bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining the critical thresholds for co-word network based on the theory of percolation transition
Authors: Tang Muh-Chyun , Teng Weijen , Lin Miaohua
Published: December 2019

Purpose

One of the chief purposes of bibliometric analysis is to reveal the intellectual structure of a knowledge domain. Yet due to the magnitude and the heterogeneous nature of bibliometric networks, some sorts of filtering procedures are often required to make the resulting network interpretable. A co-word analysis of more than 135,000 scholarly publications on Buddhism was conducted to compare the intellectual structure of Buddhist studies in three language communities, Chinese, English and Japanese, over two periods (1957–1986 and 1987–2016). Six co-word similarity networks were created so social network analysis-based community-detection algorithm can be identified to compare major research themes in different languages and eras. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

A series of filtering procedures was performed to exclude less discriminatory keywords and spurious relationships of a large, cross-language co-word network in Buddhist studies. Chief among the filtering heuristics was a percolation-transition based method to determine the similarity threshold that involves observing the relative decrease of nodes in the giant component with the increasing similarity threshold.

Findings

It was found that the topical patterns in the Chinese and Japanese scholarship of Buddhism are alike and observably distinct from that of the English scholarship. Furthermore, a far more drastic changes of research themes were observed in the English literature relative to the Chinese and Japanese literature.

Originality/value

The filtering procedures were shown to greatly enhance the modularity values and limited the number of modularity classes; thus, domain expert interpretation is feasible.
Determinants of negative customer engagement behaviours
Authors: Do Diem Khac Xuan , Rahman Kaleel , Robinson Linda J.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Understanding negative customer engagement is important as it is argued that negative information has a stronger impact on a customer’s brand perception and purchase decision than that of positive information. Hence, this paper aims to propose new determinants of negatively valenced customer engagement, including disengaged and negatively engaged behaviours in a service consumption context and explore under what conditions customers display disengaged or negatively engaged behaviours.

Design/methodology/approach

This study incorporates justice theory, expectancy disconfirmation theory and psychology literature to propose determinants of negative customer engagement behaviours.

Findings

A conceptual framework is developed that proposes customer perceived justice and negative disconfirmation as determinants of negative customer engagement via the mediator of customer outrage. Moderating variables, include self-esteem, self-efficacy, altruism and vengeance; are also proposed to affect disengaged/negatively engaged behaviours.

Originality/value

This study is the first to specify the underlying reasons of negative customer engagement by establishing the conceptual linkages between negative disconfirmation, justice and negative customer engagement via the mediating role of customer outrage. Further, customer resources are used to understand disengaged/negatively engaged behaviours. In doing so, this study views negative customer engagement from the perspective of a customer’s internal response to the trigger experience, rather than the experience itself. Thus, this study contributes to literature on customer engagement by developing a conceptual framework that illustrates the underlying cognitive and affective responses that drive negative customer engagement behaviours.
Managing negative word-of-mouth: the interplay between locus of causality and social presence
Authors: He Yi , Ju Ilyoung , Chen Qimei , Alden Dana L. , Zhu Hong , Xi Kaiyuan
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to describe the results of four studies that examine the interaction effects between locus of causality and social presence on consumers’ emotional response to a service failure and how they subsequently cope with the negative emotional experiences through support-seeking or vindictive negative word-of-mouth (NWOM).

Design/methodology/approach

To evaluate the research hypotheses, one online content analysis study and three experiments were conducted.

Findings

The results of the four studies show that when locus of causality information is not available (Studies 1 and 2), consumers are more likely to engage in support-seeking NWOM when there is social presence (versus no social presence). When a service failure is externally/internally attributed, social presence leads to less/more vindictive NWOM (Studies 3 and 4). The results clarify the underlying affective processes (frustration, anger and embarrassment) that account for the unique interaction effects involving locus of causality and social presence on NWOM.

Originality/value

Despite promising progress in both social presence and service failure research, scholarly attempts aiming to draw the theoretical linkages between these two streams are relatively scarce, and it remains unknown regarding whether and how social presence influences NWOM in the event of service failure. Against this backdrop, this research examines the effects of social presence on consumer NWOM in service failure. The authors further contribute to both research streams by testing the effects of an important set of emotions as mediators, as well by exploring the conditions under which a particular emotion is more predictive of its corresponding outcomes. These findings offer important insights that help service managers effectively mitigate customer NWOM at the point of service delivery.
Antecedents of psychological attachment in multinational enterprises
Authors: Vora Davina , Kostova Tatiana
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the individual-level headquarters–subsidiary relationship issue of psychological attachment in multinational enterprises (MNEs). Antecedents to subsidiary manager identification and commitment to the MNE and subsidiary are explored.

Design/methodology/approach

Those in subsidiary manager roles regardless of country of origin were surveyed. Hypotheses were tested using partial least squared structural equation modeling.

Findings

For both MNE and subsidiary models, perceived prestige related to commitment. All components of positive interaction related to subsidiary commitment (but not identification), while just one related to MNE identification and commitment. For the MNE model only, collectivism positively related to identification and commitment, cultural distance positively related to commitment, geographic distance negatively related to commitment, and language similarity marginally negatively related to commitment. Organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) partially mediated relationships of perceived prestige and positive interaction with commitment in MNE and subsidiary models.

Research limitations/implications

This microfoundational approach to psychological attachment in an MNE setting suggests similarities and differences for antecedents in MNEs and subsidiaries, as well as the importance of OBSE. This study is limited by its exclusion of other antecedent variables and types of attachment, and a cross-sectional study design.

Practical implications

MNEs can increase psychological attachment by communicating the importance of the MNE and/or subsidiary, developing processes to improve interactions with other organizational units, and demonstrating that employees are valued.

Originality/value

Exploration of the individual-level of analysis of headquarters–subsidiary relationships is rare, and different findings for the MNE and subsidiary are highlighted, something that is not fully explained by current research on psychological attachment.
Qualitative online research in tourism – a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Pahlevan-Sharif Saeed , Mura Paolo , Wijesinghe Sarah N.R.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to present a systematic review of tourism articles using qualitative online methods. By focussing on tourism journals, this work explores the paradigmatic beliefs, methodological approaches and methods underpinning tourism qualitative online research.

Design/methodology/approach

This review was conducted systematically by following the reporting checklist of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses by the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.

Findings

Overall, this systematic review indicates that the ontological and epistemological beliefs guiding online research are not clearly expressed by tourism scholars. It also shows that the possibility of using the internet for more interactive and participatory forms of research has not been fully explored by tourism scholars.

Research limitations/implications

This paper expands tourism scholars’ awareness of the range of qualitative approaches/methods available by suggesting additional research instruments that could replace or complement the traditional ones. However, by selecting only indexed journal papers, other sources of publications, such as papers published in non-Scopus and non-Web-of-Science journals, books, book chapters and conference papers, were not included in the current review.

Originality/value

This work emphasizes the important role of cyberspace in facilitating virtual interactions between researchers and participants in the co-construction of qualitative empirical material.
Tourism and the night-time economy: the perspective article
Authors: Zmyslony Piotr , Pawlusiński Robert
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to depict the evolution of the relationship between tourism and the night-time economy (NTE) from 1946 to 2095.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper enables the feedback loop concept rooted in general system theory to identify positive and negative feedback loops between tourism and the NTE. The study is based on selective literature on the topic.

Findings

The paper recognises the volatility of positive and negative loops in the past and the dominance of positive feedback loops in the future. This paper also identifies the primary triggers of the feedback loops as technological, economic, environmental, political, social and market.

Research limitations/implications

Selective literature review and abstracting from the impact of other industries on the recognised feedback loops are the main limitations of the study.

Practical implications

The development of both tourism and the NTE should be considered and planned just through the prism of their feedback loops.

Originality/value

The feedback loop concept is proposed to explain the general logic of dynamics of the relationship between tourism and the NTE.
The Chinese hospitality industry: a perspective article
Authors: Qin Yu , Gu Huimin , Li Bin , Fan Daisy
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to illustrate the logics that have shifted in the Chinese hotel industry since 1949 and discuss its implications for advance a better understanding of how and why the Chinese hotel industry has evolved into its present situation. The logic evolution and future trends in this market were also discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

As this research is aimed at answering the “how” and “why” aspects in the evolution of Chinese hotel industry, qualitative approach is applied to answer the questions.

Findings

This paper divided the history of contemporary Chinese hotel industry into three stages: 1949-1977, 1978-2001 and 2002 to the present. Hotel business in each period was dominated by state logic, profession logic and market/corporation logic, respectively.

Originality/value

The authors applied institutional logics perspective to explore how and why China hotel industry evolved in the past 70 years.
Comparative study on the replication of HCV1b genome between wild‐type and cell culture‐adaptive mutant in regard to sensitivities against anti‐HCV drugs
Authors: Miyayama Yohei , Lee Heini , Song HoJoong , Abe‐Chayama Hiromi , Miki Daiki , Imamura Michio , Chayama Kazuaki , Hijikata Makoto
Published: December 2019

The replicon system, which mimics viral genome replication in culture cells, has been widely used to analyze the genome replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, most HCV genomes used in the system include adaptive mutations (AMs) that are vital for replication in culture cells despite the nonexistence of such mutations in the genome of wild‐type (WT) HCV in patients. In order to study the genome replications of WT HCV, new HCV subgenomic replicon (SGR) systems were established using Huh‐7.5‐derived cells producing Sec14‐like protein 2 constitutively and SGR of KT9 (one of the HCV genotype 1b clones) with WT genome (SGR KT9WT) in this study. The replication efficiency and sensitivities of SGR KT9WT to anti‐HCV drugs in the cloned cells permanently bearing replicon RNA, HS55‐4 cells, were similar to those of reports using SGR, including AM. The SGR transient transfection system using SGR KT9WT and SGR KT9AM encoding secreted Nano‐luciferase and HS55‐4C cells established by the elimination of SGR KT9 RNA from HS55‐4 cells, however, showed that the replication efficiency of SGR KT9WT was much lower than that of SGR KT9AM under a same condition. Furthermore, the sensitivities of SGR KT9WT to almost all tested anti‐HCV reagents, except the inhibitor of miR‐122, a cellular factor important for HCV replication, were quite low compared with SGR KT9AM. These results suggested that the new replicon systems might not only provide information about precise responses against new anti‐HCV drugs but also reveal novel molecular mechanisms supporting negligent proliferation of HCV.
Materializing architecture for social care: Brick walls and compromises in design for later life
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Martin Daryl , Buse Christina , Prior Lindsay
Published: December 2019

This article reports on an ethnography of architectural projects for later life social care in the UK. Informed by recent debates in material studies and “materialities of care” we offer an analysis of a care home project that is sensitive to architectural materials that are not normally associated with care and well‐being. Although the care home design project we focus on in this article was never built, we found that design discussions relating to a curved brick wall and bricks more generally were significant to its architectural “making”. The curved wall and the bricks were used by the architects to encode quality and values of care into their design. This was explicit in the design narrative that was core to a successful tender submitted by a consortium comprising architects, developers, contractors, and a care provider to a local authority who commissioned the care home. However, as the project developed, initial consensus for the design features fractured. Using a materialized analysis, we document the tussles generated by the curved wall and the bricks and argue that mundane building materials can be important to, and yet marginalized within, the relations inherent to an “architectural care assemblage.” During the design process we saw how decisions about materials are contentious and they act as a catalyst of negotiations that compromise “materialities of care.”
Atherosclerotic and Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease are Associated with Death at Sublethal Carboxyhemoglobin Levels: A Postmortem Study
Authors: Conway Kyle , Rayes Omar , Brown Theodore , Webb Milad
Published: December 2019

Residential fires are a significant cause for morbidity and mortality in the United States. Death is often the result of soot and smoke inhalation causing carbon monoxide (CO) toxicity. The approximate lethal level of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in healthy adults has been well described. However, a significant number of medical examiner cases involve infirmed decedents, often elderly, with complex cardiovascular disease burdens. It is well known that death in these cases will occur at sublethal levels of COHb; however, increased lethality has been largely documented via anecdotal experience and lacks quantification. Fifty‐five cases were identified where death resulted from smoke and soot inhalation suffered in a residential fire. The control group, with no cardiovascular disease, had an age‐adjusted mean COHb level of 61.6% at the time of death. Presence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease showed a 30% reduction in COHb (age‐adjusted mean 43.2%), atherosclerotic disease showed a 33% reduction (age‐adjusted mean 41.5%), and combined disease presentation accounted for 41% reduction (age‐adjusted mean 36.3%). When controlling for age, atherosclerotic and hypertensive cardiovascular diseases were each associated with statistically significant decreases in COHb (p < 0.01). Increasing age was associated with decreased COHb levels at 2.8% per 10 years of life (p < 0.01), even when modeled with hypertensive and atherosclerotic disease. These findings carry important public health significance, as well as practical significance for the medical examiner when interpreting COHb levels in cases of suspected deaths due to smoke and soot inhalation.
Worth the investment? An examination of the organisational outcomes of a formal structured mentoring program
Authors: Fowler Jane L , Fowler Danielle S , O’Gorman John G
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the outcomes of a six‐month formal mentoring program on a sample of 194 white‐collar public sector employees. It focused on a clearly specified program, utilised a control group and a pretest‐posttest design, and examined the effects for both mentees and mentors. Significant increases in organisational commitment, perceived organisational support, job satisfaction, organisational citizenship behaviour, and willingness to mentor were found for those who participated in the program, and a significant reduction in intention to leave. The effect sizes were larger than average sizes reported in organisational mentoring literature, which is likely to have been due to a strong program intervention. The study supports the proposition that formal mentoring programs are beneficial to individuals and the organisations in which they work and that organisations would benefit from implementing similar programs to enhance their organisational effectiveness.
Exploring perceptions, barriers and use of systematic reviews amongst nutrition professionals and nutrition students
Authors: Gooding Bethany , Probst Yasmine , Houston Lauren , Neale Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Aim

Systematic reviews (SRs) are a core component of evidence‐based practice and are widely used in developing nutrition policy. This study aimed to examine nutrition professionals and students' perceptions, barriers and use of SRs. A secondary aim was to examine confidence using and conducting SRs.

Methods

A self‐administered online survey was developed, pilot‐tested and implemented via SurveyMonkey. The survey consisted of 29 items separated into demographics, perceptions, use, and knowledge of SRs, confidence in using and conducting SRs, and barriers to use and conduct of SRs. The survey was disseminated via professional newsletters and social media.

Results

Ninety‐four nutrition professionals/students completed the survey. Survey results indicated respondents valued SRs, with SRs used most commonly to update knowledge. While most respondents (67%) were confident inusingSRs, many (59%) expressed a lack of confidence inconductinga SR. In particular, few respondents (12%) reported confidence in conducting meta‐analyses. The majority of respondents were aware that SRs underpinned guidelines and nutrition resources, however, few (21%) respondents identified that self‐substantiation of health claims were based on SRs. Time, access to scientific database, lack of workplace support and confidence were the main barriers to SRs use.

Conclusions

SRs were reported as being valued by nutrition professionals and students, though time constraints, a lack of confidence and organisations which did not prioritise research were barriers to conducting SRs. The findings of this survey highlight a need for training and education as potential strategies to promote SR engagement in nutrition professionals and students.
Characterization of glycoconjugates and sialic acid modification in the olfactory bulb of the Chinese fire‐bellied newt (Cynops orientalis)
Authors: Matsui Toshiyasu , Komamoto Kazuyuki , Igarashi Hitomi , Kurohmaru Masamichi
Published: December 2019

Diverse glycoconjugates are expressed in the vertebrate olfactory bulb and serve as guidance cues for axons of nasal receptor neurons. Although the involvement of glycoconjugates in the segregation of the olfactory pathway has been suggested, it is poorly understood in salamanders. In this study, lectin histochemistry was used to determine glycoconjugate distribution in the olfactory bulb of the Chinese fire‐bellied newt (Cynops orientalis). Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (sWGA), Ricinus communis agglutinin‐I and Lens culinaris agglutinin showed different bindings in the nerve fibre layer or glomerular layer, or both, between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. We then investigated the lectin‐binding pattern after the removal of terminal sialic acids using neuraminidase. Desialylation resulted in a change in the binding reactivities with seven lectins. Wheat germ agglutinin, sWGA, soybean agglutinin (SBA) and peanut agglutinin showed different degrees of binding between the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. In addition, SBA showed a heterogeneous labelling of glomeruli in the rostral region of the main olfactory bulb. Our results suggest that terminal sialic acids mask the heterogeneity of glycoconjugates in the olfactory bulb of C. orientalis.
Deserters on the atopic march: Risk factors, immune profile and clinical outcomes of food sensitized–tolerant infants
Authors: Gray Lawrence E. K. , Ponsonby Anne‐Louise , Collier Fiona , O'Hely Martin , Sly Peter D. , Ranganathan Sarath , Tang Mimi L. K. , Carlin John B. , Saffery Richard , Vuillermin Peter J. ,   the BIS Investigator Group
Published: December 2019

Background

A few studies have investigated the antecedents and outcomes of infants who demonstrate IgE sensitization to foods that they clinically tolerate. Improved understanding of this sensitized‐tolerant phenotype may inform strategies for the prevention of food allergy.

Methods

In an Australian birth cohort (n = 1074), assembled using an unselected antenatal sampling frame, participants were categorized as nonsensitized (NS), sensitizedtolerant (ST), or food allergic (FA) based on skin prick testing and food challenge at 12 months of age. Environmental exposures were recorded throughout. Cord blood regulatory T‐cell populations were measured at birth. Subsequent childhood allergic disease was assessed by parent report, clinical examination, and repeat skin prick testing.

Results

The covariates of interest varied between NS (n = 698), ST (n = 27), and FA (n = 61) groups as follows, suggesting that across these measures, the ST group was more similar to the NS than the FA group: family history of eczema NS 44.6%, ST. 44.6%, FA 65.6%; pet ownership at 12 months: NS 71.5%, ST 81.5%, FA 45.8%; eczema during the first 12 months: NS 19%, ST 32%, FA 64%; and aeroallergen sensitization at 4 years: NS 19.1%, ST 28.6%, FA 44.4%. At birth, a higher proportion of activated regulatory T cells was associated with ST (OR = 2.89, 95% CI 1.03‐8.16, P = .045).

Conclusion

Food‐sensitized‐tolerance in infancy appears to be associated with a similar pattern of exposures, immunity, and outcomes to nonsensitized infants. In addition, we found some evidence that an elevated proportion of activated regulatory T cells at birth was specific to the sensitized‐tolerant infants, which may be relevant to suppression of clinical disease.
Concealed Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome revealed by acute coronary syndrome
Authors: de Castro Ricardo Lessa , de Alcantara Lima Neiberg , da Costa Lino Danielli Oliveira , Bannon Susan Faragher
Published: December 2019

Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a conduction disturbance in which atrial impulses are transmitted to the ventricles by an accessory pathway instead of the normal atrioventricular conduction. The WPW syndrome may either simulate myocardial infarction or mask the electrocardiographic abnormalities of an acute MI. However, concealed WPW revealed after an acute coronary syndrome is rare with few cases reported in the literature. This article reports a case of coronary artery disease with ST‐segment elevation in a 57‐year‐old man, previously asymptomatic, with an initial electrocardiogram showing no conduction abnormalities that subsequently presented with an ECG compatible with WPW.
Hemodynamic changes in women with symptoms of supine hypotensive syndrome
Authors: Humphries Aimee , Mirjalili Seyed A. , Tarr Gregory P. , Thompson John M. D. , Stone Peter
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Supine positioning during late pregnancy causes the gravid uterus to compress the inferior vena cava, resulting in dramatic hemodynamic changes. The maintenance of placental perfusion requires maternal circulatory and autonomic adaptations. Women with supine hypotensive syndrome (defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of anything between 15 and 30 mmHg or an increase in heart rate of 20 bpm, with or without symptoms) may have reduced ability to compensate for the effects of supine positioning.

Material and methods

Twelve women with uncomplicated pregnancies and no symptoms of supine hypotension (normal) and 10 women with uncomplicated pregnancies who reported symptoms of supine hypotension between 34 and 38 weeks’ gestation underwent magnetic resonance imaging in the supine and left lateral positions. Phase contrast images were evaluated to measure blood flow through the aorta, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava and azygos vein.

Results

Women with symptoms of supine hypotension showed significant reductions in azygos venous flow rate compared with the normal group (−0.15 (−0.30 to −0.01) L/min). Those with symptoms showed no statistically significant compensatory changes in heart rate compared with the normal group (heart rate change 4.5 (−3.1 to 12.1) bpm). Hemodynamic changes in response to positioning were similar across both groups including: a reduction in inferior vena cava blood flow, reduction in cardiac output and an increase in azygos blood flow.

Conclusions

Maternal hemodynamic adaptations were found to be consistent across groups irrespective of whether the women had symptoms of supine hypotension. In both groups a reduction in blood flow through the inferior vena cava occurred in the supine position with a subsequent reduction in cardiac output. Both groups showed a compensatory increase in blood flow through the azygos vein in order to partially compensate for this. Taking into account the effect of maternal position, women with symptoms were found to have reduced azygos flow compared with asymptomatic women. There was a significant increase in heart rate when the women were supine than when they were in the left lateral position.
Toll‐like receptor 10 rs4129009 gene polymorphism is associated with post‐bronchiolitis lung function in adolescence
Authors: Riikonen Riikka , Korppi Matti , Törmänen Sari , Nuolivirta Kirsi , Helminen Merja , He Qiushui , Lauhkonen Eero
Published: December 2019

Aim

The aim was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 subfamily encoding genes with lung function by spirometry at 10‐13 years of age in children who had been hospitalised for bronchiolitis at <6 months of age.

Methods

In a prospective cohort of 166 former bronchiolitis patients, 138 returned a structured questionnaire and 89 attended a clinical follow‐up visit including spirometry before and after bronchodilation at 10‐13 years of age. Data on polymorphisms of the TLR1, TLR2, TLR6 and TLR10 genes were available from 81‐82 children.

Results

In the TLR10 rs4129009, the wild (AA) genotype was associated with lower FEV1/FVC before (92.4 vs 97.4, P = .002) and after (95.5 vs 98.6, P = .011) bronchodilator administration, compared to those with the variant genotype. When the TLR10 rs4129009 and TLR2 rs5743708 genotypes, and the TLR10 rs4129009 and TLR1 rs5743618 genotypes, respectively, were analysed as combined, both baseline and post‐bronchodilator FEV1/FVC were lowest in the subjects with the wild (AA) genotype of the TLR10 rs4129009.

Conclusion

In this post‐bronchiolitis follow‐up, lung function in children with the variant TLR10 rs4129009 genotype with potentially altered TLR10 function was superior to lung function in those with the wild genotype.
Early adolescent physical activity, sleep and symptoms of depression at 16 years of age
Authors: Slykerman Rebecca F. , Thompson John MD. , Coomarasamy Christin , Wall Clare R. , Waldie Karen E. , Murphy Rinki , Mitchell Edwin A.
Published: December 2019

Aim

To examine early adolescent physical activity and risk of later depressive symptoms at age 16 years in a prospective cohort study.

Methods

Participants were children and parents enrolled at birth of the child. Approximately half the children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study were small for gestational age at birth (SGA ≤10th percentile for sex and gestation) and half were appropriate for gestational age (AGA >10th percentile). Maternal demographic data were collected at birth, and children were followed through to age 16 years. Depression at 16 was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children. Accelerometer measures of physical activity and sleep were measured at 11 years of age.

Results

Moderate to severe depression was present in 15.6% of the 467 16‐year‐olds. Objectively measured physical activity and sleep at 11 years were not significantly associated with depressive symptoms at 16 years of age.

Conclusion

Prospectively collected objective measures of physical activity levels and sleep were not predictive of depressive symptoms later in adolescence in a healthy community cohort. While interventions to promote increased physical activity and sleep in adolescents who are depressed may be effective, physical activity and sleep in the general population of adolescents does not protect against future depression.
On the importance of rock thermal conductivity and heat flow density in basin and petroleum system modelling
Authors: Chekhonin Evgeny , Popov Yury , Peshkov Georgy , Spasennykh Mikhail , Popov Evgeny , Romushkevich Raisa
Published: December 2019

Basin and petroleum systems are routinely modelled to provide qualitative and quantitative assessments of a hydrocarbon play. The importance of the rock thermal properties and heat flow density in thermal modelling the history of a basin are well‐known, but little attention is paid to assumptions of the thermal conductivity, present‐day heat flow density and thermal history of basins. Assumed values are often far from measured values when data are available to check parameters, and effective thermal conductivity models prescribed in many basin simulators require improvement. The reconstructed thermal history is often justified by a successful calibration to present‐day temperature and vitrinite reflectance data. However, a successful calibration does not guarantee that the reconstruction history is correct. In this paper, we describe the pitfalls in setting the thermal conductivity and heat flow density in basin models and the typical uncertainties in these parameters, and we estimate the consequences by means of a one‐dimensional model of the super‐deep Tyumen SG‐6 well area that benefits from large amounts of reliable input and calibration data. The results show that the entire approach to present‐day heat flow evaluations needs to be reassessed. Unreliable heat flow density data along with a lack of measurements of rock thermal properties of cores can undermine the quality of basin and petroleum system modelling.
Intra‐organizational user‐centred design practices: The impact of design research departments at design consultancies
Authors: Oygür Işıl , Thompson Jo Ann Asher
Published: December 2019

The user is a critical factor in design and innovation. Firms experiment with different approaches to involving the user in design processes, which results in new forms of intra‐ and extra‐organizational collaboration. The establishment of in‐house design research units within design consultancies is one such intra‐organizational user‐centred design practice that targets designer‐researcher collaboration. This paper addresses this issue and reports on the findings from multiple case study research exploring the impact of in‐house design research teams on designers' user knowledge construction. We utilized constructivist learning theory to assess major aspects of these intra‐organizational user‐centred design practices. Ethnographically informed field studies were conducted at six design consultancies representing three design fields (i.e., architecture, industrial design and interaction design) in the Northwestern United States. Three of the consultancies have design research departments and three do not. The findings indicate that in‐house design research units play a role in designers' user knowledge construction via their results, processes and human resources. Among these, the active participation of designers in the research process was observed to have the largest impact because of its contribution to designers' contextual and collaborative learning about users.
Perspectives on cerebral palsy in Africa: Exploring the literature through the lens of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: Abdel Malek Sandra , Rosenbaum Peter , Gorter Jan Willem
Published: December 2019

Background

The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) in countries in Africa is suggested to be higher than in Western countries. Research in Western resource‐rich contexts has demonstrated the importance of environmental factors in the activities and participation of individuals with CP, as illustrated by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Although the domains of the ICF are often acknowledged in research on CP in western contexts, the extent to which these domains have been explored in resource‐limited areas is unknown. The current review aims to describe the nature of the current published literature on CP in African countries and how it aligns with the domains of the ICF.

Methods

Key informants familiar with the literature on CP in Africa were consulted, and a literature search was conducted to identify articles on CP originating from countries in Africa. Identified articles were assessed to determine the ICF domains that align with the studies. Themes relating to each domain were identified.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included. The majority of studies were quantitative (70.3%) and focused on children or caregivers. Most studies included a body functions and structures component (70.4%), focusing on impairment rather than functioning. Activities and participation domains were addressed, but often focused solely on mobility. Environmental factors typically related to resources and policies and personal factors were often unexplored.

Conclusions

Research on CP in Africa tends to be grounded in a biomedical approach to disability and does not explicitly use the ICF as a guiding framework. Studies exploring body function and structures tend to be descriptive in nature, whereas activities and participation, and environmental and personal factors, represent modifiable factors that may be addressed with interventions. Knowledge translation activities that promote the ideas of the ICF in an African context should therefore be considered.
Comparative characteristics of older people with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or insulin injection therapy: data from the German/Austrian DPV registry
Authors: Grammes J. , Küstner E. , Dapp A. , Hummel M. , Kämmer J.‐C. , Kubiak T. , Schütz‐Fuhrmann I. , Zimny S. , Bollow E. , Holl R.W. ,   for the DPV initiative
Published: December 2019

Aim

To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes in adults with type 1 diabetes aged ≥ 60 years using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) vs. insulin injection therapy. Further, to determine the percentage of older adults with type 1 diabetes using CSII.

Research design and methods

Retrospective study using data of the Diabetes Prospective Follow‐up Registry (DPV). Including percentage CSII use from 2008 to 2018, and the characteristics of 9547 individuals extracted from the DPV in March 2019 (N = 1404 CSII; N = 8143 insulin injection therapy). Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for continuous variables and chi‐square tests for categorical variables to compare clinical characteristics of people using CSII vs. insulin injection therapy. Adjusted analyses used generalized linear models to compare diabetes‐related outcomes.

Results

CSII usage has increased in older adults (from 12% in 2008 to 23% in 2018). After adjustment, CSII was associated with lower HbA1c [60.7 mmol/mol (7.7 ± 0.1%) vs. 62.8% (7.9 ± 0.1%)], lower daily insulin dose (0.49 ± 0.02 vs. 0.61 ± 0.01 IU/kg), fewer days in hospital (8.1 ± 0.12 vs. 11.2 ± 0.11 days/person‐year), fewer severe hypoglycaemic events (0.16 ± 0.02 vs. 0.21 ± 0.03 events/person‐year) and fewer diabetic ketoacidosis (0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 events/person‐year). Individuals on CSII showed lower rates of microalbuminuria and also have a diagnosis of depression and neuropathy.

Conclusions

A growing number of older adults are using insulin pumps. Older age in itself should not be seen as a contraindication for CSII.
Alterations in the whole brain network organization after prenatal ethanol exposure
Authors: Tang Shiyu , Xu Su , Zhu Wenjun , Gullapalli Rao P. , Mooney Sandra M.
Published: December 2019

Background

People with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) often have structural or functional alterations of the central nervous system, including changes in brain network organization. These have been associated with neuropsychological deficits, but outcomes are not consistent across studies. We used a rat model of FASD to assess brain network alterations in males and females following ethanol exposure during a prenatal period similar to the first half of gestation in humans.

Methods

Pregnant Long Evans rats were given an ethanol‐containing or isocaloric non‐ethanol diet from gestation day 6 to 20. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed on offspring in young adulthood. Graph theoretical analysis was used to assess properties associated with the whole brain network organization, with a focus on segregation, integration, and small‐world organization—a feature which allows specialized local information processing (segregation) and simultaneously efficient global information sharing (integration).

Results

Ethanol‐exposed females showed a significant decrease in small‐worldness compared with control females or with ethanol‐exposed males. Compared to control females, the proportion of animals with atypically high path length (1 standard deviation higher than the grand average) was significantly higher in ethanol‐exposed females, indicating that the alteration in small‐world organization is driven by decreased network integration. No significant effects were seen in males.

Conclusion

The results revealed that prenatal ethanol exposure disrupts the balance between network segregation and integration in young adult female rats. The whole brain network is less integrated after ethanol exposure in the females, suggesting wide‐spread reduction of long‐range regional communication.
Structural features of the diatom photosystem II–light‐harvesting antenna complex
Authors: Wang Wenda , Zhao Songhao , Pi Xiong , Kuang Tingyun , Sui Sen‐Fang , Shen Jian‐Ren
Published: December 2019

In photosynthesis, light energy is captured by pigments bound to light‐harvesting antenna proteins (LHC) that then transfer the energy to the photosystem (PS) cores to initiate photochemical reactions. The LHC proteins surround the PS cores to form PS‐LHC supercomplexes. In order to adapt to a wide range of light environments, photosynthetic organisms have developed a large variety of pigments and antenna proteins to utilize the light energy efficiently under different environments. Diatoms are a group of important eukaryotic algae and possess fucoxanthin (Fx) chlorophyll a/c proteins (FCP) as antenna which have exceptional capabilities of harvesting blue‐green light under water and dissipate excess energy under strong light conditions. We have solved the structure of a PSII–FCPII supercomplex from a centric diatom Chaetoceros gracilis by cryo‐electron microscopy, and also the structure of an isolated FCP dimer from a pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum by X‐ray crystallography at a high resolution. These results revealed the oligomerization states of FCPs distinctly different from those of LHCII found in the green lineage organisms, the detailed binding patterns of Chl c and Fxs, a huge pigment network, and extensive protein–protein, pigment–protein, and pigment–pigment interactions within the PSII–FCPII supercomplex. These results therefore provide a solid structural basis for examining the detailed mechanisms of the highly efficient energy transfer and quenching processes in diatoms.
Early mortality after late initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) of the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Rupasinghe D , Kiertiburanakul S , Kamarulzaman A , Zhang F , Kumarasamy N , Chaiwarith R , Merati TP , Do CD , Khusuwan S , Avihingsanon A , Lee MP , Ly PS , Yunihastuti E , Nguyen KV , Ditangco R , Chan YJ , Pujari S , Ng OT , Choi JY , Sim BLH , Tanuma J , Sangle S , Ross J , Law M
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Early mortality among those still initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with advanced stages of HIV infection in resource‐limited settings remains high despite recommendations for universal HIV treatment. We investigated risk factors associated with early mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) starting ART at low CD4 levels in the Asia‐Pacific.

Methods

PLHIV enrolled in the Therapeutics, Research, Education and AIDS Training in Asia (TREAT Asia) HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) who initiated ART with a CD4 count < 100 cells/μL between 2003 and 2018 were included in the study. Early mortality was defined as death within 1 year of ART initiation. PLHIV in follow‐up for > 1 year were censored at 12 months. Competing risk regression was used to analyse risk factors with loss to follow‐up as a competing risk.

Results

A total of 1813 PLHIV were included in the study, of whom 74% were male. With 73 (4%) deaths, the overall first‐year mortality rate was 4.27 per 100 person‐years (PY). Thirty‐eight deaths (52%) were AIDS‐related, 10 (14%) were immune reconstituted inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)‐related, 13 (18%) were non‐AIDS‐related and 12 (16%) had an unknown cause. Risk factors included having a body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 [sub‐hazard ratio (SHR) 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60–5.32] compared to BMI 18.5–24.9, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥ 5 times its upper limit of normal (ULN) (SHR 6.14; 95% CI 1.62–23.20) compared to ALT < 5 times its ULN. A higher CD4 count (51–100 cells/μL: SHR 0.28; 95% CI 0.14–0.55; and > 100 cells/μL: SHR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05–0.26) was associated with reduced hazard for mortality compared to CD4 count ≤ 25 cells/μL.

Conclusions

Fifty‐two per cent of early deaths were AIDS‐related. Efforts to initiate ART at CD4 counts > 50 cell/μL are associated with improved short‐term survival rates, even in those with late stages of HIV disease.
Health motive and the purchase of organic food: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Rana Jyoti , Paul Justin
Published: December 2019

There are many empirically determined influential factors known to control the organic food purchase behaviour. Of these known factors‐ health, product quality and concern for natural environmental degradation are seen as the major motives behind the organic food purchase. We, therefore, attempted to investigate the most prominent reason(s) for buying organic food, using the meta‐analyses of studies published during the last 25 years as our basis for conviction. Multilevel meta‐analyses was applied to the studies in review, in order to find the major reason(s) for the purchase of organic grocery, milk, fruits and vegetables. Although the three motivational factors mentioned above have been echoed throughout the history of organic food purchase research, the health factor has always topped the priority chart. The study in its overall empirical scale contributes to managerial implications and sets an agenda for future research.
Persistence of H7N9 virus antibody response 2 years after infection
Authors: Yao Lin , Wang Guo‐Lin , Chen Li‐Ling , Liu Cheng , Duan Li‐Jun , Gray Gregory C. , Ma Mai‐Juan
Published: December 2019

We measured antibodies against H7N9 virus 2 years after infection in 14 patients who were infected during October 2016‐September 2017. Approximately 2 years after infection, antibody titers ≥10 were detectable in 13 (92.9%) patients. Three (21.4%) of 14 patients had hemagglutination inhibition titers ≥40, and their geometric mean titer (GMT) was 20 (95% CI 15.7‐28.1), whereas 10 (71.4%) and all 14 (100%) of the 14 patients had titers ≥40, and GMTs at 34.4 (95% CI 25.7‐51.2) and 73.45 (54.7‐106.7) for neuraminidase inhibition and microneutralization antibodies, respectively. Our findings suggest that H7N9 infection may induce long‐term antibody response at least 2 years after infection.
Understanding AMD from lab and clinical studies
Authors: Lotery Andrew
Published: December 2019

Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the aetiology and the development of treatments for age related macular degeneration over the last twenty years. This lecture will review this progress and discuss the current unmet needs in terms of understanding aetiology and developing better therapies. It will highlight the importance and synergy of clinical and laboratory studies and what the next steps might be in understanding and treating this devastating disease.
The London Project to cure blindness at 10 years: Have we found a cure?
Authors: Coffey Pete
Published: December 2019

The London Project to Cure Blindness is a collaboration between Professor Pete Coffey and Dr Lyndon da Cruz from University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital. The project aims to use Stem Cell technology to restore sight, prevent progression and ultimately improve the quality of life for patients with Age‐Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and other retinal and macular disorders, combining cutting edge knowledge and technology from the laboratory, clinic and operating theatre.