bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El efecto del rumor en el cambio del voto: la ira, el miedo y la incertidumbre generados por el rumor en procesos electorales y sus contribuciones en las decisiones del votante
Authors: Ávila Caroline , Cabrera Gabriela
Published: March 2017

El rumor es un componente reiterado en las campañas electorales, sin embargo, poco se ha estudiado sobre los efectos directos en las emociones y cómo estas inciden en el votante. Esta investigación presenta, con datos empíricos, evidencias de los efectos reales del rumor en emociones, como la ira, el miedo y la incertidumbre, a través de un estudio de las elecciones intermedias en Ecuador de febrero de 2014.

La metodología es de tipo cuantitativo a través de encuestas aplicadas a los hogares objeto de este estudio. Los resultados fueron sometidos a análisis estadísticos de correlación de rho de Spearman y regresión logística que permiten explicar el cambio en el voto de acuerdo con las variables que evalúan la incidencia del rumor en emociones negativas, como la ira, la incertidumbre y el miedo.
Learning Strategies: A Means to Deal with the Reading of Authentic Texts in the EFL Classroom
Authors: Gómez Rodríguez Luis Fernando
Published: March 2017

Los estudiantes de inglés tienen dificultades al enfrentarse a textos auténticos en inglés, porque en general aprenden este idioma con textos comunicativos adaptados a sus niveles de lengua. Por consiguiente, este estudio de caso analizó cómo un grupo de estudiantes de inglés implementó estrategias de aprendizaje para leer textos literarios auténticos por primera vez en sus vidas.

Los datos recogidos mediante cuestionarios, diarios de los estudiantes y notas de campo indicaron que los estudiantes fueron conscientes de su progreso en las destrezas de la comprensión escrita (lectura) con la ayuda de estas estrategias. Los resultados muestran que usaron principalmente cuatro estrategias de aprendizaje: asociaciones mentales, resúmenes o subrayados, traducciones y análisis de información.

Los participantes también reconocieron los beneficios de las estrategias de aprendizaje durante su interacción con los textos auténticos, y destacaron la autorregulación, la autonomía y la responsabilidad para leer con un propósito determinado.
El periodismo literario en el Caribe colombiano: Ernesto McCausland Sojo y la pervivencia de la crónica
Authors: Vega - Estarita Lina , Barrios Marta - Milena
Published: March 2017

A partir de un análisis temático, esta investigación exploró la vigencia de la crónica entre los periodistas y las audiencias latinoamericanos, en una época cuando la inmediatez se ha tomado las redacciones.

El estudio de trece textos del periodista colombiano Ernesto McCausland Sojo permitió identificar una amplia gama de temas y un estilo narrativo alternativo. Los resultados mostraron temas universales, como la vida, la muerte, los triunfos y los fracasos; insertaron al costeño en una realidad rodeada de magia, humor y música, y encontraron rasgos diferenciales en el estilo de las crónicas del autor.

McCausland fue un periodista multimedia que logró mezclar elementos del cine, la literatura, la poesía, el periodismo y la música en sus relatos y le imprimió nuevos bríos a este género como alternativa de la reportería vertiginosa de la era digital.
Evidencia de validez de constructo para el WISC-IV con muestra brasileña
Authors: Marín Rueda Fabián Javier , Angeli dos Santos Acácia Aparecida , Porto Noronha Ana Paula
Published: March 2017

El objetivo fue analizar la estructura interna de la versión brasileña del WISC-IV, comparando el modelo de puntuaciones compuestas y cuatro dominios, constante en el manual del WISC-IV, con otros dos modelos, el de un factor general de la inteligencia y un modelo con base en la teoría CHC. Participaron 795 niños y adolescentes de diferentes regiones de Brasil, con edades entre 6 y 16 años. Los resultados mostraron que el modelo que mejor se ajustó fue el propuesto por el manual del WISC-IV. El modelo con base en la teoría CHC también presentó buen ajuste, pero con valores un poco inferiores a la propuesta original. El modelo de un factor general fue rechazado pues los índices de bondad de ajuste no fueron satisfactorios. Se sugieren futuras investigaciones que estudien la estructura del WISC-IV en otros países.
Flexibilidad Relacional y Estrés Parental
Authors: Garcia Yors , Grau-Gonzalez Ivonne A. , Cristiano-Botia Liliana , Cristiano-Botia Liliana
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre niveles altos y moderados de estrés parental y relaciones derivadas en una muestra de padres y estudiantes de pregrado. Para este estudio se utilizó un diseño de comparación entre grupos con una medida pretest. La muestra total se dividió en tres grupos, trece padres con niveles altos en el Índice de Estrés Parental (IEP) fueron asignados a un grupo, otros trece padres con puntajes moderados en el IEP se asignaron a un segundo grupo, y trece estudiantes de pregrado fueron asignados a un grupo control. Inicialmente todos los participantes fueron expuestos a un video de un niño presentando conductas disruptivas. Seguido de esto, todos los participantes fueron expuestos a un procedimiento de entrenamiento en discriminaciones condicionales A-B y A-C; el grupo de estímulos A correspondía a figuras sin sentido, el grupo B a conductas disruptivas de los niños y el grupo C de estímulos conductas positivas de los padres. Luego se entrenaron relaciones mixtas (A-B y A-C), y finalmente se evaluaron relaciones de transitividad y equivalencia. Los resultados muestran que los participantes con estrés alto presentaron menor precisión de respuesta, y mayores latencias de respuesta en las relaciones derivadas comparado con el grupo de estrés moderado y control. Lo anterior indica que los padres que presentan altos niveles de estrés parental, tienen mayor dificultad para establecer nuevas relaciones de estímulos, especialmente aquellos con valencia emocional. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones a nivel clínico, específicamente en la flexibilidad relacional.
Diferencias de metas entre estudiantes y deportistas: análisis de la invarianza del modelo entre ellos
Authors: Navas Martínez Leandro , Soriano Llorca José Antonio , Holgado Tello Francisco Pablo , López Núñez Manuela
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es averiguar si hay diferencias en las metas deportivas en función de que la actividad física se realice en contextos escolares o de competiciones deportivas. Participan 574 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, de entre 11 y 17 años, y 511 deportistas, de entre 16 y 45 años, quienes responden al Cuestionario de Orientación al Ego y la Tarea en el Deporte (Duda, 1989). Los resultados permiten confirmar el modelo teórico y muestran que, tanto en las orientaciones de meta a la tarea y al ego, las puntuaciones medias resultan más elevadas en el caso de los deportistas. Mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo se encuentran algunas diferencias relevantes que son discutidas.
Rol de los Comentarios Escritos en la construcción de la tesis desde la perspectiva de estudiantes tesistas y profesores guías
Authors: Tapia Ladino Monica Irma , Arancibia Gutiérrez Beatriz Magaly , Correa Pérez Roxanna Carolina
Published: March 2017

Diversos estudios han caracterizado la tesis como producto escrito. Sin embargo, es necesario avanzar en el conocimiento de cómo se gesta gradualmente dicho género académico. Con este propósito, en este artículo presentamos una investigación fenomenológica sobre el rol de los comentarios escritos en el proceso de elaboración de la tesis. El estudio se basó en entrevistas en profundidad a 5 directores de tesis y 6 estudiantes tesistas de carreras de Pedagogía pertenecientes a dos universidades de la ciudad de Concepción (Chile). El análisis revela que los comentarios del docente forman parte de un circuito de retroalimentación de carácter dialógico orientado a que el escrito de los estudiantes se ajuste al género tesis, lo que es valorado por todos los participantes.
VIOLENCIA POLICIAL Y AFRONTAMIENTO: CRECIMIENTO POSTRAUMÁTICO EN POBLADORES DE UNA COMUNIDAD AISLADA DEL SUR DE CHILE
Authors: Garcia Felipe E. , Capponi Camila , Hinrichs Francisca , Lillo Felipe , Rodríguez Camila , Sánchez Jeniffer
Published: March 2017

El presente estudio evaluó la influencia relativa de la participación social en asambleas, marchas y actividades de resistencia, el compartir socialmente la experiencia con otros, la severidad subjetiva del evento y diversas estrategias de afrontamiento, sobre el crecimiento postraumático en 301 habitantes adultos de Puerto Aysén, lugar donde a inicios del año 2012 se realizaron manifestaciones sociales con el fin mejorar su calidad de vida en una zona afectada por el aislamiento geográfico y la lejanía de grandes centros urbanos, y que fueron duramente reprimidos por una fuerza policial inusitada enviada desde la capital, Santiago de Chile. Los resultados muestran que quienes participaron en manifestaciones y actividades de resistencia, compartieron su experiencia con otras personas, usaron estrategias de afrontamiento como la búsqueda de apoyo instrumental, afrontamiento activo, religiosidad y negación, entre otras, presentaron mayores índices de crecimiento postraumático. A continuación, se presentan los datos y las implicancias de dichos hallazgos.
Development and Validation of a Brain Phantom for Therapeutic Cooling Devices
Authors: Packett Ryan D. M. , Brown Philip J. , Popli Gautam S. S. , Scott Gayzik F.
Published: March 2017

Tissue cooling has been proven as a viable therapy for multiple conditions and injuries and has been applied to the brain to treat epilepsy and concussions, leading to improved long-term outcomes. To facilitate the study of temperature reduction as a function of various cooling methods, a thermal brain phantom was developed and analyzed. The phantom is composed of a potassium-neutralized, superabsorbent copolymer hydrogel. The phantom was tested in a series of cooling trials using a cooling block and 37 deg water representing nondirectional blood flow ranging up to 6 gph, a physiologically representative range based on the prototype volume. Results were compared against a validated finite difference (FD) model. Two sets of parameters were used in the FD model: one set to represent the phantom itself and a second set to represent brain parenchyma. The model was then used to calculate steady-state cooling at a depth of 5 mm for all flow rates, for both the phantom and a model of the brain. This effort was undertaken to (1) validate the FD model against the phantom results and (2) evaluate how similar the thermal response of the phantom is to that of a perfused brain. The FD phantom model showed good agreement with the empirical phantom results. Furthermore, the empirical phantom agreed with the predicted brain response within 3.5% at physiological flow, suggesting a biofidelic thermal response. The phantom will be used as a platform for future studies of thermally mediated therapies applied to the cerebral cortex.
Building Block-Based Spatial Topology Synthesis Method for Large-Stroke Flexure Hinges
Authors: Naves M. , Brouwer D. M. , Aarts R. G. K. M.
Published: March 2017

Large-stroke flexure mechanisms inherently lose stiffness in supporting directions when deflected. A systematic approach to synthesize such hinges is currently lacking. In this paper, a new building block-based spatial topology synthesis method is presented for optimizing large-stroke flexure hinges. This method consists of a layout variation strategy based on a building block approach combined with a shape optimization to obtain the optimal design tuned for a specific application. A derivative-free shape optimization method is adapted to include multiple system boundaries and constraints to optimize high complexity flexure mechanisms in a broad solution space. To obtain the optimal layout, three predefined three-dimensional (3D) “building blocks” are proposed, which are consecutively combined to find the best layout with respect to specific design criteria. More specifically, this new method is used to optimize a flexure hinge aimed at maximizing the frequency of the first unwanted vibration mode. The optimized topology shows an increase in frequency of a factor ten with respect to the customary three flexure cross hinge (TFCH), which represents a huge improvement in performance. The numerically predicted natural frequencies and mode shapes have been verified experimentally.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of Self-Induced Instabilities in Decelerated Swirling Flows and Their Mitigation Through Axial Water Injection
Authors: Štefan David , Rudolf Pavel , Muntean Sebastian , Susan-Resiga Romeo
Published: March 2017

The swirling flow exiting the runner of a hydraulic turbine is further decelerated in the discharge cone of the draft tube to convert the excess of dynamic pressure into static pressure. When the turbine is operated far from the best efficiency regime, particularly at part load, the decelerated swirling flow develops a self-induced instability with a precessing helical vortex and the associated severe pressure fluctuations. This phenomenon is investigated numerically in this paper, for a swirl apparatus configuration. The unsteady three-dimensional (3D) flow field is analyzed using a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), and within this framework we examine the effectiveness of an axial jet injection for mitigating the flow instability. It is shown that a limited number of modes can be used to reconstruct the flow field. Moreover, POD enables to reveal influence of the jet injection on the individual modes of the flow and illustrates continuous suppression of the modes from higher-order modes to lower-order modes as the jet discharge increases. Application of POD offers new view for the future control effort aimed on vortex rope mitigation because spatiotemporal description of the flow is provided. Thereby, POD enables better focus of the jets or other flow control devices.
Evolutions of Pressure Fluctuations and Runner Loads During Runaway Processes of a Pump-Turbine
Authors: Xia Linsheng , Cheng Yongguang , Yang Zhiyan , You Jianfeng , Yang Jiandong , Qian Zhongdong
Published: March 2017

The pressure fluctuations and runner loads on a pump-turbine runner during runaway process are very violent and the corresponding flow evolution is complicated. To study these phenomena and their correlations in depth, the runaway processes of a model pump-turbine at four guide vane openings (GVOs) were simulated by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D-CFD). The results show that the flow structures around runner inlet have regular development and transition patterns—the reverse flow occurs when the trajectory moves to the turbine-brake region and the main reverse velocity shifts locations among the hub side, the shroud side and the midspan as the trajectory comes forward and backward in the S-shape region. The locally distributed reverse flow vortex structures (RFVS) enhance the local rotor–stator interaction (RSI) and make the pressure fluctuations in vaneless space at the corresponding section stronger than at the rest sections along the spanwise direction. The transitions of RFVS, turning from the hub side to midspan, facilitate the inception and development of rotating stall, which propagates at approximately 45–72% of the runner rotation frequency. The evolving rotating stall induces asymmetrical pressure distribution on the runner blade, resulting in intensive fluctuations of runner torque and radial force. During the runaway process, the changing characteristics of the reactive axial force are dominated by the change rate of flow discharge, and the amplitude of low frequency component of axial force is in proportion to the amplitude of discharge change rate.
Genotoxicity of Diesel Particulate Matter Emitted by Port-Injection of Hydrous Ethanol and n-Butanol
Authors: Cadrazco Marlon , Agudelo John R. , Orozco Luz Y. , Estrada Verónica
Published: March 2017

This work evaluated the genotoxic potential of the soluble organic material (SOM) extracted from the particulate matter (PM) emitted by an automotive diesel engine. The engine was modified to operate with a home-made multipoint-port injection system to substitute 10% of ultralow-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel in energy basis by hydrous ethanol (h-Et) or n-butanol (n-Bu) injected into the manifold during the intake stroke. A low engine load mode named M4 (43 N·m at 2410 min−1) and a medium-load mode M2 (95 N·m at 2410 min−1) were selected from the vehicle homologation cycle. PM was collected with a stainless steel filter located 1.5 m downstream the exhaust manifold. The SOM of the PM was extracted to evaluate the genotoxic activity on human lymphocytes using the comet assay. Results indicated that independently of the mode, the SOM coming from alcohols led more genotoxicity than ULSD, following the order h-Et > n-Bu > ULSD. The low engine load operation exhibited much more deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage than mode M2, especially the PM produced by hydrous ethanol port-injection. Although further research is still necessary, these findings suggest that the biology activity of the SOM coming from alcohols PM could be a barrier for the implementation of alcohol port-injection technology.
High-Altitude Matching Characteristic of Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharger With Diesel Engine
Authors: Liu Ruilin , Zhang Zhongjie , Dong Surong , Zhou Guangmeng
Published: March 2017

To improve engine power at high altitude, the regulated two-stage turbocharger (RTST) which was applied to different altitudes was developed by the authors. The working process model of heavy-duty common-rail diesel engine matched with RTST was built to study the regulating characteristic of variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) vane and both turbine bypass valves and also matching performance of RTST with engine at different altitudes. The control scheme of RTST at different altitudes and engine operating conditions was first put forward, and the optimal opening maps of VGT vane and both turbine bypass valves at different altitudes and engine operating conditions were obtained. The results show that the optimal openings of VGT vane and both turbine bypass valves decrease with increase of altitude, and the optimal opening range of VGT vane becomes narrower with increase of altitude. The operating points of both high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) compressors locate at high-efficiency region of each compressor map, respectively, and compressor efficiency exceeds 70% at altitude of 5500 m. The total boost pressure ratio increases with altitude and reaches the maximum value of 5.1 at altitude of 5500 m. Compared with single-stage turbocharged engine, the rated power, maximum torque, and torques at lower engine speed at altitude of 5500 m increase by 48.2%, 51%, and 65–121% separately, and the minimum fuel consumption decreases by 12.6%.
Transthoracic ultrasonography for the follow-up of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient with chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. A case report
Authors: Frinc Ioana , Dima Delia , Chitic Mariana , Berce Cristian , Berindan-Neagoe Ioana , Tat Tiberiu , Tanase Alina , Tomuleasa Ciprian , Bojan Anca
Published: March 2017

In the last years, significant progress has been made in the clinical follow-up of leukemia patients who are especially prone to various infections because of the specific immunosuppressive state following chemotherapy. The follow-up of such patients is of special interest and is based on modern imaging protocols especially computer tomography (CT). Still, CT may not always be effective in the diagnosing of respiratory infections. We report a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient in which the pleuro-pulmonary complications were successfully diagnosed and followed up using transthoracic ultrasonography.
The scattering of torsional guided waves from Gaussian rough surfaces in pipework
Authors: Dobson Jacob , Cawley Peter
Published: March 2017

In older sections of industrial pipework there are often regions of general corrosion that typically have a Gaussian thickness distribution. During guided wave inspection this corrosion causes an increase in the background noise and a significant attenuation of the inspection wave. These effects are investigated in this paper through finite element modelling of the interaction of torsional guided waves with rough surfaces in pipes. Pipes of different diameter and rough surface profile are modelled and it is found that the attenuation of waves is explained by significant mode conversion and scattering within the rough surface. This mode conversion is greatest when the non-axisymmetric modes to which energy is scattered are close to the cutoff frequency or when the ratio of surface correlation length to wavelength is around 0.2−0.25. Mode conversion increases with increasing surface roughness and is a strong function of frequency−diameter product, with larger pipes causing more mode conversion. When this mode conversion occurs the energy is lost mostly to those waves with a displacement profile closest to the original torsional inspection wave. Resulting attenuation of the inspection signal can be severe; for example a mean wall thickness loss of 28% can cause 2.7 dB/m attenuation in a pulse-echo configuration.
Twelve-Week Exercise Influences Memory Complaint but not Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Iuliano Enzo , Fiorilli Giovanni , Aquino Giovanna , Di Costanzo Alfonso , Calcagno Giuseppe , di Cagno Alessandra
Published: March 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different types of exercise on memory performance and memory complaint after a 12-week intervention. Eighty community-dwelling volunteers, aged 66.96 ± 11.73 years, were randomly divided into four groups: resistance, cardiovascular, postural, and control groups (20 participants for each group). All participants were tested for their cognitive functions before and after their respective 12-week intervention using Rey memory words test, Prose memory test, and Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q). Statistical analysis showed that the three experimental groups significantly improved MAC-Q scores in comparison with the control group (p < .05). The variation of MAC-Q scores and the variations of Rey and Prose memory tests scores were not correlated. These results indicate that the 12-week interventions exclusively influenced memory complaint but not memory performance. Further investigations are needed to understand the relation between memory complaint and memory performance, and the factors that can influence this relationship.
Propagation of Polycomb-repressed chromatin requires sequence-specific recruitment to DNA
Authors: Laprell Friederike , Finkl Katja , Müller Jürg
Published: March 2017

DNA sequence and inherited gene silencing

Cell fate decisions require a gene's transcriptional status, whether on or off, to be stably and heritably maintained over multiple cell generations. For silenced genes, heterochromatin domains are associated with specific histone posttranslational modifications, and these histone marks are maintained during DNA replication and chromosome duplication (see the Perspective by De and Kassis). Laprell
et al.
show that parental methylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) nucleosomes in
Drosophila
are inherited in daughter cells after replication and can repress transcription, but that they are not sufficient to propagate the mark. Trimethylation of newly incorporated nucleosomes requires recruitment of the methyltransferase Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to neighboring cis-regulatory DNA elements. Coleman and Struhl demonstrate that H3K27 trimethylated nucleosomes play a causal role in transmitting epigenetic memory at a
Drosophila
HOX gene through anchoring of PRC2 at the Polycomb response element binding site. Wang and Moazed examine fission yeast and show that both sequence-dependent and chromodomain sequence-independent mechanisms are required for stable epigenetic inheritance of histone modifications and the epigenetic maintenance of silencing. These studies highlight the crucial role of DNA binding for heritable gene silencing during growth and development.

Science
, this issue p.
85
, p.
eaai8236
, p.
88
; see also p.
28
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. BDAL1 Reconstructed from a Bakken Shale Hydraulic Fracturing-Produced Water Storage Tank Metagenome
Authors: Lipus Daniel , Ross Daniel , Bibby Kyle , Gulliver Djuna
Published: March 2017

We report the 5,425,832 bp draft genome of
Pseudomonas
sp. strain BDAL1, recovered from a Bakken shale hydraulic fracturing-produced water tank metagenome. Genome annotation revealed several key biofilm formation genes and osmotic stress response mechanisms necessary for survival in hydraulic fracturing-produced water.
Genome Sequence of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Identified in Earwigs (
Doru luteipes
) through a Metagenomic Approach
Authors: Godinho Márcio Tadeu , Paula Débora Pires , Varsani Arvind , Ribeiro Simone Graça
Published: March 2017

Here we report the first complete genome sequence of a cauliflower mosaic virus from Brazil, obtained from the gut content of the predator earwig (
Doru luteipes
). This virus has a genome of 8,030 nucleotides (nt) and shares 97% genome-wide identity with an isolate from Argentina.
Draft Genome Sequence of Francisella noatunensis subsp.
orientalis
STIR-GUS-F2f7, a Highly Virulent Strain Recovered from Diseased Red Nile Tilapia Farmed in Europe
Authors: Ramírez-Paredes José Gustavo , Larsson Pär , Wehner Stefanie , Bekaert Michaël , Öhrman Caroline , Metselaar Matthijs , Thompson Kimberly Dawn , Richards Randolph Harvey , Penman David James , Adams Alexandra
Published: March 2017

A highly virulent strain of
Francisella noatunensis
subsp.
orientalis
, STIR-GUS-F2f7, was isolated from moribund red Nile tilapia (
Oreochromis niloticus
) farmed in Europe. In this communication, the complete genome sequencing of this bacterium is reported.
Genome Sequences of Four Nonhuman/Nonclinical Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky ST198 Isolates Recovered between 1972 and 1973
Authors: Kim Seon-Woo , Haley Bradd J. , Roberson Dwayne , Allard Marc , Hammack Thomas S. , Brown Eric W. , Van Kessel Jo Ann S.
Published: March 2017

Salmonella enterica
serovar Kentucky is a polyphyletic member of
S. enterica
subclade A1 with multiple sequence types that often colonize the same hosts but in different frequencies on different continents. To evaluate the genomic features involved in
S
. Kentucky host specificity, we sequenced the genomes of four isolates recovered in the 1970s.
Draft Genome Sequences of 11 Lactococcus lactis subsp.
cremoris
Strains
Authors: Wels Michiel , Backus Lennart , Boekhorst Jos , Dijkstra Annereinou , Beerthuyzen Marke , Siezen Roland J. , Bachmann Herwig , van Hijum Sacha A. F. T.
Published: March 2017

The lactic acid bacterium
Lactococcus lactis
is widely used for the fermentation of dairy products. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of 11
L. lactis
subsp.
cremoris
strains isolated from different environments.
Non-recurrent laryngeal nerve with a coexisting contralateral nerve demonstrating extralaryngeal branching
Authors: Constable James D , Bathala Srinivasalu , Ahmed Jacob J , McGlashan Julian A
Published: March 2017

Non-recurrence and extralaryngeal branching are 2 of the more frequently encountered anomalies of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. If not anticipated intraoperatively, these abnormalities can put the nerve at risk, with subsequent vocal cord palsy. It is therefore important to report on and understand these abnormalities. We present a unique case of a non-recurrent laryngeal nerve with a coexisting contralateral nerve demonstrating extralaryngeal branching. This case allows us to demonstrate the importance of arteria lusoria in head and neck surgery, and to conclude that non-recurrence and extralaryngeal branching can occur separately within individual nerves in the same patient. The case also highlights the importance of a systematic intraoperative approach to the identification ofeveryrecurrent laryngeal nerve, especially in bilateral procedures having already exposed an anomalous nerve on one side.
Unusual case of venous thrombosis
Authors: Jones Oliver , Gooding Richard
Published: March 2017

A young woman developed a line-associated deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which was treated with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin). 8 days later, the DVT had significantly extended—in spite of therapeutic heparin levels. A diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) was considered, but the platelet count had not dropped. Nevertheless, a HITT assay was carried out which came back positive, with a repeat assay confirming the result. Dalteparin was stopped and apixaban treatment started, with symptomatic recovery over the following days and weeks.
Improvement in arm and hand function after a stroke with task-oriented training
Authors: Israely Sharon , Leisman Gerry , Carmeli Eli
Published: March 2017

A man aged 77 years sustained a left-hemisphere stroke with right hemiparesis. After spending 10 days in the hospital, he was referred to an area rehabilitation centre. There he carried out daily physical, occupational and speech therapy, with an emphasis on task-oriented treatment. The patient's upper-extremity motor performance was evaluated at admission to the rehabilitation centre and before leaving the hospital by 3 different measurement tools: the upper-extremity motor part of the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale, electromyography in hand-reach and grasp and object manipulation and handwriting tasks. Significant improvement in hand function was observed in proximal as well as in distal skills. Significant improvement in handwriting skills and decreased impairment level of the upper extremity had considerable effects on the quality of life of the patient. The case report emphasises the importance of intensive task-oriented training during the first 3 months after stroke to support the natural recovery of the lesioned area.
Gradual escalation of use-of-force reduces police officer injury
Authors: Jetelina Katelyn K , Reingle Gonzalez Jennifer M , Bishopp Stephen A
Published: March 2017

Objective

To examine how escalation through the force continuum predicts officer injury in the presence of citizen aggression, while controlling for extraneous factors, like citizen and officer characteristics.

Methods

Cross-sectional data were extracted from 2244 use-of-force reports from the Dallas Police Department in 2015. Multilevel, mixed logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between use of force and officer injury. Multilevel path analysis tested indirect and direct relationships between citizen aggression and officer injury.

Results

Results suggest that gradual escalation through the force continuum significantly decreases officer injury when a citizen is actively aggressive (β=−1.06, p value <0.001). Further, non-Hispanic black officers (β=−0.22, p value <0.001) and Hispanic officers (β=−0.08, p value <0.05) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum, due to lower odds of verbal commands (black: OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.68; Hispanic: OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.99) and hard-empty hand control (black: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77) compared with white officers. Finally, officers with higher tenure (β=−0.01, p value <0.001) are less likely to gradually escalate through the force continuum.

Conclusions

Escalation through the force continuum significantly reduces police officer injury. Future research should assess whether further environmental or situational factors contribute to the strong relationship between use of force and officer injury. Also, reliability and validity testing of use-of-force reports is an imperative direction for future research.
The heterogeneous impact of a successful tobacco control campaign: a case study of Mauritius
Authors: Ross Hana , Moussa Leelmanee , Harris Tom , Ajodhea Rajive
Published: March 2017

Background

Mauritius has one of the highest smoking prevalences in Africa, contributing to its high burden of non-communicable diseases. Mauritius implemented a series of tobacco control measures from 2009 to 2012, including tobacco tax increases. There is evidence that these policies reduced tobacco consumption, but it is not clear what impact they had across different socioeconomic groups.

Method

The impact of tobacco control measures on different income groups was analysed by contrasting household tobacco expenditures reported in 2006–2007 and 2012 household expenditure surveys. We employed the seemingly unrelated regression model to assess the impact of tobacco use on other household expenditures and calculated Gini coefficients to assess tobacco expenditure inequality.

Results

From 2006 to 2012, excise taxes and retail cigarette prices increased by 40.6% and 15.3% in real terms, respectively. These increases were accompanied by numerous non-price tobacco control measures. The share of tobacco-consuming households declined from 35.7% to 29.3%, with the largest relative drop among low-income households. The Gini coefficient of household tobacco expenditures increased by 10.4% due to decreased spending by low-income households. Low-income households demonstrated the largest fall in their tobacco budget shares, and the impact of tobacco consumption on poverty decreased by 26.2%. Households that continued purchasing tobacco reduced their expenditures on transportation, communication, health, and education.

Conclusions

These results suggest that tobacco control policies, including sizeable tax increases, were progressive in their impact. We conclude that tobacco use increases poverty and inequality, but stronger tobacco control policies can mitigate the impact of tobacco use on impoverishment.
Tectonic and chemical implications of cathodoluminescent microstructures in quartz, Parry Sound domain, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mills Stephanie G. , Gerbi Christopher , Marsh Jeffrey H. , Yates Martin G. , Seaman Sheila J. , White Joseph C.
Published: March 2017

Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of quartz in orthogneiss of the Parry Sound domain, Grenville Province, Ontario, Canada, reveals four dark microstructures—medium-dark grains, mantles, sinuous lines, and straight lines. The Parry Sound domain experienced granulite-facies deformation and metamorphism followed by variable degrees of amphibolite-facies retrogression associated with the development of retrograde shear zones. We integrate our observations of CL-visible quartz microstructures with structures observable with optical and scanning transmission electron microscopy, analyses of water species concentration, and trace element distribution in quartz, as well as with microstructures in plagioclase, to determine their characteristics and elucidate their timing and mechanisms of formation relative to the deformational history. Medium-dark grains are primarily located in and near kilometer-scale shear zones at the margins of the Parry Sound domain, have notably darker cores than most samples in the interior, and may have higher water contents than other samples in the interior. These grains formed during late shearing, at a lower temperature than CL-bright grains; they thus provide evidence that the large shear system narrowed with time. Dark mantles occur at grain boundaries and correlate with higher concentrations of Fe. They formed after the first shearing event, but while still at amphibolite facies, and they provide evidence for post-kinematic alteration at grain boundaries. Dark sinuous lines correspond to subgrain boundaries that formed after retrograde shearing, but while still at amphibolite facies. Dark straight lines correspond to fluid inclusion trails and most likely formed at low temperatures and pressures during exhumation.
A new measurement of electron transverse polarization in polarized nuclear β-decay
Authors: Kawamura H. , Akiyama T. , Hata M. , Hirayama Y. , Ikeda M. , Ikeda Y. , Ishii T. , Kameda D. , Mitsuoka S. , Miyatake H. , Nagae D. , Nakaya Y. , Ninomiya K. , Nitta M. , Ogawa N. , Onishi J. , Seitaibashi E. , Tanaka S. , Tanuma R. , Totsuka Y. , Toyoda T. , Watanabe Y. X. , Murata J.
Published: March 2017

The Mott polarimetry for T-violation (MTV) experiment tests time-reversal symmetry in polarized nuclear [Formula: see text]-decay by measuring an electron’s transverse polarization as a form of angular asymmetry in Mott scattering using a thin metal foil. A Mott scattering analyzer system developed using a tracking detector to measure scattering angles offers better event selectivity than conventional counter experiments. In this paper, we describe a pilot experiment conducted at KEK-TRIAC using a prototype system with a polarized 8Li beam. The experiment confirmed the sound performance of our Mott analyzer system to measure T-violating triple correlation (R correlation), and therefore recommends its use in higher-precision experiments at the TRIUMF-ISAC.
Global monopole in a broken-symmetric theory of gravitation
Authors: Tripathi Buddhi Vallabh , Nandan Hemwati , Purohit K. D.
Published: March 2017

We investigate global monopole solutions in a particular kind of scalar–tensor theory of gravity, viz. the broken-symmetric theory of gravity. Invoking the “hedgehog” ansatz for the scalar field, we derive the metric corresponding to global monopole solutions. The global monopole solutions found are independent of the scale of symmetry breaking unlike the Barriola–Vilenkin global monopoles in Einstein’s General Relativity (GR) which intrinsically depend on the symmetry breaking scale.
The electron plus positron spectrum from annihilation of Kaluza–Klein dark matter in the Galaxy
Authors: Tsuchida Satoshi , Mori Masaki
Published: March 2017

The lightest Kaluza–Klein particle (LKP), which appears in the theory of universal extra dimensions (UED), is one of the good candidates for cold dark matter (CDM). When LKP pairs annihilate around the center of the Galaxy where CDM is concentrated, there are some modes which produce electrons and positrons as final products, and we categorize them into two components. One of them is the “line” component, which directly annihilates into electron–positron pair. Another one is the “continuum” component, which consists of secondarily produced electrons and positrons via some decay modes. Before reaching Earth, directions of electrons and positrons are randomized by the Galactic magnetic field, and their energies are reduced by energy loss mechanisms. We assume the LKP is in the mass range from 300[Formula: see text]GeV to 1500[Formula: see text]GeV. We calculate the electron plus positron spectrum after propagation in the Galactic halo to Earth, and we analyze the resulting spectrum and positron fraction. We also point out that the energy dependence of observed positron fraction is well reproduced by the mixture of “line” and “continuum” components. We can fit the electron plus positron spectrum and the positron fraction by assuming appropriate boost factors describing dark matter concentration in the Galactic halo. However, it is difficult to explain both the electron plus positron spectrum and the positron fraction by a single boost factor if we take account of observational data obtained by AMS-02 only.
Target Localization Based on Two Broadband Guide Sources
Authors: Yao Meijuan , Lu Licheng , Ma Li , Guo Shengming
Published: March 2017

A new method of target localization based on two broadband guide sources is presented, using which only few environment information need to be known in range-independent shallow water environment. This method, based on warping trasnsform, calculates the replica field by calculating the position information and phase information of the field, respectively. Also, compared with the traditional Matched Field Processing localization method, it can avoid the dependence on environment parameters and the field model. Accurate localization results are obtained when the Signal-Noise ratio is higher than 15[Formula: see text]dB and the range of the target is less than 20[Formula: see text]km.
On weak solutions of SDEs with singular time-dependent drift and driven by stable processes
Authors: Jin Peng
Published: March 2017

Let [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study weak solutions for the following type of stochastic differential equations: [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the starting point, [Formula: see text] is measurable, and [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-dimensional centered [Formula: see text]-stable process with index [Formula: see text]. We show that if the centered [Formula: see text]-stable process [Formula: see text] is non-degenerate and [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], then the above SDE has a unique weak solution for every starting point [Formula: see text].
Tetra(pyrazino[2,3-b]pyrazino)porphyrazines: Synthesis, absorption, photophysical and electrochemical properties of strongly electron-deficient macrocycles
Authors: Novakova Veronika , Małachwiej Bartosz , Šebl René , Miletin Miroslav , Zimcik Petr
Published: March 2017

Highly electron deficient 6,7-disubstituted (tert-butylsufanyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy, diethylamino, 2-pyridyl, 2-thienyl, 2-furyl) pyrazino[2,3-[Formula: see text]]pyrazino-2,3-dicarbonitriles were prepared and attempted in cyclotetramerization to corresponding tetra(pyrazino[2,3-[Formula: see text]]pyrazino)porphyrazines (TPyzPyzPzs). Only the template reaction in pyridine with zinc acetate and only for the compounds substituted with tert-butylsulfanyl or 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy substituents resulted in efficient cyclotetramerization. Absorption spectra of these zinc TPyzPyzPzs indicated considerable blue shift of the main absorption Q-band ([Formula: see text] 693 nm and 669 nm in pyridine for tert-butylsulfanyl or 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy derivatives) when compared to other aza-analogs of naphthalocyanines. Photophysical parameters ([Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.25, [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.65) seemed to be unaffected by change of the macrocycle core and only slightly by different peripheral substituents in agreement with heavy-atom effect. Electrochemical data revealed strong electron-deficient character of hetaryl disubstituted pyrazino[2,3-[Formula: see text]]pyrazino-2,3-dicarbonitriles. The first reduction potentials of tert-butylsulfanyl or 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy substituted zinc TPyzPyzPzs were even more cathodically shifted when compared to their corresponding pyrazino[2,3-[Formula: see text]]pyrazino-2,3-dicarbonitriles. TPyzPyzPzs represent an example of the strongest electron-deficient core among the phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines and their aza-analogs.
UNDERSTANDING INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT STRATEGY IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS THROUGH NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES AND EVOLUTION
Authors: LIU YANG , SHI YONGJIANG
Published: March 2017

International product strategy regarding global standardisation and local adaptation is one of the challenges faced by multinational corporations (MNCs). Studies in this area have tested the antecedents and consequences of standardisation/adaptation, but lack a new product development (NPD) perspective. In this study, we explore how product standardisation/adaptation is determined in the NPD context. Through a qualitative case study of four MNCs, we found three NPD approaches: multi-local, adaptation-based and platform-based. We analysed the advantages and challenges of each approach. In addition, we reveal how the factors (development of information and communication technology, competition pressure, brand awareness and technical capability) could influence the choice of a certain NPD approach. We draw implications on the paths to ensuring full leveraging of the benefits of a platform-based approach.
State Building in the Middle East
Authors: Blaydes Lisa
Published: March 2017

This review examines state building in the Middle East from a long-term, historical perspective. The Middle East's early transition to settled agriculture meant the region was home to many of the most sophisticated and best-developed states in the ancient world. As Middle Eastern states emerged from Late Antiquity, their fiscal and bureaucratic capacity enabled institutional forms not possible in Europe, including reliance on slave soldiers for the state military elite as well as state control of land that could be distributed to state servants in the form of temporary, revocable land grants. Because a landed gentry did not emerge as an influence-wielding social class in the Middle East until a relatively late date, religious elites—who served as important providers of public goods as a result of their control of Islamic charitable foundations—became key intermediaries between state and society. Core features of the institutions of Islam's classical period largely persisted until the decline of the Ottoman Empire with implications for the nation-state forms to follow.
Labor Unions, Political Representation, and Economic Inequality
Authors: Ahlquist John S.
Published: March 2017

Decades of research across several disciplines have produced substantial evidence that labor unions, on balance, reduce economic disparities. But unions are complicated, multifaceted organizations straddling markets and politics. Much of their equality-promoting influence occurs through their ability to reduce class-based inequity in politics and public policy. Declining unionization across much of the developed world is eroding workers’ bargaining power. Reduced economic leverage puts pressure on union solidarity and weakens labor-based political movements. Important research design problems and significant heterogeneity across unions, regions, countries, and time imply a continued need for more work.
Spatial Interpolation of Annual Runoff in Ungauged Basins Based on the Improved Information Diffusion Model Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Hong Mei , Zhang Ren , Wang Dong , Qian Longxia , Hu Zhenghua
Published: March 2017

Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) is an important task for water resources planning and management and remains a fundamental challenge for the hydrological community. In recent years, geostatistical methods have proven valuable for estimating hydrological variables in ungauged catchments. However, four major problems restrict the development of geostatistical methods. We established a new information diffusion model based on genetic algorithm (GIDM) for spatial interpolating of runoff in the ungauged basins. Genetic algorithms (GA) are used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems. So, using GA, the parameter of optimal window width can be obtained. To test our new method, seven experiments for the annual runoff interpolation based on GIDM at 17 stations on the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River are carried out and compared with the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, Cokriging (COK) method, and conventional IDMs using the same sparse observed data. The seven experiments all show that the GIDM method can solve four problems of the previous geostatistical methods to some extent and obtains best accuracy among four different models. The key problems of the PUB research are the lack of observation data and the difficulties in information extraction. So the GIDM is a new and useful tool to solve the Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) problem and to improve the water management.