bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ perceptions and matching climate records jointly explain adaptation responses in four communities around Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Authors: Darabant András , Habermann Birgit , Sisay Kibruyesfa , Thurnher Christopher , Worku Yonas , Damtew Selamawit , Lindtner Mara , Burrell Leisa , Abiyu Abrham
Published: October 2020

Farmers’ climate perceptions are responsible for shaping their adaptive responses and are thus essential to consider for the design of strategies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience. In this study, we collected social data in four communities in the central Ethiopian Highlands on farmers’ climate perceptions and adaptations using group discussions and PRA tools. We related these to climate data spanning 30 years (1981 to 2010), consisting of daily minimum temperature, maximum temperature and precipitation, modelled for the four communities using global databases and regional meteorological data. We found that farmers’ climate perceptions showed considerable spatial and gender differences. Perceptions matched well with records describing climate variability, particularly in terms of the shortening and the increased variability of the rainy season, as well as the occurrence of extreme drought in recent years. Climate change, described by long-term average increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation, was perceived, but with subordinate priority. Perceived climate impacts included reduced crop yield, increased occurrence of pests and diseases and increased crop damage by extreme events and poverty. Adaptations were mainly land based and included agronomic measures, land management and ecosystem restoration. Furthermore, important gender differences in adaptation could be traced back to typical gender roles. Results highlight the risk of broadcast adaptation programs, such as the government-propagated combination of mineral fertilizers and early maturing crop varieties. Most importantly, they point to the need to consider climate variability, site- and gender-specific perceptions and priorities.
Privacy protection for fog computing and the internet of things data based on blockchain
Authors: Liu Yanhui , Zhang Jianbiao , Zhan Jing
Published: October 2020

With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) field, more and more data are generated by IoT devices and transferred over the network. However, a large amount of IoT data is sensitive, and the leakage of such data is a privacy breach. The security of sensitive IoT data is a big issue, as the data is shared over an insecure network channel. Current solutions include symmetric encryption and access controls to secure the data transfer, but they have some drawbacks such as a single point of failure. Blockchain is a promising distributed ledger technology that can prevent the malicious tampering of data, offering reliable data storage. This paper proposes a distributed access control system based on blockchain technology to secure IoT data. The proposed mechanism is based on fog computing and the concept of the alliance chain. This method uses mixed linear and nonlinear spatiotemporal chaotic systems (MLNCML) and the least significant bit (LSB) to encrypt the IoT data on an edge node and then upload the encrypted data to the cloud. The proposed mechanism can solve the problem of a single point of failure of access control by providing the dynamic and fine-grained access control for IoT data. The experimental results of this method demonstrated that it can protect the privacy of IoT data efficiently.
Property, redistribution, and the status quo: a laboratory study
Authors: Chatziathanasiou Konstantin , Hippel Svenja , Kurschilgen Michael
Published: October 2020

We report experimental evidence showing a positive effect of redistribution on economic efficiency via the self-enforcement of property rights, and identify which status groups benefit more and which less. We model an economy in which wealth is produced if players voluntarily comply with the—efficient but inequitable—prevailing social order. We vary exogenously whether redistribution is feasible, and how it is organized. We find that redistribution benefits all status groups as property disputes recede. It is most effective when transfers are not discretionary but instead imposed by some exogenous administration. In the absence of coercive means to enforce property rights, it is the higher status groups, not the lower status groups, who benefit from redistribution being compulsory rather than voluntary.
Genetic population structure of the monogenean parasite Gyrodactylus thymalli and its host European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a large Norwegian lake
Authors: Pettersen Ruben Alexander , Junge Claudia , Østbye Kjartan , Mo Tor Atle , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn
Published: October 2020

Understanding how populations are structured in space and time is a central question in evolutionary biology. Parasites and their hosts are assumed to evolve together, however, detailed understanding of mechanisms leading to genetic structuring of parasites and their hosts are lacking. As a parasite depends on its host, studying the genetic structure of both parasite and host can reveal important insights into these mechanisms. Here, genetic structure of the monogenean parasiteGyrodactylus thymalliand its host the European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) was investigated in 10 tributaries draining into the large Lake Mjøsa in Norway. The population genetic structure of spawning grayling was studied using microsatellite genotyping, whileG. thymalliwas studied by sequencing a mitochondrial DNA gene (dehydrogenase subunit 5). Two main genetic clusters were revealed in grayling, one cluster comprising grayling from the largest spawning population, while the remaining tributaries formed the second cluster. For both taxa, some genetic differentiation was observed among tributaries, but there was no clear isolation-by-distance signature. The structuring was stronger for the host than for the parasite. These results imply that moderate to high levels of gene flow occur among the sub-populations of both taxa. The high parasite exchange among tributaries could result from a lack of strong homing behavior in grayling as well as interactions among individual fish outside of the spawning season, leading to frequent mixing of both host and parasite.
Landscape factors and how they influence whitefly pests in cassava fields across East Africa
Authors: Macfadyen Sarina , Tay Wee Tek , Hulthen Andrew D. , Paull Cate , Kalyebi Andrew , Jacomb Frances , Parry Hazel , Sseruwagi Peter , Seguni Zuberi , Omongo Christopher Abu , Kachigamba Donald , Otim Michael , Schellhorn Nancy , Polaszek Andrew , Colvin John , De Barro Paul
Published: October 2020

Context

African production landscapes are diverse, with multiple cassava cultivars grown in small patches amongst a diversity of other crops. Studies on how diverse smallholder landscapes impact herbivore pest outbreak risk have not been carried out in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objectives

Bemisia tabaci is a cryptic pest species complex that cause damage to cassava through feeding and vectoring plant-virus diseases and are known to reach very high densities in certain contexts. However, the factors driving this phenomenon are unclear.

Methods

Bemisia density data in cassava across a large number of sites representing a geographic gradient across Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi were collected. We tested whether in-field or landscape factors associated with land-use patterns underpinned Bemisia density variability and parasitism.

Results

We found the B. tabaci SSA1 species dominated our study sites, although other species were also common in some cassava fields. Factors associated with the surrounding landscape were unimportant for explaining variability in adult density, but the in-field variables of cassava age and cultivar were very important. The density of nymphs and the parasitism of nymphs was heavily influenced by a diversity of landscape factors surrounding the field, including the size of focal cassava field, and area of cassava in the landscape. However, unlike the trend from many other studies on drivers of natural enemy populations, this pattern was not solely related to the amount of non-crop vegetation, or the diversity of crops grown in the landscape.

Conclusions

Our findings provide management options to reduce whitefly abundance, including describing the characteristics of landscapes with high parasitism. The choice of cassava cultivar by the farmer is critical to reduce whitefly outbreak risk at the landscape-scale.
Pooling Rankings to Obtain a Set of Scores for a Composite Indicator of Erasmus + Mobility Effects
Authors: Fabbris Luigi , Scioni Manuela
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we study how to assign weights to a set of evaluations obtained at the end of an international mobility experience in order to aggregate them into a composite indicator. The mobility experience was evaluated by three categories of actor: the participant; the school or company sending the participant; and the school or company hosting the participant. We estimated the weights starting from the assessors’ mutual evaluations of the beneficiaries of the mobility experiences. In particular, the aim of the paper was to compare two strategies for estimating the weights: (1) a weighted function of the univariate rank distribution of frequencies; and (2) the normalised elements of the first eigenvector of the dominance matrix computed by mediating the actors’ dominance matrices derived from the rankings of mobility beneficiaries. Variants of the two strategies were also introduced. Even though each strategy had different assumptions, the analyses produced several important findings. First, the optimum weighting model depends on the loss function used to evaluate the quality of the results. In particular abetween-ranking variability functionfavours both univariate and unweighted multivariate models, while abias-based functionfavours weighted multivariate models. Second, in both univariate and multivariate analyses, the application ofrank-order-centroidandrank-reciprocal rulesgive more accurate results than both linear and exponential rules.
Walking for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and joint AMD/SID/SISMES evidence-based practical guideline
Authors: Moghetti P. , Balducci S. , Guidetti L. , Mazzuca P. , Rossi E. , Schena F. ,   Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Moghetti P. , Balducci S. ,   the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), Guidetti L. , Schena F. ,   the Italian Society of Motor and Sports Sciences (SISMES), Mazzuca P. , Rossi E.
Published: October 2020

Aims

Regular exercise is considered a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and also improves general well-being, likely playing a role in the prevention of chronic complications of diabetes. However, compliance to exercise recommendations is generally inadequate in subjects with T2DM. Walking is the most ancestral form of physical activity in humans, easily applicable in daily life. It may represent, in many patients, a first simple step towards lifestyle changes. Nevertheless, while most diabetic patients do not engage in any weekly walking, exercise guidelines do not generally detail how to improve its use. The aims of this document are to conduct a systematic review of available literature on walking as a therapeutic tool for people with T2DM, and to provide practical, evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding its utilization in these subjects.

Data synthesis

Analysis of available RCTs proved that regular walking training, especially when supervised, improves glucose control in subjects with T2DM, with favorable effects also on cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight, and blood pressure. Moreover, some recent studies have shown that even short bouts of walking, used for breaking prolonged sitting, can ameliorate glucose profiles in diabetic patients with sedentary behavior.

Conclusions

There is sufficient evidence to recognize that walking is a useful therapeutic tool for people with T2DM. This document discusses theoretical and practical issues for improving its use.
Turing Patterning in Stratified Domains
Authors: Krause Andrew L. , Klika Václav , Halatek Jacob , Grant Paul K. , Woolley Thomas E. , Dalchau Neil , Gaffney Eamonn A.
Published: October 2020

Reaction–diffusion processes across layered media arise in several scientific domains such as pattern-formingE. colion agar substrates, epidermal–mesenchymal coupling in development, and symmetry-breaking in cell polarization. We develop a modeling framework for bilayer reaction–diffusion systems and relate it to a range of existing models. We derive conditions for diffusion-driven instability of a spatially homogeneous equilibrium analogous to the classical conditions for a Turing instability in the simplest nontrivial setting where one domain has a standard reaction–diffusion system, and the other permits only diffusion. Due to the transverse coupling between these two regions, standard techniques for computing eigenfunctions of the Laplacian cannot be applied, and so we propose an alternative method to compute the dispersion relation directly. We compare instability conditions with full numerical simulations to demonstrate impacts of the geometry and coupling parameters on patterning, and explore various experimentally relevant asymptotic regimes. In the regime where the first domain is suitably thin, we recover a simple modulation of the standard Turing conditions, and find that often the broad impact of the diffusion-only domain is to reduce the ability of the system to form patterns. We also demonstrate complex impacts of this coupling on pattern formation. For instance, we exhibit non-monotonicity of pattern-forming instabilities with respect to geometric and coupling parameters, and highlight an instability from a nontrivial interaction between kinetics in one domain and diffusion in the other. These results are valuable for informing design choices in applications such as synthetic engineering of Turing patterns, but also for understanding the role of stratified media in modulating pattern-forming processes in developmental biology and beyond.
Retraction Note to: Light hydrocarbon geochemistry: insight into oils/condensates families and inferred source rocks of the Woodford–Mississippian tight oil play in North-Central Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Wang Ting , Zhang Dong-Lin , Yang Xiao-Yong , Xu Jing-Qian , Matthew Coffey , Tang You-Jun
Published: October 2020

This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00519-w.
A Survey of Therapeutic Radiographers’ Knowledge, Practices, and Barriers in Delivering Health Behaviour Advice to Cancer Patients
Authors: Pallin Nickola D. , Beeken Rebecca J. , Jones Kathy Pritchard , Woznitza Nick , Fisher Abigail
Published: October 2020

Therapeutic radiographers (TRs) are well-placed to deliver advice to cancer patients; however, limited research exists on their practices in providing advice on healthy lifestyle behaviours. Through an online survey, this study aimed to explore TRs’ current practices, barriers, and facilitators around delivering healthy behaviour advice to cancer patients. An online survey was sent to 72 radiotherapy departments in the UK and 583 TRs responded to the survey. Findings showed that levels of enquiry and provision of advice on healthy behaviours were low, with less than 25% advising patients on physical activity, healthy eating, weight management, smoking cessation, and reducing alcohol intake as standard practice. Lack of knowledge, resources, and training were identified as barriers, in addition to perceived lack of patient interest and lack of time. TRs reported a strong desire to undergo training to enable them to deliver health behaviour advice to patients, with an identified preference for online training. Cancer patients look to healthcare professionals for advice on health behaviours, and TRs are well-placed to deliver this advice. The findings of this study provide insight into the areas that need addressing to enable TRs to support positive health behaviours among cancer patients.
Towards Log-Less, Fine-Granular State Machine Replication
Authors: Skrzypzcak Jan , Schintke Florian
Published: October 2020

State machine replication is used to increase the availability of a service such as a data management system while ensuring consistent access to it. State-of-the-art implementations are based on a command log to gain linear write access to storage and avoid repeated transmissions of large replicas. However, the command log requires non-trivial state management such as allocation and pruning to prevent unbounded growth.

By introducing in-place replicated state machines that do not use command logs, the log overhead can be avoided. Instead, replicas agree on a sequence of states, and former states are directly overwritten. This method enables the consistent, fault-tolerant replication of basic data management primitives such as counters, sets, or individual locks with little to no overhead. It matches the properties of fast, byte-addressable, non-volatile memory particularly well, where it is no longer necessary to rely on sequential access for good performance. Our approach is especially well suited for small states and fine-granular distributed data management as it occurs in key-value stores, for example.
Achieving remanufacturing inspection using deep learning
Authors: Nwankpa Chigozie , Eze Solomon , Ijomah Winifred , Gachagan Anthony , Marshall Stephen
Published: October 2020

Deep learning has emerged as a state-of-the-art learning technique across a wide range of applications, including image recognition, object detection and localisation, natural language processing, prediction and forecasting systems. With significant applicability, deep learning could be used in new and broader areas of applications, including remanufacturing. Remanufacturing is a process of taking used products through disassembly, inspection, cleaning, reconditioning, reassembly and testing to ascertain that their condition meets new products conditions with warranty. This process is complex and requires a good understanding of the respective stages for proper analysis. Inspection is a critical process in remanufacturing, which guarantees the quality of the remanufactured products. It is currently an expensive manual operation in the remanufacturing process that depends on operator expertise, in most cases. This research investigates the application of deep learning algorithms to inspection in remanufacturing, towards automating the inspection process. This paper presents a novel vision-based inspection system based on deep convolution neural network (DCNN) for eight types of defects, namely pitting, rust, cracks and other combination faults. The materials used for this feasibility study were 100 cm × 150 cm mild steel plate material, purchased locally, and captured using a USB webcam of 0.3 megapixels. The performance of this preliminary study indicates that the DCNN can classify with up to 100% accuracy on validation data and above 96% accuracy on a live video feed, by using 80% of the sample dataset for training and the remaining 20% for testing. Therefore, in the remanufacturing parts inspection, the DCNN approach has high potential as a method that could surpass the current technologies used in the design of inspection systems. This research is the first to apply deep learning techniques in remanufacturing inspection. The proposed method offers the potential to eliminate expert judgement in inspection, save cost, increase throughput and improve precision. This preliminary study demonstrates that deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionise inspection in remanufacturing. This research offers valuable insight into these opportunities, serving as a starting point for future applications of deep learning algorithms to remanufacturing.
Effect of Particle size of monomodal 316L powder on powder layer density in powder bed fusion
Authors: Haferkamp Lukas , Spierings Adriaan , Rusch Marco , Jermann Dominik , Spurek Marvin A. , Wegener Konrad
Published: October 2020

Powder layer density is an important measure for understanding the effect of powder on part quality in powder bed fusion. The density of thin layers, as they are deposited in powder bed fusion, differs from the density of powder in large containers. This study investigates this difference. Therefore, six monomodal powders with different particle size distributions, from coarse to fine, are spread in an 84.5 µm deep cavity to determine their powder layer densities for a single layer. A linear dependence of powder layer density on the D50 of powder is discovered for monomodal powders with good flowability. This dependence can be explained by the wall effect. Fine powders with low flowability show an increase in the standard deviation of the powder layer density. These findings suggest the existence of a particle size distribution that is sufficiently small to minimize the wall effect in a thin layer while still being sufficiently large to guarantee a good flowability of the powder.
Die Nullstufe der Bühne: Spielfläche und Schranken als historische Aufführungsdispositive im spätmittelalterlichen Theater
Authors: Velten Hans Rudolf
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag wendet sich gegen die vorherrschende Auffassung, die Simultanbühne sei die ›Grundform der Raumordnung‹ und zentraler Repräsentationstypus des mittelalterlichen Schauspiels und lege paradigmatisch dessen ästhetische und theaterhistorische Alterität in der Differenz zur neuzeitlichen Sukzessionsbühne offen. Gegen diese verkürzende Sichtweise wird die Vielheit von räumlichen Aufführungssituationen im geistlichen und weltlichen Schauspiel dokumentiert und insbesondere die Bedeutung der kreisförmigen, durch Schranken abgegrenzten Spielfläche anhand der Tiroler Neidharttradition und der Rosengartenspiele herausgearbeitet. Abschließend werden in zwölf Punkten Funktionalität und Medialität von Schranken als Aufführungsdispositiv skizziert.
Unterricht in Zeiten von Corona: Ein Blick auf die Herausforderungen aus der Sicht von Unterrichts- und Instruktionsforschung
Authors: Voss Thamar , Wittwer Jörg
Published: October 2020

Die Corona-Pandemie führte infolge der Schulschließungen zu einer Ausnahmesituation, die Lehrkräfte vor neue und unvorhersehbare Herausforderungen stellte. In diesem Artikel führen wir die Unterrichts- und Instruktionsforschung zusammen, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie es Lehrkräften trotz der Einschränkungen einer Pandemie gelingen kann, erfolgreichen Unterricht umzusetzen. Erstens stellen wir die Nachteile einer ausschließlichen Betrachtung der Sichtstrukturen für die Diskussion über guten Unterricht unter Pandemiebedingungen vor. Zweitens zeigen wir auf der Grundlage von Tiefenstrukturen die Herausforderungen einer Pandemie für die Gestaltung eines lernförderlichen Unterrichts im Sinne der kognitiven Aktivierung, konstruktiven Unterstützung und Effizienz des Klassenmanagements auf. Drittens konkretisieren wir anhand von Lehr-Lern-Elementen, wie Lehrkräfte auf der Grundlage von Lernzielen das Lernen von Schülerinnen und Schülern unter Pandemiebedingungen hinsichtlich Motivierung, Vermittlung, Weiterverarbeitung, Üben, Transfer und Rückmeldung fördern können. Dabei gehen wir auch auf die besondere Rolle der elterlichen Unterstützung ein. Viertens leiten wir Empfehlungen für das Unterrichten unter Pandemiebedingen ab und diskutieren, wie die Corona-Pandemie als Chance begriffen werden kann, um neue Erkenntnisse über die Gestaltung individuellen Lernens zu erhalten, die auch zukünftigen Unterricht bereichern können.
Jurisdictional Accumulation
Authors: Pal Maïa
Published: October 2020

The majority of European early modern empires - the Spanish, French, Dutch and English/British - are best characterised as developing practices of jurisdictional accumulation. These practices are distinguished by the three categories of extensions, transports, and transplants of authority, and this book is mostly concerned with various diplomatic and colonial agents which enabled the transports and transplants of their sovereign's authority. Through historical analyses of ambassadors and consuls in the Mediterranean based on primary and secondary material, and on the empires' Atlantic imperial expansions and conquests, the book makes two major analytical contributions. It firstly develops jurisdictional accumulation as a conceptual innovation, based, secondly, on an interdisciplinary mix of methodological angles. These intertwined contributions enable us to go beyond common binaries in both conventional and critical histories of international relations and international law through the use of a Political Marxist framework and its concept of social property relations.
Hair cortisol concentration in anxiety disorders: exploration of relationships with symptom severity and inflammatory markers
Authors: Elnazer Hesham Y. , Lau Laurie C. K. , Amaro Hugo , Baldwin David S.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.

Methods:

Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (n= 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or ‘treatment as usual’ for a further 6 weeks.

Results:

At Baseline (n= 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-α levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n= 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (n= 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels.

Limitations:

Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points.

Conclusion:

Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in larger samples.
The association between dietary sodium intake, adiposity and sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Grimes Carley A. , Bolton Kristy A. , Booth Alison B. , Khokhar Durreajam , Service Carrie , He Feng H. , Nowson Caryl A.
Published: October 2020

Higher intakes of Na may contribute to weight gain. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between dietary Na intake and measures of adiposity in children and adults. Given the previous link between Na intake and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), which are a known risk factor for obesity, a secondary aim examining the relationship between Na intake and SSB consumption was assessed. A systematic literature search identified cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials (RCT) which reduced dietary Na (≥3 months). Meta-analysis was performed for outcomes with ≥3 studies. Cross-sectionally higher Na intakes were associated with overweight/obesity in adults (five studies; n 11 067; OR 1·74; 95 % CI 1·43, 2·13) and in children (three studies; n 3625, OR 3·29; 95 % CI 2·25, 4·80), and abdominal obesity (five studies; n 19 744; OR 2·04; 95 % CI 1·72, 2·42) in adults. Overall, associations remained in sensitivity analyses which adjusted for energy. Findings from longitudinal studies were inconsistent. RCT in adults indicated a trend for lower body weight on reduced-Na compared with control diets (fifteen studies; n 5274; −0·29 kg; 95 % CI −0·59, 0·01; P = 0·06); however, it is unclear if energy intakes were also altered on reduced-Na diets. Among children higher Na intakes were associated with higher intake of SSB (four studies, n 10 329, b = 22, 16 and 26 g/d); no studies were retrieved for adults. Overall, there was a lack of high-quality studies retrieved. While cross-sectional evidence indicates Na intake was positively associated with adiposity, these findings have not been clearly confirmed by longitudinal studies or RCT.
Mother’s education level is associated with anthropometric failure among 3- to 12-year-old rural children in Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Authors: Khanra Pikli , Bose Kaushik , Chakraborty Raja
Published: October 2020

Maternal education plays a central role in children’s health and nutrition. Living conditions and socioeconomic status are linked with mother’s education, which in turn determines the health and development of a child. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is a single indicator that reflects overall rate of three conventional indices of undernutrition: underweight, stunting and wasting. The study was undertaken among 621 rural Bengalee children (308 boys and 313 girls) aged 3–12 years from the Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Height (cm) and weight (kg) were recorded and NCHS standard values used to calculate z-scores (<–2SD). The same data were used to calculate CIAF as an indicator of ‘anthropometric failure’ (AF) or undernutrition. The prevalence of AF among the children was 59.40%. Chi-squared analysis was employed to evaluate the significance of differences in the prevalence of CIAF between the sexes and the association between nutritional indicators and socioeconomic parameters in the two sexes. Multiple binary logistic regression (MBLR) analyses (including the forward stepwise method) were also performed. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the risk of having AF. Results showed that mother’s education was significantly associated with undernutrition (AF) controlling for the other factors considered. A very high prevalence of undernutrition is persisting in this region of India despite national nutritional supplementation programmes being operational. More attention to the improvement of living conditions and hygiene, and more particularly the education of women, in this population might be effective in attaining improved child growth and health.
High-resolution analysis of baculovirus-induced host manipulation in the domestic silkworm,Bombyx mori
Authors: Hikida Hiroyuki , Katsuma Susumu
Published: October 2020

Many parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance their transmission. Baculoviruses induce enhanced locomotory activity (ELA) combined with subsequent climbing behaviour in lepidopteran larvae, which facilitates viral dispersal. However, the mechanisms underlying host manipulation system are largely unknown. Previously, larval locomotion during ELA was summarized as the distance travelled for a few minutes at several time points, which are unlikely to characterize ELA precisely, as ELA typically persists for several hours. In this study, we modified a recently developed method using time-lapse recording to characterize locomotion ofBombyx morilarvae infected withB.morinucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) for 24 h at 3 s resolution. Our data showed that the locomotion of the mock-infected larvae was restricted to a small area, whereas the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited a large locomotory area. These results indicate that BmNPV dysregulates the locomotory pattern of host larvae. Furthermore, both the mock- and BmNPV-infected larvae showed periodic cycles of movement and stationary behaviour with a similar frequency, suggesting the physiological mechanisms that induce locomotion are unaffected by BmNPV infection. In contrast, the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited fast and long-lasting locomotion compared with mock-infected larvae, which indicates that locomotory speed and duration are manipulated by BmNPV.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND THE LIMITS OF RAWLSIAN LIBERTY
Authors: Sinnott Gillian
Published: October 2020

This paper examines the scope of John Rawls's theory of liberty. It first develops an account of how this theory, which Rawls presents in largely abstract terms, applies in specific cases. It then argues that this account reveals that the scope of Rawls's theory of liberty is surprisingly narrow and that it does not include such seemingly obvious liberal rights as the freedom to engage in the sexual behavior of one's choice or to have access to pornography.
Experiences of self-management support in patients with diabetes and multimorbidity: a qualitative study in Norwegian general practice
Authors: Sørensen Monica , Groven Karen Synne , Gjelsvik Bjørn , Almendingen Kari , Garnweidner-Holme Lisa
Published: October 2020

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to explore how patients with diabetes and multimorbidity experience self-management support by general practitioners (GPs), nurses and medical secretaries in Norwegian general practice.

Background:

Self-management support is recognised as an important strategy to improve the autonomy and well-being of patients with long-term conditions. Collaborating healthcare professionals (cHCPs), such as nurses and medical secretaries, may have an important role in the provision of self-management support. No previous study has explored how patients with diabetes and multimorbidity experience self-management support provided by cHCPs in general practice in Norway.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews with 11 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with one or more additional long-term condition were performed during February–May 2017.

Findings:

Patients experienced cHCPs as particularly attentive towards the psychological and emotional aspects of living with diabetes. Compared to GPs, whose appointments were experienced as stressful, patients found cHCPs more approachable and more likely to address patients’ questions and worries. In this sense, cHCPs complemented GP-led diabetes care. However, neither cHCPs nor GPs were perceived to involve patients’ in clinical decisions or goal setting during consultations.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and later cardiovascular disease risk in mothers and children
Authors: Plummer Michelle D. , Andraweera Prabha H. , Garrett Amy , Leemaqz Shalem , Wittwer Melanie , Aldridge Emily , Arstall Margaret A. , Dekker Gustaaf A. , Roberts Claire T.
Published: October 2020

Preeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH) are pregnancy-specific diseases that occur in around 10% of pregnancies worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that women whose pregnancies were complicated by PE or GH, and their offspring, are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. We hypothesised that PE and GH would associate with CVD risk factors 8–10 years after the first pregnancy in the mother and child and that differences in cardiovascular risk profile would be seen between 8- and 10-year-old male and female children. This is a follow-up study of the Adelaide SCOPE pregnancy cohort where 1164 nulliparous women and their babies were recruited between 2005 and 2008. Haemodynamic function was assessed using non-invasive USCOMBP+ and USCOM1A devices. Microvascular function was assessed by post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. Of the 273 mother–child pairs followed up, 38 women had PE and 20 had GH during pregnancy. Augmentation index (Aix) and suprasystolic pulse pressure (ssPP) were increased, whereas measures of microvascular function were decreased in children who were born to PE compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. Female children had decreased Aix and ssPP compared to male children after in utero exposure to PE. Women who developed GH during their first pregnancy had increased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures compared to women who had uncomplicated pregnancy. Our data suggest that GH is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in women 8–10 years after first pregnancy and PE is associated with increased offspring risk at 8–10 years of age, highlighting differences between these two hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Zufallsbefund hohes Kreatinin
Authors: Burkhalter Felix
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. Ein erhöhtes Kreatinin ist ein häufiger Laborbefund und findet sich bei bis zu 10 % der Patienten, die im Rahmen einer normalen Konsultation zu ihrem Hausarzt gehen. Das Entscheidende bei einem erhöhten Kreatinin respektive einer eingeschränkten Nierenfunktion ist die Bedrohlichkeit der Erkrankung zu erfassen. Handelt es sich um eine akute Niereninsuffizienz mit dem Risiko eines raschen Nierenversagens oder besteht eine chronische Niereninsuffizienz, bei welcher Zeit besteht die Ursache weiter abzuklären. Häufig ergibt sich aus der Anamnese (inklusive Medikamentenanamnese), dem Kontext der Konsultation, der klinischen Untersuchung sowie der Laborbefunde eine mehr oder weniger sichere Verdachtsdiagnose. Weitergehende Untersuchungen (Sonographie, Urinsediment, Proteinurie) helfen in der Regel die Verdachtsdiagnose zu erhärten. Eine nephrologische Beurteilung sollte vor allem bei unklarer klinischer Situation, jungen Patienten, bedrohlicher schwerer Niereninsuffizienz mit rascher Progression oder auffälligen Laborbefunden erfolgen.
Constraining the Global Ocean Cu Cycle With a Data‐Assimilated Diagnostic Model
Authors: Roshan Saeed , DeVries Tim , Wu Jingfeng
Published: October 2020

Copper (Cu) is a biologically important trace metal for marine plankton, but it is also toxic at high concentrations. Understanding the global distribution of Cu and the processes controlling its cycling in the ocean is important for understanding how the distribution of this important element can respond to climate change. Here, we use available observations of dissolved copper, an artificial neural network, and an ocean circulation inverse model, to derive a global estimate of the three‐dimensional distribution and cycling of dissolved Cu in the ocean. We find that there is net removal by bio‐assimilation and/or scavenging of dissolved Cu in the surface ocean at a rate of ~1.7 Gmol yr−1 and that both the concentration and export of dissolved Cu are highest in the Southern Ocean. In the subsurface above the near‐sediment layer, dissolved Cu is removed at a net rate of ~2.4 Gmol yr−1, consistent with scavenging onto sinking particles, contributing to an increase in the flux of particulate Cu with depth. This removal of Cu by scavenging in the interior ocean is balanced by a net near‐sediment source of dissolved Cu, which sustains a gradual increase in the concentration of dissolved Cu with depth. Globally, this net near‐sediment source is estimated at ~2.6 Gmol yr−1 in the deep ocean and ~0.8 Gmol yr−1 along continental shelves and slopes. Our results suggest an active oceanic dissolved Cu cycle with a mean internal ocean residence time of ~530 years, highlighting the potential for climate‐driven changes in the marine Cu cycle.
On the Surface Current Measurement Capabilities of Spaceborne Doppler Scatterometry
Authors: Wineteer Alexander , Torres Hector S. , Rodriguez Ernesto
Published: October 2020

Wide‐swath spaceborne Doppler scatterometry is a promising technique for the simultaneous measurement of global ocean surface winds and currents. The technique has been proven from airborne platforms, and here we use the lessons learned to examine a range of implications for a spaceborne system. We use a Doppler scatterometer simulator and a state‐of‐the‐art global circulation model to generate surface current measurements and their random errors. We find that a feasible instrument could measure 5 km gridded surface currents with typical random errors between 10 and 25 cm/s. For higher wind speeds, the random error in surface current decreases logarithmically. This level of accuracy allows for the computation of surface current relative vorticity and horizontal divergence with typical wavelength resolutions of 15–30 and 25–60 km, respectively. Unlike previous studies, we find that these measurements do not require multiday averaging, opening up new avenues for monitoring global ocean circulation.
Excitation of Internally Driven ULF Waves by the Drift‐Bounce Resonance With Ring Current Ions Based on the Drift‐Kinetic Simulation
Authors: Yamakawa Tomotsugu , Seki Kanako , Amano Takanobu , Takahashi Naoko , Miyoshi Yoshizumi
Published: October 2020

We investigated the excitation mechanism and global distribution of internally driven Pc3‐Pc5 ultralow‐frequency waves in the inner magnetosphere using a kinetic and self‐consistent simulation (Geospace Environment Modeling System for Integrated Studies‐Ring Current model). These waves can be excited through the drift‐bounce resonance with ring current ions injected into the inner magnetosphere during substorms. Initial phase space density of ring current ions is the butterfly‐like distribution with the asymmetry in pitch angle direction. We find two kinds of internally driven ultralow‐frequency waves. First, the dynamic power spectra of the field fluctuations show the excitation of poloidal, toroidal, and compressional Pc5 waves. We find that the excited waves are fundamental modes propagating westward with the azimuthal wave number of m ~ − 50. These waves are excited by the drift resonance with ions having the energy of 50–150 keV. Second, we can reproduce the excitation of poloidal Pc3 waves in the dusk region with m ~ − 30, which are driven by the bounce resonance with ions having energies of 20–50 keV for the first time. We investigate the energy transfer between ions and waves and find that poloidal Pc5 and Pc3 waves are excited mainly by positive energy gradient of the phase space density, while we find the inward gradient of the phase space density at L > 6. The velocity distribution of the growth rate suggests that Pc5 waves are driven by ions with pitch angle of around 90°, while Pc3 waves are excited by ions at oblique pitch angle.
Basal Accretion Along the South Central Chilean Margin and Its Relationship to Great Earthquakes
Authors: Bangs N. L. , Morgan J. K. , Tréhu A. M. , Contreras‐Reyes E. , Arnulf A. F. , Han S. , Olsen K. M. , Zhang E.
Published: October 2020

The south central Chilean margin regularly produces many of the world's largest earthquakes and tsunami, including the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule and 1960 Mw 9.5 Valdivia events. In 2017, we acquired seismic reflection data along ~1,000 km of the margin using the R/V Langseth's 15 km long receiver array and 108.2 l (6,600 in3) seismic source to image structures associated with these ruptures. We focus on the Valdivia segment with the largest coseismic slip (~40 m). The outer 40 km of the forearc is an accretionary wedge constructed primarily of stacked sedimentary packages with irregular lengths and thicknesses and little along‐strike continuity. Forearc structures indicate that the accretionary wedge grows primarily through basal accretion of the downgoing trench fill. The décollement propagates along a weak boundary near the top of the trench fill but occasionally branches downward into the underthrust sediment along bedding horizons, peeling off slices that are underplated to the forearc. The shallow décollement level and the rarity of underplating events allow most of the trench sediment to subduct. As a result, only ~30% of the incoming sediment has been accreted since the Early Pliocene. This implies that, on average, ~1 km of sediment must subduct beyond the outer forearc, an inference that is supported by our seismic images. We propose that the thickness and great downdip and along‐strike extent of the underthrust layer, which separates the megathrust from the underlying roughness of the igneous ocean crust, ensures a smooth broad zone of strong coupling that generates the world's largest earthquakes and tsunami.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence Signal Resetting of Quartz Gouge During Subseismic to Seismic Frictional Sliding: A Case Study Using Granite‐Derived Quartz
Authors: Oohashi Kiyokazu , Minomo Yuki , Akasegawa Koji , Hasebe Noriko , Miura Kazumasa
Published: October 2020

Attempts to determine the age of faulting recorded by fault rocks have been made using K–Ar, fission‐track, electron spin resonance, and luminescence dating methods. Here we report the unambiguous reduction (resetting) of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals of quartz gouge after friction experiments and estimate the seismological and geological conditions required for OSL signal resetting in natural fault zones. In the experiments, we used quartz sand with a particle size of <150 μm and equivalent dose of 31.5 ± 16.6 Gy. Friction experiments were conducted with a rotary‐shear, high‐velocity friction apparatus at slip rates (V) of 200 μm s−1 to 1.3 m s−1, normal stress of 1.0 MPa, and displacement of 10 m. In the experiments conducted under dry conditions, the OSL signal starts to decrease from V = 0.25 m s−1 and becomes near zero at V ≥ 0.65 m s−1. OSL signal resetting is also observed in the experiment sheared at 1.3 m s−1 under water‐added conditions. At V = 0.25 and 0.40 m s−1, partial resetting occurs, which is characterized by coexistence of particles with and without an OSL signal. OSL signal intensity shows a strong correlation with applied power density and frictional heat during high‐velocity friction, and the signal exponentially decreases with increasing power density and temperature. The power density required for partial and complete OSL signal resetting is ~0.17 and 0.6 MW m−2, respectively. Assuming a co‐seismic fault slip rate of 0.6 m s−1, the depths required for partial and complete resetting are expected to be ≥11 and ≥42 m.
Porosity, Pore Structure, and Fluid Distribution in the Sediments Entering the Northern Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Authors: Dutilleul Jade , Bourlange Sylvain , Géraud Yves , Stemmelen Didier
Published: October 2020

Hosting both tsunami earthquakes and slow slip events at shallow depth, the northern Hikurangi margin has motivated strong research efforts over the last two decades to better understand the relation between fluid pressure and fault mechanical behavior. Recently, IODP Expeditions 372 and 375 drilled, cored, and logged the basin entering this subduction zone providing a unique opportunity to characterize initial hydrogeological and petrophysical properties that drive seismic hazards along the margin. We inventory bound and interstitial fluid contents and assess the compaction state of the heterogeneous incoming sequence by correcting shipboard total connected porosity from the bound water content that typically characterizes clay‐rich sediments. By combining mercury injection capillary pressure, nuclear magnetic resonance, and nitrogen gas adsorption, we further document the evolution of pore structure with increasing depth. We also compare porosity data at the logging and sample scales. Both logging and laboratory data evidence contrasted porosity, pore structure, and fluid distribution across the entering section. Shallow macroporous siliciclastic units show very low bound water content and undergo compaction‐induced dewatering as they are normally consolidated during burial. In contrast, mesoporous volcaniclastic Hikurangi Plateau facies are characterized by high potential for bound water release from smectite, zeolite, and opal dehydration at greater depths. They mostly exhibit very low permeability except potentially in uncemented highly porous intervals where the décollement may initiate. Macroporous to mesoporous pelagic carbonates sandwiched in between exhibit mixed behavior and may also host the future décollement, similarly to the southern part of the margin.