bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Crisis and Resilience Planning – How to Measure Huge and Compound Disaster that Causes National Crisis –
Authors: Nakabayashi Itsuki ,   Graduate School of Political Science and Economics, Meiji University Kanda Surugadai 1-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan,   ,
Published: October 2016

In the last two decades, three great earthquakes have occurred in Japan: the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995, the Mid-Niigata earthquake of 2004, and the East Japan Earthquake of 2011. After the East Japan earthquake, a devastating tsunami caused significant casualties and home destruction. More than 18,500 people were killed and more than 121,000 homes were destroyed. In addition, the tsunami destroyed nuclear power stations, which resulted in a severe crisis not previously experienced in Japan.

On the other hand, earthquake disasters on a huge scale have been announced to occur as probability of about 70% in the next three decades. One such earthquake is Tokyo inland earthquake that destroys 610,000 homes and kills 23,000 people, and the other is the Nankai Trough earthquake that destroys 2,380,000 homes and kills 320,000 people. In addition, compound disasters where one disaster merges with another disaster may cause damage on a mega scale in this century.

In order to address these mega disasters, it is very important to make efforts to reduce damage in the pre-disaster period. According to local plans for national resilience, each municipality must make efforts to reduce level of damage which is able to response trough a Business Continuity Plan (BCP). In addition, each municipality must implement long-term urban projects with a vision toward reconstruction after a mega disaster trough a pre-disaster recovery and reconstruction plan. It is necessary to make revolutionary efforts rather than standard disaster management efforts to reduce damages in the pre-disaster period.
Impact Analysis of Various Earthquake Scenarios Using a Simplified Web Application for Earthquake Damage Estimation
Authors: Suzuki Shingo ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience 3-1 Tennnodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan,   ,
Published: October 2016

An earthquake in metropolitan Tokyo would be a national crisis in terms of the enormous number of affected population and properties and various types of complicated damages and impact in areas where there is a concentration of capital, social, and economic functions. Moreover, the process of being affected by the disaster is so complicated that it has not been fully understood and the various possibilities of earthquake occurrence scenarios have not been fully analyzed. In addition, those understandings and analyses have not been fully utilized for disaster mitigation or preparedness.

Intended to estimate complicated phenomena, this study discusses a method to analyze various phenomena by breaking down a method for estimation component pieces, making each piece work as a web service, and getting them to cooperate with one another as necessary. We also develop an earthquake-disaster estimation web application that can analyze seismic intensity, exposed population, lifelines, business establishments, goods supply and demand, and so on.

Using an exposed population, the period of business disruption at business establishments, the supply and demand balance of necessities, and an amount of exposure of administrative functions as impact indices, we use our method to analyze the change in impact indices at many epicenters exhaustively plotted in the metropolitan Tokyo area. As a result, the scenario of an earthquake with a great impact is quantified in light of the earthquake susceptibility of the ground, distribution of population, business establishments, administrative functions, and so on.
Comparative Limnological Studies in Mysuru City
Authors: Kumar D Shiva , M R Abhilash , A Nagaraju , N Smitha , C Shivalingaiah
Published: October 2016

Water security is emerging as an important and imperative issue for India. Many Indian cities are experiencing moderate to severe water shortages due to understood effects of industrialization and urbanization. These shortages would be further provoked by population stress and irrigation requirements that are major factors related to water insecurity. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world's population, live in areas of physical scarcity and 500 million people are approaching this situation. Another 1.6 billion people or almost one quarter of the world's population, are facing economic water shortage. Water use is growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century. The water bodies, rivers, lakes, dams and estuaries are continuously subject to dynamic state of change with respect to the geological age and geochemical characteristics. The dynamic balance in the aquatic ecosystem is upset by human activities, resulting in pollution which is manifested dramatically as fish kill, offensive taste, odor, color, and unchecked aquatic weeds. Consequences of such human activities and discharge of sewage water makes the existence of the lakes more vulnerable. It is the prime necessary to take immediate remedial action to prevent all anthropogenic activities in the studied lakes or else the lakes will become biologically barren and will be lost forever. In the present study an attempt was made to know the physical, chemical, characteristic of lake water of selected lakes of Mysuru city. 
A Comparative Study of Vijay Tendulkar’s Kamala and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House
Authors: Gupta Kanchana , Srivastava Mrinal
Published: October 2016

                                                             Vijay Tendulkar is hailed as one of the most influential dramatists in India since the last forty years. He is a prolific playwright with twenty-eight full length plays, twenty-four one–act plays, seventeen film scripts, eleven children plays and a novel in Marathi language to his credit. Many of his plays have been translated into English and other Indian languages. One of his plays Kamala published in 1981 was originally written in Marathi. It was later translated by Priya Adarkar. The play exposes the hypocritical attitude of the society towards women. It draws attention towards issues like the flesh market, the condition of typical Indian women (as portrayal through the characters of Sarita and Kamala), the unsolved discord in the marital lives of Indian couples etc. It also brings to our mind Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House which was published in 1879. The similarities in both these modern plays are beleaguered by their male characters and lucid imagery but the virtuous female characters here undergo unrelenting anguish. Both present a story of abent husbands who want a wife to behave just like puppet irrespective of whether she is literate or illiterate. 
A study on relationship between achievement in mathematics and attitude towards mathematics of secondary school students’
Authors: Bhowmik Monoranjan , Banerjee (Roy) Bharati
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate high school students’ attitude towards mathematics and achievement in mathematics. For this purpose, the methodology employed in this study was a descriptive type. The participants of this study consisted of 394 secondary (class ten) students from six different high schools. The Mathematics Attitude Scale and Mathematics achievement questioner developed and standardized by the authors. The data was quantitatively analysed by using independent samples t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (0.05 significant level) using SPSS software. Findings showed that in gender difference there had significant difference on the students’ attitude towards mathematics, though there is not so significant difference in achievement in mathematics. Also there is a significant positive correlation between attitude towards mathematics and achievement in mathematics.
Respons Tanaman Bawang Merah Asal Biji True Shallot Seeds terhadap Kerapatan Tanaman pada Musim Hujan
Authors: Sumarni Nani , Sopha Gina Alia , Gaswanto Redy
Published: October 2016

Kerapatan tanaman merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat memengaruhi produksi umbi bawang merah asal true shallots seed (TSS) pada musim hujan (off-season). Tujuan penelitian ialah menentukan  kerapatan tanaman yang sesuai untuk produksi umbi beberapa varietas bawang merah dari TSS. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan petani di dataran rendah Cirebon, dari bulan November 2010 sampai dengan Februari 2011. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah acak kelompok pola faktorial, dengan dua faktor dan empat ulangan. Faktor pertama ialah tanaman asal TSS beberapa varietas  bawang merah, yaitu Allium ascalonicum cv. Maja, Bima, dan Tuk-Tuk sebagai pembanding. Faktor kedua ialah kerapatan tanaman, yaitu 100 dan 150 tanaman per m2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terjadi interaksi antara varietas dan kerapatan tanaman terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil umbi bawang merah asal TSS. Varietas dan kerapatan tanaman tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil umbi bawang merah asal TSS, tetapi berpengaruh terhadap jumlah tanaman yang dapat dipanen umbinya. Varietas Tuk-Tuk sebagai pembanding dan kerapatan tanaman yang tinggi (150 tanaman per m2) menunjukkan jumlah tanaman yang dapat dipanen paling sedikit. Hasil umbi kering asal TSS paling tinggi diperoleh pada A. ascalonicum cv. varietas Maja dengan kerapatan 100 tanaman/m2, yaitu sebesar 5,15 t/ha. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan bermanfaat bagi pengguna untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas umbi bawang merah pada musim hujan.
Pengaruh Myoinositol dan Arang Aktif terhadap Pertumbuhan Planlet Anggrek Dendrobium dalam Kultur In Vitro
Authors: Widiastoeti Dyah , Santi Anggraeni , Solvia Nina
Published: October 2016

ABSTRAK.  Anggrek Dendrobium merupakan tanaman hias komersial yang sangat penting di Indonesia. Optimasi media dalam kultur in vitro sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan dan mempercepat pertumbuhan planlet. Salah satu cara untuk mengoptimalisasi media in vitro yaitu dengan pemberian myoinositol dan arang aktif. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengetahui pengaruh myoinositol dan arang aktif terhadap pertumbuhan planlet Dendrobium. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias Pasarminggu, Jakarta mulai Bulan Juni sampai dengan Desember 2010.  Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak  kelompok dengan delapan perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas konsentrasi myoinositol  0, 50, 100, dan 150 mg/l dengan dan tanpa penambahan arang aktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian myoinositol 50 mg/l tanpa arang aktif dapat meningkatkan tinggi planlet, panjang dan lebar daun, sedangkan myoinositol 100 mg/l dengan penambahan arang aktif 2 g/l meningkatkan pertumbuhan jumlah dan panjang akar terbaik.

ABSTRACT. Widiastoety, D, Santi, A, and Solvia, N 2012. Effect of Myoinositol and Activated Charcoal on the Growth of Dendrobium Orchid Plantlets in In Vitro Culture. This study was aims to determine the effect of myoinositol and activated charcoal on the growth of Dendrobium plantlets. Dendrobium is one of the most important commercial orchids in Indonesia. Media optimization is critical factor to improve and to promote plantlet growth.  One of the methods to enrich the medium was by the use of myoinositol and activated charcoal. The study was conducted at the In Vitro Culture Laboratory of Indonesian Ornamental Crops Plants Research Institute Pasarminggu, Jakarta from June through December 2010. A completely randomized design with eight treatments and five replications was used in this experiment. The treatments given were myoinositol 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l with and without addition of activated charcoal. The results showed that application of myoinositol 50 mg/l without activated charcoal enhance the plantlet height, length, and leave width, while myoinositol 100 mg/l with addition of activated charcoal 2 g/l increased the highest number of the root and the longest root growth.
McGrathMAC versus ProAct illumination during laryngoscopy in a pre‐hospital patient with maxillofacial trauma
Authors: Gillespie Michael , Dunn Mark
Published: October 2016

During a case of pre‐hospital anaesthesia, the presence of dried oropharyngeal blood from maxillo‐facial trauma was found to adversely affect illumination when using the McGrath® MAC enhanced direct laryngoscope, using both direct laryngoscopy and video‐laryngoscopy via its LCD screen. A second attempt using direct laryngoscopy with a standard battery handle operated laryngoscope (ProAct®Metal Max 100) was noted to provide far superior light quality, intensity and spread. Subsequent comparison of light under basic test conditions demonstrated lower luminance and spread of light with the McGrath® MAC when compared with the standard ProAct® (both with Macintosh size 4 attachments).
Successful use of a size 2 D‐blade and C‐MAC videolaryngoscope in a child with a difficult airway
Authors: Sinha Renu , Jambunathan Venkateswaran , Ray Bikash Ranjan
Published: October 2016

Difficult airways are a cause of morbidity and mortality and.various equipment has been used to manage them. Newer blades for videolaryngoscopes have been developed for paediatric use. We report the case of 9‐year‐old female scheduled for a lower lid reconstruction who had a difficult airway. The child had a past history of surgery for nasopharyngeal teratoma via a transmandibular approach with mandibular plating. She had reduced mouth opening, a receding mandible and misaligned teeth. After failed visualisation of the glottis with a C‐MAC videolaryngoscope size 2 Macintosh blade, a C‐MAC videolaryngoscope size 2 D‐blade improved the glottic view and tracheal intubation was successful.
Transient post‐anaesthetic foreign language fixation: two case reports
Authors: Ivashkov Yulia , Hui Cyrus , Bhananker Sanjay M
Published: October 2016

Transient post‐anaesthetic foreign language fixation, the temporary loss of the ability to speak and/or comprehend native language with activation of a long forgotten foreign language, is extremely rare. Only five cases have previously been reported and we present two more cases of this intriguing phenomenon.

Case 1: a 52‐year‐old English speaking male temporarily lost the ability to understand or speak English after uneventful orthopaedic surgery. He communicated in French which he had learnt as a child but had never spoken.

Case 2: a 28‐year‐old English speaking male after an uneventful repair of an orbital floor fracture could speak only Spanish for approximately 10 min, though he retained the ability to understand English. He had learnt Spanish at school but had never used it although he admitted previous similar episodes during severe alcohol intoxication.
O curso de pós-graduação lato sensu em Farmácia Hospitalar em Oncologia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva e suas relações na formação de recursos humanos para atuação na Rede de Atenção Oncológica.
Authors: Soeiro Pantoja Wendell Mauro
Published: October 2016

Este artigo aborda o curso de pós-graduação lato sensu no molde de Especialização em Farmácia Hospitalar em Oncologia e sua transição para o molde de Residência Multiprofissional em Oncologia, oferecido pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (Inca/MS). São apresentados dados relativos aos anos de 2009 a 2012, apontandoas principais modificações que ocorreram nesta fase de transição. Os dados abordam as mudanças em relação ao número e à titulação de preceptores e do corpo discente. As monografias produzidas foram tabuladas por áreas de atuação em Farmácia Hospitalar, bem como os principais descritores. Com isso, procurou-se estabelecer a relação entre Farmácia Hospitalar em Oncologia e a formação de recursos humanos com capacidade técnica para atuar na Rede de Atenção Oncológica.
Reflexive cacti: A survey
Authors: Mihailovic Bojana , Rasajski Marija , Stanic Zoran
Published: October 2016

A graph is called reexive if its second largest eigenvalue does not exceed 2.
We survey the results on reexive cacti obtained in the last two decades. We
also discuss various patterns of appearing of Smith graphs as subgraphs of
reexive cacti. In the Appendix, we survey the recent results concerning
reexive bipartite regular graphs.
A comparision of industrial and homemade bulgur in Turkey in terms of physical, chemical and nutritional properties
Authors: Ertaş Nilgün
Published: October 2016

Determination of functional and nutritional properties of bulgur is of paramount importance for the growth of healthy generations. In this study, physical, chemical, nutritional and sensorial qualities of bulgur produced at the industrial, homemade and laboratory scale in Turkey were determined and the results were compared. The ash content of bulgur samples was determined between 1.04 and 1.81%, the total protein contents of the samples were found between 11.90 and 14.47%. Evaluation of nutritional status of bulgur; the total phenolic contents value varied 449.82 to 1047.09 ?g/g, the phytic acid values were found between 422.14 and 1173.56 mg/100 g. The mineral contents of the samples were analyzed, and all the bulgur samples contained lower amounts of cadmium and lead than JECFA limits. Homemade bulgur samples had a more aromatic taste and smell than industrially produced bulgur samples, and also industrially produced bulgur samples had lighter color than homemade bulgur.
The biotechnological production of xanthan on vegetable oil industry wastewaters. Part I: Modelling and optimization
Authors: Bajic Bojana , Vucurovic Damjan , Dodic Sinisa , Roncevic Zorana , Grahovac Jovana , Dodic Jelena
Published: October 2016

The aim of this research was to examine the possibility of using the vegetable oil industry wastewater as the basis of the cultivation media for xanthan production, using Xanthomonas campestris ATCC 13951, in order to reuse the wastewater obtained in one industry as a raw material in another. Furthermore, the aim was to optimize the composition of wastewater based media in terms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. Experiments were carried out in accordance with the Box-Behnken design with three factors on three levels (glucose: 10.00- -30.00 g/L; nitrogen: 0.02-0.20 g/L; phosphorus: 0.0045-0.045 g/L) and three repetitions at the central point. The success of biosynthesis was assessed by analysing broths to determine xanthan yield, cultivation broth apparent viscosity, residual carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. Graphical and numerical optimization using response surface methodology was performed to determine the optimal content values of the carbon source, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The results of graphical optimization suggest that for the defined response interval values, the defined model predicts that the xanthan production is possible when 15.00-16.00 g/L of the carbon source, 0.02-0.09 g/L of nitrogen and 0.01-0.02 g/L of phosphorus are added to the media that as a basis contains vegetable oil industry wastewater.
Job satisfaction among doctors of a tertiary care hospital of eastern India
Authors: Bhattacherjee Sharmistha , Ray Kuntala , Roy Jayanta Kumar , Mukherjee Abhijit , Roy Hironmoy , Datta Saikat
Published: October 2016

Background: Job satisfaction expresses the extent of congruence between an individual’s expectation of the job and the reward that the job provides. Job satisfaction among doctors is an issue that is of utmost importance because of factors like patient relationships and time pressures associated with managed care. The current study was done to determine the level of job satisfaction in doctors posted in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India and to find out the factors associated with it.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 255 doctors posted in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire consisting of 49 items addressing the seven domains of job satisfaction, where higher values indicated higher level of satisfaction. The average scores of items were computed to construct factor scores for each individual. Two stage cluster analysis was performed to get the proportion of satisfied doctors and binary logistic regression was used for comparison of predictors of job satisfaction.Results: The proportion of job satisfaction was found to be 59.6% and the most important factor was found to be working space. On adjustment, the odds of being satisfied were found to be higher in the older age groups, among males, doctors posted in preclinical or paraclinical departments and those staying in present setting for 5 years or more.Conclusion: More than half of the doctors were found to be satisfied with their job which can help the policy makers to make necessary strategies to increase the level of satisfaction of the employees.
Evolution of technology in teaching: Blackboard and beyond in Medical Education
Authors: Muttappallymyalil Jayakumary , Mendis Susirith , John Lisha Jenny , Shanthakumari Nisha , Sreedharan Jayadevan , Shaikh Rizwana B
Published: October 2016

Teaching and learning - the passing of knowledge from one generation to another - has been in existence from the earliest times of human civilization. It began in 1801, with a large piece of slate hung on the wall in a school in Scotland to provide information to a large audience at one time. In the US by mid-19th century, every class room had a blackboard to teach students. The modern version of the blackboard is either green or brown board. This was introduced in late 1960s. The whiteboards came into use during the late 1980s. Projected aids have been used since 1420. The various devices used are the epidiascope, slide projector, overhead projector for transparencies and the micro projector. An instrument to project images from a horizontal surface onto a vertical screen was invented in the 1870s. By the 1960s, transparencies were in use in classrooms.The ‘Hyalotype’, a transparent image of a photograph using actual black and white photographs on a glass slide that could be projected was invented in 1851. By 1916, the German company Agfa started producing colored lantern slides. The first version of PowerPoint was released by Microsoft in the year 1990.Cell phones, palmtops, and handheld computers; tablets, laptops, and media players are included under mobile learning devices. With the evolution of technology, students achieved competence and interested in interactive learning. The education industry has moved from distance learning to e-learning and finally to m-learning as knowledge expanded exponentially and the demand escalated.While using teaching aids with advanced technology, we must not forget the lessons from the past, striking a balance between embracing new methods of teaching and learning while upholding the timeless principles of education. The newer educational technology can be part of a comprehensive system for lifelong education.
Exercising Moral Authority: The Power of Guilt in Health and Fitness Discourses
Authors: Harman Anita
Published: October 2016

In this article, I discuss the presence and power of guilt in health and fitness discourses. As an intangible force, guilt has material—often negative—effects on women's lives; it is an active ingredient in gendered societal messages celebrating and moralizing an idealized fit feminine body. I invoke “the imperative pathway” to illustrate how discourses around women's exercise, health, and bodies create an impasse fraught with guilt feelings: complex social forces impose a nexus of competing responsibilities and expectations, even while bodies impose physical limitations. Ultimately, I question the ethical sensitivity of health and fitness promoters who induce guilt feelings.
Pick It Up! Older Women Show Us How It's Done
Authors: Conway Alison
Published: October 2016

Bruce Grierson's What Makes Olga Run? and Margaret Webb's Older Faster Stronger investigate the science of aging and exercise, the place of physical competition in women's lives, and the social backdrop against which women strive for personal goals as athletes. They highlight the significance of women's athleticism for our understanding of self-respect, care, and community.
Core Workout: A Feminist Critique of Definitions, Hyperfemininity, and the Medicalization of Fitness
Authors: Sailors Pam R. , Teetzel Sarah , Weaving Charlene
Published: October 2016

In this essay, we distinguish between fitness and sport and provide a feminist account of fitness to set the stage for analysis of the conflict between norms of femininity, heteronormativity, and fitness. We examine the medicalization of fitness to show that women's participation in it is contested terrain and involves traditional sexist ideals of women's body capabilities. In order for women to achieve bodily agency, we propose that fitness activities should involve a do-it-yourself ethos. Addressing these issues contributes to the bioethics literature concerning the philosophy of sport, feminism, and fitness.
(Hip) Throwing Like a Girl: Martial Arts and Norms of Feminine Body Comportment
Authors: Yap Audrey
Published: October 2016

Although women have long been participants in martial sports, norms of “proper” feminine comportment can interfere with their success. Iris Marion Young's “Throwing Like a Girl” argues that, in physical activities, many women experience an inhibited intentionality. I extend this idea and argue that norms of proper feminine comportment make it harder for women to conceptualize their bodies as standing in agential physical relationships to others' bodies. This hampers many women starting out in combat sports and needs to be accounted for in women's self-defense training.
Statistical Analysis of Effects of Access, Traffic Exposure, and Frontage Parameters on Sale Price of Commercial Real Property in Kansas
Authors: Huffman Chris , Longhofer Stanley D.
Published: October 2016

Past research has demonstrated the effectiveness of access management in improving or preserving the safety of the traveling public and the capacity and quality of the flow of traffic and supporting and sustaining economic activity. Nevertheless, fear of economic hardship that is perceived to arise from effective implementation of access management remains a barrier to implementation. Work in NCHRP Report 420: Impacts of Access Management Techniques showed how effective access management at the network level preserves or restores the market penetration of commercial activities in a given area. Work done in Florida (1991), Iowa (1997), and Texas (1999) studied the effects of access management retrofits at the corridor level, and found minimal to positive changes in economic activity overall. Small studies of economic impacts on individual sites were conducted in Kansas (1999) and Minnesota (2006), and demonstrated impacts ranging from little to positive on the highest and best use arising from access management retrofits. The site-level (microscopic) studies were of individual corridors or smaller data sets and were largely qualitative analyses of the economic effects of access at the microscopic level. Quantitative analysis is needed on a large data population to examine the factors that most affect the sale price of income-producing properties. This paper presents the effects of access and other transportation characteristics on the sale price of income-producing real property, and a model that shows which variables contribute to sale price, the interactions of those variables, and the effectiveness of the model.
Passing Behavior on Two-Lane Roads in Real and Simulated Environments
Authors: Llorca Carlos , Farah Haneen
Published: October 2016

Passing maneuvers allow faster drivers to continue driving at their desired speeds without being delayed behind impeding vehicles. On two-lane rural roads, such maneuvers require the passing driver to occupy the opposing lane; this condition has tremendous implications for the safety and operation of two-lane roads. Several studies have investigated the passing behavior of drivers, and some studies have used driving simulators to analyze drivers’ behavior during following and passing maneuvers. However, the validity of simulators has not been ensured, because their results have rarely been compared with real data. The objective of this study was to compare drivers’ passing behavior as observed in the field with passing behavior in a driving simulator. For this purpose, data on passing performance and passing gap acceptance decisions were required. The study carried out a comparative analysis of the most significant variables related to passing behavior. The results showed similarities between passing time and passing distance of completed maneuvers (during the occupation of the opposing lane). However, drivers passed faster in the driving simulator and maintained greater clearances. Gap acceptance decisions were found to be similar, as the distributions of accepted and rejected gaps were similar, although critical gaps were found to be lower in the driving simulator. This finding might be explained by the absence of objective risks. The applicability of driving simulation seems reasonable, although some improvements are still possible, to account for sight distance limitations, replicate age and gender distributions, and reproduce the opposing traffic flow.
Critical Assessment of Methodologies for Operations and Safety Evaluations of Freeway Turbulence
Authors: van Beinum Aries , Farah Haneen , Wegman Fred , Hoogendoorn Serge
Published: October 2016

Turbulence in traffic is a commonly known phenomenon, but the exact characteristics of this phenomenon are not yet clear. Turbulence reflects individual changes in speed, headways, and lanes in the traffic stream. The current freeway design guidelines prescribe measures for handling turbulence, such as sufficient ramp spacing and spacing between road discontinuities. In situations where there is little available space between discontinuities, it might be necessary to make a trade-off between costs and safety and operations. For a valid trade-off, more insight is needed on the safety and operations effects of deviations from the guidelines. Much research has been done on the causes of turbulence and their effects on safety and operations. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the turbulence phenomenon that facilitates the comparison of the available methodologies that can be used to evaluate a freeway design on the matter of turbulence and its impact on traffic operations and safety. The main finding of this review is that the currently available methodologies lack the ability to evaluate the impact of freeway turbulence on operations and safety simultaneously. The paper makes recommendations to overcome the limitations of current methodologies and for further research possibilities to improve these methodologies.
Impact of Exit Ramp Geometric Treatments at Diverging Diamond Interchanges on Queue Spillback
Authors: Warchol Shannon , Schroeder Bastian J. , Cunningham Christopher
Published: October 2016

Diverging diamond interchanges (DDIs) have swept the country as an innovative interchange system since the original U.S. installation in Springfield, Missouri, in 2009. Although the DDI provides many benefits, prior research identified some operational challenges found at some of the first DDIs built around the country. This study explored the challenge of limited capacity for the right turn at the DDI ramp terminal intersection and associated queue spillback concerns that have been observed at several sites. The study investigated the impact of five geometric treatments at a DDI’s right-turn exit ramp, including a channelized turn lane with an auxiliary lane, dual right-turn lanes, right turn on red (RTOR), dual right-turn lanes with RTOR, and a slip lane. The results showed that any treatment that decreased the green-to-cycle length ratio for the right turn from the exit ramp simultaneously reduced queues at the exit ramp and the outbound through movement at the crossover. However, treatments that did not also increase the capacity of the outbound through movement at the downstream adjacent intersection resulted in increased queues at that movement. The study concluded that the design of the DDI must be considered in the context of the entire corridor. To provide the full extent of congestion relief that is possible with a DDI, consideration of the geometrics of downstream, closely spaced, adjacent intersections must be included from the earliest planning stages.
Examination of the Free-Flow Speed Distribution on Two-Lane Rural Roads
Authors: García-Jiménez M. Elena , Pérez-Zuriaga Ana María , Llopis-Castelló David , Camacho-Torregrosa Francisco Javier , García Alfredo
Published: October 2016

Free-flow speed variation of passenger vehicles along a road segment is one of the most used factors in road safety studies, as a surrogate measure to evaluate road design consistency. Free-flow speed may be measured when a road segment is already built but must be estimated during the design phase. Several studies have been carried out to calibrate models to estimate free-flow speed, with geometric features as explanatory variables. Currently, most free-flow speed models focus only on mean speed or speed in particular percentiles, such as the 85th or 95th. Moreover, most studies have assumed normality in the free-flow speed distribution without checking this hypothesis. The main objective of this study was to analyze the free-flow speed distribution on two-lane rural road curves and tangents. The research focused on two main issues: determining whether speed data were normally distributed at a specific site and analyzing the behavior of the mean and standard deviation of speed on curves and tangents. The study was based on continuous operating speed profiles, which were obtained from a database of more than 16,000 vehicles/km. A total of 63 horizontal curves and 78 tangents were analyzed. According to the results, the normal distribution is not the best distribution in most cases for describing free-flow speeds. In 46 of the curves and 64 of the tangents, free-flow speed cannot be assumed to be normally distributed. Therefore, some other distributions should be tested in further research.
Marriage and other psychological stressors in the causation of psychiatric disorder
Authors: Mullick Mohammad S. I. , Algin Sultana , Ahmed Helal Uddin , Majumder Atiqul Haq
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the specific psychiatric diagnosis, frequency, and types of stressors, and the level of awareness about marriage law between married (cases; n=80) and unmarried girls (control; n=80) with one or more psychiatric disorders below the age of 18 years. The psychiatric diseases were diagnosed according to Axis One of ICD-10 clinical diagnoses of multi-axial classification of childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorder. Psychosocial stressors were considered on the basis of Axis Five of this classification. Of the cases, major depressive disorder was the highest (n=47) and next was a dissociative (conversion) disorder (n=24). Among the controls, generalized anxiety disorder (n=31) was the most prevalent followed by obsessive-compulsive disorder (n=17). The difference was highly significant (p>0.001). The cases reported a significant excess of psychosocial stressors than that of the controls to the onset of the psychiatric disorder. All the cases had associated stressors. In contrast, 77 out of 80 control patients had stressors. Marriage itself played as a stressor in the 78 cases. Beside this, other highly frequent stressors were marital discord followed by drop out from study and trouble with in-laws. Among the controls, the highest reported stressor was increased academic workload and next two commonest stressors were poor academic performance and discord with peers. Interestingly, 52.5% of the cases were having knowledge about the law on the age of marriage and that was 32.5% among the controls. It was significant that most of the girls breached their continuity of education after marriage (p>0.001). In conclusion, psychosocial stressors including marriage have a causal relationship with depressive and conversion disorder.
Evaluation of clinical and radiological outcomes of mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide as indirect pulp capping agents in the treatment of deep carious lesion of permanent teeth
Authors: Sultana Rafeza , Hossain Mozammal , Alam Md. Shamsul
Published: October 2016

The maintenance of pulp vitality and conduction of reparative dentin can be possible by indirect pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide as pulp capping agents. The objective of the study is to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of MTA and calcium hydroxide as indirect pulp capping agents in deep carious lesions of permanent teeth. The present study included 50 permanent teeth having deep carious lesions with reversible pulp status were selected and then randomly divided into two groups of 25 teeth in a group. Standard indirect pulp capping procedures were followed. Patients were recalled at 3, 6 and 12 months interval to assess postoperative pain, the vitality of the pulp and formation of reparative dentin. In all observation periods, MTA showed more capable of reducing pain and maintain pulp vitality which was statistically significant than that of calcium hydroxide. At 12 months observation period, 24 teeth (96%) of MTA and 19 teeth (76%) of calcium hydroxide showed reparative dentin formation. It can be concluded that MTA is more effective than that of calcium hydroxide.
The Dupont family: collectors, dealers and naturalists in nineteenth-century Paris
Authors: Mearns Richard , Chevrier Laurent , Gouraud Christophe
Published: October 2016

In the early part of the nineteenth century the Dupont brothers ran separate natural history businesses in Paris. Relatively little is known about their early life but an investigation into the family history at Bayeux corrects Léonard Dupont's year of birth from 1795 to 1796. In 1818 Léonard joined Joseph Ritchie's expedition to North Africa to assist in collecting and preparing the discoveries but he did not get beyond Tripoli. After 15 months he came back to Paris with a small collection from Libya and Provence, and returned to Provence in 1821. While operating as a dealer-naturalist in Paris he published Traité de taxidermie (1823, 1827), developed a special interest in foreign birds and became well known for his anatomical models in coloured wax. Henry Dupont sold a range of natural history material and with his particular passion for beetles formed one of the finest collections in Europe; his best known publication is Monographie des Trachydérides (1836–1840). Because the brothers had overlapping interests and were rarely referred to by their forenames there has been confusion between them and the various eponyms that commemorate them. Although probably true, it would be an over-simplification to state that birds of this era named for Dupont refer to Léonard Dupont, insects to Henry Dupont, and molluscs to their mother.
A history of the fossil fruits and seeds of the London Clay(1840): a historical and bibliographical account of James Scott Bowerbank's unfinished monograph
Authors: Williams R. B. , Torrens Hugh S.
Published: October 2016

A history of the fossil fruits and seeds of the London Clay by James Scott Bowerbank (1797–1877) was printed by George Luxford (1807–1854) and published by John Van Voorst (1804–1898). Part I was issued in 1840, before 6 January, but no more was published. The monograph, intended to comprise five parts, was apparently a commercial failure. Part I was originally issued in wrappers, without title-page or other preliminaries; it includes 17 copper-plate engravings by James de Carle Sowerby (1787–1871), the printer being unknown. A ghost work, the so-called “The fossil fruits and seeds of the Isle of Sheppey”, cited occasionally in the contemporary literature, was in fact this monograph of Bowerbank's, not a separate publication. Twelve genera and 106 species are described, all new taxa except for one previously known species. Bowerbank apparently retained the unsold letterpress sheets until he died, after which they were bought by the publishers Reeves & Turner, who reissued them, possibly late in 1877. They added a title-page and, as an introduction, reprinted a letter about the Isle of Sheppey first published by Bowerbank in 1840. The plates were rather poorly reprinted from the original coppers by an unknown printer. The title-page of this scarce reissue does not name Reeves & Turner, but anachronistically gives Van Voorst as the publisher, still dated 1840. The present paper provides the historical and bibliographical background to these two issues of the sole edition, and describes their distinguishing features, determined from 18 copies of the original issue and eight copies of the reissue.
A rough draft of A. R. Wallace's “Sarawak law” paper
Authors: Van Wyhe John
Published: October 2016

A rough draft of Alfred Russel Wallace's famous “Sarawak law” paper (1855) has been discovered. A full transcript is provided comparing it to the published text. The implications for Wallace's scientific writing practices for this and, by implication, his historic Ternate essay (1858) are discussed.
Jerónimo Lobo SJ and hisDiscourse of palm-treesin the context of seventeenth-century botany
Authors: Cabral João Paulo , Martins J. M. S.
Published: October 2016

Father Jerónimo Lobo SJ was on a mission to Ethiopia between 1624 and 1634, during which he travelled on foot through parts of Abyssinia and Eritrea. After a troubled period of life in India, he returned to Lisbon in 1657, where died in 1678. In Lisbon Lobo wrote one of his most important works, “Discurso das Palmeiras”, published in 1669 in an English translation by the Royal Society of London. In this work, Lobo described the morphology and uses of eight important palm trees. Two of these – “macomeira” (Hyphaene) and “trafolim” (Borassus) – were novelties to European botanists. An analysis of published works from this period, including lists of plants cultivated in botanical and private European gardens, indicates that when “Discurso” was published, printed descriptions of only some of the palms that Lobo described were available. At that period few palms were cultivated in British and Dutch gardens. The botanical novelties in Lobo's “Discurso” were most probably the reason for interest shown by the Royal Society. This remarkable seventeenth-century botanical account reflected Lobo's ability to observe nature (perhaps enhanced by academic training in Jesuit schools) during his walks through the Abyssinian empire.
Systemic and Mucosal Antibody Responses to Soluble and Nanoparticle-Conjugated Antigens Administered Intranasally
Authors: Howe Savannah , Sowa Gavin , Konjufca Vjollca
Published: October 2016

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly being used for drug delivery, as well as antigen carriers and immunostimulants for the purpose of developing vaccines. In this work, we examined how intranasal (i.n.) priming followed by i.n. or subcutaneous (s.c.) boosting immunization affects the humoral immune response to chicken ovalbumin (Ova) and Ova conjugated to 20 nm NPs (NP-Ova). We show that i.n. priming with 20 mg of soluble Ova, a dose known to trigger oral tolerance when administered via gastric gavage, induced substantial systemic IgG1 and IgG2c, as well as mucosal antibodies. These responses were further boosted following a s.c. immunization with Ova and complete Freund’s adjuvant (Ova+CFA). In contrast, 100 µg of Ova delivered via NPs induced an IgG1-dominated systemic response, and primed the intestinal mucosa for secretion of IgA. Following a secondary s.c. or i.n. immunization with Ova+CFA or NP-Ova, systemic IgG1 titers significantly increased, and serum IgG2c and intestinal antibodies were induced in mice primed nasally with NP-Ova. Only Ova- and NP-Ova-primed mice that were s.c.-boosted exhibited substantial systemic and mucosal titers for up to 6 months after priming, whereas the antibodies of i.n.-boosted mice declined over time. Our results indicate that although the amount of Ova delivered by NPs was 1000-fold less than Ova delivered in soluble form, the antigen-specific antibody responses, both systemic and mucosal, are essentially identical by 6 months following the initial priming immunization. Additionally, both i.n.- and s.c.-boosting strategies for NP-Ova-primed mice were capable of inducing a polarized Th1/Th2 immune response, as well as intestinal antibodies; however, it is only by using a heterogeneous prime-boost strategy that long-lasting antibody responses were initiated. These results provide valuable insight for future mucosal vaccine development, as well as furthering our understanding of mucosal antibody responses.
Electronic Band Structure of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides from Ab Initio and Slater–Koster Tight-Binding Model
Authors: Silva-Guillén Jose , San-Jose Pablo , Roldán Rafael
Published: October 2016

Semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides present a complex electronic band structure with a rich orbital contribution to their valence and conduction bands. The possibility to consider the electronic states from a tight-binding model is highly useful for the calculation of many physical properties, for which first principle calculations are more demanding in computational terms when having a large number of atoms. Here, we present a set of Slater–Koster parameters for a tight-binding model that accurately reproduce the structure and the orbital character of the valence and conduction bands of single layer MX 2 , where M = Mo, W and X = S, Se. The fit of the analytical tight-binding Hamiltonian is done based on band structure from ab initio calculations. The model is used to calculate the optical conductivity of the different compounds from the Kubo formula.
Real-Time Vehicle Energy Management System Based on Optimized Distribution of Electrical Load Power
Authors: Wang Yuefei , Hu Hao , Zhang Li , Zhang Nan , Sun Xuhui
Published: October 2016

As a result of severe environmental pressure and stringent government regulations, refined energy management for vehicles has become inevitable. To improve vehicle fuel economy, this paper presents a bus-based energy management system for the electrical system of internal combustion engine vehicles. Both the model of an intelligent alternator and the model of a lead-acid battery are discussed. According to these models, the energy management for a vehicular electrical system is formulated as a global optimal control problem which aims to minimize fuel consumption. Pontryagin’s minimum principle is applied to solve the optimal control problem to realize a real-time control strategy for electrical energy management in vehicles. The control strategy can change the output of the intelligent alternator and the battery with the changes of electrical load and driving conditions in real-time. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the traditional open-loop control strategy, the proposed control strategy for vehicle energy management can effectively reduce fuel consumption and the fuel consumption per 100 km is decreased by approximately 1.7%.