bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin
Authors: Chelikani Prasanth K , Glimm David R , Keisler Duane H , Kennelly John J
Published: July 2004

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.
Fast biosensor immunoassays for the detection of cows' milk in the milk of ewes and goats
Authors: Haasnoot Willem , Smits Nathalie GE , Kemmers-Voncken Anniek EM , Bremer Maria GEG
Published: July 2004

Two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) raised against bovine κ-casein were developed and applied in an automated optical biosensor (Biacore 3000) to create easy and fast direct and inhibition biosensor immunoassays (BIA) for the detection of cows' milk in the milk of ewes and goats. With both assay formats, low limits of detection (<0·1%) and fast run times (around 5 min) were obtained. For sample preparation, milk was diluted in buffer (direct assay) or in an antibody-containing buffer (inhibition assay) only. For quantitative analysis, calibrants of cows' milk in ewes' or goats' milk were used. Advantages of the direct BIA are: the single reagent format (biosensor chip immobilized antibodies only); the use of small amounts of antibodies (2 μg for >350 tests); and the wide measurement range (0·1 to 10% cows' milk). Despite these advantages, the inhibition BIA (using κ-casein immobilized on the chip) was preferred because of the possible application of non-purified Mab, the higher responses, the higher sensitivity at relevant low percentages of cows' milk and its robustness (>800 cycles per chip).
Strong phylogeographic relationships among three goat breeds from the Canary Islands
Authors: Amills Marcel , Capote Juan , Tomàs Anna , Kelly Lucía , Obexer-Ruff Gabriela , Angiolillo Antonella , Sanchez Armand
Published: July 2004

We partially sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop region in 47 individuals from eleven Spanish and foreign goat breeds. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences allowed us to identify a particular D-loop haplotype shared by individuals from the Palmera, Majorera and Tinerfeña Canarian breeds. Genotyping of 281 goats from 17 different breeds by PCR-HpaII RFLP evidenced that the geographical distribution of this haplotype is restricted to the Canary Islands. This ancestral mitochondrial haplotype might originate in the domestic goat herds brought by the native Canarian inhabitants approximately 3000 years ago. Although we observed other miscellaneous D-loop haplotypes in the Palmera, Majorera and Tinerfeña breeds, any of them allowed us to group individuals from these three populations in a single cluster, a feature that suggests that these haplotypes might have diverse origins. The remarkable degree of phylogeographic structure of the Canary goat breeds with regard to other Spanish and foreign populations might be attributed to the isolation of these breeds in the Canary Islands for approximately 2500 years, without exposure to the migratory movements and commercial trading events that probably affected the genesis of most domestic goat breeds worldwide. The Canarian D-loop haplotype can be efficiently genotyped by using DNA isolated from milk and cheese samples, which paves the way for the future establishment of a Canary breed identity test for these dairy products.
Changes of physicochemical indicators during mastitis and the effects of milk ejection on their sensitivity
Authors: Bruckmaier Rupert M , Weiss Daniel , Wiedemann Martin , Schmitz Susanne , Wendl Georg
Published: July 2004

We examined the relationship between physicochemical indicators and somatic cells in the milk of dairy cows during experimentally induced mastitis and their significance as indicators for use in controlling udder health. We were concerned particularly with the effect of alveolar milk ejection on the sensitivity of these indicators. In Expt 1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (Esch. coli LPS) was injected into the left rear quarter to induce an inflammatory reaction in one quarter in each of six cows. The contralateral control quarter was injected with a solution of NaCl (9 g/l). Nine milk samples were taken from both quarters until 60 h after injection. In Expt 2, repeated milk samples were taken every 20 s from one quarter during a 120-s teat stimulation in 20 cows with different somatic cell counts (SCC). Quarters were clustered for low (<5·0 log cells/ml), mid (5·0–5·7 log cells/ml) and high (>5·7 log cells/ml) SCC of the sample taken at t=0 s. Samples were analysed for SCC, electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+ and Cl− concentrations. During the experimental inflammation SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− peaked at 12 h from LPS administration and values in treated quarters (T) at this time were elevated to 7900, 157, 501 and 169% of the values in untreated quarters, respectively. In Expt 2, SCC, EC, Na+ and Cl− in high SCC quarters were 2520, 121, 283 and 141% of low SCC quarters at the start of stimulation (t=0 s), respectively. Highly significant (P<0·001) differences in EC, Na+ and Cl− between high and low SCC quarters disappeared owing to the onset of alveolar milk ejection 100 s after the first contact with the teat. In conclusion, SCC in cows' milk provided the strongest amplitude in the case of an intramammary inflammation. EC, Na+ or Cl− were useful tools only if the measurements were performed in cisternal milk before the start of alveolar milk ejection.
Periodic and solitary waves of the cubic–quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: HONG LIU , BEECH ROBERT , OSMAN FREDERICK , XIAN-TU HE , SEN-YUE LOU , HORA HEINRICH
Published: July 2004

This paper presents the possible periodic solutions and the solitons of the cubic–quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Corresponding to five types of different structures of the pseudo-potentials, five types of periodic solutions are given explicitly. Five types of solitons are also obtained explicitly from the limiting procedures of the periodic solutions. This will benefit the study of the generation of fast ions or electrons, which are produced from the soliton breaking when the plasma is irradiated a high-intensity laser pulse.
Wave modes in a magnetoplasma with anisotropic perturbation pressure–fluid and kinetic calculations
Authors: ALTMAN C. , SUCHY K.
Published: July 2004

The fluid quintic dispersion equation and the full kinetic Boltzmann–Vlasov equation have been programmed for a one-species magnetoplasma in a form permitting direct comparison between them. The quintic equation yields five wave-modes, two electromagnetic, a Langmuir or Bernstein mode and two transversely polarized acoustic modes driven by the trace-free part of the anisotropic pressure tensor. The slower acoustic mode is found in the kinetic analysis to be evanescent, the other suffers appreciable Landau damping except in the first gyroharmonic band when its phase velocity approaches and even exceeds that of the Langmuir mode, with a resultant mixing of modal properties. The Langmuir or Bernstein mode refractive index surfaces found in the fluid and kinetic analyses are generally in good agreement, but gyroharmonic wave–particle interactions seen in the Bernstein modes are missed in the fluid analysis, such as resonant effects very close to the gyroharmonic frequencies and strong damping at all propagation angles when the wave frequency lies in a forbidden Bernstein region. In all cases the fluid analysis provides additional information on wave polarization and generalized energy fluxes–electromagnetic and acoustic–permitting easy identification of modes.
Taxonomic status of section Neuropogon in the genus Usnea elucidated by morphological comparisons and ITS rDNA sequences
Authors: OHMURA Yoshihito , KANDA Hiroshi
Published: July 2004

The taxonomic position of the Neuropogon group, as inferred from the morphology of representative species of the group and ITS sequences from Usnea antarctica and U. sphacelata, is discussed. Morphological observations revealed that the Neuropogon group does not have annular-pseudocyphellae, which are characteristic of the subgenus Dolichousnea, or a fistulose axis, which is characteristic of the subgenus Eumitria. In addition, the hypothecium of Neuropogon is thin, and the iodine reaction in the axis is negative. These features are consistent with those of the subgenus Usnea. Within the subgenus Usnea, Neuropogon is morphologically distinct from sections Usnea and Ceratinae (i.e. having a sphacelata-type cortex, black pigmentation of the upper thallus and a dark brown apothecial disc). The molecular data suggest that U. antarctica and U. sphacelata are members of the subgenus Usnea and are less closely related to subgenera Dolichousnea and Eumitria. The morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that the Neuropogon group is a member of the subgenus Usnea at the level of a section, and the appropriate name for this group is subgenus Usnea section Neuropogon (Nees & Flot.) Mont.
Bilimbia (Lichenes) resurrected
Authors: VELDKAMP J. F.
Published: July 2004

Bilimbia [Rheede] Rchb. (Oxalidaceae) is not validly published, whereby Bilimbia De Not. (Lichenes) is not a later homonym and must replace Myxobilimbia Hafellner. In an Appendix, the nomenclatural implications are acted upon: Bilimbia De Not. is re-instated and the new combination Bilimbia lobulata (Sommerf.) Hafellner & Coppins is made.
Spatial analysis of lichen species richness in a disturbed ecosystem (Niepołomice Forest, S Poland)
Authors: KAPUSTA Paweł , SZAREK-ŁUKASZEWSKA Grażyna , KISZKA Józef
Published: July 2004

The spatial pattern of lichen species richness was analyzed in a forest ecosystem impacted for 50 years by industrial emissions from a steelworks. Geostatistical tools were used to characterize the spatial pattern of the number of lichen species and multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing it. Spatial analysis showed high variation of lichen species richness on a local scale, caused by patchiness of natural habitat factors (species composition of trees, their age, shade, etc.). On a large spatial scale, species richness differentiated the western from the eastern part of the forest. The western part, closer to the sources of pollution, had fewer species (average 6–10 per locality) than the eastern part (10–15 per locality). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between the species richness of lichens and several environmental variables: input of ions with bulk precipitation (SO42−, NO−3, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Zn3+, Pb2+, Cd2+), distance to forest edge, tree stand age, and number of species per locality. Regression analysis was preceded by factor analysis for the input of ions to obtain uncorrelated variables. Regression explained 53% of the variation of lichen species richness. Highly significant predictor variables were the factor connected with the input of pollutants (Fe3+, Zn2+) emitted by the steelworks (negative effect) and the number of trees per locality (positive effect). Species richness was also affected by the age structure of the tree stand; more species were recorded in old forests.
Macrolichen colonization on 120–140 year old Tsuga heterophylla in wet temperate rainforests of central-interior British Columbia: a comparison of lichen response to even-aged versus old-growth stand structures
Authors: RADIES David N. , COXSON Darwyn S.
Published: July 2004

Canopy lichen abundance was assessed by size class on regenerating hemlocks, comparing trees of similar size and age (c. 120–140 yrs) growing in the understorey of old-growth cedar-hemlock stands with those growing in adjacent even-aged hemlock stands (natural origin patches c. 1–3 ha in size). Five chlorolichen taxa were associated with old-growth understorey trees: Cavernularia hultenii, Hypogymnia vitatta, Parmelia hygrophila, Platismatia norvegica, and Usnea spp. Lobaria pulmonaria was the most abundant cyanolichen on regenerating hemlock in the old-growth forest stands, particularly in lower canopy (under 12 m) exposures. However, other cyanolichen taxa such as Nephroma helveticum, Sticta fulginosa, and Pseudocyphellaria anomala, reached their greatest abundance at mid-canopy (12–24 m) positions. Smaller cyanolichen thalli (<9 cm2) were abundant on regenerating hemlocks across all canopy positions in the old-growth forest, raising the question as to whether or not cyanolichen thalli in mid- to upper-canopy environments represented long-established individuals facing severe growth constraints, or were simply thalli that had experienced higher rates of fragmentation, and thus did not achieve larger sizes. In comparison, cyanolichens of all taxa were essentially absent from the small-patch even-aged forest stands. Given that dispersal of propagules was not likely a major limiting factor, these 120–140 year old even-age stands may not yet have attained sufficient old-growth characteristics (especially canopy microclimate and canopy throughflow enrichment) to support cyanolichen growth. These findings have major conservation biology implications for wet interior cedar-hemlock forests in British Columbia, where forest harvesting is creating a mosaic of even-aged stands, whose projected age at the time of next harvest (rotation age) will be 120 years or less.
Buelliella lecanorae, a new lichenicolous fungus
Authors: SUIJA Ave , ALSTRUP Vagn
Published: July 2004

A new lichenicolous fungus Buelliella lecanorae Suija & Alstrup, found on epiphytic Lecanora, is described from Estonia.
Caloplaca britannica common in non-maritime environments
Authors: Aptroot André , van Herk C. M.
Published: July 2004

The genus Caloplaca is taxonomically difficult. Many species are characterized by a combination of morphological traits, and there are only a few useful microscopic characters. The secondary chemistry is rather uniform and of little taxonomic value, notwithstanding the usually bright pigmentation.
Sclerophora peronella new to the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Amo Guillermo , Burgaz Ana Rosa
Published: July 2004

An interesting calicioid lichen has been collected as a consequence of the study that our research group is developing in the Iberian meridional beech forests. One of these is the forest Natural Reserve “Chaparral de Montejo” (Madrid Province), which represents one of the southern biogeographic limits of Fagus sylvatica in the Iberian Peninsula. The geological substratum is Silurian clayey slate. It is located in the Supramediterranean belt of central Spain. Sclerophora peronella has been found for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula and for the third time in southern Europe. The previous records in S Europe are from Calabria (Italy) by Puntillo (1992) and from Corse (France) by Vězda (Lich. Sel. Exs. 828).
Mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA data do not support the separation of the Antarctic lichens Umbilicaria kappenii and Umbilicaria antarctica as distinct species
Authors: OTT Sieglinde , BRINKMANN Marcus , WIRTZ Nora , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: July 2004

The Antarctic endemics Umbilicariakappenii and U. antarctica are morphologically close, but mainly distinguished by their reproductive strategies. Umbilicaria antarctica propagates by means of thalloconidia. Umbilicaria kappenii lacks thalloconidia, but exhibits a variety of asexual propagules: soredia, adventive lobes and thallyles. We have now employed molecular data from three gene regions to examine the phylogenetic relationships of these two morphotypes. The phylogeny of ten samples and four outgroup taxa (Umbilicaria decussata, U. krascheninnikovii, U. nylanderiana, U. umbilicarioides) was reconstructed using Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses of a combined data set of nuclear ITS, nuclear LSU rDNA and mitochondrial LSU rDNA sequences. Forty two new partial sequences of 14 specimens were generated. Our results indicate that all samples morphologically referred to U. antarctica and U. kappenii form a monophyletic group. A topology separating the two morphotypes as phylogenetic species is significantly rejected with the data set. It is proposed to place U. kappenii into synonymy with U. antarctica.
A new corticolous species of Leptogium (Collemataceae) from Spain
Authors: OTÁLORA Mónica A. G. , ARAGÓN Gregorio , MARTÍNEZ Isabel , MOLINA M. C.
Published: July 2004

Leptogium quercicola (Collemataceae), a new corticolous species, is described from central and south-eastern Spain. It is closely related to L. lichenoides, but differs in the development of dense fruticolous cushions, with lobes narrower than the smallest known forms of L. lichenoides. Moreover, spore length and width of the two taxa are significantly different. In addition, the two species differ ecologically; L. quercicola growing directly on bark of Quercus spp., while L. lichenoides colonizes rocks, soil and bark but always among mosses.
Das Vaterunser: Gründe für seine Durchsetzung als ‘Urgebet’ der Christenheit
Authors: OSTMEYER KARL-HEINRICH
Published: July 2004

Wie konnte ein inhaltlich jüdisches Gebet ohne exklusiv christliche Anteile zum Zentralgebet der Christen werden? Mit der Suche nach den Gründen der Durchsetzung wird oft die Frage nach der Urheberschaft Jesu verbunden. Der Versuch einer Antwort mit Hilfe der Analyse des Inhaltes führt zu widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen. Sicher greifbar ist dagegen das Phänomen der frühen und unumstrittenen Akzeptanz des Vaterunsers, hier nimmt die vorliegende Untersuchung ihren Ausgang.

Entscheidend für die Durchsetzung des Vaterunsers war weniger sein Inhalt als seine Funktion. Durch seine schon in den Evangelien grundgelegte Kennzeichnung als ‘Gebet des κυριος’ wirkte das Vaterunser nach innen integrierend und nach außen abgrenzend. Eine weitere Christianisierung seines Inhaltes erübrigte sich. Daraus ergeben sich neue Perspektiven auf das Herkunftsproblem.
Domestic Space and Christian Meetings at Corinth: Imagining New Contexts and the Buildings East of the Theatre
Authors: HORRELL DAVID G.
Published: July 2004

Most scholars who have tried to understand the divisions that arose at the Lord's Supper in Corinth in the light of their concrete domestic setting have done so with regard to the physical structure of the Roman villa, with its triclinium, atrium, etc., often following the work of Jerome Murphy-O'Connor. However, there are a number of reasons, related both to the nature of the archaeological evidence and to the likely socio-economic level of the Corinthian Christians, why such a setting is far less plausible than is generally thought. Certainly, other possible kinds of domestic space should also be carefully considered. The excavations east of the theatre at Corinth carried out during the 1980s provide just one case study of a different kind of domestic space, which, it is argued, offers a more plausible background.
Paul's Quotation of Isaiah 54.1 in Galatians 4.27
Authors: DE BOER MARTINUS C.
Published: July 2004

The importance of the quotation of Isa 54.1 in Gal 4.27 for understanding Paul's allegorical reading of the story of Sarah and Hagar (Gen 16–21) in Gal 4.21–5.1 has often been underestimated. Paul uses this quotation to give his interpretation of this story an eschatological dimension that, unlike the eschatology of Second Isaiah, is both profoundly christological and apocalyptic.
Whence the First Millennium? The Sources behind Revelation 20
Authors: SANDERS JACK T.
Published: July 2004

Many scholars in a former generation thought that Zoroastrian ideas had influenced the concept and structure of the millennium in Rev 20. More recently, however, nearly all scholars who deal with Revelation think rather that Ps 90.4 was responsible for the formulation in Rev 20. A careful review of both Jewish and Zoroastrian texts that bear on the issue, however, shows that, while absolute proof may be lacking, we should still give very serious consideration to the likelihood of a Zoroastrian background.
Apolitical Blues: Report on the IASPM 12th Biennial Conference,
McGill University, Montreal, 3–7 July 2003
Authors: Toynbee Jason
Published: July 2004

IASPM conferences are always enjoyable. There is plenty of enthusiasm for music, as well as much skilful delineation of its form and cultural context. IASPM conferences also have a pretty flat structure and, although there is never enough, a relatively high degree of interaction between people from different countries, ethnicities, disciplines, sexualities. Certainly, the academic star system is in evidence, but its worst manifestations are suppressed because most people want their conference to be democratic, to represent an alternative kind of academic culture.
‘So slide over here’: the aesthetics of masculinity in late twentieth-century Australian pop music
Authors: YOUNG GREG
Published: July 2004

For Australian men, the very act of appearing on stage has for much of the twentieth century aroused suspicion about their gender status and their sexuality. To aspire to the stage often implied homosexuality culturally in Australia. This has been evident in the evolving aesthetic of white Australian masculinity in pop music from the 1970s onwards. For most of that period, Anglo-Australian males who presented themselves in a rigid, almost asexual way dominated the aesthetic. The reality of urban Australia was ignored in their images, which were essentially confined to outback or coastal Australian settings. This paper examines that development as part of a continuum of twentieth century Australian male music performance that has variously been informed by the bush legend; a mythologised late nineteenth-century Australian masculine image, popularised in The Bulletin under the editorship of Archibald, that saw the urban as the feminine and the rural as the masculine. The paper considers how the combination of sexual anxiety surrounding male gender identity in Australian performance, and this rigid bush aesthetic, have encouraged the development of unstable male gender representations in Australian music that for the most part have come across as either caricatured male, sexless or anti-pop. The exception is the late Michael Hutchence whose performances were a clear departure from this in that on stage and in music videos he conveyed a star persona that was sexually charged and often ambiguous about its sexuality. It is for that reason alone that Michael Hutchence has been referred to as Australia's only international rock star (Carney 1997).
Re-thinking ‘whiteness’? Identity, change and ‘white’ popular music in post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: BALLANTINE CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2004

In South Africa, the prospects for social integration were auspicious after the first democratic elections in 1994. As the popular music of the time shows, it was not only blacks who exulted in the new ‘rainbow’ euphoria: many whites did so too. But for millions of black and white citizens, this moment was short lived. The government's adoption of neo-liberal policies had severe social consequences – which it and the new elite sought to conceal behind populist calls to ‘race’ solidarity, a new racial typecasting and slurs aimed at whites in general. ‘White’ popular music has responded to these reversals in a variety of ways – including direct criticism, sharp satire, humour and the expression of ‘fugitive’ identities. Perhaps more remarkably, white musicians have stressed the need for self-reinvention in music that is ironic, unpredictable, transgressive. These songs play with malleable identities; tokens of a disdain for fixed or essential identities, they are hopeful signposts towards a more integrated future.
The Galápagos sea cucumber fishery: management improves as stocks decline
Authors: SHEPHERD S.A. , MARTINEZ P. , TORAL-GRANDA M.V. , EDGAR G.J.
Published: July 2004

The Galápagos Islands, a world heritage region for the protection of the unique terrestrial and marine wildlife, are also home to a small human population, dependent on fisheries. There was a lucrative sea-cucumber (Stichopus fuscus) fishery in the islands, which began in 1992. After a rapid expansion in the Galápagos archipelago, the fishery has declined and now persists predominantly around the western islands. Initially, the fishery was largely illegal and uncontrollable. Subsequently, a co-management framework developed, with fisher participation. Gradually enforcement improved, apparent corruption declined, and research capacity increased. Although stock abundance surveys have been carried out annually since 1993, the paucity of background biological and fishery information does not allow rigorous stock assessment. The achievements of co-management through the participation of fishers in research and management have been: an acceptance of management controls on numbers of fishers and quotas, a reduction in conflict and increased co-operation. Persistent problems have been: weak enforcement capacity, limited funds for patrolling and research, corruption and declining stock abundance. Proposed application of precautionary principles to management, including a range of fishery indicators, may save the fishery from collapse. The principles are applicable to many other data-poor fisheries globally.
Attitudes towards fishery and conservation of the Saimaa ringed seal in Lake Pihlajavesi, Finland
Authors: TONDER MIKA , JURVELIUS JUHA
Published: July 2004

The Saimaa ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) is the only endemic mammal in Finland. At present the total population size of this subspecies is c. 250 individuals. Because the seal feeds on fish, and because of its value particularly as a source of meat, oil and leather, hunting was allowed until 1955. Conservation of the seal and some of its lairing areas by means of fishing restrictions requires the adoption of new attitudes. Semi-structured interviews elucidated the basis of conflicts concerning protection of the Saimaa ringed seal and fishing in Lake Pihlajavesi, Finland, where one of the most viable populations of the seal lives. Socio-economic position largely determined personal attitudes towards conservation; local landowners felt that their use of natural resources was restricted, while summer cottage owners wanted strict conservation. Commercial fishers considered the protection of the ringed seal unnecessary and a waste of money. Conservation biologists believed that the proposed actions were necessary to reduce the risk of extinction. Attitudes were also widely influenced by culture and social backgrounds. Those influenced by the traditional Finnish peasant/nature relationship had a different vision of nature from the conservationists who were influenced by modern science. Questions raised by the protection of the Saimaa ringed seal form an example of transition of an environmental conflict to larger-scale criticism of ongoing structural transformation in society. It is obvious that if nature conservation requires the approval of all social groups, it needs a change of authoritarian measures and acceptance of local knowledge, which should be used alongside scientific knowledge in management. Nature conservation policy led by specialists and authorities could be seen as widening the gap between urban and rural areas.
A review of the impacts of control operations against the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea) on non-target organisms
Authors: MCWILLIAM ANDREW N. , CHEKE ROBERT A.
Published: July 2004

Spraying with the organophosphate fenthion has been the predominant means to control the red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea), a major bird pest throughout semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, for more than forty years. A review of known effects of fenthion and other control measures used against Q. quelea on non-target organisms, provides a basis for comparisons with any alternative chemical control agents. Birds of prey, owls and passerines have been commonly reported casualties of spraying with fenthion over land. Moreover, fenthion is known to have negative effects on aquatic invertebrates, in particular on populations of crustacea, which predicates against its use near water bodies. Non-target species may be affected directly by spraying, but predatory birds, scavenging birds and even mammals can be contaminated by secondary poisoning when they eat Quelea carcasses found up to 20 km or more from the primary control site. To avoid secondary poisoning, where possible quelea carcasses should be removed from a site after spraying. The use of explosions to kill roosting quelea birds has similar effects to those of fenthion in terrestrial habitats, killing non-target species including birds of prey and owls. Another control method, harvesting quelea as a source of protein, is benign and could contribute to local nutritional and economic needs. However harvesting is unlikely to reduce quelea populations substantially. Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches are recommended to minimize environmental damage, but until these are successfully adopted, standardized procedures for comparative assessments of the effects of quelea control are required.
No-take marine reserves increase abundance and biomass of reef fish on inshore fringing reefs of the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: WILLIAMSON D.H. , RUSS G.R. , AYLING A.M.
Published: July 2004

The application of no-take marine reserve status to an area is expected to increase abundance and average size of individuals of species targeted by fisheries. The majority of the evidence supporting such expectations still involves comparisons of abundance at the one time of sites with and without marine reserve protection. Very few studies have data on the abundance and size structure of species targeted by fisheries in an area before reserve status is applied. Quantitative estimates of density and biomass of coral trout, Plectropomus spp., the major target of the hook and line fisheries on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, on inshore fringing reefs of the Palm and Whitsunday Island groups, central GBR, are provided for 3–4 years before (1983–1984), and 12–13 years after (1999–2000) the establishment of no-take reserves in 1987. Quantitative estimates of density and biomass of coral trout in areas open to fishing were also collected in 1999–2000 at these two island groups. Density and biomass of coral trout increased significantly (by factors of 5.9 and 6.3 in the Palm Islands, and 4.0 and 6.2 in the Whitsunday Islands) in the reserve sites, but not the fished sites, between 1983–1984 and 1999–2000. In 1999–2000, density and biomass of coral trout and a secondary target of the fisheries, Lutjanus carponotatus, were significantly higher in the protected zones than in the fished zones at both island groups. The density and biomass of non-target fish species (Labridae, Siganidae and Chaetodontidae) did not differ significantly between reserve and fished zones at either island group. This is the most convincing data to date that the management zoning of the world's largest marine park has been effective, at least for coral trout on inshore reefs.
Contrasting effects of marine protected areas on the abundance of two exploited reef fishes at the sub-tropical Houtman Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia
Authors: NARDI K. , JONES G.P. , MORAN M.J. , CHENG Y.W.
Published: July 2004

A unique assemblage of tropical and temperate marine organisms characterizes the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, four clusters of islands and reefs off the coast of mid-Western Australia. Four reef observation areas or marine protected areas (MPAs) were established in 1994 to examine their value in protecting vulnerable reef fish species, including the sub-tropical wrasse, Choerodon rubescens, and the coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus. In 1993 and 1994 (prior to protection), population densities and body sizes were monitored at two island groups (Easter and Wallabi). At each location, the MPAs and the equivalent ‘control’ areas to remain open to fishing were monitored by underwater visual censuses. These closed and open areas were subsequently monitored four more times between 1995 and 2002 to assess long-term trends in abundance and population structure. Populations of the wrasse, C. rubescens, did not appear to respond to protection, exhibiting irregular fluctuations in both closed and open areas throughout the study. In contrast, although there were no significant increases for P. leopardus for the first three years of closure, after eight years of protection there were significantly larger numbers of P. leopardus in the closed areas. There was a three-fold increase at the Easter Group and a seven-fold increase at the Wallabi Group, relative to open fishing areas, attributed primarily to reduced fishing mortality. Significant closed areas (17% of the P. leopardus habitat) provided substantial stock-wide impacts. The data also indicate that the MPAs can be effective where some forms of fishing (such as lobster fishing) are permitted which are compatible with the objectives of the MPA. While MPAs are clearly an effective tool for increasing the local abundance of some reef fishes, the spatial and temporal scales required for their success may vary among species.
Using local user perceptions to evaluate outcomes of protected area management in the Sagay Marine Reserve, Philippines
Authors: WEBB EDWARD L. , MALIAO RONALD J. , SIAR SUSANA V.
Published: July 2004

Local user perceptions of resource trajectory and indicators of protected area outcomes can be useful in the assessment of integrated conservation projects, both marine and terrestrial. In-depth stakeholder surveys using 12 performance indicators were used to evaluate the perceived outcomes of the Sagay Marine Reserve (SMR), the Philippines. These indicators were a measure of whether the SMR had achieved its management objectives in the recent past and what local stakeholders expected in the future. The respondents' contextual situation could be correlated with their perceptions of SMR indicators. There was a generally high level of perceived equity and efficiency of SMR management outcomes, but the sustainability of the SMR, particularly the condition of the fisheries, had been poor over the previous 10 years. Few anticipated an improvement in sustainability indicators over the next 10 years. Respondents from an island village within the SMR had more negative (or less positive) perceptions of SMR outcomes because of their high dependence on the degraded resource, combined with physical and economic isolation. Specific remedies to enhance island villagers' satisfaction, such as greater participation, empowerment, alternative economic opportunities and fisheries protection, and replenishment, are necessary. This research serves as an example of how indicators perceived by local resource-accessing stakeholders can and should be main components of both marine and terrestrial protected area assessment.
THE ARABIC ORIGINAL OF LIBER DE COMPOSITIONE ALCHEMIAEThe Epistle of Maryānus, the Hermit and Philosopher, to Prince Khālid ibn Yazīd
Authors: AL-HASSAN AHMAD Y.
Published: July 2004

The Liber de compositione alchemiae or the The Book of the Composition of Alchemy is believed to have been the first book on alchemy that was translated from Arabic into Latin. The translator was the Englishman Robert of Chester who was one of the earliest translators to flock to Spain to learn Arabic and to translate some of the Arabic works. He completed his translation on 11 February, 1144.
YŪHANNĀ IBN SARĀBIYŪN: FURTHER STUDIES INTO THE TRANSMISSION OF HIS WORKS
Authors: PORMANN PETER E.
Published: July 2004

Ibn Sarābiyūn is one of the last exponents of classical Syriac medical writing, and one of the most influential authors for the development of medical theory and practice in late ninth-century Baghdad in particular, and for the Arabic medical tradition in general. During the last thirty years, three important studies have been published regarding the life and work of Ibn Sarābiyūn, each of which dealing with a different aspect of the transmission of this important author’s œuvre. Likewise, during the last twenty-five years, a number of texts associated with Ibn Sarābiyūn's works have been edited, allowing us today to shed new light on the relation between the original Syriac and the numerous translations into Arabic, Latin and Hebrew. Furthermore, through analysing and comparing a number of manuscripts containing different parts of Ibn Sarābiyūn's work which have not hitherto been considered together, progress can be made towards answering the question how Ibn Sarābiyūn was translated and used during the medieval period.
Convergence as an optimization strategy in bilingual speech: Evidence from code-switching
Authors: TORIBIO ALMEIDA JACQUELINE
Published: July 2004

The present article examines one property of bilingual speech – convergence – and strives towards explanatory depth by attending to the insights of the antecedent research in formal linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. In particular, the paper adopts as a point of departure (and further substantiates) the argument that convergence will be evidenced in the syntax–pragmatic interface (Hulk and Müller, 2000) and the assertion that convergence is a ‘bilingual optimization strategy’ (Muysken, 2002), in advancing the claim that convergence (cum congruent lexicalization) in bilingual speech may be amplified or attenuated in tandem with the language mode (bilingual versus monolingual) of the bilingual (Grosjean, 1998). Specifically, it will be demonstrated through an analysis of two individual bilinguals' productions in both monolingual and bilingual modes that the convergence that is already manifested to some degree in these individuals' Spanish is enhanced in Spanish-English code-switching when their languages are simultaneously activated and deployed.
Convergence and intonation: historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish
Authors: COLANTONI LAURA , GURLEKIAN JORGE
Published: July 2004

In this paper we present experimental evidence showing that Buenos Aires Spanish differs from other Spanish varieties in the realization of pre-nuclear pitch accents and in the final fall in broad focus declarative utterances. Whereas other Spanish varieties have been described consistently as showing late peak alignments, Buenos Aires Spanish displays early peak alignments. The alignment pattern found in Buenos Aires broad focus declarative utterances is not totally foreign to Spanish: it is attested in a quite different function, i.e. to signal contrastive focus. In addition, Buenos Aires Spanish also seems to differ from other Spanish varieties in the realization of the intonation contour in utterance-final intonational phrases, where a pronounced tendency for down-stepped peaks is observed. We argue that these patterns, which emerged at the turn of the twentieth century, and coincided with the peak of Italian immigration, are due to a combination of direct and indirect transfer from Italian. As a result, two intonational systems that were typologically similar before contact took place (Hualde, 2002) became more similar after contact, in what can be interpreted as a case of convergence.
Introduction: Convergence as an emergent property in bilingual speech
Authors: BULLOCK BARBARA E. , TORIBIO ALMEIDA JACQUELINE
Published: July 2004

In introducing this special issue of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, we feel it is critical to clarify what we understand ‘linguistic convergence’ to mean in the context of bilingualism, since ‘convergence’ is a technical term more readily associated with the field of language contact than with the field of bilingualism (for recent discussions of the role of convergence in contact see Thomason and Kaufman, 1988; Thomason, 2001; Myers-Scotton, 2002; Clyne, 2003; Winford, 2003). Within the language contact literature, the term invites a variety of uses. Some researchers adopt a definition of convergence that requires that all languages in a contact situation change, sometimes to the extent that the source of a given linguistic feature cannot be determined (see April McMahon's commentary in this issue). For others, convergence may be more broadly defined to also apply to situations in which one language has undergone structural incursions of various sorts from contact with another.
Phonological change in a small language community
Authors: HUALDE JOSÉ IGNACIO
Published: July 2004

Bullock and Gerfen show that two of the last speakers of French in Frenchville, Pennsylvania, systematically replace the French front mid round vowel (in words like deux, neuf) with the rhoticized schwa of American English, their dominant language. As the authors argue, it is unlikely that this sound change would have arisen in the speech of French speakers who were not bilingual in English.
Quechua and Spanish, evidentiality and aspect: Commentary on Liliana Sánchez
Authors: MUYSKEN PIETER
Published: July 2004

Liliana Sánchez' paper is a welcome contribution to the growing body of literature on Andean Spanish (cf. a recent survey in Muysken, 2004a), welcome both because a well-motivated and clearly described methodology is used and because it is embedded in an explicit theoretical framework. I do not have reservations about the overall conclusions of the study, but would like to draw attention to three issues: grammatical encoding versus pragmatic inference, the completeness of the analysis, and the issue of form learning versus meaning construction.
Single-language and code-switching strategies in immigrant and heritage varieties: Spanish subject personal pronouns in Toribio's cross-modal hypothesis
Authors: OTHEGUY RICARDO
Published: July 2004

In an important theoretical contribution to our understanding of language contact, Toribio elaborates on the familiar generalization, best known from the work of Silva-Corvalán, that contact varieties resemble monolingual lects of the same language in overall grammar, but differ with regard to (a) the selection of structures and (b) the semantic-pragmatic constraints on the use of structures. In Toribio's valuable elaboration of this basic idea, these peculiar patterns of selection and constraint in the contact variety are not the same in all contexts of use, but differ depending on whether the bilingual is in the single-language mode, or in the codeswitching mode where stretches of speech in the contact variety alternate, rapidly and relatively seamlessly, with stretches in the acrolect. The insight is that the same type of process that distinguishes the contact variety from its monolingual reference lects also distinguishes, within the contact variety, the codeswitching mode from its single-language reference mode.
Evaluation of disruption methods for the release of intracellular recombinant protein from Escherichia coli for analytical purposes
Authors: Tkac Jan , Vostiar Igor , Mandenius Carl‐Fredrik
Published: July 2004

The aim of the present study was to find disruption methods that allow fast and reproducible measurement of intracellular recombinant proteins with potential for on‐line application. Production of rhSOD (recombinant human superoxide dismutase) by Escherichia coli was used as a model. Three methods of cell disruption, sonication, osmotic shock and chemical treatment using a non‐ionic surfactant, were critically compared with respect to efficiency and reproducibility of the release of rhSOD. The release of the recombinant protein was monitored by (i) measurement of the protein content in cell‐culture extracts using an SPR (surface plasmon resonance) biosensor, and (ii) assaying the enzyme activity with a colorimetric reagent using a spectrophotometer. Disruption by the non‐ionic surfactant showed the best performance in terms of simplicity, reproducibility and efficiency of sample treatment. The surfactant did not interfere with the rhSOD binding to the antibody immobilized on the SPR chip or with the rhSOD activity assay. When comparing the two detection methods during monitoring of an E. coli cultivation, comparable results were obtained.
Production of cytidine 5′‐monophospho‐N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐neuraminic acid (CMP‐sialic acid) using enzymes or whole cells entrapped in calcium pectate–silica‐gel beads
Authors: Nahálka Jozef , Wu Bingyuan , Shao Jun , Gemeiner Peter , Wang Peng George
Published: July 2004

The present study focuses on the application of immobilization technology to enzymic sugar syntheses. The paper describes an improved silica–alginate matrix established for entrapment and encapsulation. The replacement of alginate with pectate provided enhanced chemical resistance of the matrix, which allows the use of 1% (w/v) polyphosphate in reaction mixtures. Polylysine, a reagent for silica condensation, was replaced by a much cheaper alternative, namely polyethyleneimine. The proposed design was applied in the production of cytidine 5′‐monophospho‐N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐neuraminic acid (CMP‐sialic acid) by immobilized recombinant enzymes or Escherichia coli cells containing overexpressed enzymes. A comparison between these two strategies was made. On the basis of the results we conceptualized a system to synthesize sialyloligosaccharides by using a biocatalyst entrapped in calcium pectate–silica gel beads.
Regulatory and microbiological safety issues surrounding cell and tissue‐engineering products
Authors: Galbraith Daniel N.
Published: July 2004

Cell therapies and tissue‐engineered products that contain living cells are potentially some of the most exciting of the novel therapeutic products currently under development. These products, however, present a number of important safety issues, particularly with respect to the transmission of human viruses. In addition, the short shelf life of these products precludes the normally extensive characterization performed on other biotherapeutic products. Careful examination of the risks and extensive testing of the raw materials have been used in place of product testing to ensure safety.
Effect of pH on the production of the antitumor antibiotic retamycin by Streptomyces olindensis
Authors: Guimarães Luciana M. , De Araújo Furlan Renata L. , Garrido Leandro M. , Ventura Armando , Padilla Gabriel , Facciotti Maria Cândida R.
Published: July 2004

The effect of pH on cell growth and retamycin production in batch bioreactor cultures of Streptomyces olindensis ICB20 was investigated. In fermentations pH‐controlled over the range 6.0–8.0, the highest retamycin production was achieved at pH 7.0, and the maximum concentration of retamycin, about 1.36 A (absorbance) units, was about 43, 58 and 232% higher than the values obtained at pH 7.5, 6.0 and 8.0 respectively.