bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illuminating the (non‐)meaning of food: organization, power and responsibilities in public elderly care – a Swedish perspective
Authors: Mattsson Sydner Ylva , Fjellström Christina
Published: August 2010

This paper is an integrative literature review and analysis of the organization, power and responsibilities of public elderly care in Sweden with a focus on food and foodservice provision. In Sweden, the public sector is largely responsible for caring for people who cannot manage their everyday life activities themselves. In the process of decentralization, the municipalities are given the responsibility to care for a growing population of old people, many of whom require extended care and help. In several studies, different problems have been revealed in relation to the municipalities’ commitment to and engagement in this issue of providing old people with food and meals. To achieve a national curriculum, and counteract the non‐meaning of food in elderly care, we need a compulsory organization that gives old people the power, the right and the choice of food security in their everyday life.
The Meal Composition Approach – a new way of optimising the quality of foodservice products
Authors: Olsen Johanne , Aaslyng Margit
Published: August 2010

The objective of this paper was to introduce a new approach for foodservice professionals to compose meal solutions, with a focus on optimising the quality and variation of end products. Modularisation principles were used to develop the Meal Composition Approach, supporting the process of translating consumer requirements into meal composition, based on knowledge of component properties and interactions, as well as processing, a central aspect of food production. The approach consists of seven steps, which can be used at several levels as a framework to approach meal composition and consumer satisfaction in a systematic manner. This research fills a gap in the literature, describing a holistic approach to meal composition, which considers quality issues in relation to specific meals. Furthermore, modularisation has not previously been described in relation to food products.
Developments in Vending – AVEX 2007
Authors: Saltmarsh Mike , Hall Andrew
Published: August 2010

The biennial international vending exhibition, AVEX, in April 2007, including the ‘Cooler Show’, showcased a number of developments. The industry demonstrated ways of reducing the environmental impact of vending by reducing energy consumption and increasing recycling. The retail trend for more fairly traded products was mirrored in the increase in the number of fairly traded coffee, tea and chocolate items available. Both the range and quality of hot food provision is increasing, assisted by developments in reheating technology. Two entirely new drink‐vending concepts, one using capsules containing liquid concentrates, and the other providing pouches of cold drinks from concentrate, were launched. The water cooler industry showed options based on bottles, direct connection to the mains, bag‐in‐box and condensation from the atmosphere. The increasing emphasis on hygiene was evident in the range of ultraviolet (UV), ozone and filtration methods offered to reduce bacterial counts to a minimum.
Comparison of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and aerobic plate counts (APC) on plastic cutting boards*
Authors: Leon Maritza B. , Albrecht Julie A.
Published: August 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence method with aerobic plate count (APC). Three plastic cutting boards (30 × 35 cm) divided into 42 equal areas of 5 × 5 cm were used as food‐contact surfaces. A culture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 with a starting concentration of 109 colony‐forming units (cfu/mL) was used as a source of cells and ATP. The culture was diluted in phosphate buffer saline to obtain four more initial target concentrations 107, 105, 103 and 101 cfu/mL. After inoculation of the boards, recovery of microorganism was achieved by swabbing the surface with sterile cotton‐tipped swabs for the APC assay, and PocketSwab Plus (Charm Sciences Inc., Lawrence, MA) for the bioluminescence test. Recovery after 15 min of inoculation gave average bioluminescence readings of 1.08 log10, 2.99 log10, 4.97 log10 and 5.84 log10 relative light units that corresponded to average recovered APC readings of 3.71 × 103, 5.39 × 105, 7.44 × 107 and 9.30 × 109 cfu on a 25‐cm2 surface area. Controls taken prior to the inoculation of the boards gave estimated average APC readings of <10 cfu and bioluminescence readings equal to zero. The correlation coefficient, r = 0.98, suggested a strong relationship between the two methods. A linear regression analysis showed a positive linear relationship between the two methods in the range of 103–107 cfu. A sensitive ratio test with a value of 1.016 gave an indication that ATP is as good as APC in evaluating sanitation on plastic cutting boards.
Evaluation of three commonly used cleaning methods for reducing bacterial numbers on hot drinks vending machine mixing bowls artificially contaminated with Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hall Andrew , Saltmarsh Mike , Fielding Louise , Peters Adrian
Published: August 2010

During normal operation, mixing bowls in hot drinks vending machines become soiled with drink powders and water, increasing the risk of microbial growth and survival of microorganisms. The efficacy of three different cleaning protocols against artificially contaminated mixing bowls was investigated. Mixing bowls were soiled using hot chocolate powder and a suspension of either Staphylococcus aureus or vegetative Bacillus cereus giving a final bacterial load of 106 cfu/cm2, and were cleaned using detergent, detergent/sanitiser and dishwasher‐based cleaning protocols. Traditional microbiological methods were used to measure the effect of cleaning. All three cleaning protocols gave a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in bacterial numbers, each achieving approximately a 3‐log reduction. No significant or operational differences were observed between the three methods, although the detergent/sanitiser protocol achieved the greatest log reduction. This study demonstrates that a simple, detergent‐based cleaning protocol is sufficient to achieve a 3‐log reduction in bacterial load of artificially soiled mixing bowls.
Development and sensory evaluation of a trans fat‐free sugar cookie
Authors: Bordi Peter L. , Rager Michele D. , Hack Danielle M. , Hessert S. William
Published: August 2010

Recent research linking trans fats to adverse health effects has caused many companies to eliminate trans fats from the foods they produce and sell. A local Pennsylvania‐based restaurant chain is one such company that has been proactive in taking such steps by reformulating its signature treat: the smiley cookie. The aim of this study was to develop a trans fat‐free smiley cookie that would at least be as acceptable to consumers as the current smiley cookie. Sensory evaluation was performed on both cookies. Responses revealed that the trans fat‐free cookies scored significantly higher than the original cookie for several attributes. As a result, the restaurant will begin to produce the trans fat‐free cookie for sale to consumers.
The effect of cooking in a steam‐convection oven on the quality of selected dishes
Authors: Danowska‐Oziewicz Marzena , Karpińska‐Tymoszczyk Mirosława , Borowski Jerzy
Published: August 2010

The effects of cooking in a steam‐convection (combi) oven in comparison with traditional methods of cooking, such as frying, roasting and boiling, on basic chemical composition and contents of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and sulphydryl (SH) groups of pork, fish and chicken meats, potatoes and carrot were studied. The cooking of pork and fish in a combi oven required a longer time than traditional frying; therefore higher cooking losses were observed, whereas cooking losses in chicken cooked in a traditional oven and the combi oven were comparable. Foods cooked in the combi oven contained more protein and less fat than traditionally cooked samples. Lack of water in the combi oven cooking enabled a higher retention of vitamin C in vegetables. The intensity of HMF forming was higher in products cooked in the combi oven. Changes in proteins were smaller in meats cooked in the combi oven (higher content of total SH groups), whereas they were higher in the combi oven‐cooked vegetables.
Restaurants as friends of the family: functions of restaurant visits in everyday life
Authors: Pettersson Anette , Fjellström Christina
Published: August 2010

A restaurant's function to families was explored by passive observations of adults and children at convenience restaurants in Sweden. Two burger restaurants and two department store restaurants were visited during 12 months, with 399 people being observed. The restaurants appeared to have different functions to family members. A restaurant's level of convenience should therefore be seen as an entity of several aspects of the visit, such as the menu, the restaurant room and atmosphere. Family members’ use of restaurants facilitates everyday situations with children. Thus, the people observed were creating aspects of convenience by themselves, with the restaurants being like home. The restaurant's overall function to families can therefore be interpreted from the patterns of familiarity and friendliness that emerged.
Pasteurization, development and storage of sous vide rendang (spicy beef stew)
Authors: Galimpin‐Johan Stella Marie Colima , Rahman Russly Abdul , Jamilah Bakar , Che Man Yaakob Bin , Rusul Gulam
Published: August 2010

This study aims to develop product and processing parameters of sous vide rendang and to examine its quality changes during storage. Sous vide rendang may be pasteurized for 443 min at 75°C and for 88 min at 85°C using fast heating to meet the Pv90 = 10‐min guideline for pasteurization. Process‐meat‐formulation combinations of sous vide rendang indicated that processing at 85°C/2 h, the use of rump and formulation 1 (F1) produced better sensory properties. Water activity (Aw), aside from pasteurization, is a possible controlling factor for sous vide (SV) rendang but not pH. Conventionally cooked (CC) rendang stored at 2°C and sous vide rendang pasteurized at 70°C/100 min (SS70) and at 85°C/2 h (SS85) stored at 2 and 10°C can last for 35 days using microbiological count as its storage indicator. Applications of guidelines by the UK Food Standards Agency would mean that the maximum shelf life allowable for CC and SS70 will only be 10 days compared to SS85, which is 40 days.
Analysis of Soil Vapor Extraction Data to Evaluate Mass‐Transfer Constraints and Estimate Source‐Zone Mass Flux
Authors: Brusseau Mark L. , Rohay Virginia , Truex Michael J.
Published: August 2010

Methods are developed to use data collected during cyclic operation of soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems to help characterize the magnitudes and time scales of mass flux associated with vadose zone contaminant sources. Operational data collected at the Department of Energy’s Hanford site are used to illustrate the use of such data. An analysis was conducted of carbon tetrachloride vapor concentrations collected during and between SVE operations. The objective of the analysis was to evaluate changes in concentrations measured during periods of operation and nonoperation of SVE, with a focus on quantifying temporal dynamics of the vadose zone contaminant mass flux, and associated source strength. Three mass flux terms, representing mass flux during the initial period of an SVE cycle, during the asymptotic period of a cycle, and during the rebound period, were calculated and compared. It was shown that it is possible to use the data to estimate time frames for effective operation of an SVE system if a sufficient set of historical cyclic operational data exists. This information could then be used to help evaluate changes in SVE operations, including system closure. The mass flux data would also be useful for risk assessments of the impact of vadose zone sources on groundwater contamination or vapor intrusion.
The National School Lunch and Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students
Authors: Snelling Anastasia M. , Korba Casey , Burkey Alyvia
Published: August 2010

Background:  Across the nation, schools have become actively involved in developing obesity prevention strategies both in classrooms and in cafeterias. We sought to determine the type of foods being offered during lunch in the cafeteria of 3 public high schools in 1 county and if this reflects the purchasing patterns of students. By labeling foods based on nutrient density using a stoplight approach of green, yellow, and red colors, we were able to categorize all foods including the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and competitive foods available in the cafeteria.

Methods:  Over a 4‐week cycle, daily food purchases were gathered and the proportions of green, yellow, and red foods offered and purchased was compared.

Results:  Findings from this study suggest that students in these 3 high schools purchased foods in relative proportion to what was available in the school cafeteria for the NSLP. Green and yellow foods included in the NSLP comprised 77% of the offerings and 73% of the purchases. In contrast, 61% of the competitive foods were classified as red foods, and the purchasing of red foods made up 83% of competitive food sales. These results indicate that students purchase foods of minimal nutritional value at greater proportions in the school cafeteria.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the nutritional policy for the NSLP promotes the offerings of a wide array of foods. Schools should consider a nutrition policy that regulates the sale of competitive foods.
Review article: clinical management of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitor users: a European perspective
Authors: BERENBAUM F.
Published: August 2010

Following the withdrawal of rofecoxib from the market in September 2004, the European Medicines Evaluation Agency's prescribing recommendations for cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors were quite similar to those issued by the US Food and Drug Administration. Prior to this event the perceptions and guidelines for use of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents varied between the different countries, however the cardiovascular concerns that were raised about the cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitor class prompted a dramatic shift in perception and a significant switch to the use of traditional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.

There is little doubt that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are effective in relieving pain and inflammation in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, however they are known to be associated with gastrointestinal adverse events. In order to avoid these gastrointestinal risks, the clinician may choose to prescribe an analgesic agent such as paracetamol as an alternative, or add a gastroprotective agent, such as a proton‐pump inhibitor to the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy. Whether the patient takes aspirin also needs to be considered: while aspirin is often taken for prophylaxis against cardiovascular events, it is itself associated with gastrointestinal risks and has been shown to eliminate the gastrointestinal sparing effects of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 agents.

In the light of this evidence many national rheumatology societies in Europe have now issued recommendations for the use of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 inhibitors and conventional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs based on the patient's individual risk profile.
Copyright in music: a role for the principles of reverse engineering
Authors: Griffin James
Published: August 2010

The rise of popular music in the twentieth century has raised questions about the appropriateness of the current system of copyright law. Copyright law is based around the notion of the individual ‘romantic’ author, an individual who creates with his own innate thoughts. Copyright law provides an exploitable property right to authors – a right, in rem, which may be exercised against the rest of the world. It is a right that may be sold and transferred, a right to which fiscal value may be placed. The property paradigm of copyright is one that is exclusionary. Popular music reveals that copyright works may be collaborative in nature, and this can bring into question whether an exclusionary property-based model is appropriate. Historically, copyright has not always been based around the property paradigm; some early cases highlighted the ‘merit’ of the potentially infringing work, and they focused on the manner of creation of that potentially infringing work. Some later cases have also emphasised the manner of creation of a copyright work. These are cases that concern what is termed ‘reverse engineering’– a modern term that encapsulates how an earlier work is used in a later work. Paradigmatically, to focus on reverse engineering is to mark a move away from the property paradigm of copyright. This paper argues that to institute such a methodological approach would lead to a more accurate ontology and would thus lead to more efficient legal regulation.
Detection of hydrogen sulfide in plasma and knee‐joint synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients: relation to clinical and laboratory measures of inflammation
Authors: Whiteman Matthew , Haigh Richard , Tarr Joanna M. , Gooding Kim M. , Shore Angela C. , Winyard Paul G.
Published: August 2010

Blood concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are markedly elevated in several animal models of inflammation. Pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis reduces inflammation and swelling, suggesting that H2S is a potential inflammatory mediator. However, it is currently unknown whether H2S synthesis is perturbed in human inflammatory conditions or whether H2S is present in synovial fluid. We analyzed paired plasma and synovial fluid (SF) aspirates from rheumatoid arthritis (RA; n= 20) and osteoarthritis (OA; n= 4) patients and plasma from age matched healthy volunteers (n= 20). Median plasma H2S concentrations from healthy volunteers and RA and OA patients were 37.6, 36.6, and 37.6 μM, respectively. In RA patients, median synovial fluid H2S levels (62.4 μM) were significantly higher than paired plasma (P= 0.002) and significantly higher than in synovial fluid from OA patients (25.1 μM; P= 0.009). SF H2S levels correlated with clinical indices of disease activity (tender joint count, r= 0.651; P < 0.05) and markers of chronic inflammation; Europhile count (r=−0.566; P < 0.01) and total white cell count (r=−0.703; P < 0.01). Our study shows for the first time that H2S is present in synovial fluid and levels correlated with inflammatory and clinical indices in RA patients.
Potential mechanisms for reduced delivery of nitric oxide to peripheral tissues in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Stabler Thomas , Kenjale Aarti , Ham Katherine , Jelesoff Nicole , Allen Jason
Published: August 2010

Nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is crucial for normal vascular endothelial function and health. Recent studies have demonstrated an endocrine role for NO equivalents that may be transported in the blood to peripheral tissue beds, where under hypoxic conditions they can liberate NO and cause vasodilation. Exercise training improves endothelial function but its effect on NO bioavailability in peripheral tissues during acute exercise stress in CVD is unclear. This paper will present evidence and discuss possible mechanisms by which NO delivery to peripheral tissues may be dysfunctional in diabetic subjects.
Mechanisms of oxidant generation by catalase
Authors: Heck Diane E. , Shakarjian Michael , Kim Hong Duck , Laskin Jeffrey D. , Vetrano Anna M.
Published: August 2010

The enzyme catalase converts solar radiation into reactive oxidant species (ROS). In this study, we report that several bacterial catalases (hydroperoxidases, HP), including Escherichia coli HP‐I and HP‐II also generate reactive oxidants in response to ultraviolet B light (UVB). HP‐I and HP‐II are identical except for the presence of NADPH. We found that only one of the catalases, HPI, produces oxidants in response to UVB light, indicating a potential role for the nucleotide in ROS production. This prompts us to speculate that NADPH may act as a cofactor regulating ROS generation by mammalian catalases. Structural analysis of the NADPH domains of several mammalian catalases revealed that the nucleotide is bound in a constrained conformation and that UVB irradiation induces NADPH oxidation and positional changes. Biochemical and kinetic analysis indicate that ROS formation by the enzyme is enhanced by oxidation of the cofactor. Conformational changes following absorption of UVB light by catalase NADPH have the potential to facilitate ROS production by the enzyme.
Genetic mechanisms of susceptibility to ozone‐induced lung disease
Authors: Bauer Alison K. , Kleeberger Steven R.
Published: August 2010

Environmental oxidants remain a major public health concern in industrialized cities throughout the world. Population and epidemiological studies have associated oxidant air pollutants with morbidity and mortality outcomes, and underscore the important detrimental effects of these pollutants on the lung. Interindividual variation in pulmonary responses to air pollutants suggests that some subpopulations are at increased risk to detrimental effects of pollutant exposure, and it has become clear that genetic background is an important susceptibility factor. A number of genetics and genomics tools have recently emerged to enable identification of genes that contribute to differential responsiveness to oxidants, including ozone (O3). Integrative omics approaches have been applied in inbred mice to identify genes that determine differential responsiveness to O3‐induced injury and inflammation, including Tnf, Tlr4, and MHC Class II genes. Combined investigations across cell models, inbred mice, and humans have provided, and will continue to provide, important insight to understanding genetic factors that contribute to differential susceptibility to oxidants.
Role of oxidative/nitrosative stress‐mediated Bcl‐2 regulation in apoptosis and malignant transformation
Authors: Azad Neelam , Iyer Anand , Vallyathan Val , Wang Liying , Castranova Vincent , Stehlik Christian , Rojanasakul Yon
Published: August 2010

Bcl‐2 is a key apoptosis regulatory protein of the mitochondrial death pathway. The oncogenic potential of Bcl‐2 is well established, with its overexpression reported in various cancers. The antiapoptotic function of Bcl‐2 is closely associated with its expression levels. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are important intracellular signaling molecules that play a key role in various physiological processes including apoptosis. We have recently reported that ROS and RNS can regulate Bcl‐2 expression levels, thereby impacting its function. Superoxide anion (·O2–) plays a proapoptotic role by causing downregulation and degradation of Bcl‐2 protein through the ubiquitin‐proteasomal pathway. In contrast, nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated S‐nitrosylation of Bcl‐2 prevents its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, leading to inhibition of apoptosis. Interestingly, NO‐mediated S‐nitrosylation and stabilization of Bcl‐2 protein was the primary mechanism involved in the malignant transformation of nontumorigenic lung epithelial cells in response to long‐term carcinogen exposure. We describe a novel mechanism of Bcl‐2 regulation by ·O2– and NO, providing a new dimension to reactive species‐mediated Bcl‐2 stability, apoptotic cell death, and cancer development.
Measurement of inflammation and oxidative stress following drastic changes in air pollution during the Beijing Olympics: a panel study approach
Authors: Kipen Howard , Rich David , Huang Wei , Zhu Tong , Wang Guangfa , Hu Min , Lu Shou‐en , Ohman‐Strickland Pamela , Zhu Ping , Wang Yuedan , Zhang Jim (Junfeng)
Published: August 2010

Ambient air pollution has been linked to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality in epidemiology studies. Frequently, oxidative and nitrosative stress are hypothesized to mediate these pollution effects, however precise mechanisms remain unclear. This paper describes the methodology for a major panel study to examine air pollution effects on these and other mechanistic pathways. The study took place during the drastic air pollution changes accompanying the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China. After a general description of air pollution health effects, we provide a discussion of panel studies and describe the unique features of this study that make it likely to provide compelling results. This study should lead to a clearer and more precise definition of the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well as other mechanisms, in determining acute morbidity and mortality from air pollution exposure.
Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions of Phenolic Compounds Found in Navel Oranges
Authors: Freeman Brenner L. , Eggett Dennis L. , Parker Tory L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Phenolic compounds are known to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These properties may be useful in the preservation of foods or beverages. The interactive antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds within foods has not been well explored. Interactions of individual phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, luteolin, myricetin, naringenin, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin) at the concentrations found in navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) were analyzed for their antioxidant capacity to observe potential antagonistic, additive, or synergistic interactions. Mixtures of 2, 3, and 4 phenolic compounds were prepared. The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was used to quantify the antioxidant capacities of these combinations. Three different combinations of 2 compounds and 5 combinations of 3 compounds were found to be synergistic. One antagonistic combination of 2 was also found. No additional synergism occurred with the addition of a 4th compound. A model was developed to explain our results. Reduction potentials, relative concentration, and the presence or absence of catechol (o‐dihydroxy benzene) groups were factors in the model.

Practical Application:  Understanding how combinations of fruit antioxidants work together will support their future use in preservation of foods and/or beverages.
National‐Scale Geochemical Mapping Projects in China
Authors: Wang Xueqiu , Zhang Qin , Zhou Guohua
Published: August 2010

Regional, national and global scale geochemical mapping projects have been carried out in China since the late 1970s, due to the development of cost‐effective, low detection limit analytical methods. These projects have provided a huge mass of high‐quality, informative and comparable data for mineral resource exploration and are now making contributions to environmental assessment. In this paper, four national‐scale geochemical mapping projects are described. (1) The Regional Geochemistry‐National Reconnaissance Project (RGNR project), which is China's largest national geochemical mapping project, has covered 6 million km2 of upland regions since 1978. Generally, stream sediment samples were collected at a density of 1/km2 and four samples were composited into one sample and analysed for thirty‐nine elements. (2) The deep‐penetrating geochemical mapping project (DEEPMAP Project) has been conducted since 1994 in covered terrains, including sedimentary basins, at a density of 1 sample per 100 km2 with thirty to seventy elements determined per sample. In the past 10 years, an area of approximately 800 000 km2 has been covered and this project has played an important role in finding sandstone‐type uranium deposits in basins. (3) The seventy‐six geochemical element mapping project (76 GEM project) has been carried out since 1999 and involved the collection of stream sediment samples from the RGNR project targets which were analysed for seventy‐six elements. Samples from each 1:50 000 map sheet were composited into one analytical sample (approximately one composite sample per 400 km2). Approximately 1 million km2 have been surveyed to date. (4) The multi‐purpose eco‐geochemical mapping project has been conducted since 1999 in Quaternary plain areas for environmental and agricultural applications. Surface soils (depths from 0–20 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per km2, and four samples were composited into one for analysis. Deep soils (from a depth of 150 to 200 cm) were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km2 and four samples were composited into one analytical sample. All the composite samples were analysed for fifty‐four elements.
Speciation Analysis for Iodine in Groundwater Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (HPLC‐ICP‐MS)
Authors: Yang Hongxia , Liu Wei , Li Bing , Zhang Huijuan , Liu Xiaoduan , Chen Dengyun
Published: August 2010

Methods based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ICP‐MS) for iodine speciation analysis are described. Experiments were performed relating to iodine species, preservative medium and time. The concentration and pH of the buffer are also discussed in relation to separation efficiency. The developed methods allowed the fast and sensitive determination of iodine species with detection limits of 0.025 μg l−1 (as 1) for both iodide and iodate with < 5% relative standard deviation (RSD) for 50 nmol l−1. Attempts were made to quantify total organo‐iodine by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). By way of example, a number of groundwater samples were analysed by these methods, revealing that iodide is the main iodine species in the sampled waters, but that high concentrations of organo‐iodine compounds were observed in some samples as well. In summary, the total concentration and the dominant species of iodine in aquatic freshwater environments is easily and accurately measured using this new method.
Study and Application of Geochemical Reference Materials in the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE), China
Authors: Yan Mingcai , Cheng Zhizhong
Published: August 2010

In order to meet the needs of geochemical mapping and geochemical exploration, 125 geochemical reference materials have been successively prepared by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE) since 1978. They include certified reference materials of stream sediments (GSD1‐14), soils (GSS1‐16; ASA 1–6, for analysis of available elements), various rocks (GSR1‐6, GSR13‐15), biological material (GSV1‐4 and GSB 1–10), synthetic silicates (GSES I 1–11) and limestones (GSES II 1–9 for spectral analysis). They also include geochemical reference materials for ore analysis: Cu‐Pb‐Zn ores (GSO1‐4), Cu‐Pb‐Zn concentrates (GSO5‐7), platinum‐group element (PGE) ores (GPt5‐6 and GPt9‐10), silver ores (GAg1‐6) and geochemical reference materials for Au (GAu8‐14) and PGE determination (GPt1‐4, and GPt7‐8). A multi‐laboratory collaborative analysis scheme was adopted in the certification procedure of the IGGE. Dozens of competent laboratories with hundreds of senior analysts in China participated in the certification analysis. These samples have been supplied to more than thirty countries and more than 4000 customers from national industrial, agricultural, environmental, scientific and educational fields. Most of the geochemical reference materials are used for the calibration of measuring apparatus, evaluation of analytical methods, certification studies, quality control and laboratory accreditation programmes.
Cenozoic Exhumation and Thrusting in the Northern Qilian Shan, Northeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from Sedimentological and Apatite Fission‐Track Data
Authors: GUO Zhaojie , LU Jiemin , ZHANG Zhicheng
Published: August 2010

The Qilian Shan lies along the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. To constrain its deformation history, we conducted integrated research on Mesozoic–Cenozoic stratigraphic sections in the Jiuxi Basin immediately north of the mountain range. Paleocurrent measurements, sandstone compositional data, and facies analysis of Cenozoic stratigraphic sections suggest that the Jiuxi Basin received sediments from the Altyn Tagh Range in the northwest, initially in the Oligocene (∼33 Ma), depositing the Huoshaogou Formation in the northern part of the basin. Later, the source area of the Jiuxi Basin changed to the Qilian Shan in the south during Late Oligocene (∼27 Ma), which led to the deposition of the Baiyanghe Formation. We suggest that uplift of the northern Qilian Shan induced by thrusting began no later than the Late Oligocene. Fission‐track analysis of apatite from the Qilian Shan yields further information about the deformation history of the northern Qilain Shan and the Jiuxi Basin. It shows that a period of rapid cooling, interpreted as exhumation, initiated in the Oligocene. We suggest that this exhumation marked the initial uplift of the Qilian Shan resulting from the India–Asia collision.
Temporal Distribution of Diagnostic Biofabrics in the Lower and Middle Ordovician in North China: Clues to the Geobiology of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
Authors: LIU Jianbo , ZHAN Renbin
Published: August 2010

The temporal distribution of the diagnostic biofabrics in the Lower and Middle Ordovician in North China distinctly illustrates that the sedimentary systems on the paleoplate have been changed markedly as consequences of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE). The pre‐GOBE sedimentary systems deposited in Tremadoc display widespread microbialite and flat‐pebble conglomerates, and a less extent of bioturbation. Through the transitional period of early Floian, the sedimentary systems in the rest of the Early and Mid‐ Ordovician change to GOBE type and are characterized by intensive bioturbation and vanishing flat‐pebble conglomerates and subtidal microbial sediments. The irreversible changes in sedimentary systems in North China are linked to the GOBE, which conduced the increase in infaunal tiering, the expansion of infaunal ecospace, and the appearance of new burrowers related to the development of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna during the Ordovician biodiversification. Thus, changes in sedimentary systems during the pivotal period of the GOBE were consequences of a steep diversification of benthic faunas rather than the GOBE's environmental background.
High‐Pressure Behavior of Copper Carbonate: Data from Malachite
Authors: LIU Yingxin , QIN Shan , LI Haijian , LI Xiaodong , LI Yanchun , LIU Jing
Published: August 2010

In‐situ high‐pressure energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction experiments of malachite have been performed using diamond anvil cell and synchrotron radiation. The highest recorded pressure is up to 17.4 GPa. The experimental results reveal that malachite experienced two phase transitions at 0.7 and 7.8 GPa, and the last one is reversible.
Deformation Field around the Stress Induced Crack Area in Sandstone by the Digital Speckle Correlation Method
Authors: ZHAO Yonghong , MA Shaopeng
Published: August 2010

The deformation field around sub‐cracks was calculated using the digital speckle correlation method. First, the uni‐axial compression tests on sandstone samples containing a pre‐fabricated fracture were made. Photomicrographs showing the characteristics of the sub‐crack development were taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). From these photomicrographs, the real‐time images showing the initiation, growth and coalescence of sub‐cracks and micro‐cracks in the sandstone specimens were obtained and the effects of loading level as well as grain boundaries on the development of cracks were analyzed. Second, the intensity images of the sandstone specimen surface were captured from the observations of the SEM corresponding to different loading levels. Then correlation computation was carried out for the sequential pairs of intensity images to evaluate the displacement components, as well as the strain field. The results show that the deformation varies in different areas separated by sub‐cracks during rock damage processes.
Glass and Mineral Chemistry of Northern Central Indian Ridge Basalts: Compositional Diversity and Petrogenetic Significance
Authors: RAY Dwijesh , BANERJEE Ranadip , IYER Sridhar D , BASAVALINGU Basavaraju , MUKHOPADHYAY Subir
Published: August 2010

The glass and mineral chemistry of basalts examined from the northern central Indian ridge (NCIR) provides an insight into magma genesis around the vicinity of two transform faults: Vityaz (VT) and Vema (VM). The studied mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from the outer ridge flank (VT area) and a near‐ridge seamount (VM area) reveal that they are moderately phyric plagioclase basalts composed of plagioclase (phenocryst [An60–90] and groundmass [An35–79]), olivine (Fo81–88), diopside (Wo45–51, En25–37, Fs14–24), and titanomagnetite (FeOt∼63.75 wt% and TiO2∼22.69 wt%). The whole‐rock composition of these basalts has similar Mg# [mole Mg/mole(Mg+Fe2+)] (VT basalt: ∼0.56–0.58; VM basalt: ∼0.57), but differ in their total alkali content (VT basalt: ∼2.65; VM basalt: ∼3.24). The bulk composition of the magma was gradually depleted in MgO and enriched in FeOt, TiO2, P2O5, and Na2O with progressive fractionation, the basalts were gradually enriched in Y and Zr and depleted in Ni and Cr. In addition, the ΣREE of magma also increased with fractionation, without any change in the (La/Yb)Nvalue. Glass from the VM seamount shows more fractionated characters (Mg#: 0.56–0.57) compared to the outer ridge flank lava of the VT area (Mg#: 0.63–0.65). This study concludes that present basalts experienced low‐pressure crystallization at a relatively shallow depth. The geochemical changes in the NCIR magmas resulted from fractional crystallization at a shallow depth. As a consequence, spinel was the first mineral to crystallize at a pressure >10 kbar, followed by Fe‐rich olivine at <10 kbar pressure.
High‐Resolution Records of the Holocene Paleoenvironmental Variation Reflected by Carbonate and Its Isotopic Compositions in Bosten Lake and Response to Glacial Activities
Authors: Chengjun ZHANG , Mianping ZHENG , PROKOPENKO Alexander , MISCHKE Steffen , Xiaohui GOU , Qui YANG , Wanyi ZHANG , Zhaodong FENG
Published: August 2010

The Early Holocene paleoclimate in Bosten Lake on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang, is reconstructed through an analysis of a 953 cm long core (BSTC2000) taken from Bosten Lake. Multiple proxies of this core, including the mineral components of carbonate, carbonate content, stable isotopic compositions of carbonate, Ca/Sr, TOC and C/N and C/S of organic matter, are used to reconstruct the climatic change since 8500 a B.P. The chronology model is made by nine AMS 14C ages of leaves, seeds and organic matter contained in two parallel cores. The climate was cold and wet during 8500 to 8100 a B.P. Temperature increased from 8100 to 6400 a B.P., the climate was warm and humid, and the lake expanded. The lake level was highest during this stage. Then from 6400 to 5100 a B.P., the climate became cold and the lake level decreased slightly. During the late mid‐Holocene, the climate was hot and dry from 5100 to 3100 a B.P., but there was a short cold period during 4400 to 3800 a B.P. At this temporal interval, a mass of ice and snow melting water supplied the lake at the early time and made the lake level rise. The second highest lake level stage occurred during 5200 to 3800 a B.P. The climate was cool and wet during 3100 to 2200 a B.P., when the lake expanded with decreasing evaporation. The lake had the last short‐term high level during 3100 to 2800 a B.P. After this short high lake level period, the lake shrank because of the long‐term lower temperature and reduced water supply. From 2200 to 1200 a B.P., the climate was hot and dry, and the lake shrank greatly. Although the temperature decreased somewhat from 1200 a B.P. to the present, the climate was warm and dry. The lake level began to rise a little again, but it did not reach the river bed altitude of the Konqi River, an outflow river of the Bosten Lake.
Comparative Analysis of Sequence Characteristics among Different Superimposed Stages of the Chelif Basin, Algeria
Authors: Yuanfu ZHANG , Zaixing JIANG , Yue WANG , Dandan BAO
Published: August 2010

Superimposed basins were investigated with respect to tectonic evolution, sediment deposition and petroleum characteristics within a single superposition stage generally. The comparative study was seldom seen. Sequence characteristics were compared for two different superimposed stages – an expanding rifting stage and a depression‐foreland transition stage – in the Chelif Basin during the Miocene in this paper. A model and mechanism for sequence evolution of superimposed basins in different dynamic situations are discussed with respect to sequence similarities and differences. The compared characters include sequence thickness, sequence boundaries and system tracts, as well as sediment deposition within sequences and sequence development patterns. Finally, some typical features of sequence development concomitant with changes of superimposed stages in the Chelif Basin are discussed.
Diagenesis and Their Succession of Gas‐bearing and Non‐gas‐bearing Reservoirs in the Sulige Gas Field of Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Xiaomin ZHU , Chenlin LIU , Dakang ZHONG , Xuefang HAN
Published: August 2010

Comparisons have been made among lithology, diagenesis, and reservoir characteristics of gas‐bearing and non‐gas‐bearing ones in the Sulige gas field of the Ordos Basin based on the laboratory analysis of thin sections, scanning electron microscope, and liquid inclusion of the reservoirs. The reservoirs of the Sulige gas field are now in the middle stage of diagenesis and have undergone compaction, cementation and dissolution. The secondary pore of the reservoir originated from the dissolution of the feldspar and tuff because of the organic acid action from the source rocks during the diagenetic middle stage. Gas‐bearing reservoirs are common in soluble pore diagenetic facies of coarse detritus quartzose sandstone, whereas non‐gas‐bearing ones are common in tense compaction diagenetic facies of mud‐bearing medium‐fine detritus quartzose sandstone and residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies of mud‐bearing medium‐coarse detritus quartzose sandstone. The secondary pore is developed in gas‐bearing reservoirs of the Sulige gas‐field as the medium‐coarse grain reservoirs formed in a powerful sedimentary environment and experienced strong dissolution. However, the sediments of fine grain size form the non‐gas‐bearing reservoirs because of less residual primary pore and secondary pore.
Parameters of Coseismic Reverse‐ and Oblique‐Slip Surface Ruptures of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: XU Xiwei , YU Guihua , CHEN Guihua , RAN Yongkang , LI Chenxia , CHEN Yuegau , CHANG Chungpai
Published: August 2010

On May 12th, 2008, the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake ruptured the Beichuan, Pengguan and Xiaoyudong faults simultaneously along the middle segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt at the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Field investigations constrain the surface rupture pattern, length and offsets related to the Wenchuan earthquake. The Beichuan fault has a NE‐trending right‐lateral reverse rupture with a total length of 240 km. Reassessment yields a maximum vertical offset of 6.5 ± 0.5 m and a maximum right‐lateral offset of 4.9 ± 0.5 m for its northern segment, which are the largest offsets found; the maximum vertical offset is 6.2 ± 0.5 m for its southern segment. The Pengguan fault has a NE‐trending pure reverse rupture about 72 km long with a maximum vertical offset of about 3.5 m. The Xiaoyudong fault has a NW‐striking left‐lateral reverse rupture about 7 km long between the Beichuan and Pengguan faults, with a maximum vertical offset of 3.4 m and left‐lateral offset of 3.5 m. This pattern of multiple co‐seismic surface ruptures is among the most complicated of recent great earthquakes and presents a much larger danger than if they ruptured individually. The rupture length is the longest for reverse faulting events ever reported.
Dextral‐Slip Thrust Faulting and Seismic Events of the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, Longmenshan Mountains, Eastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: WU Zhenhan , DONG Shuwen , BAROSH Patrick J. , ZHANG Zuocheng , LIAO Huaijun
Published: August 2010

Dextral‐slip thrust movement of the Songpan‐Garzê terrain over the Sichuan block caused the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008 and offset the Central Longmenshan Fault (CLF) along a distance of ∼250 km. Displacement along the CLF changes from Yingxiu to Qingchuan. The total oblique slip of up to 7.6 m in Yingxiu near the epicenter of the earthquake, decreases northeastward to 5.3 m, 6.6 m, 4.4 m, 2.5 m and 1.1 m in Hongkou, Beichuan, Pingtong, Nanba and Qingchuan, respectively. This offset apparently occurred during a sequence of four reported seismic events, EQ1–EQ4, which were identified by seismic inversion of the source mechanism. These events occurred in rapid succession as the fault break propagated northeastward during the earthquake. Variations in the plunge of slickensides along the CLF appear to match these events. The Mw 7.5 EQ1 event occurred during the first 0–10 s along the Yingxiu‐Hongkou section of the CLF and is characterized by 1.7 m vertical slip and vertical slickensides. The Mw 8.0 EQ2 event, which occurred during the next 10–42 s along the Yingxiu‐Yanziyan section of the CLF, is marked by major dextral‐slip with minor thrust and slickensides plunging 25°–35° southwestward. The Mw 7.5 EQ3 event occurred during the following 42–60 s and resulted in dextral‐slip and slickensides plunging 10° southwestward in Beichuan and plunging 73° southwestward in Hongkou. The Mw 7.7 EQ4 event, which occurred during the final 60–95 s along the Beichuan‐Qingchuan section of the CLF, is characterized by nearly equal values of dextral and vertical slips with slickensides plunging 45°–50° southwestward. These seismic events match and evidently controlled the concentrations of landslide dams caused by the Wenchuan earthquake in Longmenshan Mountains.
Co‐seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, Sichuan, China
Authors: MA Yinsheng , LONG Changxing , TAN Chengxuan , WANG Tao , GONG Mingquan , LIAO Chunting , WU Manlu , SHI Wei , DU Jianjun , PAN Feng
Published: August 2010

There are two co‐seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts. and the other in the front of Longmen Mts. The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively. The co‐seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°–60°E in the ground, which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast. The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50° to 60°. The vertical offset of the co‐seismic fault ranges 2.5–3.0 m along the Yingxiu‐Beichuan co‐seismic fault, and 1.5–1.1 m along the Doujiangyan‐Hanwang fault. Movement of the coseismic fault presents obvious segmented features along the active fault zone in central Longmen Mts. For instance, in the section from Yingxiu to Leigu town, thrust without evident slip occurred; while from Beichuan to Qingchuan, thrust and dextral strike‐slip take place. Main movement along the front Longmen Mts. shows thrust without slip and segmented features. The area of earthquake intensity more than IX degree and the distribution of secondary geological hazards occurred along the hanging wall of co‐seismic faults, and were consistent with the area of aftershock, and its width is less than 40 km from co‐seismic faults in the hanging wall. The secondary geological hazards, collapses, landslides, debris flows et al., concentrated in the hanging wall of co‐seismic fault within 0–20 km from co‐seismic fault.