bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value of non‐clinical cardiac repolarization assays in supporting the discovery and development of safer medicines
Authors: Valentin Jean‐Pierre , Pollard Chris , Lainée Pierre , Hammond Tim
Published: January 2010

Non‐clinical QT‐related assays aligned to the pharmaceutical drug discovery and development phases are used in several ways. During the early discovery phases, assays are used for hazard identification and wherever possible for hazard elimination. The data generated enable us to: (i) establish structure–activity relationships and thereby; (ii) influence the medicinal chemistry design and provide tools for effective decision making; and provide structure–activity data for in silico predictive databases; (iii) solve problems earlier; (iv) provide reassurance for compound or project to progress; and (v) refine strategies as scientific and technical knowledge grows. For compounds progressing into pre‐clinical development, the ‘core battery’ QT‐related data enable an integrated risk assessment to: (i) fulfil regulatory requirements; (ii) assess the safety and risk–benefit for compound progression to man; (iii) contribute to defining the starting dose during the phase I clinical trials; (iv) influence the design of the phase I clinical trials; (v) identify clinically relevant safety biomarkers; and (vi) contribute to the patient risk management plan. Once a compound progresses into clinical development, QT‐related data can be applied in the context of risk management and risk mitigation. The data from ‘follow‐up’ studies can be used to: (i) support regulatory approval; (ii) investigate discrepancies that may have emerged within and/or between non‐clinical and clinical data; (iii) understand the mechanism of an undesirable pharmacodynamic effect; (iv) provide reassurance for progression into multiple dosing in humans and/or large‐scale clinical trials; and (v) assess drug–drug interactions. Based on emerging data, the integrated risk assessment is then reviewed in this article, and the benefit–risk for compound progression was re‐assessed. Project examples are provided to illustrate the impact of non‐clinical data to support compound progression throughout the drug discovery and development phases, and regulatory approval.

This article is part of a themed section on QT safety. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2010
A New Approach to the Investigation of Sexual Offenses—Cytoskeleton Analysis Reveals the Origin of Cells Found on Forensic Swabs*
Authors: Schulz Martin M. , Buschner Maximilian G.D. , Leidig Richard , Wehner Heinz‐D. , Fritz Peter , Häbig Karina , Bonin Michael , Schütz Monika , Shiozawa Thomas , Wehner Frank
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  There are forensic inquiries in which an identification of epithelial cell types would provide important probative evidence. In cancer diagnosis, this information is yielded by histological examination of cytokeratin (Ck). Therefore, we tested 19 antibodies against different Cks (Ck1, Ck2e, Ck4, Ck5‐6, Ck7, Ck8, Ck9, CK10, Ck13, Ck14, Ck15, Ck16, Ck17, Ck18, Ck19, Ck20, Ck903, PanCkAE1_3, and CAM5‐2) on histological sections of epidermis, buccal mucosa, vaginal mucosa, penis, urogenital tract, and rectum and could identify two antigens unique to buccal‐cell and vaginal‐cell (Ck4) and skin epithelial‐cell (Ck10) cytokeratin. Subsequently, we developed an immunocytological technique for distinguishing swabbed skin and mucosal cells up to at least 1 year after sampling. By the detection of the Ck4 and Ck10 mRNAs in biopsy and laser capture microdissection collected samples via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we were able to confirm our immunological findings. Hence, this study offers techniques to discriminate between skin and mucosal cells (buccal and vaginal) in forensic casework.
A Policy for the Retention and Extended Examination of Organs at Autopsy*
Authors: Krinsky Clarissa S. , Lathrop Sarah L. , Reichard Robert Ross
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Recent organ retention scandals and law suits have created a focus on the practice of saving postmortem tissues for extended examination or research purposes. The New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI) established a policy to notify families about organ retention and the subsequent disposition of the tissue. The OMI examined the success of this policy in regards to the retention of brains for extended examination by analyzing data abstracted from verbal consent forms from 2003 to 2006. During this time, 715 cases were identified as needing an extended examination of the brain. The percentages of brains saved in any given year, as a percent of the total number of autopsies performed that year, were: 2003 6.5%, 2004 10.4%, and 2005 11.8%. The disposition was cremation in 79% of cases, release with the body after a determined period of time in 14%, and cut fresh in 4%. In conclusion, the instigation of a policy on the verbal notification of the next of kin when organs are retained can be successfully implemented.
Martyrs’ Last Letters: Are They the Same as Suicide Notes?
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A. , Park B. C. Ben , Collins Peter I. , Wenckstern Susanne , Leenaars Lindsey
Published: January 2010

Abstract: Of the 800,000 suicides worldwide every year, a small number fall under Emile Durkheim’s term of altruistic suicides. Study on martyrdom has been limited. There has to date, for example, been no systematic empirical study of martyr letters. We examined 33 letters of Korean self‐immolators, compared with 33 suicide notes of a matched sample of more common suicides. An analysis of intrapsychic factors (suicide as unbearable pain, psychopathology) and interpersonal factors (suicide as murderous impulses and need to escape) revealed that, although one can use the same psychological characteristics or dynamics to understand the deaths, the state of mind of martyrs is more extreme, such that the pain is reported to be even more unbearable. Yet, there are differences, such as there was no ambivalence in the altruistic notes. It is concluded that intrapsychic and interpersonal characteristics are central in understanding martyrs, probably equal to community or societal factors. More forensic study is, however, warranted.
Formaldehyde‐releasers in cosmetics: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy
Authors: De Groot Anton , White Ian R. , Flyvholm Mari‐Ann , Lensen Gerda , Coenraads Pieter‐Jan
Published: January 2010

This is the second part of an article on formaldehyde‐releasers in cosmetics. The patch test relationship between the releasers in cosmetics to formaldehyde contact allergy is reviewed and it is assessed whether products preserved with formaldehyde‐releasers may contain enough free formaldehyde to pose a threat to individuals with contact allergy to formaldehyde. There is a clear relationship between positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde‐releasers and formaldehyde contact allergy: 15% of all reactions to 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and 40–60% of the reactions to the other releasers are caused by a reaction to the formaldehyde in the test material. There is only fragmented data on the amount of free formaldehyde in cosmetics preserved with formaldehyde donors. However, all releasers (with the exception of 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol, for which adequate data are lacking) can, in the right circumstances of concentration and product composition, release >200 p.p.m. formaldehyde, which may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Whether this is actually the case in any particular product cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling. Therefore, we recommend advising patients allergic to formaldehyde to avoid leave‐on cosmetics preserved with quaternium‐15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, or imidazolidinyl urea, acknowledging that many would tolerate some products.
Contact and photocontact sensitization in chronic actinic dermatitis: a changing picture
Authors: Chew Ai‐Lean , Bashir Saqib J , Hawk John LM , Palmer Roy , White Ian R , McFadden John P
Published: January 2010

Background: Patients with chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) frequently have positive patch or photopatch tests. In our previous study (period 1987–1992), the most prominent contact allergen was the sesquiterpene lactone mix (36% of patients with CAD).

Objective: To assess whether contact allergy profiles in CAD patients between 2000 and 2005 have changed in respect to our previous data (1987–1992).

Patients and Methods: Fifty CAD patient records from 2000 to 2005 for patch and photopatch testing were retrospectively analysed and data were compared with that from 86 patients seen between 1987 and 1992.

Results: Thirty‐two (64%) and 64 (74%) patients had positive patch or photopatch tests in 2000–2005 and 1987–1992, respectively. The allergen profile has altered. A decline in sesquiterpene lactone mix positive reactions was noted: 29 (36%) patients were positive in 1987–1992 and 10 (20%) patients in 2000–2005, but this was not significant (P = 0.08). Reactions to non‐fragrance consumer allergens (i.e. p‐phenylenediamine and preservatives) had risen from 7 reactions (1987–1992) to 21 reactions in 13 individuals (2000–2005) (P < 0.001). Of these allergens, p‐phenylenediamine was the most common (12%; P = 0.004).

Conclusions: A significant rise in positive patch tests to non‐fragrance consumer allergens, particularly p‐phenylenediamine, was seen in CAD patients in 2000–2005. We speculate this alteration of allergen profile may be partly due to changes in exposure patterns.
Epicutaneous patch testing in drug hypersensitivity syndrome (DRESS)
Authors: Santiago Felicidade , Gonçalo Margarida , Vieira Ricardo , Coelho Sónia , Figueiredo Américo
Published: January 2010

Background: In some patterns of cutaneous adverse drug reactions, and depending on the culprit drug, patch testing has been helpful in confirming its cause. Its value in Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has not been established in a large cohort of patients.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety and usefulness of patch testing in DRESS.

Patients/Methods: Between January 1998 and December 2008, we studied 56 patients with DRESS induced by antiepileptic agents in 33 patients (59%), allopurinol in 19 (34%) and sulfasalazine, cotrimoxazole, tenoxicam, and amoxicillin in 1 patient each (7%).

Results: A positive patch test reaction was observed in 18 patients (32.1%), of which 17 were with antiepileptics and 1 with tenoxicam. In the antiepileptic group, carbamazepine alone was responsible for 13 of 17 positive reactions (76.5%). Patch tests with allopurinol and its metabolite were negative in all cases attributed to this drug.

Conclusions: In this study, patch testing was a safe and useful method in confirming the culprit drug in DRESS induced by antiepileptic drugs, whereas it had no value in DRESS induced by allopurinol. The pathogenesis of DRESS is not yet entirely clarified, but positive patch tests suggest a drug‐dependent delayed hypersensitivity mechanism.
Traumatic dental injuries in primary dentition: epidemiological study among preschool children in South Brazil
Authors: Wendt Flávia Prietsch , Torriani Dione Dias , Assunção Maria Cecília Formoso , Romano Ana Regina , Bonow Maria Laura Menezes , Da Costa Catiara Terra , Goettems Marília Leão , Hallal Pedro Curi
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To estimate the prevalence of traumatic injury in primary dentition among children aged 12–71 months old, as well as to evaluate the distribution of traumatic injuries, type of trauma and associated factors.

Material and methods:  After the research project approval by the Ethics Research Committee, a cross‐sectional study was carried out including 571 preschool children – both from public and private schools – in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Data were collected by means of anterior teeth examination, and by the administration of a structured questionnaire to parents. The classification proposed by Andreasen & Andreasen was used, and crown discoloration and fistula were added to this criterion.

Results and conclusions:  The prevalence of dental trauma was 36.6% (95% CI 32.7–40.5), with no significant differences between boys and girls. Trauma were more frequent among older children (P = 0.001). No associations were found for maternal schooling, income and type of school. The most frequent trauma was enamel fracture, and the most affected tooth was number 61. A significant statistical association was observed between the presence of dental trauma during clinical examination and parental report of trauma occurrence. The percentage of parents who looked for dental treatment was higher among children from private schools (P = 0.001). The most frequent place of occurrence was home, and the most frequently reported etiology was child’s own‐height fall.

Conclusions:  Dental trauma in primary teeth is characterized as an accident that occurs due to the children’s development stage, even when they are cared for by mothers of higher schooling and income. Parents should search for assistance right after trauma occurrence to minimize sequelae.
Relationship of social cognitive theory concepts to mothers' dietary intake and BMI
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Abbot Jaclyn Maurer , Cussler Ellen
Published: January 2010

Women tend to have the greatest responsibility for and influence on the home food environment. Understanding theoretical concepts as they pertain to mothers' food‐related behaviours could inform the development of interventions that enhance mothers' ability to create healthy family food environments that support optimal child development and help attenuate obesity rates. Likert scales assessed Social Cognitive Theory concepts [i.e. self‐efficacy, self‐regulation (sets goals, self‐reward, self‐monitoring, environmental structuring), outcome expectations] and coping of 201 mothers in the context food‐related activities. ANOVA determined whether diet and BMI differed among mothers scoring in the highest, middle, and lowest tertiles on the Likert scales. For self‐efficacy, coping, sets goals, and outcome expectations scales, lowest tertile mothers had significantly higher BMIs than highest tertile mothers. The lowest tertile for self‐efficacy, self‐reward, and self‐monitoring consumed significantly less fibre, vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and fruit and vegetables than upper tertiles. On the self‐efficacy scale, the lowest tertile consumed significantly more calories, fat, and cholesterol than higher tertiles. Environmental structuring scale findings indicate users of television during dinner had significantly lower intakes of fibre, vitamin C, magnesium, potassium, and fruits and vegetables than those almost never using TV during dinner. Stepwise regression revealed self‐monitoring, environmental structuring, self‐reward, and outcome expectations were significant positive predictors of self‐efficacy. Self‐monitoring was a significant positive predictor of outcome expectations. Associations between theoretical concepts, mothers' dietary intakes, and BMIs point to the need to incorporate components that build self‐efficacy, self‐regulation, outcome expectations, and coping skills into health promotion interventions.
2′‐Methoxy‐4′6′‐Bis(Methoxymethoxy)Chalcone Inhibits Nitric Oxide Production in Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Jin Xing Yu , Lee Sung Hee , Park Pil‐Hoon , Hur Jin , Kim Soon‐Ai , Kim Hak Sung , Sohn Dong Hwan
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Chalcones have anti‐inflammatory properties. Here, we synthesized 2′‐methoxy‐4′6′‐bis(methoxymethoxy)chalcone (MBMC) and examined its anti‐inflammatory effects. MBMC inhibited nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. MBMC also blocked LPS‐induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). MBMC increased haem oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) expression and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), an essential transcription factor for HO‐1 induction. Treatment with tin protoporphyrin, a selective inhibitor of HO‐1, reversed the inhibition of nitric oxide production by MBMC, suggesting that HO‐1 induction mediates MBMC‐mediated suppression of nitric oxide production. MBMC treatment rapidly and transiently decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and treatment with GSH‐Et (cell permeable form of GSH) or N‐acetylcysteine (precursor of GSH) counteracted the HO‐1 and Nrf2 expression elicited by MBMC, indicating that MBMC‐induced HO‐1 expression requires transient depletion of GSH. In summary, MBMC inhibits LPS‐stimulated nitric oxide production via down‐regulation of inflammatory pathways (NF‐κB, p38 and JNK) and induction of the protective enzyme, HO‐1.
Control of Cell Number in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis of Mice: Role of Testosterone Metabolites and Estrogen Receptor Subtypes
Authors: Hisasue Shin-ichi , Seney Marianne L. , Immerman Eleanor , Forger Nancy G.
Published: January 2010

Introduction

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) exhibits several sex differences that may be related to male sexual behavior and gender identity. In mice and rats, sex differences in the principal nucleus of the BNST (BNSTp) are due to sexually dimorphic cell death during perinatal life. Although testosterone treatment of newborn female rats increases BNSTp cell number, the relevant hormone metabolite(s) are not known, and the effect of testosterone on the development of BNSTp cell number in mice has not been examined.

Aim

To identify the sex hormone metabolites and receptors controlling cell number, volume, and cell size in the BNSTp of mice.

Methods

In the first experiment, C57BL/6J male mice were injected on the day of birth with peanut oil; females were injected with testosterone propionate (TP), estradiol benzoate (EB), dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP), or oil alone, and the BNSTp of all animals was examined in adulthood. In the second experiment, to compare effects of EB to the effects of estrogen receptor subtype specific agonists, newborn female mice were injected with EB, propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT, a selective estrogen receptor alpha [ERα] agonist), or diarylpropionitrile (DPN, a selective estrogen receptor beta [ERβ] agonist).

Main Outcome Measures

Nuclear volume measurements and stereological cell counts in the BNSTp in adulthood.

Results

TP treatment of newborn females completely masculinized both BNSTp volume and cell number. EB masculinized neuron number, whereas DHTP had no effect on volume or cell number. In the second experiment, EB again fully masculinized neuron number in the BNSTp and in this study also masculinized BNSTp volume. PPT and DPN each significantly increased cell number, but neither completely mimicked the effects of EB.

Conclusions

We conclude that estrogenic metabolites of testosterone control sexually dimorphic cell survival in the BNSTp and that activation of both ERα and ERβ may be required for complete masculinization of this brain region.
Aging as a Related Factor of the Nursing Diagnosis Impaired Memory: Content Validation
Authors: Chaves Enaura Helena Brandão , De Barros Alba Lúcia Bottura Leite , Marini Maiko
Published: January 2010

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this study was to conduct a content validation for the elements of the nursing diagnosis Impaired Memory and include aging as a related factor.

METHOD.  Fehring's (1987) model of diagnosis content validation was used, with the participation of 18 experts.

FINDING.  The definition, defining characteristics, and related factors of NANDA‐I were evaluated by experts, as was the proposed related factor “aging.”

CONCLUSIONS.  Elements of the NANDA‐I diagnosis Impaired Memory and the proposed related factor of aging were validated in the Brazilian context. A clinical validation of this related factor will be necessary to build evidence for this relationship.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  NANDA‐I diagnoses should be tested and validated in the elderly, in order to take their specific needs into account, thus contributing to quality nursing care for these patients.

OBJETIVO.  Realizar a validação de conteúdo dos elementos do diagnóstico de enfermagem Memória Prejudicada e incluir o envelhecimento como fator relacionado.

MÉTODO.  Utilizou‐se o modelo de validação de conteúdo de diagnóstico de Fehring (1987) com a participação de 18 experts.

RESULTADOS.  A definição, as características definidoras, os fatores relacionados da NANDA‐I foram validados pelos experts, assim como o proposto fator relacionado “envelhecimento”.

CONCLUSÕES.  Os elementos do diagnóstico memória prejudicada da NANDA‐I e o proposto fator relacionado envelhecimento foram validados no contexto brasileiro. Faz‐se necessária a realização de validação clínica de fator relacionado para aumentar as evidências dessa relação.

IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA DE ENFERMAGEM.  Os diagnósticos da NANDA I devem ser testados e validados em idosos, para contemplar suas especificidades, e assim contribuir na qualidade da assistência de enfermagem a esses pacientes.
Synthesis of Some Novel 2‐[2‐(aroyl‐aroxy)‐methyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazoles as Potent Anti‐Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Rai Neithnadka Premsai , Venu T. D. , Manuprasad B. K. , Shashikanth Sheena , Arunachalam P. N. , Firdouse Aiysha
Published: January 2010

A series of 2‐[2‐(aroyl‐aroxy)‐methyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazoles 4a–j were obtained via multiple step synthesis sequence beginning with the hydroxybenzophenones (1a–g). Hydroxybenzophenones on reaction with chloroacetonitrile affords [(2‐benzoyl) phenoxy] acetonitrile (2a–g), which reacts with H2S/NH4OH and yields [(2‐benzoyl) phenoxy] acetothiamide (3a–g), which on treatment with phenacylbromides affords 2‐[2‐(aroyl‐aroxy)‐methyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazoles (4a–j). All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti‐inflammatory activity and were compared with standard drugs. Of the compounds studied, (4g), compounds with chloro substituents showed more potent activity than the standard drug phenyl butazone at all doses tested.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Glioma Cells by means of an Interleukin‐6 Receptor‐Targeted Contrast Agent
Authors: Sturzu Alexander , Heckl Stefan
Published: January 2010

The interleukin 6 receptor (IL‐6R) and its ligand interleukin 6 (IL‐6) play a crucial role in glioma growth and development accomplished by autocrine growth promotion and induction of angiogenesis via activation of vascular epithelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A). Therefore, IL‐6R represents a target for both therapy (preventing VEGF‐A activation by blocking the receptor) and imaging (higher receptor density on tumor cells). A short heptapeptide that selectively binds to IL‐6R and which inhibits the effect of IL‐6 was coupled to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent gadolinium (Gd)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and the fluorescent dye rhodamine. MRI, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry showed that our IL‐6‐DOTA‐rhodamine conjugate was taken up into the cytoplasm of human U373 glioma cells without any cytotoxic effects. Competition experiments indicate that this uptake was receptor‐mediated. This conjugate might be used for future MRI studies of brain tumors after systemic or intraoperative local application. The cytoplasm specificity of the conjugate also makes it a potential building block for the design of future cytoplasm‐directed imaging and therapeutic conjugates.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxic Activity of Novel Platinum(II) Complexes Derived from N‐Benzyl‐Ethylenediamine and Oxalate
Authors: Silva Heveline , Barra Carolina V. , Rocha Fillipe V. , De Almeida Mauro V. , Cesar Eloi T. , Da Silva Siqueira Luciana M. , Lopes Miriam T. P. , Fontes Ana P. S.
Published: January 2010

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of three novel complexes derived from N‐benzyl‐ethylenediamine and oxalate. Precursor compounds were synthesized by reacting N‐benzyl‐ethylenediamine with K2PtCl4. Subsequent substitution of chlorides by oxalate led to the final products. Elemental analysis and the infrared, 1H, 13C, and 195Pt NMR spectra of these complexes were provided. The cytotoxic activities were investigated against human non‐small cell lung carcinoma (A549), mouse non‐metastatic cell skin melanoma (B16‐F1), mouse metastatic cell skin melanoma (B16‐F10), human cell breast adenocarcinoma (MDA‐MB‐231) and normal cell lines such as baby hamster cell kidney (BHK‐21), hamster cell ovary (CHO) and compared to cisplatin and carboplatin under the same experimental conditions. The presence of oxalate as a leaving group conferred an interesting cytotoxicity profile to the complexes in the tested cell lines.
Design of a Versatile Multicomponent Reaction Leading to 2‐amino‐5‐ketoaryl pyrroles
Authors: Wang Kan , Dömling Alexander
Published: January 2010

The design of an unprecedented multicomponent reaction to and synthesis of 2‐amino‐5‐ketoaryl pyrroles are described. The compounds (14 examples) can be synthesized by reacting aminoacetophenone sulfonamides, (hetero)aromatic aldehydes, and malonodinitrile or cyanoacetic acid derivatives in one‐pot manner. Pharmacophore features and potential applications of this new scaffold are discussed.
Estimation of 24‐Hour Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples
Authors: Mann Samuel J. , Gerber Linda M.
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:174–180. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Despite the effects of sodium intake on blood pressure and on response to antihypertensive medication, sodium intake is rarely monitored in clinical practice. The current method, the 24‐hour urine collection for sodium excretion, is cumbersome, often incorrectly performed, and not commonly ordered. Further, its results have limited meaning because of the substantial day‐to‐day variation in sodium intake. A spot urine test to enable convenient, inexpensive, and serial monitoring of sodium excretion would be desirable. In this study, the accuracy of predicting 24‐hour sodium excretion from a spot urine sample was assessed. The urine sodium/creatinine ratio was determined from the following urine samples: an “AM sample,” submitted at the beginning of the 24‐hour urine collection; a “PM sample” collected in the later afternoon/early evening before dinner, at roughly the midpoint of the collection; and a “random sample,” collected after its completion. The ratio was then corrected for 24‐hour creatinine excretion. The strongest correlation between predicted and actual 24‐hour sodium excretion was observed with the PM sample collected near the midpoint (r=0.86, P<.001). This sample also identified persons with sodium excretion <100 mEq/d with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 82%. The sodium/creatinine ratio from a spot urine sample collected in the late afternoon/early evening at roughly the midpoint of the 24‐hour collection, and adjusted for 24‐hour creatinine excretion, strongly correlated with 24‐hour sodium excretion. Additional studies are merited to further evaluate the role of the spot urine sample in assessing sodium intake.
Longitudinal Community‐Based Assessment of Blood Pressure Control Among Japanese Hypertensive Patients: Fukushima Research of Hypertension (FRESH)
Authors: Yokokawa Hirohide , Goto Aya , Sanada Hironobu , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Yasumura Seiji
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:166–173. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In this observational cohort study, the authors assessed the achievement of treatment goals as defined in the Japanese Society of Hypertension’s Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2004) among 2743 Japanese hypertensive patients who were followed for 1 year (follow‐up rate of 82.6%). Median age was 72 years, and 45% were men. Achievement of treatment goals across all 4 seasons was very low, at 4.1% among patients with diabetes mellitus or renal disease, 3.9% among nonelderly patients (<65 years of age) without these diseases, and 30.8% among elderly patients (≥65 years of age) without these diseases. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining appropriate blood pressure control. In addition, an analysis of factors associated with achievement rates identified the importance of weight control, lifestyle modification, and family history, and indicated a need for better blood pressure management before complications arise.
The Impact of Lactotripeptides on Blood Pressure Response in Stage 1 and Stage 2 Hypertensives
Authors: Germino F. Wilford , Neutel Joel , Nonaka Mako , Hendler Sheldon S.
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:153–159. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Nearly 70 million Americans have hypertension, and approximately an equal number have prehypertension. The prevalence of both disorders increases with advancing age and obesity. Many at‐risk individuals do not have controlled blood pressure (BP). Lifestyle modification for most persons is the first step in a plan to control these conditions. Non–drug treatments offer an appeal to many patients with modest BP elevation. The authors recently evaluated BP response using 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring and office BP monitoring of lactotripeptides dosed twice daily in 91 previously treated and treatment‐naive patients with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension. In this population, daytime systolic BP, the primary efficacy end point, significantly decreased (−3.6 mm Hg; P=.013), while placebo did not affect systolic BP (0 mm Hg; P=not significant). Treatment‐naive patients exhibited a more robust drop in their daytime systolic BP (−7.6 mm Hg; P=.005) compared with placebo (−3.6 mm Hg; P=not significant). Lactotripeptides may be an effective agent in the management of low‐risk and low‐grade hypertension and prehypertension.
Antihypertensive Medication Prescribing Patterns in a University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Axon R. Neal , Nietert Paul J. , Egan Brent M.
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)

Treatment of hypertension among hospitalized patients represents an opportunity to improve blood pressure recognition and treatment. To address this issue, the authors examined patterns of antihypertensive medication prescribing among 5668 hypertensive inpatients. Outcomes were treatment with any antihypertensive medication and treatment with first‐line therapy, defined as angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, β‐blockers, thiazide diuretics, or calcium channel blockers. Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, race, length of stay, service line, and comorbidity were used for all comparisons. The multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios for treatment were higher for men (1.4,P<.001), older patients (2.5 for age older than 80 vs 1.0 for age younger than 40;P<.001), non‐white race (1.2 vs 1.0 for white race;P<.004), and generalist service line (1.4 vs 1.0 for all other services;P<.001). Multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios for receiving first‐line agents were higher for older patients and generalist service line. Among surgical patients, receipt of medical consultation was only marginally associated with higher odds of antihypertensive or first‐line treatment after adjustment for relevant clinical variables. Demographic factors and service line appear to play a major role in determining the likelihood of inpatient hypertension treatment. Understanding and addressing these disparities has the potential to incrementally improve hypertension control rates in the population.
Serving in College, Flourishing in Adulthood: Does Community Engagement During the College Years Predict Adult Well‐Being?
Authors: Bowman Nicholas , Brandenberger Jay , Lapsley Daniel , Hill Patrick , Quaranto Jessica
Published: January 2010

Colleges and universities are placing a renewed emphasis on the importance of service and community engagement. Although the short‐term effects of these college experiences are fairly well understood, little is known about the long‐term impact of college volunteering and participating in engaged forms of learning (e.g. service‐learning). This longitudinal study examines 416 participants during their freshman year of college, their senior year, and 13 years after graduation. Results show that both college volunteering and service‐learning have positive, indirect effects on several forms of well‐being during adulthood, including personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, and life satisfaction. Specifically, these college experiences are associated with subsequent behaviors (adult volunteering) and attitudes and values (prosocial orientation), which in turn are positively associated with well‐being. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
New species and new records of diatoms from Lake Fuxian, China
Authors: LI Yan‐Ling , GONG Zhi‐Jun , WANG Chun‐Chao , SHEN Ji
Published: January 2010

Abstract  One new species, four newly recorded genera, and two newly recorded species of diatoms are described from China. They are Sellaphora fuxianensis sp. nov. Li, Sellaphora Mereschkowsky, Karayevia Round & Bukhtiyarova, Placoneis Mereschkowsky, Fallacia Stickle & Mann, Placoneis prespanensis Levkov, Krstic & Nakov, and Fallacia lucinensis (Hustedt) D. G. Mann. All taxa were collected from Lake Fuxian in Yunnan Province, China. These species were observed with light and scanning electron microscopes, and their taxonomic characters are discussed.
The Effects of Dressing Room Lighting on Consumers’ Perceptions of Self and Environment
Authors: Baumstarck Anne , Park Nam–Kyu
Published: January 2010

A positive experience in a retail store dressing room is a key part of the purchase decision process. Poor atmospherics can negatively affect the shopping experience and result in lost sales. Even though the importance of dressing room lighting has been acknowledged, no empirical studies have been done in this area. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dressing room lighting direction on states of arousal and pleasure, and on shopper self–evaluation and dressing room assessment. In this field study conducted at a local area boutique, 60 female participants between the ages of 18 and 35 years were randomly assigned to one of two dressing rooms; overhead and frontal lighting. The participants were asked to shop for a few different outfits, try them on, and complete the questionnaires in the dressing room. Data were analyzed using independent sample t–tests, revealing statistical significances for dimensions of self–evaluation ( p = 0.003) and dressing room evaluation ( p = 0.002). The quantitative results indicate that dressing room lighting direction has a specifically strong effect on facial shadowing and perceived roominess, for which frontal lighting is superior. Qualitatively, the results indicate that though some prefer overhead lighting, frontal lighting is generally preferred for self– and dressing room evaluations. Designers may consider using frontal lighting instead of overhead lighting unless they can use both to achieve the most universally acceptable shopper experience.
Influence of the magnetron on the growth of aluminum nitride thin films deposited by reactive sputtering
Authors: Iriarte G. F.
Published: January 2010

Aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films deposited on high-vacuum systems without substrate heating generally exhibit a poor degree of c-axis orientation. This is due to the nonequilibrium conditions existing between the energy of the sputtered particles and the energy at the substrate surface. The application of substrate bias or substrate temperature is known to improve the adatom mobility by delivering energy to the substrate; both are hence well-established crystal growth promoting factors. It is well known that low sputtering pressures can be used as a parameter improving the growth of highly c-axis oriented aluminum nitride films at room temperature even without applying bias voltage to the substrate. Generally, the use of high pressures implies thermalization of particles within the gas phase and is considered to increase the energy gap between these and the substrate surface. However, in later experiments we have learned that the use of high processing pressures does not necessarily implies a detriment of crystallographic orientation in the films. By measuring (for the first time to the author’s knowledge) the full width at half maximum value of the rocking curve of the 0002-AlN peak at several positions along the 100mm diameter (100)-silicon wafers on which aluminum nitride thin films were deposited by reactive sputtering, a new effect was observed. Under certain processing conditions, the growth of the AlN thin films is influenced by the target magnetron. More precisely, their degree of c-axis orientation varies at wafer areas locally coincident under the target magnetron. This effect should be considered, especially where large area substrates are employed such as in silicon wafer foundry manufacturing processes.
Fast and smooth etching of indium tin oxides in BCl3/Cl2 inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Andagana H. B. , Cao X. A.
Published: January 2010

The etching characteristics of evaporation-deposited indium tin oxide (ITO) films in BCl3/Cl2 inductively coupled plasmas have been studied. High etch rates >200 nm/min were obtained at large BCl3/Cl2 gas flow ratios and high rf chuck powers, suggesting that the etching process is limited by sputter desorption of InClx and SnClx compounds. The addition of a small amount of CF4, which acts as reducing agent, increased the etch rate by 30% and resulted in very smooth etched surfaces. It has also been found that the material crystallinity has a pronounced influence on ITO etch rate. ITO films annealed at 500 °C exhibited the maximum etch resistance.
Complexity at the Receptor Complex
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: January 2010

A Wnt ligand activates one pathway and inhibits another emanating from the same receptor.
Not Just Activated by Hypoxia
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: January 2010

Exogenous exposure to the gas hydrogen sulfide activates HIF-1 in
Caenorhabditis elegans
.
Testing Genetic Models of Isozyme Variability Without Breeding Data: Can we Depend on the χ2?
Authors: Fairbairn Daphne J. , Roff Derek A.
Published: January 2010

The use of electrophoretic data in fisheries research is generally based upon the assumption that isozyme variability reflects genetic variability. This assumption is often based mainly upon nonsignificant χ2 values obtained when observed distributions of phenotypes are compared to those predicted by given genetic models with alleles segregating in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. We examine the power of such a χ2 test of a single-locus, two-allele genetic model against three alternative hypotheses: random phenotypic variation, secondary isozyme formation, and the segregation of a third, 'silent' allele. The power of this test is found to be very low, particularly as it is typically applied with small sample sizes [Formula: see text], few phenotypic classes, and a broad acceptance region. The effective power of the test is further reduced by the reluctance of researchers to reject their genetic models even when a significant χ2 value is obtained. The dangers of β error are illustrated with examples, and methods for reducing β to acceptable levels are described.Key words: χ2, power, β, Hardy–Weinberg, isozyme, biochemical genetics, fish
FT-IR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF xAg2O · (100 - x)[B2O3 · As2O3] GLASS SYSTEM
Authors: BAIDOC S. C. , ARDELEAN I.
Published: January 2010

Structural analysis of x Ag 2 O · (100-x)[ B 2 O 3 · As 2 O 3] glass system, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 mol%, was performed by means of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies. The purpose of this work is to investigate the structural changes that appear in the B 2 O 3 · As 2 O 3 glass matrix with the addition and increase of silver ion content. Boroxol rings, pyro-, ortho-, di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-borate groups, structural units characteristic to As 2 O 3 were found in the structure of the studied glasses. FT-IR spectroscopy measurements show that BO 3 units are the main structural units of the glass system. The presence of structural units characteristic to Ag 2 O were not directly evidenced by FT-IR spectroscopy. The Raman analysis leads to similar conclusions as the FT-IR measurements.
Design patterns for multiphysics modeling in Fortran 2003 and C++
Authors: Rouson Damian W. I. , Adalsteinsson Helgi , Xia Jim
Published: January 2010

We present three new object-oriented software design patterns in Fortran 2003 and C++. These patterns integrate coupled differential equations, facilitating the flexible swapping of physical and numerical software abstractions at compile-time and runtime. The Semi-Discrete pattern supports the time advancement of a dynamical system encapsulated in a single abstract data type (ADT). The Puppeteer pattern combines ADTs into a multiphysics package, mediates interabstraction communications, and enables implicit marching even when nonlinear terms couple separate ADTs with private data. The Surrogate pattern emulates C++ forward references in Fortran 2003. After code demonstrations using the Lorenz equations, we provide architectural descriptions of our use of the new patterns in extending the Rouson et al. [2008a] Navier-Stokes solver to simulate multiphysics phenomena. We also describe the relationships between the new patterns and two previously developed architectural elements: the Strategy pattern of Gamma et al. [1995] and the template emulation technique of Akin [2003]. This report demonstrates how these patterns manage complexity by providing logical separation between individual physics models and the control logic that bridges between them. Additionally, it shows how language features such as operator overloading and automated memory management enable a clear mathematical notation for model bridging and system evolution.
Cache-optimal algorithms for option pricing
Authors: Savage John E. , Zubair Mohammad
Published: January 2010

Today computers have several levels of memory hierarchy. To obtain good performance on these processors it is necessary to design algorithms that minimize I/O traffic to slower memories in the hierarchy. In this article, we study the computation of option pricing using the binomial and trinomial models on processors with a multilevel memory hierarchy. We derive lower bounds on memory traffic between different levels of the hierarchy for these two models. We also develop algorithms for the binomial and trinomial models that have near-optimal memory traffic between levels. We have implemented these algorithms on an UltraSparc IIIi processor with a 4-level of memory hierarchy and demonstrated that our algorithms outperform algorithms without cache blocking by a factor of up to 5 and operate at 70% of peak performance.
Optimizations for quadrature representations of finite element tensors through automated code generation
Authors: Ølgaard Kristian B. , Wells Garth N.
Published: January 2010

We examine aspects of the computation of finite element matrices and vectors that are made possible by automated code generation. Given a variational form in a syntax that resembles standard mathematical notation, the low-level computer code for building finite element tensors, typically matrices, vectors and scalars, can be generated automatically via a form compiler. In particular, the generation of code for computing finite element matrices using a quadrature approach is addressed. For quadrature representations, a number of optimization strategies which are made possible by automated code generation are presented. The relative performance of two different automatically generated representations of finite element matrices is examined, with a particular emphasis on complicated variational forms. It is shown that approaches which perform best for simple forms are not tractable for more complicated problems in terms of run-time performance, the time required to generate the code or the size of the generated code. The approach and optimizations elaborated here are effective for a range of variational forms.
Algorithm 898
Authors: Albrecht Martin , Bard Gregory , Hart William
Published: January 2010

We describe an efficient implementation of a hierarchy of algorithms for multiplication of dense matrices over the field with two elements (F
2
). In particular we present our implementation—in the M4RI library—of Strassen-Winograd matrix multiplication and the “Method of the Four Russians for Multiplication” (M4RM) and compare it against other available implementations. Good performance is demonstrated on AMD's Opteron processor and particulary good performance on Intel's Core 2 uo processor. The open-source M4RI library is available as a stand-alone package as well as part of the Sage mathematics system.

In machine terms, addition in F
2
is logical-XOR, and multiplication is logical-AND, thus a machine word of 64 bits allows one to operate on 64 elements of F
2
in parallel: at most one CPU cycle for 64 parallel additions or multiplications. As such, element-wise operations over F
2
are relatively cheap. In fact, in this paper, we conclude that the actual bottlenecks are memory reads and writes and issues of data locality. We present our empirical findings in relation to minimizing these and give an analysis thereof.
Logical queries over views
Authors: Bailey James , Dong Guozhu , To Anthony WIDJAJA
Published: January 2010

We study the problem of deciding the satisfiability of first-order logic queries over views, with our aim to delimit the boundary between the decidable and the undecidable fragments of this language. Views currently occupy a central place in database research due to their role in applications such as information integration and data warehousing. Our main result is the identification of a decidable class of first-order queries over unary conjunctive views that generalizes the decidability of the classical class of first-order sentences over unary relations known as the Löwenheim class. We then demonstrate how various extensions of this class lead to undecidability and also provide some expressivity results. Besides its theoretical interest, our new decidable class is potentially interesting for use in applications such as deciding implication of complex dependencies, analysis of a restricted class of active database rules, and ontology reasoning.
Weyl's predicative classical mathematics as a logic-enriched type theory
Authors: Adams Robin , Luo Zhaohui
Published: January 2010

We construct a logic-enriched type theory LTT
W
that corresponds closely to the predicative system of foundations presented by Hermann Weyl in
Das Kontinuum
. We formalize many results from that book in LTT
W
, including Weyl's definition of the cardinality of a set and several results from real analysis, using the proof assistant Plastic that implements the logical framework LF. This case study shows how type theory can be used to represent a nonconstructive foundation for mathematics.