bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF FREEZING INJURY ON CERTAIN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: ROSA N. , ELLIOT J. M. , COURT WILLIAM A. , ZILKEY B. F.
Published: March 2010

A late-season frost in southwestern Ontario resulted in a loss of a third of the projected 1982 flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L., production. Green leaf tissue was collected representing three levels of freezing injury as well as no visible injury and these four treatments were cured. Certain chemical and physical characteristics were measured on these treatments to relate visible freezing injury to quality losses. Green lamina, when severely injured, showed significant changes in certain chemical and physical parameters studied. These were reflected by significant decreases in the chlorophylls, β-carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin. In cured lamina, the contents of reducing sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose, inositol, Fe, and malic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, and 4-0-caffeoylquinic acids decreased with the increase of freezing injury. Starch, citric acid, scopoletin, and lamina weight increased markedly in severely damaged lamina. Lamina had to be severely damaged by frost before significant changes in the leaf chemistry and lamina weight occurred.Key words: Tobacco, freezing-injury, tobacco carbohydrates, tobacco pigments, phenols, acids
EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATE ON RAPESEED YIELD IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA
Authors: CHRISTENSEN J. V. , DRABBLE J. C.
Published: March 2010

The effect of row spacing and seeding rate on the yield of Brassica campestris L. and B. napus L. was studied for 2 yr in northwest Alberta. Rows were spaced 7.5, 15 and 23 cm apart with seeding rates of 7 and 14 kg/ha at each spacing. Decreasing row spacing from 23 cm to 15 cm and from 15 cm to 7.5 cm increased yields by an average 11% and 33%, respectively. Seeding rate had no significant effect on yield.Key words: Rapeseed, row spacing, seeding rate, yield
ANATOMY OF GROOVED APPLE INJURY
Authors: WILDE MARY H. , BLANPIED G. D. , Mc-NICHOLAS FRANK J.
Published: March 2010

An anatomical examination of full bloom McIntosh, Cortland, and Empire apple flowers (Malus domestica Borkh.) collected in an orchard where grooved apples is a recurrent problem, showed that ovaries of the flowers were also grooved and that areas of dead crushed cells and resulting cavities occurred along the radii of the surface grooves in the flesh of the ovary. Loss of living, normally dividing cells was the cause of the grooves. The injury is thought to be the result of low temperatures and, in the present study, was first visible in the flower primordia in January.Key words: Malus domestica, cold injury, non-pathogenic deformity
A SERIAL RECORDER INTERFACE FOR A LI-COR AREA METER
Authors: BUCKLEY D. J. , ST. AMOUR G. , MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: March 2010

A serial interface attachment for recording leaf area data from a LI-COR leaf area meter onto a standard printer and/or a computer-compatible recorder is described. The interface eliminates the need for manually recording the area readings and permits direct entry of the readings into a computer for subsequent analysis.Key words: Computer interface, microcomputer
THE EFFECT OF SEED-APPLIED PESTICIDES ON GROWTH AND N2 FIXATION IN PEA, LENTIL, AND FABABEAN
Authors: RENNIE R. J. , HOWARD R. J. , SWANSON T. A. , FLORES G. H. A.
Published: March 2010

Conflicting recommendations exist on the effect of seed-applied pesticides on nodulation and N2 fixation by Rhizobium leguminosarum. This paper reports the effects of captan, thiram, metalaxyl, Evershield, DL-PLUS® and B-3 in a 2-yr field experiment on emergence, nodulation, acetylene-reducing activity, and shoot yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), and fababean (Vicia faba L.) inoculated with seed-applied R. leguminosarum multi-strain inoculum. Seedling emergence was not detrimentally affected by pesticide application. While most of the pesticides had either stimulatory or minimally detrimental effects on nodulation and nitrogenase activity, captan reduced both in all three legumes. Captan-containing compounds such as B-3 (33.5% captan) and Evershield (29.5% captan) also reduced nodulation or nitrogenase activity in some of these legumes. DL-PLUS (15% captan) was not harmful, which suggests that compounds containing over 29.5% captan may not be compatible with seed-applied R. leguminosarum. Captan, which was consistently harmful, is considered the best wide-spectrum pesticide for use with these legumes. Thus, it will be necessary to select superior N2-fixing strains of R. leguminosarum that are tolerant of, if not resistant to, recommended rates of captan or to identify alternate pesticides that are more compatible with rhizobia.Key words: Captan, thiram, metalaxyl, Evershield, DL-PLUS, B-3
EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND ZEATIN RIBOSIDE ON POLLEN CALLUS INDUCTION IN BARLEY ANTHER CULTURE
Authors: YE J. M. , HARVEY B. L. , KAO K. N.
Published: March 2010

Anthers of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Bonanza and Elrose were cultured in media A or K1 with different levels of 2,4-D and zeatin riboside (Z-r). The results indicated that a combination of 2,4-D and Z-r in their optimal ranges (0.25–1.0 mg/L and 0.125–0.25 mg/L, respectively) significantly increased pollen callus induction in Bonanza anthers. Addition of 2,4-D alone (optimal range 0.25–2.0 mg/L) increased the frequency of callus formation in Elrose, while Z-r (0.125–2.0 mg/L) had no obvious effect on callus induction. When Z-r concentration was higher than 2.0 mg/L it decreased callus formation. At high concentrations (2.0–4.0 mg/L) 2,4-D alone induced loose calli which were not able to develop into plantlets.Key words: Barley, anther culture, 2,4-D, zeatin riboside
EFFECT OF HARVEST TIME AND DRYING METHOD ON YIELD, QUALITY AND GRADE CHARACTERISTICS OF BARLEY IN NORTHWEST ALBERTA
Authors: CHRISTENSEN J. V. , LEGGE W. G.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments with three barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Olli, Bonanza and Klages, were conducted for 3 yr at Beaverlodge, Alberta to determine the effect of harvest time and drying method on yield and quality. Plots were harvested at 5% kernel moisture content (KMC) intervals in the range of 45–15% and dried in the windrow or artificially dried. Yield, test weight, 1000-kernel weight, germination percent, protein content, phosphorous content and commercial grade were determined. Protein and phosphorous content were unaffected by the treatments. Windrowing at 40% KMC or less had little effect on yield or quality characteristics while threshing and artificially drying barley above 20% KMC reduced test weight and germination. Windrowing reduced yields of Olli and Klages barley by up to 19% compared to direct combining. Most treatments received feed grades, but the crop was most likely to meet Canada Western grades when windrowed at 30% KMC or less under favourable harvest conditions.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., kernel moisture content, yield, quality
APPEARANCE OF FUNGUS, ERGOSTEROL AND Fusarium MYCOTOXINS IN THE HUSK, AXIAL STEM AND STALK AFTER EAR INOCULATION OF FIELD CORN
Authors: YOUNG J. CHRISTOPHER , MILLER J. DAVID
Published: March 2010

The appearance of fungus, ergosterol and the myotoxins deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and zearalenone in the husk, axial stem and stalk of field corn (Zea mays L.) after ear inoculation with Fusarium graminearum was studied over a growing season. In certain tissues, ergosterol and deoxynivalenol concentrations varied in concert and reached maxima at 370 ppm each after 6 wk and 12 ppm each after 7 wk in the husks and axial stems, respectively. Ergosterol and deoxynivalenol were differentially translocated into the stalk with ergosterol (26 ppm maximum after 6 wk) appearing primarily in the sections above the cob attachment point and deoxynivalenol (2.8 ppm maximum after 7 wk) primarily in the sections below. 15-Acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected only in the husks (up to 59 ppm) and after 3 wk, concentrations rapidly dropped to ca. 20% of maximum. Zearalenone (5.2 ppm) was only observed in the husks and then mainly near harvest time.Key words: Corn, Fusarium graminearum, mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol, ergosterol, translocation
RESPECTIVE EFFECTS OF ENDOCARP, TESTA AND ENDOSPERM, AND EMBRYO ON THE GERMINATION OF RASPBERRY (Rubus idaeus L.) SEEDS
Authors: NESME XAVIER
Published: March 2010

Scarification or seed coat removal was carried out on seeds of five varieties of raspberry, Rubus idaeus L. Regardless of the variety, 100% germination was reached in less than 15 days, at 20 °C, with naked embryos or if the three seed coats were nicked. Intact nutlets never germinated. Seeds with nicked endocarps did not germinate until the testa and the endosperm were injured. Therefore, germination appeared physically prevented by the testa and/or the endosperm while, except for immature embryos, there was no embryonic dormancy. In addition there were varietal differences in the germination of the seeds at high or low temperatures.Key words: Rosaceae, Rubus idaeus L., germination, seeds
INDICES OF COMPETITION FOR ESTIMATING RAPESEED YIELD LOSS DUE TO CANADA THISTLE
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , WEISS G. M. , KOSSATZ V. C.
Published: March 2010

Data were collected from nine farm fields over 2 yr to determine the relationship between percent yield loss of rapeseed and density of Canada thistle. Regression analyses of the data for percent yield loss of rapeseed and numbers of thistle shoots per square metre, using two representations of the data (untransformed and square root transformation), yielded the following equations:[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]where ŷ = estimated percent yield loss of rapeseed, x = the number of Canada thistle shoots per square metre, and 1.48 and 10.42 are the indices of competition for Eqs. 1 and 2, respectively. Equation 1 provides a more accurate estimate of percent yield loss at all levels of thistle infestation. Equation 2 provides acceptable estimates of yield loss at intermediate levels of infestation (5–40 shoots/m2) and is presented for comparitive purposes since the index of competition (10.42) is near the value proposed as a result of extrapolation from earlier studies (10.6) which utilized square root transformation of the data. The significance of this is discussed. The 95% confidence limits for Eq. 1 for the estimated percent rapeseed yield loss when four different samples sizes (n = 1, 5, 10 and 20) are used to estimate the number of thistle shoots per square metre are presented. An example of the utility of the linear equation is presented.Key words: Rapeseed, Canada thistle, crop loss, competition
INFLUENCE OF HIGH SOIL TEMPERATURE, AMMONIUM ION, AND RAPESEED RESIDUE ON TRIFLURALIN PHYTOTOXICITY TO WHEAT
Authors: HEATH M. C. , McKERCHER R. B. , ASHFORD R.
Published: March 2010

The combination of high soil temperature (36 °C) with trifluralin caused spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) seedlings to have shortened coleoptiles that failed to emerge above the soil surface. This resulted in damaged primary leaves due to abrasion in the soil layers. Evidence is presented that rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Regent’) residues have phytotoxic effects on wheat seedlings. High soil ammonium ion concentrations did not affect trifluralin phytotoxicity. All results indicated that the potentially damaging effects of high soil temperature and rapeseed residue are independent of, but additive to, those of trifluralin.Key words: Temperature, ammonium ion, rapeseed, trifluralin, wheat
DIAMOND BARLEY
Authors: KAUFMANN MARTIN L. , KIBITE SOLOMON
Published: March 2010

Diamond is a six-rowed feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta, from the cross Galt/Unitan. It has large kernels and yields more than other cultivars in its maturity group. Diamond has adequate disease and lodging resistance to be grown anywhere in the traditional six-rowed barley areas of Western Canada.Key words: Hordeum vulgare, barley, feed barley, cultivar description
ACADIE: A CLUBROOT RESISTANT CABBAGE CULTIVAR
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , CRÊTE R.
Published: March 2010

The Acadie cabbage is resistant to races 1 and 6 (Williams 1966) or ECD16/31/30, 16/02/30 (Buczacki et al. 1975) of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. Attractiveness in color, firmness and uniformity of head size are the other main features of this cultivar. The Acadie cabbage cultivar was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec.Key words: Brassica oleracea ssp. capitata, cabbage cultivar, cultivar description, clubroot resistance, crucifers
HETEROSIS AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN DRY BUSH BEANS, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: GUTIERREZ J. ARIEL , SINGH SHREE P.
Published: March 2010

Heterosis and inbreeding depression in 13 crosses involving 10 dry bush bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., lines and varieties are reported for days to maturity, pods per plant, 100-seed weight, seeds per pod, and bean yield. Six crosses showed positive heterosis (27.8–47.3%) over the mid-parent value for bean yield. Parents in each of these heterotic crosses differed for growth habit, seed size and geographical origin. But none of the F1 hybrids yielded significantly better than the highest yielding parental line. None of the crosses showed heterosis for pods per plant. All significant heterotic values for seeds per pod were negative. For 100-seed weight three crosses, both parents of which had small seeds, showed positive heterosis but one cross which had a significant negative value had one parent with small seeds and the one with large seeds. One heterotic cross each for bean yield and 100-seed weight showed subsequent inbreeding depression. But five crosses for bean yield, and one cross for 100-seed weight showing positive heterosis did not exhibit reduction due to inbreeding. Also, some crosses which either had nonsignificant or negative heterotic values for bean yield and yield components showed positive effects of inbreeding, i.e. the F2 outperformed the corresponding F1 hybrids. Possible causes for these phenomena are discussed.Key words: Bean, heterosis, inbreeding depression
SCLEROTINIA HEAD ROT IN SAFFLOWER: ASSESSMENT OF RESISTANCE AND EFFECTS ON YIELD AND OIL CONTENT
Authors: MÜNDEL H. -H. , HUANG H. C. , KOZUB G. C.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to screen 20 lines of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for resistance to head rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Plots were artificially infested with sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum at seeding and irrigated during the growing season to maintain adequate moisture for carpogenic germination of sclerotia and production of apothecia. The reaction of each line to S. sclerotiorum was similar for the 2 years. Severity of head rot varied significantly among the 20 lines tested, ranging from 6% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 62% for Gila in 1982 and from 0.3% for Lesaf 34C-OO to 31% for PCA in 1983. Level of resistance was not related to the level of maturity of the lines. Yield losses ranged from 81 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 678 kg/ha for Gila in 1982 and from 14 kg/ha for Lesaf 34C-OO to 935 kg/ha for PCA in 1983. Healthy plants averaged 4.4% more oil in the seed than did the corresponding parental lines. This study has demonstrated the possibility of developing early maturing safflower lines resistance to sclerotinia head rot for production on the Canadian Prairies.Key words: Carthamus tinctorius, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
SELECTION OF COLUMN AND OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PROTEINS IN CANADIAN WHEAT
Authors: KRUGER J. E. , MARCHYLO B. A.
Published: March 2010

Chromatographic conditions were optimized and three commercially available columns were evaluated for separation of alcohol-soluble storage proteins of Neepawa wheat using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Optimal separation was achieved using an extracting solution of 50% 1-propanol, 1% acetic acid, and 4% dithiothreitol and an HPLC elution time of 105 min at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. HPLC columns evaluated (SynChropak RP-P, Ultrapore RPSC and Aquapore RP-300) varied in selectivity and resolution. The column providing the greatest versatility was Aquapore RP-300 available in cartridge form. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient-gel electrophoresis analysis of protein peaks resolved by RP-HPLC indicated that many of the eluted peaks contained more than one protein species. Chromatographic protein patterns obtained for Neepawa wheat grown at different locations and in different years were qualitatively the same.Key words: Protein, high-performance liquid chromatography, wheat
SEED TRANSMISSION OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID ACCUMULATION CAPACITY IN TALL FESCUE
Authors: JONES T. A. , BUCKNER R. C. , BURRUS II P. B.
Published: March 2010

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-formyl loline and N-acetyl loline) and the endophytic fungus tentatively identified as Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc. (= Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams), the imperfect stage of Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., have both been suspected as etiological agents of summer syndrome in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This syndrome is a toxicological disorder characterized by poor cattle growth with visible symptoms accentuated by high ambient temperatures. Alkaloid levels were measured with gas-liquid chromatography and presence or absence of the endophyte was determined by cytological observation. The endophyte was controlled by soil incorporation of the systemic fungicide benomyl. Variability was found among the 11 parental clones of the synthetic ’Kenhy’ for level of loline alkaloids. Loline alkaloids were present in seed of endophyte-infected panicles but absent in seed of endophyte-free panicles of the same clone. Progeny accumulated loline alkaloids only when their female parents were infected. These results suggest that the seed source is the critical factor for both the endophyte status of a plant and its capacity to accumulate loline alkaloids.Key words: Sphacelia typhina (Pers.) Sacc, Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and W. Gams, Epichloe typhina (Fr.) Tul., benomyl, ryegrass staggers
STUDIES ON THE DURATION OF Poa pratensis CULTIVAR TESTING
Authors: NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

Color (C), density (D), and weediness (W) score data of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars were evaluated individually, as well as indices (C + D)/2, (C + D)/2-W, (C + D–W)/2, for Kentucky bluegrass cultivars in their second to seventh growing seasons. Considerable change in ranking occurred in the early years and relative stability was not achieved until the fifth year. Thus, the averaging of changing trends in the early years could be misleading. The use of indices added a degree of uniformity which identified poor and good cultivars, but the statistical separation was not enhanced among the cultivars. The (C + D)/2 index is recommended since weediness seemed to be a function of density and weediness can be controlled. The study identified the need for at least 5 years of testing, particularly on the Canadian prairies.Key words: Kentucky bluegrass, color, density, weediness, indices
RESPONSE OF ONION (Allium cepa) TO OXYFLUORFEN DURING EARLY SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: AKEY W. C. , MACHADO V. SOUZA
Published: March 2010

The response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to postemergence applications of oxyfluorfen during early seedling development was measured in growth room experiments. Tolerance to oxyfluorfen increased more than 70-fold from the late loop to the two fully developed leaf stage. Field and growth room experiments were also conducted to determine the relationship of spray retention and epicuticular wax on the tolerance of onion seedlings to the herbicide. In general, there was a progressive decrease in spray retention and a corresponding increase in epicuticular wax per unit dry weight as plant age increased. Spray retention in the field was approximately twice as great as in the growth room. The amount of epicuticular wax on the leaf surfaces of the onions was about equivalent under the two growing conditions. A significant decrease in epicuticular wax per unit dry weight between the late one-leaf and late two-leaf stages occurred under both field and growth room conditions, while tolerance to the herbicide continued to increase during the same period.Key words: Onions, oxyfluorfen, ED50, spray retention, epicuticular wax
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 66. Artemisia absinthium L.
Authors: MAW M. G. , THOMAS A. G. , STAHEVITCH A.
Published: March 2010

Biological data are summarized for Artemisia absinthium L., an introduced species that has escaped from domestication where it was grown for its medicinal properties. It is a weed of roadsides, waste places, farmyards, gardens, and shelter-belts and although found in every province and the northern United States, it is particularly prevalent in the prairie provinces and the northern great plains states. It can be controlled by cultivation but is capable of invading overgrazed pastures, hay fields and croplands that are periodically disturbed. It is generally a poor competitor and can be controlled by grass competition and by herbicides.Key words: Absinth, Artemisia absinthium, weed biology
WINTER SURVIVAL OF THE NORTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE Meloidogyne hapla IN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: BELAIR G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of nematode developmental stage, soil depth and winter snow cover on the survival of Meloidogyne hapla in southwestern Quebec’s organic soil was investigated. Eggs and larvae from field-reared populations of M. hapla exhibited a higher survival rate than greenhouse populations at all depths. Winter killing was more severe in the upper layer (0–10 cm) in both years of the experiment. Snow covering buffered temperature variations at all soil depths and increased overwintering of M. hapla.Key words: Meloidogyne hapla, survival, organic soil
TUPPER HULLESS BARLEY
Authors: ROSSNAGEL B. G. , BHATTY R. S. , HARVEY B. L.
Published: March 2010

Tupper is a high energy, six-rowed, hulless feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan from the cross Nordic/M718. Its main attribute is its hulless mature which makes it a high-energy feedstuff. It is best adapted to the six-rowed barley areas of northern and eastern Saskatchewan and Manitoba.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare L., naked barley, energy, cultivar description
GRAIN YIELD COMPARISON OF PURE STANDS AND EQUAL PROPORTION MIXTURES FOR SEVEN HYBRIDS OF MAIZE
Authors: HOEKSTRA G. J. , KANNENBERG L. W. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to compare yielding ability and competitive effects in pure stands and equal-proportion mixtures of maize hybrids. Seven maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown for 2 yr in pure stand and in all equal-proportion, two-component mixtures at plant densities of 61 500 and 136 000 plants per hectare. In 1978, a year of severe moisture stress, mixtures yielded 6% more grain on average than expected on the basis of pure stand yields. Half of the mixtures yielded more than the pure stand yield of the high-yielding component; however, one mixture yielded significantly less than predicted based on pure stand yields. In 1979, mixtures yielded as expected based on pure stand yields. The yield difference between 1978 and 1979 for mixtures was less than the difference between pure stands indicating that mixtures were, on average, more consistent in performance across environments than their components. The yield advantage of mixtures in 1978, however, was too low to recommend growing blends as a production practice. Relative yields of individual hybrids were different in pure stands compared to mixtures. Furthermore, the order of hybrids ranked according to their pure-stand yields differed from the order based on yielding ability in mixtures. In general, a direct relationship existed between yielding ability in mixtures and competititve influence. Hybrids with a high average yield across mixtures yielded more in mixtures with low-yielding hybrids than in mixtures with high-yielding hybrids. Conversely, low-yielding hybrids produced less grain when in mixtures with a high-yielding hybrid than in mixtures with a low-yielding hybrid. However, the one hybrid which was consistently the most competitive was not the highest yielding under stress conditions.Key words: Blends, corn, grain yield, hybrid mixtures, population stress, Zea mays
GRAIN YIELD COMPARISON OF PURE STANDS AND MIXTURES OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS FOR TWO HYBRIDS OF MAIZE
Authors: HOEKSTRA G. J. , KANNENBERG L. W. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the effects on grain yield of growing cultivars in mixtures of different proportions. Two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, Pride 116 and United 106, were grown for 2 yr in pure stand and in seven mixtures of different proportions (7:1, 6:2, 5:3, 4:4, 3:5, 2:6, 1:7) at plant densities of 61 500, 99 400, and 136 000 plants per hectare. The total number of mixture combinations was 42, i.e. 2 years × three densities × seven proportions. All but one mixture yielded as expected based on the yield of component hybrids in pure stand. The higher yielding hybrid (United 106) yielded significantly less grain per plant in mixtures than in pure stand. The lower yielding hybrid (Pride 116) yielded more in mixtures than in pure stand, although the difference was not significant. These data support previous observations that the ability of a hybrid to yield in pure stands is not necessarily related to its ability to yield in mixtures. High plant densities appear to enhance the likelihood of interactions occurring among hybrids. For United 106, the number of proportions yielding less grain per plant than in pure stand was highly significant at the two higher plant densities. For Pride 116, the number of proportions yielding more than in pure stand was highly significant at the highest plant density.Key words: Corn, grain yield, mixtures of different proportions, high plant densities, Zea mays
EFFECT OF TEMPORARY N STARVATION ON LEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF MAIZE
Authors: GIRARDIN P. , TOLLENAAR M. , MULDOON J. F.
Published: March 2010

The photosynthetic rate (P) of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under growth room conditions was studied during and after a 10-day period of N starvation. The relationships between P and chlorophyll content, and P and nitrogen content were examined. Nitrogen deprivation, from the 18th to the 28th day, induced a decline of maximum photosynthetic rate, respiration and chlorophyll content; this effect was reversible. Recovery of photosynthetic capability occurred within 10 days of the resumption of nitrogen supply. Only partial recovery of chlorophyll content was recorded in the same time period. A low chlorophyll content and a relatively high photosynthetic rate were observed in N-deprived plants 4 days after the return to normal nutrient conditions. Chlorophyll efficiency was significantly greater in N-deficient than in control plants for approximately 1 wk, under light conditions close to saturation. Neither chlorophyll nor nitrogen content was correlated with maximum photosynthetic rate in N-starved plants. Under nitrogen deprivation, chlorphyll activity and leaf senescence (as measured by photosynthetic decline) appeared to be regulated independently.Key words: Nitrogen content, nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen stress, respiration, Zea mays L.
DETERMINATION OF CLIMATICALLY SUITABLE AREAS FOR SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) MERR.) PRODUCTION IN MANITOBA
Authors: BURNETT R. B. , FALK G. W. , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

The effects of daily maximum and minimum temperature and photoperiod on the phenological development of soybean cultivars Maple Presto and McCall were studied under field conditions over the period 1979–1982. Experimental sites were located throughout the agricultural area of Manitoba. Data collected were used to derive a biometeorological time scale for each cultivar. For this purpose, the growth of the crop was divided into four stages: planting to emergence, emergence to flowering, flowering to beginning pod fill, and beginning pod fill to maturity. When the biometeorological time scale developed from the first 3 yr of the study was used to predict the duration of each stage of development during the fourth year, the largest root mean square error of estimation was 4.0 days. A biometeorological time scale developed from all 4 yr of data was applied to historical weather station data in order to determine the probability of maturing soybeans in Manitoba. According to the analyses, only a small area in central Manitoba south of 50° N latitude is capable of maturing the cultivar McCall 90% of the time. Most of the agricultural region can expect to mature the cultivar Maple Presto 90% of the time.Key words: Soybeans, climatically suitable areas
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VEGETATIVE GROWTH, GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT IN SIX WINTER BARLEY CULTIVARS
Authors: DEL MORAL L. F. GARCIA , RAMOS J. M. , RECALDE L.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between the protein content of grain, plant grain yield and yield components (number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, and 1000-grain weight) was determined for six cultivars of winter barley, four six-rowed (Hordeum vulgare L.) and two two-rowed (H. distichon L.), grown in Granada (Spain) during 1979, 1980 and 1981. Each cultivar was grown with two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (25 and 40 kg/ha) applied both at seeding and as a top-dressing. Protein content of the grain, grain yield and number of ears per plant varied significantly with genotype, level of nitrogen fertilizer applied at seeding and year. Protein content of the grain was positively correlated with plant grain yield. Both factors were correlated principally with the number of ears per plant, and to a lesser extent with grains per ear and grain weight. The protein content and grain yield depended on the crop dry weight or biomass during the vegetative period (source capacity) which was in turn, related to the leaf area index.Key words: Barley, protein content, grain yield, Hordeum vulgare L., Hordeum distichon L.
ECOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN Lolium perenne L.: PHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PERSISTENCE, CARBOHYDRATE RESERVES AND WATER AVAILABILITY
Authors: ARCIONI SERGIO , MARIOTTI DOMENICO , FALCINELLI MARIO
Published: March 2010

Cultivars of Lolium perenne L. when removed from their area of adaptation, especially in the latitudinal sense, are usually less persistent than adapted varieties and disappear after a few years. This phenomenon is particularly remarkable for North European varieties when cultivated in Mediterranean regions which are characterized by a period of drought stress (from the 2nd week of June to 2nd week of August). Two varieties of Lolium perenne L., Vejo (adapted to Central Italy) and Lenta (North European cultivar), were sown in September 1979 and compared to evaluate the effects of water stress on persistence from June 1980 to January 1982 at Perugia, central Italy. Measurements recorded included ground cover, plant survival, dry matter yield (DMY), number of tillers per plant, and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. Trials were performed, according to a split-plot design with three replicates, in dense stands (seeding rate of 2000 viable seeds/m2) and in spaced plants (40 × 60 cm apart) which were either irrigated or nonirrigated. The results show that Vejo, starting from the 2nd year from sowing, had higher values than Lenta for ground cover, plant survival and number of tillers per plant. The same behavior was observed for DMY with the exception of the August 1981 sampling in which the situation was reversed because of the summer dormancy of the local variety. The pattern of WSC content also differed between the two cultivars with the adapted type characterized by higher values than the unadapted one except in winter. Irrigation during the dry season increased DMY by preventing dormancy of the local cultivar and by stimulating vegetative activity of the unadapted one, but neither influenced the mortality of the foreign cultivar or the WSC content in either variety. These results suggest that the low DMY produced in summer by the unadapted cultivar is obtained at the expense of carbohydrate reserves. The reduction of WSC (mg∙plant−1) in Lenta from May to August was 43% in dry and 47% in irrigated conditions versus 22% and 32%, respectively, in Vejo. Severe depletion of reserves seems to be the main cause of the thinning of the unadapted variety (the ground cover evaluated in October 1981 was 18% and 22% in Lenta and 82% and 93% in Vejo in nonirrigated and irrigated conditions, respectively). For these reasons the lack of persistence of the unadapted cultivars of perennial ryegrass in Mediterranean regions cannot be attributed to the extent of summer water shortage characterizing these areas.Key words: Lolium perenne L., environmental adaptation, persistence, carbohydrate reserves, stress in Mediterranean areas
INFLUENCE OF CLOPYRALID ON SEVERAL YIELD AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTEX, CANDLE AND REGENT RAPESEED
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , KOSSATZ V. C. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

The influence of clopyralid applied postemergence at several rates (0.0–0.9 kg/ha) and growth stages (two-leaf, four-leaf and pre-bud) on several yield and quality characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’ and Brassica napus L. ’Altex’ and ’Regent’) was studied in the field at Lacombe in 1981 and 1983. The data were subjected to a complete factorial analysis of variance. Regression analysis indicated that for each 0.1 kg/ha increase in the rate of clopyralid, rapeseed yield decreased by 1.85 ± 0.48 g/m2. There were no effects on Candle yield due to stage of application; Altex and Regent yields were lower following application at the pre-bud than the two-leaf stage. As the rate of clopyralid was increased there was an increase in the 1000-kernel weight of the seed of rapeseed the magnitude of which varied with the cultivar. The percent germination of the seed was reduced by clopyralid applied at 0.6 kg/ha at the four-leaf stage and by 0.6 and 0.9 kg/ha at the pre-bud stage. Clopyralid did not affect the erucic acid or protein content of the seed. With clopyralid at 0.3 kg/ha there was a slight reduction in oil content (1.4%) in 1981 but not in 1983. The glucosinolate content of Altex and Regent was increased slightly with clopyralid at 0.9 kg/ha. At the proposed use rate of 0.2–0.3 kg/ha for control of Canada thistle in rapeseed, the effect of clopyralid on these rapeseed yield and quality characteristics was minimal.Key words: Dowco 290, clopyralid, Lontrel 360, tolerance, canola yield, canola quality
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 70. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.
Authors: DOUGLAS BRIAN J. , MORRISON IAN N. , THOMAS A. GORDON , MAW MURRAY G.
Published: March 2010

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. is a European native and has been present in Canada since at least 1821. It is currently the most abundant weed species in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Setaria viridis is primarily a problem in late-seeded spring crops and is most competitive under high-temperature and high-light level conditions. Setaria viridis is easily controlled with herbicides but it continues to be a major weed problem due to its rapid growth through the vegetative stage to flowering, the large numbers of seeds produced and its high phenotypic plasticity.Key words: Green foxtail, weed biology, distribution, Setaria viridis
BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 71. Oxalis stricta L., O. corniculata L., O. dillenii Jacq. ssp. dillenii and O. dillenii Jacq. ssp. filipes (Small) Eiten
Authors: DOUST L. LOVETT , MacKINNON A. , DOUSP J. LOVETT
Published: March 2010

We present a summary of the biology of four closely related taxa of Oxalis (including two subspecies), all in the section Corniculatae (the yellow-flowered Oxalis species). Two of the taxa are common weeds of cultivated fields and other ruderal sites including grassland and woodland edges. These are Oxalis stricta L. and O. dillenii Jacq. ssp. dillenii. The other two taxa are problem weeds in greenhouses, and sometimes escape locally to establish outdoor populations in Canada (Oxalis corniculata L. and O. dillenii ssp. filipes).Key words: Weed biology, wood-sorrels, oxalides, Oxalis spp., distribution
A DEHULLER FOR BUCKWHEAT SAMPLES
Authors: CAMPBELL C. G. , CHUBEY B. B.
Published: March 2010

A buckwheat dehuller capable of removing the hulls from small samples with minimum damage to the inner groat has been developed. Dehulling takes place by passing the seed between a rotating lower emery stone and a stationary top emery stone. It is also capable of dehulling basswood seed.Key words: Dehulling buckwheat, scarifier, Fagopyrum esculentum
REDUCTION OF SPINDLINESSS OF TOMATO TRANSPLANTS GROWN AT HIGH DENSITIES
Authors: LIPTAY A.
Published: March 2010

The spindliness of tomato transplants grown at high densities in a greenhouse was reduced by an ethephon spray or intermittent vibration of the seedlings with air movement. Either treatment reduced the following growth parameters: plant height, height-to-stem-diameter ratio, stem diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight. One ethephon spray alone reduced the height and improved the stalkiness of the seedling. Vibration of the plants with air movement had an even greater height-reduction effect while a combination of the two treatments was the most effective in producing the stalkiest transplants.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, plant height, stem diameter, tomato, growth regulator
CHALLENGER JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
Authors: KIEHN F. A. , CHUBEY B. B.
Published: March 2010

Challenger is a dual purpose cultivar of Helianthus tuberosus L. producing a large mass of dense top growth and bearing tan-colored, white-fleshed tubers. Total carbohydrate content of the tubers ranged from 14.5 to 20.0% (FWB), of which 65–82% was fructose. It was selected at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, ManitobaKey words: Artichoke (Jerusalem), Helianthus tuberosus, fructose, cultivar description
QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF STORED WHEAT DURING DRYING WITH NEAR-AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AIR
Authors: SINHA R. N. , MUIR W. E. , SANDERSON D. B.
Published: March 2010

Quality loss of wheat at 19% moisture content, stored in six 1-m3 bins with three levels of ventilation, was determined during 286 days of storage in the autumn, winter and spring of 1983–1984 in Manitoba. The variables measured included: moisture content, temperature, CO2-O2 composition of intergranular air, seed germination, microflora and fat acidity. In the two high-airflow bins, 12.2 (L/sec)/m3, no spoilage occurred because the grain was dried to 13% moisture content in 28 days. In the two low-airflow bins, 0.8 (L/sec)/m3, some spoilage occurred after 30 days. In the two control bins, 0 (L/sec)/m3, grain began to spoil within 10 days. Fungi of the Aspergillus glaucus group and Aspergillus candidus appeared to be the main biological agents responsible for spoilage.Key words: Ventilation, Aspergillus, fat acidity, moisture, CO2
EFFECT OF VARIED SOIL Ca/Mg RATIOS ON Ca AND Mg CONCENTRATIONS IN LEAF SAMPLES OF TWO APPLE CULTIVARS
Authors: WEBSTER D. H.
Published: March 2010

A range of soil Ca/Mg ratios was established to a depth of 1 m on 3 × 3-m sandy loam tree sites before planting 2-yr-old Macspur McIntosh/M.26 and Northern Spy/M.26 spring 1980. Leaf Ca increased and leaf Mg decreased with increase in soil Ca/Mg in each of the years 1980–1982. Leaf composition (leaf Mg, leaf Ca and leaf Ca/Mg) was highly correlated with soil composition (soil Mg, soil Ca, soil Ca/Mg) and log10 soil Ca/Mg). The relationship between leaf composition and soil Ca/Mg was logarithmic, i.e. the effect of unit increase in soil Ca/Mg on leaf composition decreased as the ratio increased. Soil Mg accounted for as much variation in leaf composition as did log10 soil Ca/Mg; up to 88% when leaf composition was expressed as a ratio. A decrease in soil Mg of 1 meg/100 g soil, accompanied by a similar increase in soil Ca, was associated with an increase in leaf Ca of 0.10% and a decrease in leaf Mg of 0.06%.Key words: Leaf calcium, soil calcium, leaf magnesium, soil magnesium, apple
Manihot neusana NASSAR: A NEW SPECIES NATIVE TO PARANA, BRAZIL
Authors: NASSAR NAGIB M. A.
Published: March 2010

A new species of Manihot, M. neusana Nassar, was collected from the state of Parana, Brazil. It was grown and studied in the living collection at the Universidade de Brasilia. The new species is closely related to M. pohlii Warwa, but differs from the latter in geographic distribution, growth habit, fruit shape and color and seed shape and size. This species possesses interesting characteristics from a plant breeders view point, such as tolerance to low temperature, resistance to stem borers and an evergreen habit.Key words: Manihot neusana, M. pohlii, tolerance, low temperature, stem borer
Radioiodine Therapy in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Luster Markus , Reiners Christoph
Published: March 2010

For many years the recommended therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), with the exception of unifocal papillary carcinoma <1 cm in diameter, has consisted of (near) total thyroidectomy followed by postoperative radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnant tissue. Even though results from randomized controlled trials are still missing, this combination has proven its worth as a safe and very effective treatment that resulted in an improved life expectancy and reduced recurrence rate for DTC patients in many observational studies.

Preparation for I-131 ablation using standard activities between 1-3 GBq requires low iodine diet for 2-3 weeks and TSH-stimulation by withdrawal of thyroid hormone medication for 3 weeks following thyroidectomy or by use of recombinant human TSH alternatively. The advantages of exogenous TSH stimulation are a maintained quality of life and a lower radiation dose to the remainder of the body.

In case of metastastic spread, higher activities of radioiodine in the range of 4-11 GBq are necessary; if possible, individual dosimetry is recommended. The standard approach for preparation of I-131 therapy in patients with metastases is endogenous hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone withdrawal.

Indications, contraindications and practical aspects of radioiodine treatment will be discussed in this review.
Shifting Paradigms and Debates in the Management of Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Shaha Ashok R
Published: March 2010

The incidence of thyroid cancer has almost quadrupled over the past 30 years in the United States, a large number of which are less than 2 cm in size. There have been several paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. The common debate in the past was total vs less than total thyroidectomy, however recently there is more interest in evaluation of fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules, and intraoperative management in relation to the central compartment. The debate about elective central compartment nodal dissection vs observation has generated considerable controversy in the recent literature. Postoperative follow-up with thyroglobulin and ultrasound has become the mainstay of postoperative evaluation. Radioactive iodine ablation has been used in selected patients with advanced or aggressive thyroid cancer. While risk stratification continues to be an important facet in the evaluation of thyroid cancer, low risk patients are rarely offered radioactive iodine ablation. Understanding of the details of the histopathology is crucial, especially dividing the patients between well-differentiated and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. PET scanning has been useful in the follow-up of patients with poorly differentiated, insular or tall cell thyroid cancer. External radiation therapy is used in selected patients where gross residual disease was present or there are painful bony metastases. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify specific molecular markers and their applicability for targeted therapy. This manuscript describes the current debates and shifting paradigms in the management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Surgeon-performed Ultrasound in Preoperative Parathyroid Localization: The Cutting Edge of Endocrine Surgeon
Authors: Yahya MA , Normayah K , Hisham AN
Published: March 2010

Background

Over the years surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism has evolved from bilateral neck exploration to focus unilateral approach. This has been made possible by the advancement in localization technique and availability of the preoperative imaging. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of focus unilateral neck approach for primary hyperparathyroidism with surgeon- performed ultrasound as the main decisive preoperative localization imaging technique.

Method

The decision of focus unilateral approach was stipulated if an enlarged parathyroid adenoma was confidently seen in the preoperative localization by surgeon-performed ultrasound. The focus unilateral exploration was terminated if the diseased gland was found. Nonetheless if in doubt, the exploration was extended to include the opposite side of the neck. More importantly any negative preoperative ultrasound will be considered for bilateral neck exploration.

Results

118 consecutive patients were accrued in this study, 76 females and 42 males with mean age of 50 years. Focus unilateral neck exploration was performed on 86 (72.9%) patients and 96.5% of them were successfully explored and cured. 13 (13.1%) patients had exploration of both sides of the neck although the initial decision was only to explore one side. The overall cure rate was 93.2% with the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were 78.3% and 95.1% respectively.

Conclusion

Surgeon-performed ultrasound in parathyroid localization in coupled with focus unilateral approach in primary HPT can be performed 73% of patients with a success rate of more than 96%.
Diagnosis of von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Following Endoscopic Ultrasound of the Pancreas
Authors: Cannon Jennifer , Gauger Paul G , Doherty Gerard M , Scheiman James M
Published: March 2010

Objective

To report a case of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) of the pancreas in a patient with no family history of the disease and without any other clinical manifestations of VHL.

Methods

We describe the clinical presentation of the case and discuss its management.

Results

A 33-year-old woman was evaluated by EUS for possible pancreatic carcinoma. Based upon the sonographic appearance of her pancreas, VHL was suggested as a diagnosis and subsequently confirmed by genetic testing. The pancreatic lesions were treated surgically and pathology revealed pancreatic islet cell tumors.

Conclusion

This is the first report of a patient in which the first suggestion of a VHL diagnosis was made on EUS appearance of pancreatic lesions alone.
Primary Intrathoracic Goiter
Authors: Colibaseanu Dorin T , Heerden Jon A van , Farley David R , Cassivi Stephen D
Published: March 2010

The differential diagnosis of a middle mediastinal mass is fairly broad. Though relatively rare, the diagnosis of primary intrathoracic goiter is a clinically important consideration that should not be overlooked. The nature of this clinical entity and its diagnostic implications are discussed. Relevant radiographic imaging is evaluated demonstrating the key findings. Indications for intervening and treatment options are reviewed. Specifically, the presence of a growing substernal goiter in an otherwise fit patient is generally an indication for surgical resection. The nature of a primary intrathoracic goiter usually obviates the more common transcervical approach since by definition the mediastinal goiter is discontinuous with the cervical thyroid gland. Other transthoracic approaches are therefore necessary.