bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citrus Thrips Control Trial in California, 1986
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were evaluated for control of citrus thrips populations in Field 12 (16 year old Atwood navel oranges) of the Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA. The entire plot was treated 3 Apr for citrus red mite and fruittree leafroller with Morestan 25%WP, 5 lb/acre plus Dylox 80%SP, 2.5 lb/acre. Treatments for citrus thrips control were applied using a hand-gun at 500 psi, outside coverage, and approximately 200 gpa (except Kelthane, thorough coverage, 1000 gpa) on various dates pre and post petal fall (21 Apr). Four-tree plots were used with 3-7 (normally 3) replications. Posttreatment counts were taken weekly on most of the plots on the percent of fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (10 fruit per tree) that were infested with citrus thrips during the 6 week critical period following petal fall. Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken 1 month prior to harvest (on 13-14 Oct) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scars were rated as slight (any citrus thrips scarring) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring, equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Corn, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

'Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted 13 Jul in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 18 and 24 Aug. No other treatments were applied. Twenty whorls were rated for fall armyworm damage on 26 Aug as follows: 0, no damage; 1, slight damage, up to 10% whorl feeding; 2, moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; 3, heavy damage, 25-50% feeding damage; 4, severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and 5, whorl destroyed. Twenty whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live armyworm larvae were counted. On 6 Oct, 20 ears were harvested and weighed. On 16 Oct, 20 plants in each plot were measured to determine plant height from the soil surface to the tip of the tassel. On 19 Nov, 10 stalks from the center 2 rows of each plot were split from 3 nodes above the ear to 3 nodes below the ear and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage was recorded as one cavity.
Control of Fall Armyworm by Aerial Application of Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

One commercial 16-acre field, located near Potter, N.Y., was used for this test. Within the field 5 plots, each 40 ft wide by 900 ft long, were delineated. Within the center of each plot we marked a section of 100 plants in the early whorl stage. Into the whorls of each of the 500 plants, about 15 newly hatched FAW larvae (from a Du Pont-maintained Lannatesusceptible culture) were deposited on 15 Jul using a “bazooka” dry-grit Davis innoculator. On 21 Jul, each section was sprayed with 1 of 4 insecticides. A Schweizer Ag-Truck plane was used to deliver all treatments. Liquid insecticides were applied a 3 gal/acre, 35-40 psi with D8-45 nozzels and 115-120 mph. On 27 Jul 50 plants from each treatment were evaluated for the number of live FAW larvae. After this evaluation, 1 additional spray of EPN and 2 additional sprays of Penncap-M (all at 0.5 lb [AI]/acre) were sprayed on 4, 11, and 18 Aug, respectively. On 25 Aug the remaining 50 ears in each treatment were evaluated for ear injury.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera by Liquid Insecticides, 1987
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 7 May at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva, N.Y. The planting consisted of a RCB design with 3 replicates of 7 treatments and 1 control. Plots consisted of 6 rows of sweet corn on 3-ft centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 15 ft. Treatments consisted of 2 applications of each insecticide for naturally occurring Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied by a John Blue Highboy delivering 38 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, with 5 nozzles per row (2 on each side, 1 from the top) using flat-fan nozzles with 110015 tips. Insecticides were applied on 31 Jul and 5 Aug. On 11 Aug 50 ears from the 4 middle rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Onion Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Davis A. , Grafius E. , Stehr J. , Hayden J. , Bishop B.
Published: March 2022

Onions were planted at the M.S.U. Muck Research Farm, Bath, Mich. Plots were single rows (17 inches between rows) 20 ft long, arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates. Two border rows were left unsprayed between each plot. Treatments were applied with a single nozzle (D4) hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi. Sprays were applied 25 and 30 Jul. The day before the first spray, 10 plants were randomly selected and marked within each plot, and the thrips on each plant counted in the field; the plants were disturbed as little as possible. The thrips were counted on the same plants on 27 and 31 Jul. The total numbers of thrips per 10 plants were calculated for the first prespray sample and the last postspray sample. The total change per plot between the first and last sample date was converted to a percentage of the initial count and this number was used to determine differences among treatments.
Onion Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Suett D. L. , Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Seeds were treated by D. L. Suett in March and sent to the United States in time for planting on 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on the Tony Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 5 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 6 Jul.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1986
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Watrin Clifford G. , Lagnaoui Abdelaziz
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 29 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 80 ft long, with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 5 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in-furrow using a planter-mounted granular applicator. For the treatment with 2 insecticides used in combination, 1 insecticide was applied with the planter empty of seed and the other was applied when planting. Every third plot was an untreated control. Once during the season, on 8 Aug, the entire experimental block was sprayed with Pydrin 2.4E, at 0.05 lb (AI)/ acre, to control potato leafhopper. Two rows were harvested from each plot 2 Oct. The potatoes were washed, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Data for untreated control plots were pooled within replications. Control was calculated relative to the untreated plots.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1986
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates. The south and north experiments were planted 27 and 29 May, respectively, at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1985. The 3.0-m space between blocks was bare soil and the 4-row plots were separated by 2 rows of untreated potatoes. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long, and the healthy seed pieces (75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 8 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha on 7, 14, 21, and 28 Jul; 2242 g/ha on 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted on 25 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Duncan's new multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 5.5, 10.5, and 12.6 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 14.5, 17.8 and 17.2°C. Approximately 25 over-wintered adult beetles were added to each plot in June to supplement the natural population.
Aphid Suppression on Spinach, 1987
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Seven rows of spinach, each separated by 1 ft, were planted in 7-ft wide beds on 1 Nov at the Don Newton farm at Kibler, Ark. Plots consisted of 1 bed (7 rows) × 30 ft. Plots were separated by 1 ft of bare ground on each side and 3 ft of spinach separated plots within the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (10 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 25 Mar with a handheld CO2 sprayer equipped with 3 Spraying Systems 8003 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 16 gal/acre. Temperature at spraying was 57°F. The number of live aphids was counted on 10 randomly selected plants from each plot at 3, 7, and 21 days after spraying.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 30 Jun at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, Calif. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 50 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. In the combination treatment, including RH 7988, Javelin, and Abamectin, as well as in the individual treatment, RN 7988 was only sprayed once (31 Jul) as aphid populations did not reach significant levels. In the same combination treatment, Abamectin and Javelin also were sprayed only once (31 Jul) because the leafminer population was low and plant samples suggested (incorrectly) that beet armyworm levels were low. Application dates were 31 Jul; 7, 14, 21, and 28 Aug; and 5, 11, 18, and 26 Sep. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzles per row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23-25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9- by 11-inch trays/replicate from 13 Aug through 10 Sep, inclusive. On 2 and 3 Oct, 200 mature green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicon).
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae with Insecticides and An Insect Growth Regulator (Igr), 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen chemicals including 1 IGR (DPX-EY059) were evaluated in an established stand of alfalfa at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Plots were 20 × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 20-ft alleys. All treatments were applied on 8 Apr when 100% of the tips were damaged and population counts averaged 9.5 larvae/sweep. A second application of all rates of the IGR was made on 22 Apr. Chemicals were applied using a tractor-mounted C02-powered 10-ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gal/acre. Insect samples were collected on 15, 22, and 28 Apr and 5 May using a 15-inch-diam net and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 33-inch × 20-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 7 May. Subsamples were dried for yield determination. Soil type was Cookeville silt loam, 5-12% slope.
Prebloom Control of Insect Pests of Alfalfa, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

This test was undertaken in a commercial stand of ‘Vernima’ seed alfalfa that has been in production for 3 yr near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Spray treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Treatment date was 16 Apr and subsequent samples were collected on 23 Apr and 6 May. Each sample was made up of 5 180-degree sweeps from a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Fall Armyworm Control in Louisiana, 1987
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron , Whitford Fred , Lee James W.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 20 × 50 ft were established in a stand of ‘Common’ bermudagrass at the en Hur Research Station in Baton Rouge. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A COa backpack sprayer juipped with a 7-ft boom using 4 brass 8002 flat-fan nozzles was used to apply insecticide treatments. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 18.3 gal/acre i 42 psi. Plants were in the vegetative stage, and winds were less than 5 mph. Plots were sampled 4 times by taking 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard veep net (15-inch diam) at pretreatment and at 2, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Application Dates, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Hoffman Lynn
Published: March 2022

Two timings of corn rootworm insecticides were evaluated >n a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa. Three common soil insecticides were used in the test. Each insecticide was applied at planting and at cultivation at 1 lb (AI)/acre. In addition, Counter 15G was applied at 2 lbs (AI)/acre. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications of 8 treatments was used. Plots were 40 ft long by 6 rows wide. The at-planting time applications were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 18 May. At cultivation treatments were applied on 26 Jun using a Noble® granular applicator mounted on bicycle wheels. Both at planting and at cultivation applications were applied in 7-inch bands over the row. The corn was planted on 18 May in 30-inch rows at 27,000 plants/acre. In 1987, rainfall measured 2.75, 2.82, 2.84, and 3.88 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively. On 17 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots rated for damage using the Iowa six-category rating system (1, no damage to 6, 3 nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 3 Nov and yield measured from the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Beltsville Agriculture Research Center near Beltsville, Md. Corn was planted in 30-inch rows on 16 May. Due to the lack of a natural population the corn was artifically infested on 25 Jun by releasing 50 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae in 5 plants/plot. All infested corn plants were bordered by two noninfested plants. Corn was in the mid-whorl stage at time of treatment on 30 Jun. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Liquid treatments were applied with a hand-held C02 backpack/sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can. On 24 Jul, 10 corn stalks, 5 infested and 5 neighboring noninfested, were cut open. The number of borers and borer tunnels was recorded.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 9 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars 'York Imperial,' 'Red Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'Rome Beauty.' Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages ('Golden Delicious): half-inch green, 9 Apr; early pink, 20 Apr; and pink, 22 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200) was maintained throughout the season. Postbloom insecticide (Diazinon, Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-June. Effectiveness of treatments on RAA was evaluated by counting RAA colonies observed during a 10-min examination of a tree and total damaged apples/tree ('Rome Beauty' and 'York Imperial').
Field Corn, Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 40-ft rows with 30-inch row spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa for several years. Approximately 1 week prior to planting, the alfalfa was disked and rototilled under to provide decaying organic matter that would attract ovipositing female flies. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted. Each seed treatment was assigned to an extra seed hopper. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 2 weeks after planting revealed no damage, however pupae were found in the soil. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel traps, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of the trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two of these traps were placed over each treatment row. On 12 Jun, the number of seedcorn maggot adults were counted in the collection jars and stand counts wm taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Apple, Aphicide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

In this test knock-down and efficacy of RH-7988 was evaluated. Sprays were applied to 25-yr-old apple trees by handgun operating at 200 psi. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. One day before treatment terminals (3/tree) with live aphid colonies were flagged and dead aphids removed. Twenty four hours after treatment 1 of the 3 terminals was removed from each tree and examined for dead aphids. The same procedure was repeated 48 h after treatment. In addition, 5 actively growing terminals were checked on each tree (20 terminals/treatment) 7 and 14 days after spraying to determine the proportion of terminals with live GAA colonies. Observations on natural enemies and phytotoxicity were also recorded.
Apple, Mite, and Insect Control, Miticide Block, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering from 3.8 to 4.2 gal spray/tree or 364 to 403 gal/acre. Trees were 23 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on M. 2 rootstock. Three Guthion formulations were compared in applications commencing at petal fall, 16 May, and continuing in cover sprays on 7 and 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug. Guthion 50W at Petal Fall followed by a Guthion + Sevin combination applied in the cover sprays was also tested as was a Morestan + Guthion treatment applied at petal fall. The Morestan + Guthion and Guthion + Sevin treatments were also treated with Apollo on 13 Jul; the Guthion 50W and the Guthion 35W treatments received 24 Jun and 13 Jul applications of Plictran or PV870114-2A. The ABG-6162A treatments were applied at 2 different rates at pink, 21 Apr, or at pink and petal fall. The RH-3486 treatments were applied 24 Jun at 3 different rates. All ABG-6162A and RH-3486 treatments received a petal fall application of Sevin on 16 May. Additional materials applied over the entire block for disease control include Dithane M-45 SOW 4.5 lb/ acre, 27 Apr; Rubigan IE 9 oz + Dithane M-45 80W 3.0 lb/acre, 7 May; Rubigan IE 6 oz + Dithane M-45 80W 3.0 lb/acre, 14 and 23 May; Captan 50W 5.0 lb + Bayleton 50W 3.0 oz/acre, 4 Jun; and Dithane M-45 80W 4.0 lb/acre, 1 Jul. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 23 May using from 0 to 10 ppm depending on the cultivar. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one 'Red Delicious' tree/plot at biweekly intervals throughout the summer. The leaves were brought into the laboratory where they were brushed with a mite-brushing machine, and the mites and eggs were counted using a binocular microscope. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruit/plot from 'Golden Delicious' on 2 Oct. Fruit finish was also evaluated on this cultivar by applying a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish) to each fruit. An early spring resulted in an early and prolonged bloom period. Rainfall was above average during April, July, and September but below average during May and June; temperatures were generally normal for the area.
Insecticidal Efficacy of Juvenile Hormone Mimic S-71639, Japan, 1987
Authors: Yamamoto H. , Kasamatsu K.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-year-old apple trees in Nagano prefecture were sprayed with motorized sprayers to evaluate insecticidal efficacy against apple leafminer on 30 Jun. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Spray volume was 60 liter/tree. Effectiveness of each treatment was determined by counting mines caused by third- to fifth-instar larvae on 14 Sep.
Pear, Mite Control with Apollo, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots consisting of 'Bartlett' trees (9 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Date of application was 22 Jul. Effects of treatments on ERM were evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Pest pressure was light.
Pear, Prebloom Sulfur Sprays for Rust Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P.W.
Published: March 2022

Two sulfur products were compared for the ability to control PRM. Sprays were applied to 26-yr-old trees at delayed dormant (18 Mar) by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized block. Except for streptomycin and fungicides no other sprays were applied to this block. Pretreatment counts were taken by checking 5 spurs/tree for presence of rust mites. Fruit (15/tree) was sampled in mid-May and rated according to mite number (none, low, moderate, high) present on surface of the fruit: A, near the calyx; B, around the middle; and C, near the stem end. At harvest, fruit (25/tree) from each variety was graded by estimating the percent russetted area on each fruit.
Pear, Early-Season Evaluation of Igrs for Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 14-yr-old trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Prebloom sprays consisted of flowable sulfur plus oil for pear rust mite control and fungicides against pear scab. In this test 3 IGRs were compared in terms of rates, timings, and formulations. PP nymphs and eggs were counted on fruit spurs (5/tree) for the pretreatment sample. Spur leaves (20/tree; 2/spur) were examined during May for PP eggs and nymphs. In the second PP generation and later, sampling shifted to the terminals. A top, middle, and bottom leaf were taken from each of 6 terminals/tree. All leaves were scanned under a stereo microscope.
Pear, Insect and Mite Control, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained 4 'Bartlett' and 4 'Bosc', spaced 12 × 18 ft., 12 ft. high, and 13 yr old. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 350 psi delivering from 1.9 to 2.9 gal/tree (380 to 583 gal/acre), depending on time of season and leaf canopy present. Danitol was applied at white bud, 20 Apr; petal fall, 8 May, and in cover sprays on 23 May, 7 and 24 Jun, and 13 Jul for the first treatment. The same rate was applied in a reduced schedule (20 Apr, 8 May, 7 Jun, and 13 Jul) as a comparison for the second treatment. Danitol was also applied along with Superior oil on 8 May. This application was followed by Guthion applications on 23 May, 7 and 24 Jun, and 7 Aug. There was a Mitac application on 13 Jul. Abamectin was applied at 3 different rates without oil on 8 May and with oil on 7 and 24 Jun, 13 Jul, and 7 Aug. Asana was applied 20 Apr, followed by Zolone + Sevin on 8 May, and Zolone + Mitac on 7 and 24 Jun, 13 Jul, and 7 Aug. An additional appliction over the entire block for fire blight control consisted of Agri-Strep, 8 oz/100 gal on 13 May. Applications were made for Fabraea leafspot control on 11 Jun and 1 Jul. Each replicate was treated with a separate fungicide at these applications. One replicate received Manzate 200 80W 1.5 lb/100 gal, another received Captan 50W 2 lb/100 gal, and the third received Benlate 50W 2.0 oz/100 gal + Manzate 200 80W 1.5 lb/100 gal. Pear psylla were evaluated by collecting 5 'Bartlett' spurs (25 leaves) from each plot on 7 and 18 May and 4 Jun and thereafter 5 'Bartlett' shoots (25 leaves) from each plot on 15 Jun, 3 and 20 Jul, and 4 and 13 Aug. All live nymphs and eggs on each leaf were counted in the laboratory using a binocular microscope. Mite populations were assessed by examining 5 'Bartlett' leaves per plot from the 20 Jul pear psylla sample. These leaves were viewed with the aid of a binocular microscope, and all live mites were counted. Insect injury was evaluated by examining 50 'Bartlett' fruit per plot harvested on 4 Sep. Rainfall during May and June was less than normal; during April and July rainfall was above normal. April and July temperatures were above normal and temperatures in May and June were below normal. Pest pressure, especially pear psylla and pear rust mite, was greater than usual due to the early onset of warm weather in the spring.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1987
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

Three miticides were evaluated for control of the pecan leaf scorch mite (PLSM) on pecan. The study was conducted on 52-yr-old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees located at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, La. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 2 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug using an FMC 957 speedsprayer delivering 27 gal of finished spray per tree (247 gal per acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Samples consisted of counting the number of mites and eggs on the apical pair of leaflets on 10 compound leaves.
Scarifying Agents and Pathogens Screened Against Pecan Weevil Larvae in the Laboratory, 1986
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Dutcher James D. , Payne Jerry A. , Snow J. Wendell
Published: March 2022

Pecan weevil larvae were exposed to various scarifying agents, pathogens, and combinations of these 2 groups in 1 pt styrofoam cups. Ten holes were punched in the bottom of the cups for drainage. Pecans infested with weevil larvae and soil were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Ga., in late Sep. Nuts were held in the laboratory and weevil larvae were collected as they emerged. The soil was sterilized and the soil moisture content was brought to field capacity (13%). Clay was packed in the bottom half of the cups. Topsoil was placed on the clay filling the next quarter of the cup. Treatments were then added to the top soil and 10 mature weevil larvae were placed in each of 8 cups/treatment. Cups were covered with parafilm. Treatments included tests 1 and 2—diatomaceous earth (MN36 and MP78), perlite, sand, vermiculite, and untreated; test 3—Beauveria bassiana ex pecan weevil (in solution and as dry spores on top of the soil), Metarhizium anisopliae ex pecan weevil (in solution), perlite, sand, soil containing dead pecan weevil larvae, vermiculite, and untreated; and test 4—Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio, Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio + diatomaceous earth (MN36), Beauveria bassiana + diatomaceous earth (MN36), Metarhizium anisopliae + diatomaceous earth (MN36), soil containing an unknown agent causing disease in the acorn weevil Conotrachelus posticatus Boheman, and untreated. Cups were scored for weevil mortality after 30 days in test 1 and 120 days in tests 2-4. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and contrasts.
Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Bryan H. H. , Buker D.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 18 Nov. The soil was fumigated with Terr-OGas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with black plastic mulch one week before planting; the mulch was perforated on 17 Nov. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72-inch-center beds. Fertilizer (1000 lb/acre of granular 6:12:12 and 600 lb/acre of liquid 7:16:8) was applied prior to planting. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice each week (0.75-1.00 acre-inches/irrigation). Maneb 80WP was applied (3 lb [AI]/acre) on a 7-day spray schedule. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 2 rows by 35 ft long separated by a 5-ft buffer. Insecticides were applied on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jan and on 5, 11, and 18 Feb. A tractor-mounted, single-bed boom sprayer was operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The number of diamondback moths and hymenopterous parasitoids were recorded on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment, on 8 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants per replicate, 96 plants per treatment, using a scale of 1-6 (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves) on 26 Feb. Percentage of marketable heads was determined based on ratings ≤3.
Control on Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 4 May near Georgetown, DE. Three row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 23 Jun. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi on 23 Jun. All plant whorls were removed, unrolled and the number of infested plants counted on 27 Jun.
Onion Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, New York on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides as well as entomogenous nematodes (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema) applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting nine seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Soil injection treatments of nematodes were applied at peak fly activity using a CO2 powered injection system delivering ca. 3950 gal/acre on a 15 inch row basis. Stand counts were taken 25 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 25 Jul.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 29 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 20-ft long and 3-ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 59 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 12, 18, 26 Jun and 3 Jul. Percent plant defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetle was recorded on 20 and 26 Jun and 6 Jul. The number of potato hills with at least one stalk in flower was recorded on 20 Jun. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae/5 hills were recorded on 20 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt/acre) on 9 Sep. All data were taken from the middle row.
Biological Insecticides for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 29 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each being 20-ft long and 3-ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 59 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun. Percent plant defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetles were recorded on 19 and 26 Jun and 6 Jul. The number of potato hills with at least one stalk in flower was recorded on 20 Jun. Numbers of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae/5 hills were recorded on 19 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt/acre) were recorded on 9 Sep. All data were taken from the middle row.
Miticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 7-yr-old Rome trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Morestan 25 W was applied to one plot at pink stage of bud development. Sevin 50 W and 60 sec oil were applied to one plot at normal thinning time. Other treatments were applied on 2 Jun. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 10 leaves/replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were kept out of these plots during early season with several applications of permethrin.
Insect Control in Late-Planted Snap Beans, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

'Tenderlake' snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 25 Jul at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart. Foliar insecticides were applied on 8 Aug using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayer at 57 gal/acre and 50 psi. Pre-treatment counts of Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) averaged 49/15 row ft. European corn borer larvae (ECBL) were counted prior to harvest. The middle 2 rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2-row picker on 9 Sep. A subsample (ca 1000 g) of beans from each plot was rated for pods damaged by MBBL and ECBL and expressed as a percent.
Control of Insects on Tomatoes, 1988
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Tomato seedlings were transplanted on 30 May. Orthene 75 SP was applied as a transplant water treatment at the rates of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre, using 4.5 oz water/plant. Plots wete 23 by 7 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of 2 rows of tomatoes with 23 plants in each row. Effectiveness of the treatments for DCW control was evaluated by counting the number of damaged plants in each plot 2-wk after transplanting. Toxicity and residual activity of Orthene against sixth- to seventh-instar DCW were tested by collecting random leaf samples from each plot beginning 1 d after transplanting and then weekly for 3 wk. Samples were taken to the laboratory and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing insecticide-free sand and 10 larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 4 d by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. CPB control was tested by collecting random leaf samples from each plot 7 d after transplanting. Samples were taken to the laboratory, and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing 10 adults of CPB collected from an untreated tomato field. Mortality was assessed daily for 5 days by counting the number of dead beetles in each dish. Abbott's formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated check. For evaluation of PFB control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 wk after transplanting, and the number of feeding holes on each leaf was counted. To assess for GPA control, 20 leaves were collected at random from each plot 3 and 6 wk after transplanting, and the number of living GPA on each leaf was counted under a magnifier in the laboratory. The mortality percentages of the cutworms were transformed to angular units. The logarithmic transformation was used for the aphid counts. The number of PFB feeding holes on the leaves and DCW-damaged plants in each plot was transformed to X + 0.5 before ANOVA. Harvests were taken from each plot and marketable yields (ton/acre) were recorded. All data were subjected to ANOVA. Mean values were converted to original units for presentation in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental area was a 2-yr-old stand of 'Cimarron' alfalfa. The plots were 68 ft by 68 ft, and all treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 7 Jun with a low-pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 SS8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. PLH population densities were determined 5, 12, and 16 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated on a 4-yr-old alfalfa stand at the Delaware State College farm in Dover. Plots were 10 by 25 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 26 Jul with a CO2-pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 27 gal water/acre at 40 psi to 6-inch-tall alfalfa. PLH density was evaluated prior to treatment and at 2, 7 and 12 DAT by taking 5 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Evaluation of Furadan and Orthene Against A Bluestem Seed Midge, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Manglitz G. R.
Published: March 2022

The insecticides were applied to 2 fields, one in Saunders Co., Neb., (1986 and 1987) and the other in Cass Co., Neb. (1987 only). Both were seed production fields of'Pawnee' big bluestem which were planted in rows spaced 3.5 ft apart and cultivated annually to maintain row spacing. The insecticides were single applications of Furadan 4 F (carbofuran) and Orthene (acephate) at the rate of 1.0 lb/A in 6 gal/acre water at early anthesis. The insecticides were applied with a CO2 activated pressure, knapsack sprayer equipped with a 5 ft boom. Applications were made on either 16 or 17 Jul in both yr and at both locations. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications at each site. Each plot consisted of six 30 ft rows. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested for seed by removing the upper portions of the raceme bearing culms with hand sickles during the last week of Sep. The harvested material was then threshed with a small plot thresher. The midge population was sampled by collecting 25 raceme bearing culms from each plot the first week of Aug and again during the first week of Sep at both locations in 1987. The culms were taken to the laboratory and placed in water-filled flasks, which were enclosed in dark insect rearing cages. Insects emerging from the florets were collected in glass vials (light traps) inserted in the sides of the cages.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1989
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Three granular corn rootworm insecticide studies were conducted to evaluate various application techniques, rates, and formulations. Garretson, Nunda, Rutland, and 2 Lake Andes sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Sufficient levels of soil moisture were present at all locations. Rootworm infestations ranged from moderate to heavy which resulted in untreated plots being severely damaged. Significant treatment separations were observed in all studies among various pesticides.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1989
Authors: Jarvi Keith
Published: March 2022

Nine soil insecticides were applied at the fully labeled rate and a reduced rate at planting and first cultivation times at Concord, NE. The test plot was plant 8 May in a continuous corn field with a silty clay loam type. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of a single 40-ft-long row; rows were 30 inches apart. Infurrow treatments were applied by a John Deere tractor mounted unit at planting. All other treatments were applied in a 7-inch band by a Noble granular metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator equipped with incorporation tines on 9 May. Cultivation treatments were applied 5 Jun over the row followed immediately by a tractor mounted cultivator. Feeding damage was evaluated 17 Jul. Five roots were dug from each treatment row and rated by the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Rainfall was approximately 50% of normal for the period from 8 May to 17 Jul. Subsoil moisture rated short at time of planting.
First Generation European Cornborer Insecticide Trials, 1989
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the OARDC, Wooster, OH, to evaluate control of first generation ECB with various labeled and experimental insecticides. Pioneer 3352 was planted in 30 inch rows on 1 May with a 4 row Allis Chalmers Planter into a conventional till continuous corn field. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 20 ft in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied with 12 V electric motor driven Gandy metering units in a 7 inch band over the row. Spray treatments were broadcast at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 3 mph. A natural population accounted for 90 percent infestation by ECB in the plots. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jun when corn was approximately 8 inches high. Five plants/plot were dissected to count cavities/plant on 25 Jul. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference was used to rank means. Results are presented as percent cavities/plant and yield.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1989
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Gilford J. M. , Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 7 IA locations in 1989. Two of these locations were also used for cultivation-time tests. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root-protection trials (registered plus experimental products) and 8 replications for the yield trials (registered plus EUP products). All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn for basal treatments. Banders positioned directly above the plant whorl provided whorl treatments. The inclusion of soybeans in our trials resulted from grower testimonials reporting the prevention of rootworm damage by applying ground soybeans. Soybeans were ground to a size similar to that of insecticide granules and applied at 11.2 lb/acre, the highest rate possible. The low bulk density of soybean meal caused the drop tubes to clog at higher rates. In mid-Jul, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and 6 equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun, by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Yield trials were hand harvested. Roots were also evaluated for larval damage in the yield trials by digging them from a 15-ft area at the end of each treatment. This area was not included in the harvest sample. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.