bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Retrograde Behaviour of Gas Condensate in Selected Niger Delta Reservoirs
Authors: Udo U. E. , Okologume W. C. , Mmata B.
Published: August 2024

Gas condensate reservoir fluid has a very complex hydrocarbon phase behaviour. In this study, retrograde gas condensate fluid in Niger Delta reservoirs was re-characterized. This was done through generation and re-definition of fluid properties for different gas condensate reservoir. To reduce the uncertainties and issues associated with recovery predictions, reserve estimation and multiphase flow, gas condensate were re-characterized into five different categories: near-critical, rich, mid-rich, lean and extremely lean condensates, with their respective phase diagrams. 250 reservoir samples were taken from over 120 fields in the Niger Delta region. Samples were all validated and restored to their respective reservoir conditions for a minimum of 24 hours with constant agitation so as to achieve homogeneity prior to the experiment. The experiments involved in the re-characterization include direct flash, gravimetric density, constant compositional expansion, and compositional analysis. Findings from experiments revealed that the gas-oil ratio (GOR) of a gas condensate ranges from 4780 to 401,490 SCF/STB, API gravity: 36–54 oAPI, reservoir density: 0.5170-0.1702 g/cm3, liquid dropout: 0.21–51.09, C7+ mol% <12.5, and stock-tank liquid density: 0.7604-0.8571. Findings from this research show that some fluid properties in the Niger Delta region exhibit significant deviations from values established by other researchers. Investigations also revealed that near-critical condensates are rare, while mid-gas condensates are predominant in the Niger Delta region. The re-characterization of gas condensate fluids in the Niger Delta region presents numerous advantages, such as enhanced understanding of gas condensate fluid behaviour, optimized reserve estimation, maximized economic recovery, improved facility design and field management.
Machine Learning-Based Time Series Models as Alternatives to Short-Term Traditional Decline Curve Models for Hydrocarbon Reserve Estimation
Authors: Balakirisnan Alvin , Jaafar Mohd Zaidi , Sidek Mohd Akhmal , Yakasai Faruk , Nwaichi Peter Ikechukwu , Ridzuan Norida , Mahat Siti Qurratu’ Aini , Abass Azza Hashim , Ngouangna Eugene , Gbadamosi Afeez , Oseh Jeffrey Onuoma , Gbonhinbor Jeffrey Randy , Agi Augustine
Published: August 2024

This study evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning-based time series models as alternatives to short-term traditional decline curve models for estimating hydrocarbon reserves. To accurately estimate the hydrocarbons that can be economically recovered from a field, area, or region, the predicted quantities should closely match the actual observed quantities within the same period. In this study, two models were compared based on their Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSE) to solve the decline curve technique of reserve estimation – the traditional exponential model and the time series ML-based Recurrent Neural Network's Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. The study results showed that the LSTM model outperformed the traditional exponential model, with an RMSE of 80.12 compared to 107.41 for reservoir K3, 30.24 to 141.52 for reservoir VII, and 80.56 to 169.81 for reservoir K5. These RMSE values indicate that the LSTM model had a better fit to observed data and thus had better goodness. Therefore, LSTMs serve as improved alternatives to short-term traditional decline curve models.
New Correlations for Predicting Niger Delta Oil Reservoirs Recovery Factors
Authors: Oyakhire B. , Onyekonwu M. , Okologume W. C.
Published: August 2024

The importance of estimating an asset's expected oil recovery factor (RF) cannot be overemphasized. It remains an essential step in asset valuation and can be achieved through several techniques including the use of correlations. This paper provides novel correlations for estimating RFs for oil reservoirs in the Greater Ughelli & Coastal Swamp depobelts of the Niger delta. Statistical multivariant regression method was employed in the development of the new RF correlations models using actual oil field data obtained in the early life of the fields in the Niger Delta. Eleven variables were gathered for each reservoir based on parameters identified to have influence or relationship with oil RF from literature. Data from 228 oil reservoirs were screened, only 69 oil reservoirs under water drive and solution gas drive in the Greater Ughelli depobelt and Coastal Swamp depobelt were found to have complete dataset valid for the study. The study showed that oil gravity and shrinkage factor are not statistically relevant in developing RF correlation for the Greater Ughelli depobelt under water drive and solution gas drive respectively. The developed correlations were validated with additional actual field data from the Niger Delta, and the new models’ results were compared with those obtained from Guthrie & Greenberger industrywide correlation and Onolemhemhen et al model developed for the Niger Delta. The new models provided better predictability and reliable results. The new correlations had coefficient of determination (R2) of not less than 0.68 with the field data while those of Guthrie & Greenberger and Onolemhemhen et al. models had R2 values less than 0.11. The new correlations are recommended for quick valuation of primary oil recovery from oil assets within the Greater Ughelli and Coastal Swamp depobelts of the Niger Delta as they provide more reliable estimates of oil RF for fields within the region.
Optimizing Fault Risking Strategies for Subsurface Resource Exploration on the Exmouth Plateau, NW Australia
Authors: Bankole Ayomipo O , Omosanya Kamaldeen Olakunle , Adebisi Niyi-Ola , Mosuro Ganiyu. O , Lawal Muhedeen A , Yakup Niyazi , Eruteya Ovie Emmanuel
Published: August 2024

The understanding of geological fault growth history is critical in subsurface resource exploration, given the key role faults play in maintaining reservoir integrity. Traditional practices involve assessing fault initiation, propagation, segmentation, linkage, and reactivation to elucidate their growth mechanisms and history. Various traditional methods, complemented by fault growth models, are employed, with the choice of method contingent on the study's scope and objectives. In this study, we use high-quality, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to investigate the evolution of two primary faults intersecting the Exmouth Plateau, offshore Northwest Australia. By applying displacement analysis techniques, including variations of fault displacement/throw with distance (T-x), throw (T) with depth (T-z), and Allan diagrams, we scrutinize potential leaking or compromised segments along the interpreted faults. Our results show that the faults are oriented in the NNE-SSW direction and developed under extensional regimes from the Middle Triassic to Late Jurassic. These faults show high segmentation along strike and mild segmentation along dip. Their T-x profiles reveal a multiple-segment profile of C-type and hybrid C-type, indicating evolution from the linkage of different fault segments at local displacement minima. Importantly, the Allan diagram highlights a leakage zone along F1 at the Top Rankin Beds unit, where a throw of less than 10 ms (approximately 10 m) was recorded. This area represents a potential site of subsurface fluid leakage, including oil, CO2, hydrogen, and other gases. The techniques and results presented here have profound implications for subsurface resource exploration in the studied area, with broader applications in similar settings worldwide.
Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan: A Technical Analysis, Opportunities, and Recommendations for Sustainable Development
Authors: Ekpotu Wilson , Akintola Joseph , Moses Queen , Obialor Martins , Osagie Edose , Utoh Imo-Obong , Akpan Joseph
Published: August 2024

This work analyses recent Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan (ETP) and its technical assessment to improve the incorporation of Net-Zero Energy Systems (NZES) for the purpose of sustainable energy development in Nigeria. Nigeria is currently at a crucial phase of its energy development, with the goal of shifting towards a more sustainable and ecologically aware energy model. This study assesses the existing ETP, with a specific emphasis on crucial elements including the incorporation of renewable energy, upgrading of the power grid, implementation of energy storage systems, and the establishment of policy frameworks. The objective is to provide strategic suggestions to strengthen Nigeria's energy transition and promote sustainable energy development based on Net-Zero Energy Systems. Given that Power, Oil and Gas, Manufacturing, Cooking, and Transportation industries collectively account for 65% of Nigeria's overall emissions, a streamlined transition framework would facilitate the reduction of emissions from these sectors and the development of sectors associated with solar, hydrogen, and electric cars, expediting the implementation of renewable energy. Important factors to consider include the variety of energy sources used, government financial support for renewable energy, additional capital expenditure for funding clean energy production, and the improvement of infrastructure, resulting in substantial cost reductions for the adoption of renewable energy.
Digitalizing Marginal Field Operations: A Paradigm Shift Towards Technical and Operational Excellence
Authors: Ajimoko Olutayo
Published: August 2024

This paper explores the transformative potential of digitalization in optimizing operations within marginal oil and gas fields. It delves into how advancements in digital technologies are revolutionizing traditional field management approaches, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making. By leveraging digital tools such as IoT, AI, and data analytics, the paper aims to enhance technical and operational efficiency while minimizing costs and maximizing productivity in marginal field operations. Through case studies and industry insights, it elucidates the benefits of digitalization in overcoming operational challenges and achieving excellence in resource extraction from marginal fields. The study underscores the importance of embracing digital innovation as a strategic imperative for maximizing the potential of marginal field assets in the energy industry.
Best Practices for Commissioning of Major Oil and Gas Facilities in Nigeria
Authors: Rahman D. A. , Alagbe A. A.
Published: August 2024

Commissioning is not a project close-out activity or a mere ribbon-cutting event. It is a pivotal project activity that demands meticulous, comprehensive planning and execution under a robust monitoring and control framework. Commissioning is indispensable for the safe and reliable transition from construction to operation of oil and gas facilities. Project commissioning is riddled with critical challenges that put personnel, facilities, and the environment at risk. This phase of the project is particularly susceptible to pressure from key stakeholders, especially when earlier phases have caused delays without adequate adjustments to the project's timeline for completion.

Furthermore, the expertise of commissioning engineers significantly influences progress in facilities design, construction, operation, and maintenance. Their experience ensures decision accuracy, agility, and flexibility when unforeseen events occur. Therefore, it is crucial to communicate the responsibilities and authority of commissioning personnel clearly. Key considerations for guiding leadership in decision-making and stakeholder management during commissioning encompass the unique aspects of facility location(s) - green field vs. brownfield; the complexity of the facility and the nature of fluids to be handled or processed; activity timelines; economic considerations which may necessitate phasing of works to aid flexibility and early product to market for quick wins; adoption of appropriate commissioning frameworks and strategies; and compliance with industry standards and regulatory requirements.

In conclusion, understanding the processes and activities involved in commissioning oil and gas facilities helps minimize risk, manage stakeholders’ expectations, and broker support when challenges or unplanned events occur in this project delivery phase. An After-Action Review or lessons-learned session will help deliberate and document gains and challenges encountered for referencing and supporting future projects.
Implementation of Effective Gravel Pack Pumping Procedure for High-Rate Water Pack Deployment
Authors: Fredricks Nwaru , Samuel Mofunlewi , Adetoye Babagbemi , Ezeike Emmanuel , Cyprian Okoye
Published: August 2024

Controlling sand production is critical to prevent damage to downhole and surface equipment during the production life of a well. Gravel pack pumping operation as a common sand control technique used in unconsolidated or poorly consolidated formation if not properly executed will result to stuck tool and in worst condition, abandonment depending on the severity of the stuck tool. Proppant selection and pumping procedure are essential in successful execution of a gravel pack pumping job. Industrial technological advancement has seen a trend for the utilization of man-made proppant as against the natural sand for cased and Open hole gravel pack. This should be carefully analyzed especially deploying via HRWP taking into consideration the high compressive strength and stickiness of man-made gravel compared to the natural sand. In addition to conventional gravel pack pumping procedure, tailormade procedure in adaptation to available equipment and material should be considered when planning gravel pack jobs. Specific procedural additions required for the critical Screen Out and excess slurry reversal culminating to an optimized pumping procedure is also a key consideration. The case history in this paper will discuss the cause of a stuck tool on the lower zone gravel pack which was due to the inability to pull out of hole the running tool after reverse circulating excess slurry. This was attributed to poor reaction time causing sand grain to come in between the running tool and the gravel pack packer. The paper will be addressing the lessons learnt and applied in subsequent gravel pack pumping operation including optimized job procedure, analysis of proppant selection and the synergy required from service providers for delivering the gravel pack pumping operation.
Three-Phase Saturation Evaluation Utilizing Multidetector Pulsed Neutron Logging in Freshwater Environments: A Guide for Sidetrack Drilling Optimization
Authors: Kim Y. , Akagbosu P. , Ndokwu C. , Adesokan I.
Published: August 2024

Sidetracking a well involves drilling a secondary wellbore that branches off from the original wellbore. This technique is critical in hydrocarbon exploration because it bypasses the unproductive sections of an existing well and increases production potential from commercially viable reservoirs using a new wellbore. This paper focuses on multidetector pulsed neutron well logging applications for characterizing reservoir petrophysical properties to optimize the sidetrack drilling pathway and determine perforation placement.

A slimhole multidetector pulsed neutron logging tool can be deployed through tubing to record inelastic and capture pulsed neutron datasets. In contrast to open-hole resistivity log-based saturation analysis, pulsed neutron well logging provides non-resistivity-based data for saturation analysis. The acquired data analysis allows us to evaluate the volumetrics of the cased formations and identify reservoir fluid contacts. With the ability to delineate the reservoir properties behind one or multiple casings, pulsed neutron well logging can be employed to optimize sidetrack drilling operations and enhance the precision of sidetrack wellbore trajectories.

We demonstrate the application of pulsed neutron logging to a well in western Africa to evaluate multiphase formation saturation for optimized sidetrack drilling. The salinity of the formation water was less than 20,000 ppm NaCl equivalent. In this low-salinity water environment, salinity-independent carbon-oxygen (C/O) logging was performed to differentiate oil from water. An inelastic gas-sensitive gamma-ray ratio-based measurement, which can be used in freshwater environments, was also adopted in the saturation analysis workflow. The two inelastic measurements were combined simultaneously to quantify the formation volumes of the three fluid components. The saturation analysis results revealed a three-phase saturation profile as well as water-oil and oil-gas contacts.

The multidetector pulsed neutron data-based saturation results enabled us to understand the current reservoir fluid distribution, differentiate between productive and unproductive formations, and optimize the sidetrack drilling pathway. This eventually contributed to improved reservoir production management.
Experiences and Learnings from the Deployment of Cement Packer Technology in Seplat
Authors: Abdullahi Muhammad , Nwokolo Ndubuisi , Ogbonnaya Okechukwu , Onyeanya Wealth , Obike Felix , Obisesan Wale , Orekyeh Uchenna , Horsfall Ipalibo , Okabekwa Fabian , Odiete Anita
Published: August 2024

The search for additional oil in most brown fields (as part of short-term oil gains) typically involves the review of idle wells to ascertain the integrity and reusability. Some of these wells with depleted reserves in the primary target zones require costly workovers to target shallower reservoirs. The wells often have Production packers at depths deeper than the targeted shallower reservoirs.

To maintain the standard two-barrier (Production packer and Casing head valve) A-annulus policy as part of well integrity, the need for a barrier in between the Production packer and Casing head becomes imperative.

Cement packer technology is a cheap and rigless alternative to developing oil and gas opportunities. The technology targets oil/gas reservoirs that lie above the production packer (single or dual) and creates a new annular barrier above the existing production packer through bull heading of cement slurry through the production tubing and finally into casing-tubing annulus above the production packer.

This paper presents the learnings acquired after the careful candidate selection, operational challenges and solutions proffered to achieve outstanding results with the cement packer technology. The learnings presented in this paper cut across two scenarios where a tubing punch was used to create tubing and annulus-A communication in one instance while a sliding sleeve deeper than the shallower reservoir was used in another instance. These operations were carried out in a single string and dual string setup.

The learnings cuts across program design, accurate cement volume calculation, cement placement methods, and operations supervision.

Many successful cement packers have been carried out in SEPLAT with attendant challenges. The WRFM team reviews the use of idle wells and identifies optimally placed wells that can be used for accelerated production of shallower reservoirs. The two jobs were designed, economically screened, and executed with the well services team and 3rd party vendors to achieve target results (production and well integrity).
Data Management as a Pathway to Energy Industry Digital Transformation and AI Workflows Adoption – The SLB Approach
Authors: Jackson O. A. , Tseyi E. T.
Published: August 2024

Cloud adoption – often referred to as "digital" has in recent times, proven to effectively eliminate hardware and software resource efficiency and sufficiency limitations obtainable in on-premise (located within company facility) infrastructure, in the area of compute and storage. It has also become apparent, that Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted workflows dramatically increases productivity for domain experts (Engineers, Geoscientists, Geologists, etc.), abstracting away mundane and repetitive tasks while leaving room for greater levels of productivity. However, accessing the above stated benefits of AI and digital must be inevitably preceded by data liberation from siloed systems into a democratized cloud-ready secure platform.

The SLB DMaaS (Data Management as a Service) solution, a suite of SLB "best-in-class" software technology which was successfully deployed for the first time in West Africa for a Nigerian Independent Energy Company in the year 2023, was designed to adequately implement a secure and democratized cloud ready collaborative environment devoid of siloed data sources. Aimed at creating an environment which is not just ready for a seamless transition to the cloud environment with minimal effort, but also a secure and accessible system to all authorized data users (domain experts) within the organization, the DMaaS solution is also OSDU (Open Subsurface Data Universe) ready.

The DMaaS solution technology suite presents a key piece in the puzzle of the Global Energy Industry digital transformation journey as well as the benefits therein. Elaborately discussed in this paper, are insights to how SLB is helping the global energy industry unlock the value hidden in data through Data Management for cloud adoption, digital transformation and AI – assisted workflows.
Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Quantification Methodologies for Oil and Gas Production Operations
Authors: Kanshio S. , Lekia P.
Published: August 2024

In the contemporary landscape of environmental sustainability, quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the upstream oil and gas sector is crucial for developing strategies to reduce emissions and mitigate climate change. This paper reviewed existing GHG emission quantification methodologies for upstream oil and gas production operations. We begin by outlining the importance of accurate GHG measurement in climate change mitigation, with a focus on the oil and gas sector's contribution. The paper then categorizes and describes various established methodologies, including bottom-up and top-down approaches, direct measurement, and estimation techniques. The paper also examines the challenges of complex operational environments and varying regulatory frameworks. However, our findings suggest a promising future with a shift towards integrated approaches that combine multiple methodologies to overcome individual limitations and increase overall reliability.
Understanding Psychological Safety in Engineering Environments: Perspectives and Insights
Authors: Ewuzie Theresa , Obong Benjamin
Published: August 2024

In the fast-paced realm of engineering, achieving peak performance necessitates more than technical expertise—it demands the establishment of a psychologically safe environment. This presentation immerses itself in the critical domain of psychological safety within engineering contexts, positioning itself not merely as a research endeavor but as a proactive blueprint for problem-solving and performance enhancement.

The central objective is a meticulous assessment and targeted addressing of how psychological safety directly shapes the performance of individuals and teams in engineering settings. With a keen focus on promoting creativity, teamwork, and overall well-being, the presentation goes beyond issue identification, delivering actionable insights.

A comprehensive problem-solving approach forms the foundation, integrating qualitative and quantitative evaluations seamlessly. Surveys, in-depth interviews, and discussions serve as tools to gauge the perceived psychological safety of engineering professionals, moving beyond mere measurement to a deeper understanding and resolution. Discontented with the status quo, the paper delves into current psychological safety interventions, questioning their alignment with the dynamic nature of engineering. This exploration forms part of the procedural methodology, offering not just problem identification but unique insights into influential variables and actionable strategies for enhancement.

Preliminary findings drawn from the trenches of real-world engineering workplaces underscore a tangible connection between robust psychological safety and heightened problem-solving abilities, amplified creativity, and a greater willingness to take risks. This is not a theoretical concept but a palpable reality shaping the outcomes of engineering endeavors. Observations from the study unveil a direct correlation between psychological safety and job satisfaction, hinting at a potential solution to the enduring challenge of retaining top talent over the long term. This goes beyond academia—it's about cultivating workplaces where professionals not only survive but thrive and grow.

The paper invites participation in laying the groundwork for practical policy and structural improvements to promote psychological safety in engineering teams. It's a call to elevate not just individual professionals but the entire field. This isn't confined to research; it's a problem-solving initiative breaking free from conventional workplace norms and providing tailored interventions. Together, the aim is to shape a future where psychological safety stands as the cornerstone for success in engineering.
Workplace Rhetoric and Behaviour Engineering for Enhanced Corporate Culture
Authors: Ewuzie Theresa , Obong Benjamin
Published: August 2024

In today's ever-evolving corporate landscape, achieving peak productivity requires more than conventional approaches—it demands a strategic revolution. This lies in the domain of Workplace Rhetoric and Behaviour Engineering, not merely presenting research findings but offering actionable strategies for a comprehensive overhaul of corporate culture. The objective is straightforward: to explore the revolutionary potential of workplace rhetoric as a strategic model for boosting worker productivity. This isn't an abstract concept; it's a practical assessment of how behaviour engineering, driven by rhetorical techniques, can profoundly motivate employees.

Employing a multimodal methodology that blends quantitative and qualitative techniques, the presentation delves into literature and examines case studies of companies implementing rhetoric-based strategies. It's not confined to theory; instead, it involves dissecting real-world scenarios to understand how strategic language use influences employee performance and instigates transformative shifts in corporate culture.

The procedural framework goes beyond analysis; it identifies crucial rhetorical components and proposes models for their systematic integration into organizational systems—a practical roadmap for implementation. The study doesn't linger on theory; it establishes a robust correlation between strategic language use and heightened worker performance. Rhetoric, positioned as a behaviour engineering tool, triggers tangible transformations in employee attitudes, communication patterns, and overall work dynamics. This isn't just conceptual; it's a mechanism for instigating positive shifts in corporate culture. Field observations highlight increased engagement, motivation, and productivity, presenting workplace rhetoric as a potent tool for organic motivation and fostering a conducive work environment supporting organizational growth.

As workplace rhetoric is scrutinized as a behaviour engineering tool, the findings underscore its potential to induce noticeable changes in employee attitudes, communication styles, and overall work dynamics—a catalyst for a more inventive, flexible, and collaborative organizational culture. The presentation concludes with actionable recommendations for management teams; incorporating workplace rhetoric into leadership strategies, implementing training programs and workshops as a detailed roadmap for organizational transformation to enhance rhetorical skills across all organizational levels for organizational transformation and growth.

This study explores the use of rhetoric in corporate settings to enhance worker productivity and foster a resilient corporate culture, offering innovative, human-centric strategies for organizational transformation.
Comparative Study on Gas Utilization Patterns among Marginal Field Operators and International Oil Companies (IOCS) in Nigeria
Authors: Udoh Gershom Christopher , Aimikhe Victor Joseph
Published: August 2024

Natural gas is an essential choice of primary energy due to its comparative advantages, such as higher energy efficiency and lower harmful gas emissions when burnt. Consequently, its production and utilization are imperative for sustainable energy and environmental sustainability. In Nigeria, IOCs and marginal field operators play a pivotal role in ensuring the availability of natural gas to end users. However, studies on the gas utilization patterns of these key players are relatively scarce in the published literature. Hence, this study investigated the gas utilization patterns of Nigeria's marginal field operators and international oil companies (IOCS). The Cochran model was used to obtain a minimum representative number of data with a 4% margin of error and a 99% confidence limit. Gas utilization data, including unaccounted-for gas, sales gas, flared gas, re-injected gas, and fuel gas, were obtained from the published data of the Nigerian Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI) from 2012 to 2021 (10 years) and used for the analysis. The results of the study showed that both IOCs and marginal operators prioritized gas sales as about half (46 % marginal field operators and 48% IOCs) of their cumulative gas produced was sold to end users. IOCs also prioritized gas reinjection (28%) compared to marginal field operators (3%). In addition, marginal field operators flared 32% of their entire gas produced compared to 7% for the IOCs. Furthermore, the results suggest that within ten years, from 2012 to 2021, Nigeria lost a conservative total of US$ 16.52 billion. US$ 6.69 billion from flared gas and US$ 9.83 billion from unaccounted-for gas. Therefore, more attention should be paid to unaccounted gas, as with flared gas.
A Framework for Introducing Data Analytics and Machine Learning to Petroleum Engineering Undergraduates
Authors: Mosobalaje O. O. , Aku M. A. , Egbe T. I. , Ibeh C. S. , Aderibigbe A. O. , Ogbonna J. A. , Olayemi M.
Published: August 2024

It is the age of data; data is everywhere! Digital transformation of industries is fueling an exponential growth in global datasphere, enabled by advances in data-measuring smart devices, Internet of Things and cloud computing. The oil/gas sector is not left out of the data revolution. A recent report indicated that about 80,000 sensors generate 2 terabytes/day data on an average offshore platform. The need to transform oilfield data into insights for optimal decision-making is opening up career frontiers in petroleum data science. An increase in demand for talents in petroleum data science is in view. In anticipation of this, the Data Science and Engineering Analytics Technical Section of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, African Region is collaborating with the academia, towards producing graduate engineers possessing domain knowledge and data mining skills. As part of the collaboration, we now present a framework for the incorporation of data science education into petroleum engineering undergraduate programs.

In line with Outcome-based Education approach, a set of learning outcomes for a proposed petroleum data analytics and machine learning course is presented, first. These learning outcomes are framed as skills and competencies expected of students at course completion. Thereafter, assessment rubrics and use case examples are mapped to each learning outcome. These rubrics serves as evidential basis for ascertaining that the skills have been acquired. In completing the curriculum design, a sequence of lesson and lab modules are enlisted as contents over which learners must gain mastery in order to meet the criteria of the assessment rubrics. Furthermore, various elements that make up an integrated learning experience are presented. These include open-access learning resources and toolbox, open-access data sources, instructional strategies, capstone project ideas, research prospects, and industry support (mentorship and advisory). The future prospects of this initiative are also discussed. Some elements of this framework, as presented in this paper, are currently being implemented in a quasi-classroom setting; preliminary performance reports are included in this paper.
Use of Borehole Imaging to Improve the Understanding of Near-Wellbore Geological Features in an Exploration Well in Shallow Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Ndokwu C. N. , Okafor R. , Uluyuz S. , Ofi A. , Onwuchekwa N. , Obikudo P. , Ndefo O. , Ogwogho M.
Published: August 2024

Geological information gathering is critical in every exploration well. Such information helps with establishing subsurface models and deciding on the nature of appraisal to be carried out. Borehole imaging is a veritable tool to get information about the near-wellbore geological features of exploration wells. From structural to sedimentological information, borehole images provide important additional understanding of the geology transversed by a wellbore. The aim of this work is to show the geological features interpreted from high resolution borehole images while logging an exploration well in channelized turbidite reservoir in offshore Nigeria, and to show how these features support the depositional environment interpretation from regional studies.

Like most logging processes, the procedure can be divided into three stages – pre-well planning, real-time logging, post-well interpretation. The pre-well planning includes the selection of borehole image logging tool and optimum logging frequency for the tool. The predominantly contrasting subsurface parameter and geological information being sought after helps in borehole image logging tool selection. In addition to tool functionality, the logging speed is a major check during the real-time stage. This helps to ensure the optimum vertical resolution is achieved. Post-well interpretation starts with data quality checking, data processing, geological feature orientation and identification, and other analyses.

The recognition of a depositional environment can be achieved by field observations, formation evaluation of petrophysical logs and cuttings, fossil studies, mineralogical analysis, geochemical analysis, sedimentary facies and paleocurrent analysis. In this study, the main recognition tool is borehole image facies and the features identified include deformed beddings, thin beds, graded beddings, cross-beds, erosional boundaries, mud diapirs and injectites, faults, fractures, and other high-angled features. These are geological features that can be found in turbidites and associated coarse clastic deposits.

Geological feature orientation and pattern recognition is the main ingredient of borehole image interpretation, and this work is a good documentation of features interpreted from borehole image logs acquired in offshore Niger Delta. Through a meticulous analysis of borehole images, this study aims to depict the geological intricacies present in the targeted shallow-water turbidites. Furthermore, it seeks to establish a correlation between the interpretations derived from borehole imaging and other data sources like seismic interpretation and field studies. This work will serve as a good reference for future detailed studies and comes handy for integrated interpretation.
Characterization, Screening and Feasibility Assessment of Depleted Gas Reservoirs and Saline Aquifers for CO2 Storage in Nigeria: A Pilot Case Study
Authors: Nwonodi Chike , Ozoemene Uchechukwu , Umeogu Ifekelunma , Osimobi Jude , Daodu Olugbenga , Amoo Tope , Uche Johnbosco , Emelle Chima
Published: August 2024

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial, oil, and gas operations and securely storing them deep underground. By preventing CO2 from entering the atmosphere, CCS helps reduce emissions. It enables permanent, quantifiable, and verifiable CO2 storage in geological formations. As the world transitions to cleaner energy and strives for net-zero targets, focused CCS feasibility studies and strategic implementation are crucial. Energy companies in many countries are already building CCS hubs, although this process requires dedicated effort and time. With the emerging energy transition drive and ever-increasing company and country net zero targets; it has become paramount to set the scene for more focused CCS feasibility study and future implementation. In most countries, energy companies have commenced building CCS hubs. But doing this organically takes years, dedicated efforts, and strategic focus.

To demonstrate potential for pilot development and operation of the CCS project in Nigeria, many depleted gas reservoirs and saline aquifers were subjected to detailed technical screening and feasibility assessment for CO2 storage in depleted gas reservoirs and saline aquifers. Of the 40 reservoirs screened, 3 reservoirs were selected as potential candidates for CO2 storage. Material Balance model and reservoir parameters for the SeaGen field were used to quantify storage capacity, while implementing the material balance calculations, with similar rock properties used to estimate CO2 storage capacity for the depleted reservoirs. PVT properties of the reservoirs and CO2 properties (density and viscosity) at reservoir conditions were used to estimate for the volumetrics estimations.

This paper presents key technical considerations for CO2 storage in depleted gas reservoirs and saline aquifers in Nigeria; including storage capacity characterization, screening criteria, volumetric-based and production-based CO2 storage estimation methodologies as well as voidage modelling workflow in depleted gas reservoirs. It also focused on both the static and dynamic characteristics of the rock that determine the feasibility in Nigeria. Finally, the paper highlights standard screening workflow for selected depleted gas fields and saline aquifers in Niger Delta, and the results of quantitative subsurface storage capacity and Material balance estimations.
Oil Well Development Through Nodal Analysis for Production Optimization: A Software Assisted Approach
Authors: Oluogun Mojeed Olawale , Uzor Emmanuel Chukwudi , Raji Abubakar , Ogiriki Shadrach Olise
Published: August 2024

The study used the nodal analysis method to design a recovery method for an oil well, Well_08_Og, in the Niger Delta. The well's geometry and configuration data were calibrated using PROSPER software, which is used for well design, modeling, and performance calculations. The well has been in production for an extended period and is experiencing depletion due to natural causes. Sensitivity runs were conducted on artificial gas lift to enhance production, increase water cut, maintain production rate within economic limits, and extend the well's lifespan. The well's calibration successfully replicated the well's performance, with pressure drop and flow rate calculations varying by less than 0.02% and 0.9%, respectively. The nodal analysis technique was used to determine the impact of factors such as productivity index, reservoir pressure, water cut, and gas lift on the well's performance. The gas-lift design was successfully performed, and the well's life was extended as it was producing even at a water cut of 95%.
Analysis of Airborne Magnetic Data for Geothermal Prospecting Over Dau, Upper-Benue Trough
Authors: Adeyemi T. O. , Alagbe O. A. , Amusan R. O.
Published: August 2024

The frequent power outage and unstable supply of electricity in Nigeria has affected the economic development of the nation in many areas, hence the need to look for other means of electricity generation such as geothermal energy. The strategic economic importance and availability of data from the study area arouse the interest of the researchers to focus their attention on the area in search of geological features favorable to geothermal exploration in the study area. In this work, the interpretation of the data extracted from the aeromagnetic maps of the study area was carried out using techniques involving Total magnetic intensity, Residual Anomaly, Tilt derivative, Horizontal derivative, Euler Deconvolution, Analytical signal and Geothermal Potential map. Results from analytic signal technique showed that the study area is segmented by faults and fractures. The depth analysis showed the study area being divided into three basic structures, the deep zone ranging between 1.063 to 2.022km, the intermediate zone ranging between 0.093 to 0.224 km and the shallow zone ranging between 0.036 to 0.077km. The generated geothermal potential map for the study area showed that there is high potentiality for geothermal energy in the North-West, West, South, East and North-Eastern part of the study area.
Comparative Reservoir Characterization and Quality Assessment of Two Sand Bodies in the Omoh Field, Onshore Niger Delta
Authors: Oyeniyi I. A. , Olagboye O. M. , Akpan V.
Published: August 2024

The ‘OMOH’ field is located in the onshore coastal swamp depobelt of the Niger Delta Basin. Six wells have been drilled, and seven reservoirs have been identified in the field. The reservoirs of interest reported in this study are named Reservoirs Sand D and Sand F, which were studied by applying well-logs and 3-D seismic data. This study is aimed at determining the comparative heterogeneity, characteristics and quality of two reservoirs by deciphering their performance and deliverability. The heterogeneity, facies distribution, quality and performance of the reservoirs were assessed by applying well logs, 3-D seismic, amplitude maps and petrophysical analysis. The results show that reservoir D has an excellent Net-To-Gross value of 0.84 and a volume of shale value of 0.26. The reservoir has a gross thickness of 478 feet, a good average porosity value of 0.26, and a permeability value of 250.7 mD. This characterized the reservoir as a typical sandstone reservoir with very good porosity and permeability. The results for reservoir F show that it has a low Net-To-Gross value of 0.55 and a volume of shale value of 0.45. The reservoir has a thickness of 34 feet, a good average porosity value of 0.22, and a poor permeability value of 10.4 mD. This characterized the reservoir as being very porous with low permeability, which is characteristic of shaly sand.
Corrosion Inhibition Using Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Extract for Mild Steel in an Acidic Medium
Authors: Amabuo Collins , Wachikwu-Elechi Virtue Urunwo , Ikiensikimama Sunday Sunday
Published: August 2024

One significant problem constantly associated with the oil and gas production system is corrosion. As water is an integral part of this system, corrosion among the piping is inevitable. Corrosion tends to disintegrate the piping substance, making it fragile and easy to rupture. The disintegrated parts of the piping could block the system, causing a decline in pressure and contaminating the fluid. Essentially, industries use inhibitors to retard corrosion, and generally, these inhibitors are toxic and exhibit carcinogenic properties. However, these vital inhibitors are still being used in small quantities due to probably non-availability or Sufficient, natural-based corrosion inhibitors. Accordingly, the current study describes the potential of using Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Extract as a potential natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), an acidic medium with a molarity of 12.178M diluted with distilled water. The method of assessment used in this study is the Weight Loss Method. The effectiveness of Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Extract was characterized in terms of metal weight loss and inhibitory efficiency compared to the Conventional inhibitor Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate. Results showed the optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) for mild steel using the same volumes and concentrations for the natural and conventional corrosion inhibitors: 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5g/L. The inhibition efficiency of Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis was higher than the Disodium hydrogen Phosphate at concentrations of 0.3g/L, 0.6g/L, 0.9g/L, and 1.2g/L, 1.5g/L. At the same time, after the analysis during the 14-day interval. The commercial inhibitor performed the least in all the concentrations. Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis and Disodium hydrogen Phosphate attained a maximum inhibition efficiency of 93.72% and 39.24%, respectively, during the 14 days. The inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreased with immersion time. In addition, the inhibition efficiency shows that the Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis Extract is more effective after 14 days in the different contractions and volumes. The natural inhibitor performed far better than the conventional inhibitor (Disodium hydrogen Phosphate) used to test.
Deep Water Mitigation of Gas Hydrate Formation Using Alium Cepa Skin Extract (ACSE)
Authors: Onyekachi P. N. , Ikiensikimama S. S. , Wachikwu-Elechi Virtue Urunwo , Okon O. E.
Published: August 2024

The formation of Gas Hydrates is a major flow assurance challenge affecting the Oil and Gas Industry. Hydrates are ice-like, non-stoichiometric crystalline compounds formed at high pressures, and low temperatures usually in the presence of water as the ‘host’, and gases as the ‘guest’. When hydrates form, they tend to clog or plug the flowlines thereby, leading to flow restrictions. This study evaluates the performance of Allium Cepa Skin Extract (ACSE) in gas hydrate formation mitigation. Experiments were carried out using a locally fabricated High Pressure Magnetic Stirrer Autoclave equipment to compare the performance of ACSE to a conventional Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor (PVP), and to ascertain the inhibitory capacity of the ACSE. For this experiment, Hydrate formation was detected by an increase in the temperature of the Reactor Cell and a drastic decrease in Pressure. The different weight percentages used were 0.01 wt%, 0.02 wt%, and 0.03 wt% respectively. Plots of Pressure, Temperature, and Time of the both inhibitors were made and results obtained were analysed. For the various concentrations (0.01-0.03 wt%) of ACSE, 0.02 wt%, and 0.03 wt% showed a higher inhibitory capacity compared to the PVP. For experiments with 0.01 wt% at the end of 120 minutes for PVP and ACSE, the final pressure drops were 12.3 bar, and 11.2 bar respectively. This shows that PVP was a better inhibitor than ACSE at that weight percentage. 0.02 wt% ASCE proved to be the most effective concentration in preventing gas hydrate formation because at this weight percent, the highest inhibitory capacity was obtained showing that increasing the dosage beyond this concentration would be uneconomical. Although for 0.01wt% which is the lowest concentration, PVP (pressure of 12.3 bar at the end of 120 minutes) performed better than ACSE (11.2 bar), the ACSE solves the challenge of environmental unfriendliness, toxicity, non-biodegradability, and availability. ACSE is eco-friendly, biodegradable, and locally available. Hence, it is recommended that it should be developed as an alternative to the toxic, and hydrate inhibitors used in the Oil and Gas Industry. Since the results of the experimental runs indicated that ACSE had a good performance, it therefore, implies that it may effectively inhibit hydrate when used for field trial.