bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTIVATION OF LEPTOSPIRAE II
Authors: Stalheim O. H. V. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

Stalheim
, O. H. V. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),
and J. B. Wilson
. Cultivation of leptospirae. II. Growth and lysis in synthetic medium. J. Bacteriol.
88:
55–59. 1964.—Differences were found in the ability of leptospirae to grow in a synthetic medium; 43 strains, consisting of 16 serotypes, were tested and designated as either type I or type II. Type I leptospirae did not grow; type II grew and could be subcultured. The lytic effect of several lipids was measured with
Leptospira pomona
and
L. canicola
as representatives of type I and II leptospirae, respectively.
L. pomona
organisms were rapidly lysed by the monoolein of the synthetic medium and by other lipids as well;
L. canicola
cells were consistently more resistant. Although both organisms incorporated similar amounts of label when incubated in the presence of oleic-
1-C
14
acid, only
L. canicola
grew in a modified, nonlytic synthetic medium. No differences were found in susceptibility to lysis between virulent and avirulent
L. canicola
organisms. Mutant type I leptospirae grown in synthetic medium had increased resistance to lysis by surface-active agents; they were poorly agglutinated by antiserum. The role of protein in the growth and antigenicity of type I leptospirae is discussed.
DEPOLYMERIZATION OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRATE BY AN INTRACELLULAR ENZYME SYSTEM
Authors: Merrick J. M. , Doudoroff M.
Published: January 2020

Merrick
, J. M. (State University of New York, Buffalo),
and M. Doudoroff
. Depolymerization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by an intracellular enzyme system. J. Bacteriol.
88:
60–71. 1964.—The poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid contained in the “lipid granules” of
Bacillus megaterium
is hydrolyzed to
d
(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid by a complex enzyme system present in the soluble enzyme fraction of polymer-depleted cells of
Rhodospirillum rubrum
. This system consists of a thermostable “activator,” a thermolabile “depolymerase,” and an “esterase.” Under certain conditions, the activator can be replaced by trypsin. Various chemical and physical treatments inactivate the “native lipid granules,” and make them unsuitable as a substrate for the digestive enzymes. This inactivation of the granules is often expressed in the extent rather than the rate of their digestion, and is not correlated with the destruction of the polymer-synthesizing enzymes associated with the granules. The principal product of depolymerase action is
d
(−)-β-hydroxybutyric acid, but small amounts of esterified products are also released. These are hydrolyzed by the esterase.
HYDROGENASE OF COLEMAN'S SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIUM
Authors: Buller C. S. , Akagi J. M.
Published: January 2020

Buller
, C. S. (University of Kansas, Lawrence),
and J. M. Akagi
. Hydrogenase of Coleman's sulfate-reducing bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
88:
440–443. 1964.—The hydrogenase of the Coleman organism was found to be associated with the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts. This enzyme catalyzed the oxidation of molecular hydrogen in the presence of various electron acceptors. It was also able to evolve hydrogen from reduced methyl viologen and reduced ferredoxin isolated from
Clostridium pasteurianum
. Other electron donors such as pyruvate and formate were capable of furnishing electrons for hydrogen evolution when suitable carriers were incorporated.
SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR THE ISOLATION OF
PASTEURELLA PESTIS
Authors: Knisely Ralph F. , Swaney Lois M. , Friedlander Harold
Published: January 2020

Knisely, Ralph
F. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Lois M. Swaney, and Harold Friedlander
. Selective media for the isolation of
Pasteurella pestis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
491–496. 1964.—Several selective media are described that were successfully used to isolate virulent and avirulent strains of
Pasteurella pestis
from material heavily contaminated with other organisms. These media are comparatively easy to prepare, consist of readily available ingredients, and usually require no adjustment of the pH. One of the selective media described permits excellent recovery and the growth of large, easily distinguishable colonies of
P. pestis
in 48 hr at 26 C, and also allows the detection of fewer numbers of
P. pestis
organisms in soil than a previously recommended selective medium. The inhibition of other organisms frequently present in clinical specimens is described.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCAL NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDASE AND STREPTOLYSIN O
Authors: Pentz E. Irene , Kot Eva , Ferretti J. J.
Published: January 2020

Pentz, E. Irene(Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.),Eva Kot, and J. J. Ferretti. Some characteristics of streptococcal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase and streptolysin O. J. Bacteriol.88:497–508. 1964.—Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase produced byStreptococcus pyogenesstrain C203U, grown in Todd-Hewitt broth (Difco), was recovered from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose columns free from streptolysin O. It contained a trace of deoxyribonuclease. The elution peak of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase was fairly symmetrical; when it was treated with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and chromatogrammed on paper in three different solvent systems, only one yellow spot was obtained. Examination of the enzyme in an ultracentrifuge presented no moving boundary. The pore size of two different widths of Visking casing was estimated by dialyzing proteins or peptides of known molecular weight and testing the dialysate for their appearance. The casing which allowed a molecule of 2,500 molecular weight to pass, but not one of 3,000 molecular weight, retained the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase. A fragment having no nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase activity did pass through this casing, however, but was retained by the second casing which retained molecules weighing 2,500. Amino acid analyses of three different nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase preparations were remarkably similar, and were characterized by a high content of proline and glycine and a very low content of sulfur-containing amino acids. Examination by treatment with DNFB followed by hydrolysis for the presence ofN-terminal amino acids ruled out all amino acids, with the possible exception of arginine. The combined evidence suggests that its molecular weight is between 2,500 and 20,000. Some data are presented to illustrate the irreversible instability of streptolysin O; amino acid analyses for three separate preparations of high activity indicate a very low content of sulfur-containing amino acids.
IMMUNOGENIC SUBSTANCES IN CULTURE FILTRATES AND LYSATES OFPASTEURELLA TULARENSIS
Authors: Hatch Melvin T. , Nicholes Paul S.
Published: January 2020

Hatch, MelvinT. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City),and Paul S. Nicholes. Immunogenic substances in culture filtrates and lysates ofPasteurella tularensis. J. Bacteriol.88:566–573. 1964.—Culture filtrates and lysates ofPasteurella tularensiswere tested for immunogenicity in mice subsequently infected with either strain 425 or 425 F4G. The efficacy of the vaccines varied with dosage and was significantly dependent upon methods of preparation. The optimal procedures for the production of an immunologically potent vaccine included: (i) aging the cultures after growth under partial anaerobiosis at 37 C, and (ii) inactivating the cells with phenol or formaldehyde. An unusual “survival phenomenon” was suggested when mice were administered large doses of cell-free vaccines and subsequently large doses of moderately virulentP. tularensis. The data indicated that the filtrates and lysates elicited an immune response sufficient to protect against an active infection with strains 425 or 425 F4G, and that the challenge dose per se stimulated an enhanced immunity. Furthermore, this survival phenomenon was demonstrable when immunized mice were subsequently given massive doses of strain 425 and challenged with approximately 1,000ld50of the fully virulent strain Schu. On the basis of our data, we have hypothesized that the protective antigens were released into the suspending medium as a result of alterations in the permeability of cells undergoing either complete or partial enzymatic degradation. We believe that the envelope antigens were released from the cell by mechanisms analogous to those causing leakage of intracellular constituents in cells maintained at an incubation temperature in an unfavorable growth environment.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGAL VIRUS LPP-1
Authors: Safferman Robert S. , Morris Mary-Ellen
Published: January 2020

Safferman, Robert
S. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Mary-Ellen Morris
. Growth characteristics of the blue-green algal virus LPP- 1. J. Bacteriol.
88:
771–775. 1964.—The blue-green algal (BGA) virus, strain LPP-1, formed two distinct plaque variants. During subsequent propagation, each of the isolated variants eventually reverted to a mixture of both plaque types. The large-plaque-former, multiplying at a somewhat faster rate, showed maximal virus production within 60 hr after infection; maximal titer of the small-plaque mutant was reached after a 76-hr incubation period. No differences were observed in either their host spectra or their pH and thermal stability. Evidence was presented which demonstrated that BGA virus samples could be assayed with reasonable accuracy from plaque counts. Variations resulting from this plating technique were within the range of experimental error that has been generally reported for such a system.
LEAF-NODULE SYMBIOSIS I
Authors: Centifanto Ysolina M. , Silver Warren S.
Published: January 2020

Centifanto, Ysolina
M. (University of Florida, Gainesville),
and Warren S. Silver
. Leafnodule symbiosis. I. Endophyte of
Psychotria bacteriophila
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
776–781. 1964.—The leaf-nodule endophyte of
Psychotria bacteriophila
has been repeatedly isolated in pure culture from germinating seedlings and young leaves on a nitrogen-free mineral agar. Its morphological, serological, and cultural characteristics place it within the
Klebsiella-Aerobacter
group. The endophyte has been provisionally named
Klebsiella rubiacearum
. Pure cultures fix N
2
under anaerobic conditions with good efficiency (4.54 μg of N fixed/mg of glucose utilized in 3 days). Nitrogen fixation by pure cultures is intimately related to pyruvate and hydrogen metabolism.
FORMATION OF VALINE BY STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Bragg P. D. , Polglase W. J.
Published: January 2020

Bragg, P. D.
(University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada),
and W. J. Polglase
. Formation of valine by streptomycin-dependent
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1006–1009. 1964.—The primary extracellular products of the aerobic catabolism of glucose in streptomycin-dependent
Escherichia coli
were found to be carbon dioxide and acetate, the ratio of these two products being dependent on the rate of aeration but independent of antibiotic. Secondary extracellular products of dependent
E. coli
were valine and lactic acid; the former was produced in the presence of antibiotic under aerobic conditions, and the latter metabolite was formed under conditions of either antibiotic depletion or oxygen deprivation. The fact that the same products were formed when either streptomycin or oxygen was limiting supports the hypothesis that the antibiotic is required to complete hydrogen transport in dependent
E. coli
. The formation of valine appears to represent an anomalous pathway of aerobic glucose catabolism, whereby a neutral, relatively highly reduced end product is excreted.
INHIBITION OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE PYRIMIDINE PORTION OF THIAMINE BY ADENOSINE
Authors: Moyed H. S.
Published: January 2020

Moyed
, H. S. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Inhibition of the biosynthesis of the pyrimidine portion of thiamine by adenosine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1024–1029. 1964.—The bacteriostatic effects of adenosine and several other purines on
Aerobacter aerogenes
can be overcome by either thiamine or the pyrimidine portion of thiamine. Adenosine causes almost complete cessation of the synthesis of the pyrimidine and consequently also of thiamine. However, synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein persists in the absence of thiamine synthesis until a three-or fourfold increase has occurred, indicating that
A. aerogenes
has a surplus supply of either thiamine or the pyrimidine. The failure of cells to continue production of the thiazole portion of thiamine when the synthesis of the pyrimidine is blocked indicates that control over the thiazole is exerted by the thiazole itself rather than by the intact thiamine molecule. Bacteria blocked in the synthesis of the pyrimidine either as the result of mutation or because of inhibition by adenosine excrete an intensely fluorescent, but as yet unidentified, compound. The fluorescent compound bears the nutritional relationship to the pyrimidine characteristic of that between an intermediate and an end product: an excess of the pyrimidine prevents its formation, whereas a deficiency of the pyrimidine greatly stimulates its formation. Adenosine inhibition of the synthesis of the pyrimidine is partially relieved by histidine or succinate. It is suggested that these compounds either bypass the blocked reaction or participate in the detoxification of adenosine.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF POLYRIBOSOMES WITHIN
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Pfister R. M. , Lundgren D. G.
Published: January 2020

Pfister, R. M.
(Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.),
and D. G. Lundgren
. Electron microscopy of polyribosomes within
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1119–1129. 1964.—Clusters of ribosomes (polyribosomes) were identified in thin sections of
Bacillus cereus
. Cells were treated by freezing and thawing to induce partial lysis to permit a closer examination of structural detail. The polyribosomes were (at times) attached to the cytoplasmic membrane, and ribosome clusters contained about 10 to 55 individual ribosomes. Individual ribosomes ranged from 70 to 100 A, whereas polyribosomes were about 150 to 850 A wide. A membrane served as the fabric holding the ribosomes, which were about 50 to 100 A apart.
”GERMINATION TUBE” GROWTH IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
MICROCULTURES
Authors: Hoffman Heiner , Frank Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Hoffman, Heiner
(New York University, New York, N.Y.),
and Michael E. Frank
. ”Germination tube” growth in
Escherichia coli
microcultures. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1151–1154. 1964.—Analysis of extensive time-lapse photomicrographic records of
Escherichia coli
microcultures uncovered two cases in which there occurred aberrant cell growth resembling a germination tube. Although previously observed by a number of investigators in gram-positive bacteria, the present observations appear to constitute the first time-lapse photomicrographic record concerning a gram-negative form. In the first case, with photographs taken at 15-sec intervals, the cell initially exhibited a clublike deformation, and the “germ tube” then issued from the club head. The “tube” had developed into a separate cell by the time the photographic record was concluded. In the second case, with the photographs taken at 1-min intervals over a longer period of time, the “germ tube” cell assumed a plastic dumbbell-like form after separation from its sister. It is suggested that the phenomenon results from a disturbance in cell-wall synthesis, while cytoplasmic growth continues unabated.
TRACE METAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPORULATION OF
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Kolodziej Bruno J. , Slepecky Ralph A.
Published: January 2020

Kolodziej, Bruno J.
(Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.),
and Ralph A. Slepecky
. Trace metal requirements for sporulation of
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
821–830. 1964.—A sucrose-mineral salts medium was purified for the purpose of definitively re-examining the trace metal cations associated with the sporulation of
Bacillus megaterium
. Two heretofore unknown requirements for copper (0.013 μg/ml of cupric ion) and molybdenum (27.2 μg/ml of molybdate ion) were uncovered. In the purified copper-supplemented medium, sporulation levels of other metals were determined as follows: iron, 0.5 μg/ml of ferrous ion; zinc, 1.1 μg/ml of zinc ion; manganese, 0.037 μg/ml of manganous ion; and calcium, 0.9 μg/ml of calcium ion. The approximate time during which the various metals were required was determined with iron, zinc, calcium, and manganese. A molybdenum substitution for copper, iron, or zinc was noted. The copper requirement was shown for the sporulation of
B. cereus
var.
mycoides
and var.
albolactis
, suggesting that this may be a general requirement for sporulation. The specific functions of metal ions in sporulation are not known, but they probably act as activators of the various enzyme systems necessary for sporulation.
METABOLISM OF PENTOSES AND PENTITOLS BY
AEROBACTER AEROGENES
I
Authors: Mortlock R. P. , Wood W. A.
Published: January 2020

Mortlock
, R. P. (Michigan State University, East Lansing)
and W. A. Wood
. Metabolism of pentoses and pentitols by
Aerobacter aerogenes
. I. Demonstration of pentose isomerase, pentulokinase, and pentitol dehydrogenase enzyme families. J. Bacteriol.
88:
838–844. 1964.—
Aerobacter aerogenes
PRL-R3 is capable of utilizing as sole substrates for energy and growth seven of the eight aldopentoses and all of the four pentitols. Growth upon media containing either
d
-xylose,
l
-arabinose,
d
-ribose,
d
-arabitol, or ribitol occurred within 24 hr at 26 C. When
d
-arabinose or
l
-arabitol were used as growth substrates, growth was complete within 2 days; 4 days were required for growth on
d
-lyxose or xylitol, and 3 to 4 weeks for growth upon
l
-xylose. The versatility of this strain of
A. aerogenes
is due to an ability to synthesize in the presence of appropriate carbohydrates (inducers) families of enzymes which catalyze the metabolism of the carbohydrates (i.e., families of pentitol dehydrogenases, aldopentose isomerases, and pentulokinases). The specificity of induction for members of the enzyme families was found to vary, and cross induction of enzyme activity was common, especially among the pentitol dehydrogenases. Ribitol dehydrogenase activity was detected in extracts of cells grown on all of the above carbohydrates with the exception of
d
-xylose,
l
-arabinose, and
d
-ribose. The ribitol dehydrogenase activity of xylitol-grown cell extracts was fivefold higher than the activity in extracts of ribitol-grown cells.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF CONSTITUENTS OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED M PROTEIN OFSTREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Pierce William A.
Published: January 2020

Pierce, William A., Jr.(Tulane University, New Orleans, La.). Electrophoretic separation of constituents of partially purified M protein ofStreptococcus pyogenes. J. Bacteriol.88:912–921. 1964.—Partially purified M protein of a group A, type 12 strain ofStreptococcus pyogeneswas studied by use of chemical, electrophoretic, and immunological techniques. It was demonstrated in immunodiffusion tests that the antigen contains multiple precipitating components. The type-specific antigen was identified, and evidence was presented that, in some instances at least, the cross-reactions observed between this type 12 M protein and heterologous antisera in immunodiffusion tests involve contaminating antigens rather than the component which precipitates with adsorbed homologous-typing antiserum. In passive hemagglutination tests where M protein was adsorbed to tanned sheep erythrocytes, it was found that antisera suitably adsorbed to show good specificity in capillary precipitin tests nevertheless still contain cross-reactive antibodies which are detectable by this more sensitive technique. Electrophoresis on starch paste separates some of the components of partially purified M protein, so that a fraction can be obtained which has fewer precipitating antigens, as determined in immunodiffusion tests, and which is less cross-reactive in passive hemagglutination tests with heterologous unadsorbed antistreptococcal antisera.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL BETA-HEMOLYSIN I
Authors: Haque Riaz-Ul , Baldwin Jack N.
Published: January 2020

Haque, Riaz-ul(Ohio State University, Columbus),and Jack N. Baldwin. Purification and properties of staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. I. Production of beta-hemolysin. J. Bacteriol.88:1304–1309. 1964.—Highest activity of β-hemolysin was observed when buffered saline (pH 7.0) containing 0.001mmagnesium sulfate was used as a diluent, and the tubes were incubated at 37 C for 80 min and then refrigerated for 30 min. Either Heart Infusion semisolid agar or a dialysate of Heart Infusion containing 0.3% agar was suitable for the production of large quantities of β-hemolysin. The concentration of β-hemolysin in semisolid and broth cultures was greatest after incubation for 24 hr. Continued incubation resulted in a loss of active hemolysin in broth cultures but not in semisolid agar cultures. Incubation in atmospheres containing 20% carbon dioxide greatly enhanced the production of β-hemolysin. The presence of fermentable sugars inhibited the production of β-hemolysin. Highest yields of β-hemolysin were obtained when the initial pH of the medium was 5.5 to 5.8.
METABOLIC REGULATION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE SULFURYLASE IN YEAST
Authors: de Vito Peter C. , Dreyfuss Jacques
Published: January 2020

de Vito, Peter
C. (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.),
and Jacques Dreyfuss
. Metabolic regulation of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase in yeast. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1341–1348. 1964.—The metabolic regulation of adenosine triphosphate sulfurylase (ATP-sulfurylase) from baker's yeast was studied. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, and sulfide. Sulfide ion was a competitive inhibitor of ATP-sulfurylase. Cysteine, methionine, sulfite, and thiosulfate were not inhibitors of the enzyme. ATP-sulfurylase was repressed when yeast was grown in the presence of methionine, and derepressed when yeast was grown in the presence of cysteine. In contrast to these results, the enzyme sulfite reductase was repressed in cysteine-grown cells. Thus, the sulfate-reducing pathway in yeast appears to be regulated at its first step both by feedback inhibition (by sulfide) and by repression (by methionine). Other known controls in the cysteine biosynthetic pathway are discussed.
THYMINELESS INDUCTION OF BACTERIOPHAGE IN
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Maisch W. F. , Wachsman J. T.
Published: January 2020

Maisch
, W. F. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and J. T. Wachsman
. Thymineless induction of bacteriophage in
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1388–1393. 1964.—Strain KM:T
−
(L) of
Bacillus megaterium
was obtained by lysogenizing a previously characterized thymine auxotroph of strain KM (KM:T
−
) with a phage suspension from
B. megaterium
899a. When strain KM:T
−
(L) is deprived of thymidine in an otherwise sufficient medium, both thymineless death and phage induction occur. The presence of thymidine is required, however, for phage development. When cells are starved for 2 hr, intracellular phage and free phage may be detected approximately 30 and 40 min, respectively, after thymidine addition. Maximal free phage titers were found to vary between 3 × 10
8
and 5 × 10
9
per ml. This represents as much as a 50,000-fold increase in free phage titer over that found during thymidine starvation, and up to a 1,000-fold increase over that found during normal exponential growth.
GROSS MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF
MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM
Authors: Domermuth C. H. , Nielsen M. , Freundt E. A. , Birch-Andersen A.
Published: January 2020

Domermuth, C. H.
(Statens Seruminstitut, Copenhagen, Denmark),
M. Nielsen, E. A. Freundt, and A. Birch-Andersen
. Gross morphology and ultrastructure of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1428–1432. 1964.—The ultrastructure and gross morphology of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
strains JA and W were studied with an electron microscope. Intact specimens were grown on Parlodion membranes, fixed with formaldehyde, and studied
in situ
. Sectioned specimens were grown on agar and were prepared for study by conventional sectioning techniques. Grossly, single and multiple (as many as four) protrusions were frequently observed extending from the surface of cells of the W strain. Single short protrusions extended from many of the cells of strain JA. In sectioned material, rows of what appeared to be developing elementary bodies (as many as four) were observed in cells of strain W, whereas, single, apparently developing elementary bodies were observed in strain JA. In both strains, these bodies were located within the protruding areas of the cell wall. The inclusion-containing portions of the cell appeared to be the protrusions which extended from the surface of the intact cell.
PLAQUE DIFFERENTIATION AND REPLICATION OF VIRULENT AND ATTENUATED STRAINS OF MEASLES VIRUS
Authors: Rapp Fred
Published: January 2020

Rapp, Fred
(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.). Plaque differentiation and replication of virulent and attenuated strains of measles virus. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1448–1458. 1964.—Plaque formation by strains of measles virus in a stable line of African green monkey kidney cells (BSC-1) is characterized by development of large plaques (>1 mm) within 4 days after inoculation of the cultures with the virulent Edmonston strain or by small plaques (<1 mm) after inoculation with the attenuated Edmonston strain of virus. Plaque formation by measles virus is not influenced by iododeoxyuridine, cytosine arabinoside, isatinthiosemicarbazone, streptonigrin, actinomycin D, or mitomycin C. The predominant cytopathic effect observed with both strains is the formation of large, multinucleated giant cells. Development of the giant cells is correlated with development of virus antigen and synthesis of infectious virus. Synthesis of virus is similar at 34 and at 37 C. Appearance of intracellular virus precedes release, and is later in the attenuated virus-infected cells than in cells infected with the virulent strain. With the virulent strain, equal concentrations of intra- and extracellular virus are found but, with attenuated virus, only a small fraction reaches the extracellular fluids, and more than 95% of the newly synthesized virus remains cell-associated.
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN BACTERIA
Authors: Rouf M. A.
Published: January 2020

Rouf
, M. A. (Washington State University, Pullman). Spectrochemical analysis of inorganic elements in bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1545–1549. 1964.—Quantitative spectrochemical analyses of inorganic elements in the vegetative cells of
Escherichia coli, Sphaerotilus natans, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus cereus
, and the spores of
B. cereus
were made. The following elements were found to be present in the ash samples: B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, S, Ag, Sn, Ba, Pb, V, and Mo. These could be divided into major, minor, and trace elements, depending on the relative amounts in the cells. Mg, P, K, and S were considered as the major elements; Ca, Fe, Zn, and, perhaps, Cu and Mn as the minor elements, and the rest as trace elements. Mg concentrations were higher in the cells of the gram-positive
M. roseus
and
B. cereus
than in the gram-negative
E. coli
and
S. natans
. The latter organism contained 2.6% Fe
2
O
3
(dry weight basis). The vegetative cells of
B. cereus
were higher in Mg, P, K, Na, Ag, and lower in Si, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Cu than were its spores.
MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE TO ACTINOMYCIN IN
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Polsinelli M. , Ciferri O. , Cassani G. , Albertini A.
Published: January 2020

Polsinelli
, M. (University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy), O.
Ciferri, G. Cassani, and A. Albertini
. Mechanism of resistance to actinomycin in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1567–1572. 1964.—Strains of
Bacillus subtilis
were rendered resistant to actinomycin D by serial transfer in increasing concentrations of the drug. Resistance to the antibiotic appeared to be due to an altered cell-wall permeability, because the resistant strains did not take up actinomycin. No evidence was found for the presence of an enzyme(s) degrading actinomycin. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from the actinomycin-resistant strains was found to bind actinomycin to the same extent as the DNA extracted from susceptible strains. The genetic nature of the resistance to actinomycin was demonstrated by means of transformation. Resistant strains appeared to have almost completely lost their transformability, as well as the tendency to autolyze.
INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE-COFACTOR RATIOS ON PARTIALLY PURIFIED INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: Mathemeier Paul F. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

Mathemeier, Paul
F. (Oregon State University, Corvallis), and
Richard Y. Morita
. Influence of substrate-cofactor ratios on partially purified inorganic pyrophosphatase activity at elevated temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1661–1666. 1964.—Inorganic pyrophosphatase of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
was studied for optimal substrate-cofactor ratios at 60 to 100 C. Mg
++
was the primary cofactor, and Co
++
resulted in 50% enzyme activity at 60 C. The pH optima differed for the Mg
++
activated and Co
++
activated pyrophosphatase. At 80 C and above, Co
++
replaced Mg
++
as the optimal cofactor in the enzyme reaction. The optimal ratio of pyrophosphate to Mg
++
varied from 2 to 0.25, dependent on enzyme concentration. The optimal pyrophosphate-cobalt ratio was constant at 1.0. The enzyme catalyzed appreciable pyrophosphate hydrolysis at 95 C.
Metabolism of Pentoses and Pentitols by
Aerobacter aerogenes
III. Physical and Immunological Properties of Pentitol Dehydrogenases and Pentulokinases
Authors: Mortlock R. P. , Fossitt D. D. , Petering D. H. , Wood W. A.
Published: January 2020

Mortlock
, R. P. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), D. D.
Fossitt, D. H. Petering, and W. A. Wood
. Metabolism of pentoses and pentitols by
Aerobacter aerogenes
. III. Physical and immunological properties of pentitol dehydrogenases and pentulokinases. J. Bacteriol.
89:
129–135. 1965.—Four pentulokinases and three pentitol dehydrogenases were purified from
Aerobacter aerogenes
PRL-R3, and the properties of the enzymes within each family were compared.
d
-Ribulokinase was purified from cells grown on ribitol,
d
-arabitol, and xylitol, and from a mutant constitutive for ribitol dehydrogenase;
d
-xylulokinase, from cells grown on
d
-xylose and xylitol;
l
-ribulokinase, from cells grown on
l
-arabinose; and
l
-xylulokinase, after growth on
l
-xylose. Similarly, ribitol dehydrogenase was purified after growth on ribitol,
d
-arabinose, and xylitol, and from the ribitol dehydrogenase-constitutive mutant.
d
-Arabitol dehydrogenase was obtained after growth on
d
-arabitol or
d
-xylose, and xylitol dehydrogenase was obtained after growth on xylitol. Except for
l
-xylulokinase, which also had a different
S
20
value, the pentulokinases had identical
p
H optima,
K
m
for the ketopentose, and sedimentation constants, and fractionated identically by a number of procedures. These kinases could be distinguished only by their substrate and immunological specificity. Ribitol dehydrogenase and
d
-arabitol dehydrogenase could be distinguished by several properties, but the properties of xylitol dehydrogenase were always similar to ribitol dehydrogenase. In all cases, individual kinases or dehydrogenases produced by different inducers had identical properties. These data constitute evidence against multiple forms of the same enzyme being produced by different inducers and against the dehydrogenase family containing essentially identical proteins differing only at the active site. For the kinases, three of the four appear to differ only at the active site.
Comparative Biosynthesis of Mevalonic Acid by
Mycoplasma
Authors: Smith Paul F. , Henrikson C. V.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Paul
F. (University of South Dakota, Vermillion),
and C. V. Henrikson
. Comparative biosynthesis of mevalonic acid by
Mycoplasma
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
146–153. 1965.—Three representative
Mycoplasma, M. laidlawii
strain B,
M. gallisepticum
strain J, and
M. hominis
strain 07, were examined for the presence or absence of enzymes associated with the biosynthetic pathway to mevalonic acid.
M. laidlawii
served as a control, because it synthesizes carotenoids from acetate.
M. laidlawii
was shown to contain a specific acetokinase and phosphotransacetylase for the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A, and a β-ketothiolase and coenzyme A transferase for the synthesis of acetoacetyl coenzyme A.
M. gallisepticum
contained a specific acetokinase, phosphotransacetylase, and possibly an aceto coenzyme A kinase forming acetyl coenzyme A; it also contained a β-ketothiolase, a coenzyme A transferase, and a coenzyme A transphorase forming acetoacetyl coenzyme A directly or indirectly. The β-ketothiolase of
M. gallisepticum
was not affected by iodoacetamide, in contrast to the other two strains.
M. laidlawii
exhibited β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A condensing enzyme, and
M. hominis
did not. This activity of
M. gallisepticum
was masked by thiolase activity.
M. laidlawii
and
M. gallisepticum
contained a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and
M. hominis
did not. C
14
-labeled acetate was incorporated into mevalonic acid only by
M. laidlawii
and
M. gallisepticum
. The lack of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A condensing enzyme and reductase activities in
M. hominis
explains its growth requirement for sterol. The enzymatic block in
M. gallisepticum
must occur after mevalonic acid in the biosynthetic pathway to terpenoids.
Biochemical Changes During the Growth of Fungi II. Ergosterol and Fatty Acids in
Penicillium atrovenetum
Authors: Van Etten James L. , Gottlieb David
Published: January 2020

Van Etten, James
L. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and David Gottlieb
. Biochemical changes during the growth of fungi. II. Ergosterol and fatty acids in
Penicillium atrovenetum
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
409–414. 1965.—Changes in the lipid constituents of
Penicillium atrovenetum
were studied during the growth and development of this fungus. The stages in development, as measured by the dry weight, were divided into four phases: lag, log, stationary, and death. The total fatty acids on a dry-weight basis increased from a minimum in the spores to a maximum near the end of the log phase of growth. The major fatty acids were palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic. Myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, linolenic, arachidic, and heptadecenoic acids, together with two unidentified components, were also present in the fatty acid fraction. Compared to ungerminated spores, young mycelium contained a much lower percentage (on the basis of total fatty acids) of linoleic acid. There was a corresponding increase of oleic acid. Except for palmitic acid, which remained constant, the remaining fatty acids increased slightly. During subsequent growth of the fungus, linleic acid decreased, whereas the percentage of palmitic and stearic acids increased steadily from the lag phase to the end of the log phase. Ergosterol was the only sterol detected. The percentage of ergosterol, on a dry-weight basis, increased to a maximum at the start of the log phase and then steadily decreased. The following changes in lipids appear to be associated with the development and aging of fungi: (i) the presence of a relatively high content of nonsaponifiable lipid and ergosterol in the young mycelium, and their later decrease with age, and (ii) a shift from more unsaturated to less unsaturated fatty acids with age.
β-Hemolytic Streptococci with Group A and Type II Carbohydrate Antigens
Authors: Jablon James M. , Brust Betty , Saslaw Milton S.
Published: January 2020

Jablon, James
M. (National Children's Cardiac Hospital, Miami, Fla.),
Betty Brust, and Milton
S.
Saslaw
. β-Hemolytic streptococci with group A and type II carbohydrate antigens. J. Bacteriol.
89:
529–534. 1965.—Ten strains of β-hemolytic streptococci with unusual somatic antigens were isolated from excised tonsils or throat cultures or both. Acid extracts of these strains reacted with commercial group A and group F antisera, but gave no reaction when tested with 35 type-specific group A antisera. Serum cross-absorption and agar-gel diffusion studies established the identity of the reactive antigens as the specific carbohydrates of group A and of type II. The latter antigen has been found in many strains of group F streptococci. The organisms do not possess the group-specific carbohydrate of group F, and the reaction with the commercial group F antiserum is due to the presence of type II antibody in the antiserum. The organisms give a stronger reaction to fluorescein-conjugated type II antiserum than to group A. However, the organisms have only one group-specific carbohydrate, that of group A, and, tentatively, should be classified as such.
Effect of Partially Purified Streptococcal M Protein on the In Vitro Phagocytosis ofStreptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Domingue Gerald J. , Pierce William A.
Published: January 2020

Domingue, GeraldJ. (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.),and William A. Pierce, Jr. Effect of partially purified streptococcal M protein on the in vitro phagocytosis ofStreptococcus pyogenes. J. Bacteriol.89:583–588. 1965.—M protein fromStreptococcus pyogenesstrain Bailey type 12 was adsorbed onto cells of a glossy mutant of this strain. Phagocytosis experiments were performed in vitro with rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Direct microscopic counts suggested M protein-treated cells were more resistant to phagocytosis than were untreated cells. With the Cohn and Morse technique for evaluating quantitatively the fate of bacteria during phagocytosis, there was observed a more rapid drop in total and extracellular counts of treated, as compared with untreated, cells. Experiments with radioactively labeled streptococci showed that M-treated cells were more readily destroyed within leukocytes than were nontreated glossy streptococci, which suggested a reason for the scarcity of treated streptococci in direct microscopic counts.
Enzymatic Enhancement of Infectivity of Reovirus
Authors: Spendlove R. S. , Schaffer F. L.
Published: January 2020

Spendlove, R. S. (California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley),and F. L. Schaffer. Enzymatic enhancement of infectivity of reovirus. J. Bacteriol.89:597–602. 1965.—Enhancement of infectivity by chymotrypsin treatment has been demonstrated with all three types of reovirus, although not in all viral preparations. Enzyme treatment did not produce a simultaneous increase in the hemagglutinating activity of reovirus type 1 (the only type tested). The infectivity of reovirus type 1 (Lang strain) was increased by treatment with chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain, and a filtrate from a culture of aPseudomonassp. but not by treatment with pepsin. Sedimentation experiments showed that the property of enhanceability was closely associated with the virus particles themselves. Results of studies involving various sequential treatments with chymotrypsin, and with heat in the presence or absence of 2mMgCl2, were compatible with the interpretation that inhibited virus is resistant to exposure to a temperature of 56 C in the absence of MgCl2, whereas activated virus is thermolabile. Activation of reovirus infectivity by heat in the presence of MgCl2and by chymotrypsin was not additive.
Thermoinactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus and Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Plummer Gordon , Lewis Brian
Published: January 2020

Plummer, Gordon(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),and Brian Lewis. Thermoinactivation of herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. J. Bacteriol.89:671–674. 1965.—The stability of herpes simplex virus and of human cytomegalovirus at 4, 22, 36, and 50 C was studied. A plateau or lag phase, during which no loss of viability was detected, was a constant feature of the inactivation curves of herpesvirus and cytomegalovirus at 36 and 22 C and of herpesvirus at 4 C. Unlike herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus was repeatedly found to be less stable at 4 C (and at 10 C) than at room temperature (22 C). Extracellular herpesvirus harvested from the supernatant culture fluid seemed to be more stable than intracellular virus obtained by sonic disintegration of the infected cells. Serum had a stabilizing effect at 36 C on both intracellular and extracellular virus.
Synthesis and Breakdown of the Polyphosphate Fraction and Acid Phosphomonoesterase of
Saccharomyces mellis
and Their Locations in the Cell
Authors: Weimberg Ralph , Orton William L.
Published: January 2020

Weimberg, Ralph
(Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.),
and William L. Orton
. Synthesis and breakdown of the polyphosphate fraction and acid phosphomonoesterase of
Saccharomyces mellis
and their locations in the cell. J. Bacteriol.
89:
740–747. 1965.—The conditions for accumulation of polyphosphate in cells of
Saccharomyces mellis
differ in several respects from those for acid phosphomonoesterase biosynthesis and maintenance. Polyphosphate can be synthesized or degraded in vivo by resting cells, provided an energy source is present. Experiments with growing cells indicate that the enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of the polyphosphate fraction are constitutive, since cells respond immediately to changes in the level of inorganic phosphate in the external medium. There is no change in the acid phosphatase level in either resting cells or in cells in the lag phase of growth. Enzyme formation or breakdown occurs only in cells that are exponentially dividing. Enzyme is lost rapidly from derepressed cells when they are transferred to a phosphate-rich medium, falling to a very low value by the time the cell mass had doubled. Protoplasts of repressed cells were prepared to determine the location of ortho- and polyphosphates in the cell. Previous studies have shown that phosphomonoesterase is released as a soluble enzyme when derepressed cells become protoplasts. Unlike phosphomonoesterase in derepressed cells, the two phosphate fractions in repressed cells are still attached to the protoplast after the cell wall has been digested and are eluted only when the protoplast structure is lysed in cold water. However, it is also possible to extract a part of the two phosphate fractions from intact cells in the absence of snail gut extract by osmotic shock if the cells are first suspended in a solution of high salt concentration. This treatment with salt does not affect viability. These results do not permit a definite conclusion concerning the location of ortho- and polyphosphates in the cell, other than that they are associated with the protoplast and thus occupy a position different from that of the phosphomonoesterase.
Correlation of Fluorescent Antibody, Histopathology, and Culture on Tissues from 372 Animals Examined for Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis
Authors: Porter Billie M. , Comfort Barbara K. , Menges Robert W. , Habermann Robert T. , Smith Coy D.
Published: January 2020

Porter, Billie
M. (Communicable Disease Center, Kansas City, Kan.),
Barbara K. Comfort, Robert W. Menges, Robert T. Habermann, and Coy D. Smith
. Correlation of fluorescent antibody, histopathology, and culture on tissues from 372 animals examined for histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. J. Bacteriol.
89:
748–751. 1965.—In a survey in the midwestern United States, tissues from 372 animals including 16 species were examined for
Histoplasma capsulatum
and
Blastomyces dermatitidis
. All of the specimens were cultured and studied by use of the fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique, and histopathological studies of tissue sections were done. Among the 372 animals, 300 were negative by all three methods of examination, 34 had blastomycosis, and 21 had histoplasmosis. The remaining 17 were positive for histoplasmosis with the FA technique but were negative by histopathology and culture. An animal was considered to have histoplasmosis or blastomycosis only when the specific fungus was isolated or demonstrated in tissue sections or exudates from cutaneous lesions. Of the 34 blastomycosis cases, 25 (74%) were positive by FA, 32 (94%) by histopathology, and 11 (32%) by culture. Of the 21 histoplasmosis cases, 15 (71%) were positive by FA, 16 (76%) by histopathology, and 14 (67%) by culture. It appeared that FA, histopathology, or culture alone was insufficient for a diagnosis. All three techniques should be employed for the most satisfactory diagnostic results.
Rapid Methods of Staining Bacterial Spores at Room Temperature
Authors: Lechtman M. D. , Bartholomew J. W. , Phillips A. , Russo M.
Published: January 2020

Lechtman
, M. D. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), J. W.
Bartholomew, A. Phillips, and M. Russo
. Rapid methods of staining bacterial spores at room temperature. J. Bacteriol.
89:
848–854. 1965.—Spores of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
were stained in 2 min at room temperature, after suitable pretreatment, with a dye reagent composed of 2% crystal violet in 1% phenol and 26% ethanol. Pretreatments included heat fixation to 260 C, mechanical rupture, and hydrolysis at room temperature in 44
n
H
3
PO
4
for 5 min, 33.4
n
H
3
PO
4
for 10 min, 12
n
HCl for 5 sec, 6
n
HCl for 2 min, 12
n
HNO
3
for 5 sec, and 6
n
HNO
3
for 60 sec. Acid hydrolysis at 60 C enabled the lowering of both acid concentration and time: 33.4
n
H
3
PO
4
for 15 sec, 25.9
n
H
3
PO
4
for 60 sec, 2
n
HCl for 30 sec, 1
n
HCl for 30 sec, 2
n
HNO
3
for 15 sec, and 1
n
HNO
3
for 30 sec. After acid treatment, 1
n
NaOH was used as a neutralization agent. The cytological manifestations of these pretreatments, examined in an electron microscope after replication, showed definite degradation of spore coats, which probably explains the increase in dye permeability. The pretreatments were evaluated for use in a differential staining procedure for spores and vegetative cells. They were found to be too drastic in that they resulted in replacement of the primary dye by the 0.25% safranine counter stain in both vegetative cells and endospores. Less drastic pretreatments, such as 6
n
HNO
3
for 10 sec at room temperature, gave good differential stains, but failed to stain some free spores. The staining techniques above were evaluated with six species of
Bacillus
and were found to apply to all.
Effects of Growth Rate and Limiting Substrate on Glucose Metabolism in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wright D. N. , Lockhart W. R.
Published: January 2020

Wright
, D. N. (Iowa State University, Ames),
and W. R. Lockhart
. Effects of growth rate and limiting substrate on glucose metabolism in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1082–1085. 1965.—
Escherichia coli
was grown in continuous culture at various rates in a defined medium with either glucose of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
as the rate-limiting substrate. Cellular content of polysaccharide (“glycogen”) is greater in cells grown under nitrogen limitation with glucose available in excess, and is greater in rapidly grown than in slowly grown cells. The ability of cells to carry on endogenous respiration, as measured by tetrazolium reduction, can be correlated with their glycogen content. In carbon-limited cultures, the proportion of substrate glucose diverted to glycogen production is least for cells grown slowly, which may reflect greater energy requirements for cell maintenance in such cultures. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (indicating function of a C-1 preferential pathway for glucose degradation) is greater in rapidly grown cells, confirming earlier observations in batch cultures. Activity of this enzyme is also greater in nitrogen-limited than in carbon-limited cells, suggesting that there may be catabolic repression of the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway when glucose is available in excess.