bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Some Cysticercoids from Pulmonate Molluscs and Leeches in British Freshwaters
Authors: Pike Alan W.
Published: June 2009

The cysticercoids ofDicranotaenia coronulaandMicrosomacanthuscompressaare recorded from the stomach contents ofLymnaea peregraandL. stagnalis, andM. compressaalso fromL. palusirisat the Wentloog level, near Cardiff, South Wales. The cysticercoids ofHaploparaksis cirrosaandKowalewskius parvitlafound in the botryoidal tissue ofErpdbdella octoculatafrom a pool at Llynheilin, New Radnor, are described. The adults ofK. parvttlareached maturity in 17 days, in a duckling, and the egg capsules produced contained approximately 100 oncospheres in each.
The Guineapig as an Experimental Host of the Meningeal Worm,Pneumostrongylus tennisDoughertyp
Authors: Spratt David M. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: June 2009

Infective larvae ofP. tenuisgiven orally to guineapigs, penetrated the stomach wall and reached the body cavity. Some dispersed in the omentum extending along the greater curvature of the stomach. Others wandered into and through the liver. Some migrated through the diaphragm or along the mesentery ensheathing the hepatic vein and the vena cava. In the pleural cavity some penetrated the pericardium, and the pleura and parenchyma of the lungs. Numerous larvae were overcome by the host in the mesentery, particularly the omentum.
The Development of Acquired Resistance and Age Resistance to Nematodirus battus in the Laboratory Rabbit
Authors: Gallie G. J.
Published: June 2009

Four groups of 8 rabbits were infected with a range of doses of N. bath's larvae. The percentage recoveries of worms from groups receiving 100 and 1000 larvae were significantly greater than those from groups receiving 10000 and 50000 larvae. It is suggested that the worm population density is dependent on the degree of host response stimulated by the initial larval dose.

Experience of a chemically abbreviated patent infection of N. batlus gave significant protection to a group of 8 rabbits against establishment of worms from subsequent challenge compared with inexperienced controls.

Rabbits aged 5 months and 11 weeks were as susceptible to the establishment of worms as rabbits aged 7½ weeks; but age resistance vas manifested by the greater proportion of worms which developed to the fifth stage in the worm populations of the youngest group than in the other 2 groups.
The Pathogenicity of Nematodirus battus in Weaned and Unweaned Laboratory Rabbits
Authors: Gallie G. J.
Published: June 2009

The dosing of rabbits with 300 000 or 500 000 larvae of Nematodirus battus produced. pathogenic effects in some rabbits similar to nematodiriasis in lambs. The clinical symptoms observed were diarrhoea, listlessness, anorexia and weight loss. Fourth-stage larvae were responsible for the onset of diarrhoea about one week after infection but immature fifth-stage worms and adult parasites may also have been pathogenic. Several of the clinically affected rabbits died, the others usually recovered during the fourth week of infection. There was no direct relationship between the occurrence of clinical symptoms and the size of the worm populations recovered at death or slaughter.

Comparison of two groups of weaned and unweaned rabbits showed that suckled rabbits were less susceptible to the establishment of N. battus infections and possibly to the effects of parasitism.
Pancreatic involvement in schistosomiasis rodhaini of golden hamsters
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Omar A. H. , El-Naffar M. K. , Anwar I.
Published: June 2009

Schistosoma rodhaini is a parasite of rodents and dogs in some parts of Africa, south of the Sahara (Schwetz, 1952; Deramée et aly 1953; Berrie & Goodman, 1962; Nelson et al.f 1962). Occasional human infections have also been reported (Haenens & Santele, 1955).

The only comprehensive study reported in the literature on the histopathology of S. rodhaini is that of Thienpont et al. (1953) in naturally infected dogs. Saoud et ah (1966) briefly described the tissue reactions in chronic heavy infections of the Kenya strain in hamsters. It has been found that the pancreas is one of the visceral organs seriously involved in schistosomiasis rodhaini of hamsters.
Protists Parasitic in the Larva of the Crane-Fly, Tipula sp. (Preliminary Note.)
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

In 1892 Louis Léger described three species of gregarine from the alimentary tract of the larva of Tipula: Actinocephalus tipulae, Clepsidrina longa, and Eirmocystis ventricosa2.
The Life-history of Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Hadwen Seymour
Published: June 2009

During the past three years I have made various attempts to raise Dermacentor variabilis through its various stages on tame rabbits and have at last been successful. Though there are still many points connected with the life-history to clear up, it is at any rate the first step towards finding ways and means for its control.
Immunologically mediated, non-specific interactions between the intestinal phases ofTrichinella spiralisandNippostrongylus brasiliensisin the mouse
Authors: Kennedy M. W.
Published: June 2009

Interactions between infections ofTrichinella spiralisandNippostrongylus brasiliensiswere studied in the NIH strain of mouse which is known to react strongly toT. spiralis. The course ofN. brasiliensisinfection in this strain of mouse is described and expulsion is shown to be accelerated in immunized mice and inhibited in cortisone-treated mice. There was no evidence of inter-specific competition between the two species of worm in concurrent infections; the number and location of adults of both species were normal andT. spiraliswas able to grow and reproduce normally. No evidence was found of direct immunological cross-reaction betweenN. brasiliensisandT. spiralisas assessed by the kinetics of adult worm numbers on heterologous challenge of immunized mice 90 days after the initiation of the last of 3 immunizing infections. Interaction was observed only when the timing of concurrent infections was such that one species was established in the intestine immediately before the beginning of expulsion of the second species. Interaction was manifested as a premature loss of worms and, in addition, as impairment of growth and fecundity ofT. spiralis. These effects onT. spiraliswere similar to those observed as a consequence of a specific immune response toT. spiralis. The rapidity of appearance of these effects and the lack of direct cross-immunity between the two species of worm suggest that the events involved in interaction were non-specific in action and possibly due to environmental changes in the gut caused by the immune response. These non-specific effects are therefore analogous, but not necessarily homologous, to the expulsion of these parasites in single species infections.
The life-cycle ofTrypanosoma cobitisMitrophanow 1883
Authors: Letch C. A.
Published: June 2009

The morphology and development ofTrypanosoma cobitisduring its life-cycle in the blood of 6 species of River Lee fish, and also in its invertebrate vector, the fish leechHemiclepsis marginataL., are described in detail.
The diagnosis of malaria infection using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of malaria antigens
Authors: Mackey L. , Perrin L. , Leemans E. , Lambert P. H.
Published: June 2009

A method has been devised to show that malaria parasites can be detected serologically in infected blood with a high degree of sensitivity. Using a murine malaria model, parasites were demonstrated in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay which measured antibody-binding inhibition. Lysed red blood cells (r.b.c.) were incubated with labelled specific antibody and were then reacted in antigen-coated tubes. The degree of inhibition of antibody binding in the tubes correlated with the level of parasitaemia in the test blood. Using homologous antisera the test detected infection at a level of 1 parasite/million r.b.c. The specificity of the method was shown by comparison of antibody-binding inhibition in normal and infected r.b.c. and in r.b.c. from non-infected mice with induced reticulocytosis. The sensitivity was shownin vitroin tests of serially diluted blood of high parasitaemia andin vivofor the detection of early infection. The presence of antibody in the test blood did not significantly affect the sensitivity of parasite detection.
Thiamine uptake in isolated schizonts ofEimeria tenellaand the inhibitory effects of amprolium
Authors: James S.
Published: June 2009

The uptake of thiamine by isolated second-generation schizonts ofEimeria tenellaand by host intestinal cells was found to consist of two components. One was passive and the other apparently an active process. The kinetic constants of the latter were compared in host (Km= 0·36 μm) and parasite (Km= 0·07 μm) and found to be significantly different. Both systems were competitively inhibited by amprolium but showed different affinities for the drug. (HostKi= 326 μm; parasiteKi= 7·6 μm). Further differences were observed in schizonts of a drug-resistant line ofE. tenella. These findings are discussed in terms of the inhibition of thiamine uptake being the basis of the anticoccidial activity of amprolium.
A trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor from the metacestodes ofTaenia pisiformis
Authors: Németh I. , Juhász S.
Published: June 2009

The metacestodes ofTaenia pisiformishave been shown to contain a protease inhibitor capable of inactivating the esterolysis ofN-α-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) andN-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (BTEE) by trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, of bovine, dog and rabbit origin, but not affecting the hydrolytic activity of subtilisin, elastase, collagenase, pepsin, rennin and papain. This inhibitor has been demonstrated in whole worm extracts and in the incubation medium ofin vitro-maintained, intact living metacestodes. The protease inhibitor which was purified by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, Sephadex G–100 chromatography and affinity chromatography on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B–bovine chymotrypsin conjugate was soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid, withstood heat up to 80°C, tolerated the pH range 1·5 to 9·0, was unaffected by 8 M urea or 0·2m2-mercaptoethanol and had a molecular weight of about 7000 to 7200, as calculated from its gel chromatographic behaviour. Complex formation between the inhibitor and the enzymes required 3–4 min for completion. The enzyme–inhibitor complex was not dissociated by 4mKC1. Activity determinations on bovine TPCK–trypsin and bovine chymotrypsin with BAEE and BTEE assays revealed that the inhibitory actions toward both enzymes are functions of the same or closely adjacent sites of the inhibitor molecule. The supposed function of the inhibitor is discussed.
Sub-cellular fractionation ofTrypanosoma brucei. Isolation and characterization of plasma membranes
Authors: Rovis Luciana , Baekkeskov Steinunn
Published: June 2009

A procedure is described for the isolation of sub-cellular fractions from bloodstream forms ofTrypanosoma brucei. The method leaves intact most of the nuclei, mitochondria and microbodies. All the fractions have been chemically characterized and tested for 10 enzymatic markers. About 5% of total cell protein was isolated as a microsomal fraction containing mostly plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Plasma membranes were purified by high-speed centrifugation on magnesium-containing Dextran, and on linear sucrose-density gradients. The yield of membranes was approximately 0·3% of the total cell protein. The purified material had a sucrose density of 1·14 g/cm3and consisted of smooth vesicles. Specific activity of the membrane markers Na+, K+, ouabain-sensitive ATPase and adenylate cyclase were 26-and 20-fold higher, respectively, than in total cells. Neither DNA nor RNA was detected. The sum of the cholesterol and phospholipid content was 0·99 mg/mg protein. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was 1 : 2.
The ultrastructure of the tegument of adult Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Leitch B. , Probert A. J. , Runham N. W.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the tegument of Schistosoma haematobium was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The surface of the male worm is characterized by numerous raised tubercles bearing apically directed spines. The female in contrast to the male is cylindrical and relatively smooth. Details of oral and ventral suckers are given. The use of uranyl acetate as a tertiary fixative and en bloc stain has revealed the heptalaminate nature of the outer membrane. Tegumental mitochondria are shown to be morphologically more complex than those of S. mansoni. Spherical and elliptical inclusion bodies are also described. The ultrastructure of the oesophageal tegument of S. haematobium is described for the first time and corresponds with earlier observations of S. mansoni.
The use of frequency distributions in an attempt to detect host mortality induced by infections of diplostomatid metacercariae
Authors: Kennedy C. R.
Published: June 2009

Following recent suggestions that a peaked host age–parasite abundance curve, concomitant with a decline in the degree of dispersion of parasites in the older age classes of hosts, can provide evidence of parasite-induced host mortality, the changes in mean abundance and over-dispersion of metacercarial stages of Diplostomum spathaceum, D. gasterostei, Tylodelphys clavata and T. podicipina in relation to fish age were studied in a field locality. The mean parasite burden of D. spathaceum, D. gasterostei and T. clavata increased with host age and the maximum mean burden was found in the oldest hosts. The variance to mean ratio also increased in D. gasterostei, but decreased in the oldest hosts in D. spathaceum and T. clavata. It is concluded that this decrease could be due to parasite-induced host mortality but could equally be due to death of parasites within the host or to changes in infection rate or could be a reflection of the small sample size of the oldest fish. The mean burden of T. podicipina declined gradually with host age, but the variance to mean ratio remained constant and it is concluded that this could be explained by death of the parasites within the host. None of these data or data from other localities provided clear and unambiguous evidence of host mortality induced by heavy infections of any of the four species, although they are consistent with such mortality and do not refute such a possibility. It is concluded that it may be just as difficult to detect and unequivocally demonstrate parasite-induced host mortality in metacercarial digenean–fish host systems as in any other parasite–host systems.
Temperature-dependent reproduction and survival of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis (Monogenea) on guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Scott Marilyn E. , Nokes D. J.
Published: June 2009

Temperature-dependent survival and reproduction of Gyrodactylus bullatarudis Turnbull, 1956 were examined at 17, 21, 25·5, 27·5 and 30 °C on isolated guppies under conditions where parasite density dependence and host responses were minimized. Parasites had the longest life-span (5·5 days) at 21 °C, the highest average fecundity (1·73 offspring) at 25·5 °C and the highest instantaneous per capita birth rate (0·543/parasite/day) at 27·5 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase of the parasite population was maximum (0·230/parasite/day) at 27·5 °C. Data obtained from this study indicate that G. bullatarudis are not able to survive at 30 °C.
Immunization of rats againstSchistosoma mansoniusing irradiated cercariae, lung schistosomula and liver-stage worms
Authors: Ford M. J. , Bickle Q. D. , Taylor M. G.
Published: June 2009

In PVG rats a single immunizing infection withSchistosoma mansonicercariae exposed to 0, 5, 10 or 20 krad. gamma radiation failed to induce more than minimal resistance (17–29%) to challenge 4 weeks later, whereas 4 immunizations with 20 krad.-irradiated cercariae, over several months, induced substantial resistance (75%). In contrast, significant protection was induced in Fischer rats by a single immunization with unirradiated cercariae or cercariae irradiated with up to 80 krad. Comparable resistance was induced by unirradiated and by 2, 5 and 20 krad.-irradiated cercariae (67–74%) and lower levels by 10, 40 and 80 krad.-irradiated infections (57, 48 and 33%, respectively). Although the resistance induced by a single dose of 1000 20 krad.-irradiated cercariae could be boosted by a second (88%), further immunizations failed to enhance this resistance. Also, increasing the number of immunizing cercariae in single or multiple vaccinations from 1000 to 3000 failed to increase the resistance. While the resistance induced by 20 krad.-irradiated cercariae persisted undiminished for at least 25 weeks (67%), the resistance induced by normal cercariae declined to insignificant levels by 25 weeks (21%). Comparison of the migration and survival of unirradiated and of 20 and 40 krad.-irradiated cercariae revealed dramatic differences in their fate: parasites exposed to 40 krad. remained in the skin, while the majority of 20 krad.-irradiated parasites died in the lungs after a sojourn of at least 14 days. Thus, although skin schistosomula alone could induce significant protection, optimal resistance was induced only by parasites which migrated to the lungs or beyond. The immunizing potential of these older parasites was investigated by exposing rats to lung-and liver-stage larvae injected into the tail and mesenteric veins, respectively. Irradiated 4-day lung schistosomula induced comparable resistance (79%) to that induced by a complete unattenuated cercarial infection (78%), whereas less resistance was induced by irradiated and unirradiated 11-day-old liver worms (30 and 27%) and by 25-day-old pre-adult worms (48%).
Fixation and Staining of Trypanosoma lewisi
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: June 2009

Since the publication of Moore and Breinl's paper (1908) a new method of wet fixation has been introduced into the technique of protozoological research. It is generally stated that the old method of drying the blood films and fixing them afterwards in absolute alcohol, destroys the minute details of nuclear and protoplasmatic structure; that the preparations made in this way are wholly misleading and the structures do not correspond to those of the living Trypanosomes. This becomes evident when we compare the figures of Moore and Breinl and of Rosenbusch (1909), who studied Tr. lewisi with the aid of wet fixation in Flemming's liquid, with those of other authors (Prowazek (1905), Wenyon (1908) etc.) who studied the same subject. The structure of the nucleus is very dissimilar with the two methods. The big karyosome observed by the first authors cannot be found with dry fixation; then only one or more minute granules are to be seen.
The Leucocytozoa, a Rejoinder to Mr C. M. Wenyon
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

In the last number ofParasitology(Vol. iii. No. 1) Mr Wenyon has taken exception to an article of mine on theLeucocytozoa, published inScience Progress, October, 1909. It has been a matter of wonder to many protozoologists as well as to myself, why Mr Wenyon did not reply to my article inScience Progressitself, and thereby appeal to the readers whom he accuses me of having misled, for he states (Parasitology, p. 65) that my “survey of the group is inaccurate and contradictory.”
Note on Ankylostomiasis in Natal
Authors: Hill Ernest
Published: June 2009

At the present time Ankylostoma infection in man and disability resulting therefrom has aroused much concern. The geographical origin and present distribution of the two species of Ankylostoma known to be parasitic to man are of considerable interest, even though it be only academic. It is, therefore, probable that the following note may be worthy of publication.
Degeneration Phenomena of Trypanosoma gambiense
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

After treatment with arsenophenylglycin the number of trypanosomes in an infected animal immediately begins to decrease, and the parasites disappear from the peripheral circulation 6—7 hours after the time of injection, the short stumpy forms being the last to degenerate.

One of the first changes noticed in the trypanosomes after treatment is the rounding up of their posterior extremities caused by the retraction of the protoplasm behind the kineto-nucleus. Meanwhile the tropho-nucleus becomes filled with granules of volutinose, which are extruded into the cytoplasm and pass along the axial filament towards the anterior extremity of the body. In dividing forms the granules form two longitudinal rows, being distributed along the two axial filaments. Finally, the granules lose their regular arrangement and become scattered throughout the cytoplasm, being more abundant, however, at the anterior end.

The kineto-vacuole, when present, enlarges considerably and may become filled with chromatic substance derived from the kineto-nucleus.

The axial filament begins to degenerate soon after treatment, often breaking up into a row of granules. Occasionally, however, chromatic substance from the kineto-nucleus passes along the axial filament, and it then appears as a thick black band extending along the middle of the cell eventually to the anterior extremity. Subsequently it breaks up into granules which dissolve in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Chromatic bodies are given off from the kineto-nucleus both before and after treatment and do not seem to be a characteristic feature of degeneration.

Sometimes the tropho-nucleus completely disappears before the cytoplasm breaks up into fragments, but at other times it preserves its form long after all other parts of the trypanosome, with the exception of the flagellum, have disappeared. These free nuclei resemble the “latent bodies” described by Salvin-Moore and Breinl, but as they, along with the fragments of cytoplasm, granules etc., are ingested by the leucocytes, it seems possible that they are merely one of the results of degeneration and not part of the life-cycle of this parasite.

These investigations have been carried on partly with the aid of a grant from the Tropical Diseases Research Fund (Colonial Office).
The passage of Trypanosoma gambiense through mucous membranes and skin
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

Although in nature Sleeping Sickness is chiefly transmitted by Glossina palpalis, the possibility of other modes of infection has been suggested by various authors.
A review of the British marine Cercariae
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: June 2009

The study of the life-histories of digenetic Trematodes is as yet in its infancy. Many new adult forms are described every year, but very little is known of the life-history of any of these. It is even impossible in the majority of cases to say what sort of larval form is characteristic of any group. Having worked for some years at the study of Trematode larvae I thought it would be of some use to bring together all the work so far done on British marine cercariae in order to form a nucleus round which future work may be centred.
The Variability of Rhipicephalus pulchellus (Gerstäcker, 1873), together with its Geographical Distribution
Authors: Cunliffe Norman
Published: June 2009

It has been pointed out by Warburton (1912) that the degree of variation within the species of the genus Rhipicephalus is very considerable, and in view of this fact it is important to investigate the range of a species and the value of the differential structural characters upon which species are based. The great majority of the Rhipicephali are inornate and this, in conjunction with the general lack of distinguishing structural features and the wide variation found within the species, renders determinations difficult. As Rhipicephalus pulchellus, however, possesses a characteristic and well-marked ornamentation, which is subject to but slight variation, any specimen, at least in the case of the males, may be determined without difficulty.
The Trematode Parasites of North Queensland. I
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

It is only within the last half-dozen years that any serious attempt has been made to deal systematically with the parasitic worms of Australia. In 1909 Dr T. Harvey Johnston commenced what has proved to be a most extensive and successful survey of the cestode parasites. Dealing at first chiefly with Southern forms, he has latterly (1912) continued his investigations in Queensland and has extended them to include Nematodes and Echinorhynchs. Some years previously (1901) Dr S. J. Johnston of Sydney had started a study of the Trematode parasites, but this did not lead to any outstanding results until last year, when his important paper on the Trematode parasites of Australian frogs appeared. He has followed this up by another important work on Trematodes from North Queensland, which has appeared during the present year.
Observations on Argas brumpti, Neumann, 1907
Authors: Cunliffe Norman
Published: June 2009

In November 1912, through the courtesy of Mr S. W. J. Scholefield, Prof. Nuttall received fourteen living nymphs of Argas brumpti from Kitui, British East Africa. As only the adults and later stage nymphs of this species are known, an attempt was made to raise the species in the laboratory.
Revision of the Non-Combed Eyed Siphonaptera
Authors: Jordan Karl , Rothschild N. C.
Published: June 2009

The importance of certain species of fleas in relation to the epidemiology of plague has been so amply demonstrated (seeJournal of Hygiene, vols. vi. 1906, p. 426 and vii. 1907, p. 395) that an explanation appears scareely necessary for our publishing a paper dealing with a revision of the non-pectinated eyed Siphonaptera. With the demonstration that fleas are capable of transmitting plague, their study at once ceased to be the mere hobby of a small group of entomological specialists. An accurate knowledge of fleas, both with regard to their structure and biology, is at present a matter of prime importance to those who concern htemselves with the prophylaxis of plague.
The Biology of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In the following account of the biology of Pediculus humanus, I have sought to bring together all that could be gathered from the publications of the many authors who have occupied themselves more or less with these insects, adding here and there my own observations2. I have sought throughout to give credit where it is due and have not withheld criticism where it appeared necessary.
A Note on the period during which the Eggs of Stegomyia fasciata (Aëdes calopus) from Sierra Leone Stock retain their vitality in a Humid Temperature
Authors: Bacot A.
Published: June 2009

It is well known that the eggs of the above-named mosquito remain viable when out of water for many months. Various workers, among whom may be named Theobald, Newstead, Francis and Mitchell, record varying periods up to nine months' duration.
A Study of the Diverse Races of Entamoeba histolytica distinguishable from one another by the dimensions of their Cysts
Authors: Dobell Clifford , Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

1. Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn (vel E. dysenteriae Councilman and Lafleur), the human dysentery amoeba, is a collective species. It comprises a number of distinct races, strains, or pure lines, distinguishable from one another by the size of the cysts which they produce.

2. How many such distinct races exist is still undetermined; but we have demonstrated the existence of at least five.

3. There is no evidence that the different races differ in their geographical distribution, or in any character save size.

4. These races remain constant in character within a given host; and the dimensions of the cysts are not determined by the action of the host upon the parasite, since two different races may coexist side by side in the same host.

5. Different values for the dimensions of the cysts are obtained when these are measured in different media. Taking the measurements of living cysts suspended in physiological saline solution as representing the true value, we find that the dimensions of cysts in iodine solution are approximately the same; but that cysts which have been suitably fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, have undergone an apparent reduction of approximately 10% from the true diameter.

6. The most suitable fixative for E. histolytica cysts we have found to be a modification of Schaudinn's fluid. (Saturated aqueous solution of corrosive sublimate, two parts; absolute alcohol, one part; glacial acetic acid, 4–5%.) Cysts fixed in this fluid undergo no measurable shrinkage or swelling in the process.

7. The apparent loss of size observed in cysts which have been fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, is due chiefly to the invisibility of the cyst wall in the mounting medium.

8. It follows from what has been said above (5 and 6) that to obtain an approximately true value for the dimensions of the living cysts from measurements made upon those suitably fixed, stained, and mounted in balsam, these measurements should be multiplied by the factor

9. We find no evidence of the existence of a sexual dimorphism in the cysts belonging to a single race, such as has been described by Mathis and Mercier.

10. Since cysts of E. histolytica may be found with all diameters from about 5μ. to about 20μ—a range overlapping or covering the dimensions of the cysts of the two common harmless intestinal amoebae of man (E. coli and E. nana) and of other cysts and cyst-like bodies occurring in human faeces—it is of considerable practical importance to recognize and distinguish the diverse races of E. histolytica which differ from one another in the dimensions of the cysts which they produce.
Observations on Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Cutler D. Ward
Published: June 2009

1. Observations on E. histolytica from the human intestine have been made and compared with amoebae living in culture media and in the ulcers of the large intestines of cats, which have died of amoebic dysentery.

2. The effects of the substances chlorine, tyrosin, and skatol on culture amoebae have been investigated; it has been found that the two first substances stimulate vegetative reproduction, but that skatol induces cyst formation.

3. The changes that the nucleus undergoes preparatory to division and the behaviour of the karyosome during division are fully described. It is shown that the nuclei originally described as characteristic of E. histolytica and E. tetragena are phases of nuclear change in the life history of the same animal.

4. Cyst formation and the nuclear divisions in the cysts are described, together with a short discussion as to the view taken that the chromatoid bodies are not comparable with the chromidia of other Rhizopoda.

5. Reasons are adduced for the suggestion that during the further development of the cysts quadrinucleate amoebae emerge, which divide to form four small amoebulae.

6. Degeneration in E. histolylica is described and the view of Darling, that budding phenomena are degenerative ones, is confirmed.
On two new species of the cestode genusOochoristicafrom Lizards
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The cestodes of lizards have received little recent attention from systematic zoologists. Those inhabiting snakes are much better known than they were a few years ago, thanks to the researches of La Rue (1914) and of Rudin (1917). The cestodes of snakes almost all belong to the family Ichthyotaeniidae (generaCrepidobothrium, Ophiotaenia, Acanthotaenia). Among the lizards also, several species ofAcanthotaeniaoccur in the Monitors (Varanus), and one is recorded inLialis, one of the Pygopodidae. The Monitors are also the hosts of a remarkable genus of quite a different type—Duthiersia—our knowledge of which has recently been brought up to date by Beddard (1917), and of another genus—Pancerina—of an equally distinct type.
New Records ofBertiella satyri(Cestoda) in Man and Apes
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

Bertiella satyri, normally apparently a parasite of apes, has hitherto been recorded from the orang-utan,Simia satyri, in Borneo, and once from a child in Mauritius.
The Species of Strongyloides (Nematoda)
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

There has been much difference of opinion as to the specificity of Strongyloides in different hosts, therefore an opportunity has been made use of to compare representatives of this genus, in various stages of their life histories, from monkeys, cats and man, and to compare these with the published characteristics of other forms.
On Megisthanus jacobsoni n.sp. (Acari, Gamasoidea) Parasitic on a Passalid Beetle from Sumatra
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Early in 1925 I received from Mr E. Jacobson a mite taken in 1918 from the Passalid beetle Gnaphalocnemis (Eriocnemis) burmeisteri Kaup. on the east coast of Sumatra. It clearly belonged to the genus Megisthanus, and was apparently new. I had described and figured it before I showed it to Mr Stanley Hirst of the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington. He informed me that he had received both sexes of what he believed to be the same mite, and most kindly offered to hand over to me the material to complete my account of the new species. By the courtesy of Sir Sidney Harmer he was permitted to do this, and I have therefore been able to examine, as regards external features, four female and three male specimens.
Nicothoe astaci (Copepoda), with a Revision of the Appendages
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Since the publication of the original paper by Audouin and Milne-Edwards (1826, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. IX), no investigator appears to have thoroughly examined Nicothoe astaci. It therefore seemed to me desirable that this Copepod should be reinvestigated by modern methods in respect to the morphology of its appendages.
The Action of Ipecacuanha Alkaloids onEntamoeba histolyticaand some other Entozoic Amoebae in Culture
Authors: Dobell Clifford , Laidlaw P. P.
Published: June 2009

It is now recognized, by all competent observers, that emetine is a specific therapeutic agent for the treatment of amoebic dysentery; but although it is known that a thorough course of emetine, in some form, will eradicate an infection withEntamoeba histolyticafrom most human beings, there is still complete ignorance as to how the cure is effected. The obvious hypothesis, that emetine is a specific poison forE. histolytica, has not hitherto been supported by adequate experimental evidence. It is true that observers have described experiments in which the alkaloid, in high dilution, has apparently killed various amoebaein vitro; but these experiments either ignored the peculiarly specific action of emetinein vivoonE. histolytica, or were carried out without adequate controls.
A Note on the Generic Name of the Spirochaete of Syphilis (Treponema pallidumSchaudinn, 1905)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

In a note which I contributed in 1918 toSpecial Report, No. 19 of the Medical Research Council, I attempted to show that the “correct” generic name of the spirochaete of syphilis—according to the Rules of Nomenclature—isSpironemaVuillemin, 1905. The premisses from which this conclusion was drawn were briefly set out in the publication cited, and need not be repeated here: but my argument—put very shortly—was that, since the Spirochaetes are Bacteria, and not Protozoa, their nomenclature must be determined by the Botanical Rules, not those of Zoology; and that of the three generic names proposed for the spirochaete of syphilis in 1905,Spironemahas priority, and must therefore be accepted. (Spironemawas proposed by Vuillemin in June,Treponemaby Schaudinn in October, andMicrospironemaby Stiles and Pfender in December, 1905.)
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of Man and the Primates
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The Trematode parasites of man have been so frequently listed and, for the most part, so fully described in various text-books and treatises on parasitology, pathology and tropical medicine that it might seem superfluous to enumerate them again. My object in doing so is to provide a basis for comparison with the parasites of the Primates, our knowledge of which is still extremely fragmentary, and with the parasites of Mammals in general. It is hoped that the works which are cited will prove to be the most useful or the most authoritative original references available.
The Behaviour of Balantidium coli Malm. in Cultures
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: June 2009

Balantidium coli (from the domestic pig) can be readily cultivated in the medium devised by Dobell and Laidlaw (1926) for the cultivation of entozoic amoebae (inspissated horse-serum and Ringer-eggwhite, with solid rice-starch). If the hydrogen-ion concentration does not exceed the limits p H = 5·4–8·0, rich cultures can be obtained in this medium, at 37° C.; and strains of the ciliate can be readily propagated for any desired period if subcultures are made every 3–5 days.

In such cultures conjugation occurs periodically; but encystation has never been observed, and all attempts to induce it under cultural conditions have hitherto failed.

The conjugation of Balantidium, as seen in cultures, is peculiar, but it has been impossible as yet to elucidate all details of the process. Conjugants are always much smaller than non-conjugants, and frequently unequal in size. Apparently but one conjugant is fertilised, and survives as an exconjugant—the partner dying after separation.

Encystation has never been seen to follow conjugation, as described by Brumpt (1909).
Lernentominae, a New Subfamily of Chondracanthidae (Crustacea: Copepoda), with a description ofOralien triglae(Blainville 1822)
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. H. , Oakley C. L.
Published: June 2009

Linnaeus (1747) described and figured (reproduced in Fig. 1) a parasitic Copepod from the gills of aGadus, which he designatedLernaea cauda duplici tereti, and defined in these words: Thorax seu corpus molle, album, subrotundum, convexum, carnosum; antice obtusum, seu potius retusum, latere utroque notatum, denticulo molle antrorsum spectante. Collum tenue longiusculum, caput trilobum dilatatum; lobo intermedio obverse eordato. Cauda pone thoracem ex duobus corpusoulis pallidis longitudine thoracis. Brachia sub thorace, ad latera colli utrinque duo, quorum pars exterius bilobum, interius ovatum.
Sur Quelques Nématodes Des Oiseaux de la Russie
Authors: Skrjabin K. I.
Published: June 2009

Le présent ouvrage est consacré à la caractéristique de quelques espèces de Nématodes d'oiseaux, trouvés sur le territoire de l'Empire de Russie. La plupart des formes décrites ici m'ont été gracieusement données à étudier par le Professeur de l'Académic Impériale Militaire de Médecine N. A. Cholodkowski, et je saisis l'occasion de lui exprimer ma plus sincère gratitude.
Observations on Entamoeba gingivalis from the Human Mouth, with a Note on the Trichomonad Flagellate Tetratrichomonas buccalis n. sp
Authors: Goodey T. , Wellings A. W.
Published: June 2009

The claim made for the first time by Barrett and Smith (1914a) some two years and a half ago, that the causative agent of Pyorrhoea Alveolaris is the Entamoeba gingivalis led the writers to enquire into the question; the results of which enquiry are set forth in the following paper.
Blood Parasites found in Mammals, Birds and Fishes in England
Authors: Coles Alfred C.
Published: June 2009

During an investigation, extending over several years, of the blood of numerous animals found locally, I have met with numerous parasites most of which are well known, but some, at least to me, are new.
An Accidental Infection with Uncinaria
Authors: Caldwell Fred C.
Published: June 2009

In the course of a study of a method for the recovery of Uncinaria larvae from the soil, one of the employees of the laboratory became infected under circumstances closely simulating experimental conditions.
The Structure and Systematic Position of Strongylus Polygyrus
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Dujardin (1845) was the first to give a satisfactory account of the small Strongylid worms inhabiting the intestinal tract of field-mice and voles. His descriptions of the various species were careful and for the most part accurate, they were, unfortunately, not accompanied by figures, and incomplete in that the characters of the bursal rays of the males were not given, an omission which has led to considerable confusion, since the modern classification of the Trichostrongylidae is based largely on the structure of the male bursa.
The Warble-Flies of Cattle. Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

The phenomenon of tumours in the backs of cattle from which in due time grubs emerge has been known from very early times. So, also, has the phenomenon of “gadding,” now known to be due to Warble flies, and it is sufficient to cite the familiar and most graphic account given by Virgil. Since, however, the origin of the grubs in the tumours was entirely unknown and the “gadding” was usually attributed to members of the Tabanidae, allusions to these phenomena earlier than the 18th century have no value except as indicating the antiquity of the pests.
Notes on the Collection and Preservation of Parasitic Worms
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

At the request of Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., the writer has attempted to put together a few notes on methods found useful in obtaining well-preserved specimens for helminthological purposes. Of the large number of methods that have been recommended for the various groups by different authorities, only a limited selection can be given, and preference is given, where possible, to those which are comparatively simple and can be employed in the field or under the limited conditions of a field laboratory, while at the same time experience has shown them to give sufficiently good results for ordinary purposes.
Mallophaga from Apteryx, and their Significance; with a Note on the Genus Rallicola
Authors: Harrison Launcelot
Published: June 2009

Through the courtesy of Dr Hans Gadow I have had the opportunity of examining a number of skins of five species of Apteryx in the collection of the Cambridge University Museum. From these I have collected at least three species of Mallophaga, which I find to belong to the genus Rallicola. These are described below, with some discussion of the genus to which they belong, and of the significance of the occurrence of that genus upon Apteryx, from which no Mallophaga have previously been recorded.
Dourine and the Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Watson E. A.
Published: June 2009

This paper is written with the purpose of drawing further attention to the value of the complement fixation reaction as a diagnostic test in dourine and of recommending a method of procedure and technique arrived at with an experience of 15,000 tests for dourine made at the Veterinary Research Laboratory, Lethbridge.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Tapeworms of Fowls and of Sparrows
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The present paper contains the results, other than those already published, of work done in the Department of Agricultural Zoology at the Birmingham University upon the tapeworms of birds. At the commencement, a little over two years ago, the aim was to make a complete investigation of the Cestodes of British birds, both from the standpoint of anatomy and also of life-history, since, as far as I am aware, there exists no adequate description of them. It was found impossible to obtain a regular supply of any one species of tapeworm, hence the work upon one particular species could only be carried on spasmodically. The results, having to wait upon the occurrence of the material, are necessarily incomplete. Circumstances having made it necessary temporarily to postpone the work, it was considered advisable to write up and publish the results so far obtained.
On some larval trematode parasites of the mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the cockle (Cardium edule). Part II
Authors: Cole H. A.
Published: June 2009

This trematode was obtained from cockles brought up with mussels to the Conway Mussel Cleansing Station and also from cockles collected from several other localities on the Menai Straits. It was present in every cockle examined, a total of several thousand in all. It occurred as a brown mass of varying size situated immediately beneath the hinge and occupying a small wedge-shaped cavity which occurs there. It could be obtained by cutting away the hinge with a knife when the brown mass was exposed. The latter breaks up very easily on teasing and consists of numerous more or less oval thick-walled sporocysts loosely embedded in the tissue of the cockle. These sporocysts are colourless or slightly straw-coloured and immobile. They contain a varying number of cercariae and a considerable amount of granular brown material. The fully developed cercaria (Fig. 1) is transparent except for the excretory sacs, which are full of very highly refractive granules and appear dark. The maximum diameter of these granules has been put forward by Rothschild (1935) as a valuable diagnostic character; in this species it is 5μ. The cercariae are moderately active and survive some time in sea water after removal from the sporocyst. This trematode was found throughout the year.
Observations on some Parasites ofOscinella fritLinn
Authors: Imms A. D.
Published: June 2009

The stem infestation ofOscinella fritin England is attacked by at least two species of hymenopterous parasites of considerable importance. The species areHalticoptera fuscicornisWalk. (Chalcidoidea) andRhoptromeris euceraHtg. (Cynipoidea). It is also parasitised to a much lesser degree byLoxotropa tritomaThoms. (Proctotrypoidea). These three species are described and figured in detail.

The three species named above have been reared by the writer from host puparia obtained in the Harpenden district; they have also been reared in the Leeds and Oxford districts by other observers. They attack the host in the larval stage of the latter and emerge from the puparia. All three species are characteristic parasites of cyclorrhaphous Diptera.

In the Harpenden district a parasitism of 27 per cent. was observed in 1926 and of 37 per cent. in 1927,Rhoptromeris eucerabeing the dominant parasite.

Evidence is brought forward which appears to indicate that the parasites, collectively, become more abundant as the season advances, with the result thatOscinella fritaffecting late sown oats suffers markedly heavier parasitisation than when it attacks oats drilled earlier in the season.

The time of maximum emergence ofOscinella fritin out-of-door rearing cages during the years 1926 and 1927 coincided very closely with its period of greatest abundance in the field, as recorded by Cunliffe.
Larval Flukes associated with the Cercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Bithynoid Snails in China and Adjacent Territory
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: June 2009

1. Eleven new species of cercariae are described from China. Of this number ten have been obtained from species of bithynoid snails and one from Planorbis möllendorfi.

2. One of these species, Cercaria beatifica, a heterophyid larva, needs to be differentiated from the cercaria of Clonorchis sinensis, which develops experimentally in the same mollusc.

3. The forms described are much more common parasites of bithynoid snails than is the larva of Clonorchis.

4. Wherever it has been possible the larval characters, particularly those of the excretory system, have been utilised to show the relationship of the cercariae to adult groups.
Chondracanthus neali n.sp., a Parasitic Copepod of Malacocephalus laevis
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

Habitat and material. By the courtesy of Prof. W. M. Tattersall of University College, Cardiff, I have been able to examine what proved to be a new species of Chondracanthus, the material consisting of a female with a male attached anterior to the abdomen as is usual. The host, Malacocephalus laevis, was taken in deep water from S.W. Ireland by the fishing fleet of M. H. Neale, Esq., the eminent Cardiff naturalist, after whom this species is named.