bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Celiac Disease in Attention‐deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Güngör Serdal , Celiloğlu Özgü Suna , Özcan Özlem Özel , Raif Sabiha Güngör , Selimoğlu Mukadder Ayşe
Published: November 2012

Objective:

Although it is well known that celiac disease (CD) is associated with neurologic disorders, association with psychiatric problems is not well defined. In this report, we aimed to detect CD prevalence in patients with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods:

A total of 362 patients between the ages 5 and 15 years with the diagnosis of ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) diagnostic criteria and 390 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy children were included in the present study. Serum levels of tissue transglutaminase (tTg) immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG were studied in both groups. Serum IgA levels were also studied in patients with positive tTG IgG for the exclusion of selective IgA deficiency. Endoscopic duodenal biopsy was provided in seropositive patients, whose parents approved the procedure. Biopsy samples were evaluated according to Marsh‐Oberhuber classification.

Results:

tTg IgA was positive in 4 patients with ADHD (1.1%). Endoscopic duodenal biopsy was suggestive of CD in one of them (0.27%). tTg IgA was positive in 3 of control group patients (0.8%). Duodenal biopsy of the only patient from control group, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, revealed normal intestinal mucosa.

Conclusions:

The seropositivity rates for CD were found similar in ADHD and control groups. Thus, neither routine screening for CD nor empirical recommendation of gluten‐free diet seems necessary in children with ADHD.
Conceptual Framework for Health‐related Quality of Life Assessment in Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Johnston Bradley C. , Donen Rachel , Pooni Amrita , Pond Julia , Xie Feng , Giglia Lucy , Kam April , Bhamber Amanpaul , Bami Karan , Patel Yashesh , Guyatt Gordon H.
Published: November 2012

Background and Objectives:

To date, most trials in pediatric acute gastroenteritis have evaluated short‐term clinical disease activity (eg, duration of diarrhea or vomiting, level of dehydration), laboratory outcomes (eg, rotavirus, norovirus), or a composite of these outcomes. Measuring health‐related quality of life may also be important in evaluating the effect of interventions for acute gastroenteritis in children. The objectives of this study were to conduct individual interviews and, when possible, focus group discussions, with parents of children with acute gastroenteritis; to determine how parent and child quality of life is negatively affected by acute gastroenteritis; and, from the perspective of parents and children, to develop a conceptual framework for quality of life instrument specific to pediatric acute gastroenteritis.

Methods:

We conducted interviews and focus groups with parents of children (3 months–5 years of age) given a diagnosis of gastroenteritis in a hospital emergency department. Interviews and focus groups were conducted to determine the effect of gastroenteritis on quality of life in parents and children (as perceived by the parents).

Results:

Interviews and focus groups involving 25 parents suggested a conceptual framework that, for children, includes 2 domains (physical and emotional function) and 14 subdomains. For parents, our framework includes 3 domains (physical, emotional, and social function) with physical function including 4 subdomains, emotional function including 7 subdomains, and social function including 2 subdomains. The framework has been used to develop a preliminary quality of life questionnaire for parents and children.

Conclusions:

Acute gastroenteritis has an important adverse effect on health‐related quality in both children and parents involving physical symptoms and restrictions in physical function and disturbed emotional function. Upon further research on the psychometric properties of the proposed questionnaires, future trials of effectiveness should consider measuring patient important outcomes such as health‐related quality of life.
Parents' Information Needs in Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Inhibitor Treatment Decisions
Authors: Lipstein Ellen A. , Lovell Daniel J. , Denson Lee A. , Moser David W. , Saeed Shehzad A. , Dodds Cassandra M. , Britto Maria T.
Published: November 2012

Objective:

The aim of the study was to describe parents' experiences and the information used when making decisions about tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitor (TNFαi) treatment.

Methods:

We interviewed parents of children with Crohn disease (CD) or juvenile idiopathic arthritis who had experience deciding about TNFαi treatment. Interview questions focused on information used to make decisions and factors that influenced decision making. We used thematic analysis for all coding and analysis. Coding structure was developed by a multidisciplinary team review of the initial interviews. Two coders then coded the remaining interviews, compared coding, and resolved disagreements through discussion. Data were analyzed by thematic grouping and then compared between diseases.

Results:

We interviewed 35 parents. For nearly all parents the decision about TNFαi treatment was the most challenging medical decision they had made; however, parents of children with CD experienced more stress and anxiety than did other parents. Both groups of parents sought information from multiple sources including health care providers, the Internet, and social contacts. They looked for information related to treatment effectiveness, adverse effects, and other individuals' treatment experiences. In CD, information was used to help make the decision, whereas in juvenile idiopathic arthritis it was used to confirm the decision.

Conclusions:

The decision‐making experience, and associated information seeking, leaves some parents with long‐lasting concerns and worry about TNFαi treatment. Providing parents with structured decision‐making support may lead to more effective and efficient decision making, decreased psychosocial distress, and, ultimately, improved outcomes for their children.
Blood Lead Concentration Is Not Altered by High‐Dose Vitamin D Supplementation in Children and Young Adults With HIV
Authors: Groleau Veronique , Herold Rachel A. , Schall Joan I. , Wagner Julia L. , Dougherty Kelly A. , Zemel Babette S. , Rutstein Richard M. , Stallings Virginia A.
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

Optimal vitamin D status is known to have beneficial health effects and vitamin D supplements are commonly used. It has been suggested that vitamin D supplementation may increase blood lead in children and adults with previous lead exposure. The objective was to determine the safety regarding lead toxicity during 12 weeks of high‐dose vitamin D3 supplementation in children and young adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Methods:

Subjects with HIV (8–24 years) were randomized to vitamin D3 supplementation of 4000 or 7000 IU/day and followed at 6 and 12 weeks for changes in serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D (25D) and whole‐blood lead concentration. This was a secondary analysis of a larger study of vitamin D3 supplementation in children and adolescents with HIV.

Results:

In 44 subjects (75% African American), the baseline mean ± standard deviation serum 25D was 48.3 ± 18.6 nmol/L. Fifty percent of subjects had baseline serum 25D <50.0 nmol/L. Serum 25D increased significantly with D3 supplementation during the 12 weeks. No subject had a whole‐blood lead >5.0 μg/dL at baseline or during subsequent visits. Whole‐blood lead and 25D were not correlated at baseline, and were negatively correlated after 12 weeks of supplementation (P = 0.014). Whole‐blood lead did not differ between those receiving 4000 and 7000 IU of vitamin D3.

Conclusions:

High‐dose vitamin D3 supplementation and the concomitant increased serum 25D did not result in increased whole‐blood lead concentration in this sample of children and young adults living in a northeastern urban city.
Tolerability of Curcumin in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Suskind David L. , Wahbeh Ghassan , Burpee Tyler , Cohen Morty , Christie Dennis , Weber Wendy
Published: November 2012

Background:

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation in the absence of a recognized etiology. The primary therapies are medications that possess anti‐inflammatory or immunosuppressive effects. Given the high use of complementary alternative medicines in pediatric IBD, a prospective tolerability study of curcumin, an herbal therapy with known anti‐inflammatory effects, was conducted to assess possible dosage in children with IBD.

Methods:

Prospectively, patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis in remission or with mild disease (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI] <30 or Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index [PUCAI] score <34) were enrolled in a tolerability study. All patients received curcumin in addition to their standard therapy. Patients initially received 500 mg twice per day for 3 weeks. Using the forced‐dose titration design, doses were increased up to 1 g twice per day at week 3 for a total of 3 weeks and then titrated again to 2 g twice per day at week 6 for 3 weeks. Validated measures of disease activity, using the PUCAI and PCDAI, and the Monitoring of Side Effect System score were obtained at weeks 3, 6, and 9.

Results:

All patients tolerated curcumin well, with the only symptom that was consistently reported during all 3 visits being an increase in gassiness, which occurred in only 2 patients. Three patients saw improvement in PUCAI/PCDAI score.

Conclusions:

This pilot study suggests that curcumin may be used as an adjunctive therapy for individuals seeking a combination of conventional medicine and alternative medicine.
Autoantibodies and Autoimmune Disease During Treatment of Children With Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Molleston Jean P. , Mellman William , Narkewicz Michael R. , Balistreri William F. , Gonzalez‐Peralta Regino P. , Jonas Maureen M. , Lobritto Steven J. , Mohan Parvathi , Murray Karen F. , Njoku Dolores , Rosenthal Philip , Barton Bruce A. , Talor Monica V. , Cheng Irene , Schwarz Kathleen B. , Haber Barbara A. ,   PEDS‐C Clinical Research Network
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

Autoantibodies were studied in a well‐characterized cohort of children with chronic hepatitis C during treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin to assess the relation with treatment and development of autoimmune disease.

Methods:

A total of 114 children (5–17 years), screened for the presence of high‐titer autoantibodies, were randomized to pegylated interferon with or without ribavirin. Anti‐nuclear, anti‐liver‐kidney‐microsomal, anti‐thyroglobulin, anti‐thyroid peroxidase, insulin, anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies were measured after trial completion using frozen sera.

Results:

At baseline, 19% had autoantibodies: anti‐nuclear antibodies (8%), anti‐liver‐kidney‐microsomal antibodies (4%), and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (4%). At 24 and 72 weeks (24 weeks after treatment completion), 23% and 26% had autoantibodies (P = 0.50, 0.48 compared with baseline). One child developed diabetes and 2 hypothyroidism during treatment; none developed autoimmune hepatitis. At 24 weeks, the incidence of flu‐like symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and headaches was 42%, 8% and 19% in those with autoantibodies versus 52%, 17%, and 26% in those without (P = 0.18, 0.36, and 0.20, respectively). In children with negative hepatitis C virus polymerase chain reaction at 24 weeks, there was no difference in the rate of early virologic response/sustained virologic response, respectively, in those with autoantibodies 76%/69% vs 58%/65% in those without (P = 0.48).

Conclusions:

Despite screening, we found autoantibodies commonly at baseline, during treatment for chronic hepatitis C and after. The presence of antibodies did not correlate with viral response, adverse effects, or autoimmune hepatitis. Neither screening nor archived samples assayed for thyroid and diabetes‐related antibodies identified the 3 subjects who developed overt autoimmune disease, diabetes (1), and hypothyroidism (2).
Methodological Approaches for Dietary Intake Assessment in Formula‐fed Infants
Authors: Luque Veronica , Escribano Joaquin , Mendez‐Riera Georgina , Schiess Sonia , Koletzko Berthold , Verduci Elvira , Stolarczyk Anna , Martin Françoise , Closa‐Monasterolo Ricardo
Published: November 2012

Background and Objective:

The estimation of dietary intake remains a challenge in human nutritional studies. In infants, the use of food diaries (FDs) is a suitable method already validated; however, this method is not exempt from error. In formula‐fed infants, dilution of powdered formulas may produce errors. Our aim was to develop and validate standard operating procedures (SOPs) for the assessment of dietary intake in formula‐fed infants, attending potential sources of error.

Methods:

We analysed sources of error in a random subsample of 3‐day FDs from 100 infants enrolled in the European Childhood Obesity Project. Calculations to estimate intakes were standardised and included in a software tool (SOPsystem). An evaluation of a simulated FD was performed by 9 trained nutritionists and 23 nutrition students (n = 225 and n = 575 bottle evaluations, respectively) to compare the results obtained when using or not the SOPsystem. Correct answers (%), coefficients of variation, and the time spent (minutes) to assess the simulated FD were analysed.

Results:

Overall, 60% of the FDs contained reports of incorrect volumes, and 37% reported incorrect formula dilutions. When the SOPsystem was used, correct answers in the simulated FD were more frequent (P < 0.001) and the mean coefficient of variation and the time spent were lower (P < 0.005 and P < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusions:

The development and implementation of SOPs with a software tool that identifies specific sources of error in record‐keeping achieved a harmonised and improved process for assessing dietary intakes in formula‐fed infants, minimising errors in calculations and reducing the work time invested.
Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ2.2 and Celiac Disease
Authors: Mubarak Amani , Spierings Eric , Wolters Victorien , van Hoogstraten Ingrid , Kneepkens C.M. Frank , Houwen Roderick
Published: November 2012

Patients with celiac disease (CD) lacking both human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQ2.5 in cis (DQA1*05:01, DQB1*02:01) or trans (DQA1*05:05, DQB1*02:02) configuration and HLA‐DQ8 (DQA1*03:01, DQB1*03:02) are considered to be rare. Therefore, absence of these genotypes is commonly used to exclude the diagnosis of CD. To investigate whether this approach is justified, the HLA‐distribution in 155 children with CD was studied. A total of 139 (89.7%) patients carried HLA‐DQ2.5. Of the remaining patients, 7 (4.5%) carried HLA‐DQ8. Interestingly, the 9 (5.8%) patients lacking HLA‐DQ2.5 and HLA‐DQ8 carried HLA‐DQA1*02:01 and ‐DQB1*02:02 (HLA‐DQ2.2). Therefore, HLA‐DQ2.2 should be included as an important HLA‐type related to CD.
Kawasaki Disease and the Pediatric Gastroenterologist
Authors: Eladawy Mohammed , Dominguez Samuel R. , Anderson Marsha S. , Glodé Mary P.
Published: November 2012

Background and Objectives:

Gastrointestinal symptoms and signs are rarely the main clinical presentation of Kawasaki disease (KD). In the present study, we report a series of patients with KD in whom a gastroenterology consult was obtained before consideration of the diagnosis of KD.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed all patients with KD admitted to Children's Hospital Colorado from January 2009 through February 2011 with prominent gastrointestinal symptoms, resulting in gastrointestinal service consultation before their diagnosis of KD.

Results:

We identified 7 of 118 (6%) patients with KD who met our criteria. All 7 patients were males, and the median age at admission was 9.7 years. All patients had abdominal pain and fever at presentation. Vomiting, diarrhea, and clinical jaundice were present in 70%, 50%, and 43% of patients, respectively. Aminotransferases and/or γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase abnormalities were observed in 6 (89%) patients. All of the patients had fever and rash on admission, and 86% had nonexudative conjunctivitis and 71% had mucosal changes. Median duration of illness at gastroenterology consultation was 5 days, whereas median duration of illness at infectious disease consultation was 6 days. One patient developed coronary artery dilation and 2 patients had intravenous immunoglobulin‐resistant KD.

Conclusions:

Gastroenterologists should be aware of gastrointestinal presentations of KD. Unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms in the presence of fever, and 1 or 2 of the major clinical signs of KD, should prompt consideration of KD in the differential diagnosis.
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tubes in Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Patients
Authors: Kaur Sunpreet , Ceballos Clare , Bao Ruijun , Pittman Nanci , Benkov Keith
Published: November 2012

Background and Objectives:

Nourishing a child undergoing bone marrow transplant (BMT) is essential, but the optimal method to achieve this is not established. The objectives of the study were to investigate the incidence and risk factors for complications of gastrostomy tubes in patients with BMT.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients who received a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) either for BMT or for other indications during a 3‐year period. Occurrences of complications, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) at time of PEG placement, and ANC at time of complication were reviewed for both BMT and the comparison group.

Results:

Of the 11 subjects in the BMT group, 4 (36%) had a major complication of infection related to PEG and 3 of those required PEG removal. Two of the 4 subjects who developed a major complication were moderately neutropenic at the time of PEG placement and all subjects were neutropenic at the time of complication. Of the 30 subjects in the comparison group, only 1 (2.8%) had a major complication with cellulitis. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups before PEG placement for age, weight, albumin, or white blood cell count. The incidence of complication in BMT compared with the comparison group was significant (P = 0.01).

Conclusions:

Our findings support that ANC should be considered before placement of PEG, significant neutropenia may be a contraindication for PEG placement in BMT patients, and other modalities for nutrition support might need to be considered.
Clinical Features Distinguish Eosinophilic and Reflux‐induced Esophagitis
Authors: Mulder Daniel J. , Hurlbut David J. , Noble Angela J. , Justinich Christopher J.
Published: November 2012

Background and Objectives

: Diagnosing eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) depends on intraepithelial eosinophil count of ≥15 eosinophils per high‐power field (HPF); however, differentiating EoE from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) continues to be a challenge because no true “criterion standard” criteria exist. Identifying clinical and endoscopic characteristics that distinguish EoE could provide a more comprehensive diagnostic strategy than the present criteria. The aim of the study was to determine symptoms and signs that can be used to distinguish EoE from reflux esophagitis.

Methods:

Adult and pediatric patients with EoE were identified by present diagnostic guidelines including an esophageal biopsy finding of ≥15 eosinophils/HPF. Patients with GERD were age‐matched one to one with patients with EoE. Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic information at the time of diagnosis was obtained from the medical record and compared between pairs by McNemar test. A conditional logistic regression model was created using 6 distinguishing disease characteristics. This model was used to create a nomogram to differentiate EoE from reflux‐induced esophagitis.

Results:

Patients with EoE were 75% men and 68% had a history of atopy. Many aspects of EoE were statistically distinct from GERD when controlling for age. Male sex, dysphagia, history of food impaction, absence of pain/heartburn, linear furrowing, and white papules were the distinguishing variables used to create the logistic regression model and scoring system based on odds ratios. The area under the curve of the receiver‐operator characteristic curve for this model was 0.858.

Conclusions:

EoE can be distinguished from GERD using a scoring system of clinical and endoscopic features. Prospective studies will be needed to validate this model.
Celiac Disease
Authors: Klapp Gabriela , Masip Etna , Bolonio Miguel , Donat Ester , Polo Begoña , Ramos David , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen
Published: November 2012

Background:

The need for an early and accurate diagnosis in celiac disease (CD) has focused attention on new diagnostic approaches, based on the efficiency of serological markers and the high negative predictive value of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) non‐DQ2/8.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective review of all of the patients suspected of having CD who had undergone a small bowel biopsy in our gastroenterology unit. All symptomatic children with serological marker at time of biopsy (immunoglobulin A‐tissue transglutaminase antibody, endomysial antibody, and HLA genotype) were included. The triple test (TT) was positive if immunoglobulin A‐tissue transglutaminase antibody was 10 times the upper limit of normal, plus positive endomysial antibody plus human leukocyte antigen‐DQ2/DQ8.

Results:

A total of 150 patients met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. One hundred sixteen were positive for the TT; 113 of 116 (97.4%) had a Marsh 2/3 histological lesion and had been considered to have CD. Thus, positive predictive value of the TT was 97.4%. The other 3 cases (2.6%) had Marsh 0/1 lesion, so we consider them to be false‐positives for the TT; however, on follow‐up, all 3 children developed histological damage after a gluten challenge. Finally, the positive predictive value of the TT was 100%. Thirty‐four patients were negative for the TT: 22 patients are celiac, 3 are celiac but challenge gluten diet is pending, and the 9 patients left have other gastrointestinal disorder.

Conclusions:

Our study supports the view that in selected children who are symptomatic and positive for the TT, CD diagnosis could be established independent of histological findings.
Gastroparesis in Children
Authors: Chogle Ashish , Saps Miguel
Published: November 2012

Background and Aim:

Scintigraphic gastric emptying study (GES) is the criterion standard for diagnosis of gastroparesis. Adult studies demonstrated that extending GES to 4 hours increases its ability to diagnose delayed gastric emptying. Most pediatric centers assess GES up to 2 hours postmeal. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of extending GES from 2 to 4 hours in evaluation of children with suspected gastroparesis.

Methods:

We conducted a chart review of all children who had a 4‐hour GES with standard radiolabeled solid meal in 2009–2010. Results of GES at 1, 2, and 4 hours were compared. Patients were diagnosed as having gastroparesis using adult criteria: if gastric retention of meal was >90%, 60%, and 10% at 1, 2 and 4 hours, respectively. A telephone survey assessed GES time at top 20 pediatric gastroenterology centers in the United States. Cost of evaluation of patients diagnosed as having gastroparesis was estimated. Full‐time equivalents of nuclear medicine technicians and number of nuclear medicine studies done at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago from 2007 to 2010 were examined.

Results:

A total of 71 patients (32 boys, average age 10.8 years) were studied. Sixty‐two percent (n = 44) children had abnormal GES; 23% (8/35) of them who had normal values at 2 hours had abnormal GES at 4 hours (P < 0.0001). Twenty‐eight percent of patients had delayed GES at 1 hour: all persisted to have abnormal GES at 2 and 4 hours. Cost of evaluation of a child for gastroparesis was $9014. Only 5 of the top 20 pediatric gastroenterology centers in the United States conducted 4‐hour GES. Transitioning from 2 hours to 4 hours only required scheduling adjustments and did not result in limitation in the number of scheduled patients.

Conclusions:

Extending GES to 4 hours results in a considerable increase in diagnosis of gastroparesis.
Immunophenotype Predicts Outcome in Pediatric Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Bucuvalas John , Filipovich Lisa , Yazigi Nada , Narkewicz Michael R. , Ng Vicky , Belle Steven H. , Zhang Song , Squires Robert H.
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

We sought to determine whether markers of T‐cell immune activation, including soluble interleukin 2 receptor alpha (sIL2Rα) levels predict outcome in pediatric acute liver failure and may target potential candidates for immunomodulatory therapy.

Methods:

We analyzed markers of immune activation in 77 patients with pediatric acute liver failure enrolled in a multinational, multicenter study. The outcomes were survival with native liver, liver transplantation (LT), and death without transplantation within 21 days after enrollment.

Results:

Adjusting for multiple comparisons, only normalized serum sIL2Rα level differed significantly among the 3 outcomes, and was significantly higher in patients who died (P = 0.02) or underwent LT (P = 0.01) compared with those who survived with their native liver. The 37 patients with normal sIL2Rα levels all lived, 30 with their native liver. Of the 15 subjects with markedly high sIL2Rα (≥5000 IU/mL), 5 survived with their native liver, 2 died, and 8 underwent LT.

Conclusions:

Evidence of immune activation is present in some patients who die or undergo LT. Patients with higher sIL2Rα levels were more likely to die or undergo LT within 21 days than those with lower levels. Identifying a subset of patients at risk for poor outcome may form the foundation for targeted clinical trials with immunomodulatory drugs.
Breast Milk Jaundice
Authors: Tuzun Funda , Kumral Abdullah , Duman Nuray , Ozkan Hasan
Published: November 2012

Objective:

Breast milk is an important source of bacteria in establishing the infantile intestinal microbiota that appear to influence the enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of breast milk's microbiological content on the development of breast milk jaundice (BMJ).

Methods:

A total number of 60 mother‐infant pairs enrolled to the study. Two groups were defined: BMJ group (n = 30), full‐term otherwise healthy newborns who were considered BMJ; control group (n = 30), full‐term healthy newborns without jaundice. All newborns in the study were exclusively breast‐fed. The breast milk samples and the feces of infants were evaluated for content of selected bacterial populations (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus species) with real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:

Bifidobacterium bifidum content in the breast milk and B adolescentis, B bifidum, and B longum content in the fecal samples were higher in the control group than in the BMJ group. The milk and fecal concentrations of B bifidum were significantly correlated. The concentrations of breast milk B bifidum and fecal B bifidum, B adolescentis, and B longum were found to be negatively correlated with bilirubin levels.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that Bifidobacterium species in breast milk may protect against BMJ.
Effect of Prolonged Refrigeration on the Lipid Profile, Lipase Activity, and Oxidative Status of Human Milk
Authors: Bertino Enrico , Giribaldi Marzia , Baro Cristina , Giancotti Valeria , Pazzi Marco , Peila Chiara , Tonetto Paola , Arslanoglu Sertac , Moro Guido E. , Cavallarin Laura , Gastaldi Daniela
Published: November 2012

Objective:

The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of prolonged refrigeration of fresh human milk (HM) on its fatty acid profile, free fatty acid content, lipase activities, and oxidative status.

Methods:

HM from mothers of preterm newborns was collected, pooled, and placed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) refrigerator. Pooled milk was aliquoted and analyzed within 3 hours of collection, and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of storage. The milk samples were analyzed for pH, total and free fatty acid profile, lipase activity at room temperature and at 4°C, lipase activity at room temperature in presence of sodium cholate (bile salt–dependent lipase), total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, malondialdehyde, and conjugated diene concentration. The experiment was replicated in 3 independent trials.

Results:

Prolonged refrigeration did not affect the fatty acid composition of breast milk, and preserved both its overall oxidative status and the activity of HM lipolytic enzymes. In particular, bile salt–dependent lipase activity, long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and medium‐chain saturated fatty acid concentrations were unaffected for up to 96 hours of refrigerated storage.

Conclusions:

Prolonged refrigeration of fresh HM for 96 hours maintained its overall lipid composition. The limited lipolysis during storage should be ascribed to the activity of lipoprotein lipase, responsible for the decrease in pH. Our study demonstrates that infants who receive expressed milk stored for up to 96 hours receive essentially the same supply of fatty acids and active lipases as do infants fed directly at the breast.
Response to Hepatitis A and B Vaccination in Pediatric Patients With Celiac Disease
Authors: Urganci Nafiye , Kalyoncu Derya
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the response to hepatitis A and B vaccinations in pediatric patients with celiac disease (CD).

Methods:

Thirty patients with CD ages 1 to 15 years were compared with 50 healthy age‐, sex‐, and body mass index–matched controls. Screening for hepatitis A and B serology was carried out before vaccination. Susceptible cases received 20 μg of recombinant DNA vaccine for hepatitis B (0,1, and 6 months) and 720 milliELISA units of inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine (0 and 6 months). Postvaccination serologic evaluation was performed 1 month after the last dose of primary vaccination, 1 month after the booster dose, and once every year during follow‐up.

Results:

Sixteen patients and 35 controls received hepatitis A vaccine; protective anti‐HAV antibodies were developed in 12 (75%) of the patients and all of the controls (75% vs 100%, respectively; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.92, P = 0.007). Thirty patients and 50 controls received hepatitis B vaccine, and 70% of the patients vs 90% of the controls achieved seroprotection (anti‐HBs titers ≥10 mIU/mL) 1 month after primary vaccination (95% CI 0.74–0.90, P = 0.03). Four patients were unresponsive to both of the vaccines. The overall seroprotection rates were 96% in controls and 80% in patients after the whole hepatitis B vaccination series (95% CI 0.04–0.18, P = 0.04). No significant reduction was observed in antibody response among patients and controls during follow‐up period.

Conclusions:

The rate of seroconversion to the hepatitis B virus‐ and HAV vaccine is lower in patients with CD than in healthy controls.
The Celiac Iceberg
Authors: Nenna Raffaella , Tiberti Claudio , Petrarca Laura , Lucantoni Federica , Mennini Maurizio , Luparia Rita Pia Lara , Panimolle Francesca , Mastrogiorgio Gerarda , Pietropaoli Nicoletta , Magliocca Fabio Massimo , Bonamico Margherita
Published: November 2012

Objective:

Celiac disease (CD) has a prevalence of 0.55% to 1% in Italy. Identifying CD in schoolchildren to characterize CD iceberg and evaluate the effect of diagnosis in screening‐detected children.

Methods:

A total of 7377 5‐ to 8‐year‐old children were invited to participate. A total of 5733 salivary samples were collected and tested for anti‐transglutaminase antibodies (tTGAb), using a fluid‐phase radioimmunoassay. Salivary tTGAb‐positive children were analyzed for serum antibodies (anti‐endomysium antibodies, radioimmunoassay, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tTGAb). Positive children underwent endoscopy and then started gluten‐free diet (GFD) and periodical follow‐up.

Results:

Forty‐six subjects were found salivary tTGAb–positive and 16 border‐line. Forty‐five of 46 and 5 of 15 of them were also serum antibody–positive. Forty‐two children showed duodenal villous atrophy and 1 had only type 1 lesions. Three children started GFD without performing endoscopy. CD prevalence (including 23 previously diagnosed children with CD) was 1.2%. Considering all 65 celiacs in our sample, a silent CD was found in 64%, typical in 28%, atypical in 7%, and potential in 1%. All patients showed strict adherence to GFD, weight and stature increase, and well‐being improvement. Eighty‐five percent and all but 2 screening‐detected children with CD had Italian parents.

Conclusions:

Our sample size, representative of primary schoolchildren of our region, demonstrated that CD prevalence is growing in Italy, with a modified clinical spectrum and iceberg deepness.
Immunogenecity of Hepatitis A and B Vaccination in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Urganci Nafiye , Kalyoncu Derya
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

Aim of the study was to evaluate the response to hepatitis A and B vaccination in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods:

A total of 47 patients with IBD (25 ulcerative colitis, 14 Crohn disease, and 8 indeterminate colitis) ages 3 to 17 years were compared with 50 healthy age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Screening for hepatitis A and B serology was carried out before vaccination. Susceptible cases received 20 μg of recombinant DNA vaccine for hepatitis B (0, 1, and 6 months) and 720 milliELISA units of inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccine (HAV) (0 and 6 months). Postvaccination serologic evaluation was performed 1 month after the last dose of primary vaccination, 1 month after the booster dose, and once every year during follow‐up.

Results:

A total of 23 patients and 35 controls received HAV and protective anti‐HAV antibodies were developed in all of the patients and controls (P = 1.00). Forty‐seven patients and 50 controls received hepatitis B vaccine and 70.2% of the patients versus 90% of the controls achieved seroprotection (anti‐HBs titers ≥10 mIU/mL) 1 month after primary vaccination (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.87, P = 0.02). The overall seroprotection rates were 96% in controls and 85.1% in patients after the whole hepatitis B vaccination series (95% confidence interval 0.83–0.95, P = 0.08). No significant reduction was observed in antibody response among patients and controls during the follow‐up period.

Conclusions:

The rate of seroconversion to the hepatitis B vaccine was lower in pediatric patients with IBD than in healthy controls and hepatitis A vaccine was highly immunogenic among patients with IBD.
Muricauda zhangzhouensis sp. nov., isolated from mangrove sediment
Authors: Yang Caiyun , Li Yi , Guo Qian , Lai Qiliang , Wei Jun , Zheng Tianling , Tian Yun
Published: November 2012

A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, designated 12C25T, was isolated from the crude-oil-degrading bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediment collected in Fujian Province, China. Optimal growth was observed at 25–28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl + 2 % (w/v) KCl. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that strain 12C25T shared the highest sequence similarity with members of the genus

Muricauda

(97.7–93.9 %), exhibiting 97.7 % sequence similarity and 33.7±4 % DNA–DNA relatedness to

Muricauda aquimarina

SW-63T. The DNA G+C content of strain 12C25T was 39.9 mol%. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, C18 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, and menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6) was the only respiratory quinone. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, the novel strain belongs to the genus

Muricauda

, but can readily be distinguished from known species of this genus

and thus represents a novel species of the genus Muricauda. The name Muricauda zhangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed and the type strain is 12C25T ( = CGMCC 1.11028T = MCCC 1F01096T = DSM 25030T).
Undibacterium terreum sp. nov., isolated from permafrost soil
Authors: Liu Yi-Qian , Wang Bao-Jun , Zhou Nan , Liu Shuang-Jiang
Published: November 2012

The bacterial strain C3T was isolated from permafrost soil in Beijicun, Mohe County, Heilongjiang province, China. Cells of strain C3T were Gram-stain-negative rods, 0.3–0.4 µm in diameter and 1.0–2.6 µm in length. Strain C3T was strictly aerobic. Growth occurred at 15–37 °C but not at 4 or 42 °C, at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.0–7.0) and in the presence of 0–8 g NaCl l−1 (optimum 0–1 g l−1). The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain C3T was phylogenetically related to members of the genus

Undibacterium

, with similarities ranging from 94.7 to 96.5 %. Strain C3T contained ubiquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), C17 : 0 cyclo, straight-chain C16 : 0, C12 : 0 and C10 : 0, unsaturated C18 : 1ω7c and hydroxylated fatty acids C10 : 0 3-OH and C12 : 0 2-OH. The polar lipids were mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The polyamines were putrescine and 2-hydroxyputrescine. The DNA G+C content was 57.4 mol% (determined from Tm
). Based on these results, it is concluded that strain C3T represents a novel species of the genus

Undibacterium

, for which the name Undibacterium terreum sp. nov. is proposed, with C3T ( = CGMCC 1.10998T = NBRC 108789T) representing the type strain.
Mycobacterium
parakoreense sp. nov., a slowly growing non-chromogenic species related to

Mycobacterium koreense

, isolated from a human clinical specimen
Authors: Kim Byoung-Jun , Hong Seok-Hyun , Yu Hee-Kyung , Park Young-Gil , Jeong Joseph , Lee Seon Ho , Kim Sung-Ryul , Kim Kijeong , Kook Yoon-Hoh , Kim Bum-Joon
Published: November 2012

A previously undescribed, slowly growing, non-chromogenic

Mycobacterium

strain (299T) was isolated from the sputum sample of a patient with a symptomatic pulmonary infection. Phenotypically, strain 299T was generally similar to

Mycobacterium koreense

DSM 45576T and

Mycobacterium triviale

ATCC 23292T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 299T was similar to that of

M. koreense

DSM 45576T (GenBank accession no. AY734996, 99.5 % similarity); however, it differed substantially from that of

M. triviale

ATCC 23292T (X88924, 98.2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 299T clustered together with

M. koreense

DSM 45576T and

M. triviale

ATCC 23292T, supported by high bootstrapping values (99 %). Unique mycolic acid profiles and phylogenetic analysis based on two different chronometer molecules, the hsp65 and rpoB genes, strongly supported the taxonomic status of this strain as representing a distinct species. These data support the conclusion that strain 299T represents a novel mycobacterial species, for which the name Mycobacterium parakoreense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 299T ( = DSM 45575T = KCTC 19818T).
Marinicauda pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a prosthecate alphaproteobacterium of the family

Hyphomonadaceae

isolated from deep seawater
Authors: Zhang Xi-Ying , Li Guo-Wei , Wang Chun-Sheng , Zhang Yan-Jiao , Xu Xue-Wei , Li Hai , Liu Ang , Liu Chang , Xie Bin-Bin , Qin Qi-Long , Xu Zhong , Chen Xiu-Lan , Zhou Bai-Cheng , Zhang Yu-Zhong
Published: November 2012

A marine prosthecate bacterium, designated strain P-1 km-3T, was isolated from deep seawater from the Pacific. Cells of strain P-1 km-3T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, dimorphic rods with a single polar prostheca or flagellum. The strain hydrolysed gelatin and grew at 6–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and with 0.5–12 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P-1 km-3T belonged to the family

Hyphomonadaceae

in the class

Alphaproteobacteria

and represented a separate lineage, located between the genera

Oceanicaulis

and

Woodsholea

. Sequence similarities of strain P-1 km-3T with type strains of species of the genera

Oceanicaulis

and

Woodsholea

were 93.2–93.9 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids in strain P-1 km-3T were C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C17 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. The major respiratory quinone of strain P-1 km-3T was Q-10. The polar lipids of strain P-1 km-3T comprised glucuronopyranosyldiglyceride (GUDG), monoglycosyldiglyceride (MGDG), sulfo-quinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), an unidentified phospholipid (PL) and an unidentified lipid (L). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain P-1 km-3T was 66.0 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented in this study, strain P-1 km-3T is proposed to represent a novel species in a new genus, Marinicauda pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family

Hyphomonadaceae

. The type strain of the type species is P-1 km-3T ( = KACC 16526T = CGMCC 1.11031T).
Geodermatophilus telluris sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from Saharan desert sand
Authors: Montero-Calasanz Maria del Carmen , Göker Markus , Pötter Gabriele , Rohde Manfred , Spröer Cathrin , Schumann Peter , Klenk Hans-Peter , Gorbushina Anna A.
Published: November 2012

A novel Gram-positive, multiloculated thalli-forming, aerobic, actinobacterial strain, CF9/1/1T, was isolated in 2007 during environmental screening for xerophilic fungi in arid desert soil from the Sahara desert, Chad. The isolate grew best at a temperature range of 20–35 °C and at pH 6.0–8.5 and with 0–4 % (w/v) NaCl, forming black-coloured and irregular colonies on GYM agar. Chemotaxonomic and molecular characteristics of the isolate matched those described for members of the genus

Geodermatophilus

. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 75.4 mol%. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as a diagnostic diamino acid. The main phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, a not yet structurally identified aminophospholipid and a small amount of phosphatidylglycerol; MK-9(H4) was identified as the dominant menaquinone and galactose was a diagnostic sugar. The major cellular fatty acids were branched-chain saturated acids: iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed 94.6–97.0 % sequence similarities with those of five members of the genus:

Geodermatophilus ruber

DSM 45317T (94.6 %),

Geodermatophilus obscurus

DSM 43160T (94.8 %), Geodermatophilus siccatus DSM 45419T (96.2 %),

Geodermatophilus nigrescens

DSM 45408T (96.7 %) and

Geodermatophilus arenarius

DSM 45418T (97.0 %). Based on the evidence from this polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel species, Geodermatophilus telluris sp. nov., is proposed; the type strain is CF9/1/1T ( = DSM 45421T = CCUG 62764T).
Desulfotomaculum defluvii sp. nov., a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the subsurface environment of a landfill
Authors: Krishnamurthi Srinivasan , Spring Stefan , Kumar Pinnaka Anil , Mayilraj Shanmugam , Klenk Hans-Peter , Suresh Korpole
Published: November 2012

A novel sulfate-reducing, strictly anaerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain A5LFS102T, was isolated from a subsurface landfill sample. The strain was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Optimal growth was observed at 37 °C and pH 7.5 with sulfate as an electron acceptor. Sulfite and thiosulfate were utilized as electron acceptors. The respiratory isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-7. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis assigned strain A5LFS102T to the genus

Desulfotomaculum

. Both 16S rRNA and dissimilatory sulfate reductase (dsr) genes were compared with those of representative members of the genus

Desulfotomaculum

. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain A5LFS102T was closely related to

Desulfotomaculum aeronauticum

DSM 10349T (94.6 % sequence similarity). The G+C content of the DNA was 45.4 mol%. The total cellular fatty acid profile was dominated by C16 fatty acids. These phenotypic and genotypic data showed that strain A5LFS102T should be recognized as representative of a novel species of the genus

Desulfotomaculum

, for which the name Desulfotomaculum defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A5LFS102T ( = DSM 23699T = JCM 14036T = MTCC 7767T).
Kazachstania rupicola sp. nov., a yeast species isolated from water tanks of a bromeliad in Brazil
Authors: Safar Silvana Vilas Boas , Gomes Fátima C. O. , Marques Andréa R. , Lachance Marc-André , Rosa Carlos A.
Published: November 2012

Two isolates of a novel yeast species were obtained from water tanks (phytotelmata) of the bromeliad Vriesea minarum collected in a tableland (‘campo rupestre’) ecosystem in Brazil. The sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit rRNA gene showed that this species is related to Kazachstania exigua and others, from which it differs by 8–10 nucleotide substitutions. The novel species Kazachstania rupicola sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these isolates. The type strain is UFMG-BRO-80T ( = CBS 12684T  = CBMAI 1466T).
Differential roles for Nr4a1 and Nr4a2 in object location vs. object recognition long-term memory
Authors: McNulty Susan E. , Barrett Ruth M. , Vogel-Ciernia Annie , Malvaez Melissa , Hernandez Nicole , Davatolhagh M. Felicia , Matheos Dina P. , Schiffman Aaron , Wood Marcelo A.
Published: November 2012

Nr4a1 and Nr4a2 are transcription factors and immediate early genes belonging to the nuclear receptor Nr4a family. In this study, we examine their role in long-term memory formation for object location and object recognition. Using siRNA to block expression of either Nr4a1 or Nr4a2, we found that Nr4a2 is necessary for both long-term memory for object location and object recognition. In contrast, Nr4a1 appears to be necessary only for object location. Indeed, their roles in these different types of long-term memory may be dependent on their expression in the brain, as NR4A2 was found to be expressed in hippocampal neurons (associated with object location memory) as well as in the insular and perirhinal cortex (associated with object recognition memory), whereas NR4A1 showed minimal neuronal expression in these cortical areas. These results begin to elucidate how NR4A1 and NR4A2 differentially contribute to object location versus object recognition memory.
Ontogeny of contextual fear memory formation, specificity, and persistence in mice
Authors: Akers Katherine G. , Arruda-Carvalho Maithe , Josselyn Sheena A. , Frankland Paul W.
Published: November 2012

Pinpointing the precise age when young animals begin to form memories of aversive events is valuable for understanding the onset of anxiety and mood disorders and for detecting early cognitive impairment in models of childhood-onset disorders. Although these disorders are most commonly modeled in mice, we know little regarding the development of learning and memory in this species because most previous studies have been restricted to rats. Therefore, in the present study, we constructed an ontogenetic timeline of contextual fear memory ranging from infancy to adulthood in mice. We found that the ability of mice to form long-term context-shock associations emerged ∼13–14 d of age, which is several days earlier than previously reported for rats. Although the ability to form contextual fear memories remained stable from infancy into adulthood, infant mice had shorter-lasting memories than adolescent and adult mice. Furthermore, we found that mice subjected to fetal alcohol exposure showed a delay in the developmental emergence of contextual fear memory, illustrating the utility of this ontogenetic approach in detecting developmental delays in cognitive function stemming from maladaptive early life experience.