bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Family, One Judge, No Continuances
Authors: Summers Alicia , Shdaimah Corey
Published: February 2013

Continuances are a source of delay in juvenile dependency cases that may increase the length of time a child is in care. The current study builds upon an emerging body of research examining the effectiveness of the one family, one judge model in improving case efficiency. The study first examines the expectation that continuances delay case processing, then examines whether the implementation of a one family, one judge model of judicial oversight reduces continuances. Results reveal that continuances delay case events up to the adjudication hearing, but do not delay time to permanency. Although implementation of the one family, one judge model did not reduce continuances, there was a relationship between the number of judicial officers per case and number of continuances. When there is only one judicial officer per case, the majority of cases have no or only one continuance. Every two judicial officers added to the case result in one additional continuance. These findings indicate that judicial continuity can be an effective way to improve case efficiency.
Histological evidence for muscle insertion in extant amniote femora: implications for muscle reconstruction in fossils
Authors: Petermann Holger , Sander Martin
Published: February 2013

Since the 19th century, identification of muscle attachment sites on bones has been important for muscle reconstructions, especially in fossil tetrapods, and therefore has been the subject of numerous biological and paleontological studies. At the microscopic level, in histological thin sections, the only features that can be used reliably for identifying tendon–bone or muscle–tendon‐bone interactions are Sharpey's fibers. Muscles, however, do not only attach to the bone indirectly with tendons, but also directly. Previous studies failed to provide new indicators for muscle attachment, or to address the question of whether muscles with direct attachment can be identified histologically. However, histological identification of direct muscle attachments is important because these attachments do not leave visible marks (e.g. scars and rugosities) on the bone surface. We dissected the right hind limb and mapped the muscle attachment sites on the femur of one rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), one Alligator mississippiensis, and one turkey (Meleagris cuniculus). We then extracted the femur and prepared four histological thin sections for the rabbit and the turkey and five histological thin sections for the alligator. Sharpey's fibers, vascular canal orientation, and a frayed periosteal margin can be indicators for indirect but also direct muscle attachment. Sharpey's fibers can be oriented to the cutting plane of the thin section at high angles, and two Sharpey's fibers orientations can occur in one area, possibly indicating a secondary force axis. However, only about 60% of mapped muscle attachment sites could be detected in thin sections, and frequently histological features suggestive of muscle attachment occurred outside mapped sites. While these insights should improve our ability to successfully identify and reconstruct muscles in extinct species, they also show the limitations of this approach.
Effect of essential oils, hydrating agents, and ethanol on hair removal efficiency of thioglycolates
Authors: Moghimi Hamid R , Jamali Bardia , Farahmand Sara , Shafaghi Bijan
Published: February 2013

Background

The required time for hair removal by chemical depilatories has always been a concern and depends on different parameters including permeation into the hair shaft.

Objectives

In an attempt to improve this process, it was decided here to investigate the possibility of decreasing depilation time of thioglycolates, widely used depilatories, using penetration enhancers.

Methods

Urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (75 and 96%), NaCl, and peppermint and orange oils were used as penetration enhancers, and their effect on depilatory time of thioglycolates, represented as tear resistance time (TRT) of hair shaft under a constant tensile stress, was studied. The effects of temperature and hydration on TRT were also investigated.

Results

Results showed that ethanol (75%), DMSO, and peppermint oil (ethanolic solution) were able to significantly reduce TRT up to two times from about 6 to 3.5 min. Other enhancers were not able to change TRT. Results also revealed that increase in temperature from 20 to 37 °C reduces TRT by about 4 times. Hydration in boiling water also reduced TRT significantly about 1.5 times.

Conclusions

Present results show that it is possible to reduce depilation time by penetration enhancers. Such improvement can increase users' compliance and might provide other advantages like decreased skin irritation.
Visual attention to and perception of undamaged and damaged versions of natural and colored female hair
Authors: Fink Bernhard , Neuser Frauke , Deloux Gwenelle , Röder Susanne , Matts Paul J
Published: February 2013

Female hair color is thought to influence physical attractiveness, and although there is some evidence for this assertion, research has yet not addressed the question if and how physical damaging affects the perception of female hair color. Here we investigate whether people are sensitive (in terms of visual attention and age, health and attractiveness perception) to subtle differences in hair images of natural and colored hair before and after physical damaging. We tracked the eye‐gaze of 50 men and 50 women aged 31–50 years whilst they viewed randomized pairs of images of 20 natural and 20 colored hair tresses, each pair displaying the same tress before and after controlled cuticle damage. The hair images were then rated for perceived health, attractiveness, and age. Undamaged versions of natural and colored hair were perceived as significantly younger, healthier, and more attractive than corresponding damaged versions. Visual attention to images of undamaged colored hair was significantly higher compared with their damaged counterparts, while in natural hair, the opposite pattern was found. We argue that the divergence in visual attention to undamaged colored female hair and damaged natural female hair and associated ratings is due to differences in social perception and discuss the source of apparent visual difference between undamaged and damaged hair.
Ricinus communis treatment of denture stomatitis in institutionalised elderly
Authors: Pinelli L. A. P. , Montandon A. A. B. , Corbi S. C. T. , Moraes T. A. , Fais L. M. G.
Published: February 2013

This study compared the effectiveness of Ricinus communis (RC) with Nystatin (NYS) and Miconazole (MIC) in the treatment of institutionalised elderly with denture stomatitis (DS). They (n = 30) were randomly distributed into three groups: MIC, NYS or RC. Clinical and mycological evaluations were performed prior to the use of the antifungal (baseline) and repeated after 15 and 30 days of treatment. The sample was clinically examined for oral mucosal conditions. Standard photographs were taken of the palate, and the oral candidiasis was classified (Newton's criteria). Mycological investigation was performed by swabbing the palatal mucosa, and Candida spp. were quantified by counting the number of colony‐forming units (cfu mL−1). The clinical and mycological data were analysed, respectively by Wilcoxon and Student's t‐test (α = 0·05). Significant improvement in the clinical appearance of DS in the MIC and RC groups was observed between the 1st and 3rd collections (MIC – P = 0·018; RC – P = 0·011) as well as between the 2nd and 3rd collections (MIC – P = 0·018; RC – P = 0·011). Neither groups showed a statistically significant reduction in cfu mL−1 at any time. Although none of the treatments decreased the cfu mL−1, it was concluded that Ricinus communis can improve the clinical condition of denture stomatitis in institutionalised elderly patients, showing similar results to Miconazole.
Are sleep studies helpful in children with Prader–Willi syndrome prior to commencement of growth hormone therapy?
Authors: Vandeleur Moya , Davey Margot J , Nixon Gillian M
Published: February 2013

Aims

To examine sleep study findings in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) referred for polysomnography (PSG) before commencement of growth hormone (GH) and to evaluate the impact of sleep testing on treatment decisions.

Methods

The sleep unit database was used to identify all cases over an 8‐year period (2003–2011). Standard overnight PSG was performed in the sleep laboratory. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) was defined by an obstructive apnoea–hypopnoea index >1/h. Age, symptoms of OSA, tonsillar size and body mass index (BMI) Z‐score were obtained through chart review.

Results

OSA was diagnosed in 15 of 34 (44%) cases identified. Those with OSA were significantly older (P = 0.009) and more likely to have enlarged tonsils (P = 0.05) than those without OSA. There was no difference in BMI Z‐score or the presence of symptoms of OSA. GH was deferred in 13 (38%) pending treatment for OSA.

Conclusions

OSA was frequently present in children with PWS referred simply to meet the requirement for PSG before starting GH. OSA was more likely in older children and those with enlarged tonsils. GH treatment was deferred in 38% of cases. This study supports routine performance of PSG prior to GH, regardless of clinical history.
Apnoea after the 2‐month immunisation in extremely preterm infants: What happens with the 4‐month immunisation?
Authors: Anderson Jemma , Noori Khurram , Morris Scott A
Published: February 2013

Aim

To describe the outcome of the 4‐month immunisation in a cohort of extremely preterm babies who had clinically significant apnoea after their 2‐month immunisation.

Method

A retrospective audit was conducted from January 2001 to January 2011 at Flinders Medical Centre (FMC). Suspected apnoeic reactions to the 2‐month immunisation in preterm infants ≤28 weeks + 6 days gestation were identified from the Neonatal Unit database. The medical records of babies with reactions then reviewed. We classified apnoeic reactions using predefined criteria into likely, possible or unlikely. The outcomes for subsequent immunisations were determined either when babies were specifically readmitted to FMC for immunisation and cardiorespiratory monitoring, or from the SA Health Immunisation Unit database.

Results

There were 203 extremely preterm babies at FMC over the study period who received their 2‐month immunisation as inpatients. Clinically significant apnoea post immunisation occurred in 17 (8.4%) babies (likely in 12 and possible 5). The subsequent (4‐month) immunisation was given with inpatient cardiorespiratory monitoring in nine babies (seven with likely and two with possible reactions), and no instability was identified. There were eight babies not readmitted to FMC for the subsequent immunisation. No reported adverse events were recorded on the SA Health Immunisation Unit database for these babies.

Conclusions

Apnoea following the 2‐month immunisation in extremely preterm infants is not likely to be repeated with the subsequent immunisation. Prospective surveillance using standardised case definitions and monitoring protocols in this population are required to guide uniform practice.
Central venous access device‐related infections in patients with haemophilia
Authors: Yeoh Zhi Han , Furmedge Janine , Ekert Julia , Crameri Joe , Curtis Nigel , Barnes Chris
Published: February 2013

Aims

Fully implantable central venous access devices (CVADs) can offer long‐term reliable venous access to facilitate regular factor replacement therapy in haemophilia. However, CVAD‐related infection remains a major deterrent to the optimal use of CVAD in this population. This report represents the first review of CVAD use in haemophilia in Australia and aims to examine the rate of complications including CVAD‐related infections.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records was conducted of all haemophilic patients with fully implantable CVADs at the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), Melbourne, between 1 June 1992 and 30 June 2009. CVAD‐related bloodstream infection was defined based on the guidelines from the Centre of Disease Control and Victoria National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance. To further enhance identification of CVAD‐related infection in this study, a third criterion of ‘suspected infection’ was added by the authors.

Results

Eighty‐one CVADs in 56 patients were managed at the RCH during this time period resulting in a combined study period of 94 756 CVAD days. Median age at first CVAD insertion = 2.16 years (range 0.66 to 13.98 years). CVADs were inserted predominantly due to difficult venous access and prophylaxis initiation (70.4%). Median life‐span of a CVAD was 1227 days, equivalent to 3.36 years (n = 50; range 0.22 to 9.44 years). Fifty‐seven CVAD‐related infections occurred in 37 CVADs (46.3%) in 29 patients (51.8%). Overall incidence of confirmed CVAD‐related bloodstream infection = 0.42 per 1000 CVAD days (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31 to 0.58 per 1000 CVAD days) and indicate better performance compared with the published benchmark of 0.66 per 1000 CVAD days (0.44 to 0.97 per 1000 CVAD days). The incidence of both confirmed (criteria 1, 2) and suspected (criterion 3) CVAD‐related infection is 0.60 per 1000 CVAD days (95% CI: 0.46 to 0.78), which is comparable to the international benchmark. The majority of CVAD‐related infections (73.7%) were successfully treated with intravenous antimicrobials without necessitating CVAD removal. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism found in positive blood cultures.

Conclusion

CVAD‐related infection in this Australian population was comparable to rates described in the medical literature. Ongoing surveillance for infection rates is important to provide an up‐to‐date assessment of risks associated with CVAD use in this population.
Bolus fluid therapy and sodium homeostasis in paediatric gastroenteritis
Authors: Freedman Stephen B , Geary Denis F
Published: February 2013

Aim

The study aims to assess the risk of developing hyponatraemia when large‐volume bolus fluid rehydration therapy is administered.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomised study in a tertiary‐care centre emergency department. Participants included children with gastroenteritis and dehydration requiring intravenous rehydration. They were randomised to receive 60 mL/kg (large) or 20 mL/kg (standard) 0.9% saline bolus followed by maintenance 0.9% saline for 3 h. Biochemical tests were performed at baseline and 4 h. The primary outcome measure was the development of hyponatraemia at 4 h. Secondary outcome measures were (i) change in sodium relative to baseline value; (ii) magnitude of decrease among those who experienced a decrease; (iii) risk of hypernatraemia; (iv) correlations between urine parameters and hyponatraemia; and (v) fluid overload.

Results

Eighty‐four of 224 (38%) participants were hyponatraemic at baseline. At 4 h, 22% (48/217) had a dysnatraemia, and similar numbers of children were hyponatraemic in both groups: large (23% (26/112)) versus standard (21% (22/105)) (P = 0.69). Among initially hyponatraemic children, 63% (30/48) who received large‐volume rehydration and 44% (15/34) of those administered standard rehydration were isonatraemic at 4 h (P = 0.10). Overall, children who received 60 mL/kg experienced a larger mean increase (1.6 ± 2.4 mEq/L vs. 0.9 ± 2.2 mEq/L; P = 0.04) and were less likely to experience a sodium decrease of ≥2 mEq/L (8/112 vs. 17/105; P = 0.04) than those administered 20 mL/kg.

Conclusions

Large‐volume bolus rehydration therapy with 0.9% saline is safe. It does not promote the development of hyponatraemia over the short term, but hastens the resolution of baseline hyponatraemia.
Alteration in P-glycoprotein at the blood–brain barrier in the early period of MCAO in rats
Authors: Cen Juan , Liu Lu , Li Ming-Shan , He Ling , Wang Li-Juan , Liu Yan-qing , Liu Meng , Ji Bian-Sheng
Published: February 2013

Objectives

The aim of this work was to investigate the alteration in P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats.

Methods

Permanent MCAO was verified via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of P-gp, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, claudin-5, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) at the BBB was evaluated using western blot or immunostaining analysis. The content of fluorescein sodium (NaF), rhodamine-123 and nimodipine in ischaemic brain tissues was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Key findings

Elevated expression of P-gp at the BBB and decreased concentration of P-gp substrates in the ischaemic brain tissues were observed within 4 h after MCAO. However, at 6 h after MCAO, the concentration of P-gp substrates in the ischaemic hemisphere began to rise even though the expression of P-gp was still increased. Moreover, the expression of claudin-5 was decreased; contrarily, the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TNF-α as well as NOS gradually increased within 6 h after MCAO.

Conclusions

P-gp plays a crucial role in limiting the entrance of agents into the brain after MCAO and the specific regulation of P-gp expression/activity may provide an important approach for the improvement of pharmacotherapy in ischaemic stroke.
Enhanced brain targeting of curcumin by intranasal administration of a thermosensitive poloxamer hydrogel
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhi Feng , Jia Xuefeng , Zhang Xiang , Ambardekar Rohan , Meng Zhengjie , Paradkar Anant R , Hu Yiqiao , Yang Yilin
Published: February 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to develop a curcumin intranasal thermosensitive hydrogel and to improve its brain targeting efficiency.

Methods

The hydrogel gelation temperature, gelation time, drug release and mucociliary toxicity characteristics as well as the nose-to-brain transport in the rat model were evaluated.

Key findings

The developed nasal hydrogel, composed of Pluronic F127 and Poloxamer 188, had shorter gelation time, longer mucociliary transport time and produced prolonged curcumin retention in the rat nasal cavity at body temperature. The hydrogel release mechanism was diffusion-controlled drug release, evaluated by the dialysis membrane method, but dissolution-controlled release when evaluated by the membraneless method. A mucociliary toxicity study revealed that the hydrogel maintained nasal mucosal integrity until 14 days after application. The drug-targeting efficiencies for the drug in the cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus and olfactory bulb after intranasal administration of the curcumin hydrogel were 1.82, 2.05, 2.07 and 1.51 times that after intravenous administration of the curcumin solution injection, respectively, indicating that the hydrogel significantly increased the distribution of curcumin into the rat brain tissue, especially into the cerebellum and hippocampus.

Conclusions

A thermosensitive curcumin nasal gel was developed with favourable gelation, release properties, biological safety and enhanced brain-uptake efficiency.
Cutaneous delivery of α-tocopherol and lipoic acid using microemulsions: influence of composition and charge
Authors: Cichewicz Allie , Pacleb Chelsea , Connors Ashley , Hass Martha A , Lopes Luciana B
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To assess whether the composition and charge of microemulsions affect their ability to simultaneously deliver α-tocopherol and lipoic acid into viable skin layers.

Methods

α-Tocopherol and lipoic acid were added (1.1 and 0.5% w/w, respectively) to decylglucoside-based microemulsions containing mono-dicaprylin. Microemulsions containing surfactant : oil : water (w/w/w) at 60 : 30 : 10 (ME-O) and 46 : 23 : 31 (ME-W), as well as a cationic form of ME-W containing 1% phytosphingosine (ME-Wphy) were characterized, and their ability to disrupt the skin barrier and deliver the antioxidants in vitro in the skin was evaluated. Antioxidant activity in ME-Wphy-treated skin was assessed using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay.

Key findings

The internal phase diameters of microemulsions ranged between 42 and 55 nm; phytosphingosine addition and pH adjustment to 5.0 increased zeta potential from −4.3 to +29.1 mV. ME-O displayed w/o structure, whereas ME-W and ME-Wphy were consistent with o/w. Microemulsions affected skin electrical resistance and transepidermal water loss, but did not affect lipoic acid penetration. α-Tocopherol delivery increased following the order ME-O < ME-W < ME-Wphy. ME-Wphy presented suitable short-term stability. The antioxidants delivered by ME-Wphy decreased TBARS cutaneous levels.

Conclusions

Even though microemulsion structure only affected tocopherol penetration, delivered levels of both antioxidants were sufficient for a decrease in TBARS, supporting their use for enhanced protection.
Variation of grazing‐induced vegetation changes across a large‐scale productivity gradient
Authors: Lezama Felipe , Baeza Santiago , Altesor Alice , Cesa Ariela , Chaneton Enrique J. , Paruelo José M.
Published: February 2013

Questions

Does the magnitude of grazing‐induced changes in species composition vary with habitat productivity? How does the sign and magnitude of grazing effects on species richness and beta‐diversity change with increasing productivity? Do major life forms exhibit consistent responses to grazing along productivity gradients?

Location

Steppes and grasslands of southern South America in Argentina and Uruguay.

Methods

We evaluated grazing effects on plant composition, species richness, beta‐diversity and life‐form abundances along a ten‐fold, regional productivity gradient and within subregions of contrasting productivity, using a common sampling protocol for 23 paired grazed vs ungrazed plots. The annual integral of the normalized difference vegetation index was used as a surrogate for above‐ground net primary productivity.

Results

Compositional dissimilarity between grazed and ungrazed plots, as well as grazing‐induced differences in plant richness and beta‐diversity all increased with habitat productivity. Grazing decreased species richness in low‐productive steppes but enhanced the richness of high‐productive grasslands. On average, grazing reduced beta‐diversity in high‐productive sites but not in low‐productive sites. Dominant species were more strongly suppressed by grazing towards productive grasslands. Grazing generally decreased shrub species cover, whereas graminoid and forb cover did not consistently change with grazing through the productivity gradient.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that the overall grazing effects on vegetation structure increased along a regional productivity gradient. Yet the sign of grazing impacts on species richness and beta‐diversity shifted with habitat productivity, in agreement with models of herbivore‐mediated co‐existence and species colonization in productive systems. Further, we found that narrowing the spatial extent of analysis to the subregion generally obscured grazing–productivity relationships. Biodiversity conservation programmes should carefully weigh the varied impacts of livestock grazing across productivity gradients.
Plant community assembly in semi‐natural grasslands and ex‐arable fields: a trait‐based approach
Authors: Marteinsdóttir Bryndís , Eriksson Ove
Published: February 2013

Question

The assembly of plants into communities is one of the central topics in plant community ecology. The objective of this study was to investigate how plant functional trait diversity and environmental factors influence community assembly in two different grassland communities, and if variation in these factors could explain the difference in species assembly between these communities.

Location

Six grazed ex‐arable fields and eight semi‐natural grasslands in southeast Sweden.

Methods

We estimated species abundance and measured soil attributes at each site. For each species within each site we measured specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and seed mass. We analysed the data both for abundance‐weighted species values and species occurrence.

Results

Trait gradient analysis indicated random distribution of species among sites, while CCA analysis indicated that both soil phosphorus and moisture were related to species assembly at a site. Correlations and fourth‐corner analysis also revealed a relationship between measured species traits and soil phosphorus and moisture. There was a lower average seed mass and higher SLA of species in ex‐arable fields compared to species in semi‐natural grasslands.

Conclusions

Even though trait gradient analysis indicated that plant community assembly in the studied grasslands was random, other results implied that species occurrence and abundance was influenced both by environmental factors and species traits. Higher species richness in semi‐natural grasslands was associated with more large‐seeded species found there compared to ex‐arable fields, indicating that large‐seeded species establish in grasslands later than small‐seeded species.
Activity patterns and temporal avoidance by prey in response to Sunda clouded leopard predation risk
Authors: Ross J. , Hearn A. J. , Johnson P. J. , Macdonald D. W.
Published: February 2013

Little is known about the activity patterns of Bornean ungulates, or the temporal interactions of these species with the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. In this study, we use photographic capture data to quantify the activity patterns for the Sunda clouded leopard and six potential prey species: bearded pig Sus barbatus, Bornean yellow muntjac Muntiacus atherodes, red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak, lesser mouse deer Tragulus kanchil, greater mouse deer Tragulus napu, and sambar deer Rusa unicolor, and to calculate the overlap in activity patterns between these species. This is the first insight into the temporal interactions between the Sunda clouded leopard and its potential prey. Sunda clouded leopards' activity patterns overlapped most with those of sambar deer and greater mouse deer. In the absence of clouded leopards, we report a significant difference in activity patterns for bearded pigs which show greater nocturnal activity in the absence of this predator. This suggests that bearded pigs may be prey species for clouded leopards and they are capable of altering their activity pattern in response to this risk.
Celiac disease
Authors: Rivera E , Assiri A , Guandalini S
Published: February 2013

Celiac disease, with a prevalence around 1% of the general population, is the most common genetically‐induced food intolerance in the world. Triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals, this enteropathy may appear at any age, and is characterized by a wide variety of clinical signs and symptoms. Among them, gastrointestinal presentations include chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss or failure to thrive in children; but extra‐intestinal manifestations are also common, and actually appear to be on the rise. They include a large variety of ailments, such as dermatitis Herpetiformis, anemia, short stature, osteoporosis, arthritis, neurologic problems, unexplained elevation of transaminases, and even female infertility. For the clinician interested in oral diseases, celiac disease can lead to delayed tooth eruption, dental enamel hypoplasia, recurrent oral aphthae. Diagnosing celiac disease requires therefore a high degree of suspicion followed by a very sensitive screening test: serum levels of the autoantibody anti‐tissue transglutaminase. A positive subject will then be confirmed by an intestinal biopsy, and will then be put on a strict gluten‐free diet, that in most cases will bring a marked improvement of symptoms. Newer forms of treatment which in the future will probably be available to the non‐responsive patients are currently being actively pursued.
THE PSM–LEADERSHIP FIT: A MODEL OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION USE
Authors: KROLL ALEXANDER , VOGEL DOMINIK
Published: February 2013

This article examines the use of performance information by public managers. It conceptualizes purposeful data use as a type of extra‐role behaviour which requires additional effort on the part of the managers and which is not extrinsically rewarded. The article sheds light on one potential antecedent of performance information use – the motivation of the users. It argues that we can observe high levels of data use if managers driven by public service motivation (PSM) work under transformational leaders. Using a needs–supply perspective on supervisors and followers, we suggest that there is aPSM–leadership fit which fosters the performance of this extra‐role behaviour. The article is based on data from German local government and its findings contribute to the literatures onPSMas well as on performance management.
REFORMING PUBLIC SERVICES AFTER THE CRASH: THE ROLES OF FRAMING AND HOPING
Authors: MCCANN LEO
Published: February 2013

This symposium of Public Administration explores the impact of the ‘Great Financial Crisis’ (GFC) on public services provision and delivery. This introductory article discusses the political and media ‘framing’ and ‘counter‐framing’ of what the GFC means for reforming public service bargains. The dominant frame is that service reform and cutbacks to provision are inevitable and unavoidable. This is contrasted with the counter‐frame that the GFC is being used as ‘cover’ for ‘ideologically driven’ reforms that policymakers would have wanted to introduce even if the crash had not occurred. Reform processes, however, are highly context‐specific and frames and counter‐frames are rhetorical and subjective. They emanate from deep‐seated yet fragile assumptions about the economic, social, and moral capacities of markets and governments, and are therefore best understood as ‘mechanisms of hope’ rather than distinct and rational policy prescriptions.
Sociodemographic determinants of attitudinal barriers in the use of mental health services in Japan: Findings from the World Mental Health Japan Survey 2002–2006
Authors: Kido Yoshifumi , Kawakami Norito ,   WHO World Mental Health Japan Survey Group
Published: February 2013

Aim

Sociodemographic correlates of Japanese attitudinal barriers to mental health services might be different from previous studies in Western countries, reflecting a different culture. We investigated sociodemographic correlates of attitudinal barriers to mental health services in a community population in Japan, based on data collected in the World Mental Health Survey Japan surveys.

Methods

An interview survey was conducted of a random sample of residents living in 11 communities across Japan during 2002–2006. A total of 1359 participants were analyzed. The variables on attitudinal barriers to mental health services were measured by using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. The association between these variables and sociodemographic variables were analyzed by using multiple logistic regressions.

Results

Being male was significantly associated with willingness to go for professional help and feeling comfortable to talk with a professional. Compared to the youngest group (20–34 years old), those aged from 35 to 49 years had a significantly lower prevalence of feeling embarrassed about friends knowing about their getting professional help, while the oldest group (aged over 65 years) had a significantly higher prevalence of being embarrassed. Being currently married was significantly associated with higher expectations about mental health services, but it was significantly and negatively associated with willingness to go for professional help.

Conclusion

These results suggest that demographic patterns of attitudinal barriers to mental health services in Japan are unique, compared with previous studies in Western countries. An anti‐stigma campaign may need to consider such country‐specific patterns in a particular country.
Oxidative stress status in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers
Authors: Huang Ming‐Chyi , Lin Shih‐Ku , Chen Chun‐Hsin , Pan Chun‐Hung , Lee Chao‐Hui , Liu Hsing‐Cheng
Published: February 2013

Aim

Methamphetamine (METH) administration is associated with excessive oxidative stress. It is not known whether the systemic oxidative stress indices would alter during early abstinence in METH abusers with positive urine testing for recent METH exposure.

Methods

Sixty‐four non‐treatment‐seeking METH abusers enrolled from a controlled environment and 60 healthy controls participated in the study. Fasting serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and anti‐oxidant indices, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and glutathione (GSH) levels, were measured at baseline and 2 weeks after the first measurement. We compared the differences of these oxidative stress indices between METH abusers and controls and examined the changes of the indices 2 weeks after baseline in the METH group.

Results

At baseline, the recently abstinent METH abusers had significantly higher MDA levels, lower SOD activity, and higher CAT activity and GSH levels compared to healthy controls. CAT and GSH values were positively correlated with MDA but negatively correlated with SOD. These oxidative stress indices did not significantly correlate with age, smoking amount, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores, or METH use variables. After 2 more weeks of abstinence, the indices did not alter nor normalize.

Conclusion

Compared to controls, we found that METH abusers have persistently higher systemic oxidative stress throughout early abstinence. The compromised SOD as well as elevated CAT activity and GSH levels may act together as a compensatory mechanism to counteract excessive oxidative stress induced by METH. Whether the oxidative stress could improve after a longer period of abstinence needs to be examined in future studies.
Childhood Granulomatous Periorificial Dermatitis with a Good Response to Oral Metronidazole
Authors: Rodriguez‐Caruncho Clara , Bielsa Isabel , Fernandez‐Figueras M Teresa , Ferrándiz Carlos
Published: February 2013

Childhood granulomatous periorificial dermatitis (CGPD) is a condition included in the spectrum of rosacea and perioral dermatitis that affects prepubescent children. It is characterized by papular eruptions located around the mouth, nose, and eyes that histopathologically show a granulomatous pattern. We report a 9‐year‐old girl with CGPD who required treatment with an oral antibiotic. Oral metronidazole was administered because of its known efficacy in adult rosacea and its safety in children. The patient responded well to this therapy, showing resolution of the lesions.
Baseline sensitivity of natural populations and resistance of mutants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae to a novel bactericide, zinc thiazole
Authors: Zhang C. , Wu H. , Li X. , Shi H. , Wei F. , Zhu G.
Published: February 2013

During 2009–2010, a total of 323 isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were obtained from rice with symptoms of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in four provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei) in China. These isolates were tested for baseline sensitivity to zinc thiazole, a novel bactericide with strong antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas. The sampled pathogenic population had similar sensitivity to zinc thiazole (0·1–16·8 mg L−1) in all four regions and over the whole two‐year study period. The baseline sensitivity was distributed as a unimodal curve with a mean EC50 value of 6·79 ± 1·61 mg L−1. The risk of mutation to resistance of zinc thiazole in X. oryzae pv. oryzae was further evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Twelve zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants were obtained through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, culturing on zinc thiazole‐amended nutrient agar (NA) plates, and culturing on zinc thiazole‐treated rice plants. These zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants had resistance factors (RF = EC50 value of a mutant / EC50 value of the wildtype parent of this mutant) of 12·4 to 186·1 with a mean RF value of 44·1. Mutants obtained via UV irradiation, culturing on NA plates and culturing on rice plants had mean RF values of 51·8, 24·5 and 14·4, respectively. All mutants showed decreases in resistance to zinc thiazole after 20 successive transfers on bactericide‐free media or 10 successive inoculation–reisolations on bactericide‐free rice plants. No significant difference was found in bacterial growth and sensitivity to bismerthiazol between zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants and their parents. However, a significant decrease was observed in the pathogenicity of zinc thiazole‐resistant mutants compared with their parents, especially for mutants obtained via UV irradiation.
Oestrogen, Progesterone and Oxytocin Receptors and COX‐2 Expression in Endometrial Biopsy Samples from the Induction of Ovulation to Luteolysis in Llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Bianchi CP , Meikle A , Alvarez MA , Benavente MA , Cavilla MV , Rodríguez E , Aba MA
Published: February 2013

Contents

Endometrial expression of oestrogen (ERα), progesterone (PR) and oxytocin receptor (OR) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) was evaluated from the induction of ovulation to luteolysis in llamas. Ovarian activity was daily assessed by ultrasonography in five females. Ovulation was induced immediately after the detection of an ovulatory follicle by a GnRH injection (Day 0). Endometrial samples were obtained by transcervical biopsies from the left and right horns on day 0 and days 4, 8, 10 and 12 post‐GnRH. Blood samples were collected daily for progesterone and estradiol‐17β determinations by RIA. An immunohistochemical technique was used to study receptors population and COX‐2 expression which were then evaluated by two independent observers. The expression of ERα and PR was highest on day 0 in the luminal epithelium and stroma in association with high plasma estradiol‐17β concentrations. Thereafter, a decrease in ERα population was registered on day 4 and a new increase of its expression was observed between days 8 and 12 in those cell types. Conversely, PR population was gradually down‐regulated until its lowest expression was reached on day 10 post‐GnRH in the luminal epithelium. Content of OR was similar throughout the study in all cell types. The expression of COX‐2 was highest from day 8 to 12 post‐GnRH in the luminal epithelium, in relation to the time of maximal PGF2α release. Both steroid receptors populations and COX‐2 expression were similar between horns. Meanwhile, OR expression was higher in the right than in the left uterine horn. In summary, this study showed that the loss of endometrium sensitivity to progesterone by days 8–10 post‐induction of ovulation and the concomitant increase of COX‐2 expression could play a key role in the mechanism of luteolysis and somehow be related to the short corpus luteum lifespan of llamas.
Type 1 Regulatory T Cells and Regulatory B Cells Induced by Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Volchenkov R. , Karlsen M. , Jonsson R. , Appel S.
Published: February 2013

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen‐presenting cells that are capable of both activating immune responses and inducing tolerance. Several studies have revealed efficiency of therapeutic vaccination with tolerogenic DC (tolDC) in inhibition of experimental autoimmunity. The purpose of this study was to compare four different protocols for generation of tolDC – the antidiabetic drug troglitazone (TGZ DC), NF‐κB inhibitor BAY 11‐7082 (BAY DC), prostaglandin D2 metabolite 15d‐PGJ2 (PGJ DC) and a combination of dexamethasone and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (DexVD3 DC) regarding phenotype, cytokine production and T cell stimulatory capacity. TGZ DC and BAY DC had a phenotype comparable to immature DC, while DexVD3 DC were more macrophage like. Analysis of cytokine production using cell culture supernatants from all DC populations revealed that DexVD3 DC were efficient producers of IL‐10 and produced less pro‐inflammatory cytokines. T cells primed with DexVD3 DC showed reduced proliferation, and further analyses of these T cells revealed that functionally effective type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) but not FoxP3+ Treg were induced. Furthermore, DexVD3 DC promoted the induction of regulatory B cells (Breg). Together, these results indicate that DexVD3 DC have the best potential to be used in a tolerogenic antigen‐presenting cell‐based immunotherapy setting.
Effect of slope and footwear on running economy and kinematics
Authors: Lussiana T. , Fabre N. , Hébert‐Losier K. , Mourot L.
Published: February 2013

Lower energy cost of running (Cr) has been reported when wearing minimal (MS) vs traditional shoes (TS) on level terrain, but the effect of slope on this difference is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare Cr, physiological, and kinematic variables from running in MS and TS on different slope conditions. Fourteen men (23.4 ± 4.4 years; 177.5 ± 5.2 cm; 69.5 ± 5.3 kg) ran 14 5‐min trials in a randomized sequence at 10 km/h on a treadmill. Subjects ran once wearing MS and once wearing TS on seven slopes, from −8% to +8%. We found that Cr increased with slope gradient (P < 0.01) and was on average 1.3% lower in MS than TS (P < 0.01). However, slope did not influence the Cr difference between MS and TS. In MS, contact times were lower (P < 0.01), flight times (P = 0.01) and step frequencies (P = 0.02) were greater at most slope gradients, and plantar‐foot angles – and often ankle plantar‐flexion (P = 0.01) – were greater (P < 0.01). The 1.3% difference between footwear identified here most likely stemmed from the difference in shoe mass considering that the Cr difference was independent of slope gradient and that the between‐footwear kinematic alterations with slope provided limited explanations.
A multivariable model for predicting the frictional behaviour and hydration of the human skin
Authors: Veijgen N. K. , van der Heide E. , Masen M. A.
Published: February 2013

Background

The frictional characteristics of skin‐object interactions are important when handling objects, in the assessment of perception and comfort of products and materials and in the origins and prevention of skin injuries. In this study, based on statistical methods, a quantitative model is developed that describes the friction behaviour of human skin as a function of the subject characteristics, contact conditions, the properties of the counter material as well as environmental conditions.

Aims

Although the frictional behaviour of human skin is a multivariable problem, in literature the variables that are associated with skin friction have been studied using univariable methods. In this work, multivariable models for the static and dynamic coefficients of friction as well as for the hydration of the skin are presented.

Materials & Methods

A total of 634 skin‐friction measurements were performed using a recently developed tribometer. Using a statistical analysis, previously defined potential influential variables were linked to the static and dynamic coefficient of friction and to the hydration of the skin, resulting in three predictive quantitative models that descibe the friction behaviour and the hydration of human skin respectively.

Results and Discussion

Increased dynamic coefficients of friction were obtained from older subjects, on the index finger, with materials with a higher surface energy at higher room temperatures, whereas lower dynamic coefficients of friction were obtained at lower skin temperatures, on the temple with rougher contact materials. The static coefficient of friction increased with higher skin hydration, increasing age, on the index finger, with materials with a higher surface energy and at higher ambient temperatures. The hydration of the skin was associated with the skin temperature, anatomical location, presence of hair on the skin and the relative air humidity.

Conclusion

Predictive models have been derived for the static and dynamic coefficient of friction using a multivariable approach. These two coefficients of friction show a strong correlation. Consequently the two multivariable models resemble, with the static coefficient of friction being on average 18% lower than the dynamic coefficient of friction. The multivariable models in this study can be used to describe the data set that was the basis for this study. Care should be taken when generalising these results.
Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a pastoralist population in Ethiopia: are three sputum specimens needed?
Authors: Khogali M. , Tayler‐Smith K. , Zachariah R. , Gbane M. , Zimble S. , Weyeyso T. , Harries A. D.
Published: February 2013

Objective

To assess the number of sputum specimens necessary for a reliable diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a pastoralist population in Ethiopia.

Method

Using routine data from Ethiopia, where three sputum specimens are currently recommended for the diagnosis of PTB, we documented, (i) the proportion of persons with suspected, PTB who submitted a first, second and third sputum specimen for smear examination and (ii) the incremental smear‐positive yield from the first, to the second and third specimens.

Results

Of 505 persons with suspected PTB, 107 (22%) failed to submit three samples. Of 60 patients who submitted three sputum samples with at least one smear‐positive sample, the first sputum sample was smear positive in 56 (93%) cases; the second sputum sample was the first to be positive in 3 (5%) cases and in only one case was the third sample the first to be smear positive (additional yield 2%).

Conclusion

In a pastoralist setting, a reliable diagnosis of PTB can be achieved with two sputum specimens and PTB diagnosis may be adequate with just one sputum specimen. However, if this more radical approach was adopted, ways of increasing diagnostic sensitivity should be explored.
Sterility testing of apheresis hematopoietic progenitor cell products using an automated blood culture system
Authors: Liu Chang , Weber Carol , Sempek Diane S. , Grossman Brenda J. , Burnham Carey‐Ann D.
Published: February 2013

Background

AABB Standards require monitoring of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) products for microbial contamination. To date, there is no automated blood culture system cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for this application. Our objective was to validate the VersaTREK system (TREK Diagnostic Systems) for sterility testing of apheresis HPC products.

Study Design and Methods

Four aerobic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mitis, and Bacillus cereus), five anaerobic bacteria (Fusobacterium necrophorum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella loescheii, and Propionibacterium acnes), and one fungus (Candida albicans) were spiked into apheresis HPC products at concentrations of 10, 102, 103, and 104 colony‐forming units (CFUs)/mL. Aerobic and anaerobic bottles were incubated until positive or for up to 5 days. DNA was simultaneously extracted for polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene.

Results

All aerobic bacteria grew in both bottles at all concentrations tested within 24 hours, and the time to positivity (TTP) was significantly shorter with aerobic bottles. C. albicans grew in the aerobic media at all concentrations within 30 hours. Anaerobes grew in the anaerobic bottle at all concentrations within 5 days. No bacteria were detected by using 16S rRNA gene amplification at 104 CFUs/mL.

Conclusion

Compared to culture, 16S rRNA gene amplification of HPCs does not improve sensitivity or turnaround time for HPC sterility testing. The VersaTREK system is a reliable tool for detecting microbial contamination of apheresis HPC products with a limit of detection of less than or equal to 10 CFUs/mL. Inclusion of both the aerobic and the anaerobic culture bottles achieves the shortest TTP for all species tested.