bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil Applied Preplant Incorporated, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

Three rates of fipronil (EXP60655A 1.5G) applied preplant and lightly incorporated were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7 inch row spacing) × 16 ft. Rice was drill-seeded in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 12 May and emerged 20 May. Fipronil was applied broadcast with a hand shaker and lightly incorporated with a hand rake on 12 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each and bentazon at 1 lb (AI)/acre were applied 1 Jun. Permanent flood was applied on 13 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 120 lb/acre on 13 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 15 and 26 Jul. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 20 Jun. On 5 and 12 Jul five 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted. The center 4 rows × 12 feet of plots were harvested on 27 Sep with a small plot combine. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture.
Evaluation of Selected Formulations of Bacillus Thur1Ngiensis for Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 4 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. Immediately after planting, plots were treated with 2 pt Dual + 1 qt Roundup + % pt Scepter per acre. Soybeans emerged 10 Jun. On 29 Aug (when defoliator insect populations began increasing and plants were R3) treatments were applied with a 4 nozzle boom sprayer (800067 tips) in a finished spray of 13.1 gal/acre. Conditions were ideal for spraying—no wind. Deionized water (pH 5.5) was used to dilute the treatments. Two day pre-application and 5, 12, 19, and 26 d post-application samples of insects were taken. Each sample consisted of shaking soybean plants along 6 ft of row over a vertical beat sheet. Insects were shaken and brushed from the vertical beat sheet into a plastic bag which was frozen for later inspection of the contents. One sample (6 ft of sampled row) was taken from each plot on each sample date. Precipitation from time of application to last sample date was 4.22 inches. In addition, 2 d before and 5, 12, 19, and 26 d after application, 15 leaflets (5 each from top, middle, and bottom third of canopy) were randomly removed from each plot and taken to the lab where estimates of % defoliation were recorded by comparing leaflets with templates of leaflets of known defoliation. At maturity 120 ft of row in each plot was harvested with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by DMRT at the 5% level.
Cutworm and Flea Beetle Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA to evaluate TFB and CW control on newly transplanted tobacco with soil applications of fosthiazate and Lorsban and a transplant water (TPW) application of Orthene. Four treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 20 ft (1 row × 13 plants), were separated by single untreated border rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of fosthiazate and Lorsban were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer that delivered at 48 gal/acre and 30 psi through 8004LP tips and immediately incorporated by tilling on 8 Sep. The soil was relatively dry when the chemicals were applied. The test plots were bedded on 9 Sep. The Orthene TPW treatment was applied in 180 gal solution/acre using a hand transplanter at transplanting. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 12 Sep and a second group of plants were transplanted between the original plants on 16 Sep. CW were collected within 2 wks of transplanting under clumps of discarded tobacco leaves located around the margins of fields of mature tobacco. Cutworms were stored in moist sand with tobacco leaves for food at about 50°F. CW were sorted by size and species so that treatments within blocks would receive larvae of similar size and species. Individual CW were placed in the soil about 3 inches from 10 plants in each plot immediately after the first planting. No additional CW were released after the second planting. The test was irrigated with 0.25 inch immediately after transplanting and 1.0 inch on 16 Sep. The number of plants damaged and cut by CW were counted in each plot and each transplanting date on 17 and 23 Sep. TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/transplanting date/plot on 26 Sep. On 23, 26 and 29 Sep, TFB damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no feeding damage and 10 = very severe damage. Tobacco plants were dug up on 29 Sep, weighed, and rated for TFB damage. CW injury was analyzed within each transplanting date. TFB data and seedling weights were combined over the two transplanting dates. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100).
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA to evaluate various foliar insecticides for tobacco aphid control and to determine the resulting effects on the yield and price of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco ‘K326’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 11 May. Eleven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row on 28 Jun and 1 Aug. Temperatures ranged from 85-88 and 85-89°F when the treatments were being applied on 28 Jun and 1 Aug, respectively. Aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot on each sample date. Aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0-10 where 0 = no injury and 10 = very severe injury. Except for insect control, flue-cured tobacco production methods followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was cured, weighed, and graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Price was based on 1994 market prices for the assigned grades. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated using ANOVA and WD test (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Rate and Placement Effects on Soil Insecticide Performance Against Wireworms in Peat Soil, 1994
Authors: Ostlie K. , Savoie R.
Published: December 2017

We investigated the performance of Force 3G against wireworms near Winsted, MN, in a replant situation. The first corn planting in this depressional area with Muskego muck soil suffered over 95% stand reduction. Plots, measuring 4 rows (30 inch spacing) × 600 ft, were planted at 26,100 seeds/ acre on 9 Jun using a John Deere 7100 planter. Force treatments included the factorial combinations of 2 placements (ahead of presswheel, infurrow) and 2 rates (3 and 4 oz product per 1000 row feet). The soil insecticide was applied with modified Noble units calibrated at 4 mph. The seed treatment, Kernel Guard, was applied to seed before planting. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Surviving stand was evaluated on 14 Jul by evaluating live plants in each plot.
Evaluation of Beneficial Nematodes and Conventional Insecticides to Manage Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center, University Park, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 10 × 8 ft, arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8002 TeeJet nozzles mounted on an 8 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 1.146 gal/1,000 ft2 (347 ml/80 ft2). At treatment time one (16 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 76%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 35.7% sand, 41.2% silt, 23.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.7%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.6; and partly cloudy skies. The area was irrigated with 0.2 inch of water immediately after treatment (16 Aug). The total number of fresh active (BCW) feeding holes observed on the surface of each replicate (80 ft2) were recorded on 26 Aug (10 DAT). Observations on dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett) suppression activity were recorded by counting the total number of dollar spot damaged areas on each 80 ft2 replicate. An average of 15.0/80 ft2 BCW were recorded on 16 Aug prior to treatment.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Turcam 76W and Vector Grub on a Golf Course Fairway in State College, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Silcox C.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and perennial ryegrass (25%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Two ft untreated barriers were placed between each treatment replicate. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2.2 gal water. At treatment time one (26 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.1% sand, 47.5% silt, 30.3% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.5%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.0; and partly-cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment one the experimental area was irrigated with 0.35 inches of water. At treatment time two (16 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.1% sand, 47.5% silt, 30.3% clay; organic matter, 6.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 33.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.0; and partly-cloudy skies. Immediately after treatment two the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 42 DAT (7 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Annual Bluegrass Weevils, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Entomopafhogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae formulated as Exhibit) were applied at a rate of 1 billion nematodes per acre on one of three dates (18 Apr, 2, or 16 May) to plots which were 20 ft wide and 80 ft long. Plots were replicated 4 times in a CRB design. The plots were established on a golf course fairway in Scarborough, NY consisting primarily of annual bluegrass (40%) and creeping bentgrass (60%) maintained at 0.5 inch mowing height. All materials were applied using a Toro boom sprayer set to deliver 50 gal/acre. The entire test area received 0.25 inch irrigation ca. 1 h after application on each date. Conditions at the time of application: 18 Apr—soil temp, 45°F, air temp, 72°F, water temp, 44°F, sunny, light breeze; 2 May—soil temp, 55°F, air temp, 60°F, water temp, 52°F, gusty NW wind (5-20 mph); 16 May— soil temp, 63°F, air temp, 72°F, water temp, 60°F, steady west wind (5-10 mph). Product efficacy was evaluated on 13 Jun by removing 12 cores (1.85 inch diam, 1.5 inch deep) from the left side of each plot and 12 cores from near the center of each plot and inspecting the cores under magnification in the Amherst laboratory. Insect counts were made by combining totals from 3 plugs per recorded observation (4 observations per plot, 20 observations per treatment). At the time of sampling, the population was 20% early instars (lst-3rd), 25% 4th instar, 45% 5th instar, and 10% pupae.
Subsurface Applications for Control of Annual White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of ⅝ inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained at approximately 16% by weight, throughout the study. Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 24 Aug 1994 using a Cushman prototype subsurface applicator designed to place liquid insecticide treatments at the soil-thatch interface (avg depth 0.75 inches). Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Post-treatment precipitation totaled 0.42 inches. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 14 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs. Pretreatment counts indicated 10-40 SMC/ft2 with 80-90% in the third instar stage in the test area.
Early Summer Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Imidacloprid Formulations on a Golf Course Tee in Centre County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a hand held sprinkling can in 2 gal water. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (5 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 61°F; RH, 68%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.5% sand, 41.4% silt, 22.1% clay; organic matter, 5.2%; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.1; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.0; and heavily overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area received 0.375 inches natural rainfall. Posttreatment counts were completed on 8 Sep (65 DAT). Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Evaluation of Vector WG for Control of White Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway, WV, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: December 2017

Vector WG (Steinernema glaseri = biosys #326) bulk liquid was applied as a split application of 0.5 billion per acre (each application) at two wk apart to the same plots for a total of 1.0 billion per acre. Plots were 18 × 100 ft arranged in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a Cushman Truckster sprayer using 136 gal. per acre. Soil type: silt loam (sand 21%, silt 60%, clay 19%). Soil pH 5.5. Thatch layer about ¼ to ⅜ inches. First application applied 11 Aug between 0810 and 0820 h and second on 25 Aug between 0835 and 0840 h. Environmental conditions were: (First application) air temperature, 21°C; RH, 81%; 100% cloud cover; soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 21°C (surface), soil moist; pretreatment irrigation about 3/s inches; posttreatment about % inches about 25 min after application; (Second application) air temperature, 19.5°C; RH, 83%; about 10% cloud cover; soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 20.5°C (surface), soil moist; no pretreatment irrigation; posttreatment about V* inch about 30 min after application. Pretreatment population counts (28 Jul) averaged 59.6 larvae/ft2 (100% Japanese beetle). Plots were sampled with a cup changer (4.25 inches diameter) to a depth of 2-3 inches (12 samples per plot).
Western Flower Thrips on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1994
Authors: Cesnik R. , Oetting R. D. , Gardner W. A.
Published: December 2017

Rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse on 12 Jan. Fourteen wk later, all plants were in bud to early flowering stages of growth and were infested with western flower thrips at an average density of 15/flower. Five pots containing 3 plants each were placed into cages (24 × 24 × 25.5 inch) to restrict movement of adult thrips. The study consisted of 3 treatments, replicated 3 times, in a RCB design with cages serving as individual plots. Treatments were applied at weekly intervals for 3 wk using a compressed-air sprayer operated at 30 to 35 psi. At treatment, plants were removed from the cages, sprayed to runoff outside the greenhouse, and returned to the cage after the spray had dried on the plant foliage. Tween 80® (10 ml/liter) was added to each treatment mix. Pre-treatment and weekly post-treatment samples were obtained by excising 3 randomly selected flowers from each pot and placing them immediately into 190-ml capacity plastic vials containing 80 ml of 70% ethanol. Each vial was shaken 10 times. The 3 flowers were then removed from the vial, rinsed with 70% ethanol into the vial, and discarded. The adult and immature thrips captured in the alcohol were enumerated.
Whitefly Control on Crabapple Trees, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Twenty 30-inch-tall Crabapple trees were planted in 3 gal plastic pots and grown in a greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. The trees were obtained free of whitefly in May but by late Jul were heavily infested. No precounts were taken. The Marathon treatments were incorporated into the soil on 27 Jul. The Tame/Orthene treatment was applied as a foliar spray to runoff on 27 Jul, 3 Aug, and 12 Aug with an R&D CO2 sprayer at 20 psi with an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Postcounts were made on 25 Aug and 30 Sep. The 25 Aug counts were taken by removing 4 old and 4 new leaves from each tree and counting the no. of whitefly immatures and pupae in 4.5 cm2 per leaf. The 30 Sep sample was taken by removing 2 old and 2 new leaves per plant and counting the no. of whitefly larvae in an area of 1.1 cm2 on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The no. in the table have been converted to reflect the same amount of area observed for both sets of postcounts (5 cm2).
Control of the Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1993
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 weeks growth (25-30 cm tall) before use in trials. Leaves were counted from the top (leaf of >2 cm2) down. Twenty SWF adults were clip-caged (2.5 cm diam) on the abaxial surface of leaf no. 5 for 24 hours to obtain a moderate no. of eggs/leaf. Ten days later the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count (day 0). Plants were assigned to treatments to obtain an equal no. of immatures/treatment. Five plants/treatment were arranged in a randomized block design on a greenhouse bench. Ten treatments and a water treated control were applied by hand sprayer at 30-40 psi. Post-treatment counts were made at 10 and 20 DAT.
Control of Mature Twocirculi Mealybug with Insecticide Applications, 1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Plots were located at the Plant Environmental Research Center on the campus of Colorado State University. A RCB with 5 replications was used as an experimental design. Treatments were applied to an existing infestation of adult female mealybugs that were maturing eggs. The original application was made 20 May, followed by a 30 May application. Both sprays were applied to the point of run-off with a hand-operated pump sprayer. The number of mealybugs present was assessed on 3 subsequent dates. Since few of the insects were dislodged and many appeared to have died in place, a “quality rating” of the mealybugs physical appearance was made. Quality ratings were based on an average of ten 3rd and 4th instar female nymphs sampled per treatment on 10 Jun 1994.
Striped Pine Scale Control Trial, Golden, Co, 1993
Authors: Cooper Dayna , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at a Golden, CO golf course on Scotch pine thai were heavily infested with striped pine scale. Treatments were applied 8 Jul, to point of run-off, using a hand-pumped mister. Individual plots consisted of single terminals with a RCB plot design, involving 5 replications. Plots were evaluated 30 Aug by removing 15 needle bundles from each treatec! terminal and counting all living scales on the needles.
Bioassay, Effects of Rh-5992 and Conventional Insecticides on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

An experimental ecdysone agonist, RH-5992, was evaluated in laboratory bioassays along with Lorsban and Penncap to determine their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Concentrations of RH-5992, Lorsban and Penncap were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 JULI of X-77 wetting agent. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent. The pinto bean diet was dyed blue to make leafroller larvae more visible during post-treatment examinations. The diet was cut into small cubes of about Vi inch. Ten diet cubes were placed into a treatment solution for about 30 s, during which time it was stirred continuously. The diet cubes were removed by pouring the treatment solution through a wire sieve. Cubes were placed on a wire screen and allowed to dry. One diet cube was placed in a 1-oz plastic portion cup. Cups containing diet cubes were randomly chosen, and five 1- to 2- d-old PLR larvae or five 3- to 4-d-old OBLR larvae were placed on each cube. Cup lids were put in place, and cups were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Cups were examined after 3 and 6 or 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten cups were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Effect of Field-Aged Residue Degradation of Cryolite, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Using a leaf-disk bioassay, Kryocide (cryolite) was evaluated for residue effects on PLR and OBLR neonate larvae. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. On 30 Jun, Kryocide was applied at two rates (see table) with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Each treatment was replicated three times with one tree in each. Ten leaves were collected from the interior canopy of each replicate at 1, 4, 6 and 8 DAT. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm), keeping the leaves from each replication separate. Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaves. Five petri dishes were prepared for each treatment and each leafroller species (75 larvae per treatment). The petri dishes were placed inside a food storage container and kept at 20°C constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Weather was good at the time of application.
Susceptibility to Insecticides in Potato Tuberworm From Different Areas of Mexico, 1990
Authors: Guerrero-Rodriguez E. , Gomez-Cruz M. , Corrales-Reynaga J.
Published: December 2017

We evaluated the response of fourth-instar PTW to methamidophos and methyl parathion from five potato growing areas (states). Larvae were collected in the field the day of the experiment and exposed to toxicants by the residual technique in a 100 ml glass recipient. One μ, liter of each toxicant dosage, using acetone as solvent was deposited on each larvae. Each bioassay was carried out with 6 or 7 doses of insecticide; varying from 5 to 100 ppm in methamidophos and from 50 to 400 ppm in methyl parathion. Forty larvae per dose were used. An acetone check was included. The data were compared with a population from Navidad, Nuevo Leon maintained in the laboratory for 28 generations free of insecticides. Mortality was observed after 24 hours.
Field Evaluation of Sorghum Midge-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids, 1993
Authors: Teetes George L. , Anderson Roger M. , Pendleton Bonnie B.
Published: December 2017

Seventeen F, sorghum hybrids of released and experimental parental lines arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications were evaluated for resistance to sorghum midge (SM) in duplicated field trials at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at College Station, TX and at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi, TX. Seed was sown 14 May in rows spaced 30 inches (76.2 cm) apart and 5 Apr in rows spaced 38 inches (96.5 cm) apart at College Station and Corpus Christi, respectively. Yield and damage ratings were used to evaluate hybrids of resistant by resistant parents, and resistant by susceptible parents, compared with hybrids of susceptible by susceptible parents. At College Station, 100-kernel weight also was determined. Rating of damage caused by SM was done at sorghum kernel physiological maturity where 1 = 1-10, 2 = 11-20, to 9 = 81-100% kernel loss. Panicles from plots were hand harvested (0.0025 ha) and threshed by using a stationary plot thresher. Grain yield was calculated by converting grain weight to kg/ha. ANOVA and LSD at the 0.05 probability level were used to analyze data.
Evaluation of Registered Acaricides in Late Season Foliar Applications, 1994
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a 2.4 acre block of 15-year-old ‘Cornice’ pear trees. A single application of the acaricides or acaricide combinations was made on 21 Jul to three single-tree replicates using conventional high pressure handgun equipment with the trees sprayed to runoff. Estimation of TSM densities was made at about weekly intervals from 20 Jul through 14 Sep. Samples consisted of 15 mature pear leaves/replicate which were returned to the laboratory where the mites were removed with a brushing machine, then counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Grape, Season-Long Broad-Spectrum Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature 14 year old grape vines at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa using a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50-foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied, as indicated in the table, on the following dates: 4 May (BS), 25 May (1C), 9 Jun (Bloom), 22 Jun (3C), 3 Jul (4C), 17 Jul (5C), 29 Jul (6C), 12 Aug (7C), 25 Aug (8C) and 6 Sep (9C). Second generation grape berry moth application was timed for one wk after sustained catch in pheromone traps. Phytotoxicity damage was rated on the untreated control and the Danitol plots on 22 Jul. Twenty-five leaf samples were rated as clean or damaged. A leaf was rated as damaged if it had spots or blemishes that could not be attributed to disease or insect injury. All damaged leaves had ≤25% of their surface injured. Damage evaluations for grape berry moth, and Japanese beetle were performed on 27 Sep. Damage was assessed by sampling 25 fruit clusters from each replicate. Each cluster was rated for the presence or absence of injury from each of the three insect pests.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer on Pecans, 1994
Authors: Hall Michael J.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Longview, TX (Gregg Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 7 blocks of trees, with each block corresponding to one of the treatments. Each block was ca. one acre in size. Several cultivars were used due to the light crop load encountered. Determination of pretreatment PNC infestation levels was done on 12 May. Twenty-five nut clusters, on each of four trees per block (100 nut clusters per treatment), were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs. If an egg was found on any nut within a cluster, the cluster was considered to be infested. Treatments were applied on 13 May using a Nut Hustler, PTO-driven, air-blast sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 90 gpa. Only one application was made. Posttreatment counts were made on 8 Jun. Twenty-five nut clusters, on eacji of 4 trees (100 nut clusters per treatment), were inspected for the presence or absence of PNC damaged nut clusters. A cluster was considered infested if one or more nuts within the cluster showed signs of larval entry.
Field Evaluation of Bio-Rational Insecticides for Controlling DBM, 1993
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Ruggero W. S. , Kijima M. H.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park from Aug through Oct. The field was set up in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 7.5 ft. It consisted of six rows of cabbage in 3 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 3 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 6 treatments were applied on 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 Sep and 6 Oct using a diaphragm pump, hydraulic jet agitator and a 30 ft. boom attached to a half ton pick-up truck. The boom was set with three banks of solid cone (TG-3, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank; therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 40 psi at a rate of 150 gpa on a weekly basis from one week after transplanting to one week before harvest. A pretreatment count was made on 31 Aug and post treatment surveys were conducted on a weekly basis six days after treatment. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups: early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their netlike cocoons.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. The sweet corn variety ‘Bodacious’ was planted 1 Jul in 30 inch rows. Each plot consisted of four rows by 50 feet long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied on 15, 22, 26, and 29 Aug. Treatments on the first two dates coincided with the occurrence of row tassel and the beginning of silk, respectively. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 12 gal/acre of finished spray. There were three hollow cone nozzles per row, with one nozzle over the top of the row and one nozzle on each side of the row directed toward the ear zone. Evaluations were made at harvest on 12 Sep by examining twenty-five ears from each plot for the presence of larvae and feeding damage. Each ear was rated as clean (no insect damage), marketable (damage limited to terminal one inch of the ear), or unmarketable (damage extended beyond the terminal inch of the ear).
Control of Leafminers in Green Onions, FT. Lupton, Co, 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Plots were established along the edge of a commercial green onion field that was heavily infested by leafminers. Individual plots consisted of two beds (30-inch centers), 25-ft in length. Plot design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Applications were made on three dates, beginning 12 Aug, using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 18 gal/acre at 45 psi in a flat fan pattern over the top of the plants.
Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana (Mycotrol® WP) for Control of Whitefly in Spring Cantaloupes, 1995
Authors: Jaronski Stefan T. , Lord Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupe was planted in slant beds on 80-inch centers 17 March, at the USDA Irrigated Desert Research Station, Brawley CA. Plots were 5 rows by 40 feet long, with end buffers of 5 feet and buffers of two rows between plots, left planted. Design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicate plots per treatment. Treatments were Untreated, Carrier (0.04% Silwet L77) only, and Mycotrol WP at 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 lbs of formulation (2.5, 5, and 10 X 1012 conidia, resp.) per acre. Applications were initiated 2 May, when whitefly numbers had reached 2.5 per cm2 of leaf, and were continued weekly for 6 weeks, for a total of 7 applications of all materials. Applications were made with a backpack airblast sprayer at 30 gpa (treatments 1-5) or 50 gpa (treatments 6-7), with material and gallonage rates based on a treated acre. Whitefly immatures were counted on 1, 16, 29 May and 20 June using leaves having mixed populations of small and large nymphs (generally Leaf 7-10 from base of plant), 10 leaves per plot. Nymphs were counted in two 1.2 cm or 2.4 cm diameter discs per leaf, depending upon overall numbers. Insect data was subjected to n transformation before ANOVA; means were separated by SNK Test (p=.05). Yields for the Untreated and Vilb Mycotrol treatment plots were determined on 18 June by collecting all fruit developed to net stage and older from one center row of each plot, and determining number and individual weights per 40 row-feet, adjusted for differences in stand count. Treatment means were compared using Student’s T test. Yield data were extrapolated to a per acre value for reporting.
Foliar Sprays to Control Ear Invading Insects in Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Baumann Donna
Published: December 2017

‘Nk-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 100 ft in length on 1 Jun ’95. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. The soil type was Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots consisted of 4 treatment rows with the center 2 rows serving as record rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 30% silk 21 Jul, 25 Jul and 29 Jul. At harvest (4 Aug), 50 ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were husked and evaluated for worm damage as fresh-market (clean ears, no damage evident), processing (evidence of tip feeding but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). and culls (tip damage beyond 3.6 cm to the side and/or bottom). All worms found within the husk or ear were identified.
Insecticides to Control Cucumber Beetles in Spring Cucumbers, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cucumbers were planted on 25 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25ft long rows planted on 5ft row spacing. Plots were separated from each other by 10ft of bare ground and treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Furadan 4F was applied in furrow prior to planting to the treatments indicated in the table using a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. Foliar sprays were applied with a backpack sprayer using three hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 44 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The foliar treatments without Furadan at planting were sprayed on 26 June. All of the foliar treatments were applied on 30 June and 10 July. Evaluation criteria consisted of cucumber beetle counts on a 6ft section of row and estimation of percent bacterial wilt on the dates indicated in the table. The marketable fruit was harvested from the right hand row of each plot on 17, 24 July and 01 August and weighed. The combined yield for all harvest dates is reported in the table.
Granular Adios Tic Evaluation of Cucumber Beetle Control Efficacy in Muskmelon, 1995
Authors: Worden Christopher J. , Dively Galen P.
Published: December 2017

Muskmelon, cultivar ‘Athena’, was transplanted at the Wye Research and Education Center, Queenstown, Maryland on 24 May. Plants were spaced 24 inches apart in raised plastic-mulched beds 60 inches apart. Individual plots consisted of six beds each 62 ft long. Plots were arranged in a split-plot design with four randomized blocks. Main plots were two treatment timings: one and two weeks after transplanting. Subplots consisted of three treatment rates of Adios TIC granular bait: 0 (control), 0.065, and 0.13 lbs AI carbaryl/acre, applied as a banded application on the ground surface between the planting beds. To equalize attractiveness of each treatment, control plots received only the floral attractants (TIC) of a 5 lb/acre equivalent of the bait. The granular bait was applied by hand using a ‘salt-shaker’ type dispenser. Visual counts of live and dead adults of both striped and spotted cucumber beetles were taken 24 h after each treatment in a single section of 40 ft of row.
Control of Melon Thrips in Pepper, Spring 1995
Authors: Seal Dakshina R.
Published: December 2017

Peppers were planted on to raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch in a commercial field on 11 Feb. 1995 in Homestead, FL. Beds were 71.1 cm wide and spaced 139.5 cm apart from center to center. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 25 ft. arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Five treatments were evaluated to control melon thrips. Chemicals were applied weekly on 5 dates between 1 April and 3 May by a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 50 gpa at 40 psi. Effectiveness of insecticides was evaluated by randomly collecting 20 mature leaves, one/plant, from the center two rows of each treatment plot 24 h after each application. Thrips were separated by washing leaves with 70% ethanol, and the total numbers of thrips/sample were recorded. Quality of crop in treatment plots was evaluated by collecting flowers and fruits. Plant volume was also determined. Finally, fruit quality was visually determined based on a scale ranging from 1 to 6 with the highest number being the best.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control With Foliar Sprays, 1995
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted on 25 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Six treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a RCB design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Treatment sprays were broadcast applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi) and delivering 20 gal finished spray per acre (four, 10X hollow cone nozzles). On a weekly basis, egg masses, small larvae (1-2 instar), large larvae (3-4instar) and adult beetles were counted, and percent defoliation estimates were made from whole plant inspections of the center 5 hills of the middle 2 plot rows. On 5 Jul a pre-count of all Colorado potato beetle (CPB) life stages was taken and all treatment applications were made. A second application of both Spinosad rates was made on 12 Jul. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple means comparison.
Squash Bug Control By Basal Stem Treatments, Rocky Ford, Co 1995
Authors: Cranshaw W. S. , Schweissing F. C.
Published: December 2017

Trials were established at the Arkansas Valley Research Center in Rocky Ford, CO with plantings made 13 June. Plots consisted of single rows, 20-ft in length, at a 60-inch in-row spacing. Alfalfa mulch treatments were applied around the base of plants on 11 July, in an 18 inch band through the plots. All other treatments were first applied 18 July, at which time first oviposition was observed. The reflective collar treatments consisted of a square of aluminized cloth (AluminetR), approximately 1 ft2, placed around the base of the plants. Diatomaceous earth (Organic Plus Crawling Insect Killer), Adios, and Sevimol treatments were all directed at the base of the plant, with repeat applications on 25 July (diatomaceous earth) and 1 Aug (diatomaceous earth, Adios, Sevimol). Evaluations were made 12 September and consisted of a 6 point rating of squash bug injury to vines (0 = plant death; 5 = highly vigorous vines w/o injury).
Sevin Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Conn Bart , Field Michelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 0.8 acre block of 15-yr-old trees on MM 106 rootstock. Trees measured 13.5 ft. in height and 14.5 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 18 X 24 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single plot of 3 or 4 rows X 5 treeslrow for each of the spray treatments and a single 10 row X 3 treeslrow untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DASOOA airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph, and delivered a spray volume of 100 gallacre. Dates of application were 12 May [petal fall (PF)], 26 May [first cover (IC)], 8 Jun [second cover (2C)], 22 Jun [third cover (3C)], 6 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 20 Jul [fifth cover (SC)], 3 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 16 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 1 Sep [eighth cover (8C)I. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Dithane, Kocide, Lorsban 4E, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects on the periphery of 4 single-tree ‘Delicious’ replications in the center of each plot periodically during the season. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 25 leavesltree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment impact on Stethorus punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed during a 3-min walk around each tree. WALH and RLH control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leavesltree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 minute periodtree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined on ‘Delicious’ by scoring for injury 100 picked appleslreplication plus up to 100 drop appleslreplication on 19 Sep.
Effect of Insecticides on Tomato Insects 1995
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 21 June at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 27 Jul, 3, 10, 16, 24, 30 Aug, and 7, 14 Sep. (except Agrimek which was applied on 27 Jul 3, 24, 30 Aug, and Agrimek + Lannate in which Lannate was applied every wk). A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) at 0.04% was included for all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 1 Aug through 12 Sep., inclusive. On 18-21 Sep., 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily S. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were low early, then moderate late in this test. Some treatments increased leafminer density as compared to the control. Beet armyworm and tomato pinworm populations were moderate as were tomato fruitworm populations. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Tomatoes, Summer 1995
Authors: Peters M. R. , Edelson J. V.
Published: December 2017

Tomato plants were transplanted on 23 Jun at the Wes Watkins Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lane, OK. Each plot consisted of 21 ft-long rows bordered on each side by an unplanted row. Tomatoes were transplanted with 36-inch plant and 72-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Sprays were applied on 15 Aug and 14 Sep with a bicycle sprayer delivering 59.5 gal/acre through 4 TXVS-26 hollow cone nozzles per row at 40 psi. Sprays were also applied on 24, 31 Aug and 6 Sep with a self-propelled high-clearance sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre through 3 8003 flat spray nozzles, 1 over the row and 2 nozzles on drop extension tubes on either side of the row at 60 psi. Treatment effectiveness was determined at two harvest dates (13 and 21 Sep) by examination of 20 randomly picked tomatoes per plot. The fruit that was damaged by TFW, TPW, and BAW was recorded, undamaged fruit was recorded as marketable.
Comparison of Viral, Bacteriological, and Standard Insecticides for Control of the Fruitworm Complex in Fall Tomatoes, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Tomatoes were transplanted into two fields on 27 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a single 25ft row with 5ft between row spacing. Plots were replicated 3 times in a RCB design and separated from each other by untreated guard rows. The design in both fields was the same except for the number of treatments. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 45 gal waterlacre at 40 psi. Application dates for each field are indicated in the tables. Bravo 720 at 1.5pVacre was added to each treatment and the checks on 26 Sep and 02 Oct for disease control. On 9 Oct (Field I) and 16 Oct (Field 11). 25 green fruits were randomly picked from each plot and examined for worm damage.