bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Meprobamate in Tension States
Authors: Folkson Aleck
Published: August 2008

In recent years a number of new drugs have appeared, grouped together as so-called tranquillizing agents. The publication of three very encouraging papers describing the use of meprobamate prompted the present trial. Selling (1955) prescribed one 400 mg. tablet daily after each meal and one at bedtime in 187 cases, combined with psychotherapy, and found its use in anxiety and tension states was of considerable value (90 per cent and 95 per cent respectively improved or recovered). Borrus (1955) used one to six 400 mg. tablets daily in 104 cases. In 68 per cent of all cases, and 78 per cent of the anxiety states, there were favourable results. Lemere (1955) contrasting chlorpromazine and reserpine, found meprobamate (used in over 250 patients with at least 70 per cent good results) to be relatively uniform in its action, remarkably free from side reaction and more effective in the relief of insomnia. All three authors stressed the absence of toxicity.
The Problem of Unemployment Among Epileptics
Authors: Gordon Neil , Russell Sheridan
Published: August 2008

When the diagnosis of epilepsy is made, the patient must first of all be investigated to make sure that the epilepsy is not symptomatic of a disease that will need some special line of treatment. For example, epilepsy starting at any age may be the first indication of a cerebral tumour, although this will obviously be more likely among the older patients. The nature and extent of these investigations will depend on such factors as the age of onset, the type of seizure and the associated positive physical signs. However, even in the cases where there is no evidence whatsoever that the epilepsy is symptomatic, an electroencephalogram may help in differentiating the type of epilepsy from which any particular patient is suffering, and so aid in deciding on the form of treatment most likely to be beneficial. When any necessary investigations have been carried out and the form that treatment is to take has been settled, the social implication of this diagnosis has then to be faced. This often resolves itself into a discussion of the patient's employment.
A Survey of 44 Children Admitted to the Fountain Group Hospital Under the Mental Deficiency Act and Subsequently Accepted as Educable
Authors: Craib M. F. , Woodward Mary
Published: August 2008

Between 1 January, 1948 and 1 July, 1956, forty-one children in the Fountain Group Hospital were accepted as educable by ten Education Authorities and they were transferred to appropriate schools. In addition three children under 5 years were found on admission to be of average intelligence. All forty-four children had been admitted to this hospital of approximately 700 beds for low-grade mentally defective children.
D-Amphetamine and Amytal: I. Effects on Memory and Expressive Movement
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

“We would predict that any test which has been shown to differentiate reliably and validly between introverts and extraverts will, when applied to subjects who have been administered an excitant (or depressant) drug, show shifts in scores in the direction characteristic of greater introversion (or extraversion).” “… the effects of depressant drugs are similar to those of brain damage as far as objective psychological tests are concerned. Conversely, the effects of excitant drugs are opposite to those of brain damage.” These predictions by Eysenck (7) were tested using measures of immediate memory and expressive movement which had previously been validated against extraversion and brain damage. The measures discussed are derived from the Figure Reconstruction Test (immediate recall version).
Mental Abnormality and Military Delinquency
Authors: Gibbs D. N.
Published: August 2008

During World War II considerable attention was given by the War Office to problems of delinquency in the Army and a number of psychiatric investigations were carried out with the ultimate aim of reducing the rate of military delinquency. Some of this work was specifically concerned with the relationship between mental abnormality (mental disorder and defect) and military delinquency. The purpose of this paper is to survey the unpublished reports, together with the published literature, and point to general conclusions.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Brain on the Concentration of Adrenaline-Like Substances in Human Plasma
Authors: Montagu J. D.
Published: August 2008

Cerebral electrostimulation of subconvulsive intensity causes an increase in the concentration of adrenaline-like substances in the blood (Weil-Malherbe and Bone, 1952b). This increase becomes more pronounced as the pulse repetition rate is raised from 200 pulses per second (p.p.s.) to 500 p.p.s., in contrast to the motor, sensory, and respiratory effects which diminish under these conditions (Montagu, 1955). The increasing response to the higher repetition rates showed no sign of reaching a peak in these experiments, except in one case, and since it was not possible with the existing apparatus to exceed 500 p.p.s., the optimal conditions for eliciting the response remained undetermined. With the aid of a more versatile stimulator the adrenaline-frequency relationship has subsequently been studied more extensively, and the results are presented in this article.∗
Investigation of Amino Acids in a Periodic Catatonic Patient
Authors: Gjessing L. , Bernhardsen A. , Fr⊘shaug H.
Published: August 2008

The nitrogen retention, and especially the periodically changing excretion of urea, seems to be a characteristic symptom in periodic catatonia (1). We therefore made it our aim to investigate the amino acids in the urine, and later also in the blood and cerebro-spinal fluid (C.S.F.), throughout the lucid interval and the catatonic phase.
Preventive Psychiatry—is There Such a Thing?
Authors: Carstairs G. M.
Published: August 2008

The task of preventive psychiatry—if there is such a thing—can be expressed in a positive form as the promotion of mental health; but mental health can be defined in two ways: as the absence of recognizable mental illness or, in more grandiose terms, as the realization to the fullest possible extent of one's personal potentialities. The latter concept has been denounced by some authorities as representing much too wide an extension of psychiatry: that it continues to be prominent in discussions of mental health programmes and the like is due to the insistence of laymen perhaps even more than of psychiatrists. It appears that in the Western World people are increasingly turning to psychiatrists for the answer to problems which once would have been the concern of priests or politicians. That they do so is a psychiatric problem in itself; that they will continue to do so in increasing numbers seems very likely—so we had better have our answers ready, even if they are only disclaimers of problems which do not concern us.
Chemical and Pathological Findings in a Case of Late Infantile Amaurotic Family Idiocy of the Batten Type
Authors: Tingey A. H. , Norman R. M. , Urich H. , Beasley W. H.
Published: August 2008

The customary classification of the amaurotic family idiocies according to the time of life at which neurological signs first appear has obvious limitations when consideration is given to cases occupying an intermediate position between the well-established infantile form of Tay-Sachs' and the juvenile form first described by Batten (1903). It was to this group of atypical cases that Bielschowsky (1913–14, 1920) gave the name “late infantile”. This term is convenient clinically but when more examples of the variant had been reported it became evident that the group of cases so designated was not homogeneous. Wyburn-Mason (1943) was able to show in a large clinical material that many of these intermediate forms belonged either to families affected by Tay-Sachs' or by Batten's disease and that in an individual case the ophthalmological findings were usually of decisive importance in classification. The existence of a precocious variant of the classical “juvenile” type of amaurotic idiocy was thus clearly established. Klenk's (1939) discovery that the nerve cells in Tay-Sachs' disease contain large amounts of a glycolipid subsequently called “ganglioside” has provided a further valuable criterion in distinguishing this form of lipidosis from other members of the group. The present case, an example of the precocious juvenile type of amaurotic idiocy or, as we prefer to name it, the subacute form of Batten's disease, is presented as a further contribution to this subject.
Some Implications of the Eysenck-Prell Study of “The Inheritance of Neuroticism”: A Critique
Authors: Karon Bertram P. , Saunders David R.
Published: August 2008

Few problems in the whole field of psychopathology are more important than that of aetiology. While it is generally accepted that heredity and environment must interact in some fashion in the causation of most mental disorders, the nature of the roles played by the two classes of determinant is not known. Consequently, any study shedding light on this problem is of primary importance.
Toward an Integrated Theory of Schizophrenia
Authors: Conason Emil G. , Ryberg Percy E.
Published: August 2008

Evidence is accumulating that schizophrenia is a disease involving “immunoallergic” sensitization of the tissues of the central nervous system. Variations in its symptomatology may in part depend upon the altered ability of the sensitized nervous tissue to bind or release serotonin, and perhaps other endogenous catechol amines. Accumulation of these products; their rates of turnover; the presence of endogenous enzyme enhancers or inhibitors; specific endocrine dyscrasias; blood-brain barrier conditioners; as well as cellular changes in electrolytes, may all play a part in the process. Genetic defects; lags in maturation; autonomic imbalance and pre-psychotic personality structure may lurk in the background.
Mental Disease in Africans: Racial Determinism
Authors: Simons H. J.
Published: August 2008

There has grown up in the past 30 years in East Africa a school of medical psychologists which sets out to interpret African thought processes, personality traits and mental disorders in terms of a racially genetic and cultural disposition. A correlation is assumed or suggested between a specific brain structure, social behaviour, psychology and psycho-pathology. Explanations are couched in terms of a racial determinism, and involve an assertion of inferiority as compared with the White race.
Post-Operative Psychoses
Authors: Stengel E. , Zeitlyn B. B. , Rayner E. H.
Published: August 2008

The term “post-operative psychosis” refers to mental illnesses which follow in the wake of surgical operations. These conditions have received relatively little attention from psychiatrists. The text-books either do not mention them or, if they do so, consider them with the delirious or toxic-exhaustive states.
An Evaluation of Prefrontal Leucotomy in the Affective Disorders of Old Age: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

The senile emotional disorders are now a major problem in mental hospital practice and their incidence increases with age. It is fortunate, however, that a better understanding and recognition of these affective disorders has, in most cases, led to early treatment and recovery.
Basal and Sleeping Metabolic Rates in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Dally P. J.
Published: August 2008

The part played by the endocrine system in psychiatric illness is still controversial. Mental disorders may occur at the menopause or in the Puerperium, accompany thyroid or pituitary dysfunctions, or appear in adrenocortical diseases. Castration in men and women may be followed by marked personality changes. But often there are little or no mental changes, and there is certainly no clear-cut mental accompaniment of specific endocrine diseases. It is probable that mental symptoms, when they do occur, are dependent upon the basic personality structure, not upon a particular diseased gland. It is also likely that glandular dysfunction in turn can be brought about by mental stress or disorder. In other words, the two systems function together and should not be artificially separated.
Reactions of Low-Grade Mental Defectives to Pain
Authors: Stengel E. , Oldham A. J. , Ehrenberg A. S. C.
Published: August 2008

In an earlier study (Stengel et al., 1955), reactions of various types of mental patients to eleven different painful and noxious stimuli were described. Two groups of 54 females and 43 male low-grade defectives were included in the original investigation, but it was felt at that time that the results needed further amplification before they could be usefully commented upon. In this earlier investigation only one of us actually carried out the tests, the reliability of which, therefore, was not clearly established. Furthermore, in the original testing of low-grade defectives no assessment of “Overt Reactivity” was made. As the relationship between this factor and pain reactivity in the other patient groups constituted an important finding of the study, we came to the conclusion that it would be necessary to retest some of the low-grade defective patients with these points in mind. This seemed all the more desirable as it is widely assumed that mental defectives in general, and especially low-grade mental defectives, are grossly deficient in sensitivity to pain.
Dimethyltryptamine Experiments with Psychotics
Authors: Böszörményi Z. , Szára St.
Published: August 2008

The so-called experimental psychoses have been in the focus of increased interest recently, as a result of the discovery of new hallucinogenic or psychotic agents and of the fact that the problems can be approached more closely even in the borderline fields of pathopsychological research (biochemistry, electrophysiology, etc.) owing to advance in technique. Thus, it appears that Kraepelin's dream of producing so-called miniature psychoses by the administration of substances foreign to the body will come true after all.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Meprobamate in the Management of Difficult and Destructive Female Mental Defectives
Authors: Heaton-Ward W. A. , Jancar J.
Published: August 2008

Meprobamate is the shortened name of 2-Methyl-2-n-Propyl-1,3 propanediol dicarbamate, which is also known as Miltown or Equanil.
The EEG as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Aid in the Differentiation of Organic Disorders in Patients Over 60
Authors: Turton E. C.
Published: August 2008

The problem of the increased number of elderly psychiatric patients universally encountered needs no stressing. The purpose of this paper is to assess the value of the electro-encephalogram (EEG) as an objective aid to diagnosis and prognosis in these persons. The great majority of the psychiatric patients seen over the age of 60 are either suffering from an affective disorder, almost invariably depressive in nature, or from an organic dementia whether senile or arteriosclerotic. The former is normally considered of good prognosis and the latter doubtful or bad according to the degree of the dementia and confusion.
The Spiral After-Effect As a Test of Brain Damage
Authors: Holland H. C. , Beech H. R.
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have been recently concerned with the clinical application of the Archimedes spiral, an illusory negative after-effect of apparent movement, which requires no description here. Freeman and Josey (3) reported a relationship between the presence or absence of this after-effect and a clinical judgment of memory function, while a cross-validation study by Standlee (11) failed to confirm this observation when an objective measure of memory impairment was used.
The Teaching of Psychotherapy
Authors: Finesinger Jacob E.
Published: August 2008

For the past twenty years we have been studying methods of teaching and their effectiveness in changing the behaviour of medical students and doctors. At the Massachusetts General Hospital our work was concerned primarily with teaching psychotherapy to medical students, residents and younger physicians. During these years we have practised and taught many kinds of psychotherapy, including situational therapy, relationship therapy such as catharsis, support, reassurance, suggestion and persuasion, and the various types of insight therapy from the verbalization and understanding of simple correlations to more extensive Freudian psychoanalysis. The patients we treated in Boston were primarily those with psychoneuroses and psychosomatic disturbances. In these groups of patients insight therapy was the method of choice. It was only when insight therapy was impracticable or too disturbing to the patient that other methods such as relationship therapy were used. During these years we used insight therapy whenever possible, often with limited effectiveness. The treatment for any given hospital admission required from 20 to 40 interviews, occasionally more. It was our practice to use the vis-à-vis interview method.
Physical Treatments in Psychiatry
Authors: Kalinowsky Lothar B.
Published: August 2008

It has been stated too frequently that new therapeutic developments in psychiatry are revolutionizing the field. While this did not turn out to be true for any of the treatment procedures, it can well be stated that those of us who entered psychiatry more than 25 years ago, lived through a period in which psychiatry changed from a specialty known for its therapeutic nihilism to a field of almost feverish therapeutic activity. Undoubtedly the physical treatments have played a decisive role in this change. They have also clearly changed the attitude on the part of the individual psychiatrist to his specialty. Our teachers were primarily concerned with attempts to organize and systematize our knowledge, while our generation, perhaps because too pragmatic, may easily be blamed for failure to link the newly-acquired information with the basic concepts developed by them, concepts which were neither confirmed nor disproved by our new knowledge. When I think of my own development as a neuropsychiatrist, I remember that I started out in psychiatry, but temporarily turned to neurology because at that time neurology seemed to give much greater therapeutic possibilities. It was only in the middle nineteen-thirties that this changed radically, and that so many more therapeutic possibilities developed in psychiatry that it became a challenge to return to this field. The introduction of the various physical treatments in close succession was an amazing coincidence. Although met by some with scepticism and even ridicule, and by others with unjustified over-enthusiasm or a competitive attitude improper for scientific progress, the new treatments evoked a beneficial optimism among psychiatrists. They helped to change the attitude of the mental hospitals in all countries and gave an entirely new impetus to the general public to become interested in matters concerning the mentally sick. It may also be said that the physical treatments gave a new stimulus to efforts at psychological and social treatments of the psychotic patient, and I dare say that the improvements in mental hospital management which are so conspicuous in your country could not have progressed so fast and met with so much public support if the physical treatments had not helped to improve the adaptability of patients in these hospitals. It is a historical fact which can be easily proved, especially in England, that those hospitals which are now the showplaces for modern hospital treatment, with open wards and social and recreational activities for almost every single patient, are also the ones in which pioneer work was done with insulin coma treatment, convulsive treatments and psychosurgery. I am going to discuss these treatments, while the newest approach, pharmacotherapy, will be left to another report and be mentioned only as far as it influences the application and indications of the other treatments.
Psychosomatic Aspects of Narcolepsy
Authors: Smith Colin M.
Published: August 2008

Gelineau (1880) introduced the term “narcolepsy” and suggested that it constituted a disease sui generis. A careful perusal of the literature, however, shows that the condition had been described previously. Precedence has been claimed for Bright, Thomas Willis and even for Galen! At any rate, Notkin and Jelliffe (1934) were able to unearth 270 cases of narcolepsy and allied conditions in a literature survey covering the years 1813–1931.
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Group Training and the Tranquillizers
Authors: Blair Donald , Brady Desmond M.
Published: August 2008

It was Bleuler (1917) who introduced the conception of “schizophrenia” as a mental illness and described its characteristics. Since 1957 was the centenary of Bleuler's birth the attention of psychiatrists has been focused on the various problems and difficulties still confronting us today regarding the diagnostic, aetiological and therapeutic aspects of this disease.
Humoral Changes in Manic-Depressive Psychosis with Particular Reference to the Excretion of Catechol Amines in Urine
Authors: Ström-Olsen R. , Weil-Malherbe H.
Published: August 2008

Psychotic patients with periodically changing symptoms offer particular opportunities for psychosomatic and metabolic studies. Following the classical work of Gjessing (1932, 1935, 1939, 1953) other authors (Ashby, 1952; Rowntree and Kay, 1952; Smith, 1954; Gunne and Gemzell, 1956; Crammer, 1957) have studied metabolic changes in periodic catatonia. Cycles of behaviour and metabolism in psychiatric patients and in patients with “periodic disease” have been reviewed by Richter (1957) who also reported on interesting experiments aimed at the induction of periodic cycles of behaviour in rats.
Discrepancies Between Factor Analysis and Multivariate Discrimination Among Groups As Applied to Personality Theory
Authors: Storms Lowell H.
Published: August 2008

It is clearly advantageous to the personality theorist to know which of his measures covary and to what extent. The results of factor analyses can be useful in summarizing some of the patterns of covariation and classifying response measures. An indefinitely large number of sets of factors may equally well describe the same set of data, however, and, before any choice of one particular set of factors, dimensions, principal components, etc., can be considered as revealing basic intervening variables or constructs in a personality theory, independent evidence must be provided. It is the purpose of this paper to reveal some of the pitfalls in making such a choice by showing how concentration on one set of factors obtained by analysing a multivariate scatter can lead to a serious loss of information when applied to the analysis of group differences in the same set of data and can suggest interpretations which are at odds with the full evidence.
Functional Disorganization of the Left Limbs in a Tumour of the Corpus Callosum Infiltrating the Hemispheres
Authors: Klein R. , Ingram I. M.
Published: August 2008

Tumours of the corpus callosum (C.c.) are known to be a difficult diagnostic problem. Intellectual and mental disturbances and rapid deterioration in the course of the illness have been observed in most of these cases and are considered by many authors to indicate an involvement of this body (Lévy-Valensi, 1910; Mingazzini, 1922; Ironside and Guttmacher, 1929; Alpers and Grant, 1931; Voris and Adson, 1935; Schlesinger, 1951, Bremer et al., 1956). However, a similar picture may also occur in tumours of other sites; moreover, tumours of the C.c. tend to infiltrate the hemispheres, particularly the cingulum and the frontal lobes, and this might well account for the mental picture. A sign which seems to be more specific for damage of the C.c. is dyspraxia restricted to the left limbs in right-handed persons. Although this dyspraxia has been reported only in a small minority of cases concerned, it has not been observed in lesions other than those of the C.c.
The Seventieth Birthday of R. Gjessing
Authors: Fröshaug H. , Johannessen N. B.
Published: August 2008

Gjessing has taken a leading part in the clinical investigation of mental illness during the past twenty-five years. We believe it would be in accordance with his wishes that, in presenting a profile to mark the occasion of his seventieth birthday, we should choose to describe Gjessing's research interests and scientific achievements rather than his personal qualities.
An Investigation into the Therapeutic Action of Hydroxyzine (Atarax) in the Treatment of Nervous Disorders and the Control of the Tobacco-Habit
Authors: Turle G. C.
Published: August 2008

Hydroxyzine hydrochloride (Atarax, UCB 4492) is a tranquillizer which has attracted much interest in the United States, where it has undergone a series of clinical trials with encouraging results. In order to test the claims of American investigators a trial of hydroxyzine was made on a group of psychotic and psychoneurotic patients in a large mental hospital. The effectiveness of hydroxyzine in controlling the tobacco habit was also tested by using volunteer nurses at the hospital. Their observations provided useful information on the subjective action and side effects of the drug. A small number of young children attending a local child guidance clinic were also included in the clinical trial.
Clinical Trial with Trinuride
Authors: Sharpe D. S. , Dutton G. , Mirrey J. R.
Published: August 2008

Spielman and his colleagues (1948) were initially responsible for demonstrating the anti-convulsant action of the acetylurea derivatives. However, it was not until several years later that comprehensive studies were carried out by Professor Frommel in Geneva (1953).
Psychiatric and Electro-Encephalographic Studies in Socially Adjusted Old People
Authors: McAdam W. L. , Robinson R. A.
Published: August 2008

In earlier studies from this department (Robinson, 1955; McAdam and Robinson, 1956) it was shown that in senile and arteriosclerotic deterioration a correlation existed between the degree of deterioration assessed clinically and the amount of abnormal low frequency activity observed in the EEG. The relationship had for the first time been quantitatively demonstrated, but we had no precise knowledge of the EEG or clinical profiles presented by a group of “normal” old people. In our hospital patients, the amount of deterioration extended over a very wide range, from mild forgetfulness to severe dementia.
MC4703 A New Phenothiazine Derivative
Authors: Hegarty J. G.
Published: August 2008

MC4703 is a new phenothiazine derivative which contains a trifluoromethyl group and which was made available in the form of 10 mg. and 50 mg. tablets by E. R. Squibb & Sons for clinical evaluation as an ataractic or “tranquillizing” agent. The interesting results obtained with the drug justify the presentation of this brief, preliminary report, but a more detailed account of the investigation will be supplied in due course.
A Retrospective Controlled Study of Leucotomy in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders
Authors: Robin A. A.
Published: August 2008

The controlled study of the major physical treatments in schizophrenia (and other psychiatric conditions) has been retarded by the view that it is unethical to withhold treatment from the patient. Although this argument is clearly dubious until a treatment is proved, the number of forward-looking controlled studies of E.C.T., insulin coma therapy and leucotomy may nevertheless be counted on the fingers of two hands. Not all schizophrenics have, however, received every possible treatment, and if it were possible to make comparisons of treated and untreated cases retrospectively, there would be no ethical objection to overcome.
Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Roberts Julian M. , Hamilton Max
Published: August 2008

The increasing importance of properly controlled drug trials in modern medicine has shown the need for further study of the “placebo response” and the effects of “suggestion”, particularly in the evaluation of the results of treatment of the psychoneuroses. Much of the work on the response to placebos has been done on their deleterious side-effects,i.e., the production of symptoms of various kinds, but some recent investigations have clearly demonstrated the amelioration of symptoms by the administration of placebo.
Treatment of Anxiety States
Authors: Hamilton Max
Published: August 2008

The assessment of the results of a treatment in any particular disorder is generally a very complicated one, by reason of the fact that the treatment does not usually improve all the manifestations of the disorder, and even when it does so, it does not affect them equally. The case of thyroid medication, which completely eliminates all the manifestations of thyroid deficiency, is an unusual one in medicine. Even where the pathological process may be completely stopped, as in general paresis and pulmonary tuberculosis, the patient may be left with residual loss of function due to irrevocable loss of normal tissue. In some cases the treatment itself may be of such a nature that the patient merely exchanges one disability for another. For example, the treatment of mild diabetes mellitus by a reducing diet may indeed eliminate the diabetes, but only at the cost of replacing it by chronic hunger and social restrictions, which many patients feel are worse than the original disease. In the end, they may give up their treatment. In some cases, the treatment has “complications”, which means to the patient that he merely exchanges one set of symptoms for another. For example, he may exchange the symptoms of duodenal ulcer for those of dumping syndrome.
Trends in the Development of Physiology of the Brain
Authors: Konorski Jerzy
Published: August 2008

There is hardly any field of natural science where development is so erratic as that of the physiology of the brain. It is true that perhaps no branch of science develops quite evenly. Very often the domination of old and deeply-rooted theories is so strong that they cannot easily be removed under the pressure of new facts, and consequently they may hamper the progress of science in the given field for many years. But generally the development of natural science is straightforward in the sense that its every stage is a logical consequence of the previous stages, and that particular lines of investigation tend to complement each other and eventually to merge into a single whole.
The Diagnostic and Predictive Accuracy of the Wechsler Memory Scale in Psychiatric Patients Over 65
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

In a previous study of the efficacy of a vitamin-preparation (Krawiecki, Couper and Walton, 1957), the Wechsler Memory Scale Form I (1945) was administered on four occasions to each senile psychotic patient in the trial. Although the experiment produced interesting therapeutic results the present paper is not concerned with these but rather with the diagnostic and predictive implications of the Memory Scale changes.
Body Fluid Indoles of Normal and Mentally-Ill Subjects
Authors: Rodnight R. , Aves E. K.
Published: August 2008

A role in mental illness for an aberrant metabolism of indole compounds was first advanced some sixty years ago, when their alleged toxicity to the nervous system figured prominently in the then current theory of auto-intoxication by bacterial action in the bowel (Herter, 1898, 1907). Although in a modified form it continues to receive the support of Buscaino (1958), auto-intoxication of this nature is now generally rejected as a factor in mental illness (see particularly Alvarez, 1924) and the renewed interest in indoles and brain function of recent years has come from a different standpoint. Thus, study of the central nervous system effects of indoles such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and bufotenin, and of compounds containing an indole group such as lysergic acid and reserpine, has inspired several new theories concerning normal and abnormal roles for indoles in the brain (Woolley and Shaw, 1957; Brodie and Shore, 1957; Hoffer, 1957).
The Effect of Auditory Stimulus Intensity on the Reaction Time of Schizophrenics
Authors: Venables P. H. , Tizard J.
Published: August 2008

Two earlier studies (Venables and Tizard, 1956a, b) on the reaction time (RT) of schizophrenics have shown that as the intensity of a visual stimulus is increased beyond an optimum point, RT to the stimulus increases. This “paradoxical” increase in RT is not shown by normal subjects, whose RT decreases as the intensity of visual stimulus increases. It was also found that the paradoxical phenomenon with visual stimuli was only shown on an initial occasion of testing. When the experiment was repeated twenty-four hours later, although there was no alteration in the mean level of RT, the pattern of increase in RT with increasing intensity, previously found, was absent.
Phenytoin Toxicity with Associated Meningeal Reaction
Authors: Dutton Peter
Published: August 2008

Phenytoin Sodium (Sodium diphenylhydantoinate) is established in the treatment of epilepsy. Toxic side effects, especially on the nervous system, have been well documented. Untoward reactions may follow therapeutic doses taken over a period of time, or as the result of a single massive dose taken accidentally or with suicidal intent.

The following case of toxic reaction is reported because of the unusual mode of presentation and the associated C.S.F. changes.
General Paresis Complicating Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Merskey H.
Published: August 2008

That chorea may sometimes occur as a result of cerebral syphilis has been accepted for some years (Kinnier Wilson 1940) and it has often previously been reported in association with G.P.I. The literature on the topic is dealt with by Lowrey and Smith (1918), Stone and Falstein (1938) and Weickhardt (1945). In all the reports however I can find only three previous instances where clinical and serological evidence of G.P.I. in a patient was associated with a family history and clinical syndrome of Huntington's chorea. These cases were reported by Pagliano and Aviennos (1922), Urechia and Rusdea (1922) and Stone and Falstein (1938) and the case here described appears to be only the fourth similar example to be reported. It has a practical as well as an academic interest since the differential diagnosis of the early stages of Huntington's chorea from those of G.P.I. is still sometimes necessary.
A Controlled Investigation of the Effects of Cyclizine Hydrochloride in Chronic Psychosis
Authors: Fleming B. G. , Currie J. D. C.
Published: August 2008

Cyclizine hydrochloride (1-benzhydryl-4-methylpiperazine monohydrochloride) is a popular remedy for motion-sickness. The success which is reputed to attend the use of the drug in this condition may be a function of of two distinct effects: (a) a direct, specific inhibition of the vestibular mechanism; (b) a general, central inhibition or sedation. A consideration of the latter, rather than the former, suggested the possibility that cyclizine might prove to be of value as a potential “tranquillizer”. A controlled clinical trial was carried out in order to establish whether any tranquillizing effects might be associated with the use of the drug in a number of chronic psychotics, all of whom manifested some gross disturbance of behaviour. This paper describes the experimental method which was used; the results which were obtained; and a general comment upon the possible implications of the results in relation to other drugs used in psychiatry.
Effects of LSD-25 on Tests of Personality
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

The present analysis pertains to the experiment reported by Brengelmann, Pare and Sandler (15) to assess the effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by means of psychological tests. In the following, problems of measurement and validity of the LSD- “psychosis” are discussed.
Leonhard's Classification of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fish Frank
Published: August 2008

Jaspers (1946) has pointed out that in the history of psychiatry one can distinguish two main types of psychiatrist. On the one hand there is the describer who depicts a lively clear clinical picture and communicates it to the reader in everyday speech. On the other hand there is the analyst who dissects the clinical picture and tries to obtain clear concepts about the abnormal phenomena. The describer is always popular because little effort is required to understand his views and appreciate his clinical descriptions. However it is much more difficult to understand the analyst as this requires time-consuming preparatory work and an attempt to apply the analyst's views in practice. Thus anyone who wishes to understand the views of Kleist and Leonhard, who are the modern representatives of the great clinical analyst Carl Wernicke, has a difficult task. If therefore this present communication appears to disagree with other work recently published by the author (Fish, 1957b, 1958) then all that can be said in extenuation is that the analysis of clinical pictures is difficult and one can only achieve accuracy in this field by learning from mistakes.
A Clinical and Metabolic Study of Acute Intoxication with Cannabis Sativa and its Role in the Model Psychoses
Authors: Ames Frances
Published: August 2008

This paper describes an inquiry into the effects of giving oral doses of the narcotic drug variously known as hashish, marihuana and, in South Africa, dagga. The drug is a preparation from the plant Cannabis sativa whose narcotic effect has been known for centuries. The writer's interest in it was inspired by the work in recent years on the mental disturbances produced by the active principles of other plants, e.g. mescaline and lysergic acid. Because of the similarity of these changes to those occurring in conditions such as schizophrenia, some workers have suggested that these “model psychoses” could be used as a research tool in attempts to elucidate the mechanisms and causes of the naturally occurring psychoses. Although there has been a great deal of work on mescaline and lysergic acid, cannabis has not received much attention. This may be because its chemistry is still not fully worked out and preparations of the plant are difficult to standardize and vary in their potency.
Mental Hospital Admissions in Mysore State, India
Authors: Hoenig J. , Sreenivasan Uma
Published: August 2008

The older psychiatric literature has here and there valuable reports about mental illnesses amongst African, Asian and other societies which are very different from Europe. These authors normally express opinions or speculations based on chance experiences rather than systematic observations. It is only in recent years that more extensive mental health work has been done in these countries, which also has enabled many workers to collect a great deal of information. This is important not only for the countries concerned, so as to help them to plan an appropriate health service, but also for psychiatry as a whole. It gives an impetus to comparative psychiatry, one of the most important basic sciences to clinical psychiatry.
Abnormal and Personality Correlates of Certainty
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

In the present investigation verbal statements of certainty, or confidence in the performance of immediate recall and recognition, were related to the neurotic/schizophrenic dichotomy and, within the neurotic group, to personality questionnaires of rigidity, extreme response set, extraversion and neuroticism. The aim was to find pointers to conditions favourable for the investigation of individual differences in certainty and to assess the relative validity of a number of independent personality criteria. Statements of certainty analysed are derived from an immediate recall experiment, the results of which have already been reported (6). An analysis of the interaction between certainty and other measures derived from the same experiment is to be presented at a later date.
The Assessment of Some Symptoms and Signs of Depression in Women
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Caine T. M.
Published: August 2008

The word “depression” has come to be used in psychiatry to denote both a syndrome (or symptom:sign cluster) and one or more of the symptoms commonly occurring in this cluster. This attribution of two meanings to one term has led to considerable confusion. Thus it is often claimed that depression may be present in almost any mental illness. This statement may be true in the sense that the mood of depression may occur in almost any mental illness; but it cannot be true in the sense that the depressive syndrome may enter into almost any mental illness, since the term depressive syndrome has already, at least by implication, been used to denote a particular symptom:sign cluster which differentiates it from all other symptom:sign clusters. To deny this would be to deny the original principles of division.
A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Acute and Chronic Administration of Chlorpromazine and Secobarbital (Quinalbarbitone) in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Kornetsky Conan , Pettit Manson , Wynne Ronald , Evarts Edward V.
Published: August 2008

In two previous studies (3 and 4) certain psychological effects of single doses of chlorpromazine and secobarbital (quinalbarbitone) were studied in young normal subjects. It was found that 100 and 200 mg. of chlorpromazine had a greater effect on tests of motor co-ordination than did 100 and 200 mg. of secobarbital, respectively, and that 200 mg. of secobarbital had a greater effect on a test related to intellectual functioning than did 200 mg. of chlorpromazine. The results in our study of the effects of single doses of chlorpromazine differed from the results of studies of the effects of chronic administration of chlorpromazine by Lehmann and Hanrahan (5) and Shaten et al. (7). These investigators found that chronic administration of chlorpromazine to schizophrenic patients was followed by improvement or only slight impairment in performance on most of the psychological tests used. The differences between the results we have obtained following administration of single doses of chlorpromazine to normal subjects, and the results of Lehmann and Hanrahan and Shaten et al. could be attributed either to differences between the effects of chronic and acute administration of chlorpromazine or to differences in the response between normal subjects and schizophrenic patients.
Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Pilkington T. L.
Published: August 2008

The use of tranquillizers in mental deficiency has shown a divergency of effects. Noce, Williams and Rapaport (1) claimed that reserpine produced some improvement in all their thirteen adult hyperactive low-grades, and Rettig (2) reported that chlorpromazine produced decreased hyperactivity in twenty-three of his twenty-seven adult defectives of all grades. Blair and Herold (3), using ten “matched-pairs” of hyperactive defective children, found behaviour improvements in nine of them on chlorpromazine, with an average I.Q. gain of 10.4. Using six different tranquillizers on twenty-five adult defectives of all grades, Rudy, Himwich and Rinaldi (4), found that all gave some benefit, with chlorpromazine the most effective. Fischer (5) showed that twenty out of his twenty-two low-grade adult defectives (many with psychotic overlay) were improved in behaviour on reserpine. Using sixteen “matched-pairs” of E.S.N. children, Segal and Tansley (6) claimed that hydroxyzine produced improved scholastic performance in fourteen of them, and Bergin and Bergin (7) stated that the epileptics in particular in their thirty-four low-grades were improved by promazine hydrochloride.
Some Recent Criticisms of the Dimensional Analysis of Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

In recent issues of The Journal of Mental Science there have appeared two critical papers (5, 7) dealing with some aspects of the dimensional analysis of personality which the writer has put forward. As replies to these papers separately would seem to require a good deal of repetition, it seemed better to frame a joint reply. This has been kept rather short on purpose, primarily because the writer does not believe that arguments are very helpful to the advancement of science, unless they are accompanied by new data of an experimental kind. In the main, therefore, this reply has restricted itself to simply pointing out that many of the points raised are factually incorrect, or, although they might be correct in themselves, are not relevant to the theory they are criticizing.
Premedication for E.C.T. with Meprobamate
Authors: Thomas D. L. C.
Published: August 2008

It is a well-known fact that patients dislike E.C.T. and that part of this dislike is based on the unpleasant period of waiting which occurs before all operative procedures. There may be indeed other features involved in E.C.T. as patients seem to have a fear and dislike of this treatment out of proportion to what would be expected. That this dislike of E.C.T. is an important matter is brought out by the difficulty in persuading patients who have suffered a recurrence of a depressive illness to undergo this treatment once again, and if any means could be devised to increase their readiness to accept medical advice on this subject then an advance would be made.
Psychosis in Association with Haemophilia
Authors: Early Donal F.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the vast literature concerning Haemophilia, I have been unable to find any reference to the concomitant occurrence of a psychosis with this condition.
A Study of the Use of Azacyclonal Hydrochloride (“Frenquel”) in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Lascelles C. F. , Levene L. J.
Published: August 2008

In February, 1955, Howard D. Fabing described in Science (Fabing, 1955a) a clinical study using the drug azacyclonal hydrochloride (Frenquel), alpha-(4-piperidyl) benzhydrol hydrochloride. This drug is the gamma-isomer of Meratran which, although chemically similar, alpha-(2-piperidyl) benzhydrol hydrochlroide, has a rather different action. Brown and Werner (unpublished but referred to by Fabing, 1955a) reported that Frenquel prevents or diminishes central stimulation induced in the mouse by various agents, whereas Meratran has a stimulant action.
Psychometric Testing in Iran
Authors: Valentine Max
Published: August 2008

Geographically, Iran is for the most part a plateau at an average altitude of about a thousand metres; the terrain—the near-jungle conditions of the Caspian littoral excepted—is arid semi-desert and the typical landscape one of limestone mountain ranges between which lie flat plains. It is bordered by Iraq, Turkey, the U.S.S.R., the Caspian Sea, Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Persian Gulf. Except during spring the vegetation in most areas is sun-shrivelled on the bare treeless earth; after five months of burning heat the winter rainfall washes off the topsoil, and river-beds, dry throughout the summer, overflow with muddy torrents. Although the soil is dry and powdery there are abundant watercourses below the surface and with irrigation the land is very productive. The country has great mineral resources; apart from the oil-fields they are un-exploited due to lack of coal and road and rail communications. The people are mainly feudal villagers or nomadic tribesfolk but Tehran is a modern city of a million population and the provincial capitals are also semi-Westernized.