bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting and Staying in the Mainstream: African American Women's Contributions to the Human Sciences
Authors: Jackson Vanessa P. , Miller Julia R.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide an analytical perspective of the challenges, struggles, obstacles, and successes faced by African American women in the Human Sciences as described in the book,African American Women: Contributions to the Human Sciences. A content analysis of this book was conducted by the authors to provide a theoretical perspective on the contributions and challenges that African American women professionals have faced while pursuing their careers in the Human Sciences. The theoretical framework for the study was resiliency theory from an ecological approach.
Responsible Conduct in Conducting and Publishing Research
Authors: DeVaney Sharon A.
Published: September 2014

Before beginning their research, authors must obtain Institutional Review Board permission. Then they should conduct their research with scrupulous attention to detail. Before authors submit their manuscripts for peer review, they should obtain the Manuscript Submission Guidelines for their target journal and read a few articles in that journal to determine whether their study is a good fit for the journal. Authors should describe their research design and methodology in sufficient detail so that other researchers can duplicate their study. Results should be explained clearly and implications should be based on the results. Reviewers are advised to stay informed of their specialty and be ready to acknowledge new directions. Editors should seek to move the profession forward by publishing both empirical research and invited papers written by experts. Each person (author, reviewer, and Editor) must operate in good faith.
Developing and Applying a Disaggregated Retail Location Model with Extended Retail Demand Estimations
Authors: Newing Andy , Clarke Graham P. , Clarke Martin
Published: September 2014

The spatial interaction model (SIM) is an important tool for retail location analysis and store revenue estimation, particularly within the grocery sector. However, there are few examples of SIM development within the literature that capture the complexities of consumer behavior or discuss model developments and extensions necessary to produce models which can predict store revenues to a high degree of accuracy. This article reports a new disaggregated model with more sophisticated demand terms which reflect different types of retail consumer (by income or social class), with different shopping behaviors in terms of brand choice. We also incorporate seasonal fluctuations in demand driven by tourism, a major source of non‐residential demand, allowing us to calibrate revenue predictions against seasonal sales fluctuations experienced at individual stores. We demonstrate that such disaggregated models need empirical data for calibration purposes, without which model extensions are likely to remain theoretical only. Using data provided by a major grocery retailer, we demonstrate that statistically, spatially, and in terms of revenue estimation, models can be shown to produce extremely good forecasts and predictions concerning store patronage and store revenues, including much more realistic behavior regarding store selection. We also show that it is possible to add a tourist demand layer, which can make considerable forecasting improvements relative to models built only with residential demand.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of Leymus chinensis silage
Authors: Tian Jipeng , Yu Yandong , Yu Zhu , Shao Tao , Na Risu , Zhao Miaomiao
Published: September 2014

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the silage quality and in vitro degradation of Leymus chinensis treated with different additives. The treatments were lactic acid bacteria inoculants (LB), lignocellulose degradation enzymes (E), a mixture of the two additives (LB + E) or no additive treatment as control. Forages were separately ensiled for 1, 3, 5, 15 and 45 days and three replications were opened at each sampling time. Silages treated with additives (i.e. LB, E and LB + E) were characterized by lower pH value, higher lactic acid content and lower levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, ammonia‐N and water soluble carbohydrate throughout the ensiling period compared with the control (P < 0.05). Silages treated by LB + E had the lowest pH value and highest lactic acid concentration among the four treatments (P < 0.05). The levels of neutral detergent fiber (after heat stable amylase treatment, aNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and non‐protein nitrogen were lower in additive treated silages than in the control silage (P < 0.05). The LB treatment improved in vitro digestibility of dry matter and protein, while the E treatment improved in vitro aNDF digestibility compared with untreated silage. In comparison with the E treated silage, silage treated with LB + E had higher levels of ADF and acid detergent lignin concentrations (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the application of lactic acid bacteria combined with cellulase could be an efficient strategy to improve both fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of the wild grass silage of L. chinensis.
Bacterial communities in alfalfa and corn silages produced in large‐scale stack and bunker silos in China
Authors: Wu Baiyila , Zhang Qing , Liu Zhongkuan , Yu Zhu , Nishino Naoki
Published: September 2014

Alfalfa silage (Al) and corn silage (Cs) samples were collected from two large‐scale farms in China; one of these farms used stack silos and the other used bunker silos for silage production. Three samples were collected from the upper and lower layers of each silo. Thus, six samples were examined for each of Al‐stack, Al‐bunker, Cs‐stack, and Cs‐bunker. Bacterial community was determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Lactic acid was the main fermentation product in Al‐stack, Cs‐stack and Cs‐bunker, whereas acetic acid and butyric acid were predominant in Al‐bunker. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Clostridium sp. were common to four silage types. Lactobacillus acetotolerans and Lactobacillus pontis were detected specifically in Cs, whereas the lactic acid bacteria identified in Al were regarded as those usually found in silage. Differences between stack and bunker silos were apparent in Al with regard to fermentation products and DGGE band patterns. Differences between the upper and lower layers were observed in the fermentation products in Cs regardless of silo type, whereas variations in the DGGE band patterns of Cs‐stack were detected.
HIV‐associated salivary gland disease – clinical or imaging diagnosis?
Authors: da Silva Rath Inês Beatriz , Beltrame Ana Paula C. A. , Carvalho Aroldo P. , Schaeffer Marcela B. , Almeida Izabel C. S.
Published: September 2014

Objectives

This work aimed at studying the salivary gland disease (SGD) as it relates to associated factors, such as persistent generalised lymphadenopathy (PGL), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), clinical and immunological features of AIDS, and salivary flow rate and pH, as well as at exploring the relationship between the clinical diagnosis and the imaging diagnosis by ultrasound (US) examination of the parotid glands.

Methods

Information regarding the observation of parotid gland enlargement, PGL, LIP, and clinical and immunological features of AIDS was gathered from medical records, and a saliva sample for unstimulated salivary flow rate and pH measurement was collected from 142 children aged 3 through 10 years treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Joana de Gusmão Children's Hospital, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. High‐resolution ultrasonography was performed in 58 children. Pearson's chi‐square test and t‐test were used to evaluate the association between the variables.

Results

A significant association was found between SGD and LIP. Ultrasound revealed a 50% higher incidence of SGD that was not reported in the patients' records.

Conclusion

US examination proved to be essential for the correct diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of HIV/SGD.
Activated protein C to heal pressure ulcers
Authors: Wijewardena Aruna , Lajevardi Sepehr S , Vandervord Elle , Vandervord John , Lang Thomas C , Fulcher Gregory , Jackson Christopher J
Published: September 2014

Pressure ulcers present a major clinical challenge, are physically debilitating and place the patient at risk of serious comorbidities such as septic shock. Recombinant human activated protein C (APC) is an anticoagulant with anti‐inflammatory, cytoprotective and angiogenic effects that promote rapid wound healing. Topical negative pressure wound therapy (TNP) has become widely used as a treatment modality in wounds although its efficacy has not been proven through randomised controlled trials. The aim of this study was to determine the preliminary efficacy and safety of treatment with APC for severe chronic pressure sores with and without TNP. This case presentation describes the history, management and outcome of two patients each with a severe chronic non‐healing pressure ulcer that had failed to respond to conventional therapy. TNP was added to conservative management of both ulcers with no improvement seen. Then local application of small doses of APC was added to TNP and with conservative management, resulted in significant clinical improvement and rapid healing of both ulcers, displaying rapid growth of vascular granulation tissue with subsequent epithelialisation. Patients tolerated the treatment well and improvements suggested by long‐term follow‐up were provided. Randomised placebo‐controlled double blind trials are needed to quantify the efficacy, safety, cost‐effectiveness, optimal dose and quality of life changes seen from treatment with APC.
Sunlight exposure and photoprotection behaviour of white Caucasian adolescents in the UK
Authors: Gould M. , Farrar M.D. , Kift R. , Berry J.L. , Mughal M.Z. , Bundy C. , Vail A. , Webb A.R. , Rhodes L.E.
Published: September 2014

Background

Sun exposure has positive and negative effects on health, yet little is known about the sun exposure behaviour of UK adolescents, including those more prone or less prone to sunburn.

Objective

To examine sun exposure behaviour of UK white Caucasian adolescents including time spent outdoors, holiday behaviour, use of sunscreen and clothing, with assessment for differences between sun‐reactive skin type groups.

Methods

White Caucasian adolescents (12–15 years) attending schools in Greater Manchester completed a two‐page questionnaire to assess sun exposure and photoprotective behaviour.

Results

A total of 133 adolescents (median age 13.4 years; 39% skin type I/II, 61% skin type III/IV) completed the questionnaire. In summer, adolescents spent significantly longer outdoors at weekends (median 4 h/day, range 0.25–10) than on weekdays (2, 0.25–6; P < 0.0001). When at home in the UK during summer, 44% reported never wearing sunscreen compared to just 1% when on a sunny holiday. Sunscreen use was also greater (frequency/coverage) when on a sunny holiday than at home in the UK summer (P < 0.0001). Adolescents of skin types I/II (easy burning) spent significantly less time outdoors than skin types III/IV (easy tanning) on summer weekends (P < 0.001), summer weekdays (P < 0.05) and on a sunny holiday (P = 0.001). Furthermore, skin types I/II reported greater sunscreen use during summer in the UK and on sunny holiday (both P < 0.01), and wore clothing covering a greater skin area on a sunny holiday (P < 0.01) than skin types III/IV. There was no difference in sun exposure behaviour/protection between males and females.

Conclusion

The greater sun‐protective measures reported by adolescents of sun‐reactive skin type group I/II than III/IV suggest those who burn more easily are aware of the greater need to protect their skin. However, use of sunscreen during the UK summer is low and may need more effective promotion in adolescents.
Narrow‐margin excision is a safe, reliable treatment for well‐defined, primary pigmented basal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 288 lesions in Japan
Authors: Ito T. , Inatomi Y. , Nagae K. , Nakano‐Nakamura M. , Nakahara T. , Furue M. , Uchi H.
Published: September 2014

Background

Complete excision is the most promising treatment for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and a surgical margin of at least 4 mm is recommended. However, little is known about the appropriate surgical margin of pigmented BCC.

Objective

To investigate the reliability of narrower margin excision of well‐defined, pigmented BCC.

Methods

We identified a total of 263 patients with 288 well‐defined, primary pigmented BCC at the Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University (Fukuoka, Japan), between January 2006 and December 2013. All lesions were surgically excised with 1–6‐mm margins and analysed. For 30 recent lesions out of the 288 lesions, border gaps between dermoscopy and histopathology were assessed.

Results

Of the 288 lesions, 218 (75.7%) were excised with a narrow margin (≤3 mm) and 60 lesions (24.3%) with a wide margin (≥4 mm). Only two lesions (0.7%), which were excised with 2‐mm margins, were associated with tumour‐positive margins. Narrow‐margin excision showed a complete removal rate of 99% (2‐mm margins, 95.3%; 3‐mm margins, 100%). Dermoscopically determined borders almost exactly corresponded to the histopathological ones; 71.2% of border gaps between dermoscopy and histopathology were within 1 mm and there were no cases in which tumours spread beyond 1 mm of their dermoscopic borders.

Conclusion

Surgical excision with a 2–3‐mm margin is reliable treatment for well‐defined, primary pigmented BCC, with a complete removal rate of 99%.
Algal and Fungal Diversity in Antarctic Lichens
Authors: Park Chae Haeng , Kim Kyung Mo , Elvebakk Arve , Kim Ok‐Sun , Jeong Gajin , Hong Soon Gyu
Published: September 2014

The composition of lichen ecosystems except mycobiont and photobiont has not been evaluated intensively. In addition, recent studies to identify algal genotypes have raised questions about the specific relationship between mycobiont and photobiont. In the current study, we analyzed algal and fungal community structures in lichen species from King George Island, Antarctica, by pyrosequencing of eukaryotic large subunit (LSU) and algal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) domains of the nuclear rRNA gene. The sequencing results of LSU and ITS regions indicated that each lichen thallus contained diverse algal species. The major algal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) defined at a 99% similarity cutoff of LSU sequences accounted for 78.7–100% of the total algal community in each sample. In several cases, the major OTUs defined by LSU sequences were represented by two closely related OTUs defined by 98% sequence similarity of ITS domain. The results of LSU sequences indicated that lichen‐associated fungi belonged to the Arthoniomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes of the Ascomycota, and Tremellomycetes and Cystobasidiomycetes of the Basidiomycota. The composition of major photobiont species and lichen‐associated fungal community were mostly related to the mycobiont species. The contribution of growth forms or substrates on composition of photobiont and lichen‐associated fungi was not evident.
Effect of different laser surface treatment on microshear bond strength between zirconia ceramic and resin cement
Authors: Akhavan Zanjani Vagharaldin , Ahmadi Hadi , Nateghifard Afshin , Ghasemi Amir , Torabzadeh Hassan , Abdoh Tabrizi Maryam , Alikhani Farnaz , Razi Reza , Nateghifard Ardalan
Published: September 2014

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sandblasting, carbon dioxide (CO2), and erbium,chromium:yttrium‐scandium‐gallium‐garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers on the microshear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement.

Methods

Sixty‐one sintered yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia blocks (10 × 5 × 2 mm) were prepared and divided into four experimental groups (n = 15); one sample was retained as a control. The samples were treated by aluminium oxide air abrasion, CO2 4 W, Er,Cr:YSGG 3W, and Er,Cr:YSGG 2W, respectively. One sample from each group and the control sample were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Panavia F2.0 resin microcylinders were prepared and placed on treated surfaces, light cured, and incubated for 48 h. Microshear bond strength testing was done by a microtensile tester machine, and the type of bond failures were determined by stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one‐way anova and Tukey's test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

Air abrasion showed the highest microshear bond strength (P < 0.05) among all groups. CO2 and Er,Cr:YSGG 3W laser showed significantly higher bond strength than Er,Cr:YSGG 2W (P < 0.05). Apparent micromechanical roughening and irregularities were seen in the air abrasion‐treated samples, and the bond failure was mostly mixed type. In the laser‐treated surfaces, the roughness was much less than the air abrasion‐treated surfaces, and the mode of failure was almost pure adhesive.

Conclusion

Air abrasion has a greater effect than CO2 and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers in the treatment of zirconia ceramic surfaces to enhance the bonding strength of resin cement to zirconia. CO2 laser at 4W and Er,Cr:YSGG laser at only 3‐W output power can be regarded as surface treatment options for roughening the zirconia surface to establish better bond strength with resin cements.
Prevalence and characteristics of non‐syndromic distomolars: a retrospective study
Authors: Kaya Elif , Güngör Kahraman , Demirel Oğuzhan , Özütürk Özge
Published: September 2014

Aim

Distomolars are defined as the supernumerary teeth that erupt distal to the third molar. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of distomolars in permanent dentition in a non‐syndromic Turkish subpopulation.

Methods

A total of 10 111 panoramic radiographs of patients aged 18 years and over, who had no systemic diseases and syndromes, and who had not undergone any extractions in the third molar area, were examined to determine the presence, location, shape, and laterality of distomolars. The patients' age and sex were noted.

Results

The results showed that distomolars were observed in 0.26% of the investigated population. Distomolars were seen in 0.29% of male patients and in 0.23% of female patients. In total, 30 distomolars were observed in 26 patients. Maxillary distomolars were more frequently encountered than mandibular teeth. Bilateral distomolars were found in three male patients. Of the 30 distomolars, 25 were impacted and five were erupted.

Conclusions

Although the frequency of distomolars is low, early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimize or prevent complications, such as delayed eruption, tooth displacement, crowding, root resorption of the adjacent tooth, and cystic formations.
Barriers to Promoting Eco‐Industrial Parks Development in China
Authors: Zhu Qinghua , Geng Yong , Sarkis Joseph , Lai Kee‐Hung
Published: September 2014

For at least the past two decades, eco‐industrial parks (EIPs) have been promoted as policy and commercial instruments for achieving industrial sustainable development. Yet, few EIPs have seen successful operational implementation, especially if they begin as standard industrial parks. Rapid economic growth, commensurate with increasing environmental damage in China, has resulted in officials’ further pursuing EIP policy as a significant element of the broader circular economy and ecological modernization efforts. This article examines the barriers for EIP development from industrial park senior manager perspectives. Using resource dependence theory and the resource‐based view as theoretical lenses, we investigate the external and internal barriers for EIP development in 51 Chinese industrial parks. A number of barriers are identified and grouped through a factor analysis. Cluster analysis is utilized to help categorize and evaluate the perceived levels of barriers and hardships experienced by various senior officials that manage the EIPs. It is found that few respondents encounter no significant barriers. Barriers related to technological development and capacity building are the most prevalent. These results highlight the relative importance of various activities that may be necessary by policy makers and other stakeholders to overcome the barriers. For example, cooperation in developing technological solutions for EIPs seems to be a major thrust that should be pursued by EIP development stakeholders. Other policy and managerial insights based on the general findings of this study are also presented.
Predicting well‐being longitudinally for mothers rearing offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Grein K. A. , Glidden L. M.
Published: September 2014

Background

Well‐being outcomes for parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) may vary from positive to negative at different times and for different measures of well‐being. Predicting and explaining this variability has been a major focus of family research for reasons that have both theoretical and applied implications.

Methods

The current study used data from a 23‐year longitudinal investigation of adoptive and birth parents of children with IDD to determine which early child, mother and family characteristics would predict the variance in maternal outcomes 20 years after their original measurement. Using hierarchical regression analyses, we tested the predictive power of variables measured when children were 7 years old on outcomes of maternal well‐being when children were 26 years old. Outcome variables included maternal self‐report measures of depression and well‐being.

Results

Final models of well‐being accounted for 20% to 34% of variance. For most outcomes, Family Accord and/or the personality variable of Neuroticism (emotional stability/instability) were significant predictors, but some variables demonstrated a different pattern.

Conclusions

These findings confirm that (1) characteristics of the child, mother and family during childhood can predict outcomes of maternal well‐being 20 years later; and (2) different predictor–outcome relationships can vary substantially, highlighting the importance of using multiple measures to gain a more comprehensive understanding of maternal well‐being. These results have implications for refining prognoses for parents and for tailoring service delivery to individual child, parent and family characteristics.
Oestradiol and Diet Modulate Energy Homeostasis and Hypothalamic Neurogenesis in the Adult Female Mouse
Authors: Bless E. P. , Reddy T. , Acharya K. D. , Beltz B. S. , Tetel M. J.
Published: September 2014

Leptin and oestradiol have overlapping functions in energy homeostasis and fertility, and receptors for these hormones are localised in the same hypothalamic regions. Although, historically, it was assumed that mammalian adult neurogenesis was confined to the olfactory bulbs and the hippocampus, recent research has found new neurones in the male rodent hypothalamus. Furthermore, some of these new neurones are leptin‐sensitive and affected by diet. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that diet and hormonal status modulate hypothalamic neurogenesis in the adult female mouse. Adult mice were ovariectomised and implanted with capsules containing oestradiol (E2) or oil. Within each group, mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) or maintained on standard chow (STND). All animals were administered i.c.v. 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) for 9 days and sacrificed 34 days later after an injection of leptin to induce phosphorylation of signal transducer of activation and transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Brain tissue was immunohistochemically labelled for BrdU (newly born cells), Hu (neuronal marker) and pSTAT3 (leptin sensitive). Although mice on a HFD became obese, oestradiol protected against obesity. There was a strong interaction between diet and hormone on new cells (BrdU+) in the arcuate, ventromedial hypothalamus and dorsomedial hypothalamus. HFD increased the number of new cells, whereas E2 inhibited this effect. Conversely, E2 increased the number of new cells in mice on a STND diet in all hypothalamic regions studied. Although the total number of new leptin‐sensitive neurones (BrdU‐Hu‐pSTAT3) found in the hypothalamus was low, HFD increased these new cells in the arcuate, whereas E2 attenuated this induction. These results suggest that adult neurogenesis in the hypothalamic neurogenic niche is modulated by diet and hormonal status and is related to energy homeostasis in female mice.
Sustaining the Farming Household to Sustain the Farming
Authors: Nawn Nandan
Published: September 2014

In the literature on sustainability of agriculture, both labourers and workers are conspicuously absent. Here, the sustainability of agriculture has been defined in terms of whether the farm household in question is able to yield an energy surplus when its members and the animals in its possession are obtaining an adequate ‘energy income’ or Calorie intake. To evaluate the sustainability of 590 farming households in the state of West Bengal, India, during 2004–5, four progressively stricter definitions of sustainability have been proposed, defined and applied. The method of energy balance analysis was followed. A negative surplus was found to be near‐universal across size‐groups in terms of the net area sown (NAS), the gross cultivated area (GCA) and agro‐climatic zones. The threshold output for a non‐negative surplus during the cultivating period was 700,000 megajoules (MJ); in terms of the GCA for a positive ‘full and final’ annual surplus, it was 3 hectares, and in NAS terms it was 2.5 hectares; against NAS per household size, it was 0.6 hectares, for ensuring a positive surplus beyond the annual sustainability. No evidence could be found in favour of household size as an explanation for the negative surplus.
The use of light‐based (optical) detection systems as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Rashid A , Warnakulasuriya S
Published: September 2014

Introduction

In recent decades, optical techniques utilising the principles of chemiluminescence and tissue autofluorescence have emerged to facilitate the early detection of any oral mucosal changes suspicious of cancer.

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of devices that utilise the principles of chemiluminescence and tissue autofluorescence as adjuncts in the detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs).

Methods

A systematic review of the published literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the ViziLite® and ViziLite® Plus with toluidine blue, MicroLux™/DL and the VELscope™ as aids in the detection of oral cancer and OPMDs.

Results

Twenty‐five primary studies published between 2004 and 2013 satisfied our criteria for selection – 13 utilised chemiluminescence and 12 tissue autofluorescence. Some had utilised both study methods on the same population. Chemiluminescence shows good sensitivity at detecting any OPMDs and oral cancer. However, it preferentially detects leukoplakia and may fail to spot red patches. The additive use of toluidine blue may improve specificity. Tissue autofluorescence is sensitive at detecting white, red and white and red patches, and the area of fluorescence visualisation loss (FVL) often extends beyond the clinically visible lesion. However, in addition to OPMDs, VELScope may detect erythematous lesions of benign inflammation resulting in false‐positive test results.

Conclusion

There is limited evidence for their use in primary care, and these tools are better suited to specialist clinics in which there is a higher prevalence of disease and where experienced clinicians may better discriminate between benign and malignant lesions.
COMMUNICATION AS CARE AT END OF LIFE: AN EMERGING ISSUE FROM AN EXPLORATORY ACTION RESEARCH STUDY OF RENAL END‐OF‐LIFE CARE FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE UK
Authors: Wilkinson Emma , Randhawa Gurch , Brown Edwina A. , Da Silva Gane Maria , Stoves John , Warwick Graham , Akhtar Tahira , Magee Regina , Sharman Sue , Farrington Ken
Published: September 2014

South Asian people have a higher risk of developing kidney disease, are disproportionately represented in the patient population requiring renal replacement therapy and wait longer to receive a kidney transplant, compared with white Europeans. As a result, there is a demand for end‐of‐life care, which meets the needs of this group of patients.

Providing end‐of‐life care to patients from different cultures is a challenge for renal services as there can be barriers to communication in the form of language, delegated decision‐making within families and reluctance to discuss death.

To explore end‐of‐life care for South Asians with kidney disease, 16 interviews with patients and 14 focus groups with care providers were conducted at four research sites in the UK with large South Asian populations. Using an action research design the data were analysed thematically and fed back to inform the research in a cyclical manner.

If patients are not fully aware of their condition or of what end‐of‐life care is, it is less likely that they will be able to be involved in decision‐making about their care and this is compounded where there are communication barriers. Variations in care provider awareness and experience of providing end‐of‐life care to South Asian patients, in turn, contributes to lack of patient awareness of end‐of‐life care. Communication as care at the end of life should be explored further. Researching the South Asian patient experience of end of life highlights many relevant and generalisable issues.
SERVICING MULTI‐CULTURAL NEEDS AT THE END OF LIFE
Authors: Koffman Jonathan
Published: September 2014

Ethnic and cultural diversity are widespread across the world, but there is growing concern that end‐of‐life care is not offering Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups the most appropriate services. This article explores the experiences of BAME patients with advanced disease and the response of the healthcare professionals who care for them. Key questions include cultural influences on symptoms of advanced disease, communication and the role of religion and spirituality.
An in-vitro–in-vivo taste assessment of bitter drug: comparative electronic tongues study
Authors: Maniruzzaman Mohammed , Douroumis Dennis
Published: September 2014

Objectives

The efficiency of the Astree e-tongue and Taste Sensing system TS5000Z for the evaluation of the taste masking effect of hot melt extruded formulations was investigated in this study.

Methods

Hot melt extrusion (HME) processing was optimized using Randcastle single screw extruder (USA) to manufacture extrudates with desirable characteristics. Cationic model drug propranolol HCl (PRP) was processed with the anionic polymers – Eudragit L100 (L100) and Eudragit L100-55 (Acryl-EZE). Solid state of the drug in polymer matrices was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry, particle size analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In-vitro taste masking efficiency of the two polymers was performed by using two different e-tongues (Astree e-tongue and TS5000Z). The results obtained from both e-tongues were further compared and contrast to find out the sensor outputs in all formulations.

Key findings

Solid state analysis of the extruded formulations revealed the presence of amorphous PRP. Both e-tongues were able to detect the taste masking variations of the extrudates and were in good agreement with the in-vivo results obtained from a panel of six healthy human volunteers (R2 > 0.84). However, each e-tongue sensor demonstrated different sensitivity, suggesting a careful consideration of the experimental findings during melt extrusion, is necessary for the development of taste-masked formulations. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy and NMR studies revealed possible drug polymer intermolecular interactions as the mechanism of successful taste masking.

Conclusions

HME can effectively be used to manufacture taste-masked extruded formulations, while both e-tongues demonstrated satisfactory taste analysis for the development of taste-masked formulations.
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: a mini‐review
Authors: El‐Shabrawi Mortada H. , Kamal Naglaa Mohamed , Kaerger Kerstin , Voigt Kerstin
Published: September 2014

Basidiobolus ranarum (Entomophthoromycotina) very rarely affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To date, reported paediatric GI basidiobolomycosis cases are 27 worldwide; 19 from Saudi Arabia and 8 from other parts of the world. Often these cases present a diagnostic dilemma, are prone to misdiagnosis and lack of disease confirmation by proper molecular methodologies. The fungal mass removed by surgery is usually sent for conciliar histopathology, isolation by fungal cultures and final molecular testing for basidiobolomycosis. The incidence of basidiobolomycoses, their predisposing factors and the molecular diagnosis of the fungus causing the disease in combination with a phylogenetic framework are reviewed.
Mucormycosis in India: unique features
Authors: Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Singh Rachna
Published: September 2014

Mucormycosis remains a devastating invasive fungal infection, with high mortality rates even after active management. The disease is being reported at an alarming frequency over the past decades from India. Indian mucormycosis has certain unique features. Rhino‐orbito‐cerebral presentation associated with uncontrolled diabetes is the predominant characteristic. Isolated renal mucormycosis has emerged as a new clinical entity. Apophysomyces elegans and Rhizopus homothallicus are emerging species in this region and uncommon agents such as Mucor irregularis and Thamnostylum lucknowense are also being reported. This review focuses on these distinct features of mucormycosis observed in India.
Mucormycosis in haematological patients: case report and results of prospective study in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Klimko Nikolay N. , Khostelidi Sofya N. , Volkova Alisya G. , Popova Marina O. , Bogomolova Tatyana S. , Zuborovskaya Ludmila S. , Kolbin Aleksey S. , Medvedeva Nadezhda V. , Zuzgin Ilya S. , Simkin Sergey M. , Vasilyeva Nataliya V. , Afanasiev Boris V.
Published: September 2014

We prospectively observed 36 haematological patients with mucormycosis from nine hospitals of St. Petersburg during 2004–2013. The most frequent underlying diseases were acute leukaemia (64%), and main risk factors were prolonged neutropenia (92%) and lymphocytopenia (86%). In 50% of the patients, mucormycosis was diagnosed 1–65 days after invasive aspergillosis. Main clinical form of mucormycosis was pulmonary (64%), while two or more organ involvement was noted in 50% of the cases. The most frequent aetiological agents of mucormycosis were Rhizopus spp. (48%). Twelve‐week survival rate was 50%. Combination therapy (echinocandins + amphotericin B forms) and recovery from the underlying disease significantly improved the survival rate.
THE INTERSECTIONS OF GENDER AND POWER IN WOMEN VETERANS’ EXPERIENCES OF SUBSTANCE USE AND VA CARE
Authors: Cheney Ann M. , Dunn Audrey , Booth Brenda M. , Frith Libby , Curran Geoffrey M.
Published: September 2014

In this article, we show that the Veterans Health Administration (VA), similar to military organizations, is a gendered organization where women Veterans’ experiences are embedded in and shaped by gender inequalities and structures of power. Based on an in‐depth analysis of women Veterans’ substance use histories and VA treatment seeking experiences, we illustrate how gender power dynamics are (re)produced and maintained through everyday social interactions and organizational practices and processes that render women Veterans both visible and invisible: visible as sexual objects and invisible as suffering subjects. By retelling the illness and treatment experiences of women Veterans with trauma histories and co‐occurring substance use and mental health disorders—a highly stigmatized population of Veterans—we highlight the importance of giving voice to their concerns when developing policies and programs to address the unique health care needs of women Veterans.
GENDERED SOCIAL ROOTS OF HOMELESSNESS AMONG WOMEN VETERANS
Authors: Hamilton Alison B. , Washington Donna L. , Zuchowski Jessica L.
Published: September 2014

Homelessness is one of the most challenging issues facing U.S. Veterans and those who serve Veterans. While the overall number of homeless Veterans is declining, the number of homeless women Veterans is increasing, with little clarity as to why. In previous work, we have examined pathways to homelessness among women Veterans, with a focus on proximal pathways, that is, how women perceived themselves to have become homeless at the time of the study. In this paper, we dig deeper into the roots of homelessness, specifically into the social institutional roots of homelessness. We examine women's focus group conversations about entering and experiencing the military, particularly with regard to the common occurrence of sexual violence and trauma before and during military service. Drawing on anthropological concepts, we conceptualize trauma at both an individual level as embodied in women's lived experiences, as well as at a collective, gendered level. Gendered traumatic experiences can accumulate over time, creating or reinforcing vulnerable pathways. For women Veterans, gender and the military are both social institutions that may act in combination to create gendered social roots of homelessness that are particular to women, and that may be relevant to the gender difference in prevalence of homelessness among Veterans.
ANTHROPOLOGISTS IN THE VA: A GENERATIVE FORCE
Authors: Sobo Elisa J.
Published: September 2014

Practicing anthropology within the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has, until recently, received little serious consideration as a respectable career option for anthropology postgraduates. But times are changing. Anthropologists employed by the VA are responsible for some of the most important and actionable anthropologically informed health research today. Far from being a marginal pursuit, VA anthropology is in fact a generative force for medical anthropology and, indeed, the discipline as a whole.
Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox 12 (ATHB12), a homeodomain‐leucine zipper protein, regulates leaf growth by promoting cell expansion and endoreduplication
Authors: Hur Yoon‐Sun , Um Ji‐Hyun , Kim Sunghan , Kim Kyunga , Park Hee‐Jung , Lim Jong‐Seok , Kim Woo‐Young , Jun Sang Eun , Yoon Eun Kyung , Lim Jun , Ohme‐Takagi Masaru , Kim Donggiun , Park Jongbum , Kim Gyung‐Tae , Cheon Choong‐Ill
Published: September 2014

Arabidopsis thaliana homeobox 12 (ATHB12), a homeodomain‐leucine zipper class I (HD‐Zip I) gene, is highly expressed in leaves and stems, and induced by abiotic stresses, but its role in development remains obscure.

To understand its function during plant development, we studied the effects of loss and gain of function. Expression of ATHB12 fused to the EAR‐motif repression domain (SRDX) – P35S::ATHB12SRDX (A12SRDX) and PATHB12::ATHB12SRDX – slowed both leaf and root growth, while the growth of ATHB12‐overexpressing seedlings (A12OX) was accelerated.

Microscopic examination revealed changes in the size and number of leaf cells. Ploidy was reduced in A12SRDX plants, accompanied by decreased cell expansion and increased cell numbers. By contrast, cell size was increased in A12OX plants, along with increased ploidy and elevated expression of cell cycle switch 52s (CCS52s), which are positive regulators of endoreduplication, indicating that ATHB12 promotes leaf cell expansion and endoreduplication. Overexpression of ATHB12 led to decreased phosphorylation of Arabidopsis thaliana ribosomal protein S6 (AtRPS6), a regulator of cell growth. In addition, induction of ATHB12 in the presence of cycloheximide increased the expression of several genes related to cell expansion, such as EXPANSIN A10 (EXPA10) and DWARF4 (DWF4).

Our findings strongly suggest that ATHB12 acts as a positive regulator of endoreduplication and cell growth during leaf development.
Specific Features of Early Stage of the Wound Healing Process Occurring Against the Background of Photodynamic Therapy Using Fotoditazin Photosensitizer–Amphiphilic Polymer Complexes
Authors: Rudenko Tatiana G. , Shekhter Anatoly B. , Guller Anna E. , Aksenova Nadezhda A. , Glagolev Nikolay N. , Ivanov Andrey V. , Aboyants Ruben K. , Kotova Svetlana L. , Solovieva Anna B.
Published: September 2014

There is a growing demand on the studies of the wound healing potentials of photodynamic therapy. Here we analyze the effects of Fotoditazin, an e6 chlorine derivative, and its complexes with amphiphilic polymers, on the early stage of wound healing in a rat model. A skin excision wound model with prevented contraction was developed in male albino rats divided into eight groups according to the treatment mode. All animals received injections of one of the studied compositions into their wound beds and underwent low‐intensity laser irradiation or stayed un‐irradiated. The clinical monitoring and histological examination of the wounds were performed. It has been found that all the Fotoditazin formulations have significant effects on the early stage of wound healing. The superposition of the inflammation and regeneration was the main difference between groups. The aqueous solution of Fotoditazin alone induced a significant capillary hemorrhage, while its combinations with amphiphilic polymers did not. The best clinical and morphological results were obtained for the Fotoditazin–Pluronic F127 composition. Compositions of Fotoditazin and amphiphilic polymers, especially Pluronic F127, probably, have a great potential for therapy of wounds. Their effects can be attributed to the increased regeneration and suppressed reactions changes at the early stages of repair.
A case of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma transformed from primary duodenal follicular lymphoma
Authors: Miyata‐Takata Tomoko , Takata Katsuyoshi , Sato Yasuharu , Taniguchi Kohei , Takahashi Yuka , Ohara Nobuya , Yoshino Tadashi
Published: September 2014

Primary intestinal follicular lymphoma (FL) is a variant of FL characterized by frequent duodenal involvement and a very indolent clinical behavior without therapy. Unlike nodal FL, there have been no reports of histologic transformation (HT) or death attributable to primary intestinal FL. Here, we report the first case of primary duodenal FL showing HT. A Grade 1 FL in the duodenum was incidentally detected in a 73‐year‐old man. A watch‐and‐wait strategy was adopted because the disease was stage IE. Six months later, bone marrow involvement was suspected. The intestinal lesions had not changed during the first year since the initial diagnosis. Sixty‐two months after the initial diagnosis, a biopsy specimen showed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A perforation of the intestine occurred before chemotherapy was started. Partial resection was performed and subsequent chemotherapy was administered. The clone of the initial FL and DLBCL were identical according to PCR analysis, indicating that the primary intestinal FL had transformed into DLBCL. Although HT is rare, it could occur in some patients with primary intestinal FL. Based on this case, it may be necessary to re‐evaluate the clinical watch‐and‐wait strategy for primary intestinal FL in some patients.
Safety and tolerability of immune globulin intravenous (human), 10% solution in Japanese subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Arai Heii , Ichimiya Yosuke , Shibata Nobuto , Nakajima Takashi , Sudoh Shinji , Tokuda Takahiko , Sujaku Tetsujo , Yokokawa Shigeyoshi , Hoshii Naoki , Noguchi Hideaki , Bille Anne
Published: September 2014

Background

Immune globulin intravenous (IGIV), 10% is a donor‐derived polyclonal human immunoglobulin G antibody mixture that has potent immune modulatory properties and contains conformation selective anti‐amyloid antibodies. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of multiple doses of IGIV, 10% in Japanese patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Among the 16 subjects, 12 subjects were assigned to the IGIV group and 4 subjects to the placebo group. Subjects received a total of six infusions of either IGIV at a dose of 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg, or placebo every 2 weeks.

Results

A total of 33 treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAE) occurred in 14 subjects: 13 TEAE in five subjects in both the IGIV 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg groups, and 7 TEAE in four subjects in the placebo group. The most common TEAE in the IGIV subjects were nasopharyngitis, injection‐site swelling, and erythema. All 26 TEAE in the IGIV group were considered to be mild. Only one mild TEAE (rash) was considered to be possibly related to the study drug. There were no significant differences in incidence of TEAE between the treatment groups. Four serious TEAE were reported, and all of these were considered to be unrelated to the study treatment. Other assessments related to safety revealed neither clinically significant abnormal values nor findings in the study.

Conclusion

IGIV is generally safe and well tolerated with multiple intravenous infusions at doses of 0.2 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg in Japanese patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.
When Nabokov Writes Badly: Aesthetics and Morality in Laughter in the Dark
Authors: NAIMAN ERIC
Published: September 2014

This article explores the role of bad writing in Nabokov's work, examining in particular the tension between morality and aesthetics in Laughter in the Dark, a novel that Nabokov made more aesthetically spare in his rendition of its Russian forerunner (Kamera obscura) into English. The novel should be read as a polemic with Tolstoy's manifesto on “good,” “bad,” “fake” and “perverted” art, Chto takoe iskusstvo? Although several scholars have already discussed the place of Anna Karenina in Nabokov's novel, this article investigates that dynamic in far greater depth and suggests that Nabokov used Tolstoy's masterpiece as part of an attempt to undermine his predecessor's prescriptions for art. In drawing on Anna Karenina as a touchstone for his novel, Nabokov essentially took Tolstoy's criteria for identifying fake art and used them as the basis for his own flirtation with bad writing. This article shows that in Laughter in the Dark, Nabokov had already embarked on his mission to “kick the glorified soapbox from under [Tolstoy's] sandaled feet and then lock him up in a stone house on a desert island with gallons of ink and reams of paper–far away from the things, ethical and pedagogical, that diverted his attention from observing the way the dark hair curled above Anna's white neck.” The result is a cross‐examination of Tolstoy by the use of his own novel, an interrogation that celebrates Tolstoy's mature artistry while mocking his overripe aesthetics.