bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Postpliocene climatic changes by means of planktic Foraminifera
Authors: BOLTOVSKOY ESTEBAN
Published: July 2010

Six cores were selected from 46 collected in the SW part of the Atlantic Ocean to compare the three main methods of constructing Pleistocene paleoclimatic curves by means of planktic Foraminifera. It was found that the method based on a study of the whole fauna yields more details and represents the degree of the relative climatic changes better, whereas the method based on the ratio between the Globorotalia menardii complex and G. inflata exagerates the large scale temperature oscillations. However, this exaggeration makes the separation of glacial, interglacial, and interstadial epochs much easier. Paleoclimatic curves based on the sinistral: dextral ratio of Globorotalia truncatulinoides do not coinicde with those prepared utilizing the two previous methods. thus, the coiling direction of Globorotalia truncatulinoides cannot be utilized as a paleoclimatic criterion.
La stratigraphie du Pleistocène supérieur et de l'Holocène dans le Golfe de Gascogne: Essai de synthèse des critères actuellement utilisables
Authors: CARALP MICHELLE , DUPRAT JOSETTE , ET JEAN MOYES , PUJOL CLAUDE
Published: July 2010

Using analysis of marines cores from the Bay of Biscay as a basis, a system of different episodes of the Upper Pleistocene and the Holocene in the area of the Bay is presented. These episodes are characterized by several sedimentological and micropaleontological observations and particularly by the analysis of the coiling ratio of a few species of planktonic foraminifera. From the cores it is thus possible to determine the Holocene, the Würmian with its four glacial and three interglacial stages, and, at the base of the last glacial stage, the Riss‐Würm interglacial or its upper level.
The Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary in western and southern Europe
Authors: ZACWIJN WALDO H.
Published: July 2010

A review on the position of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene boundary is presented. Uncertainties about the Calabrian stratotype and mammal faunas ill relation to absolute datings are discussed. In the North Sea basin and elsewhere a marked cold stage, the Praetiglian, began about 2.5 million years ago. It caused a partial extinction of the flora, which in Italy too is distinctly represented in fresh‐water as well as marine deposits. In the latter deposits, the extinction level coincides with the base of the Calabrian. The same type of extinction occurs at the base of the Villafranchian faunal sequence dated between about 2.5 and 3.1 million year‐s ago. The Calabrian base is therefore most probably at about 2.5 m.y., not at 1.8 m.y. as previously thought. The 1948 Recommendation on the position of the Plio‐Pleistocene boundary is still considered valid.
Paléoclimatologie et stratigraphie du Quaternaire terminal du Golfe de Gascogne déduites de l'analyse des Foraminifères planctoniques et des ensenibles sporopolliniques des sédinients marins
Authors: ET CLAUDE PUJOL , TURON JEAN‐LOUIS
Published: July 2010

The stratigraphy of the Upper Quaternary in the Bay of Biscay based on planktie Fotaminifera is compared to that deduced by palynological study in the same matine core. An identical paleoclimatic interpretation is observed. However, the study of the palynological association has permitted the observation of several climatic variations in the terminal Würmian stages and in the Holocene. On the basis of the analysis, a correlation has been established in the Flolocene between the Boreal‐Atlantic limit and the two previous phases recognized by the planktie Foraminifera.
Late‐glacial marine erosion in Scotland
Authors: SISSONS J. BRIAN
Published: July 2010

A pronouaced raised reck platform and cliff that occur on part of the west coast of Scotland ale generally considered to have been formed before the last glaciation. It is argued in this paper that they were formed in late‐glacial times, mainly during the Loch Lomond (Upper Dryas) Readvance. The features arc correlated with an extensive buried and/or submerged marine erosion feature in South‐East Scotland. It is also suggested that the Scottish features correlate with the ‘Main line’ (P12 shoreline) of northern Norway.
Radiocarbon dating of shells from marine Holocene deposits in the Disko Bugt area, West Greenland
Authors: DONNER JOAKIM , JUNGNER HÖGNE
Published: July 2010

Shells were collected from marine sediments in the area youth of Disko Bugt from various altitudes up to 50 m. Radiocarbon dates showed that only some of the shells were from sands and gravels formed at or near sea level and could be used to date the land/sea level changes. The shell dates show a regression from about 43 m at 7000 B.P. to about 8 m at 4000 B.P. All sediments with shells are Holocene in age, the oldest date being nearly 9000 B.P. The date of the Fjord Stage moraine in Orpigsoq is estimated at about 8000 B.P. on the basis of the altitude of the marine limit at 62 m. Extrapolations dated the older marine limits, falling from an altitude of 130 m to 80 m, at about 11,000 B.P. to 9000 B.P. These are approximate dates for the deglaciation of the area outside the Fjord Stage moraine. The distribution of shells in the sediments was shown to be largely dependent on habitat and water depth. At least some changes ill fauna were caused by a decrease of water depth due to the relative uplift of land. No tilting or warping of the land surface could he detected in the at‐ea about 100 km long from the coast towards the Inland Ice.
Ice recession in central Sweden, and the Swedish Time Scale
Authors: LUNDQVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

The revision by Järnefors (1973) of the Swedish Time Scale, bascd on vnrve chronology, is criticized as regards the connection between the Sundsvall and Bollnäs‐Söderhamn regions. A numbcr of facts briefly reviewed in the article indicate that the ice iecession proceeded in a more northerly direction than according to Järnefors. The absence of connection, a different direction of ice recession, and the possible error found by Fromm (1970) could together produce an error in the time scale which in southern Sweden may exceed 1000 years.
The subfossil seals of Finland and their relation to the history of the Baltic Sea
Authors: FORSTÉN ANN , ALHONEN PENTTI
Published: July 2010

The occurrence of seals in the Finnish prehistoric fauna and in the Baltic since the end of the last glaciation is discussed on the basis of subfossil remains in refuses at cultural sites, and stray finds. The species represented are the harp (Phoca groenlandica Müller), the ringed seal (Phoca hispida Schreb.), and the grey seal (Halicoerus grypus (Fabr.)), of which the latter two are native in the recent fauna, whereas the former has since become extinct in the Baltic. The earliest seals, which probably immigrated to the Yoldia Sea, were ringed seals, whereas the subfossil harp seals are solely found in sediments of the Litorina Sea stage.
A chronostratigraphic comparison of Late‐Weichselian and Late‐Devensian subdivisions, illustrated by two radiocarbon‐dated profiles from western Britain
Authors: PENNINGTON WINIFRED
Published: July 2010

14C‐dated percentage and absolute late‐glacial pollen diagrams from (1) Blelham Bog, north‐west England and (2) Cam Loch, north‐west Scotland arc subdivided into chronozones Bølling, Older Dryas, Allerød, and Younger Dryas as proposed for the Late‐Weichselian sequence by Mangerud et al.,Boreas3 (1974), with boundaries defined in conventional14C years. It is shown how these chronozone boundaries coincide in the two British pollen diagrams with boundaries between pollen assemblage zones which are interpreted as the results of environmental (climatic) changes. Differences between the pollen zones found in western Britain and those of the classic South Scandinavian profiles, which are interpreted as the consequence of regional differentiation in the vegetation of north‐west Europe circa 14,500 to 10,000 years ago, pose serious problems in the correlation of Late‐Weichselian and Late‐Devensian subdivisions on the basis of pollen assemblage zones, but a chronostratigraphical classification makes it possible to compare the Late‐Devensian profiles from western Britain with the Late‐Weichselian subdivisions of Mangerud et al., in which ‘chronozone boundaries seem to be climatically conditioned within southern Scandinavia’.
Early and Middle‐Flandrian pollen zonation in the Eastern Highlands of Scotland
Authors: O'SULLIVAN PATRICK EDWIN
Published: July 2010

A review is presented of published data on Early and Middle‐Flandrian pollen zones recorded at various sites in the Eastern Highlands of Scotland. This reveals a number of screpancies from site to site, particularly with regard to the position and timing both of the Pine expansion, and the Alnus‐rise. On Deeside, Pine‐Birch forests appear to have been established before the main expansion of Alder, which occurs on Upper Deeside in the period following 6700 B.P. On Speyside, evidence is conflicting, suggesting either that the arrival of Pine and Alder took place almost synchronously about 7000 B.P., or that, as on Deeside, Pine‐Birch forest establishment preceded the main Alnus‐rise, dated at Loch Garten at about 5900 B.P. In addition, the rate of immigration of Pine recorded at silcs of close proximily appears to vary quite markedly.

Evidence from two further Speyside diagrams confirms the second view, and also shows that a gradual expansion of Pinus values took place during the period 8000‐6600 B.P., with the Alnus‐risc delayed until 5500 B.P. Discrepancies in the records of Early and Middle‐Flandrian pollen zones from site to site are then explained in terms of differential accumulation rates, and the theory that the phase of expansion of the Pine in the Eastern Highlands took place during a period of low or falling water‐levels.
Kineto‐stratigraphic glacial drift units on Hindsholm, Denmark
Authors: RASMUSSEN LElF AABO
Published: July 2010

Geological sections from gravel pits and coastal cliffs at Hindsholm, Funen, Denmark are described. By combining information from these sections at least three kineto‐stratigraphic drift units can he demonstrated. The oldest unit is represented by glacial drift and structures which are the result of an ice sheet moving from NE. The intermediate unit consists of glacial drift and structures formed by a movement from SW. The youngest unit is associated with a glacial movement from SSE. This last movement drumlinized preexisting kames and dislocated earlier glacial drifts. Younger kames and real drumlins were also formed at this stage. A stationary ice margin along the line Skoven ‐ Fyns Hoved ‐ Røsnas is proposed.
Age, origin, and palaeo‐ecological evidence of blanket bogs in Nord‐Trøndelag, Norway
Authors: HAFSTEN ULF , SOLEM THYRA
Published: July 2010

Pollen diagrams, 14C‐datings, and peat stratigraphy are presented from 3 sites in the Forradal sub‐oceanic area in Nord‐Trøndelag, a moorland complex of flat and sloping fens and blanket bogs lying 400–500 m above sea‐level, ca. 40 km E of the Trondheimsfjord. The vegetational and climatic history during the last 8500 years is described, together with a survey of present‐day conditions. The origin of the blanket‐bog areas is shown to agree generally, in both time and mode of genesis, with similar bog types in Scotland and N England. Dates are given for the expansion of both alder and spruce, the latter occurring more than 1000 years later than in SE Norway. The possible role of provenance formation and Roman Iron Age amelioration of the climate is discussed in this connection. The course of the alder pollen curve indicates a drier and probably colder type of climate at ca. 3000–2400 B.C.
A radiocarbon‐dated Ancylus transgression site in south‐eastern Finland
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

A previously studied site at Hangassuo in the commune of Anjalankoski, formerly Sippola, in south‐eastern Finland has been re‐examined. The basal layers of the profile contain a clay‐gyttja horzon deposited on peat, indicative of the Ancylus Lake transgression. A date of approx. 9500 B.P. was obtained for the lower peat layer, deposited after isolation of the basin during the Yoldia phase, and a date of 9280 ± 190 B.P. for the lower part of the transgression horizon. The upper part gave a date of 8870 ± 170 B.P. These dates suggest that the beginning of the Ancylus Lake phase and the Ancylus transgression occurred considerably earlier than has previously been suggested in the Late Quaternary chronology for Finland. The appearance of Alnus in the area is also dated. The pollen curve begins at 8360 ± 190 B.P. and the major increase of the species occurs at 7810 ± 180 B.P.

The events in the history of the Ancylus Lake and problems connected with these are discussed.
Development and chronology of the lower Vistula River valley, North PÖland
Authors: DROZDOWSKI EUGENIUSZ , BERGLUND Björn E.
Published: July 2010

The geomorphology of the river terraces in the lower Vistula River valley of North PÖland is briefly described. They were earlier regarded as Late Wiirmian (terraces IX‐IV) and Holocene (terraces III–I). Litho‐ and biostratigraphical studies of terrace depressions together with radiocarbon datings of their bottom layers indicate that even terrace II was formed during the Allerød Chronozone (11,800 to 11,000 B.P.) or earlier. In addition, radiocarbon datings have shown that the surface sediments of the flood plain were deposited in middle Holocene. These datings are of importance to the chronology of other large river valleys in the southern Baltic region. The interrelationship between erosion/accumulation in the Vistula valley and the shore level of the Baltic is also discussed.
Halbquantitative, röntgendiffraktometrische Schwermineral‐analyse glazialer Ablagerungen SO‐Schonens (Schweden)
Authors: VORTISCH WALTER
Published: July 2010

For petrographic studies of glacial deposits, semi‐quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis was tested as a time‐saving method. Reproducible mounts with random orientation were produced with an acetate cement as mounting medium. For simplicity the number of minerals was reduced through electromagnetic separation. Weichsel deposits in SE Scania were sampled. Anatase, andalusite, apatite, rutile, zircon (‘nonmagnetic fraction’) and amphibole, epidote, ilmenite (‘magnetic fraction’) were chosen for semi‐quantitative evaluation of diffraction patterns. Standard deviation was calculated for selected samples. With the method employed here, it is possible to distinguish or correlate samples of a group of glacial deposits from relatively similar heavy‐mineral associations. The Baltic tills and underlying glaciofluvial sands differ consistently from the NE tills, for example through a higher rutile and a lower apatite content. If there is no time or technical possibility for optical investigations, useful petrographic parameters may be rapidly recognized by the method described. Minerals usually not identified optically (c.g. ilmenite) may likewise be chosen for this analytical technique.
Essai d‘établissement d'une biostratigraphie du nannoplancton calcaire dans le Pleistocéne de I'Atlantique Nord‐oriental
Authors: PUJOS‐LAMY ANNICK
Published: July 2010

Sediments of two studied Quaternary cores from the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean were rich in coccoliths. Some species were chosen, and are briefly discussed. In addition to Emiliania huxleyi and Pseudoemilicinia lacunosa, the importance of the Gephyrocapsa genus and especially the smallest forms of the group (G. aperta var. 1 and 2, G. ericsonii, G. protohuxleyi) is shown. A summary of the morphological variations of the coccoliths of G. caribbranica and of Coccolithus doronicoides completes the study.

The main qualitative and quantitative variations correspond to twenty stratigraphic events of the last 1,300,000 years. The same floral associations follow in succession in the two cores, which are located in different geographic and climatic areas, so it is possible to use them as a true biostratigraphy of the middle and upper Pleistocene of the north‐eastern Atlantic Ocean.
A symposium on the genesis of till
Authors: JOHANSSON HANS G.
Published: July 2010

A symposium on the genesis of till entitled Till/Sweden‐76 was held in Stockholm 16–18 August 1976. This issue of Boreas contains most of the papers presented at the symposium.
Till in Sweden
Authors: LUNDQVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

The article gives a brief summary of till investigations in Sweden, which have long traditions. The main types of till and moraine forms occurring in Sweden are briefly defined and the till stratigrapy is described. A main part of the article is an extensive list of references.
Ablation till and related indicatory form at the margins of Vestspitsbergen glaciers
Authors: DROZDOWSKI EUGENIUSZ
Published: July 2010

The marginal zones of three Vestspitsbergen glaciers have been studied. Two main types of ablation till and related forms are distinguished: (1) ridges, cones, and troughs aligned parallel to the glacier margin (controlled or structural forms), formed of locally derived material and resulting from compression flow, and (2) an irregular debi‐is cover (non‐controlled or non‐structural), formed through extensive or balanced flow from material transported englacially over a longer distance.
Facies model for sedimentation in the glaciolacustrine environment
Authors: MAY RONALD W.
Published: July 2010

Diamictons which have characteristics of both basal tills and lacustrine sedimenis have been called by various authors waterlaid tills, lacuatrotills, subaqueous tills, aqualills, underwater tills, and other terms with the word till replaced by moraine. It is proposed that a more restrictive definition of these terms be applied based on criteria indicative of the environment of deposition.

The term lacustrotill is proposed for the till‐like sediments deposited in the lacustrine environment by flow mechanisms. Their clasts are often striated and may exhibit preferred orientation unrelated to glacier movement. Deformation structures suggestive of slumping or flowage during deposition are usually present.

The term waterlaid till is proposed for sediments deposited beneath a floating glacier, where the water depth does not allow appreciable size separation during settling: glacial drift dumped in standing water at the snout of a glacier grounded on a lake bottom: or till deposited during re advances (perhaps annually) into a lake basin and subsequently slightly reworked by lacustrine processes.

These sediments contain glacially abraded clasts which may even show a weak preferred orientation related to glacial movement; deformation and flow structures will not normally be present: and they may he massive, or exhibit crude stratification.
Grundmoräne versus Schlammoräne— two types of lodgement till in the Alpine Foreland of Switzerland
Authors: SCHLÜCHTER CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

In the Aare River Valley between Berne and Thoune a mud till unit occurs together with lacustrine sediments in a complex relationship. The high content of fine material in the mud till is due to incorporation of lake sediments by the advancing Aare glacier probably during the most extensive glaciation of the Swiss Alps. Special attention is given to the evolution of the grain size parameters in vertical sequences in sections at Raintalwald and Räbli. The trend of vertical variation of the parameters reflects the origin of the mud till. Ground moraine and mud till may both be lodgement till but are texturally quite distinct, and the incorporation of pre‐existing sediments in the mud till is clearly demonstrated by the use of the grain size parameters.
Thames interglacial sites, Ipswichian sea levels and Antarctic ice surges
Authors: HOLLIN JOHN T.
Published: July 2010

New and old, pollen and other studies are summarized for seven sites in the Thames estuary, all of them most probably of last (Ipswichian) interglacial age. Early in the interglacial, at Crayford, Little Thurrock, and Purfleet, there was an aggradation of laminated (3 mm/pair) ‘brickearth’ (clay, with silt and sand), to above +11 m O.D. Observations in modern estuaries suggest that the laminations were of tidal origin, and related to a sea stand at +7 m, represented on the coast by e.g. the raised cliff at Brighton. In the middle of the Ipswichian, freshwater fossils at West Thurrock and Wretton (Norfolk) suggest that the sea fell below 0 m. Late in the Ipswichian, arguably at the break of climate, at Crayford, Ilford, Aveley, West Thurrock, Stutton (Suffolk) and probably Little Thurrock, there was an aggradation of massive brickearth (famous for its mammal remains) grading up into sand, to above + 14 m. The possibility is discussed that this second aggradation reflects a second rise of sea level, to +16 m, represented by e.g. the raised beach at Portland, and caused by an Antarctic ‘surge’. According to A. T. Wilson, this surge triggered the last (Devensian) ice age.
Stratigraphy and lithology of Late Pleistocene sediments at Møvatn, Hardangervidda, South Norway
Authors: VORREN TORE O. , ROALDSET ELEN
Published: July 2010

Stratigraphic, textural, mineralogical, geochemical and palynological investigations indicate the existence of: lacustrine clay from late Eemian (Hovden thermomer); dark indicateclayey basal till of the Early Weichselian age (Hovden kryomer); lacustrine sediments from an Early or Middle Weichselian interstadial (Førnes thermomer); and basal till from Middle/ Late Weichselian (Førnes kryomer). The environment during the thermomers is discussed.
A late Quaternary bio‐ and climatostratigraphy for marine sediments in the north‐central part of the North Sea
Authors: HARLAND REX , GREGORY DIANE M. , HUGHES MURRAY J. , WILKINSON IAN P.
Published: July 2010

BOREAS Harland, R., Gregory, Diane M., Hughes, M. J. & Wilkinson, I. P. 1978 06 01: A late Quaternary bio‐ and climatostratigraphy for marine sediments in the north‐central part of the North Sea. Boreas, Vol. 7, pp. 91–96. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Micropalaeontological studies of three boreholes in the north‐central North Sea have led to the erection of a bio‐ and climatostratigraphy for the area. Palaeoenvironmental interpretations have depended largely upon oceanographic concepts and changes in the micropalaeontological assemblages have been related to postulated alterations in water mass regimes. The biostratigraphy can then be utilized as a climatostratigraphy since such water mass changes are most probably linked to alterations in the circulation of the North Atlantic, and in particular to the positions of the climatically important North Atlantic Current and Polar Front. The North Sea sequences are compared to similar sections in Europe and related to the commonly accepted standard chronostratigraphy.
The Late Devensian and Flandrian history of the Teith valley, Scotland
Authors: SMITH DAVID E. , THOMPSON KENNETH S. R. , KEMP DAVID D.
Published: July 2010

Two episodes of glaciation are identified in the Teith valley, central Scotland. During the earlier episode, the valley was wholly occupied by an ice sheet, but during the later episode, correlated with the Loch Lomond Readvance, ice only occupied the upper part of the valley. The deglaciation which followed each episode was marked in particular by sequences of kame and outwash terraces. A terrace related to the second episode grades into a large fan buried beneath a sequence of marine deposits in the nearby Forth valley. The latest of these, the carse clays, are related to Flandrian terraces in the Teith valley.
Distribution des thanatocénoses récentes de radiolaires dans l'Atlantique nord‐oriental et le sud de la mer de Norvège
Authors: LABRACHERIE MONIQUE
Published: July 2010

The relative abundance of five groups of radiolarian species (nasselarians and spumellarians) in the thanatocoenoses within the recent sediments from 64oN to the Equator is described. Four types of thanatocoenoses of Radiolarians and several subtypes are distinguished and in the broadest sense four major faunal zones can be delimited: north of 60oN, a subarctic zone, a boreal zone, a subtropical zone whose boundary runs approximately along 45oN and, south of 13oN, a tropical zone. The correlations between the faunal provinces and climatic belts are more gradual in the low and intermediate latitudes than in the high latitudes
The deglaciation of Norway 15,000–10,000 B.P.
Authors: ANDERSEN BJØRN G.
Published: July 2010

The age and correlation of marginal moraines in Norway is discussed. A tentative location of the ice margin 15,000 B.P. is suggested, as well as a more firmly based location of the 10,000 B.P. ice margin. The results are preliminary and based partly on observations by the field parties of the I.G.C.P. project Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere'.
Contrasting views on the Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation of Denmark
Authors: BERTHELSEN ASGER
Published: July 2010

Recent kineto‐stratigraphic studies (Berthelsen, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denm. 27, 1978) indicate repeated advances and recessions and a correspondingly complex pattern of deglaciation. From mainly morphological studies Marcussen (Danm. Geol. Unders. II: 110. 1977) advocates that only one Weichselian advance (from N and NE) occurred. Two of his key areas are discussed. His deglaciation model involves the formation of successively lower plains during the late Middle Weichselian due to glaciofluvial and ablation processes. It is shown that this model must be abandoned, because its implications contradict its basic assumptions.
Deglaciation of the Bara Basin near Malmö, Sweden
Authors: DUPHORN KLAUS , STAY BERND , STILLER DIETMAR
Published: July 2010

Results obtained by mapping and special varved clay investigation show that the so‐called Northeastern ice advance (13,500 B.P.) and the Low Baltic readvance (13,000–13,200 B.P.) are separated by a significant deglaciation phase, for which we propose ‘Lockarp Interstadial’ (13,200‐13,500 B.P.) as a time‐stratigraphic term to be used in the type area of southwestern Scania.
The Younger Dryas vegetation at Kolmården in southern central Sweden
Authors: FLORIN MAJ‐BRITT
Published: July 2010

The Getsjö area of Kolmärden is located within the Swedish terminal moraines. The pollen diagrams reflect a Younger Dryas flora. Some radiocarbon dates have been obtained from the oldest sediment with some organic matter. Diatom profiles show the Baltic Ice Lake diatom flora.
Material provenance in the Ancylus ridge and the ice recession from Öland
Authors: KÖNIGSSON LARS‐KÖNIG
Published: July 2010

The petrographical properties of the classical Ancylus ridge on Öland have been studied. The erratic material proved to be markedly more frequent to the south than to the north of Norra Möckleby parish church. It is suggested that the difference is due to the penetration of glaciofluvial source material into the ridge southward from Norra Möckleby. North of the church the source material may consist of tills. A ridge extends from Jordtorp to Bettorpsören, east of Norra Möckleby. It was found to carry glaciofluvial material in primary position; consequently it is not a terminal moraine as was formerly assumed. This prompts the suggestion that the equicesses of the ice recession run roughly SW‐NE, and not WNW‐ESE, as thought by some writers. An ice lobe striking south between the islands of Öland and Gotland, as has been proposed, thus seems less probable.
The deglaciation of southern Sweden: a multi‐parameter consideration
Authors: MÖRNER NILS‐AXEL
Published: July 2010

The author's chronology and pattern of the Late Weichselian deglaciation of southern Scandinavia, with emphasis on southwest Sweden, is based on multiple parameters. Björn E. Berglund (Lund) has proposed a drastic revision of this model. It is shown that Berglund's model leads to impossible consequences and is even contradicted by his own data. It is therefore found not tenable.
Quaternary geology and deglaciation of the continental shelf off Troms, north Norway
Authors: ROKOENGEN KÅRE , BUGGE TOM
Published: July 2010

The study is based mainly on 4700 km shallow seismic profiling, soil mechanical, and micropaleontological analyses from forty localities, and seven radiocarbon datings. Six foraminiferal assemblages are recognized. The thickness of Quaternary deposits ranges from sparse to more than 200 m. They consist of top sand, soft sensitive clay, and glacial drift divided into four seismic stratigraphic units. The oldest unit, which is the thickest and most extensive, is built up of various sediments and is partly eroded, especially in the southern part. The remaining units occur as three complex linear belts running broadly parallel to the present coast and were deposited during deglaciation. Dating of the outer unit, the Nordvestsnaget Drift, suggests a maximum age of 13,300 years B.P., and datings from the top of the middle unit, the Mulegga Drift, have given a minimum age of about 12,200 years B.P. Seismic stratigraphy shows that the inner unit, the Havbrobakken Drift, is younger than the Mulegga Drift, but no datings have been obtained so far.
Late Weichselian deglaciation in the Oslofjord area, south Norway
Authors: SØRENSEN ROLF
Published: July 2010

The older ‘moraine lines’ outside the Ra Moraine in the outer Oslofjord area have been correlated with events in Bohuslän, Sweden. Recent radiocarbon datings in the vicinity of the Ra Moraine and a radiocarbon dated sea‐level curve for the Ski area show that the Ra Moraine was formed during the Early Younger Dryas, whereas the Ski Moraine was formed at the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone. An equidistant shoreline diagram together with a large number of marine limit observations have been used to establish the position of the glacier front during Late Younger Dryas and Early Preboreal chronozones. Reconnaissance mapping indicates a fairly regular recession with many short stops during the Bølling, Older Dryas and Allerød chronozones; at least two readvances to the Ra Moraine before 10,600 years B.P.; a rapid recession during the Middle Younger Dryas and a number of ice‐front oscillations at the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone.
Holocene pollen stratigraphy of southern Sweden: a reappraisal using numerical methods
Authors: BIRKS H. JOHN B. , BERGLUND BJÖRN E.
Published: July 2010

Holocene pollen data from two sites in Blekinge and one site in Scania were zoned independently by four different numerical methods. Local or site pollen assemblage zones were established for each sequence. Numerical comparisons of the two sites in Blekinge reveal similarities which allow the definition of a series of regional pollen assemblage zones for Blekinge. Numerical comparisons between Blekinge and Scania indicate no such similarities, and emphasise the necessity to establish regional zones for each area. Correlations between areas can then be attempted using radiocarbon dates. The advantages and disadvantages of applying numerical methods for these purposes are discussed, and their broader applications to a Nordic pollen correlation project are outlined.
Glaciation in northern East Greenland during the Late Weichselian and Early Flandrian
Authors: HJORT CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

The frontal positions of glaciers in fiords, sounds and larger valleys during the glaciation maximum around 10,000 B.P. and the extent of ice‐free areas at that time are shown, together with an isobase map of the altitude of the contemporaneous (or younger) marine limit. A number of 14C and some Amino Acid datings related to the glacial advance, culmination and retreat are presented. Some time after a Middle Weichselian period with restricted glaciation the glaciers advanced and stood at their maximum positions at about 10,300 B.P., in some areas remaining there until about 9500 B.P., at which time sizeable lowland areas outside the ice‐fronts were unglaciated and a large number of nunataks of various types occurred. The retreat of the glaciers started about 10,300 B.P. in the south, but seems to have been delayed towards the north. However, by 9000 B.P. all outer parts of the fiords were deglaciated and their central parts by 8500 B.P. The marine limit synchronous with this glaciation maximum and the deglaciation sinks from a southern maximum value of about 110 m to about 55 m in the north, reflecting a decreasing amplitude of the glacial advance.
Holocene (Neoglacial) moraine and proglacial lake chronology, Barnes Ice Cap, Canada
Authors: ANDREWS JOHN T. , BARNETT D. MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Lichen diameters and radiocarbon dates from the western and southern margins of the Barnes Ice Cap yield a growth curve similar to that from southeastern Baffin Island. As a consequence, the moraine chronology of the northern and western Barnes Ice Cap needs revision, as does the chronology of the large proglacial lakes that existed north of the present Barnes Ice Cap. The revised chronology indicates that moraines were formed along the western margin of the Barnes Ice Cap during the following intervals: (1) less than 100 years ago; (2) 400–500 B.P.; (3) ca. 750 B.P.; (4) ca. 1000 B.P.; (5) ca. 1600 B.P.; (6) ca. 2100 B.P.; and (7) 2800 to 3100 B.P. As the western margin of the Barnes Ice Cap retreated, punctuated by stillstands and readvances, the northern margin of the Barnes Ice Cap lay athwart a series of westerly draining valleys, and a complex of proglacial lakes were dammed between the ice margin and the height of land. This sequence is traced by means of well‐developed shorelines, lacustrine deltas, and spillways; specific lake levels are dated by lichenometry.

The Barnes Ice Cap moraine sequence is more complex than other Neoglacial records fringing mountain glaciers in Colorado, Alaska and Lappland. However, the chronology for the western Barnes Ice Cap closely resembles independent moraine chronology of mountain glaciers in Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island, and thus indicates that the difference between the Baffin Island climatic record and the general Neoglacial/Holocene climatic record (Denton & Karlén, Quaternary Research 7, 1977) is real. Comparison of specific data from Swedish Lappland and Baffin Island shows substantial agreement. Although Neoglacial records may be globally synchronous, the case for a 2500 year periodicity of glacial fluctuations is not proven: a 300 to 600 year return interval is suggested for the period between 0 and 3000 B.P.
Pleistocene occurrences of the European pond tortoise (Emys orbicularis L.) in Britain
Authors: STUART ANTHONY JOHN
Published: July 2010

Emys orbicularis is the most northerly‐breeding chelonian in the world, present in southern and central Europe, but absent from the British Isles at the present day. Mean July temperatures well in excess of 18d̀C appear necessary for the living species to breed successfully. In England records of E. orbicularis are now available from the Cromerian Hoxnian, Ipswichian and Flandrian temperate stages, suggesting mean July temperatures at least 2d̀C warmer than now. Most of the available material is of Ipswichian (= Eemian) age, spanning most of this temperate stage and indicating generally high summer temperatures even near the end. On the other hand there is only one English E. orbicularis of Flandrian age, dating from the climatic optimum, compared with numerous finds in southern Scandinavia, probably reflecting the prevalence of cooler and damper summers in the more oceanic northwest.
Antarctic glacial history
Authors: DONNER J. J.
Published: July 2010

E. M. van Zinderen Bakker (ed): Antarctic Glacial History and World Palaeoenvironments
A guide to pollen analysis
Authors: PRAGLOWSKI JOSEPH
Published: July 2010

P. D. Moore & J. A. Webb: An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis, Hodder & Stoughton, London‐Sydney‐Auckland‐Toronto.
Preboreal deglaciation chronology and marine limits of the Lyngen‐Storfjord area, Troms, North Norway
Authors: CORNER GEOFFREY D.
Published: July 2010

Scattered marginal moraines in the Lyngen‐Storfjord area proximally to the Tromsø‐Lyngen moraine were formed by the Scandinavian ice‐sheet during its retreat in the Preboreal. They correspond to ice‐front positions in the main fjords and fjord‐valleys where between three and four major and, in places, some minor ice‐front accumulations occur. These have been correlated using the marine limits related to synchronous shorelines. Dates for the shorelines and moraines have been derived from a shoreline emergence curve based on 14C dated shore levels from North Norway. Two major, and probably at least one minor, climatically induced, glacial events are indicated: the Ørnes event c. 9800–9900±150 B.P., the Skibotn event 95–9600±150 B. P., and a younger event c. 9400±250 B. P. The inner fjord‐valleys were probably deglaciated by c. 9100 B. P. Final deglaciation of the innerplateau during late Preboreal or early Boreal was characterized by downwasting.
Wastage features of the inland ice sheet in central South Norway
Authors: GARNES KARI , BERGERSEN OLE FR.
Published: July 2010

Detailed field mapping of different lateral phenomena, striae, texture and till fabric forms the basis of a reconstruction of five deglaciation phases in the east Jotunheimen‐Gudbrandsdalen area, a land scape with moderate relief in the vicinity of the ice divide. During wastage, the inland ice sheet separated into several ice lobes situated in valleys enclosed by large ice‐free uplands. The slope of the ice surface varied with local changes in the ice movement pattern and with the breaking of ice dams, which caused reversal of drainage from ice‐dammed lakes. Non‐climatic, large margianl moraines are thought to have fomed as a result of locally increased steepness of the ice surface. By tracing the deglaciation phases through two different valley systems which converge in the lake Mjøsa area, deglaciation events in the ice divide zone are correlated with marginal deposits at the front of the ice lobes.
Evolution of landforms in South Africa
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

David M. Helgren: Rivers of Diamonds. An Alluvial History of rhe Lower Vaal Basin, South Africa
Comparison between radiocarbon and varve dating in Lake Lampellonjärvi, south Finland
Authors: Tolonen Kimmo
Published: July 2010

The annual nature of organic laminations in the sediment from a small lake, Lampellonjärvi (61°04'N; 25°04'E), was determined. The core was obtained using an in situ freezing method and the laminations were checked by a detailed microscopical analysis of adhesive tape preparations. A series of six radiocarbon dates were obtained for levels in the core which had previously been dated by means of varve counts to ages between A.D. 182 and AD. 1513. The radiocarbon dates were between 547 and 1525 years older. Two additional 14C dates from the lower part of the same profile (ca. 1880 B.C. and ca. 3100 B.C.), however, gave expected results. Erosion of old organic terrestrial material due to agricultural activity in the surroundings of the lake was assumed to have been the cause of abnormally old radiocarbon ages. Dates from the pre‐agricultural period had a deviation from varve years similar to the difference between tree rings, historical documents and radiocarbon dating recorded in other studies.
The origin of stratified Catfish Creek Till by basal melting
Authors: Gibbard Philip
Published: July 2010

Sedimentological investigations into the lateral and vertical variation of Late Wisconsinan stratified Catfish Creek Till exposed on the north shore of Lake Erie, in southwestern Ontario, are presented. Depositional features and stratigraphical relations of the till combined with the results of granulometric and carbonate analyses indicate that it was formed beneath a floating, overriding ice shelf by basal melting. This is contrary to earlier work which suggested the till was formed as a series of subaquatic flows from a nearby grounding ice margin. The genesis of stratified till by basal melting, its significance and characteristics are contrasted with those of subaquatic flowage and iceberg‐rafting.
Cores of soft lake sediments
Authors: Wright Herbert E.
Published: July 2010

Short cores of soft sediment, used in studying the pollution history of lakes, can be obtained with a plastic tube fitted with a piston and piston wire. If the sediments of deep water are annually laminated (and thus difficult to sample without disturbance) or contain excess gas (which can disrupt the stratigraphy during its escape), a short ‘core’ can be acquired by producing a frozen crust on a tube filled with dry ice and butanol.

A continuous core of soft lake sediment at least 7 m long can be obtained in a single drive beneath deep water with a hand‐driven piston corer. Such a core assures the complete continuity necessary for counting annual laminations or for making close‐interval analyses without fear of gaps, and it provides the uniform orientation required for measurements of paleomagnetic directions.
Benthonic foraminifera as indicators of the paleoposition of the Subarctic Convergence in the Norwegian‐Greenland Sea
Authors: Sejrup Hans‐Petter , Holtedahl Hans , Norvik Olav , Miljeteig Ivar
Published: July 2010

A method is presented for correlating benthonic foraminiferal communities in Late Quaternary marine sediments on continental shelves and in coastal areas with the planktonic foraminiferal stratigraphy of the North Atlantic and Norwegian Sea deep‐sea sediments.
A Late Weichselian and early Flandrian pollen diagram from Østervatnet, Varanger peninsula, NE Norway
Authors: PRENTICE HONOR C.
Published: July 2010

A relative and absolute (pollen concentration) diagram is presented from Østervatnet, southern Varanger peninsula, north of the Main sub‐stage (Tromsø‐Lyngen) moraines. The pollen assemblage zones are correlated biostratigraphically with chronozones from Bølling to Middle Flandrian. Sediment analyses (loss on ignition and particle size) and implied sedimentation rates support this chronology. The three 14C‐dates are considered too old by 1000–2000 years because of hard water error. Redeposited Tertiary palynomorphs were encountered in the lower, mineral sediments; their source is unknown. Pollen spectra and pollen deposition rates indicate tundra throughout the Late Weichselian, with Artemisia‐grass steppe predominant during Older and Younger Dryas. Rapid vegetational changes began at around 10,000 B.P., followed by successive immigration and establishment of tree birch (with accompanying floristic change) and Juniperus. Ericales were conspicuously unimportant and the pollen diagram records a herb flora rich in basiphilous species
Sea‐level changes and their causes
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Nils‐Axel Morner (ed.): Earth Rheology, Isostasy and Eustasy
Grain‐size distribution of subglacial till and its realtion to glacial scrushing and abrasion
Authors: HALDORSEN SYLVI
Published: July 2010

A subglacial till formed from a sandstone bedrock has a variable grain‐size distribution which reflects its variable genesis. Glacial comminution processes were simulated by artificial mill experiments with fragments of the sandstone bedrock. Pure crushing caused disintegration along mineral boundaries into separate minerals, most mineral grains retaining their primary size during the crushing process. Abrasion produced cracks across the minerals and resulted in silt‐sized rock flour. The experiments indicate that most of the sand‐sized till material formed as a result of crushing, while the silt is mainly the result of abrasion. The sand and silt are both regarded as components resistant to further glacial comminution, but are formed by different comminution processes. By considering also the coarser till material, the general principles of glacial breakdown of resistant rocks from boulders to sand or silt can be illustrated. A matrix index and an abrasion index based on the mill experiments distinguish well between genetically different subglacial till types
Finite date of the Jämtland Interstadial
Authors: LUNDQVIST JAN , MOOK W. G.
Published: July 2010

Enrichment dating procedure (GrN‐9394) on a sample from the interstadial site Tåsjö, Ångermanland, Sweden, which is referred to the Jämtland Interstadial, has given the age 54,700±550 B.P. In the northwest European chronology this corresponds to late Odderade.
Geoecological research in the Rocky Mountains
Authors: HEIKKINEN OLAVI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Jack D. Ives (ed.): Geoecology of the Colorado Front Range: A Study of Alpine and Subalpine Environments
A glacial chronology for northern East Greenland
Authors: HJORT CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

In East Greenland between 75d̀ and 76d̀N three different glacial episodes can be identified: (1) An early period with more or less total ice cover and in which the ice reached out onto the continental shelf ‐ the Kap Mackenzie stadial; (2) a period with glaciation of intermediate extent, when nunataks and a few ice‐free lowland areas existed ‐ the Muschelbjerg stadial; and (3) a final period with glacial advance, when the glaciers were mainly restricted to fjords and larger valleys ‐ the Nanok stadial. Each of these stadials was followed by a period with general deglaciation, from which marine shell‐bearing sediments have been found; the Hochstetter Forland interstadial, the Peters Bugt interstadial and the Flandrian interglacial, respectively. The marine limit sank with each of these ice‐free periods; probably an isostatic effect of the decreasing amplitude of the glacial advances. The deglaciation after the Nanok stadial began about 9500 B.P. It is not known for certain when this glacial advance started, but 13,000 B.P. or earlier is suggested. According to 14C datings the Peters Bugt interstadial dates from at least 45,000 B.P. and the Hochstetter Forland interstadial from at least 49,000 B.P. However, amino acid analyses indicate a distinct age difference between these two interstadial, and Th/U datings give age estimates of 70,000–115,000 B.P. for the Hochstetter Forland interstadial, which therefore seems to be of Early Weichselian age although a pre‐Weichselian age cannot be excluded. The same applies to the preceding Kap Mackenzie stadial. The correspondence between the present glacial chronology and similar tripartite ones on Bafffin Island, Ellesmere Island and Svalbard seems reasonably good
Stress analysis on conjugate normal faults in unconsolidated Weichselian glacial sediments from Brorfelde, Denmark
Authors: SELSING LOTTE
Published: July 2010

The Brorfelde hills in northwestern Sjælland are built up of thick fluvioglacial deposits covered by basal till. A stress analysis of syn‐ and postdepositional normal faults in these sediments indicates that the faults are a result of buried dead ice. The hills can be classified as autochthonous ice‐sustained kame or crevasse deposits which have been transgressed by a later ice advance
A loess bibliography
Authors: SEPPALA MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Ian J. Smalley: Loess. A Partial Bibliography
Symposium on the glacial refugia and migration paths of Central and North European trees
Authors: ANDERSEN SVEND TH.
Published: July 2010

A symposium on the glacial refugia and migration paths of Central and North European trees was sponsored by the Løvenholm foundation and held at Løvenholm Castle in Jutland, Denmark, in July 1981. Twenty invited lectures were given by participants from twelve European countries. The symposium showed that it may be possible to identify the migration centres and the origin of local populations of the
A brief geology and palaeontology of New Zealand
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

C. A. Fleming: The Geological History of New Zealand and its Life,
Early Weichselian peat at Brumunddal, southeastern Norway
Authors: HELLE MADS , SØNSTEGAARD EIVIND , COOPE G. RUSSEL , RYE NORALF
Published: July 2010

Stratigraphical investigations of an inter‐till peat in Brumunddal suggest a major interstadial of Early Weichselian age. The insect fauna and the pollen composition indicate a mean July temperature 2–3d̀C lower than today during the climatic optimum. Larch and spruce immigrated at the end of the interstadial, which is tentatively correlated to the Jamtland Interstadial.
The Quaternary of Himalaya
Authors: VEYRET YVETTE
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

M. Fort: Etudes sur le quaternaire de l'Himalaya