bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal evolution, environmental heterogeneity, and migration drive spatial patterns of species richness in
Calochortus
(Liliaceae)
Authors: Karimi Nisa , Krieg Christopher P. , Spalink Daniel , Lemmon Alan R. , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Eifler Evan , Hernández Adriana I. , Chan Patricia W. , Rodríguez Aarón , Landis Jacob B. , Strickler Susan R. , Specht Chelsea D. , Givnish Thomas J.
Published: February 2024

We used nuclear genomic data and statistical models to evaluate the ecological and evolutionary processes shaping spatial variation in species richness in
Calochortus
(Liliaceae, 74 spp.).
Calochortus
occupies diverse habitats in the western United States and Mexico and has a center of diversity in the California Floristic Province, marked by multiple orogenies, winter rainfall, and highly divergent climates and substrates (including serpentine). We used sequences of 294 low-copy nuclear loci to produce a time-calibrated phylogeny, estimate historical biogeography, and test hypotheses regarding drivers of present-day spatial patterns in species number. Speciation and species coexistence require reproductive isolation and ecological divergence, so we examined the roles of chromosome number, environmental heterogeneity, and migration in shaping local species richness. Six major clades—inhabiting different geographic/climatic areas, and often marked by different base chromosome numbers (n = 6 to 10)—began diverging from each other ~10.3 Mya. As predicted, local species number increased significantly with local heterogeneity in chromosome number, elevation, soil characteristics, and serpentine presence. Species richness is greatest in the Transverse/Peninsular Ranges where clades with different chromosome numbers overlap, topographic complexity provides diverse conditions over short distances, and several physiographic provinces meet allowing immigration by several clades. Recently diverged sister-species pairs generally have peri-patric distributions, and maximum geographic overlap between species increases over the first million years since divergence, suggesting that chromosomal evolution, genetic divergence leading to gametic isolation or hybrid inviability/sterility, and/or ecological divergence over small spatial scales may permit species co-occurrence.
A neural pathway for social modulation of spontaneous locomotor activity (SoMo-SLA) in
Drosophila
Authors: Zhao Huan , Jiang Xinyu , Ma Mingze , Xing Limin , Ji Xiaoxiao , Pan Yufeng
Published: February 2024

Social enrichment or social isolation affects a range of innate behaviors, such as sex, aggression, and sleep, but whether there is a shared mechanism is not clear. Here, we report a neural mechanism underlying social modulation of spontaneous locomotor activity (SoMo-SLA), an internal-driven behavior indicative of internal states. We find that social enrichment specifically reduces spontaneous locomotor activity in male flies. We identify neuropeptides Diuretic hormone 44 (DH44) and Tachykinin (TK) to be up- and down-regulated by social enrichment and necessary for SoMo-SLA. We further demonstrate a sexually dimorphic neural circuit, in which the male-specific P1 neurons encoding internal states form positive feedback with interneurons coexpressing
doublesex
(
dsx
) and
Tk
to promote locomotion, while P1 neurons also form negative feedback with interneurons coexpressing
dsx
and
DH44
to inhibit locomotion. These two opposing neuromodulatory recurrent circuits represent a potentially common mechanism that underlies the social regulation of multiple innate behaviors.
Laser direct overall water splitting for H
2
and H
2
O
2
production
Authors: Yan Bo , Gu Qunfang , Cao Weiwei , Cai Biao , Li Yinwu , Zeng Zhiping , Liu Pu , Ke Zhuofeng , Meng Sheng , Ouyang Gang , Yang Guowei
Published: February 2024

Hydrogen (H
2
) and hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) play crucial roles as energy carriers and raw materials for industrial production. However, the current techniques for H
2
and H
2
O
2
production rely on complex catalysts and involve multiple intermediate steps. In this study, we present a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and highly efficient laser-induced conversion method for overall water splitting to simultaneously generate H
2
and H
2
O
2
at ambient conditions without any catalysts. The laser direct overall water splitting approach achieves an impressive light-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of 2.1%, with H
2
production rates of 2.2 mmol/h and H
2
O
2
production rates of 65 µM/h in a limited reaction area (1 mm
2
) within a short real reaction time (0.36 ms/h). Furthermore, we elucidate the underlying physics and chemistry behind the laser-induced water splitting to produce H
2
and H
2
O
2
. The laser-induced cavitation bubbles create an optimal microenvironment for water-splitting reactions because of the transient high temperatures (10
4
K) surpassing the chemical barrier required. Additionally, their rapid cooling rate (10
10
K/s) hinders reverse reactions and facilitates H
2
O
2
retention. Finally, upon bubble collapse, H
2
is released while H
2
O
2
remains dissolved in the water. Moreover, a preliminary amplification experiment demonstrates the potential industrial applications of this laser chemistry. These findings highlight that laser-based production of H
2
and H
2
O
2
from water holds promise as a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach on an industrial scale beyond conventional chemical catalysis.
FER-like iron deficiency-induced transcription factor (FIT) accumulates in nuclear condensates
Authors: Trofimov Ksenia , Gratz Regina , Ivanov Rumen , Stahl Yvonne , Bauer Petra , Brumbarova Tzvetina
Published: February 2024

The functional importance of nuclear protein condensation remains often unclear. The bHLH FER-like iron deficiency-induced transcription factor (FIT) controls iron acquisition and growth in plants. Previously described C-terminal serine residues allow FIT to interact and form active transcription factor complexes with subgroup Ib bHLH factors such as bHLH039. FIT has lower nuclear mobility than mutant FITmSS271AA. Here, we show that FIT undergoes a light-inducible subnuclear partitioning into FIT nuclear bodies (NBs). Using quantitative and qualitative microscopy-based approaches, we characterized FIT NBs as condensates that were reversible and likely formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. FIT accumulated preferentially in NBs versus nucleoplasm when engaged in protein complexes with itself and with bHLH039. FITmSS271AA, instead, localized to NBs with different dynamics. FIT colocalized with splicing and light signaling NB markers. The NB-inducing light conditions were linked with active FIT and elevated FIT target gene expression in roots. FIT condensation may affect nuclear mobility and be relevant for integrating environmental and Fe nutrition signals.
PC4: A new regulator of cyclin D1 transcript levels
Authors: Fassl Anne , Sicinski Piotr
Published: February 2024

The expression of cyclin proteins is tightly regulated during the cell cycle, to allow precise activation of cyclin-dependent kinases. In this issue, Pan et al. (https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202308066) identify an RNA-binding protein, PC4, as a regulator of cyclin D1 mRNA stability in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. This study provides a new mechanism regulating the levels of a key cell cycle protein, cyclin D1, in human cells.
CXCL12+ dermal fibroblasts promote neutrophil recruitment and host defense by recognition of IL-17
Authors: Cavagnero Kellen J. , Li Fengwu , Dokoshi Tatsuya , Nakatsuji Teruaki , O’Neill Alan M. , Aguilera Carlos , Liu Edward , Shia Michael , Osuoji Olive , Hata Tissa , Gallo Richard L.
Published: February 2024

The skin provides an essential barrier for host defense through rapid action of multiple resident and recruited cell types, but the complex communication network governing these processes is incompletely understood. To define these cell–cell interactions more clearly, we performed an unbiased network analysis of mouse skin during invasive S. aureus infection and revealed a dominant role for CXCL12+ fibroblast subsets in neutrophil communication. These subsets predominantly reside in the reticular dermis, express adipocyte lineage markers, detect IL-17 and TNFα, and promote robust neutrophil recruitment through NFKBIZ-dependent release of CXCR2 ligands and CXCL12. Targeted deletion of Il17ra in mouse fibroblasts resulted in greatly reduced neutrophil recruitment and increased infection by S. aureus. Analogous human CXCL12+ fibroblast subsets abundantly express neutrophil chemotactic factors in psoriatic skin that are subsequently decreased upon therapeutic targeting of IL-17. These findings show that CXCL12+ dermal immune acting fibroblast subsets play a critical role in cutaneous neutrophil recruitment and host defense.
Corrigendum: Exploring the role of beyond mean-field interaction in the structure and dynamics of one-dimensional quantum droplets (2023 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 56 165302)
Authors: Gangwar Sonali , Ravisankar Rajamanickam , Muruganandam Paulsamy , Mishra Pankaj Kumar
Published: February 2024

In our recent paper (Gangwar et al 2023 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.
56 165302), we noticed a minor mistake in equations (1) and (2). In this corrigendum, we provide the corrected equations and necessary modified figures. However, overall results and conclusions of our original paper remain unchanged.
Archimedes’ principle experimental apparatus for remote physics laboratory
Authors: Indratno T K , Ishafit  , Prabowo Y D
Published: February 2024

The latest developments in information technology have made it possible to have experimental activities that can be accessed remotely. This article offers an explanation about the development of experimental tools that can be accessed remotely based on Archimedes’ principle. The equipment has been developed by adding a stepper motor to control the object to submerge in liquid. The stepper motor is controlled by Arduino Uno using the graphical user interface (GUI) developed using LabVIEW. Data sampling process uses a force sensor that is controlled using the same GUI. Based on the equipment that has been developed, experiments on the principle of Archimedes’ can be done online through websites. The experimental results agree with theoretical calculations and with previous research. Therefore, the developed apparatus can be used as an experimental-based learning tool in an online platform.
Measurement of the charge-to-mass ratio of particles trapped by the Paul trap for education
Authors: Saito R J , Tanaka T A , Sakemi Y , Yagyu M , Tanaka K S
Published: February 2024

Paul traps are devices that confine particles using an alternating electric field and have been used in undergraduate experimental classes at universities. Owing to the requirement of a high voltage (

>

103 V), Paul traps are not used in middle and high schools. Therefore, we developed an all-in-one-type Paul trap, including a high-voltage transformer. The Paul trap can be equipped with two different types of electrode attachments, ring-type and linear-type, and the trap image can be observed using a built-in web camera. For example, the charge-to-mass ratio of particles was measured with different types of attachments, and reasonable values were obtained. These types of trap devices are currently used at several educational facilities in Japan.
Burning facial tissue and corroding graphite rods of recycled batteries: two simple experiments in preparation of nanomaterials
Authors: Quang Ngo Khoa
Published: February 2024

This report presents two hands-on activities for high school students that focus on the preparation of nanomaterials in a relatively simple manner. Carbon dots (CDs) were chosen as a demonstration. The article is categorised into two parts. The first part roughly performs the same work as a previous publication by Jumeng Wei, in which ultrasonication was utilised to cleave paper ash. Furthermore, we also attempted to use magnetic stirring or even hand stirring as an alternative method. The second section offers a perspective on the use of an electrochemical method to prepare CDs using graphite rods from recycled batteries. In the scope of this article, instead of using high-analysis techniques to prove the availability of CDs at the nanoscale, our work aims to illustrate green, sustainable physics and demonstrate the way that synthetic physicists utilise waste materials via practical education. The designed experiment suggests an integration between physics and chemistry that might be used for the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics experience of high school students.
Work done by static friction on an incline
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: February 2024

The total work done by the static friction force acting on a ball rolling down an incline is zero, despite the fact that work is done by the friction force to increase the rotational kinetic energy of the ball. It is shown that an equal and opposite amount of work is done by the friction force to decrease the translational kinetic energy of the ball.
DRFNet: a deep radiomic fusion network for nAMD/PCV differentiation in OCT images
Authors: Shen Erwei , Wang Zhenmao , Lin Tian , Meng Qingquan , Zhu Weifang , Shi Fei , Chen Xinjian , Chen Haoyu , Xiang Dehui
Published: February 2024

Objective. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) present many similar clinical features. However, there are significant differences in the progression of nAMD and PCV. and it is crucial to make accurate diagnosis for treatment. In this paper, we propose a structure-radiomic fusion network (DRFNet) to differentiate PCV and nAMD in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Approach. The subnetwork (RIMNet) is designed to automatically segment the lesion of nAMD and PCV. Another subnetwork (StrEncoder) is designed to extract deep structural features of the segmented lesion. The subnetwork (RadEncoder) is designed to extract radiomic features from the segmented lesions based on radiomics. 305 eyes (155 with nAMD and 150 with PCV) are included and manually annotated CNV region in this study. The proposed method was trained and evaluated by 4-fold cross validation using the collected data and was compared with the advanced differentiation methods. Main results. The proposed method achieved high classification performace of nAMD/PCV differentiation in OCT images, which was an improvement of 4.68 compared with other best method. Significance. The presented structure-radiomic fusion network (DRFNet) has great performance of diagnosing nAMD and PCV and high clinical value by using OCT instead of indocyanine green angiography.
Highly robust reconstruction framework for three-dimensional optical imaging based on physical model constrained neural networks
Authors: Chen Xueli , Meng Yu , Wang Lin , Zhou Wangting , Chen Duofang , Xie Hui , Ren Shenghan
Published: February 2024

Objective. The reconstruction of three-dimensional optical imaging that can quantitatively acquire the target distribution from surface measurements is a serious ill-posed problem. Traditional regularization-based reconstruction can solve such ill-posed problem to a certain extent, but its accuracy is highly dependent on a prior information, resulting in a less stable and adaptable method. Data-driven deep learning-based reconstruction avoids the errors of light propagation models and the reliance on experience and a prior by learning the mapping relationship between the surface light distribution and the target directly from the dataset. However, the acquisition of the training dataset and the training of the network itself are time consuming, and the high dependence of the network performance on the training dataset results in a low generalization ability. The objective of this work is to develop a highly robust reconstruction framework to solve the existing problems. Approach. This paper proposes a physical model constrained neural networks-based reconstruction framework. In the framework, the neural networks are to generate a target distribution from surface measurements, while the physical model is used to calculate the surface light distribution based on this target distribution. The mean square error between the calculated surface light distribution and the surface measurements is then used as a loss function to optimize the neural network. To further reduce the dependence on a priori information, a movable region is randomly selected and then traverses the entire solution interval. We reconstruct the target distribution in this movable region and the results are used as the basis for its next movement. Main Results. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated with a series of simulations and in vivo experiment, including accuracy robustness of different target distributions, noise immunity, depth robustness, and spatial resolution. The results collectively demonstrate that the framework can reconstruct targets with a high accuracy, stability and versatility. Significance. The proposed framework has high accuracy and robustness, as well as good generalizability. Compared with traditional regularization-based reconstruction methods, it eliminates the need to manually delineate feasible regions and adjust regularization parameters. Compared with emerging deep learning assisted methods, it does not require any training dataset, thus saving a lot of time and resources and solving the problem of poor generalization and robustness of deep learning methods. Thus, the framework opens up a new perspective for the reconstruction of three-dimension optical imaging.
Cn
-symmetric quasi-periodic Chern insulators
Authors: Han Ying , Zhou Yuan , He Ai-Lei
Published: February 2024

Chern insulators have been recently extended to quasicrystal systems, namely the quasi-periodic Chern insulators (QCIs). Here we study the topological properties and topological response of QCIs on two-dimensional singular surfaces. Such singular QCIs with arbitrary

n
−

fold rotational symmetry (i.e. C

n
-symmetric QCIs) can be constructed by ‘cutting and gluing’ unit sectors on the Dürer’s pentagonal tiling. Chiral edge states and real-space Chern number can well characterize the topological properties of C

n
-symmetric QCIs. Intriguingly, we numerically identify the emergence of charge fractionalization in unit of

e

/

10

around the singular center in Cn
-symmetric QCIs though their bulk densities are inhomogeneous. In addition, we explore the phase transitions of these C

n
-symmetric QCIs.
Conical holes arrays for 2 × 2 ports division
Authors: Huang Yusen , Wang Bo
Published: February 2024

The 2 × 2 ports division is introduced based on novel conical holes arrays in this paper. Under the normal incidence of wavelength 780 nm, the grating can achieve high efficiency in the orders (±1, 0) and (0, ±1) which are 24.28% and 24.33%. The uniformity (E
U) and the extinction rate (E
T) are 0.10% and 21.10 dB. Furthermore, the numerical analysis indicates that the proposed grating exhibits a large angular bandwidth of 11° and a wavelength bandwidth of 34 nm when the target condition has diffraction efficiency above 20% for all main diffraction orders. What’s more, the results demonstrate that the proposed grating is feasible for practical manufacturing by exhibiting good manufacturing tolerances and high performance. The performance of the grating is so excellent that it has a wide application prospect in interferometers, spectroscopy, optical communications, etc.
Simulation study on the effect of operating and materials parameters on electrocaloric device for battery cooling
Authors: Rabadiya Ridhamkumar , Saurabh Nishchay , Patel Satyanarayan
Published: February 2024

The present simulation work discusses the effect of different electric pulses, operating temperatures, electrodes and substrate materials on electrocaloric(EC) performance. The electrocaloric effect (ECE) is analyzed using poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) polymer with electrode. The P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) film (100 μm) shows an effective adiabatic temperature change (ΔT
ad)effective (considering losses) of 4.01 K at 100 MV m−1 when a square electric field (E) pulse is used. An effect of electrode and substrate layer thickness is also analyzed; the electrocaloric performance decreases with an increase in the thickness of the substrate layer. A smartphone battery’s surface (7 cm × 3 cm) is considered for cooling by the proposed design. The simulation study shows battery’s surface/source temperature dropped from 313.15 K to ∼298 K, ∼297.5 K, and ∼293.5 K when air cooling, the EC device in contact with the battery (no ECE, E = 0) and EC device in contact with battery (with ECE, E = 100 MV m−1), respectively are used in ∼6.5 s. The proposed EC device design can provide new insight for mobile or other electronic cooling applications.
Bethe ansatz solutions of the 1D extended Hubbard-model
Authors: Hou 侯 Haiyang 海洋 , Sun 孙 Pei 佩 , Qiao 乔 Yi 艺 , Xu 许 Xiaotian 小甜 , Zhang 张 Xin 鑫 , Yang 杨 Tao 涛
Published: February 2024

We construct an integrable 1D extended Hubbard model within the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method. With the help of the nested algebraic Bethe ansatz method, the eigenvalue Hamiltonian problem is solved by a set of Bethe ansatz equations, whose solutions are supposed to give the correct energy spectrum.
Rogue waves for the (2+1)-dimensional Myrzakulov–Lakshmanan-IV equation on a periodic background
Authors: Wang Xiao-Hui , Zhaqilao
Published: February 2024

In this paper, the rogue wave solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Myrzakulov–Lakshmanan (ML)-IV equation, which is described by five component nonlinear evolution equations, are studied on a periodic background. By using the Jacobian elliptic function expansion method, the Darboux transformation (DT) method and the nonlinearization of the Lax pair, two kinds of rogue wave solutions which are expressed by Jacobian elliptic functions dn and cn, are obtained. The relationship between these five kinds of potential is summarized systematically. Firstly, the periodic rogue wave solution of one potential is obtained, and then the periodic rogue wave solutions of the other four potentials are obtained directly. The solutions we find present the dynamic phenomena of higher-order nonlinear wave equations.
Electrical characteristics of a fractional-order 3 × n Fan network
Authors: Tan Zhi-Zhong , Wang Xin
Published: February 2024

In this article a new achievement of fractional-order 3 × n Fan networks is presented. In the first step, the RT-I method is used to derive the general formulae of the equivalent impedance of fractional-order 3 × n Fan networks. In the second part, the effects of five system parameters (L, C, n, α and β) on amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics are analyzed. At the same time, the amplitude-frequency and phase-frequency characteristics of the fractional order 3 × n Fan network are revealed by Matlab drawing. This work has important theoretical and practical significance for resistor network models in the field of natural science and engineering technology.
Effects of edge-localized electron cyclotron current drive on edge-localized mode suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations in DIII-D
Authors: Hu Q.M. , Logan N.C. , Yu Q. , Bortolon A.
Published: February 2024

According to recent DIII-D experiments (Logan et al 2024 Nucl. Fusion
64 014003), injecting edge localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) in the counter-plasma-current (counter-I
p) direction reduces the n = 3 resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) current threshold for edge-localized mode (ELM) suppression, while co-I
p ECCD during the suppressed ELM phase causes a back transition to ELMing. This paper presents nonlinear two-fluid simulations on the ECCD manipulation of edge magnetic islands induced by RMP using the TM1 code. In the presence of a magnetic island chain at the pedestal-top, co-I
p ECCD is found to decrease the island width and restore the initially degraded pedestal pressure when its radial deposition location is close to the rational surface of the island. With a sufficiently strong co-I
p ECCD current, the RMP-driven magnetic island can be healed, and the pedestal pressure fully recovers to its initial ELMing state. On the contrary, counter-I
p ECCD is found to increase the island width and further reduce the pedestal pressure to levels significantly below the peeling-ballooning-mode limited height, leading to even stationary ELM suppression. These simulations align with the results from DIII-D experiments. However, when multiple magnetic island chains are present at the pedestal-top, the ECCD current experiences substantial broadening, and its effects on the island width and pedestal pressure become negligible. Further simulations reveal that counter-I
p ECCD enhances RMP penetration by lowering the penetration threshold, with the degree of reduction proportional to the amplitude of ECCD current. For the ∼1 MW ECCD in DIII-D, the predicted decrease in the RMP penetration threshold for ELM suppression is approximately 20%, consistent with experimental observations. These simulations indicate that edge-localized ECCD can be used to either facilitate RMP-driven ELM suppression or optimize the confinement degradation.
Multi-pixel photon counter-based gamma camera with pinhole collimator to locate Cs-137 sources at high dose rates for the Fukushima nuclear power plant
Authors: Tomoda T. , Arimoto M. , Mizuno T. , Sato D. , Lucyana F. , Kataoka J. , Kato M. , Ishii J. , Sawano T. , Yonetoku D. , Terazawa S. , Shiota S.
Published: February 2024

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was severely damaged during the 2011 Great East
Japan Earthquake. However, the ongoing decommissioning work has been limited by the complexity of
the reactor's internal structure and very high radiation levels; locating radioactive sources is
essential for efficient decommissioning. Conventional gamma cameras are mainly designed for low
radiation dose (∼mSv/h) and using them under high radiation conditions is difficult
(>Sv/h). Therefore, we developed a pinhole gamma camera with a gamma radiation detector
consisting of a high-speed YGAG scintillator array and multi-pixel photon counters to locate
radioactive sources at high dose rates. The gamma-ray photon signals captured by the developed
two-dimensional detector array can be processed at a speed as high as >1 MHz/pixel using the
developed large scale integrated circuit. Herein, we report the measurement results of an
extremely high radioactivity of 137Cs (∼34 TBq) using the developed gamma camera. The
gamma-ray source position was determined using an angular size of ∼4.6°, with images
obtained at 2 m from the radioactive source and at a dose rate of 0.3 Sv/h. The direct gamma rays
with a photoelectric peak at 662 keV and scattered component of gamma rays can be distinguished
from the measured spectrum. We also characterize the imaging capability of the 137Cs
depending on the detected gamma-ray energies and discuss related details.
Status of the detector setup for the FAMU experiment at RIKEN-RAL for a precision measurement of the Zemach radius of the proton in muonic hydrogen
Authors: Rossini R. , Adamczak A. , Bakalov D. , Baldazzi G. , Banfi S. , Baruzzo M. , Benocci R. , Bertoni R. , Bonesini M. , Bonvicini V. , Cabrera H. , Carsi S. , Cirrincione D. , Clemenza M. , Colace L. , Danailov M.B. , Danev P. , de Bari A. , de Vecchi C. , Fasci E. , Gadedjisso-Tossou K.S. , Gaigher R. , Gianfrani L. , Hillier A.D. , Ishida K. , King P.J.C. , Maggi V. , Menegolli A. , Mocchiutti E. , Moretti L. , Morgante G. , Niemela J. , Petroselli C. , Pirri A. , Pizzolotto C. , Prata M.C. , Pullia A. , Pullia M. , Ramponi R. , Rossella M. , Sarkar R. , Sbrizzi A. , Stoilov M. , Suarez-Vargas J.J. , Toci G. , Tortora L. , Vallazza E.S. , Yokoyama K. , Vacchi A.
Published: February 2024

The FAMU experiment at RIKEN-RAL is a muonic atom experiment with the aim to determine the Zemach radius of the proton by measuring the 1s hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen. The activity of the FAMU Collaboration in the years 2015–2023 enabled the final optimisation of the detector-target setup as well as the gas working condition in terms of temperature, pressure and gas mixture composition. The experiment has started its data taking in July 2023. The status of the detector setup for the 2023 experimental runs, for the beam characterisation and muonic X-ray detection in the 100–200 keV energy range, is presented and discussed.
Langmuir-probe measurement through the plasma grid aperture of hydrogen negative ion source
Authors: Rattanawongnara E. , Osakabe M. , Tsumori K. , Nakano H. , Nagaoka K. , Ikeda K. , Takeiri Y.
Published: February 2024

The extraction physics of negative-ion sources is still unknown because of the complication of the plasma-beam boundary (meniscus), which includes electronegative plasma, the magnetic field, and a surface production of negative ions. This paper shows results from Langmuir probe measurements inside of the extraction aperture (EA) and the criteria for locating the meniscus. The criteria are defined by the appearance and disappearance of Maxwellian feature of plasma. The result gives direct information on the location and shape of the plasma-beam boundary.
Spreading of an active region of semi-insulating GaAs detectors after radiation degradation
Authors: Sagatova A. , Kurucova N. , Necas V. , Kovacova E. , Zatko B.
Published: February 2024

The radiation hardness of GaAs detectors against high-energy electrons goes up to a few MGy. Their degradation is mainly connected to the decrease of the charge collection efficiency and the increase of the reverse current. On the other hand, an improvement in detection efficiency was observed at low degradation doses. The explanation that this could be caused by an enlargement of the detector active area due to spreading of the collecting electric field caused by radiation-induced defects is studied in this paper. We have used the alpha particles of 241Am, which interact in the GaAs surface layer, to study the enlargement of the detector active region after its degradation by 5 MeV electrons with doses ranging from 24 to 2000 kGy. The results show that the electric field spreads behind the Schottky contact metallization edges not only with increasing applied reverse bias but also with rising cumulative dose of radiation degradation in the dose range from 24 up to 100 kGy, followed by a slight reduction in area size. The electric collecting field keeps larger dimensions than before detector degradation for doses up to 600 kGy. For higher doses than 1000 kGy, the active area of the detector was reduced below its initial size before degradation. Moreover, the improvement of detection efficiency with increasing bias applied becomes weaker with increasing degradation dose. Radiation degradation affects the electric field distribution in semi-insulating GaAs detectors and the results obtained may provide useful knowledge to preparation of multi-pixel GaAs structures for imaging and particle tracking.
A prototype electromagnetic calorimeter for the MUonE experiment: status and first performance results
Authors: Spedicato E. ,   the MUonE collaboration
Published: February 2024

The MUonE experiment proposes a novel approach to determine the leading hadronic contribution to the muon g-2, from a precise measurement of the differential cross section of the μ-e elastic scattering, achievable by using the CERN SPS muon beam onto atomic electrons of a light target. The detector layout is modular, consisting of an array of identical tracking stations, each one made of a light target and silicon strip planes, followed by an electromagnetic calorimeter made of PbWO4 crystals with APD readout, placed after the last station, and a muon filter. The scattering particles are tracked without any magnetic field, and the event kinematics can be defined in a large phase space region from the expected correlation of the outgoing particle angles. The ambiguity affecting a specific region, with electron and muon outgoing with similar deflection angles, can be solved by identifying the electron track as the one with extrapolation matching the calorimeter cluster or the muon track by associating it to hits in the muon filter. The role of the calorimeter will be important for background estimate and reduction, and to assess systematic errors, providing some useful redundancy and allowing for alternative selections.
Beam tests are carried out at CERN with a prototype calorimeter to determine its calibration with both high energy (20–150 GeV) and low energy electrons (1–10 GeV). In late summer a pilot run is scheduled with up to three tracking stations and the calorimeter integrated within a common triggerless readout system. The main motivations for the MUonE calorimeter are discussed, and the status and first performance results will be presented.
3D-integrated pixel circuit for a low power and small pitch SOI sensor
Authors: Zhou Y. , Lu Y. , Zhou J. , Zhang H. , Dong J. , Zheng W. , Xu C. , Dong M. , Ouyang Q.
Published: February 2024

Targeting on low power consumption and high spatial resolution, the CPV-4 SOI pixel sensor has been developed. Its pixel circuit requires about 120 transistors to implement the analog-digital mixed signal processing functionality within a compact pixel area of 17 μm × 21 μm. By utilizing 3D vertical integration, sensing diode and analog front-end are realized in the lower-tier chip, while hit information storage and sparse readout are achieved in the upper-tier chip, thereby minimizing its pixel size and power consumption. This work presents the pixel circuit design and the test results on the completed 3D chips. The feature of SOI pixel process and the 3D integration are also highlighted in this article.
Coupler RF kick and emittance optimization of the SHINE injector
Authors: Guo Junjie , Gu Duan , Jiang Zenggong , Wang Zhen , Zhang Meng , Gu Qiang , Deng Haixiao
Published: February 2024

Coupler RF kick due to the asymmetric structure caused by
the coupler, is more likely to lead to emittance growth in the SHINE
injector with low beam energy. The calculation of coupler RF kick
and resulting emittance dilution has been studied in detail in the
literature. In this paper, a novel approach is provided that a
lossy material is placed on the surface of the superconducting
cavity to approximate the Q
0 of the TESLA cavity, and a frequency
solver of CST is used to simulate the electromagnetic field
distribution, which is used to calculate coupler RF kick, and
calibrated against the results of CST Particle Tracking Studio with
a good agreement. In order to minimize the emittance growth of SHINE
injector, a 1.3 GHz symmetric twin-coupler cavity is adoped in the
single-cavity cryomodule, and the rotational angle and permutation
of the 8 cavities in the 8-cavities cryomodule is
optimized. Ultimately, the optimized emittance is lower than the
design parameter.
Modulation of the impact of winter-mean warm Arctic-cold Eurasia pattern on Eurasian cold extremes by the subseasonal variability
Authors: Wang Sai , Ding Minghu , Li Guancheng , Chen Wen
Published: February 2024

Utilizing ERA5 data, this study provides evidence that both the winter-mean state and subseasonal variability (SSV) of the warm Arctic-cold Eurasia (WACE) pattern significantly influence the frequency of cold extremes in Eurasia. The positive phase of winter-mean WACE (WACEMean) or a stronger SSV of WACE (WACESSV) corresponds to a higher occurrence of cold extremes over central Eurasia and East Asia. Furthermore, the study reveals that the impact of WACEMean on the cold extremes is modulated by WACESSV. During years characterized by a positive WACEMean and enhanced WACESSV, the associated winter-mean anticyclonic anomalies, combined with amplified subseasonal circulation fluctuations over the northern Eurasia continent, contribute to a significant increase in the blocking frequency over the Ural–Siberia region. This, in turn, contributes to an intensified occurrence of cold extremes in central Eurasia and East Asia. In contrast, during the years with a positive WACEMean but reduced WACESSV, in the absence of significant changes in the subseasonal circulation fluctuations, the winter-mean anticyclonic anomalies over the northern Eurasia continent do not exert a significant impact on Ural–Siberian blocking frequency by themselves. Consequently, there are no notable anomalies in the frequency of cold extremes over central Eurasia and East Asia. Finally, this study reveals that the differences in the distribution of the frequency anomalies in the blocking between the two sets of years are attributed to the constructive and destructive superposition of anomalies in subseasonal circulation fluctuations related to the WACEMean and WACESSV.
Uncovering exceptional contours in non-Hermitian hyperbolic lattices
Authors: Chadha Nisarg , Narayan Awadhesh
Published: February 2024

Hyperbolic lattices are starting to be explored in search of novel phases of matter. At the same time, non-Hermitian physics has come to the forefront in photonic, optical, phononic, and condensed matter systems. In this work, we introduce non-Hermitian hyperbolic lattices and elucidate its exceptional properties in depth. We use hyperbolic Bloch theory to investigate band structures of hyperbolic lattices in the presence of non-Hermitian on-site gain and loss as well as non-reciprocal hopping. Using various analytical and numerical approaches we demonstrate widely accessible and tunable exceptional points (EPs) and contours in {10,5} tessellations, which we characterize using phase rigidity, energy scaling, and vorticity. We further demonstrate the occurrence of higher-order EPs and contours in the {8,4} tessellations using the method of Newton polygons, supported by vorticity and phase rigidity computations. Finally, we investigate the open boundary spectra and densities of states to compare with results from band theory, along with a demonstration of boundary localisation. Our results unveil an abundance of exceptional degeneracies in hyperbolic non-Hermitian matter.
Computational ghost imaging with adaptive intensity illumination for scenes featuring specular surfaces
Authors: Xiong Jiahao , Zhang Xuan , Fu Ai , Liu Hong-Chao
Published: February 2024

Imaging a target scene with specular surfaces is a daunting challenge for both direct imaging and indirect computational imaging techniques. The intense specular reflection component during the measurement severely degrades the quality of the reconstructed image, resulting in a substantial loss of scene information. To address this issue, we propose a computational ghost imaging (CGI) method with adaptive intensity illumination. Capitalizing on the encoded imaging feature of CGI, this method enables effective imaging of target scenes with specular surfaces through two series of measurements, eliminating the necessity for additional optical components. Based on the position and intensity information of pixels in the specular regions from the first series of measurements, our method modulates the illumination patterns to weaken the intensity of the specular region in the second series of measurements. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the utilization of these modulated illumination patterns for target scene measurement effectively mitigates interference from the specular surface during imaging. Consequently, the reconstructed image is capable of presenting more detailed information about the target scene other than the specular regions. Our work introduces a novel approach for imaging target scenes with specular surfaces and broadens the scope of applications for CGI in reality.
Effect of Sr and Nb co-doped on the total conductivity of Li0.5La0.5TiO3 ceramic electrolytes
Authors: Wu Qi Yun , Zheng Deyi , Mao Run Yu , Liu Chang
Published: February 2024

The solid electrolyte Li0.5La0.5TiO3 is widely used in solid-state batteries due to its high grain conductivity at room temperature (RT). However, the ever-increasing requirement for high ionic conductivity necessitates the improvement of its total conductivity. In this study, tuning the total conductivity of perovskite-type La2/3-xLi3xTiO3 (LLTO) membranes through a co-doping strategy was proposed and systematically investigated, Here, an Li0.5−y+x
Sr
x
La0.5−x
Ti1−y
Nb
y
O3 (LLSTN, x = 0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 mol%) ceramic solid electrolyte was prepared via the conventional solid-state reaction method. The introduction of Sr2+ and Nb5+ increases the lithium-ion vacancies and transforms the Li0.5La0.5TiO3 crystal structure from tetragonal to cubic. On the other hand, the lattice constant becomes larger, causing the migration channel of the lithium ions to become larger. Meanwhile, with the increase of Nb5+ doping amount, lithium lanthanum niobate forms between grains, inhibiting grain growth and it helps to reduce the resistance of lithium ion migration at grain boundaries. The total conductivity of sample Li0.5La0.42Sr0.08Ti0.92Nb0.08O3 reaches 5.10 × 10−5S·cm−1 at RT, which is about six times higher than that of the undoped sample, and the activation energy is 0.28 eV.
Enhanced acetone detection for non-invasive diabetes monitoring by atomic layer deposited WO3 nanoparticle on hierarchical In2O3 particles
Authors: Sun Xiaojie , Wang Jun , Wang Yingbin , Zhang Bo , Liang Yong , Liu Yiqian , Duan Shaobo , Guo Wanli
Published: February 2024

This study addressed the critical need for non-invasive monitoring of diabetes by proposing an acetone gas sensor based on hierarchical In2O3 with atomic layer deposition (ALD)-deposited WO3 nanoparticles. The sensor fabrication involved a carefully designed process, leveraging ALD to control WO3 deposition, ensuring uniform distribution, and mitigating agglomeration. The resulting composite exhibited enhanced sensitivity, making it promising for detecting acetone, a key biomarker for diabetes. Material synthesis, including hydrothermal formation of In2O3 hierarchy particles and ALD of WO3, was meticulously conducted. Comprehensive characterizations, involving SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, XPS, and BET, validated the successful synthesis and deposition. The sensor’s response to varying acetone concentrations (50–2000 ppb) was systematically investigated, revealing a positive correlation. The In2O3/WO3–2 sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity, attributed to the catalytic properties of WO3. The proposed sensor presented a cost-effective, sensitive, and selective solution, paving the way for non-invasive diabetes monitoring.
Triboelectric ‘electrostatic tweezers’ for manipulating droplets on lubricated slippery surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser processing
Authors: Yong Jiale , Li Xinlei , Hu Youdi , Peng Yubin , Cheng Zilong , Xu Tianyu , Wang Chaowei , Wu Dong
Published: February 2024

The use of ‘Electrostatic tweezers’ is a promising tool for droplet manipulation, but it faces many limitations in manipulating droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces. Here, we achieve noncontact and multifunctional droplet manipulation on Nepenthes-inspired lubricated slippery surfaces via triboelectric electrostatic tweezers (TETs). The TET manipulation of droplets on a slippery surface has many advantages over electrostatic droplet manipulation on a superhydrophobic surface. The electrostatic field induces the redistribution of the charges inside the neutral droplet, which causes the triboelectric charged rod to drive the droplet to move forward under the electrostatic force. Positively or negatively charged droplets can also be driven by TET based on electrostatic attraction and repulsion. TET enables us to manipulate droplets under diverse conditions, including anti-gravity climb, suspended droplets, corrosive liquids, low-surface-tension liquids (e.g. ethanol with a surface tension of 22.3 mN·m−1), different droplet volumes (from 100 nl to 0.5 ml), passing through narrow slits, sliding over damaged areas, on various solid substrates, and even droplets in an enclosed system. Various droplet-related applications, such as motion guidance, motion switching, droplet-based microreactions, surface cleaning, surface defogging, liquid sorting, and cell labeling, can be easily achieved with TETs.
A review on the state of the art of dynamic voltage restorer: topologies, operational modes, compensation methods, and control algorithms
Authors: Shah Muhammad Shahzaib , Ullah Mian Farhan , Nouman Danish , Khan Muhammad Adnan , Khan Tahir , Waseem Muhammad
Published: February 2024

Enhancing and regulating power quality is a fundamental necessity in any industry reliant on power, aiming for the optimal utilization of resources. The power quality challenges, including sags, swells, harmonic distortions, and interruptions, have been acknowledged as critical issues. Among these, sags and swells are prevalent and can significantly impact electrical devices or machines, necessitating swift compensation to prevent malfunction or failure. Custom power devices such as the Unified Power-Quality Conditioner (UPQC), Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM), and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) are employed to address these issues. The DVR, a custom power device specifically designed for compensating voltage sags and swells, offers the advantage of active/reactive power control. A considerable body of literature over the past years has explored various DVR configurations and control techniques. This comprehensive review focuses on DVRs, presenting diverse power circuit topologies and control techniques available to address power quality issues. Noteworthy advancements in DVR technology include the incorporation of advanced control algorithms, facilitating more accurate voltage tracking and precise injection of compensating voltage. These algorithms can be implemented through digital signal processors (DSPs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), ensuring rapid and precise DVR control. Furthermore, the adoption of high-frequency inverters in DVRs represents a significant development. These inverters operate at much higher frequencies than traditional counterparts, enabling quicker switching and the injection of a more precise compensating voltage. This review aims to assist in selecting optimal control strategies and power circuits for DVRs tailored to specific requirements, providing valuable insights for researchers in this field.
Tilt-related alignment issues in miniature micromechanical on-wafer electrical probes composed of multiple flexible microcantilevers
Authors: Arscott Steve
Published: February 2024

Some new issues concerning the contacting and positioning of small electrical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) probes based on multiple, flexible microcantilevers are presented here. A tilt error, associated with the lateral probe roll, means that contact touchdown occurs sequentially in different cantilevers upon increasing probe overtravel. To understand the relationship between probe overtravel, tip skate, tip planarity, tip tangency, and contact force in the different contacts, the relationship between mechanical bending and torsion of the flexible cantilevers needs to be accounted for. The study reveals the conditions for achieving contact planarity and desired contact force, as well as the identification of a new ‘differential skate error’ contact misalignment associated with such MEMS probes based on multiple, flexible microcantilevers. This misalignment leads to a ‘differential contact force error’ which has implications for electrical contact quality. An experimental scale model probe based on three cantilevers is used to test the modelling—the results agree well with the predictions of the model. Interestingly, the experiments revealed an effect not accounted for in the modelling; this ‘twist error’ resulted in the cantilever lead edge not being parallel to the touchdown plane. The findings may be useful for engineers involved with the automatic control positioning of such emerging miniature probes, especially in terms of the impact of probe positioning errors.