bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal-Mediated Carbocyclic Construction:The Kobayashi Synthesis of (+)-Fomitellic Acid B
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Jin K. Cha of Wayne State University described (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5528) the diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation of nitriles with homoallylic alcohols such as 1 . Valery V. Fokin of Scripps/La Jolla found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 18034) that the diazoimine derived from 4 could add with high enantioselectivity to aryl alkenes, including styrene 5. Andreas Gansäuer of the University of Bonn optimized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48 , 8882; Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 10791) the Ti catalyst to enable efficient cyclization of substrates such as 7 to the corresponding cyclobutanes. F. Dean Toste of the University of California, Berkeley, devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9178) a gold catalyst for the enantioselective ring expansion of a prochiral allene such as 9 to the cyclobutanone 10. David J. Procter of the University of Manchester developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15467) the SmI2 -mediated cyclization of a lactone such as 11 to the cyclopentanone 12. Shigeki Matsunaga and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo designed (Chem. Commun. 2009, 5138) a Ni catalyst for the enantioselective condensation of 13 with formaldehyde. Some acyclic β-keto esters could also be hydroxymethylated with high enantiocontrol. Darren J. Dixon, also of the University of Manchester, devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9140) a Cu catalyst for the enantioselective Conia cyclization of 15 to 16 . K. C. Nicolaou, also of Scripps/La Jolla, reported (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6293) a Rh catalyst for the related cyclization of 17 to 18. Ryo Shintani and Tamio Hayashi of Kyoto University showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 13588) that a Rh catalyst could effect enantioselective conjugate addition of a tetraaryl borate even to a 3-methyl cyclohexenone 19, to establish the cyclic quaternary center. Alexandre Alexakis of the University of Geneva established (Chem. Commun . 2009, 3868) that with the easily ionized allylic bromide 21, Cu-mediated coupling with the alkyl Grignard 22 proceeded with substantial asymmetric induction. Jon D. Rainier of the University of Utah devised (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 38774) conditions for effecting Ti-mediated intramolecular metathesis between an alkene and a lactam carbonyl, giving the cyclic enamide 24.
Clinician or Clinical Trialist: The Physician’s Dilemma
Authors: Tansey Michael
Published: November 2020

The main objective is to help physicians carry out those aspects of clinical trials described in this book. . . .Each individual involved in conducting a trial should be qualified by education, training, and experience to perform his or her respective task(s). . . . . . . —[ICH-GCP 2.8]. . . It is hardly rational to expect people to do things properly unless they are shown how, so that the importance of formal training and education for everyone involved with the pharmaceutical industry should be self-evident. The perpetuation of bad habits by those who are poorly trained and educated, whether in pharmaceutical companies or at investigator sites, is one of the root causes of the inefficiencies in drug development. Yet, while few people (whether or not they actually educate people properly) would dispute the importance of well-trained employees, it is uncommon for most companies to insist that all of those upon whom they depend are properly trained as well. Among those who are rarely trained to meet the required standards of excellence are CRO staff and investigators and their site staff. Negotiations with CROs rarely involve an assessment of how the various tasks are performed and whether or not they are carried out to the standards expected by the sponsor staff. This is not to imply that sponsor employees are better at what they do than CRO staff. What is true, however, is that sponsor employees should know how to do things the way the sponsor wants them done, which in turn should correspond to the sponsor’s notion of excellence. CROs will always profess to have all the processes requested by a sponsor, so that a laissez-faire attitude pervades negotiations. However, CROs quite understandably have their own ways of working, and unless alternatives are specified contractually, what the CRO does is what the sponsor gets. The next logical step after specifying what is wanted is to provide the necessary training for CRO staff. Where education and training are most needed and are carried out most poorly is in the case of clinical trial investigators.
About Time: Making Meetings Matter
Authors: Tansey Michael
Published: November 2020

The objective is to ensure that meetings are both efficient and effective. It is possible to be efficient without being effective and vice-versa. Most people acknowledge that meetings, especially formal, routine, scheduled meetings, waste more time than any other business activity. Time is wasted for two main reasons: redundancy and inefficiency. Often, meetings substitute random motion for useful activity, serving no more purpose than to mask indecision by deferring and diluting the decision-making process. Even when there is a genuine need for a meeting, time during the meeting is often wasted because of poor preparation, inappropri­ate attendance, unprofessional meeting behavior, and lack of follow-up. Pithy sayings, some centuries old, denigrating the value of committees and meetings, underline the ubiquity of the problem. And yet, meetings continue to be held and probably always will be, so it is as well to try and make them as efficient and effective as possible. The responsibility of every attendee for making a meeting as efficient and effective as possible is rarely considered or practiced. The way in which individuals behave in meetings is not only the major cause of time-wasting and inefficiency, but also provides unexpected insights into how apparently responsible people think. So what if I arrive late, I haven’t read the briefing material, I don’t listen attentively, I answer my phone, I read my e-mails, and send text messages? I may join in endless discussions on subjects about which I know nothing, chat with the person seated next to me, take too long to present my section, and leave early, but who cares? After all, isn’t the chairperson responsible for running the meeting? This section specifically addresses the typical, common, routine meetings related to drug development, at whatever the hierarchical level, in which data are presented and strategic and operational decisions are made. However, most of the principles described apply equally to most types of meetings. Good planning and preparation are the foundation for efficient meetings.
Other Levodopa-Responsive Problems: Anxiety, Insomnia, and Pain
Authors: Ahlskog J. Eric
Published: November 2020

Carbidopa/levodopa is well recognized to effectively treat movement (“motor”) problems in DLB and PDD, as well as in typical Parkinson’s disease. However, symptoms responding to levodopa also include anxiety and insomnia. Moreover, pain control may improve with optimized levodopa dosages. The role for carbidopa/levodopa in treating these symptoms cannot be overemphasized; quality of life may markedly improve with optimized dosage. Anxiety is a normal part of the human existence. It is normal to become nervous before a school test or speaking before a large audience. In fact, some of us are especially nervous or anxious as part of our normal makeup. However, newly developing anxiety is a frequent component of DLB, PDD, and Parkinson’s disease. In the context of these disorders, anxiety may occasionally be the most troublesome symptom, even bordering on panic. The good news is that this is often treatable with carbidopa/ levodopa. The usual anxiety everyone experiences, or the excessive anxiety of nervous people, does not respond to levodopa. Certain anxiety is normal, such as during family crises and arguments. If a person has been nervous all of their life, levodopa will not be the solution; such anxiety is not due to brain dopamine deficiency. However, anxiety that develops after, or a little before the onset of DLB, PDD, or Parkinson’s disease is different. If recently, small issues have provoked panic and this is not a lifelong pattern, levodopa therapy may prove helpful. The anxiety experienced by those with DLB or PDD may occasionally reach crisis proportions. Emergency room physicians are familiar with older adults being brought in by concerned family members because “mom is in a panic.” Sometimes a Valium-like drug is prescribed to establish a quick response. Medications from the Valium class are termed benzodiazepines and include such agents as alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam (Klonopin), as well as Valium itself (diazepam). Benzodiazepines are very sedating, which is beneficial in the emergency room to relax the nervous person; however, ongoing sedation is not acceptable on a long-term basis. Moreover, these drugs contribute to imbalance (fall risk) and tend to impair thinking.
Saturation-Height Functions
Authors: Doveton John H.
Published: November 2020

As observed by Worthington (2002), “The application of saturation-height functions forms part of the intersection of geologic, petrophysical, and reservoir engineering practices within integrated reservoir description.” It is also a critical reference point for mathematical petrophysics; the consequences of deterministic and statistical prediction models are finally evaluated in terms of how closely the estimates conform to physical laws. Saturations within a reservoir are controlled by buoyancy pressure applied to pore-throat size distributions and pore-body storage capacities within a rock unit that varies both laterally and vertically and may be subdivided into compartments that are not in pressure communication. Traditional lithostratigraphic methods describe reservoir architecture as correlative rock units, but the degree to which this partitioning matches flow units must be carefully evaluated to reconcile petrofacies with lithofacies. Stratigraphic correlation provides the fundamental reference framework for surfaces that define structure and isopach maps and usually represent principal reflection events in the seismic record. In some instances, there is a strong conformance between lithofacies and petrofacies, but all too commonly, this is not the case, and petrofacies must be partitioned and evaluated separately. Failure to do this may result in invalid volumetrics and reservoir models that are inadequate for fluid-flow characterization. A dynamic reservoir model must be history matched to the actual performance of the reservoir; this process often requires adjustments of petrophysical parameters to improve the reconciliation between the model’s performance and the history of production. Once established, the reservoir model provides many beneficial outcomes. At the largest scale, the model assesses the volumetrics of hydrocarbons in place. Within the reservoir, the model establishes any partitioning that may exist between compartments on the basis of pressure differences and, therefore, lack of communication. Lateral trends within the model trace changes in rock reservoir quality that control anticipated rates and types of fluids produced in development wells. Because the modeled fluids represent initial reservoir conditions, comparisons can be made between water saturations of the models and those calculated from logs in later wells, helping to ascertain sweep efficiency during production.
Practical Aspects of the Preparation of the Derivatives
Authors: Seco Josi M. , Quiqoa Emilio , Riguera Ricardo
Published: November 2020

Most of the NMR spectra shown in this book and in the literature have been recorded at 250 or 300 MHz, with a few being obtained at 500 MHz for 1H NMR (the equivalent for 13C NMR). No special pulse sequences are necessary, just standard one-dimensional (1D) spectra although two-dimensional (2D) experiments (e.g., correlation spectroscopy; COSY) may be necessary in some cases in order to get an unambiguous identification of the signals relevant for the assignment. In general, 5–10 mg or less of CDA derivative dissolved in 0.5 mL of deuterated solvent are sufficient to obtain a good NMR spectrum. Temperature, solvent, and concentration used in the NMR experiments should be adequate for each CDA-substrate pair and methodology, because the method is based on the conformational composition of the AMAA derivatives in precise conditions. With the exception of the low-temperature procedure (single derivatization), a NMR probe temperature around 300 K has always been used. In general, the spectra for double-derivatization assignments should be taken in deuterated chloroform. Different NMR solvents are required only in two of the single-derivatization methods. In the assignment by low-temperature NMR, the most convenient solvent is a CS2/CD2Cl2 (4:1) mixture, which allows the use of temperatures low enough (i.e., 213 K) to obtain relevant shifts. In the procedure based on the complexation with Ba2+, the NMR solvent should be deuterated acetonitrile. The barium salt is anhydrous Ba(ClO4)2, which can be added directly to the tube by using a spatula. No weighing is necessary after shaking, as the excess salt will remain at the bottom of the NMR tube and will not disturb the experiment. (R)- and (S)-MPA, MTPA, and Boc-phenylglycine (BPG) are commercially available and can be used without further purification. The first two (MPA and MTPA) can also be purchased as acid chlorides. When using MTPA or the corresponding acid chloride [85] for the derivatization of an alcohol or amine, it should be noted that the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules assign different R/S descriptors to the acid and to the corresponding chloride; this is due to the different priority order generated by the substituents [i.e., (R)-MTPA generates the (S)-acid chloride and vice versa].
Peaceful Change in US Foreign Policy
Authors: Larson Deborah Welch
Published: November 2020

The chapter discusses the US advocacy of liberal principles and pursuit of hegemony as its contribution to peaceful change. In the nineteenth century, the United States forcefully asserted its leadership over the Western Hemisphere, although it did not have the military capabilities to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. Under Woodrow Wilson, the United States promoted the ideals of collective security, self-determination, and international institutions. These ideas were implemented in the World War II settlement, when the United States helped to establish new institutions: Bretton Woods and the United Nations. The United States helped to integrate the USSR and China into the international community through the détente strategy, including linkage and triangular diplomacy. After the Cold War ended, Bill Clinton sought to engage China through increased trade and membership in the World Trade Organization and decided to expand NATO to include members of the former Soviet alliance.
David in Reception History
Authors: Markl Dominik
Published: November 2020

David is one of the most colorful figures of the Bible and of the entire literature that has come down to us from antiquity. David’s characterization as a sensitive musician, a violent warrior, and an emotional lover is intertwined with his political career as king of Israel. David’s characterization in the books of Samuel, already transformed in the Psalter and in Chronicles, is the starting point for a variegated history of reception. In the New Testament, David appears as the ancestor and type of Christ. From late antiquity to early modern times, Christian emperors and kings were portrayed as new Davids. Only the Enlightenment cast dark critical shadows over the figure of David. Modern interest shifted towards his individual, psychological traits. After sketching the biblical images of David, their reception, especially in political terms, is traced up to the present.
Israelite and Judean Society and Economy
Authors: Nam Roger S.
Published: November 2020

This article examines the economic worlds that correspond to the timeline of the historical books of the Hebrew Bible from the conquest to the return from exile. During this period, Israel and Judah transformed from small subsistence-based tribal economies to more centralized organization, at least partially due to external military threats. Both the northern kingdom and eventually the southern kingdom fell to the Assyrian and Babylonian empires respectively, and the forced migrations instigated socially disembedded economies in the exile and repatriation. Even though these ancient economic modalities are largely assumed and unstated, critical analysis of the historical books requires a thoughtful understanding of the economic world behind these texts.
Introduction
Authors: Kelle Brad E. , Strawn Brent A.
Published: November 2020

This brief chapter introduces the Oxford Handbook of the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. It notes the secondary and constructed nature of the category “Historical Books” (which is not native to the Hebrew Bible) and how this category might be potentially misleading as to the content and genre of these books, many of which are devoid of historiographic intent in anything like the modern sense. With these caveats entered, the introduction next explains how the essays in the book touch on four critical nodes: context (sources, history, texts), content (themes, concepts, issues), approaches (composition, synthesis, theory), and reception (literature, traditions, figures). Further, each essayist was asked to speak to how the topic/area/issue addressed in the essay relates to the Historical Books, as well as how the topic/area/issue helps one better interpret the Historical Books. In conclusion, this introduction notes the diversity that marks recent research in these books.
Neoliberal Feminist Scholarship in Biblical Studies
Authors: Fuchs Esther
Published: November 2020

This essay provides a critical analysis of the neoliberal grounding of feminist biblical studies. I outline the main problems generated by this framework, notably fragmentation, repetition, the absence of theory, the limiting emphasis on method, and above all the validation of traditional (male-dominant) scholarly norms and practices. Seeking greater inclusion within biblical studies, neoliberal feminism has endorsed the normalizing approach to patriarchy and rejected its radical interrogation in women’s studies. My thumbnail historical overview of the field links disconnected publications in biblical theology, historical criticism, and literary criticism. The analysis shows that these possibilities advocate the relative utility of re-objectifying women with five hermeneutical strategies. They are: first, the depatriarchalizing strategy, exemplified in Phyllis Trible’s work; second, the historicizing strategy as employed most prominently by Carol Meyers; third, the textualizing strategy exemplified by Ilana Pardes; fourth, the mythologizing strategy employed by Susan Ackerman; and fifth, the idealizing strategy exemplified by Frymer-Kensky. By placing my critical analysis within the broader context of transformational feminist critiques published at the same time, I argue for a shift from the “biblical” to the “feminist” in feminist biblical studies.
Gaming with Rahab and the Spies
Authors: Rix Charles M.
Published: November 2020

Traditional readings of Joshua 2 cast Rahab as a clever Canaanite heroine who saves both herself and her family from God’s ban on Jericho. Such a reading re-inscribes an androcentric model of living with one’s enemy via a warrior-styled conquest. But more importantly, such an approach bypasses the reality that Rahab and the spies survive via a strategy of mutual cooperation, an unexpected move in a game of war. I propose game theory’s classic situation of The Prisoner’s Dilemma as a means to observe Rahab and the spies as players on equal footing in a high stakes game of survival. As gamers who cooperate rather than conquer, Rahab and the spies undercut the expected, or rational, means for Israelite/Canaanite engagement: war, conquest, and strategies of “othering” and violence found in the Torah. Rather than domination, cooperation surfaces as the unexpected, or irrational, strategy that results in the preferred path to achieving the maximum mutual benefit: survival and subsequent sharing in life together.
Teaching the Bible and Popular Media as Part of Contemporary Rape Culture
Authors: Lawrence Beatrice J. W.
Published: November 2020

This essay explores pedagogical strategies for addressing rape culture in biblical studies courses, employing Genesis 34 and Judges 19–21 as primary texts. The first section discusses the nature of popular culture and its impact on gender. The following four sections highlight cultural myths about sexual assault by focusing on significant biblical texts and incorporating aspects of popular media to facilitate conversations about rape culture. The conclusion summarizes the main points and encourage further studies that combine the study of popular media and biblical texts. Overall, the essay contributes to the reading and teaching of the Bible within contemporary rape culture so that students become critical interpreters of biblical texts, as they become resistant readers of past and present rape culture.
The Bible, Women, and Video Games
Authors: Schearing Linda S.
Published: November 2020

In recent years much has been written about religion, gender, and video games. Indeed, video game worlds often give concrete expression to powerful mythic themes. The video game Bioshock is a good example. Using both feminist and reception criticism, this essay explores the role of Eve/woman in the video game series Bioshock. Bioshock is the story of Eden—a secular Eden gone terribly wrong. While the essay examines how the game uses the Genesis creation story, it focuses on the character of Eve. In the biblical text, Eve is named the “mother of all living” and in Bioshock, Eve is life in a literal sense. The game’s resulting objectification of Eve is extreme in its portrayal and interesting in its implications. It is a prime example of the intersection between virtual and actual reality, as it addresses issues of morality and gender.
The Purpose, Principles, and Goals of Egalitarian Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Winslow Karen Strand
Published: November 2020

The egalitarian interpretation of Scripture is based on the view that Scripture does not limit women’s roles and contributions in any arena, including the Church. Although egalitarians recognize that Scripture represents patriarchal interests, their interpretations highlight the positive depictions of women in the Bible. They claim that many women figures disrupt traditional interpretations of gender. This position contrasts to complementarian biblical interpretations that use the Bible to restrict women from ecclesial leadership, without attention to textual and historical contexts that mitigate universal application. Christian egalitarians also contribute to feminism’s concern about women’s global equality via social media campaigns, organizations, blogs, and scholarship. The essay discusses relevant examples to show that all of them focus on women’s experiences in church, biblical teaching, and Christian feminist identity.
Queering Delilah with Critical Theory and Gendered Bible Hermeneutics
Authors: Blyth Caroline
Published: November 2020

Close your eyes and think of Delilah. Whom do you see? What does she look like? More often than not, this biblical character is visualized in both interpretive traditions and cultural retellings of Judges 16 as a femme fatale par excellence—a fatal woman whose exotic feminine allure and lethal sexuality ultimately destroyed Samson, that most heroic Hebrew holy man. In this chapter, I use gender-queer theory to interrogate the very “straight” ways in which these retellings make sense of the multiple ambiguities surrounding Delilah’s character within the biblical narrative. I take an intersectional approach, interpreting Delilah’s sexuality, gender, and ethnicity through a queer lens to conjuring up a myriad of alternative performances that her persona may inhabit. By so doing, I invite readers into delightfully queer spaces in the text that challenge essentialist reading habits and bring to light critical theoretical insights about Delilah’s interpretive and cultural afterlives.
Norwegian Muslim and Christian Feminists Reading the Hagar Narratives
Authors: Grung Anne Hege
Published: November 2020

This essay discusses the findings of a 2010 Norwegian research project that explored the hermeneutical strategies of Norwegian Muslim and Christian feminist readers as they read the Hagar narrative together. Interestingly, the women employed distinct interpretative reading strategies to develop meaningful interpretations. In their conversations the women addressed religious identity politics, fears in the majority Christian and post-Christian population about Muslims and Islam, feelings of alienation among the Norwegian Muslim minorities, or worries about gender justice in the neoliberal global world. Some readers limited the conversation to the canonical texts of their respective religious tradition whereas other readers explored the intertextuality of relevant Christian and Muslim texts. The women readers understood that their particular religious understanding of the Hagar story was incomplete if they did not know the interpretative tradition of the other religious community. Overall, then, the study yields important insights about interreligious readings of the Bible, Qur’an, and the Hadith for a religiously and socially diverse society such as Norway.
Reading the Bible from Below in the Era of Globalization
Authors: Kessler Rainer
Published: November 2020

It is evident that the world of the Bible is pre-modern and thus distinct from the globalized civilization. This chronological gap challenges readers, whether they are feminist or not. Mainly three attitudes can be observed among scholarly and ordinary readers. For some readers, the Bible is a document of the losers of a historical process of modernization that already began in ancient Israel. For other readers, the Bible is outdated and of no use to confront the challenges of globalization. A third readerly position challenges both of these views. This essay offers four arguments to orient biblical readers in the contemporary globalized world. First, the essay posits that globalization is an asynchronous development. Thus, even today, most people living in the impoverished regions of the world face conditions similar to those dominant in the Bible. Second, the essay asserts that women are the first victims in biblical times and still nowadays. Third, the essay maintains that biblical texts display social relations that still unveil contemporary relations. Fourth, the essay suggests that intercultural Bible readings give hope, as they nurture biblical readings from “below” to strengthen people to overcome the fatal consequences of today’s globalization.
Intertextual Femininity in Proverbs and the Dao De Jing
Authors: Schones David A.
Published: November 2020

This essay offers an intertextual reading of Proverbs and the Dao De Jing based on the use of feminine imagery. Both the Dao De Jing and Proverbs employ feminine imagery to convey each text’s notion of the proper way. In both traditions, feminist scholars have long critiqued the ideological positions attributed to female figures. By drawing upon the diverse thematic strands in each text, the particularities of the notion of “femininity” can be explicated. Interestingly, this engagement allows the Daoist construction of the feminine to destabilize the patriarchal underpinnings of woman wisdom in Proverbs. In turn, the liberating aspects of the strong woman can be compared to, and used to critique, the conception of femininity in the Dao De Jing.
The Bible and Human Rights from a Feminist Perspective
Authors: Fontaine Carole R.
Published: November 2020

This essay explores the socially restrictive traditions that cause scriptural groups to reject the idea of universal rights and equal access to economic, social and cultural rights. This hermeneutical situation is difficult to tolerate, as our multicultural planet is seeking survival. Ethical issues and the principles of a culture’s morality are often partly religious in nature. The UNDUHR recognizes the right to believe and to promote one’s own beliefs, and it considers these particular rights as being part of a cultural “right to affiliate.” Nevertheless, international human rights law has not successfully promoted full human rights in countries of “Religions of the Book.” The essay thus suggests that appeals to the Bible grounded in human rights must be woven into contextual exegetical work, human rights discourse, and feminist critique. Even so, for women, foreigners, and “Others,” the Bible will remain a serious obstacle for enjoying full economic, social, and cultural rights.
Queering Sacred Sexual Scripts for Transforming African Societies
Authors: Nadar Sarojini
Published: November 2020

Research on sexuality in Africa shows the incontrovertible role of the sacred text of Christianity (the Bible) in condemning forms of sexual expression and identity when they do not conform to the hetero-norm. The Bible thus defines and prescribes what “sacred sex” is. Moreover, scholars explain that the growing presence of fundamentalist religion in Africa, coupled with the myth that “homosexuality is un-African,” serves to entrench homo/transphobic beliefs, even within transforming societies like South Africa. At the same time, a growing body of literature, largely by scholars who draw on masculinity studies and queer theory, responds to the upsurge of homophobia around the globe and in Africa. Elaborating on the “sexual scripting” approach, this essay examines how heteronormative sexuality produces interpretations of Judges 19 that encourage violence against queer bodies. It also demonstrates that sometimes queer affirmative readings inadvertently support violence against women. The essay argues that this scripting is not just a consequence of flawed textual analysis but of limited sexual analysis as it relies on binary and essentialized notions of gender. The analysis also shows that significant theoretical strides have been made on this subject, and that the neglect of the original “queer sex” (woman) in queer thinking reinforces the very binary it opposes. The essay thus proposes to reclaim a feminist discursive approach to queer heterosexist religious sexual scripts.
The Demand to Listen to Korean “Comfort Women” and to Two Biblical Women
Authors: Yoo Yani
Published: November 2020

Correlated to the experiences of Korean comfort women, the story of Solomon’s judgment (1 Kgs. 3:16–28) becomes a resistance narrative to hegemonic powers. The interpretation discusses the literary strategies of the women’s identities and naming, the emerging reversal of power, the issues of mimicry, mockery, ambiguity, and the conspiracy of readers. The Japanese military comfort women of World War II serve as the geopolitical context with which the interpretation justifies its focus on the two biblical women. It becomes apparent that colonizing and patriarchal powers ignore victim-survivors of sexual violence and abuse whether in the biblical text or in recent Korean history. Biblical texts and recent wartime events illuminate each other.
Philosophy of Technology as Politics
Authors: Briggle Adam
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a meta-philosophical account or a philosophy of the philosophy of technology. It first pictures the philosophy of technology as itself a technique, namely an academic discipline, with its own politics. It then explores the largely unexamined political imperatives of this technique drawing from the works of Martin Heidegger and Ivan Illich as well as literature in interdisciplinary studies. The following sections offer first a defense of the discipline and then a critique. Philosophers should in fact be disciplined in important ways. The problem is in how the modern academic discipline is a technique without a governor to limit its excesses. The chapter next offers an account of different philosophies of technology with alternative politics. The chapter concludes with some ideas for reforming philosophy of technology in the twenty-first century.
Rawls, Information Technology, and the Sociotechnical Bases of Self-Respect
Authors: Hoffmann Anna Lauren
Published: November 2020

Self-respect is central to many liberal accounts of social justice, as it is necessary for individuals to effectively pursue their plans of life. In particular, extant work on self-respect has focused on its social bases—that is, how social norms can shape the opportunities people have for developing and maintaining a sense of self-respect. However, much of this work overlooks the role information technology plays in such social processes. Given its pervasiveness—from search engines to automated facial and body scanners—and impact on people’s lives, scholars ought to pay closer attention to the ways human identity and dignity are not only socially, but also sociotechnically informed. To that end, this chapter recovers and expands on John Rawls’ “social bases of self-respect” to introduce the idea of the “sociotechnical bases of self-respect” to better account for the place of information technology in shaping possibilities for the development of individuals’ dignity.
Using Philosophy of Language in Philosophy of Technology
Authors: Coeckelbergh Mark
Published: November 2020

Many philosophers of technology focus on technological artifacts, especially after the empirical turn; this has led to a neglect of the roles language plays with regard to technology. But it could be helpful for further theory development to reflect more on relations between language and technology and to learn from philosophy of language. This chapter contributes to filling this gap and explores how philosophy of language can be used in philosophy of technology. It distinguishes between a number of ways in which language and technology are connected and makes some fruitful links between philosophy of language and philosophy of technology via Searle’s social ontology, Wittgenstein’s view of language, and Ricoeur’s theory of narrativity.
Function and Form in Contract Law
Authors: Schwartz Alan , Markovits Daniel
Published: November 2020

This chapter presents a functionalist account, as well as a formalist account, of contract law. Functionalism and formalism proceed from distinct (roughly speaking, teleological and deontological) theories of value, and they take different phenomena (roughly speaking, outcomes and doctrines) as their explananda. But functionalist and formalist accounts of contract law more nearly complement than compete with each other. Often, the two accounts reach congruent conclusions from distinctive directions—they agree, one might say, but for different reasons. Another way to put this result is that functionalist and formalist accounts are theoretically dissimilar but operationally similar. A functionalist approach is teleological: it specifies the goal(s) the law should attempt to achieve and specifies the means the law deploys to achieve those goals and, normatively, evaluates the means/ends fit. A formalist approach elaborates an interpretation of the norms and relations that are immanent in the law. The focus on immanence reflects the formalist's belief that the values law instantiates cannot be specified without making essential reference to the fact that they are instantiated in law—that is, in a system of rules claiming distinctively legal authority.
Trust Law
Authors: Morley John D. , Sitkoff Robert H.
Published: November 2020

This chapter identifies the principal ways in which the common law trust has been used as an instrument of private ordering in American practice. It argues that in both law and function, contemporary American trust law has divided into two distinct branches. In the chapter’s taxonomy, one branch involves donative trusts and the other involves commercial trusts. The donative branch divides further to include three separate sub-branches for revocable and irrevocable private trusts plus charitable trusts. The different branches of contemporary American trust law have distinctive functional purposes rooted in freedom of disposition for donative trusts and freedom of contract for commercial trusts. The chapter explains the logic of this branching in both practical function and doctrinal form.
Remedies
Authors: Bray Samuel L.
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the law of remedies, which has an independent and relatively coherent existence. It is available to be cross-referenced by the substantive law. This characteristic of remedies as a relatively cohesive body of law, which can be accessed by other bodies of law, is not unusual but is rather an aspect of law’s systematicity. The chapter then outlines the remedies available in private law in the United States. It looks at several themes that are developed in the New Private Law, including the systematicity of law, the distinctiveness of private law, the use of internal and external perspectives on the law, the centrality of the judicial process in the award of a remedy, and the continuing significance of the law of equity. The chapter also considers the competing rationales offered for private law remedies, emphasizing as primary that the defendant is restoring the plaintiff to the plaintiff’s rightful position. It also sketches how contract and tort achieve that goal, primarily through the development of measures and limiting principles. Moreover, the chapter introduces the panoply of remedies offered by equity, such as the injunction, specific performance, equitable rescission, accounting, and constructive trust. Finally, it introduces anomalies: statutory damages, punitive damages, and declaratory judgments.
Civil Recourse Theory
Authors: Zipursky Benjamin C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines civil recourse theory. The phrase “civil recourse theory” has developed two connotations, suggesting: (1) a structural theory of the normative underpinnings of private law liability placing primary emphasis on a plaintiff’s right of redress and the role of the state in affording plaintiffs the power to exact damages from those who have violated the plaintiff’s legal rights; and (2) a distinctive, overarching tort theory that emphasizes a plaintiff’s right of redress while simultaneously emphasizing relational duty in negligence law and torts as legal wrongs. The chapter identifies several other views developed in connection with civil recourse theory but meant to stand apart from it. The thesis that negligence law’s duty of care is relational is among them; so too is the thesis that tort law consists of specifications of legal wrongs, that these wrongs are defined in relatively strict manner, and that plaintiffs must have an injury to prevail on a tort claim. Deploying the narrower conception of civil recourse theory, the chapter defends the principle of civil recourse as a matter of political morality and depicts the place of private rights of action in the basic structure of a just liberal democracy.
Welfare States in the Middle East
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand
Published: November 2020

The chapter analyzes the origins and development of welfare provision in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It provides a three-pronged typology of existing welfare regimes in the region along the dimensions of welfare generosity and accessibility. This is followed by a historical institutionalist account of the emergence of Middle Eastern welfare states, which emphasizes the importance of different types of coalitions formed at the critical juncture of regime formation. The chapter then hones in on three major areas of social policy (education, health, and social security) and outlines their development over time. The final section analyzes the effect of war-making on welfare provision in MENA and introduces the concept of “cheap social policies,” using Egypt as an example. The conclusion summarizes the main points and adumbrates future research agendas.
Respect for Persons
Authors: Millum Joseph , Bromwich Danielle
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores the foundation and content of the duty to respect persons. The authors argue that it is best understood as a duty to recognize people’s rights. Respect for persons therefore has specific implications for how competent and non-competent persons ought to be treated in research. For competent persons it underlies the obligation to obtain consent to many research procedures. The chapter gives an analysis of the requirements for obtaining valid consent. It then considers respect for persons as it relates to four common topics: the therapeutic misconception, research with children and adolescents, the use of deception in research, and research on competent adults without their consent.
Gothic Script in France in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Tesnière Marie-Hélène
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the many types of Gothic scripts that were in use in France from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century (and beyond). It discusses the different scripts in detail and shows the chronological evolution of individual scripts as evidenced by the manuscript production in France, especially in Paris.
Insular Script
Authors: Stokes Peter A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys Insular script, a writing style practiced in Ireland, Anglo-Saxon England, Wales, possibly Scotland, and on Continental Europe by missionaries. Insular script consists of two writing systems with many different grades, including both majuscule and distinct variations of minuscule. The characteristic letterforms of Insular script as well as its distinctive ligatures and system of abbreviations are discussed and illustrated by a selection of plates with transcriptions.
Orality and Visible Language
Authors: Saenger Paul
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the transition from the predominantly oral or aural reading of antiquity to the more visual act of reading that emerged in Late Antiquity along with the codex. It argues that readers of codices first began to introduce visual elements to aid in reading, such as numbered sections and chapters, as well as word separation, marginal symbols, and graphic signs of various sorts (e.g., puncutation). A shift towards visual access to the text occurred in the Middle Ages, allowing private understanding unmediated by aural cues. The author discusses the role of non-Latin speakers in this change, and observes that by the beginning of the fifteenth century the manuscripts took their most modern form, that of a text designed for private, silent reading.
Law at Bologna
Authors: L'Engle Susan
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the production of law books for the local University in Bologna beginning in the twelfth century and continuing through the fourteenth, including the Justinianic texts (the Digest, the Codex, the Institutiones, the Novellae) as well as canon law books (the Decretum Gratiani and the Decretales Gregorii IX). The author concentrates on the evidence for teaching and study in the surviving books, including reader notes and glosses, both verbal and graphic, on the pecia system, and on questions of layout and decoration.
ST. Gall Scripts
Authors: Grotans Anna A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys scripts from the St. Gall Abbey library and provides an overview of the major scholarly studies of those scripts. It divides the St. Gall scripts dating from the mid-eighth through the twelfth century into three palaeographical periods: Pre-Caroline (Rhaetian and Alemannic), St. Gall Caroline, and late Caroline, differentiating between different registers of writing used for different types of books, and emphasizing the roles of individual St. Gall monks and abbots who were active in the abbey’s scriptorium and library.
The Nomenclature of Gothic Scripts
Authors: Derolez Albert
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the problems associated with the nomenclature of scripts in general, and the admittedly confusing nomenclature of Gothic scripts in particular. It argues for the adoption of an objective framework for the classification and the naming of palaeographic scripts, outling the requirements for the creation of a simple, standardized system of palaeographic nomenclature. It contends that a consistent system of nomenclature would make the study of Gothic book scripts much more manageable.
The Emergence of Formal Gothic Script In England
Authors: Gameson Richard
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the emergence of the Gothic script in England in the twelfth century. It discusses the changes to the book hands of England at this time, highlighting regional differences and similarities, particularly considering varying treatments of lateral compression and of angularity versus roundness in different hands. Two developments that coincided with the emergence of a formal Gothic script: first, distinctions between letterforms used for different grades and types of writing; second, the English Gothic script created a uniformity with the scripts of Northern Europe, which in turn makes it difficult to determine the origin of book hands.
Gothic Script in England c.1300–1500
Authors: Robinson Pamela
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the use of different types of Gothic scripts in England during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It discusses the development of the Anglicana script, a cursive book hand used in the fourteenth century, as well as the Secretary script, a cursive hand that emerged in the late-fourteenth century. It also surveys the developments in Textualis, Anglicana, and Secretary scripts that occur in the fifteenth century.
Early Printing and Palaeography
Authors: Needham Paul
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the oft-neglected connection between the earliest book printing and palaeography. The author discusses how fifteenth-century manuscripts in Gothic hands influenced the font used in Gutenberg’s earliest printed books and maintains that, in turn, new printed fonts and illustrations began to influence the design of handwritten manuscripts, demonstrating the interconnection of the worlds of printing history and palaeography from the second half of the fifteenth century onwards.
Capital Scripts
Authors: Wright David
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys capital letterforms, which have been in use from the second century BC until the present day. It defines two types of capitals in use since the Augustan Era: formal Square Capitals and informal Rustic Capitals, and traces the development of Rustic Capitals as a text hand in manuscripts of classical authors until the sixth century AD as well as the use of Square Capitals until the late fifth century AD. It closes with a look at the use of Rustic Capitals in rubrics of eighth-century manuscripts from England, and Rustic and Square Capitals found in Carolingian contexts.
Networked Street Life
Authors: Lane Jeffrey , Marler Will
Published: November 2020

In this chapter on networked street life, the authors explore the intersection of urban poverty and information and communication technologies as an emergent area of research. The concerns of the “street” as an organizer of social life for many urban poor communities and the affordances of social media, smartphones, and other networked technologies are topics ripe for theoretical integration. In this chapter, the authors argue that urban and digital forms of inequality are constitutive of one another and manifest in technology access, use, and outcomes of use for street-involved youth and adults. Ethnographic studies of neighborhood gang violence, homelessness, and other street-level issues illustrate the importance of a networked approach to neighborhood street life and urban-digital inequality. Future research can expand on the intersectional nature of networked street life, the tensions of physical place and digital networks, and the mass recording of police violence to grow this burgeoning area of study.