bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supramolecular Hybrids from Cyanometallate Complexes and Diblock Copolypeptide Amphiphiles in Water
Authors: Tanaka Takayuki , Kuroiwa Keita
Published: May 2022

The self-assembly of discrete cyanometallates has attracted significant interest due to the potential of these materials to undergo soft metallophilic interactions as well as their optical properties. Diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles have also been investigated concerning their capacity for self-assembly into morphologies such as nanostructures. The present work combined these two concepts by examining supramolecular hybrids comprising cyanometallates with diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles in aqueous solutions. Discrete cyanometallates such as [Au(CN)2]−, [Ag(CN)2]−, and [Pt(CN)4]2− dispersed at the molecular level in water cannot interact with each other at low concentrations. However, the results of this work demonstrate that the addition of diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles such as poly-(L-lysine)-block-(L-cysteine) (Lysm-b-Cysn) to solutions of these complexes induces the supramolecular assembly of the discrete cyanometallates, resulting in photoluminescence originating from multinuclear complexes with metal-metal interactions. Electron microscopy images confirmed the formation of nanostructures of several hundred nanometers in size that grew to form advanced nanoarchitectures, including those resembling the original nanostructures. This concept of combining diblock copolypeptide amphiphiles with discrete cyanometallates allows the design of flexible and functional supramolecular hybrid systems in water.
An Osteosarcoma Stem Cell Potent Nickel(II)-Polypyridyl Complex Containing Flufenamic Acid
Authors: Passeri Ginevra , Northcote-Smith Joshua , Perera Roshane , Gubic Nikola , Suntharalingam Kogularamanan
Published: May 2022

Apoptosis resistance is inherent to stem cell-like populations within tumours and is one of the major reasons for chemotherapy failures in the clinic. Necroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of programmed cell death that could help bypass apoptosis resistance. Here we report the synthesis, characterisation, biophysical properties, and anti-osteosarcoma stem cell (OSC) properties of a new nickel(II) complex bearing 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and two flufenamic acid moieties, 1. The nickel(II) complex 1 is stable in both DMSO and cell media. The nickel(II) complex 1 kills bulk osteosarcoma cells and OSCs grown in monolayer cultures and osteospheres grown in three-dimensional cultures within the micromolar range. Remarkably, 1 exhibits higher potency towards osteospheres than the metal-based drugs used in current osteosarcoma treatment regimens, cisplatin and carboplatin, and an established anti-cancer stem cell agent, salinomycin (up to 7.7-fold). Cytotoxicity studies in the presence of prostaglandin E2 suggest that 1 kills OSCs in a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent manner. Furthermore, the potency of 1 towards OSCs decreased significantly upon co-treatment with necrostatin-1 or dabrafenib, well-known necroptosis inhibitors, implying that 1 induces necroptosis in OSCs. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first compound to implicate both COX-2 and necroptosis in its mechanism of action in OSCs.
A Comprehensive Review of Rosmarinic Acid: From Phytochemistry to Pharmacology and Its New Insight
Authors: Guan Huaquan , Luo Wenbin , Bao Beihua , Cao Yudan , Cheng Fangfang , Yu Sheng , Fan Qiaoling , Zhang Li , Wu Qinan , Shan Mingqiu
Published: May 2022

Polyphenolic acids are the widely occurring natural products in almost each herbal plant, among which rosmarinic acid (RA, C18H16O8) is well-known, and is present in over 160 species belonging to many families, especially the Lamiaceae. Aside from this herbal ingredient, dozens of its natural derivatives have also been isolated and characterized from many natural plants. In recent years, with the increasing focus on the natural products as alternative treatments, a large number of pharmacological studies have been carried out to demonstrate the various biological activities of RA such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-virus, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. In addition, investigations concerning its biosynthesis, extraction, analysis, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics have also been performed. Although many achievements have been made in various research aspects, there still exist some problems or issues to be answered, especially its toxicity and bioavailability. Thus, we hope that in the case of natural products, the present review can not only provide a comprehensive understanding on RA covering its miscellaneous research fields, but also highlight some of the present issues and future perspectives worth investigating later, in order to help us utilize this polyphenolic acid more efficiently, widely, and safely.
Visible Light-Driven Alkyne-Grafted Ethylene-Bridged Azobenzene Chromophores for Photothermal Utilization
Authors: Fang Wenyu , Feng Yiyu , Gao Jian , Wang Hui , Ge Jing , Yang Qingbin , Feng Wei
Published: May 2022

Molecular photoswitches are considered to be important candidates in the field of solar energy storage due to their sensitive and reversible bidirectional optical response. Nevertheless, it is still a daunting challenge to design a molecular photoswitch to improve the low solar spectrum utilization and quantum yields while achieving charging and discharging of heat without solvent assistance. Herein, a series of visible-light-driven ethylene-bridged azobenzene (b-Azo) chromophores with different alkyne substituents which can undergo isomerization reactions promoted in both directions by visible light are reported. Their visible light responsiveness improves their solar spectrum utilization while also having high quantum yields. In addition, as the compounds are liquids, there is no need to dissolve the compounds in order to exploit this switching. The photoisomerization of b-Azo can be adjusted by alkyne-related substituents, and hexyne-substituted b-Azo is able to store and release photothermal energy with a high density of 106.1 J·g−1, and can achieve a temperature increase of 1.8 °C at a low temperature of −1 °C.
Effects of Electrodes Layout and Filler Scale on Percolation Threshold and Piezoresistivity Performances of a Cementitious-Based Geocomposite
Authors: Abedi Mohammadmahdi , Fangueiro Raul , Correia António Gomes
Published: May 2022

An extensive experimental study was conducted to investigate the co-effects of surface area and distance between electrodes as well as filler scales on the percolation threshold of piezoresistive cement-stabilised sand. In this route, the electrical resistivity of numerous specimens of different sizes and composed of different content of carbon-based conductive fillers was measured, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and carbon fibres (CFs) with different aspect ratios. In addition, the numerical relations between the electrical percolation threshold and matrix dimensions were expressed for different conductive fillers. Furthermore, the electrical percolation threshold of two large-scale specimens with different shapes (a 10 × 10 × 85 cm3 beam, and a 15 cm size cube) were predicted through numerical relations, and their piezoresistivity performances were investigated under compression cyclic loading (cube) and flexural cyclic loading (beam). The mechanical properties of the specimens were also evaluated. The results showed that the changes in the length, width, and thickness of the matrix surrounded between electrodes had a significant effect on the electrical percolation threshold. However, the effects of length changes on the percolation threshold were greater than the width and thickness changes. Generally, increasing the aspect ratio of the conductive fillers caused a reduction in the electrical percolation threshold of the cementitious geocomposite. The appropriate piezoresistivity response of the large-scale specimens composed of filler content equal to their percolation threshold (obtained by the numerical relation presented in this study) showed the adequacy of the results in terms of threshold dosage prediction and self-sensing geocomposite design. The results of this study addressed a crucial factor for the design of self-sensing composites and pave the way for the development of field-applicable, smart, cementitious geocomposite.
An Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell with Good Comprehensive Performance Realized by Reducing the Concentration of Precursors
Authors: Chen Lijia , Xu Cunyun , Qin Yan , He Xiaofeng , Bian Hongyu , Xu Gaobo , Niu Lianbin , Song Qunliang
Published: May 2022

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit great potential for industrial application thanks to their low complexity and low fabrication temperature. Aiming at commercial applications, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the material consumption and its corresponding electrical performance. Here, a simple strategy has been proposed to obtain inverted PSCs with comprehensive performance, that is, reaching an acceptable electrical performance by reducing the usage of perovskite. More precisely, the inverted PSCs, whose perovskite film is prepared by 1.0 M precursor, yields a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.50%, fulfilling the requirement for real commercial application. In addition, the thickness of the electron transport layer (C60 in this work) in the above inverted PSCs was further optimized by comparing the simulated absorption spectrum, J-V characteristics and impedance with three different thicknesses of C60 layer. More excitingly, the optimized device displays high storage stability which maintains more than 90% of its initial PCE for 28 days. Therefore, our work provides a simple and cost-effective method to reach good comprehensive performance of inverted PSCs for commercial applications.
Engineering Gold Nanostructures for Cancer Treatment: Spherical Nanoparticles, Nanorods, and Atomically Precise Nanoclusters
Authors: He Wei , Ma Guanyu , Shen Quanli , Tang Zhenghua
Published: May 2022

Cancer is a major global health issue and is a leading cause of mortality. It has been documented that various conventional treatments can be enhanced by incorporation with nanomaterials. Thanks to their rich optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable chemical reactivities, gold nanostructures have been gaining more and more research attention for cancer treatment in recent decades. In this review, we first summarize the recent progress in employing three typical gold nanostructures, namely spherical Au nanoparticles, Au nanorods, and atomically precise Au nanoclusters, for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Following that, the challenges and the future perspectives of this field are discussed. Finally, a brief conclusion is summarized at the end.
Static and Free Vibration Analyses of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)–Substrate Medium Systems
Authors: Limkatanyu Suchart , Sae-Long Worathep , Mohammad-Sedighi Hamid , Rungamornrat Jaroon , Sukontasukkul Piti , Imjai Thanongsak , Zhang Hexin
Published: May 2022

This paper proposes a novel nanobar–substrate medium model for static and free vibration analyses of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) systems embedded in the elastic substrate medium. The modified strain-gradient elasticity theory is utilized to account for the material small-scale effect, while the Gurtin–Murdoch surface theory is employed to represent the surface energy effect. The Winkler foundation model is assigned to consider the interactive mechanism between the nanobar and its surrounding substrate medium. Hamilton’s principle is used to consistently derive the system governing equation, initial conditions, and classical as well as non-classical boundary conditions. Two numerical simulations are employed to demonstrate the essence of the material small-scale effect, the surface energy effect, and the surrounding substrate medium on static and free vibration responses of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)–substrate medium systems. The simulation results show that the material small-scale effect, the surface energy effect, and the interaction between the substrate and the structure led to a system-stiffness enhancement both in static and free vibration analyses.
High-Density and Monodisperse Electrochemical Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Utilizing the Properties of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes
Authors: Takemura Kenshin , Iwasaki Wataru , Morita Nobutomo , Ohmagari Shinya
Published: May 2022

Owing to its simplicity and sensitivity, electrochemical analysis is of high significance in the detection of pollutants and highly toxic substances in the environment. In electrochemical analysis, the sensitivity of the sensor and reliability of the obtained signal are especially dependent on the electrode characteristics. Electrodes with a high density of nanomaterials, which exhibit excellent activity, are useful as sensor substrates for pollutant detection. However, the effective placement of high-density nanomaterials requires a high degree of control over the particle size, particle shape, and distance between the particles on the substrate. In this study, we exploited the properties of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes, which have a wide potential window, and succeeded in coating a highly dense layer of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at high potential. The AuNP-modified BDD (AuNP-BDD) electrodes comprising less than 100 nm AuNPs at a density of 125 particles/µm were electrochemically synthesized over a short period of 30–60 s. The AuNP-BDD electrodes were applied for detecting arsenic, which is one of the most abundant elements, and exhibited a limit of detection of 0.473 ppb in solution.
Dynamics of Spin Crossover Molecular Complexes
Authors: Ekanayaka Thilini K. , Maity Krishna Prasad , Doudin Bernard , Dowben Peter A.
Published: May 2022

We review the current understanding of the time scale and mechanisms associated with the change in spin state in transition metal-based spin crossover (SCO) molecular complexes. Most time resolved experiments, performed by optical techniques, rely on the intrinsic light-induced switching properties of this class of materials. The optically driven spin state transition can be mediated by a rich interplay of complexities including intermediate states in the spin state transition process, as well as intermolecular interactions, temperature, and strain. We emphasize here that the size reduction down to the nanoscale is essential for designing SCO systems that switch quickly as well as possibly retaining the memory of the light-driven state. We argue that SCO nano-sized systems are the key to device applications where the “write” speed is an important criterion.
Insight into the Dynamics of Fractional Maxwell Nano-Fluids Subject to Entropy Generation, Lorentz Force and Heat Source via Finite Difference Scheme
Authors: Asjad Muhammad Imran , Usman Muhammad , Ali Arfan , Awrejcewicz Jan , Bednarek Maksymilian
Published: May 2022

In recent times, the loss of useful energy and solutions to those energy challenges have a wide scope in different areas of engineering. This work focuses on entropy analysis for unsteady viscoelastic fluids. The momentum boundary layer and thermal boundary layer are described under the effects of a magnetic field in the absence of an induced magnetic field. The study of a fractional model of Maxwell nanofluid by partial differential equation using Caputo time differential operator can well address the memory effect. Using transformations, the fractional ordered partial differential equations (PDEs) are transfigured into dimensionless PDEs. Numerical results for fractional Maxwell nanofluids flow and heat transfer are driven graphically. The Bejan number is obtained following the suggested transformation of dimensionless quantities like entropy generation. A mathematical model of entropy generation, Bejan number, Nusselt number and skin friction are developed for nanofluids. Effects of different physical parameters like Brickman number, Prandtl number, Grashof number and Hartmann number are illustrated graphically by MAPLE. Results depict that the addition of nanoparticles in base-fluid controls the entropy generation that enhances the thermal conductivity and application of magnetic field has strong effects on the heat transfer of fractional Maxwell fluids. An increasing behavior in entropy generation is noticed in the presence of source term and thermal radiation parameter.
Irreversibility Interpretation and MHD Mixed Convection of Hybrid Nanofluids in a 3D Heated Lid-Driven Chamber
Authors: Laidoudi Houssem , Abderrahmane Aissa , Saeed Abdulkafi Mohammed , Guedri Kamel , Weera Wajaree , Younis Obai , Mourad Abed , Marzouki Riadh
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a numerical simulation of a magneto-convection flow in a 3D chamber. The room has a very specific permeability and a zigzag bottom wall. The fluid used in this study is Al2O3-Cu/water with 4% nanoparticles. The Galerkin finite element technique (GFEM) was developed to solve the main partial equations. The hybrid nanofluid inside the container is subjected to the horizontal motion of the upper wall, an external magnetic field, and a thermal buoyancy force. The present numerical methodology is validated by previous data. The goal of this investigation was to understand and determine the percentage of heat energy transferred between the nanofluid and the bottom wall of the container under the influence of a set of criteria, namely: the movement speed of the upper wall of the cavity (Re = 1 to 500), the amount of permeability (Da = 10−5 to 10−2), the intensity of the external magnetic field (Ha = 0 to 100), the number of zigzags of the lower wall (N = 1 to 4), and the value of thermal buoyancy when the force is constant (Gr = 1000). The contours of the total entropy generation, isotherm, and streamline are represented in order to explain the fluid motion and thermal pattern. It was found that the heat transfer is significant when (N = 4), where the natural convection is dominant and (N = 2), and the forced convection is predominant.
3D Polymer-Based 1 × 4 MMI Splitter
Authors: Mizera Tomas , Gaso Peter , Pudis Dusan , Ziman Martin , Kuzma Anton , Goraus Matej
Published: May 2022

Due to the increasing trend of photonic device miniaturisation, there is also an increased need for optical splitting in a small volume. We propose a smart solution to split light in three dimensions (3D). A 3D optical splitter based on multimode interference (MMI) for the wavelength of 1550 nm is here designed, simulated, fabricated and optimised for splitting at 1550 nm. We focus also on the possibility of its direct integration on an optical fibre. The design is focused on the use of 3D laser lithography based on the direct laser writing (DLW) process. The output characteristics are investigated by near-field measurement, where we confirm the successful 1 × 4 splitting on a 158 µm long MMI splitter.
Co-W Barrier Layers for Metallization of Copper Interconnects: Thermal Performance Analysis
Authors: Oliveira Bruno M. C. , Santos Ruben F. , Piedade Ana P. , Ferreira Paulo J. , Vieira Manuel F.
Published: May 2022

The back-end-of-line (BEOL) copper interconnect structure has been subjected to downscaling for the last two decades, while the materials used for conforming and assuring its physical integrity during processing have faced significant obstacles as the single-digit nanometer process node is implemented. In particular, the diffusion barrier layer system comprised of Ta/TaN has faced major constraints when it comes to the electrical performance of the smaller Cu lines, and thus alternative formulations have been investigated in recent years, such as Ru-Ta or Co-W alloys. In this work, we assess how PVD (physical vapor deposition) deposited equimolar Co-W films perform when exposed to different vacuum annealing temperatures and how these films compare with the Ta adhesion layer used for Cu seeding in terms of dewetting resistance. The stacks were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping. The Cu film at the surface of the Cu/Co-W system exhibited grain growth starting at 300 °C, with the formation of abnormally large Cu grains starting at 450 °C. Sheet resistance reached a minimum value of 7.07 × 10−6 Ω/sq for the Cu/Co-W stack and 6.03 × 10−6 Ω/sq for the Cu/Ta stack, both for the samples annealed at 450 °C.
Recent Advances in Lubricant-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Enhancing Mechanical Lifespan and Electrical Output
Authors: Chung Seh-Hoon , Chung Jihoon , Lee Sangmin
Published: May 2022

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a noteworthy mechanical energy harvester that can convert mechanical energy into electricity by combining triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. However, owing to the nature of its working mechanism, TENGs have critical limitations in mechanical and electrical aspects, which prevent them from being utilized as primary power sources. To overcome these limitations, several studies are turning their attention to utilizing lubricants, which is a traditional method recently applied to TENGs. In this review, we introduce recent advances in lubricant-based TENGs that can effectively enhance their electrical output and mechanical lifespan. In addition, this review provides an overview of lubricant-based TENGs. We hope that, through this review, researchers who are trying to overcome mechanical and electrical limitations to expand the applications of TENGs in industries will be introduced to the use of lubricant materials.
An Expanded Landscape of Unusually Short RNAs in 11 Samples from Six Eukaryotic Organisms
Authors: Lambert Marine , Guellal Sara , Ho Jeffrey , Benmoussa Abderrahim , Laffont Benoit , Bélanger Richard , Provost Patrick
Published: May 2022

Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-Seq) approaches unveiled sequences derived from longer non-coding RNAs, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fragments, known as tRFs and rRFs, respectively. However, rRNAs and RNAs shorter than 16 nt are often depleted from library preparations/sequencing analyses, although they may be functional. Here, we sought to obtain a complete repertoire of small RNAs by sequencing the total RNA from 11 samples of 6 different eukaryotic organisms, from yeasts to human, in an extended 8- to 30-nt window of RNA length. The 8- to 15-nt window essentially contained fragments of longer non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, PIWI-associated RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), tRNAs and rRNAs. Notably, unusually short RNAs < 16 nt were more abundant than those >16 nt in bilaterian organisms. A new RT-qPCR method confirmed that two unusually short rRFs of 12 and 13 nt were more overly abundant (~3-log difference) than two microRNAs. We propose to not deplete rRNA and to reduce the lower threshold of RNA length to include unusually short RNAs in sRNA-Seq analyses and datasets, as their abundance and diversity support their potential role and importance as biomarkers of disease and/or mediators of cellular function.
Comparison of Ferric Sodium EDTA in Combination with Vitamin C, Folic Acid, Copper Gluconate, Zinc Gluconate, and Selenomethionine as Therapeutic Option for Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Improvement in Inflammatory Status
Authors: Giliberti Antonella , Curcio Annalisa , Marchitto Nicola , Di Lullo Luca , Paolozzi Fulvia , Nano Fabiana , Pironti Michele , Raimondi Gianfranco
Published: May 2022

Anemia is one of the most frequent and earliest complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which impacts a patient’s quality of life and increases the risk of adverse clinical outcomes. Patients’ inflammatory status is strictly related to the occurrence of functional iron deficiency anemia (IDA) because this causes an increase in hepcidin levels with the consequent inhibition of iron absorption and release from cellular stores into blood circulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the new oral formulation based on ferric sodium EDTA in combination with vitamin C, folic acid, copper gluconate, zinc gluconate, and selenomethionine (Ferachel Forte®) in patients with moderate CKD and functional IDA, analyzing the inflammatory status in addition to iron blood parameters, in comparison with oral ferrous sulfate and liposomal iron therapies. Sixty-two elderly patients were randomly allocated to one of the following oral treatments for 6 months: ferrous sulfate (Group 1; N = 20), ferric sodium EDTA in combination (Group 2; N = 22), and ferric liposomal formulation (Group 3; N = 20). The evaluated parameters included iron profile parameters of hemoglobin (Hb), sideremia, ferritin, transferrin saturation, C-reactive protein (CRP), and hepcidin. The results showed that in Group 1, there were no improvements. In Group 2, there were statistically significant (p < 0.001) improvements in all evaluated parameters. Finally, in Group 3, there were significant improvements in all evaluated parameters except for hepcidin, which was less than that of Group 2 patients. In conclusion, the findings showed the superior efficacy of the formulation based on ferric sodium EDTA over the other oral iron sources, and that this formulation can contribute to reducing the systemic inflammatory status in patients with CKD.
Epigenetic Profiling in the Saliva of Obese Pregnant Women
Authors: Mandò Chiara , Abati Silvio , Anelli Gaia Maria , Favero Chiara , Serati Anaïs , Dioni Laura , Zambon Marta , Albetti Benedetta , Bollati Valentina , Cetin Irene
Published: May 2022

Maternal obesity is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, strongly impacting the intrauterine environment with detrimental consequences for both mother and offspring. The saliva is a non-invasive biofluid reflecting both local and systemic health status. This observational study aimed to profile the epigenetic signature in the saliva of Obese (OB) and Normal-Weight (NW) pregnant women. Sixteen NW and sixteen OB Caucasian women with singleton spontaneous pregnancies were enrolled. microRNAs were quantified by the OpenArray Platform. The promoter region methylation of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-Beta1) was assessed by pyrosequencing. There were 754 microRNAs evaluated: 20 microRNAs resulted in being differentially expressed between OB and NW. microRNA pathway enrichment analysis showed a significant association with the TGF-Beta signaling pathway (miTALOS) and with fatty acids biosynthesis/metabolism, lysine degradation, and ECM–receptor interaction pathways (DIANA–miRPath). Both SOCS3 and TGF-Beta1 were significantly down-methylated in OB vs. NW. These results help to clarify impaired mechanisms involved in obesity and pave the way for the understanding of specific damaged pathways. The characterization of the epigenetic profile in saliva of pregnant women can represent a promising tool for the identification of obesity-related altered mechanisms and of possible biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-adverse conditions.
Metagenomic Analysis Reveals a Mitigating Role for Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium animalis in Experimental Periodontitis
Authors: Wu Fang , Fang Bing , Wuri Guna , Zhao Liang , Liu Fudong , Zhang Ming
Published: May 2022

Probiotics have aroused increasing concern as an intervention strategy for periodontitis (PD), but their underlying mechanism of action remains poorly characterized. Regarding the significance of oral microbiota dysbiosis related to PD, we predicted that the preventive activity of probiotics may be influenced by suppressing the bacterial pathogenicity. Herein, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus paracasei L9 (L9) and Bifidobacterium animalis A6 (A6) on PD using a rat model, and demonstrated a regulatory effect of probiotics on oral flora from a metagenomics perspective. Oral administration of A6 or L9 effectively relieved gingival bleeding, periodontal inflammatory infiltration, and alveolar bone resorption. In addition, A6 or L9 treatment reduced the inflammatory response and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which we expected to ameliorate alveolar bone resorption as mediated by the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand/OPG signaling pathway. More importantly, using metagenomic sequencing, we showed that probiotics significantly altered the taxonomic composition of the subgingival microbiome, and reduced the relative proportions of pathogenic bacterial genera such as Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, and Escherichia. Both probiotics significantly inhibited levels of bacterial virulence factors related to adherence, invasion, exoenzyme, and complement protease functions that are strongly correlated with the pathogenesis of PD. Our overall results suggest that A6 and L9 may constitute promising prophylactic agents for PD, and should thus be further explored in the future.
Food Insecurity Reduces the Chance of Following a Nutrient-Dense Dietary Pattern by Brazilian Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Castro Michelle Alessandra de , Fontanelli Mariane de Mello , Nogueira-de-Almeida Carlos Alberto , Fisberg Mauro
Published: May 2022

Dietary patterns derived by data-driven techniques are still scarce in the food security context and may be a useful tool to inform policymakers to promote adequate and healthy diets for vulnerable populations. We investigated the association between food security status and dietary patterns among 28,127 Brazilian adults using data from the 2017–2018 Household Budget Survey. Food security status was measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food items reported in two 24 h dietary recalls were combined into food groups. Dietary patterns were derived from exploratory factor analysis, and participants were grouped according to their factor scores by K-means cluster analysis. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to investigate the association between food security status and clusters of adherence to dietary patterns. Four dietary patterns were derived: ‘Brazilian breakfast style’ (cluster 3), ‘Brazilian Traditional staple foods’ (cluster 2), ‘Beverages, ready-to-eat and convenience foods’ (cluster 4), and ‘Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains’ (cluster 1). After adjustments, food insecurity was inversely associated with adherence to the ‘Fruits vegetables, and whole grains’ pattern (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63–0.89). Findings suggest food insecurity negatively impact the adoption of a nutrient-dense dietary pattern and highlight the critical role of policy actions in a scenario of increasing food insecurity.
Assessing the Influence of Food Insecurity and Retail Environments as a Proxy for Structural Racism on the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Urban Setting
Authors: Dombrowski Rachael D. , Hill Alex B. , Bode Bree , Knoff Kathryn A. G. , Dastgerdizad Hadis , Kulik Noel , Mallare James , Blount-Dorn Kibibi , Bynum Winona
Published: May 2022

A collaborative partnership launched the Great Grocer Project (GGP) in March 2021 in Detroit, Michigan where health inequities, including deaths due to COVID-19, have historically been politically determined and informed by socially entrenched norms. Institutional and structural racism has contributed to a lack of diversity in store ownership among Detroit grocers and limited access to high-quality, affordable healthy foods as well as disparate food insecurity among Detroit residents. The GGP seeks to promote Detroit’s healthy grocers to improve community health and economic vitality through research, programs, and policies that have the potential to advance health equity. A cross-sectional design was used to explore relationships between scores from the Nutrition Environment Measures Surveys-Stores (NEMS-S) in 62 stores and city-level data of COVID-19 cases and deaths as well as calls to 211 for food assistance. Regression and predictive analyses were conducted at the ZIP code level throughout the city to determine a relationship between the community food environment and food insecurity on COVID-19 cases and deaths. COVID-19 cases and deaths contributed to greater food insecurity. The use of ZIP code data and the small sample size were limitations within this study. Causation could not be determined in this study; therefore, further analyses should explore the potential effects of individual grocery stores on COVID-related outcomes since a cluster of high-scoring NEMS-S stores and calls to 211 for food security resources inferred a potential protective factor. Poor nutrition has been shown to be associated with increased hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19. It is important to understand if a limited food environment can also have a negative effect on COVID-19 rates and deaths. Lessons learned from Detroit could have implications for other communities in using food environment improvements to prevent an uptick in food insecurity and deaths due to COVID-19 and other coronaviruses.
Arsenic Exposure through Dietary Intake and Associated Health Hazards in the Middle East
Authors: Khan Mohammad Idreesh , Ahmad Md Faruque , Ahmad Irfan , Ashfaq Fauzia , Wahab Shadma , Alsayegh Abdulrahman A. , Kumar Sachil , Hakeem Khalid Rehman
Published: May 2022

Dietary arsenic (As) contamination is a major public health issue. In the Middle East, the food supply relies primarily on the import of food commodities. Among different age groups the main source of As exposure is grains and grain-based food products, particularly rice and rice-based dietary products. Rice and rice products are a rich source of core macronutrients and act as a chief energy source across the world. The rate of rice consumption ranges from 250 to 650 g per day per person in South East Asian countries. The source of carbohydrates through rice is one of the leading causes of human As exposure. The Gulf population consumes primarily rice and ready-to-eat cereals as a large proportion of their meals. Exposure to arsenic leads to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases such as dysbiosis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart disease, cancer, and maternal and fetal complications. The impact of arsenic-containing food items and their exposure on health outcomes are different among different age groups. In the Middle East countries, neurological deficit disorder (NDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases are alarming issues. Arsenic exposure might be a causative factor that should be assessed by screening the population and regulatory bodies rechecking the limits of As among all age groups. Our goals for this review are to outline the source and distribution of arsenic in various foods and water and summarize the health complications linked with arsenic toxicity along with identified modifiers that add heterogeneity in biological responses and suggest improvements for multi-disciplinary interventions to minimize the global influence of arsenic. The development and validation of diverse analytical techniques to evaluate the toxic levels of different As contaminants in our food products is the need of the hour. Furthermore, standard parameters and guidelines for As-containing foods should be developed and implemented.
Eggs Improve Plasma Biomarkers in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome Following a Plant-Based Diet—A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Thomas Minu S. , Puglisi Michael , Malysheva Olga , Caudill Marie A. , Sholola Maria , Cooperstone Jessica L. , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: May 2022

Plant-based (PB) diets are considered a healthy dietary pattern; however, eggs are not always included in this dietary regime. We hypothesized that the addition of two eggs per day would increase HDL cholesterol as well as plasma lutein, zeaxanthin and choline in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this randomized controlled crossover intervention, we recruited 30 participants (49.3 ± 8 y) with MetS who followed a PB diet for 13 weeks. A registered dietitian advised all subjects on food selection and followed them through the intervention to ensure compliance. Participants underwent a 2-week washout with no eggs or spinach (a source of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin) and were randomly allocated to consume spinach (70 g) with either two eggs (EGG) or the equivalent amount of egg substitute (SUB) for breakfast for 4 weeks. After a 3-week washout, they were allocated the alternate breakfast. A total of 24 participants (13 women/11 men) finished the intervention. Plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, anthropometrics, plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, choline and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) were assessed at baseline and the end of each intervention. When we compared individuals consuming the EGG versus the SUB breakfast, we observed a lower body weight (p < 0.02) and a higher HDL cholesterol (p < 0.025) after the EGG diet. There were no differences in plasma LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, or blood pressure. The number of large HDL particles measured by NMR was higher after EGG (p < 0.01) as compared to SUB. Plasma choline was higher in both treatments (p < 0.01) compared to baseline (8.3 ± 2.1 μmol/L). However, plasma choline values were higher in EGG (10.54 ± 2.8 μmol/L) compared to SUB (9.47 ± 2.7 μmol/L) p < 0.025. Both breakfasts increased plasma lutein compared to baseline (p < 0.01), while plasma zeaxanthin was only increased in the egg intervention (p < 0.01). These results indicate that consuming a plant-based diet in combination with whole eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol, choline and zeaxanthin, important biomarkers in subjects with MetS.
Effects of Fish Oil on Biomarkers of Axonal Injury and Inflammation in American Football Players: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mullins Veronica A. , Graham Sarah , Cummings Danielle , Wood Alva , Ovando Vanessa , Skulas-Ray Ann C. , Polian Dennis , Wang Yiwei , Hernandez Gerson D. , Lopez Claudia M. , Raikes Adam C. , Brinton Roberta D. , Chilton Floyd H.
Published: May 2022

There are limited studies on neuroprotection from repeated subconcussive head impacts (RSHI) following docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation in contact sports athletes. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group design trial to determine the impact of 26 weeks of DHA+EPA supplementation (n = 12) vs. placebo (high-oleic safflower oil) (n = 17) on serum concentrations of neurofilament light (NfL), a biomarker of axonal injury, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)) in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football athletes. DHA+EPA supplementation increased (p < 0.01) plasma DHA and EPA concentrations throughout the treatment period. NfL concentrations increased from baseline to week 26 in both groups (treatment (<0.001); placebo (p < 0.05)), with starting players (vs. non-starters) showing significant higher circulating concentrations at week 26 (p < 0.01). Fish oil (DHA+EPA) supplementation did not mitigate the adverse effects of RSHI, as measured by NfL levels; however, participants with the highest plasma DHA+EPA concentrations tended to have lower NfL levels. DHA+EPA supplementation had no effects on inflammatory cytokine levels at any of the timepoints tested. These findings emphasize the need for effective strategies to protect American football participants from the effects of RSHI.
Does Bypass of the Proximal Small Intestine Impact Food Intake, Preference, and Taste Function in Humans? An Experimental Medicine Study Using the Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner
Authors: Aldhwayan Madhawi M. , Al-Najim Werd , Ruban Aruchuna , Glaysher Michael Alan , Johnson Brett , Chhina Navpreet , Dimitriadis Georgios K. , Prechtl Christina Gabriele , Johnson Nicholas A. , Byrne James Patrick , Goldstone Anthony Peter , Teare Julian P. , Le Roux Carel W. , Miras Alexander Dimitri
Published: May 2022

The duodenal-jejunal bypass liner (Endobarrier) is an endoscopic treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It creates exclusion of the proximal small intestine similar to that after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) surgery. The objective of this study was to employ a reductionist approach to determine whether bypass of the proximal intestine is the component conferring the effects of RYGB on food intake and sweet taste preference using the Endobarrier as a research tool. A nested mechanistic study within a large randomised controlled trial compared the impact of lifestyle modification with vs. without Endobarrier insertion in patients with obesity and T2DM. Forty-seven participants were randomised and assessed at several timepoints using direct and indirect assessments of food intake, food preference and taste function. Patients within the Endobarrier group lost numerically more weight compared to the control group. Using food diaries, our results demonstrated similar reductions of food intake in both groups. There were no significant differences in food preference and sensory, appetitive reward, or consummatory reward domain of sweet taste function between groups or changes within groups. In conclusion, the superior weight loss seen in patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent the Endobarrier insertion was not due to a reduction in energy intake or change in food preferences.
Tarsometatarsal Joint Preparation Using a Modified Dorsal Approach vs. the Standard Approach: A Cadaver Study
Authors: Murali Sudarsan , Littlefield Zachary , Young Sean , Andrews Nicholas A. , Levitt Eli , Agarwal Abhinav , Shah Ashish
Published: May 2022

The standard surgical approach for the fusion of the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint involves a two-incision approach. Philpott et al. proposed a modified, single-incision dorsal approach that yields a similar exposure. This study compares the joint preparation between the standard and modified dorsal approach. Ten fresh frozen cadaver specimens were randomly assigned to receive either a standard or modified dorsal operative approach to the TMT joint. The joint surface was prepared, and the joint was disarticulated. Image analysis, using ImageJ, was performed by two blinded reviewers to assess the joint surface preparation and this was compared by surgical approach. There was no significant difference in the amount of joint prepared when comparing the standard versus modified dorsal approach for TMT joints one through three (p = 0.548, p = 0.310, p = 0.548). First, TMT was 67.6% prepared by the standard approach vs 71.7% by the modified dorsal approach, second TMT was 67.9% vs. 65.7%, and third TMT was 65.9% vs. 59.6%. With our findings, we demonstrate that a modified dorsal approach with a single incision did not limit the ability to prepare the joint space. This study adds credibility backed by data to those set forth by Philipott et al.
Rhinacanthin-C but Not -D Extracted from Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Offers Neuroprotection via ERK, CHOP, and LC3B Pathways
Authors: Rakkhittawattana Varaporn , Panichayupakaranant Pharkphoom , Prasanth Mani , Brimson James , Tencomnao Tewin
Published: May 2022

Neurodegenerative diseases present an increasing problem as the world’s population ages; thus, the discovery of new drugs that prevent diseases such as Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases are vital. In this study, Rhinacanthin-C and -D were isolated from Rhinacanthus nasustus, using ethyl acetate, followed by chromatography to isolate Rhinacanthin-C and -D. Both compounds were confirmed using NMR and ultra-performance-LCMS. Using glutamate toxicity in HT-22 cells, we measured cell viability and apoptosis, ROS build-up, and investigated signaling pathways. We show that Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced apoptosis in HT-22 cells. Furthermore, we see that Rhinacanthin-C resulted in autophagy inhibition and increased ER stress. In contrast, low concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone prevented ER stress and CHOP expression. All concentrations of Rhinacanthin-C prevented ROS production and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. We conclude that, while autophagy is present in HT-22 cells subjected to glutamate toxicity, its inhibition is not necessary for cryoprotection.
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography—Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Quantification of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids in Plant Extracts
Authors: Falev Danil I. , Ovchinnikov Denis V. , Voronov Ilya S. , Faleva Anna V. , Ul’yanovskii Nikolay V. , Kosyakov Dmitry S.
Published: May 2022

Pentacyclic triterpenoids (PCTs) are a widely distributed class of plant secondary metabolites. These compounds have high bioactive properties, primarily antitumor and antioxidant activity. In this study, a method was developed for the quantitative analysis of pentacyclic triterpenoids in plants using supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS). Separation of ten major PCTs (friedelin, lupeol, β-amyrin, α-amyrin, betulin, erythrodiol, uvaol, betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids) was studied on six silica-based reversed stationary phases. The best results (7 min analysis time in isocratic elution mode) were achieved on an HSS C18 SB stationary phase using carbon dioxide—isopropanol (8%) mobile phase providing decisive contribution of polar interactions to the retention of analytes. It was shown that the use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is preferred over atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The combination of SFC with APCI-MS/MS mass spectrometry made it possible to achieve the limits of quantification in plant extracts in the range of 2.3–20 μg·L−1. The developed method was validated and tested in the analyses of birch outer layer (Betula pendula) bark, and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root, as well as lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos), apple (Malus domestica “Golden Delicious” and Malus domestica “Red Delicious”) peels.
In Vitro CRISPR/Cas9 Transfection and Gene-Editing Mediated by Multivalent Cationic Liposome–DNA Complexes
Authors: Sousa Diana A. , Gaspar Ricardo , Ferreira Celso J. O. , Baltazar Fátima , Rodrigues Ligia R. , Silva Bruno F. B.
Published: May 2022

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) gene-editing offers exciting new therapeutic possibilities for disease treatment with a genetic etiology such as cancer, cardiovascular, neuronal, and immune disorders. However, its clinical translation is being hampered by the lack of safe, versatile, and effective nonviral delivery systems. Herein we report on the preparation and application of two cationic liposome–DNA systems (i.e., lipoplexes) for CRISPR/Cas9 gene delivery. For that purpose, two types of cationic lipids are used (DOTAP, monovalent, and MVL5, multivalent with +5e nominal charge), along with three types of helper lipids (DOPC, DOPE, and monoolein (GMO)). We demonstrated that plasmids encoding Cas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA), which are typically hard to transfect due to their large size (>9 kb), can be successfully transfected into HEK 293T cells via MVL5-based lipoplexes. In contrast, DOTAP-based lipoplexes resulted in very low transfection rates. MVL5-based lipoplexes presented the ability to escape from lysosomes, which may explain the superior transfection efficiency. Regarding gene editing, MVL5-based lipoplexes achieved promising GFP knockout levels, reaching rates of knockout superior to 35% for charge ratios (+/−) of 10. Despite the knockout efficiency being comparable to that of Lipofectamine 3000® commercial reagent, the non-specific gene knockout is more pronounced in MVL5-based formulations, probably resulting from the considerable cytotoxicity of these formulations. Altogether, these results show that multivalent lipid-based lipoplexes are promising CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid delivery vehicles, which by further optimization and functionalization may become suitable in vivo delivery systems.