bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of field loading test results of bored piles with bearing capacity analysis based on various standards
Authors: SAGLAMER Ahmet , OZALP Hüsnü Korhan , KARGIOGLU Bahadir
Published: June 2018

ICA Construction (Ictas ‐ Astaldi JV) is the general contractor of the WHSD ring road project in St. Petersburg and Section 7 & 8 of M11 Motorway project, which will be the toll highway between St. Petersburg and Moscow. WHSD ring road that has been constructed by ICA Construction passes through nearshore and offshore areas on viaducts and there are also two cable stayed bridges on the alignment. As a part of M11 motorway project, several bridges have been constructed overpassing various rivers. Since, all these structures have deep foundation systems, several axial pile loading tests have been performed on both projects. Soil in the vicinity of St. Petersburg consists of soft to medium dense silty, partially sandy clay layers at top levels. These layers are followed by Cambrian aged hard clay layers. In Russian Federation and some Eastern European countries, bored pile design is based on SNIP norms. In norms like AASHTO or Eurocode, pile bearing capacity calculations consider both contribution of the tip resistance and skin friction. On the contrary, in SNIP norms contribution of the skin friction to pile bearing capacity is very limited. Therefore, piles are generally extended to deep bearing layers. For piles where large axial bearing capacities are required, base enlargement is applied. In this paper, axial pile bearing capacities in the scope of the above mentioned projects are calculated based on SNIP, AASHTO LRFD and Eurocode 7, respectively and the calculated values are compared with the pile bearing capacities obtained from field tests. Total number of axial pile load tests gives the possibility to make a statistical comparison. Results of axial pile load tests have revealed that especially the bearing capacities calculated in accordance with SNIP norms underestimates bearing capacities of bored piles erected in clayey soils.
Interaction of transport infrastructure with natural hazards (landslides, rock falls, floods)
Authors: VANÍČEK Ivan , JIRÁSKO Daniel , VANÍČEK Martin
Published: June 2018

The significance of the transport infrastructure is going strongly up during last period. It is connected with two aspects. Firstly the interest is connected with energy consumption as about 40% of overall consumption is consumed for transport infrastructure. Secondly the interest is focused on securing the serviceability of transport infrastructure also during nonstandard conditions. Between these conditions belong not only cases elicited by human factor, as transport for example the blockade caused by transport accident, but also by cases elicited by external factors, mostly by natural hazards. The paper is focused on securing serviceability during natural impacts ‐ hazards. Floods, landslides, rock falls are natural hazards typical for middle Europe. Therefore natural hazards like tsunami, typhoons, hurricanes typical for coastal zones, or avalanches typical for alpine zones, respective earthquakes for seismic prone zones are not included in. The paper is therefore focussed in more details on the interaction of transport infrastructure with floods, landslides and rock falls with the main aim to guarantee at least limited serviceability during such events. In doing so the view of geotechnical engineering is playing primordial task.
Optimized design of foundations on soil reinforced by floating columns
Authors: BOUASSIDA Mounir , ELLOUZE Souhir
Published: June 2018

This paper studies the reinforcement of very thick compressible soft soil layer by floating columns. Analysis is made on the basis of recent methodology of design that combines the bearing capacity and settlement verifications to provide the optimized improved area ratio. Introducing the allowable long term settlement of unreinforced compressible soil and assuming that the short term total settlement is completed at the end of construction an optimized length of floating columns is obtained. The discussion of this method of design highlights the feasibility of a potential solution of reinforcement in making a whole cost effective design both including the improvement area ratio within the reinforced upper layer and the thickness of the soft clay. Design charts are proposed for soft clays reinforced by floating columns. Illustration by a case study highlighted the efficiency of floating columns.
Practical application of reliability‐based design with examples including reliability assessment of design approach DA2*
Authors: DAY Peter , DE KOKER Nico
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
In‐situ and laboratory methods for liquefaction hazard assessment
Authors: BOJADJIEVA J. , SHESHOV Vl. , EDIP K. , KITANOVSKI T. , CHANEVA J.
Published: June 2018

Considering liquefaction as one of the geotechnical instabilities (problems), which increase damages during strong earthquakes, there are different approaches available for assessment of its potential. The study presents the investigations and results on the evaluation of the potential of liquefiable soil layers at location where new business ‐ residential complex is planned to be built. Results from the performed in situ investigations (SPT, CPT) and laboratory experiments provide valuable contribution regarding the evaluation of liquefaction hazard at the location with medium to high seismicity and non‐homogenous soil condition. Furthermore, recommendations are given for the proper depth as a foundation level of the structures that are planned to be built on this site. Methodology applied in this study points out the necessity of attention and precaution to deliver conclusions for potential of liquefaction in urban areas.
Methods for assessment and identification of dispersive soils
Authors: DJOKOVIĆ Ksenija , ČAKI Laslo , ŠUŠIĆ Nenad , HADŽI‐NIKOVIĆ Gordana
Published: June 2018

Dispersive clay soils represent a specific type of fine‐grained soils, which can not be determined by the visual classification or using standard identification ‐ classification tests such as granulometric (particle size) analysis, plasticity tests and similar. The paper gives an overview of the results of testing dispersivity of fine‐grained soil using other classification tests: the crumb test, the double hydrometer test and the pinhole test. Tests were conducted on samples: sandy clay embankment dams of “Rovni”, loess from different locations (Zemun, Novi Beograd, Titel, Kelebija, Srbobran, Slankamen, Ruma, Mali Iđoš) and kaolinite sandy clay deposits Grabež ‐ Aranđelovac. In order to improve soil properties, special consideration was given to the influence of soil compaction to dispersion properties. However, dispersion tests obtained with the use of the pinhole method at different degrees of compaction showed that the degree of compaction has no significant effect on the soil behavior, i.e. its class of dispersion.
The use of InSAR as a tool to assess ground deformation: the cases of Rácalmás and Dunaszecksó, Hungary
Authors: RAVENTÓS Josep , SÁNCHEZ Jordi , FUSI Bálazs
Published: June 2018

In the FP7 DORIS project, one of the main tasks was devoted to generate and deliver relevant and accurate maps and timely information for managing the different civil defence phases involved in the onset of ground deformation. TRE ALTAMIRA provided ground motion data over different periods of time by the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interpherometry on sites of Rácalmás and Dunaszeksö, where high loess river bank collapses along the Danube with deep seated landslides affected urban areas and infrastructures, and former volcanic mountain with several ground deformation events occured. Several radars and time periods where used to obtain the maximum information: L band mid‐resolution sensors ERS and ENVISAT for 1992–2002 and 2003–2010, ALOS sensor for 2007 and 2011 and X band high‐resolution TerraSAR‐x for 2011. Their combination allows to improve and optimize the information and to correlate radar with on‐site data, improving the knowledge of the phenomena and its triggering as well as the in situ observational method approach.
Experimental interpretation of seismically induced instability of mountain slopes
Authors: TOWHATA Ikuo , GUNJI Keigo
Published: June 2018

This paper addresses the earthquake‐induced landslide and the post‐earthquake slope instability. After gigantic earthquakes in Taiwan, Pakistan and China have been suffering many slope disasters and there are many reasons for such long‐term aftereffects. Namely, the induced surface cracks can bring in rain water and affect the slope stability. On the other hand, the present study is interested in material deterioration caused by cyclic shear stress and attempted to demonstrate the relationship between the intensity of cyclic shear and the decrease of material strength. The unconfined compression tests were conducted on artificial rock samples to reveal that the post‐cyclic peak stress and strain follows a unique curve and that the strength decreases in accordance with the magnitude of cyclically induced strain. It is further interesting that a similar deterioration occurs after creep deformation, accounting for the material weakening and many slope failures along fault zones where long‐term static loading induces creep deformation. This finding is in line with what is called process zone.
Evaluation of the landslide risk based on the hazard maps for Iasi city, in Romania
Authors: ADOMNITEI Cristian , LUNGU Irina , STANCIU Anghel , ANICULAESI Mircea
Published: June 2018

According to the World Bank statistics, 57% of the total yearly losses of Romania are caused by flooding and landslides. At the same time, 37.4% of the country surface and 45.8% of the population is subjected to risk, while approximately 50.3% of the yearly national income can be affected by material losses and human lives as result of natural disasters (earthquakes, flooding and landslides). The paper presents the drawing up stages of the landsliding hazard map and the quantification of the hazard medium coefficient (K(m)) for a particular zone, respectively in Iasi city – Bucium area. Through a comparative analysis between the values of the stability factor (Fs), using the Spencer method for the area taken into consideration, and the distribution of the hazard medium coefficient values for landsliding (K(m)), a good correspondence between the two indicators reflecting the slope stability has been identified.
Integrative analysis used for landslide susceptibility zoning at local scale based on GIS modeling
Authors: DOBRESCU Cornelia‐Florentina , CĂLĂRAŞU Elena‐Andreea , HUZUI‐STOICULESCU Alina Elena
Published: June 2018

The current use of risk assessment methods with parametric analysis and GIS‐based techniques to develop susceptibility models were implemented at local scale in a selected landslide prone areas, in order to improve the urban planning strategies and emergency management tools using site‐specific criteria. For spatial analysis and GIS numerical modeling, the geomorphologic data from digital elevation model were used. Combined semi‐quantitative and deterministic approaches were carried out to obtain spatial distribution mapping of stability factor on different sites. The semi‐quantitative method deals with quantification of several intrinsic parameters related to landslide process using the available national inventory database. In deterministic approach, the integration of infinite slope model based on geotechnical properties was performed for mapping stability factor and defining spatial distribution of susceptibility classes. Landslide information will contribute to further strategies for decision makers and planners using multidisciplinary assessment information.
Groundwater Pollution Threats in the Republic of Macedonia due to Uncontrolled Landfills
Authors: DONEVSKA Katerina , PESHEVSKI Igor , KOSTADINOV Trajce
Published: June 2018

Waste management practices are among the most important environmental issues in the Republic of Macedonia. Reusing, recycling, recovery and treatment of municipal solid waste are very limited. Nearly all municipal solid wastes in the country are disposed on landfills, out of which some are sanitary, while most are uncontrolled landfills/dumps and do not comply with the Directive 99/31/EC of 26 April 1999 set by the European Commission. This is a major environmental concern due to pollution of surrounding soil, ground and surface waters, human and wildlife food sources, animal habitat patterns and aesthetic impacts in the countryside. Available data about uncontrolled landfills locations are mapped and compared to the geology, hydrogeology, groundwater vulnerability as well as rainfall maps, upon which appropriate analysis is performed related to the groundwater contamination potential. The uncontrolled landfill sites and surrounding regions are then ranked according to their threats for groundwater contamination and prioritized for sustainable remediation.
Geotechnical consideration of the cut‐and‐fill slope problems related to the Struma motorway construction
Authors: KERENCHEV Nikolay , MIHOVA Lena
Published: June 2018

The forthcoming construction of the Struma motorway which is part of the Pan‐European corridor IV is one of the most challenging geotechnical assignments in Bulgaria nowadays. The road trace is situated in a region of high seismic activity where the topography reveals mostly areas with steep mountain slopes. Geotechnical considerations of the road construction including cut‐and‐fill works and building of different supporting structures as pile founded retaining structures, anchor systems and reinforced soil embankments is needed. Numerical solutions based on the limit equilibrium theory and the finite element method are applied. This paper analyses and summarizes the design options and the results of the different numerical models of preferred structures.
Risk assessment in reconstruction of flood protection embankments due to climate change
Authors: KOVAČEVIĆ Meho Saša , JURIĆ KAĆUNIĆ Danijela , LIBRIĆ Lovorka , BAČIĆ Mario
Published: June 2018

This paper presents the methodology for risk assessment in reconstruction of embankments for protection of floods caused by climate change. Main risks that appear in such projects have been identified. For assessing the risks in the project of reconstructing the Otok Virje ‐ Brezje flood protection embankment, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), one of the methods for multiple criteria decision‐making, is applied. The result of the risk assessment is a list of risk priorities. Depending on the position a risk occupies in the list, i.e. the relative value of its exposure compared to other risks, appropriate contingencies are applied as the expected response to the risk. Sensitivity analyses have shown exceptional stability of the results of the decision‐making.
Some limitations during hydraulic and geotechnical design of small flood protection embankment near the river Neretva
Authors: LJUBENKOV Igor , STRAŠESKI Atanas , PAPIĆ Br. Jovan
Published: June 2018

The small Krvavac settlement is situated on the shore of the Neretva river in R. Croatia. It has suffered from floods in the past, due to which programme has been prepared in order to design a protective embankment. The groundwater at the location is almost at the ground surface, and different soil materials are present, with variable parameters. Thus, after accepting the appropriate cross section and respecting the geotechnical data, slope stability calculations have been conducted, which allowed more precise position of the geosynthetic impermeable material, as well as settlement analyses for several time domains which asked for recommendations in order to reduce their intensity. The obtained experiences stress the need of such embankments, regardless the settlement size, especially due to unexpected radical changes of weather conditions not only in the region.
Sealing of upper basin for hydraulic power plant Brežice
Authors: MARIC Mario , COPEK Gorazd , VOLLMERT Lars
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Assessment of landslide‐related hazard and risk on the road network of the Valjevo city, Serbia
Authors: MARJANOVIĆ Miloš , ABOLMASOV Biljana , ĐURIĆ Uroš , KRUŠIĆ Jelka
Published: June 2018

During the heavy rainfall and associated disastrous floods and massive landslides in 2014, the territory of the the Valjevo City, located in the western Serbia, suffered strong road network issues, particularly landslide‐related effects. Herein, it was attempted to assess critical sections, to propose targeted and systematic actions. The network included about 200 km of categorized roads which were identified as elements at risk. The territory was assessed for landslide susceptibility and hazard, by Analytical Hierarchy Process multi‐criteria approach, with standard conditioning factors and landslide inventory from BEWARE project deliverables. Further analysis involved exposure and vulnerability assessment per each road segment, including distance to the highest landslide hazard zone and road segment importance/frequency/quality‐state. These were overlapped and the risk along the road network segments was delineated. High risk points were used to simulate road breaks in various routing impact scenarios, to delineate road segments with highest priority for preventive/precaution actions.
One approach in definition of acceptable level of risk for slopes in hard rocks
Authors: PESHEVSKI Igor , JOVANOVSKI Milorad , NEDELKOVSKA Natasha , LEPITKOVA Sonja
Published: June 2018

Slope stability analysis in hard rocks is one of the most complex tasks in geotechnical engineering. It requires application of specific design principles in order to find a way to incorporate all uncertainties coming from geological, geotechnical, economic and social aspects. In the frame of this article are presented the basics of one approach that shows how is possible to link the acceptable level of risk with the values of Factor of Safety or Probability of Failure. The methodology is supported with some results from stability analyses performed for slopes on the access road to dam “Sveta Petka” in R.Macedonia and some other case histories. Based on these analyses, the article gives some new proposals in definition of acceptable (tolerable) level of risks using also criteria of probability of failure, potential loss of life and economic impacts.
Geotechnical opportunity management ‐ subsoil conditions as an opportunity and a risk
Authors: SONDERMANN Wolfgang , KUMMERER Clemens
Published: June 2018

The characteristics of different subsoil layers and groundwater conditions are the most significant factors when estimating the response of the ground under changing stress conditions. The interaction between the ground properties of the various homogeneous areas determine the portfolio of geotechnical solutions for achieving technical project requirements. Consequently the determination of realistic parameters has a decisive influence on the selection of potential geotechnical methods both during design and execution. This opportunity for achieving an optimal design and construction method can quickly become a risk to everyone when the soil at the site has not been investigated adequately, and subsequently structural damages occur together with all the related consequences. Using a case study from real construction projects, it will be shown how site investigations can lead to additional opportunities to meet the project goals for everyone involved in the construction task.
Geodatabases to improve geotechnical design and modelling
Authors: VARDANEGA Paul J. , CRISPIN Jamie J. , GILDER Charlotte E.L. , VOYAGAKI Elia , SHEPHEARD Casey J. , HOLCOMBE Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2018

Geotechnical designers and modellers must capture and quantify the variability of key soil properties to make engineering decisions. There is a long history in geotechnical engineering of assembling large databases of past soil tests. This paper shows the use of geotechnical databases in two contexts: (a) slope stability modelling in the Eastern Caribbean and (b) settlement response of bored piles in London Clay.
Remarks on wet deep soil mixing quality control
Authors: CHAUMENY Jean Luc , KANTY Piotr , REITMEIER Tobias
Published: June 2018

As wet soil mixing has a lot of advantages in comparison to other soil improvement methods it is used more often all over the world. It can be used as sealing element instead of diaphragm walls or also as load bearing element as an alternative to stone columns or even to piles. For these challenging uses the quality control is important to guarantee that the values in the field match with the original design criteria. Since a soil mixing element consists mainly of the in‐situ subsoil also the quality of the final product has a natural spread. To ensure the quality of the product and thereby the stability of the founded building quality control is a big issue that has to be followed, keeping in mind that the base material is natural and a certain spread of the samples is normal. This article gives a general overview of different methods of taking samples, analyses UCS values of different jobsites and different methods. The article outlines a possible way for quality control on soil mixing projects.
Design, construction and performance of single bore multiple anchored diaphragm wall in Turkey
Authors: DÜZCEER Rasin , GÖKALP Alp , ADATEPE Şenol
Published: June 2018

This paper presents the design, construction and performance of an anchored diaphragm wall utilizing high capacity Single Bore Multiple Anchor (SBMA) technology which is a proprietary product of Kasktaş in Turkey to support one of the largest and deepest basement excavations in very soft soil conditions of Kağıthane region in İstanbul for the first time. A 60cm thick diaphragm wall, with a total depth of 20m, was designed incorporating one level of temporary ground anchors in order to perform the excavation in dry condition without causing any hazard to surrounding structures and roads, within a heavily urbanized location. Additionally, 7 rows of jet grout columns were executed in order to improve the soil at the toe of the diaphragm wall. Within the scope of the prestigious on‐going Ferko Line Project, a shoring system consisting of 12,500m2 of diaphragm wall, 8,900m of Single Bore Multiple Anchor (SBMA) and 62,400m of jet grout columns and a piled‐raft foundation system consisting of 33,150m of 100cm bored piles socketed into rock by 5 m were completed.
Geomechanical and hydrogeological characteristics of Quaternary in karst
Authors: GALIĆ Amira , PRSKALO Maja
Published: June 2018

Karst is a terrain with special hydrogeology and relief forms, and it develops in rocks that are relatively soluble in water. Quaternary deposits in karst areas of the Dinarides occupy relatively smaller areas, in poljes and beds of a small number of karst rivers. The subject of the study is the Quaternary formations in the Trebižat riverbed. Although the river has carved its bed through Quaternary limestones, occurrences of major water losses or sinking are not registered due to relatively thick, fine‐grained and clayey alluvium that has been deposited in the canyon. Their depth is relatively large and in places it is over 20 m. Tufa in the form fragments of different sizes is very often present. It has a high holey porosity that is partly due to the decomposition of water plant tissues, and partly due to the dissolution or releasing of organic tissue. Despite the high porosity, tufa does not have a high permeability because the pores are not well interconnected and are often filled with fine‐grained particles. The subject of the paper is geomechanical and hydrogeological properties of these sediments.
Modelling of stadium stand foundation in poor soil conditions
Authors: JAZVIN Ena , ŠPAGO Azra
Published: June 2018

This paper focuses on the area of Sivas Province in Turkey where construction of stadium capacity of 25000 spectators was taking place. Geologically, several lithological units are identified in the site where upper layers are formed of alluvium sedimentary deposits of poor characteristic, namely sandy clay and gravelly clay while firm bedrock (gypsum) is found at larger depths which puts a request on use of deep foundation to withstand heavy structure load. The main objective of this study was to analyse foundation of stand section using Finite Elements Method by creating two models. First model followed original design solution where foundation on piles were applied, while second model examined performance of alternative methods: soil improvement using jet grouting technique. Data on soil for each of soil layers are taken from the Geotechnical Report from Erciyes University (Kayseri). The considered criteria of serviceability limit state were used to compare results of the two methods with reflection on technology application potential and its effectiveness.
A study on the reliability analysis of a deep excavation supported with anchored pile walls
Authors: KÖKTEN Özgen , YILDIZ Ersan
Published: June 2018

This paper presents a study performed to examine the applicability and convenience of the random set theory in combination with the finite element method (RS‐FEM), considering a case of a deep excavation. A case history of a 15 m deep multi‐anchored contiguous pile wall in clay is considered. Existing buildings around the excavation have necessitated a careful evaluation on the deformations and the reliability of the system. However, due to the existence of limited investigations, the soil parameters had to be estimated combining the results of these investigations with previous experience and expertness under similar conditions. Plane strain numerical analyses have been performed in order to predict the wall behavior. The parameters in the random set model have been chosen based on the sensitivity analyses. Most probable boundaries of the wall horizontal deformations have been compared with inclinometer readings. As suggested by previous case histories, wall deformations have been observed to fall within the lower third of the range predicted by RS‐FEM.
Performance monitoring of rammed aggregate piers: a stockyard case history site
Authors: KURT BAL Ece , ONER Lale , CETIN Kemal Onder
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates the design aspects of Rammed Aggregate Pier® (RAP) treatment as a composite treatment for the unfavourable ground conditions, the construction, QA/QC measures and the verification of the performance via a comprehensive instrumentation scheme. For this purpose, instrumented full scale load test was performed for the stockyard project site in Izmir, Turkey. The soil profile is comprised of fill and soft sandy clay layers overlain by the pyroclastic bedrock. 6 to 18 m long RAP elements were installed in a square grid spaced between 1.5 m and 2.0 m to improve bearing capacity and settlement responses, to accelerate the time rate of settlement (i.e.: consolidation) and to mitigate the liquefaction potential at the project site. The foundation settlement was estimated by RocScience‐Settle 3D software, which was observed to be 30 % smaller than the measured values. After the ground improvement with RAP elements, the foundation settlements were measured as less than 10 cm as compared to 40 ‐ 60 cm settlement predictions of the untreated system.
Models and calculation methods of the pile foundation in SCAD Office
Authors: NUZHDIN Leonid , MIKHAYLOV Victor
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Landslide stabilization with geogrids in Lech: a pioneer project 25 years ago
Authors: PLANKEL Anton , ALEXIEW Dimiter
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Vulnerability of bridge piers to general and local erosion of river bed
Authors: PROLOVIĆ Verka , BONIĆ Zoran , DAVIDOVIĆ Nebojša , ZLATANOVIĆ Elefterija , ROMIĆ Nikola
Published: June 2018

Bridges are large, quite complex, and expensive engineering structures, whose supports, i.e. piers in river beds, are exposed to a series of adverse influences, in particular to the impact of the erosion of a river bed. Disrupted stability of piers or their complete destruction leads to failure of bridge superstructures. We have been witnessing, particularly in recent years, the occurrence of large floods that damaged or even completely destroyed a large number of bridges. In this paper the main causes of general erosion and local erosion have been analysed, with a view toward the ways of determining the depth of local erosion, in order to meet the requirements of a correct selection of foundation depth of bridge piers and of undertaking the corresponding measures to prevent erosion.
Effect of elastoplastic stone columns on consolidation rate of soft soil
Authors: PULKO Boštjan , LOGAR Janko
Published: June 2018

The aim of the paper is to present the basics and to demonstrate the ability of the recently developed method for the evaluation of the effect of elastoplastic stone columns on the consolidation process of soft soil deposits. The method is based on the unit cell concept, takes into account thick‐walled poroelastic cylinder of soil and elastoplastic stone column and provides coupled solution of equilibrium and diffusion equations. The calculation of settlements, excess pore pressure and stresses in the time domain is based on the numerical inverse of analytical expressions obtained in the Laplace domain. The advantage of the proposed method, as compared to other analytical solutions, is that it enables consideration of time dependent loading, takes into account subsequent transfer of stresses from the soil to the column and provides settlement rate prediction. Finally, some examples and comparisons are presented in order to demonstrate the ability of the method to yield reliable predictions of settlements and consolidation rate of the stone column improved ground.
Comparison of measured and calculated interactions between slope creeping and tunnel structures
Authors: SCHNEIDER‐MUNTAU Barbara , CORDES Tobias
Published: June 2018

For the design of structures, the creep deformation of slopes and the evolution of creep pressure are only coarsely taken into consideration. Over the time, creep deformations can achieve remarkable magnitudes, thus the evolution of creep stress on structures is investigated here. The northern access of the Brenner Base Tunnel (BBT) is situated in a creeping mass movement. The geodetic monitoring shows constant displacement rates. Also inclinometer, convergence and anchors’ force measurements are continuously evaluated. This mass movement interacts with the tunnel structure on the first tunnel meters. To quantify the resulting additional stresses, finite element 3D models simulations were performed and validated. The viscose parameters were back calculated according to the displacement of natural slope. The results show evolution of stresses and displacements and allow extrapolation for the design life‐cycle of the BBT of 200 years. Continuous measurements combined with continually calibrated simulation model guarantee a holistic monitoring of slope‐tunnel interaction.
Design of deep foundation for Osijek city water treatment plant
Authors: SOKOLIĆ Igor , VUKADINOVIĆ Bojan
Published: June 2018

Water Treatment Plant for the city of Osijek is situated on the riverbank of Drava River. The soil at the location consists of alluvial deposits with layers of soft soil to the depth of 16 m. One part of the construction area is covered with 4 m high fill material. For heavy loaded structures and large area basins and tanks, deep foundation was designed with full displacement concrete piles. The piles of d=40 cm are installed by using lost cone technique down to 2 m in the bearing stratum of dense sand. Bearing capacity of the piles is calculated according to geotechnical investigation works which consists of geotechnical borings, laboratory tests, in‐situ SPT and CPTU. The calculation methodology is given, regarding the selection of design values for pile skin and base resistance. The effect of addition filling on the construction area is evaluated by using finite element method in Plaxis 2D, to calculate the negative skin friction on the piles. After the pile construction, pile capacity was tested by dynamic load test. The comparison of predicted and tested results is given in the paper.
A numerical study to evaluate the performance of deep mixed columns
Authors: CINAR F. Tugce , BOZBEY Ilknur , KELESOGLU M. Kubilay
Published: June 2018

Deep mixed (DM) columns are often used for embankments built on soft soils. In this study, a numerical study was carried out for a case study from the literature. The case study consists of DM columns that were constructed in a soft soil underlying an embankment. The numerical study aimed to carry out plain strain analyses and axial symmetry analyses and compare the results. Effects of DM modulus, column spacing and area replacement ratio on displacements and stress distributions were evaluated. In order to perform a two‐dimensional analysis of DM columns under plane‐strain conditions, conversions were made regarding the stiffness and strength of the soil‐column system. Parametric studies revealed that modulus of elasticity is a crucial parameter for deep mixing performance for all soil models used through the numerical analyses. The uncertainties and challenges of modeling a three dimensional geotechnical problem in two dimension are also stated within the context of the manuscript.
Navigation waves influence on the banks protection stability for the Romanian inland waterways linking Danube with the Black Sea
Authors: DUMITRESCU Victor
Published: June 2018

The current period is characterized by an increase in the cargo traffic of ships transiting the main two romanian waterways CDMN and CPAMN but also by the navigation companies concern to increase the navigation speeds. The need to determine the maximum admissible speeds of channel navigation is closely related to the parameters of the waves produced (H, L, T, v) in the shore area where interaction with banks protections and sites geotechnical conditions occurs. The geotechnical stability parameters of the banks are firstly dependent on whether the pore water pressure in the underlying soil is able to adapt to the changes in the water level of the canal without significant instability being generated. The intention is to define admissible cruising speeds of vessels on the waterway, depending on the ship type, canal cross section and navigation conditions. On one side, unnecessary speed limitations should be avoided, but on the other side the stability of the canals banks has to be guaranteed and the safety of navigation conditions maintained.
Numerical simulation of triaxial tests
Authors: EDIP K. , SHESHOV Vl. , BOJADJIEVA J. , KITANOVSKI T. , CHANEVA J.
Published: June 2018

Many successful applications of numerical models for simulation of sand behavior show the importance of both triaxial tests and the constitutive relations used in simulation. In this work several triaxial tests have been simulated using the hypoplastic material model. The triaxial monotonic tests have been performed at the Laboratory for Geodynamics at the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology in Skopje, R. Macedonia (IZIIS). The hypoplastic constitutive equations have been implemented using the User Programmable Features of software ANSYS. The results show interesting outcomes considering different levels of effective stresses
Back analysis of a shoring system at the excavation site of M4 subway, Budapest
Authors: FARAGÓ Tamás , SZENDEFY János , SZEPESHÁZI Attila , KARNER Balázs
Published: June 2018

The paper focuses on the numerical back analysis of the monitored deep excavation of II. János Pál pápa square of Budapest Metro Line 4. Inclinometric measurement of diaphragm wall deformations has been compared to numerical results derived by PLAXIS using HSsmall soil model. Considering the influence of small strain stiffness of plastic soils, good fit of measured and calculated deformations could be observed. Parametric analysis were carried out to observe influence of the following inputs on the numerical results:

Construction time and sequence

Consolidation effects

Small strain stiffness parameters

A detailed evaluation is given about the results of parametric analysis, considering the inherent errors of the inclinometric measurements, as well.
Ground response analysis of Bahlui Clay as a foundation layer
Authors: GAINA Alexandra Alisa , STANCIU Anghel , NICUTA Ana , LUNGU Irina
Published: June 2018

The purpose is to evaluate ground response of 30 m soil column subjected to different seismic actions. The main foundation layer under investigation is a fat clay specific for Iasi, the Bahlui clay. Three main investigation steps have been followed. The first one consists in laboratory tests using resonant column and torsional shear tests only for Bahlui clay. Degradation curve has been established for both shear modulus and damping ratio. Dynamic parameters of the other layers have been established using empirical models. The second step consists of determination of the site's response spectrum. Equivalent linear one‐dimension analysis using STRATA software has been performed in order to determine the seismic response of the soil column. The analysis results highlight an amplified seismic input motion associated with each soil layer type. They will lead to a better understanding and will improve the characterization of the site response effects, necessary for the local engineers to manage the design of new constructions and to properly consolidate the existing ones.
Comparison between limit equilibrium approach and finite element method for slope stability analysis in anisotropic rocks with low quality
Authors: JANEVSKI Bojan , MILANOVSKI Mome
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Critical state constitutive model for overconsolidated clays – HASP model
Authors: JOCKOVIĆ Sanja , VUKIĆEVIĆ Mirjana
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
A case study of rainfall‐triggered slope instability using projected extremes
Authors: JOSIFOVSKI Josif , SUSINOV Bojan
Published: June 2018

In the past years due to climate change the region of South‐East Europe is subjected to extreme weather events with intense rainfall fallowed by activation or reactivation of landslides. In this paper a rainfall‐triggered landslide is investigated on extreme precipitation estimates. Hence, the behaviour of the slope is controlled by the hydro‐mechanical conditions and soil‐atmosphere interaction. In this case study a slope stability of a natural landslide is calculated for projected rainfall of 10 mm/h with 24‐hour duration. In such scenarios due to the excess pore‐water pressure even deep‐sited landslides beside local can exhibit global instability. This study aims to quantitatively assess the impact of intense rainfall on the landslides. The extreme precipitation pattern is considered as loading condition in a fully coupled hydromechanical finite element simulation, where the displacements, matric suctions, and suction stresses are calculated. The results indicate that intense rainfall leads to fast pore‐water pressure build‐up resulting in local strength reduction of the slope. In general, the findings urge to reassess the existing risk maps with more detailed models and higher prognosed precipitation.
Comparison of determination of oedometric modulus based on CPT and laboratory testing in case of pleistocene sand layers
Authors: KÁDÁR István , NAGY László
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Laboratory model tests on natural sand from Skopje region
Authors: KITANOVSKI T. , SHESHOV Vl. , EDIP K. , BOJADJIEVA J. , CHANEVA J.
Published: June 2018

From the detailed experimental series of 1‐G laminar box experiments on Skopje sand it was clear that additional model tests were needed having similar initial conditions as the examined sand in the laminar box. Series of index experiments on a new shipment of sand are performed to determine mechanical properties and to prove the sample consistency. Also series of simple shear cyclic tests are made on loose specimens with a 20, 25, 30 and 35% relative densities and effective pressures of 50 and 100kPa. Moreover, series of simple shear liquefaction tests and series of triaxial undrained liquefaction tests with same initial condition of 30% relative density and 50kPa effective pressure are considered. Such initial conditions represent additional difficulties in the preparation of the models and their testing. The results obtained from these tests greatly enhance the knowledge of the sand response when different levels of dynamic loads are applied and the potential of liquefaction is considered carefully.
Displacement based design of multi level anchored deep excavations
Authors: KÖKTEN Özgen , GHALANDARI M. Taher , YILDIZ Ersan
Published: June 2018

Braced deep excavations are getting widespread in parallel to the increase in the need to use underground spaces for infrastructures and tall buildings which make them an essential part of geotechnical engineering practice. Braced support system movements shall be small enough to ensure remain within acceptable limits. The limits for the elastic displacement of the vertical support member (e.g., pile wall), are generally recommended either for support systems with strut elements or cantilever walls. However, there is no common specification or guide to assess the permissibility of displacements caused by deep excavations with multi‐level anchors. This paper presents an example study for a deep excavation project supported with multilevel anchors in a clayey soil in Istanbul where Mobilized Strength Design (MSD) method is discussed and a new approach is proposed regarding the limit of the horizontal elastic deflection value of the vertical wall with multi‐level anchors, based on a joint evaluation of the performed finite element study and MSD method.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of deep vibro compaction
Authors: NAGY Péter , ADAM Dietmar , KOPF Fritz , FREITAG Peter
Published: June 2018

Deep vibro compaction (vibroflotation) is a soil improvement technique, which was patented by the company Keller in the 1930s and since then it has been continually developed and has been successfully used worldwide for deep compaction of granular soils. The methods for quality control of the compaction works are largely empirical in nature and therefore often unreliable. In a current research project, fundamental experimental investigations on real‐time quality control for the deep vibro compaction were executed. Large‐scale test measurements and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the three‐dimensional vibrator movement during the compaction process. Reliable measurements with measuring instruments on the vibrator tube during the compaction process have been conducted within the current large‐scale field tests. This paper presents the layout of the large‐scale in‐situ tests, moreover, selected test results are shown, and possible indicators of the changing soil conditions are discussed.
Back analysis of an embedded retaining wall for a deep excavation in Bucharest
Authors: POPA Horatiu , ENE Alexandra , MIRITOIU Roxana , IONESCU Ionela , MARCU Dragos
Published: June 2018

Retaining system design involves a careful analysis and knowledge of the geotechnical parameters, as well as the soil‐retaining structure interaction, which is usually accomplished using the finite element method (FEM). Finite element method allows the use of complex constitutive models for all materials, especially for soil behaviour. The aim of this paper is to present the back analysis in terms of calibration of the numerical model used for modelling the self‐supported embedded wall composed of tangent piles for an 8 m deep excavation in Bucharest. Soil parameters were calibrated based on the result obtained from monitoring measurements performed during the execution of the deep excavation through inclinometers installed in the embedded wall, extensometers and incline‐extensometer in the excavation and topographical measurements for both retaining wall and adjacent constructions.
Geotechnical conditions for construction of bank revetment on the Sava amphitheatre area in Belgrade ‐ Serbia
Authors: RAKIĆ Dragoslav , STANIĆ Nemanja , BASARIĆ Irena , FILIPOVIĆ Vladimir
Published: June 2018

Within the project „Belgrade Waterfront”, regulation of the Sava River was predicted, which included the construction of a new bank revetment in a length of about 1800 m. In order to determine the existing situation and to make geotechnical maps for the new bank revetment, geotechnical investigations were performed during 2015. The paper presents the results of these investigations and the defining method of geotechnical models used for the stability analysis of the revetment depending on the extreme hydrological conditions. According to these models, seepage and geostatic calculations were performed, with the aim of illustrating the influence of the Sava River water level oscillations on the groundwater level. As a characteristic case, a 60‐day flood wave was taken into account, which occurred in May and June of 2014. In order to simulate critical conditions during the duration of the flood wave, a further decline in the water level was assumed for another 12 days. Based on the performed geotechnical analysis, the stability of the revetment has been proved.
Geomechanical characterization for tunnelling design along the new railway Kichevo ‐ Albanian border in R. Macedonia
Authors: RAMIREZ Pedro , FRAILE Laura , MARTINEZ Carlos , ANGELOV Vanco
Published: June 2018

The complex geology along the Corridor VIII, section Kichevo‐border of R. Albania requires ten new tunnels. The knowledge of geo‐mechanical conditions as well as a better understanding about the failure process and more accurate rock mass strength estimation are of great importance in order to anticipate likely risks and to recommend the most favourable design of the support sections reducing stability problems of the underground excavations. Several cases of tunnel sections analysing different failure modes have been considered. Stress‐strain analyses are performed by means of the state‐of‐the‐art finite elements numerical models assuming a reliable geotechnical model based on the ground site investigations. In particular the paper is focused on the analysis of the longest and deepest tunnel and the management of the associated geotechnical issues when deep tunnels are excavated in weak rocks. In addition, different working lines are discussed with the purpose of thinking over the most advantageous approaches to assume in tunnelling design in these particular conditions.
Resilient modulus testing with application of cyclic CBR test for road subgrade materials
Authors: SAS Wojciech , GŁUCHOWSKI Andrzej , GABRYŚ Katarzyna , SOBÓL Emil , SZYMAŃSKI Alojzy
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Response surface method analysis of the ultimate capacity of intelligent composite anchoring element
Authors: ŠTEFAŇÁK Jan , MIČA Lumír
Published: June 2018

This article is not available for publication.
Ore liquefaction experimental analysis with centrifuge rolling test
Authors: THOREL Luc , SABOYA Fernando , AUDRAIN Philippe , NEEL Alain , BLANC Matthieu
Published: June 2018

To study the development of liquefaction in ore cargo during maritime transportation, a new Rolling Test device has been designed to support similar stresses than those observed in a vessel. It can be used in an 80×g macrogravity field in the 5.5m radius IFSTTAR geo‐centrifuge. Its main characteristics and benchmark test results are presented.