bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐23 pathway at the enthesis: The emerging story of enthesitis in spondyloarthropathy
Authors: Bridgewood Charlie , Sharif Kassem , Sherlock Jonathan , Watad Abdulla , McGonagle Dennis
Published: January 2020

The inflammatory disorders collectively termed the seronegative spondyloarthropathies (SpA) include ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), reactive arthritis, the arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the arthritis related to anterior uveitis, and finally, somewhat controversially Behcet's disease. All of these diseases are associated with SNPs in the IL‐23R or the interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) cytokine itself and related downstream signaling JAK pathway genes and the interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) pathway. In rheumatoid arthritis, the target of the immune response is the synovium but the SpA disorders target the tendon, ligament, and joint capsule skeletal anchorage points that are termed entheses. The discovery that IL‐23R–expressing cells were ensconced in healthy murine enthesis, and other extraskeletal anchorage points including the aortic root and the ciliary body of the eye and that systemic overexpression of IL‐23 resulted in a severe experimental SpA, confirmed a fundamentally different immunobiology to rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, IL‐23R–expressing myeloid cells and various innate and adaptive T cells that produce IL‐17 family cytokines have also been described in the human enthesis. Blockade of IL‐23 pathway with either anti‐p40 or anti‐p19 subunits has resulted in some spectacular therapeutic successes in psoriasis and PsA including improvement in enthesitis in the peripheral skeleton but has failed to demonstrate efficacy in AS that is largely a spinal polyenthesitis. Herein, we discuss the known biology of IL‐23 at the human enthesis and highlight the remarkable emerging story of this unique skeletal tissue.
Nurses' intention to stay: The impact of perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Zhang Yaqing , Yan Dexiu , Wen Fule , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: January 2020

Aim

To propose a theoretical model of intention to stay (ITS) and examine the effects of perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction on ITS.

Design

Cross‐sectional multicentre survey.

Methods

The survey was conducted from January 2017‒July 2017 and comprised 3,240 clinical nurses from nine tertiary hospitals in eastern, central and western China, with 2,352 effective responses. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the relationship between ITS and its correlative factors.

Results

The hypothesized model was supported. Job control, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction significantly and directly affected nurses' ITS. Furthermore, job control and perceived organizational support showed indirect effects on ITS, which was mediated by job satisfaction. Perceived organizational support could positively influence job control to have a further impact on job satisfaction and ITS.

Conclusion

Based on a large sample of Chinese tertiary hospital nurses, this study proposed and verified a theoretical model of nurses' ITS, revealing that organization characteristics, work characteristics and affective response to work can have an impact on ITS.

Impact

This study was the first to examine the relationships among perceived organizational support, job control, job satisfaction and ITS, enriching the theoretical model of ITS. Nurse managers can improve nurses' ITS by enhancing their perceived organizational support, job control and job satisfaction.
Palaeoenvironmental setting of MojokertoHomo erectus, the palynological expressions of Pleistocene marine deltas, open grasslands and volcanic mountains in East Java
Authors: Morley Robert J. , Morley Harsanti P. , Zaim Yahdi , Huffman O. Frank
Published: January 2020

Aim

To determine the vegetation and landscape experienced byHomo erectuspopulations which first inhabited Java.

Location

Perning, near Mojokerto, East Java, the 1936 discovery locality of a fossil child's skull widely attributed toH. erectus, and laterally equivalent sediments at Jetis.

Taxon

Terrestrial, mangrove and aquatic plants.

Methods

A comprehensive suite of samples was collected at close spacing through a coastal sedimentary succession analysed concurrently for its depositional origins. The section traversed particularly informative marine, delta front and delta plain deposits, including the bonebed in which theH. erectuswas discovered.

Results

Rich palynomorph recovery indicative of mangroves was obtained in the mud‐dominated marine Mollusk Member II at the base of the analysed section. The overlying deltaic strata are characterized by grass pollen and phytoliths, while still retaining mangrove and wetland signals in key samples near the level of theH. erectusbed.

Main conclusion

The vertical stratigraphic series of facies in the Perning and adjacent Jetis sections indicates a landscape with four potentialHomohabitats: muddy deltas with widespreadNypaswamps; a poorly vegetated sandy delta; extensive open savanna grasslands in the lowlands up river of the delta; and volcanoes in the upper reaches of the catchment with perhumid montane podocarp and broad‐leaf forests and probable open fire‐climaxCasuarina junghuhnianaforest. Palynological data support an Early Pleistocene geological age for MojokertoH. erectusat about 1.43 Myr.
Additional benefits of nonconventional modalities of cardiac resynchronization therapy using His bundle pacing
Authors: Coluccia Giovanni , Vitale Elena , Corallo Serena , Aste Milena , Odaglia Federica , Donateo Paolo , Oddone Daniele , Brignole Michele
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Dyssynchrony persists in many patients despite cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). Aim of this proof‐of‐concept study was to achieve better CRT, with a QRS approximating the normal width and axis, by using His bundle pacing (HBP) and nonconventional pacing configurations.

Methods and Results

In 20 patients with CRT indications, we performed an acute intrapatient comparison between conventional biventricular (CONV) and three nonconventional pacing modalities: HBP alone, His bundle, and coronary sinus pacing (HBP + CS), and HBP + CS plus right ventricular pacing (TRIPLE). Electrical dyssynchrony was assessed by means of QRS width and axis; “quasi‐normal” axis meant an R/S ratio ≥ 1 in leads I and V6 and ≤1 in V1. Mechanical dyssynchrony was assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. QRS width was 153 ± 18 ms on CONV, shortened to 137 ± 16  ms on HBP + CS (P = .001) and to 130 ± 14 ms on TRIPLE (P = .001), while it remained unchanged on HBP (159 ± 32 ms; P = .17). The rate of patients with “quasi‐normal” axis was 5% on CONV, and increased to 90% on HBP (P = .0001), to 63% on HBP + CS (P = .001), and to 44% on TRIPLE (P = .02). On radial strain analysis, the time‐to‐peak difference between anteroseptal and posterolateral segments was 143 ± 116 ms on CONV, shortened to 121 ± 127 ms on HBP (P = .79), to 67 ± 70 ms on HBP + CS (P = .02), and to 76 ± 55 ms on TRIPLE (P = .05). On discharge, HBP was chosen in 15% of patients, HBP + CS in 55%, and TRIPLE in 30%; CONV was never chosen.

Conclusion

Nonconventional modalities of CRT provide acute additional electrical and mechanical resynchronization. An interpatient variability exists.
High‐fat diet‐induced dysbiosis mediates MCP‐1/CCR2 axis‐dependent M2 macrophage polarization and promotes intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Guo Zixuan , Song Xueli , Liu Li , Dong Wenxiao , Wang Sinan , Xu Mengque , Yang Cheng , Wang Bangmao , Cao Hailong
Published: January 2020

High‐fat diet (HFD) is a well‐known risk factor for gut microbiota dysbiosis and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, evidence relating HFD, gut microbiota and carcinogenesis is limited. Our study aimed to demonstrate that HFD‐induced gut dysbiosis promoted intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence. In clinical study, we found that HFD increased the incidence of advanced colorectal neoplasia (AN). The expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) and CD163 in CRC patients with HFD was significantly higher than that in CRC patients with normal diet. When it comes to the Apcmin/+ mice, HFD consumption could induce gut dysbiosis and promote intestinal carcinogenesis, accompanying with activation of MCP‐1/CCR2 axis that recruited and polarized M2 tumour‐associated macrophages. Interestingly, transfer of faecal microbiota from HFD‐fed mice to another batch of Apcmin/+ mice in the absence of HFD could also enhance carcinogenesis without significant body weight gain and induced MCP‐1/CCR2 axis activation. HFD‐induced dysbiosis could also be transmitted. Meanwhile, antibiotics cocktail treatment was sufficient to inhibit HFD‐induced carcinogenesis, indicating the vital role of dysbiosis in cancer development. Conclusively, these data indicated that HFD‐induced dysbiosis accelerated intestinal adenoma‐adenocarcinoma sequence through activation of MCP‐1/CCR2 axis, which would provide new insight into better understanding of the mechanisms and prevention for HFD‐related CRC.
Recognition of different Longjing fresh tea varieties using hyperspectral imaging technology and chemometrics
Authors: Yan Lei , Pang Lei , Wang Hua , Xiao Jiang
Published: January 2020

Hyperspectral imaging technology was applied to detect and recognize six different varieties of Longjing fresh tea. The data contained image and spectral information at 370–1042 nm; color and texture features were the foci of the image research. Spectral pre‐processing was performed by multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and standard normal variate (SNV), and then, we selected the corresponding position variable and vegetation indexes as spectral features. Representative features including the most information were chose by principal component analysis (PCA). A novel back propagation (BP) neural network, with a self‐generated number of hidden layer neurons, was proposed. Using spectral features, image features, and spectral image fusion features as input, three fresh tea recognition models were established: the improved BP neural network, traditional BP neural network, and support vector machine (SVM). Results suggested that the improved BP neural network could promote performance of the model, especially for the spectral pre‐processed data. Mixed‐feature models did better than individual feature models, with 100% accuracy of the predictive set. This study shows that hyperspectral imaging technology can be a potential rapid and nondestructive approach to identify different varieties of Longjing fresh teas.

Practical applications

This article introduced application of hyperspectral imaging technology to identify Longjing fresh tea of different origins and varieties. Samples were analyzed using spectral and image characteristics. We provided a basis for full utilization of tea characteristics. At the same time, an improved BP neural network, with less calculation complexity and workload than the traditional BP neural network, was proposed. In summary, we outlined a convenient and reliable method for differentiation of Longjing fresh teas. Furthermore, we established a theoretical foundation for development of portable instruments to be used in similar studies.
Effects of smelling amniotic fluid on preterm infant's pain and stress during peripheral cannulation: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Alemdar Dilek Küçük , Tüfekci Fatma Güdücü
Published: January 2020

Aim

To investigate the effect of smelling amniotic fluid on preterm infants' pain and stress caused by peripheral cannulation.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial. The study sample consisted of 80 preterm infants meeting the case selection criteria and infants were randomly assigned to each group. However, in addition to the infants excluded from the study, total number of the infants in all the groups was 61. Infants in the amniotic fluid group smelled amniotic fluid for 15 min before, during, and after the application of peripheral cannulation while those in the control group received routine care during the procedure. The Premature Infant Pain Profile was used to assess their pain levels, and salivary cortisol analysis was performed to evaluate stress levels.

Results

Preterm infants in the amniotic fluid and control groups had similar baseline characteristics. However, the pain levels of infants in the amniotic fluid group were significantly lower than of those in the control group during and after the procedure. After the procedure, cortisol levels of the infants in the amniotic fluid group were lower than of those in the control group, although this difference was not significant.

Conclusion

The intervention of smelling amniotic fluid is a practice that can be used for reducing pain and stress of preterm infants during peripheral cannulation.
Effects of smartphone application education combined with hands‐on practice in breast self‐examination on junior nursing students in South Korea
Authors: Kang So Ra , Shin Hyewon , Lee JungMin , Kim Shin‐Jeong
Published: January 2020

Background

Breast self‐examination is a convenient and effective way to detect breast abnormalities. Based on Dale's Cone of Experience theory, we hypothesized that the combination of a smartphone application with hands‐on practice would have a greater impact than using a smartphone application alone. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different educational methods on (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, (c) skills, and (d) students' satisfaction with the learning methods.

Methods

We conducted a pre‐ and post‐test quasi‐experimental design and developed a smartphone application using a video clip. One experimental group received smartphone‐based education, another group received smartphone‐based education combined with hands‐on practice, and the control group received a one‐time classroom lecture. We administered a pre‐test, provided intervention, and conducted a post‐test.

Results

Among the three groups, the knowledge and attitude of the experimental groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. In addition, the group using the combination of the smartphone application and hands‐on practice showed the highest score changes in skills and satisfaction with the learning methods.

Conclusions

Smartphone application use combined with hands‐on practice could be an effective education method for breast self‐examination.
Correcting abnormalities in miR‐124/PTPN1 signaling rescues tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hou Tong‐Yao , Zhou Yang , Zhu Ling‐Shuang , Wang Xiong , Pang Pei , Wang Ding‐Qi , Liuyang Zhen‐Yu , Man Hengye , Lu Youming , Zhu Ling‐Qiang , Liu Dan
Published: January 2020

MicroRNAs have been implicated in diverse physiological and pathological processes. We previously reported that aberrant microRNA‐124 (miR‐124)/non‐receptor–type protein phosphatase 1 (PTPN1) signaling plays an important role in the synaptic disorders associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we further investigated the potential role of miR‐124/PTPN1 in the tau pathology of AD. We first treated the mice with intra‐hippocampal stereotactic injections. Then, we used quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) to detect the expression of microRNAs. Western blotting was used to measure the level of PTPN1, the level of tau protein, the phosphorylation of tau at AD‐related sites, and alterations in the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A). Immunohistochemistry was also used to detect changes in tau phosphorylation levels at AD‐related sites and somadendritic aggregation. Soluble and insoluble tau protein was separated by 70% formic acid (FA) extraction to examine tau solubility. Finally, behavioral experiments (including the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, and elevated plus maze) were performed to examine learning and memory ability and emotion‐related behavior. We found that artificially replicating the abnormalities in miR‐124/PTPN1 signaling induced AD‐like tau pathology in the hippocampus of wild‐type mice, including hyperphosphorylation at multiple sites, insolubility and somadendritic aggregation, as well as learning/memory deficits. We also found that disruption of miR‐124/PTPN1 signaling was caused by the loss of RE1‐silencing transcription factor protein, which can be initiated by Aβ insults or oxidative stress, as observed in the brains of P301S mice. Correcting the deregulation of miR‐124/PTPN1 signaling rescued the tau pathology and learning/memory impairments in the P301S mice. We also found that miR‐124/PTPN1 abnormalities induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) and inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) by promoting tyrosine phosphorylation, implicating an imbalance in tau kinase/phosphatase. Thus, targeting the miR‐124/PTPN1 signaling pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.

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microRNA‐9‐5p alleviates blood–brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wu Jingchuan , He Junchi , Tian Xiaocui , Luo Yuetao , Zhong Jianjun , Zhang Hongrong , Li Hui , Cen Bo , Jiang Tao , Sun Xiaochuan
Published: January 2020

The level of microRNA‐9‐5p (miRNA‐9‐5p) in brain tissues is significantly changed after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the effect of miRNA‐9‐5p for brain function in TBI has not been elucidated. In this study, a controlled cortical impact model was used to induce TBI in Sprague–Dawley rats, and an oxygen glucose deprivation model was used to mimic the pathological state in vitro. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes were extracted from immature Sprague–Dawley rats and cocultured to reconstruct blood–brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. The results show that the level of miRNA‐9‐5p was significantly increased in brain tissues after TBI, and up‐regulation of miRNA9‐5p contributed to the recovery of neurological function. Up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p with miRNA agomir may significantly alleviate apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and BBB damage in rats after TBI. Moreover, a dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miRNA‐9‐5p is a post‐transcriptional modulator of Ptch‐1. In in vitro experiments, the results confirmed that up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p with miRNA mimic alleviates cellular apoptosis, inflammatory response, and BBB damage mainly by inhibiting Ptch‐1. In addition, we found that the activation of Hedgehog pathway was accompanied by inhibition of NF‐κB/MMP‐9 pathway in the BMECs treated with miRNA‐9‐5p mimic. Taken together, these results indicate that up‐regulation of miRNA‐9‐5p alleviates BBB damage and neuroinflammatory responses by activating the Hedgehog pathway and inhibiting NF‐κB/MMP‐9 pathway, which promotes the recovery of neurological function after TBI.

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Effects of anhydrous gel with TriHex peptides on healing after hybrid laser resurfacing
Authors: Nelson Aislyn M. , Ortiz Arisa E.
Published: January 2020

Background

Hybrid fractional laser skin resurfacing is a procedure that combines fractional nonablative and ablative wavelengths to improve photoaging. The postoperative period involves overt skin swelling, redness, and roughness.

Objective

A single‐center, randomized trial was performed to compare the effect of a standard Skincare regimen, with and without an anhydrous gel with TriHex peptides (a proprietary tripeptide and hexapeptide blend), on recovery after hybrid laser resurfacing of the face.

Methods

Five subjects were assigned to a split‐face protocol. Use of the skin regimen began approximately 2 weeks before the hybrid laser resurfacing and ended 7 days after. Subjects were evaluated by a physician for postprocedural healing. Additionally, the subjects were photographed and completed surveys to assess postprocedural healing and overall preference for Skincare regimen.

Results

Based on physician assessment, mean redness on postoperative days 1 and 4 and mean roughness on the postoperative days 3 and 4 were significantly (P < .05) improved on the side of the face using the anhydrous gel with TriHex peptides compared with the side using a standard skin regimen. Based on subject assessment, 4 out of 5 subjects thought that their skin and complexion appeared better on the anhydrous gel–treated side and preferred the Skincare regimen with the gel.

Conclusions

These data suggest that using the anhydrous gel with TriHex peptides before and after hybrid fractional laser skin resurfacing can minimize the postoperative redness and roughness that are typical and expected for this procedure.
Activities on acute mental health inpatient wards: A narrative synthesis of the service users’ perspective
Authors: Foye Una , Li Yan , Birken Mary , Parle Kayleigh , Simpson Alan
Published: January 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Boredom is a big issue on inpatient mental health wards that is linked to poor patient satisfaction, feelings of frustration and increased incidents of self‐harm and aggression.

This is even more so for people detained under the Mental Health Act. Where wards have a good range of activities, for example art, music, computer games, gardening and exercise, service users felt less bored and had improved well‐being.

Over many years, studies have reported a lack of activities, especially during evenings and weekends. It has also been found that little is known about what activities service users want, or how activities might be meaningful for them.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

This review found that very few studies have asked service users about what activities would be useful and why.

By seeing what makes activities desirable and accessible, we can understand how to improve the experiences of service users on wards.

Overall, these data help to understand what impact activities (or lack of activities) have on service users and staff experiences on these wards.

What are the implications for practice?

Through identifying the activities most appreciated and engaged with by service users and by asking service users what activities they would like available, we can inform best practice guidance for the commissioning and provision of inpatient mental health care.

This will enable service provider organizations to target their effort and resources on supporting good practice and to redirect resources from less useful activities.

Background

Concern about the lack of activities on mental health inpatient wards is long‐standing with reports consistently finding that service users receive insufficient access to a range of activities and report high levels of boredom. There is recognition that little is known about what service users want when admitted to inpatient wards.

Aim

This review seeks to understand service users’ experiences and views in relation to the provision and availability of activities, and to explore the perceived benefits and barriers to service users.

Methods

We searched multiple databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Embase) for studies that evaluated activities on acute adult inpatient mental health wards. We identified 12 papers across a range of methodological designs from which the narrative synthesis has been analysed.

Results

Findings show that the provision of activities is unsatisfactory for many service users, which in turn is related to increased boredom that has a negative impact on service users’ well‐being. We explore the benefits and barriers to engagement, providing an insight into the aspects that make an activity important.

Conclusion

There are few studies exploring the needs of service users regarding activity provision; therefore, there is limited knowledge about what is meaningful for individuals.
A pilot study on the possibility of human‐centred participative redesign of work organization at psychiatric wards
Authors: Stab Nicole , Hacker Winfried
Published: January 2020

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Rationalization and an increasing shortage of nurses in psychiatric care require the improvement of working conditions.

Work organization of hospital wards determines nurses’ well‐being on the job.

In somatic care, observation‐based assessments and participative improvements of work organization in the wards by involved nurses can reduce workload.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

In psychiatric nursing, observation‐based assessment as well as nurses’ self‐reports may identify characteristics of ward organization that determine nurses’ well‐being.

This study suggests a system of characteristics of work organization at psychiatric wards that may guide participative analyses and improvement measures. This may contribute to the research on prevention of conflicts and aggressive behaviour in psychiatric wards.

What are the implications for practice?

Participative analysis and, if necessary, participative redesign of work organization at psychiatric wards may reduce nurses’ perceived work load.

An approach to address the above is suggested for psychiatric nursing, which, in another version, is proven effective in somatic care.

Introduction

The study was based on an approach for participative improvement of work organization at somatic hospital wards related to characteristics that determine nurses’ health. It differed from research seeking to adjust the environment to prevent aggressive behaviour at psychiatric wards. The focus was on the ergonomic principles of the whole work system and its impact on the nurses’ health.

Aim/Question

We analysed the prerequisites for a transfer of this approach to psychiatric nursing.

Method

This study employed a cross‐sectional design examining 11 wards of a hospital for psychiatry and neurology; 109 nurses participated. We used a multi‐method design with observation‐based assessments and nurses’ self‐reports of ward organization.

Results

Two clusters with wards of different work organization were identified. One cluster consisted of better‐organized wards. The other included wards with a worse organization. We found substantial convergence between the observation‐based assessments and nurses’ self‐reports.

Discussion

This study results indicated that observation‐based assessments were an acceptable alternative to nurses’ self‐reports, enabling the evaluation of ward organization in a feasible and reliable way.

Implications for practice

This study showed an approach with a specific view on the structural quality of psychiatric wards; this may support work improvement processes in a more systematic way.
A novel pathogenic FERMT1 variant in four families with Kindler syndrome in Argentina
Authors: Valinotto Laura Elena , Natale Mónica Inés , Lusso Silvina Beatriz , Cella Eliana , Gutiérrez Olga , Sebastiani Fernando , Manzur Graciela Beatriz
Published: January 2020

Background

Kindler syndrome is a rare genodermatosis. Major clinical criteria include acral blistering in infancy and childhood, progressive poikiloderma, skin atrophy, abnormal photosensitivity, and gingival fragility.

Methods

FERMT1 gene was sequenced in 5 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Kindler syndrome.

Results

We report a novel pathogenic variant detected in four unrelated families of Paraguayan origin, where one nucleotide deletion in FERMT1 gene (c.450delG) is predicted to cause a frameshift mutation leading to loss of function. Haplotype analysis revealed the propagation of an ancestral allele through this population.

Conclusions

The identification of this recurrent pathogenic variant enables optimization of molecular detection strategies in our patients, reducing the cost of diagnosis.
Employment status and contributing factors among adults with congenital heart disease in Japan
Authors: Enomoto Junko , Mizuno Yoshiko , Okajima Yoshitomo , Kawasoe Yasutaka , Morishima Hiroko , Tateno Shigeru
Published: January 2020

Background

Working is an important concern in transitional care for adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) because work connects people with society. Employment status is correlated with gender, but studies on patient employment by gender have rarely been conducted. This study therefore aimed to examine the employment status of ACHD by gender and to explore the factors influencing this status.

Methods

In this study, 193 Japanese ACHD (mean age: men—33.62 years, women—32.69 years; 89 men, no students included) completed a questionnaire including questions about employment status, an evaluation of hindrances to employment, the Linear Analog Scale to assess quality of life (QOL), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).

Results

In the study sample, 13 of 89 (14.6%) men and 13 of 104 (12.5%) women did not have a job. These rates were higher than the national standard rates in Japan (men: 5.0%, women: 2.9%). Of these patients, only one man and one woman listed their illness as a reason for their unemployment. The factors thought to explain unemployment were age for men and disease severity for women (P < 0.05 for both). Unemployed patients had significantly lower QOL and SWLS scores.

Conclusions

Most ACHD can join the workforce but a higher percentage of ACHD do not work and find it challenging to have a career compared with the general population. Moreover, because unemployed patients have low QOL and SWLS scores, obtaining work is crucial to enable these people to have mentally and emotionally stable and fulfilling lives.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years for infants with congenital heart disease and very‐low birthweight
Authors: Yoshida Taketoshi , Hiraiwa Akiko , Ibuki Keijiro , Makimoto Masami , Inomata Satomi , Tamura Kentaro , Kawasaki Yukako , Ozawa Sayaka , Hirono Keiichi , Ichida Fukiko
Published: January 2020

Background

Both congenital heart disease (CHD) and very‐low birthweight (VLBW) infants are at a very high risk of neurodevelopmental delay. We investigated neurological development at 3 years in pediatric patients with CHD after surgical intervention, those of VLBW, and healthy controls.

Methods

We enrolled pediatric patients with CHD (n = 67), VLBW (n = 67), and healthy controls (n = 81). Infants with CHD were grouped into those with single ventricle and two ventricles, and infants with VLBW were grouped into those with birthweights of <1000 and 1000–1499 g. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years were evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, a significant deficit in the language, cognition, and motor skills scores were observed in infants with CHD and VLBW. Infants with a single ventricle exhibited significantly low scores in language and gross motor skills. No statistically significant difference was observed between the birthweight groups of <1000 and 1000–1499 g.

Conclusion

Neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants with both CHD and VLBW showed impairment. Notably, neurodevelopmental delays in infants with a single ventricle were remarkable. Thus, because infants with both CHD and VLBW are at high risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, periodic developmental screenings and support are warranted for these children.
RNA‐Sequencing of ovine PBMC after exposure to Haemonchus contortus larval antigen
Authors: Jacobs Jesica R. , Middleton Denzel , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A.
Published: January 2020

Mechanisms of immune activation in effector cells during Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep are currently unknown. Microarray experiments have been performed on tissues of H contortus infected sheep of varying parasite resistance during early and late points of infection, but not in immune effector cells. The purpose of this study was to compare early gene activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from primed parasite susceptible (Suffolk) and resistant (St. Croix) sheep in response to H contortus larval antigen (HcLA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured for 6 hours with HcLA, and RNA‐sequencing was performed. St. Croix PBMC upregulated 499 unique genes in response to HcLA while Suffolk PBMC upregulated 130 unique genes and 25 genes were shared between the two breeds. St. Croix PBMC had increased expression of genes associated with immune function, signal transduction, response to stress and others. In addition, while mechanisms of innate recognition of H contortus are unknown, multiple pattern recognition receptors were found to be upregulated in St. Croix PBMC cultured with HcLA and none were found to be upregulated in Suffolk PBMC. These patterns of immune gene activation may contribute to St. Croix's rapid response and ability to resist H contortus infection.
Risk or Efficacy? How Psychological Distance Influences Climate Change Engagement
Authors: Chu Haoran , Yang Janet Z.
Published: January 2020

Construal‐level theory suggests that high‐level abstract features weigh more in people's decision‐making at farther distance, while low‐level concrete features weigh more at closer distance. Based on this, we propose that psychological distance will influence the effect of risk versus efficacy framing on climate change engagement. In particular, risk perception related to the end‐state expectancy of climate change mitigation should influence people's climate change engagement at farther distance. In contrast, efficacy perception related to the perceived feasibility of attaining end‐state goals should influence engagement at closer distance. Results from an experimental survey based on a national sample that is both demographically and geographically representative (N = 1,282) supported our proposition. At closer spatial distance, perceived efficacy boosted by efficacy framing increased participants’ intention to perform climate mitigation behaviors. In contrast, at farther distance, risk framing increased behavioral intention through heightened risk perception. Based on these findings, we suggest that when communicating distant and abstract risks, highlighting their disastrous impacts may better motivate action. In contrast, when communicating impending and concrete risks, stressing the feasibility of action may have stronger motivational potential.
Incorporating patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) into dialysis policy: Current initiatives, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Umeukeje Ebele M. , Nair Devika , Fissell Rachel B. , Cavanaugh Kerri L.
Published: January 2020

Governments at national and state levels regulate dialysis care in the United States to ensure safe practices, and continually elevate the quality of care. An objective of these regulatory policies is the independent evaluation of dialysis unit outcomes by patients, caregivers, and the community to facilitate choices as well as to advance equal access to high quality dialysis care. These polices recognized decades ago that it was fundamental to include the patient perspective in the assessment and evaluation of dialysis care quality by requiring both individual and aggregate patient reported outcomes (PROs). Although there is support for integrating the patient perspective, concerns persist about the implementation of these polices including selection of PRO measures, administration timing and reach, as well as interpretation of results including benchmarking to permit comparisons across organizations. The experience from the early adoption of PROs into dialysis policies in conjunction with advances in electronic health records, personal data capture and monitoring, and analytics is poised to address these concerns. The dialysis community has the opportunity to lead the way in innovation related to PRO implementation not only in kidney disease care, but also for other healthcare conditions or contexts such as oncology, surgical, and acute care.
Placebo‐controlled dose‐effect studies with topical minoxidil 2% or 5% in male‐patterned hair loss treated with oral finasteride employing an analytical and exhaustive study protocol
Authors: Van Neste Dominique
Published: January 2020

Background

Drug trials for male‐pattern hair loss (MPHL) did not investigate hair cycling.

Materials and Methods

Male‐pattern hair loss volunteers (n = 22) took oral finasteride 1 mg daily with randomly either MTS5% or control lotion (1 mL/d). After 12 months on oral drug, 14 were randomized for a dose‐effect study of topical minoxidil 2% or 5%. Each 3‐month “on‐lotion” was followed by a 3‐month “off‐lotion.”

Results

Exogen release and anagen initiation from pre‐existing but functionally deficient follicles occurred mainly during combined dug treatment. Anagen initiation by topical minoxidil 5% could not be maintained by oral finasteride. As compared with control males, the compound index of hair growth raised from 30% at baseline up to 60% within 3 months of combined drug regimen which is better than oral drug only (no change) but still far beyond normalization of productivity (considered as 100%). There was no obvious transformation of miniaturized hair follicles into terminal hair‐producing follicles, and the activation of miniaturized hair follicles was not clinically relevant (slow growth and short duration of anagen).

Conclusions

Benefit with oral finasteride and topical 5% minoxidil (1 mL, 1 per day) resulted from initiation of anagen in deficient terminal follicles without increased growth rates.
Spatio‐temporal prediction of land surface temperature using semantic kriging
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shrutilipi , Chen Jia , Ghosh Soumya K.
Published: January 2020

Spatio‐temporal prediction and forecasting of land surface temperature (LST) are relevant. However, several factors limit their usage, such as missing pixels, line drops, and cloud cover in satellite images. Being measured close to the Earth's surface, LST is mainly influenced by the land use/land cover (LULC) distribution of the terrain. This article presents a spatio‐temporal interpolation method which semantically models LULC information for the analysis of LST. The proposed spatio‐temporal semantic kriging (ST‐SemK) approach is presented in two variants: non‐separable ST‐SemK (ST‐SemKNSep) and separable ST‐SemK (ST‐SemKSep). Empirical studies have been carried out with derived Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images of LST for two spatial regions: Kolkata, India and Dallas, Texas, U.S. It has been observed that semantically enhanced spatio‐temporal modeling by ST‐SemK yields more accurate prediction results than spatio‐temporal ordinary kriging and other existing methods.
Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water
Authors: Root J. Jeffrey , Ellis Jeremy W. , Shriner Susan A.
Published: January 2020

Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi‐aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 104, 103 and 102 EID50/ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post‐contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three‐fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non‐water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (103.5 EID50 equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1–2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV‐laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.
Caribbean golden orbweaving spiders maintain gene flow with North America
Authors: Čandek Klemen , Agnarsson Ingi , Binford Greta J. , Kuntner Matjaž
Published: January 2020

The Caribbean archipelago offers one of the best natural arenas for testing biogeographic hypotheses. The intermediate dispersal model of biogeography (IDM) predicts variation in species richness among lineages on islands to relate to their dispersal potential. To test this model, one would need background knowledge of dispersal potential of lineages and their biogeographic patterns, which has been problematic as evidenced by our prior work on the Caribbean tetragnathid spiders. In order to investigate the biogeographic imprint of an excellent disperser, we study Trichonephila in the Americas. Trichonephila is a nephilid genus that contains globally distributed species known to overcome long, overwater distances. The results of our phylogenetic and population genetic analyses on T. clavipes suggest that populations over the Caribbean and North America maintain a lively gene flow. However, the single species status of T. clavipes over the entire New World is challenged by our species delimitation analyses. Combined with prior evidence from spider genera of different dispersal ability, these patterns coming from an excellent disperser (Trichonephila) that is species‐poor and of a relatively homogenous genetic structure, support the IDM predictions.
Mapping Efficiency of a Pulsing Flow-Driven Turbine
Authors: Fernelius Mark H. , Gorrell Steven E.
Published: January 2020

Pressure gain combustion (PGC) shows potential to increase the cycle efficiency of conventional gas turbine engines (GTEs) if used in place of the steady combustor. However, a turbine driven by pulsing flow experiences a decrease in efficiency. An experimental rig was built to compare a steady flow-driven turbine with a pulsing flow-driven turbine. The pressure pulse was a full annular, sinusoidal pressure pulse. The experimental data showed a decrease in turbine efficiency and pressure ratio. The pressure pulse amplitude and not the frequency was discovered to be the cause for the decrease in turbine efficiency for the current experimental setup. The decrease in turbine efficiency was mapped with turbine pressure ratio and corrected amplitude to demonstrate how the efficiency of a turbine under pulsing flow conditions could be mapped.
Effect of URANS and Hybrid RANS-Large Eddy Simulation Turbulence Models on Unsteady Turbulent Flows Inside a Side Channel Pump
Authors: Wang Yefang , Zhang Fan , Yuan Shouqi , Chen Ke , Wei Xueyuan , Appiah Desmond
Published: January 2020

In this work, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and three hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-large eddy simulation (RANS-LES) models are employed to resolve the vortical flows in a typical single-stage side channel pump, to evaluate the suitability of these advanced turbulence models in predicting the pump hydraulic performance and unstable swirling flows. By the comparison of the overall performance, it can be observed that the results obtained by scale-adapted simulation (SAS) are closer to test data than shear stress transport (SST), detached eddy simulation (DES) and filter-based model (FBM). Simultaneously, the distribution of axial velocity on the plane near the interface is used to describe the position and intensity of internal fluid exchange between impeller and side channel. It is obvious that the intensity of mass flow exchange is strong near the inner and outer edges. Then, the vortex core region illustrates that the vortex is easily produced near the interface due to internal fluid exchange. Finally, the evolutions of circumferential in-plane vortical structures are presented to further account for the process of fluid exchange and the main vortex flows. It reveals that the recirculation flow presents a strong instability during 6–7 blade pitches as the fluid enters into the impeller and the flow is stable in downstream 7–8 blade pitches. Besides, the flow turns to be unsteady near outlet affected by the sudden change of fluid direction. This work could provide some suggestions for the choice of appropriate turbulence model in simulating strong swirling flows.
Design and Preliminary Analysis of the Variable Axisymmetric Divergent Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle
Authors: Wang Yangsheng , Xu Jinglei , Huang Shuai , Jiang Jingjing , Pan Ruifeng
Published: January 2020

Turbofan engines with afterburners usually have variable nozzle throat area, and the nozzle throat area may increase by 50–100% during afterburning. An axisymmetric divergent bypass dual throat nozzle (ADBDTN) can offer high thrust vectoring efficiency without requiring additional secondary flow in the pitch and yaw directions. In this study, a variable ADBDTN configuration with flow adaptive capability, wide nozzle throat area adjustment range, and excellent overall performance was designed and investigated numerically. The nozzle throat and exit area can be controlled mechanically, while thrust vectoring is achieved via fluidic methods. Both the original variable geometry schemes and their corresponding improved schemes, namely, “slider-rocker mechanism & rotation” (SRM-R) and “slider-rocker mechanism & slide” (SRM-S) schemes, along with their improved schemes, were proposed and investigated. Results indicated that compared to the original variable geometry schemes, the nozzle configurations with improved variable geometry schemes not only achieve 50% increase in the nozzle throat area but also acquire flow adaptive capability and excellent overall performance by appropriately adjusting the nozzle exit area. At a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) of 4.47, the highest thrust coefficient reaches 0.940; the largest pitch thrust-vector angle is 19.52 deg; and the discharge coefficients are 0.968 and 0.970 under the nonafterburning and afterburning states, respectively. In addition, compared to the improved SRM-R scheme, the nozzle configuration with improved SRM-S scheme possesses better overall performance.
Reynolds Number Dependence of Zero Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layers Including Third-Order Moments and Spatial Correlations
Authors: Volino Ralph J.
Published: January 2020

Measurements were made in zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers on a smooth wall, at momentum thickness Reynolds numbers, ranging from 800 to 6340. The experiments were conducted in a recirculating water tunnel. Two-component velocity profiles were acquired using laser Doppler velocimetry at five streamwise stations and three different freestream velocities. Velocity field measurements were acquired using particle image velocimetry in streamwise-wall normal and streamwise–spanwise planes. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulence statistics including the Reynolds normal and shear stresses, and triple products of the velocity fluctuations are presented in both inner and outer coordinates. Variations in the profiles at representative distances from the wall are presented and quantified as functions of Reynolds number. The triple products are explained in terms of transport of Reynolds stresses though motions associated with quadrant analysis, and variation with Reynolds number is consistent with that of Reynolds stresses. The structure of turbulence was considered through two-point correlations of the fluctuations in velocity fields. In general, the shape and inclination angles of the structures did not change with Reynolds number, but some streamwise and spanwise growth was observed as Reynolds number increased.