bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart
Published: June 2004

The work reported in this and in previous papers (1, 7) demonstrates the following relations for acid-fast bacteria and rabbit polymorphonudear leucocytes:

1. The combination of a substance or substances present in fresh immune rabbit serum, heated or unheated, or in fresh unheated normal rabbit serum, with a substance or substances in the bacterial surface causes an increase in cohesiveness, decrease in surface potential difference and characteristic alteration in wetting properties of the bacteria, and prepares the bacteria for phagocytosis.

2. (a) The effective substance or substances in the serum may become so altered as the result of heating or aging that combination with the bacterial surface, while causing changes in bacterial surface properties indistinguishable by the present physical-chemical tests from these just mentioned, may not lead to phagocytosis, or may lead to phagocytosis with a prezone not paralleled by a prezone in the changes in surface properties.

(b) Sensitization of bacteria with human sera causes changes in surface properties similar to those caused by rabbit sera, but does not lead to phagocytosis by rabbit leucocytes. The spreading requirements of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes are evidently highly selective.
TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY ANAPHYLAXIS (ASTHMA) FROM MOTHER TO OFFSPRING
Authors: Ratner Bret , Gruehl Helen Lee
Published: June 2004

Rabbits immunized intravenously with living culture or nucleoproteins of non-hemolytic streptococci react to subsequent intracutaneous inoculations with homologous streptococci with smaller and harder lesions than are shown by normal animals similarly inoculated; and they do not develop the general manifestations of hypersensitiveness such as are shown by animals previously inoculated into the tissues with the same cultures.

A rabbit may react to intracutaneous inoculation with non-hemolytic streptococci in one of four ways, depending on whether it is normal, hypersensitive, immune or cachectic. Most normal animals show a secondary reaction about 10 days after inoculation with suitable strains of non-hemolytic streptococci; hypersensitive, allergic, or hyperergic animals show much larger lesions than do normals with the corresponding doses of the same streptococci, and practically never show secondary reactions; immune animals show smaller and harder early lesions and usually do not have secondary reactions if they are fairly well immunized. Cachectic animals show very soft and rapidly fading primary reactions and no secondary reactions.
RELATION OF VARICELLA TO HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Eldridge L. A.
Published: June 2004

Varicella most frequently occurs in individuals under 10 years of age, while zoster as a rule is observed in persons beyond that age. The number of cases of varicella exhibits a markedly constant seasonal variation. The variations in the prevalence of herpes zoster are not regular and do not parallel those of varicella.
RELATION OF VARICELLA TO HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Eldridge L. A.
Published: June 2004

Experiments and clinical observations dealing with the identity of the viruses of varicella and herpes zoster were presented. The results indicate that the etiological agents concerned with these two diseases are in the majority of instances not identical.
EXPERIMENTAL DEHYDRATION: CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG CONTRASTED WITH THOSE FOLLOWING OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

A comparative chemical study of the blood and the urine of the dog with experimental dehydration and with obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach is reported.

The average duration of life is slightly longer with dehydration than with obstruction.

The urine output per kilo of body weight is almost twice as great in dehydration as with obstruction.

The increase in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen is much the same in the two groups although somewhat more marked with obstruction.

The chlorides of the blood are markedly increased with dehydration and slightly decreased with obstruction.

The increase in fibrinogen and total protein is twice as great with obstruction as with dehydration.

These findings indicate that there must be some factor or factors in addition to dehydration producing the toxemia of cardiac obstruction.
CHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER CLOSED-LOOP OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The chemical findings in the blood of 6 dogs with closed-loop obstruction of the upper jejunum are reported.

The duration of life with closed loops is less than with simple obstruction.

All animals showed a marked rise in non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen, and fall in chlorides. Usually the C02 combining power of the plasma is increased.

The findings in closed-loop obstruction are essentially the same as in simple intestinal obstruction.
INTRADERMAL VERSUS SUBCUTANEOUS IMMUNIZATION OF MONKEYS AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Stewart F. W. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. The introduction of considerable amounts of living, active poliomyelitis virus into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of monkeys protects the animals against intracerebral inoculations of similar virus material.

2. The degree of protection conferred by intradermal is greater than by subcutaneous injection.

3. During intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations, no local or general pathological signs were observed.

4. The degree of protection produced by the immunization methods used is not absolute, since a percentage of the inoculated monkeys respond to intracerebral injections of highly potent virus.

5. The sera of the animals inoculated intradermally or subcutaneously neutralized poliomyelitis virus in vitro, irrespective of the result of intracerebral inoculation, in all except one instance.

6. The power of the serum of treated monkeys to neutralize virus in vitro is a more delicate test of immunity than is the intracerebral inoculation.
STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Davis N. C. , Burke A. W.
Published: June 2004

It would appear that inoculation of rhesus monkeys served a diagnostic purpose in one of our cases, that of S. R. The disease was so mild that in the absence of an epidemic no clinician would have made the diagnosis without this laboratory procedure.

It should be pointed out that following inoculation of liver emulsion, and sometimes even of blood, it is impossible to tell whether an early fever resulting is due to a protein reaction, to bacterial infection, or to true yellow fever. If plenty of animals are available the only safe plan is to take blood for subinoculation and for cultures, and to feed mosquitoes. Blood may be kept frozen for some time before inoculation if it is found to be necessary, or if it is desired to await the outcome of the disease in the animal bled.

A combined blood and liver transfer showed the presence of virus in rhesus No. 46 twenty days after the original inoculation with kidney from the autopsy in the case of J. V. 0. The same animal had had an infected body wall and a bacteriemia.

On the basis of later experience we can see some of our mistakes. In the second S. R. passage (rhesus No. 133) blood transfer should have been made at the time of initial fever, the day following inoculation. In the case of rhesus No. 60, mosquito infection from J. V. 0., transfer probably should have been made when the temperature reached 103.9°F. on the fifth day. Two days later, with a fever of 104.4°F., the blood appeared to be non-infective. A temperature of 104°F. in monkeys is usually a safe borderline between fever and no fever, but seemingly not always.

Our experience with the South American viruses so far indicates that it takes much care, patience, and an abundance of monkeys to build up and maintain a high degree of virulence.
THE PRESERVATION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Lloyd W. D. M. , Kitchen S. F.
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of yellow fever may be preserved for at least 154 days in the blood or liver tissue of infected monkeys if the material is dried in a vacuum while in the frozen state and kept in the refrigator in sealed glass containers. A gradual diminution of virulence is noticeable in the older specimens.

2. If infectious blood is dried in a vacuum at room temperature, instead of in the frozen state, and is stored in sealed containers in the refrigerator, the virus may survive as long as 155 days.

3. The virus may be preserved for at least 30 days in liver kept continuously frozen.

4. Storage of blood or liver in 50 per cent glycerine in the refrigerator will usually keep the virus alive for 60 days and may do so for 100 days, but with the injection of the older material there is a marked tendency toward lengthening of the incubation period and increase in the number of recoveries.

5. Yellow fever virus in citrated or clotted blood, when kept in the refrigerator, dies out rapidly.

6. In our experience the most satisfactory method of preserving strains of yellow fever virus in the laboratory consists of freezing and drying blood taken from a monkey on the first day of an attack of experimental yellow fever and storing the dry material in sealed glass tubes in a cold place.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LECITHIN IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that the calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and lecithin in the blood of normal rabbits were influenced by inoculation with a malignant tumor (4).

Animals in which death was due to tumor gave results on which the following conclusions are based:

1. A marked increase in inorganic phosphorus of blood serum and cholesterol of whole blood followed inoculation.

2. The ratios of cholesterol to calcium and lecithin to calcium increased in trend, while the calcium to inorganic phosphorus, lecithin to cholesterol, and lecithin to inorganic phosphorus ratios showed a marked decrease in trend.

3. The r cholesterol-lecithin were all negative.
BLOOD AND BONE MARROW CELLS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Forkner Claude E.
Published: June 2004

1. A simple, direct method of counting leucocytes of the fowl is described.

2. Twenty-nine complete, morphological studies of the blood of eleven domestic fowls are recorded.

3. The characteristics of the cells found in the blood and bone marrow are described in detail and their relative numbers reported.

4. The supravital technique, using neutral red and Janus green, enables one to separate and classify accurately the confusing cells of the blood and bone marrow.

5. These studies provide a basis for future experimental studies on the blood and bone marrow cells of the fowl.
STUDIES ON SOUTH AMERICAN YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Shannon Raymond C.
Published: June 2004

Yellow fever virus from M. rhesus has been inoculated into a South American monkey (Cebus macrocephalus) by blood injection and by bites of infected mosquitoes. The Cebus does not develop the clinical or pathological signs of yellow fever. Nevertheless, the virus persists in the Cebus for a time as shown by the typical symptoms and lesions which develop when the susceptible M. rhesus is inoculated from a Cebus by direct transfer of blood or by mosquito (A. aegypti) transmission.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

Epinephrine diluted with physiological salt solution or with isotonic glucose solutions and injected in amounts of 0.2 mg. per kilo twice daily into suprarenalectomized rats raises their antibody forming capacity. This result is not entirely dependent on the effect of the diluting fluid.
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P.
Published: June 2004

The spread through the living animal of various highly diffusible dyes has been utilized as an indicator of the ability of the circulation to serve the tissues under various conditions. The method is direct and searching. Blood service to the viscera, as demonstrated by it, is normally far more profuse than to the skin and muscles, for evident physiological reasons. After hemorrhages which greatly reduce the blood bulk service to the viscera is in general still well maintained even though the animal be in extremis. However great the compensatory contraction of the splanchnic vessels may be,—and physiologists have long supposed it to be very great,—it certainly does not suffice to hinder blood service anywhere in the digestive tract. On the other hand the service to certain unessential abdominal organs (spleen, omentum, urinary bladder) is cut off in large part or wholly; and in comparison with the essential viscera, the skin and most of the skeletal muscles of the bled animal are largely deprived of circulation. This neglect takes a curious form, some regions being still fairly served by the blood while others next them are no longer ministered to. In the skin the areas served, or not served, are highly irregular but are to some extent determined in situation by local pressure factors. Within the muscles the neglect is orderly in arrangement and is largely referable to compensatory vaso-constriction. Certain of the muscles, those used in respiration and in swallowing, furnish significant exceptions to the general rule, being excellently served despite the serious general state. The red bone marrow of the depleted organism continues to be well served by the blood even though situated in limbs that are, for the rest, almost devoid of a circulation. The pregnant uterus also is excellently maintained despite the serious general state.

The changes are such as would tend to conserve the forces of the depleted organism and to contribute to its recovery.
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Gilding H. P.
Published: June 2004

The vascular readjustments in compensation for a greatly reduced blood bulk affect the service rendered by the blood to the gastrointestinal tract and liver far less than they do that to the skin and muscles. Into these latter tissues india ink is carried almost not at all, whereas it circulates in quantity through the capillaries of the bowel and liver. Evidently vaso-constriction is much less effective in these viscera. Nowhere in them does one find a patchy ischemia like that so wide-spread in the peripheral tissues. Blood service is maintained to the same extent everywhere throughout the liver even when one of its two sources (hepatic artery or portal vein) is obstructed, and the intrahepatic blood pressure brought very low.

A pronounced patchy ischemia of the stomach and large bowel can be induced by intravenous injection into normal animals of sufficient epinephrin to cause the systemic blood pressure to mount to an abnormally high level. Pituitrin used in the same way has a greater effect; blood service to the organs mentioned may be completely abolished by means of it. In both instances, though, service to the small gut and liver is still excellently and evenly maintained.
STUDIES ON THE DISSOCIATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Li C. P.
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded in the present paper confirm the existence of 4 forms of the hog cholera bacillus described in a previous paper (1), namely the "normal" type strain MS and its 3 variants, MR, NS and NR. Serological evidence is also presented to show that the symbols MS, MR, NS and NR represent the similar conceptions of previous investigators who have used the letters OH, O, ØH and Ø respectively to designate variant forms of other organisms. It has been shown that the S form of the hog cholera bacillus, as the S forms of other bacteria, is more virulent for laboratory animals than the R forms.

In regard to the reversibility of one form to another it was found that by transfer in broth or by passage through mice the MR form showed a tendency to revert to the original MS form. Transfer in broth and animal passage, however, failed to induce any variations in the NR or NS forms. Growth in homologous immune sera did not cause reversion to original forms but in fact provoked further dissociation of the MR to the NR form and also of the NS to the NR form. The MR form may revert to the original normal MS form or may dissociate further into the NR form and is, therefore, the most unstable of the variants. Further attempts to induce changes in the other variants were not made. The dissociation as observed may be represented thus:

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ADAPTATION OF MASTITIS STREPTOCOCCI TO MILK
Authors: Jones F. S. , Simms H. S.
Published: June 2004

The data here presented indicate that the inhibitory principle affecting the growth of streptococci in milk is not greatly utilized during the lag phase and that the abrupt termination of lag is not due to the utilization of the principle. They further indicate that the sudden beginning of growth cannot be ascribed to a resistant type of streptococcus present in the culture from the first, but to an adaptation occurring during the lag phase. The addition of large numbers of dead or living streptococci to milk, for limited periods, fails to diminish appreciably the inhibitory principle.
THE EFFECT OF EXTRACTS OF CERTAIN ORGANS FROM NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED ANIMALS ON THE INFECTING POWER OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Brain and testicle tissue from immune rabbits brought in contact with the Levaditi or Noguchi strains of vaccine virus will fix or inactivate the virus. Extracts of normal testicles from susceptible animals enhance to an extraordinary degree the infectivity of both the neuro- and dermal strains of vaccine virus. The Noguchi virus is not affected by testicle extracts when injected into the skin, but kidney extract has a definite enhancing power on the strain when injected into either skin or testicle.

The effect of tissue extracts seems to be on the cells of the host rather than on the virus. This is indicated by the fact that virus injected intravenously localizes most readily in an area of skin previously injected with testicle extract. Furthermore an enhanced lesion results if the virus is injected into an area as long as 3 days after the area has been injected with testicle extract.

The augmenting substance of the tissue extracts is little affected by high dilutions, passes through a Berkefeld V candle and is carried down with the proteins precipitated by weak acids.

Rabbits with enhanced lesions show general symptoms and about 25 per cent die with generalized vaccinia.

Kidney, and probably skin, brain and liver extracts possess enhancing properties, but to a much less degree than the testicle. On the other hand, spleen, blood and probably lymph nodes and bone marrow not only fail to produce enhancement, but actually restrain or even suppress entirely the vaccinal skin infection.
THE EFFECTS OF LOSS OF GASTRIC AND PANCREATIC SECRETIONS AND THE METHODS FOR RESTORATION OF NORMAL CONDITIONS IN THE BODY
Authors: Hartmann Alexis F. , Elman Robert ,   With the Technical Assistance of Marie Morton
Published: June 2004

The composition of gastric and pancreatic juices and the effects of their loss on the composition of the body fluids were studied. Loss of gastric juice by removing water and chloride ions only partly neutralized by fixed base results in dehydration and alkalosis.

Loss of pancreatic juice by removing water and a relative excess of fixed base results in dehydration and acidosis.

Normal conditions in the body may be restored after the loss of either gastric or pancreatic juice by the administration of a combined solution, which provides (1) water in abundance because of its hypotonicity (2) an adequate source of the fixed anion Cl' and of the cations Na+, K+, and Ca++ in proper physiological ratio and (3) an excess of fixed base over fixed acid in the form of B-lactate.
STUDIES OF TISSUE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Gilding H. P. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

In skin regions which have been bloodless for some time, as result of the functional readjustments following upon a reduction of the blood bulk, the ischemia persists long after the blood volume has been restored and the systemic blood pressure has mounted to the initial level or a higher one.

The significance of the finding is briefly discussed.
STUDIES ON BACILLUS TYPHOSUS TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that many multiples of minimal doses of Bacillus typhosus reacting factors can be neutralized by specific immune sera.

The potency of a given serum can be conveniently titrated against increasing amounts of reacting factors.

If the immune serum is diluted or if the amount of the reacting factors is too large for a given amount of serum, there is obtained neutralization but only irregularly.

Normal and heterologous sera (therapeutic meningococcus and erysipelas horse sera) free of normal agglutinins or possessing normal agglutinins of a low titer (1:16) for Bacillus typhosus are not able to neutralize the reacting factors. There is obtained questionable neutralization with a serum possessing normal Bacillus typhosus agglutinins in dilution 1:64.

The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increases in the course of immunization.

Immune sera exercise a definite protection against the mortality induced by intravenous injection of Bacillus typhosus culture filtrates.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Tillett William S. , Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with the serum of rabbits immunized with an artificially prepared sugar-protein (gluco-globulin) exhibit typical anaphylactic shock when subsequently inoculated with gluco-albumin; the serum of rabbits immunized with a second synthetic sugar-protein (galacto-globulin) similarly sensitizes guinea pigs to galacto-albumin. The reactions, in each instance, are specific and depend for their specificity on the carbohydrate component, and not on the protein fraction of the synthesized sugar-protein.

2. Guinea pigs actively sensitized with gluco-globulin or galacto-globulin are similarly subject to anaphylactic shock, when injected, after 21 days, with sugar-proteins containing carbohydrate identical with that present in the sensitizing antigen, regardless of the kind of protein with which it is combined.

3. The unconjugated glucosides, although themselves not capable of inducing shock, inhibit the anaphylactic reaction when injected immediately prior to the introduction of the toxigenic sugar-protein. The protective action of the glucosides disappears within two hours after injection. In order to elicit the phenomenon, the carbohydrate must be the same as that combined in the sugar-protein complex.

4. Anaphylactic shock may be induced by uncombined globulin in guinea pigs passively sensitized with either antigluco-globulin serum or antigalacto-globulin serum; globulin is similarly effective in animals actively sensitized with gluco-globulin or galacto-globulin. The reactions elicited by globulin alone are dependent upon the common protein present in the antigens, and exhibit only species specificity.
THE LIVER AS THE SOURCE OF FIBRINOGEN
Authors: Drury D. R. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

In hepatectomized rabbits a progressive decrease in blood fibrinogen occurs. Partial defibrination in the liverless rabbit invariably results in a progressive decrease in blood fibrinogen preceded by a temporary and slight rise. No evidence has been secured of fibrinogen regeneration in the absence of the liver. From this it follows that the liver is the essential source of fibrinogen and in all probability the sole one.
INFECTIVITY OF BLOOD DURING THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Philip Cornelius B.
Published: June 2004

Five M. rhesus fatally infected with yellow fever virus ran varied and typical courses, death occurring from 82 hours to 10 days after infecting. Batches of A. aegypti were fed daily on each monkey and specimens of blood injected into other animals. By mosquito transfer, the virus was found to be circulating in the peripheral blood 1 or 2 days after the infecting and the same interval before the onset of fever; in one instance, mosquitoes became infectious by feeding on a monkey 12 hours after its inoculation. Mosquitoes continued to acquire infectivity during the febrile period and for 1 day thereafter, except in one instance when death occurred during fever which prevented post-febrile testing. By subinoculation of blood, the disease was transferred before and after, as well as during the same interval as in mosquito transmission. In one of two attempts, the virus was carried by this means as early as 12 hours after the donor animal was infected. Following the first day of the post-febrile period, blood transmissions were irregularly fatal beyond the period infective for mosquitoes.

These results point to a remarkably rapid multiplication of the virus in the animal host, in one case a blood subinoculation (0.5 cc.) being successful at the first test 24 hours after the donor monkey was bitten by only 2 A. aegypti. The regular acquisition of infectivity by mosquitoes fed during the incubation period is of especial interest in indicating the infectivity of human cases for mosquitoes before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This offers one explanation for the insidious propagation of epidemics of yellow fever and should be useful in the institution of control activities during an outbreak of this disease.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO THE POLYSACCHARIDES AND PROTEINS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Tillett William S. , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

I. a. Pneumococcus polysaccharides, when injected intradermally into patients convalescent from pneumonia, are capable of eliciting a response. The polysaccharide inducing a cutaneous reaction was found always to be homologous in type to that of the pneumococcus causing the infection.

b. The character of the reaction incited by the protein-free bacterial sugars is of the immediate wheal and erythema type.

c. A patient's capacity to react was found to be intimately associated both with recovery from infection and with the presence of type specific antibodies in the circulating blood.

II. a. The so-called nucleo-protein of pneumococcus, when injected intradermally, also causes a local cutaneous reaction in patients during convalescence from lobar pneumonia.

b. The local lesion resulting from the injection of protein is tuberculin-like in character, and differs from that evoked by the type-specific polysaccharides in gross appearance, time of development, and duration.

c. Individuals, acutely ill with and convalescent from pneumococcus pneumonia, possess in their circulating blood, precipitins reactive with pneumococcus protein. In the observations recorded, the concentration of anti-protein antibodies in the blood serum did not seem to influence the patient's capacity to react to intradermal injection of the protein.
POSSIBILITY OF HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI (LINN.)
Authors: Philip Cornelius B.
Published: June 2004

Attempts to obtain passage of yellow fever virus from one generation to the next in A. aegypti were unsuccessful. Subcutaneous injections at varying intervals of a saline emulsion of 200 eggs laid by an infective lot of mosquitoes produced no reaction in six normal M. rhesus monkeys. Negative results were also obtained in five biting and two injection experiments with progeny of the same infective lot of mosquitoes in which seven normal monkeys were used. The eggs consisted of batches laid after the first, second and fourth blood-meals of the original lot; the latter feeding occurred 41 days after the initial infecting meal. The imaginal offspring represented rearings following the first, second and fifth blood-meals of the parent lot. The last feeding occurred 54 days after the first.

It is concluded that under the conditions of the experiments here reported hereditary transmission of yellow fever by A. aegypti is improbable. Variations in age and in number of blood-meals of parent and offspring mosquitoes had no effect in achieving passage of the virus from one stage of the insect to another.
NUMBER OF GLOMERULI IN KIDNEY OF ADULT WHITE RAT UNILATERALLY NEPHRECTOMIZED IN EARLY LIFE
Authors: Moore Robert A.
Published: June 2004

Unilateral nephrectomy during the period of active nephrogenesis in the white rat has no effect on the total number of glomeruli which will be formed in the opposite kidney.
SENSITIVITY TO METHYLENE BLUE AND FINAL ACIDITY OF NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Avery Roy C.
Published: June 2004

The results of the present study may be briefly summarized as follows. Acid production and sensitivity to methylene blue of 55 strains of methemoglobin-forming streptococci from various sources were studied to determine whether it is possible on the basis of these reactions to differentiate strains of human, bovine, and dairy origin.

Twelve strains were isolated from human infections, 6 from bovine mastitis, and 37 from dairy products. The final hydrogen ion concentrations of all cultures in dextrose broth regardless of the sources from which the strains originated, covered the range pH 5.2 to 4.1. There appeared, therefore, to be no correlation between the amount of acid produced by a given strain and the source from which it was originally derived. Low acid production, a characteristic of hemolytic streptococci of the human type, was not a distinguishing mark of the green producing organisms from human infection, and high acid production was not limited to strains from bovine and dairy sources.

Differences between saprophytic and parasitic strains in their sensitivity to methylene blue in milk were not so sharply defined as were those previously demonstrated for the hemolytic streptococci. Of 18 strains of human and bovine infections, 14 showed neither reduction nor growth in the presence of a 1.5000 concentration of methylene blue. Of the 38 strains from dairy products 32 reduced the dye and grew in this concentration.

The results with the non-hemolytic streptococci indicate that the saprophytic strains have a greater tolerance for the dye than have the strains of parasitic origin.

The significance of these results in the differentiation of streptococci of human, bovine and dairy origin is discussed.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Shannon Raymond C.
Published: June 2004

1. Batches of Aëdes (Stegomyia) aegypti which had fed on monkeys in the early febrile stage of yellow fever and which has subsequently passed the usually accepted extrinsic incubation period for the virus, failed to transmit the disease to normal monkeys in approximately fifty per cent of the experiments. During the same time over eighty per cent of blood transfers were successful.

2. The monkeys which failed to show fever following mosquito bites later proved resistant to the inoculation of blood or tissues containing virus.

3. The incubation, or afebrile, period in monkeys following the bites of infected mosquitoes varied from less than twenty-four hours to fifteen days. It averaged somewhat longer in non-fatal than in fatal infections.
STUDIES ON YELLOW FEVER IN SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Shannon Raymond C.
Published: June 2004

1. Yellow fever virus has been transmitted from monkey to monkey both by the bites of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis which had fed upon monkeys infected with yellow fever and by the injection of the ground up bodies of such mosquitoes.

2. A fatal infection has been obtained by the injection of the ground up bodies of Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) serratus, which had previously fed on an infected monkey, and a mild infection has been secured by the similar injection of Aëdes (Taeniorhynchus) taeniorhynchus.

3. No definite infection has been secured either by the bites or by the injection of Culex quinquefasciatus (C. fatigans). However, some of the experimental animals bitten by this species have been relatively immune following inoculations of blood or tissues containing virus.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , McGinn Barbara R.
Published: June 2004

1. Blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system by means of a single injection of India ink caused a marked retention of neoarsphenamine in the blood of guinea pigs during the first twenty minutes of observation after intravenous injection, as contrasted with the rapid disappearance of the drug from the blood of normal controls.

2. Rabbits blocked by a single dose of India ink showed a slower elimination of the drug from the circulation following the first few hours after intravenous injection than corresponding controls.

3. The arsenic content of the liver of mice, which received neoarsphenamine intravenously after a preceding blocking injection with India ink, was appreciably lower than the arsenic content of the normal organ under similar experimental conditions.
VARIATIONS IN THE PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTER CONTENT IN HOG CHOLERA
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. The plasma cholesterol and cholesterol ester content of swine, experimentally infected with hog cholera, exhibit a regular succession of changes. During the period of incubation of the disease, for 3 or more days following inoculation with hog cholera virus, hypocholesterolemia prevails. This is followed by a period of hypercholesterolemia which is coincident with the onset of the clinical manifestations of the disease. The hypercholesterolemia after persisting for from 4 to 7 days, gives way to a second period of hypocholesterolemia more marked and more prolonged than that observed immediately after inoculation. In the experiments of the present work this second period lasted 8 and 11 days in the 2 animals surviving long enough for the study of it and was followed by a second period of hypercholesterolemia. In the one animal surviving this period for 8 days a third period of irregular and fluctuating hypocholesterolemia set in.

2. A comparison with the results in other acute infections indicates that hog cholera is unique in showing alternating periods of hypocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia.

3. A normal hog inoculated with Bacillus suisepticus rapidly developed the typical marked hypocholesterolemia whereas an animal infected with hog cholera and then inoculated with B. suisepticus failed to show the decrease in plasma cholesterol content.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Stearn Allen E. , Stearn Esther Wagner
Published: June 2004

1. The general adequacy of the bacteriostatic mechanism for the action of dyes which postulates a mass law equilibrium between bacteriostat and organism, which latter is pictured chemically as an ampholyte, is discussed.

2. It is shown that, even in blood, where, with safe concentrations of dye, there seems to be a significant excess of protein over dye, the stoichiometric excess of dye required by the above mechanism is available.

3. Experiments are presented indicating that the time required for such a bacteriostat to act is very short, being probably conditioned largely by speed of mixing or of penetration.

4. Apparent disappearance of dye from blood stream need not mean that the blood has lost bacteriostatic value.

5. Data are presented indicating that the behavior of dyes in causing flocculation of organisms is affected by the same factors and in the same way as in inhibiting growth.

6. Direct evidence of ionic combination between dye ion and protein ion is presented by noting conductivity decrease when the two ions are mixed, and also noting the displacement of H-ion from unionized protein by dye cation, or of OH-ion by dye anion.
THE REFRACTORY PERIOD OF THE NORMALLY-BEATING DOG'S AURICLE; WITH A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AURICULAR FIBRILLATION FOLLOWING A SINGLE STIMULUS
Authors: Andrus E. Cowles , Carter Edward P. ,   With an Appendix by Harold A. Wheeler, Ph.D.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for determining the refractory period of the dog's auricle during the normal sinus rhythm. The advantages of the method are:

(a) The total stimulating effects of repeated induction shocks are avoided.

(b) The action current is recorded from a point one millimeter or less from the point of stimulation.

(c) Alterations in the spontaneous rate of the auricle do not interfere with the accurate determination of the refractory period.

2. The values obtained for the normal refractory period and the changes produced by atropine and by stimulation of the vagus agree closely with those of previous observers.

3. The automatic features of the method make possible the determination of the refractory period under adrenalin. This drug brings about a distinct shortening of the refractory period but less than that produced by stimulation of the vagus.

4. During vagal stimulation a single induction shock, introduced soon after the end of the refractory period, frequently produces auricular fibrillation. The cause of this irregularity is discussed and its relation to clinical auricular fibrillation is suggested.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P.
Published: June 2004

1. A spectrophotometric method is discussed which permits quantitative analysis of colored substances present in mixtures.

2. Special attention is given to the analysis of mixtures of two dyes which are being used in a series of studies on vital staining.

3. It is shown that the method can be applied to quantitative analysis of mixtures of naturally occurring animal pigments or to mixtures of these with various other colored substances.

4. Certain limitations of the method and certain necessary precautions are discussed.
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Smith H. P.
Published: June 2004

Brilliant vital red injected into the blood stream of dogs is slowly taken up by phagocytes in various parts of the body, but eventually an equilibrium is established, after which the concentration as measured in the plasma remains almost constant for long intervals of time.

This equilibrium can be disturbed by injecting more dye, and in this case the phagocytes resume ingestive activity, apparently with normal or nearly normal vigor. This activity continued until a rather large part of the newly injected dye has been removed, and as the reaction again slows up we note that both plasma and tissues contain more dye than before. It is difficult to be certain that the distribution ratio of dye between plasma and tissues remains unaltered with dosage, but evidence indicates that for non toxic doses, at least, this is approximately true.

This study of this partition ratio is complicated by the fact that the liver slowly excretes dye into the bile, and this helps to reduce the amount of dye in the body. Partial correction for this factor can be made by ascertaining the dye output in bile fistula dogs. These latter studies show that dye elimination into bile is relatively less efficient when large doses of dye are given to the animal than with smaller dosage. This undue retention of dye in the body with large dosage helps to maintain the dye concentration in the plasma at unduly high levels. These peculiarities in liver excretion have an important bearing on liver physiology in general, and in addition they also have an important application in connection with the theory of "blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system." It is now obvious that prolonged retention of dye in the blood stream does not of itself prove that this group of phagocytic cells is "blocked" against the entrance of foreign material. Altered excretion by liver, kidney, etc. must be ruled out before we can accept such data as evidence of "blockade."
STUDIES ON VITAL STAINING
Authors: Victor J. , Van Buren J. R. , Smith H. P.
Published: June 2004

When brilliant vital red is injected into the blood stream of dogs much of it is slowly taken up into numerous phagocytes scattered throughout the tissues ("reticulo-endothelial system" of Aschoff).

The rate at which the dye leaves the blood stream is determined in large part by the action of these phagocytic cells, but the excretion of dye into the bile is also in part responsible for the loss of dye from the plasma.

The injection of a small amount of India ink into the blood stream results in lowering the rate at which the dye disappears from circulation. The fact that much of the carbon of the ink is promptly taken up by the phagocytes would lead one to suspect that they were saturated with foreign materials, or "blocked" against the entrance of dye, but it is shown that the ink causes a remarkable inhibition of the excretion of dye into the bile, and this alone seems to account for the longer retention of dye in the blood stream. There is no evidence that any of the retention is due to defective activity on the part of the phagocytes.

Thus, prolonged retention of foreign materials in the blood stream cannot be cited to prove "blockade of the reticulo-endothelial system" unless one can rule out such peculiar reactions on the part of excretory organs. It is felt that the literature of "blockade" should be studied with such sources of error in mind.

Preliminary studies indicate that the suppression of dye excretion by the liver is not due to the carbon content of the ink. Studies of other components of the ink are now in progress.
ORAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Ross Victor
Published: June 2004

1. Feeding heat killed pneumococci grown in milk produces a fair degree of immunity.

2. Feeding acid killed degraded aruvilent organisms produces little protection.

3. Feeding the desiccated, mechanically disrupted organisms creates a high degree of protection.

4. Feeding the Berkefeld filtrate of sodium glycocholate dissolved cells produce a high degree of immunity.

5. A single ingestion of this material equivalent to between 1 and 5 cc. growth is sufficient to protect a rat against 1000 to 10,000 fatal doses. Among rats fed the equivalent of 0.1 cc. an occasional one survives.

6. This degree of protection is present 48 hours after the feeding, and to a smaller extent exists in occasional animals at the end of 24 hours.

7. The treated animals are resistant to subcutaneous as well as intraperitoneal injections.

8. A single ingestion of hydrochloric acid killed pneumococci equivalent to between 1 and 5 cc. growth also protects within 48 hours against 1000 to 10,000 fatal doses intraperitoneally injected.

9. Reference is made to results obtained in preliminary experiments with human beings.
THE EFFECT ON THE RATE OF UREA EXCRETION OF CARMINE DEPOSITION IN THE CELLS OF THE RENAL TUBULES
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , MacKay Lois Lockard
Published: June 2004

The evidence that urea is present in high concentration in the cells of the convoluted tubules of the kidney and is passing through these cells has been reviewed. Following the deposition of a large amount of carmine in the cells of the convoluted tubules the rate of urea excretion, as measured by the relation of the rate of urea excretion to the blood urea concentration, is increased. This is interpreted as due to blockage or damage to the cells of the convoluted tubules which interferes with their usual function of absorption of urea and other substances from the glomerular filtrate and hence increases the amount of urea which reaches the bladder urine at a given blood urea concentration.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: Ward Hugh K.
Published: June 2004

1. The phagocytic titre of whole human blood against the three types of pneumococcus was determined in a number of individuals. The titre varied over a considerable range in different subjects.

2. Contrary to expectation, the titre in early cases of untreated pneumonia was quite high against the infecting organism, pointing to a local rather than a general lowering of resistance in infection with this organism.

3. Sia's work was confirmed, that the specific carbohydrate has a specific anti-phagocytic action on the blood. This action is more marked in the case of Type III than in Type I.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: Ward Hugh K.
Published: June 2004

1. In vitro phagocytic experiments with human blood, antipneumococcus serum, pneumococcus specific soluble substance, and living virulent pneumococci show that there is a definite phagocytic inhibition zone when strong antiserum is used.

2. If the antiserum is further diluted, there is a zone where phagocytosis is effective. If the serum is diluted still more, phagocytosis gradually falls off, as the very dilute antiserum fails to neutralize the specific carbohydrate, which has a specific antiphagocytic action.

3. The inhibition zone is apparently caused by the specific precipitate (formed by the antiserum and the specific carbohydrate) interfering, perhaps mechanically, with the ingestion of the pneumococci by the leucocytes.

4. The inhibition zone is better marked with Type III than with Type I pneumococcus.

5. As the concentration of antiserum in the zone of effective phagocytosis in vitro does not correspond with the concentration of antiserum generally used in vivo in the serum therapy of pneumonia, this question is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

1. If normal guinea pigs are confined with an equal number of tuberculous cage mates the incidence of "contact" tuberculosis is increased by crowding. This is probably due largely to an increase in the amount of tubercle bacilli available in the more crowded cages, although no constant relationship could be established between the intensity of the exposure and the incidence of tuberculosis acquired by contagion. Other factors must be determined.

2. If guinea pigs are inoculated intraperitoneally with a given quantity of human tubercle bacilli and distributed in different degrees of crowding, the duration of survival is shortened in the more crowded animals, and the incidence of chronic types of tuberculosis is greater among the less crowded animals.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P. , Smith Frederick
Published: June 2004

The permeability of the capillaries in the skeletal muscles of mammals increases progressively along their course and is greatest where they pass into the least venules. The gradient of permeability is so largely independent of functional states as to give grounds for the view that it is determined by inherent local differences. Through the gradient opportunity is equalized along the capillary. In the liver lobule this object is accomplished by an artifice of arrangement whereby the blood flow past the cells is increased with their distance from the source of supply. In the urinary bladder the interlacing of capillaries, their progressive widening, and a consequent gradual slowing of the blood flow act to achieve the same end. Here a gradient of permeability has not been demonstrable.

Where cells of different sorts are served by a slender capillary, their differing requirements may render unnecessary any provision to equalize their opportunities; but where shortcomings in local maintenance will reduce the efficiency of an entire fabric, as the muscle fibre, and where cells of like character live competitively along the same channel, as in the liver, some arrangement must exist to ensure an even distribution of the services rendered by the blood. In situations of the kind last mentioned the immediate environment of the individual cell, the "milieu interne" of Bernard, is not only kept as constant as possible but it must be the same, by and large, for all of the cells.

The task of serving voluntary muscle is not strictly limited to the capillaries. The intrafascicular arterioles and venules act so effectively to sustain the tissue about them that where they run no capillaries are supplied.