bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteological variation and taxonomic affinities of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops spp., from South Australia
Authors: Kemper Catherine M.
Published: March 2004

Skulls and skeletons of 84 cranially mature bottlenose dolphins collected from South Australia were studied to distinguish morphological groups. The dataset comprised 38 skull measurements, 5 tooth counts/measurements, 6 coded skull features and 2 vertebral counts. There was no significant difference between sexes. Agglomerative, heirarchical cluster analyses performed on all variables and a dataset refined by eliminating those with high partial correlations produced two clear groups of skulls but with some differences in group membership between the statistical treatments. Size was an important factor in distinguishing groups, especially when categorical variables were excluded. Groups produced by cluster analysis of all variables were aligned with Tursiops truncatus and T. aduncus. In general, Tursiops truncatus was distinguished by a wide band (3-9 mm) of cancellous bone on the premaxillae, a distinct supraoccipital crest, raised naso-frontal complex, the almost complete lack of bone resorption on the pterygoid bones, a relatively wider rostrum, generally larger skull size (condylobasal length >465 mm versus <476 mm, except two skulls of 445 and 448 mm), and more than 60 vertebrae. This species was collected from open ocean coasts and sometimes stranded in groups. Tursiops aduncus generally had a narrow or no band of cancellous bone (0-5 mm), an indistinct or no supraoccipital crest, a naso-frontal complex that was not markedly raised, moderate to extensive bone resorption on the pterygoids, relatively narrow rostrum, fewer than 63 vertebrae and was collected mainly from the large gulfs. There was no significant difference between tooth diameter of T. aduncus and T. truncatus from South Australia.
Searching the evidence: the clinically-effective nutritionist
Authors: Moore Helen , Summerbell Carolyn
Published: March 2004

As a clinically-effective nutritionist faced with needing to find the answer to a clinical question quickly it is necessary to search the best evidence efficiently. The requirements are to: (1) avoid having lots of papers to read; (2) be able to access this information at one's place of work; (3) restrict reading to trials and systematic reviews of trials. If a decision has to be made while on the ward, the best resource is probably an easy-to-use book, Clinical Evidence. This resource is also available on-line, but there may not be access to the Internet on the ward. If a little more time is available, and access to the Internet, the following plan is suggested: (1) work out what the question is and highlight the search terms; (2) using the best search engine available, search MEDLINE from 1990 for titles and abstracts of papers containing the search terms, this is the search strategy (limit the search by publication type by requesting randomised controlled trials only, English language only and human only); (3) if more or less than approximately ten hits are obtained, alter the limits of the search (not the search strategy); (4) read the abstract, or full paper where available, of the relevant hits and appraise this evidence.
Elucidation of zeolite microstructure by synchrotron X-ray diffuse scattering
Authors: Campbell B. J. , Welberry T. R. , Broach R. W. , Hong Hawoong , Cheetham A. K.
Published: March 2004

Single-crystal diffuse scattering measurements can now rapidly probe the three-dimensional structure of subtle defects in microporous framework materials. Diffuse scattering data from natural mordenite crystals are shown to exhibit a complex distribution of weak features which have been mapped out using a synchrotron X-ray source and a CCD detector. Comparison with computer-simulated diffuse scattering patterns yields a detailed three-dimensional columnar defect structure and reveals that roughly one third of the mordenite's columnar defects cooperate to form a block-mosaic pattern of {110} stacking faults.
Comments onSmall-angle neutron scattering analysis of the precipitation behaviour in a maraging steelby Staron, Jamnig, Leitner, Ebner & Clemens (2003)
Authors: Guo Z. , Sha W.
Published: March 2004

Further to the paper by Staron, Jamnig, Leitner, Ebner & Clemens [J. Appl. Cryst.(2003),36, 415–419], the following points are made. Characterization of the precipitation process in maraging steels is difficult, primarily because the precipitates formed are on the nanometre scale. Identification of the precipitate type is complicated by the fact that its composition evolves during ageing, even when the precipitate type remains unchanged. Interpretation of experimental results should be treated with caution, especially when indirect methods, such as small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), are used. Atom-probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) has proved to be capable of determining the type and composition of the fine precipitates in maraging steels. The advantages and disadvantages of SANS and APFIM are briefly discussed.
Polarization switching in BaTiO3thin films measured by X-ray diffraction exploiting anomalous dispersion
Authors: van Reeuwijk S. J. , Karakaya K. , Graafsma H. , Harkema S.
Published: March 2004

Films of BaTiO3ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm in thickness were grown with pulsed laser deposition on Nb:SrTiO3. The quality of the layers was investigated using atomic force microscopy, X-ray reflectivity and X-ray diffraction. Both the micrographs and the X-ray reflectivity spectra indicate a smooth surface of the layers. The X-ray diffraction profiles measured using synchrotron radiation show features characteristic for highly crystalline thin films. The application of an external electric field parallel to thecaxis changes anhklreflection of BaTiO3to anhk\bar{l} reflection. Due to the anomalous dispersion, the intensities of these two reflections are not equal and the atomic displacements can be determined from the intensity differences. The electric field-induced intensity changes can be as large as a few percent, which makes data collection from a 100 nm film using CuKα radiation from an X-ray tube feasible. The ΔI/Ivalues of a number of reflections from the 20 and 50 nm films were measured using synchrotron radiation. The observed ΔI/Ivalues were in good agreement with the intensity changes expected for polarization switching in the bulk.
The contrast of inclusions compared with that of micropipes in back-reflection synchrotron white-beam topographs of SiC
Authors: Vetter W. M. , Dudley M.
Published: March 2004

Images of inclusions in synchrotron white-beam back-reflection X-ray topographs appear as spots of light contrast surrounded by darker rings, resembling images of micropipes, which appear as distinct white circles surrounded by dark rings. Section topographs taken across the centers of micropipes gave vertically displaced two-tailed images, arising from the helical tilt of the reflecting planes about the micropipes' screw dislocation axes. Section topographs taken across the inclusions showed no vertical displacement, only dark bars bracketing a region of depleted contrast, arising from the convex bulge of the reflecting planes lying above the inclusion. The features of the inclusion images could be reproduced in computer simulations based on the elastic displacement function of a spherical inclusion in a semi-infinite solid, and compared with others based on the displacement function of a screw dislocation in an infinite solid.
The use of error-correcting codes for the decomposition of a powder diffraction pattern
Authors: Altomare Angela , Caliandro Rocco , Cuocci Corrado , da Silva Iván , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Rizzi Rosanna
Published: March 2004

The decomposition of a powder diffraction pattern consists of the extraction of the intensities of the individual reflections from the experimental profile. The process is crucial for structure determination from powder diffraction data, but its accuracy is limited by the intrinsic peak overlap. A substantial improvement is achieved by considering clusters of reflections in strong overlap and partitioning in a systematic way the total intensity of each cluster among the constituent reflections. In this paper, error-correcting codes are used to explore the set of decomposition trials obtained by combining the partitions of various clusters of overlapping reflections. Linear ternary codes resulting from modifications of the Hamming codes [13, 10] and [40, 36] have been considered as the most suited for the present problem. They have been included in theEXPOprogramviatheir generator matrices. Tests on a set of experimental powder patterns show that an efficient decomposition procedure consists of performing only 27 decomposition trials, determined as the codewords of an [ndoub, 3] code, where ndoub is the number of doublets of strong overlapping reflections found in the experimental profile. This allows a reduction in the number of trials, thus processing about 2% of the number used in a previous design of the same procedure, leading to a reduction of the total execution time by nearly the same amount.
Guidelines for the implementation ofXYvariable-geometry converging multichannel collimation in a specific SANS facility
Authors: Margaça F. M. A. , Falcão A. N. , Carvalho F. G.
Published: March 2004

A detailed analysis of the performance of a SANS instrument with variable-geometry converging multichannel collimation is carried out. Count-rate gains relative to conventional SANS arrangements obtained by using theXYvariable-geometry converging multichannel collimator either as a single unit or in association with similar units are discussed.
A cell for thein situstudy of electrocrystallization
Authors: Parkin Andrew , Johnstone Stuart F. , Mount Andrew R. , Parsons Simon , Pulham Colin R. , Sanders David
Published: March 2004

A new cell for studying electrocrystallizationin situon a diffractometer is reported. The construction of the cell is described in detail. The working electrode, fabricated from a propelling pencil lead encased in glass, was designed to sit in the path of the incident X-ray beam so that processes occurring at its tip could be studied using diffraction methods. Practical difficulties of both design and data collection are discussed, as well as advantages and limitations of the method. In a series of proof-of-concept experiments, the cell has been applied to thein situstudy of silver, both by powder and single-crystal methods. A new silver oxide perchlorate phase, Ag7O8ClO4, was also identified using the cell; use of the same growth conditionsex situenabled a sample of this new phase to be isolated.
Angle calculations for az-axis/(2S+2D) hybrid diffractometer
Authors: Bunk Oliver , Nielsen Martin Meedom
Published: March 2004

Efficient use of any diffractometer design requires easy translation between points in reciprocal space and the setting of diffractometer angles. While it is reasonably straightforward to go from angle to reciprocal space, the opposite direction presents more challenges. In this paper, angle calculations are presented for a new `hybrid' diffractometer consisting of a base instrument that can be combined with two different detector arms. With one of the detector arms, the instrument is a standardz-axis diffractometer as commonly used in surface studies. The other detector arm is designed for a heavy two-dimensional detector. The calculations are formulated in a general framework making it easy to incorporate,e.g.a second sample rotation stage, whereby it is possible to perform reflectivity and standard surface-crystallography measurements in the same geometry.
Scattering from cylinders with globular end-caps
Authors: Kaya Håkon
Published: March 2004

The scattering function and the radius of gyration of a cylinder with globular end-caps (a barbell) are presented and discussed. The radius of the end-caps is restricted to be bigger than or equal to that of the cylinder; hence the model is a generalization of the scattering function of a cylinder with hemispherical end-caps. It is argued that the cylinder with globular end-caps is a physically more representative model for rod-like micelles. Moreover, the scattering functions of the simple sphere and the dumbbell are found to be special cases of the scattering function of the barbell. Numerical examples of the scattering curves and their pair distance distribution functions are presented.
High-throughput powder diffraction. I. A new approach to qualitative and quantitative powder diffraction pattern analysis using full pattern profiles
Authors: Gilmore Christopher J. , Barr Gordon , Paisley Jonathan
Published: March 2004

A new integrated approach to full powder diffraction pattern analysis is described. This new approach incorporates wavelet-based data pre-processing, non-parametric statistical tests for full-pattern matching, and singular value decomposition to extract quantitative phase information from mixtures. Every measured data point is used in both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The success of this new integrated approach is demonstrated through examples using several test data sets. The methods are incorporated within the commercial software programSNAP-1D, and can be extended to high-throughput powder diffraction experiments.
High-throughput powder diffraction. II. Applications of clustering methods and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Barr Gordon , Dong Wei , Gilmore Christopher J.
Published: March 2004

In high-throughput crystallography, it is possible to accumulate over 1000 powder diffraction patterns on a series of related compounds, often polymorphs. A method is presented that can analyse such data, automatically sort the patterns into related clusters or classes, characterize each cluster and identify any unusual samples containing, for example, unknown or unexpected polymorphs. Mixtures may be analysed quantitatively if a database of pure phases is available. A key component of the method is a set of visualization tools based on dendrograms, cluster analysis, pie charts, principal-component-based score plots and metric multidimensional scaling. Applications to pharmaceutical data and inorganic compounds are presented. The procedures have been incorporated into thePolySNAPcommercial computer software.
Protein crystallography with spallation neutrons: collecting and processing wavelength-resolved Laue protein data
Authors: Langan Paul , Greene Gayle
Published: March 2004

The protein crystallography station at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center is the first to be built at a spallation neutron source. Time-of-flight methods in combination with a large electronic position-sensitive and time-sensitive detector are used in order to collect wavelength-resolved Laue diffraction data. The wavelength-resolved Laue technique is new to protein crystallography and has required the development of new strategies for data collection and data analysis. The software suited*TREKhas been adapted and used in combination with the Daresbury Laue software suite, the instrument control softwarePCS-GUI, and the graphics programO, for data collection and processing in the protein crystallography station wavelength-resolved Laue environment. Examples are given, as typical, for data processing from rubredoxin, insulin and D-xylose isomerase with unit cells ranging from 34.32 × 35.31 × 44.23 Å to 93.78 × 88.53 × 102.90 Å, thus illustrating the power of the instrument and the scope of the instrument software.
Ab initioprotein phasing: the Patterson deconvolution method inSIR2002
Authors: Burla Maria C. , Caliandro Rocco , Carrozzini Benedetta , Cascarano Giovanni L. , De Caro Liberato , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Polidori Giampiero
Published: March 2004

An automated Patterson deconvolution technique, based on the minimum superposition function, has been implemented into theSIR2002package, a program for theab initiodetermination of small and large molecules. The procedure, combined with the direct-space phase refinement routines present in theSIR2002program, has been designed to solve proteins diffracting at atomic resolution. The procedure has been validated using a large set of test structures, containing either heavy or intermediate atoms (e.g.P, S and Cl) and with structural complexity up to 1500 non-hydrogen atoms in the asymmetric unit. The success, obtained in a completely automatic way, requires a very short computing time and indicates that Patterson deconvolution techniques are a valid alternative to current direct-methods approaches.
Mesoscopic crystallography of shear-aligned soft materials
Authors: Hamley I. W. , Castelletto V. , Mykhaylyk O. O. , Gleeson A. J.
Published: March 2004

The development of a novel device for examining the three-dimensional structure of shear-aligned soft materials using small-angle X-ray scattering is reported. Following alignmentviaoscillatory shear, the shear plates are fixed together and the whole assembly mounted on a miniature goniometer placed within the oven of the rheometer. It is then possible to perform two-axis crystallography, rotating around the shear direction, and tilting with respect to this axis. Preliminary results are presented that highlight the information on aligned block copolymer nanostructures that can be accessed using the goniometer. Diffraction patterns obtained from a shear-aligned hexagonal close-packed micellar structure formed in an aqueous solution of an amphiphilic diblock are discussed, as well as those of the metastable hexagonal perforated lamellar structure formed in a diblock copolymer melt.
A new method of cleaning X-ray tubes from solid carbonates
Authors: Kruszynski Rafal , Anielak Piotr
Published: March 2004

A frequently occurring problem encountered by users of water-cooled X-ray tubes is the deposition of carbonates (mainly calcium and magnesium) in anode cooling chambers, especially on the cap slit and inlet sieve.
Using image analysis for automated crystal positioning in a synchrotron X-ray beam for high-throughput macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Andrey Philippe , Lavault Bernard , Cipriani Florent , Maurin Yves
Published: March 2004

A fully automated method for detecting and centring protein crystals for X-ray crystallography is described. It relies on the analysis of rotating crystal trace images. No assumption is made concerning the shape, absolute size, or position of the crystal within its holder. Crystals as small as 15 µm were successfully positioned. This represents an important step towards high-throughput structural studies.
Periodic dislocation configuration analysis by lattice distortion evaluation: micromechanical approach and X-ray diffraction line broadening
Authors: Bougrab H. , Inal K. , Sabar H. , Berveiller M.
Published: March 2004

This work concerns dislocation microstructure analysis in order to assess stored elastic energy using Fourier coefficients of diffraction lines. These coefficients are related to the lattice distortion heterogeneity evaluated using a micromechanical approach. The lattice distortion formulation is based on dislocation density and Green's function tensors. The first tensor, which is a state quantity, characterizes the distortion incompatibility, while the second one characterizes the interaction phenomena between spatial positions. The proposed approach considers a given dislocation configuration in order to calculate the exact associated fields in a deterministic way. Periodic dislocation distributions were examined and the lattice distortion was calculated as a function of the distanceHbetween two successive dislocations (dislocation density). A short-range interaction effect was found for two values:H= 50 and 100 Å. Then Fourier coefficients of {h00}, {hhh} and {hkl} diffraction lines were estimated. It was observed that the sensitivity of the Fourier coefficients toHdepends strongly on the choice of the diffraction vector. Since the dislocation configurations were crystallographically defined, the contrast factor is included directly in our approach. For the considered slip system, it is shown that the screw periodical distribution has a higher Fourier coefficient variation than the periodical edge dislocations.
Automatic classification of protein crystallization images using a curve-tracking algorithm
Authors: Bern Marshall , Goldberg David , Stevens Raymond C. , Kuhn Peter
Published: March 2004

An algorithm for automatic classification of protein crystallization images acquired from a high-throughput vapor-diffusion system is described. The classifier uses edge detection followed by dynamic-programming curve tracking to determine the drop boundary; this technique optimizes a scoring function that incorporates roundness, smoothness and gradient intensity. The classifier focuses on the most promising region in the drop and computes a number of statistical features, including some derived from the Hough transform and from curve tracking. The five classes of images are `Empty', `Clear', `Precipitate', `Microcrystal Hit' and `Crystal'. On test data, the classifier gives about 12% false negatives (true crystals called `Empty', `Clear' or `Precipitate') and about 14% false positives (true clears or precipitates called `Crystal' or `Microcrystal Hit').
Imaging modulated reflections from a semi-crystalline state of profilin:actin crystals
Authors: Lovelace J. J. , Narayan K. , Chik J. K. , Bellamy H. D. , Snell E. H. , Lindberg U. , Schutt C. E. , Borgstahl G. E. O.
Published: March 2004

Modulated protein crystals remainterra incognitafor most crystallographers. While small-molecule crystallographers have successfully wrestled with and conquered this type of structure determination, to date no modulated macromolecular structures have been reported. Profilin:β-actin in a modulated semi-crystalline state presents a challenge of sufficient biological significance to motivate the development of methods for the accurate collection of data on the complex diffraction pattern and, ultimately, the solution of its structure. In the present work, fine φ-sliced data collection was used to resolve the closely spaced satellite reflections from these polymorphic crystals. Image-processing methods were used to visualize these data for comparison with the original precession data. These preliminary data demonstrate the feasibility of using fine φ-slicing to collect accurately the intensities and positions of the main and satellite reflections from these modulated protein crystals.
Hot pressing of germanium monochromator crystals
Authors: Treviño S. F. , Mildner D. F. R.
Published: March 2004

The method and parameters for vacuum hot pressing of single-crystal germanium, suitable for a large-area double-focusing neutron monochromator, are presented. The square virgin crystals have a mosaic that is less than 0.01° and isotropic. After appropriate pressing at high temperature (1073 K at a pressure of 10.7 MPa) the mosaic becomes anisotropic, about 0.5° in one direction and 0.2° in the other. The distribution of the mosaic widths of the crystals in the two directions are given, together with their composite values.
Structure determination of diclofenac in a diclofenac-containing chitosan matrix using conventional X-ray powder diffraction data
Authors: Muangsin Nongnuj , Prajuabsook Malee , Chimsook Pitiporn , Chantarasiri Nuanphun , Siraleartmukul Krisana , Chaichit Narongsak , Hannongbua Supot
Published: March 2004

The structure determination of diclofenac embedded in a diclofenac-containing chitosan matrix using conventional X-ray powder diffraction data is demonstrated. It reveals that sodium diclofenac, the starting material in the preparation of a controlled-release diclofenac-containing chitosan matrix, changes to diclofenac acid in space groupC2/cin the matrix. Simple methods were employed for handling the sample to obtain X-ray powder diffraction data of sufficiently high quality for the determination of the crystal structure of diclofenac embedded in chitosan. These involved grinding and sieving several times through a micro-mesh sieve to obtain a suitable particle size and a uniformly spherical particle shape. A traditional technique for structure solution from X-ray powder diffraction data was applied. The X-ray diffraction intensities were extracted using Le Bail's method. The structure was solved by direct methods from the extracted powder data and refined using the Rietveld method. For comparison, the single-crystal structure of the same drug was also determined. The result shows that the crystal structure solved from conventional X-ray powder diffraction data is in good agreement with that of the single crystal. The deviations of the differences in bond lengths and angles are of the order of 0.030 Å and 0.639°, respectively.
A helium-purged beam path to improve soft and softer X-ray data quality
Authors: Polentarutti Maurizio , Glazer Richard , Djinović Carugo Kristina
Published: March 2004

The construction principles and a detailed description of a helium-purged beam path implemented at the Elettra diffraction beamline are reported, together with evidence for the beam path's superiority for collecting softer X-ray diffraction data in a wide range of wavelengths.
A time-resolved SAXS study on the crystalline morphology of long-term stored isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Xu Jun-Ting , Zhang Yu-Jin , Fan Zhi-Qiang
Published: March 2004

The crystalline morphology of a long-term stored metallocene isotactic polypropylene (mPP) has been studied with time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and compared with that of the freshly crystallized sample. It was found that both α and γ crystal forms occur in the long-term stored mPP, whereas freshly crystallized mPP contains only the α crystal form. Double SAXS peaks were observed for the long-term stored mPP, which can be assigned to the α and γ crystals. Based on the SAXS result, it is inferred that the crystal stacks of the α and γ forms in the long-term stored mPP are arranged according to the block mode.
A new algorithm for performing three-dimensional searches of the Cambridge Structural Database
Authors: Chisholm James A. , Motherwell Sam
Published: March 2004

A search algorithm, 3DSEARCH, is presented that can readily identify challenging extended chemical queries from three-dimensional molecular crystal structure information. The program combines substructure search and distance search techniques within a depth-first backtracking algorithm. Performance metrics are presented for example searches composed of several substructures and several intermolecular connections. It is shown that such searches, which are outside the capabilities of current search engines, can now be performed on the entire Cambridge Structural Database with search times of around half an hour.
An evaluation of methods of diffraction-line broadening analysis applied to ball-milled molybdenum
Authors: Lucks I. , Lamparter P. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: March 2004

A comparison has been carried out of different methods of X-ray diffraction-line profile analysis for the determination of crystallite sizes and microstrains, namely the integral breadth method and three methods based on Fourier analysis of diffraction lines, namely the Warren–Averbach method, an `alternative method' and a profile synthesis strain field method. The analyses have been applied to Mo powder ball milled in two types of mills: an attritor and a planetary mill. Using the Williamson–Hall integral breadth method, the line broadening at moderate deformation is attributed solely to microstrain,i.e.practically no size broadening is detected. The three methods based on the Fourier coefficients of diffraction lines yield comparable values for crystallite sizes and microstrains. With the profile synthesis strain field method, if a size effect is included, it is possible to fit the experimental Fourier coefficients over the entire range of the relevant scale of correlation distances. The line profile shape due to microstrains, as derived with the strain field method, exhibits a systematic dependence on the integral breadth. With increasing breadth, the shape changes from a Cauchy type to a Gaussian type, suggesting a change of the dislocation arrangement with increasing plastic deformation of molybdenum powders.
CIF applications. XV.enCIFer: a program for viewing, editing and visualizing CIFs
Authors: Allen Frank H. , Johnson Owen , Shields Gregory P. , Smith Barry R. , Towler Matthew
Published: March 2004

TheenCIFerprogram permits the location, reporting and correction of syntax and format violations in single- or multi-block crystallographic information files (CIFs). The program also permits the editing of existing individual or looped data items and the addition of new data in these categories, and provides data-entry wizards for the addition of two types of standard information for small-molecule structural studies, namely publication data and chemical and physical property information. Facilities for the graphical visualization and manipulation of structure(s) in a CIF are also provided.
Report of the 41st National Conference and Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Nigerian Library Association (NLA), held at the Tarka Foundation, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, 7‐12 September, 2003
Authors: Okiy Rose B.
Published: March 2004

Reports on the 41st National Conference and Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Library Association held at Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, which had the theme Access Point Library: Media, Information, Culture.
Highlights of the 2003 Charleston Conference
Authors: Mercado Marina I.
Published: March 2004

Gives the highlights of the 2003 Charleston Conference, November 2003. Which focused on the future role and functionality of libraries, publishers and venders in conceptualizing and packaging the future of intellectual content for libraries.
The 5th International Conference on Grey Literature
Authors: Gelfand Julia
Published: March 2004

Reports on the International Conference on Grey Literature held in Amsterdam in December 2003. The theme of the conference was "Grey Matters in the World of Networked Information".
An Electronic Online Access Showroom for the New Acquisitions of the Library of the University of Macedonia
Authors: Kolovos Filippos , Papargeris Stella , Tsanaktsidou Elisabeth
Published: March 2004

An electronic online access showroom, which will be used to record and to announce the newly acquired books to the users of the library of the University of Macedonia (www.lib.uom.gr/english/index.html), is already running in pilot phase. The online showroom includes a specially designed digital “exhibition area”, which is accessible via the World Wide Web and which is periodically updated with the new book acquisitions of the Library. The users of the library can browse the book catalog of this exhibition area directly from the Web with an ordinary Internet Browser. The catalog can be sorted by date, author, or title, according to the user’s preference. Also, instead of browsing the book catalog, the users can execute a search on the stored records, by keyword, title, author, subject, ISBN, or publisher, in order to limit their search to the subset of records that mostly interest them. Furthermore, from the central book catalog, or from their “search‐results” list, the users can retrieve more information concerning a specific book, simply by doing a mouse‐click on the book title. The returned information includes the table of contents, the cover and the backside of the book, the classification number, the ISBN, the title and subtitle, up to two subject headings relevant to its content, the author name(s), the publisher and the year of publication. Additionally, if they wish, they can make a reservation for one or more books, by filling in a simple form, with their full name, their e‐mail address and their user code number (a number which is provided to them on their registration with the library), in order to be notified as soon as the book(s) become available. This electronic browsing system is available in two languages, Greek and English. The user is able to change the language preference from any screen at anytime. In addition, the online showroom comes with a separate online database management environment, which is also accessible via the Web but only by authorized users. This environment allows the management of the book records and of the authorized user accounts, including the insertion, deletion and editing of the records and users. This is a paper that was presented at the 12th Annual Panhellenic Academic Libraries Conference, 12‐14 November 2003 at the Technological Educational Institute in Seres, Greece. The full conference program is at: http://conference.teiser.gr/programma_en.html
Getting started with PDAs: A Library‐driven Project at James Madison University
Authors: McCabe Jennifer
Published: March 2004

Focuses on a PDA pilot project aiming to help in many of the tasks of academic life that began at James Madison University in 2002. Describes the project and offer suggestions to anyone who is considering a PDA pilot project.
Travel, Sensibility and Gender: The Rhetoric of Female Travel Writing in Sophie Von La Roche's Tagebuch Einer Reise Durch Holland Und England
Authors: Martin Alison E.
Published: March 2004

This article queries the traditionally held view that Sophie von La Roche's travel account of England, the Tagebuch einer Reise durch Holland und England (1788), was a purely sentimental, work. It offers a detailed examination of the rhetorical strategies used by La Roche to represent England to a German‐speaking readership and asks how these negotiated their way around notions of female inquiry and sentimentalised ‘female’ modes of writing. It examines first how La Roche used a variety of rhetorical devices, both sentimental and scientific, to locate her account within the shifting modes of representation in use in travel writing at the close of the eighteenth century. It assesses how these relate to her literary construction of herself as a woman travelling, the tensions that this created and the negotiations that this required. Secondly, it assesses the influence on La Roche's work of accounts by other female travellers to England, notably Marie Anne Ficquet du Boccage. Finally, it considers the importance of habitués of La Roche's salon such as Goethe and Georg Forster in influencing her viewing and representation of the foreign in her travelogue on England.
Wilhelm Meisters Mignon und Die Ambivalenz der Autorschaft
Authors: Horstkotte Silke
Published: March 2004

Die zentrale Funktion der androgynen Mignon für die poetische Struktur von Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre ist in der Deutungstradition dieses Textes fest verankert. Doch ist Mignon zumeist als geschlechtsneutrale Geniusgestalt interpretiert worden. Dagegen wurde die ambivalente und zwitterhafte Sexualität der Figur gerade in solchen Studien, die sich mit der poetologischen Dimension des Romans auseinandersetzen, bisher nicht genügend beachtet. Dabei steht die problematische Sexualität Mignons jedoch in einem konzeptionellen Zusammenhang mit Fragen der Autorschaft, die nicht nur den Protagonisten Wilhelm betreffen, sondern die in der Literatur um 1800 insgesamt virulent sind.

Führt Wilhelms Weg zum Theater einerseits über die Literarisierung der rätselhaften Mignon, so macht deren androgynes Zwitterwesen, das die hermeneutische Ausdeutung der Figur erheblich erschwert, Wilhelms Künstlertum andererseits zunehmend problematisch. Daraus ergeben sich Konsequenzen für unser Verständnis von Goethes, Wilhelms und der männlichen Autorschaft Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Das Verschwinden des Autors aus dem Text zeigt sich in Wilhelms Unfähigkeit, die Bedeutung der Chiffre ‘Mignon’ zu kontrollieren. Seine Ablehnung der Theaterlaufbahn in den Lehrjahren verrät ein ambivalentes Verhältnis zu Künstlertum und Autorschaft. Der Bildungsweg Wilhelms verläuft somit keineswegs positiv, sondern ist Zeichen von Resignation über die künstlerische Laufbahn. Deutlich führt dieser Weg in die Vereinsamung und ‘Entsagung’ der Wanderjahre.
Schreiblegitimationen und ‐Strategien in Annette Von Droste‐Hülshoffs Dichtergedichten und Ihrem Versepos Des Arztes Vermächtnis
Authors: Arnold‐de Simine Silke
Published: March 2004

Sowohl in ihren Dichtergedichten als auch in ihrem Versepos Des Arztes Vermächtnis reflektiert Droste auf die Legitimation und Autorität des lyrischen Ichs sowie des Ich‐Erzählers. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, was es ihnen ermöglicht, die Stimme zu erheben und womit sie dieses rechtfertigen. Dabei setzt sich Droste sowohl mit geschlechts‐ als auch schichtspezifischen Zuschreibungen auseinander und versucht, die Legitimation des schreibenden und erzählenden Ichs aus dessen sozialer Rolle abzuleiten. Während das lyrische Ich sich als Märtyrer und Heiler inszeniert und damit auf die familiären und gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen gegenüber einem unverheirateten, katholischen Adelsfräulein rekurriert, zeigt das Versepos, dass der Arzt sich nur dadurch der Erzählerrolle bemächtigen kann, indem er die Frau, deren Leben und Tod den Kern seiner Erzählung bilden, im kreativen Schöpfungsprozess ein zweites Mal auslöscht, indem er ihre Geschichte verhüllt und zu seiner Geschichte umschreibt.
Schillers Trauerspiel Karl Der Erste, König von England : Ein Jeu D’esprit von William Makepeace Thackeray
Authors: Guthke Karl S.
Published: March 2004

Es wird eine Trouvaille mitgeteilt, die Thackeray in spielerischem Geplänkel mit Schiller zeigt: Thackerays vorgebliche Übersetzung der Schlußszene eines vorgeblichen Trauerspiels von Schiller über Leben und Tod Charles’ I. Wie der Geschichtsdramatiker Schiller so oft, schreibt auch Thackeray im Namen Schillers die verbürgte Historie originell um und leistet damit einen amüsanten Beitrag zum Genre der Comical History of Britain.
Caligari Revisited: Circles, Cycles and Counter‐Revolution in Robert Wiene's Das Cabinet Des Dr. Caligari
Authors: Roberts Ian
Published: March 2004

For a decade the cinema industry of the Weimar Republic dominated European cinema, and seriously challenged Hollywood for pre‐eminence. Perhaps best known of all Weimar films was the visually unique Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari (Robert Wiene, 1920). This Expressionist work, however, has long been considered a triumph of form over content. Many still subscribe to the theory, first proposed by the film's screenwriters and enthusiastically echoed by Siegfried Kracauer in From Caligari to Hitler (1947), that Wiene's directorial interference emasculated the film's anti‐authoritarian plot.

Since a copy of the original script came to light some critics have begun to overturn the prevailing reading and have identified the chilling nature of the ending furnished by Wiene. But even these have concentrated on the most obviously Expressionist elements in the film, ignoring Wiene's consistent use of circular motifs to highlight the cyclical, counter‐revolutionary nature of history. Against a backdrop of street‐fighting, short‐lived uprisings and brutal repression in the young democracy, if these elements are taken into account, the film's emphasis on the cyclical demands a reassessment of its conclusion to demonstrate that Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari in fact delivers both in style and substance.
‘Zwittertrank’: Epigonendiskurse Im 19. Jahrhundert und in Der Postmoderne
Authors: Hahn Marcus
Published: March 2004

Die Diskurse über Epigonen – die elenden Söhne der Klassik, unselbständig, überreflektiert und zitierselig – und die Historisierung von Literatur bedingen einander. Der Aufsatz rekonstruiert die Formation des Epigonendiskurses in Deutschland um 1835 aus dem Zusammentreffen der philosophischen Ästhetik Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels, der Literaturgeschichtsschreibung Georg Gottfried Gervinus’ und Karl Immermanns Roman Die Epigonen. Daraus entsteht ein heterogenes Gemisch, ein – wie es in den Epigonen heißt –‘Zwittertrank’ aus Literatur und Historiographie, der die ästhetische und historische Selbstreflexion des 19. Jahrhunderts beherrscht. Die Debatte wird zum einen anhand von Texten zeitgenössischer Literaturhistoriker skizziert, anschließend werden die ambivalenten Reaktionen Franz Grillparzers, Carl Spittelers und Friedrich Nietzsches auf dieses Diskursmodell nachgezeichnet. Der Aufsatz verfolgt zum anderen die konzeptuellen und rhetorischen Analogien zwischen dem deutschen Epigonendiskurs und der internationalen Postmoderne‐Diskussion seit 1945. Die paradoxe Bestimmung der ‘Postmoderne’ als Nicht‐Epoche – bei den Posthistoire‐Theoretikern Henri de Man und Arnold Gehlen, in der amerikanischen Literaturwissenschaft um 1960 und vor allem in den Arbeiten Jean‐François Lyotards – zeugt genauso von der Auflösung des Bedingungsverhältnisses zwischen Geschichte und Epigonen wie von der weiter bestehenden kulturökonomischen Notwendigkeit, unter den Bedingungen einer verschärften Diskurs‐ und Medienkonkurrenz ‘Originalität’ zu reklamieren.
Virtual Memory in Günter Grass's Im Krebsgang
Authors: Veel Kristin
Published: March 2004

This essay is concerned with the significance of the references to the internet in Grass's recent novella Im Krebsgang. It examines recent public statements by Grass, including his Nobel Prize lecture of 1999, in order to expound the issues raised in Im Krebsgang. It distinguishes between the different types of commemoration exemplified by the main characters in the work (the narrator who was born on the night of the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff in the Baltic in 1945, his mother Tulla Pokriefke who is a familiar figure from earlier narratives by Grass, and his son Konny who sets up a website commemorating the historical figure of Gustloff in a neo‐Nazi spirit). It explains the disjointed (crab‐like) character of the narrative as a means of maintaining openness in relation to both past and future, and it brings out the sense in which this mode of narration subverts the blurring of the real and the imaginary which Grass shows to be an inherent danger of cyberspace culture. The essay thus concludes that Grass is enacting a difference between the ethically neutral spatial freedom of the internet and the ethically coherent space of literary narrative.
The Abandoned Victim: Cosmology and History in Christoph Ransmayr and Anselm Kiefer
Authors: Naqvi Fatima
Published: March 2004

This article discusses the role of victimhood in Christoph Ransmayr's apocalyptic œuvre. It draws on Ransmayr's essay on Anselm Kiefer, ‘Der Ungeborene’ (2001), and on a seminal early text, Strahlender Untergang (1982), to do so. Strahlender Untergang, in particular, considers man's double status as victimiser of his surroundings and as victim of a malevolent universe. The dialectic which man's instrumental rationality engenders is ultimately sublated in a victim myth of cosmic proportions: mankind cannot counter the entropic, destructive forces already at work in the universe. As death becomes the ultimate signifier of man's individuality and the only moment which bestows meaning on life, all historicity is erased. The text exculpates humanity from guilt for its destructive ways and envisions redemption through mystical wholeness.
Social Welfare Spending on Family Benefits in the United States and Sweden: A Comparative Study*
Authors: N. Ozawa Martha
Published: March 2004

Although the economic and social conditions of families have changed considerably, the framework of U.S. social policy with regard to families has not changed. Under the framework, policymakers assume that the poverty of families or individuals is largely their own fault. This long‐standing belief has impeded the expansion of public spending on behalf of families. I compare public policy on family benefits in the United States and Sweden. The analysis indicates that the United States spends only a fraction of what Sweden spends on family benefits. I also describe the allocation of funds to specific family benefits programs in the two countries and discuss the policy directions that the United States may take in the future.
Conducting Focus Groups with Latino Populations: Lessons from the Field*
Authors: Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Bámaca Mayra Y.
Published: March 2004

We explore the use of focus groups with Latino families. Based on our work with Colombian, Guatemalan, Mexican, and Puerto Rican mothers, we review the factors that make this methodology particularly useful for working with these families. In addition, we provide a number of strategies for making the use of focus groups with Latino populations successful. These strategies can be broadly applied to practical aspects of working with Latino populations, as well as in research settings.
New‐Concept Part‐Time Employment as a Work‐Family Adaptive Strategy for Women Professionals with Small Children*
Authors: Jeffrey Hill E. , Märtinson Vjollca , Ferris Maria
Published: March 2004

This study investigates how the option for new‐concept part‐time (NPT) employment influences the ability of mothers of preschool children working in professional occupations to successfully integrate work and family responsibilities. Female NPT professionals (n = 279) and female full‐time (FT) professionals (n = 250) were compared. The NPT group reported 20 fewer weekly work hours and about $18,000 less estimated annual household income than the FT group. They allocated this additional time primarily to caring for and nurturing their dependent children. They also reported less job‐related travel, unnecessary work, and work‐to‐family conflict, as well as greater work‐family success, childcare satisfaction, and family success. However, NPT mothers reported a more traditional division of labor in household responsibilities and less career opportunity and work success. Implications are presented and discussed.
The Costs and Rewards of Caregiving Among Aging Spouses and Adult Children*
Authors: Raschick Michael , Ingersoll‐Dayton Berit
Published: March 2004

Using a social exchange perspective and data from a national sample of 978 spouse and child caregivers of older family members, this study assessed the association between caregiver relationship and gender and the costs and rewards of caregiving. We also evaluated whether relationship and gender moderate the effects of helpfulness on caregiver costs and rewards. Results supported the hypotheses that women, whether wives or daughters, experience more caregiving costs than do men, and that adult children experience more rewards than do spousal caregivers. In addition, care recipient helpfulness was associated with greater increases in rewards for spousal caregivers than for adult children caregivers.
UK Ministerial Responsibility in 2002: The Tale of Two Resignations
Authors: Woodhouse Diana
Published: March 2004

The resignations in 2002 of Stephen Byers and Estelle Morris (UK Secretaries of State for Transport and Education respectively) suggest the need to review the constitutional and political aspects of resignation. In both cases, ministers recognized that they had failed in the oversight or supervision of their departments and thus in the fulfilment of their ministerial role. Their resignations therefore provide evidence of a move away from ‘causal responsibility’, with its complication of the policy/operations and accountability/responsibility distinctions, towards ‘role responsibility’. In so doing, they raise the possibility that what are commonly understood as ‘departmental fault’ resignations may be more appropriately subsumed within an expanded category of personal fault. The resignations also challenge Finer's thesis on the conditions that need to be meet for a resignation to be forthcoming. In neither instance was the political party out for blood or the prime minister unbending. In both cases the press was relentless, suggesting that the media has become a prime actor in determining resignation, and the minister yielding, a recognition, perhaps, of constitutional principle over political pragmatism.