bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific rates of leucine incorporation by marine bacterioplantkon in the open Mediterranean Sea in summer using cell sorting
Authors: Talarmin A. , Van Wambeke F. , Catala P. , Courties C. , Lebaron P.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Cell-specific leucine incorporation rates were determined in early summer across the open stratified Mediterranean Sea along vertical profiles from 0 to 200 m. During the period of our study, the bulk leucine incorporation rate was on average 5.0 ± 4.0 (n=31) pmol leu l−1 h−1. After 3H-radiolabeled leucine incorporation and SyBR Green I staining, populations were sorted using flow cytometry. Heterotrophic prokaryotes (Hprok) were divided in several clusters according to the cytometric properties of side scatter and green fluorescence of the cells: the low nucleic acid content cells (LNA) and the high nucleic acid content cells (HNA), with high size and low size (HNA-hs and HNA-ls, respectively). LNA cells represented 45 to 63% of the Hprok abundance between surface and 200 m, and significantly contributed to the bulk activity, from 17 to 55% all along the transect. The HNA/LNA ratio of cell-specific activities was on average 2.1 ± 0.7 (n=31). Among Hprok populations from surface samples (0 down to the deep chlorophyll depth, DCM), HNA-hs was mostly responsible for the leucine incorporation activity. Its cell-specific activity was up to 13.3 and 6.9-fold higher than that of HNA-ls and LNA, respectively, and it varied within a wide range of values (0.9–54.3×10−21 mol leu cell−1 h−1). At the opposite, ratios between the specific activities of the 3 populations tended to get closer to each other, below the DCM, implying a potentially higher homogeneity in activity of Hprok in the vicinity of nutriclines. Prochlorococcus cells were easily sorted near the DCM and displayed cell-specific activities equally high, sometimes higher than the HNA-hs group (2.5–55×10−21 mol leu cell−1 h−1). We then showed that all the sorted populations were key-players in leucine incorporation into proteins. The mixotrophic feature of certain photosynthetic prokaryotes and the non-negligible activity of LNA cells all over Mediterranean were reinforced.
Desert dust and anthropogenic aerosol interactions in the Community Climate System Model coupled-carbon-climate model
Authors: Mahowald N. , Lindsay K. , Rothenberg D. , Doney S. C. , Moore J. K. , Thornton P. , Randerson J. T. , Jones C. D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Coupled-carbon-climate simulations are an essential tool for predicting the impact of human activity onto the climate and biogeochemistry. Here we incorporate prognostic desert dust and anthropogenic aerosols into the CCSM3.1 coupled carbon-climate model and explore the resulting interactions with climate and biogeochemical dynamics through a series of transient anthropogenic simulations (20th and 21st centuries) and sensitivity studies. The inclusion of prognostic aerosols into this model has a small net global cooling effect on climate but does not significantly impact the globally averaged carbon cycle; we argue that this is likely to be because the CCSM3.1 model has a small climate feedback onto the carbon cycle. We propose a mechanism for including desert dust and anthropogenic aerosols into a simple carbon-climate feedback analysis to explain the results of our and previous studies. Inclusion of aerosols has statistically significant impacts on regional climate and biogeochemistry, in particular through the effects on the ocean nitrogen cycle and primary productivity of altered iron inputs from desert dust deposition.
Greenland Ice Sheet model parameters constrained using simulations of the Eemian Interglacial
Authors: Robinson A. , Calov R. , Ganopolski A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Using a new approach to force an ice sheet model, we performed an ensemble of simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet evolution during the last two glacial cycles, with emphasis on the Eemian Interglacial. This ensemble was generated by perturbing four key parameters in the coupled regional climate – ice sheet model and by introducing additional uncertainty in the prescribed "background" climate change. Sensitivity of the surface melt model to climate change was determined to be the dominant driver of ice sheet instability, as reflected by simulated ice sheet loss during the Eemian Interglacial period. To eliminate unrealistic parameter combinations, constraints from present-day and paleo information were applied. The constraints include (i) the diagnosed present-day surface mass balance partition between surface melting and calving, (ii) the modeled present-day elevation at GRIP; and (iii) the modeled elevation reduction at GRIP during the Eemian. Using these three constraints, a total of 270 simulations with 90 different model realizations were filtered down to 47 simulations and 20 model realizations considered valid. The paleo constraint eliminated more sensitive melt parameter values, in agreement with the surface mass balance partition assumption. The constrained simulations result in a range of Eemian ice loss of 0.4–4.1 m sea level (m.s.l.) equivalent, with a more likely value of about 4.1 m.s.l. if the GRIP δ18O isotope record can be considered an accurate proxy for the precipitation-weighted annual mean temperatures.
Oceanic tracer and proxy time scales revisited
Authors: Siberlin C. , Wunsch C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Quantifying time-responses of the ocean to passive and active tracers is critical for the interpretation of paleodata from sediment cores because surface-injected tracers do not instantaneously spread throughout the ocean. To obtain insights into the time response, a computationally efficient state transition matrix method is demonstrated and used to compute successive states of passive tracer concentrations in the global ocean. Times to equilibrium exceed a thousand years for any one region of the global ocean outside of the injection and convective regions and concentration gradients give time-lags from hundreds to thousands of years between the Atlantic and Pacific abyss, depending on the injection region and the nature of the boundary conditions employed. Equilibrium times can be much longer than radiocarbon ages as the latter are strongly biased towards the youngest fraction of fluid captured in a sample. Pulse-like inputs can produce very different transient approaches to equilibrium in different parts of the ocean generating event identification problems.
Rainfall retrievals over West Africa using SEVIRI: evaluation with TRMM-PR and monitoring of the daylight time monsoon progression
Authors: Wolters E. L. A. , van den Hurk B. J. J. M. , Roebeling R. A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. This paper describes the application of the KNMI cloud physical properties – precipitation properties (CPP-PP) algorithm over West Africa. The algorithm combines condensed water path (CWP), cloud phase (CPH), cloud particle effective radius (re), and cloud-top temperature (CTT) information, retrieved from visible, near-infrared and infrared observations of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) onboard Meteosat-9 to estimate precipitation occurrence and intensity. It is investigated whether the CPP-PP algorithm is capable of retrieving rain occurrence and intensity over West Africa with a sufficient accuracy, using tropical monsoon measurement mission precipitation radar (TRMM-PR) and a small number of rain gauge observations as reference. As a second goal, it is assessed whether SEVIRI is capable of monitoring both the seasonal and synoptical evolution of the West African monsoon (WAM). It is shown that the SEVIRI-detected rainfall area agrees well with TRMM-PR, having a correlation coefficient of 0.86, with the areal extent of rainfall by SEVIRI being ~10% larger than TRMM-PR. The mean retrieved rain rate from CPP-PP is about 8% higher than from TRMM-PR. The frequency distributions of rain rate reveal that the median rain rates of CPP-PP and TRMM-PR are similar. However, rain rates >7 mm h−1 are retrieved more frequently by SEVIRI than by TRMM-PR, which is partly explained by known biases in TRMM-PR. Finally, it is illustrated that both the seasonal and synoptical time scale of the WAM can be well detected from SEVIRI daytime observations. It was found that the daytime westward MCS travel speed fluctuates between 50 and 60 km h−1. Furthermore, the ratio of MCS precipitation to the total precipitation was estimated to be about 27%. Our results indicate that rainfall retrievals from SEVIRI can be used to monitor the West African monsoon.
Modeling moisture fluxes using artificial neural networks: can information extraction overcome data loss?
Authors: Neal A. L. , Gupta H. V. , Kurc S. A. , Brooks P. D.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Eddy covariance sites can experience data losses as high as 30 to 45% on an annual basis. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been identified as powerful tools for gap filling, but their performance depends on the representativeness of data used to train the model. In this paper, we develop a normalization method, which has similar performance compared to conventional training approaches, but exhibits differences in the timing of fluxes, indicating different and previously unused information in the data record. Specifically, the differences between half-hourly model fluxes, especially during summer months, indicate that the structure of the information content in the data changes seasonally, diurnally and with the rate of data loss. This variation between gap-filling models complicates the application of their output as consistent data sets for land surface modeling, and points to the need for improved data and models to address flux behavior at critical times. We advise several approaches to address these concerns, including use of separate models for day and nighttime processes and the use of multiple data streams at dawn, when eddy covariance may be particularly ineffective due to the timing of the onset of turbulent mixing.
Parametric studies and quantitative assessment of the vulnerability of a RC frame building exposed to differential settlements
Authors: Negulescu C. , Foerster E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to propose a simplified methodology to evaluate the mechanical performances of buildings exposed to landslide hazard, by using procedures inspired from the seismic risk analysis, such as the Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC 40, 1996). Landslide hazard involves so many aspects, that quantitative vulnerability assessment requires to consider one basic scenario at a time, i.e. one typology for the landslide hazard and one for the structural element considered. In this paper, we propose to assess vulnerability for simple one bay-one storey reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures subjected to differential settlements, using 2-D parametric nonlinear static time-history analyses. After a short review of methods used in practice to estimate building deformations induced by ground movements (e.g. differential settlements), we present the parametric studies carried out to identify the most relevant parameters, in order to predict the structural damage, as well as the methodology to develop analytical fragility curves, that can be used to quantitatively evaluate the structural vulnerability in landslide risk analyses. Different types of parameters that could influence structural behaviour have been examined in this analysis: foundation type (i.e. different combinations of links), cross-section geometry, section reinforcement degree, displacement magnitudes and displacement inclination angles. We show that the magnitude and inclination angle of displacements can be used as two relevant parameters for this type of landslide scenario. Based on these results, some simulations are conducted using the software SeismoStruct (SeismoSoft, 2003), and the proposed structural damage levels consider the local strain limits of steel and concrete constitutive materials. Some preliminary fragility curves are proposed with respect to the magnitude of differential ground displacement. It can be seen that the curves corresponding to limit states LS2 (moderate damage) and LS4 (complete damage) in the present study, correspond respectively to the "tolerable settlements" "observed intolerable settlements" curves proposed by Zhang and Ng (2005).
Monitoring subsidence effects in the urban area of Zonguldak Hardcoal Basin of Turkey by InSAR-GIS integration
Authors: Akcin H. , Kutoglu H. S. , Kemaldere H. , Deguchi T. , Koksal E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Zonguldak Hardcoal Basin is the largest bituminous coal region in Turkey where extensive underground mining activity exists. Because of this activity subsidence effects have been experienced in different locations of the city. In this study, surface deformations caused by the subsidence have been observed by D-InSAR technique using C-Band RADARSAT data. InSAR data process of 16 RADARSAT images acquired between 24 July 2005–23 October 2006 has resulted in significant deformations in the order of about 6 cm in the most populated region of the city. The deformation map obtained has been integrated with digitized mine production maps and Quickbird Orthoimage into GIS. According to GIS analysis, there are three mine seams at different levels driven below the deformed zone. Many governmental and private buildings located in this area have a high potential risk of subsidence damage. Also, this area covers approximately 12 km of transportation routes.
Wave vector analysis methods using multi-point measurements
Authors: Narita Y. , Glassmeier K.-H. , Motschmann U.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Recent developments of multi-point measurements in space provide a means to analyze spacecraft data directly in the wave vector domain. For turbulence study this means that we are able to estimate energy, helicity, and higher order moments in the wave vector domain without assuming Taylor's hypothesis or axisymmetry around the mean magnetic field. The methods of the wave vector analysis are presented and applied to four-point data of Cluster in the solar wind.
Clotrimazole-Betamethasone Dipropionate Prescribing for Nonfungal Skin Conditions
Authors: Gold Jeremy A. W. , Caplan Avrom S. , Benedict Kaitlin , Lipner Shari R. , Smith Dallas J.
Published: May 2024

This cross-sectional study identifies the common diagnoses and physician encounter types associated with clotrimazole-betamethasone dipropionate prescriptions among Medicare enrollees in 2021.
Filamentous RPE Hyperplasia in Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and RPE
Authors: Fan Jason , Santos da Cruz Natasha Ferreira , Berrocal Audina M.
Published: May 2024

This case report describes a diagnosis of combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with filamentous RPE hyperplasia in a female child with a history of amblyopia, myopia, and exotropia of the affected eye.
Re-Esterified Triglyceride ω-3 Fatty Acids in Dry Eye Disease With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Authors: Eom Youngsub , Jun Ikhyun , Jeon Hyun Sun , Lim Dong Hui , Lee Hun , Hwang Ho Sik , Chung So-Hyang , Chung Tae-Young , Kim Jae Yong , Kim Sun Woong , Choi Chul Young , Song Jong Suk , Kim Mee Kum , Seo Kyoung Yul , Hyon Joon Young
Published: May 2024

Importance

Taking ω-3 supplements has been associated with a reduction in symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). However, a recent relatively large clinical trial concluded that treating DED with ω-3 consumption was ineffective, potentially warranting additional investigations.

Objectives

To investigate the effect of re-esterified triglyceride (rTG) ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on DED associated with MGD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This double-masked, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was conducted at 7 institutions from September 2020 to January 2023. Patients with DED associated with MGD were included and randomly assigned to the ω-3 group (received 1680 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 560 mg of docosahexaenoic acid), whereas those in the grape-seed group received 3000 mg of grape-seed oil daily.

Interventions

rTG ω-3 Fatty acid supplementation vs grape-seed oil.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary end point was the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) from baseline to 6 and 12 weeks. The safety parameters were visual acuity and intraocular pressure change.

Results

A total of 132 patients (mean [SD] age, 50.6 [13.8] years; 103 female [78.0%]) were included in this study. The mean (SD) baseline OSDI scores of the ω-3 and grape-seed groups were 43.5 (16.5) and 44.1 (16.6), respectively. A total of 58 patients (87.9%) and 57 patients (86.4%) in the ω-3 and grape-seed groups, respectively, completed 12 weeks of follow-up. There were no differences in compliance with the dietary supplement intake between groups (ω-3, 95.8% and grape-seed, 95.4%). The OSDI (SD) change from baseline to 6 and 12 weeks was −20.5 (16.0) and −22.7 (15.7), respectively, in the ω-3 group and −15.1 (20.2) and −18.8 (21.7), respectively, in the grape-seed control group (difference at 6 weeks = −5.4; 95% CI, −12.15 to 1.33; P = .12 and at 12 weeks = −3.9; 95% CI, −10.90 to 3.13; P = .28). There were no changes in safety parameters or adverse events related to taking the dietary supplement in either group.

Conclusions and Relevance

This randomized clinical trial did not show a benefit of the rTG form of ω-3 for ameliorating symptoms of DED associated with MGD, although fewer than 60 participants were evaluated in each group. Any secondary outcomes from this study should be considered for hypothesis generation of future evaluations of the effect of the rTG form of ω-3 on DED associated with MGD.

Trial Registration

CRIS Identifier: KCT0004927
Malignant Transformation of Dysplastic Vocal Fold Lesions
Authors: Horton Garret , Philteos Justine , Lin R. Jun
Published: May 2024

Importance

The reported rates of malignant transformation of dysplastic laryngeal lesions are highly variable, as is time to malignant degeneration.

Objective

To evaluate the rate of and time to malignant transformation of dysplastic laryngeal lesions based on the World Health Organization (WHO) dysplasia classification system.

Data Sources

PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Cochrane Reviews were searched from the date of database inception to June 8, 2023.

Study Selection

English-language articles assessing the rate of malignant transformation using the 2005 WHO dysplasia classification system were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

The study was reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Data extraction was performed by 2 independent investigators. Study quality was assessed using a validated quality tool. When possible, data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome measure was the malignant transformation rate in each laryngeal dysplasia category. Secondary outcome measure was the time interval over which malignant transformation had occurred.

Results

A total of 5585 records were screened, 61 full texts were assessed, and 18 retrospective cohort studies with 3243 participants were included in the final review. The weighted pooled mean malignant transformation rates of mildly, moderately, and severely dysplastic lesions were 10.9%, 23.3%, and 30.5%, respectively. Malignant transformation rate of nondysplastic laryngeal lesions was 4.5%. Moderately and severely dysplastic lesions had significantly higher odds of malignant transformation compared with mildly dysplastic lesions (moderate: odds ratio [OR], 2.90 [95% CI, 2.06-4.09]; I2 = 0%; severe: OR, 3.42 [95% CI, 2.11-5.52]; I2 = 40%). Lesions without dysplasia had a significantly lower odds of malignant transformation compared with lesions with mild dysplasia (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28-0.81; I2 = 0%). The overall mean time to malignant transformation was 28.8 months (range, 22.0-35.6 months) for all dysplasia grades.

Conclusion and Relevance

This systematic review and meta-analysis found that the rate of malignant transformation increased with the grade of laryngeal dysplasia. Moderately dysplastic lesions were more likely to undergo malignant degeneration compared with mildly dysplastic lesions.
Forestry impacts on stream flows and temperatures: A quantitative synthesis of paired catchment studies across the Pacific salmon range
Authors: Naman Sean M. , Pitman Kara J. , Cunningham Dylan S. , Potapova Anna , Chartrand Shawn M. , Sloat Matthew R. , Moore Jonathan W.
Published: May 2024

Forestry is pervasive across temperate North America and may influence aquatic environmental conditions such as flows and temperatures, as well as important species such as Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). While there have been many large‐scale forestry experiments using paired catchment designs, these studies have yet to be quantitatively synthesized. Thus, it remains unclear whether forestry impacts are consistent, context‐dependent or unpredictable.

This study aims to quantitatively synthesize forestry impacts on streamflow and temperature, through a systematic review and synthesis of paired catchment studies across the range of Pacific salmon. Specifically, we investigated whether generalizable relationships exist between forestry intensity (percent watershed harvested) and impacts to streamflow and temperature. We also examined whether watershed features (climate, hydrology and lithology) and harvest method mediated forestry impacts.

We extracted information from 35 unique paired‐catchments from California to Alaska. Forestry had strong impacts on peak and low flows and maximum summer water temperatures, but responses were quite variable. Across all catchments, forestry elevated peak flows ~20% (n = 31 catchments), reduced low flows ~25% (n = 13 catchments) and increased maximum summer temperatures ~15% (n = 35 catchments) on average. However, these impacts were variable and were not predictable based on forestry intensity, thus broader stressor–response relationships were not supported.

Forestry impacts on peak flows and maximum summer temperatures varied spatially. Peak flow impacts increased with northward latitude and temperature impacts decreased with eastward longitude. However, the magnitude of impacts were unrelated to other watershed attributes, which included climate (precipitation and aridity), rain versus snow hydrology, elevation and bedrock lithology. Harvest method and riparian buffer presence also had no detected effects on forestry impacts across studies and statistical models explained a low proportion of variation overall.

Collectively, our results indicate that forestry can have substantial impacts on key environmental conditions; however, the magnitude of impact was variable and could not be clearly linked to easily measured watershed characteristics. This implies that forestry impacts may not be broadly predictable. Probabilistic risk models based on distributions of potential impacts may therefore be more useful for watershed management in data‐poor situations.
Unveiling the Role of Cationic Pyridine Sites in Covalent Triazine Framework for Boosting Zinc–Iodine Batteries Performance
Authors: Zhao Yuliang , Wang Yiyang , Xue Wenjuan , Cheng Ruyi , Zheng Xuan , Zhu Gengcong , Hu Dayin , Huang Hongliang , Hu Chuangang , Liu Dong
Published: May 2024

Rechargeable Zinc–iodine batteries (ZIBs) are gaining attention as energy storage devices due to their high energy density, low‐cost, and inherent safety. However, the poor cycling performance of these batteries always arises from the severe leakage and shuttle effect of polyiodides (I3– and I5–). Herein, a novel cationic pyridine‐rich covalent triazine framework (CCTF‐TPMB) is developed to capture and confine iodine (I2) species via strong electrostatic interaction, making it an attractive host for I2 in ZIBs. The as‐fabricated ZIBs with I2 loaded CCTF‐TPMB (I2@CCTF‐TPMB) cathode achieve a large specific capacity of 243 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and an exceptionally stable cyclic performance, retaining 93.9% of its capacity over 30 000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance of the ZIBs can be attributed to the pyridine‐rich cationic sites of CCTF‐TPMB, which effectively suppress the leakage and shuttle of polyiodides, while also accelerating the conversion reaction of I2 species. Combined in situ Raman and UV–vis analysis, along with theoretical calculations, clearly reveal the critical role played by pyridine‐rich cationic sites in boosting the ZIBs performances. This work opens up a promising pathway for designing advanced I2 cathode materials toward next‐generation ZIBs and beyond.
Inkjet Printing Optimization: Toward Realization of High‐Resolution Printed Electronics
Authors: Kamarudin Siti Fatimah , Abdul Aziz Nur Haziqah , Lee Hing Wah , Jaafar Mariatti , Sulaiman Suraya
Published: May 2024

The printed electronics (PEs) market has witnessed substantial growth, reaching a valuation of USD 10.47 billion in the previous year. Driven by its extensive use in a multitude of applications, this growth trend is expected to continue with a projected compound annual growth rate of 22.3% from 2022 to 2032. Compared to screen printing, the adoption of inkjet printing (IJP) technology to manufacture PEs has been limited to laboratory‐scale research only. The fact that IJP's inability to maintain consistent high‐resolution quality over large printing areas has made transitioning IJP for commercial production arduous. Most of the previous literatures have focused on holistic discussion on material design for IJP, but this review provides insight into key aspects in material processing up to printing optimization to realize high‐resolution PEs. This review also highlights the challenges in controlling the functional ink properties and their interaction with the substrate as well as printing parameters to deliver the desired quality of the droplets and final prints. Imminent application of IJP in PEs and future perspectives are also included in this review.
Slow Photonic Effect Inducing Improved H2 Generation in Photonic Films with Chiral Nematic Structure
Authors: Johar Masa , Wong Cong , Ghazzal Mohamed Nawfal
Published: May 2024

Integrating photonic crystals (PCs) into the design of a photocatalyst can significantly enhance its light‐harvesting capability. PCs can manipulate the propagation of light uniquely within a material and reduce its group velocity, thereby enhancing the absorption factor for photocatalysts. However, the slow photon effect in photoactive films with chiral nematic structures has not been reported yet, especially at the blue edge of the photonic bandgap. This work proposes a straightforward one‐pot method to fabricate various photonic films with chiral nematic, namely g‐C3N4/SiO2, TiO2/SiO2, and g‐C3N4/TiO2/SiO2. The sol‐gel biotemplating formulation using cellulose nanocrystals successfully leads to the elaboration of films exhibiting variable iridescent colors with photonic bandgap from UV to visible range. The tunable wavelength of the Bragg peak reflection offers the opportunity to access a region with a slow photonic effect, which directly impacts the light‐harvesting properties of the photoactive material. It is demonstrated that the H2 generation is significantly enhanced when the blue edge of the photonic bandgap position overlapped with the absorbance band of the photocatalyst. These results offer the opportunity to design photonic materials with chiral nematic structure and optimize the photocatalytic performance for energy application.
Regulating the Ion Transport in the Layered V2O5 Electrochromic Films with Tunable Interlayer Spacing
Authors: Guo Xiaodan , Jia Sensen , Li Neng , Cai Guofa
Published: May 2024

Unveiling the ion transport mechanism to design and explore efficient and stable ion transport pathways for high‐performance transition metal oxide (TMO)−based electrochromic materials is highly desired yet challenging. Herein, this study has demonstrated that the interlayer spacing of layered vanadium penoxide (V2O5) films can be tuned by inserting different amounts of lithium−ion (Li+) within host V2O5 material, as well as adjusting ion transport behavior and electrochromic performance. These results show that V2O5 with a small amount of ion insertion delivers a stable ion transport process and electrochromic properties. Increasing the amount of inserted Li+ will enlarge the interlayer spacing, which provides abundant active sites and efficient ion transport channels, and thus reversible and rich color variation of yellow−green−blue−olive green−orange is realized. Nevertheless, an excess of ion insertion results in the crystal structure collapse and cyclic stability degradation. These findings give a rationale for the evolution of electrochromic properties during different electrochemical reaction stages. This work provides considerable insight into the ion transport behavior within the layered V2O5 films, which gives fundamental theoretical guidance for developing and designing superior layered TMO electrochromic materials.
Efficient Blue Carbonyl‐Nitrogen Multi‐Resonance Molecules for High‐Performance Hyperfluorescence OLEDs
Authors: Xu Jingwen , Wang Min , Chen Jinke , Wu Zhiwei , Guo Ting , Tang Ben Zhong , Zhao Zujin
Published: May 2024

Efficient blue multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) materials are highly desired for the fabrication of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity. But only very limited carbonyl‐nitrogen (CO‐N) blue MR‐TADF are well‐developed. Herein, two new blue CO‐N MR‐TADF molecules (tBuPQCZ and 2tBuPQCZ) are explored by introducing bulky substituents to a planar CO‐N MR‐TADF core constructed by fusing carbonyl groups with carbazole, and their thermal stability, electronic structures, and photophysical properties are investigated. They exhibit blue photoluminescence (PL) peaks at 451 and 447 nm, and narrow full width at half maximums (FWHMs) of 26 and 25 nm in toluene. In doped films, they exhibit strong blue emissions with PL peaks at 474 and 469 nm, FWHMs of 51 and 49 nm, and satisfactory PL quantum yields of 80% and 72%. Moreover, blue OLEDs using them as emitters exhibit excellent external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 20.4% and 21.5%, and the hyperfluorescence OLEDs based on them provide state‐of‐the‐art EQEs of 30.1% and 29.0% with small FWHMs of 34 and 32 nm and Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates of (0.136, 0.134) and (0.141, 0.105). The insights gained in this work should be valuble for the development of efficient blue CO‐N MR‐TADF materials.
Intraspecific plant–soil feedback in four tropical tree species is inconsistent in a field experiment
Authors: Eck Jenalle L. , Hernández Hassan Lourdes , Comita Liza S.
Published: May 2024

Premise

Soil microbes can influence patterns of diversity in plant communities via plant–soil feedbacks. Intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks occur when plant genotype leads to variations in soil microbial composition, resulting in differences in the performance of seedlings growing near their maternal plants versus seedlings growing near nonmaternal conspecific plants. How consistently such intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks occur in natural plant communities is unclear, especially in variable field conditions.

Methods

In an in situ experiment with four native tree species on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, seedlings of each species were transplanted beneath their maternal tree or another conspecific tree in the BCI forest. Mortality and growth were assessed at the end of the wet season (~4 months post‐transplant) and at the end of the experiment (~7 months post‐transplant).

Results

Differences in seedling performance among field treatments were inconsistent among species and eroded over time. Effects of field environment were detected at the end of the wet season in two of the four species: Virola surinamensis seedlings had higher survival beneath their maternal tree than other conspecific trees, while seedling survival of Ormosia macrocalyx was higher under other conspecific trees. However, these differences were gone by the end of the experiment.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks may not be consistent in the field for tropical tree species and may have a limited role in determining seedling performance in tropical tree communities. Future studies are needed to elucidate the environmental and genetic factors that determine the incidence and direction of intraspecific plant–soil feedbacks in plant communities.
Large‐ and medium‐sized arterial aneurysms in two patients with SMAD4‐related juvenile polyposis syndrome
Authors: van Weelden Wenneke , Bleeker Fonnet E. , van Stijn Diana , Micha Dimitra , Maugeri Alessandra , Kuijpers Taco W. , Koch Arjun D. , Aalfs Cora M. , Wagner Anja , Groenink Maarten , van Oldenrijk Jakob , Baars Marieke J. , Duijkers Floor A. M.
Published: May 2024

Germline SMAD4 pathogenic variants (PVs) cause juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), which is known for an increased risk of gastrointestinal juvenile polyps and gastrointestinal cancer. Many patients with SMAD4 PV also show signs of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and some patients have aneurysms and dissections of the thoracic aorta. Here we describe two patients with a germline SMAD4 PV and a remarkable clinical presentation including multiple medium‐sized arterial aneurysms. More data are needed to confirm whether the more extensive vascular phenotype and the other described features in our patients are indeed part of a broader JPS spectrum.
APOE ε4 carrier status modifies plasma p‐tau181 concentrations in cognitively healthy super‐seniors
Authors: Cooper Jennifer G. , Ghodsi Mohammad , Stukas Sophie , Leach Stephen , Brooks‐Wilson Angela , Wellington Cheryl L.
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION

This study investigates the effect of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on neurology plasma biomarkers in cognitively healthy Super‐Seniors.

METHODS

Three hundred seventy plasma specimens from Super‐Senior participants ≥ 85 years old, who have never been diagnosed with dementia, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, or major pulmonary disease, were analyzed on the Quanterix Simoa HD‐X analyzer using commercial Neurology 4‐plex E and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)181 assays.

RESULTS

Eighty (22%) participants were APOE ε4 carriers and 290 (73%) were non‐carriers. No significant differences were found between APOE ε4 carriers and non‐carriers regarding age, sex, or Mini‐Mental State Examination scores. In APOE ε4 carriers, plasma amyloid beta 42/40 was lower and p‐tau181 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were higher compared to non‐APOE ε4 carriers. After adjusting for demographic variables, p‐tau181 was the only biomarker to remain significantly associated with APOE ε4 carrier status.

DISCUSSION

APOE ε4 genotype modifies plasma p‐tau181 concentration in seniors resilient to age‐related clinical disease, suggesting that some Super‐Seniors may have Alzheimer's disease pathology without progressing to cognitive decline.

Highlights

Healthy seniors enable identification of associations that may be masked by disease.

Plasma phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)181 concentrations associate with apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriership in healthy seniors.

APOE should be accounted for when interpreting p‐tau181, regardless of disease.
Spirobifluorene Trimers: High Triplet Pure Hydrocarbon Hosts for Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ari Denis , Yang Yue‐Jian , Quinton Cassandre , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Zhou Dong‐Ying , Poriel Cyril
Published: May 2024

Pure aromatic hydrocarbon materials (PHCs) represent a new generation of host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs), free of heteroatoms. They reduce the molecular complexity, can be easily synthesized and are an important direction towards robust devices. As heteroatoms can be involved in bonds dissociations in operating OLEDs through exciton induced degradation processes, developing novel PHCs appear particularly relevant for the future of this technology. In the present work, we report a series of extended PHCs constructed by the assembly of three spirobifluorene fragments. The resulting positional isomers present a high triplet energy level, a wide HOMO/LUMO difference and improved thermal and morphological properties compared to previously reported PHCs. These characteristics are beneficial for the next generation of host materials for PhOLEDs and provide relevant design guidelines. When used as a host in blue‐emitting PhOLEDs, which are still the weakest link of the field, a very high EQE of 24 % and low threshold voltage of 3.56 V were obtained with a low‐efficiency roll‐off. This high performance strengthens the position of PHC strategy as an efficient alternative for OLED technology and opens the way to a more simple electronic.
Stereodivergent Construction of 1,5/1,7‐Nonadjacent Tetrasubstituted Stereocenters Enabled by Pd/Cu‐Cocatalyzed Asymmetric Heck Cascade Reaction
Authors: Li Panpan , Liu Zijiao , Huo Xiaohong , Zhang Wanbin
Published: May 2024

The construction of chiral motifs containing nonadjacent stereocenters in an enantio‐ and diastereoselective manner has long been a challenging task in synthetic chemistry, especially with respect to their stereodivergent synthesis. Herein, we describe a protocol that enables the enantio‐ and diastereoselective construction of 1,5/1,7‐nonadjacent tetrasubstituted stereocenters through a Pd/Cu‐cocatalyzed Heck cascade reaction. Notably, a C=C bond relay strategy involving the shift of the π‐allyl palladium intermediate was successfully applied in the asymmetric construction of 1,7‐nonadjacent stereocenters. The current method allows for the efficient preparation of chiral molecules bearing two privileged scaffolds, oxindoles and non‐natural α‐amino acids, with good functional group tolerance. The full complement of the four stereoisomers of products bearing 1,5/1,7‐nonadjacent stereocenters could be readily accessed by a simple combination of two chiral metal catalysts with different enantiomers.
A network of designs: studying Early Lapita exchange networks in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea through Social Network Analysis
Authors: Hogg Nicholas W. S. , Chiu Scarlett , Kirch Patrick V. , Summerhayes Glenn R.
Published: May 2024

The application of Social Network Analysis to the study of archaeological networks has become increasingly common around the world, with a proven track record of processing large, complex, spatial and temporal archaeological datasets. This study builds upon previous network‐based analyses of interaction between communities of the Lapita Cultural Complex, with a specific focus on the Early Period (c.3300/3200–3100 calBP) in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Employing motif inventories from 13 Early Lapita Period assemblages, motif similarity and Centrality Analysis are undertaken, with the results compared to data from portable material culture, particularly obsidian and pottery, to further define the networks of interaction that linked communities during this period. We conclude that motif similarities and Centrality Analysis scores show good agreement with patterns of interactions established from the analysis of other types of portable material culture, which together support the existence of northern west to east and southern obsidian distribution networks, comprised of communities that employed unique types of interaction tailored towards their own cultural and societal circumstances and needs. Finally, we further conclude that these two networks may have arisen during the initial formation of the Lapita Cultural Complex, as populations established new social connections with other settler communities and incumbent populations across the region to survive in a new and foreign environment.
American College of Rheumatology White Paper: The Effects of Climate Change on Rheumatic Conditions—An Evolving Landscape and a Path Forward
Authors: Dellaripa Paul F. , Sung Lily H. , Bain Paul A. , Lanata Cristina , Blazer Ashira , Miller Frederick W. , Feldman Candace H. ,   for the American College of Rheumatology Committee on Research
Published: May 2024

Objective

Increases in global temperatures and extreme weather events associated with climate change have complex yet poorly understood detrimental impacts on human health. We reviewed the current published literature on climate change–related effects and rheumatic conditions.

Methods

To summarize our current understanding of the likely effects of climate change, including increased air pollution, on rheumatic disease, we searched the published, peer‐reviewed English‐language literature from January 2000 to December 2022. Articles were reviewed by a team of rheumatologists and clinical and translational science researchers. Systematic review articles were not included but informed additional literature searches.

Results

After extensive examination and adjudication, 88 articles met inclusion criteria and were selected for review. Much of the epidemiologic investigations assessed associations between air pollution and increased risk of development of rheumatoid arthritis, anti–citrullinated protein antibodies, flares of gout, and hospitalizations for systemic lupus erythematosus. Increased heat vulnerability was associated with higher odds of recurrent hospitalizations across rheumatic conditions. Mechanisms for observed associations are poorly understood but could include the effects of epigenetic changes, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines. Studies had limitations, including restricted geography and populations studied without focus on historically marginalized communities at highest risk for adverse effects from pollution and climate change, the relative lack of mechanistic evaluations, and most with only indirect links to climate change.

Conclusion

To date, the published literature lacks studies that directly examine effects of climate change on rheumatic diseases. Collaborative translational and epidemiologic research is needed to enhance our understanding and awareness in this area.
Dual‐Stimuli‐Responsive Turn‐On Luminescence of Chiral Bisimidazolyl BINOL Dimethyl Ether Crystals
Authors: Murata Honami , Suzuki Seika , Terakubo Kazuki , Imai Yoshitane , Ito Suguru
Published: May 2024

Stimuli‐responsive organic luminescent crystals have attracted significant attention in recent years for their potential in sensor and memory applications. While turn‐on luminescence is superior in detection sensitivity compared with turn‐off luminescence, the development of organic crystals that exhibit turn‐on luminescence in response to multiple stimuli remains a significant challenge. Herein, the crystals of chiral bisimidazolyl 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol (BINOL) dimethyl ether have exhibited a dual‐stimuli‐responsive turn‐on luminescence based on two distinct mechanisms. In the crystalline state, luminescence was substantially quenched by the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the imidazole rings. Mechanical stimulation induced a transition to a blue‐violet‐emissive amorphous state. In contrast, thermal stimulation produced an orange luminescence, attributed to excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) luminescence from thermally demethylated products. Furthermore, the thermally induced state exhibited circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), marking a rare instance of stimuli‐responsive turn‐on CPL in a solid‐state system. This study provides new insights into environmental and structural factors for solid‐state luminescent properties and advances the design guidelines for multifunctional luminescent sensors.
Amorphous Boron Nitride Nanosheet‐Based Solid State Electrolytes with High Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Fang Yue , Yan Yeba , Wang Xinying , Zhang Zhihong , Tian Libin , Lu Shengguo , Liang Bo , Yao Yingbang , Tan Daniel Q. , Huang Shaoming , Tao Tao
Published: May 2024

Amorphous boron nitride nanosheets, with natural electrical insulation, outstanding chemical stability and mechanical properties, are introduced as a matrix to be incorporated with lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and polymer polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF‐HFP), for constructing a novel composite solid‐state electrolyte by a simple solution‐casting method. Amorphous boron nitride nanosheets are produced via a combination method of ball milling and pure water exfoliation. The obtained composite solid‐state electrolyte containing 40 % (mass fraction) PVDF‐HFP shows a high lithium ion conductivity (1.936×10−3 S cm−1) and lithium ion transference number (0.47), and a wide electrochemical stability window (5 V) at room temperature. The LiFePO4/Li based all solid‐state battery, consisting of the composite solid electrolyte (40 % PVDF‐HFP), delivers a capacity of 128.1 mAh g−1, a Coulombic efficiency of 99.79 % after 500 cycles and a capacity retention rate of 94.5 % at 1.0 C and 25 °C. The composite solid electrolyte (40 % PVDF‐HFP) can maintain flat and stable stripping/plating plateaus for over 800 hours in symmetrical cells. The amorphous boron nitride nanosheets with high lithium ion conductivity are employed to construct solid‐state electrolytes, which is important significant for the development of high energy density, high safety, and long cycle life all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries.
Effect of UV‐ozone treatment for KCl interlayer in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Jo Na‐Yeon , Hong Yun‐Kyeong , Yang Sanghee , Kim Hui‐Seon
Published: May 2024

The performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly governed by the interface of perovskite layer. Therefore, a great deal of attention has been paid to the interface engineering of perovskite layer to improve the performance of PSC. In the meantime, KCl is one of the popular molecules being utilized for the interface treatment between SnO2 and perovskite. In this study, we investigate the effect of UV‐ozone (UVO) treatment of KCl interlayer on the photovoltaic performance. A device employing UVO‐treated KCl shows a higher power conversion efficiency mainly based on an increased open‐circuit voltage (VOC). Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that the UVO treatment induces a rearrangement of energy level at the interface, being responsible for the increase in VOC. Accordingly, an increased charge recombination resistance is evidenced by impedance spectroscopy owing to the inhibited recombination at the SnO2 and perovskite interface by the aid of the aligned energy level.
Hydrogels in the clinic: An update
Authors: Clegg John R. , Adebowale Kolade , Zhao Zongmin , Mitragotri Samir
Published: May 2024

Hydrogels have been used in the clinic since the late 1980s with broad applications in drug delivery, cosmetics, tissue regeneration, among many other areas. The past three decades have witnessed rapid advances in the fields of polymer chemistry, crosslinking approaches, and hydrogel fabrication methods, which have collectively brought many new hydrogel products, either injectable or non‐injectable, to clinical studies. In an article published in 2020 entitled “Hydrogels in the clinic”, we reviewed the clinical landscape and translational challenges of injectable hydrogels. Here, we provide an update on the advances in the field and also extend the scope to include non‐injectable hydrogels. We highlight recently approved hydrogel products, provide an update on the clinical trials of injectable hydrogels, and discuss active clinical trials of topically applied and implantable hydrogels.