bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing the Digital Disruption Associated with COVID-19-Driven Rapid Digital Transformation in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Dyda Amalie , Fahim Magid , Fraser Jon , Kirrane Marianne , Wong Ides , McNeil Keith , Ruge Maree , Lau Colleen L. , Sullivan Clair
Published: December 2021

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has forced rapid digital transformation of many health systems. These innovations are now entering the literature, but there is little focus on the resulting disruption.

Objective We describe the implementation of digital innovations during the COVID-19 response of Australia's largest health service, Metro North (in Brisbane, Queensland), the challenges of the subsequent digital disruption, how these were managed, and lessons learned.

Methods Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Australian state of Queensland created the Queensland Digital Clinical Charter, which provides guidance for the development of digital health programs. The guidelines utilize three horizons: digitizing workflows, leveraging digital data to transform clinical care, and reimagining new and innovative models of care. The technical response to COVID-19 in Metro North is described across these horizons. The rapid digital response caused significant disruption to health care delivery; management of the disruption and the outcomes are detailed. This is a participatory action research project, with members of the research team assisting with leading the implementation project informing the case report content.

Results Several digital innovations were introduced across Metro North during the COVID-19 response. This resulted in significant disruption creating digital hypervigilance, digital deceleration, data discordance, and postdigital “depression.” Successful management of the digital disruption minimized the negative effects of rapid digital transformation, and contributed to the effective management of the pandemic in Queensland.

Conclusion The rapid digital transformation in Metro North during COVID-19 was successful in several aspects; however, ongoing challenges remain. These include the need to improve data sharing and increase interoperability. Importantly, the innovations need to be evaluated to ensure that Metro North can capitalize on these changes and incorporate them into long-term routine practice. Moving forward, it will be essential to manage not only the pandemic, but increasingly, the resultant digital disruption.
Experiments probing internal interactions bring new questions about polyelectrolyte gels
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: December 2021

Approaches linking bulk properties to internal structure set the stage for further research into interfaces, inhomogeneities and how they affect gels in biology.
Fundamentals and mechanics of polyelectrolyte gels: Thermodynamics, swelling, scattering, and elasticity
Authors: Wilcox Kathryn G. , Kozawa Susan K. , Morozova Svetlana
Published: December 2021

Polyelectrolyte gels are ionizable, crosslinked polymer networks swollen in a solvent. These materials are prevalent in biological and synthetic applications ranging from the extracellular matrix to personal care products because they swell and deswell according to changes in the solution environment and internal structure. These environmental and internal factors include temperature, solvent, salt, pH, polymer volume fraction, and crosslink density. In order to predict useful properties like swelling and modulus, 70+ years of effort have been taken to understand the thermodynamic driving forces that affect polyelectrolyte gels. Here, we consider the current thermodynamic model of polyelectrolyte gel behavior, which includes balancing the mixing, electrostatic, Donnan, and elastic osmotic pressures, and we present current experimental results in the context of this model. Since the internal free energy of polyelectrolyte gels results in structural and modulus changes, we also review how thermodynamics are linked to rheological and scattering studies. Due to the complex nature of polyelectrolyte gels, the influence of the solution environment on gel behavior and structure has been investigated; however, the current findings are convoluted with multiple equilibrium states and there is a need for greater understanding of the influence of counterion condensation, interfaces, and inhomogeneities. By describing the current state of the thermodynamic model for polyelectrolyte behavior, we emphasize the complexity and tunability of polyelectrolyte gels for future applications. We propose the future direction of polyelectrolyte gel research to focus on gels at interfaces, in human biology, and on gel inhomogeneities. However, these future directions require an understanding of polyelectrolyte gel mechanical properties, structure, and complex nature that can be understood using the current thermodynamic model.
Metaphors, powerlessness and online aggression
Authors: Ho Janet
Published: December 2021

A lockdown was imposed in Wuhan, China, the alleged epicentre of the COVID-19 outbreak, on 23 January 2020. Rattled by the short notice and severity of the restrictions, many grabbed the last opportunity to escape, an act widely criticised on Weibo, China’s popular microblogging site. This study aims to examine the unsavoury discourse deployed by Weibo users to express impoliteness and discursively construct negative identities of the lockdown escapees. Posts on Weibo criticising, reporting and threatening the escapees were analysed, revealing that the escapees were dehumanised through vivid animal metaphors to highlight their irresponsibility and call for their punishment. Animal metaphors can co-occur with various impoliteness triggers to intensify offensiveness, heightening the hostility of interlocutors towards a target.

This use of metaphors also showcases online users’ anger, distrust, and hatred towards the escapees, their solidarity-seeking behaviour online and their irrationality.
The phraseology of wine and olive oil tasting notes
Authors: López Arroyo Belén , Sanz Valdivieso Lucía
Published: December 2021

Specialized genres are bound to the communicative context of their discourse community. However, certain genres
extend beyond one specific domain, remaining unchanged at different linguistic levels across domains. That seems to be the case of
wine and olive oil tasting notes since both analyze and evaluate sensory descriptions. The present study aims at describing and
comparing lexical chunks of wine and olive oil tasting notes at a semantic level to show if there is variation in the same genre
across domains; we will not only describe, classify and compare lexical chunks, but also identify the way this knowledge is
structured and construed in the same genre in both domains. We will test our methodology in a corpus of English tasting notes from
both genres written by three different writer profiles: professionals, amateurs and wineries/mills. Our results will be useful for
scholars as well as technical writers when writing tasting notes.
The Top 6 Risk Management Themes
Authors: Bruzzese Stacey
Published: December 2021

The Risk Revolution series, part of the Voices in Validation podcast, uncovers the latest challenges in risk management, with the goal of advancing the maturity of risk management practices within the industry by covering topics that challenge quality professionals to seek opportunities to improve and advance the ways in which they perceive and...
PQ Forum #23. PQ Documents List In Validation Plan
Authors: Pluta Paul
Published: December 2021

“PQ Forum” provides a mechanism for validation practitioners to share information related to Stage 2 Process Qualification in the validation lifecycle. Information about supporting activities such as design and development, equipment, and analytical validation will also be shared. The information provided should be helpful and practical so as to...
Research and Application of Full-Link Management Intellectual Inspection Robot with Remote Pre-Control and Information Digitization
Authors: Qiu Yutao , Qian Kai , Liang Liuming , Weng Zhangli , Huang Zhen , Yan Yuchen
Published: December 2021

With the development of intelligent power grid maintenance, inspection robot has been widely used for its integrated perception and remote pre-control. Aiming at the problems of the weak information interaction capacity and the low correlation with digital requirements of inspection operation, a kind of Full-Link Management Intellectual Inspection Robot is proposed. The article introduces the system structure, function modules, engineering application and debugging process. It is with low response delay and strong anti-interference ability. The correct recognition rate of violations reached 88.2 %, meanwhile provided with the function of evaluation and early warning of workers’ unsafe behavior. The Full-Link Management Intellectual Inspection Robot has a broad application foreground in power grid maintenance.
KM3NeT sensitivity to low energy astrophysical neutrinos
Authors: de Wasseige G.
Published: December 2021

KM3NeT, a new generation of neutrino telescope, is currently being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. While its two sites, ORCA and ARCA, were respectively designed for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and high-energy neutrino astronomy, this contribution presents a study of the detection potential of KM3NeT in the MeV-GeV energy range. At these low energies, the data rate is dominated by low-energy atmospheric muons and environmental noise due to bioluminescence and K-40 decay. The goal of this study is to characterize the environmental noise in order to optimize the selection of low-energy neutrino interactions and increase the sensitivity of KM3NeT to transient astrophysical phenomena, such as close-by core-collapse supernovae, solar flares, and extragalactic transients. In this contribution, we will study how using data science tools might improve the sensitivity of KM3NeT in these low-energy neutrino searches. We will first introduce the data sets and the different variables used to characterize KM3NeT’s response to the environmental noise. We will then compare the efficiency of various tools in identifying different components in the environmental noise and in disentangling low-energy neutrino interactions from the background events. We will conclude with the implication of low-energy neutrinos for future astrophysical transient searches.
A data-based machine learning approach for RPC time resolution study based on ToF reconstruction
Authors: Xie X.Y. , Xu H.L. , Li Q.Y. , Sun Y.J.
Published: December 2021

A data-based machine learning approach is proposed to study
the properties of time resolution of RPC detectors by measuring the
time of flight of cosmic muons. This method utilises a multi-layer
perceptron and a type of recurrent neural network called long
short-term memory. The neural network is trained with the waveforms
of RPC signals digitized by an oscilloscope at a sampling frequency
of 10 GHz and a 2 GHz bandwidth. A data augmentation approach is
implemented for labelling. Compared to the results from
conventional waveform analysis, this approach achieves a better time
resolution of 1-mm gap RPCs. Based on the data, the approach has a
generalisation capacity for performance studies of other timing
detectors.
Effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Silica Fume and Nano Silica on the Strength & Durability Properties of Concrete: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Wani Absar Yousuf , Bhandari Mohit
Published: December 2021

This paper provides a contemporary review of the usage of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), Silica Fume, and Nano Silica in Materialistic form over the deterministic aspects of conventional concrete. The main purpose of this literature learning is to enumerate the effect of GGBS, Silica Fume, and Nano Silica on strength of concrete. The GGBS, Silica Fume and Nano-silica is a restored substitute as compared to orthodox additives like CaCl2 and SiO2 because of their effectiveness with a lesser amount of consumption. It was found that the GGBS, Silica Fume, and nano-silica have an optimistic effect on the unconfined compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength of concrete.
Statistical Analysis and Development of Accident Prediction Model of Road Safety Conditions in Hisar City
Authors: Bamel Keshav , Dass Sachin , Jaglan Saurabh , Suthar Manju
Published: December 2021

The severity of road accidents is a big problem around the world, particularly in developing countries. Recognizing the major contributing variables can help reduce the severity of traffic accidents. This research uncovered new information as well as the most substantial target-specific factors related to the severity of road accidents. T-stat, P-value, Significance and other test values are determined to check the dependency of dependent variable on independent variable in order to obtain the most significant road accident variables. In this research, a comparative analysis of accident data from Hisar and Haryana are compared. According to the findings, Haryana’s accident severity index (46.20) was higher in 2019 than Hisar’s (36.01), while Hisar had fewer accidents per lakh population (33.34) than Haryana (38.40). The outcomes of the study were used to develop an effective and precise accident predicting model is developed for Hisar city and state Haryana using a statistical method. Four models were created using linear regression analysis, two each for Hisar and Haryana. These models produce good results with a margin of error that is within acceptable bounds (0-5%), allowing them to be used to predict future traffic accidents and deaths.
Removal of Turbidity and TDS from Wastewater by Using Natural Coagulants — A Review
Authors: Nisa A.Mehrun , Kishor Brij
Published: December 2021

The highest quantity of wastewater is produced from lather industries that is mixed with oil and other pollutants and under goes to the drains from sinks, toilets, laundries, showers, etc. The wastewater is usually classified as industrial wastewater or municipal wastewater. As the population of the earth is very huge, there is a requirement that the treatment of wastewater become necessary by using different techniques. The removal of TDS and Turbidity are here done by natural coagulants such as Strychnospotatorum, Passion fruit, Phaseolus Vulgaris, Chitosan, Cicer Arietinum, Cactus, Nirmali seeds, Vingna Mungo, Ripe Okra, Surjana seed powder (SSP), Orange peel, Moringa Oleifera, and Maize seed powder. This is found from the literature review that; Jar tests were prominently used in the coagulation-flocculation process for the removal TDS and Turbidity from wastewater. The objective of this review is to find out the scope of different natural coagulants as an alternative compared to other commercial chemical-based coagulants. It has been found from the literature review that these natural coagulants are alternative, cheaper, eco-friendly, and easy to use in wastewater treatment.
Solar-powered IoT based smart hydroponic nutrition management system using FARM
Authors: Wedashwara W. , Jatmika A. H. , Zubaidi A. , Arimbawa I. W. A.
Published: December 2021

Good nutrition and water conditions are significant in a hydroponic system. Nutrients in hydroponic systems are periodically re-mixed to target the right amount of TDS. The TDS amount needs to be regularly measured after the weather changes, namely temperature, humidity, light intensity, and rainfall. The research proposes developing a solar-powered Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart Hydroponic Nutrition Management System using Fuzzy Association Rule Mining (FARM). The system consists of an IoT connected to a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) sensor, a relay module connected to two 5v mini pumps that supply AB Mix nutrients, and a solenoid valve to supply water. The IoT system is also connected to sensors for temperature and humidity, light intensity, and rainfall to record the causes of weather changes that cause changes in TDS in hydroponic water. FARM is used to extract fuzzy association rules (FAR) from IoT sensors. The system targets a TDS of 1200 for leafy plants such as lettuce. The system prototype was developed in a small 5×7cm single layer PCB using the wire-wrapping technique. The test results produce a standard deviation of 2.345 for the TDS average of 1196.17 and threshold 50. In one week of evaluation, three times of rain and four times of hot weather were considered to change the TDS, and seven actions of the relay module were carried out. FARM has extracted fuzzy rules with average support of 0.401 and confidence of 0.826.
The effect of method and dosage application of biofungicide extract of Legundi leaf fermented with Trichoderma harzianum fungus for control of Fusarium wilt disease on shallots
Authors: Sudantha I M , Sudirman  , Ernawati N M L
Published: December 2021

Legundi weed (Vitex trifolia) has the potential to be used as a biofungicide to control Fusarium wilt disease on shallots. For the manufacture of biofungoicides, legundi leaf extract was first fermented using the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the method and dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide on the Fusarium fungus that causes shallots wilt. The research was carried out in Senteluk Village, Batu Layar District, West Lombok Regency using an experimental method with a factorial randomized block design with two factors. As the main effect, namely the application of biofungicide fermented Legundi leaf extract consisting of two levels, namely: seed treatment before planting, and spraying treatment for plants aged 7 days after planting. Meanwhile, the simple effect is the application dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide consisting of 5 levels, namely: 0.00 mL, 2.50 mL; 5.00 mL; 7.50 mL and 10.00 mL. The combination method and dose of fermented Legundi leaf extract biofungicide was repeated three times each, so there were 30 treatment combinations. The results obtained were the application of Legundi leaf extract biofungicides by soaking the seeds before planting at a starting dose of 2.50 mL to effectively control onion wilt disease. The applied biofungicide can increase plant height and increase the dry weight of the harvest.
Tuber and Organoleptic Characteristics of Four Potato Varieties Grown Off-season in Sajang Village, Sembalun
Authors: Nairfana I , Nikmatullah A , Sarjan M , Kisman
Published: December 2021

Quality of the tuber is an important factor determining utilization and economic values of the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plant. The acceptance of potato variety for industrial processing is determined by the dry matter, starch and reduced sugar contents as well as market acceptance of the products. These characteristics are influenced by the potato variety and cultivation season. This research aimed to evaluate the tuber and organoleptic properties of chips from four potato varieties grown during off-season, in Sajang Village of Sembalun District (at ca. 900 m above mean sea level). A plantation was undertaken at the end of rainy season in 2021, and comprised of four potato varieties, designated as McRusset, Ranger Russet, Chitra and Atlantic. After harvesting and stored at ambient temperature for 2 weeks, raw tubers were characterized for the dry matter, starch, and reduced sugar contents. The tubers were fried as french fries and chips, and sensory analysis were undertaken for likeliness in color, flavour, crispness and overall appearance. The different in properties of these four varieties and its industrial utilization is be presented and discussed in this paper.
Isolation of trymiristin from Myristica fragrans for natural product chemistry laboratory
Authors: Hakim A , Jamaluddin  , Al Idrus S W
Published: December 2021

This study aims generated natural products chemistry project laboratory for student in order to isolation trymiristin from Myristica fragrans. The skill of isolating trimyristin will be useful for students to obtain natural whitening raw materials derived from nutmeg. Various studies on the isolation can be used in natural products laboratory project. Students are directed to study literature related to trymiristin isolation procedures. Students practice skills of extraction, fractionation, purification, and structure elucidation of trymiristin. They were asked to design the laboratory activities. Manipulation of the liquor by soxhletation and recrystallization techniques proved to be a simple method to isolate trymiristin in low resource laboratory setting. The trymiristin was treated with structure elucidation NMR and infrared spectrometry. The laboratory method, comprising for 3 hours laboratory sessions, was a simple way for the students to understand the process of isolating trymiristin.
Exploring the phytochemical and antioxidant potentialof Hylocereuspolyrhizus peel extract using biochemical approach
Authors: Muksin Y D , Mahrus  , Bahri S
Published: December 2021

Red dragon fruit orHylocereuspolyrhizusis one of the most popular fruits in Indonesia. Besides being consumed directly,H. Polyrhizusprocessed into various forms of processed food products such as jams, syrups, sweets, tea, and functional drinks. Unfortunately, massive quantities of solid waste, includingH. polyrhizuspeel produced every year, continues to increase from year to year. Their disposal led to severe environmental issues. Whereas,H. polyrhizuspeels are abundant in beneficial secondary metabolites compoundespecially flavonoid and phenolic. The presence of flavonoid and phenolic content provides many benefits in the development of natural medicines, especially as antioxidants. However, the research related to exploring antioxidant potentials ofH. polyrhizuspeel is still very limited. This study aimed to explore the phytochemical ofH. polyrhizuspeel and their role as a natural-antioxidant agent.H. polyrhizuspeels were extracted through a maceration method using 96% of ethanol as their solvent. A total phenolic essay is determined by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent using gallic acid as a reference. AlCl3 reagent is used to analyse the flavonoid content by comparing with quercetin. Antioxidant activity was done by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid content ofH. polyrhizuspeel extract (HPPE) at 107.35 ± 8.02 mg GAE/g and 108.82 ± 12.69 mg QE/g respectively. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of HPPE showed IC50 value at 136.20 ± 0.70 Lig/ml Lig/ml with DPPH methods and 390.70 ± 1.25 Lig/ml ug/ml with ABTS methods. Based on this recent study, HPPE has a moderate antioxidant activity by reducing free radicals in dose dependent manner.
Measurement of macroalgae total carbohydrate content found in Lendang Luar coast, Lombok, Indonesia for potential sources of bioethanol
Authors: Ilhami B T K , Abidin A S , Martyasari N W R , Kurniawan N S H , Padmi H , Sunarwidhi A L , Widyastuti S , Sunarpi H , Prasedya E S
Published: December 2021

Bioethanol is a renewable alternative energy through the process of fermenting sugar from carbohydrate sources by adding microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria. Macroalgae or known as seaweed is one of the producers in the marine environment which has a high carbohydrate content so that it can be used as raw material for bioethanol. Macroalgae contains specific carbohydrates including laminarin, mannitol, alginate, agar and polysaccharides. The high carbohydrate content indicates the ethanol content produced. The aim of the study was to initial screen total carbohydrates in red algae (G. latifolium and G rugosa) and brown algae (M rosea, S. crassifolium, S. cristaefolium, S. polycystum, P.australis and T. muray ana). Carbohydrate total analysis was performed by colorimetric assay using the BioVision kit. The overall carbohydrate content found in macroalgae samples in this study was 28.23 fig (DW)1. The highest carbohydrate content was obtained by G. latifolium (37.50 fig (DW)1), followed by G rugosa (34.27 fig (DW)1) and S. cristaefolium (33.33 fig (DW)1). Current results show that macroalgae exhibits sufficient amounts of carbohydrate which could potentially be further developed as source for biotehanol.
Cytotoxicity of Begonia medicinalis aqueous extract in three cancer cell line
Authors: Prihardina B , Fatmawati S
Published: December 2021

Begonia medicinalis or known as benalu batu in Indonesia is a herbal plant that is locally used for traditional medicines. The secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and terpenoids have been reported to be found in these plant extracts. The content of flavonoids can lead to anti-cancer abilities while heat-sensitive flavonoid compounds can be extracted by the Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE) method. In this study, the anticancer potential of B. medicinalis extracts from the leaves (leaves extract/LE) and stem (stem extract/SE) in three cell lines (Hela, MDA-MB, HT-29) have been performed. Extraction of the leaves and stems was carried out using water as a solvent and the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method followed by measuring the total flavonoid content (TFC) of each extract. The anticancer potential was obtained from cytotoxic measurements by the MTT method on 3 types of cancer cells incubated with the extract for 24 hours. The value of total flavonoid content (TFC) in the LE was higher than that of SE extracts. Both extracts have the potential as a remedy for the treatment of cancer. Keywords: Begonia medicinalis, Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE), anticancer
Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for hemorrhoid treatment in Borneo island: Ethnopharmacological study RISTOJA
Authors: Astana P R W , Nisa U , Triyono A , Ardiyanto D , Fitriani U , Zulkarnain Z , Adwaita K P , Novianto F
Published: December 2021

Borneo is known as the third largest island in the world, which has enormous biodiversity. For generations, the locals used to utilize surrounding plants to treat diseases and maintain their health. Hemorrhoid is one of the diseases which is often treated using medicinal plants. An ethnopharmacological study (RISTOJA) was conducted to find potential plants to be developed in Borneo island by interviewing selected local traditional healers. Identification of medicinal plants was performed, followed by descriptive and literature studies. The most important medicinal plants were defined using the calculation of frequency of citation (FC), use value (UV), and choice value (CV). In order to establish scientific evidence, a literature review was conducted focused on the benefit and toxicity using electronic search engines Pubmed, DOAJ, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The evidence was collected from empirical use to in-vitro, animal, or clinical studies. There were 49 species under 31 families used in herbal formula for hemorrhoids. Based on FC, UV, CV, and literature review, Curcuma longa L., Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Melastoma malabathricum L., and Cocos nucifera were confirmed to have enough scientific evidence regarding its safety and efficacy. Accordingly, those plants have the potential to be further developed.
The potential and conservation of medicine plants in Central Kalimantan
Authors: Galingging R Y , Purwandari S , Tunisa H
Published: December 2021

Central Kalimantan consist of various type of lands e.g. peats soil, acid sulphate and uplands. Potential of the medicinal plant in Central Kalimantan forest is scattered in various forest areas and it is in high diversity various life form and uses. Method of study: exploration and collection conducted in five districts, i.e. Kotawaringin Timur, Kotawaringin Barat, Barito Selatan, Barito Utara and Murung Raya, starting from March 2016 until December 2018.The aims of this study was as follows : (1). The exploration process, (2). The ex-situ and in-situ conservation, (3). The characterization process, (4). The documentation process.The results of these activities involve ex situ collection of 5 accessions of medicinal plants that can be used as a source of biofarmaca. Medicinal plant conservation could be through in-situ and or ex-situ. The in-situ conservation held by managing the forest area as the natural habitat of the medicinal plants, while the ex-situ conservation held outside of the native habitats. Appropriate utilization and research activities are important in conservation of the medicinal plants Central Kalimantan..
A study of walkability in Surabaya urban park utilizing the space syntax
Authors: Wahyono F , Soemardiono B , Noerwarsito T
Published: December 2021

The urban parks are open spaces that accommodate people to do various activities. One of the most popular activities is walking. Human experience essentially leads pedestrians to have specific spatial dimensions and configurations in a park. Space syntax exists as a tool to explore the characteristics of the spatial configuration and the influence of the visitors on their activities through their perceptions. Space syntax has been widely applied in urban and human movement studies, despite rarely applied within the scope of urban parks. This study aims to address the debate and offers a new technique in applying the space syntax method. This research employed quantitative methods in interpreting the concept of Walkability and evaluated the design of urban parks by spatial exploration. The result determined the scope of research within the park, the configurational relationships between spaces as well as the visual connection and continuity of the human line of sight. This principle was developed and illustrated based on the three urban parks in Surabaya.
Collaborative planning for Surabaya Smart City 2020 Program during the pandemic
Authors: Pribadi F G , Santoso E B , Sumartinah H R
Published: December 2021

There have been many criticisms against the concept of smart city development, which only emphasizes technology. Implementing a smart city requires the involvement of a complex social sphere. Therefore, it cannot be separated from its smart citizens. Meanwhile, technology is the only tool in a smart city. Smart city development then shifts the planning paradigm to become more participative, creative, innovative, and collaborative. Smart citizens freely open up network space, establish communication, and collaborate with stakeholders to find the best solution for the problems in their settlements, including in the urban kampong. The researchers found the collaborative planning process of urban kampong development in the Surabaya Smart City (SSC) program. This kampong improvement program was initiated by the Surabaya City Government in 2019 and continues in 2020 despite the pandemic. After going through the selection and judging stages, Sambi Arum Kampong received the best kampong title in the program. This study aimed to determine how the collaborative planning process took place in the Sambi Arum Kampong during the pandemic. The researchers collected the data through in-depth interviews and literature reviews, which was then analyzed qualitatively using the deductive content-analysis method. This study explains that we can achieve collaborative smart city planning during a pandemic through flexible local institutional design and communication technology.
Laser Metal Wire drop-by-drop Deposition: a material and dilution investigation
Authors: Da Silva Adrien , Amiri Kasvayee Keivan , Frostevarg Jan , Zachrisson Jan , Kaplan Alexander F.H.
Published: December 2021

Additive Manufacturing has become a field of high interest in the industry, mostly due to its strong freedom of design and its flexibility. Numerous Additive Manufacturing techniques exist and present different advantages and disadvantages. The technique investigated in this research is a drop-by-drop deposition alternative to Laser Metal Wire Deposition. This technique is expected to induce a better control over the power input in the material, resulting in a better power efficiency and tailorable material properties. The aim of this research is to investigate selected material properties of the structures produced with the drop-by-drop deposition technique. Multi-drops structures were deposited from 316L, Inconel 625 (NW6625) and AlSi5 (AW4043) wires. Two drop deposition methods were investigated: (i) a contactless recoil pressure driven detachment for 316L and Inconel 625, (ii) a contact-based surface tension driven detachment for AlSi5. A material characterization including optical microscopy, EDS and hardness measurements was performed in transverse and longitudinal cross-sections. The microstructure of the deposited material, the dilution with the substrate and the heat affected zone were analysed. The contactless detachment showed a higher dilution than the contact-based technique due to the laser irradiating the substrate between two drop detachments, which melts the substrate that then mixes with the deposited drops.
A novel method for approximating local changes in the surface absorption for laser marking using 3D laser scanning
Authors: Mikkelstrup Anders F. , Thomsen Anders N. , Kristiansen Morten
Published: December 2021

Laser marking is a non-contact technique, which achieves colouring by using a laser beam to increase surface oxidation. Controlling the amount of heat induced into the part is essential in ensuring the desired degree of oxidisation. However, the induced heat is not only dependent on the process parameters, but also on the surface absorption, which in turn is dependent on the material, laser wavelength, and surface quality, i.e., current degree of oxidation and contaminants as well as surface roughness. This paper proposes a method for correlating backscatter from a 3D laser scanner with the surface absorption of sheet metal parts. The purpose is to determine local changes in the surface absorption caused by surface oxidation and contamination. The method utilises a 3D laser scanner, which projects a laser line at the surface and measures the resulting backscatter at an angle. The proposed solution applies a bi-directional reflectance model to reduce the influence of varying scanning angles. The method’s sensitivity to variations in surface treatments is investigated and validated against backscatter spectroscopy measurements. The results show that the proposed method can identify changes in the absorption. However, these were, in some cases, more than 70% higher compared to spectroscopy measurements.
Laser-TIG welding of galvanized steel – numerical and experimental assessment of the effect of arc in various setups
Authors: Šebestová Hana , Horník Petr , Novotný Jan , Mrňa Libor
Published: December 2021

The technology of laser-TIG welding utilizes the arc as a secondary heat source during laser welding. In TIG-leading configuration, the low-current arc precedes the beam to preheat the material. The numerical simulations representing various setups combining laser and arc were performed to study the changes of thermal cycles on the interface of thin metal sheets of overlap joint. The relations between the position of the arc towards the beam, additional heat input, and temperature gradients are discussed. The technology of laser-TIG welding of zinc-coated deep-drawing steel was experimentally applied in the same joint configuration. A good agreement between the calculated and experimental welds was achieved. The arc current less than 40 A did not cause the vaporization, neither oxidation of zinc coating on the interface surface of metal sheets. Nevertheless, the quality of laser-TIG welds was better compared to laser welds. The 40A arc current increased the heat input by about 50% and led to an almost 60% decrease in cooling rate compared to autonomous laser welding. Prolonged heating and cooling time are the key factors of improving the weld quality.
Influence of mill scale on oxygen laser cutting processes
Authors: Sandra Dewi Handika , Volpp Joerg , Frostevarg Jan , Siltanen Jukka
Published: December 2021

Mill scale formed on the surface of hot rolled steels consists of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3) and wustite (FeO) layers, which can protect the steels from corrosion and other atmospheric effects. Existence of mill scale on the specimens’ surface has shown to be able to decrease the cut edge quality. Since the mechanism behind influence of mill scale on the laser cutting process is unknown, this work performs direct observation of oxygen laser cutting processes on specimens with and without removed mill scale layers. Oxygen laser cutting processes were carried out using Ytterbium fibre laser 1070 nm along the edge of 20-mm-thick-steel specimens which were attached to a borosilicate glass. Focal point of the laser beam was positioned to be 0.7 mm below the specimens’ surface. A high speed imaging system was arranged to face the glass, recording the cut front and kerf dynamics during cutting processes. It was found that cut front inclination angle increase when the mill scale was removed from the specimens’ surface. This implies that mill scale on the specimens’ surface seem to contribute in increasing the exothermal energy during laser cutting processes.
Influence of the laser cutting front geometry on the striation formation analysed with high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging
Authors: Lind Jannik , Hagenlocher Christian , Blazquez-Sanchez David , Hummel Marc , Olowinsky A. , Weber Rudolf , Graf Thomas
Published: December 2021

The generation of low surface roughness of the cut edge during laser beam cutting is a challenge. The striation pattern, which determines the surface roughness, can be distinguished into regular and interrupted striations, the latter resulting in an increased surface roughness. In order to analyse their formation, the space- and time-resolved cutting front geometry and melt film thickness were captured during laser beam fusion cutting of aluminium sheets with a framerate of 1000 Hz by means of high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging. The comparison of the contours of the cutting fronts for a cut result with regular und interrupted striations shows that the contour fluctuates significantly more in case of interrupted striations. This leads to a strong fluctuation of the local angle of incidence. In addition, the average angle of incidence decreases, which results in an increase of the average absorbed irradiance. Both phenomena, local increase of absorbed irradiance and its dynamic fluctuation, result in a local increase of the melt film thickness at the cutting front which is responsible for the formation of the interrupted striations.
Determination of the geometry of laser-cutting fronts with high spatial and temporal resolution
Authors: Sawannia Michael , Berger Peter , Weber Rudolf , Graf Thomas
Published: December 2021

The melt flow velocity and the local surface angles of the cutting front during laser fusion cutting of 10 mm AISI 304 were determined for a laser power of 8 kW and a feed rate of 2 m/min. The cut front was recorded with a polarization goniometer, which uses the polarization of the process emission to determine the local surface angles, allowing to calculate the orientation of the normal vector of the surface. The records in this work were carried out with a frame rate of 75 kHz and a spatial resolution of about 30 µm. This allowed to identify big and small structures moving down the cutting front and to determine their velocities. The approximate velocity of the small structures was 9.1 m/s and for the big structures approx. 2.5 m/s. The information of a usual high-speed video was compared with the additionally obtained geometry information.
Influence of an external applied AC magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics at high-power laser beam welding
Authors: Üstündağ Ömer , Bakir Nasim , Gumenyuk Andrey , Rethmeier Michael
Published: December 2021

The study deals with the determination of the influence of an externally applied oscillating magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics in high power laser beam and hybrid laser arc welding processes. An AC magnet was positioned under the workpiece which is generating an upward directed electromagnetic force to counteract the formation of the droplets. To visualise the melt flow characteristics, several experiments were carried out using a special technique with mild steel from S355J2 with a plate thickness of up to 20 mm and a quartz glass in butt configuration. The profile of the keyhole and the melt flow were recorded with a highspeed camera from the glass side. Additionally, the influence of the magnetic field orientation to the welding direction on the filler material dilution on laser hybrid welding was studied with variating oscillation frequency. The element distribution over the whole seam thickness was measured with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The oscillation frequency demonstrated a great influence on the melt pool dynamics and the mixing of the elements of the filler wire. The highspeed recordings showed, under the influence of the magnetic field, that the melt is affected under strong vortex at the weld root, which also avoids the formation of droplets.
Melt pool forming a buttonhole in tailored blank welding with multiple laser spots
Authors: Kaplan Alexander F. H. , Robertson Stephanie M. , Volpp Joerg , Frostevarg Jan
Published: December 2021

Laser beam welding of tailored blank butt joints of different sheet thickness generates asymmetric melt pool conditions. By employing two, three or four tailored laser beams, additional options for shaping the melt pool conditions can be offered. As observed by high speed imaging, in most multi-spot cases a large stable buttonhole was generated, by the trailing laser beams asymmetrically towards the thinner sheet. Correspondingly, the ablation pressure from the multiple boiling fronts has generated a fast melt jet, particularly along the thicker sheet. In many cases the boiling front kept open to the keyhole rear. The buttonhole differs from the Catenoid-like shape reported earlier. The walls are steeper and the horizontal shape can be asymmetric. The melt pool can switch between different stable modes. Inclined arrangement of three beams enabled even two separate, parallel boiling fronts and melt jets, combining behind the opening. Despite the large buttonhole, sound welds were achieved. Solely for four equal laser beams, arranged as a square, a melt pool without buttonhole was generated. Provided the driving forces from the ablation pressure along with the melt flow are sufficiently explored and understood, new opportunities to optimize the welding process are available.
Topographical evaluation of laser generated surfaces using statistical analysis of surface-normal vector distributions
Authors: Olsson Rickard , Powell John , Frostevarg Jan , Kaplan Alexander F.H.
Published: December 2021

Surfaces generated by Additive Manufacturing or laser texturing can involve the solidification of droplets of liquid, which can give rise to overhanging features on the solidified surface. Overhanging features add a layer of complexity to the surface topography and are undetectable by standard surface roughness measurement techniques such as profilometry. Such features are important because they can have a considerable effect on surface properties such as wettability. New techniques and algorithms are therefore required to analyse and quantify convoluted surfaces with overhanging (re-entrant) features. Earlier work by the authors introduced the concept of using X-ray micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) to identify the directions of vectors normal to the surface at any point and thus indicate the presence or absence of overhanging features. This paper divides overhanging features into two types; simple and compound, and introduces new, size independent, analysis techniques which measure what proportion of each type is on the surface. Another extension of the analysis is the comparison of surface profiles taken in different directions in order to identify any surface roughness anisotropies.
Thermal imaging of high power ultrashort pulse laser ablation of alumina towards temperature optimized micro machining strategies
Authors: Rung Stefan , Häcker Niklas , Hellmann Ralf
Published: December 2021

The application of pulsed laser systems with pulse durations in the pico- and femtosecond regime for material processing is commonly associated with a cold ablation. Due to the minimized interaction-time between the ultrashort laser pulses and the material, this statement is almost valid as long as no heat accumulation effect appears. With the increasing demand of high productivity processes, the average power of ultrashort pulsed laser systems increases above 100 W, which leads, however, to increased thermal effects during laser processing. This is especially important for laser processing of technical ceramics like alumina. Large temperatures gradients, which locally occur during laser processing using high average power could lead to thermal modifications and cracks in the material. In this study, we present a process-optimization method for high power laser ablation of alumina based on thermal imaging. The use of a 2D IR camera enables the estimation of the temperature distribution during the laser processing. We investigate the influence of laser power up to 80 W, pulse duration between 900 fs and 10 ps and processing duration on the resulting material temperature. Beside the material temperature we evaluate the material removal rate and the resulting surface quality.
Comparative study of cell growth and cellular adhesion on Ti-6Al-4V surfaces made by Selective Laser Melting followed by different surface post processing steps
Authors: Adelmann Benedikt , Abb Melanie , Hellmann Ralf
Published: December 2021

Selective laser melting is generally considered as to improve the design of medical implants, thus supporting medical treatment and maintaining mobility of invalid and older people. In particular, medical grade titanium alloys are in favour for spinal implants, as being nowadays manufactured by, e.g., milling. Selective laser melting offers the advantage of an adapted elasticity as to avoid stress shielding within the backbone by including complex lattice structures inside the individualized implant. For the integration into the backbone, surface properties, particularly surface roughness, are crucial with respect to biocompatibility and cell growth. Opposite to conventional milling, selective laser melting, however, results in an inferior surface roughness, leading to the necessity of downstream process steps.

We report on cell growth and cellular adhesion of human primary fibroblasts on medical grade Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by selective laser melting followed by combinations of milling, hot isostatic pressing, chemical surface treatment and steam-sterilization to generate different surface conditions for cell growth. For example, cell growth is studied for varying milling path spacing on SLM parts exhibiting different surface roughness. Our results reveal good cell growth for milling path spacing lower than 0.18 mm as compared to higher milling path spacing and not milled surfaces. Cell fluorescence images and SEM images show that the cell growth is additionally hampered by the edges of the milling path. Conveniently, process failures such as pores originating from the selective laser melting process do not hamper the cell growth.