bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rulemaking Procedure – Definition, Concepts and Public Participation
Authors: Rakar Iztok , Tičar Bojan
Published: July 2015

The importance of delegated legislation is growing in both the quantitative and qualitative sense. Under the American system, the so-called division of rulemaking authority between the legislative and executive branch was resolved at a very early juncture and in a highly pragmatic manner by applying the fundamental principles of the legislative procedure to the level of the rulemaking procedure, which primarily implies the transparency and openness of the latter. Conversely, Continental Europe did not develop a general theory of public participation which could provide a basis for the search for solutions to the situation. The purpose of this paper is to present different concepts of the rulemaking procedure and discuss the question of public participation. We conclude that, as the quantity and complexity of societal relationships grow, it is fruitful to use the so-called problem-solving model of the rulemaking procedure as a starting point for its procedural arrangement. This allows us to focus on the role that civil society, interest groups and the general public play in the contemporary governance process.
Transport of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Across Calu-3 Cell Monolayers Modelling the Air-Blood Barrier
Authors: Schulze Christine , Schaefer Ulrich F. , Voetz Matthias , Wohlleben Wendel , Venzago Cornel , Lehr Claus-Michael
Published: July 2015

As inhalation is the major exposure route for nanoparticles, the question if inhaled particles can overcome the respiratory epithelial barrier and hence enter the body is of great interest. Here, we adapted the for soluble substances well established Calu-3 in vitro air-blood barrier model to the use of nanoparticle transport testing. As the usually used filter supports hindered particle transport due to their small pore size, supports with a pore size of 3 μm had to be used. On those filters, barrier and transport characteristics of the cells were tested and culture conditions changed to obtain optimal conditions. Functionality was confirmed with transport experiments with polystyrene model particles prior to testing of industrially relevant engineered metal oxide particles. Except for CeO2 nanoparticles, no transport across the epithelial barrier model could be detected. Paracellular permeability and barrier function was not affected by any of the nanoparticles, except for ZrO2.
Patient-reported outcomes for immediate identification of dental care needs
Authors: Güneri Pelin , Epstein Joel B. , Raber-Durlacher Judith E. , Çankaya Hülya , Boyacıoğlu Hayal , Barasch Andrei
Published: July 2015

Aim: Dental treatment is necessary in oncology patients since pre-existing oro-dental disease may influence cancer treatment and prognosis. This study investigated the applicability of two indices in reflecting the actual oral health status of 100 non-cancer patients who were admitted for dental complaints/routine controls.

Methods: The radiographic examination results and the decayed, missed, filled teeth score represented the ‘actual oro-dental status’. The simplified oral hygiene index was utilised for oral hygiene determination, and general oral health assessment index was used to establish the self-perceived oral health.

Results: No correlation was observed between actual oro-dental status and the simplified oral hygiene index (p = 0.27), but the relationship between oro-dental status and general oral health assessment index was significant (p = 0.026). Items 9, 5 and 1 (How often were you concerned about problems with your teeth, gums or dentures? How often were you able to eat anything without feeling discomfort? How often did you limit the kinds or amounts of food you eat because of problems with your teeth or dentures?) presented correlation (r = −0.285, r = 0.268, and r = −0.248).

Conclusion: Three items of GOHAI (Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index) may be used to identify the requisite of dental treatment in patients and to aid in immediate dental treatment planning.
Efficacy and Toxicity of Maintenance Pemetrexed Following Induction Treatment with Pemetrexed Plus Cisplatin for Advanced Non-small-cell Non-squamous Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Kim D. H. , Kinmond A. , Gilani S. , Giridharan S. , Jegannathen A.
Published: July 2015

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and toxicity of maintenance pemetrexed following induction treatment with cisplatin and pemetrexed for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients following four cycles of intravenous pemetrexed (Alimpta©; 500 mg/m2) and intravenous cisplatin (75 mg/m2) were given 21-day cycles of maintenance pemetrexed (500 mg/m2) until disease progression, unacceptable adverse event or death. From a total 80 patients receiving palliative induction chemotherapy, 17 subsequently received maintenance pemetrexed.

RESULTS: The mean number of maintenance cycles completed was 5.9 (range 1-20; median 3.0). The mean progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.2 months (range: 2-15; median: 2.0) and the 1-year PFS was 17%. Treatment was discontinued due to disease progression (71%), adverse event (21%) and death from study disease (7%). Grade 3-4 laboratory and non-laboratory adverse events were seen in 11.8 and 17.6% of patients, respectively. Anaemia was the most common adverse event (71% of all patients; 65% grade 1-2; 5.9% grade 3-4). The most common reason for withdrawal due to adverse event was declining renal function. There was a statistically significant correlation between worsening performance status and reducing number of maintenance cycles completed (Spearman’s rank; R = −0.511, p = 0.036).

DISCUSSION: The median PFS was lower than in previous studies with a higher than previously reported frequency of adverse events. Clinicians must monitor renal function and full blood counts vigilantly, especially in patients with performance status greater than 0.
Frequency of EGFR Mutation and EML4-ALK fusion gene in Arab Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Shafik Hanan Ezzat , Ashour Mohamed
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Improvement in the clinical outcome of lung cancer is likely to be achieved by identification of the molecular events that underlie its pathogenesis.

The frequency of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations is ethnicity-dependent, with a higher proportion in Asian populations than in whites, while the incidence of EML4-ALK (echinoderm microtubule-associated-protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase) fusion gene ranged from 1.6% to 16.4% in patients with NSCLC and these individuals were distinct from those harbouring mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene.

This study was conducted to determine the frequency of EGFR mutation and EML4-ALK fusion gene in our population and to determine the effect of different clinicopathological features on the expression of those mutations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Results: EGFR mutations were detected in approximately 33% of our patients in this series; the most frequently detected mutation was exon 19 deletion. EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 7.3% of patients.

Conclusion:

Our population exhibited the incidence of EGFR mutation approximately similar to that reported in East Asia and Japanese patients, higher than that recorded in USA, and Australia. However, more studies with larger patients’ numbers are needed to verify this finding.
Europe’s Economic Future: Europe Can Grow Faster
Authors: de Lecea Antonio
Published: July 2015

Europe’s GDP growth is gathering pace as a consequence of both sound policies and external factors. Forecasts are being revised upwards even though they keep potential growth estimates low. This article argues that there are good reasons to expect a scenario with higher medium term growth, where reforms are accelerated, and increases in investment, productivity, and labor participation offset the decline in population and temporary legacies from the crisis. Several studies show the big growth gains from this scenario. Moreover, experience in various European countries confirms that it is feasible. Reforms are underpinned by the current accommodative monetary policy and by a responsible, but more flexible, fiscal policy stance that smoothens adjustment, improves fairness, and supports demand in countries with fiscal space. Successes in growth-enhancing reforms, better awareness of their potential net benefits, and more attention to prevent or reduce negative distributional effects, may restore trust and garner citizens’ support for this growth model. They may also help overcome the obstacles to further integration that should make this model more robust.
Degradation profile and safety evaluation of methomyl residues in tomato and soil
Authors: Malhat F. , Watanabe H. , Youssef A.
Published: July 2015

A high performance liquid chromatography with the photodiode array detector (HPLCDAD) analytical method was developed to determine the residue levels and investigate the dissipation pattern and safety use of methomyl in tomato and soil. Methomyl residues were extracted from tomato and soil samples with ethyl acetate. The extract was cleaned up with the QuEChERS method. The results showed that the average recoveries were in the range of 87.1-94.5%, with RSD of 6.9-11.2%. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.005 and 0.007 mg/kg, respectively. The residue levels of methomyl were best described to first order rate kinetics and half-lives ranged from 1.34 to 1.8 days in tomato and soil, respectively. The theoretical maximum residue contributions for methomyl on tomato were found to be less than the maximum permissible intake values even on zero days, therefore consumer health risks are minimal at the recommended dose on tomato.
The scale insect Dynaspidiotus abieticola (Koroneos) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on the Taygetus mountain in Greece
Authors: Stathas G.J.
Published: July 2015

In this study, the presence of the scale insect Dynaspidiotus abieticola (Koroneos) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been recorded in fir trees, Abies cephalonica Loudon (Pinaceae), on the Taygetus mountain (Peloponnese, South Greece). The biology of the scale insect was observed during a twelve month period, from February 2013 to January 2014. It was determined that the insect completed one generation. It overwintered as a reproductive adult female. The first ovipositions and hatching of crawlers were observed in early May, 2nd instar nymphs appeared at the beginning of August, male nymphs were seen in September and finally the first adult females at the beginning of October.
Investigating the Effects of Current and Wave Form of Electrical Pre-treatments on the Yield and Quality of Tomato Juice
Authors: Tekgül Yeliz , Özcan Kemal Çağrı , Baysal Taner , Ergün Ahsen Rayman , Bozkır Hamza
Published: July 2015

In this study, the effects of different current and wave forms of electrical application by electroplasmolyzator on the production of tomato juice were investigated. The whole electrical design can be divided into three subtitles. The three subtitles are used for only auto-transformer outputs for “AC (alternative current) voltage”, and the AC rectification for “DC” (direct current) voltage and the gate drive of the switching devices for “square waves”. Yield, lycopene content and color values were compared for these different current and wave forms. As a result the yield increase was found mostly in the AC-treated group which has square wave form and bipolar single phase (100 V–90 s). Lycopene was also found mostly in the same group. Significant differences were found between the groups that are treated with different current and wave forms.
The World Bank’s Sustainable Development Approach and the Need for a Unified Field of Law and Development Studies in Argentina
Authors: de Moerloose Stéphanie
Published: July 2015

This paper argues that the World Bank’s adoption of the principle of sustainable development is an example of the persistence of the law and development approach. Indeed, the World Bank’s interpretation of the principle translates into its projects; through soft law and loan conditionality, it applies to the borrower and regulates behaviors at the country level. This potentially results in the legal transplantation of a cross-culturally valid principle. The paper will present a case study of the sustainable development principle’s application by the World Bank in Argentina: the “Riachuelo-Matanza Basin Sustainable Development Project”. Given the difficulties of implementing the project, the paper makes the case that, to bridge the gaps described by Trubek and Galanter, Argentina needs scholars specialized in law and development as a unified field in order to fine-tune the development approach of international development actors to national realities and thus create a real impact.
Gait Disorders In Patients After Polytrauma
Authors: Jakušonoka Ruta , Pavāre Zane , Jumtiņš Andris , Smolovs Aleksejs , Anaņjeva Tatjana
Published: July 2015

Evaluation of the gait of patients after polytrauma is important, as it indicates the ability of patients to the previous activities and work. The aim of our study was to evaluate the gait of patients with lower limb injuries in the medium-term after polytrauma. Three-dimensional instrumental gait analysis was performed in 26 polytrauma patients (16 women and 10 men; mean age 38.6 years), 14 to 41 months after the trauma. Spatio-temporal parameters, motions in pelvis and lower extremities joints in sagittal plane and vertical load ground reaction force were analysed. Gait parameters in polytrauma patients were compared with a healthy control group. Polytrauma patients in the injured side had decreased step length, cadence, hip extension, maximum knee flexion, vertical load ground reaction force, and increased stance time and pelvic anterior tilt; in the uninjured side they had decreased step length, cadence, maximum knee flexion, vertical load ground reaction force and increased stance time (p < 0.05). The use of the three-dimensional instrumental gait analysis in the evaluation of polytrauma patients with lower limb injuries consequences makes it possible to identify the gait disorders not only in the injured, but also in the uninjured side.
Effect Of Agrotechnical Measures And Varieties On Seasonal Dynamics Of Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari, Trombidiformes, Tetranychidae) On High Tunnel-Cultivated Garden Strawberries
Authors: Salmane Ineta
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine the seasonal pattern of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on strawberries cultivated in polythene-covered high tunnels in temperate climatic conditions. Various cultivars were used and the effect of modification of plant covering indices on abundance and incidence of these mites was also tested. The number of two-spotted spider mites was relatively low at the beginning of the vegetation season and started to increase when average air temperature rose above 20 to 25 °C. In the experiment two types of tunnels differing in additional plant cover were used. The maximum mite abundance did not significantly vary between varieties in tunnel 1 conditions, but it was significantly lower for variety 'Sonata' in tunnel 2 conditions. Mite numbers significantly declined after strawberry foliage mowing and removal of polythene cover. Mite development was prolonged in tunnel 1, where additional cover of plants was used and higher early season air temperature was recorded in comparison to tunnel 2. It was concluded that increase in early season temperature can increase two-spotted spider mite abundance and have a more negative effect on strawberry plants in respect of foliage damage by mites.
Solid Phase Extraction and Solid Phase Microextraction in grape and wine volatile compounds analysis
Authors: Panighel Annarita , Flamini Riccardo
Published: July 2015

Volatile compounds determine the organoleptic characteristics of grapes and wines. The main grape aroma compounds are monoterpenols and volatile benzene compounds. Aroma precursors, such as glycoside compounds and C
Colonial bodies: Slavery, wage-slavery, and the representation of race
Authors: Ferguson Adam A.
Published: July 2015

C. L. R. James’ text
Discourse analysis with Peirce? Making sense of discursive regularities: The case of online university prospectuses
Authors: Gaspard Jeoffrey
Published: July 2015

We discuss online promotional texts presenting French-speaking European public universities. We suggest that these descriptive texts (a particular academic institution being the semiotic object being referred to) combine homogenizing generic and interdiscursive regularities that assure the control of their interpretation: on the one hand, generic regularities show that the specific social practice of promoting universities online produces a speech genre that is highly patterned (when it comes to its morphosyntactic, stylistic, and compositional features); on the other hand, interdiscursive regularities show that the descriptive procedures at play mobilize an exogenous discourse that is ideological in nature (i.e., European political discourse on higher education and research) and therefore mirrors the changing sociopolitical context that the sampled institutions are embedded in. More globally, we suggest that a series of concepts originally developed by traditional continental (French) discourse analysis (dialogism, interdiscourse, communication situation, etc.) deserve to be read and re-invested in light of Peircean semiotics.
Heidegger and the signs of history
Authors: Hope Jonathan
Published: July 2015

Heidegger’s conception of the sign formulated in Sein und Zeit (1996 [1927]) may shed some light on his disastrous, philosophical and political experience with Nazism. In order to show this, I propose to assess how Heidegger establishes the relationship between signs and history in his magnum opus. Then, relying on the fact – central to Heidegger’s thinking, and to sign studies in general – that ideas are linked to the world, I will proceed to examine how Heidegger’s philosophical meditations stand up to his real-life engagements. My final remarks, more interrogative than declarative, will raise the question as to how Heidegger was lured into believing that Nazism represented a moment of truth.
Matrices induced by arithmetic functions,
primes and groupoid actions of directed
graphs
Authors: Cho Ilwoo , Jorgensen Palle E. T.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we study groupoid actions acting on arithmetic functions. In particular, we are interested
in the cases where groupoids are generated by directed graphs. By defining an injective map α from
the graph groupoid G of a directed graph G to the algebra A of all arithmetic functions, we establish a corresponding
subalgebra AG = C*[α(G)]︀ of A. We construct a suitable representation of AG, determined both by
G and by an arbitrarily fixed prime p. And then based on this representation, we consider free probability on
AG.
Catalytic Supramolecular Photochirogenesis
Authors: Yan Zhiqiang , Wu Wanhua , Yang Cheng , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: July 2015

Supramolecular photochirogenesis is a new strategy for circumventing the inherent difficulties encountered in conventional photochirogenesis, i.e. the interactions associated with geometrically less-defined, short-lived excited states, by confining a prochiral substrate(s) in a chiral supramolecular environment(s) prior to photoexcitation. This rather simple, but very successful, strategy has been applied to a variety of chiral photoreactions. However, a stoichiometric, or even excess amount of supramolecular host is often needed to ensure full complexation of the substrate, and achieve the optimum stereochemical outcome. This apparent drawback has recently been removed by introducing a sensitizing moiety to the supramolecular host, or by bathochromically shifting the absorption band of substrate through Lewis acid, or charge-transfer complexation. Recent progress in catalytic supramolecular photochirogenesis will be reviewed.
Taxonomic Revision Of The Striativentre Species Group Of The Genus Tetramorium (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Radchenko A. G. , Scupola A.
Published: July 2015

The Tetramorium striativentre species group is revised. Workers and queens of the species of this group are characterized by the unique for all other Palaearctic Tetramorium species feature: the first gastral tergite, or at least its anterior half, is very densely and distinctly longitudinally striato-punctated. We place six species to this group, including two new ones: T. striativentre Mayr, T. schneideri Emery, T. kabulistanicum Pisarski, T. saudicum Sharaf, T. sabatinellii sp. n. from Jordan, and T. pisarskii sp. n. from Afghanistan. Additions to the diagnosis of T. striativentre and T. schneideri and the first descriptions of males of these two species are provided, and a key to species of this group is compiled.
New Records Of The Dipteran Genera Triphleba (Phoridae) And Prosphyracephala (Diopsidae) In Rovno And Baltic Ambers
Authors: Perkovsky E. E. , Mostovski M. B. , Henderickx H.
Published: July 2015

Dipteran insects constitute 51 % among arthropods of the Rovno Amber. There are 99 species and 23 genera of the Diptera described from the Rovno Amber; however, to date only 32 species are shared with the Baltic Amber fauna, including two species that are treated in this paper. Triphleba schulmanae Brown, 2003 (Phoridae), originally described from the Baltic Amber, is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time and its amended description is supplied. Genus Prosphyracephala Hennig, 1965 (Diopsidae), earlier known from the Baltic and Saxonian ambers, the Upper Eocene of Ruby River (Montana, USA) and the Lower Oligocene of Céreste (France), is recorded in the Rovno Amber for the first time. Prosphyracephala aff. succini (Loew, 1873) is the first diopsid record from Ukraine. A second specimen of Prosphyracephala kerneggeri Kotrba, 2009 is found in the Baltic amber; the complete wing venation is described for the first time for this species. Vast majority of the Old World Diopsidae are strictly thermophilous. In fact, all of them but the five species of brevicornis group of Sphyracephala Say (three Palearctic and two Nearctic ones) frequent tropic and the warmest subtropic areas, however the thermophilous Diopsidae are known in the New World neither in past nor in contemporary fauna.
Genetic Regulation of Dna2 Localization During the DNA Damage Response
Authors: Yimit Askar , Riffle Michael , Brown Grant W
Published: July 2015

DNA damage response pathways are crucial for protecting genome stability in all eukaryotes. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDna2 has both helicase and nuclease activities that are essential for Okazaki fragment maturation, and Dna2 is involved in long-range DNA end resection at double-strand breaks. Dna2 forms nuclear foci in response to DNA replication stress and to double-strand breaks. We find that Dna2-GFP focus formation occurs mainly during S phase in unperturbed cells. Dna2 colocalizes in nuclear foci with 25 DNA repair proteins that define recombination repair centers in response to phleomycin-induced DNA damage. To systematically identify genes that affect Dna2 focus formation, we crossed Dna2-GFP into 4293 nonessential gene deletion mutants and assessed Dna2-GFP nuclear focus formation after phleomycin treatment. We identified 37 gene deletions that affect Dna2-GFP focus formation, 12 with fewer foci and 25 with increased foci. Together these data comprise a useful resource for understanding Dna2 regulation in response to DNA damage.
Classical and Bayesian Estimation of Reliability in Multicomponent Stress-Strength Model Based on Weibull Distribution
Authors: Kizilaslan Fatih , Nadar Mustafa
Published: July 2015

In this study, we consider a multicomponent system which has k independent and identical strength components X1,...,Xk and each component is exposed to a common random stress Y when the underlying distributions are Weibull. The system is regarded as operating only if at least s out of k (1 ≤ s ≤ k) strength variables exceeds the random stress. We estimate the reliability of the system by using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. The Bayes estimate of the reliability has been developed by using Lindley's approximation and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods due to the lack of explicit forms. The asymptotic confidence interval and the highest probability density credible interval are constructed for the reliability. The comparison of the reliability estimators is made in terms of the estimated risks by the Monte Carlo simulations.
Fe2O3 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia applications
Authors: Lemine O M , Omri Karim , El Mir L , Velasco V , Crespo Patricia , de la Presa Patricia , Bouzid Hoicine , Youssif Ali , Hajry Ali
Published: July 2015

Synthesis, structural, magnetic properties and heating efficiency of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the obtained nanoparticles are mainly composed of maghemite phase (γ-Fe2O3). Williamson-Hall method shows that the crystallite is around 14nm.The specific absorption rate (SAR) under an alternating magnetic field is investigated as a function of frequency. A highest SAR value of 12W/g for frequency 523 kHz was obtained.
The Properties of Dual Acceptor Delta-Doped ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Oder T N. , Gade R.C. , Merlo C.
Published: July 2015

We report the investigation of ZnO thin films delta-doped with lithium and phosphorus introduced simultaneously. The films were deposited from high purity ceramic targets of ZnO and Li3PO4 on c-plane sapphire substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. An undoped ZnO film with a low background electron concentration was used as the buffer layer on the sapphire substrate. The doped films were prepared by carrying simultaneous sputtering from the ZnO and Li3PO4 ceramic targets. For uniform doped films, the simultaneous deposition from the ZnO and Li3PO4 was uninterrupted. For the delta-doped films on the other hand, deposition from the ZnO target was uninterrupted while that from the Li3PO4 was interrupted periodically using a shutter. Post-deposition annealing was carried using a rapid thermal processor in O2 at 900 oC for 3 min. Results obtained from photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements at 12 K revealed acceptor-related luminescence peaks at 3.35 eV, possibly due to the transition from exciton bound to a neutral acceptor. The x-ray diffraction 2θ-scans showed a single peak at about 34.4o. Hall effect measurements revealed p-type conductivities with an average Hall concentrations of 3.8 x 1013 cm-3 in uniform doped samples and 1.5 x 1016 cm-3 in delta doped samples. However, in some cases the Hall coefficients had both positive and negative values, making the determination of the carrier type inconclusive. The fluctuation in the carrier type could be due to the lateral inhomogeneity in the hole concentration caused by signal noise impacting the small Hall voltages in the measurements.
“Weasternization” of the West
Authors: Fibiger Marianne
Published: July 2015

This paper will, with reference to fieldwork carried out during the Kumbh Mel? 2013, the big pilgrimage among Hindus in India, discuss the impact that the East is having on the West. Cambell has termed this process for: ’The Easternization of the West’ (2007)when Eastern notion s and world views is becoming a part of the West but in a new and changed form. This process of reinterpretation or translation is also the case, when it comes to the understanding of and participation in the Kumbh Mel?; especially in relation to understanding the snaan or holy dip in the water on the most auspicious days at Kumbh Mel?. This paper will give examples of how this is interpreted or translated in such a way that it suits the Western oriented spiritual seeker or pilgrim in his or her spiritual auto biographical patchwork, constructed by the Western oriented mind.
North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR)
Authors: Sheedy Matt
Published: July 2015

I interviewed Russell McCutcheon back in March 2015, about his new role as president of the North American Association for the Study of Religion (NAASR), asking him about the history of the organization, goals for his tenure, and developments for NAASR’s upcoming conference in Atlanta in November 2015.
Jak zarządzać zmieniającą się Europą: wyzwania nie tylko instytucjonalne
Authors: Hübner Danuta
Published: July 2015

After the crisis, the European Union is more cohesive and capable of looking for good unconventional solutions which, however, arouse substantial controversy. The crisis led to a reform, unprecedented in scale, of European integration mechanisms. The European Commission will now have greater responsibility in areas related to managing the economy in the euro zone. The European Council took on a quasi-legislative role. The European Parliament continues to live up to its competencies, which were significantly increased by the Lisbon Treaty. The role of the ECB has also changed, and it is now involved, among others, in uniform supervision as well as in bank restructuring and establishing an orderly bank bankruptcy system. In recent years, certain policy areas managed at the national level have been Europeanized. The EU participates in the process of deciding on national budgets, which causes defiance and inevitably leads to a search for a formula based on dual legitimacy through the cooperation between the EP and national parliaments. The latter have also become European actors through the subsidiarity control mechanism. Another challenge for good governance in an integrating Europe is the decision-making system for the revision of the Treaties. In the event of absence of unanimity, solutions are adopted that assume the form of internationalagreements which hardly respect the criteria of democratic legitimacy. The Treaties guarantee the transparency of the process and the participation of European or national institutions in decision-making as part of democratic governance mechanisms. Any departure not only from the Community-based method, but also from the Treatybased ones, deprives the integration process of these guarantees.
Praktyka realizacji polityki rynku pracy w Polsce a współzarządzanie publiczne
Authors: Frączek Maciej
Published: July 2015

In the paper, an attempt is made to determine whether and to what extent the labour market policy in Poland is based on the principles of the public governance model. The author describes key attributes of public governance, essential for the specificity of labour market policy. The main subject of the paper is to place the discussion of labour market policy theory and practice in the context of the three basic attributes of the public governance model identified by Jessop (2007): ref lexive self-organization, horizontal network, and negotiated consent. The author then analyzes labour market policy in Poland, focussing on those of its mechanisms and tools used on the national, regional, and local level which are in line with the principles of public governance. Finally, labour market policy in Poland is mapped in reference to model characteristics postulated in public governance. The initial analysis shows that the labour policy currently existing in Poland is not a uniform, model construct that could be described based solely on public governance principles. Many characteristics of the model can be seen on the level of institutional solutions, but in practice, a bureaucracy model or a market model prevail. Activities undertaken as part of local and regional labour market policies show a promise of a change in this situation.
Modele wielosektorowej polityki społecznej wobec ludzi starych i starości w kontekście zmiany technologicznej
Authors: Klimczuk Andrzej
Published: July 2015

Ageing is a challenge that requires development and implementation of horizontal social policy, which should take into account the diversity of older adults and the division of interventions aimed at this population and on the image of old age. The complexity of the negative consequences of ageing shows that there is a need to enhance cooperation between the public sector, the commercial sector, the NGO sector, and the informal sector at all levels of social policy. The paper discusses models of multisectoral social policy and the possibilities of integrating social services. Its conclusions include directions for further research and social innovation.
Ekonomia kosztów transakcyjnych: naturalne etapy rozwoju
Authors: Williamson Oliver E.
Published: July 2015

The research program on which I and others have been working has been variously described as the “economics of governance,” the “economics of organization,” and “transaction cost economics.” As discussed in Section 1, governance is the overarching concept and transaction cost economics is the means by which to breathe operational content into governance and organization. The specific issue that drew me into this research project was the puzzle posed by Ronald Coase in 1937: What efficiency factors determine when a firm produces a good or service to its own needs rather than outsource? As described in Section 2, my 1971 paper on “The Vertical Integration of Production” made headway with this issue and invited follow-on research that would eventually come to be referred to as transaction cost economics. The rudiments of transaction cost economics are set out in Section 3. Puzzles and challenges that arose and would require “pushing the logic of efficient governance to completion” are examined brief ly in Section 4. Concluding remarks follow.
Physiotherapy and patients with osteogenesis imperfecta: an experience report
Authors: Moreira Carmem Lia Martins , Gilbert Ana Cristina Bohrer , Lima Maria Angélica de Faria Domingues , Cardoso Maria Helena Cabral de Almeida , Llerena Jr. Juan Clinton
Published: July 2015

Introduction Individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have bone fragility and osteopenia which cause fractures, mobility restriction and pain. Objective This article examines a physiotherapy experience with people diagnosed with OI in an OI reference center of Rio de Janeiro. Materials and methods This was an exploratory qualitative study, based on field notes related to physiotherapy care to 92 patients of both genders with clinical diagnoses of OI, aged between 30 days and 37 years old, during the period 2004–2008. The analysis comprised a reading of the field notes as a corpus, considering them as a means of understanding the subjects’ perspectives. Two different forms of codification were applied — open and focused — followed by semiotic analysis techniques. Results Early encouragement to perform active movements within a safe environment, or even after fractures, reduced articular contractures and enhanced muscular tonus; physiotherapy manipulation facilitated the integration of body perception in relation to movements and responses to tactile-kinesthetic-vestibular stimuli; promoting family involvement, by adopting practical solutions adapted to each patient’s reality, contributed to reduce fear of fractures and allowed the construction of a new functional image. Conclusion Physiotherapy assessment and treatment should be based not only on clinical and neurofunctional elements and technical strategies, but also on a dialogue that includes the multiple dimensions of the patients and their family members, in order to engage them in a learning process to stimulate potentials, abilities and competences.
Disability after stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Carmo Julia Fabres do , Morelato Renato Lirio , Pinto Hudson Pereira , Oliveira Elizabete Regina Araujo de
Published: July 2015

Introduction Stroke is the most common cause of disability in Western countries, yet there is no consensus in the literature on how to measure and describe disability from stroke. Objective To conduct a systematic literature review on disability in stroke survivors. Method Observational studies published in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO online databases were selected, to evaluate disability in adults and in the elderly after stroke in the period 2002–2012. The Downs and Black checklist for non-randomized studies was used to assess the quality of the articles. Results 212 articles were found from which 16 were selected to compose the study. The mean age of participants was 67 years, and disability affected 24% to 49% of the population evaluated. With regard to measurement instruments, 31% of the studies analyzed presented results of disability by means of the modified Rankin Scale; 19% by means of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health; 19% by means of Katz’ Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living; 12.5% by means of the London Handicap Scale; 12.5 % by means of the Barthel Index; and 6.25% by means of the Functional Independence Measure. Conclusion Literature is not uniform as regards means of measuring disability after stroke, but considering the preference of articles in assessing physical performance in activities of daily living, it can be concluded that a quarter to half of the population that survives stroke has some degree of disability.
Stress Generated by Customized Glass Fiber Posts and Other Types by Photoelastic Analysis
Authors: Bosso Kátia , Gonini Júnior Alcides , Guiraldo Ricardo Danil , Berger Sandrine Bittencourt , Lopes Murilo Baena
Published: July 2015

Endodontic posts are necessary to provide adequate retention and support when no sufficient remaining structure is available to retain the core. There are different materials and techniques to construct post-and-core, but there is no consensus about which one promotes better stress distribution on the remaining tooth structure. This study aimed to quantify and evaluate the distribution of stress in the root produced by customized glass fiber posts compared to different endodontic posts. Twenty-five simulated roots from photoelastic resin were made and divided into 5 groups: CPC, cast post-and-core; SP, screw post; CF, carbon fiber post; GF, glass fiber post; and CGF, customized glass fiber post. After cementing CPC and SP posts with zinc phosphate cement, and CF, GF and CGF posts with resin cement, resin cores were made for groups 2-5. Specimens were evaluated with vertical or 45° oblique loading. To analyze the fringes, the root was divided into 6 parts: palatal cervical, palatal middle, palatal apical, vestibular cervical, vestibular middle, and vestibular apical. The formed fringes were photographed and quantified. Data were recorded and subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). SP (1.95±0.60) showed higher stress (p<0.05) compared to the others (CPC-0.52±0.74; CF-0.50±0.75, GF-0.23±0.48 and CGF-0.45±0.83). All posts showed high stress in apical third (CPC-1.40±0.65; SP-2.30±0.44, CF-1.80±0.45, GF-1.20±0.45, CGF-1.70±1.03) Low stress was found in cervical third (CPC-0.20±0.45; CF-0.00±0.00, GF-0.00±0.00, CGF-0.00±0.00), except by SP (1.90±0.65), which showed statistical difference (p<0.05). Customized post showed high stress concentration at the root and conventional glass fiber posts showed more favorable biomechanical behavior.
Postoperative Pain after Foraminal Instrumentation with a Reciprocating System and Different Irrigating Solutions
Authors: Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da , Monteiro Maria Rachel , Belladonna Felipe Gonçalves , Almeida José Flávio , De-Deus Gustavo , Neves Aline de Almeida
Published: July 2015

The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare postoperative pain after foraminal instrumentation using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel irrigation protocol in nonvital single-rooted teeth after reciprocating instrumentation. Sixty-two volunteers presenting a single root canal diagnosed with asymptomatic necrosis and apical periodontitis were randomized into 2 experimental groups regarding the irrigation protocol (ie, 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX gel groups). Endodontic treatment was performed in a single session under reciprocating instrumentation with foraminal instrumentation. Volunteers were instructed to record pain intensity. Scores from 1 to 4 were attributed to each kind of pain after 24, 48, and 72 h. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Student´s t tests were used to determine significant differences at p<0.05. On average, the percentage of patients that had no or mild pain after 24, 48 or 72 h was 77.4%, 88.7% and 95.1%, respectively. No statistically significant age difference was found between the groups (p>0.05, Student´s t test). Postoperative pain showed no statistically significant difference at any observation period when using 5.25% NaOCl or 2% CHX gel (p>0.05). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the mean number of analgesic tablets used between the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the use of 5.25% NaOCl or 2% CHX gel resulted in the same postoperative pain. Therefore, it can be inferred that irrigant choice has no relation with short-term follow up regarding postoperative pain.
Percepções de enfermeiros docentes e assistenciais sobre a parceria ensino-serviço em unidades básicas de saúde
Authors: Andrade Selma Regina de , Boehs Astrid Eggert , Boehs Carlos Gabriel Eggert
Published: July 2015

Este estudo objetiva apresentar a percepção dos enfermeiros da docência e da assistência sobre as expectativas, objetivos e dificuldades na parceria ensino-serviço. Estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa, com 16 enfermeiros docentes e assistenciais, que atuam junto a unidades básicas de saúde. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, analisadas com técnica de conteúdo e interpretadas à luz do modelo de relações interorganizacionais. Houve avaliação positiva da parceria, a respeito dos objetivos da formação e da educação permanente. Os enfermeiros assistenciais veem a avaliação dos alunos como um problema e se preocupam com os usuários. Conclui-se que deve haver formalização equilibrada e entendimento mútuo entre as partes, visando diminuir as diferenças inerentes entre o ensino e o cuidado e buscando a centralidade no usuário.
Avaliação da resposta imunológica da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte desafiados com diferentes sorovares de Salmonella
Authors: Muniz Eduardo C. , Pickler Larissa , Lourenço Mariana C. , Kraieski Antônio L. , Mesa Dany , Westphal Patrick , Santin Elizabeth
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo comparar o efeito de diferentes sorovares de Salmonella na resposta imune local da mucosa do intestino de frangos de corte. Aos sete dias de idade, as aves foram desafiadas com os sorovares S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Senftenberg, S. Mbandaka e S. Minnesota. Foi observado que todos os sorovares testados foram capazes de colonizar o intestino das aves sendo possível o isolamento de Salmonella em suabes de cloaca, 48 h após inoculação. De maneira geral, as aves do grupo controle negativo, que não foram desafiados apresentaram quantidade significativamente menor de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal do que as aves desafiadas. Porém, verificou-se que os sorovares de Salmonella, utilizados neste estudo, apresentaram diferentes efeitos sobre a dinâmica celular da mucosa do íleo e ceco e afetaram de modo diferente o ganho de peso e ganho médio diário das aves demonstrando distintos graus de patogenicidade. Os sorovares Enteritidis e Typhimurium apresentaram um efeito mais intenso tanto no desempenho quanto na mobilização de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte
Hydrocooling on postharvest conservation of butter lettuce
Authors: França Christiane FM , Ribeiro Welington S , Silva Fernanda C , Costa Lucas C , Rêgo Elizanilda R , Finger Fernando L
Published: July 2015

Lettuce is a vegetable highly susceptible to water loss, which reduces its shelf life and increases the final cost to the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydrocooling on the postharvest shelf life of butter lettuce 'Vitória de Santo Antão'. The lettuce heads, after selection, were subjected to the following treatments: T1= hydrocooling followed by storage at 5°C in the cold chamber; T2= storage in the cold chamber at 5°C without hydrocooling; T3= hydrocooling followed by storage at 22°C and T4= storage at 22°C without hydrocooling. We determined the shelf life, leaves mass loss, chlorophyll content, relative water content, total soluble sugars content, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and starch. The data were analyzed in split plot in a randomized block design with four replications. The hydrocooling was effective in slowing down the visual wilting of the leaves at 5 and 22°C, extending the shelf life. The hydrocooling combined with storage at 5°C maintained the leaves water balance, keeping them hydrated during storage, causing an increase of 20% in the marketing of the product, from 5 days in lettuces without hydrocooling, to 6 days when these were subjected to hydrocooling. No effect of hydrocooling in the chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and starch of leaves was observed in any of the storage temperatures. The hydrocooling at 4°C during 5 minutes, followed by storage at 5°C is an effective technique to maintain the leaves water balance, promoting longer shelf life.
Imaging in Lymphoma: The Key Role of Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Meignan Michel , Hutchings Martin , Schwartz Lawrence H.
Published: July 2015

This review focuses on the impact of new imaging guidelines for fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) on clinical practice and the future directions of lymphoma imaging.
European Scales and Institutional Transformation in Russian Higher Education
Authors: Drantusova Natalya , Knyazev Evgeniy
Published: July 2015

We have analyzed how integration into the European education space affects the Russian higher education system. Two common European trends have been studied as driving forces of transformation: 1) institutional differentiation based on introducing the multi-level education system and 2) reform of the relationship between the higher education and the mass public. It appears that the multi-level system is implemented in Russian higher education through a State-initiated vertical differentiation of higher education institutions based on their research and development achievements and through a concentration of resources in a limited number of leading universities. We believe that an institutional differentiation like that, with different program levels, discards some crucial points: heterogeneity in the group of leading universities that get the pre-emption right to implement Master’s programs; inherent heterogeneity of individual higher education institutions that may have both high R&D potential departments and mass-market oriented ones; the  danger of inhibiting the enthusiasm of universities by imposing rigid limitations on their activities, while Master’s degrees remain merely a source of profit for them. We are convinced that no consistent cooperation between employers and higher education in Russia is explained by the fact that, being guided by the Bologna Process principles, higher education outstripped employers by developing educational standards long before most industries adopted their occupational standards. We have singled out four models of  university activities in the context of higher education system transformation: 1) research university, 2) system integration university, 3) regional integration university, and 4) human resource construction university.