bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Stability of an Autonomous Microgrid Using DSTATCOM
Authors: Majumder Ritwik , Ghosh Arindam , Ledwich Gerard , Zare Firuz
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes a method for enhancing stability of an autonomous microgrid with distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) and power sharing with multiple distributed generators (DG). It is assumed that all the DGs are connected through voltage source converter (VSC) and all connected loads are passive, making the microgrid totally inertia less. The VSCs are controlled by either state feedback or current feedback mode to achieve desired voltage-current or power outputs, respectively. A modified angle droop is used for DG voltage reference generation. Power sharing ratio of the proposed droop control is established through derivation and verified by simulation results. A DSTATCOM is connected in the microgrid to provide ride through capability during power imbalance in the microgrid, thereby enhancing the system stability. This is established through extensive simulation studies using PSCAD.
Money Laundering - A Newly Emerging Topic on the International Agenda
Authors: Unger Brigitte
Published: January 2010

Money laundering - bringing illicit proceeds from drugs, fraud and other crime, back into the legal economy - has become an issue of international concern only in the last twenty years. Since 9/11 it has figured as a prominent issue of national and international safety on the agenda of international organizations such as the Financial Action Task Force, the IMF, the United Nations, the Bank of International Settlement, and the European Union. Since then, the need to know more about the volume of laundering and laundering techniques, about the behavior of launderers, the effects of laundering on crime and on the economy, and the potential for successful anti-money laundering policy, has dramatically increased. So far, the academic field of the economics of crime has not devoted much attention to financial crime. And the economics of finance has not dealt with criminal behavior The first three papers presented in this issue will show three very different ways of making use of economics to estimate money laundering. The last three papers show how the law and economics literature especially can be used to analyze the role of anti-money laundering policy.
Measuring Global Money Laundering: "The Walker Gravity Model"
Authors: Walker John , Unger Brigitte
Published: January 2010

Measuring global money laundering, the proceeds of transnational crime that are pumped through the financial system worldwide, is still in its infancy. Methods such as case studies, proxy variables, or models for measuring the shadow economy all tend to under- or overestimate money laundering. The model presented here is a gravity model which makes it possible to estimate the flows of illicit funds from and to each jurisdiction in the world and worldwide. This “Walker Model” was first developed in 1994, and used and updated recently. We show that it belongs to the group of gravity models which have recently become popular in international trade theory. Using triangulation, we demonstrate that the original Walker Model estimates are compatible with recent findings on money laundering. Once the scale of money laundering is known, its macroeconomic effects and the impact of crime prevention, regulation and law enforcement effects on money laundering and transnational crime can also be measured.
Trade-Based Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
Authors: Zdanowicz John S.
Published: January 2010

Money laundering can be defined, generally, as the process of concealing the existence, illegal source, or application of income derived from a criminal activity, and the subsequent disguising of the source of that income to make it appear legitimate. Deception is the heart of money laundering. The use of international trade to move money, undetected, from one country to another is one of the oldest techniques used to circumvent government scrutiny. International trade as a means of laundering money is also a technique generally ignored by most government law enforcement agencies. This article details how false international trade invoicing is used to move money across borders, undetected. This research details how the statistical analysis of the U.S. trade database can assist in measuring illegal money flows. It also details some statistical techniques that may be used to detect and monitor these abnormal transactions.
The Economics of Crime and Money Laundering: Does Anti-Money Laundering Policy Reduce Crime?
Authors: Ferwerda Joras
Published: January 2010

Anti-money laundering policy has become a major issue in the Western world, especially in the United States after 9-11. Basically, all countries in the world are more or less forced to cooperate in the global fight against money laundering. In this paper, the criminalization of money laundering is modelled, assuming rational behavior of criminals, following the law and economics strand of the literature described as the economics of crime. The theoretical model shows that a) the probability of being caught for money laundering, b) the sentence for money laundering, c) the probability of being convicted for the predicate crime, and d) the transaction costs of money laundering are negatively related to the amount of crime. Under the assumption that these factors are all positively influenced by a stricter anti-money laundering policy, the hypothesis empirically tested in this paper is that anti-money laundering policy deters potential criminals from illegal behavior and therefore lowers the crime rate. Since the data on anti-money laundering policy used in the literature thus far is not all-embracing, a unique indicator is constructed using information from the mutual evaluation reports on money laundering of the FATF, IMF and World Bank. This unique dataset is used in an empirical estimation based on a Mundlak specification to test the effect of anti-money laundering policy on the crime rate. Among the four policy areas measured – the role of law, the institutional framework, the duties of the private sector in law enforcement, and international cooperation – the latter turned out to be the policy area that is associated with a lower crime rate. This result should be an extra incentive for countries and international organizations to continue their efforts to promote and develop international cooperation in the fight against money laundering.
The Risk-Based Approach in the New European Anti-Money Laundering Legislation: A Law and Economics View
Authors: Dalla Pellegrina Lucia , Masciandaro Donato
Published: January 2010

In 2005 the European Commission adopted the Third Directive on Anti-Money Laundering (AML), which was to be implemented into national laws at the latest by December 2007. The key feature that characterizes the Third Directive is the idea that the regulatory framework should be risk-based (RBA). The aim of this regulation is to elicit a high level of outcome in terms of AML effectiveness from self-interested financial institutions (FIs) who hold private information. In this paper we study how to increase the effectiveness of AML rules, using a principal-agent framework to describe the regulatory setting in which an RBA is applied. We focus on incentive problems arising in a three-layer hierarchy, which includes public authorities (policymakers), financial institutions, and supervisors.
Evaluating the Economic Performance of Property Systems
Authors: Bessen James
Published: January 2010

How should the economic performance of property systems be evaluated? Benefit-cost analysis is widely used to evaluate non-market based regulation when prices are not available. Market prices provide better information for property systems, but market prices are not necessarily socially optimal when property rights are imperfect. This paper discusses two practical approaches to evaluating the performance of property systems, one based on an analysis of institutional performance, the other based on measuring incentives. As an illustration, I show how these approaches might be used to evaluate the US patent system.
A Cautious Defense of Intellectual Oligopoly With Fringe Competition
Authors: Lemley Mark A.
Published: January 2010

In a 2008 paper, Michele Boldrin and David Levine offer a strong attack on intellectual property. While Boldrin and Levine make a plausible case, it is an exaggeration to say as they do that patents and copyrights are intellectual monopolies and are not necessary to encourage invention or creation. More significant is their claim that competition, not monopoly, drives innovation. Boldrin and Levine overstate the case for competitive innovation and understate the case for innovation driven by either market power or the prospect of acquiring market power through patent innovation. They are correct that we will get some innovation in many industries, and even the same level of innovation in some industries, without IP protection. But for most types of invention and creation we just can’t be confident that IP isn’t driving at least some innovation. On balance, IP protection will give us more benefit in the industries in which it spurs competitive innovation and fringe competition than the harm it causes in raising prices and constraining downstream innovation. It is, as Mike Scherer puts it, “a system that, despite its manifest imperfections, has worked tolerably well.” Nonetheless, Boldrin and Levine do point the way toward needed reforms of the IP system short of its abolition.
Does Intellectual Monopoly Help Innovation?
Authors: Boldrin Michele , Levine David K.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we begin our analysis of copyrights and patents by asking: why should creators have the right to control how purchasers make use of an idea or new good? This gives creators a monopoly over the idea. We refer to this right as “intellectual monopoly,” to emphasize that it is this monopoly over all copies of an idea that is controversial, not the right to buy and sell copies. The government does not ordinarily enforce monopolies for producers of other goods. This is because it is widely recognized that monopoly creates many social costs. Intellectual monopoly is no different in this respect. The question we address is whether it also creates social benefits commensurate with these social costs.
Copyright Abolition and Attribution
Authors: Depoorter Ben , Holland Adam , Somerstein Elizabeth
Published: January 2010

An increasing number of scholarly voices challenge the balance between incentives and deadweight losses created by intellectual property rights. In their book Against Intellectual Monopoly (2008), Boldrin and Levine) move beyond pragmatic calls to fine-tune the scope of intellectual property rights to question the very premises of the quid pro quo underlying the intellectual property rights system. In this brief essay, we contemplate the effects of removing traditional copyright protection. We draw upon the available literature in economic theory and copyright scholarship to examine the likely incentive effects of copyright abolition on authors, while considering the available non-legal forms of remuneration for authors. Furthermore, we contemplate a version of copyright protection grounded and limited to a mandatory right of attribution.
A Note on Herbert Gintis' "Emergence of a Price System from Decentralized Bilateral Exchange"
Authors: Mandel Antoine , Botta Nicola
Published: January 2010

Building upon recent work of Gintis, we study evolutionary dynamics in an economy with Leontieff preferences and corner endowments for which the equilibrium is completely indeterminate. We exhibit a class of dynamics which selects, via stochastic stability, the equilibrium minimizing the quantities traded.
Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops
Authors: Clement Charles R. , De Cristo-Araújo Michelly , Coppens D’Eeckenbrugge Geo , Alves Pereira Alessandro , Picanço-Rodrigues Doriane
Published: January 2010

Molecular analyses are providing new elements to decipher the origin, domestication and dispersal of native Amazonian crops in an expanding archaeological context. Solid molecular data are available for manioc (Manihot esculenta), cacao (Theobroma cacao), pineapple (Ananas comosus), peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) and guaraná (Paullinia cupana), while hot peppers (Capsicum spp.), inga (Inga edulis), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) are being studied. Emergent patterns include the relationships among domestication, antiquity (terminal Pleistocene to early Holocene), origin in the periphery, ample pre-Columbian dispersal and clear phylogeographic population structure for manioc, pineapple, peach palm and, perhaps, Capsicum peppers. Cacao represents the special case of an Amazonian species possibly brought into domestication in Mesoamerica, but close scrutiny of molecular data suggests that it may also have some incipiently domesticated populations in Amazonia. Another pattern includes the relationships among species with incipiently domesticated populations or very recently domesticated populations, rapid pre- or post-conquest dispersal and lack of phylogeographic population structure, e.g., Brazil nut, cupuassu and guaraná. These patterns contrast the peripheral origin of most species with domesticated populations with the subsequent concentration of their genetic resources in the center of the basin, along the major white water rivers where high pre-conquest population densities developed. Additional molecular genetic analyses on these and other species will allow better examination of these processes and will enable us to relate them to other historical ecological patterns in Amazonia.
Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) Root and Leaf on Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits
Authors: Choi Ung-Kyu , Lee Ok-Hwan , Yim Joo Hyuk , Cho Chang-Won , Rhee Young Kyung , Lim Seong-Il , Kim Young-Chan
Published: January 2010

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), an oriental herbal medicine, has been shown to favorably affect choleretic, antirheumatic and diuretin properties. Recent reports have indicated that excessive oxidative stress contributes to the development of atherosclerosislinked metabolic syndrome. The objective of this current study was to investigate the possible hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of dandelion root and leaf in rabbits fed with a high-cholesterol diet. A group of twenty eight male rabbits was divided into four subgroups; a normal diet group, a high-cholesterol diet group, a high-cholesterol diet with 1% (w/w) dandelion leaf group, and a high-cholesterol diet with 1% (w/w) dandelion root group. After the treatment period, the plasma antioxidant enzymes and lipid profiles were determined. Our results show that treatment with dandelion root and leaf positively changed plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profiles in cholesterol-fed rabbits, and thus may have potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects. Dandelion root and leaf could protect against oxidative stress linked atherosclerosis and decrease the atherogenic index.
Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals
Authors: Ito Takeru , Yamase Toshihiro
Published: January 2010

Inorganic-organic hybrid crystals containing α-octamolybdate (Mo8) or hexamolybdate (Mo6) were isolated by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16) surfactant. The packing mode of the inorganic layers depended on a difference in the polyoxomolybdate molecular structure. The structure for both crystals consisted of alternate stacking of C16 organic bilayers and polyoxomolybdate inorganic layers with a periodicity of 24.4–24.6 Å. However, the C16-Mo8 crystals contained Mo8 monolayers, while the C16-Mo6 crystals contained Mo6 bilayers. These lattice structures for the polyoxometalate/organic hybrid will be designed by the molecular structures of polyoxometalate.
Applying Genomic and Bioinformatic Resources to Human Adenovirus Genomes for Use in Vaccine Development and for Applications in Vector Development for Gene Delivery
Authors: Seto Jason , Walsh Michael P. , Mahadevan Padmanabhan , Zhang Qiwei , Seto Donald
Published: January 2010

Technological advances and increasingly cost-effect methodologies in DNA sequencing and computational analysis are providing genome and proteome data for human adenovirus research. Applying these tools, data and derived knowledge to the development of vaccines against these pathogens will provide effective prophylactics. The same data and approaches can be applied to vector development for gene delivery in gene therapy and vaccine delivery protocols. Examination of several field strain genomes and their analyses provide examples of data that are available using these approaches. An example of the development of HAdV-B3 both as a vaccine and also as a vector is presented.
Flower and fruit characters in the early‐divergent lamiid family Metteniusaceae, with particular reference to the evolution of pseudomonomery
Authors: González Favio A. , Rudall Paula J.
Published: January 2010

Evaluating the morphological relationships of angiosperm families that still remain unplaced in the current systems of classification is challenging because it requires comparative data across a broad phylogenetic range. The small neotropical family Metteniusaceae was recently placed within the lamiids, as sister to either the enigmatic Oncothecaceae or the clade (Boraginaceae + Gentianales + Lamiales + Solanales + Vahliaceae). We examined the development of two of the primary diagnostic traits of Metteniusaceae, the moniliform anthers and the unilocular gynoecium. The gynoecium is 5‐carpellate, and contains two ovules with a massive, vascularized integument. Late sympetaly and unitegmic ovules support placement of Metteniusaceae in the lamiids. The 5‐carpellate gynoecium is consistent with a sister‐group relationship between Metteniusaceae and Oncothecaceae. The gynoecium of Metteniusaceae is unusual in that it is monosymmetric throughout ontogeny, which indicates pseudomonomery; the five carpel initials are congenitally fused by their margins and form a single locule; the two ovules develop from the two smallest and most poorly developed lateral carpels. Comparisons with other pseudomonomerous taxa allow us to propose division of the complex processes leading to pseudomonomery into eight characters, including carpel number and fusion, gynoecial symmetry, timing of carpel reduction, and number and position of nonfertile carpels.
Structural, physiological, and stable carbon isotopic evidence that the enigmatic Paleozoic fossil Prototaxites formed from rolled liverwort mats
Authors: Graham Linda E. , Cook Martha E. , Hanson David T. , Pigg Kathleen B. , Graham James M.
Published: January 2010

New structural, nutritional, and stable carbon isotope data may resolve a long‐standing mystery—the biological affinities of the fossil Prototaxites, the largest organism on land during the Late Silurian to Late Devonian (420–370 Ma). The tree trunk‐shaped specimens, of varying dimensions but consistent tubular anatomy, first formed prior to vascular plant dominance. Hence, Prototaxites has been proposed to represent giant algae, fungi, or lichens, despite incompatible biochemical and anatomical observations. Our comparative analyses instead indicate that Prototaxites formed from partially degraded, wind‐, gravity‐, or water‐rolled mats of mixotrophic liverworts having fungal and cyanobacterial associates, much like the modern liverwort genus Marchantia. We propose that the fossil body is largely derived from abundant, highly degradation‐resistant, tubular rhizoids of marchantioid liverworts, intermixed with tubular microbial elements. Our concept explains previously puzzling fossil features and is consistent with evidence for liverworts and microbial associates in Ordovician‐Devonian deposits, extensive ancient and modern marchantioid mats, and modern associations of liverworts with cyanobacteria and diverse types of fungi. Our interpretation indicates that liverworts were important components of Devonian ecosystems, that some macrofossils and microfossils previously attributed to “nematophytes” actually represent remains of ancient liverworts, and that mixotrophy and microbial associations were features of early land plants.
The Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of a Series of 5-trimethylsilyl-1-β-d-(arabinofuranosyl) uracil phosphoramidate ProTides
Authors: Mehellou Youcef , Balzarini Jan , McGuigan Christopher
Published: January 2010

Background:

Nucleoside analogues always require phosphorylation to be active. This appears to be a particular limitation for uridine-based nucleosides. Our ProTide method allows the direct use of masked membrane-soluble preformed nucleoside phosphates, bypassing the need for the initial phosphorylation step. We herein applied it to some novel 5-trimethylsilyl arabinosyl uridines.

Methods:

5-Trimethylsilyl-1-β-d-(arabinofuranosyl)uracil was prepared in six steps starting from uridine, and five phosphoramidate ProTide derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were investigated for activity against a range of DNA and RNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2, vaccinia virus and HIV.

Results:

Overall, these compounds did not show significant antiviral activity against any of the viruses tested.

Conclusions:

The inactivity of the ProTides of this nucleoside could correspond with poor ProTide activation in vitro, poor onward metabolism or low activity of the putative monophosphate metabolite.
Quadriceps Tendon Injuries
Authors: Hak David J. , Sanchez Anthony , Trobisch Per
Published: January 2010

Educational Objectives

1.

Explain the etiology, epidemiology and clinical presentation of quadriceps tendon injuries.

2.

Describe the role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of quadriceps tendon ruptures.

3.

Discuss the surgical techniques for management of acute and chronic quadriceps tendon ruptures.

4.

Restate the complications and outcomes following repair of quadriceps tendon ruptures.
Under High Pressure: Spherical Glass Flotation and Instrument Housings in Deep Ocean Research
Authors: Pausch Steffen , Below Detlef , Hardy Kevin
Published: January 2010

AbstractAll stationary and autonomous instrumentation for observational activities in ocean research have two things in common, they need pressure-resistant housings and buoyancy to bring instruments safely back to the surface. The use of glass spheres is attractive in many
ways. Glass qualities such as the immense strength‐weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and low cost make glass spheres ideal for both flotation and instrument housings. On the other hand, glass is brittle and hence subject to damage from impact. The production of glass spheres therefore
requires high-quality raw material, advanced manufacturing technology and expertise in processing. VITROVEX® spheres made of DURAN® borosilicate glass 3.3 are the only commercially available 17-inch glass spheres with operational ratings to full ocean trench depth.
They provide a low-cost option for specialized flotation and instrument housings.
Deep Sound: A Free-Falling Sensor Platform for Depth-Profiling Ambient Noise in the Deep Ocean
Authors: Barclay David R. , Simonet Fernando , Buckingham Michael J.
Published: January 2010

AbstractAmbient noise in the deep ocean is traditionally monitored using bottom-mounted or surface-suspended hydrophone arrays. An alternative approach has recently been developed in which an autonomous, untethered instrument platform free falls under gravity from the surface
to a preassigned depth, where a drop weight is released, allowing the system to return to the surface under buoyancy. Referred to as Deep Sound, the instrument records acoustic, environmental, and system data continuously during the descent and ascent. The central component of Deep
Sound is a Vitrovex glass sphere, formed of two hemispheres, which houses data acquisition and storage electronics, along with a microprocessor for system control. A suite of sensors on Deep Sound continuously monitor the ambient noise, temperature, salinity, pressure, and system orientation
throughout the round trip from the surface to the bottom. In particular, several hydrophones return ambient noise time series, each with a bandwidth of 30 kHz, from which the noise spectral level, along with the vertical and horizontal coherence, are computed as functions of depth. After system
recovery, the raw data are downloaded and the internal lithium ion batteries are recharged via throughputs in the sphere, which eliminates the need to separate the hemispheres between deployments. In May 2009, Deep Sound descended to a depth of 6 km in the Philippine Sea and successfully returned
to the surface, bringing with it a unique data set on the broadband ambient noise within and below the deep sound channel. The next deep deployment is planned for November 2009, when Deep Sound will descend almost 11 km, to the bottom of the Challenger Deep at the southern end of the Mariana
Trench. If successful, it will return with continuous acoustic and environmental recordings taken from the sea surface to the bottom of the deepest ocean on Earth.
Living Deep: A Synopsis of Hadal Trench Ecology
Authors: Blankenship-Williams Lesley E. , Levin Lisa A.
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe ocean’s deepest environments are fraught with extreme conditions, including the highest hydrostatic pressures found on earth. The hadal zone, which encompasses oceanic depths from 6,000 to almost 11,000 m, is located almost exclusively within deep-sea trenches.
Fauna inhabiting these hadal trenches represent intriguing yet possibly the least understood communities in our ocean. We present a brief historical account of hadal exploration and a synopsis of the fascinating biogeographical trends that have emerged from 60 years of sporadic hadal sampling.
Biodiversity and chemosynthesis, two important concepts in deep-sea ecology, are also discussed in relation to hadal trenches.
Project Deepsearch: An Innovative Solution for Accessing the Oceans
Authors: Taylor Liz , Lawson Tony
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe year 2010 marks the 50th anniversary of the first and only manned visit to the deepest part of the sea. Over the past 50 years, even as technology has advanced with breathtaking speed, there have been very few changes or advances in applying new technology
to manned (human-occupied) vehicles for deep sea exploration. Today there are only a handful of deep research submersibles and all, with the exception of the Chinese Harmony 7000, are aging assets. None are capable of exploring all areas of the ocean. Project Deepsearch is being undertaken
by a small business working under the premise of a collaborative open source effort. Our goals are to bring innovative solutions to bear in five key areas of engineering and technology while engaging industry contributors and the public, enhancing awareness of the importance of the oceans,
marine science and education.
Crawler System for Deep Sea ROVs
Authors: Inoue Tomoya , Katsui Tokihiro , Murakami Hisataka , Takagi Ken
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn order to reduce tension on a cable and process movability, a deep sea remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is designed to reduce its weight. However, a lightweight ROV is apt to wheelie when running by means of a crawler system. To run stably in counterpoise, the combination
of the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy should be in an adequate area called the “stable area,” which by theory can be obtained as corresponding to the weight and the buoyancy. The stable area becomes small as the weight is light. The combination of the center of gravity
and the center of buoyancy is designed to be in the stable area. However, it is important for the ROV to run forward and backward, which results in changing the discrimination of the stable area. This sometimes causes the center of gravity and the center of buoyancy to be outside the stable
area. Thus, it is advantageous to increase the weight only when running by crawler system and to change the center of gravity meaningfully. Furthermore, the flipper-type crawler system is advantageous when running on the sea floor with inclination or undulation. This paper proposes a method
to virtually increase the weight and to change the center of gravity by using thrusters. This paper also describes the flipper-type crawler system that improves movability when running on the sea floor with inclination or undulation. Furthermore, we conducted preliminary experiments in a water
tank using a small-size ROV having four thrusters and a crawler system, a normal-type crawler, and a flipper-type crawler system, to confirm the advantages.
Microbial Life in the Trenches
Authors: Bartlett Douglas H.
Published: January 2010

AbstractMicrobiologists have been making use of advances in ocean engineering to explore life in deep-sea trenches for decades, including for many years preceding man’s conquest of the Challenger Deep. This has fostered the development of an unusual branch of microbiology,
referred to as high-pressure microbiology. Evidence for deep-trench microbes that grow best at elevated hydrostatic pressure was first obtained in the early 1950s, and isolates were obtained in pure cultures beginning in the early 1980s. Here I describe some of the history of deep-trench
microbiology and the characteristics of microbial life in the trenches.
New Apparatuses and Rearing Techniques for the Study of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Organic Soils of Southwestern Quebec
Authors: Lafrance J.
Published: January 2010

Rearing techniques were developed and apparatuses built for biological studies on the Elateridae in the organic soils of southwestern Quebec. Adults attracted to heap-traps are normally mixed with a large quantity of hay trash which makes the recovery of beetles tedious and difficult. To facilitate this work, an insect sorting box was designed and built and proved quite satisfactory. A flight-trap was also designed for obtaining information on adult species concerning their period of emergence, peak and length of emergence, and height and direction of flight. Adequate techniques for the incubation of wireworm eggs and the rearing of larvae under constant supply of water through capillary action were developed. A large field cage was designed and built to study under natural conditions the complete life-cycle of the species of elaterids found in organic soils.
The Effect of Predator Age and Prey Defense on the Functional Response of Podisus maculiventris Say to the Density of Hyphantria cunea Drury
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: January 2010

Experiments were designed to find the functional response (response per predator) of the pentatomid Podisus maculiventris to the population density of larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea. The response was measured in confined universes, (glass jars), representing webworm nests, and it was found permissible to vary universe size, within certain limits, in order to obtain a wide range of prey densities without handling large numbers of larvae. The “disc equation” proposed by Holling (1959) was found to describe the response curves, except at very high prey densities, and to provide a satisfactory biological explanation for their decreasing slopes. P. maculiventris ingests about 84% of its own weight for each fifth-instar larva of H. cunea attacked successfully, and the time spent in feeding and becoming hungry enough to make another attack reduces very substantially the time devoted to searching activities. Both prey defense (Fig. 1) and the age of the adult predator (Fig. 2) have very important effects on the functional response curves and on the values of the parameters, a and b, of the disc equation. These effects are explained. The “rate of discovery”, a, is contrasted to Nicholson's (1933) “area of discovery” and it is shown why the former is more likely to be independent of prey density than the latter.

In view of the population of webworm larvae in the average nest, it is concluded that the functional response of the various predators inside the nest is probably not important, and that attention should be devoted instead to the functional and numerical responses of predators and parasites to the density of nests per unit area. Because of the vigorous defense exhibited by fifth-instar webworm larvae, predation by timid predators like P. maculiventris is selective and larvae whose development is delayed by parasitism are likely to suffer more predation than healthy larvae.
Life History and Habits of a Midge, Contarinia washingtonensis Johnson (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Douglas-fir Cones
Authors: Hedlin Alan F. , Johnson Norman E.
Published: January 2010

The midge Contarinia washnigtonensis Johnson is capable of causing serious seed loss in Douglas-fir in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. The female lays its eggs from late May until early July in the young cones. When the eggs hatch larvae feed in the cone scales, sometimes causing direct damage to seeds and often killing scales before cone maturity. When larvae have completed feeding they leave the cone scales in late summer and autumn to drop to the ground where they spin cocoons and remain overwinter in the litter.
A New Genus of Rhagionidae (Diptera) with Notes and Descriptions of Bolbomyia Loew
Authors: Chillcott J. G.
Published: January 2010

Litoleptis alaskensis, a new genus and species from Alaska, and Bolbomyia melanderi, a new species from the Appalachians, are described. Cekendia wuorentausi is redescribed, and the genus synonymyzed with Bolbomyia. Further records of the Nearctic species of Bolbomyia are given. A generic group composed of Hilarimorpha, Litoleptis, Bolbomyia, Archicera and Austroleptis is proposed.
Delayed Inoculative Freezing of Insects
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: January 2010

Inoculative freezing of insects is distinguished from nucleative freezing and is treated from the standpoint of the delays observed in freezing. On the assumption that the fine structure of the cuticle regulates the penetration or growth of external ice into the insect's body, the cuticle was experimentally altered by soaking, boiling, and immersion in strong detergent solution. Soaking was of doubtful effectiveness, whereas boiling and detergent hastened inoculation, Detergent also caused many insects to freeze when the contact water froze, with no delay. Rate of inoculation of untreated larvae was directly proportional to the area in contact with ice, and inversely proportional to temperature down to −10 °C. No further rate increase took place down to −15 °C, possibly because the vapor pressure difference between ice and supercooled body fluid does not change appreciably in this temperature range. Larvae froze more rapidly when they had already been frozen and thawed once or twice. No relation between inoculation rate and rate of water loss in a dry atmosphere could be established.

The freezing of water in extremely small spaces is discussed and related to the process of inoculative freezing. Probable pathways of ice growth through the cuticle are considered in relation to known structural characteristics and the results of the present experiments. Two hypotheses are proposed to account for the observed delays in freezing, but neither is wholly satisfactory. The first postulates that the outer extremities of the pathways, through the epicuticle, are hydrophobic and contain air which temporarily separates contact moisture from pore liquids. After freezing of the contact moisture a vapor pressure differential results in a net flow of vapor outwards, the vapor freezing on the ice and building inwards until the ice front touches liquid in a space large enough to allow freezing. This hypothesis assumes the existence of at least one pathway large enough to support ice penetration without hindrance caused by restricted size. The second hypothesis assumes that no such unrestricted pathways are present, all being inadequate in size. Differences in chemical potential between ice and liquid cause pore liquids to move outwards to the contacting ice surface and accrete on its
Synonymy and Color Variation in the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: January 2010

Northern and southern specimens of the fall webworm in eastern North America exhibit color differences in both the adult and larval stages, and have often been referred to Hyphantria textor Harris and H. cunea Drury, respectively. However, they will readily inter-breed and produce viable offspring; differences in wing maculation are not discrete and genitalic differences have not been found; differences in the degree of larval pigmentation are not discrete and depend largely on environmental factors; and the nesting and feeding behaviors are similar. It is therefore concluded that the common webworm (larvae with the head and dorsal tubercles black) in both north and south should be referred to H. cunea, which has priority. A sibling species or race (lighter heads and tubercles and different nesting and feeding habits) occurs sympatrically with cunea in the south and also, rarely, in the north; if it has specific status it cannot be referred to either cunea or textor; so textor is relegated to synonymy.
Tests of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner and B. cereus Frankland and Frankland on Larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

The susceptibility of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fmiferana (Clemens), under laboratory conditions, to commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis Berliner was reported by Angus et al. in 1961. This bacterium was recently tested, under field conditions, both as dusts and sprays. The results of ehese tests are presented here with comments on the effect of the environment and other factors.
Host Plant Records and Biology of Aphids on Cereal Grains and Grasses in Manitoba (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Robinson A. G. , Hsu Sze-Jih
Published: January 2010

Collections of aphids on cereal grains and grasses in Manitoba were made during the years 1958-62. The species collected are important because of their possible economic injury to cereal crops and also because several of the species are known vectors of the barley yellow dwarf virus of barley, oats and other Gramineae. Bruehl (1961) listed all known hosts of the virus, mostly determined in greenhouse inoculation trials. He emphasized the importance oi the feeding habits of aphids under natural conditions in the field. In 1962 most species of aphids on Gramineae were present in unusually large numbers in Manitoba, and an excellent opportunity was afforded to obtain records of breeding colonies on 38 host plants, many of them in the Forage Plots of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba. The host plants and aphids are listed in Table I. The aphid species were determined by W. R. Richards, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, or by the senior author.
The Cupedidae of the World
Authors: Atkins M. D.
Published: January 2010

In recent years there has been an increase in the number of papers dealing with the family Cupedidae, but in spite of the revised interest in this group there is still no publication which treats the family on a world-wide basis and provides keys for separating all the genera and species. According to Janssens (1953), the family contains 22 species belonging to five genera. Recently, Neboiss (1959) added three new species from Australia and erected a new South American genus, while Papp (1961) described a new species from California. In this paper I will bring the available information on the Cupedidae together and present a list of fossil forms, a series of keys to the genera and species, and an account of their geographical distribution. In addition, I propose three new synonyms in the genusCupes.
Daily Selection by Drino bohemica Mesn. (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Four Species of Hosts
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: January 2010

The percentage of eggs deposited by Drino bohemica Mesn. on a species of host in preference to other hosts on successive days through the oviposition period of the parasite fluctuated continually within a comparatively wide range. The fluctuations in the selection of hosts within a generation apparently had little influence on those between generations. There was no significant relationship between the percentage of attacks on one species of host and the age of the parasites. Individuals within a group may select a different host than that preferred by the group as a whole.
A New Synetaeris Parasite of the Spruce Budworm in Canada (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart
Published: January 2010

The following description is offered for a previously undescribed ichneumonid parasite of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) reared, in recent years, in several parts of Canada, by officers of the Forest Entomology and Pathology Branch, Department of Forestry.
Relationships of Cremifania Czerny (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Description of a New Species
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: January 2010

The genus Cremifania Czerny combines characters of various taxa which Hennig (1958) placed in two superfamilies, the Sciomyzoidea and the Lauxanioidea. In some ways it can be considered a taxonomic link between the two groups. Important characters of the genus are compared with homologous characters in related families and its taxonomic relationships are discussed. At the same time, a family tree for the major families assigned to both superfamilies is suggested.

Cremifania does not fit well in any family as they are now defined, but, because it fits best in the Chamaemyiidae, that family is redefined to embrace the genus. The family is then divided into two subfamilies, the Cremifaniinae, new subfamily, for Cremifania, and the Chamaemyiinae comprised of two tribes, the Chamaemyiini and Leucopini, new tribe; a key to all the suprageneric categories is presented.

A new Cremifania, the second known species of the genus and the first Nearctic one, is described from New Mexico.
The Barley Jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Cannon F. M.
Published: January 2010

The barley jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.), was first discovered at a point in the northeastern part of Prince Edward Island in 1946. It spread quite rapidly along the northern coastline of the province and more slowly southward, and today infestations may be found in most areas of the province. Inland movement of the pest did not start until about 1955 and since that time infestations have generally been lighter than they were previously.

H. hordei overwinters as mature larvae in galls in barley stubble left in fields after the grain is harvested. Adults emerge the following year during late June and early July and oviposit in the stems of young barley plants, usually when the plants are six to eight inches high. Eggs are almost always laid just above the lower nodes or joints, either on the main or on tillering stems. The adults live for four to eight days. The larvae develop inside the stems and the plant tissue around them develops into hard, woody galls. The larvae mature in three to four weeks and, thereafter, remain dormant inside the galls in the stems until the following year. Infested barley plants are stunted and heads may fail to develop or, if formed, contain small, shrivelled kernels. In severely infested fields, the grain crop is considered a complete loss.

There are six speoies of parasites known to attack H. hordei in Prince Edward Island, and all of them are chalcids that closely resemble the pest. Parasite eggs are deposited in the stem with the host and the larvae attack and destroy H. hordei larvae and then complete their development inside the galls. In addition to biological control by natural parasites, the other major natural control agent is considered to be weather, combinations of moisture, humidity, and temperature. However, further investigations are necessary to establish the influence of these different factors.
Perspectives in Biogeography
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

I have been assigned a subject that gives considerable latitude for interpretation. I propose to survey the broad outlines of biogeography from several different aspects. First I will discuss the scope of biogeography, in its two dimensions–almost necessarily seen as perspectives–looking outward into the world and looking backward into time. This will lead into a review of some of the principles and processes that underlie biogeographic phenomena. The two dimensions must again be considered, and we will mention both the reasons for present distributions and the not always identical reasons for distributions in the past. Then we will broaden the horizon to consider the relationship between biogeography and certain other branches of science. Finally I will try to look a little way forward and to hint at the biogeography of the future and what biogeography may be expected to tell us about the future. This is a large program for a short essay, and the treatment of individual topics must necessarily be brief and simplified.
Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Spruce Cone Worm, Dioryctria reniculella (Grt.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M. , Daviault L.
Published: January 2010

Dioryctria reniculella may be occasionally found in abundance feeding on cones and foliage of spruce in Quebec. In this paper, the life history, habits, and description of immature stages as yet unreported in the literature are presented, along with short notes on populations and natural control organisms.
Facteurs Naturels de Régulation des Populations de la Tenthrède Européenne de l’épinette, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), dans le Sud du Québec
Authors: Martineau René
Published: January 2010

Depuis la fin de l'invasion de la tenthrède européenne de l'épinette vers 1945, la population de cet insecte s'est maintenue à un niveau relativement bas dans la province de Québec. Une étude conduite de 1956 à 1960 aux environs de la ville de Québec a révélé qu'aucun changement important n'est survenu dans la biologie de l'insecte et dans les facteurs naturels susceptibles de limiter sa pullulation. Les conditions de climat sont sensiblement les mêmes qu'au temps de l'invasion, et contribuent annuellement à éliminer une partie importante de la population au début du développement larvaire. Les parasites exercent une légère influence et une seule espèce, Drino bohemica Mesn., semble s'être définitivement adaptée dans la région étudiée. Les prédateurs au contraire continuent à prélever une forte partie de la population en hivernement. La virose larvaire qui a provoqué le déclin de l'invasion, constitue le facteur régulateur et son action est particulièrement efficace au cours de la génération estivale.
Development and Survival of the Onion Maggot under Field and Artificial Conditions on Attractive and Unattractive Onion Varieties
Authors: Perron J. P. , Jasmin J. J.
Published: January 2010

When onions were grown in cages under field conditions, the number of plants killed per egg deposited by hand showed no significant differences between any of the varieties studied, indicating that onion maggot (Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)) fed, developed, and survived as well on varieties Nebuka and Hishiko (Allium fistulosum L.) as on White Globe Southport (Allium cepa L.) and Beltsville Bunching (A. cepa × A. fistulosum), even though the last two varieties were more attractive for natural oviposition in the field. When larvae were fed in petri dishes with crushed tissues of onion plants, no significant differences were obtained between any of the varieties in the duration of larval stages, number of pupae, weight of pupae, or number of adults, whereas in glass vials, a better larval development, a higher number of heavier pupae, and a higher number of adults were obtained from the unattractive varieties. Therefore, it appears that the preference of the females to lay eggs in the field on varieties White Globe South-port and Beltsville Bunching is not associated with the nutritive value of the host-plants.