bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revegetation of ski runs in Serbia: Case studies of Mts. Stara Planina and Divcibare
Authors: Bjedov Ivana , Ristic R. , Stavretovic N. , Stevovic V. , Radic B. , Todosijevic Mirjana
Published: January 2012

Revegetation is the most sustainable method of soil stabilization at ski
runs. In order to establish a stable plant community, it is recommended to
use native species. However, non-native species are most often used. In this
paper the revegetation of ski runs at two ski resorts is investigated:
Divcibare and Stara Planina. Seven species were used for the revegetation of
the ski run at the Divcibare ski resort of which six species were native. Six
species were used for the revegetation of the Stara Planina ski resort, of
which two species were native. It was established that the plant species used
in the seed mixtures were suitable for erosion control at the investigated
ski resorts.
Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from immature leaves in Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub.
Authors: Opabode J.T. , Akinyemiju O.A. , Ayeni O.O.
Published: January 2012

Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was assessed using immature
leaf, petiole and apical meristem explants in Tetrapleura tetraptera. Somatic
embryos were induced in the immature leaf using MS basal medium supplemented
with 2,4-D and matured on MS basal medium containing BAP. Medium supplemented
with 12 mg/l 2,4-D had the highest (43.1%) percentage of embryogenic calluses
from immature leaf explants. Conversion of embryogenic callus to mature
primary somatic embryo occurred in the medium that contained 1.2 mg/l BAP.
Development of secondary embryogenic calluses to matured secondary embryos
was highest (98.0%) in the medium with 0.4 mg/l BAP, while the highest
average number of mature secondary embryos (6.0) was obtained in the same
medium. Medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IBA had the
highest (38.7%) percentage of explants with shootbuds. The highest (18.1%)
percentage of shoot elongation was obtained in medium with 1.0 mg/l BAP and
20 mg/l IBA. Shootbuds survived and produced roots on medium free of plant
growth regulators. Shoots obtained on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP
and 20 mg/g IBA recorded the highest number of roots per plantlet (7.5) with
no apparent morphological abnormality.
Some faunistical remarks on spiders of the genus Haplodrassus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Turkey
Authors: Seyyar O.
Published: January 2012

The characteristic features of Haplodrassus mediterraneus Levy, 2004 and
Haplodrassus silvestris (Blackwall, 1833), which are recorded for the first
time in Turkey, are presented in this paper. Digital and SEM photographs of
genitalia of the new recorded species are presented together with their
zoogeographical distributions.
Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA ITS2 region in two Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Ercan Sumer , Oztemiz Sevcan , Tuncbilek Suzu , Stouthamer Richard
Published: January 2012

Two egg parasitoid wasps, Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) and Trichogramma
brassicae (Bezdenko) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were identified in the
study. The taxonomy of these wasps is problematic because of their small size
and lack of distinguishable morphological characters. The DNA sequence
variation from the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear
ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was analyzed from these two Trichogramma species. This
technique provides quick, simple and reliable molecular identification of
Trichogramma species.
Coupling native page/activity-staining with SDS-PAGE/immunodetection for the analysis of glutamine synthetase isoforms in spinach
Authors: Dragicevic M. , Tanackovic Vanja , Misic Danijela , Cvetic Tijana , Todorovic Sladjana , Bogdanovic Milica , Simonovic Ana
Published: January 2012

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a key nitrogen-assimilating enzyme in plants and
a target for the broad-spectrum herbicide glufosinate. Understanding its
kinetic and structural properties is of major agricultural importance.
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is classified as a plant expressing only
chloroplastic GS activity. We have analyzed soluble proteins in the spinach
by coupling native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)-activity
detection, based on phosphate precipitation, with SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting.
One cytosolic (GS1) isoform from the roots and two chloroplastic (GS2)
isoforms expressed in leaves were resolved by native PAGE. The identity of
the obtained bands was established by the application of GS-specific
inhibitors, L-methionine sulfoximine and glufosinate. Examination by sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE/ Western analysis with anti-GS antibodies,
confirmed the identity of the active bands and revealed that both
chloroplastic isoforms are composed of 44 kDa subunits, while the cytosolic
isoform consists of 40 kDa subunits. The presence of more GS2 isozymes than
encoded in the spinach genome is discussed in terms of posttranslational
modifications.
Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis a in Vojvodina from 1988 to 2009
Authors: Ristic Mioljub , Seguljev Zorica , Petrovic Vladimir , Ilic Svetlana
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Hepatitis A represents a significant epidemiological problem in
many regions of the world. This research was aimed at analyzing trends and
distribution of hepatitis A in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in
Serbia. Material and methods. The authors used data on individual cases and
outbreak reports in the period from 1988 to 2009 obtained from the Registry
of Communicable Diseases kept at the Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina. Results. The total of
10.471 cases was recorded with average incidence of 23.4/100.000 and with a
decreasing trend. This disease occurs as an endemoepidemic with a cyclic
increase in the incidence in time intervals of 3, 4 and 6 years. The disease
has seasonal character and is most frequently observed in autumn and winter
with the highest percentage of cases in October-November after the beginning
of school year and forming of school collectives. The age-specific incidence
is highest in school age children due to agglomeration of susceptible
population. During the observed period, the total of 160 outbreaks was
recorded with over 5,000 reported cases. The highest number of outbreaks was
recorded in school collectives and then in peri-urban settlements with poor
hygiene. Two outbreaks occurred at institutions for people with special
needs. Outbreaks were progressive in course and contact was the dominant mode
of transmission. Conclusion. Although hepatitis A incidence trend is
decreasing, this disease still has endemoepidemic character of occurrence.
Such an epidemiological situation is most probably caused by slow and limited
impact of hygienic measures. A significant contribution to further incidence
reduction could be achieved by active immunization.
A case series of 22 patients with internal carotid artery dissection
Authors: Divjak Ivana , Slankamenac Petar , Jovicevic Mirjana , Rabi-Zikic Tamara , Lucic-Prokin Aleksandra , Jovanovic Aleksandar
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze the spectrum of clinical presentations
of internal carotid artery dissection. Twenty-two patients with internal
carotid artery dissection, mean age 39.02, were evaluated over the past ten
years. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography were
used to establish the diagnosis. Facial and neck pain and Horner?s syndrome
were the only presenting symptoms in 4 patients (without brain infarction);
facial pain, Horner?s syndrome and contralateral sensorimotor deficit in 6;
headache and contralateral sensorimotor deficit in 2; contralateral
sensorimotor deficit with or without speech impairment in 10. Internal
carotid artery dissection was triggered by a trauma in 7, whereas it was
spontaneous in 15. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed infarction in 18
patients. A good outcome (modified Rankin score 0-2) was seen in 20 patients.
The spectrum of clinical presentations of internal carotid artery dissection
is variable. Internal carotid artery dissection is not necessarily
accompanied by infarction on magnetic resonance imaging.
Carbapenems resistance of Acinetobacter spp strains isolated from wound swabs during 2009-2010
Authors: Medic Deana , Mihajlovic-Ukropina Mira , Gusman Vera , Jelesic Zora , Milosavljevic Biljana
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Acinetobacter spp has become an important cause of nosocomial
infections due to its great ability to survive and spread in a hospital
setting and to develop resistance to many antibiotics. The aim of this study
was to examine the resistance to carbapenems and other commonly used
antibiotics in strains of Acinetobacter isolated from wound swabs. Material
and Methods. In the Laboratories of Microbiology Center at the Institute for
Public Health in Novi Sad wound swabs were taken from the patients
hospitalized at the Institutes and Departments of the Clinical Center of
Vojvodina in Novi Sad. A total of 271 Acinetobacter spp strains were tested
to susceptibility on carbapenems and other most commonly used antibiotics by
disk diffusion method according to the recommendation of the Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute. Results and Discussion. Acinetobacter spp
(271 isolates) developed resistance to imipenem and meropenem (67.4% and
64.4%). The resistance to both cephalosporins III and IV generation and
ciprofloxacin was 100%. The resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam was 71.4%.
Conclusion. Our results show high resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter
spp strains isolated from wound swabs. These facts suggest the need for
continuous monitoring of susceptibility in order to take adequate measures to
prevent and control spreading of resistant strains.
Treatment of cervical cancer in the Republic of Srpska
Authors: Lucic Nenad , Antonic Zora , Ecim Vesna , Draganovic Dragica , Latinovic Ljiljana
Published: January 2012

Introduction. Since 1897, when the first radical hysterectomy with
lymphadenectomy was done by Wertheim in Vienna, this operation has had the
central role in the surgical treatment of invasive cervical tumors. Material
and methods. In the period from 1997 to 2010, 177 patients diagnosed with
invasive cervical cancer according to the International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB1 - II were operated at the
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Banja Luka. All patients underwent
radical hysterectomy by Wertheim - Meigs. The aim of this study is to present
the technique of this operation, as well as its effectiveness in the
treatment of cervical cancer. Results. The distribution of the patients
having invasive cervical cancer according to the International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics classification was as follows: I B1 - 35.67%, I B2
- 23.17%, II A - 15.48%, II B - 25.68% on average is 21.3 removed lymph
glands. The rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications was 8
(4.51%) and 17 (9.60%), respectively. Of the 26 patients who were operated in
the period from 2005 - 2010, 13 had stage II B according to the International
Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics; there were 6 lethal outcomes (23.08)
and the five-year survival rate was 76.92%. Discussion and conclusion. By
applying the proper surgical technique and early prevention of immediate
complications, we achieved satisfactory results in operative morbity and
mortality, intraoperative and postoperative complications of the lesion for
radical surgery by the Wertheim- Meigs-in the treatment of cancer of the
uterus in the I B - II B stage according to the International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics classification.
Three-stage entry game: The strategic effects of advertising
Authors: Kuzmanovic Marija , Kovacevic-Vujcic Vera , Martic Milan
Published: January 2012

This paper analyzes the effects of investment in advertising in the
three-stage entry game model with one incumbent and one potential entrant
firm. It is shown that if a game theory is applied, under particular
conditions, advertising can be used as a strategic weapon in the market entry
game. Depending on the level of the advertising interaction factor,
conditions for over-investment in advertising for strategic purposes are
given. Furthermore, three specific cases are analyzed: strictly predatory
advertising, informative advertising and the case when one firm?s advertising
cannot directly influence the other firm's profit. For each of them,
depending on the costs of advertising and marginal costs, equilibrium is
determined, and conditions under which it is possible to deter the entry are
given. It is shown that if the value of the advertising interaction factor
increases, power of using advertising as a weapon to deter entry into the
market decreases. Thus, in the case of informative advertising, advertising
cannot be used as a tool for deterring entry into the market, while in the
case of predatory advertising, it can. Also, we have proved that in the case
of strictly informative advertising an over-investment never occurs, while in
the two other cases, there is always over-investment either to deter or to
accommodate the entry.
A new efficient transformation of the generalized vehicle routing problem into the classical vehicle routing problem
Authors: Pop Petrica , Pop-Sitar Corina
Published: January 2012

Classical combinatorial optimization problems can be generalized in a natural
way by considering a related problem relative to a given partition of the
nodes of the graph into node sets. In the literature one can find
generalized problems such as: generalized minimum spanning tree, generalized
traveling salesman problem, generalized Steiner tree problem, generalized
vehicle routing problem, etc. These generalized problems typically belong to
the class of NP-complete problems; they are harder than the classical ones,
and nowadays are intensively studied due to their interesting properties and
applications in the real world. Because of the complexity of finding the
optimal or near-optimal solution in case of the generalized combinatorial
optimization problems, great effort has been made, by many researchers, to
develop efficient ways of their transformation into classical corresponding
variants. We present in this paper an efficient way of transforming the
generalized vehicle routing problem into the vehicle routing problem, and a
new integer programming formulation of the problem.
Multiattribute prediction of terrain stability above underground mining operations
Authors: Vujic Slobodan , Miljanovic Igor , Milutinovic Aleksandar , Djordjevic Dragan , Gojkovic Nebojsa , Gajic Grozdana
Published: January 2012

This paper is dedicated to the problem of stability prediction of the terrain
above underground mining operations. After the initial introduction to the
problem, then the short analysis of the model approaches used to solve it,
and giving the algorithm for rock massif stability prediction, we describe
the concept of the multiattirbute terrain stability prediction method. The
application of the multiattribute prediction method for stability of the
terrain above underground mining operations is presented on the example of
the Brown Coal Mine Aleksinac. The used method is original, essentially
different from the other methods of mathematical modeling, because its
prognosis of the rock massif stability under the influence of underground
mining operations is based on the balance of the stability indicators. Our
comparative analysis of the results obtained by multiattribute prediction and
the data obtained by measurements of real deformations and terrain settling
in multiple mines shows high mutual correlation, with an average deviation of
less than ?10%. These results are confirmed entirely on the example of the
Brown Coal Mine Aleksinac.
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina in wild and domestic carnivores
Authors: Okulewicz A. , Perec-Matysiak A. , Buńkowska K. , Hildebrand J.
Published: January 2012

Ascarididae nematodes of genera Toxocara and Toxascaris are of significant epizootic relevance among predatory mammals from families Canidae and Felidae. Localization of these nematodes in the definitive hosts, their morphology, as well as the measurements of eggs and adult worms are similar. Recently, molecular techniques have provided alternative approaches for the identification of ascarid species. A common feature of the life cycles of these generally monoxenous nematodes is the significant participation of small rodents. In case of Toxocara spp., the rodent plays the role of paratenic host but optional intermediate host for T. leonina. Several studies indicate co-occurence of both T. canis and T. leonina in domestic and wild canids as well as T. cati and T. leonina in felids. Although the infections of humans with T. canis and T. cati are common worldwide, larvae of T. leonina has the potential to cause human disease as emerging zoonosis.
Anisakis spp. burden in Trachurus trachurus
Authors: Tantanasi J. , Diakou A. , Tamvakis A. , Batjakas I.
Published: January 2012

Anisakis is a parasite of marine mammals that uses a great number of fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. It is common in commercially important marine fishes and its presence is of great concern for both human health and economic reasons. Horse mackerels (Trachurus trachurus) originated from the Northern Aegean Sea were examined for the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae. The prevalence of Anisakis spp. was found 98.8 %. The number of parasites was significantly related to the host’s length but was not related to the fish gender. The month of sampling affected the size of the fishes and consequently the number of parasites. The length of larvae was not related to the host’s length. The present study resulted in the design of a prediction model for the number of existing parasites in the fish by measuring only its Fixed Length.
Catatropis pakistanensis n. sp. (Trematoda: Notocotylidae) from Northern shovelers, Anas clypeata (Anatidae: Aves) from Pakistan with some remarks on the history of Catatropis species
Authors: Schuster R. , Wibbelt G.
Published: January 2012

Five out of 15 free-ranging Northern shovelers (Anas clypeata Linneus) caught in Pakistan were infected with notocotylid trematodes. Out of the 31 flukes, 10 specimens were used morphological studies, 4 others were also examined by scanning electron microscopy and one remaining trematode was cut in serial semi-thin sections for histological evaluation in order to describe a new species. Like all species of this genus, Catatropis pakistanensis n. sp has a median ridge starting posterior to the basis of the cirrus sac and extends posterior to the ovary. Bilateral to this ridge there are two rows of 9–10 ventral papillae each. Metraterm and cirrus sac are equally in length. In contrast to most other Catatropis spp. the genital opening in C. pakistanensis is situated between the oral sucker and bifurcation of the caeca.
Unexpected phase assemblages in inclusions with ternary H2O-salt fluids at low temperatures
Authors: Bakker Ronald , Baumgartner Miriam
Published: January 2012

Phase assemblages and temperatures of phase changes provide important information about the bulk properties of fluid inclusions, and are typically obtained by microthermometry. Inclusions are synthesized in natural quartz containing an aqueous fluid with a composition in the ternary systems of H2O-NaCl2-CaCl2, H2O-NaCl-MgCl2, and H2O-CaCl2-MgCl2. This study reveals that these fluid inclusions may behave highly unpredictably at low temperatures due to the formation of metastable phase assemblages. Eutectic temperatures cannot be detected in most of the fluid inclusions containing these ternary systems. Nucleation of a variety of solid ice and salt-hydrate phases in single fluid inclusions is often partly inhibited. Raman spectroscopy at low temperatures provides an important tool for interpreting and understanding microthermometric experiments, and visualizing stable and metastable phase assemblages. Final dissolution temperatures of ice, salt-hydrates, and salt must be treated with care, as they can only be interpreted by purely empirical or thermodynamic models at stable conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Ulysse Gina Athena
Published: January 2012

This small collection of Haitian women's reflections on the earthquake offers readers a kaleidoscopic view of how several women at home and in the diaspora lived through this moment, their responses and the continuous impact on our lives. The works are composed in various genres that they thought best captured their voices, their feelings. Thus, the words recounted here are in the form of personal essays, poems, photographs, and even a piece of fiction. Given Haiti's place in the global racial imaginary, and since we are all only too aware of its historical condition, even in prose and poetry, our words from January 12th are laced with strands of critical observation. This collection seeks both to honor the feminist tradition of using different genres to tell stories and also to assure that the blurring of these genres does, in fact, offer a more nuanced landscape, a textured representation of this catastrophic moment. While the collection is by no means representative of the population, nor does it seek to be, it does demonstrate that, indeed, those left behind clearly have stories to tell that must not only be gathered and archived, as they are now part of another chapter of Haiti's history, but also shared, especially as they are also evidence of how Haitians came to each other's aid. Such stories were not the focus of popular media coverage. Within this collection there are stories of courage, stories of solidarity, stories of trauma, stories of hope, stories of despair, stories of contempt, and perhaps most important, stories of will. These are stories to pass on.
Investigation of the surface residual stresses in spray cooled induction hardened gearwheels
Authors: Rodman Dmytro , Krause Christian , Nürnberger Florian , Bach Friedrich-Wilhelm , Gerdes Lorenz , Breidenstein Bernd
Published: January 2012

The objective of the current investigation consists of testing the interchangeability of polymer solutions used during induction hardening with water – air spraying regarding compressive residual stresses. Gearwheels made of 42CrMo4 steel were induction hardened and subsequently quenched using water–air spray cooling. The effect of different cooling parameters on the surface's residual stresses in the gearwheel's tooth flanks was analysed by means of X-ray diffraction. The microstructure was characterised by means of hardness measurements and light-microscopy. Residual stresses could be specified after using water – air spray cooling and are comparable to those using polymer quenching. Quench parameters leading to maximum compressive residual stresses in tooth flanks were determined.
Measuring techniques for the very high cycle fatigue behaviour of high strength steel at ultrasonic frequencies
Authors: Koster Michael , Nutz Helga , Freeden Willi , Eifler Dietmar
Published: January 2012

To analyse the fatigue behaviour of steels in the very high cycle fatigue regime, an ultrasonic testing facility was developed that allows describing the cyclic deformation behaviour at ultrasonic frequencies by measuring characteristic fatigue data at a sufficiently high frequency. In correlation with scanning electron micrographs, fatigue tests prove that the sensitive measuring techniques indicate fatigue induced microstructural changes by a significant rise in the process parameters more than 106 cycles before final failure occurs. By further analysis of the attenuation behaviour of the ultrasonic resonance system, the logarithmic decrement can be used as a reasonable physical value to indicate changes in the microstructure with a very high sensitivity. This allows an improved understanding of the fatigue mechanisms in the very high cycle fatigue regime.
Corrosion behavior of silicon oxycarbide-based ceramic nanocomposites under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Linck Christoph , Ionescu Emanuel , Papendorf Benjamin , Galuskova Dagmar , Galusek Duŝan , Ŝajgalík Pavol , Riedel Ralf
Published: January 2012

Silicon oxycarbide-based ceramic nanocomposites (SiOC, SiZrOC and SiHfOC) were prepared by means of hot pressing techniques and their behavior upon hydrothermal corrosion at moderate temperatures (up to 250°C) was investigated. The results indicated linear corrosion behavior for all samples. The corrosion rates of the SiOC ceramic materials were found to be remarkably lower than those of silicon carbide and comparable to values reported for silicon nitride. Furthermore, SiZrOC and SiHfOC were found to show improved resistance with respect to the non-modified SiOC, due to a unique synergistic effect: whereas zirconia/hafnia act as “reinforcing” phases with respect to hydrothermal corrosion (due to their extremely low solubility in water under the testing conditions), the silicon oxycarbide matrix protects the MO2phase from a corrosion-induced t-MO2→ m-MO2phase transformation. Consequently, the prepared silicon oxycarbide-based materials exhibit high potential for applications which require high resistance in corrosive media at moderate temperatures.
High-strength aluminum-based light-weight materials for safety components – recent progress by microstructural refinement and particle reinforcement
Authors: Hockauf Matthias , Wagner Martin Franz-Xaver , Händel Manja , Lampke Thomas , Siebeck Steve , Wielage Bernhard
Published: January 2012

High-strength materials on the basis of aluminum are attractive candidates for use in applications such as safety components that require high strength, high quality and integrity of various properties. In this paper, we discuss recent improvements in terms of property optimization made in the fields of (1) ultrafine-grained aluminum alloys prepared by equal-channel angular pressing, and (2) aluminum matrix composites with particle reinforcement. We discuss microstructural aspects and mechanical properties, as well as technological (processing parameters), wear and corrosion behavior. Our results highlight recent — and potential for further — improvements and for future applications of high-strength, aluminum-based materials.
Evaluation of Retroreflectivity Measurement Techniques for Profiled and Rumble Stripe Pavement Markings
Authors: Pike Adam M. , Ballard Lance D. , Carlson Paul J.
Published: January 2012

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the influence of stepping distance on average, dry retroreflectivity measurements of profiled and rumble stripe pavement markings through the use of a portable (handheld) retroreflectometer and to compare these measurements with ones made with a mobile retroreflectometer. The retroreflectivity of flat, profiled, and rumble stripe thermoplastic pavement markings was evaluated by several means with the use of multiple handheld retroreflectometers and a mobile retroreflectometer. Stepping distance was found to have no practical influence on averaged retroreflectivity measurements of evaluated marking types when measured in accordance with ASTM E 1710-05. The addition of an extended base on the handheld retroreflectometer, the hand-leveling of the device, or both were suitable ways to maintain the retroreflectometer in the plane defined by the tops of the pavement marking profiles for proper measurement. The vertical structure of the profiled and rumble stripe pavement markings did not increase the dry retroreflectivity measurements of the markings. The flat segments between the depressions of the rumble stripe pavement marking were found to produce the highest retroreflectivity readings of any part of the rumble stripe. A properly calibrated, mobile retroreflectometer operated by an experienced user gave dry retroreflectivity measurements that were not practically different from those obtained with a handheld retroreflectometer in accordance with ASTM E 1710-05. These findings validated the capability of the handheld retroreflectometer to accurately measure profiled and rumble stripe pavement markings.
Endangered Species and Threatened Landscapes in Appalachia: Managing the Wild and the Human in the American Mountain South
Authors: Swanson Drew A.
Published: January 2012

Faced with the ideological and practical shortcomings of the American wilderness ideal, many environmentalists and scholars have redefined debates over managing wild lands in terms of biodiversity. Through a process of reduction, endangered species and threatened habitats have gradually become shorthand for biodiversity and hence touchstones of preservation efforts. This article draws on examples from the southern Appalachian Mountains to explore the benefits and drawbacks of placing endangered species and habitats at the centre of wildlands management, and suggests that this management rubric suffers from the same lack of historical context that plagues the wilderness idea. It traces the histories of two endangered habitats and their rare species in southern Appalachia. In the cases of endangered plants on Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina and the Roan Mountain grasslands along the Tennessee/North Carolina line, human disturbance actually benefited biodiversity. Contemporary management at both locations restricts traditional activities - activities that may have contributed to the formation and maintenance of these habitats - in the name of conservation but perpetuates similar disturbance practices in preservation efforts. This essay does not suggest abandoning the concept of endangered species or the work of the Endangered Species Act but instead warns against the facile replacement of the wilderness idea with a management alternative that carries many of the same burdens. The preservation of species and the rare habitats that support them is immensely important but managers must recognise that their preservation efforts always place an anthropocentric value on nature. Successful preservation of some of the most threatened species and landscapes depends on embracing this reality.
Storm Hazard and Slavery: The Impact of the 1831 Great Caribbean Hurricane on St Vincent
Authors: Smith S.D.
Published: January 2012

On 11 August 1831, St Vincent was struck by the Great Caribbean Hurricane. Ninety-two out of 96 sugar estates on the island experienced damage to buildings and crops. Destruction varied, however, according to location and the type of structure at risk. Worst affected were the northerly regions of St David and Charlotte's parishes, while slave villages suffered more than mill works or great houses. As a result of the storm the colony's exports fell by nearly 50 per cent, reflecting disruption to the infrastructure supporting overseas trade as well as a sugar crop shortfall of more than 25 per cent. In contrast to the hazard's large impact on plantation agriculture, relatively few casualties occurred. St Vincent also suffered less acutely than Barbados, a similar sized island, equally dependent on sugar and slavery. A plausible explanation for the hurricane's differential impact between the two colonies lies in localised vulnerability of place. While the enslaved population did not take advantage of the disaster to mount a challenge to white authority, shortages of provisions and timber strained relations on some estates. St Vincent's plantation economy, however, recovered relatively quickly, demonstrating considerable disaster resilience. Although slaves and the free black and mixed-race population received little direct government support, grant-in-aid was allocated to agents primarily responsible for coordinating supplies of food, clothing and shelter. The speed of recovery questions whether natural disasters weakened planter resistance to emancipation across the British West Indies. Conceptualisation of the Great Caribbean Hurricane as an existential threat to British colonies also obscures the extent to which responses to climatic hazard were shaped by the imperial relationship and the interests of largely absentee owners.
Ecotourism versus Mass Tourism. A Comparison of Environmental Impacts Based on Ecological Footprint Analysis
Authors: Marzouki Mehdi , Froger Géraldine , Ballet Jérôme
Published: January 2012

Academic and policy interest in ecological footprint analysis has grown rapidly in recent years. To date, however, the application of ecological footprint analysis to tourism has been limited. This article aims to discuss the potential of ecological footprint analysis to assess sustainability in tourism. It is about a comparison of the global environmental impacts of different forms of tourism in southern countries where tourism is a major source of foreign exchange earnings. It illustrates how an ecotourism destination has a larger ecological footprint than a “mass” tourism destination.
A general and facile one-pot process of isothiocyanates from amines under aqueous conditions
Authors: Sun Nan , Li Bin , Shao Jianping , Mo Weimin , Hu Baoxiang , Shen Zhenlu , Hu Xinquan
Published: January 2012

A general and facile one-pot protocol for the preparation of a broad range of alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates has been developed from their corresponding primary amines under aqueous conditions. This synthetic process involves an in situ generation of a dithiocarbamate salt from the amine substrate by reacting with CS2 followed by elimination to form the isothiocyanate product with cyanuric acid as the desulfurylation reagent. The choice of solvent is of decisive importance for the successful formation of the dithiocarbamate salt particularly for highly electron-deficient substrates. This novel and economical method is suitable for scale-up activities.
Cochlear Implantation in Children with Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Breneman Alyce I. , Gifford René H. , DeJong Melissa D.
Published: January 2012

Background:Best practices concerning the audiological management of the child diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) have not been definitively defined nor fully understood. One reason is that previous studies have demonstrated conflicting findings regarding
the outcomes of cochlear implantation for children with ANSD. Thus, the question remains whether children with ANSD are able to achieve similar outcomes following cochlear implantation as those children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).Purpose:To assess speech perception outcomes
for children with cochlear implants who have a diagnosis of ANSD as well as their age-matched peers who have sensorineural hearing loss.Research Design:Retrospective studyStudy Sample:Thirty-five subject pairs (n = 70) ranging in age at implant activation from to 10 to 121 mo
(mean 39.2 mo) were included in this retrospective study. Subjects were matched on variables including age at initial implant activation and months of implant use at postoperative test point.Data Collection and Analysis:Speech recognition scores for monosyllabic and multisyllabic stimuli
were compared across the subject groups. For those not developmentally and/or linguistically ready for completion of open-set speech recognition testing with recorded stimuli, GASP (Glendonald Auditory Screening Procedure) word recognition and/or questionnaire data using either the LittlEARS
or Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale were compared across the groups. Statistical analysis using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated the effects of etiology (ANSD or SNHL) on postoperative outcomes.Results:The results of this study demonstrate that children
with ANSD can clearly benefit from cochlear implantation and that their long-term outcomes are similar to matched peers with SNHL on measures of speech recognition. There were no significant differences across the ANSD and SNHL groups on any of the tested measures.Conclusion:Cochlear
implantation is a viable treatment option for children with a diagnosis of ANSD who are not making auditory progress with hearing aids that have been fit using the Desired Sensation Level method (DSL v5.0). Expected outcomes of cochlear implantation for children with ANSD, excluding children
with cochlear nerve deficiency, are no different than for children with non-ANSD SNHL. These results are important for counseling families on the expected outcomes and realistic expectations following cochlear implantation for children with ANSD who demonstrate no evidence of cochlear nerve
deficiency.
Acoustic Stapedial Reflexes in Healthy Neonates: Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability
Authors: Kei Joseph
Published: January 2012

Background:The acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR) test provides useful information about the function of the auditory system. While it is frequently used with adults and children in a clinical setting, its use with young infants is limited. Presently, there are few data for neonates
and inadequate research into the test-retest reliability of the ASR test.Purpose:This study aimed to establish normative data and evaluate the test-retest reliability of the ASR test in healthy neonates.Research Design:A cross-sectional experimental design was used to establish
ASR normative data and assess the test-retest reliability of ASR thresholds obtained from healthy neonates.Study Sample:Sixty-eight full-term neonates with mean chronological age of 2.5 days (SD = 1.8 day), who passed the automated auditory brainstem response, transient evoked
otoacoustic emission, and high frequency (1 kHz) tympanometry (HFT) tests.Data Collection and Analysis:One randomly selected ear from each neonate was tested using TEOAE (transient evoked otoacoustic emission), HFT, and ASR tests using a 1 kHz probe tone. ASR thresholds were elicited
by presenting pure tones of 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and broadband noise (BBN) separately to the test ear in an ipsilateral stimulation mode. The ASR procedure was repeated to acquire retest data within the same testing session. Descriptive statistics, χ2, and analysis of variance
with repeated measures tests were used to analyze ASR data.Results:All neonates exhibited ASR when stimulated by tonal stimuli or BBN. The mean ASRTs (acoustic stapedial reflex thresholds) for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz tones were 81.6 ± 7.9, 71.3 ± 7.9, and 65.4 ± 8.7
dB HL, respectively. The mean ASRT for the BBN was estimated to be smaller than 57.2 dB HL, given the limitation of the equipment. The 95th percentiles of the ASRT were 95, 85, 80, and 75 dB HL for the 0.5, 2, and 4 kHz and BBN, respectively. The test-retest reliability of the ASR test for
all stimuli was high, with no significant difference in mean ASRTs across the test and retest conditions. Test-retest differences were within 10 dB for more than 91% of ASRT data across all stimuli. There was a slight trend of ASRTs being more repeatable in the medium ASRT range than in the
higher or lower range.Conclusions:This study demonstrated that ASRTs obtained from healthy neonates were highly repeatable across test and retest sessions. Given the availability of normative data and the high test-retest reliability, the ASR test will be useful as a diagnostic tool
in a battery of tests to evaluate the auditory function of neonates.
The Auditory Brainstem Response: Latencies Obtained in Children While under General Anesthesia
Authors: Norrix Linda W. , Trepanier Stacey , Atlas Matthew , Kim Darlyne
Published: January 2012

Background:The auditory brainstem response (ABR) test is frequently employed to estimate hearing sensitivity and assess the integrity of the ascending auditory system. In persons who cannot participate in conventional tests of hearing, a short-acting general anesthetic is used,
recordings are obtained, and the results are compared with normative data. However, several factors (e.g., anesthesia, temperature changes) can contribute to delayed absolute and interpeak latencies, making it difficult to evaluate the integrity of the person's auditory brainstem function.Purpose:In
this study, we investigated the latencies of ABR responses in children who received general anesthesia.Research Design:Between subject.Study Sample:Twelve children between the ages of 29 and 52 mo, most of whom exhibited a developmental delay but normal peripheral auditory function,
comprised the anesthesia group. Twelve participants between the ages of 13 and 26 yr with normal hearing thresholds comprised the control group.Data Collection and Analysis:ABRs from a single ear from children, recorded under general anesthesia, were retrospectively analyzed and compared
to those obtained from a control group with no anesthesia. ABRs were generated using 80 dB nHL rarefaction click stimuli. T-tests, corrected for alpha slippage, were employed to examine latency differences between groups.Results:There were significant delays in latencies for children
evaluated under general anesthesia compared to the control group. Delays were observed for wave V and the interpeak intervals I‐III, III‐V, and I‐V.Conclusions:Our data suggest that caution is needed in interpreting neural function from ABR data recorded while a
child is under general anesthesia.
Efficacy of a Reverse Cardioid Directional Microphone
Authors: Kuk Francis , Keenan Denise
Published: January 2012

Background:Directional microphones have been shown to improve a listener's ability to communicate in noise by improving the signal to noise ratio. However, their efficacy may be questioned in situations where the listener needs to understand speech originating from the back.Purpose:The
goal of the study was to examine the performance of a directional microphone mode that has an automatic reverse cardioid polar pattern.Research Design:A single-blinded, factorial repeated-measures design was used to study the effect of microphone modes (reverse cardioid, omnidirectional,
and front hypercardioid) and stimulus azimuths (front and back) on three outcome variables (aided thresholds, nonsense syllable identification in quiet, and sentence recognition in noise).Study Sample:Twenty adults with a mild-to-severe bilaterally symmetrical (±5 dB) sensorineural
hearing loss participated.Intervention:Audibility in quiet was evaluated by obtaining aided sound field thresholds and speech identification at an input level of 50 dB SPL presented at 0 and 180° azimuths. In addition, speech understanding in noise was also assessed with the Hearing
In Noise Test (HINT) sentences presented at both azimuths (0 and 180°) with a diffuse noise.Data Collection and Analysis:Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were conducted to examine the effects of microphone mode (omnidirectional, front hypercardioid, reverse cardioid)
and stimulus azimuth (0°, 180°) on aided thresholds, nonsense syllable identification, and HINT performance.Results:Results with the reverse cardioid directional microphone in both quiet conditions were similar to the omnidirectional microphone. The results of the reverse cardioid
microphone in noise were significantly better than the omnidirectional microphone and front hypercardioid microphone when speech was presented from the back (p < 0.001).Conclusions:These results support the possible benefits of a reverse cardioid directional microphone when
used in specific listening situations.
Pérou : quelles politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté ?
Authors: Bey Marguerite
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article propose de mettre en regard l’évolution des processus de paupérisation avec les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté mis en place au cours de la décennie de 1990. Il s’agit d’analyser les objectifs et les résultats de ces politiques par rapport aux ambitions du gouvernement de Fujimori, au niveau des populations pauvres, mais aussi du territoire national. La question se pose, devant la multiplication des aides sociales (alimentation, santé, infrastructures sociales), de savoir quels sont leurs effets sur le niveau de vie des populations considérées comme pauvres ou subissant certaines carences. Peut-on affirmer que ces politiques combattent les causes profondes ou seulement conjoncturelles de la pauvreté ? La focalisation des programmes semble intervenir seulement sur les secondes.
Dix ans de libéralisation de l'économie indienne : les effets limités de la gouvernance dans le secteur de l'eau et de l'assainissement en ville
Authors: Zérah Marie-Hélène
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article s’attache à retracer l’évolution du secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement dans les villes indiennes au cours des années quatre-vingt-dix dans un contexte de décentralisation et de libéralisation. Notre hypothèse est que la défaillance du secteur public et les stratégies des usagers face au manque de fiabilité de l’offre accélèrent les transformations du secteur. L’émergence de nouveaux marchés de l’eau, le rôle des entrepreneurs locaux et l’engagement civique des usagers sont au cœur de mutations circonscrites cependant à quelques villes. Notre propos est ici d’analyser ces mutations et d’en comprendre les conséquences sur l’amélioration de l’accès aux services, sur la coordination et la régulation sectorielle et plus généralement sur les modalités possibles d’une réforme du secteur public. L’exposé s’appuie sur une synthèse de recherches de terrain menées dans plusieurs villes et basées sur des enquêtes quantitatives et qualitatives.
Le deuil infini des maternités sans objet
Authors: Bydlowski Monique
Published: January 2012

Les femmes ayant traversé la perte d’une grossesse proche de son terme développent un syndrome mélancolique sans tendance spontanée à l’évolution vers un deuil naturel. Cet état morbide tardif est habituellement sous-estimé. Il est remarquable par l’importance de la fixation à l’événement causal, par les cauchemars et la fréquence des phénomènes d’hallucinations positives (foetus fantôme) et négatives (non perception du foetus de la grossesse suivante). Ces situations clinique tardives sont analogues, quelles que soient les circonstances de la mort foetale : Interruption Médicale ou thérapeutique de Grossesse (IMG), Mort Foetale In Utero (MFIU) ou Infanticide criminel.
Quand la transmission est dangereuse
Authors: Rosenblum Ouriel
Published: January 2012

En partant de l’historique du processus de réaffiliation et de l’intégration des normes chez les personnes infectées par le VIH, nous accompagnons ces sujets jusqu’à les rendre porteurs de la transmission à leur descendance. Par le biais de l’AMP, la technique reproductive réinstaure des normes, avec la transmission de l’Idéal du Moi par la Médecine, où les futurs parents sont promus au rang d’idéal. Par cet accompagnement, nous explorons la spécificité du travail de transmission, et nous tentons de favoriser le sujet en tant qu’acteur de la transmission qui fabrique lui-même de la société.
Transmission de vie, projet de naissance dans la mort
Authors: Plat Aurore
Published: January 2012

Devenir parents implique la traversée de crises développementales. Lorsque l’anomalie foetale entre brusquement en scène, c’est un tout un avenir imaginé qui s’écroule. Le projet d’enfant s’évanouit, une promesse est déçue et les fantasmes d’ambivalence parentale s’actualisent. Lors de l’annonce en anténatal d’une malformation foetale grave, l’interruption médicale de grossesse est le chemin le plus fréquemment emprunté par les couples devenant parents. Mais au statut mixte narcissique et objectal de l’investissement foetal, la perte du foetus devient une expérience à haut risque de deuil mélancolique. Nous réfléchirons alors autour de deux situations cliniques, à l’accompagnement de ces couples qui vivent une interruption médicale de grossesse. Nous observerons l’importance de l’objectalisation du foetus comme facteur de liaison et de réorganisation pulsionnelle autour de cet objet pré-objet et supposerons celle du réinvestissement du lien à lui comme négociation du fantasme d’infanticide et pour l’apaisement de la blessure narcissique du sujet.