bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Pediatric Open Globe Injury in the United States
Authors: Uppuluri Siri , Uppuluri Aditya , Zarbin Marco A. , Bhagat Neelakshi
Published: July 2021

Purpose:

To use the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database to describe trends in demographics, types, and incidence of pediatric open globe injuries in the United States.

Methods:

A retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted of 8,943 acute cases of pediatric open globe injury (age < 21 years) obtained from the NIS Database, between 2002 and 2014. Weighted analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software (IBM Corporation). Codes from the
International Classification of Disease
,
Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification
were used to identify pediatric open globe injury cases.

Results:

In the United States, 8,943 pediatric cases of acute open globe injuries were identified between 2002 and 2014. Males comprised 78% of the acute pediatric open globe injury cases. Penetrating open globe injuries without intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) were the most common type of injury (
P
< .001). The proportion of injuries that were penetrating open globe injuries decreased with age, whereas the proportion of IOFBs and globe ruptures increased. The proportion of open globe injuries with IOFB in boys was twice as high as in girls. The incidence of open globe injuries by age, race, and gender was highest in the 16 to 20 years age group, in Blacks and Native Americans, and in boys, respectively.

Conclusions:

The incidence of open globe injuries in pediatric patients (age < 21 years) was estimated to be 7.93 per 1,000,000 individuals and varied by race, gender, and age. The proportion of different types of open globe injury varied significantly by age, race, and gender. The mean duration of hospital stay for open globe injury management was 2.2 days, and 17.5% of patients lacked medical insurance.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(4):232–239.]
Longtime behavior of a second order finite element scheme simulating the kinematic effects in liquid crystal dynamics
Authors: Goudiaby Mouhamadou Samsidy , Diagne Ababacar , Tine Leon Matar
Published: July 2021

We consider an unconditional fully discrete finite element scheme for a nematic liquid crystal flow with different kinematic transport properties. We prove that the scheme converges towards a unique critical point of the elastic energy subject to the finite element subspace, when the number of time steps go to infinity while the time step and mesh size are fixed. A Lojasiewicz type inequality, which is the key for getting the time asymptotic convergence of the whole sequence furnished by the numerical scheme, is also derived.
Dynamics of solitary waves and periodic waves for a generalized KP-MEW-Burgers equation with damping
Authors: Du Zengji , Lin Xiaojie , Ren Yulin
Published: July 2021

This paper discusses the existence of solitary waves and periodic waves for a generalized (2+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili modified equal width-Burgers (KP-MEW-Burgers) equation with small damping and a weak local delay convolution kernel by using the dynamical systems approach, specifically based on geometric singular perturbation theory and invariant manifold theory. Moreover, the monotonicity of the wave speed is proved by analyzing the ratio of Abelian integrals. The upper and lower bounds of the limit wave speed are given. In addition, the upper and lower bounds and monotonicity of the period \begin{document}$ T $\end{document} of traveling wave when the small positive parameter \begin{document}$ \tau\rightarrow 0 $\end{document} are also obtained. Perhaps this paper is the first discussion on the solitary waves and periodic waves for the delayed KP-MEW-Burgers equations and the Abelian integral theory may be the first application to the study of the (2+1)-dimensional equation.
Concentration phenomenon of the endemic equilibrium of a reaction-diffusion-advection SIS epidemic model with spontaneous infection
Authors: Lei Chengxia , Zhou Xinhui
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we investigate the effect of spontaneous infection and advection for a susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic reaction-diffusion-advection model in a heterogeneous environment. The existence of the endemic equilibrium is proved, and the asymptotic behaviors of the endemic equilibrium in three cases (large advection; small diffusion of the susceptible population; small diffusion of the infected population) are established. Our results suggest that the advection can cause the concentration of the susceptible and infected populations at the downstream, and the spontaneous infection can enhance the persistence of infectious disease in the entire habitat.
Simplification of weakly nonlinear systems and analysis of cardiac activity using them
Authors: Dzhalladova Irada , Růžičková Miroslava
Published: July 2021

The paper deals with the transformation of a weakly nonlinear system of differential equations in a special form into a simplified form and its relation to the normal form and averaging. An original method of simplification is proposed, that is, a way to determine the coefficients of a given nonlinear system in order to simplify it. We call this established method the degree equalization method, it does not require integration and is simpler and more efficient than the classical Krylov-Bogolyubov method of normalization. The method is illustrated with several examples and provides an application to the analysis of cardiac activity modelled using van der Pol equation.
A quasilinear parabolic-parabolic chemotaxis model with logistic source and singular sensitivity
Authors: Zhao Jie
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with the dynamical properties of the quasilinear parabolic-parabolic chemotaxis system

   \begin{document}$ \begin{eqnarray*} \left\{ \begin{array}{llll} u_{t} = \nabla\cdot(D(u)\nabla u)-\chi\nabla\cdot(\frac{u}{v} \nabla v)+\mu u- \mu u^{2}, \, \, \, &x\in\Omega, \, \, \, t>0, \\ v_{t} = \Delta v-v+u, &x\in\Omega, \, \, \, t>0, \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*} $\end{document}

under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a convex bounded domain \begin{document}$ \Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{n} $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ n\geq2 $\end{document}, with smooth boundary. \begin{document}$ \chi>0 $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \mu>0 $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ D(u) $\end{document} is supposed to satisfy the behind properties

   \begin{document}$ \begin{equation*} \begin{split} D(u)\geq (u+1)^{\alpha} \, \, \, \text{with}\, \, \, \alpha>0. \end{split} \end{equation*} $\end{document}

It is shown that there is a positive constant \begin{document}$ m_{*} $\end{document} such that

   \begin{document}$ \begin{equation*} \begin{split} \int_{\Omega}u\geq m_{*} \end{split} \end{equation*} $\end{document}

for all \begin{document}$ t\geq0 $\end{document}. Moreover, we prove that the solution is globally bounded. Finally, it is asserted that the solution exponentially converges to the constant stationary solution \begin{document}$ (1, 1) $\end{document}.
Do mechanisms matter? Comparing cancer treatment strategies across mathematical models and outcome objectives
Authors: Buhler Cassidy K. ,   Department of Decision Sciences and MIS, Drexel University, 3220 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Terry Rebecca S. , Link Kathryn G. , Adler Frederick R. ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, 155 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA,   Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, St. Lawrence University, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617, USA,   Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA,   School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
Published: July 2021

When eradication is impossible, cancer treatment aims to delay the emergence of resistance while minimizing cancer burden and treatment. Adaptive therapies may achieve these aims, with success based on three assumptions: resistance is costly, sensitive cells compete with resistant cells, and therapy reduces the population of sensitive cells. We use a range of mathematical models and treatment strategies to investigate the tradeoff between controlling cell populations and delaying the emergence of resistance. These models extend game theoretic and competition models with four additional components: 1) an Allee effect where cell populations grow more slowly at low population sizes, 2) healthy cells that compete with cancer cells, 3) immune cells that suppress cancer cells, and 4) resource competition for a growth factor like androgen. In comparing maximum tolerable dose, intermittent treatment, and adaptive therapy strategies, no therapeutic choice robustly breaks the three-way tradeoff among the three therapeutic aims. Almost all models show a tight tradeoff between time to emergence of resistant cells and cancer cell burden, with intermittent and adaptive therapies following identical curves. For most models, some adaptive therapies delay overall tumor growth more than intermittent therapies, but at the cost of higher cell populations. The Allee effect breaks these relationships, with some adaptive therapies performing poorly due to their failure to treat sufficiently to drive populations below the threshold. When eradication is impossible, no treatment can simultaneously delay emergence of resistance, limit total cancer cell numbers, and minimize treatment. Simple mathematical models can play a role in designing the next generation of therapies that balance these competing objectives.
Bounds on price‐setting
Authors: Kocherlakota Narayana R.
Published: July 2021

I study a class of macroeconomic models in which all firms can costlessly choose any price at each date from an interval (indexed to last period's price level) that includes a positive lower bound. I prove three results that are valid for any such half‐closed interval (regardless of how near zero the left endpoint is). First, given any output sequence that is uniformly bounded from above by the moneyless equilibrium output level, that bounded output sequence is an equilibrium outcome for a (possibly time‐dependent) specification of monetary and fiscal policy. Second, given any specification of monetary and fiscal policy in which the former is time‐invariant and the latter is Ricardian (in the sense of Woodford 1995), there is a sequence of equilibria in which consumption converges to zero on a date‐by‐date basis. These first two results suggest that standard macroeconomic models without pricing bounds may provide a false degree of confidence in macroeconomic stability and undue faith in the long‐run irrelevance of monetary policy. This paper's final result constructs a non‐Ricardian nominal framework (in which the long‐run growth rate of nominal government liabilities is sufficiently high) that pins down a unique stable real outcome as an equilibrium.
Schooling in a Conquered Society
Authors: Majorek Czestaw
Published: July 2021

Après l’annexion d’une partie de la Pologne à l’Empire autrichien, en 1772, la politique éducative devint rapidement un instrument essentiel dans le processus d’assimilation de la population galicienne (polonaise et ukrainienne): l’objectif prioritaire de l’école primaire et secondaire était la germanisation culturelle et linguistique, l’éducation au patriotisme austro-habsbourgeois, l’inculcation d’un catholicisme dévot et superficiel.
La résistance populaire à ces objectifs, ressentis comme déculturants, s’exprima dans la désertion des écoles publiques, de sorte que le taux de scolarisation primaire demeura très bas en Galicie pendant toute la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Au niveau secondaire, où la puissance occupante limita elle-même le nombre des écoles, le résultat fut sensiblement pareil. Aussi, à la veille de la Révolution de 1848, la Galicie manqua-t-elle cruellement de cette couche d’intellectuels qui était si indispensable aux États naissants de l’époque contemporaine.
The Conflict Between Church and State in Italy on Primary Education in the Period Following Unification (1860-1877)
Authors: Soldani Simonetta
Published: July 2021

Le but de cette communication est de faire ressortir le manque d’homogénéité qu’on peut noter en Italie pendant la période 1860-1877 entre les positions assumées à l’égard de l’instruction élémentaire et les comportements réels de l’Église et de l’État.
Dans une situation caractérisée par un sous-développement général avec de profondes inégalités régionales, et par une rupture avec l’Église qui devint après 1870 une véritable opposition, l’État visa à créer pour lui-même de larges possibilités de direction et de contrôle sur l’école primaire, tout en confiant la gestion concrète aux communes. De même, il opposa toujours de nouveaux obstacles à la « liberté d’enseignement » privée, laquelle en Italie désigne presque exclusivement l’école confessionnelle catholique. L’objectif déclaré était de combattre l’influence de l’Église sur le peuple et sur les pouvoirs locaux, parmi lesquels les tendances conservatrices et cléricales se trouvaient être bien plus fortes qu’au niveau central.
C’est donc dans cette même direction qu’on voulut aller lorsqu’on tenta de limiter l’enseignement du catéchisme en le rendant facultatif; mais cette mesure suscita des résistances et des critiques jusque dans les milieux modérés et donna une plus grande force aux accusations de matérialisme, de protestantisme et d’immoralité que l’Église adressait à l’école publique. Le combat sur cette question s’entrelaçait d’ailleurs avec celui pour l’école obligatoire, qui, nombre d’années seulement après la présentation du premier projet, put se traduire en loi (1877), lors du tournant qui porta la gauche au pouvoir.
Pendant le long et âpre débat sur ces projets controversés, l’école acquit une importance nouvelle et ambiguë. Présentée à la fois comme le canal de diffusion de l’incroyance et du désordre social, et comme un instrument pour la défense civile et pour le renforcement de l’État, l’école perdit sa valeur limitée mais concrète comme lieu privilégié de l’alphabétisation de masse, acquérant au contraire une équivoque primauté « éducative ».
Mais en regardant l’école réelle et concrète, on voit les choses très différemment. Tandis que l’État ne fit que très peu pour aider le processus de scolarisation, l’Église, de son côté, ne fit pas de choix sans équivoque en faveur de son propre système scolaire. Elle préféra renforcer ses positions dans cette même école publique que, dans ses déclarations, elle contestait si vivement.
L’organisation de la résistance contre la laïcisation en Espagne et ses stratégies dans le domaine de l’éducation élémentaire (1898-1913)
Authors: Solà Pere
Published: July 2021

When, after 1898, political parties and the popular classes took an increasing interest in elementary and vocational education there was a change in the strategy of the Church and conservative circles with regard to these areas of education. This paper discusses how a new opposition to the secularisation of social and educational structures was organised during the years 1898 to 1913, with itsown language, propagandists, ideologists of education and its institutions, which mobilised the Catholic mass movements with evident success.
What worried the Catholic groups and hierarchy was not so much the secularism of dissident minorities, or the growing secularisation of the urban masses, but rather the real possibility of a neutral, lay State. No other contemporary State with a Catholic tradition, with the possible exception of Portugal, opposed the secularisation of structures and social customs, and modernisation of the educational System, with such efficiency and belligerance during the period 1875-1925. In the case of Spain it is possible to speak of a Catholic « vaccination » against secularism and its dangers, exemplified at its worst by the « French virus », administered in such areas as the mass media, catechistic pedagogy, the elementary school System and the teachers’ training colleges. Among many ideologists the Jesuit Ruiz Amado stands out.
Some reasons are suggested for the success of this resistance strategy, the foundations for which were established between 1902 and 1913, in the educational field : i) the strength deriving from its monolithic character ; ii) the fact that the legal structure of the Restauración allowed wide ecclesiastical control of the rural school System ; iii) the efficient social action of the Church in such areas as the family, youth and student groups, the diocese etc. and also over the press ; iv) the increase in the teaching staffs of religions congregations between 1904 and 1931 ; v) the Church’s control of the public educational System at all levels, especially the teachers’ training colleges ; vi) the lack of a serions penetrating analysis of the necessary conditions to build up a secularist programme adapted to the conditions and history of Spain.
Comenius and Universal Education in His Native Country
Authors: Čapková Dagmar
Published: July 2021

La connaissance de la tradition socio-culturelle des pays peut aider à distinguer leurs qualités propres du point de vue de la recherche comparée. En règle générale, on considère que l’alphabétisation est en relation avec les conditions sociales et économiques; l’évolution des villes se rattache à l’évolution des écoles et de l’alphabétisation. L’examen de la Réforme tchèque des XVe-XVIe siècles, caractérisée par une progression accélérée de la culture générale (même au niveau du peuple), montre que d’autres facteurs sont encore en jeu l’alphabétisation largement répandue se justifiait surtout d’un point de vue idéologique (religieux), politique et social, dans la mesure où le peuple lui-même était devenu détenteur de l ’autorité politique et sociale.
Les idées du penseur pédagogique tchèque J. A. Komenskÿ (Comenius) sur l’éducation de tous les enfants, sans aucune discrimination, trouvent leur origine dans la théorie révolutionnaire et la pratique de i’hussitisme et dans la culture de la Réforme tchèque. Comenius n’a jamais traité des problèmes de l’éducation d’une façon isolée, mais il les a résolus en relation avec tous les facteurs éducatifs, à partir du principe de l’unité des objectifs, des contenus et des méthodes pédagogiques, fondamentalement interdisciplinaires. Dans ses ouvrages, il justifiait l’éducation de tous les enfants d’un point de vue idéologique, religieux, anthropologique, biologique, psychologique et sociologique. Les principes prônés par Comenius ont gardé leur caractère stimulant jusqu’à nos jours.
Aux XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles, la réalisation de ses idées était rendue impossible dans sa propre patrie en raison de la victoire de la Contre-Réforme et des Habsbourg, qui a détruit le haut niveau culturel (y compris celui de l’enseignement) atteint par la Réforme tchèque. Le fait que le peuple tchèque était capable, grâce à son niveau d’alphabétisation, de conserver sa langue maternelle et la conscience de sa propre culture, jusqu’à l’époque de la Renaissance nationale, a eu une grande importance dans la lutte contre les effets de l’oppression dans les pays tchèques. La Slovaquie a joué dans ce processus un rôle moteur.
L’évolution culturelle montre que les idées de Comenius étaient devenues une source d’inspiration et de secours pour les Tchèques et les Slovaques dans leur combat pour l’indépendance nationale, contre le régime autrichien et l’hégémonie de l’Église catholique, et dans leur lutte pour l’école nationale. Les idées de Comenius étaient une des sources dans lesquelles, au XIXe et dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, les représentants tchèques puisèrent leurs efforts pour l’école unique, réalisée après l’avènement de la société socialiste.
L’éducation et le problème de l’unité nationale
Authors: Guillain André
Published: July 2021

The comparative study of two selected examples – the German Empire and the United States of America – demonstrates that, at the dose of the XIXth century, schooling complied with the State’s requirement for national unification in the light of two very different strategies. Neo-Herbartian pedagogy is indeed based on an « analysis of the cirde of thoughts » with the educational purpose of imposing a single predetermined national model upon every citizen. By contrast Child Study seeks to acknowledge individual differences whose free and spontaneous interplay facilitates the emergence of a norm imposed by virtue of a distribution held to be « natural ».

Although, in both cases it is the purpose to ensure for the majority of schoolchildren a moral, social and religious training of character, based on the statistical distribution of mental phenomena, these two types of training relate to two competing, and incompatible, technologies of power : policing (of mental representations) in the first case and liberalism in the second.
Driving Forces in the Development of Agricultural Education in Belgium at the End of the XIXth Century
Authors: Vanpaemel Johan
Published: July 2021

Le développement remarquable de l’enseignement agricole pour garçons en Belgique à la fin du XIXe siècle peut s’expliquer par les excellentes solutions que cet enseignement offrait aux besoins de plusieurs secteurs sociaux l’industrie, le commerce, les agriculteurs. Cependant, cet enseignement ne répondait guère aux besoins des petits agriculteurs. L’enseignement agricole était largement responsable de la propagation de l’emploi des engrais chimiques. Cet emploi augmentait de jour en jour, de sorte que, au début du XXe siècle, la Belgique se rangeait parmi les plus grands consommateurs d’engrais chimiques au monde. Une telle situation n’était point pour déplaire aux producteurs d’engrais, c’est-à-dire à l’industrie chimique du pays. C’est la raison pour laquelle cette industrie jouait un rôle très actif dans l’organisation de l’enseignement agricole, par exemple en déterminant, en quelque sorte, le contenu de cet enseignement. De toute évidence, les rendements agricoles augmentaient également.Cependant, les bénéfices de ces rendements accrus n’allaient pas aux cultivateurs eux-mêmes. La production agricole croissante faisait baisser les prix des produits agricoles. Ce régime était favorable aux consommateurs et, en même temps, à toute l’industrie belge puisque le niveau peu élevé des salaires en Belgique pouvait être justifié par le bas prix des produits alimentaires. A défaut d’une loi limitant les fermages, les propriétaires fonciers pouvaient faire monter les baux à ferme proportionnellement aux rendements accrus de la terre. En Belgique, la plupart des cultivateurs étant des fermiers, l’emploi des engrais chimiques ne procurait donc pas de bénéfice net aux agriculteurs. De cette manière, ceux-ci étaient de plus en plus forcés de faire appel aux engrais industriels. Cette tendance favorisait évidemment les propriétaires, qui relevaient de nouveau les fermages, de même que les producteurs d’engrais.Les hommes politiques attiraient avec fierté l’attention sur leurs efforts en faveur des agriculteurs, c’est-à-dire sur l’organisation de l’enseignement agricole. Ils croyaient ainsi être débarrassés du devoir d’introduire de vrais changements sociaux en faveur du cultivateur, par exemple par une limitation des baux à ferme. Beaucoup de mandataires trouvaient dans l’enseignement agricole une excuse pour leur négligence. Outre son succès immédiat, à savoir l’augmentation des rendements de la terre, l’enseignement agricole eut des conséquences indirectes et beaucoup moins positives: la décroissance du nombre des agriculteurs, la diminution de la qualité des produits alimentaires, l’anéantissement de la vie bactériologique du sol, la réduction de la résistance des plantes contre les insectes et les maladies, etc.
La Colonie agricole « Nederlandsch Mettray »
Authors: J. H. Dekker Jeroen
Published: July 2021

This paper presents some elements from more detailed research into the origins and development of residential treatment for deprived children, in relation to social, economic and intellectual developments.
The central concern is the agrarian cotony of « Nederlandsch Mettray », a remarkable example of a total educational institution in the Netherlands. Two serial sources are used, the annual reports of the colony and dossiers of the boys in residence, to study developments during the period 1851-1914, one of rapid economic and social change in the Netherlands. « Nederlandsch Mettray » was founded in 1851, at the dose of a long period of crisis in Dutch society. Inspired by a religious revival in the Dutch Protestant church, the « Réveil », W. H. Suringar led a group which sought to rescue the mass of so-called « deprived » boys. The French colony Mettray was taken as the model and at first a liberal pédagogie and disciplinary method was adopted. But after 1874 there was a change to a more overtly disciplinary institution (cf. Michel Foucault). At the sa me time, owing to the urban origin of most boys and to the international agrarian crisis, the original agrarian character of the colony was abandoned. Thus Mettray became a purely educational and disciplinary institution, the social aims (directed at maintaining social order) and religious ends becoming and remaining dominant.
The Agonies of Modernisation
Authors: Gildea Robert
Published: July 2021

L’enseignement technique était moins un instrument de modernisation de l’économie qu’un réflexe de conservation devant les durs effets de mutations économiques rapides : dépeuplement rural, crise de l’apprentissage, poussée des professions intermédiaires.
L’industrie était plus concernée par cet enseignement que l’agriculture, les métiers bourgeois plus que la grande industrie (à la seule exception des cadres). Les contacts avec la masse des ouvriers et des cultivateurs restaient toutefois très difficiles.
Étaient surtout importantes les initiatives des municipalités, des industriels, des chambres de commerce et de l’Église. Le rôle de l’État se bornait le plus souvent à la réorganisation de ce qui était déjà en place et à de stériles débats sur la nature de l’enseignement technique.
Trop souvent, les écoles techniques ne répondaient pas aux besoins réels. Les dynasties bourgeoises ne ressentaient pas la nécessité de les fréquenter ; les cadres étaient formés pour la première révolution industrielle plutôt que pour la seconde ; et les patrons trouvaient médiocres les apprentis qui sortaient de ces écoles.
Que ce soit à cause des modifications de la structure sociale, ou à cause de l’ambition sociale provoquée par l’enseignement technique, un de ses principaux résultats fut le déclassement qu’il cherchait justement à éviter.
La stratégie de Jules Ferry dans le vote des lois scolaires
Authors: Mayeur Françoise
Published: July 2021

An analysis of voting for the Education Acts of 1879 and 1886 is presented to illustrate the strategie response of Jules Ferry to specifie institutional, political and parliamentary circumstances. Rather than introduce a single, major, bill he preferred to present a series of minor ones, beginning with the one most likely to have an easy passage. Consequently the moment for discussion of each issue could be selected : after a propitious poll, distanced from legislative matters. This « time serving » delay is counterposed to Radical impatience, to Paul Bert rashness. It resulted in the timely passage of bi/ls while conservative opposition seemed deprived of any strategy, merely blocked into total contestation.
Ferdinand Buisson and Salvation by National Education
Authors: Chase George
Published: July 2021

Cette contribution se propose de montrer que la mission laïque de Ferdinand Buisson était une tentative de réaliser dans la Troisième République une Réforme que la France avait rejetée au xvie siècle. Pour cela, nous suivons l’analyse de la notion de laïcité qu’a suggérée René Rémond, c’est-à-dire une idée globale qui intègre l’histoire religieuse et politique, et qui commence bien avant les luttes autour de l’école de la Troisième République. D’après Rémond, le terme « laïcité » implique une notion de l’État et de sa mission, une conception de la nature et du contenu de la vérité, ainsi qu’une philosophie de l’histoire et du développement de l’esprit humain. Depuis le début de sa vie politique en 1864, marqué par son entrée dans les débats qui secouèrent le protestantisme de cette époque, jusqu'à sa mort en 1932, Buisson à participé à une série de débats complémentaires qui comprenaient sous une forme ou une autre toutes les perspectives suggérées par R. Rémond.Pour pouvoir former un idéal collectif, accesible à tous, il fallait que le protestantisme se transforme en philosophie séculière, qu'il renonce à son exclusivité théologique et ecclésiastique, en un mot, qu'il s'ouvre. F. Buisson fit appel à l'histoire pour établir le contenu de la vrai Réforme du xvie siècle et il y trouve le présage du programme moral et social de la Révolution. Il proposait que l'école primaire de la République se destinât à devenir le foyer de cette foi nouvelle, c'est-à-dire un protestantisme sécularisé, purifié ; il fallait, à vrai dire, que l'État républicain devînt l'Église qui exercerait la magistrature morale qu'avait exercée l'Église auparavant. Dans la notion de laïcité qu'il a élaborée à travers sa carrière, Buisson a défini un idéal collectif qui offrirait l'unité spirituelle à la nation, et une espèce de salut social à son peuple.
Science, opportunisme, politique
Authors: A. Bruneau William
Published: July 2021

Since 1968, the history of education in France h as been largeiy and successfully re-conceptualised to account for the reiationship between educational experience and subsequent and previous social status. Beyond this, recent historicai studies have carefuiiy investigated differences of educational provision in the various regions of the country, and re-examined the political history of State education.
So far, however, history of French higher education has come in for rather little of this attention. Louis Liard (1846-1917) is generally considered to have been responsible more than any other for the late XIXth century renaissance of universities in France. The présent paper tries to assess the motives of his activity as reformer during a particuiariy criticat and fruitfui period of institution-building, it suggests that his work was not wholly motivated by social-economic class ambition ; in view of the fact that Liard was similar in so many respects to thousands of persons who could be characterised in this exact way, this hypothesis is a risky one.
Roughly speaking, the paper argues that Liard’s extraordinarily powerful grasp of the logic of inquiry, combined with a healthy dose of opportunism when the occasion warranted, led him to take the actions he did between 1884-1896. Using the examples of his push towards reform of medical studies (essentially to require a year of pre-medicat general science work), and his support of applied science institutes, it is possible to make the case that a merely social or economic explanation of his career will not suffice.
Les Frères des Écoles chrétiennes à l’époque de Jules Ferry
Authors: Poutet Yves
Published: July 2021

The Brothers of the Christian Schools, founded by St. John Baptist De La Salle in the XVIIth century, see it as their mission to instruct children in the « art of living » and, sensitive to the needs of the poor, maintain free schools – an idea adopted by Jules Ferry in the XIXth century. In 1874 two thousand members of the order were responsible for the education of 130,000 students outside France and the paper reviews the situation in various countries as a result of new legislation – in Austria, Prussia, Switzerland, Italy, England, in the U.S.A. and Ecuador, and in A sia where the Brothers’ schools were characterised by the peaceful co-existence of Protestants, Moslems, Buddhists and, in lesser numbers, Catholics, and, thanks to free education, were a melting-pot of social classes.

As for the situation in France, it was a question of patience, forbearance, submission to the law, even if this seemed anticlerical so long as it did not impose acts considered evil in themselves. The Brothers refrained from association with clerical movements which expounded arguments in the press. While Jules Ferry sought a neutral ideology, to render education pohtically laïque (secular) and « Republican » and to foster a collective French conscience by abolishing religions activity, the Lasallians refused to exile God, creator of all, from the daily curriculum. In the Brothers’ schools in non-Catholic countries there was openness to all forms of religious expression, allowing for the right to abstain from adherence to a faith and the right to express convictions and translate them into action. This is precisely the idea which led Jules Ferry, as Minister for Foreign Affairs and promoter of French colonisation, to subsidise several Lasallian schools beyond the frontiers of France. Yet, paradoxically, similar assistance was denied to schools within the country.
L’obligation scolaire, un quart de siècle après Jules Ferry : le législateur face aux réalités
Authors: Gavoille Jacques
Published: July 2021

The advent of compulsory education makes possible a clear assessment of the social and economic influence of legislation. The Act passed on 28 March 1882 appeared sufficient for many years until, around 1905, numerous bills were introduced aiming to secure improved schooling.
The reasons for concern were of a political, economic and social nature. i) Some Catholic parents, organising resistance to the use of certain school-books, partly transgressed the Act enforcing compulsory education, ii) The number of illiterates in France was high, compared with several neighbouring countries, which could be accounted for by premature leaving or irregular attendance. iii) There was criticism, in 1910 by F. Buisson, of an educational System which, by distinguishing an elite from the mass of pupils, reproduced social division into two classes.
The various bills introduced :
i) Aimed first at better enforcement of the 1882 Act through more efficient assessment of the number of children aged 6 to 13, their attendance record, the employment of 12 and 13-year-olds in industry, and the level of attainment of recruits to the army on enrolment.
ii) Proposed improvement of material and moral assistance to parents by replacing the School Commission of 1882, comprising members too dependent on parents, by a School Council representing teachers, parents, school supporters
Quand l’école de Jules Ferry est-elle morte ?
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2021

To ask this question is a way of defining the school itself. This paper presents evidence of three kinds suggesting that the primary school founded by Jules Ferry ended only during the 1960’s and which permits us to particularise some of its characteristics. First, it was the only school available to children from the popular classes ; since the educational reforms of 1959 and 1963 children pass from the elementary school to another school – a form of comprehensive school – and not to factories and offices. Second, the organisational structure of the primary school was entirely reframed between 1962 and 1970 ; whereas boys and girls were segregated they are now together but there is a more rigid distinction than before in terms of age, only those from 6 to 11 being accepted in primary schools to-day and all leaving at 12. Third, from a pedagogical point of view the French primary school was little changed between 1880 and 1960, neither programmes nor methods were reoriented. But during the 1960’s some major reforms supervened : the suppression of exercises outside the school, at home ; the tiers-temps (third of time), a new schedule of school time ; new programmes for French and mathematics ; new approaches to history and the natural sciences (’disciplines d’éveil)
These reforms profoundly altered the pattern of the Jules Ferry primary school so that it is possible to speak of its end. But the institutional structure, the inspectorate, remained untouched.
Application of Phase Change Materials in Construction Materials for Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Buildings
Authors: Meric Eray Mertkan , Erdem Savas , Gurbuz Ezgi
Published: July 2021

There has been a continuous increase in world population and industrialization. In parallel, energy consumption grew substantially in the world. The residential buildings constitute the majority of the total consumption in the developed world. Therefore, energy saving and reducing heat losses of buildings are of major concern for our society. At this point, phase changing materials (PCMs) show up as one of the most useful materials in building design. In this study, PCMs, which are used at places such as facade of buildings, bricks, and inside of concrete in order to be able to reduce the energy consumption due to heating and cooling, to provide comfort temperature inside buildings, are extensively reviewed.
Interactive Exhibition as a Form of Participation in the Future of Sustainable Housing
Authors: Echeverría Juan Bautista , Gabilondo Iosu , Rodríguez Teresa Meana , Otxoa-Errarte Juana , Pennese Claudia , Tramunt Montserrat Puig , Ubarrechena Judith
Published: July 2021

The Gipuzkoa branch of the Basque and Navarre College of Architects organized, within the MUGAK Architecture Biennial, the exposition “The Transgenerational House.” It took place in a pavilion specially built for the purpose in a public space in the city of San Sebastian (Spain). In it, both a conventional furnished home and an alternative one, with the possibility of allowing free spatial divisions and furnishing distribution, were recreated. Some architectural teams showed their experiences on housing. A set of components with a color code was developed to link the two homes and the work of the architects. The pavilion was opened to the public, which had access to the contained information in a partially directed way and participated answering to posed specific questions. Additionally, 10 structured workshops with different collectives were organized, making specific proposals on the alternative home. The overall exposition is shown, reflecting on the advantages and limitations of citizen participation as an instrument of sustainable development.
Smart Power Microgrid Impact on Sustainable Building
Authors: Attia Hussain
Published: July 2021

This chapter explains the positive impacts of the smart microgrid with respect to the sustainable building performance. The role of the renewable energy sources within the microgrid is also demonstrated. The solar photovoltaic energy source is explained in terms of the working principle and positive effects on reducing CO2 emission through reducing the needs of the traditional power stations' electricity. This chapter explains the advantages of the smart microgrid power system and how reflects on the performance of a sustainable building. The differences between the components of a DC smart grid system and of an AC smart grid system are shown. Different algorithms for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to improve the PV systems have reviewed in this chapter. A step-by-step overall design of any desired single-phase or three-phase alternating power of any capacity for a PV matrix-based microgrid system, in addition to the role and the importance of inserting DC-DC converter in the photovoltaic systems, is discussed.
Studying Physical and Chemical Properties of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide and Their Applications in Sustainable Building Materials
Authors: Ibrahim Omar , Erdem Savaş , Gurbuz Ezgi
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, the authors identified graphene oxide (OG)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as nano composites by studying its nanoparticles' properties physically, chemically, and mechanically. In this study, they mentioned the photo catalyst materials PC regarding carbon nanostructures such as GO and RGO, which have excellent oxygen functionalities, efficient adsorption areas, and considerable surface area. The compositions of GO and RGO exceed electron-holes pair reinstallation time and minimize energy hiatus by adjusting valence band level (VBL) with conducting band level (CBL) bringing high suction of the exist radiance, which improves photo degeneration achievement of material oxides and composites made from polymers. They also studied the main applications of GO and RGO in engineering fields and summarized the usefulness of intercalation of GO and RGO in construction sectors. Moreover, many synthesis techniques lead to many types of GO. Therefore, in this chapter, the authors tried to collect most GO and RGO properties, structures, and applications.
Efficacy of immunohistochemical staining in detecting Helicobacter pylori in Saudi patients with minimal and atypical infection
Authors: Akeel Mohammed , Elhafey Ahmed , Shehata Atef , Elmakki Erwa , Aboshouk Thanaa , Ageely Hussein , Mahfouz Mohammed Salih
Published: July 2021

Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection is diagnosed based on histopathological evaluation of gastric mucosal biopsies, urease test, urea breath test, H. pylori culturing, or direct detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in detecting H. pylori in gastric biopsies from patients with chronic gastritis and minimal or atypical infection. Gastric biopsies from 50 patients with chronic gastritis were subjected to routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), modified Giemsa, and IHC staining. The results of staining were compared with those of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis identified 32 (64%) H. pylori-positive cases, whereas IHC, H&E, and modified Giemsa staining identified 29 (58%), 27 (54%), and 21 (42%) positive cases. The sensitivity of IHC staining (87.50%) was higher than that of H&E (59.38%) and modified Giemsa (43.75%) staining. The specificity of H&E, modified Giemsa, and IHC staining was 55.56%, 61.11%, and 94.44%, respectively. IHC staining exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy (90%), followed by H&E (58%) and modified Giemsa (50%) staining. Active gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and lymphoid follicles were detected in 32 (64%), 4 (8%), and 22 (44%) cases, respectively, and all of these cases were H. pylori positive. In contrast to routine H&E and modified Giemsa staining, IHC allows for the accurate H. pylori detection in cases with minimal or atypical infection. Moreover, IHC can be an alternative diagnostic method to qRT-PCR for detection of H. pylori in such cases.
Trend in Prevalence of Smoking and Motivation to Quit among Korean Adult Male Cancer Survivors over the Last 8 Years: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V–VII (2010–2017)
Authors: Cheon Seung Won , Park Seung Guk , Yoo Sun Mi , Kim Hyo Eun , Kim Hyun Ji
Published: July 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate trends in the prevalence of current smokers and motivation to quit among Korean male cancer survivors.Methods: Out of 20,012 men who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010–2012), VI (2013–2015), and VII (2016–2017), 742 cancer survivors were included. A cancer survivor was defined as a person who concurred to the item, “The cancer has been diagnosed by a doctor” in the health questionnaire. Smoking status was classified as current, former, and never smokers. Regarding motivation to quit smoking, we defined those who had a willingness to quit within 6 months as the willing group. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine trends in the prevalence of current smokers and the proportion of the willing group among current smokers.Results: Overall, 3.7% of Korean men who participated in the study were cancer survivors. Current smokers constituted 19.5%, 19.1%, and 15.3% of cancer survivors in phases V, VI, and VII respectively which did not show significant changes (P for trend=0.33). However, the proportion of current smokers in the non-cancer group was significantly reduced to 46.6%, 41.2%, and 38.9% in phases V, VI, and VII, respectively (P for trend <0.001). The proportion of those with a motivation to quit smoking did not show a significant trend in the cancer survivors (P for trend=0.964) and non-cancer group (P for trend=0.884).Conclusion: Prevalence of current smokers and motivation to quit in Korean male cancer survivors did not show significant trends.
Age-Related Difference in Weight Change and All-Cause Mortality in Middle-Aged and Older Korean Populations: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Suh Jungki , Cho Yoon Jeong , Kim Hyun Ji , Choi Seong Soo
Published: July 2021

Background: Obesity is associated with increased mortality as a significant risk factor for chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Several people believe that weight gain is harmful, and weight loss helps maintain health. However, some studies have shown that weight loss, particularly among older adults, is more likely to increase the risk of mortality than weight gain.Methods: We used data for the cohort of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, which is a nationwide stratified multi-stage sample of adults aged 45 years. The all-cause mortality risk was assessed using the survival status and the number of months of survival calculated from 2006 (baseline year) to 2016. Cox proportional hazard regression were used to study the causal link between weight change and all-cause mortality risk.Results: The results showed interactive associations between weight loss and mortality among middle-aged and older adults. The hazard ratio was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.40) for the participants aged 45–65 years with weight losses greater than 5 kg and 1.56 (95% CI, 1.29–1.89) for those older than 65 years with weight losses greater than 5 kg. The results for the group with weight gain above 5 kg were not significant. Middle-aged and older men showed an increase in all-cause mortality associated with weight loss of more than 5 kg, but only the older women showed significant results.Conclusion: This large-scale cohort study in Korea showed a relationship between weight loss and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older individuals.
Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Adults: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011
Authors: Kim Ji Soo , Oh Seung-Won , Kim Jiwoo
Published: July 2021

Background: Milk consumption is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but reports are limited in terms of participant age, sex, and number of study subjects. We investigated the association between milk consumption and BMD in South Korean adults (≥20 years).Methods: We analyzed men and women aged ≥20 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2011. We used linear regression to calculate the mean BMD and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the frequency of milk consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for T-scores ≤-2.5 (osteoporosis) in both men aged ≥50 years and postmenopausal women.Results: In total 8,539 subjects were studied. Drinking milk more than once a day was associated with higher BMD in the total femur and femoral neck in men aged <50 years and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years, compared to less than once a week. It was also associated with lower ORs for osteoporosis of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in men aged ≥50 years (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.125–0.979 and OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.143–0.804, respectively). In postmenopausal women who consumed milk 2–6 times weekly, higher BMD and lower OR for osteoporosis were observed in the total femur (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.055–0.958).Conclusion: This study suggests that frequent milk consumption could potentially reduce osteoporosis incidence in South Korean adults. Further prospective study is necessary to elucidate the effect of milk consumption on BMD.