bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The main stages of Masud Aliyoglu's critical activity
Authors:   AMEA Nizami Gəncəvi adına Ədəbiyyat İnstitutu elmi işçi, Dadaş qızı Hüseynova Əsmər
Published: May 2021

The stages of development of Azerbaijani literary criticism in the twentieth century coincided with the period of political and ideological principles. It is substantial influence on aesthetic approaches is confirmed by existing research. In this sense, the study of the individual facts of criticism and the scientific and theoretical heritage of individual critics in stages creates a favorable basis for concrete conclusions. A step-by-step study of Masud Alieglu's 25-year career as a critic reveals interesting scientific and theoretical truths. The main priority goal of the article is to study the general activities of the critic and the directions of research in a unified way. Based on articles and opinions written in a short period of time from the late 1940s to the 1950s, he chose Masud Aliyoglu as a leading field for his literary criticism. In the later stages of development, the literary-aesthetic factors that led to the continuation and development of research on the creative problems of poetry, prose, drama and literary criticism in the 50s and 60 s and 70s were focused on the analysis of facts. Key words: critical individuality, literary process, scientific-theoretical generalization, criterion of modernity, aesthetic evaluation, critical thinking, new trends
The principle of work of a school psychologist and the main directions of psychological services
Authors:   Beyləqan şəhər R.Abbasov adına 4 nömrəli tam orta məktəb psixoloq, Əli qızı Quliyeva Nəzakət
Published: May 2021

It is clear that the school psychologist performs psychological services at school. However, it is not possible to implement this important issue qualitatively by one specialist. Therefore, the whole pedagogical staff, or more precisely, every teacher must have the skills to provide psychological services at school. In the end, the greatest responsibility still falls on psychologists. The main goal of the work of a school psychologist is to be able to freely implement psychological methods and tools to achieve a solution to the problem on the basis of an individual approach. Psychological research has long shown that it is much more difficult to eliminate a defect in a student's mental development than to prevent it in advance. Here the importance of psycho-prophylactic work is especially noteworthy. This aspect should be taken into account during psychological services at school. Key words: school, psychologist, psychological support, human education, personality formation, psychologist parameters
The role of syntactic phraseological constructions in fiction
Authors:   Bakı Slavyan Universiteti baş müəllim, Tofiq qızı Kərimova Sevinc
Published: May 2021

Speaking about stlyistic opportynities of syntactic phrasaelogical constructions, it is important to learn them with other units identically. If the speakers speaking in common style apply to the ready language unites without any doubts, in artistic style the syntactic phraseological constructions are exposure to the writer processing. One of the opportunities of syntactical phraseological in artistic style is their performing in the text as artistic tools. Key words: syntactic phraseological constructions, common style, writer processing, artistic tools
Peculiarities of English slang in youth's speech
Authors:   Аzərbaycan Dillər Universiteti Azərbaycan, Bakı, Eldar qızı Seyidzadə Leyla
Published: May 2021

The article deals with youth's slang in English. The author gives information about slang generally. At first the article is considered some peculiarities of slang. Then with the help of context the author explains the slang, studies cognitive features of slang and their metaphoric usage. The author was able to drawn her own conclusions about slang based on the views of researchers like Arnold and Veliyeva. The slang used in the speech of young people is constantly changing because generations and lifestyles change. The author bases the article on dictionaries, textbooks of modern native and foreign authors' novels. Key words: youth,slanq, metaphor, context, motivation
Infringement Procedure in the European Union. The importance of the preliminary procedure
Authors:   Sevil Əliheydər qızı Dəmirli Bakı Dövlət Universiteti magistrant, Əliheydər qızı Dəmirli Sevil
Published: May 2021

Judicial practice formed in the practice of the European Court of Justice belongs to the category of the main sources of law of European law. This practice was the source of law referred to by all Member States and their respective judicial authorities. The article discusses the important place of the preliminary proceedings in the case of violation of the contract by the Court. In practice, the proper conduct of preliminary proceedings shows that court time is used effectively in many disputes. This reflects the European Court's exceptional legal role in ensuring the rule of law and its direct force. The article can be used by university students, teachers, lawyers, researchers, European legal scholars and other practitioners Key words: contract violation, the preliminary proceedings, procedure, European Comission, European Court of Justice
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors:   Baku State University master, Ahad Mammadova Lala
Published: May 2021

People with disabilities are the most vulnerable and most disadvantaged group in the world. It is estimated that more than a billion people, or about 15% of the world's population, live with some form of disability. More than 250 million older people have moderate or severe disabilities. Disability in the modern world has manifested itself as one of the global problems affecting the interests of almost all spheres of activity, but despite the existing national, regional and international legal norms, as well as the activities of international organizations and the efforts of non-governmental organizations around the world, belonging to people with disabilities human rights are still not adequately respected. This article discusses such important aspects, as discrimination faced by people with disabilities, formation of international legal protection of the rights of persons with disabilities and implementation of international documents in national law by states. Key words: disability, human rights, discrimination, social equality, legal protection
Prevalence of diseases of the oral mucosa among the elderly population
Authors:   Aysel Rafiq qızı Əlizadə Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti assistent, Rafiq qızı Əlizadə Aysel , Rafael qızı Yusubova Şəhla ,   Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti tibb elmlər namizədi, dosent, Əlif qızı Məmmədova Şəfəq ,   Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti tibb elmlər namizədi, assistant, Həsən qızı Zeynalova Jalə ,   Azərbaycan Tibb Universiteti tibb elmlər namizədi, assistant
Published: May 2021

On the basis of the lead researches of disease of a mucous membrane of oral cavity (MMOC) as on breadth nozoforms, and frequency of detectability should recognize as the most widespread stomatologic pathologies. Therefore duly diagnosing of diseases MMOC and the differentiated approach to treatment their different nozoforms gets great value. Especially often are gingivitis, candidosis a stomatitis, residives aphtosis a stomatitis, and among women - a syndrome of burning in an oral cavity. On these 4 pathologies are necessary 78,2+2,9 % of all cases of diseases (237 of 303 cases). It is revealed age and sexual appointed diseases MMOC and their interconditionality with different nozoforms stomatologic diseases and orthopedic designs of an oral cavity. Therefore sanitation of an oral cavity and correction of orthopedic designs can promote preventive maintenance of diseases MMOC. Key words: oral cavity, mucous membrane
Analysis of braking systems of classic drilling
Authors:   Azərbaycan Dövlət Neft və Sənaye Universiteti Professor, Məhərrəm oğlu Əliyev Ələsgər
Published: May 2021

The lowering and lifting of the drill strings during drilling is carried out using winches. One of the main elements of the winches is the braking system. The braking system of the drawworks is designed for: keeping the drill string suspended; power absorption during the descent of the string to the length of one candle with the highest permissible speed and complete braking at the end of the descent; smooth feed of the drill string as the well deepens while drilling. Braking devices used in drilling machines and mechanisms are divided into main and auxiliary ones according to their purpose.The main ones are designed to stop machines and mechanisms and are activated at the end of the movement with long interruptions in work, while auxiliary ones are for long-term braking in order to reduce the speed of movement. The brakes of classic drill bits consist of a main working belt-molded brake, as well as an auxiliary brake consisting of electromagnetic or hydrodynamic brakes. Key words: belt-molded brake, hydrodynamic brake, electromagnetic brake, electromagnetic ferro-dust brakes
Análisis de los riesgos asociados al uso de la técnica VMAT frente a 3DCRT en tratamientos de mama con cadenas ganglionares axilo-claviculares
Authors: García de Acilu Laá Paz , García Ruíz-Zorrilla Juan , Montero Luis Ángel , Ciérvide Jurio Raquel , Rubio Rodríguez Carmen , Fernández Letón Pedro
Published: May 2021

La utilización de arcoterapia volumétrica de intensidad modulada (VMAT) para el tratamiento de cáncer de mama siempre ha sido un asunto controvertido. La mayor conformación de las dosis absorbidas altas que se consigue con la VMAT frente a la radioterapia conformada (3DCRT) viene acompañada de un incremento del volumen irradiado con dosis absorbidas bajas, cuyas consecuencias hay que analizar. El presente estudio pretende, mediante el análisis de las dosimetrías clínicas de 80 pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas en nuestro centro con  ambas técnicas, evaluar la idoneidad de la elección de una técnica frente a la otra para el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de mama que precisan la irradiación de cadenas ganglionares axilo-claviculares, pero no de la cadena mamaria interna. Para ello se tienen en cuenta por un lado criterios puramente dosimétricos, como el cumplimiento de los límites de dosis absorbida establecidos en órganos de riesgo, y por otro se realiza una estimación del aumento en la probabilidad de desarrollar tumores secundarios sólidos por la irradiación a baja dosis de órganos sanos y se evalúan las posibles la toxicidades, cardiacas y pulmonares, en base a lo descrito en la literatura.
The Concept of Tazkiyah Al-Nafs in the Female Character in the Novel The Missing Piece
Authors:   Universiti Putra Malaysia, Zainal Abidin Nur Lailatul Akma , Kamarudin Kamariah
Published: May 2021

This study aims to analyse the elements of tazkiyah al-nafs (purification of the soul) in the novel The Missing Piece: Part One and Part Two . In general, character studies discuss three important aspects, one of which is the spiritual. In this study, the researcher will lay emphasis on the message of spirituality depicted by the author through the female character in the novel. This spiritual message can be traced in the elements of spiritual purification ( tazkiyah al-nafs ). In the novel The Missing Piece , elements of tazkiyah al-nafs will be classified in terms of two relationships; the relationship of humans with Allah ( habl min Allah ) and the relationship of human beings with one another ( habl min al-nas ). Based on this concept of tazkiyah al-nafs , the female character in the novel The Missing Piece in both parts one and two, can be seen to convey a number of spiritual messages that make up aspects of female personality in Islam. This includes aspects of aqidah (creed) and ibadah (worship) in line with spiritual concepts and suggestions for the process of the purification of the soul ( tazkiyah al-nafs ). The potential of women authors in the field of Islamic spirituality needs to be given attention, apart from emphasizing moral issues and the quality of female characters. This can also be seen as an effort to elevate women’s writing to be on par with the men’s; it can, in fact, make women’s writing a guide for the formation of an exceptional ummah (Islamic community). Keywords: Tazkiyah al-nafs , female characters, women’s writing, relationship of humans with Allah, relationship of humans with one another.
The Making of the Medieval Malay Hero Hang Tuah: Stories Behind the Epic Scene
Authors:   Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Taslim Noriah
Published: May 2021

The essay attempts to look at the scene behind the making of a hero in Malay medieval society. Such attempt is vital in order to understand not only the rise of a legendary hero, Hang Tuah, from his ordinary status in Sejarah Melayu (The Malay Annal) to his supra-human figure in the epic Hikayat Hang Tuah but also to gauge the social, political and psychological milieu behind the epic composition. The premise of the argument in this essay is that a hero is built and not born. Pushing it from there, the essay endeavours to prove the point by extensively reading on the milieu and time behind the emergence of Hikayat Hang Tuah . While exploring these, the essay also looks at the process of inventing the epic, which include identifying sources and materials borrowed, distorted, inverted and appropriated by the author to bring forth this traditional but unique literary creation. Keywords: epic, hero, heroism, heroic deeds, heroic age, ethnocentrism
Skulls That Speak
Authors: Balzeau Antoine
Published: May 2021

Antoine Balzeau critically reviews a recent paper by Hugo Reyes-Centeno, Katerina Harvati, and Gerhard Jäger, “Tracking Modern Human Population History from Linguistic and Cranial Phenotype” that argues for a link between the development of human language and the evolving shape of the human skull.
On National Identity
Authors: Goldin Owen , Streeck Wolfgang
Published: May 2021

The excitement over the Obama and Sanders candidacies, predicated on diversity and openness as traditional unifying American values, suggests that the game is not yet up for American democracy.
Theorists Without a Theory
Authors: Woit Peter , Ellis George
Published: May 2021

Theories involving a multiverse have “slipped the leash” of experiment, leading this area of theoretical physics to a strange place. One where the question of what is science has become open to debate.
On the Essence of Discovery
Authors: Kleban Matthew , Ellis George
Published: May 2021

When progress in science entails revolutionary shifts in world view, controversy inevitably follows. George Ellis has reacted against the multiverse theory, but Matthew Kleban comes to its defense.
The Importance of CISS
Authors: Tour James
Published: May 2021

The neglect of chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) can and has caused data misinterpretation regarding the manner by which biological systems respire, synthesize, process, and transfer information.
Shifting attention between modalities: Revisiting the modality-shift effect in autism
Authors: Poole Daniel , Miles Eleanor , Gowen Emma , Poliakoff Ellen
Published: May 2021

Selective attention to a sensory modality has been observed experimentally in studies of the modality-shift effect – a relative performance benefit for targets preceded by a target in the same modality, compared to a different modality. Differences in selective attention are commonly observed in autism and we investigated whether exogenous (automatic) shift costs between modalities are increased. Autistic adults and neurotypical controls made speeded discrimination responses to simple visual, tactile and auditory targets. Shift costs were observed for each target modality in participant response times and were largest for auditory targets, reflective of fast responses on auditory repeat trials. Critically, shift costs were similar between the groups. However, integrating speed and accuracy data using drift-diffusion modelling revealed that shift costs in drift rates (reflecting the quality of information extracted from the stimulus) were reduced for autistic participants compared with neurotypicals. It may be that, unlike neurotypicals, there is little difference between attention within and between sensory modalities for autistic people. This finding also highlights the benefit of combining reaction time and accuracy data using decision models to better characterise selective attention in autism.
On the relevance of task instructions for the influence of action on perception
Authors: Kirsch Wladimir
Published: May 2021

The present study explored how task instructions mediate the impact of action on perception. Participants saw a target object while performing finger movements. Then either the size of the target or the size of the adopted finger postures was judged. The target judgment was attracted by the adopted finger posture indicating sensory integration of body-related and visual signals. The magnitude of integration, however, depended on how the task was initially described. It was substantially larger when the experimental instructions indicated that finger movements and the target object relate to the same event than when they suggested that they are unrelated. This outcome highlights the role of causal inference processes in the emergence of action specific influences in perception.
Selective Devaluation Affects the Processing of Preferred Rewards
Authors: Huvermann Dana M. , Bellebaum Christian , Peterburs Jutta
Published: May 2021

The present study investigated whether the representation of subjective preferences in the event-related potential is manipulable through selective devaluation, i.e., the consumption of a specific food item until satiety. Thirty-four participants completed a gambling task in which they chose between virtual doors to find one of three snack items, representing a high, medium, or low preference outcome as defined by individual desire-to-eat ratings. In one of two test sessions, they underwent selective devaluation of the high preference outcome. In the other, they completed the task on an empty stomach. Consistent with previous findings, averaged across sessions, amplitudes were increased for more preferred rewards in the time windows of P2, late FRN, and P300. As hypothesised, we also found a selective devaluation effect for the high preference outcome in the P300 time window, reflected in a decrease in amplitude. The present results provide evidence for modulations of reward processing not only by individual factors, such as subjective preferences, but also by the current motivational state. Importantly, the present data suggest that selective devaluation effects in the P300 may be a promising tool to further characterise altered valuation of food rewards in the context of eating disorders and obesity.
Geometrische Aktivitäten in der Grundschule und ihre Weiterentwicklung und Vernetzung am Beispiel der Symmetrie
Authors: Lorenz Jens Holger
Published: May 2021

Die Grundschulmathematik lässt die Spannung erleben, einerseits die Inhalte kindgerecht zu vermitteln, und das heißt in der Praxis leider meist schlicht, andererseits die kraftvollen Ideen der Mathematik in nuce anzulegen und sie in solcher Breite darzustellen, dass sie Öffnungen in diverse Richtungen ermöglichen. Die Geometrie wird häufig als das Stiefkind der Grundschulmathematik vernachlässigt, sie wird im Vergleich zur Arithmetik als unbedeutender abgetan. Aber sie stellt mit ihren Bezügen zur Alltagswirklichkeit ein kraftvolles Mittel dar, um vielfältige Beziehungen erleben zu lassen, die anschließend in den höheren Klassen angereichert und begrifflich ausdifferenziert werden. Im Folgenden soll daher an einigen, wenigen Beispielen aus der Geometrie verdeutlicht werden, wie sich aus den Grundschulaktivitäten kraftvolle mathematische Gedanken entwickeln lassen, oder mehr noch, wie diese weiterführenden Ideen bereits in der Grundschule mitthematisiert werden können.
Ein guter Unterricht braucht gute Lehrkräfte – Beobachten lernen als Teil des Lehrerprofessionswissens
Authors: Nolte Marianne , Pamperien Kirsten
Published: May 2021

Wahrnehmen, interpretieren und das Treffen von Entscheidungen im Unterricht gehören zu den professionellen Tätigkeiten von Lehrkräften. Insbesondere die Anforderungen, die mit einem konstruktivistischen Lehr-Lernverständnis einhergehen, sind hoch. Sie verlangen ein gutes und wertschätzendes Beobachten im Unterricht. Ausgehend von Ausführungen zu den Anforderungen eines "guten" Unterrichts und den professionellen Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften wird ein Instrument vorgestellt, das für die Talentsuche mathematisch besonders begabter Schüler*innen entwickelt und in verschiedenen Settings erprobt wurde. Das Instrument eignet sich für die Fokussierung auf bestimmte Fragen, die im Unterricht im Zusammenhang mit der Professionellen Unterrichtswahrnehmung gestellt werden können.
Motherhood and Mother Nature: A Study of Myth and Magic through Amitav Ghosh’s and Wayétu Moore’s Selected Works
Authors:   PhD Research Scholar, Department of English Kanchi Mamunivar Institute for Post Graduate Studies and Research (Autonomous) Lawspet, Puducherry-605008, Arumugam Kanmani CS , Aruna Dr Marie Josephine ,   Assistant Professor, Department of English Kanchi Mamunivar Institute for Post Graduate Studies and Research (Autonomous) Lawspet, Puducherry-605008
Published: May 2021

Contemporary thoughts in the fields of literature and science lead to an interdisciplinary effort to bring along the issues common to both disciplines involved. The post-colonial and post-modern era of literature see literature and society along and literary exponents stamp their responsibilities to take up the serious societal crises and bring the awareness arousing a socio-consciousness in the reading public. This paper tight spots magical realism as one of the experiential tools employed by authors, Amitav Gosh, an Indian writer and winner of the 54th Jnanpith award and Wayétu Moore, a Liberian-American author and entrepreneur, to discuss the contemporary issues such as immigration, climate change, enslavement, etc through the employment of myth and magic. Environmental Humanities is best explained with the advocacy of magic realism. Of all the important supernatural elements, (which is the formula of magic realism) presented in both of the selected novels, Gun Island (2019) and She Would Be King (2018), this paper in detail, deals with only two components that are common in both the texts. They are i) the omnipotent natural force, wind and ii) the most powerful and dangerous species, snake. Both of these components are presented as commanding aid of the two literary texts to progress towards the solution to the catastrophic environmental complications. Both novels employ characters bitten by poisonous snakes, attaining extraordinary powers and also one can witness the power of wind, as omniscient, omnipresent and omnipotent natural force. This paper is comparison of collective unconsciousness of two authors and their artful works irrespective of their genders, age and geography.
LOCKDOWN MEASURES IN INDIA AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPACT ON LOW INCOME GROUPS
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Dhruba Chand Halder College DAKSHIN BARASAT, P.O: DAKSHIN BARASAT DISTRICT- SOUTH 24 PARGANAS, PIN:743372, WEST BENGAL. INDIA., PATHAK ABHIJIT , DE DR KUSHAL ,   Assistant Professor, Dhruba Chand Halder College DAKSHIN BARASAT, P.O: DAKSHIN BARASAT DISTRICT- SOUTH 24 PARGANAS, PIN:743372, WEST BENGAL. INDIA.
Published: May 2021

The complete lockdown measures implemented in India to combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the economic conditions of the working class of the country. The initial jolt pushed the unemployment figures to 23.52% in April 2020, and to date, the recovery has been far from satisfactory. The quarterly GDP growth data have indicated a negative real GDP growth for India for the fiscal year 2020-21. As data on employment, income, consumption, saving, borrowing, and access to different public utilities are available after a time-lag; there was no other option but to depend on micro-level studies to get an idea of the real picture on the ground. In this paper, we have attempted to assess the impact of the lockdown on the workers of unorganized sectors especially the self-employed and the daily wage earners of different service sectors from urban and semi-urban areas located in and around South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. The present study has found that the income of workers from the informal sectors has recorded a sharp decline during the lockdown period. As these workers primarily belong to the low-income group, their consumption expenditures have also declined concomitantly, reflecting their low economic endowments. Most of them didn’t have much savings to support the sudden decline in their income, thereby resulting in a decline in consumption expenditure. This decline is most severe for daily wage workers. This paper has argued in favour of direct cash transfer from the government to low-income people as the only way out to overcome the present crisis.
The Color and Brightness of the F-corona Inferred from the 2019 July 2 Total Solar Eclipse
Authors: Boe Benjamin , Habbal Shadia , Downs Cooper , Druckmüller Miloslav
Published: May 2021

Total solar eclipses (TSEs) provide a unique opportunity to quantify the properties of the K-corona (electrons), F-corona (dust), and E-corona (ions) continuously from the solar surface out to a few solar radii. We apply a novel inversion method to separate emission from the K- and F-corona continua using unpolarized total brightness (tB) observations from five 0.5 nm bandpasses acquired during the 2019 July 2 TSE between 529.5 and 788.4 nm. The wavelength dependence relative to the photosphere (i.e., color) of the F-corona itself is used to infer the tB of the K- and F-corona for each line of sight. We compare our K-corona emission results with the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) K-Cor polarized brightness (pB) observations from the day of the eclipse, and the forward modeled K-corona intensity from the Predictive Science Inc. (PSI) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model prediction. Our results are generally consistent with previous work and match both the MLSO data and PSI-MHD predictions quite well, supporting the validity of our approach and of the PSI-MHD model. However, we find that the tB of the F-corona is higher than expected in the low corona, perhaps indicating that the F-corona is slightly polarized—challenging the common assumption that the F-corona is entirely unpolarized.
A Population of Heavily Reddened, Optically Missed Novae from Palomar Gattini-IR: Constraints on the Galactic Nova Rate
Authors: De Kishalay , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Hankins Matthew J. , Sokoloski Jennifer L. , Adams Scott M. , Ashley Michael C. B. , Babul Aliya-Nur , Bagdasaryan Ashot , Delacroix Alexandre , Dekany Richard , Greffe Timothée , Hale David , Jencson Jacob E. , Karambelkar Viraj R. , Lau Ryan M. , Mahabal Ashish , McKenna Daniel , Moore Anna M. , Ofek Eran O. , Sharma Manasi , Smith Roger M. , Soon Jamie , Soria Roberto , Srinivasaragavan Gokul , Tinyanont Samaporn , Travouillon Tony , Tzanidakis Anastasios , Yao Yuhan
Published: May 2021

The nova rate in the Milky Way remains largely uncertain, despite its vital importance in constraining models of Galactic chemical evolution as well as understanding progenitor channels for Type Ia supernovae. The rate has been previously estimated to be in the range of ≈10–300 yr−1, either based on extrapolations from a handful of very bright optical novae or the nova rates in nearby galaxies; both methods are subject to debatable assumptions. The total discovery rate of optical novae remains much smaller (≈5–10 yr−1) than these estimates, even with the advent of all-sky optical time-domain surveys. Here, we present a systematic sample of 12 spectroscopically confirmed Galactic novae detected in the first 17 months of Palomar Gattini-IR (PGIR), a wide-field near-infrared time-domain survey. Operating in the J band (≈1.2 μm), which is significantly less affected by dust extinction compared to optical bands, the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is highly skewed to a large extinction values (>50% of events obscured by A

V
≳ 5 mag). Using recent estimates for the distribution of Galactic mass and dust, we show that the extinction distribution of the PGIR sample is commensurate with dust models. The PGIR extinction distribution is inconsistent with that reported in previous optical searches (null-hypothesis probability <0.01%), suggesting that a large population of highly obscured novae have been systematically missed in previous optical searches. We perform the first quantitative simulation of a 3π time-domain survey to estimate the Galactic nova rate using PGIR, and derive a rate of

≈

43.7

−
8.7

+
19.5

yr−1. Our results suggest that all-sky near-infrared time-domain surveys are well poised to uncover the Galactic nova population.
A Hard Look at Relativistic Reverberation in MCG-5-23-16 and SWIFT J2127.4+5654: Testing the Lamppost Model
Authors: Zoghbi A. , Miller J. M. , Cackett E.
Published: May 2021

X-ray reverberation mapping has emerged as a new tool to probe accretion in active galactic nuclei (AGN), providing a potentially powerful probe of accretion at the black hole scale. The lags, along with relativistic spectral signatures are often interpreted in light of the lamppost model. Focusing specifically on testing the prediction of the relativistic reverberation model, we have targeted several of the brightest Seyfert Galaxies in X-rays with different observing programs. Here, we report the results from two large campaigns with NuSTAR targeting MCG-5-23-16 and SWIFT J2127.4+5654 to test the model predictions in the 3–50 keV band. These are two of three sources that showed indications of a delayed Compton hump in early data. With triple the previously analyzed exposures, we find no evidence for relativistic reverberation in MCG-5-23-16, and the energy-dependent lags are consistent with a log-linear continuum. In SWIFT J2127.4+5654, although a continuum-only model explains the data, the relativistic reverberation model provides a significant improvement to the energy and frequency-dependent lags, but with parameters that are not consistent with the time-averaged spectrum. This adds to mounting evidence showing that the lag data is not consistent with a static lamppost model.
X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Microcalorimeter Era. III. Line Formation under Case A, Case B, Case C, and Case D in H- and He-like Iron for a Photoionized Cloud
Authors: Chakraborty P , Ferland G. J. , Chatzikos M. , Guzmán F. , Su Y.
Published: May 2021

Future microcalorimeter X-ray observations will resolve spectral features in unmatched detail. Understanding of line formation processes in X-rays deserves much attention. The purpose of this paper is to discuss such processes in the presence of a photoionizing source. Line formation processes in one- and two-electron species are broadly categorized into four cases. Case A occurs when the Lyman line optical depths are very small and photoexcitation does not occur. Line photons escape the cloud without any scattering. Case B occurs when the Lyman line optical depths are large enough for photons to undergo multiple scatterings. Case C occurs when a broadband continuum source strikes an optically thin cloud. The Lyman lines are enhanced by induced radiative excitation of the atoms/ions by continuum photons, also known as continuum pumping. A fourth, less studied scenario, where the Case B spectrum is enhanced by continuum pumping, is called Case D. Here, we establish the mathematical foundation of Cases A, B, C, and D in an irradiated cloud with Cloudy. We also show the total X-ray emission spectrum for all four cases within the energy range 0.1–10 keV at the resolving power of XRISM around 6 keV. Additionally, we show that the combined effect of electron scattering and partial blockage of continuum pumping reduces the resonance line intensities. Such reduction increases with column density and can serve as an important tool to measure the column density/optical depth of the cloud.
The Observability of Plasmoid-powered γ-Ray Flares with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
Authors: Meyer Manuel , Petropoulou Maria , Christie Ian M.
Published: May 2021

The exact mechanism for the production of fast γ-ray variability in blazars remains debated. Magnetic reconnection, in which plasmoids filled with relativistic particles and magnetic fields are formed, is a viable candidate to explain the broadband electromagnetic spectrum and variability of these objects. Using state-of-the-art magnetic reconnection simulations, we generate realistic γ-ray light curves that would be observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. A comparison with observed γ-ray flares from flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) reveals that magnetic reconnection events lead to comparable flux levels and variability patterns, in particular, when the reconnection layer is slightly misaligned with the line of sight. Emission from fast plasmoids moving close to the line of sight could explain the fast variability on the timescales of minutes for which evidence has been found in observations of FSRQs. Our results motivate improvements in existing radiative transfer simulations as well as dedicated searches for fast variability as evidence for magnetic reconnection events.
The Role of Adaptive Ray Tracing in Analyzing Black Hole Structure
Authors: Gelles Z. , Prather B. S. , Palumbo D. C. M. , Johnson M. D. , Wong G. N. , Georgiev B.
Published: May 2021

The recent advent of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has made direct imaging of supermassive black holes a reality. Simulated images of black holes produced via general relativistic ray tracing and radiative transfer provide a key counterpart to these observational efforts. Black hole images have a wide range of physically interesting image structures, ranging from extremely fine scales in their lensed “photon rings” to the very large scales in their relativistic jets. The multiscale nature of the black hole system is therefore suitable for a multiscale approach to generate simulated images that capture all key elements of the system. Here, we present a prescription for adaptive ray tracing, which enables efficient computation of extremely high-resolution images of black holes. Using the polarized ray-tracing code ipole, we image a combination of semianalytic and general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models, and we show that images can be reproduced with a mean squared error of less than 0.1% even after tracing 12× fewer rays. We then use adaptive ray tracing to explore the properties of the photon ring. We illustrate the behavior of individual subrings in GRMHD simulations, and we explore their signatures in interferometric visibilities.
Haze Formation on Triton
Authors: Ohno Kazumasa , Zhang Xi , Tazaki Ryo , Okuzumi Satoshi
Published: May 2021

The largest moon of Neptune, Triton, possesses a cold and hazy atmosphere. Since the discovery of the near-surface haze layer during the Voyager fly in 1989, the haze formation mechanism has not been investigated in detail. Here we provide the first haze microphysical model on Triton. Our model solves the evolution of both size and porosity distributions of haze particles in a self-consistent manner. We simulated the formation of sphere and aggregate hazes with and without condensation of the C2H4 ice. The haze particles can grow into fractal aggregates with mass-equivalent sphere sizes of ∼0.1–1 μm and fractal dimensions of D
f = 1.8–2.2. The ice-free hazes cannot simultaneously explain both UV and visible observations of Voyager 2, while including the condensation of C2H4 ices provides two better solutions. For ice aggregates, the required total haze mass flux is ∼2 × 10−15 g cm−2 s−1. For the icy sphere scenario, the column-integrated C2H4 production rate is ∼8 × 10−15 g cm−2 s−1, and the ice-free mass flux is ∼6 × 10−17 g cm−2 s−1. The UV occultation observations at short wavelengths, <0.15 μm, may slightly favor the icy aggregates. Observations of the haze optical depth and the degree of forward scattering in UV and visible should be able to distinguish whether Triton’s hazes are icy spheres or ice aggregates in future Triton missions.
Dynamics of Laterally Propagating Flames in X-Ray Bursts. II. Realistic Burning and Rotation
Authors: Harpole A. , Ford N. M. , Eiden K. , Zingale M. , Willcox D. E. , Cavecchi Y. , Katz M. P.
Published: May 2021

We continue to investigate two-dimensional laterally propagating flames in type I X-ray bursts using fully compressible hydrodynamics simulations. In the current study we relax previous approximations where we artificially boosted the flames. We now use more physically realistic reaction rates, thermal conductivities, and rotation rates, exploring the effects of neutron star rotation rate and thermal structure on the flame. We find that at lower rotation rates the flame becomes harder to ignite, whereas at higher rotation rates the nuclear burning is enhanced by increased confinement from the Coriolis force and the flame propagates steadily. At higher crustal temperatures, the flame moves more quickly and accelerates as it propagates through the atmosphere. If the temperature is too high, instead of a flame propagating across the surface the entire atmosphere burns uniformly. Our findings could have implications for the relationship between observed burst rise times and neutron star rotation and accretion rates. All of the software used for these simulations is freely available.
La dernière demeure
Authors: Uribelarrea Gabriel
Published: May 2021

Le vieillissement prématuré des personnes sans abri ainsi que la présence de plus en plus nombreuse de personnes âgées de 70 ans et plus dans les institutions de l’urgence sociale pose, pour les professionnels, la question de l’accompagnement à la fin de vie. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique dans une institution d’hébergement médicalisé pour sans-abri (les Lits halte soins santé [LHSS]), cet article analyse les épreuves rencontrées par les professionnels, les réponses qu’ils apportent et les solutions qu’ils expérimentent face aux situations de fin de vie. En parallèle, cet article essaie de penser en quoi ces réponses s’inscrivent dans un ordre écologique qui offre des « prises » à l’accompagnement et qui contribue à (re)définir les pratiques d’habiter des personnes accueillies. Selon les situations, l’institution apparaît comme un lieu de vie, avec ses inscriptions spatiales et sociales, où mourir. Dans d’autres cas, la mort surprend les personnes engagées dans des circulations entre la rue et l’assistance.
Les épreuves identitaires des femmes âgées à la rue
Authors: Maurin Marine
Published: May 2021

Comment le recours à l’assistance constitue-t-il un circuit d’épreuves identitaires pour les femmes âgées qui vivent des situations de sans-abrisme ? Pour appréhender au plus près ces épreuves identitaires vécues, cet article propose de suivre l’histoire biographique d’une femme retraitée, Germaine, rencontrée lors d’une enquête ethnographique portant sur l’assistance aux femmes sans abri. À partir de son expérience critique et sensible, nous traiterons de la vieillesse selon deux acceptions interdépendantes. Dans un premier temps, la vieillesse sera abordée comme une épreuve identitaire qui dépend fortement du « passage à la retraite ». En effet, pour Germaine, l’obtention de ce statut social correspond à une revalorisation identitaire, c’est-à-dire à une reconnaissance d’une vie de travailleuse – expérience souvent oubliée et négligée lorsque l’on s’intéresse au sans-abrisme. Nous verrons que sa participation à la société salariale et sa reconnaissance au travers du statut de retraité ne signifient pas pour autant une transformation de ses conditions d’existence et de son rapport à l’assistance. Dans un second temps, la vieillesse sera appréhendée à partir des relations que Germaine entretient au sein du monde de l’assistance et de la rue. Nous verrons alors que le processus de vieillissement concerne également l’assignation identitaire à la figure de la « mamie », figure générationnelle et familiale a priori positive. Or, cette assignation implique par la même occasion, en situation, une désexualisation des relations des femmes âgées qui vivent des situations de sans-abrisme. Cet article cherche dès lors à montrer que l’expérience de la vieillesse des femmes à la rue constitue un processus relationnel complexe marqué par des formes de continuité et discontinuité identitaires articulant les rapports sociaux d’âge, de sexe et de sexualité.
A Multicenter Study of Student Engagement and Satisfaction in Online Programs
Authors: Hensley Angie , Hampton Debra , Wilson Jessica L. , Culp-Roche Amanda , Wiggins Amanda T.
Published: May 2021

Background:

Students who are more satisfied and engaged in online courses have better learning experiences and outcomes.

Method:

Survey data were collected during a 4-month period in 2019. The research team created a survey to collect demographic information and assess student satisfaction. Student engagement was measured using the 19-item Online Student Engagement Scale.

Results:

Overall student engagement and satisfaction scores in online programs were moderately high. Generation Z participants and students from PhD programs were the most satisfied and engaged in their programs.

Conclusion:

Students who are more engaged in online coursework are more satisfied and thus are more likely to remain and successfully complete their respective programs.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2021;60(5):259–264.]
A Macroeconomic Model With Financially Constrained Producers and Intermediaries
Authors: Elenev Vadim , Landvoigt Tim , Van Nieuwerburgh Stijn
Published: May 2021

How much capital should financial intermediaries hold? We propose a general equilibrium model with a financial sector that makes risky long‐term loans to firms, funded by deposits from savers. Government guarantees create a role for bank capital regulation. The model captures the sharp and persistent drop in macro‐economic aggregates and credit provision as well as the sharp change in credit spreads observed during financial crises. Policies requiring intermediaries to hold more capital reduce financial fragility, reduce the size of the financial and non‐financial sectors, and lower intermediary profits. They redistribute wealth from savers to the owners of banks and non‐financial firms. Pre‐crisis capital requirements are close to optimal. Counter‐cyclical capital requirements increase welfare.
Svetovna primerjalna književnost
Authors: Zabel Blaž
Published: May 2021

David Damrosch: Comparing the Literatures. Literary Studies in a Global Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020. 386 str.
From Management 1.0 to Management 3.0 and Beyond
Authors: Espinheira Eduardo , Almeida Fernando
Published: May 2021

Traditional management models reveal issues with the introduction of unnecessary hierarchies, slow decision making, among other obstacles, which left a large number of workers out of the process of seeking efficiency and growth. In this sense, the third generation of management models focused on agility and collaboration emerged. Instead of focusing on hierarchies and functions, there is a priority on the way people behave and relate. In this sense, this study aims to analyze this phenomenon and to understand the various dimensions of Management 3.0. Furthermore, it intends to explore and understand the practices and challenges that are posed in its business implementation, focusing on the role of people and information and communication technologies.
Teaching All Students to Write During a Pandemic
Authors: Hodges Tracey S.
Published: May 2021

Writing instruction in K-12 classrooms can be challenging under the best of circumstances. During the COVID-19 pandemic, writing instruction became even more challenging, with teachers shifting to online, distance, and virtual learning in an instance. With the time investment and attention required to teach writing well, teachers were faced with new obstacles and questions. In addition to understanding best practices for writing instruction, the pandemic unveiled more access and instruction inequities. Specifically, teachers found that students would engage in lessons, activities, and remote instruction at differing levels, ranging from fully invested in the instruction to completely absent instruction. Therefore, this chapter synthesizes best practices for virtual writing instruction and provides recommendations for applying these best practices for various learner situations to alleviate some inequities.
Manufacturer Service-Oriented Strategy
Authors: Elhaoussine Youssef
Published: May 2021

This chapter develops a new hybrid manufacturing service-based marketing strategy for manufacturers evolving in a homogenous market. First, by using the Porter's value chain model, it will outline how manufacturers develop their competitive advantages in a normal context and then run the same theoretical analysis in the context of a homogenous market where it is difficult for manufacturers to create a difference. In addition, a qualitative research in the form of semi-conducted interviews with factory executives will confirm the homogeneity of strategies among competitors and outline the importance of developing new strategic directions. The conclusion will show that in order to create competitive advantages without using too many resources, marketing, service management, and technology could work together and lead manufacturers to adopt a more service-based marketing management orientation.
Instruction-Expanded Virtual Education Model
Authors: Manzone Jessica A. , Nyberg Julia
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has propelled school districts into virtual instruction with little advanced planning or preparation. This chapter deconstructs the gaps in the virtual learning environment and provides pedagogical strategies for teachers to increase cognitive enrichment, engagement, and access. The shifts in pedagogy from in-person to virtual learning will be examined with concrete strategies to develop student-centered learning experiences in a virtual context. Emphasis will be placed on differentiation as a means to enrich and the art of questioning to engage students. Woven through enrichment and engagement, the student's cultural, familial, linguistic, and social capital are incorporated as assets, or cultural wealth, and used to facilitate equitable access. When combined, these three instructional strategies interrelate and reinforce rigorous cognitive instruction that is accessible for all students in the virtual classroom.
Learning Assistance Support in a Global Pandemic
Authors: Cofer Rebecca
Published: May 2021

The spring of 2020 brought with it an entirely new experience for learning assistance professionals, who now had revise services for the online college experience and prepare their student staff for implementation immediately. This chapter provides a “how to” guide for these professionals in considering their services with the COVID-19 pandemic in mind and preparing for future crises. The author provides tools, platforms, and techniques that their center utilized in successfully transitioning to an online environment. While it is important to reflect on and consider the technology and facility needs for one's center, this chapter also argues for the need to support the student staff in the learning assistance center, who are navigating the experience as an employee and a student. The author not only gives tips, but also reflects on their own experience during a global pandemic. The chapter concludes with a look at learning assistance work after COVID-19.