bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Efficacy as an Intervening Mechanism between Research Training Environments and Scholarly Productivity
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Lent Robert W. , Ryan Nancy E. , McPartland Eileen B.
Published: March 2007

Recent research has found that both research training environments and self-efficacy beliefs relate to graduate students' research productivity. Although important, this research has not yet fully explored hypotheses suggesting the specific manner in which the training environment and students' self-efficacy beliefs jointly function in promoting scholarly achievements. Social cognitive formulations suggest a mediating relationship whereby effects of the research training environment on productivity operate at least partly through the intervening mechanism of students' self-efficacy beliefs. A reanalysis of data published earlier in this journal (Phillips & Russell, 1994)found support for the social cognitive mediational hypothesis and also suggested that the training environment may have a more potent influence on women's than on men's research self-efficacy and we productivity. Theoretically, these findings highlight the importance of structuring research training environments to promote greater research self-efficacy. Methodologically, they suggest alternative procedures for determining whether data should be collapsed across sex and other grouping variables in multivariate correlational research.
Factor Structure of the Research Training Environment Scale-Revised:
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey H. , Gelso Charles J.
Published: March 2007

The factor structure of the Research Training Environment Scale-Revised was examined in a sample of 270 graduate students in counseling psychology. This confirmatory factor analysis assessed the fit of a nine-factor model corresponding to the respective subscales on the measure, as well as the fit of a second-order factor structure suggested by an exploratory factor analysis of data. The second-order factor structure fit very well when conducted on manifest (i.e., observed) subscale total scores; the results were more ambiguous when first-order latent factors were included in the factor structure. The analyses suggested that an instructional dimension and an interpersonal dimension are global factors of the research training environment.
Psychogenic Dissociation in Childhood:
Authors: Richardson Lisa Frey
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature on psychogenic dissociative disorders in children is presented with the intent to highlight the unique characteristics and needs of this population. Three central issues are discussed: (a) the role of the counseling psychologist in the research, assessment (including screening instruments), and treatment of dissociatively disordered children; (b) etiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment; and (c) suggestions for future study and research. It is concluded that counseling psychologists have much to offer in the emerging field of research and treatment of dissociative disorders in children.
Multicultural Assessment:
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Li Lisa C. , Hill Carrie L.
Published: March 2007

Current suggestions for assessing clients across cultures fail to adequately aid the average practitioner This failure arises from unresolved issues and problems, interfering with the ability of most counselors and therapists to render sound clinical judgments. In response to these issues and problems, a procedure is described that sensitizes counselors to cultural data in assessment and case conceptualization. Grounded in a guiding philosophy of assessment, the Multicultural Assessment Procedure (MAP) was developed in consideration of a number of relevant critical issues. The procedure entails identifying cultural data through multiple methods of data collection, interpreting cultural data to formulate a working hypothesis, incorporating cultural data with other relevant clinical information to test the working hypothesis, and arriving at a sound (i.e., comprehensive and accurate) assessment decision. A case illustration demonstrates how to use the proposed procedure.
The Uniqueness of Rape: Reporting Assaultive Violence to the Police
Authors: Lizotte Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Is rape unique in terms of the factors that determine whether or not women will report it to the police? Or, is rape similar to other forms of assaultive violence? This research answers these questions by employing the National Crime Survey to develop models for the reporting of rape and assaults on women and men to the police. Logistic equations predicting reports to the police are developed for each type of offense. The analysis shows that unique factors determine the reporting of a rape. Additionally, the difference between reporting rape and reporting assault cannot be totally accounted for by the sex of the victim or offender. This suggests that separate explanations of rape and assault victimization are necessary. The findings in this analysis could be used to develop a policy that would increase victims' reporting of rape and assault to the police.
Executive Summary of Rand's Study, “Granting Felons Probation: Public Risks and Alternatives”
Authors: Petersilia Joan , Turner Susan , Kahan James , Peterson Joyce
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the major findings of a recent Rand study designed to discover whether felony probation presents unacceptable risks for public safety and, if so, what the system could do to overcome those risks. To this end, it sought to establish how effective probation has been for a sample of felony probationers, identify the criteria courts use to decide whether a convicted felon gets a prison or probation sentence, discover whether the prediction of recidivism could be improved, and see if the system could develop a felony sentencing alternative that poses less risk for public safety. The results show that two-thirds of those sentenced to probation in Los Angeles and Alameda, California, were rearrested during a 40-month follow-up period. We conclude that the criminal justice system needs an alternative form of punishment intermediate between prison and probation. We describe such a program that incorporates intensive surveillance with substantial community service and restitution. The article concludes with several policy and research recommendations.
Beyond Probation: Assessing the Generalizability of the Delinquency Suppression Effect Measures Reported by Murray and Cox
Authors: Lundman Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This article is a preliminary assessment of the generalizability of the delinquency suppression effect measures reported by Murray and Cox in Beyond Probation. It begins by briefly describing Murray and Cox's major findings. Attention is then directed to two previous studies for which suppression effect measures of delinquency control have been or can be calculated. The major conclusion drawn is that although institutionalization suppresses delinquency, so too do other forms of intervention.
Restitution as a Sanction in Juvenile Court
Authors: Staples William G.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, restitution has assumed increasing significance as a sanction both in the juvenile and in the criminal justice system. The purpose of this article is to examine the current trend toward utilizing restitution from a critical and historical perspective. Current restitution policies and practices are placed within the context of three major trends in justice: (1) the individualization of the juvenile court; (2) the growing concern with the victims of crime, and (3) the blurring of traditional distinctions between criminal and tort law. Restitution as a sanction is evaluated in the context of these three developments, and the contemporary form of restitution is compared with its historical predecessors.
Family Dysfunction and Female Delinquency
Authors: Rosenbaum Jill Leslie
Published: March 2007

This article examines the family backgrounds of a group of women who, as adolescents in the early 1960s, were committed to the California Youth Authority predominantly for status offenses and continued their criminal behavior into adulthood. Particular attention is paid to various measures of dysfunction, including family violence, parent-child conflict, family size, structure, and stability. Little variation existed within the various independent measures; all of the women came from dysfunctional homes. The manner in which these young women were dealt with by the Youth Authority is examined within the context of the cultural attitudes of that particular time.
California's Juvenile Probation Camps: Findings and Implications
Authors: Palmer Ted , Wedge Robert
Published: March 2007

All county juvenile probation camps operating in California in 1984 were surveyed and 2,835 randomly selected camp releases and removals were followed up for two years. Although the camps provided considerable immediate and longer-term community protection, 65% of the cohort recidivated during the follow-up and 29% were committed to state correctional institutions. However, by comparing camps with each other, several sets of camp characteristics were found to be associated with sizable reductions in recidivism and state commitment. This and related findings suggest that substantial improvements may be possible in the degree of protection camps can provide, and this has implications for the juvenile justice system as a whole. For instance, less recidivism at the county level can lead to lower state commitment rates. This, in turn, can mean less crowding in California's state institutions, less need to construct new facilities, and proportionately more funds remaining for quality programming and for alternatives to incarceration.
The Transformation of Strategies for Controlling Admissions: Professionalization and Youth Processing Organizations
Authors: Rains Prue , Teram Eli
Published: March 2007

This article presents highlights from a larger study tracing the history (1908-1984) of public policies affecting the disposition of delinquent, neglected, and emotionally disturbed anglophone youth in Montreal. The impact of these policies is examined from the vantage point of a single organization, The Boys' Farm/Shawbridge Youth Centres, and its long attempts to control the admission of clients. The analysis demonstrates how professionalization altered, masked, and legitimated organizational strategies for selecting desirable clients and warding off undesirable ones. The effectiveness of these transformed client-recruitment strategies is clearly displayed against the backdrop of earlier, balder and less successful strategies.
The Attitudes of Criminal Justice Practitioners Toward Sentencing Issues
Authors: Lein Laura , Rickards Robert , Fabelo Tony
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes and discusses attitudes toward sentencing issues gathered during telephone interviews with 124 Texas criminal court judges, district attorneys, probation chiefs, and defense lawyers. Important issues for local criminal justice officials included prison overcrowding; differences between the sentence given and time actually spent in prison; insufficient time served by repeat/serious offenders; and inconsistencies among sentences for the same crime. To varying degrees respondents supported different policy options including alternatives to prison, modifying the parole system, and mandatory sentencing guidelines.
Determinate Sentencing and the High Cost of Overblown Rhetoric: The New York Experience
Authors: Griset Pamala L.
Published: March 2007

With the advent of the national movement for determinate sentencing in the 1970s and the development of sentencing guidelines, a century of sentencing stability in the United States came to an end. This article argues that the determinate model is theoretically flawed. Using data from New York State's sentencing guidelines committee, the article examines the negative consequences of casting complex public policies in vague generalizations. The weakness of the determinate model is discussed in three aspects of guideline development: discretion and departure policy, good time and prison guard power, and rehabilitation and sentence review.
Sweeping Out Drugs and Crime: Residents' Views of the Chicago Housing Authority's Public Housing Drug Elimination Program
Authors: Popkin Susan J. , Olson Lynn M. , Lurigio Arthur J. , Gwiasda Victoria E. , Carter Ruth G.
Published: March 2007

Crime and disorder have been prevalent in public housing developments since the 1960s. Various attempts, ranging from physical design modifications to intensive law enforcement strategies, have been made to combat these problems. The Chicago Housing Authority's Public Housing Drug Elimination Program (PHDEP), an extensive anticrime initiative, involves sweeping buildings for drugs and weapons, improving security, removing unauthorized tenants, responding to residents' needs for services and maintenance, and implementing drug prevention and intervention programs. This study surveyed respondents' perceptions of PHDEP's effects on drugs and crime in two housing developments chosen for their preexisting differences in crime rates and population stability. Overall, respondents in the better organized development reported more favorable perceptions of PHDEP's impact. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and public policy.
Prevalence and Circumstances of Drug Injection at Los Angeles Shooting Galleries
Authors: Longshore Douglas
Published: March 2007

This study estimates the prevalence of drug injection at shooting galleries in Los Angeles and describes their characteristics. Data indicate that 23% of local drug injectors went to a gallery during the year before their interview and that drug use at shooting galleries may have been underestimated in other studies. “Dirty works” are commonly shared in Los Angeles galleries, and gallery access is not limited to people who know each other. However, galleries in the eastern and western United States appear to differ in their scale of operation, that is, the number of users who visit them on a given day.
Police and Correctional Use of Force: Legal and Policy Standards and Implications
Authors: Walker Jeffery T.
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, the police use of deadly force against nonviolent felons began to be questioned. This critical examination culminated in the decision in Tennessee v. Garner, which ruled that the police could use deadly force only in certain life-threatening situations. However, a decade after Garner, there are few limitations on the use of deadly force by correctional officers in situations where prisoners are attempting to escape. This article compares correctional deadly force policies and practices with current standards governing police use of deadly force. Court actions that might limit such practices and the potential consequences of not adopting more restrictive policies prior to court intervention are discussed.
Community Policing: Where are We Now?
Authors: Zhao Jihong , Thurman Quint C.
Published: March 2007

Data from a national survey of police departments are presented to explore the progression of American policing from a traditional orientation to a community policing model. Despite widespread support for the idea of community policing and its service-centered orientation, the authors' findings suggest that crime control remains the primary mission of most police agencies. We infer from these data that the demonstrable transition of police agencies from a professional model to a community policing one typically is moving at an evolutionary pace rather than a revolutionary one in most places.
Sentence Completion and Recidivism among Juveniles Referred to Teen Courts
Authors: Minor Kevin I. , Wells James B. , Soderstrom Irina R. , Bingham Rachel , Williamson Deborah
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on sentence completion and recidivism of juveniles referred to teen courts for disposition by their peers as an alternative to judicial sentencing. More than 70 percent of the referrals completed their sentences, and just less than a third recidivated over a 1-year follow-up. In multivariate models, sentence completion was significantly less likely among persons sentenced to community service, and recidivism was significantly higher among juveniles with prior records and those who were sentenced to curfews. The findings imply the need for teen courts to be guided by sound program development efforts that are based on research so that they may circumvent the panacea phenomenon.
The Question of Women in Islamic Revivalism in Turkey: A Review of the Islamic Press
Authors: Gül Songül Sallan , Gül Hüseyin
Published: March 2007

The article first presents a comparative theoretical background with regard to social conservatism and the religious right, and their historical development. Then, a review of the study's selected Turkish Islamic publications is given. The analysis includes three Islamic magazines ( Kadin ve Aile [Woman and Family], Mektup [Letter] and Tevhid [Unity]) and an Islamic newspaper ( Zaman [Time]). The four publications are reviewed in terms of their approach to the role of women in public and private life, westernization and secularism. The study also specifically aims at examining how the Islamic press sees the role of women in the Islamic movement. Our analysis reveals that the Islamic press in Turkey promotes a return to the essence of Islam even though the Islamic publications selected do not necessarily agree on the components of an Islamic social order and norms. The Islamic press also attempts to provide a theoretical or ideological base for the Islamic movement, to increase Turkish women's consciousness of Islam and expand the number of propagators of Islam. Moreover, the results of this study suggest that the Islamic press seems to be united in resisting modernist and secular values and institutions as well as western cultural influence on Turkish society. In this attempt, the selected Islamic publications place woman at the centre of their arguments to symbolize their opposition to the Kemalist view of women. Yet, this accordance weakens somewhat when it comes to the `question of women'. In particular, some female columnists seem to tolerate more freedom for women in public and private life, and argue against paternalistic practices.
`Save the Earth' or `Manage the Earth'? The Politics of Environmental Globality in High Modernity
Authors: de Paiva Duarte Fernanda
Published: March 2007

This article explores Roland Robertson's formulations on globality - or consciousness of the world as a single place - within the context of contemporary environmental politics. For the purpose of this analysis, two kinds of environmental globality are proposed, namely, `ecocentric globality' and `instrumental globality' which are deployed in two types of environmental discourses, associated with two different philosophical and epistemological traditions. Whereas ecocentric globality is based on a romantic construction of the Earth as a living being, and stresses a moral obligation to protect it for its own value, instrumental globality conceives the planet as a system of resources, to be utilized for the maintenance of consumer culture - to ensure the long-term survival of the industrial mode of production. The author's key contention is that, as the global economy becomes more integrated and discourses of developmentalism and economic rationalism more pervasive in high modernity, instrumental globality becomes the dominant form of globality in environmental politics.
Racial Politics and the Elusive Quest for Excellence and Equity in Education
Authors: Noguera Pedro A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the factors that influence the development of educational policies and practices designed to ameliorate the achievement gap in relatively affluent school districts. To provide a context for understanding the issues surrounding efforts to promote educational equity, the article begins by describing initiatives undertaken by schools in the recently established Minority Student Achievement Network (MSAN). The remainder of the article draws on research collected from a 4-year study carried out at Berkeley High School (BHS) to illustrate how racial disparities in academic outcomes are influenced by the structure of opportunity within schools and how efforts to address inequities often become politicized. The goal is to use the case of BHS to show how political factors complicate efforts to reduce racial disparities in student achievement and to make it clear why political strategies, rather than educational strategies alone, are needed to respond to the racial achievement gap.
Revisiting Paradigms in Black Education
Authors: Byndloss D. Crystal
Published: March 2007

This article is drawn from a larger case study analysis of Black mobilization around community control of schools in New York City and Black support of African American immersion schools in Milwaukee. The study examines how sociopolitical context influenced the two Black urban school districts to pursue school reform models that used persistent segregation as the center-piece for reform. The study reveals that using an all-Black setting as a foundation for school reform presents challenges that can threaten the intended reform. It is concluded that despite potential challenges, if residential patterns and demographic changes continue to undermine integration efforts, then racially relevant alternatives that build on tenets of Black nationalism and Afrocentricity will find a broader audience in urban school districts eager to find remedies to address the problems associated with persistent segregation.
Urban Secondary School Leadership
Authors: Reed Rodney J.
Published: March 2007

In order for positive change to occur in schools, for there to be a healthy, supportive school climate in which a full range of opportunities for all students can be developed, nurtured, and sustained, and in which effective teaching and learning will occur, we must have outstanding school leaders-leaders who are knowledgeable and skilled in areas pertaining to curriculum and instruction, supervision and evaluation, group dynamics, motivation, communication, conflict resolution, problem-solving and decision-making, and school-community relations; who set high standards and expectations for students and staff; who inspire others to be the best they are capable of being; and who demonstrate respect for others and themselves.
Unsettled Moments in Settled Discourse: Women Superintendents’ Experiences of Inequality
Authors: Brunner C. Cryss
Published: March 2007

In this article, the discourse of 12 women superintendents is examined with the expressed aim of determining if patterns in their talk about their superintendency experiences contain events or episodes of inequality. The study’s examination is guided by an adaptation of Swindler’s theory of “settled” and “unsettled” social periods. Qualitative inquiry and analysis methods are used to identify emerging themes or topics of talk. Five topics of talk emerge from the narrative data: power, silence, style, responsibility, and people. Each of these topics is examined for settled and unsettled properties and further analyzed using the lenses of Chase and Bell’s identified strategies to discover how the women treat their experiences of inequality in their discourse.
Flukes, Opportunities, and Planned Interventions: Factors Affecting Women’s Decisions to become School Administrators
Authors: Young Michelle D. , McLeod Scott
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of an exploratory study of women in educational administration that focused on women’s decisions to enter educational administration. Findings suggest that the career aspirations of women who ultimately enter the field of educational administration are intricately related to their career commitments, positional goals, and leadership orientations. Furthermore, although women who go into administration may have personal characteristics that set them apart from women who do not, it also appears that at least three factors greatly affect women’s entrance into administration: their administrative role models, their exposure to transformative leadership styles, and the endorsements and/or support that they receive.
Academic Personnel Policies and Student Environmental Perceptions
Authors: Hendrix Vernon L.
Published: March 2007

Professor Hendrix posits a relationship between personnel policies relat ing to college faculty rank, tenure, and evaluation and student percep tions of the college environment, and reports his study in the junior colleges of California in support of this hypothesis. He is assistant pro fessor in the Department of Education at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Growth, Stability, and Decline in American College and University Enrollments
Authors: Zammuto Raymond F.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of growth, stability, and decline in college and university enrollments during the 1970s is examined. The results show that variations in growth, stability, and decline are related to institutional type and control. A numbe rof institutional and environmentalfactors are discussed in an effort to explain the observed dynamics.
Predicting Succession Under Conditions of Enrollment Decline
Authors: Berger Michael A.
Published: March 2007

A case survey method was used to investigate superintendent succession under conditions of declining enrollments in school districts. Variables related to the three possible explanations of succession were explored relative to succession and nonsuccession in 56 districts. Support was found for thegeneral explanations and speciflc variables as predictors, with superintendent relations with the board and communities emerging as the strongest predictors of succession.
On Being and Becoming an Educational Administrator: Some Methodological Issues
Authors: Macpherson R. J.S.
Published: March 2007

This article draws on the theory and the methodology of recently completed research in an attempt to encourage departures from observational studies in the Mintzberg style. It argues for another approach to the interpretation of action: for one that begins with the existential meanings of an adminstrator and is cognizant over time of how the administrator's changing relationship with his or her position and context is in turn relative to (and embedded in) wider "host"structures. In short, an existential and ethnographic approach is advocated in understanding what is termed the being and becoming of an educational administrator.
The Moral Socialization of School Administrators: Informal Role Learning Outcomes
Authors: Greenfield William D.
Published: March 2007

The study of administrator preparation programs, processes, and associated outcomes has proceeded in a theoretical vacuum, and has focused primarily on technical knowledge and skill associated with the school administrator's role. This article presents a theoretical framework for the study of preparation practices and outcomes, and discusses the moral socialization of school administrators, a neglected but critical dimension of administrator preparation.
Elementary School Climate: A Revision of the OCDQ
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Clover Sharon I. R.
Published: March 2007

The Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire is evaluated and refined in light of an investigation of the construct, organizational climate. The authors outline the development and testing of the revised instrument and report the empirical data collected in this process.
Values and Decision Making in Educational Administration
Authors: Lakomski Gabriele
Published: March 2007

The argument for the primacy of subjective values in educational administration is increasingly gaining prominence. Of concern is the argument's central claim that attention to subjective values can overcome the perceived irrelevance of scientific administration and organization theory and help us make better decisions. There are at least two reasons why the "case for values" does not succeed. First, the conception of subjective values presented as a viable alternative is identical with that of positivists such as Weber and Simon. Second, the notion of noncognitive and subjective values itself is incoherent and does not allow for judgment between values. If we are interested in making better decisions, then we are ill-advised to embrace subjective values that are devoid of empirical content, but attend to the positivist assumptions that shore up the distinction between "values "and "science" in educational administration.
The Distribution of Salary Increments and its Effect on Teacher Retention
Authors: Jacobson Stephen L.
Published: March 2007

Using personnel files provided by the State Education Department of New York, I examined and compared teacher retention rates from 1974 through 1984 in school districts that used alternative practices of internal salary distribution. A total of 57 school districts from two regions of the state were included in the study. I categorized them on the basis of changes from 1974 to 1984 in the relative attractiveness of salaries offered entry-level, midcareer, and senior teachers. Although the data revealed positive correlations between district retention rates and salary improvements in both regions, I also found regional and gender-related differences in teacher labor market behavior.
Stress and Illness Behavior among Urban Public School Teachers
Authors: Dworkin Anthony Gary , Haney C. Allen , Dworkin Rosalind J. , Telschow Ruth L.
Published: March 2007

Using a sample of 291 respondents from a teachers' union in a large urban district, this study tested a series of hypotheses concerning the relationships among job stress associated with teaching, stress-induced illness behavior, and social support by principals and co-workers. Illness increases as job stress increases, except that teachers assigned to schools where the principal is seen as supportive are significantly less likely to report stress-induced illness behavior than teachers in schools where the principal is seen as unsupportive. Supportive co-workers have no effect upon stress-induced illness behavior, nor is there a statistical interaction effect between principals and co-workers. Policy implications for reducing illness and absenteeism are noted.
Educational Reforms can Reproduce Societal Inequities: A Case Study
Authors: Scheurich James Joseph , Imber Michael
Published: March 2007

Although critical theorists in educational administration have recently contended that administrative practices play an important role in the reproduction of societal inequities, little research has been done to show how this actually occurs in schools. This article addresses that lack by reporting a case study illustrating how one school district's reform efforts replicate the unequal distribution of knowledge, power, and resources by race and class that often occurs in society. The article begins with a critical discussion of the three dominant paradigms in educational organization change theory -functionalism, culturalism, and critical theory -and ends with practical suggestions about how the school district could have more equitably proceeded with its reform efforts.
Indirect Instructional Leadership: An Administrator's Choice
Authors: Kleine-Kracht Sister Paula
Published: March 2007

This article investigates indirect instructional leadership as demonstrated by a secondary principal. Using data from a qualitative study of high school principals, the article presents organizational factors that enhance the principal's ability to exert an indirect rather than direct influence on instruction. Also considered is the potential importance of indirect leadership behaviors for restructured school settings.
Science and Theory in the Practice of Educational Administration: A Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: Hoy Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

Science is a dynamic process; its basic goal is to develop theory. Theories are abstract, general explanations which are not strictly true orfalse but, rather, useful or not. Such theories in educational administration are those that help administrators solve the problems of practice; hence theoretical perspectives in educational administration must be open, fluid, and pluralistic. Although administrators ground their knowledge in problem-solving experiences, experience is contextual and conclusions are contingent and probabilistic. Today ' propositions should remain open to inquiry and be subject to revision in light of new evidence. Above all, reflective administrative practice is rational, systematic, and reasonable and avoids all dogma that inhibits inquiry.
Psychometrics is Datametrics: the Test is not Reliable
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Vacha-Haase Tammi
Published: March 2007

The present article responds to selected criticisms of some EPM editorial policies and Vacha-Haase’s “reliability generalization” meta-analytic methods. However, the treatment is more broadly a manifesto regarding the nature of score reliability and what are reasonable expectations for psychometric reporting practices in substantive inquiries. The consequences of misunderstandings of score reliability are explored. It is suggested that paradigmatic misconceptions regarding psychometric issues feed into a spiral of presumptions that measurement training is unnecessary for doctoral students, which then in turn further reinforces misunderstandings of score integrity issues.
The Kuder Ois and Rankings of Vocational Preference
Authors: Sterne David M.
Published: March 2007

Kuder OIS scores of hospitalized veterans were compared with their preferential rankings of the 77 OIS occupations. Low intercorrelation was found though test-retest reliabilities were .93 and .76 respectively. OIS responses tended to resemble those of construction and skilled trades workers and differ from those of men employed in artistic, verbal-linguistic, and social service and psychologically-oriented occupations. Professional occupations related to construction and skilled trades received highest ranking.
Comparison of Self-Actualization Levels and Adjustment Scores of Incarcerated Male Felons
Authors: Mattocks Arthur L. , Jew Charles C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to test whether persons who score high on the POI (Personal Orientation Inventory) test of self-actualization (Shostrom, 1966) is correlated with the "well-adjusted person" defined by the Q-Sort Adjustment Scale developed by Dymond (1954). POI profiles of male prisoners who participated in group psychotherapy in a correctional psychiatric institution were studied. A group of 25 high self-actualizing inmates and a group of 31 low self-actualizing inmates were selected for comparison in terms of the Dymond Q-Sort Adjustment Scale. Results indicate that inmates who were higher in POI self-actualization also score significantly higher on their Q-Sort adjustment than those who scored low on self-actualization. Thus, the study provides evidence of conceptual consistency between the concept of a well-adjusted individual and the concept of self-actualization. That is, the higher the level of self-actualization, the better the adjustment; the lower the level of self-actualization, the poorer the adjustment.
An Ordering Theoretic Method of Multidimensional Scaling of Items
Authors: Krus David J. , Bart William M.
Published: March 2007

A method for the multidimensional scaling of dichotomous item data is presented which is derived from ordering theory. This method is related to the methodological multivariate extension of Guttman's scalogram analysis developed by Coombs and his students. An example is provided and comparison is provided between the data analytic results of the ordering theoretic method and those of the method of Coombs and his students for their conjunctive model. Some relationships of this method to conventional psychometric data analytic procedures are discussed.
Toward a Factor Analytic Definition of Academic Relevance
Authors: Permut Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Lacking a generally systematic understanding of the concept or meaning of "educational relevance," Menges and Trumpeter (1971) suggested one approach for empirically exploring the basic factor analytic structure of students' responses to 10 concepts normally covered in undergraduate psychology courses. In an attempt to replicate and extend their approach, the present study examined the underlying factor structure of 10 concepts rated by 67 students enrolled in an introductory advertising course. Dimensions of relevance were found to conform to the results reported by Menges and Trumpeter, suggesting the potential for a university of basic dimensions of educational relevance across diverse fields of learning.
Convergent and Divergent Measurement of Creativity in Children
Authors: Ward William C.
Published: March 2007

Fourth through sixth grade children were given two types of creativity measures—divergent measures in which the child named all the ideas he could that met a simple requirement, and convergent measures, adaptations of Mednick's Remote Associates Test, in which he attempted to find one word that was associatively related to each of three others. Divergent and convergent measures shared little variance, and the latter were strongly correlated with IQ and achievement. Moreover, convergent items requiring production of the correct association were strongly related to items requiring only recognition. It was argued that in children Remote Associates performance depends on individual differences other than the size of the associative repertoire.
A Method for Hierarchical Clustering of a Matrix of a Thousand By a Thousand 1
Authors: Mcquitty Louis L. , Koch Valerie L.
Published: March 2007

Most hierarchical clustering methods are limited to relatively small matrices. On the other hand, if personality types exist, there are probably many of them. Consequently, a method is needed for clustering hierarchically the interrelationships between many persons, as represented in a matrix of a thousand by a thousand. This paper develops and illustrates such a method.
Obtaining Paired Comparisons Data from Multiple Rank Orders Using Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs
Authors: Straton Ralph G.
Published: March 2007

Complete paired comparisons data was obtained by the method of multiple rank order (MRO) in the context of gathering rank order preferences of grade six students, their parents, and their teachers for instructional objectives. Partially balanced incomplete block designs with two associate classes were used in the M RO instruments instead of the usual balanced incomplete block designs.

The use of partially balanced designs may yield several benefits to a researcher including a reduction in the number of blocks of stimuli to be ranked, a measure of the internal consistency of subject's choices, and a concentration of experimental effort upon comparisons of the most critical stimulus pairs. The benefits and the associated costs of using these designs are discussed in the light of the data obtained in the study.

It is recommended that whenever rank orders or paired comparisons data is called for in a study that serious consideration be given to the use of the MRO method. Furthermore, it is suggested that the overall purposes of a study may best be served by the use of a partially balanced rather than a balanced incomplete block design in the MRO method.
Interord: a Computer-Interactive Fortran Iv Program for Developing Simple Orders
Authors: Kehoe Jerard F. , Cliff Norman
Published: March 2007

INTERORD, a computer-interactive FORTRAN IV program for developing simple orders on a set of objects, is described. INTERORD executes in the interactive mode by presenting pairs to be judged at a remote terminal. The respondent at the terminal judges which one of the objects dominates the other. INTERORD utilizes the observed dominance relations to determine which additional relations are implied by the transitivity principle. Since pairs not implied are presented for judgment, a substantial reduction occurs in the number of judgments required in the pair comparisons procedure.
Distinguishing Blanks from Zeros in Fortran on the IBM 360 Computer
Authors: Jaspen Nathan
Published: March 2007

A method is presented for distinguishing between blank fields and zeros in FORTRAN programs written for the 360 Computer. The method utilizes the T notation.
Structure of Academic Attitudes and Study Habits
Authors: Khan S.B. , Roberts Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

SSHA was administered to a total of 846 students. Their responses were analyzed to test the a priori classification of items into DA, WM, TA, and EA scales and to test the hierarchical structure of the scales. Transformations of the initial factor matrix to varimax and congruence to a hypothesized structure supported the classification of items into DA, WM, and TA scales but not the EA scale. The higher-order factoring of the inital factor-intercorrelations revealed a two-stage hierarchical structure. Implications for students' counselling are discussed.
High School Type, Sex, and Socio-Economic Factors as Predictors of the Academ Ic Achievement of University Students
Authors: McDonald John F. , McPherson Michael S.
Published: March 2007

Grade point average was predicted for a sample of 152 students in Principles of Economics classes at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. It was shown that knowledge of high school type, sex, number of credit hours taken, and perhaps dollar value of scholarships and number of hours of outside work could significantly increase the ability to predict grades beyond that accomplished through using rank in high school class and American College Testing Program (ACT) Composite Score.
Iteman: An Item Analysis Program for Tests, Questionnaires, and Scales
Authors: Berk Ronald A. , Griesemer H. Alan
Published: March 2007

ITEMAN is a comprehensive item and test/scale analysis program. Special features include recoding of item responses, acceptance of card or tape input from optical scoring machines, and analysis of scales with up to 10 response alternatives. The program can be executed with as few as three control cards. The output provides item statistics, test/scale statistics, a frequency distribution and histogram, and item response analysis. Written in ANSI FORTRAN, the program is compatible with machines such as the IBM 360/70, UNIVAC 1108, and CDC 6600. ITEMAN will accommodate a test with up to 300 items divided into 50 subtests. The number of cases is restricted to 99,999.
The Incorrect Measurement of Components
Authors: Halperin Silas
Published: March 2007

Component analysis provides an attractive alternative to factor analysis, since component scores are easily determined while factor scores can only be estimated. Although the literature contains methods of finding component scores, intuitively reasonable but incorrect methods are commonly used to calculate component scores. This paper presents not only the correct method of determining component scores but, more importantly, also presents several illustrations of how commonly used incorrect methods distort the meaning of the component solution.
The Factorial Structure of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test
Authors: Heinz Wiedl Karl , Carlson Jerry S.
Published: March 2007

The Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test was administered to 180 first, second, and third grade children. Factor analysis revealed three orthogonal factors. They were interpreted as (1) concrete and abstract reasoning, (2) continuous and discrete pattern completion, and (3) pattern completion through closure. The results were discussed in context of the dimensions of the test which Raven and others have described. The issue of the relationship of item difficulty to the internal structure of the test was discussed as well as age-related differences of performance on the single factors.
TGDA: Nonparametric Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Pohl Norval F. , Bruno Albert V.
Published: March 2007

A computer program for two-group nonparametric discriminant analysis is described here. Based on Bayes' Theorem for probability revision, the statistical rationale for this program makes use of the calculation of maximum likelihood estimates of group membership. A unique feature of the program is the comparison of the classificatory ability of the Bayesian procedure relative to that of the standard Linear Discriminant Function.
The Validity of Student Evaluations of Objective Test Items
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B. , Early Kincaid , Garland T. Neal
Published: March 2007

This study has used the correlation between student ratings of multiple-choice items and the point biserial correlation between the item responses and the total test score as a measure of the validity of student ratings of objective test items. Results show students are unable to distinguish discriminating multiple-choice items from non-discriminating items. However, students with knowledge of the subject area were able to distinguish discriminating items at a statistically significant level.
Concurrent Prediction of Dropout and Grade of Withdrawal
Authors: Lloyd Dee Norman
Published: March 2007

A multiple regression was used to predict the grade in which 307 male and 200 female secondary school dropouts would leave school. Predictors were twenty measures derived from sixth-grade school records. Results indicated that a combination of four measures would significantly predict grade of dropout two to six years in advance of the time students left school. Comparison of results with measures previously found to differentiate dropouts from graduates showed considerable overlap in the prediction of (a) grade of dropout and (b) the outcome of high school dropout vs. graduation. It was concluded that the more inclusive concept, level of educational attainment, can account for both the differences between dropouts and high school graduates and the differences between dropouts who leave at different points in their secondary school education.
Estimation of the Invariance of Factor Structures Across Sex and Race with Implications for Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Katzenmeyer W.G. , Stenner A. Jackson
Published: March 2007

The problem of demonstrating the invariance of factor structures across criterion groups is addressed. Procedures are outlined which combine the replication of factor structures across four sex-race groups with the use of the coefficient of invariance to demonstrate the level of invariance associated with the factors identified in a self concept measure (the Self Observation Scales, Intermediate Form A). Implications for hypothesis testing are discussed.
A Study of the Concurrent Validity of the Career Maturity Inventory
Authors: Neely Margery A. , Hanna Gerald S.
Published: March 2007

The concurrent validity of the Career Maturity Inventory with two other instruments was investigated for a sample of ninth-grade boys and girls. Some tentative implications concerning construct validity were drawn.
Handling "Tied Items" When Using Lu's Method of Reliability Estimation
Authors: Huck Schuyler W.
Published: March 2007

Based upon the belief that examinee-by-item interaction should be conceptualized as true score variability rather than as a result of errors of measurement, Lu (1971) proposed a modification of Hoyt's analysis of variance reliability procedure. Although Lu claims that his approach is free from the "impurities" and "entanglements" inherent in Hoyt's procedure, it is shown that Lu's method itself does not yield a unique solution when the test contains a subset of items which are of equal difficulty level. Following a numerical example which points out the arbitrariness of Lu's procedure, a solution to the problem is presented.
The Relationship of Cognitive Abilities Scores with Social Studies Achievement
Authors: Lewis John , Todd Robert
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 219 elementary school pupils in the fifth grade, intercorrelations were investigated among four subtest measures: (a) Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT)—Social Studies, (b) Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT)—Verbal, (c) CAT—Quantitative, and (d) CAT—Non—Verbal. The CAT Verbal score yielded the highest correlation of .73 with the MAT measure.