bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of protease substrate specificity screening in the rational design of selective protease inhibitors with unnatural amino acids: Application to HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin
Authors: Mahoney Matthew W. , Helander Jonathan , Kooner Anoopjit S. , Norman Mariah , Damalanka Vishnu C. , De Bona Paolo , Kasperkiewicz Paulina , Rut Wioletta , Poreba Marcin , Kashipathy Maithri M. , Battaile Kevin P. , Lovell Scott , O'Donoghue Anthony J. , Craik Charles S. , Drag Marcin , Janetka James W.
Published: July 2024

Inhibition of the proteolytic processing of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is an attractive approach for the drug discovery of novel anticancer therapeutics which prevent tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we utilized an improved and expanded version of positional scanning of substrate combinatorial libraries (PS‐SCL) technique called HyCoSuL to optimize peptidomimetic inhibitors of the HGF/MSP activating serine proteases, HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin. These inhibitors have an electrophilic ketone serine trapping warhead and thus form a reversible covalent bond to the protease. We demonstrate that by varying the P2, P3, and P4 positions of the inhibitor with unnatural amino acids based on the protease substrate preferences learned from HyCoSuL, we can predictably modify the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor. We identified the tetrapeptide JH‐1144 (8) as a single digit nM inhibitor of HGFA, matriptase and hepsin with excellent selectivity over Factor Xa and thrombin. These unnatural peptides have increased metabolic stability relative to natural peptides of similar structure. The tripeptide inhibitor PK‐1‐89 (2) has excellent pharmacokinetics in mice with good compound exposure out to 24 h. In addition, we obtained an X‐ray structure of the inhibitor MM1132 (15) bound to matriptase revealing an interesting binding conformation useful for future inhibitor design.
An open‐label study to explore the optimal design of CYP3A drug–drug interaction clinical trials in healthy Chinese people
Authors: Chen Jingcheng , Li Jiangshuo , Wu Jingxuan , Song Yuqin , Li Lijun , Zhang Jianxiong , Dong Ruihua
Published: July 2024

A drug–drug interaction (DDI) trial of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) is a necessary part of early‐phase trials of drugs mainly metabolized by this enzyme, but CYP3A DDI clinical trials do not have a standard design, especially for Chinese people. We aimed to offer specific recommendations for CYP3A DDI clinical trial design. This was an open, three‐cycle, self‐controlled study. Healthy subjects were given different administration strategies of CYP3A4 perpetrators. In each cycle, blood samples were collected before and within 24 h after the administration of midazolam, the CYP3A indicator substrate. The plasma concentrations of midazolam and 1‐hydroxymidazolam was obtained using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay. For CYP3A inhibition, itraconazole exposure with a loading dose could increase the exposure of midazolam by 3.21‐fold based on maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), 8.37‐fold based on area under the curve Pharmacology Research & Perspectives for review only from zero to the time point (AUC0–t), and 11.22‐fold based on area under the curve from zero to infinity (AUC0–∞). The data were similar for itraconazole pretreatment without a loading dose. For CYP3A induction, the exposure of rifampin for 7 days decreased the plasma concentration of midazolam ~0.27‐fold based on Cmax, ~0.18‐fold based on AUC0–t, and ~0.18‐fold based on AUC0–∞. Midazolam exposure did not significantly change when the pretreatment of rifampin increased to 14 days. This study showed that itraconazole pretreatment for 3 days without a loading dose was enough for CYP3A inhibition, and pretreatment with rifampin for 7 days could induce near‐maximal CYP3A levels.
A rapid quarantine approach for the pathogenic and invasive Phytophthora species associated with imported fruits in China
Authors: Duan Jiaying , Ma Haiting , Wang Wenxin , Li Yaling , Shi Xiaoyu , Chen Xiaowei , Kageyama Koji , Yan Yaping , Li Mingzhu
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Phytophthora spp. represent a pivotal genus of plant pathogens with a global distribution, exerting significant deleterious effects on food safety and forestry ecosystems. Numerous pathogenic and invasive Phytophthora species, introduced through imported fruits, have been frequently detected at Chinese ports. With the rise in global trade activities, the plant quarantine of imported fruits is becoming increasingly important but challenging. Fast, simple, and labor‐saving techniques are necessary and anticipated.

RESUITS

A polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism capillary electrophoresis (PCR‐RFLP‐CE) technology‐based quarantine approach was developed for 16 Phytophthora species associated with the imported fruits in China. The Ypt1 gene, exhibiting abundant interspecific variations, was selected as the marker gene for PCR. The restriction endonuclease AluI was proven to be capable and compatible in simultaneously separating different Phytophthora species during CE. By combining with a fast and efficient DNA extraction kit, the developed PCR‐RFLP‐CE technique was successfully applied to identify Phytophthora species in artificially infested fruits.

CONCLUSION

We provide a quick, practical, and high‐throughput detection approach for hazardous and invasive Phytophthora species associated with imported fruits in China. This strategy can give good convenience and technological support for carrying out massive quarantine activities at Chinese ports. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The cultivable gut bacteria Enterococcus mundtii promotes early‐instar larval growth of Conogethes punctiferalis via enhancing digestive enzyme activity
Authors: Li Jiayu , Ni Boqing , Wu Yanan , Yang Yueyue , Mu Dongli , Wu KaiNing , Zhang Aihuan , Du Yanli , Li Qian
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Gut bacteria are crucial in influencing insect development and even phenotypic plasticity. The yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis, as a significant borer pest, has been the subject of limited reports regarding the structural and diversification changes in its gut microbiota during feeding, and their potential impacts on the growth and development of the host insects.

RESULTS

This study, employing 16S rRNA sequencing, demonstrates distinct shifts in the larvae gut microbiome of C. punctiferalis between different feeding stages, highlighting a pronounced diversity in the early‐instar with Enterococcus as a predominant genus in laboratory populations. Through in vitro cultivation and sequencing, three bacterial strains – Micrococcus sp., Brevibacterium sp. and Enterococcus mundtii – were isolated and characterized. Bioassays revealed that E. mundtii‐infused corn significantly boosts early‐instar larval growth, enhancing both body length and weight. Quantitative PCR and spectrophotometry confirmed a higher abundance of E. mundtii in younger larvae, correlating with increased digestive enzyme activity and total protein levels.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals the heightened gut microbiota diversity in early instars of C. punctiferalis larvae, highlighting that Enterococcus represent a predominant bacteria in laboratory populations. In vitro cultivation and bioassays unequivocally demonstrate the significant role of the cultivable gut bacteria E. mundtii in promoting the growth of early‐instar larva. These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for advancing the comprehension of the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and insect hosts, as well as for the development of eco‐friendly pest control technologies based on targeted manipulation of insect gut microbial communities. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comparative Study of the Mechanical, Electronic Structure, and Optical Properties of Cubic Lithium‐Based Perovskite LiMgX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) under Pressure Effects: First‐Principles Calculations
Authors: Luo Wei , Song Shiyi , Du Yaxin , Hu Siying
Published: July 2024

The mechanical, electronic structure, and optical properties of lithium‐based perovskite LiMgX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) are investigated for the first time at 0–20 GPa using density‐functional theory. The Born stability criteria reveal that the phase transition points of LiMgCl3, LiMgBr3, and LiMgI3 are 20.7, 20.9, and 23.4 GPa, respectively. At 0 GPa, studies on the electronic properties using the Heyd‐Scuseria‐Ernzerhof (HSE06) functional show that LiMgCl3 and LiMgBr3 are indirect bandgap insulators with values of 5.336 and 4.113 eV, whereas LiMgI3 is an indirect bandgap semiconductor with a value of 2.055 eV. In addition, the bandgap calculated using both the PBEsol and HSE06 functionals decreases with increasing pressure, and the bandgap trends with pressure are consistent. Both functionals are also used to study the optical properties of LiMgX3 compounds, which show that they have potential for use in vacuum ultraviolet and photovoltaic applications. The mechanical and optical characteristics of the materials are significantly enhanced under pressure.
Selexipag in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with connective tissue disease (PAH‐CTD): Real‐world experience from EXPOSURE
Authors: Gaine Sean , Escribano‐Subias Pilar , Muller Audrey , Fernandes Catarina C. , Fontana Martina , Remenova Tatiana , Söderberg Stefan , Lange Tobias J.
Published: July 2024

Selexipag is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including PAH associated with connective tissue disease (CTD), and further insights into the management of selexipag‐treated PAH‐CTD patients in clinical settings are needed. These analyses of the ongoing, multicenter, prospective EXPOSURE (EUPAS19085) study describe characteristics, treatment patterns, tolerability, and outcomes of PAH‐CTD patients initiating selexipag in Europe/Canada. All analyses were descriptive, with idiopathic PAH patients who typically display better prognosis included for context. Six hundred ninety‐eight selexipag‐treated patients had follow‐up information; 178 (26%) had PAH‐CTD. The median age was 68 years, patients were predominantly female (88%), and with WHO functional class III symptoms (63%); the median time since diagnosis was 1.7 years. There were 5% patients at low, 25% intermediate‐low, 40% intermediate‐high, and 30% high risk of 1‐year mortality, according to the ESC/ERS 4‐strata risk score. Most (80%) initiated selexipag as a triple oral therapy, and most of these (62%) remained on triple therapy 6 months post‐baseline. Over a median (Q1−Q3) selexipag exposure period of 8.6 (2.5−17.2) months, 79 (44%) patients discontinued selexipag; 36 (20%) due to tolerability/adverse events. Sixty (34%) patients were hospitalized at least once; 120 hospitalizations occurred, with 49 (48%) deemed PAH‐related. Survival at 1 year was 85%, and at 2 years was 71%; 29 (16%) patients died. These results describe the use of combination therapy with selexipag for patients with PAH‐CTD. These findings suggest an opportunity to optimize the benefits of selexipag among patients with PAH‐CTD by moving from escalating after years in response to clinical deterioration to escalating sooner to prevent clinical deterioration.
A weakest link theory‐based probabilistic fatigue life prediction method for the turbine disc considering the influence of the number of critical sections
Authors: Wang Tianxing , Li Yan‐Feng , Huang Hong‐Zhong , Bai Song
Published: July 2024

This study utilizes the rank correlation coefficient to examine the multi‐site failure correlation of turbine discs. Drawing from the stress‐strength interference model, reliability models both with and without factoring in the multi‐site failure correlation are constructed. Furthermore, the weakest link theory (WLT) within the context of the Weibull distribution function is invoked to develop a model for predicting the fatigue life of turbine discs, taking into account the quantity of critical sections. The variability in the low cycle fatigue (LCF) of turbine discs is scrutinized, leading to the formulation of a probabilistic fatigue life prediction method for these discs. When comparing theoretical values with experimental ones, it becomes evident that factoring in the multi‐site failure correlation significantly enhances the accuracy of turbine disc life predictions.
Improvement of the Oxidative Desulfurization Performance Using MoO3/CuO‐Modified Hierarchical HY Zeolite
Authors: Moosavifar Maryam , Poormahdigaemmagami Pouya
Published: July 2024

The presence of sulfur compounds in the chemical industry poses significant environmental and economic problems, including endangering human and animal lives and damaging equipment. For this purpose, hierarchical HY zeolite (Hie‐Y) with a SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio 10 was successfully synthesized through sequential desilication‐dealumination using NH4OH treatment. A weak alkaline media with surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) facilitates mesoporosity formation and preserves the zeolite structure. Metal oxide (CuO, MoO3) ‐ hierarchical HY zeolite nanocomposites have been prepared by one or a combination of 3 methods: 1) ion exchange, 2) precipitation, and 3) calcination. The obtained catalysts were characterized using XRD, FT‐IR, FESEM, UV‐Vis, EDS, and BET techniques. The formation of a hierarchical structure is associated with structure preservation, but partial destruction occurs based on the entering Cu in the zeolite pores. These catalysts have been studied in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction. Several parameters, including temperature, catalyst amount, DBT concentration, and reaction time, were evaluated in ODS using the Taguchi Design of Experiments. Catalytic activity order was obtained as Y<Hie‐Y<Hie‐Y/CuO<Hie‐Y/MoO3<Hie‐Y/MoO3/CuO. Results indicate an activity increase for the Hie‐Y/MoO3/CuO hierarchical structure owing to synergistic effects of secondary mesoporosity and metal oxides. The catalyst was recoverable and reused for five consecutive runs with preservation of catalytic activity.
Exploring the Significance of Carbon Quantum Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots in Sarcosine Sensing: A Key Biomarker for Prognosticating Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chaudhari Komal G. , Patil Pravin O. , Nangare Sopan N. , Khan Mujeeb G. , Bari Sanjaykumar B. , Khan Zamir G.
Published: July 2024

Luminescent carbon nanoparticles, such as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), are increasingly utilized for sarcosine detection due to their exceptional water permeability, sustained luminescence, and biocompatibility. Sarcosine as a biomarker holds significance for therapeutic purposes and disease identification. Carbon‐based sensors offer eco‐friendliness, recyclability, and affordability, making them sustainable for sensing applications across various domains. Despite the widespread use of standard sensors for sarcosine measurement, they face limitations. This paper presents a focused review of recent developments in biosensors utilizing luminescent carbon quantum dots and graphene quantum dots for sarcosine detection. Key processes are characterized by their selectivity and sensitivity to different forms of sarcosine and interfering substances like metallic ions and amino acids. The significant reaction mechanisms and detection methods for sarcosine are outlined and compared. Additionally, the challenges in developing functionalized CQDs and GQDs for further investigation are explored. In summary, luminescent carbon nanoparticles offer a promising avenue for sarcosine detection, addressing limitations of standard sensors through their cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity, and rapid response, thus holding potential for diverse sensing applications.
Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Alginate‐Based Hydrogel for Delivery of Hydrophilic Drug Metformin Hydrochloride
Authors: Shrila Manya , Ananya  , Meena Priyanka , Warkar Sudhir G.
Published: July 2024

This research delves into the development of a hydrogel based on sodium alginate (Na‐Alg), CMTKG and PSA for the controlled release of Metformin Hydrochloride (Metformin HCl), a commonly used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The hydrogel was synthesized via a free radical mechanism using N, N′‐methylene‐bis(acrylamide) (MBA) as a crosslinker and potassium persulphate (KPS) as an initiator. The hydrogels were analyzed using techniques such as ATR‐FTIR, and SEM. The research also investigated swelling behaviour, drug loading, drug encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics of Metformin HCl. The finding revealed that the hydrogel exhibited pH‐responsive metformin HCl release, with higher drug release perceived at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2. Mathematical models were employed to study the drug release mechanism, indicating diffusion as a mechanism liable for the drug release from the hydrogel. Moreover, the synthesized metformin HCl‐loaded Na‐Alg/PSA/CMTKG hydrogel shows excellent anti‐diabetic activity on α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzyme. Henceforth, the formulated hydrogel reveals potential for facilitating the targeted release of Metformin HCl, offering opportunities for improving patient amenability and lessening side effects related to frequent dosing.
Harmful Effects, Origin, and Control of Banded Structures in Electroplated Fasteners of High‐Carbon Steel
Authors: Zhang Tao , Long Hu , Cheng Guoguang , Guo Junyu , Lei Zhongyu , Xun Zhongzhong
Published: July 2024

In this study, the harmful effects of a banded structure on the bending fracture of electroplated fasteners are investigated. The origins and ways to control these structures are also explored. The fracture surfaces of the fasteners exhibit stepwise cracks and numerous intergranular facets associated with ductile tearing, which is a characteristic of hydrogen embrittlement. The origin of these stepwise cracks can be traced to the internal banded structures. Therefore, the internal banded structures promote fracturing during the bending test. The internal banded structures in the fasteners can be traced back to the internal cracks in the bloom, and inappropriate soft‐reduction processes lead to internal cracks. Notably, the carbon segregation at the internal cracks is severe. This is attributed to the proximity of the internal cracks to the center of the bloom, causing the enriched liquid in the interdendritic region to be sucked into these internal cracks. The optimal reduction position and amount are determined by employing heat‐transfer and soft‐reduction models. Fluctuations in superheat and casting speed significantly influence this optimal position and reduction amount.
Influence of Zr and Ti on MnS Inclusions, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties of F38MnVS6 Steel
Authors: Qiu Guoxing , Zhang Hongzhao , Lu Feng , Miao Dejun , Li Jianing , Yang Yongkun , Li Xiaoming
Published: July 2024

The influence of Zr and Ti on the inclusions, microstructure, and mechanical properties of three sets of steel prepared using a vacuum induction melting furnace is analyzed. In steel without Zr and Ti, MnS is mainly distributed in the grain boundary with a rod‐like or dendritic morphology, an average diameter of 10 μm, and a quantity of 2.08 × 104 m−3. After alloying with Zr and Ti, MnS in steel is evenly distributed and adopted a blocky or spherical morphology with an average diameter of 7.2 μm and a quantity of 11.01 × 104 m−3. The oxygen content in steel do not have a remarkable impact on the MnS morphology. ZrO2 and Ti2ZrO6 formed in steel display a slight lattice disregistry with MnS. During solidification, MnS precipitates easily as types I and III MnS, with oxides serving as the core. The MnS composite exhibits remarkable deformation resistance during forging. The addition of Zr and Ti increases the proportion of intragranular ferrite in steel and decreases the pearlite lamellae spacing and average grain size, increasing the yield strength from 745 to 820 MPa and the impact energy from 21 to 56 J at room temperature. Overall, the addition of Zr and Ti considerably improves the mechanical properties of steel.
(C3N2H5)B3O3F2(OH)2: Realizing Large Birefringence via a Synergistic Effect between Anion F/OH‐Ratio Optimization and Cation Activation
Authors: Hu Chenhui , Shen Chunjie , Zhou Huan , Han Jian , Yang Zhihua , Poeppelmeier Kenneth R. , Zhang Feng , Pan Shilie
Published: July 2024

Borates have emerged as a significant resource for exploring birefringent materials in the UV frequency region. The π‐conjugated planar anions, such as the [BO3], [B2O5], and [B3O6] units, exhibiting strong polarizability anisotropy, are traditionally good structural models. Both fluorination and hydroxylation have been proven effective strategies to modulate the optical properties of the planar anions. Controlling the ratio between F and OH is the key to realizing a balanced performance between birefringence and bandgap. Based on a fluorination mechanism proposed recently, a novel hydroxyfluorooxoborate (C3N2H5)B3O3F2(OH)2 with an optimal F/OH ratio of 1/1 is synthesized. During the synthesis, another strategy known as “cation activation” is also employed, which further increases birefringence by introducing active cation units. With its superior performance, this compound exhibits a short UV cutoff edge at 214 nm and a substantial birefringence of 0.205 at 546 nm, surpassing the commercial birefringent crystal α‐BBO (0.122@532 nm). The synergy between F/OH‐ratio optimization and cation activation offers a practical methodology for developing UV birefringent materials.
Genome‐wide association studies on resistance to powdery mildew in cultivated emmer wheat
Authors: Lhamo Dhondup , Li Genqiao , Song George , Li Xuehui , Sen Taner Z. , Gu Yong‐Qiang , Xu Xiangyang , Xu Steven S.
Published: July 2024

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis (DC.) E. O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal (Bgt), is a constant threat to global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although ∼100 powdery mildew (Pm) resistance genes and alleles have been identified in wheat and its relatives, more is needed to minimize Bgt’s fast evolving virulence. In tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.), wild emmer wheat [T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Körn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Thell.] accessions from Israel have contributed many Pm resistance genes. However, the diverse genetic reservoirs of cultivated emmer wheat [T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell.] have not been fully exploited. In the present study, we evaluated a diverse panel of 174 cultivated emmer accessions for their reaction to Bgt isolate OKS(14)‐B‐3‐1 and found that 66% of accessions, particularly those of Ethiopian (30.5%) and Indian (6.3%) origins, exhibited high resistance. To determine the genetic basis of Bgt resistance in the panel, genome‐wide association studies were performed using 46,383 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genotype‐by‐sequencing and 4331 SNPs from the 9K SNP Infinium array. Twenty‐five significant SNP markers were identified to be associated with Bgt resistance, of which 21 SNPs are likely novel loci, whereas four possibly represent emmer derived Pm4a, Pm5a, PmG16, and Pm64. Most novel loci exhibited minor effects, whereas three novel loci on chromosome arms 2AS, 3BS, and 5AL had major effect on the phenotypic variance. This study demonstrates cultivated emmer as a rich source of powdery mildew resistance, and the resistant accessions and novel loci found herein can be utilized in wheat breeding programs to enhance Bgt resistance in wheat.
Evaluation of Hub‐Height Wind Forecasts Over the New York Bight
Authors: Myers Timothy A. , Van Ormer Allison , Turner David D. , Wilczak James M. , Bianco Laura , Adler Bianca
Published: July 2024

As offshore wind energy development accelerates in the United States, it is important to assess the accuracy of hub‐height wind forecasts from numerical weather prediction models over the ocean. Leveraging approximately 2 years of Doppler lidar observations from buoys in the New York Bight, we evaluate 80‐m wind speed forecasts from two weather models: the High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) atmospheric model and the Global Forecast System (GFS) coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. These models have different horizontal grid spacing, vertical layering, initialization methods, and parameterizations of boundary layer mixing and surface–atmosphere interactions. Despite these differences, the models demonstrate similar and highly skillful short‐term forecasts at three measurement sites. At the Hudson Southwest location that provides a full year of data, their performance is statistically indistinguishable: root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.1 m/s and the Pearson correlation coefficient
for 24‐h forecasts of both models, and RMSE = 2.6 m/s and
0.83 for 48‐h forecasts. Twenty‐four‐hour forecasts also exhibit skill in predicting quiescent winds and winds associated with maximum turbine power. By Day 10, GFS forecasts on average have almost no skill. The short‐term forecast skill by the HRRR and GFS does not strongly depend on season or time of day, yet we find some dependence of the models' performance on near‐surface stability. Additionally, 4‐ to 14‐day forecasts by the GFS exhibit lower RMSE during summer relative to other seasons. The high skill of the HRRR and GFS short‐term forecasts establishes confidence in their utility for offshore wind energy maintenance and operation.
Outcomes of revisional surgery options after inadequate sleeve gastrectomy: A comprehensive network meta‐analysis
Authors: Salman Mohamed AbdAlla , Salman Ahmed , Elewa Ahmed , Elsherbiny Mohammed , Tourkey Mohamed , Chikukuza Stewart , Gadallah Mohamed A. , Ismail Ahmed Abdelaziz , Hussein Ahmed Mahmoud
Published: July 2024

Background

Despite the success of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in of weight loss and treatment of the medical problems associated with obesity, some concerns have arisen about the need for revisional surgeries after SG in some patients. This study aimed to present an updated and comprehensive comparison among the presently available revisional surgeries employed explicitly in cases of inadequate outcomes after SG, which is the most frequently performed bariatric surgery in contemporary practice.

Methods

This network meta‐analysis included studies that compared the outcomes of different revisional bariatric procedures after an inadequate outcome of SG.

Results

Searching across the electronic databases yielded 31 eligible articles. Re‐SG was associated with the highest rate of significant complications. Patients treated with single anastomosis duodenal‐ileal bypass (SADI) had a significantly higher percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) than those treated with one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) at the end of the follow‐up period was significantly higher in patients in the SADI group compared to those in the RYGB group and the OAGB, and re‐SG exhibited the least values compared to SADI, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS), and OAGB. Significantly lower rates of reflux worsening/de novo development were observed in the SADI group compared to the OAGB group and the re‐SG group, which showed significantly higher rates than SADI and RYGB.

Conclusion

Our comprehensive network meta‐analysis highlights SADI as a promising revisional option post‐SG, demonstrating superior weight loss outcomes, lower significant complication rates, and a favorable impact on reflux compared to other procedures. While acknowledging the limitations of our study, these findings support the potential efficacy of SADI in addressing the challenges of inadequate weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy.
Direct Laser Synthesis of Fe2O3 Modified TiO2
Authors: Lennikov V. V. , Gómez‐Herrero A. , Angurel L. A. , de la Fuente G. F. , Otero‐Díaz L. C.
Published: July 2024

A very fast, selective CO2 laser line scan direct synthesis method is presented and has been applied here to study phase and defect formation within an irradiated mixture of powdered oxides, as a proof‐of‐principle. A nominal composition interval of 0<x<0.03 was conveniently chosen for the TiO2+xFe2O3 system herein reported. X‐ray diffraction analyses were used to determine the main crystalline phase composition. Thus, for 3 % mol. Fe2O3, pseudobrookite crystals were found to coexist with rutile‐type MO2‐δ (M=Ti, Fe) with extended defects. These are composed mainly of (121)r and (132)r crystallographic shear planes (CSP‘s), where r subindex refers to the rutile subcell. For samples with a lower Fe2O3 content (2, 1, 0.5 % mol) only iron‐doped rutile phases were observed, with complex microstructure arising from the presence of multi‐twinned (011)r and (110)r crystals and isolated and/or ordered CSP‘s at short length scale. The diverse microstructures observed in the CO2 laser produced samples correlate with the conditions imposed during the laser treatment, which include intrinsically high solidification rates and steep temperature gradients.
Consistently Combined Earth Orientation Parameters at BKG—Extended by New VLBI Intensives Data
Authors: Klemm Lisa , Thaller Daniela , Flohrer Claudia , Walenta Anastasiia , Ullrich Dieter , Hellmers Hendrik
Published: July 2024

The Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs) describe the rotation between the Terrestrial Reference Frame and the Celestial Reference Frame and represent an essential component of the Global Geodetic Reference Frame. This study presents the current activities of BKG in the area of combined processing of GNSS and VLBI data in one common adjustment with the main objective to generate a consistent combined EOP time series. In earlier studies, we have investigated different combination approaches using VLBI and GNSS data. We generate EOP series with latencies of about one to 14 days, depending on the input data we used. In this way, a significant improvement in accuracy compared to the individual technique-specific solutions was achieved, especially for the highly variable component dUT1. The combination process starts at the level of normal equations using an EOP parameterization with piece-wise linear offsets and a temporal resolution of one day. Our main objective is to generate a continuous, daily and regular EOP product with the shortest possible latency. The requirement for achieving these characteristics is the daily and rapid availability of the input data. In particular, the VLBI Intensive (INT) sessions play an important role in the precise and rapid estimation of the UT1-UTC component. Since 2020, an increasing number of VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) INT campaigns has been conducted in addition to the legacy S/X INT sessions. The VGOS network is under continuous extension and the accuracy and latency of the VGOS INT sessions are at least at the level of the legacy S/X sessions. Therefore, an inclusion of the VGOS INT data is beneficial for rapid EOP estimation. The integration of the VGOS data into the combination process results in a constant slight decrease of the Weighted Root Mean Square (WRMS) level of the UT1-UTC residuals in comparison to the external EOP series. The growing number of available INT sessions with independent networks, up to four per day, increases the continuity and reliability of the combined EOP solution.
The Rohingya Crisis: Background on Myanmar, the Current Conflict, and Relevant Actors
Authors: Salehin Mohammad Musfequs
Published: July 2024

The chapter delves into the history behind the Rohingya crisis, tracing its roots beyond the events of 2017. Although the Myanmar government established the year 1824 as the cut-off date for citizenship, historical evidence suggests that the term ‘Rohingya’ was used prior to this period, indicating the longstanding presence of this Muslim minority group in the region. Furthermore, the chapter sheds light on the multifaceted nature of the crisis, involving actors such as the state, the military, Buddhist monks, and the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA). Of particular significance is the unlikely alliance formed between ultranationalist Buddhists and the military, who were once adversaries but joined forces against the Rohingya population, leading to intensified violence and displacement. This historical context provides crucial insights into the complexities and underlying factors driving the ongoing Rohingya crisis.
Gendered and Racialised Vulnerabilities and Violence Against the Rohingya in Myanmar
Authors: Salehin Mohammad Musfequs
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents gender differentiated forms of direct, structural, cultural and symbolic violence experienced by the Rohingya while they were in Myanmar. The documented atrocities, committed mainly by the Myanmar military, have placed the Rohingya in a state of ongoing discrimination and oppression. Within Myanmar, Rohingya women face a dual burden: enduring physical violence and mental anguish from military and societal forces, compounded by the patriarchal structure within their own community. Structural violence, such as educational discrimination, pervasive poverty, and lack of access to social and community life have affected Rohingya women, men, and children differently. A gendered narrative of threat portrays Rohingya women as ugly and reproductive dangers to Buddhism, while Rohingya men are framed as threats to nationalism and Buddhism. These religious and cultural narratives have served to justify ‘othering’ and various forms of violence by the Myanmar military.
Conclusion
Authors: Salehin Mohammad Musfequs
Published: July 2024

The Rohingya have experienced different forms of violence at different times and in different spaces. This chapter presents the summary of the book and explains the gender-differentiated forms of direct, structural, cultural, and symbolic violence experienced by the Rohingya in Myanmar and the camps in Bangladesh. At the end of this chapter, some recommendations are made to reduce gendered violence and vulnerabilities in the camps, such as introducing camp-based income-generating activities, strengthening refugee-led organisations, re-designing the Majhi system to include women, appointing women officials at the top level of refugee governance, and introducing ‘mobile courts’ in the camps to ensure gender justice.
Comprehensible AI for Multimodal State Detection
Authors: Foltyn Andreas , Oppelt Maximilian P.
Published: July 2024

Affective computing enables computers to recognize and respond to human emotions and cognitive states using multimodal state recognition. This chapter explores cognitive load estimation through a machine learning life cycle, addressing data collection and preparation, modeling, and deployment challenges. Experiments demonstrate effective unimodal and fusion models for predicting cognitive load. Applications in gaming, healthcare, and driver monitoring have been discussed, providing valuable insights for researchers in this field
The (in)coherence of European Teacher Education: A Comparative Mapping of Policies at National and Institutional Levels
Authors: Symeonidis Vasileios , Hellmann Katharina , Laux Michelle
Published: July 2024

In the past twenty years, the quality of teacher education has received growing attention in Europe with national governments seeking to reform their teacher education systems with the objective of improving students’ learning outcomes. A central aspect of such reform efforts is the improvement of coherence of teacher education in terms of interlinking phases, actors, contents of teacher education, and professional knowledge domains. The aim of this chapter is to map contemporary policies related to coherence across teacher education systems of different European countries in order to identify convergences and divergences. The study was developed in the context of an EU funded project that involves seven universities from five countries. Data were gathered via two qualitative questionnaires focusing on aspects of governance across the continuum of teacher education and the organisation of initial teacher education (ITE) programmes at universities. Findings reveal an incoherence within and across teacher education systems, particularly regarding the continuum of teacher education. Although the structure and duration of ITE proves coherent, the distribution of knowledge domains and contents differs significantly among countries.
Das Mainzer Institut für Europäische Geschichte: eine Gründung zur Erneuerung der Historikerbeziehungen «nach der Katastrophe»?
Authors: Defrance Corine
Published: July 2024

Das Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte in Mainz feierte im Herbst 2020 seinen 70. Jahrestag. Es wurde als außeruniversitäre Forschungsinstitution unter dem Namen „Institut für Europäische Geschichte“ (IEG) gegründet, am 13. November 1950 eröffnet und am 19. April 1951 eingeweiht. Ab 1953 fand es seine definitive Niederlassung im historischen Gebäude des ehemaligen Domus Universitatis im Mainzer Stadtzentrum. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert sich auf die Gründungsjahre auf der Basis von deutschem und französischem Archivmaterial und bietet Einblicke in die folgenden Jahrzehnte. Für die Online-Ausstellung, 2020 konzipiert und kuratiert von Joachim Berger, dem wissenschaftlichen Koordinator des Instituts, wurden am IEG sämtliche Recherchen unternommen und Interviews geführt (Berger. 2020. Vom Kalten Krieg zum europäischen Umbruch. Das Institut für Europäische Geschichte 1950–1990. Eine Ausstellung des Leibniz-Instituts für Europäische Geschichte (IEG), Mainz). In diesem Artikel wird versucht, Antworten auf die folgenden Fragen zu geben: Was waren die ursprünglichen Ziele des IEG und inwieweit hat der historische Kontext die spezifischen Strukturen des außeruniversitären Instituts beeinflusst? Wie hat sich die Forschung über die „Europäische Geschichte“ am IEG während und nach dem Kalten Krieg entwickelt und wie hat die Struktur des Instituts diese Entwicklungen beeinflusst?
Wandel und Erneuerung der Großforschung. Historisch-soziologischer Vergleich der Transformation zweier Forschungszentren der experimentellen Teilchenphysik
Authors: Heinze Thomas
Published: July 2024

Der Beitrag vergleicht zwei Großforschungseinrichtungen, die als Einrichtungen der Teilchenphysik gegründet wurden, aber ihre ursprüngliche Forschungsmission und ihre Großgeräte vollständig auf die multidisziplinäre Photonenforschung umorientierten. Trotz einiger Gemeinsamkeiten unterscheiden sich beide Zentren sehr deutlich im Hinblick auf die Geschwindigkeit ihrer Transformation sowie die Forschungserfolge. Auf der Basis theoretischer Überlegungen wird ihr Verhältnis zur institutionellen Umwelt analysiert: (1) Zugang zu institutionellen Unternehmern; (2) organisationaler Status der Photonenforschung; (3) Rolle externer Finanzierungsquellen bei der Förderung und Konsolidierung der Photonenforschung; (4) Möglichkeit, sich im Rahmen von Personalfluktuation inhaltlich zu erneuern. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion zu forschungspolitischen Empfehlungen.
Die Europäische Synchrotronstrahlungsquelle (ESRF): Organisatorische Erneuerungsfähigkeit am Beispiel der Strukturbiologie
Authors: Cramer Katharina C.
Published: July 2024

Das folgende Kapitel widmet sich der Entwicklung strukturbiologischer Forschung an der ESRF in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren als Beispiel organisatorischer Erneuerungsfähigkeit. Konkret lässt sich organisatorische Erneuerungsfähigkeit an der ESRF anhand der Spezialisierung der Gutachter:innenausschüsse, der Implementierung neuer Prozesse zur Verteilung von Strahlzeit im Bereich strukturbiologischer Forschung (block allocation), der Realisierung eines neuen Strahllinienkomplexes (ID23) sowie an strategischen Kooperationen (strukturbiologische Partnerschaft) beobachten. Dieses Kapitel versteht sich in erster Linie als beschreibender und empirischer Beitrag. Es soll zum tiefergehenden Verständnis des Verhältnisses von Organisationsform und Erkenntnisinteresse an wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen beitragen und zeigt am Beispiel der ESRF, dass der Wandel von Methoden und Instrumenten hier in einem engen Verhältnis zu dem Aufkommen neuer Forschungsgebiete und thematischer Priorisierungen steht.
Quantified Legendreness and the Regularity of Minima
Authors: De Filippis Cristiana , Koch Lukas , Kristensen Jan
Published: July 2024

We introduce a new quantification of nonuniform ellipticity in variational problems via convex duality, and prove higher differentiability and 2d-smoothness results for vector valued minimizers of possibly degenerate functionals. Our framework covers convex, anisotropic polynomials as prototypical model examples—in particular, we improve in an essentially optimal fashion Marcellini’s original results (Marcellini in Arch Rat Mech Anal 105:267–284, 1989).
Pyrazole derivatives ameliorate synovial inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis mice model via targeting p38 MAPK and COX-2
Authors: Abdallah Ahlam M. , Naiem Amany H. Abdel , Abdelraheim Salama R. , Mohafez Omar M. , Abdelghany Hend M. , Elsayed Sahar A. , Gomaa Wafaey , Marey Heba
Published: July 2024

The type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model and human rheumatoid arthritis exhibit similar characteristics. Both diseases involve the production of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators, triggering an inflammatory cascade linked to bone and cartilage damage. Recently, new pyrazole compounds with various pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents, have been reported. Our aim is to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of two newly synthesized pyrazole derivatives, M1E and M1G, in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis was induced in DBA/1J mice, and the therapeutic effect of the M1E and M1G is assessed by measuring the arthritic index, quantifying the expression of inflammatory genes such as p38 MAPK, COX-2, IL1β, MMP3, and TNF-α using real-time PCR and analyzing protein expression using western blotting for phosphorylated p38 MAPK and COX-2. Oxidative stress markers and hind paws joint histopathology were also evaluated. Treatment with the two pyrazole derivatives significantly (p < 0.001) improved the arthritic score; downregulated the expression of inflammatory genes p38 MAPK, COX-2, IL1β, MMP3, and TNF-α; and reduced the protein expression of phosphorylated p3  MAPK and COX-2. In addition, both compounds ameliorated oxidative stress by increasing the activities of SOD and reducing the formation of MDA in the paw tissue homogenates. Both M1E and M1G significantly (p < 0.001) improved the pathological features of synovitis. The pyrazole derivatives, M1E and M1G, significantly reduced the arthritic score and the inflammatory cytokine expression, improved synovitis histopathology, and ameliorated oxidative stress in the CIA mice model.
Abdominal imaging in precocious puberty in girls: can imaging determine onset of puberty?
Authors: Smets Anne M. , Sofia Carmelo , Bruno Costanza , Ključevšek Damjana , Lobo Maria Luisa , Napolitano Marcello , Ozcan H. Nursun , Stafrace Samuel , Petit Philippe , Müller Lil-Sofie Ording
Published: July 2024

Precocious puberty in girls is defined by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics before the age of 8 years. Precocious puberty is either peripheral or central. In most cases, the cause of central precocious puberty is unknown. Rapidly progressive forms of central precocious puberty may benefit from puberty suppression to prevent compromised final height and psychosocial problems related to the physical changes. Idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls can be a challenging diagnosis. Clinical examination, evaluation of growth charts, bone age, and hormonal tests are part of the workup. The role of pelvic ultrasound to evaluate pubertal features of the internal genitalia in this context is controversial. In this paper, we have reviewed the literature to find the scientific bases for several proposed ultrasound parameters and cutoff values for the determination of onset of puberty in girls with suspected central precocious puberty. There are no reliable cutoffs for the measurements of uterus and ovaries for the diagnosis of central precocious puberty and there is overlap in the appearance of the organs in both prepubertal and pubertal girls. The interpretation of the findings on pelvic ultrasound must be done with caution and always in close communication with the referring clinicians.

Graphical Abstract
Influence of tumor thrombus morphology on the surgical complexity in renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: a single-center, large-sample study from China
Authors: Zhao Xun , Liu Zhuo , Chen Ji-yuan , Guo Wei , Zhang Hong-xian , Tian Xiao-jun , Wang Guo-liang , Liu Cheng , Ma Lu-lin , Zhang Shu-dong
Published: July 2024

Background

The morphology of tumor thrombus varies from person to person and it may affect surgical methods and tumor prognosis. However, studies on the morphology of tumor thrombus are limited. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the impact of tumor thrombus morphology on surgical complexity.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 229 patients with renal cell carcinoma combined with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus who underwent surgical treatment at Peking University Third Hospital between January 2014 and December 2021. The patients were divided into floating morphology (107 patients) and filled morphology (122 patients) tumor thrombi groups. Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Postoperative complications were evaluated using the Clavien–Dindo surgical complication classification method.

Results

Patients with filled morphology tumor thrombus required more surgical techniques than those with floating morphology tumor thrombus, which was reflected in more open surgeries (P < 0.001), more IVC interruptions (P <0.001), lesser use of the delayed occlusion of the proximal inferior vena cava (DOPI) technique (P < 0.001), and a greater need for cut-off of the short hepatic vein (P < 0.001) and liver dissociation (P = 0.001). Filled morphology significantly increased the difficulty of surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus, reflected in longer operation time (P < 0.001), more surgical blood loss (P <0.001), more intra-operative blood transfusion (P < 0.001), and longer postoperative hospital stay (P < 0.001). Filled morphology tumor thrombus also led to more postoperative complications (53% vs. 20%; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Compared with floating morphology thrombus, filled morphology thrombus significantly increased the difficulty of surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma with IVC tumor thrombus.
Prenatal parvovirus B19 infection
Authors: Kagan Karl Oliver , Hoopmann Markus , Geipel Annegret , Sonek Jiri , Enders Martin
Published: July 2024

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) causes erythema infectiosum, a.k.a., fifth disease. This disease primarily affects children. It is generally self-limiting and subsides after 1–2 weeks. In pregnancy, the virus can cross the placenta and result in a fetal infection. This may lead to severe fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, a miscarriage, or intrauterine fetal death. The risk of long-term sequelae also appears to be increased. About one-third of pregnant women are not immune to B19V and, therefore, are at risk to contract a primary infection. The seroconversion rate during pregnancy is generally around 1–2%. During a primary infection, maternal–fetal transplacental transmission of B19V occurs in about 30–50% of the cases and the risk of fetal infection increases with advancing gestational age. The risk of severe fetal anemia or hydrops is around 3–4% overall and is around 6–7% if the primary infection occurs before 20 weeks’ gestation. Fetal monitoring in women with a primary B19V infection includes regular ultrasound examinations looking for evidence of hydrops fetalis and Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery peak velocity. Fetal blood sampling is performed if a significant anemia is suspected and, if such is found, an intrauterine blood transfusion is needed. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management of B19V infection during pregnancy.