bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cotton
Authors: Wakelyn Philip J.
Published: April 2012

The use of cotton predates recorded history. Cotton fiber is the most important natural vegetable textile fiber used in spinning to produce apparel, home furnishings and industrial products. About 80 countries produce cotton. Cultivation and production of cotton are discussed. In it marketed form, raw cotton consists of masses of fibers packaged in bales of 85–230 kg (187–507 lb). Cottonseed, world's number 5 oilseed, can be fed as whole seed or crushed into oil. Cotton types and fiber biosynthesis are discussed. Classification is a standardized set of procedures for measuring the quality/physical attributes of raw cotton fiber. Yarn manufacture, weaving and knitting are the steps in textile manufacture. Chemical modifications have assisted in building cotton's position in the marketplace. Health and safety issues include respiratory disease, skin irritation, and the effect of formaldehyde, a component of resins used to treat fabrics. Modern technology has enable efficiency in cotton production with a view to protecting habitats and biodiversity. Cotton is considered a food crop in the U.S. and is regulated as such.
Greening of Petroleum Operations
Authors: Islam M. R. , Chhetri A. B. , Khan M. M.
Published: April 2012

Energy policies have defined modern civilization, One side supports petroleum production and usage and the other side supports the injection of various of other energy sources. Both sides agree that there is no sustainable solution to the energy crisis. This article presents another view. There is a sustainable solution to petroleum production and operations. Sustainable technology is based on the zero‐waste concept, which states any chemical or industrial process should be designed in such a way that a closed‐loop system is maintained and all wastes are absorbed within assimilation capacity of the earth. Practically all aspects of petroleum operations are accompanied by undesirable discharges of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes. Crude oil is nontoxic, but becomes so when it is processed and no longer in its natural state. This article covers drilling and exploration, enhanced oil recovery, petroleum refining, and waste management. Major steps currently used are discussed and sustainable alternatives are presented. Some examples of these alternatives are use of wood ash in place of alkalies, natural catalysts such as zeolites, silica enzymes, etc, in place of heavy metal catalysts used that are hazardous to the environment in the refining process, a no‐flaring process is given that will do away with the burning off of low quality gas during refining. Bacteria can be used to break down the crude oil into its various components. This article propose a paradigm shift in energy management and shows that fossil fuels production and utilization are inherently sustainable.
Solvent‐Less Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kaupp Gerd
Published: April 2012

Solvent‐less reactions realize 100% yield of one product without involvement of any added solvent for reaction and workup. They occur in virtually all reaction types by proper choice of the states of aggregation and reaction technique. This article is subdivided into melting, kneading, dry milling, gas–solid reactions, and gas–liquid reactions. The choice depends on the crystal packing, melting points, and eutectic temperatures during a reaction. Temperature control is essential for achieving the full benefit of crystal packing or the maximal concentration in the absence of deactivating solvation. The reaction temperatures are decreased as a result of the most favorable kinetics that lead to complete conversions and mostly avoid catalysis. An additional advantage is the direct and perfect exclusion of moisture. A decreased reaction temperature often enables staying below the eutectic temperature, or allows for obtaining otherwise nonaccessible new products that directly crystallize without involving a liquid phase. If the yield is also quantitative with the product directly crystallizing from the melt, it may be easier to perform melt reactions with slight heating. The so‐called “solvent‐free” (rather than solvent‐less) reactions are mostly not quantitative and often not free of auxiliaries, which requires solvent‐consuming chromatography and separation of the auxiliary with usually difficult recovery (eg, catalysts or supports). The hype surrounding catalysis from “green chemistry” to perform reactions in “green‐solvents” or “solvent‐free” is counterproductive. Solvent‐less reactions without catalyst and with 100% yield of pure product are the better choice. It is therefore necessary to report the broad application and variability of solvent‐less techniques, for the sake of sustainability.
Transparent, Double‐Sided, ITO‐Free, Flexible Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Metal Wire/ZnO Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhao Qing , Li Heng , Wu Hongwei , Zou Dechun , Yu Dapeng
Published: April 2012

Transparent, double‐sided, flexible, ITO‐free dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated in a simple, facile, and controllable way. Highly ordered, high‐crystal‐quality, high‐density ZnO nanowire arrays are radially grown on stainless steel, Au, Ag, and Cu microwires, which serve as working electrodes. Pt wires serve as the counter electrodes. Two metal wires are encased in electrolyte between two poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films (or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films) to render the device both flexible and highly transparent. The effect of the dye thickness on the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs as a function of dye‐loading time is investigated systematically. Shorter dye‐loading times lead to thinner dye layers and better device performance. A dye‐loading time of 20 min results in the best device performance. An oxidation treatment of the metal wires is developed effectively to avoid the galvanic‐battery effect found in the experiment, which is crucial for real applications of double‐metal‐wire DSSC configurations. The device shows very good transparency and can increase sunlight use efficiency through two‐sided illumination. The double‐wire DSSCs remain stable for a long period of time and can be bent at large angles, up to 107°, reversibly, without any loss of performance. The double‐wire‐PET, planar solar‐cell configuration can be used as window stickers and can be readily realized for large‐area‐weave roll‐to‐roll processing.
Synthesis of Functionalized Indolizines by Lewis Acid‐Mediated Cyclocondensation of 3‐(Pyridin‐2‐yl)‐propiolates with Enones
Authors: Specowius Verena , Bendrath Franziska , Winterberg Marleen , Ayub Khurshid , Langer Peter
Published: April 2012

Functionalized indolizines were prepared by Lewis acid‐catalyzed cyclizations of 3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐propiolates with enones. This new type of reaction provides a convenient and regioselective approach to ester‐substituted indolizine derivatives which are not readily available by other methods. Based on density function theory (DFT) calculations, a mechanism of the reaction has been suggested.
Highly Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Sulfa‐Michael Addition of Thiols to trans‐4,4,4‐Trifluorocrotonoylpyrazole
Authors: Dong Xiu‐Qin , Fang Xin , Tao Hai‐Yan , Zhou Xiang , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: April 2012

A new protocol for the efficient construction of chiral trifluoromethylated building blocks was developed via organocatalyzed sulfa‐Michael addition of thiols to the cost‐efficient trans‐trifluorocrotonamide. Introducing the pyrazole moiety is crucial to providing H‐bond acceptor sites for better activation and hence affording comparable asymmetric induction with that obtained when employing the expensive cis‐4,4,4‐trifluorocrotonate as the Michael acceptor.
Anisotropic convective heat transfer in microlattice materials
Authors: Roper Christopher S. , Fink Kathryn D. , Lee Samuel T. , Kolodziejska Joanna A. , Jacobsen Alan J.
Published: April 2012

Fluid dynamics and heat transfer of flow through periodic open‐cellular microlattice structures are characterized for varying superficial flow orientations and flow rates to investigate heat transfer and pressure loss anisotropy. For given Reynolds number, friction factor is lowest when flow is aligned with the largest straight‐through passages in the microlattice. A maximum friction factor, over twice the optimally aligned friction factor, exists for flow orientations between π/8 and π/4 rad off the optimal alignment, with little variation in friction factor for π/8 and π/4 rad. Heat transfer is maximized at π/4 rad off axis from the largest straight‐through passages; however, less angular variation occurs in Nusselt number than in friction factor. Empirical correlations involving superellipses yield analytical equations describing Nusselt number dependence on flow angle and Reynolds number. This work enables selection of optimal flow orientations and optimal cellular architecture in convective heat transfer implementations of microlattice materials for lightweight and multifunctional applications. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 622–629, 2013
Pancreatic insufficiency in Toriello–Carey syndrome: Report of a second patient
Authors: El‐Chammas Khalil I. , Venkatasubramani Narayanan , Veith Regan , Sekhri Neha , Rhead William , Toriello Helga V. , Goday Praveen S.
Published: April 2012

Toriello–Carey syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies. Pancreatic insufficiency is suspected when patients present with poor weight gain, diarrhea, or maldigestion. The diagnosis is confirmed by low stool elastase and pancreatic stimulation testing. To our knowledge, only one patient with Toriello–Carey syndrome has been reported to have pancreatic insufficiency. We report on a second patient with Toriello–Carey syndrome and pancreatic insufficiency, and describe the management of pancreatic insufficiency in patients with this syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inherited mosaicism for the supernumerary marker chromosome in cat eye syndrome: Inter‐ and intra‐individual variation and correlation to the phenotype
Authors: Kvarnung Malin , Lindstrand Anna , Malmgren Helena , Thåström Anders , Jacobson Lena , Dahl Niklas , Lundin Johanna , Blennow Elisabeth
Published: April 2012

We have studied a family with repeated transmission of mosaicism for a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC), giving rise to varying symptoms of the cat eye syndrome (CES) in the offspring. The frequency of the SMC was investigated using FISH with probes from the CES critical region on lymphocytes as well as buccal cells. The same probes were used to study the frequency of the SMC in spermatozoa from the father. The SMC was characterized in detail using array‐CGH and was found to correspond to a symmetrical cat eye SMC type I, with two extra copies of the most proximal part of 22q11, not extending into the classical 22q11.2 deletion region. Mosaicism for the SMC was detected in 4 out of 7 family members, the father and all his three children. The degree of mosaicism varied greatly between individuals as well as between tissues, with twice as many cells with the SMC in epithelial cells compared to blood. The highest frequency (almost 50%) was found in spermatozoa from the father. There was a direct correlation between the degree of mosaicism and the symptoms, varying from no obvious symptoms to classical CES. The study confirms the occurrence of direct transmission of SMC‐mosaicism in CES. The results indicate that examination of parental epithelial cells should be preferred compared to blood cells in order to exclude a recurrence risk in parents of a child with CES. Interphase FISH analysis of spermatozoa is the most sensitive method to exclude paternal germ line mosaicsm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible autism and intellectual disability in children
Authors: Zappella Michele
Published: April 2012

Studies on young children with reversible autism and intellectual disability are discussed. Present evidence suggests a clear cause in a minority of cases including early institutionalization, Landau and Kleffner syndrome, and other early onset epilepsies, intrauterine rubella, and blindness. The majority of cases have normal laboratory results and some have early onset Tourette syndrome. Preliminary data of a follow‐up study of this last group are reported in 15 patients suggesting the possibility of two subgroups, one represented by early onset Tourette syndrome phenotype, characterized by a positive family history, and by its appearance at the same time as regression and persistence into adolescence while the other of a different nature. Genetic studies could be of help to clarify this issue and support a diagnosis of favorable outcome in young children. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Network‐ and attribute‐based classifiers can prioritize genes and pathways for autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability
Authors: Kou Yan , Betancur Catalina , Xu Huilei , Buxbaum Joseph D , Ma'ayan Avi
Published: April 2012

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of related neurodevelopmental disorders with significant combined prevalence (∼1%) and high heritability. Dozens of individually rare genes and loci associated with high‐risk for ASD have been identified, which overlap extensively with genes for intellectual disability (ID). However, studies indicate that there may be hundreds of genes that remain to be identified. The advent of inexpensive massively parallel nucleotide sequencing can reveal the genetic underpinnings of heritable complex diseases, including ASD and ID. However, whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides an embarrassment of riches, where many candidate variants emerge. It has been argued that genetic variation for ASD and ID will cluster in genes involved in distinct pathways and protein complexes. For this reason, computational methods that prioritize candidate genes based on additional functional information such as protein–protein interactions or association with specific canonical or empirical pathways, or other attributes, can be useful. In this study we applied several supervised learning approaches to prioritize ASD or ID disease gene candidates based on curated lists of known ASD and ID disease genes. We implemented two network‐based classifiers and one attribute‐based classifier to show that we can rank and classify known, and predict new, genes for these neurodevelopmental disorders. We also show that ID and ASD share common pathways that perturb an overlapping synaptic regulatory subnetwork. We also show that features relating to neuronal phenotypes in mouse knockouts can help in classifying neurodevelopmental genes. Our methods can be applied broadly to other diseases helping in prioritizing newly identified genetic variation that emerge from disease gene discovery based on WES and WGS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer studies of ferrocenyl complexes containing thiazole moiety
Authors: Abd‐Elzaher Mokhles M. , Moustafa Samia A. , Labib Ammar A. , Mousa Hanan A. , Ali Mamdouh M. , Mahmoud Abeer E.
Published: April 2012

A ferrocenyl ligand was prepared from condensation of l,l′‐diacetylferrocene with 2‐amino‐5‐methylthiazole, to give the ligand. This ligand forms 1:1 complexes with lead(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) in good yield. Characterization of the ligand and complexes was carried out using IR, NMR, electronic absorption, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity and elemental analysis. Anticancer activity of the prepared ligand and its complexes against breast cancer cell line MCF‐7 was determined. The anticancer activity of the new complexes was accompanied by significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, with a parallel decrease in the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione level. Accordingly, the overproduction of free radicals allowed reactive oxygen species‐mediated cancer cell death. The results suggest that the complexes possess significant anticancer activity comparable to cisplatin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interferometric determination of the birefringence of thermo‐tropic polyester fibers and its copolymers of structure (PCPT‐co‐CPO)
Authors: Hamza A. A. , Sokkar T. Z. N. , El‐Bakary M. A.
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study is to determine the optical anisotropy of three different samples of thermo‐tropic polyester fibers of structure Poly(chloro‐1,4‐phenylene terephthalate‐co‐4,4′‐oxybisbenzoate) and its copolymers (PCPT‐co‐CPO). The molar fraction of disruptor units ([CPO]) ranging from 0.40 to 0.60. The variable wavelength interferometry, VAWI technique, was used to determine the birefringence and spectral dispersion properties of such of these fibers. The Cauchy's dispersion formula and its related constants were determined using the spectral dispersion curves of the birefringence. A mathematical formula was derived for direct measurement of the birefringence profile of highly birefringent polymer fibers using VAWI technique. The effect of varying copolymer molar fractions of the three samples of thermo‐tropic polyester fibers was investigated throughout the spectral dispersion curves, the Cauchy's formula constants and the birefringence profiles. Microinterferograms are given for illustration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Rheological and thermal properties of polylactide/organic montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Biao , Wan Tong , Zeng Wei
Published: April 2012

Polylactide/organic montmorillonite (PLA/OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared by melt‐compounding technique. Dynamic and steady rheological properties, as well as dynamic mechanical and thermal stability of the nanocomposites were evaluated using various characterization tools. It was found that the rheological behaviors of nanocomposites were related with both temperatures and OMMT loadings. At low OMMT loadings, the steady‐shear viscosities and the complex viscosities showed a Newtonian plateau in low frequency region or low shear rate region. At high OMMT loadings, strong shear‐thinning behaviors were observed in the full range of frequencies or shear rates. The complex viscosities and the storage modulus gradually decreased in the full frequency region with increasing temperature. The results demonstrated that rheology of PLA/OMMT nanocomposites was mainly sensitive to OMMT loadings. The relaxation time spectrum indicated that the relaxation of the PLA macromolecular chains was strongly confined by the layers of OMMT. The mechanical properties measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile test, and thermal stability of PLA/OMMT nanocomposites were improved at low OMMT loadings. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Improvement in toughness and heat resistance of poly(lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend through twin‐screw blending: Influence of compatibilizer type
Authors: Wang Y. , Chiao S. M. , Hung T.‐F. , Yang S.‐Y.
Published: April 2012

The thermal mechanical properties and morphological changes of modified poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC) polymer blends based on the equal weight fraction of each component were investigated. Several blend samples were prepared by melt processing with a twin screw extruder using both poly(butylene succinate‐co‐lactate) (PBSL) and epoxy (EP) as compatibilizers for the PLA/PC binary system. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of PLA/PBSL and PC/PBSL binary blends showed that individual components were immiscible. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of these blends revealed the domain size of PBSL was ∼ 0.5–1 μm in PLA/PBSL blend, and reduced to around 0.1 μm in PC/PBSL blend. The notched Izod impact strength (IS) of PLA/PC/PBSL ternary blends increased with PBSL content up to 10 phr PBSL due to enhanced interfacial interaction and proper domain size of the dispersed phase on the basis of DMA, DSC, and SEM analysis. The heat deflection temperature (HDT) showed a maximum at 5 phr PBSL, and it dropped with increasing PBSL content which is a ductile polymer. However, the HDT of PLA/PC/EP ternary blends increased considerably with 10 phr EP due to rigid interphase formation, and it increased further with 1 phr quaternary amine catalyst, however, the IS dropped nearly the same as that of unmodified PLA/PC blend. To take advantage of the two compatibilizers, PBSL and EP were added to the PLA/PC blend at 10 phr each plus 1 phr catalyst and both IS and HDT were improved significantly over unmodified PLA/PC pair. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The effects of neutralization on the dynamic rheology of polyelectrolyte microgel mucilages
Authors: Harrington John C.
Published: April 2012

The dynamic rheological properties of a model poly(acrylic acid) microgel mucilage in the close‐packed concentrated region (reduced concentration cQ > 1) were evaluated as a function of the degree of neutralization, α = [NaOH]/[COOH]. As the parent microgel is neutralized, up to an order of magnitude increase is observed in the swelling ratio Q, dynamic modulus, and yield properties. Four regions were observed where the dynamic rheological properties exhibited a different power law dependence with increasing α. The dynamic yield strain does not change remarkably with increased neutralization, whereas the dynamic yield stress increases more than 10‐fold. This supports a mechanism where the yield strain depends on geometric considerations, whereas the yield stress reflects the stress required to force microgels past adjacent microgels. A linearity observed between modulus and dynamic yield stress with increased neutralization suggests a concerted expansion and affect on the rheological properties with the microgel core and emanating polymer chains. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Enhancement of rubber–carbon black interaction by amine‐based modifiers and their effect on viscoelastic and mechanical properties
Authors: Hatthapanit Kannika , Sae‐Oui Pongdhorn , Sombatsompop Narongrit , Sirisinha Chakrit
Published: April 2012

Improvement in rubber–filler interaction is desirable for rubber technologists due to its influence on numerous properties of rubber compounds and vulcanizates. In practice, there are coupling agents commercially available for the improvement of silica–rubber interaction. Surprisingly, only a limited number of works have been focused on interaction enhancement between carbon black (CB) and rubber. Thus, in the research presented in this article, attempts to improve interaction between ethylene–propylene rubber (EPM) and carbon black (CB) have been made by the use of either p‐phenylene diamine (p‐PDA) or N‐tert‐butyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS) as an interaction modifier. Bound rubber content (BRC), used as an indicator for rubber–filler interaction and viscoelastic behavior of CB masterbatches and CB‐filled EPM compounds were investigated and correlated. Results from the measurement of BRC in the CB masterbatches revealed that p‐PDA was more effective in the enhancement of rubber–CB interaction than TBBS. Such improved interaction led to a decrease in magnitude of CB percolation (Payne effect). In respect of viscoelastic behavior, the interaction modifiers affected G′ only in the small strain region (<1% strain) by slightly raising the value of G′. However, as strain was increased (≥1%), G′ for all compounds was coincident implying a disruption of weak interaction between CB and rubber. In the case of EPM vulcanizates, p‐PDA yielded greater enhancement in mechanical properties than TBBS. The results of BRC, viscoelastic behavior, and mechanical properties were apparently in good agreement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis of poly(vinyl ether) optical plastics by cationic copolymerization of tricyclodecane vinyl ether with functionalized vinyl ethers
Authors: Namikoshi Takeshi , Hashimoto Tamotsu , Suzuki Yuka , Urushisaki Michio , Sakaguchi Toshikazu
Published: April 2012

Cationic copolymerizations of tricyclodecane vinyl ether (8‐vinyloxytricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane, TCDVE, with vinyl ethers containing a functional group such as urethane linkage, acrylate group, and methacrylate group, as a comonomer were carried out to obtain poly(vinyl ether) plastics for optical use. With the hydrogen chloride/zinc chloride initiating system, the homopolymerization rates of these monomers were markedly different from each other, but the reaction rates of each monomer in the copolymerizations were almost identical. All the obtained copolymers displayed unimodal and narrow molecular weights distributions (MWDs). These facts show that the copolymers are most likely to have randomness with respect to monomer sequences. The copolymers obtained with BF3OEt2 as an initiator, in contrast, had relatively high molecular weights (Mn = 21,900 − 37,200) and broad MWDs (Mw/Mn = 4.10 − 6.31), which are rather suitable for molding of plastic materials. For the copolymer with the pendant urethane linkages, the existence of hydrogen bonding via urethane linkages among the polymer chains was detected. For the copolymers with the pendant acrylate or methacrylate group, exothermic peaks due to cross‐linking reaction were observed at around 150°C on the heating scan during the DSC measurement and therefore, they formed cross‐linked polymers during the molding process above this temperature. Both the hydrogen bonds and the cross‐linkages provide the copolymers with good processability and hardness. The optical properties of these copolymers were excellent and similar to those of poly(TCDVE). The transparency (86–91%) and refractive index (1.53–1.54) of these molded samples were similar to those of conventional optical plastics such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC), whereas their specific gravity (1.08–1.12) and water absorption (0.08–0.16%) were significantly lower than those of PMMA and PC. The thermal decomposition temperatures of all the copolymers were 298–369°C, indicating their good thermal stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis, characterization, and swelling studies of guar gum‐based pH, temperature, and salt responsive hydrogels
Authors: Dharela Rohini , Raj Lok , Chauhan Ghanshyam S.
Published: April 2012

Stimuli‐sensitive hydrogels constitute an important class of materials. In the present study, a simple method was used to induce temperature sensitivity and salt responsiveness in the guar gum (GG)‐based hydrogel, which was synthesized by grafting GG with acrylic acid (AAc) using simultaneous gamma radiation technique. The carboxyl groups of poly(AAc) were partially modified to amide groups to generate a network that has pH‐sensitive poly (AAc) and temperature‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide). Swelling behavior of hydrogels was studied at various temperature, pH, and the salt sensitivity of the hydrogels was studied by swelling the hydrogels in 0.9% NaCl solution. Characterization of these networks was carried out by X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to get evidence of the network formation and postreaction carried on the network. The hydrogel synthesized by the postreaction exhibited pH, temperature, and salt sensitivity, while the precursor hydrogel exhibited good salt tolerance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Naphthalene and Anthracene Complexes Sandwiched by Two {(Cp*)FeI} Fragments: Strong Electronic Coupling between the FeI Centers
Authors: Hatanaka Tsubasa , Ohki Yasuhiro , Kamachi Takashi , Nakayama Tomonori , Yoshizawa Kazunari , Katada Motomi , Tatsumi Kazuyuki
Published: April 2012

The reactions of the half‐sandwich iron(II) complex [FeCl(Cp*)(tmeda)] (1; Cp*=η5‐C5Me5, TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) with potassium naphthalenide or potassium anthracenide gave the diamagnetic complexes [(Cp*)Fe(μ‐polyarene)Fe(Cp*)] (polyarene=naphthalene (2), anthracene (3a)), which have two {(Cp*)Fe} units bound to opposite faces of the polyarene. One of two {(Cp*)Fe} units in 3a is located over the central ring of anthracene while the other is positioned over an outer ring. The {(Cp*)Fe} unit bound to the central ring of 3a migrates to the outer ring upon heating in the solid state to give the isomer 3b. The electrochemical potential separations between successive one‐electron redox events for complexes 2 and 3b are large. The mixed valence complexes [[2]+]+ and [[3b]+]+ were synthesized by chemical oxidation. The mixed‐valence complex [[3b]+]+ is charge delocalized on the Mössbauer timescale at 78 K, and its absorption spectrum shows an intervalence charge‐transfer band. Complex [[2]+]+ exhibits two absorption bands in the near‐IR region and a slightly broadened doublet in the Mössbauer spectrum. DFT calculations were carried out to examine the electronic structures of these dinuclear iron(I) complexes to elucidate the factors responsible for their diamagnetism and to determine the degree of charge delocalization in the mixed‐valence complexes.
Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters as Effective Probes for Highly Selective Detection of Mercury(II) at Parts‐per‐Billion Levels
Authors: Wang Chuanxi , Xu Lin , Wang Yu , Zhang Dan , Shi Xiaodong , Dong Fengxia , Yu Kui , Lin Quan , Yang Bai
Published: April 2012

Facile preparation of water‐soluble and fluorescent Ag nanoclusters (NCs) stabilized by glutathione at room temperature is described. Although the glutathione layer was introduced to prevent the silver nanoparticles from decomposition and increase their water solubility, this simple surface optimization resulted in surprisingly high efficiency of selective Hg2+ sensing, where the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 10−10 M (0.02 ppb, 0.1 nM). This result revealed a simple and practical strategy for Hg2+ detection using fluorescent Ag NCs as sensor probe, with the lowest detecting limits reported to date.
Memoryless SMC Design Methods for Stochastic Delay Systems
Authors: Huang Lirong
Published: April 2012

Recently, the sliding mode control (SMC) method has been extended to accommodate stochastic systems. Particularly, restrictive assumption on the structure of the control systems have been removed and a practical SMC design method for stochastic systems has been presented. This paper continues this line of research and studies the SMC methods for stochastic systems with state delay in diffusion. Both delay‐independent and delay‐dependent approaches are investigated. Essentially, this paper studies SMC design methods with memoryless controllers for time delay systems, which has been a problem in the past decades.
Study of the interaction between sodium salts of (2E)‐3‐(4'‐halophenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl sulfachloropyrazine and bovine serum albumin by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Luo Xuan , Du Chuanrong , Wei Jinrui , Deng Jiang , Lin Yijie , Lin Cuiwu
Published: April 2012

Three sodium salts of (2E)‐3‐(4'‐halophenyl)prop‐2‐enoyl sulfachloropyrazine (CCSCP) were synthesized and their structures were determined by 1H and 13C NMR, LC‐MS and IR. The binding properties between CCSCPs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied using fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the fluorescence quenching mechanisms between BSA and CCSCPs were static quenching at low concentrations of CCSCPs or combined quenching (static and dynamic) at higher CCSCP concentrations of 298, 303 and 308 K. The binding constants, binding sites and corresponding thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) were calculated at different temperatures. All ΔG values were negative, which revealed that the binding processes were spontaneous. Although all CCSCPs had negative ΔH and positive ΔS, the contributions of ΔH and ΔS to ΔG values were different. When the 4'‐substituent was fluorine or chlorine, van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main interaction forces. However, when the halogen was bromine, ionic interaction and proton transfer controlled the overall energetics. The binding distances between CCSCPs and BSA were determined using the Förster non‐radiation energy transfer theory and the effects of CCSCPs on the conformation of BSA were analyzed by synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of ADHD and Its Subtypes in Male and Female Adult Prison Inmates
Authors: Cahill Brian S. , Coolidge Frederick L. , Segal Daniel L. , Klebe Kelli J. , Marle Peter D. , Overmann Karenleigh A.
Published: April 2012

There are few published studies of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult inmates, and even fewer studies that have considered ADHD in adult inmates by gender. The present study examined the prevalence of ADHD, its subtypes, and associated psychological and neuropsychological comorbidity as a function of gender in a sample of 3,962 inmates (3,439 men and 523 women; mean age = 33.6 years, range 17–73) who had completed the 250‐item, self‐report, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (Text Revision) (DSM‐IV‐TR)‐aligned Coolidge Correctional Inventory (CCI). The overall ADHD prevalence rate found was 10.5%, which is substantially higher than the rate among adults in the general population (2–5%). The female inmate ADHD prevalence rate (15.1%) was higher than the male inmate ADHD rate (9.8%), consistent with some previous studies. The most prevalent ADHD subtype for both genders was the hyperactive‐impulsive subtype. The combined and inattentive ADHD subtypes had higher levels of comorbid psychopathology than the hyperactive‐impulsive ADHD subtype. As the presence of ADHD and associated gender differentials may impact the success of rehabilitation and educative programs with inmates, the assessment of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology should be a priority in initial inmate screening and evaluation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermogravimetry‐FTIR Analysis of Pyrolysis of Pyrolytic Lignin Extracted from Bio‐Oil
Authors: Jiang X. , Ellis N. , Shen D. K. , Jiang J. , Dai W. , Zhong Z.
Published: April 2012

Pyrolytic lignin is attributed to the instability of bio‐oil but is a potential chemical material. To improve the stability and increase the economic viability of bio‐oil, high‐ and low‐molecular‐mass pyrolytic lignin (HMM and LMM) were obtained using solvent extraction. The microstructure of pyrolytic lignin was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The dissimilar absorption intensities indicated the different content of corresponding functional groups in HMM and LMM. The pyrolysis behavior of HMM and LMM was studied by thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR. Obviously pyrolytic lignin undergoes three weight loss stages.
Dynamic Simulation of a Pilot Scale Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking Unit by the Space‐Time CE/SE Method
Authors: Sadighi S. , Ahmad A. , Shirvani M.
Published: April 2012

This work introduces a modified space‐time conservation element/solution element (CE/SE) method for the simulation of the dynamic behavior of a pilot‐scale hydrocracking reactor. With this approach, a four‐lump dynamic model including vacuum gas oil (VGO), middle distillate, naphtha and gas is solved. The proposed method is capable of handling the stiffness of the partial differential equations resulting from the hydrocracking reactions. To have a better judgment, the model is also solved by the finite difference method (FDM), and the results from both approaches are compared. Initially, the absolute average deviation of the cold dynamic simulation using the CE/SE approach is 8.98 %, which is better than that obtained using the FDM. Then, the stability analysis proves that for achieving an appropriate response from the dynamic model, the Courant number, which is a function of the time step size, mesh size and volume flow rate through the catalytic bed, should be less than 1. Finally, it is found that, following a careful selection of these parameters, the CE/SE solutions to the hydrocracking model can produce higher accuracy than the FDM results.
Synthesis of High‐Purity Methylal via Extractive Catalytic Distillation
Authors: Liu H. , Gao H. , Ma Y. , Gao Z. , Eli W.
Published: April 2012

An integrated continuous process, which combines catalytic distillation and extractive distillation in one column, is investigated for the synthesis of high‐purity methylal from methanol and formalin in the presence of a cation‐exchange resin catalyst. A feed with methanol:formaldehyde 2:1 molar ratio is chosen to evaluate the effects of operating parameters, such as extractant feeding position, ratio of extractant to feed, reflux ratio, and reboiler temperature, on the continuous synthesis of methylal. Under the optimum operating conditions and with water as extractant, the extractive catalytic distillation process operated continuously, producing a methylal purity of 98.7 % (H2O: < 1.30 %) with 98.0 % formaldehyde conversion.
Enhancement Factor for Gas Absorption in a Finite Liquid Layer. Part 2: First‐ and Second‐Order Reactions in a Liquid in Plug Flow
Authors: Yue J. , Rebrov E. V. , Schouten J. C.
Published: April 2012

Gas absorption accompanied by an irreversible chemical reaction of first‐order or second‐order in a liquid layer of finite thickness in plug flow has been investigated. The analytical solution to the enhancement factor has been derived for the case of a first‐order reaction, and the exact solution to the enhancement factor has been obtained via numerical simulation for the case of a second‐order reaction. The enhancement factor in both cases is presented as a function of the Fourier number and tends to deviate from the prediction of the existing enhancement factor expressions based on the penetration theory at Fourier numbers above 0.1 due to the absence of a well‐mixed bulk region in the liquid layer. Approximate enhancement factor expressions that describe the analytical and exact solutions with an accuracy of 5 % and 9 %, respectively, have been proposed.
Hierarchical TiO2 Nanospheres with Dominant {001} Facets: Facile Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Li Hongmei , Zeng Yangsu , Huang Tongcheng , Piao Lingyu , Yan Zijie , Liu Min
Published: April 2012

Hierarchical TiO2 nanospheres with controlled surface morphologies and dominant {001} facets were directly synthesized from Ti powder by a facile, one‐pot, hydrothermal method. The obtained hierarchical TiO2 nanospheres have a uniform size of 400–500 nm and remarkable 78 % fraction of {001} facets. The influence of the reaction temperature, amount of HF, and reaction time on the morphology and the exposed facets was systematically studied. A possible growth mechanism speculates that Ti powder first dissolves in HF solution, and then flowerlike TiO2 nanostructures are formed by assembly of TiO2 nanocrystals. Because of the high concentration of HF in the early stage, these TiO2 nanostructures were etched, and hollow structures formed on the surface. After the F− ions were effectively absorbed on the crystal surfaces, {001} facets appear and grow steadily. At the same time, the {101} facets also grow and meet the {101} facets from adjacent truncated tetragonal pyramids, causing coalescence of these facets and formation of nanospheres with dominant {001} facets. With further extension of the reaction time, single‐crystal {001} facets of hierarchical TiO2 nanospheres are dissolved and TiO2 nanospheres with dominant {101} facets are obtained. The photocatalytic activities of the hierarchical TiO2 nanospheres were evaluated and found to be closely related to the exposed {001} facets. Owing to the special hierarchical architecture and high percentage of exposed {001} facets, the TiO2 nanospheres exhibit much enhanced photocatalytic efficiency (almost fourfold) compared to P25 TiO2 as a benchmark material. This study provides new insight into crystal‐facet engineering of anatase TiO2 nanostructures with high percentage of {001} facets as well as opportunities for controllable synthesis of 3D hierarchical nanostructures.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of 3‐Monosubstituted Oxindoles to (E)‐1,4‐Diaryl‐2‐buten‐1,4‐diones: A Strategy for the Indirect Enantioselective Furanylation and Pyrrolylation of 3‐Alkyloxindoles
Authors: Liao Yu‐Hua , Liu Xiong‐Li , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Du Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: April 2012

An asymmetric conjugate addition of 3‐monosubstituted oxindoles to a range of (E)‐1,4‐diaryl‐2‐buten‐1,4‐diones, catalyzed by commercially available cinchonine, is described. This organocatalytic asymmetric reaction affords a broad range of 3,3′‐disubstituted oxindoles that contain a 1,4‐dicarbonyl moiety and vicinal quaternary and tertiary stereogenic centers in high‐to‐excellent yields (up to 98 %), with excellent diastereomeric and moderate‐to‐high enantiomeric ratios (up to 99:1 and 95:5, respectively). Subsequently, cyclization of the 1,4‐dicarbonyl moiety in the resultant Michael adducts under different Paal–Knorr conditions results in two new kinds of 3,3′‐disubstituted oxindoles—3‐furanyl‐ and 3‐pyrrolyl‐3‐alkyl‐oxindoles—in high yields and good enantioselectivities. Notably, the studies presented here sufficiently confirm that this two‐step strategy of sequential conjugate addition/Paal–Knorr cyclization is not only an attractive method for the indirect enantioselective heteroarylation of 3‐alkyloxindoles, but also opens up new avenues toward asymmetric synthesis of structurally diverse 3,3′‐disubstituted oxindole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: PbCa2[Al8O15] with a Novel Three‐Dimensional Aluminate Anion.
Authors: Artner Christine , Weil Matthias
Published: April 2012

Colorless single crystals of the title compound are obtained from a mixture of 2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2, CaCO3, and TeO2 in a corundum crucible (wall reaction, 1233 K, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnesium Chloride Tetrahydrate, MgCl2·4H2O.
Authors: Schmidt Horst , Hennings Erik , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared by thermal decomposition of the corresponding hexahydrate at 403 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Why MnIn2O4 Spinel Is Not a Transparent Conducting Oxide?
Authors: Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Retuerto M. , de la Calle C. , Porcher Florence , Alonso J. A.
Published: April 2012

MnIn2O4 is prepared by the citrate method starting with stoichiometric amounts of In2O3 and MnCO3 dissolved in citric acid and HNO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Strong Kleinman‐Forbidden Second Harmonic Generation in Chiral Sulfide: La4InSbS9.
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Jun , Zhang Yong‐Fan , Chen Ling
Published: April 2012

The new chiral compounds Ln4InSbS9 (Ln: La, Pr, Nd) are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (950 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Co3O4 Nanowires as High Capacity Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.
Authors: Yao Yiayin , Xin Xing , Zhang Yiming , Wang Jun , Liu Zhaoping , Xu Xiaoxiong
Published: April 2012

CoC2O4·2H2O nanowires are precipitated from aqueous solutions of CoSO4 and H2C2O4 using polyvinyl alcohol.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Electrode Characteristics of LiMnPO4(OH) Cathode for Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Yang Yang , Hirayama Masaaki , Yonemura Masao , Kanno Ryoji
Published: April 2012

The title compound is synthesized by ball milling of MnPO4·H2O and LiNO3 in the molar ratio 1:4 (2 h), followed by heating in air at 200 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomic Layer Deposition Synthesis of Platinum—Tungsten Carbide Core—Shell Catalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.
Authors: Hsu Irene J. , Kimmel Yannick C. , Jiang Xiaoqiang , Willis Brian G. , Chen Jingguang G.
Published: April 2012

WC powders are prepared by solid state reaction of WO3 and carbon black at 1300 °C in the presence of KCl and a Ni catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Diammonium Bis[hexaaquazinc(I)] Decavanadate Tetrahydrate.
Authors: Udomvech Anurak , Kongrat Prachit , Pakawatchai Chaveng , Phetmung Hirihattaya
Published: April 2012

(NH4)2 [Zn(H2O)6] 2V10O28·4H2O is precipitated from an aqueous solutions of Zn(OAc)2 and NH4VO3 (pH 6, 25 °C, 14 d; 72% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: The Highest Eleven‐Connected Multidimensional Framework Constructed by α‐Metatungstate Clusters and Transition Metal Complexes.
Authors: Zhang Zheyu
Published: April 2012

(NH4)5 [Ag5(L)2(H2O)8 (H2W12O40)]·H2O (L: pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate dianion) is synthesized from a mixture of (NH4)6[H2W12O40], AgNO3, pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid, HNO3, and water (pH 3.5, 65 °C, 45 min, 42% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Diniobium‐Inserted Sandwich‐Type Polyoxometalate K6H3 [Nb2K(H2O)4 (A‐α‐SiW9O34)2] ·23H2O Constructed from Two Trivacant Keggin [A‐α‐SiW9O34]10‐ Moieties Linked via a V‐Shaped {Nb2K} Group.
Authors: Zhang Dongdi , Li Suzhi , Wang Jingping , Niu Jingyang
Published: April 2012

The new title compound is synthesized from a mixture of Na10[A‐α‐SiW9O34], K7HNb6O19, H2O2, HCl, and H2O (pH 4, 1 h, 55% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of a Novel Selenidoarsenate: Incorporation of [Mn(phen)2]2+ Cations into 1∞ [AsIII2Se3(Se2)]2‐ Chains.
Authors: Jiang Hao , Wang Xin , Sheng Tian‐Lu , Hu Sheng‐Min , Fu Rui‐Biao , Wu Xin‐Tao
Published: April 2012

The new inorganic‐organic hybrid solid [Mn(phen)2][As2Se3(Se2)] is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of As, Mn, Se, en, and phen in H2O (autoclave, 423 K, 5 d, 46% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: An Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Hexa‐Nickel Substituted Sandwich‐Type Germanotungstate [enH2]2[Ni(en)2]2{ [Ni6(en)2(H2O)2] [B‐α‐GeW9O34]2}14H2O.
Authors: Niu Weijia , Shi Dongying , Zhao Junwei , Cai Xiaomeng , Chen Lijuan
Published: April 2012

The new title compound is hydrothermmally synthesized from a mixture of K8Na2[A‐α‐GeW9O34], NiSO4, en, and H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 5 d, 35% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of MeMgBr and Other Grignard Reagents to Aldehydes.
Authors: Fernandez‐Mateos Emilio , Macia Beatriz , Ramon Diego J. , Yus Miguel
Published: April 2012

Unprecedented yields and enantioselectivities are achieved in the addition of Grignard reagents to aldehydes in the presence of a hydroxy(phenyl)methylbinaphthol catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Proline‐Functionalized 1,2‐Diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine (DPEN) in Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Manville Charles V. , Docherty Gordon , Padda Ranbir , Wills Martin
Published: April 2012

Enantiomerically pure ligands (I) and (II) containing a combination of proline and DPEN moieties are synthesized and successfully employed in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some New 3,4‐Disubstituted Pyrroles and Pyrazoles from (E)‐1‐(Arylsulfonylethylsulfonyl)‐2‐arylethene.
Authors: Padmaja A. , Syamaiah K. , Muralikrishna A. , Padmavathi V.
Published: April 2012

The sulfonyl activated (E)‐olefin (I) is used as synthon for novel pyrrole and pyrazole derivatives by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of tosylmethyl isocyanide (II) and diazomethane (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Ir(I)‐Catalyzed Carbocyclization of 1,6‐Enynes by the Chiral Counterion Strategy.
Authors: Aubert Corinne , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

It allows a new and efficient access to various optically active azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigations into the Regioselectivity of Fischer Indole and Friedlaender Quinoline Syntheses with Octahydroisobenzofuran and Octahydroisoindole Derivatives.
Authors: Bender Matthias , Christoffers Jens
Published: April 2012

The regioselectivities of Fischer and Friedlaender syntheses with a mixture of cis and trans isoindoles (X) show that the trans‐configurated isomer leads exclusively to linear products [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropanation of 5‐(Allyloxymethyl)‐ and 5‐(Methallyloxymethyl)‐5‐ethyl‐1,3‐dioxanes with Methyl Diazoacetate.
Authors: Ivanova L. N. , Lobov A. N. , Fatykhov A. A. , Sultanova R. M. , Zlotskii S. S. , Dokichev V. A.
Published: April 2012

Cyclopropane‐containing 1,3‐dioxanes are regioselectively obtained in reactions of 5‐(allyloxymethyl)‐ and 5‐(methallyloxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxanes with methyl diazoacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols with Polymer‐Supported Periodic Acid under Mild Aprotic Conditions.
Authors: Pourali Ali Reza , Tabaean Mehrosadat , Nazifi S. Mohamad Reza
Published: April 2012

Secondary benzylic and non‐benzylic alcohols give only low yields.