bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eastern Tent Caterpillar Control on Choke Cherry, 1981
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Haefner J.
Published: March 2022

A field of choke cherry in the Rose Lake Wildlife Research Area, Clinton Co., Ml was selected for evaluation of insecticides. Five materials were tested. Egg masses and small tents from neighboring areas were transferred to selected trees (1.5 to 4.5 m high) in the study area. Larvae were allowed to develop for approximately 3 weeks after transfer. The trees were treated on May 19 when the tents had enlarged to approximately 20 to 40 cm in diameter and the maj’ority of larvae were 3rd and 4th instars. The number of larvae per tent were counted prior to treatment. Insecticides were applied with a trombone sprayer and trees were sprayed to the run off point. The number of tents sprayed varied from 5 to 8 depending on the treatment. Skies were sunny at treatment time with an air temperature of 18°C and a light breeze of 5-10 mph. Mortality evaluations were made 7, 10 and 13 days after treatment by counting the number of dead larvae in each tent. Data were analyzed using AN0VA techniques. An arcsine percent transformation was performed on the percentage data.
Chemical Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Choke Cherry, Holmes Co., Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry (2-5 m) growing on a north-facing slope in a 1 hectare area were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a TeeJet SS8004 flat fan nozzle was used to apply ca 1 liter of finished spray to each of 4, single-tree replicates containing 1 or more active tents. Treatments were applied May 7 when ambient temperature was 17-18°C with sunny skies and 15-20 kph winds. Conventional insecticides were first applied to tents and then to surrounding foliage. The Dipel treatment was concentrated on foliage surrounding the tents. Caterpillars were 20-25 mm long and were congregated on the sunny, south side of their tents when sprayed. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 days later, and twice again at weekly intervals (B. treatment only), by counting the number of living and dead larvae in 1 tent per treated tree.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Greenhouse Chrysanthemums, 1981
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Test plants were grown in 50% Metro mix 300: 50% peat moss media in 15 cm pots, 3 plants/pot, on raised greenhouse benches. Each treatment block consisted of 1 pot- treatments were randomized, and were replicated 3 times. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off at 5.9 kg/cm2 on Jan 15 at a greenhouse temperature of 30°C. Treatments were evaluated before application and 4, 7, 11, and 14 days following application by removing a leaf from each plant and counting the number of mites and eggs on the lower surface of the leaves.
Chinch Bug Control on an Edward Avenue Home Lawn in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, 1981
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were applied Aug 12 to a chinch bug infested lawn, consisting of fine leafed fescue (85%) and KY bluegrass (15%). Due to the limited size of the home lawn, treatment plots were 5x5 ft. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Liquid formulations were applied in 1 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 1 gal of water. Environmental conditions were as follows: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature, 60°F; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil pH, 6.9; soil condition, moist; percent organic matter, 2.6; and amount of thatch, 0.5-0.75 inch. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 inch dia circular cans. Post-treatment counts were made at 7 day (Aug 19) and 28 day (Sep 9) intervals. Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10 min count (per loction) was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on Fescue Turf, 1981
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Rodencal Jeff , Niemczyk Harry
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on a Pennlawn, red fescue turf at the O.A.R.D.C, Wooster, OH. Over 70% of the turf in the experimental area had sustained severe chinch bug damage. The thatch layer was approximately 0.5 to 1 inch deep. At treatment time, skies were clear, temperature was 80°F, relative humidity was about 5055, and winds were out of the northwest at 4-7 mph. The insecticides were applied at 2 or 3 rates on Jul 30. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 10 ft x 8 ft subplots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 back-pack sprayer at 38 psi with one K80 floodjet nozzle calibrated to 4 gal/1,000 sq ft. Granular formulations were applied with shaker bottles. Treatments were not watered in. Chinch bug numbers were sampled by driving an 8 inch dia open-ended steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface in a 10 min period. Two flotation samples were taken in each subplot at 1 and 5 weeks post-treatment.
Jungleflame Ixora, Green Scale Control, 1981
Authors: Ray Charles H. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen 12-24 inch tall container-grown Ixoracoccinea, heavily infested with green scale, were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in 2 gal pots. All stages of green scale were present. A single application of the test materials was made out-of-doors on Aug 4. Treatments were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Plants were allowed to dry and then were returned to a greenhouse. Mortality was determined on Aug 11 by counting 100 individuals per plant. Counts were made with the use of a stereo-microscope by examining each scale insect and scoring it as living if normally-colored and full-bodied, or dead if it was discolored and shriveled or dried.
Foliage Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1981
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Robb K. L. , Morishita F. S.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied to selected foliage plants and phytotoxic effects were determined. The insecticide-plant combinations were: KnoxOut 2FM and Vydate 2E - croton, fern, ivy, and orchid; Ficam 76W - croton, fern, ivy, orchid and ficus; Pounce 3.2E - fern, ivy and orchid. Materials were applied at IX, 2X and 4X concentrations (1X = 8 oz ai/100 gal) until runoff with a 5-gal sprayer at 60 psi; water pH was 6.75. Each concentration was applied to 5 mature plants per species with 5 plants serving as a control. After application, plants were located on greenhouse benches; temperature ranged between 26.7-36.0°C. The materials were applied on Aug 19 and Sep 18 to the same plants. Data on phytotoxicity were recorded weekly for 8.
Candidate Pesticides for Stored-Product Insects, 1981
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Fons James F.
Published: March 2022

Labora+ocy-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca 32.5 ± 1.1 and 66.5 ± 9.8 m ) in Baltimore, Md. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10 cm dia open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca 30 cm from a side wall. The aerosols were propelled by CO2 or freon and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with Diabrite or HiSil 233 as a carrier and Introduced into the trailer by CO2 or Freon 11/12 propellent through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 hr: 10 min in the closed trailer after treatment, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 hr in the original petri dishes after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 hrs for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position), at 7 days for moribund (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small came lhair brush), and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality (expressed as dead + moribund insects). Each test was replicated 3 times. The air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 23 ± 5°C and the relative humidity was 74.5 ± 12.5%.
Ectiban and Diazinon Pour-ON Treatments for Control of Lice on Beef Cattle, 1981
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Jones C.
Published: March 2022

Experimental cattle were either Hereford or mixed breeds, and originated at several locations in eastern WY. All animals were heifer calves or yearling heifers. Experimental groups of from 5-12 animals were housed in separate dry lots at University of Wyoming Livestock Units at Torrington and Cheyenne, WY. Ectiban 1% pour-on was applied at 0.5 oz/100 lb body weight along the backline. Diazinon AG500 was applied in a single spot on the back at 2.5 or 1.25 cc/100 lb. Cattle were treated once with the exception of 1 group at Torrington that was treated a second time with Ectiban pour-on. Weather conditions at time of treatments were favorable, i.e., temperatures between 20 and 44°F and no precipitation immediately following treatment. All cattle were inspected for lice prior to treatment, then at various times post-treatment. Total numbers of lice were recorded in the inspection areas which were 1, 15 cm hair part on the poll and 3, 15 cm hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rump-tail head. Viability of lice was determined post-treatment by microscopic examination of specimens.
Insect Growth Regulator as a Poultry FeedthrouGh Treatment for House Fly Control, 1981
Authors: Beck Andrew F. , Vaughan Jefferson A. , Turner E. C.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four experimental units of 5 White Leghorn hens, 74 wk old, were arranged in a randomized block design of 4 replicates (A - D) of 6 treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm Bay Vi-7533 in feed). Birds were managed in 3-tiered wire cages, 1 bird per cage, and manure was collected on paper beneath each tier. The treatments were randomized within each replicate with one restriction: on a given tier in a given replicate, the far unit was a higher dosage than the near unit. This prevented the contamination of low-dosage manure with high-dosage manure during manure collection. The birds were maintained on a standard layer diet (SLD) for 2 wk, then each unit was offered the appropriate treated feed adlibitum for 3 wk. The feed and water systems were then dismantled, cleaned and replaced, and all units were offered untreated feed until the end of the test, 11 Sep 81. Water troughs were cleaned daily. Treated feed was prepared by adding 200 (5 ppm), 400 (10 ppm), 600 (15 ppm), 800 (20 ppm) or 1000 g (25 ppm) of 0.1% (w/w) feed premix of Bay Vi-7533 to 40 Kg of SLD. Data were collected daily from 14 Aug - 11 Sep, inclusive. The manure of all 5 birds in each unit was combined, and a 150 - 200 ml sampled from each unit was collected in a plastic bag, labelled and frozen. Several weeks after the last sample was collected, the manure was thawed for 48 hr, and each sampled was seeded with 30 first-instar house flies. Seeded samples were held in emergence traps and allowed to develop at ambient laboratory temp and RH. After 4 wk, the adult house flies were counted, and each sample was examined for adults which had died in the manure. An ANOVA was contraindicated because of significant replicate and dosage level-replicate interaction effects. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare means of dosage levels.
Control of Manure Breeding Flies in a Poultry House with Larvadex Granules, 1981
Authors: Collison C. H. , Cloud J. A. , Smith J. A.
Published: March 2022

Larvadex, granules and topical sprays (an insect growth inhibitor) were tested in a commercial poultry house at Belleville, Pennsylvania to determine their effectiveness in controlling manure breeding flies. The 200 x 40 ft, 2-story structure, housed breeding flocks for the production of hatching eggs on each level. Testing was done on the lower level only. The birds were removed and house thoroughly cleaned in mid-July. On Aug 5-6, 11,200 19-week-old birds were moved into the house: 3,840 on the lower ievel. The floor plan consisted of 2/3 slats (manure collected underneath) with a center isle pit containing wood shavings litter. Feeders and waterers were located above the slatted floors. Ventilation was provided with open windows, covered with chicken wire. The slatted floor was divided into 35 equal sized sections, each containing a waterer. Four treatments, replicated 5 times, were made on Aug 17, 31, Sep 14, 28, and Oct 12. Treatments consisted of Larvadex 2.3% granules (30 g ai), ( 60 g ai), topical application of Larvadex 0.1% spray (1 gal/100 sq ft) and untreated controls. Slatted floor sections were temporarily removed and granules and spray were applied to 9 sq ft of manure surface directly under each waterer. The remaining 15 untreated sections, not included in the study, were treated with Larvadex 0.1% sprays on Aug 24, Sep 14, and Oct 4. Changes in fly population were monitored by counting the number of flies that emerged from 12 oz weekly manure cores removed from each section. Each manure core was held for 3 weeks in a university growth chamber at 30°C.
Evaluation of Devil Dust for Control of Northern Fowl Mites on Chickens, 1981
Authors: Lemke L. A. , Cloud J. A. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Two trials were conducted at the University poultry farm to evaluate the efficacy and residual activity of Devil Dust (3SS Rabon on a negatively charged diatom) against northern fowl mites on chickens. During trial 1, Devil Dust was compared to 3% Rabon dust and in trial 2 against 3% Rabon and Ectiban 0.25% dust. Mite populations were visually estimated, by parting the feathers in the vent area at 24 hr pre-treatment, 24 hr post-treatment and at weekly intervals for the duration of the study. Population levels were indexed by the following code: 0=0 mites, 1=1-15 mites/bird, 2=16-50 mites/bird, 3=51-100 mites/bird, 4=101-500 mites/bird, 5=501-1000 mites/bird and 6=more than 1000 mites/bird. Birds were housed singly in single deck, double row hanging cages in three adjacent shelters. Each house contained two banks of cages with 20 cages/bank. Within each treatment bank, individual birds were hand dusted with either 1.5 g Devil Dust, 1.5 g 3% Rabon, or 4.5 g .25% Ectiban. Only 1 acaricide was used per bank. During trial 1, every other bird and trial 2 every third bird was left untreated to provide constant reinfestation pressure. Treatments were made on May 28 and Aug 7.
Control of Adult Manure Breeding Muscid Flies in High Rise Poultry Houses with Ectrin, 1981
Authors: Smith J. A. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Four high rise poultry houses located in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania were used to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectrin 15%WP (fenvalerate) for controlling adult manure breeding flies. Applications of either 0.1% or 0.25% Ectrin were applied by a hand held compressed air sprayer to the manure pit walls of each house at a rate of 1 gal/750 sq ft. Changes in adult fly populations were monitored by counting the number of flies resting within ft areas marked on the walls in both treated and untreated sections of the manure pit. Counting stations were located both on the cinder block and wood or foam areas of the wall. The house at Elizabethtown, was 22 x 400 ft and housed 50,000 caged layers which had been in place since Nov ‘80. Previous fly control measures consisted of removing manure on May 20 and baiting with Improved Golden Malrin (Lannate). The 8 ft high pit walls had cinder blocks on the lower half and unpainted wood above. On Jun 2, Jul 7, Aug 24 and Oct 5, a total of 8 gal of Ectrin 0.25% spray was applied to 83.8% of the pit wall surface. The manure was partially removed on Jun 15, Jul 27 and Sep 25. The house at Marietta was 44 x 500 ft and housed 64,000 caged layers which had been in place since Jan ‘81. Fly control measures consisted of manure removal on Apr 15 and baiting with Improved Golden Malrin (Lannate). The 500 ft long, 8 ft high manure pit walls were cinder blocks on the bottom half with foam for 246 ft and unpainted wood for 254 ft on the upper half. On Jun 2, 9 gal of Ectrin 0.1% WP was sprayed on 77.6% of the pit walls. On Jul 15 and Aug 25, 9.5 gal of 0.1% Ectrin WP was sprayed on 81.9% of the walls. Then on Oct 12, 2.5 gal of 0.25% Ectrin was applied to treated areas with high numbers of flies. The manure was completely removed on Nov 2. The house at Mount Joy, was 36 X 400 ft and housed 40,000 caged layers which had been in place since Apr, ‘80. Fly control measures consisted of removing the manure on May 28 and spraying the upstairs with Ectiban (permethrin) on Jun 15. The manure pit walls were 4 ft of cinder blocks on the lower half and unpainted wood on the upper half. On Jun 3, 8 gal of 0.1% Ectrin WP was applied to 85.3% of the pit wall surface. The house near Colebrook, was 44 x 400 ft and housed 50,000 caged layers which had been in place since Feb. Larvadex had been metered through the water at various intervals to control flies from Feb 25 to Jul 11. Other control measures taken were fogging upstairs with C-EM-DIE (pyrethrin) on Aug 21 and Larvadex was started again on Sep 1. The pit walls consisted of 4 ft of cinder blocks on the lower half and painted particle board on the upper half. On Jul 27 a total of 8 gal 0.1% Ectrin WP was applied to 83.8% of the pit walls.
Apple, Late Season Insecticide Evaluations for Leafroller Complex, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to mature, standard York trees replicated four times in single tree plots in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied to runoff on Aug 31 to coincide with peak egg deposition and on Sep 10 when larvae were in the early instars. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min (132.49 liters/min hydraulic pump operating at 300 psi (21.09 Kg/cm2). On Sep 19 200 apples/tree (800/treatment) were randomly selected and checked for both early and late season damage by the leafroller complex.
Dairy Comfort Stall Barn, House Fly Control, 1980
Authors: Lyon William F.
Published: March 2022

During the spring and summer of 1980, The Ohio State University Dairy Milking Comfort Stall Barn in Franklin County, Columbus, Ohio was divided completely into 2 halves. One half of the milking barn ; was sprayed with permethrin (Atroban) 25% WP using a 2 gal hand compressed pump type sprayer. The other half of the dairy milking] barn was left as the untreated check. House flies were counted twice weekly at 10 different areas in the treated half and 10 different areas in the untreated half of the milking barn. There were 5 areas on the ceiling and 5 areas on the walls (1 sq ft size each area marked with masking tape) for the treatment and the same for the non-treatment area. There were a total of 20 count locations for the entire experiment. Counts were not made until fly populations built up (excessive fly spots and adult flies resting on surface objects). Surfaces were white plaster board for the ceiling and plastic coated insulation board for the walls. Sanitation was good. The first spray was applied on Jun 30 after fly populations built up and the second spray was made on Aug 15 as a maintenance spray. Application rate was 1.33 ounces of Atroban 25% WP per gallon of water representing a 0.2555 concentration for each spray appl ied.
Imported Fire Ant Control with 1,1,1, Trichloroethane - Individual Mound Treatment, 1981
Authors: Scarborough T. A. , Burne J. C. , Hays S. B.
Published: March 2022

1,1,1 trichloroethane was evaluated as a direct pour-on treatment for control of the imported fire ant during 1978-80. Preliminary dosage rate tests were begun in 1978. Treatment was made following identification of all active colonies in the test area. Actual treatment consisted of pouring a pre-measured amount directly on the mound. Following effective dosage determination, circular plots 150 ft in dia were utilized. All active colonies in each plot were treated, data was collected from the inside 100 ft dia area. Treatments were replicated 4 times, water was used as the control treatment. All colonies (mounds) received the same dosage rate regardless of the mound size. Mortality was observed post-treatment by digging into each mound and estimating the number of live ants remaining. Colonies were considered active if live ants were found in the mound.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1981
Authors: Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

A 11 year old orchard of apples located at Cream Ridge, N.J. was used in these tests. In the first experiment acaricides were applied on Jul 8 to single tree plots of Golden Delicious, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. In the second experiment, single tree plots of Red Delicious, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed on Jul 17. The trees were sprayed to run-off (ca 5 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves from each tree, brushing the mites onto glass plates, and counting the numer of motile mites. The data were transformed to logarithms before analysis of variance and comparisons of means.
Control of Psorptes Mites on Rabbits, 1981
Authors: Wright F. C.
Published: March 2022

Rabbits infested with Psorptes cunicuii (Delafond), the ear canker mite, were treated with various acaricides at different concentrations. All rabbits wore plastic collars to restrict grooming, and both ears of each rabbit tested were at least one-half filled with canker and scabs. The acaricides were tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) in xylene:Triton X-100 (65:10) or as company formulations. Solutions containing 0.001-1.0% were prepared in 25-ml volumes and administered as ear washes to the rabbits. Each ear was filled with test solution, held, and massaged gently for 1 minute. The outside of the ears and the areas around the base of the ears were swabbed.
Screening of Acaricides for Control of One-Host Ticks, 1981
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Larvae of Boophilusannulatus (Say), the cattle tick, and B. microplus(Canestrini), the southern cattle tick, in colony at the Cattle Fever Tick Research Lab., Falcon Heights, TX, and Anocentornitens (Neumann), the tropical horse tick and Dermacentoralbipictus (Packard), the winter tick, in colony at Kerrville, TX, are pIaced onto cattle. Engorged females that detach naturally are used in test. Usually candidate compounds (technical materials) are formulated as emulsifiable concentrates containing 25% active ingredient (ai), 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100. Compounds not soluble in xylene are formulated in a 1:1 mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrol idinone and the xylene, Triton X-100 combination. Commercial wettabie powders or emulsifiable concentrates may be used. All formulations are mixed with water immediately before treatment. Acaricides are routinely tested at 1, 0.1, and 0.01% ai; the lesser concentrations are obtained by serial dilution of the 1% concentration. For treatment, ticks are washed, dried, sorted into groups of 10, weighed and placed into 20-25 ml of acaricide which is stirred vigorously for 30 sec and then poured through a screen that retains the ticks. Drained ticks are placed on paper toweling to dry and then held in 8-dram shell vials at 27+1°C and t80% RH for oviposition. After 2-3 wk, the ticks are discarded; however, the eggs are weighed and held for another 4-5 wk when percentage hatch is estimated visually. Controls, groups of 10 ticks, are dipped in an emulsion of 2.6% xylene and 0.4% Triton X-100 or the mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, and pyrrol idinone (equivalent to the 1% concentration of ai) and handled as treated ticks.
Apple, Mite Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1981
Authors: Weires R. W. , Aim S. R.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized block design to evaluate seasonal insect control. Treatments were applied by handgun sprayer at 400 psi, to run-off, using 4.2 gal spray/tree (403 gal/acre). Applications were made at pink, Apr 20, 22, petal fall, May 14, and in 7 cover sprays, May 28, Jun 12, Jun 24, Jul 8, Jul 23, Aug 7, and Aug 20. Trees were 17-yr-old, 12 ft high, and spaced 15 x 30 ft. The fungicide Baycor 50WP (8.0 oz form/acre) was applied with 2 qt of Agridex/acre on Apr 28, May 19, and Jun 2, and without Agridex on Jun 23. The fungicide was applied at 4X (100 gal/acre) concentration with an airblast sprayer. Thinning sprays of Naphthaleneacetic acid were applied by handgun on May 20. Plictran was included with several treatments for mite control on Jul 23. Above normal Spring temperatures hastened the onset of the season resulting in an early buildup of most mite populations. Mite populations were assessed by sampling and brushing with a mite brushing machine 25 ‘Red Delicious’ leaves/tree from 1 tree/repiicate.
Pear, Insect Control, 1981
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Thirty-yr-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate candidate pesticides for control of insect and mite pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted by taking 5 single-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating-tray samples/rep. Nymphs were counted on 5 fruiting spurs on May 25 and on 5 growing terminal shoots thereafter/rep. All tissues on fruiting spurs were examined. Five leaves were examined from each shoot including the proximal and distal leaves and 3 evenly-spaced leaves between. Phytophagous mites were counted from 25-leaf samples/rep by the leaf brushing technique. Pear psylla russet and codling moth entries were counted on 100 fruits/rep at harvest. Harvest samples of 10 fruits/rep were weighed, tested for firmness with a penetrometer and for soluble solids with a refractometer.
Peach, Evaluation of Three Insecticides as Foliage Protectants Against Japanese Beetle Feeding, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

The insecticides were applied to approximately 1/2 acre blocks (.2 ha) of 6-yeai-old peach when the Japanese beetle population was heavy. Trees were sprayed to run-off with a Swanson airblast sprayer with a handgun at 200 psi. Spray dates were Jun 29 and Jul 20. A water sprayed block was included as a control. Each block contained at least one 10 tree row of each of four cultivars; i.e. Red Haven, Madison, Loring and Sunhigh. Four randomly selected trees from each variety in each treatment block were examined and given a numerical rating based on foliage injury present Aug 19. The scale of rating used was 0 = no injury to 10 = complete defoliation.
Peach, Peachtree Borer Control, 1978
Authors: Yonce Carroll E.
Published: March 2022

A Jun 16th application of Lorsban 4E, either 3.0 lb or 1.5 lb ai/100 gal, was applied to trunks of 3rd leaf seedling peach trees in the field with a John Bean handgun at 300 psi (to runoff). The test was designed to determine if Lorsban was effectiave against peachtree borer (PTB) larvae in their feeding channels in the inner bark (cambium tissue). Each treatment included approximately 44 randomly selected trees (single tree replications). One-half of the trees were removed from the orchard 10 days following application and examined for larval mortality. The remaining trees were examined weekly for pupal skins from Jul 16 to Oct 20. Data were tabulated from the two methods of evaluation and compared.
Omnivorous Looper Control On Avocados, Jul 1980
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. , Olsen K. N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for control of late instar omnivorous looper (OL) larvae on 3-yr-old trees (18 ft x 18 ft spacing) located in San Diego County, Ca. A randomized block experimental design was used with 5 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic sprayer on Jul 9 at 400 psi to run-off (ca 3 gal/tree - 300 gal/acre). Treated trees were separated by at least 1 untreated buffer tree on all sides. Treatments were evaluated by examining 40 randomly selected 0L nests/tree for live larvae. Data were subj’ected to analysis of variance after transformation to x.
Control of

Amorbia

Cuneana

(Lepidoptera
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P.
Published: March 2022

Tortricidae) ON AVOCADOS, CA, NOV 1979: Insecticides were tested for efficacy against a heavy infestation of late instar A. cuneana larvae on 5-yr-old avocado trees (20 ft x 20 ft spacing) located in Ventura County, CA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 6 replicates of 2 trees each. Treatments were applied over a 3-day period (Nov 27, 28, and 29) by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (4 gal/tree = 400 gal/acre). An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. Treatments were evaluated by examining 10 randomly selected A. cuneana nests/tree for live larvae. Only nests between 1 and 6 feet above ground were checked. Data were subjected to analysis of variance after transformation to x.
Aerial Applications for Control of

Amorbia

Cuneana

(Lepidoptera
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. , Olsen K. N.
Published: March 2022

Tortricidae) ON AVOCADOS, DEC 1980: In an unreplicated test, 3 insecticides were applied to 6-yr-old commercially grown avocado trees (15 ft x 20 ft spacing) located in Riverside County, CA. Each material was applied by helicopter at 20 gal/acre finished spray to a single row of trees, or approximately 0.5 acre. Test rows were separated by at least 6 untreated buffer rows. Fifteen A. cuneana nests were examined on each of 10 trees/treatment for live larvae. The same trees were sampled both pre- and post-treatment. Nests were randomly sampled from both inner and outer areas of the tree from a height of 1-8 ft above ground. Nests were not sampled more than once unless reconstructed by larvae.
Control of Avocado Brown Mite, Oct 1979
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P.
Published: March 2022

Three acaricides were tested for efficacy against the avocado brown mite (ABM) and their effect on A. hibisci. Nine-yr-old avocado trees located in a commercial grove in San Diego County, CA, were treated on Oct 11. A randomzed block experimental design was used with 5 single-tree replicates. Applications were made by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (ca 9 gal/tree = 900 gal/acre). Treated trees were separated by at least 1 untreated buffer tree both within and between rows. Fifteen leaves were randomly picked per tree for each post-treatment count. Leaves were selected at a height of 2-6 ft above ground and were examined with a dissecting microscope within 4 days of being picked for all motile stages of ABM and predacious mites.
Control of

Amorbia

Cuneana

(Lepidoptera
Authors: Hoffman M. P. , Bailey J. B. , Olsen K. N.
Published: March 2022

Tortricidae) on Avocados, Ca, Nov 1980: Insecticides were tested for control of mid*to late-instar A. cuneana larvae on 6-yr-old avocado trees (15 ft x 20 ft spacing = ca 145 trees/acre) located in Riverside County, CA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 8 single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (ca 6 gal/tree = 870 gal/acre) on Nov 26. Two unsprayed buffer trees separated treated trees both within and between rows. Fifteen A. cuneana nests were examined per tree for live larvae on Dec 6, 13, and 27.
Citrus Rust Mite Control with Vydate L, 1981
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Vydate L alone and Vydate L with citrus oil spray (Sunspray 6N) and Vendex 50WP were compared for residual control of citrus rust mite (CRM). Tests were conducted on 30-yr-old Ruby Red grapefruit trees planted on 25 ft x 30 ft spacing. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with each treatment replicated on two 12-tree plots. Treatments were applied on May 15 and reapplied on Jul 14 and Oct 1 using a Lockwcod-Hardie air-blast sprayer with speed, nozzle adjustment and pressure regulated to apply 250 gal/acre. At each count date 50 fruit/replicate were randomly selected and CRM counted in a 1 cm2 lens field at 10X on the top, medium and bottom of each fruit. CRM counts were not continued after the Oct 1 spray. At harvest, 100 fruit/replicate were randomly selected and evaluated for CRM damage. Damage was expressed as percent russet, i.e. fruit with moderate to severe damage (US#2 fresh or process fruit).
Citrus Red Mite Control (Crm), 1981
Authors: Childers C. C. , Sorreli R. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 4 times in each of 3 tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 350 psi, ca 8 gal/tree, using a truck-mounted sprayer in Test 1 and at 200 psi, ca 4 gal/tree, using a John Bean sprayer in Tests 2 and 3. Water pH was 6.4 (test 1) and 7.2 (Tests 2-3). Twenty-five leaves from the spring flush were examined at random around the outer canopy of each sample tree. The number of motile spider mites on each leaf was counted and the total number of predaceous phytoseiid mites were recorded per 25-leaf sample.
Cutworm Control in Asparagus, 1979
Authors: Grafius E. , Love A. P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications (= blocks). Each plot was 3 rows (13.5 ft) by 24 ft long. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted sprayer at 20 gpa or by hand (for the Sevin bait), at 7 p.m., Jun 5. Minimum air temperature during the night was 63°F. Soil was moist at a depth of 1/4 inch. Beginning at 6 a.m., Jun 6 (11 hr post-treatment) counts were made of dead or dying larvae in each plot. Dead and dying larvae were counted from around the middle 15 ft of the center row of each plot (total area = 4.5 x 15 ft). Number of crowns in this area was also recorded. A sample of “dying” larvae from each treatment was brought back to the laboratory for identification and to estimate long-term survival. One crown per plot was sampled on Jun 6 (day 1) and 2 per plot were sampled on Jun 13 (day 8) for numbers of cutworms left alive.
Cutworm Control in Asparagus, 1980
Authors: Grafius E. , Love A. P. , May T. , Morrow E.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 2 replications. Plots were 6 rows wide by 30 ft long. Treatments were applied, May 12 with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa, excluding the Sevin 5% bait which was applied manually. On the day after treatment, 6 plants in each treatment were sampled for live and dead cutworms. An additional 6 plants per treatment were sampled for dead cutworms. Damaged spears were marked at the time of sampling. Four days after treatment, counts were taken on the number and percent of newly damaged spears. Six crowns from each treatment of both replications were evaluated in this manner.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1981
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Sanfratello R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The test was planted Jun 15 on the Cal Waterman farm near Batavia, NY. Each treatment consisted of two 30-ft rows bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows replicated 4 times in a Latin square design. Sidedress applications (2 inches to the side and 2 inches deep) using a hand-pushed cone seeder were made on Jun 29 (primary leaf stage) at the rate of 9.3 oz formulation/1000 ft of row. Efficacy was determined by examining 50 trifoliate leaves in each treatment ca once/wk from beginning of Jul to mid-Sep and counting the leafhopper nymphs present.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm and Cabbage Looper, 1980
Authors: Dapsis L. J. , Ferro D. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Sun-up’ cabbage was transplanted to the field on Jun 3, in Sunderland, MA. Fertilizer (5-10-10) had been applied to the field on May 8. The soil type was a fine sandy loam and had a pH of ca 6.5. Each treatment plot consised of two 6.1 m rows replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Applications of insecticides were calculated on the basis of 0.91 m row spacing. Insecticides were applied with a gal stainless steel backpack sprayer at 1400 liters of water/ha. Based upon larval counts insecticides were applied on Jul 10 and Aug 4. Larvae were counted on 6 plants/treatment/replicate.
Control of Lygus Bugs on Carrot Seed Crops with Temik, 1979
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Lydin L. V. , Butt B. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Chantenay Red Core’ carrots grown for seed in Shano silt loam (XerolIic Camborthids) soil near Hermiston, OR, were sidedressed with Temik at the time of bolting. The granules were injected 3 inches into the soil 5 inches from the plant row on May 16. The plots were rill irrigated within one week of the application. Each of the 4 replications in the randomized complete block design consisted of a plot 12 rows wide by 50 ft long. The rows were 22- and the plants 6 inches apart. Efficacy was determined by counting the number of lygus in 10-sweep samples/plot taken each week from Jun 6 through Jul 30. Phytotoxicity was determined by counting the number of plants in 8, 5-ft row sections in each plot at harvest on Jut 30. The weight and percentage germination of 100-seed subsamples from these same sections was recorded also. The seeds were germinated on moist filter paper in petri dishes in a controlled environment.
Apple, Ovicidal Effects of Methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L) on Insect and Mite Pests, 1981
Authors: David P. J. , Horsburgh R. L.
Published: March 2022

To assess the effects of methornyl on the eggs of aphids and mites, seven treatments and a water control were used in each of two experiments. On Mar 5, apple twigs bearing overwintering generation P. ulmi eggs were collected from the research orchard at Steeles Tavern, VA and brought back to the laboratory for processing. Twigs were cut into one-inch sections. Each twig section contained a variable number of eggs ranging from 10 to 35. The sections were affixed to double-stick Scotch tape on a microscope slide. One section was used per slide and three replicates were used per treatment. The slides were dipped in the respective treatment solutions and placed in an open-air insectary. Data were recorded (number of hatched eggs) when control eclosion ceased. Apple twigs bearing eggs of A. pomi and D. plantaginea were collected on Mar 5 from the research orchard at Steeles Tavern, VA. The eggs were processed using the same procedure as that described in Experiment 1. The number of eggs per section ranged from 12 to 43. Methornyl does not appear to exhibit any ovicidal activity against eggs of P. ulmi at any commercially-applicable rate. Methornyl appears to show promise for use as an ovicide against aphid eggs during the silver-tip to green-tip stage of bud development.
Corn Earworm Control, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Varying rates of Cymbush, Ambush and U-56295 were compared to Lannate for efficiency against the corn earworm. Plots consisted of 4 rows x 150 ft in length with 4 replicates in a randomized block design. Planting data was Aug 8 with a 4-row planter using a plant 4 skip 2 row design. Applications were made on Sep 30, Oct 2, 6, 9 and 14, beginning at silking. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted 2-row CO2 sprayer using 12 gpa and 40 psi. The boom was equipped with 3 TX6 nozzles/row on drops. Evaluation categories used were: 1) clean - no damage; 2) slight - tip injury only; and 3) unmarketable - injury below tip. Ears were harvested Oct 22.
Control of European Corn Borer in Canning Sweet Corn, 1981
Authors: Wedberg John , Hogg David , Scriber J. Mark
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted Jun 18 at a seeding rate of 19,500 plants per acre to evaluate the ability of various synthetic pyrethroid, carbamate, and organic phosphate insecticides to control European corn borer under Wisconsin conditions. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 60 GPA of finished spray at 40 psi. To accomplish this, two 8002 flat-fan nozzles were directed at the ear zone on both sides of the row.
Whitefly Suppression on Seedling Lettuce, 1981
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station, which has a soil type of Laveen clay loam. Pelleted, Empire variety of head lettuce was planted Sep 8, in a dry seed bed with a Stanhay precision planter, 2 seed rows per 40 inch bed. The planting was furrow irrigated and kept damp until germination occurred. A complete randomized block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 4 beds wide, 13.2 ft and 25 ft long or .0076 acres. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized back-pack sprayer with a 2 nozzle boom having D-3 tips, No. 25 cores and 50 mesh screens. This operated at 55 psi applying ca 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Sprays were applied at ca weekly Intervals beginning on Oct 1. Evaluation of the whitefly infestation was done by picking 5 outer leaves from each plot, 20 per treatment. A circle .2 inch in diameter was marked near the outer edge of each leaf and all the whitefly eggs and larvae within were counted under a binocular microscope. Counts for each treatment represents 4 square inches.
Insect Control on Peppers in Florida, 1981
Authors: Schuster David J. , Everett Paul H.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set Mar 4, 12 inches apart on 3 ft wide by 6 inch high beds of Immokalee fine sand covered with polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 15 plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Apr 9, 6, 23, 30, May 7, 14, and 21 with a Solo motorized mist blower which was operated at 1300-1400 RPM (20-25 mph air velocity) and delivered 120 gpa. Plots were harvested May 14, 19 and 28 and each fruit examined for damage due to the beet armyworm. On May 28, 10 leaflets were randomly collected from each plot, sealed in plastic bags and refrigerated. The following day, the green peach aphids present were removed from the leaflets with a leaf-brushing machine, deposited on a detergent-coated glass plate, and counted on 0.2 of the area of the plate.
Insect Control on Cabbage, 1983
Authors: Edelson Jonathan V.
Published: March 2022

Greenback cabbage was direct seeded into 2-row beds on 40-in centers on 9 Oct. at the Tex. Agric. Exp. Sta., Weslaco, Tex. The experimental design was complete randomized block with 3 blocks and 10 treatments. Plots were three beds wide by 40 ft long. Pesticides were applied 12 Jan. with a tractor-mounted sprayer operated at 4 mph and a boom pressure of 30 lb/in . Flat-fan nozzles ca. 12 in. above the plants were directed downward spraying a broadcast pattern at a rate of 5.5 gal/acre. Control plots were not sprayed. Insects were monitored on 18 Jan. by inspecting 10 randomly selected plants from the middle of the plots.
Apple Insecticide Evaluations, 1983
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Walter Sandra
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to trees in four single-tree replications in a randomized block design, using a Swanson DA400PT024 airblast sprayer. The sprayer traveled at 1.07 m/sec and delivered 2805 1/ha for delayed dormant and pre-pink applications, and 935 1/ha for the remainder of the season. Dates of application were 13 Apr. (delayed dormant (DD)), 28 Apr. (pre-pink (PP)), 11 and 12 May (petal fall (PF)), 27 May (first cover (lc)), 13 June (second cover (2C)), 25 and 28 June (third cover ((3C)), 12 July (fourth cover (4C)), 28 July (fifth cover (5C)), 15 Aug. (sixth cover (6C)), and 30 and 31 Aug (seventh cover (7C)). Baycor 50WP and Streptomycin were also applied separately to all treatments. Trees were evaluated for rosy apple aphid control on 1 and 2 June by walking around the periphery of the trees and counting colonies. Treatment effectiveness was determined for apple aphid on 1 and 2 June by counting infested leaves on each of 20 terminals (10 from each sprayed side) around the periphery of trees at a height of 1.8 m. Control of white apple leafhoppers was determined by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from outside of each tree. Effects of treatments on European red mites were determined by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active mites with a binocular microscope. Effects on Stethoruspunctum were determined by counting adults and larvae observed during a 3-min period while walking around the tree periphery. Treatment effectiveness on fruit feeders was determined by scoring for injury 400 apples per treatment (100 per replication), plus all fallen apples found from 19-21 Sept.
Control of Caterpillars on Cabbage with Combinations of Insecticides,1983
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsney W.T. , North R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 19 July at the Veg. Res. Farm, near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-in. centers with plant spacing of 16 in. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having three nozzles per row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 lb/in2 was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Applications were made on 30 Sept. and evaluated on 7 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting three plants per plot, cutting off all leaves, and recording larval populations.
Pickleworm and Melonworm Control on Cucurbits in Florida, 1982
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 16 Sept., 1 ft apart on beds (2.5 ft wide by 8 in high) of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. A split-plot design was utilized with insecticide treatments as main plots and cucurbit crops as subplots. Mainplots were separated by 10 ft and were replicated four times. Subplots consisted of single rows of 10 plants each and were separated by 6 ft. Treatments were applied 6, 12, 19, and 26 Oct., and 2, 8, 16, 23, and 29 Nov. (only cantaloupe subplots were treated the last date) with a 2.5-gal handheld CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 lb/in2 and delivered 60 to 100 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew and averaged 90 gal/acre). The number of undamaged fruit and numbers damaged by pickleworm or melonworm larvae were totaled over all harvests. Squash subplots were harvested 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, and 29 Oct., and 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, and 19 Nov. Cucumber subplots were harvested the same dates with the exception of the first four dates in Oct. Cantaloupe subplots were harvested 15, 19, 24, and 30 Nov., and 2, 4, 6, and 10 Dec. Damaged fruit was inspected and the number of pickleworm larvae present were counted. Percentage data were transformed arc sine %/100 before analysis, but data are presented in the original scale.
Insect Control in Celery, 1983
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. , Otto M. E. , Russell J. C.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted 26 May at the M.S.U. Muck Crops Experimental Farm, Bath, Mich. The plots were three rows wide by 22 ft long. Each plot was bordered on one side by a 3-row bed of lettuce. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications per treatment. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre. Pydrin and Ambush were applied at weekly and bimonthly intervals to test the long-term effectiveness of the materials. Three applications of Vydate were made for early season carrot weevil control. Other treatments were applied weekly. Treatment dates were: Ambush: bimonthly 8 and 21 July, 4 and 18 Aug.; Pydrin: bimonthly 14 and 28 July, 18 Aug.; Vydate: 2-3 weeks apart 8, 21, and 28 July; Ambush, Pounce, Pydrin, Nudrin, Diazinon 8, 14, 21, and 28 July, 4 and 18 Aug.; Sweep samples were taken weekly from the middle row of each plot and in the lettuce borders.