bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil and foliar application of zinc increased pearl millet productivityin calcareous vertisols of Karnataka
Authors: SASALATTI GURUSIDDAPPA N. , PATIL S.B. , NANDAGAVI R.A. , YADAHALLI VIDYAVATHI G.
Published: August 2024

A field investigation was conducted in calcareous soil during the rainy season of 2021at the Regional AgriculturalResearch Station,Vijayapura. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, with two factors and threereplications.The treatments of the first factor consists of soil application of a recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), RDF+ ZnSO4 @ 10 kg ha-1 and RDF + ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 and the second factor consists of control (no foliar spray), ZnSO4@ 0.5%, ZnSO4 @ 0.75%, nano-Zn @ 2 ml L-1 and nano-Zn @ 4 ml L-1 foliar application.The results revealed that the soiland foliar application of zinc significantly influenced on growth, yield and economics of pearl millet. Soil application ofZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 recorded better growth,yield attributes and economics than RDF alone. Among foliar applications,nano-Zn sprays @ 4 ml L-1 recorded better growth, yield attributes and economics, which was followed by nano-Zn sprays@ 2 mlL-1. The interaction treatment receiving soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 with RDF and foliar application ofnano-Zn @ 4 ml L-1 recorded significantly higher growth attributes viz., plant height (188.5 cm), number of green leavesplant-1 (7.97) and total dry matter accumulation (186.9 g plant-1), yield attributes viz.,grain weight panicle-1 (16.44 g), moreproductive tillers plant-1 (2.60), panicle length (27.51 cm), panicle girth (3.25 cm), grain yield (2169 kg ha-1) and stover yield(7008 kg ha-1) and net returns (`32,353 ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (2.89) compared to RDF alone. The study concludes thatthe soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha-1 with RDF and foliar application of nano-Zn @ 4 ml L-1 increase the growth, yieldand economic returns of pearl millet grown under zinc deficit dryland soils
Comparative study of different spawn and bed substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus cystidiosus
Authors: KRISHNAPRIYA P.J. , GEETHA D.
Published: August 2024

Spawn and bed production studies were carried out with isolate of Pleurotus cystidiosus having Genbankaccession number KY887023. P. cystidiosus took the minimum time for spawn run in paddy grains amended with one percent yeast extract (5.63 days), with thicker and fluffy mycelial growth and hence identified as the best amended substrate.Spraying of rubber wood sawdust with 2.5 per cent of 1 M Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4) resulted inproduction of the maximum BE (192.76 per cent) by Pleurotus sp. Multi locational trials with P. cystidiosus proved thespecies as the best oyster mushroom for low temperature areas of Kerala like Idukki and Wayanad
Prevalence of mungbean yellow mosaic virus on greengram in northern parts of Karnataka
Authors: KARCHI ROHIT MALLAPPA , BALOL GURUPAD B. , LOKESH B.K. , MOGALI SUMA
Published: August 2024

Globally, mungbean yellow mosaic disease acting as a major constraint of greengram production. Its incidence isalso gradually increasing in northern parts Karnataka. Mungbean yellow mosaic disease has peculiar symptoms likeinitially yellow-coloured spots scattered on young leaves followed by yellow mosaic pattern and puckering and slowdrying of yellow leaves and wither. Infected plants bear few flowers and pods with some immature and deformed seeds.Pods of the infected plants were reduced in size and turned yellow in colour. Roving survey was conducted for two seasons,viz., kharif 2021 and summer 2021-22 to know per cent disease incidence in Bagalkot, Belagavi, Dharwad, and Gadagdistricts of northern parts of Karnataka. Among the four districts, average maximum incidence of 16.85 per cent wasrecorded in Gadag followed by Dharwad (15.01%), whereas the lowest incidence of 11.58 per cent was noticed in Bagalkotdistrict during kharif. Maximum incidence of 30.10 per cent was recorded in Dharwad followed by Belagavi (25.02%),whereas the lowest incidence of 20.59 per cent was noticed in Bagalkot district during summer.
Prevalence of rhizome rot complex in major ginger growing regions of Karnataka
Authors: KUMAR M.K.TEJAS , RAVIKUMAR M.R. , LOKESH B.K. , GANPATHI T.
Published: August 2024

Rhizome rot complex is one of the most destructive and economically important diseases of ginger. In this study,a roving survey was conducted during kharif - 2021 to assess the disease incidence of rhizome rot complex in major gingergrowing parts of Karnataka,viz., Haveri, Shivamogga and UttaraKannada districts. Among the various taluk as surveyed,the maximum disease incidence (35.99%) was recorded in Sirsi taluk of Uttara Kannada district and the minimum of21.50 per cent was observed in Byadagi taluk of Haveri district. Among the surveyed districts, the highest incidence of31.62 per cent was observed in Uttara Kannada district followed by Shivamogga district (28.81%) and the minimumincidence was observed in Haveri district (25.45%). Further, from the survey it was revealed that, selection of improperplanting material, poor drainage of fields, mono cropping, lack of crop rotation, indiscriminate use of fertilizers and lack ofknowledge on managing the disease could be the possible reasons for higher occurrence of rhizomerot complex in gingergrowing regions of Karnataka.
In vitro evaluation of bioefficacy of novel fungal endophytes against Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub).Butler causing dry root rot of chickpea
Authors: REKHA Y. , KULKARNI V.R. , RAO M.S.L. , PATIL B.S.
Published: August 2024

Dry root rot is an emerging disease posing threat to chickpea cultivation around the world. It is caused by the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia bataticola. The current study was conducted to investigate the potential of employing endophyticmicroorganisms that are antagonistic to R. bataticola to manage dry root rot. A total of 18 fungal endophytes were isolatedfrom healthy chickpea plant (stem and root). The isolated fungal endophytes were evaluated against R. bataticola by dualculture technique under In vitro conditions. Isolate IFRE 2 (Trichoderma yunnanense) exhibited the maximum inhibition ofpathogen growth, followed by BFRE 3 (Trichoderma simmonsii) and IFSE 2 (Trichoderma rifaii). The least mycelialinhibition was observed in BFRE 2 followed by IFSE 4. The effective endophytes were further evaluated for theirbioefficacy against dry root rot under glasshouse conditions as a component of integrated disease management
In-vitro evaluation of fungicides and bio-agents against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.inciting dry root rot/wilt of acid lime in northern Karnataka
Authors: SAJJAN SHIVALEELA , ANJUM SYEDA SAMINA , JAMADAR M.M. , NEGALUR R.B.
Published: August 2024

Acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) is one of the four commercially important citrus fruit crop grown in Indiaamong the citrus species. It belongs to the family Rutaceae and genus Citrus aurantifolia (Swingle). Among many soil bornediseases of acid lime, dry root rot/wilt is considered to be a severe disease caused by Fusarium solani which is prevalent innorthern Karnataka. Present investigation was carried out under In vitro condition to know the efficacy of fungicides andbio-agents against F. solani for further evaluation under field condition benefitting the farmer’s. Results revealed that all thetested fungicides significantly inhibited mycelial growth of tested pathogen over untreated control. Among the five systemicfungicides evaluated, Carbendazim 50 WP (98.37%) was superior over all other treatments followed by Propiconazole 25EC (85.68%), Tebuconazole 250 EC (76.88%) and Hexaconazole 5 SC (68.92%). However, the least inhibition of mycelialgrowth was observed in Metalaxyl MZ 68WP (6.72%) at 500, 1000, 1500 ppm. Combi product hexaconazole 5% + captan70% WP was significantly superior (74.55%) over all the other non-systemic fungicides evaluated. The next best treatmentwas found to be captan 50 WP (26.14%) at 1000, 2000, 2500 ppm concentrations. All the four bio-agents evaluatedexhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium solani. It was noticed that, maximum reduction in colony growth wasobserved in Trichoderma harzianum (80.99%) followed by Purpureocillium lilacinum with 77.08 per cent inhibition. Theleast inhibition was observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens (39.82%)
Documentation of different pests and their natural enemies on tomato
Authors: PATIL ROHIT R. , GUNDANNAVAR K.P. , GURUPRASAD G.S. , KULKARNI V.R.
Published: August 2024

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable crop of both tropicsand subtropics of the world. Itis a member of the family Solanaceae. Low tomato yields have been ascribed to a variety ofissues, including poor seed quality, pest infestations and severe weather conditions. The field study conducted in MainAgriculture Research Station, Dharwad revealed that, there are totally 8 species of pests, 3 species of coccinellids and 10different species of spiders were recorded in tomato ecosystem. The peak incidence of aphid, leafhopper, whitefly, thripsand mites was observed during last week of January, second week of January, first week of March, last week of Februaryand third week of February, respectively. The peak incidence of leaf miner, fruit borer and pinworm was observed duringlast week of February, second week of March and third week of February, respectively. Correlation coefficient betweendifferent weather parameters and population of tomato pests revealed that, maximum temperature recorded significantpositive correlation with population of whitefly, thrips, mites, leafminer, fruit borer and pinworm but negatively correlatedwith aphid and leafhopper.
Assessment of incidence of sesamum phyllodyand population dynamics of its vector in northern Karnataka
Authors: BHARATHI K.B. , PREMA G.U. , JAMADAR M.M.
Published: August 2024

The present investigation was conducted to study the incidence of sesamum phyllody disease in major sesamumgrowing areas in northern Karnataka (Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts) which revealed that the sesamum phyllody incidenceranged from 8.00 to 50.45 per cent in both the districts. Among them, Bagalkot recorded highest mean disease incidence of25.77 per cent followed by Vijayapur with mean disease incidence of 22.73 per cent. In Vijayapur district, the survey wasconducted in six taluks. Amongst the taluks, highest average per cent disease incidence was observed in Muddebihal taluk(27.54%) and least incidence was recorded in Indi taluk (16.25%). In Bagalkot district, the survey was conducted in 6taluks. Among them, the highest average per cent disease incidence was observed in Hungund taluk (31.98%) and the lowestaverage per cent disease incidence (19.91%) was recorded in Jamkhandi taluk. In order to know the population dynamics ofleaf hopper transmitting sesamum phyllody, a study was conducted at College of Agriculture Vijayapur during kharif 2021.A set of five traps were installed each week and it was repeated till the harvest of the crop. Studies on the relative abundanceof different leaf hoppers found in sesamum ecosystem revealed that Orosius albicinctus distant was the most abundantspecies found in sesamum field with the relative abundance of 64.92 per cent. The maximum population of O. albicinctusdistantwas observed during 36th and 38th standard meteorological weeks (SMWs)
Incidence pattern of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)on different event Bt and non-Bt cottons
Authors: NIRANJAN NAVYA , S S UDIKERI
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad Farm, Dharwad, Karnatakaduring 2018-19 to evaluate the performance of cultivated cotton genotypes including Bt and non-Bt against pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) under rainfed conditions. Based on seasonal mean green boll damage, Everest (13.56%)performed better against pink bollworm over single gene BG-I Bt variety PAU Bt-1 (16.55%), BG-I Bt hybrid MRC 6918(25.88%) (Both expressing Cry1Ac) and Arjun-21 Cry1A) and BG-II hybrid MRC 7918 (15.52%).DCH-32 (Non Btinterspecific hybrid) had maximum infestation of 37.59 per cent followed by H×H hybrid DHH-263 (36.34%), Suvin(21.38%), DDhc-11 (21.59%), Sahana (20.21%) and DLSa-17 (18.65%). The maximum larval recovery was 12.66 per 20green bolls in DCH-32 followed by DHH-263 (12.58) and Suvin (11.12). In general, Non-Bt genotypes had higher incidencethan Bt genotypes. Similarly, among Bt toxin, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab expressing genotype had lower incidence.
Scopus indexed scholarly publications of academics at the University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad: A Bibliometric analysis
Authors: MARADDI KRISHNA S , MARADDI GIRISH N , KOTABAGI CHANDRAKANT N
Published: August 2024

The paper gives a thorough review of faculty research output from the University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad, as tracked by Scopus from 2002 to 2021.The Scopus database was used to retrieve the data for the study. Toanalyse the data, bibliometric techniques were used such as yearly distribution of publications, to calculate relative growthrate and doubling time of articles, authorship pattern, most prolific authors, most preferred journals etc. are studied. Theanalysis showed that, UAS, Dharwad had its most prolific year in 2014 with 116 publications (8.45%), totaling 658citations, with the average article receiving at least 5.67 citations. The number of publications increased from 24 in 2002 to1372 in 2021. The highest Doubling Time was found to be in the year 2019, with a value of 16.754. The author, SalimathP M of Genetics and Plant Breeding department was the most publishing author with 60 publications. The faculty preferredthe journal “International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences,” with a current impact factor of 0.278 as mostpopular journal to publish their papers. According to the study, UAS, Dharwad have made significant contributions toresearch publications in the fields of genetics, biochemistry, agricultural and biological sciences, and molecular biology
Comparative advantage and direction of trade in export of marine products from India
Authors: NAIK VINOD , K R NETHRAYINI , SINGH KAMAL
Published: August 2024

The study aims to examine the export performance and potential, comparative advantage and direction of tradeof Indian marine products and its possible impact on Indian economy. The secondary data required for the study werecompiled from various sources likeTrade Mapand Marine Products Export Development Authority for the period of2002-03 to 2021-22.The Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index and Markov Chain techniquesrespectively were used to assess the export competitiveness and direction of change in export of Indian marine products.Theresults of the study revealed that, the RSCA index was around 0.60 in 2002-03 which was highest value till date and reducedto 0.17 during 2009-10. Further it has been observed from the Markov Chain technique that, USA was identified as one ofthe most loyal importer and Middle East countries and ‘Others’ were identified as unstable importers of Indian marineproducts
Constraints faced under open and protected cultivation of vegetables- A case studyof tomatoes and capsicum in Karnataka
Authors: H MANOHAR B , NAIK BALACHANDRA    K
Published: August 2024

The present study aimed to analyze the constraints faced by farmers in the production and marketing oftomatoes and capsicum under open and protected cultivation practices in Karnataka. The study was conducted in majortwo vegetable producing districts of Karnataka. Kolar from South Karnataka and Belagavi from North Karnataka were thetwo districts selected for the study. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) was adopted for the analysis. The results indicated thatheavy incidence of pests and diseases (RBQ value 69.44) and severe incidence of blossom end rot due to calcium deficiency(RBQ value 85.19) were the major production constraints under open and protected cultivation practices, respectively.Lack of quality planting material and requirement of intensive management practices were the other serious productionproblems under open field cultivation of tomatoes. While, incidence of fruit borer and requirement of high cost forestablishment were the production problems faced by the farmers under protected cultivation of tomatoes. Heavy drop ofimmature fruits under open cultivation and high cost of establishment under protected cultivation were the other seriousproblems faced by farmers in production of capsicum. Lower market price during peak harvesting season and high fluctuationin prices for capsicum were the serious marketing problems. Use of disease-free quality planting material, self-raising ofseedlings, utilization of calcium fertilizers and adoption of cost-effective management practices and proper portfolio managementwere the measures suggested to the farmers to overcome these problems. These findings will be helpful to the policy makersand farmers for developing policy framework and relevant guidance for promoting vegetable production in the state.
Effect of cold plasma on seed quality in soybean (Glycine max L.Merril)
Authors: V GAGAN A , K DESHPANDE V , KUMAR VINOD , HOSAMAN RAVIKUMAR R
Published: August 2024

Soybean is a major oilseed crop rich in oil and protein content which is a part of diet in many countries. Soybeanseeds have thin and fragile testa, hence susceptible to mechanical damage resulting in poor and non-uniform germinationwhich subsequently leads to poor field establishment and yield reduction. A laboratory experiment was carried out in theDepartment of Seed Science and Technology and Department of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences,Dharwad during 2021-22. The experiment was laid out under CRD comprising eight treatments in four replicates, wheremedium vigour soybean seeds of 68 per cent initial germination were subjected to assess the effect of cold plasmatreatments (0, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19 sec) on seed quality parameters at 200 KHz frequency, 980 watt power by usingnitrogen gas at Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, (IIST) Thiruvananthapuram, Results revealed that theeffect of cold plasma on seed quality parameters of soybean varied with different durations. Enhancement in seed germinationand vigour index was observed at 3 seconds (72.00%) and 5 seconds (70.00%) which exposure recorded 5.88 per cent and~3 per cent higher germination over control. Further higher duration of treatment (10 to 19 seconds) deteriorated or hadsignificantly negative impact on seed germination, seedling vigour which was evident through decrease in shoot length, rootlength, seedling dry weight, total dehydrogenase enzyme activity correspondingly. The present study showed that coldplasma had an active effect on seed quality parameters at lower dose. Three seconds (T2) cold plasma noticed higheststimulatory effect among the different treatments and next best was five seconds (T3)
Annual rainfall analysis of historical and projected weather for South Interior Karnataka, India
Authors: MARADDI VISHWANATH   VENKAPPA , G SUMESH K , H PATIL R , BHAT JAYANTH
Published: August 2024

The interannual and intraseasonal variations in the ISMR expand has the significant impact on agriculturalsector.The daily gridded rainfall data for the past 40 years (1981-2020) and the climatic projections for the next 20 years(2021- 2040) were analysed at district level across South Interior Karnataka (SIK). Basic statistics such as maximum,minimum, mean, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage (%) contribution to yearly rainfallwere computed. Further, the Mann-Kendall test was used to find the trend in rainfall (RF) and rainy day (RD). The resultsindicated that RF and RD have a positive trend in the both historical and projected periods. In the past 40 years, the highestannual means of RF and RD were observed in Kodagu district (2031.95 mm and 121) followed by Mandya district (1115.97 mmand 71), and the lowest means of RF and RD were observed in Chitradurga district (482.37 mm and 36) followed byChikkaballapur district (590.20 mm and 41). For the projected 20 years, the highest annual mean RF is expected in Kodaguand Hassan districts (1693.88 mm) and the lowest in Chitradurga, Chikkaballapur and Tumukur districts (1308.12 mm).High number of RD is expected in Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, Chamarajanagar, Kodagu, Hassan, Kolar, Mandya,Mysore, Ramanagar districts (127) and low RD in Chikkamagaluru, Davangere and Shivamogga districts (118)
Effect of seed bio priming with endophytes on seedquality of soybean under induced drought stress
Authors: . PRADEEP , R DODDAGOUDAR S , HIREMATH UMESH , HOSAMANI ARUNKUMAR , B GNYANADEV x
Published: August 2024

A lab experiment was conducted during 2021-22 atRaichur Karnataka to study the effect of seed bio priming withendophytes was examined on seed quality parameters of soybean(JS-335). The experiment was laid out in two factorial completelyrandomized design with four replications.Results showed that seedbio priming with the endophyte Trichoderma hamatum (1 x 103 conidiaml-1) recorded significantly higher seed germination (81.2%), shootlength (15.9 cm), root length (9.5 cm), seedling vigour index-I (2073),growth rate index (24.08), peak value (893), mean daily germination(10.15) under drought stress as compared to control.
Response of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) genotypes to nutrient levelsin vertisols of Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka
Authors: H P KEERTHI , S A BIRADAR , U K HULIHALLI , TAMGALE GEETA  S
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted to know the Response of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)genotypes to nutrient levels in vertisols of Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka at Main Agricultural Research Station,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 2021. The experiment was laid out in a splitplot design with three replications. The treatment consist of three genotypes viz., G1: Nilagiri (Dharwad selection-1),G2: IC-79147 and G3: PRB-1 in main plots and three fertilizer levels viz., F1:100% RDF (30:15:15 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1),F2: 125% RDF (37.5:18.75:18.75 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) and F3: 150% RDF (45:22.5:22.5 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) allotted tosub plots. The results revealed that genotype IC-79147 recorded significantly higher yield attributes viz., number of clusterplants-1 (13.29), number of grain clusters-1 (7.60), test weight (29.88 g) and grain yield (985 kg ha-1). Genotype IC-79147was on par with Nilagiri (Dharwad selection-1). Among the fertilizer levels, application of 150% RDF resulted in significantlyhigher growth parameters viz., plant height (62.0 cm), total dry matter production per plant (5.38 g plant-1), leaf area index(2.98) and higher yield attributes viz., number of cluster plants-1 (13.35), number of grains clusters-1 (7.90), grain yield(1065 kg ha-1) and straw yield (2083 kg ha-1). Again, it remained on par with the application of 125% RDF. Amonginteraction effects, significantly highergrain yield (1131 kg ha-1) and straw yield (2093 kg ha-1) were observed with theapplication of 150% RDF with genotype IC-79147 and it was on par with 125% RDF with genotype IC-79147.
Effect of boron and molybdenum on chickpea under rainfed ecosystem
Authors: . ARVIND , P S PATTAR , R  A NANDAGAVI , S S KARABHANTANAL
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur, during rabi, season 2021-22, to study the effect of boron and molybdenum on chickpea under rainfed ecosystem. The experiment was laid out inRCBD (factorial concept) with three replications. There were sixteen treatment combinations, consisting of four levels ofboron and four levels of molybdenum. Among the boron levels, soil feeding of boron @ 5 kg ha-1 recorded significantly highergrain and haulm yield (2124 and 2943 kg ha-1 respectively), similarly significantly higher yield attributes were also recordedin above treatment. However, it was on par with soil application of boron @ 2.5 kg ha-1 (2082 kg ha-1 and 2888 kg ha-1respectively). Among the molybdenum treatments, seed treatment with molybdenum @1.5 g kg-1seed recorded significantlyhigher grain yield (2052 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2831 kg ha-1) as compare to other levels of molybdenum seed treatment.However, it was on par with seed treating with molybdenum @ 1.0 g kg-1 seed. Different combination of treatments hadsignificant influence on chickpea yield. The treatment combination of soil application of boron @ 5 kg ha-1and seedtreatment with molybdenum @ 1.5 g kg-1 seed recorded significantly higher grain yield (2418 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (3206kg ha-1). Soil application of boron @ 5 kg ha-1 and seed treatment with molybdenum @ 1.5 g kg-1 seed recorded significantlyhigher gross returns (`1,08,804 ha-1), net return (`79,806 ha-1) and BC ratio (3.75) than other treatments combination.
Effect of zinc and iron on growth, yield and quality parameters of onion
Authors: MANGOND AKSHATA , R A NANDAGAVI , S B PATIL , B H KUMARA
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of micronutrients application in onion in medium black soilsat Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur, during Rabi, 2021-22. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBDwith single control design with three replications.There were ten treatment combinations, consisting three levels of zinc(0, 15 and 30 kg ZnSO4 ha-1) in first factor and three three levels of iron (0, 15 and 30 kg FeSO4 ha-1) in second factor thesenine combinations were compared with absolute control.The results revealed that the soil application of 30 kg ZnSO4 ha-1+ 30 kg FeSO4 ha-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (48.08 cm), number of leaves (13.42), leaf dry matter(4.58 g plant-1), bulb dry matter (12.09 g plant-1), polar diameter (6.28 cm), equatorial diameter (5.16 cm),bulb index (1.37),average weight of fresh bulb (76.04 g), average weight of cured bulb (64.43 g), bulb yield (18.56 t ha-1), ‘A’ grade bulbs(11.83%), ‘B’ grade bulbs (74.15 %) and significantly lower ‘C’ grade bulbs (14.02%),While, lower plant height (39.36 cm),number of leaves(11.23), leaf dry matter (3.43 g plant-1), bulb dry matter (8.69 g plant-1), polar diameter (4.87 cm),equatorial diameter (4.17 cm), bulb index (0.92), average weight of fresh bulb (63.96 g), average weight of cured bulb(52.91 g), bulb yield (10.30 t ha-1),‘A’ grade bulbs (9.01%) and ‘B’ grade bulbs (52.35%) were recorded in treatmentreceiving only RDF. The soil application of zinc sulphate and iron sulphate either alone or in combination helped toimprove growth, yield and quality parameters of onion
Effect of different temperatures, relative humidity, incubation period on conidialgermination of Erysiphe necator causing powdery mildew of grapes
Authors: N SAGAR , M M JAMADAR , N H SHALINI , S B JAGGINAVAR , P S PATTAR
Published: August 2024

In vitro studies were conducted to assess the effect of different temperatures, relative humidity and incubationperiod on conidial germination of Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew) at the Department of Plant Pathology, College ofAgriculture, Vijayapur during 2020-22. Physiological studies of E. necator revealed that incubation of powdery mildewfungal spore suspension at various intervals indicated fairly satisfactory conidial germination from 18 to 22 hrs andultimately reached maximum at 24 hrs after incubation in distilled water. Among the different relative humidity (RH) levelsused for conidial germination, maximum germination was observed at 80 per cent RH (82.67%). howver, relative humidityranging from 80 to 85 per cent was found suitable for conidial germination of E. necator. Maximum conidial germination(83.69%) of E. necator was observed at 25 °C after 24 hrs and optimum temperature range for the conidial germination was20-25 °C.
Heterosis studies for yield and yield components using biofortified restorers on A1 cms lines in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.]
Authors: . KAPILDEV , ATHONI B. K. , SOREGAON C. D. , HOSAMANI JAGADISH
Published: August 2024

In present investigation Line x Tester analysis was carried out to estimate heterosis (heterobeltiosis, average and standard heterosis) for identification of superior hybrids.Crosses attempted using 25 biofortified testers and two A1 cytoplasm based male sterile lines during summer 2022-23.The resultant Fifty hybrids along with two male sterile lines, 25 testers and three checks viz., VPMH 7(Local check), VPMH 14(Local check) and Kaveri Super Boss (commercial private check) were planted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura during kharif, 2023 and evaluated for yield and yield components. Seven hybrids exhibited significant positive standard heterosis over check VPMH 7, one hybrid displayed substantial positive heterosis over the local check VPMH 14 and commercial private check Kaveri Super Boss for grain yield. In addition, hybrids ICMA 98222 × VJP Fe & Zn-9 and ICMA 98222 × VJP Fe & Zn-25 were found to be superior for dry fodder yield over check VPMH 7 which was found best check for dry fodder yield
Targeted yield approach based site specific nutrient management in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes
Authors: SUSHMITA A. B. , SHASHIDHARA G. B. , KUMAR B. N. ARAVINDA , PATIL B. R.
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted at MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during rabi season 2022-23 on Vertisols to evaluate the suitability of site specific nutrient management on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes through targeted yield approach for fertilizer recommendations. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design, horizontal strips with four genotypes viz., TDM-304-1, TDM-304-1, TDM- 304-1 and NRCHB-101 and vertical strips with three targeted yield levels viz., 15, 20 and 25 q ha-1. Genotype TDM-305- 1 recorded significantly higher seed yield (1622 kg ha-1) over other genotypes. SSNM based fertilizer application for 20 q ha-1targeted yield recorded significantly higher seed yield (1633 kg ha-1) over 15 and 20 q ha-1. In interaction, genotype TDM-305-1 with a target yield level of 20 q ha-1 recorded higher seed yield (1789 kg ha-1) as compared to rest of the treatment combinations. The better yield response of improved genotype TDM-305-1 at 20 q ha-1 yield target recoded significantly higher net returns (`49463 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.59). From the present investigation, it was found that genotype TDM-305-1 at 20 q ha-1 yield target recorded significantly higher nutrient uptake of NPK & S and the oil content (39.4%) and oil yield (702.2 kg ha-1).
In vitro sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii causing banded leaf and sheath blight of maize against different fungicides
Authors: MANJUNATHA S. E. , YADAHALLI K. B. , KALAPPANAVAR I. K.
Published: August 2024

The laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the new fungicide molecules against Rhizoctonia solani f. sp. sasakii by poisoned food technique under in vitro conditions. Out of eleven fungicides tested, the maximum (100%) mycelial inhibition was documented in eight treatments involving both systemic and combi fungicides viz., Carbendazim 50% WP, Propiconazole 25% EC, Tebuconazole 250 EC, Metiram 55% + Pyraclostrobin 5% WG, Fluopyram 17.7% + Tebuconazole 17.7% SC, Iprovalicarb 5.5% + Propineb 61.25%, Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% WP and Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WG at all the concentrations tested. Whereas, the least mycelial inhibition was recorded in Pencycuron 250 SC and Dimethomorph 50% WP at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 per cent concentrations, respectively.
Cultural and morphological variability among Rhizoctonia solani isolates from different districts of Karnataka
Authors: . RAGHUNANDANA , PRASHANTHI S. K.
Published: August 2024

Sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) is gaining devastating potential in India. The pathogen is reported to show variation in expression of symptoms on the genotypes grown in different locations. Twenty isolates from different districts of Karnataka were collected to examine the cultural and morphological variability. In the PDA culture, the isolates displayed a significant variation in colony characteristics, ranging from compact sparse to compact dense mycelial development and from white to brown in color. Variations in sclerotial production, distribution, abundance, and color were also noted, resulting in colonies that ranged in color from light brown to dark brown, along with central to scattered distribution, rough to smooth sclerotia. R. solani isolates from other districts may also have their biology examined using the same cultural and morphological criteria as were employed in this study.
Population dynamics of insect pests and their natural enemies in pearl millet ecosystem
Authors: SAVITHRI K. SHRAVYA , PRAKASH H. T.
Published: August 2024

Field experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura, to study population dynamics of insect pests and their natural enemies in pearl millet ecosystem. The present study revealed that, dead heart per cent (14.45%) due to shoot fly, Atherigona approximata (Malloch) was peak during 35th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), per cent damage due to stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) was at peak during the 37th SMW (4.55%) and highest blister beetle, Lytta sp. population was observed during 38th SMW (12 beetles/ 5 Ear heads). While, the maximum population of aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and its predators, such as coccinellids Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius) and spiders were recorded during the 34th SMW and the green lacewing Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (Ebson-petersen) population at 35th SMW. The correlation studies indicated that, dead heart per cent due to shoot fly revealed a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.588*) and stem borer infestation revealed a significant positive correlation with maximum relative humidity (r= 603*) and sunshine hours (r= 585*). None of the weather parameters showed a significant correlation with the incidence of blister beetle and aphid populations.
Population dynamics of major insect pests infesting chrysanthemum
Authors: HARSHA H. S. , RAFEE C. M. , HEGDE M.G. , PATIL V. S.
Published: August 2024

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Borkh) is one of the most popular and widely grown flower crop in both the tropics and subtropics of the world. It is a member of the family Asteraceae. Low yields and poor quality of flowers have been attributed to a variety of issues, including poor seedling quality, pest infestations and severe weather conditions. The field study conducted in Gadag revealed that the peak incidence of aphid, whitefly and leaf miner was observed during the last week of January, the first week of January and second week of January, respectively. The peak incidence of thrips and bud borer was observed during the third and fourth weeks of February, respectively. The correlation coefficient between different weather parameters and the population of chrysanthemum pests revealed that maximum temperature recorded a negative correlation with the incidence of aphids, whiteflies and leaf miner but positively correlated with thrips and bud borer. Further, all the insect pests exhibited a non-significant and negative correlation with rainfall, except leaf miner, which showed a positive correlation with rainfall.
Bioconversion of organic wastes using black soldier fly
Authors: MADARI PUSHPA , MALLAPUR C. P. , KAMBREKAR D. N. , GOUDAR GEETA
Published: August 2024

Experiment was conducted at Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Science Dharwad, to evaluate feasibility to degrade organic wastes in laboratory condition. Organic wastes like Vegetable Waste (VW), Fruit Waste (FW), Unfed Crop Waste (UCW), Kitchen Waste (KW), VW + dung (3:1), FW + dung (3:1), UCW + dung (3:1), KW + dung (3:1) were added in tray with 700 maggots per tray. Organic wastes (feed) were supplied @ 220 mg/maggot/day and the total feed maintained was 500 g/tray which was sufficient for three days. Feed was supplied at three days interval up to 9th day and hence total feed used per tray was 1500 g. Results indicated that kitchen waste was significantly superior over the other treatments with high prepupal weight (317.97 mg/maggot), maximum bioconversion rate (14.56%) and high feed reduction rate (96.07%). The present study revealed that kitchen waste as feed for Black Soldier Fly, results in better pre pupal weight and higher waste reduction efficiency. Thus, the kitchen waste can be used for mass rearing of Black Soldier Fly to explore its potentiality as a bio agent for waste management.
Status of defender and offender arthropods in Bt transgenic cotton
Authors: LATHA H. , UDIKERI S. S. , GURUPRASAD G. S. , CHANDRASHEKHAR C. P.
Published: August 2024

The widescale cultivation Bt cottons in India has altered the landscape of pest management, particularly of sap feeders. To have updated understaning field surveys were carried out during kharif 2022-23 and arthropod defenders (spiders, coccinellids and chrysopids) and offenders (sucking pest) in Bt cotton at Dharwad and Haveri districts of Karnataka were noted. Their peak activity was found during flowering stage. In the defenders, spiders exhibit a higher abundance compared to chrysopids and coccinellids. Thrips, conversely emerged as predominant offender. In Dharwad district, seasonal mean of spider was 1.23/plant. Chrysopids displayed a seasonal mean of 0.96 individual 1.48 spiders/ plant were recorded, chrysopids exhibited a seasonal mean of 1.33 individuals/plant and coccinellids 1.36/plant. Offenders displayed specific seasonal incidences, with thrips recorded at 14.97/3 leaves, leaf hoppers at 2.67/3 leaves, aphids at 17.05/3leaves, and whiteflies at 1.27/3 leaves. Notably, offender defender ratios differed, with Dharwad district at 7.5 offender per defender and Haveri district at a slightly lower ratio of 6.5 offender per defender was recorded. Overall higher offender and defender population was observed at Haveri district. Thus it’s important to maintain wider ratio of defender: offenders through selective practices.
Export competitiveness of Pomegranates from India
Authors: MADHUMATHI P. , PATIL B. L. , KIRESUR V. R. , KERUR N. M.
Published: August 2024

Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of arid and semiarid regions of the world. In 2021-22, India had an area of 2.7 lakh hectares under pomegranate cultivation with a production of 30.86 lakh metric tonnes and a productivity of 11.4 metric tonnes/ha; 99043.09 tonnes of fresh pomegranates were exported from India to other countries with a value of `688.76 crores. In the present study, export competitiveness of Indian pomegranates was analysed by using nominal protection coefficient (NPC) under the exportable hypothesis for a period of 20 years from 2002-03 to 2021-22. Time series data were collected from the websites of APEDA, NHB and Indiastat. Nominal protection coefficient (NPC) for pomegranates was found to be greater than unity in period I (1.29) while in period II, the NPC was found to be less than unity (0.82). This showed that pomegranates were not export competitive in period I while they were moderately competitive in period II. In the overall period, the NPC value was found to be 0.95 indicating that Indian pomegranates were internationally competitive. Hence, the Government may focus on international relative pricing and formulate targeted strategies to increase domestic pomegranate production through widespread promotion initiatives in the country.
An empirical investigation of determinants of practicing sandalwood cultivation in Karnataka
Authors: SOUNDARYA S. R. , PATIL B. L. , KULKARNI G. N. , SONNAD J. S. , PATIL V. S.
Published: August 2024

Santalum album is a culturally and commercially important plant species. Due to the robust depletion of this resource in its natural habitat and consistent demand, caused huge demand-supply gap for sandalwood globally. The domestication of sandalwood on the farm fields through various silvicultural practices can increase the supply of sandalwood. Sandalwood being a high value crop, its cultivation requires a deep understanding of farmers’ perceptions and the various socio-economic and psychological factors that influence their decision to practice sandalwood farming. Hence, the study was conducted in the Karnataka state using the snowball sampling method and the primary data was collected from 200 sample farmers. The multiple linear regression analysis was employed to analyze the determinants for practicing sandalwood cultivation in the study area. This study aims to offer empirical evidence highlighting the significant impact of these factors on the cultivation of sandalwood along with the socio-economic characteristics of sandalwood farmers. The study highlights the importance of influential factors like landholding size, farmer’s age, family income, government support and market demand. By addressing these factors, the area under sandalwood can be enhanced so that India can revitalize its position in the global sandalwood industry.
Constraints faced by farmers in energy consumption in crop production in Belagavi and Gadag districts of north Karnataka
Authors: VARSHITHA S. N. , GULEDAGUDDA S. S. , KULKARNI G. N. , KERUR N. M.
Published: August 2024

Energy is a critical input in all forms of economic activity on adaptability basis and plays a significant role in daily living from cooking to production activities. A farm is both consumer of energy and also producer. Farming through production process converts input energy into output energy on various forms of outputs produced in agriculture. The pattern in which energy inputs are used in crop production is closely related to the nature of cropping pattern and crop intensities. Therefore, there is a need to understand the constraints faced by farmers in energy consumption during crop production. In this context, the present study was conducted in Belagavi and Gadag districts of North Karnataka. The primary data pertaining to the crop year 2021-22 were collected from 72 farmers from irrigated condition and equal number of farmers from rainfed condition from two districts, comprising 144 farmers. The collected data on constraints were analysed using Garrett ranking technique. The major findings of the study revealed that non-availability of labour during peak operations in crop production observed in both Belagavi and Gadag districts (with Garrett score of 76.55 and 67.69 respectively). The second major constraint in Belagavi district was non-availability of draft animals (65.44) while, in Gadag district it was lack of accessibility of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and FYM (62.90), respectively. The third constraint in Belagavi district was non-availability of required machines at custom hiring centers (Garrett score 61.25) while, in Gadag district it was high cost of using mechanical power during farm operations (Garrett score 59.63) and the last constraint in both districts was given to Govt. support through subsidy to purchase of machinery (with score of 18.55 and 15.28).
Dynamics of production and export of potato from India: Markov chain approach
Authors: RUDRAPUR SHREESHAIL , HIREMATH DEEPA
Published: August 2024

The present study was conducted to know the growth in area, production, productivity, and export of potatoes from India as well as to understand the change in direction and magnitude of the export of Indian potatoes to different countries. The study is based on secondary data collected from different e-resources like APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Export Development Authority) and Indiastat. The data was collected for a period of 15 years from 2006- 07 to 2020-21. The study revealed that all the variables like area, production, productivity, export quantity, and export values showed positive growth rates and were found to be significant at 1 percent. Markov chain analysis and transition probability matrix indicated that Nepal, Oman, and other minor countries pooled under the category “other” were found loyal to India in importing Indian potatoes since they retained a considerable share of their trade whereas Saudi Arabia is less stable and Malaysia is least stable among the competing countries considered over the study period of 15 years. Hence India can rely upon Nepal, Oman, and other minor countries in the export of its potato and therefore policies need to be oriented towards these countries in the export of potatoes in the near future.
Export competitiveness and direction of trade of almonds from Afghanistan
Authors: YOUSAFZAI ISRARULLAH , YELEDHALLI R. A.
Published: August 2024

The study aims to reveal the competitiveness and direction of trade of almonds from Afghanistan. The data was analysed for Nominal Protection Coefficient, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Markov chain analysis to understand the transition probability of almonds between different countries in the context of quantity. The secondary data for almonds was analyzed for the period of 2006-07 to 2020-21. The results indicated that the Afghanistan almonds were very responsive to the share of exports of the country. During the period considered under the study, lower nominal protection coefficient value for UAE was 0.76 followed by 0.79 and 0.82 India and Turkey respectively, which were less than one for the year 2022-23, indicating that UAE, India and Turkey had high export competitiveness than others. The range of RCA indices for Afghanistan was 43.95 to 670.71 followed by USA and Spain 6.83 to 8.43 and 4.64 to 7.86 respectively and the average value of RCA in the global market was highest for Afghanistan 178.61 followed by USA, Spain and Australia which were 7.81, 5.71 and 3.51 respectively. In case of transitional probability matrix for almonds exported quantity from Afghanistan during study period, Pakistan and India retained 96.93 and 31.00 per cent of their original share respectively. Where as other countries retained 32.21 per cent of their original share. Turkey lost 100.00 per cent of its share to others, UAE lost to India, Germany and Turkey in the proportion of 60.28, 23.02 and 16.70 per cent respectively, similarly Germany lost 70.21 per cent to India and 29.79 per cent to others, Iran and Iraq lost 100.00 and 83.67 per cent of their share to Pakistan and Turkey respectively, other countries lost 65.97 per cent of their share to India. The results revealed that Afghan almonds had more competitive advantages compared to others countries in global markets.
Improvement of essential oil yield and quality of Ajwain’s through foliar micronutrient application
Authors: MISBA K. , HARISH B. S. , PRASAD B. N. MARUTHI , JAYAPPA J. , DHANANJAYA B. N. , KUMAR S. MOHAN
Published: August 2024

Ajwain is an important seed spice crop, yielding an essential oil, which is a secondary metabolite and its accumulation is influenced by multiple factors. Micronutrients play a crucial role and influence the quality of essential oil. To assess the influence of micronutrients impact on essential oil yield, quality and composition an experiment was conducted at College of Horticulture, Bengaluru during rabi 2022-23. The experiment was laid out in Randomized complete block design comprising of 15 treatments and their combinations, which were administered as foliar sprays. Quality of the oil was analyzed through GC-MS. Foliar spray of 0.5% MnSO4 at 45 and 60 days after sowing recorded maximum thymol (65.54%); 0.5% CuSO4 at 45 DAS recoded highest essential oil content (2.84%); maximum essential oil yield was recorded in foliar spray of all micronutrients (29.39 kg ha-1). Foliar spray of micronutrients significantly impacted the accumulation of essential oil and thymol, which is the key component of ajwain oil.