bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate by Cupriavidus necator from corn syrup: statistical modeling and optimization of biomass yield and volumetric productivity
Authors: Daneshi Ali , Younesi Habibollah , Ghasempouri Seyd Mahmood , Sharifzadeh Mazyar
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: The paper reports an investigation into the possibility of producing poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) polyester using corn syrup, a relatively low cost by‐product from the starch industries. The concentrations of medium components, corn syrup, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] were optimized using design of experiments (DOE).

RESULTS: Response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite face design (CCFD) was used to obtain the optimum values of medium components and responses in terms of biomass yield and volumetric P(3HB) productivity. The highest P(3HB) productivity and biomass yield obtained were 0.224 g L−1 h−1 and 0.57 g g−1, respectively. A limited‐nitrogen concentration had a higher volumetric P(3HB) productivity (0.170 g L−1 h−1) than that of the excess nitrogen batch experiment (0.0675 g L−1 h−1). The optimum corn syrup:N:P ratio of 50:0.078:1 was based on numerical optimization of the desirability function between biomass yield and volumetric P(3HB) productivity by Cupriavidus necator DSMZ 545.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study demonstrated that P(3HB) could be efficiently produced to a high concentration with high productivity by applying nitrogen limitation in a defined medium, indicating this agricultural by‐product to be a suitable nutrient source in further studies to develop biomaterials through biotechnology. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of bromine water in the determination of sulphur in coal or coke by the eschka process
Authors: Battye T. , Johnson R. , Wilkinson H. C.
Published: July 2010

The use of bromine water to oxidize to sulphates any sulphites in the incinerated mixture, when determining the sulphur content of coal or coke by the Eschka process, has been customary since the method was devised by Eschka in 1874. It has been shown that, although this was necessary with the heating ‘lamp’ used by Eschka for the incineration (a methylated‐spirit lamp is employed as the modern equivalent), it is no longer necessary when a temperature of 700° is attained, as is the case with a Bunsen burner or (British Standard recommendation: B.S. 1016: 1942) a muffle furnace operated at 800°.
The determination of o‐cresol, 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenol and 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid by quantitative bromination
Authors: Aichenegg P. , Haynes H. G.
Published: July 2010

The ‘bromination‐excess’ method has been made applicable to the rapid determination of o‐cresol, 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenol and 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid. An alternative ‘direct’ bromination method has also been used in which the end‐point is detected electrometrically. The methods can be applied in the presence of 4:6‐dichloro‐2‐methylphenol and chlorinated 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acids. Slight modifications to the procedure are necessary in the presence of certain solvents, e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The addition of hydrogen sulphide to alkenes
Authors: Van Langhout W. C. Zijll , Waterman H. I.
Published: July 2010

As a result of the interaction of hydrogen sulphide with 2‐methylbut‐2‐ene at temperatures of up to 240° and pressures of up to 115 atm., with tungstosilicic acid as catalyst, thiols, thioalkanes and polymers of 2‐methylbut‐2‐ene were obtained. A calculation of the equilibrium renders it extremely probable that, besides thiols, polymers can be formed.

In the addition of hydrogen sulphide to hexadec‐1‐ene under the same conditions, only thiols were formed.
Experiments on the synthesis of santonin. III. The preparation and bromination‐dehydrobromination of ethyl α‐(2:3:4:5:6:7:8: 10‐octahydro‐1: 10‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐7‐naphthyl)propionate
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Tulloch A. P.
Published: July 2010

Mukherjee's1 preparation of ethyl α‐(4‐methyl‐3‐oxocyclohexyl)propionate has been improved. Condensed with 1‐diethylaminopentan‐3‐one this affords ethyl α‐(2:3:4:5:6:7:8:10‐octahydro‐1: 10‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐7‐naphthyl)propionate, the bromination‐dehydrobromination of which has been studied. 1‐Chloro‐ and 1‐diethylamino‐pent‐1‐en‐3‐one are described for the first time. Attempts to condense these compounds with 2‐methylcyclohexanone and with ethyl α‐(4‐methyl‐3‐oxocyclohexyl)propionate were unsuccessful.
Studies on the nuclear chlorination of aromatic compounds
Authors: Harvey P. G. , Smith F. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C.
Published: July 2010

The direct chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons, in the presence of a ferric chloride‐iron catalyst, proceeds smoothly to give nuclear‐chlorinated derivatives. Methyl side‐chains are retained, but larger alkyl groups, such as ethyl, isopropyl and n‐butyl, readily undergo cleavage by chlorinolysis. Halogenated alkyl side‐chains, such as CCI3 and C2Cl5, are usually not removed, though complete chlorination of the nuclei of compounds containing them cannot normally be achieved. In certain cases, one chlorine atom of a nuclear polychloro‐compound is susceptible to attack by alcoholic alkali.
The reactions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. IV. Some polyfluorocyclohexanes and certain derived compounds
Authors: Barbour A. K. , Mackenzie H. D. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C.
Published: July 2010

Fluorination of benzene, in the vapour phase, over cobaltic fluoride at about 150° gave a complex mixture of polyfluorocyclohexanes. Two definite compounds present were undeca‐ and a decafluorocyclohexane. Other components corresponded to nona‐ and octa‐fluorocyclohexanes, though in these cases a number of isomers appeared to be present. Hydrogen fluoride was eliminated when the cyclic polyfluorides were treated with alkali and the resultant olefins were oxidized to carboxylic acids. Perfluorocyclohexane, perfluoroadipic acid, a nonafluorocyclohexane and a perfluorocyclohexadiene were prepared in this way. Oxidation of the high‐boiling components of the polyfluorocyclohexane mixture afforded a hexafluoroadipic acid.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. II. Ternary systems of water‐sucrose‐hexose
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

Ternary diagrams at 30° for systems water‐sucrose and either glucose or fructose are presented. The solution at the invariant point (I.P.) contained very much less sucrose in the presence of fructose than in the presence of glucose. This is attributed to the higher solubility of fructose than glucose in water.
The mechanism of the mohler reaction for the estimation of benzoic acid
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R.
Published: July 2010

The significance of the dinitrobenzoic acids in the Mohler reaction for the estimation of benzoic and of mononitrobenzoic acids has been demonstrated by an approach by synthesis. The colour reaction is given only by dinitrobenzoic acids with two nitro groups ortho or para to each other. Further support has been obtained for the hypothesis of Meisenheimer & Patzig that colour development from compounds of this type is due to the formation of quinonoid structures.
The polyphosphates of calcium, strontium, barium and magnesium: Their complex character, composition and behaviour
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Kertes S.
Published: July 2010

A study of pyro‐ and tripoly‐phosphates, by heterometric (photometric study of suspensions), pH and conductometric methods, was made on a quantitative basis. From the curves obtained, the composition and properties of the salts and complexes, which exist in solution or in the solid state, were deduced. All three methods gave results that were in complete accordance with one another. However, the heterometric method showed the existence of a number of compounds, especially in the solid state, that were not identified by the other methods.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. XVI. The trinuclear novolaks
Authors: Finn S. R. , James J. W. , Standen C. J. S.
Published: July 2010

Each of the seven isomeric trinuclear novolaks that may be formed during the condensation of phenol and formaldehyde has been synthesized by at least two independent routes. These compounds may be formed, during resin formation, from oo′‐, op′‐ and pp′‐dihydroxydiphenylmethanes by treatment first with formaldehyde to yield the dinuclear alcohols,1 and subsequently with phenol.

The compounds synthesized are crystalline solids, contrary to a previous report that some of them are resinous2.
The dynamic properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Dilke M. G. , Millane J. J.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.) is described. The dynamic modulus, dynamic resilience and dynamic loss factor for Geon 101 P.V.C. plasticized with 33–3, 25 and 15% of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (D.O.P.) have been measured at temperatures between — 10° and 100°, at vibration frequencies between 30 and 450 c/s. The relationship between the results of these tests and those of electrical tests is discussed.
Organo‐boron compounds. II. Preparation of some aromatic borates from boron acetate
Authors: Ahmad Tofael , Haider S. Z. , Khundkar M. H.
Published: July 2010

Phenols, naphthols and benzoic acid can be condensed with boron triacetate under suitable conditions to yield pure orthoborates. With salicylic acid, condensation takes place through the phenolic group, leaving the carboxyl group unaffected. It had been previously reported by Pictet & Geleznoff that dicarboxylic acids condensed with boron triacetate, but this has not been confirmed in the present work.
Distribution experiments and liquid‐liquid equilibrium in systems containing nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Noble R. A. S.
Published: July 2010

Distribution coefficients at 25° for nicotine between water and three organic solvents for low nicotine concentrations have been determined. The liquid‐liquid equilibrium at 25° for the system nicotine‐water‐carbon tetrachloride has been investigated, and it is shown that the system is solutropic, with a horizontal tie‐line at 38 wt.‐% of nicotine.
Application of infra‐red spectrometry to the analysis of combustion products containing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and small proportions of propane
Authors: Cumming A. P. C.
Published: July 2010

Calibration curves of optical densities against concentrations at the selected wavelengths of 14.98, 4.65 and 3.3 μ for each of the gases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and propane respectively, with nitrogen as diluent, are presented. Deviations from Beer's law are apparent and result in appreciable errors in analysing mixtures of these gases. Correction curves are provided that allow accuracies in analysis of within 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4% for propane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide respectively, which shows an improvement on results of previously published work on similar mixtures.
Preliminary studies on the properties of calcium carbide for metallurgical purposes
Authors: Shanahan C. E. A. , Cooke F.
Published: July 2010

This report describes some preliminary investigations that have been made in order to produce a calcium carbide‐bearing slag that is fluid at iron‐ or steel‐making temperatures, and may, therefore, greatly improve desulphurization. Details of techniques evolved for the analysis of calcium carbide‐bearing mixtures and slags and a method of determining their fusion points by using a carbon‐resistor furnace are presented. Finally, it is found that calcium carbide will not dissolve in molten acid slags composed of CaO‐SiO2‐Al2O3 and is only slightly soluble in the more basic CaO‐Al2O3 slag. These results agree with preliminary thermodynamic considerations.
Odour and molecular vibration. II. Raman spectra of substances with the nitrobenzene odour
Authors: Wright R. H. , Serenius R. S. E.
Published: July 2010

In order to test the hypothesis that odour can be correlated with the fundamental, low‐frequency vibrations of odorous molecules, a group of 16 substances with odours like that of nitrobenzene were assembled and the Raman spectra compared. A statistically significant correlation was revealed when the Raman shifts below 800 cm.−1 were compared with those of a control group. The odour of butyronitrile was then predicted on the basis of its Raman spectrum.
The effect of organic matter on the setting of soil‐cement mixtures
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T.
Published: July 2010

Mixtures of soil, cement and water will harden sufficiently to be used in place of stone for road‐making. Some soil types, however, contain organic matter that prevents the mixture hardening. Experiments are described in which a range of organic compounds, of the types occurring in soil, were added to clean sand, which was subsequently mixed with cement and water. Compressive strength tests on specimens made from these mixtures showed that the organic compounds could be grouped according to their ‘activity’ in retarding the setting of cement; of the compounds considered, the most active were glucose and nucleic acid.

Later experiments with a natural organic sandy soil showed that the retardation is probably due to an ‘active’ fraction of the organic matter, which affects the setting of cement by adsorbing calcium ions liberated during hydration. The ‘active’ material is produced in the surface soil, where it is associated with a low pH; it is subsequently leached into the subsoil, where it becomes adsorbed as a complex with iron in a zone of accumulation where the pH is higher.

The retarding effect is overcome by the addition, with the cement, of calcium chloride, either in the form of super‐rapid‐hardening cement or as a separate additive.
A natural inhibitor of pitting corrosion of copper in tap‐waters
Authors: Campbell Hector S.
Published: July 2010

Many supply waters that might be expected to cause pitting corrosion in copper cold‐water pipes containing carbon films do not do so because they contain a natural inhibitor. The inhibitor has not been identified, but it can be shown to be present in these waters and its concentration can be compared roughly with a standard. The inhibitor, which is considered to be of organic origin, is associated with bluish‐white fluorescence in ultra‐violet light, and with depression of the maximum normally present in the polarograms of waters containing dissolved oxygen. It causes cuprous oxide to be formed at corroding copper anodes as a fine‐grained, dull‐brown adherent film instead of as coarse, red non‐adherent crystals. The latter property accounts for its inhibiting effect.
The grinding of kaolinite. II. A more detailed study
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Parker T. W. , Stephens Marjorie J.
Published: July 2010

The study reported in Part I has been extended in the present Part by grinding a kaolinite for a total of 1000 hours and withdrawing samples at intervals. The samples were examined by all the tests of Part I (except heat of immersion) as well as by a number of additional tests, among which the most important were thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction. The thermogravimetric results show that the lattice is progressively distorted as grinding progresses, but that its chemical composition is unchanged. The specific surface measured by nitrogen sorption increases by some fourfold up to a maximum at 600 hours or so, and then drops to approximately threefold the original value at 1000 hours. Comparison of results for nitrogen sorption and for particle‐size distribution—by sedimentation in water (Andreasen test)—shows that aggregates possessing a considerable internal area are progressively produced by the grinding. The distortion of the lattice and the increase in specific surface each causes a marked increase in the solubility of the ground solid in hydrochloric acid. Both the base‐exchange capacity and the content of adsorbed water (which is driven off at 100°) increase fairly continuously with the time of grinding. The results of this Part thus confirm and extend the conclusions of Part I.
The corrosion of tin by aqueous solutions of ammonia
Authors: Britton S. C. , Michael D. G.
Published: July 2010

In some circumstances tin surfaces remain unattacked by solutions of ammonia. Factors leading to a low probability of the beginning of corrosion are: reduction in temperature of the solution, the quality of the metal surface, especially as it affects the formation of a protective oxide film in air, and also either a very low or a very high concentration of the solution. Complete immunity from corrosion is readily obtained in saturated solutions of ammonia.

Tin coatings on steel are usually less resistant than rolled tin to the initiation of corrosion but, if corrosion starts, the character and speed of the attack are similar for all tin surfaces and resemble those found for solutions of caustic alkalis. Tin is anodic to steel in solutions of ammonia, but an unattacked tin surface in contact with steel may develop anodic passivity.

When conditions favour the initiation of corrosion, the rate of dissolution of the metal can be made negligible by additions of hydrazine or of sodium chromate to the solution.
The solvent power of solvents for cellulose nitrate
Authors: Moore W. R. , Epstein J. A.
Published: July 2010

The osmotic pressures of dilute solutions of 12.2%‐nitrogen‐content cellulose nitrate have been determined, with homologous series of methyl ketones and alkyl acetates as solvents. Values of the interaction constant μ have been estimated from the slopes of plots of reduced osmotic pressure against concentration. The order of solvent power obtained from values of μ is compared with the orders given by suggested estimates of solvent power from parallel precipitation and viscosity studies. The volumes of hexane required for initial phase‐separation from solution appear to be at least semi‐quantitative measures of solvent power as estimated from values of μ. Limiting viscosity numbers and the initial slopes of plots of ηsp./c against c can, to a less extent, be related to solvent power, but the relative stiffness of the chains seems responsible for the absence of any obvious relationship between solvent power and either the Huggins k' value or the Spurlin slope of Martin plot divided by limiting viscosity number.
Reaction between chlorine and hydrogen sulphide over alumina catalyst
Authors: Khundkar M. H. , Rakiboddowla Md.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the reaction between hydrogen sulphide and chlorine over alumina catalyst, with a view to ascertaining the feasibility of producing elementary sulphur by employing this reaction. Functions of such variables as (i) ratio of throughput gases, (ii) temperature and (iii) space velocity, in the process, have been investigated. Under optimum conditions, virtually quantitative reaction has been found possible.

The effect of preheating on the activity of the catalyst has been recorded and discussed.
Stannous‐fluoride complexes in a tin‐nickel electrolyte
Authors: Brook P. A. , Davies A. E. , Price J. W.
Published: July 2010

Transport numbers of various ions in a chloride‐fluoride tin‐nickel electrolyte were measured by the Hittorf method. The values obtained were compared with those calculated from conductance data. The existence of stannous‐fluoride complexes in the tin‐nickel electrolyte was confirmed.
Loading velocities in packed columns
Authors: Garner F. H. , Ellis S. R. M. , Granville W. H.
Published: July 2010

The loading velocity is important in the design of packed distillation columns, and a correlation is presented for the prediction of such velocities for Raschig‐ring and Berl‐saddle packings.

The equation is in the form:

where UgL represents the loading velocity, S the specific surface of packing, F the voidage fraction, G the gas mass velocity, L the liquid mass velocity and g the gravitational constant.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VIII. The quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐glucose‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium‐phase relationships for the quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐glucose‐water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated with a Jänecke type of projection. In this system the solution with highest total solids concentration (90.5%) was obtained at the quaternary point with sucrose, fructose and anhydrous glucose in equilibrium as solid phases. Anhydrous glucose was found to be in equilibrium as the solid phase for solutions saturated with glucose and with an appreciable range of concentrations of fructose and sucrose. A larger zone was indicated where the anhydrous glucose was in a state of metastable equilibrium with a definite tendency to form the monohydrate. A third zone was identified where glucose monohydrate was in stable equilibrium as the solid phase. This behaviour at a temperature 20°below the normal transition temperature of glucose monohydrate (50°) was not unexpected after the examination of the ternary system fructose‐glucose‐water.
The formulation of priming paints for structural steel
Authors: Hudson J. C. , Stanners J. F.
Published: July 2010

Factors bearing on the selection of priming paints are first discussed. Then interim results of collaborative researches by Joint Technical Panel J/P1 of the Protective Coatings (Corrosion) Sub‐Committee, of the British Iron and Steel Research Association, and the British paint industry are presented. For weathered steel, priming paints in a linseed‐oil medium have proved better than those in all other media tested, and one pigmented with a mixture of red lead, white lead and asbestine is recommended. Good results have also been obtained from priming paints pigmented with aluminium powder, basic lead sulphate or zinc oxide, with or without asbestine, in an alkyd medium and by pigmented paints derived from blends of the natural bitumen, Gilsonite, and various drying oils.
The surface properties of precipitated alumina. I. Preparation of active samples and determination of nitrogen adsorption isotherms
Authors: Harris M. R. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Alumina precipitates have been prepared by treating sodium hydroxide with either aluminium chloride, or sulphate, at pH 5. Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, determined at −196°on the outgassed products, were all of reversible S‐type, characteristic of physical adsorption on non‐porous solids. Surface areas have been calculated by the usual Brunauer, Emmett & Teller method and related to the conditions of precipitation and subsequent washing.

In this preliminary study, products showing very high surface areas were obtained from aluminium chloride by precipitating alumina in the presence of acetate buffer and washing finally with ethanol.
The effect of hydrochloric acid on [the] corrosive nature of combustion gases containing sulphur trioxide
Authors: Kear R. W.
Published: July 2010

Further experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine additions to the fuel (town's gas) on the corrosion of cooled mild‐steel probes by flue gases containing sulphur oxides. The probe‐surface temperature was varied from 27°to 150°. The characteristic corrosion peak was observed between the water and acid dew‐points and the addition of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine increased the corrosion by some 40%. Below the water dew‐point temperature (40°) a very large increase in corrosion was found and this was greatly accelerated by the addition of hydrochloric acid gas and chlorine.
Some new compounds of unsaturated fatty acids with typical metals: Their preparation and properties
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Andrews K. E.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of new soaps of the typical and sub‐group B metals with erucic and petroselinic acids and their trans‐isomers is described. The properties of these soaps have been investigated with particular reference to their effect on the rate of autoxidation of pure monoethenoid fatty acids.
The catalytic oxidation of phenanthrene
Authors: Brooks J. D.
Published: July 2010

The main products of the vapour‐phase oxidation of phenanthrene are phthalic anhydride, 2‐hydroxydiphenyl‐2′‐carboxylic acid lactone and 1 : 2‐naphthalic anhydride. Conditions may be varied to give the optimum yield of a particular product, which is at least 56% for phthalic anhydride or 45% for the lactone. Smaller quantities of other compounds have been isolated which provide evidence of the course of the oxidation. A feature of the laboratory‐scale process described is the use of a fluidized catalyst, namely vanadium pentoxide on a silica support with and without potassium sulphate.
Azeotropism in binary solutions: The ethyl methyl ketone‐carbon tetrachloride system
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Norris G. S.
Published: July 2010

The vapour‐liquid equilibrium for the system ethyl methyl ketone‐carbon tetrachloride has been investigated under both isobaric and isothermal conditions by using a modified equilibrium still. At 760 mm. pressure the azeotrope was found to contain 66.2 mole‐% carbon tetrachloride, boiling at 73.7°, rising to 71.0 mole‐% at 342 mm. pressure and 50°.

Both sets of data were shown to be thermodynamically consistent using the method of Redlich & Kister. The excess free energies of the system at 50° and 760 mm. have been calculated by using the vapour‐liquid equilibrium data.
The preparation of some methyl‐substituted phenols and phenol alcohols
Authors: Fitzgerald J. S.
Published: July 2010

Some methods for the preparation of 2:3:4:5‐tetramethylphenol have been investigated, the most useful being the Gattermann reaction with 2:3:5‐trimethylphenol followed by Clemmensen reduction. Hydrogenolysis of phenol alcohols over copper chromite catalyst has been shown to give methyl‐substituted phenols without rearrangement; nuclear chlorine does not interfere and is not removed during the hydrogenolysis. Several compounds of interest in the study of the phenol–formaldehyde reaction have been prepared.
The effect of certain unsaturated nitriles on the polymerization of styrene
Authors: Borrows E. T. , Haward R. N. , Forges J. , Street J.
Published: July 2010

The effect of a number of benzylidene and furfurylidene nitriles on the polymerization of styrene is investigated. Whereas the former class copolymerize readily, the latter are powerful inhibitors of polymerization. In the case of benzylidenemalonitrile, the effect of the penultimate monomer unit on further copolymerization is very marked.
Further observations on the aggregation of kaolinite
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Stephens M. J.
Published: July 2010

Series of fractions (smaller than 0.5, 0–5–1, 1–2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 10–20μ in equivalent Stokes' diameter [E.S.D.]) prepared from three different samples of kaolin (A, B and C) have been examined with the aid of the following measurements: specific surface area, SA, by nitrogen sorption, bulk density, ρB, in vacuo, apparent density in carbon tetrachloride, percentage, f, airborne after five seconds, fractions in sieve analysis. The results extend and confirm those obtained earlier1 with a similar series of fractions from another kaolin (D). Thus, the value of SA again agrees reasonably well with the specific surface area SD calculated from the E.S.D. for the finer fractions, but the ratio of SA to SD increases progressively with increasing particle size (particularly sharply from the 1–2.5‐μ fraction onwards) until for the coarsest fraction SA is several‐fold greater than SD. The bulk density has a minimal value for the 1–2.5‐μ fraction with samples A, B and D and for the 0.5–1‐μ fraction with sample C; the curves for percentage of airborne material after 5 seconds and for percentage, s, passing through an 80‐mesh sieve, both plotted against particle size, also show high values for the fine and the coarse fractions, with low values (often showing a clear minimum at a particular particle size) for the intermediate fractions. The detailed data for the sieve analysis are in broad agreement with the data for ρB, f and s.

The results of this study confirm the presence of ‘booking’ in the coarser fractions and of looser aggregates in the finer fractions.
Corrosion of metals in the tropics
Authors: Ambler H. R. , Bain A. A. J.
Published: July 2010

The atmospheric corrosion of a few common metals has been studied at more than twenty sites in Nigeria and at some others under various conditions of atmospheric humidity and salinity. Contrary to general belief, corrosion is not generally higher under tropical conditions than in temperate climates. Where there is no industrial pollution, the governing factor is airborne salt and while in very saline atmospheres steel may corrode as much as 8 g./dm.2/month, in very humid areas free from high salinity the rate may be less than 0.1. The rate of corrosion of ferrous metals varies little between wet and dry seasons or between day and night. Atmospheric salinity has been measured by various methods and at many places; the corrosion of ferrous metals and zinc is proportional to the rate of deposit of salt on a damp textile surface. The corrosion of steel in tropical tidal waters is twice as fast in tidal as in continuous immersion, and in the former case can be as high as 12 g. dm.2/ month.
Some factors affecting the rate of solution of oxygen in water
Authors: Downing A. L. , Truesdale G. A.
Published: July 2010

The effects of a number of factors on the rate of solution of oxygen in fresh and saline water were investigated experimentally to provide information about re‐aeration in a polluted estuary.

It was shown that stirring the water at different speeds with impellers or forcing air streams of different velocities tangentially over the surface caused relatively gradual changes in the rates of solution, measured as exit coefficients, until the surface became visibly disturbed. Thereafter there was a much more rapid increase in rate of solution with increasing rate of stirring or wind velocity.

Increasing the height and frequency of stable progressive waves and the height of choppy waves generated mechanically in the water caused an approximately linear increase in rate of solution.

Under different conditions of surface agitation the rate of solution increased linearly with increasing temperatures in the range 0–35°. The temperature coefficients, defined as the increase in rate of solution expressed as a percentage of the value at 20°, per degree Centigrade increase in temperature had a mean value of 2.37.

Oil films on the surface of the water caused little effect until the thickness of the film exceeded 10−4 cm. A soluble surface contaminant, on the other hand, caused considerable reductions in the rate of solution, which increased with increasing concentration of the contaminant but which tended to a limiting value.
The effect of oxygen supply on the rate of growth of aerobacter cloacae
Authors: Elsworth R. , Williams V. , Harris‐Smith R.
Published: July 2010

A simple theoretical treatment is given of the effect of a limiting oxygen supply on the growth of bacteria. Results are given for the batch culture of Aerobacter cloacae. Using different levels of aeration, the growth rate was measured when growth was restricted by oxygen supply. The bacterial concentration at which restriction occurred was also determined.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. I. the nature of the problem
Authors: Potter E. C.
Published: July 2010

Methods available for the determination of low concentrations (of the order of 0·01 p.p.m.) of dissolved oxygen in water are critically reviewed and methods of assessing their accuracy are discussed. The Winkler method with an amperometric finish for the iodimetric titration is advocated with amendments to avoid errors caused by the presence of interfering substances in the water sample and in the reagents used.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. III titrimetric determination of iodine in sub‐microgramme amounts
Authors: Potter E. C. , White J. F.
Published: July 2010

A sensitive electrical circuit is described for use with all‐platinum or tungsten/platinum electrodes in the amperometric titration of iodine. The procedure described is sensitive to 0·01 μg. of iodine in 100 ml. of solution. The presence of up to at least 2 p.p.m. of ferrous, ferric and cupric ions causes no interference.

Thiosulphate and iodate solutions of concentration 10−5N can be accurately prepared by successive dilution of 0·1N solutions. Titration of 100 ml. of 10−7N‐thiosulphate with 10−5N‐iodate is reproducible and practicable.
The corrosion of tin and tinned copper in dilute neutral solutions
Authors: Britton S. C. , Michael D. G.
Published: July 2010

Local corrosion of tin by dilute chloride solutions is not prevented indefinitely by special physical or chemical preparation of the metal surface, or by alloying additions to the metal. The time elapsing before local corrosion begins is affected by surface condition and, with increase in the severity of attack, by contact of the metal with another solid surface to form a crevice, reduction of pH of the solution and electrical contact with a more noble metal.

The intermetallic compounds formed in hot‐dipped or wiped coatings of tin on copper are resistant to corrosion and may be slightly cathodic to copper, but tin remained anodic to copper even when ennobled by oxide films. Wiped coatings on copper are more susceptible to local corrosion than electrodeposited or hot‐dipped coatings because the attack on the free tin remaining on the surface is stimulated by contact with exposed areas of tin–copper compound.

Addition of sodium bicarbonate, carbonate, benzoate, chromate, phosphate or silicate to chloride solutions prevents local corrosion and cathodic protection can be obtained with aluminium anodes.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VII the addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefinic double bonds
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Noltes J. G. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

A new method for the synthesis of tin‐carbon bonds is described. The synthesis involves the non‐catalysed addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefinic double bonds at moderate temperatures (60–100°). This method allows the preparation of a variety of hitherto unknown types of functionally substituted organo‐tin compounds, of which typical representatives are described.

The structure of the addition products is discussed briefly. It has been shown that the addition of organo‐tin hydrides to olefins does not follow the rule of Markownikow.

In a few cases a deviation from the expected addition reaction was observed. Examples of such anomalous reactions are given.
A versatile automatic smoking machine
Authors: Iles W. G. , Sharman C. F.
Published: July 2010

The need for a means of applying standard smoking procedures to cigarettes etc. is discussed and views upon what the conditions of smoking should be are put forward. The ‘Autosmoker’ described incorporates a mechanical ‘mouth’, electrostatic precipitation, the automatic counting of puffs to a standard stub, and provision for collection of non‐particulate combustion products. The machine is sufficiently versatile to cover automatic pipe smoking.
Preparation of 2 : 4‐dinitrobenzenesulphonyl chloride
Authors: Lunt E.
Published: July 2010

The compound is prepared in 55–60% yield by interaction of chlorosulphonic acid on sodium 2 : 4‐dinitrobenzenesulphonate obtained from 2 : 4‐dinitrochlorobenzene and sodium sulphite.
A direct method for calculating the hydrodynamic parameters of explosives
Authors: Eekhoff S. C. J.
Published: July 2010

A method is developed for calculating the velocity of detonation, velocity of flow of matter, temperature and pressure in the Chapman–Jouguet zone of a perfectly confined detonating explosive.

No theoretical approximations are in volved except for the choice of the equation of state governing the product gases.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. II.—The dealkylation of coal tar naphthas
Authors: Betts W. D. , Popper F. , Silsby R. I.
Published: July 2010

The thermal dealkylation of toluene, xylene, vertical‐retort and coke‐oven naphthas has been studied at 100 atmospheres pressure in the presence of hydrogen at temperatures in the range 540–660°. The experiments with toluene were carried out to check the kinetics already proposed1 in this new experimental region. The rate constants, calculated on the basis of a 1·5‐order reaction from the results now obtained, were found to be lower than anticipated by extrapolation of the results obtained in the first part of this series. This discrepancy is discussed and results from two other sources have been used to calculate rate constants at intermediate and lower temperatures in an attempt to clarify the position. The experiments with the 5° xylole and the vertical‐retort naphtha show that it is possible to convert the polymethylbenzenes almost completely to benzene and toluene at temperatures in the region of 650°. The paraffinic materials in these feedstocks are cracked to gas. The formation of higher‐boiling materials can be limited by using high molar ratios of hydrogen to hydrocarbons. The experiments with the coke‐oven feedstocks show that these materials are very stable under the above experimental conditions. This stability is directly related to the low concentration of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons which occur in these naphthas.
The ammonia‐carbon dioxide‐water equilibrium in boiler feedwater conditioning
Authors: Weir C. D.
Published: July 2010

Charts are presented showing the equilibrium relations between ammonia and carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions at temperatures to 200° over the range of pH values of interest in feedwater conditioning. A criterion—equivalent pH—is defined and tentatively advanced as a basis for the design of high‐temperature feedwater conditioning. The equilibria between gaseous and dissolved CO2 and NH3 are discussed and applied, as an example, to the estimation of the behaviour of a power plant de‐aerator.
The oxidation potentials of phenolic and amino antioxidants
Authors: Penketh G. E.
Published: July 2010

A simple and rapid polarographic method of measuring the relative oxidation potentials of organic compounds has been developed, and values for a large number of phenolic and amino compounds have been determined to find whether any relationship exists between oxidation potential and antioxidant activity. Buffered electrolytes at various pH levels were used and when the determined potentials are plotted against the pH of the electrolyte, most monohydric phenols give straight‐line graphs which correspond closely to the theoretical equation for oxidations in which hydrogen ions are involved in the electrode process

E = E0 – 0·058 pH at 20° where E0 is the standard oxidation potential. Other phenolic compounds give graphs showing a ‘break point’ at about pH 6, and have different slopes above and below this value.

Most of the hydroxyanisoles and amines exhibit slight curves when potential is plotted against pH.

Sufficient alkylated phenols have been examined to establish definite trends in the effects of substitution; thus ortho and para substituents lower the oxidation potential by about 0·08 v while meta substituents have a much smaller effect. These effects are largely additive and the oxidation potentials of polyalkylated phenols can be predicted from a knowledge of the effects of the separate substitutents. With certain 2: 4: 6‐compounds containing large groups, the measured oxidation potential is higher than that predicted and this is attributed to steric hindrance.

In general, as the oxidation potential decreases, the antioxidant activity increases. The relationship is not invariably close and, with certain substituted hydroxyanisoles, the antioxidant activities measured are even higher than would be anticipated from their low potentials. No compound of high antioxidant activity has been found to possess a potential higher than 0·70 v and hence the polarographic method should prove to be valuable for a rapid preliminary assessment of possible anti‐oxidants.
New calcium aluminate hydrates
Authors: Roberts M. H.
Published: July 2010

Several modifications of the ‘hexagonal’ tetracalcium and dicalcium aluminate hydrates have been obtained, some of which have not been described previously. Only a newly established 4CaO,Al2O3, 19H2O hydrate, and an α‐form and a hitherto undescribed β‐form of a 2CaO,Al2O3,8H2O hydrate have been found to occur in the aqueous system at 25°. Other modifications are produced on drying under various conditions. The 4CaO,Al2O3,19H2O hydrate, characterized in the X‐ray patterns by a longest basal spacing of 10·6Å, is dehydrated relatively easily to give a mixture of α‐and β‐forms of a 13H2O hydrate, characterized by longest basal spacings of 8·2Å and 7·9Å, respectively. There is little difference in stability between the two forms and it appears to be a matter of chance as to the relative amount of each which may be formed. Two other tetracalcium aluminate hydrates have been obtained with water contents of 11H2O and 7H2O, both of which give longest basal spacings of 7·4Å. The α‐ and β‐forms of 2CaO,Al2O3,8H2 are characterized by longest basal spacings of 10·7Å and 10·4Å respectively. The α‐form appears to be more stable than the β‐form. Three other states of hydration of the dicalcium compound exist, having water contents of 7·5H2O, 5H2O and 4H2O, and giving longest basal spacings of 10·6Å, 8·7Å, and 7·4Å, respectively. With various preparations of the compound 3CaO,Al2O3,CaSO4,aq., basal spacings of 10·3Å, 9·6Å, 8·9Å, 8·2Å, and 8·0Å have been observed, but these modifications await further study.
The manufacture of naphthalene of crystallizing point 78°
Authors: Woolhouse T. G.
Published: July 2010

Commercial methods for the production of naphthalene of crystallizing point 78° are investigated. Direct fractionation of the naphthalene oil fraction from a Wilton continuous still achieved some success, but the yield of the desired product was seriously reduced by the presence of as little as 1% of tar acids: direct fractionation of benzole rectification residues was not satisfactory. Fractionation methods have the disadvantage that the product has high sulphur content (at least 0·6%, compared with 0·4% for the product obtained by hot pressing). In the purification of naphthalene by crystallization, the formation of large crystals is necessary, and means for effecting this are discussed. Water‐washing on the centrifuge was selected for the final upgrading to a crystallization point of 78°.
Acrylamide. Its preparation and properties
Authors: Carpenter E. L. , Davis H. S.
Published: July 2010

A number of methods for the preparation of acrylamide, a new and versatile monomer and chemical intermediate, have been discussed. Various physical properties and important chemical reactions of acrylamide are also reported.
The action of selenium dioxide on wool
Authors: Holker J. R. , Speakman J. B.
Published: July 2010

Selenium‐containing cross‐linkages are formed when wool which has been reduced with thioglycollic acid is treated with a solution of selenium dioxide. Each selenium atom links two cysteine side‐chains, and it is suggested that tetracysteinyl—selenium cross‐linkages are not obtained because the cystine cross‐linkages of intact wool are too far apart.
Phototropic effects in oxides. II. White oxides in general
Authors: Bear Joy , McTaggart F. K.
Published: July 2010

Phototropic phenomena, with TiO2 as host oxide as discussed in Part I, have been found to occur in a number of other host oxides such as Nb2O5, Al2O3, SnO2, ZnO, etc., when contaminated by one or other of the impurities found effective for TiO2. The effects produced all follow the same pattern and appear to be explicable by the same mechanism, but certain special features become apparent in the cases of Cr and V contamination.
Differential thermal analysis of organic solids
Authors: Varma M. C. P.
Published: July 2010

By application of thermal analysis to a number of organic solids, melting and boiling points of the compounds were satisfactorily obtained and latent heats of fusion of the compounds, based on the extent of the endothermic peak area of the melting reaction, were evaluated. The melting and boiling points were generally correct to =3° and the values for latent heats of fusion, as obtained by the method, showed reasonable agreement with the latent heat of fusion of the compounds where known. One of the attractive features of the method was the convenience of obtaining the temperatures of sublimation, decomposition, elimination of water of crystallization etc., which might be difficult by other methods. The thermal effects observed were characteristic of the compounds and threw a useful light on their constitution.
The use of mechanical tests in the design of bituminous road surfacing mixtures. II. Stability tests on rolled asphalt
Authors: Broome D. C. , Please A.
Published: July 2010

A comparison of resistance to deformation of rolled asphalt has been made at 45° using eight mechanical tests. The compositions tested conformed to B.S.594 and the comparison showed that these cover a wide range of stability. Some rich plastic mixtures included in B.S.594, although rejected after mechanical tests, can be used successfully on the road. Dynamic loading tests employing préssures experienced on the road appear to give the best relative assessment of stability for the compositions best suited to conditions in Great Britain.
A recording dielectrometric method for column chromatography
Authors: Grant R. A.
Published: July 2010

An instrument has been developed for detecting colourless substances in the effluent from a chromatographic column. It operates by continuous measurement of the dielectric constant of the liquid, which in general changes with the composition of the solution. A permanent record of the separation is afforded by means of a pen recorder.
Contact angle measurements of water on coal
Authors: Bailey R. , Gray V. R.
Published: July 2010

Experiments on the removal of water and wetting liquids from a bed of high‐rank coal using a development of Bartell's method showed that the receding contact angle was nearly zero.

Observations of drops of water on coal surfaces confirmed that on polished plates the receding contact angle was low: for high‐ and medium‐rank coals it was about 10°, for a low‐rank coal near to zero. For cleaved plates or rough surfaces the receding angle was indistinguishable from zero. The advancing contact angle, on the other hand, was between 60° and 85° on polished plates, depending on coal rank.

Fuel oil on the coal surface increased the receding contact angle considerably. Potassium permanganate treatment gave a zero receding angle but a finite advancing angle.

The implications of contact hysteresis for dewatering and froth flotation are discussed. It is concluded that knowledge of both advancing and receding angles is necessary to understand these processes.
Radiation processing of unfilled polyester resins
Authors: Colichman E. L. , Scarborough J. M.
Published: July 2010

Four commercially available, thermally cured polyester resins were subjected to γ‐irradiation at dosages of 1·0 × 106 to 5·0 × 107 rad. and the effects of the irradiations on physical properties were examined. The greatest effects were on tensile strength and Young's modulus in which 20% improvement was noted. There were no significant changes in hardness or heat distortion properties. Styrene‐modified polyester syrups can be completely cured by irradiation at 5·0 × 106 to 1·0 × 107 rad. but the properties of the cured products are not significantly superior to those of materials cured by conventional procedures.
The determination of naphthalene in gas. The solubility of picric acid in water and the dissociation of naphthalene picrate
Authors: Densham A. B. , Ravald L. A.
Published: July 2010

The solubility of picric acid in water has been determined in the temperature range 0° to 30 Previous results are found to be too high below 15°. The dissociation of naphthalene picrate, and hence the naphthalene unabsorbed from gas by aqueous picric acid, is calculated thermodynamically for a range of conditions. The calculated values are compared with experimental results.
Polyhydroxyphenylglyoxylic acids
Authors: Hargreaves K. R. , McGookin A. , Robertson Alexander
Published: July 2010

The polyhydroxyphenylglyoxylic acids, which are useful intermediates in oxygen ring synthesis, are readily prepared by the Hoesch reaction using ethyl cyanoformate on free phenols or their ethers.