bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals at a seasonal holiday destination in the largest freshwater shallow lake in Central Europe
Authors: Molnar Eva , Maasz Gabor , Pirger Zsolt
Published: July 2020

The presence of pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) in surface waters poses an environmental risk of chronic exposure to nontarget organisms, which is a well-established and serious concern worldwide. Our aim was to determine the temporal changes in ecological risk quotient (RQ) based on the concentrations of 42 PhACs from six sampling sites on seven sampling dates in the water of a freshwater lake in Central Europe preferentially visited by tourists. Our hypothesis was that the environmental risk increases during the summer holiday season due to the influence of tourists. Different experimental toxicological threshold concentrations and seasonal measured environmental concentrations of 16 PhACs were applied to ecological risk assessment. RQs of 4 dominant PhACs (diclofenac, estrone [E1], estradiol [E2], and caffeine) indicated high ecological risk (RQ > 1) for freshwater ecosystems. Additionally, our results confirmed the assumptions that the high tourist season had a significant impact on the calculated RQ; however, these results are mainly due to the concentration and temporal change of particular PhACs, including diclofenac (5.3-419.4 ng/L), E1 (0.1-5.5 ng/L), and E2 (0.1-19.6 ng/L). The seasonal dependent highest RQs changed as follows: 9.80 (June 2017; E2), 1.23 (August 2017; E1), 0.43 (November 2017; E1), 0.51 (April 2018; E1), 5.58 (June 2018, diclofenac), 39.50 (August 2018; diclofenac), and 30.60 (October 2018; diclofenac).
A Defence of the Control Principle
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: July 2020

The nexus of the moral luck debate is the control principle, which says that people are responsible only for things within their control. In this paper, I will first argue that the control principle should be restrained to blameworthiness, because responsibility is too wide a concept to square with control. Many deniers of moral luck appeal to the intuitiveness of the control principle. Defenders of moral luck do not share this intuition and demand a stronger defence of the control principle. I will establish a defence of the control principle based on the value of simplicity for selecting a theory of blameworthiness. A simpler theory of blameworthiness is more likely to be true, and not being falsely judged blameworthy is desirable. I will conclude that simplicity advices the acceptance of the control principle over other theories of blameworthiness that embrace factors beyond control.
State-of-the-Art Review on Responses of RC Structures Subjected to Lateral Impact Loads
Authors: Zhang Chunwei , Gholipour Gholamreza , Mousavi Asma Alsadat
Published: July 2020

Reinforced concrete structures and structural members used in strategic infrastructures such as highway bridges, high-rise buildings, etc. are inherently subjected to lateral impact loads arising from the collision of vehicles, vessels, falling rocks, and rigid objects having different impact geometries, weights, and velocities. Due to the brittle nature of concrete materials, both localized and overall failure modes are very likely to occur in concrete structures under dynamic and impulsive loads. Hence, many attempts have been carried out in the literature to recognize the failure behaviors and to assess the vulnerability of concrete structure under lateral impact loads. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the responses and failure behaviors of various types of concrete structures and structural members subjected to lateral impact loads based on analytical, numerical, and experimental studies carried out by the previous research works. In addition, the influences of various structural- and load-related parameters on the impact resistance and failure behaviors of different concrete structures under lateral impact loads are reviewed.
Spatial Creaming and Parking?: the Case of the UK Work Programme
Authors: Whitworth A.
Published: July 2020

Public policies are inherently spatial in nature yet their geographical dimensions remain frequently underdeveloped and marginalised in policy practice and scholarship. This paper reflects critically on these common spatial blind spots, using as its case study example the UK’s Work Programme employment support policy. Whilstsocial‘creaming’ (i.e. deliberate prioritisation) and ‘parking’ (i.e. deliberate neglect) by providers of differently placed service users within public policies is widely acknowledged and researched, this paper introduces to the literature equivalent but neglected risks aroundspatialcreaming and parking of differently positioned local areas. The paper’s framing identifies that the Work Programme’s particular treatment of place exposes areas to high risks of spatial creaming and parking. Building on these critical spatial foundations, the paper moves on to present sophisticated statistical analyses of official and comprehensive Work Programme data. These original analyses demonstrate systematic spatial inequality in outcomes and financial resource that are at the expense of already more deprived geographies and that are consistent with our spatial creaming and parking hypotheses. The paper highlights the need to consider more fully the role of place within public policy practice and scholarship.
Giant Fluctuations Induced by Thermal Diffusion in Complex Liquids
Authors: Vailati Alberto , Baaske Philipp , Bataller Henri , Bolis Serena , Braibanti Marco , Carpineti Marina , Cerbino Roberto , Croccolo Fabrizio , Dewandel Jean-Luc , Donev Aleksandar , García-Fernández Loreto , Giavazzi Fabio , Haslinger Robert , Hens Steven , Knauer Maria , Köhler Werner , Kufner Ewald , Ortiz de Zárate José M. , Peeters Jeroen , Schwarz Christian J. , Silkina Inese , Xu Shenghua , Zapf Daniel
Published: July 2020

The GRADFLEX experiment of ESA has shown that under microgravity conditions a stationary thermodiffusion process is accompanied by giant non-equilibrium fluctuations with size as large as the size of the sample. In the presence of small concentration gradients, the features of the non-equilibrium fluctuations can be described by means of linearized hydrodynamics. However, the linear models are not suitable to describe most cases of applicative interest, such as fluctuations induced by large gradients and under non-stationary conditions. Moreover, presently the investigation of non-equilibrium fluctuations has mainly involved single component fluids and binary mixtures, but recently transport processes in ternary mixtures have attracted increasing interest due to the experiments performed on the International Space Station in the framework of the DCMIX project of ESA. The Giant Fluctuations (NEUF-DIX) project of ESA will investigate non-equilibrium fluctuations during diffusive processes occurring in complex multi-component mixtures, where one of the components is a macromolecule, such as a polymer, a colloid or a protein. Important objectives will be the exploration of the features of the fluctuations under non-ideal conditions, such as large gradients, transient processes, and concentrated samples, and the understanding of how the fluctuations affect the interactions between macromolecules. The project involves the development of a dedicated facility, consisting of an array of shadowgraph optical instruments working in parallel, each one equipped with a thermal gradient cell. Here we outline the design concept of the facility and the results of performance tests performed on a breadboard to evaluate the suitability of the designed instrument to carry out scientific measurements of non-equilibrium concentration fluctuations in space.
The prediction of shale gas well production rate based on grey system theory dynamic model GM(1, N)
Authors: Luo Xiaohui , Yan Xiaoqing , Chen Yusong , Yue Ming , Li Jingwei
Published: July 2020

The prediction of production volumes from shale gas wells is important in reservoir development. The physical parameters of a reservoir are uncertain and complex, and therefore, it is very difficult to predict the production capability of a shale gas well. An improved GM(1, N) model for shale gas well productivity prediction, focused upon the causes of prediction errors from the existing traditional GM(1, N) method, was established. By processing a data series related to the predicted data, the improved GM(1, N) model takes into account the fluctuations of the original production data, reflects the trend of the original data under the influence of relevant factors, and hence predicts more accurately the fluctuation amplitude and direction of the original data. Additionally, the proposed method has higher accuracy than the conventional GM(1, N), GM(1, 1), and MEP models. The prediction accuracy increases gradually and the relative error decreases gradually from bottom data (casing pressure at well start-up, etc.) to top data (shale gas production). Accordingly, a step-by-step prediction method could be effective in improving prediction accuracy and reflects the typical fluctuation characteristics of shale gas production.
POST1/C12ORF49 regulates the SREBP pathway by promoting site-1 protease maturation
Authors: Xiao Jian , Xiong Yanni , Yang Liu-Ting , Wang Ju-Qiong , Zhou Zi-Mu , Dong Le-Wei , Shi Xiong-Jie , Zhao Xiaolu , Luo Jie , Song Bao-Liang
Published: July 2020

Sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are the key transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism. The activation of SREBP requires translocation of the SREBP precursor from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, where it is sequentially cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P) and site-2 protease and releases a nuclear form to modulate gene expression. To search for new genes regulating cholesterol metabolism, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen and find that partner of site-1 protease (POST1), encoded byC12ORF49, is critically involved in the SREBP signaling. Ablation of POST1 decreases the generation of nuclear SREBP and reduces the expression of SREBP target genes. POST1 binds S1P, which is synthesized as an inactive protease (form A) and becomes fully mature via a two-step autocatalytic process involving forms B’/B and C’/C. POST1 promotes the generation of the functional S1P-C’/C from S1P-B’/B (canonical cleavage) and, notably, from S1P-A directly (non-canonical cleavage) as well. This POST1-mediated S1P activation is also essential for the cleavages of other S1P substrates including ATF6, CREB3 family members and the α/β-subunit precursor of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase. Together, we demonstrate that POST1 is a cofactor controlling S1P maturation and plays important roles in lipid homeostasis, unfolded protein response, lipoprotein metabolism and lysosome biogenesis.
Hypersensitivity reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of an Austrian cohort study
Authors: Bangerl Teresa , Zahel Brigitte , Lueger Andrea , Guenova Emmanuella , Angelova-Fischer Irena , Hoetzenecker Wolfram
Published: July 2020

Background

Hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the second most common cause of drug hypersensitivity. Despite the importance of NSAIDs in routine analgesia only few studies have systematically addressed the question of tolerability in hypersensitive patients.

Methods

The authors retrospectively analysed 398 patients that were treated at the Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital Linz, Austria, in the period 2012–2016 with a clinical history of NSAID hypersensitivity. Skin tests (skin prick and intracutaneous tests) to common NSAIDs were performed, followed by single-blinded, placebo-controlled drug challenge with either the culprit drug or an alternative NSAID.

Results

A total of 361 patients were subjected to skin testing. Of these, 25 patients (6.3%) showed a positive reaction to the culprit drug. According to the severity of the reaction in the medical history, 87 patients were exposed orally to the culprit drug (oral provocation test, OPT) after negative skin test and 255 patients received OPT with alternative NSAIDs according to established protocols. OPT with the culprit drug resulted in hypersensitivity reactions in 12 patients (13.79%). In terms of alternative NSAID testing, the three most commonly tested drugs were lornoxicam (192 OPTs), acetaminophen (156 OPTs) and celecoxib (133 OPTs) with tolerability rates in respectively 88.54% (hypersensitivity reactions, 11.46%), 92.31% (hypersensitivity reactions, 7.69%) and 91.73% (hypersensitivity reactions, 8.27%) of cases.

Conclusion

OPT with alternative NSAIDs are useful in patients with NSAID hypersensitivity as tolerability varies between the individual substances.
Supply chain contagion and the role of industrial policy
Authors: Coveri Andrea , Cozza Claudio , Nascia Leopoldo , Zanfei Antonello
Published: July 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a major disruption in global value chains (GVCs) that pushed the global economy into a recession that promises to be worse than the 2008 crisis. This article illustrates the mechanisms through which the COVID-19 pandemic affected GVCs in the context of a changing configuration of the global economy. In particular, it is argued that GVCs became the main transmission channels of “economic contagion”. Finally, we posit that the pandemic provides an opportunity to revive the role of industrial policy as to govern the landslides of a world economy constantly pressured by globalization and deglobalization forces.
Comparing Residential Segregation of Migrant Populations in Selected European Urban and Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Benassi Federico , Bonifazi Corrado , Heins Frank , Lipizzi Fabio , Strozza Salvatore
Published: July 2020

Residential segregation is a well studied subject especially after the publication of the pioneering and seminal contribution of Duncan and Duncan (Am Sociol Rev 41:210–217, 1955). Considering the theoretical and methodological advances made since then, the contribution endeavours in describing and understanding the differences in residential segregation in an international perspective using 2011 population census data. The contribution analyses the residential segregation of migrants (here foreign citizens or foreign born) usually resident in the 493 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) of selected European Union countries. The analysis is conducted using 2011 census data on regular grid (100 mt × 100 mt) provided by the Data Challenge on ‘Integration of Migrants in Cities’ (D4I) and refers to all migrants and to two sub groups (EU 28 and non EU 28). In a first step the levels and spatial patterns of residential segregation across all FUAs of France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, The Netherlands and the United Kingdom are analysed. Particular attention is paid to identifying differences and similarities between the FUAs, among and within the single countries. In a further analysis the relationship between the level of residential segregation in the metropolitan FUAs of the selected EU countries and contextual demographic and socio-economic factors are investigated. Results indicate that, even if, the larger metropolitan areas attract more migrants, the highest levels of residential segregation are observed in smaller urban areas. Moreover important national peculiarities emerge clearly with countries of northwestern Europe recording lower levels of residential segregation compared to the Southern European countries. Finally, residential segregation shows clear relationships with some contextual factors, especially the ones related to economic well-being and the labour market in a positive manner.
Polymorph and Polytype Identification from Individual Mica Particles Using Selected Area Electron Diffraction
Authors: Gaillot Anne-Claire , Drits Victor A. , Lanson Bruno
Published: July 2020

Dioctahedral micas are composed of two tetrahedral sheets and one octahedral sheet to form TOT or 2:1 layers. These minerals are widespread and occur with structures differing by (1) the layer stacking mode (polytypes), (2) the location of vacancies among non-equivalent octahedral sites (polymorphs), and (3) the charge-compensating interlayer cation and isomorphic substitutions. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential of parallel-illumination electron diffraction (ED) to determine the polytype/polymorph of individual crystals of finely divided dioctahedral micas and to image their morphology. ED patterns were calculated along several zone axes close to the c*- and c-axes using the kinematical approximation for trans- and cis-vacant varieties of the four common mica polytypes (1M, 2M1, 2M2, and 3T). When properly oriented, all ED patterns have similar geometry, but differ by their intensity distribution over hk reflections of the zero-order Laue zone. Differences are enhanced for ED patterns calculated along the [001] zone axis. Identification criteria were proposed for polytype/polymorph identification, based on the qualitative distribution of bright and weak reflections. A database of ED patterns calculated along other zone axes was provided in case the optimum [001] orientation could not be found. Various polytype/polymorphs may exhibit similar ED patterns depending on the zone axis considered.
Potassium Reserves in the Clay Fraction of a Tropical Soil Fertilized for Three Decades
Authors: Firmano Ruan F. , Melo Vander Freitas , Montes Célia Regina , de Oliveira Adilson , de Castro Cesar , Alleoni Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú
Published: July 2020

Highly weathered soils of the humid tropics generally provide a poor mineral reserve of potassium (K), but evidence has been found which indicates that even in such soils non-exchangeable forms of K can be made plant available and this warrants further investigation. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the extent to which K can be released from poorly available reserves over a long period of time. The focus was on an Oxisol in southern Brazil cultivated for 32 years with a rotation of soybeans (Glycine max L.), maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and oats (Avena strigosa L.) with and without K fertilization. Mineral sources of K were identified by X-ray diffraction and by sequential chemical extraction from the clay fraction. The amounts of K-bearing mineral species and the amounts of total and plant-available K were quantified, then the effects of the long-term K-fertilization regime on these values were evaluated. The clay fraction was dominated by hematite, gibbsite, and phyllosilicates such as kaolinite. These minerals were unaffected by the K deprivation in the cropping systems, but in the clay fraction the absence of K fertilization for 32 years reduced the structural order of the 2:1 phyllosilicates associated with K reserves. This effect was most prominent in the root zone of the soil. Deprivation of K for more than three decades decreased the crystallinity of 2:1 phyllosilicates, which could be better evaluated from XRD patterns after the removal of kaolinite and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides. The K-free cultivation reduced the amounts of total soil K by increasing the depletion of K from pools that typically are poorly accessible to plants.
Gangs, Methodology and Ethical Protocols: Ethnographic Challenges in Researching Youth Street Groups
Authors: Feixa Carles , Sánchez-García Jose , Brisley Adam
Published: July 2020

Gangs have been described as an episodic phenomenon comparable across diverse geographical sites, with the US gang stereotype often acting as the archetype. Mirroring this trend, academic researchers have increasingly sought to survey the global topography of gangs through positivist methodologies that seek out universal characteristics of gangs in different cultural contexts. So, research about youth street groups requires an innovative methodological approach to develop a renewed approach for the twenty-first century’s youth street groups, different from the local, coetaneous, male and face-to-face model, used to understand the twentieth century’s gangs. How can complex social forms such as street gangs be researched in the twenty-first century? Can a single ethnographic approach be shared by researchers working in entirely different cultural contexts? What novel methodological and ethical challenges emerge from such a task and how might they be resolved? This article examines the methodological perspectives of the TRANSGANG project.
Basal melting over Subglacial Lake Ellsworth and its catchment: insights from englacial layering
Authors: Ross Neil , Siegert Martin
Published: July 2020

Deep-water ‘stable’ subglacial lakes likely contain microbial life adapted in isolation to extreme environmental conditions. How water is supplied into a subglacial lake, and how water outflows, is important for understanding these conditions. Isochronal radio-echo layers have been used to infer where melting occurs above Lake Vostok and Lake Concordia in East Antarctica but have not been used more widely. We examine englacial layers above and around Lake Ellsworth, West Antarctica, to establish where the ice sheet is ‘drawn down’ towards the bed and, thus, experiences melting. Layer drawdown is focused over and around the northwest parts of the lake as ice, flowing obliquely to the lake axis becomes afloat. Drawdown can be explained by a combination of basal melting and the Weertman effect, at the transition from grounded to floating ice. We evaluate the importance of these processes on englacial layering over Lake Ellsworth and discuss implications for water circulation and sediment deposition. We report evidence of a second subglacial lake near the head of the hydrological catchment and present a new high-resolution bed DEM and hydropotential model of the lake outlet zone. These observations provide insight into the connectivity between Lake Ellsworth and the wider subglacial hydrological system.
Clinical and Ethical Considerations in Allocation of Ventilators in an Influenza Pandemic or Other Public Health Disaster: A Comparison of the 2007 and 2015 New York State Ventilator Allocation Guidelines
Authors: Han Susie A. , Koch Valerie Gutmann
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

During an influenza or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that results in acute respiratory distress, the number of available ventilators will not meet demand. In 2007, the New York State Task Force on Life and the Law and Department of Health released draft Guidelines for ethical allocation of ventilators for adults. In 2015, updated guidelines were released to ensure that: (1) revisions reflect the public’s values and (2) the triage protocol is substantiated by evidence-based clinical data. We summarize the development and content of the 2015 Guidelines compared with the 2007 version, emphasizing new/revised aspects of the ethical considerations and clinical protocol.

Methods:

We compared the 2007 and 2015 guidelines, with particular emphasis on the ethical issues and clinical protocols.

Results:

The 2015 Guidelines retained much of the ethical and clinical framework of the 2007 draft. The triage protocol was revised using evidence-based clinical data. Patients with the highest likelihood of short-term survival with ventilator therapy have priority access. Protocol consists of exclusion criteria, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and periodic clinical assessments. Guidance is provided on secondary triage criteria. Other forms of medical intervention/palliative care and review of triage decisions are discussed.

Conclusions:

The 2015 Guidelines reflect advances in medicine and societal values and provide an evidenced-based framework to save the most lives. The framework could be adapted in other emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, that require ventilators.
Compensatory Application Provisions of Plant Protection Products to Protect Biodiversity
Authors: KOOF Alexander
Published: July 2020

For the protection of biodiversity, the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) pursues the goal of establishing compensation areas to balance unavoidable indirect effects on nature and the environment caused by the application of plant protection products. Whether there is a legal basis for this within either European Union or national law is one of the most debated and pressing issues currently in the authorisation procedure for plant protection products in Germany. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive legal assessment of whether it is legally permissible to make plant protection product authorisations contingent to compensatory application provisions to protect biodiversity.
SWORD CARRY IN THE ART OF ASHURNASIRPAL II: DISPLAYS OF DIVINE AUTHORITY
Authors: Chow Caleb T.
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the meaning behind the two methods of sword carry depicted in the iconography of Ashurnasirpal II. While the sword is regarded as a prestigious weapon tied to the owner's identity, the implications of how such an understanding of the sword in the Neo-Assyrian Empire might further delineate the underlying messages of the palace reliefs of Ashurnasirpal II remain unaddressed in secondary literature. As a result, through a combination of a cognitive analysis in regards to the significance of the sword's appearance in Neo-Assyrian texts and iconography as well as an analysis of visual formulas in the palace reliefs of Ashurnasirpal II as identified by Mehmet-Ali Ataç, this paper argues that the visual representation of the sword is intended to communicate not only the wielder's power and wealth but also the wielder's exercise or restraint of divine authority based on the carry method displayed.
Involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in schizophrenia-like behaviour in young animals after maternal immune activation
Authors: Ventura Letícia , Freiberger Viviane , Thiesen Vinicius B. , Dias Paula , Dutra Matheus L. , Silva Bruna B. , Schlindwein Aline D. , Comim Clarissa M.
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the involvement of nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in schizophrenia-like behaviour in young animals exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA).

Methods:

To this aim, on the 15th gestational day, the females received an injection of lipopolysaccharides. When the animals completed 7, 14 and 45 postnatal days, they were killed and the whole brain was dissected for biochemical analysis. Animals with 45 postnatal days were submitted to behavioural tests of locomotor activity, social interaction and stereotyped movements.

Results:

It was observed that the animals presented schizophrenia-like behaviour at 45 postnatal days associated with the increase of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and IL-1β levels on 7, 14 and 45 postnatal days.

Conclusion:

This study shows that MIA may be associated with a schizophrenia-like behaviour. This behaviour can be induced to a neuroinflammatory profile in the brain. These evidences may base future studies on the relationship between neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders.
Effects of dietary grapeseed extract on performance, energy and nitrogen balance as well as methane and nitrogen losses of lambs and goat kids
Authors: Sinz Susanne , Leparmarai Paul Taipa , Liesegang Annette , Ortmann Sylvia , Kreuzer Michael , Marquardt Svenja
Published: July 2020

The influence of phenol-rich dietary grapeseed extract on performance, energy and N balance and methane production was determined in sixteen lambs and thirteen goat kids (body weight 20·5 and 19·0 kg, 2 months of age, day 1 of study). Half of the animals received a concentrate containing grapeseed extract, and the others received concentrate without grapeseed extract (total extractable phenols analysed 27 v. 9 g/kg dietary DM; concentrate and hay 1:1). Diets were fed for 7 weeks with 1 week for determining intake, excretion and gaseous exchange in metabolism crates and respiration chambers. Overall, there was an adverse effect of the phenolic diet on apparent N digestibility and body N retention. Faecal N loss as proportion of N intake increased while urinary N loss declined. Relative to N intake, total N excretion was higher and body N retention lower in goat kids than lambs. Diets and animal species had no effect on methane emissions. The saliva of the goat kids had a higher binding capacity for condensed tannins (CT). Goat kids on the phenolic diet had higher CT concentrations in faeces and excreted more CT compared with the lambs (interaction species × diet P < 0·001). The lambs had overall higher (P < 0·001) urinary phenol concentrations than the goat kids (2·19 v. 1·48 g/l). The negative effect on body N retention and lack of effect on methane emissions make the use of the extract in the dosage applied not appealing. Species differences need to be considered in future studies.
Effect of oral or intragastric delivery of the bitter tastant quinine on food intake and appetite sensations: a randomised crossover trial
Authors: Klaassen Tim , Keszthelyi Daniel , Alleleyn Annick M. E. , Wilms Ellen , Bast Aalt , Masclee Adrian A. M. , Troost Freddy J.
Published: July 2020

Stimulation of gastrointestinal taste receptors affects eating behaviour. Intraduodenal infusion of tastants leads to increased satiation and reduced food intake, whereas intraileal infusion of tastants does not affect eating behaviour. Currently, it is unknown whether oral- or intragastric administration of tastants induces a larger effect on eating behaviour. This study investigated the effects of oral- and/or intragastric administration of quinine on food intake, appetite sensations and heart rate variability (HRV). In a blinded randomised crossover trial, thirty-two healthy volunteers participated in four interventions with a 1-week washout: oral placebo and intragastric placebo (OPGP), oral quinine and intragastric placebo (OQGP), oral placebo and intragastric quinine (OPGQ) and oral quinine and intragastric quinine (OQGQ). On test days, 150 min after a standardised breakfast, subjects ingested a capsule containing quinine or placebo and were sham-fed a mixture of quinine or placebo orally. At 50 min after intervention, subjects received an ad libitum meal to measure food intake. Visual analogue scales for appetite sensations were collected, and HRV measurements were performed at regular intervals. Oral and/or intragastric delivery of the bitter tastant quinine did not affect food intake (OPGP: 3273·6 (sem 131·8) kJ, OQGP: 3072·7 (sem 132·2) kJ, OPGQ: 3289·0 (sem 132·6) kJ and OQGQ: 3204·1 (sem 133·1) kJ, P = 0·069). Desire to eat and hunger decreased after OQGP and OPGQ compared with OPGP (P < 0·001 and P < 0·05, respectively), whereas satiation, fullness and HRV did not differ between interventions. In conclusion, sole oral sham feeding with and sole intragastric delivery of quinine decreased desire to eat and hunger, without affecting food intake, satiation, fullness or HRV.
Restructuring ENT out-patient services during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic – an iterative approach
Authors: Halliwell-Ewen M , Atkin B , Huins C T , Dalton C L
Published: July 2020

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 has demanded enormous adjustments to National Health Service provisions. Non-urgent out-patient work was initially postponed or performed virtually, but is now being re-established. In ENT surgery, aerosol-generating procedures pose a particular challenge in out-patient settings.

Objective

A rapid restructuring of ENT out-patient services is required, to safely accommodate aerosol-generating procedures and increase in-person attendances, whilst coronavirus disease 2019 persists.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively over four consecutive cycles. Two surveys were conducted. Results were analysed and disseminated, with recommendations for service restructuring implemented at cycle end-points.

Results

Out-patient activity increased four-fold, associated with a significant rise in aerosol-generating procedures during the study period. Mean aerosol-generating procedure duration dropped weekly, implying a learning curve. Service restructuring occurred at cycle end-points.

Conclusion

Iterative data gathering, results analysis and outcome dissemination enabled a swift, data-driven approach to the restructuring of ENT out-patient services. Patient and staff safety was ensured, whilst out-patient capacity was optimised.
Cercarial swimming performance and its potential role as a key variable of trematode transmission
Authors: Morley Neil J.
Published: July 2020

Trematode transmission in aquatic habitats from molluscan intermediate host to vertebrate or invertebrate target host is typically undertaken by a free-living stage known as cercariae. Active locomotion by cercariae is a key aspect of the transmission process with the swimming speed potentially contributing to infection success. Individual cercarial species swim at different speeds but the significance of this to infection potential has not been determined. This study, using data from the scientific literature, investigates the role of swimming speed in relation to cercarial morphology, host-searching strategies and target host species. Larger cercariae swim faster than smaller ones with tail length being the principal factor controlling locomotion rates. Different cercarial morphotypes swim at different speeds, in particular, furcocercariae, with the exception of the schistosomes, being faster swimmers than mono-tailed cercariae. Host-searching behaviour has a significant influence on swimming speeds with ‘active-searching’ strategies swimming slower than those adopting ‘active-waiting’ or ‘prey mimcry’ strategies. Vertebrate-infecting cercariae swim faster than those infecting invertebrates with species targeting fish demonstrating the highest locomotion rates and those targeting arthropods the slowest speeds. The adaptions of individual cercarial swimming speeds to biological variables and their interactions with the physical processes of aquatic habitats are discussed.
Delayed Bilateral Teleoperation of the Speed and Turn Angle of a Bipedal Robot
Authors: Moya Viviana , Slawiñski Emanuel , Mut Vicente
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes a shared control scheme which aims to achieve a stable control of the speed and turn of a bipedal robot during a delayed bilateral teleoperation. The strategy allows to get a delay-dependent damping value that must be injected to assure a bounded response of the hybrid system, while simultaneously, the human operator receives a force feedback that help him to decrease the synchronism error. Furthermore, a test where a human operator handles the walking of a simulated bipedal robot, to follow a curve path in front of varying time delay, is performed and analyzed.
Use of 911 for Rapid Re-Triage of Critical Trauma Patients
Authors: Toy Jake , Kazan Clayton , Gausche-Hill Marianne , Bosson Nichole
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 911 trauma re-triage protocol implemented at a new community hospital in a region with a high volume of trauma and frequent transports by private vehicle.

Methods:

This retrospective cohort study included all trauma patients ≥15 years old transferred via 911 trauma re-triage from a new community hospital over a 10-month period from August 2015 through April 2016. Criteria for 911 trauma re-triage were developed with input from local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and trauma experts. An educational module, along with the criteria and implementation steps, was distributed to the emergency department (ED) personnel at the community hospital. Data were abstracted from the regional trauma registry, and the EMS patient care records were reviewed. Primary outcomes were: (1) median total transport time; and (2) proportion of patients who met the 911 re-triage criteria.

Results:

During the study period, 32 patients with traumatic injuries were transferred via 911 re-triage to the closest trauma center (TC). The median age of patients was 31 years (IQR 24-45 years) with 78% male and 66% suffering from a penetrating mechanism. The median prehospital provider scene time was 10 minutes (IQR 8-12 minutes) and transport time was seven minutes (IQR 6-9 minutes). Median total transport time was 17 minutes (IQR 15-20 minutes). Seventeen patients (53%) met 911 re-triage criteria as determined by study investigators. The most common criteria met was “penetrating injury to the head, neck, or torso” in 14 cases.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated that 911 re-triage was a feasible strategy to expeditiously transfer critical trauma patients to a TC within a mature trauma system in an urban-suburban setting with a median total transport time of 17 minutes.
Will Kymlicka Goes Practical: Politics Meets (Political) Theory
Authors: Fedotov Egor
Published: July 2020

Will Kymlicka’s liberal theory of justice and of minority rights provides a useful explanation of why the rights of national cultural minorities are worthy of being protected. Kymlicka argues in particular that minorities’ exploitation of their own cultures (read: languages) supplies them with the possibility to make some meaningful (life) choices. It follows, then, that deprivation of such exploitation constitutes a deprivation of individuals’ liberty. Kymlicka’s liberal theory of justice and of minority rights, however, is deficient in the two major respects. In the first respect, it is plagued by ambiguities as regards Kymlicka’s theoretical treatment of justice as a factor that helps to account for the change of states’ policies towards national cultural minorities. In the second respect, it accords remarkably little room, at the end of the day, to the possibility of there being legitimate concerns shareable by majorities rather than minorities regarding minority rights claims in ethnic politics. It follows, then, that re-thinking of received insights is called for.
Coping with negative shocks and the role of the farm input subsidy programme in rural Malawi
Authors: Ajefu Joseph B. , Efobi Uchenna , Beecroft Ibukun
Published: July 2020

This study uses household panel data from Malawi's 2010/11 and 2012/13 Integrated Household Panel Survey to investigate the mitigating role of its Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) against the deleterious impacts of negative rainfall shock on households’ welfare in rural Malawi. The study finds that the FISP has a cushioning role on the negative impact of rainfall shocks. The use of a farm input subsidy scheme enables rural households to substantially increase their food consumption and overall food security, despite the increasing threat of climate change. The results of this study highlight the importance of agricultural policy, such as the FISP, in rural households’ mitigation of weather risk.
Democratic altruism
Authors: Tanasoca Ana , Dryzek John S.
Published: July 2020

Transnational altruism comes in many forms, prominently among them private giving through charitable NGOs. This paper focuses on the altruistic actions of those giving to charitable organizations and especially on the subsequent altruistic choices of those second-order, donor-organizations. Leaving choices about how donated money should be used exclusively in the hands of donors is morally problematic in various ways. This is why transnational relationships that involve private giving from rich to poor should be democratized. We propose thus a new moral principle for guiding altruistic behavior: democratic altruism. We develop our argument by focusing on the moral powers and formative agency that donors exercise through their charitable behavior, in particular through their choice to support particular types of aid or organizations. We argue that if and when donors give, they should do so in a way that allows the poor to exercise formative agency as well, in decisions over how donated resources should be used on the ground.
Characteristics of Future Warmer Base States in CESM2
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. , Bates Susan , Richter Jadwiga H. , Tebaldi Claudia , Gettelman Andrew , Medeiros Brian , Bacmeister Julio , DeRepentigny Patricia , Rosenbloom Nan , Shields Christine , Hu Aixue , Teng Haiyan , Mills Michael J. , Strand Gary
Published: July 2020

Simulations of 21st century climate with Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) using the standard atmosphere (CAM6), denoted CESM2(CAM6), and the latest generation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM6), denoted CESM2(WACCM6), are presented, and a survey of general results is described. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of CESM2(CAM6) is 5.3°C, and CESM2(WACCM6) is 4.8°C, while the transient climate response (TCR) is 2.1°C in CESM2(CAM6) and 2.0°C in CESM2(WACCM6). Thus, these two CESM2 model versions have higher values of ECS than the previous generation of model, the CESM (CAM5) (hereafter CESM1), that had an ECS of 4.1°C, though the CESM2 versions have lower values of TCR compared to the CESM1 with a somewhat higher value of 2.3°C. All model versions produce credible simulations of the time evolution of historical global surface temperature. The higher ECS values for the CESM2 versions are reflected in higher values of global surface temperature increase by 2,100 in CESM2(CAM6) and CESM2(WACCM6) compared to CESM1 between comparable emission scenarios for the high forcing scenario. Future warming among CESM2 model versions and scenarios diverges around 2050. The larger values of TCR and ECS in CESM2(CAM6) compared to CESM1 are manifested by greater warming in the tropics. Associated with a higher climate sensitivity, for CESM2(CAM6) the first instance of an ice‐free Arctic in September occurs for all scenarios and ensemble members in the 2030–2050 time frame, but about a decade later in CESM2(WACCM6), occurring around 2040–2060.
Saturn's Nightside Dynamics During Cassini's F Ring and Proximal Orbits: Response to Solar Wind and Planetary Period Oscillation Modulations
Authors: Bradley T. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Bunce E. J. , Melin H. , Provan G. , Nichols J. D. , Dougherty M. K. , Roussos E. , Krupp N. , Tao C. , Lamy L. , Pryor W. R. , Hunt G. J.
Published: July 2020

We examine the final 44 orbits of the Cassini spacecraft traversing the midnight sector of Saturn's magnetosphere to distances of ~21 Saturn radii, to investigate responses to heliospheric conditions inferred from model solar wind and Cassini galactic cosmic ray flux data. Clear storm responses to anticipated magnetospheric compressions are observed in magnetic field and energetic particle data, together with Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), auroral hiss, and ultraviolet auroral emissions. Most compression events are associated with corotating interaction regions, producing ~2–3.5 day intervals of magnetospheric activity that are recurrent with the ~26 day solar rotation period (one or two such events per rotation), though one on the final pass is related to a nonrecurrent interplanetary shock possibly associated with an earlier X‐class solar flare. The response to compressions is modulated by the concurrent relative phasing of the northern and southern planetary period oscillation (PPO) systems, with long (>1 planetary rotation) SKR low‐frequency extension (LFE) intervals associated with strong field‐aligned coupling currents being favored when the two PPO systems act together to thin and thicken the tail plasma sheet during each PPO cycle. LFE onsets/intensifications are then favored at thin plasma sheet phases most unstable to reconnection, producing energetic nightside particle injections and poleward contractions of dawn‐brightened auroras. Correspondingly, solar rotation recurrent intervals of magnetospheric quiet conditions also occur with weak energetic particle fluxes and auroral emissions, associated with extended solar wind rarefactions. Overall, the results emphasize how strongly activity in Saturn's magnetosphere is modulated by concurrent heliospheric conditions.
Correction: Dependency on the TYK2/STAT1/MCL1 axis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Prutsch Nicole , Gurnhofer Elisabeth , Suske Tobias , Liang Huan Chang , Schlederer Michaela , Roos Simone , Wu Lawren C. , Simonitsch-Klupp Ingrid , Alvarez-Hernandez Andrea , Kornauth Christoph , Leone Dario A. , Svinka Jasmin , Eferl Robert , Limberger Tanja , Aufinger Astrid , Shirsath Nitesh , Wolf Peter , Hielscher Thomas , Sternberg Christina , Aberger Fritz , Schmoellerl Johannes , Stoiber Dagmar , Strobl Birgit , Jäger Ulrich , Staber Philipp B. , Grebien Florian , Moriggl Richard , Müller Mathias , Inghirami Giorgio G. , Sanda Takaomi , Look A. Thomas , Turner Suzanne D. , Kenner Lukas , Merkel Olaf
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction
Authors: Lin Huang , Peddada Shyamal Das
Published: July 2020

Differential abundance (DA) analysis of microbiome data continues to be a challenging problem due to the complexity of the data. In this article we define the notion of “sampling fraction” and demonstrate a major hurdle in performing DA analysis of microbiome data is the bias introduced by differences in the sampling fractions across samples. We introduce a methodology called Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes with Bias Correction (ANCOM-BC), which estimates the unknown sampling fractions and corrects the bias induced by their differences among samples. The absolute abundance data are modeled using a linear regression framework. This formulation makes a fundamental advancement in the field because, unlike the existing methods, it (a) provides statistically valid test with appropriate p-values, (b) provides confidence intervals for differential abundance of each taxon, (c) controls the False Discovery Rate (FDR), (d) maintains adequate power, and (e) is computationally simple to implement.
IRSp53 controls plasma membrane shape and polarized transport at the nascent lumen in epithelial tubules
Authors: Bisi Sara , Marchesi Stefano , Rizvi Abrar , Carra Davide , Beznoussenko Galina V. , Ferrara Ines , Deflorian Gianluca , Mironov Alexander , Bertalot Giovanni , Pisati Federica , Oldani Amanda , Cattaneo Angela , Saberamoli Ghazaleh , Pece Salvatore , Viale Giuseppe , Bachi Angela , Tripodo Claudio , Scita Giorgio , Disanza Andrea
Published: July 2020

It is unclear whether the establishment of apical–basal cell polarity during the generation of epithelial lumens requires molecules acting at the plasma membrane/actin interface. Here, we show that the I-BAR-containing IRSp53 protein controls lumen formation and the positioning of the polarity determinants aPKC and podocalyxin. Molecularly, IRSp53 acts by regulating the localization and activity of the small GTPase RAB35, and by interacting with the actin capping protein EPS8. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we further show that IRSp53 ensures the shape and continuity of the opposing plasma membrane of two daughter cells, leading to the formation of a single apical lumen. Genetic removal of IRSp53 results in abnormal renal tubulogenesis, with altered tubular polarity and architectural organization. Thus, IRSp53 acts as a membrane curvature-sensing platform for the assembly of multi-protein complexes that control the trafficking of apical determinants and the integrity of the luminal plasma membrane.