bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fate of the five‐cent fare
Authors: Catlett Fred W.
Published: June 2007

On November 5, 1918, the voters of Seattle by an overwhelming majority authorized municipal ownership and operation of the street railwya lines. Seattl's experience has been and will continue to be a subject of debate throughout the country. This careful and discriminating analysis tells the story.
City manager movement
Authors: Otis Harrison Gray
Published: June 2007

These short stories are complied from reports appearing in the year‐books of the City Managers' Association. The series began in the May issue of the REVIEW, and covers the entire country by sections. The October chapter will be entitled: “Pacific Coast Cities under Manager Government”.
State legislatures and the rent problem
Authors: Edward Hannestad S.
Published: June 2007

“All rental property and apartments are affected with a public interest.” —Rhode Island Legislature.
CITY MANAGER MOVEMENT
Authors: Otis Harrison Gray
Published: June 2007

Being the fifth installment of the series. The December chapter will be: “Borough, Town, and City Managers ‘Down East.’”.
“The king can do no wrong”
Authors: Goodrich Robert M.
Published: June 2007

A terse discussion of judical opinion regarding the responsibilities of municipalities for acts of its employes.
Department Of Publications: I. Bibliography
Authors: Rankin Rebecca B.
Published: June 2007

A list of civic literature published during the past three months. Only pamphlets and books are included Magazine articles may be found through the standard periodical indexes.
The antithesis of home rule
Authors: Stratton Ira W.
Published: June 2007

Reading must automatically abolish her present commission government and take up a new form with new corporate rights and duties simply because her population has reached 100,000. Her new form would be the same as that of Pittsburgh.
The budget of the city of Tours
Authors: Hinckley T. L.
Published: June 2007

The author, a member of the A. E. F., was stationed at Tours. The comparison of a typical budget of a French city with that of an American city is a picture of the municipal life of the two nations.
The fate of the direct primary
Authors: Hughes Charles E.
Published: June 2007

Being Mr. Hughes' presidential address before the Twenty‐sixth Annual Meeting of the National Municipal League at Indianapolis.
An american garden city
Authors: Adams Thomas
Published: June 2007

A garden city is newly built from the ground up. It is planned to secure maximum economic returns, beauty, health and recreation. Proper balance is maintained between residential, recreational, industrial and agricultural areas. It pags its own way.
City manager movement: Progress of manager plan in one hundred eighty‐five cities
Authors: Otis Harrison Gray
Published: June 2007

This series of short stories began in the May 1920 issue oj the REVIEW. Since the above title was selected, the number of American cities operating under, or pledged to, the city manager plan, has increased to well over the two hundred mark, and many elections have been called for early in 1921.
National parks or irrigation reservoirs—which?
Authors: Horace J.
Published: June 2007

Measures pending in congress authorize the flooding of parts of Yellowstone Park in favor of private interests. Secretary Payne, however, has announced that the water from these lakes can be utilized after it leaves the park without detriment to this national recreation center.
The direct primary in Indiana
Authors: Kettleborough Charles
Published: June 2007

Contrary to popular belief more voters participate in the primary in rural districts than in the cities.
The fate of the five‐cent fare: XIII. Philadelphia succumbs
Authors: Stirling Edmund , Cooke Morris Llewellyn
Published: June 2007

An operating company, burdened by unconscionable rentals and fixed charges, surviving the war on the five‐cent fare; the fare raised last November over the protest of a manager faithful to the old rate; opposition between management and financial control—these are some of the reasons why the story of the Philadelphia Rapid Transit is extraordinary.
The “crime wave” in Toledo
Authors: Johnson Wendell F.
Published: June 2007

A sharp increase in spectacular robberies with which the police did not cope successfully leads Toledo to believe that a crime wave was on. The results of her crime survey may reassure other cities.
Omaha's experience with the commission plan
Authors: Rosewater Victor
Published: June 2007

It was predicted in short ballot pamphlets long ago that Omaha's non‐partisan ballot of seven ofices, instead of the usual five or three, would automatically lead the voters again to dependence upon slates made up by interested parties and give advantage to slate candidates over independents. This prediction has proven correct. Otherwise this story reports typical results of defects inherent in commission government.
Corrupt judges recalled in san francisco
Authors: Eliel Paul
Published: June 2007

Police judges in collusion with corrupt bail bond brokers and attorneys were recalled by the people after indictments by the grand jury had been dismissed.
A new civic army: The league of women voters meets in cleveland
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: June 2007

The National League of Women Voters, a new, big, dynamic organization with vision and a fixed purpose to improve things. We are glad you're here.
Feuds and politics in pennsylvania
Authors: Paxton Edward T.
Published: June 2007

The Pennsylvania legislature changed speakers during the last days of the session as a stage in bitter factionaljights within the dominant Party.
The next step in civil service reform
Authors: Mosher W. E.
Published: June 2007

The next step in civil service reform is an administrative agency with power over work relations, conditions and environment. The civil service commission is to have the full function of employment management.
One hundred million dollars in new housing under tax exemption
Authors: Curran Henry H.
Published: June 2007

The Fusion Candidate for Mayor of New York describes what is being done in that city to provide homes for the people under the law granting tax exemption for new houses.
Low street railway fares with the help of the landowner
Authors: Wehle Louis B.
Published: June 2007

If the landowner will share with the public a fraction ofthe increased value which street railway improvements bring to his property, the puzzle of fares and services will begin to unravel.
A suggested economy for congress
Authors: Beard Charles A.
Published: June 2007

If congress would only laugh, the reform would be accomplished at once. This being hopeless and taxes being high, why not try scientifc management as here proposed?
Tammany versus new york
Authors: Moses Robert
Published: June 2007

This article was written September 27, and tells how Democrats and Republicans have fused in a dramatic campaign to defeat The Tummuny mayor up for re‐election
Appraising detroit's new criminal court
Authors: Mandel Arch
Published: June 2007

The new system has been in force about a year and a half but it has already shown tangible results
Partnership in government. An experiment in employment administrtion
Authors: Mosher W. E.
Published: June 2007

The Post Office Department has created a modren “welfare division” to deal with personnel problems in co‐operation with representatives of the employes.
The city‐manager plan, as it was worked in akron
Authors: Kasch Gus
Published: June 2007

The city‐manager plan started off in Akron in a densely political and partisan atmosphere with a local politically‐powerful figure as manager, giving a prefect test which is still working itself out.
Deadlock in public utility regulation. V. the right of cities to appear for the prople in public utility actions
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

A promising solutio of the deadlock, namely municipal action on behalf of consumers before a utility commission as before a court, was headed off by a high court decision last year.
Deadlock in public utility regulation. VI. Municipal action to break the deadlock
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The municipal governments as constructive advocates must plead the grievances of their constituents befor ethe utility commissions and must equip themselves by a pooled technical service on which numerous cities may draw.
Detroit takes over its street railways
Authors: Schram Ross
Published: June 2007

Seattle and San Francisco are running municipal street–railway systems but Detroit's adventure with a complete 363 mile system, made effective last month after a thirty–year stryggle with the Detroit United Railways, is the boldest yet and by far the most important.
Grand rapids refuses to revert from the commission–manager plan
Authors: Griffen Russell F.
Published: June 2007

Grand Rapids is one of the three largest cities operating under the principles of the National Municipal League's Model Charter and the April referendum demonstrated that the charter has the people more solidly behind it than when they adopted it in 1916.
A step towrd the short ballot
Authors: Sikes George C.
Published: June 2007

Nebraska and Iowa have removed the names of presidential electors from the ballot. A resolution passed at our Chicago Meeting last year urges other states to follow their example.
How the city manager plan was defeated in atlanta
Authors: roaul Eleonore
Published: June 2007

Political machinations united with irregularities at elections to defeat C. M. government in Atlanta. The majority, howevre, was only 1,000 out of 14,000 and manager advocates are not downhearted. The fight was led by the women.
Increasing activities and increasing costs
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

Municipal expenses are increasing faster than population. But consider the expansions of municipal functions and improved administration of old activities.
Gains against the nuisances. II. Noise and public health
Authors: Nance Willis O.
Published: June 2007

The second article in our series of Gains Against the Nuisances. Most noise is preventable. City noises shorten our lives, besides making them less worht living.
Gifford Pinchot and the direct primary
Authors: Henry Walnut T.
Published: June 2007

At least once in Pennsylvanica the Direct Primary functioned at its early disciples intended it should.
The Boston elevated railway. Four years under public operation
Authors: Dana Edward
Published: June 2007

Under The Public Control Act the Boston Elevated Railway was practically leased to the State of Massachusetts for a term of ten years. Five trustees, appointed by the governor, have control over the operation of the railway. The rental is paid in fixed dividends upon outstanding stock.
The illinois civil administrative system—what it has accomplished
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

The Illinois code system is now being put to the real test. It is in the hands of an unsympathetic and patronage–seeking administration, but it has not failed as many of its critics thought it would. In fact, it continues to stand out in sharp contrast to the old order of things.
The place of the motor bus
Authors: Jackson Walter
Published: June 2007

Freedom from taxation ha given the motor bus a momentary, unfair advantage. Nevertheless it has a place whicih is being recognized more and more.
The civic center
Authors: Brunner Arnold
Published: June 2007

We have numerous possibilities for public places of usefulness and beauty, but we limp behind Europe in developing them
An analysis of cleveland's new charter
Authors: Maxey Chester C.
Published: June 2007

Cleveland's newly amended charter is nothing less than revolutionary
Nature guiding in our national parks
Authors: Demaray A. E.
Published: June 2007

A new service for visitors to the national parks, increasing the pleasures of the tourist by revealing new mysteries and stimulating old entusiasms.
The united states comptroller general and his opportunities
Authors: Allen WM. H.
Published: June 2007

Dr. Allen's incisive paper directs attention to a recently created official possessing unique possibilities in danger of being pigeon‐holed. Did you know that there is a comptroller general with a fifteen‐year term?
THe legislative body in city manager government
Authors: Waite Henry M.
Published: June 2007

Being Colonel Waites' presidential address before the Twentyeight Annual Meeting of hte league at Philadelphia.
Brief review of city planning in the United States, 1921–1922
Authors: Kimball Theodora
Published: June 2007

Before long it will be easier to make a list of principal cities which are laggard in city planning than to review the accomplishments of those which are active.
Parties in non‐partisan boston
Authors: Stoffer David
Published: June 2007

How the Good Government Association replaced the Republican party as the antagonist of hte Democratic “organization,” and why parties will continue under the non‐partisan ballot.
Home rule in utility regulation. Proposed for new york cities by Governor Smith
Authors: John Bauer
Published: June 2007

To the cities themselves is to be delegated the regulation of public utilities within their borders now exercised by a state commission.
California sticks to the I. and R.
Authors: John Haynes DR. Randolph
Published: June 2007

Within the past three years there have been three concerted efforts to emasculate the initiative in California. Twice has it been voted on by the people. The opposition has more in mind than mere antagonism to the single tax.
Making 'em ride. The civic side of the weekly street car pass
Authors: Jackson Walter
Published: June 2007

Approximately thirty cities have introduced the weekly street car pass. It is transferable and you ride all you want to for a dollar or so a week.
Organized labor favorable to city manager plan
Authors: Howe Alfred F.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Howe has just visited fifty‐three manager cities to find out for the Portland (Maine) Press Herald whether manager government is a success.
Boston faces radicla charter changes
Authors: Mccaffrey George H.
Published: June 2007

A small council, elected at large, has not attracted uniformly good men. The present mayor is not one of hte “high minded.” These facts give new impetus to the effort to restore the partisan ballot wiht election of council by wards.
Auto‐Tourist camps
Authors: Wallis Rolland S.
Published: June 2007

Is the auto camp a bit of praiseworthy hospitality or a nuisance? There are more than 2,000 of them, so they must be popular. This article gives directions ofr cities wishing to establish one.
Chicago's vicissitudes under state regulation of street railways
Authors: Mohler Charles K.
Published: June 2007

Chicago's street railways have been regulated aplenty but not always to the advantage of the people.
Scope of program of our annual meetings. Report of committee to consider the subject
Authors: Upson Lent D.
Published: June 2007

This report was acepted by the Council on March 28, and ordered referred to the Program Committee.
Commentary upon the comparative bonded debt of thirty‐six cities as of January 1, 1923
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

Of the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research
Gifford pinchot's first legislature
Authors: Paxton Edward T.
Published: June 2007

One hundred per cent of uor readres will be interested in this article
An experiment in teaching civics
Authors: Hewitt W. C.
Published: June 2007

Ther eare suggestions in this for teachers wiht energy to depart from classroom routine
A revolution in Morals the changed public opinion on vice
Authors: Reynolds James Bronson
Published: June 2007

The introduction by a distinguishe dauthor to our series of articles on the municipal treatment of vice
Administrative reorganization in tennessee
Authors: Buck A. E.
Published: June 2007

TEnnessee has broken the “Solid South” by the adoption of an administrative consolidation plan, the simplest which any state has yet accepted. Ousted officeholders contested the measure in the courts, providing the first occasion upon which the constitutional principles of consolidation have been judicially tested
The last irish election. Proportional representation returns representative body
Authors: Hallett George H.
Published: June 2007

An analysis of Ireland's bloodless election of August last
Planning and Zoning progress in massachusetts
Authors: Hartman Edward T.
Published: June 2007

What is happening in the state which has made a general grant of zoning and planning powers to the localities
Reproduction cost has not been adopted by supreme court. Further decisions on fair value for rate making
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

A rate which gives a reasonable return on actual investment will not be overthrown by the supreme court
Cleaning up New York
Authors: Whitin Frederick H.
Published: June 2007

The second in our series of articles upon the municipal treatment of vice
Peptidomic analysis of rat urine using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Frommberger Moritz , Zürbig Petra , Jantos Justyna , Krahn Thomas , Mischak Harald , Pich Andreas , Just Ingo , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe , Schiffer Eric
Published: June 2007

We have established and validated a protocol for the peptidomic analysis of rat urine using CE coupled to MS (CE‐MS). In the first experiments, the reproducibility of the CE‐MS set‐up and of the established preparation procedure were assessed. To establish a first rat urinary peptidome map, samples were also analyzed using CE‐FT‐ICR. The subsequent analysis of independent samples from two different strains (WISTAR and CD) indicated strain‐specific differences, which were validated in a blinded assessment. MS/MS revealed the presence of specific fragments from well‐known urinary rat peptides, such as collagens, alpha‐1‐antitrypsin, and serum albumin. The CE‐MS‐based peptidomics platform may provide novel insights into body fluids of animal models, such as rat or mice. Together with peptide identification, the technology appears to be an excellent, complimentary, and non‐invasive tool to analyze toxicological or other (patho)physiological effects of pharmaceutical compounds in animal models.
Imaging of protein layers with an optical microscope for the characterization of peptide microarrays
Authors: Souplet Vianney , Desmet Rémi , Melnyk Oleg
Published: June 2007

Solid‐phase assays play a crucial role today in biological studies. These assays are based on the immobilization of probe molecules on a surface, which are able to capture specifically soluble receptors. In particular, peptide microarrays have emerged as powerful tools in a variety of applications. In this context, optical techniques that allow imaging of nanometer‐thick biomolecular films, and thereby the characterization of microarrays, are of great interest. For this purpose, we used a recently disclosed wide‐field optical imaging technique of surface nanostructures called Sarfus, which is based on the use of a standard optical microscope and antireflection substrates. We demonstrate here that this technique allows the imaging of the protein layers that result from the specific capture of antibodies by arrayed peptide probes with a spatial resolution of 0.45 µm. The relationship between the thickness of the antibody layer and peptide or antibody concentration was examined. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total solid‐phase synthesis of bombesin analogs with different functional groups at the C‐terminus
Authors: Abd‐Elgaliel Wael R. , Gallazzi Fabio , Lever Susan Z.
Published: June 2007

Five bombesin analogs with different functional groups at the C‐terminus were synthesized using a solid‐phase strategy. The protocols were optimized using 4‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid (HMBA) resin to synthesize a common precursor followed by nucleophilic cleavage of the base sensitive peptide ester linkage. The C‐terminal modifications included ethylamide, butylamide, methyl ester, propyl ester and hydrazide. Cleavage from the resin was possible with the fully protected or deprotected precursor peptide; however, higher purity of the final products was achieved when cleavage protocols were conducted after side‐chain deprotection. The synthesized peptides were analyzed and characterized using reverse phase HPLC and ESI‐MS. The peptides were obtained in 13–32% overall recovery, calculated from the coupling efficiency of the first amino acid residue, and in 91–97% purity. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic estimation of fetal weight: comparison of bias, precision and consistency using 12 different formulae
Authors: Anderson N. G. , Jolley I. J. , Wells J. E.
Published: June 2007

Objectives

To determine the major sources of error in ultrasonographic assessment of fetal weight and whether they have changed over the last decade.

Methods

We performed a prospective observational study in 1991 and again in 2000 of a mixed‐risk pregnancy population, estimating fetal weight within 7 days of delivery. In 1991, the Rose and McCallum formula was used for 72 deliveries. Inter‐ and intraobserver agreement was assessed within this group. Bland–Altman measures of agreement from log data were calculated as ratios. We repeated the study in 2000 in 208 consecutive deliveries, comparing predicted and actual weights for 12 published equations using Bland–Altman and percentage error methods. We compared bias (mean percentage error), precision (SD percentage error), and their consistency across the weight ranges.

Results

95% limits of agreement ranged from − 4.4% to + 3.3% for inter‐ and intraobserver estimates, but were − 18.0% to 24.0% for estimated and actual birth weight. There was no improvement in accuracy between 1991 and 2000. In 2000 only six of the 12 published formulae had overall bias within 7% and precision within 15%. There was greater bias and poorer precision in nearly all equations if the birth weight was < 1000 g.

Conclusions

Observer error is a relatively minor component of the error in estimating fetal weight; error due to the equation is a larger source of error. Improvements in ultrasound technology have not improved the accuracy of estimating fetal weight. Comparison of methods of estimating fetal weight requires statistical methods that can separate out bias, precision and consistency. Estimating fetal weight in the very low birth weight infant is subject to much greater error than it is in larger babies. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Initial Value Problem for the General Dynamic Equations in Nonlinear Elasticity Theory
Authors: Beckert H.
Published: June 2007

In this paper the initial value problem for the general dynamic equations in an elastic continuum is solved. At first, we introduce a new form for these equations and define a simple approximation for the solutions of our problem along a difference scheme in the time direction calculating the changing stress configurations as in the authors theory for quasistatic deformations in nonlinear elasticity [1], [2]. The convergence of this approximation to the solution of the initial value problem above is proved. In the last chapter this theory is generalized to include damping material.
On a Maximum Principle for Matrices, and on Conservation of Monotonicity. With Applications to Discretization Methods
Authors: Stoyan G.
Published: June 2007

Considered are two kinds of monotonicity properties of systems of linear equations. Firstly, a maximum principle is defined for matrices of monotone kind, and sufficient conditions are given for its validity. Secondly, for more special systems, sufficient conditions are established under which (componentwise) monotonicity of the right‐hand side implies monotonicity of the solution. A series of examples is considered for the investigated concepts, mainly from the context of difference schemes, leading to some new results for well‐known schemes.
A Class of Runge‐Kutta‐Rosenbrock Methods for Solving Stiff Differential Equations
Authors: Verwer J. G. , Scholz S. , Blom J. G. , Louter‐Nool M.
Published: June 2007

A class of Runge‐Kutta‐Rosenbrock methods is discussed for the numerical solution of the initial value problem for stiff systems of ordinary differential equations. We pay special attention to the use of time‐lagged Jacobian matrices. The aim is to obtain an appreciable reduction in the number of Jacobian matrix evaluations and related matrix factorizations. When dealing with large systems the costs of these computations normally form a large proportion of the total integration costs of the Rosenbrock method.
Über ein Drei‐Kammer‐Modell der Haemodialyse
Authors: Krabs W.
Published: June 2007

In dieser Arbeit wird ein mathematisches Modell für den Vorgang der Haemodialyse entwickelt, das auf einer Zerlegung des menschlichen Körpers in den Extrazellularbereich, den Zellularbereich und das Gehirn als getrennten Teil des letzteren beruht. Unter gewissen Periodizitätsannahmen für den Prozeß wird gezeigt, daß für beliebige Durchlässigkeiten der Zellmembranen sich eindeutige periodische Lösungen für die zeitliche Entwicklung der Giftstoffkonzentration in den drei Bereichen ergeben. Für einen realistischen Wert der allgemeinen Zelldurchlässigkeit und mehrere Werte für den zur Zeit noch unbekannten Wert der Durchlässigkeit der Gehirnzellen werden diese periodischen Lösungen auch berechnet und diskutiert.
Instationäre Zufallsschwingungen einer elastischen Gewichtsmauer bei beliebig geformtem Becken
Authors: Höllinger F. , Ziegler F.
Published: June 2007

Es wird ein Berechnungsverfahren für erdbebenerregte Schwingungen einer linear elastischen Gewichtsmauer (im ebenen Verzerrungszustand) unter Berücksichtigung der Schwingungsinteraktion mit dem zweidimensionalen, linear kompressiblen, reibungsfreien Flüssigkeitskörper in einem beliebig geformten zylindrischen Staubecken vorgestellt. Die Behandlung des ebenen hydrodynamischen Problems erfolgt mittels einer Randintegralgleichungsmethode. Die ebenen Schwingungen zufolge instationärer Zufallserregung werden durch instationäre Spektraldichten beschrieben.
Partial Integrability as the Basis for the Existence of Entropy in Irreversible Systems
Authors: Valanis K. C.
Published: June 2007

The concept of internal forces of the first and second kind is introduced and discussed. The physical basis for thermodynamic inaccessibility is established. The existence of entropy for irreversible systems is then proved on the basis of the concept of ‚partial integrability’︁ of Pfaffian forms. Evolution equations for the internal variables are thereby proposed and discussed.
Solution of Large Sparse Nonlinear Systems by Monotone Convergent Iterations and Applications
Authors: El‐Seoud S. Abou , Törnig W.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we describe a family of Gauss‐Seidel‐iterations for the solution of large sparse nonlinear systems of equations Fx = 0. The mapping F is off‐diagonally antitone and strictly diagonally isotone. For suitable starting vectors every method of this family is monotonically convergent with respect to both sides. The iteration processes will be applied among others to the numerical solution of boundary value problems of quasilinear potential equations.
Zur Äquivalenz der Zeitintegrationsverfahren für dynamische Systeme
Authors: Weber M.
Published: June 2007

Die wichtigsten Verfahren zur direkten Zeitintegration dynamischer Systeme werden nach der Art ihrer Herleitung in verschiedene Klassen eingeteilt. Für lineare gedämpfte Systeme wird gezeigt, daß man für einen bestimmten Ansatz aus unterschiedlichen Herleitungen Integrationsverfahren mit gleichen Eigenschaften (bzgl. numerischer Stabilität, Konvergenz und Abschneidefehler) erhält. Außerdem wird nachgewiesen, daß es für jeden Grad des Ansatzes (linear, kubisch, usw.) nur ein optimales Verfahren gibt, das unbedingt stabil arbeitet und keine verfahrenseigene Amplitudendämpfung besitzt. Dieses optimale Verfahren erhält man aus den verschiedenen Herleitungen in unterschiedlicher Form.
Small‐amplitude Finite‐rate Waves in Suspensions of Particles in Fluids
Authors: Kluwick A.
Published: June 2007

The paper deals with the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves in homogeneous suspensions. Under the assumption that a one‐dimensional treatment is adequate the properties of these waves are investigated in stable as well as unstable flow and near the stability limit. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of waves of constant form.
The Theory of Scalar Plastic Deformation Functions
Authors: Rees D. W. A.
Published: June 2007

Starting with the assumption of initial isotropy and the kinematic hardening rule the anisotropic nature of plastic deformation in polycrystalline materials is expressed through functions of two deformation scalars which in themselves are polynomial functions of the seven independent invariants of the deviatoric stress and plastic strain tensors. These former functions are shown to represent closely the translation, contraction, rotation and distortion that has been observed in experimental yield loci under combined tension and torsion. A physical interpretation is presented for the case of a linear workhardening material displaying a Bauschinger effect and an absence of cross‐hardening at the limit of proportionality.
A Boundary‐Layer Theory for the Orthotropic Plate
Authors: Gilbert R. P. , Schneider M.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to show that the equations of three dimensional anisotropic elasticity can be split into two independent systems. Whereas it has been known since the pioneering work by K. O. Friedrichs and R. F. Dressler [5] that this was the case for isotropic materials it is by no means obvious that this is true in general. We consider in what follows only the case where the traction is specified on the lateral surface and the upper and lower surfaces; furthermore, the plate is to be in a state of equilibrium. We shall proceed to solve asymptotically the differential equations of the problem.
Shear Crack Extension through an Incident Influence
Authors: Chee‐Seng Lim
Published: June 2007

SH motion is triggered by the nonuniform extension of a crack under an applied, general body force. The net incident force‐field along the fault plane converts into an incident influence which plays an important role in the source mechanism. With subsonic extension, fault plane perturbations ahead of a foremost crack‐emitted wavefront naturally originate entirely at the applied force. Nonetheless, they contribute to the incident influence everywhere behind such a wavefront. For a trailing mode of reception preceding the crack, repeated inversion of a governing inhomogeneous integral equation yields a displacement gradient that behaves singularly near the advancing crack edge. On invoking a Barenblatt type criterion, this singularity gets eliminated, essentially, because of the incident influence. A nonlinear integral equation governing that particular crack edge results. Another nonlinear integral equation can be formulated for an arrested advance. Besides the desingularized displacement gradient derived outside the crack, the displacement difference across the crack faces is also determined. A vital question throughout concerns the availability of bounded quantities.
Das Prae‐Eulersche Limitierungsverfahren
Authors: Nickel K.
Published: June 2007

Es sei {an} eine vollmonoton fallende Nullfolge. Es wird ein Limitierungsverfahren zur Konvergenzverbesserung der alternierenden Reihe Σv=0∞(−1)v αv angegeben und durch einen Intervall‐Algorithmus realisiert. Es werden apriori‐Fehlerschranken angegeben, die Stabilität wird untersucht, die Rundungsfehler für eine Klasse „idealer”︁ Komputer werden abgeschätzt und es wird gezeigt, daß das Verfahren in dieser Klasse sogar „numerisch konvergiert”︁. Beispiele zeigen die praktische Brauchbarkeit der Methode.
Structure of Waves in a Time Dependent Hydromagnetic Plane Couette Flow
Authors: Puri P. , Kulshrestha P. K.
Published: June 2007

Für die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung in einer zeitabhängigen hydromagnetischen ebenen Couette‐Strömung werden die exakten Lösungen bestimmt. Die Struktur der Wellen für Spezialfälle des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes und des Druckgradienten wird analysiert. Man erhält einen allgemeinen Ausdruck für die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung unter einem konstanten magnetischen Querfeld. Das induzierte Magnetfeld wird vernachlässigt, die viskosen und transienten Einflüsse jedoch berücksichtigt. Die obere Platte wird mit einer willkürlichen Geschwindigkeit f(t) in Bewegung versetzt und ein willkürlicher Druckgradient g(t) eingeführt. Wenn f(t) oder g(t) einen Faktor vom Typ exp [‐(λ2‐iω)t] enthalten, werden zwei verschiedene Arten von Wellen erzeugt: eine Schwingungswelle und eine für Δ = 0 verschwindende nichtoszillatorische Welle. Es werden ebenfalls Reflektionen dieser Wellen untersucht und Graphen für die Wellengeschwindigkeit dargestellt.
A Study of Yield Surface upon Reversal of Loading under Biaxial Stress
Authors: Lauert H. A. , Gupta N. K.
Published: June 2007

Für jungfräuliche rohrförmige Proben aus Ck‐15‐Stahl (Westdeutsche Norm) wurden die Fließkurven aufgenommen. Anschließend wurden die Proben durch Zug um 10% verformt, die Fließkurven erneut ermittelt und in allen vier Quadranten der Normal‐Schubspannungsebene dargestellt. Es wird eine wechselnde Belastung aufgebracht und der Fließpunkt mit Hilfe einer vorgegebenen plastischen Verformung definiert. Ihr Einfluß auf die Form der Fließkurve wird untersucht. Für kleine Werte der plastischen Verformung existiert eine Spitze in Richtung der Vorverformung und eine Einbuchtung auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite der Fließkurve, die zum Teil auf den Bauschingereffekt zurückzuführen ist. Für größere Werte der vorgegebenen plastischen Verformung verschwindet dieser Effekt.
Numerische Realisierung konformer Abbildungen durch „Interpolation”︁
Authors: Kühnau R.
Published: June 2007

Es wird mit numerischen Beispielen ein neues Verfahren zur näherungsweisen konformen Abbildung des Komplementes eines Schlitzes oder des Äußeren einer geschlossenen Jordankurve auf das Äußere des Einheitskreises vorgestellt.
Beschreibung granularer Medien im Rahmen einer Kontinuumstheorie
Authors: Rettig G.
Published: June 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine geschwindigkeitsunabhängige, inkrementell nichtlineare, für große Deformationen gültige Materialgleichung für Sand vorgestellt. Der Zustand des Materials wird mit Hilfe von Zustandsvariablen beschrieben, deren Änderungen man während beliebiger Deformationsprozesse durch Evolutionsgleichungen ermittelt. Ergebnisse computersimulierter Versuche werden diskutiert.
Dupuytren’s Disease in Oriental Jews
Authors: SORENE E. D. , RUBINRAUT-OPHIR E. , GOODWIN D. R.
Published: June 2007

Twelve month minimum follow-up was available for 19 Oriental Jewish patients who underwent surgery for Dupuytren’s disease over a 10-year period. In this population, the disease is uncommon. The initial deformity, operative findings and results of surgery were similar to those described for North European Caucasian patients. Possible factors that may result in a low genetic predisposition to Dupuytren’s disease amongst Jews are discussed.
The Political Economy of Open Federalism
Authors: Harmes Adam
Published: June 2007

Abstract.This article examines the federal Conservative party's notion of “open federalism” from a political economy perspective. In doing so, it argues that open federalism will appeal to business interests and not to unions and social activists, because it is consistent with the neoliberal approach to federalism which seeks to lock in free market-oriented policies. To demonstrate this point, the article draws on the work of neoliberal intellectuals—including Nobel laureates Friedrich von Hayek, Milton Friedman and James Buchanan—on “market-preserving federalism” and compares it with the key principles of open federalism and those advocated by business lobby groups and think tanks.

Résumé.Cet article examine la notion de “ fédéralisme ouvert ” adoptée par le Parti conservateur fédéral dans une perspective d'économie politique. Il avance que le fédéralisme ouvert plaira au milieu des affaires et déplaira aux syndicats et aux militants sociaux parce qu'il concorde avec la conception néolibérale du fédéralisme qui vise à instituer des politiques compatibles avec l'économie de marché. La démonstration s'appuie sur les travaux de penseurs néolibéraux—notamment les lauréats du prix Nobel, Friedrich von Hayek, Milton Friedman et James Buchanan—sur le concept d'un fédéralisme qui préserve le marché (market-preserving federalism) et compare ce concept aux principes de base du fédéralisme ouvert et à ceux que prônent les groupes de pression et les analystes du milieu des affaires.
Homogeneity, Heterogeneity and Direct Democracy: The Case of Swiss Referenda
Authors: Diskin Abraham , Eschet-Schwarz André , Felsenthal Dan S.
Published: June 2007

Abstract.The general question addressed in this study is whether voting behaviour in referenda conducted in a pluralistic society tends to reflect more the heterogeneous or the homogeneous characteristics of this society. In order to answer this question we investigated, mainly by means of factor analysis, all 538 federal referenda conducted in Switzerland since the foundation of the Swiss Confederation in 1848 until the end of 2005. Based on the extensive Swiss experience, the answer to our question seems quite clearly to be that the use of referenda as tools of direct democracy in a pluralistic society tends to reflect much more the homogeneous characteristics of that society than its heterogeneous ones.

Résumé.Le thème général de l'étude est le suivant: le comportement des votants qui participent aux référendums dans une société pluraliste est-il influencé par les caractéristiques hétérogènes ou homogènes de la société en question? Afin de répondre à cette question nous avons examiné, par analyse factorielle, 538 referendums fédéraux tenus en Suisse depuis la création de la Confédération suisse en 1848 et jusqu'en 2005. Le résultat de notre recherche montre clairement que l'utilisation des référendums comme instrument de démocratie directe dans une société pluraliste a tendance à refléter davantage les caractéristiques homogènes que les caractéristiques hétérogènes de la société.
Just What is a Vote of Confidence? The Curious Case of May 10, 2005
Authors: Heard Andrew
Published: June 2007

Abstract.Despite the confidence convention's central part in Canadian parliamentary government, little attention has been paid to what exactly constitutes a vote of confidence. This uncertainty was highlighted in May 2005, when the opposition parties in the House of Commons passed a motion which they claimed was a confidence motion but the government did not. This paper examines the episode, and the motion at the heart of the controversy, to determine whether it should have been considered a confidence vote. Historical precedents from 1926 to 2005 provide the context for the analysis and conclusions about what signifies a test of confidence.

Résumé.Malgré le rôle central de la convention de confiance dans le système parlementaire canadien, peu d'attention a été accordée à définir ce que constitue exactement un vote de confiance. Cette imprécision a été mise en évidence en mai 2005 lors du vote officiel sur une motion contre le gouvernement, lorsqu'il y a eu désaccord sur ce qui représentait une “ défaite ” du gouvernement dans la législature. Cet article examine les événements autour de cette motion, afin de déterminer si cette dernière a réellement constitué un vote de confiance. Quelques conclusions concernant ce que signifie un test de confiance sont tirées à partir d'une analyse des précédents historiques de 1926 à 2005.
Penser la citoyenneté européenne. Du Livre blanc sur
la gouvernance au projet de Traité constitutionnel
Authors: Auvachez Élise
Published: June 2007

Résumé. Dans les discours politiques comme dans
la littérature universitaire sur la construction européenne,
la dernière décennie du 20ème
siècle a été celle de la citoyenneté.
Toutefois, la prolifération des théories autour de la
citoyenneté européenne s'est brusquement
arrêtée en 2001. Ce silence chez les théoriciens
européanistes doit-il laisser conclure à une absence de
développements en matière de citoyenneté
européenne ces dernières années? Dans cet article,
nous démontrons que la citoyenneté européenne doit
être examinée à la lumière des
développements politiques dont l'Union a fait l'objet ces
dernières années. La comparaison du Livre Blanc sur la
gouvernance européenne (2001) et du projet de Traité
constitutionnel (2004) montre une certaine
tension dans le discours institutionnel contemporain sur la
citoyenneté européenne. L'article propose une nouvelle
grille d'analyse pour appréhender cette tension et penser la
citoyenneté européenne aujourd'hui; ce nouveau prisme
est fondé sur la distinction entre “ citoyenneté de
gouvernement ” et “ citoyenneté de gouvernance
”.

Abstract. In political discourse as well as scholarly
research on the European Union, the last decade of the 20th
century was the decade of citizenship. But, despite numerous unresolved
questions, there has been a virtual silence on the matter since 2001. Does
this mean that there have been no major developments in European
citizenship over the past few years? The answer is clearly negative. Via a
comparison of the White Paper on European Governance (2001) and the draft
Constitution (2004), this article documents a
certain tension in the institutional discourse about European citizenship.
It proposes a new theoretical model to grasp this tension and to
understand European citizenship as it is conceived nowadays. This analytic
prism is based on the distinction between “government
citizenship” and “governance citizenship.”
Democracy and Excellence: Concord or Conflict?
Authors: Stephenson Laura
Published: June 2007

Democracy and Excellence: Concord or Conflict?, Joseph
Romance and Neil Reimer, eds., Westport CN: Praeger, 2005, 166,
pp. xiv.

This volume is the product of a question, asked by Neal Reimer, about
the relationship between democracy and excellence. Reimer provides
background for this relationship in the first chapter, noting that it can
be framed as government by the people versus standards of the good, true
and beautiful. Conflict can arise between the two ideas because democracy
prioritizes equality of citizens—but excellence depends upon the
recognition of differentiating merit. While democracy provides citizens
freedom from a limiting class structure, the lack of structure
can make citizens indifferent to pursuing a noble vision of the state.
Reimer argues, however, that there is a fundamental harmony between
democracy and excellence and that examples of excellence in democratic
societies (such as the United States) are many. It is possible and likely
that democratic societies will attain excellence in practice.
Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace
Authors: Koch Bettina
Published: June 2007

Marsilius of Padua: The Defender of the Peace, Annabel Brett,
ed. and trans., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. lxi,
569.

Marsilius of Padua's Defensor Pacis is one of the key
texts of medieval political theory. His thought forms a cornerstone of the
transition from medieval to modern political reasoning and is one of the
Western classics in the history of political ideas. This early
fourteenth-century thinker is not only well known for his secular
political thought but also for a theory of the Church that foreshadows the
Reformation. The importance of Marsilius of Padua is demonstrated by a
continuing and increasing scholarly interest in his ideas. Moreover, the
growing number of translations and re-translations of Marsilius's
writings indicates his significance for graduate and undergraduate
education as well as for scholars whose primary expertise is not in
medieval political thought.
From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic
Politics
Authors: Fonseca Marco
Published: June 2007

From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of
Ethnic Politics, Donna Lee Van Cott, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2004,pp. 300.

During the 1980s and 90s the English literature on Latin American
politics in the Anglo North American and Anglo European academic worlds
roughly evolved from works centrally concerned—and discursively
interconnected—with various models of transitions to democracy to
the necessary processes that the new electoral democracies had to undergo
and the policies they needed to implement to advance in the process of
consolidation of democracy. For scholars who essentially viewed these
processes either as largely completed in institutional terms or on their
way to institutional maturity and stability, the focus of scholarly
attention then shifted to more subtle questions of democratic quality.
Donna Lee Van Cott's From Movements to Parties in Latin America:
The Evolution of Ethnic Politics is a work that not only fits into
the category of works fundamentally concerned with the issues and
challenges associated with either the consolidation of democracy
literature or the quality of democracy literature, but it is also a work
that helps to develop the literature by highlighting a central variable of
Latin American culture and politics, namely, indigenous ethnic movements
and politics.
Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the
United States
Authors: Harasymiw Bohdan
Published: June 2007

Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe, and
the United States, Mikhail A. Alexseev, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2006, pp. viii, 286.

As a political scientist, are you tiring of the rational choice
approach? Is your research cramped by the requirements of political
correctness? Are you fed up with the securitization of practically all
forms of policy, including especially immigration? If so, then this is the
book for you.
Un modèle québécois? Gouvernance et
participation dans la gestion publique
Authors: Rouillard, Christian
Published: June 2007

Un modèle québécois? Gouvernance et
participation dans la gestion publique, Pierre Hamel et Bernard
Jouve, Montréal : Les Presses de l'Université de
Montréal, 2006, 142 pages.

Expression consacrée en études
québécoises, le “ modèle
québécois ” fait ponctuellement l'objet de
débats plus ou moins éclairés, au gré de
l'évolution des affaires publiques au Québec. Par
exemple, alors que le Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ)
proposait une rupture définitive avec le modèle
québécois lors de la campagne électorale de 1998, il
visait plutôt à le réformer de fond en comble pour
mieux le préserver lors de la campagne électorale de 2003,
pour finalement s'en faire le défenseur aujourd'hui, dans
le contexte de la campagne électorale de 2007. Le Parti
québécois (PQ), de son côté, n'a pas fait
preuve de beaucoup plus de constance durant cette même
décennie, particulièrement durant les années Bouchard
(1996–2001), bien que sa rhétorique politique présente
toujours le modèle québécois comme un acquis
historique d'envergure dont il faut développer les principales
caractéristiques. Bref, tantôt porté aux nues,
tantôt obnubilé, le modèle québécois
demeure porteur d'enjeux politiques structurants et représente
un objet d'étude à peu près obligatoire pour
quiconque s'intéresse à la politique
québécoise. Dans la mesure où elle vise à
enrichir notre compréhension de certaines composantes fondamentales
du modèle québécois, plus précisément
en ce qui concerne “ l'évolution des formes
institutionnelles de la participation des usagers/citoyens dans les
secteurs de la santé et de l'éducation ”, la
contribution de Hamel et Jouve est certes bienvenue. De quelle
manière toutefois enrichit-elle l'abondante littérature
sur le modèle québécois?