bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Time-varying Transmission of Wild Poliovirus in Pakistan
Authors: Noor Laiba , Shahid Ayesha , Arshad Muhammad Imran
Published: May 2024

Aims/Objectives: The efforts to eradicate the wild poliovirus since 1988 have successfully reduced its global prevalence by 99%. However, as of 2024, Pakistan and Afghanistan remain the only two endemic countries facing the virus transmission. This study employs a transmission dynamic model to understand the persistence of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in Pakistan.
Study Design: An ordinary differential equations-based deterministic type of mathematical model was developed.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, March 2023 to August 2023.
Methodology: We included the number of reported polio cases and the proportion of missed children by supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) across the country from 2017-2022. The model considered both human-human and environment-human virus transmission through sewage contamination and these are represented by time-dependent transmission rate parameters. The parameter estimation was done by model fitting to the reported data of WPV1 cases. The model simulations then predicted the future polio infections in Pakistan.
Results: Our analysis identified that the asymptomatic infectious population missed by the SIAs is the major contributor to disease persistence in the country. Moreover, the environment can contribute to virus transmission in areas with poor WASH infrastructure and under-immunized populations. The estimated basic reproduction number through the next-generation matrix method was 1.61 while the estimated effective reproduction number was 0.12. The model showed a better predictive ability than constant transmission rate models. The numerical simulations considering the reduction in the virus-shedding rate by the asymptomatic population resulted in an 85% reduction in future polio cases in Pakistan.
Conclusion: The results suggest that endemic virus transmission will continue subject to the current higher vaccination coverage across the country. The model can be further utilized to guide eradication efforts for targeted allocation of preemptive measures.
A Study on the Impacts of Fertilizer Crisis on Paddy Cultivation in Five Selected Divisional Secretariat Divisions of Trincomalee District During Maha 2021/22
Authors: Abirami T. , Sutharsan S. , Srikrishnah S. , Thenuja M.
Published: May 2024

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. With population growth, farmers have to increase paddy production to meet existing as well as future demand. Fertilizer is the major input in rice production. Growth and yield traits of rice are affected by improper and imbalanced application of plant nutrients. Hence, suitable practices of adequate rate and timing of fertilizer application are needed to increase the rice yield. In May 2021, Imports & Exports (Control) Regulation No 07 of 2021 was issued, banning the importation of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, & herbicides in Sri Lanka. Low fertility of paddy soil created the need for adequate and constant supply of chemical fertilizers in paddy cultivation, which is a major threat to production and endangers the national food security and economy of Sri Lanka, especially in the major cropping season of Maha 2021/22. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the impact of the fertilizer crisis in major paddy-cultivating Divisional Secretariat divisions of the Trincomalee district. The random sampling method was used to select respondents for the survey, and the collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 26.0 software. The results revealed that the majority of the farmers experienced a 50% yield reduction compared to the last cropping season of Maha 2020/21 in the entire five DS divisions. The seedling stage was highly affected during the fertilizer crisis in paddy cultivation in all five DS divisions. Further, the cost of production in paddy cultivation increased by more than 50% during the fertilizer crisis compared to the cost involved in Maha 2020/21. The potential for organic manure production is very poor, while the majority of farmers are interested in adopting the sustainable farming system of the Integrated Plant Nutrient System through the judicious application of chemical and organic fertilizers received on a subsidy basis, according to the present government’s fertilizer policy, which emphasizes 70% of inorganic fertilizers and 30% of organic manure application to improve sustainability in paddy cultivation in the country.
Echocardiographic Detection of Subclinical Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Type Two Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Shabaan Laila Nazmy , Omar Mahmoud Abd El Khalek Abou , Hussien Mohammed Naseem , Saeed Ekram Sadek
Published: May 2024

Background: Before systolic dysfunction and symptomatic heart, diabetic cardiomyopathy begins with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). Echocardiographic modalities were used to detect subclinical LV impairment in asymptomatic type 2 diabetics. This study aimed to identify subclinical left ventricular impairment in asymptomatic patients with type two diabetes using several echocardiographic techniques.
Methods: In the present prospective cohort study, 30 adults over 18 having type II diabetes mellitus (DM) (Group I) and 20 normal controls (Group II) were studied. Transthoracic echocardiography and 12-lead ECG were performed on all individuals. 
Results: Pulsed wave Doppler techniques revealed significant variation in transmitral flow velocities between groups, including septal e', lateral mitral annulus early velocity (e'), septal early diastolic peak flow velocity (E)\e', Lateral E\e', and average E\e'. EF was significantly decreased in group I (P < 0.001). With a p-value of 0.001, LVESD was significantly higher in group I. The septal, lateral, and average systolic mitral annulus (S') motions in group II were significantly larger than those in group I. When comparing groups, I and II, the first showed much longer myocardial performance index (MPI) and isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT). The ET for Group I was significantly lower than that of Group II. The study group exhibited significantly greater levels of fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, and haemoglobin A1C (HBA1C) compared to the control group (P <0.001).
Conclusions: Patients having diabetes mellitus exhibited considerably greater levels of DM history fasting glucose levels, postprandial glucose levels, haemoglobin A1C (HBA1C), E/e´ ratio, LVESD, IVCT, and MPI, while having significantly lower EF and ET relative to the healthy group.
Rare Case of Right Ventricular Perforation during Pericardiocentesis: A Case Report
Authors: Moufid O. , Abdalani B. , Abbassi I. , Bouziane M. , Bennouna M. , Habbal R.
Published: May 2024

Iatrogenic cardiac injuries are potential complications arising from diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in cardiology, including interventions like cardiac catheterization, coronary angioplasty, and pacemaker implantation ­­[1,2]. Pericardial tamponade can occur, with a prevalence of 0.12%, often requiring urgent intervention such as pericardiocentesis.
Patients with chronic pericardial effusion and signs of tamponade may adapt to gradual fluid accumulation, but vigilance for iatrogenic injuries remains crucial. Transthoracic echocardiography aids in rapid diagnosis and guides timely interventions [3]. Therefore, the right ventricular perforation seems to be one of these complications, and it may occur during pericardiocentesis.
Surgical approaches for acute tamponades vary, with median sternotomy enabling comprehensive exploration [4]. Echocardiographic monitoring can signal clinical deterioration, necessitating prompt fluid management and early intervention to optimize outcomes. Although, the therapies in right ventricular perforation are variable. In our case, we emphasize about the conservative approach.
Pollution-mediated Consequences of Anthropogenic Activities on the Coastal Town of Moanda, Central Kongo, Democratic Republic of Congo: Mitigation and Remediation Alternatives
Authors: Mubenga Marcel K. , Ndaywel Olivier N. , Nsiala Gurvitch O. , Mungangila Grâce A. , Musibono Dieudonné E. , Emmanuel M. Biey
Published: May 2024

Aims: This study aims to evaluate anthropogenic activities and other sources due to natural factors likely to cause pollution on the coast of the city of Moanda in the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to analyze their negative impacts on the physical environment of this coastal zone with a view to proposing adequate mitigation and remediation measures.
Study Design: This research consists of four parts, an introduction with literature review, a description of the materials and methods used, finally the results obtained and their discussion.
Place and Duration of study: Research on the analysis of the anthropogenic activities was undertaken in the coastal zone of Muanda. This site is in the province of the Kongo-Exchange in Democratic Republic of Congo. This study covers the period going from the year 2016 to 2017.
Methodology: The method of the direct observation (description, analyzes and synthesis) was used and supplemented by the technique of investigation per questionnaire. The methodological approaches deployed to collect the data on the ground and at the laboratory arise as follows: prospection of the site, information retrieval, sampling, investigation, data-gathering, identification of the nature of the anthropogenic activities in the coastal zone of Muanda,
Results: These results show that the coast of Muanda is threatened by numerous anthropogenic activities and other sources of pollution including oil extraction industries (42%), waste drained by the sea current (22%), gas from Muanda flares. (15%), waste from cities bordering the Congo River (11%), illegal fishing by foreign trawlers (7%) and deballasting (3%) likely to lead or which already leads to its pollution as long as the mitigation or remediation measures would not be taken.
Conclusion: The principal results obtained attest that many anthropogenic activities are carried out in the coastal zone of Muanda with the environmental risks. As a long time as measurements of attenuation or remediation would not be taken into account, the coast of Muanda will be always threatened by many likely anthropogenic activities of to lead or which already lead his pollution.
Association between Low Calorie Sweetener Consumption Pattern, Anthropometric Indices, and Nutritional Status among Adults’ Males and Females in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria
Authors: E. E Ekpenyong, , Y. B Itam, , V. O Ogar, , E. E. Ebong,
Published: May 2024

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between low-calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption patterns, anthropometric indices, and nutritional status among adults and women in Calabar Municipality, Nigeria.
Study Design; A cross-sectional Analytical design was conducted among 335 participants, selected by multistage sampling technique.
Methodology: Dietary assessment using 24hrs recall, anthropometrics measures and socio-demographic characteristics data were collected using pretested questionnaire. The collected data were entered in to Microsoft Excel and exported to SPSS for further statistical analysis. Chi-square test at 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to quantify independent variables of nutritional indices. Using WHO-reference-2010, height, weight and BMI were measured
Results: Over 40 products containing LCS were classified into five groups. Carbonated beverages were most consumed, while energy drinks were least consumed. Aspartame was the most commonly used LCS. Young single adults aged 20-35, mostly students, consumed LCS-containing products more frequently than other adults. The overall prevalence of LCS consumption was 58.1%, (moderate), with participants consuming an LCS containing beverage, at least three times a week at an estimated quantity of 1 liter. There was statistical significance (P=.05) differences in weight, waist circumference and hip circumference between men and women. The BMI for men and women were of 22.6 ± 0.9 and 21.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2, respectively. The BMI categories of the study participants were as follows; underweight (3.9%), normal weight (65.7) overweight (28.1) and obese (2.3%). The prevalence of abnormal waist-to-hip ratio was reported, with a significant (P=.05) association between LCS consumption and BMI.  Bivariate analysis of LCS consumption and socio-demographic variables found significant association between variables such as gender, age, monthly income and educational level at P=.05. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age, income, and BMI as predictors of LCS intake.
Conclusion: The study showed that the consumption pattern exists among the adults in terms of age category and gender. Consumption of LCS beverages was mostly moderate, on average around thrice per week and was influenced by demographic factors such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status.
Impact of Fertilizer and Mulch on Growth, Yield and Quality of Carrot in Arecanut Cropping System Under Conservation Agriculture Practices
Authors: Reddy Peddaveeri Pravalika , Bandyopadhyay Apurba , Ghosh Dipak Kumar , Mandal Biswapati
Published: May 2024

This study aims to comprehensively assess the influence of conservation agriculture techniques, encompassing reduced tillage, cover cropping (live mulch) and nutrient levels on a range of growth parameters and the ultimate yield of crop. As per the principles of conservation agriculture i.e., soil was disturbed minimally, berseem mulch was incorporated in the experiment and carrot was raised under arecanut plantation during rabi and it was succeeded by mint crop in pre-kharif season. Experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with seven treatments of different nutrient doses and mulch replicated thrice. Field experiments were conducted across two growing seasons i.e., 2019-20 and 2020-21 during Rabi (Winter) at Balindi research farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur. Precise measurements and meticulous analyses were conducted on key parameters; Vegetative growth i.e., plant height and number of leaves, yield attributing parameters like root length, diameter, weight and total yield of crop. TSS and beta carotene was also estimated. These parameters unequivocally indicate that conservation agriculture practices exert a substantial influence on both the growth and yield. Among various nutrient levels, higher dose of fertilizer (T4 - 120:90:120 NPK kg ha-1) with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) as a cover crop in the interspaces showed maximum vegetative growth i.e., plant height and number of leaves plant-1 at all growth stages (30, 60 and 90 DAS) while decreasing trend was observed in yield parameters with higher levels of nutrient doses, medium level of fertilizer dose (T5 - 90:60:90 kg ha-1 + berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) recorded highest root length, diameter, weight and projected yield of 18.5cm, 3.58 cm, 118.37 g plant-1 and 26.63 t ha-1 respectively. These findings underscore the considerable potential of conservation agriculture practices as a sustainable approach to optimize carrot crop production. This research contributes valuable scientific insights that hold significant implications for agricultural stakeholders, including farmers and practitioners, seeking to fine-tune carrot cultivation methodologies while concurrently fostering soil health and environmental sustainability.
Response of Species to the Impact of Climate Change in the Gum Arabic Belt, Sudan: A Case Study in Acacia senegal
Authors: Elhassan Fatima Awadalla Abass , Kouassi Edouard Konan , Abrha Haftu , Laamarni Ahmed , Siddig Ahmed Ali Hassabelkareem
Published: May 2024

Sustainable management strategies of trees are important for indigenous agroforestry plant species, such as Acacia. Senegal (A. Senegal), due to the impacts of  rapid population growth, land use and climate change. The objective of this investigation was to predict the spatio-temporal distribution of A.senegal in the Gum Arabic belt in Sudan in current (1985–2000) and future climate scenarios (2021–2100). Bioclimatic data was used for modeling purposes utilizing Maxent, with the assessment of model precision conducted through the utilization of the Area Under the Curve (AUC) and shown a high goodness-of-it (AUC=0.905±0.003 ). Significant differences were shown in species distribution between current and future periods under selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) of SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, climate scenario.  Our findings indicated that the main predictors influence the distribution of the species were precipitation of wettest quarter and maximum temperature of warmest month. Under the current potential distribution (25.4%), it is projected that Acacia Senegal would expand 36.2%-87.7% (SSP2-4.5) and 38.9-42.5% (SSP5-8.5). It is expected that A.cacia Senegal will create new environments suitable for it due to expected climate changes. Hence, the research necessitates the formulation of a strategic plan aimed to rehabilitation plantations of Acacia senegal and cultivation these species within existing and prospective habitats conducive to their existence.
Growth and Yield of Komak Beans (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) with Application of Photosynthetic Bacteria PNSB under Shade
Authors: Eliyani . , Nazari Alvera Prihatini Dewi , Susylowati . , Sulichantini Ellok Dwi
Published: May 2024

The research was conducted to determine the effect of the application of PNSB on the growth and yield of komak beans under shade. The experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design, consisting of two factors, namely shade as the Main Plot and concentration of PNSB as Sub-Plots.  The shade consists of two levels (no shade and 50% shade).  The PNSB concentration consists of three levels (0; 5;  and 10 mL L-1).  Each treatment was carried out with four replications. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the effect of shade was significantly different on stem diameter at 70 DAP, chlorophyll content (a, b, and total), and the number of dry seeds, very significantly different to stem diameter at 105 DAP, dry pod weight, number of dry pods, dry seed weight, and light intensity. 50% shade reduces the yield component even if PNSB is provided. The effect of PNSB was not significantly different on all variables, except for the number of leaves at 35 DAP and total N content. Application of PNSB 10 mL L-1 increased the number of leaves aged 35 DAP and the total N content, both without shade and with shade, increased total chlorophyll content with 50% shade, but decreased without shade.
Evaluation of Different Hybrid Tea Roses (Rosa x hybrida) under Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions
Authors: Bundela Raja , Fatmi Urfi
Published: May 2024

An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, from November, 2022 to March, 2023. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with fifteen hybrids, replicated thrice. It was reported that hybrid H4 (Fatura)  performed better in parameters like plant height (71.2 cm), number of branches (5), stalk length (35.10 cm), stalk girth (5.4 mm), bud diameter (2.7 cm),  number  of cut flowers per plant (5), vase life of the cut flowers (11 days), number  of cut flowers per hectare (1,02,040), gross return (Rs 5,10,200 per ha), net return (Rs -2,36,354 per ha) and benefit cost ratio (0.7:1). However, days taken to first bud initiation (36 days) and days taken to first bud initiation to tight bud stage (13 days) were better in hybrid H5 (Brazil). Hence for quality cut flower production, vase life, yield, and economics, hybrid Fatura performed better under Prayagraj agro-climatic conditions.
Empowering Narratives: Exploring the Impact of Kotak General Insurance's 'Drive Like a Lady' Campaign on Shifting Perceptions of Female Empowerment
Authors: Verma Rupali , Gupta Umang
Published: May 2024

Amid India's evolving societal landscape, this study delves into the profound influence of Kotak General Insurance's 'Drive Like A Lady' campaign on reshaping perceptions of female empowerment and aspirations. Central to the campaign is the portrayal of Surekha Yadav, India's first female loco pilot, whose journey embodies resilience and determination. By spotlighting Yadav's story and celebrating women who drive change, the campaign aims to instill empowerment and possibility among its audience.
The literature review section provides a thorough examination of relevant literature surrounding gender stereotypes, biases, and the role of advocacy campaigns in driving social change.
The methodology section outlines the research approach adopted to analyze the 'Drive Like A Lady' campaign. This section discusses the theoretical underpinnings guiding the analysis and the conceptual framework employed. Drawing on theories such as the Hypodermic Theory and the Habermas Public Sphere Theory, it offers a conceptual framework for understanding the transformative potential of initiatives like the 'Drive Like A Lady' campaign in challenging ingrained societal norms and fostering inclusivity.
 It emphasizes the use of qualitative analysis, and content analysis, to examine the campaign's effectiveness in reshaping cultural narratives surrounding female achievement and ambition.
In the results section, the findings of the study are presented, highlighting the campaign's effectiveness in challenging biased stereotypes and inspiring young girls to pursue ambitious goals. Through content analysis and exploration of existing literature, the research uncovers how the campaign's storytelling strategies and celebration of female role models foster a more inclusive and aspirational societal narrative. Additionally, the study examines the campaign's resonance across diverse demographic groups, probing its ability to surpass cultural boundaries and resonate with individuals from varied socio-economic backgrounds.
Finally, the conclusion synthesizes the key insights from the study, emphasizing the significant impact of the 'Drive Like A Lady' campaign as a catalyst for reshaping cultural norms and empowering the next generation of women to dream big and defy societal limitations. It underscores the transformative power of advocacy campaigns in driving social change and recommends further research to explore the long-term implications of such initiatives on gender equality in India.
DIREITO PARLAMENTAR, QUESTÃO ELEITORAL E A RELAÇÃO CIÊNCIA/LEI: BÚSSOLAS NA INSTITUIÇÃO DE POLÍTICAS E LEGISLAÇÃO ANIMAIS
Authors: Montenegro dos Reis Rhuan Filipe , Rodrigues dos Reis Marcelo
Published: May 2024

O exame das leis, na maioria das vezes, tende a avaliar o resultado último da produção legislativa. Não são tão comuns as indagações sobre como os procedimentos eleitos nas casas, as promessas de campanha, a qualidade retórica e a capacidade de formar coalizões do parlamentar contribuem para um dado diploma. Diante de tal cenário, esse estudo coordena esforços para entender a produção parlamentar de diplomas sobre a fauna, com base nas seguintes problemáticas: (i) como as culturas eleitoral e legislativa contribuem para a produção de razões na política e na legislação animais? (ii) o quanto as ciências que se ocupam da fauna se aproximam do material legístico? Estruturam-se, num primeiro momento, os debates sobre como a interação entre as dinâmicas eleitoral e parlamentar impacta as leis sobre proteção animal e em que medida ambos acatam estudos científicos dedicados a esse tema. Logo após, são analisadas as principais razões nas legislações setoriais. Para cada etapa dessa reflexão, definiu-se um caminho metodológico próprio. Na primeira etapa, adotou-se o método de levantamento bibliográfico narrativo, que busca entender tais ramos do direito a partir dos fatores materiais que lhes embasam; na segunda, realizou-se a análise documental de legislações e dos seus anteprojetos, um resgate empírico de alguns debates legislativos para aprimorar as discussões antes abordadas.
ANIMAIS: DO CÓDIGO CIVIL PORTUGUÊS, À REVISÃO DO CÓDIGO CIVIL BRASILEIRO
Authors: Luís Bonifácio Ramos José
Published: May 2024

O artigo procura reflectir acerca da temática animal. Por um lado, acerca do estatuto jurídico-civil emergente da reforma do Código Civil português e as implicações daí resultantes, em sede de natureza jurídica ou qualificação dogmática. Por outro lado, sobre o processo de revisão do Código Civil brasileiro, bem como as estratégias mais adequadas, no intuito de desligar o animal da coisa corpórea, e, além disso, acautelar os direitos dos animais.
Determinants of incident and persistent finger joint pain during a five‐year followup among female dentists and teachers
Authors: Ding Hebo , Solovieva Svetlana , Leino‐Arjas Päivi
Published: January 2011

Objective

To investigate the association of radiographic finger osteoarthritis (OA), hand use, and lifestyle factors with incident and persistent finger joint pain among female dentists and teachers.

Methods

Random samples of female dentists (n = 295) and teachers (n = 248) ages 45–63 years were examined by radiography for the presence of finger joint OA. Body weight was measured. Information on finger joint pain during the past 30 days, height, smoking, and leisure‐time hand activity was collected by questionnaire. Five years later, 482 women (89%; 65% still active occupationally) responded to a survey on finger joint pain.

Results

The incidence and persistence of finger joint pain were higher among the subjects with OA compared to those without OA. The relative risk (RR) of incident pain in the first through the third fingers was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2–2.7) in the right hand and the RR in the left hand was 3.0 (95% CI 2.0–4.6), allowing for age, occupation, and lifestyle factors. The corresponding figures for the fourth and fifth fingers were RR 2.3 (95% CI 1.4–3.8) in the right and RR 1.9 (95% CI 1.1–3.5) in the left hand. Regarding persistent pain, the RRs varied between 2.4 and 5.4. Body mass index, smoking, or leisure‐time hand activity were not associated with pain. The dentists tended to have a higher incidence of pain in the first through the third fingers of the right hand compared with the teachers.

Conclusion

Radiographic finger joint OA was a significant determinant of both persistent and incident finger joint pain in a 5‐year followup among middle‐aged women. Hand use may modify the association between radiographic OA and finger joint pain.
Effects of rosuvastatin on vascular biomarkers and carotid atherosclerosis in lupus: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Mok Chi Chiu , Wong Chun Kwok , To Chi Hung , Lai Judy Po Shan , Lam Cheuk Sum
Published: January 2011

Objective

To study the effect of rosuvastatin on vascular biomarkers and carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

SLE patients with inactive disease and subclinical atherosclerosis were randomized in a double‐blinded manner to receive either rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) or matching placebo (half in each group were also randomly allocated low‐dose aspirin). After 12 months, treatment was unblinded. Patients treated with rosuvastatin and aspirin were continued on the same medications for another 12 months. Plasma levels of homocysteine, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, P‐selectin, and thrombomodulin were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Measurement of carotid IMT was repeated at 24 months.

Results

Seventy‐two patients were studied (97% women, mean ± SD age 50.8 ± 9.7 years). Thirty‐six patients were randomly assigned to each of the study arms (18 patients in each arm also received aspirin). Baseline clinical characteristics and medications were similar between the two groups. At 12 months, the mean low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean ± SD 2.62 ± 1.04 mmoles/liter to 1.69 ± 0.72 mmoles/liter; P < 0.001) and median hsCRP levels (1.26 mg/liter, interquartile range [IQR] 2.3 to 0.88 mg/liter, IQR 1.1; P = 0.02) decreased significantly in the rosuvastatin group. There was no significant change in homocysteine, and aspirin use did not influence the levels of the biomarkers studied. A subgroup analysis of patients with a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score ≤2 revealed a significant decrease in hsCRP (1.20 mg/liter, IQR 2.3 to 0.92 mg/liter, IQR 1.1; P = 0.04) and thrombomodulin levels (0.76 ng/ml, IQR 1.2 to 0.67 ng/ml, IQR 1.0; P = 0.001) with rosuvastatin treatment. At 24 months, the IMT of the internal carotid arteries appeared to be decreased in patients treated with rosuvastatin, which was well tolerated.

Conclusion

In stable SLE patients, low‐dose rosuvastatin leads to a significant reduction in hsCRP and thrombomodulin levels, which may possibly help to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Robust learning controller design for MIMO stochastic discrete‐time systems: An H∞‐based approach
Authors: Meng Deyuan , Jia Yingmin , Du Junping , Yu Fashan
Published: January 2011

This paper is devoted to designing iterative learning control (ILC) for multiple‐input multiple‐output discrete‐time systems that are subject to random disturbances varying from iteration to iteration. Using the super‐vector approach to ILC, statistical expressions are presented for both expectation and variance of the tracking error, and time‐domain conditions are developed to ensure their asymptotic stability and monotonic convergence. It shows that time‐domain conditions can be tied together with an H∞‐based condition in the frequency domain by considering the properties of block Toeplitz matrices. This makes it possible to apply the linear matrix inequality technique to describe the convergence conditions and to obtain formulas for the control law design. Furthermore, the H∞‐based approach is shown applicable to ILC design regardless of the system relative degree, which can also be used to address issues of model uncertainty. For a class of systems with a relative degree of one, simulation tests are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the H∞‐based approach to robust ILC design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Experiments with Synchrotron High‐Energy X‐Rays and Neutrons
Authors: Staron Peter , Fischer Torben , Lippmann Thomas , Stark Andreas , Daneshpour Shahrokh , Schnubel Dirk , Uhlmann Eckart , Gerstenberger Robert , Camin Bettina , Reimers Walter , Eidenberger Elisabeth , Clemens Helmut , Huber Norbert , Schreyer Andreas
Published: January 2011

High‐energy X‐rays offer the large penetration depths that are often required for determination of bulk properties in engineering materials research. Photon energies of 150 keV and more are available at synchrotron sources, depending on storage ring and insertion device. In addition, synchrotron sources can offer very high intensities on the sample even at these energies. They can be used not only to obtain high spatial resolution using very small beams, but also high time resolution in combination with a fast detector. This opens up possibilities for a wide range of in situ experiments. Typical examples that are already widely used are heating or tensile testing in the beam. However, there are also more challenging in situ experiments in the field of engineering materials research like e.g. dilatometry, differential scanning calorimetry, or cutting. Nevertheless, there are a number of applications where neutron techniques are still favorable and both probes, photons and neutrons, should be regarded as complementary. A number of in situ experiments were realized at the GKSS synchrotron and neutron beamlines and selected examples are presented in the following.
Analysis of Polymer Colloids by Small‐Angle X‐Ray and Neutron Scattering: Contrast Variation
Authors: Ballauff Matthias
Published: January 2011

We review recent work done on polymer colloids by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). Special emphasis is laid on the variation of scattering contrast for both methods. The theory of contrast variation as applied to SAXS and SANS is presented. Different numerical approaches to the treatment of data are discussed. Applications of SAXS and SANS together with contrast variation to model systems are presented. This includes the analysis of an industrial system by using the example of semicrystalline colloid poly(urethane) particles. The examples given here demonstrate the power of contrast variation as applied to polymer colloids and in particular to latexes.
Inkjet‐Printed Organic Electrodes for Bottom‐Contact Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhao Yan , Wei Zhongming , Sun Yimeng , He Yudong , Di Chong‐an , Xu Wei , Hu Wenping , Liu Yunqi , Zhu Daoben
Published: January 2011

A graphite thin film was investigated as the drain and source electrodes for bottom‐contact organic field‐effect transistors (BC OFETs). Highly conducting electrodes (102 S cm−1) at room temperature were obtained from pyrolyzed poly(l,3,4‐oxadiazole) (PPOD) thin films that were prepatterned with a low‐cost inkjet printing method. Compared to the devices with traditional Au electrodes, the BC OFETs showed rather high performances when using these source/drain electrodes without any further modification. Being based on a graphite‐like material these electrodes possess excellent compatibility and proper energy matching with both p‐ and n‐type organic semiconductors, which results in an improved electrode/organic‐layer contact and homogeneous morphology of the organic semiconductors in the conducting channel, and finally a significant reduction of the contact resistance and enhancement of the charge‐carrier mobility of the devices is displayed. This work demonstrates that with the advantages of low‐cost, high‐performance, and printability, PPOD could serve as an excellent electrode material for BC OFETs.
2q23 de novo microdeletion involving the MBD5 gene in a patient with developmental delay, postnatal microcephaly and distinct facial features
Authors: Chung Brian H.Y. , Stavropoulos James , Marshall Christian R. , Weksberg Rosanna , Scherer Stephen W. , Yoon Grace
Published: January 2011

We report on a female patient with a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome region 2q23.1–23.3 identified by array‐CGH. She had significant global delay with developmental regression at age 6 years. She developed seizures at age 3 years with progressive difficulties with balance, loss of fine motor skills and aggressive behavior. She had short stature, microcephaly, and distinct facial features. Her speech was dysarthric, and she demonstrated repetitive hand movements. In this article, we compare the clinical features of our patient with previously reported cases with a 2q23.1 deletion. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new syndrome with multiple capillary malformations, intractable seizures, and brain and limb anomalies
Authors: Carter Melissa T. , Geraghty Michael T. , De La Cruz Laura , Reichard R. Ross , Boccuto Luigi , Schwartz Charles E. , Clericuzio Carol L.
Published: January 2011

We present two unrelated male infants with strikingly similar clinical features which have not previously been reported together. The most unusual feature was the presence of multiple small capillary malformations (port‐wine stains) on the skin from birth. Both infants had intractable seizures, microcephaly with progressive cortical atrophy, severe developmental delay, dysmorphic facial features, and hypoplasia of the distal phalanges. To our knowledge, no other person with this unique constellation of features has been described. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potocki–Lupski syndrome: An inherited dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) with hypoplastic left heart
Authors: Yusupov Roman , Roberts Amy E. , Lacro Ronald V. , Sandstrom Mary , Ligon Azra H.
Published: January 2011

Low copy repeat (LCR) sequences in 17p11.2 predispose this region to genomic deletions and duplications. Duplication of 17p11.2, also known as Potocki–Lupski syndrome (PTLS), is a well‐described microduplication syndrome featuring cognitive and language deficits, developmental delay, autistic behavior, structural cardiovascular anomalies, hypotonia, failure to thrive, apnea, and dysmorphism. We present a mother and her two children who share both dysmorphic features and the dup(17)(p11.2p11.2); the first child was born with hypoplastic left heart (HLH). The dup(17)(p11.2p11.2) was identified by GTG‐banding analysis of peripheral blood specimens from all three individuals and confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Here we provide a thorough description of the phenotypes of the affected individuals, as well as describe physical features not reported previously for PTLS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2‐Iodoxybenzoic Acid—A Simple Oxidant with a Dazzling Array of Potential Applications
Authors: Duschek Alexander , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: January 2011

Since its discovery by Christoph Hartmann and Victor Meyer in 1893, 2‐iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) has emerged as a rather ubiquitous oxidant for organic synthesis. The past decade has seen the development of a large variety of applications that go far beyond the simple oxidation of alcohols. This Review is concerned with the synthetic potential of IBX, with particular emphasis on uncommon reactivity patterns and novel fields of application.
Application of clean technologies using electrochemistry in ionic liquids
Authors: Doherty A.P. , Diaconu L. , Marley E. , Spedding P. L. , Barhdadi R. , Troupel M.
Published: January 2011

Rising costs and green environmental concerns have focused attention on more efficient way of producing chemical products. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), especially in combination with electrochemical activation, provide promise of reduction pollution in processing because of their recyclability and low vapour loss factors. The fundamental and applied aspects of electrolytic processing in ionic liquid media are discussed using data from various direct and catalytic redox processes. It is shown that ionic liquids are potentially very useful for performing important redox transformations, for example alcohol oxidations, carboxylations and CO2capture. These results indicated that electrolytic transformations in RTIL media are feasible which present opportunities for developing new real chemical processing applications. The opportunities and challenges for electrochemical engineers in this field are outlined and discussed. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arginine‐Facilitated α‐ and π‐Radical Migrations in Glycylarginyltryptophan Radical Cations
Authors: Song Tao , Ng Dominic C. M. , Quan Quan , Siu Chi‐Kit , Chu Ivan K.
Published: January 2011

We have used model tripeptides GXW (with X being one of the amino acid residues glycine (G), alanine (A), leucine (L), phenylalanine (F), glutamic acid (E), histidine (H), lysine (K), or arginine (R)) to study the effects of the basicity of the amino acid residue on the radical migrations and dissociations of odd‐electron molecular peptide radical cations M.+ in the gas phase. Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) experiments revealed that the interconvertibility of the isomers [G.XW]+ (radical centered on the N‐terminal α‐carbon atom) and [GXW].+ (radical centered on the π system of the indolyl ring) generally increased upon increasing the proton affinity of residue X. When X was arginine, the most basic amino acid, the two isomers were fully interconvertible and produced almost identical CID spectra despite the different locations of their initial radical sites. The presence of the very basic arginine residue allowed radical migrations to proceed readily among the [G.RW]+ and [GRW].+ isomers prior to their dissociations. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the energy barriers for isomerizations among the α‐carbon‐centered radical [G.RW]+, the π‐centered radical [GRW].+, and the β‐carbon‐centered radical [GRWβ.]+ (ca. 32–36 kcal mol−1) were comparable with those for their dissociations (ca. 32–34 kcal mol−1). The arginine residue in these GRW radical cations tightly sequesters the proton, thereby resulting in minimal changes in the chemical environment during the radical migrations, in contrast to the situation for the analogous GGW system, in which the proton is inefficiently stabilized during the course of radical migration.
Investigation on the analytical application of cationic Gemini surfactant 12‐4‐12 and its interaction with DNA
Authors: He Yu , Sheng Lijiao , Li Ling , Song Gongwu
Published: January 2011

The quantitative determination of nucleic acids is of great importance in fundamental research and clinical diagnosis. In this work, the interaction between DNA and cationic Gemini surfactant 12‐4‐12, which changes the conformation of DNA, was investigated by UV‐vis absorption, FT‐IR spectra and steady‐state fluorescence techniques. A hydrophobic pyrene probe was used to investigate the microenvironment change and calculate the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Gemini surfactant 12‐4‐12 (0.69 mmol/L), which is close to the value obtained from the conductivity method (0.79 mmol/L). A new detection assay for DNA is proposed with Gemini surfactant 12‐4‐12, using the resonance light‐scattering (RLS) technique. The formation of DNA–12‐4‐12 complex resulted in enhanced RLS signals at 368 nm, which is proportional to DNA concentration in the range 0.304–5.32 mg/L, with a detection limit of 35 µg/L. Most coexisting substances do not interfere in the detection and four synthetic samples were analyzed satisfactorily. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of β‐cyclodextrin‐capped CdSe quantum dots with inorganic anions and cations
Authors: Shang Zhuo Bin , Hu Shuang , Wang Yu , Jin Wei Jun
Published: January 2011

A facile method was developed for the preparation of water soluble β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD)‐modified CdSe quantum dots (QDs) (β‐CD‐QDs) by directly replacing the oleic acid ligands on the QDs surface with β‐CD in an alkaline aqueous solution. The as‐prepared QDs show good stability in aqueous solution for several months. Oxoanions, including phosphoric acid ion, sulphite acid ion and carbonic acid ion, affect the fluorescence of β‐CD‐QDs. Among them, H2PO4– exhibited the largest quenching effect. For the polyprotic acids (HO)3AO, the effect of acidic anions on the fluorescence of β‐CD‐QDs was in the order: monoanion (HO)2AO2– > dianion (HO)AO32– >> trianion AO43–. After photoactivation for several days in the presence of anions at alkaline pH, the β‐CD‐QDs exhibited strong fluorescence emission. The effect of various heavy and transition metal ions on the fluorescence properties of the β‐CD‐QDs was investigated further. It was found that Ag+, Hg2+ and Co2+ have significant quenching effect on the fluorescence of the β‐CD‐QDs. The Stern–Volmer quenching constants increased in the order: Hg2+ < Co2+ <Ag+. The adsorption model of metal ions on β‐CD‐QDs was explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hevein‐like protein and a class I chitinase with antifungal activity from leaves of the paper mulberry
Authors: Zhao Ming , Ma Yan , Pan Ying‐Hong , Zhang Chun‐Hua , Yuan Wen‐Xia
Published: January 2011

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, syn. Morus papyrifera L.) is a Chinese traditional medicine and its low‐molecular‐weight extracts are reported to have antifungal activity. In this study, two proteins (PMAPI and PMAPII) with activity against Trichoderma viride were obtained from paper mulberry leaves with a fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) unit. The purification protocol employed (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, ion‐exchange chromatography and hydrophobic‐interaction chromatography on FPLC. Molecular masses were 18,798 Da for PMAPI, and 31,178 Da for PMAPII determined by Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Peptide mapping fingerprint analysis showed that PMAPI has no peptides similar to PMAPII. N‐terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that PMAPI is a hevein‐like protein, and PMAPII is a class I chitinase. They both had a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.1 µg/µL against T. viride. This is the first report of high‐molecular‐weight extracts with antifungal activity from paper mulberry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of ethionamide and ethionamide sulfoxide in human plasma: application to a human pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Deshpande Abhijeet Y. , Gurav Sandip , Punde Ravindra , Zambre Vishal , Kulkarni Rahul , Pandey Sarvesh , Mungantiwar Ashish , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: January 2011

A highly sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method has been developed for simultaneous quantification of ethionamide and ethionamide sulfoxide in human plasma (300 µL) using prothionamide as an internal standard (IS). Solid‐phase extraction was used to extract ethionamide, ethionamide sulfoxide and IS from human plasma. The chromatographic separation of ethionamide, ethionamide sulfoxide and IS was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% acetic acid : acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on a Peerless Basic C18 column. The total run time was 3.5 min and the elution of ethionamide, ethionamide sulfoxide and IS occurred at 2.50, 2.18 and 2.68 min, respectively. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 25.7–6120 ng/mL (r > 0.998) for ethionamide and 50.5–3030 ng/mL (r > 0.998) for ethionamide sulfoxide. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values for ethionamide and ethionamide sulfoxide met the acceptance as per FDA guidelines. Ethionamide and ethionamide sulfoxide were stable in battery of stability studies, viz. bench‐top, autosampler and freeze–thaw cycles. The developed assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study in humans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous estimation of E‐ and Z‐isomers of guggulsterone in rabbit plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Bhatta R. S. , Kumar D. , Chhonker Y. S. , Jain G. K.
Published: January 2011

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for simultaneous determination of E‐ and Z‐guggulsterone isomers (antihyperlipidemic drug) in rabbit plasma. Both the isomers were resolved on a Symmetry‐Shield C18 (5 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm) column, using gradient elution comprising a mobile phase of methanol, 0.5% v/v formic acid and acetonitrile. With dexamethasone as internal standard, plasma samples were extracted by an automated solid‐phase extraction method using C18 cartridges. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive mode. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 1.56–200 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.998) for both analytes. The intra‐day and inter‐day accuracy and precision were within −0.96 to 4.12 (%bias) and 2.73 to 8.00 (%RSD) respectively. The analytes were stable after three freeze–thaw cycles. The method was successfully applied to study steriospecific pharmacokinetics of E‐ and Z‐guggulsterone in NZ rabbit. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.