bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Margarine: 100 years of technological and legal progress
Authors: Miksta Stanley C.
Published: January 2007

All through its 100 year history, margarine has been a prime example of the technological progress that has been made in the food industry through the efforts of oil chemists, food technologists and nutritionists. Having been developed originally to fulfill a political need for an economically new source of food fat in France during the regime of Napoleon III, the product has been continually changed to provide improvements in flavor, storage stability and physical properties, as well as to satisfy new nutritional and dietary requirements. The Margarine Industry’s attainment of today’s high standards of quality, nutrition and convenience has also required a comparable legal effort to establish the product’s nutritional equivalence to butter, to remove restrictive legislation and to modify the Federal Standards of Identity in order to take advantage of technological advances. This paper attempts to assess some of the problems and changes currently facing the industry as a guide to what we might expect in the future.
Correlation of solubility data: III. The isopleth reference method for predicting solubility data for long chain homologous and analogous compounds
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L.
Published: January 2007

A new graphical method for correlating and predicting solubility data for homologous and analogous compounds is described. It complements the isotherm and isopleth methods which are applicable only to long chain homologous compounds. This method is based upon the linear relationship, derived from the approximate freezing point depression equation in which T and T′ are the primary freezing points of two analogous compounds at the same molar concentration in a given solvent. The basic assumption that ΔH′f/ΔHf remains essentially constant for homologous and analogous compounds in the same solvent over wide ranges of temperature was validated by construction of isopleth reference plots using both published and new experimental solubility data for a number of long chain fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives in a variety of solvents. Complete solubility data are reported for behenic, stearic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, brassidic, erucic, petroselaidic and petroselinic acid in acetone, methanol, toluene and isopropyl ether. Complete solubility data are also included for elaidic acid in acetone, toluene and isopropyl ether and oleic acid in isopropyl ether.
Sodiump‐[1‐(n‐nonylthio) ethyl] benzene sulfonate: A new, third generation, biodegradable surfactant
Authors: Linter M. A. , Long L.
Published: January 2007

Synthesis of sodiump‐[1‐(n‐nonylthio)ethyl] benzene sulfonate has been achieved by two distinct routes, starting with ethylbenzene, in overall yields of 26% and 27%. Preliminary tests indicate a somwhat increased detergency to that of LAS, and superior biodegradability to LAS.
The process gas chromatography of fatty acid distillation streams. I. Analytical chemistry
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. , Stoll E. H.
Published: January 2007

It was decided to build a process gas chromatograph to monitor the fatty acid stills. The initial work led to the development of phosphoric acid treated polyester columns for the GLC of unesterified fatty acids. The design and construction of a process analyzer for the fatty acid stills was then begun. When this gas chromatograph was completed, it was used to monitor the still. Chromatograms of the fatty acid streams are shown and discussed. Quantitative results are compared to those obtained by conventional methyl ester analysis. Work with inert support column packings is also described.
Phosphorus derivatives of fatty acids. The addition of dialkyl phosphonates to unsaturated acids and the synthesis of some 11‐dialkylphosphonoundecanoamides
Authors: Sasin R. , De Mauriac R. A. , Leopold E. J. , Gordon H. B. , Sasin G. S.
Published: January 2007

A series of dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids and 9(10)‐dialkylphosphonostearic acids was prepared by the addition of dialkylphosphonates to 10‐undecenoic acid and oleic acid under free radical conditions in 58舑66% yield. The phosphonates used were: dimethyl, diethyl, di‐n‐butyl, di‐n‐hexyl and di‐2‐ethylhexyl. All of the products are colorless, odorless, thermally stable liquids, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. The dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids were converted into the corresponding acid chlorides by reaction with oxalyl chloride. The acid chlorides were then converted into the corresponding amides by addition of ammonia. All of the amides are white waxy solids except the 2‐ethylhexyl derivative which is a high‐boiling liquid. Two of the dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids were converted into the N‐decyl substituted amides by heating withn‐decylamine. The N‐n‐decyl‐11‐dialkylphosphonoundecanoamides are white waxy solids.
Determination of weight of bulk oil shipments
Authors: Lathrap C. A.
Published: January 2007

The following is a brief consideration of the methods used in the determination of wt of bulk shipments of vegetable and animal fats and oils, with particular reference to tallow. Sources of error are noted, and the techniques involved in accurate specific gravity determinations are discussed.
Nutritional contribution of soy protein to food systems
Authors: Bressani Ricardo
Published: January 2007

From the nutritional point of view, soybeans can play a significant role in at least three aspects: as a source of supplementary and complementary protein, as a source of calories, and as a source of nitrogen. The protein role is probably the most important for food systems of developed and underdeveloped populations, while the role as a source of protein and calories applies more to food systems of developing populations. Soy protein efficiently supplements cereal grain protein, because it corrects the lysine deficiency of cereals. In some cases, for example with maize, it also corrects the tryptophan deficiency. On the other hand, the essential amino acid pattern of soybean protein complements that of other protein sources, for example cereal grains, cottonseed flour, and, in general, lysine deficient protein sources. This makes feasible the preparation of foods of optimum protein quality and of a high protein content. Because of its quality, soybean protein can replace animal protein without a significant decrease in nutritive value, for example as milk and meat extender; for diets low in quantity and quality of protein and deficient in calories, soybeans, as full‐fat flour, provide both. Because of cultural eating habits, it is difficult to conceive the use of soybeans as complete substitutes of common beans; therefore, efforts should be made to use soy protein in combination with common foods used by populations to whom soybeans are foreign food. Examples of the nutritional benefits derived from the use of soybean protein as flour or protein concentrate or as full‐fat soybean flour are given, particularly for foods consumed in Latin American countries. Besides the role soybeans play in human foods, they also play a significant role in the animal industry as a very important component of diets. The efficiency of the swine and poultry industry would be lower if it were not for the nutritional contribution of soybeans.
Comparative functionality of soy proteins used in commercial meat food products
Authors: Terrell R. N. , Staniec W. P.
Published: January 2007

The use of soy isolates, concentrates, and texturized flours in meat food products is discussed. Functional characteristics of soy products in relation to their market application are reviewed. Soy isolates find more limited usage in meat food systems (2%) than the concentrates and textured soy flours (8–12%). In weak meat systems containing large amounts of fat (30–45%), the concentrate emulsifier and isolate are more important than the texturized soy flour. In chopped meat systems with 18–25% fat, the textural properties of soy flour (extruded) are more important than the use of an isolate. However, combinations of concentrate emulsifier and texturized flour are used. The method of cooking, i.e. fresh, deep fat‐fried, or char‐broiled, will affect the usage of soy combinations. In comminuted cooked cured meat food mixes, soy concentrates, and textured flours currently are being used. Nutritional properties are improved by inclusion of available ingredients high in lysine and methionine. Functional measurements of textural properties have been completed using the Instron with a Lee Kramer cell. Both model emulsion systems and finished product results substantiate the accuracy of textural properties in soy‐meat mixes using the Instron.
Selective hydroformylation of polyunsaturated fats with a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L.
Published: January 2007

Soybean, safflower and linseed oils and their methyl esters were effectively hydroformylated with a rhodium and triphenylphosphine catalyst system. The product from safflower methyl esters, hydroformylated at 100 C and 1000 psi synthesis gas (H2 + CO), proved to be a mixture of formylstearate, formyloleate and diformylstearate. At 150 C and 15 00 psi synthesis gas the formyloleate was hydrogenated and the product formed was a mixture of mono‐ and diformylstearates. The unsaturated monoformyl fraction (100 C) was tentatively identified as a mixture consisting mainly of methyl 9(10)‐formyl‐cis‐12‐and methyl 12(13)‐formyl‐cis‐9‐octadecenoates. The saturated monoformyl fraction (150 C) was a more complex isomeric mixture of methyl formylstearate. The diformyl fractions from hydroformylated safflower and linseed esters were identified as mixtures consisting mainly of 9,12‐(10,13)‐ and 10,12‐(11,13)‐diformyloctadecanoates. When hydroformlyation of polyunsaturated fats was interrupted,cis‐unsaturated formyl oils resulted.
The plant geneticist’s contribution toward changing the lipid and amino acid composition of cottonseed
Authors: Miravalle Robert J.
Published: January 2007

Gossypol is well known to be responsible for the troublesome dark color of cottonseed oil. It may depress growth, cause discoloration of eggs, and create metabolic disturbances when fed to nonruminant animals in excessive amounts. All but a trace of seed gossypol is contained in pigment glands present in the cottonseed kernel. Genetical research conducted by USDA scientist, S.C. McMichael, led to his discovery of a glandless seeded cotton in 1953. Glandless cottonseed are essentially free of gossypol. Using McMichael’s genetic lines as gene sources, cotton breeders have developed breeding programs in the last 10 years from which three commercial glandless cotton varieties have so far been released. More glandless cotton varieties are on the way. Due to the elimination of gossypol, the color of the oil and utility of the meal from glandless cottonseed is distinctly superior to that from glanded cottonseed. The advent of glandless cottonseed, its potential value in the field of human protein nutrition, and the success in breeding improved oil and protein quality in other oilseeds, have recently caused cotton geneticists to become interested in the possibility of genetically manipulating lipid and amino acid composition in cottonseed. However specialized genetic techniques involving interspecific gene transfer or use of wild photoperiodic uplands may be required in making such improvements.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. VI. Copper‐on‐silica gel catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao
Published: January 2007

The preparation of copper‐on‐silica gel catalysts containing 15% and 20% copper is described. These catalysts can be reused three times without appreciable loss of activity. Their activity compares favorably with the highly active 5% copper‐on‐silica gel catalyst previously reported. Higher copper catalysts are somewhat less selective for the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil than 5% copper‐on‐silica gel, but these copper catalysts have greater activity, better reuse characteristics, and selectivity comparable to commercial copper‐chromite catalysts.
Effect of induced high linoleic acid and tocopherol content on the oxidative stability of rendered veal fat
Authors: Ellis R. , Kimoto W. I. , Bitman J. , Edmondson L. F.
Published: January 2007

Veal calves reared by the Animal Physiology and Genetics Institute, USDA, on milk supplemented with tocopherol then on a diet containing encapsulated safflower oil demonstrated increases in the concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) and tocopherols in their depot fats. The expected decrease in the induction period of oxidation for these fats with 18:2 levels of 7–12.9% was not observed in the fats with increased tocopherol content. The fat of the treated calves was more stable to oxidation than the fat of commercial veal or pork.
Isomerization studies: III. decarbonylation of oleoyl chloride preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acids
Authors: Barr P. A. , Foglia T. A. , Schmeltz I.
Published: January 2007

Mixtures of siomeric C17 diene hydrocarbons were obtained when oleoyl chloride was decarbonylated in the presence of a transition metal catalyst. The choice of catalyst determined the composition of diene mixture produced. Diene mixtures were characterized as a mixture of conjugated and 1,4‐ dienes, or as a mixture of isolated double bond dienes. Carboxylation of the conjugated C17 diene by hydroformylationoxidation procedure gave a C18 monocarboxylic acid as the major product, whereas with nonconjugated C17 diene, the major product was a C19 dicarboxylic acid. Application of the Koch carboxylation procedure to C17 diene mixtures gave a C19 dicarboxylic acid mixture as the major product. This latter acid mixture was structurally different from diacids obtained from the hydroformylation‐oxidation procedure.
The effect of added solvents on soy oil lutein adsorption by silicic acid
Authors: Mingyu Jia , Proctor Andrew
Published: January 2007

It has been reported that addition of isopropanol to a soy oil miscella inhibits the binding of soy lutein to added silicic acid by competitive adsorption. It was suggested that the competition was based on the polarity of the miscella constituents. This investigation studied the effects of a homologous series of lower alcohols to competitively inhibit lutein binding to silicic acid from a soy oil hexane miscella. Lutein binding inhibition by molecules of carbon chains with the same lengths, but with different functional groups, was also examined. Minor differences were found between members of a homologous series of alcohols. A similar result was found with short‐chain fatty acids. The ability of various functional groups to displace lutein from silicic acid was dependent on the molecules’ ability to form hydrogen bonds, rather than on polarity.
Degumming and bleaching ofLesquerella fendleri seed oil
Authors: Carlson Kenneth D. , Kleiman Robert
Published: January 2007

A lesquerella species (Lesquerella fendleri) being investigated as a domestic source of seed oil containing hydroxy fatty acids shows good agronomic properties and is being tested in semi‐commercial production.Lesquerella fendleri seeds contain 25% oil, of which 55% is lesquerolic acid (14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic). Oils produced in pilot‐plant quantities by screw press, prepress‐solvent extraction and extrusion‐solvent extraction processes have been refined in the laboratory by filtering, degumming and bleaching. Two American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) standard bleaching earths and two commercial earths were compared for effectiveness in bleaching these dark, yellow‐red, crude lesquerella oils. Free fatty acids (1.3%), iodine value (111), peroxide value (<4 meq/kg), unsaponifiables (1.7%) and hydroxyl value (100) were not significantly affected by degumming and bleaching, but phosphorus levels of 8–85 ppm in the crude oils were reduced to 0.5–1.1 ppm in the degummed and bleached oils. Crude oils had Gardner colors of 14, which were reduced to Gardner 9–11 in the degummed and bleached oil, depending on bleach type and quantity used. AOCS colors in the range of 21–25R 68–71Y were obtained. By including charcoal in the bleaching step, a considerably lighter oil could be obtained (Gardner 7).
Hydrogenation of oleic acid to 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol with rhenium‐tin catalyst
Authors: Tang Thin‐Sue , Cheah Kien‐Yoo , Mizukami Fujio , Niwa Shu‐ichi , Toba Makoto , Choo Yuen‐May
Published: January 2007

A new supported bimetallic catalyst, rhenium‐tin, is able to reduce oleic acid to 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol (cis andtrans isomers) with appreciable yield under mild hydrogenation conditions. This paper reports investigations on the effects of catalyst preparation methods, types of support, catalyst raw materials, mole ratio of the metals, activation and reaction conditions on the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Catalyst derived from the combination of ammonium perrhenate and stannic chloride on alumina gave the best performance, and the presence of tin in the catalyst is essential for the preservation of the olefinic bond of the oleic acid during hydrogenation.
Soybean protein bodies: Phospholipids and phospholipase D activity
Authors: Boatright W. L. , Snyder H. E.
Published: January 2007

Protein bodies from mature soybeans were isolated by differential centrifugatioin to examine their composition and relationship with phospholipase D. Densities were adjusted by varying mixtures of soybean oil and carbon tetrachloride. The purity of the final isolate was confirmed by electron microscopy. Approximately 4.5% by weight of the protein bodies was lipid and 2.0% by weight phospholipid. Thin‐layer chromatography revealed only a trace of phosphatidic acid. Treatment with 60% ethanol/40% sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6) (vol/vol) resulted in phosphatidyl transferase activity with conversion of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylethanol. It is proposed that protein bodies of soybeans contain phospholipase D.
Enzyme‐aidedvs. two‐stage processing of canola: Technology, product quality and cost evaluation
Authors: Sosulski K. , Sosulski F. W.
Published: January 2007

The investigation focussed on the use of carbohydrase enzymes to enhance oil extraction during pressing in a laboratory expeller. Enzyme‐treated seeds at 6% moisture were pressed in the expeller set at full‐press conditions. Control seeds were pressed at wider choke openings but at the same barrel pressures as enzyme‐treated samples. Time of pressing and temperature and pressure inside the expeller barrel were used to calculate throughput and energy requirements per unit weight of processed material. Treatment with enzymes improved throughput of the expeller, increased oil flow rate and oil recovery. Material throughput was increased by 30–50%, depending on canola variety. The recovery of the oil was increased from 72% of the seed oil for control samples, to 90–93% for enzyme‐treated samples. The average residual oil content in presscakes from enzyme‐treated seeds was 7.4%. The oil quality was inferior to cold‐pressed control but was much better than has been reported for solvent‐extracted oil.
Water vapor and oxygen permeability of wax films
Authors: Donhowe Greener , Fennema O.
Published: January 2007

The water vapor (WVP) and oxygen (O2P) permeabilities of beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CnW), carnauba wax (CrW) and microcrystalline wax (MW), formed as freestanding films, were determined. CnW and CrW both had small values for O2P (0.29 and 0.26 g·m−1·sec−1·Pa−1 × 10−14, respectively), which are less than half the value for high‐density polyethylene and about a decade greater than the value for polyethylene terephthalate. O2P values for BW and MW were about 6−9× greater than those of CnW and CrW. WVP of CnW was 0.18 g·m−1·sec−1·Pa−1 × 10−12, which is about one‐half the value for CrW and MW and about one‐third the value for BW. The WVP of CnW was somewhat less than that of polypropylene and somewhat greater than that of high‐density polyethylene. Differences in permeabilities among the wax films are attributed mainly to differences in chemical composition and crystal type as determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Surface activities, biodegradability and antimicrobial properties of glucosamine derivatives containing alkyl chains
Authors: Matsumura Shuichi , Kawamura Yasushi , Yoshikawa Sadao , Kawada Kazuo , Uchibori Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2007

Three series of D‐glucosamine derivatives containing an alkyl chain with 8 to 14 atoms, methyl 2‐acylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides,n‐alkyl 2‐acetylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides andn‐alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides, were synthesized, and their surface properties (such as surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), dynamic surface tension and foaming properties), biodegradability and antimicrobial activities were evaluated.n‐Alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides containing C8 to C12 carbon chains showed surface activities, a CMC and excellent foaming properties. The α‐anomers showed a slightly lower CMC than the β‐anomers, indicating less hydrophilicity of the α‐anomers. On the other hand, glucosamine derivatives containing amide groups showed poor surface activities in water due to their lower solubilities in water. All glucosamine derivatives containing alkyl chains were biodegraded as well as conventional ethoxylated nonionics by activated sludge from the municipal sewage treatment plant. Methyl 2‐acylamino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosides andn‐alkyl 2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranoside hydrochlorides showed a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity than the correspondingn‐alkyl glucopyranosides. Among them the C12 derivatives showed the best results.
Rheokinetic analysis of the hydration of pentasodium triphosphate in a detergent slurry
Authors: Rodríguez Patino J. M. , Guerrero A. , Gallegos C.
Published: January 2007

The main objective of this research was to analyze, from a rheokinetic point of view, the hydration of pentasodium triphosphate (TPP) in a detergent slurry with a standard composition. A torque rheometer (Brabender Plastograph) with a roller‐type measuring system was used. The influence of temperature, TPP quality, system agitation and concentration of dry substances on the total torque of the samples has been studied. From the experimental results it can be concluded that all of these parameters, as well as the reaction time, influence the consistency of the samples. The kinetics of the process are controlled by diffusional resistances.
Epoxidation of methyl oleate with hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Schmitz William R. , Wallace John G.
Published: January 2007

Simple addition of hydrogen peroxide to a 10 molar excess of glacial acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst gave about 90% conversion to peracetic acid in the peracid preforming step.

Improved hydrogen peroxide efficiency in the epoxidation step was obtained by using a 0.9:1 molar ratio of preformed peracetic acid to methyl oleate. Under these conditions most of the peracetic acid was used in forming the epoxide.

Stainless Steels 304, 316, 321, 329, and 430 are satisfactory as materials of construction from the standpoint of both corrosion resistance and effect on the reaction.
Solubilization of triglycerides by hydrotropic interaction: Liquid crystalline phases
Authors: Friberg Stig , Rydhag Lisbeth
Published: January 2007

An investigation of the possibility of preparing aqueous solutions of triglycerides has been made by determining phase regions in systems of three and four components. The results have shown that isotropic aqueous solutions with solubilized triglyceride of up to about 15 wt % can be achieved. A primary solubilization of the triglyceride into a liquid crystalline phase of monoglyceride is followed by the addition of a hydrotrope which transforms the liquid crystalline phase into an isotropic liquid in which the triglyceride is soluble at certain component ratios.
Hydrazine reduction in the gas liquid chromatographic analysis of the methyl esters of cyclopropenoic fatty acids
Authors: Conway J. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G.
Published: January 2007

Hydrazine was used to hydrogenate the double bond of cyclopropenoic fatty acids (CPEFA) without cleaving the cyclic system. Using gas liquid chromatography (GLC), quantitation studies showed that it was possible to accurately determine CPEFA at concentrations as low as 0.1%. Studies with kapok seed oil methyl esters illustrated the potential application of such a technique to selectively hydrogenate the CPEFA to cyclopropanoic fatty acids (CPAFA), rendering them stable on the column, with a minimum effect on the degree of unsaturation of the remaining double bonds. Hydrazine reduction was found to be a simple and accurate method of measuring CPEFA in seed oils. Decomposition of pure methyl sterculate (methyl 9,10‐methylene‐9‐octadecenoate) on GLC columns of various polarities also was examined.
New surfactant isolated fromPseudomonas 42A2
Authors: Mercade E. , Robert M. , Espuny M. J. , Bosch M. P. , Manresa M. A. , Parra J. L. , Guinea J.
Published: January 2007

Pseudomonas 42A2 is a gram negative rod isolated from a water sample. The new strain, when cultivated in mineral salt medium with olive oil as carbon source, produced a new surface active compound which was isolated and identified as dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid. No rhamnolipids were detected in the organic extract. The surface tension of the new compound is 30 mN/m at 50°C.
Regeneration of spent earth in aqueous medium
Authors: Kalam Abul , Joshi J. B.
Published: January 2007

A simple method of regeneration of spent earth at a relatively low temperature has been developed. Deoiled spent earth was regenerated in the form of a slurry using water as an aqueous phase, in the temperature range of 170–270°C. The effects of temperature, slurry concentration and cycle of regeneration have been studied. An attempt has been made to discern the controlling mechanism.

Regenerated earth from the present method does not impart any malodor to the oil as against theramlly regenerated earth.
A highly sensitive method for the micro‐determination of lipid hydroperoxides by potentiometry
Authors: Hara Setsuko , Totani Yoichiro
Published: January 2007

A modified method for peroxide value (POV) determination of lipids was developed through the application of potentiometry to conventional POV tests such as the official method of the Japan Oil Chemists’ Society (JOCS). The new method permits a simple and reliable determination of low hydroperoxide levels in the initial stages of lipid autoxidation when only very small amounts of sample are available, even when those levels are measured on less than 10 mg of lipid. Using the present method, hydroperoxide levels as low as 20 nanoequivalents (neq) were determined with reasonable precision. This method is applicable to all lipids tested including oils and fats, free fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol esters.
Adsorption mechanism of a cationic surfactant on textiles in excess anionic surfactant solution
Authors: Yanaba Shigeru , Kanao Hirofumi , Okumura Osamu
Published: January 2007

The present study was carried out to clarify the adsorption mechanism of a cationic surfactant (dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC) onto various fibers in excess of anionic surfactant solutions. Actually, in such a solution, DHTDMAC becomes an anionic/cationic complex and comes into contact with fibers through the physical force of mechanical stirring. At that time, adsorption of the complex onto textile depends on the extent of the work of adhesion (WA). In fact, WA and amounts of DHTDMAC adsorbed onto fibers were correlated very closely. Furthermore, the difference of WA according to the complex is discussed. Two hypotheses are presented. One is based on differences arising from the hydrophobic character of the complex itself. The other is based on the manner in which the anionic surfactant and cationic surfactant are situated in the complex molecule. The WA of the complex is explained on the basis of these hypotheses.
Catalytic behavior of palladium in the hydrogenation of edible oils II. Geometrical and positional isomerization characteristics
Authors: Hsu N. , Diosady L. L. , Rubin L. J.
Published: January 2007

The geometrical isomerization characteristics of 5% Pd/alumina were investigated using response surface methodology. From the response surface, it was observed as expected that moretrans isomers were formed at lower pressures and higher temperatures. A doubling of the metal concentration from 50 to 100 ppm resulted in a small increase in isomerization in soybean oil, while for canola oil the same increase had a larger effect, especially at lower pressures. Similarly, an increase in temperature increases geometrical isomerization, especially at lower pressures, but the effect is more pronounced for canola than for soybean oil. Positional isomers were determined by oxidative ozonolysis in BF3‐MeOH and subsequent GLC analysis. Higher pressures suppressed positional isomerization. The effect of various catalyst supports on positional isomerization was also investigated.
Transesterification processes for vegetable oils: A simple control method of methyl ester content
Authors: De Filippis P. , Giavarini C. , Scarsella M. , Sorrentino M.
Published: January 2007

One of the main problems in the study or industrial application of transesterification processes for vegetable oils is how to measure the methyl ester content. In this work, a quick analytical method was developed for assessing the methyl ester content of purified “fuel grade” transesterification products by applying a simple correlation with viscosity. The correlation was tested on a wide range of samples with various methyl ester contents; the results were in agreement with the values measured by gas‐chromatographic analysis. In a defined range of weight fractions the correlation allows for the determination of the methyl ester content of purified transesterification products by a single viscosity measurement. This method is especially suitable for process control purposes as it determines the methyl ester content quickly and simply.
A software package to streamline the titrimetric determination of lipase activity
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Esposito Dominic , Cichowicz David J.
Published: January 2007

A computer software method, the Lipase Titrimetric Analysis Program, has been developed which considerably improves the utility of the Radiometer TitraLab/pH Stat system for the determination of lipolytic activity. The program features increased user interaction in the calculation of maximal lipolytic activity, allows additional titrations to be performed while previously collected data are being analyzed, and permits the permanent storage of titration data.
Isolation of 9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid from sal (Shorea robusta) fat
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V.
Published: January 2007

9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid and its triglycerides (DHS‐TGs) were isolated from sal fat by silica gel adsorption and solvent and dry fractionation processes, followed by crystallization. Silica gel adsorption gave a higher yield of DHS‐TGs than the other two fractionation processes. However, the dry fractionation process was found to be comparatively easy to carry out. 9,10‐Dihydroxystearic acid was isolated and identified by TLC, GLC, M.P. and IR‐spectrometry. The DHS‐TGs were found to contain 30.5% 9,10‐dyhydroxystearic, 57.5% stearic, 6.0% palmitic and 5.8% arachidic acids. These processes were found to be useful for recovery of DHS‐TGs and also to improve the solidification properties of sal fat required for confectionery.
Identification and elimination of the causative agent of byssinosis
Authors: Muller L. L. , Berni R. J. , Goynes W. R. , Wall J. H.
Published: January 2007

Separation and identification of possible causative agents of byssinosis have been high priority research activities at the Southern Regional Research Center since 1975. The Center serves as a focal point for several cooperating agencies also active in the search for this elusive agent. Several examples of recent research on proximate, elemental and microscopical analyses, as well as bioassays of cotton textile dust, washed cotton and dust obtained from selected cottonseed oil mills illustrate the multidisciplinary attack required by this area of research.
Effects of adsorption on detergency phenomena: II
Authors: Schwuger M. J.
Published: January 2007

Knowledge of adsorption of active agents onto different interfaces is fundamental to their technical application in the washing and cleaning process. Particularly important is their influence on interactions in multicomponent systems. By the formation of mixed adsorption layers consisting of at least 2 surfactants, an enhancement of adsorption is attained as compared with the adsorption isotherms of individual components. Parallel to this, the washing effect also increases. Water‐soluble complexing agents are adsorbed specifically onto polar surfaces, particularly onto such surfaces that contain calcium ions. Their affinity to such surfaces is significantly greater than those of surfactants which are mainly adsorbed onto hydrophobic interfaces. Due to the complex composition of soil, both components complement each other. In addition to their ion exchange capacity for bivalent ions, zeolites have a certain ability to adsorb molecularly dispersed soil components as well as colloidal particles. Hence, they have a special effect as antiredeposition agents. Polymeric antiredeposition agents act by formation of adsorption layers on pigments and fibers. Only such compounds that cannot be displaced completely from interfaces by competing adsorption with surfactants show positive antiredeposition effects.
Analysis of ionogenic surfactants by HPLC with ion‐pair extraction detector
Authors: Kanesato M. , Nakamura K. , Nakata O. , Morikawa Y.
Published: January 2007

A technique for developing a selective and highly sensitive detection method was studied, which responds to particular ionogenic surfactants using a system of connecting the post‐column reaction detector with a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC).

HPLC conditions used for the separation were: column packing and size, TSK‐LS410 (5µ) and 6 mm i.d. × 250 mm; mobile phase, a mixture of methanol, water, sodium perchlorate and phosphoric acid. A Technicon AutoAnalyzer II system was used as the post‐column reaction detector. Orange II was used to form the hydrophobic ion‐pair complexes for cationic and amphoteric surfactants, and Methylene blue for anionic surfactants.

By this method, cationic, amphoteric and anionic surfactants were easily identified in the chromatograms. The analytical results of their homolog distributions were in good agreement with those obtained by conventional gas chromatographic (GC) methods.
Functional Recovery after Hip Fracture in the Subacute Setting
Authors: Ganz Sandy B. , Peterson Margaret GE , Russo Pam Williams , Guccione Andrew
Published: January 2007

Objective

To measure functional recovery after hip fracture in the subacute setting.

Background

There are over 340,000 hip fractures that occur in the United States annually. Three out of five hospitalizations attributable to injury among persons over 75 were for fractures. Greater than 50% were hip fractures.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to describe the functional recovery after hip fracture in the subacute setting utilizing performance-based measures (PBMs).

Method

This is a prospective observational cohort.

Data analysis

Descriptive statistics were used for baseline characteristics. Repeated measures analysis using a Bonferroni correction was utilized to compare admission and discharge PBM scores.

Results

Eighty residents were enrolled in the study, of which seven were withdrawn because of medical complications and one subject died within 1 week of admission. Data were analyzed for 72 subjects. There were 59 women and 13 men ranging in age from 63–99. Mean age was 85.3. The patients’ profiles were as follows: 53% lived alone, 63% were Medicare recipients, 50% used an assistive device before hip fracture, 46% sustained a femoral neck fracture, 57% underwent a bipolar hemiarthroplasty, 90% received epidural anesthesia, and 90% had a weight-bearing status as weight-bearing was tolerated. The PBM results are as follows: [Table: see text]

Conclusion

There was a significant improvement between admission and discharge TUG test, Tinetti gait and balance test, and 6MW test scores in patients who underwent surgical repair of a hip fracture after a fall.
Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in vaginal and uterine samples from healthy cats of north-central Colorado
Authors: Cairns Kelly , Brewer Melissa , Lappin Michael R.
Published: January 2007

Q fever is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. Although traditionally associated with livestock exposure, human infection has also been documented from contact with parturient cats. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of C burnetii DNA in uterine and vaginal tissues from healthy client-owned and shelter cats of north-central Colorado using polymerase chain reaction assay. Coxiella burnetii was not amplified from vaginal samples of any cat or uterine biopsies of shelter cats. However, a nucleotide sequence with 99% homology to C burnetii DNA was amplified from four of 47 (8.5%) uterine biopsies of client-owned cats. This study demonstrates that clinically normal cats in north-central Colorado can harbor C burnetii. Care should be taken when attending to parturient cats and contact with parturient secretions should be avoided. Additional studies are indicated to further characterize the role of cats in zoonotic Q fever.
The Body of the King: Reappraising Singhasari Period Syncretism
Authors: Hunter Thomas M.
Published: January 2007

This article argues for a reassessment of the history of the Singhasari period based on disambiguating diverse historical sources that have often been combined to produce a seamless narrative, when in fact the textual record is marked by conflict, contradiction and ambiguity. The author proposes a basic division between the perspective of kakawin literature, which represents the interests of royal and priestly actors with a large stake in maintaining a fixed symbolic order, and literature in Middle Javanese, which reflects the more personal values that arose among young royals competing for favourable position in the core-line status hierarchy. The author further claims that symbolic initiatives of Krtanagara (1265–92 CE) that led to his identification as ‘the god Shiva-Buddha’ were not aimed at producing a syncretic religious system, but rather a politico-religious hegemony that had profound effects on the shape of statecraft during the Majapahit era.
Demography and population dynamics in the elephants Loxodonta africana of Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: is there evidence of density dependent regulation?
Authors: Gough Katie F. , Kerley Graham I. H.
Published: January 2007

Density dependence of the Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) elephants Loxodonta africana was assessed using a long-term data set. Estimated carrying capacity is 0.1–0.5 elephants km−2 but stocking rates have been up to 4 elephants km−2. Population growth rate was found to be positively correlated with increasing density. There was no relationship between birth rate, the age of first calving or calf sex ratio and elephant density but there was a positive relationship between birth rate and rainfall during conception year. Mortality rates, particularly for juveniles, were low, and mean inter-calf interval was 3.3 years. There is no evidence of density dependent regulation in this population, despite the population being consistently above the estimated sustainable carrying capacity and a loss of phytomass and biodiversity. This is interpreted in light of the characteristics of the aseasonal habitat, succulent thicket vegetation and the ability of elephants to utilize accumulated vegetation biomass. These findings indicate that density dependence should not be considered as an option in the control of elephant numbers in this Park, or where elephant resources are not seasonally limited.
Systematic conservation planning: a review of perceived limitations and an illustration of the benefits, using a case study from Maputaland, South Africa
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Goodman Peter S. , Matthews Wayne S.
Published: January 2007

Systematic conservation planning is widely considered the most effective approach for designing protected area and other ecological networks. However, many conservation practitioners still ignore these methods and we suggest that five perceived limitations of this process are affecting its uptake. These perceptions are that (1) systematic conservation planning software is difficult to use, (2) the process requires extensive biodiversity distribution data, (3) setting targets for representing conservation features is not possible, (4) the advantages of systematic conservation planning do not outweigh the costs, and (5) the resulting plans often identify unsuitable areas. Here we review these perceived limitations and argue they are all misplaced, although we recognize difficulties in the target setting process. We then illustrate the value of systematic conservation planning to practitioners using a case study that describes a low-cost exercise from Maputaland, South Africa. This preliminary conservation assessment measured the effectiveness of the existing reserve system and identified a number of candidate areas that could be the focus of community- or privately-run ecotourism or game ranching ventures. Our results also emphasize both the importance of producing planning outputs that are specifically targeted for stakeholders, and the role of systematic conservation planning in providing a framework for integrating different provincial, national and transnational conservation initiatives.
First records in Tanzania of the Vulnerable Jackson's mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni (Herpestidae)
Authors: De Luca Daniela W. , Rovero Francesco
Published: January 2007

New records in Tanzania of the Vulnerable Jackson's mongoose Bdeogale jacksoni expand its distribution by over 900 km to the south. During two independent camera-trap surveys over 3 years B. jacksoni, one of Africa's most cryptic small carnivores and previously thought to be endemic to Kenya, was recorded in forests of the Udzungwa Mountains. All records were highly localized within Matundu forest, at a maximum of 2.65 km apart. Most of the records (73%) were between 19.00 and 00.00, confirming that the species is primarily nocturnal. Conservation recommendations include further ecological research, genetic analyses, surveys in other Eastern Arc and ground-water dependent forests, and greater protection for Matundu.
Kinematic features of isolated volcanic clouds revealed by video records
Authors: Terada Akihiko , Ida Yoshiaki
Published: January 2007

Ascent processes of small volcanic clouds are analyzed using video records obtained for some eruptive events at Asama and Miyakejima volcanoes, Japan. In this analysis, each segment of the volcanic cloud is treated as an isolated thermal, i.e. a spherical body ascending independently by its buoyancy. Our kinematic analysis reveals simple relationships among the ascent velocity, radius and height of volcanic clouds. The applicability of the entrainment hypothesis and the relation that was obtained from a dimensional analysis by Scorer is examined for natural volcanic clouds. The empirical dimensionless constants characterizing the entrainment hypothesis and the Scorer's relation are more or less scattered and their mean values are about 0.36 and 0.6, respectively. These empirical relations can be used to evaluate kinematic features of volcanic clouds approximately without thermodynamic consideration.
Effects of smoothing and regridding in numerical meander migration models
Authors: Crosato Alessandra
Published: January 2007

Meander migration models include an as yet poorly investigated source of numerical errors related to the computation of the channel curvature, which are amplified by the procedure of adding and deleting grid points as the river planform evolves. The methods adopted to reduce these errors may influence size, form, and migration rate of the developing meanders, which creates uncertainties in the analysis of the results, limits the model applicability, and makes it necessary to treat the bank erodibility coefficients as calibration parameters. This becomes evident from a series of computational tests performed in order to compare two different methods of error reduction in the computed local channel curvature: cubic spline interpolations versus different levels of curvature smoothing. Since the problems discussed are common to most meander migration models, the tests performed were carried out for three models of different complexity. These were derived by applying different degrees of simplification to the basic equations for water flow and sediment motion of shallow curved channels.
Nickel atom and ion densities in an inductively coupled plasma with an internal coil
Authors: Xu Lin , Sadeghi Nader , Donnelly Vincent M. , Economou Demetre J.
Published: January 2007

The nickel atom density was measured in an inductively coupled argon plasma with an internal Ni coil, as a function of pressure and power, using optical absorption spectroscopy. Nickel atoms were sputtered from the coil and from a separate Ni target under optional target bias. A fraction of the atoms was ionized in the high-density plasma. The gas temperature was determined by analyzing the rovibrational spectra of the second positive system of nitrogen actinometer gas. The electron density was determined by optical emission spectroscopy in combination with a global model. For a pressure of 8–20mTorr and coil power of 40–200W, the Ni atom density ranged from 2.7×109to1.5×1010cm−3, increasing strongly with pressure. The Ni atom density first increased with power but saturated at high power levels. The measured Ni atom density agreed fairly well with the predictions of a global model, in particular, at the higher pressures. The model also predicted that the Ni+ ion density greatly increased at higher powers and pressures. Applying 70W bias on the target electrode increased the Ni atom density by 60%.
Aging in a Laponite colloidal suspension: A Brownian dynamics simulation study
Authors: Mossa S. , De Michele C. , Sciortino F.
Published: January 2007

The authors report Brownian dynamics simulation of the out-of-equilibrium dynamics (aging) in a colloidal suspension composed of rigid charged disks, one possible model for Laponite, a synthetic clay deeply investigated in the last few years by means of various experimental techniques. At variance with previous numerical investigations, mainly focusing on static structure and equilibrium dynamics, the authors explore the out-of-equilibrium aging dynamics. They analyze the wave vector and waiting time dependence of the dynamics, focusing on the single-particle and collective density fluctuations (intermediate scattering functions), the mean-squared displacement, and the rotational dynamics. Their findings confirm the complexity of the out-of-equilibrium dynamical behavior of this class of colloidal suspensions and suggest that an arrested disordered state driven by a repulsive Yukawa potential, i.e., a Wigner glass, can be observed in this model.
Protein destruction by atmospheric pressure glow discharges
Authors: Deng X. T. , Shi J. J. , Chen H. L. , Kong M. G.
Published: January 2007

It is well established that atmospheric pressure glow discharges are capable of bacterial inactivation. Much less known is their ability to destruct infectious proteins, even though surgical instruments are often contaminated by both bacteria and proteinaceous matters. In this letter, the authors present a study of protein destruction using a low-temperature atmospheric dielectric-barrier discharge jet. Clear evidences of protein removal are presented with data of several complimentary experiments using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive x-ray analysis, electrophoresis, laser-induced fluorescence microscopy, and protein reduction kinetics. Considerable degradation is observed of protein fragments that remain on their substrate surface after plasma treatment.