bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-4 Species feature of morphometric parameters in poultry semen
Authors: Bagirov Vugar A , Vetokh Anastasia N , Zhilinsky Mikhail A , Ashraf Hanum V , Tomgorova Evgeniya K , Volkova Natalia A , Zinovieva Natalia A , Iolchiev Baylar S
Published: December 2019

The aim of the research was to study the specific features of morphometric parameters in rooster and guinea fowl spermatozoa. Thirty ejaculate samples from each species were investigated. A macroscopic assessment of the ejaculates obtained was carried out by volume, color and consistency. Microscopic parameters were studied using computerized sperm quality analysis systems. Diff-Quick set was used for staining sperm. Visualization of fixed preparations was performed using a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U microscope and a Nikon DS-Qi2 camera. Measurement of morphometric parameters was carried out in the program NIS-Elements BR 4.30. Evaluation of sperm morphometry was carried out according to the following indicators: total length of spermatozoa, length of head and tail, perimeter and area, head shape in indexes of ellipticity and elongation. The SPSS v.15.0 package was used for statistical analysis. To assess the statistical differences in the distributions of spermatozoa, the χ2-test was used. ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of species. Roosters surpassed guinea fowls in ejaculate volume by 83.3% (P < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were not established for sperm activity between species. The content of motile spermatozoa in the roosters ejaculate was 92.4 ± 5.3%, in guinea fowls - 88.7 ± 6.54%. The results of the morphometric parameters analysis showed that they have a specific feature. The total length of rooster spermatozoa was 90 ± 2.6 μm, which is 8 μm more than that in guinea fowl (P < 0.05). The length of the sperm head in roosters was 2 μm longer than that in guinea fowls (P < 0.05). The interspecific difference across the perimeters and width of the head was not statistically significant. Rooster ejaculates differed relative homogeneity compared to guinea fowl. The study results showed that morphometric parameters of poultry sperm have a specific feature. Supported by the RSF (16-16-04104).
PSXI-4 Composting management to reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from feedlot manure
Authors: Donnay Maria A , Michal Jennifer J , Aksdal GeorgiaLee J , Lamb Brian K , Johnson Kristen A
Published: December 2019

Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissions. Manure and bedding were collected from feedlot pens and used to construct 3 piles (~1.9 m3 volume) each in winter (WI) and spring (SP). WI piles were turned once, and SP piles were turned twice. Methane, N2O, and NH3 emissions were collected. Methane and N2O flux measurements were collected from SP piles using a static chamber (3.7m L x 2.2m W x 0.9m H). Initial dry matter and nitrogen contents were 33.2 and 30.0% and 20.1 and 17.7 g/kg in WI and SP piles, respectively. Average ambient temperatures and wind speeds were 0.3oC and 10.7oC and 1.76 m/s and 1.97 m/s during WI and SP, respectively. Internal temperatures reached 51±3.9oC on d 4–11 and gradually decreased. Normalized CH4 averaged 2.19 mg٠s٠m-4 and N2O emissions averaged 0.84 mg٠s٠m-4, and were not different between the WI and SP piles. Turning did not affect CH4 emissions from WI piles, but were 55% greater (P < 0.05) when SP piles were turned a second time. Emissions of N2O increased 51% when WI and SP piles were turned (P < 0.05). Ammonia emissions were 83.5% greater from WI piles due to their higher initial concentrations of NH4+-N (2.21 vs. 1.11 g/kg; P < 0.05). Turning did not influence CH4 and N2O fluxes. Addition of DCD at pile formation appears to decrease N2O emissions and fluxes 3 and 10 d later. Turning management and season impacted overall CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions. Fine-tuning manure handling and management during different seasons may effectively reduce GHG and NH3 emissions.
PSXI-3 Impact of carbohydrate source on manure and air emissions from swine diets
Authors: trabue Steven , Kerr Brian , Andersen Daniel
Published: December 2019

Dietary fiber is known to reduce ammonia emissions, but little is known about its effect on emissions of major odorants. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect fiber and fiber source has on manure composition and gas emissions. Two groups of 44 gilts averaging 128 kg BW were fed standard corn soybean meal diets that contained 9.6% NDF or 17% NDF with the following fiber sources: beet pulp (BP); dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS); soybean hulls (SB); and wheat bran (WB). Animals were fed twice daily, and feces and urine were collected after each feeding and added to manure storage containers. At the end of the experiment, stored manures were monitored for gas emissions and chemical properties. Animals on average gained 724 g/d and consumed 2.74 kg feed/d over 42-d trial ANOVA showed that dietary fiber in swine diets significantly increased the animals manure acidity, dry matter (DM), organic N, total N, total C, and volatile fatty acids contents, while the source of the fiber material in the diet significantly impacted the animals manure DM, total N, total C, and total S. Manures of animals fed lower fiber diets had significantly higher ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide emissions, while manure emissions of NH3 and total phenols was impacted by the fiber source in the animal diet. In conclusion, dietary fiber and the source of fiber have a dramatic impact on manure composition and gas emissions.
PSIX-42 Comparasion of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) digestion kinetics with alfafa (Medicago sativa) and orchard (Dactylis glomerata) hays
Authors: Broek Karin van den , Franco Arturo Macias , Silva Aghata , moura Felipe Henrique de , Fonseca Mozart A
Published: December 2019

Opuntia ficus-indica is highly regarded as an emergency feed for livestock during drought and as a mainstay for the wildlife population in temperate semi-arid and arid parts of the United States. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of replacing alfalfa and orchard grass with different levels of prickly pear on digestion and fermentation patterns. Three forages were evaluated: alfalfa, orchard grass and prickly pear. In order to determine kinetics of digestion, gas volumes were measured after incubation periods of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Samples were run in triplicate with 2 blanks for a total of three periods. Data on gas production were ﬁtted to the equation by Ørskov and McDonald (1979) using SAS software 9.4 (P ≤ 0.05; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) program. The gas volume observed from the soluble fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ were similar (P > 0.05) for prickly pear amongst all treatments; no difference was observed between alfalfa and cactus. The rate of gas production ‘c’ was higher in cactus (16.5%, h-1) than alfalfa and orchard grass (11.5%, h-1 and 7.7%, h-1, respectively). The extent ‘a +b’ of gas volumes revealed no difference among the test forages. Prickly pear showed a faster rate of degradation compared to alfalfa and orchard grass. A rapid rate of digestion means a faster passage of the material through the digestive tract. Thus, the higher values obtained for the ‘c’ and similar ‘a + b’ parameters in prickly pear compared to alfalfa or orchard grass, may signal it as a good potential alternative feed in arid and semi-arid areas.
PSIX-8 Evaluation of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaves as a modifier of rumen fermentation in West African dwarf bucks
Authors: Oni Adebayo O , Ogadu Bobby-Joe , Yusuf Azeez O , Adebowale A , Oni Oluwakemi , Sowande Olusiji , Onwuka Chryss F
Published: December 2019

Recently, bioactive component of plant and plant parts have been used as rumen modifier to reduce methane gas production in ruminant livestock so as to reduce their contribution to the implicated greenhouse effect. This study therefore, evaluated the potential of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaves as a modifier of rumen fermentation in West African dwarf bucks. Fresh C. odorata leaves were harvested, air dried (3 weeks), milled using a 2mm sieve size and bagged for both proximate and phytochemical analysis. Concentrate diets were formulated with C. odorata leaf meal included in the diet at 0, 2, 4 and 6% of the whole diet. Rumen fluids were collected from West African dwarf (WAD) bucks (averaged 25kg) using suction tube and randomly allotted to the 4 experimental diets in a Completely Randomized Design. Incubation of inoculums was done for 96hrs with 12 replicates per treatment in a single run. Data obtained were analyzed using a One-way Analysis of Variance and means compared using Tukey’s Test. Results indicated that C. odorata had 969.0mg/kg dry matter, 175.1mg/kg crude protein, 204.3mg/kg crude fibre, 521.6mg/kg nitrogen free extract, 19.9 mg/kg saponin, 25.7 mg/kg tannin, 10.8mg/kg flavonoid and 12.6 mg/kg alkaloid. The addition of 2 and 4% C. odorata to the diets resulted in increased (P < 0.05) in vitro gas production while C. odorata at 2 % reduced (P < 0.05) the methane gas (%) estimate. In vitro organic and dry matter digestibilities, total digestible substrates and short chain fatty acids were increased (P < 0.05) with C. odorata addition to the diets. This study concluded that the use of C. odorata as an additive at 2 and 4% inclusion increased total gas output; however, 2% inclusion will be beneficial as it reduced the methane output while maintaining higher gas production and digestibility.
PSIX-6 Effects of a live yeast product on ruminal bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef cattle
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Lay Jerusha , Andries Kenneth , Bebe Frederick
Published: December 2019

This study utilized 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic profiling to evaluate the effects of a live yeast product on ruminal bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef steer. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatment sequences in a study with two 25-d experimental periods and a crossover design. The steers were fed 50% concentrate-mix and 50% red clover hay ad libitum. Dietary treatments were (1) control (CON; basal diet) and (2) yeast (YEA; basal diet plus 15 g/d of live yeast product; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA). Bacterial diversity was examined by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Metabolome analysis was performed using an ultra-performance LC-MS system. Relative abundance of bacteria was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and a model that included the effects of treatment, period, and their interaction. Significant differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. Differential metabolites were filtered using significance estimate of P ≤ 0.10 using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations between the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria and rumen metabolites. Yeast supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Christensenellaceae R-7, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Ruminococcus 2, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Candidatus saccharimonas, Anaerovorax, and Lachnospiraceae. Yeast supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.10) the concentrations of 4-cyclohexanedione and β-d-glucopyranoside, and decreased concentrations of threonic acid, xanthosine, deoxycholic acid, lauroylcarnitine, methoxybenzoic acid, and pentadecylbenzoic acid. Bacteroidales BS11, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Candidatus saccharimonas showed positive correlations with metabolites involved in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism of energy substrates; the functions of these bacteria are not fully understood in relation to the mode of action of yeast. This study confirms the usefulness of LC–MS-based metabolomics in deciphering the mode of action of live yeast in the rumen.
PSIX-32 Alterations in caprine ruminal microorganism fermentation over time using camphor in vitro
Authors: Seidel Darren S , Whitney Travis R , Walker John W , Callaway Todd
Published: December 2019

Abstract: Encroaching plant species in West Texas continue to significantly reduce livestock production capacity and cause an imbalance between plant and livestock ecology. Juniperus ashei and J. pinchotii are encroaching species, mainly due to evolutionary measures, such as phytochemicals that deter herbivory. These plants contain large percentages of monoterpenes in their essential oil profiles. Since 2005, two divergent bloodlines of meat goats have been selected to consume low or high (LJC or HJC) amounts of juniper foliage, through the use of screening fecal samples with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Through the breeding process, it became unclear whether the HJC goats expressed a physiological ability to consume a greater amount of juniper or if there was a ruminal microorganism advantage in which the microbes where less susceptible to the juniper phytochemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ruminal fermentation byproduct impact of 0.00 and 1.97 mM of camphor at 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hr of incubation at 39°C. Five LJC and five HJC goats were fed a juniper-free diet and five LJC and five HJC goats were fed a diet containing 30% fresh J. ashei leaves for 21 days prior to ruminal fluid collection. In vitro fermentations used LJC and HJC ruminal fluid inoculate (33% v/v) in anoxic media in sealed Balch tubes. Across all treatment groups, 1.97 mM of camphor increased propionate and decreased A:P (P < .05) at each incubation time point without negatively impacting pH (6.56 ± 0.09). Results suggested that there is no consistent difference in LJC and HJC microbial fermentation byproducts from the addition of 1.97 mM of camphor; however, the results suggest that camphor could increase propionate production and create more gluconeogenic potential.
PSXI-13 Effect of Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination, on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility and performance of growing beef cattle
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Wang Yuxi , Xu Shanwei , Smiley Brenda , Yang Hee Eun , McAllister Tim
Published: December 2019

The study evaluated the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination with Lactobacillus spp. delivered through silages as a direct fed microbial (DFM) on the nutrient digestibility and performance of growing beef cattle. Chopped and kernel processed corn silage was treated with either distilled water (CON), or with (cfu g1 fresh forage) 1.1 × 105 of a Lactobacillius plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri (LAB) mixture (INOC1), 1.0 × 104 S. cerevisiae strain 3 (INOC2), or 1.1 × 105 LAB + 1.0 × 104 S. cerevisiae strain 3 (INOC3) and ensiled in AgBags®. Eight ruminally cannulated beef heifers in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square and 60 crossbred individually fed beef steers in a randomized complete block design were used for the metabolism and feedlot growth performance experiments, respectively. The treatments were four total mixed rations composed of 65.0% of one of the four corn silages, 17.0% barley grain, 13.0% canola meal and 5.0% vitamin-mineral supplement (dry matter (DM) basis) for both experiments. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The molar percentage of ruminal acetate in heifers fed INOC2 and INOC3 were lower (P < 0.01) than those fed CON. The DM (P = 0.03), organic matter (P = 0.02), acid (P = 0.03) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.03) digestibility of heifers fed INOC2 were higher than those fed CON. The DM intake as a % of body weight tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for steers fed INOC2, while the average daily gain was similar to those fed CON. There is potential for delivering S. cerevisiae through silage as DFM for improving ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility and the growth performance of beef cattle.
PSXI-15 Clove and cashew nut shell oils on the growth of ruminal gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Avila Vicente A Diaz , Carvalho Venício M , Matos Aylle Medeiros , Bonin Edineia , Moreli Raquel Rossetti , Castilho Ricardo Araújo , Prado Rodolpho Martin Do , Prado Ivanor Nunes do
Published: December 2019

Livestock production efficiency is dependent on the rumen environment. Daily or long-term alterations of the rumen bacterial population can modify the degradability of feeds and the production of volatile fatty acids. This work was realized to evaluate the effect of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cashew nut shell (Anacardium occidentale) oils on the growth of ruminal bacteria Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Streptococcus bovis, gram-positive bacteria involved on carbohydrate degradation. The experiments were designed using each bacteria exposed to two different doses (0.20 and 0.02 mg/ml) of either clove or cashew nut shell oils. Bacteria were cultivated on Hobson’s M2 medium in Hungate tubes. Cultures cultivated without addition of any oils were considered as control. Bacteria were cultivated overnight and freshly inoculated into new tubes containing medium. Bacteria growth was monitored at 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation using a spectrophotometer at 600 nm wavelength. Data were analysed using the linear mixed models and the NLME Procedure in R software. The highest concentration of cashew nut shell oil (0.2 mg/ml) decreased (P < 0.05) R. albus density by 24 hour (-38.4%) in contrast to the control treatment. R. flavefaciens had the greatest sensitivity (P < 0.05) among the tested bacteria at 12 hour to clove oil compared to the control, having a decrease in population (-10.8% and -15.9%) when doses 0.2 and 0.02 mg/ml were used, respectively. Also, R. flavefaciens showed an effect (P < 0.05) with cashew nut shell oil (0.02 mg/ml) causing a decreasing population (-2.9%) in comparison to control treatment. S. bovis was not affected by the oils. Changes in bacterial growth is likely linked to modifications in acetate:propionate ratio, which affect the ruminant feed use efficiency. In conclusion, use of clove and cashew nut shell oils influenced the tested rumen bacteria growth.
PSXI-16 Levels of a blend of clove, castor and cashew oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin) on ruminal gram-positive bacteria population density
Authors: Matos Aylle Medeiros , Avila Vicente A Diaz , Carvalho Venício M , Ornaghi Mariana Garcia , Bonin Edineia , Castilho Ricardo Araújo , Prado Rodolpho Martin Do , Prado Ivanor Nunes do
Published: December 2019

This study was realized to evaluate de effect of a blend of vegetable oils and active ingredients (Ruminatus® - safeeds@safeeds.com.br) on ruminal population density of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Streptococcus bovis. The blend contained clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), castor (Ricinus communis) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin). The experiments were designed using each bacteria exposed to doses of 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 mg/ml of the product and with six replicates. Bacteria were cultivated on Hobson’s M2 medium in Hungate tubes. Cultures cultivated without the addition of any oils were considered as control. Bacteria were cultivated overnight and freshly inoculated into new tubes containing medium. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a Spectrophotometer Evolution 201 UV-visible (Thermo Scientific) at 600 nm. Readings were performed at 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation. Data were analyzed using the linear mixed models and the NLME Procedure in R software. The blend had no effect (P < 0.05) on growth of R. albus and R. flavefaciens. On the other hand, S. bovis was affected by all inclusion of the blend (P < 0.05). These results provide evidence of the potential of oils to modulate the ruminal environment. Such feature can impact nutrient metabolism and, consequently, production of volatile fatty acids. Therefore, the use of a blend of clove, castor and cashew essential oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin) used influenced the growth of gram-positive bacteria.
PSXI-33 Milk replacer formulation for dairy calves: substitution of some dairy protein by yeast-protein
Authors: JULIEN Christine , Kumprechtová Dana , Tönepöhl Björn , Jančík Filip , Homolka Petr
Published: December 2019

Eighty dairy calves from birth (d1) to weaning (d64) were reared in individual pens. One feeding program was tested with 4 different milk replacers (MR), 3 included some yeast products (Table 1). The content of crude protein (22 %), crude fat (18 %) and concentration (140 g MR per liter milk feed) was similar for all MR. Calves were divided into 4 groups at 5-d of age: (i) Control, (ii) MR1, (iii) MR2 and (iv) MR3 milk replacers. Volume distributed per calf and per meal varied with age but did not differ between groups. All calves received water and a starter concentrate (19.0% CP) ad libitum. Diarrhea scoring per calf (0 to 4), individual MR and starter intake were recorded daily whereas BW was determined every two weeks. Data were evaluated by the MIXED procedure of SAS with group, breed and sex used as fixed effects. Quality (% brix) and intake of colostrum over d1 did not differ between groups. Growth performances are altered by treatment (P = 0.05): ADG over all the experimental period was significantly lower for MR2 (0.59 kg/d) whereas it resulted similar between the 3 other groups (0.67 kg/d on average). Starter feed intake over 64d did not differ significantly between groups: 526, 501, 475 and 555 g/d on average for Control, MR1, MR2 and MR3, respectively. The MR intake over 64d was lower for MR2 (5.48 L/d) compared to Control, MR1 and MR3 (5.64 L/d, on average). There was no difference regarding diarrhea score (0.26 on average) between groups. Globally, both MR1 and MR3 led to performances similar to control MR used as reference whereas MR2 resulted more challenging for calves. Therefore, using yeast product as part of protein source for MR formulation is achievable without compromising growth performances but type of product needs to be considered.
PSXII-6 In vitro fermentative parameters of diets containing increasing inclusions of WDG for feedlot sheep
Authors: Bertoco João Pedro A , Almeida Marco Túlio C , Arruda Maria Carolina G , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Cruz Antonio A , Torres Rodrigo S , Ezequiel Jane M B
Published: December 2019

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of WDG in diets for sheep on in vitro gas production, pH, N-NH3 and VFA. Three ruminally-cannulated adult male sheep were used as donors of inoculum. Treatments consisted of diets containing 0, 15, 30 and 45% WDG inclusion on dry matter basis with forage: concentrate ratio of 20:80. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements over time (3, 6, 12 and 24 hours). Flasks with a volume of 50 mL were used for incubation. Approximately 0.2 g of sample, 10 mL of inoculum and 20 mL of McDougall buffer solution were added into the flasks. Each time consisted of 7 flasks per treatment and 2 flasks without sample (n = 120). Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer. Concentration of N-NH3 was determined using micro-Kjeldhal apparatus and VFA was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effect of WDG inclusion. Increasing linear effect was observed for pH (P < 0.05) when WDG was included, with a lower value for 0% WDG (6.90). For N-NH3 and gas production, a linear decreasing effect (P < 0.05) was observed, ranging from 12.60 to 8.45 mg/dL and 93.47 to 58.40 mL/g incubated for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The total concentration of VFA did not present a significant effect. Butiric acid showed a linear effect (P < 0.05) ranging from 9.50 to 8.69 mM/L for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The acetic acid had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05), ranging from 52.92 to 58.59 mM/L for 15 and 45% WDG, respectively. The results indicate that the inclusion of up to 45% WDG in feedlot sheep diets promoted lower in vitro fermentation without altering the total VFA concentration.
PSXII-5 Feed processing-induced changes in protein molecular structure in relation to nutrient utilization and availability of warm-season Sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in ruminants
Authors: He Jiaer , Lechuga María E T , Yu Peiqiang
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was reveal heat related processing (HP) induced changes in protein molecular structure in relation to nutrient utilization and availability of warm-season sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in dairy cows. Three new warm-season genotypes of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) were studied. The nutrient utilization and availability of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in dairy cows include: protein subfractions, energy values, rumen degradation, and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. The protein structure change on molecular level were revealed with cutting edge non-invasive vibrational ATR-FTIR molecular spectroscopy. The warm-season sorghum grains were either maintained in their raw state (as control) or treated with for 80 min at 121°C with the Lindberg/Blue M™. The RCBD data were analyzed using SAS9.4 with Mixed model procedure. Tukey method was used for mean separation. The results showed that compared with the control, the HP treatment altered (P < 0.05) nutrient profiles and utilization and availability in dairy cows and increased (P < 0.05) metabolizable energy and net energy values in dairy cows. The HP treatment also altered (P < 0.05) the protein molecular structure profile of the warm-season sorghum grain. It increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of protein Amide I and Amide II height and decreased (P < 0.05) the ratio of α-helix to β-sheet. In conclusion, the HP treatment altered molecular structure and nutrient profiles without negatively affecting the nutritive value and digestion of warm-season sorghum grain. The molecular spectral profiles revealed by rapid and non-invasive ATR-FTIR molecular spectroscopy could be used as a fast predictor for the warm-season sorghum grain utilization and digestion in dairy cows.
PSXII-29 Utilizing coproducts as an alternative to forage in adapting feedlot cattle to finishing diets affects the ruminal microbiome
Authors: Crawford David M , McCann Joshua C
Published: December 2019

The objective was to determine the interaction of replacing forage with coproducts and the number of step-up diets when adapting feedlot cattle to a finishing diet on the ruminal microbiome. Simmental × Angus and Angus steers (n = 24; 234 ± 38 kg) were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and allotted to 8 pens as a subset of a larger group. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: 1) decreasing coproduct (CO; soybean hulls and modified wet distillers grains) inclusion while increasing dry-rolled corn over 36 d or 2) decreasing forage (FO; alfalfa and grass hay) inclusion while increasing dry-rolled corn over 36 d. Pens were fed either 5 (5S) or 2 (2S) step-up diets for each dietary treatment during the 36 d adaptation period in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Steers were fed a common finishing diet for the remainder of the trial (34 d). The ruminal microbiome was evaluated on d 36 and 70. Alpha diversity was greatest (P < 0.01) for FO/2S steers on d 36. A diet × day effect (P = 0.02) was observed for beta diversity as the microbial community was more similar (P < 0.01) between d 36 and 70 for steers fed CO compared with FO. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was greater (P = 0.03) for 2S steers compared with 5S steers. Prevotellaceae tended to be greater (P = 0.07) in 2S steers compared with 5S steers. Lactobacillaceae was greater (P < 0.01) on d 36 than d 70. Limited observed day effects for individual taxa suggest the microbiome was well adapted by treatments for the finishing diet on d 36. Greater coproduct inclusion in adaptation diets may alter the ruminal bacterial community to be more similar to the community while feeding high levels of dry-rolled corn.
PSXII-31 Severity of hay processing on dry matter intake, sorting behaviour, and apparent total tract digestibility in lambs
Authors: Kelln Liam
Published: December 2019

The objective was to evaluate digestibility and sorting behaviour of grass hay processed to differing severities. Thirty-six wether lambs were used in a completely randomized design and fed diets consisting of grass hay (82.2 %), whole barley (15.7 %), and a mineral-vitamin supplement (2.1 %). Treatments included: unprocessed hay (CON); shredded hay (SHRED); chopped hay (CHOP); and ground hay (GRIND). Lambs were fed their respective diet for 20 d followed by 4 d for measurement of feed intake and fecal output. Lambs fed CON (1.23 kg and 3.24 %) had greater DMI (P = 0.04 and 0.05) compared to CHOP (1.04 kg and 2.71 % BW), with SHRED (1.17 kg and 3.11 % BW) and GRIND (1.13 kg and 2.97 % BW) being intermediate. Undigestible NDF intake tended to decrease as processing severity increased (P = 0.05). Dry matter digestibility (67.6, 66.2, 59.6, and 60.8 % for CON, SHRED, CHOP, and GRIND, respectively; P < 0.01) generally decreased as the severity of forage processing increased. Crude protein digestibility was greatest in CON (68.6 %) compared to SHRED (60.83 %), CHOP (58.7 %), and GRIND (58.5 %; P < 0.01). ADF and aNDFom digestibilities were greater for CON (57.4 and 67.2 %) and SHRED (60.0 and 67.9 %) compared to CHOP (44.8 and 54.6 %) and GRIND (48.3 and 58.5 %; P < 0.001). CON and SHRED lambs sorted for larger particle sizes (particles > 19 mm and 8 to 19 mm; P < 0.001 and 0.025, respectively) while CHOP and GRIND lambs sorted for smaller particles (particles 4 to 8 mm and particles < 4 mm; P < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). These results indicate that processing of grass hay does not increase nutrient digestibility partly because of the sorting behaviour of lambs.
PSXII-14 Fiber content in diets for feedlot lambs: performance
Authors: Ferreira Evandro M , Eckermann Nathalia R , Biava Janaina S , Comelli Jamile , Sturion Thamires U , Polizel Daniel M , Oliveira Gabriela B , Barroso José P R , Sardinha Lairana A , Souza Terezinha T de , Assis Rhaissa Garcia de , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: December 2019

High-grain diets have been used with great success in the feedlot systems for lambs production in Brazil. Then it became important to define the ideal dietary fiber content in the diet when the goal is to produce heavy lambs for early slaughter. The objective in this trial was to evaluate the levels of fiber on performance of lambs feed high-grain diet. Fifty-eight Dorper x Santa Inês ram lambs (initial BW 20.7 ± 1.19 kg and 75 ± 10.83 d old) were assigned to a randomized complete block design. The treatments were defined by the fiber (“Coastcross” hay) content in diets (CP: 16,12% ± 0.92): 0F: no forage diet (NDF: 10.4%); 5F: 5% of forage (NDF: 12.1%); 10F: 10% of forage (NDF: 15%); 15F: 15% of forage (NDF: 15.5%); 20F: 20% of forage (NDF: 20.8%) and 25F: 25% of forage (NDF: 23.5%). The experiment lasted 89 days and lambs were weighted after 16 hours fasting on days 0, 31, 57 and 89. DMI, ADG and FE were determined in each period. There was no interaction effect between diets and periods. There was a quadratic effect in DMI (0F: 0.96; 5F: 0.97; 10F: 1.04; 15F: 1.00; 20F: 1.02; 25F: 0.88 kg/d; P = 0.02), ADG (0F: 0.27; 5F: 0.26; 10F: 0.28; 15F: 0.28; 20F: 0.26; 25F: 0.21 kg/d; P = 0.01) and FE (0F: 0.28; 5F: 0.28; 10F: 0.28; 15F: 0.29; 20F: 0.26; 25F: 0.25; P = 0.05). Consequently, the increased levels of forage result in quadratic effect on final BW (0F: 44.5; 5F: 44.7; 10F: 46.1; 15F: 45.5; 20F: 43.9; 25F: 39.7 kg; P < 0.01). In conclusion, the inclusion of 10–15% of forage improves the performance of feedlot lambs feed high-concentrate diets, but it was proved the real possibility of finishing lambs with diet without forage source.
PSXIV-35 Evaluation of a direct fed microbial in newly received, high-risk beef calves and the subsequent impact on performance and health
Authors: Herring Ellen , Ball Jase , Kegley Elizabeth , Turner James , Palmer Elizabeth , Hornsby J A , Reynolds Jana , Shoulders Benjamin , Powell Jeremy
Published: December 2019

Crossbred beef calves [n = 240, body weight (BW) = 257 ± 3.5 kg] were obtained on 3 dates (block, 8 pens/block) and were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) CON = top-dress supplement (0.11 kg/d) with no direct-fed microbial, 2) BOV = top dress supplement (0.11 kg/d) that provided 113.5 mg/d of a direct-fed microbial (BOVAMINE DEFEND®, 2 g/d, Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, 1 × 109 CFU2/g). Study objective was to determine the effect of BOV on growth performance and health when included in the diet. From d 0 to 14, ADG was improved (P = 0.05) for BOV compared to CON as ADG were 0.89 and 0.74 kg, respectively. Overall ADG over the 43-d receiving period was not different (P = 0.65); numerically there was a 0.03 kg improvement in BOV (0.90) compared to CON (0.87 kg). The percentage of calves treated for clinical BRD with the first treatment antibiotic (florfenicol) was not affected (P = 0.40); however, was numerically reduced by 6.8% for BOV (61.2% morbidity) compared to CON (68.0% morbidity). There was a trend for the percentage of calves treated with a second antibiotic (enrofloxacin) to be reduced (P = 0.17) for calves supplemented with BOV (9.1%) compared to CON (15.2%). There was also a trend for the mean total number of antibiotics used to be reduced (P = 0.16) in BOV compared to CON. Overall antibiotic cost, was not affected (P = 0.23) by BOV supplementation; however, numerically there was a $3.27 reduction in antibiotic cost for BOV compared to CON. The supplementation of BOV in high-risk calves may improve growth performance and health, reduce clinical BRD in calves after first treatment and could potentially reduce the use of antibiotics in calves at a high risk for BRD during the receiving period.
PSXIV-37 Assessment of milk yield, milk composition and urea nitrogen in milk and plasma in lactating buffaloes fed diets with increasing levels of corn plus urea
Authors: Júnior Valdi Lima , Melo Tobias Tobit De Barros , Santos Viviany Lúcia Fernandes Dos , Bezerra Leilson R , Ferreira Marcelo Andrade , Parente Michelle , Menezes Migson Santos , Silva Luana Andressa Da Costa
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, the great challenge in the milk activity is to replace the high cost ingredients without affect the performance and milk composition. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacement of soybean meal by corn plus urea on milk production, milk composition, nitrogen in milk (UNM) and plasma (UNP) concentrations of lactation buffaloes. Twelve Murrah lactating buffaloes, all multiparous (100 days in lactation; average milk production of 10 kg per day), with initial mean body weight of 650 ± 45 kg were used used in a triple Latin square 4 x 4 experiment. Each period included 13 d for adaptation and 5 for milk collect. The samples of plasma were obtained only in the last day of collect, four hours after feed. The experimental diets (12% CP, DM basis) consisted of increasing levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of soybean meal replacement by corn plus urea and the forage: concentrate ratio was 60:40. Orthogonal polynomials for diet responses were determined by linear and quadratic effects (P < 0.05). The increasing levels of corn plus urea did not change (P > 0.05) the milk production (averaging 6.4±0.33 kg/d), fat content (averaging 7.4±0.31%) and protein content averaging (3.8±0.07%) in milk. The UNM (15.29, 15.44, 14.80 and 16.02 mg dL-1 for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) and UNP values (18.37, 17.20, 18.79 and 18.16 mg dL-1, for levels 0, 33, 66 and 100% respectively) also did not change with experimental diets and are according with references values for buffaloes. The use of corn plus urea is an alternative for lactating buffaloes’ diets and can be replacing soybean meal at levels up to 100%.
PSXIV-36 Effect of corn variety and amylase enzyme on cattle performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Casagrande Renan Regatieri , Engle Terry , Wagner John
Published: December 2019

Four hundred and thirty-three Angus and Angus cross-bred steers (Body Weight 344 ± 13.3 kg) were utilized in this experiment to compare different varieties of grain corn and α-amylase enzyme on feedlot cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Steers were blocked by body weight and breed and randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Commercial commodity corn (CON); 2) Experimental test corn (TEST;), 3) 50:50 blend of CON and TEST corn sources (BLEND), and 4) CON with 5g of α-amylase enzyme added/hd/d (AMZ; Amaize®, Alltech). Steers were slaughtered after 138 days on feed. Feedlot performance, net energy recovery, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, subcutaneous adipose tissue depth, longissimus muscle area, marbling score, and calculated yield grade data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using PROC MIXED of SAS. Dietary treatment had no effect (P > 0.20) on BW, average daily gain, feed efficiency, or net energy recoveries. There was a tendency for daily dry matter intake (DMI) to be influenced by treatment: d 0 – d 90 (P < 0.09), d 91 – slaughter (P = 0.11), and d 0 – slaughter (P < 0.08). Dry matter intake was consistently greater for steers receiving the AMZ treatment when compared to all other treatments. Daily DMI for the TEST treatment was consistently lower than DMI for all other treatments. Hot carcass weight (P = 0.56), dressing percentage (P = 0.10), 12th subcutaneous fat depth (P = 0.88), longissimus muscle area (P = 0.84), yield grade (P = 0.91), marbling score (P = 0.76), quality grade (P = 0.67), and the distribution of USDA yield and quality grades (P > 0.74) were similar across treatments. These results indicate the value of the TEST corn as an energy source in feedlot cattle diets is similar to the value of COM corn an energy source.
PSXIV-17 Effects of corn bran plus solubles and corn oil on growth performance and carcass traits of finishing bulls
Authors: Junior Arquimedes Lima , Meschiatti Murillo A , Gouvêa Vinicius N , Dantas Victor , Antonelo Daniel Silva , Escobar Raíssa , Barbosa Gabriel , Mendonça João Paulo , Silva Mathews , MacDonald James , Santos Flavio
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing bulls fed diets containing, on dietary dry matter basis, different levels of corn wet distillers bran plus solubles (WDBS; 0, 15, 30 or 45%) added with or without corn oil (CO; 0 and 3%). A total of 205 Nellore bulls (390 ± 25 kg initial BW) were blocked by initial body weight, distributed in 40 pens and pens within weight block were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. Diets were isonitrogenous and contained 8.5% sugarcane bagasse and 91.5% concentrate (ground corn, soybean meal, pelleted citrus pulp, urea, mineral). The WDBS (FlexyDDG®) and the corn oil were from SJC Bioenergia (Quirinópolis, Goiás, Brazil). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. An interaction between CO × WDBS levels was observed for dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.032). In diets without CO, increasing levels of WDBS linearly (P = 0.004) reduced the DMI, but in diets containing 3% CO, increasing levels of WDBS quadraticaly affected the DMI (P = 0.002). No effects of CO, WDBSF levels or CO × WDBS levels were observed for final body weight, average daily gain, hot carcass weight and dressing percentage. Feed efficiency tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for bulls fed diets containing CO (0.154 vs. 0.144). Increasing levels of WDBS tended (P = 0.09) to increase the feed efficiency. In summary, increasing levels of WDBS in finishing diets linearly (in diets without CO) or quadratically (in diets with CO) reduces the dry matter intake. Adding CO and WDBS tend to increase feed efficiency.
PSXIV-41 Warm-season annual or perennial hay fed to growing beef steers with or without dried distillers grains supplementation: ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestion, and feeding behavior
Authors: Sugg Joel D , Hoffmann Carly A , Kondratovich Lucas B
Published: December 2019

The effects of hay type and protein supplementation on intake, feeding behavior, nutrient digestion, and ruminal digestion characteristics were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated Angus beef steers (n = 6; BW = 304 kg ± 11 kg) were randomly assigned within a sequence of treatments using a 4 × 6 unbalanced Latin square design (6 steers; and 4 diets; fed once-daily). A 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used as follows: 1) ‘WW-B. Dahl’ Old World bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake; WWBD or Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter; TEFF); and 2) dried distillers grain (DDGS) at 0 or 0.5% BW. Each period consisted of a 14-d of adaptation and 7-d collection. Steers were observed (5-min intervals, 24 h) for behavioral assessment; while ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probe), and ruminal fluid collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h after-feeding. Steers fed TEFF hay and those fed DDGS (both, P = 0.04) had greater DMI compared to WWBD and not supplemented. Chewing activity did not differ (P ≥ 0.54). Non-supplemented steers spent more time eating hay (P < 0.01) than supplemented steers. Average ruminal pH of TEFF (6.32) was lower (P > 0.01) than WWBD (6.56). Non-supplemented steers produced less in vitro total gas and methane (both, P = 0.02) per g rumen fluid DM. The VFA profile was not affected (P ≥ 0.45) by treatments. Apparent total-tract digestibility and ruminal degradation (P ≤ 0.01) were greater with TEFF fed steers than WWBD. Hemicellulose digestion was reduced by 6.95% (P = 0.03) with DDGS supplementation. An annual hay in place of a conventional perennial hay improved intake, ruminal digestion of nutrients, without affecting feeding behavior, while supplementation with DDGS reduced forage intake time and quantity, without negatively affecting ruminal fiber digestion.
PSXIV-11 Supplementation of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 and increased vitamin E as a strategy to increase carcass weight of feedlot beef cattle
Authors: Carvalho Victor V , Perdigão Alexandre
Published: December 2019

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementing 1mg of 25-OH vitamin D3 (HyD®) and increased vitamin E amount (2000 mg/animal/d) on cattleˈ performance and carcass characteristics when fed a 90-d feedlot finishing diet. A total of 140 Nellore bulls (IBW = 387 ± 28 kg) were distributed in 14 pens (10 animals/pen) in a randomized complete block design (7 pens per treatment). The basal diet was composed by 15% sugarcane bagasse, 72.8% ground corn, 7.6% soybean meal and 4.6 % mineral-vitamin premix (DM basis). The dietary treatments were: 1) Control: No addition of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 (HyD®) and basal Vit. E amount (520 mg/animal per day); 2) HyD+Vit.E: Addition of 1 mg of HyD® plus increased Vit. E amount (2000 mg/animal per day). The animals were fed once daily and had free access to fresh water. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Means comparison was evaluated by tukey test and declared significant at P < 0.05, and tendencies considered when 0.05 < P < 0.10. There was no difference on final body weight (~522.8 kg, P = 0.11), ADG (~1.54 kg/d, P = 0.17), DM intake (~9.9 kg/d, P = 0.41) and G:F (~0.156, P = 0.28) between treatments. Likewise, no differences were observed (P > 0.10) for dressing (~53.5%), REA (~65.5 cm²) and SFT (~4.10 mm). However, feeding HyD+Vit.E tended to increase (P = 0.07) carcass average daily gain (0.993 vs. 0.953 kg/d) and increased (P = 0.04) carcass weight by 4.2 kg compared with control (281.6 vs. 277.4 kg). In conclusion, the combination of HyD and increased vitamin E increases carcass production in feedlot cattle.
PSXIV-12 Effect of the addition of canola oil on digestibility, rumen fermentation and methane emissions in beef cattle in the Mexican tropic
Authors: Aviles-Nieto Jonathan , Marquez-Mota Claudia , Romero-Pérez Atmir , Talamantes-Gómez José , Castillo-Gallegos Epigmenio , Jarillo Jesus , Corona Luis
Published: December 2019

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of canola oil (CO) supplementation at 4 inclusion rates [CO0=0%, CO2=2%, CO4=4%, and CO6=6% of dry matter intake (DMI)] on digestibility, volatile fat acids (VFA), a mmonia nitrogen (NH3-N), protozoa and methane (CH4) emissions, in cows grazing a tropical grass (Brachiaria sp.). Four cows (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) with rumen cannula (658 ± 92 kg) were randomly assigned to a Latin Square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods (19-d each). Treatments were offered daily at 0600 h and 1500 h together with a commercial concentrate (1% of EBW). Fecal output was measured using an external marker (Cr2O3) dosed once per day for 9 days. Fecal output along with digestibility data were used to estimate DMI. Methane production was monitored twice a day, for 5 consecutive-days, using infrared gas analyzers (Guardian Plus) at the time of CO supplementation. Rumen contents were collected at 0300 h and every 4-h during the last 2-d of each period. Data of digestibility were analyzed as a Latin Square using a mixed model procedure (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). For ruminal fermentation parameters, collection time was considered a repeated measure. Orthogonal polynomials were performed to evaluate linear and quadratic effects. No effect was observed on fiber digestibility, or any nutrient evaluated with up to 6% CO inclusion. Total protozoa (x104cells/mL), methane emission and acetate molar proportion decreased (P < 0.01) while propionate increased (P < 0.01) with consequent reduction on the acetate:propionate ratio (CO0=3.2, CO2=2.8, CO4=2.6, CO6=2.4; P < 0.01) as the level of CO increased. In conclusion, supplementing CO to animals consuming a tropical forage-based diet, may represent a viable option to reduce CH4 emissions without having a negative effect on the digestibility of the NDF.
PSX-35 The relationship between the survival rate of lambs and the amount of cubs in the litter
Authors: Iolchiev Baylar S , Vetokh Anastasia N , Klenovitsky Pavel M , Volkova Natalia A , Zinovieva Natalia A , Bagirov Vugar A
Published: December 2019

Safety and polycarpous in sheep farming is one of the most important factors determining the economic efficiency of the industry. The increase in the number of lambs in the litter is accompanied by undesirable phenomena, such as weight loss and linear measurements of the fetus and, as a result, this affects their survival. The aim of the research was to study the relationship of the polycarpous of sheep with the safety of lambs. A litter of Romanov breed sheep (n = 28) and their hybrids with argali (n = 57) was studied. For statistical data analysis used SPSS V.15.0. To determine the relationship between the number of lambs in the litter and their safety, contingency tables and the chi-squared test were used. Ewes were inseminated during the breeding season (October – November). The 210 lambs were obtained from 85 ewes. The safety of lambs up to 4 months of age averaged 63%. However, this figure, depending on the number of lambs in the litter, was significantly different. The safety of the lambs from ewes that have been the only ones was 100% before the retention, where there were twins - the safety was 85%. More than 48% of lambs from litter with three cubs were perished in the first months of life. Up to 4 months of age in a litter of 5 lambs survived 33% of those born (n = 5). The numbers of cubs in the litter were affected to the safety of the lambs, which can be argued from the obtained results. This is also evidenced by the obtained difference between the expected and actual mortality rates in litters and the significant chi-squared value. The study was supported by the RSF within Project no.18-16-00079.