bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFRAFRONTIER quality principles in systemic phenotyping
Authors: Ehlich Hilke , Cater Heather L. , Flenniken Ann M. , Goncalves Da Cruz Isabelle , Mura Anne-Marie , Ntafis Vasileios , Raess Michael , Selloum Mohammed , Stoeger Claudia , Suchanova Sarka , Vuolteenaho Reetta , Brown Steve D. M. , Hérault Yann , Hinttala Reetta , Hrabě de Angelis Martin , Kollias George , Kontoyiannis Dimitris L. , Malissen Bernard , McKerlie Colin , Sedláček Radislav , Wells Sara E. , Zarubica Ana , Rozman Jan , Sorg Tania
Published: July 2021

Improving reproducibility and replicability in preclinical research is a widely discussed and pertinent topic, especially regarding ethical responsibility in animal research. INFRAFRONTIER, the European Research Infrastructure for the generation, phenotyping, archiving, and distribution of model mammalian genomes, is addressing this issue by developing internal quality principles for its different service areas, that provides a quality framework for its operational activities. This article introduces the INFRAFRONTIER Quality Principles in Systemic Phenotyping of genetically altered mouse models. A total of 11 key principles are included, ranging from general requirements for compliance with guidelines on animal testing, to the need for well-trained personnel and more specific standards such as the exchange of reference lines. Recently established requirements such as the provision of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data are also addressed. For each quality principle, we have outlined the specific context, requirements, further recommendations, and key references.
On the Number of Forests and Connected Spanning Subgraphs
Authors: Borbényi Márton , Csikvári Péter , Luo Haoran
Published: July 2021

Let F(G) be the number of forests of a graph G. Similarly let C(G) be the number of connected spanning subgraphs of a connected graph G. We bound F(G) and C(G) for regular graphs and for graphs with a fixed average degree. Among many other things we study $$f_d=\sup _{G\in {\mathcal {G}}_d}F(G)^{1/v(G)}$$

f
d

=

sup

G
∈

G
d

F

(
G
)

1
/
v
(
G
)

, where $${\mathcal {G}}_d$$

G
d

is the family of d-regular graphs, and v(G) denotes the number of vertices of a graph G. We show that $$f_3=2^{3/2}$$

f
3

=

2

3
/
2

, and if $$(G_n)_n$$

(

G
n

)

n

is a sequence of 3-regular graphs with the length of the shortest cycle tending to infinity, then $$\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }F(G_n)^{1/v(G_n)}=2^{3/2}$$

lim

n
→
∞

F

(

G
n

)

1
/
v
(

G
n

)

=

2

3
/
2

. We also improve on the previous best bounds on $$f_d$$

f
d

for $$4\le d\le 9$$

4
≤
d
≤
9

.
Vitamin D supplementation in people with IBS has no effect on symptom severity and quality of life: results of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Williams Claire E. , Williams Elizabeth A. , Corfe Bernard M.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Several small trials suggest a benefit of vitamin D supplementation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The generalisability of these reports is limited by their design and scale. This study aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation improved IBS symptoms in a UK community setting.

Methods

This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants were recruited from the community in winter months between December 2017 and March 2019. 135 participants received either vitamin D (3,000 IU p.d.) or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change in IBS symptom severity; secondary outcomes included change in IBS-related quality of life.

Results

The participants were analysed on an intent-to-treat basis. 60% of participants were vitamin D deficient or insufficient at baseline. Although vitamin D levels increased in the intervention arm relative to placebo (45.1 ± 32.88 nmol/L vs 3.1 ± 26.15 nmol/L; p < 0.001). There was no difference in the change of IBS symptom severity between the active and placebo trial arms (− 62.5 ± 91.57 vs – 75.2 ± 84.35, p = 0.426) over time. Similarly there was no difference between trial arms in τhe change in quality of life (− 7.7 ± 25.36 vs – 11.31 ± 25.02, p = 0.427).

Conclusions

There is no case for advocating use of vitamin D in the management of IBS symptoms. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency suggests routine screening and supplementation should be implemented in this population for general health reasons.

This trial was retrospectively registered with ISRCTN (ISRCTN13277340) on 24th April 2018 after recruiting had been initiated.
The voyage of the ‘Guyot Stone’ from the Swiss Alps to Neuchâtel and Princeton
Authors: Bernoulli Daniel , Capuzzo Nicola
Published: July 2021

In 1890, former students of Arnold Guyot at the University of Neuchàtel dedicated a ‘large glacial boulder from Neuchâtel’ to his memory, now in front of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. We established that this block originated with all certainty from Upper Carboniferous conglomerates of the Salvan–Dorénaz Basin, the relics of which crop out in the Alps of western Switzerland and eastern France. During the Last Glacial Maximum, the boulder travelled from the lower Rhône Valley on the back of the Pleistocene Rhône Glacier to Neuchâtel from where, later, it crossed the Atlantic and was transported to Princeton. Guyot’s name is familiar to geologists because of the term ‘guyot’, introduced 1946 by Harry Hess for ‘curious flat-topped peaks scattered over millions of square miles in the Pacific basin’, many of which are now known to represent drowned carbonate platforms.
Olfaction in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a new threshold test analysis through turning points trajectories
Authors: Cecchini Maria Paola , Mantovani Elisa , Federico Angela , Zanini Alice , Ottaviani Sarah , Masala Carla , Tinazzi Michele , Tamburin Stefano
Published: July 2021

Olfactory deficit is a widely documented non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Abnormal turning points trajectories through olfactory threshold testing have been recently reported in patients with olfactory dysfunction, who seem to adapt faster to olfactory stimuli, but data on PD patients are lacking. The aim of this study is to perform olfactory threshold test and explore the turning points trajectories in PD patients in comparison to normal controls. We recruited 59 PD patients without dementia, and no conditions that could influence evaluation of olfaction and cognition. Sixty healthy subjects served as controls. Patients and controls underwent a comprehensive olfactory evaluation with the Sniffin’ Sticks extended test assessing threshold, discrimination and identification and a full neuropsychological evaluation. Besides, threshold test data were analyzed examining all the turning points trajectories. PD patients showed a different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., faster olfactory adaptation, than controls with no effect of age. Normosmic PD patients showed different olfactory threshold test pattern, i.e., better threshold score, than normosmic controls. Visuospatial dysfunction was the only factor that significantly influenced this pattern. Olfactory threshold trajectories suggested a possible adaptation phenomenon in PD patients. Our data offered some new insights on normosmic PD patients, which appear to be a subset with a specific psychophysical profile. The analysis of the turning points trajectories, through an olfactory threshold test, could offer additional information on olfactory function in PD patients. Future larger studies should confirm these preliminary findings.
Which birds participate in mass concentrations of Bramblings Fringilla montifringilla?—Ring recoveries, biometry, age and sex composition
Authors: Jenni Lukas
Published: July 2021

The BramblingFringilla montifringillacombines several special features of migration and wintering: differential migration according to age and sex groups, large differences in winter densities as a response to food availability, and flocking behaviour as a response to local mass fructification of the beechFagussp. resulting in roosts of several million birds. This study examines (a) whether Bramblings participating in mass concentrations originate from different, or additional, breeding grounds compared with birds present in normal winters, and (b) how differential migration according to age and sex groups combines with irruptive migration and with congregations in mass roosts, i.e., whether the benefits from mass concentrations differ between age and sex groups. Wing biometry (wing length, lengths of outer primaries, and wing pointedness) did not vary geographically, as shown by museum skins, and was therefore not helpful to reveal differences in origin between birds of mass concentrations and normal winters. The extent of the post-juvenile moult was smaller in mass concentration birds and suggests that slightly later-born juveniles, i.e., born further east or north, participate in mass concentrations. Ringing recoveries could not demonstrate a difference in breeding range origin of Bramblings which participate in mass concentrationsversusBramblings in normal winters in Switzerland. However, this may be due to insufficient recoveries of ringed birds. A rough estimate suggests that the number of Bramblings migrating SW on a broad front across Europe could be sufficient to form mass concentrations of up to 10 million birds which are halted by a large area of beech mast. Across Europe, the proportion of juvenile males decreased towards south (i.e., with increasing migration distance) in autumn migrants and wintering birds, while adult females showed the opposite pattern, and adult males and juvenile females were intermediate. Mass concentrations in Switzerland were composed of significantly more adults, especially adult males, and fewer juveniles, particularly juvenile females, while the sex–age composition outside mass concentrations was similar to normal winters. Adults and females likely benefit from wintering further south where snow is less likely to cover food of this ground-feeding finch. On the other hand, the costs of migration are probably substantial in terms of direct costs or indirectly in terms of reaching the breeding grounds, so that juvenile males prefer to winter closer to the breeding area than adults. Feeding in large flocks in beech mast areas incurs the high risk of being cut off from this food by snowfall. Adult males are apparently best adapted to this risk, and hence predominate in mass concentrations.
Designing convolutional neural networks with constrained evolutionary piecemeal training
Authors: Sapra Dolly , Pimentel Andy D.
Published: July 2021

The automated architecture search methodology for neural networks is known as Neural Architecture Search (NAS). In recent times, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) designed through NAS methodologies have achieved very high performance in several fields, for instance image classification and natural language processing. Our work is in the same domain of NAS, where we traverse the search space of neural network architectures with the help of an evolutionary algorithm which has been augmented with a novel approach of piecemeal-training. In contrast to the previously published NAS techniques, wherein the training with given data is considered an isolated task to estimate the performance of neural networks, our work demonstrates that a neural network architecture and the related weights can be jointly learned by combining concepts of the traditional training process and evolutionary architecture search in a single algorithm. The consolidation has been realised by breaking down the conventional training technique into smaller slices and collating them together with an integrated evolutionary architecture search algorithm. The constraints on architecture search space are placed by limiting its various parameters within a specified range of values, consequently regulating the neural network’s size and memory requirements. We validate this concept on two vastly different datasets, namely, the CIFAR-10 dataset in the domain of image classification, and PAMAP2 dataset in the Human Activity Recognition (HAR) domain. Starting from randomly initialized and untrained CNNs, the algorithm discovers models with competent architectures, which after complete training, reach an accuracy of of 92.5% for CIFAR-10 and 94.36% PAMAP2. We further extend the algorithm to include an additional conflicting search objective: the number of parameters of the neural network. Our multi-objective algorithm produces a Pareto optimal set of neural networks, by optimizing the search for both the accuracy and the parameter count, thus emphasizing the versatility of our approach.
Correction to: Defining Polyamory: A Thematic Analysis of Lay People’s Definitions
Authors: Cardoso Daniel , Pascoal Patricia M. , Maiochi Francisco Hertel
Published: July 2021

The article “Defining Polyamory: A Thematic Analysis of Lay People’s Definitions”, written by Daniel Cardoso, Patricia M. Pascoal, and Francisco Hertel Maiochi, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 27 May 2021 without open access.
The Value of Surprise in Science
Authors: French Steven , Murphy Alice
Published: July 2021

Scientific results are often presented as ‘surprising’ as if that is a good thing. Is it? And if so, why? What is the value of surprise in science? Discussions of surprise in science have been limited, but surprise has been used as a way of defending the epistemic privilege of experiments over simulations. The argument is that while experiments can ‘confound’, simulations can merely surprise (Morgan, 2005). Our aim in this paper is to show that the discussion of surprise can be usefully extended to thought experiments and theoretical derivations. We argue that in focusing on these features of scientific practice, we can see that the surprise-confoundment distinction does not fully capture surprise in science. We set out how thought experiments and theoretical derivations can bring about surprises that can be disruptive in a productive way, and we end by exploring how this links with their future fertility.
A Refined Well-Posedness Result for the Modified KdV Equation in the Fourier–Lebesgue Spaces
Authors: Chapouto Andreia
Published: July 2021

We study the well-posedness of the complex-valued modified Korteweg-de Vries equation (mKdV) on the circle at low regularity. In our previous work (2021), we introduced the second renormalized mKdV equation, based on the conservation of momentum, which we proposed as the correct model to study the complex-valued mKdV outside $$H^\frac{1}{2}({\mathbb {T}})$$

H

1
2

(
T
)

. Here, we employ the method introduced by Deng et al. (Commun Math Phys 384(1):1061–1107, 2021) to prove local well-posedness of the second renormalized mKdV equation in the Fourier–Lebesgue spaces $${\mathcal {F}}L^{s,p}({\mathbb {T}})$$

F

L

s
,
p

(
T
)

for $$s\ge \frac{1}{2}$$

s
≥

1
2

and $$1\le p <\infty $$

1
≤
p
<
∞

. As a byproduct of this well-posedness result, we show ill-posedness of the complex-valued mKdV without the second renormalization for initial data in these Fourier–Lebesgue spaces with infinite momentum.
Misconceptions, Knowledge, and Attitudes Towards the Phenomenon of Radioactivity
Authors: Morales López Ana Isabel , Tuzón Marco Paula
Published: July 2021

The teaching of the phenomenon of radioactivity is considered a key ingredient in the path towards developing critical thinking skills in many secondary science education curricula. Despite being one of the basic concepts in general physics courses, the scientific teaching literature of the last 40 years reports a great deal of misconceptions and conceptual errors related to radioactivity that seemingly appear regardless of the educational level and context. This study reports the first cross-sectional diagnostic study in Spain to secondary education students and pre-service teachers. Data were collected in the year 2019 through a questionnaire adapted from a previously validated one to explore the main misconceptions, attitudes, and knowledge status on the topic on a sample of 191 secondary school students and 29 Physics-and-Chemistry trainee teachers in the Spanish region of Valencia. Open and closed questions were used to categorize the entity itself, its properties, and the main misconceptions related to radioactivity. The responses were analysed using conventional statistical methods. The results indicate an evolution from a widespread dissenting notion on the phenomenon, which is staunchly related to danger, hazard, and destruction in the lowest educational levels, towards a more rational, relative, and multidimensional perspective in the highest ones. On the other hand, the ideas, emotions, and attitudes of the inquired individuals are in good agreement with the main misconceptions reported in the literature.
A Delphi Study Investigating Clinicians’ Views on Access to, Delivery of, and Adaptations of MBCT in the UK Clinical Settings
Authors: Williams Kate , Hartley Samantha , Taylor Peter
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is a well-evidenced relapse-prevention intervention for depression with a growing evidence-base for use in other clinical populations. The UK initiatives have outlined plans for increasing access to MBCT in clinical settings, although evidence suggests that access remains limited. Given the increased popularity and access to MBCT, there may be deviations from the evidence-base and potential risks of harm. We aimed to understand what clinicians believe should be best clinical practice regarding access to, delivery of, and adaptations to MBCT.

Methods

We employed a two-stage Delphi methodology. First, to develop statements around best practices, we consulted five mindfulness-based experts and reviewed the literature. Second, a total of 59 statements were taken forward into three survey rating rounds.

Results

Twenty-nine clinicians completed round one, with 25 subsequently completing both rounds two and three. Forty-four statements reached consensus; 15 statements did not. Clinicians agreed with statements regarding sufficient preparation for accessing MBCT, adherence to the evidence-base and good practice guidelines, consideration of risks, sufficient access to training, support, and resources within services, and carefully considered adaptations. The consensus was not reached on statements which reflected a lack of evidence-base for specific clinical populations or the complex decision-making processes involved in delivering and making adaptations to MBCT.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the delicate balance of maintaining a client-centred and transparent approach whilst adhering to the evidence-base in clinical decisions around access to, delivery of, and adaptations in MBCT and have important wide-reaching implications.
A survey on multiscale mollifier decorrelation of seismic data
Authors: Blick C. , Eberle S.
Published: July 2021

In this survey paper, we present a multiscale post-processing method in exploration. Based on a physically relevant mollifier technique involving the elasto-oscillatory Cauchy–Navier equation, we mathematically describe the extractable information within 3D geological models obtained by migration as is commonly used for geophysical exploration purposes. More explicitly, the developed multiscale approach extracts and visualizes structural features inherently available in signature bands of certain geological formations such as aquifers, salt domes etc. by specifying suitable wavelet bands.
Interpretation of pressure interference tests for wells connected by a large hydraulic fracture
Authors: Escobar Freddy Humberto , Prada Erik Felipe , Suescún-Díaz Daniel
Published: July 2021

Shale formations are being exploited in several places around the world. Thus, an adequate characterization of such formations is recommended. In this work, two interpretation methodologies—TDS technique and conventional analysis—are implemented for determining the fracture permeability, from interference tests, between two wells connected by a large hydraulic fracture. Therefore, equations have been developed for both interpretation techniques and tested with synthetic examples. The estimated fracture permeabilities closely match the values initially used for the simulation of the tests.
Classroom aerosol dispersion: desk spacing and divider impacts
Authors: Dacunto P. , Moser D. , Ng A. , Benson M.
Published: July 2021

A study of aerosol dispersion was conducted in a university classroom using a CO2 tracer gas emitted from three source locations in a steady release, one source location per test. The tracer gas emitted from the single source location represented the potentially infectious aerosol droplets emitted from a single student and was thus a way to examine the influence of one sick student on the rest of the class. Two parameters were adjusted during the testing—the spacing of the desks, which included a spread and compressed configuration, and the inclusion of three-sided clear dividers attached to the student desk surfaces. Tracer dispersion was measured through the use of monitors in 13 locations within the classroom, with eight monitors representing seated student locations, four monitors representing a standing instructor along the classroom front, and one monitor at the return vent in the ceiling. As expected, spacing strongly influenced concentration levels at desks adjacent to the source location. The use of dividers reduced overall student and instructor location tracer concentrations when compared to desks without dividers in most cases. Finally, the influence of air change differences on the results was noted with consistent trends. The experimental construct provides a systematic means for classroom testing that may be broadly applicable to various configurations of classrooms beyond the one tested.

Graphic abstract
Tuneable properties of carbon quantum dots by different synthetic methods
Authors: Nallayagari A. R. , Sgreccia E. , Pizzoferrato R. , Cabibbo M. , Kaciulis S. , Bolli E. , Pasquini L. , Knauth P. , Di Vona M. L.
Published: July 2021

Carbon quantum dots (CQD) were prepared from three different precursors and by three bottom-up synthesis methods: classical pyrolysis of citric acid (CAP), microwave irradiation of glucose (GM), and hydrothermal treatment of glucosamine hydrochloride (GAH). CQD were further functionalized using various nitrogen-containing compounds: 6-aminohexanoic acid, 1,6-diaminohexane, N-octylamine, dimethylamine, and tryptophan. Special attention was dedicated to investigate how the combination of synthetic method and starting material affected the nature and properties of CQD. The analysis indicated that CAP were good candidates for covalent post-functionalization, GM allowed an easy passivation, and GAH permitted the direct introduction of nitrogen into the core. The size distribution showed a core–shell structure for CQD functionalized with an aminoacid by microwave irradiation, whereas the thermal decomposition evidenced the degradation of functionalizing molecules and the presence of pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen after hydrothermal synthesis. Photoluminescence spectra revealed important differences between the synthesis techniques, related to the occurrence of surface states, and the highest fluorescence quantum yield for hydrothermally prepared CQD. These approaches led to CQD with properties that can be exploited in many fields from energy conversion to sensing.
Stressful Events and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Person-Centred Approach to Expanding Adverse Childhood Experience Categories
Authors: MacLochlainn Justin , Mallett John , Kirby Karen , McFadden Paula
Published: July 2021

Stress from cumulative adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can pose a serious risk of experiencing anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders in adolescence. However, there is a paucity of research identifying specific profiles or combinations of exposure to other forms of stressful life events and their impact on adolescent psychopathology. This study attempted a conceptual expansion of the ACE checklist by examining these stressful events. The study used cross-sectional data from a modified version of the CASE Study survey where 864 adolescents (56% female, n = 480), aged from 11 – 18 years were recruited from four post-primary schools in the North-West region of NI. Latent class analysis of the 20-item stressful events checklist revealed 3 distinct risk classes: a low-risk class (53.5%), at-risk class (42.7%), and an immediate-risk class (3.8%). Results showed those at most risk of adolescent psychopathology had the highest probability of encountering interpersonal relationship issues, experiencing family dysfunction, and having close friends experiencing psychological difficulties. Findings indicate that the original ten ACE categories may be too narrow in focus and do not capture the wide range of childhood adversity. Expanding the ACE checklist to include other stressful events is discussed as these may also be antecedents to psychopathologic responses.
Question-aware memory network for multi-hop question answering in human–robot interaction
Authors: Li Xinmeng , Alazab Mamoun , Li Qian , Yu Keping , Yin Quanjun
Published: July 2021

Knowledge graph question answering is an important technology in intelligent human–robot interaction, which aims at automatically giving answer to human natural language question with the given knowledge graph. For the multi-relation question with higher variety and complexity, the tokens of the question have different priority for the triples selection in the reasoning steps. Most existing models take the question as a whole and ignore the priority information in it. To solve this problem, we propose question-aware memory network for multi-hop question answering, named QA2MN, to update the attention on question timely in the reasoning process. In addition, we incorporate graph context information into knowledge graph embedding model to increase the ability to represent entities and relations. We use it to initialize the QA2MN model and fine-tune it in the training process. We evaluate QA2MN on PathQuestion and WorldCup2014, two representative datasets for complex multi-hop question answering. The result demonstrates that QA2MN achieves state-of-the-artHits@1 accuracy on the two datasets, which validates the effectiveness of our model.
Trend Analysis and Simulation of Human Vulnerability Based on Physical Factors of Riverbank Erosion Using RS and GIS
Authors: Chowdhury Tayabur Rashid , Ahmed Zia , Islam Sabina , Akter Shetu , Ambinakudige Shrinidhi , Kung Hsiang-te
Published: July 2021

This study aims to analyze the pattern of bank erosion and simulate the physical aspects of vulnerability in the lower Meghna River, Bangladesh using remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS). The physical factors of vulnerability were analyzed using GIS-based Structured Query Language (SQL). A questionnaire survey, GPS survey and field observation survey were conducted for collecting the primary data in the study area. The secondary data were mainly satellite image collected from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website. Using time series Landsat images (MSS, TM and OLI-TIRS), this study analyzed 36 years of erosion and accretion process in the Mehendiganj Upazila region from 1980 to 2016. The result indicates that an enormous amount of land (4470.47 ha) was submerged by the river and average land loss rate was 124.18 ha/year. The study quantifies the number of vulnerable households beneath the present condition and how much it will be altered after a positive/negative change with the factors of vulnerability related to the households. Simulation data reveals that under the present physical condition, 43.88% of households were identified as severely vulnerable. The output of this study can be used in the classification of vulnerable households and for the improvement of the physical infrastructure development process near the erosion prone areas, also helps to mitigate environmental disaster in the developing countries.
Difficult Life in a Refugee Camp
Authors: Krause Ulrike
Published: July 2021

Although refugee camps are established to accommodate, protect, and assist those fleeing from violent conflict and persecution, life often remains difficult there. Building on empirical research with refugees in a Ugandan camp, Ulrike Krause offers nuanced insights into violence, humanitarian protection, gender relations, and coping of refugees who mainly escaped the conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This book explores how risks of gender-based violence against women, in particular, but also against men, persist despite and partly due to their settlement in the camp and the system established there. It reflects on modes and shortcomings of humanitarian protection, changes in gender relations, as well as strategies that the women and men use to cope with insecurities, everyday struggles, and structural problems occurring across different levels and temporalities.
Journey to Indo-América
Authors: Dorais Geneviève
Published: July 2021

The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) was a Peruvian political party that played an important role in the development of the Latin American left during the first half of the 1900s. In Journey to Indo-América, GenevieÌve Dorais examines how and why the anti-imperialist project of APRA took root outside of Peru as well as how APRA's struggle for political survival in Peru shaped its transnational consciousness. Dorais convincingly argues that APRA's history can only be understood properly within this transnational framework, and through the collective efforts of transnational organization rather than through an exclusive emphasis on political figures like APRA leader, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. Tracing circuits of exile and solidarity through Latin America, the United States, and Europe, Dorais seeks to deepen our appreciation of APRA's ideological production through an exploration of the political context in which its project of hemispheric unity emerged. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Electoral Politics of the English Jacobins and Its Legacy, 1796–1807
Authors: Scriven Tom
Published: July 2021

Historians of radicalism have long held that following the repression of the English Jacobins in 1794–95, open agitation by plebeian reformers remained dormant until 1802, when they reemerged in a more clearly constitutionalist pose to fight a number of contests in that year's general election. According to this view, the contests led directly to Sir Francis Burdett's victory at the 1807 Westminster election, a foundational moment for nineteenth-century radicalism. This article argues instead that the previously overlooked English Jacobin intervention at the 1796 general election was the ultimate foundation for the 1807 election victory and far more significant than the contests evident in 1802. While this argument indicates that the Jacobin organizations for radical reform were not in a steep terminal decline by 1796, as is widely assumed, it also undermines the notion that the electoral politics of the 1802–1807 period was a major novelty. There was nevertheless not a clear-cut continuity from 1796 to 1807. This article demonstrates that in 1796 Jacobin political thought led to the development of a pure style of electioneering that rejected corrupt practices in order to turn the electoral process into a venue for the enaction of general will through the open use of sovereign reason. Between 1802 and 1804, this position was abandoned in favor of a more traditional, pragmatic and patricianly form of electioneering. However, this article concludes with a major revision of the 1807 Westminster victory by illustrating that, far from an innovation, it was a direct revival of the “purity” pioneered by the Jacobin contests of 1796.
Watching you descend, I help others rise: the influence of leader humility on prosocial motivation
Authors: Silard Anthony , Miao Chao , Owens Bradley P.
Published: July 2021

The fundamental nature of humility and prosocial motivation entails transcending self-interest to enact behaviors that benefit others. We theorize that leader humility may enact a self-transcendent contagion effect that will manifest in enhanced follower prosocial motivation. Due to the fundamental nature of humility, this construct holds great promise in understanding how contextual signals (i.e., leader behaviors) shape prosocial motivation in followers. In this study, we find that leader humility impacts follower prosocial motivation through followers' perception of work meaningfulness. Specifically, we found that leader humility is positively related to prosocial motivation. We also found that this relationship is mediated by followers' perception of work meaningfulness, and that this mediation is moderated by followers' perception of relational vitality. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy modulates hepatic methyl metabolism and genes expression profile of neonatal lambs of different litter sizes
Authors: Wang Bo , Jian Luyang , Li Heqiong , Li Zhen , Luo Hailing , Gao Yuefeng
Published: July 2021

Maternal folic acid (FA) plays an important role in the fetus development, but it is unknown the response of hepatic metabolism in the offspring from different litter sizes to maternal FA supplementation. In the present study, this was done by feeding the ewes with 0, 16 and 32 mg/(kg·DM) FA supplemented diet during pregnancy and analysing the hepatic one-carbon metabolism-related indices and gene expression in the neonatal lambs of different litter sizes (twins, TW; triplets, TR). Regardless of litter sizes, the concentrations of folate, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine and DNA methyltransferase increased significantly, but homocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine decreased in the liver of newborn lambs from ewes whose diet was supplemented with FA. In TW, maternal FA status has little effect on hepatic genes expression profile of newborn lambs, and no significant enriched pathway was found. However, DEG involved in cell proliferation such asCCNA2,CCNB2,CCNE2,CDK1andBUB1were significantly enriched when the ewes were supplemented with FA in TR groups. In addition, nucleotide synthesis-related genes such asPOLD1,POLD2,MCM4andMCM5were enriched markedly in DNA replication and pyrimidine metabolism pathways in triplets when a higher FA ingestion [32 mg/(kg·DM)] was implemented in ewes. This finding demonstrated that the hepatic methyl metabolism in TW and TR newborn lambs was regulated by maternal FA status. The hepatic cell proliferation and nucleotide metabolism related genes in TR were more susceptible to maternal dietary FA supplementation during pregnancy.
Caloplaca tephromelae(Teloschistaceae), a new lichenicolous species from Tasmania
Authors: Kantvilas Gintaras , Suija Ave , Motiejūnaitė Jurga
Published: July 2021

Caloplaca tephromelaeKantvilas, Suija & Motiej., a lichenicolous species growing on saxicolous thalli of species ofTephromela, is described from Tasmania. The new species is characterized by lecanorine to zeorine apothecia with a whitish grey thalline margin devoid of anthraquinone pigments, a non-inspersed hymenium, paraphyses without oil vacuoles and ascospores 10–14 × 5–8 μm, with a septum 5–8 μm thick. It is compared with selected taxa ofCaloplacas. lat. that share these salient features. Molecular data support the distinctiveness of the new species but do not suggest any obvious close relatives.
Co-occurrence of pathogen assemblages in a keystone species the common cockle Cerastoderma edule on the Irish coast
Authors: Albuixech-Martí Sara , Culloty Sarah C. , Lynch Sharon A.
Published: July 2021

Despite coinfections being recognized as the rule in animal populations, most studies focus on single pathogen systems. Pathogen interaction networks and the drivers of such associations are lacking in disease ecology studies. Common cockle Cerastoderma edule populations are exposed to a great diversity of pathogens, thus making them a good model system to investigate. This study examined the diversity and prevalence of pathogens from different taxonomic levels in wild and fished C. edule on the Irish coast. Potential interactions were tested focussing on abiotic (seawater temperature and salinity) and biotic (cockle size and age, and epiflora on shells) factors. No Microsporidia nor OsHV-1μVar were detected. Single infections with Haplosporidia (37.7%) or Vibrio (25.3%) were more common than two-pathogen coinfected individuals (9.5%), which may more easily succumb to infection. Fished C. edule populations with high cockle densities were more exposed to infections. Higher temperature and presence of epiflora on cockle shells promoted coinfection in warmer months. Low seawater salinity, host condition and proximity to other infected host species influenced coinfection distribution. A positive association between two Minchinia spp. was observed, most likely due to their different pathogenic effect. Findings highlight the major influence that ecological factors have on pathogen interactions and host–pathogen interplay.
The enduring myth of endemic age discrimination in the Australian labour market
Authors: Taylor Philip , Earl Catherine
Published: July 2021

It has often been stated by older people's advocates that discrimination affecting older people is commonplace and ongoing in the Australian labour market. In this article, we contrast such rhetoric with a review of evidence from recent large-scale surveys which demonstrates that low and declining numbers of Australians experience age discrimination, while highlighting the complexity of the phenomenon. We identify the emergence of a fake ‘age’ advocacy that is acting to the detriment of an informed public discourse concerning issues of older workers’ employment. To counter this we propose five underlying principles for advocacy on ageing and work: countering myths concerning the extent and nature of age barriers in the labour market; avoiding and challenging the use of age stereotypes in making the business case for older workers’ employment; recognition that age interacts in complex ways with a range of other factors in determining people's experiences of the labour market; challenging public understanding that is grounded in the notion that generational conflict is inevitable; and discarding traditional notions of the lifecourse in order to overcome disjunctions and contradictions that hamper efforts to encourage and support longer working lives.
Application of Cryo-Electron Microscopy on Drug Discovery
Authors: Vittaladevaram Viswanath , Kuruti Kranthi
Published: July 2021

The key aspect for development of novel drug molecules is to perform structural determination of target molecule associated with its ligand. One such tool that provides insights towards structure of molecule is Cryo-electron microscopy which covers biological targets that are intractable. Examination of proteins can be carried out in native state, as the samples are frozen at -175 degree Celsius i.e. cryogenic temperatures. In addition to this, there were no limits for molecular and functional structures of proteins that can be imagined in 3-dimensional form. This includes ligands which unravel mechanisms that are biologically relevant. This will enable to better understand the mechanisms that are used for development of new therapeutics. Application of Cryo-electron microscopy is not limited to protein complexes and is considered as non-specific. Intervention of Cryo-EM would allow to analyse the structures and also able to dissect the interaction with therapeutic molecules. The study determines the usage of cryo-EM for providing resolutions that are acceptable for lead discovery. It also provides support for lead optimization and also for discovery of vaccines and therapeutics.
Microstructural SEM/STEM Analysis of Ni70Ga30 and Ni70Sn30 Catalytically Active Intermetallic Ribbons after Prolonged Exposure to Elevated Process Temperature
Authors: Czaja Paweł , Przewoźnik Janusz , Stan-Głowińska Katarzyna , Zięba Amelia , Lityńska-Dobrzyńska Lidia
Published: July 2021

Melt-spun Ni70Ga30 and Ni70Sn30 monolithic catalysts, when subjected to prolonged oxidation in air at 770 K, undergo different microstructural changes. Whereas Ni70Ga30 is largely stable and composed of Ni3Ga phase, the Ni70Sn30 develops a two-layer microstructure on the exposed ribbon surface. The two-layer structure consists of a Ni-rich zone, which is founded on a SnO2 sublayer. In the bulk, the Ni70Sn30 ribbon is heterogeneous in phase composition and comprises of Ni3Sn and Ni3Sn2 phases. The development of Ni particulates on the outer ribbon surface, through simple oxidation heat treatment, may thus be a way for improving the catalytic performance of Ni70Sn30 ribbons, resembling that of Ni3Al ribbons spontaneously activated under reaction conditions.
Dynamics of weedy rice soil seedbank under different control strategies in Italian rice fields: survey and model study
Authors: Andres André , Fogliatto Silvia , Bastiaans Lammert , Vidotto Francesco
Published: July 2021

The abundance of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the soil seedbank was estimated in 2011 in Italian rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields with different histories of imidazolinone-resistant Clearfield® rice varieties (CL), non-Clearfield® varieties (NCL), and planting methods. A model was used to predict weedy rice seedbank dynamics over time under different control strategies. Soil samples were taken from 50 rice fields cultivated with CL varieties consecutively for 0, 1, 2, or 3 yr, and weedy rice seedbank data were used in a model considering eight scenarios: (A) rice monoculture with CL and NCL varieties in alternate years; (B) 2 yr of CL, followed by 1 yr with NCL; (C) 3 yr of CL followed by 1 yr of NCL; (D) rice monoculture with only CL; (E) rice monoculture with only NCL; (F) 2 yr of CL followed by 1 yr of rotation with another crop (CR), and then by an additional year with NCL; (G) 1 yr of CR followed by 2 yr of CL, and then by 1 yr of NCL; (H) 2 yr of CR followed by 2 yr of CL. The weedy rice seedbank exceeded 1,000 seeds m−2 in the surveyed fields with no significant differences between rice planting methods. Highest densities were found in fields cultivated for 1 yr with CL varieties. Simulations indicated that where CL varieties were used in rice monoculture, the susceptible weedy rice seedbank was gradually reduced, producing a depletion after 17, 13, 11, and 9 yr in scenarios A, B, C, and D, respectively. The weedy rice seedbank increased in NCL monoculture (E) and declined significantly in crop rotation scenarios (F, G, H). The simulations indicated that the introduction of crop rotation is crucial for obtaining a relatively fast reduction of weedy rice seedbank and delaying the evolution of herbicide-resistant populations.
Differences in selectivity between bermudagrass and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to low-rate topramezone and metribuzin combinations
Authors: Brewer John R. , Askew Whitnee L. B. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: July 2021

Goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] remains problematic for bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] turf managers due to the ineffective, selective control of mature plants with available postemergence herbicides and lack of sufficient residual activity from those herbicides to control seedling plants. Topramezone controls mature E. indica, but past efforts to suppress potential injury to bermudagrass turf have been inconsistent. We hypothesized that metribuzin at 210 g ai ha−1 in admixture with topramezone would improve bermudagrass tolerance while conserving mature E. indica control. In preliminary field studies, metribuzin mixed with topramezone at 1.2 or 2.5 g ae ha−1 applied twice at a 3-wk interval reduced bermudagrass injury and white discoloration compared with topramezone applied alone, but metribuzin did not safen bermudagrass to mesotrione. Topramezone at 3.7 g ha−1 plus 210 g ha−1 metribuzin applied twice at a 3-wk interval offered improved bermudagrass tolerance while it still controlled mature E. indica during 15 field and 2 greenhouse studies in Virginia. This program offered a 10-fold decrease in suprathreshold duration of white discoloration compared with topramezone alone at 6.1 g ha−1. Bermudagrass absorbed three times less radioactivity than E. indica at timings up to 48 h after treatment with [14C]topramezone. Bermudagrass also metabolized twice as much topramezone compared with E. indica at 48 h after treatment. Metribuzin reduced 14C absorption by approximately 25% in both species. These studies confirm the performance of a novel, low-dose topramezone plus metribuzin program for mature E. indica control in bermudagrass turf and suggest that selectivity between bermudagrass and E. indica to topramezone is due to differential absorption and metabolism. The fact that metribuzin reduces topramezone absorption in both species suggests that it may help reduce bermudagrass phytotoxic response to topramezone, but its role in altering selectivity between bermudagrass and E. indica may be due to other factors.
On the Form Drag Coefficient Under Ridged Ice: Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulations From Ideal Scaling to Deep Water
Authors: Zu Y. , Lu P. , Leppäranta M. , Cheng B. , Li Z.
Published: July 2021

The bottom topography of ridged sea ice differs greatly from that of other sea‐ice types. The form drag of ridge keels has an important influence on sea‐ice drift and deformation. In this study, both laboratory experiment (LabE) and fluid dynamics numerical simulation (FDS) have been carried out for a physical ridge model in a tank to better understand the quantitative characteristics of the form drag. The LabEs covered both laminar and turbulent conditions. The local form drag coefficient of a keel, Cdw, varied with the keel depth hw and the slope angle αw in the turbulent regime. After validated by the LabE measurements, the FDSs were employed to extend the parameterization from the finite water depth to deep water. The results gave Cdw = 0.68∙ln (αw/7.8°), R2 = 0.998, 10° ≤  ≤ 90°, with Cdw ranging from 0.17 to 1.66, when the keel depth was much less than the water depth. For a large ridging intensity (keel depth/spacing ≥0.01), the variation of the local form drag coefficient and its contribution to total drag coefficient were sensitive to the keel slope angle. Assuming the log‐normal distribution for this angle, the average value of the local form drag coefficient was 0.75, recommended for sea‐ice dynamic models.
An Integrated Framework for Risk‐Based Analysis of Economic Impacts of Drought and Water Scarcity in England and Wales
Authors: Jenkins Katie , Dobson Barnaby , Decker Christopher , Hall Jim W.
Published: July 2021

Drought and water scarcity pose a risk to the economy, particularly sectors where water is a crucial input to the production process. This paper describes integrated simulations of water shortages from a dynamic national water resource systems model with a static economic input‐output (I‐O) model to assess total drought risk to the economy. To quantify the economic risks of drought and water scarcity, the analysis: (a) integrates a large ensemble of simulated meteorological droughts, propagated through a national hydrological model and water resource systems model to simulate water availability from reservoirs and groundwater; (b) assesses implications of restrictions on water availability for multiple water user categories, representing natural and human contributions to water scarcity; (c) investigates how water shortages propagate into economy‐wide direct and indirect impacts. The study focuses on England and Wales where the water supply system is considered under strain, with growing recognition of the economic risk of prolonged and widespread shortages. The direct Expected Annual Loss (EAL) to water users, averaged over an ensemble equivalent to 2800 years of synthetic daily weather, is estimated to be £11.7 million in the 2011 base‐year. Accounting for indirect economic losses results in a total EAL of £30.2 million in 2011. The most severe event simulated results in a total loss of £1.4 billion in 2011, equivalent to 0.11% of GVA. The analysis provides a framework to assess what the economically efficient level of system reliability should be, and for deciding upon appropriate water management regulations and strategic investments.