bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation (SACA)
Authors: Carr W. Amory , Rotter Merrill , Steinbacher Michael , Green Debbie , Dole Tia , Garcia-Mansilla Alexandra , Goldberg Sara , Rosenfeld Barry
Published: August 2006

Clinicians have observed that psychiatric patients with correctional histories evidence attitudes and behaviors that seem adaptive in penal environments but are maladaptive in mental health settings. This study sought to assess the reliability and concurrent validity of a rating scale designed to measure correctional adaptation using a sample of 64 patients from a state psychiatric hospital. Scale ratings were obtained through structured interviews, whereas predictor variables were gleaned from chart review and selfreport. The scale demonstrated good interrater reliability (ICC = .83) and acceptable internal consistency (α= .67). Of the variables evaluated, two were significantly correlated with Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation (SACA) total scores, total months sentenced to prison or jail ( r = .26), and frequency of disciplinary tickets while in prison or jail ( r = .31). Stepwise regression analyses revealed only the latter variable significantly predicted SACA score ( R = .31), F(1, 58) = 6.27, p < .05. Clinical implications of these findings, the scale, and the construct of correctional adaptation are discussed.
Feminine Women, Hard Workers: Foster Motherhood in Midcentury America (1946-1963)
Authors: Curran Laura
Published: August 2006

Through an analysis of case records from two Philadelphia-based child welfare agencies, this article explores professional definitions of foster mothering as well as the experiences and beliefs of women who engaged in child fostering in mid-century America. It argues that social work experts, agency staff, and foster mothers themselves vacillated between an understanding of foster motherhood as an expression of femininity and as a form of valued labor. Influenced by growth of the psychological sciences, these competing discourses reflected larger tensions around changing postwar gender norms and beliefs about motherhood while simultaneously providing a space to contain them.
What Determines Family Size? Irish Farming Families in Nineteenth-Century Ontario
Authors: Hedican Edward J.
Published: August 2006

The literature on the family in historical perspective has had an enduring interest in the determinants of family size, as well as related factors that have been considered to act as causal variables of this phenomenon. Various approaches have been proposed—cultural, economic, sociological, and demographic, to name a few—with no clear decision emerging in favor of one perspective or another. This article is an analysis of the issue of family size that uses as its research database an Irish farming community in eastern Ontario, Canada, during the 1861-1871 period. A number of strategies are used, such as comparing family size with the size of landholdings and with the changing structural components of Irish families. The issue of family size determinants is deemed to be a multifaceted one that is most advantageously viewed from a cultural relativist perspective.
Growing up Kennedy: The Role of Medical Ailments in the Life of JFK, 1920-1957
Authors: Giglio James N.
Published: August 2006

As a result of the opening of new materials at the John F. Kennedy Library relating to John F. Kennedy’s medical problems, we have a better understanding of the specific nature of those ailments, how they were treated, and how he responded to them. Most important, this study focuses on how his medical problems affected his relationship with his parents, especially his father, in the context of an older sibling who personified what a Kennedy should be: bright, athletic, and healthy. John Kennedy’s response to family expectations produced a sometimes rebellious and detached youth who learned to rely on his charm, wit, intellect, and inner toughness to overcome adversity. In the process of dealing with serious medical issues into adulthood, John Kennedy revealed both courage and fortitude—traits that would eventually carry him to the White House.
Portuguese Fertility Transition and the Multiple Response System
Authors: de Oliveira Isabel Tiago
Published: August 2006

This research analyzes the Portuguese fertility transition combining Davis’s multiphasic response perspective with Friedlander’s system of multiples responses. Interaction between fertility decline and traditional mechanisms of population growth control (the European marriage pattern and out-migration) is the main basis on which to explore Portuguese demography between 1920 and 1960. A geographical approach shows an association among high marital fertility, emigration, and low nuptiality; a chronological perspective reveals that migration has an increasing trend until fertility transition began and that female nuptiality remains low during this period and afterward. The multiple response perspective stresses path diversity during fertility transitions. Econometric models for regional diversity during fertility transition show migration and nuptiality importance in the Portuguese case. A comparative analysis confirms this idea for Spain, Italy, and Germany.
Well begun, half done?
Authors: Steijn Bram , Need Ariana , Gesthuizen Maurice
Published: August 2006

This article looks at the career effects of different entries into the Dutch labour market: as unemployed, non-standard or permanent worker. Using the bridge versus trap analogy, it is investigated whether or not a ‘bad’ career start will have long-term negative consequences.To do this, event history analysis is used.The results show that non-standard work has no negative consequences with respect to later career unemployment or upward and downward mobility. However, certain negative effects are associated with unemployment at the career start. Moreover, this effect is larger when the duration of the period of unemployment is longer. Several other hypotheses - about macro-economic effects and about the effects for groups with a weak labour market position - are refuted. Overall, the data show that early career unemployment can work as a trap, but that early career non-standard work can work as a stepping stone towards a better labour market position.
Making up for mothers’ employed working hours?
Authors: Kitterød Ragni Hege , Pettersen Silje Vatne
Published: August 2006

It is an important aim in Norwegian work-family policy to enhance fathers’ family role, and some argue that we now have a father-friendly welfare state. Norwegian time-use surveys show an increase in fathers’ family-work, but we know little about the factors influencing fathers’ domestic labour. In this article we ask whether fathers increase their housework and childcare in response to mothers’ employment. Using the latest Norwegian time-use survey, we find a non-linear relationship between the mother’s working hours and the couple’s non-overlapping working hours on the one hand, and the mother’s working hours and the father’s family-work on the other.The father makes up for the mother’s absence only when she works short hours and only for certain chores. Full-time employment for the mother does not increase the father’s contribution in any types of family-work. This suggests that dual-earner parents rely mostly on external childcare to substitute for the mother’s absence.
The new lumpiness of work
Authors: van Echtelt Patricia E. , Glebbeek Arie C. , Lindenberg Siegwart M.
Published: August 2006

This article deals with the puzzle of the well-known gap between actual and preferred working hours (i.e. over-employment). We propose a new explanation based on selective attention in decision making and test it with the Time Competition Survey 2003 which includes information of 1114 employees in 30 Dutch organizations. We find very limited support for the hypotheses that over-employment is caused by restrictions imposed by the employer ( traditional lumpiness). Instead, we find much empirical support for our hypothesis on a new form of lumpiness that is related to selective attention and is created by work characteristics of ‘post-Fordist’ job design. In this work organization, the increased autonomy of workers is leading to an autonomy paradox. We also find evidence of a part-time illusion: under the post-Fordist regime, many part-time employees, who obviously were willing and allowed to reduce their working hours, still end up working more hours than they prefer.
The antecedents of training activity in British small and medium-sized enterprises
Authors: Hoque Kim , Bacon Nicolas
Published: August 2006

Analysing data from the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey we establish the extent to which levels of training activity in Britain are lower in SMEs than in larger firms.The antecedents of training activity within the SME sector are examined in terms of the workplace characteristics that are associated with high or low levels of training. Both managers and non-managers receive less training in SMEs compared with larger organizations.Training in the SME sector is associated with larger SMEs, multi-site SMEs, franchises, the presence of a personnel/HR specialist and multiple memberships of business advisory networks. Neither Investors in People nor trade union recognition are associated with greater training activity.The implications of the findings for government policy regarding training in SMEs are discussed.
Not a very NEET solution
Authors: Furlong Andy
Published: August 2006

Concern with youth unemployment has been replaced with a focus on those not in education, in employment, or in training (NEET). With current levels of youth unemployment low, this emphasis helps remind us that an increase in employment levels is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in vulnerability. While NEET can be used as a concept for representing problematic transitions, it is an ill-considered concept that places an undue and often misleading emphasis on voluntarism. Drawing on the Scottish School Leavers Survey, the article explores the policy implications of different definitions of NEET, highlights its prevalence, and examines the characteristics of those who are NEET. It is argued that to represent vulnerable youth effectively we must either use a set of definitions that are narrower than that represented by NEET, or adopt a much broader definition that provides a basis for more far-reaching interventions.
Power and ideology in the workplace
Authors: Edwards Paul
Published: August 2006

Steven Lukes’s Power:A Radical View had a major influence on sociology in general and the study of work in particular. A new extended edition invites careful attention. It acknowledges major limitations of the original and goes some way to correcting them. But it continues to give insufficient attention to the ideological aspects of power and the ways in which social processes reflect and reinforce, but also change, the structure of power. Studies of work relations illustrate this theme. To develop it further, systematic comparative analysis is needed.
Developing an Attitudes Toward Housecleaning Scale: Gender Comparisons and Counseling Applications
Authors: Ogletree Shirley Matile , Worthen James B. , Turner G. Marc , Vickers Victoria
Published: August 2006

An Attitudes Toward Housecleaning Scale was tested with two diverse adult workforce samples, with one sample from the employees of a Holt Caterpillar dealership and the other from the faculty/staff at two universities. In both samples, a 13-item scale that assessed three factors, preferred level of cleanliness, liking of house-cleaning tasks, and gender attitudes related to housecleaning responsibilities, was supported by confirmatory factor analyses. In Study 2, men on average liked housecleaning more than women, whereas women typically felt more conflict, guilt, and resentment related to housework. Possible applications for couples in premarital and marital counseling are discussed.
Counseling and Treating Adolescents With Alcohol and Other Substance Use Problems and Their Families
Authors: Fagan Ron
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the components and strategies of counseling and treating adolescents with alcohol and other substance use problems. The study examines the patterns and risk and resistance factors of adolescents with substance use problems and how to assess and diagnose adolescents with substance use problems and comorbid psychiatric and social problems. The study also examines designing intervention and treatment programs for these adolescents, including working with their families and working with resistant adolescents.
“To Divorce Is to Die a Bit...”: A Longitudinal Study of Marital Disruption and Psychological Distress Among Swedish Women and Men
Authors: Gähler Michael
Published: August 2006

Data from the 1981 and 1991 Swedish Level of Living Surveys are used to analyze any impact of divorce on individuals' psychological well-being. The longitudinal structure of the data set makes it possible to follow respondents, and any change in their civil status, over time. The results reveal that divorcees, both female and male, reported a higher risk for psychological distress in 1991 than did their married and cohabiting or remarried counterparts. In general, this is only to a very limited extent because of divorcees having a lower well-being already before the divorce (in 1981), and the difference in well-being cannot be entirely explained by other factors (e.g., income or access to social support) either. An interesting gender difference is found as psychological distress precedes divorce among women, whereas, instead, it lasts longer following divorce among men.
The Consequences of Witnessing Family Violence on Children and Implications for Family Counselors
Authors: Adams Christopher M.
Published: August 2006

Although a large number of children are directly abused, an even larger number may indirectly experience the effects of abuse as witnesses of family violence. However, the effects on children who witness such violence have long been unaddressed, although a growing body of research indicates that these children are affected in various domains, including their physical or biological functioning, behavior, emotions, cognitive development, and social adjustment. This article summarizes some of the recent literature regarding the effects of witnessing family violence on children's development, addresses the clinical implications of these effects, and offers several recommendations for family counselors who work with children affected by violence within the family.
Internet Infidelity: A Critical Review of the Literature
Authors: Hertlein Katherine M. , Piercy Fred P.
Published: August 2006

People are using the Internet more frequently to form friendships and romances and to initiate affairs. In the present article, the authors provide a critical review of the literature on Internet infidelity. The authors examine articles that focus on the definition of Internet infidelity, attitudes toward it, factors contributing to it, treatment, and/or any information about the impact of Internet infidelity on couples and families. The authors discuss the evolving use of the computer in sexual interactions and briefly summarize and critique the existing treatment methods. Recommendations for future directions in theory, research, and practice are presented.
Assertiveness in Marital Relationships Among Asian Indians in the United States
Authors: Abbassi Amir , Singh Raghu N.
Published: August 2006

The article is aimed at a clarification and psychometric treatment of the concept of assertiveness in marital relationships among Asian Indians in the United States by reporting a study that attempted to operationally define the concept of assertiveness through indicators grouped under courage, authenticity, and autonomy. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase focused on identifying a scale of assertiveness consisting of items under the three indicators through a review of selected literature and having them evaluated and ranked by a set of judges who were knowledgeable in the field. The scale was then empirically tested during the second phase in a setting consisting of Asian Indian couples to check its reliability and validity. The study provided a meaningful understanding of how couples in a cross-cultural context express assertiveness in various ways. The study has implications for marriage and family counseling and for future research on assertiveness.
Integrative Multilevel Family Therapy for Disputes Involving Child Custody and Visitation (IMFT-DCCV): An Interview With Jay Lebow
Authors: Onedera Jill D.
Published: August 2006

This article presents the integrative multi-level family therapy of Jay Lebow, focusing on his work in resolving disputes involving child custody and visitation. The interview addresses interventions in high conflict divorces, assessment issues, and symmetrical escalation. A case study is offered.
Family-Oriented Compliance Counseling: A Therapeutic Strategy for Enhancing Health Status and Lifestyle Change
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: August 2006

Compliance is a major challenge for all health care providers, including counselors and therapists. Family-oriented compliance counseling is a process for involving the family to increase compliance and thereby enhance health status and lifestyle change efforts. A straightforward and effective therapeutic strategy for increasing compliance in a family counseling context is described and illustrated.
The Relationships Between Attachment Theory and Intergenerational Family Systems Theory
Authors: Ng Kok-Mun , Smith Shannon D.
Published: August 2006

This article reviews attachment theory, family systems theory, and intergenerational family systems theory as the backdrop to the research presented. This study examined the relationships among constructs of attachment and intergenerational family systems theories. Data from 153 adults were utilized to examine (a) the relationships between personal authority in the family systems (PAFS) and avoidance and anxiety and (b) the difference in PAFS scores between attachment styles. Results showed that (a) spousal intimacy significantly predicted partners' avoidance and (b) spousal intimacy, nuclear family triangulation, and personal authority significantly predicted partners' anxiety. Secure individuals scored higher than did insecure individuals in 7 out of 8 PAFS scales. Correct classification rate into secure and insecure types based on PAFS scores was 73%. Results indicated both convergence and divergence features between the two theories.
Exploring Marital Satisfaction Among Graduate Students: Implications for Service Delivery
Authors: Gold Joshua M.
Published: August 2006

This article provides a synopsis of the theoretical and empirical literature describing the effects of graduate study on marital satisfaction. These findings offer implications for psychoeducational and responsive interventions for family counselors working with this population.
Understanding the Complexity of Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Literature With Implications for Family Counseling
Authors: Hunter Sally V.
Published: August 2006

Working with families in which there have been incidences of child sexual abuse is one of the most challenging assignments for a family counselor. Beyond ethical and legal mandates for reporting such assaults, less is understood about the long-term effects on victims. After reviewing the literature on child sexual abuse and gender differences, this article critically examines the major approaches to understanding and treating such issues in family counseling. Clinicians are cautioned to examine their own assumptions about the meaning of such experiences for their clients. Implications are discussed for the practice of family counseling.
The Challenge of Religious Conflicts in Couples Counseling
Authors: Weld Chet , Eriksen Karen
Published: August 2006

Spiritual or religious conflicts in couples can challenge the forward progress of couples counseling. The statistics on the number of clients and therapists who believe in God and of clients who would like to address spiritual issues in both secular and religious counseling must persuade all counselors to become familiar with the ways to address such issues. This article adds to the literature that educates family counselors on strategies for approaching spiritual differences and conflicts in families. A case is offered as an illustration.
The Language Relationship Questionnaire (LRQ): Implications for Couples
Authors: Eckstein Daniel , Juarez-Torres Rachel , Perez-Gabriel Ana Maria
Published: August 2006

Psycholinguistics, discourse patterns, and English as a second language were addressed in creating a theoretical framework for examining language in relationships. The Language Relationship Questionnaire was designed to provide an inventory language and its roles in relationships.
Caught With a Fake ID
Authors: Medford Kristina
Published: August 2006

Autoethnographers strive to present truth ful accounts, the essence of their experience, rather than the Truth or an objective account. There is mindful slippage between Truth and truthful. The author reflects on the emotional consequences of getting “lost” in the slippage of a former partner’s autoethno-graphic writing and contemplates the ethical questions that should be confronted about slippage when making decisions about what to leave in and/or what to leave out. An ethic of accountability for autoethnographic writing is outlined.
Interview Shocks and Shockwaves
Authors: Sands Roberta G. , Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: August 2006

This article uses a postmodern lens to examine “shocks,” cognitive emotional reactions of the interviewer to the unexpected, and shows how shocks and “shockwaves,” responses to shocks, are related to the process of Othering. The concepts master narrative, coherence, Othering, positionality, and nonunitary subjectivity are used to present the analysis. Using excerpts from research interviews as illustrations, the article describes three types of shocks—those based on a violation of a social taboo, those deriving from professional role reversal, and those that are based on stereotypes. In addition, it explains three types of responses to shock—avoidance, circular strategies, and acceptance and moving on. The article shows how interviewees resist being Othered and, in an attempt to negotiate a more equitable interview situation, administer shocks. Interviewer expectations of master narratives and the process of Othering prevent interviewers from hearing complex, multifaceted, and atypical stories.
An Irigarayan Framework and Resymbolization in an Arts-Informed Research Process
Authors: Walsh Susan
Published: August 2006

This article discusses two distinct forms of resymbolization within an arts-informed research process. The particular research outlined herein involves the work of a group of women, including the author as participant-researcher, who investigated difficult experiences in teaching through writing, and who responded to one another’s stories through the use of various artistic media including paint, crayons, modeling clay, fabric, and blocks. The group’s over-arching purpose was to problematize the taken-for-granted ways that they had interpreted such experiences. The two distinct forms of resymbolization outlined in this paper occurred, in the first instance, during the work of the group, and in the second instance, during the author’s process of writing about the research. Through this paper, the author also works toward providing a theoretical framework that demonstrates why resymbolization is a crucial component of this arts-informed process. In doing so, the author draws on the work of feminist philosopher Luce Irigaray.
Unsettling Politics, Locating Ethics
Authors: Weems Lisa
Published: August 2006

This article traces the concept of reciprocity in historical and contemporary constructions of qualitative research methodology. It demonstrates how a particular construct—even if designed to serve as a liberatory corrective to hegemonic practices of social science (i.e., positivist)—can and does materialize into texts that reinscribe some of the foundational assumptions against which we position ourselves. Specifically, the author’s analysis explores textual and material accounts of reciprocity and the implications of these practices by centering on three nodes: (a) the construction of reciprocity historically within ethnographic discourses, (b) the (feminist) practice of conceptualizing reciprocity in terms of individual interpersonal relationships in the field, and (c) deconstructive approaches to ethnography and the implications for reconceptualizing reciprocity. Through this investigation, the author argues that deconstructive analysis encourages researchers to sustain a commitment to issues of power but redirects the locus of attention from individual exchanges to the representations we produce.
Cosmopolitan Bodies: Fit to Travel and Travelling to Fit
Authors: Molz Jennie Germann
Published: August 2006

This article aims to respond to recent calls for more material accounts of cosmopolitanism by considering the way the cosmopolitan sensibilities of flexibility, adaptability, tolerance and openness to difference are literally embodied by a specific group of mobile subjects. Drawing on a study of round-the-world travellers and the 'body stories' they publish in their online travelogues, this article explores the various ways travellers embody cosmopolitanism through the concept of 'fit'. Fit refers both to the physical condition required for long-haul travel and to the ability to blend in and adapt to a variety of geographical and cultural environments. By focusing on the way cosmopolitanism is literally embodied, the empirical account offered here draws attention to the notion that cosmopolitanism is not just an abstract, materially iterated orientation to the world as a whole.
In the Gym: Motives, Meaning and Moral Careers
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: August 2006

Drawing upon ethnographic data, this article analyses 'vocabularies of motive' amongst individuals who work out at a private health club in the Greater Manchester area (UK). The article draws a distinction between motives for starting at a gym and motives for continuing, and analyses each separately. It also seeks to draw out, in the latter case, the many motives which conflict with a stereotypical view of 'working out' found in some academic accounts. Working out is not only an instrumental means of cultivating valued bodily attributes, it is argued, nor are its attractions necessarily all 'bodily' (at least narrowly defined) in nature.
Embodiment, Collective Memory and Time
Authors: Narvaez Rafael F.
Published: August 2006

Although there are exceptions, most researchers on collective memory have neglected the idea that collective mnemonics involve embodied aspects and practices. And though the corpus of Collective Memory Studies (CMS) has helped us better understand how social groups relate to time, especially to the past, it has taken little notice of how embodied social actors collectively relate to time. In contrast, expanding upon the French School and the French sociological tradition, I argue for an approach that, on the one hand, connects mental schemata to bodily schemata to social frameworks. And on the other hand, I speak of how embodied social actors collectively relate to common pasts and presents; and of how embodiment can thus provide a structure of possibilities for individuals and groups, as well as shared compasses and orientations that help people move toward certain futures while foreclosing others.
Transsexual Bodies at the Olympics: The International Olympic Committee's Policy on Transsexual Athletes at the 2004 Athens Summer Games
Authors: Cavanagh Sheila L. , Sykes Heather
Published: August 2006

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has always been plagued by what queer theorist Judith Butler calls gender trouble. In 2000, the IOC discontinued their practice of sex-testing because medical experts could not agree on what defined a genetic female and so an adequate medical testing measure could not be found. In response to outside pressure, the IOC adopted a policy enabling transsexual athletes to compete in the 2004 Olympic Games. This article argues that the IOC policy on sex reassignment does not operate to guard against discrimination and harassment against transsexual athletes but that it operates to maintain the popular illusion that there are two, binary gender designations. While both transsexual and Olympic bodies have unique histories and vastly different experiences in the social and political realms, using psychoanalysis we contend that the need to test gendered bodies is incited by an anxiety about bodily deterioration, aging, and, ultimately, mortality.
Is homeopathy possible?
Authors: Milgrom Lionel R
Published: August 2006

As a therapeutic intervention, homeopathy is the target of increased scepticism because in the main, its remedies are diluted and succussed (potentized) out of material existence. This puts homeopathy seemingly at odds with the paradigm of conventional science, in particular, that atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of all matter. Accordingly, homeopathy cannot work, so that any reported beneficial effects must, at best, be due to the placebo effect. The purpose of this article is to challenge that conclusion and to suggest that there may well be conventional science-based explanations of how homeopathy could be possible.

Homeopathy’s key principles are first described. Then the double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT), the chief means by which homeopathic remedies and prescribing are tested, is shown to be based on a linear reductionism that is too blunt an instrument with which to test the efficacy of complex interventions such as homeopathy.

The memory of water hypothesis, as a mechanism for how potentized remedies might work, is reviewed, along with some evidence for its existence. A possible rationale for the water memory effect is proposed in terms of a dynamic ‘ordering’ of water’s constantly switching network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, induced by the manufacturing process of homeopathic remedies. This could lead to a long-range molecular ‘coherence’ between trillions of mobile water molecules.

However, the water memory effect is an essentially pharmacological explanation of homeopathy’s putative efficacy. It is pointed out that healing also entails an interaction between consenting beings. From this point of view, an explanation of any therapeutic procedure should include an attempt to describe the nature of the patient-practitioner interaction. From this perspective, a quantum theoretical treatment of the therapeutic process, involving a form of macro-entanglement between patient, practitioner and remedy (PPR), is advanced as another possible explanation of the homeopathy’s efficacy. This shows that the reason double-blind RCTs deliver at best only equivocal results on homeopathy’s efficacy is because it effectively breaks the PPR entangled state. A comparison is made between the entanglement-breaking effect of double-blind RCTs and the wave-function ‘collapsing’ effect of observation in orthodox quantum theory.

The article concludes by suggesting that the memory of water and PPR entanglement are not competing but most likely complementary hypotheses, and that both are probably required in order to provide a complete description of the homeopathic process. While awaiting experimental evidence of these hypotheses, it is suggested that observations of clinical outcomes would be superior to RCTs for further testing homeopathy’s efficacy.
A background to acupuncture and its use in chronic painful musculoskeletal conditions
Authors: White Peter
Published: August 2006

This article gives a brief description of the origins of acupuncture and describes some of the underlying philosophy behind this treatment and attempts to place it in context of the traditional Chinese medicine genre within which acupuncture is set. The article then explains the difference between traditional and Western style acupuncture and explains how point selection is made. The use of acupuncture is steadily increasing for a variety of reasons, it is a very safe intervention particularly when compared to conventional treatment and its lack of serious side effects might in part account for some of its popularity. The science behind acupuncture is also explored in terms of its underlying mechanisms and includes pain gate, endogenous opioids, diffuse noxious inhibitory control, serotonin and bioelectricity as possible explanations. The efficacy of acupuncture for a range of chronic musculoskeletal conditions is then explored and it is concluded that acupuncture has a place in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain and in particular osteo-arthritis (OA). Where degenerative conditions are involved, acupuncture clearly cannot provide a ‘cure’ but can provide symptomatic relief, often over a prolonged period.
Freedom of information: a case study
Authors: Worsfold Denise
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this case study was to find out how easy it was to access information on the hygiene standards of eating places open to the public. Using the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 2000, four adjacent local authorities in South Wales were asked to provide the last food hygiene report of an eating place in their area. The disclosed reports were assessed to determine how useful they would be to an individual seeking more information on a food premise. It was relatively easy to obtain information from two authorities and difficult if not impossible with the others. One local authority refused to release information despite the intervention of the FOI Commissioner. The quality of the information released was variable. This ranged from a completed comprehensive inspection protocol to a hand-written, illegible, incomplete report that failed to adequately differentiate between requirements and recommendations. Without some training in food law and food hygiene it would be difficult to interpret the reports. There was no evidence from the information provided of inspection scoring. The case study raises concerns about the effectiveness of the Act for consumers who wish to obtain information about the hygiene standards of food premises. While the specialist information provided by hygiene inspection reports may be useful to businesses it is not helpful for the lay public. Consumers must be prepared to exercise patience and tenacity if they want this information. Concerns must be raised about the consistency of the inspection process and about the willingness of some local authorities to be transparent about the inspection and enforcement process.
Constructing Immigrants
Authors: Park Yoosun
Published: August 2006

Summary: This study analyzes the representations of immigrants found in three US social work periodicals published between 1882 and 1952. Beginning from Foucault’s notion of the ‘history of the present’, an approach to history which examines the past in order to illuminate a present-day problematic, and using textual analysis techniques provided by Jacques Derrida, this work of historical discourse analysis traces the discursive constructions of identity through which immigrants were problematized as particular kinds of subjects in social work discourse.

Findings: The immigrant objects of social work attention - subjects subjugated through the discourse of problematization - were discursive inventions. But the differential valuations which constructed individual immigrants or whole ‘races’ of immigrants as ‘desirable’ or ‘undesirable’ were consequential markers invoking vastly unequal material consequences for those so categorized. Social workers, as significant producers of discourses of immigrants, had and do have a much greater range of influence and responsibility than that with which we were and still are wont to credit ourselves.

Application: In making visible the discursive practices of the past, this paper seeks to clarify the task of present-day social workers: to uncover the margins and the limits of the discourses that construct our troubled times.
Against Confidentiality?
Authors: Clark Chris
Published: August 2006

Summary: This paper presents a critique of the ethic of confidentiality in the personal service professions. Drawing on research in social work, medicine, psychiatry and related fields, on philosophical professional ethics and on current thinking in law, it argues that the idea of ‘confidentiality’ conflates a number of ends that are frequently in tension or incompatible. These comprise personal privacy, the safety of vulnerable individuals and the wider third party or public interest.

Findings: Professionals and the interested public should not be misled by the traditional idea of confidentiality as constituting in itself a cardinal principle of professional ethics. Nevertheless, difficult conflicts of interests will still arise. It is suggested that liberal rights theory, the source of standard professional ethical codes, is inadequate to resolve these conflicts. Professional ethics needs to be complemented by a more communitarian view of private and public interests.

Applications: Good practice should focus on achieving the best balance of personal privacy, the safety of vulnerable individuals and the protection of the wider public in the context of a view of society devoted to the realization of the communal good as much as to the defence of individual interests.
Identity Politics in Multiprofessional Teams
Authors: Payne Malcolm
Published: August 2006

Summary: Post-modern and social construction views of identity creation applied to social work multiprofessional teams are exemplified by palliative care social work. They provide complex understandings that allow for ambiguities in identity creation.

Findings: A personal and social self interacting create identity, emerging from social relations. Professional identity thus emerges from the interaction between personal identity and collective professional identities. Ascription of social and professional identities by powerful social groups is resisted, but identities emerge in identity politics among professional groups in social situations. In a client-worker-agency interaction cycle, multiprofessional interactions in communities of practice lead individual professionals to negotiate knowledge to form specialized roles such as palliative care social work. These then influence wider professional identities.

Applications: Rather than seeking to maintain established professional identities, workers may more effectively develop their professional identity by negotiating knowledge and demonstrating practice in multiprofessional teams.
Deficient expression of NCR in NK cells from acute myeloid leukemia: evolution during leukemia treatment and impact of leukemia cells in NCRdull phenotype induction
Authors: Fauriat Cyril , Just-Landi Sylvaine , Mallet Françoise , Arnoulet Christine , Sainty Danielle , Olive Daniel , Costello Regis T.
Published: August 2006

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in tumor-cell clearance, particularly against leukemia, as shown by killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR)–mismatched allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Analysis of in vitro IL-2–expanded NK cells from patients with myelocytic/monocytic acute myeloid leukemia (AML-NK cells) has revealed poor cytolytic functions because of deficient expression of pivotal activation molecules—the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46. To exclude the possibility that this observation was caused by the in vitro amplification of a small NCRdull population, we analyzed the AML-NK phenotype directly, without any in vitro expansion. We first confirmed that the NCRdull phenotype was not an in vitro artifact. Moreover, analysis of a large population of AML patients allowed us to demonstrate that phenotype was not restricted to a French-American-British (FAB) subtype and was not associated with a particular cytogenetic abnormality. Our longitudinal study of AML patients showed that the NCRdull phenotype was acquired during leukemia development because we observed its complete (for NKp46) or partial (for NKp30) reversibility in patients achieving complete remission (CR). Reversibility of the NCRdull phenotype after CR suggested that leukemia cells might be involved in NCR down-regulation. In agreement with this hypothesis, direct contact between leukemic blasts and NK cells (but not leukemia-cell supernatants) induced loss or decrease in NKp30 and NKp46 expression while impeding NKp44 induction by IL-2. We excluded the major implication of TGF-β in NCR down-regulation. Although the clinical antitumor value of NK cells is clearly demonstrated in allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the role of NK cells in autologous transplantation is not proved. Interestingly, we observed a correlation between the NCRdull phenotype and poor survival in AML patients, suggesting that NK-deficient activation caused by NCR down-regulation could play a role in patient outcome. The prognostic value of NCR expression is discussed, and pathophysiologic implication of the NCR phenotype will be further investigated in a larger study.
Prognostic significance of early vaso-occlusive complications in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Quinn Charles T. , Shull Elizabeth P. , Ahmad Naveed , Lee Nancy J. , Rogers Zora R. , Buchanan George R.
Published: August 2006

Sickle cell anemia (SS) is highly phenotypically variable, and early predictors of outcome could guide clinical care. To determine whether early vaso-occlusive complications predicted subsequent adverse outcomes in the Dallas Newborn Cohort, we studied all members with SS or sickle-β0-thalassemia who presented in their first year of life and had 5 years or more of follow-up. We defined 3 potential early predictors: hospitalizations in the first 3 years of life for (1) painful events other than dactylitis, (2) dactylitis, and (3) acute chest syndrome (ACS). We studied the associations of these predictors with the following late adverse outcomes (occurring after the third birthday): death, first overt stroke, use of disease-modifying therapy, and hospitalizations for pain events and ACS. None of the early events predicted death or stroke. Early pain and ACS both predicted a modest, temporary increase in the number of later painful episodes, but early ACS strongly increased the odds of more frequent ACS throughout childhood. Dactylitis had limited utility as a predictor. Although we still lack a useful prognostic framework for young children with SS, those who experience early ACS might be candidates for higher risk interventions to mitigate or cure their disease.
Prophylactic transfer of CD8-depleted donor lymphocytes after T-cell–depleted reduced-intensity transplantation
Authors: Meyer Ralf G. , Britten Cedrik M. , Wehler Daniela , Bender Klaus , Hess Georg , Konur Abdo , Hartwig Udo F. , Wehler Thomas C. , Ullmann Andrew J. , Gentilini Chiara , Uharek Lutz , Huber Christoph , Kolbe Karin , Herr Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) regimens incorporating the lymphocytotoxic CD52 antibody alemtuzumab demonstrate efficient engraftment and reduced graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, these protocols substantially impair posttransplantation antiviral and antitumor immunity. To accelerate immune reconstitution after alemtuzumab-based reduced-intensity SCT, we administered prophylactic CD8-depleted donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) starting on days 60 and 120 after transplantation. DLIs were processed in an immunomagnetic good manufacturing practice depletion procedure resulting in a 2.5- to 6-log reduction in CD8 T cells. Of 23 high-risk patients with hematologic malignancies, 11 received a total of 21 CD8-depleted DLIs. Five patients developed transient grade I acute GVHD following transfer. Only 2 patients with HLA-C–mismatched donors showed grade II and III acute GVHD and subsequently progressed to limited chronic GVHD. Following DLIs, 4 patients with declining hematopoietic donor chimerism converted to full chimeras. A 2.1-fold median increase of circulating CD4 T cells was observed within 2 weeks after infusion. Non-DLI patients did not show a comparable rise in CD4 counts. Four patients demonstrated enhanced frequencies of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells following transfer. Our results suggest that prophylactic CD8-depleted DLIs accelerate immune reconstitution after lymphodepleted HLA-matched SCT and carry a low risk of inducing severe GVHD.
Maturation and enucleation of primitive erythroblasts during mouse embryogenesis is accompanied by changes in cell-surface antigen expression
Authors: Fraser Stuart T. , Isern Joan , Baron Margaret H.
Published: August 2006

Primitive erythroblasts (EryPs) are the first hematopoietic cell type to form during mammalian embryogenesis and emerge within the blood islands of the yolk sac. Large, nucleated EryPs begin to circulate around midgestation, when connections between yolk sac and embryonic vasculature mature. Two to 3 days later, small cells of the definitive erythroid lineage (EryD) begin to differentiate within the fetal liver and rapidly outnumber EryPs in the circulation. The development and maturation of EryPs remain poorly defined. Our analysis of embryonic blood at different stages reveals a stepwise developmental progression within the EryP lineage from E9.5 to E12.5. Thereafter, EryDs are also present in the bloodstream, and the 2 lineages are not easily distinguished. We have generated a transgenic mouse line in which the human ϵ-globin gene promoter drives expression of green fluorescent protein exclusively within the EryP lineage. Here, we have used this line to characterize changes in cell morphology and surface-marker expression as EryPs mature and to track EryP numbers and enucleation throughout gestation. This study identifies previously unrecognized synchronous developmental stages leading to the maturation of EryPs in the mouse embryo. Unexpectedly, we find that EryPs are a stable cell population that persists through the end of gestation.
Human galectin-1, -2, and -4 induce surface exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated human neutrophils but not in activated T cells
Authors: Stowell Sean R. , Karmakar Sougata , Stowell Caleb J. , Dias-Baruffi Marcelo , McEver Rodger P. , Cummings Richard D.
Published: August 2006

Cellular turnover is associated with exposure of surface phosphatidylserine (PS) in apoptotic cells, leading to their phagocytic recognition and removal. But recent studies indicate that surface PS exposure is not always associated with apoptosis. Here we show that several members of the human galectin family of glycan binding proteins (galectins-1, -2, and -4) induce PS exposure in a carbohydrate-dependent fashion in activated, but not resting, human neutrophils and in several leukocyte cell lines. PS exposure is not associated with apoptosis in activated neutrophils. The exposure of PS in cell lines treated with these galectins is sustained and does not affect cell viability. Unexpectedly, these galectins bind well to activated T lymphocytes, but do not induce either PS exposure or apoptosis, indicating that galectin's effects are cell specific. These results suggest novel immunoregulatory contribution of galectins in regulating leukocyte turnover independently of apoptosis.