bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoration of the Bose–Freud Correspondence
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 compares the second phase of the Bose–Freud correspondence with the first two periods of Freud’s correspondence with Romain Rolland. Freud’s preference for Oedipal insights is explored along with his slow-to-emerge interest in the pre-Oedipal, as discussed by Harold Blum and Madalon Sprengnether. Both Bose and Rolland introduced pre-Oedipal themes to Freud, Bose in his letters and writings and Rolland in the “oceanic feeling” he described to Freud, which Freud acknowledged in Civilization and Its Discontents. Freud also explored the pre-Oedipal before this in his study of Leonardo da Vinci, as discussed by Ilse Barande. The chapter ends with an insight from Henri and Madeleine Vermorel about Freud’s letter to Rolland, “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis,” that opens up Freud’s earliest screen memory about the death of his brother Julius.
Unraveling of the Bose–Freud Correspondence, with More Light Shed from the Freud–Rolland Correspondence and from Freud’s 1933–34 Work with H. D.
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 treats the final periods of both the Bose–Freud and Rolland–Freud correspondences, which peter out as Freud leaves thoughts of India behind for his final book, Moses and Monotheism, in which he gives nearly full attention to Judaism. In Rolland’s case, Freud probably tried to rekindle the friendship with his open letter, “A Disturbance of Memory on the Acropolis,” about which Roland was cold and nearly mute. With Bose, ostensibly things ended because of Bose’s not complying with Freud’s request for an article on “opposite wishes” for one of Freud’s European journals. But Freud’s verbal exchanges with the poet H. D. about Bose’s gift, the Viṣṇu statuette on Freud’s desk, give evidence of Freud’s loss of esteem for Bose and suggest that Freud thought that, like H. D., Bose had a maternal transference on him. Bose took the falling-out poorly, and in a 1938 article, before Freud’s death, debunked Freud’s second topography of the ego, id, and super-ego.
Opposite Wishes
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

The first of the book’s next three chapters that deal with concepts of Bose by which he sought to challenge Freud in their letters, chapter 4 addresses Bose’s signature theory of opposite wishes and his aggressive advocacy of it. It is a subject Freud encouraged him to write about while stating his own tentative but firm and consistent disagreement with it. In his longest article, “A New Theory of the Mental Life,” Bose’s stock example of an opposite wish to be beaten suggests that he promoted his theory as an answer to Freud’s explanations for sexuality and aggression. Upaniṣadic, Vedāntic, and Sāṃkhya-Yogic ideas also seem to lie within these Bosean formulations, including his views on psycho-physical parallelism, a “theoretical ego” in which waking, dreaming, and deep sleep states are unified, which operates like a jīvātman, or “living self,” and opposite wishes as a karmic coincientia oppositorum.
Thinking Goddesses, Mothers, Brothers, and Snakes with Freud and Bose
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

This chapter further explores snake symbolism, highlighting also goddesses, Freud’s mother Amalia, and Freud’s brothers and half-brothers. The author considers the ideas of post-Freudian psychoanalytic writers who shed light on these themes, including Eric Erikson, and Freud’s “specimen dream” of “Irma’s Injection” as evoking a vagina. Here, Freud states his rule that every dream has an “unplumbable navel” beyond which the analyst cannot go. The chapter goes on to discuss ideas of Bernard This, John Abbott, and Bruno Bettelheim, with Freud’s early mention of the Loch Ness monster as a likely allusion to Athena with her snakes. Finally, the author takes up Bertram Lewin’s concept of the “dream screen,” as well as the personal universe of Romain Rolland’s oceanic feeling.
The Oceanic Goddess in the Gift to Freud
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

With the premise that the Viṣṇu on Freud’s desk implies an unmanifest goddess, chapter 9 answers why Bose’s gift was not a Bengali goddess like Kālī or Durgā. It looks further at the iconography of Ananta, Viṣṇu, and the Goddess at the south Indian Vaikuṇṭha Perumāḷ temple studied by Dennis Hudson, and then at the Śākta or Goddess-oriented text of the Devī-Māhātmya. Vaikuṇṭha Perumāḷ temple panels show Pañcarātra vyūha manifestations of Viṣṇu’s creative and destructive roles, and also images of Viṣṇu’s two wives plus an invisible Nīlā as his yoganidrā, who awakens him. The connection with the Devī-Māhātmya comes through in this temple’s iconography of Madhusūdana, related to Viṣṇu lying on Ananta. The Devī-Māhātmya, a pan-Indian text especially popular in Bose’s Bengal, supplies a version of the Madhusūdana myth, and is Bose’s likely reference point for his gift to Freud.
Arguing with Aseneth
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

Arguing with Aseneth shows how the ancient romance Joseph and Aseneth moves a minor character in Genesis from obscurity to renown, weaving a new story whose main purpose was to intervene in ancient Jewish debates surrounding gentile access to Israel’s God. With attention to the ways in which Aseneth’s tale “remixes” Genesis, wrestles with Deuteronomic theology, and adopts prophetic visions of the future, Arguing with Aseneth demonstrates that this ancient novel inscribes into Israel’s sacred narrative a precedent for gentile inclusion in the people belonging to Israel’s God. Aseneth is transformed from material mother of the sons of Joseph to a mediator of God’s mercy and life to future penitents, Jew and gentile alike. Yet not all Jewish thinkers in antiquity drew boundaries the same way or in the same place. Arguing with Aseneth traces, then, not only the way in which Joseph and Aseneth affirms the possibility of gentile incorporation but also ways in which other ancient Jewish thinkers, including the apostle Paul, would have argued back, contesting Joseph and Aseneth’s conclusions or offering competing strategies of inclusion. With its use of a female protagonist, Joseph and Aseneth offers a distinctive model of gentile incorporation—one that eschews lines of patrilineal descent and undermines ethnicity and genealogy as necessary markers of belonging. Such a reading of this narrative shows us that we need to rethink our accounts of how ancient Jewish thinkers negotiated who was in and who was out when it came to the people of Israel’s God.
“The Living God” and the Provenance of Joseph and Aseneth
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 addresses the disputed date and provenance of Joseph and Aseneth. The question of whether the tale is “Jewish or Christian?” is the central frame in which its provenance has traditionally been sought. Yet, this formulation assumes that “Judaism” and “Christianity” were distinct entities without overlap, when it is now widely acknowledged that they were not easily separable in antiquity. This chapter suggests that the question of whether Joseph and Aseneth is Jewish or gentile is more profitable for contextualizing Aseneth’s tale and offers fresh evidence for historicizing its origins in Judaism of Greco-Roman Egypt. Placing the narrative’s concerns for boundary-regulation alongside the discursive projects of other ancient writers who engaged the story of the patriarch Joseph suggests that the author of Joseph and Aseneth was a participant in an ongoing Hellenistic Jewish interpretive tradition in Egypt that used Joseph’s tale as a platform for marking and maintaining boundaries.
Narratives of Life, Death, and the “Living God” in Hellenistic Judaism
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

An investigation into the appearances of the epithet “living God” in Esther OG, 3 Maccabees, and both versions of Greek Daniel (OG and TH) reveals that Greek-speaking Jewish authors understood and depicted Israel’s “living God” in a variety of ways. In all of these narratives, the epithet regulates boundaries, but the varying locations of the boundary lines in these texts reveal their differing emphases. While life and death appear throughout these stories as literary markers of inclusion and exclusion, respectively, the full-blown characterization of Israel’s “living God” as life-giving, creator God (as in Joseph and Aseneth) is not the meaning of the “living God” in Hellenistic Judaism. The epithet had a range of meanings—a fact which makes the distinctive aspects of Joseph and Aseneth’s living God motif all the more important for articulating the significance of this narrative in Second Temple Judaism.
Welcome to the Party
Authors: Costley White Khadijah
Published: September 2018

This chapter lays out the Tea Party’s history as a mass-mediated construction in the context of journalism, political communication, and social movement studies. It argues that the news coverage of the Tea Party primarily chronicled its meaning, appeal, motivations, influence, and circulation—an emphasis on its persona more than its policies. In particular, the news media tracked the Tea Party as a brand, highlighting its profits, marketability, brand leaders, and audience appeal. The Tea Party became a brand through news media coverage; in defining it as a brand, the Tea Party was a story, message, and cognitive shortcut that built a lasting relationship with citizen-consumers through strong emotional connections, self-expression, consumption, and differentiation.
The Tea Party as Brand
Authors: Costley White Khadijah
Published: September 2018

Throughout the coverage of its emergence, news stories explicitly described the Tea Party as a brand of politics that attracted white working-class or middle-class Americans and generated profit, publicity, and political power. Not only did reporters specifically refer to the Tea Party as a brand, the news coverage about the Tea Party was complicit in promoting, defining, and publicizing the Tea Party as a political brand. This chapter tracks the ways in which the news media (including both reporters and pundits) actively mobilized and constructed the Tea Party brand by explicitly discussing and advising its brand strategy, describing its values, serving as a platform for Tea Party messaging and brand promotion, attributing human emotional characteristics to the Tea Party brand, identifying and serving as its spokespersons, and participating in brand placement through advertising and publicity.
Reading the Tea Leaves—the News about the News
Authors: Costley White Khadijah
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at how the media explained, critiqued, and reported on their own role in the branding and coverage of the Tea Party, and what that says about news media function and convergence in a headphone culture. Whether it was a “media war” on Fox News, a reporter’s rant at CNBC, or a defamatory online video triggering the dismissal of a high-ranking Obama appointee for “racism,” one thing was clear—at its core, Tea Party news narratives were also a story about modern journalism. This section of the book explains how members of the news media portrayed (implicitly and explicitly) their own roles, functions, and values as they advanced the Tea Party’s recognition, messaging, and growth through the logics, action, and discourse of branding.
Measuring Deaf Learners’ Language Progress in School
Authors: Mann Wolfgang
Published: September 2018

The needs of increasingly diverse deaf learners in special schools and mainstream programs pose a challenge to researchers and practitioners, especially when it comes to assessment. There has been progress in developing standardized psychometric tests that are more appropriate for deaf children, for example in the form of sign language assessments. However, these tests continue to have certain limitations: they provide information about a child’s learning outcome but not the learning process, and children have a limited opportunity to contribute to the assessment process. This chapter highlights the potential of using dynamic assessment (DA), an interactive approach to psychological assessment that embeds intervention within the assessment procedure, with deaf learners. After providing background on language assessment of deaf learners and an introduction to the concept behind DA, the author discusses the relevant research and examines ways for teachers to make DA meaningful in the classroom.
Word Identification and Adolescent Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Readers
Authors: Trussell Jessica W. , Rivera M. Christina
Published: September 2018

Many deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) high school students graduate with reading abilities that leave them poorly prepared for postsecondary settings. In college, reading ability is an important predictor of graduation rates and level of degree attained, and the postsecondary degree a DHH student completes will affect his or her future earnings, upward mobility, and job satisfaction. Considering how important reading is to a DHH student’s future, this chapter will review the evidence base surrounding the foundational building block of reading, decoding. Researchers suggest that decoding instruction for adolescents should occur not only during language arts classes but also in the content areas (i.e., math, science, and social studies). This chapter reviews successful decoding strategies and suggests decoding strategies that teachers can use to support adolescents in various content-area disciplines. The authors discuss how teachers and parents can make strategic decisions when implementing decoding interventions that have no available evidence base.
Implications of Cross-Modal and Intramodal Plasticity for the Education and Rehabilitation of Deaf Children and Adults
Authors: Heimler Benedetta , Pavani Francesco , Amedi Amir
Published: September 2018

Exploring the environment without the auditory modality elicits wholesale reorganizations at both the behavioral and the neural levels throughout life. This chapter reviews changes in brain organization and behavior arising from early deafness. It depicts a multifaceted framework in both domains: the performance of deaf persons has been shown to be comparable to, better than, as well as worse than that of hearing participants. They also show brain modifications ascribable both to intramodal (within the visual system) and cross-modal plasticity (the recruitment of the deprived auditory cortex by intact sensory modalities). The authors discuss the implications of these results for sensory rehabilitation and highlight the benefits of multisensory systematic training programs to boost recovery.
Embodied Cognition in Prelingually Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants
Authors: Castellanos Irina , Pisoni David B. , Yu Chen , Chen Chi-hsin , Houston Derek M.
Published: September 2018

The theory of embodiment postulates that cognition emerges from multisensory interactions of an agent with its environment and as a result of multiple overlapping and time-locked sensory-motor activities. In this chapter, we discuss the complex multisensory system that may underlie young children’s novel word learning, how embodied attention may provide new insights into language learning after prelingual hearing loss, and how embodied attention may underlie learning in the classroom. We present new behavioral data demonstrating the coordination of sensory-motor behaviors in groups of young children with prelingual hearing loss (deaf, early implanted children with cochlear implants and hard-of-hearing children with hearing aids) and without hearing loss (two control groups of peers matched for chronological and hearing age). Our preliminary findings suggest that individual differences and variability in language outcomes may be traced to children’s coordination of auditory, visual, and motor behaviors with a social partner.
The Development of Young Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Dirks Evelien
Published: September 2018

Early parent–child interactions influence children’s later linguistic, social-emotional, and cognitive development. Since deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are more at risk for difficulties in their development than hearing children, the caregiving environment is an important context to enhance their development. This chapter describes different aspects of parent–child interactions that are related to the development of young DHH children. Parental language input, mental state language, and sensitivity are related to young DHH children’s language skills, social-emotional development, and executive functions. The chapter addresses parent-based interventions to promote DHH children’s linguistic, social-emotional, and cognitive development.
Social-Emotional Problems in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children from an Executive and Theory-of-Mind Perspective
Authors: Vissers Constance Th. W. M. , Hermans Daan
Published: September 2018

The implications of a hearing loss can go far beyond the linguistic domain. Several studies have revealed that deaf and hard-of-hearing children are at risk in their social-emotional development. This chapter argues that executive functions and theory of mind are two central underlying cognitive factors in people’s social-emotional functioning. We briefly review what is currently known about executive functioning and theory-of-mind development in deaf and hard-of-hearing children and adolescents and then present a cognitive model with a central role for inner speech in relation to executive functioning and theory of mind. We hypothesize that inner speech both enables and urges the regulation of oneself (executive function) and also the mentalization of one’s own and others’ inner worlds (theory of mind). We discuss the implications for assessing and treating social-emotional problems in deaf and hard-of-hearing children and adolescents.
Importance of Technology for Education of Deaf Students
Authors: Stinson Michael
Published: September 2018

Technology is playing an increasing role in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students. This chapter discusses two uses of technology to provide communication access for DHH students (real-time captioning in classrooms and messaging and related technologies to facilitate communication in small groups) and two ways that technology is used for instruction of these students (multimedia materials for development of literacy and online tutoring). Several studies on real-time captioning and multimedia materials indicate that these approaches are beneficial in the education of DHH students. The limited work to date on messaging to support communication in groups with DHH and hearing students and online tutoring indicates that they are potentially important because they address unmet needs of DHH students. It is important to conduct additional studies to determine the effectiveness of these latter two approaches because current findings are preliminary.
Online Learning and Deaf Students
Authors: Cawthon Stephanie W. , Mitchell Jessica I.
Published: September 2018

Recent advances in online education platforms have the potential to increase access and equity for deaf students. This chapter examines what we know about accessibility in online learning for deaf individuals. Online learning is broad in its reach, including instruction that parallels or is in addition to traditional face-to-face instruction. Discussions about the future of online learning are situated in a larger context of the importance of direct communication for deaf learners, the use of video platforms for dialog, and the role and function of media as a flexible, empowering, and constructed space for learning in multiple language modalities. Yet the capacity of online education to deliver on its potential requires careful attention to the way the education environment is designed. This chapter provides historical and conceptual context for accessibility; summarizes research on critical issues, including captioning, synchronous and asynchronous communication, and accommodations; and offers recommendations for further investigation.
Mind the Gap!
Authors: Knoors Harry , de Klerk Annet , Marschark Marc
Published: September 2018

Research is continually adding to the evidence base for successful education of deaf students, but improved education does not automatically follow from well-conducted research. It requires a combination of the talents of individual students, proper support from parents, and adequate instruction by teachers. Research will have an impact only if it enhances the effectiveness of teaching practices and student learning. While early intervention generally leads to better development of deaf and hard-of-hearing students, for some learners, better may not be good enough. Those students need specific interventions. The fact that many teachers of deaf students in regular and special schools seem to ignore available and relevant research evidence points to a considerable gap between research and practice. This chapter summarizes relevant research and discusses what actions can be taken to close the gap between research and practice. We conclude that professional development is a key factor.
Textbook Popery
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

By the 1840s, convent narratives gained more middle-class, respectable readers, moving away from descriptions of sex and sadism and focusing instead on convent schools and the education of young women. Popular works such as Protestant Girl in a French Nunnery described "tricks" used by nuns to convert female pupils and lure them into convents. Such literature warned that as neither wives nor mothers, nuns could not train the right kind of women for America. The focus on convent schools converged with the common or public school movement. At the same time, teaching became an acceptable occupation for women, prompting more women to seek opportunities for higher education. This chapter compares the approach to education among nuns and other female teachers alongside the caricatures of convent schools in anti-Catholic print culture. I seek to answer why convent schools faced such heightened animosity even as teaching became feminized.
Hidden Dangers
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

By the late 1840s, a new genre of literature revealed deep concerns with corruption in the growing urban centers. City mysteries exposed a dark underworld of the metropolis, leading readers through smoky saloons, gambling dens, and brothels. More than any other “sin of the city,” urban gothic literature focused on prostitution. The female prostitute embodied the greatest antithesis to the ideal or “true” woman. Anticonvent literature often compared nuns to prostitutes, convents to brothels, priests to seducers, and Mother Superiors to madams. City mysteries mirrored convent narratives in their description of women being seduced into lives of misery and sexual deviance. Both convent narratives and city mysteries promised to unveil a hidden world of sin and debauchery for an eager readership. This chapter compares convent tales and city mysteries, focusing on the nun-prostitute figure and the ways in which this female archetype threatened nineteenth-century female gender norms.
The Nunnery Sleuths
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

In 1854, a group of Know Nothing legislators in Massachusetts searched two convent schools. Finding no incriminating evidence, the lot retired to a local hotel for dinner and drinks. Public outcry halted further investigations. Charles Hale of the Daily Advertiser accused the Nunnery Committee of conducting an “unwarranted search” into the “homes” of women. The investigative trial that ensued found the nunnery sleuths guilty of breaking the state’s temperance law and worse. The Nunnery Committee became an embarrassing blunder in the Know Nothing tenure in Massachusetts. Yet the legislators were merely responding to repeated demands to investigate convents. A best-selling convent narrative from the 1850s, The Escaped Nun, called on states to “search!” convents. By this time, opposition to convents had become incorporated into the nativist agenda to “keep America American.” This chapter examines the Know Nothing convent investigations, the trials that followed, and the gendered aspects of nativist politics.
Antoine de Chandieu
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore
Published: September 2018

The first study in any language dedicated to the influential theological publications of Antoine de Chandieu begins by introducing us to the memory of Chandieu as it was at Theodore Beza’s death. Poets in Geneva mourned the end of an era of star theologians by reminiscing about Geneva’s Reformed triumvirate of gold, silver, and bronze: gold represented Calvin (d. 1564); silver Chandieu (d. 1591); and bronze Beza (d. 1605). The present work sets Chandieu within the context of Reformed theology in Geneva, the wider history of scholastic method in the Swiss cantons, and the gripping social and political milieus. The book shows why Chandieu developed a very elaborate form of the medieval quaestio disputata and made liberal use of hypothetical syllogisms. Chandieu was far from a mere ivory-tower theologian: as a member of French nobility in possession of many estates in France, he and his family acutely experienced the misery and triumph of the French Huguenots during the Wars of Religion. Connected to royalty from at least the beginning of his career, Chandieu later served the future Henry IV as personal military chaplain and cryptographer. His writings range from religious poetry (put to music by others in his own lifetime) to carefully crafted disputations that saw publication in his posthumous Opera Theologica in five editions between 1592 and 1620. The book argues that Chandieu utilized scholastic method in theology for the sake of clarity of argument, rootedness in Scripture, and certainty of faith.
Ecclesiastical Architecture for the French Reformed Churches
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

Soon after Chandieu began to serve the church of Paris as co-pastor, his skills in law came to the fore with the creation of a church order, the Discipline ecclesiastique (1559). In 1565 the French Reformed churches, meeting in a synod, asked Chandieu to defend the authority of the consistory over against the congregationalist views of Jean Morély. The resulting work, the Confirmation de la discipline ecclesiastique (1566), exhibits a series of scholastic motifs that are studied. Another work, from 1567, defends the teachings of John Calvin in the form of a scholastic disputation, yet it is rather expansive and rhetorical in its prose. Study of these works establishes the state of Chandieu’s scholastic method early in his career.
Homer and the Wisdom of the Hero
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

The Homeric wisdom program highlights the role of character and choice in reaching personal fulfillment. What guides choice and supplies the criteria for a choiceworthy life are limits inherent in the social and sacred orders, which are recognized as unalterable realities (human mortality; fate), customary expectations (especially regarding honor), and certain virtues proper to heroic life (courage; cunning). Cosmic order, though taken for granted, is not an important resource for moral reasoning. Because knowledge and power ultimately reside with the gods, it belongs to humans to honor the gods with sacrifices and obedience. Heroic wisdom brings piety into view as a prudent response to metaphysical vulnerability, a basis for friendship with the gods, and a vital part of attaining true selfhood.
Piety and Wisdom in Socrates
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

For Socrates, wisdom begins with the recognition of a moral order that identifies human flourishing with the life of virtue. The virtuous individual lives in harmony with a world governed by divine benevolence and characterized by justice. Because virtue is found in people in varying degrees, the social order is not necessarily ordered to wisdom and is, at times, inimical to it. Social life is the venue for a pursuit of wisdom in which rational discourse—as opposed to power and manipulation—structures a search for the good. Rational discourse, however, also reveals human moral and intellectual limitations, such that any claim to know what is good must be held tentatively and kept open to revision. In the face of human ignorance and hostility, loyalty to the good is sustained by piety, or reverence for the good, and by integrity, the refusal to give up one’s own just life.
A Nation of Philosophers
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

Plato and Aristotle provided systematic accounts of wisdom in which virtue and ruling knowledge are keyed both to rational theology and to a scientific understanding of the cosmos. To be wise is to understand ethical and political life in a specific way, not as isolated venues for power, pleasure, and desire, but rather as aspects of life that accord with reality understood in its profoundest metaphysical dimensions. Disciplined knowledge of what is real, though difficult to attain, may be brought to bear on questions and problems of every sort. This profoundly holistic understanding of wisdom yields a kind of wisdom template, according to which other forms of life—including the distinctive way of life belonging to the Jews—may be understood and evaluated as wisdom programs. Greek thinkers like Hecataeus and Theophrastus did precisely this, opening a new path for Jews to present themselves collectively as bearers of wisdom.
Conclusion
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

Classical and biblical tradition, with its distinctive pursuits of wisdom, is today culturally contested and intellectually marginal. It no longer serves as the basis for educational programs, as it once did; it is out of step with modern philosophies and forms of life in which distinctive fields of human concern—sacred obligation, scientific understanding, social order, and personal morality—are programmatically held apart from one another. As classical and biblical literacy fades, it is nevertheless possible to discern the spectral presence of traditional wisdom in modern culture and to see new bids for wisdom, not as a simple rejection of the tradition but rather as a sign of its enduring relevance.
Near-Death Experiences and the Religious Metacultures of Western Modernity
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

Building on earlier conceptions of “metacultures,” this chapter defines four metacultures that are important for Western near-death discourse: Christian, Gnostic–Esoteric, and the Spiritualist–Occult, being religious in outlook; the fourth, however, the Naturalist metaculture, is of a nonreligious nature. The three former metacultures assign religious meaning to the content of near-death experiences, affirming by and large the soul’s survival of death. The chapter argues that this meaning has (a) ontological, (b) epistemic, (c) intersubjective or communicative, and (d) moral significance. Naturalist metaculture is defined as offering pharmacological, neurological, or psychological explanations of near-death experiences, usually declaring their content to be hallucinatory.
Introduction
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This introduction to the historical part outlines how earlier work on “near-death experiences” by Carol Zaleski, Peter Dinzelbacher, or Gregory Shushan took modern near-death experiences as a homogeneous group of phenomena that can be directly compared with ancient and medieval visions of the otherworld. Significantly, the configuration of experiences near death in the 18th, 19th, and the first half of the 20th centuries has mostly been skipped. Pointing to the necessity of including the formation period of modern near-death discourse, the chapter highlights the shortcomings of an approach that takes narratives of experiences as indicating transcultural traits.
Currents of Early Modern Near-Death Discourse
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents how discourse on experiences near death unfolded from 1580 to 1900 in the three religious metacultures (and occasionally in Naturalist metaculture). It takes its departure with Michel de Montaigne’s experience near death. It is argued that this testimony is supposedly the first report in a modern, autobiographical setting. It moves on to early modern Christian accounts, for example, Anna Atherton’s “Miraculous Proof of the Resurrection” (1680) or Johann Schwerdtfeger’s report (1734). Outlining the impact of Emanuel Swedenborg’s visions, Occultism, and mystical drug experiences in the 19th century, it concludes with the configuration of the genre of near-death report collections (Franz Splittgerber, Albert Heim), and the discussion of such experiences by French psychologists (1890–1900). It is shown how in the 19th century the topic of the “panoramic life review” emerged and how authors saw dying—based on experiences survivors of accidents—increasingly as peaceful.
The Advent of Parapsychology and the Figuration of “Out-of-the-Body Experiences” (1880–1930)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines how the term “out-of-the-body experience” emerged in spiritualist and parapsychological literature. As is shown, “psychical researchers” such as Frederic W. Myers and William James made a significant contribution. The chapter also deals with the “filter” theory or “transmission” theory, i.e., the idea of the brain as a means for the inhibition of consciousness. This theory, as is shown, has been developed in close interaction with phenomena “near death”—in particular, the “panoramic life review.” The filter theory, discussed in subsequent chapters 2.6. and 2.7, too, is still favored by many recent protagonists of near-death experiences (e.g., Moody). Finally, the chapter turns to the increase of autoscopic out-of-body experiences, discussed as a phenomenon attesting a changing relationship of the disembodied consciousness toward its own body.
Consolidation of Near-Death Discourse (1930–1960)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

The three decades treated in this chapter can be summarized as a consolidation phase of near-death discourse, transmitted mainly in parapsychology, Theosophy, and Spiritualist–Occult circles. A newly emerging element in near-death visions is the “tunnel” experience. Finally, the chapter highlights the impact of Aldous Huxley—especially his psychedelic drug experiences in combination with his reading of the Tibetan Book of the Dead—for the final configuration of systematized near-death experiences.
The Final Configuration of Near-Death Experiences (1960–1975)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

The final chapter of the discursive history outlines how Robert Crookall’s and Robert A. Monroe’s books on “astral projection,” but also C. G. Jung and other researchers discussing paranormal and parapsychological phenomena in the 1960s and early 1970s, already assembled almost all phenomena that Moody could bundle in 1975 under the new term “near-death experiences.” However, the chapter points to the fact that, in contrast to the opinio communis, the term had already been introduced by John C. Lilly in 1972. Other influences discussed are the use of LSD, which sometimes triggered near-death experiences, and the growing interest of psychologists and psychotherapists in such experiences (e.g., Russell Noyes and Roy Kletti or Stanislav Grof). It concludes with the institutionalization of the term as grasped in the post-Moodian “Greyson scale.” The latter serves as an example for the still-dominant religious interest in the experiences, i.e., their mystic, esoteric, and transformative qualities.
Pushing Near-Death Experiences (II)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

A second “push factor” for the increase of near-death experiences (and their reporting), emerging in the 1960s and 1970s, is the introduction of new reanimation techniques that increased the relative and absolute numbers of individuals surviving critical situations (such as heart attacks). In addition, the chapter discusses the impact of the broadly accepted new definition of death, namely, death as “irreversible coma.” This chapter demonstrates the impact of both, the innovation of reanimation measures and the brain-death discourse, on near-death experiences and near-death discourse—visible in the publications of Moody, who, for example, remained skeptical toward the definition of brain death.
Pushing Near-Death Experiences (III)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

The similarities between the experiences near death and drug experiences have often been stressed. This chapter goes a step further in providing evidence that the consumption of morphine, hashish, and especially more potent hallucinogens such as LSD in the 1960s and 1970s are to be identified as a major component, or “push factor,” of the emerging discourse on near-death. Not only were several near-death experiences triggered by drugs—in addition, this chapter observes shared beliefs of “psychedelics” and Gnostic–Esoteric “near-death experiencers.”
Violence against Women
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the global problem, prevalence, causes, and consequences of violence against women. Women worldwide face special risks from the beginning to the end of the life-cycle: from female feticide to female genital mutilation/circumcision in infancy, from child abuse to honor violence and forced marriage at puberty, from sexual assault to femicide in adolescence and youth, forced labor and battering in adulthood, and targeted killing of witches and widows in old age. Violence against women is the most pervasive unfinished business of the international human rights regime, and a threat to global security, development, and public health. We will see that gender violence arises as a violation of human rights with special logics, and a growing contradiction of development and globalization. The cross-national risk factors for physical insecurity of women worldwide include conflicted development, shortfalls in democracy, social inequality, uneven urbanization, and gender role disparity. These factors play out in specific “gender regime” configurations of governance, political economy, and gender roles that fall into patrimonial, semi-liberal, and liberal patterns that suggest distinct strategies of intervention.
Freedom
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 considers threats to sexual self-determination through case studies of FGM/C in Egypt, trafficking in the Philippines, and child marriage in India.Persisting patterns of denial of self-determination over sexuality and marriage result from state complicity with local patriarchal elites, honor cultures, and suppression of women’s agency. Sexual slavery is most characteristic of patriarchal states, but often lags in sectors of emerging economies. Violations of self-determination such as trafficking or forced marriage may also resurface in all types of gender regimes when the society or community experiences a severe crisis such as war, radical regime change, forced migration, natural disaster, or economic collapse. We will map the incidence of these violations of bodily self-determination, analyze the causal dynamics, illustrate patterns of abuse, and expose the dilemmas for rights reform. In each case, we will trace responses in the international regime, law, and human rights campaigns.
The Right to Life
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 concerns denial of women’s right to life . The new frame of “femicide” has dramatically increased attention to gender-based killing in the public and private sphere, and encompasses a spectrum of threats and assaults that culminate in murder. The chapter follows the threats to women’s security through the life cycle, beginning with cases of “gendercide” (sex-selective abortion and infanticide) in India, then moving to honor killings in Turkey and Pakistan. We examine public femicide in Mexico and Central America—with comparison to the disappearance of indigenous women in Canada, as “second-class citizens” in a developed democracy. The chapter continues mapping the panorama of private sphere domestic violence in the semi-liberal gender regimes of China, Russia, Brazil, and the Philippines, along with a range of responses in law, public policy, advocacy, and protest.
Conclusion
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

The gender gap in human security remains the most serious threat to the dignity and well-being of the world’s people in the 21st century. After examining patterns and cases of gender violence and response worldwide, what have we learned about how to bring half the world’s women toward freedom from fear? The concluding chapter will assess the record of action against gender violence in the cases visited, the promise and pitfalls of the pathways for reform, and the implications for women’s human rights campaigns. We will trace critical struggles for reproductive rights in global institutions, Ireland, Mexico, and a migrant family. This section will explore how the campaign to end violence against women can enhance all struggles for human dignity.
Popular Resource Sovereignty
Authors: Wenar Leif
Published: September 2018

Article 1 of both of the major human rights covenants declares that the people of each country “shall freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources.” This chapter considers what conditions would have to hold for the people of a country to exercise this right—and why public accountability over natural resources is the only realistic solution to the “resource curse,” which makes resource-rich countries more prone to authoritarianism, civil conflict, and large-scale corruption. It also discusses why cosmopolitans, who have often been highly critical of prerogatives of state sovereignty, have good reason to endorse popular sovereignty over natural resources. Those who hope for more cosmopolitan institutions should see strengthening popular resource sovereignty as the most responsible path to achieving their own goals.
Reflections on Institutional Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Beardsworth Richard
Published: September 2018

With its moral commitment to the individual, cosmopolitanism has often downplayed the role of the state in cosmopolitan commitments and their practices. There is, however, emerging concern to put the state back into cosmopolitan concerns. This chapter argues that two outstanding reasons for this intellectual move are of an institutional and political nature. First, despite the recent pluralization of global actors, states remain the major agents of change within a (post-Western) system of states; both the moral and political purpose of the state should therefore be aligned with global imperatives. Second, a clearly formulated “marriage” between the global and the national is required to line up institutional motivation for enlightened global policy. This chapter argues, accordingly, for cosmopolitan state responsibilities toward the provision of global public goods (examples include nuclear disarmament, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and sustainable development).
Global Justice at the Municipal Scale
Authors: Forman Fonna , Cruz Teddy
Published: September 2018

Cities or municipalities are often the most immediate institutional facilitators of global justice. Thus, it is important for cosmopolitans and other theorists interested in global justice to consider the importance of the correspondence between global theories and local actions. In this chapter, the authors explore the role that municipalities can play in interpreting and executing principles of global justice. They offer a way of thinking about the cosmopolitan or global city not as a gentrified and commodified urban space, but as a site of local governance consistent with egalitarian cosmopolitan moral aims. They work to show some ways in which the city of Medellín, Colombia, has taken significant steps in that direction. The chapter focuses especially on how it did so and how it might serve as a model in some important ways for the transformation of other cities globally in a direction more consistent with egalitarian cosmopolitanism.
The Nature and Place of Logic
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: September 2018

This chapter sketches a history of philosophy of logic from Aristotle, along with Epicurus and the early Stoics, to the late sixteenth century. The analysis revolves around the (supposedly) scientific status of logic on the one hand and its utility on the other. Following clues found in Kant’s works, the chapter explains how key questions about the nature and place of logic evolved over time. It tracks down a range of historically significant positions, represented by Avicenna, Averroës, Thomas Aquinas, and William of Ockham among others. In so doing, the discussion pays special attention to the newly developed conceptual apparatus, such as logica naturalis versus logica artificialis, logica utens versus logica docens, and scientia realis versus scientia rationalis. These distinctions would eventually come to fruition in Christian Wolff’s theory of logic, arguably the most formative source as well as a major target of Kant’s.
Conclusion
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: September 2018

This chapter summarizes the major findings of the book. It emphasizes once more the importance of a historically as well as philosophically well-informed assessment of Kant’s theory of logic. It then draws out two basic takeaways of the study. One is that there is still much more to explore about Kant’s logic. The other is that we can now reconsider Kant’s place in the history of logic, in terms of the impact of his theory of logic as well as its relation to previous theories. Contrary to standard portrayers, this book proposes that the most profound and deserving legacy of Kant’s theory of logic is his endeavor to overhaul the relation between logic proper, in whichever formal-logical system it may be exemplified, and such other sciences as metaphysics and psychology.
The Aesthetic Animal
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik
Published: September 2018

The Aesthetic Animal answers the ultimate questions of why we adorn ourselves; embellish our things and surroundings; and produce art, music, song, dance, and fiction. Humans are aesthetic animals that spend vast amounts of time and resources on seemingly useless aesthetic activities. However, nature would not allow a species to waste precious time and effort on activities completely unrelated to the survival, reproduction, and well-being of that species. Consequently, the aesthetic impulse must have some important biological functions. An impulse is a natural, internal behavioral incentive that does not need external reward to exist. A number of observations indicate that the aesthetic impulse is exactly such an inherent part of human nature, and therefore it is a primary impulse in its own right with several important functions. The aesthetic impulse may guide us toward what is biologically good for us and help us choose the right fitness-enhancing items in our surroundings. It is a valid individual fitness indicator, as well as a unifying social group marker, and aesthetically skilled individuals get more mating possibilities, higher status, and more collaborative offers. This book is written in a lively and entertaining tone, and it presents an original and comprehensive synthesis of the empirical field, synthesizing data from archeology, cave art, anthropology, biology, ethology, and experimental and evolutionary psychology and neuro-aesthetics.