bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on a method of fruit tree pruning based on BP neural network
Authors: Liu Shiyang , Yao Jiaojiao , Li Hui , Qiu Changpeng , Liu Ruijun
Published: July 2019

The mainstream pruning robots do not have the ability to make decisions independently. The pruning schemes are all artificially generated by experts according to the collected images. In order to improve the intelligence of pruning robot and reduce the labor cost of pruning work, it is necessary to study the robot pruning decision algorithm corresponding to different fruit tree varieties.

In this paper, taking apples in the early fruit period as an example, referring to the technical principle of traditional fruit tree pruning and aiming at two types of interference in the pruning process, the back branches and interfering branches, a pruning decision algorithm based on BP neural network was proposed. The algorithm formed the training set by artificially collecting the accurate data of the spatial characteristics of the fruit tree branches and performed calibration for pruning type, and the neural network model was trained according to the calibrated data set. The model trained in the first stage showed the situation that the competition branches cannot be identified. Based on this, an improved algorithm was proposed to improve the classification performance of the competition branches. The experimental results verified that the F1 score of the method for the back branches was 0913; the F1 score for the centripetal branches was 0.867; the improved algorithm has an F1score of 0.755 for the competition branches; the overall conformed to the expectation, which could provide algorithm support for the pruning robot to make artificial intelligence decision.
Water Transport in Polyelectrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Peng Sikan , Wang Chen
Published: July 2019

In this review, previous researches related to water transport in PEMFC are comprehensively reviewed. The state and transport mechanism of water in different components are elaborated in detail. The water transport in anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) and the novel bipolar membrane fuel cell (BPMFC) are also discussed based on the cases in PEMFC. The water transport mechanism in AEMFC and BPMFC are similar to that of PEMFC, while the water management would be much difficult since the limitation properties of anion exchange membrane. In another hand, the difference between electrode reactions and membrane interface reactions for BPMFC make the transport of water more complicated. Fully understand the water transport in membrane electrode assembly is important in the develop of novel self-humidification fuel cells. As a result, the attractive cell configuration of BPMFC would make it a potential candidate for smart self-humidification fuel cells.
Research on protein folding of cannabinoid receptor type II based on HP model
Authors: Li Zhengfu , Liang Fan , Zhuang Hongyan , Li Jiaojiao , Li Cunhua
Published: July 2019

Cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2 for short) is a subtype of cannabinoid receptor. At present, the three-dimensional conformation of CB2 protein has not been determined. In this paper, a protein folding method of CB2 based on HP model and genetic algorithm are proposed, which can help to study the folding mechanism and pharmacological properties of CB2. By using the backtracking mechanism, the genetic algorithm, which can help to solve this optimization problem, can help to avoid local optimization. The folding results obtained by the algorithm are analysed and compared. The experimental results demonstrate that the CB2 conformation obtained by genetic algorithm has a lower energy value, which is a good basis for further research on CB2 folding mechanism.
3D Reservoir Modeling Based on Mobile Platform and OpenGL ES
Authors: Zheng Kaidong
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses 3D petroleum reservoir modeling based on android platform and development of relavite graphical software system for reservoir models on the mobile terminal. Using OpenGL ES graphical library to perform graphics processing and realize 3D rendering of the mobile reservoir models. Making use of the Kriging algorithm and Choleskly method to accomplish the interpolation calculation, it is the core of all grid vertexes algorithm and cutting operation for the reservoir models. On the basis of 3D reservoir modeling, complete several 3D reservoir geological model maps, and a serial of functional maps such as rotation, translation, scaling and grid displays, peeling, axis slicing, arbitrary slicing, well connected section, etc. The software system successfully passed the tests of some oil field data. The 3D reservoir modeling based on mobile platform enables the professional persons to analyse the reservoir distribution and direct the oil well drilling feasibly and easily, which will bring great convenience for technical exchanges of oil and gas exploration.
Application and Analysis of Computer Simulation in Machining Process
Authors: Zhizhou He , Jidong Zhao
Published: July 2019

Abstracts. Computer simulation technology is one of the key technologies in computer simulation industry. It is widely used in the world and is one of the key technologies in global competition. The application of computer simulation technology in mechanical processing can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of machining, and its value is prominent. In this paper, the general situation of simulation technology will be introduced as a starting point, and the specific application of this technology in the process of mechanical processing will be discussed comprehensively. The purpose is to improve the application level of computer simulation technology and ensure the overall quality of domestic mechanical processing.
Symbolic design of ecological objects in ecological simulation experiment
Authors: Zhong Zheng , Song Lingxiu , Yang Jing , Ma Rui , Zhang Yue , Dai Zhicheng
Published: July 2019

In order to vividly and vividly express the characteristics of ecological objects, according to the appearance attributes of ecological objects in real life, design ecological symbols to replace the objects being studied, image the ecological phenomena and reflect them into the simulation experiment environment. Simulate the actual situation of the ecological objects involved in the experiment, improve the learners’ cognition, and enhance their understanding and treatment of complex problems in ecological experiments.
Application of ecological design based on innovative method in baling device
Authors: Lv Bing , Wang Jianqiang , Yan Jie , Li Zequn , Chen Mengjia
Published: July 2019

China’s ecological environment is deteriorating, with excessive use of energy and materials, inconvenient disassembly and single function, which are manifested in silage equipment. To this end, the ecological design based on the innovative method was briefly described. Then the frame of the baling device in the silage equipment was taken as an example. The ecological design process based on the innovative method was applied to solve the ecological problem of excessive use of the material. It enables the baling device to improve the ecological performance while satisfying the function. Finally, through the functional analysis and ecological analysis of the frame, the feasibility of applying the method to silage machinery is also verified. This also provides an effective way for the ecological improvement of silage equipment.
Recent Substance Use and Probability of Unsuppressed HIV Viral Load Among Persons on Antiretroviral Therapy in Continuity Care
Authors: Lesko Catherine R , Keil Alexander P , Fojo Anthony T , Chander Geetanjali , Lau Bryan , Moore Richard D
Published: July 2019

Among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, illegal drug use and hazardous alcohol use are hypothesized to be strong risk factors for failure to achieve or maintain a suppressed HIV viral load, but accurate quantification of this association is difficult because of challenges involved in measuring substance use as part of routine clinical care. We estimated the associations of recent cocaine use, opioid/heroin use, and hazardous alcohol use with unsuppressed viral load among 1,554 persons receiving care at the John G. Bartlett Specialty Practice (Baltimore, Maryland) between 2013 and 2017. We accounted for measurement error in substance use using Bayesian models and prior estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of 2 imperfect measures of substance use derived from a previous analysis in this cohort. The prevalence difference for unsuppressed viral load associated with recent cocaine use was 11.3% (95% credible interval (CrI): 6.4, 17.0); that associated with recent opioid/heroin use was 13.2% (95% CrI: 6.6, 20.7); and that associated with recent hazardous alcohol use was 8.5% (95% CrI: 3.2, 14.4). Failure to account for measurement error resulted in clinically meaningful underestimates of the prevalence difference. Time-varying substance use is prevalent and difficult to measure in routine care; here we demonstrate a method that improves the utility of imperfect data by accounting for measurement error.
Females of a cannibalistic spider control mutilation of their genitalia by males
Authors: Mouginot Pierick , Uhl Gabriele
Published: July 2019

When females can mate multiply, the interests of both sexes over female remating may not coincide, leading to selection for adaptations and counteradaptations in males and females. In several orb-weaving spiders, males damage external structures of the female genitalia during copulation, which hinders the female from remating. We investigated whether females have control over the mutilation of their genitalia in the orb-weaving spider Larinia jeskovi. We found that female sexual cannibalism during copulation reduced the number of insertions a male was able to perform and hence limited the probability of genital mutilation by the male. Genital mutilation did not differ between treatments in which females experienced different availabilities of other males before the mating trial: males absent, males near the female (“vicinity group”), and males in the female’s web (“web group”). However, traits of the mating male (size, condition) were significantly correlated with the occurrence of cannibalism during mating in “web” and “vicinity” treatments. These results suggest that females have control over mutilation by an early termination of mating, can respond to the availability of potential mates and can alter the probability of mutilation according to certain male traits. Female sexual cannibalism may represent a counteradaptation to genital mutilation allowing females to mate multiply.
Fluctuating cognition in the Lewy body dementias
Authors: O’Dowd Seán , Schumacher Julia , Burn David J , Bonanni Laura , Onofrj Marco , Thomas Alan , Taylor John-Paul
Published: July 2019

Fluctuating cognition is a core diagnostic feature of the Lewy body dementias, but it can be clinically challenging to identify and characterise and remains poorly understood. O’Dowd et al. review the clinical features and explore the possible aetiological mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon. They also identify potential future research avenues.
Refinement of the Primate Corticospinal Pathway During Prenatal Development
Authors: Ribeiro Gomes Ana Rita , Olivier Etienne , Killackey Herbert P , Giroud Pascale , Berland Michel , Knoblauch Kenneth , Dehay Colette , Kennedy Henry
Published: July 2019

Perturbation of the developmental refinement of the corticospinal (CS) pathway leads to motor disorders. While non-primate developmental refinement is well documented, in primates invasive investigations of the developing CS pathway have been confined to neonatal and postnatal stages when refinement is relatively modest. Here, we investigated the developmental changes in the distribution of CS projection neurons in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Injections of retrograde tracer at cervical levels of the spinal cord at embryonic day (E) 95 and E105 show that: (i) areal distribution of back-labeled neurons is more extensive than in the neonate and dense labeling is found in prefrontal, limbic, temporal, and occipital cortex; (ii) distributions of contralateral and ipsilateral projecting CS neurons are comparable in terms of location and numbers of labeled neurons, in contrast to the adult where the contralateral projection is an order of magnitude higher than the ipsilateral projection. Findings from one largely restricted injection suggest a hitherto unsuspected early innervation of the gray matter. In the fetus there was in addition dense labeling in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the subthalamic nucleus, and the adjacent region of the zona incerta, subcortical structures with only minor projections in the adult control.
Projected Number of People With Onchocerciasis–Loiasis Coinfection in Africa, 1995 to 2025
Authors: Vinkeles Melchers Natalie V S , Coffeng Luc E , Boussinesq Michel , Pedrique Belén , Pion Sébastien D S , Tekle Afework H , Zouré Honorat G M , Wanji Samuel , Remme Jan H , Stolk Wilma A
Published: July 2019

Background

Onchocerciasis elimination through mass drug administration (MDA) is hampered by coendemicity of Loa loa, as people with high L. loa microfilariae (mf) density can develop serious adverse events (SAEs) after ivermectin treatment. We assessed the geographical overlap of onchocerciasis and loiasis prevalence and estimated the number of coinfected individuals at risk of post-ivermectin SAEs in West and Central Africa from 1995 to 2025.

Methods

Focusing on regions with suspected loiasis transmission in 14 countries, we overlaid precontrol maps of loiasis and onchocerciasis prevalence to calculate precontrol prevalence of coinfection by 5 km2 × 5 km2 pixel, distinguishing different categories of L. loa mf intensity. Using statistical and mathematical models, we predicted prevalence of both infections and coinfection for 2015 and 2025, accounting for the impact of MDA with ivermectin.

Results

The number of people infected with onchocerciasis was predicted to decline from almost 19 million in 1995 to 4 million in 2025. Of these, 137 000 people were estimated to also have L. loa hypermicrofilaremia (≥20 000 L. loa mf/mL) in 1995, declining to 31 000 in 2025. In 2025, 92.8% of coinfected cases with loiasis hypermicrofilaremia are predicted to live in hypoendemic areas currently not targeted for MDA.

Conclusions

Loiasis coinfection is a major concern for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa. We predict that under current strategies, at least 31 000 coinfected people still require treatment for onchocerciasis in 2025 while being at risk of SAEs, justifying continued efforts in research and development for safer drugs and control strategies.
Metagenomic Analysis of Microdissected Valvular Tissue for Etiological Diagnosis of Blood Culture–Negative Endocarditis
Authors: Million Matthieu , Gaudin Maxime , Melenotte Cléa , Chasson Lionel , Edouard Sophie , Verdonk Constance , Prudent Elsa , Amphoux Bernard , Meresse Stéphane , Dorent Richard , Lepidi Hubert , La Scola Bernard , Gorvel Jean-Pierre , Desnues Christelle , Raoult Didier
Published: July 2019

Background

Etiological diagnosis is a key to therapeutic adaptation and improved prognosis, particularly for infections such as endocarditis. In blood culture–negative endocarditis (BCNE), 22% of cases remain undiagnosed despite an updated comprehensive syndromic approach. This prompted us to develop a new diagnostic approach.

Methods

Eleven valves from 10 BCNE patients were analyzed using a method that combines human RNA bait-depletion with phi29 DNA polymerase-based multiple displacement amplification and shotgun DNA sequencing. An additional case in which a microbe was serendipitously visualized by immunofluorescence was analyzed using the same method, but after laser capture microdissection.

Results

Background DNA prevented any diagnosis in cases analyzed without microdissection because the majority of sequences were contaminants. Moraxella sequences were dramatically enriched in the stained microdissected region of the additional case. A consensus genome sequence of 2.4 Mbp covering more than 94% of the Moraxella osloensis KSH reference genome was reconstructed with 234X average coverage. Several antibiotic-resistance genes were observed. Etiological diagnosis was confirmed using Western blot and specific polymerase chain reaction with sequencing on a different valve sample.

Conclusions

Microdissection could be a key to the metagenomic diagnosis of infectious diseases when a microbe is visualized but remains unidentified despite an updated optimal approach. Moraxella osloensis should be tested in blood culture–negative endocarditis.
Polyclonal Campylobacter fetus Infections Among Unrelated Patients, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2013–2018
Authors: Costa Daniela , Betancor Laura , Gadea Pilar , Cabezas Laura , Caiata Leticia , Palacio Rosario , Seija Verónica , Galiana Antonio , Vieytes Mariela , Cristophersen Inés , Calleros Lucía , Iraola Gregorio
Published: July 2019

In Montevideo (2013-2018), 8 Campylobacter fetus extraintestinal infections were reported. The polyclonal nature of strains revealed by whole-genome sequencing and the apparent lack of epidemiological links was incompatible with a single contamination source, supporting alternative routes of transmission.
Rock–paper–scissors dynamics from random walks on temporal multiplex networks
Authors: Gueuning Martin , Cheng Sibo , Lambiotte Renaud , Delvenne Jean-Charles
Published: July 2019

We study diffusion on a multiplex network where the contact dynamics between the nodes is governed by a random process and where the waiting-time distribution differs for edges from different layers. We study the impact on a random walk of the competition that naturally emerges between the edges of the different layers. In opposition to previous studies, which have imposed a priori inter-layer competition, the competition is here induced by the heterogeneity of the activity on the different layers. We first study the precedence relation between different edges and by extension between different layers, and show that it determines biased paths for the walker. We also discuss the emergence of cyclic, rock–paper–scissors effects on random walks, when the precedence between layers is non-transitive. Finally, we numerically show the slowing-down effect due to the competition on a multiplex network with heterogeneous layers activity as the walker is likely to be trapped for a longer time either on a single layer, or on an oriented cycle.
Three-dimensional evaluation of forced unilateral posterior crossbite correction in the mixed dentition: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sollenius Ola , Golež Aljaž , Primožič Jasmina , Ovsenik Maja , Bondemark Lars , Petrén Sofia
Published: July 2019

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to assess the three-dimensional (3D) treatment changes (palatal surface area and volume) of forced unilateral posterior crossbite correction using either quad-helix or removable expansion plate appliances in the mixed dentition, and to compare the treatment changes with the three-dimensional changes occurring in age-matched untreated unilateral posterior crossbite patients as well as in subjects with normal occlusion and with no or mild orthodontic treatment need.

Trial design

Six-arm parallel group multicentre randomized controlled trial.

Materials and methods

One-hundred and thirty-five patients with unilateral posterior crossbite with functional shift were recruited. The patients were randomized by an independent person not involved in the trial. The randomization used blocks of 25, and the patients were randomized into the following five groups: quad-helix treatments in specialist orthodontic clinics (QHS), quad-helix treatments in general dentistry (QHG), removable expansion plate treatments in specialist orthodontic clinics (EPS), removable expansion plate treatments in general dentistry (EPG), and untreated crossbite (UC). Twenty-five patients with normal occlusion who served as normal controls were also included in the trial. Blinding of the outcome assessor and data analyst was accomplished. Data on all children were evaluated on an intention-to-treat basis, regarding 3D palatal surface area, palatal projection area, and palatal shell volume; two-dimensional linear measurements were registered at the same time.

Results

After treatment, the surface and projection area and shell volume increased in the four treatment groups (QHS, QHG, EPS, and EPG). QHS increased significantly more than EPG for the surface and projection area. The QHS and EPS had significantly higher mean difference for shell volume.

Limitations

The trial considers a short-term evaluation.

Conclusion

After treatment, there were no significant differences between the four treatment groups and the normal group, which implies that the surface and projection area together with the shell volume for the four treatment groups and the normal group were equivalent.

Trial registration

The trial was registered with https://www.researchweb.org/is/sverige, registration number: 220751.
Spenser, Raleigh, Harvey, and Nashe on Empire
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: July 2019

This article explores the responses to early modern colonial enterprises in the writings of four major English writers: Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, Gabriel Harvey and Thomas Nashe. The article shows how diverse responses to such undertakings were and that there was as much hostility and indifference as there was enthusiasm, not only for political and/or moral reasons but also because expensive overseas ventures were sometimes thought of as a needless waste of money and lives. In doing so the article aims to contribute towards recent calls to ‘decolonize’ the university and the curriculum, showing that responses to colonialism in colonising societies were never monolithic and that it is important that this historical reality is recognised if we are to engage seriously with the impact of colonialism and imperialism. Harvey and Raleigh were enthusiastic proponents of the benefits of colonial settlements, and took their cue from reading Richard Hakluyt the Younger’s Principal Navigations (1589), which suggested that the English had always thrived when they had ventured overseas and expanded their dominions. Spenser was much more ambivalent, despite his status as a colonist in Ireland after 1580, and Nashe was scornful of the purpose of such grand plans. For Nashe, partly inspired by his vitriolic quarrel with Harvey, it was much more important to concentrate on the locality of England itself and he accuses others of failing to see what surrounds them because they have been misled by the prospect of plunder and profit from exotic lands.
Psychological Health Benefits of Companion Animals Following a Social Loss
Authors: Carr Dawn C , Taylor Miles G , Gee Nancy R , Sachs-Ericsson Natalie
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives

In later life, the loss of a spouse due to divorce or widowhood is common and can lead to elevated depressive symptoms and loneliness. Research suggests that companion animal (CA) may be beneficial for psychological health, but limited research has explored whether CA can buffer negative consequences of social losses.

Research Design and Methods

This study uses data drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine changes in depressive symptoms and loneliness in relation to a social loss among those with/without a CA. We used inverse-probability weighted regression to adjust for selection factors and isolate effects of CA ownership on changes in psychological health.

Results

Regardless of CA ownership, spousal loss was associated with psychological health consequences. Facing a social loss without a CA was related to statistically greater increases in depressive symptoms relative to those with a pet (2.580 vs. 1.207 symptoms, respectively). Similarly, experiencing a loss was associated with significantly greater increases in loneliness, with statistically greater increases in loneliness among those without a CA (p < .01). However, those with a CA did not experience greater increases in loneliness than those who did not experience a loss.

Discussion and Implications

In later life, CA ownership may buffer against the detrimental consequences of major social losses on psychological health. Future research on the therapeutic effects of CA ownership, as well as pet therapy, during other major life stage transitions is needed to help isolate potential mechanisms driving the benefits of human–animal interactions.
Single Layer Recurrent Neural Network for detection of local swarm-like earthquakes—the application
Authors: Doubravová Jana , Horálek Josef
Published: July 2019

We present results of applying a local event detector based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to two seismically active regions. The concept of ANNs enables us to recognize earthquake-like signals in seismograms because well-trained neural networks are characterized by the ability to generalize to unseen examples. This means that once the ANN is trained, in our case by few tens to hundreds of examples of local event seismograms, the algorithm can then recognize similar features in unknown records. The detailed description of the single-station detection, design and training of the ANN has been described in our previous paper. Here we show the practical application of our ANN to the same seismoactive region we used for its training, West Bohemia/Vogtland (border area Czechia-Saxony, local seismic network WEBNET), and to different seismogenic area, Reykjanes Peninsula (South-West Iceland, local seismic network REYKJANET). The training process requires carefully prepared data set which is preferably achieved by manual processing. Such data were available for the West Bohemia/Vogtland earthquake-swarm region, so we used them to train the ANN and test its performance. Due to the absence of completely manually processed activity for the Reykjanes Peninsula, we use the trained ANN for swarm-like activity in such a different tectonic setting. The application of a coincidence of the single-station detections helps to reduce significantly the number of undetected events as well as the number of false alarms. Setting up the minimum number of stations which are required to confirm an event detection enables us to choose the balance between minimum magnitude threshold and a number of false alarms. The ANN detection results for the Reykjanes Peninsula are compared to manual readings on the stations of the REYKJANET network, manual processing from Icelandic regional network SIL (the SIL catalogues by the Icelandic Meteorological Office) and two tested automatic location algorithms. The neural network shows persuasively better detection results in terms of completeness than the SIL catalogues and automatic location algorithms. Subsequently, we show that our ANN is capable of detecting events from various focal zones in West Bohemia/Vogtland although mainly the focal zone of Nový Kostel was used for training. The performance of our detector is comparable to an expert manual processing and we can state that no important event is missed this way even in case of complicated multiple events during the earthquake swarms.
Adherence to diet quality indices in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones in young men
Authors: Cutillas-Tolín Ana , Adoamnei Evdochia , Navarrete-Muñoz Eva M , Vioque Jesús , Moñino-García Miriam , Jørgensen Niels , Chavarro Jorge E , Mendiola Jaime , Torres-Cantero Alberto M
Published: July 2019

STUDY QUESTION

Is adherence to an a priori defined diet quality indices [Alternate Healthy Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), relative Mediterranean diet score (rMED) or dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)] associated with semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Greater adherence to the DASH diet is related to higher sperm counts.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Studies assessing the relationship between dietary intake and male reproductive function have mainly been focused on specific nutrients, food groups or data-driven dietary patterns, but the evidence on a priori defined dietary indices is still scarce.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Cross-sectional study of 209 male university students recruited from October 2010 to November 2011 in Murcia Region (Southern Spain).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Healthy young men aged 18–23 years were included in this study. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and three a priori-defined dietary indices (AHEI-2010, rMED and DASH) were calculated. Linear regression was used to analyze the relation between the three dietary indices and semen quality parameters and reproductive hormone levels accounting for potential confounders and covariates.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

We found statistically significant positive associations between the DASH index and sperm concentration (P, trend = 0.04), total sperm count (P, trend = 0.04) and total motile sperm count (P, trend = 0.02). No associations were observed for other semen parameters or male reproductive hormones.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Even though we adjusted for several known and suspected confounders we cannot exclude the possibility of residual or unmeasured confounding or chance findings. Subjects were blinded to the study outcomes thus reducing the potential influence on their report of diet. Our sample size may be too small to rule out associations with other semen parameters or reproductive hormones. Causal inference is limited, as usual with all observational studies.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

The results suggest that greater adherence to the DASH may help improve sperm counts. This study was carried out on young men from the general population. However, results may differ among other populations (e.g. infertile men). Therefore, further research is needed to confirm these findings and extend these results to other populations.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This work was supported by Fundación Séneca, grants No 08808/PI/08 and No 19443/PI/14; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (AES), grants No PI10/00985 and No PI13/01237; and grant P30DK046200 from the National Institutes of Health. Authors have no competing interests to declare.
The connection between recreational fishing and the traditional fishing sector in the emerging area of marine tourism: challenges and opportunities for diversification with the European Fisheries Fund (EFF)
Authors: Miret-Pastor Lluís , Molina-García Agustín , García-Aranda César , Herrera-Racionero Paloma
Published: July 2019

Diversification of fisheries has one of its main lines of development in tourism, especially in countries as touristic as Spain. An important part of the European Fisheries Funds (EFFs) has subsidized, through the Fisheries Local Action Groups, local development projects in fishing zones with a large part of these projects related to tourism, including nautical tourism. In this new context it is possible to quantify and analyse the subsidized projects’ typology and the relationship between recreational and professional fishing. This work analyses 705 projects financed by European funds, mainly the EFF, of which 172 are related to tourism and 48 to nautical tourism. The objective is to categorize and characterize the subsidized projects and, subsequently, to verify the degree of relationship, if any, between the projects of nautical tourism and professional fishing.
Hospital admissions and mortality in the 15 years after a first-time hospital contact with an alcohol problem: a prospective cohort study using the entire Danish population
Authors: Askgaard Gro , Leon David A , Deleuran Thomas , Tolstrup Janne S
Published: July 2019

Background

Potential benefits of preventing continued alcohol intake in individuals presenting at the hospital with an alcohol problem can be highlighted by studying their excess risk of subsequent morbidity and mortality.

Methods

All Danish residents with a first-time hospital contact with alcohol problems (intoxication, harmful use or dependence) in 1998–2002 were followed through 2012 using healthcare registries. We compared their cause-specific rates of hospital admission and mortality to the expected rates derived from the general population by calculating standardized incidence rate ratios.

Results

The 26 716 men and 12 169 women who were hospitalized with alcohol problems (median age 44 years) had more than 10 times the rate of subsequent admission to psychiatric departments and three times the rate of subsequent admission to somatic departments compared with the general population. In particular, the hospital admission rates for gastroenterological disease and injuries were high. The cumulative all-cause 10-year mortality risk was 29% [95% confidence interval (CI), 28–30] in men and 26% (95% CI, 24–27) in women with alcohol problems. The ratios of observed to expected death rate for all-cause mortality were 4.0 (95% CI, 3.8–4.1) in men and 4.3 (95% CI, 4.0–4.7) in women and, for causes of death fully attributable to alcohol, 16 (95% CI, 15–17) in men and 33 (95% CI, 29–38) in women.

Conclusions

Individuals hospitalized with alcohol problems have much higher rates of subsequent alcohol-related hospital admission and mortality than the general population. Increased focus on preventing continued alcohol consumption in these individuals may reduce their subsequent morbidity and mortality.
Actin stress fiber dynamics in laterally confined cells
Authors: Müller Andreas , Müller Sandra , Nasufovic Veselin , Arndt Hans-Dieter , Pompe Tilo
Published: July 2019

Multiple cellular processes are affected by spatial constraints from the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells. In vitro experiments using defined micro-patterning allow for in-depth analysis and a better understanding of how these constraints impact cellular behavior and functioning. Herein we focused on the analysis of actin cytoskeleton dynamics as a major determinant of mechanotransduction mechanisms in cells. We seeded primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells onto stripe-like cell-adhesive micro-patterns with varying widths and then monitored and quantified the dynamic reorganization of actin stress fibers, including fiber velocities, orientation and density, within these live cells using the cell permeable F-actin marker SiR-actin. Although characteristic parameters describing the overall stress fiber architecture (average orientation and density) were nearly constant throughout the observation time interval of 60 min, we observed permanent transport and turnover of individual actin stress fibers. Stress fibers were more strongly oriented along stripe direction with decreasing stripe width, (5° on 20 μm patterns and 10° on 40 μm patterns), together with an overall narrowing of the distribution of fiber orientation. Fiber dynamics was characterized by a directed movement from the cell edges towards the cell center, where fiber dissolution frequently took place. By kymograph analysis, we found median fiber velocities in the range of 0.2 μm/min with a weak dependence on pattern width. Taken together, these data suggest that cell geometry determines actin fiber orientation, while it also affects actin fiber transport and turnover.
The Use of Virtual Reality in the Assessment of Paranoid Thoughts: A Comparison with Desktop-Based Tools
Authors: Şoflău Radu , David Daniel
Published: July 2019

Although virtual reality systems (VR) are being increasingly used to assess paranoid thoughts, there is a scarcity of data concerning the relative usefulness of VR for investigating these symptoms. The current study aimed to compare the usefulness of VR with that of a less expensive desktop-based tool for assessing paranoia. One hundred and twenty-six participants (mean age = 21.42 years, SD = 4.38, range = 18, 47; 81.8% female) were recruited for this study. After completing measures of trait paranoia and of a number of theoretical predictors of paranoia, participants were randomly assigned to a VR or a desktop-based assessment of paranoid thoughts. An identical neutral social scenario was implemented in both conditions. Results showed that unlike desktop-based assessments (F(1, 64) = 2.01, p = .161, partial ŋ2 = .03), VR assessments indicated higher levels of paranoid thoughts among individuals with high levels of trait paranoia than among those with low levels of trait paranoia (F(1, 64) = 5.49, p = .022, partial ŋ2 = .08), but only for one measure of paranoid thoughts. For the other measure, results followed a similar pattern, but the interaction between trait paranoia and the type of environment was not significant (F (1, 65) = 3.57, p = .052). Moreover, both measures of paranoid thoughts used in VR were significantly related to trait paranoia and a large number of predictors (p < .05), while just one measure of paranoid thoughts used in the desktop environment was significantly associated with trait paranoia and solely one of the tested predictors (p < .05). In addition, individuals assessed in VR reported higher levels of cognitive absorption than those assigned to a desktop-based assessment. Overall, findings of the present study suggest that VR may be better suited for the investigation of paranoid thoughts than desktop-based tools.
Cationic cell-penetrating peptide is bactericidal against Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: John Constance M , Li Min , Feng Dongxiao , Jarvis Gary A
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been evaluated for intracellular delivery of molecules and several CPPs have bactericidal activity. Our objectives were to determine the effect of a 12 amino acid CPPs on survival and on the invasive and inflammatory potential of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Methods

Survival of MDR and human challenge strains of N. gonorrhoeae grown in cell culture medium with 10% FBS was determined after treatment with the CPP and human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 for 4 h. Confocal microscopy was used to examine penetration of FITC-labelled CPP into bacterial cells. The ability of the CPP to prevent invasion of human ME-180 cervical epithelial cells and to reduce the induction of TNF-α in human THP-1 monocytic cells in response to gonococcal infection was assessed. Cytotoxicity of the CPP towards the THP-1 cells was determined.

Results

The CPP was bactericidal, with 95%–100% killing of all gonococcal strains at 100 μM. Confocal microscopy of gonococci incubated with FITC-labelled CPP revealed the penetration of the peptide. CPP treatment of N. gonorrhoeae inhibited gonococcal invasion of ME-180 cells and reduced the expression of TNF-α induced in THP-1 cells by gonococci. The CPP showed no cytotoxicity towards human THP-1 cells.

Conclusions

Based on these promising results, future studies will focus on testing of CPP in the presence of other types of host cells and exploration of structural modifications of the CPP that could decrease its susceptibility to proteolysis and increase its potency.
The Trouble With Kratom: Analytical and Interpretative Issues Involving Mitragynine
Authors: Papsun Donna M , Chan-Hosokawa Ayako , Friederich Laura , Brower Justin , Graf Kristopher , Logan Barry
Published: July 2019

Mitragynine is the primary active alkaloid in the leaves of the tropical tree Mitragyna speciosa, and goes by the popular names “Kratom”, biak-biak and maeng da. Mitragynine is increasingly seen in forensic toxicology casework including driving under the influence of drugs and medicolegal death investigation cases. The toxicity of mitragynine continues to be debated in the scientific community as advocates highlight its long history of use in Southeast Asia and testimonials to its benefits by present-day users, while opponents point to an increasing number of adverse events tied to mitragynine use in Western societies. Quantitative reports of mitragynine in biological specimens from forensic investigations in the literature are sparse and may be influenced by poor analyte stability and inadequate resolution of mitragynine from its diastereomers, which could lead to falsely elevated concentrations and subsequently render those reported concentrations inappropriate for comparison to a reference range. Over the course of 27 months, 1,001 blood specimens submitted to our laboratory tested positive for mitragynine using a sensitive and specific quantitative LC-MS/MS method; concentrations ranged from 5.6–29,000 ng/mL, with mean and median concentrations of 410 ± 1,124 and 130 ng/mL, respectively. Mitragynine presents an analytical challenge that requires a method that appropriately separates and identifies mitragynine itself from its isomers and other related natural products. We describe a validated analytical method and present a short series of case reports that provide examples of apparent adverse events, and the associated range of mitragynine concentrations. This type of analytical specificity is required to appropriately interpret mitragynine concentrations detected in biological specimens from forensic casework and assess its potential toxicity.
Microangiography: An Alternative Tool for Assessing Severe Frostbite Injury
Authors: Lacey Alexandra M , Fey Ryan M , Gayken Jon R , Endorf Frederick W , Schmitz Kyle R , Punjabi Gopal V , Masters Thomas C , Nygaard Rachel M
Published: July 2019

Assessment of frostbite injury typically relies on computed tomography, angiography, or nuclear medicine studies to detect perfusion deficits prior to thrombolytic therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a novel imaging method, microangiography, in the assessment of severe frostbite injury. Patients with severe frostbite were included if they received a post-thrombolytic Technetium 99 (Tc99) bone scan, a Tc99 bone scan without thrombolytic therapy, and/or post-thrombolytic microangiography (MA) study. We included all patients from the years 2006 to 2018 with severe frostbite injury who had received appropriate imaging for diagnosis: Tc99 scan alone (N = 82), microangiography alone (N = 22), and both Tc99 and microangiography (N = 26). The majority of patients received thrombolytic therapy (76.2%), and the average time to thrombolytics was 6.9 hours. Tc99 scans showed strong correlation with amputation level (r = .836, P < .001), and microangiography showed a slightly stronger positive correlation with amputation level (r = .870, P < .001). In the subset who received both Tc99 scan and microangiography (N = 26), we observed significant differences in the mean scores of perfusion deficit (z = 3.20, P < .001). In this subset, a moderate correlation was found between level of perfusion deficit on Tc99 bone scan and amputation level (r = .525, P = .006). A very strong positive correlation was found between the microangiography studies and the amputation level (r = .890, P < .001). These results demonstrate that microangiography is a reliable alternative method of assessing severe frostbite injury and predicting amputation level.
Wound Healing Effect of Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on a Rat Burn Wound Model: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Lee Yoonje , Ricky Sanjaya , Lim Tae Ho , Jang Ki-Seok , Kim Hongjung , Song Yeongtak , Kim Sang-You , Chung Kyu-sun
Published: July 2019

Worldwide, an estimated 6 million patients seek medical attention for burns annually. Various treatment methods and materials have been investigated and developed to enhance burn wound healing. Recently, a new technology, plasma medicine, has emerged to offer new solutions in wound care. As the development of plasma medicine has shown benefit in wound healing, we aimed to assess the effects of plasma medicine on burn wounds. To investigate the effectiveness of a nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ) for burn wound treatment on a brass comb burn wound rat model. Burn wounds were made by applying a preheated brass comb (100°C) for 2 minutes, which resulted in four full-thickness burn wounds separated by three interspaces. Interspaces were exposed to NAPPJ treatment for 2 minutes and morphological changes and neutrophil infiltration were monitored at 0, 4, and 7 days post-wounding. The percentage of necrotic interspace was higher in the control group than in the plasma-treated group (51.8 ± 20.5% vs 31.5 ± 19.0%, P < .001). Moreover, the exposure of interspace to NAPPJ greatly reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils. In addition, the percentage of interspace that underwent full-thickness necrosis in the plasma-treated group was smaller than that in the control group (28% vs 67%). NAPPJ exposure on interspaces has a positive effect on burn wounds leading to wound healing by reducing burn injury progression.
Local Random Pattern Flaps
Authors: Christie Brian M. , Bentz Michael L.
Published: July 2019

This chapter outlines principles and techniques of local random pattern flap design. Local flaps may be utilized across the body for trauma following oncologic resection, trauma, or burn reconstruction. An approach to utilization of the local random pattern flap will be discussed, including assessment of the defect, indications/contraindications for use of a local flap, practicalities of design and technique, and postoperative care. Various specific local flaps and case examples of their use will be reviewed. The local random pattern flap is an essential tool in the plastic surgeon’s armamentarium, providing versatility when faced with daunting wounds that might otherwise require much more extensive reconstructive options. By adhering to basic principles of geometry and respecting flap vascularity, the local random pattern flap can offer uniquely advantageous reconstructive opportunities to both surgeon and patient.
Skin Grafting
Authors: Milner Stephen M.
Published: July 2019

Skin grafting is an indispensable technique used in a variety of clinical situations, including acute burns, traumatic wounds, scar contracture release, and oncological and congenital deficiencies. The author’s preferred techniques for harvesting and resurfacing various skin defects using split- and full-thickness skin grafts are described in this chapter, together with the assessment of donor and recipient sites, preoperative preparation and postoperative considerations.
Principles of Injectable Facial Filling
Authors: Mowlds Donald S. , Lambros Val
Published: July 2019

Currently, the term “fillers” refers to injectable off-the-shelf products used to treat skin irregularities and volume deficiencies. The use of fillers to correct wrinkles and creases as well as to restore volume to the aged face has grown rapidly. The clinician must fill lines and creases as well as undertake the more difficult task of creating three-dimensional shapes in the subcutaneous space with a two-dimensional instrument. Local anesthetic temporarily adds facial volume in order to demonstrate the intended result of the final injection. This technique is invaluable because “previewing” the intended result allows the clinician and client to make adjustments with impunity.
Browlift
Authors: Krugman Mark E.
Published: July 2019

Twenty five years ago, the options for browlifting were limited. With the advent of endoscopic plastic surgery, a variety of endoscopic procedures with muscle modifications were made possible. More recently, trans-blepharoplasty approaches with brow-pexy became available, giving the surgeon a variety of approaches to treat the many variations of brow ptosis. In the past 20 years, there have been a number of new procedures developed as well as variations on existing procedures and techniques to alter the brow. In this chapter, the author describes two techniques in depth: the coronal and endoscopic lifts. Other methods will be summarized with annotated references for the reader who wishes to explore further.