bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
РИСКИ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ И ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОДИНАМИКА
Authors: Солдатов В.Ю. , Soldatov V.Yu. , Крапивин В.Ф. , Krapivin V.F. , Потапов И.И. , Potapov I.I.
Published: January 2020

Рассмотрены основные глобальные проблемы динамики системы природаобщество и обсуждены ключевые задачи достижения ее устойчивого развития. Проанализированы современные тенденции в изменении экологических систем и оценены характеристики современной глобальной экодинамики. Особое внимание уделено организации глобального геоинформационного мониторинга, который мог бы обеспечить надежный контроль за развитием процессов в окружающей среде с перспективой получения прогнозных оценок последствий реализации антропогенных проектов. Предложен новый подход к численному моделированию системы природа-общество и приведены демонстрационные результаты моделирования динамики характеристик этой системы при реализации ряда сценариев антропогенного воздействия на окружающую среду. Подчеркнута важность и необходимость развития адаптивных алгоритмов обработки данных мониторинга, позволяющих сократить экономические расходы на его организацию и повысить достоверность получаемых оценок характеристик глобальной экодинамики. Указаны перспективные подходы к развитию технологии оценки риска от реализации принимаемых решений по управлению экосистемами. Работа выполнена при поддержке Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований (Грант РФФИ № 19-07-00443а).
ПРИБЛИЖЕННЫЙ МЕТОД РЕШЕНИЯ ОБРАТНОЙ ЗАДАЧИ ПРИ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ ЛИНЕЙНЫХ МОДЕЛЕЙ В РЕЖИМЕ МОНИТОРИНГА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ
Authors: Назарян Н.А. , Nazaryan N.A.
Published: January 2020

Рассмотрены вопросы поиска конструктивных алгоритмов решения обратных задач радиометрии и спектроэллипсометрии при многоканальной диагностике подсистем окружающей среды. Предложен алгоритм решения линейной обратной задачи, когда спектральные характеристики являются линейными функциями параметров изучаемого объекта. Для частных случаев даны геометрические интерпретации.
Неэтичное авторство в научных публикациях* (обзор проблемы)
Authors: Гуреев В.Н. , Gureyev В.N. , Лакизо И.Г. , Lakizo I.G. , Мазов Н.А. , Mazov N.А.
Published: January 2020

Недобросовестное авторство в научных публикациях - один из наиболее распространенных типов нарушений публикационной этики, связанный либо с неправомерным включением в состав авторов лиц, не соответствующих критериям авторства, либо, напротив, сокрытием реальных исполнителей научной работы. Среди основных причин интенсивного распространения в последние годы неэтичного поведения в отношении авторства следует назвать несовершенство системы управления наукой, требующей от научных сотрудников высоких показателей публикационной активности; отчасти дискриминационную политику журналов по отношению к молодым авторам, вынуждающую их включать в соавторы авторитетных ученых; конфликты интересов в медицинских публикациях, побуждающие фармацевтические компании исключать реальных исполнителей. Научным и издательским международными сообществами предложен комплекс подходов как к борьбе с недобросовестным авторством, так и к его профилактике, включая разработку дополнительных критериев авторства, уточнение инструкций и руководящих материалов для авторов, рецензентов и редакторов, организацию и проведение обучающих мероприятий по ознакомлению авторов с принципами публикационной этики. Перспективными представляются наукометрические методы выявления неприемлемых типов авторства. В настоящей обзорной статье представлено современное состояние проблемы и намеченные профессиональным сообществом пути к ее решению.
СТРАТЕГИИ АПСАЙКЛИНГА ОТХОДОВ ЭЛЕКТРОННОГО И ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ ПОТОКОВ
Authors: Yi Sora , Yi Sora , Lee Hisun , Lee Hisun , Lee Jeongmin , Lee Jeongmin , Kim Woong , Kim Woong
Published: January 2020

Под апсайклингом обычно подразумевается преобразование материалов отходов в нечто полезное или ценное, и это полезная концепция, которая может быть применена не только к промышленному дизайну в сфере обращения с отходами, но также к рециклингу отходов и рециркуляции ресурсов. Предлагаемое исследование выдвигает на первый план апсайклинг отходов как ключевую концепцию повышения ценности отходов путем переопределения понятия “рециклинг материалов отходов и выброшенных продуктов таким образом, чтобы повысить их ценность”. Четыре стратегии апсайклинга связаны с анализом потоков материалов, проведенным для отходов электронных и электротехнического оборудования, в частности, холодильников и компьютеров, для изучения технологий, доступных для внедрения, и выработки рекомендаций по стимулированию апсайклинга. Объем отработанных холодильников, собранных организационным сектором, составляет 121642 т/год, а неформальным сектором 63823 т/год. Текущий уровень рециклинга отходов холодильников был оценен в 88,53%. В общей сложности, 7585 т/год отработанных компьютеров было собрано организованным сектором и 3807 т/год неформальным сектором после удаления. Между тем, текущий уровень рециклинга отработанных компьютеров оценивался в 77,43%. По мнению авторов, в случае холодильников можно внедрить 28 технологий апсайклинга, а в случае компьютеров 15 технологий. Уточняя более широкую концепцию апсайклинга и рассматривая стадии материального потока, авторы предложили подход, который включает универсально применимые направления для включения апсайклинга в планы утилизации и рециклинга ресурсов.
ДАЛЬНИЙ ПЕРЕНОС И ПРОЦЕССЫ ОСАЖДЕНИЯ АЭРОЗОЛЯ: ОБЗОР
Authors: Крапивин В.Ф. , Krapivin V.F. , Потапов И.И. , Potapov I.I. , Солдатов В.Ю. , Soldatov V.Yu.
Published: January 2020

Дальний перенос аэрозоля (особенно трансокеанский) определяет разнообразные воздействия аэрозоля на окружающую среду и климат в региональных и глобальных масштабах. Важное место занимает в этом контексте обусловленное дальним переносом антропогенного аэрозоля и малых газовых компонентов загрязнение высокоширотной атмосферы. Таким же соображением определяется и лапидарность освещения проблем дальнего переноса продуктов сжигания биомассы и антропогенных выбросов на акваторию Индийского океана Следует подчеркнуть неадекватность имеющейся информации о дальнем переносе аэрозоля, что диктует необходимость дальнейшего развития как систем наблюдений (при особом внимании к лидарному и спутниковому дистанционному зондированию), так и имитационного численного моделирования глобальной динамики атмосферного аэрозоля. Достоверная оценка путей распространения аэрозоля возможна при совместном использовании соответствующих моделей и данных спутникового мониторинга.
РАЗВИТИЕ ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ НА ПРИНЦИПАХ «УМНОЙ» СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ
Authors: Коровин Г.Б. , Korovin G.B. , Аверина Л.М. , Averina L.M.
Published: January 2020

Статья посвящена применению новой концепции «умной» специализации регионов в области экологического развития. Предложен основанный на этой концепции подход к выбору приоритетов инновационного развития территории на основе определения уникальной ниши региона на перспективных рынках высокотехнологичной продукции и технологий. Авторами, на основе анализа зарубежного и отечественного опыта, предложен методический подход к выбору приоритетов инновационного развития старопромышленного региона на принципах зеленой экономики, основанный на концепции умной специализации.
Microgrids for Micro-Communities: Reducing the Energy Burden in Rural Areas
Authors: Michalski Julie
Published: January 2020

Rural communities currently face some of the highest energy costs and lowest reliability in the country, due in part to long transmission distances and low population densities. The North American Supergrid (“NAS”) has been proposed as a solution for increased grid stability, resiliency, and renewable generation with decreased carbon emissions and energy cost across the lower 48 states. Although the NAS could help with these energy goals, it is likely that benefits of the NAS would bypass many rural or isolated communities outside of the transmission step-down points. As the NAS will not help rural communities, states can take regulatory action aimed at promoting microgrid systems of locally generated renewable energy. Remote communities in Alaska have already taken advantage of microgrid systems, and Alaska’s microgrid policies could serve as a model for rural communities in the lower 48. This Note proposes regulatory changes to states’ microgrid policies, based on Alaska’s policies, to bolster renewable generation based microgrid system development for rural communities by (1) identifying and clearly defining important factors affecting microgrid implementation, (2) setting high renewable portfolio standards, (3) increasing financial investment, and (4) collaborating with other states and interest groups to share information. By considering Alaska’s policies as a prototype, states across the country can increase rural residents’ access to affordable energy.
Privacy Preserving Social Norm Nudges
Authors: Nahmias Yifat
Published: January 2020

Nudges comprise a key component of the regulatory toolbox. Both the public and private sectors use nudges extensively in various domains, ranging from environmental regulation to health, food and financial regulation. This article focuses on a particular type of nudge: social norm nudges. It discusses, for the first time, the privacy risks of such nudges. Social norm nudges induce behavioral change by capitalizing on people’s desire to fit in with others, on their predisposition to social conformity, and on their susceptibility to the way information is framed. In order to design effective social norm nudges, personal information about individuals and their behavior must be collected, processed, and later disseminated (usually in some aggregated form). Thus, the use of social norm nudges opens up the possibility for privacy threats. Despite the significant privacy concerns raised by social norm nudges, research on the topic has been scarce. This article makes two contributions to the understanding of the privacy risks underlying the use of social norm nudges. The first contribution is analytic: it demonstrates that using social norm nudges can pose a threat to individuals’ privacy through re-identification of anonymized data. This risk was demonstrated in other contexts (e.g. Netflix recommendation contest). The second contribution is policy oriented: it argues that the strategy of differential privacy can be used to mitigate these privacy risks and offer a way to employ social norms nudges while protecting individuals’ privacy.
Elpidia García, cuentista de un capitalismo gore con precedentes
Authors: Ahuatzín Angélica
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo brinda un acercamiento a la obra de la cuentista Elpidia García Delgado, mediante un estudio de su temática más recurrente: conflictos propios del contexto mexicano fronterizo. Para ello se toma como referencia principal el trabajo teórico de Sayak Valencia en su libro Capitalismo gore, con el fi n de vincular los conceptos que propone con las problemáticas sociales que en Elpidia García son motivo de una escritura a favor de la memoria colectiva y aunada a una crítica del pasado y el presente históricos. Asimismo, se profundiza en el análisis del sujeto endriago planteado por Valencia, pues su representación mimética en las ficciones de García Delgado es una cualidad sustancial para comprender el espacio desde el que se narra.
Ciudad de México y Torreón: signos del caos y la violencia a partir de la obra de Bernardo Esquinca y Carlos Velázquez
Authors: Torres Mojica Tarik
Published: January 2020

El tema del entorno urbano permite estudiar el desarrollo de las sociedades actuales y reflexionar acerca de este. En la literatura, la ciudad es escenario y, por momentos, actante que representa distintos aspectos de la experiencia social e individual de diferentes civilizaciones. Así, las ciudades, sus espacios, sus estructuras e historias, se convierten, en el texto escrito, en materia por la que se mira una parte de la existencia humana. En este artículo se presenta el modo en que lo urbano se singulariza en las obras de Bernardo Esquinca y de Carlos Velázquez, con el fin de percibir particularidades de la producción narrativa mexicana reciente, como el cuestionamiento de símbolos locales y nacionalistas, y la presencia de la violencia en la vida citadina. Para complementar el análisis de las obras se tomarán como puntos de partida registros visuales e históricos, así como reflexiones antropológicas.
Desbordamiento diegético: de los límites corporales a los literarios en Operación al cuerpo enfermo de Sergio Loo
Authors: Muñiz Hernández Nora Renée
Published: January 2020

En el presente artículo se propone que, en Operación al cuerpo enfermo de Sergio Loo, se produce una metástasis literaria debido a la falta de límites corporales tanto entre los personajes como a nivel textual, por lo que la obra crea su propia realidad tridimensional a partir de la lógica del contagio. Para poder aproximarnos a esta lectura, es necesario entender la obra como un “texto instalación” (término de Florencia Garramuño), ya que presenta una variedad de disciplinas y de géneros literarios. Mediante esta categoría se aborda la colisión entre la falsa promesa de autoficción, debido a que la enfermedad narrada es la misma que padeció el autor, y la participación de la “desapropiación de la escritura” (término de Cristina Rivera Garza), puesto que la construcción de la obra se da a partir de una multiplicidad de voces. Este choque, sumado a la construcción de personajes que carecen de límites corporales claros y a la falta de determinación espacio-temporal, origina entonces una metástasis literaria —como traslación del término “metástasis de los simulacros” de Teresa López-Pellisa—. A partir de una constante descolocación del sujeto, la diégesis funciona como una dimensión propia por su relación con el cuerpo como lugar de enunciación dentro de la obra.
Peranan Batik Bakaran Sebagai Cenderamata Khas Kecamatan Juwana Abstrak
Authors: Pranata Darma I Gusti Ketut Indra
Published: January 2020

There are several factors that make a product can be categorized as a souvenir typical of a region. Among them is having the distinctiveness of a place or unique, relative price, can be carried by hand, has a value of reminiscence, is able to be awarded and have the memory of events from somewhere. Typical regional products Juwana one of them is Batik Offering. This study aims to determine whether Batik Bakaran fulfills the criteria for a souvenir and development efforts. The study was conducted using qualitative method by conducting depth interviews with informants. Informants are looking for is a trader and craftsmen Batik Bakaran, and buyers who frequently use the product Batik Offering. Based on research data obtained, Batik Bakaran can be called as souvenirs of the District Juwana because it has a strong characteristic 5 of the 6 available. For development efforts that have been made for this, among others, by utilizing technology to introduce the product, participated in the exhibition to get a new variation of the motif.
Sistem Pakar Penanganan Kasus Sengketa Tanah Menggunakan Metode Backward Chaining
Authors: Sapri Sapri , Khairil Khairil
Published: January 2020

Land dispute is a conflict between two or more parties that have different interests in one or several objects of land rights that can result in legal consequences for both. Problems to explain government regulations and legislation relating to land dispute cases in a simple way that is, explained the rules that correspond to the problems that occur. This makes it difficult for a lawyer to deal with many clients and different cases. The purpose of this study is to design the Expert System for Handling Land Dispute Cases using the Backward Chaining Method. The study was conducted to analyze the existing needs, collect data, design, implement the results of the design into the application that is used, after that will be tested and maintained the system. The results of the study show that the existence of this expert system, it provides very meaningful benefits for the client, namely facilitating the client to carry out consultations regarding the handling of land dispute cases.
REFORMATTING A SPATIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NATURAL RESOURCE ASSETS
Authors: Bystryakov Igor , Mykytenko Victoriia
Published: January 2020

The conceptual and analytical approach to the definition of an integrative base of sustainable development of territories is proposed, which is based on the idea of construction of economic space and creates real conditions for the establishment and deployment of territorial economic integration. It is proved that the effect of the realization of the economic meta space of the state is influenced by the factor of reorganization of the regional map by cascading format of consolidation of industrial-economic, inter-sectoral and interregional interaction. It is recognized that it is expedient to take into account European economic-statistical principles when creating ten territorial economic and economic districts, the format and scale of which will correspond to the key principles of the liberal-social market model of spatial development.
ECOLOGICAL AND BALANCED USE OF MARGINAL LANDS FOR GROWING ENERGY CROPS
Authors: Mazur Viktor , Kravchuk Halyna , Honcharuk Hryhorii
Published: January 2020

The cultivation of bioenergetic crops is one of the priority directions of work of the educational-scientific and production complex Ukrainian Scientific and Educational Consortium. The ecological and balanced use of marginal lands for growing energy crops is regarded. The limitation of land resources creates significant difficulties and sets priorities for the use of marginal lands. However, there are still large uncertainties in determining the categories and areas of marginal lands for the cultivation of biomass that require further research, definitions and discussions. The further development of the biomass utilization should take place with proper consideration of the environmental impact and the observance of the criteria for sustainable development. The domestic experience and experience of foreign countries are analyzed. The ecological expediency of cultivating energy crops on marginal lands is highlighted. There are 8136.08 hectares of eroded and less productive lands in the region. Besides, 737,300 hectares of degraded lands require the preservation.
The radioactively contaminated soils can become a special fund for marginal lands in the Vinnytsia region. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the area in the Vinnytsia region with the radiation pollution density of 1-5 Ci/km2 is 1,944 km2, while it is 38 km2 with the density of 5-10 Ci/km2. These areas can be used for such forest energy crops as Salix viminalis, Populus berolinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, because they have the smallest deposit of radionuclides. It is extremely important to achieve an environmental balance for the use of marginal lands, when bioenergy crops will produce biomass and compensate the lost properties of low-quality soils. The characteristics of new energy crops grown at the Yaltushkiv experimental and selection station of the Institute of Bioenergetic Crops and Sugar Beets of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, the founder of the ESPC Ukrainian Scientific-Educational Consortium are also regarded.
ASTRONOMIA NO ENSINO MÉDIO: COMPREENDENDO DETALHES DO MOVIMENTO APARENTE DAS ESTRELAS COM UM MINIPLANETÁRIO
Authors: Leão Demetrius Dos Santos
Published: January 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar parte dos resultados obtidos com a intervenção feita como projeto da dissertação de mestrado do autor, que consistiu no desenvolvimento de um conjunto de aulas de Astronomia, com alunos do 1º Ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola da rede privada do Distrito Federal (Brasília, Brasil), empregando como recurso principal um material didático chamado miniplanetário (MP). Utilizando como pressuposto teórico norteador dessas aulas as ideias de contextualização e dialogicidade de Paulo Freire, foi proposta aos estudantes a montagem e utilização desse recurso em uma sessão de planetário. Durante o projeto, enfatizaram-se assuntos como a trajetória aparente das estrelas para o céu de Brasília, a localização dos pontos cardeais a partir da constelação do Cruzeiro do Sul, as cores das estrelas e as estrelas vistas de uma determinada localidade. Apurou-se que os alunos apresentaram melhoria na compreensão desses assuntos, bem como demonstraram expressiva empolgação com essa metodologia desenvolvida.
DA FORMAÇÃO DE UM GRUPO DE ESTUDOS À REALIZAÇÃO DE OFICINAS PARA PROFESSORES: A ASTRONOMIA NA EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA EM UMUARAMA-PR
Authors: Belusso Diane , Sakai Otávio Akira
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo, objetiva-se apresentar as atividades desenvolvidas pelo Grupo de Estudos de Astronomia (GEA) e contribuir para a divulgação e melhoria do ensino-aprendizagem de astronomia. São apresentados os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada nas escolas de Umuarama-PR, com o intuito de averiguar o conhecimento e o interesse dos estudantes em relação à astronomia. Relata-se a realização de oficinas de capacitação para professores de ciências vinculados ao Núcleo Regional de Educação. A execução da pesquisa e das oficinas promoveu o contato direto do grupo de estudos com a comunidade; os resultados serviram de diagnóstico do ensino-aprendizagem de astronomia, na educação básica, em Umuarama-PR.
O TAMANHO DOS PLANETAS, DE PLUTÃO E DO SOL E AS DISTÂNCIAS ENTRE ESTES: COMPREENSÃO DOS ALUNOS E OFICINA PEDAGÓGICA DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA TRABALHAR ESTA TEMÁTICA
Authors: Macedo Marcos Antônio Paz , Rodrigues Micaías Andrade
Published: January 2020

Este artigo investigou a compreensão de alunos do Ensino Fundamental, em uma turma multisseriada com 22 alunos do 5º ao 9º ano, sobre as dimensões dos astros do Sistema Solar e as distâncias entre estes. Foi aplicado um pré-teste (questionário) para constatar o que estes sabiam sobre o Sistema Solar. Após isto, o conteúdo foi explicado e foi realizada uma oficina, na qual os alunos, em grupos, com o auxílio de tabelas, construíram representações dos planetas, de Plutão e do Sol, em escala, utilizando materiais acessíveis. Por fim, o questionário foi novamente respondido e o resultado obtido muito positivo, pois houve um avanço significativo na compreensão dos conteúdos abordados. Acreditamos que as respostas ao questionário prévio seriam semelhantes em outras escolas, por isto, esta oficina pode ser um meio interessante e eficiente para trabalhar assuntos que, na maioria das vezes, são inadequadamente abordados nas salas de aula e livros didáticos.
INSTITUIÇÕES DE EDUCAÇÃO NÃO-FORMAL DE ASTRONOMIA NO BRASIL E SUA DISTRIBUIÇÃO NO TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL
Authors: Marques Joana Brás Varanda , Freitas Denise De
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo apresentamos os resultados de um levantamento das instituições brasileiras de educação não-formal e divulgação de Astronomia. O setor não-formal da educação e da divulgação    científica são áreas em expansão em todo o mundo e, também, no Brasil. A Astronomia é uma ciência privilegiada devido à rede de instituições existente, mas são poucas as pesquisas que se debruçam sobre essa temática e as informações sobre as instituições não estão integradas nem atualizadas. Neste contexto, buscamos trazer contribuições para o campo ao realizar um levantamento da localização dos planetários, observatórios, museus e associações dedicadas à Educação em Astronomia no Brasil por meio da compilação e atualização das listagens parciais destes já existentes. Pelo que apuramos o Brasil conta com quase 500 instituições dedicadas a essa temática, no entanto, elas estão distribuídas de maneira pouco uniforme.
Populismo del siglo XXI en América Latina
Authors: Soler Lorena
Published: January 2020

Este artículo analiza, desde la sociología histórica y bajo la categoría del populismo, los Gobiernos que surgieron durante los primeros años de la década de 2000 en la región. Estos son los regímenes de Venezuela (1999-2013), Argentina (2003-2015), Brasil (2003-2016), Bolivia (2006) y Ecuador (2007-2017) que coexisten, de manera contradictoria y en el contexto del superciclo de los commodities, bajo la tendencia a la inclusión política y social y un pacto con el capital económico (agronegocios, industria, extractivismo —minería y petróleo—). El argumento de investigación sugiere que la categoría de populismo, en comparación con otros conceptos, captura con mayor precisión la complejidad de las experiencias históricas en estudio. Este artículo demuestra, mediante datos estadísticos, cómo estos regímenes democratizaron la participación social, política y económica y generaron órdenes sociales más igualitarios. El trabajo está ordenado en tres secciones. La primera hace uso de las producciones más destacadas para pensar el cambio de siglo y sus consecuencias en el ordenamiento social de la región. En la segunda y tercera sección se revisa la bibliografía reciente sobre las experiencias populistas del siglo XXI presentando información empírica. Por último, se presenta un balance sucinto y abierto a discusión.
Reflexiones sobre transformaciones e incertidumbres en América Latina
Authors: Pérez Enríquez Diego
Published: January 2020

Diego Pérez Enríquez, coordinador de este número de la revista, entrevista a Wolf Grabendorff, Director de FES-Ildis, Ecuador. A partir de una serie de alianzas estratégicas que resultan de las inherentes transformaciones en el sistema global y que estas provocan incertidumbre en la generación de políticas regionales, Grabendorff considera que América Latina tiene grandes desafíos por superar; entre ellos, la lucha contra el crimen organizado y, en particular, el narcotráfico y también la migración transfronteriza. Sostiene, no obstante, que los Estados han perdido la capacidad de control y regulación en el ámbito económico e incluso territorial. El papel de la Unasur, las relaciones bilaterales Colombia-Venezuela, el control marítimo del Atlántico Sur, la pérdida de hegemonía de EE. UU. y la competitividad con la creciente hegemonía de China, así como la reactivación de las FARC, son algunos de los otros temas que podemos encontrar a continuación.
El involucramiento militar en materia de seguridad pública: una cuestión inconclusa que se reinstala en Latinoamérica ante el desafío del crimen organizado transnacional
Authors: Rodríguez Daniel Darío
Published: January 2020

En tiempos en que se promueve con renovado énfasis un mayor involucramiento de las fuerzas armadas latinoamericanas en asuntos de seguridad pública, el propósito del presente estudio es analizar la pertinencia o no de dicha participación castrense en la materia. El análisis aborda el contexto latinoamericano del último cuarto de siglo, sin menciones nacionales específicas, en el entendimiento de que, salvo particularidades estatales concretas, existen similares realidades y condiciones estructurales en la materia. Se reflexiona en primer término sobre los rasgos constitutivos del crimen organizado transnacional, el cual opera como causa central en la justificación de la promovida participación militar fuera de su ámbito natural, el de defensa nacional. Se examinan las diferencias entre delito organizado y delincuencia común y terrorismo, también fenómenos esgrimidos como razones para que las FF. AA. intervengan en seguridad pública. La  conclusión es que la participación de las FF. AA. en seguridad pública no es intrínsecamente pertinente como regla, puesto que las mismas son organismos no diseñados o concebidos para atender tal fenomenología. Fuera del alcance del estudio quedó la evaluación de la requerida transformación de las fuerzas policiales y de seguridad, cuestión central para atender eficazmente un fenómeno tan elusivo y complejo como el crimen organizado transnacional.
Event Motives and Demographic Characteristics: Case of 14th Turkey Koç Sports Fest University Games
Authors: Özdipçiner Nuray Selma , Akta Eylin , Ceylan Seher
Published: January 2020

Events constitute a subject on which is placed much importance both in practice and theory due to tourism potential they create and their various positive impacts. There are a number of studies conducted on events from various angles and studies dealing with event motives form an important
part in these. However, there are fewer studies analyzing the relation between demographical characteristics and event motives. Analyzing event motives according to demographical characteristics is an important subject that may influence decisions to be taken in the processes of creation,
planning, and management of events. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between spectators' event motives and their demographic characteristics to determine event motives for festivals and sports events as well as which demographic variables create differences on which motives
and to develop suggestions for event managers. In line with this purpose, a survey was conducted to include spectators of 14th Koç Sports Fest University Games, hosted by Pamukkale University and Denizli Metropolitan Municipality in 2017. A questionnaire answered by a total of 794 spectators
was analyzed through explanatory factor analysis in the frame of the scale drawn with the help of the 2001 study by Nicholson and Pearce, and the 2013 study by Polat, and event motives for Koç Sports Fest were determined as socialization, sports as a lifestyle, excitement, event novelty,
escape, and institution/ event image. Findings show that socialization is the most important motive for spectators and motive of escape differs among all demographic groups. In addition, there was another finding showing that spectators having urban or rural origins created differences in
every event motive, except socialization motive.
Implementasi Metode Self Directed Learning dan Diskusi Kelompok Kecil Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Kompetensi Menerapkan Konsep Model Keperawatan Dalam Berbagai Situasi Pada Mata Ajar Ilmu Keperawatan Dasar II
Authors: Insiyah Insiyah
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Self Directed Learning, Small Group Discussion, Basic Nursing Science II. Basic Nursing Science II, is a subject for nursing students in Diploma IV This is a new subject based on curriculum 2014 containing of important concepts such as nursing theory that sometimes it is difficult for student to learn. Commonly students encounter difficulties in this subject so that they are not interested in it. They think that this subject is difficult to be understood because it contains of concepts. The aims of this research is to identify the success of learning methods by using self directed learning and small group discussion in order to increase student ability to achieve competence in application of conceptual nursing model in any situation. This research is Classroom Action Rersearch design. The result show that self directed learning and small group discussion methods are the learning methods that can increase student activity in learning process and improve student ability to achieve competence in application of conceptual nursing model in any situation.
Isopropyl Lactate Obtaining by Transesterification in Reactive Distillation System
Authors: Taga (Sapunaru) Olga Valerica , Koncsag Claudia Irina , Sivriu Ana Maria , Jinescu Gheorghita
Published: January 2020

Transesterification is a classical organic synthesis reaction with many uses in both laboratory and industrial applications. In this reaction, one ester is converted to another by the radical alkoxy exchange. In some cases, the transesterification process is more advantageous when used in the manufacturing of esters than their synthesis by direct esterification of the carboxylic acids with alcohols. Based on literature studies, a transesterification study coupled with the reactive distillation (RD) was performed in order to obtain isopropyl lactate (IPL) by methyl lactate (ML) with isopropanol (IPA). The independent variables studied were: the alcohol / methyl lactate molar ratio (R), the number of the theoretical stages in the fractionation zone (NTS) and the reactive distillation column reflux ratio (RR). The experimental matrix was set for a 23 factorial experiment with three variables at two levels: R = 2 and 4; NTS = 1.7, respectively 2.4 and RR = 2 and 7. A linear mathematical model was proposed to correlate the methyl lactate conversion with all three variables. The model is reliable as the statistical analysis proved.
Experimental Research on Zirconia Resistance to Occlusal Stresses
Authors: Comaneanu Raluca Monica , Bordea Loredana Elena , Paraschiv Viviyana , Botoaca Oana , Bechir Farah , Tarcolea Mihail , Coman Costin , Tanase Mihaela
Published: January 2020

FEM studies were made on a zirconia dental bridge of 4 elements with supports on 2.4 and 2.7, and edentation on 2.5 and 2.6. Appling a compressive force of 350N on Z direction, quite normal for mastication, was analyzed the behavior of the dental bridge. Zirconia, although having a high mechanical strength, is fragile when rotation or bending movements occur. The analysis reveals some bridge deficiencies, which may be due either to inaccuracies in the prosthetic abutment construction (especially in relation to their inclination), to the technique of realization or to insufficient dental support. In our study, the most vulnerable elements are the crowns on teeth 2.4 and 2.7. Finite element analysis, highlighting possible structural and design deficiencies, may be a solution to improve dental bridges. The only disadvantage of the finite element analysis that was performed before the actual restoration is related to the fact that performing the simulations involves a time-consuming phase.
Preliminary Study on the Tensile Strength of Some Adhesive Materials Used to Luting Brackets
Authors: Botoaca Oana , Bechir Edwin Sever , Comaneanu Raluca Monica , Coman Stefania , Tarcolea Mihail , Dragus Laurentiu
Published: January 2020

In our study we compared in vitro the tensile strength of 4 types of adhesive systems used for brackets, two using bonding and two self-etching. The detachment test were made by the Instron� 8801 universal mechanical testing machine, from the Mechanical Testing Laboratory of the Materials Resistance Department, the Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological Systems, the Polytechnic University of Bucharest. From the experimental results we find that the used adhesives offer good shear resistance. Vertise Flow adhesive used for sample 2, which has the highest shear stress at break (tmax ~ 25 MPa), is clearly highlighted. Vertise Flow is follow by the Orthocem adhesive used for sample 1 with tmax ~ 14 MPa, then the Neobond adhesive used in sample 4 with tmax ~ 13 MPa, and the weakest of the adhesives is Grandio Flow used for sample 3 (tmax ~ 12 MPa). We believe it is necessary to carry out further studies on larger batches of samples to obtain results that can be validated by statistical analysis.
DFT Study of Structure, IR and RAMAN Spectra for Betulinic Acid Solvatomorphs
Authors: Nicolov Imirela , Georgescu Doina , Andreici Eftimie Emiliana Laura , Cinta Pinzaru Simona , Roman Roxana , Ledeti Rita Ambrus Ionut , Cheveresan Adelina , Avram Nicolae M.
Published: January 2020

Combined experimental and theoretical studies on molecular structure of the betulinic acid solvatomorph of ethanol, 2-butanol and isopropyl alcohol solvents, grown by recrystallization method, are reported. Theoretical investigations, in the frame of DFT, are done using the new method of the betulinic acid solvatomorph molecule extraction from the corresponding molecular crystal, based on typical fragmentation scheme and chemical connectivity. For all electrons, a localized basis set of Gaussian type functions TZVP and local gradient corrected functional BP86 were used. Good correlation was found between the calculated and experimental data. Slight differences in the lattice modes spectral range (0-200 cm-1) from experimental Raman spectra suggest slight differences in the crystalline network and highlight the powerful Raman approach in evidencing BA pseudo-polymorphs or solvatomorphs. Data obtained suggest that incorporated solvents to the solvates generaly induced changes in crystal symmetry, intermolecular arrangements, stoichiometry and hydrogen bonding interactions of the analysed solvatomorphs.
Cypermethrin Influence on Oxidative Status and Anxious Behaviour in Paracheirodon innensi Species
Authors: Dumitru Gabriela , Todirascu Ciornea Elena , Sandu Ion , Hritcu Lucian
Published: January 2020

The non-discriminatory use of pesticides and herbicides to increase agricultural production has caused great concern, as these products are likely to reach the aquatic environment, thus representing a health problem for aquatic species, but also for humans. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid type II insecticide, is widely used in agriculture, but also for pest control of plants and stored agricultural products, as well as for combating the biological vectors of human and animal diseases. The administration of cypermethrin to Paracheirodon innensi determined ample variations in the activity of oxidative stress enzymes and malondialdehyde concentration, in close correlation with the concentration used, but also the occurrence of some locomotor deficiency and an anxiety state.
Ultrasonic Alkaline Pretreatment of Biological Activated Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Stefanescu Mihai , Dinu Laurentiu Razvan , Bumbac Costel
Published: January 2020

Ultrasonic treatment has become a modern method for removal of micropollutants and refractory compounds from water/wastewater and to improve biodegradation efficiency of biological activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants, in order to produce biogas. This paper is referring to the ultrasonic pretreatment of biological activated sludge, before anaerobic fermentation phase, to increase the amount of biogas generation. The pretreatment of biological sludge is based on two steps: alkaline digestion and ultrasonication. Ten minutes of alkaline condition (pH 9.5 - 10.5) followed by 10 minutes ultrasonication (20 kHz frequency) were the general operating condition of sludge pretreatment phase. Parallel tests (with and without ultrasonic pretreatment step) were performed in order to assess the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on biogas generation. Ultrasonication in alkaline condition of biological sludge heave led to doubling the amount of biogas generated in anaerobic fermentation phase.
Design Improvement of Y-TZP Three Unit Bridges by Predicted Stress Concentration Using FEA and Experimental Failure Modes after Three Point Bending Test
Authors: Almasi Adrian , Antoniac Iulian , Focsaneanu Sergiu , Manole Marius , Ciocoiu Robert , Trante Octavian , Earar Kamel , Saceleanu Adriana , Porumb Anca , Ratiu Cristian
Published: January 2020

In this study an attempt to improve a three unit partial denture design is presented by performing experimental trials to find the failure load of a Y-TZP dental infrastructure. The experimental results are linked with FEA predictions to explain failure and find the optimum design. The test samples used were three unit fixed partial dentures obtained by CAD/CAM using as starting point a clinical case. Design improvement attempt was to increase connector cross-section size and modify its shape. Four samples with circular and elliptical connector cross-sections and 5mm2 and 9mm2 area were tested in flexure. The models created for CAM were used to perform FEA and find the stress distribution, pinpoint the stress concentrators and link the results to experimental failure modes. The results showed that connector design plays an important role in restoration success and increasing connector cross-section area the stress is distributed in a uniform manner. It was concluded that increasing connector cross-section area and using a wider shape (ellipse) strongly decreases failure probability.
Efecto del ejercicio terapéutico en la calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón: Revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados
Authors: Arredondo-López Antonio , Grau-Ramos Ester , Hernando-Callejo Sara , Nieto-García Juan , Gil-Martínez Alfonso
Published: January 2020

Objetivo: Valorar la influencia del ejercicio terapéutico (ET) sobre la calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer (Ca) de pulmón. Asimismo, por su relación con la calidad de vida, se ha analizado la influencia que el ejercicio tiene sobre la tolerancia al esfuerzo y la fuerza..Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) en la base de datos electrónica de MEDLINE (Pubmed). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: ECA realizados en pacientes con cáncer de pulmón, bien tras intervención quirúrgica (IQ), durante o tras el tratamiento con quimioterapia, donde la intervención fuera ejercicio terapéutico, publicados en cualquier idioma. Dos revisores independientes realizaron el análisis de la calidad metodológica mediante la escala PEDro, y un tercer revisor intervino en los casos de desacuerdo.Resultados: Se seleccionaron 8 ECA, de los cuales 4 presentaron una calidad metodológica buena, por encima de 6, en la escala PEDro. Se ha encontrado evidencia fuerte de la influencia del ET en la mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con Ca de pulmón, así como en el aumento de la tolerancia al ejercicio.Conclusión: El ET es un tratamiento que presenta beneficios en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con Ca de pulmón. Estos beneficios no son superiores al tratamiento con fisioterapia activa convencional, terapia manual, fisioterapia respiratoria o relajación progresiva.
Keck Observations Confirm a Super-Jupiter Planet Orbiting M Dwarf OGLE-2005-BLG-071L
Authors: Bennett David P. , Bhattacharya Aparna , Beaulieu Jean-Philippe , Blackman Joshua W. , Vandorou Aikaterini , Terry Sean K. , Cole Andrew A. , Henderson Calen B. , Koshimoto Naoki , Lu Jessica R. , Baptiste Marquette Jean , Ranc Clément , Udalski Andrzej
Published: January 2020

We present adaptive optics imaging from the NIRC2 instrument on the Keck II telescope that resolves the exoplanet host (and lens) star as it separates from the brighter source star. These observations yield the K-band brightness of the lens and planetary host star, as well as the lens-source relative proper motion,

, in the heliocentric reference frame. The

measurement allows for the determination of the microlensing parallax vector,

, which had only a single component determined by the microlensing light curve. The combined measurements of

and K

L
provide the masses of the host star,

, and planet, m

p
 = 3.27 ± 0.32M
Jupiter with a projected separation of 3.4 ± 0.5 au. This confirms the tentative conclusion of a previous paper that this super-Jupiter mass planet, OGLE-2005-BLG-071Lb, orbits an M dwarf. Such planets are predicted to be rare by the core accretion theory and have been difficult to find with other methods, but there are two such planets with firm mass measurements from microlensing, and an additional 11 planetary microlens events with host mass estimates

and planet mass estimates >2 Jupiter masses that could be confirmed by high angular follow-up observations. We also point out that OGLE-2005-BLG-071L has separated far enough from its host star that it should be possible to measure the host-star metallicity with spectra from a high angular resolution telescope such as Keck, the Very Large Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, or the James Webb Space Telescope.
Lower AGN Abundance in Galaxy Clusters at z < 0.5
Authors: Mishra Hora D. , Dai Xinyu
Published: January 2020

Most galaxies in clusters have supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at their center, and a fraction of those SMBHs show strong activity. These active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are an important probe of environmental dependence of galaxy evolution, intracluster medium, and cluster-scale feedback. We investigated AGN fraction in one of the largest samples of X-ray selected clusters from the ROSAT and their immediate surrounding field regions below z < 0.5. We found a lower average AGN fraction in clusters (2.37 ± 0.39)% than for the fields (5.12 ± 0.16)%. The lower AGN fractions in clusters were measured, after dividing the clusters into five redshift intervals between 0.0 and 0.5, in each redshift interval, and we found an increase in the fraction for both cluster and field galaxies with redshift below z < 0.5, which clearly indicates an environment and redshift dependence. We further divided the clusters into low-mass and high-mass objects using a mass cut at log10(M
500/M
⊙) = 13.5, finding comparable AGN fractions for both classifications, while a significantly higher AGN fraction in field. We also measured increasing AGN fractions with cluster-centric distance for all redshift bins, further confirming the environmental dependence of AGN activities. In addition, we did not find an obvious trend between AGN fraction and Sloan Digital Sky Survey M

r
absolute magnitudes among different redshift bins. We conclude that the lower AGN fraction in clusters relative to fields indicate that factors, such as inefficient galaxy mergers and ram pressure stripping, cause a deficit of cold gas available in high-density regions to fuel the central SMBH. Clusters and fields in the present universe have lost more gas relative to their high-redshift counterparts resulting in a lower AGN fraction observed today.
Electron-capture Supernovae of Super-AGB Stars: Sensitivity on Input Physics
Authors: Leung Shing-Chi , Nomoto Ken’ichi , Suzuki Tomoharu
Published: January 2020

Stars of M ∼ 8–10 M
⊙ on their main sequence form strongly electron-degenerate oxygen–neon–magnesium (ONeMg) cores and become super–asymptotic giant branch stars. If such an ONeMg core grows to 1.38 M
⊙, electron captures on 20Ne(e, ν
e)20F(e, ν
e)20O take place and ignite O–Ne deflagration around the center. In this work, we perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of the propagation of the O–Ne flame to see whether such a flame triggers a thermonuclear explosion or induces a collapse of the ONeMg core due to subsequent electron capture behind the flame. We present a series of models to explore how the outcome depends on model parameters for a central density ranging between 109.80 and 1010.20 g cm−3, flame structures of both centered and off-centered ignition kernels, special and general relativistic effects, turbulent flame speed formulae, and the treatments of laminar burning phase. We obtain bifurcation between the electron-capture induced collapse and thermonuclear explosion depending mainly on the central density. We find that the ONeMg core obtained from stellar evolutionary models has a high tendency to collapse into a neutron star. We discuss the implications of the electron-capture supernovae in chemical evolution and the possible observational signals of this class of supernovae.
D/H Ratio in the Interiors of Rocky Protoplanets Accreting in the Solar Nebula
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Kuramoto Kiyoshi
Published: January 2020

The deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratio of primordial water partitioned into a planetary interior seems to be different on Earth and Mars. Water from volcanic rocks originating from Earth’s deep mantle has a low D/H ratio with high 3He/4He ratios, implying that it was inherited partially from the solar nebula. In contrast, the D/H ratio of water in the Martian meteorites considered to represent the mantle does not trend toward that of the solar nebula. These differences may be owing to differences in the types of atmospheric structures formed on protoplanets accreting in the solar nebula. Using a 1D radiative-equilibrium model, we analyze the thermal structure of a hybrid-type protoatmosphere in which the solar nebula component dominates the upper layer while a degassed component dominates the lower layer. Our analysis implies Mars-sized protoplanets maintain a hybrid-type protoatmosphere and the D/H ratio of the lower atmosphere resembles that of the building blocks. Conversely, when the mass is larger than Mars-sized, the compositional stratification is collapsed by convective mixing of the solar nebula component with the degassed component, and the D/H ratio approaches that of the solar nebula. This tendency becomes stronger when the planetary mass is larger. If water vapor is distributed through a magma ocean into the planetary interior, Mars-sized protoplanets are likely to reflect the D/H ratios of the building blocks, while larger protoplanets are likely to have acquired a solar-nebula-like D/H ratio.