bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geo-Chemical Techniques for Earthquake Forecasting in Nigeria
Authors: Wuyep Lungfa Collins , Kadiri Umar Afegbua , Monday Isogun Adeyemi , Nansak Nanshin Emmanuel , Zakka Lumi , Thomas Habila Yusuf , Ogugua Ezisi Pius
Published: September 2021

Regardless of the doubt caused by some rounds on the impossibility of earthquake forecast, more and more countries, even at the highest governmental levels, realize that doing nothing is the ostrich position of dread before the real difficulties associated with the creation of a real forecasting system. Nigeria in times past was believed to be aseismic. However, the seismic record of Nigeria from 1933-2021 have demonstrated in contrast to the idea, numerous quakes have been recorded in Nigeria throughout the years. With the development of observation techniques and theoretical knowledge of geochemistry, geochemical observation of faults gas has become a hotspot once more in recent years. Rn, Hg, H2, etc., are used for geochemical observations. 222Rn has a half-life of 3.825 days, a magnitude 5.0 earthquake will be detected through precursory phenomena at a distance not greater than 142 km. Mercury and other elements are used as important detectors for earthquake prediction and they play an important role in revealing the relationship between fluid in the fault zone and the occurrence of earthquakes, the range for a magnitude 5.0 earthquake is limited to 200 km. Hydrogen concentrations have been monitored for precursory variations in many fault systems, using either discrete sampling and laboratory analysis or continuous monitoring of ground gas, using hydrogen-sensitive fuel cells. Precursory changes in groundwater chemistry are often attributed to the mixing of fluids from two or more chemically distinct aquifers, the physical mechanism responsible for the mixing of fluids is, however, not well established.
Proximate and Mineral Composition of Some Leafy Vegetables Sold in Farin Gadan Market in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim E. G. , Gube-Ibrahim M. A. , Adekeye D. O. , Numonaya N. J.
Published: September 2021

This study was carried out to determine the mineral concentration and proximate composition of four different leafy vegetable collected in from Farin Gadan Market Jos Plateau State Nigeria and extracted using double acid extraction method. Heavy metals concentration was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and proximate composition was determined by Association of, Official Analytical chemistry (AOAC,1999) method. Results showed that the highest level of lead was found in Jute (0.045 ±0.004) while Lettuce (0.001 ±0.007) had the lowest level of lead. The leafy vegetables in this study may have been polluted with lead through pollutants in irrigation water, farm soil or due to pollution from the highway traffic. Chromium and cadmium were observed to be low in all the leafy vegetables analyzed, which is still within the safe limit set by FAO/WHO. Zinc had the highest concentration (2.802± 0.012) in bitter leaf, proximate analysis indicated significant variability in the constituents contained in the leafy vegetables studied (Carbohydrate, Ash content, crude protein, crude fats, crude fibre and moisture content in descending order). The highest moisture content was found in Lettuce (7.791%) and the highest crude protein in Bitter leaf (12.88%). The concentrations of the toxic heavy metals are within the tolerable limits of some regulatory authorities. However, there is need for continuous monitoring of heavy metal and proximate analysis in leafy vegetables because, leafy vegetables are the main sources of food supplements for humans in many parts of the world and are considered as bio-indicators of environmental pollution.
Effect of Processing Methods on Proximate Composition of Cassava Varieties Manihot esculenta (Crantz) Before and After Infestation by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn)
Authors: Miriam Eze U. , Okonkwo N. J. , Chisom Iroka F.
Published: September 2021

In Africa, Prostephanus truncatus is a destructive pest of economic importance which has assumed a serious pest status on stored maize and dry cassava chips. This study investigates the effect of processing methods of cassava varieties Manihot esculenta on the proximate composition before and after exposure to P. truncatus. The four cassava varieties used for this study were; TMS 0505, TME 419, NR 8082 and TMS 0581 subjected to two processing method parboiling and plain sun-drying at temperature 28-34oC and relative humidity of 65-75%. The experiment was carried out in a Complete Randomized Design. Proximate composition was carried out to determine the Moisture, Ash, Crude fibre, Fat, Crude Protein and Carbohydrate of the different samples. Analysis of Variance was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained. The result reveals that the proximate composition of the sundried chips are significant at P<0.05%. All the proximate contents of the sample were significant at P<0.05% before the introduction of P. trucatus. After the introduction of P. truncatus and the storage period of 30days, the sundried sample had a higher reduction in the moisture contents of TMS 0505 with 13.05±0.00a and carbohydrate contents of NR 8082 with 50.0±0.00a. The activity of P. truncatus also has a negative impact on some of the nutritional components of cassava chips.
Innovation Diffusion in the Utilization of Fish Resources in Bangourain, West Region of Cameroon: Environmental Impact and Sustainability
Authors: Kimengsi Jude Ndzifon , Tafuh Desmond Forbah , Kometa Sunday Shende
Published: September 2021

Fish is considered a crucial resource for the sustenance of livelihoods in water-dependent communities across the globe. However, geographical studies on innovations in the use of this resource are limited in the Cameroonian context. This study investigates the pattern of innovation diffusion in the utilization of fish resources, drawing from a random sample of 106 fishing households in Bangourain. The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a single unit change in the natural drivers of innovation triggers a 0.164 change in the spatial diffusion of innovation in the utilization of fish resources (p-value > 0.05). With regards to the economic and cultural drivers of innovation, a unit change in their values lead respectively to a 0.538 and 0.424 shift in the diffusion of innovation. The results suggest that while the economic and cultural drivers of innovation are significant (P ˂ 0.05), those of natural drivers are insignificant (P ˃ 0.05). Policy interventions should leverage natural attributes to foster the effective diffusion of innovations – focusing on the tools and methods applied in fish harvesting.
Precision Nitrogen Management for Enhancing Yield and Quality of Fodder Maize
Authors: Rashid Zahida , Khuroo N. S. , Ahngar Tanveer Ahmad , Majid Shabeena , Bashir Sabiya , Nasseer Sabina , Faisul-Ur-Rasool . , Shafeeq H. , Dar Z. A.
Published: September 2021

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2020 at Dry land Agriculture Research Station, Rangreth, Srinagar, Kashmir on Precision Nitrogen Management for enhancing fodder yield and nitrogen use efficiency in forage maize variety SFM-1 (KDFM-1) planted in a spacing of 30 x10 cm. The treatments consisted of T1 (No N), T2 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T3  50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T4  50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T5 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T6 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T7 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T8 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T9 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T10 150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T11  150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T12 150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T13150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T14   As per recommended package of practices (50% N as basal, remaining 50% at 30 days after sowing).The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The results recorded during the year indicated that production of fodder maize was better with the treatment T13 (150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5.  It recorded 470.01 q green and 135.02 q dry matter yield per hectare.  The growth parameters namely; plant height; number of leaves per plant and quality were also improved with this treatment as compared to other treatments.
An Investigation on Some Hepatic Enzymes and Haematological Variables among Alcoholic Volunteers in Kadima District of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Denkok Yohanna , Linus Vincent Gambo , Oyebade Kehinde F. , Ukeme Abara S. , Gazuwa Samuel Y. , Longdet Ishaya Y.
Published: September 2021

Aim: This research work investigated the impact of the differences in duration of alcoholic beverage consumption on hepatic and heamatological parameters.

Methods: Fifty (50) healthy male volunteer subjects were recruited for this study from Kadima district of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria and were coded according to the years of alcohol consumption: 1-7, 8-14, 15-21, and 22-28 for groups B, C, D and E respectively with each having ten (10) volunteers. Group A was christened as the control having human subjects that have neither drank Burukutu nor factory- based lager beer. Full blood count was done using haematology analyser while spectrophometric method was used to assay for the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, GGT as well as various levels/concentrations of TB, DB, TP, urea and creatinine. Results: Result obtained showed that AST and ALP were raised (p < 0.05) in all the groups when compared to the control. ALT was elevated in group E only while GGT was increased (p < 0.05) in groups D and E. Total and direct bilirubin were both elevated (p < 0.05) in groups B, C and E but equal control in group D. Total protein was higher in groups B and C but lowered in groups D and E relative control. Concentrations of urea was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in groups C and E. Creatinine was only statistically significant in group C but equal control in other groups. Results of the haematological parameters showed that RBC and WBC were reduced in all the groups’ relative control. Hb concentration was increased (p < 0.05) in groups C, D and E. PCV was found to be reduced in groups B, C and D when compared to the control.

Conclusion: This study has shown that prolong ingestion of local brew impacts negatively on hepatic biomarkers as well as some haematological indexes like WBC, RBC and PCV.
Assessment of Serum Interleukin-19 Level in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Atiia Mariam A. , Hafez Yasser M. , Mabrouk Maaly M. , Ghazy Medhat A.
Published: September 2021

Background: Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a newly discovered cytokine belonging to the Interleukin-10 (IL-10) family. IL-19 has indispensable functions in many inflammatory processes and also can induce the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. The purpose of present study was to assess the level of serum interleukin-19 (IL-19) in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Our Study Aimed to assess the level of serum IL-19 in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we tested 90 subjects; 30 healthy control and 60 diabetic nephropathy patients recruited from outpatient clinics and wards of Internal Medicine department, Tanta university hospitals, Egypt. Patients were subdivided into 3subgroup according to the urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR).

Results: The serum IL-19 levels in DN patients were significantly higher than the control group. The mean serum IL-19 level was 15.45±4.34 Pg/ml, 32.66±8.05 Pg/ml, 56.03±7.89 Pg/ml and 71.41±12.37 Pg/ml dL for control, normoalbuminuria group, microalbuminuria group and macroalbuminuria group respectively.

Conclusions: Serum IL-19 level was significantly elevated in patients with diabetic nephropathy and was associated with the marker of inflammation CRP (C -reactive protein). So
Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Case Series Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Rezkallah Emad , Elsaify Andrew , Elsaify Wael M.
Published: September 2021

Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuro-endocrine tumor that arises from the C-cells of the thyroid. About 20- 25 % of MTC cases may be associated with hereditary syndromes like MEN 2A, MEN 2B and Familial MTC. The survival rate is related mainly to the age of the patient, stage of the disease and completion of the surgical resection.

Methods: Retrospective review of 11 patients who were diagnosed with medullary thyroid cancer in our general surgery department during the period from 2011 to 2021. All patients had preoperative assessment including history taking, clinical examination, tumor marker (calcitonin and CEA), thyroid function testing, ultrasonography and FNAC. All patients underwent genetic assessment to exclude any underlying genetic mutation.

Results: The mean age of diagnosis was 57.73 ± 16.45 years of age. Three patients were males and eight were females. All patients had total thyroidectomy, central and lateral neck dissection except one patient who had prophylactic thyroidectomy due to familial inherited RET mutation. Two patients had recurrence; both of them had high-stage tumor (T3 and T4) with multiple cervical lymph nodes metastasis. The sensitivity of serum calcitonin for the detection of MTC was about 98%. Patients, who had localized disease and underwent complete surgical resection, had good overall survival rates compared with patients with advanced disease.

Conclusion: MTC represent a heterogeneous group of thyroid cancers. The overall survival is better than that of undifferentiated thyroid cancers. Complete resection of the thyroid tumor and any local or regional metastases provides the only cure for patients with MTC. Further researches are still needed to improve our understanding and management of MTC.
Protease Responsive Nanogels for Transcytosis across the Blood−Brain Barrier and Intracellular Delivery of Radiopharmaceuticals to Brain Tumor Cells
Authors: Singh Smriti , Drude Natascha , Blank Lena , Desai Prachi Bharat , Königs Hiltrud , Rütten Stephan , Langen Karl‐Josef , Möller Martin , Mottaghy Felix M. , Morgenroth Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

Despite profound advances in treatment approaches, gliomas remain associated with very poor prognoses. The residual cells after incomplete resection often migrate and proliferate giving a seed for highly resistant gliomas. The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is often strongly limited by their poor selectivity and the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the development of therapeutic carrier systems for efficient transport across the BBB and selective delivery to tumor cells remains one of the most complex problems facing molecular medicine and nano‐biotechnology. To address this challenge, a stimuli sensitive nanogel is synthesized using pre‐polymer approach for the effective delivery of nano‐irradiation. The nanogels are cross‐linked via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐2,9) substrate and armed with Auger electron emitting drug 5‐[125I]Iodo‐4”‐thio‐2”‐deoxyuridine ([125I]ITdU) which after release can be incorporated into the DNA of tumor cells. Functionalization with diphtheria toxin receptor ligand allows nanogel transcytosis across the BBB at tumor site. Functionalized nanogels efficiently and increasingly explore transcytosis via BBB co‐cultured with glioblastoma cells. The subsequent nanogel degradation correlates with up‐regulated MMP2/9. Released [125I]ITdU follows the thymidine salvage pathway ending in its incorporation into the DNA of tumor cells. With this concept, a highly efficient strategy for intracellular delivery of radiopharmaceuticals across the challenging BBB is presented.
The potential interplay between the glandular microbiome and scent marking behavior in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae)
Authors: Bowen Malique , Miles Carly , Hegseth Ryan , Anderson Clayton M. , Brandon Christopher S. , Langford Melanie L. , Wolovich Christy K.
Published: September 2021

In mammals, scent marking behavior is a pervasive form of chemical communication that regulates social interactions within and between groups. Glandular microbiota consist of bacterial communities capable of producing chemical cues used in olfactory communication. Despite countless studies on scent marking in primates, few have examined the microbiota associated with glandular secretions. Nancy Ma's owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae) are nocturnal, socially monogamous primates that frequently scent mark using their subcaudal glands. Previous analyses revealed that unique chemical signatures of Aotus may convey information about sex and age. We used positive reinforcement to sample the subcaudal glands of 23 captive owl monkeys to describe their glandular microbiomes and examine how patterns in these bacterial communities vary with age, sex, rearing environment and/or social group (pair identity). We coupled these analyses with behavioral observations to examine patterns in their scent marking behavior. We isolated 31 bacterial species from Phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, consistent with the dermal and glandular microbiomes of other primates. Several bacterial taxa we identified produce volatile organic compounds, which may contribute to olfactory communication. These bacterial communities are best predicted by an interaction between sex, rearing environment and pair identity rather than any of these variables alone. Within mated pairs of A. nancymaae, males and females scent mark their nest boxes at similar frequencies. In some pairs, rates of scent marking by males and females fluctuated over time in a similar manner. Pairs that had been together longer tended to exhibit the greatest similarities in their rates of scent marking. Together, these findings suggest that scent marking behavior and close social interactions with pair mates in Aotus may influence bacterial transmission and their glandular microbiomes. Chemical communication, including coordinated scent marking, may play a role in strengthening pair bonds, signaling pair status and/or in mate guarding in this socially monogamous primate.
Versatile Synthesis of Hollow Metal Sulfides via Reverse Cation Exchange Reactions for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zeng Ruijin , Lian Kangkang , Su Bo , Lu Liling , Lin Jingwen , Tang Dianping , Lin Sen , Wang Xinchen
Published: September 2021

Herein, we explore a general Cu2−xS nanocube template‐assisted and reverse cation exchange‐mediated growth strategy for fabricating hollow multinary metal sulfide. Unlike the traditional cation exchange method controlled by the metal sulfide constant, the introduction of tri‐n‐butylphosphine (TBP) can reverse cation exchange to give a series of hollow metal sulfides. A variety of hollow multinary metal sulfide cubic nanostructures has been demonstrated while preserving anisotropic shapes to the as‐synthesized templates, including binary compounds (CdS, ZnS, Ag2S, PbS, SnS), ternary compound (CuInS2, ZnxCd1−xS), and quaternary compound (single‐atom platinum anchored ZnxCd1−xS; ZnxCd1−xS‐Pt1). Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the hollow metal sulfide semiconductors obtained could significantly improve the separation and migration of photogenerated electron‐hole pairs. Owing to the efficient charge transfer, the ZnxCd1−xS‐Pt1 exhibited outstanding photocatalytic performance of CO2 to CO, with the highest CO generation rate of 75.31 μmol h−1.
Unraveling Hydrocarbon Pool Boosted Propane Aromatization on Gallium/ZSM‐5 Zeolite by Solid‐State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhao Xingling , Hu Min , Qi Guodong , Wang Qiang , Li Shenhui , Xu Jun , Deng Feng
Published: September 2021

Propane aromatization on metal‐modified zeolites provides a promising route to produce valuable chemicals such as benzene, toluene and xylene via non‐petroleum feedstocks. The mechanistic understanding of propane conversion to aromatics is still challenging due to the complexity of the aromatization process. Herein, by using solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and GC‐MS, it is shown that cyclopentenyl cations are formed as active intermediates during propane aromatization on Ga/ZSM‐5 zeolite. Autocatalysis of propane to aromatics is identified in the induction period. The cyclopentenyl cations serve as key hydrocarbon pool species to co‐catalyze propane conversion and promote aromatics formation, revealing a dominant hydrocarbon pool process in propane aromatization.
Organic–Inorganic Hybridization Engineering of Polyperylenediimide Cathodes for Efficient Potassium Storage
Authors: Han Pinyu , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Yamin , Wang Yuyan , Qin Guohui , Hou Linrui , Yuan Changzhou
Published: September 2021

Polyperylenediimide (PDI) is always subject to its modest conductivities, limited reversible active sites and inferior stability for potassium storage. To address these issues, herein, we firstly propose an organic–inorganic hybrid (PDI@Fe‐Sn@N‐Ti3C2Tx), where Fe/Sn single atoms are bound to the N‐doped MXenes (N‐Ti3C2Tx) via the unsaturated Fe/Sn–N3 bonds, and functionalized with PDI via d–π hybridization, forming a high conjugated δ skeleton. The resulted hybrid cathode endowed with enhanced electronic/ionic conductivities, lowered dissociation barriers of multiple redox centers and a stable cathode electrolyte interphase layer displays a 14‐electron involved high‐rate capacities and long cycle life. Moreover, it shows competitive performance in full cells even under different folding states and low operating temperatures.
Experimental investigation of Zhundong high‐calcium coal ash adhesion characteristics on metal surfaces at high temperatures
Authors: Liu Zhongyi , Jin Jing , Zheng Liangqian , Yang Haoran , He Xiang , Zhai Zhongyuan
Published: September 2021

Herein, the influence of ash adhesion characteristics on the slagging of Zhundong high‐calcium coal (ZDc) has been firstly investigated via a self‐designed measuring instrument. The results demonstrate that the early appearance and rapid growth in adhesion strength of ZDc ash are the important reasons for its serious slagging in the furnace, and the temperature plays an important role on the adhesion between ZDc ash and metal. From 800°C to 1000°C, the adhesion strength of ZDc gradually increases from 1.858 to 21.725 kPa. Meanwhile, the adhesion strength could increase rapidly due to the production of more liquid phase when the temperature exceeds 1000°C, and the adhesion strength is 184.933 at 1200°C. The calculation results via FactSage software also indicates that molten sulfate is the main component of liquid‐phase ash and the enhancement of the CaO content contributes to promote the low‐temperature eutectic of gehlenite, etc., thereby enhances the strengthen of the adhesion.
Novel monomers with N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine segments and their application in structured porous materials for arsenic capture
Authors: Caretti Daniele , Binda Lorenzo , Casis Natalia , Estenoz Diana A.
Published: September 2021

The N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine moieties exhibit high ability and selectivity toward arsenate ions in water by a complexation mechanism that involves their hydroxyl groups. In this work, the syntheses of two monomers containing N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine, namely 4‐vinylbenzyl‐N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine (VbNMDG), and N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine methacrylamide (MNMDG) were studied. Different synthetic routes were considered in order to obtain liquid monomers able to polymerize and selectively capture arsenic. Furthermore, the incorporation of protective groups like trimethylsilyl moieties in the molecular structure was assessed to prevent transfer reactions during further polymerization. After polymerization, hydroxyl groups were deprotected using hydrofluoric acid. Following this methodology, structured microporous polymeric films based on colloidal crystal templates were prepared. NMR and FTIR techniques were used to follow the reactions and to determine the chemical structure of the obtained products. The morphology of materials was characterized by SEM. The performances of the developed polymeric films to selectively capture arsenic were determined. Films showed an improved and reproducible sensitivity to arsenic detection exhibiting high values of arsenic capturing capability (around 90%).
Investigating the effects of flexor tendon shortening on active range of motion after finger tendon repair
Authors: Tigue James A. , Rockwell W. Bradford , Foreman K. Bo , Mascaro Stephen A.
Published: September 2021

Evaluation of surgical effects is often done using simple cadaver experimentation. This study uses a robotic testbed to estimate the best‐case clinical outcomes of flexor tendon shortening during repair surgery on cadaver hands. Nine fresh‐frozen cadaver subjects were connected to an extrinsic index finger robotic muscle testbed and measurement system. The flexor digitorum profundus tendons were severed and surgically repaired at different shortening levels. The index finger's extrinsic tendons were robotically actuated using Hill‐type muscle models to emulate the muscle force‐length relationships. Extensor muscles were then activated to estimate the active range of motion (ROM) of the all‐finger joints after surgery. The effects of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint extension limits and extensor muscle activation were also investigated. The resulting interphalangeal joint ROM was clinically graded. Active ROM of the finger decreases as tendon shortening increases (), like passive ROM. This results in a clinical reduction of functionality grade from excellent to good at 10 mm of shortening. Blocking MCP joint ROM and extensor activation also showed significant effects on recovered ROM ( and 0.86). Significant two‐way interactions were also observed between shortening and MCP joint blocking () and between shortening and extensor activation (). Results support clinical recommendations of limiting shortening to 10 mm. While this article provides additional experimental evidence for current surgical recommendations, it also validates a new robotic‐cadaver methodology for predicting active hand recovery in terms of clinical measurements.
Composite Cathodes with Succinonitrile‐Based Ionic Conductors for Long‐Cycle‐Life Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Xin Chengzhou , Wen Kaihua , Xue Chuanjiao , Wang Shuo , Liang Ying , Wu Xinbin , Li Liangliang , Nan Ce‐Wen
Published: September 2021

Poor interfacial contacts between cathode active materials and solid‐state electrolytes in solid‐state lithium (Li) metal batteries often lead to a poor Li‐ion conductive pathway, and thus a short cycle life and a low energy density. In this work, we synthesized succinonitrile (SCN)‐based ionic conductors (ICs) with different flowability at room temperature for using in the composite cathodes and investigated the effect of the ICs on the cycle performance of the solid‐state Li metal batteries with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based polymer electrolyte separator. Our results showed that the gel‐like SCN‐LiClO4 IC was superior to the flowable SCN‐LiTFSI [lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] IC and the rigid SCN‐LiClO4 IC. The gel‐like IC can build an effective Li‐ion conduction path in the cathodes, establish a stable cathode/electrolyte interface with a small interfacial resistance change during cycling, and allow a high mass loading of active materials, which enables a long cycle life and high energy density of solid‐state batteries.
The enigmatic Placozoa part 2: Exploring evolutionary controversies and promising questions on earth and in space
Authors: Schierwater Bernd , Osigus Hans‐Jürgen , Bergmann Tjard , Blackstone Neil W. , Hadrys Heike , Hauslage Jens , Humbert Patrick O. , Kamm Kai , Kvansakul Marc , Wysocki Kathrin , DeSalle Rob
Published: September 2021

The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens has been bridging gaps between research disciplines like no other animal. As outlined in part 1, placozoans have been subject of hot evolutionary debates and placozoans have challenged some fundamental evolutionary concepts. Here in part 2 we discuss the exceptional genetics of the phylum Placozoa and point out some challenging model system applications for the best known species, Trichoplax adhaerens.
Perception and Abolition of Corporal Punishment among a Sample of Respondents in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Fakunmoju Sunday B.
Published: September 2021

Corporal punishment remains the default method for disciplining children in many countries. Advocates for its ban highlight psychological effects, risks for physical abuse, and violation of children's right against harm. Opponents of its ban affirm its efficacy in raising children and consider legal banning as encroachment on religious rights and freedom. Only 59 countries have banned corporal punishment. However, little is known about factors associated with support for the ban in countries where corporal punishment is legal and used in multiple settings. Using a convenience sample of 187 respondents in three southwest regions, this study examined perceptions of corporal punishment and support for its abolition in Nigeria. Results suggested that the majority (n = 123, 65.8%) agreed that corporal punishment is necessary in raising children; slightly more than half (n = 106, 56.7%) did not support its ban. Being female, a strong perception of long‐term negative effects of corporal punishment, and lack of support for its necessity were associated with support for the ban. Findings suggest that underlining the negative effects of corporal punishment, changing its perceived necessity, and involving women in advocacy against its use might increase support for the ban. The implications of findings for pro‐spanking attitudes and ban of corporal punishment are discussed.

‘This study examined perceptions of corporal punishment and support for its abolition in Nigeria’

Key Practitioner Messages

Advocacy for abolition of corporal punishment will be effective when underlying perceptions and attitudes supportive of its use are gained.

Underlying knowledge of how corporal punishment is used will reinforce practical steps that will expedite its legal ban.

Practitioners and advocates for child protection should share knowledge about negative effects of corporal punishment and demystify perception of its necessity to gain widespread support for its ban.
Female athletes and mental health: An under‐resourced relationship
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: September 2021

Naomi Osaka's withdrawal from the US Open to take care of her mental health and Simone Biles' decision to withdraw from several Olympic events has focused attention on some of the issues that female elite athletes can face. While Biles' history includes trauma that one hopes is unusual, her struggles with anxiety and depression are not. In fact, elite athletes as a group are prone to experiencing anxiety and depression, and within the athletic population, females are more likely than males to do so, regardless of age. The number of college athletes that contend with serious mental health challenges is notable — one survey suggested that 30% reported feeling seriously overwhelmed, and 25% reported being mentally exhausted. Less than half felt they received adequate assistance when they requested it (Lindberg, 2021). In fact, in a survey of trainers, only 20.5% noted they had access to mental health services within the training room, and 46.4% thought their care for student athletes would be improved by this access. Less than half surveyed reported they use screening instruments for mental health disorders. Even the coaching relationship has been understudied for female athletes; we know about the benefits of a strong coaching relationship in a general sense, but researchers are just beginning to consider the gendered aspects of this for female athletes/male coaches in terms of such issues as power imbalance and/or coaching style.
A Career Construction Course for High School Students: Development and Field Test
Authors: Gülşen Cennet , Seçim Gürcan , Savickas Mark
Published: September 2021

We used a pretest‐posttest, control group design to evaluate a psychoeducational career construction counseling course for ninth‐grade students at two high schools in Northern Cyprus. The 80 participants were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 42) and control (n = 38) groups. Each group completed pre‐ and posttest measures of future orientation, career adaptability, life satisfaction, and belief in achieving their dreams. The experimental group received the five‐session course, whereas the control group received one session about stress and test anxiety. Results indicated significant increases in scores on all measures for the experimental group only. Future studies should include long‐term effects of the group program based on career construction theory.
Synthesis of Silylated Cyclobutanone and Cyclobutene Derivatives Involving 1,4‐Addition of Zinc‐Based Silicon Nucleophiles
Authors: Cui Ming , Oestreich Martin
Published: September 2021

A copper‐catalyzed conjugate silylation of various cyclobutenone derivatives with Me2PhSiZnCl ⋅ 2LiCl or (Me2PhSi)2Zn ⋅ xLiCl (x≤4) to generate β‐silylated cyclobutanones is reported. Trapping the intermediate enolate with ClP(O)(OPh)2 affords silylated enol phosphates that can be further engaged in Kumada cross‐coupling reactions to yield silylated cyclobutene derivatives.
Divergent Synthesis of Molecular Winch Prototypes
Authors: Gisbert Yohan , Abid Seifallah , Kammerer Claire , Rapenne Gwénaël
Published: September 2021

We report the synthesis of conceptually new prototypes of molecular winches with the ultimate aim to investigate the work performed by a single ruthenium‐based molecular motor anchored on a surface by probing its ability to pull a load upon electrically‐driven directional rotation. According to a technomimetic design, the motor was embedded in a winch structure, with a long flexible polyethylene glycol chain terminated by an azide hook to connect a variety of molecular loads. The structure of the motor was first derivatized by means of two sequential cross‐coupling reactions involving a penta(4‐halogenophenyl)cyclopentadienyl hydrotris(indazolyl)borate ruthenium(II) precursor and the resulting benzylamine derivative was next exploited as key intermediate in the divergent synthesis of a family of nanowinch prototypes. A one‐pot method involving sequential peptide coupling and Cu‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition was developed to yield four loaded nanowinches, with load fragments encompassing triptycene, fullerene and porphyrin moieties.
Patient‐specific computational modeling of endovascular aneurysm repair: State of the art and future directions
Authors: Avril Stéphane , Gee Michael W. , Hemmler André , Rugonyi Sandra
Published: September 2021

Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) has become the preferred intervention option for aortic aneurysms and dissections. This is because EVAR is much less invasive than the alternative open surgery repair. While in‐hospital mortality rates are smaller for EVAR than open repair (1%–2% vs. 3%–5%), the early benefits of EVAR are lost after 3 years due to larger rates of complications in the EVAR group. Clinicians follow instructions for use (IFU) when possible, but are left with personal experience on how to best proceed and what choices to make with respect to stent‐graft (SG) model choice, sizing, procedural options, and their implications on long‐term outcomes. Computational modeling of SG deployment in EVAR and tissue remodeling after intervention offers an alternative way of testing SG designs in silico, in a personalized way before intervention, to ultimately select the strategies leading to better outcomes. Further, computational modeling can be used in the optimal design of SGs in cases of complex geometries. In this review, we address some of the difficulties and successes associated with computational modeling of EVAR procedures. There is still work to be done in all areas of EVAR in silico modeling, including model validation, before models can be applied in the clinic, but much progress has already been made. Critical to clinical implementation are current efforts focusing on developing fast algorithms that can achieve (near) real‐time solutions, as well as ways of dealing with inherent uncertainties related to patient aortic wall degradation on an individualized basis. We are optimistic that EVAR modeling in the clinic will soon become a reality to help clinicians optimize EVAR interventions and ultimately reduce EVAR‐associated complications.
Multi‐objective lion optimization for energy‐efficient multi‐path routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Singh Omkar , Rishiwal Vinay , Yadav Mano
Published: September 2021

Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is a collection of sensor nodes with a base station for data transmission. Mostly the network has various paths with the unbalanced nodes; therefore, energy consumption is always high. This causes the letdown of quality of service (QoS) routing metrics such as delay, inefficient throughput in WSNs. This paper concentrates on this problem and proposes an energy‐efficient multipath routing (EEMR) protocol for WSNs. EEMR protocol computes the optimal path using the multi‐objective lion optimization algorithm with less energy consumption. The main aim of EEMR protocol is to achieve an efficient path among multiple paths to satisfy quality requirements such as delay, throughput, energy consumption, delivery ratio, loss ratio, and latency. Thus, the proposed EEMR protocol is designed with a multi‐objective function using an optimization algorithm and implemented in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed protocol is very efficient in comparison to state of the art.
Continuous long‐term wireless measurement of right ventricular pressures and estimated diastolic pulmonary artery pressure in patients with severe COVID‐19 acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Gaertner Matthias , Glocker Raymond , Glocker Felix , Hopf Hans‐Bernd
Published: September 2021

Aims

We continuously monitored right ventricular pressures and the estimated diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (ePAD) for up to 30 days in mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID‐19 acute respiratory distress syndrome in order to detect and treat right ventricular and pulmonary artery hypertension.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively evaluated right ventricular pressures and the ePAD measured in 30 invasively ventilated COVID‐19 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients between 1 October 2020 and 31 March 2021. We divided the patients into two groups, survivors and non‐survivors based on their 60 day mortality. Primary outcome variables were the values of right ventricular pressures and the ePAD over time after insertion of the right ventricular probe.

Right ventricular systolic pressure [RVSP, (IQR; 25th to 75th percentile)] was significantly lower on the first and the last measurement day in the survivors compared with the non‐survivors [Day 1: 38 (27–45) vs. 46 (44–49), P = 0.036; last day: 36 (27–44) vs. 51 (40–57) mmHg, P = 0.006]. 16/22 survivors and 7/8 non‐survivors received sildenafil orally, one survivor received additionally inhaled nitric oxide and one survivor and one non‐survivor each inhaled iloprost. On the last measurement day, both right ventricular pressure amplitude [31 (26–37) vs. 38 (35–47) mmHg, P = 0.027] and ePAD [22 (16–26) vs. 31 (23–34) mmHg, P = 0.043] were significantly lower in the survivors compared with the non‐survivors. Four patients in the survivor group developed excessive high RVSP in the course of their disease (peak: 57/61/78/105 mmHg). After sildenafil 20 mg every 8 h, additional inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm) in one and additional inhaled iloprost 20 μg every 4 h in another patient RVSP consecutively decreased substantially in all four patients until the end of the measurement period (47/23/42/47 mmHg).

Conclusions

The RVSP and right ventricular pressure amplitude both were significantly lower in the survivors compared with those in the non‐survivors with a significant decrease in RVSP over time in the survivors suggesting successful lowering by pulmonary vasodilators. The ePAD as an indicator of left heart failure was significantly higher in non‐survivors compared to the surviving patients.
Integrating Ring‐Size Adjustable Cycloalkyl and Benzhydryl Groups as the Steric Protection in Bis(arylimino)trihydroquinoline‐Cobalt Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Zhang Randi , Oleynik Irina V. , Li Jianqing , Solan Gregory A. , Ma Yanping , Jin Liqun , Oleynik Ivan I. , Hu Xinquan , Sun Wen‐Hua
Published: September 2021

Combined condensation and complexation of 2‐acetyl‐5,6,7‐trihydroquinolin‐8‐one, cobalt(II) chloride and the corresponding aniline has been employed as an effective one‐pot route to the 2‐(1‐(arylimino)ethyl)‐8‐arylimino‐5,6,7‐trihydroquinoline‐cobalt(II) chlorides (aryl=2‐Me‐4‐(CHPh2)‐6‐(C5H9)C6H2 Co1, 2‐Me‐4‐(C5H9)‐6‐(CHPh2)C6H2 Co2, 2‐(C5H9)‐4‐Me‐6‐(CHPh2)C6H2 Co3, 2‐(C5H9)‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co4, 2‐(C6H11)‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co5, 2‐(C8H15)‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co6, 2‐F‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co7, 2‐Cl‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co8, 2‐Me‐4,6‐(CHPh2)2C6H2 Co9). All complexes have been well characterized including by single crystal X‐ray diffraction for Co3. On activation with either MAO or MMAO, Co1 was the most active for ethylene polymerization with the MAO‐activated precatalyst reaching a peak level at 60 °C (up to 13.66×106 g (PE) mol−1(Co) h−1). By varying the electronic and steric properties of the ortho‐ and/or the para‐substituents of the N‐aryl groups, excellent control over molecular weight could be achieved with values falling in the range 0.97–101.63 kg mol−1 obtainable. Notably, with a benzhydryl group positioned on the ortho‐position of the N‐aryl group, a significant enhancement of the molecular weight was observed, while the least bulky ortho‐cyclopentyl substituent led to increased catalytic activity. As a final point, distinctive microstructural characteristics of the polyethylenes were observed with Co1/MAO producing near quantitative levels of vinyl end groups.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cyclodimerization of 4‐Carbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes
Authors: Mari Giacomo , Corrieri Matteo , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Santeusanio Stefania , Mantellini Fabio
Published: September 2021

Substituted 1‐aminopyrroles are easily accessible by iron‐catalyzed cascade reaction of 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes. Mechanistically, a formal [3+2] cyclodimerization is hypothesized to proceed through a [4+2] cyclodimerization of 4‐substitued 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes followed by intramolecular ring closure to fused diaziridin‐pyrrolines which is successively opened to undergo a ring contraction process and consequently generate the desired pyrrole moiety. The presence of activated hydrogen in the terminal position of the azo‐enic moiety is crucial for the synthesis of pyrroles.
Graphene Defects in Saccharide Carbon Dots Govern Electrochemical Sensitivity
Authors: Chusuei Charles C. , Clark Christopher J. , Pandey Raja Ram , Williams Ethan T. , Shuxteau Carissa , Seven Elif S. , Leblanc Roger M.
Published: September 2021

Galactose (Gal), lactose (Lac), and glucose (Glu) derived carbon dots (CDs) were evaluated for their utility as electrochemical sensing composites using acetaminophen (APAP) as a probe molecule. The goal of this work is to ascertain the role of graphene defects on electrochemical activity. Higher sp2‐to‐sp3 hybridized carbon ratios (in parentheses) in the CDs correlated with higher sensitivity in the order according to measured Raman IG/ID intensities: GluCDs (6.53)<LacCDs (9.30)<GalCDs (10.18). A dynamic measurement in the 0–2.0 mmol dm−3 APAP range at pH=7.0 was achieved, suitable for practical APAP toxicity monitoring. Defect density within the GalCDs provided the highest sensitivity.
Initiation mechanisms of radial drilling‐fracturing considering shale hydration and reservoir dip
Authors: Chen Yuxin , Ding Yunhong , Liang Chong , Zhu Dawei , Bai Yu , Zou Chunmei
Published: September 2021

Radial drilling‐fracturing is an innovative fracturing technology that achieves superior stimulation effects. This paper develops a model for radial drilling‐fracturing in shale reservoirs, which can predict fracture initiation pressure and failure mode of shale. Compared with published models, this model additionally considers shale hydration and inclinations of boreholes and reservoir. Then, the influences of 7 factors are studied and main conclusions are as follows. First, with the angle between radial borehole and formation strike increasing, matrix failure pressure declines only around 90° and 270°. Bedding tensile failure pressure ascends and then falls back. Bedding shear failure pressure rapidly descends, then reaches a plateau, and finally rebounds. A small or large angle is favorable for bedding tensile failure. Shale tends to crack with bedding shear failure under a moderate angle and with matrix failure only at 90° and 270°. Second, with the enlargement of azimuth difference between the radial borehole and main wellbore, matrix failure pressure periodically fluctuates, forming an inverted W‐shape curve. Bedding tensile failure pressure and bedding shear failure pressure both ascend, then slide downward, and finally rise again. Besides, a small azimuth difference inclines shale to bedding shear failure, and the other failure modes tend to occur when azimuth difference is around 90°. Third, pressures required for all failure modes descend as the dip of shale formation increases. However, the difference in descending rate leads to that the increase of dip angle can incline shale to bedding shear failure. Besides, pressures required for bedding tensile failure and matrix failure decline linearly with the increasing reservoir temperature. Temperature has no impact on bedding shear failure. Hence, matrix failure and bedding tensile failure are more prone to occur in the high‐temperature reservoir. The research provides a reference for field applications of radial drilling‐fracturing in the shale reservoir.
Microscopic characteristics of water invasion and residual gas distribution in carbonate gas reservoirs
Authors: Chen Pengyu , Liu Huiqing , Zhao Hailong , Guo Chunqiu , Xing Yuzhong , Cheng Muwei , Shi Haidong , Zhang Liangjie , Li Yunzhu , Su Penghui
Published: September 2021

We used the nuclear magnetic resonance online detection method to analyze the water invasion mechanism and residual gas distribution of a carbonate rock gas reservoir. The T2 spectra obtained by using the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence were applied to characterize the invasion water and residual gas distribution. The results showed that (a) in the pore‐type gas reservoir, the water first invades the meso–macropores and then the small pores as the pressure decreases further. The fracture distribution in a fracture‐pore‐type gas reservoir has an effect on the water invasion mode. The water can enter the pores through the fracture wall after the water invades the fracture. (b) In the pore‐type gas reservoir, 37.7% of the residual gas resides in the small pores, while the rest resides in the macropores. While in the fracture‐pore‐type gas reservoir, 4.8% ~ 26.8% of the residual gas is in the smaller pores and 69.2% ~ 95.7% in the macropores. Barely, any residual gas resides in the fractures. The residual gas in the small pores is difficult to produce. (c) The residual gas is controlled by the fracture penetration, amount of bottom water, fracture width, and production rate. It is suggested the production rate decreased to induce the water to invade the meso–macropores after the gas well begins to produce water to reduce the amount of residual gas in the meso–macropores.