bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disputing Columbanus’s Heritage: The Regula cuiusdam patris
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the Regula cuiusdam patris, a Columbanian monastic Rule from the seventh century, in the context of the disputes sourrounding Columbanus’s legacy that arose following his death. It provides an analysis of the—unique—theological program of the Regula cuiusdam patris, which dismisses the idea of a salvific effect of paenitentia and the notion of the monastery as a sacred space. A comparison with Columbanus’s own rules and Jonas of Bobbio’s Vita Columbani forms the basis for ascribing the Regula cuiusdam patris either to the monks rebelling against Athala of Bobbio or to Agrestius and his followers.The chapter provides an English translation of the Rule as an appendix.
The Notebooks of Alexander Skryabin
Authors: Nicholls Simon
Published: May 2018

Skryabin’s life spanned the tumultuous political events and artistic developments of the end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth but was cut short before the end of the First World War. In an era when the Russian musical scene was relatively conservative, he aligned himself with the poets, philosophers, and dramatists of the Silver Age. Possessed by an apocalyptic vision, aspects of which he shared with other Russian thinkers and artists of the period, Skryabin transformed his Romantic musical style into a far-reaching, radical instrument for the expression of his ideas. The core of the book is a full translation of the 1919 Moscow publication of Skryabin’s writings with the original introduction by Skryabin’s close friend Boris de Schloezer, brother of the composer’s life partner, Tat′yana. Schloezer’s introduction gives a vivid impression of the final years of Skryabin’s life. This text is supplemented by relevant letters and other writings. The commentary has been researched from original materials, drawing on accounts by the composer’s friends and associates. The roots of Skryabin’s thought in ancient Greek and German idealist philosophy, the writings of Nietzsche, Indian culture, Russian philosophy, and the Theosophical writings of H. P. Blavatsky are analysed, and accounts of the Poem of Ecstasy and Prometheus, the Poem of Fire show their relation to Skryabin’s world of ideas. A biographical section relates the development of the thought to the incidents of the composer’s life.
Introduction
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

The introduction to Screen Stories: Emotion and the Ethics of Engagement traces the main argument of the book and previews the book’s structure. The argument is that stories on screens—films, television, the Internet, and so on—contribute to the cultural ecology of a place and time and are thus subject to ethical evaluation. Screen stories are rhetorically powerful in large part because they engage and elicit human emotion. Academic film studies respond to this power by embracing “estrangement theory,” which largely rejects mainstream screen stories, immersion, and emotion. The personal story told in the Introduction relates the author’s experiences with screen stories and how he came to believe that ethics as practiced by academic film and media studies, at least in the form of estrangement theory, is unable to usefully address the experiences of most contemporary viewers and thus introduces the reader instead to an ethics of engagement.
Caveats and Complications
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

In this chapter I answer possible objections to the theory developed in chapters 3 and 4. Here are the possible objections, stated as questions: 1. The theory seems to work best for the simple consumption of narratives; what about more complex appreciation? 2. Can the theory accommodate both transmission and ritual theories of communication? 3. Can the theory account for distanced narratives and art films, or does it apply only to mainstream screen stories that elicit strong, clear emotions? 4. The theory seems to assume that all screen stories are didactic. Don’t some screen stories avoid didacticism? 5. Does the fact that people have diverse responses to and interpretations of screen stories compromise their supposed rhetorical power? 6. How do extratextual social processes, such as social attunement, work into the rhetorical power of narrative? 7. Does talk of screen stories as persuasive and rhetorical compromise their status as works of art?
Mood and Ethics
Authors: Plantinga Carl
Published: May 2018

Our understanding of the moral psychology of screen stories is incomplete and underdeveloped unless we examine the ethical significance of moods, which are quite different than emotions. This chapter examines the role of moods in screen stories. More specifically, it shows how moods figure into the ethical implications of screen stories. To understand what moods in screen stories are, we must first distinguish between moods that screen stories have and moods that people have; they are different things. Moods are significant for an ethics of screen stories because (a) moods express a perspective, (b) moods are closely related to moral understanding, and (c) moods have effects on the spectator that have ethical implications.
Broken Beauty
Authors: Straus Joseph
Published: May 2018

Modernist music is centrally concerned with the representation and narration of disability. The most characteristic features of musical modernism—fractured forms, immobilized harmonies, conflicting textural layers, radical simplification of means in some cases, and radical complexity and hermeticism in others—can be understood as musical representations of disability conditions, including deformity/disfigurement, mobility impairment, madness, idiocy, and autism. Modernist musical representation and narration of disability both reflect and shape (construct) disability in a eugenic age, a period when disability was viewed simultaneously with pity (and a corresponding urge toward cure or rehabilitation) and fear (and a corresponding urge to incarcerate or eliminate). Disability is right at the core of musical modernism; it is one of the things that musical modernism is fundamentally about. This book draws on two decades of work in disability studies and a growing body of recent work that brings the discussion of disability into musicology and music theory. This interdisciplinary enterprise offers a sociopolitical analysis of disability, focusing on social and cultural constructions of the meaning of disability, and shifting attention from biology and medicine to culture. Within modernist music, disability representations often embody pernicious stereotypes and encourage sentimentalizing, exoticizing, or more directly negative responses. Modernist music claims disability as a valuable resource, but does so in a tense, dialectical relationship with medicalized, eugenic-era attitudes toward disability.
American Discontent
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

This book is about how Donald Trump, who had no prior public service, became president of the United States. It argues that Trump capitalized on a wave of increasing public discontent that stemmed from the demise of the country’s Golden Age of prosperity. This involved decades-long trends in the American economy, race relations, ideology, and political polarization, all of which fueled rising discontent across America. It reached a tipping point by the time Barack Obama was elected president. When the 2008 financial crisis hit and Obama was elected the first African American president, he tried to resolve the crisis and fix the nation’s ailing health care system. But in doing so he pushed rising discontent over the edge. Political gridlock in Washington resulted. Discontent skyrocketed. Americans were fed up and looked for a savior. Trump was lucky to be in the right place at the right time and rode that wave of discontent all the way to the White House.
How Did This Happen?
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 summarizes the book’s core argument—that Donald Trump’s rise to the presidency did not occur so much from the contingencies of the election per se (e.g. his campaign strategy, Russian meddling, Hillary Clinton’s emails, FBI director James Comey’s investigation, Trump’s media experience as a TV celebrity, etc.) but from deep and long-standing trends in American Society that stretched back decades. These economic, racial, ideological, and political trends were triggered by the demise of America’s Golden Age of prosperity immediately following World War II. They reached a tipping point by the time Barack Obama was elected president. Obama’s election and administration pushed dissatisfaction over the edge. Trump capitalized on it to win the presidency.
Make America Great Again
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 outlines the overarching historical backdrop against which Trump staged his campaign—America’s Golden Age. This was the time of greatness and American hegemonic strength abroad to which he referred constantly on the campaign trail and that was embodied in his campaign theme, “Make America Great Again!” This is important because he used it as a foil for showing how great America used to be and by implication what greatness would look like once he restored it as president. There was, however, a dark side to America’s Golden Age that Trump chose to ignore but that foreshadowed the trends upon which he capitalized during the campaign.
The Self and Its Society
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: May 2018

Throughout the history of philosophy, relations to oneself have been modeled on intersubjective relations, as the “internalization” of possible relations with others. Plato describes thought itself as a kind of internal dialogue, and Kant grounds normativity on “self-legislation” and the possibility of obligations to oneself. The conscience is pictured as an “internalized other.” This chapter argues for “self-other asymmetries” governing speech and interlocution which limit the sense in which a person can be her own interlocutor, or treat either a part of herself or a temporal stage of herself as such a conversational partner (Korsgaard, Dummett). The chapter revisits the related claims of Anscombe and Cavell that “believing someone” does not have a first-person reflexive form, and develops the idea of the two forms of agency expressed in speech.
A Framework for Rights
Authors: Lafollette Hugh
Published: May 2018

Advocates for a serious right to bear arms claim that this right is extremely valuable, primarily because it is a vital means of self-defense. Before we can understand precisely what this claim means, and how we might evaluate it, I offer a broad framework of rights. I first identify two key features of rights that illuminate the function of rights talk in moral and political discourse. Then I summarize and briefly explore two important distinctions about the nature and value of rights: the first is the difference between fundamental and derivative rights; the second, the distinction between positive and negative rights. Finally, I offer a brief intellectual history of rights talk. That will help locate the claim of a serious right to bear arms within this conceptual matrix.
The Right to Bear Arms
Authors: Lafollette Hugh
Published: May 2018

I summarize the most prominent arguments for a right to bear arms; then I evaluate them. Many ordinary citizens claim that this right is fundamental. They often cite the Second Amendment to the US Constitution to support their contention. I briefly discuss the Supreme Court’s ruling on the proper interpretation of this amendment. I show that even though it is thought to support pro-gun advocates, it is expressly compatible with a wide variety of gun control measures. It is also tangential to the moral issue. I then explore two philosophical arguments that the right to bear arms is fundamental I focus on the more common and most promising argument: private gun ownership is a vital means of self-defense. I evaluate these arguments. None are wholly convincing.
The Empirical Evidence
Authors: Lafollette Hugh
Published: May 2018

I summarize the proffered evidence of the benefits and the costs of private gun ownership. I focus on the common argument that privately owning firearms is a vital means of self-defense. I isolate the two pillars of this argument: one, that there are 2.5 million defensive gun uses (DGUs) each year; two, that requiring states to issue gun carry permits to any adult who is not expressly disqualified (former felons or mentally ill) saves countless lives. I then summarize the empirical arguments offered by pro-control advocates: high gun prevalence increases homicides, suicides, and gun accidents. Finally, I explain the agnostic findings of the National Academies of Science study group.
The Armed Truce June 1312 to October 1313
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines Aymer de Valence's role in the peace negotiations between Edward II and the magnates from June 1312 to October 1313. Tensions ran high during the period between Piers Gaveston's death in June 1312 and the settlement of October 1313 by which the Earl of Cornwall's opponents were formally pardoned for their involvement in his pursuit and execution. Negotiations to try to resolve the crisis began in the late summer of 1312 and achieved some outward success in the preliminary peace settlement between the King and his baronial enemies in December 1312. The chapter first considers the Earl of Pembroke's attempts to organise and carry out the royal diplomacy of 1312 as well as Edward II's attitude toward the Ordinances before discussing his role in the implementation of the peace treaty between the King and the magnates.
The Epilogue to Pembroke’s Career Civil War and After, 1321 to 1324
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the years 1321–1324, a period that forms merely an epilogue to Aymer de Valence's life. In August 1321, when the full force of the Marchers was at his back, the Earl of Pembroke was no longer in a position to persuade or cajole Edward II. Once the Despensers were in exile, it would take more ability and force than Pembroke could command to stop the King from recalling them. The chapter examines Pembroke's role in the campaign that finally destroyed the Marchers and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster in 1321 and 1322 and that resulted in total victory for the King, the rise of the Despensers, a massacre of the magnates, and the creation in England of a regime supported only on fear and military force. It also considers Pembroke's activities in the area of royal diplomacy and concludes with a reflection on his death.
The Lands of the Earldom of Pembroke
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the lands held by Aymer de Valence, indicating their location and their value. The lands forming Aymer's earldom bore little relation to those held by the Marshal Earls of Pembroke. The only lands held continuously by the Marshals and by Aymer and his father William de Valence were those forming Joan de Munchensy's purparty in 1247. Aside from this, Aymer's lands were derived from lands acquired in his father's lifetime and from the inheritance of his sister, Agnes de Valence, and his cousin, Denise de Vere. The chapter discusses how widely Pembroke's lands were distributed and shows that in terms of value the core of the earldom lay in eastern England, in the fourteen Norfolk manors and the four in Suffolk, and in the counties from London to Oxfordshire. It also considers William and Joan de Valence's disputes with tenants of the earldom of Pembroke.
The Earl of Pembroke and his Retainers
Authors: Phillips J. R. S.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the structure and development of Aymer de Valence's retinue. Although certainly smaller than that of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, the Earl of Pembroke's retinue was probably typical of those of the leading magnates of the period. Much of the evidence for the composition and size of Pembroke's retinue survives in the form of protection lists for those retainers who accompanied him on campaigns, royal diplomatic missions, or private visits abroad. The chapter shows that the size of Pembroke's retinue fluctuated throughout his career and looks at some of the men with whom he had made indentures, including Thomas and Maurice de Berkeley, John Darcy, and an unidentified knight known only as Sir John. It also considers the reasons for the presence of individuals in Pembroke's retinue and suggests that his men regularly shared in the patronage that was available from the Crown.
Stellar collapse
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

Stellar collapse and supernova explosions. Properties and classification of supernovae. Historical supernovae. Explosion mechanisms and core-collapse dynamics. The remnant of the collapse. GW production during core collapse, bar-mode instabilities, anisotropic neutrino emission.
Black-hole perturbation theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

Perturbation theory over Schwarzschild black holes. Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations. Black hole quasi-normal modes. Perturbations of Kerr black-holes. Null tetrads and Newman-Penrose formalism. Perturbations of Kerr black holes and Teukolsky equation.
GWs from compact binaries. Theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

An introduction to recent analytic and numerical breakthroughs in the modelisation of the final phases of the coalescence of compact binaries. Effective one-body technique. Numerical relativity. Spinning binaries. Superkicks and recoil of the final BH. Astrophysical consequences. Coalescences of neutron-star binaries.
GWs from compact binaries. Observations
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

A discussion of the first direct detections of GWs from coalescing binaries at advanced LIGO. Discoveries of GW150914 and GW151226. Evaluation of the statistical significance. Astrophysical and theoretical implications.
Stochastic backgrounds of cosmological origin
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: May 2018

Characteristic frequency of relic GWs. Production mechanisms of GWs in the early universe: preheating, phase transitions, cosmic strings, alternatives to inflation. Bounds on primordial GW backgrounds: nucleosynthesis bound, bounds from CMB, observational limits at interferometers.
Versions of the Common
Authors: Rhodes Neil
Published: May 2018

The first chapter establishes the double sense of the word ‘common’ as something universal or shared and something base. It defines the terms ‘common’ and ‘commonwealth’ against the related terms ‘public’ and ‘republic’ in the work of Thomas Starkey, Thomas Elyot, Thomas Smith, and Richard Mulcaster. It also explores the significance of the term ‘commonwealth’ in sixteenth-century thinking in order to outline the relationship between literature and society in the period. The chapter ends by pointing to the central role of the common in the relationship between humanism and Protestantism and in the question ‘why is the Renaissance in England so late?’, both of which the rest of the book will address.
Literature in Crisis
Authors: Rhodes Neil
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the ways in which the Reformation produces a crisis for humanist literary values and the Erasmian ideal of bonae literae. Initially attacked by conservatives such as Martin Dorp, literature then falls victim to a Reformation ideology which denigrates fiction and the imagination. This is evident in the debates between More and Tyndale and is reinforced by censorship at the end of Henry VIII's reign. The chapter ends with a discussion of the extreme case of Cornelius Agrippa, whose comprehensive denunciation of the arts and sciences would abolish literature altogether. The fracture between democracy and the imagination which emerges in this chapter is what makes the English Renaissance so late.
Classical Approaches
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 argued against nihilist, universalist, and non-classical approaches to vagueness, leaving only the view that sorites sequences have cutoff points left. However, many questions about the nature of vagueness were still left open. In this chapter, two widely discussed classical views—supervaluationism and epistemicism—are introduced, and their relation to some open questions in the philosophy of vagueness is explained. It is then argued that some of these disputes are not as substantive as they have sometimes been taken to be, and that the differences between supervaluationism and epistemicism are not as striking as they first appear.
Vagueness and Ignorance
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

According to a widely held intuition, it is not possible to know whether a borderline proposition is true. If vagueness is a linguistic phenomenon, however, it is hard to explain why this might be, since the sort of ignorance in question appears to be independent of language spoken and linguistic competence. In this chapter, these sorts of considerations are used to argue that linguistic theories cannot explain why borderline propositions are unknown. In response to this sort of challenge, some linguistic theorists have denied the intuition that borderline propositions are always unknown; the chapter raises some problems with these views as well.
Vagueness and Desire
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: May 2018

According to the view that vagueness is merely a kind of ignorance, there is no principled reason to think that one cannot care intrinsically about vague matters. In this chapter, it is argued that on such a view attitudes towards the vague can enter into practical deliberation in a particularly striking way: two people with the same desires and actions available to them, and who agree about the precise, may nonetheless behave differently due to their opinions about the vague. The chapter then distinguishes itself from the ‘mere ignorance’ view and defends a principle of Indifference, stating that one must be indifferent (in the sense of not preferring one to the other) between any two propositions that settle all precise matters in the same way.
The Tunis Crusade of 1270
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

Why did the last of the major European campaigns to reclaim Jerusalem wind up attacking Tunis, a peaceful North African port city thousands of miles from the Holy Land? In the first book-length study of the campaign in English, Michael Lower tells the story of how the classic era of crusading came to such an unexpected end. Unfolding against a backdrop of conflict and collaboration that extended from England to Inner Asia, the Tunis Crusade entangled people from every corner of the Mediterranean world. Within this expansive geographical playing field, the ambitions of four powerful Mediterranean dynasts would collide. While the slave-boy-turned-sultan Baybars of Egypt and the saint-king Louis IX of France waged a bitter battle for Syria, al-Mustansir of Tunis and Louis’s younger brother Charles of Anjou struggled for control of the Sicilian Straits. When the conflicts over Syria and Sicily became intertwined in the late 1260s, the Tunis Crusade was the shocking result. While the history of the crusades is often told only from the crusaders’ perspective, in The Tunis Crusade of 1270, Lower brings Arabic and European-language sources together to offer a panoramic view of these complex multilateral conflicts. Standing at the intersection of two established bodies of scholarship—European History and Near Eastern Studies—The Tunis Crusade of 1270, contributes to both by opening up a new conversation about the place of crusading in medieval Mediterranean culture.
Baybars, Louis IX, and the Battle for Syria
Authors: Lower Michael
Published: May 2018

In the middle of the thirteenth century, two powerful rulers waged a battle for Syria. King Louis IX of France was one of the greatest kings of the medieval west. Baybars was a former slave who rose to become sultan of Egypt. Despite their different backgrounds, Louis and Baybars shared a powerful commitment to religious confrontation. For Baybars, the battle for Syria would bring religious legitimation to his fledgling regime and a bulwark against a powerful external threat, the Mongols. For Louis, it offered self‐sanctification and the potential re‐Christianization of sacred space. This chapter explores how each tried to define the looming struggle in absolute terms, as a contest pitting a unified, purified community against a religious other.
Intuitions and Assumptions in the Debate over Laws of Nature
Authors: Ott Walter , Patton Lydia
Published: May 2018

This chapter sifts through some of the most important intuitions and assumptions that have guided the debate over laws of nature since the concept’s invention in the seventeenth century. Competing positions on laws of nature are typically evaluated by their ability to satisfy various pre-theoretical desiderata. Laws, for example, are supposed to govern; they are supposed to explain; and they are supposed to allow predictions. But what do these desiderata really amount to? We argue that only by examining the provenance of these intuitions can we properly weigh them. Some of these requirements turn out to be artifacts of the origin and development of the concept of a law of nature. Progress can be made only if we take a critical approach toward our own intuitions, informed by the history of the debate over laws of nature.
What’s Different about Being Human?
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter defends the traditional view that what is unique about humans is rationality, a form of cognition involving normative self-government. Rational beings are conscious of the grounds or potential reasons for our beliefs and actions, able to evaluate those reasons, and capable of being moved accordingly. The chapter explains how rationality is distinguished from intelligence, and how this difference makes human action different from animal action. It traces the connection between being rational in this sense and having a normative or evaluative conception of the self, a practical identity, and argues that animals do not conceive of themselves normatively. Finally, it relates these distinctive properties of human beings to Feuerbach and Marx’s idea that human beings are characterized by “species-being,” a kind of identification with our species as such, and also to the special forms of knowledge and action involved in science and ethics.
The Animal Antinomy, Part 1
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

Does a commitment to the moral standing of animals obligate us to try to end predation? “Creation ethicists,” who answer yes, believe that if we could, we ought to create new species of animals who would not need predation. The probable result would be that all animals are domestic. “Abolitionists,” who answer no, argue that the only way we can treat animals well is by leaving them alone. We should not interfere with predation, and should phase out domestic animals. The result would be that all animals are wild. This chapter raises some worries about the creationist position, although it grants that these worries are inconclusive. Since we would be substituting different kinds of animals for the ones that exist now, we need to understand the moral status of groups, including species, and to determine what is bad about extinction, before we can decide whether creating new species is a good solution to the problem of predation.
Species, Communities, and Habitat Loss
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the question what is bad about the extinction of a species, and whether the extinction of a species is bad for its members. It asks what a species is, whether it is a population rather than a type, whether it has a good, and whether it can act, and argues that we cannot straightforwardly say yes to any of those questions. It argues that our tendency to speak and think of species as if they were generic organisms makes us overlook the value of individual animals. In place of thinking about the wrong we are doing to a species, we should think about the wrong we are doing to communities of animals when we destroy the possibility of their carrying on shared lives in shared habitats. The chapter ends by asking whether given our terrible effects on other species, the human species ought voluntarily to go extinct.
The End of Empire and the Search for Justice
Authors: Linarelli John , Salomon Margot E , Sornarajah Muthucumaraswamy
Published: May 2018

This chapter is a study of the themes of the New International Economic Order (NIEO). It begins with the notion of justice that had been constructed in imperial law to justify empire and colonialism. The NIEO was the first time a prescription was made for justice in a global context not based on domination of one people over another. In its consideration of the emergence of a new notion of justice in international law, the chapter discusses the reasons for the origins of the NIEO, and goes on to describe the principles of the NIEO and the extent to which they came into conflict with dominant international law as accepted by the United States and European states. Next the chapter deals with the rise of the neoliberal ideology that led to the displacement of the NIEO and examines the issue of whether the NIEO and its ideals have passed or whether they continue to be or should be influential in international law. Finally, the chapter turns to the ideas of the NIEO alongside new efforts at promoting a fuller account of justice by which to justify and evaluate international law.
Introduction
Authors: Blacklock Mark
Published: May 2018

Introducing the question of why space should be considered to have dimensions, the Introduction proceeds to describe the scope and method of the book. It indicates its intellectual debt to the ideas described by Bruno Latour in We Have Never Been Modern (1993) and its intention to trace ‘quasi-objects’ that disturb the separation of nature and culture. It outlines its frame of reference in the work of scholars of the history of mathematics and late nineteenth-century culture including Joan Richards, Brian Rotman, Mary Poovey, Roger Luckhurst, Jeremy Gray, and Linda Dalrymple Henderson. It describes the historical range of the work, with a focus on the period from 1869 to 1907, outlines the contents of each chapter, and identifies the approach to cultural history of the book as a form of ‘cultural phenomenology’.
Common Sense and Ideal Theory in Seventeenth-Century Scottish Philosophy
Authors: Gellera Giovanni
Published: May 2018

In the nineteenth century James McCosh and many others identified the Common Sense school with “Scottish philosophy” tout court: the supposedly collective “Scottish” reply to Hume was the rejection of skepticism and Ideal Theory. This chapter addresses the anticipations of the Common Sense school and its broader place in the history of Scottish philosophy. The seventeenth-century Scottish philosophers reacted to Cartesian skepticism with epistemological views which anticipate Thomas Reid: direct realism and perception as a faculty of judgment. Common sense-like views seem to have been a popular strategy against skepticism already before the Common Sense school, thus providing additional evidence for McCosh’s claim of the special role of common sense in the history of Scottish philosophy.
Was Reid a Moral Realist?
Authors: Graham Gordon
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that, contrary to a very widely held view, Reid’s express disagreement with Hume on the matter of morality cannot satisfactorily be pressed into the “realism versus sentimentalism” dichotomy. Hume is certainly a sentimentalist, but there is good reason to interpret Reid’s use of the analogy between moral sense and sense perception in a way that does not imply the existence of “real” moral properties. Reid makes judgment central to the analogy, and this gives the exercise of an intellectual “power” primacy over passive sensual experience. The analogy thus allows him to apply the concepts “true” and “false” to moral judgments, without any quasi-realist appeal to moral facts.
On the Ancestry of Reid’s Inquiry
Authors: Grandi Giovanni B.
Published: May 2018

Reid’s rejection of the “theory of ideas” implies that sensations are not copies of external qualities such as extension and figure. Reid also says that not even the order of sensations is spatial. However, in his early manuscripts Reid did not deny that sensations are arranged spatially. He simply denied that our ideas of extension and figure are copied from any single atomic sensation. Only subsequently did Reid explicitly reject the view that sensations are arranged spatially. The question of the spatiality of color sensation was a central concern of early interpreters of Reid, like Dugald Stewart, John Fearn, and William Hamilton. In particular, John Fearn thought that the denial of the spatiality of color sensations is the result of Reid’s commitment to the immateriality of the soul. Against Reid’s view, Fearn argued that the perception of visible figure necessarily implies the spatiality of color sensations.
The Dream of Achilles
Authors: Gazis George Alexander
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the dream scene of Iliad 23 is discussed and analysed. Following the argument about Hades’ invisibility in the Iliad, this chapter argues that Homer finds a way of bringing his audience in contact with the realm of the dead and, most importantly, with what happens to heroes after their career on the battlefield has ended. Homer allows the ghost of Patroclus to enter the scene of the Iliad by creating a hybrid dream/Underworld scene in which the necessary space for a manifestation of the dead can be found. Furthermore, once the dead Patroclus speaks, he introduces us to a narrative of self-pity and regret which will be developed fully in Odyssey 11 into the poetics of Hades.
Subsequent Customary Law as a Means of Treaty Modification
Authors: Buga Irina
Published: May 2018

The chapter focuses on the treaty modifying potential of subsequent customary law, which, though distinct from that of subsequent practice, reveals a significant conceptual and practical overlap between the two modifying processes, and adds an additional dimension to the discussion on subsequent practice. After a look into the drafting history of the ultimately deleted ILC provision on modification by customary law, the chapter turns to the complex process of formation and identification of customary law and its parallels to the emergence of subsequent practice. The chapter then examines the interplay between customary law and treaties as a basis for identifying the former’s treaty modifying potential, and sets out crucial distinctions and requirements. Finally, the chapter examines the extent to which treaty modification by subsequent customary law and subsequent practice can be distinguished, especially as the latter may itself lead to the emergence of customary rules.
A Systematic Analysis of Examples of Modification by Subsequent Practice
Authors: Buga Irina
Published: May 2018

This chapter illustrates the treaty modifying potential of subsequent practice and customary law by means of a ‘repertoire’ of examples of practice spanning a wide range of legal fields, with a focus on major treaty regimes such as the UN Charter and the LOSC, and examples drawn from both within and outside the dispute settlement context, as well as within and outside the context of international organizations. The chapter systematically explores the modifying potential of subsequent practice in different contexts, facilitating identification and analysis of analogous cases. It combines and builds upon the analysis in the preceding chapters in order to derive—with the focus on international practice as such—guidelines that provide future reference points to better understand the modifying potential of subsequent practice, and examine the way in which modifications have been dealt with in the past, by dispute settlement bodies in particular.
Cultural models in Tongan metacognition
Authors: Bennardo Giovanni
Published: May 2018

This chapter is about a fundamental Tongan cognitive style or cultural model. What happens to an individual’s ego is not the focus of that individual’s attention. One focuses on an other-than-ego individual (or more than one individual, or a group) and the consequences of one’s behavior on that person. In other words, a point, i.e., a place, person, or event, is chosen in the field of ego—i.e., the spatial field, social field, or event field—and other points are put in relationship to the previously chosen one, either centripetally, i.e., toward it, or centrifugally, i.e., away from it. The chapter first illustrates the presence of such a Tongan mental construction in the domain of spatial relationships and then shows it repeated in other domains of knowledge, e.g., social relationships or social cognition. This finding led to the hypothesis of a fundamental role played by cultural models in metacognition.
Knowledge, intuition, and culture
Authors: Stich Stephen
Published: May 2018

The question that is center stage in this chapter is: Do intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures? The chapter begins by explaining what intuitions are, how they are used in philosophy, and why the presence or absence of cultural variation in philosophical intuitions is important for both philosophy and cognitive science. The remainder of the chapter recounts a line of research aimed at determining whether or not intuitions about knowledge vary across cultures. The focus is on “Gettier intuitions.” The results reported support the core folk epistemology hypothesis that maintains that people in all cultures possess epistemic concepts that require more than justification, truth, and belief. In all cultures, an additional condition or set of conditions will be required. However, the evidence suggests that the additional condition varies both within and between cultures.
Permutations and referential indeterminacy
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins with a definition of isomorphism, and then introduces the Push-Through Construction, which allows us to generate many distinct isomorphic copies of a model. Benacerraf and Putnam have used this construction to raise certain problems for realism and the determinacy of reference. These problems seem most threatening in the case of mathematics, where nothing like causation could help pin down reference. In this connection, we introduce Putnam’s famous just-more-theory manoeuvre for the first time, and a position which is vulnerable to it, namely moderate objects-platonism. We then evaluate various attempts to salvage determinacy of reference, including Shapiro’s ante rem structuralism, before outlining a supervaluationist semantics which allows for referential indeterminacy. The appendices to this chapter contain a proof that isomorphism implies elementary equivalence, and a discussion of recent work on eligibility.
Compactness, infinitesimals, and the reals
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

One of the most famous philosophical applications of model theory is Robinson’s attempt to salvage infinitesimals. Infinitesimals are quantities whose absolute value is smaller than that of any given positive real number. Robinson used his non-standard analysis to formalize and vindicate the Leibnizian approach to the calculus. Against this, the historian Bos has questioned whether the infinitesimals of Robinson's non-standard analysis have the same structure as those of Leibniz. We offer a response to Bos, by building valuations into Robinson's non-standard analysis. This chapter also introduces some related discussions of independent interest (compactness, instrumentalism, and o-minimality) and contains a proof of The Compactness Theorem and Gödel’s Completeness Theorem.
Internal categoricity and the natural numbers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

The simple conclusion of the preceding chapters is that moderate modelism fails. But this leaves us with a choice between abandoning moderation and abandoning modelism. The aim of this chapter, and the next couple of chapters, is to outline a speculative way to save moderation by abandoning modelism. The idea is to do metamathematics without semantics, by working deductively in a higher-order logic. In this chapter, the focus is on the internal categoricity of arithmetic. After formalising an internal notion of a model of the Peano axioms, we show how to internalise Dedekind’s Categority Theorem. The resulting “intolerance” of Peano arithmetic provides internalists with a way to draw the distinction between algebraic and univocal theories. In the appendices, we discuss how this relates to Parsons’ important work, and establish a certain dependence of the internal categoricity theorem on higher-order logic.
Boolean-valued structures
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

Chapters 6-12 are driven by questions about the ability to pin down mathematical entities and to articulate mathematical concepts. This chapter is driven by similar questions about the ability to pin down the semantic frameworks of language. It transpires that there are not just non-standard models, but non-standard ways of doing model theory itself. In more detail: whilst we normally outline a two-valued semantics which makes sentences True or False in a model, the inference rules for first-order logic are compatible with a four-valued semantics; or a semantics with countably many values; or what-have-you. The appropriate level of generality here is that of a Boolean-valued model, which we introduce. And the plurality of possible semantic values gives rise to perhaps the ‘deepest’ level of indeterminacy questions: How can humans pin down the semantic framework for their languages? We consider three different ways for inferentialists to respond to this question.
Indiscernibility
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Leibniz's principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. Model theory supplies us with the resources to distinguish between many different notions of indiscernibility; we can vary: (a) the primitive ideology (b) the background logic and (c) the grade of discernibility. We use these distinctions to discuss the possibility of singling-out “indiscernibles”. And we then use these to distinctions to explicate Leibniz's famous principle. While model theory allows us to make this principle precise, the sheer number of different precise versions of this principle made available by model theory can serve to mitigate some of the initial excitement of this principle. We round out the chapter with two technical topics: indiscernibility in infinitary logic, and the relation between indiscernibility, orders, and stability.
Words, roots, and patterns
Authors: Glanville Peter John
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 establishes the semantic makeup of word meaning in general, dividing it into semantic structure and conceptual content. It familiarizes the reader with roots and patterns in Arabic morphology, investigating the semantic abstractions discernable in sets of words that share a root, in addition to the semantic structure shared by words formed in the same pattern. The chapter introduces the notion of shape-invariant morphology, arriving at an approach to Arabic morphology in which some derivation is rule-based, with operations being carried out directly on base words, whereas another type of derivation involves root extraction from a source word. Word patterns are created when a morphological operation is carried out on a base word with some regularity. Once the pattern exists, a variety of base words can be mapped to it by root extraction, creating a uniform output regardless of the shape of the input word.
New approaches to the typology of gender
Authors: Corbett Greville G. , Fedden Sebastian
Published: May 2018

Nominal classification remains a fascinating topic. To make further progress in this area we need greater clarity of definition and analysis. We use canonical gender as an ideal against which we can measure the great variety of the actual gender systems we find in the languages of the world. Starting from previous work on canonical morphosyntactic features, particularly on how they intersect with canonical parts of speech, we establish the distinctiveness of gender, reflected in the Canonical Gender Principle: In a canonical gender system, each noun has a single gender value. We develop three criteria associated with this principle, which together ensure that canonically a noun has exactly one gender value. We give examples of non-canonicity for each criterion, and this establishes a substantial typological space, which accommodates the various non-canonical gender systems in the languages featured in this volume.
A typology of languages with genderlects and grammatical gender
Authors: Rose Françoise
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the interaction of genderlects with grammatical gender within a Canonical Typology approach. Systems in which indexical gender interacts with grammatical gender are cross-linguistically rare. They are highly complex instances of non-canonical gender: in these systems, there is at least one value for which grammatical gender is marked differently depending on the gender of one speech act participant. This chapter offers a groundbreaking canonical typology of systems with interacting indexical gender and grammatical gender. The three parameters used for this typology are: (i) same or different grammatical gender categorization across genderlects, (ii) partial or total scope of the genderlect distinction over the grammatical gender values, and (iii) presence or absence of cross-genderlect syncretism. The results show that the most attested type is the least canonical one.
Legal Monism
Authors: Gragl Paul
Published: May 2018

This book defends the theory of legal monism against dualism and pluralism. Whereas dualism holds that different bodies of law such as international and national law are entirely separate and pluralism argues that there are many potentially overlapping and heterarchical bodies of law, monism considers all law to form part of one unitary and hierarchically ordered legal order, be it international, EU, or national law. To this end, this book will use the pure theory of law of the Vienna School of Jurisprudence, which has—since its inception in the first half of the twentieth century—been largely ignored by legal theorists. On the basis of philosophical/epistemological, legal, and moral/political arguments, it will argue in favour of monism under the primacy of international law, i.e. that in cases of normative conflicts, international and EU law prevail over national law, and thereby restore the respect for international legal cooperation. In other words, it will argue that only this version of monism takes the law and the concept of legal validity seriously; that it can better describe and explain the relationship between legal orders and resolve normative conflicts than dualism and pluralism; and that it has a superior moral dimension, which can help bring about a cosmopolitan legal order under global democracy and peace.
Introduction
Authors: Gragl Paul
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter first presents the research question of this book, namely whether there is only one ‘law’. Subsequently, it situates this question in the context of normative conflicts between different bodies of law, which represent the fertile ground for theories such as monism, dualism, or pluralism. After briefly presenting these theories and their main characteristics, this chapter highlights various important arguments against monism, which have led to the (premature) conclusion that legal monism is already dead. This chapter concludes that the contrary is the case and concisely shows, by introducing the substantial chapters of this book, that there are many and convincing arguments for the continuing relevance of legal monism.