bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Broad Patterns of Population Change
Authors: Anderson Michael , Roughley Corinne
Published: April 2018

Compared with England, Scotland had slower population growth in every decade from 1851 to 2011. In the second half of the twentieth century growth was slower than in any other part of Western Europe. Within Scotland, there were marked differences in population change in different regions; only Lothian experienced growth in every half-century. Strathclyde, having grown fastest to 1911, slowed to 1961 then fell rapidly to 2011, a quite different pattern from any other major staple industry region of Europe. Scottish regional change was very different from England’s. Scotland had no region which at any time matched the growth of the English south-east. It had also no twentieth-century manufacturing region to compare with the English midlands. Scotland’s rural regions never matched the growth patterns of East Anglia and the English south-west.
Physical, Social, and Economic Contexts
Authors: Anderson Michael , Roughley Corinne
Published: April 2018

Demographic patterns and trends in different parts of Scotland arose directly from their economic, social, and cultural histories. They were significantly influenced by climate, topography, accessibility, and natural resources. This diversity produced very different agrarian systems in different areas. By the later nineteenth century, Scotland was, after England, the most industrialized and urbanized country in Europe. There was a growing focus on mining and heavy industry, but these were subject to periodic severe depressions and went into serious decline in the twentieth century. New industries were slow to develop and unemployment was high, even though financial and other services grew rapidly. For long periods, housing was poor and often seriously overcrowded, sanitary infrastructure weak, and there were ongoing problems with the structure and functioning of local government.
Multiple Scotlands
Authors: Anderson Michael , Roughley Corinne
Published: April 2018

The parish database shows major variations in trends and timings of population changes in less urbanized areas of Scotland. Even within parishes, people increasingly concentrated into larger villages and towns at the expense of more remote areas. The critical minimum size for settlements increased over time, but depended on distance from other larger places and on whether a locality became more than just a centre for agricultural activity. Mining and factory industry were key sources of growth even in many rural areas but caused major legacy problems as they collapsed. Fishing and its related activities increasingly concentrated on a small number of large centres. Transport hubs, administrative and school infrastructure, and large-scale retail facilities were dependent on, but also supported, population size. Agrarian systems varied widely across Scotland and each produced its own pattern of population sex ratios, migration, and change.
Fertility
Authors: Anderson Michael , Roughley Corinne
Published: April 2018

There were big changes in numbers of births and birth rates in Scotland over the period coved by this book. Compared with elsewhere and England in particular, fertility in Scotland has always been restrained by low levels of nuptiality, but for most of our period fertility within marriage has been higher. This was especially true from the start of the fertility decline in the 1860s/1870s. At all periods there have been major differences between parts of the country in rates of marital fertility and non-marital fertility, but which areas were the highest, and the reasons for the variations, changed over time. All areas, however, have shared a major rise in non-marital fertility since the 1980s, mostly due to the rise in births to non-married couples. There have also been major changes over time in the age profile of motherhood and in the distribution between families of different sizes.
Modern Playhouses
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

Between the 1950s and the 1980s, Britain witnessed a theatre-building boom. Across the country, substantial new theatres were constructed in town and city centres, and on university campuses. The construction of many of these buildings was subsidized with public funds. As a result, many of them represented a range of agendas that went far beyond the practical needs of performers: they addressed such themes as the place of public buildings in Britain’s changing urban landscape, the role of culture and leisure in modern life, and the extent to which support for the arts could be understood as part of the evolving welfare state project. The book provides the first detailed history of these buildings, looking at projects which were never built as well as those that were completed. It is concerned not only with the planning and appearance of new theatres but also the ideas that shaped theatre architecture, and the organizations and processes that made new theatres possible. In this respect, it draws on a rich seam of archive material, much of which has not previously been studied. It explains how theatre architecture was transformed in post-war Britain while also pointing to significant continuities in conception and design. It also shows how these buildings functioned as vehicles through which to explore such ideas as modernity, identity, and community. In this respect, it concludes that Britain’s new theatres were not only significant in themselves but also that they shed light on the period’s social, urban, and political histories.
‘An Instrument of Policy and Something Socially Desirable’
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

This chapter sets the post-war theatre-building boom in a national context by outlining the emergence of a system of public support for the arts. Though only ever one source of income for theatres (and one which was limited in its extent), the advent of subsidy had important consequences. The creation of the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1946 and the Local Government Act of 1948 transformed certain kinds of theatre from an essentially commercial activity into something that could be considered a public amenity, a cultural arm of the welfare state. The ways in which this development was justified are considered, looking particularly at the extent to which the arts were seen to be transformative. Particular attention is given to the effect of subsidy on regional repertory companies. It formed an important stabilizing factor for them, allowed higher standards, and prompted many to think about building.
Conclusions
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: April 2018

This Conclusion draws together the main themes of the previous ten chapters. It has been argued that the major theatres that were built in Britain between the 1940s and the 1980s were, on the one hand, representative of a new attitude to theatre. Supported by public funding, they explored new relationships with their surroundings, included new kinds of public space, and housed auditoria in which the actor–audience relationship was rethought. At the same time, these buildings also demonstrate important continuities in their conception and design, and they reveal the richness of a ‘mainstream’ modern architecture. The conclusion ends with a brief examination of the kinds of plays staged in Britain’s new civic and repertory theatres during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Like the design of the buildings, these plays balanced continuity and change.
Order and Identity in Women’s Communities
Authors: More Alison
Published: April 2018

Texts associated with women’s houses and writings of female religious show that women were active in educating the sisters under their care and shaping the identities of their communities. There are relatively few surviving female-authored writings. Those that exist are geographically and chronologically dispersed. However, the manuscript (and later printed) circulation of such texts and translations makes considering them as a group logical. The picture that emerges from an analysis of these texts allows a sideways glimpse into the inner workings of a community of extra-regular women. Building on the analysis in Chapter 4, this chapter examines the models of holiness found in the texts written or copied by women. Close examination reveals that instead of the narratives of institutionalization found in prescriptive texts, the theological vision of these women shows a remarkable and energetic openness to diverse paths towards holiness.
Rational Agency
Authors: Kosch Michelle
Published: April 2018

Chapter 2 presents Fichte’s conception of rational agency and of the psychological dispositions and capacities on which he takes it to depend. It begins with an examination of Fichte’s notion of the spontaneity of the will, and compares his account of it to Kant’s. It then explains Fichte’s account of practical deliberation and its necessary conditions. Practical deliberation is means/ends or part/whole reasoning toward the end (viz. independence) provided by practical reason. Its conditions of possibility include empirical cognition, a set of naturally given conative attitudes, embodiment, causal efficacy, social interaction, and a sense of itself as one individual among others. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the variability of rational agency among individuals and the reasons for it.
The Elements of Being
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter concerns the nature of universals and of substance. The problem of universals invites us to explain how many things can be of the same kind. The nature of substance demands an account of how one thing can have many properties. It is argued that the solution to the problem of universals entails nothing more than the hypothesis that similar concrete particulars have distinct aspects or abstract parts that perfectly resemble each other. There is no need to postulate a universal that two or more concrete particulars have in common. It is further suggested that concrete particulars are composed of these aspects or abstract parts, which are called ‘tropes’ or ‘abstract particulars’. Thus universals and substances are reduced to tropes, and tropes are the fundamental constituents of reality. The notion of an abstract particular is defended against several objections and the explanatory power of trope ontology is demonstrated.
How Reality is Reasonable
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter begins with a systematic presentation of the doctrine of actualism. According to actualism, all that exists is actual, determinate, and of one way of being. There are no possible objects, nor is there any indeterminacy in the world. In addition, there are no ways of being. It is proposed that actual entities stand in three fundamental relations: mereological, spatiotemporal, and resemblance relations. These relations govern the fundamental entities. Each fundamental entity stands in parthood relations, spatiotemporal relations, and resemblance relations to other entities. The resulting picture is one that represents the world as a four-dimensional manifold of actual ‘qualitied contents’—upon which all else supervenes. It is then explained how actualism accounts for classes, quantity, number, causation, laws, a priori knowledge, necessity, and induction.
The Myth of Passage
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: April 2018

This chapter is a defense of the pure manifold theory of time against those who argue that the pure manifold theory fails to account for the passage of time because it does not postulate genuine temporal becoming. It is argued that the motivation for postulating genuine temporal becoming is an unwarranted belief and based on sheer myth. It is further proposed that we should believe that there is no real passage of time in the sense of a genuine temporal becoming, but that this rejection of such a phenomenon does not imply that we are doing violence to our temporal experience of reality.
Introduction
Authors: MacBride Fraser
Published: April 2018

This introduction explains how the development of early analytic philosophy was interwoven with scepticism about the particular–universal distinction, that the failure of Kant’s efforts to transcendentally justify these concepts provided a crucial stimulus for the emergence of analytic philosophy under G.E. Moore and Russell. It outlines, how, in subsequent chapters, this line of influence is followed from the early Moore and Russell through to Wittgenstein’s own deduction of the general form of the proposition (‘es verhält sich so und so’) because this provides scant information about the tolerable arrangement of elements in judgement. F.P. Ramsey’s famous scepticism about the particular–universal distinction is a consequence of this. Wittgenstein and Ramsey’s cognate reflections mark the mature culmination of a line of reflection begun by Moore that thwarted Kant’s ambitions of deriving the categories from reflection upon the nature of judgement in favour of a more naturalistic outlook.
Kantian Prequel
Authors: MacBride Fraser
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that Kant in the Critique of Pure Reasons and his Prolegomena problematized the distinction between substance and attribute long before the advent of analytic philosophy. Kant did so because he realized that the distinction between the concepts of substance and attribute is problematic if the concept of causation is problematic, for the reasons Hume gave. Kant’s efforts, including his Metaphysical Deduction and Second Analogy, to transcendentally justify the employment of the category of substantia et accidens were ultimately a failure. This set the stage for Moore’s conceptual realism, an ontological scheme free of both substances and attributes.
Russell’s Higher-Order Judgement Relation
Authors: MacBride Fraser
Published: April 2018

This chapter radically redraws the relationship between Russell and Wittgenstein in the 1910s, overturning the orthodox theory that Wittgenstein sunk Russell’s multiple theory of judgement. Starting from 1903, the chapter explains how Russell’s conception of the particular–universal distinction evolved under pressure from both developments in his thinking about the nature of judgement and the nature of relations, concerning the unity of the former and the direction of the latter. This shows that Russell wasn’t overcome by Wittgenstein’s criticisms of his multiple relation theory of judgement in 1913 and that Russell continued to develop the multiple relation theory up until 1919.
Shifting Images of the Hasmoneans
Authors: Noam Vered
Published: April 2018

The shifting image of the Hasmoneans in the eyes of their contemporaries and later generations is a compelling issue in the history of the Maccabean revolt and the Hasmonean commonwealth. Based on a series of six Jewish folktales from the Second Temple-period that describe the Hasmonean dynasty and its history from its legendary founders through achievement of full sovereignty to downfall, the present volume examines the Hasmoneans through the lens of reception history. On the one hand, these brief, colorful legends are embedded in the narrative of the historian of the age, Flavius Josephus On the other hand, they are scattered throughout the extensive halakhic-exegetical compositions known as rabbinic literature, redacted and compiled centuries later. Each set of parallel stories is examined for the motivation underlying its creation, its original message, language, and historical context. This analysis is followed by exploration of the nature of the relationship between the Josephan and the rabbinic versions, in an attempt to reconstruct the adaptation of the putative original traditions in the two corpora, and to decipher the disparities, different emphases, reworking, and unique orientations typical of each. These adaptations reflect the reception of the pristine tales and thus disclose the shifting images of the Hasmoneans in later generations and within distinct contexts. The compilation and characterization of sources which were preserved by means of two such different conduits of transmission brings us closer to reconstruction of a lost literary continent, a hidden Jewish “Atlantis” of early pseudo-historical legends and facilitates examination of the relationship between the substantially different libraries and worlds of Josephus and rabbinic literature.
Introduction
Authors: Noam Vered
Published: April 2018

The Introduction first defines the approach of the study as reception history. It then shows where it differs from previous research: it identifies the existence of a series of Jewish folktales from the Second Temple-period preserved in Josephus and rabbinic literature, distinguishes between the ancient stories and their purposeful redaction in the two corpora, and considers the attitude toward the Hasmoneans by generation, rather than collectively. The Introduction then outlines the nature of the two corpora, depicts the phenomenon of embedded parallel stories, and reviews its treatment in the scholarship. Finally, it proposes a characterization of the parallels between Josephus and rabbinic literature as stemming from a lost Second Temple era repository, on which both Josephus and the rabbis drew.
Alexander Janneus/The Priest Who Was Pelted with Citrons
Authors: Noam Vered
Published: April 2018

Chapter 4 returns to the temple arena with the account of an event in which either Alexander Janneus (Josephus) or an anonymous priest (Mishnah, Tosefta) is pelted with citrons in the temple. In Josephus this etiological story explains the circumstances underlying Janneus’s erection of a wooden barrier in the temple and, as in the previous chapter, evidences tension between Janneus and the people. The rabbinic tradition also concerns the history of the temple and its laws, but from a different direction, a conflict over the performance of the water libation. As opposed to the legends treated in the previous chapters, we cannot definitely state that these two versions derived from a single Ur-text.
The IMF and the Politics of Austerity in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Clift Ben
Published: April 2018

The IMF uses crisis-defining economic ideas, and crisis legacy-defining ideas, to construct interpretations of economic crises in ways which prioritize particular policy or institutional responses, and rule out or marginalize others. The post-crash IMF enjoyed scope to shift the boundaries of ‘legitimate’ policy, involving heightened appreciation of ‘non-linear’ threats from losses of confidence, prolonged weak demand, and financial system fragilities and contagion. The policy corollaries of this Fund rethink were that economic stability has to be actively pursued through a wider range of policy and regulatory interventions by governments, central banks, the IMF, and other forms of authority and public power. In the context of the Great Recession, the Fund no longer considered it safe to assume an inherent tendency on the part of unfettered market forces in finance and the real economy to deliver the stability and full employment at the heart of its mandate.
The IMF and French Fiscal Rectitude amidst the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Clift Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides the first account of IMF commentary on and interventions in the French economic policy debate following the crash to analyse how the Fund has sought to inflect French policy settings and approaches. It also situates French macroeconomic policy developments in the context of the European policy debate to demonstrate how the IMF has worked to influence reforms to the Eurozone’s architecture. Drawing on interviews with French policy elites and advisors, as well as members of Fund missions to France, it demonstrates how the French government, alongside the IMF, sought a less pro-cyclical approach and to open up ‘fiscal space’ for growth-oriented policies within European economic and monetary arrangements. However, key centres of power, notably the German government, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank prioritized ‘moral hazard’ and the ‘crisis of debt’ narratives, whose policy corollaries were ever-tighter fiscal discipline and ramped-up austerity.
Value and Other Metaphors
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the extent to which the ‘value’ model of tracing, currently dominant in the textbooks and the case law, can make sense the peculiarities of tracing identified in the previous chapter. It argues that this value account is best understood as the latest in a long series of useful metaphors that describe why substitutions matter. It shows how traditional descriptions of the claimant searching for his thing, and identifying it despite changes in its form, have been replaced by the more helpful metaphor of the claimant searching for his value and identifying it despite changes in its location. It argues that neither explanation of tracing makes sense if taken literally, but that both are instructive if taken seriously as metaphors; both point to the law's aim of protecting the claimant from the impact of acts by the defendant that inevitably, though wrongfully, alter the claimant's pre-existing legal position.
Rules of Tracing I
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the rules that apply when tracing against a wrongdoer, or a recipient from a wrongdoer. It argues that the law employs a principle of subordination of wrongdoers in three distinct contexts. First, there is an evidential principle that sometimes assists a claimant when there are evidential gaps in the transactional history of an asset. Secondly, there is a distinct substantive principle that subordinates the interests, and intentions, of a wrongdoer when entering into transactions that exploit the claimant's legal vulnerability to his decision-making. This principle, limited by the principle of preserving defendant autonomy, explains which transactions qualify as clean substitutions and why the law has limited the possibility of tracing through the payment of debts. Finally, in the context of mixed substitutions, there is a special application of the principle of subordination in the form of the cherry-picking rule.
Rules of Tracing II
Authors: Nair Aruna
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the rules that apply in the special context where a defendant has mixed the claimant's assets with those of other innocent parties. It argues that the courts have begun to adopt a similar disregard for the defendant's intentions in such cases as they do when determining the consequences of a mixed substitution involving his own assets. It argues that the principle of preserving defendant autonomy explains how, even as between innocent co-contributors, the principle is limited to contexts where the assets of the various contributors have been mixed so that it is impossible to tell whether the decision of the defendant involves a power affecting one claimant rather than another.
Origins of verb-second in Old High German
Authors: Axel-Tober Katrin
Published: April 2018

This chapter investigates the characteristics of the left sentence periphery in Old High German. In the earlier OHG prose texts we still find some archaic characteristics of a non- or pre-verb-second grammar. These include residual and partly productive features of a non-conflated C-domain arguably inherited from Proto-Germanic or even Proto-Indo-European. On the other hand, there is ample evidence that the precursor of the so-called prefield position already existed in OHG and that it was already a target for both operator movement and Stylistic Fronting. All these phenomena shed interesting light on the question of which syntactic steps the language had to take in order consolidate its verb-second grammar.
On the history of the IPP construction in German
Authors: Jäger Agnes
Published: April 2018

The chapter discusses the development and syntactic analysis of IPP (infinitivus pro participio), i.e. certain perfect tense constructions in which a verb embedding an infinitive appears in the form of an infinitive itself rather than in the expected form of a past participle. This effect is indicative of verb cluster formation and typically linked to a re-ordering of verbs at the right clausal periphery. It can be observed since the MHG period spreading to more verbs over time in accordance with the typological hierarchy of IPP verbs. IPP is argued to involve true infinitives from the beginning rather than originating in homophonous ge-less participles. Recent analyses of IPP as one repair strategy among others are supported by historical and dialectal data as several types of competing constructions are evidenced. These data further show that IPP is not inherently linked to the specific word order of verbs found in MSG.
“A Rational Core within an Irrational Shell”
Authors: Meierhenrich Jens
Published: April 2018

This chapter turns from the making of The Dual State to its theoretical significance. Fraenkel’s principal argument had three parts. The first part comprised several counterintuitive propositions about the nature of the institutional design of the Nazi political order. Fraenkel argued that this structure consisted of two interacting states: a prerogative and a normative state. The second part of his argument revolved around the institutional effects of this bifurcated state. Fraenkel claimed that it facilitated not only violent domination but also allowed for an orderly transition to and consolidation of authoritarian rule. The third part of Fraenkel’s argument concerned the institutional origins of the dual state. I elaborate and critically evaluate each of these arguments in turn. Through an in-depth engagement with the strengths—and weaknesses—of The Dual State, I prepare the ground for the remainder of the analysis.
Diaries Real and Fictional in Twentieth-Century French Writing
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: April 2018

This is the first study of the diary in French writing across the twentieth century, as a genre including both fictional and non-fictional works. From the 1880s it became apparent to writers in France that their diaries (or journaux intimes) – a supposedly private form of writing – would probably come to be published, strongly affecting the way their readers viewed their other published works, and their very persona as an author. More than any other, André Gide embraced the literary potential of the diary: the first part of this book follows his experimentation with the diary in the fictional works Les Cahiers d’André Walter (1891) and Paludes (1895), in his diary of the composition of his great novel, Le Journal des faux-monnayeurs (1926), and in his monumental Journal 1889–1939 (1939). The second part follows developments in diary-writing after the Second World War, inflected by radical changes in attitudes towards the writing subject. Raymond Queneau’s works published under the pseudonym of Sally Mara (1947–1962) used the diary playfully at a time when the writing subject was condemned by the literary avant-garde. Roland Barthes’s experiments with the diary (1977–1979) took it to the extremes of its formal possibilities, at the point of a return of the writing subject. Annie Ernaux’s published diaries (1993–2011) demonstrate the role of the diary in the modern field of life-writing, especially in comparison with autobiography. Throughout the century, the diary has repeatedly been used to construct an œuvre and author, but also to call these fundamental literary concepts into question.
Conclusion
Authors: Ferguson Sam
Published: April 2018

This chapter reflects briefly on the insights that have been made possible in this book by a combined approach to real and fictional diaries, and the complex relations between them. Some changes are suggested to the established history of diary-writing in France. The journal intime cannot be considered to have attained a fully literary status, or any other end-point, either in the 1880s or in 1939 with Gide’s Journal 1889–1939. Throughout the whole century diarists have explored the paradoxical ‘otherness’ of this private form, continuing to pursue an illusory ideal of a spontaneous manifestation of the diarist’s ‘true self’ in writing, and the diary has been valued in many ways because of its very marginality, which allows it to subvert such concepts as the author and œuvre even as it helps to construct them. The chapter also indicates some areas where further study would be useful and rewarding.
Organizing and Reorganizing Markets
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jutterström Mats
Published: April 2018

Organizing and Reorganizing Markets is an edited volume that brings organization theory to the study of markets. The differences between markets and organizations are often exaggerated. Both are organized. Organizing exists in addition to other processes and phenomena that form markets: the mutual adaption among sellers and buyers as described in mainstream economics and the institutions described in institutional economics and economic sociology. Market organization can be analysed with the same type of theories used for analysing organization within formal organizations. Through the use of many empirical examples, the book demonstrates how this can be done. We argue that the way a certain market is organized can be understood as the (intermediate) result of previous organizing processes. We discuss such questions as ‘What drives market organizing and reorganizing processes? What makes various organizations intervene as market organizers? And how are the specific contents of market organization determined?’ The answers to these questions help us to analyse similarities and differences among organizing processes in formal organizations and those in markets. The arguments are illustrated by in-depth studies of many types of markets. The book is intended to open up markets as a field of study for scholars of organization. Although the chapters have different authors, they use and elaborate upon the same general theoretical framework. The book contributes to the issue of organization outside and among organizations where a fundamental concept is that of partial organization.
Creating a Market Bureaucracy: The Case of a Railway Market
Authors: Castillo Daniel
Published: April 2018

The EU expects European governments to abolish their old state railway monopolies and establish a market, with private companies competing for customers. We analyse the long process through which the Swedish state constructed a market for railway traffic in Sweden, by shaping such market elements as market actors; supply and demand; and the process of exchange, competition, and products. We identify extensive attempts at constructing and shaping market actors and organizing markets connected to the train transport market, such as the markets for maintenance and vehicles. The resulting market is similar to an elaborate bureaucracy, with a great number of organizational elements in the form of rules, hierarchy, membership, monitoring, and sanctions, in which the degree of organization is probably greater than in the former state monopoly firm.
When Sellers Create Markets
Authors: Brunsson Nils
Published: April 2018

Using empirical examples of two new markets for professional service, coaching services and public relations consultancy, we discuss how prospective sellers of a new product can engage in market creation. For example, sellers must create fundamental market components, such as a good that is defined and perceived as new, buyers who can be convinced that the new good can be a commodity in a market, competitors, and forms for exchange. In so doing sellers face a specific set of market dilemmas and challenges. For instance, how can they strike a balance between presenting a good as new or old? How do they control whether buyers are individuals or organizations? How can they support the creation of an optimal number of competitors? And how do they decide what to compete with? The handling of such dilemmas and challenges is dependent on the type of good exchanged.
The Obligation to Choose
Authors: Crossland Rachel
Published: April 2018

Chapter 1 explores Woolf’s writings up to the end of 1925 in relation to scientific ideas on wave-particle duality, providing the ‘retrospect of Woolf’s earlier novels’ which Michael Whitworth has suggested shows that she was working ‘in anticipation of the physicists’. The chapter as a whole challenges this idea of anticipation, showing that Woolf was actually working in parallel with physicists, philosophers, and artists in the early twentieth century, all of whom were starting to question dualistic models and instead beginning to develop complementary ones. A retrospect on wave-particle duality is also provided, making reference to Max Planck’s work on quanta and Albert Einstein’s development of light quanta. This chapter pays close attention to Woolf’s writing of light and her use of conjunctions, suggesting that Woolf was increasingly looking to write ‘both/and’ rather than ‘either/or’. Among other texts, it considers Night and Day, Mrs Dalloway, and ‘Sketch of the Past’.
Introduction
Authors: Palmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

This Introduction briefly describes the work’s principal actors, namely the seventeenth-century Jansenists of Port-Royal and those contemporary English Protestant theologians committed to the defence of the episcopal Church of England, and its central intellectual themes, relating to the theology of grace and moral theology. It lays out the twofold aims of the work: in the first place, to provide a historical account of English knowledge of continental debates surrounding Jansenism in the seventeenth century; and, in the second, to explore the two very different theological sensibilities thus juxtaposed in a comparative perspective, of which the theme of moral rigorism constitutes the point of focus. The manner in which contested early modern labels are used in the text is explained in a note on terms.
Transmission into England
Authors: Palmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter illustrates the extent to which English readers were familiar with French works produced by the reforming writers of Port-Royal and by the controversy over Jansenism which gathered pace after the publication of Jansen’s Augustinus in 1640. It shows that readers from across the spectrum of religious and political opinion in England were aware from an early stage of the principal themes and the major works associated with the controversy, including the output not only of Antoine Arnauld, the intellectual leader of the Port-Royal group, and Pascal, its most celebrated apologist, but also of their spiritual master, the abbé de Saint-Cyran. In surveying these works the chapter also extends the background provided in chapter 1 across some of the wider themes which occupied the Port-Royalists.
Translation into English
Authors: Palmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses a series of anonymous translations produced during the late 1650s and Restoration period which made the Jansenist critique accessible to an anglophone audience. The chapter investigates the responsible parties and their motives and intentions. Translations commissioned by the Earl of Clarendon from John Evelyn had a bearing on early Restoration religious politics, specifically on relations between English Catholics and the state. One group of English Catholics, the Blackloists, had a particular interest in discrediting the Jesuits, and another anonymous translation probably originated with them. The translation of the Provinciales themselves, finally, were owed to the sponsorship of leading apologists for the disestablished episcopal Church. As well as the anti-Catholic apologetic value of the Jansenist writings, the positive moral theological case they embodied served the theological agenda of these apologists, which focused on the allegedly antinomian tendency of the broadly Calvinist theology shared by their domestic opponents.
A Popular Asceticism
Authors: Palmer Thomas
Published: April 2018

Jeremy Taylor cited Arnauld’s famous work on frequent communion in his Unum Necessarium of 1655, and made use of the French writer’s arguments in a later work, The Worthy Communicant. This chapter provides parallel discussions of the two theologians’ doctrines of repentance, which both were concerned to enlarge in scope in the context of what they considered the deficiencies in contemporary Protestant and Catholic approaches. The chapter concludes with a textual comparison between their arguments regarding the primitive practice of penance, which suggests that Taylor may have drawn directly on Arnauld’s work. In requiring that penitents should efface all affection to involuntary sin, or in other words be directed by a perfect contrition, both writers laid out a rigorist programme which dissolved the distinction between moral and ascetical theology.
State Formation in Early Iron Age Greece
Authors: Davies John K.
Published: April 2018

This chapter attempts to delve into the prehistory of the Greek citizen-state, in order to identify the sources of human energy and experience that contributed most to shape that institution as a complex construct. Using two early literary portrayals as initial signposts, it lists the six principal inputs of force and energy as those exerted by the exceptional individual, by population, by the natural environment, by ideas of the supernatural, by the availability of convertible resources, and by memory, imagination, and a sense of identity. Each is explored at some length, though a final emphasis is laid on a 400-year absence of invasion.
Associations and Citizenship in Attica from Solon to Cleisthenes
Authors: Ismard Paulin
Published: April 2018

This chapter studies the ways in which associations were able to take part in the slow elaboration of civic identity in sixth-century Athens. For a period within which politics has not yet become a specific area of community life, I try to assess how different components of Athenian society gradually align themselves with the civic community via associations (in the broad sense) and their specific customs. From the famous (but controversial) Solonian law on associations until the Cleisthenic reform, the chapter explores the role of the associations in the processes of integration within the ‘city as society’, in order to see how they flow into the ‘city as institution’ at the dawn of the classical period.
Citizenship and Civic Subdivisions
Authors: Lupi Marcello
Published: April 2018

The creation of civic subdivisions is a relevant chapter in any discussion of archaic Greek citizenship. The Spartan case is particularly interesting because, although extremely scanty, the sources testify to an early effort to organize the citizen body into formal structures. Contrary to the dominant model, which has the Spartans distributed into two transversal structures of civic membership, one kinship-based (the three Dorian phylai) and the other one territorial (the alleged five obai), here a new model is proposed. An examination of the relevant evidence shows, in fact, that the obai were an internal subdivision of the phylai. While being a member of these civic subdivisions was a prerequisite for citizenship, social cohesion was strengthened by participation in collective practices whereby the members of the Spartan community recognized each other as fellow citizens.
Hobbes among the Legal Positivists
Authors: Boucher David
Published: April 2018

This chapter contends that Hobbes was a prominent interlocutor in debates on the source of obligation in the common law, and while customary international law was not capable of attracting sovereign authority, it did not mean that there could be no moral constraints in the relations among states. While justice and injustice are the creation of the sovereign, he narrowly confined those terms to the honouring of contracts. The content of the law does not determine our obligation to obey it, nor our judgement about justice and injustice; it is whether we have broken faith with a covenant that determines injustices. Natural law has intrinsic to it moral concepts which differ from those of justice and injustice, namely equity and reason. Whereas the definition of law is that it is applicable to those formerly obliged, the justification of particular laws has to be with reference to the common good.
The Global Economy since the Second World War through the Lens of the United Nations
Authors: Chowdhury Anis , Ocampo José Antonio
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents a brief history of the United Nations annual report on the global economy (the World Economic and Social Survey). It highlights the areas in which the Survey can be said to have been ‘ahead of the curve’ in economic and social debates. The chapter also considers its contributions to the discourse in international political economy, development economics, and macroeconomic stabilization. It concentrates on the early decades of the Survey, again to highlight its path-breaking contributions to economic and social debates. Finally, it presents a brief summary of the rest of the volume, where authors look at specific periods of the seven decades of the Survey.
Conclusions
Authors: Kende Mathias
Published: April 2018

The Conclusion to this book confirms that the TPRM has functioned relatively well but that its performance could and should be improved in order for it to remain politically relevant. In this regard, this chapter provides some recommendations with regard to the objectives, the structure, and the respective participants of the TPRM. Each of these recommendations are tested against the background of the last (sixth) appraisal of the system (2016) whose results precede the upcoming Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires (December 2017). The book concludes that some of the results of the last appraisal are a step into the good direction but that the WTO Membership will need to be more ambitious in order to keep the system relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Kirwan Jon
Published: April 2018

This introduction provides an overview of the movement called the nouvelle théologie, a French Catholic reform movement led primarily by Jesuits and Dominicans. They sought to build a certain rapprochement with modernity by appropriating the historical method, aspects of phenomenology, and social engagement. A brief overview is provided of the two theologates with which they are identified: Fourvière, the Jesuit school in Lyon and Le Saulchoir, the Dominican school across the border in Belgium. Next, brief biographies are provided of the primary figures, including Henri de Lubac, Jean Daniélou, Yves Congar, and Marie-Dominique Chenu and Gaston Fessard. Finally, it is argued that recent historical treatments explain the nouvelle théologie almost exclusively in terms of the ecclesiastical debates that surrounded it. It suggests that a broader historical methodology is needed to root the movement deeper in the cultural, political, intellectual, and economic crises of the first half of the twentieth century.
1893–1914
Authors: Kirwan Jon
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the Catholic Modernists who belonged to the generation of 1890 (Dreyfus). The primary figures include Alfred Loisy, George Tyrrell, Eduard Le Roy, Maurice Blondel, and Lucien Laberthonnière. Each figure is examined briefly, with particular attention being paid to the influence of the historical method, Kantian philosophical criticism, and social and political engagement on their work. Given the enormous influence that the thought of Maurice Blondel played on the ressourcement thinkers, particular attention is given to his philosophical system, which attempts to synthesize the three categories of history, phenomenology, and social engagement within the context of Catholic orthodoxy. Controversially, he calls his approach a method of immanence. The approach and worldview of the Modernists is contrasted with that of Neoscholasticism.
The First Ressourcement
Authors: Kirwan Jon
Published: April 2018

This chapter will begin to apply generational theory to the Fourvière Jesuits and Le Saulchoir Dominicans by examining the previous generations that were influential in shaping them. Sedimentation theory, the notion that common experience, previous national trauma, and certain intellectual and cultural impulses are transmitted genetically through previous generations, will help demonstrate how they influenced the philosophical, theological, and political development of the nouvelle théologie. First, the Jesuit generation of 1890, led by Léonce de Grandmaison and Jules Lebreton is discussed. They are undoubtedly the fathers of Jesuit ressourcement. Next, the chapter highlights a younger Jesuit unit of the generation of 1912 (Agathon), which included Albert Valensin, Pierre Rousselot, Teilhard de Chardin, Joseph Huby, Joseph Maréchal and, finally, the early Dominican thinkers, such as Ambroise Gardeil, who were influential. Each of these generational units will contribute something important to the genetic blueprint of the nouveaux théologiens.
Introduction
Authors: Omorogbe Yinka , Ordor Ada Okoye
Published: April 2018

The research collaboration that led to the production of this book was supported by the TY Danjuma Fund for Law and Policy Development at the University of Cape Town. The primary collaboration between the Centre for Comparative Law in Africa (CCLA) at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS) was established in 2014 as the CCLA–NIALS partnership—a fundamental term of the TY Danjuma endowment at UCT. The editors therefore express their gratitude to General TY Danjuma GCON for the generous and far-sighted support of this collaborative model of Africa-focused research. Indeed, African investment in collaborative and multi-disciplinary research such as this exemplifies the multi-stakeholder input that needs to foreground any meaningful intervention in Africa’s developmental issues, including the pervasive issue of energy access....
Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Energy Services in Africa
Authors: Adewopo Professor Adebambo , Schonwetter Dr Tobias , Chuma-Okoro Helen
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines the proper role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in achieving access to modern energy services in Africa as part of a broader objective of a pro-development intellectual property agenda for African countries. It discusses the role of intellectual property rights, particularly patents, in consonance with pertinent development questions in Africa connected with the implementation of intellectual property standards, which do not wholly assume that innovation in Africa is dependent on strong intellectual property systems. The chapter examines how existing intellectual property legal landscapes in Africa enhance or impede access to modern energy, and how the law can be directed towards improved energy access in African countries. While suggesting that IPRs could serve an important role in achieving modern energy access, the chapter calls for circumspection in applying IP laws in order not to inhibit access to useful technologies for achieving access to modern energy services.
Energy, Disability, and the Law in Africa
Authors: Amoloye-Adebayo Azizat O , Eboh Nnenna Joy
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyses how the concept of disability is understood in most African communities and how this conception is linked to access to modern energy services and development of the law. It argues that the initial conception of disability appeared to be without due consideration for the importance of access to modern energy services in ensuring quality of life for disabled persons and that this affected the development of the law and the low quality of life of disabled persons. It was found that new developments in the law in Africa indirectly link access to modern energy services as the basis of the protection of the rights of disabled persons. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that the issue of access to modern energy services should be clearly defined in express provisions in legal instruments that seek to ensure quality of life for disabled persons.