bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disentangling knowledge production and data production
Authors: Baker Karen S. , Mayernik Matthew S.
Published: July 2020

With today's increasing attention to open science and open data, knowledge production and data production have significant impacts on both research and policy arenas. We scrutinize the concept of data production in relation to knowledge production in the earth and environmental sciences. We present three empirical cases that illustrate issues arising when knowledge production and data production as interdependent but distinct processes are not clear in the mind of researchers and policymakers. A two‐stream model is developed that highlights their interplay yet avoids the conflation of knowledge and data production. This approach highlights knowledge and data in terms of processes rather than stable objects or assets. Further, we suggest that considering knowledge and data production in relation to their development by communities rather than as commodities helps in understanding the debates and issues that arise in contemporary research practice.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate/microRNA‐1249‐5p/MCP‐1 axis is involved in macrophage‐associated inflammation in fatty liver injury in mice
Authors: Ji Xiaofang , Yang Le , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Kai , Chang Na , Zhou Xuan , Hou Lei , Yang Lin , Li Liying
Published: July 2020

Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is one of the most representative inflammatory cytokines, and has been proved to be markedly increased in injured liver and sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P)‐treated macrophages. However, microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting MCP‐1 and the role of miRNA/MCP‐1 axis in S1P‐mediated liver inflammation remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MCP‐1 expression is increased in the liver and isolated liver macrophages of MCDHF mice. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between the hepatic levels of S1P and MCP‐1. We then predict miRNAs targeting MCP‐1 by bioinformatics analysis and select miRNA‐1249‐5p (miR‐1249‐5p) from the intersection of TargetScan database and downregulated miRNAs in the injured liver. S1P significantly upregulates the expression of MCP‐1 and decreases miR‐1249‐5p expression in macrophages. MiR‐1249‐5p directly targets 3’‐UTR of MCP‐1 and negatively regulates its expression in S1P‐treated macrophages. Administration of miR‐1249‐5p agomir decreases hepatic MCP‐1 levels and attenuates liver inflammation in MCDHF mice. Protein‐protein interaction network by STRING displays that S1P system is closely associated with MCP‐1/CCR2 axis in the network of inflammation. In conclusion, we characterize the vital role of miR‐1249‐5p in negatively regulating MCP‐1 expression in vitro and in vivo, which may open new perspectives for pharmacological treatment of liver disease.
Acceptorless and Base‐Free Dehydrogenation of Alcohols Mediated by a Dipyridylamine‐Iridium(III) Catalyst
Authors: Jayaprakash Harikrishnan , Guo Liwei , Wang Shengdong , Bruneau Christian , Fischmeister Cédric
Published: July 2020

Several dipyridylamine‐IrIII and dipyridylamine‐RuII complexes have been evaluated in the acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols in the absence of base additives. Iridium catalysts were found superior to ruthenium complexes, and the nature of the bridging nitrogen in dipyridylamine ligands was also evidenced as a key parameter. Catalytic reactions were conducted in toluene, but more sustainable solvents such as anisole and p‐cymene were found suitable for this transformation.
Sick leave due to back pain, common mental disorders and disability pension: Common genetic liability
Authors: Mather Lisa , Kärkkäinen Sanna , Narusyte Jurgita , Ropponen Annina , Mittendorfer‐Rutz Ellenor , Svedberg Pia
Published: July 2020

Background

Back pain and common mental disorders are often comorbid and known risk factors for future disability pension. However, the reason for the covariation is not known. The aim was to investigate the common genetic and environmental influences on the covariation between sick leave due to back pain, sick leave due to common mental disorders and disability pension.

Methods

Register data from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency on sick leave due to back pain, common mental disorders and disability pension between 2005 and 2018, in a population‐based sample of 56,686 working age twins was used to construct biometric twin models to calculate if the covariation between the traits were due to Additive (A) or Dominant (D) genetic factors, Common environmental factors (C) or unique Environmental factors (E), for women and men.

Results

The phenotypic correlations ranged between 0.17 and 0.25. A common factor common pathway AE model fitted best for both women and men. The latent underlying common factor, that explained the covariation was mostly explained by genetic factors (87% for women and 90% for men). Each trait was also influenced by its own unique genetic and unique environment factors. A higher heritability was found for disability pension than for sick leave.

Conclusions

The covariation between sick leave due to back pain and common mental disorders, and disability pension were mostly explained by common genetic factors, while the unique variation in each trait was influenced by both genetic and environmental factors not shared within the twin pairs.

Significance

A common genetic liability seems to be of importance in the comorbidity of sick leave due to back pain and common mental disorders and the transition to disability pension, both among women and men. However, the proportion in each trait that was explained by genetic factors was somewhat higher for men than for women in all traits. This may be of importance to consider in intervention or prevention efforts.
A Non‐enzymatic Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Pyruvic Acid
Authors: Dsouza Priya Swetha Poyye , Sudhakara Prasad K.
Published: July 2020

Pyruvic acid (PA), plays an important role in metabolic pathway of living organism, and found use in health care, food, drug and agro‐chemical industries. Herein, we report development of disposable silver nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide (Ag−rGO) nanocomposite electrodes for non‐enzymatic detection of PA.The Ag−rGO endowed enhanced electrochemical active area, and exhibited excellent electrochemical activity towards PA with well‐defined oxidation peak at 400 mV. The sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.025–1.43 μM for PA with detection limit of 0.5 nM. The validation of developed PA sensor was performed with onion juice and, reason behind electrode fouling affect on electrochemical oxidation of PA also investigated.
Comparison of core needle biopsy and fine‐needle aspiration in diagnosis of ma lignant salivary gland neoplasm: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cho Jungheum , Kim Junghoon , Lee Ji Sung , Chee Choong Guen , Kim Youngjune , Choi Sang Il
Published: July 2020

Background

In this meta‐analysis, we compared the risk of obtaining nondiagnostic results and the diagnostic accuracy for detection of salivary gland malignancy between core needle biopsy (CNB) and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA).

Methods

All published English‐language studies comparing CNB and FNA diagnostic accuracy for salivary gland masses through December 2019 were searched. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) of nondiagnostic results, sensitivities, and specificities of CNB and FNA for salivary gland malignancy diagnosis were determined. Complication rates were compared.

Results

Six studies (1924 procedures) were quantitatively analyzed. CNB yielded significantly fewer nondiagnostic results (P < .001) and had significantly higher pooled sensitivity (P < .001) and specificity (P = .002) than FNA for differentiating malignant and benign salivary gland neoplasms. Hematoma occurred in 0.3% of CNB, while no complication occurred in FNA procedures.

Conclusion

CNB yielded fewer nondiagnostic results and had superior diagnostic performance compared with FNA for detecting salivary gland malignancies.
Mixed convection of nanofluid in a square enclosure with a hot bottom wall and a conductive half‐immersed rotating circular cylinder
Authors: Ahmed Saba Y. , Jabbar Mohammed Y. , Hamzah Hameed K. , Ali Farooq H. , Hussein Ahmed K.
Published: July 2020

In this study. The mixed convection in a square enclosure with a hot bottom wall and a conductive half‐immersed rotating cylinder from its top wall is investigated numerically. The enclosure is filled with a copper‐water nanofluid. The upper half of the cylinder is cooled by the surrounding air, whereas its solid lower half is exposed to the nanofluid. The two left and right sidewalls of the enclosure, together with the remaining regions of its top wall, are assumed to be adiabatic. The dimensionless governing equations are expressed for the velocity and the temperature formulation, and they are modeled by using COMSOL code based on the Galerkin finite element method. In the present work, the geometrical aspect ratio is considered to be varied as (0.2 ≤ R/L ≤ 0.5), the thermal conductivity ratio is considered to be varied as 1 ≤ Kr ≤ 10, the angular rotational velocity is considered to be varied as 0 ≤  ≤ 1000, and the ambient convection heat transfer coefficient is considered to be varied as 5 ≤ h ≤ 20. However, the solid volume fraction (ϕ), the Prandtl number (Pr), and the Rayleigh number (Ra) are considered to be fixed at ϕ = 0.02, Pr = 6.2, and Ra = 105. It was found that the convection effect becomes more pronounced when the angular rotational velocity increases, whereas a reverse behavior is observed with an increase in the geometrical aspect ratio. Also, it was observed that the heat explorer depth begins to decrease as the angular rotational velocity increases until the increases of angular rotational velocity effect is diminishing therefore it may be the main target of the present research. This observation is seen for both considered values of the thermal conductivity ratio and the geometrical aspect ratio. Moreover, it was observed that both the local and the average Nusselt numbers increase as the geometrical aspect ratio increases. A comparison with a previously published numerical work is performed, and a good agreement between the results is observed.
The U.S. small business bankruptcy amendments: A global model for reform?
Authors: Janger Edward J.
Published: July 2020

On February 19, 2020, the Small Business Reorganization Act of 2019 went into effect in the United States. This statute was intended to make the rescue regime of Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code more effective for smaller businesses that would not otherwise have the financial wherewithal to complete a traditional Chapter 11 reorganization. This article describes the central innovations of the new statute, and considers whether they might be adaptable by other countries.
Local advanced adrenocortical cancer with a long‐term recurrence‐free survival treated with complete surgical excision and adjuvant therapy with a very low‐dose mitotane
Authors: Tokura Yuumi , Kobayashi Minoru , Kamai Takao
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Adrenocortical cancer is a rare tumor with high malignant potential, often resulting in recurrence and poor survival even after complete excision. Thus, adjuvant therapy needs to be considered despite its unestablished effectiveness.

Case presentation

We report a 70‐year‐old man presented with a huge adrenal mass extending into the right liver lobe. He underwent right adrenalectomy concurrent with right nephrectomy and right hemihepatectomy for curative intent. He was given a very low‐dose mitotane (0.5 g/day) adjuvant therapy to be alive without any signs of recurrence for 90 months after surgery without unwanted toxicity.

Conclusion

A long‐term and very low dose of adjuvant mitotane could be an option for a patient with complete surgical resection in an expectation to prevent microscopic residual disease from recurrence.
Physical assessment educational programs for pharmacists and pharmacy students: A systematic review
Authors: Barry Arden R. , Turgeon Ricky D. , Ellis Ursula M.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The scope of pharmacy practice has evolved to include physical assessment (PA) as part of the management of drug therapy.

Objective

To describe programs developed to teach pharmacists/pharmacy students PA and identify factors associated with improved knowledge, skill, confidence, and utilization.

Methods

A librarian‐assisted search was performed of MEDLINE, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature using the terms “pharmacist,” “student,” and “physical examination,” supplemented with manual reference searches. Studies published exclusively as abstracts were excluded. No language restrictions were applied. Extracted data included design, location, participants, methods of instruction, PA skills taught, assessment, utilization, and follow‐up.

Results

The search yielded 635 unique citations, which were independently reviewed by two authors. Twenty‐eight articles were reviewed in full and 16 were included. Most studies were conducted in the United States or Canada. Thirteen studies enrolled pharmacy students (mainly second or third year), which focused on comprehensive PA skills or blood pressure measurement. Length of instruction ranged from a single session to a full‐year course. Generally, any type of instruction improved knowledge and confidence with PA. Students preferred pharmacist instructors to other clinicians, and live subjects to simulators/manikins. Three studies evaluated courses for practicing pharmacists, which included comprehensive PA instruction and consisted of 2‐30 contact hours. Participants' confidence with performing PA improved from precourse to postcourse surveys. One study showed improved confidence with performing PA 6 months after the course, while another study showed no improvement in confidence but increased PA use at 6 months postcourse. Utilization of PA after 6 months ranged from 49% to 66%.

Conclusions

A variety of programs have been developed to teach PA skills to pharmacists/pharmacy students. Limited data suggest that sessions which included pharmacist instructors and live subjects to practice PA skills were preferred. Courses for practicing pharmacists improved confidence with performing PA, but persistent confidence and utilization at 6 months were variable.
Screening and identification of biomarkers associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Yanyun , Zhang Lin , Chen Yitong , Li Man , Ha Minwen , Li Songbai
Published: July 2020

Background

In this study, we aimed to identify the pathogenesis and prognostic biomarkers of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutant genes were screened. In addition, enrichment and protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network analyses of the SNP‐mutated genes were performed. Thereafter, the correlation between gene mutation and expression was analyzed. Finally, the mutated genes associated with LUAD prognosis were validated on the basis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database.

Results

A total of 2502 DEmRNAs were initially screened in this study. We identified 756 SNP‐mutated genes from more than 30 cases. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the mutated genes involved in LUAD were mainly associated with the ECM‐receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and calcium signaling pathways. Tumor protein p53 (TP53) and neurexin 1 (NRXN1) with the higher degree were chosen as the hub genes in the PPI network. In addition, the correlation analysis revealed six genes, including assembly factor for spindle microtubules (ASPM), centromere protein F (CENPF), contactin 3 (CNTN3), catenin delta 2 (CTNND2), PKHD1 like 1 (PKHD1L1), and semaphorin 6D (SEMA6D), and three SNP mutations at ASPM rs368020495, CENPF rs762653487, and PKHD1L1 rs768349010 sites that were found to be associated with LUAD prognosis. Further validation showed that among the aforementioned six mutated genes, CENPF was upregulated and SEMA6D was downregulated.

Conclusion

CENPF, SEMA6D, TP53, and NRXN1 were found to be closely associated with the development of LUAD.
Computer Algorithm‐Based Hydroxyurea Dosing Facilitates Titration to Maximum Tolerated Dose in Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Oldham Mahogany , Conrey Anna , Pittman Corinne , Fisher Cameron , Hargrett Simone , West Kamille , Jackson Mary , Martin Staci , Hsieh Matthew M. , Jeffries Neal , Kaplarevic Mihailo , Johnson Dachelle , Olkhanud Purevdorj , Fitzhugh Courtney D.
Published: July 2020

Adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience acute and chronic complications and die prematurely. When taken at maximum tolerated dose (MTD), hydroxyurea prolongs survival; however, it has not consistently reversed organ dysfunction. Patients also frequently do not take hydroxyurea, at least in part because of physician discomfort with prescribing hydroxyurea. We sought to develop a computer program that could easily titrate hydroxyurea to MTD. This was a single‐arm, open‐label pilot study. Fifteen patients with homozygous SCD were enrolled in the protocol, and 10 patients were followed at baseline and then for 1 year after hydroxyurea initiation or dose titration. Fetal hemoglobin significantly increased in all 10 patients from 8.3% to 25.1% (P < .001). Nine patients were titrated to MTD in an average of 7.9 months, and the tenth patient's hydroxyurea dose was increased to 33 mg/kg/day. Computer program dosing recommendations were the same as manual dosing decisions made using the same algorithm for all patients and at all times. We also evaluated markers of cardiopulmonary, liver and renal damage. Although cardiopulmonary function did not significantly improve, direct bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase levels significantly decreased (P < .001 and P < .01, respectively). Last, although kidney function did not improve, degree of proteinuria was significantly reduced (P < .05). We have developed a computer program that reliably titrates hydroxyurea to MTD. A larger study is indicated to test the program either as a computer program or a downloadable application.
Assessment of 20th‐century reanalysis circulation patterns associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation impacts on the tropical Atlantic and northeastern Brazil rainy season
Authors: Pinheiro Enzo , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfirio , Drumond Anita
Published: July 2020

The present study investigates how the 20th‐century atmospheric reanalyses (ERA‐20C and NOAA‐20CR) reproduce the known impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) atmospheric circulation from the boreal winter to spring and the consequences on northeastern Brazil (NEB) precipitation during its rainy season (boreal spring). For the period 1979–2010, comparisons of atmospheric patterns associated with ENSO events are made through the use of anomaly composites of variables provided by ERA‐20C, NOAA‐20CR and satellite‐era reanalyses (ERA‐Interim and NCEP‐Reanalysis 2). We also evaluate the ability of the reanalyses to reproduce the interannual variability of precipitation during the boreal spring over Ceará state (located in NEB) by statistically comparing them with Funceme rain‐gauge and Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) datasets. As the main result, both 20th‐century reanalyses capture the major features in the tropical Pacific representing the climatic system during ENSO years as well as its impacts on the tropical Atlantic, in agreement with previous studies. However, some differences are noted, such as (a) NOAA‐20CR differs from the other reanalyses since it indicates stronger (weaker) near‐surface (upper levels) wind anomalies over the central‐western equatorial Pacific in both El Niño and La Niña composites; (b) over the tropical Atlantic, all reanalyses indicate the existence of an omega anomalies dipole between 10°N and 10°S for both ENSO phases although a weaker signal is seen in NOAA‐20CR; (c) NOAA‐20CR underestimates the intensity of the precipitation anomalies over the NEB during El Niño and La Niña years, and this is associated with the weaker vertical velocity anomalies. These results indicate that ERA‐20C is the most appropriate 20th‐century reanalysis to study the long‐term interannual variability in the tropical Atlantic associated with ENSO and its impacts on precipitation in northeastern Brazil.
Effects of dietary ferulic acid on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of heifers
Authors: Peña‐Torres Edgar Fernando , Dávila‐Ramírez José Luis , Peña‐Ramos Etna Aida , Valenzuela‐Melendres Martín , Pinelli‐Saavedra Araceli , Avendaño‐Reyes Leonel , González‐Ríos Humberto
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Ferulic acid is a natural occurring compound with antioxidant and antimicrobial bioactive properties, and recently was proposed as a new alternative growth promoter in meat‐producing animals without changing meat quality parameters. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of two doses of ferulic acid (FA) on the feedlot performance, carcass traits, and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of meat quality in commercial heifers. Ninety heifers (3/4 Bos taurus; n = 270; body weight = 480 ± 10 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments (30 days): Control, fed with a basal diet; FA250 or FA500 offered the same diet further supplemented with FA at 250 or 500 mg kg−1 feed, respectively. Feedlot performance, carcass traits, and physicochemical and meat sensory characteristics were evaluated.

RESULTS

FA supplementation increased average daily gain (ADG) by 21%, hot carcass weight by 1.8% and cold carcass weight by 1.6% with respect to the control (P < 0.05). FA500 treatment caused a decrease (P < 0.05) in some carcass traits. However, carcass characteristics of economic importance, such as cold carcass dressing and LT muscle area, were improved by FA250 supplementation (P < 0.05), causing a possible growth promoter effect. Physicochemical and sensory parameters of meat were not altered by FA supplementation (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Ferulic acid has the potential for use as a growth promoter additive in finishing heifers without negatively affecting the meat quality, as occurs with some synthetic growth promotants compounds used in animal production. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of ultrafiltrated cow's whey for the production of whey cheese with Kefir or probiotics
Authors: Pires Arona F , Marnotes Natali G , Bella Amal , Viegas Jorge , Gomes David M , Henriques Marta H F , Pereira Carlos J D
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

In Southern European countries, whey cheeses are normally produced with ovine or caprine whey. Cow's cheese whey can also be used, although the whey cheese yield is low (2–3%, w/v) which discourages its use. In the present study, bovine cheese whey was concentrated by ultrafiltration for the production of four types of whey cheeses (Requeijão): conventional, without any addition (WC); with 10% (w/w) addition of cream (WCC); with cream fermented with Kefir culture (WCCK); and with cream fermented with Bifidobacterium sp. culture (WCCBB12).

RESULTS

Whey cheeses with cream presented lower protein content (330–360 g kg−1, dry basis) and higher levels of total solids (220–250 g kg−1) and fat (300–330 g kg−1, dry basis) than WC. C16:0 and C18:1 were the most abundant fatty acids present, with 31% and 38%, respectively. The small differences found concerning instrumental determination of colour and texture were not perceived by panelists. However, the presence of Kefir and probiotics decreased the elastic modulus (G') of the samples, as well as their viscosity. Fermentation with Kefir presented the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (7 logUFC g−1). However, after 14 days of refrigerated storage, the counts of yeasts and moulds reached 6 logUFC g−1 in all products, indicating the need for appropriate packaging solutions.

CONCLUSION

Ultrafiltration of bovine whey allows for the efficient production of bovine whey cheeses. The addition of cream fermented with Kefir or BB12 appears to be an efficient methodology to incorporate Kefir or probiotic bacteria in Requeijão, improving its nutritional and sensory characteristics, alongside the potential for the extension of its shelf‐life. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Mechanical and biological characterization of a composite annulus fibrosus repair strategy in an endplate delamination model
Authors: Alexeev Dmitriy , Cui Shangbin , Grad Sibylle , Li Zhen , Ferguson Stephen J.
Published: July 2020

This study compares the mechanical response of the commonly used annulus fibrosus (AF) puncture injury model of the intervertebral disc (IVD) and a newly proposed AF failure at the endplate junction (delamination) on ex vivo bovine IVDs. Biocompatibility and mechanics of a newly developed repair strategy comprising of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold and fibrin‐genipin (FibGen) adhesive was tested on the delamination model. The study found no significant difference in the mechanical response to compressive loading between the two models. Primary goals of the repair strategy to create a tight seal on the damage area and restore mechanical properties, while showing minimal cytotoxicity, were broadly achieved. Postrepair, the IVDs showed a significant restoration of mechanical properties compared to the injured samples for the delamination model. The FibGen glue showed a limited toxicity in the AF and produced a resilient and mechanically stable seal on the damaged area.
Gender Representation at Conferences, Executive Boards, and Program Committees in Otolaryngology
Authors: Barinsky Gregory L. , Daoud Deborah , Tan Didem , Cerasiello Samantha Y. , Silva Nicole A. , Grube Jordon G. , Baredes Soly , Gray Stacey T. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: July 2020

Objective

Women represent approximately 28.0% of academic otolaryngologists. Previous studies have shown that women in academic medicine, including surgical subspecialties, have disparate career advancement opportunities and grant funding compared to male counterparts. Representation at major academic meetings is an important career advancement opportunity. In this study, we assess the representation of women at otolaryngology conferences.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of otolaryngology conference programs.

Methods

All publicly available scientific programs from The American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation Annual Meeting (AAO‐HNSF), the Triological Society Annual Combined Sections Meeting (TS), and the Triological Society Annual Meeting at Combined Otolaryngology Spring Meetings (TS‐COSM) were obtained and analyzed. Name and gender were collected, along with the type of role: speaker, panelist, oral session moderator, and other leadership positions. Yearly trends were analyzed and compared between the conferences and in aggregate.

Results

AAO‐HNSF had available scientific programs from 2012–2017, while TS and TS‐COSM had programs available from 2003–2018. Across all conferences and years, 16.9% of recorded opportunities were occupied by women, with an upward trend from 2005 to 2018. Program committees had the highest proportion of women (21.4%) and presidential citation and guest of honor recipients had the lowest (9.1%). Of all panels, 87.5% did not have any women panelists in 2003, but by 2018 only 24.0% panels were male‐only. There was marked repetition among women occupying roles, with only 423 unique women occupying a total of 1,733 filled spots.

Conclusion

Measured representation of women in academic otolaryngology conferences has improved from 2003–2018. Despite this improvement, gender disparity still exists.

Level of Evidence

5 Laryngoscope, 131:E373–E379, 2021
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children—Management and Outcomes: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Wood Joshua W. , Shaffer Amber D. , Kitsko Dennis , Chi David H.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To identify which patient characteristics and treatments are associated with hearing improvement in patients with pediatric sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).

Methods

PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were systematically searched for articles published before February 5, 2019, and references of relevant articles were screened. Original English‐language case series and cohort studies were included if they addressed SSNHL in patients <20 years of age. Study characteristics, patient demographics, symptoms, treatments, and hearing outcomes were extracted. The primary outcome was hearing improvement.

Results

Thirteen studies were included, totaling 605 patients (670 ears). Hearing did not improve in 46.7% of ears (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34.4% to 59.0%). Imaging (computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging) results were described in three studies, and 24.2% of ears (95% CI: 7.7% to 40.6%) had abnormal findings. The most common serological finding was cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin (Ig)G or IgM (34.3% of ears tested, 95% CI: −2.9% to 71.6%). Unilateral hearing loss (odds ratio [OR]:3.85, P < .001), tinnitus (OR: 2.20, P = .003), age >12 years (OR: 2.11, P = .002), and ascending audiogram (OR: 3.66, P = .005), but not systemic or intratympanic steroids, were associated with increased odds of partial or complete improvement. In contrast, profound hearing loss (OR: 0.29, P < .001) and treatment delay of >6 days (OR: 0.27, P < .001) were associated with decreased odds of improvement.

Conclusions

Despite treatment, half of patients had no improvement in hearing. Prognostic factors associated with hearing improvement were generally consistent with those established in the adult population. Further research with consistent definitions for hearing improvement is needed to improve the understanding and treatment of pediatric SSNHL.

Level of Evidence

  Laryngoscope, 131:425–434, 2021
FIRe glider: Mapping in situ chlorophyll variable fluorescence with autonomous underwater gliders
Authors: Carvalho Filipa , Gorbunov Maxim Y. , Oliver Matthew J. , Haskins Christina , Aragon David , Kohut Josh T. , Schofield Oscar
Published: July 2020

Nutrient and light availability regulate phytoplankton physiology and photosynthesis in the ocean. These physiological processes are difficult to sample in time and space over physiologically and ecologically relevant scales using traditional shipboard techniques. Gliders are changing the nature of data collection, by allowing a sustained presence at sea over regional scales, collecting data at resolution not possible using traditional techniques. The integration of a fluorescence induction and relaxation (FIRe) sensor in a Slocum glider allows autonomous high‐resolution and vertically‐resolved measurements of photosynthetic physiological variables together with oceanographic data. In situ measurements of variable fluorescence under ambient light allows a better understanding of the physical controls of primary production (PP). We demonstrate this capability in a laboratory setting and with several glider deployments in the Southern Ocean. Development of these approaches will allow for the in situ evaluation of phytoplankton light stress and photoacclimation mechanisms, as well as the role of vertical mixing in phytoplankton dynamics and the underlying physiology, especially in remote locations and for prolonged duration.
How Do Outside Experts Evaluate Team Performance? An Empirical Analysis of Harris Poll Voting Behavior
Authors: Brook Stacey L. , Gai Xiaomin
Published: July 2020

How do outside experts evaluate different group performance? Using Harris Poll voter behavior for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision teams under the previous Bowl Championship Series (BCS) system, we created a model of voter behavior and found that team performance and team quality affect voting behavior, but not equally. We further investigated these voting differences and found that Harris Poll voters view some conferences more favorably than others. Before drawing a conclusion of discrimination, we also investigated whether differing non‐conference team performance was statistically different and found supporting evidence that different conferences perform at differing levels.
Incentive pay and rent in oligopoly
Authors: Vetter Henrik
Published: July 2020

Our purpose is to examine strategic delegation in nonlinear Cournot oligopoly. The findings generalize earlier results and show that managerial contracts reward sales under the condition of a fixed input price. Alternatively, under a variable input price, owners might punish sales even when goods are strategic substitutes. We conclude that optimal strategic motivation depends critically on the input price. For example, motivation that supports positive owner profit under a fixed input price nullifies owner‐profit if an upstream monopolist with convex costs sets the input price. In a vertical relationship between a duopoly and an upstream monopolist, strategic delegation punishes sales.
Oscillatory applications of some fourth‐order differential equations
Authors: Bazighifan Omar
Published: July 2020

Fourth‐order advanced differential equations naturally appear in models concerning physical, biological, chemical phenomena applications. The aim of this paper is to study the oscillatory properties of fourth‐order advanced differential equations withp‐Laplacian like operators. We obtain some oscillation criteria for the equation by the theory of comparison. The obtained results improve the well‐known oscillation results in the literature. Some examples to illustrate the results are given.
Assessing water literacy at a primarily undergraduate university in Ohio
Authors: Johnson Delaney R. , Courter Jason R.
Published: July 2020

As the impacts of water quality on human health become better understood, universities have an opportunity to equip students to become more informed and responsible citizens. We define water literacy as possessing the scientific knowledge to understand the links between water availability and usage, and being equipped to constructively discuss water‐related issues that affect society. Water literacy has been positively correlated with education level and water‐related experiences in adults, but less is known about water literacy in college students. We surveyed 224 students about water literacy at Malone University, a primarily undergraduate institution in Ohio with regard to gender, student year, residency status, and hometown. Of survey respondents, 62% first considered whether water was safe before drinking it, 44% primarily drank bottled water on campus, and more females (45%) than males (22%) took additional measures to filter campus tap water. Most (54%) reported seeking water‐related information online and only 27% were able to identify key threats to water quality in Ohio. Of the 38% of respondents who were able to identify the source of their hometown drinking water, most were from rural areas and drank well water. Our results indicate a low degree of water literacy among students, which has been reported elsewhere in Ohio and nationally. Our survey approach could be useful for universities seeking to identify knowledge gaps before implementing new curricula.
Significant enhancement of dielectric properties of graphene oxide filled polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites: Effect of ionic liquid and temperature
Authors: Sahu Ganeswar , Tripathy Jasaswini , Sahoo Bibhu Prasad
Published: July 2020

Fabrication of polymer nanocomposites with excellent dielectric properties in an environmentally friendly approach is a challenging job. Nanocomposites based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and graphene oxide (GO) are fabricated using deionized water by solvent casting technique. The agglomerations, intercalation, and exfoliation pattern of dispersion of GO phase in the interface are observed in HRTEM and FESEM photomicrographs.1‐Allyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride (AMIC) as ionic liquid (IL) is incorporated for better dispersion and compatibility. The Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman analysis confirms the establishment of hydrogen bonding and cation‐π interaction between AMIC and GO platelets. The enhancement of the tensile results up to 2 wt% of GO loading ensures the reinforcing nature of GO. Further increase in tensile strength in IL contend systems ensure the bridging activity, which facilitates the stress transfer at the interface. The effect of GO loading, IL, and temperature on the dielectric properties, such as dielectric permittivity (ε′), AC conductivity (σac), impedance (Z′ and Z″), and Nyquist plot are explored. The significant enhancement in ε′ with the incorporation of GO loading level and IL in an external electric field is mostly due to the increase in polarizable dipoles and migration of electric charge carriers, which result the accumulation of charge particles with different relaxation time at the interface. The interfacial polarization phenomena become more frequent at higher temperature, which again results increase in ε′. A remarkable increase in σac and reduction of Z′ and Z″ of the fabricated PVA/GO systems with an increase in GO loading level ensures the pronounced tunneling and hopping phenomenon at the interface. The diminished area obtained under the Nyquist plots with increase in GO loading level and temperature ensures about the decrease in bulk resistivity (RB) and increase in charge storing ability of the developed systems. The significant improvement in dielectric properties at higher temperature reveals the negative temperature coefficient behavior of resistance (NTC) of the developed systems.
A survey of the rheological properties, phase morphology, and crystallization behavior of PP‐POSS materials with weak phase separation
Authors: Bianchi Otávio , Ornaghi Jr Heitor Luiz , N. Martins Johnny , Dal Castel Charles , Bresciani Canto Leonardo
Published: July 2020

Polypropylene (PP) compounds with varying amounts (0.4‐8.2 vol%) of tailored allyl‐isobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) were prepared by melt‐blending. The dependence of the crystallization behavior and crystalline structure of PP on the melt‐state phase morphology of PP‐POSS materials is addressed. PP‐POSS systems were predicted to exhibit weak phase separation in both the molten and solid states based on Bagley plot using Hansen solubility parameters. Small‐amplitude shear rheometry analysis suggested that the highest loaded (8.2 vol%) PP‐POSS system behaves as a two‐liquid emulsion, whereas the low‐content POSS (0.4‐4.0 vol%) systems deviate from this model, resembling a polymer nanocomposite. Based on these findings we hypothesized the formation of a heterogeneous phase morphology in the molten state comprised of nano‐size “pseudo‐solid” POSS clusters and micrometer‐size “pseudo‐liquid” POSS droplets dispersed within the PP matrix, depending on the POSS content. Upon cooling, POSS droplets comingle, forming cube‐like micrometer‐sized crystal domains. The nonisothermal crystallization of PP is enhanced by the presence of POSS clusters. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis revealed the formation of thinner and more heterogeneous folded chain PP lamellae in the PP‐POSS systems.
Factors influencing loneliness in cancer caregivers: A longitudinal study
Authors: Ross Alyson , Perez Avery , Wehrlen Leslie , Lee Lena J. , Yang Li , Cox Robert , Bevans Margaret , Ding Alice , Wiener Lori , Wallen Gwenyth R.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To describe levels of loneliness in cancer caregivers over a 6 month time period, and to examine factors that influence changes in loneliness in caregivers over time.

Methods

Prospective, repeated measures design was utilized to examine levels of loneliness and factors that influence loneliness in 129 family caregivers of individuals undergoing cancer treatment at three time points over a 6 month period. Measures included: PROMIS global health and sleep disturbance; NIH Toolbox loneliness, self‐efficacy and perceived stress; Family Care Inventory mutuality scale; and Caregiver Reaction Assessment.

Results

Approximately one third (30.2%, n = 39) of the caregivers had high levels of loneliness, and levels of loneliness did not change over the three time points (P = .985). For any given time point, caregivers who were not married (P = .008), not working (P = .027), with worse mental health (P = .015), more perceived‐stress (P < .0001), and more caregiver burden (P = .003) reported higher levels of loneliness.

Conclusion

This study provides guidance for clinicians attempting to identify at‐risk caregivers by confirming the findings of previous research that caregivers with higher burden, stress and in poor mental health are at increased risk for loneliness. This study provides preliminary evidence that continuing to work during the caregiving trajectory may be beneficial to caregivers by reducing levels of loneliness. Future research is needed to confirm these findings and to examine novel interventions to reduce loneliness in cancer caregivers.
Revisiting the Development Impact of Sectorally Disaggregated Foreign Aid
Authors: Hassan Sherif M.
Published: July 2020

We measure the development effects of both aggregated and sectorally disaggregated aid on selected educational and health indicators for 125 DAC‐listed official development assistance recipient countries from 1995 to 2015. After controlling for country and time fixed effects, endogeneity, and biases of aid aggregation, our results provide evidence for the favorable long‐run impact of education, health, and other social‐infrastructure aid flows on the process of human development.
Gender Inequality, Governance, and Poverty in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Workneh Migbaru A.
Published: July 2020

This article uses panel data for 34 countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa to investigate the effects of gender inequality and governance on poverty. It applied a maximum likelihood estimation of random effect models. We found that high gender inequality in Sub‐Saharan Africa contributes to high poverty. The results also show that good governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa may have a decisive positive impact on poverty reduction. The results are robust at country‐ and region‐level data. It is also found that the net effect from the interaction of gender inequality and absence of good governance can have a potential impact on increasing poverty. Hence, to get out of poverty, improving human development and refining frameworks that improve institutional quality through voice and accountability, regulations, and government effectiveness on socioeconomic issues are necessary. The high gender inequality in the region should also be decreased.
M42 aminopeptidase catalytic site: the structural and functional role of a strictly conserved aspartate residue
Authors: Dutoit Raphaël , Brandt Nathalie , Van Gompel Tom , Van Elder Dany , Van Dyck Jeroen , Sobott Frank , Droogmans Louis
Published: July 2020

The M42 aminopeptidases are a family of dinuclear aminopeptidases widely distributed in Prokaryotes. They are potentially associated to the proteasome, achieving complete peptide destruction. Their most peculiar characteristic is their quaternary structure, a tetrahedron‐shaped particle made of twelve subunits. The catalytic site of M42 aminopeptidases is defined by seven conserved residues. Five of them are involved in metal ion binding which is important to maintain both the activity and the oligomeric state. The sixth conserved residue, a glutamate, is the catalytic base deprotonating the water molecule during peptide bond hydrolysis. The seventh residue is an aspartate whose function remains poorly understood. This aspartate residue, however, must have a critical role as it is strictly conserved in all MH clan enzymes. It forms some kind of catalytic triad with the histidine residue and the metal ion of the M2 binding site. We assess its role in TmPep1050, an M42 aminopeptidase of Thermotoga maritima, through a mutational approach. Asp‐62 was substituted with alanine, asparagine, or glutamate residue. The Asp‐62 substitutions completely abolished TmPep1050 activity and impeded dodecamer formation. They also interfered with metal ion binding as only one cobalt ion is bound per subunit instead of two. The structure of Asp62Ala variant was solved at 1.5 Å showing how the substitution has an impact on the active site fold. We propose a structural role for Asp‐62, helping to stabilize a crucial loop in the active site and to position correctly the catalytic base and a metal ion ligand of the M1 site.
The Relationship among Electronic Polarizability, Photoelasticity, and Refractivity in Ternary Phosphate Glasses
Authors: Tomihara Yusuke , Tricot Grégory , Revel Bertrand , Kishimoto Kaoru , Okamoto Takaya , Saitoh Akira
Published: July 2020

The optical properties and structural relationships of ternary meta‐ and pyro‐phosphate glasses are found to be correlated with electronic polarizability. In particular, the optical properties of photoelasticity and refractivity have similar tendencies with electronic polarization evolution, which can be estimated from the Lorentz–Lorenz equation and the compositional data of reported electronic polarizability with small corrections with structural viewpoint. Combinations of the oxide constituents of BaO, SnO, and ZnO result in systematic changes of optical properties, which can be attributed to the phosphate‐anion network revealed by 31P magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The small photoelastic constants are obtained with the ubiquitous high polarizable cation of Ba2+ and the substitution of Sn2+ with Zn2+ in the ternary phosphate glasses.
Reliability assessment for systems suffering common cause failure based on Bayesian networks and proportional hazards model
Authors: Li Yan‐Feng , Liu Yang , Huang Tudi , Huang Hong‐Zhong , Mi Jinhua
Published: July 2020

The Bayesian network (BN) is an efficient tool for probabilistic modeling and causal inference, and it has gained considerable attentions in the field of reliability assessment. The common cause failure (CCF) is simultaneous failure of multiple elements in a system under a common cause, and it is a common phenomenon in engineering systems with dependent elements. Several models and methods have been proposed for modeling and assessment of complex systems with CCF. In this paper, a new reliability assessment method is proposed for the systems suffering from CCF in a dynamic environment. The CCF among components is characterized by a BN, which allows for bidirectional reasoning. A proportional hazards model is applied to capture the dynamic working environment of components and then the reliability function of the system is obtained. The proposed method is validated through an illustrative example, and some comparative studies are also presented.
Theoretical study of propylene epoxidation heterogeneous‐homogeneous mechanism over MoOx/SiO2 catalyst
Authors: Wan Zhehong , Lin Zenan , Peng Jiahui , Chen Wei , Li Xiaohan , Chen Xiaohui
Published: July 2020

The green direct propylene (C3H6) epoxidation on MoOx is well studied by experimental methods, but detailed molecular reaction mechanism studies using in‐silico experiments method are few. Here, the different oxidation heterogeneous‐homogeneous pathways for MoOx/SiO2 catalyst are calculated, mainly involving Mo=O on di‐oxo tetracoordinate MoOx, allyl peroxy (C3H5OO•), and allyloxy (C3H5O•) radicals. The results show that, for surface reaction mechanism with Mo=O, the barriers of propylene oxide (PO) and acetone generation are too high; in comparison, the byproduct acrolein is more beneficial product with a lower barrier. In heterogeneous‐homogeneous pathways, the desorbed allyl (C3H5•) from the surface can easily combine with O2 to synthesize C3H5OO• radical, and in the partial oxidation of propylene with C3H5OO• as an oxidant, PO is more beneficial with a low barrier compared to byproducts such as propanal, acetone, acetaldehyde, etc. These indicate that (a) gas‐phase free radical reactions have important effects on PO generation, in which C3H5OO• is the main active species; (b) on MoOx surface, Mo=O is difficult to be used as the active O species for PO production. Further research is needed on other active sites such as Mo‐O‐Mo or defective sites.