bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Select documents XL: An address to Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill in captivity, 1590
Authors: Breatnach Pádraig A.
Published: August 2016

Shortly before Michaelmas, 1587, when he was not yet fifteen years old, Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill along with four companions went on board a vessel moored opposite Rathmullen in Lough Swilly, enticed mainly by the promise of wine. But the crew under one Nicholas Skipper of Dublin were decoys posing as merchants who, on instructions from Lord Deputy Sir John Perrot, brought the youths in captivity to Dublin. Aodh Ruadh and three of his companions were then lodged in prison in Dublin Castle. A first attempt at escape was made a little over three years later in January 1591 ending with O’Donnell’s prompt recapture, an event said to have caused widespread gloom among the Irish. But a second attempt a year later was successful. Aodh Ruadh returned to Ulster and, following a brief period of recuperation, was installed in the lordship of Tirconnell in the summer of 1592, in succession to his father who resigned in his favour A celebrated career ensued which was cut short by the defeat at Kinsale and his subsequent premature death at Simancas in September 1602.
The records of the Irish land commission as a source of historical evidence
Authors: Buckley K.
Published: August 2016

There is no catalogue of the contents of the records branch of the Irish land commission, nor is there even a summary description; in consequence, it is not claimed that the description given in this paper is by any means complete. Indeed, it is probable that not all the land commission records are contained in the records branch. For instance, a few of the rare examples of judicial leases executed under the land law act of 1881 appeared in the records branch for the first time in September 1949, having till then been in the hands of another department of the commission—a warning to the historian that the land commission is a working department of government, and not primarily a research institution.
Some notes on the history of the Book of Kells
Authors: Gwynn Aubrey
Published: August 2016

The current number of the Friends of the Library of Trinity College contains matter that is of interest to all who have seen or who hope to see the Book of Kells. Mr R. O. Dougan, who has recently been appointed deputy librarian, gives an account of the methods used by the English experts who have recently rebound the book in four parts. The decision to break so famous a book into four separate parts, corresponding with the four Gospels, was undoubtedly drastic, and has come as a shock to many lovers of ancient manuscripts. But Mr Dougan explains here at length the reasons which have compelled the College authorities to take this step; and his account of the methods used by Mr Roger Powell in the process of restoration and rebinding is impressive as a witness to the care which has been taken to safeguard this national treasure for future generations. Tourists who visit the library will perhaps be disappointed : for the old custom of constantly exhibiting some of the finer pages will be discontinued. Each page of each volume will now be exhibited in turn, and the great illuminated pages will be less frequently exposed to the tourist's gaze. On the other hand, this means that no more than a fourth part of the book will be in the exhibition case at any one time; and serious students will always have an opportunity of examining all four parts at their leisure.
Henry O'Neill and the formation of the Irish regiment in the Netherlands, 1605
Authors: Casway Jerrold
Published: August 2016

The formation of an Irish regiment in the Spanish Netherlands, under the Archduke Albert of Austria in 1605, was a noteworthy development, since this contingent was destined to play a vital role in Anglo-Spanish relations during the early decades of the seventeenth century. Unfortunately little is known about the creation of this controversial force and the problems provoked by it.

The pivotal character upon which this examination revolves is Henry O'Neill, the second son of Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone and his second wife Siobhán (sister of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, earl of Tyrconnel), who served as the regiment's colonel from its inception until his untimely death in 1610. Henry first arrived on the continent in the spring of 1600, when as a boy of thirteen, he and other youths, were sent by Tyrone to Spain as hostages.
Lord Donegall and the Hearts of Steel
Authors: Maguire W. A.
Published: August 2016

Between the summer of 1770 and the close of the year 1772, large areas of rural Ulster were rendered ungovernable by the activities of the Hearts of Steel or Steelboys. Agrarian agitation was not new, of course — during 1763 Tyrone, Armagh and Mormghan had been similarly affected by the Oakboys — but apart from the more serious and more prolonged nature of the Hearts of Steel outbreak, which gave it a notoriety and importance of its own, and the curious fact that the agitators were presbyterians, it had this unique feature: its outbreak and the heavy emigration which followed its spread and suppression were almost universally ascribed to the wicked greed of a single great landowner, the fifth earl (later first marquis) of Donegall.
The Pact General Election of 1922
Authors: Gallagher Michael
Published: August 2016

The general election of 1922 was the first election to be held in the independent Irish state, the first held under the PR electoral system, and the first to be contested by the parties which, in modified forms, were to dominate subsequent Irish politics. The 1918 election, at which Sinn Féin had routed the Irish parliamentary party, had been the last of the old order. The 1922 election was the first of the new order — the two wings of Sinn Féin were challenged by Labour and other interests, as was to be the pattern for the next fifty years at least. In that light, this paper represents an attempt to start the scarcely-begun task of closely analysing modern Irish elections. Furthermore, the 1922 election merits attention because of the unusual circumstances under which it was held, foremost among which was the ‘pact’ between Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera.
The interpretation of medieval Irish history
Authors: Richter Michael
Published: August 2016

Of course the past is dead. But it is kept alive by thinking and talking about it, and, above all, bv making it relevant to the present. The past is invoked variously, be it on a popular or on the academic level. In many areas, the popular view of the past is far removed from, and apparently uninfluenced by. the academic view, and, within limits, there is nothing wrong with that. Not every layman is expected to share the academic's understanding of the past. The matter becomes rather more serious when the reverse holds: that the view of the professional concurs with that of the lay people. If this is so, then indeed can it be said that those aspects of the past to which this applies are dead.

It is an axiom that each generation has to write history anew, partly, it seems, because understanding of the problems of the past becomes more refined, and partly because important aspects of the past may well appear in a different light to a new generation.
The Maps of the Down Survey
Authors: Ó Domhnaill Séan
Published: August 2016

For the purpose of the extensive transfer of land to which the commonwealth government was committed, Benjamin Worsley, shortly after the date of his appointment in 1652 as surveyor general in Ireland, began to make a rough estimate of the land available. The slowness and inaccuracy of this survey caused a clamour among the soldiers and the adventurers. Large arrears of pay were due to the former, while many of the latter had, as early as 1642, advanced considerable sums of money for the purposes of the war in Ireland. Both classes wanted their estates with as little delay as possible. William Petty, then recently appointed as physician general to the forces in Ireland, became the severest critic of Worsley's proceedings. The upshot of the agitation was that the plan of survey was modified and Petty appointed on 11 December 1654 to map the forfeited lands set apart for the soldiers in 22 counties.
Portfolio Diversification and International Corporate Bonds
Authors: Liu Edith X.
Published: July 2016

This article examines the benefits of corporate bond diversification for U.S. investors. Analysis of a newly compiled bond-level data set for 2000–2010 finds that diversification with corporate bonds can significantly reduce volatility and increase risk-adjusted returns for U.S. investors. Unlike diversification with equities, corporate bonds offer significant out-of-sample risk reduction, particularly during the recent financial crisis. Risk-reduction gains are large even when the benchmark includes international equities or when longer samples of equities and sovereign bonds are used to inform corporate bond returns. Finally, significant risk-reduction gains remain after accounting for bond characteristics, liquidity, and informational costs.
The Valuation of Hedge Funds’ Equity Positions
Authors: Cici Gjergji , Kempf Alexander , Puetz Alexander
Published: July 2016

We provide evidence on the valuation of equity positions by hedge funds. Reported valuations deviate from standard valuations based on closing prices from the Center for Research in Security Prices for roughly 7% of the positions. These equity valuation deviations are positively related to illiquidity and price volatility of the underlying stocks. They respond to past performance and intensify after an advisor starts reporting to a commercial database. Furthermore, advisors with more valuation deviations show a stronger discontinuity in their reported returns around 0, manage a higher fraction of potentially fraudulent funds, report smoother returns, and exhibit an upward spike in their December reported returns.
So many tuhao and dama in China today
Authors: Xu Mingwu , Tian Chuanmao
Published: July 2016

The last three decades have witnessed an increase in the number of middle-class people in China. Some of them spend money like water, have garish tastes and lack ‘good’ cultural traits and sophistication; they are called tuhao in Chinese (Cai, 2014). Others, in particular most of the middle-aged women, who are called dama, ‘live a happy life with plenty of free time and money’, investing in gold, bitcoins and overseas property markets and enjoying noisy square dances. (dama is a term coined by The Wall Street Journal) (Zhou & He, 2015). It was rumored around the end of 2013 that Chinese words, such as tuhao, dama and hukou ‘household registration’ would enter into the Oxford English Dictionary (Gui, 2013), which was still not the case when we searched the online Oxford Dictionaries for these words in 2015 (oxforddictionaries.com, 2015).
Jet Engine Noise
Authors: Richards E. J.
Published: August 2016

During the past few years, the introduction of the large jet air liner has introduced new noises into the sky which has caused the public to be more aware than ever of the increasing nuisance value of aircraft taking off, landing, or on the ground. Much of this is being blamed unfairly on the jet air liner but the problem in any case remains with us.

For example, recent measurements given before the Society of Automotive Engineers are very revealing; here Baranek plotted the maximum noise levels on the ground when aeroplanes took off with a 5° take-off path.
Ground-to-Ground Noise
Authors: Hayhurst J. D.
Published: August 2016

The problems of noise on the ground coming from aircraft on the ground, while still not simple to resolve, are rather less difficult than those associated with noise coming from aircraft in flight. The source of noise—the aeroplane—is no longer travelling rapidly through the air with three degrees of freedom but is either stationary on the ground or taxying at a comparatively slow speed across an airport. In the first case, the aeroplane is at rest, either for a short period when the pre-take-off check is being performed near the end of the runway, or for a much longer time while a post-servicing engine check is being made in a maintenance area. During each check, up to maximum engine power may be used, although for jet aircraft the pre-take-off check is relatively short and appears to be becoming part of the take-off itself. In the maintenance area prolonged running is likely and will consist of operation at a medium engine power with occasional bursts of maximum power. Of the three ground cases, this is the one on which attention has to be focused. Indeed, it is not unreasonable to confine an examination of the problems of ground-to-ground noise to this and to this alone.
Electrics for Aircraft
Authors: Woodford C. G. A.
Published: August 2016

A meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the lecture hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, Westminster, London, S.W.1, on Thursday, March 8th, 1945, at which a paper on “Electrics for Aircraft,” by Mr. C. G. A. Woodford, A.M.I.E.E., A.F.R.Ae.S., was read and discussed. The President, Sir Roy Fedden, in the Chair.
Practical Experience of Airline Engineering
Authors: Morgan R. C.
Published: August 2016

The 909th Lecture to be given before the Society and the 16th Main Lecture at a Branch, was held under the auspices of the Chester Branch of the Society on 8th April 1954. Mr. K. G. Hancock, Chairman of the Chester Branch, expressed the pleasure of the Branch at having a Main Meeting of the Society at Chester and welcomed the visitors, particularly the officers of the Main Society. He then asked the President, Sir William Farren, to preside for the rest of the Meeting.
Air Intake Efficiency
Authors: Greatrex F. B.
Published: August 2016

The title of this paper is not strictly correct since it is not really concerned with “efficiency” in the accepted sense of the word. It has in the past been considered that the sole duty of an engine air intake is to deliver air to the engine at a high efficiency, that is at a mean total pressure as nearly as possible equal to the aircraft pitot pressure. More recently other considerations have arisen, such as the necessity of avoiding asymmetric flow in twin duct air intakes. These aspects of air intake design have frequently been discussed, for example in Dr. Seddon’s lecture to the Society in December 1951, but the particular subject of this paper has been rather neglected—the velocity distribution of the air delivered to the engine.
The Optimum Design of Compression Surfaces having Unflanged Integral Stiffeners
Authors: Catchpole E. J.
Published: August 2016

A method is developed enabling rapid determination of the optimum cross-sectional dimensions of compression surfaces having unflanged integral stiffeners, and consideration is given to the effects of practical limitations on the design. The theoretical efficiency of the optimum integral design is found to be only 85 per cent, of that of optimum Z-stringer design.
The Performance Testing of the Slingsby Sky
Authors: Machin K. E.
Published: August 2016

An experimental determination of the relation between the rate of sink of a sailplane and its air speed is of interest both to the designer and to the pilot. This paper describes tests made to establish this relation for the Slingsby Sky. During the tests, the aircraft was flown in a series of “ partial glides ” at constant speed, while a camera looking over the pilot's shoulder photographed the altimeter and A.S.I., together with a slip indicator and a clock. From an analysis of the photographic recordings, the mean air speed and the rate of sink during each partial glide can be determined; a large number of such results enables the relation between air speed and rate of sink to be established. The final results show that a considerable improvement in high-speed performance can be achieved if the aircraft is fitted with a long skid instead of the short skid and large fixed landing wheel; the superiority of the Sky over the Weihe for competition work is demonstrated. Sources of error in the results are discussed; it is shown that the accuracy with which the rate of sink may be determined is limited by the presence of vertical air movements. Possible future trends in performance testing technique are discussed.
A Possible Method for Obtaining High Mach Numbers using Compressed Air Supplies of Relative Low Pressures
Authors: Van Der Walle F.
Published: August 2016

A method for obtaining high Mach numbers using compressed air of low pressures is described. The proposed system can be used to extend the working range of existing direct blow-down and induction facilities.

An investigation has been made to see whether a supply of compressed air of about 5 atmospheres could be used to achieve Mach numbers between 1.4 and 4.0.

The commonly used types of intermittent supersonic wind tunnels driven by compressed air are

(a)

Direct blow-down tunnels.

(b)

Induction tunnels.

At high Mach numbers the induction tunnel is known to be very inefficient while the direct blow-down tunnel requires high stagnation pressures.
The Part of Shear in the Deformation of I-Beams
Authors: Drymael Jean
Published: August 2016

Under the influence of civil engineering construction the part played by shear in the deformation of beams is usually neglected. In aircraft construction, where weight is important, the approximation is sometimes rough. It is shown that, in I-beams, it is simple to take the deformation due to shear into account, and it appears due chiefly not to elementary deformations distributed along the length, but to discontinuities in the slope wherever there is a concentrated load, namely, at the supports.
Solution of the Simultaneous Equations Resulting from Successive Applications of the Theorem of Three Moments to Continuous Beams
Authors: Turton F. J.
Published: August 2016

If A, B, C,… be the successive bending- moments involved, the equations to find them have the following characteristics : The first involves A and B only, the second A, B and C only, the third (if more than three) B, C and D only, and so on for all intermediate equations; finally, the last equation contains only the last two unknowns.

The method to be considered applies more generally, however, when each equation in succession contains only one additional unknown, so that the third may contain A, B, C and D, the fourth A, B,C, D and E, and so on.
Buckling of a Strut Under a Compression which Varies Discontinuously
Authors: Drymael Jean
Published: August 2016

It often happens that in a plane truss all joints are not transversely stiffened. If one joint of the compressed girder of a beam is free, the girder is liable to fail by buckling perpendicular to the plane of the truss, between the adjacent joints. The chart given here enables a rapid determination of the critical loading to be made. The compression and moment of inertia are assumed constant along the length of each bay, but may be different in the two bays.
The History and Progress of Refuelling in Flight
Authors: Cobham Alan , Langley Marcus
Published: August 2016

My experimental work in flight refuelling goes back over a period of ten years, when I became interested in its possibilities as a means of removing the hazard' of a heavily loaded take-off. My idea was that an aircraft should have a normal and safe take-off, and that when it was comfortably in the air, it should receive its load of fuel, thus being given both an extended range and an increased1 pay-load.

In 1932, initial experiments were carried out on two D.H. 9's, and early in 1933, we continued experiments with a D.H.9 and a Handley Page W.iotransport machine.
The Two-Dimensional Problem of Wing Vibration
Authors: Kassner R. , Fingado H.
Published: August 2016

The basis for the calculation of wing vibration has been laid by the work of Küssner (I). The present paper describes a comparatively simple and yet accurate method of solving the two-dimensional problem in a manner suitable for the aircraft designer. In addition some of the results obtained by the new method are discussed.
Theory of the Slat in a Two-Dimensional Flow
Authors: Golubev V. V.
Published: August 2016

The theory of the aerofoil has now been studied to such an extent that, from this province, it is hardly possible to expect further material improvement in its aerodynamical qualities : profiles differing but little from an inverse of a parabola (Joukovski profile) would appear to be the theoretical ideal. Subsequent important progress in that respect may be sought only in another direction, viz., in the application of a series of supplementary contrivances having a marked influence on the properties of the flow around the aerofoil. Here we are referring to such devices as the sucking away of the boundary layer (Absaugeflügel), or the insertion of appliances on the aerofoil itself. Nevertheless, up to the present, only one of the very earliest attempts in this direction, namely, the slotted wing, has developed sufficiently to be in any way widely adopted in contemporary aircraft construction.
Development of Sailplanes
Authors: Buxton G. M.
Published: August 2016

This lecture is an attempt to provide a general view of soaring, including the views of the pilot, the meteorologist, the engineer, and the club. If this can be done, it will be easier for each specialist to recognise how he can best contribute to the advance of the pastime.

I think that the technique to build a glider has been available for several hundred years, but the knowledge and desire have only recently grown. The present state of gliding is due to advance in two ways, in art and practice, and in organisation. Perhaps I should not leave out science which is the record of the practice and of the experiments which have been made to improve the practice.
Testing Stability and Control of Aeroplanes
Authors: von Baumhauer A. G.
Published: August 2016

The subject which I have to discuss to-day is one which can be treated from a standpoint of the scientist or from that of the practical engineer. I am going to try to discuss it from the latter point of view.

The testing of the behaviour of aeroplanes in flight, to which I want to draw attention, does not deal with research on stability and control, it only deals with checking the flying characteristics with regard to the requirements which should be fulfilled.

In the Dutch requirements for a certificate of airworthiness for civil aircraft there are several detail rules, which all tend to state that the aeroplane should be stable and well controllable within the whole region of flight, and for all conditions which may occur in normal and special use.
The Future of Flying
Authors: Wimperis H. E.
Published: August 2016

The Presidential Address to the Engineering Section of the British Association provides each year an opportunity for a survey of some aspect of engineering science which happens to be of especial importance at the time it is given, and often one which the experience of the President of the hour may chance to render especially appropriate. My subject to-day is “The Future of Flying.” Of its importance at the present time there can assuredly be no doubt. Aviation is surveyed by the public with a tempered pride—Pride, it is true, in man's achievement, but Apprehension, it is equally true, as to the use which is being made of it.

The aspiration towards winged flight was expressed, I submit, with great wisdom when, more than two thousand years ago, the Psalmist avowed his longing for “wings like a dove!” How wise a discrimination is revealed by the poet's asking not merely for the power of flight but that his wings shall be “dove-like.” For the space of a generation mankind has possessed the power of flight—a marvellous scientific and technical triumph but, alas, incomplete. Brilliant as was the work of the brothers Wright, the crown of achievement will not be truly won until a grateful mankind sees that the wings gained are the wings of a dove and not those of a bird of prey.
Trans-Atlantic Air Services
Authors: Mayo R. H.
Published: August 2016

When the President of the Engineering Section did me the honour of inviting me to read a paper on trans-Atlantic Air Services, I realised that I might be in a slightly difficult position through my association with the composite aircraft, which has been put forward as one solution of the major problem of long range flying.

I have no financial interest whatever in the adoption of the composite aircraft for British trans-Atlantic services. Imperial Airways have the free user for any of their services, and if I have any interest in its adoption it is a purely technical one. Secondly, I would remind you that an engineer who recommends a wide departure from normal practice thereby accepts a heavy burden of technical responsibility. I can assure you that with this in mind I shall not lightly make any such recommendation, but on the other hand, I shall not hesitate to do so merely because I have, with many others, taken a part in this development.
“The Work of the D.V.L.”
Authors: Seewald F.
Published: August 2016

Before beginning my lecture, I should like to say that it gives me particular pleasure to be able to take part, as a guest, in this meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society. So much important progress in the development of aeronautics has had its origin within the circle of the Royal Aeronautical Society, the oldest society of its kind in the world, and so many successes in the scientific and practical spheres are coupled with the names of its members that all the staff of the D.V.L. regard as a particular honour the friendly interest in our work, expressed by your invitation.
Results from the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Segelflug Smoke Tunnel
Authors: Lippisch A.
Published: August 2016

Aerodynamics is one of the main fields of application for practical mathematics and the treatment of aerodynamic problems requires a thorough mathematical training. Whoever opens a modern book on aerodynamics will be surprised from the very beginning, that the phenomena within this very fugitive medium air may be expressed by formulas according to mathematical laws.

We must, however, never forget, that before a flow phenomenon can be mathematically analysed, physical reality must be understood by observation and experiment.

The mathematical treatment will always tend towards an approximate solution, as it is much too complicated to analyse a flow process exactly.
Instability of Monocoque Structures in Pure Bending
Authors: Hoff N. J.
Published: August 2016

The growing demand for aerodynamically advantageous forms, for smooth surfaces, and last but not least for a better ratio of useful cross section to total cross section of fuselages lead to an increasing application of monocoque structures in aircraft construction. Unlike ordinary beams the behaviour of such thin walled structures under loads and their ultimate failure is influenced a great deal by instability phenomena. In the present paper these problems are dealt with in some detail for the case of pure bending.
Stressing of Aircraft Wheels and Brake
Authors: Burkhardt H.
Published: August 2016

In modern aircraft, the flying performance, design of the airframe, engines, armament, or the military purpose are the features of principal interest, while the efficiency of the undercarriage is usually known only to a limited number of specialists. Shock-absorber legs, wheels and brakes are now such highly developed structural components that they deserve special attention. In the following, modern types of wheels and bra kes are described in detail and following, modern types of wheels and brakes are described in de the theoretical basis for the calculation of the landing process discussed.
Recent Progress in the Design of Civil Flying Boats
Authors: Gouge A.
Published: August 2016

Before reading this paper, I should like to make a brief explanation of my reason for changing the published title.

The original intention was to give a survey of civil flying boats in general, but after due consideration the subject appeared to me to cover far too much ground, unless it was restricted to merely a collection of already published data of past and present aircraft of this type.

Whilst a paper of this nature would, undoubtedly, prove to be of considerable interest, yet, personally, I feel more competent to review the three types of flying boats designed purely for civil use, which have come directly under my supervision during the past eight years.
Graphics of World Aviation
Authors: Dilloway A. J.
Published: August 2016

To claim that communications have unified our world is by now to voice a truism. Within the span of a generation we have thrust headlong into an age of transition and readjustment, the definitive trend of which is towards a world-wide mobility of goods, ideas, and the citizens who produce them. The role of the air route in this process is no longer a matter of dispute, and it is clear that the time has come to consider certain technical questions which underlie any detailed scheme for a truly international network of airways.
Definition of Specific Impulse
Authors: Asquith K. , Whitaker J. G.
Published: August 2016

Two recent contributors to Technical Notes have expressed the view that, in rocketry, specific impulse should be defined as thrust/mass of propellants consumed per second, rather than as thrust/ weight of propellants consumed per second. The only reason given in support of this view is that the weight of a given mass varies with location. Our purpose here is to give reasons for taking the opposite view, namely that the second definition is preferable.
Approximate Methods for Finding Frequencies of Vibration
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

The rapid progress made in mechanical engineering during the present century has brought many troublesome problems in its wake. One of the most serious of these troubles arises from resonant and such like vibration. It has, therefore, become increasingly necessary for a designer to take account of vibration. A powerful instrument for this purpose was provided by the late Lord Rayleigh, whose method for finding an approximation to the fundamental frequency of vibration of an elastic system is fairly well known. In this paper an attempt is made inter alia to explain Rayleigh's Principle and to clarify, so far as the author is able to do so, the basis of the principle. Other devices for ascertaining approximate frequencies are also given and an appendix has been added on forced vibration experiments.
Plastic Materials for Aircraft Construction
Authors: de Bruyne N. A.
Published: August 2016

An account that is to be of any value of a subject in such an early stage of development as the use of synthetic resin materials in aircraft construction, must necessarily contain a great many first thoughts and rough guesses, and anyone writing such an account must be prepared to take the risk of having to eat his words at a later date. But I believe it is better to have blundered than never to have thought at all, and it is my hope that what I have to say will at least arouse interest enough among those with special knowledge to contribute to the discussion at the end of the lecture.
Test Flying
Authors: Tobin J.R.
Published: August 2016

Test Flying should not be confused with Flight Testing. There is a very large difference between the two. Flight Testing covers the work of an infinite variety of people, while Test Flying is done by pilots and observers only. It is with the work of the pilots that this paper will deal.

A Test Pilot is presumably a pilot who tests aircraft, but it is a very loose, term. Out of the multitude of pilots engaged on test work in aircraft, only a small percentage actually test the aeroplane itself, while the remainder may be divided into two classes: those who do flight inspections, and those who use the aircraft merely as a vehicle for the testing of equipment and engines.
Control Surface Design in Theory and Practice
Authors: Morgan M.B. , Thomas H.H.B.M.
Published: August 2016

A meeting of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the lecture hall of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, Westminster, London, S.W.1, on Thursday, March 1st, 1945, at which a paper on “Control Surface Design in Theory and Practice ” was read by Mr. M. B. Morgan, M.A., F.R.Ae.S., and Mr. H. H. B. M. Thomas, A.F.R.Ae.S.
Possible Future Developments of Air-Cooled Aero Engines
Authors: Fedden A. H. R.
Published: August 2016

The title chosen for this paper is a somewhat ambitious one, as prophecies in any sphere of engineering are always dangerous. Especially is this so in such a young and progressive branch as aeronautics, where changes are rapid, and developments considered modern and up-to-date to-day, may, in a few years, be thrown aside as being obsolete. However, when I received the honour of an invitation to read a paper before the Royal Aeronautical Society, I chose this title with “malice aforethought,” if only with the idea of inviting criticism and discussion.
Tapered Frameworks Representative of the Airship Hull
Authors: Chitty L.
Published: August 2016

I. In recent years a systematic research has been made into the methods available for determining the stresses in three dimensional braced frameworks, and in particular into frameworks of the type represented by the hull of a rigid airship. Much of the research has been of a generalised character, intended to act as a useful guide to the designer rather than to deal with any particular problem of loading with which he may be confronted; attention has therefore been largely (though not entirely) concentrated on the stresses in a fully braced parallel tubular structure such as is shown in Fig. I, in which the wire bracing or “ tension ” members are initially strained so as to be capable of carrying compression,— the slackening off of wires, which will of course take place before failure, being considered subsequently by the “ device of the separate panel.”
Researches into the Theory of the Townend Ring
Authors: Otten G.
Published: August 2016

The Townend Ring has been the subject of a large amount of experimental research and its general characteristics are now well understood. The following paper is the first theoretical treatment of the ring which has appeared. It was originally presented as a thesis to the University of Delft by Capt. G. Otten and published in Holland in November, 1932. The author has made the following abbreviated translation of it into English in collaboration with Dr. H. C. H. Townend, who also suggested a few modifications.
The Strength of Aeroplane Wing Spars with End Loads Varying in Any One Bay
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

In the stressing of aeroplane wing spars account must be taken of end load, particularly when this end load is compressive. When the end load is continuous over each bay the strength of the spars may be calculated by what is known as the Berry method. It may happen, however, that owing to drag loads the end load may vary in the different portions of a bay, and in such circumstances it is customary to average out the various end loads and to regard this average load as acting over the whole bay. This practice is based on an investigation by Miss Cave-Browne-Cave in which the stability of a strut was considered, having regard to different compressive loads acting over each of the two portions into which the strut was divided. Miss Cave, who dealt only with compressive loads whose lines of action were parallel, found that the failing load for the whole strut was very approximately equal to the arithmetic mean of the two compressive loads which in combination produced instability failure.
A Contribution to the Analysis of Primary Stresses in the Hull of a Rigid Airship
Authors: Chitty L. , Southwell R. V.
Published: August 2016

This paper describes an investigation conducted at the request of the Aeronautical Research Committee, who made a grant to one of us for the purpose. It is submitted by permission as an essay to compete for the R.38 Memorial Prize.

No essential alteration has been made in the form of presentation adopted in our preliminary reports, but to meet the needs of the general reader we have added the introductory paragraphs which follow. These explain briefly the nature of the problem which we have set ourselves, the range of our solution, and the bearing of our results on practical questions which confront the designer of a rigid airship hull.
On a Simple Method for Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations by a Successive Approximation Process
Authors: Morris J.
Published: August 2016

Simultaneous equations of three or more variables are notoriously trouble some to solve numerically and, moreover, are frequently sensitive for certain relative values of the variables. This usually precludes the use of the slide rule and in consequence resort has to be had to accurate working to an increasing number of decimal places involving much labour even with a calculating machine.

A method is here given which is applicable to certain classes of equations of frequent occurrence in mathematical physics and engineering science, which method is a combination of what is knovwi as the Iteration process and the means of applying this principle to end moment distribution devised by Professor Hardy Cross.
Aerial Surveying in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Norman Roberts W.
Published: August 2016

One of the most recent and important branches of aeronautics is aerial survey. During the last seven or eight years great improvements have taken place which have developed it into a science of its own. Several aerial survey companies are now operating in various parts of the world, and the untiring and persistent manner in which these pioneers have succeeded in overcoming difficulties has been crowned with success, as it is now accepted by most governing powers as a useful, economical and quick method of surveying.
Compressibility Effects in High Speed Air Flow
Authors: Hooker S. G.
Published: August 2016

Any theoretical attempt to evaluate the forces and couples experienced by an aircraft when in flight by a mathematical analysis of the pressures exerted by the air when in motion about the various parts, leads to what have, so far, proved insuperable difficulties. It involves the integration of the equations of motion of a real fluid, and, except in a few very special cases, these have been insoluble. The actual motion of a fluid is affected by a number of its properties, and, in general, accounts would have to be taken of its density, viscosity, and at high speeds its compressibility. In certain circumstances the effect of these last two can be neglected and the classical theory of hydrodynamics dealing with the motion of a non-viscous, incompressible or perfect fluid can be applied. A further simplification consists in supposing that the motion is irrotational, that is, any small portion of the fluid at a point has no angular velocity about its centre of gravity.
The Amsterdam-Batavia Weekly Service
Authors: Plesman A.
Published: August 2016

A regular air service between Amsterdam and Batavia has now been in existence for more than two years, a fact which to-day is generally known. The great and mutual interests which bind Netherland with its colonies—interests of a cultural, commercial and also of a governmental nature—have always placed in the foreground the necessity of bridging over as rapidly as possible the enormous distance separating both territories.
Flying-Boats and Their Possible Developments
Authors: Gouge A.
Published: August 2016

The Author endeavours to indicate briefly the growth of flying—boats from their inception to the present day and to forecast their probable line of development in the future. It is shown that our present achievement has been arrived at after the comparatively short period of twenty—five years and an attempt has been made to indicate the type of flying—boat which might normally be expected to mature within the next decade.

The water characteristics of a present—day hull are discussed and typical curves are included giving the resistance, attitude and the effect of applied moment for a flying—boat of approximately 40,000lb., all—up weight.

Before proceeding to a detailed investigation into a particular case of a flying—boat of the future, the Author briefly describes the progress which has been made with regard to the engines and compares the relative advantages of the compression—ignition engine and the petrol engine.Reasons are given why the petrol engine still tends to retain its supremacy.

For the future development the Author has taken the particular case of a flying—boat of 300,000lb. all—up weight and has attempted to analyse the probable structure weight of such an aircraft and what could reasonably be expected in the way of pay load and performance.The general conclusions are that the construction of such a boat would be possible, its structure weight by means of an increased wing loading could be maintained at the present—day figure and that its performance would materially increase.
The Cross-Section of the Semi-Rigid Airship
Authors: Evans F. G.
Published: August 2016

The scope of the paper is not so wide as the title may suggest. The primary object is to put forward a graphical method of determining the shape of the cross-section of the airship, and the loads in the envelope and rigging wires, in the plane of the cross-section, for different loading conditions.

Various secondary matters, such as a brief review of other methods of dealing with the subject, and the effect of different schemes of rigging on “ breathing,” are included in the paper as points of interest.
Fuels and Dopes for Aircraft Engines
Authors: Dunstan A. E. , Thole F. B.
Published: August 2016

Six years ago the present authors read a paper on “Aviation Spirit, Past, Present and Future.”

At that time the subject of special interest was the possibility of finding substitutes for petroleum spirit and a variety of alternative volatile combustibles was described.

Six years ago there happened one of the periodical scares regarding a possible world-famine in petroleum and naturally the chemist at that time was anxious, to find substitute fuels.
The Schneider Trophy, 1929
Authors: Waghorn H. R. W.
Published: August 2016

The first of the 1929 team to be posted for High Speed Flying was Greig, who towards the end of 1928 was sent to Calshot to make another attempt on the Speed Record. He achieved 319 miles an hour, which was the fastest speed on record, but did not exceed the Italian speed by a sufficiently large margin to count as a new record. While at Calshot, Atcherley and Stainforth joined him to start training, but very little flying was done during the winter months. Squadron Leader Orlebar took charge of the Flight when it was formed early in February, 1928, and I came a few weeks later. We had Moon as an engine officer, who had been with the 1927 team in the same capacity.
The Inspection of Metals and their Alloys
Authors: Johnson L. W.
Published: August 2016

The present-day tendency of automobile design is to increase the power/weight ratio of the engine, while at the same time retaining or improving the efficiency, and to reduce the weight of the chassis generally for a given power. The drawing office creates the efficient engine, and the inspection department enables the design to be put into and maintained in effective production. Now, the modern high-efficiency machine is due, amongst other things, to a more accurate knowledge of stress distribution, and consequently the factor of safety, or the factor of ignorance as it sometimes used to be named, may approach unity—provided that the materials used are consistent.
Control Beyond the Stall
Authors: Lachmann G. V.
Published: August 2016

The following paper does not pretend to be a complete and exhaustive survey of all the theoretical and experimental work which has been done up to the present on the subject of control beyond the stall.

It is confined to main questions and to a report of the practical research work upon which my colleagues and I have been engaged during the last two years.

In doing so I am well aware of the incompleteness of our research work and its methods, which aimed more at finding ad hoc than general solutions. The outlook of the engineer is different from that of the learned scientist. Not for him is the tranquil and contemplative atmosphere that surrounds purely scientific research work. If he breaks new ground he has neither time nor means to strive for a thorough, complete and general treatment of the particular problem he encounters. His work is limited by financial considerations; hampered by a rigid system of Works Orders; and by the lesser interest in so-called “unproductive” work which characterises industrial institutions. In short, from his point of view, the solution is infinitely more important than the theory or the methods by which it is obtained. A practical solution often presents itself automatically if the physical conditions of a particular problem are properly recognised, even if the degree of accuracy does not satisfy the rigid requirements of pure scientific research.
German Commercial Air Transport
Authors: Wronsky Martin
Published: August 2016

Three years ago I had the pleasure of speaking before the Royal Aeronautical Society, and I feel highly honoured that I have again been requested to say a few words about the German commercial air services. From this request I draw the conclusion that Great Britain is as much as ever interested in the progress of German commercial flying. The essential basis of good relationship between the nations, namely, that in order to understand each other they must know each other, applies also to the realm of commercial aviation. The present developments in commercial flying demand that the nations interested shall work with one another and not against one another. This, however, will only be possible if there is a mutual understanding and knowledge of air activities on both sides.
The Forces on a Yacht's Sail
Authors: Tanner T.
Published: August 2016

In the following article an attempt has been made to present the characteristics of a sail by considering it as an aerofoil, the “ lift ” and “ drag ” being replaced by two forces mutually at right-angles in a horizontal plane, one force corresponding to the drag, acting in the same direction as the relative wind. It appears that skill in the art of sailing could be reduced, apart from other considerations, to ability to set the sail in the required position determined by its aerodynamic characteristics.
R.100 Canadian Flight, 1930
Authors: Norway N. S.
Published: August 2016

Monday July 28TH, 1930.—At Cardington—having spent Sunday morning on the ship after the last trial flight. A few eyelets damaged on that flight—nothing serious. One petrol tank leaking at the centre joint, to be changed on Monday. With so many tanks it would be odd if one was not leaking.

To the ship early this morning by taxi; worried about the sealing strip repair which carried away on Saturday. Saw Both and Meager about this on board.Prospects good for start at dawn on Tuesday. Back to the Bridge Hotel, and on to station, buying rubber shoes and overall on the way. To London on 10.23,first to the Club and then to London Office. No confirmation of flight. At about 7.30 two calls, Bamber and Burney—flight confirmed for start 3.30 Tuesday.
The Technical Organisation of the Compagnie Generale Aeropostale
Authors: Grimault P.
Published: August 2016

The ground covered by the Compagnie Generale Aeropostale comprises the
following:—

1. The main air line from France to Chile via Toulouse, Casablanca, Saint Louis, Natal, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Santiago.

2. The tributary lines: Bordeaux-Toulouse; Marseilles-Barcelona; Buenos Aires-Asuncion; Buerfos Aires-Commodore-Rivadavia.

3. The line Marseilles-Algiers.

4. The line Paris-Biarritz-Madrid.