bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre‐gut endoderm of chick embryos is regionalized by 1.5 days of development
Authors: Matsushita Susumu , Ishii Yasuo , Scotting Paul J. , Kuroiwa Atsushi , Yasugi Sadao
Published: August 2002

In this study, we set out to test the ability of endoderm from 1.5‐day‐old chick embryos (just before digestive tube formation) to develop region‐specific characteristics when cultured heterotopically. Various parts of the 1.5‐day endoderm were cultured in combination with the flank somatic mesoderm of 3‐ to 3.5‐day chick embryos, and these cultures were analyzed for the expression of several transcription factors and the differentiation of the endoderm. By 1.5 days of normal development, the transcription factors, which are expressed in specific digestive organs, cSox2, CdxA, and cHoxb9/a13 were already expressed in the endodermal cells of the presumptive areas of their later expression domains. When 1.5‐day pre‐gut endoderm was cultured for 14–15 days, it showed specific differentiation into appropriate organ structures. In general, the more anterior part of the pre‐gut endoderm formed the more rostral digestive organ structures while the posterior part became the caudal gut. The differentiation of these regions of endoderm matches their normal fate as recently elucidated (Matsushita [1996a] Rouxs Arch. Dev. Biol. 205:225–231; Matsushita [1999] Dev. Growth Differ. 41:313–319). Expression of cSox2, CdxA, and cHoxb9/a13 in endoderm cultured for 4–5 days is also consistent with their normal fate. Thus, each part of the pre‐gut endoderm appears to be already regionally committed to some extent, in accordance with its fate by 1.5 days of development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐esteem, personality, and eating disorders: Baseline assessment of a prospective population‐based cohort
Authors: Gual Pilar , Pérez‐Gaspar Marta , Martínez‐González Miguel Angel , Lahortiga Francisca , Irala‐Estévez Jokin de , Cervera‐Enguix Salvador
Published: August 2002

Objective

To study the relationship of self‐esteem and personality factors with eating disorders (ED).

Methods

A region‐wide representative sample of 2862 girls 12–21 years old from Navarre (Spain) participated in the baseline assessment of a prospective study. A two‐stage procedure was used, consisting in a first screening phase followed by a psychiatrist interview (DSM‐IV criteria). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association of self‐esteem (36‐item scale) and personality characteristics (Eysenck inventory) with psychiatrist‐diagnosed ED while controlling for potential confounders.

Results

Strong associations for ED were found with low self‐esteem (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] for the lowest quartile: 7.98, 95% CI: 3.4–18.8) and high levels of neuroticism (adjOR for the highest quartile: 9.49, 95% Cl: 3.7–24.5).

Discussion

Our results, although based on a cross‐sectional design, support the potential role of neuroticism and low self‐esteem in the onset of ED. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 261–273, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10040
Exposure to westernization and dieting: A cross‐cultural study
Authors: Gunewardene Anoushka , Huon Gail F. , Zheng Richang
Published: August 2002

Objectives

The study aimed to establish whether an index of exposure to westernization would predict dieting behavior over and above the predictors of body mass index (BMI) and social influences. The study also sought to compare dieting behaviors among adolescents from three different cultural backgrounds.

Method

A total of 100 females from Beijing, China, 60 females of Chinese heritage living in Sydney, Australia, and 100 female Australians of no Chinese background were assessed. The exposure to westernization index incorporated the country of birth, the predominant language spoken at home, the country of birth of one's parents, and the country of residence.

Results

Exposure to westernization was found to be a significant predictor of dieting status. The westernization index remained an important predictor when BMI and social influences to diet were taken into account. Interestingly, the Chinese Australian girls dieted the least, although the Chinese girls living in China perceived more influence from their peers to diet, despite their lower BMI.

Conclusion

The exposure to westernization index provides a useful assessment of important influences on dieting in adolescent females. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 289–293, 2001.
Family functioning in anorexia nervosa differs by subtype
Authors: Casper Regina C. , Troiani Maryann
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study investigated family functioning in adolescents with the restricting and bulimic type of anorexia nervosa (AN) and in healthy controls.

Method

Fifty‐one parents and their children (17 with AN and 34 healthy adolescents) completed the Family Assessment Measure, a self‐report instrument that provides information about the functional strengths and weaknesses of the family and each family member.

Results

AN patients with the bulimic subtype and their mothers were significantly more likely to perceive family functioning as impaired than were healthy adolescents or restricting AN patients. Restricting AN patients and their families did not differ from healthy control families.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the problems faced by bulimic patients color their and their parents' view of each other and the family. Symptomatic and personality differences between the subtypes of AN with better control, fewer symptoms, and denial of conflict characterizing restricting AN families may be reflected in family interaction styles. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 338–342, 2001.
Administering cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa via telemedicine in rural settings
Authors: Bakke Bette , Mitchell James , Wonderlich Steve , Erickson Ron
Published: August 2002

Objective

This report describes the therapy of 2 women with bulimia nervosa who were treated using cognitive‐behavioral therapy delivered via telemedicine.

Method

The telecommunication link was established using a 128‐Kbps ISDN switchable data line.

Results

Both cases were treated successfully and were doing well at 1‐month follow‐up.

Discussion

These cases illustrate that this methodology may make it possible to deliver manual‐based psychotherapies to patients with eating disorders in remote areas. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Int J Eat Disord 30: 454–457, 2001.
Bulimia nervosa and misuse of orlistat: Two case reports
Authors: Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Amor Alejandro , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Giménez‐Martínez Laura , Turón‐Gil Vicente , Vallejo‐Ruiloba Julio
Published: August 2002

Objective

Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an intestinal lipase inhibitor that was approved recently for the management and treatment of obesity. This is the first report of the misuse of orlistat in two normal‐weight purging bulimia nervosa (BN) patients.

Method and Results

We report two diagnosed cases of BN in two Spanish women who used orlistat as a purging mechanism after binge episodes. In both cases, the onset of the eating disorder was in adolescence. From the beginning, a restrictive diet, binging, and purging behavior (vomiting and using laxatives) were present. Both patients misused this substance as their only purging mechanism after every binge episode.

Conclusion

BN patients have used many substances and bizarre behaviors as purging mechanisms. Nevertheless, to the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases of orlistat misuse as the only purging mechanism in two BN patients. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 458–461, 2001.
Which provides better utility for users, best‐effort service or reservation‐based service?
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Takine Tetsuya , Murata Masayuki , Miyahara Hideo
Published: August 2002

Recently, on the Internet, only best‐effort service has been provided, in which communication quality (QoS) aspects such as throughput and delay are not guaranteed. There is an increasing demand, however, for real‐time transfer of voice and video data, and reservation‐based service is being considered in which the communication quality is guaranteed by reserving network resources. Reservation‐based service, however, has problems such as the overhead of packet processing, as well as scalability. There is an ongoing basic discussion as to whether best‐effort service is sufficient or reservation‐based service is necessary. This paper defines the communication quality which is obtained when the user uses a network application as the utility for the user. The user utility for the real‐time application is derived and comparatively evaluated for the two service models, that is, best‐effort service and reservation‐based service. The following results are obtained quantitatively. Best‐effort service can provide sufficient utility if a sufficient channel capacity is available, for which, however, sufficient channels must be provided by adequate network design. If not, reservation‐based service is necessary. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 11–21, 2002
Dependence of radio wave reflection and transmission characteristics of reinforced concrete slabs on frequency and angle of incidence
Authors: Chiba Hajime , Miyazaki Yasumitsu
Published: August 2002

For effective use of mobile communication systems within a building, it is crucial to know the electromagnetic properties of the materials composing the floors, ceilings, walls, and so on. This paper considers RC (reinforced concrete) slabs, a major component of large buildings, and attempts to develop techniques for predicting and for measuring radio wave reflection and transmission characteristics in various environments. The frequency range considered in the analysis is approximately from 0.3 to 3.5 GHz, which is often used in mobile communications. As the first step, a slab with single‐plane iron bar mesh buried in the concrete is assumed as the basic model for the analysis. A simulation experiment is performed with a 1/10 scale model, using microwaves or millimeter waves. A simulation calculation is also performed with a multiply stratified model, in which the iron mesh plane is replaced by an equivalent dielectric layer. The reflection and transmission characteristics are investigated as functions of the frequency and angle of incidence of the radio waves. The calculation results and measurements agree well, and the effectiveness of the method is verified. The characteristics of the basic analytical model are elucidated. A real floor consisting of metal mesh embedded in concrete is examined. The reflection characteristics for 2.0‐GHz incident waves are examined by simulation calculation and by measurement with a network analyzer. The measurement technique is established and the dependence of the reflection characteristics on the incident polarization and angle of incidence is elucidated. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 69–81, 2002
Radiation characteristics of an antenna for a small radio terminal in vicinity of a human body
Authors: Saito Yutaka , Nagano Isamu , Yagitani Satoshi , Haruki Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a design guideline is presented for an antenna for a small radio terminal placed in various locations on a human body. Typical installation conditions include wearing it on the chest and holding it by hand. The radiation patterns in the vertical plane of a λ/4 monopole antenna for a card‐type terminal attached to a human body are measured at 2 GHz. When it is worn on the chest, the efficiency changes significantly between 18 and 80% if the spacing between the antenna and the chest is 10 to 35 mm. Since the radiation in the vertical plane in front of the human body has a null in the horizontal plane as in free space, the pattern averaging gain (PAG) has a low value of less than −8 dBd. On the other hand, when it is operated in the hand, the efficiency is constant at about 60%. Unlike the case in free space, the radiation pattern in the vertical plane shows strong radiation in the horizontal direction so that the PAG is as high as about −4 dBd. Next, by means of the FDTD method, the effects of various human body parts on the radiation characteristics are analyzed. When it is worn on the chest, both the power absorption and the radiation pattern are dominantly influenced by the trunk of the body. Hence, in the analysis and measurement, only the trunk needs to be taken into account. When it is operated in the hand, the power absorption by the hand and arm and the reflection from the head and trunk are dominant. It is therefore necessary to take into account the entire upper body in the analysis and measurement. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(6): 1–10, 2002
ELF/VLF direction‐finding taking account of earth‐ionosphere waveguide effect
Authors: Sakai Tomoya , Shimakura Shin
Published: August 2002

Estimation of the transmission point in the ionosphere for ELF/VLF waves arriving at the ground after propagation in the magnetosphere is performed by MUSIC, an estimation method having high resolution. This paper not only constructs an estimation method based on the observation data model common to various direction‐finding methods, but also proposes a method of estimating the direction and polarization of the direct wave by using a model that expresses the propagation effects between the ground and the ionosphere in terms of superposition of multiply reflected waves. In the simulation assuming observation of three electromagnetic field components on the ground, the results of estimation by both methods are compared. It is confirmed that the estimated values are superior to those obtained by the conventional methods if more than 10 reflections are taken into account for estimation of a transmission point that is far away with a large angle of incidence at the observation point. Even when the wave is transmitted through the spread‐out region in the lower ionosphere, the direction of the center of the transmission region can be estimated by MUSIC taking account of multiply reflected waves. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(9): 21–30, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1122
Design of stress testing focused on resource
Authors: Nishi Yasuharu , Iizuka Yoshinori
Published: August 2002

A stress test is a vital element of software system testing. Although experiential methods have already been proposed, no systematic design method using models has been proposed. In this paper the authors first survey the viewpoint of experienced engineers, then clarify the importance of focusing on resources. Next they expand their concept of resources, then perform a causal analysis of problems using a resource state model. Based on these causes, the authors propose a design method and design process for stress test items. In addition, the authors provide an applied example of their proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(10): 51–68, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10044
Validity of a motion‐detection model characterized by cooperation between accommodation and motion‐detection mechanisms
Authors: Matsui Toshikazu
Published: August 2002

A new motion‐detection model characterized by cooperation between its accommodation and motion‐detection mechanisms has been shown to be effective not only in detecting multiple motion velocities but also in theoretically reproducing perceptual responses to moving images. However, the validity of the model's cooperative operation is not necessarily demonstrated. This paper compares the model's motion‐detection characteristics with the actual ones including accommodation characteristics for multiple drifting sine waves to verify the cooperative operation. The experimental results support the model's underlying idea of a cooperation between the accommodation and motion‐detection mechanisms in human vision. Moreover, the model's cooperation characteristics agree well with the actual ones in the following three aspects: (1) different accommodative states were selected depending on which component wave's motion was the center of attention; (2) at each accommodative state, the attention‐getting wave's motion was detected correctly and stably; (3) the degree of the retinal image's blur increased as the attention‐getting wave's spatial frequency decreased. These results suggest that the cooperative motion‐detection model is valid as a model of the motion‐detection mechanism in human vision including the accommodation mechanism. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(5): 35–45, 2002
Neural network approximation to nonlinear dynamics by velocity error backpropagation
Authors: Ishii Hidenori , Aiyoshi Eitaro
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a new type of recurrent neural network (RNN) and its learning algorithm for nonlinear dynamics, called “Velocity‐Error Backpropagation (VEBP).”

In VEBP, learning is performed in two steps: (a) The velocity vector field of reference trajectories is approximated by a feedforward neural network (NN) with biconnection layers by backpropagating the velocity errors directly. (b) The RNN is constructed by adding integrators and output feedback loops to the trained feedforward NN.

VEBP has some advantages over “backpropagation through time (BPTT),” the conventional learning method for RNNs. The effectiveness of the presented RNN and its learning algorithm is demonstrated by simulation results for some examples of nonlinear dynamics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 26–35, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10011
Nonlinear optical properties and morphologies of vanadyl‐phthalocyanine thin films prepared on polyethylene‐terephthalate film
Authors: Souma Takahiro , Furuhashi Hideo , Yoshikawa Toshio , Maeda Akinori , Uchida Yoshiyuki , Kojima Kenzo , Ohashi Asao , Ochiai Shizuyasu , Mizutani Teruyoshi
Published: August 2002

Vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) crystal thin films were prepared on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film. The VOPc film prepared on PET substrate at 120 °C had Phase II. The third harmonic (TH) intensity of the VOPc film was measured by the marker fringe method. The third optical susceptibility (χ(3)) estimated from TH intensity is 3.5 × 10−9 esu. The transition from Phase I to Phase II of the VOPc film was enhanced with corona charging. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 36–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10022
Modeling of effective margin angle characteristics and AC voltage stability analysis of CCC
Authors: Funaki Tsuyoshi , Tsubota Shinji , Matsuura Kenji
Published: August 2002

A capacitor commutated converter (CCC) has a simple circuit topology of a series capacitor placed between the valve and the converter transformer in each phase. The series capacitor mitigates the inverter operation of a CCC by assisting the commutation with the voltage charged in it. However, it does not guarantee complete commutation in any conditions, for a valve does not have self‐extinction ability. Therefore, precise analysis of the commutation process of a CCC is required to secure its operation. First, the formulation of the interrelation among the converter parameters—AC voltage, DC voltage, firing delay angle, overlap angle, and effective commutation margin angle—is presented. The firing delay angle at a given effective margin angle is calculated by using the obtained equations, which can be applied to constant extinction angle control. Next, we assess the AC voltage stability of an AC/DC link, when constant extinction angle control is applied to the inverter of CCC. The calculated voltage stability factor (VSF) shows that the commutation capacitor improves the AC voltage stability of constant extinction angle control at the inverter linked to a weak AC system, but it differs by the rectifier operation mode and compensation factor of the commutation capacitor. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 38–47, 2001
Analysis model of leakage current in a long shield power cable in inverter‐fed AC drives
Authors: Funato Hirohito , Bandou Masashi , Kamiyama Kenzo
Published: August 2002

Each time switching occurs, a PWM inverter produces high‐frequency leakage currents flowing through stray capacitors. Since the inverter for a trash conveyance crane is installed far away from the motor, the shield power cables between them become long, and leakage currents pass through the stray capacitances of the shielded cables and flow to the ground. This paper proposes a model circuit for analyzing leakage currents which flow into the shields of the cables. The effectiveness of the proposed model circuit is verified by comparison of simulated leakage currents using the proposed method and measured leakage currents. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 65–72, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.2002
Ambivalence, conflict, and decision making: attitudes and feelings in Germany towards NATO's military intervention in the Kosovo war
Authors: Hänze Martin
Published: August 2002

Two hundred and thirty‐four persons were surveyed to assess personality aspects (action versus state orientation, need for cognition, faith in intuition) and emotional aspects of their attitudes towards the NATO military intervention in the Kosovo war in the spring of 1999. Additionally, in an imagined scenario they were asked to decide whether they would sign a petition addressed to the German government protesting against military intervention. Three ways of dealing with this decision were differentiated: (1) decisive action, (2) avoiding the decision conflict, and (3) elaborating the decision problem with the goal of building up feelings to guide action (amplification). Correlations between the variables were evaluated using path analysis in order to predict the decision strategy from personality dimensions and attitude variables (ambivalence, involvement). High action orientation caused low attitude ambivalence and high personal involvement in the topic. Strong ambivalence prevented swift action and supported a tendency towards elaboration and amplification of feelings. Involvement had a favorable effect on action readiness and a negative effect on conflict‐avoiding strategies. Moreover, it moderated the effects of ambivalence on the preference for conflict management strategies. The results confirm theoretical approaches that stress the importance of affect for acting and deciding. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a major aromatic DNA adduct detected in human breast tissues
Authors: Li Donghui , Wang Mianying , Firozi Pervez Firoz , Chang Ping , Zhang Weiqing , Baer‐Dubowska Wanda , Moorthy Bhagavatula , Vulimiri Suryanarayana V. , Goth‐Goldstein Regine , Weyand Eric H. , DiGiovanni John
Published: August 2002

A bulky DNA adduct (Spot 1) was previously detected in normal adjacent breast tissues of 41% (36/87) of women with breast cancer and in none (0/29) of the noncancer controls by 32P‐postlabeling. To characterize this adduct, it was chromatographically compared with DNA adduct profiles generated in several in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. First, MCF‐7 cells were exposed to a number of chemical carcinogens, that is, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 4‐OH‐B[a]P, 9‐OH‐B[a]P, 11‐OH‐B[a]P, B[a]P‐trans‐4,5‐dihydrodiol, 1‐nitropyrene, 6‐nitrochrysene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, 3‐methylcholanthrene, and 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine. Spot 1 was detected as a minor adduct in cells treated with B[a]P but not other compounds. Second, to determine whether Spot 1 is derived from lipid peroxidation products or estrogen metabolites, it was compared with adduct profiles of cells or DNAs exposed to 17β‐estradiol, 4‐hydroxy estradiol, 4‐hydroxynonenal, or oxidized oat oil. Spot 1 was not detectable in these samples. In addition, Spot 1 did not comigrate with the 1,N2‐ethenodeoxyguanosine adduct standard. Third, to explore the mechanism of Spot 1 formation, it was compared with adduct profiles detected in DNA or mononucleotides reacted with BPDE, 1‐OH‐7,8‐dihydrodiol of B[a]P, and 3‐OH‐7,8‐dihydrodiol of B[a]P as well as in rats orally treated with B[a]P. Spot 1 comigrated with a minor adduct in BPDE‐treated DNA during anion exchange rechromatography but these two adducts were separated by partition chromatography. Spot 1 also behaved in a manner that was very similar to that of the polar B[a]P adducts detected in rat liver, but the two adducts were separated by HPLC. Fourth, Spot 1 was compared with CD1 mice exposed to 7H‐benzo[c]fluorene (B[c]F). Spot 1 from some patients comigrated with a major adduct induced by B[c]F. Finally, we found that the presence of Spot 1 in human breast tissues was not related to smoking status but, rather, with CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism. The CYP1A1 mutant carriers had a significantly higher frequency of this adduct than did the wild‐type genotypes. Furthermore, individuals with Spot 1 had a significantly higher staining intensity for BPDE–PAH adducts in their tissue sections than those without it. These results demonstrate that this major bulky DNA adduct detected in human breast tissues is related to PAH exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:193–200, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential antigenotoxic and cytoprotective effect of amifostine in idarubicin‐treated mice
Authors: de Campos Nebel Marcelo , Larripa Irene , González‐Cid Marcela
Published: August 2002

In this study we evaluated the antigenotoxic and cytoprotective capabilities of WR‐2721 [S‐2‐(3‐aminopropylamino)‐ethylphosphorothioic acid (amifostine)] in different normal tissues of BALB/c mice treated with idarubicin [4‐demethoxydaunorubicin (IDA)]. The aminothiol WR‐2721 is a pro‐drug that requires dephosphorylation to its active metabolite WR‐1065, to produce selectively cytoprotective activity in normal tissues exposed to radio‐ and chemotherapeutic agents, without protecting malignant tissues. IDA is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against hematological diseases, but produces a broad spectrum of toxicity in nontumoral cells. Animals were injected intravenously with WR‐2721 (250 mg/kg) or IDA (6 mg/kg) and WR‐2721/IDA. Micronuclei frequency in bone marrow was measured 24 and 48 hr after initiation of the treatments. The IDA‐treated group showed increased levels of micronuclei. However, the WR‐2721‐ and WR‐2721/IDA‐treated groups did not show differences from the controls. Genetic damage was evaluated by alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis at 24‐hr posttreatments. Important DNA damage was observed in liver, spleen, and peripheral blood cells of mice treated with IDA. The presence of WR‐2721 diminished that damaging effect only in liver cells. The apoptotic index was measured in liver and spleen tissues by the TUNEL assay 14 and 24 hr after treatment. In liver we observed an increased percentage of apoptotic cells at 24 hr for the IDA‐treated group, whereas the WR‐2721 and WR‐2721/IDA groups remained at low levels. Splenic cells treated with IDA and WR‐2721/IDA showed increased DNA fragmentation levels at any time. In conclusion, WR‐2721 has a tissue‐specific antigenotoxic and cytoprotective effect in IDA‐treated mice using these experimental conditions. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:3–9, 2002 © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity index estimation by adaptive sampling
Authors: Battista Tonio di
Published: August 2002

The use of diversity indices is adopted in surveys on biological population to quantify species diversity. However, when the population is clustered and spread in a very wide area, usual sampling designs provide estimators with large variances. In this case, if the study area is partitioned into a frame of sub‐areas, a suitable design is constituted by adaptive sampling. The adaptive sampling ensures that the abundance vector estimator is unbiased and more accurate than that obtained with simple random sampling. However, the corresponding diversity index estimator, which can be viewed as a function of the abundance vector estimator, is biased for finite samples. Accordingly, we propose the jackknife procedure in order to reduce the bias. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐attentive exposure to the thin female beauty ideal does not affect women's mood, self‐esteem and eating behaviour
Authors: Jansen Anita , de Vries Maaike
Published: August 2002

Exposure to the thin beauty ideal has been found to decrease women's mood and self‐esteem as well as to increase self‐reported eating pathology. In the present study, it was tested whether the changes in mood, self‐esteem and eating behaviour could be activated outside of conscious attention by ultrashort exposure to either slides of thin media models, obese models or neutral slides. The subliminal exposure did not affect women's mood and self‐esteem in the expected way and the eating behaviour of restrained and unrestrained subjects was unaffected by the manipulation. It is concluded that pre‐attentive exposure to the thin beauty ideal had no devastating effect on the well‐being of women. Note that data from supraliminal studies may be seriously confounded by demand characteristics like answering in a socially desirable way. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Body mass index and its impact on the therapeutic alliance in the work with eating disorder patients
Authors: Toman Erika
Published: August 2002

In the present study we examined the hypothesis that in bulimic patients the body mass index (BMI) has an important impact on the therapeutic relationship. For each of 18 patients with differing BMIs, two therapists were each interviewed separately about their experiences of working with the patient. Transcriptions of the interviews were rated by two independent raters on a catalogue of nine criteria concerning feelings and attitudes of therapists toward patients. Factor analysis showed two main components:‘close–protective’ and ‘distant–confrontative’. The heavier the patient, the higher was the probability of the emotional atmosphere being rated as ‘distant–confrontative’. With thinner patients the atmosphere was more often rated as ‘close–protective’. Age also had some influence on the characteristics of the therapeutic relationship: with older patients, the therapeutic relationship tended towards ‘distant‐confrontative’. Whether and in which way these differences have an impact on treatment and outcome has not been examined by the presented study and needs further investigations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Becoming responsive—and some consequences for evaluation as dialogue across distance
Authors: Wadsworth Yoland
Published: August 2002

The profound commitments of a participatory action researcher to engagement with practice and to collaborative inquiry with service providers and service users are historically traced and reflectively analyzed.
Evolutionary archeology: Current status and future prospects
Authors: O'Brien Michael J. , Lyman R. Lee
Published: August 2002

Darwinian evolution can be defined minimally as “any net directional change or any cumulative change in the characteristics of … populations over many generations—in other words, descent with modification”1 (p. 5). In archeology the population comprises artifacts, which are conceived of as phenotypic.2–4 Extension of the human phenotype to include ceramic vessels, projectile points, and the like is based on the notion that artifacts are material expressions of behavior, which itself is phenotypic. Archeology's unique claim within the natural sciences is its access to past phenotypic characters. Thus, historical questions are the most obvious ones archeologists can ask, although admittedly this is hardly a strong warrant for asking them. But if the issue is evolution, then historical questions must be asked. Posing and answering historical questions is the goal of evolutionary archeology.5.
Advances in modelling heat transfer through wood framed walls in fire
Authors: Clancy P.
Published: August 2002

Described in this paper are advances made in modelling heat transfer through wood framed walls in fire. Previously unpublished experimental results are also given. This type of modelling is used for the determination of the performance of fire safety systems, such as wood framed wall barriers, in accordance with new performance‐based building regulations being introduced around the world. Advances include a discrete modelling method for radiative heat transfer in cavities with re‐entrant corners and gaps formed by the shrinkage of stud cross‐sections. It has been shown that the formation of the gaps can prevent temperatures rising in the fire side of studs by as much as 100–200°C. A simple means of modelling heat transfer by the movement of moisture and vapour, involving the modification of conductivity values has been developed. Sloughing of gypsum board sheets has been satisfactorily modelled assuming that a sheet sloughs when the temperature on the surface opposite the fire reaches the melting point of glass fibres in the gypsum board; that is, approximately 700°C. Recommendations on thermal properties obtained independently by other researchers are presented. Overall, the advances improve temperature predictions and broaden the range of walls that can be modelled including staggered stud walls as well as ordinary cavity walls. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of Marangoni instabilities in liquid bridges: influence of geometrical aspect ratio
Authors: Lappa M. , Savino R. , Monti R.
Published: August 2002

Oscillatory Marangoni convection in silicone oil–liquid bridges with different geometrical aspect ratios is investigated by three‐dimensional and time‐dependent numerical simulations, based on control volume methods in staggered cylindrical non‐uniform grids. The three‐dimensional oscillatory flow regimes are studied and compared with previous experimental and theoretical results. The results show that the critical wavenumber (m), related to the azimuthal spatio‐temporal flow structure, is a monotonically decreasing function of the geometrical aspect ratio of the liquid bridge (defined as the ratio of length to diameter). For this function, a general correlation formula is found, which is in agreement with the previous experimental findings. The critical Marangoni number and the oscillation frequency are decreasing functions of the aspect ratio; however, the critical Marangoni number, based on the axial length of the bridge, does not change much with the aspect ratio. For each aspect ratio investigated, the onset of the instability from the axisymmetric steady state to the three‐dimensional oscillatory one is characterized by the appearance of a standing wave regime that exhibits, after a certain time, a second transition to a travelling wave regime. The standing wave regime is more stable for lower aspect ratios since it lasts for a long time. This behaviour is explained on the basis of the propagation velocity of the disturbances in the liquid phase. For this velocity, a general correlation law is found as a function of the aspect ratio and of the Marangoni number. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multigrid approach for steady state laminar viscous flows
Authors: Liao Shi‐Jun , Mashayek F.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, we use the laminar viscous flow in a lid‐driven cavity as an example to describe and verify a numerical scheme for non‐linear partial differential equations. The proposed scheme combines a new analytical method for strongly non‐linear problems, namely the homotopy analysis method, with the multigrid techniques. A family of formulas at different orders is given. At the lowest order, the current approach is the same as the traditional multigrid methods. However, our high‐order scheme needs a fewer number of iterations and less CPU time than the classical ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐dimensional spectral approach for transient axisymmetric free‐surface flow inside thin cavities of arbitrary shape
Authors: Khayat Roger E. , Simanowski Andreas
Published: August 2002

A low‐dimensional spectral method is used to solve the transient axisymmetric free surface flow inside thin cavities of arbitrary shape. The flow field is obtained on the basis of the lubrication equations, which are expanded in terms of orthonormal functions over the cavity gap. The formulation accounts for nonlinearities stemming from inertia and front location. The work is of close relevance to the filling stage during die casting, and injection molding, or the flow inside annular (extrusion) dies. Both flows under an imposed flow rate, and an imposed pressure at the cavity entrance are examined. The influence of inertia, aspect ratio, gravity, and wall geometry on the evolution of the front, flow rate, and pressure is assessed particularly in the early stage of flow, when a temporal behavior of the ‘boundary‐layer’ type develops. The multiple‐scale method is applied to obtain an approximate solution at small Reynolds number, Re. Comparison with the exact (numerical) solution indicates a wide range of validity for the multiple‐scale approach, including the moderately small Re range. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the relationships between some risk‐adjusted performance measures
Authors: Lien Donald
Published: August 2002

Assuming portfolio returns are normally distributed, it is shown that both Sortino ratio (SR) and
upside potential ratio (UPR) are monotonically increasing functions of the Sharpe ratio. As a result, all
three risk‐adjusted performance measures provide identical ranking among investment alternatives. The
effects of skewness and kurtosis are then evaluated within the Edgeworth‐Sargan density family. For the
Sortino ratio, the above conclusion remains valid in the presence of negative skewness or excessive kurtosis.
Similar results apply to the UPR with modifications. For all other cases, both SR and UPR provide exactly opposite
ranking among investment alternatives to that suggested by the Sharpe ratio when the Sharpe ratio is large.
Applications to futures hedging are discussed. Specifically, it is found that the Sharpe ratio may frequently lead
to a smaller futures position than the other two ratios. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:483–495, 2002
Amplification of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in cervical carcinomas
Authors: Zhang Anju , Zheng Chengyun , Hou Mi , Lindvall Charlotta , Wallin Keng‐Ling , Ångström Tord , Yang Xiaoyan , Hellström Ann‐Cathrin , Blennow Elisabeth , Björkholm Magnus , Zetterberg Anders , Gruber Astrid , Xu Dawei
Published: August 2002

The expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of the telomerase complex, is required for activation of telomerase during immortalization and transformation of human cells. However, the biochemical and genetic mechanisms governing hTERT expression remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined hTERT amplification as a potential genetic event contributing to telomerase activation in cervical carcinomas. An amplification of the hTERT gene was found in 1/4 cervical cancer cell lines and 21/88 primary tumor samples derived from the patients with cervical carcinomas. An increase in the hTERT copy number was significantly correlated with higher levels of hTERT protein expression. Moreover, the hTERT alterations with the enhanced hTERT expression were exclusively observed in those tumors with high‐risk human papillomavirus infection. Taken together, the hTERT gene amplification, directly or indirectly targeted by human papillomavirus, may be one of the driving forces responsible for upregulation of hTERT expression and activation of telomerase in cervical cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined M‐FISH and CGH analysis allows comprehensive description of genetic alterations in neuroblastoma cell lines
Authors: Van Roy Nadine , Van Limbergen Heidi , Vandesompele Jo , Van Gele Mireille , Poppe Bruce , Salwen Helen , Laureys Geneviève , Manoel Nunes , De Paepe Anne , Speleman Frank
Published: August 2002

Cancer cell lines are essential gene discovery tools and have often served as models in genetic and functional studies of particular tumor types. One of the future challenges is comparison and interpretation of gene expression data with the available knowledge on the genomic abnormalities in these cell lines. In this context, accurate description of these genomic abnormalities is required. Here, we show that a combination of M‐FISH with banding analysis, standard FISH, and CGH allowed a detailed description of the genetic alterations in 16 neuroblastoma cell lines. In total, 14 cryptic chromosome rearrangements were detected, including a balanced t(2;4)(p24.3;q34.3) translocation in cell line NBL‐S, with the 2p24 breakpoint located at about 40 kb from MYCN. The chromosomal origin of 22 marker chromosomes and 41 cytogenetically undefined translocated segments was determined. Chromosome arm 2 short arm translocations were observed in six cell lines (38%) with and five (31%) without MYCN amplification, leading to partial chromosome arm 2p gain in all but one cell line and loss of material in the various partner chromosomes, including 1p and 11q. These 2p gains were often masked in the GGH profiles due to MYCN amplification. The commonly overrepresented region was chromosome segment 2pter‐2p22, which contains the MYCN gene, and five out of eleven 2p breakpoints clustered to the interface of chromosome bands 2p16 and 2p21. In neuroblastoma cell line SJNB‐12, with double minutes (dmins) but no MYCN amplification, the dmins were shown to be derived from 16q22‐q23 sequences. The ATBF1 gene, an AT‐binding transcription factor involved in normal neurogenesis and located at 16q22.2, was shown to be present in the amplicon. This is the first report describing the possible implication of ATBF1 in neuroblastoma cells. We conclude that a combined approach of M‐FISH, cytogenetics, and CGH allowed a more complete and accurate description of the genetic alterations occurring in the investigated cell lines. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mineral chemical provenance of Neolithic pitchstone artefacts from Ballygalley, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
Authors: Preston Jeremy , Meighan Ian , Simpson Derek , Hole Malcolm
Published: August 2002

A large number of pitchstone fragments and artefacts have recently been discovered at a Neolithic settlement site in Ballygalley, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland. They consist predominantly of flakes and un‐reworked lumps and cores, with only one complete tool being found. Since no sources of workable pitchstone exist in Ireland, the source must have been the abundant pitchstone volcanic rocks found on the Hebridean Islands of northwest Scotland. The composition of the glass from a number of artefacts is highly siliceous, indicating that they were derived from pitchstones on the Island of Arran; pitchstones from all other Scottish locations are less silica‐rich. In addition, analysis of pyroxene and amphibole microcrystallites within the pitchstone suggests that the Corriegills area of Arran is the most likely source of the Ballygalley artefacts, although the precise outcrop has proved elusive. These finds, and others across Ireland, show that raw materials were being transported and probably traded over considerable distances despite there being suitable alternative sources of material for making tools (flint, etc.) available in the local area. This suggests that the pitchstone had a very specialist use. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct removal in the mouse of a floxed neo gene from a three‐loxp conditional knockout allele by two novel approaches
Authors: Xu Xiaoling , Li Cuiling , Garrett‐Beal Lisa , Larson Denise , Wynshaw‐Boris Anthony , Deng Chu‐Xia
Published: August 2002

Summary: The presence in an intron of the ploxP‐neo‐loxP cassette often results in severe interference with gene expression. Consequently, many investigators selectively remove the ploxP‐neo‐loxP cassette by transient expression of Cre in ES cells. Although effective, the added manipulation of the ES cells may reduce the likelihood that a clone will be able to transmit via the germline. Therefore, we developed two novel approaches that remove the ploxP‐neo‐loxP by Cre‐mediated recombination in mouse. First, the ploxP‐neo‐loxP‐containing mice were crossed with EIIa‐Cre transgenic mice. Second, a Cre‐expression plasmid was injected into pronuclei of fertilized eggs bearing the ploxP‐neo‐loxP allele. Both approaches produced mosaic mice with partial and complete excision. These mosaic mice were then mated, and the neo‐less conditional knockout allele was found in the offspring after screening only a few litters. These procedures provide options for removing neo directly in the mouse in addition to the commonly used approach that deletes neo in ES cells. genesis 30:1–6, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pitx1 and Pitx2c are required for ectopic cement gland formation in xenopus laevis
Authors: Schweickert Axel , Deißler Kirsten , Blum Martin , Steinbeisser Herbert
Published: August 2002

Summary: The mucus secreting cement gland is the anterior‐most ectodermal organ of the Xenopus embryo. The homeobox genes Pltx1 and Pitx2c are expressed in the cement gland primordium. Misexpression of both genes induced ectopic cement gland tissue in whole embryos and transcription of the marker genes Xag1 and Xag2 in animal cap explant cultures. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against Pitx1 and Pitx2c inhibited ectopic cement gland formation induced by otx2. Gene knock downs generated by morpholino oligonucleotides were specific and could be rescued by coinjection of Pitx mRNAs. These data demonstrate for the first time the requirement of specific genes for cement gland formation by loss‐of‐function experiments. genesis 30:144–148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocytes expressing exclusively the DM20 isoform of the proteolipid protein gene: Myelination and development
Authors: Spörkel Olaf , Uschkureit Thomas , Büssow Heinrich , Stoffel Wilhelm
Published: August 2002

Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells synthesize myelin‐specific proteins and lipids for the assembly of the highly organized myelin membrane of the motor‐sensory axons in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), respectively, allowing rapid saltatory conduction. The isoforms of the main myelin proteins, the peripheral myelin basic isoproteins (MBP) and the integral proteolipid proteins, PLP and DM20, arise from alternative splicing. Activation of a cryptic splice site in exon III of plp leads to the deletion of 105 bp encoding the PLP‐specific 35 amino acid residues within the cytosolic loop 3 of the four‐transmembrane domain (TMD) integral membrane protein. To study the different proposed functions of DM20 during the development of oligodendrocytes and in myelination, we targeted the plp locus in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination by a construct, which allows solely the expression of the DM20 specific exon III sequence. The resulting dm20only mouse line expresses exclusively DM20 isoprotein, which is functionally assembled into the membrane, forming a highly ordered and tightly compacted myelin sheath. The truncated cytosolic loop devoid of the PLP‐specific 35 amino acid residues, including two thioester groups, had no impact on the periodicity of CNS myelin. In contrast to the PLP/DM20‐deficient mouse, mutant CNS of dm20only mice showed no axonal swellings and neurodegeneration but a slow punctuated disintegration of the compact layers of the myelin sheath and a rare oligodendrocyte death developing with aging. GLIA 37:19–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.