bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing reflective judgment through Socioscientific Issues
Authors: Zeidler Dana L. , Sadler Troy D. , Applebaum Scott , Callahan Brendan E.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this investigation was to explore possible relationships between Socioscientific Issues instruction and students' development of reflective judgment. The usefulness of the Reflective Judgment Model as a tool for assessing the value of SSI is established in the parallels that can be drawn between them. Both involve ill‐structured problems requiring evidence‐based reasoning subject to differing interpretations by students, and both require examination, analysis and the blending of scientific and normative evidence, as students use that evidence to support a reasoned position. Results demonstrated both qualitative evidence revealing more sophisticated and nuanced epistemological stances toward higher stages of reflective judgment, as well as statistically significant gains within treatment groups with a moderately large effect size. Theoretical implications for advancing students' epistemological beliefs about evidence‐based argumentation and pedagogical implications for rethinking how to connect science with topics that are fundamentally meaningful to students are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 74–101, 2009
Abscheidung superharter Kohlenstoffschichten mittels Laser‐Arco® auf dem Weg vom Labor in die industrielle Serienfertigung
Authors: Scheibe Hans‐Joachim , Leonhardt Michael , Leson Andreas , Meyer Carl‐Friedrich , Stucky Thomas , Weihnacht Volker
Published: December 2008

Diamantähnliche amorphe Kohlenstoffschichten (DLC) erreichen als Verschleißschutzschichten für Komponenten und Werkzeuge eine zunehmende Bedeutung. Sie beruht auf der unikalen Kombination von hoher Härte, niedriger Reibung und geringer Klebeneigung zu metallischen Gegenkörpern. Bisher eingesetzte DLC‐Schichten sind wasserstoffhaltige (a‐C:H) bzw. Metallkohlenstoffschichten (Me‐C:H), die in einem Plasma‐CVD‐Prozess durch Zersetzung von Kohlenwasserstoffen abgeschieden werden. Ihr breiter industrieller Einsatz wurde dadurch möglich, dass sie in geringfügig modifizierter Anlagentechnik für die Beschichtung mit klassischen Hartstoffschichten (z. B. TiN oder CrN) abgeschieden werden können.

Eine neue Generation von DLC‐Schichten stellen die wasserstofffreien ta‐C‐Schichten (ta‐C = tetraedrisch gebundener amorpher Kohlenstoff) dar, die eine um den Faktor 2–3 höhere Härte besitzen. Sie erreichen eine größere Verschleißbeständigkeit als klassische DLC‐Schichten insbesondere unter extremen Belastungsbedingungen. Bei Ausfall der Schmierung gewährleisten sie daher hervorragende Notlauf‐Eigenschaften. Trotz wachsendem Interesse für einen breiten industriellen Einsatz konnte diesem nicht entsprochen werden, da ihre Abscheidung mit der bisher verwendeten Anlagentechnik für klassische Hartstoff‐ bzw. DLC‐Schichten nicht möglich ist, und eine neue, industriell einsetzbare Technik nicht zur Verfügung stand. Die im Fraunhofer IWS Dresden entwickelte Technologie des laser‐gesteuerten Vakuumbogens (Laser‐Arco®) besitzt dieses Potenzial. In Form einer Laser‐Arc‐Modul‐Quelle kann die ta‐C‐Abscheidung in industriell eingesetzten Beschichtungsanlagen integriert werden.
Application of the background standard method for the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites by x‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Cherkashina T. Yu. , Khudonogova E. V. , Revenko A. G. , Letnikova E. F.
Published: December 2008

The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the application of the x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) technique to the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in phosphorites. The effect of a chemical sample composition on fluorescence intensities of analytical lines has been taken into account using the background standard method.

A novelty of the work is the detailed study of a background to choose the background position, free from the spectral line overlaps of the elements presented in the sample. The most suitable background position is the position at the angle 2θ = 29° when using the analyzing crystal LiF(200). During our investigation we faced a problem of choice of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for the calibration of the phosphorites. To estimate interelement effects and to choose CRMs for the calibration the intensities were theoretically calculated. The statistical processing of analytical results of the technique is carried out. This technique may be applied to the determination of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in the phosphorites. Also, the possibility has been demonstrated to use the XRF technique for geochemical investigations of rocks. Phosphorites of Bokson‐Khubsugul Basin were selected as an example. As a result of the investigation the genetic type of phosphorites was established, which corresponded to the present geodynamical depositional environment. The character of the distribution of Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb contents in the phosphorites was also studied. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fission yeast translation initiation factor 3 subunit eIF3h is not essential for global translation initiation, but deletion of eif3h+ affects spore formation
Authors: Ray Anirban , Bandyopadhyay Amitabha , Matsumoto Tomohiro , Deng Haiteng , Maitra Umadas
Published: December 2008

The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of the p40/eIF3h subunit of mammalian translation initiation factor eIF3 has been characterized in this study. We show that this protein physically associates with the 40S ribosomal particles as a constituent of the multimeric eIF3 protein complex, which consists of all five known eIF3 core subunits (eIF3a, eIF3b, eIF3c, eIF3g and eIF3i) as well as the five non‐core subunits (eIF3d, eIF3e, eIF3f, eIF3h and eIF3m) that constitute an eIF3 holocomplex in fission yeast. However, affinity purification of eIF3 from fission yeast cells expressing TAP‐tagged eIF3h suggests the presence of distinct forms of eIF3 that differ in their composition of the non‐core subunits. Further characterization of eIF3h shows that strains lacking eif3h+ (eif3hΔ) are viable and show no gross defects, either in vegetative growth or in the rate of in vivo protein synthesis. Polysome profile analysis shows no apparent defects in translation initiation. Furthermore, deletion of eif3h+ does not affect the ability of the other eIF3 subunits to remain associated with one another in a tight protein complex similar to the situation in wild‐type cells. Additionally, we show that human eIF3h can functionally substitute fission yeast eIF3h in complementing in vivo a genetic deletion of eif3h+. Interestingly, mutant eif3hΔ cells show several prominent phenotypic properties. They are hypersensitive to caffeine and highly defective in meiosis, producing either no spores or incomplete tetrads with a very high frequency. The implications of these results in relation to the functions of eIF3h in Sz. pombe are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A CSP model with flexible parallel termination semantics
Authors: Howells Paul , d’Inverno Mark
Published: December 2008

In the original
failure-divergence
semantic model for
Communicating Sequential Processes
(CSP), the incomplete treatment of successful process termination, and in particular parallel termination, permitted
unnatural
processes to be defined. In response to these problems, a number of different solutions have been proposed by various authors since the original failure-divergence model was developed by Hoare, Brookes and Roscoe. This paper presents an alternative solution to this problem, which is both closer to the original semantic model and provides greater flexibility over the type of parallel termination semantics available in CSP.
Laparoscopic Appendectomy for Complicated Appendicitis: A Comparison with Open Appendectomy
Authors: Katsuno Goutaro , Nagakari Kunihiko , Yoshikawa Seiichiro , Sugiyama Kazuyoshi , Fukunaga Masaki
Published: December 2008

Background

Although laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is widely performed in many countries, LA for complicated appendicitis, which includes perforated or gangrenous appendicitis with or without localized or disseminated peritonitis, has not become a common practice yet.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 230 patients who had undergone appendectomy for complicated appendicitis: 141 had undergone LA, 84 had conventional open appendectomy (OA), and 5 patients had conversion to the open procedure after laparoscopy. The LA group (total LA) was subdivided into “early experience (early LA: cases 1–56)” and “late experience (late LA: case 57 and higher).” We defined the early LA group as the comparison group to minimize selection bias.

Results

Patient demographics were similar in the early LA and OA groups (P > 0.05). Wound infection was significantly more frequent in the OA group (P < 0.05). Intra‐abdominal infection was equally common in these two groups. The overall rate of postoperative complications was significantly higher in the OA group (32.1%) than in the early LA group (18%; P < 0.05). This incidence was 12.8% in the total LA group. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the early LA group (10.6 ± 3.9 days; P < 0.05), and 8.9 ± 3.7 days in the total LA group.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that LA is safe and useful even for the treatment of complicated appendicitis if performed by an experienced surgeon.
Stem cell engineering for treatment of heart diseases: Potentials and challenges
Authors: Li Shengwen Calvin , Wang Lang , Jiang Hong , Acevedo Julyana , Chang Anthony Christopher , Loudon William Gunter
Published: December 2008

Heart disorders are a major health concern worldwide responsible for millions of deaths every year. Among the many disorders of the heart, myocardial infarction, which can lead to the development of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, or even death, has the most severe social and economic ramifications. Lack of sufficient available donor hearts for heart transplantation, the only currently viable treatment for heart failure other than medical management options (ACE inhibition, beta blockade, use of AICDs, etc.) that improve the survival of patients with heart failure emphasises the need for alternative therapies. One promising alternative replaces cardiac muscle damaged by myocardial infarction with new contractile cardiomyocytes and vessels obtained through stem cell‐based regeneration.

We report on the state of the art of recovery of cardiac functions by using stem cell engineering. Current research focuses on (a) inducing stem cells into becoming cardiac cells before or after injection into a host, (b) growing replacement heart tissue in vitro, and (c) stimulating the proliferation of the post‐mitotic cardiomyocytes in situ. The most promising treatment option for patients is the engineering of new heart tissue that can be implanted into damaged areas. Engineering of cardiac tissue currently employs the use of co‐culture of stem cells with scaffold microenvironments engineered to improve tissue survival and enhance differentiation. Growth of heart tissue in vitro using scaffolds, soluble collagen, and cell sheets has unique advantages. To compensate for the loss of ventricular mass and contractility of the injured cardiomyocytes, different stem cell populations have been extensively studied as potential sources of new cells to ameliorate the injured myocardium and eventually restore cardiac function. Unresolved issues including insufficient cell generation survival, growth, and differentiation have led to mixed results in preclinical and clinical studies. Addressing these limitations should ensure the successful production of replacement heart tissue to benefit cardiac patients.
Homeodomain transcription factor CDX1 is required for the transcriptional induction of PPARγ in intestinal cell differentiation
Authors: Park Min Jung , Kim Hye Young , Kim KyeongJin , Cheong JaeHun
Published: December 2008

MINT‐6800315: CEBPalpha (uniprotkb:P49715) physically interacts (MI:0218) with CDX1 (uniprotkb:P47902) by anti bait co‐immunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
BJN to publish more issues and more papers in 2009
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: December 2008

Workers in the Nutrition Society offices in London have recently uncovered an announcement from 1946 highlighting the launch of the British Journal of Nutrition.
A novel bacterial blight resistance gene fromOryza nivaramapped to 38 kb region on chromosome 4L and transferred toOryza sativaL.
Authors: CHEEMA KULJIT K. , GREWAL NAVJIT K. , VIKAL YOGESH , SHARMA RAJIV , LORE JAGJEET S. , DAS APARNA , BHATIA DHARMINDER , MAHAJAN RITU , GUPTA VIKAS , BHARAJ TAJINDER S. , SINGH KULDEEP
Published: December 2008

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused byXanthomonas oryzaepvoryzae(Xoo) is one of the major constraints to productivity in South-East Asia. The strategy of using major genes, singly or in combination, continues to be the most effective approach for BB management. Currently, more than two dozen genes have been designated but not all the known genes are effective against all the prevalent pathotypes. The challenge, therefore, is to continue to expand the gene pool of effective and potentially durable resistance genes. Wild species constitute an important reservoir of the resistance genes including BB. An accession ofOryza nivara(IRGC 81825) was found to be resistant to all the sevenXoopathotypes prevalent in northern states of India. Inheritance and mapping of resistance inO. nivarawas studied by using F2, BC2F2, BC3F1and BC3F2progenies of the cross involvingOryza sativacv PR114 and theO. nivaraacc. 81825 using the most virulentXoopathotype. Genetic analysis of the segregating progenies revealed that the BB resistance inO. nivarawas conditioned by a single dominant gene. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of F2population using 191 polymorphic SSR markers identified a ∼35 centiMorgans (cM) chromosomal region on 4L, bracketed by RM317 and RM562, to be associated with BB resistance. Screening of BC3F1and BC2F2progenies and their genotyping with more than 30 polymorphic SSR markers in the region, covering Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone OSJNBb0085C12, led to mapping of the resistance gene between the STS markers based on annotated genes LOC_Os04g53060 and LOC_Os04g53120, which is ∼38·4 kb. Since none of the knownXagenes, which are mapped on chromosome 4L, are effective against theXoopathotypes tested, the BB resistance gene identified and transferred fromO. nivarais novel and is tentatively designated asXa30(t). Homozygous resistant BC3F3progenies with smallest introgression region have been identified.
Genetic relationships between obesity and osteoporosis in LGXSM recombinant inbred mice
Authors: REICH MICHAEL S. , JARVIS JOSEPH P. , SILVA MATTHEW J. , CHEVERUD JAMES M.
Published: December 2008

Obesity and osteoporosis affect millions of Americans. While phenotypically, obesity is negatively correlated with fracture risk, research on a genetic basis for this relationship is lacking. We used males and females from 16 LGXSM recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains to investigate the genetically mediated relationship between obesity and osteoporosis-related traits. First, heritabilities were estimated for (1) bone morphology properties determined by microCT (femoral and radial diaphyseal bone cross-sectional area and moments of inertia, as well as proximal tibial trabecular bone volume, connectivity density, structure model index, trabecular number, trabecular thickness and trabecular separation), (2) mechanical properties determined by bending tests (femoral and radial rigidity, yield moment, ultimate moment, fracture displacement and post-yield displacement), and (3) effective material properties (femoral and radial modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength). All femoral (H2=43–74%) and tibial traits (H2=31–56%) were heritable; as were 8 of 10 radial traits (H2=21–33%). Eighteen significant genetic correlations were discovered between obesity- and osteoporosis-related phenotypes. Genetic correlations indicate that gene effects associated with increased fat mass and leptin levels are also associated with larger, stronger femora. Gene effects associated with larger, stronger radii and with denser tibiae were also associated with increased fat mass but not with leptin levels. Furthermore, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously reported for obesity and leptin levels also had effects on bone morphology, mechanical and material properties. Our results support the use of the LG/J-by-SM/J mouse intercross populations as models for normal, complex genetic variation in obesity, bone properties and their interrelationship.
A multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of X-linked and autosomal sites inDrosophila
Authors: VICOSO BEATRIZ , HADDRILL PENELOPE R. , CHARLESWORTH BRIAN
Published: December 2008

Population genetics models show that, under certain conditions, the X chromosome is expected to be under more efficient selection than the autosomes. This could lead to ‘faster-X evolution’, if a large proportion of mutations are fixed by positive selection, as suggested by recent studies inDrosophila. We used a multispecies approach to test this: Muller's element D, an autosomal arm, is fused to the ancestral X chromosome inDrosophila pseudoobscuraand its sister species,Drosophila affinis. We tested whether the same set of genes had higher rates of non-synonymous evolution when they were X-linked (in theD. pseudoobscura/D. affiniscomparison) than when they were autosomal (inDrosophila melanogaster/Drosophila yakuba). Although not significant, our results suggest this may be the case, but only for genes under particularly strong positive selection/weak purifying selection. They also suggest that genes that have become X-linked have higher levels of codon bias and slower synonymous site evolution, consistent with more effective selection on codon usage at X-linked sites.
How peculiar is evaluative morphology?
Authors: Stump Gregory T.
Published: December 2008

Many languages possess morphological rules which serve to express diminution or augmentation, endearment or contempt; examples are the Breton rule relatingpotr‘boy’ topotrig‘little boy’, the Shona rule relatingchibikiso‘cooking tool’ tozichibikiso‘huge cooking tool’ and the Italian rule relatingpoeta‘poet’ topoetastro‘bad poet’. Because of the possibility of interpreting diminution and augmentation in affective rather than purely objective terms (Wierzbicka, 1980: 53ff.; Szymanek, 1988: 106ff.), morphological expressions of diminution or augmentation are not always discrete from those of endearment or contempt; that is, diminutives and augmentatives are frequently used as expressions of endearment (such as Italiansorella‘sister’ →sorellina‘dear little sister’,donna‘woman’ →donnotta‘fine, stout woman’) or disdain (Italianuomo‘man’ →uomicciuolo‘contemptible little man’,donna→donnona‘overgrown girl’).
The Dutch foot and the chanted call
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos
Published: December 2008

Algorithms for the assignment of main word stress in Dutch have never been systematically tested against foot-based segmental processes. The assumption has apparently been that such processes do not exist. In this article, it is suggested that Dutch has at least four segmental rules that make reference to the foot, and that Dutch has a chanted intonation contour whose realization is governed by foot structure. The evidence provided by all these processes largely confirms the more recent proposals for Dutch foot structure, including Kager (1989) and Trommelen & Zonneveld (1989), except where they fail to conform to (1).
Syntactic weight vs information structure and word order variation in Polish
Authors: Siewierska Anna
Published: December 2008

This article presents an analysis of Polish transitive clause order from the perspective of two competing word order principles, namely the form-driven principle of syntactic weight proposed by Hawkins and the pragmatically based Topic > Comment principle.
Paratactic and subordinative So
Authors: Hoeksema Jacob , Napoli Donna Jo
Published: December 2008

The contrast between subordination and co-ordination, from both a syntactic viewpoint and a semantic viewpoint, is assumed by most formal theories of grammar today, so much so that generally only avowed a-formalists or anti-formalists seriously entertain the possibility that any other type of relationship may exist between clauses. Yet paratactic constructions persist in nagging us, undermining precisely that contrast, sometimes competing with co-ordination, sometimes with subordination, for the same semantic niche in language. In this article we focus on one such case in English, that of complex sentences containing the degree-adverbs so or such in which one clause serves to indicate an extent to which the predicate modified by so/such holds and the other clause expresses a result. As we argue below, there are two types of complex sentences with this general characterization, one of which is of the paratactic kind and is exemplified in (I):

(I) I fainted, the sun was so hot.
Adjectives in Modern Greek: an instance of predication, or an old issue revisited
Authors: Stavrou Melita
Published: December 2008

In the present article the problem of the position of the adjectives in the noun phrase in Modern Greek is addressed. Rather than starting from their alleged ‘asymmetrical’ distribution, according to which postnominal adjectives are only allowed in indefinite DPs, I concentrate on the possible interpretations that the adjective can have relative to the noun. The differences between prenominal and apparently postnominal adjectives in indefinite DPs suggest a predicative reading of the latter. This semantic account motivates a corresponding syntactic one, according to which the noun moving upwards to a head DEF, formally distinct from D, enters a predicative relationship with the AP generated uniquely prenominally. Such a movement is precluded in definite DPs, because the DEF position is occupied by the definite article. In this way, a number of differences observed between definite and indefinite NPs, as far as ‘postnominal’ adjectives are concerned, are seen as consequences of their predicative nature and the way this interacts with the definiteness/indefiniteness of what serves as their subject.
Phonological versus morphological rules: on German Umlaut and Ablaut
Authors: Wiese Richard
Published: December 2008

This paper addresses the relationship between phonology and morphology, using the vowel alternations of Standard German Umlaut and Ablaut as relevant examples. Umlaut is analysed as a completely unified process of vowel fronting which can be found in a wide variety of morphologically derived environments. A number of non-linear phonological analyses of Umlaut, involving a floating feature, are presented and compared. While Umlaut is interpreted, in current analyses, as a morphological rule, the present paper argues for its status as a lexical phonological rule.

Ablaut, on the other hand, is, synchronically, a totally unpredictable vowel change found mostly in the paradigms of so-called strong verbs. On the grounds of its internal and external behaviour, it is argued that this phenomenon must receive a completely different description by means of additional specifications for lexical entries.
Specification and English tenses
Authors: Crystal David
Published: December 2008

The adverbials, as far as I am aware, have never been systematically considered in relation to English verbal description and definition, most traditional text-books resolving the relationship in terms of a vaguely-defined notional ‘modification’. Scholars have of course noted the existence of regular formal co-occurrences between temporal adverbials and tense-forms, but this has been only for the most obvious cases, and there has been no general, empirical study of all the mutual restrictions and formally definable correlations in English. For example, Jespersen (1933) introduces adverbials into some sections of his description of English tenses (e.g. 23.43) but omits them from others (e.g. 23.41 or 23.54) where one could suggest a comparable relevance, and in many sections (e.g. 23.63–23.67) gives only a partial picture of the total number of possible relationships. Again, Ward (1954:44) notes the frequency of adverbials with ‘past ordinary’ tenses, but gives only a few examples, and then lists ‘exceptions’ with no apparent order. Adverbials with other tense-forms are given little mention, and are in any case given a different orientation, which makes it difficult to compare the sets of information. This approach seems typical of that found in most teaching handbooks on the subject: one could instance Zandvoort (1957: 58–63), who gives adverbials only incidental mention in his description of present, past and perfect tenses, despite the fact that the majority of his examples involve their obligatory use. However, Ota (1963) has studied in more detail correlations between verb forms and certain adverbs of particular semantic classes in English; and Osman (1964: 28–106) has recently given adverb-tense relationship a great deal of prominence in his exposition of English tenses; but the scope of his handbook does not allow a sufficiently detailed treatment to show the full range and complexity of the situation. (Cf. also Hornby, 1954: Part 2.)
Some notes on ‘deep’ grammar
Authors: Halliday M. A. K.
Published: December 2008

In the representation of syntagmatic relations in language, we may distinguish between a linear sequence of classes, such as ‘adjective followed by noun’, and a non-linear configuration of functions, such as ‘modifier-head relation’ or simply ‘modification’. Both of these have been referred to as ‘structure’, although this term has also been extended to cover paradigmatic as well as syntagmatic relations. For Hjelmslev, for whom ‘structure’ was not a technical term (see e.g. 1961: 74 (=1943: 67)), ‘the structural approach to language … [is] conceived as a purely relational approach to the language pattern’ (1948: quoted in Firth, 1951: 220); among others who have emphasized the relational aspect of such studies are Firth (1957: 17 ff., 1951: 227–8; cf. Robins, 1953; Palmer, 1964a), Tesnière (cf. Robins, 1961: 81 ff.) and Pike(cf. Longacre, 1964: 16). Chomsky's (1964: 32) distinction, using Hockett's terms, between ‘surface structure’ and ‘deep structure’, ‘structure’ here going beyond syntagmatic relations, is extremely valuable and widely accepted: the surface structure of a sentence is defined as ‘a proper bracketing of the linear, temporally given sequence of elements, with the paired brackets labelled by category names’, while the deep structure, which is ‘in general not identical with its surface structure’, is ‘a much more abstract representation of grammatical relations and syntactic organization’.
Notes on transitivity and theme in English Part 3
Authors: Halliday M. A. K.
Published: December 2008

Previous parts of this paper have been concerned with two areas in the syntax of the English clause: Part 1 with transitivity, Part 2 with theme. Transitivity is defined as relating to the experiential component of meaning (or ‘cognitive’, though this term is not really appropriate since all components involve a cognitive stratum); the discussion has been confined to the expression of processes and the participants therein – syntactically, those functions having in general verbal and nominal realizations – although a full treatment of the experiential component in the syntax of the clause would take account of other features, the expression of time and place and other adjuncts to and conditions on the process. Theme is related to the discoursal, or informational, component; under this heading are brought together the principal options whereby the speaker introduces structure into the discourse and (in the ideal case) ensures ‘comprehension’ – the recognition of the text as a text, and its interpretation along predicted lines.
Three models for the description of poetry
Authors: Hendricks William O.
Published: December 2008

With the increasing concern for explicit, precise and complete grammatical descriptions of languages (primarily under the impetus of Chomsky), the relation between poetry and grammar has come to command particular attention since sentences occurring in poetry often fail to be accounted for by the grammar of the language. That is, poetic sentences may simultaneously manifest more constraints and less constraints on combinatorial possibilities than exist in non-poetic language. Some linguists, not content merely to list such sentences as exceptions to the grammatical rules, have suggested ways of ‘expanding’ the grammar to account for such sentences. One well-known effort is Levin's (1964) attempt to ‘fix’ a generative grammar of English so it will generate such deviant sentences as, for example, Cummings's He danced his did. Another approach, though not specifically applied to poetic texts, is represented by Harris's (1952) discourse analysis. Here many vexing problems are avoided in that the aim is to construct a ‘grammar’ of a single text by setting up categories, empirically defined in terms of morphological environments, that apply only to the given text.
Mutation rules and ordering in phonology
Authors: Fudge E. C.
Published: December 2008

The following thoughts were stimulated primarily as a result of correspondence with Joseph L. Malone of Columbia University, and partly by reading Noam Chomsky's recent paper in Language (Chomsky, 1967).
The Latin accent: a restatement
Authors: Allen W. Sidney
Published: December 2008

The traditional account of the position of the Latin accent is well known, both from ancient sources (e.g. Quintilian i.5.30) and from modern text-books – e.g. Kent (1932: § 66): ‘Latin developed an accent depending upon the quantity of the penultimate syllable, as follows: A long penult was accented, as in pepérci, inimtcus; but if the penult was short, the antepenult received the accent, as in extstimō, cōnfíciunt, ténebrae. Disyllables were necessarily accented on the penult, as in tégō, tóga.’
Tag-questions and tag-imperatives in English
Authors: Arbini Ronald
Published: December 2008

Recent work on elliptical forms of the English imperative has drawn quite heavily upon the apparent parallel between tag formation in imperatives and tag formation in interrogatives. Thus, it has been argued that the auxiliary in imperatives must be will because in all interrogative tag formations the auxiliary element in the appended tag is the same as the one occurring in the initial segment (Klima, 1964: 254; Postal, 1966; Katz & Postal, 1964). The invited comparison is between tag-interrogatives like
(1) John did it, didn't he?
(2) They can do it, can't they?
(3) He can't do that to us, can he?
(4) You will try harder, won't you?
and putative imperatives like
(5) Do it now, will you!
(6) Bring me a slab, won't you!
(7) Bring me a slab, will you!
(8) You will try harder, won't you!
Consideration of such examples makes it fairly evident that, in the cases of the elliptical constructions (5)–(7) aux Will has been deleted from the initial segment and hence occurred in the deep structures serving as the sources for these constructions. Moreover, such parallels provide good motivation for the conjecture that ALL imperatives eventually derive from underlying sources whose phrasemarkers contain the element will (Postal, 1966: 162; Katz & Postal, 1964: 75). It is my purpose here to attempt an analysis of the putative parallel between tag-imperatives and tag-questions in order to determine the extent to which it supports such conjectures about the specific nature of structures underlying English imperatives.
Comparative structures in English
Authors: Campbell R. N. , Wales R. J.
Published: December 2008

Linguistics, epistemology and psychology share many common interests; for instance, an interest in the learning of language, in the nature of the fundamental units of which linguistic systems are composed, in the correspondence between language operations, logical operations and intellectual operations. The phenomenon of COMPARISON falls under the latter rubric, as do, for instance, NEGATION, ASSERTION and PREDICATION. In the literature of these three disciplines we find ample evidence of an interest in the latter three phenomena, but there has been surprisingly little discussion of comparison. We say, ‘surprisingly’, since of these four operations comparison might well be held to be the most important. In any kind of classification the fundamental intellectual activity is the comparing of one object, event, etc. with another or with others. Further, to adopt the terminology of psychology, our behaviour in any situation must be governed to some extent by the recognition, whether implicit or explicit, of similarities and differences between that situation and others with which we have had to deal.
‘Already’ and ‘yet’: a suppletive set of aspect-markers?
Authors: Traugott Elizabeth Closs , Waterhouse John
Published: December 2008

The present study arose out of an investigation of whether already and yet as in He has left already, *He has left yet, IHe hasn't left already, He hasn't left yet formed a suppletion set that matches some →any, sometimes → ever, etc. as in They want some love, *They want any love, ?They don't want some love, They don't want any love (for discussion of some, sometimes, too, etc. cf. Klima, 1964; Fillmore, 1967; UCLA, 1967: Negation). Various observations about the restriction of already and yet to certain tenses and aspects, and about their failure to match with many adverbs of time, led to an investigation of whether already and yet were really adverbs of time, as is usually assumed. The conclusions we reached are that already and yet indeed form a suppletion set (with certain limitations not shared by other suppletives), but that they cannot usefully be treated as time adverbs. Rather, they seem to have close connexions with perfect aspect. The arguments presented here in support of this hypothesis are by no means exhaustive but will hopefully provide a suggestive contribution toward the study of both adverbs and aspects.
Case, category, and configuration
Authors: Robinson Jane J.
Published: December 2008

Representation of syntactic relations by dependency trees with nodes labelled by categories of lexical morphemes and with branches effectively labelled by relational morphemes reveals the relationships of elements to which selectional restrictions apply more directly than do current phrase structure characterizations and avoids certain defects of a configurational definition of relationships. The relations are those of CASE as defined by Fillmore and more generally those of HEAD-OF and COMPLEMENT-OF. Adoption of the view that SUBJECT-OF is a surface rather than a deep structure relation eliminates the need to distinguish strict subcategorization rules from selectional rules.
Colour and colour terminology
Authors: McNeill N. B.
Published: December 2008

The continuous gradation of colour which exists in nature is represented in language by a series of discrete categories. Athough there is no such thing as a natural division of the spectrum, every language has colour words by which its speakers categorize and structure the colour continuum. The number of colour words and the manner in which different languages classify the colour continuum differ. Bassa, a language of Liberia, has only two terms for classifying colours; hui and ziza (Gleason, 1955: 5). Hui corresponds roughly to the cool end of the spectrum (black, violet, blue, and green) and ziza corresponds to the warm end of the spectrum (white, yellow, orange and red); in Bambara, one of the languages of the Congo area, there are three fundamental colour words: dyema, blema and fima (Zahan, 1951: 52). Dyema includes white, beige, and natural (cotton) colour; blema denotes reddish, brownish shades; and finally fima includes dark green, indigo and black. Maerz and Paul (1930) list over 3000 colour names in English, but generally it is considered to have eight basic names: black, white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.
Instead of and rather than clauses in English
Authors: Thompson Sandra Annear
Published: December 2008

1. Adverbial subordinate clauses introduced by instead of and rather than exhibit certain unique syntactic and semantic properties. I will propose an account of the interaction between the structure and the meaning of sentences containing these two clause types, and suggest some explanations for the rather clear-cut variation which exists among speakers with respect to these sentences.
Reciprocal rules in Catalan phonology
Authors: Brasington R. W. P.
Published: December 2008

The convention discussed in the following pages made its debut, as will be apparent, in the course of work on Catalan morphology and phonology. It is clear, however, that the TYPE of data discussed is by no means restricted to this language, and the problem arising in its interpretation is a general one.
Ambient it is meaningful too
Authors: Bolinger Dwight
Published: December 2008

In one of the many insightful passages in his Meaning and the structure of language (Chafe, 1970), Wallace Chafe characterizes sentences like It's hot, It's late, and It's Tuesday as referring to ‘all-encompassing states’. ‘They cover,’ he says, ‘the total environment, not just some object within it’ (101). His treatment, in common with most others – but in his case partly because of the centrality of the verb in his System – denies any value to it: ‘it need not reflect anything at all in the semantic structure’. I believe that the notion of ambience is correct, though that of totality must be qualified; but I think that not only is it more than an empty surface element: it has as its referent precisely the ‘environment’ that is central to the whole idea. There is a hint of this notion in a recent observation by Arthur Schwartz (1972: 70–71) concerning it seems: ‘the surface it is not really a pronominal substitute for the proposition, but closer to the impersonal situational it of It is cold today or It is crowded in here’.
Perfect and other aspects in a case grammar of English
Authors: Dillon George L.
Published: December 2008

In the case grammars of English proposed by Charles J. Fillmore and John Anderson perfect aspect is scarcely mentioned. Fillmore explicitly relegates it to a ‘modality’ component separate from the core ‘proposition’. Progressive (be ing) has not fared so badly – non-occurrence with (be ing) is frequently used as a defining test of a [+state] feature in a clause – and the readings assigned it are fairly constant and independent of the features of clauses in which it occurs. A model which treats progressive as ‘added on’ to any [–state] clause does not seem to miss any obvious generalizations or leave unaccounted-for any major divergences in semantic interpretation. With (have en), however, readings vary considerably depending on the character of the clause and the task of paraphrasing the ‘meaning’ (have en) ‘adds to’ a clause has frustrated many a grammarian of English, especially those who try to link ‘completion’ to it. In what follows, I will argue that we do need a [completive] semantic feature, but that it should be introduced into Anderson's subcategorization rules (1971: 211) and is only peripherally related to the readings assigned (have en). Adding an ‘aspectual’ feature to the subcategorization rules is not without warrant, since such features as [state] and [direction location] can be said to be aspectual, at least in the broadest sense of the term (‘having to do with “the temporal distribution or contour” of the action’ - Hockett's definition cited in Lyons, 1968: 315). Clearly relevant to the expression of aspect in this broad sense are manner and degree (or extent) adverbials, especially what I will call ‘aspect-manner’ adverbials: slowly, evenly. The relation of some manner adverbials (‘agent-manner’) and agency has been recognized and somewhat belaboured, though the parallel relation of degree adverbials and ‘completion’ has not. Again, these forms, like (have en), have been regarded as peripheral to the basic core of features, though some dependency relation between ‘agent-manner’ and agent has been suggested.
Direct and indirect speech in Mambila
Authors: Perrin Mona
Published: December 2008

The categories of DIRECT SPEECH and INDIRECT SPEECH may be distinguished by differing policies of pronoun reference. Direct speech takes its pronoun orientation from the clause in which it is immediately embedded: for example, in the following sentence: (I) John Said to Peter, ‘I Can see you’, the first person pronoun I refers to the participant who is identified as speaker in the preceding clause (John said to peter) and the seconf person you refers to the participant identified as addressee. Of the two clauses involved, the second or embedded clause (‘I can see you’) May conveniently be referred to as the quotation content. The first or main clause may be referred to as the Reporting Clause; this correspondes ti the use of the term Margin in recent studies from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Lowe, 1969; Pike, 1966; Pike & Lowe, 1969) from which the inspiration for this paper has been taken. Any third person reference in the quotation content in direct speech must refer to a participant who is neither speaker nor addressee in the reporting clause.
Semantics and syntax of the to possessive in English
Authors: Chapman Robert L.
Published: December 2008

The to possessive may be defined as that phrasal possessive construction using to which interchanges with either an inflected possessive or an of possessive or both, and with a sentence using a form of the verb have. For example:

(1) father to the bride (to possessive, henceforth to-Poss)

(2) bride's father (inflected possessive, henceforth gen-Poss)

(3) father of the bride (of possessive, henceforth of-Poss)

(4) the bride has this father.
Deletion and proform reduction
Authors: Allerton D. J.
Published: December 2008

The law of least effort is of course constantly at play in language use. Redundant linguistic items are consistently reduced in size, replaced with a proform or simply left out. These phenomena are dealt with within the framework of a transformational-generative grammar through transformations involving reduction and deletion. In other grammars they may be handled differently; for example the ‘reduced’ sentences may be regarded as full sentences that may optionally be ‘completed’. But I am not concerned here to give a precise specification of the rules involved, but only to raise the more fundamental questions: what is the nature of the processes involved? And, under what conditions do they operate? In this discussion I shall use the term DELETION throughout although a more neutral term like OMISSION, or even NON-INCLUSION, might be preferred.
Discontinuous noun phrases in existential sentences in English and German
Authors: Kirkwood H. W.
Published: December 2008

In Kirkwood (1970) I noted that in the passivization of a sentence such as: (i) They issued a report on recent developments. i.e. (2) A report was issued on recent developments. a prepositional phrase on recent developments, which appears in some way to be attached to the subject noun phrase a report, may be detached from it in surface structure and placed after the verb. A similar phenomenon was observed in equivalent German sentences. Compare:
The imperative and pragmatics
Authors: Downes William
Published: December 2008

This article is a tentative exploration of the following question. In an account of the imperative construction in English, what should be accounted for in the syntax or semantics and what in the pragmatics?1 In the literature, we find descriptions of an imperative construction with certain specific syntactic properties. For example, there is a subjectless form and also a form with a second person pronominal subject and corresponding to both there are second person pro- nominal forms in reflexive and tag counterparts. Abstract underlying structures, in this case a you subject, which subsequently may be deleted by IMPERATIVE or EQUI, are postulated to explain these properties (Postal, 1964; Katz & Postal, 1964: 75; McCawley, 1968). My question is: if we postulate a general pragmatic theory, that is, a theory of the use of utterances in context (separate from but related to theories about the syntactic or semantic properties of sentences), how many of the properties of the imperative can be explained in such terms instead of in the syntax or semantics? My conclusion is that the proposed abstract structures are syntactically and semantically unmotivated and unnecessary for pragmatic interpretation. Each property that the abstract elements explain is better explained either as a non-arbitrary property of main clause infinitives when they are used to utter commands (non-arbitrary in that the facts could not be otherwise), or inherent properties of main clause infinitives in all their uses. In the former case at least, they are facts about men in situations, not about syntax. Thus, syntax and semantics require only a single level of representation and there is no imperative transformation.
A second look at the to-Poss in English
Authors: Millward Celia M.
Published: December 2008

Robert Chapman's article on the to-Poss in English (Chapman, 1975) brings out some interesting points about constructions with the preposition to. Chapman concludes by suggesting the need for more data. As I shall try to demonstrate, more data reveal that the uses of to-Poss are more pervasive in English than his article implies.

Chapman restricts to-Poss to three categories: (a) kinship and other personal relations; (b) parts or qualities — both (a) and (b) are elements of what has long been singled out as ‘inalienable possession’ — and (c) serving adjuncts (64).

These categories seem to be simultaneously too limited and too general; all instances of the so-called to-Poss can apparently be included under one category, but a category with very special properties.
The pragmatics of lexical specificity
Authors: Cruse D. A.
Published: December 2008

Mainstream linguists have now begun to take an interest in the way the formal resources of language are put to use by people in communicative situations. A powerful impulse for this awakening interest came from Grice's paper ‘The logic of conversation’; (1975). Grice's work has begun to he examined, criticized, and developed (see, for example, Wilson, 1975; Kempson, 5975), and prospects are now emerging of a much more satisfying and comprehensive picture of language at work in a communicative setting. The present paper is intended as a contribution to this developing field.
Agentive causatives in Romance: accessibility versus passivation
Authors: Radford Andrew
Published: December 2008

Modern Romance - with the exception of Rumanian - has a class of causative+ infinitive constructions in which the infinitive subject surfaces as an agentive, as in (1) below, where the agentive phrase is italicized:
(1) (a) Il s'est fait haïr par toils. (French) He himself is made hate by all.
(b) Si fece odiare da tutti. (Italian) Himself he-made hate by all.
(c) Se hizo odiar por todos. (Spanish) Himself he-made hate by all.
(d) Fez-se odiar Por todos. (Portuguese) He-made+ himself hate by all.
‘He made himself hated by everyone.’
A note on evaluative nouns and relativization
Authors: Declerck Renaat
Published: December 2008

1. One of the most influential articles on noun phrases that have been published in the field of transformational grammar is no doubt Emmon Bach's celebrated paper ‘Nouns and noun phrases’, which he published in 1968. According to Bach there is both syntactic and semantic evidence that typically predicative nouns such as idiot, dope, angel, etc. are introduced into English noun phrases by way of underlying relative clauses.