bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Sevoflurane Inhalation on Gabaergic Neurons Activation: Observation on the GAD67‐GFP Knock‐In Mouse
Authors: Han Li‐Chun , Zhang Hui , Wang Wei , Wei Yan‐Yan , Sun Xing‐Xing , Yanagawa Youchio , Li Yun‐Qing , Xu Li‐Xian , Wu Sheng‐Xi
Published: November 2010

The mechanisms underlying volatile anesthesia agents are not well elucidated. Emerging researches have focused on the participation of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons but there still lacks morphological evidence. To elucidate the possible activation of GABAergic neurons by sevoflurane inhalation in morphology, Fos (as neuronal activity marker) and GABA neurons double labeling were observed on the brain of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 67‐GFP knock‐in mice after sevoflurane inhalation. Twenty GAD67‐GFP knock‐in mice were divided into three groups: S1 group: incomplete anesthesia state induced by sevoflurane; S2 group: complete anesthesia state induced by sevoflurane; control(C) group. Sevoflurane induced a significant increase of Fos expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DM), periaqueductal grey (PAG), hippocampus (CA1, DG), paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV), lateral septal nucleus (LS), and cingulate cortex (Cg1 and Cg2) in S1 group compared to C group, and increase of Fos expression in S2 group compared to S1 group. In S2 group, Fos was only expressed in the medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA), Edinger–Westphal (E–W) nucleus, arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc) and the ventral part of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PaV). Double immunofluroscent staining indicated that in LS, almost all Fos werepresent in GABAergic neurons. In CA1, DG, DM, cg1, cg2, and PAG, Fos was expressed as well, but only few were present in GABAergic neurons. Fos expression was very high in thalamus, but no coexistence were found as noGABAergic neuron was detected in this area. Our results provided morphological evidence that GABAergic transmission in specific brain areas may participate in the sevoflurane‐induced anesthesia. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonträgern
Authors: Sigrist Viktor , Hackbarth Britta
Published: November 2010

Auch nach vielen Jahren teilweise intensiver Forschung wird die Bestimmung des Querkraftwiderstands von Stahl‐ und Spannbetonträgern in der Fachwelt weiterhin rege diskutiert. Dies liegt einerseits an der Komplexität des Problems, andererseits an der Weiterentwicklung von Bauweisen und Baustoffen sowie den veränderten Fragestellungen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein dreistufiges Vorgehen präsentiert, das die Bemessung, die Überprüfung und die detaillierte rechnerische Beurteilung von Bauteilen unter Querkrafteinwirkung umfasst. Im Zentrum stehen die Verallgemeinerten Spannungsfelder, die sich insbesondere für die vertiefte Untersuchung und die generelle Überprüfung eines Tragwerks eignen. Die entsprechenden Festlegungen sind durch Versuche gut abgesichert und so aufbereitet, dass sie sich für die Anwendung in der Ingenieurpraxis eignen. Die auf dieser Grundlage ermittelten Querkraftwiderstände werden denjenigen nach den Normen DIN 1045‐1 und Eurocode 2 gegenübergestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass eine Überprüfung der Normvorschriften angebracht wäre. Generell soll der Beitrag zur Diskussion und weiteren Entwicklung der nationalen und internationalen Normen beitragen.

Shear Strength of Structural Concrete Beams

Even after many years of in‐depth research, the determination of shear strength of structural concrete beams is still in discussion. The reasons for that are, on the one hand, the complexity of the problem and, on the other hand, further developments of structural systems and building materials as well as new questions arising from the evaluation of existing structures. In this contribution a structured procedure including design, detailed analysis and elaborate assessment of structural concrete members subjected to shear is presented. The focus is on the Generalized Stress Field Approach which particularly enables a profound analysis and a general evaluation of a structure. The corresponding definitions are well supported by experimental results and arranged to be easily used in practical application. Shear strengths calculated on the basis of this method are compared to results according to DIN 1045‐1 and Eurocode 2. It shows that a re‐evaluation of the code provisions is well appropriate. Basically, this contribution may be regarded as a contribution to the discussion about the development of national and international codes.
Die Jahrhunderthalle in Breslau (Wrocław, PL)
Authors: Huber Hannes Sebastian , Mikołajonek Maciej , Filipczak Patryk
Published: November 2010

Die Breslauer Jahrhunderthalle zählt zu den größten Meilensteinen auf dem Gebiet des Stahlbetonbaus und beherbergte seit ihrer Eröffnung im Jahre 1913 eine Vielzahl wichtiger Ereignisse. Die Errichtung der multifunktionalen Halle erfolgte innerhalb von nur 15 Monaten und war wegweisend für die damals revolutionäre Technologie der Stahlbetonbauweise. Mit einem Kuppeldurchmesser von 65 m war sie zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Fertigstellung der weltweit größte massive Kuppelbau. Aufgrund der bahnbrechenden Architektur‐ und Konstruktionslösungen wurde die Jahrhunderthalle im Jahre 2006 in die Liste des UNESCO Weltkulturerbes aufgenommen.

In den Jahren 2009–2010 erfolgte unter strengen Auflagen des Denkmalamts die erste umfassende Instandsetzung des Bauwerks seit seiner Errichtung. Schäden und Mängel an der Betonfassade und dem Dach wurden behoben und der Zugring durch ein externes Vorspannsystem gesichert. Auch die originalen Holzfenster, die aus nicht mehr existierendem Kazuarholz gefertigt wurden, bedurften einer dringenden Restaurierung. Dank der Wiederherstellung der Originalfarbgebung und Verglasung erstrahlt die Jahrhunderthalle nun erneut im goldgelben Glanz.
Herstellung eines Leitungstunnels unter bestehenden Schleusenanlagen
Authors: Jäppelt Ulrich , Siemke Rainer , Schöner Michael , Fritsch Maik
Published: November 2010

Im Zuge einer Grundinstandsetzung an den Brunsbütteler Schleusen war die Herstellung eines Leitungstunnels erforderlich, der die vorhandenen Schleusenanlagen unterquert. Der 455 m lange Leitungstunnel mit einem lichten Durchmesser von 2,20 m muss Medienleitungen aufnehmen und durchgehend begehbar sein. Die Herstellung erfolgte im Rohrvortrieb rd. 36 m unter Gelände. Mittlere Grundwasserstände von rd. 29 m über Tunnelfirste und stetige Schwankungen infolge Tideeinfluss mussten berücksichtigt werden. Im Bereich der Unterfahrung einer hydraulisch offenen Schleusenkammersohle wurden spezielle Sicherungsmaßnahmen gefordert. Einer der Anschlussschächte wurde nach Abschluss des Rohrvortriebs erstellt, in dem die darüber vorhandene Schleuse auf einer Höhe von 25 m mit einer Großbohrung d = 1,80 m durchkernt wurde.
Mechanistic Dichotomy with Alkynes in the Formal Hydrohydrazination/Fischer Indolization Tandem Reaction Catalyzed by a Ph3PAuNTf2/pTSA Binary System
Authors: Patil Nitin T. , Konala Ashok
Published: November 2010

An efficient method involving a formal hydrohydrazination/Fischer indolization tandem reaction to synthesize 2,3‐disubstituted indoles from alkynes and arylhydrazines has been developed. The approach uses a Ph3PAuNTf2/pTSA·H2O binary catalytic system in which a very low catalyst loading of Ph3PAuNTf2 (2 mol‐%) is required. The reaction time is very short and, most importantly, the reaction is not sensitive to moisture. The mechanism of these reactions has been investigated and the results led us to propose an interesting mechanistic dichotomy. When alkynes have OH/COOH groups in the tether, hydroalkoxylation/hydrocarboxylation occurred to generate exocyclic enol ethers/lactones that reacted with hydrazines to produce indoles. In cases where the alkynes lack OH/COOH groups, hydration occurs to generate ketones that react with arylhydrazines to give the desired indoles.
RAE‐1 is expressed in the adult subventricular zone and controls cell proliferation of neurospheres
Authors: Popa Natalia , Cedile Oriane , Pollet‐Villard Xavier , Bagnis Claude , Durbec Pascale , Boucraut José
Published: November 2010

Improving and controlling the capacity of endogenous or grafted adult neural stem cells to repair the nervous system relies on a better knowledge of interactions between immune cells and neural stem cells. Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) family members comprise numerous proteins playing either immune or nonimmune function. Among the latter, MHC functions in the central nervous system has started to receive recent interest. Here, our first goal was to investigate the potential relationship between MHC class I molecules and neurogenesis. For the first time, we report the expression of two MHC class I‐related members by neural stem/progenitor cells: retinoic acid early induced transcript (RAE)‐1 and CD1d. The expression of RAE‐1 but not CD1d disappears when differentiation of neurosphere cells is induced. Interestingly, RAE‐1 transcripts are expressed in the brain during development, and we demonstrate they persist in one of the main area of adult neurogenesis, the subventricular zone (SVZ). So far, RAE‐1 is only known for its immune functions as a ligand of the activating receptor NKG2D expressed by natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T, Tγδ, and some T CD8 lymphocytes. Here, we do not detect any NKG2D expression in the SVZ either in physiological or in pathological conditions. Interestingly, inhibition of RAE‐1 expression in neurosphere cells reduces cell proliferation without alteration of cell viability, which argues for a nonimmune role for RAE‐1. These results reveal an unexpected role of RAE‐1 in regulating adult SVZ neurogenesis by supporting stem/progenitor cells proliferation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of selected work condition factors on quality of manual assembly process
Authors: Hamrol Adam , Kowalik Dagmara , Kujawińsk Agnieszka
Published: November 2010

This article presents the investigation of selected work environment factors with regard to the quality of manual assembly process. It describes the research carried out in a natural work environment and conditions in a factory producing car wire harnesses. It has been pointed out that only a few work condition factors have a significant influence on the assembly process's quality. The results of the experiments have proved the hypothesis that, between the two important work factors (noise level and work monotony), there is a significant interaction with respect to their impact on the assembly quality process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The analytical solution of natural convection in a micro size horizontal cylindrical annulus with periodic volumetric heat flux
Authors: Mansour Kamyar
Published: November 2010

We consider the two‐dimensional problem of steady natural convection in a narrow (micro size) horizontal cylindrical annulus filled with viscous fluid and periodic volumetric heat flux. The solution is expanded in powers of a single combined similarity parameter, which is the product of the gap ratio to the power of four, and Rayleigh number and the series extended by means of symbolic calculation up to 16 terms. Analysis of these expansions allows the exact computation for arbitrary accuracy up to 50,000 figures. Although the range of the radius of convergence is small, the Pade approximation leads our result to be good even for much higher values of the similarity parameter. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20323
New Surface‐Directed Vapour Transport Methods for the Controlled Growth of Nickel Sulfide Nanomaterials
Authors: Denholme Saleem J. , Gallagher Jamie B. , Dobson Phillip S. , Weaver John M. R. , Gregory Duncan H.
Published: November 2010

Highly symmetrical, isotropic nickel disulfide (NiS2) nanocubes have been synthesised via a Physical Vapour Transport (PVT) method in which sulfur vapour generated in situ is reacted with nickel‐coated silica substrates. Systematic studies demonstrate the effect of the reactant ratio, substrate, metal layer thickness, and reaction temperature on the synthesis and growth process. The evolution of structure and composition has been followed by diffraction and electron microscopy techniques, and the size of the NiS2 cubes can be varied from below 200 nm to 1–2 μm across. Magnetic properties of the disulfide nanomaterials have been determined using SQUID magnetometry. Initial experiments also demonstrate that related Chemical Vapour Transport (CVT) techniques can be exploited to produce alternative compositions in the Ni–S system with varying morphologies that can be controlled via chemical and physical reaction parameters.
Long‐term trends and variability in measured multi‐spectral aerosol optical depth over a tropical urban station in India
Authors: Dani K. K. , Ernest Raj P. , Devara P. C. S. , Pandithurai G. , Sonbawne S. M. , Maheskumar R. S. , Saha S. K. , Jaya Rao Y.
Published: November 2010

Sun photometer‐derived multi‐spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements made at Pune (18°32′N, 73°51′E), India, during the period May 1998–December 2007 have been used to examine possible long‐term trends and variability. Long‐term mean AOD in the spectral range 380–1020 nm ranged between 0.593 ± 0.11 and 0.220 ± 0.04 with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 34–49%. Day‐to‐day variations in AOD at all the wavelengths in the range 380–870 nm showed significant long‐term increasing trends; the increasing trend at 380 nm being 45% per decade. AODs are higher at shorter wavelengths in winter (December–February) and at longer wavelengths in the pre‐monsoon months (March–May) which implies that relatively smaller‐sized particles are more in winter and larger sized particles of soil dust origin are more during the pre‐monsoon season. Overall mean value of Angstrom‐size exponent (α) at this urban location is 0.55, and the mean turbidity coefficient (β) is 0.76. Value of α is higher in winter season compared to the pre‐monsoon season. Both α and β show long‐term increasing trends of 25.3% and 8.4% per decade, respectively, which points out that with increasing urbanisation and human activity, more and more smaller‐sized aerosols are being added to the atmosphere over the urban regions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Neuromuscular morphometry of the uterine ligaments and vaginal wall in women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Kaplan Petek Balkanlı , Usta Ufuk , Inal Hasan Ali , Tastekin Tugba , Tokuc Burcu
Published: November 2010

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare neuromuscular histomorphometry of the uterine ligaments and vaginal wall in women with and without pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods

Biopsies were obtained from the round, uterosacral, and cardinal ligaments of the uterus and apical vaginal wall of women having pelvic organ prolapse repaired (stage ≥ II; prolapse group, 37) and the same location in patients with no prolapse (stage < II; control group, 47). Routine hematoxylin–eosin (H & E) staining and immunohistochemical staining for Protein Gene Product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and smooth muscle α‐actin were performed for all specimens.

Results

Smooth muscle percentage of the uterosacral and cardinal ligaments were not significantly different in women with prolapse than in women without. In round ligament, mean smooth muscle percentage was lower than in women with normal support (81.63 ± 8.2 vs. 51.63 ± 16, P = 0.000). Mean distance of the smooth muscle fibers from surface epithelium of the vaginal epithelium of the women with prolapse were significantly higher than the control group (1.679 ± 0.34 vs. 2.240 ± 0.33, P = 0.000). PGP 9.5 stained area percentage of uterine ligaments and vaginal wall tissue samples were significantly lower in women with prolapse.

Conclusions

Both total innervation of the anterior vaginal epithelium and uterine ligaments, and muscular percentage of the round ligament and vaginal wall were decreased in women with pelvic organ prolapse. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:126–132, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss
Characterizing the proteome of the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by shotgun mass spectrometry
Authors: Martins‐de‐Souza Daniel , Guest Paul C. , Steeb Hannah , Pietsch Sandra , Rahmoune Hassan , Harris Laura W. , Bahn Sabine
Published: November 2010

The studies of neuropsychiatric disorders would be facilitated by enhanced knowledge of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) proteome. To construct a data set of human DLPFC proteins, protein extracts were prepared from 12 postmortem brains focussing on the DLPFC region (Brodmann area 9) and analyzed using a combined gel electrophoresis and shotgun mass spectrometry approach, featuring data‐independent label‐free nanoflow liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (nLC‐MSE). The detected mass/time features were aligned and annotated using the results from ProteinLynx Global Server. The resulting data set comprised 488 unique and accurately identified proteins, with stringent identification by a minimum of two distinct peptides detected at least in >75% of samples. These proteins were involved predominantly in cytoskeletal architecture, metabolism, transcription/translation, and synaptic function. Combination of this data set with that obtained by our previous characterization of the same brain region results in a total of 755 unique proteins, making this the most comprehensive analysis of this important brain region to date.
Bemessung und Nachweisführung von Hohlprofilknoten nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐8
Authors: Herion Stefan , Fleischer Oliver
Published: November 2010

Die Tragfähigkeit geschweißter Hohlprofilknoten wurde durch zahlreichen Untersuchungen insbesondere durch den Weltverband der Hohlprofilhersteller CIDECT (Comité International pour le Développement et l'Etude de la Construction Tubulaire) sowie dem IIW (International Institute of Welding) erforscht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen führten zu den CIDECT‐Bemessungsempfehlungen und den entsprechenden IIW‐Richtlinien und mündeten schließlich in der DIN EN 1993‐1‐8, mit der unter anderem die Bemessung von Hohlprofilknoten ermöglicht wird. Aufgrund der komplexen Lastabtragungsmechanismen von Hohlprofilknoten ist eine analytische Ermittlung der Knotentraglasten nicht möglich, so dass grundlegende analytische Modelle stets mit experimentellen Untersuchung überprüft und im Anwendungsbereich kalibriert werden müssen. Zum besseren Verständnis dieser Lastabtragungsmechanismen werden die Modelle der einzelnen Versagensarten kurz erläutert sowie die daraus resultierenden Bemessungsmodelle der DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 angegeben. Darauf aufbauend wird anhand eines einfachen Beispiels gezeigt, wie die Bemessung von Hohlprofilknoten nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐8 durchgeführt wird und wo die dazu benötigten Informationen gefunden werden können.

Design calculation and verification of hollow sections joints according to DIN EN 1993‐1‐8. The load carrying behaviour of welded hollow section joints has been investigated in numerous investigations, especially by the international association of the manufacturers of hollow sections (CIDECT) and the International Institute of Welding (IIW). The results of these investigations can be found in die European Standard EN 1993‐1‐8, which allows the design of hollow section joints. Due to the complex load carrying behaviour of hollow section joints, an analytical determination of the load capacity is not possible, so that basic analytical models have to be verified and calibrated in the application range by additional experimental investigations. For a better understanding of the load carrying mechanisms, the models of the failure modes are explained briefly and the resulting design models of EN 1993‐1‐8 are given. Based on this and using a simple example it is shown how the design of a hollow section works and where the necessary information can be found.
SIR HORACE WILSON AND APPEASEMENT
Authors: PEDEN G. C.
Published: November 2010

Sir Horace Wilson was Neville Chamberlain's confidential adviser while the latter was prime minister. The article addresses three questions. First, what was Wilson's role in Whitehall in connection with rearmament and foreign policy? Second, did he diminish the influence of the Foreign Office? Third, what contribution does his defence of appeasement make to understanding of a subject that continues to divide historians? The article concludes that Wilson played an important role in enabling Chamberlain to pursue his foreign policy goals. However, when there was outright disagreement between Wilson and the Foreign Office, it was the Foreign Office view that prevailed. Finally, the evidence of Wilson's words and actions, both in 1937–9 and later, broadly supports R. A. C. Parker's post-revisionist interpretation of appeasement, particularly as regards Munich, but Wilson was a good deal firmer in 1939 about Britain's will to fight, if necessary, than his critics then or later allowed.
From Subjects to Citizens: Society and the Everyday State in India and Pakistan, 1947–1970
Authors: SHERMAN TAYLOR C. , GOULD WILLIAM , ANSARI SARAH
Published: November 2010

This special issue ofModern Asian Studiesexplores the shift from colonial rule to independence in India and Pakistan, with the aim of unravelling the explicit meanings and relevance of ‘independence’ for the new citizens of India and Pakistan during the two decades after 1947. While the study of postcolonial South Asia has blossomed in recent years, this volume addresses a number of imbalances in this dynamic and highly popular field. Firstly, the histories of India and Pakistan after 1947 have come to be conceived separately, with many scholars assuming that the two states developed along divergent paths after independence. Thus, the dominant historical paradigm has been to examine either India or Pakistan in relative isolation from one another. While a handful of very recent books on the partition of the subcontinent have begun to study the two states simultaneously, very few of these new histories reach beyond the immediate concerns of partition. Of course, both countries developed out of much the same set of historical experiences. Viewing the two states in the same frame not only allows the contributors to this issue to explore common themes, it also facilitates an exploration of the powerful continuities between the pre- and post-independence periods.
Spectroscopic and spectrometric differentiation between abiotic and biogenic material on icy worlds
Authors: Hand Kevin P. , McKay Christopher P. , Pilcher Carl B.
Published: November 2010

The ability to differentiate abiotic organic material from material of a biological origin is a critical task for astrobiology. Mass spectrometry and spectroscopy provide key tools for advancing this task and are two techniques that provide useful and highly complementary compositional information independent of a specific biochemical pathway. Here we address some of the utility and limitations of applying these techniques to both orbital and in situ exploration of icy moons of the outer solar system.
Slow Junctional Rhythm During Catheter Ablation of Right Posteroseptal Accessory Pathway Causing Transient Atrioventricular Block
Authors: MOREIRA JOSÉ MARCOS , CURIMBABA JEFFERSON , PIMENTA JOÃO
Published: November 2010

MOREIRA, J.M., et al.: Slow Junctional Rhythm During Catheter Ablation of Right Posteroseptal Accessory Pathway Causing Transient Atrioventricular Block.
A male patient with palpitations and syncope during an episode of atrial fibrillation was evaluated. After DC cardioversion, the ECG showed a pattern of pre‐excitation compatible with right posteroseptal bypass tract. The patient was submitted to RF. During energy application a slow junctional rhythm without AV block was noted. Twenty‐four hours after the procedure AV block was observed. The AV conduction was resumed spontaneously 48 hours later with unremarkable outcome up to 1 year. We postulated that the edema caused by RF application damaged the compact AV node, causing transient AV block. The AV node lesion has been manifested by a fast junctional rhythm, but in this case we observed that even a slow junctional rhythm could do it. (PACE; 26:770–772)
Spectroscopy of Cs2, RbCs, and Rb2 in solid H4e
Authors: Moroshkin P. , Hofer A. , Lebedev V , Weis A.
Published: November 2010

We present comparative experimental and theoretical studies of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the alkali-metal dimer molecules Cs2 and RbCs immersed in a solid helium matrix, thereby extending our recent observations of Rb2 in solid H4e. The laser-excited molecular states are mostly quenched by the interaction with the He matrix. The quenching efficiently populates the second lowest excited state of the molecule, i.e., (1) Π3(u) that is metastable in the homonuclear dimers. Molecular excitation and emission bands are modeled by calculating Franck–Condon factors that give a reasonable agreement with the experimental findings.
From glacial refugia to modern populations: new assemblages of organelle genomes generated by differential cytoplasmic gene flow in transcontinental black spruce
Authors: GÉRARDI SÉBASTIEN , JARAMILLO‐CORREA JUAN P. , BEAULIEU JEAN , BOUSQUET JEAN
Published: November 2010

Assessing species’ range‐wide cytoplasmic diversity provides valuable insights regarding their dispersal and adaptive potential in a changing environment. Transcontinental chloroplast (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) population structures were compared to identify putative ancestral and new cytoplasmic genome assemblages in black spruce (Picea mariana), a North American boreal conifer. Mean within‐population diversity and allelic richness for cpSSR markers were 0.80 and 4.21, respectively, and diminished westward. Population differentiation based onGSTwas lower for cpDNA than for mtDNA (GST = 0.104 and 0.645, respectively) but appeared comparable when estimated using Jost differentiation index (D = 0.459 and 0.537, respectively). Further analyses resulted in the delineation of at least three genetically distinct cpDNA lineages partially congruent with those inferred from mtDNA data, which roughly corresponded to western, central and eastern Canada. Additionally, the patterns of variation in Alaska for both cpDNA and mtDNA markers suggested that black spruce survived the last glacial maximum in this northern region. The range‐wide comparison of the geographic extent of cytoplasmic DNA lineages revealed that extensive pollen gene flow between ancestral lineages occurred preferentially from west to east during the postglacial expansion of the species, while seed‐mediated gene flow remained geographically restricted. This differential gene flow promoted intraspecific cytoplasmic capture that generated new assemblages of cpDNA and mtDNA genomes during the Holocene. Hence, black spruce postglacial colonization unexpectedly resulted in an increase in genetic diversity with possible adaptive consequences.
Functional dissociation of transient and sustained fMRI BOLD components in human auditory cortex revealed with a streaming paradigm based on interaural time differences
Authors: Schadwinkel Stefan , Gutschalk Alexander
Published: November 2010

A number of physiological studies suggest that feature‐selective adaptation is relevant to the pre‐processing for auditory streaming, the perceptual separation of overlapping sound sources. Most of these studies are focused on spectral differences between streams, which are considered most important for streaming. However, spatial cues also support streaming, alone or in combination with spectral cues, but physiological studies of spatial cues for streaming remain scarce. Here, we investigate whether the tuning of selective adaptation for interaural time differences (ITD) coincides with the range where streaming perception is observed. FMRI activation that has been shown to adapt depending on the repetition rate was studied with a streaming paradigm where two tones were differently lateralized by ITD. Listeners were presented with five different ΔITD conditions (62.5, 125, 187.5, 343.75, or 687.5 μs) out of an active baseline with no ΔITD during fMRI. The results showed reduced adaptation for conditions with ΔITD ≥ 125 μs, reflected by enhanced sustained BOLD activity. The percentage of streaming perception for these stimuli increased from approximately 20% for ΔITD = 62.5 μs to > 60% for ΔITD = 125 μs. No further sustained BOLD enhancement was observed when the ΔITD was increased beyond ΔITD = 125 μs, whereas the streaming probability continued to increase up to 90% for ΔITD = 687.5 μs. Conversely, the transient BOLD response, at the transition from baseline to ΔITD blocks, increased most prominently as ΔITD was increased from 187.5 to 343.75 μs. These results demonstrate a clear dissociation of transient and sustained components of the BOLD activity in auditory cortex.
New Labour Legacy: Comparing the Labour Governments of Blair and Brown to Labour Governments since 1945
Authors: MULLARD MAURICE , SWARAY RAYMOND
Published: November 2010

The election of the Conservative–Liberal coalition in May 2010 provides the opportunity to start to map out the record of the Labour governments between 1997 and 2010. This paper deals with the specific question how the Brown/Blair governments performed on public expenditures when compared to the records of UK Labour governments since 1945. Did the public expenditure record of the 1997 represent a departure from that of previous Labour governments? This is important to ascertain since there are strongly held beliefs that New Labour was not committed to Labour's historic commitments of income redistribution and universal benefits. The analysis that follows is constructed around five major public expenditure programmes that reflect Labour's priorities. These include total expenditure, expenditure on health, education, housing and social security.
Political Competition, Constitutional Arrangements, and the Quality of Public Policies in Costa Rica
Authors: Lehoucq Fabrice
Published: November 2010

This article explains why Costa Rica, by the mid-twentieth century, began to depart from the all-too-common mixture of political instability and economic stagnation characteristic of much of the developing world. The article argues that this country has benefited from better-than-average public policies, a conclusion based on a major comparative ranking of state policies. It further argues that interminable political stalemates gradually democratized the struggle for power and laid the groundwork for an innovative constitutional framework, one that allocates the technical functions of government to a set of autonomous institutions. A central implication of this argument is that institutional design is the backdrop for development-enhancing public policies.
Testing the Efficacy of a Computer‐Based Parent‐Adolescent Sexual Communication Intervention for Latino Parents
Authors: Villarruel Antonia M. , Loveland‐Cherry Carol J. , Ronis David L.
Published: November 2010

The efficacy of a computer‐based intervention to increase parent‐adolescent communication among Latino parents and adolescents was tested in a randomized controlled trial. Parents assigned to receive the 2‐session intervention reported greater general communication, sexual communication, and comfort with communication at 3‐month follow‐up than did parents assigned to the wait‐list control condition. Adolescents whose parents received the intervention reported higher sexual communication than did adolescents whose parents were in the wait‐list control condition. Results provide support for the efficacy of brief parent interventions designed to maximize adolescent support systems. The acceptability of the computer‐based format for an underserved population provides an important venue for the delivery and use of health information.
Analysis of the RNA degradosome complex in Vibrio angustum S14
Authors: Erce Melissa A. , Low Jason K. K. , Wilkins Marc R.
Published: November 2010

The RNA degradosome is built on the C‐terminal half of ribonuclease E (RNase E) which shows high sequence variation, even amongst closely related species. This is intriguing given its central role in RNA processing and mRNA decay. Previously, we have identified RhlB (ATP‐dependent DEAD‐box RNA helicase)‐binding, PNPase (polynucleotide phosphorylase)‐binding and enolase‐binding microdomains in the C‐terminal half of Vibrio angustum S14 RNase E, and have shown through two‐hybrid analysis that the PNPase and enolase‐binding microdomains have protein‐binding function. We suggest that the RhlB‐binding, enolase‐binding and PNPase‐binding microdomains may be interchangeable between Escherichia coli and V. angustum S14 RNase E. In this study, we used two‐hybrid techniques to show that the putative RhlB‐binding microdomain can bind RhlB. We then used Blue Native‐PAGE, a technique commonly employed in the separation of membrane protein complexes, in a study of the first of its kind to purify and analyse the RNA degradosome. We showed that the V. angustum S14 RNA degradosome comprises at least RNase E, RhlB, enolase and PNPase. Based on the results obtained from sequence analyses, two‐hybrid assays, immunoprecipitation experiments and Blue Native‐PAGE separation, we present a model for the V. angustum S14 RNA degradosome. We discuss the benefits of using Blue Native‐PAGE as a tool to analyse the RNA degradosome, and the implications of microdomain‐mediated RNase E interaction specificity.

Structured digital abstract

A list of the large number of protein–protein interactions described in this article is available via the MINT article ID MINT‐8049250
Probabilistic Description of the Response of Linear Structures to Random Inputs
Authors: Kouskoulas V. J. , Hurty W. C.
Published: November 2010

This paper considers a probabilistic description of the random response of linear structures which is described by a finite number of coordinates. Such a description differs from those available in the literature, where random response is usually either assumed Gaussian or is described on the basis of correlation and spectral theories of random functions; it is based on the response probability density distribution freed from the previous assumptions. The development of the response density function is the main task of this work. Given the characteristics of a structure and the density distribution of a random input, stationary or nonstationary, a response density distribution is derived.
Nonlinear Asymmetric Buckling of Truncated Spherical Shells
Authors: Wu M. T. , Cheng Shun
Published: November 2010

This paper is concerned with the theoretical study of buckling of truncated spherical shells. Sander’s nonlinear equations for deep shells are used and the equations of equilibrium are expressed in terms of displacements for spherical shells. Based on these equations, analyses are made for calculating prebuckling axisymmetric equilibrium positions and then examining these equilibrium states for points of bifurcation into asymmetric buckling deformations. An eigenvalue problem is formulated and the buckling loads for truncated spherical shells of different geometrical parameters are obtained numerically. The numerical results for the prebuckling axisymmetric deformations and the points of bifurcation are shown on graphs.
Dynamic Behavior of Metals Under Tensile Impact—Part 2: Annealed and Cold-Worked Materials
Authors: Schultz A. B.
Published: November 2010

The mechanical behavior of metals subjected to unaxial tensile impact at room temperature is reported. Tests were conducted on 1100 aluminum subjected to light and to heavy cold working; 2024 aluminum after annealing and after light and heavy cold working; C1010 steel in these same three conditions; and OFHC copper and 70–30 brass in an annealed state. In four of the 10 series, the materials were found to possess dynamic stress-strain curves which fell below the static curves. The yield point of the steel was lowered by impact loading. Ratios of dynamic to static ultimate stress were found to range from 0.59–1.3.
Hydroelastic Instability of Uniformly Curved Pipe-Fluid Systems
Authors: Unny T. E. , Martin E. L. , Dubey R. N.
Published: November 2010

This article describes an investigation of hydroelastic instability in a uniformly curved pipe containing a flowing fluid. It is found that divergence occurs with pinned-pinned and fixed-fixed end conditions. The angular length of the pipe is found to influence the critical velocity and the mode shape at instability.
A Numerical Method for Predicting the Pressure History of a Sonic Boom Wave Incident on Arbitrarily Oriented Plane Walls
Authors: Rao B. M. , Zumwalt G. W.
Published: November 2010

The conservation laws for a plane fluid flow were simplified by the weak wave approximations valid for sonic boom-type waves and applied to a field of mesh points, utilizing the “artificial viscosity” concept for numerical stability. The numerical analysis was applied to predict the pressure history of the sonic boom wave on the window of a commercial store building in Oklahoma City which was broken during a sonic boom test in 1964. The results were compared with the results of a two-dimensional analytical method which was developed earlier by the authors and which rests on firm physical and mathematical foundations. Agreement was very good. The numerical method is not limited to plane cases but should be capable of extension to three-dimensional transient wave problems.
Creep Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylindrical Shells Subject to Radial Pressure and Thermal Gradients
Authors: Pan Y. S.
Published: November 2010

A method of calculating the creep deflections and predicting the creep collapse of a thin-walled circular cylindrical shell, subject to uniform external radial pressure and arbitrary temperature gradients, is shown. This method may also be applied to investigate the behavior of a shell subject to time-dependent temperature gradients and deformations due to other inelastic causes. The set of simultaneous differential equations of equilibrium in terms of creep, thermal, and other inelastic strains is presented. Applications of this method to long cylindrical shells are illustrated by two numerical examples.
Optimal Structural Design in Rheology
Authors: Z˙yczkowski Michal
Published: November 2010

Typical objectives of structural design and typical constraints in rheology are discussed and classified. They are divided into two groups: the objective may depend on time (creep velocities, creep displacements, stress relaxation), or may be independent of time (time to rupture, critical time in creep buckling problems). The optimal shape may be either constant in time (called here “absolute optimum”), or a function of time (temporary optimum). The latter case is of restricted engineering interest; the notion of “engineering optimum” is here introduced (constant shape, not strictly optimal). Several problems are treated in detail.
Surface Melting, Spallation, and Stresses Induced in Metals by Pulsed Electron Beam Heating
Authors: Woodruff L. W. , Giedt W. H. , Hesse J. L.
Published: November 2010

The present study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of one-dimensional computer programs for predicting the response of materials exposed to rapid surface heating produced by a pulsed electron beam. A specific objective was to determine modifications necessary to account for surface melting and spall. Measured values of mass loss, impulse, and internal stresses in lead and gold were satisfactorily predicted using a one-dimensional finite-difference program which simultaneously solved the conservation equations and a hydrodynamic equation of state. Required program modifications included: (a) specifying spall to occur to the depth below the target surface at which the energy deposited was sufficient to initiate melting, and (b) revising the equation of state for the material in the two-phase region.
Short-Time, Biaxial Creep of an Aluminum Alloy With Abrupt Changes of Temperature and State of Stress
Authors: Blass J. J. , Findley W. N.
Published: November 2010

Short-time, biaxial creep experiments of an aluminum alloy are described which involved abrupt changes in temperature and state of stress. Results are discussed in terms of a creep surface concept similar to the yield surface concept of time-independent plasticity. Evidence that the creep surface changes size, shape, and location in response to creep strain is discussed. The contribution of metallurgical and viscoelastic effects to the complexity of the mechanical behavior are also discussed.
Response of an Elastic Half Space to Impulsive Stationary Finite Line Sources
Authors: Norwood F. R.
Published: November 2010

This Note considers the transient response in the interior of a half space acted upon by a normal impulsive stationary semi-infinite line load. The solution for the corresponding infinite line load problem is contained in the solution for the case of a semi-infinite line load. By a simple superposition, the solution is obtained for a half space acted upon by a finite line load.
Experimental Study on the Dynamics of a Gas-Levitated Disk
Authors: Pearson J. T. , Bradfield W. S.
Published: November 2010

Equilibrium and dynamic data are presented along with specifications of uncertainties for the dynamic vertical motion of a solid disk supported above a flat plate by a thin layer of gas which flows from a central orifice. The equilibrium data are compared with an equilibrium theory while the dynamic data are compared with both nonlinear and linear dynamic theories. These data extend beyond the expected region of validity of the theories first to identify the limits of present theories and also to provide data for comparison with future theories.
Displacement Analysis of the RPRCRR Six-Link Spatial Mechanism
Authors: Yuan M. S. C.
Published: November 2010

Using the method of line coordinates, the input-output displacement equation of the RPRCRR six-link spatial mechanism is obtained as an algebraic equation of 16th order. For each set of the input and output angles obtained from the equation, all other variable parameters of the mechanism are also determined. A numerical example is presented.
Elastic Constants of Fiber-Reinforced Composites With Transversely Isotropic Constituents
Authors: Behrens Ernst
Published: November 2010

Several models for calculating elastic constants of fiber-reinforced composites with transversely isotropic constituents are discussed. Numerical results are obtained from simple explicit expressions and compared with recently published computer solutions of a hexagonal lattice model.
Laminar Free Convection on a Curved Wall
Authors: McAlister K. W.
Published: November 2010

Laminar free convection of a Newtonian fluid passing over a curved wall having arbitrary temperature variation is considered. The governing equations are presented and the method of free parameters is used to investigate the existence of similarity solutions. It is found that similarity solutions do exist when the wall inclination and temperature are required to be certain functions of the coordinate parallel to the wall. Numerical solutions to several example cases are presented which indicate that higher heat-transfer rates are possible on a wall which is concave with respect to the fluid.
Confined Laminar Jet Mixing of Parallel Streams
Authors: Tao L. N. , Gupta S. D.
Published: November 2010

A new method of studying confined laminar jet mixing is suggested. The governing equation for the velocity field is linearized following an approach proposed by Sparrow, Lin, and Lundgren in their study of laminar flow development in a channel. After linearization the governing equation becomes an integrodifferential equation. The exact solution is found for the case of two uniform streams flowing in a parallel-plate channel. In addition, a variational formulation of the same problem is constructed, completely equivalent to the differential formulation. Approximate variational solutions are sought and obtained. It develops that a simple two-term approximation gives excellent agreement with the exact solution.
On the Significance of a Type of Divergence
Authors: Oran C.
Published: November 2010

In linearized elastic systems subjected to nonconservative forces, the onset of divergence is characterized either by a vanishing frequency, or an infinitely large one. The former type of instability is equivalent to the so-called Euler buckling, and its implications are well known. Examined herein are the conditions that are responsible for the occurrence of the latter type of behavior. With reference to a selected class of problems, it is shown that an infinitely large frequency is caused by a difference between the numbers of dynamic and static degrees of freedom of the system “as idealized for analytical purposes.”
Incompressible Laminar Boundary Layers on a Parabola at Angle of Attack: A Study of the Separation Point
Authors: Werle M. J. , Davis R. T.
Published: November 2010

The laminar boundary-layer equations were solved for incompressible flow past a parabola at angle of attack. Such flow experiences a region of adverse pressure gradient and thus can be employed to study the boundary-layer separation process. The present solutions were obtained numerically using both implicit and Crank-Nicolson-type difference schemes. It was found that in all cases the point of vanishing shear stress (the separation point) displayed a Goldstein-type singularity. Based on this evidence, it is concluded that a singularity is always present at separation independent of the mildness of the pressure gradient at that point.
A Transient Axisymmetric Thermoelastic Problem Involving Two Temperatures
Authors: Warren W. E.
Published: November 2010

A linear two-temperature theory of thermoelasticity is used to investigate the stresses arising from the aerodynamic heating of a solid isotropic sphere. The major effect of this theory as contrasted with the classical one-temperature theory is to mitigate the maximum compressive stress occurring on the surface of the sphere and to retard its occurrence.
The Hydrodynamic Stability of Couette-Poiseuille-Porous Annular Flow
Authors: Gersting J. M.
Published: November 2010

The linear hydrodynamic stability of the flow through an annulus composed of two concentric porous circular cylinders with the outer cylinder moving is examined. Axisymmetric disturbances of the flow, which is produced by a longitudinal pressure gradient, a cross-flow and boundary motion, are examined using numerical methods producing neutral stability curves which show that the flow is stabilized by boundary motion even in the presence of a destabilizing crossflow. Two special cases, annular Couette flow and transverse flow through an annulus, are also investigated and are found to be stable for small disturbances.
Surface Waves Guided by a Slit in an Elastic Solid
Authors: Freund L. B.
Published: November 2010

Wave propagation in an isotropic elastic solid containing a slit is studied. The slit is viewed as an open crack of finite width and infinite length. In particular, the propagation of surface waves on the faces of the slit is considered. Making use of a reflection law for the oblique reflection of a Rayleigh wave from the tip of an open half-plane crack, surface waves are superimposed to form guided surface waves in the slit. In order to carry out the construction of dispersion relations, an assumption on the rate of decay of body wave modes localized in the vicinity of the edges of the guide is made, and the range of validity of the assumption is discussed. The dispersion relations are obtained by geometrical construction, and representative dispersion curves are shown.