bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexible foraging shapes the topology of plant–pollinator interaction networks
Authors: Spiesman Brian J. , Gratton Claudio
Published: June 2016

In plant–pollinator networks, foraging choices by pollinators help form the connecting links between species. Flexible foraging should therefore play an important role in defining network topology. Factors such as morphological trait complementarity limit a pollinator's pool of potential floral resources, but which potential resource species are actually utilized at a location depends on local environmental and ecological context. Pollinators can be highly flexible foragers, but the effect of this flexibility on network topology remains unclear. To understand how flexible foraging affects network topology, we examined differences between sets of locally realized interactions and corresponding sets of potential interactions within 25 weighted plant–pollinator networks in two different regions of the United States. We examined two possible mechanisms for flexible foraging effects on realized networks: (1) preferential targeting of higher‐density plant resources, which should increase network nestedness, and (2) context‐dependent resource partitioning driven by interspecific competition, which should increase modularity and complementary specialization. We found that flexible foraging has strong effects on realized network topology. Realized connectance was much lower than connectance based on potential interactions, indicating a local narrowing of diet breadth. Moreover, the foraging choices pollinators made, which particular plant species to visit and at what rates, resulted in networks that were significantly less nested and significantly more modular and specialized than their corresponding networks of potential interactions. Preferentially foraging on locally abundant resources was not a strong driver of the realization of potential interactions. However, the degree of modularity and complementary specialization both increased with the number of competing pollinator species and with niche availability. We therefore conclude that flexible foraging affects realized network topology more strongly through resource partitioning than through focusing on high‐density resources.
Seasonal variation in the relative dominance of herbivore guilds in an African savanna
Authors: Davies Andrew B. , van Rensburg Berndt J. , Robertson Mark P. , Levick Shaun R. , Asner Gregory P. , Parr Catherine L.
Published: June 2016

African savannas are highly seasonal with a diverse array of both mammalian and invertebrate herbivores, yet herbivory studies have focused almost exclusively on mammals. We conducted a 2‐yr exclosure experiment in South Africa's Kruger National Park to measure the relative impact of these two groups of herbivores on grass removal at both highly productive patches (termite mounds) and in the less productive savanna matrix. Invertebrate and mammalian herbivory was greater on termite mounds, but the relative importance of each group changed over time. Mammalian offtake was higher than invertebrates in the dry season, but can be eclipsed by invertebrates during the wet season when this group is more active. Our results demonstrate that invertebrates play a substantial role in savanna herbivory and should not be disregarded in attempts to understand the impacts of herbivory on ecosystems.
La capacitación y su efecto en la calidad dentro de las organizaciones
Authors: Parra-Penagos Carlos , Rodríguez-Fonseca Fernando
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo es abordado desde las ciencias de la gestión. El objetivo es hacer una revisión sobre la capacitación y su efecto en la calidad dentro de las organizaciones. Inicialmente se plantean algunos antecedentes relacionados con la calidad y capacitación, posteriormente se realiza una conceptualización de la capacitación como una manera de formación en la organización, y finalmente, se enfatiza en la capacitación como base de la gestión de calidad en las organizaciones. Se concluyó que la capacitación influye directamente en la calidad desde el desarrollo de conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas, coadyuvando al desarrollo de los sistemas de calidad en la organización.
Herramienta para el diseño de sistemas de posicionamiento tridimensional usados en fabricación digital
Authors: León-Medina Jersson Xavier , Torres-Barahona Edgar Absalón
Published: June 2016

La fabricación digital crea piezas terminadas a partir de modelos diseñados en computador con base en procesos de manufactura CAD-CAM, que abren camino a la flexibilidad y a la productividad en la industria. Este trabajo presenta una herramienta informática que asiste el diseño de equipos de fabricación digital para piezas de geometría compleja a través de control numérico computarizado. Se parte de la identificación de las características de procesos de manufactura susceptibles de automatización y se establece un referente para definir el diseño mecánico, electrónico y de control de un equipo de posicionamiento tridimensional, para ello, a través de una herramienta informática, se definen los parámetros de construcción de los sistemas de posicionamiento, se señalan las variables, las constantes y los criterios, para que mediante la aplicación de teorías referentes al diseño electromecánico, se realicen los cálculos necesarios de los componentes pertenecientes al equipo. Finalmente, una interfaz de usuario permite incorporar los datos, proporcionar los resultados del diseño del equipo y obtener el diseño CAD estructural del sistema de posicionamiento.
Los procesos pedagógicos administrativos y los aspectos socio-culturales de inclusión y tecno-pedagogía a través de las tendencias pedagógicas en educación a distancia y virtual
Authors: Torres-Ortiz Jaime Andrés , Duarte Julio Enrique
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo de revisión se enfoca en el estudio y análisis de las tendencias pedagógicas en Educación a Distancia y Virtual como parte de una tesis doctoral. Los hallazgos indican tendencias pedagógicas que se integran a procesos pedagógicos administrativos, en donde surge la tecno-pedagogía, la pedagogía digital y los procesos tradicionales de las tendencias conductistas, cognitivistas, constructivistas y humanistas. Todas estas situadas en contextos educativos diversos con particularidades propias de las mediaciones tecnológicas y comunicacionales. Igualmente se observan las tendencias pedagógicas cognitivista y constructivista en donde el aprendizaje autónomo se identifica como característica común en la Educación a Distancia, aunado a pedagogías instruccionales, constructivistas y humanistas como parte de los lineamientos propios de la calidad educativa en esta modalidad formativa.
Maquiavelismos e governos na América portuguesa: dois estudos de ideias e práticas políticas
Authors: Bentes Monteiro Rodrigo , Dantas Vinícius
Published: June 2016

Este artigo versa sobre dois estudos de práticas e ideias políticas pertinentes ao contexto da América portuguesa e suas possíveis rela- ções com o opúsculo O príncipe, de Nicolau Maquiavel. No governo-geral do conde de Óbidos (1663–1667), verificam-se algumas semelhanças com os conselhos escritos pelo secretário florentino. Por sua vez, em meio ao governo do conhecido conde de Assumar na capitania de São Paulo e Minas do Ouro (1717–1721), produziu-se um documento cujas ideias de poder são fortemente associadas à cultura clássica. Nem por isso, seu coautor fazia-se distante do repudiado autor renascentista. Os dois casos supõem a pertinência de se analisarem as ideias de Maquiavel no âmbito da monarquia portuguesa e de sua cultura letrada, seja pela aproximação entre modos de governar, seja por uma estratégia que visava, provavelmente, dissimular a sua inspiração.
America Peruana e Oceanus Peruvianus: uma outra cartografia para o Novo Mundo
Authors: Doré Andréa
Published: June 2016

De 1550 até as primeiras décadas do século XVIII, as notícias sobre o império Inca e as riquezas minerais da porção ocidental da América do Sul influenciaram em vários aspectos a produção cartográfica sobre o continente. Este artigo analisa uma série de mapas produzidos a partir dos anos 1590, especialmente por alguns cartógrafos holandeses e portugueses, nos quais a centralidade do Peru se manifesta de formas diferentes, visando diversos objetivos. Entre essas formas, estão a nomeação do continente e do oceano Pacífico e o destaque dado à montanha de Potosi. Propõe-se, ainda, a inserção da expedição comandada pelo pirata inglês Bartholomew Sharp pela costa ocidental da América do Sul nos anos 1680 como um caso de circula- ção de mapas e de notícias das riquezas exploradas pelos espanhóis nesse período, bem como sua repercussão na cartografia
Entre gregos e romanos: história e literatura no Mundo Clássico
Authors: Marques Gonçalves Ana Teresa
Published: June 2016

A escrita da história também foi pensada pelos autores antigos. A relação estabelecida entre história e literatura, discutida em muitos trabalhos contemporâneos, ganha novos prismas de análise quando se acrescentam as reflexões de autores clássicos, gregos e romanos, que produziram obras nas quais percebemos a preocupação com a arte do bem escrever. A persuasão, a beleza e a verossimilhança foram características que marcaram a produção em prosa e poesia na Antiguidade Clássica e continuam sendo importantes na discussão atual a respeito do saber histórico, como procuramos defender neste artigo
Entre profecias e prognósticos: Januário da Cunha Barbosa, a escravidão e o futuro da nação (1830–1836)
Authors: Zioni Ferrett Danilo José
Published: June 2016

Neste artigo, busca-se compreender o papel que o embate em torno da escravidão e do tráfico de escravos desempenhou na cultura letrada oitocentista brasileira, com destaque para as formas de imaginar a nação. Analisa-se a forma como o Cônego Januário da Cunha Barbosa, importante político e intelectual ilustrado, relacionava projeções de futuro nacional e tratamento da questão da escravidão, entre os anos de 1830 e 1836. Discute-se o uso de duas modalidades de projeção de futuro: a profecia e o prognóstico. Por meio delas, Januário envolveu-se nos embates políticos em torno do fim do tráfico de escravos e fez uso político da revolta dos malês e do haitianismo. Indica-se a constituição de um horizonte de expectativa antiescravista pelo Cônego, entendido como uma das condições para a criação do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro (1838).
Memória, ressentimento e politização do trauma: narrativas da II Guerra Mundial (Suábios do Danúbio de Entre Rios, Guarapuava – PR)
Authors: Frotscher Méri , Stein Marcos Nestor , Anselmo Olinto Beatrizo
Published: June 2016

Este artigo aborda narrativas da Segunda Guerra Mundial publicadas no Deutsches Wort, suplemento em alemão do Jornal de Entre Rios (Guarapuava, Paraná). O foco é a narrativa de uma moradora da colônia de Entre Rios, deportada para a Ucrânia durante a guerra. A entrevista foi produzida em 1984, porém editada e publicada por esse jornal somente em 1994, quando a colônia rememorava os 50 anos da expulsão dos “suábios do Danúbio” da Romênia, da Hungria e da ex-Iugoslávia. Analisamos o trabalho de construção de uma memória coletiva e a composição de sentidos coletivos de superação por meio da edição e da padronização das lembranças traumáticas das testemunhas
O golpe de 1964 e a ditadura nas pesquisas de opinião
Authors: Patto Sá Motta Rodrigo
Published: June 2016

O artigo analisa pesquisas de opinião realizadas pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística (IBOPE) no contexto de 1964, com o objetivo de avaliar o apoio ao golpe e à ditadura. Os dados, na maioria inéditos, apontam um contraste entre o apoio a João Goulart, registrado antes do golpe, e os números colhidos depois da vitória golpista, que indicam boa aceitação das medidas autoritárias, inclusive os expurgos políticos. O material empírico resultante das enquetes é utilizado para refletir sobre as fontes de legitimação da ditadura que mobilizaram, sobretudo, representa- ções anticomunistas. A análise dos registros sugere que o apoio ao regime autoritário foi marcado pela instabilidade e oscilou no decorrer dos primeiros anos.
I have a DREAM...
Authors: Burgos Rosa
Published: June 2016

La desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) es un problema sanitario de elevada índole que impacta fuertemente en la morbilidad, mortalidad y calidad de vida de los pacientes ancianos ingresados en el hospital. Además, incrementa enormemente el gasto sanitario, sobre todo a través del aumento de la estancia hospitalaria, incremento de las complicaciones y necesidad de centro de convalecencia u otros recursos sanitarios al alta hospitalaria. Conjuntamente con la osteoporosis y la sarcopenia, contribuye de forma directa a la discapacidad y a la pérdida de autonomía del anciano, con las repercusiones familiares y sociales que ello implica.
A Physics-Based Data-Driven Numerical Model for Reservoir History Matching and Prediction With a Field Application
Authors: Zhao Hui , Kang Zhijiang , Zhang Xiansong , Sun Haitao , Cao Lin , Reynolds Albert C.
Published: June 2016

We derive and implement an interwell-numerical-simulation model (INSIM), which can be used as a calculation tool to approximate the performance of a reservoir under waterflooding. In INSIM, the reservoir is characterized as a coarse model consisting of a number of interwell control units, where each unit has two specific parameters: transmissibility and control pore volume (PV). By solving the mass-material-balance and front-tracking equations for the control units, the interwell fluid rates and saturations are obtained so that phase-producing rates can be predicted. The ability of INSIM to predict water cut and phase rates is the most important innovation included in INSIM. INSIM is applied to perform history matching and to infer the interwell connectivity and geological characteristics. INSIM has a number of advantages. First, the model parameters estimated from history matching provide a relative characterization of interwell-formation properties. The model can handle changes in the flow directions caused by changing well rates, including shutting in wells or converting producers to injectors, whereas with the common correlation-based interwell-connectivity method, the well interactions are assumed to be fixed. Second, the previous methods, which have similar computational complexity to INSIM, can only provide the total liquid-production rate, whereas with our procedure, we can calculate the oil- and water-flow rates and hence history match water-cut data. Third, because we can calculate the oil- and water-flow rates, our method can be used for waterflooding optimization but with far-less computational effort than with the traditional method by use of a reservoir simulator.
Produção de conhecimento sobre políticas para formação e carreira docentes no Brasil
Authors: Bello Isabel Melero , Penna Marieta Gouvêa de Oliveira , Silva Mirna Ribeiro Lima da
Published: June 2016

O artigo analisa a produção acadêmica sobre políticas para a formação e carreira docentes em resumos de teses e dissertações da área de educação defendidas no período 2000 2010 no Brasil. O mapeamento permitiu caracterizar esses trabalhos quanto ao ano de defesa, nível do curso, orientadores, linhas de pesquisa, tópicos pesquisados, referenciais teóricos utilizados e instituições de origem, permitindo compreender como está se configurando o campo. Considera-se que houve ampliação de estudos sobre o tema no período, mas também dispersão dos trabalhos entre diferentes Linhas de Pesquisa e orientadores.
Estado-Avaliador: reflexões sobre sua evolução no Brasil
Authors: Schneider Marilda Pasqual , Rostirola Camila Regina
Published: June 2016

Tendo a avaliação como um dos pilares estruturantes dos novos modos de regulação da educação no atual estágio de desenvolvimento do capitalismo, o texto propõe uma discussão sobre a evolução do Estado-avaliador demarcando três fases apontadas por Afonso (2013). Com base na realidade brasileira, busca indícios do desenvolvimento dessas fases nas políticas de avaliação operadas no país tomando por referência algumas experiências em curso, mormente na Educação Básica, e sinaliza algumas tendências e tensões no desenvolvimento dos diferentes estágios do Estado-avaliador.
Preliminary stabilisation of stormwater biofilters and loss of filter material
Authors: Subramaniam D. N. , Mather P. B.
Published: June 2016

Stabilisation affects performance of stormwater biofilters operating under intermittent wetting and drying, mainly due to wash-off of filter material. Understanding the dynamics of solids wash-off is crucial in designing stormwater biofilters. The current study analysed the dynamics of solids wash-off in stormwater biofilters and quantified the loss of solids from the filter. Four Perspex™ bioretention columns (94 mm internal diameter) were fabricated with a filter layer that contained 8% organic material and were fed with tap water with different numbers of antecedent dry days (0–40 day) at 100 mL/min. Samples were collected from the outflow and tested for particle size distribution and total solids and turbidity. Solids of particle size less than 50 microns were washed off from the filter during the stabilisation period, indicating that no sand particles were washed off. The very first event after commissioning the filter resulted in the highest wash-off of solids (approximately 75 g of fines) while a significant drop in wash-off followed from the second event. An empirical model fitted to the data showed that preliminary stabilisation of a filter occurs in the first three events, during which almost 25% of fines are lost from the filter.
Bioinformatic Analysis of the Human Recombinant Iduronate 2-Sulfate Sulfatase
Authors: Morales-Álvarez Edwin D. , Rivera-Hoyos Claudia M. , Landázuri Patricia , Poutou-Piñales Raúl A. , Pedroza-Rodríguez Aura M.
Published: June 2016

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is a human recessive disease linked to the X chromosome caused by deficiency of lysosomal enzyme Iduronate 2-Sulfate Sulfatase (IDS), which leads to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and organs. The human enzyme has been expressed inEscherichia coliandPichia pastorisin attempt to develop more successful expression systems that allow the production of recombinant IDS for Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT). However, the preservation of native signal peptide in the sequence has caused conflicts in processing and recognition in the past, which led to problems in expression and enzyme activity. With the main object being the improvement of the expression system, we eliminate the native signal peptide of human recombinant IDS. The resulting sequence showed two modified codons, thus, our study aimed to analyze computationally the nucleotide sequence of theIDSnhwithout signal peptide in order to determine the 3D structure and other biochemical properties to compare them with the native human IDS (IDSnh). Results showed that there are no significant differences between both molecules in spite of the two-codon modifications detected in the recombinant DNA sequence.
Limit Analysis for Unilateral Masonry-like Structures
Authors: Fortunato A. , Babilio E. , Lippiello M. , Gesualdo A. , Angelillo M.
Published: June 2016

This paper is devoted to the application of unilateral models to the stress analysis of masonry structures. Some 2d applications of what we can call the simplified masonry-like model for masonry, are discussed and studied. The results here presented demonstrate that the unilateral model for masonry can be a useful tool for modeling real masonry structures. The main technique here employed for applying the No-Tension model to structures is the systematic use of singular stress and strain fields within the frame set by the theorems of Limit Analysis. A number of simple examples is discussed to illustrate the method.
Ab initio prediction of the polymorphic structures of pyrazinamide: A validation study
Authors: David Stephen , Nidhin P.V. , Srinivasan P.
Published: June 2016

A validation study to predict the possible stable polymorphs of Pyrazinamide
within a low energy conformational region of the flexible torsion angle was
made through a potential energy surface (PES) scan by gas phase optimisation
using the MP2/6-31G(d,p) method. Hypothetical crystal structures with
favourable packing density for each of the stable conformers generated from
the PES scan were generated using a global search with a repulsion only
potential field. The densest crystal structures with stable energy were
analyzed with more accurate lattice energy minimisation via distributed
multipole analysis using a repulsion-dispersion potential. The stability of
the predicted crystal structures with similar close packing to the known
experimental polymorphs of Pyrazinamide molecule was analyzed by inspecting
their intermolecular short contacts. Studies to analyze the second derivative
mechanical properties from the hessian matrix were carried out to emphasise
the thermodynamic stability of predicted polymorphs of Pyrazinamide.
Efficient algorithms for the reverse shortest path problem on trees under the hamming distance
Authors: Tayyebi Javad , Aman Massoud
Published: June 2016

Given a network G(V,A,c) and a collection of origin-destination pairs with
prescribed values, the reverse shortest path problem is to modify the arc
length vector c as little as possible under some bound constraints such that
the shortest distance between each origin-destination pair is upper bounded
by the corresponding prescribed value. It is known that the reverse shortest
path problem is NP-hard even on trees when the arc length modifications are
measured by the weighted sum-type Hamming distance. In this paper, we
consider two special cases of this problem which are polynomially solvable.
The first is the case with uniform lengths. It is shown that this case
transforms to a minimum cost flow problem on an auxiliary network. An
efficient algorithm is also proposed for solving this case under the unit
sum-type Hamming distance. The second case considered is the problem without
bound constraints. It is shown that this case is reduced to a minimum cut
problem on a tree-like network. Therefore, both cases studied can be solved
in strongly polynomial time.
Changing characteristics of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans – emergence of a subclade transmitted without livestock exposure, the Netherlands, 2003 to 2014
Authors: Bosch Thijs , van Luit Martijn , Pluister Gerlinde N , Frentz Dineke , Haenen Anja , Landman Fabian , Witteveen Sandra , van Marm-Wattimena Naomi , van der Heide Han G , Schouls Leo M
Published: June 2016

Since 2007, livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has become the predominant MRSA clade isolated from humans in the Netherlands. To assess possible temporal changes, we molecularly characterised over 9,000 LA-MRSA isolates submitted from 2003 to 2014 to the Dutch MRSA surveillance. After an initial rapid increase with a peak in 2009 (n = 1,368), the total number of submitted LA-MRSA isolates has been slowly decreasing to 968 in 2014 and over 80% of LA-MRSA belonged to one of three predominant MLVA/spa-types. Next generation sequencing (n=118) showed that MT569/t034 isolates were genetically more diverse than MT398/t011 and MT572/t108. Concurrent with the decrease in LA-MRSA, fewer people reported having contact with livestock and this was most prominent for people carrying MT569/t034 LA-MRSA. The proportion of LA-MRSA isolated from infection-related materials increased from 6% in 2009, to 13% in 2014 and most of these isolates originated from patients older than 50 years of age. Remarkably, 83% of these patients reported not having contact with livestock. The results reveal an ongoing change in the genotypic and epidemiological characteristics of Dutch LA-MRSA isolated from humans with the emergence of a LA-MRSA subclade independent of livestock exposure, suggesting LA-MRSA starts to resemble non-LA-MRSA in terms of transmissibility and pathogenicity.
Rasmussen's Encephalitis
Authors: Mitra Nibedita , Kavitha G , Nithya M , Bakhne Atish
Published: June 2016

Rasmussen’s encephalitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin affecting one cerebral hemisphere. We report a case of a seven year old boy who presented with unilateral seizures and progressive hemiparesis.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):295-297
Clinical Profile of Children with Acute Febrile Encephalopathy in a Tertiary Health Care Center of Nepal
Authors: Sharma Poonam , Sarmah BK , Kayastha Pawana , Shrestha Asim , Tiwari Damodar
Published: June 2016

Background: Acute febrile encephalopathy is a common and severe neurological syndrome that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children. The etiologies differ according to geographical regions and appropriate and efficient protocols for investigations and management requires proper understanding of various potential etiologies.Methods: In this prospective observational study, 54 children of one month to 14 years presenting to the hospital with acute onset of fever with altered sensorium were clinically evaluated and investigated. Clinical examinations included temperature, pulse rate, heart rate, blood pressure, coma severity by GCS, respiratory pattern and detail systemic and CNS examination. Etiology of acute febrile encephalopathy was based on clinical history, examination and relevant laboratory investigations.Results:  The incidence of acute febrile encephalopathy was 5.5% of the total hospital admissions. There were 35(64.8%) boys and 19(35.2%) girls. The maximum number of children 24(44.4%) were between one to five years of age. The most common presenting complains besides fever and altered sensorium were seizures and vomiting which was present in 59.3% and 46.3% of children respectively. Signs of meningeal irritation, hypertonia, brisk deep tendon reflexes and extensor plantar response was present in 50%, 24%, 29.6%, and 44.4% respectively. The diagnosis based on clinical findings and laboratory investigations were viral encephalitis 34(63%), bacterial meningitis 12(22.2%), cerebral malaria 4(7.4), enteric encephalopathy 3(5.6%) and hepatic encephalopathy 1(1.9%).Conclusion: Viral encephalitis and bacterial meningitis are the most common cause of acute febrile encephalopathy. Preventive strategies can be done to decrease the incidence.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):224-230
Morbidities and Mortalities among Infant of Diabetic Mother in a Newly Established Scabu of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Mohammad Nazrul , Tazmin Tanha , Siddika Mohosina , Bhuiyan Mohammod Kamruj Jaman
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has long been associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. It complicates 2% to 3% of all pregnancies; 90% of these cases present with gestational diabetes mellitus. In our population Gestational diabetes mellitus develops among 6.7% of all pregnancies. Macrosomia (28%), hypocalcaemia (22%), hyperbillirubinaemia (19%), polycythemia (34%), perinatal asphyxia, birth injury and congenital anomaly (6-9%) are the complications of infant of diabetic mother (IDM).Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was done in the newly established Special Care Neonatal Unit (SCANU) to determine the morbidities and mortalities among IDM babies admitted in to Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Bangladesh from January to March 2015. A total 50 IDM patients who admitted during this period were recruited in the study irrespective of their gestational age, birth weight, pattern and duration of maternal diabetes.Results: Male and female patients were 29 (58%) and 21 (42%). Caesarian and vaginal delivery were 43 and seven cases. Gestational and pre-gestational diabetes mothers were 35 (70%) and 15 (30%) respectively. The important morbidities in order of frequency were found perinatal asphyxia (50%), macrosomia (48%), neonatal jaundice (44%), hypoglycaemia (40%), hypocalcaemia (36%), polycythemia (28%), CHD (20%), neonatal sepsis (20%), birth trauma (12%), TTN (6%), RDS (6%), GIT problem (2%) respectively. Mortality was recorded in three patients. Conclusion: Our observations show the high prevalence of IDM (24/1000 live birth) and their various complications. Mortality and morbidity is a bit higher in IDM. Our health policy maker should give adequate emphasis on management of IDM babies.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):253-256
Complex Spinal Dysraphism Complicated by Intramedullary Dermoid
Authors: Sedain Gopal , Sharma Mohan Raj , Shilpakar Sushil Krishna
Published: June 2016

Spinal dysraphism presents in myriad ways. Meningomyeloceles presenting with Split cord malformations are termed as complex dysraphisms.  We encountered a child with myelomeningocele and a split cord with intramedullary lesion making it a more complex dysraphism.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):277-279
A Study on Pattern of Growth in Height Among Children of Dhulikhel Municipality
Authors: Mansur Dil Islam , Shrestha Anupama , Sharma Kalpana , Mehta Dilip Kumar , Shakya Rojina , Timalsina Binod
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Growth reference charts are essential to assess appropriate growth of individual children. The height of an individual is the most widely accepted method for the evaluation of growth of the children. The child's height is primarily determined by the length of his/her bones, and thus the children become tall because their bones grow in length. The purpose of the present study was to develop the mean height reference charts for school going children residing in Dhulikhel and to evolve an easily applied formula to assess the height of the children at different age groups. Material and Methods: The present study consisted of 1726 healthy school going children (945 boys and 781 girls) aged 3-16 years, from different Schools of Dhulikhel Municipality during July – December 2015. Age was recorded in year and height of each child was measured cross-sectionally in centimeter and statistical analysis was done.Results: It has been observed that there was a progressively increasing trend in the mean values of the height with advancement of age in both sexes. The study revealed that the adolescent growth spurt or highest peak velocity of girls (11-12 years) was attained earlier by one year than boys (12-13 years). Conclusions: If a child’s height is consistently or substantially different from the height of other children of the same age and gender, it indicates that the child may have a medical problem and requires monitoring or treatment. The trend of physical growth as observed in height may be expected to serve as the growth standards of Dhulikhel’s children.J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2015;35(3):209-217
Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016
Authors: Miller Kimberly D. , Siegel Rebecca L. , Lin Chun Chieh , Mariotto Angela B. , Kramer Joan L. , Rowland Julia H. , Stein Kevin D. , Alteri Rick , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: June 2016

The number of cancer survivors continues to increase because of both advances in early detection and treatment and the aging and growth of the population. For the public health community to better serve these survivors, the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute collaborate to estimate the number of current and future cancer survivors using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registries. In addition, current treatment patterns for the most prevalent cancer types are presented based on information in the National Cancer Data Base and treatment‐related side effects are briefly described. More than 15.5 million Americans with a history of cancer were alive on January 1, 2016, and this number is projected to reach more than 20 million by January 1, 2026. The 3 most prevalent cancers are prostate (3,306,760), colon and rectum (724,690), and melanoma (614,460) among males and breast (3,560,570), uterine corpus (757,190), and colon and rectum (727,350) among females. More than one‐half (56%) of survivors were diagnosed within the past 10 years, and almost one‐half (47%) are aged 70 years or older. People with a history of cancer have unique medical and psychosocial needs that require proactive assessment and management by primary care providers. Although there are a growing number of tools that can assist patients, caregivers, and clinicians in navigating the various phases of cancer survivorship, further evidence‐based resources are needed to optimize care. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:271‐289. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Knowledge and Attitude of Bangladeshi Physicians towards Organ Donation and Transplantation
Authors: Billah Md Mostarshid , Farzana Hafiza , Latif Abdul , Mitra Palash , Chowdhury Tufayel Ahmed , Rahim Muhammad Abdur , Hossain Mohammad Jakir , Iqbal Sarwar , Mansur Md Abul , Faruq Mohammad Omar , Khoda Mohammed Mehfuz E , Ananna Mehruba Alam , Rahman Md Anisur
Published: June 2016

Background: Organ transplantation saves thousands of lives worldwide. There is discrepancy between organ demand and supply which demands cadaveric donation. Knowledge and attitudes of physicians towards organ donation and transplantation can increase the rate of organ and tissue donation by motivating general population.Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was done on 150 Bangladeshi physicians including specialist and post-graduate students on four teaching hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of six months. After taking informed consent, the participants were given a self-administered questionnaire which includes socio-demographic data, knowledge and attitude about organ donation and transplantation.Results: Male and female were almost equal (Total 102, Male 54, female 48) with mean age was 34.6±5.0 years and 54.9% were specialists and 45.1% were post graduate students. More than 32% respondents were from Medicine, followed by Nephrology (26.5%), Critical Care Medicine (CCM) (25.5%) and Urology (15.6%). Fifty-six (54.9%) physicians agreed with organ donation after death. The most important reason of agreement was to help others (78.4%) and disagreement was religious fear (54.3%). More than 40% respondents agreed and 59.8% completely disagreed with living kidney donation. The most common reason for agreement of living kidney donation was to donate to help family member (82.93%) and disagreement was probable damage to donors (52.46%). More than three-fourth (76.4%) respondents had knowledge about theoretical basis of transplantation, 50% know about cost and 43% about organ transplant Act, Bangladesh. Significant positive correlation was found between physicians attitudes towards organ and tissue donation after death and knowledge about theoretical basis of transplantation (p =0.02, r= 0.43) and cost of transplantation in Bangladesh (p= 0.02, r= 0.22) but no statistically significant correlation with knowledge about organ transplant Act, Bangladesh (p value= 0. 19, r= 0.13) whereas significant positive correlation between physicians knowledge about transplant Act (p= 0.008, r= 0.28), cost (p = 0.04, r= 0.23) and theoretical basis of transplantation (p= 0.04, r= 0.20) was found in living kidney donation.Conclusion: Physicians had a good attitude towards organ donation and transplantation although less than half of them had knowledge of transplantation rules and financial issues; therefore, additional awareness and education of physicians is needed in all areas of the organ transplant process in Bangladesh to make organ donation and transplantation successful.Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2016; 4 (1): 23-27
Antiphospholipid Antibodies: Their Origin and Development
Authors: Lackner Karl , Müller-Calleja Nadine
Published: June 2016

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a hallmark of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which is the most commonly acquired thrombophilia. To date there is consensus that aPL cause the clinical manifestations of this potentially devastating disorder. However, there is good evidence that not all aPL are pathogenic. For instance, aPL associated with syphilis show no association with the manifestations of APS. While there has been intensive research on the pathogenetic role of aPL, comparably little is known about the origin and development of aPL. This review will summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the origin and development of aPL derived from animal and human studies.
Analytical Solution for Interference Fit for Multi-Layer Thick-Walled Cylinders and the Application in Crankshaft Bearing Design
Authors: Qiu Jun , Zhou Ming
Published: June 2016

Interference fit is an important contact mode used for torque transmission existing widely in engineering design. To prevent trackslip, a certain magnitude of interference has to be ensured; meanwhile, the interference needs to be controlled to avoid failure of the mechanical components caused by high assembly stress. The finite element method (FEM) can be used to analyze the stress, while the computational cost of FEM involving nonlinear contact algorithm is relatively high, and likely to come across low precision and convergence problems. Therefore, a rapid and accurate analytical method for estimation is of vital need, especially for the initial design stage when the parameters vary in a large range. In this study, an analytical method to calculate the contact pressure and stress between multi-layer thick-walled cylinders (MLTWC) with multi-contact pairs and temperature-raising effect is proposed, and evaluated by FEM. The analytical solution of the interference for tri-layer thick-walled cylinders is applied to the design of engine crankshaft bearing. The results indicate that the analytical method presented in this study can reduce complexity of MLTWC problems and improve the computational efficiency. It is well suited to be used for the calculation model of parameter optimization in early design.
The Influence of Effective Microorganisms on Microbes and Nutrients in Kiwifruit Planting Soil
Authors: Fan Liangqian , Zhou Xi , Li Yongsheng , Ji Lin , Wu Guoyan , Li Bei , Cheng Lin , Long Mei , Deng Wenwen , Zou Likou
Published: June 2016

To understand the effects of effective microorganisms (EMs) containing multiple strains on microbes and nutrients in kiwifruit planting soil, EMs prepared with four different strains were added to kiwifruit planting soil monthly from April to August. The counts of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and total microbes were determined. The pH, total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (A-N), organic matter (OM), available potassium (A-K), and available phosphorus (A-P) of the soil were measured. Results indicated that the counts of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and total microbes reached 60.33 × 105, 4.00 × 105, 0.92 × 105, and 65.25 × 105 CFU/g, respectively, in August, all of which were higher than those of the control group (CK). The bacterial count of the experimental group (EG) was higher than that of the CK in August. The pH-values of the EG were always lower than those of the CK. In August, the TN content of the EG was 1.52 g/kg, which was higher than that of the CK (1.35 g/kg). A significant negative association between the actinomycetes count and TN (p < 0.05) was found. For A-N and OM, the content of the EG (A-N, 125.18 mg/kg; OM, 49.84 mg/kg) was roughly the same as that of the CK (A-N, 112.51 mg/kg; OM, 53.11 mg/kg) in August. However, the A-K and A-P contents of the EG (A-K, 145.25 mg/kg; A-P, 111.25 mg/kg) were lower than those of the CK (A-K, 182.52 mg/kg; A-P, 202.19 mg/kg) in August. Results show that application of EMs in kiwifruit planting soil can increase the counts of soil microbes and might promote the absorption of major nutrients for kiwifruit tree.
General Bulk-Viscous Solutions and Estimates of Bulk Viscosity in the Cosmic Fluid
Authors: Normann Ben , Brevik Iver
Published: June 2016

We derive a general formalism for bulk viscous solutions of the energy-conservation equation for ρ ( a , ζ ) , both for a single-component and a multicomponent fluid in the Friedmann universe. For our purposes, these general solutions become valuable in estimating the order of magnitude of the phenomenological viscosity in the cosmic fluid at present. H ( z ) observations are found to put an upper limit on the magnitude of the modulus of the present-day bulk viscosity. It is found to be ζ 0 ∼ 10 6 Pa·s, in agreement with previous works. We point out that this magnitude is acceptable from a hydrodynamic point of view. Finally, we bring new insight by using our estimates of ζ to analyze the fate of the future universe. Of special interest is the case ζ ∝ ρ for which the fluid, originally situated in the quintessence region, may slide through the phantom barrier and inevitably be driven into a big rip. Typical rip times are found to be a few hundred Gy.
Correction: Wolpert, D.H. The Free Energy Requirements of Biological Organisms; Implications for Evolution. Entropy 2016, 18, 138
Authors: Wolpert David
Published: June 2016

The following corrections should be made to the published paper [1]: [...]
Dynamic Stall Control on the Wind Turbine Airfoil via a Co-Flow Jet
Authors: Xu He-Yong , Qiao Chen-Liang , Ye Zheng-Yin
Published: June 2016

Dynamic stall control of a S809 airfoil is numerically investigated by implementing a co-flow jet (CFJ). The numerical methods of the solver are validated by comparing results with the baseline experiment as well as a NACA 6415-based CFJ experiment, showing good agreement in both static and dynamic characteristics. The CFJ airfoil with inactive jet is simulated to study the impact that the jet channel imposes upon the dynamic characteristics. It is shown that the presence of a long jet channel could cause a negative effect of decreasing lift and increasing drag, leading to fluctuating extreme loads in terms of drag and moment. The main focus of the present research is the investigation of the dynamic characteristics of the CFJ airfoil with three different jet momentum coefficients, which are compared with the baseline, giving encouraging results. Dynamic stall can be greatly suppressed, showing a very good control performance of significantly increased lift and reduced drag and moment. Analysis of the amplitude of variation in the aerodynamic coefficients indicates that the fluctuating extreme aerodynamic loads are significantly alleviated, which is conducive to structural reliability and improved life cycle. The energy consumption analysis shows that the CFJ concept is applicable and economical in controlling dynamic stall.
Development and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Theory-Based Determinants of Monitoring Obesogenic Behaviors of Pre-Schoolers among Hispanic Mothers
Authors: Branscum Paul , Lora Karina
Published: June 2016

Public health interventions are greatly needed for obesity prevention, and planning for such strategies should include community participation. The study’s purpose was to develop and validate a theory-based instrument with low-income, Hispanic mothers of preschoolers, to assess theory-based determinants of maternal monitoring of child’s consumption of fruits and vegetables and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Nine focus groups with mothers were conducted to determine nutrition-related behaviors that mothers found as most obesogenic for their children. Next, behaviors were operationally defined and rated for importance and changeability. Two behaviors were selected for investigation (fruits and vegetable and SSB). Twenty semi-structured interviews with mothers were conducted next to develop culturally appropriate items for the instrument. Afterwards, face and content validity were established using a panel of six experts. Finally, the instrument was tested with a sample of 238 mothers. Psychometric properties evaluated included construct validity (using the maximum likelihood extraction method of factor analysis), and internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha). Results suggested that all scales on the instrument were valid and reliable, except for the autonomy scales. Researchers and community planners working with Hispanic families can use this instrument to measure theory-based determinants of parenting behaviors related to preschoolers’ consumption of fruits and vegetables, and SSB.
Propagating Updates of Residential Areas in Multi-Representation Databases Using Constrained Delaunay Triangulations
Authors: Zhang Xinchang , Guo Taisheng , Huang Jianfeng , Xin Qinchuan
Published: June 2016

Updating topographic maps in multi-representation databases is crucial to a number of applications. An efficient way to update topographic maps is to propagate the updates from large-scale maps to small-scale maps. Because objects are often portrayed differently in maps of different scales, it is a complicated process to produce multi-scale topographic maps that meet specific cartographical criteria. In this study, we propose a new approach to update small-scale maps based on updated large-scale maps. We first group spatially-related objects in multi-scale maps and decompose the large-scale objects into triangles based on constrained Delaunay triangulation. We then operate the triangles and construct small-scale objects by accounting for cartographical generalization rules. In addition, we apply the Tabu Search algorithm to search for the optimal sequences when constructing small-scale objects. A case study was conducted by applying the developed method to update residential areas at varied scales. We found the proposed method could effectively update small-scale maps while maintaining the shapes and positions of large-scale objects. Our developed method allows for parallel processing of update propagation because it operates grouped objects together, thus possesses computational advantages over the sequential updating method in areas with high building densities. Although the method proposed in this study requires further tests, it shows promise with respect to automatic updates of polygon data in the multi-representation databases.
A ‘High Risk’ Lifestyle Pattern Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome among Qatari Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional National Study
Authors: Al Thani Mohammed , Al Thani Al , Al-Chetachi Walaa , Al Malki Badria , Khalifa Shamseldin , Haj Bakri Ahmad , Hwalla Nahla , Nasreddine Lara , Naja Farah
Published: June 2016

This study investigated the effect of lifestyle patterns, as a combination of diet, physical activity and smoking, on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among Qatari women of childbearing age (n = 418), a population group particularly vulnerable to the health sequela of this syndrome. Using data from the National WHO STEPwise survey conducted in Qatar in 2012, Principal Component Factor Analysis was performed to derive lifestyle patterns with survey variables related to the frequency of consumption of 13 foods/food groups, physical activity levels, and smoking status. MetS was diagnosed using ATPIII criteria. Three lifestyle patterns were identified: ‘High Risk’ pattern, characterized by intakes of fast foods, sweets and sugar sweetened beverages, in addition to lower levels of physical activity and higher smoking prevalence; ‘Prudent’ pattern, driven mainly by higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, fish, and whole grains; and ‘Traditional’ pattern which included beans, meat, dairy products, and a low prevalence of smoking. Among these three lifestyle patterns, only the ‘High Risk’ was associated with MetS, whereby subjects belonging to the third tertile of this pattern’s score had 2.5 times the odds of MetS compared to those belonging to the first tertile. The findings of this study demonstrated the synergy among high risk behaviors among Qatari women in increasing the odds of MetS; the latter being a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.