bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTRARENAL BACKFLOW DURING RETROGRADE PYELOGRAPHY WITH GRADED INTRAPELVIC PRESSURE
Authors: Thomsen Henrik S. , Larsen Svend
Published: August 2010

Histologic examination was performed in 21 baby‐pig kidneys after retrograde pyelography with a mixture of meglumine sodium diatrizoate and Ferritin at intrapelvic pressures of either 30–35 or 70–75 mm Hg. In further 4 kidneys light microscopy was done after retrograde pyelography with a mixture of barium sulfate and gelatin at an intrapelvic pressure of 70–75 mm Hg. The primary pathway for intrarenal backflow was canalicular. The contrast material entered the interstitium only by one route: Tubular leakage. Only in the central portions of the kidney leakage was seen. Interstitial Ferritin was found more frequently in areas with intrarenal backflow at an intrapelvic pressure of 70–75 mm Hg than of 30–35 mm Hg.
A TISSUE MODEL FOR QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON TIME COURSE OF HEALING, RATE OF HEALING, AND CELL PROLIFERATION AFTER WOUNDING
Authors: Franzén Lennart , Norrby Klas
Published: August 2010

The perforated true mesentery of the rat was exploited as a model for the quantitative study of connective tissue wound healing. Healing by closure was examined daily after the virtually‐vessel‐free mesentery had been perforated with a scalpel. Proliferation was quantitated in fibroblast‐ and mesothelial‐like cells in spreads of mesentery at defined distances from the wound margin, by means of cytophotomeric Feulgen‐DNA meaurements and by mitotic counting. Proliferation was also estimated by specific DNA‐activity in perforated and unperforated mesentery membranes. Mast‐cell histamine was quantitated as an indicator of disturbed tissue homeostasis. In young rats, healing by closure started on day 4, and was complete on day 10. The maximum rate of healing occurred on days 5–7. Old animals showed essentially the same rate of healing as young ones but healing was significantly delayed. Sham‐operated animals showed a moderate release of histamine and increased proliferation. Wounding caused additional release of histamine and was followed by increased proliferation after 48‐96h. With this novel procedure, the time course, the rate of healing, and the proliferation of cells at defined distances from the wound can be defined quantitatively. The technique may well prove valuable in the study of the interplay between proliferation and healing and in the study of the effect of local and systemic factors on connective tissue wound healing.
STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COATED PITS AND SECONDARY LYSOSOMES IN CULTURED HUMAN GLIAL AND GLIOMA CELLS
Authors: Forsby N. , Griph S. , Ivarsson B.
Published: August 2010

The frequency, distribution and size of coated pits along the upper and lower cell surfaces, and the cytoplasmic volume density of secondary lysosomes were studied by ultrastructural stereological methods in sparse and post‐confluent cell cultures of a human normal glial line and a human malignant glioma line. Neither the frequency of coated pits nor the volume density of secondary lysosomes showed any statistically significant changes between the normal glial cells at 2 and 14 days after subcultivation. The numerical surface density of the coated pits was significantly higher along the lower cell surface than on the upper free surface. The coated pits on the malignant glioma cells at 14 days were far more frequent than at 2 days after subcultivation, or than on the sparse and post‐confluent glial cells. The surface density of the coated pits was higher along the upper free cell surface than on the lower surface of the glioma cells, in contrast to the glial cells. The volume density of lysosomes was significantly higher in the post‐confluent glioma cells than in the sparse cells. The mean diameter of the coated pit openings on cells at 2 days after subcultivation was significantly larger than at 14 days, both in the glial and glioma cell cultures. The observed differences in frequency and distribution of coated pits between the glial and glioma cells may reflect differences in receptor‐mediated endocytosis and be related to the different growth characteristics of the normal and malignant cells. The greatly increased load of secondary lysosomes in post‐confluent cultures of the glioma cells, in contrast to the glial cells, may be due to a higher rate of autophagocytosis in the malignant cells. The larger size of the coated pit openings on isolated than on post‐confluent cells may reflect differences in surface properties between sparse and dense cells.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHENACETIN OR MECHANICAL PERFORATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL PELVIC AND URINARY BLADDER TUMORS IN FANFT‐INDUCED URINARY TRACT CARCINOGENESIS
Authors: AnderströM C. , Johansson S. L. , Von Schultz L.
Published: August 2010

The influence of 0.535% phenacetin in the diet or mechanical perforation of the renal pelvis and urinary bladder of male Sprague‐Dawley rats in FANFT‐induced urinary tract carcinogenesis was studied. The 151 rats were divided into 5 experimental and one control group. The rats were followed for up to 80 weeks. FANFT administered at 0.2% in the diet for 11 weeks resulted in a high incidence of urinary tract tumors particularly of the renal pelvis. Similar results were obtained by administration of 0.2% FANFT for 6 weeks followed by 0.535% phenacetin while FANFT for 6 weeks preceded or followed by mechanical perforation of the renal pelvis resulted in a significantly lower incidence of renal pelvic tumors. Phenacetin appeared to enhance the development of renal pelvic tumors in FANFT‐induced urinary tract carcinogenesis. In contrast no effect of phenacetin on the urinary bladder could be detected.
SPECIFICITY AND IMPLICATIONS OF RING CHROMOSOMES AND DICENTRICS IN BENIGN MIXED SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
Authors: Mark Joachim , Dahlenfors Rigmor , Ekedahl Claes
Published: August 2010

Among 61 human pleomorphic adenomas subjected to chromosomal study by banding methods, two rare cases were detected, one having a dicentric marker chromosome and the other a ring chromosome included in the stemline karyotype. Excepting meningiomas, such marker types have previously only been observed in different types of malignant neoplasms. However, as in meningiomas, the occurrence of dicentrics or rings has no implications as regards the question of malignancy. Both our mixed tumours showed structural changes affecting one chromosome No. 8. These findings, along with similar observations in other pleomorphic adenomas, are discussed in relation to recently advanced hypotheses about the role of oncogenes and changes of gene dosage in the genesis and/or development of mixed tumours.
REPAIR IN ARTERIAL TISSUE
Authors: Chemnitz J. , Christensen B. Collatz
Published: August 2010

Low temperature embedded normal and healing arterial tissues were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The most conspicuous observation was the ultrastructurally well‐preserved extracellular matrix of the arterial tissue. The proteoglycans were visible as rod‐like structures (20–50 nm in width and about 200 nm in length) and radiating filaments connecting the granules to each other. The rod‐like structures were removed after testicular hyaluronidase digestion. Chondroitinase ABC digestion removed most of the rod‐like structures. Re‐endothelialized neointima revealed a high content of rod‐like structures forming a three‐dimensional muralium joining together basal membrane microfibrils, collagen microfibrils and the microfibrillar component of elastin, whereas non‐re‐endothelialized neointima showed a reduced content of proteoglycans. The cylindrical granules may represent the proteoglycan monomer with condensed glycosaminoglycan chains.
DEMONSTRATION OF AUTOANTIBODIES AGAINST ACTH IN SERUM FROM A PATIENT WITH CANCER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
Authors: Hansen Bente L. , Hansen Mogens , Hansen Georg N. , Hummer Lotte
Published: August 2010

We report the presence of autoantibodies against ACTH in plasma from a 46 year old man with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of unknown origin. There was no evidence of Cushing's syndrome. By radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical technique the antibodies were found to possess specificity against the 13–24 aminoacid sequence of ACTH. This sequence includes the biologically active site. On the basis of our findings it is discussed whether the presence of the autoantibodies could reflect a fundamental immunological disturbance primarily or secondarily related to cancer.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF OVARIAN AND TESTICULAR TERATOMAS WITH ANTISERUM TO GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN
Authors: HAUGEN OLAV A. , TAYLOR CLIVE R.
Published: August 2010

Twenty cases of ovarian or testicular teratomas were studied with a sensitive peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) method utilizing an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Positive staining was restricted to the perikaryon, to extensively distributed neuroglial fibrils, or to ependymal lining cells in 13 of 20 teratomas studied. Positively stained cells were also occasionally observed in the choroid plexus, thus indicating the possibility that such cells also retain the capability of producing GFAP. GFAP‐positive material was also found in the tumour cells of an undifferentiated ovarian teratocarcinoma; this tumour was believed to represent an ovarian glioma. It is concluded that the PAP method represents a sensitive and valuable histochemical tool which should be further explored to characterize a functional basis of normal and neoplastic cells. Findings are of particular interest in the »germ cell tumours« in which multiple differentiation patterns may be expressed.
LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN THREE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL BIFURCATIONS
Authors: SVINDLAND AUD
Published: August 2010

The localization of macroscopic atherosclerotic lesions have been studied in the basilar bifurcation and the left and right internal carotid bifurcations in humans. The distribution of lesions was separately assessed by a computer technique and results were displayed as contour lines. Lesions are most frequent on the outer walls of the bifurcations and on the inner curvature of the arterial bends. The material was processed for histology, and computerised morphometry was used to study the interrelationship of microscopic atheromathous lesions and intimal thickening. The percentage of the specimens with lesions around the circumference of the arteries was calculated. The peaks and troughs of histological lesions correspond exactly to the maximum and minimum contours of the macroscopic studies. Results from the microscopic examination indicate that intimal thickening and atherosclerosis are closely related processes. However, they cannot support the view that focal pad‐like areas of intimal thickening are particular precursors of atheroma.
MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA OF BONE
Authors: KRISTENSEN I. BAYER , JENSEN O. MYHRE
Published: August 2010

Nine cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone from a consecutive unselected 10 years' series of 106 malignant primary bone tumours seen in a tumour center serving a population of about 2 mill. are reported. Five women and four men aged between 31 and 76 years had tumours localized in long bones of extremities (7) and pelvic bones (2). Two cases developed in previously irradiated bones, one in a solitary bone cyst and one in chronic osteomyelitis.

All tumours, histologically of high‐grade malignancy, were pleomorphic with collagenous, hyalinised areas without conspicuous myxoid components. The histiocytic derivation was proved by enzyme histochemistry in two cases.

All patients were treated with ablative surgery without adjuvant chemo‐ or radiotherapy of the primary tumours. Four patients died within five years from tumour dissemination. The remaining five patients, observed from two to four years, have no signs of local recurrence or metastasis.
S‐100 PROTEIN IN MELANOCYTIC TUMORS
Authors: KINDBLOM LARS‐GUNNAR , LODDING PÄR , ROSENGREN LARS , BAUDIER JAQUES , HAGLID KENNETH
Published: August 2010

An immunohistochemical investigation regarding the presence of S‐100 protein in benign and malignant, primary and metastatic melanocytic tumors is reported. The studied series consisted of 15 benign nevi, 3 blue nevi, 4 juvenile melanomas, 1 balloon cell nevus, 30 primary malignant melanomas of skin, mucous membranes and conjunctiva and 30 metastatic malignant melanomas. The immunohistochemical analysis showed positive staining for S‐100 protein within the majority of the tumor cells in all benign tumors examined, except the balloon cell nevus, as well as in all the primary and metastatic malignant melanomas, including low‐differentiated epitheloid or spindle‐cell types without demonstrable melanin pigment. The results indicate that S‐100 protein is a valuable marker for melanocytic tumors, especially in the fairly frequent dilemma of malignant melanoma presenting as a solitary non‐pigmented metastasis of uncharacteristic light‐microscopic appearance, and without known primary tumor. A characterization and quantification of the S‐100 protein immunoreactivity in 5 metastatic malignant melanomas is presented. Using immuno‐electrophoresis, the presence of 3 antigenic S‐100 determinants was demonstrated within homogenates from the malignant melanomas, including the previously characterized S‐100 A (alpha/beta) and S‐100 B (beta/beta), and suggesting the presence of a hitherto undescribed variant of S‐100 protein, possibly consisting of 2 alpha‐subunits. Using rocket immuno‐electrophoresis, the amount of S‐100 protein was estimated.
PROGNOSIS FOR SOFT‐TISSUE SARCOMA IN THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
Authors: RYDHOLM ANDERS , BERG NILS O. , GULLBERG BO , PERSSON BJÖRN M. , THORNGREN KARL‐GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

To identify variables of prognostic importance for soft‐tissue sarcoma in the locomotor system, we performed a retrospective follow‐up study on a consecutive, unselected, population‐based series of 237 patients mainly treated by surgery, 1964–1978. Patients with metastasis at the time of diagnosis were not included. All histologic material was re‐evaluated and histologic malignancy‐grading (four‐grade scale) performed without knowledge of the clinical course. The surgical procedures were classified as marginal and broad excisions. Patient follow‐up ranged between 3‐ and 18 years. Multivariate analysis of the data by Coxs proportional hazard regression techniques disclosed seven negative prognostic variables of primary significance; high malignancy‐grade (IV and III), pain at rest, male sex, increasing age and tumor size, a marginal excision and an extracompartmental tumor site, in order of decreasing relative risk (5.9‐1.9) as regards survival. A secondary variable, that of local recurrence, was then included in the model and was found to have a stronger influence on survival than any of the other variables. Patients with local recurrence had a mortality risk which was 8.3 times that of patients without local recurrence. A risk curve based on the prognostic variables having primary significance was constructed. By this risk curve, patients with very good or very bad prognosis could be identified.

The results are important when evaluating the efficiency of different therapies in non‐randomized trials. In such studies the prognostic variables could be used to identify patient groups having comparable prognoses. In addition, patients found to have a good prognosis could be excluded from trials with adjuvant therapy.
RADIATION EFFECTS ON MAST CELLS: SECRETORY ABILITY, HISTAMINE RELEASE AND RECOVERY, AND CELL NUMBER
Authors: NORRBY K. , ADAMSON P. , FORSBERG B.
Published: August 2010

We studied the effects of irradiation with a single fraction of high‐energy electrons, in the absorbed dose range used in radiotherapy, on features related to the rat mesenteric mast‐cell (MC) population. Such features were energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis for zinc, light and transmission electron microscopic changes, histamine content, and secretory ability of MCs when exposed to the potent secretagogue 48/80. The observation period was 14 days. Also studied were the effects of radiation on the number and histamine content of free peritoneal MCs. Irradiation‐induced decrease in histamine content was delayed for at least two days and the rate of subsequent recovery of mesenteric histamine was approximately 70% below normal. This was corroborated by the findings of necrotic and fragmented mesenteric MCs during the entire experimental period. Fibroblasts and macrophages phagocytosed groups of MC granules as well as individual MC granules. A fraction of the extruded MC granules retained an almost normal appearance. This suggests that they were solubilized unduly slow presumably because the irradiation destroyed the mechanisms and enzymes which normally degrade the heparin‐protein granule matrix and its heparin. Moreover, the irradiation suppressed the secretory ability of mesenteric MCs and significantly reduced the number of free peritoneal MCs. The findings indicate that the MC is a remarkably radiosensitive connective‐tissue cell.
FURTHER STUDIES OF INTESTINAL HETEROTOPIA IN URETHRAL CARUNCLE
Authors: JÄRVI OSMO H. , MARIN SINIKKA , de BOER WILLIAM G. R. M.
Published: August 2010

Colonic mucosa‐like intestinal heterotopia in a urethral caruncle is reported in a 2 yr 7 mth old girl and three women; 55, 71 and 78 yrs old. The occurrence of the anomaly in a child supports the first two author's earlier suggestion that the condition is congenital in nature. In princip this could also be the case in post‐menopausal women, although the possibility of metaplasia must also be considered. Perhaps the condition could be a precursor of some adenocarcinomas of the distal urethra.
GRANULOCYTE AND LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE RECEPTORS IN ASEPTIC MENINGITIS, INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS AND OTHER VIRAL INFECTIONS
Authors: NÆSS ARE , SOLBERG CLAUS OLA , TøNDER OLAV
Published: August 2010

Granulocytes and lymphocytes from 44 patients with acute viral infections were examined for membrane receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E‐R), for the Fc portion of IgG (Fcγ‐R) and for complement component C3b (C3b‐R). Aseptic meningitis was associated with a decrease in Fcγ‐R and C3b‐R bearing granulocytes but an increase in the proportions of lymphocytes bearing the same receptors. Patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) had a decreased percentage of C3b‐R bearing granulocytes, an increase of E‐R bearing T lymphocytes and a slight decrease in the proportion of Fcγγ‐R and C3b‐R bearing lymphocytes. Cerebrospinal fluid from IM patients contained 92–98% T lymphocytes. The group of patients with other viral infections showed a decreased percentage of granulocytes bearing Fcγ‐R and C3b‐R, and of E‐R bearing lymphocytes. The decrease of Fcγ‐R and C3b‐R bearing granulocytes in viral infections may be of importance in relation to the increased risk of bacterial superinfection in these patients.
THE USE OF FROZEN MONOCYTES IN PHAGOCYTOSIS STUDIES
Authors: MYHRVOLD VESLEMøY , MøRLAND BERIT
Published: August 2010

Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by Lymphoprep density‐gradient centrifugation and adherence to fibronectin. The cells were loosened by ethylene‐diamino‐tetra‐acetate (EDTA), frozen by different freezing methods, thawed, washed and compared to unfrozen cells.

After freezing, thawing and washing, cell recovery was calculated and found to vary with the freezing procedure. The best result was about 76% cell recovery. No morphological differences were observed between unfrozen and frozen cells. The experiments also showed that the percentage of cells that attached or phagocytized IgG‐opsonized erythrocytes (E‐IgG) via the Fc‐receptor was unaltered after freezing. Neither was there any difference between unfrozen and frozen monocytes with respect to their ability to phagocytize latex particles. There was no significant difference in reactivity between monocytes frozen for one day and those frozen for six weeks.
A STANDARDIZED HUMAN T‐LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION ASSAY FOR DETECTING SOLUBLE ACCESSORY FACTORS FROM MONOCYTES
Authors: REMVIG L. , ENK C. , SVENSON M.
Published: August 2010

Conditions for production and detection of a monocyte‐derived interleukin‐1 like accessory factor were investigated. The production of the accessory factor was not increased quantitatively by changes in monocyte concentration or incubation times. Lipopolysaccharides stimulated monocytes to accessory factor production in a broad range of concentrations, and it was active even in concentrations below the often registered endotoxin contamination of commercial culture media. Thus, to avoid unintended monocyte stimulation culture conditions should be endotoxin‐free. The accessory factor was heat‐labile, had a MW between 10 and 40 K, was co‐mitogenic to PHA‐stimulated monocyte depleted cells and it did not support the growth of an interleukin‐2 dependent cell‐line. Thus the factor shares characteristics with and might be identical to interleukin‐1. The conditions previously defined for the demonstration of accessory effect of monocytes were also optimal for demonstration of interleukin‐1 in supernatants from lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte cultures.
CYTOTOXIC FACTOR(S) RELEASED FROM STIMULATED MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: MøRLAND BERIT
Published: August 2010

Mechanisms of macrophage‐mediated cytotoxicity against a tumor‐cell line (L‐929 cells) were analyzed. Culture supernatants were harvested from mouse peritoneal macrophages cultivated for 3 days in the absence or presence of the stimulating agents Escherichia coli endotoxin or zymosan. The supernatants from stimulated cultures were cytotoxic for the tumor cells, evaluated by measuring release of radioactivity during subsequent 4 days' culture of 14C‐thymidine‐labelled tumor cells in the supernatants. Cytotoxicity was verified by counting cells per culture. Corresponding results were obtained from co cultures of stimulated macrophages and tumor cells, in accordance with a previous study. Selective release of af lysosomal enzyme (β‐glucuronidase) was shown in the supernatants from endotoxin‐ or zymosanstimulated cultures, while reduced levels of glucose were seen in all supernatants from macrophage cultures. Dialysis of supernatants against fresh medium reduced the toxic activity somewhat. Dialysis restored the glucose content to optimal levels, while the enzyme activity was unchanged. Heating of supernatants to 56 °C for 30 min reduced the cytotoxicity along with a reduction in enzyme activity; 70 °C for 30 min removed both cytotoxic activity and enzyme activity completely. Heating had no effect on the glucose content of the supernatants. The present data indicate that macrophage‐mediated tumor cytotoxicity may be performed through release of heat‐labile soluble factor(s) which co‐variate with the secretion of a lysosomal enzyme from stimulated macrophages.
CIMETIDINE ENHANCES INTERFERON INDUCED AUGMENTATION OF NK CELL ACTIVITY AND SUPPRESSES INTERFERON PRODUCTION
Authors: HIRAI NOBUYUKI , HILL NORWOOD O. , MOTOO YOSHIHARU , OSTHER KURT
Published: August 2010

Effects of cimetidine on the augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell activity by human leukocyte interferon (Hu IFN‐α (Le)) and on the IFN production from donor leukocytes were investigated in virtro. NK cell activity of PBL was suppressed after 16 hours pretreatment with 0.3, 3.0, and 30.0 μg/ml of cimetidine. On the other hand, there was dose dependent suppression of Hu IFN‐α (Le) production in PBL by cimetidine. The NK cell activity of PBL augmented by Hu IFN‐α (Le) was further enhanced when the effector cells were pretreated with cimetidine or when cimetidine was added together with IFN. K562, G361, and PLC/PRF/5 cells were used as target cells. Our results suggest that a 16 hour treatment with cimetidine alone may suppress NK cell activity of PBL, probably due to reduced IFN production by leukocytes. On the other hand, cimetidine may enhance the IFN induced NK augmentation in PBL in vitro.
IN VITRO BLASTOGENIC RESPONSE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN SYNTHESIS IN MURINE SPLEEN CELLS STIMULATED WITH LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND CAMPYLOBACTER COLI
Authors: NÆSS VIGFRID
Published: August 2010

Lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were mitogenic for spleen cells as measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation. The incorporation was dose dependent with an increase with increased concentration of LPS. Addition of LPS beyond 500 μg/ml gave inhibition of incorporation. Stimulation of the spleen cells for 3 days with LPS led to a polyclonal activation of immunoglobulin synthesis. The amount of immunoglobulins synthesised showed a maximum between the 9th and 11th day of incubation, and another maximum between the 15th and 17th day. The immunoglobulins produced were IgM antibodies. Specific antibodies against the LPS used for the stimulation were not detected.
GROWTH‐ACTIVITY RELATED VARIATION OF A NUCLEAR ANTIGEN IN MONOLAYER‐CULTURE CELLS QUANTITATED BY IMMUNOFLUOROMETRY AND MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: FAGRAEUS A. , JONSSON J. , AUER G. , SCHILLING W.
Published: August 2010

Antibodies of the hybridoma clone M 372/809 react with a nuclear antigen in growing cells. Using immunofluorometry and microspectrophotometry, the antigen was found to accumulate to a maximum coincident with the marked early increase in nuclear protein contents. The following DNA increase appeared when the intensity of the reaction with M 372/809 antibodies was decreasing. The antigen increase was inhibited by α‐amanitin. It may therefore be associated with transcription early in the cell cycle.
MODULATION OF STREPTOZOTOCIN‐INDUCED INSULITIS AND HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE MOUSE
Authors: SANDLER STELLAN , ANDERSSON ARNE
Published: August 2010

Multiple low‐dose injections of streptozotocin (SZ) induce a gradually developing hyperglycaemia and pancreatic insulitis in certain inbred mouse strains. In the present investigation nicotinamide, which is known to protect against SZ‐induced diabetes, was given prior to a single diabetogenic dose of SZ to C57BL/KsJ mice. Nicotinamide protected against SZ‐induced hyperglycaemia in the acute phase but 13 of the 18 animals in this group became diabetic during the second week of observation. Nine of these mice had insulitis, seven of which showed overt diabetes. Since nicotinamide increased the serum glucose concentration at the time of the SZ‐administration ten minutes later, the possibility that glucose mediated the protective action was evaluated. Glucose‐pretreatment, however, was found to potentiate the diabetogenic action of SZ. It is obvious from the present data that another type of diabetes than that induced by a single high dose of SZ can be evoked if the immediate B‐cytotoxic effects of SZ are reduced. It may be speculated that islet B‐cells of mice given nicotinamide before SZ, for a time retain SZ‐induced DNA injuries, which may lead to the expression of neoantigens and an autoimmune reaction.
POST MORTEM MEASUREMENT OF VENTRICULAR VOLUMES OF THE HEART
Authors: SAIRANEN HEIKKI
Published: August 2010

A new method to determine ventricular volumes of the heart post mortem was developed. Atrioventricular valves are carefully closed with continuous monofilament sutures, and the ventricles are filled with liquid paraffin through the base of the aorta and pulmonary trunk using a standard filling pressure. The effect of various post mortem factors on the volumes of cardiac ventricles was studied using this method. Many factors, such as rigor mortis, time of measurement, mechanical handling of the heart and filling pressure used in the measurement have an effect on the ventricular volume. The volume of ventricles after formalin fixation is only about half of that of fresh hearts handled in the same way. The contraction caused by rigor mortis keeps the volume low and can be relaxed only by manipulation of the heart. The results of measurements are comparable only if the hearts have been manipulated in the same way, have been preserved for the same lenght of time and under the same conditions, and the volume has been measured using the same filling pressure.
SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF A GRANULOSA CELL TUMOUR AND A SEROUS PAPILLARY CYSTADENOCARCINOMA IN THE SAME OVARY
Authors: BICHEL P.
Published: August 2010

This report describes a previously unreported collision of a papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma and a granulosa cell tumour with a sarcomatoid growth pattern in the same ovary of a seventy‐five year old woman with no endocrinological abnormality. The patient died from widespread dissemination of the adenocarcinoma.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF THE THORACIC AORTA AND RENAL SCARRING IN AN AUTOPSY MATERIAL
Authors: JØRGENSEN L. , NORDAL E. J. , EIDE T. J. , SVENDSEN E. A. , BOSTAD L. H. , ENGH T. V. , BLOM G. P.
Published: August 2010

With the aim of examining the possible association between atherosclerosis of the aorta and renal scarring, an autopsy study comprising 81 men and 43 women was performed. The per cent intimal surface involved with atherosclerosis in the aorta above the renal arteries was determined by morphometry, and the per cent surface profile of the kidney affected by scarring was measured microscopically in a standardized fashion. In addition, the following variables were determined: the age of the patient, diameter of the renal artery ostia, weight of the kidneys, heart weight, presence or absence of signs of sustained myocardial infarction, highest measured systolic blood pressure and the number of macroscopic renal scars. The data were subjected to both simple correlation and multiple regression analyses. In both men and women there was a significant simple correlation between the degree of atherosclerosis in the aorta and the extent of subcapsular microscopic renal scarring. In men, the prime importance of aortic atherosclerosis for microscopic renal scarring was supported in the multiple regression analysis. In women, this analysis showed that age was the determining predictory factor for microscopical renal scarring. The results may be taken to support the hypothesis that micro‐embolism from an atherosclerotic aorta may be a cause of microscopic subcapsular scars in the kidneys.
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION IN HUMAN COLORECTAL MUCOSA AS MONITORED BY DISTRIBUTION OF LAMININ, A BASEMENT MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN
Authors: KELLOKUMPU I. , EKBLOM P. , SCHEININ T. M. , ANDERSSON L. C.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of laminin, a basement membrane glycoprotein, was studied by indirect immunofluorescence technique using rabbit anti‐laminin serum in fifty‐seven samples of normal, hyperplastic, adenomatous and carcinomatous colorectal tissue. As judged by the expression of laminin normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous colorectal mucosa were characterized by a continuous, linear basement membrane. A thick band‐like basement membrane was seen under the surface epithelium and at the mouths of the crypts in normal and hyperplastic mucosa. The adenomatous epithelium was uniformly characterized by a thin, linear basement membrane. In contrast, marked alterations were constantly observed in colorectal carcinomas and their metastases, which showed a discontinuous, linear or patchy basement membrane. Our study suggests that the expression of laminin is related to cellular differentiation, and the thickness of the laminin‐positive basement membrane parallels with the epithelial maturation of normal and hyperplastic colorectal mucosa and with the failure of the epithelial differentiation in adenomas. In colorectal carcinomas and their metastases the distribution of laminin is constantly altered and the severity of the alterations correlates with the histological grade of these tumours.
SEQUENTIAL STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NITROSAMINE‐INDUCED PANCREATIC CARCINOMA IN THE SYRIAN GOLDEN HAMSTER
Authors: ANDREN‐SANDBERG ÅKE , DAWISKIBA SIGMUND , IHSE INGEMAR
Published: August 2010

An attempt was made to define the importance of accumulated carcinogen dose and of induction‐time on the development of pancreatic tumors after administration of N‐nitrosobis(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine (BHP) to Syrian golden hamsters. The development and progression of ductal hyperplasia, the number of tumor‐bearing animals, the number of cancer‐bearing animals, the number of tumors per tumor‐bearing animal, and the grade of histological differentiation were found to be related to the accumulated dose of the carcinogen given, as was survival‐time. The duration of the period between the carcinogen administration and examination was another factor of importance for the same changes except for the grade of histological differentiation of cancers and for survival‐time. Once ductal hyperplasia and tumor development had started, there were no signs of regression – but rather progression – even after cessation of carcinogen administration. It is concluded that the development (progression) of induced pancreatic cancer in the Syrian golden hamster is influenced by the accumulated carcinogen (BHP) dose and the duration of the experiment. The results emphasize the need for a strict standardization of the experimental design as well as for the histological evaluation when animal models are used for studies of the effect of factors or procedures with a possible influence on the rate of tumor development.
CEREBELLAR FOLIATION IN RATS
Authors: CONRADI NILS G. , MÜNTZING KRISTINA
Published: August 2010

The effects of maternal malnutrition on the formation of cerebellar fissures was studied in foetal rats. The rats were given a diet containing either 14 (normal) or 7 (protein‐deprived) per cent protein by weight from two weeks before conception and throughout gestation. The first day with a sperm‐positive vaginal smear was designated as Embryonic day 1 (E 1). Foetuses were examined on days E 19 to 22. In seventy‐five foetuses, a sagittal slice of the cerebellum, 3–4 mm thick was embedded in Sorvall embedding medium. Sagittal sections, 2 μm thick were cut at levels 100 μm apart through the specimen. Sixty‐three foetuses were examined for presence of cerebellar fissures only after filling their vascular system with ink‐gelatin and cutting serial sagittal frozen sections, 100 μm thick. A morphological comparison of the foliation in normal and malnourished foetuses suggested a slight delay in the malnourished ones, albeit the earliest fissures were visible on the same day as in normal foetuses. The existence of a developmental alteration due to malnutrition was demonstrated by a decrease in the length of the pial surface and a surface folding index day on E 22. The alteration is discussed in relation to previously reported changes in cerebellar development during malnutrition, such as delayed Purkinje cell formation and alterations in proliferation/differentiation in the EGL.
IMMUNE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUS YERSINIA ARTHRITIS: LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO PHA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAIN COWAN I
Authors: Repo H. , Leirisalo‐Repo M.
Published: August 2010

Evidence has accumulated that, first, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and humoral factors such as fragments of complement components may regulate immune response, and second, PMN function is enhanced in HLA‐B27‐positive subjects. We therefore used a whole‐blood culture technique to study lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohaemagglutinin‐P (PHA) in blood samples obtained from patients with previous yersinia arthritis and from healthy subjects with or without HLA‐B27. In another series of experiments, mononuclear cells were separated from peripheral blood and lymphocyte responses to Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I, a B‐cell mitogen in fetal calf serum, and to PHA in pooled normal human serum were determined. The patients and the control subjects were always tested simultaneously. The results showed no significant differences between the subject groups. This suggests that humoral factors and enhanced neutrophil function do not exert remarkable effects on in vitro lymphocyte responses to mitogens in HLA‐B27‐positive subjects.
BACTERIA ARE POLYCLONAL T‐DEPENDENT STIMULANTS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN FORMATION
Authors: RÄSÄNen LIISA , Lehto MAILI , Jokinen I. , Arvilommi H.
Published: August 2010

Various gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria were tested for their ability to induce antibody secretion in human blood cell cultures. Total and specific immunoglobulin levels in the culture supernatants were quantitated with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). All the twelve strains used stimulated IgM and IgG secretion in adult mononuclear cell cultures. With the four strains tested, also umbilical cord blood cells produced IgM. Specific antibodies directed against two bacteria were sought in adult and newborn cell culture but none were found. Bacterium‐induced antibody synthesis thus seemed to be polyclonal. Experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes showed that bacterium‐driven antibody formation was T‐cell dependent.
DETECTION OF SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN M TO MUMPS VIRUS IN SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MUMPS INFECTION, USING AN ANTIBODY‐CAPTURE ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
Authors: Glikmann GRACIELA , Pedersen MARIA , Mordhorst CARL‐HEINRICH
Published: August 2010

An immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody‐capture immunoassay using peroxidase‐labelled mumps antibodies is described and its suitability for the practical diagnosis of acute mumps infection is evaluated. All 45 patients with confirmed mumps infection showed specific mumps IgM antibodies in their sera. Similarly, mumps IgM antibodies were detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples and sera from 12 patients with meningitis. Among these patients 8 had positive mumps virus isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid and 4 had not. Conversely, mumps IgM antibodies were detected neither in 418 serum samples from adult patients expected to be negative for mumps IgM, nor in 184 cerebrospinal fluid specimens from patients with various central nervous system symptoms, nor in sera from 10 patients with high levels of IgM‐rheumatoid factor. Among 20 patients with respiratory illness caused by parainfluenza type‐1 virus none showed an IgM mumps antibody response. In 99% of cases with acute mumps infection the IgM‐ELISA gave a positive result in the first available serum samples most of which were negative for CF and mumps IgG antibodies. The virus proteins which take part in the IgM‐ELISA test immune reaction are mainly the nucleoprotein and to a lesser extent the membrane protein. The IgM‐ELISA method, which can be performed in 6 hours, offers a reliable, sensitive and rapid alternative to routine methods for the diagnosis of acute mumps infection.
SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF MUMPS AND PARAINFLUENZA TYPE‐1 VIRUS INFECTIONS BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY, WITH A COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR DETECTION OF MUMPS IgG ANTIBODIES
Authors: Glikmann GRACIELA , Mordhorst CARL‐HEINRICH
Published: August 2010

Two solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detection of mumps IgG antibodies, viz., indirect ELISA and catching‐antibodies (C.A.)‐ELISA, are described and the results obtained with both assays are compared with each other and with the conventional complement‐fixation (CF) test. In the indirect method, mumps antigens are used for coating the wells of the microtest plates, whereas in the C.A.‐ELISA method mumps antigens are selectively bound to rabbit anti‐mumps antibodies coated surfaces. A positive correlation was found between the optical density (O.D.) values given by both ELISA assays and CF‐antibody titers. The ELISA assays showed improved sensitivity compared to the CF test, since 54% (C.A.‐ELISA) and 33% (Indirect‐ELISA) of additional positive reactions were detected by these assays. In terms of specificity, however, only the C.A.‐ELISA was superior to CF, since significant rises of IgG‐antibodies were detected only in paired sera of mumps patients. Conversely, when the indirect method was used significant IgG antibody rises were demonstrated in paired sera from mumps patients and in serum pairs of six patients with parainfluenza type‐1 virus infection. With the CF test, heterologous antibodies responses were demonstrated in 2 of these patients. Absorption experiments of mumps sera with mumps and parainfluenza virus strains demonstrated that the IgG antibodies detected by the C.A.‐ELISA are specific for mumps virus and therefore interference due to heterologous antibody responses were not observed. Results with purified mumps virus proteins demonstrated that the antigen‐antibody reactions that partake in the C.A.‐ELISA are mainly associated with the nucleoprotein antigen. Detection of IgG‐antibodies to parainfluenza virus type‐1 was assessed by ELISA (paraflu‐TI‐ELISA) using only the indirect approach. The results obtained with this assay showed improved sensitivity compared to a paraflu TI‐CF test, since 47% of additional positive reactions were demonstrated by ELISA. In terms of specificity, however, heterologous antibody responses were detected by both the ELISA and the CF test in 4 out of 20 patients with mumps infections.
OPSONIC ACTIVITY OF SERUM IN THE ACUTE PHASE OF MENINGITIS
Authors: Kharazmi A. , Eriksen H. O. , Willumsen L. , RØNne‐Rasmussen J. O. , Permin H. , Faber V.
Published: August 2010

The present study was designed to determine the opsonic activity of serum obtained from meningitis patients in the acute stage of their illness. This study was part of a Danish multicentre prospective study on various aspects of meningitis for a 12‐month period. The opsonic activity of serum was determined by a phagocytosis and a chemiluminescence assay using human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The mean chemiluminscence and phagocytosis indices determined in the sera of 58 patients suffering from various forms of bacterial or non‐bacterial meningitis did not differ significantly from that of control sera. Although sera of 4 patients with pneumococcal, 3 with meningococcal, and 1 with streptococcal meningitis exhibited lower opsonic activity than the control sera in the chemiluminescence assay, their values in the phagocytosis assay were similar to control value. It is concluded that serum opsonic activity in meningitis patients is normal and similar to that of healthy individuals.
CORRELATION BETWEEN DEFICIENCY OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUBCLASS G3 AND Gm ALLOTYPE
Authors: Grubb RUNE , Hallberg TORGNY , HammarstrÖM LENNART , Oxelius VIVI‐ANNE , Smith C. I. EDVARD , SÖDerstrÖM RUZENA , SÖDerstrÖM TOMMY
Published: August 2010

Gm allotypes were investigated in 63 Swedes: 46 females and 17 males, in whom serum IgG3 was below 0.35 g/l. Both monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera were used for the quantification. Concentrations of the other IgG subclasses were within the age‐related normal ranges. The distribution of the IgG1 genetic markers Glm(a,x,f) differed markedly from that observed in normal Swedes (p < 0.001). Thus Gl m(a) was present in 60 subjects as compared to an expected 36, and phenotype Gl m(‐f) in 34 subjects as against an expected 8. The mean IgG3 concentration was numerically lower in the Gl m(‐f) group than in the Gl m(+f) cohort, and individuals with IgG3 levels 0.10 g/l were more frequent in the Gl m(‐f) group. Among Caucasians, G3m8 is in linkage disequilibrium with G lm2 and our interpretation is that the haplotype Gl ma:ax G2m−n G3m8 is markedly increased in individuals with IgG3 deficiency.
THE EFFECT OF SERIAL INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN INFUSION ON TYPE‐SPECIFIC ANTI‐PNEUMOCOCCAL ANTIBODIES IN CHILDREN
Authors: Prellner K. , Christensen P. , Kalm O. , Offenbartl K.
Published: August 2010

The effect of a series of five immunoglobulin G infusions — at 3–4 week interval — on serum IgG antibody concentrations against some pneumococcal types commonly associated with acute otitis media (AOM) was studied in 11 children, 1–4 years old, suffering from recurrent AOM. Increase of specific IgG antibody concentrations was observed when the initial concentrations were low. However, once higher antibody concentrations had been achieved as a result of the treatment, subsequent infusions resulted in a decrease of the antibodies. In two children with initially high specific antibody concentrations, antibodies successively decreased in response to repeated immunoglobulin infusions.
REVACCINATION OF ADULTS AGAINST DIPHTHERIA II: COMBINED DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS REVACCINATION WITH DIFFERENT DOSES OF DIPHTHERIA TOXOID 20 YEARS AFTER PRIMARY VACCINATION
Authors: Simonsen O. , KlæRke M. , KlæRke A. , Bloch A. V. , Hansen B. R. , Hald N. , Hau C. , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

Immunity following diphtheria vaccination in childhood is temporary, and recent outbreaks of diphtheria in adult populations evoked interest in the effect of and side‐reactions to revaccination of adults. 237 military recruits were randomly allocated to revaccination with 6 Lf tetanus toxoid or 6 Lf tetanus toxoid combined with 2 Lf or 5 Lf diphtheria toxoid. Side‐reactions were recorded one week later, and antitoxin response was assessed after 4 weeks. Protective serum diphtheria antitoxin levels were attained by all subjects receiving diphtheria toxoid containing vaccines. Antibody response was related to dose, indicating a safer long‐term protection by revaccination with 5 Lf diphtheria toxoid. All vaccinees, except one without documentation for primary vaccination, attained high tetanus antitoxin levels. Interference phenomenona between toxoids were insignificant. Mild local reactions were reported by 22% of the vaccinees. More pronounced local reactions were experienced by 5% and systemic reactions by 3%, independent of vaccine. No serious reactions were observed. Reactions were significantly related to tetanus antitoxin response only. It was concluded that combined revaccination of adults, primary vaccinated around 20 years previously, may be performed without immune assessments.
FAT NECROSIS IN HUMAN ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Authors: Aho HEIKKI J. , Sternby BERIT , Nevalainen TIMO J.
Published: August 2010

Localization of phospholipase A2, lipase and colipase immunoreactivity were studied in paraffin embedded tissue sections. The samples were taken from the pancreas of 12 patients suffering from acute haemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis, and from diseased adipose tissue of 7 patients suffering from traumatic mammary fat necrosis. Peroxidase‐antiperoxidase immunohistology revealed consistent positive reaction against phospholipase A2, lipase and colipase at the border of fat necrosis in pancreatic interlobular adipose tissue and in peripancreatic, mesenterial and retroperitoneal fat. The fat necroses of the breast were devoid of reaction. The results support the idea that in addition to lipase colipase and phospholipase A2 participate in the development of fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic lipolytic enzymes are not present in the adipose tissue in mammary fat necrosis.
BRANHAMELLA CATARRHALIS: SIGNIFICANCE IN PULMONARY INFECTIONS AND BACTERIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Authors: Christensen J. J. , Gadeberg O. , Bruun B.
Published: August 2010

A three‐month survey revealed 29 patients at our hospital with symptoms of acute pulmonary infection, from whom Branhamella cartarrhalis was isolated from lower respiratory tract specimens, in 18 cases in pure culture. Approximately 2% of all respiratory tract specimens examined during the period yielded growth of B. catarrhalis. All except one patient suffered from chronic pulmonary disease, notably chronic bronchitis. A phenotypic comparison was made between 55 strains of B. catarrhalis, of which 50 were recent isolates from lower respiratory tract specimens, and 23 Neisseria strains representing Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria cinerea, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria mucosa, Neisseria pharyngis, and Neisseria lactamica. The morphology of B. catarrhalis colonies is very characteristic, and when the diagnosis is suspected, testing for the ability to hydrolyze tributyrin may confirm it within hours. Ability to produce deoxyribonuclease is another property which differentiates B. catarrhalis from the Neisseria species. Otherwise, the combination of nitrate reduction and failure to produce acid from glucose, maltose, and sucrose establishes the diagnosis.