bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Replication Study: Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia
Authors: Shan Xiaochuan , Fung Juan Jose , Kosaka Alan , Danet-Desnoyers Gwenn ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: June 2017

In 2015, as part of the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, we published a Registered Report (Fung et al., 2015), that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper "Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia" (Dawson et al., 2011). Here, we report the results of those experiments. We found treatment of MLL-fusion leukaemia cells (MV4;11 cell line) with the BET bromodomain inhibitor I-BET151 resulted in selective growth inhibition, whereas treatment of leukaemia cells harboring a different oncogenic driver (K-562 cell line) did not result in selective growth inhibition; this is similar to the findings reported in the original study (Figure 2A and Supplementary Figure 11A,B; Dawson et al., 2011). Further, I-BET151 resulted in a statistically significant decrease in BCL2 expression in MV4;11 cells, but not in K-562 cells; again this is similar to the findings reported in the original study (Figure 3D; Dawson et al., 2011). We did not find a statistically significant difference in survival when testing I-BET151 efficacy in a disseminated xenograft MLL mouse model, whereas the original study reported increased survival in I-BET151 treated mice compared to vehicle control (Figure 4B,D; Dawson et al., 2011). Differences between the original study and this replication attempt, such as different conditioning regimens and I-BET151 doses, are factors that might have influenced the outcome. We also found I-BET151 treatment resulted in a lower median disease burden compared to vehicle control in all tissues analyzed, similar to the example reported in the original study (Supplementary Figure 16A; Dawson et al., 2011). Finally, we report meta-analyses for each result.
Replication Study: The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate
Authors: Showalter Megan Reed , Hatakeyama Jason , Cajka Tomas , VanderVorst Kacey , Carraway Kermit L , Fiehn Oliver ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: June 2017

In 2016, as part of the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, we published a Registered Report (Fiehn et al., 2016), that described how we intended to replicate selected experiments from the paper "The common feature of leukemia-associated IDH1 and IDH2 mutations is a neomorphic enzyme activity converting alpha-ketoglutarate to 2-hydroxyglutarate" (Ward et al., 2010). Here, we report the results of those experiments. We found that cells expressing R172K mutant IDH2 did not display isocitrate-dependent NADPH production above vector control levels, in contrast to the increased production observed with wild-type IDH2. Conversely, expression of R172K mutant IDH2 resulted in increased alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent consumption of NADPH compared to wild-type IDH2 or vector control. These results are similar to those reported in the original study (Figure 2; Ward et al., 2010). Further, expression of R172K mutant IDH2 resulted in increased 2HG levels within cells compared to the background levels observed in wild-type IDH2 and vector control, similar to the original study (Figure 3D; Ward et al., 2010). In primary human AML samples, the 2HG levels observed in samples with mutant IDH1 or IDH2 status were higher than those observed in samples without an IDH mutation, similar to what was observed in the original study (Figure 5C; Ward et al., 2010). Finally, we report meta-analyses for each result.
Rv3723/LucA coordinates fatty acid and cholesterol uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Nazarova Evgeniya V , Montague Christine R , La Thuy , Wilburn Kaley M , Sukumar Neelima , Lee Wonsik , Caldwell Shannon , Russell David G , VanderVen Brian C
Published: June 2017

Pathogenic bacteria have evolved highly specialized systems to extract essential nutrients from their hosts. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) scavenges lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) to maintain infections in mammals but mechanisms and proteins responsible for the import of fatty acids in Mtb were previously unknown. Here, we identify and determine that the previously uncharacterized protein Rv3723/LucA, functions to integrate cholesterol and fatty acid uptake in Mtb. Rv3723/LucA interacts with subunits of the Mce1 and Mce4 complexes to coordinate the activities of these nutrient transporters by maintaining their stability. We also demonstrate that Mce1 functions as a fatty acid transporter in Mtb and determine that facilitating cholesterol and fatty acid import via Rv3723/LucA is required for full bacterial virulence in vivo. These data establish that fatty acid and cholesterol assimilation are inexorably linked in Mtb and reveals a key function for Rv3723/LucA in in coordinating thetransport of both these substrates.
Charms against Worms in Wounds: The Text and the Ritual
Authors: Agapkina Tatjana
Published: June 2017

The article traces the origin of the Eastern and Western Slavic spells against worms in wounds as a result of intersection of the believes, folk motives, magical acts, and the dialectal words.
Revision of “Balaena”belgicareveals a new right whale species, the possible ancestry of the northern right whale,Eubalaena glacialis, and the ages of divergence for the living right whale species
Authors: Bisconti Michelangelo , Lambert Olivier , Bosselaers Mark
Published: June 2017

In 1941, Abel establishedBalaena belgicabased on a series of fused cervical vertebrae and citing other cranial fragments from the late Neogene of the Antwerp harbor (northern Belgium). Later, Plisnier-Ladame & Quinet (1969) added a neurocranium and other skeletal remains from the same area to this species. Recently, the neurocranium was re-assigned to the genusEubalaenathanks to newer phylogenetic analyses. Here, a new description is provided of materials previously assigned to “Balaena”belgicatogether with taxonomic revisions. Our work suggests that the cervical complex originally designated as the type of “Balaena”belgicais too poorly preserved to be used as such and is assigned to Balaenidae gen. et sp. indet., thus making “Balaena”belgicaa nomen dubium. In addition to the neurocranium, the other remains consist in a fragment of maxilla assigned to Balaenidae gen. et sp. indet. and in a humerus assigned toEubalaenasp. Discovered in the Kruisschans Sands Member of the Lillo Formation (3.2–2.8 Ma, Piacenzian, Late Pliocene), the neurocranium is designated as the holotype of the new speciesEubalaena ianitrix. Our phylogenetic analysis supports a sister-group relationship ofEubalaena ianitrixandEubalaena glacialis, and helps constraining the ages of origin for balaenid clades. Ecological and phylogenetic data suggest thatEubalaena ianitrixmay represent the direct ancestor ofEubalaena glacialis, the latter having evolved through phyletic transformation including body size increase during the temperature decline of the Late Pliocene.
Recombination, interference and sequence: comparison of chromosomes 21 and 22
Authors: TAPPER W. J. , KE X. , MORTON N. E. , COLLINS A.
Published: July 2002

The euchromatic regions of chromosomes 21 and 22 are almost completely sequenced and have similar lengths (33.7–34.6 Mb). This similarity effectively controls for the influence of length, making comparisons of recombination and interference interesting. For both chromosomes, there is less male than female recombination, and male recombination is associated with GT/CA repeats. The striking sex difference may result from greater condensation of chromosomes in paternal meiosis, possibly restricting recombination to regions with longer repeat tracts and/or higher repeat densities. Chiasma interference in both sexes for chromosome 22 and in females for chromosome 21 is close to the genome average. Chromosome 21 is significantly different in male meiosis, with near complete interference, suggesting that even when double recombinants occur they are widely spaced. We propose that this difference is related to the different distribution of GT/CA dinucleotides. These repeats are widely distributed on chromosome 22, perhaps offering greater opportunities for double recombinants to occur within smaller regions, whereas they are largely subtelomeric in distribution on chromosome 21.
A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund
Authors: BECCALONI GEORGE
Published: July 2002

BSHS members might be interested to learn that an organization
named the ‘A. R. Wallace
Memorial Fund’ has recently been established in order to restore and protect the hitherto
neglected grave of Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913), one of the greatest tropical
naturalists of the nineteenth century. Wallace is best known as being the co-originator,
with Charles Darwin, of the theory of evolution by natural selection, and for his book
The Malay Archipelago, which is regarded as one of the most important of all Victorian
travel works.

Wallace is buried together with his wife Annie in Broadstone Cemetery, Dorset. The
grave is marked by an unusual and striking monument: a seven-foot tall fossilised conifer
trunk from the Portland beds mounted on a large cubic base of Purbeck stone.
Unfortunately, the monument has not been properly maintained for many years and it is
now in poor condition. Furthermore, the lease on the grave has only fourteen years left to
run before it expires, after which there is a danger that the plot could be used for another
burial.

The primary aims of the Wallace Memorial Fund are to restore the monument, apply
for it to be officially listed by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, and to extend
the lease on the plot. A. R. Wallace's grandson Mr Richard Wallace (who is the treasurer
of the Fund) plans to transfer the lease to the Linnean Society of London once the
restoration work has been completed. This will ensure the grave's long-term protection.

A secondary aim of our project is to commission English Heritage to produce a
commemorative ceramic plaque and install it on ‘The Dell’
(Grays, Essex), where Wallace
lived from 1872 to 1876. This is the only surviving one of three houses which Wallace built
(it is currently a convent) and he wrote his important book The Geographical Distribution
of Animals there. It is also notable in being one of the first houses in Britain to have
been constructed of concrete.

The total cost of the project will be approximately £4955. Contributions to date total
£3000 leaving £1955 still to be raised. If any members of the Society would like to
make a donation then cheques should be made payable to ‘The A. R. Wallace Memorial
Fund’ and sent to Dr G. W. Beccaloni, A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund, c/o Entomology
Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London
SW7 5BD (Tel. 0207 942 5361, E-mail: g.beccaloni@nhm.ac.uk).
Cheating the public revenue
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: July 2002

THE line between legitimate tax mitigation and illegitimate tax evasion may be a fine one but if it is crossed the consequences can be serious, since tax evasion can constitute the common law offence of cheating the public revenue. The nature of this offence was considered by the Court of Appeal in R. v. Dimsey; R. v. Allen [1999] S.T.C. 846.
A NOTE ON FINITE GROUPS GENERATED BY THEIR SUBNORMAL SUBGROUPS
Authors: Ballester-Bolinches A. , Ezquerro L. M.
Published: July 2002

Following the theory of operators created by Wielandt, we ask for what kind of formations $\mathfrak{F}$ and for what kind of subnormal subgroups $U$ and $V$ of a finite group $G$ we have that the $\mathfrak{F}$-residual of the subgroup generated by two subnormal subgroups of a group is the subgroup generated by the $\mathfrak{F}$-residuals of the subgroups.

In this paper we provide an answer whenever $U$ is quasinilpotent and $\mathfrak{F}$ is either a Fitting formation or a saturated formation closed for quasinilpotent subnormal subgroups.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20F17; 20D35
INVARIANTS AND COINVARIANTS OF FINITE PSEUDOREFLECTION GROUPS, JACOBIAN DETERMINANTS AND STEENROD OPERATIONS
Authors: Smith Larry
Published: July 2002

Let $\rho:G\hookrightarrow\GL(n,\F)$ be a representation of a finite group $G$ over a finite field $\F$ and $f_1,\dots,f_n\in\F[V]^G$ such that the ring of invariants is a polynomial algebra $\F[f_1,\dots,f_n]$. It is known that in this case the algebra of coinvariants $\F[V]_G$ is a Poincaré duality algebra, and if, moreover, the order of $G$ is invertible in $\F$, that a fundamental class is represented by the Jacobian determinant $\mathchoice{\det\biggl[\frac{\partial f_i}{\partial z_j}\biggr]}{\det[\partial f_i/\partial z_j]}{\det[\partial f_i/\partial z_j]} {\det[\partial f_i/\partial z_j]}$, and is therefore a $\det^{-1}$-relative invariant. In this note we deduce what happens in the modular case. As a bonus we obtain a new criterion for an unstable algebra over the Steenrod algebra to be a ring of invariants.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13A50; 55S10
IMPROVING LOCAL CULTIVATION OF SOYBEAN IN INDONESIA THROUGH FARMERS' EXPERIMENTS
Authors: VAN DEN BERG H. , LESTARI A. S.
Published: July 2002

The results of 86 replicated experiments on soybean (Glycine max) cultivation practices in eight provinces – planned, conducted and analysed by farmers – were examined to identify local differences in the effects of cultural practices on yield, and to explore the potential for farmers to improve their practices. Plant spacing consistently improved yield relative to broadcast seeding. The comparison between a moderate and a high dose of N, and between local spraying practices and integrated pest management, also had a relatively consistent effect on yield. Conversely, the effects of straw mulch, of moderate doses of N compared to zero N, and of weeding, were highly location-specific. A change in cultural practices influenced yield and economic benefits more strongly in low- than in high-yield situations. Modifications of current cultivation practices often resulted in a significant yield increase. This suggests that farmers need training in how to improve their cultural practices and that it should utilize locally conducted field experiments. Training in experimental skills made farmers less dependent on external measures and advisers, and enabled them to become ‘experts’ who utilize science.
RESPONSES OF TEA TO ENVIRONMENT IN KENYA. 2. DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND PARTITIONING
Authors: Ng'etich W. K. , Stephens W.
Published: July 2002

In a genotype × environment experiment at four sites with four tea (Camellia sinensis) clones in Kericho, Kenya, differences in ground cover and total dry matter production and partitioning were found between clones and between sites. The major contributor to these differences was the daily intercepted solar radiation that differed by as much as 30% between sites. Differences in radiation use efficiency (RUE) between the sites were small, but varied from 0.3 to 0.45 g MJ−1 between the clones. The rate of dry matter production was affected by the prevailing weather conditions. During the dry seasons the rate of dry matter production differed between the sites and clones by a maximum of 2 g m−2 d−1. Harvest indices were found to vary between the sites and increased with time. Partitioning to harvested shoots ranged from 10% for clone TN14-3 to a maximum of 19% in clone S15/10 at site 4. Partitioning to roots showed distinct differences between clones, being least in clone S15/10 (10–20%) compared with 15–32% in other clones. Rooting depths were greatly influenced by the prevailing temperatures.
LEGUME ROTATION IN THE MOIST TROPICAL SAVANNA: MANAGING SOIL NITROGEN DYNAMICS AND CEREAL YIELDS IN FARMERS' FIELDS
Authors: OIKEH S. O. , CHUDE V. O. , CARSKY R. J. , WEBER G. K. , HORST W. J.
Published: July 2002

The contribution of root and leaf litter to soil nitrogen dynamics, nitrogen uptake and balance was evaluated under cereal–legume rotations in a tropical moist savanna soil. Two legumes, soyabean (Glycine max) and stylo (Stylosanthes hamata), and maize (Zea mays) as a control were grown in four farmers' fields of different native fertility in 1993. At the end of the season, soyabean grain and stover were harvested and stylo biomass was removed for fodder. At the beginning of the 1994 season levels of total mineral nitrogen at a soil depth of 0–30 cm were 75, 52 and 44 kg ha−1 following soyabean, stylo and maize respectively. Total nitrogen uptake by maize was over 25% higher following legumes than following maize. Maize yield was 20 and 24% higher when grown after stylo and soyabean than after maize in spite of the removal of the standing legume biomass from the plots. Sorghum grain yield and nitrogen uptake were not significantly affected by the previous crops. Nitrogen balance estimates indicated that loss of nitrogen, probably due to leaching, was lowest in the plots previously planted with stylo. Results indicated opportunities to integrate appropriate legume-based technologies into the farming systems based on an identification of inherent nitrogen-release patterns.
Sphere theorem by means of the ratio of mean
curvature functions
Authors: Koh Sung-Eun
Published: July 2002

It is well
known that a compact embedded hypersurface of the Euclidean space without
boundary is a round sphere if one of mean curvature functions is constant. In
this note, we show that a compact embedded hypersurface of the Euclidean space
(and other constant curvature spaces) without boundary is a round sphere if the
ratio of some two mean curvature functions is
constant.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 53C40, 53C20.
THE PRESS, PATRIOTISM, AND PUBLIC DISCUSSION: C. P. SCOTT, THE MANCHESTER GUARDIAN, AND THE
BOER WAR, 1899–1902
Authors: HAMPTON MARK
Published: July 2002

This article demonstrates the connections between journalism, patriotism, and the
culture of public discussion in late Victorian Britain, taking as a case study C. P. Scott's use of the
Guardian in opposing the Boer War. It asserts that while opposing the war, Scott was simultaneously
trying to redefine ‘patriotism’ and preserve a rapidly waning ideal of the press as an agent of public
discussion, two interrelated goals. In contrast to a predominant image of the patriot as blind supporter
of the government's imperial expansionism, the Guardian put forth an ideal of a critical patriotism.
At the same time, Scott rejected the prevailing contemporary notion that the press should merely
‘represent’ the readers' interests. Instead, he sought to use leading articles and news reports to
encourage a culture of public discussion. Scott's journalistic and political goals overlapped, as his
notion of patriotism required maintaining a healthy public sphere. Although this study demonstrates
Scott's role in the persistence of critical ideals of patriotism and journalism, it concludes that Scott had
to content himself with appealing to an elite audience.
THE BURDEN OF TAXATION ON SIXTEENTH-CENTURY LONDON
Authors: ARCHER IAN W.
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to establish the burden of direct taxation in the city of London in the sixteenth century. Previous discussions have been confined to the yield of parliamentary subsidies which cannot give a full picture because of the way responsibility for equipping military levies was increasingly devolved on to the locality. Estimates of the costs of the various additional military levies are therefore made. Innovations in parliamentary taxation enabled the crown to levy extraordinary sums in the 1540s, but they required a level of intervention by the privy council which Elizabeth's government was not prepared to make. The subsidy performed especially badly in London in the later sixteenth century. Local military rates compensated to some extent, but tax levels in real terms were very much lower in the 1590s than the 1540s. Nevertheless taxation was becoming increasingly regressive, which helps explain the greater level of complaint in the 1590s.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL ROYALISM
Authors: SEAWARD PAUL
Published: July 2002

Counter-revolution: the second Civil War and its origins,
1646–48. By Robert Ashton. London:
Yale University Press, 1994. Pp. xxi+521. £35.

Sir Matthew Hale 1609–76. By Alan Cromartie.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995. Pp. x+264. £40.

The old service: royalist regimental colonels and the English
Civil War, 1642–46. By
P. R. Newman. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. Pp. ix+324. £40.

Constitutional royalism and the search for settlement, c.
1640–1649. By David L. Smith.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xvi+371. £35.

Loyalty and locality: popular allegiance in Devon during the
English Civil War. By Mark Stoyle.
Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1994. Pp. xvi+330. £30.
HUDSON, MALMESBURY AND CAVOUR: BRITISH DIPLOMACY AND THE

ITALIAN QUESTION, FEBRUARY 1858 TO JUNE 1859
Authors: CARTER NICK
Published: July 2002

This article examines the attitude and policy of Lord Malmesbury

in regard to the

growing Italian crisis of 1858–9. Making use of previously

unavailable archival material (in

particular the private papers of Malmesbury himself) it seeks to

present a much fuller picture of tory

Italian policy than has, until now, been possible. Although it is

recognized that Malmesbury's Italian

policy was based upon a sincere desire for peace, this does

not explain why Malmesbury chose to hold

Cavour personally responsible for the Italian crisis and directed

his peace efforts not at Paris but at

Turin and Vienna. This had much to do with Malmesbury's close

personal links with the French

emperor, Louis Napoleon. In addition, this article challenges the

traditional view of Sir James

Hudson as ‘more Italian than the Italians’. Hudson was

not prepared to support Cavour in a course

of action which promised only to deprive Piedmont of her constitutional

freedoms and deliver Italy into the hands of France.
CONSTRUCTING A JACOBITE: THE SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS

OF GEORGE LOCKHART OF CARNWATH
Authors: SZECHI DANIEL
Published: July 2002

George Lockhart of Carnwath is best known for his bitter denunciation

of the Anglo-Scottish Union in his Memoirs, concerning the affairs

of Scotland, first published in 1714.

There Lockhart appears as a wholly Jacobite narrator and moralist,

passionately inveighing against

the iniquity of his peers. Yet we know that his background was not cut
from

the same cloth as that of

his more stereotypical Jacobite contemporaries. Not for him the

brooding presence of a Cavalier

ancestor ‘martyred’ while fighting alongside Montrose or

ancient traditions of loyalty to the Stuarts.

Rather, like many Scotsmen after him, he was converted to Jacobitism in

the course of the political

crisis gripping early eighteenth-century Scotland. From the point of view
of

the historian studying the

dynamics of political commitment the fact that Lockhart falls into this

category is a godsend. Uniquely

among his Jacobite peers, in the Memoirs and in his many surviving

letters, as well as the

correspondence and accounts of affairs penned by contemporaries, Lockhart

has left the historian a

substantial amount of evidence to work on. This article will explore the

social and intellectual

background to George Lockhart's adherence to the Stuart

cause, focusing in particular on the interplay

of social forces that shaped his childhood and teenage years, before going

on to trace the key features

of his understanding of politics and society. Lockhart was not a

natural convert to Jacobitism, and the

fact that he and many like him moved in that direction merits close

analysis. By better understanding

why a man like Lockhart embraced the exiled Stuarts we can gain a more

general insight into the

revival of the Jacobite cause in Scotland in the early eighteenth century.
POLITICAL UNION WITHOUT SOCIAL REVOLUTION:
VINCENZO GIOBERTI'S PRIMATO
Authors: HADDOCK BRUCE
Published: July 2002

Vincenzo Gioberti's Del primato morale e civile
degli italiani (1843) has been
acknowledged as a major influence on moderate liberal thinking
in the Risorgimento. Yet historians
and political theorists have tended to dismiss the text as
ponderous, unreadable or worse. The concern
of this paper is to present what was once seen as a canonical
text in terms that might make its initial
appeal intelligible. Gioberti's text is set in the context
of theological reappraisals within the Catholic
tradition sparked by the rise of the national idea. The
Primato managed to bring together currents of
thought which are often regarded as antithetical. Catholic
universalism was used to buttress and
legitimize a specific view of the Italian nation. Gioberti's
synthesis was to have a lasting impact on
Italian liberalism, fostering a regard for established traditions
rather than abstract rights. It also
served to isolate revolutionaries and reactionaries in a dramatic
and decisive decade for political debate in Italy.
PURITANS, LAUDIANS, AND THE
PHENOMENON OF CHURCH-BUILDING
IN JACOBEAN LONDON
Authors: MERRITT J. F.
Published: July 2002

The comprehensive neglect of English church buildings in the century
after the
Reformation until the advent of Archbishop Laud has long stood as one of
the standard
readings of English church history. This article argues that attitudes
towards the building
and repair of churches in the pre-Laudian period were far more complex
than has previously
been recognized. It documents a sustained revival of church building and
beautification in
London that took place well before Laud's emergence, and which is
inexplicable without reference
to a whole range of practical and social, as well as religious, forces.
This evidence, however,
should not lead us to downplay the novelty and distinctiveness of the Laudian
building programme.
Rather, it is suggested here that Laudian polemic advanced a specific view
of puritanism as
incorporating a profane neglect and contempt of both church services and
of the building which
housed them. It is this vision of puritan neglect that not only provided
a justification for
Laudian changes to church practices and interiors in the 1630s, but which
has also deflected
the attention of later historians away from programmes of church repair
in the reign of James I.
PIETERNELLAVAN DOORN-HARDER, Contemporary Coptic Nuns, Studies in Comparative Religion (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995). Pp. 262.
Authors: Gibb Camilla
Published: July 2002

As van Doorn-Harder rightly states, recent research on women in the Arab world has focused nearly exclusively on Muslim women. In this study of contemporary Coptic nuns, van Doorn-Harder offers us richly detailed observations of the lives of a rarely studied group of Egyptian women. Situating this discussion in the context of Coptic revival in Egypt, van Doorn-Harder gives a sense of the dynamic and evolving functions of the Coptic church, and how these have been reflected in Egyptian convents since the mid-1950s.
Le développement social en Afrique contemporaine: une

perspective de recherche inter-et intra-sociale. By

ULRIKE SCHUERKENS. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.

Pp. 174. FF95 (ISBN 2-7384-3590-4).
Authors: HIBOU BÉATRICE
Published: July 2002

Ce livre est composé, outre d'une introduction

originale qui tente de synthétiser l'approche

générale, de sept articles de l'auteur parus entre

1988 et 1993.
Pattern of grain set in boron-deficient and cold-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: SUBEDI K. D. , GREGORY P. J. , SUMMERFIELD R. J. , GOODING M. J.
Published: July 2002

When crops of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are stressed, grain set in potentially fertile florets is
reduced. Cold temperatures and boron (B) deficiency during reproductive development cause grain
set failure in wheat. Patterns of grain set in cold-stressed and B-deficient wheat ears were studied
under field conditions in Nepal and in controlled environments in the UK. In both B-deficient and
cold-stressed circumstances, ear fertility was reduced by up to 98% but the pattern of grain set within
an ear was similar. Under cold-stressed conditions, florets in the uppermost one-third of the ear were
41 to 53% less fertile than those located in the middle and basal regions. Even in the unstressed crops,
the top one-third of the ear was less fertile than below by as much as 8–13%. Similarly, within a
spikelet, the distal florets always had fewer grains than the proximal ones. Decreased grain set
following stress markedly reduced yield per ear. We conclude that fertility should be assessed on the
entire ear. The determination of competent florets should be based on the presence of well-developed
ovaries, feathery stigmas and the structures of anthers (which can still be seen in the sterile florets at
maturity) rather than on the length of the lemma or on judgements based on visual appearance or
other subjective criteria.
Feed intake and liveweight responses to nitrogen
and/or protein supplements by steers of Bos taurus,
Bos indicus and Bos taurus × Bos indicus breed types
offered a low quality grass hay
Authors: HENNESSY D. W. , WILLIAMSON P. J. , DARNELL R. E.
Published: July 2002

Thirty steers were used in two pen experiments (Expts 1 and 2), and 27 of these in a third (Expt 3),
to quantify their responses of hay intake, rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) concentrations, and
liveweight to inputs of rumen soluble nitrogen (urea) and rumen undegradable protein (formaldehyde-treated casein; F-casein) when added to a basal diet of low quality hays. The hays were made from
unimproved native pastures typical of those grazed by cattle in the subtropics of Australia and
contained 7·8 g N/kg dry matter (DM) with coefficient of organic matter digestibility of 0·503 in
Expts 1 and 2, and 5·2 g N/kg DM with a digestibility range from 0·385 to 0·448 in Expt 3. The steers
(15 months old) were either Brahman (B), Hereford (H) or the F1 Brahman×Hereford (BH) cross.
Steers were offered supplementary minerals with the hays in each experiment. In Expt 1 (35 days) urea
was sprayed on part of the hay, allowing for daily urea intakes (g/steer) of either 0, 5, 11, 16 or 26.
In Expt 2 (42 days), F-casein was offered daily (g/steer) at either 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 and in Expt
3 (56 days) discrete offerings were made of soluble casein (225 g/day), of urea (18 g/day)+F-casein
(225 g/day) or of nil.

There were significant linear effects of urea intake upon hay intake and liveweight change of steers.
However, B steers had smaller increases in intake and liveweight change than did H steers, and B
steers did not have a linear increase in RAN concentrations with increasing urea intake as did H and
BH steers. In Expt 2 there were significant linear effects of F-casein supplements on hay intake and
liveweight change of steers and a significant improvement in their feed conversion ratio (i.e. DM
intake: liveweight change). The B steers did not differ from H and BH steers in liveweight change but
had significantly lower hay intakes and non-significantly smaller increases in RAN with increasing
F-casein intake. In Expt 3, hay intake of the steers increased with soluble casein (by 16·8%) and with
urea+F-casein (24·5%). Only steers given urea+F-casein had a high RAN concentration (94 mg/l)
and a high liveweight gain. The B steers had a liveweight loss and a lower hay intake than H or BH
steers in Expt 3 but a higher RAN concentration.

These studies have indicated the importance of the form and quantity of additional N required by
cattle of differing breed types to optimize their feed intake and liveweight gain when offered low-N,
low-digestible hays.
In vitro caecal fermentation of nitrogenous substrates
in rabbits
Authors: MAROUNEK M. , SKŘIVANOVÁ V. , DUšKOVÁ D.
Published: July 2002

Caecal contents of 3-month-old rabbits were analysed and used as inoculi of cultures supplied with
plant proteins (gluten, gliadin, zein), mucin, casein, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and glucose. The caecal
digesta contained dry matter, total N, protein, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble N and NH3-N at
234, 10·2, 42·6, 3·2 and 0·27 mg/g (on average), respectively. One g of the caecal digesta contained
180 μmol of glycine equivalents of amino acids in TCA-soluble fraction. Because ninhydrin reaction
was almost three times greater after HCl hydrolysis, peptides rather than amino acids were the
primary component in this fraction. Urea concentration was only 2·3 μg N/g.

Net production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in cultures with casein and mucin was higher than in
cultures with gluten, gliadin, zein and RNA. Zein was the least fermentable substrate tested. Acetate
was the principal fermentation end-product, followed mostly by butyrate and propionate. Branched-chain VFA proportions in VFA produced in cultures with casein, gluten, gliadin and zein were higher
than in those supplied with glucose, mucin and RNA. In the former cultures, branched-chain VFA
accounted for 10·2–17·7 molar % in the total VFA. In cultures supplied with proteins, there was a
significant correlation between methane and VFA production, and between VFA and ammonia. The
highest concentration of ammonia was found in cultures with casein. Production of methane was
increased on glucose and nitrogenous substrates containing a carbohydrate moiety (mucin, RNA). It
can be concluded that the caecal contents of rabbits are rich in nitrogenous compounds. The caecal
fermentation of nitrogenous substrates supplies nutrients both for caecal microorganisms (branched-chain VFA, NH3) and for the host (VFA).
The Hispanic Absence in the North American Literary Canon
Authors: KEVANE BRIDGET
Published: July 2002

I recently completed a book of interviews (Latina Self-Portraits:
Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers, co-edited with Juanita Heredia,
University of New Mexico Press, 2000) with ten of the most prominent
Latina writers in the US; Julia Alvarez, Denise Chávez, Sandra Cisneros,
Rosario Ferré, Cristina García, Nicholasa Mohr, Cherríe Moraga, Judith
Ortiz Cofer, Esmeralda Santiago and Helena María Viramontes. These
women, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican and Puerto Rican Americans, raised
issues that ranged from the craft of writing to the inherent problems
of national identities. The themes generated in our conversations with
these women – their doubled ethnic identities, their complicated relationship
to their communities, their difficulties in representing their
communities and, finally, their work as part of the larger American
canon – revealed a powerful discourse about what it means to be Latina
American in the United States. After spending two years talking with
these women, it is evident to me that Latina literature is a vital part of
American literature and should be included in any study of comparative
American literatures.
“Dead letters! … Dead Men?”: The Rhetoric of the Office in
Melville's “Bartleby, the Scrivener”
Authors: THOMPSON GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

Although a good deal of recent critical attention to Melville's writing has
followed the lead of Robert K. Martin in addressing the issue of sexuality,
the predominant themes in discussions of “Bartleby” remain changes in
the nature of the workplace in antebellum America and transformations in
capitalism. But, if one of the abiding mysteries of the story is the failure
of the lawyer–narrator to sever his relationship with his young scrivener
once Bartleby embarks upon his policy of preferring not to, it is a mystery
that makes sense within both of these critical discourses. On the one hand,
the longevity of the relationship dramatizes a tension implicit in Michael
Gilmore's suggestion that the lawyer–narrator straddles the old and the
new economic orders of the American market-place. Although he may
employ his scriveners “as a species of productive property and little else”,
his attachment to his employees is overwhelmingly paternalistic
and protective. On the other hand, James Creech suggests that Pierre
(published the year before “Bartleby”) is a novel preoccupied with the
closeting of homosexual identity within the values of an American middleclass family, while Gregory Woods describes Melville as the nearest thing
in the prose world of the American Renaissance to the Good Gay Poet
Whitman. In this critical context the longevity of the relationship suggests
that the lawyer–narrator's desire to know Bartleby, to protect him, to
tolerate him, to be close to him, to have him for his own, and then to retell
the story of their relationship, needs to be considered in relation to sexual
desire.
Of Being Ethical: Reflections on George Oppen
Authors: NICHOLLS PETER
Published: July 2002

The poems of George Oppen continue to occupy a marginal place in
most

literary histories, even though his work encapsulates some of the major

shifts in American writing between high modernism and contemporary

Language poetry. In part this marginalization is due to the habit of tying

Oppen to Louis Zukofsky's shortlived “Objectivist” tendency
of the

thirties. Oppen did indeed publish his first collection, Discrete Series,

in 1934, and with a strong endorsement from Ezra Pound (“I salute
a serious

craftsman, a sensibility which is not every man's sensibility and
which has

not been got out of any other man's books”). Yet after this
propitious

start Oppen fell silent for twenty-five years, jettisoning poetry for politics.

He and his wife Mary were members of the Communist Party between

1936 and 1941, their activities eventually attracting close scrutiny from
the

FBI. In 1949, Oppen and his family opted for political exile in Mexico
to

avoid harrassment. They would not return until 1958; only then did

Oppen begin writing poetry again, initiating a sequence of major

volumes, from The Materials (1962) to Primitive (1978).
Short Cuts and Long Shots: Raymond Carver's Stories and Robert Altman's Film
Authors: BODDY KASIA
Published: July 2002

Asked by an interviewer about the starting-point for his stories, Raymond
Carver once commented:

I never start with an idea. I always see something. I start with an image, a cigarette
being put out in a jar of mustard, for instance, or the remains, the wreckage of
a dinner left on the table. Pop cans in the fireplace, that sort of thing. And a
feeling goes with that. And that feeling seems to transport me back to that
particular time and place, and the ambiance of the time. But it is the image, and
the emotion that goes with that image – that's what's important.

If Carver was interested in moving from the image into narrative, his
stories have had a tendency to inspire their readers to translate them back
into images. This was initially a critical tendency, as parallels were
frequently drawn between Carver's stories and the paintings of Edward
Hopper, and the paintings and sculptures of Photo Realists such as Duane
Hanson, Richard Estes and Ralph Goings. But it was not only critics who
looked to draw connections. In 1989, for example, Jo Ann Callis used a
selection of Carver's poems to accompany her photographs in an
exhibition catalogue, Objects of Reverie, while Bob Adelman has produced
a book of photographs purporting to represent Carver Country.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH STATUS RISK FACTORS IN CHILDBEARING AMONG INDIAN WOMEN. EVIDENCE FROM HOSPITAL DATA FOR THE LATER STAGES OF FERTILITY DECLINE
Authors: MCNAY KIRSTY
Published: July 2002

Indirect estimates of maternal mortality in India indicate that fertility decline has reduced maternal deaths by reducing the frequency of pregnancy and childbirth. The earlier stages of fertility decline are also likely to have lowered maternal mortality by reducing the risk of pregnancy and childbirth as the proportion of births among risky multiparous, older women declines. However, further fertility decline may well be associated with some increase in risk. Risk will also remain high if the health status of Indian girls and women remains poor. This study uses a sample of maternal deaths and deliveries among patients who survived which occurred in Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat during 1982–1993 to investigate these issues further. The women in the sample have relatively low fertility and represent a fairly late stage of fertility decline. They also have persistently poor health status. Logit regression analysis reveals that although fertility decline is associated with some increase in risk, poor health status is the more important maternal mortality risk factor. Without attention to female health, even childbearing among expectant mothers with low fertility continues to be hazardous.
ANALYSIS OF BIRTH INTERVALS IN A NON-CONTRACEPTING INDIAN POPULATION: AN EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: NATH DILIP C. , LEONETTI DONNA L. , STEELE MATTHEW S.
Published: July 2002

Reproductive strategies are related to ecological constraints. This paper examines data on early birth spacing in a scheduled caste, Bengali-speaking, non-contracepting population of the Karimganj district of southern Assam, India, taking an evolutionary ecological perspective. It is found that on average birth intervals closed by boy–boy are longer than those closed by girl–girl. Birth spacing tends to be longer among upper-income and Craftsman sub-caste mothers. The presence of a ‘grandmother’ in the household shortens spacing. These findings are compatible with an evolutionary-based reproductive decision-making process.
Influence of whey and purified whey proteins on neutrophil
functions in sheep
Authors: WONG CHUN W. , LIU AI H. , REGESTER GEOFFREY O. , FRANCIS GEOFFREY L. , WATSON DENNIS L.
Published: July 2002

The effects of ruminant whey and its purified fractions on neutrophil

chemotaxis and superoxide production in sheep were studied. Both colostral
whey
and milk whey were found to inhibit chemotaxis regardless of whether they
were
autologous or homologous, but the inhibitory effects were abolished by
washing
neutrophils with culture medium before their use in the chemotaxis assay.
Colostral
whey and milk whey also inhibited the chemotactic activity of zymosan-activated

serum. Whey fractions of various degrees of purity such as lactoferrin,

lacto-peroxidase, lactoferrin–lactoperoxidase, α-lactalbumin,

bovine serum albumin and
whey protein concentrate were then studied. While none of these proteins
showed
any effects on chemotaxis, lactoferrin–lactoperoxidase
and whey protein concentrate
were found to have an enhancing effect on superoxide production in a
dose-dependent manner. Our results provide information on the modulatory
role of
ruminant milk proteins in inflammatory responses and warrant future investigation.
Ecclesiastical Representation in
Parliament in Post-Reformation
Scotland: The Two Kingdoms
Theory in Practice
Authors: MacDONALD ALAN R.
Published: July 2002

Jean Calvin, in his Institutes of the Christian religion,

wrote that ‘there is
a twofold government of man; one aspect is spiritual…the second
is
political…. There are in man, so to speak, two worlds, over which

different kings and different laws have authority’. He emphasised

this further by stating that ‘we must keep in mind that distinction
which
we previously laid down so that we do not (as commonly happens)
unwisely mingle these two, which have a completely different nature’.

The idea of the separation of spiritual and temporal jurisdictions was,
of
course, no post-Reformation innovation but had been a theme over
centuries of conflict between popes and secular princes throughout
Europe. With the fragmentation of western Christendom in the sixteenth

century, the issue came to prominence within individual states, not least

Scotland. As early as 1559, during the civil war which led to the
Reformation, a letter to the regent, Mary of Guise, from ‘the professouris

of Christis ewangell’ mentioned two ‘kingdomes’. It asserted
that there
was ‘ane kingdome temporall’ and ‘Christis kingdome’,
the Kirk, and
that the former ought to be ruled by ‘mortell men’ and the
latter by
Christ alone. The regent was described as ‘ane servand and na quein

havand na preheminence nor authoritie above the kyrk’.
Christian Grave-Inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris
Authors: McKECHNIE PAUL
Published: July 2002

In this article I shall republish a small corpus of epitaphs from the
Roman imperial household, with apparently Christian features.
These texts have not previously been published together. The dating
of these inscriptions will be discussed, and inferences about the Christian
community in the imperial service during the Severan period will be
drawn from the points of comparison which can be made between the
texts.

It has long been known from literary sources that there were Christians
in the emperors' service in these years. For the generation after Justin
Martyr's death, Christian literature provides three references to
Christianity in the familia Caesaris. Hippolytus says that Callistus, later to
be bishop of Rome, was the slave of Carpophorus, a Christian ‘of the
emperor's household’ during the reign of Commodus (180–92).
Irenaeus, writing in that reign, refers in the course of a theological
argument to ‘those in the royal palace who are believers’, without giving
any hint about the number of Christians involved. Then in the 190s
Tertullian's Apologeticum lists the palace along with other commanding
heights of Roman life in which, he asserts, Christians have established a
presence. By this time it was evidently well-known in Christian circles,
including in the provinces, that there were Christians in the familia
Caesaris: of these three authors, only Hippolytus was based in Rome where
the imperial household was centred.
The energy distribution resulting from an impact on a floating body
Authors: KOROBKIN A. A. , PEREGRINE D. H.
Published: July 2002

The initial stage of the water flow caused by an impact on a floating body is
considered. The vertical velocity of the body is prescribed and kept constant after a
short acceleration stage. The present study demonstrates that impact on a floating and
non-flared body gives acoustic effects that are localized in time behind the front of the
compression wave generated at the moment of impact and are of major significance
for explaining the energy distribution throughout the water, but their contribution to
the flow pattern near the body decays with time. We analyse the dependence on the
body acceleration of both the water flow and the energy distribution – temporal and
spatial. Calculations are performed for a half-submerged sphere within the framework
of the acoustic approximation. It is shown that the pressure impulse and the total
impulse of the flow are independent of the history of the body motion and are readily
found from pressure-impulse theory. On the other hand, the work done to oppose the
pressure force, the internal energy of the water and its kinetic energy are essentially
dependent on details of the body motion during the acceleration stage. The main
parameter is the ratio of the time scale for the acoustic effects and the duration of the
acceleration stage. When this parameter is small the work done to accelerate the body
is minimal and is spent mostly on the kinetic energy of the flow. When the sphere is
impulsively started to a constant velocity (the parameter is infinitely large), the work
takes its maximum value: Longhorn (1952) discovered that half of this work goes to
the kinetic energy of the flow near the body and the other half is taken away with
the compression wave. However, the work required to accelerate the body decreases
rapidly as the duration of the acceleration stage increases. The optimal acceleration
of the sphere, which minimizes the acoustic energy, is determined for a given duration
of the acceleration stage. Roughly speaking, the optimal acceleration is a combination
of both sudden changes of the sphere velocity and uniform acceleration.

If only the initial velocity of the body is prescribed and it then moves freely under
the influence of the pressure, the fraction of the energy lost in acoustic waves depends
only on the ratio of the body's mass to the mass of water displaced by the hemisphere.
Transition stages of Rayleigh–Taylor instability between miscible fluids
Authors: Cook A. W. , Dimotakis P. E.
Published: July 2002

Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 443 (2001), pp. 69–99