bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term persistence of freshwater mussel beds in labile river channels
Authors: Sansom Brandon J. , Bennett Sean J. , Atkinson Joseph F. , Vaughn Caryn C.
Published: August 2018

Freshwater mussels are among the world’s most imperilled species, and much effort has been expended to understand their precipitous decline. The current paradigm is that relative river bed stability over decades is critical to maintaining mussel beds at a given river reach. Such information, however, is in stark contrast to the fundamental understanding of self‐formed rivers.

Here, we examine the relationship between long‐term occurrence of aggregated freshwater mussel communities (mussel beds) and the dynamic rivers in which they live.

We surveyed mussel assemblages in two streams with historical records to document their long‐term persistence, and we simulated bed mobility with a two‐dimensional flow and sediment transport model to estimate bedload transport during channel‐forming discharges.

We found evidence of long‐term mussel bed persistence, in time and in kind, within these two streams and that significant bed mobility within mussel beds occurs every 1–2 years, as to be expected for self‐formed rivers with labile beds. Flow refugia, or bed immobility, thus cannot completely explain the persistence of these mussel beds.

Our results suggest that mussels have adapted to proliferate in river channels that often experience significant bed mobility, but further studies are needed to understand the biophysical mechanisms enabling the long‐term persistence of mussel communities.
Neph2/Kirrel3 regulates sensory input, motor coordination, and home‐cage activity in rodents
Authors: Völker Linus A. , Maar Barbara A. , Pulido Guevara Barbara A. , Bilkei‐Gorzo Andras , Zimmer Andreas , Brönneke Hella , Dafinger Claudia , Bertsch Sabine , Wagener Jan‐Robin , Schweizer Heiko , Schermer Bernhard , Benzing Thomas , Hoehne Martin
Published: August 2018

Adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) are essential for neuronal synapse development across evolution and control various aspects of synapse formation and maturation. Neph2, also known as Kirrel3, is an IgSF adhesion molecule implicated in synapse formation, synaptic transmission and ultrastructure. In humans, defects in the NEPH2 gene have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as Jacobsen syndrome, intellectual disability, and autism‐spectrum disorders. However, the precise role in development and function of the nervous system is still unclear. Here, we present the histomorphological and phenotypical analysis of a constitutive Neph2‐knockout mouse line. Knockout mice display defects in auditory sensory processing, motor skills, and hyperactivity in the home‐cage analysis. Olfactory, memory and metabolic testing did not differ from controls. Despite the wide‐spread expression of Neph2 in various brain areas, no gross anatomic defects could be observed. Neph2 protein could be located at the cerebellar pinceaux. It interacted with the pinceau core component neurofascin and other synaptic proteins thus suggesting a possible role in cerebellar synapse formation and circuit assembly. Our results suggest that Neph2/Kirrel3 acts on the synaptic ultrastructural level and neuronal wiring rather than on ontogenetic events affecting macroscopic structure. Neph2‐knockout mice may provide a valuable rodent model for research on autism spectrum diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Trigeminal herpes zoster and Ramsay Hunt syndrome in an elderly adult: Presentation with prodromal toothache
Authors: Brooks John K. , Rostami Arash M. , McCorkle Douglas C. , Benesh Samuel I.
Published: August 2018

Objective

This article describes an atypical herpes zoster (HZ) infection heralded by prodromic dental pain.

Background

Trigeminal HZ is associated with any of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a rare variant of HZ infection of the ear, often accompanied with unilateral facial nerve palsy.

Materials and methods

An 87‐year‐old man sought remedy for tooth‐like pain. Within a week, he developed cutaneous, intraoral and otic eruptions, hearing loss, and mild facial palsy.

Results

After ruling out odontogenic pain, he was diagnosed with trigeminal HZ and Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Conclusion

Herpes zoster infection should be included as a possible aetiologic factor with atypical presentations of odontogenic pain. Diagnosis of trigeminal HZ infection and the Ramsay Hunt syndrome may lead to timely intervention with antivirals and improved patient outcomes.
Environmental and physical factors predisposing middle‐aged and older Japanese adults to falls and fall‐related fractures in the home
Authors: Tanaka Tomoki , Matsumoto Hiroshige , Son Bo‐Kyung , Imaeda Shujirou , Uchiyama Emiko , Taniguchi Sakiko , Nishino Akiko , Miura Takahiro , Tanaka Toshiaki , Otsuki Toshio , Nishide Kazuhiko , Iijima Katsuya , Okata Junichiro
Published: August 2018

Aim

To identify environmental and physical factors that predispose middle‐aged and older Japanese adults to falls and fall‐related fractures in the home.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was carried out in 2014. Self‐administered questionnaires were distributed to 15 000 community‐dwelling adults in Japan. The overall crude response rate was 13%. Response data were analyzed from 1561 individuals aged ≥40 years using multiple imputation to analyze missing data. We evaluated falls without fractures and fall‐related fractures during the previous 3 years according to demographic, physical and environmental factors, including age, sex, long‐term care insurance certification, type of house and barrier‐free housing.

Results

Of the 1561 adults (mean age 68.1 ± 13.0 years), 28% experienced a fall in the home. Among the individuals who experienced a fall, 11% experienced fall‐related fractures. These individuals were more likely to be women (OR 2.4, 95.0% CI 1.1–5.1), have LTCI certification (OR 3.9, 95.0% CI 1.6–9.4) and be living in a barrier home (OR 4.0, 95.0% CI 1.6–9.8), after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions

Environmental factors, such as living in a barrier home, are critical for fall‐related fractures, in addition to demographic and physical factors. A multidisciplinary approach that considers both physical and environmental factors is necessary for reducing the incidence of fall‐related fractures among middle‐aged and older Japanese adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1372–1377.
Clinical characteristics of patients with dementia in a local emergency clinic in Japan
Authors: Tadokoro Koh , Sasaki Ryo , Wakutani Yosuke , Takao Yoshiki , Abe Koji
Published: August 2018

Aim

The present study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of patients with dementia in an emergency clinic.

Methods

We retrospectively examined patients with dementia who visited the emergency clinic at Kurashiki Heisei Hospital, Okayama, Japan. Among 16 764 patients who visited our emergency clinic in the 3 years from 2014 to 2017, we focused on 2574 (15.4%) patients with dementia.

Results

The mean age of patients with dementia was 84.9 ± 0.1 years, which was much older than the age of the total emergency patients (58.1 ± 0.2 years). The hospitalization rate was 54.9% for patients with dementia, which was more than double that of patients without dementia (23.3%; P <0.01), and was higher than that (44.3%) of patients who were aged ≥75 years without dementia. Infection (42.4%) and falls (20.9%) were the most common causes for emergency visits and hospitalization in the present study. Hospitalized patients with dementia spent a longer time in hospital for stroke (64.0 ± 5.3 days) and falls (51.9 ± 2.1 days) than those with infection, epilepsy, syncope, loss of consciousness, other causes (all P <0.01) or dehydration (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions

Patients with dementia commonly attend our emergency clinic. These patients are older in age, have a higher hospitalization rate and have a longer hospitalization, especially due to stroke and falls, than patients without dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1383–1387.
Lifestyle activities and the risk of dementia in older Japanese adults
Authors: Shimada Hiroyuki , Makizako Hyuma , Lee Sangyoon , Doi Takehiko , Lee SungChul
Published: August 2018

Aim

The prevalence of dementia is rising due to increases in the aging population and chronic health conditions. The present study examined whether lifestyle activities, including instrumental activities of daily living and social roles, were associated with dementia incidence in Japanese community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

This longitudinal study involved 4564 participants (age ≥65 years) who were classified by age and sex. Lifestyle activities, risk factors for dementia and incidence of new dementia were recorded.

Results

After an average of 42.6 months, 219 participants (4.8%) experienced a new onset of dementia. Survival analyses using the Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that the probability of dementia was significantly lower in participants who engaged in daily conversation (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.89, P = 0.015), driving a car (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45–0.88, P = 0.007), shopping (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.34–0.96, P = 0.033) and field work or gardening (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.94, P = 0.016).

Conclusions

We concluded that specific lifestyle activities might play an important role in preventing dementia in older adults. The activities that prevent dementia might differ depending on sex and age. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1491–1496.
Improved manure and fertilizer practices changes nutrient dynamics in silage meadows on a dairy farm in eastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Saigusa Toshiya , Matsumoto Takehiko , Osaka Ikuo , Minezaki Yasuhiro
Published: August 2018

Improved fertilizer practices were gradually introduced over 8 years to the silage meadows of Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station, a working dairy farm in eastern Hokkaido (approximately 100 ha, a size common in the area). The entire amount of farmyard manure and slurry that was applied to the fields and the entire amount of harvested herbage was measured directly by weighbridge. The nutrient content of the manure was measured every year from 2004, the nutrient content of the harvested herbage and silage was measured every year from 2006, and the amounts of soil‐available nutrients were measured every year from 2008. The two improved fertilizer practices—“more effective use of livestock manure,” which was introduced in 2005, and “nutrient application depending on soil fertility,” which was introduced in 2008—clearly decreased the input of potassium to the silage meadows. By means of improved weed control at grassland renovation from 2008 onwards and implementation of the improved fertilizer practices, herbage yields were maintained at around the target yield for this area, and botanical compositions (percentages of timothy and legumes) were improved. The potassium content of herbage and silage decreased significantly. Furthermore, the potassium content of the slurry also decreased from the year following that when the potassium content of the silage decreased. Reduction of potassium in the farmyard manure tended to be observed the year following the decrease observed in the slurry. Exchangeable potassium in the top 0–5 cm of soil decreased and neared the recommended level. The cost of chemical fertilizer was also reduced. These improved effects measured directly on a commercial‐scale dairy farm at the Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station provide important quantitative evidence for promoting improved fertilizer practices.
PAC1‐PAC2 proteasome assembly chaperone retains the core α4–α7 assembly intermediates in the cytoplasm
Authors: Wu Wei , Sahara Kazutaka , Hirayama Shoshiro , Zhao Xian , Watanabe Ayaka , Hamazaki Jun , Yashiroda Hideki , Murata Shigeo
Published: August 2018

The proteasome core particle (CP) is a cytoplasmic and nuclear protease complex and is comprised of two α‐rings and two β‐rings stacked in order of αββα. The assembly of CP proceeds by ordered recruitment of β‐subunits on an α‐ring with help of assembly chaperones PAC1‐PAC2, PAC3‐PAC4, and UMP1. However, the mechanism of α‐ring formation remains unsolved. Here, we show that α4, α5, α6, and α7 form a core intermediate as the initial process of α‐ring assembly, which requires PAC3‐PAC4. α1 and α3 can be incorporated independently into the core α4–α7 intermediate, whereas α2 incorporation is dependent on preceding incorporation of α1. Through these processes, PAC1‐PAC2 prevents nonproductive dimerization of α‐ring assembly intermediates. We also found that PAC1‐PAC2 overrides the effect of nuclear localization signals of α‐subunits and retains α‐ring assembly intermediates in the cytoplasm. Our results first show a detailed assembly pathway of proteasomal α‐ring and explain the mechanism by which CP assembly occurs in the cytoplasm.
Assessment of tumour‐associated necrosis provides prognostic information additional to World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grading for clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Dagher Julien , Delahunt Brett , Rioux‐Leclercq Nathalie , Egevad Lars , Coughlin Geoff , Dunglison Nigel , Gianduzzo Troy , Kua Boon , Malone Greg , Martin Ben , Preston John , Pokorny Morgan , Wood Simon , Samaratunga Hemamali
Published: August 2018

Aims

The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact of tumour‐associated necrosis (TAN) on metastasis‐free survival for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and to determine whether TAN provides survival information additional to World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading.

Methods and results

The study consisted of 376 cases of clear cell RCC treated by nephrectomy, for which follow‐up was available. WHO/ISUP grade was assigned, and sections were assessed for the presence of TAN. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) pT staging category and tumour size were also recorded. The development of metastatic disease was taken as the clinical endpoint, and survival analyses, utilising univariate and multivariate models, were performed. WHO/ISUP grades were: grade 1, 35 cases (9.3%); grade 2, 188 cases (50.0%); grade 3, 91 cases (24.2%); and grade 4, 62 cases (16.5%). Staging categories were pT1–pT2 [234 tumours (62.2%)] and pT3–pT4 [139 tumours (37.0%)]. TAN was seen in 128 cases (34.0%). Neither TAN nor metastases were seen in grade 1 tumours. Among grade 2–4 tumours, those with TAN had a significantly worse prognosis than those without TAN (P = 0.017, P = 0.04, and P = 0.006, respectively). Multivariate analysis (WHO/ISUP grade, pT staging category, and TAN) showed all three variables to be independently associated with outcome (P = 0.009, P = 0.005, and P = 0.001, respectively). For all tumour grades and pT staging categories, it was found that the presence of TAN was associated with a 2.91‐fold greater risk of metastatic disease.

Conclusion

Tumour‐associated necrosis is an important prognostic factor for clear cell RCC, independently of WHO/ISUP grade. This supports the suggestion that TAN could be incorporated into tumour grading criteria.
FGF‐2 and FGFR‐1 might be independent prognostic factors in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mariz Bruno A L A , Soares Ciro D , de Carvalho Maria G F , Jorge‐Júnior Jacks
Published: August 2018

Aims

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)‐1 are associated with tumour invasiveness, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aims of this study were to investigate FGF‐2 expression and FGFR‐1 expression in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), and their correlation with OTSCC patients’ prognosis.

Methods and results

One hundred and sixty‐seven cases were retrospectively selected, including 85 surgical specimens of patients with OTSCC, 46 incisional biopsies of OTSCC, and 36 incisional biopsies of OED. Tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for FGF‐2 and FGFR‐1, and digitally scored. Elevated scores of FGF‐2 and FGFR‐1 immunostaining were associated with high‐grade OEDs. FGF‐2 positivity in the stroma was associated with vascular invasion and a worse prognosis, in both overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) analyses, in univariate and multivariate models. FGFR‐1 positivity in the stroma was correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. FGFR‐1 expression in either the malignant cells or the stroma was strongly correlated with shorter OS and DFS.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that increased FGF‐2 expression and increased FGFR‐1 expression are associated with high‐grade OEDs, and are correlated with the presence of metastasis and adverse outcomes in OTSCC patients.
INSURANCE‐INDUCED MORAL HAZARD: A DYNAMIC MODEL OF WITHIN‐YEAR MEDICAL CARE DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Cronin Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

This study quantifies the moral hazard effect of health insurance on medical expenditure by estimating a dynamic model of within‐year medical care consumption that allows for insurance selection, endogenous health transitions, and individual uncertainty about medical care prices in an environment where insurance has nonlinear cost‐sharing features. The results suggest that moral hazard accounts for 53.1%, on average, of total annual medical expenditure when insured. This estimate is significantly different, and generally larger, than that produced by an alternative model that is representative of the annual medical care decision‐making models commonly found in the literature.
PRICE DYNAMICS WITH CUSTOMER MARKETS
Authors: Paciello Luigi , Pozzi Andrea , Trachter Nicholas
Published: August 2018

Using microdata from a U.S. retailer we document that customer turnover responds to pricing. We study the optimal price setting of a firm when its demand has an extensive margin that is elastic to price due to customers' opportunity to search for an alternative supplier. The price pass‐through of idiosyncratic productivity shocks is incomplete, with the most productive firms passing through more. Firm demand is more persistent than price. Higher demand is associated with lower markups due to higher search intensity, despite flexible prices. We find empirical support for these predictions in microdata from the retail industry.
The use of bagasse in the preparation of fireclay insulating bricks
Authors: Hassan Ali M. , Moselhy H. , Abadir Magdi F.
Published: August 2018

Acidic insulating refractory bricks were prepared by mixing kaolin and grog with polystyrene (PS) beads up to 1.5% and bagasse up to 5% (by weight). This latter is a fibrous waste residue from the sugar cane industry. The bricks were dried and fired at 1250°C in a cycle lasting for 16 hours. The bricks were tested for water absorption, porosity, bulk density, cold crushing strength and thermal conductivity at three different temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). It was concluded that bricks containing 1% PS and 3% bagasse abided by ASTM C155‐97 for C‐30 type insulating refractories with a bulk density of 1.01 g/cm3, a cold crushing strength of 4.08 MPa, and a thermal conductivity of 0.37 W/K/m at 800°C.
Effect of ZrO2on the densification behavior and properties of Indian magnesite
Authors: Ghosh Chandrima , Sinhamahapatra Somnath , Tripathi Himansu Sekhar
Published: August 2018

Natural magnesite is the primary source for magnesia‐based refractory materials. India has vast deposits of magnesite in Salem and Almora regions. However, due to the presence of large amount of impurities which forms low‐melting compounds at elevated temperature, its high‐temperature application is restricted. Raw magnesite was evaluated in terms of chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and phase assemblage. Zirconia (1‐5 wt %) was added to Indian natural magnesite of Salem region to minimize the low‐melting phase formation at high temperatures. Samples were sintered in the temperature range of 1550‐1700°C. Sintered samples were characterized in terms of densification, mechanical and thermo‐mechanical properties, phase assemblage, and microstructure. It was found that the addition of zirconia reduced the formation of detrimental phases like monticellite and thereby improved the high‐temperature mechanical properties.
Effect of TiB2 on dynamic response of TiB2‐B4C composites under shock wave loading
Authors: Gao Yubo , Yi Chenhong , Zhang Wei , Deng Yongjun
Published: August 2018

A series of plate impact tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of TiB2 on the mechanical performance of the TiB2‐B4C composites under ultra‐high strain rates. The free surface velocity of sample was monitored by the dual‐laser Doppler pin system. The dynamic response and Hugoniot equation of state of the TiB2‐B4C composites were obtained in shock and impact environments. Experimental results showed that the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) of the composites was increased from 14.98 to 16.91 GPa with increasing of loading strain rates. The strain‐rate sensitivity of the TiB2‐B4C composites, as well as the pure TiB2, was positive. The HEL of the composites was close to that of the matrix material (B4C), and was little effected by the additional agent (TiB2 phase) at the strain rates higher than 104 s−1. Compared with previous data, a strong relation was showed between the HEL and the wave impedance of the composites under shock wave loading.
Parental work status and children's dietary consumption: Australian evidence
Authors: Alsharairi Naser A. , Somerset Shawn
Published: August 2018

This study investigated associations between parents' work status and the dietary consumption patterns of Australian children, and whether such associations vary by parental education and usage of nonparental childcare. Data from the longitudinal study of Australian children at two waves from ages 2–3 years (n = 4601) to 4–5 years (n = 4381) were analysed. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios of children consuming (≥1 times/day) fruit and vegetables (FV), high fat foods (HFF), high sugar drinks (HSD), as well as evaluating the incidence of breakfast consumption. This was analysed against the employment status of parents including full‐time, part‐time and unemployed. Children of part‐time employed mothers were more likely to consume breakfast, and less likely to consume HSD compared with children of full‐time employed mothers. Children of part‐time employed fathers were less likely to consume FV and breakfast, and more likely to consume HSD compared with children of full‐time employed fathers. Children of nonemployed mothers were more likely to consume HFF, whilst those of nonemployed fathers were more likely to consume HSD and less likely to consume breakfast compared with other children. Amongst less‐educated parents, children of unemployed and part‐time employed parents were more likely to consume HFF and HSD and less likely to consume FV and breakfast compared with children of full‐time employed parents. Amongst highly educated parents, children of unemployed and part‐time employed mothers were less likely to consume HSD compared with children of full‐time employed mothers. Children of part‐time employed mothers who used family day care, day care centres and grandparent care were less likely to consume HSD and more likely to consume breakfast compared with children of full‐time employed mothers. Children of part‐time employed fathers and unemployed parents who used day care centres and grandparent care were less likely to consume FV and more likely to consume HFF compared with children of full‐time employed parents. Future studies should pursue a better understanding of the mechanisms for the adverse effects of parental work status on dietary consumption to develop and enhance specific interventions targeting these groups.
Understanding fashion communication between Korean middle‐aged mothers and daughters
Authors: Park Soozin , Choi Yun Jung , Lee Yuri
Published: August 2018

Daughters can be considered important social role models for middle‐aged mothers in fashion communication such as the clothing purchase or conformity. This study explores antecedents (trust in daughters as fashion informants and internalized social pressure for appearance management) and outcomes (solidarity between mother and daughter, psychological well‐being of mother) of fashion communication (mother–daughter shopping, clothing conformity) between middle‐aged mothers and daughters. The data were collected using a self‐administered online survey of 307 middle‐aged Korean women between ages of 45 and 65. The result shows that mothers’ trust in daughters as fashion informants and internalized social pressure for appearance positively influence mother–daughter shopping and mothers’ clothing conformity to daughters. Next, mother–daughter shopping and mothers’ clothing conformity have a positive influence on the solidarity of mothers and daughters. When solidarity becomes stronger, the degree of the mothers’ psychological well‐being increases.
Assessing perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes of patients with imperative versus elective indications for robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy: Results from a high‐volume center
Authors: Heinze Alexander , Larcher Alessandro , Umari Paolo , Fossati Nicola , Piccolo Joey , De Groote Ruben , Goossens Marijn , De Coninck Vincent , De Naeyer Geert , Mottrie Alexandre
Published: August 2018

Objective

To determine the impact of imperative or elective indications on the perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes of patients undergoing robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy.

Methods

Between June 2006 and September 2016, data of patients who underwent robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy at the Onze‐Lieve‐Vrouwziekenhuis Hospital in Aalst, Belgium, were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively collected database. Only patients with non‐metastatic, clinical T1–T2 graded tumors were included. Perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes were recollected. A comparative analysis was carried out after dividing patients into two groups: those who underwent robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy for an elective indication (group 1, n = 194), and for an imperative indication (group 2, n = 57) caused by a solitary kidney (n = 20), impaired renal function (n = 2) or both (n = 35).

Results

Patients in group 2 were older (74 vs 71 years, P < 0.001), and had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (P < 0.001) and American Society of Anesthesiologists score (P < 0.001). No differences were observed concerning laterality, sex, preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical score or clinical stage. Surgical outcomes considering estimated blood loss, surgical time, ischemia time and transfusion rate showed no significant difference between groups. The complication rate according to Clavien–Dindo showed no difference between groups (P = 0.6). No difference was found between groups with regard to percentage decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (7.4 vs 4.8%, P < 0.15).

Conclusions

Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy can be safely and effectively carried out by experienced surgeons in a high‐volume center with similar perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes for both elective or imperative indications.
Effectiveness of corticosteroid compared with non‐corticosteroid therapy for the treatment of drug‐induced acute interstitial nephritis: a systematic review
Authors: Quinto Lena R. , Sukkar Louisa , Gallagher Martin
Published: August 2018

Corticosteroids may hasten recovery in drug‐induced acute interstitial nephritis (DI‐AIN). However, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of corticosteroid compared with non‐corticosteroid therapy. We conducted a systematic review of the literature according to Preferred Reporting in Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science from inception until November 2017 using predefined search terms. Studies that compared the effects of corticosteroid therapy versus non‐corticosteroid therapy in the treatment of DI‐AIN were included. Outcomes were change in serum creatinine, adverse drug reactions, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and death. Due to considerable heterogeneity, a meta‐analysis was not performed. There were no randomised controlled trials. Eight retrospective studies met inclusion criteria, with 430 patients (300 received and 130 did not receive corticosteroid therapy) and a median age of 57 (range 29–75) and 58 (22–76) years respectively. When treatment details were reported, prednisone was commenced at 40–60 mg daily in five studies, and two studies commenced intravenous methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg with a treatment duration of 1.5–12 weeks. Non‐corticosteroid therapy was poorly defined across all studies. Four studies showed no difference in serum creatinine between corticosteroid and comparator arms, while four studies found a benefit. Adverse drug reactions, need for RRT and deaths were infrequently reported. Risk of bias was high across all domains. The limited evidence does not support the use of corticosteroids in the treatment of DI‐AIN. Larger, well‐designed trials are needed to help guide clinical management of this condition.
Managing hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary to haematological malignancies in Australia and New Zealand: a clinician survey
Authors: Wong Jonathan , Wood Erica M. , Crispin Philip , Weinkove Robert , McQuilten Zoe K. ,   on behalf of the Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group (ALLG) Supportive Care Group
Published: August 2018

Background

Acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia secondary to haematological malignancies is associated with increased infection risk. Immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement reduces major infections but not mortality, and is costly. No prospective randomised trials have compared Ig replacement with prophylactic antibiotics.

Aims

To identify variation in current practice regarding management of secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia in Australia and New Zealand, to identify barriers to best practice, and to inform the development of a clinical trial assessing antibiotic prophylaxis in secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia.

Methods

We conducted an online survey of current clinical practice regarding management of secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia among haematologists in Australia and New Zealand.

Results

Seventy‐two haematologists responded; 89% of whom reported commencing Ig replacement for secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia in the setting of recurrent or severe infection. Most monitored trough immunoglobulin G levels, most often 3 monthly. Criteria for stopping Ig replacement varied. Most respondents recommended influenza and pneumococcal vaccination, while only 21% reported using antibiotic prophylaxis. Few respondents (3%) reported prescribing prophylactic antibiotics before commencing Ig replacement. Most reported an interest in recruiting patients to a clinical trial comparing Ig replacement with prophylactic antibiotics.

Conclusion

In comparison to limited international data, this survey finds variation in practice, which may be due to differences in local policies governing access to Ig. These findings highlight the need for research into the indications for Ig commencement and cessation, and will inform design of prospective trials of infection prevention in secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Interleukin‐17‐producing γδ T (γδ17) cells in inflammatory diseases
Authors: Akitsu Aoi , Iwakura Yoichiro
Published: August 2018

Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine and is involved in the development of many diseases. Recent studies have revealed that IL‐17‐producing γδ T cells (γδ17 cells) in addition to IL‐17‐producing CD4+ T cells [T helper type 17 (Th17) cells] are often the main producers of IL‐17 in mouse models of inflammatory diseases. γδ T cells are functionally committed during intra‐thymic differentiation. γδ thymocytes capable of producing IL‐17, which express the transcription factor retinoic‐acid‐receptor‐related orphan receptor γt and the signature cytokine receptor IL‐23R, leave the thymus, and produce IL‐17 rapidly by the stimulation with IL‐1β and IL‐23 in the periphery. Therefore, γδ17 cells play important roles in the early phase of host defence against pathogens and in inflammatory diseases. γδ T cells that can produce IL‐17 are also increased in the skin of patients with psoriasis and in peripheral blood of patients with ankylosing sclerosis. Indeed, the therapy targeting IL‐17 has been approved or is in clinical trials, and proved to be very efficient to treat psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing sclerosis. In this review, we discuss recent knowledge about the pathophysiological function of γδ17 cells in infection and inflammatory diseases and therapeutic advances targeting IL‐17.
MicroRNA‐mediated regulation of T helper type 17/regulatory T‐cell balance in autoimmune disease
Authors: Liu Cuilian , Yang Haoran , Shi Weiyun , Wang Ting , Ruan Qingguo
Published: August 2018

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells are two distinct T‐cell subsets with opposite effects on immune functions. While Th17 cells are a key effector in the immune response and play critical roles in the development of autoimmunity and inflammation, Treg cells orchestrate the overall immune response and maintain peripheral immune tolerance by regulating the activity of the effector T cells. However, the developmental pathways for Th17 and Treg cells are reciprocally interconnected and there is a significant amount of plasticity between them. Disturbed Th17/Treg balance contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases, like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNA molecules that post‐transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Recently, emerging evidence demonstrates that miRNAs play an important role in regulating the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases through the modulation of Th17/Treg balance. This review will provide an overview of the dysregulated miRNAs and their functions in modulating the Th17/Treg balance in autoimmune diseases.
Combining e‐mental health intervention development with human computer interaction (HCI) design to enhance technology‐facilitated recovery for people with depression and/or anxiety conditions: An integrative literature review
Authors: Søgaard Neilsen Amalie , Wilson Rhonda L.
Published: August 2018

Computer scientists contend that understanding human computer interaction (HCI) is an important factor in developing successful computer user experiences. Mental health professionals across a range of disciplines are increasingly developing and implementing Internet‐based treatments for people with a variety of mental health conditions. Many therapeutic and economic benefits are associated with technology‐enabled treatments for a range of mental health disorders. Despite this, the role of HCI and associated design elements remains poorly understood in regard to the impact on patient safety, effectiveness, and to adherence of treatment for computer users who engage with e‐mental health interventions. An integrative literature review was conducted to investigate how adequately HCI and user‐centred design is incorporated in the development of e‐mental health interventions for depression and anxiety, and subsequently reported in literature to inform evidence‐based practice. The PRISMA model was used to locate, select, and include 30 relevant articles. The main finding of this review is that Internet‐based e‐mental health interventions are routinely implemented without sufficiently describing the relevant HCI design features applied. This is a limitation that in turn jeopardizes the assessment validity of e‐mental interventions generally, leaving those who administer the interventions with incomplete evidence to support the safe, reliable, dependable, credible, and trustworthy implementation of the interventions. The recommendation arising from this review is that human computer interaction should be carefully considered when mental health nurses and other practitioners adopt e‐mental health interventions for therapeutic purposes to assure the quality and safety of e‐mental health interventions on offer to patients.
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is: A Model of Certification with Informed Finance
Authors: Wang Tianxi
Published: August 2018

We consider how funding from informed investors such as banks certifies the quality of the recipient firms to investors uninformed of it. We show that informed finance leads to full separation of firms’ quality types, with a larger quantity of it certifying a better quality. Moreover, the increase in the market value of the recipient firm is a convex, increasing function of the quantity of informed finance that it obtains. Lastly, firms with attribute X derive a greater value from the certification service of informed finance than those without it if the distribution of firms’ quality conditional on X is second‐order stochastically dominated by that conditional on its absence. The informed finance could be commercial bank loans or the purchase of a firm's equity preceding its IPO by renowned investment banks.
How do development actors do “ICT for development”? A strategy‐as‐practice perspective on emerging practices in Ghanaian agriculture
Authors: Karanasios Stan , Slavova Mira
Published: August 2018

This paper examines how development actors within the Ghanaian agricultural sector enact information and communication technology (ICT) in their day‐to‐day outreach practices with smallholder farmers. We draw on an in‐depth qualitative case study, informed by the theoretical perspective of “strategy‐as‐practice” to answer the research question: “what ICT‐mediated strategic practices are used by development actors in the Ghanaian agriculture sector?” The research findings reveal that (1) the activities of development actors are meshed within a network of interdependencies; (2) the enacted strategic practices reflect the trade‐off between novelty of content and novelty of the technologies used to deliver it; and lastly, (3) the praxis of development actors for doing ICT for development consists of hybrid strategies, combining bottom‐up approaches consistent with farmers' indigenous smallholder logic, with top‐down imperatives framing agriculture “as a business” and nurturing value‐chain integration. Consequently, our research points to the impact of ICT initiatives as step‐wise and attained over the long term, rather than disruptive and attained in the immediate term.
Mixed and misunderstandings: An exploration of the meaning of racism with maternal, child, and family health nurses in South Australia
Authors: Grant Julian , Guerin Pauline B.
Published: August 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to explore child and family health nurses’ (CaFHNs) understanding of racism.

Background

Despite a growing literature examining racism in health care, few studies have explored health professionals’ understanding of racism and how they manage it in practice.

Design

A qualitative descriptive design was employed.

Methods

Five focus group discussions were held from January–June 2013 with 31 maternal, CaFHNs working across metropolitan South Australia. Data were analysed using thematic analysis with discourse analytic techniques.

Findings

Focus group discussions identified three major themes: the relationship between racism and children's health care; perception of racist health system structures that have an impact on choice and relationship building; and the need for professionals to manage the tensions arising in everyday healthcare practice.

Conclusions

Limited understandings of individual, structural, and ideological racism and racist practice were found. These were underpinned by discourses of multiculturalism and individualism within a framework of democratic racism. There is urgent need for nursing practice and pedagogy to centralize race and racialization to address inequities in health care.
A cancer specific middle‐range theory of symptom self‐care management: A theory synthesis
Authors: Baydoun Mohamad , Barton Debra L. , Arslanian‐Engoren Cynthia
Published: August 2018

Aim

This article describes the development of a middle‐range theory of symptom self‐care management for adults with cancer.

Background

Current evidence indicates that people with cancer may benefit from engagement in self‐care management behaviours, one of which is symptom management. A middle‐range theory that explains and guides symptom self‐care management in people with cancer is lacking.

Design

This paper combines and expands prior work related to symptom management and self‐care management to introduce a newly synthesized theory of symptom self‐care management for adult people with cancer. Walker and Avant's methodological approach was used to guide this theory synthesis.

Data sources

PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases of peer reviewed journal articles published before 15 March 2018.

Implications for Nursing

The newly synthesized theory conceptualizes cancer as a chronic illness with related symptoms that persist beyond the acute phase of treatment. This theory sheds the light on self‐care management as an essential approach to managing cancer‐related symptoms and underscores the importance of empowering and enabling people with cancer to manage their symptoms in partnership with healthcare providers.

Conclusion

The new theory offers a comprehensive conceptualization of symptom self‐care management behaviours in adults with cancer. It clarifies potential determinants and effects of cancer‐related symptoms and puts forth factors that may influence patient adherence to symptom self‐care management behaviours. This new theory may influence the development of symptom management interventions across the phases of the cancer self‐care continuum. Research to test the new theory is warranted.
To manage a complex dependency: The experience of caregiving after a fall
Authors: de la Cuesta‐Benjumea Carmen , Ramis‐Ortega Emilia , Arredondo Gonzalez Claudia Patricia
Published: August 2018

Aim

To understand the experience of family members of an older relative who has had a fall which required medical attention.

Background

There is abundant bibliography in caregiving, but little is known about the problems faced by caregivers and how family members cope when their older relative has a fall.

Design

Qualitative study that used a symbolic interactionism perspective.

Methods

Twenty‐two people with older relatives, who had had a fall and contacted health services in Spain, participated in the study. Data were obtained via written accounts, focus groups, and semi‐structured interviews between February 2014 ‐ December 2015. Analysis was guided by grounded theory procedures.

Results

With the fall, dependency becomes a complex issue for the family. To manage a complex dependency is the core issue that emerges from the data analysis. It depicts family efforts to assist their relative in gaining autonomy after a fall, in the best conditions they can provide. They do this with little guidance and support from healthcare professionals.

Conclusions

Guides and protocols for the care of a fragile older person, particularly after a fall, should not only include care but also support to caregivers. Health professionals and especially nurses need to be aware and respond to the family caregivers needs after a fall. To the fall prevention initiatives already in place, it must be added that those who support family members to cope with the care of an older person who has had a fall.
What do stakeholders understand by self‐determination? Consensus for its evaluation
Authors: Vicente Eva , Guillén Verónica Marina , Gómez Laura Elisabet , Ibáñez Alba , Sánchez Sergio
Published: August 2018

Background

Advances in international studies on self‐determination point out the need for continuous efforts to deepen its understanding and implications. The aim of this study is to obtain a comprehensive pool of items to operationalize the self‐determination construct that serves as a starting point towards a valid instrument based on the reports of others.

Method

We conducted a Delphi study of three rounds involving three panels of experts: ten professionals, five people with intellectual disability and six relatives of people with intellectual disability. Data analysis required both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Results

The initial pool of 131 items was refined through the different rounds to a final set composed of 115—some were removed and new ones were added. Content‐based evidence is provided. In this study, the present authors generated a potential valid pool of items to develop a new measurement tool based on the latest advances on the self‐determination theoretical framework.

Conclusions

The implications for future research focus on strengthening the knowledge of self‐determination.
Relationships among self‐construal, gender, social dominance orientation, and interpersonal distance
Authors: Peker Müjde , Booth Robert W. , Eke Aylin
Published: August 2018

The present research focuses on the cognitive embodiment of physical proximity, through interpersonal distance’s relationship with self‐construal, gender, and social dominance orientation. Previous work showed that more independent self‐construal was associated with higher distancing preferences of participants, and that females tend to have higher interdependent self‐construal that lead them to prefer less interpersonal distance. We expected to replicate these findings. However, due to the relationship between power and interpersonal distance, it was argued that gender and perceptions regarding the social hierarchy would also play a role in predicting interpersonal distance. More specifically, it was predicted that while females who accept social hierarchies between males and females would prefer more distance when interacting with males, males would not differ in their preference for social distance. One hundred participants (67 female) completed the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale, Independent and Interdependent Self‐Construal Scales and the Social Dominance Orientation Scale. Interdependent self‐construal was negatively correlated with overall preferred interpersonal distance. Moreover, females high on social dominance orientation preferred larger interpersonal distance from male adult strangers than from female adult strangers. The findings provide further support for the embodiment of self‐construal by showing that psychological closeness and heteronomy are related to physical closeness. The findings also highlight the importance of investigating communal sharing and authority ranking dimensions simultaneously when focusing on interpersonal distance as well as differentiating females’ interpersonal sensitivity due to low power with their high affiliation.