bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partitioning and transmutation contribution of MYRRHA to an EU strategy for HLW management and main achievements of MYRRHA related FP7 and H2020 projects: MYRTE, MARISA, MAXSIMA, SEARCH, MAX, FREYA, ARCAS
Authors: Aït Abderrahim Hamid , Baeten Peter , Sneyers Alain , Schyns Marc , Schuurmans Paul , Kochetkov Anatoly , Van den Eynde Gert , Biarrotte Jean-Luc
Published: May 2020

Today, nuclear power produces 11% of the world's electricity. Nuclear power plants produce virtually no greenhouse gases or air pollutants during their operation. Emissions over their entire life cycle are very low. Nuclear energy's potential is essential to achieving a deeply decarbonized energy future in many regions of the world as of today and for decades to come, the main value of nuclear energy lies in its potential contribution to decarbonizing the power sector. Nuclear energy's future role, however, is highly uncertain for several reasons: chiefly, escalating costs and, the persistence of historical challenges such as spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Advanced nuclear fuel recycling technologies can enable full use of natural energy resources while minimizing proliferation concerns as well as the volume and longevity of nuclear waste. Partitioning and Transmutation (P&T) has been pointed out in numerous studies as the strategy that can relax constraints on geological disposal, e.g. by reducing the waste radiotoxicity and the footprint of the underground facility. Therefore, a special effort has been made to investigate the potential role of P&T and the related options for waste management all along the fuel cycle. Transmutation based on critical or sub-critical fast spectrum transmuters should be evaluated in order to assess its technical and economic feasibility and capacity, which could ease deep geological disposal implementation.
Fortgeschrittenes NSCLC: Kombination von Immuntherapie und Radiatio
Authors: Krome Susanne
Published: May 2020

Für Patienten mit einem fortgeschrittenen nicht kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC) stellt die Immuncheckpoint-Blockade eine lebensverlängernde Therapieoption dar. Aber nicht alle Patienten profitieren davon. Die Phase-2-Studie PEMBRO-RT belegt den potenziellen Nutzen der ergänzenden stereotaktischen Bestrahlung (SBRT) von einer neuen Läsion, auch wenn der primäre Endpunkt nicht erreicht wurde.
Behandlung des Tourette-Syndroms mit cannabisbasierten Medikamenten
Authors: Müller-Vahl Kirsten R.
Published: May 2020

Die Behandlung von Patienten mit Gilles-de-la-Tourette-Syndrom (GTS) ist bis heute unbefriedigend, da etablierte Therapien nur zu einer partiellen Reduktion der Tics und nicht zu einer Verbesserung psychiatrischer Komorbiditäten führen. Die medikamentöse Behandlung mit Antipsychotika führt oft zu relevanten Nebenwirkungen. Daher besteht großes Interesse, neue Behandlungsstrategien zu entwickeln. Basierend auf anekdotischen Berichten und kleinen Studien, in denen über positive Effekte durch Cannabis und cannabisbasierte Medikamente bei Patienten mit GTS berichtet wurde, wird in kontrollierten Studien untersucht, ob Medikamente, die durch unterschiedliche Mechanismen zu einer Stimulation des Endocannabinoidsystems führen, wirksam und verträglich in der Therapie von Tics und Komorbiditäten sind. In dieser Übersicht werden bisherige Studienergebnisse vorgestellt. Es werden Hypothesen diskutiert, warum Cannabinoide in der Behandlung des GTS wirksam sein könnten. Schließlich werden praktische Empfehlungen zur Therapie mit cannabisbasierten Medikamenten gegeben.
Tiefe Hirnstimulation als Therapieoption für das Tourette-Syndrom
Authors: Mainka Tina , Ganos Christos , Kühn Andrea A. , Marcelino Ana Luísa de A.
Published: May 2020

Das Tourette-Syndrom (TS) ist eine neuropsychiatrische Erkrankung, die durch das Auftreten motorischer und vokaler Tics charakterisiert ist. Bei einem geringen Teil der Patienten sind die Symptome durch medikamentöse und behaviorale Therapie nicht ausreichend gut behandelbar. Hier kann eine Therapieeskalation erwogen werden. Die tiefe Hirnstimulation (THS) ist ein invasives Therapieverfahren, das bei bestimmten Bewegungsstörungen etabliert ist und für die Therapie des TS zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Der folgende Artikel fasst die aktuelle Evidenz zur Anwendung der THS beim TS zusammen. Die meiste Erfahrung liegt für die thalamische und pallidale Stimulation vor, wobei bisher keines der Zielgebiete deutlich überlegen war. Die Studienlage zeigt eine durchschnittliche Reduktion der Tic-Schwere unter THS von bis zu 40 % nach einem Jahr. Inwiefern die THS zu einer Besserung der oft begleitenden psychiatrischen Komorbiditäten führt, bleibt aufgrund der geringen Fallzahlen unsicher. Beim TS ist eine erhöhte Anzahl an postoperativen Infektionen aufgefallen, deren Ursache nicht geklärt wurde. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Studien, dass eine THS beim TS eine sichere Therapieoption zur Behandlung schwerer medikamentös nicht behandelbarer Tics darstellt. Die THS sollte an Zentren durchgeführt werden, in denen Expertise sowohl in der Behandlung von Tics als auch für THS vorliegt.
Junge Krebspatienten
Authors: Bubenzer Rainer
Published: May 2020

Trotz wachsender Einkommen klafft die Lücke zwischen Arm und Reich immer weiter auseinander und ist laut einer Analyse des Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Instituts der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung so groß wie nie zuvor. Dieser Befund gilt in oftmals verschärfter Weise auch für junge Krebspatienten. Laut einem von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hämatologie und Medizinische Onkologie (DGHO) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Stiftung für junge Erwachsene mit Krebs erarbeiteten Analyse „Finanzielle und soziale Folgen der Krebserkrankung für junge Menschen. Bestandsaufnahme zur Datenlage und Anhang“ stehen finanzielle Sorgen in der Spitzengruppe der Beeinträchtigungen junger Krebspatienten.
Behandlung des Primärtumors beim oligometastasierten Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Bottke Dirk , Wiegel Thomas
Published: May 2020

Bei der Therapie des metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms wurden in letzter Zeit deutliche Fortschritte erzielt. Zusätzlich zur Androgendeprivation stehen verschiedene Optionen zur Verfügung, wie gegen den Androgenrezeptor gerichtete Therapien und die Taxan-basierte Chemotherapie. Nach wie vor wird diskutiert, ob oligometastasierte Patienten primär nur systemisch behandelt werden sollten, ober ob sie von einer zusätzlichen Lokaltherapie des Primärtumors profitieren. Bis Mitte 2018 gab es keine evidenzbasierte Empfehlung, bei neu diagnostiziertem Prostatakarzinom mit Fernmetastasen eine lokale Bestrahlung der Prostata durchzuführen. Diese konnte als Einzelfallentscheidung aufgrund der Daten retrospektiver Serien indiziert werden. Dementsprechend gab es hierzu keine Empfehlungen in den Leitlinien. Durch die 2018 /19 publizierten Daten der STAMPEDE- und der HORRAD-Studie ist die Indikation zu einer lokalen Bestrahlung des Primärtumors beim oligometastasierten Prostatakarzinom mit weniger als 4 Knochenmetastasen nun klar belegt. Die folgende Übersicht fasst die Daten der beiden Studien zusammen, bewertet diese und gibt eine Empfehlung für den Einsatz der lokalen Strahlentherapie der Prostata in der oligometastasierten Situation.
Unbehandeltes metastasiertes Melanom
Authors: Kretzschmar Alexander
Published: May 2020

Bei 38 Patienten mit einem unbehandelten metastasierten Melanom führte die Therapie mit der Immuno-Kombination Nivolumab plus Bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG, NKTR-214) in 42 % der Fälle zu einer Reduktion des Volumens der Zielläsionen um 100 %.
Tics und Tourette-Störung für die Praxis
Authors: Ganos Christos , Djodari-Irani Anaïs
Published: May 2020

Primäre Tic-Störungen und das Tourette-Syndrom (TS) sind häufige neuropsychiatrische Erkrankungen, die sich im frühen Lebensalter manifestieren und durch motorische und/oder vokale Tics gekennzeichnet sind. Oftmals bestehen bei den Betroffenen psychiatrische Komorbiditäten wie Zwangsstörungen, Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung, Angst- und affektive Störungen. Differenzialdiagnostisch stellen neben anderen Bewegungsstörungen wie zum Beispiel Chorea oder Stereotypien, die funktionellen Tic-ähnlichen Störungen eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Tiermodelle, Post-mortem-Studien, behaviorale und bildgebende Studienbefunde weisen auf Veränderungen im kortiko-striato-thalamo-kortikalen Regelkreis in der primären Tic-Störung und dem TS hin, wobei in der Genese dieser Erkrankungen das dopaminerge System eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen scheint. Therapeutisch werden spezifische verhaltenstherapeutische Strategien wie das Habit Reversal Learning oder das Exposure and Response Prevention in erster Linie empfohlen. Pharmakotherapien beinhalten antipsychotische Medikation, Botulinumtoxin-Injektionen sowie cannabisbasierte Medikamente. In therapieresistent verlaufenden Fällen kann die tiefe Hirnstimulation erwogen werden.
Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Improves Anteroposterior Stability As Well As Rotational Stability in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with High-Grade Pivot Shift
Authors: Yoon Kyoung Ho , Hwang In Uk , Kim Eung Ju , Kwon Yoo Beom , Kim Sang-Gyun
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effect of anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with high-grade pivot shift. The hypothesis was that revision ACLR combined with ALLR (RACLR with ALLR group) would show superior clinical outcomes to those of isolated revision ACLR. We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients who underwent revision ACLR (RACLR) combined with ALLR between October 2015 and January 2017. The indication for combination of ALLR with revision ACLR was failed ACLR with ≥G2 pivot-shift instability. The control group included patients who underwent isolated revision ACLR (isolated RACLR group) for the same indication between July 2013 and September 2015. Exclusion criteria were ≤G1 pivot-shift instability, multiple ligament reconstruction, bilateral ligament injury, double-bundle reconstruction, insufficient medical records, postoperative infection, and follow-up loss at postoperative 2 years. Clinical scores, stability tests, and failure rates were compared between groups at the 2-year follow-up. The RACLR with ALLR group had 18 patients (mean age, 32.9 ± 10.8 years) and the RACLR group had 21 patients (mean age, 29.6 ± 10.2 years). Clinical scores at the 2-year follow-up showed no significant differences between groups. However, the RACLR with ALLR group showed better stability in the Lachman test (p = 0.005), pivot-shift test (p = 0.030), and side-to-side difference in stress radiographs (3.9 ± 3.0 mm vs. 5.9 ± 2.8 mm, p = 0.018) than the isolated RACLR group. The RACLR with ALLR group had two failures (11.1%), and the RACLR group had three failures (14.3%). In conclusion, ALLR in revision ACLR with high-grade pivot shift improves anteroposterior stability as well as rotational stability at 2-year follow-up. Therefore, ALLR is recommended with revision ACLR, especially in patients with high-grade pivot shift. This is a Level III, retrospective cohort review.
Platelet Activation via Shear Stress Exposure Induces a Differing Pattern of Biomarkers of Activation versus Biochemical Agonists
Authors: Roka-Moiia Yana , Walk Ryan , Palomares Daniel E. , Ammann Kaitlyn R. , Dimasi Annalisa , Italiano Joseph E. , Sheriff Jawaad , Bluestein Danny , Slepian Marvin J.
Published: May 2020

Background Implantable cardiovascular therapeutic devices, while hemodynamically effective, remain limited by thrombosis. A driver of device-associated thrombosis is shear-mediated platelet activation (SMPA). Underlying mechanisms of SMPA, as well as useful biomarkers able to detect and discriminate mechanical versus biochemical platelet activation, are poorly defined. We hypothesized that SMPA induces a differing pattern of biomarkers compared with biochemical agonists.

Methods Gel-filtered human platelets were subjected to mechanical activation via either uniform constant or dynamic shear; or to biochemical activation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin receptor-activating peptide 6 (TRAP-6), thrombin, collagen, epinephrine, or arachidonic acid. Markers of platelet activation (P-selectin, integrin αIIbβ3 activation) and apoptosis (mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase 3 activation, and phosphatidylserine externalization [PSE]) were examined using flow cytometry. Platelet procoagulant activity was detected by chromogenic assay measuring thrombin generation. Contribution of platelet calcium flux in SMPA was tested employing calcium chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and BAPTA-AM.

Results Platelet exposure to continuous shear stress, but not biochemical agonists, resulted in a dramatic increase of PSE and procoagulant activity, while no integrin αIIbβ3 activation occurred, and P-selectin levels remained barely elevated. SMPA was associated with dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, but no caspase 3 activation was observed. Shear-mediated PSE was significantly decreased by chelation of extracellular calcium with EDTA, while intracellular calcium depletion with BAPTA-AM had no significant effect. In contrast, biochemical agonists ADP, TRAP-6, arachidonic acid, and thrombin were potent inducers of αIIbβ3 activation and/or P-selectin exposure. This differing pattern of biomarkers seen for SMPA for continuous uniform shear was replicated in platelets exposed to dynamic shear stress via circulation through a ventricular assist device-propelled circulatory loop.

Conclusion Elevated shear stress, but not biochemical agonists, induces a differing pattern of platelet biomarkers—with enhanced PSE and thrombin generation on the platelet surface. This differential biomarker phenotype of SMPA offers the potential for early detection and discrimination from that mediated by biochemical agonists.
The Efficacy and Safety of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Administration to Improve Survival of Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Montroy Joshua , Lalu Manoj M. , Auer Rebecca C. , Grigor Emma , Mazzarello Sasha , Carrier Marc , Kimmelman Jonathan , Fergusson Dean A.
Published: May 2020

Background Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are often used as a first-line therapy for the prevention of thrombosis in cancer patients. Preclinical evidence from animal models suggests that LMWH may have antimetastatic properties. Clinical evidence of this effect is inconclusive. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of LMWH on overall survival in patients with solid tumor malignancies.

Methods MEDLINE, Embase, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials were searched from inception to November 26, 2018. We included randomized controlled trials that compared LMWH to placebo, a no-treatment arm, or a short-term prophylactic course of LMWH in adult patients with solid tumors. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes included progression-free survival, the occurrence of venous thromboembolism, and major bleeding events. The risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool.

Results Forty-five articles were included in the review. Overall, no difference in overall survival was observed between groups (risk ratio: 1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.98–1.02; I2 = 36.5%). In our a priori defined subgroup analyses, the effect was not shown to vary by the type of LMWH, duration of LMWH use, length of study follow-up, comparator used in the study, or the setting in which the LMWH was administered. The majority of studies had an unclear risk of bias for at least one methodological criterion.

Conclusion Although LMWH is thought to possess antimetastatic properties and thus have the potential to improve survival in cancer patients, existing data do not support this hypothesis.
The effect of spacing factor on the confinement time of the electrons in a low beta Polywell device
Authors: Bagheri M. , Salar Elahi A. , Salem M. K. , Ghoranneviss M.
Published: May 2020

Using a three-dimensional numerical simulation, the dependencies of the electron cloud (virtual cathode) on the distance between the coils in the Polywell fusion reactor were examined. In the Polywell, the role of a stable and energetic virtual cathode is crucial for fusion. It is shown that by increasing the spacing coils, the electron confinement time increases initially and then remains constant. Using the simulation results, an optimum range for the spacing of coils was suggested, which leads to a longer and more effective confinement. The results obtained can be used to design future devices in order to have a more effective virtual cathode.
Mapping solvation heterogeneity in live cells by hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering microscopy
Authors: Lang Xiaoqi , Welsher Kevin
Published: May 2020

Water provides a dynamic matrix in which all biochemical processes occur in living organisms. The structure and dynamics of intracellular water constitute the cornerstone for understanding all aspects of cellular function. Fundamentally, direct visualization of subcellular solvation heterogeneity is essential but remains challenging with commonly used nuclear magnetic resonance methods due to poor spatial resolution. To explore this question, we demonstrate a vibrational-shift imaging approach by combining the spectral-focusing hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering technique with an environmentally sensitive nitrile probe. The sensing ability of a near-infrared nitrile-containing molecule is validated in the solution phase, microscopic droplets, and cellular environments. Finally, we quantitatively measure the subcellular solvation variance between the cytoplasm (29.5%, S.E. 1.8%) and the nucleus (57.3%, S.E. 1.0%), which is in good agreement with previous studies. This work sheds light on heterogeneous solvation in live systems using coherent Raman microscopy and opens up new avenues to explore environmental variance in complex systems with high spatiotemporal resolution.
Localized nodal solutions for p-Laplacian equations with critical exponents
Authors: Gao Fengshuang , Guo Yuxia
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we consider the following p-Laplacian Schrödinger equation with a critical exponent −εpΔpv+V(x)|v|p−2v=|v|p*−2v+μ|v|q−2v,  v∈W1,p(RN), where 1 < p < N, pN=max{p,p*−1}<q
 0 is a constant, ɛ > 0 is a small parameter, and Δpv ≔ ∇ · (|∇v|p−2∇v) is the p-Laplacian operator. By using the penalization method together with the truncation technique and blow-up arguments, we establish, for ɛ small, the existence of a sequence of localized nodal solutions concentrating near a given local minimum point of the potential function V(x).
A broad energy range (100 MeV–10 GeV) electron spectrometer for high power laser wakefield acceleration experiments
Authors: Sangwan Deepak , Aogaki Soiciro , Balascuta Septimiu , Rotaru Florin , Ghenuche Petru , Risca Mihai , Stutman Dan , Diaconescu Bogdan
Published: May 2020

Laser wakefield acceleration is able to provide electron beams of GeV energy and continuously evolves toward higher energies. These beams have broad energy spectrum; hence, their measurements require diagnostics with wide energy acceptance. Here, we present a design of an electron spectrometer to characterize the beams in the energy range of 100 MeV–10 GeV, in a single shot. The design consists of 1-m long permanent dipole magnets and has a variable gap opening to accommodate different divergences and pointings of the electron beams. The design is backed by simulations, which are used to optimize the positions of imaging plates. The use of a collimator to improve the energy resolution in the case of large beam divergences and beam pointing is presented. We also present the Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the signal to noise ratio, with and without a collimator.
Prediction of drag coefficient and ultimate settling velocity for high-density spherical particles in a cylindrical pipe
Authors: Chen Jie , Li JingYin
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we build a model for calculating the drag coefficient and ultimate settling velocity of high-density and large-diameter solid particles in cylindrical pipes. The settling process of particles in a cylindrical pipe was recorded by using a high-speed camera. Based on the analysis of the experimental data, a gap area ratio was introduced into the model in order to predict the resistance coefficient and ultimate settling velocity of the particles settling in the open space, enabling the model to predict the resistance coefficient and ultimate settling velocity of spherical particles settling in cylindrical pipes. The values of the ultimate settling velocity and the drag coefficient that were obtained with the proposed formulas were validated using experimental data and computational fluid dynamics results. The model was found to be accurate and reliable.
Prediction of “buzz-saw” noise propagation under nonuniform axial and radial flows
Authors: Tang Xiaolong , Li Xiaodong
Published: May 2020

In the past few decades, “buzz-saw” noise was mostly measured and predicted along the shroud wall. Uniform or nonuniform axial flows were applied to the predictions. Besides, the strength of the “buzz-saw” noise was widely assumed to be identical along the radius. However, nonuniform background flows and distinct radial distributions of shock strength are observed in almost all transonic fans. A possible way to solve these problems is to couple the shock trajectory with the evolution of the shock wavefront. In case the state of background flow field varies slowly, the shock trajectory is depicted by geometric acoustics. Meanwhile, the evolution of the wavefront can be solved by the governing equation of the weak-shock. Under this framework, a method is proposed to tackle the prediction of the “buzz-saw” noise under nonuniform axial and radial flows. This method is first validated by the test data from the literature. Then, it is applied to predict the near-field noise generated by the ideal and four modified versions of NASA rotor 67. The results indicate that the nonuniform radial and axial flows introduced by the wall boundary have strong effects on the distribution of the “buzz-saw” noise. Additionally, the eccentric-force problem is revealed as a side effect of blade sorting, which is an efficient method to suppress the “buzz-saw” noise. A bi-pyramid blade sorting strategy is proposed to suppress the eccentric force introduced by other blade sorting strategies.
Mesoscopic wave physics in fish shoals
Authors: Tallon Benoit , Roux Philippe , Matte Guillaume , Guillard Jean , Skipetrov Sergey E.
Published: May 2020

Ultrasound scattered by a dense shoal of fish undergoes mesoscopic interference, as is typical of low-temperature electrical transport in metals or light scattering in colloidal suspensions. Through large-scale measurements in open sea, we show a set of striking deviations from classical wave diffusion, making fish shoals good candidates to study mesoscopic wave phenomena. The very good agreement with theories enlightens the role of fish structure in such a strong scattering regime that features slow energy transport and brings acoustic waves close to the Anderson localization transition.
Ab initio calculation of rovibrational states for non-degenerate double-well potentials: cis–trans isomerization of HOPO
Authors: Erfort Sebastian , Tschöpe Martin , Rauhut Guntram , Zeng Xiaoqing , Tew David P.
Published: May 2020

The rovibrational spectra of metaphosphorous acid, HOPO, and its deuterated isotopologue have been studied by vibrational configuration interaction calculations, relying on the internal coordinate path Hamiltonian and the Watson Hamiltonian. Tunneling effects for the overtones of the torsional mode, which gives rise to the cis–trans isomerization, and its rovibrational transitions have been investigated in detail. Due to strong matrix effects, comparison with experimental data is hindered, and thus, the calculations provide accurate estimates for the fundamental modes of these species.
Jet propulsion by microwave air plasma in the atmosphere
Authors: Ye Dan , Li Jun , Tang Jau
Published: May 2020

We propose a prototype design of a propulsion thruster that utilizes air plasma induced by microwave ionization. Such a jet engine simply uses only air and electricity to produce high temperature and pressurized plasma for jet propulsion. We used a home-made device to measure the lifting force and jet pressure at various settings of microwave power and the air flow rate. We demonstrated that, given the same power consumption, its propulsion pressure is comparable to that of conventional airplane jet engines using fossil fuels. Therefore, such a carbon-emission free thruster could potentially be used as a jet thruster in the atmosphere.
Thermal analysis of multilayer dielectric grating with high power laser irradiation
Authors: Wang Hanbin , Yuan Zhijun , Song Yinglin , Yang Yifeng , Liu Meizhong , He Bing , Zhou Jun , Wei Tai-Huei
Published: May 2020

We have established a thermal distribution model of the multilayer dielectric grating with laser irradiation based on the Beer–Lambert theory and the thermal conduction theory. The temperature change on the surface and inside of the grating is simulated according to the laser irradiation time, laser power, substrate size, and substrate material. The actual thermal behavior of a 50 × 50 × 10 mm3 multilayer dielectric grating with fused silica substrate is measured with 10 kW fiber laser irradiation. The results show a dynamic equilibrium between the energy absorbed in the laser irradiation area and the energy transferred in the thermal transfer area when the maximum temperature of the grating is kept stable. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which provides a reference for understanding the thermal dynamics process of the multilayer dielectric grating with high power density laser irradiation.
On the use of probiotics to improve dairy cattle health and productivity
Authors: Krishnan Divya , Al-harbi Hulayyil , Gibson Justine , Olchowy Timothy , Alawneh John
Published: May 2020

Probiotics are genetically identifiable, live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts, confer appropriately sized health benefit (e.g. correcting dysbiosis, immunomodulatory effect) on a target host. In cattle, probiotics have shown promising results and long-term benefits in productivity when used on animals under stress. The health and production benefits of probiotics were attributed to improvement in fermentation in rumen and intestine, the stabilisation of rumen pH, and improvements in the intestinal barriers. In the bovine udder, a dysbiosis of the commensal intramammary microbiota and the presence of mastitis causing-bacteria has been linked to increased intramammary infections. Probiotic bacteria capable of biofilm formation inside the udder either serve as a barrier against pathogens or disrupt and replace biofilms formed by pathogens. Over the past two decades, several types of probiotics have been used as feed additives; however, the effect of probiotic use on disease prevention and cattle health and performance indicators, and characterisation of the immunomodulatory association between probiotic microbiota and host target system microbiota are yet to be quantified or documented.
Faecal microbiota transplantation: is it the future for pig production?
Authors: Nowland Tanya L , Kirkwood Roy N
Published: May 2020

Piglet mortality is a major issue for the pork industry globally and until recently, the main method for improving growth performance and reducing disease in commercial practice is centred on anti-microbial use. Antibiotic resistance is a global concern and, as such, animal production industries are seeking alternatives to antibiotics. Different approaches under investigation include but are not limited to management of the intestinal microbial environment. The gastrointestinal microbiota is involved in a myriad of processes that impact host health and well-being. Recently, interest in maintaining a healthy microbiome in order to improve herd health is increasing. In this article, we focus on faecal microbiota transplantation as a method for manipulating and improving the gastrointestinal microbiota in pigs in order to improve health and performance.
Positive epistasis between viral polymerase and the 3′ untranslated region of its genome reveals the epidemiologic fitness of dengue virus
Authors: Syenina Ayesa , Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran , Gan Esther Shuyi , Tan Hwee Cheng , Choy Milly M. , Siriphanitchakorn Tanamas , Cheng Colin , Vasudevan Subhash G. , Ooi Eng Eong
Published: May 2020

Significance

Dengue affects approximately one-half of the world’s population. While it causes regular and cyclical outbreaks throughout the tropical world, the molecular mechanisms that determine its epidemic potential remain poorly defined. The present work provides insight into the molecular determinants of epidemiologic fitness, which is critical for surveillance to identify dengue virus strains with a potential to cause outbreaks. This will allow for better implementation of control measures to intercept impending outbreaks before many lives are affected.
Human sleep consolidates allergic responses conditioned to the environmental context of an allergen exposure
Authors: Besedovsky Luciana , Benischke Mona , Fischer Jörg , Yazdi Amir S. , Born Jan
Published: May 2020

Significance

Allergic disorders are widespread and can strongly affect quality of life. Here we show in humans that an allergic response can be triggered even in the absence of allergens by simply reencountering the environmental context in which an allergen was previously administered. This effect occurred only when participants slept during the night after allergen administration and was entirely absent when they stayed awake on that night, demonstrating that sleep is necessary for consolidating the association between environmental context and allergen. These findings have important implications for understanding the often observed “placebo” allergic responses occurring in the absence of allergens.
Seizure pathways change on circadian and slower timescales in individual patients with focal epilepsy
Authors: Schroeder Gabrielle M. , Diehl Beate , Chowdhury Fahmida A. , Duncan John S. , de Tisi Jane , Trevelyan Andrew J. , Forsyth Rob , Jackson Andrew , Taylor Peter N. , Wang Yujiang
Published: May 2020

Personalized medicine requires that treatments adapt to not only the patient but also changing factors within each individual. Although epilepsy is a dynamic disorder characterized by pathological fluctuations in brain state, surprisingly little is known about whether and how seizures vary in the same patient. We quantitatively compared within-patient seizure network evolutions using intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) recordings of over 500 seizures from 31 patients with focal epilepsy (mean 16.5 seizures per patient). In all patients, we found variability in seizure paths through the space of possible network dynamics. Seizures with similar pathways tended to occur closer together in time, and a simple model suggested that seizure pathways change on circadian and/or slower timescales in the majority of patients. These temporal relationships occurred independent of whether the patient underwent antiepileptic medication reduction. Our results suggest that various modulatory processes, operating at different timescales, shape within-patient seizure evolutions, leading to variable seizure pathways that may require tailored treatment approaches.
Detected climatic change in global distribution of tropical cyclones
Authors: Murakami Hiroyuki , Delworth Thomas L. , Cooke William F. , Zhao Ming , Xiang Baoqiang , Hsu Pang-Chi
Published: May 2020

Owing to the limited length of observed tropical cyclone data and the effects of multidecadal internal variability, it has been a challenge to detect trends in tropical cyclone activity on a global scale. However, there is a distinct spatial pattern of the trends in tropical cyclone frequency of occurrence on a global scale since 1980, with substantial decreases in the southern Indian Ocean and western North Pacific and increases in the North Atlantic and central Pacific. Here, using a suite of high-resolution dynamical model experiments, we show that the observed spatial pattern of trends is very unlikely to be explained entirely by underlying multidecadal internal variability; rather, external forcing such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, and volcanic eruptions likely played an important role. This study demonstrates that a climatic change in terms of the global spatial distribution of tropical cyclones has already emerged in observations and may in part be attributable to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
The information structure of high and low datives and their psychological import
Authors: Jiménez-Fernández Ángel L.
Published: May 2020

I discuss the syntax and discourse properties of (Experiencer) datives in Spanish, in a comparative view with the syntactic strategies used in other languages such as English, which do not easily exhibit the pattern OVS in (broadly speaking) psychological constructions. I address a crucial distinction between high datives and low datives (Harley, 1995; Pylkkänen, 2002, 2008; Cuervo, 2003; Schäfer, 2012 or McIntyre, 2006), and propose that in all-focus sentences when there is a high dative, the dative occurs in first position. On the other hand, low datives show up in postverbal position in broad-focus sentences. If by any chance, these low datives occur at the initial portion of the sentence, it is because the discourse interpretation is not that of broad focus and hence either a topic-comment or background-focus configuration must be called for.
Major and Minor Turkic Language Islands in Iran with a Special Focus on Khalaj
Authors: Ragagnin Elisabetta
Published: May 2020

This contribution offers a presentation of Turkic languages in Iran with special focus on Khalaj, a non-Oghuzic language spoken in the Markazī province. Attention is paid to features induced by contact with Iranian languages in particular with regard to the anaphoric pronominal stembilä-, necessity constructions and the multifunctionality ofki/ke, providing new data on Khalaj and offering significant insights for further research.
Dynamic compressive behaviour and microstructural evolution of extrusion-shear deformed ZC61 alloy
Authors: Wang Zhi , Cao Gengsheng , Yao Sheng , Zhou Le , Mao Pingli , Wang Feng , Liu Zheng
Published: May 2020

In this study, a novel extrusion-shear (ES) deformation method was developed to prepare ZC61 alloy. The dynamic mechanical properties and microstructure of specimen were studied at a temperature in the range of 25–350°C and strain rate of 1300 s−1. The results demonstrated by ES exhibited a strong {0001} basal texture, resulting in the obvious anisotropy. The shapes of stress–strain curves of samples exhibited significant differences at low temperature (<250 °C) when compression was carried out along extrusion direction (ED) and extrusion radial direction (ERD). Dynamic recrystallization occurred at the loading temperature of 300°C along ED due to the energy provided by high-density dislocation in twins. However, no obvious dynamic recrystallization was observed for the ERD samples.
Impact of checkpoint blockade on cancer vaccine–activated CD8+ T cell responses
Authors: Santos Patricia M. , Adamik Juraj , Howes Timothy R. , Du Samuel , Vujanovic Lazar , Warren Sarah , Gambotto Andrea , Kirkwood John M. , Butterfield Lisa H.
Published: May 2020

Immune and molecular profiling of CD8 T cells of patients receiving DC vaccines expressing three full-length melanoma antigens (MAs) was performed. Antigen expression levels in DCs had no significant impact on T cell or clinical responses. Patients who received checkpoint blockade before DC vaccination had higher baseline MA-specific CD8 T cell responses but no evidence for improved functional responses to the vaccine. Patients who showed the best clinical responses had low PD-1 expression on MA-specific T cells before and after DC vaccination; however, blockade of PD-1 during antigen presentation by DC had minimal functional impact on PD-1high MA-specific T cells. Gene and protein expression analyses in lymphocytes and tumor samples identified critical immunoregulatory pathways, including CTLA-4 and PD-1. High immune checkpoint gene expression networks correlated with inferior clinical outcomes. Soluble serum PD-L2 showed suggestive positive association with improved outcome. These findings show that checkpoint molecular pathways are critical for vaccine outcomes and suggest specific sequencing of vaccine combinations.
Correlation between near scrape-off layer power fall-off length and confinement properties in JET operated with carbon and ITER-like wall
Authors: Faitsch M , Eich T , Sieglin B
Published: May 2020

Combining high plasma core performance with a suitable power exhaust solution is one of the major challenges in magnetic confinement fusion research. One of the most important power exhaust parameters is the power fall-off length in the scrape-off layer. Two infrared thermography based power fall-off length data sets from JET operated with carbon and ITER-like wall are revisited and compared to recently published scaling laws as well as to confinement and pedestal top parameters. It is shown that the power fall-off length is correlated to confinement, with the highest correlation among the tested parameters being the pedestal top density. The power fall-off length decreases with increasing pedestal top density in variance to the multi-machine scaling law. A similar trend is observed for the pedestal top pressure. This is in agreement with findings at C-Mod showing a scaling of the power fall-off length in various confinement regimes with the volume averaged pressure. Further, it is shown that a variation of the safety factor at constant pedestal top density is not changing the power fall-off length significantly in the two JET data sets.
Prepare of nanocomposite structures through the magnetron deposition of material on the colloidal silica films and investigation of their properties
Authors: Galaganova E N , Sotnikov D A
Published: May 2020

The paper presents a study of nanocomposite structures prepared by magnetron sputtering of titanium on a template formed during the deposition of colloidal silica particles on a metal substrate. The effect of power and spraying time on the formation of nanocomposite structures was studied. The features of the processes of growth of a metal film on an opal matrix and the Implantation of metal into its structure are revealed.
A Realization Method of Video Information Exchange for Network Connected Vehicles
Authors: Zhan Deyou , Jiao Qingchun , Song Binghui
Published: May 2020

This article through the design which has the function of transcoding, distribution and authentication exchange unit, achieve a face made car video information exchange method. REST method is used to realize the interface call of video information exchange, which includes control flow, media flow and structured data flow of video content analysis results. It can be used in video exchange scenarios of vehicle and vehicle, vehicle and infrastructure, vehicle and remote management platform.
Longitudinal and Lateral Velocity Estimation based on Covariance Inverse Robust Fusion
Authors: Huang Junhao , Wei Wei , Hu Junshuai
Published: May 2020

Accurate estimation of vehicle longitudinal and lateral velocity is meaningful for internal system. Aiming at improving the accuracy of velocity estimation, the Covariance inverse (CI) based fusion method is applied. A vehicle dynamics model is established and the CI method is analysed. Finally, a joint simulation of CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink is conducted and the results show the advantages of proposed method.
Performance of Active Control and Energy Harvesting of a Novel Suspension System
Authors: Huang Dashan , Zhang Jinqiu , Liu Yile
Published: May 2020

Several processes were employed to improve the defects lie in the existing energy-regenerative suspension, such as the low efficiency of energy harvesting, the lack of unified assessment standards on the performance of energy harvesting. Firstly, a novel suspension system was established with the energy harvesting could also be implemented while controlling, which would improve the efficiency of energy harvesting; Then power flow analysis method was adopted to realize the quantitative analysis on the performance of energy harvesting, 4 evaluation criteria on performance of energy harvesting were established in considering of relative energy-regenerative ability and absolute energy-regenerative ability, which would be used as the unified assessment standards. A LQR controller was presented to control and reduce the vibration of the novel suspension system. To optimize the weight coefficients of LQR active control algorithm, an improved genetic algorithm was designed with 5 improvements on both genetic operator and genetic mechanism. The simulations on the performance of active control of the novel suspension system were preformed, the results show that the riding comfort and handling stability of vehicle are both improved with the genetic-algorithm-optimized LQR controller. The simulations on the performance of energy harvesting of the novel suspension system under different road excitations were conducted, the results show that the assessment standards could represent the energy harvesting ability of suspension system, the novel suspension system provide a better energy harvesting efficiency, the self-powered of suspension system under standard road excitation is realized.
A decomposition algorithm to solve dynamic city-scale ridesharing problem
Authors: Wang H , Wu W X , Qin L N
Published: May 2020

This paper proposes a computational efficient, rapid, dynamic ridesharing algorithm. Firstly, a designed pre-processing procedure reduces size of the input date of potential nodes for vehicle to pass through. The proposed decomposition algorithm decomposes the large-scale problem with pre-processing date into independent sub-problems, and the method of parallel computing is adopted to solve the sub-problems. We call the dynamic programming algorithm to deal with the vehicle routing problem involved in sub-problems. Greedy random adaptive search algorithm is compared with the decomposition algorithm to verify the algorithm. Finally, a mathematical example shows that the algorithm can effectively solve large-scale dynamic ridesharing problems.
Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution Characteristics of Vehicle Retreaded Tire Composite Layer
Authors: Qiang Wang , Li Jiang , Yunlong Wang , Xiaojie Qi , Guotian Wang
Published: May 2020

In order to further reveal the failure and damage mechanism of retreaded tires in use, such as tread delamination and pressure burst, we constructed a retreaded tire material distribution model, a stress constraint model for each layer, and a finite element model. Stress distribution characteristics of the tread, breaker, belt, carcass, sidewall, toe rubber, etc. under free condition and static grounding condition were analyzed by numerical simulation, and the following main conclusions were obtained: Under the free-inflation condition, the tire carcass of the retreaded tire is subjected to the most stress, the belt is next to it, the breaker and the tread are the least, and the stress on the tread and tire shoulder is relatively great. Under the static grounding condition, the belt of the retreaded tire of a vehicle is subjected to the most stress, the carcass next to it, the stress distributions of the belt and the carcass are similar, and the stress on the tread and the breaker is relatively small.
A power shift electro-hydraulic-controlled system of a seven-speed automatic transmission designed by the logic method
Authors: Fan Yi
Published: May 2020

Aiming at a self-designed seven-speed planetary gear automatic transmission, the electro-hydraulic-controlled system of power shift is designed by logic method. First of all, according to the transmission diagrams and the working condition of each gear shift element, design the connection condition of the shift valves of each forward gears and the reverse gear in turn, and write out the corresponding logical equations. Then, on this basis, carry out the interlock and failure analysis, and complete the diagram of the power shift electro-hydraulic-controlled system. Finally, according to the designed electro-hydraulic-controlled system and shift valve control status table, logical equations are verified. The results show that the function of the system is realized by using the logic combination of six two-position three-way electro-hydraulic-controlled shift valves and one manual control valve, and the design of the power shift electro-hydraulic-controlled system can be carried out clearly, efficiently and accurately.
Discussion on construction technology of Deep Foundation Pit Support in Construction Engineering
Authors: Feng Zhengwei , Shen Yaohui
Published: May 2020

With the expansion of the construction scale of urban building basement, the technical requirements of excavation and support of deep foundation pit are higher. Based on an engineering example, this paper expounds the construction scheme of deep foundation pit excavation and support in a residential area project. It introduces the construction methods of soil nailing wall support in the north side of the foundation pit, retaining row pile support in the east side and inter pile wall engineering construction. It analyzes the method of controlling measurement error in the process of steel casing burying, and the technical problem that the reinforcement cage does not jam in the process of large diameter long pile construction. In this paper, the key points of quality control in the construction of deep foundation pit support are discussed and summarized to ensure the smooth progress of the project. The research results provide references for other similar projects.
Fraud Analysis Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Qin Molei
Published: May 2020

In the previous studies done by others, the methods of picking abnormal numbers and data have been developed. This paper will focus on using machine-learning method to find abnormal value. Machine learning has been applied in all kinds of fields, including picture identifying and regression which is widely used in finding anomaly. The author finds some of the anomalies during the investigation and the fraud detection rate is higher than 80 percent. This paper not only aims at using traditional way of finding abnormal value, but also aims at using the modern computer science to deal with huge amount of data. Traditionally, when it comes to the topic of finding anomalies, people tend to think about t-checking or f-checking[1,2], which shares the same limitation that the target has to be fixed when being measured. However, a more realistic problem is that the target and the measuring environment is always changing. To fix the problem, this paper uses machine learning to do regressions of the environment and the target. Not only can it help us find the relationship between our target and ‘environment’, but also it can be written into computer elegantly so that it could be able to deal with huge mount of data.