bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editors’ Choice—Critical Review—The Bipolar Trickle Tower Reactor: Concept, Development and Applications
Authors: Walsh Frank C. , Arenas Luis F. , Ponce de León Carlos
Published: January 2021

The concept of a trickle tower, using ordered bipolar electrode elements stacked in (10 to 80) similar layers of porous, 3D electrodes separated by insulating separator meshes is described and key features of electrochemical reactors based on the bipolar trickle tower reactor (BTTR) geometry are reviewed. Fluid flow, mass transfer, active area and bypass current are considered in detail, since they affect the reaction environment. Modified reactor designs have resulted from the process of electrode selection and tower construction. The performance of BTTRs is illustrated by examples from laboratory and industry, including electrosynthesis and environmental treatment. Experimental data are used to rationalise reaction environment and simulate performance. Operational factors such as electrolyte flow, mass transfer rates and volumetric electrode area are highlighted as important factors in achieving high efficiency; minimisation of internal bypass currents is critical. Developments have enabled improvements in reactor construction and a wider choice of electrode material. Future R & D needs are highlighted.
Morphological Analysis and Properties Evaluation of Electrodeposited Thick BiSbTe Films with Cooperative Interactions among Multiple Additives
Authors: Yu Wei , Van Toan Nguyen , Li Yi Jie , Wang Zhuqing , Ono Takahito , Wang Ruochen
Published: January 2021

As a cost-effective method, electrodeposition has been widely applied to synthesize materials for the fabrication of micro thermoelectric devices. However, it is hard to obtain smooth, compact and high-performance p-type BiSbTe films when the thickness becomes higher. In this work, multiple additives consist of PVA and saccharin sodium are firstly introduced into the electrolyte bath with the assistance of KCl for electrodeposition. The influence of different additives on reduction kinetics, morphology, stoichiometry and crystalline structure has been thoroughly explored. Besides the electrolyte concentration and the deposition potential, the pulse duration for pulsed deposition also significantly affects the stoichiometry. The smooth, compact and well-adherent films with ideal composition were successfully deposited for the thickness range from 4 to 100 μm. Crystallite size was much refined, and lattice strain slightly increased with the cooperative reaction of multiple additives. The measured Seebeck coefficient reached around 262 ± 25 μV K−1 for the deposited film with multiple additives, while that of the film with absence of additives was about 156 ± 14 μV K−1. The electric resistivity increased from 66 μΩ·m to 150 μΩ·m when PVA and saccharin sodium were introduced, but decreased to 81 μΩ·m after increasing the electrolyte conductivity through adding KCl.
Si Swarf Wrapped by Graphite Sheets for Li-Ion Battery Electrodes with Improved Overvoltage and Cyclability
Authors: Choi Jaeyoung , Wang Jiasheng , Matsumoto Taketoshi
Published: January 2021

Composites of flake-shaped Si nanopowder from swarf treated as an industrial waste and ultrathin graphite sheets (GSs) (Si:C = 5:1 wt) are used in Li-ion battery electrodes. Si nanopowder is dispersed and wrapped between GSs fabricated from expanded graphite. The delithiation capacity of the Si/GS composite electrode during 300 cycles is 1.69 ∼ 0.83 mAh cm−2 (0.5 C), while that of the electrode with C-coated Si nanopowder (Si:C = 10:1 wt) fabricated in C2H4 is 1.55 ∼ 0.72 mAh cm−2. The series resistances (Rs) for the Si/GS electrode are a half and two-thirds of those for the C-coated Si electrode at the 6th and 300th cycles, respectively. The charge transfer resistance (Rct) for the Si/GS electrode is two-thirds of that for the C-coated Si electrode at the 300th cycle. GS bridges are formed across cracks, and suppress cracking and peeling-off of Si. Agglomerated GSs wrap Si/GS composites, and work as stable frameworks that secure electrolyte paths and buffer spaces for Si volume change. In the C-coated Si electrodes, Si frameworks fuse after the 300th cycle, leading to low delithiation capacities. The delithiation capacity of 4 mAh cm−2 for more than 75 cycles is achieved by the Si/GS electrode at the current density of 5 mA cm−2 with delithiation limitation at 1200 mAh g−1.
Using Lithium-ion Differential Thermal Analysis to Probe Tortuosity of Negative Electrodes in Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Bauer Michael K. G. , Dahn J. R.
Published: January 2021

If the positive electrode of a lithium-ion cell faces a surface with no opposing negative electrode, Li+ ions can plate on the nearest edge of the negative electrode current collector. This poses considerable danger to the battery, and so modern Li-ion cells have a negative electrode that is both wider and longer than the positive electrode. In this work, we present evidence using Li-ion cell differential thermal analysis that this overhang causes the formation of long lived electrolyte concentration gradients after discharge or charge due to the long times needed for the lithium content in the overhang region of the negative electrode to equilibrate with the lithium content in the bulk of the negative electrode. Several cases are shown, as well as a comparison to a commercial cell, and an estimation of the type and magnitude of the electrolyte concentration gradient is given. Finally, it is shown that this phenomenon can be applied to easily distinguish between graphite electrodes with high and low tortuosity using differential thermal analysis.
Application of Gas Chromatography Hyphenated to Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (GC-APCI-Q-TOF-MS) for Structure Elucidation of Degradation Products Based on the Cation in Pyr14TFSI
Authors: Preibisch Yves , Peschel Christoph , Dohmann Jan F. , Winter Martin , Nowak Sascha
Published: January 2021

In this study, the hyphenation of gas chromatography to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-Q-TOF-MS) is applied for the investigation of degradation products of ionic liquid (IL) based electrolytes. The advantage of APCI compared to electron ionization (EI) for amine-based analytes due to a higher sensitivity of the molecular ion was demonstrated and the results obtained in this work contribute to a better understanding of the IL aging behavior in regard to their application as green electrolyte for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Pristine N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI) and Pyr14TFSI-based electrolytes with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as conducting Li salt were investigated. For this purpose, ion source optimization was performed for amine-based analytes using N-butyl-N-methylbutan-1-amine (BMBA) as standard compound. Furthermore, a customized water flow was directed into the ion source to inhibit in-source reactions, such as fragmentation or oxidation processes, and therefore to promote the [M+H]+-ion formation. The respective headspace (HS) above the ionic liquids (ILs) and electrolytes was sampled at first for the detection of highly volatile analytes. Structure proposals were provided by matching mass spectra obtained from GC-APCI-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS measurements. Aliphatic amine-, pyrrolidine- and pyrrole-based aging products were identified as decomposition species of the Pyr14
+-cation, e.g. N-butylpyrrole and N-butyl-N-methylpent-4-en-1-amine. Furthermore, the presence of lithium metal on a copper substrate in the pristine IL led to significantly stronger aging effects. Galvanic corrosion processes at the redox-couple Li and Cu were suggested as possible causes. This phenomenon questions the practicability of using copper current collectors with lithium anodes for IL-based battery cell systems. Additionally, the LiTFSI concentration in the electrolyte showed an impact on aging caused by corrosion.
Removal of Ferrimagnetic ZnFe2O4 Impurity Phase by Li Co-Doping in Fe Doped ZnO
Authors: Ahmed Md. Azaharuddin , Bandyopadhyay Sudipta , Banerjee Aritra
Published: January 2021

A simple approach is presented to remove the impurity phase of ZnFe2O4 from Fe doped ZnO. Gradual incorporation of non-magnetic Li ions reduced 5.6% phase contamination of ZnFe2O4 to negligible limit (<0.01%) from 4 at% (atomic %) Fe doped ZnO. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) revealed that the most of the Fe ions were in Fe3+ state. The optical absorption spectra of Fe doped ZnO samples exhibited d-d transition between Fe ions. It also indicated the signature of ZnFe2O4 phase, which reduced gradually on Li increment. ZnFe2O4 contained samples exhibited strong magnetic ordering with spin-glass character at low temperature and weak ferromagnetism (FM) at the room temperature with disordered inverse spinel structure. However, 6 at% Li incorporated sample did not show any significant FM in the entire temperature range of 2–300 K. ZnFe2O4 is supposed to be the possible source of the observed strong magnetic ordering i.e., FM has extrinsic origin. The gradual removal of impurity phase ZnFe2O4 by increasing Li doping without damaging any intrinsic property of Fe doped ZnO is primarily due to gradual increase of tetrahedral coordination of Fe ions.
Role of an Al2O3 Passivation Layer during Annealing of 2D-SnS2 Thin Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Lee Namgue , Jeon Hyeongtag
Published: January 2021

Tin disulfide (SnS2) is a two-dimensional (2D) post-transition metal chalcogenide (p-TMDC) with considerable potential to compete with other benchmarked 2D-TMDC materials such as MoS2 and WS2. Compared with other 2D-TMDC materials, SnS2 has the strong advantage of being synthesized at low temperature. However, a lower synthetic temperature of SnS2 lessens its thermal stability at high temperature. Thus, many researchers have cautiously handled SnS2 when exposing it to high process temperature. In this paper, 2D SnS2 thin films with and without an Al2O3 passivation layer were prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and post-annealing was performed under a H2S environment at various temperatures. SnS2 thin film with an Al2O3 passivation layer is more thermally stable at higher temperature during post-annealing than is SnS2 thin film without an Al2O3 passivation layer. Furthermore, higher temperatures used during post-annealing facilitate enhanced crystallinity of 2D SnS2 thin films without evaporation. The enhanced crystallinity is mainly attributed to the presence of an Al2O3 passivation layer that blocks evaporation of SnS2 and enables increased processing temperature in post-annealing.
Polymorphic Phase Transition and Domain Configurations of (K, Na)NbO3-Based Lead-Free Ceramics Modified by (Ba0.6Ca0.4)ZrO3
Authors: Xi Kaibiao , Li Yuanliang , Zheng Zhanshen , Zhang Lifang , Liu Yun , Mi Yueshan
Published: January 2021

In this work, (1−x)(K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.96Sb0.04)−x(Ba0.6Ca0.4)ZrO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid-state sintering method. The relationship between the composition, structure and performance of the system was analyzed specifically. A polymorphic phase transition with rhombohedral-tetragonal (R-T) was formed in the sample with x = 0.3 at the room temperature (∼27 °C), which was tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the temperature-dependent dielectric behavior. The high-density polar nanodomain regions were observed through Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) in the sample with x = 0.3. Thanks to the rotation of the domain and the movement of the domain wall, the piezoelectric performance was improved, the ceramics with x = 0.3 possess enhanced piezoelectric properties of d
33 ∼ 325 pC/N together with a high Curie temperature of T

c
∼ 335 °C. Furthermore, the thermal stability in the sample with x = 0.3 can be enhanced to (Δd
33/Δd
33(25 °C) ∼ 12.54%), exhibiting good temperature stability, which guarantees the ceramics could be used in a wide temperature rage.
LPS-induced epithelial barrier disruption via hyperactivation of CACC and ENaC
Authors: Kim Minkyoung , Lee Sang-Woo , Kim Junchul , Shin Yonghwan , Chang Fengjiao , Kim Jin Man , Cong Xin , Yu Guang-Yan , Park Kyungpyo
Published: January 2021

Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the susceptibility of cells to pathogenic diseases, including inflammatory diseases and septic syndrome. In our experiments, we examined whether LPS induces epithelial barrier disruption in secretory epithelia and further investigated its underlying mechanism. The activities of Ca2+-activated Cl− channels (CACC) and epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) were monitored with a short-circuit current using an Ussing chamber. Epithelial membrane integrity was estimated via transepithelial electrical resistance and paracellular permeability assays. We found that the apical application of LPS evoked short-circuit current ( Isc) through the activation of CACC and ENaC. Although LPS disrupted epithelial barrier integrity, this was restored with the inhibition of CACC and ENaC, indicating the role of CACC and ENaC in the regulation of paracellular pathways. We confirmed that LPS, CACC, or ENaC activation evoked apical membrane depolarization. The exposure to a high-K+ buffer increased paracellular permeability. LPS induced the rapid redistribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and reduced the expression levels of ZO-1 in tight junctions through apical membrane depolarization and tyrosine phosphorylation. However, the LPS-induced epithelial barrier disruption and degradation of ZO-1 were largely recovered by blocking CACC and ENaC. Furthermore, although LPS-impaired epithelial barrier became vulnerable to secondary bacterial infections, this vulnerability was prevented by inhibiting CACC and ENaC. We concluded that LPS induces the disruption of epithelial barrier integrity through the activation of CACC and ENaC, resulting in apical membrane depolarization and the subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of ZO-1.
Actin dynamics as critical ion channel regulator: ENaC and Piezo in focus
Authors: Morachevskaya Elena A. , Sudarikova Anastasia V.
Published: January 2021

Ion channels in plasma membrane play a principal role in different physiological processes, including cell volume regulation, signal transduction, and modulation of membrane potential in living cells. Actin-based cytoskeleton, which exists in a dynamic balance between monomeric and polymeric forms (globular and fibrillar actin), can be directly or indirectly involved in various cellular responses including modulation of ion channel activity. In this mini-review, we present an overview of the role of submembranous actin dynamics in the regulation of ion channels in excitable and nonexcitable cells. Special attention is focused on the important data about the involvement of actin assembly/disassembly and some actin-binding proteins in the control of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and mechanosensitive Piezo channels whose integral activity has a potential impact on membrane transport and multiple coupled cellular reactions. Growing evidence suggests that actin elements of the cytoskeleton can represent a “converging point” of various signaling pathways modulating the activity of ion transport proteins in cell membranes.
Cellular metabolomics of pulmonary fibrosis, from amino acids to lipids
Authors: Roque Willy , Romero Freddy
Published: January 2021

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease of unknown etiology with limited treatment options. It is characterized by repetitive injury to alveolar epithelial cells and aberrant activation of numerous signaling pathways. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming, metabolic dysregulation, and mitochondria dysfunction are distinctive features of the IPF lungs. Through numerous mechanisms, metabolomic abnormalities in alveolar epithelial cells, myofibroblast, macrophages, and fibroblasts contribute to the abnormal collagen synthesis and dysregulated airway remodeling described in lung fibrosis. This review summarizes the metabolomic changes in amino acids, lipids, glucose, and heme seen in IPF lungs. Simultaneously, we provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies by targeting a variety of metabolites.
Hepatic macrophage accumulation with aging: cause for concern?
Authors: Bloomer Steven A. , Moyer Eric D.
Published: January 2021

Aging is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation that adversely affects physiological function. The liver regulates systemic inflammation; it is a source of cytokine production and also scavenges bacteria from the portal circulation to prevent infection of other organs. The cells with primary roles in these functions, hepatic macrophages, become more numerous in the liver with “normal” aging (i.e., in the absence of disease). Here, we demonstrate evidence and potential mechanisms for this phenomenon, which include augmented tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in the liver. Also, we discuss how an age-related impairment in autophagy within macrophages leads to a pro-oxidative state and ensuing production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin 6 (IL-6). Given that the liver is a rich source of macrophages, we posit that it represents a major source of the elevated systemic IL-6 observed with aging, which is associated with physiological dysfunction. Testing a causal role for liver macrophage production of IL-6 during aging remains a challenge, yet interventions that have targeted macrophages and/or IL-6 have demonstrated promise in treating age-related diseases. These studies have demonstrated an age-related, deleterious reprogramming of macrophage function, which worsens pathology. Therefore, hepatic macrophage accrual is indeed a cause for concern, and therapies that attenuate the aged phenotype of macrophages will likely prove useful in promoting healthy aging.
Lift observation conveys object weight distribution but partly enhances predictive lift planning
Authors: Rens Guy , Orban de Xivry Jean-Jacques , Davare Marco , van Polanen Vonne
Published: January 2021

Individuals are able to extract an object’s size and weight by observing interactions with objects and subsequently integrate this information in their own motor repertoire. Here, we show that this ability extrapolates to weight distributions. Specifically, we highlighted that individuals can perceive an object’s weight distribution during lift observation but can only partially embody this information when planning their own actions.
Development and plasticity of complex movement representations
Authors: Singleton Anna C. , Brown Andrew R. , Teskey G. Campbell
Published: January 2021

The motor cortex is topographically organized into maps of different body parts. We used to think that the function of motor cortex was to drive individual muscles, but more recently we have learned that it is also organized to make complex movements. However, the development and plasticity of those complex movements is completely unknown. In this paper, the emergence and topography of complex movement representation, as well as their plasticity during development, is detailed.
Protective Effects of Oroxylin A against Doxorubicin‐Induced Cardiotoxicity via the Activation of Sirt1 in Mice
Authors: Zhang Wen-Bin , Zheng Yong-Fa , Wu Yao-Gui
Published: January 2021

Doxorubicin‐ (DOX‐) related cardiac injury impairs the life quality of patients with cancer. This largely limited the clinical use of DOX. It is of great significance to find a novel strategy to reduce DOX‐related cardiac injury. Oroxylin A (OA) has been identified to exert beneficial effects against inflammatory diseases and cancers. Here, we investigated whether OA could attenuate DOX‐induced acute cardiotoxicity in mice. A single dose of DOX was used to induce acute cardiac injury in mice. To explore the protective effects, OA was administered to mice for ten days beginning from five days before DOX injection. The data in our study indicated that OA inhibited DOX‐induced heart weight loss, reduction in cardiac function, and the elevation in myocardial injury markers. DOX injection resulted in increased oxidative damage, inflammation accumulation, and myocardial apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and these pathological alterations were alleviated by treatment of OA. OA activated the sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) signaling pathway via the cAMP/protein kinase A, and its protective effects were blocked by Sirt1 deficiency. OA treatment did not affect the tumor‐killing action of DOX in tumor‐bearing mice. In conclusion, OA protected against DOX‐related acute cardiac injury via the regulation of Sirt1.
Risk and Income Evaluation Decision Model of PPP Project Based on Fuzzy Borda Method
Authors: Du Longbo , Gao Jing
Published: January 2021

In order to effectively analyze the risk-return decision-making model of PPP project by Yuan et al., (2020) this paper, based on the fuzzy Borda method and synergy effect theory, considers the synergistic effect of PPP project, constructs the model of investment risk sharing, incentive, and supervision punishment, and determines the investment risk sharing, incentive, and PPP project investment. This paper also aims to supervise and punish the decision-making mechanism to achieve the goals of the PPP project. The research results show that the increased synergy of project participants not only reduces the impact of investment risk on project revenue but also promotes project participants to increase their willingness to undertake risks, actively undertake project risks, and achieve synergy effects of PPP projects. Through the cooperation of both parties, the total income of PPP projects is increased. The research results show that the government chooses social capital participants with complementary advantages to form synergy as shown by Jiang et al. (2016); with the increase of synergy, the government needs to increase the incentive intensity, improve the performance behavior of social capital participants as proposed by Junlong et al. (2020), curb their speculation, and promote the two sides. Due to the increased synergy and the willingness of social capital participants to increase cooperation and reduce speculation, the government should reduce the intensity of supervision and punishment.
Stability Mechanism and Control Factors on Equipment Removal Area under “Goaf‐Roof‐Coal” Structure
Authors: Chen Zhongshun , Yuan Yong , Zhu Cheng , Wang Wenmiao
Published: January 2021

One of the main difficulties in longwall mining (LM) is the movement of mining equipment from one panel to the next panel during mining process. The shields of the LM face may be damaged by the collapse of the roof in shallow coal seam under the “Goaf‐Roof‐Coal” (GRC) structure, especially when moving the shields from the current panel to the next panel. In order to solve this problem, the stability mechanism and its control factors during the LM equipment removal were investigated by using comprehensive methods including theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field validation based on the working conditions of Panel 31102 in Liangshuijing Coal Mine. The numerical simulations demonstrate that four different failure zones, shear failure zone, tension failure zone, partly elastic zone, and plastic failure zone, appear around the area due to the position of rock and the arrangements of the supports. The shear failure zone, which is controlled by shield working resistance and roof supporting strength, is the main cause of the failure in the removal area. To minimize the shear failure zone, several measures such as optimizing the end position for LM face, decreasing the width of removal area, and increasing the amount of cable support were taken to ensure the stability of surrounding rock in removal area, which have successfully controlled the damage of roof and equipment in Panel 31102. The field observation confirms that the proposed stability mechanism and control measures are effective under GRC structure.
Cleaning of Graphite Particles Embedded in the Surface of Ductile Iron by Using a Novel Method
Authors: Jia Baoshen , Miao Xinxiang , Jiang Yilan , Tang Hongping , Yao Caizhen
Published: January 2021

Ductile iron has unique mechanical property and has been widely used in many industrial applications, e.g., engine cylinder covers, crank axles, and machine tool beds and cams. The welding performance of ductile iron is normally influenced by graphite particles in the surface of ductile iron, which needs to be removed before welding. In this article, laser cleaning technique was developed to remove graphite particles implanted in the surface of ductile iron. Laser cleaning parameters and the damage threshold value of the substrate were investigated by using a pulsed Nd: YAG laser. The optimized laser cleaning parameters were obtained to achieve high-quality cleaning effect and avoid the formation of the oxide layer. Surface morphologies and elemental compositions of specimens before and after laser cleaning were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicated that graphite particles implanted in the surface of ductile iron were removed completely and efficiently by using the pulsed laser without the protection of inert gas atmosphere, and surface oxidation was not observed during the laser cleaning process.
Research on Optimization Model of Logistics Transportation Truck Path considering Environmental Impact: Experimental Data from Xiqing District, Tianjin
Authors: Han Qianqian , Sun Yao , Wu Qingdong , Bai Zijian
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the prohibition of trucks which could cause environmental pollution on urban roads has become widespread in China. However, some truck restriction policies might lead to a reduction in logistics transportation efficiency. With the help of big data, technology companies have developed many truck applications, such as HCB, truck home, and truck help, to provide the drivers available traffic information. In this context, this paper put forward a truck path optimization model considering environmental impact (TPOM-EI), which is solved by a heuristic algorithm—ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm. Most previous studies focused on unilateral benefits rather than overall benefits; this paper aims to propose a path optimization model based on real-time minimization of social and transportation costs. Finally, data of Xiqing Economic and Technological Development Zone in Tianjin city (XQ-EDZ) have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed algorithm. The results show that logistics truck path has a huge impact on social costs, and real-time activities in various areas will also change the path of a truck. This research will also help logistics truck drivers to choose the best route in real time.
A Study on Online Scheduling Problem of Integrated Order Picking and Delivery with Multizone Vehicle Routing Method for Online-to-Offline Supermarket
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhang Xueyan , Zhang Yanfang
Published: January 2021

The online order fulfillment of online-to-offline (O2O) supermarket faces the challenge in how to pick orders from thousands of products on the supermarket shelves and deliver them to customers in different zones and locations by a vehicle routing method within the lowest cost and shortest time. It is critical to integrate the order picking and delivery processes and schedule them jointly with a coordinated manner. Thus, in this paper, we study the online integrated order picking and delivery problem with multizone routing method (IOPDP-MR) to minimize both the maximum delivery completion time and the total delivery cost. The online algorithm A is presented to solve the online problem and is proved to be

2

1
+

Q

v

-competitive, where

Q

v

is the vehicle capacity. Since it is difficult to get a lower competitive ratio theoretically, the numerical experiments are proposed to analyze the gaps by comparing the values of algorithm A with the ones of offline optimal algorithm A∗ under different situations. It can be inferred that the competitive ratio is less than 2.5 and the average flow time for customer orders is less than 30 minutes, which verifies the good performance in both computation efficiency and customer satisfaction of algorithm A.
Micromechanical Properties of Steel‐Fiber‐Reinforced Cementitious Composites Characterized with Nanoindentation
Authors: Zhao Yan-Ru , Wang Lei , Dong Yan-Ying
Published: January 2021

The micromechanical properties of the steel‐fiber‐reinforced cementitious composites with different water‐binder ratios and silica fume contents were studied by nanoindentation. The elastic modulus, indentation hardness, total input energy, and ratio of the elastic deformation energy to the total input energy were analyzed in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the cement matrix. The results show that with the reduction of water‐binder ratio in the range of 0.18–0.24, the elastic modulus, indentation hardness, elastic deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity increased in the ITZ and cement matrix, and the increase of the ITZ was greater than that of the matrix, yet the ITZ did not disappear. With the increase of silica fume content in the range of 0–30%, the weak ITZ was gradually strengthened or even disappeared. In terms of obtaining the stronger ITZ, adding silica fume is more effective than reducing the water‐binder ratio. When the water‐binder ratio was high at 0.24, large silica fume contents (30%) had significant effects on enhancing the micromechanical properties of the ITZ and matrix. At a low water‐binder ratio of 0.18, large silica fume contents (30%) enhanced the micromechanical properties of the ITZ while degrading those of the cement matrix.
Axial Piston Pump Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Symmetrical Polar Coordinate Image and Fuzzy C‐Means Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Jiang Wan-lu , Zhang Pei-yao , Li Man , Zhang Shu-qing
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a fault diagnosis method based on symmetric polar coordinate image and Fuzzy C‐Means clustering algorithm is proposed to solve the problem that the fault signal of axial piston pump is not intuitive under the time‐domain waveform diagram. In this paper, the sampled vibration signals of axial piston pump were denoised firstly by the combination of ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Pearson correlation coefficient. Secondly, the data, after noise reduction, was converted into images, called snowflake images, according to symmetric polar coordinate method. Different fault types of axial piston pump can be identified by observing the snowflake images. After that, in order to evaluate the research results objectively, the obtained images were converted into Gray‐Level Cooccurrence Matrixes. Their multiple eigenvalues were extracted, and the eigenvectors consisting of multiple eigenvalues were classified by Fuzzy C‐Means clustering algorithm. Finally, according to the accuracy of classification results, the feasibility of applying the symmetric polar coordinate method to axial piston pump fault diagnosis has been validated.
Ultrafast High-Energy Electron Radiography Application in Magnetic Field Delicate Structure Measurement
Authors: Xiao J. H. , Du Y. C. , Zhang S. Z. , Zhao Y. T.
Published: January 2021

Transient electromagnetic field plays very important roles in the evolution of high-energy-density matter or laser plasma. Now, a new design is proposed in this paper to diagnose the transient magnetic field, using relativistic electron bunch as a probe based on high-energy electron radiography. And based on this scheme, the continuous distribution of magnetic strength field can be snapshotted. For 1 mm thick quadrupole magnet model measured by 50 MeV probe electron beams, the simulation result indicates that this diagnosis has spatial resolution better than 4 microns and high measurement accuracy for strong magnetic strength and high magnetic gradient field no matter whether the magnetic interaction is focusing or defocusing for the range from -510 T∗μm to 510 T∗μm.
The Effectiveness of Acupuncture for Dysphagia after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhong Lida , Wang Jing , Li Fang , Bao Xiao , Liu Huiyu , Wang Pu
Published: January 2021

Objectives. This study reviewed and evaluated existing evidence of the efficacy of acupuncture as a clinical treatment for dysphagia after stroke. Methods. Five English and four Chinese databases were searched from inception to March 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) incorporating acupuncture or acupuncture combined with other interventions for the treatment of dysphagia after stroke were enrolled. All data were independently assessed and extracted by two authors. The bias risk assessment recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. This meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.3. Pooled analyses were calculated by the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 test. Results. Thirty-five studies involving 3024 patients were analyzed. The meta-analysis showed that the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture combined with other interventions was better than that of the control group for the standardized swallowing assessment (SSA) score (MD = −3.78, 95% CI: −4.64 to −2.91,

P
<
0.00001

), Ichiro Fujishima rating scale (IFRS) score (MD = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.16 to 2.20,

P
<
0.00001

), videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) score (MD = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.77 to 2.74,

P
<
0.00001

), and water swallowing test (WST) score (MD = −1.21, 95% CI: −1.85 to −0.57,

P
=
 
0.0002

). In studies reporting adverse effects, no serious outcome from an adverse event was confirmed. Conclusion. This systematic review indicated that acupuncture could be an effective therapy for treating dysphagia after stroke although stricter evaluation standards and rigorously designed RCTs are needed.
COVID-19-Related Giant Coronary Aneurysms in an Infant with Multisystem Inflammatory Disorder in Children: The First Case Report from the United Arab Emirates and the Arab Region
Authors: Ghatasheh Ghassan , Al Dhanhani Huda , Goyal Ashutosh , Noureddin Muhammad Bassel , Al Awaad Doaa , Peerwani Ziad
Published: January 2021

Background. Multisystem inflammatory disorder in children and adolescents is a relatively new and rare complication of COVID-19. This complication seems to develop after the infection rather than during the acute phase of COVID-19. The clinical features are similar to a well-known inflammatory syndrome in children, Kawasaki disease, and it can lead to collapse and multiple organ failure requiring intensive care. The COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents is referred to mutually as pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally linked with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) correlated with COVID-19, and here, it is referred to as MIS-C. Case Presentation. This report describes a nine-month-old Asian infant presented with a two-week history of fever with nonspecific signs of viral illness and erythematous rash. The clinical and biochemical findings were compatible with complicated typical Kawasaki disease (KD). The infant fulfilled the World Health Organization criteria for MIS-C and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and anticoagulation, which he responded well to. He was discharged home in good condition after almost 3 weeks of treatment. Conclusion. This case highlights a rare but new phenomenon attributed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We report the first case report of MIS-C in the United Arab Emirates and Arab region. Among KD’s complications, massive aneurysm with thrombosis is rare and usually will have deleterious results if not diagnosed and managed promptly.
Global Exponential Stability of a Delayed HIV Infection Model with a Nonlinear Incidence Rate
Authors: Long Zhiwen
Published: January 2021

Under the assumption that there is a time delay between the time target cells are contacted by the virus particles and the time the contacted cells become actively infected, we investigate the exponential stability of the noninfected equilibrium for a delayed HIV infection model with a nonlinear incidence rate. Compared with the global asymptotic stability analysis based on basic reproduction number, exponential stability analysis reveals the change range of various cells in different time periods.
Assessing Lung Cancer Absolute Risk Trajectory Based on a Polygenic Risk Model
Authors: Hung Rayjean J. , Warkentin Matthew T. , Brhane Yonathan , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Christiani David C. , Landi Maria Teresa , Caporaso Neil E. , Liu Geoffrey , Johansson Mattias , Albanes Demetrius , Marchand Loic Le , Tardon Adonina , Rennert Gad , Bojesen Stig E. , Chen Chu , Field John K. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , Lazarus Philip , Zienolddiny Shanbeth , Lam Stephen , Andrew Angeline S. , Arnold Susanne M. , Aldrich Melinda C. , Bickeböller Heike , Risch Angela , Schabath Matthew B. , McKay James D. , Brennan Paul , Amos Christopher I.
Published: January 2021

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally. An improved risk stratification strategy can increase efficiency of low-dose CT (LDCT) screening. Here we assessed whether individual's genetic background has clinical utility for risk stratification in the context of LDCT screening. On the basis of 13,119 patients with lung cancer and 10,008 controls with European ancestry in the International Lung Cancer Consortium, we constructed a polygenic risk score (PRS) via 10-fold cross-validation with regularized penalized regression. The performance of risk model integrating PRS, including calibration and ability to discriminate, was assessed using UK Biobank data (N = 335,931). Absolute risk was estimated on the basis of age-specific lung cancer incidence and all-cause mortality as competing risk. To evaluate its potential clinical utility, the PRS distribution was simulated in the National Lung Screening Trial (N = 50,772 participants). The lung cancer ORs for individuals at the top decile of the PRS distribution versus those at bottom 10% was 2.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.92–3.00; P = 1.80 × 10−14] in the validation set (Ptrend = 5.26 × 10−20). The OR per SD of PRS increase was 1.26 (95% CI = 1.20–1.32; P = 9.69 × 10−23) for overall lung cancer risk in the validation set. When considering absolute risks, individuals at different PRS deciles showed differential trajectories of 5-year and cumulative absolute risk. The age reaching the LDCT screening recommendation threshold can vary by 4 to 8 years, depending on the individual's genetic background, smoking status, and family history. Collectively, these results suggest that individual's genetic background may inform the optimal lung cancer LDCT screening strategy.

Significance:

Three large-scale datasets reveal that, after accounting for risk factors, an individual's genetics can affect their lung cancer risk trajectory, thus may inform the optimal timing for LDCT screening.
The BRCA1 Pseudogene Negatively Regulates Antitumor Responses through Inhibition of Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Han Yoo Jane , Zhang Jing , Lee Jung-Hyun , Mason Jennifer M. , Karginova Olga , Yoshimatsu Toshio F. , Hao Qinyu , Hurley Ian , Brunet Laia Paré , Prat Aleix , Prasanth Kannanganattu V. , Gack Michaela U. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I.
Published: January 2021

Innate immune defense mechanisms play a pivotal role in antitumor responses. Recent evidence suggests that antiviral innate immunity is regulated not only by exogenous non–self-RNA but also by host-derived pseudogene RNAs. A growing body of evidence also indicates a biological role for pseudogenes as gene expression regulators or immune modulators. Here, we report an important role for BRCA1P1, the pseudogene of the BRCA1 tumor-suppressor gene, in regulating innate immune defense mechanisms in breast cancer cells. BRCA1P1 expresses a long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in breast cancer cells through divergent transcription. Expression of lncRNA-BRCA1P1 is increased in breast tumors compared with normal breast tissues. Depletion of BRCA1P1 induces an antiviral defense-like program, including the expression of antiviral genes in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, BRCA1P1-deficient cancer cells mimic virus-infected cells by stimulating cytokines and inducing cell apoptosis. Accordingly, depletion of BRCA1P1 increases host innate immune responses and restricts virus replication. In converse, overexpression of BRCA1P1 reduces cytokine expression in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, lncRNA-BRCA1P1 is localized in the nucleus, binds to the NF-κB subunit RelA, and negatively regulates antiviral gene expression. Finally, in a xenograft mouse model of breast cancer, depletion of BRCA1P1 stimulates cytokine expression and local immunity, and suppresses tumor growth. Our results suggest an important role for BRCA1P1 in innate immune defense mechanisms and antitumor responses. This mechanism of antiviral immunity regulated by a host-derived pseudogene RNA may guide the development of novel therapies targeting immune responses in breast cancer.

Significance:

This study identifies a novel mechanism of innate immunity driven by a host pseudogene RNA that inhibits innate immune defense mechanisms and antitumor responses through regulation of antiviral gene expression.
Concomitant MEK and Cyclin Gene Alterations: Implications for Response to Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Kato Shumei , Adashek Jacob J. , Shaya Justin , Okamura Ryosuke , Jimenez Rebecca E. , Lee Suzanna , Sicklick Jason K. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: January 2021

Purpose:

Cyclin and MAPK/MEK-related gene alterations are implicated in cell-cycle progression and cancer growth. Yet, monotherapy to target the cyclin (CDK4/6) or the MEK pathway has often yielded disappointing results. Because coalterations in cyclin and MEK pathway genes frequently cooccur, we hypothesized that resistance to CDK4/6 or MEK inhibitor monotherapy might be mediated via activation of oncogenic codrivers, and that combination therapy might be useful.

Experimental Design:

Herein, we describe 9 patients with advanced malignancies harboring concomitant CDKN2A and/or CDKN2B alterations (upregulate CDK4/6) along with KRAS or BRAF alterations (activate the MEK pathway) who were treated with palbociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor) and trametinib (MEK inhibitor) combination-based regimens.

Results:

Two patients (with pancreatic cancer) achieved a partial remission (PR) and, overall, 5 patients (56%) had clinical benefit (stable disease ≥ 6 months/PR) with progression-free survival of approximately 7, 9, 9, 11, and 17.5+ months. Interestingly, 1 of these patients whose cancer (gastrointestinal stromal tumor) had progressed on MEK targeting regimen, did well for about 1 year after palbociclib was added.

Conclusions:

These observations suggest that cotargeting cyclin and MEK signaling can be successful when tumors bear genomic coalterations that activate both of these pathways. Further prospective studies using this matching precision strategy to overcome resistance are warranted.

See related commentary by Groisberg and Subbiah, p. 2672
Multiple Koenen Tumors, a Rare Entity: Combination Treatment with 1% Topical Sirolimus Electrofulguration and Excision
Authors: Viswanath Vishalakshi , Gupte Jay D. , Prabhu Niharika , Gour Nilima L.
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Koenen tumors are benign, cutaneous manifestations of tuberous sclerosis. These are disfiguring, painful, and challenging to treat as they frequently recur. We report a case of long-standing, multiple Koenen tumors affecting all twenty nails in an elderly female who was successfully treated with a combination of topical sirolimus 1%, surgical excision, and electrofulguration. Case Report: A 57-year-old lady presented with multiple, asymptomatic periungual, and subungual tumors affecting all twenty nails since 27 years. Cutaneous examination revealed confetti macules, ash-leaf macule, and shagreen patch over trunk. Nail biopsy was compatible with Koenen’s tumor. Computerized tomography of brain showed diffuse patchy sclerosis. The tumors were treated with topical sirolimus 1% ointment for 10 months with excellent regression. Electro­fulguration for both great toenails and surgical excision of right thumbnail periungual fibroma was done. 1% sirolimus was advised after the surgical treatment. There were no adverse effects or recurrence of tumors over a 2-year follow-up. Discussion: Topical sirolimus 1% was effective in tumor regression and preventing new tumor formation. Larger tumors that interfered in daily chores were treated with excision and electrofulguration. Thus, a combination treatment for this rare presentation of tuberous sclerosis provided optimum results.
Curcumin-Loaded Self-Microemulsifying Gel for Enhancing Wound Closure
Authors: Guo Jiun Wen , Pu Chi-Ming , Liu Chih-Yi , Lo Shih-Lun , Yen Yu-Hsiu
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Wound healing is a process in which damaged cutaneous tissues are repaired and is a dynamic physiological interaction involving several types of cells, tissues, and proteins. Compared with typical treatments, specifically in terms of multifunctional properties, bioactive drug-loaded wound dressing in a controlled and sustained delivery system is an advanced tool that significantly improves wound healing. Curcumin substantially enhances wound healing and prevents oxidative damage. However, the effects of this compound on improving wound healing are limited by its aqueous solubility, poor tissue absorption, and rapid metabolism. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of curcumin-loaded self-microemulsifying gel on wound healing. Methods: Ex vivo permeation studies of the skin of BALB/c mice were performed using a diffusion cell sampling system. The in vivo therapeutic effect was investigated with a full-thickness wound model. Two 6-mm full-thickness circular wounds were created on the back of the mice via punch biopsy. Then, they received different topical gels for 12 days to enhance wound closure. Results: The curcumin-loaded self-microemulsifying gel had higher skin flux, cumulative amount, and permeability coefficient than the commercial gels. In addition, it enhanced wound healing. Conclusions: This is the first study that utilized self-microemulsifying gel loaded with curcumin as a delivery system for wound healing. However, the effect of this delivery system on wound healing or skin disease treatment should be further investigated.