bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uneasy Absences
Authors: Schwabe Siri
Published: January 2024

This chapter interrogates the everyday ways in which memory constructs, maintains, and feeds off absences that mark an exterior to what is remembered and made noise about. It discusses the construction and negotiation of mnemonic boundaries through a form of mindful forgetting, which, in the Chilean context, has been conceptualized as a postdictatorship solution for a dangerously divisive problem without solution. It also suggests taking on another layer of complexity among those whose main concern is with securing presence and unity in the face of struggle elsewhere if memory holds divisive potential among ordinary Chileans in the era of postdictatorship. The chapter highlights how approaching memory as moving helps point to the related mobile and affective qualities of memory. It homes in on the boundaries that come about as a result of the dynamic interplay between moving memory and uneasy absences.
Seeing and Believing
Authors: Schwabe Siri
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes the public demonstrations that served to make noise during the Israeli attacks on Gaza as the starting point for an exploration of the unconfinability of memory as a phenomenon that both moves and is moved by people. It focuses on what happens when memory moves to the street. It also scrutinizes how remembrance and its politics are negotiated in public spaces that are malleable and susceptible to everyday human intervention while harboring contentious traces of the past. The chapter looks at the use of social media to approach an understanding of the importance of visibility and presence for the politics at play. It focuses on the relationship between images and visibility.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwabe Siri
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers remembering as one of the core modes of human engagement with the world. It details how memory aids in collectively conceptualizing past, present, and future and envisions the connections and fault lines that characterize relations of people with one another. It also argues that memory moves within, across, and beyond tangible and intangible borders that are inherently unstable and constantly shifting. The chapter explores a web of entanglements across and beyond spatiotemporal borders by approaching remembrance as a political force in the contemporary world through a diasporic lens. It describes those who work to remember Palestine in postdictatorship Chile that highlights a set of paradoxes that is both analytically productive and politically significant.
Leading Off
Authors: Friedman Michael T.
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the mallpark, which is an emblematic cathedral of consumption and a space into which formerly distinct consumption sites have been brought together and merged with thematic elements. The chapter utilizes the theories of French philosopher Henri Lefebvre to examine the production practices and contextual conditions underpinning economic, political, cultural, technological, spatial, and social relations. It also references George Ritzer's “McDonaldization,” which suggests that the fastfood industry's rationalized consumption-oriented production practices define the provision of goods and services. The chapter combines George Ritzer's insights about the spectacularization of consumption spaces with Henri Lefebvre's theorization of the production of space to examine the logics that have shaped baseball stadium design since the 1990s. It discusses the contemporary context of late capitalism as the production and consumption of cultural products have become a central element in capital accumulation strategies.
Fenway Park and Dodger Stadium
Authors: Friedman Michael T.
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the transformation of older stadiums into mallparks. It details how Boston's Fenway Park and Los Angeles's Dodger Stadium have undergone many changes since their original constructions in 1912 and 1962, although they have been exemplars of ballpark and superstadium design. It also highlights stadium design from the perspective of team owners and management in the conception of mallparks by focusing on the renovations of Fenway Park and Dodger Stadium. The chapter talks about how the Red Sox and Dodgers have adopted many mallpark design practices during the physical and aesthetic renovations of their facilities while facing economic pressures from mallparks. It examines the role of Janet Marie Smith, who supervised the renovations of both the Fenway Park and Dodger Stadium, represented the Orioles in the design of Camden Yards, and has consulted on mallpark projects.
Nationals Park
Authors: Friedman Michael T.
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the perspectives of urban decision makers and examines Nationals Park in Washington, DC. The chapter details Washington's establishment in the 1790s and how its development has guided by a series of plans that have shaped, destroyed, and remade its fabric. It explores how the location of Nationals Park in the city's Near Southeast neighborhood fit into the Anacostia Waterfront Initiative and Mayor Anthony Williams's overall strategy for inclusive development. The chapter goes beyond simply trying to understand Nationals Park as part of a visitor-oriented strategy and investigates the implications of development and gentrification. It discusses how the mallpark embodies the city's continuing contradictions between planning and practice.
Soviet Self-Hatred
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This book examines the imaginary Russian identities that emerged following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The book shows how these identities are best understood as balanced on a simple axis between pride and shame, shifting in response to Russia's standing in the global community, its anxieties about internal dissension and foreign threats, and its stark socioeconomic inequalities. Through close readings of Russian fiction, films, jokes, songs, fan culture, and internet memes, the book identifies and analyzes four distinct types with which Russians identify or project onto others. They are the sovok (the Soviet yokel); the New Russian (the despised, ridiculous nouveau riche), the vatnik (the belligerent, jingoistic patriot), and the Orc (the ultraviolent savage derived from a deliberate misreading of Tolkien's epic). Through these contested identities, the book shows how stories people tell about themselves can, tragically, become the stories that others are forced to live.
Rich Man’s Burden
Authors: Borenstein Eliot
Published: January 2024

This chapter details the transition from New Russians to merely rich Russians. It begins by looking at Vladimir Tuchkov's cycle of stories Smert' prikhodit po internetu (Death by Internet). Published in 2001, Tuchkov's book bears the revealing subtitle A Description of Nine Unpunished Crimes Secretly Committed in the Homes of New Russians. As the subtitle suggests, the recurring theme is that of New Russian excess and the sense that New Russians are people to whom no rules actually apply. Ultimately, Tuchkov's psychopathic, faux-medieval oligarchs take the popular discourse of the New Russians to its logical extreme. The chapter then considers the New Russian jokes, a sizable portion of which focus on commodity fetishism, mocking the New Russian obsession with things without simultaneously engaging in the older, Soviet moralizing about veshchizm. One of the many functions of New Russian jokes is to take a potentially threatening, disturbing figure and reduce him to a laughingstock. The chapter also examines the depiction of New Russians in Aleksei Balabanov's Dead Man's Bluff; Yevgeny Matveev's Liubit' po-russki (Love, Russian style); Andrei Zviagintsev's Leviafan (Leviathan); and Aleksei Sidorov's Brigada.
Introduction
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the significance of John Early, an American official in the Philippines who used his influence to protect the Igorots from colonial abuses. When America took control of the Philippines following the 1898 Spanish–American War, it claimed that benevolence dictated the decision. Unlike Filipino lowlanders, the indigenous highlanders living in the Cordillera had not acquiesced to Spanish rule. They remained free and accepted minimal interaction with the outside world. Known for their fierce independence, headhunting, and remarkable rice terraces, they represented exotic noble savages to the most influential Americans on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. In the early years of American rule, entrepreneurs paraded them at fairs and expositions across America and Europe, with a special stop at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. This book unveil hidden truths about Igorot–American interactions through the viewpoints of various characters. It particularly focuses on the story of John Early as he lived, taught, and worked among the Igorots and eventually governed the entire Cordillera.
The Making of a Governor
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a background of John Early's life before he came to the Philippines. At twenty-six, Early moved from Minnesota to Seattle where he enrolled in the nascent Washington Agricultural College (WAC), which eventually became Washington State University. At WAC, he learned about the Philippines from a classmate who fought in the Philippine–American War. Professor Walter Greenwood Beach also awakened him to the plight of America's colonized peoples. Thus, while still a senior at WAC, Early had passed an exam to teach in the Philippines as an alternate professional possibility, and this backup plan now became his only option. He was not alone in hoping a new country would mean a new life; the Philippines had been a haven of Western adventurers, explorers, religious zealots, and colony collectors since the sixteenth century. However, Early proved to be a different type of foreigner.
Eight Million Souls for Twenty Million Dollars
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by looking at the spices that led to Spain's three-and-a-half-century colonial rule over the Philippines. The Philippines was not part of the spice island archipelago, but it did sit just above the Moluccas islands and served as a southern doorway into China. Within fifty years, Spain established its colonial rule in the Philippines, choosing Manila as its political, religious, and economic capital. There was one group of Spaniards who enthusiastically embraced their Asian colony; friars from Roman Catholic religious and apostolic orders found a home in the Philippines and effectively spread their faith as they had done in Mexico and Peru. The chapter details the 1898 Spanish–American War, describing the efforts of the Filipino revolutionaries to liberate the Philippines. To avoid the humiliation of surrendering to the Filipinos—a people they despised, alienated, and exploited for hundreds of years—Spanish officials planned to surrender to the Americans after a mock battle. American negotiators, who represented the war's clear victor, offered Spain twenty million dollars in exchange for the Philippines. Philippine nationalists' hopes were then dashed when the US Senate passed the treaty by one vote on February 6, 1899, thus making the Philippines and its eight million inhabitants a US colony.
War and Colonial Policies
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by discussing Major General Elwell S. Otis's plan to make his soldiers' presence in the Philippines appear as a benevolent act rather than a hostile takeover. Soldiers used their non-combatant time to hold classes for Filipino children and adults; corpsmen cared for the local population; and Americans facilitated town and municipal elections to establish a rudimentary democracy-based local government. However, Otis's embryonic hearts and minds strategy did not appease the American anti-imperialists, who daily condemned the Philippine–American War and President William McKinley's colonial policies. The chapter looks at the Schurman's Commission, which was assigned to provide an unbiased assessment of the situation and to recommend a political paradigm for the Philippines. Jacob Gould Schurman's team included Charles Denby, a Democratic diplomat in China, and Dean Worcester, a University of Michigan professor of anthropology. Of the three, only Worcester possessed extensive experience in the Philippines. He would also profoundly shape John Early's professional and personal life. The chapter also looks at the Taft Commission and Philippine Commission, a political unit led by William Howard Taft that largely controlled the Philippines until 1916. It considers the colonial education program in the country, describing how Early volunteered to serve in the remote mountains in northern Luzon.
The Philippine Constabulary
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how the Philippine Constabulary (PC) reshaped Igorot society. A primary catalyst for creating the PC was America's effective use and employment of Filipino spies, guides, and linguists during the Philippine–American War. Commissioner Luke E. Wright sought to use some of these men to establish something between a municipal police force and a disciplined, bivouacked army platoon—a well-ordered unit that transcended local and military authority. Wright's plan succeeded, especially among the Igorots, who almost instinctively distrusted anyone outside their cultural/linguistic community. Ultimately, the Igorot PC soldiers provided a bridge between the past and present because they revered their indigenous cultures while denouncing headhunting. The chapter then considers how the subprovince of Ifugao best illustrated the importance of the Cordillera PC and the character of its leading officers.
John Early in the Cordillera
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter details John Early's journey to Luzon's Cordillera region. After volunteering for the Kalinga teaching assignment, Early booked passage on the SS Bustamante, a small steamer that ferried people and goods along Luzon's west coast. From the major coastal city of Vigan, he was ordered to make his way through the Ilocos plain to Cervantes, the town that straddled the two worlds of the lowlanders and the Cordillera's Igorots. The chapter describes how Lieutenant John S. Manning hosted Early for six weeks as the wide-eyed foreign teacher tried to take in the surrounding culture. He was impressed by the prevailing peace that the Philippine Constabulary had established, and he also closely watched civilian Americans who had taken up residence in Cervantes. The chapter also looks at Early's journey with Lieutenant W. D. Harris, the only officer in the entire Kalinga area and who was assigned to escort him. Harris's and Early's journey from Cervantes to Kalinga wound through the Bontoc Igorot territory, which by the fall of 1906 included a few American missionaries. As the weeks in Lubuagan passed, Early began teaching the Kalingan children during the day, then used the evenings to hold classes for the Bontoc constabulary soldiers.
Dean Worcester and the Making of Mountain Province
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an overview of Dean Worcester, who was appointed as the Philippines secretary of the interior. The portfolio of this position included the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, among other responsibilities. He served as a commissioner until 1913, twice as long as any other member of the Philippine Commission. There were two Filipino groups that Worcester enjoyed spending time with. The first included the wealthy elite, who had supported Spanish colonial rule, but then welcomed their new Western overlords. The second group was the highlanders, a community that he did not consider Filipinos. By manipulating colonial policy, he set himself up as the semi-dictator of the Cordillera region until his 1913 resignation. Worcester authored the Special Provincial Government Act (1905), which gave him unparalleled authority over all Igorots. Two years into his rule, he created one realm for the entire Cordillera region and named it Mountain Province. The only hindrance to Worcester's complete dictatorship was one of his lieutenant governors, who sided with the Philippine Constabulary against him: a former American teacher named John Early.
Lieutenant Governor of Bontoc
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on John Early's appointment as lieutenant governor of Bontoc, arguably Mountain Province's most important subprovince. As Bontoc's previous teacher, Early knew the place and garnered praise from its inhabitants. He had built its brick buildings and established an education system that reached Bontoc's most remote areas. Early's initial impression of his new station was captured in one sentence: “The Bontoc to which I had returned after fourteen months' absence was not the Bontoc I left.” The town was now a city filled with new faces, both foreign and domestic. It also housed the province's three officers, including William F. Pack, Samuel Kane, and Charles Olson. This logistical arrangement meant that Early had to carefully navigate his subprovincial authority with that of the provincial governor, treasurer, and supervisor. Early reported to these officials, and each one had a story behind their rise to provincial officialdom.
Alcohol, Labor, and Land
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses the difficulty that arose when John Early defended the rights of Igorots in opposition to the provincial board's policies that were detrimental to Bontoc's inhabitants. The initial conflict between Early and the provincial officials centered on the use of cargadores. As most outsiders used all of their physical strength just to climb the mountains, they required Igorots to carry all their food, blankets, clothes, tents, pots and pans, utensils, and tools. Thus, an industry grew around hiring Igorots to serve as porters. Early knew that this new business opened the door for potential exploitation because the first experiences between Americans and Igorot cargadores were horrific and widely known in Bontoc. Within just a few months of the cargadores conflict, Samuel Kane and Early almost came to blows over the importation of alcohol into Bontoc. However, the last proverbial straw that reportedly ended Early's administrative career in Bontoc was an issue very dear to Dean Worcester: land. The chapter then looks at the land laws, particularly the Public Land Act which limited the purchase of land to 40 acres for individuals and 2,500 acres for corporations.
The Problem of Kalinga and the Hale Solution
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses Walter Franklin Hale's role as lieutenant governor of Kalinga, which was the most difficult subprovince to govern. Neither the Spanish nor the Philippine Constabulary could control Kalinga's perennial warfare and headhunting, but Hale accomplished what no one else could with a different governing approach. First, he created a new type of indigenous local authority. The regular gatherings of headmen (presidentes) in Lubuagan kept them from fighting, as these leaders faced each other in Hale's presence. Hale was also widely known for disregarding colonial policies and provincial laws. He ignored these rules because he believed the Kalinga justice system was much easier to work with and more credible among the mountain people. While Hale played a central role in shaping early colonial rule in Kalinga, he was also a key player in John Early's downfall.
The Report
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter studies Charles Penningroth's report on the Bacarri campaign for William Moore, the administrative assistant to Colonel Wallace Cadet Taylor, the commander of the northern Luzon Philippine Constabulary (PC). In his narrative, Penningroth noted that Walter Franklin Hale enlisted six hundred Kalinga warriors who looted, burned, and butchered as they moved from village to village. He concluded the report by claiming that “Throughout the trip not one suga was seen by nor was any hostility shown to Lt.-Gov. Early and his escort.” He also reported that numerous village headmen begged John Early to protect them from Hale and his army. Penningroth's report was the smoking gun the PC needed to put Dean Worcester in his place, because since the 1908 creation of Mountain Province, Worcester had engaged in a bitter political fight with Brigadier General Harry Hill Bandholtz, who led the PC. Indeed, Penningroth's Bacarri report provided the evidence they needed of Worcester's draconian and unjust system of rule. The PC then concluded that because Hale used his personal army to murder civilians and burn villages, the PC would no longer provide escorts for his lieutenant governors. In short, they would no longer obey the secretary of the interior's dictatorial decrees.
Igorots on Display
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by highlighting a letter from Richard Schneidewind to Governor-General Cameron Forbes that included this message: “I am writing to inform you that I am taking (50) fifty Igorrots from the Mountain Province for exhibition purposes in Europe.” Schneidewind's motive for exhibiting Igorots was financial, and most of the Igorots he previously recruited were from Bontoc. However, this recruitment trip proved different because John Early, Bontoc's new lieutenant governor, determined to stop foreign entrepreneurs from exhibiting Igorots as if they were uncivilized animals. He believed these spectacles denigrated the highlanders' human dignity, and he had witnessed how previous Igorot exhibitions proved detrimental to the participants because some had been mistreated, mutilated, and robbed by their American sponsors. Moreover, many Igorots who returned to Bontoc from American fairs found it difficult to reintegrate into village life. Still, his primary objection to Schneidewind's plan was that Igorots were not objects to gawk at, and he would not let Schneidewind take any Bontoc Igorots to Europe. The chapter then describes how Igorots were exhibited at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and at the Lewis and Clark Exposition.
Schneidewind Meets His Match
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter illustrates how Bishop Charles Brent, the most respected American in the Philippines, began a campaign against putting Igorots on display for American entertainment. Brent resolved to do even more to protect the Igorots from external exploitation. John Early, his close friend, joined in that commitment, and together they sought to stop Richard Schneidewind's practice of showing Igorots to curious gawkers. When Schneidewind arrived in Bontoc, his initial meeting with Early did not go well. After Schneidewind's friendly greeting, he presented Forbes's letter, and Early responded by saying that he agreed with Bishop Brent and believed it was unethical to display Igorots. Early then threatened to arrest Igorots accompanying Schneidewind, scaring away every potential recruit. He had also sent municipal police to the surrounding barrios to instruct the populace to stay clear of Schneidewind. However, it did not seem to cross his mind that the Bontoc people were able to determine their own future. While Schneidewind may have lost the first battle with Early, the war between them had only just begun.
New Players, New Problems
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses Richard Schneidewind's continued efforts to recruit Igorots. After being notified about the illegal obstruction that his officials, particularly John Early, placed on the freedom of Igorots to travel abroad, Governor-General Cameron Forbes told Early to “rescind all orders infringing their rights.” Within a few days, Schneidewind had gathered fifty-four Igorots. Without his reliable interpreter, Schneidewind turned to another excellent Igorot linguist he had worked with in the past, the nineteen-year-old James Robert Amok. Amok gathered the Igorots within a matter of days, and they passed their interviews with Schneidewind. Schneidewind's partner, Captain A. M. Baber, then sprang into action and bought tickets for the Igorots to travel to Europe on the Kioto, as well as bedding and clothing for the trip.
Tragedy in Europe
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter reflects on the Igorots' participation in the Magic City Fair, the Earl's Court Exhibition, and the 1913 Ghent Exposition. Not much is known about the early months of the Igorots' participation in the Magic City Fair, but things quickly turned bad. Richard Schneidewind had not only refused to pay their salaries, which were eight months in arrears, he also said that they would have to pay for their return tickets to Bontoc, which violated their original contract. The Igorots' then wrote a letter to President Woodrow Wilson. After President Wilson's office processed the letter, Brigadier General Frank McIntyre, the chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, wrote a personal letter to the newly appointed governor-general of the Philippines, Francis Burton Harrison. The document was the quintessential vindication of John Early, as McIntyre criticized those who permitted the Igorots to leave in 1911 while praising those who sought to protect them from the subsequent debacle. The Igorots finally returned to Bontoc in early 1914. That same year, a law was put in place making it illegal to take Igorots to foreign fairs.
Early’s Exile South
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses Dean Worcester's decision to fire John Early in 1911. He never respected Early the same way that he did his other lieutenant governors whose managerial styles and racist views were like his own. By contrast, Early denounced Walter Hale's slaughtering of Kalinga villagers, he refused to allow Samuel Kane's Chinese merchant to swindle Igorot cargadores with contraband alcohol, and he stood up to the governor-general himself in trying to protect Igorots from what became a heartbreaking debacle in Europe. Given his prickly relationship with his boss, there must have been an element of relief for Early when he rode out of Bontoc on June 14, 1911. After five years of tension-filled professional work, Early decided he would take a leisurely journey back to the United States. In 1912, he returned to the Philippines where he was offered teaching positions in the regions of Capiz, Romblon, and Negros Oriental. Economically challenged and often forgotten in national politics, the Visayas must have felt like exile for Early, but he flourished there for the next decade.
Changes in Mountain Province
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how America's colonial policies toward Mountain Province changed when Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 presidential election. As a Democrat, he hoped to disentangle the US from its imperial foray in the Philippines, and he appointed fellow Democrat Francis Burton Harrison to replace Cameron Forbes as the new governor-general in October of 1913. Dean Worcester knew his dictatorial rule would not be tolerated by Wilson and Harrison. Rather than suffer the indignity of losing his job, Worcester resigned in June of 1913, but agreed to stay on until September. His position was then offered to Charles C. Batchelder, who gladly accepted it. Batchelder spent only two years in his role as delegate, but there is much to learn from his approach and assessment of Mountain Province's past and future. Ultimately, his marching orders were to integrate the Igorots with lowland society and to bring an overall improvement to the mountain peoples.
Wilson’s Parting Shot and the Republicans Return
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter details how Francis Burton Harrison and the Filipino politicians witnessed the implosion of Woodrow Wilson's presidency and the Republican resurgence with serious apprehension. With Republicans in solid control of Congress and the White House, they rightly feared a retreat from the past eight years of increased Philippine control in America's colony. However, Wilson would not leave office without complicating Philippine policy for his successor. In his final annual address to Congress on December 7, 1920, Wilson's last point addressed the Philippine situation. He asserted that, according to the 1916 Jones Law, the Philippines should immediately be given its freedom. This bold statement placed Warren G. Harding in a difficult position because if he did not grant Filipinos independence, he would be in violation of the Jones Law and the ultimate betrayer of liberty.
Political Deadlock
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter studies the deterioration of Manuel Quezon and Leonard Wood's relationship. Quezon's grievance against Wood bolstered his party's standing across the archipelago, and he claimed that not only was Wood an overt racist and dictator, but he also intended to reverse Harrison's policies of the Filipinization of the colonial government. On the other hand, Wood asserted that he planned to increase Filipinization but was bound to the Jones Law paradigm of leadership. Quezon's last stand was to prevent Wood's governmental appointments, which culminated in a major fight over John Early's May 1, 1925, appointment. On October 1, 1925, the Seventh Philippine Congress rejected the appointment. One month later Wood reappointed Early as interim governor. The game went on for the next three years, with the Senate rejecting Early's appointment and then Wood reappointing him in an interim position at the end of the legislative session. It would take an untimely death to change this situation. Indeed, Wood's unexpected death altered US–Philippine relations, and it changed Early's life and his relationship with Philippine legislators.
Henry Stimson
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights Henry L. Stimson's role as American governor-general. Stimson paved the way for the executive transition from an American governor-general to a Filipino president. He had many more plans for the Philippines, but his tenure in the islands lasted just one year. The 1928 presidential election placed Herbert Hoover in the White House, and he tapped Stimson to be his secretary of state. But for the year Stimson was in the Philippines, the most significant personal change in his life was a deep and abiding friendship with John Early. During his second month as governor-general, Stimson traveled north for an extensive inspection trip among the Igorots. His diary entries reflect how tremendously impressed he was by the work of the Igorot officials and Early's governance. The brick hospital, administrative buildings, and modern jail facility were a testament to Early's work as lieutenant governor between 1910 and 1911. From that point on, Stimson consulted regularly with Early on numerous matters, and they vacationed together, both in the lowlands and highlands.
Dark Days
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter reflects on Henry L. Stimson's appointment as secretary of state and John Early's battle with colon cancer. There were many viable candidates for the important post of secretary of state, but Herbert Hoover chose Stimson because he had, among many other achievements, helped negotiate a critical peace in Nicaragua's 1927 civil war. His work in the Philippines was also universally praised, and he had experience as President Taft's secretary of war from 1911 to 1913. At the same time that Early confided his diagnosis to Stimson, Stimson told Early that he had been recalled to the US by the new president-elect but that he had a plan to help Early. Early then returned to the US to undergo surgery and postsurgical radiation treatments with Dr. George Crile and his Cleveland Clinic.
“Please Write Your Story”
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This chapter details how John Early was encouraged by his friend Dr. J. Paul Goode to write his memoir. Early began his story in 1906 as an aspiring journalist for the Southern Idaho Review. In the first chapter, he is critical of both the US government's failure to provide the promised irrigation water to the hundreds of homestead families in Eastern Idaho, and the Western arrogance he witnessed in Shanghai while making his way to the Philippines. The exercise of recalling his experiences among the Igorots so energized him that three days after sending the first chapter to Goode, he sent the next two, and five days later he sent six more. The chapter then looks at Early's final public address in 1931, in which he highlighted three things. First, humans are, without choice, tied to the past; second, he remembered the life and work of two lieutenant governors, Jeff Gallman and Norman Conner, who effectively brought peace to Ifugao and Apayao, respectively. Third, Early addressed the growing cynicism and demythologizing of historical figures. Following his talk, Early's fragile health gave way, and he collapsed. Early tried to continue his memoirs through the fall but found it impossible to concentrate. He then exhaled his last breath on January 2, 1932.
Epilogue
Authors: Woods Shelton
Published: January 2024

This epilogue describes how John Early was buried on January 4, 1932, just two days after his death, in the Baguio Municipal Cemetery. Three years after Early's death, the Philippines transitioned into a Commonwealth, but those three years were troubling for the Igorots. William E. Dosser returned as governor, but was falsely accused of using his influence to profit from the mining industry. Ultimately, statements of the Igorots' affection and trust for Early are found in scores of documents. However, almost a century has passed since his death and he is mostly forgotten in America and in the Philippines. Even the grave of the once-governor of Mountain Province and protector of its inhabitants can no longer be found.
Gleaning for Communism
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This book is a historical ethnography of the property regime upon which Soviet legal scholars legislated a large modern state as a household, with guaranteed rights to a commons of socialist property, rather than private possessions. Starting with former Leningrad workers' everyday stories about smuggling industrial scrap home over factory fences, the book traces collectivist ethical logic that was central to this socialist household economy, in theory and practice: from its Stalin-era inception, through Khrushchev's major foregrounding of communist ethics, to Gorbachev's perestroika, which unfurled its grounding tension between the interests of any given collective and of the socialist household economy itself. A story of how the socialist household economy functioned, how it collapsed, and how it was remembered, the book is haunted throughout by a spectral image of the totalitarian state, whose jealous political control over the economy leads it to trample over all that which ought to be private. Underlying this image, and the neoliberal state phobia it justified, is the question of how individual interests ought to relate to the public good in a large modern society, which, it is assumed, cannot possibly function by the non-private logics of householding. This book tells the story of a large modern society that did.
Introduction
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the historical ethnography of the socialist household economy. It considers the Soviet attempt to build a modern, self-governing, efficient, and democratic society before considering the notion of state phobia wherein individual interests must relate to the public good in a large modern society. Popular historiographies feature the narrative of central planning and stateless government through the prism of collective interest. The chapter explains how collectivist social self-management fractured the socialist household into a myriad of overlapping, personally managed, usufruct monopolies. Global policymakers ensure that issues can be fixed with minor tweaks to the system with more technology, more efficiency, and more morality.
The “Soviet” Things of Postsocialism
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the key concepts of the Soviets in postsocialism. Historical epochs cannot be analyzed solely through memoirs, since memory is subjective and speakers' assumptions are colored with narratives of the past. The chapter presents narratives of people associating their Soviet actions with a particular form of ethical striving. The deregulatory reforms of perestroika factually sped up Soviet ethics while simultaneously stalling the planned Soviet economy by encouraging actors to make use of ostensibly stockpiled materials for the greater collective good. The chapter clarifies that the terms Soviet and perestroika often explain potentially coterminous politico-economic relations and focus on the dispossession of collective infrastructure.
Gleaning for the Common Good
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the distinctions and legal definitions of personal and socialist property. It explains how the fundamentally unequal relationship between state and private property fruitfully implodes the basic tenets of civil law. People's experience of self-made Soviet things often involved narratives of interconnectivity and top-down control, some of which sounded formulaic. The chapter explains how the widespread famine of the 1930s resulted in a violent process of dispossession that became the material basis for a new regime of socialist property. It notes how Soviet procurement depended on personal relationships formed between people in positions of distribution while considering the assumption that gleaning triggers.
Chuvstvo Khoziaina
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the success of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reforms. The reforms unveiled the delicate tension upon which this property regime relied, which is the tension between individual collectivist interests and the interests of the socialist household economy in toto. The chapter cites the importance of the drive to activate the feeling of being a khoziain within reform projects while the perestroika reformers proposed activating such ownerly feelings by tying workers' material well-being directly to their enterprises' market success. The heart of perestroika's economic reform theory lies in the idea that economic mechanisms could naturally make enterprise employees pick up the slack. The feeling of being a khoziain lived on over the years and it became a popular lore as a question of ethics and history.
Conclusion
Authors: Cherkaev Xenia A.
Published: January 2024

This conclusive chapter discusses the notion of Russian Socialism. It starts with Russia's invasion of Ukraine under the guise of cleansing it of Nazism. The discourse of de-Nazification gains roots from a narrative about glorious victory and voluntary, selfless struggle, of cheerful neighborliness in the face of material hardship. The chapter explains the importance of focusing on the question of property when regarding the essence of socialism regardless of whether it considers the notion of enclosure and dispossession. It cites that property regimes are no more stable than personal social relations, but they always leave someone fenced out of the field.
A Moment of Crisis, 1660–1663
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the multiple shocks that rocked the Philippines between 1660 and 1663, which are widely regarded as an exceptional moment of crisis for Spanish colonization. By the 1660s, the colony was crippled by debt, unable to pay the wages of its soldiers or for the labor of its indigenous allies. The military was weak and overstretched, reliant on convicts, underaged boys, and elderly or crippled men to fill the shortfalls in reinforcements. The rise of powerful Muslim sultanates—combined with Dutch advances in the neighboring Spice Islands—represented an almost unassailable challenge to these depleted forces. In the 1660s, these multiple challenges came together all at once to bring the colony almost to breaking point. Over just a few short years, once-loyal indigenous allies mutinied and rebellion spread out across most of Luzon; the Chinese warlord Koxinga threatened Manila with invasion; slave raiders attacked Visayan outposts; and the Spanish were forced to withdraw almost completely from the southern archipelago, marking the greatest contraction of territorial control that the Spanish ever experienced in the Philippines.
Slavery, Debt, and Colonial Labor Regimes
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by looking at pre-Hispanic social and economic structures in the Philippines and the relationship between debt servitude, class structures, and political authority and control. It then examines how new colonial institutions adopted these preexisting forms of power, relying on debt to mobilize labor within the repartimiento, bandala, and tribute systems. The co-option of these systems by the Spanish had serious social consequences for Philippine communities, leading to famine and increased debt servitude. Part of what prompted leaders to rebel was a growing sense that the burdens imposed on local communities by the Spaniards broke the traditional bonds of mutual obligation on which the power of local indigenous elites relied. Indeed, many Philippine communities were overwhelmed by the burdens imposed on them by the Spanish, and instead turned to rebellion, fleeing Spanish villages, and living in fugitive communities that formed in the uplands of most islands. Throughout the century, numerous attempts were made to reform these labor regimes without success; the debates raised by these reformers further reveal fundamental tensions among secular and religious officials over the reliance of the colonial state on the slave-owning indigenous elites.
Manila
Authors: Mawson Stephanie Joy
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the development of Chinese Manila and its impact on Spanish claims to sovereignty over the city. The Fujianese origins of Chinese Manila sets the stage for an examination of how Chinese migrants came to control the city's economy and how the Spanish chose to respond to this situation. In the first instance, the Spanish used a variety of economic and cultural means to try to exert authority over the Chinese, including segregation, taxation, and conversion. When these means failed, they resorted to violent strategies of population control. Although massacre and expulsion were particularly extreme measures used by the Spanish to control the burgeoning Chinese city, they nonetheless did nothing to address the dependence that the Spanish had on the Chinese for all of the material supplies and services needed for the city to survive. In the end, even brute force did not circumvent the power that the merchants and laborers had over the commercial life of the city.
Introduction
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter looks into Ovid's tragic performances. It details the importance of performance to ancient Roman identity, which insinuates that plays offered a way for Romans to examine their own identity and their relationship to others. The process of translating Greek literature for a Roman audience also introduced new concepts into the Roman cultural vocabulary and new ways of imagining Roman identities. Thus, Ovid's poetry participates in the translation of Greek literature to Roman performance through a lens that brings gender and genre into dialogue with one another. The chapter considers several theories and vocabulary in scholarly literature to better understand Ovid's process of gender and generic construction and its effect.
Signs of Abject Desire in Ars Amatoria
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into the signs of abject desire in Ars Amatoria. Throughout Ovid's poetry, Phaedra and Medea are depicted as paradigms in exemplary catalogues of mythological figures meant to teach, warn, or encourage the auditor or reader. The chapter considers the destructive potential of women's erotic desire constructing all female passion in a continuum, especially with erotic desire balancing rage. Meanwhile, Atreidae, Menelaus and Agamemnon serve as examples of poorly performed masculinity because they are unable to regulate their wives' passions. The chapter explains that Ovid's specific construction of paradigms as abject subjects inextricably links feminine gender to the tragic genre.
Rescripting Phaedra for an Elegiac Role
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Ovid's representations of Phaedra and Bylis. It introduces the process of signification which implies a level of agency because the speaker chooses how they fit into the cultural and linguistic system. Phaedra's and Byblis' roles as “alterae Ovid” shifts anxieties over poetic failure and the inability to control the meaning of one's text onto the abject body of the desiring woman and safely removed from the poetics of the male author. Moreover, Ovid forces the readers to interpret her as an author in her specific material context, not as a disembodied poetic voice. The chapter mentions how Ovid disembodied his own corpus by aligning the negative aspects of poetry and writing instances within the abject figures.
Conclusion
Authors: Westerhold Jessica A.
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter explains the codes of tragic heroines as per the works of Ovid. It also considers the process of geographic abjection, which features Ovid's exile to Tomis. The theories of Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler allowed a better understanding of the effect of Ovid's adaptations of Phaedra- and Medea-like figures and the construction of their gender. Ovid's poetry and his abject subjects gained the power to introduce new meanings for the paradigms of female sexuality. While the repetition testifies to Ovid's fascination with abject figures, the repetition of Phaedra- and Medea-like characters in various forms throughout his corpus may be a symptom of anxiety over women's sexuality and the hierarchies of power articulated by representations of sexual subjects.
Introduction
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the British Cruelty to Animals Act (1876). Also known as the Vivisection Act, it outlawed public demonstrations of experiments and obliged experimenters to hold a license and practice in registered places. In discussing the significance of the Vivisection Act, the book makes three core arguments. First, the Act molded ideas of moral conduct in animal experimentation into a set of legal provisions, which infiltrated almost every aspect of the physiology profession and shaped experimental medicine for a century. Second, as much as the history of animal experimentation regulation is that of the incorporation of legal norms into the life sciences, it is also a story about science affecting legal concepts and practices. Third, the Act imposed a utilitarian relationship with experimental animals. To elucidate the dynamic between law and science as it played out in the regulation of vivisection, the hapter explains that the book introduces two theoretical concepts: bureaucracy of empathy and the coproduction of science and normative order.