bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supply chain and operations management on the TMT: A study of recall propensity
Authors: Paraskevas John‐Patrick , Steven Adams , Corsi Thomas
Published: January 2023

This study investigates the drivers of product quality failures as manifested through recalls. More specifically, this research develops theory regarding supply chain and operations management (SCOM) representation in organizational top management teams (TMT) and this representation's association with the frequency of recalls, the type of recalls, and the severity of recalls. The moderating effect of both recent and historical organizational recall knowledge is also explored. This study uses unique data sets, collected from multiple sources, containing executives' backgrounds, firm characteristics, and product recalls. The study finds that firms with SCOM representation on their TMTs have fewer recalls overall and fewer severe recalls. We also find that firms with SCOM representation on the TMT are less likely to suffer from subsequent recalls after a history of recalling. Lastly, we discover interesting nuances with respect to the form of SCOM representation present on the TMT (CEO and functional executive).
Association of acute‐to‐chronic glycemic ratio and outcomes in patients with COVID‐19 and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus: A retrospective nationwide cohort study
Authors: Uchihara Masaki , Sugiyama Takehiro , Bouchi Ryotaro , Matsunaga Nobuaki , Asai Yusuke , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Ohmagari Norio , Kajio Hiroshi , Ueki Kohjiro
Published: January 2023

Aims/Introduction

To assess the association of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and its acute‐to‐chronic glycemic ratio with clinical outcome in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) using a large‐scale nationwide registry in Japan.

Materials and Methods

Overall, 4,747 patients were included between July 2021 and January 2022. We evaluated blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels at admission, and calculated the acute‐to‐chronic glycemic ratio for each non‐diabetes mellitus, undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and pre‐existing diabetes mellitus group. The primary composite outcome comprised in‐hospital mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, intensive care unit admission and transfer to a more advanced medical facility.

Results

Compared with the non‐diabetes mellitus group, the undiagnosed diabetes mellitus group was significantly associated with a worse COVID‐19 outcome (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.50–3.18). In patients with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, the 3rd tertile of the acute‐to‐chronic glycemic ratio was linked with a worse COVID‐19 outcome compared with the 1st tertile (odds ratio 3.33, 95% confidence interval 1.43–7.77), whereas glycated hemoglobin levels were not; among patients with pre‐existing diabetes mellitus, glycated hemoglobin levels were linked with a worse outcome.

Conclusions

Among patients with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus with COVID‐19, the magnitude of elevation of blood glucose from chronic to acute levels is associated with worse outcomes.
3D Whole‐body skin imaging for automated melanoma detection
Authors: Marchetti M. A. , Nazir Z. H. , Nanda J. K. , Dusza S. W. , D'Alessandro B. M. , DeFazio J. , Halpern A. C. , Rotemberg V. M. , Marghoob A. A.
Published: January 2023

Background

Existing artificial intelligence for melanoma detection has relied on analysing images of lesions of clinical interest, which may lead to missed melanomas. Tools analysing the entire skin surface are lacking.

Objectives

To determine if melanoma can be distinguished from other skin lesions using data from automated analysis of 3D‐images.

Methods

Single‐centre, retrospective, observational convenience sample of patients diagnosed with melanoma at a tertiary care cancer hospital. Eligible participants were those with a whole‐body 3D‐image captured within 90 days prior to the diagnostic skin biopsy. 3D‐images were obtained as standard of care using VECTRA WB360 Whole Body 3‐dimensional Imaging System (Canfield Scientific). Automated data from image processing (i.e. lesion size, colour, border) for all eligible participants were exported from VECTRA DermaGraphix research software for analysis. The main outcome was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results

A total of 35 patients contributed 23,538 automatically identified skin lesions >2 mm in largest diameter (102–3021 lesions per participant). All were White patients and 23 (66%) were males. The median (range) age was 64 years (26–89). There were 49 lesions of melanoma and 22,489 lesions that were not melanoma. The AUC for the prediction model was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92–0.96). Considering all lesions in a patient‐level analysis, 14 (28%) melanoma lesions had the highest predicted score or were in the 99th percentile among all lesions for an individual patient.

Conclusions

In this proof‐of‐concept pilot study, we demonstrated that automated analysis of whole‐body 3D‐images using simple image processing techniques can discriminate melanoma from other skin lesions with high accuracy. Further studies with larger, higher quality, and more representative 3D‐imaging datasets would be needed to improve and validate these results.
The burden of alopecia areata: A scoping review focusing on quality of life, mental health and work productivity
Authors: Muntyanu Anastasiya , Gabrielli Sofianne , Donovan Jeffrey , Gooderham Melinda , Guenther Lyn , Hanna Sameh , Lynde Charles , Prajapati Vimal H. , Wiseman Marni , Netchiporouk Elena
Published: January 2023

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common inflammatory autoimmune disease of the hair which can have a significant negative impact on quality of life (QoL), mental health and productivity. The aim of this scoping review is to elucidate the burden of AA focusing on these three realms. Inclusion criteria included all original manuscripts with no restriction on study type or statistical method written in English (or having an English abstract). For QoL 40 articles were included, 85 for psychiatric comorbidities, and 9 for work/school absenteeism/presenteeism mostly consisting of cross‐sectional and observational cohort studies. QoL impairment was detected in over 75% of patients and up to one‐third reported extremely severe QoL impairments. Specific QoL dimensions with the greatest impact were embarrassment, social functioning, as well as shopping and/or housework. Cross‐sectional studies assessing the psychological burden of adult patients with AA found that the presence of signs of anxiety and/or depression ranged from 30% to 68% and affected all age groups. Rates of work absenteeism and unemployment were significantly higher in AA patients compared to healthy controls. Up to 62% reported making major life decisions including relationships, education and career based on their AA. Additionally, the extensive camouflage techniques and time lost from work led to a strong financial burden for patients and the numerous physician visits added to the healthcare costs. The overall impact of AA stretches much further than simply being an aesthetic concern and can negatively impact every part of an individual's life. An individualized approach and effective treatments will help reduce the psychosocial consequences and distress and return patients to their normal state of health.
Secondary predation by omnivores: Cereal aphid consumption bears no risk of misinterpretation in DNA‐based diet analysis
Authors: Neidel Veronika , Wallinger Corinna , Traugott Michael
Published: January 2023

Many omnivorous arthropods act as important pest control agents in agroecosystems. Assessing their prey choices helps to better understand their biocontrol potential in different environmental settings. To this end, multi‐target approaches of molecular gut content analysis allow studying their prey choices. Yet, DNA‐based analysis of trophic interactions is challenged by the question of whether the detected food DNA was ingested primarily as direct prey, or secondarily via the gut content of a consumed animal. Experimental data are needed to understand the potential bias derived through secondary predation. Here we address this issue for a phloem‐feeding aphid consumed by omnivorous carabids. In feeding experiments, Pseudoophonus rufipes beetles were offered grain aphids Sitobion avenae as primary prey, which had fed on barley seedlings. Gut content samples of carabids collected after 0, 3, 9, 12, 24, 32 or 64 h of digestion time and whole‐body aphids were screened for the presence of aphid and plant DNA. Samples positive for plant DNA were subsequently tested with Poaceae‐specific primers. None of the 7.8% gut content samples that tested positive for general plant DNA amplified with the Poaceae primers. Moreover, none of the whole‐body extracted aphids tested positive for plant DNA, neither with general nor with family‐specific primers. We, therefore, conclude that the plant DNA detections in our experiment can be ascribed to remnants of plant material in the guts of the field‐collected carabids. Our findings demonstrate that these phloem‐feeding aphids are an unlikely cause of false trophic link assignment because no secondarily consumed plant DNA, derived either from aphid gut content or host‐plant environmental DNA on aphid bodies, could be detected in carabid gut content samples.
Perio‐prosthodontic pontic site management, part I: Pontic designs and their current applications
Authors: Gomez‐Meda Ramon , Esquivel Jonathan
Published: January 2023

Objective

Emulating natural dentition with dental implant restorations is challenging, increasing its complexity when a pontic area must be restored. Many different methods have been described to solve this problem. The pontic designs which have been proposed have specific indications and may require additional treatments, including soft tissue augmentation procedures, to increase the possibility of an esthetically pleasing and biologically tolerable outcome. Proper conditioning of the soft tissues during the interim restoration stage and adequate communication with the laboratory are also critical factors to a successful outcome. This article describes the different approaches to restoring pontic sites with different degrees of complexity, their clinical indications, and limitations viewed from a perio‐prosthodontic approach.

Clinical Considerations

Different clinical scenarios for pontic sites require different approaches. Missing hard and soft tissues can be replaced by surgical or prosthetic means. Understanding the clinical indications and implications of the different pontic designs allows the clinician to make good decisions when planning and treating patients that require replacement of pontic spaces leading to more successful outcomes.

Conclusions

Different pontic designs have specific indications as well as biologic and esthetic prognoses. Selection of a good design, proper modifications during the provisionalization stage, and adequate communication with the dental laboratory will lead to higher chances of esthetic and biological success.

Clinical Significance

The proper pontic design allows for esthetically pleasing pontic sites which emulate natural emergence from the soft tissues while promoting biological stability.
Critical roles of VipB protein on virulence and oxidative stress tolerance in Aeromonas veronii
Authors: Song Haichao , Yang Bintong , Kang Yuanhuan , Cong Wei
Published: January 2023

Aeromonas veronii is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing sepsis and ulceration in freshwater fish. Recently, reports of numerous cases indicate a marked increase in pathogenicity. Nonetheless, little is known about the pathogenesis of A. veronii infections. In this study, an in‐frame mutant of the A. veronii vipB gene was generated to investigate its biological function. Deletion of the vipB gene resulted in a significant 204.71‐fold decrease in the LD50 of A. veronii against zebrafish and a 2‐fold and 4‐fold reduction in the toxicity to EPC cells at 1 h and 2 h of infection, respectively. The virulence‐related genes of the mutant ΔvipB all showed significantly reduced expression levels compared to the wild strain. In addition, the motility of the mutant ΔvipB decreased significantly, the adhesion ability to EPC cells was 3.25‐fold lower than that of the parental strain, and the oxidative stress tolerance was 2.31‐fold lower than that of TH0426 strain. In contrast, the biofilm formation amount of ΔvipB strain increased by 1.65‐fold at both 12 h and 24 h. Our findings suggest that the vipB gene is associated with flagella stability, virulence, and oxidative stress tolerance and plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of A. veronii infections.
High‐intensity ultrasound treatment: An effective way of modifying thermal and rheological properties of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) protein isolate (SHPI) by varying ultrasound amplitude and time
Authors: Rawat Rashmi , Saini Charanjiv Singh
Published: January 2023

In this study, sunnhemp protein isolate was prepared to investigate the effect of ultrasound amplitude (40% and 50%) and time (10, 20, and 30 min) on the physicochemical, thermal, and rheological properties of sunnhemp protein isolates (SHPIs) at fixed power and frequency. Ultrasound treatment decreased the water activity of SHPIs. Improvement in the in vitro protein‐digestibility was observed during ultrasound treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated changes in the denaturation temperature and weight loss in all ultrasonicated sunnhemp protein samples. Thermal stability of ultrasound‐treated SHPIs was improved indicating modification in the secondary structures of SHPI caused by ultrasound treatment. From the rheology results, dramatically higher storage and loss modulus values as a function of frequency and temperature were observed in modified SHPIs samples over native sample. Ultrasonication is an efficient approach for modifying the physico‐chemical, thermal and rheological characteristics of sunnhemp proteins for food applications where thermal stability is required.

Practical Applications

Today's consumer is not only concerned with the relationship between food intake and wellness, but also with the sustainability of the environment as well. So, the consumption of plant‐based proteins over animal‐based proteins is on the rise. There is a need to explore underutilized plant‐based protein sources, which should be incorporated in our nutritional diet. Sunnhemp seeds are loaded with high protein content and are therefore, a novel and sustainable plant‐based protein source. Sunnhemp seeds also have well balanced amino acid composition and have other medicinal properties. However, plant‐based protein shows poor functionalities when compared to animal‐based protein. Therefore, there is a need to modify plant‐based proteins before incorporating into the final food products. In the present research, sunnhemp protein isolate has been modified to increase its functionality, which could be taken by food processing industries.
The effect of heterogeneities and small cavities on levee failures: The case study of the Panaro levee breach (Italy) on 6 December 2020
Authors: Ceccato Francesca , Simonini Paolo
Published: January 2023

This article discusses the levee failure that occurred on 6 December 2020 at Castelfranco Emilia, near Modena (Italy), showing that it cannot be explained without assuming the presence of local heterogeneities or a small cavity. The possible presence of these defects is supported by evidence derived from historical data and site observations. Fully coupled hydromechanical finite element simulations prove that the river embankment assumed without any deficiency had a sufficient level of safety for the considered event, thus it is necessary to hypothesize the presence of a local defect. The presence of a small cavity, in hydraulic communication with the river and buried at shallow depth, is assumed. This could be, for example, a new den, an old animal burrow repaired only partially, or a rotten plant root. Numerical analysis shows that the increase in water pressure within the cavity can trigger local failure of the landside slope, thus starting concentrated erosion. In highly erodible soils, this mechanism can lead very rapidly to the opening of the breach. A new analytical expression for the factor of safety of the soil wedge between the cavity and the surface is proposed. This approach is very simple and easily applicable, for example, to the assessment of levee vulnerability to animal burrows at a large scale. The results of the study are relevant for the management of water retaining structures.
Decision‐making and future pregnancies after a positive fetal anomaly screen: A scoping review
Authors: Shorey Shefaly , Lalor Joan , Pereira Travis Lanz‐Brian , Jarašiūnaitė‐Fedosejeva Gabija , Downe Soo
Published: January 2023

Aims and Objectives

To examine and consolidate literature on the experiences and decision‐making of parents following a screen positive result for a potential fetal anomaly and/or diagnosis of an actual anomaly in a previous pregnancy.

Background

Prenatal screening consists of any diagnostic modality that is aimed at acquiring information about a fetus or an embryo; however, the entire process is highly stressful for parents, especially if there was a previous screen positive result, but no abnormality was detected in the final result.

Methods

Eight electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Theses and Dissertations and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched from each database's inception until February 2022. This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's framework and was reported in accordance with the PRISMA‐ScR checklist. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework was utilised.

Results

Thirty‐one studies were eligible for inclusion. Two main themes (reliving the fear while maintaining hope, and bridging the past and future pregnancies) and six subthemes were identified.

Conclusions

A fetal anomaly diagnosis in pregnancy had a mixed impact on the attitudes of parents toward a future pregnancy. Some parents were fearful of reliving a traumatic experience, while others were determined to have a healthy child and grow their family. Parents generally expressed a greater preference for non‐invasive over invasive prenatal testing due to the procedural risks involved.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

There is a need for healthcare professionals to provide psychosocial and emotional support to parents so that they can achieve resolution for their previous pregnancy. Healthcare professionals' ability to provide informational support also enables these parents to make informed decision and understand their reproductive outcomes. Additionally, healthcare administration and policymakers should reconsider current neonatal or pregnancy loss bereavement guidelines to improve the inclusivity of fathers.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Clinical utility of an immunoglobulin A‐based serological panel for the diagnosis of chronic enteropathy in dogs
Authors: Langlois Daniel K. , Pritchard Jessica C. , Tolbert M. Katherine , Jergens Albert E. , Block Gary , Hanzlicek Andrew S. , Jaffey Jared A. , Steiner Jörg M. , Marsilio Sina , Jablonski Sara A.
Published: January 2023

Background

A panel of IgA‐based serologic assays might aid in the diagnosis of chronic enteropathy (CE) in dogs, a syndrome encompassing conditions such as food‐responsive enteropathy, immunosuppressant‐responsive enteropathy, and inflammatory bowel disease (also referred to as chronic inflammatory enteropathy). However, it is unclear whether these biomarkers discriminate between CE and other types of primary intestinal disorders.

Objectives

To evaluate a diagnostic panel that measures serum concentrations of IgA directed against OmpC (ACA), canine calprotectin (ACNA), and gliadin‐derived peptides (AGA) in dogs with well‐characterized intestinal diseases.

Animals

Fifty‐five dogs with primary intestinal disease.

Methods

Serum ACA, ACNA, and AGA concentrations were measured in 30 dogs with CE and 25 dogs with other intestinal diseases (non‐CE population), including histoplasmosis, parasitism, E. coli‐associated granulomatous colitis, and lymphoma. Serum IgA concentrations were compared among populations, and sensitivities and specificities were calculated using laboratory‐provided cut‐points.

Results

Twenty‐six of 30 (87%) CE dogs and 21 of 25 (84%) non‐CE dogs had abnormal concentrations (intermediate or high) of at least 2 markers; these proportions were not significantly different (P = .99). A serum ACA concentration ≥15 EU/mL was 86.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69.3%‐96.2%) sensitive and 24.0% (95% CI, 9.4%‐45.1%) specific for CE diagnosis. High AGA concentrations were observed in 16 of 25 (64%) non‐CE dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The evaluated serologic markers were poorly specific for CE diagnosis, which raises concerns that their use in clinical practice might lead to misdiagnoses and delayed or even detrimental treatments in dogs with non‐CE intestinal diseases.
Children onychomycosis, a neglected dermatophytosis: A retrospective study of epidemiology and treatment
Authors: Song Ge , Zhang Meijie , Liu Weida , Liang Guanzhao
Published: January 2023

Background

Onychomycosis was an ignored disease in children, and the prevalence was still unknown worldwide.

Objectives

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and treatment regimens of onychomycosis in children younger than 18 years old.

Methods

We systemically reviewed all publications by searching the key terms to reveal the onychomycosis in children from 1990 to 2022.

Results

A total of 44 articles including 2,382 children with onychomycosis were enrolled in this study. The male to female ratio was 1.29:1. The youngest child was 35 days old and the average age was 9.8 years old. The duration of disease usually ranged from 7 days to 4 years. Onychomycosis in children was more prevalent in toenails compared to fingernails (77.6% vs. 18.4%), and 4% patients had both. A total of 527 children (22.12%) had concomitant tinea pedis infection, and in 267 patients (11.21%), their family members had onychomycosis or tinea pedis. The most common clinical type of onychomycosis was DLSO (67.74%) and the predominant isolates were T. rubrum (66.13%), followed by C. albicans (9.08%) and T. mentagrophytes complex (5.34%). There were 419 children (74.03%) receiving systematic treatment only, 74 patients (13.07%) receiving topical treatment only, and 73 patients (12.90%) receiving both systematic and topical treatment. Twelve patients (2.12%) had mild drug‐related side effects. During the follow‐up, 71.25% children were cured, 17.50% symptoms improved and 4.17% failed.

Conclusions

Onychomycosis was underestimated in children and the diagnosis of onychomycosis should be properly considered in children with nail disorders. For mild patients, topical treatment can be a good choice, and oral antifungal drugs could be added to severe individuals under monitoring.
Experiences of families of prolonged critical illness survivors that are discharged home: An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Best Amy , Harvey Clare , Minton Claire
Published: January 2023

Background

Within the context of the increasing prevalence of prolonged critical illness, a situation intensified by the COVID‐19 global pandemic, advancing understanding of the experiences of families of survivors that are discharged home is important in understanding the complexity of life for these people.

Aims

To examine research related to the experiences of families of survivors of prolonged critical illness that are discharged home.

Study design

This review was conducted using the Whittemore and Knafl framework for integrated literature reviews. A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases of Web of Science, CINHAL, Scopus, and PubMed for English language studies published between January 2002 and October 2021. Article titles and abstracts were screened in view of finding a selection of articles that focussed on the experiences of families of people who have survived a prolonged intensive care stay that are discharged home. Study quality was assessed using the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool. Data analysis of nine peer‐reviewed articles was informed by the Braun and Clarke approach to thematic analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were used to report the review process.

Results

Nine articles were included in the review. Three major themes were identified, namely, (i) the negative impact on family caregiver health and well‐being, (ii) caregiver burden, and (iii) unmet support needs.

Conclusions

Families of prolonged critical illness survivors that are discharged home face complex challenges that make their experience difficult and demanding. Family support needs once patients are discharged home are largely unrecognized in this population.

Relevance to clinical practice

This review evidences the need to investigate further the experiences of families of survivors of prolonged critical illness. Further qualitative research has the potential to help inform service provision and support for these people.
HSP90s are required for hypocotyl elongation during skotomorphogenesis and thermomorphogenesis via the COP1–ELF3–PIF4 pathway in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zeng Yue , Wang Jiayu , Huang Sha , Xie Yu , Zhu Tongdan , Liu Leyi , Li Lin
Published: January 2023

Light and temperature are two key environmental signals that share several molecular components that, in turn, regulate plant growth. Darkness and high ambient temperatures promote skoto‐ and thermomorphogenesis, including stem elongation. Heat shock proteins 90 (HSP90s) facilitate the adaptation of organisms to various adverse environmental stimuli.

Here, we showed that HSP90s are required for hypocotyl elongation during both skoto‐ and thermomorphogenesis.

When HSP90s activities are impaired by the knockdown of HSP90s expression or the application of HSP90 inhibitors, the expression levels and protein abundance of PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) markedly decreased. EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) deficiency was resistant to the inhibition of HSP90s activities. Furthermore, HSP90s interacted with and destabilized ELF3. In the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) mutant, the changes in endogenous PIF4 and ELF3 protein levels caused by the inhibition of HSP90s activities were abolished. HSP90s enhanced the interaction between COP1 and ELF3, reduced ELF3 functional effects on PIF4 and modulated hypocotyl elongation during skoto‐ and thermomorphogenesis.

Our results indicated that HSP90s participate in light and temperature signalling via the COP1–ELF3–PIF4 module to regulate hypocotyl growth in changing environments.
Personnel selection: A review of ways to maximize validity, diversity, and the applicant experience
Authors: Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Lievens Filip , Sackett Paul R.
Published: January 2023

Personnel Psychology has a long tradition of publishing important research on personnel selection. In this article, we review some of the key questions and findings from studies published in the journal and in the selection literature more broadly. In doing so, we focus on the various decisions organizations face regarding selection procedure development (e.g., use multiple selection procedures, contextualize procedure content), administration (e.g., provide pre‐test explanations, reveal target knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics [KSAOs]), and scoring (e.g., weight predictors and criteria, use artificial intelligence). Further, we focus on how these decisions affect the validity of inferences drawn from the procedures, how use of the procedures may affect organizational diversity, and how applicants experience the procedures. We also consider factors such as cost and time. Based on our review, we highlight practical implications and key directions for future research.
Allocating scarce resources in the presence of private information and heterogeneous favoritism
Authors: Fan Xiaoshuai , Chen Ying‐Ju , Tang Christopher S.
Published: January 2023

Motivated by the challenge of allocating scarce resources from the federal government to different states during the COVID‐19 pandemic, this paper studies optimal schemes for allocating scarce resources to agents with private demand information under different favoritism structures. Through an investigation of a mechanism design model that aims to induce agents to report their demands truthfully, we find the following results. First, when the principal purely cares about social welfare and when the principal has sufficient resources to satisfy all agents' demands, we find that the optimal allocation scheme is efficient in the sense that it is identical to the optimal scheme for the “benchmark” case when favoritism differentials and information asymmetry are both absent. Second, when rationing is needed due to resource scarcity, we show that heterogeneity in “event‐independent” favoritism across agents will cause the principal to allocate more resources to agents with larger favoritism and less resources to others, resulting in inefficient allocations. Third, when agents possess heterogeneous “event‐specific” favoritism due to the existence of outside options, the resulting allocation may boost all agents' expected utilities, including those agents who do not have any outside option. Finally, we show that the “allocation distortion” caused by both information asymmetry and heterogeneous favoritism can be reduced when “positive externality” is present (i.e., allocating resources to one agent can benefit other agents).
Increased pupil and heart‐rate responses to sexual stimuli in men after physical exertion
Authors: Finke Johannes B. , Hahn Sebastian , Schächinger Hartmut , Klucken Tim
Published: January 2023

Physical stress has been found to enhance arousability by visual sexual stimuli on a short‐term basis, as reflected in higher phasic pupil dilation responses, probably mediated by sympathetic nervous system (SNS)‐related processes. However, previous research has not addressed the specificity of this effect in terms of emotional valence, that is, whether it reflects an instance of general excitation transfer or a more specific mechanism. Thus, to further investigate changes in sexual processing after acute stress exposure, 40 male participants underwent either a predominantly sympathetic stressor (3 min sustained handgrip) or similar control procedure. After stress induction, pictures varying in valence as well as sexual versus non‐sexual arousal were presented (for 5000 ms each). Using principal component analysis, pupillary responses during picture viewing were dissociated into fast and slow components (early vs. late response phases). In addition, startle eyeblink responses were elicited by bursts of white noise (50 ms, 105 dB) in half of the trials and recorded at the orbicularis oculi via electromyography. Skin conductance and heart rate were co‐registered, as well. While affective startle modulation and skin conductance responses to emotional stimuli were unaffected by previous stress exposure, both evoked heart‐rate deceleration (but not acceleration) and pupil responses were specifically enhanced with sexually arousing stimuli in stressed participants, and this effect was mediated by blood pressure reactivity as an index of preceding SNS activation. Taken together, our findings provide strong evidence for enhancement of sexual processing by acute stress exposure in men and suggest differential involvement of parasympathetic versus sympathetic mechanisms.
The effects of SMEs' R&D team diversity on project‐level performances: evidence from South Korea's R&D subsidy program
Authors: Yoo Hyoung Sun , Jung Ye Lim , Jun Seung‐Pyo
Published: January 2023

Although there has been a lot of research on the effect of workforce diversity on innovation performance, the studies on research and development (R&D) team diversity have been scarce. Moreover, even the previous studies considered R&D performances at the firm level, which left the relationship between inputs and outputs unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship more precisely by examining the effect of R&D team diversity at the project level. The gender, major, and education diversities were considered and the project‐level performances were measured by four indicators: papers, patents, R&D success, and innovative sales. After analyzing 1166 R&D projects implemented by South Korean small and medium‐sized enterprises supported by government subsidies, we found inverted U‐shaped relationships between gender and major diversities and patent applications. That is, patents increased from low to moderate level of diversities (0.52 for gender diversity and 0.43 for major diversity in normalized Blau's index). However, when the diversities exceeded the moderate levels, patents decreased. Our findings provide strong empirical evidence that the ambivalence of diversity influences simultaneously and that the influences dominate differently depending on the degree of diversity. Education diversity had a linear positive correlation with paper publications and R&D success. Based on these findings, we discussed managerial implications from the perspective of R&D project managers and the funding agency.
Role of microbial phytases in improving fish health
Authors: Priya  , Virmani Ishita , Pragya  , Goswami Ravi Kumar , Singh Bijender , Sharma Jai Gopal , Giri Bhoopander
Published: January 2023

Fishmeal is the most preferred protein source in aquafeed industry due to its balanced amino acid and fatty acid profile, but its limited global supply and high price value, necessitates researchers to focus on sustainable alternative sources of protein and plant‐based feed, to meet the growing demand of fish feed. Phytate is a reservoir of phosphorus present in the plants; however, its chelating ability makes it anti‐nutritional. Phytate forms complexes with minerals, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, confining their accessibility in fish feeds, hence, additional dietary nutrients are required in the fish feed to overcome nutritional deficiencies. The elimination of phytate‐phosphorus through animal faeces and its pass on to aquatic bodies leads to enrichment of nutrients, eutrophication and algal blooms. Microbial phytase segregates phosphorus, minerals, proteins and lower inositol phosphates from phytate. The supplementation of fish feed with microbial phytase enhances the digestibility of minerals, due to which less nutrients are excreted in the faeces; therefore, minimizing pollution in water bodies. Monogastric and agastric animals inherently exhibit the deficiency of phytase; hence, supplementation of dietary material with phytase has been an emerging choice to make dietary nutrients available for fish. Moreover, microbial phytases have a broad pH range and are thermostable, which makes them an excellent choice for commercial fish feed production. Additionally, microbial phytase improves fish growth as these enzymes enhance nutrients bioavailability and their digestion. This review article presents the application of microbial phytases as a feed additive, and their role in enhancing fish growth.
Influence of parental knowledge and attitudes on the oral and dental health status of autistic children: A systematic review
Authors: Salmeh Abdulrahman , Al‐Saadi Meena , AlZaidi Nadia , Al Hamwi Noura , Jumaah Sarah Safaa , Karimzadeh Shamma , Dhafer Taiba , Al‐Rubaiay Ward , Al‐Rawi Natheer
Published: January 2023

Aims

This paper aims to systematically review the current evidence surrounding the influence of parental knowledge and attitudes on the oral and dental health status of autistic children.

Methods and Results

Data were sourced from EBSCOhost, ProQuest One Academic, Ovid MEDLINE, and Scopus. Additional records were manually identified through other sources. Literature search identified 610 relevant articles for screening, of which nine were ultimately selected for inclusion following full‐text review. A custom data collection sheet was constructed by the authors to extract data based on selected parameters addressing the focused research question. Extracted data were combined in an evidence table based on the collection sheet parameters. Study characteristics and findings were then descriptively summarized and compared. Due to heterogenicity, meta‐analysis was not viable. While all included cross‐sectional studies have predominantly shown no statistically significant association between parental knowledge and oral health, three experimental studies have conversely reported significant oral health improvements following educational interventions; suggesting a strong correlation.

Conclusion

Autistic children are susceptible to oral diseases, necessitating parental attention. Current evidence regarding this topic is limited and conflicting. The present systematic review faces limitations: included studies were few and predominantly cross‐sectional. Moreover, study samples were small, predominantly male, conveniently recruited, and geographically limited. This paper serves as a foundation to guide future research and inspire oral health education and wellness promotion programs.
Stratigraphic change in flow transformation processes recorded in early post‐rift deep‐marine intraslope lobe complexes
Authors: Martinez‐Doñate Ander , Kane Ian A. , Hodgson David M. , Privat Aurelia M.‐L. J. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Schwarz Ernesto , Flint Stephen S.
Published: January 2023

The Early Jurassic Los Molles Formation in the Neuquén Basin of western Argentina is a rare example of well‐exposed syn‐rift to post‐rift stratigraphy. In the Chachil Graben, the onset of the early post‐rift stage is marked by drowning of a carbonate system and the development of two deep‐marine intraslope lobe complexes. This field‐based study in the Chachil Graben involved field mapping and correlating eleven stratigraphic logs, and petrographic analysis to document how grain size and texture within intraslope lobe sandstones change from the lobe centre to their frontal pinch‐out. Eight different bed‐scale facies are identified and inferred to be formed by turbulent (turbidites; Type A and B beds), transient turbulent–laminar (transitional flow deposits; Type C, D, E and F beds), laminar gravity flows (debrites; Type G) and post‐depositional clastic injections (injectites; Type H beds). Fifteen lobes form two stacked lobe complexes that show stratigraphic evolution from a lower argillaceous sandstone‐dominated lobe complex, built by transitional flow deposits, to an upper coarser‐grained, sandier lobe complex largely constructed by turbidites. Petrographic analysis quantified sandstone mineralogy, matrix content, grain size and sorting, revealing that both lobe complexes are volcanic arc‐sourced. This study proposes that the differences in the character of the two lobe complexes are due to maturation of sediment transport routes through progressive healing of the intraslope relief, with a concomitant decrease in substrate erosion and flow bulking. Also proposed here is a model for intraslope lobe complex development that accounts for the impact of flow‐confinement on flow behaviour and transformation induced by the inherited topography. Bed type distribution suggests that high‐density flows terminate more abruptly against confining slopes and produce greater depositional variability than lower‐density flows. This integrated petrographic, architectural and sedimentary process model provides new insights into how post‐rift intraslope lobe systems may act as hydrocarbon reservoirs, aquifers and carbon storage sites.
A dual‐process framework for diversity training to reduce discrimination in organizational settings
Authors: Gill Laura J. , Olson Michael A.
Published: January 2023

Disputes about the value of Diversity Training (DT) stem partly from disputes about what DT should entail and what its expected outcomes should be. We answer previous reviews’ calls for approaches to DT that are grounded in empirically supported theoretical frameworks. Specifically, and based on longstanding theory and research on attitude–behavior relations, we offer a dual‐process framework that identifies key factors for interventions to reduce individual‐level discrimination in organizational settings, including (a) automatic attitudes/bias, (b) awareness of the impact of bias, (c) motives relating to egalitarianism and conformity, and (d) the opportunity to engage in deliberative decision making. We offer suggestions, where available, for how DT might employ basic research known to impact these factors to construct more effective interventions. Finally, we offer guidance for targeted rather than “one‐size‐fits‐all” approaches to DT and advocate for an integration of DT tailored to individuals with structural interventions tailored to organizations.
Structural racism and health in the age of COVID‐19: A selective review with policy implications
Authors: Brondolo Elizabeth , Kaur Amandeep , Flores Melissa
Published: January 2023

Structural racism encompasses the effects of racial bias across all systems of society. A growing body of data indicates that structural racism contributes to racial inequities in health across the lifespan. Investigators have documented associations of different dimensions of structural racism, including cultural and institutional discrimination, to health. To clarify and integrate the scope of these data, we examine a broad array of manifestations of both cultural and institutional racism and review their associations to specific health effects outcomes. We examine effects on COVID‐19 prevalence and mortality, but also investigate data on birth outcomes and premature mortality to gain insight into health effects at each end of the lifespan. Given the pervasive and well‐documented history of racism facing Black Americans, we focus this review on the effects of structural racism on the health of Black populations in the United States.

To examine the association of cultural discrimination to health, we review studies of prejudicial communications assessed with measures of area‐level prejudice, leader communications of prejudice, and reactions to race‐related cultural events. To examine the association of institutional discrimination to health, we examine laws and institutional policies that discriminated against Black Americans and shaped social and physical environments characterized by residential racial segregation and disadvantage, occupational segregation, and restricted voting rights, among other manifestations of inequity. As we document, research has demonstrated associations of cultural racism to birth outcomes and mortality, data are lacking on direct relations to COVID‐19 mortality. Institutional discrimination has been consistently linked to the increased prevalence of and mortality from COVID‐19, and some aspects are associated with birth outcomes and mortality. Understanding the interrelations among cultural and institutional aspects of discrimination and their historical roots have important implications for the development of policies and interventions to reduce structural racism and mitigate its effects on health.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) plus attention bias modification (ABM) reduces anxiety sensitivity and depressive symptoms in panic disorder: A pilot randomized trial
Authors: Zainal Nur Hani , Hellberg Samantha N. , Kabel Katherine E. , Hotchkin Claire M. , Baker Amanda W.
Published: January 2023

Background

Cognitive bias theories propose that reducing threat hypervigilance in mental disorders can augment cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes. However, no studies have tested whether adding attention bias modification (ABM) can effectively enhance CBT's effects on anxiety sensitivity (AS), electromyography (EMG), and skin conductance (SC) for panic disorder (PD). This pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) thus aimed to evaluate the efficacy of CBT + ABM (vs. CBT plus attention training placebo; PBO) on those outcomes.

Method

This study is a secondary analysis (Baker et al., 2020). Adults with PD were randomized to receive CBT + ABM (n = 11) or CBT + PBO (n = 12). Before each of the first five CBT sessions, CBT + ABM and CBT + PBO participants completed a 15‐min ABM task or attention training PBO, respectively. AS and depression severity as well as SC and EMG during habituation to a loud‐tone startle paradigm were assessed. Hierarchical Bayesian analyses were conducted.

Results

During pre‐post‐treatment and pre‐follow‐up, CBM + ABM (vs. CBT + PBO) led to a notably greater reduction in ASI–Physical (between‐group d = −1.26 to −1.25), ASI‐Cognitive (d = −1.16 to −1.10), and depression severity (d = −1.23 to −0.99). However, no between‐group difference was observed for ASI‐Social, EMG, or SC indices.

Discussion

Adding a brief computerized ABM intervention to CBT for PD protocols may enhance therapeutic change.
Suffering for Justice in Anne Conway and Maria W. Stewart
Authors: Yenter Timothy
Published: January 2023

Anne Conway and Maria W. Stewart are quietly revolutionary philosophers who provide valuable insights into the nature of suffering and its relation to justice. Conway scholars have claimed that she offers a theodicy, trying to reconcile suffering with the existence of a just God. However, this does not make sense of her arguments or audience. Instead, we should see her as a theoretician of the role of suffering in a person's life. Moving beyond the personal, Stewart's emphasis on social sources of suffering leads her to posit a vision for bringing about a more just society in the near term that is absent in Conway. Both philosophers provide fascinating insight into how to theorize suffering and justice, including the role of unity in a just society.
The employment of people with lived experience of disability in Australian disability services
Authors: Mellifont Damian , Smith‐Merry Jennifer , Bulkeley Kim
Published: January 2023

In Australia there is a significant gap in employment rates between people with disability and those without. This is in the context of general gaps in the disability sector workforce, which has been the subject of recent policy concern. Our study critically investigates (a) data on the employment of people with disability in Australian disability services; (b) data on disability awareness training in disability services; (c) these results in the context of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) National Workforce Plan: 2021–2025 and the NDIS workforce Capability Framework. We undertook a mixed methods study that brought together descriptive statistics from the National Disability Services Workforce Census data and qualitative content analysis of the NDIS National Workforce Plan and the NDIS workforce Capability Framework. We found that 50% of disability service organisations employ at least one person with disability in their organisations, with 20% employing less than three people with disability. Only 24% of organisations include a person with disability on their board, and 19% of organisations employ people with disability in management positions. Policy document analysis shows policies support key areas for increasing employment of people with disability and disability inclusion. Employment of people with disability at all levels of disability services remains poor in Australia. We argue that ‘soft’ approaches to addressing low employment levels need to be supplemented by harder approaches that take full advantage of the levers available to government through the operation of the NDIS.