bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 Dna Production in the Genital Tract Reservoir of Women Treated with Haart: The Prospective Anrs Ep24 Gynodyn Study
Authors:   the ANRS EP24 GYNODYN Study Group, Launay Odile , Tod Michel , Tschöpe Inga , Si-Mohamed Ali , Bélarbi Linda , Charpentier Charlotte , Goujard Cécile , Taburet Anne-Marie , Lortholary Olivier , Leroy Valériane , Bélec Laurent
Published: July 2011

Background

The female genital tract constitutes a reservoir for HIV providing active production of both cell-free HIV RNA and cell-associated DNA within the cervicovaginal secretions. The objective of this study was to prospectively assess residual HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA production in the genital tract reservoir of women initiating HAART over an 18-month period.

Methods

Paired blood and cervicovaginal lavage samples were collected at inclusion and 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after HAART initiation, in 23 women in first-line HAART and six women in virological failure, for measurement of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA shedding and/or drug concentrations.

Results

A dramatic decrease of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA occurred in both blood and cervicovaginal samples over the first 6 months on HAART, followed by a shelf up to 18 months, independently of the drugs’ genital pharmacokinetics. While cervicovaginal HIV-1 RNA became undetectable in >90% of women from 6 months on HAART, genital HIV-1 DNA remained frequently detectable (27–50%). Nearly 40% of women with sustained undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA after 6–18 months on HAART harboured transient HIV-1 RNA (15% of women) or HIV-1 DNA (31% of women) in their genital secretions.

Conclusions

Low-level cervicovaginal HIV-1 shedding is frequently evidenced in HAART-treated women with transient HIV-1 RNA and persistent HIV-1 DNA despite a systemic control of viral replication, resulting in possible residual genital infectivity.
Microreactors – Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Hardt Steffen
Published: July 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Flow Distributions2.1.Straight Microchannels2.2.Periodic and Curved Channel Geometries2.3.Multichannel Flow Domains3.Heat Transfer3.1.Straight Microchannels3.2.Periodic and Curved Channel Geometries3.3.Multichannel Flow Domains3.4.Micro Heat Exchangers4.Mass Transfer and Mixing4.1.Simple Mixing Channels4.2.Chaotic Micromixers4.3.Multilamination Micromixers4.4.Hydrodynamic Dispersion5.Chemical Kinetics5.1.Numerical Methods for Reacting Flows5.2.Reacting Channel Flows5.3.Heat‐Exchanger Reactors6.Conclusions and Outlook
Process Intensification, 4. Plant Level
Authors: Freund Hannsjörg , Sundmacher Kai
Published: July 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Heat‐Integrated Chemical Reactors2.1.Autothermal Fixed‐Bed Reactor Concepts2.1.1.Weakly Exothermic Reactions2.1.2.Combination of Exo‐ and Endothermic Reactions2.2.Desorptive Cooling of Reactors3.Reactive Separations3.1.Reactive Distillation3.2.Reactive Stripping3.3.Reactive Absorption3.4.Reactive Extraction3.5.Reactive Crystallization3.6.Reactive Adsorption3.6.1.Discontinuous Chromatographic Reactors3.6.2.Continuous Chromatographic Reactors3.6.3.Sorption‐Enhanced Reactors3.7.Membrane Reactors4.Other Intensification Concepts on the Plant Level4.1.Hybrid Separations4.2.Reactive Mechanical Unit Operations
Crystal Structures and Repair Studies Reveal the Identity and the Base‐Pairing Properties of the UV‐Induced Spore Photoproduct DNA Lesion
Authors: Heil Korbinian , Kneuttinger Andrea Christa , Schneider Sabine , Lischke Ulrike , Carell Thomas
Published: July 2011

UV light is one of the major causes of DNA damage. In spore DNA, due to an unusual packing of the genetic material, a special spore photoproduct lesion (SP lesion) is formed, which is repaired by the enzyme spore photoproduct lyase (Spl), a radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme. We report here the synthesis and DNA incorporation of a DNA SP lesion analogue lacking the phosphodiester backbone. The oligonucleotides were used for repair studies and they were cocrystallized with a polymerase enzyme as a template to clarify the configuration of the SP lesion and to provide information about the base‐pairing properties of the lesion. The structural analysis together with repair studies allowed us to clarify the identity of the preferentially repaired lesion diastereoisomer.
Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4+ is not Useful as a Screener in Clinical Practice
Authors: de Reus Rob J. M. , van den Berg Julia F. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: July 2011

In clinical practice, the combination of brief, cost effective, valid and reliable assessment of personality disorders (PDs) is highly important. Substantial budget cuts require optimal use of the clinician's time. PDs are related with high axis I comorbidity, poorer therapy outcome and increased health service costs. In an effort to find a screening questionnaire that meets both the demands of cost‐effectiveness and methodological soundness, we investigated the use of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4+ (PDQ‐4+) as a first step in a two‐step diagnostic procedure. As the second step, we used the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM‐IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID‐II) as criterion measure. Our results show that the positive predictive power of the PDQ‐4+ is rather low, resulting in a large number of false positives. Therefore, its added value is poor in comparison with administering the SCID‐II in the first place. Also, the value of the two validity scales of the PDQ‐4+ is highly questionable. We therefore conclude that the PDQ‐4+ should not be used in clinical practice as a screening instrument for PD assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Personality disorders are related with high axis I comorbidity, poorer therapy outcome and increased health service costs.

Valid, reliable and cost effective PD assessment is highly relevant for clinical practice.

Diagnostic two‐step procedure was tested using the PDQ−4+ as a screener.

Positive predictive power of the PDQ−4+ was generally low, making it not useful as a screener in clinical practice.
A new fuzzy sliding mode controller for load frequency control of large hydropower plant using particle swarm optimization algorithm and Kalman estimator
Authors: Hooshmand R. , Ataei M. , Zargari A.
Published: July 2011

The load frequency control (LFC) is very important in power system operation and control for supplying sufficient, reliable, and high‐quality electric power. The conventional LFC uses an integral controller. In this paper, a new control system based on the fuzzy sliding mode controller is proposed for controlling the load frequency of nonlinear model of a hydropower plant, and this control system is compared with the proportional–integral controller and the conventional sliding mode controller. To regulate the membership functions of fuzzy system more accurately, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is also applied. Moreover, because of the unavailability of the control system variables, a nonlinear estimator is suggested for estimating and identifying the system state variables. This estimator provides the physical realization of the method and will reduce the costs of implementation. The proposed control method is performed for the LFC of hydropower plant of Karoon‐3 in Shahrekord, Iran. The simulation results show the capability of the controller system in controlling local network frequency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Random Geometric Distortions on the Performance and Reliability of an SOFC
Authors: Cornu T. M. , Wuillemin Z.
Published: July 2011

A method based on Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) is developed to assess the impact of manufacturing tolerances on the durability of performance and on the reliability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the gas distribution pattern (GDP) at the anode are carried out for a set of deformed geometries. An automated code allows generating standardized deformations in a random manner on the original meshed geometry taken as input. In the scope of this study, the fuel flow uniformity is taken as the indicator of the performance and reliability of SOFCs. Statistical sensitivity analyses are carried out to assess the impact of dimensional tolerances on repeat‐elements both taken individually and stacked together. The implemented method is evaluated with two standard GDPs. Results show that the sensitivity to thickness variations is predominant on the sensitivity to in‐plane deformations of channels. Besides, the magnitude of sensitivity largely depends on the GDP and on the extent of the deformation, too. In addition, negative effects of deformations are shown to be exacerbated in stack situation. The method proved successful in getting quick insights on the quality of GDPs with respect to dimensional tolerances.
Synthesis and α‐glucosidase inhibitory, DPPH scavenging activity of substituted 2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl‐dihydrogen phosphate derivatives
Authors: Kumar J. Ashok , Tiwari Ashok K. , Ali A.Zehra , Rao R. Ranga , Raju B. China
Published: July 2011

Series of phosphorylated coumarin derivatives (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j) were synthesized by Pechmann condensation, phosphorylation, and debenzylation reactions in very good yields. Thus, synthesized compounds (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j) were evaluated for their α‐glucosidase and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities; few compounds showed moderate to good activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 00, 00 (2011).
MRI of trabecular bone using a decay due to diffusion in the internal field contrast imaging sequence
Authors: Mintzopoulos Dionyssios , Ackerman Jerome L. , Song Yi‐Qiao
Published: July 2011

Purpose:

To characterize the DDIF (Decay due to Diffusion in the Internal Field) method using intact animal trabecular bone specimens of varying trabecular structure and porosity, under ex vivo conditions closely resembling in vivo physiological conditions. The DDIF method provides a diffusion contrast which is related to the surface‐to‐volume ratio of the porous structure of bones. DDIF has previously been used successfully to study marrow‐free trabecular bone, but the DDIF contrast hitherto had not been tested in intact specimens containing marrow and surrounded by soft tissue.

Materials and Methods:

DDIF imaging was implemented on a 4.7 Tesla (T) small‐bore, horizontal, animal scanner. Ex vivo results on fresh bone specimens containing marrow were obtained at body temperature. Control measurements were carried out in surrounding tissue and saline.

Results:

Significant DDIF effect was observed for trabecular bone samples, while it was considerably smaller for soft tissue outside the bone and for lipids. Additionally, significant differences were observed between specimens of different trabecular structure.

Conclusion:

The DDIF contrast is feasible despite the reduction of the diffusion constant and of T1 in such conditions, increasing our confidence that DDIF imaging in vivo may be clinically viable for bone characterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
REGIV as a potential biomarker for peritoneal dissemination in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Moon Jeong‐Ho , Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yurika , Okada Kaoru , Hanada Hiroyuki , Sakakura Chohei , Takiguchi Shuji , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyata Hiroshi , Yamasaki Makoto , Kurokawa Yukinori , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro
Published: July 2011

Background

This study examined the clinical significance of regenerating islet‐derived family member 4 (REGIV) in surgically resected gastric tumors. The potential of REGIV as a biomarker in gastric cancer was also assessed including its predictive value for prognosis and recurrence after surgery.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the clinical significance of REGIV expression status in surgically resected specimens. The quantitative genetic diagnostic method, transcription‐reverse transcription concerted reaction (TRC) that targeted REGIV mRNA was applied for prediction of peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer.

Results

Positive immunostaining for REGIV was observed in 85 cases (52.5%), and correlated significantly with diffuse type histopathology (P = 0.001), advanced T stage (P = 0.022), and frequent peritoneal recurrence (P = 0.009). Multivariate analysis identified advanced T stage (P < 0.001) and REGIV expression (P = 0.034) as independent prognostic factors for peritoneal recurrence‐free survival. Overexpression of REGIV protein was evident in the majority of peritoneal tumors (93.8%). REGIV mRNA assessed by TRC could be a predictive marker for peritoneal recurrence after curative operation.

Conclusions

REGIV overexpression is common in primary gastric tumors and a potentially suitable marker of diffuse type histopathology and peritoneal dissemination. Overexpression of REGIV mRNA, assessed by the TRC method, is a potentially suitable marker of peritoneal recurrence after curative resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:189–194. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing injury during video‐assisted endotracheal intubation: The “Smart Stylet” concept
Authors: Weissbrod Philip A. , Merati Albert L.
Published: July 2011

Objectives:

Video‐assisted endoscopic intubation (VAEI) has gained wide use in anesthesiology when difficult intubation is encountered. Even when excellent visualization of the larynx is achieved with VAEI, successful intubation can be difficult and/or traumatic due to awkward angles and rigid stylets. Presented is a modification of standard VAEI procedure that allows for minimization of intubation trauma.

Methods:

Technical description of VAEI with “smart stylet” for laryngeal surgical patients.

Results:

For difficult intubations, a GlideScope™, a type of VAEI, is used in combination with a flexible bronchoscope acting as a “smart” stylet. The bronchoscope is not used for its light or fiberoptic capacity, but rather as a manipulatable stylet for the endotracheal tube. The technical description of this technique is presented with illustrative images and online video content.

Conclusions:

The “smart stylet” concept allows for successful and safe endotracheal intubation when used with the Glidescope™.
A study of the new generation of the advance system tongue implants: Three‐ and six‐month effects of tongue to mandible tethering for obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Pavelec Vaclav , Hamans Evert , Stuck Boris A.
Published: July 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Treatment of hypopharyngeal collapse of upper airway is a surgical challenge in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients who fail continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Study Design:

A prospective, nonrandomized, multicentered, feasibility study.

Methods:

Nineteen OSA patients with an apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) between 15 and 50 with CPAP intolerance were included in the study. Baseline polysomnography (PSG) was measured, and 3‐ and 6‐month postoperative PSGs were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative home sleep studies, cephalographs, and videoendoscopy were performed. Additionally, the subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Patient and Bed Partner Snoring Questionnaire, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, and Throat Questionnaire.

Results:

AHI dropped from 33.8 at baseline to 18.6 at 3‐month follow‐up and to 24.3 at 6‐month follow‐up, respectively. Overall surgical success was 38.9% as defined by a 50% drop in AHI to a score below 20 at 6 months. ESS decreased from 11.4 to 6.1 and 7.4 at 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Snoring intensity was reduced from 7% to 3.8% at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Quality of life was improved from 15.6 to 17.9 (14.3%) and 18.1 (15.6%) at 3 months and 6 months, respectively.

Conclusions:

The rates of surgical success, feasibility, and safety were satisfactory. Further technical device improvement is necessary and must be based on a new understanding of tongue forces.
Three‐phase complementary colpitts VCO implemented with A LC‐ring resonator
Authors: Jang Sheng‐Lyang , Cheng Ta‐Yu , Chang Chia‐Wei , Hsue Ching‐Wen
Published: July 2011

A 7‐GHz complementary Colpitts voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) in 0.18‐μm CMOS process is proposed to generate three output phases with wide tuning range.The designed VCO uses three single‐ended current‐reused VCOs coupled via the three‐resonator inductors connected in a delta configuration. The proposed VCO oscillates from 6.25 to 7.27 GHz, and the power consumption is 11.47 mW at 1.5‐V supply voltage. The measured phase noise is about −115.25 dBc/Hz at 1‐MHz offset frequency from 6.22 GHz. The VCO provides a figure of merit of −184.1 dBc/Hz with the effect of tuning range. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2308–2310, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26238
Numerical scheme for simulation of self‐pulsing and chaos in coupled microring resonators
Authors: Petráček Jiři , Sterkhova Anna , Luksch and Jaroslav
Published: July 2011

Nonlinear coupled equations that describe propagation of optical pulses in waveguide structures under the slowly varying envelope approximation are solved by a simple explicit finite‐difference scheme.The technique, which is based on upwind differencing, is used for modeling of Kerr‐nonlinear structures with microring resonators in all‐pass filter configuration. We show numerical examples that demonstrate existence of self‐pulsing and chaotic solutions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2238–2242, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26242
Design of cross‐coupled stepped‐impedance resonator bandpass filter using low‐temperature cofired ceramic technology
Authors: Qian Kewei , Tang Xiao‐Hong , Tang Wei
Published: July 2011

A novel compact half‐wavelength cross‐coupled stepped‐impedance resonator filter using low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology is presented. The filter not only has good selectivity due to the controllable transmission zeros but also has a small size by the virtue of LTCC structure. Based on the theory of cross‐coupled stepped‐impedance resonators and 0° feed structure, a bandpass filter with the center frequency of 1.25 GHz has been designed and fabricated. Good agreement between measured and simulated results is observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2201–2204, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26243
A long‐period grating written in the cladding of an optical fiber
Authors: Jiang Tianfu
Published: July 2011

A long‐period grating (LPG) written in the cladding of an optical fiber is demonstrated.The optical fiber is specially designed and manufactured, which cladding is photosensitive, and core is not. The cladding LPG is written in by illuminating a cladding photosensitive fiber with an UV lamp through an amplitude grating mask. The cladding LPG is compared with a core LPG manufactured in the same way, and the property of the cladding LPG is different from that of the core LPG. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2425–2427, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26269
A small circularly polarized tag antenna on a high‐dielectric substrate
Authors: Cho Chihyun , Ahn Seungbeom , Park Ikmo , Choo Hosung
Published: July 2011

The reading range of a tag antenna usually decreases markedly as the antenna size decreases, because of the antenna's reduced gain. This letter describes the use of circular polarization to reduce the size of a tag antenna without decreasing its reading range. This approach resulted in a 33 × 33‐mm antenna with a substrate thickness of 4 mm that maintained reading ranges of about 3 m for the antenna in free space and 7 m for the antenna on a metallic surface. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2423–2425, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26270
Application of passive optical network with optimized bus topology for local backbone data network
Authors: Lafata Pavel , Vodrazka Jiri
Published: July 2011

This paper proposes an innovative application of passive optical networks with optimized bus topology for local backbone data networks. Passive optical networks represent a promising solution for modern access networks to meet the increasing demands on transmission rate for demanding multimedia services. As these networks rely exclusively on passive components implemented in their entire infrastructure, it is necessary to consider their certain specific features and optimize properly necessary parameters, especially an attenuation balance. Considering the possibility of such optimization, the passive optical network with optimized bus topology provides several interesting opportunities for specific applications. Its potential application is, for example, a high‐speed local backbone infrastructure connecting local data switches and routers. For that purpose, the passive optical splitter with adjustable power splitting ratio at its outputs can be used for the optimization process of attenuation balance. This paper presents a mathematical apparatus for calculating the maximum number of splits and the number of bridge taps in the passive optical network with the bus topology and an example of obtained results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2351–2355, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26291
Erratum: Anomalous forerunners in wave propagation interpreted by a typical diffraction integral
Authors: Ranfagni A. , Cacciari I. , Ruggeri R. , Agresti A. , Mignani R. , Ricci A. M. , Petrucci A.
Published: July 2011

Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53: 1789–1793, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26369 (Original article DOI: 10.1002/mop.26133)
Magnetic resonance imaging following interstim®: An institutional experience with imaging safety and patient satisfaction
Authors: Chermansky Christopher J. , Krlin Ryan M. , Holley Thomas D. , Woo Howard H. , Winters J. Christian
Published: July 2011

Aims

We retrospectively assessed patient safety and satisfaction after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with an InterStim® unit.

Methods

The records of all patients implanted with InterStim® between 1998 and 2006 were reviewed. Nine of these patients underwent MRI following InterStim® implantation. The patients' neurologists requested the MRI exams for medical reasons. Both 0.6 Tesla (T) and 1.5 T machines were used. Patient safety, interference of implanted pulse generator (IPG) with radiological interpretation, and patient satisfaction were assessed in these patients.

Results

The first patient in the series had IPG failure following MRI. For this patient, the voltage amplitude was set to zero, the IPG was turned off, and the IPG magnetic switch was left on. The patient underwent MRI uneventfully; however, the IPG did not function upon reprogramming. The IPG magnetic switch was turned off for the eight subsequent patients, all of whom underwent MRI safely. In addition, all of their IPGs functioned appropriately following reprogramming. Of the 15 MRIs performed, the lumbar spine was imaged in eight studies, the pelvis was imaged in one study, and the remaining examinations involved imaging the brain or cervical spine. Neither the IPG nor the sacral leads interfered with MRI interpretation. None of the eight patients perceived a change in perception or satisfaction following MRI.

Conclusions

Although we don't advocate the routine use of MRI following InterStim® implantation, our experience suggests MRI may be feasible under controlled conditions and without adverse events. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1486–1488, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Virtuoso Flute-Player
Authors: Tromlitz Johann George , Hadidian Eileen
Published: July 2011

This is an English translation of Tutor for Playing the Flute (1791) by Johann George Tromlitz. The most explicit of the eighteenth-century tutors for flute-playing, it now serves as a record of instrumental practice as well as a useful guide to the performance of German classical music. The Tutor covers all aspects of flute playing, including intonation, articulation, flute maintenance, posture and breathing, dynamics, ornaments, musical style, cadenzas, and the construction of the flute. This edition will be an indispensable manual for players of baroque and modern flutes, and the information it contains will be invaluable for all musicians, students, and specialists interested in the historically informed performance of German classical music. The text is annotated with critical notes and all of the original music examples are newly printed in modern notation. The volume also contains a fingering chart and a historical introduction.
Henry James
Authors: Woolf Judith
Published: July 2011

Judith Woolf's elegantly written book introduces school and university students, as well as the interested general reader, to the major novels of Henry James (1843–1916), the American writer who became a great European novelist and died a naturalised Englishman. The principal novels in which James explored his central theme, the betrayal of innocence, are discussed in a lucid way which offers fresh intrepretations and communicates to the non-specialist reader the excitement rather than the difficulty of reading James. Difficulty is nonetheless often a feature of his work, and Judith Woolf does not shun important questions. She places him in the context of the history of the English novel (Fielding, Richardson, Dickens, and George Eliot), focusing on traditions of tragic and comic vision and on the subtleties of expression and perspective enabled by the narrative form. The book includes a short account of James's life, a list of his works and their dates, and a selected guide to further criticism.
Negotiating Climate Change
Authors: Chadwick Michael J.
Published: July 2011

Two years of intense and often dramatic negotiations culminated in the signing of a Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This compelling book reconstructs the dynamics of those negotiations, based on eye-witness accounts. The main contributors, each a principal player in the drama, have been selected to reflect the perspectives of the most important interest groups and institutions involved in the negotiations, including the OECD, oil-importing developing nations, private industry and non-governmental organisations. These individual accounts are integrated into an edited volume that provides a multi-dimensional assessment of the negotiating process, focusing on the competitive and co-operative interactions among nations, regional alliances, international institutions, corporations and non-governmental organisations.
Eberhard Jüngel
Authors: Webster John Bainbridge
Published: July 2011

This book is the first introduction in any language to the work of Eberhard Jüngel, who increasingly is recognised as one of the leading contemporary Protestant German theologians. It furnishes a comprehensive survey of his work as New Testament scholar, systematic theologian and philosopher, focusing particularly on his discussions of theological and religious language, the role of Christology, the doctrines of God and man, and questions of natural theology. Some initial evaluations of Jüngel's theology are offered in the light of other current traditions of theology and philosophy, both English and German.
The New Comedy of Greece and Rome
Authors: Hunter Richard L.
Published: July 2011

In writing this book on the plays of New Comedy the author's aim is to fill a gap in the existing literature by concentrating on what one might look for in watching and reading these plays and why such an exercise might be pleasurable. The social comedy of Menander, Plautus and Terence provided a style of comic drama which was to prove the root of all subsequent western comedy. Dr Hunter gives a literary account of this drama, placing it in its ancient context and then ranging over a number of specific topics and themes: the dramatic craft of the poets, their exploration of how to give variety to stereotyped plots and characters, the presentation of women, the use of language and themes from tragedy, the place of moralising and philosophy. All Greek and Latin is translated.
Journal of Christopher Columbus (During his First Voyage, 1492–93)
Authors: Columbus Christopher
Published: July 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Volume 86, published in 1893, contains a translation of the journal of Christopher Columbus during his first voyage, together with documents relating to the subsequent voyages of John and Sebastian Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real. Cabot was commissioned by Henry VII to explore in English interests. Less well known to most readers, Corte Real was a Portuguese who was sent by King Manuel I to look for a passage to Asia but seems to have reached only Greenland and north-east Canada before being lost.
Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany
Authors: Piozzi Hester Lynch
Published: July 2011

In the second volume of Piozzi's Observations, the travels continue from Naples and into Germany before the return to England. Well educated and accustomed to society and activity, Hester relished her intellectual collaboration and close friendship with Samuel Johnson, developed during her first marriage to the successful but stifling Henry Thrale. Yet as Johnson became ill he was increasingly demanding of her attention as a nurse and they became susceptible to society gossip. Hester's second marriage, to Italian musician Gabriel Mario Piozzi in 1784, was therefore extremely liberating. The European travels recounted in these volumes were an escape, and Hester revelled in her experiences, a joy which shows through clearly in this development of her own, non-Johnsonian literary tone. The books were well received, even being read at court by Queen Charlotte and Fanny Burney. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=piozhe
Manual of Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound
Authors: Noble Vicki E. , Nelson Bret P.
Published: July 2011

Ultrasound has revolutionized a physician's ability to make urgent and emergent diagnoses at the bedside, and has changed the management of many acute injuries and conditions. This is a practical, concise introduction to what is rapidly becoming an essential tool for all critical care physicians: bedside emergency ultrasound. The Manual covers the full spectrum of conditions diagnosed using ultrasound and gives practical guidance in how to use ultrasound for common invasive procedures. Major applications are introduced using focused diagnostic questions and reviewing the image-acquisition skills needed to answer them. Images of positive and negative findings are presented, and scanning tips for improving image quality. The second edition has been substantially revised and expanded, with new images, updated literature reviews, new applications and clinical algorithms. New chapters cover additional procedures, musculoskeletal and pediatric applications, and the use of ultrasound in resuscitation. This text is invaluable for emergency physicians at all levels.
A New System of Chemical Philosophy
Authors: Dalton John
Published: July 2011

The renowned English chemist and meteorologist John Dalton (1766–1844) published A New System of Chemical Philosophy in two volumes, between 1808 and 1827. Dalton's discovery of the importance of the relative weight and structure of particles of a compound for explaining chemical reactions transformed atomic theory and laid the basis for much of what is modern chemistry. Volume 2 was published in 1827. It contains sections examining the weights and structures of two-element compounds in five different groups: metallic oxides; earthly, alkaline and metallic sulphurets; earthly, alkaline and metallic phosphurets; carburet; and metallic alloys. An appendix contains a selection of brief notes and tables, including a new table of the relative weights of atoms. A planned second part was never published. Dalton's work is a monument of nineteenth-century chemistry. It will continue to be read and enjoyed by anybody interested in the history and development of science.
Perception and Knowledge
Authors: Hopp Walter
Published: July 2011

This book offers a provocative, clear and rigorously argued account of the nature of perception and its role in the production of knowledge. Walter Hopp argues that perceptual experiences do not have conceptual content, and that what makes them play a distinctive epistemic role is not the features which they share with beliefs, but something that in fact sets them radically apart. He explains that the reason-giving relation between experiences and beliefs is what Edmund Husserl called 'fulfilment' - in which we find something to be as we think it to be. His book covers a wide range of central topics in contemporary philosophy of mind, epistemology and traditional phenomenology. It is essential reading for contemporary analytic philosophers of mind and phenomenologists alike.
All the Mathematics You Missed
Authors: Garrity Thomas A. , Pedersen Lori
Published: July 2011

Beginning graduate students in mathematics and other quantitative subjects are expected to have a daunting breadth of mathematical knowledge. But few have such a background. This book, first published in 2002, will help students to see the broad outline of mathematics and to fill in the gaps in their knowledge. The author explains the basic points and a few key results of all the most important undergraduate topics in mathematics, emphasizing the intuitions behind the subject. The topics include linear algebra, vector calculus, differential geometry, real analysis, point-set topology, probability, complex analysis, abstract algebra, and more. An annotated bibliography then offers a guide to further reading and to more rigorous foundations. This book will be an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics, the physical sciences, engineering, computer science, statistics, and economics who need to quickly learn some serious mathematics.
Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research
Authors: Rosenthal Robert , Rosnow Ralph L. , Rubin Donald B.
Published: July 2011

Contrasts are statistical procedures for asking focused questions of data. Compared to diffuse or omnibus questions, focused questions are characterized by greater conceptual clarity and greater statistical power when examining those focused questions. If an effect truly exists, we are more likely to discover it and to believe it to be real when asking focused questions rather than omnibus ones. Researchers, teachers of research methods and graduate students will be familiar with the principles and procedures of contrast analysis, but will also be introduced to a series of newly developed concepts, measures, and indices that permit a wider and more useful application of contrast analysis. This volume takes on this new approach by introducing a family of correlational effect size estimates.
Destructive Leaders and Dysfunctional Organizations
Authors: Goldman Alan
Published: July 2011

Organizational behavior and leadership research has traditionally been deeply influenced by positive psychology and appreciative inquiry. Yet, in recent times, a wave of corporate scandals and spectacular organizational failures has forced management and organizational theorists to rethink this approach. Unethical CEO behavior, white collar crime, property deviance, employee grievances and lawsuits, organizational terrorism, and workplace violence have all provided the impetus for an examination of the darker side of leadership. In Destructive Leaders and Dysfunctional Organizations, Alan Goldman draws on his extensive experience as a management consultant and executive coach to provide a fascinating behind-closed-doors account of troubled leaders and the effect they have on their organizations. Featuring clinical case studies, ranging from the fashion industry to an aeronautical engineering corporation, the book explores the damaging effects of destructive leadership on organizations and provides the tools necessary for early recognition, assessment, and treatment.
Processes and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law
Authors: Conrad Christiane R.
Published: July 2011

Despite a decades-long debate, starting with the 'Tuna-Dolphin' disputes of the 1990s, questions on the status of national regulatory measures linked to processes and production methods in WTO law have yet remained unsolved. Likewise, labelling requirements relating to unincorporated aspects of a product's life cycle remain strongly contested. These ongoing disputes at the WTO as well as global social and environmental challenges related to economic activities show how topical and important the search for adequate answers still is. Processes and Production Methods (PPMs) in WTO Law identifies and comprehensively analyses the key legal problems concerning such measures, setting them in the context of the current debate and its economic and regulatory background. Christiane R. Conrad develops a new approach to this debate which draws on the objectives and established economic rationales of the WTO Agreements.
Remarkable Engineers
Authors: James Ioan
Published: July 2011

Engineering transformed the world completely between the 17th and 21st centuries. Remarkable Engineers tells the stories of 51 of the key pioneers in this transformation, from the designers and builders of the world's railways, bridges and aeroplanes, to the founders of the modern electronics and communications revolutions. The focus throughout is on their varied life stories, and engineering and scientific detail is kept to a minimum. Engineer profiles are organized chronologically, inviting readers with an interest in engineering to follow the path by which these remarkable engineers utterly changed our lives.
The Art of Mathematics
Authors: Bollobás Béla
Published: July 2011

Can a Christian escape from a lion? How quickly can a rumour spread? Can you fool an airline into accepting oversize baggage? Recreational mathematics is full of frivolous questions where the mathematician's art can be brought to bear. But play often has a purpose. In mathematics, it can sharpen skills, provide amusement, or simply surprise, and books of problems have been the stock-in-trade of mathematicians for centuries. This collection, first published in 2006, is designed to be sipped from, rather than consumed in one sitting. The questions range in difficulty: the most challenging offer a glimpse of deep results that engage mathematicians today; even the easiest prompt readers to think about mathematics. All come with solutions, many with hints, and most with illustrations. Whether you are an expert, or a beginner or an amateur mathematician, this book will delight for a lifetime.
Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
Authors: Reich David L.
Published: July 2011

Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care is a practical and comprehensive resource documenting the current art and science of perioperative patient monitoring, addressing the systems-based practice issues that drive the highly regulated health care industry of the early twenty-first century. Initial chapters cover the history, medicolegal implications, validity of measurement and education issues relating to monitoring. The core of the book addresses the many monitoring modalities, with the majority of the chapters organized in a systematic fashion to describe technical concepts, parameters monitored, evidence of utility complications, credentialing and monitoring standards, and practice guidelines. Describing each device, technique and principle of clinical monitoring in an accessible style, Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care is full of invaluable advice from the leading experts in the field, making it an essential tool for every anesthesiologist.
Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law
Authors: Ronen Yaël
Published: July 2011

Yaël Ronen analyses the international legal ramifications of illegal territorial regimes, namely the illegal annexation of territory or illegal declarations of independence, by reference to the stage of transition from an illegal territorial regime to a lawful one. Six case studies (Namibia, Zimbabwe, the Baltic States, the South African Bantustans, East Timor and northern Cyprus) are used to explore the tension between the invalidity of the illegal regime's acts and their effectiveness, with respect to the international relations of such territories, their domestic legal systems, the status of settlers and land transfers. Relying heavily on primary and previously unconsidered sources, she focuses on the international legal constraints on the post-transition regime's policy, particularly in the context of international human rights law.
On the slice-ribbon conjecture for Montesinos knots
Authors: G. Lecuona Ana
Published: July 2011

We establish the slice-ribbon conjecture for a family

P

\mathscr {P}

of Montesinos knots by means of Donaldson’s theorem on the intersection forms of definite

4
4

-manifolds. The

4
4

-manifolds that we consider are obtained by plumbing disc bundles over

S
2

S^2

according to a star-shaped negative-weighted graph with

3
3

legs such that: i) the central vertex has weight less than or equal to

−
3

- 3

; ii) 

−

total weight

−
3

#

vertices

>
−
1

-\,\mbox {total weight} - 3\, \# \mbox {vertices} >-1

. The Seifert spaces which bound these

4
4

-dimensional plumbing manifolds are the double covers of

S
3

S^3

branched along the Montesinos knots in the family

P

\mathscr {P}

.
Autofluorescence imaging endoscopy for screening of esophageal squamous mucosal high‐grade neoplasia: A phase II study
Authors: Ishihara Ryu , Inoue Takuya , Hanaoka Noboru , Takeuchi Yoji , Tsujii Yoshiki , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Oota Takashi , Hanafusa Masao , Yamamoto Sachiko , Nagai Kengo , Matsui Fumi , Kawada Natsuko , Higashino Koji , Uedo Noriya , Iishi Hiroyasu
Published: July 2011

Background and Aim:  Few prospective studies examining the efficacy of autofluorescence imaging (AFI) screening for esophageal cancer have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of AFI endoscopy for the screening of squamous mucosal high‐grade neoplasia of the esophagus, performed by experienced and less‐experienced endoscopists.

Methods:  Patients with a history of esophageal neoplasia or head and neck cancer underwent AFI endoscopic screening, followed by chromoendoscopy using iodine staining as the reference standard. The primary outcome was the sensitivity of AFI for detecting new squamous mucosal high‐grade neoplasias. The secondary outcome was the positive predictive value (PPV) of AFI.

Results:  Of a total 364 patients who underwent endoscopic examination, 43 new mucosal high‐grade neoplasias were detected. The sensitivities of AFI in the experienced and less‐experienced endoscopist groups were 71% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 55–87%) and 50% (95% CI: 32–68%), respectively. The PPV of AFI in the experienced and the less‐experienced endoscopist groups were 25% (95% CI: 16–34%) and 26% (95% CI: 15–37%), respectively. The sensitivity of AFI in lesions ≤ 10 mm (31%, 5/16 lesions) was significantly lower than that in lesions > 10 mm (78%, 21/27 lesions) (P = 0.003).

Conclusions:  The sensitivity of AFI for the detection of new squamous mucosal high‐grade neoplasias, and its PPV, were both low. Based on these results, a randomized study to compare AFI with standard techniques is not justified.
Chondrocranial ontogeny of Pelodytes punctatus (Anura: Pelodytidae). Response to competition: geometric morphometric and allometric change analysis
Authors: Garriga Núria , Llorente Gustavo A.
Published: July 2011

Garriga, N. and Llorente, G.A. 2011. Chondrocranial Ontogeny of Pelodytes punctatus (Anura: Pelodytidae). Response to competition: Geometric Morphometric and Allometric Change Analysis. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 453–464.

The chondrocranial development of Pelodytes punctatus is described, from tadpole to froglet, and compared with that of other taxa reported previously, such as species in the Pelobatidae, Pipidae, Ranidae, Hylidae, Bombinatoridae, Leptodactylidae, or Microhylidae families. The comparison leads us to suggest that the ontogeny of the anuran chondrocranium is very conservative, making it difficult to discern phylogenetic or ecologic patterns. Chondrocranial development is also analyzed to quantify shape changes and allometries during ontogeny, using linear and geometric morphometrics. The main shape change observed follows the general pattern of vertebrate postnatal development. The allometric analysis indicates the presence of different functional units in the chondrocranium that could be subjected to different pressures. Finally, tadpoles were raised in two conditions of competition to compare their chondrocranium development. The largest shape differences between the two conditions are located in the anterior region of the cranium and fit the general response to competition stress by increasing growth rate. Comparison of the scaling pattern between Pelodytes and Rana sylvatica and Bufo americanus shows differences, principally in the oral region, that do not fit with the general allometric pattern in larval anurans proposed in previous studies.
Psychometric functions for pure-tone frequency discrimination
Authors: Dai Huanping , Micheyl Christophe
Published: July 2011

The form of the psychometric function (PF) for auditory frequency discrimination is of theoretical interest and practical importance. In this study, PFs for pure-tone frequency discrimination were measured for several standard frequencies (200–8000 Hz) and levels [35–85 dB sound pressure level (SPL)] in normal-hearing listeners. The proportion-correct data were fitted using a cumulative-Gaussian function of the sensitivity index, d′, computed as a power transformation of the frequency difference, Δf. The exponent of the power function corresponded to the slope of the PF on log(d′)-log(Δf) coordinates. The influence of attentional lapses on PF-slope estimates was investigated. When attentional lapses were not taken into account, the estimated PF slopes on log(d′)-log(Δf) coordinates were found to be significantly lower than 1, suggesting a nonlinear relationship between d′ and Δf. However, when lapse rate was included as a free parameter in the fits, PF slopes were found not to differ significantly from 1, consistent with a linear relationship between d′ and Δf. This was the case across the wide ranges of frequencies and levels tested in this study. Therefore, spectral and temporal models of frequency discrimination must account for a linear relationship between d′ and Δf across a wide range of frequencies and levels.
Postnatal development of cochlear microphonic and compound action potentials in a precocious species, Chinchilla lanigera
Authors: Jones Heath G. , Koka Kanthaiah , Tollin Daniel J.
Published: July 2011

The development of sound-evoked responses in Chinchilla lanigera was studied from postnatal ages P0-1 (first 24 h) to adult. Cochlear microphonic (CMs) and compound action potentials (CAPs), representing ensemble sound-evoked activities of hair cells and auditory nerve fibers, respectively, were present as early as age P0-1. The data indicate that CM thresholds and sensitivities were generally adult-like (i.e., fall into adult ranges) at birth, but suprathreshold CM amplitudes remained below adult ranges through P28. CAP thresholds reached adult-like values between P7–P14, but the suprathreshold CAP amplitude continued to increase until ∼P28. The results confirm the auditory precociousness of the chinchilla.