bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Productivity and Antioxidant Activities in Thai Colored Rice Cultivars ‵RD69′ and ‵Hawm Gulahb Deang′ Using Chitin-Based Material and Rice Husk
Authors: Chokwiwatkul Ratchata , Junbuathong Supaporn , Chantarachot Thanin , Pichyangkura Rath , Chadchawan Supachitra
Published: December 2024

Rice is the major crop of Thailand. However, the rice yield is still limited, especially in local cultivars. Fermented chitin (FC) application to soil has been demonstrated to improve rice growth and yield. The application of biostimulants has been proposed to improve both the yield and quality of ‛RD69’ and ‛HGD’ rice varieties. While FC has been suggested as a potential solution, the specific effects of FC on seed quality and quantity remain insufficiently explored. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to determine the effects of FC and FC with rice husk (FC+RH) treatments on the grain quantity and quality of two rice cultivars, ‛RD69’ and ’Hawm Gulahb Deang’ (HGD), which are colored rice varieties with high antioxidant levels. ‛RD69’ has low apparent amylose content (AAC) and a high percentage of rapidly available glucose (RAG), while ‛HGD’ is the local Thai rice with medium AAC and low %RAG. FC and FC+RH were applied as soil supplements at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%, and 0.2% (w/w). The supplementation of 0.2% FC+RH resulted in the highest yield of ‛RD69’ (73%) and ‛HGD’ (30%). Although both FC and FC+RH did not significantly affect the AAC content of both cultivars, FC+RH decreased their %RAG. Interestingly, although FC+RH enhanced the antioxidant activity of the seeds of both cultivars, ‛RD69’ was more responsive to the effects of FC and FC+RH treatments than ‘HGD’, as significantly higher antioxidant levels were detected in ‛RD69’ seeds. These findings suggest that FC+RH supplementation can enhance the yield and quality of colored rice.
Genetic and Serological Survey of Sarcoptic Mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in South Korea
Authors: Lee Sanghyun , Kim Garam , Kim So-Jeong , Jheong Weon-Hwa , Jeong Dong-Hyuk
Published: December 2024

Sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, has been reported in various wildlife species, with the potential to impact populations. While it has been documented in some wildlife species and domestic animals, it has not been previously reported in wild boars in South Korea. In March and April 2022, skin samples from nine wild boars and one raccoon dog with suspected sarcoptic mange were submitted to the NIWDC. These samples were tested and confirmed the presence of S. scabiei in six wild boars and one raccoon dog. Genetic analysis of the cox-1 gene from mites indicated that the gene was identical and belonged to the same haplotype in both host species. Serological survey of 658 wild boars, collected from March 2022 to February 2023, revealed a nationwide seroprevalence of 5.47%. The highest seroprevalence was in Gyeongsangnam-do (9.82%); however, regional differences in seroprevalence across the country were not statistically significant, suggesting the disease may be endemic across South Korea. Seroprevalence was highest in spring (16.84%), likely due to increased contact during winter. This study provides fundamental data on the genetic characteristics and distribution of S. scabiei mites in South Korean wild boars, emphasizing the need for continued surveillance to prevent further spread.
The Health-Related Fatty Acid Profile of Milk from Holstein–Friesian Cows as Influenced by Production System and Lactation Stage
Authors: Nogalski Zenon , Momot Martyna , Sobczuk-Szul Monika , Nogalska Anna
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of production system and lactation stage (LS) on the yield, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of milk from Holstein–Friesian cows. A total of 539 milk samples were collected in winter from cows in six certified organic dairy herds (ODHs) and eight conventional dairy herds (CDHs). The samples were collected randomly from up to 30% of cows at a given stage of lactation (7–45, 46–90, 91–135, 136–180, 181–225, 226–270, 271–315, and 316–360 days after calving). Milk samples were analyzed for proximate composition and the concentrations of fatty acids. The average daily milk yield was 11.4 kg higher (p < 0.01) in CDHs than in ODHs (28.1 kg vs. 16.7 kg). The concentrations of milk fat, protein, and lactose were also higher in CDHs than in ODHs. The fatty acid profile of milk fat was more desirable in ODHs than in CDHs (higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including n-3 PUFAs, trans-vaccenic acid, linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid, and a higher desaturase index). Milk yield decreased (the decrease was more pronounced in ODHs), the concentrations of milk constituents increased, and the proportion of short-chain fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p < 0.05) with advancing lactation.
Discovery of Potential Candidate Genes for Coat Colour in Wuzhishan Pigs by Integrating SNPs and mRNA Expression Analysis
Authors: Xu Qiao , Luo Yabiao , Chao Zhe , Zhang Jibin , Liu Xiaolei , Tu Danqin , Guo Qin , Sun Ruiping , Wang Feng , Fang Meiying
Published: December 2024

Despite identifying genes regulating the coat colour in Western pig breeds, the genetic basis of the coat colour in Chinese indigenous pigs is still not understood due to the diversity of indigenous breeds and their genetic differences from exotic pigs. In this study, 215 Wuzhishan pigs with three coat colour patterns (white, black, and black-back/white-belly) were used to conduct a genome-wide association analysis. We found that genes responsible for the coat colour in the Wuzhishan breed are located on chromosome 8. Ninety-seven genome-wide significant SNPs are related to the animal’s coat colour. Using a haplotype-sharing analysis, we narrowed the potential candidate region to a 10.1 Mb interval encompassing only one gene, RAPGEF2, which participates in the regulation of melanogenesis. Two additional candidate genes, PDGFRA and KIT, are located within 1 Mb of the genome-wide significant SNPs. Gene ontology analysis and literature mining suggest that these candidate genes are associated with the animal’s coat colour. mRNA expression results revealed that RAPGEF2 and PDGFRA had significantly higher expressions in black pigs than in white pigs and higher expressions in black skin than in white skin from the same black-back/white-belly pigs. These results suggest that RAPGEF2 and PDGFRA are potential candidate genes regulating the coat colour in Wuzhishan pigs. Interestingly, mutations of KIT (a gene duplication and a G to A substitution at the splicing site in intron 17) were detected in white Wuzhishan pigs but not in black-back/white-belly or black pigs, suggesting a close genetic relationship between white Wuzhishan pigs and Western white pig breeds. In summary, these results indicate that the expression of RAPGEF2 and PDGFRA may cause the coat colour variation by influencing the deposition of melanin, while the mutation of KIT causes the white coat colour. Our results may provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of white coat colour Wuzhishan pigs, and shed light on the complex genetic background of coat colour variations in indigenous Chinese pig breeds.
Shining a Light on Spectrophotometry in Bacteriology
Authors: Montesinos-Cruz Veronica , Somerville Greg A.
Published: December 2024

Spectrophotometry is widely used in biological sciences. In bacteriology, spectrophotometric monitoring of cell numbers during cultivation provides a rapid assessment of growth. Unfortunately, familiarity with this technique has led scientists to become complacent in its usage. Here, we review some guiding principles of spectrophotometry and practical considerations that may influence the outcome of experiments. This perspective is intended to assist both new and seasoned scientists in presenting robust and reproducible growth data based on spectrophotometric readings.
Innovative Approach to Conceptual Design of Enterprise Risk Management Software
Authors: Stanojević Petar , Misita Mirjana , Đurić Goran , Kuzmanović Bogdan , Milošević Mladen , Balos Daniel
Published: December 2024

The paper shows the integration of the theoretical and practical aspects of designing an ERM software tool. The basic idea of the designed ERM is conceived in the form of an algorithm using the integration of ISO 3100, the COSO framework, the risk matrix designed according to the risk appetite of the observed company, quantitative and qualitative models for risk assessment, and the generation of consequences and mitigating measures for each identified risk. Methodologies for risk assessment in the presented ERM include the following: For business risks, questionnaires were generated for different business areas (from knowledge bases) and the assessment was conducted according to risk matrices. Workplace risk is assessed according to the Kinney method, while technical risks are assessed according to the API 580, 581 standard. Software is created to outbalance problems of all types of risk that may arise regardless of the complexity of the business and the risk itself. The algorithm, model and software were developed and successfully tested in two Serbian companies.
Epidemiological Insights and Diagnostic Strategies of Extrarespiratory Tuberculosis: A Five-Year Retrospective Study in Clinic of Pneumology, Târgu Mureș
Authors: Jimborean Gabriela , Ianoși Edith-Simona , Huțanu Dragoș , Sárközi Hédi-Katalin , Vultur Mara Andreea , Ianosi Maria Beatrice , Csipor-Fodor Alpár
Published: December 2024

Background: Tuberculosis remains one of the biggest global public health problems today. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic methods, clinical outcomes, patient compliance, and mortality rates in patients diagnosed with extrarespiratory tuberculosis. Methods: 105 cases of extrarespiratory tuberculosis were analyzed over a five-year period (2018–2023). Data from medical records were reviewed and processed. Diagnostic methods included Ziehl–Nielsen staining, Löwenstein–Jensen cultures, GeneXpert, and histopathological analysis. Diagnosis was supplemented by a specialist organ examination and, in cases with concurrent pulmonary involvement, by a chest X-ray and sputum examination. For negative cases, a probabilistic diagnosis was made. Results: Most patients presented pleural TB (38%), osteo-articular TB (26.67%), and ganglionary TB (19%). Patients were mostly men (56.19%), in the 18–40 years-old category (40%), and lived in rural areas (61%). In total, 94.29% were newly diagnosed and most observed comorbidites were chronic smoking (11.37%), chronic lung diseases (10.20%), and malnutrition (9.02%). Moreover, 68% had a negative microscopic examination, while 55% had negative cultures on Löwenstein–Jensen. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a multi-modal approach to diagnosing extrarespiratory tuberculosis, especially in negative bacteriological and histopathological results. Imaging, combined with clinical and epidemiological data, is critical for a probabilistic diagnosis. GeneXpert proved useful in difficult cases. This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive diagnostic strategy to effectively manage extrarespiratory tuberculosis.
Distributed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cluster Testing Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Li Dong , Yang Panfei
Published: December 2024

In the process of the collaborative work of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) clusters, the cluster communication node test is often carried out by a single-node test, which leads to poor topology and robustness of the overall network system, an imbalanced communication network load, and high complexity of the communication test, which seriously affects the diversified needs of current users and the efficiency of large-scale task processing. To solve this problem, a distributed method for UAV cluster testing, called UTDR (distributed UAV cluster Testing method by using Deep Reinforcement learning), based on the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) is proposed in this work. The system management node is used to monitor the status of the UAV testing task execution node and bandwidth resources. By taking advantage of the method of continuous interaction between the agent and the environment, the future state of the node after processing the current task to be assigned is predicted and evaluated from the perspective of interpretability, so as to achieve the effectiveness and stability of the UAV cluster testing task collaborative execution. The experimental results show that our proposed method can ensure the stable operation of the UAV cluster, accurately predict the future state, and reduce the load degree and bandwidth resource consumption of the large-scale test task network system.
Calculation of Blasting Damage Zone Radius of Different Charge Structures in Burnt Rock
Authors: Jia Zhengzhao , Li Hongjie , Li Wei , Yan Jie
Published: December 2024

The radius of the failure area after a blasting fracture process of burnt rock is affected by joint fissures, does not conform to the existing theoretical calculation formula and the distribution law of the failure area also changes. The fracture area is large, and the fracture extension and expansion area are small. Therefore, in order to describe the damage of blasting to a fractured rock mass more objectively and accurately, on the basis of summarizing the previous research results, a damage variable was introduced to characterize the initial crushing degree of the fractured rock mass, and the corresponding rock failure criterion was used to derive the calculation formula of a blasting crushing circle and fracture circle radius of burnt rock with different charge structures. The results show that the blasting failure zone of fractured rock mass with different charge structures was not only related to the radius of the blast hole and the explosive and rock properties, but also had a strong relationship with the initial damage degree of the rock mass. Taking an open-pit coal mine in Xinjiang as an example, the radius of the fracture zone with different charge structures was obtained by using the obtained calculation formula, and it was applied to the determination of row spacing and hole spacing.
Cross-Sections for Projectile Ionization, Electron Capture, and System Breakdown of C5+ and Li2+ Ions with Atomic Hydrogen
Authors: Al Atawneh Saed J.
Published: December 2024

For many disciplines of science, all conceivable collisional cross-sections and reactions must be precisely known. Although recent decades have seen a trial of large-scale research to obtain such data, many essential atomic and molecular cross-section data are still missing, and the reliability of the existing cross-sections has to be validated. In this paper, we present projectile ionization, electron capture, and system breakdown cross-sections in carbon (C5+) ions and lithium (Li2+) ion collisions with atomic hydrogen based on the Monte Carlo models of classical and quasi-classical trajectories. According to our expectation, the QCTMC results show higher results in comparison to standard CTMC data, emphasizing the role of the Heisenberg correction constraint, especially in the low-energy regime. On the other hand, at high energy, the Heisenberg correction term has less influence as the projectile momentum increases. We present the total cross-sections of projectile ionization, electron capture, and system breakdown in C5+ ions and Li2+ ion collisions with atomic hydrogen in the impact energy range from 10 keV to 160 keV, which is of interest in astrophysical plasmas, atmospheric sciences, plasma laboratories, and fusion research.
Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery for Vascular Applications
Authors: Naskar Atanu , Kilari Sreenivasulu , Baranwal Gaurav , Kane Jamie , Misra Sanjay
Published: December 2024

Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems have received widespread attention due to the excellent physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. Different types of NPs such as lipid NPs, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) NPs, inorganic NPs (e.g., iron oxide and Au), carbon NPs (graphene and carbon nanodots), 2D nanomaterials, and biomimetic NPs have found favor as drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we discuss the different types of customized NPs for intravascular drug delivery, nanoparticle behaviors (margination, adhesion, and endothelium uptake) in blood vessels, and nanomaterial compatibility for successful drug delivery. Additionally, cell surface protein targets play an important role in targeted drug delivery, and various vascular drug delivery studies using nanoparticles conjugated to these proteins are reviewed. Finally, limitations, challenges, and potential solutions for translational research regarding NP-based vascular drug delivery are discussed.
Augmentation of Deficient Bone Healing by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields—From Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Kaadan Amr , Salati Simona , Setti Stefania , Aaron Roy
Published: December 2024

Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) are widely used, with excellent clinical outcomes. However, their mechanism of action has not yet been completely understood. The purpose of this review is to describe current observations on the mechanisms of PEMF, together with its clinical efficacy. Osteoblast responsiveness to PEMF is described on several scales, from the cell membrane to clinically relevant bone formation. PEMF has been shown to activate membrane adenosine receptors. The role of adenosine receptors in activating intracellular second messenger pathways, such as the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, is described. The responsiveness of osteoblasts and the synthesis of structural and signaling proteins constitute the role of PEMFs in promoting osteogenesis and bone matrix synthesis, and they are described. Multiple studies, ranging from observational and randomized to meta-analyses that investigate the clinical efficacy of PEMF, are described. This review presents a favorable conclusion on the clinical effects of PEMF while unlocking the “black box” of PEMF’s mechanism of action, thus improving confidence in the clinical utility of PEMF in bone repair.
Rectal Cancer: Exploring Predictive Biomarkers Through Molecular Pathways Involved in Carcinogenesis
Authors: Martins Sheila , Veiga Pedro , Tralhão José Guilherme , Carreira Isabel Marques , Ribeiro Ilda Patrícia
Published: December 2024

In 2022, colorectal cancer (CCR) had the second-highest incidence in Europe, preceded only by breast cancer [...]
Epigenetic Modifiers: Exploring the Roles of Histone Methyltransferases and Demethylases in Cancer and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Reed Lauren , Abraham Janak , Patel Shay , Dhar Shilpa S.
Published: December 2024

Histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs) are critical enzymes that regulate chromatin dynamics and gene expression through the addition and removal of methyl groups on histone proteins. HMTs, such as PRC2 and SETD2, are involved in the trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 and lysine 36, influencing gene silencing and activation. Dysregulation of these enzymes often leads to abnormal gene expression and contributes to tumorigenesis. In contrast, HDMs including KDM7A and KDM2A reverse these methylation marks, and their dysfunction can drive disease progression. In cancer, the aberrant activity of specific HMTs and HDMs can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes or the activation of oncogenes, facilitating tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Conversely, in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD), disruptions in histone methylation dynamics are associated with neuronal loss, altered gene expression, and disease progression. We aimed to comprehend the odd activity of HMTs and HDMs and how they contribute to disease pathogenesis, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. By advancing our understanding of these epigenetic regulators, this review provides new insights into their roles in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, offering a foundation for future research.
Machine Learning for Early Detection of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson’s Disease Using Multimodal Biomarker and Clinical Data
Authors: Mohammadi Raziyeh , Ng Samuel Y. E. , Tan Jayne Y. , Ng Adeline S. L. , Deng Xiao , Choi Xinyi , Heng Dede L. , Neo Shermyn , Xu Zheyu , Tay Kay-Yaw , Au Wing-Lok , Tan Eng-King , Tan Louis C. S. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Greene William , Saffari Seyed Ehsan
Published: December 2024

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, primarily affecting the middle-aged to elderly population. Among its nonmotor symptoms, cognitive decline (CD) is a precursor to dementia and represents a critical target for early risk assessment and diagnosis. Accurate CD prediction is crucial for timely intervention and tailored management of at-risk patients. This study used machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the CD risk over five-year in early-stage PD. Methods: Data from the Early Parkinson’s Disease Longitudinal Singapore (2014 to 2018) was used to predict CD defined as a one-unit annual decrease or a one-unit decline in Montreal Cognitive Assessment over two consecutive years. Four ML methods—AutoScore, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors and Neural Network—were applied using baseline demographics, clinical assessments and blood biomarkers. Results: Variable selection identified key predictors of CD, including education year, diastolic lying blood pressure, diastolic standing blood pressure, systolic lying blood pressure, Hoehn and Yahr scale, body mass index, phosphorylated tau at threonine 181, total tau, Neurofilament light chain and suppression of tumorigenicity 2. Random Forest was the most effective, achieving an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89, 0.97), using 10-fold cross-validation. Conclusions: Here, we demonstrate that ML-based models can identify early-stage PD patients at high risk for CD, supporting targeted interventions and improved PD management.
Grapefruit-Derived Vesicles Loaded with Recombinant HSP70 Activate Antitumor Immunity in Colon Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Garaeva Luiza , Komarova Elena , Emelianova Svetlana , Putevich Elena , Konevega Andrey L. , Margulis Boris , Guzhova Irina , Shtam Tatiana
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Stress protein HSP70 administered exogenously has demonstrated high potential as an efficient adjuvant in antitumor immune response. To enhance the antigen-presenting activity, bioavailability, and stability of exogenous recombinant human HSP70, we propose incorporating it into plant extracellular vesicles. Earlier, we found that grapefruit-derived extracellular vesicles (GEV) were able to store the protein with no loss of its major function, chaperone activity. Methods: In this study, we tested whether HSP70 loaded into GEV (GEV-HSP70) could elicit an antitumor immune response in cellular and animal models of colorectal cancer. Results: To test the hypothesis in vitro, human and mouse colorectal cancer cell lines were used. We have shown that the addition of HSP70, either in free form or as part of GEVs, increases the sensitivity of human (HCT-116, DLD1) or mouse (CT-26) colon cancer cells to mouse cytotoxic lymphocytes and human NK-92 cells. Moreover, the amount of protein in the form of GEV-HSP70 required to cause the same activation of antitumor immunity was 20 times less than when HSP70 was added in free form. In a colon carcinoma model in vivo, GEV-HSP70 were inoculated subcutaneously into BALB/c mice together with CT-26 cells to form a tumor node. As compared with the control groups, we observed an increase in the lifespan of animals and a decrease in the tumor size, as well as a decrease in the level of TGFB1 IL-10 factors in the blood plasma. In vitro analysis of the immunomodulatory activity of GEV-HSP70 showed that antitumor response in GEV-HSP70-treated mice was associated with the accumulation of CD8+ cells. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the high feasibility and efficacy of the new technique based on HSP70 encapsulated in plant vesicles in activation of the specific response to colon tumors.
Adaptive Route Memory Sequences for Insect-Inspired Visual Route Navigation
Authors: Kagioulis Efstathios , Knight James , Graham Paul , Nowotny Thomas , Philippides Andrew
Published: December 2024

Visual navigation is a key capability for robots and animals. Inspired by the navigational prowess of social insects, a family of insect-inspired route navigation algorithms—familiarity-based algorithms—have been developed that use stored panoramic images collected during a training route to subsequently derive directional information during route recapitulation. However, unlike the ants that inspire them, these algorithms ignore the sequence in which the training images are acquired so that all temporal information/correlation is lost. In this paper, the benefits of incorporating sequence information in familiarity-based algorithms are tested. To do this, instead of comparing a test view to all the training route images, a window of memories is used to restrict the number of comparisons that need to be made. As ants are able to visually navigate when odometric information is removed, the window position is updated via visual matching information only and not odometry. The performance of an algorithm without sequence information is compared to the performance of window methods with different fixed lengths as well as a method that adapts the window size dynamically. All algorithms were benchmarked on a simulation of an environment used for ant navigation experiments and showed that sequence information can boost performance and reduce computation. A detailed analysis of successes and failures highlights the interaction between the length of the route memory sequence and environment type and shows the benefits of an adaptive method.
Plant Biosensors Analysis for Monitoring Nectarine Water Status
Authors: Conesa María R. , Conejero Wenceslao , Vera Juan , Ruiz Sánchez M. Carmen
Published: December 2024

The real-time monitoring of plant water status is an important issue for digital irrigation to increase water productivity. This work focused on a comparison of three biosensors that continuously evaluate plant water status: trunk microtensiometers (MTs), trunk time-domain reflectometry (TDR), and LVDT sensors. During the summer and autumn seasons (DOY 150–300), nectarine trees were subjected to four different consecutive irrigation periods based on the soil Management Allowed Deficit (MAD) concept, namely: MAD10 (light deficit); MAD50 (moderate deficit); MAD100 (severe deficit), and MAD0 (full irrigation). Measurements of stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf gas exchange were recorded on representative days. A continuous measurement of the plant water status of Ψtrunk, MDS, and Ktrunk revealed the water deficits imposed on the soil. The highest water deficit observed at the end of the MAD100 period (Ψstem = −2.04 MPa and Ɵv = 17%) resulted in a minimum value of Ψtrunk (−1.81 MPa). The maximum value of MDS (408 µm) was observed earlier than that of Ψtrunk, motivated by the low sensitivity of MDS at Ψtrunk < −1.2 MPa and Ψstem < −1.5 MPa due to a decrease in the tissue elasticity of the trunk when severe water deficit conditions are reached. Both Ψtrunk and Ψstem were more dependent on soil water content, while MDS was more responsive to environmental changes. Ktrunk was the weakest indicator for determining plant water status, although when expressed as a daily fraction of depletion (KtrunkFD), it improved, evidencing a process of hysteresis. Ψtrunk showed the highest sensitivity, suggesting the potential use of MTs as a valuable biosensor for monitoring nectarine water status in digital agrosystems.
2D Flower-like CdS@Co/Mo-MOF as Co-Reaction Accelerator of g-C3N4-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride
Authors: Fan Xiaowei , Zhang Guping , Li Xiaodi , Wang Yao , Wang Yi , Hao Shilei , Liu Defang
Published: December 2024

In this study, we have proposed an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal amplification system which is based on two-dimensional (2D) flower-like CdS@Co/Mo-MOF composites as a co-reaction accelerator of the g-C3N4/S2O82− system for ultrasensitive detection of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH). Specifically, the 2D flower-like Co/Mo-MOF with mesoporous alleviated the aggregation of CdS NPs while simultaneously fostering reactant-active site contact and improving the reactant–product transport rate. This allowed the material to act as a novel co-reaction accelerator, speeding up the transformation of the S2O82− into SO4•− and enhancing the cathodic ECL emission of g-C3N4. Moreover, the signal probe which was synthesized by coupling the 2D CdS@Co/Mo-MOF and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) achieved the generation of SO4•− in situ and reduced energy loss. The results confirmed that the ECL signal was enhanced 6.2-fold and stabilized by CdS@Co/Mo-MOF. Based on the extremely strong quenching effect of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH) on this system, a “signal-off” type sensor was constructed. The sensor demonstrated excellent sensitivity and linear response to CPH concentrations ranging from 1 pmol L−1 to 100 μmol L−1, with a low detection limit of 0.4 pmol L−1 (S/N = 3).
A New Caffeine Detection Method Using a Highly Multiplexed Smartphone-Based Spectrometer
Authors: Zhuo Erhuan , Xia Huanxin , Hu Huan , Lin Yu
Published: December 2024

Smartphones equipped with highly integrated sensors are increasingly being recognized as powerful tools for rapid on-site testing. Here, we propose a low-cost, portable, and highly multiplexed smartphone-based spectrometer capable of collecting three types of spectra—transmission, reflection, and fluorescence—by simply replacing the optical fiber attached to the housing. Spectral analysis is performed directly on the smartphone using a custom-developed app. Furthermore, we introduce a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caffeine detection scheme that leverages aspirin and salicylic acid as fluorescent probes, allowing for the rapid and straightforward detection of caffeine in various samples. The fluorescence quenching of the probes was found to be linearly related to the caffeine concentration (0–200 μM), and the recoveries of the commercially available caffeine-containing samples were in the range of 98.0333–105.6000%, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.58 μM. The reliability and stability of the on-site assay using the smartphone spectrometer were verified. More importantly, this spectrometer demonstrates great potential as a versatile device for use outside of laboratory settings by enabling different operating modes tailored to various scenarios.
Impedimetric Sensor for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Detection: Performance Assessment with an ACE2 Peptide-Mimic/Graphite Interface
Authors: Quezada Diego , Herrera Beatriz , Santibáñez Rodrigo , Palma Juan Luis , Landaeta Esteban , Álvarez Claudio A. , Valenzuela Santiago , Cobos-Montes Kevin , Ramírez David , Santana Paula A. , Ahumada Manuel
Published: December 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the need for the development of new biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Particularly, systems with qualities such as sensitivity, fast detection, appropriate to large-scale analysis, and applicable in situ, avoiding using specific materials or personnel to undergo the test, are highly desirable. In this regard, developing an electrochemical biosensor based on peptides derived from the angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) is a possible answer. To this end, an impedimetric detector was developed based on a graphite electrode surface modified with an ACE2 peptide-mimic. This sensor enables accurate quantification of recombinant 2019-nCoV spike RBD protein (used as a model analyte) within a linear detection range of 0.167–0.994 ng mL−1, providing a reliable method for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The observed sensitivity was further demonstrated by molecular dynamics that established the high affinity and specificity of the peptide to the protein. Unlike other impedimetric sensors, the herein presented system can detect impedance in a single frequency, allowing a measure as fast as 3 min to complete the analysis and achieving a detection limit of 45.08 pg mL−1. Thus, the proposed peptide-based electrochemical biosensor offers fast results with adequate sensitivity, opening a path to new developments concerning other viruses of interest.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Prevention in Intradural Spine Surgery: A Long Series Analysis of Closure with Non-Penetrating Titanium Clips
Authors: Anselmi Leonardo , Anania Carla Daniela , Ubezio Maria Cleofe , Farinaro Generoso , Creatura Donato , Ortolina Alessandro , Tomei Massimo , Baram Ali , Fornari Maurizio
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas remain a significant concern in spinal neurosurgery, particularly following dural closure. The incidence of dural tears during spinal surgery is estimated between 1.6% and 10%. While direct suturing remains the gold standard, it has a failure rate of 5–10%. Various materials and techniques have been used to enhance dural closure. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of non-penetrating titanium clips (AnastoClip®) for dural closure in intradural spinal lesion surgeries. Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted on 272 patients who were operated on for intradural spinal lesions from August 2017 to December 2023. Dural closure was performed using non-penetrating titanium clips with sealant, and, in select cases, autologous grafts. Postoperative care included early mobilization and routine MRI to assess outcomes. A comparative analysis was performed with a cohort of 81 patients treated with traditional sutures. Results: Among the 272 patients, postoperative CSF leaks occurred in 32 cases (11.76%), requiring various management approaches. Thirteen cases required surgical revision, while others resolved with external lumbar drainage or fluid aspiration. Compared to the suture group, which had a fistula rate of 23.46%, the titanium clip group had a significantly lower fistula rate. Logistic regression analysis did not find statistically significant associations between fistula risk and clinical factors. Conclusions: Non-penetrating titanium clips provide an effective alternative to sutures for dural closure, reducing CSF leak rates. They preserve dural integrity, reduce operative time, and avoid imaging artifacts, making them a viable advancement in spinal surgery with outcomes comparable to, or better than, traditional techniques.
Establishment of Austro-Hungarian Military Buildings in Banja Luka and Their Subsequent Repurposing
Authors: Malinović Miroslav , Okilj Milijana , Guzijan Jasna , Cvijić Siniša , Aćić Jelena Stanković , Aleksić Dubravko
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the replanning, reconstruction, and rebranding of Austro-Hungarian military buildings, encompassing common military administrative, healthcare, and housing facilities as well as railways that were under military jurisdiction, and their profound influence on the development of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. These structures, originally built for military and logistic purposes during the Austro-Hungarian period (1878–1918), played a pivotal role in shaping the city’s urban and architectural landscape. The study employs historical analysis of archival documents, maps, and photographs, combined with contemporary field observations that assess the current state and adaptive reuse of these buildings. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the buildings’ transformation over time, from symbols of military authority to cultural and social landmarks within the city. The key periods of transformation—between 1945–1991 and post-1995—were largely driven by changes in national politics, military ownership, and local urban development policies that promoted the urbanization of unused military zones. The findings reveal a dynamic process of adaptive reuse, wherein the rebranding of these historical edifices has repurposed them into cultural, educational, and public spaces. These adaptive transformations not only preserved the architectural integrity of the buildings but also revitalized their roles in the community. The study concludes that Banja Luka’s experience serves as a model for sustainable heritage management, demonstrating the balance between historical preservation and modern urban development. The results highlight how the city successfully merged its rich architectural past with contemporary needs, contributing to its cultural identity and urban growth.
Near-Infrared Autofluorescence or Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Determination as a Surgical Support Tool in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Too Close to Call?
Authors: Indelicato Pietro , Barbieri Diego , Salerno Emilio , Tettamanti Alberto , Guizzardi Mathilda Tersilla , Galli Andrea , Frattini Francesco , Giordano Leone , Bussi Mario , Dionigi Gianlorenzo
Published: December 2024

Background: This study investigates the use of near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIFI) as an alternative to intraoperative parathyroid hormone (ioPTH) measurement in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) due to parathyroid adenoma (PA) with two preoperative imaging examinations in agreement on the position of the altered parathyroid gland. Methods: Fifty patients who underwent minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) from March 2021 to April 2024 were enrolled. MIPs utilised both NIFI and ioPTH, comparing the time to adenoma excision with NIFI against the total surgical time, including ioPTH measurement wait time. Results: Results showed successful MIPs in all patients, with a mean excision time of 44.7 min (SD ± 25.2) and a total procedure time of 85.5 min (SD ± 37.1). The median of the duration of the surgical procedure until adenoma excision was 35.0 min (IQR 38.8), while the median duration of the entire procedure was 74.5 min (IQR 40.5). This difference in medians is statistically significant using the Wilcoxon non-parametric test for paired samples (p < 0.001). The average wait for ioPTH results post-excision was 37 min (SD ± 12.2). Three fluorescence patterns were identified: “cap” (46%), heterogeneous (30%), and homogeneous (24%). Conclusions: If preoperative imaging confirms PA location, NIFI could replace ioPTH reducing surgical time without compromising success rates.
Alu–Mediated Duplication and Deletion of Exon 11 Are Frequent Mechanisms of PALB2 Inactivation, Predisposing Individuals to Hereditary Breast–Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
Authors: Sidoti Diletta , Margotta Valeria , Calosci Diletta , Fiorentini Erika , Bacci Costanza , Gensini Francesca , Papi Laura , Montini Marco
Published: December 2024

Background/Objective: Large genomic rearrangements of PALB2 gene, particularly deletions and duplications, have been linked to hereditary breast–ovarian cancer. Our research specifically focuses on delineating the intronic breakpoints associated with rearrangements of PALB2 exon 11, which is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying these genomic changes in patients with hereditary breast and ovarian syndrome. Methods: By using next-generation sequencing, we identified one duplication and three deletions of PALB2 exon 11, confirmed by Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification analysis. To assess the impact on transcription and potential splicing issues, reverse-transcription PCR was performed on patients’ RNA. For the detailed characterization of intronic breakpoints, the primer walking approach and long-range PCR were implemented, followed by Sanger sequencing. Results: Our analysis revealed a tandem duplication of 5134 base pairs (bp) mediated by AluY repeats located in introns 10 and 11, respectively. Moreover, identical deletions were identified in three unrelated patients, encompassing an approximate 8050 bp region mediated by AluSx elements. Both genomic alterations resulted in a truncated PALB2 protein due to the introduction of a premature stop codon. Conclusions: This study underscores the remarkable instability of intronic regions flanking exon 11 of PALB2 and identifies a previously unreported hotspot involving Alu repeats with very high sequence homology in introns 10 and 11 of the gene. Our findings suggest avenues for further research, such as investigating the prevalence of similar genomic rearrangements in larger cohorts and exploring functional studies to understand how these alterations contribute to hereditary breast cancer pathogenesis.
Thermal Liquid Biopsy: A Promising Tool for the Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions and Malignancy Detection
Authors: Millastre Judith , Hermoso-Durán Sonia , Solórzano María Ortiz de , Fraunhoffer Nicolas , García-Rayado Guillermo , Vega Sonia , Bujanda Luis , Sostres Carlos , Lanas Ángel , Velázquez-Campoy Adrián , Abian Olga
Published: December 2024

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are a heterogeneous group of lesions with increasing incidence, usually identified incidentally on imaging studies (multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)) [...]
Proteomic Analysis Identifies Multiple Mechanisms of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Gut Mucositis in Mice
Authors: Ivanov Sergey M. , Zgoda Victor G. , Isakova Valeria A. , Trukhanova Lyubov S. , Poroikov Vladimir V. , Shtil Alexander A.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives. Damage of the gastrointestinal mucosa is a major side effect of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Insight into the molecular pathogenesis of 5-FU-induced gut mucositis is expected to justify the strategies of prophylaxis. Methods. We analyzed intestinal specimens obtained from Balb/c mice treated with 70 mg/kg 5-FU daily for up to 6 days. Results. Manifestations of mucositis in the ileum and the colon included diarrhea, weight loss, and morphological lesions. The proteomic analysis revealed dozens of differentially expressed proteins governed by a set of master regulator proteins that regulated downstream pathways culminating in the complexes of specific transcription factors. Among the most important mechanisms of 5-FU-induced gut damage predicted by bioinformatics tools was stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 concomitant with inhibition of insulin receptor substrate 1, suggesting an involvement of the insulin pathway. Furthermore, the levels of 14-3-3γ protein and epinephrin B2 tyrosine kinase were interpreted as key inhibitory effects of 5-FU. These changes were detectable in the ileum as well as in the colon, pointing to the commonality of 5-FU responses across the gut. Conclusion. These results demonstrated a hierarchical network of gut injury mechanisms differentially regulated in the course of the emergence of 5-FU-induced mucositis.
Postoperative Radiotherapy for pT1- and pT2-Classified Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Auditory Canal
Authors: Nabuurs Cindy , Kievit Wietske , Leemans Charles , Smit Conrad , van den Brekel Michiel , Pauw Robert , van der Laan Bernard , Jansen Jeroen , Lacko Martin , Braunius Weibel , Dai Chunfu , Shi Xunbei , Danesi Giovanni , Bouček Jan , Borsetto Daniele , Gowrishankar Shravan , Kania Romain , Jourdaine Clément , Jansen Thijs , Derks Jolanda , Dijkema Tim , Takes Robert , Kunst Henricus
Published: December 2024

Background: There is no consensus regarding the indication for postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) for T1- and T2-classified squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the external auditory canal (EAC) even with negative surgical margins. This study aimed to evaluate whether PORT provides additional benefits for these cases. Methods: We collected retrospective data from fourteen international hospitals, including resected pT1- and pT2-classified EAC SCC with negative surgical margins. Results: A total of 112 early-stage radically resected EAC SCC were included, with 48 patients receiving PORT. The 5-year DFS of T1- and T2-classified EAC SCC treated with PORT was not statistically significantly different (92.9% and 76.9%, respectively) compared to the group treated without PORT (100% and 90.9%, respectively; p-values of 0.999 and 0.526, respectively). EAC SCC treated with PORT more frequently exhibited perineural and angioinvasive growth. Eighteen patients experienced side effects related to radiotherapy, of which one patient developed osteoradionecrosis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that PORT for early-stage radically resected EAC SCC should only be considered in selected cases with perineural, infiltrative growth or angioinvasive growth, and with a close margin. This approach helps mitigate the negative impact on quality of life and the risk of side effects associated with radiotherapy.
Enhancing the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy by Photochemical Internalization of Fibrin-Hydrogel-Delivered Bleomycin
Authors: Laurel Sophia Renee , Gupta Keya , Nguyen Jane , Chandekar Akhil , Le Justin , Berg Kristian , Hirschberg Henry
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Although the use of radiation-sensitizing agents has been shown to enhance the effect of radiation on tumor cells, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) impedes these agents from reaching brain tumor sites when provided systemically. Localized methods of sensitizer delivery, utilizing hydrogels, have the potential to bypass the blood–brain barrier. This study examined the ability of photochemical internalization (PCI) of hydrogel-released bleomycin to enhance the growth-inhibiting effects of radiation on multi-cell glioma spheroids in vitro. Methods: Loaded fibrin hydrogel layers were created by combining thrombin, fibrinogen, and bleomycin (BLM). Supernatants from these layers were collected, combined with photosensitizer, and added to F98 glioma spheroid cultures. Following light (PCI) and radiation treatment, at increasing dosages, spheroid growth was monitored for 14 days. Results: PCI of released BLM significantly reduced the radiation dose required to achieve equivalent efficacy compared to radiation or BLM + RT alone. Both immediate and delayed RT delivery post-BLM-PCI resulted in similar degrees of growth inhibition. Conclusions: Non-degraded BLM was released from the fibrin hydrogel. PCI of BLM synergistically increased the growth-inhibiting effects of radiation treatment compared to radiation and BLM, as well as radiation acting as a single treatment.
The Current State of the Diagnoses and Treatments for Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Quinn Anthony E. , Bell Scott D. , Marrah Austin J. , Wakefield Mark R. , Fang Yujiang
Published: December 2024

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer, accounting for 75% of malignant kidney tumors, and is generally associated with poor patient outcomes. With risk factors including smoking, obesity, and hypertension, all of which have a high prevalence in the United States and Europe, as well as genetic factors including tuberous sclerosis complex and Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, there is an increasing need to expand our present understanding. The current clear cell renal cell carcinoma knowledge is outdated, with obsolete diagnostic criteria and moderately invasive surgical treatments still prevailing, partially ascribed to its resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The standard of treatment relies on surgical intervention, including radical nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy, while more recent treatments target neoplastic growth pathways and immune regulation checkpoints.