bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Quality of Rice Drinks Fortified with Bovine and Porcine Blood Plasma
Authors: Montero Castillo Piedad Margarita , Marrugo Ligardo Yesid Alejandro , Julio González Lesbia Cristina
Published: January 2015

The future of nutrition in Colombia, and perhaps in other developing countries, will depend in large part on the ability of food technology to take full advantage of the food sources available in the country and to adapt and develop new products that will vary and complement the diets of the majority of the population at a low cost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein quality of rice-based drinks fortified with bovine and porcine blood plasma. Six treatments were prepared with different levels of fortification (14.5%, 18.5% and 29%). The effects of the plasma type and the addition levels on the protein content, the amino acid profile, and the in vitro digestibility of the drinks were observed. The AOAC method was employed for the determination of the protein content; the amino acid profile was created using HPLC. The protein digestibility was determined by subjecting a dispersion of the drink to the action of a multi-enzymatic solution. The protein content increased with the level of fortification. The drinks fortified with bovine plasma (104%) and porcine plasma (89%) presented a better protein quality index than the unfortified drink. The digestibility of the fortified drinks did not demonstrate significant improvements in comparison with the unfortified drink. The chemical score of the drinks fortified with porcine plasma (71.6) and bovine plasma (78.5) showed that the latter had the best nutritional quality.
Efecto del Tostado Sobre los Metabolitos Secundarios y la Actividad Antioxidante de Clones de Cacao Colombiano
Authors: Zapata Bustamante Sandra , Tamayo Tenorio Angélica , Alberto Rojano Benjamín
Published: January 2015

El tostado es una de las operaciones tecnológicas más importantes en el procesamiento de los granos de cacao; este proceso conduce a la formación de los productos de la reacción de Maillard (RM) los cuales son cruciales para el desarrollo de la calidad organoléptica de los granos de cacao y sus productos asociados. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto del tostado sobre el contenido de metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antioxidante en cinco clones de cacao cultivados en Colombia. En los extractos metanólicos de los diferentes clones de cacao se determinó el contenido de fenoles totales, taninos condensados, antocianinas totales, catequina y epicatequina, teobromina y cafeína. Además, se determinó la actividad antioxidante por medio de la actividad atrapadora del radical ABTS•+, el método ORAC y la capacidad atrapadora de radicales superóxido. En conclusión, el efecto del tostado en los clones de cacao no tuvo un comportamiento uniforme sobre los cambios en los contenidos de los diversos metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antioxidante.
Distribution extension of Ametrida centurio Gray, 1847 (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae): first record in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Vilar Emmanuel Messias , Nunes Hannah , Nascimento Jorge Luiz , Estrela Pedro Cordeiro
Published: January 2015

Ametrida centurio Gray, 1847 is a small fruit-eating bat endemic to the Neotropics. In Brazil, its known distribu­tion is limited to the Amazon basin. We report the first record of A. centurio in the Atlantic Forest and extend its distribu­tion in approximately 1,500 km from the previously known easternmost locality. The record was made in the Guaribas Biological Reserve, located in the state of Paraíba, north­eastern Brazil. We intended to evaluate whether this record is accidental or might correspond to an emerging pattern for northeastern Brazil’s canopy.
New records of Stigmaphyllon puberulum Griseb. (Malpighiaceae) from the Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Almeida Rafael Felipe de
Published: January 2015

New records of Stigmaphyllon puberulum from the Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil, are presented, extending its distribution in the states of Alagoas, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte.
First occurrence of Schistostemon (Urb.) Cuatrec. (Humiriaceae) in states of Roraima and Pará, Brazil
Authors: Holanda Ana Sofia Sousa de , Zartman Charles Eugene , Hopkins Michael John Gilbert , Valsko Jefferson José , Krahl Amauri Herbert
Published: January 2015

Schistostemon is recorded for the first time in the States of Roraima and Pará extending its distribution to a new northern limit within Brazilian territory.
New records of thirteen Asteraceae from state of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Rafael Felipe , Alves Maria , Santana Fernanda Afonso , Roque Nádia
Published: January 2015

The Serra Geral of Licínio de Almeida (SGLA) is a chain of mountains included within Caatinga biome in the municipality of Licínio de Almeida, state of Bahia, located in the central portion of Espinhaço Mountain Range. From a previous floristic treatment undertaken in the SGLA, 13 new records were found for the state of Bahia, with four genera and six species from Vernonieae, three genera and five species from Heliantheae and two genera and two species from Eupatorieae.
New locality records and geographic distribution map of Dendropsophus meridensis (Rivero, 1961) (Anura: Hylidae) in the Andes of Venezuela
Authors: Armesto Luis Orlando , Quilarque Evelin , Rojas-Runjaic Fernando J. M.
Published: January 2015

Dendropsophus meridensis is a medium-sized treefrog endemic to the Cordillera de Mérida in the Venezuelan Andes. The geographic distribution of this species is poorly known, and only 10 localities known in the literature. Most of these localities do not have associated geographic coordinates and altitude. In this note we provide eight new locality records and a geographic distribution map of D. meridensis, based on field work, revision of Venezuelan museum collections, and species distribution modeling. Three of these new localities were found after performing species distribution modeling. Additionally, some comments on natural history and color variation are included.
Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) from Mount Makiling, Luzon Island: new host and distribution records, with a checklist of species found in the Philippines
Authors: Alvarez James D. V. , Lit, Jr. Ireneo L. , Alviola Phillip A.
Published: January 2015

Our survey in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Luzon Island, Philippines from April to May 2011 revealed new host records of bat fly species (Diptera: Nycteribiidae), including: Eucampsipoda philippinensis Ferris, Cyclopodia garrula Maa, C. horsfieldi de Mejeire, Phthiridium brachyacantha (Theodor) and Penicillidia acuminata Theodor. We also report C. garrula as a new record for Luzon Island. A checklist of the species known from the Philippines with the known distribution and bat host species was also provided.
Troska o pokój według św. Franciszka z Asyżu
Authors: Zając Andrzej
Published: January 2015

Franciszek, wychodząc od osobistego doświadczenia niepokoju społeczno-politycznego, pragnął i życzył wszystkim ludziom „prawdziwego pokoju z nieba”. Przywiązywał wielką wagę do samego pozdrowienia, jakiego używał sam i jego bracia: „niech Pan obdarzy cię pokojem”. Powstałą wokół niego braterską wspólnotę postrzegał właśnie w perspektywie misji pokoju. Stąd zachęcał braci, aby w swojej postawie podczas wszelkich form ewangelizowania sami zachowywali pokój i nieśli go innym. Zewnętrzne świadectwo postawy pełnej pokoju wobec bliźnich powinno wypływać z wewnętrznego pokoju serca. Postawa pokoju wewnętrznego i zewnętrznego to z jednej strony naśladowanie Jezusa, a z drugiej otwarcie się na duchowy dar pokoju. W misji pokoju Franciszek zwracał szczególną uwagę na roztropność i łagodność w relacjach i dialogu z innymi. Misję pokoju postrzegał jako udział w dziele Boga, do którego odnosił wszelkie życiowe doświadczenia. Zachowywanie pokoju było dla niego przede wszystkim doświadczeniem duchowym i okazją do spotkania z Bogiem. Wiedział bowiem, że to On uzdalnia człowieka do miłości i miłosierdzia, bez których nie ma pokoju.
Wkład ks. Aleksandra Jełowickiego CR w dzieło formacji duchowieństwa
Authors: Mleczko Wojciech
Published: January 2015

Ksiądz Aleksander Jełowicki (1804–1877), zmartwychwstaniec, był utalentowanym kaznodzieją, autorem, tłumaczem i wydawcą licznych dzieł religijnych, a także pierwszym i wieloletnim rektorem Polskiej Misji Katolickiej we Francji. Jako wierny uczeń sługi Bożego Bogdana Jańskiego (1807–1840) na wielu płaszczyznach przyczynił się do formacji duchowieństwa: pracując na rzecz odnowy Kolegium Greckiego oraz założenia Kolegium Polskiego w Rzymie, pomagając polskim kapłanom-emigrantom po upadku powstania styczniowego, a także poprzez wydawane dzieła religijne. W swoich listach podejmujących zagadnienia rozeznania powołania, formacji seminaryjnej oraz życia i posługi duszpasterza pozostawił cenne i wciąż aktualne wskazówki.
Freski o tematyce maryjnej z katakumb św. Pryscylli jako zapis wczesnochrześcijańskiej pobożności
Authors: Witos Barbara
Published: January 2015

Malarstwo katakumbowe stanowi najstarszy przekład rzymskiej sztuki chrześcijańskiej. Na freskach z rzymskich katakumb Maryja była ukazywana albo jako Matka Jezusa, albo jako orantka. Najczęściej spotykany obraz z Maryją w roli głównej to scena przedstawiająca Hołd Magów vel Mędrców ze Wschodu. Fresk o tej tematyce znajdujemy na ścianach kilku katakumb, w tym m.in.: Pryscylli, Piotra i Marcelina, Domicylli, Agnieszki, Kaliksta. Innym powtarzającym się motywem jest Madonna z Dzieciątkiem – spotykamy go m.in. u Pryscylli, św. Walentyna i w Cimiterium Maius (znanym jako katakumby św. Agnieszki). Umieszczony na suficie podziemnego korytarza w katakumbach Pryscylli fresk ukazujący Maryję z Dzieciątkiem uznawany jest za najstarszy wizerunek Maryi z katakumb rzymskich. W katakumbach spotykamy także sceny obrazujące wydarzenia z życia Maryi, stanowiące ilustracje wybranych perykop Nowego Testamentu. Do najbardziej znanych należy obrazowanie sceny zwiastowania z katakumb Pryscylli oraz sceny nawiedzenia z katakumb św. Walentyna. Dzisiaj uważa się, że najstarsze freski maryjne pochodzą dopiero z końca II wieku. Do IV wieku Maryja była przedstawiana zawsze w towarzystwie Syna. Sztuka wczesnochrześcijańska łączyła postać Maryi z tajemnicą wcielenia Jezusa. Obrazowano Maryję, by podkreślić ludzką naturę Syna Bożego. Kult Maryi był zależny od kultu Jezusa, nie istniał jako samodzielny.
Significado de la beatificación de los mártires del siglo XX en España en el Año de la Fe
Authors: Balcells Jaume Pujol
Published: January 2015

Beatyfikacja męczenników hiszpańskich, która miała miejsce 13 października 2013 roku, w Roku Wiary, była wydarzeniem obejmującym największą dotychczas liczbę męczenników wyniesionych jednorazowo do chwały ołtarzy. Bez trudu można dostrzec jej związek ze świadectwem męczenników trzeciego wieku. Wszyscy oni oddali życie ze względu na Chrystusa. Przebaczyli swoim mordercom. Ich chwała jest głoszeniem pojednania i lekcją dla wszystkich chrześcijan. Odwaga męczenników nie była ich zasługą, ale łaską daną im przez Chrystusa. Ich męczeństwo ujawnia ich zjednoczenie z Chrystusem, Bogiem Ojcem i Duchem Świętym i niesie budujące orędzie dla współczesnych chrześcijan.
Presence of Euglossa (Euglossa) amazonica outside of the Amazon Basin – biogeographic insights
Authors: Hinojosa-Diaz Ismael A.
Published: January 2015

Distributional patterns of euglossine bees are often shadowed by the most noticeablefeatures of the group, their morphology and behavior. With the constant discovery of records ofeuglossine species in novel localities, and the ongoing systematic work in the group, especiallyin Euglossa Latreille, a better picture of the evolution and biogeography of these bees is beingdeveloped. Provided here is an account of new records of Euglossa (Euglossa) amazonica Dressleroutside of the Amazon Basin region are presented along with a brief discussion of distributionalpatterns of the genus in northwestern South America.
The first male of the extinct bee tribe Melikertini (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Engel Michael S. , Breitkreuz Laura C.V. , Ohl Michael
Published: January 2015

The first male bee of the extinct corbiculate tribe Melikertini Engel (Apinae) is described and figured.  Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum Engel, Breitkreuz, & Ohl, new genus and species, is easily distinguished from other groups within the tribe based on unique male modifications as well as a distinctive forewing venation.  Some melikertines are famous for their peculiar modifications and processes, specifically the uniquely enlarged clypeal protrusions found in the genus Succinapis Engel.  Mochlomelikertes hoffeinsorum has its own singularly bizarre modifications, particularly an elongate, narrow extension of the mesoscutellum which projects posteriorly over the metanotum, propodeum, and part of the metasoma.  The significance of these structures is briefly discussed.
Validation of some species- and genus-group names in Melitta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae)
Authors: Michez Denis , Kuhlmann Michael , Dellicour Simon
Published: January 2015

Four recently proposed names in the genus Melitta Kirby (Melittidae: Melittinae) were left as nomenclaturally unavailable owing to minor conflicts with the recently established criteria for electronic publication.  These oversights are here corrected, thereby validating the following new names: Melitta (Afromelitta) Michez & Kuhlmann, new subgenus; Melitta (Afromelitta) richtersveldensis Michez & Kuhlmann, new species; Melitta (Plesiomelitta) Michez & Kuhlmann, new subgenus; and M. (Plesiomelitta) avontuurensis Michez & Kuhlmann, new species.
High Stalk Sugar Corn: A Potential Biofuel Crop for Canada
Authors: Reid Lana M. , Morrison Malcolm J. , Zhu X. , Jindal Krishan K. , Ma Baulo L.
Published: January 2015

One of the most energy efficient systems of biofuel production uses the sugar extracted from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) for fermentation into ethanol; while sugarcane will not grow in Canada, corn (Zea mays L.), another C4 crop can. The overall objective of our study was to determine if there was corn germplasm, adapted to the short‐season regions of Canada, with high stalk sugar content. Thirty‐nine genotypes from diverse backgrounds were evaluated for stalk sucrose accumulation and associated traits (juice percentage, plant height, weight, and moisture) in field trials from 2007 to 2009. Genotypic differences for stalk sucrose and juice percentage were highly significant. Mean stalk sucrose ranged from 5.1 to 16.4 Brix (oBx) and fresh biomass from 45 to 135 Mg ha−1 suggesting the presence of exploitable genetic variation. Mean stalk sucrose concentration was significantly higher in plants where pollination was prevented. Calculated sucrose yield of experimental hybrids ranged from 4.3 to 6.0 Mg ha−1. At the current conversion efficiency, the products of sucrose and fresh biomass can be translated into 3600 L ha−1 ethanol plus 47 Mg ha−1 silage, indicating that this high stalk sugar corn (or “sugarcorn”) would be a valuable and an economically viable crop for Canada and elsewhere.
Evaluating Management Factor Contributions to Reduce Corn Yield Gaps
Authors: Ruffo Matias L. , Gentry Laura F. , Henninger Adam S. , Seebauer Juliann R. , Below Frederick E.
Published: January 2015

The need to intensify agricultural production due to a growing human population requires yield gaps to be closed. In 2009 and 2010, five management factors were assessed for their individual and cumulative contributions to reducing the corn (Zea mays L.) yield gap and yield components in a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Five management factors (plant population, transgenic insect resistance, fungicide containing strobilurin, P–S–Zn fertility, and N fertility) were evaluated. An incomplete factorial design with these factors resulted in 12 treatments, including two controls: high technology (HT) and standard technology (ST), comprising all five factors applied at the supplemental or the standard level, respectively. The HT control yielded 2.9 Mg ha−1 (2.12–3.50 Mg ha−1 across sites and years) more grain (28%) than the ST control, demonstrating the yield gap between traditional farm practice and attainable yield using available technologies. All management factors except plant population were necessary for reducing the yield gap. Fungicide and Bacillius thuringiensis gene (Bt) traits provided the greatest yield increases compared to the ST system. Averaged over sites and years, if each factor was withheld from the HT system, yield decreased by decreasing kernel number. Increased plant population reduced the yield gap when all other inputs were applied at the supplemental level. Kernel number was more significant for increasing yield than kernel weight. The yield contribution of each factor was greater when applied as part of a full complement of supplemental inputs than when added individually to the standard input system.
Evaluation of diarrheagenic E. coli in riversheds by quantitative PCR in combination with enrichment
Authors: Hsu Shih-Yung , Hsu Bing-Mu , Ji Wen-Tsai , Hsu Tsui-Kang , Kao Po-Min , Shen Tzung-Yu , Fan Cheng-Wei , Huang Yu-Li
Published: January 2015

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a group of the most common agents of diarrhea. Highly virulent DEC strains could cause illness with dozens of organisms. Waterborne DEC may be detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR); however, environmental contaminants can interfere with PCR reaction, thus causing the prevalence of DEC to be underestimated. In this study, we propose an approach to efficiently quantify trace amounts of DEC. An enrichment procedure was performed to amplify total E. coli including DEC in the water samples. By normalizing the number of pathotype-specific genes to the amplification rate of a housekeeping gene in all E. coli, the quantity of DEC in original samples could be assessed. This method allows detection of trace amounts of DEC in receiving waters. The results showed that the presence of DEC in water samples was partially associated with riverside settlement. The DEC concentration was substantially higher at a few sampling sites, suggesting that evaluation of DEC along the river may help identify previously unknown pollution sources. Although the sustainability of DEC in the receiving waters may be low, the risk of DEC infection from the watershed warrants further examination.
The Story of the End of the World: An Alternative Approach to the Future at the Japanese Museum of Science and Innovation
Authors: Shea Michael
Published: January 2015

The following discussion is a critical assessment of the “Story of the End of the World: 73 Questions We Must Answer”, an exhibition at the Miraikan. The Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on the 11th of March 2011 created the necessity for collective catharsis regarding various threats posed by the future. I will argue that the outcome of the exhibition differs significantly in content, presentation and meaning to the more conventional visions of the future presented elsewhere in the museum.
Building Castles in the Air
Authors: Cook Ian M.
Published: January 2015

.
15 theses on power
Authors: Susen Simon
Published: January 2015

This article seeks to contribute to a critical understanding of the
multifaceted nature of power, emphasizing its capacity to shape the
development of society by permeating constitutive aspects of human reality.
To this end, the article proposes an outline of a multidimensional approach
to power. It does so by identifying and examining several - arguably
universal - features and functions of power. On the basis of 15 theses, it is
argued that, within the social world, the power of power derives from the
fact that it is (1) ubiquitous, (2) productive, (3) relational, (4)
intangible, (5) habitual, (6) discursive, (7) corporeal, (8) polycentric, (9)
performative, (10) normative, (11) spatial, (12) temporal, (13) disciplinary,
(14) circular, and (15) transcendental. By way of conclusion, the article
provides a comprehensive summary of the main insights gained and challenges
arising from such a multidimensional approach to power.
The transformation of labour and social politics in neoliberalism
Authors: Krasovec Primoz
Published: January 2015

The text has three aims: first, to explain the relationship between
capitalism and neoliberalism, as well as to clarify the very term
?neoliberalism?, diverging from the usual explanations; second, to trace
important changes in the organization of labour in late capitalism; and
three, to establish the consequences of both neoliberalism and the new
organization of labour with regards to social policy, but also to describe
and classify the most important forms of change in social policy. Besides
these main theoretical goals, the text also debates the limits of the
?welfare state?, in the light of deeper structural regularities in
capitalism.
The problem of relationship between the state and capital in Marxist theory
Authors: Vesic Darko
Published: January 2015

The text seeks to provide insight into some of the basic theoretical
considerations and problems that the Marxist theory of the state has met. In
this sense, it does not pretend to provide an ultimate interpretation of the
relation of the state and capital, but to present to a reader a basic
argumentation of the main Marxist approaches and the general contribution of
the Marxist theory to this problem. In the first part the text highlights
some of the key issues that materialist theory of the state should try to
offer answers to, while the second part gives a review of a different
approaches to this topic. Presented approaches and arguments should be seen
more as an ideal-types, and they should introduce a reader to the general
directions and problems of the Marxist approach to the state and capital
relation.
Human rights and cultural rights: An anthropological critique
Authors: Vasiljevic Jelena
Published: January 2015

The paper starts by examining some of the key conceptual problems related to
the idea of human rights, as well as some key arguments raised in defence of
human rights as universal and emacipatory modern project. This is followed by
a discussion on cultural rights, sometimes understood as a correction of
human rights? universalism, at other times taken as their ?logical
extension?; it will be shown how human rights have gradually begun to be
amalgamated with cultural and collective rights. The third section of the
paper continues with an overview of anthropological critique of cultural (and
collective) rights, with an emphasis on ethnographies critically examining
the domination of the ?rights talk? in perceptions and self-perceptions of
various local ?cultural? struggles. Finally, the issue of the universality of
human rights is reexamined from the perspective of the particularity of
citizens? rights with the aim of questioning the validity of their conceptual
demarcation.
Cutting the Gordian knot of world poverty: Thomas Pogge’s Alexandrian solution
Authors: Konjovic Marko
Published: January 2015

In this paper, the author analyzes Thomas Pogge?s thesis that citizens of
affluent countries are violating the negative right of the global poor not to
be harmed by lending their support to the current global institutional order.
The author argues, however, that Pogge?s argument is unsatisfactory because
he makes an unjustified leap from collective to individual responsibility.
The author begins by assessing Pogge?s argument so as to elucidate the leap.
Subsequently, the author examines two proposals which could complete his
argument; nonetheless, the author argues that both proposals are
unsatisfactory. The first suggestion - the participation argument - contains
two conceptual inadequacies; moreover, if we were to accept this argument, we
would also be committed to accepting an unsavory implication. Taking cue from
Thomas Nagel?s ?rule in our name? argument, the author develops Pogge?s
second suggestion - the political representation argument - that promises to
bridge the gap in Pogge?s thinking. The issues of misrepresentation and of
underrepresentation, however, undermine this proposal too.
Multicultural constitutionalism - squaring circle
Authors: Jevtic Miroljub
Published: January 2015

A number of European countries, as well as the United States, Canada and
Australia in the second half of the 20th century, received many immigrants
from Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic region. This has created a specific
situation which did not exist at the time of the formation of these states.
At a time when those states were formed the vast majority of the population
belong to the Christian political culture. As a result, secular constitutions
were created. Because Christian theology can accept the secular principle of
organization of the state .Immigrants have brought their cultural and
political model. For example, an Islamic political model excludes secularism
and demand theocracy. Thus, if the question of eventual transformation of the
constitution is posed autochthon population and Muslims can not make a
compromise, if each side insists on its model. This means that the
multicultural constitution is impossible.
The territorial dispute in the Sea of Japan and its impact on regional security
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dusko , Dujic Ivan
Published: January 2015

In recent years, the Sea of Japan or the East Sea as it is called in South
Korea has become the place of territorial dispute. The territorial dispute
between South Korea (Republic of Korea) and Japan refers to the question of
sovereignty over the Takeshima/Dokdo Islands. This is a preliminary legal
question for resolving the issue of demarcation of marine zones between the
countries in dispute. The question of delimitation of marine zones is made
particularly difficult by the fact that the countries in dispute have taken
unilateral legal acts. Although the specific circumstances regarding the
resolution of the territorial dispute differ, both countries see them as an
opportunity to secure their geostrategic and then economic interests.
Therefore, this dispute like other territorial disputes in Southeast Asia
(the South and East China Sea) is the cause of instability, which
increasingly threatens peace and security in this part of the world. Under
certain internal and external political circumstances, most political factors
in the countries use this dispute as an instrument to achieve broader support
for their governments. Since territorial disputes relating to the question of
state sovereignty, which is usually associated with psychological factors
(nationalist feelings and dignity of the people) and historical heritage
(which is not in a small number of cases coloured by a heavy imperial or
colonial past), none of the parties wants to make concessions to the other
side indicating that disputes will not be so easy to resolve and overcome
peacefully without the infiltration of external political factors. In the
study that follows, the author presents an international legal and political
analysis of the territorial dispute in the Sea of Japan with explanations on
its impact on the regional security.
Protection of special categories of persons in armed conflicts
Authors: Joncic Milos
Published: January 2015

War as a method of dispute resolution has been present since ancient times.
The consequences of the war affect the civilian population, perhaps even more
than members of armed forces. Among civilian victims the war makes the
greatest impact on women and children. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more
attention to this category of persons who are protected in armed conflicts.
The existing international norms and rules clearly indicate that a certain
degree of protection is achieved, but in this area of constant improvement is
necessary. This paper analyses the existing rules, noting where protection
could be improved. The work is divided into two parts. The first relates to
the special protection of women in armed conflict, and the other is dedicated
to the protection of children. In both parts the attention has been given to
the normative solutions in written International Humanitarian Law and
international custom law. All four Geneva Conventions of 1949 has been
reviewed. Additional protocols to these Conventions have also been a part of
the research.
Regional co-operation in the field of protection and preservation of cultural heritage
Authors: Golubovic Vidoje
Published: January 2015

Regional co-operation in the field of preservation and protection of cultural
heritage is one of fundamental values of tolerance and peace among the
nations in the region and within maintanenance of national identity. It
becomes especially significant at the time of globalisation and proclaimed
multiculturalism. At the same time, this also includes the question of
(non)achievement of rights and obligations of the state in preserving and
protecting cultural heritage. In this way, one's own cultural identity is
defended, what includes a comprehensive cultural heritage (tangible and
non-tangible) beyond every country and the region. Generally, we can define -
observe the protection of cultural identity through the establishment of
ethnic policy of every state in the region, this including Serbia, too.
Adapting the Serbian economy to regional and European integration
Authors: Vesic Dobrica
Published: January 2015

In contemporary international relations, economic activities are becoming
increasingly prioritized in relation to political ones. For Serbia, it is
important to have a clear strategy of development that will have significant
implications for all economic activities and international economic
cooperation, i.e. the process of European integration. In creating the
development strategy it is necessary to choose the sectors of the economy on
which the future development of the Serbian economy will be based. On the
other hand, instead of maximizing profits and due to the creation and
strengthening of several relevant groups of stakeholders (managers,
employees, customers, the state, etc.) whose long-term interests must be
taken into consideration by a company, it is primarily through harmonization
of their interests that pluralism and complexity of goals of a contemporary
corporate company is achieved. Attaining of the set goals in the radically
changed and highly competitive market environment demands to formulate
strategies based on a detailed analysis of the macroeconomic and
microeconomic environment, resources and other business potentials. It should
be noted that there have been identified three phases of competitiveness of a
country and these are as follows: factor-driven, efficiency-driven and
innovative-driven competitiveness. In its development every country should go
through competitiveness based on the supply of factors of production through
investment driven competitiveness based on the efficiency of use of available
factors of production to innovation driven competitiveness.
“Identity issues” and lines of internal divisions in Montenegro
Authors: Djukanovic Dragan
Published: January 2015

The history of Montenegro in the 20th and the early 21st century shows that
the divisions were very prominent, these including the moment when the
Kingdom of Montenegro had been created (after 1918), the period during World
War II (1941-1945) as well as the time when its state and legal position was
to be resolved. Similar lines of divisions in the Montenegrin society became
dominant again during the dissolution of former SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1999) as
well as immediately before and after the referendum on the status of the
state in 2006 concerning primarily the set of the so-called identity issues.
Those issues include the images and contents of Montenegro?s state symbols,
the official language (the Montenegrin language since 2007) and the status of
the canonically unrecognised Montenegrin Orthodox Church. At the same time,
the author points to the disagreements of political actors in Montenegro
regarding its membership in the NATO. This prevents the possibility of
achieving as broad as possible consensus on the foreign policy identity and
orientation of this country. Finally, the author concludes that it is
necessary to achieve a broad internal consensus and make a compromise in
Montenegro concerning the set of identity issues mentioned above in order to
prevent the traditional division in the society.
Validation of two conceptualizations of fragile self-esteem: Contingent high self-esteem and incongruent high self-esteem
Authors: Bodroza Bojana
Published: January 2015

The aim of this research was to validate two aspects of fragile high
self-esteem: a combination of contingent and high (explicit) self-esteem and
a combination of high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (i.e. incongruent
high self-esteem), as well as to examine the relationship between these
aspects of fragile self-esteem and narcissism. No convergence was found
between contingent high and incongruent high self-esteem. The result was
consistent regardless of the technique of measurement of implicit
self-esteem. There was a limited evidence that individuals with narcissistic
personality characteristics were characterized by high self-esteem contingent
upon competences, but not by a combination of high explicit and low implicit
self-esteem, as an aspect of fragile self-esteem. Also, individuals with low
selfesteem more contingent upon competences showed higher levels of
narcissistic characteristics than those who were not contingent in this
domain.
The effect of texture on face identification and configural information processing
Authors: Tzschaschel Eva , Persike Malte , Meinhardt-Injac Bozana
Published: January 2015

Shape and texture are an integral part of face identity. In the present
study, the importance of face texture for face identification and detection
of configural manipulation (i.e., spatial relation among facial features) was
examined by comparing grayscale face photographs (i.e., real faces) and line
drawings of the same faces. Whereas real faces provide information about
texture and shape of faces, line drawings are lacking texture cues. A
change-detection task and a forced-choice identification task were used with
both stimuli categories. Within the change detection task, participants had
to decide whether the size of the eyes of two sequentially presented faces
had changed or not. After having made this decision, three faces were shown
to the subjects and they had to identify the previously shown face among
them. Furthermore, context (full vs. cropped faces) and orientation (upright
vs. inverted) were manipulated. The results obtained in the change detection
task suggest that configural information was used in processing real faces,
while part-based and featural information was used in processing
line-drawings. Additionally, real faces were identified more accurately than
line drawings, and identification was less context but more orientation
sensitive than identification of line drawings. Taken together, the results
of the present study provide new evidence stressing the importance of face
texture for identity encoding and configural face processing.
Is the intrinsic motivation of career choice important for the later professional development of teachers?
Authors: Marusic Milica
Published: January 2015

The nature of teachers? professional choice motivation has been proved
important for the later professional development. The goal of the present
research was to determine the role of the intrinsic motivation in the
participants? decision to become teachers, as well as to establish the
importance of intrinsic motivation for their later professional development.
We have conducted a quantitative research, within a sample consisted of 118
secondary school teachers, by application of survey method (instrument?
questionnaire in the form of Likert-type scale). Statistical analysis has
consisted of: hierarchical cluster analysis, descriptive statistics, factor
analysis and rank correlation. It was established that the intrinsic
motivation takes precedence over the extrinsic motivation in the process of
professional choice determination. We have also confirmed the hypothesis
claiming that the level of intrinsic motivation correlates with the
indicators of professional behavior. Besides, the level of intrinsic
motivation is better predictor of the enthusiasm and growth then of the
career frustration (Fessler, 1995). Our results are in favor of the teacher
education system, where the candidates apply and prepare for the teacher
profession from the beginning of the initial education.
Role of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Glucocorticoid-Induced Diabetes and Osteopenia in Mice
Authors: Tamura Yukinori , Kawao Naoyuki , Yano Masato , Okada Kiyotaka , Okumoto Katsumi , Chiba Yasutaka , Matsuo Osamu , Kaji Hiroshi
Published: January 2015

Long-term use of glucocorticoids (GCs) causes numerous adverse effects, including glucose/lipid abnormalities, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. The pathogenic mechanism, however, is not completely understood. In this study, we used plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)–deficient mice to explore the role of PAI-1 in GC-induced glucose/lipid abnormalities, osteoporosis, and muscle wasting. Corticosterone markedly increased the levels of circulating PAI-1 and the PAI-1 mRNA level in the white adipose tissue of wild-type mice. PAI-1 deficiency significantly reduced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance but not hyperlipidemia induced by GC. An in vitro experiment revealed that active PAI-1 treatment inhibits insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt and glucose uptake in HepG2 hepatocytes. However, this was not observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes, indicating that PAI-1 suppressed insulin signaling in hepatocytes. PAI-1 deficiency attenuated the GC-induced bone loss presumably via inhibition of apoptosis of osteoblasts. Moreover, the PAI-1 deficiency also protected from GC-induced muscle loss. In conclusion, the current study indicated that PAI-1 is involved in GC-induced glucose metabolism abnormality, osteopenia, and muscle wasting in mice. PAI-1 may be a novel therapeutic target to mitigate the adverse effects of GC.
Imeglimin Normalizes Glucose Tolerance and Insulin Sensitivity and Improves Mitochondrial Function in Liver of a High-Fat, High-Sucrose Diet Mice Model
Authors: Vial Guillaume , Chauvin Marie-Agnès , Bendridi Nadia , Durand Annie , Meugnier Emmanuelle , Madec Anne-Marie , Bernoud-Hubac Nathalie , Pais de Barros Jean-Paul , Fontaine Éric , Acquaviva Cécile , Hallakou-Bozec Sophie , Bolze Sébastien , Vidal Hubert , Rieusset Jennifer
Published: January 2015

Imeglimin is the first in a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents currently in phase 2b development. Although imeglimin improves insulin sensitivity in humans, the molecular mechanisms are unknown. This study used a model of 16-week high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) mice to characterize its antidiabetic effects. Six-week imeglimin treatment significantly decreased glycemia, restored normal glucose tolerance, and improved insulin sensitivity without modifying organs, body weights, and food intake. This was associated with an increase in insulin-stimulated protein kinase B phosphorylation in the liver and muscle. In liver mitochondria, imeglimin redirects substrate flows in favor of complex II, as illustrated by increased respiration with succinate and by the restoration of respiration with glutamate/malate back to control levels. In addition, imeglimin inhibits complex I and restores complex III activities, suggesting an increase in fatty acid oxidation, which is supported by an increase in hepatic 3-hydroxyacetyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity and acylcarnitine profile and the reduction of liver steatosis. Imeglimin also reduces reactive oxygen species production and increases mitochondrial DNA. Finally, imeglimin effects on mitochondrial phospholipid composition could participate in the benefit of imeglimin on mitochondrial function. In conclusion, imeglimin normalizes glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by preserving mitochondrial function from oxidative stress and favoring lipid oxidation in liver of HFHSD mice.
Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate or Severe Renal Impairment: Observations From the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Trial
Authors: Udell Jacob A. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Braunwald Eugene , Cavender Matthew A. , Mosenzon Ofri , Steg Ph. Gabriel , Davidson Jaime A. , Nicolau Jose C. , Corbalan Ramon , Hirshberg Boaz , Frederich Robert , Im KyungAh , Umez-Eronini Amarachi A. , He Ping , McGuire Darren K. , Leiter Lawrence A. , Raz Itamar , Scirica Benjamin M.
Published: January 2015

OBJECTIVE

The glycemic management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and renal impairment is challenging, with few treatment options. We investigated the effect of saxagliptin in the Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (SAVOR)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 53 trial according to baseline renal function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Patients with T2DM at risk for cardiovascular events were stratified as having normal or mildly impaired renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] >50 mL/min/1.73 m2; n = 13,916), moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30–50 mL/min/1.73 m2; n = 2,240), or severe renal impairment (eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2; n = 336) and randomized to receive saxagliptin or placebo. The primary end point was cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke.

RESULTS

After a median duration of 2 years, saxagliptin neither increased nor decreased the risk of the primary and secondary composite end points compared with placebo, irrespective of renal function (all P for interactions ≥0.19). Overall, the risk of hospitalization for heart failure among the three eGFR groups of patients was 2.2% (referent), 7.4% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.38 [95% CI 1.95–2.91], P < 0.001), and 13.0% (adjusted HR 4.59 [95% CI 3.28–6.28], P < 0.001), respectively. The relative risk of hospitalization for heart failure with saxagliptin was similar (P for interaction = 0.43) in patients with eGFR >50 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 1.23 [95% CI 0.99–1.55]), eGFR 30–50 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 1.46 [95% CI 1.07–2.00]), and in patients with eGFR <30 (HR 0.94 [95% CI 0.52–1.71]). Patients with renal impairment achieved reductions in microalbuminuria with saxagliptin (P = 0.041) that were similar to those of the overall trial population.

CONCLUSIONS

Saxagliptin did not affect the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events, increased the risk of heart failure hospitalization, and reduced progressive albuminuria, irrespective of baseline renal function.
Cumulative Loads Increase at the Knee Joint With Slow-Speed Running Compared to Faster Running: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Petersen Jesper , Sørensen Henrik , Nielsen Rasmus Østergaard
Published: January 2015

Study Design

Biomechanical cross-sectional study.

Objective

To investigate the hypothesis that the cumulative load at the knee during running increases as running speed decreases.

Background

The knee joint load per stride decreases as running speed decreases. However, by decreasing running speed, the number of strides per given distance is increased. Running a given distance at a slower speed may increase the cumulative load at the knee joint compared with running the same distance at a higher speed, hence increasing the risk of running-related injuries in the knee.

Methods

Kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected from 16 recreational runners, during steady-state running with a rearfoot strike pattern at 3 different speeds (mean ± SD): 8.02 ± 0.17 km/h, 11.79 ± 0.21 km/h, and 15.78 ± 0.22 km/h. The cumulative load (cumulative impulse) over a 1000-m distance was calculated at the knee joint on the basis of a standard 3-D inverse-dynamics approach.

Results

Based on a 1000-m running distance, the cumulative load at the knee was significantly higher at a slow running speed than at a high running speed (relative difference, 80%). The mean load per stride at the knee increased significantly across all biomechanical parameters, except impulse, following an increase in running speed.

Conclusion

Slow-speed running decreases knee joint loads per stride and increases the cumulative load at the knee joint for a given running distance compared to faster running. The primary reason for the increase in cumulative load at slower speeds is an increase in number of strides needed to cover the same distance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(4):316–322. Epub 1 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5469
Fast food bears: brown bear diet in a human‐dominated landscape with intensive supplemental feeding
Authors: Kavčič Irena , Adamič Miha , Kaczensky Petra , Krofel Miha , Kobal Milan , Jerina Klemen
Published: January 2015

Distribution, quantity and quality of food resources affect the diet and several other life‐history traits of large mammals. Supplemental feeding of wildlife has high potential for influencing the behaviour and diet of opportunistic omnivores, such as bears. Supplemental feeding of brown bears Ursus arctos is a common practice in several European countries, but the effects of this controversial and expensive management measure on bear diet and behaviour are poorly understood. We analysed 714 brown bear scats collected throughout the year in three regions of Slovenia with different densities of supplemental feeding sites. Supplemental food was the most important food category in the bear diet and represented 34% of the annual estimated dietary energy content (maize: 22%, livestock carrion: 12%). The proportion of supplemental food in the diet varied with season and region, being highest in spring and in the region with the highest density of feeding sites. However, considerable seasonal changes in bear diet, despite year‐round access to supplemental food, suggest that bears prefer high‐energy natural food sources, particularly insects, fruits, and hard mast, when available. Despite high availability and use of supplemental food, human—bear conflicts are frequent in Slovenia. In addition, evidence from earlier studies suggests that changes in diet and foraging behaviour due to supplemental feeding may affect several aspects of bear biology and in some cases increase the probability of human—bear conflicts. Thus, we caution against promoting unconditional supplemental feeding as a measure to prevent or reduce human—bear conflicts.