bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analytic investigation of consumer over‐indebtedness: The role of impulsivity
Authors: Frigerio Marco , Ottaviani Cristina , Vandone Daniela
Published: February 2020

In the past decade, evidence has been accumulated on the relationship between impulsivity and over‐indebtedness. Nevertheless, the magnitude of such association is still considered marginal compared to traditional socio‐demographic and economic factors, with the important consequence that impulsivity continues to be ignored in policy interventions for preventing and dealing with over‐indebtedness. The aim of this study was to meta‐analyse existing studies to answer the question: Are higher levels of impulsivity associated with greater over‐indebtedness? Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for English language studies. Seventeen studies were eligible for the analysis. The random effect model yielded a significant positive association between impulsivity and over‐indebtedness (Hedges' g = .40). Type of over‐indebtedness (debt holding vs. unmanageable debt) and work status (percentage of employed individuals) significantly moderated this association. Results are discussed in terms of implications and recommendations for future research, policy and practice.
Fatty acid profile, physiochemical properties and oxidative stability of ewe’s sausage as affected by distillated myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaves’ intake
Authors: Tibaoui Souha , Essid Ines , Smeti Samir , Bertolin Juan Ramon , Joy Margalida , Atti Naziha
Published: February 2020

The effects of distilled myrtle leaves (DML) intake on physiochemical traits, fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation of ewe’s sausage (Merguez) were investigated. Twenty‐seven ewes were divided into three homogenous groups. Ewes were fed hay and concentrate for control group (C). They received concentrate and M‐Hay pellets, containing 87% DML, as substitute to hay in MH group; for MC group, ewes received hay, concentrate and M‐Conc pellets having 30% DML in partial substitution to concentrate. They were slaughtered at the end of trial (90 days) with an average body weight of 42 kg. DML did not affect the physicochemical and sensory properties (P > 0.05) of Merguez; whereas, it increased lipid oxidative stability (P < 0.05). MH group showed the highest values of α‐tocopherol content, C18:2‐n6 fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. DML could be used in animal feeding to obtain higher meat product quality with better fatty acids content and antioxidant potential.
A randomized controlled trial of a nurse‐led education pathway for asthmatic children from outpatient to home
Authors: Gao Guozhen , Liao Yaoji , Mo Lulu , Gong Yucui , Shao Xia , Li Jinying
Published: February 2020

Background

Education for asthmatic children in the outpatient department is insufficient.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of a nurse‐led education pathway, a standard education programme, on children with asthma.

Methods

One hundred and eighty participants enrolled and were randomly assigned to either the control group or the intervention group. The intervention group received predetermined step‐by‐step education sessions based on the self‐designed education pathway, while the control group received usual care. Asthma control, health‐related quality of life, and health‐care utilization measures were taken at baseline and at follow‐up visits between February 2016 and May 2018.

Results

Significantly higher scores for health‐related quality of life and inhaler technique at the third‐month visit and asthma control test at the sixth‐month visit were seen in the intervention group. The numbers of unscheduled physician visits and school absences were lower in the intervention group than in the control group within 6 months. However, no significant differences were observed in emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Conclusion

The nurse‐led education pathway could be considered effective for children with asthma visiting the outpatient department.
Synthesis of blue‐emitting AlN:Eu2+ spherical phosphors by carbothermal reduction nitridation method
Authors: Li Sen , Zhang Jie , Tian Zhaobo , Yuan Xuanyi , Du Songmo , Wang Qi , Cao Wenbin
Published: February 2020

In this study, blue‐emitting AlN:Eu2+ spherical phosphors were successfully synthesized for the first time by the carbothermal reduction nitridation (CRN) method, assisted with high nitrogen pressure, appropriate synthesis temperature, and the addition of CaF2. The influence of typical experimental parameters, such as N2 pressure, heating temperature, CaF2 content and Eu2+ concentration on the morphologies and luminescence properties of AlN phosphors were comprehensively investigated. The formation mechanism of spherical morphology were significantly proffered, indicating that sufficient liquid Ca‐aluminates during the AlN growth stage were essential for the spheroidization process under the action of surface tension. The synthesized AlN:Eu2+ spherical phosphors presented an intense blue emission band centered in the range of 427‐ 476 nm relative to the reaction temperature. The lifetime of AlN:Eu2+ phosphor was calculated to be around 1.89 μs. The temperature‐dependent PL spectra suggested that the emission band did not shift until 225°C. In addition, the spectral analysis strongly suggested that the luminescence property of AlN:Eu2+ phosphors was significantly enhanced by the large particle size, spherical morphology, reduced impurity content, and appropriate Eu2+ concentration.
The Capitalist Cage: Structural Domination and Collective Agency in the Market
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas
Published: February 2020

This article develops and defends a triadic account of structural domination, according to which structural domination (e.g. patriarchy, white supremacy, capitalism) is a triadic relation between dominator(s), dominated, and regulator(s)—the constitutive domination dyad plus those roles and norms expressively upholding it. The article elaborates on the relationship between structure and agency from the perspective of both oppressor and oppressed and discusses the deduction of the concept of the capitalist state from the concept of capitalism. On the basis of these definitions, it shows that structural domination under capitalism presupposes collective power but no joint agency or shared intentions on the part of the dominators.
Electrophysiological characteristics and clinical values of left bundle branch current of injury in left bundle branch pacing
Authors: Su Lan , Xu Tiancheng , Cai Mengxing , Xu Lei , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi , Sharma Parikshit S. , Chen Xiao , Zheng Rujie , Wu Shengjie , Huang Weijian
Published: February 2020

Background

Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) is emerging as a novel option for physiological ventricular pacing. The impact of current of injury (COI) at left bundle branch (LBB) has not been previously evaluated.

Methods

Consecutive patients with QRS duration less than 120 milliseconds referred for LBBP in whom LBB potentials were recorded were included from August 2018 to March 2019. We recorded LBB COI during LBBP and assessed its impact on the pacing parameters and complications during implantation and at short term follow‐up.

Results

A total of 115 patients with an identifiable LBB potential at implant were included. LBB COI was confirmed in 77 (67.0%) of these patients. Three types of LBB COI were observed. LBB was captured in all patients at a pacing threshold less than 1.5 V/0.5 ms in COI(+) patients, while present in only 29 patients without an LBB COI(−) (100% vs 76.3%; P < .001). There was no significant difference between COI(+) and COI(−) patients in LBB bundle capture threshold (0.64 ± 0.24 vs 0.74 ± 0.26 V/0.5 ms). Selective LBBP was more common in COI(+) group than COI(−) group (54.5% vs 0%; P < .001). Pacing parameters were stable and no lead perforation or dislodgements were observed during follow‐up.

Conclusions

LBB COI is commonly observed during LBBP in cases with an identifiable LBB potential and can be associated with a low LBB capture threshold and demonstrable selective capture of the LBB acutely and during follow‐up. A COI does not preclude safe and stable LBBP pacing.
Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Marco del Castillo Alvaro , Jepsen Søren , Gonzalez‐Juanatey Jose R. , D’Aiuto Francesco , Bouchard Philippe , Chapple Iain , Dietrich Thomas , Gotsman Israel , Graziani Filippo , Herrera David , Loos Bruno , Madianos Phoebus , Michel Jean‐Baptiste , Perel Pablo , Pieske Burkert , Shapira Lior , Shechter Michael , Tonetti Maurizio , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Wimmer Gernot
Published: February 2020

Background

In Europe cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for 3.9 million deaths (45% of deaths), being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension (leading to heart failure) the major cause of these CVD related deaths. Periodontitis is also a chronic non‐communicable disease (NCD) with a high prevalence, being severe periodontitis, affecting 11.2% of the world's population, the sixth most common human disease.

Material and Methods

There is now a significant body of evidence to support independent associations between severe periodontitis and several NCDs, in particular CVD. In 2012 a joint workshop was held between the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the American Academy of Periodontology to review the literature relating periodontitis and systemic diseases, including CVD. In the last five years important new scientific information has emerged providing important emerging evidence to support these associations

Results and Conclusions

The present review reports the proceedings of the workshop jointly organised by the EFP and the World Heart Federation (WHF), which has updated the existing epidemiological evidence for significant associations between periodontitis and CVD, the mechanistic links and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular and surrogate outcomes. This review has also focused on the potential risk and complications of periodontal therapy in patients on anti thrombotic therapy and has made recommendations for dentists, physicians and for patients visiting both the dental and medical practices.
Critical synthesis of available data in Malassezia folliculitis and a systematic review of treatments
Authors: Vlachos C. , Henning M.A.S. , Gaitanis G. , Faergemann J. , Saunte D.M.
Published: February 2020

Folliculitis is an inflammatory process involving the hair follicle, frequently attributed to infectious causes. Malassezia, an established symbiotic yeast that can evolve to a skin pathogen with opportunistic attributes, is a common source of folliculitis, especially when intrinsic (e.g. immunosuppression) or extrinsic (high ambient temperature and humidity, clothing) impact on the hair follicle and the overlying skin microenvironment. Our aim was to critically review the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of Malassezia folliculitis, to describe laboratory methods that facilitate diagnosis and to systematically review treatment options. Malassezia folliculitis manifests as a pruritic, follicular papulopustular eruption distributed on the upper trunk. It commonly affects young to middle‐aged adults and immunosuppressed individuals. Inclusion into the differential diagnosis of folliculitis is regularly oversighted, and the prerequisite‐targeted diagnostic procedures are not always performed. Sampling by tape stripping or comedo extractor and microscopic examination of the sample usually identifies the monopolar budding yeast cells of Malassezia without the presence of hyphae. However, confirmation of the diagnosis with anatomical association with the hair follicle is performed by biopsy. For systematic review of therapies, PubMed was searched using the search string “(malassezia” [MeSH Terms] OR “malassezia” [All Fields] OR pityrosporum [All Fields]) AND “folliculitis” [MeSH Terms] and EMBASE was searched using the search string: ‘malassezia folliculitis.mp OR pityrosporum folliculitis.mp’. In total, 28 full‐length studies were assessed for eligibility and 21 were selected for inclusion in therapy evaluation. Conclusively Malassezia folliculitis should be considered in the assessment of truncal, follicular skin lesions. Patient's history, comorbidities and clinical presentation are usually indicative, but microscopically and histological examination is needed to confirm the diagnosis. Adequate samples obtained with comedo extractor and serial sections in the histological material are critical for proper diagnosis. Therapy should include systemic or topical measures for the control of the inflammation, as well as the prevention of recurrences.
Fast‐start escape performance across temperature and salinity gradients in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Collar David C. , Thompson Jessica S. , Ralston Tyler C. , Hobbs Trevor J.
Published: February 2020

Fast‐start predator‐escape performance of mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus was tested across field‐informed variation in temperature (24, 30 and 36°C) and salinity (2, 12 and 32 ppt). Performance was similar across temperatures and salinities when fish were allowed to acclimate to these conditions. However, when mummichogs experienced acute temperature changes, performance exhibited thermal dependence in two contrasting ways. Fast‐start turning rates and linear speeds varied directly with the temperature at which the manoeuvre was executed, but these aspects of performance varied inversely with acclimation temperature, with cool‐acclimated fish exhibiting faster starts across test temperatures. Temperature effects were consistent across salinities. These results suggest that while mummichogs increase performance with acute temperature increases, long‐term rises in sea temperature may cause these fish to become more susceptible to predation during abrupt cooling events, such as when storm events flood shallow water estuaries with cool rainwater.
Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the concepts in the circular economy
Authors: Morseletto Piero
Published: February 2020

The most recognized definition of the circular economy is that it is a restorative and regenerative economy. Despite the wide use and importance attributed to the concepts of “restoration” and “regeneration,” they are rarely defined or explained in the circular economy literature. In this context, this study critically examines the two terms, while providing guidance on their future utilization and development. Specifically, the study investigates the origin of the concepts, their adoption in frameworks that anticipated the idea of the circular economy, and their connotations in the circular economy literature. The examination supports the need for clear and distinct definitions, combined with precision in usage. From a review of the literature, restoration is a better‐defined concept than regeneration, although it needs conceptual re‐enforcement relative to the biological/ecological aspects of the circular economy. This study suggests looking in the direction of restoration ecology, a well‐established branch of ecological research. Conversely, regeneration is a symbolic/evocative term with little practical application in the context of circular systems except in the case of certain agricultural practices. Until new conceptual developments intervene, regeneration does not seem to be applicable to the economy as a whole and because of this, might be abandoned as a guiding principle of the circular economy. Unlike regeneration, restoration can be considered a core principle because it has widespread application and can be a point of reference for circular applications. This does not preclude the possibility that other concepts may be needed to augment restoration.
Nicotinic α7 receptor‐induced adenosine release from perisynaptic Schwann cells controls acetylcholine spillover from motor endplates
Authors: Noronha‐Matos José B. , Oliveira Laura , Peixoto Ana R. , Almeida Liliana , Castellão‐Santana Lilian Martins , Ambiel Célia R. , Alves‐do Prado Wilson , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo
Published: February 2020

Acetylcholine (ACh) spillover from motor endplates occurs after neuronal firing bursts being potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., neostigmine). Nicotinic α7 receptors (α7nAChR) on perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) can control ACh spillover by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that adenosine might be the gliotransmitter underlying PSCs‐nerve terminal communication. Rat isolated hemidiaphragm preparations were used to measure (1) the outflow of [3H]ACh, (2) real‐time transmitter exocytosis by video‐microscopy with the FM4‐64 fluorescent dye, and (3) skeletal muscle contractions during high‐frequency (50 Hz) nerve stimulation bursts in the presence of a selective α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, or upon inhibition of cholinesterase activity with neostigmine. To confirm our prediction that α7nAChR‐mediated effects require direct activation of PSCs, we used fluorescence video‐microscopy in the real‐time mode to measure PNU 282987‐induced [Ca2+]i transients from Fluo‐4 NW loaded PSCs in non‐stimulated preparations. The α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, decreased nerve‐evoked diaphragm tetanic contractions. PNU 282987‐induced inhibition was mimicked by neostigmine and results from the reduction of ACh exocytosis measured as decreases in [3H]ACh release and FM4‐64 fluorescent dye unloading. Methyllycaconitine blockage of α7nAChR and the fluoroacetate gliotoxin both prevented inhibition of nerve‐evoked ACh release and PSCs [Ca2+]i transients triggered by PNU 282987 and neostigmine. Adenosine deamination, inhibition of the ENT1 nucleoside outflow, and blockage of A1 receptors prevented PNU 282987‐induced inhibition of transmitter release. Data suggest that α7nAChR controls tetanic‐induced ACh spillover from the neuromuscular synapse by promoting adenosine outflow from PSCs via ENT1 transporters and retrograde activation of presynaptic A1 inhibitory receptors.

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Intense focused ultrasound for neck and lower face skin tightening a prospective study
Authors: Friedman Or , Isman Gila , Koren Amir , Shoshany Hadas , Sprecher Eli , Artzi Ofir
Published: February 2020

Background

Intense focused ultrasound (IFUS) is a Nonablative skin tightening technology with good safety profile, but limited efficacy. Most clinical studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of the Ulthera IFUS (Ulthera, Mesa, AZ) in treating redundant skin.

Objective

To report our experience with Doublo IFUS (Doublo™, HIRONIC Co.) for treating neck and lower face laxity.

Methods

This is a prospective study of 43 patients with neck and lower facial laxity treated using IFUS. Response was assessed by two independent dermatologists and graded on a scale of 0 (exacerbation) to 5 (75%‐100% improvement). Patient's level of “sagging” and “volume loss”, satisfaction and tolerance were documented.

Results

Nine subjects (52.9%) mentioned some improvement. Erythema and edema were acute and transient responses.

Conclusion

Ultrasound appears to be a safe modality for facial skin tightening in selected patients with minor skin sagging and no volume discrepancy.
Exploring the role of extracellular matrix proteins to develop biomarkers of plaque vulnerability and outcome
Authors: Holm Nielsen S. , Jonasson L. , Kalogeropoulos K. , Karsdal M. A. , Reese‐Petersen A. L. , auf dem Keller U. , Genovese F. , Nilsson J. , Goncalves I.
Published: February 2020

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. One underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease characterized by plaques of retained lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the arterial wall. The biologic composition of an atherosclerotic plaque determines whether the plaque is more or less vulnerable, that is prone to rupture or erosion. Here, the ECM and tissue repair play an important role in plaque stability, vulnerability and progression. This review will focus on ECM remodelling in atherosclerotic plaques, with focus on how ECM biomarkers might predict plaque vulnerability and outcome.
Quetiapine dose optimisation during gestation: a pharmacokinetic modelling study
Authors: Badhan Raj K S , Macfarlane Hannah
Published: February 2020

Objectives

The second-generation antipsychotic quetiapine has been demonstrated to undergo gestation-related changes in pharmacokinetics. This study applied pharmacokinetic modelling principles to investigate the mechanism of these changes and to propose new dosing strategies to counteract these changes.

Methods

A pharmacokinetic modelling approach was implemented using virtual population groups. Changes in quetiapine trough plasma concentration during gestation were quantified across all trimesters, and dose adjustment strategies were applied to counteract these changes by targeting a therapeutic range of 50–500 ng/ml throughout gestation.

Key findings

The application of the model during gestation predicted a decrease in trough concentration. A maximum decrease of 58% was predicted during trimester 2, and being associated with a statistically significant decrease in oral clearance at gestation week 25, 204 l/h ± 100.8 l/h compared with non-pregnant subjects, 121.9 l/h ± 51.8 l/h. A dosing optimisation strategy identified that dose increases to 500–700 mg twice daily would result in 32–55% of subjects possessing trough concentration in excess of 50 ng/ml.

Conclusions

Quetiapine doses in pregnancy should be increased to 500–700 mg twice daily to counteract a concomitant increase in metabolic clearance, increase in volume of distribution and decrease in plasma protein binding.
The Politics of Religious Nones
Authors: Schwadel Philip
Published: February 2020

Americans with no religious affiliation (aka religious “Nones”) are not a politically homogeneous community. Just as there are political differences between groups of Christians, there are political differences between groups of religious Nones. I use nationally representative survey data to examine the political activities and perspectives of atheists, agnostics, and those who are “nothing in particular.” Results show that Americans who report that their religion is nothing in particular are relatively uninterested in politics and unlikely to be politically active; atheists are relatively liberal and likely to experience political conflict and follow political news; and agnostics are particularly likely to vote and feel politically isolated from their families. In many ways, the “softer” secularism of those who are nothing in particular is politically more similar to religious affiliates than the “harder” secularism of agnostics and especially atheists. These results have important implications for the future of American politics as Nones now have the potential to rival evangelical Protestants as a politically relevant constituency.
The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol and detomidine dosed in combination compared with individual dose administrations to exercised horses
Authors: Paine Stuart W. , Bright Jane , Scarth James P. , Hincks Pamela R. , Pearce Clive M. , Hannan Colette , Machnik Marc , Hillyer Lynn
Published: February 2020

In equine and racing practice, detomidine and butorphanol are commonly used in combination for their sedative properties. The aim of the study was to produce detection times to better inform European veterinary surgeons, so that both drugs can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Three independent groups of 7, 8 and 6 horses, respectively, were given either a single intravenous administration of butorphanol (100 µg/kg), a single intravenous administration of detomidine (10 µg/kg) or a combination of both at 25 (butorphanol) and 10 (detomidine) µg/kg. Plasma and urine concentrations of butorphanol, detomidine and 3‐hydroxydetomidine at predetermined time points were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol dosed individually compared with co‐administration with detomidine had approximately a twofold larger clearance (646 ± 137 vs. 380 ± 86 ml hr−1 kg−1) but similar terminal half‐life (5.21 ± 1.56 vs. 5.43 ± 0.44 hr). Pseudo‐steady‐state urine to plasma butorphanol concentration ratios were 730 and 560, respectively. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of detomidine dosed as a single administration compared with co‐administration with butorphanol had similar clearance (3,278 ± 1,412 vs. 2,519 ± 630 ml hr−1 kg−1) but a slightly shorter terminal half‐life (0.57 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.11 hr). Pseudo‐steady‐state urine to plasma detomidine concentration ratios are 4 and 8, respectively. The 3‐hydroxy metabolite of detomidine was detected for at least 35 hr in urine from both the single and co‐administrations. Detection times of 72 and 48 hr are recommended for the control of butorphanol and detomidine, respectively, in horseracing and equestrian competitions.
Effect of Firms’ Age on Their Use of Highly Skilled Workers
Authors: Børing Pål
Published: February 2020

We aim to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship by examining the relationship between firms’ age and their use of highly skilled workers, measured by employees with higher education. A panel data set of Norwegian firms is used. Based on population‐averaged panel data regression, we find that newly established firms have a higher proportion of highly skilled workers than incumbent firms. A sensitivity analysis shows that this result holds for different correlation structures in the panel data, different calculations of employees’ age, and whether the explanatory variables are lagged in order to reduce the potential endogeneity of these variables. The result can be explained by the fact that the capital intensity is higher in newly founded firms than in incumbent firms and that the proportion of highly skilled workers is positively correlated with the capital intensity in firms.
Spatial variation of abundant picoeukaryotes in the subtropical Kuroshio Current in winter
Authors: Chan Ya‐Fan , Chung Chih‐Ching , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Hsu Ching‐Wei
Published: February 2020

To understand the importance of picoeukaryotes in the biogeochemical cycle in the subtropical Kuroshio Current, a year‐round survey of the hydrography and the distribution of picoeukaryotes were conducted in four oceanographic cruises from October 2012 to July 2013. In comparison with other seasons, the highest abundancy of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, with concentrations >104 cells/ml, was observed around the eastern boundary of the Kuroshio in the winter. Accordingly, the composition of picoeukaryotes in this cold season was further studied by a metabarcoding analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. The majority of picoeukaryotes comprised Alveolata, followed by Haptophyta and Stramenopiles. Their composition was diverse in the waters affected by the Kuroshio and in the offshore province. For Haptophyta, in contrast to clade A prevailing in the Kuroshio waters, clade B1, which was considered the host of uncultivated diazotrophic cyanobacterium group A (UCYN‐A), appeared only in the offshore area. Similarly, in Stramenopiles, Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. and MAST‐1D, respectively, dominated in the Kuroshio‐influenced and offshore areas. While Alveolata was the most abundant group, the distributions of all lineages were similar. The association between picoeukaryote succession and hydrographic change is yet to be fully understood. Our results will assist future studies on the community composition of picoplankton and their relationship with marine ecology in the region.
Environmental plasticity and colonisation history in the Atlantic salmon microbiome: A translocation experiment
Authors: Uren Webster Tamsyn M. , Rodriguez‐Barreto Deiene , Castaldo Giovanni , Gough Peter , Consuegra Sofia , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos
Published: February 2020

Microbial communities associated with the gut and the skin are strongly influenced by environmental factors, and can rapidly adapt to change. Historical processes may also affect the microbiome. In particular, variation in microbial colonisation in early life has the potential to induce lasting effects on microbial assemblages. However, little is known about the relative extent of microbiome plasticity or the importance of historical colonisation effects following environmental change, especially for nonmammalian species. To investigate this we performed a reciprocal translocation of Atlantic salmon between artificial and semi‐natural conditions. Wild and hatchery‐reared fry were transferred to three common garden experimental environments for 6 weeks: standard hatchery conditions, hatchery conditions with an enriched diet, and simulated wild conditions. We characterized the faecal and skin microbiome of individual fish before and after the environmental translocation, using a BACI (before‐after‐control‐impact) design. We found evidence of extensive microbiome plasticity for both the gut and skin, with the greatest changes in alpha and beta diversity associated with the largest changes in environment and diet. Microbiome richness and diversity were entirely determined by environment, with no detectable effects of fish origin, and there was also a near‐complete turnover in microbiome structure. However, we also identified, for the first time in fish, evidence of historical colonisation effects reflecting early‐life experience, including ASVs characteristic of captive rearing. These results have important implications for host adaptation to local selective pressures, and highlight how conditions experienced during early life can have a long‐term influence on the microbiome and, potentially, host health.
Putting soil invertebrate diversity on the map
Authors: Phillips Helen R.P. , Heintz‐Buschart Anna , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: February 2020

Ecologists have had a very good foundational knowledge of the global distribution of plants and aboveground animals for many decades. But despite the immense diversity of soil organisms, our knowledge of the global distribution, drivers and threats to soil biodiversity is very limited. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bastida et al. (2020) produce the first global maps of soil invertebrate diversity that have been sampled at 83 locations, across six continents, using standardised methods and DNA sequencing. Using data from nematodes, arachnids and rotifers, and structural equation models, they find that diversity of these taxa is primarily driven by vegetation and climate. Given the anthropogenic changes that are occurring, and are projected to continue, this study provides important baseline information for future soil biodiversity and function monitoring, as well as exciting working hypotheses for targeted experiments.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis treatment duration in haematology patients in Europe: An EFISG, IDWP‐EBMT, EORTC‐IDG and SEIFEM survey
Authors: Lanternier Fanny , Seidel Danila , Pagano Livio , Styczynski Jan , Mikulska Malgorzata , Pulcini Celine , Maertens Johan , Munoz Patricia , Garcia‐Vidal Carol , Rijnders Bart , Arendrup Maiken Cavling , Sabino Raquel , Verissimo Cristina , Gaustad Peter , Klimko Nikolay , Arikan‐Akdagli Sevtap , Arsic Valentina , Barac Aleksandra , Skiada Anna , Klingspor Lena , Herbrecht Raoul , Donnelly Peter , Cornely Oliver A. , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Lortholary Olivier
Published: February 2020

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) optimal duration of antifungal treatment is not known. In a joint effort, four international scientific societies/groups performed a survey to capture current practices in European haematology centres regarding management of IPA. We conducted a cross‐sectional internet‐based questionnaire survey in 2017 to assess practices in sixteen European countries concerning IPA management in haematology patients including tools to evaluate treatment response, duration and discontinuation. The following four groups/societies were involved in the project: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG), Infectious Diseases Working Party‐European Society for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (IDWP‐EBMT), European Organisation for Research and Treatment‐Infectious Disease group (EORTC‐IDG) and Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni nelle Emopatie (SEIFEM). A total of 112 physicians from 14/16 countries answered the survey. Galactomannan antigen was available in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage in most centres (106/112 [95%] and 97/112 [87%], respectively), quantitative Aspergillus PCR in 27/112 (24%) centres, β‐D‐glucan in 24/112 (21%) and positron emission tomography in 50/112 (45%). Treatment duration differed between haematological malignancies, with a median duration of 6 weeks [IQR 3‐12] for patients with AML, 11 [4‐12] for patients with allogenic stem cell transplantation and GvHD and 6 [3‐12] for patients with lymphoproliferative disease. Treatment duration significantly differed according to country. Essential IPA biomarkers are not available in all European countries, and treatment duration is highly variable according to country. It will be important to provide guidelines to help with IPA treatment cessation with algorithms according to biomarker availability.
New insights on evolutionary aspects of Pythium insidiosum and other peronosporaleans
Authors: Weiblen Carla , Robe Lizandra Jaqueline , de Azevedo Maria Isabel , Ianiski Lara Baccarin , Stibbe Paula Cristina , Ribeiro Tatiana Correa , Zanette Régis Adriel , Pereira Daniela Isabel Brayer , Santurio Janio Morais , Botton Sônia de Avila
Published: February 2020

Background

The evolution of pathogenic mechanisms is a major challenge, which requires a thorough comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships of pathogens. Peronosporaleans encompasses a heterogeneous group of oomycetes that includes some animal/human pathogens, like Pythium insidiosum.

Objective

We analysed here the phylogenetic positioning and other evolutionary aspects related to this species and other peronosporaleans, using a multi‐locus approach with one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes.

Methodology

Phylogenetic patterns of 55 oomycetes were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, and a relaxed molecular clock method was applied to infer the divergence time of some peronosporaleans branches.

Results

Pythium insidiosum was monophyletic with a major and polytomous clade of American isolates; however, Pythium spp. was found to be paraphyletic with Phytopythium sp. and Phytophthora spp. In general, peronosporaleans subdivided into four lineages, one of which evidenced a close relationship of P insidiosum, P aphanidermatum and P arrhenomanes. This lineage diverged about 63 million years ago (Mya), whereas P insidiosum diversified at approximately 24 Mya. The divergence of American and Thai isolates seems to have occurred at approximately 17 Mya, with further American diversification at 2.4 Mya.

Conclusion

Overall, this study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of P insidiosum regarding other peronosporaleans in a multi‐locus perspective, despite previous claims that phylogenomic analyses are needed to accurately infer the patterns and processes related to the evolution of different lineages in this group. Additionally, this is the first time that a molecular clock was applied to study the evolution of P insidiosum.
Supplying Theology's Missing Link
Authors: Brown David
Published: February 2020

This essay argues that there is a serious deficiency in all sub-disciplines of theology, in their failure to ask the further question of how any of them might then seriously engage the believer in their conclusions. Philosophy of religion, biblical studies and systematic theology are surveyed in turn, to explore further the nature of this missing link, in imaginative engagement. While visual art is used to illustrate how this could be provided, it is not claimed that this is the only way that this could be achieved, only that it is a largely ignored dimension in much contemporary discussion of the arts.
Grammar of Dissent? Theology and the Language of Religious Education
Authors: Towey Anthony
Published: February 2020

The prosperity of theology at Universities in this country is, for better or worse, linked to the prosperity or otherwise of Religious Education in the nation's schools where pupils first learn the grammar and vocabulary of belief. Yet despite one of the aspirations of recent reforms of the subject being to harmonize student transition from secondary to tertiary level, other voices have been raised which question the validity of that project. This article considers why religious education is currently such a contested pedagogical space, what kind of alternatives are being proposed and why Newman's Idea of a University and an ‘inclusive’ understanding of Theology might inform a coherent Catholic response.
Increased capture threshold in permanent His‐bundle pacing associated with flecainide
Authors: Jiang Michael , Wasserlauf Jeremiah , Knight Bradley P , Verma Nishant
Published: February 2020

A 64‐year‐old man underwent implantation of a permanent His‐bundle pacemaker. A marked rise in the selective His‐bundle capture threshold was noted 1 month after the patient started flecainide acetate for rhythm control of recurrent, symptomatic atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. The capture threshold subsequently normalized 4 days after discontinuing flecainide and switching to dofetilide. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a rise in selective His‐bundle capture threshold associated with flecainide acetate. Further studies are needed to characterize this association which could result in higher capture thresholds, decreased battery longevity, and mimic His‐bundle lead failure.
Indole‐3‐acetate beta‐glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU regulates seed vigour through mediating crosstalk between auxin and abscisic acid in rice
Authors: He Yongqi , Zhao Jia , Yang Bin , Sun Shan , Peng Liling , Wang Zhoufei
Published: February 2020

Seed vigour is an important trait for direct seeding in rice. In this study, indole‐3‐acetate beta‐glucosyltransferase OsIAGLU was cloned in rice, and its roles on seed vigour were mainly investigated. Disruption of OsIAGLU resulted in low seed vigour in rice. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis showed that the expressions of OsIAGLU were relatively higher in the late developing and the early germinating seeds and were significantly induced by indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Transcriptome analysis revealed that the IAA‐ and ABA‐related genes were involved in the OsIAGLU regulation of seed vigour in rice. The higher levels of free IAA and ABA were identified in germinating seeds of osiaglu mutants compared to wild‐type (WT) plants. When treated with exogenous IAA and ABA, the osiaglu mutants and WT plants showed sensitivity to ABA while not IAA, but the exogenous IAA amplified ABA‐induced reduction of seed vigour in rice. The continuously higher expressions of ABA‐INSENSITIVE 3 (OsABI3) and OsABI5 occurred in germinating seeds of osiaglu mutants compared to WT plants. The regulation of seed vigour by OsIAGLU might be through modulating IAA and ABA levels to alert OsABIs expression in germinating seeds in rice. Based on analysis of single‐nucleotide polymorphism data of rice accessions, two haplotypes of OsIAGLU that positively correlated with seed vigour were identified in indica accessions. This study provides important insights into the roles of OsIAGLU on seed vigour and facilitates the practical use of OsIAGLU in rice breeding.
Factors associated with sleep duration among pupils
Authors: Kohyama Jun , Ono Makoto , Anzai Yuki , Kishino Ai , Tamanuki Keita , Moriyama Kengo , Saito Yoko , Emoto Runa , Fuse George , Hatai Yoshiho
Published: February 2020

Background

Sleep shortage has been pervasive among pupils.

Methods

Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze 2,722 questionnaires obtained from grade 5 to 12 pupils, to determine factors associated with sleep duration.

Results

Significant regression formulae for sleep duration were obtained for all school types: adjustedR2/Pvalue were 0.14/<0.001 for elementary school; 0.11/<0.001 for junior high school; 0.06/<0.001 for high school. Longer after‐school activities (standardized regression coefficient/Pvalue were −0.22/<0.001 for elementary school; −0.10/<0.01 for junior high school; −0.18/<0.001 for high school) and more sleepiness (−0.09/<0.001 for elementary school; −0.07/<0.05 for junior high school; −0.07/<0.05 for high school) were significantly associated with reduced sleep duration for all school types. In both elementary and junior high schools, the higher grade (−0.53/<0.001 for elementary school; −0.10/<0.01 for junior high school), and longer weekday screen time (−0.15/<0.001 for elementary school; −0.19/<0.001 for junior high school) were also significantly associated with sleep loss. In elementary school, irregular dinner (−0.07/<0.05), breakfast skipping (−0.11/<0.001), longer weekend screen time (−0.09/<0.05) and better self‐reported academic performance (0.07/<0.05) also revealed significant associations with sleep loss. In high school, reduction of sleep duration was also significantly associated with higher standardized body mass index (−0.08/<0.05).

Conclusions

Excessive after‐school activity might be considered in association with pupils’ sleep reduction.
The role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and Epstein‐Barr virus infection on the treatment for child primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients with X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease: A rare case report and family survey study
Authors: Cui Tingting , Wang Yini , Wang Jingshi , Zhang Jia , Gao Zhuo , Wang Zhao
Published: February 2020

XLP‐2 is known as a rare primary immunodeficiency disease, which is characterized by the susceptibility to EBV infection and potential development into the pHLH. The existing studies believe that the dysfunction of XIAP represents one of the most significant pathogenic mechanisms of XLP‐2, and allo‐HSCT is regarded as a crucial treatment for the long‐term survival in XLP‐2 patients. In our present study, a 2‐year‐old male patient was diagnosed with XLP‐2. After receiving chemotherapy by using HLH‐2004 without allo‐HSCT, he reached a complete remission, and his EBV load was brought under control. Our family survey revealed a novel frameshift mutation in the XIAP gene in this patient, as well as in his cousin and grandfather. Until now, the patient has been followed up for 22 months with no recurrence reported yet. Based on these findings, it is believed that for child pHLH patients with XLP‐2, the treatment by controlling symptoms alone without allo‐HSCT and with regular monitoring of EBV load could be conducive to a long‐term survival.
Polyploidy affects the seed, dormancy and seedling characteristics of a perennial grass, conferring an advantage in stressful climates
Authors: Stevens A. V. , Nicotra A. B. , Godfree R. C. , Guja L. K.
Published: February 2020

Polyploidy (the state of having more than two genome copies) is widely distributed in flowering plants and can vary within species, with polyploid races often associated with broad ecological tolerances. Polyploidy may influence within‐species variation in seed development, germination and establishment. We hypothesized that interactions between polyploidy and the seed developmental environment would affect subsequent dormancy, germination and early growth traits, particularly in stressful environments.

Using seeds developed in a common garden under ambient and warmed conditions, we conducted germination trials under drought and temperature stress, and monitored the subsequent growth of seedlings. The study species,Themeda triandra, is a widespread, keystone, Australian native grass and a known polyploid complex.

Tetraploid plants produced heavier, more viable seeds than diploids. Tetraploids were significantly more dormant than diploids, regardless of seed developmental environment. Non‐dormant tetraploids were more sensitive to germination stress compared to non‐dormant diploids. Finally, tetraploid seedlings were larger and grew faster than diploids, usually when maternal plants were exposed to developmental temperatures atypical to the source environment.

Seed and seedling traits suggest tetraploids are generally better adapted to stressful environments than diploids. Because tetraploid seeds ofT. triandraare more dormant they are less likely to germinate under stress, and when they do germinate, seedling growth is rapid and independent of seed developmental environment. These novel results demonstrate that polyploidy, sometimes in interaction with developmental environment and possibly also asexuality, can have within‐species variation in seed and seedling traits that increase fitness in stressful environments.
A Motivational Analysis of Russian Presidents, 1994–2018
Authors: Semenova Elena , Winter David G.
Published: February 2020

This article analyzes the motivations of the three presidents of Russia since the end of the Soviet Union: Boris Yeltsin, Vladimir Putin, and Dmitry Medvedev. Imagery for the achievement, affiliation, and power motives was scored from the texts of annual presidential addresses to the Federal Assembly from 1994 through 2018. Although there were fluctuations from president to president, and from year to year within each term, the Russian presidents overall tended to be higher in achievement than power. This contrasts with many political leaders from other countries and suggests modification in previous conclusions about the problems of high achievement motivation in politics. The scores of each president are related to the events and policies of that president's term of office. The third term of Vladimir Putin is particularly interesting, because his achievement scores were lower, and power and affiliation scores higher, than in his previous terms. These changes seem to fit with his changes in foreign and domestic policies from his earlier terms.