bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Present Status of Hepatic Function Tests in the Detection of Carriers of Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Norris Robert F. , Potter H. Phelps , Reinhold John G.
Published: October 2009

A progress report on the use of hepatic function tests in detecting the blood carrier of viral hepatitis by means of hepatic function tests is presented. In the case of 29 single donors suspected of being hepatitis carriers who gave blood and who were examined in this hospital, three‐fourths had one or more abnormal tests and one‐half had an abnormal thymol turbidity and/or thymol flocculation tests. This is virtually the same incidence of abnormality as in imprisoned narcotic addicts. In the case of 29 single donors giving blood in the local Red Cross center or in Red Cross or community centers at a distance from Philadelphia on whom hepatic function tests were also done in this hospital, abnormal tests were found in only one‐quarter, and thymol turbidity and/or thymol flocculation tests were abnormal in only one‐sixth of them. These rates of abnormality are similar to those of the general donor population. It is suggested that persons from the lower social and economic classes of the large metropolitan centers of the United States who donate blood for a fee are apt to be alcoholics and narcotic addicts and are, therefore, more likely to be chronic carriers of viral hepatitis than are more stable elements of the population. It is in this group that the use of the thymol turbidity and flocculation tests appears to be valuable in a screening regimen for the carrier state of viral hepatitis.
Complement and Body Defense*
Authors: Nelson Robert A.
Published: October 2009

Evidence is presented for the requirement for components of complement in hemolysis, immuneadherence, phagocytosis, and agglutination of platelets by unrelated antigen‐antibody complexes. Four serum fractions separated chromatographically were found necessary for the hemolytic reactivity of C'3. A small survey was made of human complement in sera from normal persons and hospitalized patients. Assays of antibody nitrogen, hemolysis, immune‐adherence, and agglutination were performed with anti‐sera collected at varying times following immunization with varying numbers of sheep erythrocytes.
Observations on the Effect of Exchange Transfusions in Erythroblastotic Babies on Immunologic Tolerance for the A‐B‐O Agglutinogens
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Nieberg K. C. , Wexler I. B.
Published: October 2009

Seven children, who as newborn infants had been treated for Rh hemolytic disease by exchange transfusions with A‐B‐O incompatible blood, were tested for their anti‐A and anti‐B titers. For comparison 11 children were tested who had received exchange transfusions of A‐B‐O compatible blood. No difference in antibody titers was detected between the two groups of patients. Thus, there was no evidence that the massive transfusions of A‐B‐O incompatible blood can induce immunologic tolerance to A and B substances, even when carried out during the neonatal period when the immunologic system is still immature. The answer appears to be that for tolerance to develop, the transfused cells must survive and multiply, while the blood received by exchange transfusion is eliminated within three or four months.
The Specificity of the Antibody in Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (P.C.H.)
Authors: Levine Philip , Celano M. J. , Falkowski F.
Published: October 2009

The antibody in four cases of P.C.H. sera was shown to correspond in specificity to anti‐P + P1 (anti‐Tja). The specificity was revealed by coldwarm lysis and in one case tested by direct agglutination in the cold.
False Positive Coombs Tests Due to Bacterial Contaminants in Stored Pilot Tube Blood
Authors: Munzer Grace E. Beck , Laux France A. , Rowe Richard D. , Przybyla Mary Jane
Published: October 2009

Unexplained positive Coombs tests during crossmatches have occasionally occurred in this laboratory. A brief investigation was carried out to determine if bacterial contamination of pilot tube blood was involved in this phenomenon. Of 220 pilot tubes cultured, seven contained viable bacteria. These organisms were inoculated into sterile bloods and incubated. Coombs tests were then performed. Blood containing Pseudomonas effusa gave positive direct and indirect antihuman globulin reactions, and blood containing Bacillus subtilis gave positive indirect antihuman globulin reactions. Blood containing other organisms isolated in this study gave negative results with Coombs tests.
Reported Experiences with Dextran in Communist Countries*
Authors: Ewald Roger A. , Crosby William H.
Published: October 2009

This paper encompasses a survey of the literature concerning the uses of dextrans in the U.S.S.R., China, Czechoslovakia and Poland. The data accumulated indicate that Communist dextran preparations are safe and effective plasma volume expanders and have properties and characteristics essentially similar to dextrans produced in the United States. In contrast to other dextran preparations, a hemostatic defect following intravenous infusions of the Soviet dextran, Polyglucin, has been reported not to occur. The Soviet claims that Polyglucin exerts an erythropoietic stimulatory effect and has hemostatic properties are at variance with Western reports and appear to be unsubstantiated by the published data. Dextran is currently being produced on a large scale in Communist countries, and its use in the treatment of hemorrhagic, traumatic, and operative shock apparently far exceeds that in the United States.
Massive Intravascular Sickling after Exchange Transfusion with Sickle Cell Trait Blood*
Authors: Veiga Secundino , Vaithianathan Thiru
Published: October 2009

In vivo and in vitro experiments show that sickle trait blood can be safely used for blood transfusions. However, nowhere in the literature is there a reference as to the possible dangers of the use of such blood in exchange transfusions.

We are reporting a case of a premature white infant with physiological jaundice who received an exchange transfusion of blood containing hemoglobin A and S and expired five days later. Autopsy revealed generalized intravascular aggregation of sickled erythrocytes similar to that found in patients dying in sickling crises.
The Reactions between Blood Group Antibodies and Antisera to Purified Immunoglobulins*
Authors: Abelson Neva M. , Rawson Arnold J.
Published: October 2009

Rabbit antibody to chromatographically separated 7S gamma globulin proved to be a potent anti‐gamma globulin reagent, capable of potentiating the serologic activity of blood group antibodies of the 7S gamma globulin class without dependence on complement.

Purified proteins of the beta2A class caused the production of weak antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2A globulin. Specific anti‐beta2A serum prepared by absorbing this reagent with cord blood serum appeared incapable of potentiating the serologic activity of the blood group antibodies tested.

Purified proteins of the beta2M class caused the production of antibodies to gamma globulin and to complement as well as to beta2M globulin. Such antisera were of broad spectrum activity. Specific anti‐beta2M serum prepared by absorption with cord blood serum was found capable of potentiating the serologic activity of only certain examples of anti‐Lewis agglutinins. It can be questioned whether this potentiation was due to specific anti‐19S activity, to cross‐reactivity with 7S gamma globulin or to other factors.
Study of the Incidence and Characteristics of Blood Donor “Reactors”
Authors: Callahan Robert , Edelman Elsa B. , Smith Mary S. , Smith James J.
Published: October 2009

Analysis of “reactor” and control groups of blood bank donors reveals from a statistical standpoint younger donors, particularly female, with a previous history of fainting are more prone to reaction. The “reactor” group had a tendency toward a higher pulse rate and pulse pressure and a lower diastolic pressure before bleeding. Race, blood type and body temperature did not influence the incidence of reactions. It was three times more likely for a one‐time “reactor” to have a subsequent reaction than for a control donor. This distinct tendency toward multiple “reactors” makes it very probable that there exists a “reactor‐prone” type. The fundamental cause of the reaction as well as the defect in the “reaction‐prone” donor are unknown. Closer study of “multiple reactors” would seem to be a profitable approach to the donor reaction problem.
A Third Canadian Family with the Rh Chromosome D–
Authors: Chalton Mary , Humphreys Patricia , Linins Ilga , Moore M.B., B.CH
Published: October 2009

A Canadian family of British descent has been found among whose m?mbers 17 heterozygous examples of the rare Rh chromosome D– were detected in addition to the homozygous D–/D– propositus. The parents of the propositus were first cousins.
Rapid Test for Fibrinolysis in Vivo
Authors: Ferreira Humberto Costa , Murat Luiz G. , Ferri Ruben G.
Published: October 2009

Fibrinolysis‐fibrinogenolysis releases into the circulation considerable amounts of degraded products. At least some of the digested products retain the original immunological specificity of the fibrinogen molecule, flocculating in the presence of a rabbit anti‐human fibrin serum. Fibrin‐fibrinogen degraded products in the circulation depress the coagulation mechanism.
Successful Prevention of Experimental Rh Sensitization in Man with an Anti‐Rh Gamma2‐Globulin Antibody Preparation: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Freda Vincent J. , Gorman John G. , Pollack William
Published: October 2009

An anti‐Rh gamma2‐globulin antibody preparation has been developed which can be administered intramuscularly and appears to be both safe and effective in the prevention of experimental Rh sensitization. Nine unsensitized Rh‐negative male volunteers were challenged once a month for five successive months with intravenous injections of 2 ml. of Rh‐positive blood. Four of these nine volunteers were passively protected each month with intramuscular injections of 5 ml. of this antibody preparation, administered 24 hours prior to the antigenic challenge. Three months after the last injection the passively acquired Rh antibodies were no longer demonstrable (by either the saline or indirect antiglobulin technics) in any of the four protected subjects and there was no sign of active antibody production six months after the last injection, whereas four of the five controls were all strongly sensitized.
New Device for the Simultaneous Withdrawal and Injection of Blood: Its Use in Exchange Transfusion of the Newborn
Authors: Layrisse Miguel , Linares Jesus
Published: October 2009

A new device for simultaneous withdrawal and injection of blood during exchange transfusion in the newborn is presented. The advantages over previous methods consist in that it is more physiological preventing overloading or decrease of the circulating blood, and it is practically as effective in removing baby's red cells as the intermittent procedure.
The Determination of Hemoglobin in Blood Banks
Authors: Pirofsky Bernard , Nelson Helen M.
Published: October 2009

The accuracy of the copper sulfate method of determining hemoglobin was investigated under usual blood bank conditions. In our hands this method was found to be grossly inaccurate. Using the cyanmethemoglobin technic, it was demonstrated that 83.9 per cent of females and 80.4 per cent of males rejected as having a low hemoglobin by the copper sulfate method, actually had hemoglobin values above minimum requirements for blood donors. Detailed instruction as to technics and pitfalls of the copper sulfate method was ineffectual in correcting errors as encountered by a large nursing staff carrying out the procedure. Donors found to have acceptable hemoglobin values by the copper sulfate method appeared to be safely accepted as donors; cyanmethemoglobin duplicate checks did not reveal any discrepancies in this group.
Relationship of a Hemolysin Resembling Anti‐Tja to Threatened Abortion in Western Australia
Authors: Vos G. H. , Celano M. J. , Falkowski F. , Levine Philip
Published: October 2009

This is a preliminary report on the occurrence in Western Australia of a hemolysin resembling in specificity, but not identical with classical anti‐Tja. It was found in sera of pregnant women who threatened to abort. Complete absence of the hemolysin in a similar group of non‐pregnant aborters, normal pregnant women, and a large group of husbands, suggest that the presence of “anti‐Tja‐like” hemolysins is associated with pregnancy. However, attempts to demonstrate hemolysins in a similar group of aborters in the United States and Canada have thus far been negative.
Blood Groups of Apes and Monkeys: I. The A‐B‐O Blood Groups in Baboons
Authors: Moor‐Jankowski J. , Wiener A. S. , Gordon E. B.
Published: October 2009

Saliva and serum from 124 baboons have been tested for A‐B‐H specificity. All the baboons were secretors and could be classified into one of the three groups, A, B, and AB; there were no baboons of group O. Occasional seeming contradictions to the Landsteiner rule, namely, baboons with A in the saliva and anti‐A in the serum were shown to be due to two different kinds of serological specificity of A, one shared by saliva and red blood cells and designated as As and the other peculiar to red cells alone and designated as Ac. Baboons of groups A and AB have only As, and so can produce antibodies of specificity anti‐Ac‐ A similar explanation accounts for previous observations of occasional spider monkeys with B in the saliva and anti‐B in the serum. Analysis of population data and family material indicates that the A‐B‐O groups are inherited by allelic genes in baboons as in man.
Blood Bank Inventory Control
Authors: Hurlburt E. Lee , Jones A. Richardson
Published: October 2009

A method of statistical analysis of blood bank inventories, intake and blood usage is presented, Future inventories, intake and usage may be predicted on the basis of this analysis. The relationship of demand and usage and the effect of this relationship on outdating is analyzed. This statistical analysis can then be used as a basis for rational decisions as to the size and maintenance of the blood bank inventory to meet demand and to obtain a reasonable outdating percentage. The importance of the National Clearinghouse Program of the American Association of Blood Banks is discussed, in relation to blood inventory control.
Electronic Particle Counting Applied to the Quantitative Study of Red Cell Agglutination
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Swisher Scott N.
Published: October 2009

Quantitation of red cell agglutination can be made by counting the residual free cells remaining after agglutination and comparing the count with the pre‐agglutination red cell count. Most previous studies have used visual hemocytometry for this purpose. The use of the Coulter Model B electronic particle counter has been investigated and is shown to be a practical alternative.

The problem of counting a free cell population overlapped in size by small aggregates is approached by two methods. In the first, a correction is made for aggregates present in the size range of single red cells based on the change in mean particle volume which results from the presence of cell clumps. In the second, red cells are counted in a size range in which aggregates are unlikely to occur. The methods are evaluated and their extension to provide further data on the pattern of red cell aggregation in agglutination is indicated.
Blood Groups, Serum Genetic Factors, and Hemoglobins in New Hebrides Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , Greenhough R. , Staveley J. M.
Published: October 2009

A sample of 200 New Hebrides Islanders has been tested for 13 blood group systems and for haptoglobin, transferrin, and Gm types.

The population is characterized by a high B gene frequency, high N, and S associated only with N. The Rh results show very high R1 with one example of the genotype r′r′. This is the fourth example we have encountered in Polynesians and Melanesians in whom the rr genotype has never been recorded.

The Lewis groups show the consistently high Le(a‐b‐) frequency found in Southwest Pacific Island Populations.

As in the Solomon Islanders, the absence of abnormal hemoglobins is noted in relationship to a high malaria incidence.
Routine Compatibility Testing Standards of the AABB as Applied to Compatibility Tests
Authors: Grove‐Rasmussen Morten
Published: October 2009

The results of a blood group antibody survey carried out with the cooperation of 20 blood grouping laboratories are given. These results are used in a discussion of the antiglobulin phase of compatibility tests as they are outlined in the AABB Standards for a Blood Transfusion Service. A total of 37,961 irregular antibodies were reported. 37,811 or 99.6% of these antibodies could be detected by routine screening procedures using a pool of red cells from two or three selected donors, provided the pool contained the red cell antigens present in more than 2.5% of the Caucasian population. Only 145 or 0.4% of the reported antibodies would not be detected by such a routine screening test due to the fact that they react with red cell antigens present in 0.5% or less of the Caucasian population. Based on the antibody survey and a report of the antibodies responsible for 222 hemolytic transfusion reactions reported from 18 of the laboratories, a case is made for the use of routine antibody screening before all crossmatching procedures. If a carefully controlled screening test is negative it seems unnecessary to carry out the antiglobulin phase of the crossmatch. The serum or saline and high protein phases are still obligatory. If the screening test is positive, the antibody can be identified, making possible selection of suitable donor bloods before crossmatching is undertaken.
The Measurement of Glycerol in the Presence of Citrate
Authors: Greenwalt Tibor J. , Steane Edwin A.
Published: October 2009

A method for determining glycerol in citrated blood is described. It was found that citrate ions produce interfering turbidity when the procedure recommended by Bailey is applied to glycerol‐citrate‐blood mixtures. The addition of absolute alcohol during deproteinization results in the precipitation of citrates and eliminates the need for zinc sulfate and its subsequent removal by the addition of excess barium hydroxide. The average recovery of glycerol added to blood‐citrate mixtures is 99 per cent.
Effect of Storage up to 48 Hours on Response to Transfusions of Platelet Rich Plasma
Authors: Levin Robert H. , Freireich Emil J. , Chappell Wanda
Published: October 2009

The effect of in vitro storage of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on the circulating platelet count following platelet transfusion was evaluated in patients with thrombocytopenia and acute leukemia. PRP was obtained by plasmapheresis using ACD anticoagulant. There was little or no decline in response to PRP up to seven hours after donation whether kept at room temperature or at 4 C. In order to study the effect of storage at 4 C. for 24 and 48 hours, a protocol was designed which limited donor‐patient variables. PRP stored 24 and 48 hours was 62 per cent and 37 per cent, respectively, as effective as fresh PRP in elevating the platelet count in the recipient one hour after transfusion.

Stored platelets are less than 5 per cent as effective as fresh PRP in maintaining elevation of platelet count 20 hours after transfusion. These studies define, quantitatively, the effect of short‐term storage on response to transfusions of platelet rich plasma.
Some in Vitro Effects of Adenine Added to Stored Blood
Authors: Bishop Charles
Published: October 2009

When adenine was added to freshly collected ACD blood and the blood incubated at 37 C. for one or two days, the concentration of ATP and adenine nucleotides (AMP + ADP + ATP) was higher than in the same blood without adenine. The addition of inosine with adenine was even more effective. Adenine was used by the red cells and the effective amounts of adenine to be added varied with the experimental conditions, for example, length of incubation. When adenine or adenine and inosine were incubated with outdated ACD blood, the ATP and adenine nucleotide concentrations rose, indicating that synthetic abilities were still present in red cells which had deteriorated energetically as a result of storage in citrate in the cold. When outdated red cells were returned to a more normal pH, the ATP levels increased. When adenine addition was included along with neutralization, the effects were remarkable, the ATP and adenine nucleotide levels going even above normal fresh blood levels. These experiments suggest that added adenine enhances ATP synthesis and allows formulation of a scheme for the participation of adenine in the metabolic reactions of stored cells.
Adenine in Blood Preservation: Posttransfusion Viability and Biochemical Changes
Authors: Verdier C.‐H. de , Garby L. , Hjelm M. , Högman C. , Eriksson Å.
Published: October 2009

Posttransfusion viability was studied in red blood cells stored for 21 days in ACD solution and for 35 days in ACD solution supplemented with adenine to a final concentration of 0.5 mM. The survival of radio‐chromium‐labeled red cells was determined after transfusion of 10 ml. of autologous blood and 350–400 ml. homologous blood. The viability values were about the same for the two transfusion procedures. The mean posttransfusion viability was 80 per cent for erythrocytes stored for 35 days in the medium containing adenine and 79 per cent for cells preserved in ACD solution for 21 days.

The concentration in the erythrocytes of ATP, ADP, AMP, reduced and oxidized glutathione, 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, and four glycolytic enzymes was measured before and after storage in the two media. The ATP and the total adenine nucleotide concentrations were much higher in the red cells stored in the adenine‐containing solution. Of the enzymes tested, only phosphofructokinase decreased in activity during 35 days of storage. The decrease was about 50 per cent and was not dependent on the storage solution.

This study supports the theory that decreased adenine supply is an important cause of damage to erythrocytes in ACD solution.
The “Problem Crossmatch”*
Authors: Stern Kurt
Published: October 2009

A scheme of action is presented which is useful when an unexpected incompatibility between the serum of the prospective recipient and the red cells of the donor is encountered. This includes elimination of sources of error which simulate incompatibility; interpretation of the past history of the patient; detection of nonspecific cold agglutinins and warm autoantibodies; and identification of irregular isoagglutinins. ProceDures are recommended that may assist the blood bank worker in his efforts to find compatible blood in these situations.
Relationships between Blood Group Agglutinogens: Role of Sialic Acids
Authors: Rule Allyn H. , Boyd William C.
Published: October 2009

Various sialic acids have been found to inhibit a number of hemagglutinating sera and lectins at pH 7. The observations indicate that N‐acetyl neuraminic add may be a functional constituent of the M, N, and D receptors. It is suggested that many, perhaps most, of the different erythrocyte receptors are interrelated structurally. Isolated blood group substances from human erythrocytes should be considered and tested in terms of the complete phenotype of the cells from which they are extracted. Thus, attempts to isolate “pure” specific A, B, M, N, D, etc., antigens from erythrocytes may be based on an unrealistically idealized and simplified picture of the detailed structure of the red cell surface.
Somatic Mutation Affecting the Rhesus and Duffy Blood Group Systems
Authors: Jenkins W. J. , Marsh W. L.
Published: October 2009

A normal blood donor has been encountered whose red cell grouping tests showed a mixed cell population of CDe/cde, Fy(a+) and cde/cde, Fy(a—) cells. A family study revealed that the cde/cde, Fy(a—) cell population could not have arisen through a normal genetic pathway and reasons are given for suggesting that a gene mutation had occurred. As both Rhesus and Duffy genes are affected, it is concluded that the mutation has modified a common gene involved at some stage in the development of both blood group antigens.
Identification of Blood Stains in the Immunohematology Laboratory:
Authors: Innella F. P. , Redner W. J.
Published: October 2009

Stains on three items, a bottle, a man's shoe and a beer can, were revealed to be human blood, Group O. Methods of study characteristic of the immunohematology laboratory were utilized to perform the necessary tests for identification and blood grouping:

Precipitin Tests in Agar with Anti‐Human Serum. Hemagglutination Tests for identification of iso‐agglutinins anti‐A and anti‐B, including an enzyme test (Ficin).

Hemagglutination‐Inhibition Teste for identification of blood group O, using anti‐H (Ulex europeus) in addition to anti‐A and anti‐B.
Historical Milestones Blood Transfusion in the Civil War
Authors: Kuhns William J.
Published: October 2009

Two cases of transfusion of whole blood during the Civil War are described.
Change in Platelet Factor 3 as a Means of Demonstrating Immune Reactions Involving Platelets: Its Use as a Test for Quinidine‐Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Horowitz Herbert I. , Rappaport Herbert I. , Young Robert C. , FUJIMOTO MlTSU M.
Published: October 2009

An increase in platelet factor 3 activity of intact platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), measured as a shortening of the product I or Russell's viper venom time, has been found to accompany platelet damage. In the present study increased platelet factor 3 activity was found on incubation of PRP with hetero‐antibodies directed against platelets, as well as in incubation mixtures containing quinidine and the antibody of quinidine‐induced thrombocytopenia obtained from six patients. Sensitivity of this measurement as a test for quinidine purpura was found to be comparable to that of quantitative complement fixation and its use as an adjunct in the diagnosis of drug purpura is proposed.
On the Incidence of Second Antibody Populations in the Sera of Women Who Have Developed Anti‐Rh Antibodies
Authors: Issitt Peter D.
Published: October 2009

Blood group antibodies tend to occur in a small group of sensitive people. Thus, in Rh‐negatives, those who produce anti‐Rh are more likely than others to form still other antibodies. In the sensitive group production of anti‐Rh may be a forerunner of other antibody production. In a study of sera from 2,851 antenatal patients it was found that 13.9% of women who had formed anti‐Rh also formed a non‐Rh‐system immune antibody. In women with no anti‐Rh only 0.1% formed an immune antibody.
A Second Example of —/— or Rhnull Blood
Authors: Levine Philip , Celano M. J. , Falkowski F. , Chambers J. White , Hunter O. B. , English C. T.
Published: October 2009

The second example of a —/— or Rhnull, LW‐negative individual is described, who delivered a mildly affected infant and produced only anti‐e. The proposita is a member of a large family and their probable genotypes are known. The parents, who are not related to each other, are R1R1, father, and R1r mother, so that the proposita could be either [R1R1) or [R1r], but none of the Rh antigens are expressed. Her husband is rr and their first infant is R1r. Thus the proposita transmits R1 to her child. Scoring titrations reveal that 12 out of the 16 members of the family, including the parents of the proposita and her child have diminished reactivity of D, C, c, and e.

All members of the family except the proposita are LW‐positive.

Theoretical aspects are discussed in terms of an independent amorph X0r which when present in double dose prevents expression of Rh and LW genes. The (our normal individuals are represented as X1rX1r which act on precursor substance to produce full expression of Rh and LW genes. In the 12 heterozygotes, X1rX0r, Rh antigens are weaker but not LW.
The Kidd Blood Group System in Caucasians
Authors: Chown Bruce , Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko
Published: October 2009

The calculated gene frequencies for 1,296 unrelated Caucasian adults tested with anti‐Jka and anti‐Jkb are: Jka .51155, Jkb .48845. The phenotype distribution of 500 matings and the 1,385 children derived therefrom is in agreement with expectation based on these frequencies.
Simian Blood Groups Another Blood Group System, C‐E‐F, in Chimpanzees
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Moor‐Jankowski J. , Riopelle A. J. , Shell W. F.
Published: October 2009

Of eight chimpanzees which completed the course of immunization with red cells of other chimpanzees, five responded by producing antibodies of two different specificities previously not encountered and designated anti‐Ec and anti‐Fc, respectively. Serological and statistical evidence is presented indicating that the blood factors Ec and Fc detected by these antisera, together with the blood factor Cc previously described, define a blood group system designated the C‐E‐F system. Th C‐E‐F system is thus the second blood group system, not counting the human‐type A‐B‐O system, to be identified in chimpanzees.
A Further Example of the Non‐Immune Auto‐Agglutinating Property of Serum
Authors: Hossaini Ali A. , Burkhart Cecil R. , Hooper Glenn S.
Published: October 2009

A serum is described which agglutinates all cells, including those of the patient, only when commercial bovine albumin is added. The phenomenon is apparently acquired and transient. Blood compatible by the saline and the indirect Coombs tests was safely transfused.
The Role of Platelet Administration in a Blood Transfusion Service
Authors: Djerassi Isaac
Published: October 2009

Platelet transfusions are used with increased frequency in the medical or surgical management of patients with hematological and neoplastic disorders. The safety and value of such transfusions were demonstrated in aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenias of congenital, auto‐immune or infectious origin, massive transfusion syndrome, Thai hemorrhagic fever, leukomas and generalized neoplasias with thrombocytopenia. Intensive chemotherapy or ionizing radiation can be given beyond the limitations imposed by depressed thrombocytogenesis when platelet transfusions are available. The procurement and administration of platelets on a routine basis have modified the operation and the role of blood banks and transfusion services in centers of investigative hematology and cancer chemotherapy. These services are becoming an essential facility for advancing the management of the above disorders.
A Simple Hemagglutination System Requiring Small Amounts of Red Cells and Antibodies
Authors: Wegmann Thomas G. , Smithies Oliver
Published: October 2009

A method is described which permits dilute red cell suspensions (1/32%) to be used in plastic microtiter plates for detecting hemagglutinins at unusually high dilutions. The use of suitable additives to the hemagglutination mixture enables excellent settling patterns and a high sensitivity to be obtained. Direct agglutination, inhibition, enzyme promoted agglutination, and Coombs tests can all be performed. Quantitative studies demonstrate the discriminatory powers of the technic. The method may be useful for economizing in the consumption of reagents in blood grouping.
Treatment by Transfusion of Severe General Radiation Injury in Dogs
Authors: Collins J. A. , Hechtman H. B. , Theobald T. J. , Blumenstock D. A. , Thomas E. D. , Ferrebee J. W.
Published: October 2009

The effects of transfusion of fresh whole blood were observed in 55 dogs exposed to 1,250 ± 100 r of continuous total body gamma radiation. Seven controls received the same basic care, fluids and antibiotics, but no transfusions. The amount of blood administered ranged from 100–150 ml in daily infusions through exchanges of seven liters or more repeated once or twice. Transfusion increased survival time but hazards were apparent. The anesthesia and surgical procedures required for the larger exchanges of blood led to complicating infections. Large amounts of fresh unirradiated blood induced early return of hematopoiesis apparently by implantation of cells present in the blood administered, but jaundice and serious liver injury also occurred, perhaps as a reaction of foreiga cells against their host. Best results were obtained by frequent non‐traumatic administration of small amounts of blood, roughly equivalent to one‐tenth the dog's blood volume daily. There were two long term survivors. One received irradiated blood and the other received blood from a litter‐mate.

When histocompatibility is adequate, fresh blood can be used without irradiation and will hasten marrow recovery. When the histocompatibility of donor and recipient is unknown, frequent nontraumatic administration of irradiated fresh blood is helpful and free from injurious effects.
Absorption of Unwanted Antibodies from Sera Containing MNS or Duffy Group Antibodies without the Need for Selecting “Appropriately Negative” Cells
Authors: Issitt Peter D. , Jerez Gloria C.
Published: October 2009

Anti‐M, anti‐N, anti‐S, anti‐Fya and anti‐Fyb typing reagents can be prepared from raw sera by absorption with any ficin‐treated cells of the appropriate ABO group since the action of the enzyme destroys M, N, S, Fya and Fyb antigens. As well as the advantage that cells need not be selected beyond their ABO group the enhancing action of the use of the enzyme in absorption procedures means that the number of absorptions can usually be reduced. Since ficin does not destroy the s or U antigens the modification cannot be used to prepare anti‐s or anti‐U typing reagents.
The In Vivo Survival of Coombs Positive Autologous Erythrocytes Produced by Agglomeration
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , McCallum Linda E. , Sobucki John P.
Published: October 2009

Coombs positive erythrocytes were observed following the preservation of autologous, human erythrocytes using glycerol, slow freezing, and agglomeration. In 22 of 48 autotransfusions, the preserved erythrocytes were Coombs positive when tested with an anti‐gamma + non‐gamma globulin serum. In ten of these 22 units, the erythrocytes were tested with both an anti‐7S gamma globulin serum and an anti‐β1C globulin serum. All of the erythrocytes in these ten units reacted positively with the anti‐β1C globulin serum, and only one unit reacted equivocally with the anti‐7S gamma globulin serum.

The reduction in ionic strength during glycerolization allowed for the uptake of the complement fraction β1C by the erythrocytes. There was a significant correlation between the Coombs test and the per cent of initial ionic strength of the erythrocyte resuspension medium after glycerolization.

There was no significant correlation between the Coombs test and the 24‐hour and seven‐day chromium survivals.
Changes of pH of Blood Diluted with Plasma and Plasma Substitutesin Vitro
Authors: Takaori Masuhiko
Published: October 2009

In vitrochanges of blood pH following serial dilution (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:16 of dog arterial blood) with three colloid plasma substitutes, ACD plasma and two crystalloid solutions were observed.

Dilution of blood with ACD plasma (pH 6.95) caused a marked and progressive decrease in pH. During dilution with colloid plasma substitutes (clinical dextran, low molecular weight dextran and hydroxyethyl starch), pH remained at physiologically normal levels. Only with 1:15 dilution there was a slight but significant decrease in pH with dextrans. Likewise, following dilution with the crystalloid solutions (lactated Ringer's solution and isotonic saline) pH remained essentially unchanged.
Further Studies on the Effect of Adenine in Blood Preservation*
Authors: Åkerblom O. , de Verdier C.‐H. , Finnson M. , Garby L. , Högman C. F. , Johansson S. G. O.
Published: October 2009

Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of adenine supplementation to ACD blood are reported. The frequency and type of transfusion reactions in 5,595 transfusions of ACD‐adenine blood (storage time 0–35 days) was the same as in 4,519 transfusions of ACD blood (storage time 0–21 days). There was no change in the plasma haptoglobin level in 10 recipients during and after transfusion of 29 to 35 day old ACD‐adenine blood.

The relation between posttransfusion viability, in vitro hemolysis, erythrocyte ATP content and duration of storage were studied. Supplementation with adenine increased the posttransfusion viability and the erythrocyte ATP content; these effects were noticeable after two weeks of storage. A negative correlation was found with respect to posttransfusion viability and the concentration of total lipids in the medium. A significant covariation between the concentrations of the three nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP was found. This indicates that erythrocyte adenylate kinase dominates in the regulation of the relative concentrations of these nucleotides.
The Effect of Cooling Regimens on the Transplantation Potential of Marrow
Authors: Lewis Jerry P. , Passovoy Mitchell , Conti S. Arthur , McFate Patricia A. , Trobaugh Frank E.
Published: October 2009

These experiments were designed to identify those portions of the cooling curve, variations in which most affect the repopulating potential of thawed marrow. Murine bone marrow was suspended in Hanks' solution containing 12% glycerol and 4% calf serum. One ml samples of this suspension were frozen at controlled cooling rates and after thawing the transplantation potential of each sample was bioassayed. The bioassay was based on the colony producing potential of hematopoietic tissue injected into lethally irradiated mice. The cooling curve was divided into five separate phases each of which was studied independently at several levels. At the levels studied, the rate of cooling to freezing, the duration of the pre‐freezing plateau and the temperature at which freezing was initiated did not affect the repopulating potential of marrow. However, the repopulating potential of marrow decreased in a linear fashion as: (1) the post‐freezing plateau was lengthened or (2) as the rate of cooling from freezing to —100 C was increased.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with Anti‐f: Report of a Case
Authors: Meara Joseph F. , Hoffman George C. , Hewlett James S.
Published: October 2009

An autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring in a 60‐year‐old woman is described. The patient's blocd group is A, Rh‐negative (cde/cde). Her serum was found to contain high titer anti‐D and anti‐C, which may have arisen as a result of isoimmunization by a pregnancy and a blood transfusion 17 years earlier. An eluate from the red cells contained an incomplete warm autoantibody of anti‐f specificity.
A Japanese with No Detectable Rh Blood Group Antigens Due to Silent Rh Alleles or Deleted Chromosomes
Authors: Ishimori T. , Hasekura H.
Published: October 2009

A third example of blood giving no reaction with any Rh antisera was discovered in a healthy Japanese boy. The phenotype of the propositus was rh or …/…. From the family study, this propositus was considered to be the first example of a homozygote of silent Rh alleles or deleted Rh chromosomes; at least twelve family members were assumed to be heterozygotes. The parents of the propositus were first cousins.
On the Blood Group Antigens Bua and Sm
Authors: Lewis Marion , Chown Bruce , Kaita Hiroko
Published: October 2009

Three Bu(a+)Sm+ x Bu(a+)Sm+ families with three Bu(a+)Sm—, 11 Bu(a+)Sm+ and seven Bu(a—)Sm+ children are reported, supporting the hypothesis that Bua and Sm are products of allelic genes. The inheritance of Bua has been shown to be independent of sex and of all blood group systems reported prior to 1962 except Diego, Yt and Auberger. It is now reported to be independent of the antigens Doa and Csa.
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit Values of Blood Donors
Authors: Keating L. J. , Gorman R. , Moore R.
Published: October 2009

This study reports hemoglobin and hematocrit values of over 1,000 prospective blood donors who presented themselves to Red Cross Bloodmobile clinics in the Greater Cleveland area.

The donors were simultaneously tested by the copper sulfate test (used by the Red Cross as the only blood screening test) and by the microhemato‐crit and cyanmethemoglobin tests.

The data demonstrate the value of copper sulfate as a highly efficient test in screening out donors who could not pass the quantitative tests. In this study, however, the copper sulfate test rejected 10.2% of the presenting donors, over half of whom passed both microhematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin criteria. Salvaging these rejected donors by added quantitative testing would represent about 6,000 units of blood annually in Northern Ohio alone.
The Microhematocrit Test as a Method for Evaluating Deferment by Copper Sulfate
Authors: Kliman A.
Published: October 2009

Over 40,000 prospective blood donors were tested by the standard copper sulfate screening test for hemoglobin and 4.9% were found not to be acceptable. A repeat copper sulfate determination performed after a short waiting period resulted in the acceptance of 10% of the donors thus retested. Microhematocrit determinations on those donors deferred by the first copper sulfate test indicated that 63.7% of males and 44.1% of females would be acceptable using a microhematocrit standard of 40% or above for males and 38% or above for females. If a microhematocrit of 37% is used as the acceptance level for females, 59.8% of the deferred females would be acceptable. Microhematocrits performed on 1,157 donors accepted by the first standard copper sulfate test indicated that very few donors were being accepted who had unacceptable microhematocrits. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity determinations indicated that those blood donors failing the copper sulfate test but passing the microhematocrit differed from those passing the copper sulfate test, in that more low and high serum iron values were encountered in the former group. The author concludes that the copper sulfate test should be retained as the primary screening test by mobile blood collecting teams. Donors rejected by copper sulfate should be retested by the microhematocrit technic and a definite recommendation given to the donor concerning the need for medical treatment if the microhematocrit value is low.
The Effect of Several Variables on Cryoprecipitated Factor VIII (AHG) Concentrates
Authors: Pool Judith Graham
Published: October 2009

Because of current interest in the new CPD anticoagulant and in acidified platelet‐rich plasma for the production of platelet concentrates, the effect of these changes on cryoprecipitation of Factor VIII was investigated. It was found that use of CPD anticoagulant results in Factor VIII concentrates at least as good as those prepared from corresponding ACD plasma. It was also found that cryoprecipitation of Factor VIII is strikingly affected by pH, with the yield being very low at pH 6.0 and rising steadily to a plateau at about pH 6.8, with no further change up to pH 8.0. Acidified plasma can be restored to normal for production of cryoprecipitates by neutralization of the added acid with NaOH. A survey of five possible diluents for the cryoprecipitates showed that normal saline and retained supernatant plasma both function as well as citrated saline; good stability at room temperature was demonstrated for the AHG in all diluents examined.
Immune Mechanisms for Destruction of Erythrocytes in Vivo
Authors: Vitale Branco , Kaplan Manuel E. , Rosenfield Richard E. , Kochwa Shaul
Published: October 2009

The hemolytic, agglutinating, and coating antibody activities of the serum of rabbits immunized with rat erythrocytes could be separated at least partially by DEAE and CM cellulose chromatographic fractionation of ΓG globulins. The serologic activities of serums from different animals did not separate identically by these methods, and serums obtained from animals immunized for only two weeks displayed more chromatographic heterogeneity in regard to these properties than did serums obtained after four weeks of immunization.

When Cr51‐labeled rat erythrocytes were sensitized with fractionated antibodies and then injected into isologous rats, shortened survival and sequestration of cells in the liver was observed to be a function of the amount of lytic antibodies applied. Cells sensitized with even large amounts of agglutinating or coating (but non‐lytic) antibodies survived normally. Lysis observed with tests in vitro and shortened survival with liver sequestration in vivo were both either abolished or markedly reduced when the complement‐fixing properties of lytic antibodies were altered by pepsin digestion or reduction and alkylation.

Heated antibody fractions (56 C for two hours) supported indirect complement antiglobulin tests in vitro and, when tested in vivo, supported a pattern of splenic sequestration with shortened survival time of sensitized cells.
Immune Mechanisms for Destruction of Erythrocytes in Vivo
Authors: Rosenfield Richard E. , Vitale Branco , Kochwa Shaul
Published: October 2009

Transfused Cr51‐labeled rat erythrocytes, sensitized in advance with IgG rabbit lysins, were protected from rapid early destruction in vivo by heparinizing the isologous recipient. The protective action of a single heparin dose lasted for less than four hours and only delayed cell destruction in vivo, indicating that sensitizing lysins remained firmly attached to transfused erythrocytes during the period of heparin's protection. The mechanism of protection appeared to be heparin's anticompli‐mentary action, because the effect could be bypassed by sensitizing erythrocytes with lysins in the presence of fresh serum.
Anti‐LW Specificity in Autoimmune Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Celano M. J. , Levine P.
Published: October 2009

Anti‐LW has been demonstrated in six unselected cases of acquired hemolytic anemia, either by direct testing or after absorption of the sera and cell eluates with Rh‐positive or Rh‐negative LW‐negative cells. Another antibody which is directed toward the Rh complex is also present as indicated by reactions with all bloods except Rhnull. A third agglutinin, apparently nonspecific, is indicated by the reactions of some sera with all bloods including Rhnullnull.
Transfusion of Fresh Platelet Concentrates to Adult Patients with Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Cavins J. A. , Farber S. , Roy A. J.
Published: October 2009

Fresh platelet concentrates were given to 18 adult patients on 68 occasions without adverse effect. The concentrates were prepared by means of a closed‐system plateletpheresis technic which permitted rapid and frequent bleeding of donors. There was a direct relationship of the amount of platelets infused to the mean posttransfusion increment. Excellent hemostatic effect was noted in 84% of patients with active bleeding when the platelet increment was 40,000/mm3 or better. Transfusion of large numbers of platelet concentrates is effective in controlling or averting bleeding in adults with thrombocytopenia and is recommended on a therapeutic and prophylactic basis.
Test in Vivo to Determine Donor Blood Compatibility
Authors: Mayer K. , Bettigole R. E. , Harris J. P. , D'Amaro J.
Published: October 2009

51Cr‐tagging of small volumes of blood was used to test the compatibility in vivo of donor blood in patients whose serum contained antibodies demonstrable at 37 C. In seven of eight patients, the survival of test cells appeared to be within safe limits and transfusions were given without evident reactions. This was not the case with an eighth patient, and he was not transfused.
Bromelin Treatment of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Milner L. V.
Published: October 2009

The data presented shows that the most effective method for the bromelinization of red blood cells when using 0.5% bromelin, is to incubate equal volumes of an 80% suspension of cells in saline with an equal volume of bromelin at 37 C for 15 minutes. Forty per cent of antibodies will give better reactions at some other suspension of red cells and 25% require a different incubation time.

Fifteen minutes is the optimum incubation time for the direct test, but 55% of the antibodies tested in this series had a different incubation period.

The indirect test gave titers equal to or higher than the direct test with 86.6% of the antibodies tested. It gave titers one dilution higher in 47.2%, two dilutions higher in 8.33% and 3 tubes higher in 2.78% of the antibodies tested.