bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding practices during pregnancy and lactation amongst Mam‐Mayan women in rural Guatemala: a mixed qualitative and quantitative evaluation
Authors: Russell Olivia , Bermudez Odilia I. , Chomat Anne Marie , Maldonado Alejandra , Garcia Rosario , Wren Hilary , Scott Marilyn E. , Koski Kristine G. , Solomons Noel W.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To explore local beliefs influencing feeding practices during pregnancy and lactation among Mam‐Mayan women in rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala.

Methods

12 pregnant (P), 13 lactating (L) women and 2 midwives participated in semi‐structured interviews. 2 focus groups were also conducted with women. All sessions were audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using HyperResearch. A separate survey of 61 P and 67 L women inquired about their food practices.

Findings

Most P and L women recognize the importance of consuming nutrient‐rich foods so that they may be passed on to the growing infant. Many P women reported decreasing their food intake. 34% of P and 36% of L women reported avoiding certain foods during pregnancy, most commonly animal products (beef and poultry). A majority of L women reported increasing their intake during lactation, while 19% reported avoiding certain foods, especially “cold” foods such as black beans, believed to negatively impact infant health. On the other hand, a majority of L women believe that consuming “hot” foods, such as corn atole, improves milk quantity.

Conclusions

Increasing general dietary intake, especially protein intake during pregnancy is a key area for action. The hot/cold dichotomy is recognized within the study communities and may play a role in diet choices during pregnancy and lactation.

Funding: TUSM
Food Package Labels (PL) Deceive Young Children
Authors: Heller Rebecca , Berhaupt‐Glickstein Amanda , Martin‐Biggers Jennifer , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol
Published: June 2021

PLs of fruit‐flavored foods (e.g., candy, beverages) commonly display pictures of fruit and use fruit‐related words in their names, despite containing little or no real fruit. This study determined whether PL information (i.e., food names, artwork) caused children (4–7y; n=58; 52% male) to have false impressions of foods’ fruit content. Each child was individually shown PLs and asked, “Was fruit used to make this food?” This procedure was repeated for all PLs (n=16), which were sequenced randomly. The 2 groups of PLs were foods containing either 100% fruit (n=8) or artificial fruit‐flavors only (0% real fruit; n=8). Two PLs per group had a fruit‐related name, fruit‐related picture, fruit‐related name and picture, or neither a fruit‐related name nor picture. To control for familiarity, PLs were for foods unavailable in the geographical area. Children perceived a food contained fruit when the PL had a fruit‐related name, picture, or both regardless of its true fruit content. The accuracy with which they identified whether a food was made with fruit was significantly lower for foods containing only artificial fruit‐flavors when the PL had a fruit‐related name (p=0.046), picture (p<0.0001), or both (p<0.0001). Findings suggest that foods with 0% fruit with PLs with fruit‐related pictures and/or names deceive children with regard to the foods’ fruit content and, therefore, healthfulness.

Grant Funding Source: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station
Nutritional Status and Mental Development of Children Under 5 Years of Age in Amhara Region of Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Husein , Marquis Grace S , Aboud Frances , Bougma Karim , Singla Daisy , Harding Kimberly B , Samuel Aregash
Published: June 2021

Poor iodine nutrition is associated with impaired mental development. This study examined the relationship between indicators of malnutrition and child mental development in an iodine‐deficient region. 1553 children 54–60 mo of age were randomly selected from 60 villages in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Height, weight, goitre status, and socio‐demographic information of participants were taken in a cross‐sectional survey. Wechsler Preschool and Primary School Intelligence and School Readiness scales assessed child mental development. McGill University and local institutions provided ethics approval. Mean scores for family assets (4.3 out of 12), maternal education (0.5 y) and dietary diversity (2.2 out of 7) were low. There was a high prevalence of goitre, underweight, stunting, and wasting (45.9%, 28.9%, 42.6%, and 5.7%, respectively). The matrix reasoning, similarity, and school readiness scores (maximum 19 each) were 7.6, 9.2, and 4.0, respectively; weight‐for‐age (WAZ) and heightfor‐ age (HAZ) positively correlated with all three scores (r=0.13 to 0.20; p<0.0001). Child goitre was associated with matrix reasoning, school readiness, goitre in family, WAZ, and HAZ (r=0.1 to 0.38; p<0.01). Inadequate nutritional status and mental development of Ethiopian children are of public health concern and will affect later school performance.

Grant Funding Source: Micronutrient Initiative, Canada
Iodine Deficiency and Child Development in Ethiopia
Authors: Bougma Karim , Marquis Grace S , Aboud Frances E , Frongillo Edward A , Singla Daisy , Harding Kimberly B , Lemma Tizita , Samuel Aregash , Serfu Dilnesaw
Published: June 2021

Iodine deficiency is a contributing factor to delayed development. The effectiveness of iodized salt programs to eliminate this effect has not been studied in young children. 1726 infants 6 to 10 mo old were exhaustively sampled in 60 randomly selected villages in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Median urinary iodine excretion was low at 17.0 μg/L; 11 infants had a palpable goiter. 39% of households reported a member with a history of visible goiter. Goiter in the infant was negatively associated with the Bayley cognitive score. Education of household head and mother, home stimulation, and infant weight and length were positively associated with child cognitive, receptive and expressive language, and fine motor Bayley scores. Sanitation and hygiene composite variable was positively associated with receptive and expressive language, and fine motor scores. Correlations were significant (p<0.01) but only sanitation and hygiene and expressive language correlation reached a small effect size (r=0.1). Iodine deficiency is a public health issue and infant developmental outcomes were associated with stimulation, socioeconomic status, and anthropometry, and goiter. [Funded by Micronutrient Initiative, Canada]

Grant Funding Source: Micronutrient Intiative
The cholesterol‐lowering drug, simvastatin, attenuates rhinovirus‐induced IP‐10 release from human monocytic cells
Authors: Wickert Lisa , Gern James , Audhya Anjon , Bertics Paul
Published: June 2021

Statin drugs (3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A [HMG‐CoA] reductase inhibitors) are the treatment of choice for dyslipidemia, and can also modulate immune cell function. Dyslipidemia and obesity are risk factors for asthma, a disorder of chronic airway inflammation. As such, there is evidence that statin drugs may have beneficial effects on asthma. To determine whether statin drugs modify antiviral responses of human monocytic cells, we treated human primary blood monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages with simvastatin prior to challenge with human rhinovirus (HRV), which commonly provokes acute asthma exacerbations. In both cell types, 24 h pretreatment with simvastatin resulted in a 60% attenuation of HRV‐induced release of the chemokine interferon‐inducible protein (IP)‐10 as measured by ELISA. The addition of mevalonate, the product of HMG‐CoA reductase, is able to fully rescue IP‐10 release. Simvastatin also reduced HRV‐induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐1, which is upstream of IP‐10 release, by 60% as detected by immunoblot. Our findings suggest that simvastatin blunts HRV‐induced chemokine secretion through inhibition of STAT signaling. In the context of asthma and dyslipidemia, statin drugs have the potential to curb the inflammatory response to HRV infection.

Grant Funding Source: 5T32DK007665–20
Trends in fast foods and sugar‐sweetened beverages consumption in South Korea
Authors: Lim Hyunjung , Lee Hae‐Jeung , Choue Ryowon , Wang Youfa
Published: June 2021

Aims

To examine the trends in fast‐foods (FF) and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption and its association with socioeconomic status (SES) using nationally representative data.

Methods

Data from the four Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007–2009 for 49 826 Korean aged ≥1 y were used. Logistic regression models tested the associations between SES, indicated by residence and family income levels, and FF and SSB, controlled for covariates. Complex sampling design was took into account.

Results

Westernized FF consumption has increased in boys, men, adults, and low‐income groups, and SSB consumption doubled over time (54.7g/day to 111.2g/day, p<0.05). However, Korean style FF decreased (p<0.05). The proportion consuming Westernized FF and SSB doubled regardless of gender (p<0.05). In 1998, compared to low income and rural resident group, the high income and urban resident group was more like to consume Westernized FF [OR=26.7 (3.7, 193.4)] and SSB [OR=3.1 (2.4, 4.1)], respectively. But in recent years the patterns changed. The high income and urban resident group was more like to have Korean style FF [OR=2.0 (1.3, 2.9)] and SSB [OR=1.7 (1.3, 2.1)].

Conclusions

Consumption of Westernized FF and SSB increased in South Korea the past decade. SSB consumption doubled. The high income and urban residents group was more like to consume FF and SSB.

Grant Funding Source: NIH U54 HD070725‐01 and Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (No. 2011E3501000)
Vitamin A Status and Associated Variables in Mexican Lactating Women
Authors: Lopez‐Teros Veronica , Quihui‐Cota Luis , Esparza‐Romero Julián , Grijalva‐Haro Maria Isabel , Mendez‐Estrada Rosa Olivia , Pacheco‐Moreno Bertha Isabel , Tortoledo‐Ortiz Orlando , Duarte‐Figueroa Maria Elena , Astiazaran‐Garcia Humberto
Published: June 2021

Objective

Identify biochemical and environmental associated factors of vitamin A status in serum and breast milk (BM) of lactating women from northwest Mexico

Methods

Serum and BM retinol were determined by HPLC and the cutoff to define VA deficiency in both indicators was 1.05 μmol/L. associated factors of vitamin A status (serum and BM retinol) were identified by multiple logistic regression using a combination of univariate and stepwise analysis as model selection. Possible associated factors were age, weight, height, body mass index, hemoglobin, hematocrit, dietary intake of energy, protein, fat and vitamin A and use of nutritional supplements; these were used for serum retinol concentration and for BM retinol concentration we added crematocrit and BM fat content to the analysis.

Results

VA deficiency was mild considering serum retinol and was present in 17% (n=10) of participant women; prevalence increased to 53% (n=31) when BM concentration was used. Hemoglobin was the factor associated with serum retinol (OR= 0.40, 95% CI 0.20–0.80; P=0.01). BM fat concentration was the factor associated with BM retinol (OR= 0.93, 95% CI 0.89–0.97; P=0.0001)

Conclusion

From all variables tested, hemoglobin and BM fat concentration were the only associated factors for serum and BM retinol respectively.

Study supported by the IAEA.
Attenuation of hepatic steatosis in Zucker rats by dietary creatine supplementation
Authors: Waghmare Sachin Pradeep , Clow Kathy A , Brown Robert J , Brosnan Margaret E , Brosnan John T
Published: June 2021

We have previously shown that supplementation with creatine prevents hepatic steatosis caused by feeding a high‐fat diet in rats (J. Nutr. 141: 1799–1804, 2011). The present study examines whether creatine supplementation could prevent hepatic fat accumulation in genetically obese Zucker rats fed a moderate‐fat diet. Seven‐week‐old male lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats were sacrificed at the start of the study to obtain baseline data. Baseline liver histology showed some hepatic fat accumulation in fa/fa compared to Fa/? rats. An additional group of fa/fa rats were fed either Purina 5008 (7% fat w/w) non‐supplemented diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% w/w creatine monohydrate for 6 weeks. Creatine supplementation reduced total hepatic fat by 55% and hepatic triglcyeride content by 66%. This was confirmed by Oil‐Red‐O staining. There was also a trend towards decreased hepatic cholesterol in the creatine‐supplemented rats. These data extend the reach of creatine's effect in decreasing liver fat to genetically obese rats fed a moderate‐fat diet. Supported by CIHR, NSERC and Memorial University of Newfoundland.
The association between dietary iodine and body composition in Caucasian females between the ages of 18 and 60
Authors: Neal Alexis , Petterborg Larry J , DiMarco Nancy M
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was an association between dietary iodine consumption and body composition in Caucasian females between the ages of 18 to 60. Spearman rank order correlation assessed the association between dietary iodine intake and body weight, percent lean body mass, percent body fat, waist‐to‐hip ratio, total body bone mineral density (TBBMD), and circulating concentrations of T3, T4, and thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH). Average iodine intake in this population (N=188) was 55.8 μg/day (RDA=150 μg/day). No significant association was found between iodine intake and body weight, percent lean body mass, percent body fat, waist‐to‐hip ratio, TBBMD, TSH, T3, or T4 (p>;.05). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated significant differences between tertiles of iodine intake: Group 1, ≤ 33rd percentile (n=113); Group 2, >; 33rd percentile and ≤ 66th percentile (n=12); and Group 3, >; 66th percentile (n=63). ANOVA revealed no significant differences between iodine intake tertiles on percent lean body mass, percent body fat, and waist‐to‐hip ratio. However, participants who had the highest iodine intake (Group 3, >; 66th percentile of the RDA) had the highest mean percent lean body mass (62.6%) and lowest mean percent of body fat (37.4%). Further research is warranted to use more sensitive measures of iodine status and body composition analyses.
Long‐term anticoagulation stability is positively associated with vitamin K intake: a relationship modulated by vitamin K food sources
Authors: Leblanc Cristina , Presse Nancy , Lalonde Guy , Ferland Guylaine
Published: June 2021

Vitamin K (VK) is known to interact with warfarin, though its effect on anticoagulation stability (AS) is not fully characterized. Our objective was to examine whether VK intakes, VK food sources, and self‐reported dietary advices were associated with AS over 12 months in 145 warfarin‐treated older adults. Stable patients were defined as having ≤1 INR outside the target range and/or ≤1 change in warfarin dose over the 12‐month period. Regression models showed that higher VK intake was associated with better AS (OR [95% CI]; 10.2 [2.6–40.6]). Interestingly, higher %VK intake from fat‐rich foods was associated with increased AS (OR [95% CI]; 4.5 [1.1–18.3]). Only 5 patients reported to aim for stable daily VK intakes, the official dietary recommendation for warfarin therapy. Conversely, 40% were instructed to reduce their green vegetables consumption which was not associated with increased AS (OR [95% CI]; 0.70 [0.30–1.62]). Overall, our results suggest that warfarin‐treated patients should not be instructed to restrict their green vegetables consumption. Improving VK status through diet/supplementation could translate into health benefits, lower healthcare costs and improved quality of life. Data will further be analyzed using Rosendaal's linear interpolation method to assess AS. CL was supported by a studentship provided by the Centre de recherche, Hôpital du Sacré‐Coeur de Montréal.
Biofortified Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a Maize and Bean Diet Provide More Bioavailable Iron to Chickens (Gallus gallus) Than Standard Black Beans
Authors: Tako Elad , Beebe Steve , Reed Spenser , Boy Erick , Glahn Raymond
Published: June 2021

Our objective was to compare the capacities of biofortified (88μg Fe/g) and standard (59μg Fe/g) black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to deliver Fe for hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis. Bean based diets (no added Fe) were formulated (dietary Fe concentrations were 39.4±0.2 and 52.9±0.9 mg/kg). Chicks were fed the diets for 6 wks (n=12) and Hb, feed‐consumption and BW were measured. Hb maintenance efficiency was different between groups on wks 2, 3 and 4 (P<0.05). Total body Hb‐Fe contents were different between standard (23.32±0.6 mg) and biofortified (25.50±0.8 mg) bean groups (P <0.05). Duodenal DMT1, DcytB, and ferroportin expressions were higher and liver ferritin was lower (P>;0.05) in standard vs. the biofortified groups. In‐vitro analysis showed no significant differences in Fe bioavailability between diets. The in vivo results suggested a relatively small nutritional benefit to the biofortified bean variety. Evidence suggests that the nutritional benefit of the biofortified beans is reduced by the presence of polyphenols. Hence, modification of the bean seed coat polyphenols may be a means to improve bean Fe bioavailability. We conclude that biofortified beans are a promising vehicle for increasing intakes of bioavailable Fe in populations that consume these beans as a dietary staple.

Research support: HarvestPlus and USDA/ARS
Selenoprotein H suppresses cellular senescence through genome maintenance and redox regulation
Authors: Wu Ryan T.Y. , Mattson Elliot , Cheng Wen‐Hsing
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress and persistent DNA damage can lead to cellular senescence and aging. Selenoprotein H (SelH) is known to carry redox domains and to transactivate a gene for glutathione biosynthesis. To determine the role of SelH in genome maintenance, we employed SelH and scrambled shRNA knockdown in MRC‐5 human diploid fibroblast or the immortal HeLa cells. SelH shRNA MRC‐5 cells showed more pronounced phenotypic induction of β‐galactosidase expression, autofluorescence, growth inhibition, and ATM pathway activation (γH2AX and phospho‐ATM on Ser‐1981 induction) as compared to scrambled shRNA MRC‐5 cells. Moreover, the increased expression of phospho‐ATM on Ser‐1981 and γH2AX by H2O2 treatment (20 μM) was persistent in SelH shRNA but reversed in the scrambled shRNA MRC‐5 cells 1–5 days after recovery. Interestingly, the slow proliferation in SelH shRNA MRC‐5 cells can be alleviated in the presence of ATM kinase inhibitors KU 55933 and KU 60019, by p53 shRNA knockdown, or by maintaining the cells in 3% O2 incubator (vs. ambient O2). Results from colony forming assays indicated that SelH shRNA HeLa cells were hypersensitive to paraquat and H2O2 but not to other clastogens including hydroxyurea, neocarzinostatin or camptothecin. In conclusion, SelH protects against cellular senescence specifically to oxidative stress through a genome maintenance pathway involving ATM and p53.

Grant Funding Source: UMCP
Timing of intervention with selenium and soy on cancer chemoprevention in Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice
Authors: Christensen Merrill J , Holdaway Douglas R , Thompson Ryan J , Rovelsky Suzette A , Hoskyns Wesley , Hopkins Tyler J , Smith Jordan A , Shaw Brett , Park Ji Su , Archibald Lauren M
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this project was to determine at what age dietary intervention with supplemental selenium (Se) or soy must be started to maximize chemopreventive efficacy against prostate cancer in TRAMP mice. [C57BL/6 X FVB] F1 TRAMP male mice were fed stock diets high or low in soy, with or without a supplement of Se (4.0 mg Se/kg BW as Se‐methylselenocysteine) by gavage 5 d/wk in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Mice were exposed to their respective diets beginning at conception, or at 6 wk of age, and were killed at 18 wk. Three‐way ANOVA showed that supplemental Se increased serum and liver Se, with significant interactions with both time and soy intake. Selenium dosing decreased BW independent of soy intake and time of dietary intervention. Both Se and soy decreased epididymal fat pad weights, with Se's effects being more pronounced in mice exposed to diets from conception than from 6 wk. Urogenital tract weights, a measure of prostate proliferation and tumor volume, were significantly reduced by Se supplementation (P<0.001) and soy (p=0.044), independent of time of dietary intervention. These data suggest that, in this model, chemopreventive efficacy of Se and soy does not differ between prenatal and early post‐natal introduction. A comparison of these start points with 12 wks for animals killed at 18 wks, and for animals whose dosing began at all time points, with sacrifice at 24 weeks is in progress. Supported by NIH CA141385 to MJC.
The Leukocyte mRNA Levels of Several Zinc Transporters are Altered in the Young Obese Women
Authors: Noh Hwayoung , Paik Hee Young , Kim Jihye , Chung Jayong
Published: June 2021

Obesity has been associated with altered zinc metabolism. Two families of zinc transporters, the ZnT (SLC30) and the Zip (SLC29) family, are known to be involved in the regulation of zinc metabolism. In the current study, we examined the gene expression levels of leukocyte zinc transporters between obese (BMI=28.3±3.0, n=35) and non‐obese (BMI=20.7±1.0, n=20) young women aged 18–28 yr, using quantitative real‐time PCR. Zinc intake and serum zinc concentration did not differ between two groups, but serum superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower in the obese than in the non‐obese (P=0.02). Among all zinc transporters examined, the Zip1 mRNA was most abundantly expressed in the leukocytes. The mRNA levels of many zinc transporters (ZnT4, ZnT5, ZnT7, ZnT9, Zip1, Zip4, and Zip6) were significantly lower in the obese than in the non‐obese (P<0.01). Especially, the Zip1 mRNA in the obese was 70.6% lower than that in the non‐obese (P<0.0001). On the other hand, only the ZnT7 mRNA was 78.1% higher in the obese than that in the non‐obese (P<0.0001). In addition, the ZnT1 mRNA was negatively correlated with serum TG concentrations in the obese group (r=−0.39, P=0.02), whereas no such correlation was found in the non‐obese group. Our study results suggest that obesity may alter zinc metabolism through changes in the gene expressions of various zinc transporters.
Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI, zinc taste perception, and the frequency of illness: a pilot study
Authors: Starkey Leah Dawn , Zdilla Matthew J.
Published: June 2021

Zinc is an essential mineral which is known to play an important role in immune function and taste perception. Our study used the Bryce‐Smith Zinc Taste Test (ZTT) and a novel visual analog scale (VAS) to assess zinc taste perception. Additionally, a health history questionnaire was utilized to assess latent factors in zinc nutriture among the 18 research participants. Whole saliva was sampled and salivary carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6) concentrations were quantified via ELISA. The individual with the lowest taste perception score of “1” on the ZTT also had among the lowest VAS score (0 mm) and CA6 concentration (4.05 ug/mL). The two individuals with the highest taste perception scores of “4” on the ZTT also had among the highest VAS scores (64 mm and 96 mm, respectively) and CA6 concentrations (16.59 ug/mL and 18.70 ug/mL, respectively). No similar trend existed among those who were scored with a “2” or “3” on the ZTT (n=8). The individual with a ZTT score of “1” noted illness occurring four times per year. The individuals with a ZTT of “4” both noted illness occurring once per year. When the frequency of illness was assessed among the group (n=18; M=2 illnesses/year), a significant difference was found between the VAS scores of individuals noting illness 0–2 times per year (n=11) and >;2 times per year (n=7) (p=0.03). However, when analyzing the frequency of illness among the same groups with regard to ZTT scores, no significant difference existed (p=0.42). Although data is limited, the VAS appears to be a better alternative in assessing correlations between zinc taste perception and illness frequency than the ZTT. Our study warrants further investigation of zinc taste perception, CA6 concentrations, and the frequency of illness, particularly among those individuals with weak and strong zinc taste perception. Funding for the research was awarded by a West Liberty University Faculty Development Grant.
Consumption of bioactive ingredients modulates structure of lipoprotein particles
Authors: Rivera Nancy , German J Bruce , Smilowitz Jennifer T.
Published: June 2021

Historically, food has defined everyday life, culture, and technology, and agriculture has responded by producing health‐targeted commodity‐based food products. Circulating high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) is inversely proportional to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Recently, the structure of HDL particles has been shown to influence particle function. Bioactive ingredients available in the food supply influence HDL metabolism through multiple pathways. This study was designed to examine a novel approach in combining bioactive ingredients for their synergy to modulate HDL particle structure in the postprandial state. Twenty subjects provided blood before, 2 and 4 hours after consumption of three different dietary challenges on three separate days. The variation in plasma HDL and lipoprotein size distribution was explained by the combinations of bioactive ingredients, sex of the subjects and the postprandial period. This pilot study reveals a novel approach for targeting HDL particles using synergistic blends of bioactive components that target multiple metabolic pathways.

Grant Funding Source: Unilever
Onion peel extracts have hepatoprotective effects and decrease blood levels of LDL cholesterol in liver injuried rats
Authors: Chyun Jong Hee , Park Hee Jin , Yim Jung‐Eun
Published: June 2021

Onion Peel Extracts (OPE) are known as rich sources of quercetin derivatives. Quercetin has been reported to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate hepatoprotective effects of dietary OPE supplementation on liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. OPE were extracted with ethanol, concentrated, and freeze dried to a powder. Thirty two Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into control group, CCl4 group, 0.15% OPE with CCl4 group, and 3% OPE with CCl4 group. Experimental diets were provided for four weeks. We measured blood lipid levels and enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Part of the liver was separated and lipid peroxide level(TBARS) was measured. CCl4 cause a marked increase in the activities of serum ALT and ALP levels and the levels of TBARS in the liver. Supplementation of OPE significantly attenuated liver toxic effects of CCl4, and decreased the activities of ALT, and ALP. OPE offered a dose‐dependent hepatoprotective effects and the blood levels of LDL cholesterol were also decreased by supplementation of the OPE. These findings indicate that OPE have hepatoprotective effects in CCl4‐indced liver injuries by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant properties. Hepatoprotective effects of OPE improve blood cholesterol profiles.
Effects of freeze‐dried cranberry powder on inflammatory biomarkers in db/db mice fed an atherogenic diet
Authors: Kwak Ho‐Kyung , Kim Mi Joung , Kim Juyoung
Published: June 2021

Obese diabetics have a greater risk for infectious diseases and exposure to endotoxin with a high fat diet. Cranberry products have been recognized to have anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties. We employed obese diabetic animals and examined if fortification of atherogenic diet with freeze‐dried cranberry powder has beneficial effects on inflammatory biomarkers. Forty C57BL/KSJ‐db/db mice were equally divided into following 4 groups: normal diet (ND), atherogenic diet (AD), AD with 5% cranberry powder (AD‐C5), AD with 10% cranberry powder (AD‐C10) groups. After 6 weeks, mean serum tumor necrosis factor‐α was significantly higher in the AD group than the ND group, but it tended to be lower in the groups with cranberry powder compared to the AD group. Mean serum interleukin (IL)‐6 was twofold higher in the AD group than the ND group. However, in the AD‐C5 and AD‐C10 groups, respective mean values of IL‐6 were 26% (P>;0.05) and 67% (P<0.05) lower than the AD group. In the AD‐C10 group, levels of NF‐κB p65 protein in liver and kidney were lower than the group without cranberry powder. Histopathologically, hyperplasia and chronic granulomatous inflammation were not observed on H & E staining of kidney tissues of all groups. Our results demonstrated that cranberry powder consumption may beneficially modulate factors influencing inflammatory response of obese diabetes on high fat diet.
Predictive Factors for Weight Loss Following Pancreatic Resection
Authors: Hoffman Leah Allison , Knehans Allen W. , Postier Russell G.
Published: June 2021

Pancreatic resection can compromise nutritional status and cause weight loss. Its primary indication is pancreatic cancer, where weight loss is associated with decreased quality of life and higher mortality. The goal of this study was to determine preoperative factors associated with postoperative weight loss so that at‐risk patients can be identified for nutrition intervention. A retrospective chart review of 74 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal pancreatectomy was completed. Demographics and routine blood work were analyzed using a random coefficients model for linear regression to determine association with postoperative weight loss. Of the total 74 patients, 85% lost weight. Amount of weight loss was positively associated with time since surgery, preoperative weight, and preoperative serum albumin. Weight loss was not associated with hemoglobin, white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count, gender, age, malignancy, or diabetes. Postoperative weight loss was prevalent, and patients continued to lose weight after the typical convalescence period. In contrast to conventional nutritional assessment, patients who weighed more and had higher serum albumin lost more weight. Inflammation may play a role in this loss. Nutrition therapy should be a standard of care in for these patients to minimize postoperative weight loss. This project was supported by the Nutrition Department.
Biochemical nutritional parameters in patients suffering from head and neck cancer after the administration of nutritional support. Preliminary study.
Authors: Casbarien Octavio , Cresta Pablo , Silva Carolina , Feliu Maria Susana , Badia A , DELGADO N LÓPEZ , Perman Mario , Navigante Alfredo , Slobodianik Nora
Published: June 2021

The evaluation of nutritional status, through biochemical parameters, in a subgroup of these patients, before and after oral intake of a nutritional supplement. Seven adult patients, were attended in the A. Roffo Institute, with local advanced head and neck cancer, underwent therapy with chemoradiotherapy that completed oral intake of a nutritional supplement, during 60 days (Supportan®, Fresenius‐Kabi ). The supplement provides 500Kcal/day, P%27, F%40 (2 g EPA provided by fish oil, MCT and vegetal oils) and 33% of carbohydrates. Blood samples were collected from patients before(To) and after (Tf) the oral administration of the supplement plus habitual diet. Specific serum protein fractions:TTR, transferrin, C3c, C4c, Cp, Hp and PCR were measured by single radial immunodiffusion technique(Biocientífica SA, Argentina and Binding Site, UK).

Results

Tf vs To (mg/dl), expressed as X (SD) were:TTR:21.1(8.9) vs 22.9(7.3); Transferrin:188.9(36.1) vs 207.3 (20.9) ;C3c :122.6(24.9) vs 122.5(52.3);C4c:37.5( 7.4) vs 38.9 (11.1); Cp: 40.0 (6.7) vs 36.1(11.7), Hp: 334.0(194.2) vs 245.6(103.9); PCR : 1.4( 0.3) vs 1.6(2.1). No differences between Tf and To were observed. Data suggest that the administration of this oral supplement was useful to maintain the initial biochemical nutritional profile. Supported by UBA( 20020100100044)
Effect of MMP‐13 inhibition on adipose tissue development
Authors: Shih Chia‐Li Michelle , Ajuwon Kolapo M
Published: June 2021

Adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia are supported by several physiological processes including extracellular matrix remodeling. MMPs are enzymes that orchestrate the remodeling process. MMPs regulate the relaxation of adipocyte and preadipocyte microenvironment in favor of hyperplasia and hypetrophy. We determined the effect of matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP‐13) inhibition on adipose tissue development. In the first study we examined the effect of MMP‐13 inhibition with a MMP‐13 inhibitor, CP‐544439, on mouse adipose tissue development. Administration of CP‐544439, a selective MMP‐13 inhibitor, to mice on high fat diet resulted in reduction of body adiposity. Histology of epididymal adipose tissue showed reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and increased collagen staining by CP‐544439. In 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, PPARγwas markedly suppressed in inhibitor‐treated cells compared to control. Knockdown of MMP‐13 reduced the expression of PPARγ, suggesting that reduction of MMP‐13 activity either by pharmacological inhibition or siRNA deletion results in the reduction of adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, inhibition of MMP‐13 activity may be a strategy to prevent obesity.
Promiscuous enzymes and serendipitous metabolic pathways
Authors: Copley Shelley Diane , Kim Juhan
Published: June 2021

Although metabolic enzymes are usually highly efficient and specific, they often have inefficient promiscuous activities due to the reactive environments at active sites. Promiscuous activities can become important for fitness if the environment changes, and can provide a starting place for evolution of new enzymes. The evolutionary potential of promiscuous enzymes goes beyond this, however. Promiscuous activities can be patched together to form multi‐step “serendipitous” pathways. Mutations that increase expression or activity of enzymes in such pathways can elevate flux to physiologically significant levels. We have characterized a multi‐step serendipitous pathway that restores synthesis of PLP in E. coli when the normal pathway is blocked. Introduction of a serendipitous pathway into an existing metabolic network can lead to inhibitory cross‐talk due to interactions between metabolites and macromolecules that have not previously encountered one another. We have identified several adventitious interactions between this serendipitous pathway and the metabolic network that interfere with the function of the pathway and the fitness of the bacterium. These findings have important implications for evolutionary studies of the emergence of novel pathways in nature as well as genetic engineering of microbes for “green” manufacturing processes.
Wnt5a inhibits β‐catenin signaling and proliferation in hepatocyte cultures: Implications in liver regeneration
Authors: Monga Jappmann Kaur , Ravindramurthy Shruti , Cusimano Antonella , Nejak‐Bowen Kari N , Monga Satdarshan P
Published: June 2021

Liver regeneration (LR) occurs when part of the liver is damaged or surgically removed by partial hepatectomy (PH). The organ responds by cell division to restore the lost mass. Determining the mechanism by which hepatocytes stop proliferating once LR is complete may provide insight into termination of LR. Several pathways can induce hepatocyte proliferation after PH, including β‐Catenin, which stimulates cyclin‐D1 expression. However, it is unclear how β‐catenin is inhibited once LR is accomplished. Using LR samples from different times after PH in mice, we identified Wnt‐5a increase at 24–72h post‐PH, only subsequent to β‐catenin activation. To determine its role, primary mouse hepatocytes were cultured in the presence of Wnt‐5a. A significant decrease in thymidine incorporation was observed with Wnt‐5a. Western blots using lysates from Wnt‐5a treated hepatocytes revealed a decrease in canonical Wnt pathway components and targets such as β‐catenin, cyclin D‐1, ser9‐GSK3β, and Frizzled‐4 levels, while an increase was detected in Ror2, an inhibitory Wnt receptor. Additionally, Wnt‐5a treated hepatoma cells showed decreased β‐catenin reporter activity. In conclusion, we have identified Wnt‐5a to inhibit β‐catenin activity in liver cells by inducing its degradation and may be terminating β‐catenin signaling following adequate hepatocyte proliferation during LR.
β‐Catenin and HCC phenotype in mice and men
Authors: Lee Jung Min , Newell Pippa , Friedman Scott , Monga Satdarshan P.
Published: June 2021

Aberrant activation of β‐catenin is evident in subset of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Biomax HCC tissue‐array of 89 cases was assessed for β‐catenin, glutamine synthetase (GS), PCNA, CD45, and Sirius Red staining. Hepatocyte‐specific‐ser45‐mutated β‐catenin transgenic (TG) mice were used to study the impact of β‐catenin mutation on thioacetamide (TAA) induced hepatic fibrosis and tumorigenesis. We identified a significant correlation between inflammation, fibrosis and proliferation in HCC. Aberrant nuclear/cytoplasmic localization of β‐catenin was associated with increased inflammation (p=0.03) and GS immunoreactivity (p=0.02). Cytoplasmic β‐catenin was only marginally associated with GS and fibrosis, but significantly with inflammation (p=0.03). Nuclear β‐catenin was associated with reduced fibrosis (p=0.04) and GS (p<0.01). TG mice exposed to TAA showed no early or enhanced HCC. We also observed 15.5% of HCCs lacking β‐catenin staining displaying low inflammation and fibrosis (p<0.05). Thus, nuclear β‐catenin is associated with decreased fibrosis and β‐catenin mutations do not promote fibrosis‐induced HCC in mice. β‐Catenin mutations and fibrosis may be two independent mechanisms of HCC. Increased inflammation associated with cytoplasmic but not nuclear β‐catenin implicates inflammation as a cause of β‐catenin mislocalization.
New insights on sodium iodate‐induced retinal degeneration
Authors: Wang Jinmei , Iacovelli Jared , Spencer Carrie , Saint‐Geniez Magali
Published: June 2021

Chemical damage to retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE) by sodium iodate (NaIO3) intravenous injection has been extensively used as a pre‐clinical model of RPE dystrophy and atrophic forms of Aged‐related macular degeneration (AMD). While the toxic effect of NaIO3 on RPE is well characterized, evidences suggest that NaIO3 injection could also lead to oxidative stress in the neuroretina. By performing a methodological characterization on the morphological and functional changes in the retina of mice injected with increasing doses of NaIO3, we demonstrated that doses of 20 mg/kg and higher lead to severe anomalies in photoreceptor phototransduction before RPE loss. NaIO3‐dependent oxidative damage in neuronal cells was evidenced by immunohistochemistry staining with specific oxidative stress markers 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal, 3‐nitrotyrosine, and 8‐oxoguanine. Our study demonstrates a direct toxic effect of traditionally used NaIO3 doses on retinal neurons. Low NaIO3 concentrations preserved retinal function and morphology while reducing the expression of the RPE specific gene RPE65 and are therefore more appropriate for pre‐clinical evaluation of new AMD therapies. This work was funding by the NIH director's new innovator award DP2OD006649.
M‐type K+ Channel Openers: In vivo Neuroprotective Role during Cerebrovascular Stroke
Authors: Bierbower Sonya M , Choveau Frank , Shapiro Mark S.
Published: June 2021

Stroke is the third leading cause of human death and many models have been used to study the mechanisms of tissue damage and neuronal protection. Investigations of neuroprotection during ischemic stroke through “M‐channels” could underlie potential treatments, since K+ channels stabilize resting potentials by counterbalancing the depolarizing effects of excitatory cation currents. These voltage‐gated channels, with distinct electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, play critical roles in control of neuronal excitability and action potential firing. A known M‐channel activator, retigabine (RTG) and other novel openers, up‐regulate M‐channels by stabilizing their open states through distinct molecular mechanisms. We hypothesize that M current‐mediated neuronal silencing has a neuroprotective role by increasing opening of KCNQ channels, thus decreasing neuronal activity. We used two in vivo mouse models; a cerebral infarct produced by laser‐controlled photothrombosis and the second the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). M‐current activity was pharmacologically altered in both models and application of M‐channel activators significantly reduced lesion area. Furthermore, retigabine enhanced protection from cerebral inflammatory responses. Thus, this study uses powerful models which may provide novel therapeutics for commonly‐occurring ischemic attacks.
A novel monoclonal antibody to human stem cell factor and its effect on ex vivo stem cell expansion
Authors: Jiang Yongping , Fan Jie , Ding Xinxin
Published: June 2021

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation can be used to treat blood and immune system disorders. Stem cell factor (SCF) activates HSC self‐renewal and is being used to stimulate the ex vivo expansion of HSCs for the treatment of various hematologic diseases. The mechanism by which SCF stimulates and supports expansion of HSCs remains poorly understood. Our aim was to obtain novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for structural and functional characterization of SCF, and for optimization of ex vivo expansion of HSCs. Recombinant human SCF was used for production of mAb. A high‐titer mAb cell line (23C8) was found to be specific for SCF. In ex vivo cord blood expansion assays, the ability of SCF to stimulate the expansion of CD34+ cells was significantly inhibited by 23C8. Thus, it appears that the anti‐SCF mAb binds directly to a part of SCF that is critical for biological activity. Through peptide mapping and amino acid sequence analysis, we further identified the binding site of 23C8 on soluble SCF to the first 104 amino acids from the amino terminus. The novel anti‐SCF mAb will be valuable for further dissection of the functional domains of SCF and optimization of ex vivo expansion of HSCs. [Supported by State Scientific Key Projects for New Drug Research and Development (2011ZX09102–010‐04 and 2011ZX09401–027)]
Genotyping the FCGR3a polymorphism using melt curve analysis
Authors: Burchard Paul R. , Malhotra Saurabh , Kaur Prabhjot , Tsongalis Gregory J.
Published: June 2021

Background

FCGR3a (FcγRIIIA or CD16) plays an important role in immunoinflammatory processes. Recently a polymorphism in this gene has been shown to influence response to rituximab (anti CD20) therapy. Here, we evaluate a new method to genotype this polymorphism.

Methods

69 samples of genomic DNA extracted from either human blood or FFPE tissue were tested for the FCGR3a polymorphism using a real time PCR followed by melt curve analysis or by a Taqman allelic discrimination assay using the AB 7500 FAST real time PCR instrument. The Taqman assay consisted of the following PCR conditions: 60C for 1:00; 95C for 10:00; 40 cycles of 92C for 15 sec, 60C for 1:00; 60C for 1:00. The PCR/melt curve assay was performed using the following conditions: 95C for 5:00; 40 cycles of 95C for 20 sec, 56C for 20 sec, 72C for 30 sec followed by a continuous melt form 72C for 10 sec then 1% continuous temperature increase until 97C for 10 sec.

Results

The TaqMan assay identified 29/69 (42%) cases as homozygous wild type F/F, 11/69 (16%) cases as homozygous V/V and 29/69 (42%) cases as heterozygous V/F. The real time PCR followed by melt curve analysis correctly identified 68/69 (98.6%) of the previous TaqMan results, thus demonstrating a high interassay concordance. The one discordant case was identified as the V/F genotype by the TaqMan assay, but as the F/F genotype by the melt curve assay.

Conclusions

Both the TaqMan allelic discrimination and the melt curve assays gave concordant results. The assay utilizes standard technologies in a molecular diagnostic laboratory and could be used for clinical assessment of the FCGR3a polymorphism.
Decreased eNOS relaxations and relation with hsp90 in hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta
Authors: Ozsarlak‐Sozer Gonen , Arun Mehmet , Sevin Gulnur , Ertuna Elif , Yilmaz Zeynep , Ulasan Sema , Yetik‐Anacak Gunay
Published: June 2021

Hsp90 activates eNOS in vasculature. we investigated basal and agonist evoked eNOS dependent relaxations and the role of hsp90 on these endothelial relaxations in hypercholesterolemia, since it is not studied well.

Rabbits were fed with a regular/high cholesterol diet (%2) for 6 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia almost totally abolished agonist evoked eNOS dependent KCl‐ACh relaxations (93,9 % inhibition), however inhibited phenylephrine‐ACh relaxations only by 32,8 % in aorta in krebs buffer with indomethacine suggesting increased EDHF responses in hypercholesterolemic aorta.

Basal eNOS dependent LNA‐induced further contraction and papaverin‐induced relaxations were not changed in hypercholesterolemic aorta.

Hsp90 inhibitor radicicol (10 μg/ml) for 15 hrs decreased ACh relaxation after pre‐contraction with KCl (11,22±1,18 vs 7,33±1,58 *p<0,01 student t test, n=5) however did not cause any further inhibition in hypercholesterolemic aorta, suggesting that hsp90 inhibitors do not cause any further inhibition since hsp90 dependent eNOS activation may be already disrupted in hypercholesterolemia.

We concluded that although basal eNOS dependent relaxations were not affected, since the agonist evoked eNOS relaxations were decreased which seems mainly depend on hsp90, a compansotory increase in EDHF relaxations may develop in hypercholesterolemic aorta. (Supported by TUBA GEBÝP‐2010 and FABAL).
The role of S‐nitrosylated profilin‐1 and myosin regulatory light chain 9 in human myometrial contractile dynamics
Authors: Barnett Scott Danielson , Ulrich Craig , Baker Josh , Buxton Iain L.O.
Published: June 2021

We hypothesize that S‐nitrosylation of profilin‐1 and myosin regulatory light chain 9 (MYL9) alters smooth muscle contractile dynamics by modifying actin polymerization and myosin‐based actin sliding velocities/actin‐myosin ATPase activity. Analysis of the human myometrial S‐nitrosylproteome revealed that profilin‐1 and MYL9 are differentially S‐nitrosylated based upon the state of labor. We test the effect of profilin‐1 S‐nitrosylation on actin polymerization using an actin polymerization assay and a G‐actin/F‐actin assay. Using an actin‐motility assay, we test whether the S‐nitrosylation of MYL9 affects myosin‐based actin velocities and actin‐myosin ATPase activity. Previous research employing S‐nitrosylated heavy meromyosin from striated muscle determined that actin velocity is decreased while force is increased. A similar finding in smooth muscle would suggest that the force of contraction during labor may increase if MYL9 is S‐nitrosylated. This research will lead to a better understanding of myometrial contractile dynamics and may provide additional insight into the onset of labor as well as the potential for developing novel therapeutics for preterm labor. Supported by NIH HD053028 to ILOB