bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency reserves and inertia in the transition to future electricity systems
Authors: Ullmark Jonathan , Göransson Lisa , Johnsson Filip
Published: February 2023

The transition towards an electricity system that is dominated by asynchronous and non-dispatchable generators, such as wind and solar power, entails challenges related to balancing the load and, thereby, keeping the grid frequency stable. Many technologies can contribute to load balancing and frequency control. This study investigates the interactions between electricity generation and frequency control in terms of investments and operation, using cost-minimizing, linear optimization modeling. The model is applied in three different geographic cases and for four future time-points, starting off with the already existing transmission and generation capacities, so as to yield insights into different systems and different stages along the energy transition. The results show that frequency control constraints in the optimization model have a weak impact on the system composition and cost, and that batteries are important for minimizing the impact. Furthermore, inertia requirements without a reserve demand show no impact on the cost or system composition. When allowing for vehicle-to-grid from battery electric vehicles, a large proportion of stationary grid battery investments is displaced, and the impact on system cost from adding frequency control constraints is removed.
Detection and quantification of zearalenone and its modified forms in enzymatically treated oat and wheat flour
Authors: Pascari Xenia , Weigel Stefan , Marin Sonia , Sanchis Vicente , Maul Ronald
Published: February 2023

An analytical method for the analysis of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its modified forms was developed. Sample preparation was performed based on a modified QuEChERS method combined with liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. The method was tested for linearity, precision, limits of detection and quantification and recoveries. The evaluation of the above-mentioned parameters was performed on oat flour. The method was applied to oat and wheat flours that were submitted to an amylolytic treatment (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase), similar to the one used in the cereal-based baby food production process. A decrease in β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) and β-ZEL-14-sulfate of approximately 40% after 90 min incubation was observed, the other analytes did not show any significant changes. To our knowledge, this is the first method that approaches the identification and assessment of ZEN-sulfate derivates in a cereal matrix.
Warranty for a better world? The politics of environmental knowledge in bioeconomic sustainability certificates
Authors: Stokland Håkon B. , Aspøy Håkon , Krange Olve , Skogen Ketil
Published: February 2023

Sustainability certificates are increasingly used as tools for shaping bioeconomic production processes and trade. However, their specific effects are subjected to debate. A multitude of certificate schemes and standards are currently in use, defining and measuring sustainability in the bioeconomy in highly varying ways. Different representations of environmental effects, resulting from the use of different standards or scientific methods in certification, can have very real implications for how, where and to which degree bioeconomic production can be conducted and the environment will be conserved. Further, the implications for bioeconomic production practices and management embedded in the environmental knowledge employed in bioeconomic sustainability certificates will produce different winners and losers, and privilege some societal or individual concerns at the expense of others. In this way, sustainability certificates share some characteristics with other standards and policy tools that embody political contingencies, but are presented and often understood as objective and neutral. The paper argues that the politics of environmental knowledge involved in these processes warrant more awareness, scrutiny and explicit consideration from decision makers, policy developers and researchers.
Why Should We Care About the Manipulative Power of Algorithmic Transparency?
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: February 2023

Franke Philosophy & Technology, 35(4), 1-7, (2022) offers an interesting claim that algorithmic transparency as manipulation does not necessarily follow that it is good or bad. Different people can have good reasons to adopt different evaluative attitudes towards this manipulation. Despite agreeing with some of his observations, this short reply will examine three crucial misconceptions in his arguments. In doing so, it defends why we are morally obliged to care about the manipulative potential of algorithmic transparency. It suggests that we as society have a moral duty to incorporate the value of transparency into algorithmic systems while keeping algorithmic transparency itself sensitive to power relations.
GAG-therapie bij inflammatoire blaasaandoeningen; wat is de huidige bewijslast?
Authors: Janssen Dick A. W.
Published: February 2023

Samenvatting

Orale en intravesicale GAG-therapie wordt al meer dan 30 jaar toegepast bij diverse inflammatoire blaasaandoeningen. GAG-therapie heeft als doel de defecte mucosale blaasbarrière te herstellen om de inflammatie van de blaaswand te reduceren. Het huidige bewijsniveau voor de effectiviteit van GAG-therapie varieert voor verschillende indicaties. Helaas worden de meeste blaasontstekingen niet geëvalueerd in klinische richtlijnen. Deze review onderzoekt het huidige bewijs van GAG-therapie voor verschillende inflammatoire blaasaandoeningen zoals blaaspijnsyndroom/interstitiële cystitis (BPS/IC), ketamine-geïnduceerde cystitis, radiatiecystitis, eosinofiele cystitis en urineweginfecties.
Evolutionary Theoretician Edward D. Cope and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis Debate
Authors: McGhee George R.
Published: February 2023

The Modern Synthesis (MS) gene-centered population model of evolution is currently being challenged by the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (ESS) organism-centered developmental model of evolution. The predictions of the EES are here examined with respect to the arguments of Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897) for an organism-centered evolutionary process in which organisms both shape and are shaped by their environments such that the activities of the organisms themselves play a role in their own evolution.
Global martingale solutions for stochastic Shigesada–Kawasaki–Teramoto population models
Authors: Braukhoff Marcel , Huber Florian , Jüngel Ansgar
Published: February 2023

The existence of global nonnegative martingale solutions to cross-diffusion systems of Shigesada–Kawasaki–Teramoto type with multiplicative noise is proven. The model describes the stochastic segregation dynamics of an arbitrary number of population species in a bounded domain with no-flux boundary conditions. The diffusion matrix is generally neither symmetric nor positive semidefinite, which excludes standard methods for evolution equations. Instead, the existence proof is based on the entropy structure of the model, a novel regularization of the entropy variable, higher-order moment estimates, and fractional time regularity. The regularization technique is generic and is applied to the population system with self-diffusion in any space dimension and without self-diffusion in two space dimensions.
On the backward design—an advanced concept for the design of welded structures for demanding applications
Authors: Björk T. , Ahola A. , Skriko T. , Lipiäinen K.
Published: February 2023

Conventionally, the design of welded structures is based on the properties of semi-finished products, such as rolled plates and strips. The effects of manufacturing processes on the material properties, such as cold forming and welding, are neglected or they are controlled by the limitations on manufacturing parameters. However, such conventional approaches do not obtain desired solutions for the end users in terms of performance of the end product. This is the case, particularly when using high-strength steels, in which the manufacturing processes can remarkably change the properties of semi-finished products, and the production quality must fulfill higher criteria compared to the structures made of low-strength or mild steels. Consequently, a new approach called backward design (BD) is established to obtain better properties for end-products and to develop more purposeful steels, improve quality in design and manufacturing, and minimize the lead time in the whole production chain. The BD concept is based on the needs of end-users and exploits simulations and digital twins, considering the whole production. However, the optimization of production, including all its adjacent phases, is a comprehensive multi-parametric task, and, thus, it will be always a compromised solution. Nevertheless, the BD concept provides a new way of thinking about the whole production, not only material but also the geometry of the construction and its fabrication phases. The issue is currently relevant because the steel industry will transform toward “green” steels (hydrogen-based reduction) and thus enable the creation of new tailored steels for end-products. In this paper, a general overview of this concept is presented.
Transitions Between Domains of Activity as “Domestications of the Eye” for the Learning of Mathematics with GGBot
Authors: Del Zozzo Agnese , Santi George
Published: February 2023

We present a theoretical study that allows us to attempt framing in an embodied perspective the effectiveness of the drawing robot GGBot in the learning of geometry. The aim of the article is to set the intertwining of activity, semiotics, perception, and knowledge at the crossover of Radford’s theory of objectification (TO) and Borba and Villareal’s notion of humans-with-media. Such a crossover is articulated in four building blocks: (1) processes of objectification and the role of semiotic means of objectification, where we state that digital artifacts such as the GGBot change the topology of the semiotic means of objectification; (2) cognition is sensuous and learning is a process of domestication of the eye, where perception is theoretically shaped by the interaction with GGBot; (3) GGBot and humans-with-media, where we outline new thinking collectives and their modes of activity; (4) domestication of the eye triggered by transitions between domains of activity. Each building block of our theoretical discussion is empirically anchored to four episodes involving primary school students’ learning geometrical figures using the GGBot. To conclude, we focus on two basic concepts of geometrical thinking that unfold in the shift between domains.
Ultrasensitive and Highly Stretchable Multiple-Crosslinked Ionic Hydrogel Sensors with Long-Term Stability
Authors: Yu Jin-Young , Moon Seung Eon , Kim Jeong Hun , Kang Seong Min
Published: February 2023

Flexible hydrogels are receiving significant attention for their application in wearable sensors. However, most hydrogel materials exhibit weak and one-time adhesion, low sensitivity, ice crystallization, water evaporation, and poor self-recovery, thereby limiting their application as sensors. These issues are only partly addressed in previous studies. Herein, a multiple-crosslinked poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide-co-acrylamide) (P(SBMA-co-AAm)) multifunctional hydrogel is prepared via a one-pot synthesis method to overcome the aforementioned limitations. Specifically, ions, glycerol, and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide are incorporated to reduce the freezing point and improve the moisture retention ability. The proposed hydrogel is superior to existing hydrogels because it exhibits good stretchability (a strain of 2900%), self-healing properties, and transparency through effective energy dissipation in its dynamic crosslinked network. Further, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide as a zwitterion monomer results in an excellent gauge factor of 43.4 at strains of 1300–1600% by improving the ion transportability and achieving a strong adhesion of 20.9 kPa owing to the dipole–dipole moment. The proposed hydrogel is promising for next-generation biomedical applications, such as soft robots, and health monitoring.
Induced Currents in the Lining and Steel Shell of Submerged Arc Furnaces
Authors: Fromreide Mads , Gómez Dolores , Halvorsen Svenn Anton , Salgado Pilar
Published: February 2023

Numerical models in 2D and 3D are used to study induced currents in the lining and steel shell of large three-phase submerged arc furnaces. The alternating currents supplied through the electrodes cause a significant amount of induced power in the furnace lining and shell. The induced currents flow in three large loops with an accumulation of current near the top of the steel shell between the electrodes. The net result is a thermal loss with heat dissipated at the surface. Furthermore, such accumulation may cause potentially damaging hot spots in the steel. If this persists over a long time, the shell may thin and deteriorate and, in worst-case scenarios, the shell may be cracked or punctured. The influence of an electrically conducting lining and the effect of subdividing the shell in insulated sections have been studied. It is shown that an electrically conducting lining will have a significant shielding effect on the steel shell. The induced currents are considerably reduced in the steel, and “pushed into” the lining. The size of current loops in the shell can be restricted by subdividing the steel into sections with insulation between each section. Such modification is detrimental. Strong opposing currents will be formed on each side of the insulating gaps, leading to higher current concentrations and increasing the risk of hot spots on the steel shell. In addition, the heat loss due to induced currents in the steel will be enhanced.

Graphical Abstract
A case study on time-dependent bedding plane failure
Authors: Asaka Michinori , Holt Rune Martin
Published: February 2023

Time-delayed wellbore failures are often observed in shale formation. In some cases, cavings indicating bedding plane failure are observed a few days after initial drill-out with a gradual increase, eventually leading to wellbore collapse. Possible causes of time-delayed wellbore failure include pore pressure diffusion, and its impact can be assessed by traditional poroelastic modeling in which coupled hydraulic-mechanical processes are taken into account. Externally applied loads induce pore pressure that is dissipated according to a diffusion law. During recently conducted wellbore stability analysis targeting a particular field within a strike-slip regime, we found: (1) time-dependent bedding plane failures are significant for highly inclined wells subparallel to the maximum horizontal stress direction (bedding plane failure region gradually increases with time), (2) the Kirsch solution and the assumption of no induced pore pressure (elastic nonporous model) does not give proper mud weight limits to avoid bedding plane failures, and (3) failure regions and modes predicted by the poroelastic model are different from those based on the elastic nonporous approach, under the given situation. Results given by the poroelastic model are apparently consistent with filed observations, demonstrating pore pressure diffusion as a possible cause of observed time-delayed bedding plane failure.
Burch Index, Summands of Syzygies and Linearity in Resolutions
Authors: Dao Hailong , Eisenbud David
Published: February 2023

The Burch index is a new invariant of a local ring R whose positivity implies a kind of linearity in resolutions of R-modules. We show that if R has depth zero and Burch index at least 2, then any non-free 7th R-syzygy contains the residue field as a direct summand. We compute the Burch index in various cases of interest.
Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis and Presumptive Vibriosis in a Welder, a Case Report
Authors: Reddy Archana K. , Tuznik Natascha M.
Published: February 2023

When iron homeostasis is disrupted in overload states, siderophilic pathogens may display increased virulence including Vibrio and Mucorales species, among others. We present a case of widely disseminated Mucormycosis and presumed Vibriosis in a welder with severe sepsis of unknown origin despite thorough evaluation. The diagnosis of Mucormycosis was not ascertained until the day of the patient’s passing, illustrating the importance of considering iron overload and associated infections in the differential diagnosis of at-risk patients, such as a welder, who developed elusive and undifferentiated sepsis unresponsive to conventional therapy. A 50-year-old male welder developed two episodes of acute gastrointestinal illness and subacute distal foot pain after traveling to coastal California and raw oyster consumption. His illness progressed over 3 weeks leading to hospitalization with mixed septic and cardiogenic shock. He initially improved with cardiac support and empiric treatment for presumed Vibriosis; however, his clinical status proceeded to deteriorate once more. He developed an acute abdomen, and during an emergent exploratory laparotomy, he was found to have widely disseminated, gastrointestinal Mucormycosis. After surgery, the patient transitioned to comfort measures and passed away several hours later. History of welding in a patient presenting with sepsis should prompt consideration of systemic iron overload and evaluation, as well as associated infections such as siderophilic pathogens, which may otherwise remain elusive and potentially fatal if not considered on the differential diagnosis. This is of particular importance in patients who have ongoing, undifferentiated sepsis with failure to stabilize despite standard-of-care comprehensive evaluation and therapeutics.
Preparation of long-lasting environment-friendly anti-icing agent suitable for snow and ice areas and its performance research
Authors: Zhang Fan , Zhao Su
Published: February 2023

The addition of anti-icing agents to asphalt pavements as a way to prevent snow and ice residues should consider not only the environmental aspects of anti-icing agents, but also the water stability, high temperature stability and low temperature crack resistance of asphalt mixes. In this work, environmentally and friendly slow-release anti-icing agent called MAS was produced by using silica microspheres coated with magnesium acetate, and the performance of the mixes after adding anti-icing agents was analyzed by the water stability, high temperature stability and low temperature crack resistance tests The experimental results show that when the MAS replaces 6% of 0–0.075 mm aggregate by equal volume, the strength and performance of the mixture meet the requirements and have the best slow-release effect.
Adaptation of a Behavioural Activation Intervention for Depression in People with Diabetes in Bangladesh and Pakistan: DiaDeM Intervention
Authors: Zavala Gerardo A. , Afaq Saima , Anas Ashraful , Ahmed Naveed , Aslam Faiza , Benkalkar Saumit , Coales Karen , Jennings Hannah Maria , Kellar Ian , Nabi Mumtahanah , Naz Anum , Shakoor Hira , Siddiqi Najma , Ekers David
Published: February 2023

The cultural tailoring of interventions is a cost-effective approach to reach underserved populations. There are multiple frameworks for intervention adaptation, however, information on their use in practice, and sources to guide the adaptations is limited. The aim of this paper is to describe our experience using intervention adaptation frameworks and illustrate the adaptation process of a behavioural activation intervention for depression in people with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh and Pakistan. We were guided by the intervention mapping adaptation framework for development and evaluation of health interventions and the Bernal and the Escoffery frameworks to address the cultural components of the adaptation. We performed a needs assessment, developed a logic model and systematically searched for available evidence-based interventions. To obtain evidence to guide the adaptations, we conducted a literature review, a qualitative study and workshops with community, expert advisory panels and a co-design group which systematically fed into the adaptation process. We co-produced the materials (training manual and booklet) with stakeholders. Finally, an implementation and evaluation plan was produced to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention. We selected 3 interventions that had a good fit for our target population. Guided by the logic model, we identified core components of these interventions that could not be changed. We made changes in the language, pictures, illustrations, intervention dose and delivery (self-guided versus facilitator), inclusion of carers and/or family members, and training intensity. We developed a protocol to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention considering key changes from the original intervention and the characteristics of the new setting and target population. Intervention adaptation frameworks proved to be valuable tools to guide the intervention process, and ensure the inclusion of multiple sources of evidence and key stakeholders.
The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
Authors: Hawking Stephen W. , Ellis George F. R.
Published: February 2023

First published in 1973, this influential work discusses Einstein's General Theory of Relativity to show how two of its predictions arise: first, that the ultimate fate of many massive stars is to undergo gravitational collapse to form 'black holes'; and second, that there was a singularity in the past at the beginning of the universe. Starting with a precise formulation of the theory, including the necessary differential geometry, the authors discuss the significance of space-time curvature and examine the properties of a number of exact solutions of Einstein's field equations. They develop the theory of the causal structure of a general space-time, and use it to prove a number of theorems establishing the inevitability of singularities under certain conditions. A Foreword contributed by Abhay Ashtekar and a new Preface from George Ellis help put the volume into context of the developments in the field over the past fifty years.
The Origins of Organ Transplantation
Authors: Schlich Thomas
Published: February 2023

A history of the little-known or forgotten academic origins of modern organ transplant surgery.
The Birth of a Borough
Authors: Carver Martin
Published: February 2023

Reports of archaeological investigations into Stafford dramatically reveal the pattern of development of our county towns.
The Known Biology of Neuropathic Pain and Its Relevance to Pain Management
Authors: Smith Peter A.
Published: February 2023

Patients with neuropathic pain are heterogeneous in pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical presentation. Signs and symptoms are determined by the nature of the injury and factors such as genetics, sex, prior injury, age, culture, and environment. Basic science has provided general information about pain etiology by studying the consequences of peripheral injury in rodent models. This is associated with the release of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that sensitize sensory nerve endings, alter gene expression, promote post-translational modification of proteins, and alter ion channel function. This leads to spontaneous activity in primary afferent neurons that is crucial for the onset and persistence of pain and the release of secondary mediators such as colony-stimulating factor 1 from primary afferent terminals. These promote the release of tertiary mediators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin-1β from microglia and astrocytes. Tertiary mediators facilitate the transmission of nociceptive information at the spinal, thalamic, and cortical levels. For the most part, these findings have failed to identify new therapeutic approaches. More recent basic science has better mirrored the clinical situation by addressing the pathophysiology associated with specific types of injury, refinement of methodology, and attention to various contributory factors such as sex. Improved quantification of sensory profiles in each patient and their distribution into defined clusters may improve translation between basic science and clinical practice. If such quantification can be traced back to cellular and molecular aspects of pathophysiology, this may lead to personalized medicine approaches that dictate a rational therapeutic approach for each individual.
Optical beat notes assisted attosecond soft X-ray pulse generation in high-gain free electron lasers
Authors: Wang Zhen , Feng Chao
Published: February 2023

Attosecond soft X-ray pulses are of great importance for the study of ultrafast electronic phenomena. In this paper, a feasible method is proposed to generate isolated fully coherent attosecond soft X-ray free electron laser via optical frequency beating. Two optical lasers with the opposite frequency chirps are used to induce a gradient frequency energy modulation, which helps to generate a gradually varied spacing electron pulse train. Subsequently, the undulator sections with electron beam delay lines are used to amplify the target ultra-short radiation. Numerical start-to-end simulations have been performed and the results demonstrate that an isolated soft X-ray pulse with the peak power of 330 GW and pulse duration of 620 as can be achieved by the proposed technique.
Ornament, Weapon, or Tool? Microwear Analysis of Shark Teeth from the Rio Do Meio Site in Florianópolis, Brazil
Authors: Gilson Simon-Pierre , Gates St-Pierre Christian , Lessa Andrea
Published: February 2023

Shark remains are common in coastal archaeological sites in southern Brazil. Here we present an analysis of microwear visible on shark teeth found at the Rio do Meio site in Florianópolis, Brazil. It demonstrates that hafted shark teeth were used to work soft materials such as leather, as well as semihard materials such as wood and bone, whereas others probably functioned as arrowheads. The results also show a possible preference for tiger shark teeth use for woodworking. The identified technical motions include piercing, cutting, and scraping, as well as scaling and sawing. These findings allow us to question the common interpretation of shark teeth use as ornaments and as having symbolic value. Instead, shark teeth seem to have been used as tools and weapons in daily life.
The Dawes Review 11: From young to old: The evolutionary path of Pulsar Wind Nebulae
Authors: Olmi Barbara , Bucciantini Niccolò
Published: February 2023

Pulsar wind nebulae (PWN) are fascinating systems and archetypal sources for high-energy astrophysics in general. Due to their vicinity, brightness, to the fact that they shine at multi-wavelengths, and especially to their long-living emission at gamma rays, modelling their properties is particularly important for the correct interpretation of the visible Galaxy. A complication in this respect is the variety of properties and morphologies they show at different ages. Here, we discuss the differences among the evolutionary phases of PWN, how they have been modeled in the past and what progresses have been recently made. We approach the discussion from a phenomenological, theoretical (especially numerical) and observational point of view, with particular attention to the most recent results and open questions about the physics of such intriguing sources.
Dashing through the cluster: An X-ray to radio view of UGC 10420 undergoing ram-pressure stripping
Authors: Mahajan Smriti , Singh Kulinder Pal , Tiwari Juhi , Raychaudhury Somak
Published: February 2023

We present multi-wavelength data and analysis, including newFUVAstroSat/UVIT observations of the spiral galaxy UGC 10420 ($z=0.032$), a member of the cluster Abell 2199. UGC 10420 is present on the edge of the X-ray emitting region of the cluster at a distance of${\sim} 680$kpc from the centre. The far-ultraviolet (FUV) data obtained by theAstroSatmission show intense knots of star formation on the leading edge of the galaxy, accompanied by a tail of the same on the diametrically opposite side. Our analysis shows that the images of the galaxy disc in the optical and mid-infrared are much smaller in size than that in theFUV. While the broadband optical colours of UGC 10420 are typical of a post-starburst galaxy, the star formation rate (SFR) derived from a UV-to-IR spectral energy distribution is at least a factor of nine higher than that expected for a star-forming field galaxy of similar mass at its redshift. A careful removal of the contribution of the diffuse intracluster gas shows that the significant diffuse X-ray emission associated with the interstellar medium of UGC 10420 has a temperature,$T_X = 0.24^{+0.09}_{-0.06}$keV (0.4–2.0 keV) and luminosity,$L_X = 1.8\pm{0.9}\times 10^{40}$erg s$^{-1}$, which are typical of the X-ray emission from late-type spiral galaxies. Two symmetrically placed X-ray hot spots are observed on either sides of an X-ray weak nucleus.

Our analysis favours a scenario where the interaction of a galaxy with the hot intracluster medium of the cluster, perturbs the gas in the galaxy causing starburst in the leading edge of the disc. On the other hand, the turbulence thus developed may also push some of the gas out of the disc. Interactions between the gas ejected from the galaxy and the intracluster medium can then locally trigger star formation in the wake of the galaxy experiencing ram-pressure stripping. Our data however does not rule out the possibility of a flyby encounter with a neighbouring galaxy, although no relevant candidates are observed in the vicinity of UGC 10420.
The “Need for Chaos” and Motivations to Share Hostile Political Rumors
Authors: PETERSEN MICHAEL BANG , OSMUNDSEN MATHIAS , ARCENEAUX KEVIN
Published: February 2023

Why are some people motivated to circulate hostile political information? While prior studies have focused on partisan motivations, we demonstrate that some individuals circulate hostile rumors because they wish to unleash chaos to “burn down” the entire political order in the hope they gain status in the process. To understand this psychology, we theorize and measure a novel psychological state, the Need for Chaos, emerging in an interplay of social marginalization and status-oriented personalities. Across eight studies of individuals living in the United States, we show that this need is a strong predictor of motivations to share hostile political rumors, even after accounting for partisan motivations, and can help illuminate differences and commonalities in the frustrations of both historically privileged and marginalized groups. To stem the tide of hostility on social media, the present findings suggest that real-world policy solutions are needed to address social frustrations in the United States.
Single‐Well Pore Pressure Preconditioning for Enhanced Geothermal System Stimulation
Authors: Fryer Barnaby , Lebihain Mathias , Violay Marie
Published: February 2023

The stress state is an important parameter in terms of both earthquake nucleation and rupture. Here, a new stimulation technique is proposed for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGSs), which have previously been burdened with a number of high‐profile incidences of induced seismicity. This stimulation technique pre‐emptively alters, or preconditions, the stress state before injection. This preconditioning is achieved through fluid production, such that the zone of reduced pore pressure around the well results in a stress‐ and fracture‐energy‐ barrier to potential nucleating and/or propagating ruptures near the point of injection. Using an existing 1‐D linear slip‐weakening model, it is shown how this methodology has the potential to either suppress the nucleation of dynamic events or halt their propagation. In particular, reducing the pore pressure around the region to be stimulated such that the residual shear stress rises above the in‐situ value of shear stress results in ultimately stable nucleation regimes. These results hold for injection times which are small compared to the required time of production, but this methodology results in nucleation lengths, or, analogously, stimulated areas, which are orders of magnitudes larger than those safely achievable without preconditioning. An example of how this approach may be applied in the field as well as other possible methods to achieve a preconditioned reservoir are provided. Both laboratory‐scale and meso‐scale testing of preconditioning are recommended to further constrain the applicability of this methodology for the creation of EGSs.
Stochastic Data‐Driven Parameterization of Unresolved Eddy Effects in a Baroclinic Quasi‐Geostrophic Model
Authors: Li Long , Deremble Bruno , Lahaye Noé , Mémin Etienne
Published: February 2023

In this work, a stochastic representation based on a physical transport principle is proposed to account for mesoscale eddy effects on the large‐scale oceanic circulation. This stochastic framework arises from a decomposition of the Lagrangian velocity into a smooth‐in‐time component and a highly oscillating noise term. One important characteristic of this random model, without any external forcing and damping, is that it conserves the total energy of the resolved flow for any realization. The proposed stochastic formulation is successfully implemented in a well established multi‐layered quasi‐geostrophic dynamical core. The empirical spatial correlation of the unresolved noise is calibrated from the eddy‐resolving simulation data. In particular, a stationary correction drift can be introduced in the noise through Girsanov transformation. This non‐intuitive term appears to be important in reproducing on a coarse mesh the eastward jet of the wind‐driven double‐gyre circulation. In addition, a projection method has been proposed to constrain the noise to act along the iso‐surfaces of the vertical stratification. The resulting noise enables us to improve the intrinsic low‐frequency variability of the large‐scale current.
A Miniaturized Multi‐Frequency Wide‐Band Leaky Wave Button Antenna for ISM/5G Communications and WBAN Applications
Authors: Saeidi Tale , Karamzadeh Saeid
Published: February 2023

A low‐profile multi‐frequency leaky wave button antenna for body‐centric communications is presented. A leaky wave antenna loaded with U‐slots (a combination of U‐slots and slits) and tapered slot structures to improve the radiation efficiency, broadside radiation pattern, and widen the steering range is designed. Furthermore, it comprises a whole ground to meet the Specific Absorption Rate standard requirements based on the known standards. The antenna's performances are examined for on and off‐body conditions. For demonstration, a prototype is implemented, and the measurement is performed on the chest. The antenna operates at multi bands of 1.7–3.3 GHz (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical and 5G communication) and 4.15–10 GHz (sub‐6 GHz and X‐band communications). The peak gains of 6.9 and 8.2 dBi were obtained for on and off‐ body conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the antenna offers maximum radiation efficiencies of 89.3% and 99.3% for on‐body and free‐space conditions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values obtained for body‐centric communications meet the regulation requirements (e.g., on body tissue at 3.2 GHz, it is 0.78 (1 g) and 0.44 (10 g) W/kg). With an overall miniaturized size, the proposed button antenna could be integrated with clothes. In addition, a multi‐wide bandwidth, circularly polarized radiation, a small size, high efficiency and gain, and low SAR values prove that the proposed antenna can be a potential candidate for wireless body area network and simultaneous wireless information and power transfer applications.
KIF15 is essential for USP10-mediated PGK1 deubiquitination during the glycolysis of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Quan Gang , Xu Jian , Wang Jie , Liu Xinyuan , Xu Jichuan , Jiang Jianxin
Published: February 2023

Glycolysis is the most predominant metabolic reprogramming of pancreatic cancer (PC), the underlying mechanism of which in PC cells remains unclear. In this study, we found for the first time that KIF15 promotes the glycolytic capacity of PC cells and PC tumor growth. Moreover, the expression of KIF15 was negatively correlated with the prognosis of PC patients. The ECAR and OCR measurements indicated that KIF15 knockdown significantly impaired the glycolytic capacity of PC cells. Western blotting demonstrated that the expression of glycolysis molecular markers decreased rapidly after the knockdown of KIF15. Further experiments revealed that KIF15 promoted the stability of PGK1 and its effect on PC cell glycolysis. Interestingly, the overexpression of KIF15 impaired the ubiquitination level of PGK1. To investigate the underlying mechanism by which KIF15 regulates the function of PGK1, we performed mass spectrometry (MS). The MS and Co-IP assay indicated that KIF15 recruited and enhanced the binding between PGK1 and USP10. The ubiquitination assay verified that KIF15 recruited and promoted the effect of USP10 on PGK1, thereby deubiquitinating PGK1. Through the construction of KIF15 truncators, we found that KIF15 is bound to PGK1 and USP10 through its coil2 domain. Together, our study demonstrated for the first time that KIF15 enhances the glycolytic capacity of PC through the recruitment of USP10 and PGK1, and that the KIF15/USP10/PGK1 axis may serve as an effective therapeutic agent for PC.
General duality and magnet-free passive phononic Chern insulators
Authors: Zhang Qicheng , He Li , Mele Eugene J. , Zhen Bo , Johnson A. T. Charlie
Published: February 2023

Integrated phononics plays an important role in both fundamental physics and technology. Despite great efforts, it remains a challenge to break time-reversal symmetry to achieve topological phases and non-reciprocal devices. Piezomagnetic materials offer an intriguing opportunity as they break time-reversal symmetry intrinsically, without the need for an external magnetic field or an active driving field. Moreover, they are antiferromagnetic, and possibly compatible with superconducting components. Here, we develop a theoretical framework that combines linear elasticity with Maxwell’s equations via piezoelectricity and/or piezomagnetism beyond the commonly adopted quasi-static approximation. Our theory predicts and numerically demonstrates phononic Chern insulators based on piezomagnetism. We further show that the topological phase and chiral edge states in this system can be controlled by the charge doping. Our results exploit a general duality relation between piezoelectric and piezomagnetic systems, which can potentially be generalized to other composite metamaterial systems.
Experimental nonclassicality in a causal network without assuming freedom of choice
Authors: Polino Emanuele , Poderini Davide , Rodari Giovanni , Agresti Iris , Suprano Alessia , Carvacho Gonzalo , Wolfe Elie , Canabarro Askery , Moreno George , Milani Giorgio , Spekkens Robert W. , Chaves Rafael , Sciarrino Fabio
Published: February 2023

In a Bell experiment, it is natural to seek a causal account of correlations wherein only a common cause acts on the outcomes. For this causal structure, Bell inequality violations can be explained only if causal dependencies are modeled as intrinsically quantum. There also exists a vast landscape of causal structures beyond Bell that can witness nonclassicality, in some cases without even requiring free external inputs. Here, we undertake a photonic experiment realizing one such example: the triangle causal network, consisting of three measurement stations pairwise connected by common causes and no external inputs. To demonstrate the nonclassicality of the data, we adapt and improve three known techniques: (i) a machine-learning-based heuristic test, (ii) a data-seeded inflation technique generating polynomial Bell-type inequalities and (iii) entropic inequalities. The demonstrated experimental and data analysis tools are broadly applicable paving the way for future networks of growing complexity.
Fusion-based quantum computation
Authors: Bartolucci Sara , Birchall Patrick , Bombín Hector , Cable Hugo , Dawson Chris , Gimeno-Segovia Mercedes , Johnston Eric , Kieling Konrad , Nickerson Naomi , Pant Mihir , Pastawski Fernando , Rudolph Terry , Sparrow Chris
Published: February 2023

The standard primitives of quantum computing include deterministic unitary entangling gates, which are not natural operations in many systems including photonics. Here, we present fusion-based quantum computation, a model for fault tolerant quantum computing constructed from physical primitives readily accessible in photonic systems. These are entangling measurements, called fusions, which are performed on the qubits of small constant sized entangled resource states. Probabilistic photonic gates as well as errors are directly dealt with by the quantum error correction protocol. We show that this computational model can achieve a higher threshold than schemes reported in literature. We present a ballistic scheme which can tolerate a 10.4% probability of suffering photon loss in each fusion, which corresponds to a 2.7% probability of loss of each individual photon. The architecture is also highly modular and has reduced classical processing requirements compared to previous photonic quantum computing architectures.
Microwave-assisted design of nanoporous graphene membrane for ultrafast and switchable organic solvent nanofiltration
Authors: Kang Junhyeok , Ko Yeongnam , Kim Jeong Pil , Kim Ju Yeon , Kim Jiwon , Kwon Ohchan , Kim Ki Chul , Kim Dae Woo
Published: February 2023

Layered two-dimensional materials can potentially be utilized for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane fabrication owing to their precise molecular sieving by the interlayer structure and excellent stability in harsh conditions. Nevertheless, the extensive tortuosity of nanochannels and bulky solvent molecules impede rapid permeability. Herein, nanoporous graphene (NG) with a high density of sp2 carbon domain was synthesized via sequential thermal pore activation of graphene oxide (GO) and microwave-assisted reduction. Due to the smooth sp2 carbon domain surfaces and dense nanopores, the microwave-treated nanoporous graphene membrane exhibited ultrafast organic solvent permeance (e.g., IPA: 2278 LMH/bar) with excellent stability under practical cross-flow conditions. Furthermore, the membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) is switchable from 500 Da size of molecule to sub-nanometer-size molecules depending on the solvent type, and this switching occurs spontaneously with solvent change. These properties indicate feasibility of multiple (both binary and ternary) organic mixture separation using a single membrane. The nanochannel structure effect on solvent transport is also investigated using computation calculations.
Native structure of mosquito salivary protein uncovers domains relevant to pathogen transmission
Authors: Liu Shiheng , Xia Xian , Calvo Eric , Zhou Z. Hong
Published: February 2023

Female mosquitoes inject saliva into vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. This process transmits mosquito-borne human pathogens that collectively cause ~1,000,000 deaths/year. Among the most abundant and conserved proteins secreted by female salivary glands is a high-molecular weight protein called salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) that facilitates pathogen transmission, but its mechanism remains elusive. Here, we determine the native structure of SGS1 by the cryoID approach, showing that the 3364 amino-acid protein has a Tc toxin-like Rhs/YD shell, four receptor domains, and a set of C-terminal daisy-chained helices. These helices are partially shielded inside the Rhs/YD shell and poised to transform into predicted transmembrane helices. This transformation, and the numerous receptor domains on the surface of SGS1, are likely key in facilitating sporozoite/arbovirus invasion into the salivary glands and manipulating the host’s immune response.
Characterization of paramagnetic states in an organometallic nickel hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst
Authors: Chakrabarti Sagnik , Sinha Soumalya , Tran Giang N. , Na Hanah , Mirica Liviu M.
Published: February 2023

Significant progress has been made in the bioinorganic modeling of the paramagnetic states believed to be involved in the hydrogen redox chemistry catalyzed by [NiFe] hydrogenase. However, the characterization and isolation of intermediates involved in mononuclear Ni electrocatalysts which are reported to operate through a NiI/III cycle have largely remained elusive. Herein, we report a NiII complex (NCHS2)Ni(OTf)2, where NCHS2 is 3,7-dithia-1(2,6)-pyridina-5(1,3)-benzenacyclooctaphane, that is an efficient electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with turnover frequencies of ~3,000 s−1 and a overpotential of 670 mV in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. This electrocatalyst follows a hitherto unobserved HER mechanism involving C-H activation, which manifests as an inverse kinetic isotope effect for the overall hydrogen evolution reaction, and NiI/NiIII intermediates, which have been characterized by EPR spectroscopy. We further validate the possibility of the involvement of NiIII intermediates by the independent synthesis and characterization of organometallic NiIII complexes.
Real-time observation of the buildup of polaron in α-FAPbI3
Authors: Yue Xingyu , Wang Chunwei , Zhang Bo , Zhang Zeyu , Xiong Zhuang , Zu Xinzhi , Liu Zhengzheng , Hu Zhiping , Odunmbaku George Omololu , Zheng Yujie , Sun Kuan , Du Juan
Published: February 2023

The formation of polaron, i.e., the strong coupling process between the carrier and lattice, is considered to play a crucial role in benefiting the photoelectric performance of hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites. However, direct observation of the dynamical formation of polarons occurring at time scales within hundreds of femtoseconds remains a technical challenge. Here, by terahertz emission spectroscopy, we demonstrate the real-time observation of polaron formation process in FAPbI3 films. Two different polaron resonances interpreted with the anharmonic coupling emission model have been studied: P1 at ~1 THz relates to the inorganic sublattice vibration mode and the P2 at ~0.4 THz peak relates to the FA+ cation rotation mode. Moreover, P2 could be further strengthened than P1 by pumping the hot carriers to the higher sub-conduction band. Our observations could open a door for THz emission spectroscopy to be a powerful tool in studying polaron formation dynamics in perovskites.
Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wang Junling , Sun Lianglong , Chen Lili , Sun Junyan , Xie Yapei , Tian Dezheng , Gao Linlin , Zhang Dongling , Xia Mingrui , Wu Tao
Published: February 2023

Neuroimaging studies suggest a pivotal role of amygdala dysfunction in non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the relationship between amygdala subregions (the centromedial (CMA), basolateral (BLA) and superficial amygdala (SFA)) and NMS has not been delineated. We used resting-state functional MRI to examine the PD-related alterations in functional connectivity for amygdala subregions. The left three subregions and right BLA exhibited between-group differences, and were commonly hypo-connected with the frontal, temporal, insular cortex, and putamen in PD. Each subregion displayed distinct hypoconnectivity with the limbic systems. Partial least-squares analysis revealed distinct amygdala subregional involvement in diverse NMS. Hypo-connectivity of all four subregions was associated with emotion, pain, olfaction, and cognition. Hypo-connectivity of the left SFA was associated with sleepiness. Our findings highlight the hypofunction of the amygdala subregions in PD and their preliminary associations with NMS, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of NMS.