bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatic variability in the Sine-Saloum basin and its impacts on water resources: case of the Sob and Diohine watersheds in the region of Niakhar
Authors: Faye Waly , Fall Awa Niang , Orange Didier , Do Frédéric , Roupsard Olivier , Kane Alioune
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Local peoples from Niakhar in the Senegalese peanut basin highlight a dramatic increase of water access problems due to marked rainfall deficits and salinization of surface and ground water resources. The chemical quality of groundwaters is often critical because of the salinization process, whereas water surfaces, which should be used in such situations, are up early. More and more, lowlands and rivers beds are pervaded by salt crusts. Then the salinization of wells is increasing, leading to the extension of tans (salty of acidified soils). To study the impacts of climatic pejoration on the agroecosystems and on the living conditions of the populations, we carried out the analysis of the time series of the precipitations with daily and annual time steps from 1950 to 2015 on 6 meteorological stations, in situ measurements on 78 wells for an area of 311 km2, as well as local population interviews and field observation. The results confirm an important climatic break in the region in 1970. The long dry period, from 1970 to 2009, has increased the annual rain variability, decreased the number of rainy days per year. We confirm a real and large extension of well salinization, and salt crusting in the lowlands and the riverbeds. From the local people, it seems the process of degradation of the aquifers continues to progress from a large tidal event in 1984. The rainfall increase noted in the last decade does not seem to be enough to reverse the trend and to ensure both the rise of the piezometric level of the aquifers and the desalinization of surface and ground waters.
Study of the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Middle and Lower Cheliff (Algeria)
Authors: Hadour Ali , Mahé Gil , Meddi Mohamed
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to identify homogeneous rainfall regions and to study the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Cheliff basin using the regional vector method and the statistical approach (Pettitt test, Lee Heghinian test and Hubert segmentation) and the geostatistic approach (inverse distance weighting method). In terms of results, the regional vector method highlighted six (6) homogeneous rainfall regions. The downward trend occurred in the study area in 1972, affecting a few coastal stations. In 1976, this decline extended to the South West and throughout the coastal region. In 1980, the drop covered the entire basin. This decline has resulted in an estimated deficit of 30 % on average in the eastern region, the coastal region and the Mina. However, the central part of the basin experienced a 20 % decrease compared to the period before the break (1968–1980). The same spatial irregularity in rainfall was observed during the pre-break and post-break periods (1981–2010). On the other hand, throughout the basin, the areas corresponding to the rainfall ranges identified during the 1968–1980 period experienced an average decrease of 100 mm during the post-break period, except in the eastern region, where the decrease exceeded 200 mm.
The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6
Authors: Goelzer Heiko , Nowicki Sophie , Payne Anthony , Larour Eric , Seroussi Helene , Lipscomb William H. , Gregory Jonathan , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Shepherd Andrew , Simon Erika , Agosta Cécile , Alexander Patrick , Aschwanden Andy , Barthel Alice , Calov Reinhard , Chambers Christopher , Choi Youngmin , Cuzzone Joshua , Dumas Christophe , Edwards Tamsin , Felikson Denis , Fettweis Xavier , Golledge Nicholas R. , Greve Ralf , Humbert Angelika , Huybrechts Philippe , Le clec'h Sebastien , Lee Victoria , Leguy Gunter , Little Chris , Lowry Daniel P. , Morlighem Mathieu , Nias Isabel , Quiquet Aurelien , Rückamp Martin , Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , Slater Donald A. , Smith Robin S. , Straneo Fiamma , Tarasov Lev , van de Wal Roderik , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest contributors to global mean
sea-level rise today and is expected to continue to lose mass as the Arctic
continues to warm. The two predominant mass loss mechanisms are increased
surface meltwater run-off and mass loss associated with the retreat of
marine-terminating outlet glaciers. In this paper we use a large ensemble of
Greenland ice sheet models forced by output from a representative subset of
the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) global climate models to project ice sheet changes and sea-level rise
contributions over the 21st century. The simulations are part of the
Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6). We estimate the
sea-level contribution together with uncertainties due to future climate
forcing, ice sheet model formulations and ocean forcing for the two
greenhouse gas concentration scenarios RCP8.5 and RCP2.6. The results
indicate that the Greenland ice sheet will continue to lose mass in both
scenarios until 2100, with contributions of 90±50 and 32±17 mm to sea-level rise for RCP8.5 and RCP2.6, respectively. The largest
mass loss is expected from the south-west of Greenland, which is governed by
surface mass balance changes, continuing what is already observed today.
Because the contributions are calculated against an unforced control
experiment, these numbers do not include any committed mass loss, i.e. mass
loss that would occur over the coming century if the climate forcing
remained constant. Under RCP8.5 forcing, ice sheet model uncertainty
explains an ensemble spread of 40 mm, while climate model uncertainty and
ocean forcing uncertainty account for a spread of 36 and 19 mm,
respectively. Apart from those formally derived uncertainty ranges, the
largest gap in our knowledge is about the physical understanding and
implementation of the calving process, i.e. the interaction of the ice sheet
with the ocean.
A protocol for calculating basal melt rates in the ISMIP6 Antarctic ice sheet projections
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Asay-Davis Xylar , Hattermann Tore , Straneo Fiammetta , Seroussi Hélène , Little Christopher M. , Nowicki Sophie
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Climate model projections have previously been used to compute ice shelf basal melt rates in ice sheet models, but the strategies employed – e.g., ocean input, parameterization, calibration technique, and corrections – have varied widely and are often ad hoc. Here, a methodology is proposed for the calculation of circum-Antarctic basal melt rates for floating ice, based on climate models, that is suitable for ISMIP6, the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The past and future evolution of ocean temperature and salinity is derived from a climate model by estimating anomalies with respect to the modern day, which are added to a present-day climatology constructed from existing observational datasets. Temperature and salinity are extrapolated to any position potentially occupied by a simulated ice shelf. A simple formulation is proposed for a basal melt parameterization in ISMIP6, constrained by the observed temperature climatology, with a quadratic dependency on either the nonlocal or local thermal forcing. Two calibration methods are proposed: (1) based on the mean Antarctic melt rate (MeanAnt) and (2) based on melt rates near Pine Island's deep grounding line (PIGL). Future Antarctic mean melt rates are an order of magnitude greater in PIGL than in MeanAnt. The PIGL calibration and the local parameterization result in more realistic melt rates near grounding lines. PIGL is also more consistent with observations of interannual melt rate variability underneath Pine Island and Dotson ice shelves. This work stresses the need for more physics and less calibration in the parameterizations and for more observations of hydrographic properties and melt rates at interannual and decadal timescales.
Extreme Wind Shear Events in US Offshore Wind Energy Areas and the Role of Induced Stratification
Authors: Debnath Mithu , Doubrawa Paula , Optis Mike , Hawbecker Patrick , Bodini Nicola
Published: September 2020

Abstract. As the offshore wind industry emerges on the U.S. East Coast, a comprehensive understanding of the wind resource – particularly extreme events – is vital to the industry's success. Such understanding has been hindered by a lack of publicly available wind profile observations in offshore wind energy areas. However, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) recently funded the deployment of two floating lidars within two current lease areas off the coast of New Jersey. These floating lidars provide publicly available wind speed data from 20 m to 200 m height with 20-m vertical resolution. In this study, we leverage a year of these lidar data to quantify and characterize the frequent occurrence of high wind shear and low-level jet events, both of which will have considerable impact on turbine operation. We find that almost 100 independent events occur throughout the year with mean wind speed at 100 m height and power-law exponent of 16 m/s and 0.28, respectively. The events have strong seasonal variability, with the highest number of events in summer and the lowest in winter. A detailed analysis reveals that these events are enabled by an induced stable stratification when when warmer air from the south flows over the colder mid-Atlantic waters, leading to a positive air–sea temperature difference.
El columnismo de Francisco Umbral y el articulismo literario contemporáneo
Authors: Martínez Rico Eduardo
Published: September 2020

El presente artículo trata sobre el columnismo de Francisco Umbral partiendo de su biografía relacionada con el género de la columna literaria, antes conocido en España como “artículo literario”. Se estudian algunos aspectos de este género, por ejemplo su vinculación con la poesía. El estudio tiene como eje el columnismo de Francisco Umbral, pero también realiza alguna incursión en el articulismo literario de otros escritores contemporáneos, como Raúl del Pozo, Antonio Lucas o Luis Alberto de Cuenca. También estudia el género del artículo literario, brevemente, ofreciendo ideas de maestros como el propio Francisco Umbral o César González-Ruano.
O MERCADO DO MELADO DA AGROINDÚSTRIA FAMILIAR DE SANTO ANTÔNIO DA PATRULHA – RS
Authors: De Oliveira Ana Mônica Fitz , Ramos Miguel Matheus Shelton , Leonardi Alex
Published: September 2020

Santo Antônio da Patrulha, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, é um município com cerca de 42.220 habitantes. O cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, mais especificamente a produção do melado, diversificou-se em variados produtos obtidos a partir desse, os quais levaram o município a ser reconhecido por sua produção de rapadura. A partir dessa realidade, o objetivo da pesquisa é de identificar e realizar uma análise da estrutura de mercado do melado da agroindústria familiar de forma a contribuir com o desenvolvimento do setor e da região. Os dados foram analisados a partir do índice Herfindhal-Hirschmann Index. O índice encontrado foi de 880.773, o que significa que o mercado não está concentrado, indicando que há competição entre os produtores. Isso leva a implicações nas condições de venda destes produtos em Santo Antônio da Patrulha.
Propuesta de sendero interpretativo ecoturístico – educativo en el área protegida Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente, Carazo, Nicaragua
Authors: Alemán Jirón Yuri Lisseth , Tapia Lorío Emelina , Alguera Oviedo Karla
Published: September 2020

El ecoturismo es una modalidad turística ambientalmente responsable que promueve la conservación de los recursos naturales en diversas áreas que cuentan con espacios y destinos con recursos naturales diversos. En este sentido, se puede encontrar este tipo de turismo en espacios naturales como las áreas protegidas en Nicaragua. Este estudio se realizó en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente, ubicado entre el municipio de Santa Teresa, departamento de Carazo y Municipio de Tola, departamento de Rivas, con el objetivo de realizar una propuesta de senderos interpretativos ecoturístico-educativo en esta área protegida. Se contemplaron tres fases metodológicas: (1) organización, revisión de la información, coordinación con las entidades del Ministerio de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente y planificación de las visitas de reconocimiento; (2) toma de datos de campo, recorridos, observaciones in situ, geo referenciacion de puntos y senderos e identificación de especies de flora arborescente, avifauna silvestre y de potenciales naturales; y (3), análisis y descripción de la información para la elaboración de la propuesta de estaciones (paradas temáticas), del mapa temático, de diseño de rótulos interpretativos y edición del material didáctico (cartilla). Como resultados se elaboró el mapa de dos sendero interpretativo ecoturístico-educativo lineal-circular con nueve estaciones (cinco para el sendero Lagarto Cola Chata y cuatro para el sendero Tamarindo), la propuesta de diseños de cinco rótulos interpretativos; y de una cartilla como material educativo llamada “Haciendo Educación Ambiental”, que es dirigida a turista, comunitarios, investigadores y estudiantes, y contiene información importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente y la promoción del turismo sostenible en esta zona de importancia ecológica para el país.
On Texts and Countertexts
Authors: Berger Harry
Published: September 2020

The publication of Resisting Allegory offers us another chance to take stock of Harry Berger’s body of work. Harry Berger, Jr., has published original and enduringly influential essays on Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Marvell, Milton, Plato, Alberti, Virgil, Dante, Da Vinci, Pico della Mirandola, Vermeer, Beowulf, Erasmus, More, Theocritus, the concept of cultural change, the theory of periodization, and the poetry of Robert Frost. The third stage in Berger’s career-long engagement with Spenser was a series of seven essays published between 1991 and 2005 that revisit Books 1–3 of The Faerie Queene. Three essays on Book 1 have been revised and incorporated into the first chapter of Resisting Allegory, which now offers a full-dress reading of the Legend of Holinesse. Four more essays, two each on Books 2 and 3 of the poem, are reprinted here.
Narrative as Rhetoric in The Faerie Queene
Authors: Berger Harry
Published: September 2020

This chapter synthesizes a number of critical accounts of Elizabethan humanist culture to construct a dynamic interplay among three different models of reading: reading as if seeing, opposed by the text’s iconoclasm; reading as if hearing, based on traces of orality in the rhetoric; and reading as if reading, a.k.a. “perusing.” The chapter focuses on the episode of Phaon/Phedon, Furor, and Occasion in Book 2 to demonstrate its thesis that the text of Book 2 resists an allegorical program based on the ideological values of Temperance.
Introduction: Mappings and Crossings
Authors: Bray Karen , Moore Stephen D.
Published: September 2020

This introduction to the volume begins with a definition of affect and proceeds to a mapping of the principal varieties of affect theory. Having critically discussed the most common mapping of the field, it proposes that affect theory may best be focused through three interconnected, yet distinct, lenses: a psychobiological lens, a prepersonal lens, and a cultural lens. The introduction then ponders possible relationships between affect theory and theology and the study of religion more broadly, and proposes that affect theory makes at least four key contributions to religious studies: it facilitates engagement with the religious significance of the non-linguistic and the non-rational; it impels attention to material encounters in the religious sphere; it highlights affective religious dimensions in contemporary cultural and political movements; and it returns us to “the fourth source of theology” after scripture, tradition, and reason—that of experience.
The Literary Qur'an
Authors: El Shakry Hoda
Published: September 2020

The Literary Qurʾan: Narrative Ethics in the Maghreb mobilizes the Qurʾan’s formal, narrative, and rhetorical qualities, alongside its attendant embodied practices and hermeneutical strategies, to theorize Maghrebi literature. Challenging the canonization of secular modes of reading that occlude religious epistemes, practices, and intertexts, it attends to literature as a site in which the process of entextualization obscures ethical imperatives. To that end, the book engages the classical Arab-Islamic tradition of adab—a concept demarcating the genre of belles lettres, as well as the moral dimensions of personal and social conduct. Reading Islam through its intersecting ethical and epistemological dimensions, it argues that the critical pursuit of knowledge is inseparable from the spiritual cultivation of the self. Foregrounding questions of form and praxis, The Literary Qurʾan stages a series of pairings that invite paratactic readings across texts, languages, and literary canons. Reflecting both critical methodology and argument, it places twentieth-century novels by canonical Francophone writers (Abdelwahab Meddeb, Assia Djebar, Driss Chraïbi) into conversation with lesser-known Arabophone ones (Maḥmūd al-Masʿadī, al-Ṭāhir Waṭṭār, Muḥammad Barrāda). Blending literary and theological methodologies, conceptual vocabularies, and reading practices, the study builds upon an interdisciplinary body of scholarship across literary theory, Islamic and Qurʾanic studies, philosophy, anthropology, and history.
French Decadence, Arab Awakenings
Authors: Fieni David
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 does a comparative reading of French theories of philological decadence and Arabic and Islamic accounts of reformism and modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century. It begins with an examination of the secular philosophy of history of French Orientalist Ernest Renan, which both denies the very existence of decadence as a useful category of analysis and simultaneously constructs the Semite as inherently decadent. Renan’s 1883 debate with Persian reformist intellectual Jamal al-din al-Afghani demonstrates how European Orientalism set the terms for discussions of modernity but also how al-Afghani’s response partially defamiliarizes the categories of thought that frame the debate itself. The chapter ends with an exploration of two Arabic analyses of Arab decadence by Farah Antun and Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, who, along with al-Afghani, constitute a mode of “nomad thought” that contrasts markedly with Renan’s self-satisfied and self-centering diagnosis of Oriental decadence.
Algerian Women and the Invention of Literary Mourning
Authors: Fieni David
Published: September 2020

This chapter revisits the gendering of loss in discourses of decadence through an exploration of four texts by Algerian authors. Ahlam Mosteghanemi’s Dhakirat al-Jasad (Memory of the Body), Yamina Méchakra’s La Grotte éclatée (The Blasted Cave), Assia Djebar’s Le Blanc de l’Algérie (Algerian White), and Hélène Cixous’s Si près (So Close) each produce spontaneous, singular forms of female solidarity in the face of institutional expectations relating to language, religion, and the state that overdetermine the value of women’s social work of remembering and forgetting. The chapter explores these four texts in light of psychoanalytic theories of mourning and melancholia and also a certain injunction of postcolonial theory that would impose permanent melancholia on postcolonial writing and thought. These texts experiment with inventive modes of literary mourning, from the “female grotesque” (Mary Russo) to a range of syntactic elaborations, which propose a different cure for postcolonial melancholia and open the possibility of a “melancholia of the public sphere” (Judith Butler).
The Historical and the Philosophical
Authors: Løland Ole Jakob
Published: September 2020

Recent discussions about Paul the apostle and contemporary philosophy have been taking place as conservations of disciplinary boundaries between history and philosophy. The competing paradigms for claims of ownership to the “truth” about Paul between historical and philosophical perspectives were expressed at a debate between philosophers (Slavoj Žižek and Alain Badiou) and biblical scholars about the new philosophical interest in Paul. As a precursor for the philosophers’ appropriation of the Pauline legacy, Jacob Taubes deliberately crossed the disciplinary boundaries separating history from philosophy. Taubes provocatively made claims about the supremacy of Nietzsche’s understanding of Paul vis-à-vis historically oriented biblical exegetes, and Taubes’s contributions are unavoidably implicated in this disciplinary competition. In Taubes’s case this violation of disciplinary boundaries has roots in a criticism of historicism with origins in German intellectual life of early twentieth century.
Technologies of Critique
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

Critique—a program of thought as well as a disposition toward the world—is a crucial resource for politics and thought today, yet it is again and again instrumentalized by institutional frames and captured by market logics. This book elaborates a critical practice that eludes such capture. Building on Chile's history of dissident artists and the central entangling of politics and aesthetics, the book engages continental philosophical traditions, from Aristotle, Descartes and Heidegger through Walter Benjamin and Gilles Deleuze, and in implicit conversation with the Judith Butler, Roberto Esposito, and Bruno Latour, to help pinpoint the technologies and media through which art intervenes critically in socio-political life.
The Kríno Constellation
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter defines the etymological constellation of the word kríno,, in which each critique and crisis takes place in particular sites of production on the basis of technologies and modes of existence. It outlines derivatives and idiomatic that always refer to meanings of specific, practical usage according to languages, dates, and cartographies. The Greek word kríno is the action of separating, picking, excluding, sieving, examining, opening, distinguishing, and differentiating a simultaneously analytical-contemplative and manual task. The chapter also discusses the medical use of krisis, which links together two levels of significance. One level is performative, in which the critical day of the illness or of the patient resonates. The other level is speculative which describes the moment of observation or medical diagnosis.
Technologies of Critique
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter refers to two or three regimes that are transversal to the various modes of existence of critique and crisis, even of life and work. It explains the technologies of critique as a question of organic structure and theatre, which, although not the same, are not essentially different regimes either, superimposing themselves on one another and even substituting the one for the other. André Lalande, in his Dictionnaire philosophique, notes that the concept of structure designates a whole in solidarity with itself, such that each of its elements depends on the others and can only be what it is in and through its relation with them. The chapter tracks the metaphor of structure in the aporias through Aristotle's writing. A structure, Aristotle writes, that is irreducible to the simple sum of its parts.
Marx’s Critical Turn
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes the idea Karl Marx outlined on critique that is conceived as the question of history. According to Marx, it was not a matter of critique reduced to judgments within the realm of a philosophy of conscience. Rather, it was a matter of critique as a performative crisis of the relations of production, a crisis expressed in and as conscience, as well as its faculties and judgments. The chapter explains that for Marx, critique is a practical overthrow of the actual social relations that involves hitting and hand-to-hand fighting, a real breaking point that does not merely feed property relations but rather satisfies them by exceeding them. It points out that critique generates an overflow and transformation of pre-supposition that are not under circumstances that they themselves have chosen but under given and inherited circumstances.
Hyperbole
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights the question concerning the sovereignty of the principles of the understanding in the Cartesian text that initiates the hyperbolic turbulence of sovereignty that could create the principles and conditions of the understanding as the limits of a non-sovereign imagination subject to another sovereignty. It talks about turbulence that refers to the theological question of God as a poetic genius or miracle that without principles or rule gives or takes the rule. Hyperbolic turbulence appears in the constellation of tensions that the text itself sets out in the relation between finite understanding, infinite will, and imagination. The chapter also discusses the constellation of tensions that counterbalance each other in the suspension of judgment. The hyperbolic question concerning the sovereignty of the understanding installs the suspension of judgment in the text as a state of exception within the regime of production of the understanding.
Critique and Figure
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces Jacques Derrida, the philosopher who opened up philosophical hermeneutics to its nonhermeneutical limit and spectacular immanence of its terminology with great tenacity. It reviews the status of philosophical terminology that has been transformed while towing philosophical discourse behind it, changing its history into traces. Discourse awakens to its terminology by opening itself up to the virtuality of a language that, in the immanence of its testimony, has no centering function. This chapter also considers the terminological dimension that blocks the referential univocity sustained by frames and final categories. It explains the how totalization and fetishization are revoked of terminological multiplicity through a common preunderstanding or transcendental.
The Clash of Film and Theater
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter talks about spectators in the theatrical matrix that retreat contemplatively into themselves before the work. It describes how an audience concentrates on theater while being absorbed in its perspectival ideality under the polytechnical matrix of the image. The cinematographic instrument of ballistics does not allow for contemplation and suppresses the theatron and point of view within a continuous tactility, introducing profound changes in the perceptive apparatus on a grand scale. The chapter also explains the contrast to the canvas that invites the spectator to contemplation and before being abandoned to the flow of the association of ideas. It further emphasizes that before the film screen, the fascinated eye is subsumed in the movement image without noticing the metamorphosis that it suffers.
Critique and Mass
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on Walter Benjamin who, in 1923, wrote that a critique's day is long past. It also reviews Benjamin's writing about film in 1936 where he notes that film puts the public in the position of the critic, implying that critique has become more present than ever as a mass phenomenon. Such critique, that of a theatrical mode of production, is incompossible with the industrial-cinematographic mode of production in which the dialectic of places, perspective, the pit, and critical distance have been erased into a new immanence that makes the stage/stalls, cult/exhibition value, use/exchange value differend insignificant. The chapter points out that critique as a mass phenomenon has become more present than ever but it does not suggest the absolute extenuation of the theatrical technology of critique. It further clarifies that critique indicates how theatrical technology coexists with the industrial cinematographic within an actuality where technologies clash.
The Coexistence of Technologies: Marx
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Karl Marx's brief comment on the second edition of Capital in 1837. In his comment, Marx presents an archipelago of singular times, a montage of anachronisms, and of clashing modes of production that become unstable as to their own identity, arranged in a vacillation of influences and contagions, mutual interruptions, and infections that make any presupposition of a present unviable. The chapter affirms the case for self-complacency of each singular time mentioned by Marx with respect to a specific present and as regards to the endogenous categories of self-understanding. It explains Marx's words on how the political economy remains a foreign science in Germany when he wrote the second edition of Capital. Marx emphasizes that the living soil from which political economy springs was absent in Germany and had to be imported from England and France as a ready-made article.
Critique and Installation
Authors: Thayer Willy
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the possibility of critique that can no longer simply count on the dogma of an “age,” on mediation, the mode of production, or on a generalized present that encourages forces of interrogation to drum against its limits. It analyzes a general framework in which the multiplicity of fragments might be surprised by an epokhé that places it outside of itself and considered lacking. The chapter also talks about the opening or breach that is disseminated within the coexistence of anachronisms. It talks about Ernst Bloch's so-called “nonsynchronicity of the synchronous,” which is described as looking into concepts but not seeing the singularities into singularities. The fragments or elements of an installation are preinscribed within a totality that arranges them like bodily organs or parts of a landscape or composition.
Consumption for the Common Good? Commodity Biography in an Era of Postconsumerism
Authors: Wenzel Jennifer
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the limits of disseminating knowledge about the harms of neoliberal globalization as a strategy for creating change. It examines three documentary films (Life and Debt, Darwin’s Nightmare, and Black Gold) as commodity biographies. Offering an alternative to complicitous consumption (where one’s life is subsidized by others’ suffering), these films urge a shift from overconsumption to postconsumerism, which privileges products that dare to tell their own stories. Such value-adding narratives function less as defetishization than as new objects of consumerist desire. Nevertheless, moments of reflexivity, in which documentary subjects appear as consumers of commodities or film, disrupt too-easy binaries of First World consumption versus Third World production. The chapter situates these films about fair trade within longer histories of consumerism and its ethical conundrums, including the nexus of commodity knowledge and desire in Moby-Dick, and lessons in ethical consumption and viewership in Dziga Vertov’s experimental films.
The Comedy of Nature: Darwinian Feminism in Virginia Woolf’s Between the Acts
Authors: See Sam , Herring Scott , Love Heather , Moffat Wendy
Published: September 2020

Woolf’s vision of concentration in Between the Acts enacts purification on the model of atavism, or the reversion of biological forms to prior stages of development, an idea popularized in the modernist period by Charles Darwin. Woolf creates a concentrated community in this novel by stripping individuals of the pretensions to civilization that constitute individual and national identities alike.
Contrary/Sexual/Feeling
Authors: Love Heather
Published: September 2020

See's thinking is out ahead of the field, or in opposition to it: in his questioning of the epistemological ground and the political effects of anti-essentialism; in his rethinking of the place of science and of Enlightenment values more broadly; and in his testing of anti-normativity as a framework for politics, See demurs from fundamental principles of queer studies.
Effect of neck range of motion exercises on neck disability and pain among patients undergoing thyroidectomy
Authors: Shehata Om Elhana Kamel Abo , Shehata Omima Said M.H. , Abd elalem Seham Mohamed
Published: September 2020

Objective: Thyroidectomy is a surgery in which head and neck became extended during operation to facilitate surgical performance. Patients experience neck pain and limitation to the range of motion following surgery. The study’s aim was to assess the effect of neck range of motion exercises on neck disability and pain among patients undergoing thyroidectomy.Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was utilized, the research was carried out at the surgical department in Shebin Emergency Hospital, at Shebin El-Kom District, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Sample; 90 adult subjects undergoing thyroidectomy and are welcoming to participate in the current research. Four Instruments for data collection: Instrument (1): Interview questionnaire sheet consists of two parts to assess subjects’ socio-demographic and medical data. Instrument (2): Visual analog pain scale to rate the patients’ level of pain intensity. Instrument (3): Neck disability index to assess neck pain and its effect on patients’ ability to perform daily activities. Instrument (4): Compliance assessment sheet to follow the patient’s adherence with neck range of motion exercise.Results: There was no statistically significant difference found between study and control group socio-demographic characteristics and medical history while there was a statistically significant difference between study and control group concerning neck disability and pain after one week and four weeks post-operative thyroidectomy.Conclusions: Patient compliance with a range of motion exercises significantly improves neck movement in order to be able to carry out daily life activities and reducing pain for the study group in comparison with the control group.Recommendation: Nurses who work in the general surgery department should include a neck range of motion exercises in providing the care and follow up protocol for the patients undergoing thyroidectomy.
External Root Resorption after Orthodontic Treatment with Invisalign®: A Retrospective Study
Authors: AlSagr Haya , AlMujel Shahd , AlShiha Sadeen , AlShathri Najlaa , AlShammary Deema
Published: September 2020

AIM: To measure the incidence and severity of root resorption after orthodontic treatment with Invisalign.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from June 2017 to January 2018. Pre- treatment and post-treatment Orthopantographs were obtained from orthodontic records of 29 patients managed with aligners (Invisalign®, Align Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) at different dental clinics in Riyadh City. The selected sample was fulfilled the following criteria: (1) Class I malocclusion, (2) Mild to moderate crowding, (3) Non-extraction orthodontic treatment, (3) No evidence of root resorption before orthodontic treatment, (4) No root abnormalities or dilaceration, and (5) Good quality of pre- and post-treatment Orthopantographs. One examiner performed the measurements directly on the Orthopantographs using electronic digital caliper (Mitutoyo Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of 0.01mm. The measurements were performed on maxillary and mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines pre- and post-operatively, resulting in a total of 696 measurements. The crown length was measured from incisal edge to cemento- enamel-junction, while the root length from cemento-enamel-junction to root apex.

RESULTS: In our study, 72% of the teeth demonstrated root resorption, in regard to the severity of root resorption, we found that mild root resorption > 0% up to 2% in all the affected teeth. Upper Anterior teeth have more significant resorption rate than lower anterior teeth P<0.05.

CONCLUSION: The present study showed that incidence of root resorption was high after orthodontic treatment with Invisalign®, however the severity is very low and it is limited to the surface resorption only.
Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation on Profitability of Women Owned Enterprises in Pokhara City, Nepal
Authors: Bhandari Pratikshya , Amponstira Fuangfa
Published: September 2020

Entrepreneurial orientation is defined as an organization's strategic orientation, which seizure an organization's strategic making practices, managerial philosophy, and the organization's behavior, which are entrepreneurial. This study investigates the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the profitability of women-owned enterprises in Pokhara City, Nepal, through mixed research method qualitative and quantitative analysis. The primary data were obtained from an in-depth interview with two experts of government offices and sixteen personnel/founder from women-owned enterprises. Secondary data were collected from Nepal Government and The World Bank. The study found that entrepreneurial orientation and its various dimension (Proactiveness, Innovativeness, Risk-taking, Competitive Aggressiveness, and Autonomy) are the major influencing factors to increase the profitability of women-owned enterprises.

Furthermore, in the present context, women-owned enterprises should concentrate more on innovativeness to achieve profitability. Women should overcome all the issues and challenges they face at the personal level, social level, financial level, and government level, which will be vital in improving women-owned enterprises' business growth. The finding of this study helps the women-owned enterprises be more entrepreneurial to sustain and grow in the competitive market environment amid huge challenges and barriers.
Financial Risk Management in SMEs: A New Conceptual Framework
Authors: van den Boom René-Pascal
Published: September 2020

During the past decades, several risk management models have been developed and implemented. Merely, suitable for large firms. Nowadays, there is still a lack of a comprehensive framework for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This paper proposes a new conceptual Financial Risk Management framework for SMEs. The framework consists of two dimensions: Risk Management Process and Organizational Structure. Both dimensions contain several components, each component includes one or more items. To calculate scores on different levels Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to calculate weighting factors. We add a disparity factor to adjust the final score for an imbalance between dimensions. The educational level of the risk manager is tested positively as a determinant for FRM as well as for the two dimensions. The proposed framework may help individual SMEs evaluate and approve its financial risk management. 
Clevidipine as an antihypertensive drug in three pheochromocytoma surgeries: Case series
Authors: Luis-García Carol , Arbonés-Aran Elisa , Moreno-Martínez Carlos Eduardo , Trillo-Urrutia Lourdes
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice of pheochromocytoma. During the first surgical phase (pneumoperitoneum insufflation, tumor and veins handling), there is a risk of hypertensive crisis due to catecholamine release. After tumor excision, patients can suffer relative vasodilation and the residual effect of antihypertensive drugs, which results in arterial hypotension. For that reason, antihypertensive drugs used in the first phase should have a rapid onset of action, short half-life and no residual effect.

Methods: We report a series of three cases of patients with pheochromocytoma who were treated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy. They all received clevidipine infusion from the beginning of the surgery, before they had presented hypertension, to treat and try to minimize hypertensive peaks.

Results: In all patients, hypertensive peaks were controlled in a few minutes. After tumor resection, clevidipine infusion was stopped in all cases, and any patient required infusion of vasopressors.

Discussion: Clevidipine could be a first choice antihypertensive drug in pheochromocytoma surgery. Starting the infusion of clevidipine before the hypertensive peaks could help to make them less pronounced.
Temporal pattern in basal area prediction error of a growth model for Quebec’s temperate forest
Authors: Power Hugues , Auger Isabelle
Published: September 2020

Pour les utilisateurs, l’évaluation des performances et de la fiabilité d’un modèle de croissance est essentielle. Cependant, les biais spécifiques à l’espèce et à l’année d’observation sont rarement signalés, bien que des changements dans les conditions de croissance soient susceptibles d’augmenter la présence de tels biais dans les modèles. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé l’erreur de prévision de la surface terrière d’Artemis, un modèle de croissance à l’échelle de l’arbre. Même si les prévisions du modèle étaient peu biaisées dans la plupart des conditions, nous avons détecté des tendances liées à l’espèce et à l’année d’observation. Ces tendances étaient les plus fortes pour l’érable à sucre (Acer saccharum Marsh.), pour lequel une sous-estimation de la surface terrière en 1975 évoluait vers une surestimation en 2010. Pour le sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), la tendance contraire a pu être observée. Une meilleure prise en compte par le modèle des conditions de croissance et des perturbations biotiques pourrait aider à diminuer les biais. Ces résultats sont pertinents pour les développeurs et pour les utilisateurs, qui doivent savoir que les prévisions du modèle de croissance pour ces deux espèces sont susceptibles d’être de plus en plus biaisées avec l’allongement de la période de simulation.
Intestinal absorption of BCS class II drugs administered as nanoparticles: A review based on in vivo data from intestinal perfusion models
Authors: Dahlgren David , Sjögren Erik , Lennernäs Hans
Published: September 2020

An established pharmaceutical strategy to increase oral drug absorption of low solubility–high permeability drugs is to create nanoparticles of them. Reducing the size of the solid-state particles increases their dissolution and transport rate across the mucus barrier and the aqueous boundary layer. Suspensions of nanoparticles also sometimes behave differently than those of larger particles in the fed state. This review compares the absorption mechanisms of nano- and larger particles in the lumen at different prandial states, with an emphasis on data derived from in vivo models. Four BSC class II drugs—aprepitant, cyclosporine, danazol and fenofibrate—are discussed in detail based on information from preclinical intestinal perfusion models.
Subsistence Economies in Marginal Areas with Natural Constraints
Authors: Goepfert Nicolas , Béarez Philippe , Christol Aurélien , Wuscher Patrice , Gutiérrez Belkys
Published: September 2020

Chapter 11 reviews research at Bayovar-01, a site in the Sechura Desert of far northern Peru that dates to the transition between the Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon (roughly between 550 and 770 cal AD). Situated in front of a paleolagoon that was only wet occasionally, the authors suggest that Bayovar-01 was a specialized fishing and fish preparation site exporting to other areas by llama caravans.
Late Prehistoric Maritime Communities in Coastal Ecuador
Authors: Stothert Karen E. , Masucci Maria , Carter Benjamin
Published: September 2020

Chapter 12 reviews late prehistoric maritime communities of coastal Ecuador to investigate changes in adaptation at two sites in the Santa Elena area of southern Ecuador: Loma de los Cangrejitos and Mar Bravo. The authors find changes in the distribution of population, social organization, and the role of marine resources at around 700 cal A.D. They conclude that late communities of coastal Ecuador were successful, sophisticated exploiters of coastal resources who intensified both marine and terrestrial production over time and lived in well-organized, dense, kin-based settlements. Organization varied across space and there is no clear evidence for centralization. The paper also discusses the mollusk Spondylus, which is native to this region, and its possible roles in trade and the complexity.
Fish[i]stories
Authors: Ramírez Susan Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

Chapter 15 discusses the Early Colonial Period, 16th-century documentary record of fisherfolk of the Peruvian North Coast. These documents “identify semi-autonomous lineages of specialized fishing groups with their own language”. Although these groups were interspersed with other lineages, the records show not only the fishing people but even the marine species that they targeted. The chapter includes a section on the complicated history of leadership of the fishing lineage from Malabrigo, and in particular the story of a leader who rebelled against the local chief lord and against the Spaniards. This account highlights the quasi-independence of fishing groups.
Emma Goldman among the Avant-Garde
Authors: Hollis Catherine W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that Emma Goldman’s anarchist feminism is a vital, if under-studied, influence on modernist women’s communities. Despite the generation separating them, Goldman and modernist women, such as Margaret Anderson and Emily Holmes Coleman, were united by their improvised personal lives and pursuit of individual liberty in the realm of art and politics. In the fight against censorship, Goldman’s little magazine Mother Earth was a direct role model for Anderson in her fight to publish James Joyce’s Ulysses in the Little Review; a decade later, Coleman provided Goldman with editorial assistance (and occasional resistance) in the writing of Goldman’s Living My Life. Further, both Anderson and Coleman introduced Goldman to modernist writers like Joyce and Virginia Woolf, challenging Goldman to reconsider her ideas of what counted as revolutionary in the fields of art and literature. Through their aesthetic and political differences, we observe an early example of intergenerational American feminism negotiating influence and relevance. Ultimately, Goldman’s work as an anarchist activist and public speaker, especially her focus on women’s autonomy and freedom, provided the groundwork for the experimental personal lives and networks of support that shaped modernist women’s communities.
The Documentary Archaeology of Magunkaquog
Authors: Herbster Holly
Published: September 2020

The sub-discipline of documentary archaeology is explored in Chapter 4. Layers of information about the Magunkaquog site and its inhabitants—and the story of Isaac Nehemiah, in particular—are revealed through analysis and interpretation of centuries-old primary documents connected to this site. This chapter unfolds around details surrounding the loss of Magunkaquog land through a controversial sale in 1715, granting it to Harvard College. Diverging interpretations of how this sale was perceived by the Native and Euroamerican peoples involved are explored. The documents reveal satisfaction among the Euroamerican men responsible for the sale and a clear sense of loss among the Native inhabitants (culminating in the death of a central figure at this settlement). The praying town period and effects of King Philip’s War are also discussed. Documents can reveal many details about the past, but must also be “read” in a deeper way to be better understood, and to help tell the more complex history of interactions between Native and European peoples of the past.