bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-Domain Analysis of Excited Subsonic Jet Noise
Authors: Kearney-Fischer Martin , Sinha Aniruddha , Samimy Mo
Published: February 2014

Building on previous work showing that far-field jet noise has significant intermittent aspects and the statistical analysis of those intermittent aspects, the present work applies the same analysis techniques to an excited jet. Using an experimental database covering several operating conditions [jet Mach number ( Mj = 0.9), nozzle diameter ( D = 2.54 cm), and jet stagnation temperature ratios (TTR = 1.0 – 2.5)] and a wide array of excitation parameters (azimuthal mode mF = 0, 1, & 3 and Strouhal number StDF = 0.09 – 3.0), these events are extracted from the far-field noise signals measured in an anechoic chamber. This database is analyzed to determine how the noise event characteristics are altered by excitation. The relationship between the noise events and the flow-field dynamics of the excited jet are discussed. Analysis of the excited jet reveals the existence of a resonance condition. When excited at the resonance condition, large noise amplification occurs – this is associated with nearly every large-scale structure producing a noise event. Conversely, noise reduction occurs when only one noise event occurs per several large-scale structures. The impact of the azimuthal extent of large-scale structures is explored using a wave-packet model to provide support to the discussion of azimuthal mode radiation efficiency. The results indicate that there is a competition for flow energy among neighboring structures that dictates if and how their dynamics will produce noise that radiates to the far-field. Furthermore, the azimuthal model supports the conclusion that higher modes are less efficient radiators. These various factors provide support for the conclusion that the mechanism of noise reduction involves inducing the jet into a condition where the naturally occurring structures are suppressed by excited structures which are less efficient radiators (i.e. higher azimuthal modes at frequencies where neighboring structures destructively compete for flow energy).
Analysis of CFRP Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Structural Components Subjected to Close-In Blasts
Authors: Orton Sarah L. , Chiarito Vincent P. , Minor Jared K. , Coleman Thomas G.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a simple procedure for the analysis of strengthened and unstrengthened reinforced concrete slabs under close-in blast loadings. The simplified procedure provides a tool to quickly check a slab or verify the results of a more advanced computer analysis. The procedure divides the response of the slab into breach, direct shear, flexural, and membrane behaviors and provides equations and references on how to calculate the capacity of each behavior. The procedure first checks the most severe failure modes, then progresses to other modes. The procedure was used to analyze the response of four slabs subjected to blasts; two of the slabs were strengthened with carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) on the back face. The procedure was also used to analyze the response of a reinforced concrete box specimen strengthened with CFRP. The simple procedure accurately predicted the peak deflection of the slabs to close-in blast loadings.
Study of Pressure-Impulse Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Thiagarajan Ganesh , Rahimzadeh Rasekh , Kundu Aritra
Published: February 2014

The failure of reinforced concrete columns when subjected to blast events can be catastrophic to the building as a whole. The choice of the type of lateral confinement may influence the response of columns subjected to blast load much more when compared to the application of traditional loads. The objective of the research reported in this paper is to study the non-linear response of a typical reinforced concrete column with four types of lateral reinforcement subjected to uniform blast loading, using finite element (FE) and single degree of freedom (SDOF) methods. An advanced FE modeling tool, LS-DYNA and a widely used SDOF analysis tool – SBEDS – are used for this purpose.

Pressure-Impulse (PI) diagrams for different levels of protection (LOP) are developed using both the methods. The mid height displacement is used to represent the levels of protection. A parametric analysis is used to develop PI diagrams in order to study the effect of confinement on the reduction of displacement at impulsive, dynamic, and quasi-static loading conditions. PI curves developed from the FE methods are compared with the curves from the SDOF methodology. Regression equations are also developed using statistical analysis, to characterize PI diagrams generated from the FE method. Recommendations for analysis, design and detailing of reinforced concrete columns for blast protection based on this research are presented.
Effect of Explosion and Fire on Underground Structures
Authors: Prochazka Petr P
Published: February 2014

It appears that explosion in a closed space of underground works together with extreme increase of temperature influences the bearing capacity of underground structures, particularly road and rail tunnels, underground power stations, underground parkings, etc. The explosion is caused by various resources (terrorist attack, explosion of inflammable material positioned on freight cars, and such). This paper is focused on the effect of a fast change of load in tunnels and especially on the tunnel linings from fiber reinforced concrete. Shock wave caused by both the explosion and increased temperature leads to a spalling of concrete, i.e. to a reduction of thickness of the bearing structure and decrease of feasibility of the support. Relatively complicated system, describing an interaction between the air (shock wave described by gas dynamics), and the solid part (tunnel lining and the rock surrounding the tunnel obeying the equations of elasto-plasticity) is to be simplified in this paper. First, laminated cylinder describing the solid structure of the tunnel and the non-linear Winkler subsoil simulates the rock. The cylinder is loaded by the influence of explosion and change of temperature. It is to be shown that the superheated vapor together with interacting waves of the open charge inside of the underground space may cause an extensive occurrence of fissures on the surface exposed to the external loading envisaged. On the other hand the rock surrounding the underground structure interacts with the underground structure as a dumper. The simplified model starts with axisymmetric geometry and axisymmetric load by the shock wave and change of temperature, and moreover, generalized plain strain assumption is considered with a constant change of pressure in the axial direction of the tunnel. The governing equations adopt this assumption and the solution is then easier. The generalization to more complicated non-symmetric problems is straightforward. Couple of examples is to verify the theoretical considerations.
Influence of Loading Rate on Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Somraj Amornthep , Fujikake Kazunori , Li Bing
Published: February 2014

This study aims to investigate the dynamic shear failure behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under rapid loading through an experimental study and set up a strut-and-tie model with loading rate effects to predict the dynamic shear capacity of RC beams. Thus, rapid loading test for 48 RC beams was performed, in which shear span-to-depth ratio, shear reinforcement ratio and loading rate were variable. The RC beams exhibited diagonal tension failure, shear compression failure and flexural failure depending on the shear span-to-depth ratio and the shear reinforcement ratio. The influence of loading rate on the maximum resistance is more significant for the RC beams failed in shear than for those failed in flexure. The strut-and-tie model with loading rate effects was developed, in which the thickness of the compression strut was formulated to be increased with an increase in loading rate. The developed strut-and-tie model was in good agreement with the experimental results.
The Hole Argument and Some Physical and Philosophical Implications
Authors: Stachel John
Published: February 2014

This is a historical-critical study of the hole argument, concentrating on the interface between historical, philosophical and physical issues. Although it includes a review of its history, its primary aim is a discussion of the contemporary implications of the hole argument for physical theories based on dynamical, background-independent space-time structures.

The historical review includes Einstein’s formulations of the hole argument, Kretschmann’s critique, as well as Hilbert’s reformulation and Darmois’ formulation of the general-relativistic Cauchy problem. The 1970s saw a revival of interest in the hole argument, growing out of attempts to answer the question: Why did three years elapse between Einstein’s adoption of the metric tensor to represent the gravitational field and his adoption of the Einstein field equations?

The main part presents some modern mathematical versions of the hole argument, including both coordinate-dependent and coordinate-independent definitions of covariance and general covariance; and the fiber bundle formulation of both natural and gauge natural theories. By abstraction from continuity and differentiability, these formulations can be extended from differentiable manifolds to any set; and the concepts of permutability and general permutability applied to theories based on relations between the elements of a set, such as elementary particle theories.

We are closing with an overview of current discussions of philosophical and physical implications of the hole argument.
Cricket Bat Industry as an Economically Viable Livelihood Option in Kashmir: Present Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Masoodi T. H. , Ahmad Hillal , Gangoo S. A. , Sofi P. A. , Mir S. A. , Saraf S. A. , Murtaza Shah , Bashir Altamash , Bhat G. M. , Mir A. A. , Bhat M. A.
Published: February 2014

The main objective of this study was to determine whether bat manufacturing units operational in Kashmir were sustainable entrepreneurial ventures or whether they exhibit a declining trend in terms of economic viability. The study also aimed to document the main constraints that confront the cricket bat industry in order to devise future strategies and research needs that can help to exploit the full economic potential of this indigenous wood-based industry. The present study was carried out in a bat manufacturing cluster, which is composed of about 70 units concentrated on the Jammu–Srinagar national highway in the valley of Kashmir (India). Results revealed that the cost of manufacturing cricket bats decreased with the increase in the size of the industrial unit, indicating the existence of “economies of scale.” The gross returns earned by small-, medium-, and large-scale units were more than 2.7, 5.0, and 8.2 million rupees (Rs), with benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) of 1.69, 2.05, and 2.29, respectively. The cost and return structure, in relation to various economic indicators such as BCR, net income, breakeven quantity, and export competitiveness, reflects positive trends, and the bat manufacturing activity fetched a reasonable profit to the unit holders, besides providing employment opportunities to youth and thereby reflecting that this entrepreneurial venture is an economically viable livelihood activity. These results indicate that, despite underutilization of installed production capacity, the manufacture of cricket bats is a lucrative venture in Kashmir and can be up-scaled to become highly competitive in terms of its export potential to other countries.
Facilitating Child Witness Interviewers' Understanding of Evidential Requirements through Prosecutor Instruction
Authors: Burrows Kimberlee S. , Powell Martine B. , Anglim Jeromy
Published: February 2014

Prosecutors report that the evidential usefulness of child witness statements about abuse is often limited by unnecessary interview content and excessive length. Prior research indicates that this limitation may be attributed to a mismatch between interviewers' and prosecutors' understandings of the legal requirements of an interview. The aim of this study is to examine whether differences in the evidential qualities that are perceived as important by prosecutors and interviewers can be reduced through simple instruction. Five prosecutors and 33 interviewers completed a written exercise wherein participants were required to identify what aspects of information required follow-up in five hypothetical narrative accounts of abuse. Twenty of the interviewers had (prior to completing the exercise) received prosecutor instruction on the requirements of interviews in terms of the elements and particulars of sexual offences, and the manner in which necessary information is best elicited in an interview (from a legal perspective). The responses to the exercise of interviewers who had and had not received prosecutor instruction were compared. The results indicated that interviewers who had received instruction were more consistent with prosecutors in their responses to the exercise. The importance of these findings, and directions for future research, are discussed.
Criminal Network Analysis inside Law Enforcement Agencies: A Data-Mining System Approach under the National Intelligence Model
Authors: Seidler Patrick , Adderley Rick
Published: February 2014

All police forces in the UK, and many Forces in Europe and the USA, use the National Intelligence Model as a means to provide relevant, timely and actionable intelligence. Increased awareness of the benefits that criminal network analysis provides in discovering, analysing and visualising networked criminal activity has become an integral part of the intelligence model. Despite numerous research efforts, technology has not achieved the expected improvements in the quality of criminal network analysis intelligence and the time needed to create related intelligence products. As current tools focus on the provision of structural metrics in describing networked crime activity and neglect the integration with Force prioritisation tactics, intelligence outputs from current automated tools rarely produce immediately applicable intelligence products, but leave an operational gap between intelligence analyst and police officers, and numerous manual tasks for the analyst.

Using the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining, a database agnostic data-mining methodology, we propose a common standard to provide a structured approach to the manifold of analytical tasks in the process of criminal network analysis and show how those tasks relate to the intelligence model. We aim to depict the specific issues at each stage of the process and show how better results can be achieved through better integration of criminal network analysis and the intelligence cycle.
Systemic Effects of Intracoronary Nitroglycerin during Coronary Angiography in Children after Heart Transplantation
Authors: Lara Diego A. , Olive Mary K. , George James F. , Brown Robert N. , Carlo Waldemar F. , Colvin Edward V. , Steenwyck Brad L. , Pearce F. Bennett
Published: February 2014

Coronary spasm during coronary angiography for vasculopathy in children can be prevented by the intracoronary administration of nitroglycerin. We reviewed the anesthesia and catheterization reports and charts for pediatric transplant recipients who underwent angiography from 2005 through 2010. Correlation analysis was used to study the relation of post-injection systolic blood pressure (SBP) to nitroglycerin dose. Forty-one angiographic evaluations were performed on 25 patients (13 male and 12 female). Mean age was 9.9 ± 3.2 years (range, 3.3–16.1 yr). The mean total dose of nitroglycerin was 2.93 ± 1.60 µg/kg (range, 1–8 µg/kg).

There was a significant drop between the baseline SBP (mean, 106 ± 21.6 mmHg) and the lowest mean SBP before nitroglycerin administration (78 ± 13.2, P <0.0001, paired t test). There was no significant additional change in SBP (mean after nitroglycerin administration, 80.7 ± 13.1 mmHg; P = 0.2). There was a significant drop in lowest heart rate between baseline (109 ± 16.5 beats/min) and before nitroglycerin administration (89 ± 14.3 beats/min; P <0.0001, paired t test). There was no significant additional change in heart rate (mean heart rate after nitroglycerin, 84 ± 17.7 beats/min; P = 0.09). There were 2 interventions for SBP before nitroglycerin and 2 after nitroglycerin. One child experienced a transient ST-T–segment change during angiography after nitroglycerin. In the highest dose range, the additional decrease in SBP was 7.2 mmHg (P=0.03). Routine intracoronary nitroglycerin administration in this dose range produced no significant changes in SBP or heart rate in children.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Treat Chronic Total Occlusion: Predictors of Technical Success and One-Year Clinical Outcome
Authors: Salarifar Mojtaba , Mousavi Mohammad-Reza , Saroukhani Sepideh , Nematipour Ebrahim , Kassaian Seyed Ebrahim , Alidoosti Mohammad , Poorhosseini Hamid-Reza , Haji-Zeinali Ali-Mohammad , Nozari Younes , Hosseini Kianoush , Jalali Arash
Published: February 2014

We investigated the overall success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as a treatment for coronary chronic total occlusion and sought to determine the predictive factors of technical success and of one-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE). These factors have not been conclusively defined.

Using data from our single-center PCI registry, we enrolled 269 consecutive patients (mean age, 56.13 ± 10.72 yr; 66.2% men) who underwent first-time PCI for chronic total occlusion (duration, ≥3 mo) from March 2006 through September 2010. We divided them into 2 groups: procedural success and procedural failure. We compared occurrences of in-hospital sequelae and one-year MACE between the groups, using multivariate models to determine predictors of technical failure and one-year clinical outcome.

Successful revascularization was achieved in 221 patients (82.2%). One-year MACE occurred in 13 patients (4.8%), with a predominance of target-vessel revascularization (3.7%). The prevalence of MACE was significantly lower in the procedural-success group (1.8% vs 18.8%; P <0.001). In the multivariate model, technical failure was the only predictor of one-year MACE. The predictors of failed procedures were lesion location, multivessel disease, the occurrence of dissection, a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade of 0 before PCI, the absence of tapered-stump arterial structure, and an increase in serum creatinine level or lesion length.

In our retrospective, observational study, PCI was successful in a high percentage of chronic total occlusion patients and had a low prevalence of complications. This suggests its safety and effectiveness as a therapeutic option.
A Rare Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension: Congenital Bilateral Atresia of the Superior Pulmonary Arteries and Bilateral Stenosis of the Inferior Pulmonary Arteries
Authors: Ertem Ahmet Goktug , Akdemir Ramazan
Published: February 2014

Bilateral absence (atresia) of the superior pulmonary arteries, combined with bilateral stenosis of the inferior pulmonary arteries, has not to our knowledge been reported before now. We report such a case in a 48-year-old woman, together with the medical and percutaneous catheter interventions used to treat her condition.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated with Dietary Supplements Containing 1,3-Dimethylamylamine and Citrus aurantium
Authors: Smith Triston B. , Staub Brian A. , Natarajan Gayathri M. , Lasorda David M. , Poornima Indu G.
Published: February 2014

We describe the case of a previously healthy 22-year-old man who presented with anginal chest pain and was diagnosed with a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. For 3 weeks, he had been ingesting the dietary supplements Jack3d® (principal ingredient, 1,3-dimethylamylamine) and Phenorex™ (principal ingredient, Citrus aurantium) daily, before undertaking physical activity. Coronary angiograms revealed a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery thrombus with distal embolization. A combined medical regimen led to resolution of the thrombus. Three months later, the patient was asymptomatic with no evidence of ischemia.

The primary ingredients in the sympathomimetic supplements taken by our patient are controversial in the medical community and have been individually associated with adverse cardiac events. There are no safety data on their simultaneous use. We discuss other reports of adverse effects associated with these supplements and recommend that the relevant safety guidelines be revised.
A Patient with Giant Left Atrium Undergoes Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
Authors: Boldyrev Sergey Y. , Lepshokov Murat K. , Yakuba Igor I. , Barbukhatty Kirill O. , Porhanov Vladimir A.
Published: February 2014

We present a novel technique for resolving the problem of radical size mismatch at the time of orthotopic transplantation. A 48-year-old man presented with chronic rheumatic heart disease and a giant left atrium. Twenty-three years before, he had undergone mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis. At the time of the repeated intervention, the volume of his left atrium was 350 mL.

Surgical features of the transplantation included approximation of the pulmonary vein ostia by gathering sutures intentionally, in order to decrease the area of the left atrial posterior wall and thereby enable appropriate coaptation with the donor left atrium. After the operation, left atrial volume had been reduced to 60 mL.
Repair of Bland-White-Garland Syndrome via a Modified Technique
Authors: Manoly Imthiaz , Karangelis Dimos , Viola Nicola , Haw Marcus
Published: February 2014

Surgically repairing Bland-White-Garland syndrome (anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery) is a challenge if there are variations in the origin of the anomalous artery. We report the successful repair of this congenital abnormality in a 19-year-old woman who presented with an acute anterior myocardial infarction. The anomalous artery originated from the anterior-facing sinus of the pulmonary artery, which precluded typical repair by direct reimplantation or fashioning an intrapulmonary tunnel. We created an extrapulmonary tunnel, using a strip of pulmonary artery anteriorly and an aortic flap posteriorly. Three years postoperatively, the anastomosis was patent and the patient was asymptomatic. Our modified technique might serve as an alternative method during similar surgical circumstances.
Papillary Muscle Repositioning as a Subvalvular Apparatus Preservation Technique in Mitral Stenosis Patients with Normal Left Ventricular Systolic Function
Authors: Lafci Gokhan , Cagli Kerim , Cicek Omer Faruk , Korkmaz Kemal , Turak Osman , Uzun Alper , Yalcinkaya Adnan , Diken Adem , Gunertem Eren , Cagli Kumral
Published: February 2014

Subvalvular apparatus preservation is an important concept in mitral valve replacement (MVR) surgery that is performed to remedy mitral regurgitation. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of papillary muscle repositioning (PMR) on clinical outcomes and echocardiographic left ventricular function in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients who had normal left ventricular systolic function.

We prospectively assigned 115 patients who were scheduled for MVR surgery with mechanical prosthesis to either PMR or MVR-only groups. Functional class and echocardiographic variables were evaluated at baseline and at early and late postoperative follow-up examinations. All values were compared between the 2 groups.

The PMR group consisted of 48 patients and the MVR-only group of 67 patients. The 2 groups’ baseline characteristics and surgery-related factors (including perioperative mortality) were similar. During the 18-month follow-up, all echocardiographic variables showed a consistent improvement in the PMR group; the mean left ventricular ejection fraction deteriorated significantly in the MVR-only group. Comparison during follow-up of the magnitude of longitudinal changes revealed that decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters and in left ventricular sphericity indices, and increases in left ventricular ejection fractions, were significantly higher in the PMR group than in the MVR-only group.

This study suggests that, in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function, the addition of papillary muscle repositioning to valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis improves left ventricular dimensions, ejection fraction, and sphericity index at the 18-month follow-up with no substantial undesirable effect on the surgery-related factors.
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Investigation of Cardiovascular Disorders. Part 1: Current Applications
Authors: Goenka Ajit H. , Flamm Scott D.
Published: February 2014

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a robust noninvasive technique for investigating cardiovascular disorders. The evolution of cardiac magnetic resonance and its widening span of diagnostic and prognostic applications have generated excitement as well as uncertainty regarding its potential clinical use and its role vis-à-vis conventional imaging techniques. The purpose of this evidence-based review is to discuss some of these issues by highlighting the current (Part 1) and emerging (Part 2) applications of cardiac magnetic resonance. Familiarity with the versatility and usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance will facilitate its wider clinical acceptance for improving the management of cardiovascular disorders.
Cerebral stroke injury: the role of cytokines and brain inflammation
Authors: Siniscalchi Antonio , Gallelli Luca , Malferrari Giovanni , Pirritano Domenico , Serra Raffaele , Santangelo Ermenegildo , De Sarro Giovambattista
Published: February 2014

Stroke represents the most frequent cause of permanent disability in adults worldwide. Cerebral ischemia triggers the pathological pathways of the ischemic cascade and causes irreversible neuronal injury in the ischemic core within minutes of the onset. Elements of the immune system are involved in all stages of ischemic cascade from acute intravascular events triggered by the interruption of blood supply, to the parenchymal processes leading to brain damage and to the ensuing tissue repair. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of current understanding of the role of cytokines and brain inflammation during acute ischemic stroke.
Analysis of measurement process of placental volume in early pregnancy: an interobserver reliability study
Authors: Florido Jesús , Ocón Olga , de Dios Luna del Castillo Juan , Vega-Cañadas Javier , Manrique-Espinoza Nadya , Navarrete Luis
Published: February 2014

Objective: To examine concordance among results obtained in measurement process of first-trimester placental volume using 3D ultrasound and eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computed-aided AnaLysis (XI-VOCAL®, 3DXITM, Medison, Seoul, Korea) image analysis by three different operators.

Methods: Twenty first-trimester normal pregnancy cases were selected for placental volume measuring using a Medison SA 8000 Live Prime® (Medison, Seoul, Korea) with a convex volumetric multifrequency abdominal probe. Images were processed and studied independently by three operators with different grade of training. Each operator obtained 50 slices per case. Thus, this study is based on 1000 measurements that have generated four different sets of placental volume determinations based on 5, 10, 15, and 20 slices, respectively. Results of measurement process were analyzed using reliability coefficients.

Results: There was a good degree of concordance in the placental length values obtained by all operators and not depend from the number of cuts measured [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.734]. However, the number of cuts is important to obtain a placental volume with more accuracy. Reliability coefficients were low when determining placental volume adjusted to placental length (ICC=0.293), but combined results of the two operators that were trained in the same way showed higher coefficients of reliability (ICC=0.682), and therefore, greater concordance when comparing with the operator that was not trained in the same way.

Conclusion: Higher coefficients of reliability guarantee high grades of concordance in the results among operators when measuring placental volumes independently, however, contouring process introduces high variability. Training in how to best use the image analysis software effectively assists in getting higher coefficients of reliability.
Targeted hyperthermia-induced cancer cell death by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
Authors: Mohammad Faruq , Raghavamenon Achuthan C. , Claville Michelle O. , Kumar Challa S.S.R. , Uppu Rao M.
Published: February 2014

The hyperthermia-induced cytotoxicity of gold-coated SPIONs conjugated to LHRH (SPIONs@Au-LHRH) has been studied in LHRH-receptor overexpressing murine GT1-7 hypothalamic neurons (noncancerous) and human LNCaP cells (cancerous). In the absence of an external magnetic field, SPIONs@Au-LHRH were least cytotoxic to either cell type. When cells were pretreated with SPIONs@Au-LHRH and then exposed to a magnetic field (465 Oe for 15 or 2×15 min), both cell types showed marked decreases in viability and proliferation. The cell death in GT1-7 neurons was found to be late apoptosis or early necrosis, while necrosis was prominent in LNCaP cells. The LNCaP cells exposed to the magnetic field for 15 min showed a significant drop in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential; however, no such change was evident in GT1-7 neurons for the first 15 min. The cell death in LNCaP cells was found to be mediated through the caspase-3-dependent pathway. There was an increased expression of heat shock protein 70 in GT1-7 neurons, and no such increase was seen in LNCaP cells. It is suggested that noncancerous GT1-7 neurons are more resistant to the heat-induced cytotoxicity of SPIONs@Au-LHRH than are LNCaP cells due to increased expression of HSP70. The results show promise toward the selective tumoricidal actions of targeted magnetic nanoparticles.
Effect of reaction conditions on the thermal stability of polystyrene grafted oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber
Authors: Jamarosliza Jamaluddin , Hasan Mahbub , Hassan Azman , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Ahmad Mansor , Rahman Zaki Ab. , Yunus Wan Md Zin Wan
Published: February 2014

Polystyrene was grafted onto oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber in aqueous medium by using the H2O2/Fe2+ system as an initiator. Optimization of the reaction conditions was carried out by varying the reaction period, temperature, amounts of the monomer, initiator and co-catalyst. The presence of the peaks around 3026 cm-1, 698 cm-1 and 755 cm-1 in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the grafted product and the presence of polystyrene on the surface of grafted OPEFB in the scanning electron micrograph provided strong evidence of the grafting. The maximum percentage of grafting (about 200%) was achieved when the reaction was carried on for 4 h at a temperature of 65°C, using 52.27 mmol monomer, 6.00 mmol initiator and 0.26 mmol co-catalyst. The thermal stability of the grafted OPEFB was found to be better than that of the ungrafted fiber, as seen from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Recent advances in study of uranium surface chemistry in China
Authors: Luo Lizhu , Lai Xinchun , Wang Xiaolin
Published: February 2014

Uranium is very important in nuclear energy industry; however, uranium and its alloys corrode seriously in various
atmospheres because of their chemical reactivities. In China, continuous investigations focused on surface chemistry have been carried
out for a thorough understanding of uranium in order to provide technical support for its engineering applications. Oxidation kinetics
of uranium and its alloys in oxidizing atmospheres are in good agreement with those in the literature. In addition to the traditional
techniques, non-traditional methods have been applied for oxidation kinetics of uranium, and it has been verified that spectroscopic
ellipsometry and X-ray diffraction are effective and nondestructive tools for in situ kinetic studies. The inhibition
efficiency of oxidizing gas impurities on uranium hydrogenation is found to follow the order CO2 > CO > O2, and the
broadening of XPS shoulders with temperature in depth profile of hydrogenated uranium surface is discussed, which is not mentioned in
the literature. Significant progress on surface chemistry of alloyed uranium (U-Nb and U-Ti) in hydrogen atmosphere is reported, and it
is revealed that the hydrating nucleation and subsequent growth of alloyed uranium are closely connected with the surface states,
underlying metal matrix, and it is microstructure-dependent. In this review, the recent advances in uranium surface chemistry in China,
published so far mostly in Chinese language, are briefly summarized. Suggestions for further study are made.
Estrogen suppresses adipogenesis by inhibiting S100A16 expression
Authors: Zhang Rihua , Su Dongming , Zhu Weidong , Huang Qiong , Liu Menglan , Xue Yi , Zhang Yuanyuan , li Dong , Zhao Allan , Liu Yun
Published: February 2014

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of E2 on metabolic syndrome and the molecular mechanisms involving S100A16. Ovariectomized (OVX) rat models and mouse embryonic fibroblasts cell models were used. E2 loss in OVX rats induced body weight gain and central abdominal fat accumulation, which were ameliorated by E2 treatment under chow and high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. E2 decreased the expression of the adipocyte marker genes PPARγ, aP2, C/EBPα, and S100A16. E2 inhibited adipogenesis. Overexpression of S100A16 reversed the E2-induced adipogenesis effect. A luciferase assay showed that E2 inhibited the expression of S100A16. E2 treatment decreased body weight gain and central abdominal fat accumulation under both chow and HFD conditions. Also, E2 suppressed adipogenesis by inhibiting S100A16 expression.
High-fat diet aggravates glucose homeostasis disorder caused by chronic exposure to bisphenol A
Authors: Ding Shibin , Fan Ying , Zhao Nana , Yang Huiqin , Ye Xiaolei , He Dongliang , Jin Xin , Liu Jian , Tian Chong , Li Hongyu , Xu Shunqing , Ying Chenjiang
Published: February 2014

Epidemiological findings on the association between bisphenol A (BPA, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane) exposure and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are paradoxical. In animal studies, BPA has been shown to disrupt pancreatic function and blood glucose homeostasis even at a reference ‘safe’ level during perinatal period. In this study, we explored the effects of long-term paternal exposure to a ‘safe’ level of BPA on parents themselves and their offspring. Adult male genitor rats fed with either standard chow diet (STD) or high-fat diet (HFD) were treated respectively with either vehicle or BPA (50 μg/kg per day) for 35 weeks. The male rats treated with vehicle or BPA for 21 weeks were then used as sires, and the adult female rats were fed with STD during the gestation and lactation. Offspring rats were weaned on postnatal day 21 and fed with STD in later life. Metabolic parameters were recorded on the adult male rats and their adult offspring. BPA exposure disrupted glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function, and HFD aggravated these adverse effects. However, BPA exposure did not alter body weight, body fat percentage, or serum lipid. In addition, the paternal BPA exposure did not cause adverse reproductive consequence or metabolic disorder in the adult offspring. Our findings indicate that chronic exposure to a predicted ‘safe’ dose of BPA contributes to glucose metabolic disorders, and that HFD aggravates these adverse effects in paternal rats.
Combined galanin with insulin improves insulin sensitivity of diabetic rat muscles
Authors: Bu Le , Yao Qian , Liu Zhimin , Tang Wei , Zou Junjie , Qu Shen
Published: February 2014

Although administration of galanin or insulin alone may enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) trafficking, their cooperative effect on insulin sensitivity is still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the cooperative effect of both reagents compared with solitary treatment with galanin or insulin in type 2 diabetic rats. Galanin and/or insulin were injected singly or together into type 2 diabetic rats once a day for 15 days. The results indicated that coadministration of both reagents compared with treatment with galanin or insulin alone significantly increased glucose infusion rates in euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp tests, 2-deoxy-[3H]d-glucose contents, GLUT4 densities, and pAS160 and protein kinase C activity levels, but reduced blood glucose and insulin levels, as well as retinol-binding protein 4 contents, and did not affect Glut4 (Slc2a4) mRNA expression levels in myocytes. The changes in the ratios of GLUT4 immunoreaction in plasma membranes to total cell membranes of myocytes were higher in the coadministrative group compared with either the insulin or the galanin group. These results indicate that cooperation of the two hormones plays a synergic role to improve GLUT4 translocation and insulin sensitivity. This finding indicates the possibility of combining galanin with insulin with the aim of obtaining better antidiabetic efficacy than that of the canonical treatment with insulin alone.
Modelo analítico de qualidade da água acoplado com Sistema de Informação Geográfica para simulação de lançamentos com duração variada
Authors: Fan Fernando Mainardi , Collischonn Walter , Rigo Daniel
Published: February 2014

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo de qualidade da água acoplado com um software livre de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para representação de impactos causados por lançamentos de poluentes em grande escala, com uma visão sistêmica de toda a bacia hidrográfica e com ferramentas simplificadas para lidar com as condições típicas de baixa disponibilidade de dados. No modelo proposto, denominado SIAQUA-IPH, é adotada uma metodologia baseada na solução analítica da equação de transporte de poluentes por meio de um esquema de sobreposição linear. São apresentados testes em que os resultados do modelo foram comparados com experimentos de lançamento de traçadores no Rio Paraíba do Sul, com resultados promissores, considerando-se as incertezas envolvidas.
Habitat suitability through time: using time series and habitat models to understand changes in bird density
Authors: Porzig Elizabeth L. , Seavy Nathaniel E. , Gardali Thomas , Geupel Geoffrey R. , Holyoak Marcel , Eadie John M.
Published: February 2014

Confronted with a rapidly changing world and limited resources for conservation, ecologists are increasingly challenged with predicting the impact of climate and land‐use change on wildlife. A common approach is to use habitat‐suitability models (HSMs) to explain aspects of species' occurrence, such as presence, abundance, and distribution, utilizing physical habitat characteristics. Although HSMs are useful, they are limited because they are typically created using spatial rather than temporal data, which omits temporal dynamics. We explored the value of combining spatial and temporal approaches by comparing HSMs with autoregressive population models. We investigated a 28‐year period of bird community dynamics at a field site in northern California during which time the plant community has been transitioning from scrub to conifer forest. We used the two model frameworks to quantify the contribution of vegetation change, weather, and population processes (autoregressive models only) to variation in density of seven bird species over the first 23 years. Model predictive ability was then tested using the subsequent five years of population density data. HSMs explained 58% to 90% of the deviance in species' density. However, models that included density dependence in addition to vegetation covariates provided a better fit to the data for three of the seven species, Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), White‐crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys), and Wrentit (Chamaea fasciata). These three species have more localized dispersal compared to the other four species, suggesting that dispersal tendency may be an important life‐history trait to consider when predicting the impact of climate and land‐use change on population levels. Our results suggest that HSMs can effectively explain and predict variation in species' densities through time, however for species with localized dispersal, it may be especially informative to include population processes.
The Use of Light/Chemically Hardened Polymethylmethacrylate, Polyhydroxylethylmethacrylate, and Calcium Hydroxide Graft Material in Combination With Polyanhydride Around Implants and Extraction Sockets in Minipigs: Part II: Histologic and Micro‐CT Evaluations
Authors: Hasturk Hatice , Kantarci Alpdogan , Ghattas Mazen , Dangaria Smit J. , Abdallah Rima , Morgan Elise F. , Diekwisch Thomas G.H. , Ashman Arthur , Van Dyke Thomas
Published: February 2014

Background: This report is the second part of the previously published study on the impact of light/chemical hardening technology and a newly formulated composite graft material for crestal augmentation during immediate implant placement.

Methods: A total of 48 implants were placed into the sockets of the mesial roots of freshly extracted mandibular premolar teeth in three minipigs. Crestal areas and intrabony spaces were randomly augmented with light‐hardened graft materials including a composite graft consisting of polymethylmethacrylate, polyhydroxylethylmethacrylate, and calcium hydroxide (PPCH) plus polyanhydride (PA); PPCH graft; and PA graft, or left untreated. Distal sockets not receiving implants and the sockets of first molars (n = 60) were randomly treated with one of the graft materials or left empty. In addition, two molar sockets were treated with the original PPCH graft material. Quantitative microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) was used to assess alveolar bone structure and tissue compositions. Histologic evaluations included descriptive histology to assess the peri‐implant wound healing, as well as histomorphometric measurements to determine bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC).

Results: Both trabecular and cortical bone measurements by micro‐CT did not reveal any significant differences among the groups. Sites augmented with PPCH+PA resulted in significantly greater BIC surface than PPCH alone and no‐graft‐treated implants (P <0.05) histologically. Stained ground sections showed complete bone formation between bone and implant surface in the PPCH+PA group, whereas sites without augmentation showed large gaps between bone and implant surfaces, indicating a slower bone apposition and less BIC surface compared to all other groups. Similar to implant sections, all materials showed positive outcome on trabecular and cortical bone formation in extraction sockets with an intact crestal cortical bone.

Conclusion: Histologic evaluations supported the previous findings on implant stability and function and confirmed that PPCH+PA provides a greater BIC with a well‐organized implant–bone interface and is useful in crestal augmentation during immediate implant placement.
Quantification of Periodontal Pathogens in Vascular, Blood, and Subgingival Samples From Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease or Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Figuero Elena , Lindahl Christeel , Marín María José , Renvert Stefan , Herrera David , Ohlsson Ola , Wetterling Thomas , Sanz Mariano
Published: February 2014

Background: The aim of this investigation is to quantify periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Campylobacter rectus, and Tannerella forsythia) in vascular, blood, and subgingival samples. As a secondary objective, two molecular bacterial identification methods (nested polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and quantitative PCR [qPCR]) are compared.

Methods: Seventy consecutive patients provided a vascular lesion, a blood sample, and 36 subgingival samples. Bacterial DNA was extracted, and qPCR was used to determine the prevalence and amounts of the target pathogens in each sample. Nested PCR was performed only in the samples from vascular lesions. Periodontal examination was performed in 42 patients. Mann‐Whitney U or χ2 tests were used to compare microbiologic results according to periodontal diagnosis.

Results: All targeted periodontal pathogens (A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, or C. rectus) were detected in subgingival samples, with a prevalence rate of 72.2%, 47.2%, 74.3%, and 82.9%, respectively. In 7.1% and 11.4% of vascular and blood samples, bacterial DNA was detected. One patient was positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans in the three types of samples. No differences were found in the levels of targeted bacteria when comparing patients with and without periodontitis. Prevalence rates obtained with nested PCR were significantly higher than those obtained with qPCR.

Conclusions: The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was demonstrated in vascular, blood, and subgingival samples in one of 36 patients. These results, although with a very low frequency, may support the hypothesis of a translocation of periodontal pathogens from subgingival microbiota to the bloodstream and then to atheromatous plaques in carotid or other peripheral arteries. Nested PCR is not an adequate method for identifying DNA of periodontal pathogens in low quantities because of the high number of false‐negative results.
Immediate Placement of Dental Implants in the Esthetic Zone: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis
Authors: Slagter Kirsten W. , den Hartog Laurens , Bakker Nicolaas A. , Vissink Arjan , Meijer Henny J.A. , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: February 2014

Background: Research interest on immediate placement of dental implants has shifted from implant survival toward optimal preservation of soft and hard tissues. The aim of this study is to systematically assess the condition of implant survival, peri‐implant hard and soft tissue changes, esthetic outcome, and patient satisfaction of immediately placed single‐tooth implants in the esthetic zone.

Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were searched for publications up to June 2013. Studies reporting on implant survival, changes in hard and soft peri‐implant tissues, esthetic outcome, and patient satisfaction were considered. A pooled analysis was performed to identify factors associated with survival and peri‐implant tissue changes after immediate implant placement.

Results: Thirty‐four studies were considered eligible. Immediate placement of single‐tooth implants in the esthetic zone was accompanied by excellent 1‐year implant survival (97.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.958 to 0.980). Mean marginal peri‐implant bone loss was 0.81 ± 0.48 mm, mean loss of interproximal peri‐implant mucosa level was 0.38 ± 0.23 mm, and mean loss of peri‐implant midfacial mucosa level was 0.54 ± 0.39 mm. Regression analysis revealed that delayed provisionalization (odds ratio [OR] 58.03, 95% CI: 8.05 to 418.41, P <0.000), use of a flap (OR 19.87, 95% CI: 10.21 to 38.66, P <0.000), and use of a connective tissue graft (OR 4.56, 95% CI: 1.72 to 12.08, P <0.002) were associated with marginal peri‐implant bone‐level change >0.50 mm. Because of underreporting, esthetic results and patient outcome did not allow for reliable analysis.

Conclusion: Immediate placement with immediate provisionalization of dental implants in the esthetic zone results in excellent short‐term treatment outcome in terms of implant survival and minimal change of peri‐implant soft and hard tissue dimensions.