bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rare Cancer Network: Achievements from 1993 to 2012
Authors: Patel Ajaykumar , Ozsahin Mahmut , Mirimanoff Rene-Olivier , Bhatia Sumita , Chang Kenneth , Miller Robert Clell
Published: September 2012

The Rare Cancer Network (RCN), founded in 1993, performs research involving rare tumors that are not common enough to be the focus of prospective study. Over 55 studies have either been completed or are in progress.

The aim of the paper is to present an overview of the 30 studies done through the RCN to date, organized by disease site. Five studies focus on breast pathology, including sarcoma, lymphoma, phyllodes tumor, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and ductal carcinoma in situ in young women. Three studies on prostate cancer address prostatic small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of young and elderly patients. Six studies on head and neck cancers include orbital and intraocular lymphoma, mucosal melanoma, pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma, olfactory neuroblastoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary glands. There were 4 central nervous system studies on patients with cerebellar glioblastoma multiforme, atypical and malignant meningioma, spinal epidural lymphoma and myxopapillary ependymoma. Outside of these disease sites, there is a wide variety of other studies on tumors ranging from uterine leiomyosarcoma to giant cell tumors of the bone. The studies done by the RCN represent a wide range of rare pathologies that were previously only studied in small series or case reports. With further growth of the RCN and collaboration between members our ability to analyze rare tumors will increase and result in better understanding of their behavior and ultimately help direct research that may improve patient outcomes.
Landslide susceptibility map of Canada
Authors: Bobrowsky P T , Dominguez M J
Published: September 2012

Landslides are especially damaging in Canada and despite their extensive occurrence, the exact location of instability depends on several factors and is therefore not homogeneous across the country. The 1:6 million scale landslide susceptibility map of Canada
presented here is a first approximation for those individuals interested in pursuing more detailed investigations. The map has been constructed based primarily on GIS, by considering digital layers of relevant national information including: slope angle, aspect, precipitation, permafrost, surficial
geology, vegetation, distance to rivers, distance to coast (lakes and oceans) and bedrock lithology. These variables have been categorized into several classes depending on their greater or lesser favourability to influence slope instabilities. The values assigned to each class are not equal for the
whole country and vary depending on the region considered (Canadian Shield, Hudson Bay Lowlands, or the remaining area). Broad patterns in slope instability are apparent at the national scale.
Moses, Elijah, and Jesus: Reflections on the basic structures of the Bible
Authors: Van de Beek Abraham
Published: September 2012

This article deals with the end of the lives of Moses and Elijah as the representatives of the Torah and the Prophets. Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, and Elijah left it before he was taken up. These events are interpreted as indicating that the Law is not able to bring the people into the Promised Land and that the Prophets cannot keep them there. The end of Moses’ life is also the end of the Torah. The Prophets end with the call for a new Elijah. The Ketubim, as the human response on God’s acting, do not better. The Hebrew Bible ends with the exile. The New Testament begins where the Prophets end: a new Elijah, in the person of John the Baptist. He works at exactly the place where Israel entered the land after Moses’ death and where Elijah left the land. It is a reprise of the fulfilment of the promise. John points to Jesus, who begins his work at this place, not going on dry feet through the Jordan River,but fulfilling all righteousness when drawn into the water of God’s judgement. Then the way to the land is open to Moses and Elijah in the glory of God on the Mount of Transfiguration, when they speak about the exodus of Jesus on the cross. Salvation is not in the law or in conversion but in being baptised into Christ in his death.  Moses, Elia en Jesus: Oorwegings oor die fundamentele strukture van die Bybel. Hierdie artikel gaan oor die einde van die lewes van Moses en Elia as die personifikasies van die Torah en die profete. Moses is verhinder om in die beloofde land in te gaan en Elijah moes dit verlaat voordat hy hemel toe gegaan het. Hierdie gebeurtenisse word so geïnterpreteer dat die Wet die volk nie in die beloofde land kan bring nie, en dat die profete hulle nie daar kan hou nie. Die einde van die lewe van Moses is ook die einde van die Torah. Die profete eindig met die oproep vir ’n nuwe Elia. Die Ketubim as die menslike antwoord op God se dade doen nie beter nie. Die Hebreeuse Bybel eindig in die ballingskap. Die Nuwe Testament begin daar waar die profete eindig: ’n nuwe Elia, in die persoon van Johannes die Doper. Hy werk op presies daardie plek waar Israel na Moses se dood die land ingekom het en waar Elia dit verlaat het. Daar is ’n terugkeer na die vervulling van die belofte. Johannes wys na Jesus wat sy werk op hierdie plek begin. Hy gaan nie droogvoet deur die Jordaan nie maar gaan onder in die water van God se oordeel om alle geregtigheid te vervul. Dan is die pad na die land oop vir Moses en Elia en verskyn hulle in die glorie van God op die berg van die verheerliking, waar hulle met Jesus oor sy exodus aan die kruis praat. Redding is nie in die Wet of in bekering nie maar deurdat ’n mens gedoop word in die dood van Christus.
Depressed, not depressed or unsure: Prevalence and the relation to well-being across sectors in South Africa
Authors: Welthagen Christa , Els Crizelle
Published: September 2012

Orientation: Work engagement, burnout and stress-related ill health levels of individuals, suffering from depression, who are unsure whether or not they suffer from depression, or who do not suffer from depression, have not been investigated in South Africa.Research purpose: The main objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of depression amongst employees in South African organisations and the relationship of depression with specific well-being constructs.Motivation for the study: Organisations should know about the prevalence of depression and the effects this could have on specific well-being constructs.Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional design was followed. The availability sample (n = 15 664) included participants from diverse demographics. The South African Employee Health and Wellness Survey was followed to measure constructs.Main findings: The results showed that 18.3% of the population currently receive treatment for depression, 16.7% are unsure whether or not they suffer from depression and 65% do not suffer from depression. Depression significantly affects the levels of work engagement, burnout and the occurrence of stress-related ill health symptoms.Practical/managerial implications: This study makes organisations aware of the relationship between depression and employee work-related well-being. Proactive measures to promote the work-related well-being of employees, and to support employees suffering from depression, should be considered.Contribution/value-add: This study provides insight into the prevalence of depression and well-being differences that exist between individuals, suffering from depression, who are unsure whether or not they suffer from depression, and who do not suffer from depression.
Clinical Profile of Concurrent Dengue Fever and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: Case Series of 11 Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Magalhães Belisa M. L. , Alexandre Márcia A. A. , Siqueira André M. , Melo Gisely C. , Gimaque João B. L. , Bastos Michele S. , Figueiredo Regina M. P. , Carvalho Ricardo C. , Tavares Michel A. , Naveca Felipe G. , Alonso Pedro , Bassat Quique , Lacerda Marcus V. G. , Mourão Maria P. G.
Published: October 2012

Malaria and dengue fever are the most prevalent vector-borne diseases worldwide. This study aims to describe the clinical profile of patients with molecular diagnosis of concurrent malaria and dengue fever in a tropical-endemic area. Eleven patients with concurrent dengue virus (DENV) and Plasmodium vivax infection are reported. Similar frequencies of DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 were found, including DENV-3/DENV-4 co-infection. In eight patients, the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for severe malaria could be fulfilled (jaundice being the most common). Only one patient met severe dengue criteria, but warning signs were present in 10. Syndromic surveillance systems must be ready to identify this condition to avoid misinterpretation of severity attributed to a single disease.
Contribution of garbage burning to chloride and PM2.5 in Mexico City
Authors: Li G. , Lei W. , Bei N. , Molina L. T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The contribution of garbage burning (GB) emissions to chloride and PM2.5 in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) has been investigated for the period of 24 to 29 March during the MILAGRO-2006 campaign using the WRF-CHEM model. When the MCMA 2006 official emission inventory without biomass burning is used in the simulations, the WRF-CHEM model significantly underestimates the observed particulate chloride in the urban and the suburban areas. The inclusion of GB emissions substantially improves the simulations of particulate chloride; GB contributes more than 60% of the observation, indicating that it is a major source of particulate chloride in Mexico City. GB yields up to 3 pbb HCl at the ground level in the city, which is mainly caused by the burning of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the garbage. GB is also an important source of PM2.5, contributing about 3–30% simulated PM2.5 mass on average. More modeling work is needed to evaluate the GB contribution to hazardous air toxics, such as dioxin, which is found to be released at high level from PVC burning in laboratory experiments.
Multiple daytime nucleation events in semi-clean savannah and industrial environments in South Africa: implications of the driving factors
Authors: Hirsikko A. , Vakkari V. , Tiitta P. , Hatakka J. , Kerminen V.-M. , Sundström A.-M. , Beukes J. P. , Manninen H. E. , Kulmala M. , Laakso L.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Two or three consecutive daytime nucleation events followed by subsequent growth were observed in a polluted industrial and moderately-polluted rural environment in South Africa on 108 and 31 days, respectively, based on two years of measurement at each site. In order to describe and understand these observations we analysed particle size distribution data together with air mass back-trajectories, forecasts of the atmospheric mixing layer evolution as well as trace gas and meteorological data. After rejecting days having notably changing air mass origin and wind directions, we were able to investigate selected nucleation events affected by temporal changes in air from specific origins. As a result of our analysis, we propose that the first nucleation and growth event of the day was driven by mixing of a residual layer rich with SO2, oxidized to sulphuric acid, into the surface coupled boundary layer. The second event of the day started usually before midday and was sometimes associated with SO2 emissions from the industrial origin. However, our analysis indicates that also vapours other than sulphuric acid, most likely oxidation products of biogenic organic vapours, seem to be required to initiate and sustain especially the second event. We demonstrate that analysis of multiple nucleation events during a single day offers a new way to investigate the factors driving atmospheric nucleation.
Data expansion: the potential of grey literature for understanding floods
Authors: Uhlemann S. , Bertelmann R. , Merz B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Sophisticated methods have been developed and become standard in analysing floods as well as for assessing the flood risk. However, increasingly critique of the current standards and scientific practice can be found both in the flood hydrology community as well as in the risk community who argue that the considerable amount of information already available on natural disasters has not been adequately deployed and brought to effective use. We describe this phenomenon as a failure to synthesize knowledge that results from barriers and ignorance in awareness, use and management of the entire spectrum of relevant content, that is, data, information and knowledge. In this paper we argue that the scientific community in flood risk research ignores event specific analysis and documentations as another source of data. We present results from a systematic search that includes an intensive study on sources and ways of information dissemination of flood relevant publications. We obtain 183 documents that contain information on the sources, pathways, receptors and/or consequences for any of the 40 strongest trans-basin floods in Germany in the period 1952–2002. This study therefore provides the most comprehensive meta-data collection of flood documentations for the considered geographical space and period. 87.5% of all events have been documented and especially the most severe floods have received extensive coverage. Only 30% of the material has been produced in the scientific/academic environment and the majority of all documents (about 80%) can be considered grey literature. Therefore, ignoring grey sources in flood research also means ignoring the largest part of knowledge available on single flood events (in Germany). Further, the results of this study underpin the rapid changes in information dissemination of flood event literature over the last decade. We discuss the options and obstacles of incorporating this data in the knowledge building process in the light of the current technological developments and international, interdisciplinary debates for data curation.
Cytokine Gene Expression in the Tunica Albuginea of Patients with Peyronie's Disease. Pilot Study with a Control Group
Authors: Pavone Carlo , Caruana Giovanni , Abbadessa Daniela , Scaduto Giovanna , Gambino Giuseppa , Serretta Vincenzo , Alessandro Riccardo , Colomba Paolo
Published: October 2012

Introduction and objective

Cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease (PD). In this case, biological drugs, acting on specific cytokines, could be adopted in the pharmacological treatment of the disease.

Materials and Methods

Twenty PD patients and 8 patients affected by congenital recurvatum penis (control group) who underwent corporoplasty were enrolled in the study Histological examination and measurement by Real Time PCR of the expression of the encoding genes for IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β, TNF-α and IFN-γ were performed on the removed tunica albuginea (TA). For the normalization of data GAPDH (glucerldehyde-3fosfatehydrogenase) and GUSB (β-glucuronidase), housekeeping genes were used. The analysis of the data was performed using the comparative method of ΔCt. The results were reported with the Fold of induction (FOI) method.

Results

The histological exams of TA showed only fibrous tissue without cavernous tissue. The analysis of gene expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TGF-β1 showed in all samples very low levels. The levels were lower in PD patients although the differences were not statistically significant. An exception was represented by TGF-β that showed a higher level in PD patients, although not statistically significant. The expression of IL-4, IL-13 and TNF-α was undetectable.

Conclusions

The expressions of cytokines in TA of PD patients compared to those of the controls do not show any significant difference. A bias of our study is that the groups were not age-matched. This is a bias already present in similar experiences and due to the different pathogenesis of the diseases. Cytokines promoting inflammation resulted undetectable and do not seem to be involved in PD pathogenesis. The higher level of TGF-β, a pro-fibrotic cytokine, detected in PD could explain the presence of fibrotic tissue. Presently, there is no data suggesting a possible role of biological drugs in PD.
A Review of 18 Cases of Feline Colonic Adenocarcinoma Treated with Subtotal Colectomies and Adjuvant Carboplatin
Authors: Arteaga Theresa A. , McKnight JoAnne , Bergman Philip J.
Published: October 2012

Feline colonic adenocarcinoma is a locally invasive, highly metastatic tumor that is most often treated with wide surgical excision (subtotal colectomy) and systemic chemotherapy either with or without nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. In this retrospective study, the outcome of subtotal colectomy and adjuvant carboplatin in 18 client-owned cats is described. The median carboplatin dose was 200 mg/m2 (range, 200–254 mg/m2) q 4 wk with a median of five doses/cat (range was two to seven doses/cat). Limited toxicities were noted. Positive prognostic factors for the disease-free interval included cats that had weight loss as a presenting sign (P < 0.036) and negative prognostic factors for median survival included nodal and distant metastasis (178 versus 328 days and 200 versus 340 days, respectively). The median disease-free interval was 251 days (range, 37–528 days) and the median survival time was 269 days (range, 40–533 days). Subtotal colectomy and adjuvant carboplatin is a safe and potentially effective treatment for cats with colonic adenocarcinoma.
Contribution of Biogeotextiles to Soil Conservation and Socioeconomic Development
Authors: Subedi M. , Fullen M.A. , Booth C.A. , Thu Dao Chau , Cuong Tran Huu , Toan Truong Thi , Jonsyn-Ellis F. , Cole A. , Guerra A.J.T. , Bezerra J.F.R. , Yi Zheng , Yongmei Li , Li Tang , Bühmann C. , Paterson D.G.
Published: October 2012

This paper explores the contribution of biogeotextile mat production to household incomes and farmers' participation in, awareness of and perceptions of the benefits of biogeotextiles for soil and water conservation and agricultural production. Mat production can be a source of additional household income where wage rates are low, raw materials are inexpensive and transportation costs are low. The use of locally available raw materials, which would otherwise be wasted, helps to reduce production costs. To be able to compete with industrial geotextile products on the market and to be economically viable, a cottage-scale industry as a secondary part-time occupation appears to be an appropriate mode of production.
Effects of Manual/Pedal Movement, Tempo, and Gender on Accuracy of Steady Beat in Kindergarten Students
Authors: Rose Paige , Fisher Ryan , Shewmaker Sally
Published: September 2012

The purposes of this research were to (a) discover the effects of manual and pedal movement on the performance of steady beat, and (b) investigate the effects of tempo and gender on manual and pedal steady beat. Participants (N = 40) of this study included male (n = 20) and female (n = 20) kindergarten students from a rural elementary school. To examine the accuracy of steady beat with hands or feet, participants were equally divided into two groups (manual or pedal movement). Each participant performed the steady beat by either patting or stepping to musical examples representing slow, medium, and fast tempi. Each beat was graded individually, with a score of "1" assigned if the participant patted or stepped on the beat and "0" if the student did not match the beat. Results revealed that, overall, participants had lower means for steady beat accuracy at the medium tempo, participants were most accurate when performing with the fast tempo, and the lowest mean for both males and females was found with pedal movement at a medium tempo. On average, females in the pedal group were more successful at all three tempi than the males in the pedal group. A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was calculated to examine the effects of tempo on steady beat accuracy, with between-subjects variables of gender and manual/pedal grouping. No significant differences were found between gender or the manual and pedal groups. There was also no main effect for tempo on steady beat accuracy. No significant interactions were discovered.
In-Service Teacher Beliefs about the Causes of Success and Failure in Music
Authors: Legette Roy M.
Published: September 2012

Motivation has been cited as one of the most dominant predictors of student academic achievement and is recognized as one of the most important educational challenges. The purpose of the present study was to examine attribution theory in relationship to motivation and achievement, and the perceptions of in-service school music teachers. Three hundred and nine music teachers from different school systems across a southeastern U.S. state were asked to complete Asmus’s Music Attribution Orientation Scale (MAOS) to determine those causes that music teachers attribute most to student success or failure in music. Causal attributions were also examined by gender and school level. Findings revealed that music teachers in general tend to attribute effort and ability as the leading causes of student success or failure in music. No significant difference was found for causal attributions between genders or among school levels. Implications for teaching and research are discussed.
Reversible and irreversible fouling of ultrafiltration ceramic membranes by model solutions
Authors: Munla Leila , Peldszus Sigrid , Huck Peter M.
Published: September 2012

Although ceramic membranes are of increasing interest for drinking water treatment, there is little information available regarding their fouling behavior in this context. The objective of the current investigation was to understand the fouling behavior of ceramic membranes on a more fundamental level with foulants that have been identified as problematic for polymeric membranes in drinking water treatment. All solutions showed cake filtration except humic acid and the combination of humic acid and bovine serum albumin (BSA), which showed intermediate and complete blocking filtration, respectively. Silica played a substantial role in increasing the rates of flux decline. BSA was the only foulant that significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the membrane, suggesting that the contact angle of the fouled membrane is not an indication of fouling severity or reversibility. Synergistic fouling effects were observed when the model solutions were combined. These results will be helpful for the application of ceramic membranes in drinking water treatment.
Reliability of drinking water quality data used for compliance determinations
Authors: Phillips Charles R. , Chmelynski Harry J. , Sensintaffar Edwin L. , Darlow Kira E.
Published: September 2012

Public water systems are required by Safe Drinking Water Act regulations to collect and analyze samples of water for contaminants from each entry point within a system, generally on a quarterly basis. The averages of the quarterly sample results are used for compliance determinations and potential treatment decisions that may require costly actions by system operators. Analysis of data reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2009 identifies a high degree of uncertainty in the average (mean) of four quarterly samples. Statistical analysis of 970 datasets for 10 analytes indicated wide variation in the sample data for more than one third of the cases. Moreover, when the means were at or near the maximum contaminant level for the contaminant measured, the variability was significantly more pronounced. Limited analysis indicated that the variability is not geographically dependent and increased sampling beyond quarterly is only practical for selected contaminants.
The regulatory context for cVOCs
Authors: Roth Damon K. , Roberson J. Alan , Cornwell David A.
Published: September 2012

The US Environmental Protection Agency has made regulating contaminants as a group (as opposed to one compound at a time) a part of its new drinking water strategy and has identified carcinogenic volatile organic chemicals (cVOCs) as the first group to be regulated. This article summarizes the potential commonalities for a cVOC rule such as health effects, co‐occurrence, analytical methods, and/or treatment or control processes. The authors detail the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the uses of both the currently regulated VOCs and the unregulated VOCs that could potentially be included in a future cVOC rule.
Using Tiered Explorations to Promote Reasoning
Authors: Bennett Cory A.
Published: October 2012

Address the needs of diverse learners with a class structure that is designed around a crime scene theme and based on student choice and perceptions of the math being studied.
Measurement of Annual Effective Doses of Radon from Drinking Water and Dwellings by CR-39 Track Detectors in Kulachi City of Pakistan
Authors: Tabassum Nasir  , Mujtaba Shah
Published: September 2012

Radon concentration and annual effective doses were measured in drinking water and dwellings of Kulachi city of Pakistan. Twenty samples of drinking water were collected from various sources i.e. tap water, pond water, hand pump and tube well water. CR-39 (Columbia Resin-39) based NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) radon dosimeters were used to measure the radon concentration. Among the various types of samples, the maximum average value of radon concentration was detected (1.218±0.005 Bq/L) in tube well water while the minimum average value was (0.602±0.003 Bq/L) in tap water. The annual effective dose was calculated from the measured radon concentration which varied from 4.39 × 10-3 to 8.89 × 10-3 mSv/y. The measured values of radon concentration as well as the annual effective dose were found within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits.In order to carry out radon survey in dwelling, thirty CR-39 based NRPB dosimeters were installed in various buildings in the area under study. The maximum measured indoor radon concentration was found to be 270±22 Bq/m3 while the minimum was 21±2 Bq/ m3. The mean value of indoor radon concentration in bed rooms was 98 Bq/m3 which was within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended limits however, maximum concentration of 240 Bq/m3 was observed in a mud made room which was above the US-EPA and WHO new recommended limits. The mean annual effective dose from indoor radon was found to be 1.546 mSv/y which was within the ICRP recommended limits.
Contribución al conocimiento de la distribución de los Murciélagos (O. Chiroptera) en Galicia
Authors: Hermida Roberto J. , Lamas Francisco J. , Graña David A. , Rial Simón , Cerqueira Félix , Arzúa Manuel , Seage Ramón
Published: September 2012

This paper provides 755 new records of bats from Galicia belonging to a total of 22 species. These results are primarily from surveys conducted between 2007-2010, covering a total of 145 UTM 10x10 k grid cells. The utilization for the first time in Galicia of three complementary methodologies has allowed to go deeply into the knowledge of discrete species and, generally, to extend the known range of most of the species in Galicia. Furthermore, Myotis alcathoe, Myotis escalerai, Myotis spA and Nyctalus lasiopterus are recorded for the first time. It also provides data on different aspects of their biology and recommendations for the conservation of some species.
Bias in medicine: a survey of medical student attitudes towards HIV‐positive and marginalized patients in Russia, 2010
Authors: Bikmukhametov Damir A , Anokhin Vladimir A , Vinogradova Anna N , Triner Wayne R , McNutt Louise‐Anne
Published: September 2012

Background

Russia has a substantial HIV epidemic which is poised to escalate in the coming years. The increases in prevalence of HIV will result in increased healthcare needs by a medical system with limited experience with HIV. A healthcare provider's attitude towards a patient plays a significant role in determining the patient's health‐related behaviours and medical outcomes. Previous studies have identified negative attitudes of medical students towards people living with HIV. Studying the prevalence of such attitudes is of particular interest, as medical students represent the future workforce and also as the schooling years present a unique opportunity to nurture bias‐free healthcare providers. The study measures prevalence of prejudicial attitudes towards HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients who belong to marginalized subgroups.

Methods

The cross‐sectional survey was conducted among medical students of a Russian medical university. Of 500 students surveyed, 436 provided sufficient data to be included in the analysis. Prejudicial attitudes were defined as reluctance to provide medical care to a specified hypothetical patient. Nine hypothetical HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients were proposed: physicians, injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, men who have sex with men and a patient HIV‐positive due to blood transfusion. A log‐binomial regression solved using generalized estimating equations was utilized to identify factors associated with reluctance to treat.

Results

Prevalence of reluctance to provide medical care to HIV‐positive patients in marginalized subgroups was high (ranging from 26.4% up to 71.9%), compared to a maximum of 7.5% if a patient was an HIV‐negative physician. Students in their clinical years reported more negative attitudes than preclinical students. In general, female students were less willing to provide care than their male counterparts.

Conclusions

Prejudicial attitudes about HIV‐positive patients and those in marginalized subgroups of the population are prevalent among medical students in Russia. Given the increasing prevalence of HIV in the country, reasons for this hesitance to treat must be identified and addressed. Educational programs for healthcare providers are urgently needed to eliminate bias in the delivery of critically needed medical care. These targeted interventions should be coupled with other programs to eliminate structural barriers to care.
“Open Don’t Mean Free”: A Reflection on the Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Publishing Research via Open Access
Authors: Manista Frank C
Published: September 2012

Earlier this year, the British government approached Wikipedia’s founder, Jimmy Wales, to assist in making “taxpayer-funded academic research more widely available online.” The logic behind this decision was two-fold: like Wikipedia, open access (OA) publishing can translate into distributing research in a more timely fashion than traditional modes. Just as importantly, the Wikipedia approach attempts to disrupt the traditional model. That is, research is paid for, or subsidised by, public money but the public often does not have access to it unless they pay either a subscription or a “pay-per-view” fee. In essence, the public pays twice for the same goods. An OA approach could equate to getting what we, the public, paid for the first time.
Understanding and Making Use of Academic Authors’ Open Access Rights
Authors: Hansen David R
Published: September 2012

INTRODUCTION Authors of academic works do not take full advantage of the self-archiving rights that they retain in their publications, though research shows that many academic authors are well-aligned (at least in principle) with open access (OA) principles. This article explains how institutionally-assisted self-archiving in open access repositories can effectively take advantage of retained rights and highlights at least one method of facilitating this process through automated means. METHODS To understand the scope of author-retained rights (including the right to purchase hybrid or other open access options) at some sample universities, author-rights data through the SHERPA/RoMEO API was combined with individual article citations (from Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science) for works published over a one-year period (2011) and authored by individuals affiliated with five major U.S. research universities. RESULTS Authors retain significant rights in the articles that they create. Of the 29,322 unique articles authored over the one year period at the five universities, 28.83 percent could be archived in final PDF form and 87.95 percent could be archived as the post-print version. Nearly 43.47 percent also provided authors the choice of purchasing a hybrid paid open access option. DISCUSSION A significant percentage of current published output could be archived with little or no author intervention. With prior approval through an open access policy or otherwise, article manuscripts or final PDFs can be obtained and archived by library staff, and hybrid paid-OA options could be negotiated and exploited by library administrators. CONCLUSION Although mandates, legislation, and other policy tools may be useful to promote open access, many institutions already have the ability to increase the percentage of accessible works by taking advantage of retained author rights and hybrid OA options.
New Roles, New Responsibilities: Examining Training Needs of Repository Staff
Authors: Simons Natasha , Richardson Joanna
Published: September 2012

INTRODUCTION Institutional repositories play a critical role in the research lifecycle. Funding agencies are increasingly seeking an improved return on their investment in research. Repositories facilitate this process by providing storage of, and access to, institutional research outputs and, more recently, research data. While repositories are generally managed within the academic library, repository staff require different skills and knowledge compared with traditional library roles. This study reports on a survey of Australasian institutional repository staff to identify skills and knowledge sets. METHODS Institutional repository staff working at universities in Australia and New Zealand were invited to participate in an online survey which incorporated both open and closed-ended question types. RESULTS The survey found significant gaps in the current provision of formal training and coursework related to institutional repositories, which echoed findings in the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States. DISCUSSION There is clearly a need for more and varied training opportunities for repository professionals. Repository work requires a specific set of skills that can be difficult to find and institutions will benefit from investing in training and ongoing development opportunities for repository staff. CONCLUSION The data from this study could be used to facilitate staff recruitment, development, training, and retention strategies.
Collecting Campus Culture: Collaborations and Collisions
Authors: Miner Meg , Davis-Kahl Stephanie
Published: September 2012

From the 2007 implementation of Illinois Wesleyan University’s institutional repository (IR), an archivist and special collections librarian and a scholarly communications librarian have worked on its development and expansion from each position’s unique perspective. They have found themselves united on some fronts, but divided at times on big picture questions such as the definition of campus culture and the extent to which the IR should contain products of that culture, how best to describe and structure collections, and who should be responsible for certain collections. Through regular dialogue on these concerns and efforts to understand each other’s perspective, the colleagues’ joint interest in promoting and preserving a broad history of campus culture is being achieved. Examples of how these issues are navigated, recommendations for realizing similar outcomes, and insights into the work remaining are provided.
I, Digital: Personal Collections in the Digital Era edited by Christopher Lee
Authors: Randtke Wilhelmina
Published: September 2012

Within the discourse of electronic information, institutional records, such as business records, government records, and scholarly publishing, have received much attention. But personal records are also going digital at a rapidly increasing rate. Family photos are taken digitally and shared on Facebook. Diaries are kept in blogs. Personal correspondence is by email.
Response to “Is CC BY the Best Open Access License?”
Authors: Holl Andras
Published: September 2012

In the Open Access (OA) movement and in the publishing world there is a debate over the necessity or usefulness of the Creative Commons (CC) licenses—most importantly CC BY. Misconceptions and misunderstandings are frequent in this debate. I would like to reflect on this question, and in particular on the “Point and Counterpoint” article in the first issue of JLSC (Graf, K, Thatcher, S. (2012). Point & Counterpoint: Is CC BY the Best Open Access License? Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication, 1(1), eP1043. http:// dx.doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1043)
A Story to Tell
Authors: Ramirez Marisa
Published: September 2012

Telling stories is not a strong suit of mine. I often find myself blurting out the ending in a scramble to recapture my waning audience.
In Memoriam: JQ Johnson
Authors: Shreeves Sarah
Published: September 2012

I first met JQ Johnson in person at the Frye Leadership Institute, held at Emory University in the summer of 2008. Frye, at that point, was an intensive two week experience that brought together 47 librarians and information and educational technology professionals with provosts, faculty, trustees, students, lobbyists, and others in order to consider more broadly the current and future state of higher education. We talked, listened, asked questions, argued, laughed, slept, and ate (and drank) in the Emory Conference Center Hotel for two weeks, and at the end of those two weeks we were more or less a family. To lose a member of that family has been heart-wrenching.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Thyroid Gland
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Digestive System Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The digestive system has undergone a number of changes in TNM‐7: the oesophageal and gastric classifications have been extensively revised; new classifications for gastrointestinal stromal tumours, appendiceal carcinomas, neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumours of the entire GI tract, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas have been introduced; the extrahepatic bile duct classification has been divided into proximal and distal sections; a number of subdivisions of the colorectal classification have been created; and the oesophagogastric/gastroesophageal junction has been defined to allow consistent classification of tumours at that site.
Stomach
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

Carcinoma of the stomach has undergone a number of modifications in the 7th TNM edition. T1 was subdivided to separate mucosal and submucosal invasion. The former T2a and b are now T2 (muscularis propria) and T3 (subserosa). The former T3 and T4 were changed to T4a (penetrates serosa) and T4b (invades adjacent structures). The division of regional lymph node involvement conforms to those of the oesophagus so that the gastric T, N, and M categories are now identical with those of the oesophagus (and gastroesophageal junction). The staging of carcinomas of the oesophagogastric/gastroesophageal junction has been addressed and the definition is noted in the oesophagus and stomach chapters.
Small Intestine
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Colon and Rectum
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

Carcinoma of the large intestine has undergone relatively few basic modifications between the 6th and 7th TNM editions so that the main T, N, and M categories and Stages I, II, III, and IV can be compared with those of the previous two editions. A number of subdivisions of these major categories have been made. Despite this expansion, all of the substages can be collapsed back into the original four stages of previous TNM classifications covering a 30 year span as well as being compatible with the original Dukes classification, thus ensuring backwards compatibility.
Liver ‐ Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

There are no changes in the bone and soft tissue tumours classification in TNM‐7. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are newly classified in TNM‐7 (in the Digestive System chapter). The classification is based on GIST's three major prognostic factors: site, size, and mitotic rate. The categorization is the result of studies of over two thousand cases by Miettinen et al.
Bone
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Skin Tumours
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

For skin carcinoma there are changes in T categories and in the regional lymph node classification. Several high risk features are enumerated that could have prognostic relevance. A new classification for Merkel cell carcinoma has been introduced, which has some features of the carcinoma and some of the melanoma classifications. The skin melanoma classification remains unchanged from TNM 6.
Carcinoma of Skin
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary