bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pratique et théorie de la démocratie directe : l'exemple des districts parisiens (1789-1790)
Authors: Genty Maurice
Published: May 2009

The districts of Paris started an original experience of direct democracy, which worked almost freely : their members, meeting in general assemblies coupled with committees, were in charge of the administration of their own area. Paris was kept united by a town-council which they have elected, but which was controlled by them, and also by the maintenance of direct links between the districts through a correspondence bureau, or assemblies specially contrived for particular purposes.

In order to legitimate this experience, the districts searched for historical and theoretical references, chiefly in Rousseau's works. They elaborated a doctrine based on the sovereignty of the people and the rejection of the representative principle : those who have been elected by the people are but « mandataires », entrusted with a limited charge, which can be revoked at any time.

Maurice GENTY.
Jacobins et presse provinciale sous le Directoire : Bias Parent et le Questionneur
Authors: Waquet Simone
Published: May 2009

The purpose of Le Questionneur was to prepare the Germinal year V elections. The preceding elections having been clearly reactionary in the Nièvre department, the well-known leader of the Nièvre Jacobins, Bias Parent, a former clergyman, ex national agent and terrorist in Clamecy, become a member of the Directoire du canton intra-muros of Nevers and professor in the High School of the town, founded and published a shortlived daily paper (from the first of Ventose to the eighth of Prairial year V), against the so called « honest men », very numerous and well organized in the region.

We have retained three points :

Le Questionneur is a good testimony of the Jacobin spirit as illustred by Parent's relations with the Panthéon club and the Parisian jacobin papers as well as the themes chosen ;

the pedagogical procedures, selected to seduce the reader, are those of the Parisian newspapermen, enlivened by the vernaculary spirit of Clamecy ;

Le Questionneur provides a better acquaintance of a very complicated personality, generally condemned without pity.

Simone WAQUET.
De Mably à Robespierre : un programme économique égalitaire 1775-1793
Authors: Gauthier Florence
Published: May 2009

Between 1789 and 1794, the popular movement, through the claim for an agrarian reform and the regulation of first need goods, revealed the contradiction between political and economical liberty. The equalitarian movement set up a project of society applying the principals of liberty and equality to property. Contrary to what has been thought up to now, the robespierans were the leading theoriticians of that « popular economical policy », taking up and developping the project Mably had thought out in response to the attemps of libertuy of trade that had brought about the Guerre des Farines in 1775.

Florence GAUTHIER.
Un gentilhomme paisible, le « Batave » Jacobus Blaauw (1759-1829).
Authors: Alexandre Jean , Perrin-Chevrier Marie-Rose
Published: May 2009

Jacobus Blaauw has been a prominent Dutch diplomat, intensely tied with Dutch political circles, just after the Batavian Revolution in with he dealt, and, above all, in Paris, where he represented the Batavian Republic before its creation and during the principal years of its existence.

Suspected of having encouraged the Canoneers' Riots of Amsterdam (1793), Blaauw was asked to leave his functions by the French Directory, and then went to italy where he represented also the Batavian government, before, going back in Holland, to participate in the works and troubles of the first Dutch Assemblies. Back in Paris for confidential missions, he soon lost the confidence of his Dutch committants and, definitely, of the French Government, led by his friends Barras, Talleyrand and Bonaparte.

That didn't stop him from sustaining the power of the Consulate and Empire, to assume a fiscal function of the Ist Empire in th Netherlands, before requesting and getting a well deserved retreat in France, troubled by the dramatic end of the Empire he was an attentive witness of.

J. ALEXANDRE et M.R. PERRIN-CHEVRIER.
Travail et politique à Paris pendant la Révolution : l'exemple des Ateliers Municipaux.
Authors: Godineau Dominique
Published: May 2009

Our purpose here is to show, on the basis of an example of work conflict in Paris during the Révolution, the effects the Revolution has had on the working world as well as its reception by the female working population.

Our first step is to study primarily the struggle within the municipal spinster's workshop, particularly in the year II. Then we will point out how this struggle inscribes itself in a political framework : by its chronology, by its modality (petitions to the Convention, appeals to the « sociétés populaires »), by the political language it expresses itself with, as these women workers think themselves as « citoyennes » rather than a productive forces. These women workers were not political militants but they did not separate the will to create a more just society founded on the rights of the people from their working conditions.

Dominique GODINEAU.
Les almanachs de l'an II. Quoi de neuf en dehors du calendrier ?
Authors: Gaspard Claire
Published: May 2009

As part of a pending study, the author analyses the making and the content of a sample of year II almanacs, published between 1793 and 1794 to try and see how, and to what extent, this form of popular literary expression often supposedly motionless, was brought up-to-date, to become an essential educational tool in the spreading of new values and of the new speech in politics morals and technology and of a new vision of the world.
La Révolution Française et la « Féodalité » : bilan du thème de l'« abolition » dans l'historiographie française (1815-1914).
Authors: Krierser Hannes
Published: May 2009

This article wants to throw a light on the history of the theme of abolition in french historiography. Starting from an analysis of feudalism as an objet of revolutionary legislation, through a close study of contemporary texts, it aims especially in its central part at pointing out what means feudalism in historiographical literature about Revolution : pro or counter-revolutionary, scholarly or ideological, between 1815 and 1914. Finally, a conclusion attempts to synthétise theoretical heritage of one century of revolutionary historiography, and its place in actual controverse.
A propos du "Manifeste de Brunswick"
Authors: Bouloiseau Marc
Published: May 2009

A partir de la correspondance inédite découverte dans les archives de Moscou, de Jérôme Joseph Geoffroy de Limon, rédacteur du texte du manifeste, l'auteur apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la personnalité de ce porte-parole et sur sa carrière ultérieure.
La Mère Duchesne. Masques populaires et guerre pamphlétaire, 1789-1791.
Authors: Elyada Ouzi
Published: May 2009

In this study, the author analyses the broadsheets and newpapers which were published during the first years of the revolution and appeared under the name of Mother Duchesne, a feminine equivalent of the mythical character made famous by Hébert. He places these in the continuity of a pamphlet literature, often expressed in a coarse style and which quite early let female characters express their own point of view. One after another, and sometimes at the same time various Mother Duchesnes appeared in print — a Jacobin one but also others expressing a counter-revolutionary viewpoint. Sometimes, they were attempts at expressing women's vision of things, but they were also a means of getting across to women the truth seen from the men's point of view. Whether patriot or royalist, these newsheets are proof of the interest taken in the female public.
La formation de la pensée économique de Sieyès d'après ses manuscrits (1770-1789)
Authors: Dorigny Marcel
Published: May 2009

A manuscript which was lost for a time, then found and which is now accessible makes it possible to throw new light on Sieyès' economic thought during the period of its development before the revolution. His thought takes on an importance hardly suspected until recently. We find that Sieyès knew a good deal about Adam Smith's thought with which he agrees on several points. He opposes physiocratic ideas and asserts that work alone creates value. This does not bring him to adopt a position of classic economic liberalism, but rather a determined vision of the state and of those who govern as the basic economic regulating device. The political ideas and the economics of the theorist take on real unity and continuity.
L'Assemblée du Clergé de France tenue en 1788
Authors: Péronnet Michel
Published: May 2009

This article studies the activities of the assembly of the clergy which met between May 5th and August 8th 1788. At this exceptionnal session the first corporate body within the society of orders had to give its opinion not only on the financial question but on the major political problems of the moment in the context of the crisis which had broken out between the monarchy and the Parliaments. This was accomplished trough remonstrances which demonstrate the resolutely conservative position taken although within the limites of the law. To the term « aristocratic revolution » used by Georges Lefebvre, the author prefers the expression: the legal conservatrice opposition or the legal resistance of the orders.
Le temple et la table, la fête patriotique 1781-1787
Authors: Grijzenhout Frans
Published: May 2009

A partir d'exemples choisis, on étudie ici dans leur évolution les fêtes civiques qui ont marqué l'épisode révolutionnaire néerlandais entre 1781 et 87. L'héritage des banquets civiques donne toute son importance au célèbre « Banquet des Régents patriotes » qui se tient en avril 1783 à Amsterdam, dont la pièce centrale est représentée par une pièce montée en forme de Temple de la Liberté, dans le cadre d'une réunion choisie. A Utrecht en août 1786 la fête est passée sur la place et si le peuple est encore tenu à distance, un temple de triomphe y est élevé à la vue de tous : changement de proportions et d'esprit. L'architecte a remplacé le confiseur.
Événement dramatique et dramatisation théâtrale, la prise de la Bastille sur les tréteaux français et étrangers
Authors: Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen
Published: May 2009

This study deals with the manner in which July 14th immediately became a subject for commemorative drama recorded in word and images. The patriot Palloy's efforts to publicize the memory of Bastille Day is only the best known of many such campaigns. A specific rhetoric of dramatization developed and is analyzed here in relation to theatrical expression at the time in France and abroad. When brought to the stage the storming of the Bastille became total theater where a new sense of imagination could have full play.
La place de la Révolution Française dans la politisation des paysans
Authors: Edelstein Melvin
Published: May 2009

The author examines the controversial question of the part played by the French Revolution in the awakening of French peasants to modern politics; Eugen Weber and others have questioned the role of the Revolution and set this awakening much later under the Third Republic. In Melvin Edelstein's view, on the contrary, the peasants' political participation was far from négligeable and he bases his view on an analysis of the degree of peasant participation in local and national elections mainly between 1789 and 1793. The research done up to now on nearly twenty departments indicate that these percentages were often higher than was previously asserted, and especially that these results refute two generally accepted ideas: the backwardness of the South and the West considered to be "under-developed" compared to a more politically aware north-eastern France and the idea that the superiority of the degree of urban participation compared to that of rural areas: more generally, it was the opposite which took place. The First Empire plebescite votes confirm that a real apprenticeship concerning national questions went on during the French Revolution.
Statistique et pauvreté sous la Révolution et l'Empire
Authors: Dousset-Seiden Christine
Published: May 2009

L'évaluation de l'indigence et de la pauvreté tient une place notable dans la période qui va de la Révolution à l'Empire. L'exploitation de ces sources se heurte à des difficultés qui tiennent au caractère fragmentaire des données rassemblées, mais plus encore peut-être aux incertitudes révélatrices dans la définition de la population visée, comme des finalités des enquêtes successives. De la grande enquête du Comité de Mendicité de la Constituante, qui reflète encore l'esprit des Lumières, et se poursuit jusqu'en 1793, aux enquêtes de l'an II associées aux tentatives de législation sociale de la période, au tournant de l'an III puis aux statistiques d'un nouveau style qui se multiplient à partir de l'an IX, on voit se révéler combien nombreux et différents ont été les angles d'approche de la pauvreté. Des moments distincts se détachent, en fonction de l'évolution propre de la pratique statistique, certes, mais plus encore de la conjoncture politique qui conduit à des politiques d'assistance distinctes et à des besoins en données chiffrées variables : une tranformation profonde se dévoile dans la façon dont on envisage l'indigence, au tournant du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle.
Tentatives envisageant le changement de la situation politique dans l'Est de l'Europe Centrale sous la Révolution française
Authors: Ring Éva
Published: May 2009

Eva Ring, "Attempts to change the political situation in Eastern Europe at the time pf the French Revolution. "

The starting point of this article is a description of the situation and of the balance of power on the diplomatic level during the Revolution, especially between 1792 and 1798. The studies shows how French diplomacy, personified by Dumouriez was still steeped in ideas inherited from the Ancien Régime and set on the search for traditional allies. After Thermidor, these ideas are again put into practice in a modified context.

Working on the spot, the author has analysed the ideas and projects of Polish émigrés in Saxony and the changes in central Europe during the summer of 1793. She underlines the close ties and contacts between Polish groups and the movements that developed in the Habsbourg states, in Austria, in Hungaria and in Bohemia and she gives special attention to the Galician conspiracy which was to play a key part in the whole plan as it was set up. The failure of the revolutionary movements, among which the Martinovic plot is the best known episode, left the national elites to dream of a confederation or an "Eastern Switzerland" wich would act as a framework for changes more adapted to the heterogeneous ethnic and religious structure of these countries.
La vision de la Révolution française chez les pionniers de la renaissance intellectuelle arabe
Authors: Algazy Joseph
Published: May 2009

Joseph Algazy, " The vision of the French Revolution among the pioneers of the Arab cultural renaissance. "

During the Egyptian campaign of 1798, the Arab Near East encountered the French Revolution. Revolutionary ideas influenced many thinkers who were later to be called " the pioneers of the intellectual renaissance ". One can follow the spreading of such an infleuence in the writings of Egyptian, Syrian and Lebanese thinkers as well as in the Arabic translations of Turkish works. Writings, such as the narratives of Arab travellers in the West spread the knowledge of the Revolution and contributed to the transmission of new values, which in turn encouraged the development of a modernisation of the country, new political and social ideals, and the desire to bring about a reform of education. Some people were even ready to take revolutionary steps in order to obtain satisfaction. This influence of the Revolution has lasted right down into the Twentieth Century.
Pour une compréhension élargie de la sociabilité maçonnique à Paris à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Diet Irène
Published: May 2009

Irène Diet, For a wider understanding of masonic sociability in Paris at the end of the Eighteenth Century.

The author's aim here is to present a new reading of masonic sociability at the end of the Eighteenth Century and a new understanding of the freemasons' social function through the study of a group of friends, all of whom were freemasons. Pre-existing friendships made it possible to be introduced into the life of the Lodge, which in turn encouraged and strengthened other friendships that were then expressed in terms of intermarriage, cohabitation or relationships of business or conviviality. The precise study based on notarial sources makes it possible to follow a whole constellation of families and friends from the Parisian notarial milieu held together by the common bonds of freemasonry from the Eighteenth Century to the begining of the Nineteenth.
La garde Nationale ; création et évolution (1789-août 1792)
Authors: Devenne Florence
Published: May 2009

Florence Devenne : La Garde Nationale : création et évolution (1789-1792).

La Garde Nationale est certainement d'une des institutions révolutionnaires les plus mal connues. Cet article vise à détruire quelques idées reçues — notamment sur l'inexistence des gardes Nationales rurales — et à poser un certain nombre de jalons, à partir de l'étude des textes institutionnels et réglementaires, de l'analyse des débats à la Constituante et à la Législation. Il s'appuie également sur les indications que fournit la thèse encore inédite d'Anatoli Ado sur l'activité des gardes Nationales en province. Ce qui permet de suivre le processus d'institutionnalisation de la Garde Nationale entre août 1789 et décembre 1791, puis son évolution vers une armée des sections communales entre janvier et août 1792. L'ambiguïté de son double rôle de force répressive et de force révolutionnaire y est mise en évidence, dans son évolution au cours de la période.
Le roi dans la Patrie
Authors: Dupuy Hélène
Published: May 2009

Hélène Dupuy-Brégant : Le roi dans la Patrie.

Cette étude analyse, à partir des dernières décennies du régime monarchique le cheminement suivant lequel s'est modifiée la place du roi dans la nation, plaçant la figure traditionnelle du monarque en contradiction avec les nouvelles exigences éthiques d'une loi morale reformulée tant dans le courant janséniste que philosophique en termes d'exigence d'égalité et de fraternité par la pratique de la vertu. L'image royale s'est trouvée en contradiction avec la morale, tant privée que publique, qui s'élabore à partir du concept de bien public. Dans la crise parlementaire de 1770-74 va mûrir une théorie de la Patrie, abstraction peu à peu remplie de sens. Elle conduit à une nouvelle théorie du pouvoir et de la souveraineté, désacralisant la relation initiale au monarque pour en faire le roi-père, protecteur de ses sujets, référé à une communauté nationale de type familial. Le tournant des années 90 voit l'évacuation du roi du corps de la nation sur le plan de l'imaginaire. Devenu le premier fonctionnaire et privé de ses attributs sacrés, sa personne sera « diaboli- sée » sur le plan éthique, jusqu'à l'image ultime du roi-porc animalisé. Les allégories féminines symbolisent la déchéance du père, cédant la place à la Patrie-mère triomphante.
Le journal de Louis XVI et de son peuple ou le défenseur de l'autel, du trône et de la patrie
Authors: Giudicelli Marie-Anne
Published: May 2009

Marie Anne Giudicelli : The Journal of Louis XVI and of his People, or the Defender of Altar, Throne and Patrie. The Publication of an anonymous counter-revolutionary newspaper, 1790-1792.

This newspaper which is little known to historians was of anonymous authorship and covered the period from 1789 to the fall of the monarchy. It was typical of the press that aimed at defending « the true principles of religion and of monarchy » though the use of moderate and informative discourse. It reported on Parisian politics but also kept in touch with the provinces by the systematic publication of correspondence ; it also informed its readers of news from foreign parts. The main subject was the defence of the king against the new regime incarnated by the Constituent Assembly but a certain critical view of the king's weakness can be detected. The theme of the defence of religion, especially after the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, became more and more important and would indicate that the author was doubtless a member of the clergy. Although the author denounced popular violence, he also emphasized the social and economic crisis. As time went by, the author's activism in the king's favor gave way to a growing pessimism and finally he could see no other solution but that of foreign intervention.
Centenaire dans le bicentenaire 1891-1991 : Aulard et la transformation du cours en chaire d'histoire de la Révolution à la Sorbonne
Authors: Wolikow Claudine
Published: May 2009

Claudine Wolikow : Centenaire dans le bicentenaire : 1891-1991. Aulard et la transformation du cours en chaire d'histoire de la Révolution française à la Sorbonne.

Cette étude retrace les étapes du cheminement d'un homme — Alphonse Aulard et d'une institution — l'enseignement de l'histoire de la Révolution française à la Sorbonne. D'une thèse de lettres sur Leopardi, à la publication des orateurs de la Révolution, pour aboutir à une maîtrise incontestée sur l'enseignement universitaire et la recherche dans le domaine de la Révolution, on suit les moments de la carrière d'Aulard, les formes de son engagement comme publiciste républicain autant que comme érudit. Mais c'est tout un contexte qui est évoqué, dans ses aspects universitaires (les réactions de la Sorbonne), idéologiques (le comtisme) et politiques (le rôle de la mairie de Paris et des instances gouvernementales), au fil de ces années, de 1884 à 91, où l'histoire de la Révolution française s'est imposée comme une pièce officielle de l'enseignement de la République.
La Révolution française dans l'historiographie turque (1789-1927)
Authors: Bilici Faruk
Published: May 2009

Faruk Bilici : The French Revolution in Turkish historiography (1789-1927).

Turkish diplomates and chroniclers did not underestimate the role of the French Revolution and did more than just outline its immediate causes, consequences and repercussions as they greatly feared the spread of its harmful influence. As early as the first half of the Nineteenth Century, intellectuals and political leaders became interested in the history of the Revolution because of the values it carried with it and because of the principles of modernisation that could germinate from it. In the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century and in the early Twentieth Century, the French Revolution was taught and studied as a model for the thinkers and inspiring forces of the Young Turk movement.
Les chansons catalanes à succès populaire sur la Révolution française. Un discours contre-révolutionnaire inefficace
Authors: Llimargas Jordi
Published: May 2009

Jordi Llimargas I. Marsal, Les chansons catalanes à succès populaire sur la Révolution française. Un discours contre-révolutionnaire inefficace.

L'auteur a réuni un corpus de 32 chansons populaires catalanes, telles qu'on en vend le texte à l'étalage sur les places publiques, durant la période révolutionnaire. Littérature populaire ou à destination du peuple, dont les couplets attaquent la Révolution française principalement pour les atteintes qu'elle a portées à la religion, mais aussi pour l'exécution du roi et de Marie-Antoinette, donnant des événements révolutionnaires un tableau parfois fantastique. A partir de 1793, les chansons engagent à s'enrôler sous les drapeaux pour lutter contre la France, en s'appuyant parfois sur des arguments très matériels — bonne nourriture, bonne paye... Exemple dit l'auteur de littérature pseudo-populaire de commande, dont il conviendrait de mesurer le succès réel.
Le recrutement des Sociétés Populaires du Puy-de-Dôme
Authors: Bourdin Philippe
Published: May 2009

Philippe Bourdin, Le Recrutement des Sociétés Populaires du Puy-de-Dôme.

Cette étude illustre, au cœur de la France, le cas d'un département relativement bien pourvu en sociétés populaires, dont on examine la géographie, une prééminence urbaine qui n'exclut pas la présence d'un jacobinisme rural, la chronologie, privilégiant la poussée de l'an II dans les deux tiers des cas, mais à partir d'un noyau stable antérieurement constitué dans les principaux clubs, la sociologie enfin susceptible d'être analysée dans un certain nombre de sites (Clermont). Elle fait apparaître le rôle des professions libérales et des administrateurs, mais aussi d'une base populaire qui peut dans certains lieux être importante, mordant sur l'artisanat et localement une partie de la paysannerie. La jeunesse semble absente de ces groupes d'hommes faits (41 ans en moyenne), la présence des femmes discrète.
Les moulins de la République
Authors: Gindin Claude
Published: May 2009

Claude Gindin, Les Moulins de la République.

L'auteur exploite l'enquête sur les moulins lancée par la Commission des subsistances de la Convention le 13 frimaire an II, qui permet de traiter les réponses de 155 districts (sur 559) répartis dans 71 départements. Elle autorise une typologie différenciée des différentes techniques mises en œuvre : principalement moulins à eau et à vent (omettant les moulins à traction humaine ou animale et les pompes à feu). Elle fournit des indications sur les meules et leur commerce, la capacité de production, les contrastes dans la durée d'activité au cours de l'année des différents types de moulins. On devine des contrastes considérables dans le statut social des meuniers, des plus modestes, jusqu'aux entrepreneurs véritables qui mettent en œuvre des techniques déjà sophistiquées.
Figures et personnages de l'iconographie politique italienne (1789-1799)
Authors: Bosséno Christian-Marc
Published: May 2009

Christian-Marc Bosséno : Figures and Characters of Italian Political Iconography (1789-1799).

This author studies the abundant Italian iconography as it expressed reactions to events in France. Before 1796 Italian engravings concentrated on portraits of political leaders and counter-revolutionary prints also circulated, especially at the time of the king's execution. The coming of the French stimulated the production of pro- Jacobin prints using caricature and allegory to mock the ancien régime and opening the way for the myth of a new hero, Bonaparte. Counter-revolutionary propaganda made a comeback particularly in 1799 and turned the allegories against its enemies to attack the personification of the Republic and to denounce the ravages of French occupation.
Marx, Engels, la fondation et l'évolution de la République
Authors: Mainfroy Claude
Published: May 2009

Claude Mainfroy, Marx, Engels, la fondation et l'évolution de la République.

Ni Marx ni Engels ne se sont particulièrement intéressés à la proclamation de la Ire République française en 1792. Cependant, parmi d'autres références, elle nourrit leurs réflexions sur les rapports entre révolution, république, démocratie, organisation des masses et socialisme. On peut dire la même chose de leurs références à Valmy, étudié dans le contexte des rapports entre affaires intérieures et extérieures au cours des luttes de classe.

Ces références peuvent être trouvées aux deux termes chronologiques des écrits de Marx et Engels : dans l'œuvre du jeune Marx confronté avec la faiblesse du développement démocratique en Allemagne; après 1871 dans leur tutorat sur le socialisme allemand, alors que de l'autre côté du Rhin une République naît de la répression de la Commune mais donne les signes des possibilités qu'elle ouvre au développement ultérieur de la classe ouvrière.
Controverses autour de la Garde Nationale parisienne
Authors: Genty Maurice
Published: May 2009

Maurice Genty, Controversies about the Parisian National Guard.

The making up and the establishing of the Parisian National Guard rose up a great deal of controversies. At which ends should it answer to ? Should it be a mere police or a political force able to protect public freedom against whatever threat from the executive power ? Should it also contribute to national defence? What therefore should it be ? An army entirely formed by the citizens, a paid corpse or a mixed corpse ? In the first case, should it be opened to the totality of the citizens or reserved to some categories of them only or at a fixed number of volunteers ? Would citizens be compelled to a personal service or would they be authorized to be substituted ? What should its regime be ? What sould particularly be officers' status ? How avoid that a new aristo- craty arose or Parisian Guard changed in a praetorian guard in the hands of its chief? Was it not moreover an engine too heavy and expansive whereas its interest may seem doubtful ? These questions were risen occasionnally long after its establishing.
Qu'est-ce que la liberté générale en 1793 ?
Authors: Manigat Sabine
Published: May 2009

Sabine Manigat, What was general liberty in year II ?

The slave risings in Saint-Domingue did not happen simultaneously. The different dates of their outbreaks led to differences in the relative force of the various participants (rebels, planters, the authorities in France, and foreign powers such as Britain or Spain). This led in turn to differences in strategy in response to the emancipation decreed by Sonthonax. The newly liberated slaves gradually came together to form a coordinated military force, and when Toussaint Louverture rallied to republican France there emerged a decisive alternative to the destruction of the colonial set-up.
La Société des Amis des Noirs et les projets de colonisation en Afrique.
Authors: Dorigny Marcel
Published: May 2009

Marcel Dorigny, The "Société des Amis des Noirs" and colonial projects in Africa.

The "Société des Amis des Noirs", founded in 1788, campaigned for the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery, but was not at all against colonisation. Or rather it envisaged the complete integration of the nation regenerated by the rights of man and envisaged transferring the plantation economy to Africa, without slavery. The continent would thus become a French breadbasket and market and its inhabitants would be educated in the new principles of reason and liberty. This project can be seen as the préfiguration of the republican version of the second French colonisation in the 19th Century.
Bottu, « Le Républicain des Colonies » (1797).
Authors: Gainot Bernard
Published: May 2009

Bernard Gainot, Bottu, « Le Républicain des colonies ».

Le Républicain des colonies, sul cui redattore Bottu, si hanno poche notizie. Uscidal 10 Germinale al 10 Termidoro dell'anno V. Uffïcialmente dava informazioni sulla situazione nelle colonie, ma ufficiosamente serviva la politica di Truchet, ministro della marina, fondata sulla messa in atto dellà libertà générale dei cittadini schiavi e sulla compléta omologazione dello statuto délie colonie a quello dei dipartimenti metropolitani. Cosi il giornale ebbe un ruolo nelle lotte politiche dell' « esagono », poiché gli antiabolizionisti revanscistici erano sostenuti dai « Clychiens » di tendenza monarchica. Intransigente sui principi rivoluzionari, ostile al potere militare, contesté gli argomenti che sfioravano il razzismo sull'irrimediabile peculiarità délia gente di colore riuscendo cosi a introdurre l'idea anticolonialista in seno alla tradizione giacobina ed a trasmet- terla insieme a quest'ultima.
Hegel et l'abbé Grégoire : question noire et révolution française.
Authors: Tavares Pierre Franklin
Published: May 2009

Pierre-Franklin Tavares, Hegel and abbé Grégoire : the black question and the French Revolution.

From 1822 onwards, Hegel conducted research on Africa. When he came to France in 1827, he was struck by lingering traces of the French Revolution. It is perhaps for this reason that on his return he introduced into his research on Africa some reflections on the slave trade and on slavery in the Americas. It is also certain that Hegel had read very attentively the abolitionist writings of Grégoire, to the extent that he reproduces them almost word for word. This article also notes a convergence in the two writers' criticism of phrenological theses, which were often used in racist arguments.
La diffusion des nouvelles en Catalogne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (1789-1799) : Rumeurs et nouvelles de la Révolution française
Authors: Llimargas Jordi
Published: May 2009

Jori Llimargas i Marsal, La diffusion des nouvelles en Catalogne à la fin du xvme siècle (1789-1799 : rumeurs et nouvelles de la Révolution française).

Comme dans le reste du royaume d'Espagne, l'information imprimée ou simplement écrite était soumise au contrôle très strict des autorités. Les deux journaux paraissant à Barcelone présentaient ainsi une information indigente sur la situation politique à l'étranger.

Cependant les cahiers personnels tenus par le baron de Maldà, fort conservateur, mais fort bon observateur, permettent de connaître les autres médias du cheminement de l'information sur la Révolution française parvenue à Barcelone : cercles de notables (beaucoup d'ecclésiastiques sont présents), boutiques de libraires, feuilles rédigées à la main, lettres privées, médias oraux informels, vecteurs de rumeurs plus que de nouvelles. La Catalogne n'ignora pas les changements intervenus en Europe mais les connut bien mal en raison du caractère bien peu moderne des structures de diffusion de l'information.
Les troubles électoraux de l'an VII : dissolution du souverain ou vitalité de la démocratie représentative ?
Authors: Gainot Bernard
Published: May 2009

Bernard Gainot, I disordini elettorali dell'anno VII : disgregazione del sovrano o vitalità della democrazia rapprensentativa ?

Bernard Gainot présenta il modo in cui le pratiche elettorali (assemblea a porte chiuse o assemblea pubblica, altre manifestazioni o no assieme all'assemblea, calma o tumulto) costituirono sotto il Direttorio poste intorno a cui si scontrarono concetti diversi dell'esercizio della sovranità ed anche concetti diversi della rappresentanza politica.
Un argument en révolution, la souveraineté du peuple
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: May 2009

Jacques Guilhaumou, An argument in Revolution : the sovereignty of the people, The Marseille experiment.

For all Jacobins, citizenship was defined by the sovereignty of the people. The Girondin faction stuck to a minimalist discourse whereby the formation of public opinion is the first step in the exercise of sovereignty. The maximalist discourse of the Corde- Hers and the radical Jacobins held that the people make the law and judge the conformity between the law and natural right.

One notes a marseillaise inflexion in this discourse. At Marseille, the moderate patriots evoked "the relative and local sovereignty, so to speak". From spring 1793 the radical patriots evoked a marseillaise insurrection taking its lead from Paris as motor of the Revolution and, after the success of the insurrection, and organization of the executive power characterized by the multiplication of intermediary governmental bodies.

Maignet, représentant en mission in the Bouches-du-Rhône, developed a synthesis : the division of functions. Accordingly, the Convention would make the law, the departments would concern themselves with local problems, the districts would surveil the application of laws, the municipalities and revolutionary committees would handle all matters relative to individuals.
Cordeliers, sans-culottes et Jacobins
Authors: Monnier Raymonde
Published: May 2009

Raymonde Monnier, Cordiglieri, sanculotti e giacobini.

R. M. analizza il discorso dei portavoce che il 5 luglio 1793 vennero a portare alla Convenzione l'adesione delle sezioni di Parigi alla Costituzione. Non fu fittizia Punanimità riguardo all'unità della Repubblica ; ma questa nozione d'unità permetteva l'espressione di un'importante diversità di aspirazioni, le quali avrebbero prefigurato gli scontri dell'anno II. II discorso popolare, sospetto non molto tempo fa, diventò allora legittimo, anché quando parlava del diritto ai viveri e del diritto all'esistenza.
On rougit ici d'être riche
Authors: Liris Élisabeth
Published: May 2009

Elizabeth Liris, « Qui, si arrossisce di esser ricco ».

E. L. studia la politica sociale messa in opera da Fouché, rappresentante in missione nell' Allier. Questa fu una riposta alla questione dei viveri, particolarmente grave nell'autunno 1793. Fouché désignò i responsabili : il « cattivo » ricco, il monopolista. Teorizzò la distinzione dei béni necessari e di quelli superflui. Poi preconizzò la confezione del pane dell'uguaglianza : una qualità di pane unica, un prezzo unico. Volle anche far sparire la mendicità moltiplicando gli ospizi ed instaurando il soccorso a domicilio.
Le comportement électoral sous la monarchie constitutionnelle (1790-1791) : une interprétation communautaire
Authors: Edelstein Melvin
Published: May 2009

Melvin Edelstein, Il comportamento elettorale sotto la Monarchia costituzionale (1790- 1791). Un'interpretazione comunitaria.

M. E. studia la partecipazione elettorale nei 1790-1791. Durante gli scrutini del

1790, che furono locali, essa fu più forte in campagna che in città. Per l'autore, questa differenza si spiega con un'integrazione più grande della popolazione contadina. Nel

1791. Durante l'elezione legislativa, diminui il voto rurale. Si possono avanzare tre ipotesi, che però non si escludono : interesse minore da parte dei contadini per il livello nazionale della vita politica, delusione riguardo alia Rivoluzione, indebolimento délia solidarietà paesana, da una parte per il conflitto religioso e dall'atra per la scomparsa di un suo fortissimo legame, l'opposizione al signore, la quale non ha più ragion d'essere.
De la critique théâtrale ou la conquête de l'opinion
Authors: Biard Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Biard, De la critique théâtrale ou la conquête de l'opinion.

Michel Biard donne des exemples de critiques théâtrales parues dans la presse où, dès les dernières décennies de l'Ancien Régime, il est fait allusion à des réactions du public de caractère politique. A partir de 1789, la scène et la critique théâtrales deviennent des lieux de combat politique. Jusqu'en 1792, la totale liberté du théâtre permet la contribution maximale de celui-ci à la formation et à l'expression de l'opinion. Mais les journaux s'interrogent eux-mêmes sur le caractère positif pour le théâtre d'un tel investissement politique.
L'éducation pour les arts et métiers : J.-H. Hassenfratz (1755-1827). Publiciste et professeur
Authors: Grison Emmanuel
Published: May 2009

Emmanuel Grison, L'istruzione per « les arts et métiers » : J.H. Hassenfratz (1755- 1827), pubblicista e professore.

Hassenfratz fu un vero autodidatta. Arruolato in marina militare, ne usci geometra- geografo. Notato da Monge, diventò viceispettore delle minière. Poi fu l'assistente di Lavoisier. Membro della Società del 1789 poi dei Giacobini, si lanciò nell'editoria scientifica popolare, fu membro dell'ufficio di consulenza dei « mestieri », tenne al liceo lezione di tecnologia (era la prima volta che veniva usata questa parola) per gli operai e gli artigiani, poi fece anche alla Scuola di Marzo lezione di arte militare. Insegnò la fisica generale fin dall' origine della Scuola centrale dei lavori pubblici (diventata presto il Politecnico), dove rimase trent'anni, nonostante l'episodio del suo mettere in stato di accusa per passato terrorista nell'anno III.
Dater Le Père Duchesne d'Hébert (juillet1793-mars 1794)
Authors: Guilhaumou Jacques
Published: May 2009

Jacques Guilhaumou, Dater le Père Duchesne d'Hébert (juillet 1793-mars 1794).

Jusqu'à présent, le chercheur ne disposait pas d'une datation précise des numéros du Père Duchesne d'Hébert. J.G. l'établit à partir des mentions du Père Duchesne relevées dans les autres journaux dont la datation est, elle, connue.
Les confréries de Provence face à la Révolution
Authors: Bertrand Régis
Published: May 2009

Régis Bertrand, Les confréries de Provence face à la Révolution.

En Provence, les confréries religieuses avant 1789 et les sociétés populaires après 1789 furent exceptionnellement nombreuses. Dans l'espace, la coïncidence entre les deux phénomènes est frappante. Bien que la confrérie et la société populaire poursuivent des buts totalement différents, l'une et l'autre s'établirent sans difficulté dans des communautés d'habitants qui avaient une vieille pratique associative, étaient habituées à élire des bureaux et à débattre. Par ailleurs, beaucoup de confréries vécurent au grand jour jusqu'en 1792, et beaucoup de confrères continuèrent ensuite de se réunir.
Les écrits politiques de Marchena pendant le Directoire : Clés biographiques et intellectuelles
Authors: Fuentes Juan Francisco
Published: May 2009

Juan-Francisco Fuentes, Les écrits politiques de Marchena pendant le Directoire : clés biographiques et intellectuelles.

J.F.F. raconte la vie sous le Directoire du révolutionnaire espagnol émigré en France, Marchena. Il avait été proche de Brissot, puis emprisonné pendant la Terreur. Libéré après Thermidor, Marchena se trouva sans cesse dans la situation de déplaire au gouvernement français : il fut successivement ou simultanément accusé de royalisme et de jacobinisme, ce qui lui valut de nouvelles arrestations et des menaces d'expulsion. En 1797, il s'éloigna temporairement de l'agitation politique pour écrire des textes où apparaissaient ses aspirations profondes : une République où propriété et liberté s'équilibreraient, et dont seraient exclus aussi bien ceux qui mettaient en péril le droit de propriété que ceux qui voulaient établir une aristocratie des riches.
Les « Jacobins » du Bois de Cros (Clermont-Ferrand, an V) : Chronique d'un massacre annoncé
Authors: Bourdin Philippe
Published: May 2009

Philippe Bourdin, Les « Jacobins » du Bois du Cros (Clermont-Ferrand, an V). Chronique d'un massacre annoncé.

Le 21 messidor an V (9 juillet 1797), une bande armée de citoyens de Clermont attaqua une foule de promeneurs au lieu-dit Bois du Cros, à la périphérie de la ville : il y eut au moins quatre morts, des dizaines de blessés, plusieurs habitations et débits de boisson saccagés. Du côté des agresseurs, le sens de l'action est sans ambiguïté : ils voulurent disperser un rassemblement de « jacobins ». Du côté des agressés, il est impossible de caractériser une identité politique. La sociologie des deux groupes est identique. L'alternance politique du Directoire et sa traduction locale dans les administrations et la justice obscurcissent l'enquête historique. Il apparaît que l'événement révèle les phantasmes antijacobins des « honnêtes gens » de Clermont, trois ans après thermidor.
Les débuts des préfets du Consulat et la conscription de l'an VIII
Authors: Waquet Jean
Published: May 2009

Jean Waquet, Il debutto deiprefetti del Consolato e la coscrizione dell 'anno VIII.

In Termidoro dell'anno VIII, facendo seguito ad un'ingiunzione del Primo Console, Lucien Bonaparte, ministro degli Interni, rimproverò la maggior parte dei prefetti che rendeva responsabili dell'insuccesso della coscrizione. Loro reagirono con lettere di una franchezza sorprendente che rivelano la concezione che si facevano i primi prefetti délie proprie funzioni ; queste lettere rivelano anche uomini dei Lumi, umanisti e liberali, uomini d'azione e di convinzione a un tempo.
Politique artistique et Révolution française (1789-1800) : la régénération des arts, un échec ?
Authors: Jourdan Annie
Published: May 2009

Annie Jourdan, Politico artistica e Rivoluzione francese (1 789-1800) : la rigenerazione delle arti, un fiasco ?

L'autore analizza gli argomenti che, durante tutta la Rivoluzione e particolarmente durante il Direttorio, vennero scambiati dagli artisti, dagli uomini politici e dai giornalisti, almeno d'accordo per deplorare che alla rigenerazione della nazione non sia corrisposta una rigenerazione delle forme e dei contenuti estetici. Gli artisti si lamentavano dell'inconsistenza della richiesta formulata dai govemi e della mancanza di mezzi finanziari. I govemi furono tormentati da concezioni estetiche e politiche contraddittorie. Oggi si deve tuttavia considerare che nelle feste fu realmente grande Tarte rivoluziona- ria, benché effimera ; che furono all 'origine di una tradizione artistica repubblicana, temi come il culto dei grandi uomini o pratiche come i concorsi pubblici.
Les sociétés savantes à l'époque consulaire
Authors: Chappey Jean-Luc
Published: May 2009

Jean-Luc Chappey, Le società dotte nell'epoca consolare.

L'autore studia le 28 società dotte e letterarie del dipartimento della Senna, tra l'anno VIII e l'anno XII. Nella continuità delle Accademie provinciali e dei Musei del Settecento, esse assicuravano la circolazione del sapere tra il personale delle grandi istituzioni scientifiche di Parigi ed il pubblico eterogeneo dei maestri, professori delle scuole centrali, dilettanti illuminati. Questa carica pedagogica giustificava, in nome della pubblica utilità, l'appoggio ma anche la vigilanza delle autorità. Esse costituirono anche luoghi dove si costruirono e rivaleggiarono diversi cammini sociali. Dal punto di vista intellettuale, ci si scontrarono una concezione enciclopedica ed una concezione specializzata e professionale del sapere e delle pratiche.
Les pouvoirs des représentants en mission sous la Convention
Authors: Biard Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Biard. Le pouvoir des représentants en mission sous la Convention.

En décidant l'envoi de députés en mission, la Convention poursuivit une tendance antérieure non sans hésiter à transgresser le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs. Le décret du 9 mars 1793 peut être regardé comme l'acte de naissance des représentants en mission. M.B. observe son libellé et celui des décrets postérieurs afin d'analyser la nature et l'étendue des pouvoirs des représentants et mesurer le degré d'initiatives dont ils disposaient. Le terme de liberté surveillée lui semble le plus approprié. Si, à travers ses orientations politiques pourtant très différentes, la Convention a continuellement eu recours au procédé, c'est parce que les représentants en mission lui étaient nécessaires pour expliquer ses décisions et pour connaître l'état de l'opinion.
Toute politique est locale : une relecture critique de Le nombre et la raison : la Révolution française et les élections de Patrice Gueniffey
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: May 2009

Jeff Horn, Ogni politico è locale. Una rilettura critica di : «Le Nombre et la Raison. La Révolution française et les élections » di Patrice Gueniffey.

J.H. pur sottolineando il grande interesse dell'opera nel quadro del ritorno allo studio della Rivoluzione francese in quanto fenomeno politico, critica il preconcetto dell'autore riguardo alle elezioni intervenute durante il periodo rivoluzionario : se Patrice Gueniffey considera queste elezioni non democratiche ed anche prepolitiche è perché non vuol ammettere che le elezioni local i che mobilitarono di più i cittadini erano in realtà molto politiche. J.H. prende l'esempio del dipartimento dell'Aube che smente la tesi del luoglio elettorale giacobino : del resto, i Giacobini non ci ebbero mai la maggioranza al livello dipartimentale perché la loro pretesa egemonica suscitò un'opposizione forte.
A propos des recherches faites sur le sort des prisonniers de guerre français pendant les guerres européennes (1792-1815)
Authors: Lemay Edna Hindie
Published: May 2009

Edna Lemay, A proposito delle ricerche fatte sulle condizioni di vita del prigioneri di guerra francesi durante la guerre europee 1 792-1815.

Come suggerito dal professor Eva Ring (Istituto di storia di Budapest) e con lo scopo d'incoraggiare un projetto di ricerche intereuropeo, Edna Lemay ha intrapreso uno studio limitandosi agli anni 1794-1796. Dopo uno rassegna dei precedent! studi ungheresi, examina i documenti francesi dell' Archivio délia Gerra a Budapest. Ouest' analisi permette di evidenziare le candizioni di vita, i problemi finanziani, familiari a religiosi dei prigioneri.