bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic effects on male sexual coercion
Authors: Johansson Ada , Santtila Pekka , Harlaar Nicole , von der Pahlen Bettina , Witting Katarina , Ålgars Monica , Alanko Katarina , Jern Patrick , Varjonen Markus , Sandnabba N. Kenneth
Published: September 2007

The genetic and environmental influences on sexual coercion, and to what extent its associations with alcohol use and psychopathy depend on shared genetic and environmental effects, were explored in a Finnish population‐based sample of 938 men, aged 33–43 years, using the classical twin study design. All three phenotypes were associated positively and affected by genes (sexual coercion 28%, alcohol use 60%, psychopathy 54%), with 46% of the correlation between sexual coercion and psychopathy, 89% of the correlation between alcohol use and psychopathy and 100% of the correlation between sexual coercion and alcohol use being explained by shared genetic effects. Further, the results showed that a proportion of the variance in sexual coercion was derived from a highly genetic source that was common with alcohol use and psychopathy. This latent factor was hypothesized to reflect a general tendency for antisocial behavior that is pervasive across different situations. Relevant theories on sexual coercion were discussed in light of the results. Aggr. Behav. 34:190–202, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal nucleation and growth in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/alumina‐nanoparticle composites
Authors: Bhimaraj Praveen , Yang Hoichang , Siegel Richard W. , Schadler Linda S.
Published: September 2007

The effect of nanoparticles on nonisothermal polymer crystallization was investigated using poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites with alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles of average size 38 nm. The filler content in the nanocomposites was varied from 0 to 10 wt %. The interparticle spacing was observed to decrease (as expected) with an increase in loading of the nanoparticles. Contrary to previous reports in the literature on semicrystalline polymer‐based composites with micron‐size and macroscale particles, our differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray studies showed that the addition of the nanoparticles did not cause heterogeneous nucleation of PET crystals in nanocomposites containing up to 3 wt % Al2O3. This is attributed to the nanoparticle curvature being comparable to the radius of gyration of the polymer. The addition of the nanoparticles was found to disrupt the spherulitic morphology of the PET because of their physical presence and their proximity to one another. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Accelerated ageing versus realistic ageing in aerospace composite materials. IV. Hot/wet ageing effects in a low temperature cure epoxy composite
Authors: Dao B. , Hodgkin J. H. , Krstina J. , Mardel J. , Tian W.
Published: September 2007

Samples of an aerospace grade carbon fiber epoxy composite (Hexcel, M20/IM7) were subject to long term (≈1 year) hot/wet ageing and thermal spiking under a variety of humidity levels and temperature conditions related to “in service” conditions seen by military aircraft. Changes to the chemical and physicochemical structure of the composite were analyzed by a range of different techniques including gravimetric analysis, FTIR, and DMA to compare the effects of the various ageing conditions. The results indicated that the chemical effects of hot/wet and spiking conditions on this incompletely cured type of composite are very complex because of the variations in moisture levels and cure chemistry from the composite surface inwards as the resin ages under the different external environments. Physicochemical changes (such as Tg) and structural effects (such as microcracking) are similarly complex and dependent on composite thickness. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Spiritual interventions in psychotherapy: Evaluations by highly religious clients
Authors: Martinez Jennifer S. , Smith Timothy B. , Barlow Sally H.
Published: September 2007

Spiritual and religious interventions in psychotherapy have increasingly received research attention, particularly with highly religious clients. This study examined client opinions about and experiences with religious interventions in psychotherapy. A sample of 152 clients at a counseling center of a university sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐Day Saints (LDS) completed a survey with ratings of specific religious interventions concerning appropriateness, helpfulness, and prevalence. Out‐of‐session religious interventions were considered more appropriate by clients than in‐session religious interventions, but in‐session interventions were rated as more helpful. Specific interventions considered both appropriate and helpful by the LDS participants included referencing scriptural passages, teaching spiritual concepts, encouraging forgiveness, involving religious community resources, and conducting assessments of client spirituality. Some religious interventions were perceived as inappropriate or not helpful, and clients provided explanations for why religious interventions can be either effective or ineffective in psychotherapy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 943–960, 2007.
Urban and rural temperature trends in proximity to large US cities: 1951–2000
Authors: Stone Brian
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a study of urban and rural temperature trends in proximity to the most populous metropolitan areas of the US. As data from urban meteorological stations are typically eliminated or adjusted for use in continental and global analyses of climate change, few studies have addressed how temperatures are changing in the areas most vulnerable to the public health impacts of warming: large cities. In this study, temperature data from urban and proximate rural stations for 50 large US metropolitan areas are analysed to establish the mean decadal rate of change in urban temperatures, rural temperatures, and heat island intensity over five decades. The results of this analysis find the mean decadal rate of change in the heat island intensity of large US cities between 1951 and 2000 to be 0.05 °C and further show a clear division in temperature trends between cities situated in the northeastern and southern regions of the country. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Well‐posedness and long time behavior of a parabolic‐hyperbolic phase‐field system with singular potentials
Authors: Grasselli Maurizio , Miranville Alain , Pata Vittorino , Zelik Sergey
Published: September 2007

In this article, we study the long time behavior of a parabolic‐hyperbolic system arising from the theory of phase transitions. This system consists of a parabolic equation governing the (relative) temperature which is nonlinearly coupled with a weakly damped semilinear hyperbolic equation ruling the evolution of the order parameter. The latter is a singular perturbation through an inertial term of the parabolic Allen–Cahn equation and it is characterized by the presence of a singular potential, e.g., of logarithmic type, instead of the classical double‐well potential. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of strong solutions when the inertial coefficient ε is small enough. Then, we construct a robust family of exponential attractors (as ε goes to 0). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Canada's voluntary ARET program: Limited success despite industry cosponsorship
Authors: Antweiler Werner , Harrison Kathryn
Published: September 2007

The Accelerated Reduction/Elimination of Toxins (ARET) Challenge was a voluntary program initiated in 1994 by the Government of Canada. Unlike the U.S. 33/50 Program, ARET involved industry partners in negotiation and cosponsorship of the program, with the intention that early involvement would yield stronger commitment to voluntary reductions. We review the program's self‐reported success in delivering emissions reductions. For 17 ARET substances that were also covered by Canada's National Pollutant Release Inventory, we employ treatment effects regressions to control for self‐selection bias. We find evidence that ARET accelerated emission reductions in five cases, slowed reductions in two cases, and had no discernible effect in ten cases. Industry cosponsorship apparently did not have the intended effect and instead resulted in program features such as data confidentiality that significantly undermined the program's credibility. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Child care quality in different state policy contexts
Authors: Rigby Elizabeth , Ryan Rebecca M. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: September 2007

Using data from the Child Care Supplement to the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we test associations between the quality of child care and state child care policies. These data, which include observations of child care and interviews with care providers and mothers for 777 children across 14 states, allow for comparisons across a broader range of policy regimes and care settings than earlier research on this topic. Using multilevel linear and logistic models, we found that more generous subsidy policies (that is, greater investment, higher income eligibility) were positively associated with the quality of care in nonprofit child care centers, as well as with the use of center care. The stringency of regulations (that is, teacher education requirements, teacher‐child ratios/thresholds) was also associated with both quality and type of care, but in more complex ways. Higher teacher training requirements were positively associated with the quality of both family child care and nonprofit centers, while more stringent regulations decreased the number of children attending center care. No links were found between state policies and the quality of for‐profit center care. The implications for policy makers, advocates, and policy analysts are discussed. © 2007 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Dielectric relaxation of Ensaco®350G reinforced microcellular EPDM vulcanizates
Authors: Mahapatra S.P. , Sridhar V. , Chaudhary R.N.P. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: September 2007

The dielectric relaxation characteristics of microcellular EPDM vulcanizates has been studied as a function of variation in filler and blowing agent loadings in the frequency range of 100–106 Hz. The dielectric constant ε′ increases with increasing filler loadings at all frequencies. This has been explained on the basis of interfacial polarization of fillers in a heterogeneous medium. The effect of variation in filler and blowing agent loadings on the complex and real parts of impedance was distinctly visible. Which has been explained on the basis of relaxation dynamics of polymer chains in the vicinity of fillers. The phenomenon of percolation in the composites has been discussed based on the measured changes in electric conductivity and morphology of composites at different concentrations of the filler. The percolation threshold as studied by DC conductivity occurred near 40 phr of filler loading. SEM microphotographs showed agglomeration of the filler above this concentration and formation of a continuous network structure. POLYM. COMPOS., 28: 657–666, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Branched poly(styrene‐b‐tert‐butyl acrylate) and poly(styrene‐b‐acrylic acid) by ATRP from a dendritic poly(propylene imine)(NH2)64 core
Authors: Kim Young Hie , Ford Warren T. , Mourey Thomas H.
Published: September 2007

With the aim of creating highly branched amphiphilic block copolymers, the primary amine end groups of the poly(propylene imine) dendrimers DAB‐dendr‐(NH2)8 and DAB‐dendr‐(NH2)64 were converted to 2‐bromoisobutyramide groups. Poly (styrene‐b‐tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PtBMA) was synthesized by ATRP from the eight end group initiator, and poly(styrene‐b‐tert‐butyl acrylate) (PS‐b‐PtBA) was synthesized from the 64 end group initiator. The tert‐butyl groups were removed to produce poly(styrene‐b‐methacrylic acid) (PS‐b‐PMAA) and poly(styrene‐b‐acrylic acid) (PS‐b‐PAA). Comparison of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) absolute molecular weight analyses of the polystyrenes with calculated molecular weights showed that the eight end group initiator produced a polystyrene with about eight branches, and that the 64 end group initiator produced polystyrene with many fewer than 64 branches. The PS‐b‐PtBA materials also have many fewer than 64 branches. The PS‐b‐PAA samples dissolved molecularly in DMF but formed aggregates in water even at pH 10. AFM images of the PS‐b‐PtBAs spin coated from THF and DMF onto mica showed aggregates. AFM images of the PS‐b‐PAAs spin coated from various mixtures of DMF and water at pH 10 showed flat disks and worm‐like images similar to those observed with linear PS‐b‐PAAs. Use of a PS‐b‐PAA and a PS‐b‐PMAA as templates for emulsion polymerization of styrene produced latexes 100–200 nm in diameter. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4623–4634, 2007
Production of active PET films: evaluation of scavenging activity
Authors: Galdi M. R. , Nicolais V. , Di Maio L. , Incarnato L.
Published: September 2007

The current trends in packaging technology are focusing on the development of functional materials that interact with the environment and with the food, playing an effective role in the preservation of quality. In particular, the so‐called active packaging technologies were developed as a response to the market needs for minimally treated foodstuffs, in order to preserve their freshness and flavours by regulating the gas composition of the packaging headspace through active scavengers. One of the most promising approaches for this technology is the incorporation of active scavengers into a polymeric matrix. Nevertheless, the design and the production of a functional and efficient active flexible package can be difficult to realize because of the complexity of the system. This work was thus focused on the production and the analysis of monolayer polyester films containing an oxygen scavenger. The active film was obtained by adding the active phase into a polyethylene terephthalate matrix during the extrusion process. The barrier properties of the films were investigated by means of conventional permeability measurement, to assess their activity with respect to oxygen. Additionally, the oxygen absorption of the active samples was analysed by an innovative oxygen meter system, in order to determine their scavenging capacity and reaction kinetics. The analysis of colour was carried out on packaged fresh apple slices, to verify if the active films produced were able to limit the oxidation processes on a sensitive food. Finally, the optical properties of the samples were investigated through haze measurements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi robot mapping using force field simulation
Authors: Lakaemper Rolf , Adluru Nagesh , Jan Latecki Longin , Madhavan Raj
Published: September 2007

This paper describes a novel approach, called Force Field Simulation, to multi robot mapping that works under the constraints given in autonomous search and rescue robotics. Extremely poor prealignment, lack of landmarks, and minimal overlap between scans are the main challenges. The presented algorithm solves the alignment problem of such laser scans utilizing a gradient descent approach motivated by physics, namely simulation of movement of masses in gravitational fields, but exchanges laws of physics with constraints given by human perception. Experiments on different real world data sets show the successful application of the algorithm. We also provide an experimental comparison with classical ICP implementation and a Lu/Milios‐type alignment algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of pyridine derivative additives on interface processes at nanocrystalline TiO2 thin film in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Yin Xiong , Zhao Hui , Chen Liping , Tan Weiwei , Zhang Jingbo , Weng Yuxiang , Shuai Zhigang , Xiao Xurui , Zhou Xiaowen , Li Xueping , Lin Yuan
Published: September 2007

2‐Methyl‐4‐propoxypyridine, a new pyridine derivative, has been synthesized and used as an additive in the liquid electrolyte of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Compared with 2‐methylpyridne and 4‐tert‐pyridine, they were employed to study the influence of the pyridine derivative additives on the rate of recombination at the electrode/dye/electrolyte interfaces and band edge shift of TiO2, which were measured by time‐resolved mid‐infrared absorption spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky analysis, respectively. It was found that the rate of interfacial charge recombination was enhanced when the pyridine derivative additives were present in the electrolyte. Meanwhile, the additives caused a negative shift of the band edge. However, the net effect of pyridine derivative addition was to improve the open‐circuit photovoltage according to the photoelectrochemical measurement, indicating that negative shift of conduction band of TiO2 was a predominant factor in improving the open‐circuit photovoltage. Also, the result was strongly supported by the dark current measurement. Therefore, it provides a microscopic account for the function of the pyridine derivative additives on the open‐circuit photovoltage enhancement of the DSSCs. Furthermore, the decrease of the short‐circuit photocurrent of the cells was also attributed to the slower dye regeneration due to the addition of additives from the results of cyclic voltammetry measurement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language awareness and language learning
Authors: Svalberg Agneta M-L.
Published: September 2007

This article reviews Language Awareness (LA) as a field of research and practice. It deals with the period from 1990 to the present, asking what LA is, how it has been collectively constructed during this time, what the theoretical underpinnings might be and what it means in practical, methodological terms in the classroom and for society. It is recognized that its multidisciplinary nature and wide scope could lead to fragmentation, but it is argued that the holistic view evident in LA research and practice is a strength, and that its different sub-fields have certain core notions in common which give LA coherence. The paper begins with a brief background sketch and outline, and goes on to discuss the literature on cognitive aspects of LA, such as awareness, attention and noticing. The review then enquires into the characteristics of LA teaching methodology, and what LA is needed for teachers to implement it. Social and political perspectives are then explored in brief reviews of Critical Language Awareness, Inter-/Cross-cultural Awareness, and multilingualism. The paper closes by drawing conclusions and making suggestions for further research.
Commissioning a new CT simulator II: virtual simulation software
Authors: Kearns D. , McJury M.
Published: September 2007

This paper continues the discussion on the commissioning tests performed on a new GE Lightspeed RT wide-bore computed tomography (CT) scanner, focusing on the GE Advantage Sim software (version 6.0).

The tests performed and phantoms used to assess the virtual simulator functionality, including the 3D image display, contouring, treatment unit beam parameters, digitally reconstructed radiograph generation and image quality, isocentre generation and multi-modality image registration, are described.

The series of tests performed showed the virtual simulation software to be working within acceptance tolerances suggested in the literature and baseline data have been obtained against which future comparisons of system performance have been made. Where no tolerances were available, we have suggested suitable values.
Ineffective Cricoid Pressure: The Critical Role of Formalised Training
Authors: Moos Daniel D.
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

The application of cricoid pressure may help reduce the incidence of pulmonary aspiration in at-risk patients. Research has shown that most clinicians have a cognitive deficit concerning the correct amount of pressure to apply, anatomical landmarks and apply the incorrect amount of pressure. Too much pressure may lead to an airway obstruction or distorted view for laryngoscopy. Too little pressure may lead to pulmonary aspiration. It is imperative that clinicians who apply cricoid pressure have a thorough knowledge of basic anatomy, have a basic understanding of regurgitation/aspiration, indications, complications, contraindications and common problems/mistakes when applying cricoid pressure. Various teaching strategies to help the clinician apply correct and effective cricoid pressure have been described in the literature. All clinicians should be formally trained in the proper technique for the application of cricoid pressure.
Perioperative Behaviour: Is There a Lunar Influence?
Authors: James Lake Alfred Philip , Hodge Linda Anne
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Working in the community dental service for 16(LAH) and 19(APJL) years, in common we are sure with many readers, we have observed marked differences in perioperative behaviour which could not be adequately explained when all the other usually influencing factors appeared constant and sought an alternative explanation by evaluating any lunar influence.
Particle energization by oblique inertial Alfvén waves in the auroral region
Authors: Seyler C. E. , Liu K.
Published: September 2007

Two‐and three‐dimensional electromagnetic particle‐in‐cell simulations are performed to study the particle energization by oblique inertial Alfvén waves in the auroral region. It is found that most of the wave energy is transferred to the parallel acceleration of electrons and transverse acceleration of ions (TAI) as the result of nonlinear evolution of an initial wave. The wave‐particle interactions between the Alfvén wave and the electrons form a field‐aligned electron beam, which is consistent with the time‐dispersive electron signature and the suprathermal electron bursts observed by spacecraft. The steepening and subsequent breaking evolution of the Alfvén wave generates a combination of ion cyclotron and ion acoustic waves which, in turn, heats the ions transversely. The parallel‐accelerated electron beam could result in ion cyclotron and ion acoustic instability, but it is generally too weak to be the wave generation mechanism. Three‐dimensional simulations suggest that the sheared field‐aligned current sheet embedded in a transversely finite Alfvén wave is subject to current shear‐driven (CSD) instabilities. It is very possible that the ion cyclotron and ion acoustic waves generated by the wave breaking process, as well as the low‐frequency electromagnetic fluctuations generated by CSD instabilities, are present in observed broadband ELF fluctuations and contribute to the associated TAI.
Plant Functional Types and Plant Trait Measurements in the Eastern Ghats, South India
Authors: Anupama K. , Stephen A. , Aravajy S. , Orukaimani G.
Published: September 2007

Classifying terrestrial plant species on the basis of function rather than on taxonomy facilitates addressing ecological questions at the scale of ecosystems, landscapes or Biomes. The concept of plant functional types (PFTs) helps handle taxonomic diversity, as it groups together species that share common attributes with respect to, e.g. life-form, phenology and bioclimatic limits. For some time now, large international efforts promoted by the IGBP-GCTE programme are underway to measure for a large number of species a shortlist of significant plant traits that would underlie such functional plant classification systems. The idea here is to help address vegetation responses to and vegetation effects on environmental changes such as climate changes, but also others such as landuse or other disturbances.

A PFT classification obviously helps in the use of pollen assemblages to infer past ecosystem changes, especially ecosystem response to climate change, as this is more directly linked to changes in functional rather than taxonomic diversity of plants over temporal and spatial gradients. We present a comprehensive list of pollen taxa from our database of surface samples from Eastern Ghats, South India to which PFTs are assigned based on our field observations of the Ecology and Biology of individuals as well as the description of the flora and vegetation of the Eastern Ghats in standard published floras. Finally, we also present trait measurements such as specific leaf area (SLA) and thickness for a shortlist of the taxa listed above.
Per velamina veritatis
Authors: Alliney Guido
Published: September 2007

A long philosophical tradition has regarded the use of metaphorical utterances as a stylistic figuration without any cognitive aspect. Metaphors are categorial mistakes diverting the ordinary usage of concepts, and therefore are in logical opposition to standard meaning. However, a metaphor can be regarded not only as a vague linguistic enunciation, but also as a significant process of thought. In other words, metaphor is a figure of the mind, a necessary way of thinking, because the language-world relation is not bijective. Metaphorical truth implies meanings not initially perceived as rational, yet full of possible features which have to be historically and socially determined. This successive interpretation yields new concepts and produces a growth of knowledge. In addition, the metaphorical usage of language allows us to name what is outside the range of logically formalizable language: interior experiences, God and so forth. The metaphorical mind is capable of moulding different views of the world, including those selected in accordance with the current social needs of the human community. This essay suggests that the use of metaphors is already present in medieval philosophical thought, and it tries to ground this statement through the analysis of late-scholastic metaphorical reasonings in ontology, biology and theology.
John Buridan on Universal Knowledge
Authors: Pluta Olaf
Published: September 2007

Starting from a passage in the treatise De universali reali by Jean de Maisonneuve (Johannes de Nova Domo), where Jean de Maisonneuve denounces John Buridan as a materialist, the article looks for textual evidence that would support or otherwise refute this claim in Buridan’s works on natural philosophy. In particular, the article analyzes Buridan’s discussion of universal knowledge in the final redactions of his commentaries on Aristotle’s Physica and De anima, which turn out to complement each other. Here, Buridan asks if something extended and material can have universal knowledge. Against the opinion commonly held, according to Buridan, not only by many of his contemporaries, but also by almost all of the ancient commentators (multi et quasi omnes expositores antiqui), Buridan argues that traditional arguments against a materialistic theory of the human mind are not conclusive. After having removed the main stumbling blocks, he goes on to sketch a theory of universal knowledge that is compatible with the assumption that the human intellect is a material form. As an appendix, the paper contains an edition of the key question on universal knowledge in the penultimate redaction of John Buridan’s Physics commentary, which is made available in print for the first time here.
Logos and Forms in Phaedo 96a–102a
Authors: Thanassas Panagiotis
Published: September 2007

Socrates’ autobiography in Phaedo signifies an attempt to incorporate earlier philosophical thinking in a progressive evolution culminating in the Platonic theory of Forms. In the “second sailing”, the “hypothesis of Forms” is not a hypothetical assumption, an arbitrary claim or conjecture, but something to be “sup-posed” prior to any further knowledge or statement. The careful reading and reconstruction of the famous simile of the “sun in eclipse” leads to crucial consequences concerning the attempt to “take refuge in the logoi”. The Forms “sup-posed” in the logoi do not indicate a new “transcendent” object, but aim at the same target as that of the senses: at the truth of beings of our world. The “second sailing” follows a different route, but has the same direction as the “first sailing” of the physiologoi.
Meister Eckharts Dialektik
Authors: Faden Gerhard
Published: September 2007

This article tries to point out the dialectical and paradoxical character of Eckhart’s thought, which permits him at once to affirm and to negate categories such as being, nothingness, personality, substance, origin, creation, image. In this way, Eckhart can unite a personal-theistic and a non-personal-atheistic view. A dialectical structure can also be seen in Eckhart’s ethics. Further, the dialectical interpretation can elucidate the ambivalence in the concept of the scintilla animae. The origin and aim of Eckhart’s dialectics proves to consist in the concept of non-distinction.
Freundschaft bei Aristoteles
Authors: Keul Hans-Klaus
Published: September 2007

This essay is on the concept of friendship in Aristotle, which plays a key role in his practical philosophy: as a nucleus of human relationships which is the basis not only of politics but of all forms of community, and as that rare element in Aristotelian thought which, at least in part, interrupts the principle of government generally characterizing his system. The author’s argument takes three steps. Beginning with the distinction of individual and collective practice he tries to define the concept of friendship in its tension between the basically different conditions of self-reference and reciprocity (1 and 2). On the basis of this structure, the two communities of oike and polis are reconstructed and a new evaluation of their relationship is attempted. Furthermore, the essay suggests an interpretation of the anthropological dictum: “Man is by nature a political being”, which can integrate both forms of living (3). Above all, it is pointed out that it was Aristotle who introduced and developed the relationship of ego and alter ego as the nucleus of friendship in practical philosophy. This way he definitely anticipated modern social philosophy with its principal category of intersubjectivity. However, he became entangled in a profound and by no means accidental ambivalence which can be clearly explained (4).
Acting and organizing
Authors: Cooren François
Published: September 2007

We illustrate the mechanisms by which speech acts structure organizational interactions. First, a comparison is established between what Greimas (1987) calls “narrative schemata” and what I propose to call “organizational schemata.” It is shown that both syntagmatic structures are organized into different phases that strictly correspond to specific speech acts (directives, commissives, accreditives, informatives, expressives). By illustrating how speech acts seem to be syntagmatically and hierarchically organized according to narrative forms, a first link between action and structure is proposed. Based on this result, a critical reinterpretation of some of Giddens’ ideas is presented, especially concerning the notion of duality of structure in its syntagmatic and paradigmatic dimensions.
The Creation of a Human Rights Movement
Authors: Almeida F. H. Eduardo
Published: September 2007

This article discusses the role that social psychology can play in the face of violence problems and describes the process followed by an NGO (Non Governmental Organization) and a group of Indian peasants in the creation of a human rights movement in the Northern Highlands of Puebla. The narrative presents the most significant events that started the movement, the initial training, organizational and expansion phases. It describes the progress in observation, perception and reflection skills, as well as how the peasant group gradually comes to assume decision making. There have been successes and failures, yet the movement definitely tends toward self-reliance.
Conceptualising the opening phase of regional development as the enactment of a ‘collective identity’
Authors: Hjorth Daniel , Johannison Bengt
Published: September 2007

This paper argues that processes of regional development have to be conceptualised in a novel way. The dominant approach displays a bias towards a macro-perspective, often reproduces a centre — periphery model, and favours an economism that aims at the production of instruments for policy makers and academics alike, both enjoying the convenience of (bureaucratic and analytical) distance. Instead we propose a constructionist approach. This is developed through a critical discussion of the received view, and builds upon the central concepts of ‘enacted collective identity’, ‘articulation/translation’, and an upgrading of the importance of time in the sense of timing. We limit this study, which includes two empirical cases, to the ‘opening phase’ of a regional development process. We identify a new role for the researcher in articulating the need for and opportunities of a regional development, and we stress a more decentralised form of public support.
Knowledge management with a human face
Authors: Ennals Richard
Published: September 2007

Richard Ennals reflects on experience of action research in organisations, and presents an agenda for the years ahead in working life research. He draws on experience of research and research management in artificial intelligence, work organisation and occupational health, and an international network of current projects. He presents alternative business and organisational models, taking account of the failure of conventional approaches to the knowledge society, and identifying new paradigms for research and practice. He presents the university as a community of practice, a building block for the knowledge society.
Ph.D. programs in action research
Authors: Levin Morten
Published: September 2007

Can universities ever become a greenhouse for education in Action Research? Would it be possible to create Ph.D. programs in Action Research that are loyal to the genuine characteristics of Action Research?

The hegemony of conventional researcher education has dominated university activities. Action Research has inherent characteristics that break radically with the academic tradition. The core challenge is to assess whether high-level training in Action Research can find a home in universities. Training action researchers in conventional academic institutions will in itself be an action research project.

The paper presents three different AR projects, all aimed at training cohorts of students to become professional Action Researchers through obtaining a Ph.D. The first program started in 1989, the second in 1995, and the new program began in May 2003.

The main conclusion is that it is a feasible strategy to create action research learning opportunities within a conventional academic context. This is partly due to a change in conceptualization of what constitutes knowledge, adding onto a stronger demand for practical and useful knowledge. At the local design and implementation level, curriculum design — both collective learning processes and theses that were closely connected to real life change activities — were important factors for success.
Rehabilitating action research
Authors: Dick Bob
Published: September 2007

In this brief response I address four topics. In the first place I suggest that single-case action research has a useful contribution to make. In my view, so does action research on the smallest scale: applied to improving the practice of a single practitioner. A second topic is the difficulty of avoiding marginalisation if you are one of those who seek to keep their research practically meaningful. A third one consists of some reasons for my seemingly greater optimism. Finally I try to provide from my own experience some practical measures which can be taken.
Wittgenstein’s philosophy and action research
Authors: Shotter John
Published: September 2007

Three themes seem to be common to both Greenwood’s and Gustavsen’s accounts: One is the social isolation of professional [research] elites from the concerns of ordinary people, which connects with another: the privileging of theory over practice. Both of these are connected, however, with a third: the great, unresolved struggle of ordinary people to gain control over their own lives, to escape from schemes imposed on them by powerful elites, and to build a genuinely participatory culture. An understanding of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, and the recognition of its striking differences from any previous philosophical works, can make some important contributions to all these issues. Wittgenstein’s aim is not, by the use of reason and argument, to establish any foundational principles to do with the nature of knowledge, perception, the structure of our world, scientific method, etc. Instead, he is concerned to inquire into the actual ways available to us of possibly making sense in the many different practical activities we share in our everyday lives together: “We are not seeking to discover anything entirely new, only what is already in plain view.”
What role do the emotions play in cognition?
Authors: Megill Jason L.
Published: September 2007

This paper has two aims: (1) to point the way towards a novel alternative to cognitive theories of emotion, and (2) to delineate a number of different functions that the emotions play in cognition, functions that become visible from outside the framework of cognitive theories. First, I hold that the Higher Order Representational (HOR) theories of consciousness — as generally formulated — are inadequate insofar as they fail to account for selective attention. After posing this dilemma, I resolve it in such a manner that the following thesis arises: the emotions play a key role in shaping selective attention. This thesis is in accord with A. Damasio’s (1994) noteworthy neuroscientific work on emotion. I then begin to formulate an alternative to cognitive theories of emotion, and I show how this new account has implications for the following issues: face recognition, two brain disorders (Capgras’ and Fregoli syndrome), the frame problem in A.I., and the research program of affective computing.
Reflections on the role of emotions in consciousness and subjectivity, from the perspective of affect-logic
Authors: Ciompi Luc
Published: September 2007

The phenomena of human consciousness and subjectivity are explored from the perspective of affect-logic, a comprehensive meta-theory of the interactions between emotion and cognition based mainly on cognitive and social psychology, psychopathology, Piaget’s genetic epistemology, psychoanalysis, and evolutionary science. According to this theory, overt or covert affective-cognitive interactions are obligatorily present in all mental activity, seemingly “neutral” thinking included. Emotions continually exert numerous effects, both linear and nonlinear, on attention, on memory and on comprehensive thought, or “logic” in a broad sense.They deeply “affect” also consciousness and subjectivity, as showed by the analysis of four crucially involved phenomena, namely (1) attention, (2) abstraction, (3) language, and (4) the prevailing affective state. The conclusion is that neither consciousness nor subjectiovity can be adequately understood without fully considering their emotional aspects.
Emotion and the growth of consciousness
Authors: Cogan John
Published: September 2007

Some attempts to understand emotion have failed to account for important features of our emotional experience — notably, the experience of gaining insight when we express our emotions. In this essay I will hold that if we properly understand emotions, then we see that the expression of emotion contributes to the growth of consciousness by providing a process wherein consciousness can recognize and reclaim its inherent wholeness, and thereby overcome fragmentation. Hence, in this essay I will strive to: (1) demonstrate that we do get insight when we express our emotions, (2) offer a suggestion as to why this feature is often overlooked, (3) propose a model for understanding the emotions that helps to explain this holistic feature of emotion, and (4) show how this insight into the nature of emotion contributes to our understanding of the growth of consciousness.
Residual verb second in Early Irish
Authors: Doherty Cathal
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY

This paper seeks to establish that Early Irish is a ‘residual Verb Second (V2)’ language: i.e. one in which the V2 pattern is no longer general, but in which residues of an earlier V2 stage remain. The central argument is that the exceptional word order known as ‘Bergin’s construction’ (Bergin 1938), attested only in archaic registers, reduces straightforwardly to the V2 pattern. Based on this observation, it is argued that V2 was general in Irish, at a stage which predates the Old Irish record. In support of this, other possible V2 residues are identified in Early Irish, e.g. the interrogative system, and ‘noun-initial’ sentences brought to light by Mac Cana 1973. This proposal, if correct, has broad consequences for the diachronic syntax of Irish, primarily that Verb-initial order did not develop directly from Indo-European Verb-final order, but was mediated by another (V2) stage.

RÉSUMÉ

Cet article cherche à établir le fait que l’Ancien irlandais est une langue à verbe second (V2) restant, c’est-à-dire une langue dans laquelle le schéma V2 n’est plus général, mais où il subsiste des traces d’un V2 plus ancien. L’argument central est que l’ordre de mots exceptionnel, connu sous le nom de ‘Bergin’s construction’ (Bergin 1938) et seulement attesté dans les registres archaïques, réduit sans détour au schéma V2. Partant de cette observation, il est dit que V2 était un trait général de la langue irlandaise à un moment qui précède le Vieil irlandais. Pour soutenir cela, d’autres traces possibles de V2 ont été identifiées en Ancien irlandais, par exemple, le système interrogatif, les phrases avec ‘nom-initial’. Celles-ci ont été mises en lumière par Mac Cana 1973. Si cette proposition est correcte, elle aurait de larges conséquences pour la syntaxe diachronique de l’irlandais, tout d’abord celle de montrer que l’ordre en V-initial n’a pas été directement formé de l’ordre V-final indo-européen, mais qu’une autre étape en V2 s’est interposée entre les deux.

ZUSSAMENFASSUNG

Dieses Papier versucht, herzustellen, daß Alt-Mittelirische eine Sprache ‘residual Verb Second (V2)’ sind: d.h., ein in dem die Wortsellung V2 nicht mehr produktiv ist, aber, in welchen Überresten eines frühere Wortstellung V2 bleiben. Das zentrale Argument ist, daß der unregelmässiger Satztypus, das als ‘Berginskonstruktion’ bekannt ist (Bergin 1938) und bezeugt nur in den archaischen Registern, ist eines Beispeil für V2. Gegründet auf dieser Beobachtung, wird es argumentiert, daß Irische an einem Stadium V2 allgemein war, bevor die ältesten Irischen speichern. Zur Unterstützung dieses werden andere mögliche Überreste V2 auf Alt-Mittelirischen, z.B. das fragende System und der Satztypus mit vorangestellten Nominalphrasen, die zum Licht von Mac Cana 1973 geholt werden gekennzeichnet. Dieser Antrag, wenn korrekt, hat ausgedehnte Konsequenzen für die historische Syntax von Irische, hauptsächlich, daß die Verbanfangswortstellung nicht direkt von die indogermanische Verbausgangswortstellung entwickelte, aber wurde durch ein anderes Stadium (V2) vermittelt.
Hittite vowel epenthesis and the sonority hierarchy
Authors: Kavitskaya Darya
Published: September 2007

Summary

This study examines the distribution of non-etymological vowels in Hittite and shows that non-etymological a is used in contexts where syllabification problems are not expected, suggesting that a is purely orthographic and brought on only by the practices of the cuneiform writing system. Non-etymological i is used in clusters which cannot be syllabified to obey the sonority hierarchy. Therefore, i is linguistically real and epenthetic. The paper argues that the distribution of these vowels is thus predictable and depends solely on the constraints on syllable structure and the sonority hierarchy.

Résumé

Cette étude examine la distribution des voyelles non étymologiques en Hittite et montre que le /a/ non étymologique est utilisé dans les contextes où aucun problème de syllabation n’est attendu. Ceci suggère que ce /a/ est purement orthographique et qu’il résulte du système d’écriture cunéiforme. La voyelle non étymologique /i/ est utilisée dans les groupes consonantiques qui ne peuvent pas être syllabés à cause de la hiérarchie de sonorité. Ce /i/ est donc réellement phonologique et épenthétique. Cet article supporte l’idée que la distribution de ces deux voyelles est prévisible et dépend seulement des contraintes de structure syllabique et de la hiérarchie de sonorité.

Zusammenfassung

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Distribution nicht-etymologischer Vokale im Hethitischen und zeigt, daß nicht-etymologisches a in Kontexten vorgefunden wird, in denen keine Silbifizierungsprobleme zu erwarten wären. Dies deutet auf einen rein orthographischen Charakter des a hin, dessen Ursprung in der Keilschrift liegt. Nicht-etymologisches i hingegen wird in Konsonantenfolgen verwendet, die nicht im Einklang mit der Sonoritätshierarchie silbifiziert werden können. i muß daher als linguistisch real sowie als epenthetisch im eigentlichen Sinne eingestuft werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Erscheinung dieser Vokale systematisch ist und allein auf der Basis von Silbenregeln und der Sonoritätshierarchie ermittelt werden kann.
The origin of Spanish entre tú y yo “between you and me”
Authors: Rini Joel
Published: September 2007

The present study analyzes both diachronically and typologically the synchronically irregular Spanish syntagm, entre tú y yo “between you and me”, which employs the subject pronouns, tú and yo, rather than the expected prepositional pronouns, ti and mí. First, a thorough examination of Old Spanish texts reveals that the Old Spanish syntagm did indeed exhibit prepositional pronouns, i.e., OSp. entre mí & ti (a fact virtually unknown to specialists of Spanish historical grammar), thus unveiling a syntactic change from entre mí & ti > entre tú y yo. Next, the change is compared to the typologically similar ongoing change in Modern English, namely, between you and me > between you and I. It is then shown here that although the change in these languages appears, on the surface, to be an exact parallel, the origin, or cause, of the change in each language is different. Nevertheless, certain factors — including the ultimate inability of the preposition to govern the second of two conjoined elements, as well as word-order patterns of the subject pronouns — were indeed found to have played a role in the development of both entre tú y yo and between you and I.
On detecting borrowing
Authors: Minett James W. , Wang William S-Y.
Published: September 2007

Two computational methods for detecting borrowing among a family of genetically related languages are proposed. One method, based on the detection of branches with negative length in lexicostatistical trees, is shown to work poorly. As we demonstrate, this method is similar to another recently proposed method for detecting borrowing based on skewing in lexicostatistical data. A second method, using character-based classification techniques in common use in the classification of biological taxa, is shown to be more effective. This method allows borrowed characters and the languages among which the borrowing may have taken place to be identified — in some cases, the most likely direction of the borrowing can also be specified.