bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid induction of gliogenesis in OLIG2 and NKX2.2-expressing progenitors-derived spheroids
Authors: Yun Wonjin , Kim In Yong , Song Gwonhwa , You Seungkwon
Published: July 2020

Glial cells are crucial for the development of the central nervous system and the maintenance of chemical homeostasis. The process of gliogenesis has been well studied in the rodent brain, but it remains less well studied in the human brain. In addition, rodent glial cells differ from human counterparts in terms of morphologies, functions, and anatomical locations. Cerebral organoids (also referred to as spheroids) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been developed and are suitable cell-based models for researching developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. The in vitro generation of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, from such organoids represents a promising tool to model neuronal diseases. Here, we showed that three-dimensional (3D) culture of OLIG2- and NKX2.2-expressing neurospheres produced efficiently mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in terms of morphologies and expression pattern recapitulating native 3D environment. Our findings provide important insights for developmental research of the human brain and glial specification that may facilitate patient-specific disease modeling.

Significance statement This article describes a three-dimensional (3D) culture system, specifically 3D cerebral organoids (spheroids) that rapidly generate S100β+GFAP+ astrocytes and MBP+ oligodendrocytes recapitulating the developing human brain. The key findings of this study are as follows. (a) Prepatterned stem/progenitor cells, especially OLIG2+NKX2.2+ preoligodendrocyte progenitor cells, facilitate glial specification during organoid development within 8 weeks; (b) the gradual glial specification inside the spheroids and diverse phenotype reflect that in the developing human brain; and (c) the resulting spheroids can serve as in vitro model for myelination to evaluate promyelination drugs such as miconazole and a source for cell therapy in demyelinating disease.
Analysis of 13 implementations of the software engineering management and engineering basic profile guide of ISO/IEC 29110 in very small entities using different life cycles
Authors: Muñoz Mirna , Peña Adriana , Mejía Jezreel , Gasca‐Hurtado Gloria Piedad , Gómez‐Alvarez María Clara , Laporte Claude Y.
Published: July 2020

We are living in an age of growing demand for software products. This growing demand creates opportunities for very small entities (VSEs) to not only survive but also flourish. In this context, VSEs need to produce high‐quality products to meet market needs. However, in their quest to produce high‐quality software, VSEs need to overcome the challenge of implementing international standards, which they find difficult to do because of lack of knowledge and practical experience. This paper provides an analysis performed to 13 teams of VSEs, using different life cycles, which achieved the implementation of the ISO/IEC 29110, to analyze the effort each team invests to implement the best practices provided by the standard. Besides, the paper provides an analysis of the difficulties, and the benefits of using the six‐step method are included. This analysis is of interest because software engineering knowledge developed by researchers should be transferred to the industry to reduce the gap between them. The results highlight, on the one hand, the practices representing more effort for teams by life cycle. On the other hand, the results highlight the six‐step method that allowed the 13 teams to achieve a high level of coverage of the ISO/IEC 29110 international standard.
Conceptual design between architects and engineers for the new Faculty of Architecture of the National University of Asuncion in Paraguay
Authors: Corres Enrique , Corvalan Joaquin , Martinez Yambay Guido , Corvalan Javier , Corres Hugo
Published: July 2020

The collaboration with architects to develop the structural scheme of a project requires an iterative conceptual design process to create a solution that responds in the best possible way to the multiple demands of the architecture. A key aspect to improve this process is for the collaboration to start as early as possible. The best scenario would be when the engineer is involved in the conversation by the time the architects decide to participate in the competition or when they receive a project proposal from a client. Another important part of this collaboration is that both architects and engineers must be willing to understand and exploit all the possibilities that the other one has to offer. Lastly, the mutual trust is fundamental. In this paper the process followed for the definition of the structural concept of a complex building is presented, exemplified for the new Faculty of Architecture of the National University of Asuncion in Paraguay.
A review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their substitutions in full‐scale wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Syafiuddin Achmad , Boopathy Raj
Published: July 2020

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) become a main contributor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their substitutions present in freshwater systems. This paper reviews PAHs and their substitutions in full‐scale WWTPs including their fate and behaviors, analytical techniques, biological treatments, feasibility examination, and modeling. In addition, challenges and future outlook are also highlighted. This study found that PAHs and their substitutions have been detected in WWTPs. GC‐MS and HPLC analytical methods have been found to be acceptable for the detection and analysis of PAHs and their substitutions. Although some biological treatments such as activated sludge and membrane bioreactors are capable for the treatment process, their technical, social, economic, and environmental aspects must be considered. The fate and treatability estimator (FATE) model has been used for the modeling of removal of PAHs in full‐scale WWTPs, but in some cases their shortcoming has been reported, which calls for an evaluation and modification of the model based on physicochemical processes.
Demonstration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in drinking water in the borough of the Plateau, city of Savè in Benin
Authors: Otekpo Lémonla Armel
Published: July 2020

Benin is located in West Africa in the tropical zone between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. The Plateau borough (city of Savè) in Benin faces problems of discontinuous access to drinking water due to its geographical location. This study focuses on the quality of drinking water available from source to final storage for domestic use. The Plateau borough has 23 hydraulic structures, 13 of which are non‐functional and 10 functional (in good condition), and seven of these were the subject of our study (water sampling at the source for bacteriological analysis). Quantitative data processing was reinforced by documentary research, socio‐anthropological surveys, qualitative data from field work, field analysis and laboratory bacteriological analysis on specimens collected during the study: water at the source, during transport, and storage. The sampling technique was divided into two parts: (a) choice of water points (type of structure); and (b) categories of actors submitted to the questionnaires. The results reveal that three types of hydraulic works serve as a source of drinking water for the population: Pumps with human propulsion; standpipes; and populations subscribed to the water distribution network of the Société Nationale des Eaux du Béni. Our analysis of 12 samples of water collected from pumps with human propulsion, standpipes and populations subscribed to the water distribution network found that 58.3% are drinkable and 41.6% are infected, and that links exist between water quality and poor human practices. The indices of infection of Escherichia coli and faecal coliform are all higher than the maximum value authorized by the World Health Organization, set at zero colony‐forming units per 100 ml of water (0 CFU/100 ml). Many problems which are confronted in Africa, including Benin, are a consequence of water supply problems, and the results of this study may be useful in the development of policies that could help improve the well‐being of communities. Recommendations are made on improving water quality management in Benin, including proposed actions for Municipal and Health Authorities.
Chronological variation in landing of Indian Major Carp (IMC) of Ganga River
Authors: Jha Dharm Nath , Alam Absar , Das Shyamal Chandra Sukla , Thakur Venkatesh Ramarao , Kumar Jeetendra , Gupta Monika , Srivastava Rama Shankar , Das Basant Kumar
Published: July 2020

During its course of 2,525 km, the River Ganga flows through the variant topography, ecological, and environmental conditions that harbor huge range of floral, faunal, and fish diversity. The ecological condition and biodiversity of upper, middle, and lower stretches of the river are different from each other. Increases in anthropogenic activities on Ganga have resulted in a decrease in quality and quantity of its water, which ultimately led to change in its biodiversity. Menon (1974) listed 141 fish species occurring in the Ganga River system belonging to 72 genera, 30 families, and 11 orders. Recent studies reported 143 fish species from the River Ganga (Das et al., 2014; Sarkar et al., 2011) including cold water, freshwater, and estuarine fishes. In this article, a critical comparison is made on the availability of an important fish group, the Indian Major Carp (IMC), of the Ganga River during different decades, starting from 1956 and annual yield between 2005 and 2018. Average annual IMC landing during 1955–1967 was recorded as 90.85 ton, with maximum (131.3 ton) during 1964–1965 and minimum (54.0 ton) in the year 1958–1959. There was generally an increasing trend of IMC landing during 2005–2018, but it has reduced to one‐third in comparison to the time period of 1956–1967. The analysis shows that catch as well as species composition of IMC had been changed over the period of time due to changes in hydrological regime and ecology of the river. The reason in totality of this change is a focused theme of this paper.
Effects of rainfall variations on river channel transmission losses in a semi‐arid catchment
Authors: Mujere Never , Mazvimavi Dominic , Masocha Mhosisi , Makurira Hodson
Published: July 2020

Flows along river reaches decrease in the downstream direction as a result of transmission losses. These losses are important in arid and semi‐arid regions where there is critical water scarcity. Poor quantification of losses compromises the quality of information useful for effective water resources management. This study determined the influence of rainfall variations on transmission loss trends along Runde River in Zimbabwe. Monthly rainfall and flow data from 2010 to 2014 were used in the analysis. Losses were estimated as the difference between reach inflow at an upstream station (E133) and outflow at the downstream station (E83). The Mann–Kendall trend test was applied to detect trends in losses and rainfall data during dry seasons (April–September) and wet seasons (October–March). Results show no significant increasing rainfall and transmission loss trends (S = 2, p > .1) during wet seasons. During dry seasons, rainfall show no significant decreasing trends (S = 4, p > .1) whereas losses show no trends (S = 0). Results also show no significant (p > .05) relationship between rainfall and losses during wet and dry seasons. This simple and quick approach can be applied in similar systems to understand the variations in transmission losses and address otherwise water resource challenges.
Drivers of Level of Adaptation to Climate Change in Smallholder Farming Systems in Southern Africa: A Multi-Level Modelling Approach
Authors: Zamasiya Byron , Nyikahadzoi Kefasi , Mukamuri Billy Billiard
Published: July 2020

Climate change is a major development challenge affecting developing countries that rely on rain-fed agricultural production for food and income. Smallholder farmers in these countries are using multiple adaptation practices to manage the effects of climate change. This chapter examines household and community-level factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change in the Hwedza District in Zimbabwe. Data for this study were collected from 400 randomly selected smallholder farmers, using a structured questionnaire, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The study used a multilevel modeling approach to examine the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change. Results from the study show that smallholder farmers’ level of adaptation to climate change is conditioned by access to extension services, access to remittances, family labor, household education (household level factors), and linking capital (community-level factor). This chapter therefore concludes that smallholder farmers that have higher levels of adaptation to climate change are those that are well linked to external organizations and have access to agricultural extension services. The chapter recommends that adaptation to climate change can be enhanced by improving access to agricultural extension services and promoting linkages with external organizations that provide information on agricultural adaptation practices.
Berufliche Infektion mit Trichophyton verrucosum bei einem Rinderzüchter
Authors: Schumny Uta , Wiegand Cornelia , Hipler Uta-Christina , Darr-Foit Susanne , Peckruhn Melanie , Uhrlaß Silke , Nenoff Pietro , Elsner Peter
Published: July 2020

Die Kälberflechte ist eine durch Tiere übertragene Pilzinfektion, die berufsbedingt auftreten und nach Nr. 3102 BKV (Berufskrankheiten-Verordnung) als Berufskrankheit anerkannt werden kann. Die durch Trichophyton verrucosum ausgelöste Zoonose zeichnet sich häufig durch einen schweren klinischen Verlauf aus, der nicht selten als bakterielle Infektion fehlgedeutet und primär antibiotisch behandelt wird. Die Gewinnung und mykologische Untersuchung von Schuppenmaterial ist diagnostisch entscheidend; auch eine Biopsie kann wegweisend sein. Die orale Therapie erfolgt leitliniengemäß mit Terbinafin. Zudem ist zum Schutz vor Reinfektionen auf besondere Hygienemaßnahmen in Ställen zu achten.
Langfristige Abheilung eines therapierefraktären Ulcus cruris venosum nach kruraler Fasziektomie und Spalthauttransplantation
Authors: Kleinhans Monika , Stoffels Ingo , Dissemond Joachim
Published: July 2020

Bei einer 59-jährigen adipösen Patientin bestand seit 1986 ein schmerzhaftes, chronisches Ulcus cruris. Wir stellten die Diagnose eines Ulcus cruris venosum bei funktioneller chronischer venöser Insuffizienz im Rahmen der Adipositas per magna (Dependency-Syndrom) und arthrogenem Stauungssyndrom bei Immobilität. Obwohl in der Vergangenheit bereits eine Krossektomie und Stripping der V. saphena magna und mehrfach eine Shave-Therapie mit Spalthauttransplantation nach entsprechender Wundgrundkonditionierung erfolgten, persistierte die Wunde. Bei therapierefraktärem Verlauf und hohem Leidensdruck mit ausgeprägten Schmerzen war es 2012 der Wunsch der Patientin, das Bein zu amputieren. Als Alternative zu der Amputation führten wir eine krurale Fasziektomie durch und nach erfolgter Wundgrundkonditionierung mittels 2 Zyklen einer Vakuumtherapie eine anschließende Versorgung des Defektes mit einer Spalthaut in Mesh-graft-Technik. Die Operation verlief ohne Komplikationen, und die Haut heilte vollständig ein. Bei der aktuellen Wiedervorstellung 7 Jahre nach dem Eingriff zeigte sich trotz weiterhin bestehender Adipositas per magna und Immobilität eine vollständige Heilung des zuvor therapierefraktären Ulcus cruris venosum. Dieser Fallbericht zeigt eindrucksvoll, dass insbesondere bei ansonsten therapierefraktären Verläufen des Ulcus cruris venosum eine krurale Fasziektomie erwogen werden kann.
Cost and quality-of-life impacts of community treatment orders (CTOs) for patients with psychosis: economic evaluation of the OCTET trial
Authors: Simon Judit , Mayer Susanne , Łaszewska Agata , Rugkåsa Jorun , Yeeles Ksenija , Burns Tom , Gray Alastair
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Current RCT and meta-analyses have not found any effect of community treatment orders (CTOs) on hospital or social outcomes. Assumed positive impacts of CTOs on quality-of-life outcomes and reduced hospital costs are potentially in conflict with patient autonomy. Therefore, an analysis of the cost and quality-of-life consequences of CTOs was conducted within the OCTET trial.

Methods

The economic evaluation was carried out comparing patients (n = 328) with psychosis discharged from involuntary hospitalisation either to treatment under a CTO (CTO group) or voluntary status via Section 17 leave (non-CTO group) from the health and social care and broader societal perspectives (including cost implication of informal family care and legal procedures). Differences in costs and outcomes defined as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) based on the EQ-5D-3L or capability-weighted life years (CWLYs) based on the OxCAP-MH were assessed over 12 months (£, 2012/13 tariffs).

Results

Mean total costs from the health and social care perspective [CTO: £35,595 (SD: £44,886); non-CTO: £36,003 (SD: £41,406)] were not statistically significantly different in any of the analyses or cost categories. Mental health hospitalisation costs contributed to more than 85% of annual health and social care costs. Informal care costs were significantly higher in the CTO group, in which there were also significantly more manager hearings and tribunals. No difference in health-related quality of life or capability wellbeing was found between the groups.

Conclusion

CTOs are unlikely to be cost-effective. No evidence supports the hypothesis that CTOs decrease hospitalisation costs or improve quality of life. Future decisions should consider impacts outside the healthcare sector such as higher informal care costs and legal procedure burden of CTOs.
OnabotulinumtoxinA is a well tolerated and effective treatment for refractory overactive bladder in real-world practice
Authors: Hamid Rizwan , Lorenzo-Gomez Maria-Fernanda , Schulte-Baukloh Heinrich , Boroujerdi Amin , Patel Anand , Farrelly Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

Introduction and hypothesis

In randomized clinical trials onabotulinumtoxinA was demonstrated to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for overactive bladder (OAB) with urinary incontinence (UI). However, data reporting onabotulinumtoxinA use in everyday clinical practice are limited. Here, we present the results from a large, first-of-its-kind real-world study in patients with OAB.

Methods

This was a prospective, observational, multinational study (GRACE; ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02161159) performed in four European countries. Patients (N = 504) aged ≥ 18 years with OAB inadequately managed with ≥ 1 anticholinergic received onabotulinumtoxinA per their physician’s normal clinical practice.

Results

Physicians primarily used rigid cystoscopes for onabotulinumtoxinA injection; anesthesia/analgesia was utilized during most treatment procedures. Significant reductions in UI episodes/day from baseline to weeks 1 and 12 were observed as well as in micturition, urgency, and nocturia episodes/day. These improvements in urinary symptoms corresponded to higher scores on the treatment benefit scale at week 12. The use of other OAB medications dropped from baseline to weeks 1 and 12 and was sustained to week 52, which paralleled a reduction in the number of incontinence products used during that time frame. Adverse reactions were reported in 2.6% of patients throughout the study.

Conclusions

In this real-world study, significant improvements in urinary symptoms were seen following onabotulinumtoxinA treatment as early as week 1 and sustained to at least week 12. This was accompanied by a reduced reliance upon incontinence products and reduction in concomitant OAB medication use. OnabotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated with no new safety signals.
Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the kidney: identification, causes and consequences
Authors: Geraghty R. , Wood K. , Sayer J. A.
Published: July 2020

Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal deposition within the tubules is often a perplexing finding on renal biopsy of both native and transplanted kidneys. Understanding the underlying causes may help diagnosis and future management. The most frequent cause of CaOx crystal deposition within the kidney is hyperoxaluria. When this is seen in native kidney biopsy, primary hyperoxaluria must be considered and investigated further with biochemical and genetic tests. Secondary hyperoxaluria, for example due to enteric hyperoxaluria following bariatric surgery, ingested ethylene glycol or vitamin C overdose may also cause CaOx deposition in native kidneys. CaOx deposition is a frequent finding in renal transplant biopsy, often as a consequence of acute tubular necrosis and is associated with poorer long-term graft outcomes. CaOx crystal deposition in the renal transplant may also be secondary to any of the causes associated with this phenotype in the native kidney. The pathophysiology underlying CaOx deposition is complex but this histological phenotype may indicate serious underlying pathology and should always warrant further investigation.
Pre‐operative Imaging Characteristics in Histology‐Proven Resected Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Cheng Nicole , Khoo Nathanelle , Chung Alexander Y. F. , Goh Brian K. P. , Cheow Peng Chung , Chow Pierce K. H. , Lee Ser Yee , Ooi London L. , Jeyaraj Prema Raj , Kam Juinn Huar , Koh Ye Xin , Chan Chung Yip , Teo Jin Yao
Published: July 2020

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are the most common primary liver cancers. With the increasing incidence of ICC over the past two decades in Asia, it is essential to differentiate between HCC and ICC. However, ICC may mimic the radiological appearance of HCC on computed tomography scans (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), leading to misdiagnosis of ICC. The objective of this study is to evaluate and describe the association of specific pre‐operative imaging characteristics (arterial enhancement, portal venous washout) in patients with histologically proven resected ICC in our centre.

Methods

Data on patients with histology‐proven ICC and mixed hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinomas (HCC‐CC) who had undergone surgical resection at Singapore General Hospital (SGH) were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Pre‐operative cross‐sectional imaging reports were analysed.

Results

Ninety‐one patients underwent resection between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016. Among those with no risk factors for HCC, a significant percentage of patients with ICC (24.3%) show imaging characteristics of both arterial phase hyperenhancement and non‐peripheral venous washout. Among patients with risk factors for HCC, between 20.0 and 33.3% of patients with pure ICC fulfilled the imaging criteria for HCC, and this proportion was generally even higher in the mixed HCC‐CC group.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of patients with pure ICC showed pre‐operative imaging characteristics which fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for HCC. The differential of ICC should be borne in mind in populations where both malignancies are endemic.
Integrating nurse assignment in outpatient chemotherapy appointment scheduling
Authors: Hesaraki Alireza F. , Dellaert Nico P. , de Kok Ton
Published: July 2020

In outpatient chemotherapy, nurses administer the drugs in two steps. In the first few minutes of each appointment, a nurse prepares the patient for infusion (drug administration). During the remainder of the appointment, the patient is monitored by nurses and if needed taken care of. One nurse must be assigned to prepare the patient and set up the infusion device. However, a nurse who is not busy setting up may simultaneously monitor up to a certain number of patients who are already receiving infusion. The prescribed infusion durations are significantly different among the patients on a day at a clinic. We formulate this problem as a multi-criterion mixed integer program. The appointments should be scheduled with start times close to patients’ ready times, balanced workload among nurses, few nurse changes during appointments, and few nurse full-time equivalent (FTE) assigned to the schedule of the day. As the number of nurse FTEs is an output of the model rather than a fixed input, the clinic can use the nursing capacity more efficiently, i.e., with less labor cost. We develop a 3-stage heuristic for finding criterion points with the minimum weighted average deferring time of appointments for the minimum feasible number of nurse FTEs or a desired value above that. By not constraining the number of chairs or beds, we can find solutions with better (dominating) criterion points. Drug preparation, oncologist visit, and the laboratory test can be scheduled based on the drug administration appointment start time. Thus, the drug administration resources are efficiently used with desirable performance in taking the interests and requirements of various stakeholders into consideration: patients, nurses, oncologists, pharmacy, and the clinic.
The life cycle of cyclotides: biosynthesis and turnover in plant cells
Authors: Slazak Blazej , Haugmo Tobias , Badyra Bogna , Göransson Ulf
Published: July 2020

Key message

Turnover rates have implications for understanding cyclotide biology and improving plant cell culture-based production systems.

Cyclotides are a family of polypeptides recognized for a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The cyclic, cystine knot structural motif imparts these peptides with resistance to temperature, chemicals and proteolysis. Cyclotides are found widely distributed across the Violaceae and in five other plant families, where their presumed biological role is host defense. Violets produce mixtures of different cyclotides that vary depending on the organ, tissue or influence of environmental factors. In the present study, we investigated the biosynthesis and turnover of cyclotides in plant cells. Viola uliginosa suspension cultures were grown in media where all nitrogen containing salts were replaced with their 15N counterparts. This approach combined with LC–MS analysis allowed to separately observe the production of 15N-labelled peptides and decomposition of 14N cyclotides present in the cells when switching the media. Additionally, we investigated changes in cyclotide content in V. odorata germinating seeds. In the suspension cultures, the degradation rates varied for individual cyclotides and the highest was noted for cyO13. Rapid increase in production of 15N peptides was observed until day 19 and subsequently, a plateau of production, indicating an equilibrium between biosynthesis and turnover. The developing seedling appeared to consume cyclotides present in the seed endosperm. We show that degradation processes shape the cyclotide pattern present in different tissues and environments. The results indicate that individual cyclotides play different roles—some in defense and others as storage proteins. The turnover of cyclotides should be accounted to improve cell culture production systems.
Current and future potential of solar and wind energy over Africa using the RegCM4 CORDEX-CORE ensemble
Authors: Sawadogo Windmanagda , Reboita Michelle Simões , Faye Aissatou , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfírio , Odoulami Romaric C. , Olusegun Christiana F. , Adeniyi Mojisola Oluwayemisi , Abiodun Babatunde J. , Sylla Mouhamadou Bamba , Diallo Ismaila , Coppola Erika , Giorgi Filippo
Published: July 2020

Renewable energy is key for the development of African countries, and knowing the best location for the implementation of solar and wind energy projects is important within this context. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of climate change on solar and wind energy potential over Africa under low end (RCP2.6) and high end (RCP8.5) emission scenarios using a set of new high resolution (25 km) simulations with the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) produced as part of the CORDEX-CORE initiative. The projections focus on two periods: (i) the near future (2021–2040) and ii) the mid-century future (2041–2060). The performance of the RegCM4 ensemble mean (Rmean) in simulating relevant present climate variables (1995–2014) is first evaluated with respect to the ERA5 reanalysis and satellite-based data. The Rmean reproduces reasonably well the observed spatial patterns of solar irradiance, air temperature, total cloud cover, wind speed at 100 m above the ground level, photovoltaic power potential (PVP), concentrated solar power output (CSPOUT) and wind power density (WPD) over Africa, though some biases are still evident, especially for cloud-related variables. For the future climate, the sign of the changes is consistent in both scenarios but with more intense magnitude in the middle of the century RCP8.5 scenario. Considering the energy variables, the Rmean projects a general decrease in PVP, which is more pronounced in the mid-century future and under RCP8.5 (up to 2%). Similarly, a general increase in CSPOUT (up to 2%) is projected over the continent under both the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The projection in WPD shows a similar change (predominant increase) in the near and mid-century future slices under both RCPs with a maximum increase of 20%. The present study suggests that the RCP2.6 emission scenario, in general, favours the implementation of renewable energy in Africa compared to the RCP8.5.
Changes in functional connectivity after theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder: a machine-learning study
Authors: Zandvakili Amin , Swearingen Hannah R. , Philip Noah S.
Published: July 2020

Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a novel treatment approach for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recent neuroimaging work indicates that functional connectivity profiles may be able to identify those most likely to respond. However, prior work has relied on functional magnetic resonance imaging, which is expensive and difficult to scale. Alternatively, electroencephalography (EEG) represents a different approach that may be easier to implement in clinical practice. To this end, we acquired an 8-channel resting-state EEG signal on participants before (n = 47) and after (n = 43) randomized controlled trial of iTBS for PTSD (ten sessions, delivered at 80% of motor threshold, 1,800 pulses, to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). We used a cross-validated support vector machine (SVM) to track changes in EEG functional connectivity after verum iTBS stimulation. We found that an SVM classifier was able to successfully separate patients who received active treatment vs. sham treatment, with statistically significant findings in the Delta band (1–4 Hz, p = 0.002). Using Delta coherence, the classifier was 75.0% accurate in detecting sham vs. active iTBS, and observed changes represented an increase in functional connectivity between midline central/occipital and a decrease between frontal and central regions. The primary limitations of this work are the sparse electrode system and a modest sample size. Our findings raise the possibility that EEG and machine learning may be combined to provide a window into mechanisms of action of TMS, with the potential that these approaches can inform the development of individualized treatment methods.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in Fabry disease: is there a room for them?
Authors: Simoncini C. , Torri S. , Montano V. , Chico L. , Gruosso F. , Tuttolomondo A. , Pinto A. , Simonetta I. , Cianci V. , Salviati A. , Vicenzi V. , Marchi G. , Girelli D. , Concolino D. , Sestito S. , Zedde M. , Siciliano G. , Mancuso Michelangelo
Published: July 2020

Background

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, caused by deficient activity of the alpha-galactosidase A enzyme leading to progressive and multisystemic accumulation of globotriaosylceramide. Recent data point toward oxidative stress signalling which could play an important role in both pathophysiology and disease progression.

Methods

We have examined oxidative stress biomarkers [Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), thiolic groups] in blood samples from 60 patients and 77 healthy controls.

Results

AOPP levels were higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.00001) and patients presented decreased levels of antioxidant defences (FRAP and thiols) with respect to controls (p < 0.00001). In a small group of eight treatment-naïve subjects with FD-related mutations, we found altered levels of oxidative stress parameters and incipient signs of organ damage despite normal lyso-Gb3 levels.

Conclusions

Oxidative stress occurs in FD in both treated and naïve patients, highlighting the need of further research in oxidative stress-targeted therapies. Furthermore, we found that oxidative stress biomarkers may represent early markers of disease in treatment-naïve patients with a potential role in helping interpretation of FD-related mutations and time to treatment decision.
Computerized clinical decision system and mobile application with expert support to optimize management of vertigo in primary care: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomized controlled trial
Authors: Filippopulos Filipp M. , Huppert Doreen , Brandt Thomas , Hermann Margit , Franz Mareike , Fleischer Steffen , Grill Eva
Published: July 2020

Vertigo and dizziness are amongst the most common symptoms in medicine and often have a major impact on activities of daily life. Although many causes of vertigo and dizziness can easily be recognized, patients often receive inappropriate and ineffective treatment. The reasons for this are various. Because vertigo/dizziness is an interdisciplinary symptom and there is a lack of standardised diagnostic tools, it is easy to lose the overview of the possible differential diagnoses. There is evidence though, that the management of patients with vertigo/dizziness can be optimized using standardized care pathways with digital support. The present study (within the framework of “PoiSe—prevention, online feedback, and interdisciplinary therapy of acute vestibular syndromes by e-health”) aims to evaluate the implementation of a program with several interlocking components. The three main components are a computerized clinical decision system, a mobile application, a counselling and interdisciplinary educational program developed by the German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (DSGZ). The study is a cluster-randomized controlled trial with a parallel-group design, as well as a detailed process evaluation. Clusters comprise of primary care physician practices in Bavaria, Germany. In the scope of the study the effectiveness, acceptability and efficiency of the intervention will be evaluated. It is anticipated that the intervention will improve the quality and efficiency of the management of dizzy patients. A higher diagnostic accuracy, optimized treatment, and disease progression monitoring is expected to improve patient-relevant outcomes and reduce health-care costs.
Augmentation of soft tissue volume at pontic sites: a comparison between a cross-linked and a non-cross-linked collagen matrix
Authors: Naenni Nadja , Walter Prisca , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: July 2020

Aim

To assess histopathological and histomorphometric outcomes of soft tissue volume augmentation procedures at pontic sites using a volume-stable cross-linked collagen matrix (VCMX) and a non-cross-linked collagen matrix (XCM).

Materials and methods

In twelve adult beagle dogs, the mandibular premolars and first molar were hemisected and the mesial root extracted. Soft tissue augmentation was randomly performed using VCMX, XCM, or a sham-operated control. Sacrifice was performed after 4, 8, and 26 weeks. Non-decalcified sections were analyzed for histopathologic and histomorphometric measurements at four different levels below the crest (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5 mm).

Results

Group VCMX presented a greater overall amount of soft tissue at all healing time points, more pronounced fibroblast ingrowth, vascularization, and a substantial new collagen deposition. Over time, group XCM demonstrated faster signs of degradation compared with group VCMX. Four weeks after augmentation, group VCMX yielded a higher mean ridge width compared with groups XCM (2.22 mm VCMX, 0.89 mm XCM (at 2.5 mm); 2.05 mm VCMX, 0.80 mm XCM (at 3.5 mm) p < 0.05) and sham (0.59 mm sham (at 1.5 mm); 0.48 mm (at 2.5 mm); 0.44 mm (at 3.5 mm) p < 0.05). After healing periods of 8 and 26 weeks, measurements in group VCMX remained significantly higher compared with group sham both at 8 weeks (levels of 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm and 5.5 mm) and at 26 weeks (levels of 1.5 mm, 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The use of a cross-linked collagen matrix resulted in a greater and more stable ridge width over time compared with control groups.

Clinical relevance

Soft tissue volume augmentation at pontic sites is more effective when using a cross-linked compared with a non-cross-linked collagen matrix.
Inverse optimization approach to the identification of electricity consumer models
Authors: Kovács András
Published: July 2020

Stackelberg game models for demand response management in smart electricity grids have been studied extensively in the scientific literature. Still, a barrier to their practical applicability is the assumption that the retailer (leader in the game) has perfect knowledge about the consumers’ (followers’) decision model. This paper investigates the possibilities of reconstructing the consumers’ decision model from historic tariff and consumption data. For this purpose, it introduces an inverse optimization approach to eliciting the parameters of electricity consumer models formulated as linear programs from the historic samples. The inverse problem is first transformed into a quadratically constrained quadratic program, and then solved using successive linear programming techniques. The approach is demonstrated on a common consumer model with multiple types of deferrable loads behind a single smart meter. Experimental results are presented, and directions for future research are proposed.
Choosing a Smuggler: Decision-making Amongst Migrants Smuggled to Europe
Authors: Campana Paolo , Gelsthorpe Loraine
Published: July 2020

This paper explores how transactions between smugglers and migrants come about in the context of irregular migration. We first offer some theoretical reflections on the challenges that such a context poses to both parties—smugglers and migrants—and point to three main conditions under which smuggling transactions take place: illegality, asymmetrical information and low trust. Next, we explore the strategies that migrants and smugglers alike may employ to overcome these challenges. We focus on three broad sets of strategies related to information-gathering, to information-checking (reputation and the role of physical and virtual communities) and to developing substitutes for trust (guarantees, escrow services and hostage-taking strategiesà laThomas Schelling). To illustrate our reasoning, we draw on examples from published works as well as from a novel set of 43 qualitative interviews with migrants recently smuggled to Europe. Such interviews were carried out in a destination country (England) and in a transit country (Greece). Evidence from this work supports previous calls to move away from a simplistic “predator-victim” discourse.
The Coxeter relations and KP map for non-commuting symbols
Authors: Doliwa Adam , Noumi Masatoshi
Published: July 2020

We give an action of the symmetric group on non-commuting indeterminates in terms of series in the corresponding Mal’cev–Newmann division ring. The action is constructed from the non-Abelian Hirota–Miwa (discrete KP) system. The corresponding companion map, which gives generators of the action, is discussed in the generic case, and the corresponding explicit formulas have been found in the periodic reduction. We discuss also briefly connection of the companion to the KP map with context-free languages.
A robust potential-based contact force solution approach for discontinuous deformation analysis of irregular convex polygonal block/particle systems
Authors: Zheng Fei , Zhuang Xiaoying , Zheng Hong , Jiao Yu-Yong , Rabczuk Timon
Published: July 2020

Contact interaction of two bodies can be modeled using the penalty function approach while its accuracy and robustness are directly associated with the geometry of contact bodies. Particularly, in the research fields of rock mechanics, we need to treat polygonal shapes such as mineral grains/particles at a mesoscale and rock blocks at a macroscale. The irregular shapes (e.g., polygons with small angles or small edges) pose challenges to traditional contact solution approach in terms of algorithmic robustness and complexity. This paper proposed a robust potential-based penalty function approach to solve contact of polygonal particles/block. An improved potential function is proposed considering irregular polygonal shapes. A contact detection procedure based on the entrance block concept is presented, followed by a numerical integral algorithm to compute the contact force. The proposed contact detection approach is implemented into discontinuous deformation analysis with an explicit formulation. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed contact detection approach are verified by benchmarking examples. The potential of the proposed approach in analysis of kinetic behavior of complex polygonal block systems is shown by two application examples. It can be applied in any discontinuous computation models using stepwise contact force-based solution procedures.
The role of heads of departments in the commercialization of university research
Authors: Leitner Karl-Heinz , Bergner Sabine , Rybnicek Robert
Published: July 2020

The commercialization of knowledge has become increasingly important for universities worldwide. Today, the acquisition of third-party funds, the filing of patents and the foundation of spin-offs are seen as similarly relevant to other academic activities such as conducting research and teaching. Research has examined how universities can be supported in their transformation into entrepreneurial institutions and shown that the business experience of scientists might foster the commercialization of knowledge. However, research into the role of academic leaders in this process is scant. In this study, we examine how far the business and scientific experience of the head of department impacts the entrepreneurial activities of an entire department team. Our results demonstrate that heads with business experiences positively influence the acquisition of third-party funds and the patent output of the whole department. However, we found that the foundation of spin-offs is negatively affected by these experiences. Our findings have important policy implications and suggest that business experiences should be considered in the assignment of new heads when reorienting universities into entrepreneurial institutions and restructuring university funding. Yet, the business experience of academic leaders is not a panacea and has its limitations.
Helium droplet assisted synthesis of plasmonic Ag@ZnO core@shell nanoparticles
Authors: Schiffmann Alexander , Jauk Thomas , Knez Daniel , Fitzek Harald , Hofer Ferdinand , Lackner Florian , Ernst Wolfgang E.
Published: July 2020

Plasmonic Ag@ZnO core@shell nanoparticles are formed by synthesis inside helium droplets with subsequent deposition and controlled oxidation. The particle size and shape can be controlled from spherical sub-10 nm particles to larger elongated structures. An advantage of the method is the complete absence of solvents, precursors, and other chemical agents. The obtained particle morphology and elemental composition have been analyzed by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the produced particles form a closed and homogeneous ZnO layer around a 2–3 nm Ag core with a uniform thickness of (1.33 ± 0.15) nm and (1.63 ± 0.31) nm for spherical and wire-like particles, respectively. The results are supported by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), which indicates a fully oxidized shell layer for the particles studied by STEM. The plasmonic properties of the produced spherical Ag@ZnO core@shell particles are investigated by two-photon photoelectron (2PPE) spectroscopy. Upon excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance in Ag at around 3 eV, plasmonic enhancement leads to the liberation of electrons with high kinetic energy. This is observed for both Ag and Ag@ZnO particles, showing that even if a Ag cluster is covered by the ZnO layer, a plasmonic enhancement can be observed by photoelectron spectroscopy.
ddRAD-seq derived genome-wide SNPs, high density linkage map and QTLs for fruit quality traits in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)
Authors: Natarajan Sathishkumar , Hossain Mohammad Rashed , Kim Hoy-Taek , Denison Michael Immanuel Jesse , Ferdous Mostari Jahan , Jung Hee-Jeong , Park Jong-In , Nou Ill-Sup
Published: July 2020

Understanding the genetic determinants are essential for improving the fruit quality traits of strawberry. In this study, we focused on mapping the loci for fruit-length (FL), -diameter (FD), -weight (FW) and -soluble solid content (SSC) using the genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified via ddRAD-sequencing of the F1 population raised from Maehyang (♀) X Festival (♂). A total of 12,698 high quality SNPs were identified of which 1554 SNPs that showed significant Mendelian segregation (p < 0.05) were mapped to 53 linkage groups (LG) spanning a total of 2937.93 cM with an average marker density of 2.14 cM/locus. Six QTLs for FL and four QTLs for each of FD, FW and SSC were identified that explained 24–35%, 21–42%, 24–54% and 23–50% of overall phenotypic variations, respectively. The genes that lie within these QTL regions were extracted and discussed thoroughly. In addition, a high resolution melting marker (MF154) were designed based on the SNP A1723G of the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase GEPI48-like gene FAN_iscf00021287. The marker detected the high vs low sugar containing F1 plants and commercial cultivars with 81.39% and 86.95% detection accuracy, respectively. These SNPs, linkage map, QTLs and candidate genes will be helpful in understanding and improving the fruit quality traits of strawberry.
Spectral Demodulation System Based on Two Transmission Volume Bragg Gratings
Authors: Sui Guanghui , Wang Zhiqi , Wang Ning , Huang Peijian , Zhu Yong , Zhang Jie
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a fiber grating demodulation system based on two transmission volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) was proposed. In order to resolve the problem that the spectral resolution of the present fiber grating demodulation system is not high enough, the two transmission VBGs were applied to improve the spectral resolution and reduce the volume of the spectrometer. The diffraction characteristics of the transmission VBGs were analyzed, and the optical path of the two transmission VBGs demodulation system was designed based on the diffraction characteristics. The grating constant, lens parameters, and aberration correction of the system were analyzed and calculated. The calculation showed that the theoretical wavelength range of the demodulation system was from 1525 nm to 1565 nm and the theoretical optical resolution was 60 pm when the grating constant was 0.9168, the angle between two transmission VBGs was 89°, the focal length of the collimator was 60 mm, and the focal length of the imaging lens was 131.5 mm. The aberration of the system was well corrected by using a lens as the collimator and a reflector as the imaging lens. The system principle prototype was assembled and calibrated, and its performances were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the spectrometer worked stably, with a wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm, an optical wavelength resolution of 65.3 pm, and a high demodulation speed of 10 kHz.