bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Frequencies and ExchangeabiIity
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

This chapter studies the relation between subjective probability and relative frequency. Not only is this essential for understanding subjective probability, it is also important for the Bayesian models for using expert opinion. In Theorem 6.3 we have seen how we expect to learn from experience, and in Theorem 6.4 how we expect to profit from observations. However, these theorems do not explain why we like to observe repeated events and like to use their relative frequencies as probabilities.
Two Experiments with Calibration and Entropy
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses two experiments recently carried out at the Delft University of Technology. Both involve the measurement of calibration and entropy with experts. One experiment (Cooke, Mendel, and Thys, 1988) was designed in such a way that the performance of “experienced” and “inexperienced” experts could be compared poth on general knowledge items and on items relating to their common field of expertise. The experts were all mechanical engineers, and “expertise” in this test refers to technical expertise. The experiment used the quantile tests discussed in Chapter 8.
Combining Expert Opinions; Review of the Literature
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews various models for combining expert opinion found in the literature, and motivates some of the choices underlying the models in the following three chapters. We assume that the combination results in a probability distribution for the “decision maker.” Three broad classes of models are discussed. The Bayesian models discussed in the second section all take their point of departure from Bayes’ theorem and require the decision maker to supply a prior probability. The first section is devoted to weighted combinations without prior distributions.
Applications
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

The first section of this chapter reviews applications of the classical model, and discusses the variations and enhancements proposed in Chapter 12. The second section discusses Bayesian analyses of the data sets in the first section. This is possible because the Bayesian model in Chapter 13 is compatible with the continuous version of the classical model. The third section discusses a joint application of the psychological scaling model and the classical model. The supplement to this chapter contains extensive data from these applications.
Introduction
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

We intend for this book to build a bridge between cell biologists and engineers, over the ground that can be called quantitative cell biology or cellular bioengineering. Our aim is to communicate how insights can be gained into the relationship between receptor/ligand molecular properties and the cell functions they govern, by a judicious combination of cell biology experimentation and quantitative engineering models. At the heart of this combination is the use of molecular biology techniques to alter receptor and ligand properties so as both to test the validity of a model and exploit its predictive power.
Signal Transduction
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 2-4, we examined models for receptor/ligand binding at the cell surface and for trafficking of receptors and ligands through the cell. In other words, we looked primarily at the state (free, bound, crosslinked) and location of the receptors. However, we did not examine the role of receptor state and location in the production of a cellular response. We tum now to this goal, as our ultimate aim is to predict cell behavioral responses that result from receptor/ligand binding. Receptors, depending on their state and location, act to transmit biochemical signals. The simple binding of ligand to a cell surface receptor in itself is not sufficient to produce, for example, cell migration or secretion; the receptor must somehow convey to the cell interior the information that a binding event has occurred. In most cases, there is incomplete knowledge concerning the intracellular events transforming receptor-mediated signals into cell behavioral responses. Tremendous efforts are currently underway in many laboratories to identify and characterize the intracellular mediators and kinetic pathways that lie between receptor binding and cell responses.
Two Concepts of Liberalism
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

What, then, are the basic rights that project pursuers possess? It has been argued that they amount to minimal demands on the forbearance of others, but is it exclusively forbearance that individuals can demand from one another as a matter of basic right or should claims to recipience of goods be acknowledged as well? A familiar way to phrase this distinction is as a contrast between “liberty” rights and “welfare” rights. Alternatively, rights are spoken of as “negative” (entailing noninterference with an activity) or “positive” (entailing the provision by some individual or institution of a valued item).
Plastic Years
Authors: Barnouw Erik
Published: November 2023

In 1945, as peace came, it was possible to discern an explosive set of circumstances. Electronic assembly lines, freed from production of electronic war matériel, were ready to turn out picture tubes and television sets. Consumers, long confronted by wartime shortages and rationing, had accumulated savings and were ready to buy. Manufacturers of many kinds, ready to switch from armaments back to consumer goods, were eager to advertise. The situation awaited a catalyst, a signal. It came with surprising suddenness.
Prime
Authors: Barnouw Erik
Published: November 2023

Throughout 1953 stations made their debuts and were joined by co axial cable and radio relay. National networks took shape. Sponsors made their moves. Schedules expanded. Important stars made the plunge. Sets sold rapidly. Euphoria ruled in executive offices. The mass acceptance that David Sarnoff had so long predicted and which had been delayed by financial debacles, wars. technical problem, spectrum disputes Was finally taking place. The stop and-start period was finally over.
Compatibilism and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract Moral responsibility is a general term covering a wide range of specific contents such as approbation, indignation, pride, guilt, praise, blame, punishment, reward, and retribution, to name a few. The question of the appropriate grounds for the ascription of moral responsibility may be addressed by appeal to consequentialist or formalist grounds. In this chapter I consider the range of possible contents of “moral responsibility” and the grounds for its ascription while asking the following questions: (I) What sense of moral responsibility should compatibilists have in mind when they claim that determinism and moral responsibility are compatible? (2) On what grounds can compatibilists justifiably ascribe what¬ ever sense of moral responsibility they recognize in answer to (I)? After examining some well-known compatibilist answers to these questions, I argue that for the compatibilist who adopts the autonomy variable account of free will there is a plausible sense of moral responsibility available and reasonable grounds for its ascription.
General Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

This volume discusses methodological issues generated by three historical episodes in nineteenth-century physics: the wave-particle debate about the nature of light, the development of James Clerk Maxwell’s first “particle” theory of gases, and J. J. Thomson’s discovery that cathode rays are particles, not waves. The book contains three parts, each devoted to one of these topics, beginning with an essay presenting the historical background of the episode and an introduction to the methodological issues to be treated. The chosen episodes have in common the idea that unobservable entities-either particles or waves-are postulated to explain a range of observed phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

The theory that Newton is introducing in this query- known as either the particle, corpuscular, emission, or projectile theory-makes three fundamental assumptions: first, that light consists of material particles projected from luminous bodies; second, that these particles obey Newton’s three laws of motion; third, that they are subject to short-range forces of attraction and repulsion, although, unlike the case with gravitation, Newton supplies no special force law for light.
Newton’s Corpuscular Query and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

The most controversial part of Newton’s Opticks is the set of queries in Book III.Here Newton introduces numerous unproved hypotheses. This seems strikingly incompatible with his methodological views about empirical science or “experimental philosophy” (as he calls it), as well as with his actual practice in earlier parts of the Opticks and in the Principia. One such hypothesis on which I shall concentrate in what follows-is the subject of Query 29. It states that light consists of particles. More precisely, it asks the question: “Are not the Rays of Light very small Bodies emitted from Shining Substances?”‘ Following this question there is a substantial discussion of the particle theory.
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

So many of the properties of matter, especially when in the gaseous form, can be deduced from the hypothesis that their minute parts are in rapid motion, the velocity increasing with the temperature, that the precise nature of this motion becomes a subject of rational curiosity. Daniel Bernouilli, Herapath, Joule, Kr önig, Clausius, etc. have shewn that the relations between pressure, temperature, and density in a perfect gas can be explained by supposing the particles to move with uniform velocity in straight lines, striking against the sides of the containing vessel and thus producing pressure. (vol. I, p. 377)
Introduction
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

The discharge of electricity through gases is a phenomenon known since the eighteenth century. In a standard type of experiment, a glass tube filled with air, containing positive and negative electrodes, is used. When the pressure of the air in the tube is reduced to a few millimeters of mercury and a source of high potential is connected to the positive electrode, an electrical discharge fills the space between the electrodes with a pink or reddish glow. If the pressure is reduced to about 0.1 millimeters of mercury the appearance of the glow changes, as indicated in Figure 2.
On Moral Actions In General
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Now that we have carefully considered the understanding and the will as principles from which human actions derive that which allows them to be classed apart from the actions of beasts, the next step is to examine moral actions in general. For it is with the investigation of their rightness or wrongness that our discipline is chiefly concerned. Moral actions, therefore, are voluntary human actions regarded with the imputation of their effects in communal life. We call voluntary those actions that so depend upon the free causality of man’s will that without its determination (through acts of its own elicited by a previous knowledge of the understanding) they would not be done; that is, those actions which man has the faculty to do or not do.
That no one be hurt, And That Any Damage Done Be Repaired
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Thus far we have set forth what the natural law enjoins a man to do with respect to himself, and how much license or partiality it allows him concerning the preservation of his own self and things.1 Now we must pass on to those precepts containing the duties that are to be performed toward other men. These we have divided above into absolute and hypothetical. In the class of absolute duties, which obligate all men apart from any antecedent human institution, we deservedly award the principal place to this: “Let no one hurt another; and if he has done some harm to another, let him repair it.” For this is the broadest duty of all, encompassing all men as such, and likewise the easiest, since it consists in the bare refraining from an action—except when desires that struggle against reason (among which the inordinate love of our own interest does not occupy the last place) must be subdued.
That All Men Be Considered Naturally Equal
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

In addition to that love which man has for his own life, body, and things, and because of which he cannot avoid repelling or fleeing everything tending to their destruction, we also find embedded in his mind a very delicate self-esteem. And if anyone detracts from this in any way, he is usually no less, but in fact often more upset than if some harm is done to his body or things. Although this esteem is heightened by various causes, its primary basis seems to be human nature itself. Indeed, the very word ‘man’ is thought to contain a certain dignity, and the ultimate as well as the most effective argument for deflecting others’ rude insults is taken to be: “Surely I am not a dog or a beast, but as much a man as you.”
On The Nature Of Promises And Pacts In General
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

We must examine further now the manner in which obligations not congenital to man arise for him thereafter from some act of his, and how, by virtue of this act, there also springs up in others a certain right which they were formerly lacking. For these two things follow one another in such a way that whenever an obligation arises in one person a corresponding right springs up in another, since it is impossible to understand how I can be obligated to furnish something unless someone is able to demand it or, at least, properly to receive it from me. Yet the reverse, that a right in one person is immediately followed by an obligation in another, is not always the case (as, for example, while there is in rulers a right to exact punishment, the guilty are not obligated to submit to it), unless we are willing to say the following: A right, if taken narrowly as a faculty and competence to have something, always corresponds to an obligation in another; not always, however, if it denotes a faculty to do something.
On Price
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Since the things subjected to ownership differed in their nature and did not provide the same use for human necessities, and indeed, since frequently it happened either that the same thing (whose parts were not in all respects alike) began to belong to several persons, or that things diverse in nature had to be mutually exchanged, it became necessary that by human agreement some evaluation be imposed on things, according to which those of a disparate nature could be compared and made equal to one another. But since things are compared and made equal to one another by means of a quantitative principle, that is, since equality is a coincidence of quantities, we must now examine the quantity of things and actions insofar as they are useful in human life, as well as this quantity’s foundations and common measure.
on contracts (which presuppose the price of things) in general
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

We should now look at contracts, which cannot be understood apart from dominion over and the price of things. Here we must first inquire into the distinction thought to exist between simple pacts and contracts. Hobbes calls a contract “an action of two or more persons engaged in the mutual transfer of their rights.”1 But since “in every contract, either each person immediately furnishes that which has been agreed upon, so that neither trusts the other”; or “one person does so, while the other is trusted; or, finally, neither furnishes anything on the spot but each has a reciprocal faith in the other”; Hobbes insists that only contracts of the former class be included under the name of this category. Those, however, where one or both parties are trusted, and where the trusted party promises that he will furnish his part later on, ought according to Hobbes to be designated pacts.
On The Cause Impelling Men To Establish The State
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

After the so-called primary societies we must now treat of the state, which is considered the most perfect society, and that by which the safety and integrity of humankind (now that it has multiplied) is most of all maintained. It will be clearly apparent why men who were formerly dispersed in separate families established the state, if we inquire somewhat more carefully into both the nature of civil society and the inclinations of human character. The elucidation of this matter will, in turn, be considerably advanced by a prior examination of what is ordinarily said about it.
On The Internal Structure Of States
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

It is appropriate now to examine more carefully the inner structure of states. Thus, men were able to think of no other way to make themselves secure against the wickedness of other men (as secure, at least, as their condition allows) than for each to surround himself with suitable aids by means of which one person’s attack on another would be rendered so dangerous that he would think it better for himself to restrain his hands and keep the peace than to raise them and provoke the other with war. For nothing can more effectively repress the wickedness of the human character and its inclination to hurt others than reference to an immediate evil that awaits anyone who has attacked another, and the elimination of any hope of impunity.
On The Characteristics Of Supreme Sovereignty
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Among the characteristics of sovereignty we encounter, first of all, the fact that it is, and is said to be, supreme. The chief reason for this denomination seems to be that one man’s authority over another can be no greater than that which binds the latter to apply his strength and means toward the public good as the former chooses, and subjects him to the former’s right of life and death.
Economies of Morality and Power: Reading “Race” in Two Colonial Texts
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: November 2023

In order to remind us of the heteroglossia of early American attitudes on “race,” scholars like Roger Bruns have amply documented a segment-however small at times-of the Anglo-European community who dissented from the various and more prominent racist theorizing of other American colonists. These “colonizers who refused,” or at least resisted, complicated American colonial discourse on “race” by countering the growing power of the dominative and justificatory social fictions which would arbitrarily subjugate one “kind” of people in order to maintain the privilege of another. Retrieving these voices, then, works at the most immediate level to refute simplistic assumptions that the Anglo-Europeans entered into racial oppression against Africans and Native Americans “unthinkingly” or because they somehow did n’t know better. Such voices highlight that the American colonialists did not slip into a practice already provided for by preexisting social, political, and economic institutions as much as they invented and structured an ideological formation that would allow it to seem so- for themselves and others.
Introduction
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

The greatly increased interest in andrology over the past two decades has produced a vast increase in our knowledge of male reproductive physiology and the processes leading to conception in vivo and in vitro. It is now obvious that the etiology of human infertility is as often due to the male partner as the female, although in a few socioreligious groups the existence of male infertility is still ignored or even adamantly denied.
Assessment of Sperm Transport
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

Normally, for conception to occur in vivo spermatozoa must be deposited at the site of insemination around the external cervical os at a time when the cervical mucus is receptive to penetration by spermatozoa. This initial process of sperm-cervical mucus interaction is an essential first step in the complex series of events that take place in the relatively inaccessible female tract resulting in the production of a zygote which, hopefully, will implant and develop into a new individual. Consequently, its assessment is an integral part of the diagnostic workup of an infertile couple, and the various techniques available are described in this chapter.
Sperm Fertilizing Ability Testing
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

Approximately 10–15% of couples trying to get pregnant fail to do so and seek medical advice. Infertility has been diagnosed as being due to a male factor in 25–33% of cases, often combined with a female factor; but 15–20% of couples have otherwise unexplained or ‘idiopathic’ infertility (Templeton and Penney, 1982; Spira, 1986; Collins, 1987; World Health Organization, 1990). About 34% of couples who have never been pregnant (primary infertility), and 21% of those who have previously conceived (secondary infertility) remain infertile after 9 years (Templeton and Penney, 1982). However, most pregnancies resulting from successful medical intervention are due to treatments for female endocrine disorders and surgical treatments of either partner; few are due to any specific medical treatment of a male factor. Indeed, rigorous placebo-controlled trials have revealed many of the supposed treatments for male infertility to be ineffective (Hargreave, 1983)
Therapeutic Insemination Procedures
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

Increasingly andrology laboratories are becoming involved in the preparation of spermatozoa for therapeutic procedures. In almost all situations these procedures require spermatozoa free of seminal plasma and usually a selected motile sperm population. These requirements are based on a number of fundamental physiological principles.
Safety in the Andrology Laboratory
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

People working in andrology laboratories are exposed not only to the usual risks associated with laboratory work but also specific risks related to possible infection from the biological materials being handled. Under the former heading are included such risks as physical injury resulting from the use of electrical equipment, chemical hazards, dropping or lifting heavy objects or boxes, and cuts from broken glassware. Avoiding this type of injury is largely common sense and is not considered further. The use of compressed gases, however, requires specific safety regulations relating to the safe storage and use of cylinders and regulators; the use of cryogenic materials such as liquid nitrogen poses its own additional safety concerns; and biohazard concerns are associated with the risk of infections being transmitted by biological materials including semen, cervical mucus, blood, and urine.
The Slave Narratives as History
Authors: Davis Charles T , Gates Henry Louis
Published: November 2023

One of the most significant research projects generated by the Depression was the Federal Writers Project’s Slave Narrative Collection. Drawing upon precedents established by Lawrence Reddick and John McCade, the F.W.P. collected thousands of oral narratives during the nineteen thirties from black men and women who had once been enslaved. Used as sources of folklore by Benjamin Botkin in his collection Lay My Burden Down ( 1945), the worth of these narratives as historical data has remained in question until the last decade. Sterling Brown’s memorandum to that project’s interviewers reveals the care encouraged by the project’s directors to make those data collected of potential use to historians, linguists, and to literary scholars. One such literary scholar, John Widman, compares the use of language in these narratives to that used by Charles Chesnutt in his fictions. Essays by historians are sustained responses to the published edition of these oral tales, edited by the historian, George P. Rawick, and published as a “composite history” in over forty-volumes entitled The American Slave.
Planning and Generating
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Suppose I am under pressure to write about whether to have an English competency exam as a requirement for graduation at, say, Shakespeare College of the Communicable Arts, where I teach writing. This (thankfully) purely fictional assignment is due tomorrow morning, and I am expected to write “about three pages.” The dean is the audience. He doesn’t’t need background: he wants evidence for a point of view-a position paper. This imaginary assignment has the familiar characteristics of many such writing tasks: there is n’t enough time to do a good job; there is a strong likelihood that what I say will not convince the reader as he weighs my views against those of others closer to him; but there is the possibility of doing something useful.
Producing the Roughly Final Draft
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Rough cutting the raw draft is an absorbing activity commanding the largest portion of the QWP timetable. Now, a second reading will reveal the gaps left by cutting repetitious, tangential, undeveloped, and inconsistent material, and combining related points. You will discover the need for transitions, a good example to crystallize an idea, and new material to re enforce the internal coherence of your argument. This second reading, especially with the constructive feedback of an objective reader, gives you the opportunity to develop a broader perspective for the conclusion, and then to transform your thesis into the complete introduction.
Applying QWP: Reader and Writer
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

The first part of this book presents a system and a general policy for writing well, on time, under pressure. This second part applies QWP to common writing situations in a public context. QWP is constructed out of common sense and writing experience. The essence of the system is discovering and presenting meaning. The emphasis, then, is on a planned, continuous process, from thinking about the subject and the audience, to structuring more than enough raw evidence for a provisional thesis, through fashioning the most powerful ideas and examples into the clearest language.
Writing for Organizations: The Communication Problem
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

What could be more exciting for a writer than discovering ideas and words that help people make decisions or take actions? Yet no other writing assignment is more difficult, more vulnerable to external and internal pressures, or more likely to cause mischief. Take, for example, the text of Colonel Oliver L. North’s “Action Memorandum for the President,” printed in the New York Times on January 10, 1987. This top-secret memo outlines an Israeli plan to ‘‘bring about a more moderate government in Iran’’ by ‘‘unilaterally . . . selling military materiel to Western oriented Iranian factions.”
Improving Organizational Writing
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Keats’ advice in a letter to Shelley to “load every rift in your subject with ore,” may strike you as far removed from writing in organizations. But in their effort to pack meaning into the fewest words, and to be visually clear on the page, poets share a good deal with the writers of memos, letters and manuals. However different in motivation and in intended audience, good poetry and good organizational writing resemble each other in distilling meaning to evoke an immediate response. In poetry, the private effect on the reader can be enduring. In organizational writing, the effect is social and catalytic.
Nietzsche’s Letters and a Poem
Authors: Middleton Christopher
Published: November 2023

Nietzsche’s prose can captivate you with its dynamic linearity, its candor, its cleanness-until, impulsively, its polyphony carries you off into “the transcendent.” Hence philosophers have tended to regard him as a writer, and writers as a philosopher: explicators are hard put to capture the magic of conjecture, the superpositional halo that his style gives off-like smoke rings rising from the far crest of his thought, signals decipherable to some other Euro-Indians on another crest, perhaps, in another age, even in ours. Faintly foreseeing that the Texas 1985 conference would generate spiky varieties of theoretical discourse with which to circumscribe the halo, I decided to contribute not another discourse on anything, but a series of downright phenomena, some of Nietzsche’s letters, as a sort of blanket to cap off, then release, the halofumes.
Introduction
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

This book is first and foremost a critique of the way the print press covers sex crimes. In it, I will demonstrate that the pervasiveness of rape myths and the habits of the newsroom have led the press to consistently cover these crimes with bias and, sometimes, even cruelty. I have chosen this subject not only as an exercise in press criticism, however, but as a way of examining public attitudes toward women, sex, and violence, and the role the press plays in establishing or rein-forcing those attitudes. Sex crimes have a unique ability to touch upon the public’s deep-seated beliefs about gender roles. Whereas people may put on a tolerant front when discussing those roles in marriage or the job market, their true opinions are often shocked out of them by the news of a rape or sex-related murder. For example, the very person who declares that a woman has a right to be paid as much as a man for the same work might well blurt out, “Well, what did she expect?” upon hearing of a gang rape in a seedy bar. Sex crimes have the ability to evoke such beliefs because they involve aggressive, sexual interaction between men and women, and call-into play age-old myths and assumptions about rape and sex.
“She Should be Punished”: The 1983-1984 New Bedford “Big Dan’s” Gang Rape
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

One Sunday night in March 1983, in the small city of New Bedford, Massachusetts, a young woman ran, screaming, out of Big Dan’s Tavern. Wearing only a sock and a jacket, she flagged down a passing pick-up truck for help. Sobbing and shaking, she told the driver that she had been gang-raped. The story was quickly labeled the “Big Dan’s pool table rape” by the local press and became a national fixation within days. The case was disturbing not only because the woman had been attacked by at least six men in a public place, but because she had told police that a roomful of men had cheered during the rape instead of helping her. Virtually overnight, columns and letters appeared all over the country likening the Big Dan’s rape to the killing of Kitty Genovese (described in Chapter z) and chiding the accused men, society in general, and individual citizens for allowing such a brutal crime to occur.
The Structure of Faith
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most decisive aspect of Kant’s work, for the subsequent history of philosophy, is his argument that questions concerning God, human freedom, and immortality involve objects beyond the realm of human knowledge. These questions had been, when not the main object of philosophical endeavor, the points around which all other philosophical inquiry revolved; no wonder that Kant’s placing them outside the province of philosophical speculation seemed to his contemporaries to be “all-destroying.”
The Task of Philosophy
Authors: Neiman Susan
Published: November 2023

The first Critique tells us that all the interests of reason combine in three questions: What can I know? What should I do? What may I hope? A lesser-known passage of the Logic adds a fourth question—What is the human being? – and tells us that the first three questions are related to the last. Hence, Kant concludes provocatively, the whole field of philosophy could be reckoned to anthropology, whose business it is to tell us what is human (IX, 25).
Unit-Characters, Pairs, and Dominance
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

The task in s 6 to 13 is to trace the changes between 1900 and 1926 in the theoretical components of Mendelism. Furthermore, strategies for producing the changes will be described. Each will discuss challenges to one or more components, the way the components changed in the light of the challenges, and one or more strategies exemplified in changes. As will be seen, changes were driven by the need to explain anomalies, to expand the scope of the domain of Mendelism, and to clarify the explanatory concepts.
Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

This traces the early development of the chromosome theory of Mendelian heredity proposed by Sutton and de Varies in 1903 and Boveri in 1904. After a brief discussion of the nineteenth-century background in Section 7.2, the Boveri-Sutton theory (as it came to be called) is discussed in Section 7.3. The extremely fruitful interaction between cytology and Mendelism produced new hypotheses and predictions for both fields.
The Chromosome Theory and Mutation
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

In 1912, Spillman, an early proponent of Mendelism, published a review article surveying the “present status of the genetics problem,” as he put it. He reviewed the history of research on the problem of heredity, including Mendelism. In the first decade of the century, Mendelian investigations had focused on the issue of the universality of the law of segregation. That question, he claimed, was now settled. He went on to discuss puzzles facinggeneticists, including the new findings about numerous instances of “pairing of unrelated characters” being found in animals and plants.
Unit-characters to Factors to Genes
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

During the development of the theory of the gene, the need for postulating the existence of a hypothetical entity, the gene, gradually emerged. No one person discovered the gene. The distinction between the character and the unit carried by the germ cells gradually entered the literature. The factor hypothesis emerged between about 1906 and 1910, and with it came debate about the nature of the unit factor, in contrast to the unit-character. Johannsen introduced the term “gene” in 1909, although determining his meaning of that term, as well as of his other terms, “genotype” and “phenotype,” has proved difficult for historians.
Implications for Further Work
Authors: Darden Lindley
Published: November 2023

This book has discussed strategies for theory change, including strategies for producing new ideas, strategies for theory assessment, and strategies for anomaly resolution and change of scope. s 6 to 13 analyzed the strategies exemplified in the development of the theory of the gene between 1900 and 1926. 14summarized those strategies, and 15 placed those strategies into a more systematic list of strategies.
It Must Be Humdrum
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

To many readers, the coda to “Notes toward a Supreme Fiction” has seemed uncharacteristically explicit following the ambiguous undulations of the sequence at large. Helen Vendler calls the coda “something of an anticlimax,” and Harold Bloom finds it “deliberate” and “overtly personal.” But Stevens himself thought this final address to the soldier was central to the entire poem. In correspondence with Katharine Frazier of the Cummington Press, he suggested that she print “on the back outside cover of the book a border consisting of a line or two of the poem beginning ‘Soldier, there is a war’ etc: enough to state the idea”.
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

After having been overlooked for 35 years, Gregor Mendel’s laws of genetic transmission were rediscovered in 1900. Mendel had based his work on breeding experiments in peas and flowering plants, but the laws were found to be applicable to other organisms as well. With their rediscovery, Mendel’s laws provided the framework upon which all subsequent work in human genetics has been based.

Mendel’s first law is referred to as the independent assortment of alleles. (Alleles are the two different copies of a gene.) Alleles may be dominant or recessive in their influence on the development of characteristics. (Genetic characteristics are commonly referred to as “phenotypes.”) If an allele is dominant, one copy is sufficient to produce the phenotype-that is, to encode it. If it is recessive, two copies are required.
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

The idea that certain traits may be transmitted exclusively by the mother has existed since the 1930s. The term applied to such transmission was cytoplasmic inheritance, because the cytoplasm of the zygote is transmitted almost exclusively by the oocyte. The first human disease for which cytoplasmic inheritance was proposed was Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a condition that is characterized by deterioration of the optic nerves with progressive vision loss leading to blindness. Based on the observation that almost all cases were trans mitted by the mother, in 1936, Imai and Moriwaki suggested that LHON may be an example of cytoplasmic inheritance in humans.
Accelerated Rates of Mutation
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

The rate of mutation may be accelerated so that new alleles form in a high proportion of daughter cells. An increased rate of mutation may be a feature of a gene’s structure, which causes its replication to be unfaithful. These structures are commonly referred to as premutations. Alternatively, the machinery for replicating DNA or for repairing replication errors may be flawed as the result of a cell’s genetic constitution or its exposure to mutagenic agents. When these processes alter a mutant gene in the germ line, some offspring are nonpenetrant, whereas others are more severely affected than their parents. If the alteration of a gene occurs preferentially in either an egg or a sperm cell, then there may be a parent-of-origin effect. When these defects occur in gametes or in embryonic somatic cells, they may cause developmental abnormalities. When the mutations occur in somatic cells, they may be lethal to the cell, or they may confer a growth advantage and may even cause the cell to be malignant.
Viral Infection
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

Infection by viruses can cause human somatic cells to undergo transient or stable genetic changes. Once inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid may integrate into the host genome or may remain in the unincorporated state. The virus may use host proteins to replicate and package their own genomes and the products of the host’s metabolism as sources of energy. Through their interactions with infected cells, viruses may alter the phenotype of the cell, producing a direct cytotoxic effect, an inflammatory response, or a selective growth advantage. Some viruses may act as true endosymbionts, producing no pathologic effects at all.
Human Variation: Determinism or Chance?
Authors: Ostrer Harry
Published: November 2023

Over the past century, the study of human genetics has evolved into a multifaceted discipline with a variety of specialized tools. The application of these tools has demonstrated how the common features of human growth and development, biochemistry and physiology, are transmitted from one generation to the next. Despite the seeming commonality of human inheritance, our individuality in health, in disease, and in aging can be explained by our genetic makeup. This chapter will review the many different genetic processes that have been identified, their effects on phenotypic expression, and the possibilities for identifying other, currently unknown, genetic processes.
The Molecular Clock
Authors: Gillespie John H
Published: November 2023

The molecular clock is an abstraction of the common observation that the number of amino acid or nucleotide substitutions separating a pair of species is roughly proportional to the time back to their common ancestor. For example, Figure 3.1 shows the number of amino acid substitutions in a globin that have occurred on the lineages separating humans from a variety of other species. The figure illustrates two important aspects of the clock. The first is the linear increase in the number of substitutions with time; the second is the variation around the line: the clock is erratic.
Jazz at the Movies
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

“One Never Knows,” by the Modern Jazz Quartet, offers music composed by John Lewis and played on the soundtrack of a confused and trashy French sex-pot movie (without Brigitte Bardot), Sait-on Jamais (One Never Knows, but called No Sun in Venice by the American distributors) and even with its faults it represents an achievement in several respects.
Errors of Interest
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Jazz, I read in a recent issue of a national magazine, was born in the brothels of New Orleans. I thought that we had got over that fantasy but apparently not. The publication in question was one of those men’s mammary monthlies, and I suppose the editorship must have been delighted with the idea. There reportedly are not many births that take place in brothels; the idea that a music was one of them must have been quite intriguing.
Lionel Hampton: Major Contributions
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

The vibraphone and the vibraharp are percussion instruments by virtue of the fact that they sound when they are struck. And they are apt to sit in the percussion sections of our symphony orchestras (when they are present at all) and be employed for occasional effect —rather like their wooden cousin, the xylophone.
Biographies, Autobiographies, Profiles, and Oral History
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

It has taken until recently (1969) for an important American musician (Gunther Schuller) to say in an academic setting (a conference at the University of California at Berkeley) that Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington is a major American composer. He is, unequivocally, one of our greatest composers. But Ellington has been that perhaps since 1930, certainly since 1940. Yet most Americans, including most American musical academicians, if they really know f him at all, think of Ellington the popular song writer. They know of, let us say, Sophisticated Lady or Mood Indigo or Don’t Get Around Much Anymore or Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me. They are less likely to know the instrumental compositions from which these sometimes simplified ditties were derived. And the great Ellington of, let us say, Ko-Ko or Harlem Air Shaft or Blue Serge or Sepia Panorama or Bula or T.G.T.T. remains largely unknown territory.
Grove American I: Not Just Missing Persons
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

My acquaintance with The New Grove Dictionary of American Music began when I looked up the vibraharp for some program notes I was working on. After an opening paragraph on the development of the instrument and its relationship to the marimba, the entry mentioned a 1933 piece by Milhaud and, later, another he had revised for vibraharp in 1947. There was mention of pieces by Boulez and Gunther Schuller (his Paul Klee sketches), and a late entry by Steve Reich was also there.
Anxious Somatic Depression During Periods of Changing Gender Roles
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah
Published: November 2023

To some readers, the most surprising and controversial finding reported in this book may be that the physical and psychological symptoms associated with gender ambivalence are particularly likely to afflict women who have greater opportunity for educational and professional achievement than their mothers had. The eminent women we studied and many daughters of eminent men were able to achieve successes not possible for their mothers. The cross-cultural literature on depression in India, culture-bound syndrome, and nerves, and the medical writings on chlorosis, hysteria, and neurasthenia point to a high prevalence of the symptoms during periods of increased educational opportunity for women. Contemporary female high school and college students we surveyed who reported concerns about achieving more than their mothers were particularly likely to exhibit the combined symptoms of anxious somatic depression. And over the course of the twentieth century, the prevalence among females compared to males of depression, anorexia, headache, and mitral valve prolapse was greatest among people who matured during periods of large generational increase in rates of female college graduation.
Dave Lambert
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

David Alden Lambert became well known to the jazz world twice during his life. First during the mid-’ 40s, when he and Buddy Stewart recorded “What’ s This,” a bebop vocal, with Gene Krupa’ s band, and again in the late ‘ 50s when he and Jon Hendricks invented the vocal group Lambert, Hendricks and Ross. In between those periods of success, Dave did a lot of scuffling.
More Scuffling
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The fifteen dollars a week that I earned during my summer in Tupper Lake was a small salary even in those days, but I was only spending money on breakfasts, so I came back to the Apple with some cash in my pocket. I made a beeline for Birdland to hear Charlie Parker’ s group with strings. Bird seemed to enjoy mirroring the dignity of the classical musicians he had hired. He conducted the introductions and endings of the arrangements with a serious mien, and when he made announcements, his voice took on a cultured tone. But he hadn’ t become too dignified to swing. Even though the strings sounded a little stiff with a jazz rhythm section, Bird played gloriously.
Gene Quill
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Claude’ s band was booked for a weekend in Hull, Quebec, but when we arrived at the address we had been given, we found the burned out shell of a hotel. There were charred timbers still standing inside crumbling brick walls. We couldn’ t figure it out. There were sizeable seedling, trees growing in the rubble, so we knew the fire hadn’ t been recent. We finally found the ballroom around back. In a fire several years earlier, the front part of the hotel had burned down, but the ballroom and restaurant were still intact, and over them was a floor of undamaged hotel rooms that were now used by the traveling musicians who worked there.
Pee Wee Russell
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Gerry Mulligan’ s quartet often played at George Wein’ s Storyville in the Copler. Square Hotel. In the basement of the same hotel, Wein also had a room called . Mahogany Hall, where he featured traditional jazz with musicians like Vic Dickenson and Pee Wee Russell. During one year’ s-end engagement, George wanted to combine both bands in a jam session upstairs at Storyville to welcome the new year. Gerry offered to write an arrangement of “Auld Lang Syne” for the occasion.
Benny Goodman
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1962 I got a call from Benny Goodman’ s manager, Jay Finegold. Benny wanted me to join his new band for a six-week tour of the Soviet Union, with a few concerts across the United States and a week at the Seattle World’ s Fair beforehand. I had been warned by many of Benny’ s ex-sidemen that he was a tough bandleader to work for, but I was seduced by the adventure of the trip, and by the fact that John Bunch had put together a great band for him. Teddy Wilson, Zoot Sims, Phil Woods, Joe Newman, Joe Wilder, Willie Dennis, and Victor Feldman were the main soloists, and my old section mate Mel Lewis was the drummer.