bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of mitochondrial FoF1‐ATP synthase involved in liver metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Chang Hee Jin , Lee Min Ro , Hong Sung‐Hye , Yoo Byong Chul , Shin Young‐Kyoung , Jeong Jun Yong , Lim Seok‐Byung , Choi Hyo Seong , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Park Jae‐Gahb
Published: June 2007

Liver metastasis is a major cause of poor survival of colorectal cancer patients. In order to identify the proteins associated with liver metastasis in colorectal cancer, we carried out two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis‐based comparative proteomic analysis of normal colon mucosa, primary colon cancer tissue and corresponding metastatic tumor tissue in liver. The proteins identified were further validated by immunohistochemical analysis of 67 quadruplet samples of normal colon primary colorectal cancer and normal liver‐synchronous liver metastasis, and 251 colorectal cancers as well as in vitro invasion assay of the human colon cancer cell line, SNU‐81. From proteomic assessment, the mitochondrial FoF1‐ATP synthase (ATP synthase) α‐subunit was identified as a protein that is upregulated in liver metastasis compared with the primary tumor. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed a significant increase in the expression of ATP synthase α‐ and d‐subunits in synchronous liver metastasis compared with primary tumor and normal mucosa, respectively. ATP synthase α‐ and d‐subunits were overexpressed in 197 (78.5%) and 190 (75.7%), respectively, of the 251 colorectal cancers. The α‐ and d‐subunits were significantly associated with liver metastasis (P < 0.05) as well as low histological grade (P < 0.0001). The d‐subunit also correlated with venous invasion (P = 0.026) and distant metastasis (P = 0.032). In stage III cancers, d‐subunit expression was independently associated with poor survival (P = 0.017). Furthermore, transfection of small interfering RNA targeted to ATP synthase α‐ and d‐subunits resulted in decreased in vitro invasiveness of the human colon cancer cell line. Our overall findings demonstrate that increased ATP synthase is associated with liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1184–1191)
Achievable standards, benchmarks for reporting and criteria for evaluating cervical cytopathology
Authors: HERBERT A. , JOHNSON J. , PATNICK J.
Published: June 2007

Summary of the report of a working party set up by the Royal College of Pathologists, British Society for Clinical Cytology (BSCC) and NHS Cervical Screening Programme (NHSCSP) which is circulated with this issue of Cytopathology and is also available as an NHSCSP document.
The assessment of multiple variables on breast carcinoma fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology specimens: method, preliminary results and prognostic associations
Authors: PINDER S. E. , WENCYK P. M. , NAYLOR H. E. , BELL J. A. , ELSTON C. W. , ROBERTSON J. F. R. , BLAMEY R. W. , ELLIS I. O.
Published: June 2007

The assessment of multiple variables on breast carcinoma fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology specimens: method, preliminary results and prognostic associations

We have assessed multiple biological variables on breast carcinoma FNA specimens using a Cytoblock technique. The growth fraction (MIBI), oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), p53 mutant protein, c‐erbB‐2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), NCRCl Vepithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and DNA plopidy were examined. Objective quantification using image analysis (CAS 200) was applied as appropriate. Fifty cases were examined in this preliminary study. Excellent correlation between the Cytoblock preparations and parallel tissue sections was seen. Of the cancers, 81% were aneuploid with only 19% diploid in character, but 67% of the carcinomas were of histological grade 3. The mean nuclear area staining with MIBl was 31.3% and with ER was 26.7%. Twenty‐four percent (24.1%) of the nuclear area showed immunoreactivity with PR. Significant immunostaining was seen in 38%, 46%, 38% and 95% of carcinomas with c‐erbB‐2, p53, EGFR and EMA, respectively. A significant association between histological grade of the resected tumours and both MIBl (P=0.04) and EGFR (P=0.02) expression in the Cytoblock samples was seen. p53 (P = 0.03) and EGFR (P=0.01) immunoreactivity showed an association with tumour size. EGFR (P=0.04) immunostaining also showed a relationship with the lymph node status of the patient. The technique is, we believe, a useful one for the assessment of multiple variables on breast cytology specimens; these preliminary data suggest that some of these may be useful in predicting prognosis in breast cancer patients.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology of the pancreas: a morphological and multimodal approach to the diagnosis of solid and cystic mass lesions
Authors: Pitman M. B. , Deshpande V.
Published: June 2007

Cytological evaluation of pancreatic masses and cysts is the preferred pre‐operative diagnostic modality and is increasingly being performed by endoscopic ultrasound. This review focuses on the multimodal approach at the Massachusetts General Hospital that utilizes clinical, cytological, radiological and ancillary studies in rendering a final cytological diagnosis.
Antenatal steroids and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a lack of effect or a case of over‐adjustment?
Authors: Gagliardi Luigi , Bellù Roberto , Rusconi Franca , Merazzi Daniele , Mosca Fabio ,   the Network Neonatale Lombardo Study Group
Published: June 2007

Although antenatal steroids reduce risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants, their effect on BPD is conflicting. We hypothesised that the lack of protective effect found in some studies could derive from over‐adjustment during analysis, caused by controlling for factors intermediate in the causal pathway between treatment and outcome. We prospectively studied a cohort of infants 23–32 weeks gestation <1500 g, admitted to 10 tertiary‐level neonatal units in Lombardy (Italy) in 1999–2002; 1118 neonates out of 1314 survived to 36 weeks; 15.9% developed BPD (oxygen requirement at 36 weeks); 82% were treated with steroids.

In univariable analysis, steroids were not significantly protective against BPD; some intermediate factors (mechanical ventilation, greater severity of illness as measured by Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, patent ductus arteriosus) were significantly positively associated with (i.e. were risk factors for) BPD (OR = 11.0, 1.55, 4.42, respectively, all P < 0.001), and negatively associated with (i.e. prevented by) steroids (OR = 0.58, 0.92, and 0.58, respectively, all P < 0.01). In multiple logistic regression models using propensity scores, without the above‐mentioned intermediate risk factors, steroid‐treated infants had a lower risk of BPD (OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.36, 0.97], P = 0.036); male sex (OR = 2.08), late‐onset sepsis (OR = 4.26), and birthweight (OR = 0.63 for 100 g increase) were also associated with BPD, all P < 0.001. When intermediate risk factors for BPD were also added to the model, the effect of steroids disappeared; ventilation (OR = 3.03), increased illness severity (OR = 1.11), and patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 1.90) were significant risk factors.

This study suggests that including variables that are potential mediators in the causal chain can obscure the ability to detect a protective effect of treatment. We observed such a phenomenon in our analyses of the relationship between antenatal steroids and BPD, suggesting that steroid effect is partly mediated through a reduction in the classical risk factors.
Increasing prevalence of gastroschisis in Europe 1980–2002: a phenomenon restricted to younger mothers?
Authors: Loane Maria , Dolk Helen , Bradbury Ian ,   a EUROCAT Working Group
Published: June 2007

Gastroschisis is an abdominal wall defect more prevalent in offspring of young mothers. It is known to be increasing in prevalence despite the general decrease in the proportion of births to young European women. We investigated whether the increase in prevalence was restricted to the high‐risk younger mothers. We analysed 936 cases of gastroschisis from 25 population‐based registries in 15 European countries, 1980–2002. We fitted a Bayesian Hierarchical Model which allowed us to estimate trend, to estimate which registries were significantly different from the common distribution, and to adjust simultaneously for maternal age, time (in grouped years) and the random variation between registries.

The maternal age‐standardised prevalence (standardised to the year 2000 European maternal age structure) increased almost fourfold from 0.54 [95% Credible Interval (CrI) 0.37, 0.75] per 10 000 births in 1980–84 to 2.12 [95% CrI 1.85, 2.40] per 10 000 births in 2000–02. The relative risk of gastroschisis for mothers <20 years of age in 1995–2002 was 7.0 [95% CrI 5.6, 8.7]. There were geographical differences within Europe, with higher rates of gastroschisis in the UK, and lower rates in Italy after adjusting for maternal age. After standardising for regional variation, our results showed that the increase in risk over time was the same for mothers of all ages – the increase for mothers <20 years was 3.96‐fold compared with an increase of 3.95‐fold for mothers in the other age groups. These findings indicate that the phenomenon of increasing gastroschisis prevalence is not restricted to younger mothers only.
Caffeine intake and small‐for‐gestational‐age birth: modifying effects of xenobiotic‐metabolising genes and smoking
Authors: Infante‐Rivard Claire
Published: June 2007

The relationship between caffeine consumption and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) birth remains uncertain. However, factors that can influence caffeine metabolism, such as genetic polymorphisms, have not been considered, while other similar factors such as smoking and ethnicity have not always been fully accounted for in the interpretation of results. A case–control study was carried out comprising 493 cases and 472 controls. Cases were newborns whose birthweight was below the 10th percentile according to gestational age and sex, based on national norms, and controls were at or above the 10th percentile. Caffeine consumption from beverages was estimated for each pregnancy trimester. Maternal and newborn variants in the CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 genes involved in the metabolism of caffeine were determined.

Contrasting consumption ≥300 mg/day with a lower level, or using caffeiwne as a continuous measure, while adjusting for smoking and nausea, showed no increased risk for SGA. However, when stratifying for cigarette smoking, caffeine odds ratios (for the continuous and dichotomous measures) in the first trimester were statistically heterogeneous, suggesting a greater risk among non‐smokers. Using birthweight as the outcome and caffeine as a continuous measure, a small 38 g [95% confidence interval −68, −8] decrement for every 100 mg of daily caffeine was observed in the third trimester. The studied polymorphisms did not modify the effect of caffeine. Caffeine consumption is unlikely to be a major risk factor for SGA or low birthweight in pregnant women.
The rice bHLH protein OsIRO2 is an essential regulator of the genes involved in Fe uptake under Fe‐deficient conditions
Authors: Ogo Yuko , Nakanishi Itai Reiko , Nakanishi Hiromi , Kobayashi Takanori , Takahashi Michiko , Mori Satoshi , Nishizawa Naoko K.
Published: June 2007

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a major abiotic stress in crop production. Although responses to Fe deficiency in graminaceous plants, such as increased production and secretion of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs), have been described, the gene regulation mechanisms related to these responses are largely unknown. To elucidate the regulation mechanisms of the genes related to Fe acquisition in graminaceous plants, we characterized the Fe‐deficiency‐inducible basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor OsIRO2 in rice. In yeast cells, OsIRO2 functioned as a transcriptional activator. In rice, overexpression of OsIRO2 resulted in increased MAs secretion, whereas repression of OsIRO2 resulted in lower MAs secretion and hypersensitivity to Fe deficiency. Northern blots revealed that the expression of the genes involved in the Fe(III)–MAs transport system was dependent on OsIRO2. The expression of the genes for nicotianamine synthase, a key enzyme in MAs synthesis, was notably affected by the level of OsIRO2 expression. Microarray analysis demonstrated that OsIRO2 regulates 59 Fe‐deficiency‐induced genes in roots. Some of these genes, including two transcription factors upregulated by Fe deficiency, possessed the OsIRO2 binding sequence in their upstream regions. OsIRO2 possesses a homologous sequence of the Fe‐deficiency‐responsive cis‐acting elements (IDEs) in its upstream region. We propose a novel gene regulation network for Fe‐deficiency responses, including OsIRO2, IDEs and the two transcription factors.
The Watermark disease is not transmitted with one‐year‐old cuttings of Salix alba
Authors: Kam M.de
Published: June 2007

Examination of 373 one‐year‐old Salix alba cuttings collected from both healthy and diseased stools revealed that Erwinia salicis was present in one cutting only, even when the cuttings had been taken from diseased stools. Thus it can be inferred that the transmission of Watermark disease by means of this propagation material is negligible.
Host range and pathogenicity studies of Marssonina castagnei to poplars
Authors: Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory studies investigating the host range and pathogenicity of Marssonina castagnei (Desm. + Mont.)Magn. to poplars established that this species was not specifically pathogenic to P. alba but also to cultivars of the Sections Aigeiros, Tacamahaca, and inter sectional hybrids Aigciros × Tacamahaca, Leuce × Aigeiros and Lcucc × Tacamahaca. The potential threat of this pathogen could be reduced by routine screening of new selections for resistance.
Dendroklimatologische Untersuchungen zum Tannensterben
Authors: Von Eckstein D. , Aniol R. W. , Bauch J.
Published: June 2007

Dendroclimatological investigations on fir dicback. The dendrodimatological analysis of fir trees revealed that dry summers, in particular the summer 1976, did not cause fir dieback. As possible influencing factor, long‐term air pollution is taken into consideration.
Fungicidal control of Marssonina brunnea on poplar seed
Authors: Gspiers A. , Wenilam H. T.
Published: June 2007

Marssonina brunnea infection of poplar seedlings was prevented by dusting artificially contaminated seed with benomyl, captafol, chlorothalonil, dodine, thiophanate and thiram applied as full strength formulated product and as a 1:1 mixture of formulated product and talc. Storage of seed dusted with a 1:1 mixture of fungicide and talc at ‐ 18°C. for 4 months did not affect seed germination nor seedling vigour.
Comparison of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from pine and balsam fir1
Authors: Wingfield M. J. , Blanchette A. , Kondo E.
Published: June 2007

The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found on balsam fir in Minnesota and Wisconsin but was apparently not the primary cause of tree mortality. Unlike B. xylophilus from pine, adult females from balsam fir bad mucronate tails similar to those of B. mucronatus. However, B. xylophilus from balsam fir mated with B. xylophilus from pine and not with B. mucronatus. The balsam fir isolate of B. xylophilus was pathogenic on greenhouse grown balsam fir seedlings and did not kill Scots or red pine seedlings. The converse was true for a pine isolate of B. xylophilus from Minnesota which killed pine and not balsam fir seedlings. Pine and balsam fir isolates of B. xylophilus reproduced equally well on cultures of Botrytis cinera, but the balsam fir isolate reproduced minimally on cultures of Ceratocystis ips.
REM‐Beitrag zum Befall von Chrysomyxa abietis Teleutosporenlagern durch Mückenlarven
Authors: Grill D. , Fachbach G. , Brunegger A.
Published: June 2007

SEM‐Contribution to the attack of Chrysomyxa abietis teliospore‐layers by larvae of a midge. Larvae of a non‐identified midge (mycodiplosis group, Diptera Cecidomyidae) feed on spore layers of Chrysomyxa abietis, a parasite of spruce needles. This paper reports information about the biology and behaviour of that midge in connection with the fungus.
The mating system of Fomes annosus (Heterobasidion annosum)
Authors: Holt Ch. E. , Gockel H. , Huttermann A.
Published: June 2007

Conditions are described which allow reproducible formation of fruiting bodies of Fomes annosus under sterile conditions, suitable for genetic studies. Analysis of the progeny of a fruiting body isolated from woods revealed a bipolar mechanism of genetic control of fruiting body formation as well as “Grenz‐haut”‐formation.
Relationship between canker size and wood starch in American chestnut
Authors: Ostrofsky Andrea , SHIGO A. L.
Published: June 2007

Chestnut trees (Castanca dentata) were wounded in May and inoculated with Cryphonectria parasitica. In August, canker area was measured and the surfaces of longitudinal dissections of stem wood were stained with I2KI to reveal the presence of starch. Sections with the most starch had smaller cankers than sections with no starch. Results show that starch reserves were related to canker size and therefore may play a role in the tree's ability to respond to infection.
Possible role of slugs as vectors of the chestnut blight fungus
Authors: Turchetti T. , Chelazzi G.
Published: June 2007

Slugs (Lchmannia marginata Müller) were observed moving and feeding on chestnut blight cankers in woods. Preliminary laboratory tests support the hypothesis that slugs are important vectors in the natural spreading of the blight, complementary to other physical and biological factors.
Comparative studies of host specificity and symptoms exhibited by poplars infected with Marssonina brunnea, Marssonina castagnei and Marssonina populi
Authors: Spiers A. G.
Published: June 2007

Inoculation of a range of poplar species and clones with conidia of Marssonina species in the laboratory resulted in the identification of two formae speciales of M. brunnea, and established that M. castagnei was not specifically pathogenic to P. alba. Poplars infected with M. brunnea, M. castagnei and M. populi exhibited an overlapping range of symptoms, varying from discrete spots to blotches. The dendritic lesion symptom was peculiar to M. populi and was host specific.
Stammfäuleanteile in Fichtenreinbeständen und in Mischbeständen1
Authors: SIEPMANN R.
Published: June 2007

Butt rot of Picea abies in pure and in mixed stands. On comparable soils, stands with Picea abies and P, abies mixed with other tree species were analysed for butt rot. In mixed stands the percentage of butt rot in P. abies was about the same as in pure stands.
Begasungsversuche mit SO2 und Ozon an jungen Fichten
Authors: Smidt S.
Published: June 2007

Fumigation experiments with SO2 and ozone on young spruces. Needles of 5 year old Picea abies showed increased necrosis with increase in ozone or SO2 fumigation. Peroxidase activity increased without obvious injury after SO2 treatment. Soluble sulfhydril compounds were most suitable for detecting SO2 treatments. SO2‐ozone mixture produced an effect greater than SO2 or ozone alone.
Effect of air pollution at a motorway on the infestation of Viburnum opulus by Aphis fabae
Authors: Bolsinger M. , Flückiger W.
Published: June 2007

Viburnum opulus L. is significantly more infested by Aphis fabae Scop, in the vicinity of a frequented motorway. Experiments with clean air and ambient air chambers show that air pollution is a predominant factor influencing the development of the aphid population.
Observations on the colonization of oak wilt mats (Ceratocystis fagacearum) by Pesotum piceae
Authors: Ruetze M. , Parameswaran N.
Published: June 2007

Subcortical mats of Ceratocystis fagacearum were found to become readily overgrown by Pesotum piceae. Thus by reducing the chance of contamination of insect vectors with spores of the pathogen P. piceae is likely to contribute to the low efficiency of oak wilt transmissions.
Deterioration of mycorrhizal short roots and occurrence of Mycelium radicis atrovirens on declining Norway spruce in Bavaria
Authors: Livingston W. H. , Blaschke H.
Published: June 2007

From four locations in Bavaria, the only known pathogenic fungi identified from fine roots (< 2mm dia) of declining Norway spruce (Picea abics) were Cylindrocarpon destructans and Mycelium radicis atrovirens, the latter being much more common (25 vs. 95 isolations from 219 root segments). Norway spruce from six additional locations were sampled for mycorrhizae and fine roots. There were always more active mycorrhizal root tips (1.28 to 3.44 fold) on spruce which were less symptomatic of decline [P(T) = 0.0156]. However, the occurrence of inactive mycorrhizae and M. r. atrovirens were similar on all spruce that were sampled. In tins study, no evidence was found that a root pathogen is causing the deterioration in the fine root system of declining Norway spruce.
Über das Vorkommen von Rickettsien‐ähnlichen Bakterien und Mykoplasmen‐ähnlichen Organismen in Buchen aus Waldschadensgebieten
Authors: Parameswaran N. , Liese W.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of rickettsia‐like bacteria and mycoplasma‐like structures is reported from the roots and secondary phloem of beech trees from areas in Black Forests and Lower Saxony affected by forest die‐back. The significance of the presence of these primitive organisms for the premature yellowing of leaves observed has still to be solved.
Trichoderma viride on cypress shoots and antagonistic action against Seiridium cardinale
Authors: Magro P. , Di Lenna P. , Marciano P.
Published: June 2007

Abstracts

The recovery of Trichoderma viride from shoots of Cupressus sempervirens L. in different localities of Northern Italy and its antagonistic action against Seiridium cardinale, agent of the cypress canker, are described.
Disease progress of South American leaf blight of rubber in different brazilian regions
Authors: Filho A. Bergamin
Published: June 2007

An analysis of 13 epidemics caused by Microcyclus nlei in rubber trees was made. The possibilities of chemical control, the influence of climatic factors on disease development, and the fitness of three disease growth models to the held data are discussed.
Über das Vorkommen von Armillaria‐Arten und‐Klonen in benachbarten Koniferenbeständen, Mischbeständen und in Laubwald1
Authors: Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Occurrence of species and clones of Armillaria in spruce stands, mixed stands and hardwood stands in close neighbourhood. From Armillarid rhizomorphs (collected around trees) and from spruce butt rots, isolates of the diploids were made. In pairings between the diploid isolates and haploid testers from the five (European) biological species (BULLER phenomenon) the mating reactions often were not clear enough to identify the diploids. So carpophores were raised from the isolates and single spore cultures were obtained. In pairings with the haploid testers Armillaria borealis, A. bulbosa and A. bulbosa were identified. Usually more than one Armillaria species and from each species more than one clone occurred in each stand.
Beitrag zur Ätiologie des Triebsterbens junger Lärchen der subalpinen Stufe1
Authors: Schnell G. , Kern H. , Müller E.
Published: June 2007

Etiologic of shoot dicback of young larches in the subalpine zone. I, Studies to possibles fungi‐infections. Infection experiments with Ascocalyx laricina (Ettlinger) Schläpfer‐Bernhard and research on endophytic fungi of old and young larch trees showed that infection by this particular fungus can be ruled out as the cause of shoot dieback.
Beitrag zur Ätiologie des Triebsterbens junger Lärchen der subalpinen Stufe1
Authors: Schnell G. , Miüller E. , Kern H.
Published: June 2007

Etiologic of shoot dieback of young larches in the subalpine zone. II. Abiotic causes. Wet and cool wcatlier during season postpones lignification of die youngest shoots, and effects of early frost causes them to die off. Strong sudden snow gliding (mainly slab avalanche and other avalanches) causes epidermis injuries with subsequent increased transpiration, depending on the degree of metamorphosis of snow crystals.
Induction of rapid and synchronous germination of urediniospores of Melampsora medusae
Authors: Prakash C.S. , Heather W. A.
Published: June 2007

A method to obtain high (> 95 %) and uniform germination of urediniospores of Melampsora medusae on a niembrano filter is described. Such levels of gormination are essential in electrophorotie and other physiological studios of rust fungi.
Norway spruce dieback: Occurrence, isolation and biological activity of p‐hydroxy acetophenone and p‐hydroxy acetophenone‐O‐glucoside and their possible roles during stress phenomena
Authors: Hoque E.
Published: June 2007

This paper is an extended form of a short report published previously (Eur. J. For. Path. 14, 1984b). Here, we describe the occurrence, the isolation, the chromatographic comparison, the biological activity, the measurement of concentration of p‐hydroxy acetophenone (p‐HAP) and its O‐glucoside (Picein) by gas chromatography and their possible roles during stress phenomena. The gas chromatographic measurement of p‐HAP and its O‐glucoside (after enzymic hydroluysis) in the current year's shoots and branches showed that the ratio of p‐HAP: p‐HAP‐O‐glucoside is always greater than I in the affected trees and less than I in the healthy trees. The ratio of p‐HAP:p‐HAP‐o‐glucoside was shown to increase with increasing durations of water stress, indicating the involvement of p‐HAP in stress phenomena. p‐HAP was found to be phytotoxic to the 2‐year‐old saplings at a cone, of 500 ppm. p‐HAP caused yellowing and browning of needles, needle‐fall, inhibition of apical dominance (epicotyl, roots) and inhibition of bud‐break in Norway spruce.
Further investigation on the causes of disorder of the coastal vegetation in the park of San Rossore (central Italy)
Authors: Gellini R. , Pantani F. , Grossoni P. , Bussotti F. , Barbolani E. , Rinallo C.
Published: June 2007

The deterioration of the pine‐woods on the tyrrhenian coast of Italy can be ascribed to a synergism between surfactants and sodium chloride. The destruction of epieuticular wax in pine needles has been revealed by the electron microscope. Data on acid rain are reported.
Rickettsien‐ähnliche Bakterien (RLO) in Feinwurzeln erkrankter Fichten unterschiedlichen Alters
Authors: Ebrahim‐Nesbat F. , Heitefuss R.
Published: June 2007

Rickettsia‐like organisms (RLO) in fine roots of different age diseased spruce. Rickettsia‐like organisms (RLO) were observed in fine roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) with symptoms of forest decline at two sites in the Federal Republic of Germany. Conclusions about the causal relations of RLO to the observed symptoms are however not yet possible.
Some diseases of forest tree seedlings in India caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani1
Authors: Florence E. J. Maria , Sharma J. K. , Sankaran K. V. , Mohanan C.
Published: June 2007

Leaf blight of Bombax ceiba and B. insigne caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and collar rot of B. ceiba and Ailanthus triphysa caused by Rhizoctonia solani are reported for the first time from India.
Occurrence of microorganisms in the wood of Norway spruce trees from polluted sites
Authors: Schmidt O.
Published: June 2007

Bacteria, yeasts and other fungi were isolated from stem and root wood of Norway spruee trees with disease symptoms and were identified in order to evaluate a possible mierobial involvement in the widespread tree decline in Central Europe.
Infection of roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) by Heterobasidion annosum
Authors: Johansson M. , Stenlid J.
Published: June 2007

Wounding of excised roots of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] caused a rapid accumulation of phenolic compounds, decrease of starch content and of certain enzyme activities in the ray cells. Infection of the wounds by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. intensified these processes, caused oxidation of the phenols, and induced activity of acid phosphatase and β‐glucosidase in the ray cells of the infected area. The reactions were oxygen‐dependent. Intra‐ and extracellular enzymes were detected in the wood‐infecting hyphae. Other wood‐growing fungi caused similar reactions in the wood as H. annosum.
Importance des pourridies dans les régions tempérées
Authors: Delatour C. , Guillaumin J. J.
Published: June 2007

Root and butt rots in temperate regions. General characteristies of root and butt rot diseases, so‐called “Pourridies” in French are given, and specific difficulties involved in studing them are discussed. The most important root and butt rot pathogens are reviewed.
Nouvelles methodes de determination des Armillaires europeens: Immunologie et electrophorese en gel de polyacrylamide
Authors: Lung‐Escarmant Brigitte , Mohammed Carroline , Dunez Jean
Published: June 2007

New tcehnies to determine European armillarias: immunology and polyaerylamide gel electrophoese. Using the method ELISA, A. mella and A. obsenra have been characterised without recourse to the purilication of antigens specifies to each species.

Unidimensional electrophoretic analysis of rhizomorphic and frutbody extraction showed for both organs specific profilex for species bulbosa.
The aggression of Hevea brasiliensis by Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius: some biochemical events
Authors: Geiger J. P. , Nicole M. , Rio B.
Published: June 2007

The acitivty and spatial distribution of eight enzymes in adult tap root tissues colonized by R. lignosus and P. noxius are investigated. Their physiological significance in the pathogenic process is discussed.
Peut‐on compter sur les mycorhizes pour lutter contre les maladies des plantes ligneuses?
Authors: Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Is it possible to control diseases of woody plants by means of their mycorrhizae? The role of mycorrhizaae as biological detcrrents to soil borne diseases are reviewed from the literature and author's experiments in relation with nature of host plant, of mycorrlizal fungi, soils conditions. Possible mechanisms are discussed. Protective ability of some mycorrhizae appears as a potential, the expression of which depends of environmental factors, Mycorrhizae could be a biological mean to control soil borne diseases since we have a better ecological knowledge of their relationship with biotic components in the soil.
Effects of soil fumigation and inoculation with pure culture of Hebeloma cylindrosporum on survival, growth and ectomycorrhizal development of Norway spruce and douglas fir seedlings
Authors: le Tacon By F. , Bouchard D. , Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

In a bare‐root nursery we have determined the incidence of soil fumigation and mycorrhizal inoculation on survival growth and ectomycorrhizal development of Norway spruce and Douglas fir seedlings. Three experimental designes were installed in 1978, 1981 and 1982.

Soil fumigation eliminated or reduced Rbizoctonia solani, Pytbium sp. and probably Fusarium oxysporum propagules. Fumigation improved Norway spruce seedlings performance, particularly in the second year. Douglas fir seedlings seemed less sensitive to soil‐borne pathogens tha Norway spruce seedlings.

Two years after inoculation, Hebeloma cylindrosporum increased Norway spruce growth by 40% and Douglas fir growth by 30 % in comparison with seedlings grown in fumigated soil and mycorrhizal with the naturally occurring fungus Thelephora terrestris.

Both, fumigation and artificial inoculation increased Norway spruce seedling growth by 110 % and Douglas fir seedling growth by 50 %.
Caractérisation morphologique et biologique des Melampsora spp. pathogènes des pins en Europe
Authors: Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure
Published: June 2007

Morphological and biological characterization of pine‐infecting Melampsora spp. in Europe. The main different features between Melampsora pinitorqua and M. larici‐tremulae are described: spore morphology (basidio‐, ccio‐ and telio‐spores), biology (teliospores maturity) and pathogenicity (on larch and pine). The characterization of M. pinitorqua is based on epicotyle infection of pines (P. sylvestris or P. pinaster).
Beobachtungen zum Vorkommen von Armillaria obscura und Armillaria cepistipes an Tanne in Südbayern
Authors: Holdenrieder Von O.
Published: June 2007

Observations on the occurrence of Armillaria obscura and Armillaria cepistipes on Silver fir in Southern Bavaria. Armillaria‐fruitbodies on Silver fir (Abies alba) from different localities in Southern Bavaria were identified by mating tests as A. obscura and A. cepistipes. Diploid mycelia could not be determined by the Buller‐phenomenon or fructification in vitro, somatic segregation of haploids by Benomyl also was not successful.
Effects of 2,3,6‐TBA on seed germination, early development, and mortality of Pinus resinosa seedlings1
Authors: Kozlowski T. T.
Published: June 2007

This study shows extreme phytotoxicity of 2,3,6‐trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6‐TBA) to Pinus resinosa seedlings in the cotyledon stage of development. 2,3,6‐TBA caused abnormal seedling development and mortality.
Growth and spore germination of Cylindrocarpon destructans in associative cultures with bacteria and actinomycetes1
Authors: Strzelczyk E. , Rózycki H. , Michniewicz M.
Published: June 2007

Studies were made on the effect of bacteria and actinomycetes on growth and spore germination of Cylindrocarpon destructans. The effect of bacteria on growth of this fungus as well as on spore germination was statistically not significant. The actinomycetes in general inhibited or had no influence on growth and germination of conidia of C. destructans.
Root rot diseases of Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Geiger J.‐P. , Nicole M. , Nandris D. , Rio B.
Published: June 2007

A study on biochemical mechanisms of the rubber tree aggression by two root rotting fungi Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius was carried out. The activity of eight enzymes and their spatial distribution in adult tap root tissues were measured. Finally their origin, host or parasite, and physiological signification in the pathogenic process were discussed.
Root rot diseases of Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Nicole M. , Geiger J. P. , Nandris D.
Published: June 2007

Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) differentiates defense reactions against root rot diseases caused by Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius. These reactions, described at molecular, cellular and histological levels, rarely enable the tree to resist the fungal attack. Trees which initiate new tissues only survive to the infection.
Biodegradation of Hevea brasiliensis wood by Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius1
Authors: Geiger J.‐P. , Rio B. , Nicole M. , Nandris D.
Published: June 2007

In vitro wood slats degradation assays reveal that both the white root rot fungus R. lignosus and the brown root rot fungus P. noxius cause a white rot of wood. In vivo (infected tap roots) they cause the same type of decay. Nevertheless lignin determination show the rubber‐tree ability to react against the parasite aggression by increased lignification of tissues.
Zur Anatomic gesunder und “kranker” Feinstwurzeln von Fichten: Meristem und Differenzierungen in Wurzelspitzen und Mykorrhizen
Authors: Kottke I. , Rapp Ch. , Oberwinkler F.
Published: June 2007

On the anatomical features of well functioning and “damaged” rootlets of spruce: meristem and differentiation of root apices and mycorrhizae. The root apices of various developmental stages of Picea abies (L.) Karst. are described in detail and the differences between long‐ and short roots discussed.
Spruce bark influenced by SO2
Authors: Kreiner W. , Härtel O.
Published: June 2007

Investigations into SO2 absorption by spruce barks using artificial fumigation have proved that continued immissions of SO2 alter the properties of bark making them capable of accumulating SO2 up to amounts never attainable by barks grown in clean air. This can be recognized by the time lapse considering SO2 absorption and by altered ion exchange as well as buffer capacity. With respect to the availability of the bark extracts for mapping SO2 immissions in the field it is concluded that both conductance and sulphate content of bark extracts represent an integration covering a considerable preceding period being modified by the actual immissions.
Test ?inhibition de ľactivité cambiale du Peuplier par Hypoxylon mammatum: mise au point et application
Authors: Pinon Par J.
Published: June 2007

Test of inhibition of cambial activity of poplar by H. mammatum: development and application. A test was developed in vitro in order to estimate the inhibition of hosts’cambium by H. mammatum and applied to a large number of poplar clones. Toxicity of the culture filtrate appears to be selective but not necessarily specific.
Studies of microconidia of Marssonina brunnea and apothecia of Drepanopeziza tremulae
Authors: Spiers A. G. , Hopcroft D. H.
Published: June 2007

Microconidia of M. brunnea were induced in the laboratory on 15 % V8 juice agar and poplar leaf discs. Apothecia of Drepanopeziza tremulae and stromata containing conidia were formed on naturally infected leaves and leaf‐discs. The influence of temperature on apothecial development was investigated. The morphology of apothecia and stromata is described.
The influence of some chemical treatments on cypress canker disease development
Authors: Panconesi A. , Raddi P.
Published: June 2007

Six fungicides were applied for 32 months prior to inoculating Cupressus sempervirens L. with Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton and Gibson. Benomyl and Benomyl + Captafol were partly effective in preventing infection but none of the tested fungicides prevented spread of established infections.
The influence of VA mycorrhizae on the wilting of Albizia procera and Dalbergia sissoo
Authors: Chakravarty P. , Mishra R. R.
Published: June 2007

The effect of pre‐inoculation with VA mycorrhizae on Fusarium wilt of Albizia procera and Dalbergia sissoo was done in a green house trial. Inoculation with Fusarium spp. decreased plant growth compared to noninoculated controls. Mycorrhizal plants were significantly higher than nonmycorrhizal ones. In addition to plant growth, the disease severity caused by Fusarium spp. reduced significantly when inoculated with VA mycorrhizae. The lowest percentage of Fusarium spp. were found on plants when treated with VA mycorrhizae. The population of Fusarium spp. were higher in the rhizosphere of nonmycorrhizal roots. The P concentration in the leaves of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants were higher in the absence of Fusarium spp.
Ultrastructural aspects of rubber tree root rot diseases
Authors: Nicole M. , Geiger J. P. , Nandris D.
Published: June 2007

The aggression of Hevea brasiliensis roots by two root‐rot fungi, Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius is studied at cellular level. Ultrastructural observations reveal the root penetration and tissues colonization by the fungal hyphae, showing clearly alteration in the host cell wall, leading to the root decay. This paper describes the different mechanisms used by these two fungi in degrading lignified and non lignified tissues.
Investigations of plant diseases in reforestations of the subalpine region in the central Swiss alps
Authors: Schnell G. R.
Published: June 2007

Investigations of plant disease fungi isolated from healthy and affected tissues of young trees in subalpine reforestations indicate that tree damages cannot be traced back primarily to microorganisms.
Comparison of two methods to measure the susceptibility of poplar clones to Xanthomonas populi
Authors: de Kam M. , Heisterkamp S. H.
Published: June 2007

The conventional method of testing susceptibility to Xanthomonas populi by means of leaf‐scar inoculation in September is compared with stipule‐scar inoculation in spring. A method for evaluating the resulting disease expression is presented.
Physiologic specialisation in the hyperparasitism of races of Melampsora larici‐populina by isolates of Cladosporium tenuissimum
Authors: Heather W. A. , Sharma I. K.
Published: June 2007

Three isolates of Cladosporium tenuissimum were prepared by culturing a field isolate of this organism separately on three races of Melampsora larici‐populina. In a subsequent experiment, the production of uredinia by these three races on three cultivars of Populus X euramericana was usually lowest in the presence of the isolate of C. tenuissimum which had been cultured on the particular race. This apparent adaptation of the isolates of the hyperparasite to particular races of the rust, i. et. “physiologic specialisation” in the relationship, is confirmed by the significant race x C. tenuissimum isolate term in the ANOVA.
Identification of the fungi associated with damping‐off in the regeneration of Eucalyptus obliqua and E. radiata in a central Victorian forest
Authors: Mwanza E. J. M. , Kellas J. D.
Published: June 2007

Soil baiting techniques identified the presence of five fungal genera capable of causing pre‐ and post‐emergent damping‐off in two eucalypt species [Eucalyptus obliqua(messmate stringybark) andE. radiata(narrow leaf peppermint)] under laboratory conditions.
Dotliistroma pini an jungen Fichten (Picea abies)
Authors: Lang Von K. J.
Published: June 2007

Dotliistroma pini on young spruces (Picca abics). Favorable niicoclimatical conditions and high inlection pressure enable Dothistroma pini to inlect Picea abics. The fungus is able to eomplete his development in the needles of Norway sprtiee by forming fruitbodies with eonidia. Dothistronut pini is for the lirst time found on young Picea abies.
Über das Auftreten von Leucocytospora kunzei bei Pinus griffithii in Parkanlagen der Stadt Basel
Authors: Zinkernagel C. , Flückiger W.
Published: June 2007

Occurrence of Leucocytospora kunzei on Pinus griffithii in parks of the City of Basel.
Leucocytospora kunzeii (Sacc.) Urban, the causal agent of a canker disease mainly known in North America, was found on Pinus griffitbii in several public parks of Basel.
Auswaschung phytotoxischer Substanzen aus Blättern kranker und gesunder Buchen ‐ Schäden an der Bodenflora
Authors: Paul Lioba , Schütt P.
Published: June 2007

Leaching of phytotoxic substances from foliage of diseased and healthy beeches ‐ damage to ground vegetation.

Damage to vegetation under declining beeches gave rise to test the effects of simulated aqueous leachate of beech leaves on 7 wild flower species. In biotests under aseptic conditions leachate of declining beeches affected germination and plant development more than leachate of healthy ones.
Microorganisms associated with canker rots and heart rot of oak
Authors: McCracken F. I.
Published: June 2007

Pure cultures of the canker‐rot fungi Inonotus hispidus, Phellinus andersonii and Spongipellis pachyodon, were isolated from non‐compartmentalized decay and stain in cankers on Quercus phellos. Hericum erinaceum was isolated from compartmentalized decay columns in Q. phellos in consistent association with imperfect fungi.
Erstnachweis von Lophodermella sulcigena in Polen
Authors: Von Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

First record of Lophodermella sulcigena in Poland. Lophodermella sulcigena (Rostr.) v. Höhn. has been recorded from Pinus sylvestris in Poland. Disease symptoms, morphology of the fungus and possible predisposing factors are described.
Cellular responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings to simulated summer frost
Authors: Holopainen J. K. , Holopainen Toini
Published: June 2007

The effects of simulated summer night frost on actively growing Scots pine seedlings were studied in environmental plant growth chambers. Exposure to temperatures ranging from −4.5°C to −7.5°C caused ultrastructural alterations in the mesophyll cells of visually healthy cotyledons and primary needles of pine seedlings.
Infection of exotic and Tasmanian native tree and shrub species by the vascular stain fungus Chalara australis
Authors: Kile G. A.
Published: June 2007

Inoculation of stem pieces and living plants was used to assess the susceptibility of a range of exotic Fagaceous and Tasmanian native tree and shrub species to the vascular stain organism Chalara australis. Development of inoculum on freshly cut stump surfaces of a number of species was also examined. The fungus has a limited host range but may produce inoculum on moribund surface tissues of non host species and is a potential hazard to other Nothofagus species growing both within Australia and elsewhere in the world.
SEM‐studies of the xylem of diseased oak trees growing in the Krotoszyn Plateau1
Authors: Woźny A. , Ratajczyk B. , Savecki R.
Published: June 2007

In a severely damaged Quercus robur stand on the Krotoszyn Plateau wood samples for scanning electron microscopy studies were taken from trunks of diseased trees.

Fungal hyphae were frequently found in the vessel elements. Most hyphae were in the samples collected closest to the bark. Apart from the presence of hyphae, many abnormalities were observed in samples from the outer part of the wood.
Identification of Kenyan Armillaria isolates by cultural morphology, intersterility tests and analysis of isozyme profiles
Authors: Mwangi L. M. , Lin D. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Three groups of morphologically distinct isolates were observed among nine Kenyan Armillaria isolates based on their mycelium and rhizomorphs characteristics. Seven of the isolates were interfertile with testers of North American biological species III, VII and IX. However, tests with benomyl segregants BEN 433, BEN 157‐10 and BEN AVK were intersterile with the same testers and also with the European A. mellea, A. lutea and A. ostoyae. The analysis of isozyme profiles showed that morphologically similar isolates had similar isozyme profiles of esterases. Their profiles however differed from those of the European A. mellea, A. lutea and A. ostoyae. On the basis of intersterility tests and analysis of isozyme profiles, the Kenyan isolates should be considered different.
Dieback of cork oak (Quercus suber) in Catalonia (NE Spain) caused by Botryosphaeria stevensii
Authors: Luque J. , Girbal J.
Published: June 2007

Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker (anamorph: Diplodia mutila Fr. apud Mont.) is reported as the cause of canker and dieback of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in Catalonia (NE Spain). It also causes wilting of trees after cork is removed for industrial purposes. Symptomatology and details of morphology for both anamorph and teleomorph are given.
Anatomische und morphologische Untersuchungen zur Regenerationsfähigkeit einer durch Fluorimmissionen geschädigten Fichte
Authors: Von Schneider Marianne , Halbwachs G.
Published: June 2007

Anatomical and morphological investigations on the regeneration capacity of a HF‐injured spruce. This paper investigates anatomical and morphological changes of a spruce originally dwarfed under the influence of HF‐emissions. The central question was: Would normal growth and growth process occur in this stressed spruce if the stress was eliminated?

The tree was transplanted to an area free from HF‐emissions and its recovery was documented thirteen years after transplanting.
Les microorganismes auxiliaires de ľétablissement des symbioses mycorhiziennes
Authors: de Oliveira V. L. , Garbaye J.
Published: June 2007

Microorganisms stimulating the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis (a review). A review of the literature on the relationships between rhizospheric microbial communities and mycorrhizal development shows very strong interactions. Many cases of stimulation by microorganisms of the symbiosis establishment and stability have been reported. The stimulating microorganisms of the symbiosis establishment and stability have been reported. The stimulating microorganisms belong to a wide range of taxonomic groups and some of them are very closely associated with the mycorrhizal fungus in its symbiotic form, suggesting a co‐evolution toward mutual benefit. The positive interactions can be the result of a number of mechanisms: direct trophic effects, detoxication, indirect effects through action on the root, antagonism to other microorganisms inhibiting the mycorrhizal development. The practical implications of the present knowledge on the subject are discussed, leading to the conclusion that some sort of integrated biological control of mycorrhizal symbioses is worth developing, in order to improve the efficiency of mycorrhizal inoculation.