bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The American Dream in Russia: Extrinsic Aspirations and Well-Being in Two Cultures
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Chirkov Valery I. , Little Todd D. , Sheldon Kennon M. , Timoshina Elena , Deci Edward L.
Published: June 2007

Recent research in the United States suggests that individuals who strongly value extrinsic goals (e.g., fame, wealth, image) relative to intrinsic goals (e.g., personal growth, relatedness, community) experience less well-being. This study examines such goals in university samples from two cultures—the United States and Russia. Participants (N = 299) rated the importance, expectancies, and current attainment of 15 life goals, including 4 target intrinsic and 4 target extrinsic goals. Results confirmed the relevance of the intrinsic-extrinsic distinction for both samples and that stronger importance and expectancies regarding extrinsic goals were negatively related to well-being, although these effects were weaker for Russian women. Furthermore, for both men and women, perceived attainment of intrinsic goals was associated with greater well-being, whereas this was not the case for perceived attainment of extrinsic goals.
Self-Esteem, Compensatory Self-Enhancement, and the Consideration of Health Risk
Authors: Boney-McCoy Sue , Gibbons Frederick X. , Gerrard Meg
Published: June 2007

Acknowledging that one engages in risk-increasing behavior is a form of self-generated negative feedback that can engender self-protective responses. This experiment examined the use of one of these reactions, compensatory self-enhancement, following a manipulation that made high and low self-esteem participants explicitly consider their sexual risk behaviors. Participants with high (but not low) self-esteem responded to the manipulation by self-enhancing on both personality ratings and ratings of their contraceptive behavior. Positive self-ratings on personality traits were negatively associated with subsequent ratings of perceived vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases.
Cross-Cultural Variations in Predictors of Life Satisfaction: Perspectives from Needs and Values
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Edward F. , Lucas Richard E. , Suh Eunkook M.
Published: June 2007

The authors tested for cross-cultural difference in predictors of life satisfaction. In Study 1 (39 nations, N = 54,446), they found that financial satisfaction was more strongly associated with life satisfaction in poorer nations, whereas home life satisfaction was more strongly related to life satisfaction in wealthy nations. In Study 2 (39 nations, N = 6,782), the authors found that satisfaction with esteem needs (e.g., the self and freedom) predicted global life satisfaction more strongly among people in individualist nations than people in collectivist nations. The present investigation provides support for the needs and values-as-moderators model of subjective well-being at the cultural level. The need for theories that account for culture-specific as well as universal predictors of life satisfaction will be discussed.
Value Judgments: Testing the Somatic-Marker Hypothesis Using False Physiological Feedback
Authors: Batson C. Daniel , Engel Connie L. , Fridell Scott R.
Published: June 2007

Damasio’s somatic-marker hypothesis claims that people rely on somatic markers—physiological responses to situations of gain or loss—to make value-relevant decisions, not simply on cool reason. To test this hypothesis, undergraduates were presented with false physiological feedback as they listened to audiotapes describing situations threatening two values, freedom and equality. They were then asked to make decisions that implicated these values. Decisions favored whichever value had received stronger feedback while listening to the value-threatening situations. Feedback did not, however, affect judgments about the relative importance of the values in general; these judgments were apparently based on cognitive retrieval from memory of a stored value hierarchy, which also—and independently— affected the value-related decisions. These results supported the somatic-marker hypothesis.
Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression
Authors: Richards Jane M. , Gross James J.
Published: June 2007

We frequently try to appear less emotional than we really are, such as when we are angry with our spouse at a dinner party, disgusted by a boss’s sexist comments during a meeting, or amused by a friend’s embarrassing faux pas in public. Attempts at emotion suppression doubtless have social benefits. However, suppression may do more than change how we look: It also may change how we think. Two studies tested the hypothesis that emotion suppression has cognitive consequences. Study 1 showed that suppression impaired incidental memory for information presented during the suppression period. Study 2 replicated this finding and further showed that suppression increased cardiovascular activation. Mediational analyses indicated that physiological and cognitive effects were independent. Overall, findings suggest that emotion suppression is a cognitively demanding form of self-regulation.
Accountability for Consequential Decisions: Justifying Ethical Judgments to Audiences
Authors: Pennington John , Schlenker Barry R.
Published: June 2007

College students believed that they were judges in a real cheating case (in actuality, it was fictitious) under adjudication by a student honor court. Participants recommended harsher punishment after being led to believe that they would explain their decisions in a face-to-face meeting with (a) an official from the honor court, as compared to a meeting with the student or no anticipated meeting (Experiment 1), or (b) the professor who brought the charge of cheating, as compared to a meeting with the student (Experiment 2). These effects occurred even when participants wrote their decisions after learning that the anticipated meeting was canceled. The salient audience thus seemed to induce shifts in perspective or evaluative orientation during decision making, and not simply reporting shifts designed to please the audience.
Stimulus Sampling and Social Psychological Experimentation
Authors: Wells Gary L. , Windschitl Paul D.
Published: June 2007

The authors discuss the problem with failing to sample stimuli in social psychological experimentation. Although commonly construed as an issue for external validity, the authors emphasize how failure to sample stimuli also can threaten construct validity. They note some circumstances where the need for stimulus sampling is less obvious and more obvious, and they discuss some well-known cognitive biases that can contribute to the failure of researchers to see the need for stimulus sampling. Data are presented from undergraduate students (N = 106), graduate students (N = 72), and psychology faculty (N = 48) showing insensitivity to the need for stimulus sampling except when the problem is made rather obvious. Finally, some of the statistical implications of stimulus sampling with particular concern for power, effect size estimates, and data analysis strategies are noted.
Beauty, Dominance, and the Mating Game: Contrast Effects in Self-Assessment Reflect Gender Differences in Mate Selection
Authors: Gutierres Sara E. , Kenrick Douglas T. , Partch Jenifer J.
Published: June 2007

An experimental study examined the effects of exposure to physically attractive and dominant same-sex individuals on self-assessments. Consistent with prior findings on mate selection, it was predicted that women’s self-assessments of their mate value would be adversely affected by exposure to highly physically attractive women and would be relatively unaffected by exposure to socially dominant women. Conversely, men’s self-assessments of their mate value were expected to be more affected by the social dominance than by the physical attractiveness of the men to whom they were exposed. Findings for self-assessed judgments of desirability as a marriage partner were in line with hypotheses. Results fit with earlier findings suggesting that such effects may be caused by changes in the perceived population of competitors rather than direct changes in self-perceptions of physical appearance or dominance. Overall, findings are supportive of models assuming domain-specific rather than domain-general cognitive processes.
Social Loafing and Expectancy-Value Theory
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Taylor Kevin M.
Published: June 2007

Expectancy value theory holds that goal-directed behavior is a function of (a) expectations—the belief that performance depends on effort, (b) instrumentality—the belief that outcome depends on performance, and (c) outcome value—the value attached to achieving the outcome. The present research provides a direct test of two factors involved in the instrumentality component: the contingency between individual performance and group performance and the contingency between group performance and group outcome. Experiment 1 revealed that collective participants worked hard when they perceived a contingency between individual performance and group performance. Experiment 2 revealed that collective participants worked hard when they perceived a contingency between group performance and the group outcome. Taken together, the results confirm the importance of high instrumentality in eliminating social loafing.
The Fundamental Fundamental Attribution Error: Correspondence Bias in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
Authors: Krull Douglas S. , Loy Michelle Hui-Min , Lin Jennifer , Wang Ching-Fu , Chen Suhong , Zhao Xudong
Published: June 2007

A growing body of research suggests that cultures differ in the tendency to prefer dispositional or situational explanations for behavior. However, little work has examined whether cultural differences exist in the tendency to infer that people’s dispositions correspond to their behavior (the correspondence bias). Two experiments, one using the attitude attribution paradigm and one using the quizmaster paradigm, investigated the correspondence bias in individualist and collectivist cultures. As predicted, significant correspondence bias effects were found in both cultures. Moreover, no cultural difference emerged. Explanations and implications are discussed.
Objective Self-Awareness and Causal Attributions for Self-Standard Discrepancies: Changing Self or Changing Standards of Correctness
Authors: Duval T. Shelley , Lalwani Neal
Published: June 2007

An experiment tested the hypothesis that causal attributions for self-standard discrepancies determine whether the motivation to reduce such discrepancies results in changing self toward standards or changing standards toward self. In this experiment, individuals who were either high or low in self-focus were led to direct attention either toward their performance or toward the standard for that performance immediately following a self-standard discrepancy induction. Predictions under high self-focus conditions were confirmed. High self-focus persons who focused on the standard attributed more causality for their performance to that cognitive element than to self and changed the standard toward self more than did high self-focus persons who focused on their performance and vice versa. Implications of these findings for theories involving operation of the self-to-standard type of system are discussed.
“Just Teasing...”: Personality Effects on Perceptions and Life Narratives of Childhood Teasing
Authors: Georgesen John C. , Harris Monica J. , Milich Richard , Young Juliann
Published: June 2007

This study investigated how personality affects individuals’ life narratives of teasing and their perceptions of childhood teasing events. Participants viewed videotaped interactions of a childhood teasing incident in which victim responses to teasing were varied. Personality and teasing history information was collected and life narratives of past teasing experiences were elicited from participants. Personality strongly affected participants’ reactions to the videotaped teasing incident; many of these personality effects occurred in interactions between personality and situational cues (victim responses). Personality also affected life narratives of teasing. Structural equations modeling (SEM) using a levels of analysis approach suggested that the effects of personality on life narratives were both direct and mediated by teasing history.
The Mentor’s Dilemma: Providing Critical Feedback Across the Racial Divide
Authors: Cohen Geoffrey L. , Steele Claude M. , Ross Lee D.
Published: June 2007

Two studies examined the response of Black and White students to critical feedback presented either alone or buffered with additional information to ameliorate its negative effects. Black students who received unbuffered critical feedback responded less favorably than White students both in ratings of the evaluator’s bias and in measures of task motivation. By contrast, when the feedback was accompanied both by an invocation of high standards and by an assurance of the student’s capacity to reach those standards, Black students responded as positively as White students and both groups reported enhanced identification with relevant skills and careers. This “wise,” two-faceted intervention proved more effective than buffering criticism either with performance praise (Study 1) or with an invocation of high standards alone (Study 2). The role of stigma in mediating responses to critical feedback, and the implications of our results for mentoring and other teacher-student interactions, are explored.
Perceiving and Responding to the Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy
Authors: Foster Mindi D. , Matheson Kimberly
Published: June 2007

To explain why minority group members recognize less personal than group discrimination, research has focused on cognitive processes. Although within self-categorization theory it may be argued that the discrepancy is a function of a salient social self that perceptually discounts the personal self, it can also be argued that depersonalization allows for the cognitive possibility of perceiving similar amounts of personal and group discrimination. The present study suggests that, consistent with group consciousness theories, the social self may serve to both discount as well as integrate the social self, depending on the way in which the social self is defined. Using structural equation modeling, the present study finds that defining the social self along social experiences is associated with lower personal/group discrimination discrepancy scores, which in turn are associated with greater participation in collective action. Implications for different definitions of the social self are discussed.
Group Decision Making: The Effects of Initial Preferences and Time Pressure
Authors: Kelly Janice R. , Karau Steven J.
Published: June 2007

Triads, working under time pressure or not, participated in a management simulation that asked groups to decide which of two cholesterol-reducing drugs to market. The total distribution of information available to the group always favored the same drug. However, members’ initial preferences were manipulated by varying the distribution of shared information (provided to all members) and unshared information (provided to only a single member) supporting each alternative. Thus, each member’s fact sheet either (a) favored the correct decision (correct preference condition), (b) mildly favored the incorrect decision (weak incorrect preference condition), or (c) strongly favored the incorrect decision (strong incorrect preference condition). Initial preferences were major determinants of group decisions. Time pressure either enhanced or reduced decision quality depending on the strength of initial preferences and the content of the group interactions. These findings are discussed in light of Karau and Kelly’s Attentional Focus Model of group performance.
Critical Realism and News Production
Authors: Lau Raymond W.K.
Published: June 2007

Critical realism provides a fresh viewpoint concerning news production. The prevailing typology in the sociology of news production is critiqued and supplemented by a distinction between extraneous factors constraining journalists and internal factors deriving from journalists themselves. While approaches focusing on extraneous factors are implicitly realist, the philosophical underpinnings of approaches focusing on internal factors are varied, with the result that anti-realist interpretations of news are prone to be made. To counteract this, realist accounts of the internal factors of news values and routine journalistic practices are provided. This enables a unified realist approach to news production. The implications of such a realist analysis for understanding news as a representation of reality are discussed.
Law and the Culture of Capital: A Critical Perspective on Labour’s Right to Associate in Developing Societies
Authors: Visano L. A. , Bastine Nicholas Adete
Published: June 2007

Informed by critical theory, this paper focuses on the dialectical interplay between law and economics evident in the practices and policies of the International Labour Organization (ILO). It is argued, first, that governments do not comply with international labour standards because of the inherent weaknesses of the ILO as the source and enforcer of international obligations. Second, the parochial politicization of rights defers to the arrogance of ignorance. Third, developing societies are overwhelmingly preoccupied with socioeconomic development. In exploring the impact of ILO practices on developing societies within the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB), this paper asks the following questions: to what extent does capital form and inform the law in relation to conflicting economic narratives of development and nationhood? How and why does the ILO talk up legal narratives of regulation and contest? How does law hegemonize capital integration? How does law symbolically function to mediate labour relations meanings and manipulate the inaction of civil society? Within the larger structure of “market forces,” the commodity of law is a complex form of social communication that diverts attention away from the political impact of predatory economies.
The Relationship of State and Society: Productive or Unproductive
Authors: Grabowski Richard
Published: June 2007

The policies followed by patrimonial states generally involve playing one group against another and are inimical to long-run growth. Social cohesion or closure among rural groups (tenants, part-owners, etc.) provides a mechanism by which the governing elite are likely to find increased opportunities to behave in a developmental way. More strongly, this rural cohesion or closure often compels them to behave in a developmental manner. Such closure is most likely to result from broad based rural development resulting in the creation of extensive social networks via the operation of intermediaries. The prewar experiences of Japan and Korea with land reform are used to illustrate the argument.
The Two Giants of Asia: Trade and Development in China and India
Authors: Park Jong H.
Published: June 2007

The literature on trade and development has supported the existence of a strong negative relationship between trade share and country size. The larger the country in size, the smaller is the trade ratio, and a lower degree of “openness” means less competitive pressures emanating from abroad when the country opens up to foreign trade, investment, and technology transfer. It is therefore likely that the impact of opening up policies would be much less in a large country such as China and India than among other East Asian NICs. The success story of China’s opening policies in recent years may imply that the favorable impact of “opening up” is not just for small economies, but also for large continental economies. Consequently, large countries such as China and India may not necessarily suffer from a large country constraint in adopting the export-oriented, outward-looking development strategy.
Psychic and Somatic Vulnerability among Professional Women in Argentina as a Result of the Precarization of Labor Linked During the Socioeconomic Crisis
Authors: Masseroni Susana , Sauane Susana
Published: June 2007

This article deals with the effects of the worsening conditions—a deterioration of the economy, the precarization of labor conditions and general social decline—on the subjectivity of middle-class women with high levels of education in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. Based on data collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups, situations of psychological and somatic vulnerability are discerned through the interpretation of experiences, feelings, and emotions. Transformations in the labor market in Argentina have been a determining factor as well as a consequence of the new economic model, and have caused the precarization of working conditions and of life in general. A degradation in the political apparatus, which causes great uncertainty, has exacerbated this situation. This situation, and the speed at which it has taken place, has generated negative consequences for the women’s subjectivity, demonstrated in a decline in self-esteem and an alteration in thought processes.
Work, Gender, and Space: Women’s Home-Based Work in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Silvia López
Published: June 2007

This article reveals the array of time-space arrangements that a group of women home-based workers deploy to accommodate paid work in their homes. Based on in-depth interviews with the workers in Tijuana, Mexico, the article emphasizes the consequences of working at home for gender relations within the family. The main argument of this article holds that the variety of women’s time-space strategies may result in a variety of situations of integration or conflict. The diversity of ways in which women organize productive and reproductive activities within the household and their consequences are crosscut by their social class, occupation, educational level, and life course, as well as the larger context of their lives. Although working at home, as a strategy of income generation, gives women a new economic role and helps them to negotiate their gender roles and relations, it also may reinforce women’s traditional roles.
Competition and Cooperation Among Working Women in the Context of Structural Adjustment: The Case of Street Vendors in la Paz-El Alto, Bolivia
Authors: Agadjanian Victor
Published: June 2007

This case study of women street vendors in La Paz-El Alto, Bolivia, examines the dynamics of competition and cooperation among this group of poor working women in the context of economic structural adjustment and political pluralization. It is argued that the economic and political reforms not only increase street vendors’insecurities, but may also undermine the potential for their broad-based solidarity and collective actions. Extreme competition in the overcrowded street commerce, diminishing returns, and disillusionment with traditional forms of workers’ organization hinder cooperation among street vendors and fragment the social body of the street marketplace, often by further reinforcing its gender, class, ethnoracial, and religious fault lines.
New Immigrants in Minnesota: The Somali Immigration and Assimilation
Authors: Darboe Kebba
Published: June 2007

The paper examines immigration and assimilation processes of Somalis in Minnesota. Does America have an assimilation problem? There are two competing answers to the preceding question: Barone (2001) says “no” because immigrants have always blended. By contrast, Fonte’s (2001) answer is “yes” because today’s assimilating forces are much different than those that prevailed in the early twentieth century. Drawing on African American experiences, Somalis face several challenges: cultural differences, English Language, racism, social and economic inequalities. Additionally, African immigrants, generally, have difficulty grasping the concept of race in America because everyone is identified by the skin-color rather than by their nationality. Therefore, racial and cultural backgrounds can complicate the process of assimilation for Somalis. Arguably, there is a relationship between immigration and assimilation.
Caught up in and by the Beautiful Game
Authors: McGillivray David , Fearn Richard , McIntosh Aaron
Published: June 2007

Drawing upon the work of Pierre Bourdieu, this article illustrates how a group of young, predominantly working-class men come to possess a doxic knowledge of the value of the game of football and its stakes. Drawing on a survey of Scottish football players, the article concludes that young participants are guided from an early age toward sporting careers that, although offering the hope of transcending their objective conditions, invariably deceive them with optimism. In the perilous financial climate facing the Scottish professional game, players are being discarded bereft of the exchangeable, readily transferable skills necessary for a future in an alternative employment field. Overreliant upon a constantly depreciating bank of physical capital, these players face precarious futures once this asset reaches exhaustion and their working bodies are deemed surplus to requirements.
Promoting Racial Equality within Sports Organizations
Authors: Long Jonathan , Robinson Paul , Spracklen Karl
Published: June 2007

In an attempt to promote racial equality policies in national sports organizations in England, the Racial Equality Charter for Sport was introduced in 2000. This article reports on progress in achieving the associated Standard in different sports and different levels of sport. Questionnaires and interviews suggest that there has been some measure of success but that this has been slow and is vulnerable to personnel change and competing demands on resources. The article also adopts a critical sociological approach to the structures of sport to examine the limitations on the success of those interventions to conclude that more than organizational change is required—cultures need to change to become more inclusive.
Gender Bias In The 1996 Olympic Games
Authors: Higgs Catriona T. , Weiller Karen H. , Martin Scott B.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the televised coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta to determine the amount of coverage time, quality of coverage devoted to men’s and women’s same sport activities, and to compare this coverage with that of the 1992 Summer Olympic Games. Of the more than 150 hours of NBC televised coverage, a total of 60 hours was then randomly selected as an appropriate sample. A content analysis was then performed on those segments that featured same-sport activities for men and women. This included quantitative (e.g., running time, length of segments, number of slow motion replays, and use of onscreen statistics) and qualitative (e.g., the narrative of the commentators) analyses. Although the findings suggest there have been notable improvements in the way female athletes were presented in the 1996 Olympic Games as compared to the 1992 Olympic Games, there are still many disparities in the coverage of women’s sports, especially those that traditionally appeal to the media audience.
Sport Films
Authors: Pearson Demetrius W. , Curtis Russell L. , Haney C. Allen , Zhang James J.
Published: June 2007

Sport films depict sociocultural issues in American society and serve as a purveyor of values, mores, and customs. This study examines and analyzes American sport films over time (1930-1995). Emphases were placed on various trends, including sports depicted in films and their shifts over time, film content and theme, social and cultural relevance, and technological impacts. Archival research and content analysis were employed for 590 films. The major findings were (a) major shifts in the number of sport films and the proportion of particular sports among all sport forms during the 66-year period; (b) numerous shifts in the content, especially with respect to physical contact in contrast with non–physical contact sports; (c) the fewest number of sport films for the 1960s contrasted with any decade; and (d) a shift in the frequencies of sport films by their associations with socioeconomic sports.
Running for Country
Authors: Gardiner Greg
Published: June 2007

This article examines the ways in which Australian mainstream print media represented indigenous athletes in the period of the 27th Olympiad, including at Sydney 2000. Australian mainstream media has held an apparent fascination with promoting indigenous athletes as the face of the Olympic Games and national unity and as one of the principal means by which the Games were promoted to a national and international audience. The article specifically attempts to unravel the complexities of the developing media discourse surrounding two key indigenous athletes, Nova Peris-Kneebone and Cathy Freeman, principally concentrating on issues of race and racial representation, and the depiction of indigenous running. Although there were some significant developments, issues of indigenous identity continued to be presented within, and confined by, the discourse of national unity.
The Dream of Being a Professional Soccer Player
Authors: Bourke Ann
Published: June 2007

Because of the improved fortunes in international competition of the Republic of Ireland soccer team and increased media interest in the game, many youngsters embark on their dream to be a full-time professional player. Soccer in Ireland is mostly played on a part-time basis, with few openings for full-time professionals. English clubs are now recruiting youngsters at an early age through their football academies, and competition for playing positions is intense. This article outlines the implications for youngsters in Ireland of recent market developments in England and draws on theory and evidence to shed light on the nature of career planning undertaken by aspiring professional players. Details are also provided on the social networks that best facilitate a youth's career development given her decision to “go international” (to England).
Native Images in Schools and the Racially Hostile Environment
Authors: Baca Lawrence R.
Published: June 2007

Many American Indian students attend schools that also have Indians as their mascots. They and their parents often find the stereotyped images that these schools use offensive and are searching for a legal challenge to the use of negative images of Indians by public schools. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any federally funded program. The Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights has interpreted Title VI to prohibit schools from creating, encouraging, or tolerating a “racially hostile environment.” This essay addresses the legal standards for the application of the racially hostile environment regulations to schools that have American Indian mascots.
Towards a Sustainable Joint Forest Management Programme: Evidence from Western Midnapore Division in West Bengal
Authors: Sarker Debnarayan , Das Nimai
Published: June 2007

This article demonstrates that the resistance movement of forest communities in western Midnapore division in West Bengal, which acted as a key precursor to the joint forest management (JFM) programmes in India through a June 1990 Ministry of Environment and Forests circular, was based to a large extent on the successful experience of JFM in Arabari Hills under this division. In this particular locality, the resistance movement of forest communities had been mobilized for a long time by poor forest communities fighting for their community rights to forest resources as a matter of immediate survival, opposing top-down approaches to forest management. A detailed study of the existing four Forest Protection Committees (FPCs) of this area confirms that these immediate survival needs, generating mainly sustenance and income from non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for FPC members, are the key element for the long-term sustainability of a JFM system.
Self- and Partner-Perceptions of Interpersonal Problems and Relationship Functioning
Authors: Saffrey Colleen , Bartholomew Kim , Scharfe Elaine , Henderson Antonia J.Z. , Koopman Ray
Published: June 2007

This study investigated whether self- and partner-perceptions of interpersonal problems predicted relationship functioning. Partners’ understanding of one another’s interpersonal problems, projection of their own problems onto their partners, and positive perceptions of their partners’ problems were assessed. Individuals from 76 couples completed selfreport measures of their own interpersonal problems and of their perceptions of their partners’ interpersonal problems. Relationship functioning was assessed by self-reported satisfaction and by expert ratings of relationship quality. Partner-perceptions more strongly and consistently predicted relationship functioning than did self-perceptions. There was evidence of understanding of interpersonal problems, but degree of understanding did not predict relationship satisfaction or quality. Similarly, there was evidence of projection of level of interpersonal problems, but degree of projection did not predict relationship functioning. In contrast, positive perceptions of interpersonal problems were associated with positive relationship functioning.
African-American and Latina Inner-City Girls’ Reports of Romantic and Sexual Development
Authors: O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Meyer-Bahlburg Heino F. L.
Published: June 2007

Scripts that specify cultural expectations regarding appropriate sexual and romantic conduct become especially salient during adolescence. Fifty-seven African-American and Latina girls (10–13 years) from impoverishedneighborhoods of New York City participated in one of eight semi-structuredgroup interviews to assess girls’ perceptions of the scripts guiding sexual and romantic development. As expected, the social and cultural contexts of early adolescent African-American and Latina girls influence their development of scripts for intimate relationships. Girls learn romantic and sexual standards – including the sequences of intimate progression and the contexts of early sexual exploration – by interacting with samesex peers and by viewing the interactions of others. Girls reported considerable pressure from other girls to engage in sexual activity with boys, yetalso to conform to traditional norms condemning permissive sexuality. Idealized, romanticized views of sexual relationships were more apparent in discussions with Latina adolescents than with African-American adolescents. These findings illustrate how unmonitored mixed-sex encounters are possibly important early social contexts for girls’ sexual development, and how the extensive peer involvement in girls’ early sexual experimentationhas important implications for the development of interventions for minority girls residing in inner-city communities.
Pes anserinus transplant: Impressions after a decade of experience
Authors: Slocum Donald B. , Larson Robert L. , James Stanley L.
Published: June 2007

"This paper presents the impressions gained from the time of our first surgical case of pes anserinus transplant over a decade ago ( 1962) to the present. It is intended to in form the reader of the evolution of this pro cedure, its use and misuse, and the errors in indication and technique which we have encountered in our practice." The Authors
Investigation of scuba deaths
Authors: McAniff John J. , Schenck Hilbert V.
Published: June 2007

A remew of fatality statistics on scuba diving involving U.S Citizens. Autopsies are reviewed and note made of the need for a special post mortem protocol for skin and scuba diving accident cases It is concluded that much education and research is needed in the special aspects of pressure related scuba injuries
Athletics and cardiovascular health
Authors: Franks B. Don
Published: June 2007

The heart includes systolic and diastolic components. The immediate effects of physical activity include increased sympa thetic nervous and related hormonal activ ity; increased heart rate, contractility, stroke volume, and cardiac output. The time for systole and diastole are reduced, with relatively more work per beat. Light activity prior to and following strenuous exertion enhances performance, safety, and recovery. Children, women, and men show similar responses to activity: acute stress, with long-term improvements in cardiovascular function. There is no cardi ovascular reason for restricting activity for children or women. Mental and/or emo tional stressors cause similar stress reac tions, without the potential long-range benefits of regular physical activity. Athletics is viewed as an optional part of a lifetime of regular, vigorous activity, and as such can make a contribution to one's cardiovascular fitness. From this viewpoint, there is no need to put one in the stressful athletic situation until ade quate pre-conditioning has taken place. Neither is there a place for inactive pro moters of athletics for its own sake.
Functional rehabilitation of the knee: A preliminary study
Authors: Yamamoto Steven K. , Hartman Charles W. , Feagin John A. , Kimball Gordon
Published: June 2007

Functional rehabilitation of the knee in cludes a program designed to restore agility to patients with unstable or incom pletely rehabilitated knees. The program was created at the United States Military Academy, West Point. It proved success ful with the highly motivated cadets who were required to participate in athletic activities, and it has been useful as a therapeutic regimen for a more hetero geneous population at a medical center. The program is used to evaluate knees diagnostically, to provide a conservative treatment regimen, and to ensure maxi mum functional return after surgery. With this composite facsimile of agility drills, confidence can be bolstered and re- injuries decreased.
Intramural Flag-Football Injuries on Tartan Turf and Natural Grass
Authors: Hisaka Lloyd I. , Krahenbuhl Gary S.
Published: June 2007

The incidence of Flag-Football injuries on synthetic turf and natural grass served as the focal point for this investigation. Intramural Football was selected for study because it represents a "non-con tact" sport that attracts one-half million college-age participants annually. As ex pected, the rate of serious injuries was much lower than those reported for Tackle Football. The synthetic surface, however, was associated with a signifi cantly greater proportion of minor inju ries. It was concluded that protection of the knee and elbow would eliminate nearly one-half of all Flag-Football in juries since abrasions to these areas of the body accounted for a large portion of total injuries.
Broken necks from diving accidents: a summer epidemic in young men
Authors: Albrand Otmar W. , Corkill Guy
Published: June 2007

Four years (1970 to 1973) of experience in the management of fractured cervical spine from diving accidents is examined with reference to clinical findings, radiology, prognosis, and socioeconomic aspects.
Surgical management of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum
Authors: Tivnon Michael C. , Anzel Sanford H. , Waugh Theodore R.
Published: June 2007

Ten cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum which were treated surgically are reviewed. All 10 cases were males and involved the dominant side. The ages at surgery ranged from 13 to 17 years. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 7 years. All of the youths had competed in organized athletics, either baseball or football. By position there were three pitchers, two catchers, two infielders, and one outfielder; in addition there were one quarterback and one linebacker. Only one patient presented with locking of the elbow, whereas the others presented with pain and limitation of extension. The locked elbow was explored immediately and the others were explored after immobilization failed to relieve their symptoms. In seven of the joints a loose fragment of the capitellum was found lying either in the joint or in a defect in the capitellum. The fragment had multiple small holes. In three cases there was no loose fragment. In this situation a cortical window was cut above the capitellum. The capitellum was then drilled and bone was grafted from above. Over all, there were one excellent, six good, one fair, and two poor results. There seemed to be little difference between curetting alone or curetting and drilling. The cases with the cartilage intact and bone grafted from above did worse, with one fair and one poor result of three cases.

The two poor results required further surgery, which consisted of partial excision of the capitellum.

All cases lacked elbow extension before and after surgery, but nine of 10 gained some motion after surgery.

Pre- and postoperative x-rays are shown in this report and a brief review of the literature concerning osteochondritis dissecans is presented.
Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports
Authors: Clancy William G. , Brand Robert L. , Bergfield John A.
Published: June 2007

Cervical nerve pinch syndrome, a neura praxia of the brachial plexus, is a common occurrence in contact football. The incidence at two universities was approximately 49%. The more serious injury, brachial plexus ax onotmesis, has received little attention in the literature. We are reporting 13 cases of brachial plexus axonotmesis. Ten were docu mented by electromyography. All involved the upper trunk. All but one patient recovered within a 3- to 42-week interval. These brachial plexus axonotmesis injuries may initially present as a cervical nerve pinch syndrome. All significant or repeated cervical nerve pinch injuries should be reexamined at 2 weeks. Those patient with axonotmesis should not be allowed to return to competi tion until they have achieved normal strength in the involved muscles and the electromy ogram shows no signs of active denervation.
Experimental studies of acute anterior cruciate ligament injury and repair
Authors: Cabaud H. Edward , Rodkey William G. , Feagin John A.
Published: June 2007

Ten dogs and six rhesus monkeys underwent transection and repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. One-half of the pro cedures involved the femoral end, the other half involved the tibial end of the ligament. Seven of the 10 canine and all of the primate ligaments, that had been transected and repaired, did heal. Functional and clinical instability was demonstrable in all repaired knees. The monkeys developed fewer degenerative changes with more grossly normal appearing ligaments after the repairs than did the dogs. Failure testing on an Instron materials testing machine revealed maximum strength of the repaired ligaments to be 10.4% for the repairs at the femoral end and 2.0% for repairs at the tibial ends in dogs when compared with the contralateral control knees. In monkeys the femoral repairs were 46.8% and the tibial repairs were 62.6% of the control knees. Inadequate immobilization and early stress were believed to be principal causes of the poorer results in dogs. The observations in monkeys support the suggestion that injured anterior cruciate ligaments that can be repaired, should be repaired.
Conditioning program for competitive figure skating
Authors: Mcmaster William C. , Liddle Sharon , Walsh Jenny
Published: June 2007

To test the feasibility that traditional interval training methods could be adapted to the needs of competitive figure skaters, an interval skating program was conducted during a 3-month period for a group of skaters at diverse levels of proficiency. The program required only a small portion of the total ice time utilized by the skaters on a daily basis, i.e., ½ hr, three times a week. On alternate days, the skaters used the same amount of time in a strength training program. A flexibility-stretching facet was to be done by the skaters on a daily basis. Progress was evaluated by treadmill oxygen consumption determinations and ability to perform a ½-mile skate effort. Over the course of the 3-month period, the skaters in the program showed an average increase in oxygen consumption of 9% from 44.73 cc per kg per min to 55.51 cc per kg per min. This was accompanied by an average 10-sec reduction in the timed effort at the ½ mile skate. Subjectively, the skaters were less fatigued during their freestyle skating programs and were able to improve consistency at skilled maneuvers in the last minute-of their performances. This initial effort to evaluate the efficacy of this type of a training program for competitive figure skating seems to have proven to be beneficial to the skaters. Currently, we are continuing our efforts to expand the program.
Cortical desmoid-like lesion of the proximal humerus and its occurrence in gymnasts (ringman's shoulder lesion)
Authors: Fulton M.N. , Albright J.P. , El-Khoury G.Y.
Published: June 2007

Eighteen gymnasts were interviewed and examined radiograph ically for a cortical irregularity of the proximal humerus simu lating malignancy. Fifty percent of the gymnasts had the lesion which is considered to be a benign reactive lesion secondary to excessive forces at the pectoralis major insertion to the proxi mal humerus. All patients were asymptomatic. The lesion is probably unique to gymnasts, particularly those involved with strength moves.
Secondary reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament in athletes by using the semitendinosus tendon
Authors: Lipscomb A. Brant , Johnston Robert K. , Synder Robert B. , Brothers John C.
Published: June 2007

Secondary reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament has been accomplished by semitendinosus tenodesis in 78 ath letes (average age, 20 years; range, 13 to 45 years old). This series was limited to patients who had isolated tears of the ligament or tears of the anterior cruciate ligament associated with tears of one or both menisci. Meniscectomies were per formed in 71 knees and reefing of the posteromedial capsular ligament in 35 knees. After an average of 11 months of follow up (range, 6 to 29 months postoperatively), 67 (86%) of the patients have obtained significant improvement (0 to 1+ on a scale of 0 to 3+) in anteroposterior and anteromedial rotational instability of the joint. The viability and function of the recon structed ligament was confirmed by direct visualization in three patients at 12, 25 and 26 months postoperatively. Reefing of the posteromedial capsular ligament appears to increase anter omedial rotation stability. This series will be expanded and the follow-up evaluations will continue over a period of years in an effort to determine whether or not semitendinosus tenodesis is superior to other methods of intraarticular reconstruction for a torn anterior cruciate ligament.
Proximal diaphyseal fractures of the fifth metatarsal —treatment of the fractures and their complications in athletes
Authors: Zelko Russell R. , Torg Joseph S. , Rachun Alexius
Published: June 2007

Twenty-one patients (age range, 15 to 26; 18 patients 15 to 20 years old) had proximal diaphyseal fractures of the fifth meta tarsal. Clinical records and radiographs for all patients were available for review. Patient treatment had been individualized and included several methods, including rest, plaster immobili zation, and bone grafting. Twenty of the 21 patients were boys or men participating in athletics. Nine of the 21 fractures and 8 of the reinjuries were sustained while playing basketball. Healing required a minimum of 3 months (with bone graft) and some fractures were not radiographically healed at 20 months, although the patients were clinically asymptomatic. The frac ture of the proximal shaft of the fifth metatarsal, particularly the 1.5-cm segment distal to the tuberosity, is a troublesome injury in the active athlete. The clinical course does not appear to be influenced by the usual initial conservative treatment modalities, although many of these fractures will heal if the athlete is willing to restrict activities for a prolonged period of time. In this series, bone grafting with a tibial corticocancellous graft after thorough curettage of sclerotic bone obliterating the medullary canal was the most effective treatment modality for delayed union.