bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional care in the community: from chaos to integration of health and social care?
Authors: Bowman Clive E
Published: July 2002

Distinguishing between health and social aspects of institutional care for frail elderly people remains confusing and contentious in the UK, even though health and community care reforms specifically sought to avoid such problems. Nursing home care in the UK has developed rapidly to 170 000 nursing home beds. Nursing home care now costs significantly more than the total committed to primary care. Some health authorities maintain a large commitment to long-term care provision in hospitals and contract nursing home beds; others have divested themselves of providing long-term care, becoming dependent on means-tested nursing home care provided by social services. Where 'free' health service contract nursing home beds are adjacent to social services means-tested placements the inconsistencies become even more perverse. Distinguishing between health and social patients/clients/supplicants on the basis of health or social care need is often impossible. Health Service responsibilities to support care home residents will become more onerous as cost pressures define the limits of social care for individuals and social services producers alike. There is, in addition, an unresolved tension between the professions associated with the care of elderly patients, who are seeking clear standards, and the hostile purchasing environment which fails to value the cost benefit, let alone the health gain of planned care management in deference to the Mammonism of treatment episodes.
Cancer in older patients
Authors: Beechey-Newman N , Fentiman IS
Published: July 2002

Cancer in older patients is an international health problem of mounting importance, resulting from the slow rise in the proportion of the population over 65. Age is the major risk factor for malignancy, with two-thirds of cancer deaths in the USA in those over 65. By 2000 this will be the same in Europe. Most treatment trials have included only patients under 65 and results cannot necessarily be applied to older patients. Many trials now include older patients, but these may overestimate population benefits by excluding the particularly frail.
Minimality of the correctness criterion for multiplicative proof nets
Authors: BECHET DENIS
Published: July 2002

Almost a decade ago, Girard invented linear logic with the
notion of a proof-net. Proof-nets
are special graphs built from formulas, links and boxes.

However, not all nets are proof-nets.
First, they must be well constructed (we say that such graphs are proof-structures).
Second,
a proof-net is a proof-structure that corresponds to a sequential proof.
It must satisfy a
correctness criterion. One may wonder what this static criterion means
for cut-elimination.
We prove that every incorrect proof-structure (without cut) can be put
in an environment
where reductions lead to two kinds of basically wrong configurations: deadlocks
and
disconnected proof-structures. Thus, this proof says that there does not
exist a bigger class
of proof-structures than proof-nets where normalization does not lead to
obviously bad
configurations.
PHYLOGENY AND DISJUNCTION IN ROSCOEA (ZINGIBERACEAE)
Authors: NGAMRIABSAKUL C. , NEWMAN M. F. , CRONK Q. C. B.
Published: July 2002

A phylogenetic study of Roscoea (Zingiberaceae), a high-altitude genus of an otherwise tropical plant family, was undertaken using sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Two species of Cautleya and two species of Curcuma were used as outgroups. This resulted in an aligned matrix of 436bp (ITS1, 203bp; ITS2, 233bp). Sequence divergence of ITS1 and ITS2 within the ingroup ranged from 0–13.9% and 0–7.6% respectively. The results suggest that Roscoea is monophyletic (BS=99%; DI=>3) with the genus Cautleya as sister group. Roscoea itself is divided into two sister clades which correlate with geography: a ‘Chinese’ clade (BS=67%; DI=+2) and a ‘Himalayan’ clade (BS=59%; DI=+1). These two groups are disjunct across the ‘Brahmaputra gap’, a region in which no Roscoea spp. have been recorded. The only species which occurs on both sides of the Brahmaputra gap is Roscoea tibetica. However, the western populations of Roscoea tibetica (from Bhutan) show numerous morphological differences. It is therefore possible that Bhutanese R. tibetica represents a distinct taxon, possibly more closely allied to Himalayan species.
‘Das Kind’ Revisited: Lord D'Abernon and German Security Policy 1922–1925
Authors: Johnson Gaynor
Published: July 2002

This article is a reassessment of F. G. Stambrook's well-known claim that Lord D'Abernon was the architect of German Locarno diplomacy. It suggests that Stambrook did not fully understand D'Abernon's relationship with the Luther–Stresemann government, and in particular it seeks to place German Locarno diplomacy within the wider context of German foreign policy in the period. It throws new light not only on the D'Abernon–von Schubert relationship but on the dynamic forces at work within the German Foreign Ministry. The article also contains a brief assessment of German relations with the United States.
The Infamous Farrell Footnote: Public Policy as
the Smile of the Cheshire Cat
Authors: d'ORONZIO JOSEPH C.
Published: July 2002

Was this just another incendiary sound bite, headline news
banner attacking the airwaves? Getting it wrong? Overstating
some small technicality for the sake of getting attention? No,
to all of the above: the most incendiary aspect of the blurb
was that it was accurate. And it did get attention.
Proposing a New Agenda: Bioethics and International Human Rights
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

Our global knowledge of different cultures and the
diversity of values increases almost daily. New challenges
arise for ethics. This is especially true in the field
of bioethics because the technological progress of medicine
throughout the world is causing dramatic interactions with
traditionally held values. Science and technology are rapidly
advancing beyond discussions and corresponding political
struggles over human rights, leaving those debates behind.
This rapid development of science is at odds with the principle
of sustained development that calls for measured and thoughtful
planning, such that no new idea should rupture the delicate
fabric of communities, environment, and cultural evolution.
Why Are There No Clinical Ethicists in France?
Authors: MINO JEAN-CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2002

As part of a research project, sponsored by the French
Ministry of Health, comparing the role and function of French
hospital ethics committees as compared to those in the United
States, I was intrigued by differences that emerged. Particularly,
why should it be that professional ethicists, such prominent
figures in America, have no counterpart in France?
Response to “Cloning and Infertility” by Carson
Strong (CQ Vol 7, No 3)
Authors: Murphy Timothy F.
Published: July 2002

Carson Strong has argued that if human cloning
were safe it should be available to some infertile couples
as a matter of ethics and law. He holds that cloning by
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) should be available
as a reproductive option for infertile couples who could
not otherwise have a child genetically related to one
member of the couple. In this analysis, Strong overlooks
an important category of people to whom his argument might
apply, couples he has not failed to consider elsewhere.
In this discussion, however, Strong refers exclusively
to opposite sex couples facing obstacles such as surgically
removed ovaries and the inability to produce sperm. In
fact, however, there are many adult couples who, while
fertile in and of themselves, are not fertile as couples.
This group includes not only opposite sex couples but coupled
same sex partners as well. I believe the defenses Strong
offers regarding the use of SCNT by opposite sex infertile
couples would extend to same sex couples for two reasons.
First, some same sex couples might face the inability to
have a genetically related child, and second, Strong's
arguments ultimately ground a general defense of SCNT independent
of the question of a couple's fertility.
Random Graphs and the Strong Convergence of Bootstrap Means
Authors: CSÖRGŐ SÁNDOR , WU WEI BIAO
Published: July 2002

We consider graphs Gn generated by multisets
[Iscr ]n with n random integers as elements,
such that vertices of Gn are connected by edges if the elements of
[Iscr ]n that the vertices
represent are the same, and prove asymptotic results on the sparsity of edges connecting
the different subgraphs Gn of the random graph generated by
∪∞n=1[Iscr ]n. These results are
of independent interest and, for two models of the bootstrap, we also use them here
to link almost sure and complete convergence of the corresponding bootstrap means
and averages of related randomly chosen subsequences of a sequence of independent
and identically distributed random variables with a finite mean. Complete convergence
of these means and averages is then characterized in terms of a relationship between a
moment condition on the bootstrapped sequence and the bootstrap sample size. While we
also obtain new sufficient conditions for the almost sure convergence of bootstrap means,
the approach taken here yields the first necessary conditions.
Some Inequalities for the Largest Eigenvalue of a Graph
Authors: NIKIFOROV V.
Published: July 2002

Let λ(G) be the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a graph G: We show that if
G is Kp+1-free then

This inequality was first conjectured by Edwards and Elphick in 1983 and supersedes a
series of previous results on upper bounds of λ(G).

Let Ti denote the number of all i-cliques of G,
λ = λ(G) and p = cl(G): We show

Let δ be the minimal degree of G. We show

This inequality supersedes inequalities of Stanley and Hong. It is sharp for regular graphs
and for a class of graphs which are in some sense maximally irregular.
Lewis Mumford's idea of community in an urban world
Authors: Stunkel Kenneth
Published: July 2002

It is a daunting task to recover a usable Mumford from his vast body of writing, myriad ideas and public career over a span of seventy years. These four books make a substantial contribution to that end. Their shared virtues are clarity and thoughtfulness supported by firm scholarship. Useful perspectives are provided on modernization, social ecology, community planning and the human condition. Novak assembles and illuminates a historically important body of letters. Spann narrates an interplay of strong intellects with politics of social change in the 1920s and 1930s. Luccarelli and Wojtowicz cut an impressive swath through the entire scope of Mumford's thought and experience in the contexts of regionalism and architectural criticism. While all the books draw attention to men and women often forgotten but worth knowing about, Mumford is conspicuous for brilliance and charisma in the battle to reconcile urban growth with healthy environments and communities. His arsenal of values, shared by many supporters past and present, supplied articulate standards for change.
Cardiovascular adaptation to pregnancy: the role of altered vascular structure
Authors: Kelly Brenda , Stone Sophia , Poston Lucilla
Published: July 2002

The cardiovascular system undergoes remarkable adaptive changes in pregnancy. Through a complex network of interrelated pathways the physiological response to the conceptus ensures an adequate blood supply and oxygen gradient to meet the demands of the feto-placental unit whilst maintaining normal maternal blood pressure. This is achievable because the increase in maternal cardiac output and blood volume which characterise normal pregnancy occur with an associated and profound decrease in peripheral vascular resistance. Longitudinal studies using Doppler ultrasound and echocardiography indicate that the decline in peripheral vascular resistance occurs very early and data from the pregnant baboon and pregnant women suggest that this is the stimulus which activates the renin-angiotensin aldosterone axis and the resultant rise in plasma volume.
Does breastfeeding beyond one year benefit children?
Authors: Elsom Rachel , Weaver Lawrence
Published: July 2002

Human milk contains a unique mixture of nutrients that meet all the nutritional requirements of the growing infant for the first few months of life. Furthermore, it provides bioactive, non-nutritional substances including anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory factors, growth factors, cytokines, hormones and digestive enzymes which confer protection from bacterial and viral infections, and may aid growth and development of the newborn.
On the philosophy of time
Authors: MITTELSTRASS JÜRGEN
Published: July 2002

The concept of time has always played a dominant role in philosophy and science. In modern physics, and also in philosophy of physics, it is the anisotropy of time that attracts particular attention. Taking up work by Grünbaum and others, the thermodynamic arrow of time is considered in detail, and this discussion is then extended to other time-asymmetric processes, whose relation to this arrow of time remains controversial. After that, some remarks are made about experienced time. It is the gestalt-like character of time that, in contrast to the arrow of time, reflects time in the everyday world.
Eurocentrism. An editorial
Authors: WESSELING H. L.
Published: July 2002

Africa is a European invention. When the Romans finally defeated Carthage, they turned the place into a province and called it Africa. Originally this referred only to a small part of Tunisia and Algeria, but it later became the name of the entire continent. The same happened to Asia, another province of the Roman Empire, in what is now called the Near East. The names of the two other continents demonstrate even more obviously their European origins: America was named after an Italian traveller – and not even Columbus! – and the term Australia comes from the fact that European voyagers who had some vague idea about the existence of this continent but knew nothing about it, called it ‘The Unknown Southland’, Terra australis incognita.
Efficient feature structure operations without
compilation
Authors: MALOUF ROBERT , CARROLL JOHN , COPESTAKE ANN
Published: July 2002

One major obstacle to the efficient processing of large wide coverage grammars in unification-based grammatical frameworks such as HPSG is the time and space cost of the unification
operation itself. In a grammar development system it is not appropriate to address this
problem with techniques which involve lengthy compilation, since this slows down the edit-test-debug cycle. Nor is it possible to radically restructure the grammar. In this paper, we
describe novel extensions to an existing efficient unification algorithm which improve its
space and time behaviour (without affecting its correctness) by substantially increasing the
amount of structure sharing that takes place. We also describe a fast and automatically
tunable pre-unification filter (the ‘quick check’) which in practice detects a large proportion
of unifications that if performed would fail. Finally, we present an efficient algorithm for
checking for subsumption relationships between two feature structures; a special case of this
gives a fast equality test. The subsumption check is used in a parser (described elsewhere in
this issue) which ‘packs’ local ambiguities to avoid performing redundant sub-computations.
Verb sense disambiguation based on dual distributional similarity
Authors: CHO JEONG-MI , SEO JUNGYUN , KIM GIL CHANG
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a system for automatic verb sense disambiguation using a small corpus
and a Machine-Readable Dictionary (MRD) in Korean. The system learns a set of typical uses
listed in the MRD usage examples for each of the senses of a polysemous verb in the MRD
definitions using verb-object co-occurrences acquired from the corpus. This paper concentrates
on the problem of data sparseness in two ways. First, by extending word similarity measures
from direct co-occurrences to co-occurrences of co-occurring words, we compute the word
similarities using non co-occurring words but co-occurring clusters. Secondly, we acquire IS-A
relations of nouns from the MRD definitions. It is possible to roughly cluster the nouns by
the identification of the IS-A relationship. Using these methods, two words may be considered
similar even if they do not share any word elements. Experiments show that this method
can learn from a very small training corpus, achieving over an 86% correct disambiguation
performance without any restriction on a word's senses.
Reflections on the Human Face
Authors: Rapcsak Steven Z.
Published: July 2002

The significance of the human face in social interaction
can hardly be overestimated. We rely primarily on facial
appearance in discriminating between members of our species,
but we also use the face to judge the age and gender of
a person and to interpret his or her emotional state. We
find certain faces pleasant or attractive, attribute personality
characteristics to people such as intelligence or honesty
based on physiognomy, and use facial cues to guess people's
intentions and predict their behavior toward us. Similarly,
we can gauge the effect of our words or actions on others
by the feedback we receive from their faces. The face assumes
a privileged role in social communication almost immediately
after birth, suggesting that the neural systems underlying
various facial behaviors are to a large extent innately
specified and genetically determined.
Long-term retention of transient news events
Authors: O'CONNOR MARGARET G. , SIEGGREEN MARY ALICE , BACHNA KRISTIE , KAPLAN BRINA , CERMAK LAIRD S. , RANSIL BERNARD J.
Published: July 2002

Many retrospective analyses of remote memory have
demonstrated recency effects in that memory for events
proximal to the time of testing is superior to memory for
events from remote time periods. However, the rate at which
information decays over time and the specific pattern of
forgetting may vary depending upon the distinct attributes
of stimuli used as indices of memory. Studies examining
long-term forgetting of well rehearsed, conceptually integrated
information underscore preservation of remote events, some
of which are thought to be permanently stored in memory.
A different pattern of forgetting emerges in relation to
recall of discrete facts whereby recall declines according
to a negatively accelerated decay curve. In the current
study long-term retention of transient news events was
examined. Results were examined in relation to the effects
of age and sex. All age groups demonstrated recency effects
in that events from the recent past were recalled better
than remote events. Age did not exert a negative influence
on recall of remote or recent events with the exception
of younger participants who did not recall items predating
their dates of birth. Older female participants were less
adept at recalling very old events than their male counterparts.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 44–51.)
Time estimation by patients with frontal lesions and by
Korsakoff amnesics
Authors: MIMURA MASARU , KINSBOURNE MARCEL , O'CONNOR MARGARET
Published: July 2002

We studied time estimation in patients with frontal
damage (F) and alcoholic Korsakoff (K)
patients in order to differentiate between the contributions
of working memory and episodic memory to temporal cognition.
In Experiment 1, F and K patients estimated
time intervals between 10 and 120 s less accurately than
matched normal and alcoholic control subjects. F
patients were less accurate than K patients at
short (< 1 min) time intervals whereas K patients
increasingly underestimated durations as intervals grew
longer. F patients overestimated short intervals
in inverse proportion to their performance on the Wisconsin
Card Sorting Test. As intervals grew longer, overestimation
yielded to underestimation for F patients. Experiment
2 involved time estimation while counting at a subjective
1/s rate. F patients' subjective tempo, though
relatively rapid, did not fully explain their overestimation
of short intervals. In Experiment 3, participants produced
predetermined time intervals by depressing a mouse key.
K patients underproduced longer intervals. F
patients produced comparably to normal participants, but
were extremely variable. Findings suggest that both working
memory and episodic memory play an individual role in temporal
cognition. Turnover within a short-term working memory
buffer provides a metric for temporal decisions. The depleted
working memory that typically attends frontal dysfunction
may result in quicker turnover, and this may inflate subjective
duration. On the other hand, temporal estimation beyond
30 s requires episodic remembering, and this puts K
patients at a disadvantage. (JINS, 2000, 6,
517–528.)
A Theory of the Neural Basis for Language
Functioning
Authors: Grossman Murray
Published: July 2002

In this ambitious and densely written volume, Glezerman
and Balkoski attempt to present their theory of the neural basis
for language and thought, and provide evidence from the literature
to support their model. Their model is based on a neurobehavioral
analysis of movement by the Russian physiologist Nicolai Bernstein.
He proposed “horizontal” (intrahemispheric),
“vertical” (hierarchical), and interhemispheric
principles of brain organization that Glezerman and Balkoski
have applied to the cerebral organization of language.
Bernstein's basic model is described in detail in the first
chapter of the book. The subsequent four chapters each consider
a specific brain region and a related aspect of language and
thought. Each of these chapters begins with a description of
the relevant neuroanatomy. The authors then review the cognitive
processes and knowledge that this brain area supports. Each
chapter then considers the relevant form of aphasia that emerges
following insult to the area under discussion. For example,
the second chapter is concerned with temporal–occipital
cortices and the role of this brain region in visual object
perception, thought, and the meanings of individual words. After
describing the regional anatomy, the authors characterize their
perspective on object perception and how the breakdown of this
process can lead to visual agnosia. Glezerman and Balkoski then
relate this to the cerebral organization of word meaning and
to disorders of naming. Chapter 3 is concerned with lateral
temporal cortex and phonologic representations of words. The
authors discuss the sound codes of a word, and how this coding
process can break down
Attentional–inhibitory control and social–behavioral
regulation after childhood closed head injury: Do biological,
developmental, and recovery variables predict outcome?
Authors: DENNIS MAUREEN , GUGER SHARON , RONCADIN CAROLINE , BARNES MARCIA , SCHACHAR RUSSELL
Published: July 2002

Attentional–inhibitory control and social–behavioral
regulation are two outcome domains commonly impaired after
childhood closed head injury (CHI). We compared neuropsychological
tests of attentional–inhibitory control (vigilance, selective
attention, response modulation) and social discourse and
intentionality (inferencing, figurative language, and speech
acts) with parent ratings of attention and behavioral regulation
in relation to four injury- related variables: age at CHI, time
since CHI, CHI injury severity, and frontal lobe injury moderated
by CHI severity. Participants were 105 school-aged children
in the chronic stage of CHI, divided into mild, moderate, and
severe injury severity groups, and further subdivided according
to frontal lobe injury. Outcome indices were imperfectly correlated
in the group as a whole, although several relations between
neurocognitive tests and parent ratings were observed within
CHI subgroups. Different domains of cognitive function had
different predictors. For attentional–inhibitory control,
age at injury and time since injury were most predictive of
outcome; for social discourse, predictors were injury severity
and frontal lobe injury moderated by injury severity. Variability
in cognitive outcome after childhood CHI is not random, but
appears related to age, time, and biological features of the
injury. (JINS, 2001, 7, 683–692.)
Encoding and complex figure recall
Authors: NEWMAN PAUL D. , KRIKORIAN ROBERT
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the effects of type of encoding strategy
(organized and disorganized) and of active versus passive
encoding on memory for interrelated spatial material. Delayed
recall performance for a complex, nonrepresentational two
dimensional figure was measured in 120 normal young adults assigned
to one of three groups that varied as to the approach used during
the initial construction of the figure. Those applying
self-generated strategies performed best. In addition, recall
performances were significantly better for those applying a
prescribed, organized strategy as compared with performances
of those applying a prescribed, disorganized strategy. These
effects were not attributable to differences on measures of
IQ or spatial information processing. The findings indicated
that, independent of memory ability, both the degree of
organization and of active strategizing at encoding are
determinants of recall ability for complex spatial information
and suggest that these factors have implications for memory
processes more generally. (JINS, 2001, 7,
728–733.)
Lexical access via letter naming in a profoundly
alexic and anomic patient: A treatment study
Authors: GREENWALD MARGARET L. , ROTHI LESLIE J. GONZALEZ
Published: July 2002

We report the results of a letter naming treatment
designed to facilitate letter-by-letter reading in an aphasic
patient with no reading ability. Patient M.R.'s anomia
for written letters reflected two loci of impairment within
visual naming: impaired letter activation from print (a
deficit commonly seen in pure alexic patients who read
letter by letter) and impaired access to phonology via
semantics (documented in a severe multimodality anomia).
Remarkably, M.R. retained an excellent ability to pronounce
orally spelled words, demonstrating that abstract letter
identities could be activated normally via spoken
letter names, and also that lexical phonological representations
were intact when accessed via spoken letter names.
M.R.'s training in oral naming of written letters
resulted in significant improvement in her oral naming
of trained letters. Importantly, as M.R.'s letter
naming improved, she became able to employ letter-by-letter
reading as a compensatory strategy for oral word reading.
M.R.'s success in letter naming and letter-by-letter
reading suggests that other patients with a similar pattern
of spared and impaired cognitive abilities may benefit
from a similar treatment. Moreover, this study highlights
the value of testing the pronunciation of orally spelled
words in localizing the source of prelexical reading impairment
and in predicting the functional outcome of treatment for
impaired letter activation in reading. (JINS,
1998, 4, 595–607.)
Plant size, industrial air pollution, and local incomes: evidence from Mexico and Brazil
Authors: Dasgupta Susmita , Lucas Robert E.B. , Wheeler David
Published: July 2002

Analysis of a new Mexican database reveals that air-borne, suspended particulate emissions per employee by plants with 20 or less employees are significantly greater than by larger plants within the same manufacturing sector. From a second, new data set on manufacturing plants in Brazil, it is shown that industry in lower-income areas displays a higher concentration of the dirtiest industrial sectors and of smaller plants (which are dirtier). However, harm to humans from industrial air pollution in Brazil is found to be greater in higher-income areas and most of this harm derives from larger plants. This is not simply a reflection of the greater prevalence of manufacturing in urban areas, for the rising projections of human mortality among higher wage municipalities hold, even controlling for population density. Resolution of this apparent paradox hinges on the distinction between emission intensities and total emissions, the latter determining the level of harm, a distinction that has not always been made clear in the course of debate.
The costs and benefits of benefit-cost analysis
Authors: CHICHILNISKY GRACIELA
Published: July 2002

Among the tools of the economic trade, cost-benefit analysis is the most widely used in policy circles. Asking whether there is a role for cost-benefit analysis is like asking whether there is a role for the weatherman. Of course there is.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Landy Leigh , Myatt Tony
Published: July 2002

The notion of interactivity is likely to be a major aspect in the future of
discussion of music technology. In a world of realtime computing, how
composers, performers and other artists communicate with technology and
their audiences will be an issue which could fundamentally change our
approach to music making.
Code-notes-music: an epistemological investigation of algorithmic music
Authors: RICHARD DOMINIQUE
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the role of the composer in algorithmic music. This role departs from traditional models because of the way computers are used in the compositional process, particularly when signal processing techniques are being integrated with sophisticated formal models to generate musical compositions. We shall examine several types of ‘musical formalism’ in order to bring out the active role of the composer in the compositional process.
Reaction–diffusion systems for algorithmic composition
Authors: MARTIN ANDREW
Published: July 2002

Reaction–diffusion systems were first proposed by mathematician and computing forerunner Alan Turing in 1952. Originally intended as an explanation of plant phyllotaxis (the structure and arrangement of leaves in plants), reaction–diffusion now forms the basis of an area in biology which is as important as DNA research in the field of biological morphogenesis (Kauffman 1993). Reaction–diffusion systems were successfully utilised within the fields of computer animation and computer graphics to generate visually naturalistic patterning and textures such as animal furs (Turk 1991). More recently, reaction–diffusion systems have been applied to methods of half-tone printing, fingerprint enhancement, and have been proposed for use in sound synthesis (Sherstinsky 1994). The recent publication The Algorithmic Beauty of Seashells (Meinhardt 1995) uses various reaction–diffusion equations to explain patterned pigmentation markings on seashells. This article details an example of the application of reaction–diffusion systems to algorithmic composition within the field of computer music. The patterned data produced by reaction–diffusion systems is used to create a naturalistic soundscape in the piece cicada.
The Infant Sleep
Questionnaire: A New Tool to
Assess Infant Sleep Problems
for Clinical and Research
Purposes
Authors: Morrell Julian M. B.
Published: July 2002

Most published questionnaires for infant sleep problems form part
of
general questionnaires looking at a wider range of infant behaviours. This

paper evaluates the Infant Sleep Questionnaire (ISQ), a maternal self-
report questionnaire designed specifically to assess sleeping behaviour
in
12–18-month-old infants. The sensitivity and specificity of the ISQ
as
compared to maternal sleep diary measures is reported. The use of the ISQ

for clinical and research purposes is discussed.
New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I argue that current approaches to modeling of concepts in bilingual memory privilege word representation at the expense of concept representation. I identify four problems with the study of concepts in bilingual memory: conflation of semantic and conceptual levels of representation; scarcity of methods targeting conceptual representation; assumption of the static nature of the conceptual store; and insufficient acknowledgment of linguistic and cultural specificity of concepts. Basing my arguments on recent developments in the fields of neurolinguistics, linguistics, psychology, linguistic anthropology, and second language acquisition, I suggest new approaches to the study of concepts in bilingualism, based on notions of concept comparability and concept encoding. Subsequently, I discuss various ways in which concepts could develop and interact with each other in bilingual memory and address possible individual, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic constraints on conceptual representation and interaction in bilingual memory.
Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells
Authors: Paddison Patrick J. , Caudy Amy A. , Bernstein Emily , Hannon Gregory J. , Conklin Douglas S.
Published: July 2002

RNA interference (RNAi) was first recognized inCaenorhabditis elegans as a biological response to exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which induces sequence-specific gene silencing. RNAi represents a conserved regulatory motif, which is present in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. Recently, we and others have shown that endogenously encoded triggers of gene silencing act through elements of the RNAi machinery to regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. These small temporal RNAs (stRNAs) are transcribed as short hairpin precursors (∼70 nt), processed into active, 21-nt RNAs by Dicer, and recognize target mRNAs via base-pairing interactions. Here, we show that short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) can be engineered to suppress the expression of desired genes in cultured Drosophila and mammalian cells. shRNAs can be synthesized exogenously or can be transcribed from RNA polymerase III promoters in vivo, thus permitting the construction of continuous cell lines or transgenic animals in which RNAi enforces stable and heritable gene silencing.
Genomewide Function Conservation and Phylogeny in the Herpesviridae
Authors: Albà M. Mar , Das Rhiju , Orengo Christine A. , Kellam Paul
Published: July 2002

The Herpesviridae are a large group of well-characterized double-stranded DNA viruses for which many complete genome sequences have been determined. We have extracted protein sequences from all predicted open reading frames of 19 herpesvirus genomes. Sequence comparison and protein sequence clustering methods have been used to construct herpesvirus protein homologous families. This resulted in 1692 proteins being clustered into 243 multiprotein families and 196 singleton proteins. Predicted functions were assigned to each homologous family based on genome annotation and published data and each family classified into seven broad functional groups. Phylogenetic profiles were constructed for each herpesvirus from the homologous protein families and used to determine conserved functions and genomewide phylogenetic trees. These trees agreed with molecular-sequence-derived trees and allowed greater insight into the phylogeny of ungulate and murine gammaherpesviruses.
Integrating Orbitofrontal Cortex into Prefrontal Theory: Common Processing Themes across Species and Subdivisions
Authors: Schoenbaum Geoffrey , Setlow Barry
Published: July 2002

Currently, many theories highlight either representational memory or rule representation as the hallmark of prefrontal function. Neurophysiological findings in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate that both features may characterize prefrontal processing. Neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex encode information in working memory, and this information is represented when relevant to the rules governing performance in a task. In this review, we discuss recent reports of encoding in primate and rat orbitofrontal regions indicating that these features also characterize activity in the orbitofrontal subdivision of the prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that (1) neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex links the current incentive value of reinforcers to cues, rather than representing the physical features of cues or associated reinforcers; (2) this incentive-based information is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex when it is relevant to the rules guiding performance in a task; and (3) incentive information is also represented in the orbitofrontal cortex in working memory during delays when neither the cues nor reinforcers are present. Therefore, although the orbitofrontal cortex appears to be uniquely specialized to process incentive or motivational information, it may be integrated into a more global framework of prefrontal function characterized by representational encoding of performance-relevant information.
The Construction of Arabidopsis Expressed Sequence Tag Assemblies (A New Resource to Facilitate Gene Identification)
Authors: Rounsley S. D. , Glodek A. , Sutton G. , Adams M. D. , Somerville C. R. , Venter J. C. , Kerlavage A. R.
Published: July 2002

The generation of large numbers of partial cDNA sequences, or expressed sequence tags (ESTs), has provided a method with which to sample a large number of genes from an organism. More than 25,000 Arabidopsis thaliana ESTs have been deposited in public databases, producing the largest collection of ESTs for any plant species. We describe here the application of a method of reducing redundancy and increasing information content in this collection by grouping overlapping ESTs representing the same gene into a “contig” or assembly. The increased information content of these assemblies allows more putative identifications to be assigned based on the results of similarity searches with nucleotide and protein data-bases. The results of this analysis indicate that sequence information is available for approximately 12,600 nonoverlapping ESTs from Arabidopsis. Comparison of the assemblies with 953 Arabidopsis coding sequences indicates that up to 57% of all Arabidopsis genes are represented by an EST. Clustering analysis of these sequences suggests that between 300 and 700 gene families are represented by between 700 and 2000 sequences in the EST database. A database of the assembled sequences, their putative identifications, and cellular roles is available through the World Wide Web.
DNA Mismatch Repair in Plants (An Arabidopsis thaliana Gene That Predicts a Protein Belonging to the MSH2 Subfamily of Eukaryotic MutS Homologs)
Authors: Culligan K. M. , Hays J. B.
Published: July 2002

Sets of degenerate oligomers corresponding to highly conserved domains of MutS-homolog (MSH) mismatch-repair proteins primed polymerase chain reaction amplification of two Arabidopsis thaliana DNA fragments that are homologous to eukaryotic MSH-like genes. Phylogenetic analysis places one complete gene, designated atMSH2, in the evolutionarily distinct MSH2 subfamily.
Magnesium-Chelatase from Developing Pea Leaves1
Authors: Guo Ribo , Luo Meizhong , Weinstein Jon D.
Published: July 2002

Mg-chelatase catalyzes the ATP-dependent insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin-IX to form Mg-protoporphyrin-IX. This is the first step unique to chlorophyll synthesis, and it lies at the branch point for porphyrin utilization; the other branch leads to heme. Using the stromal fraction of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Spring) chloroplasts, we have prepared Mg-chelatase in a highly active (1000 pmol 30 min−1 mg−1) and stable form. The reaction had a lag in the time course, which was overcome by preincubation with ATP. The concentration curves for ATP and Mg2+ were sigmoidal, with apparentKm values for Mg2+ and ATP of 14.3 and 0.35 mm, respectively. TheKm for deuteroporphyrin was 8 nm. This Km is 300 times lower than the published porphyrin Km for ferrochelatase. The soluble extract was separated into three fractions by chromatography on blue agarose, followed by size-selective centrifugal ultrafiltration of the column flow-through. All three fractions were required for activity, clearly demonstrating that the plant Mg-chelatase requires at least three protein components. Additionally, only two of the components were required for activation; both were contained in the flow-through from the blue-agarose column.
Stress-Induced Legume Root Nodule Senescence. Physiological, Biochemical, and Structural Alterations
Authors: Matamoros Manuel A. , Baird Lisa M. , Escuredo Pedro R. , Dalton David A. , Minchin Frank R. , Iturbe-Ormaetxe Iñaki , Rubio Maria C. , Moran Jose F. , Gordon Anthony J. , Becana Manuel
Published: July 2002

Nitrate-fed and dark-stressed bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) plants were used to study nodule senescence. In bean, 1 d of nitrate treatment caused a partially reversible decline in nitrogenase activity and an increase in O2 diffusion resistance, but minimal changes in carbon metabolites, antioxidants, and other biochemical parameters, indicating that the initial decrease in nitrogenase activity was due to O2 limitation. In pea, 1 d of dark treatment led to a 96% decline in nitrogenase activity and sucrose, indicating sugar deprivation as the primary cause of activity loss. In later stages of senescence (4 d of nitrate or 2–4 d of dark treatment), nodules showed accumulation of oxidized proteins and general ultrastructural deterioration. The major thiol tripeptides of untreated nodules were homoglutathione (72%) in bean and glutathione (89%) in pea. These predominant thiols declined by approximately 93% after 4 d of nitrate or dark treatment, but the loss of thiol content can be only ascribed in part to limited synthesis by γ-glutamylcysteinyl, homoglutathione, and glutathione synthetases. Ascorbate peroxidase was immunolocalized primarily in the infected and parenchyma (inner cortex) nodule cells, with large decreases in senescent tissue. Ferritin was almost undetectable in untreated bean nodules, but accumulated in the plastids and amyloplasts of uninfected interstitial and parenchyma cells following 2 or 4 d of nitrate treatment, probably as a response to oxidative stress.
Antisense HEMA1 RNA Expression Inhibits Heme and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kumar A. Madan , Söll Dieter
Published: July 2002

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a precursor in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles including chlorophylls and heme. The formation of ALA involves two enzymatic steps which take place in the chloroplast in plants. The first enzyme, glutamyl-tRNA reductase, and the second enzyme, glutamate-1-semialdehyde-2,1-aminomutase, are encoded by the nuclearHEMA and GSA genes, respectively. To assess the significance of the HEMA gene for chlorophyll and heme synthesis, transgenic Arabidopsis plants that expressed antisense HEMA1 mRNA from the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were generated. These plants exhibited varying degrees of chlorophyll deficiency, ranging from patchy yellow to total yellow. Analysis indicated that these plants had decreased levels of chlorophyll, non-covalently bound hemes, and ALA; their levels were proportional to the level of glutamyl-tRNA reductase expression and were inversely related to the levels of antisenseHEMA transcripts. Plants that lacked chlorophyll failed to survive under normal growth conditions, indicating thatHEMA gene expression is essential for growth.
CHRK1, a Chitinase-Related Receptor-Like Kinase in Tobacco
Authors: Kim Youn Sung , Lee Jeong Hee , Yoon Gyeong Mee , Cho Hye Sun , Park Seong-Whan , Suh Mi Chung , Choi Doil , Ha Hyun Jung , Liu Jang Ryol , Pai Hyun-Sook
Published: July 2002

A cDNA encoding a chitinase-related receptor-like kinase, designated CHRK1, was isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The C-terminal kinase domain (KD) of CHRK1 contained all of the conserved amino acids of serine/threonine protein kinases. The putative extracellular domain was closely related to the class V chitinase of tobacco and to microbial chitinases.CHRK1 mRNA accumulation was strongly stimulated by infection with fungal pathogen and tobacco mosaic virus. Amino acid-sequence analysis revealed that the chitinase-like domain of CHRK1 lacked the essential glutamic acid residue required for chitinase activity. The recombinant chitinase-like domain did not show any catalytic activity for either oligomeric or polymeric chitin substrates. The recombinant KD of CHRK1 exhibited autophosphorylation, but the mutant KD with a mutation in the essential ATP-binding site did not, suggesting that CHRK1 encoded a functional kinase. CHRK1 was detected in membrane fractions of tobacco BY2 cells. Furthermore, CHRK1-GFP fusion protein was localized in plasma membranes when it was expressed in animal cells. This is the first report of a new type of receptor-like kinase containing a chitinase-like sequence in the putative extracellular domain.
Dehydration-Induced Redistribution of Amphiphilic Molecules between Cytoplasm and Lipids Is Associated with Desiccation Tolerance in Seeds
Authors: Buitink Julia , Leprince Olivier , Hoekstra Folkert A.
Published: July 2002

This study establishes a relationship between desiccation tolerance and the transfer of amphiphilic molecules from the cytoplasm into lipids during drying, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of amphiphilic spin probes introduced into imbibed radicles of pea (Pisum sativum) and cucumber (Cucumis sativa) seeds. Survival following drying and a membrane integrity assay indicated that desiccation tolerance was present during early imbibition and lost in germinated radicles. In germinated cucumber radicles, desiccation tolerance could be re-induced by an incubation in polyethylene glycol (PEG) before drying. In desiccation-intolerant radicles, partitioning of spin probes into lipids during dehydration occurred at higher water contents compared with tolerant and PEG-induced tolerant radicles. The difference in partitioning behavior between desiccation-tolerant and -intolerant tissues could not be explained by the loss of water. Consequently, using a two-phase model system composed of sunflower or cucumber oil and water, physical properties of the aqueous solvent that may affect the partitioning of amphiphilic spin probes were investigated. A significant relationship was found between the partitioning of spin probes and the viscosity of the aqueous solvent. Moreover, in desiccation-sensitive radicles, the rise in cellular microviscosity during drying commenced at higher water contents compared with tolerant or PEG-induced tolerant radicles, suggesting that the microviscosity of the cytoplasm may control the partitioning behavior in dehydrating seeds.
Chromosaponin I Specifically Interacts with AUX1 Protein in Regulating the Gravitropic Response of Arabidopsis Roots
Authors: Rahman Abidur , Ahamed Arifa , Amakawa Taisaku , Goto Nobuharu , Tsurumi Seiji
Published: July 2002

We have found that chromosaponin I (CSI), a γ-pyronyl-triterpenoid saponin isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska), specifically interacts with AUX1 protein in regulating the gravitropic response of Arabidopsis roots. Application of 60 μm CSI disrupts the vertically oriented elongation of wild-type roots grown on agar plates but orients the elongation of agravitropic mutant aux1-7 roots toward the gravity. The CSI-induced restoration of gravitropic response inaux1-7 roots was not observed in other agravitropic mutants, axr2 and eir1-1. Because theaux1-7 mutant is reduced in sensitivity to auxin and ethylene, we examined the effects of CSI on another auxin-resistant mutant, axr1-3, and ethylene-insensitive mutantein2-1. In aux1-7 roots, CSI stimulated the uptake of [3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and induced gravitropic bending. In contrast, in wild-type, axr1-3, and ein2-1 roots, CSI slowed down the rates of gravitropic bending and inhibited IAA uptake. In the null allele ofaux1, aux1-22, the agravitropic nature of the roots and IAA uptake were not affected by CSI. This close correlation between auxin uptake and gravitropic bending suggests that CSI may regulate gravitropic response by inhibiting or stimulating the uptake of endogenous auxin in root cells. CSI exhibits selective influence toward IAA versus 1-naphthaleneacetic acid as to auxin-induced inhibition in root growth and auxin uptake. The selective action of CSI toward IAA along with the complete insensitivity of the null mutant aux1-22 toward CSI strongly suggest that CSI specifically interacts with AUX1 protein.