bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary 17α‐methyltestosterone administration on secondary sex coloration in adult female Rosy Barbs and Dwarf Gouramis
Authors: Ramee Shane W. , Lipscomb Taylor N. , Wood Amy L. , Watson Craig A. , DiMaggio Matthew A.
Published: June 2020

Sexual phenotype is highly plastic in teleosts and controlled by a variety of species‐dependent factors. In aquaculture, hormone manipulations applied at different life stages are used to control sex ratios and exploit desirable traits such as ornate coloration in male ornamental species. This study investigated the effects of dietary 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) administration on adult female Rosy Barbs Pethia conchonius and Dwarf Gourami Trichogaster lalius and Dwarf Gouramis. A panel of judges evaluated male secondary sex coloration weekly during and after prolonged MT feeding. Growth parameters, survival, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were assessed at the end of the feeding regime. In both species, none of the MT diet concentrations affected survival, and all resulted in coloration changes, highlighting both the efficacy and safety of MT administration. In Dwarf Gouramis, MT diets caused pronounced color changes and reduced their GSIs at all dietary concentrations. In Rosy Barbs, MT diets induced the expression of male coloration but generally did not reach the color intensity of naturally occurring males and did not result in differences in GSIs. This study suggests that postdifferentiation androgenic treatment may be a viable option to induce secondary male sex coloration in ornamental species.
Iodine status during pregnancy and at 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 18 months post‐partum
Authors: Aakre Inger , Morseth Marianne Sandsmark , Dahl Lisbeth , Henjum Sigrun , Kjellevold Marian , Moe Vibeke , Smith Lars , Markhus Maria Wik
Published: June 2020

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and in the post‐partum period may lead to impaired child development. Our aim is to describe iodine status longitudinally in women from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. Furthermore, we explore whether iodine status is associated with dietary intake, iodine‐containing supplement use and breastfeeding status from pregnancy until 18 months post‐partum. We also assess the correlation between maternal iodine status 18 months post‐partum and child iodine status at 18 months of age. Iodine status was measured by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy (n = 1,004), 6 weeks post‐partum (n = 915), 6 months post‐partum (n = 849), 12 months post‐partum (n = 733) and 18 months post‐partum (n = 714). The toddlers' UIC was assessed at 18 months of age (n = 416). Demographic variables and dietary data (food frequency questionnaire) were collected during pregnancy, and dietary data and breastfeeding practices were collected at all time points post‐partum. We found that iodine status was insufficient in both pregnant and post‐partum women. The UIC was at its lowermost 6 weeks post‐partum and gradually improved with increasing time post‐partum. Intake of milk and use of iodine‐containing supplements significantly increased the odds of having a UIC above 100 μg/L. Neither the mothers' UIC, vegetarian practice, nor exclusion of milk and dairy products were associated with the toddlers UIC 18 months post‐partum. Women who exclude milk and dairy products from their diets and/or do not use iodine‐containing supplements may be at risk of iodine deficiency. The women possibly also have an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and for conceiving children with nonoptimal developmental status.
Monitoring the microcirculation in the diagnosis and follow‐up of systemic sclerosis patients: Focus on pulmonary and peripheral vascular manifestations
Authors: Ruaro Barbara , Nallino Maria Gabriella , Casabella Andrea , Salton Francesco , Confalonieri Paola , De Tanti Antonio , Bruni Cosimo
Published: June 2020

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease, characterized by vascular damage and progressive fibrosis, affecting the skin and internal organs. The vascular changes include functional and structural abnormalities in the microcirculation, which play a central role not only in diagnosis but also in the prognosis and follow‐up of systemic sclerosis patients. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is a safe, validated, noninvasive, inexpensive, reliable, and reproducible method that allows for the evaluation of structural changes in scleroderma microangiopathy. However, capillary blood flow/perfusion cannot be measured by NVC under standard conditions and, consequently, must rely on various laser techniques and thermography for the assessment and quantification of cutaneous blood perfusion. Other emerging technologies, such as optical Doppler tomography and spectroscopy, may be used to evaluate the skin flow. This review updates current knowledge on the use of microvascular evaluation techniques in SSc, including complications such as digital ulcers and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Uncovering small membrane proteins in pathogenic bacteria: Regulatory functions and therapeutic potential
Authors: Garai Preeti , Blanc‐Potard Anne
Published: June 2020

Bacterial small proteins (below 50 amino acids) encoded by small open reading frames (sORFs) are recognized as an emerging class of functional molecules that have been largely overlooked in the past. While some were uncovered serendipitously, global approaches have recently been developed to detect these sORFs. A large portion of small proteins appears to be hydrophobic and located in the bacterial membrane. In the present review, we describe functional small hydrophobic proteins discovered in pathogenic bacteria and report recent advances in the discovery of additional ones. Small membrane proteins contribute to bacterial adaptation to changing environments and often appear to be implicated in negative feedback regulation loops by modulating the function or stability of larger membrane proteins. A subset of these proteins belongs to toxin‐antitoxin modules. We highlight the features of characterized hydrophobic small proteins that may pave the way for identification of the functional small proteins among novel sORFs discovered. Besides providing new insights into bacterial pathogenesis, identification of naturally occurring small hydrophobic proteins of pathogenic bacteria can lead to new therapeutic interventions, as recently shown with the development of synthetic peptides derived from natural small proteins that display antibacterial or antivirulence properties.
Global microRNA profiling identified miR‐10b‐5p as a regulator of neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)‐glioma migration
Authors: Nix J. S. , Yuan M. , Imada E. L. , Ames H. , Marchionni L. , Gutmann D. H. , Rodriguez F. J.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is an autosomal‐dominant cancer predisposition syndrome caused by loss of function alterations involving the NF1 locus on chromosome 17. The most common brain tumours encountered in affected patients are low‐grade gliomas (pilocytic astrocytomas), although high‐grade gliomas are also observed at increased frequency. While bi‐allelic NF1 loss characterizes these tumours, previous studies have suggested noncoding RNA molecules (microRNA, miR) may have important roles in dictating glioma biology.

Methods

To explore the contributions of miRs in NF1‐associated gliomas, we analysed five high‐grade gliomas (NF1‐HGG) and five PAs (NF1‐PA) using global microRNA profiling with NanoString‐based microarrays followed by functional experiments with glioma cell lines.

Results

miR‐10b‐5p, miR‐135b‐5p, miR‐196a‐5p, miR‐196b‐5p, miR‐1247‐5p and miR‐320a (adjusted P < 0.05) were increased> 3‐fold in NF1‐HGG relative to NF1‐PA tumours. In addition, miR‐378b and miR‐1305 were decreased 6.8‐ and 6‐fold, respectively, whereas miR‐451a was increased 2.7‐fold (adjusted P < 0.05) in NF1‐PAs compared to non‐neoplastic NF1 patient brain specimens (n = 2). As miR‐10b‐5p was the microRNA overexpressed the most in NF1‐high‐grade glioma compared to NF1‐low‐grade glioma (5.76 fold), we examined its levels in glioma cell lines. miR‐10b‐5p levels were highest in adult glioma cell lines and lowest in paediatric low‐grade glioma lines (P = 0.02). miR‐10b‐5p knockdown resulted in decreased invasion in NF1‐deficient LN229 high‐grade glioma line, whereas its overexpression in the NF1‐PA derived line (JHH‐NF1‐PA1) led to increased invasion. There was no change in cell growth (viability and proliferation).

Conclusions

These proof‐of‐concept experiments support a role for microRNA regulation in NF1‐glioma biology.
MiR319a‐targeted PtoTCP20 regulates secondary growth via interactions with PtoWOX4 and PtoWND6 in Populus tomentosa
Authors: Hou Jie , Xu Huimin , Fan Di , Ran Lingyu , Li Jianqiu , Wu Shuang , Luo Keming , He Xin‐Qiang
Published: June 2020

Secondary growth is a key characteristic of trees, which requires the coordination of multiple regulatory mechanisms including transcriptional regulators and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the roles of microRNAs in the regulation of secondary growth need to be explored in depth.

Here, the role of miR319a and its target, PtoTCP20, in the secondary growth of Populus tomentosa stem was investigated using genetic and molecular analyses.

The expression level of miR319a gradually decreased from primary to secondary growth in P. tomentosa, while that of PtoTCP20 gradually increased. MiR319a overexpression in seedlings resulted in delayed secondary growth and decreased xylem production, while miR319a knockdown and PtoTCP20 overexpression promoted secondary growth and increased xylem production. Further analysis showed that PtoTCP20 interacted with PtoWOX4a and activated PtoWND6 transcription in vitro and in vivo.

Our data show that PtoTCP20 controls vascular cambium proliferation by binding to PtoWOX4a, and promotes secondary xylem differentiation by activating PtoWND6 transcription, thereby regulating secondary growth in P. tomentosa. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying secondary growth in trees.
Need, justice and central–local relations: The case of social assistance in China
Authors: Li Mianguan , Walker Robert
Published: June 2020

Social assistance is increasingly promoted as a means of tackling poverty. However, in established democracies stable delivery has often proved difficult because of tensions between national and local government, the former desiring comprehensiveness and uniformity, the latter requiring flexibility to meet local needs. These issues are explored in the context of China and Dibao, the world's largest social assistance system, with three questions posed: Do similar tensions exist in China as in the Western world? How are they resolved and what is the nature of the political compromise? How do recipients fare? Policy analysis in a village in south‐central China reveals similar tensions. A regime in which local government employed discretion to prioritize social stability over poverty alleviation has been replaced by an inherently unstable system based on surveillance of officials and local cadres who now prioritize their personal security over the needs of applicants.
Keratosis pilaris‐like eruption secondary to nilotinib in a child
Authors: Oro‐Ayude Marcos , Feito Marta , Quintana‐Castanedo Lucía , Beato‐Merino Maria Jose , De Lucas Raúl
Published: June 2020

Nilotinib is a new multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia when intolerance or recurrence to imatinib occurs. We report the case of a 14‐year‐old patient being treated with nilotinib who developed a keratosis pilaris‐like eruption. This cutaneous adverse effect is a rare but increasingly reported side effect of this therapy.
How Do Citizens Assess Street‐Level Bureaucrats’ Warmth and Competence? A Typology and Test
Authors: de Boer Noortje
Published: June 2020

Citizens encounter many street‐level bureaucrats in their lifetime. How do they assess the traits of the bureaucrats they meet? Understanding citizens’ assessments of bureaucrats is important, because citizens are not passive receivers of policies. This article explores citizens’ classifications of street‐level bureaucrats based on their core task. Using a factorial survey (n = 580), three clusters of bureaucrats are identified: those who are regulation oriented, those who are service oriented, and those who are both regulation and service oriented. Then, the article tests how these three types of bureaucrats are assessed on warmth and competence and whether their gender matters. A between‐subjects experiment (n = 1,602) reveals that regulation‐oriented bureaucrats are assessed as least competent and warm. Moreover, regardless of core task, female bureaucrats are assessed as warmer than males. Female and male bureaucrats are assessed as equally competent. This article shows that bureaucrats are stereotyped by citizens and discusses the implications for the public management literature.

Evidence for Practice

While researchers and practitioners tend to focus on commonalities between street‐level bureaucrats, focusing on differences—for instance, in terms of core task and gender—may be helpful to understand how citizens see and react to their encounters with bureaucrats.

Much like street‐level bureaucrats’ stereotypical notions of citizens, citizens stereotype the bureaucrats they encounter. These stereotypes are based on cues related to the bureaucrats’ core task and gender.

Especially for regulation‐oriented organizations and street‐level bureaucrats, such as inspectorates, being aware of stereotypes may be useful when engaging with citizens because they are rated as the least competent and warm.
The effect of astaxanthin supplementation on the post‐thaw quality of dog semen
Authors: Qamar Ahmad Yar , Fang Xun , Bang Seonggyu , Shin Sang Tae , Cho Jongki
Published: June 2020

Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family well known for its anti‐cancer, anti‐diabetic, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant nature. This study was designed to investigate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation of the extender (buffer 2) on post‐thaw dog semen quality. Semen from four healthy dogs was collected by digital manipulation twice a week. The ejaculates were pooled, washed, divided into four equal aliquots, diluted with the extender supplemented with different concentrations of astaxanthin (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 µM) and cryopreserved. The results showed that 1 µM astaxanthin was the optimum concentration that led to significantly higher (p < .05) post‐thaw motility, kinematic parameters and viability than the other groups. In comparison with the control group, sperm samples supplemented with 1 µM astaxanthin showed significantly higher (p < .05) sperm counts with intact membranes (55.7 ± 0.6% vs. 51.3 ± 0.9%), intact acrosome (58.4 ± 0.7% vs. 53.5 ± 0.6%), active mitochondria (54.9 ± 0.5% vs. 42.6 ± 0.6%) and normal chromatin (67.6 ± 0.9% vs. 61.7 ± 0.6%). Furthermore, astaxanthin‐supplemented samples showed significantly lower expression levels (p < .05) of pro‐apoptotic (BAX), oxidative induced DNA damage repair (OGG1), oxidative stress‐related (ROMO1) genes and higher expression levels of anti‐apoptotic (BCL2), and sperm acrosome‐associated (SPACA3) genes compared to the control. Thus, supplementation of 1 µM astaxanthin in semen extender results in improved freeze‐thaw sperm quality of the dog.
Graphical Models for Extremes
Authors: Engelke Sebastian , Hitz Adrien S.
Published: June 2020

Conditional independence, graphical models and sparsity are key notions for parsimonious statistical models and for understanding the structural relationships in the data. The theory of multivariate and spatial extremes describes the risk of rare events through asymptotically justified limit models such as max-stable and multivariate Pareto distributions. Statistical modelling in this field has been limited to moderate dimensions so far, partly owing to complicated likelihoods and a lack of understanding of the underlying probabilistic structures. We introduce a general theory of conditional independence for multivariate Pareto distributions that enables the definition of graphical models and sparsity for extremes. A Hammersley–Clifford theorem links this new notion to the factorization of densities of extreme value models on graphs. For the popular class of Hüsler–Reiss distributions we show that, similarly to the Gaussian case, the sparsity pattern of a general extremal graphical model can be read off from suitable inverse covariance matrices. New parametric models can be built in a modular way and statistical inference can be simplified to lower dimensional marginals. We discuss learning of minimum spanning trees and model selection for extremal graph structures, and we illustrate their use with an application to flood risk assessment on the Danube river.
An agenda for psychological distance apart from construal level
Authors: Maglio Sam J.
Published: June 2020

Mental life is not confined to physical reality. Instead, anchored in the here and now, people can conjure worlds set in other locations, in other times, from other people's perspectives, and with otherworldly odds. These routes away from immediacy represent different dimensions of psychological distance—space, time, social distance, and probability—in that they all provide a means by which targets of consideration can feel psychologically distant. Though largely developed under the theoretical banner of construal level theory, psychological distance benefits from consideration in its own, independent right. This review proposes that prominent characteristics of it inform an agenda for translational insights across the four dimensions of psychological distance.
Maize–soybean intercropping effect on yield productivity, weed control and diversity in northern Ghana
Authors: Berdjour Albert , Dugje Ibrahim Yakamba , Dzomeku Israel Kwame , Rahman Nurudeen Abdul
Published: June 2020

The cereal–legume cropping system is a common practice across the tropical world. However, there are limited quantitative data on the effect of cereal–legume intercropping on weed species diversity. A study was conducted in the Guinea savanna zone of Ghana to evaluate the effect of maize–soybean intercropping on yield productivity and weed species control. The treatments used include three maize maturity types (extra‐early: Abontem, early: Sammaz 27 and medium: Obatanpa) intercropped with soybean at three intraspacing (10, 20 and 30 cm), and their sole crop treatments were laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the land equivalent ratio (LER) for the intercrops was above 1, indicating better intercrop productivity than the sole crops. An average of 40% land was saved for the intercrops compared with the sole crops. Intercropping Sammaz 27 maize with soybean significantly increased LER by 9% compared to the other types. Intercropping maize with soybean significantly reduced weed biomass at 6 and 9 weeks after planting (WAP) and at harvest relative to the sole maize. The weed biomass at 6 and 9 WAP and harvest increased (p < .05) with increasing soybean intraspacing. The grass and broadleaf weed species count at 6 WAP and harvest from the sole crops were significantly higher than that of the intercrops. The results suggest that intercropping early maize maturity type with soybean at 10 cm intraspacing could be used to increase grain yield, LER and control of grass and broadleaf weeds in a maize‐based cropping system in the Guinea savanna zones of West Africa.
The effects of desiccation on broad‐leaved dock (Rumex obtusifolius) and curled dock (Rumex crispus) root fragment regeneration
Authors: Alshallash Khalid S. , Hatcher Paul E.
Published: June 2020

Fresh root fragments ofRumex crispusandRumex obtusifolius, which initially contain 65–70% moisture, progressively lose moisture when desiccated under conditions matching summer weather in southeast England. The likelihood of shoot emergence and the time it took in glasshouse conditions were both affected by desiccation, withR. crispusthe most affected up to 48 hr andR. obtusifoliusslower to emerge after 48 hr. These effects converged after longer desiccation periods, andR. crispusentirely failed to emerge after 120 hr. The dry weight of emerged shoots was not significantly different between the species until they were desiccated for 96 hr, after whichR. obtusifoliusdry weight was significantly reduced. In outdoor trials, desiccation for 24 or 48 hr had a lesser effect on emergence in either species when fragments were planted at the soil surface or at up to a depth of 10 cm, compared to deeper plantings, but emergence was significantly lower in plantings at 15 or 20 cm. Emergence delays were not significantly different between the species until they were planted at 15 or 20 cm, whenR. obtusifoliuswas slower to emerge thanR. crispus, an effect exacerbated by increasing desiccation. Similar interactions of increasing soil depth and desiccation were found in reductions in dry weight, number of tillers and leaf area, withR. obtusifoliusgenerally, but not exclusively, better able to withstand more extreme trial conditions. Our findings suggest that control of these highly troublesome weeds can be assisted by appropriate agricultural practices, notably exposing cut fragments to drying conditions followed by deep burial.
The Role of Human Resource Management Towards Employees Retention During Covid-19 Pandemic in Medical Supplies Sector - Egypt
Authors: Elsafty Ashraf , Ragheb Mohammad
Published: June 2020

The introduction of the report has mentioned the aim of this research. As per the introductory part, the aim of this research paper is to examine the role of Human Resources Management (HRM) towards the employees as far as curbing the adverse impact of Covid-19 is concerned. The Literature Review has mentioned the theories of motivation that impacts on the retention level of the employees, along with the studies conducted in the same domain. Some of the studies have been included in which strategies of the companies have mentioned to curb the negative impacts of Covid-19. The quantitative method has been utilized for the same research in which a total of 140 respondents have been selected on the scale of non-probability sampling. Descriptive Statistics and Correlation are the statistical metrics used for the same purpose. From the analysis, it is found that HR managers should play their role in maximizing the satisfaction level of their employees, and the major elements are mentioned in the analysis part. Workplace Guidelines & Support and Access to Information and Financial benefits are some of the main elements that should have been considered by the entities for maximizing their income potential and values accordingly.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Willianms Ellery
Published: June 2020

Business and Management Studies (BMS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether BMS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 2 Bahram Abediniangerabi, University of Texas, USAComite Ubaldo, University of Calabria, ItalyFábio Albergaria de Queiroz, Catholic University of Brasília, BrazilFuLi Zhou, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, ChinaGabriela O. Chiciudean, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaKherchi Ishak, UHBC University, AlgeriaKonstantinos N. Malagas, University of the Aegean, GreeceLucie Andreisová, University of Economics in Prague, CzechMarica Ion Dumitrasco, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MoldovaMike Rayner, University of Portsmouth, UKMr. Abdul-Kahar Adam, University of Education, Winneba, GhanaMythili Kolluru, College of Banking and Financial Studies, OmanRashedul Hasan, International Islamic University Malaysia, MalaysiaRocsana Tonis, Spiru Haret University, RomaniaSandeep Kumar, Tecnia Institute of Advanced Studies, Affiliated to GGSIP University Delgi, IndiaTetiana Paientko, Kyiv National Economic Univercity, UkraineZeki Atıl Bulut, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey Ellery WillianmsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Business and Management StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://bms.redfame.com
Cortical layer 6 control of sensory responses in higher‐order thalamus
Authors: Ansorge Josephine , Humanes‐Valera Desire , Pauzin François P. , Schwarz Martin K. , Krieger Patrik
Published: June 2020

Key points

Thalamic activity is regulated by corticothalamic feedback from layers 5B and 6.

To selectively study the importance of the layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) projection, a transgenic mouse line was used in which layer 6 cells projecting to posterior medial thalamus (POm) were targeted for expression of channelrhodopsin‐2.

Repetitive optogenetic stimulation of this sub‐type of L6 cells caused a rapid adaptation in POm spiking output, but had little effect on the spiking activity in the other cortical layers.

L6 photoactivation increased POm spiking to the first, but not to subsequent whisker deflections in a 4 Hz train.

A sub‐population of L6 CT cells that can cause an initial increase in POm activity, that is not sustained with repetitive stimulation, could indicate that this L6 projection does not modulate ongoing sensory processing, but rather serves to briefly increase POm activity in specific behavioural contexts.

Thalamic activity is regulated by corticothalamic feedback from layers 5B and 6. The nature of these feedback systems differs, one difference being that whereas layer 5 provides ‘driver’ input, the layer 6 input is thought to be ‘modulatory’. To selectively study the importance of the layer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) projection, a transgenic mouse line was used in which layer 6 cells projecting to posterior medial thalamus (POm) were targeted for expression of channelrhodopsin‐2 and in vivo electrophysiology recordings were done in urethane‐anaesthetized mice. Pre‐ and postsynaptic targets were identified using tracing techniques and light‐sheet microscopy in cleared intact brains. We find that optogenetic activation of this subtype of L6 CT cells (L6‐Drd1) has little effect on cortical activity, but activates POm. Repetitive photoactivation of L6‐Drd1 cells evoked a reliable response following every photoactivation, whereas in the connected POm area spiking was only initially increased. The response to repetitive whisker stimulation showed a similar pattern with only an initial increase in whisker‐evoked spiking. Furthermore, the increase in whisker‐evoked spiking with optogenetic activation of L6‐Drd1 cells is additive, rather than multiplicative, causing even cells that in the absence of L6 activation produce relatively few spikes to increase their spiking substantially. We show that layer 6 corticothalamic cells can provide a strong, albeit rapidly depressing, input to POm. This type of cortical L6 activity could be important for rapid gain control in POm, rather than providing a modulation in phase with the whisking cycle.
Las funciones del derecho penal y de la justicia transicional en la jurisdicción especial para la paz
Authors: Castro Cuenca Carlos Guillermo
Published: June 2020

Este artículo analiza cómo las instituciones del Derecho penal pueden ayudar a la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz a cumplir los objetivos esenciales de la Justicia Transicional como: promover la justicia y el esclarecimiento de violaciones a los derechos humanos, contribuir al fortalecimiento del Estado de Derecho y alcanzar la reconciliación. Concretamente, este artículo aborda tres instituciones que pueden permitir al sistema alcanzar este difícil reto: el régimen de condicionalidad, las sanciones especiales y el sistema de mayor y menor responsabilidad. Estas herramientas permiten que ex combatientes, miembros de la fuerza pública y agentes estatales no militares y civiles, contribuyan a la verdad, a la reparación de las víctimas, a la no repetición de los crímenes y participen en los procesos so pena de perder los tratamientos penales especiales o incluso ser expulsados del sistema.
La selección y priorización de casos en la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz
Authors: Sánchez León Nelson Camilo , Jiménez Ospina Alejandro
Published: June 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el estado de la discusión e implementación en Colombia de dos herramientas de racionalización para la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (en adelante JEP): la priorización y la selección de casos. El artículo analiza los desarrollos políticos y normativos a la fecha y concluye que ambos instrumentos, especialmente el de selección, fueron incluidos genérica y vagamente en el Acuerdo de Paz y que su desarrollo normativo ha sido paulatino y accidentado. En consecuencia, la JEP no cuenta con un marco concreto para desarrollar estas herramientas. Por ello, en la sección final, el artículo presenta una propuesta escalonada de aplicación de las herramientas que tiene un doble fin. Por un lado, operacionalizar las herramientas; por el otro, asegurar que estas respetan los estándares constitucionales e internacionales de investigación, juzgamiento y sanción de graves violaciones a derechos humanos.
El Tribunal para la Paz y las Salas de Justicia de la JEP como órganos jurisdiccionales sui generis
Authors: Tarapués Sandino Diego Fernando
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo de reflexión plantea que tanto el Tribunal para la Paz como las Salas de Justicia de la JEP son instituciones sui generis que se han forjado gracias a la evolución de los instrumentos y órganos judiciales que se han gestado desde el derecho internacional para la determinación de responsabilidades penales en escenarios de graves violaciones de derechos humanos y a las experiencias domésticas que en materia de justicia transicional ha experimentado Colombia. Para el desarrollo de la labor encomendada a la JEP, se han creado los principios de preferencia y prevalencia que rigen como presupuestos jurisdiccionales con la finalidad de que el Tribunal para la Paz y las Salas de Justicia de la JEP concentren y absorban el conocimiento de los casos asociados con el conflicto armado, que anteriormente correspondían a diversas autoridades jurisdiccionales e incluso disciplinares y fiscales. Este artículo busca reflexionar sobre la naturaleza institucional de la JEP como juez natural del conflicto armado colombiano, destacando varios rasgos particulares de sus órganos jurisdiccionales que le diferencian de los demás jueces y tribunales nacionales.
Natural Convection of Dusty Hybrid Nanofluids in Diverging–Converging Cavities Including Volumetric Heat Sources
Authors: Ahmed Sameh E.
Published: June 2020

Two Semi-Implicit-Method for Pressure-Linked-Equations (SIMPLE) techniques have been performed to solve the dimensionless equations governing a dusty hybrid nanofluid flow in wavy enclosures contain a volumetric heat source. These techniques are applied to evaluate the pressure terms for both the hybrid nanofluid and the dusty particles based on the control volume solver. Two systems of equations are proposed to simulate the hybrid nanofluid phase and the dusty particles phase. In addition, a body-fitted method is applied to map the irregular domain into a rectangular domain, and an inverse map technique is used to present the obtained data inside the given wavy domain. The hybrid mixture, here, is consisting of water as a base fluid, and the nanoparticles are Al2O3 and Cu. The controlling parameters are the Rayleigh numbers RaE and Ral, the ratio of the densities of the mixture Ds, the dusty parameter αs, and the total nanoparticles volume fraction. The results revealed that the absolute values of the stream function are reduced by 54.5% when the heating modes are switched from (Ral/RaE) < 1 to (Ral /RaE) > 1. Also, the average Nusselt is enhanced by 5.2% at a = 0.9, 6.74% at a = 0.95, and 11.36% at a = 1.1 when the nanoparticles volume fraction is increased from 1% to 5%.
Measurement Errors and Uncertainty Quantification of a Two-Dimensional-Particle Image Velocimetry Experimental Setup for Jet Flow Characterization
Authors: Barbosa Flávia V. , Costa Carlos A. P. , Teixeira Senhorinha F. C. F. , Teixeira José C. F.
Published: June 2020

The study of the flow interaction and the heat transfer between air jets and a surface is of paramount importance in industrial processes that apply air jet impingement. To ensure a good performance of the process, high heat transfer rates and uniformization of the flow over the target plate are required. In this work, a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was implemented for the measurement of the flow velocity fields. However, as any real experiment, the values recorded by the PIV method are subjected to several errors that compromise the reliability and accuracy of the measurements. These errors can have different sources, from the installation and alignment to the particles seeding and calibration procedure. To maximize the accuracy of the experimental results, this paper focuses on the identification of measurement errors and uncertainty quantification of an experimental setup purposely built for the analysis of the interaction between air jets and a target surface. This paper presents an analysis of the system, and the source of errors are identified, quantified, and, when possible, corrected. The particle seeding is characterized, and its efficiency for the flow tracking is analyzed. The setup was tested to fully characterize the flow field in terms of mean velocity profile and turbulence intensity over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and temperature. Several velocity fields are then measured until convergence of the flow quantities is reached. The combination of these measurements with high spatial resolution and low measurement errors allows us to obtain accurate and precise measurements.
Misalignment Error in Cancellous Bone Apparent Elastic Modulus Depends on Bone Volume Fraction and Degree of Anisotropy
Authors: Bennison Matthew B. L. , Pilkey A. Keith , Lievers W. Brent
Published: June 2020

Cancellous bone is an anisotropic structure with architectural and mechanical properties that vary due to both skeletal site and disease state. This anisotropy means that, in order to accurately and consistently measure the mechanical properties of cancellous bone, experiments should be performed along the primary mechanical axis (PMA), that is, the orientation in which the mechanical properties are at their maximum value. Unfortunately, some degree of misalignment will always be present, and the magnitude of the resulting error is expected to be architecture dependent. The goal of this work is to quantify the dependence of the misalignment error, expressed in terms of change in apparent elastic modulus (ΔE), on both the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and the degree of anisotropy (DA). Finite element method (FEM) models of bovine cancellous bone from five different skeletal sites were created at 5 deg and 20 deg from the PMA determined for each region. An additional set of models was created using image dilation/erosion steps in order to control for BV/TV and better isolate the effect of DA. Misalignment error was found to increase with increasing DA and decreasing BV/TV. At 5 deg misaligned from the PMA, error is relatively low (<5%) in all cases but increases to 8–24% error at 20 deg. These results suggest that great care is needed to avoid introducing misalignment error into experimental studies, particularly when studying regions with high anisotropy and/or low bone volume fraction, such as vertebral or osteoporotic bone.
Experiences in Physical Education for Children at Risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Zimmer Chantelle , Dunn Janice Causgrove , Holt Nicholas L.
Published: June 2020

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) may experience stress in physical activity contexts due to emphasis on their poor motor skills. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of children at risk for DCD in physical education in order to develop a deeper understanding about what they experience as stress and how they cope with it. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, six children in Grades 4–6 participated in two semistructured interviews. A motivational (and developmental) stress and coping theory informed interpretation of the three themes that described the children’s experiences: (a) they hurt me—psychological and physical harm sustained from peers, (b) it’s hard for me—difficulties encountered in activities, and (c) I have to—pressure to meet the teacher’s demands. Although the children at risk for DCD were confronted with various stressors in physical education, they coped more adaptively when social support was provided.
The ER chaperone calnexin controls mitochondrial positioning and respiration
Authors: Gutiérrez Tomás , Qi Hong , Yap Megan C. , Tahbaz Nasser , Milburn Leanne A. , Lucchinetti Eliana , Lou Phing-How , Zaugg Michael , LaPointe Paul G. , Mercier Pascal , Overduin Michael , Bischof Helmut , Burgstaller Sandra , Malli Roland , Ballanyi Klaus , Shuai Jianwei , Simmen Thomas
Published: June 2020

Control of Ca
2+
flow from the ER to mitochondria by calnexin balances output from energy production pathways.
Phylogeographical Analyses and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of
Acinetobacter johnsonii
Highlight Its Clinical Relevance
Authors: Castillo-Ramírez Santiago , Mateo-Estrada Valeria , Gonzalez-Rocha Gerardo , Opazo-Capurro Andrés
Published: June 2020

Acinetobacter johnsonii
has been severely understudied and its population structure and the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are very much uncertain. Our phylogeographical analysis shows that intercontinental transmission has occurred frequently and that different lineages are circulating within single countries; notably, clinical and nonclinical strains are not well differentiated from one another. Importantly, in this species recombination is a significant source of single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Provenance of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen: Insights into the paleoposition of the Tarim craton in northern Gondwana associated with final closure of the Proto–Tethys Ocean
Authors: Liu Qian , Zhao Guochun , Li Jianhua , Yao Jinlong , Han Yigui , Wang Peng , Tsunogae Toshiaki
Published: June 2020

The evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana, especially to the north of India and Australia, remains enigmatic. Much controversy concerns when and where the Tarim craton was amalgamated with northern Gondwana due to final closure of the North and South Altyn Oceans (two branches of the Proto–Tethys Ocean between southeastern Tarim and northern Gondwana). This study addressed these issues through systematic field-based zircon U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope analyses of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen. New dating results reveal depositional ages from ca. 494 to 426 Ma. Provenance tracing indicates the ca. 494–477 Ma samples were dominantly sourced from local Altyn Tagh areas to the south of the North Altyn Ocean, whereas the ca. 465–449 Ma samples are characterized by a significant increase in ca. 2.7–2.4 Ga, 2.0–1.7 Ga, and 840–780 Ma detrital zircons, indicating an augmented supply of detritus from the Tarim craton to the north of the North Altyn Ocean. This change indicates a major provenance shift from a single to multiple source regions between ca. 477 and 465 Ma, marking the timing of the final closure of the North Altyn Ocean. Zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotopic data from the ca. 444–426 Ma samples resemble those from the ca. 465–449 Ma samples, suggesting local sediment recycling related to a postcollisional regime. Considering the South Altyn Ocean and other branches of the Proto–Tethys Ocean, we infer that the entire Proto–Tethys Ocean might have been progressively closed at ca. 500–420 Ma, leading to the amalgamation of most East Asian blocks with northern Gondwana. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotope comparisons indicate that Tarim shared a North Indian affinity with many East Asian terranes (such as North Qilian, North Qinling, South China, Indochina, South Qiangtang, etc.), rather than with Arabia-Iran or other terranes (e.g., Lhasa and Sibumasu) that were adjacent to western Australia along the northern margin of Gondwana.
Paleoenvironments, taphonomy, and stable isotopic content of the terrestrial, fossil-vertebrate–bearing sequence of the El Disecado Member, El Gallo Formation, Upper Cretaceous, Baja California, México
Authors: Fastovsky David E. , Montellano-Ballesteros Marisol , Fricke Henry C. , Ramezani Jahandar , Tsukui Kaori , Wilson Gregory P. , Hall Paul , Hernandez-Rivera Rene , Alvarez Geraldo
Published: June 2020

The Late Campanian (Late Cretaceous), upper part of the El Disecado Member, El Gallo Formation, Baja California, México, preserves a rich fossil assemblage of microvertebrates and macrovertebrates, silicified logs, macroscopic plant remains, and pollen that was likely deposited as the distal part of a subaerial fan. The unit was episodic and high energy, with its salient features deriving from active river channels and sheet, debris-flow deposits. Landscape stability is indicated by the presence of compound paleosol horizons, containing Fe2O3 mottling in B horizons, cutans, and calcium carbonate concretions. All of these features indicate wet/dry cyclicity in subsurface horizons, likely attributable to such cyclicity in the climate. Drainage was largely to the north and to a lesser extent, the west; however, some current flow to the south and east is preserved which, in conjunction with the proximal location of marginal marine deposits, suggest the influence of tides in this setting.

The fossil vertebrates preserved in this part of the El Disecado Member are almost exclusively allochthonous, preserved as disarticulated isolated clasts in hydraulic equivalence in the braided fluvial system. A relatively diverse microvertebrate assemblage is preserved, the largest components of which are first, dinosaurs, and second, turtles. Non-tetrapod fossils are relatively uncommon, perhaps reflecting an absence of permanent standing water in this depositional setting.

Here we report a high-precision U-Pb date of 74.706 + 0.028 Ma (2σ internal uncertainty), obtained from zircons in an airfall tuff. The tuff is located low within the sequence studied; therefore, most of the sedimentology and fossils reported here are slightly younger. This date, which improves upon previously published 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, ultimately allows for comparison of these El Gallo faunas and environments with coeval ones globally.

Primary stable isotopic nodules associated with roots in the paleosols of the terrestrial portion of the El Disecado Member are compared with ratios from similar sources from coeval northern and eastern localities in North America. Distinctive latitudinal gradients are observed in both δ13C and δ18O, reflecting the unique southern and western, coastal geographic position of this locality. These differences are best explained by differences in the floras that populated the northern and eastern localities, relative to the southern and western floras reported here.
The western Hayfork terrane: Remnants of the Middle Jurassic arc in the Klamath Mountain province, California and Oregon
Authors: Barnes Calvin G. , Barnes Melanie A.
Published: June 2020

Arc magmatism was widespread in the Cordillera of North America during Middle Jurassic time. The predominant representative of this arc magmatism in the Klamath Mountain province is the western Hayfork terrane (WHT). This terrane is primarily metasedimentary, consisting mainly of crystal-lithic arenite, argillitic sediments and lahar deposits, rare lavas, and sparse quartz-rich arenite. Because lavas are rare, petrologic study using bulk-rock compositions is restricted to analysis of cobbles in lahar deposits. Moreover, the WHT underwent greenschist-facies regional metamorphism with consequent modification of bulk-rock compositions. However, many of the sandstones preserve igneous clinopyroxene and calcic amphibole, which were phenocrysts in the original volcanic rocks. Major- and trace-element compositions of the magmatic pyroxene and amphibole permit reconstruction of the range of rock types eroded from the arc, specifically scant basalt, volumetrically dominant basaltic andesite and andesite, and smaller but significant amounts of dacite and rhyodacite. Eruptive temperatures reached ∼1180 °C and may have been as low as ∼800 °C on the basis of pyroxene and amphibole thermometry, with most eruptive temperatures >1000 °C.

On the basis of augite compositions, WHT magmatism is divided into two suites. One features high-Mg augite with high abundances of Cr and Sr, high Sr/Y and Nd/Yb values, and low Y and heavy rare-earth elements (REE). These compositions are typical of high-Mg andesite and dacite suites in which garnet is a residual mineral, most probably in a metasomatized upper mantle setting. The other suite contains augite with lower Sr, Sr/Y, and Nd/Yb; these features are typical of normal calc-alkaline magmas. Augite from a coeval pluton emplaced inboard of the western Hayfork outcrop belt is similar to augite from the low-Sr group of WHT samples. In contrast, augite from the Ironside Mountain pluton, previously considered the plutonic equivalent of WHT sediments, is Fe-rich, with low Cr and Sr and relatively high Zr and REE. Previous suggestions that the Ironside Mountain pluton is correlative with the WHT are not supported by these data.

The magmatic diversity of the WHT is typical of the modern Aleutian and Cascade arcs, among others, and could reflect subduction of relatively young oceanic lithosphere or fragmentation of the subduction slab. Although we favor the former setting, present data cannot rule out the latter. The presence of scant quartz-rich sedimentary rocks within the predominantly volcanogenic WHT is consistent with deposition as a sedimentary apron associated with a west-facing magmatic arc with late-stage input from cratonal sources. The results of this study indicate that detailed petrographic study of arc-derived sedimentary rocks, including major- and trace-element analysis of preserved magmatic phases, yields information about magmatic affinities, processes, and temperatures.
Expectorated metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: a rare presentation of a rare tumour
Authors: Douglas Adam , Attanoos Richard
Published: June 2020

A 61-year-old woman who was originally diagnosed with locally advanced adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) 10 years ago, developed massive haemoptysis while away from the UK. Initial investigations revealed a left upper lobe lesion requiring embolisation. Bronchoscopic evaluation was unsuccessful in identifying an underlying cause, and cytology was suggestive of an inflammatory cause. A rigid bronchoscopy was planned but prior to this the patient coughed up a lump of tissue which was sent for histopathological examination. Morphology and immunohistochemistry were consistent with metastatic ACC. ACC is a rare and aggressive tumour of the adrenal cortex. The histological appearances of ACC are similar to that of a carcinoid tumour, creating diagnostic difficulty given the presumed endobronchial origin of the expectorated material in this case. Accurate clinical information and judicious use of immunohistochemistry were key to making the diagnosis. To the authors knowledge, this is the first described case of expectorated metastatic ACC.