aangiften bij de lokale verkiezingen van 8 oktober 2000
Authors: Maddens Bart
Published: July 2021

Since 1989 candidates in Belgian elections have to declare their campaign expenses, but there is a widespread doubt as to the validity of the declared expenses as an indicator of the real cost of the campaign . After the 2000 local elections, data were collected concerning the campaign expenses of 2762 candidates spread over 134 municipalities in the Flemish region of Belgium. An analysis relating the declared expenses to a number of predictor variables reveals a sensible and systematic pattern, which can be interpreted as an indirect indication of their validity. There is a limit on spending, but the research shows that, on average, the candidates only spend 25% of what they are allowed to. Controlling for a number of relevant background variables, the campaign expenditures were found to have a substantial effect on the preference votes for the candidates.
Verdeeldheid en vertraagde vooruitgang : de Europese Unie in 2003
Authors: Drieskens Edith , Kerremans Bart
Published: July 2021

In 2003, the completion of the eastern enlargement process dominated European Union activities. Without doubt, for the ten countries that joined the European Union on 1 May 2004, the signing of the Treaty of Accession on 16 May 2003 at the foot of the Akropolis was the high point. A few weeks later, Valéry Giscard D'Estaing presented the draft constitution at the European Council of Thessaloniki. Yet, in the spring of 2003, the European Union was mainly in the news as a divided European Union. In the weeks before the military intervention in lraq, on the European continent, a split became visible between the 'old' and 'new' Europe. However, when looking back, the lraq debacle seems to have given a new impulse to the development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy, witness the security strategies approved in December 2003. The compliance with the rules of the Stability and Crowth Pact, the increasing exchange rate of the euro, and the evaluation of the internal market programme were on the European economic agenda in 2003. In the autumn, the European Union did not succeed preventing the Cancun Ministerial Conference from breaking down.
Sterven voor Sarajevo ? : De Joegoslavische kwestie in de Belgische politiek, 1991-1995
Authors: Stouthuysen Patrick
Published: July 2021

This article deals with the question why the war in Yugoslavia (1991-1 995) was hardly an issue in Belgian politics and society. We analyze how the conflict was framed in the newspapers, by opinion-leaders and by the peace movement. We also reconstruct the parliamentary debate: what parliamentary initiatives were taken and which framing of the conflict dominated the discussions. We conclude that the Belgian debate was largely dominated by the realist frame. This was probably a result of the presence of Belgian UN-soldiers in the conflict-zone, of the fact that the peace movement was divided and concentrated on other issues, and of the fact that the interventionist frame was claimed by the extreme rightwing Vlaams Blok party.
Evaluation of learning process: Knowledge of ICT integration among pre-service English language teachers
Authors: Ciptaningrum Dyah Setyowati , Putro Nur Hidayanto Pancoro Setyo , Sari Nila Kurnia , Hasanuddin Nurqadriyanti
Published: July 2021

This research aims at investigating the knowledge of ICT integration among the students of the English Language Education Study Program at a particular university in Yogyakarta. By employing the quantitative method, this ex-post facto research involved 70 English Department students who had taken microteaching as respondents in a survey to gather the data using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was taken from the model developed by one of the researchers based on the TPACK framework. There are five domains in the questionnaire. Four domains measure TPACK perceptions: Technological Knowledge (TK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK), Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). One domain measures the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their ICT-related learning experiences. Demographic questions are included to identify the characteristics of the respondents in order to understand gender differences or relationships between teachers who have access to technologies at home and those who do not. The closed-ended questions applied a five-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree. Correspondingly, it contains one open-ended question in the TPACK domain. Descriptive analysis and MANOVA were conducted for the quantitative data analysis. The result of this study showed that the pre-service students possess a high self-confidence in the application of TK (Technological Knowledge), TPK (Technological Pedagogical Knowledge), and TCK (Technological Content Knowledge). However, their TPACK appears to need further development. The results from MANOVA showed that the pre-service teachers’ related learning experiences significantly differed by the students’ gender, with male students reporting more experiences than female students.
From an international English language assessment framework to a teacher-based assessment: A study of primary English teachers’ agentive perspectives and projections
Authors: Farmasari Santi
Published: July 2021

This study explores four primary English teachers' agentive perspectives about assessment in their schools. Given the challenges brought by the abolition of International Standard School (ISS), the changed status of the school, and the exclusion of English from the 2013 National Education Curriculum (NEC), a teacher-based assessment was the only solution to the unavailability of assessment guidelines and the unsuitability of assessment materials and methods. Employing teacher agency theory, this study examines the agentive sides of the teachers' perspectives as they would represent the teachers' strategic solutions toward the school's emerging problems. The teacher-based assessment was expected to accommodate the school's context, the students, and the subject taught. This instrumental case study's data was collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion, which was then analyzed through six phases of thematic analysis and by employing nVivo12 software. The study indicates that the challenges brought by the changed educational policies reinforced collaborative work amongst the teachers. The teachers' perspectives also represent their agentive projections toward English language assessment which was heavily shaped by the teachers' previous assessment experiences during ISS and their ultimate teaching objectives. The findings are expected to provide insightful knowledge about how English teachers responded to shifted educational policies and projected to accommodate the school's specific contexts of assessment. The findings are also expected to explain how people's perspectives can be examined from an agency perspective.
A correlation study of pre-sowing treatments, sowing positions and age of stones after extraction from fruit on germination of mango
Authors: U R RESHMA , S SIMI
Published: July 2021

The present study was undertaken to assess the correlation relationship between various pre-soaking treatments, sowing positions and age of stone on germination and vigour of mango seedlings. Mango stones of different age groups viz., freshly extracted stones, 10 and 20 days after extraction of pulp were soaked in aqueous solutions of GA3 (100 and 200 ppm), KNO3 (1 and 2 ppm), cow dung slurry, water and control (without treatments) for 24 hours and were sown in flat and stalk end up method. The correlation coefficients indicate the presence of inherent association between various characters under study. The study revealed that the seedling vigour index –I had very high positive and very dependable relationship with germination percentage (r=0.988**) and seedling length (r=0.974**) whereas seedling vigour index-II had very high positive, significant correlation and very dependable relationship with seedling length (0.931**) in case of stalk end up method over the flat method of sowing.
Estimation of crop water requirement for rice- wheat and rice- maize cropping system using CROPWAT model for Pusa, Samastipur district, Bihar
Authors: CHANDRA RAVISH , KUMARI SHABANAM
Published: July 2021

This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropping system for Pusa Region of Samastipur district of Bihar using CROPWAT model for year 2017-18.The effective rainfall was calculated using USDA S.C. Method. Reference crop evaporation was calculated using meteorological data viz temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and Sunshine using Penman Monteith equation. The meteorological data were collected from university observatory of R.P.C.A.U Pusa. Crop coefficient (Kc) value was taken according to crop growth stages. Effective rainfall and crop water requirement was used for determining net irrigation requirement. The annual crop water requirement of Rice- Wheat cropping system was found to be 904.1 mm whereas the crop-water requirement of Rice- Rabi Maize cropping system was 991.7 mm.
Use of high-refractive index hydrogels and tissue clearing for large biological sample imaging (Preprint)
Authors: Richardson Alexander , Fok Sandra , Lee Victoria , Rye Kerry-Anne , Di Girolamo Nick , Cochran Blake
Published: July 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

Recent advances in tissue clearing and light sheet fluorescence microscopy have improved insights into and understanding of tissue morphology and disease pathology by imaging large samples without the requirement of histological sectioning. However, sample handling and conservation of sample integrity during lengthy staining and acquisition protocols remains a challenge. This study overcomes these challenges with acrylamide hydrogels synthesised to match the refractive index of solutions typically utilised in aqueous tissue clearing protocols. These hydrogels have a high-water content (82.0+/-3.7% by weight). The gels are stable over time and FITC-IgG readily permeated into, and effluxed out of them. Whilst the gels deformed and/or swelled over time in some commonly used solutions, this was overcome by using a previously described custom refractive index matched solution. To validate their use, CUBIC cleared mouse tissues and whole embryos were embedded in hydrogels, stained using fluorescent small molecule dyes, labels and antibodies and successfully imaged using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the high-water content, high refractive index hydrogels described in this study have a broad applicability to research that delves into pathophysiological processes by stabilising and protecting large and fragile samples.
Editorial
Authors: Vásquez Harold
Published: July 2021

No necesita un resumen.
Correlación del sistema de catalogación de los nódulos tiroideos TI-RADS y los resultados de la biopsia aspirado con aguja fina en pacientes entre las edades de 21 a 65 años en un hospital de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, durante el período agosto 2017- enero 2018
Authors: Díaz Jacquelín , Gonzalez Irvin , Tavarez Lisely , Sosa Daniela , Cuevas Alexis , Calderón Daniela , Estévez Alexa , Kawas Elena , Ruiz Carolina
Published: July 2021

Introducción: uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en el área de Endocrinología es la presencia de nódulos tiroideos. Esta patología, localizada en la glándula tiroides se estima que afecta del 4 % al 7 % de la población dominicana, teniendo predominio en mujeres.

Objetivo: correlacionar el sistema de catalogación de los nódulos tiroideos TI-RADS y los resultados de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina en pacientes de 21 a 65 años de edad en un hospital de Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, durante el período agosto 2017- enero 2018.

Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal en el que se analizaron las historias médicas de 34 pacientes del área de endocrinología en un hospital.

Resultados: el índice de correlación entre el sistema de catalogación de los nódulos tiroideos TI-RADS y los resultados de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina fue de 0 %, según el coeficiente de Kappa, mostrando un coeficiente de correlación bajo entre los dos estudios.

Conclusiones: la correlación entre los diagnósticos dados por los sistemas de catalogación difirió en su totalidad a la hipótesis nula, presentando un 0 %. El grupo etario que presentó mayor frecuencia de la patología tiroidea fue desde finales de la cuarta hasta la mitad de la quinta década de vida (48-56 años de edad), en un 57.14 %, con predominio de un 100 % en el sexo femenino. La edad promedio de los pacientes que presentaron la patología tiroidea fue de 47 años.
Experiencia acumulada con casos de bezoar por el departamento de Cirugía Pediátrica. Hospital Infantil Doctor Robert Reid Cabral (HIRRC), República Dominicana
Authors: Alcántara Elvyn , Roa Firelys , Espinosa Juan , Duarte Esfraylin , Feliz Luis
Published: July 2021

La obstrucción intestinal puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, desde recién nacidos hasta adultos. La etiología de la obstrucción varía mucho, dependiendo de la edad y antecedentes quirúrgicos del paciente. Causas congénitas comunes que incluyen atresia, estenosis, malrotación, enfermedad de Hirschsprung, ano imperforado y meconio las enfermedades del recién nacido, pero también pueden ser otras las causas de obstrucción, como la ingestión de varios cuerpos extraños, incluidos cacahuetes, fitobezoares, tricobezoares y pica en personas con discapacidad mental, falta de nutrientes en pacientes con déficit alimentario puede causar obstrucción intestinal parcial o completa en los niños, así como trastornos del crecimiento debido a desnutrición. Las ubicaciones comunes de obstrucción intestinal causada por cuerpos extraños incluyen la salida gástrica; como se evidencia en el síndrome de Rapunzel, y el íleon terminal. La ingestión de múltiples imanes conlleva su propio conjunto de riesgos de obstrucción intestinal, vólvulo y fístulas intestinales y, por lo general, requiere exploración quirúrgica.
Reporte de caso: linfocitoma cutis. Diagnóstico-tratamiento-evolución
Authors: Blanco Falette Daisy Margarita , Vidal Brioso Paola Miriel , Cruz Rodríguez Gabriela Michelle
Published: July 2021

Reporte de un caso, paciente masculino de 7 años de edad, con neoformación única en espalda, sin historia de trauma o infección, sugestiva para diagnóstico de Linfocitoma cutis. Dicha entidad se caracteriza por simular clínica e histológicamente el linfoma cutáneo, por tal razón, se describen las características que permiten identificar si la clínica es de buen pronóstico o no.
Señales aterogénicas tempranas y aterosclerosis subclínica en niños y adolescentes con diagnóstico reciente de prediabetes
Authors: Navarrete Cabrera Juliette , Cabrera Rego Julio Oscar , Ferrer Arrocha Marlene , Benítez Esther Cabrera , Burgos Cabrera Alicia , González Hernández Obdulio
Published: July 2021

Introducción: el inicio de la prediabetes en edades pediátricas se ha convertido en un problema cada vez más frecuente, donde la obesidad juega un papel relevante. Los pacientes con prediabetes en la infancia presentan una alta prevalencia de señales aterogénicas tempranas (SAT), las cuales constituyen factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular, esto conduce a una alteración precoz de la función endotelial.

Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre las SAT detectadas y la aterosclerosis subclínica en niños y adolescentes con diagnóstico reciente de prediabetes.

Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 31 niños y adolescentes entre 5 y 18 años de edad con diagnóstico reciente de prediabetes, atendidos en el Instituto de Endocrinología de Cuba, durante noviembre 2015 a noviembre 2016. Las principales variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos familiares y personales, presencia de obesidad abdominal, tensión arterial, lipidograma, resistencia a la insulina, disfunción endotelial (DE) y grosor íntima media carotideo (GIMC).

Resultados: predominaron los adolescentes, el sexo masculino, los antecedentes familiares de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y personales de obesidad. La obesidad abdominal, tensión arterial normal, lipidograma normal y resistencia insulínica caracterizaron a los pacientes. Se detectó DE en el 19,3 % de los pacientes y GIMC aumentado en el 58 %. En los pacientes con DE y GIMC aumentado, predominó la obesidad abdominal y la resistencia a la insulina.

Conclusiones: desde el momento del diagnóstico de la prediabetes puede existir aterosclerosis subclínica en niños y adolescentes que presentan varias SAT asociadas.
Aplicación de las propiedades nutracéuticas y estabilizantes del mesocarpio y exocarpio del maracuyá en la obtención de una bebida natural de chinola-piña
Authors: Paniagua Dileisys A. , Vicioso Katiuska M. , Valdez Niover G.
Published: July 2021

Introducción: este estudio consistió en el desarrollo de una bebida natural de maracuyá-piña, utilizando el exocarpio, mesocarpio y endocarpio del maracuyá como estabilizante y enriquecedor nutritivo de la bebida, convirtiéndolo así en un producto nutracéutico. El mesocarpio del maracuyá puede ser aprovechado por los macronutrientes y micronutrientes que contiene, por sus pigmentos, y por el contenido de varios nutrientes con propiedades terapéuticas.

Material y método: para lograr este objetivo se prepararon pulpas especiales tratadas con biomoléculas que permiten desagregar el material vegetal del cual están compuestas las frutas dejando disponible todos los nutrientes que contiene.

Resultado: de este proceso se obtuvo un jugo estable en su turbidez con un color y olor bastante acentuado, relacionado con las frutas que fueron utilizadas en la investigación. Además, se obtuvo un jugo en donde los nutrientes y moléculas bioactivas atrapadas en el mesocarpio y en el pericarpio de la fruta ahora están disponibles para su inmediata absorción en el organismo humano.

Conclusión: el producto tratado con biocatalizador presentó mayor estabilidad y mayores propiedades nutracéuticas que el jugo sin ese tratamiento.
Overview of software designated for the analysis of fire resistance of building structures exposed to various fire models
Authors: Eremina T. Yu. , Korolchenko D. A.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. When analyzing the fire safety of a facility, the conformity of actual limits of fire resistance of structures to the requirements of statutory documents is checked. Due to the complexity of the equations describing real systems and an extensive number of iterations required to obtain accurate results, software is used to perform calculations. One of the main goals of the paper is to analyze the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures in case of different fire models. The paper presents an analysis of the criteria for the evaluation of software programs and their classification, evaluation of recommendations for choosing fire safety software in compliance with the specific requirements of users.

Main (analytical) part. The paper analyzes various models of fires, taking into account the stages of fire spread, thermal and mechanical effects on structures exposed to fire, and prerequisites for their use by the software designated for the analysis of the fire resistance of building structures. Fire resistance models of structures, zone and field models, as well as models used to calculate evacuation time and detector response time when solving related problems are considered. The classification of software programmes is analyzed subject to the type of problems to be solved: the behavior of a structure exposed to high temperatures and mechanical impacts in case of real fire, and requirements applicable to safe structures. Certain estimates and assumptions, necessary for specialists to use software in their calculations, are considered.

Conclusions. Recommendations on the choice of fire safety assurance software, meeting the specific needs of users, are provided.
Using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy to study the ageing of intumescent ﬁre-proof coatings
Authors: Umrikhina M. Yu. , Shorokhova T. O. , Pyankova L. A. , Kudryavtsev A. A. , Utkin S. V.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The ﬁre protection of metal structures is a relevant present-day problem; its solution implies better ﬁre resistance performance of structures attainable through the application of intumescent ﬁre-proof coatings whose service life expectancy is limited.

Goals and objectives. Comprehensive studies of domestically made coating samples were performed to analyze the changes in the chemical composition of intumescent coatings containing ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, and pentaerythritol. The samples were exposed to artiﬁcial climatic ageing (3, 6, and 9 years). Methods. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to study the appearance of samples, the morphology of inclusions and the surface microstructure. X-ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy were employed to study the phase and structural states of samples, and the swelling ratio of ﬁre-proof coatings was also examined.

Results and discussion. It’s been found out that the swelling ratio of samples goes down to a signiﬁcant extent as the time progresses, and when the residual life of a coating reaches 30 %, the ﬁre resistance limit of the structure goes down. Sample ageing is the reason for gradual phase composition changes due to the melamine content reduction by 40 %, ammonium polyphosphate content reduction by 15 % and redistribution of other components that change the microstructure of coatings, as well as their ﬁre retarding properties.

Conclusions. The changes, inﬂuencing the ability of a coating to maintain its ﬁre retarding efﬁciency as declared by the manufacturer, take place in the course of operation of a coating exposed to external factors. The regularities, identiﬁed by virtue of this research, can be used to study the samples taken at ﬁre-proofed facilities to identify deviations from the initial condition of a coating and to forecast its actual service life.
The kinetics of intumescent ﬂame retardant foaming
Authors: Arkhangelsky I. V. , Godunov I. A. , Yashin N. V. , Naganovskii Yu. K. , Shornikova O. N.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Intumescent ﬂame retardants are intensively used as passive ﬁre protection means. Under ﬁre conditions, these coatings foam and turn into coke, which turns into ash. These products have various ﬁre resistant properties. These transformations are possible due to the foaming process, whose kinetics determines the ﬁre protective characteristics of the compositions used. The paper considers the kinetics of the foaming process in the course of the pyrolysis of four different foaming compositions. The classical triad was used as a thermally expanding agent for the three of them, it includes ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine, and the fourth one has intercalated graphite.

Research methods. Thermal analysis is widely used to identify and study various materials, substances and ﬁre retardants. However, we have not found any kinetic studies performed using methods of thermal analysis in the literature. In this work, methods of non-isothermal kinetics are used to identify the mechanism of foaming. For this purpose, four series of thermogravimetric tests were carried out at different heating rates for each composition under study. The results of the experiment made it possible to solve inverse and direct kinetic problems and identify mechanisms of the processes.

Results and discussion. Methods of non-isothermal kinetics were employed to show that low-temperature stages of thermolysis can be considered as gross-one-stage processes for all samples. The solution of the direct kinetic problem has helped to identify that the limiting foaming stage is described by the Avrami – Erofeev equation for all compositions under study, while the values of kinetic parameters differ signiﬁcantly. Consequently, foaming proceeds are similar for samples having different compositions. The foaming of the sample containing intercalated graphite depends on heating conditions.

Conclusions. It was identiﬁed that the studied compositions transform into the viscous-ﬂuid state at high temperatures. In this case, the limiting stage of the foaming process is the nucleation of primary bubbles in the volume of the liquid phase. This process determines the kinetics of foaming, coke properties and its thermophysical characteristics.
Using a radiant heat test facility to study the options for the fire protection of structures involving coiled MBOR basalt fiber material
Authors: Garashchenko A. N. , Vinogradov A. V. , Dashtiev I. Z. , Kobylkov N. V. , Terekhov S. A.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. Coiled MBOR basalt fiber material is used to demonstrate the potential of research into the fire protection of structures using a radiant heat test facility. Research methods. A set of high-power halogen lamps is used to simulate a high temperature impact. The heating intensity is adjusted by changing the voltage applied to the lamps, and it is controlled by the thermocouples that record the temperature of the heated surface of a fire proofing material. The studies have proven efficient for various types of fire proofing and various structures. They are especially relevant in providing rational fire protection of polymer composite structures having relatively low thermal resistance (80…120 °С) due to the fact that they are rarely tested in fired furnaces. Results and discussion. Several options of multilayered MBOR-20F fire proofing were tested. Dependences between time, on the one hand, the surface temperature of protected elements (200 × 300 × 20 mm polyurethane plates), and the temperature between the layers of the fire-proofing material, on the other hand, are presented under standard temperature conditions. Fire protection efficiency improvement by PLAZAS fire-resistant adhesive compound, applied between MBOR layers, is demonstrated. This fireproofing method is applicable not only to metal structures. It demonstrates high fireproofing properties and has a strong potential if applied to fireproof polymer composite structures and products. The measurements, taken by thermocouples in the course of a session of tests, can be used to estimate the thermophysical properties of fireproofing materials exposed to high temperatures, which are rare in most cases, although they are necessary for a thermal analysis. It is demonstrated that similar experiments can also be carried out at nonstandard heating temperatures (for example, when the combustion of fossil fuels is imitated). Conclusions. Experiments, conducted using the radiant heat test facility, and thermal engineering calculations allow to accelerate the selection of the optimal fire protection option and identification of the fireproofing thickness. Moreover, this method allows to reasonably minimize the number of costly fired furnace tests using fullscale samples of fireproofed structures and products.
Thermochemical gas analyzer readiness assessment model
Authors: Samarin I. V. , Kryuchkov A. V. , Strogonov A. Yu.
Published: July 2021

Introduction. The importance of fire safety (FS) measures at fuel and energy industry facilities, in particular over the course of continuous technological processes of oil refineries (OR), is highlighted in the article. Decision makers are able to manage the process of planning and implementing these measures thanks to special software integrated into automated process control systems. The fire and explosion prevention subsystem designated for managing gas analyzing equipment and its control processes was chosen as the object of research. Theoretical framework. The fire safety of oil refineries, that entails the maintenance of gas analyzer sensors, is characterized by such random subprocesses as climate and weather changes at refineries. It is proposed to split this process into two opposite subprocesses, destructive and productive ones. Events related to calibration, verification or replacement of sensitive elements of thermochemical sensors are at the core of the recovery subprocess. Destructive subprocess events are associated with the appearance of deviations in thermochemical sensors from nominal values as registered by a shift on duty. It is proposed to describe the randomness of this subprocess as a Markov process. The sensor system behavior is simulated as the two streams. Thermochemical sensors have two modes: ready and not ready. Research results. The readiness model of gas analyzers is calculated as a ratio of the number of thermochemical sensors which are potentially ready for use in accordance with the regulatory and engineering documentation, to their total number, taking into account the randomness of events that make thermochemical sensors unready. A special case used to illustrate the Markov model building is studied. The possible number of modes for sets of thermochemical sensors is calculated for such a situation. The transition between modes of sets in a fire alarm subsystem is determined using the proposed system of differential Kolmogorov equations, which has five equations for a specific case. The calculation can be generalized for any number of remote sensors. Conclusions. The readiness assessment method applied to thermochemical sensors of gas analyzers in open areas of refineries is studied. The method can be applied in the process of automated fire and explosion prevention system operation.