bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High sensitivity and resolution in 43Ca solid-state NMR experiments
Authors: Burgess Kevin M.N. , Perras Frédéric A. , Moudrakovski Igor L. , Xu Yijue , Bryce David L.
Published: January 2015

A thorough investigation of solid-state NMR signal enhancement schemes and high-resolution techniques for application to the spin-7/2 43Ca nuclide are presented. Signal enhancement experiments employing double frequency sweeps, hyperbolic secant pulses, and rotor-assisted population transfer, which manipulate the satellite transitions of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei to polarize the central transition (m = + 1/2 ↔ –1/2), are carried out on four well-characterized 43Ca isotopically enriched calcium salts: Ca(NO3)2, Ca(OD)2, CaSO4·2H2O, and Ca(OAc)2·H2O. These results, in conjunction with numerical simulations of 43Ca NMR spectra under magic-angle spinning conditions, are used to identify the technique that provides the most uniform (or quantitative) polarization enhancement as well as the largest signal enhancement factors independent of size of the 43Ca quadrupolar coupling constant, which is the most significant source of resonance broadening in 43Ca NMR spectra. These samples are further investigated using 43Ca double-rotation NMR spectroscopy to yield isotropic, or solution-like, NMR spectra with exquisite resolution. In addition, three unique calcium sites are resolved for the hemihydrated form of calcium acetate (unknown structure), Ca(OAc)2·0.5H2O, with double-rotation NMR, whereas the more common, but more time-consuming, multiple quantum magic-angle spinning technique only clearly resolves two calcium sites. The results shown herein will be useful for other NMR spectroscopists attempting to acquire 43Ca solid-state NMR data for unknown and more complex materials with a higher degree of both sensitivity and resolution.
Wettability Investigation of UV/O3 and Acid Functionalized MWCNT and MWCNT/PMMA Nanocomposites by Contact Angle Measurement
Authors: Kim Seil , Kafi Abdullah A. , Bafekpour Ehsan , Lee Young-In , Fox Bronwyn , Hussain Manwar , Choa Yong-Ho
Published: January 2015

The dispersion state of individual MWCNT in the polymer matrix influences the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the resulting composite. One method of obtaining a good dispersion state of MWCNT in a polymer matrix is to functionalize the surface of MWCNT using various treatments to enhance the surface energy and increase the dispersibility of MWCNT. In this study, wettability and surface energy of UV/O3 and acid‐treated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and its polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer nanocomposites were measured using contact angle analysis in various solvent media. Contact angle analysis was based on ethylene glycol‐water‐glycerol probe liquid set and data was further fitted into geometric mean (Fowkes), van Oss‐Chaudhury‐Good (GvOC), and Chang‐Qing‐Chen (CQC) models to determine both nonpolar and acid base surface energy components. Analysis was conducted on MWCNT thin films subjected to different levels of UV/O3 and acid treatments as well as their resulting MWCNT/PMMA nanocomposites. Contact angle analysis of thin films and nanocomposites revealed that the total surface energy of all samples was well fitted with each other. In addition, CQC model was able to determine the surface nature and polarity of MWCNT and its nanocomposites. Results indicated that the wettability changes in the thin film and its nanocomposites are due to the change in surface chemistry. Finally, electrical properties of nanocomposites were measured to investigate the effect of surface functionality (acid or basic) on the MWCNT surfaces.
Preservation of the External Jugular Vein in Bilateral Radical Neck Dissections: Technique in Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: da Rocha Rodrigo Lima Bastos , Del Negro André , Tincani Alfio José , Del Negro Maíra Soliani , Martins Antonio Santos
Published: January 2015

Context. The possibility of cephalic venous hypertension with the resultant facial edema and elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure continues to challenge head and neck surgeons who perform bilateral radical neck dissections during simultaneous or staged procedures.Case Report. The staged procedure in patients who require bilateral neck dissections allows collateral venous drainage to develop, mainly through the internal and external vertebral plexuses, thereby minimizing the risks of deleterious consequences. Nevertheless, this procedure has disadvantages, such as a delay in definitive therapy, the need for a second hospitalization and anesthesia, and the risk of cutting lymphatic vessels and spreading viable cancer cells. In this paper, we discuss the rationale and feasibility of preserving the external jugular vein. Considering the limited number of similar reports in the literature, two cases in which this procedure was accomplished are described. The relevant anatomy and technique are reviewed and the patients’ outcomes are discussed.Conclusion. Preservation of the EJV during bilateral neck dissections is technically feasible, fast, and safe, with clinically and radiologically demonstrated patency.
On Some Algebraic and Operator-Theoretic Properties of λ-Toeplitz Operators
Authors: Nikpour Mehdi
Published: January 2015

Based on a spectral problem raised by Barría and Halmos, a new class of Hardy-Hilbert space operators, containing the classical Toeplitz operators, is introduced, and some of their Toeplitz-like algebraic and operator-theoretic properties are studied and explored.
Riluzole Stimulates BDNF Release from Human Platelets
Authors: Türck Patrick , Frizzo Marcos Emílio
Published: January 2015

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has several functions in the central nervous system, where it contributes to brain development and its functionality through affecting neuronal survival and activity and also modulating neurotransmitter levels. This neurotrophin is also found in the serum, but its origin and peripheral function remain unknown. Although the source of circulating BDNF is uncertain, it is stored in platelets and can be released through pharmacological treatment. Decreased levels of BDNF in the serum have been related to the pathophysiology of depression, and this relationship is reinforced by the reversal of this condition by treatment with antidepressants. Recently, riluzole has been proposed for the treatment of depression because it has the ability to lower extracellular glutamate levels and increase BDNF expression; and both mechanisms could be associated with its antidepressant action. Considering that riluzole enhances BDNF levels in the serum of patients, we investigated if treatment with this drug could stimulate the release of this neurotrophin from human platelets obtained from healthy subjects. When platelets were incubated with riluzole for 4 h, the basal value of BDNF (92.9±11.1 pg 10−6platelets) was significantly increased (P<0.05,n=27). This stimulatory effect was achieved at low concentrations of riluzole (from 10 µM) and was not observed when platelets were incubated with the drug for 24 h. The direct action of riluzole evoking BDNF release from human platelets at therapeutic concentrations is important and may contribute to the understanding of its mechanisms of action in the treatment of depression.
Suppressive Effect of Insulin on the Gene Expression and Plasma Concentrations of Mediators of Asthmatic Inflammation
Authors: Ghanim Husam , Green Kelly , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Batra Manav , Kuhadiya Nitesh D. , Patel Reema , Makdissi Antoine , Dhindsa Sandeep , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh
Published: January 2015

Background and Hypothesis. Following our recent demonstration that the chronic inflammatory and insulin resistant state of obesity is associated with an increase in the expression of mediators known to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and that weight loss after gastric bypass surgery results in the reduction of these genes, we have now hypothesized that insulin suppresses the cellular expression and plasma concentrations of these mediators.Methods. The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, and TSLP in MNC and plasma concentrations of LIGHT, TGF-β1, MMP-9, MCP-1, TSLP, and NOM in obese patients with T2DM were measured before, during, and after the infusion of a low dose (2 U/h) infusion of insulin for 4 hours. The patients were also infused with dextrose or saline for 4 hours on two separate visits and served as controls.Results. Following insulin infusion, the mRNA expression of IL-4, ADAM-33, LIGHT, and LTBR mRNA expression fell significantly (P<0.05for all). There was also a concomitant reduction in plasma NOM, LIGHT, TGF-β1, MCP-1, and MMP-9 concentrations.Conclusions. Insulin suppresses the expression of these genes and mediators related to asthma and may, therefore, have a potential role in the treatment of asthma.
Investigations on Structural, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties of PVDF/Ceramic Composites
Authors: Srivastava Anshuman , Jana Karun Kumar , Maiti Pralay , Kumar Devendra , Parkash Om
Published: January 2015

Polymer ceramic composites are widely used for embedded capacitor application. In the present work PVDF has been used as a matrix and CCTO and LaCCTO have been used as reinforcement. Extrusion process has been used for the synthesis of composites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirm the formation of single phase CCTO, and LaCCTO in its pure as well as composite state. It is found that La doping in CCTO considerably increases the dielectric constant and reduces the dielectric loss. A similar trend is observed in the composites with the increasing content of CCTO and LaCCTO.
Pulmonary Tumor Thrombotic Microangiopathy from Metastatic Prostate Carcinoma
Authors: Nayyar Dhruv , Muthiah Kavitha , Hayward Christopher S. , Lim Zerlene , Granger Emily K. , Nicholls Mark , Glanville Allan R.
Published: January 2015

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy is a rare but serious malignancy-related respiratory complication. The most common causative neoplasm is gastric adenocarcinoma. We report a case caused by metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, diagnosed postmortem in a 58-year-old male. To our knowledge, this is the second reported case from metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma.
Chemical Functionalization and Characterization of Cellulose Extracted from Wheat Straw Using Acid Hydrolysis Methodologies
Authors: Huntley Chemar J. , Crews Kristy D. , Curry Michael L.
Published: January 2015

The nonuniform distribution of cellulose into many composite materials is attributed to the hydrogen bonding observed by the three hydroxyl groups located on each glucose monomer. As an alternative, chemical functionalization is performed to disrupt the strong hydrogen bonding behavior without significant altering of the chemical structure or lowering of the thermal stability. In this report, we use wheat straw as the biomass source for the extraction of cellulose and, subsequently, chemical modification via the Albright-Goldman and Jones oxidation reactions. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that upon oxidation a slight change in the cellulose polymorphic structure (CI to CII) can be observed when compared to its unmodified counterpart. Scanning electron microscopy analyses show that the oxidized cellulose structure exhibits fiber-like crystals with lengths and diameters on the micrometer scale. Thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis) show an increase in the thermal stability for the modified cellulose at extremely high temperatures (>300°C).
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Vancomycin-Loaded PMMA Cement in Combination with Ultrasound and Microbubbles-Mediated Ultrasound
Authors: Lin Tiao , Cai Xun-Zi , Shi Ming-Min , Ying Zhi-Min , Hu Bin , Zhou Chen-He , Wang Wei , Shi Zhong-Li , Yan Shi-Gui
Published: January 2015

Ultrasound (US) has been used to increase elution of antibiotic from an antibiotic-loaded poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement (ALBC). We aimed to further investigate whether microbubbles-mediated US (US + MB) facilitate elution of vancomycin (VAN) from cylindrical specimens and enhance the activity of the eluted antibiotic againstStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) in vitro. The study groups comprised cylindrical bone cement fabricated with VAN (VAN), ALBC using US (VAN + US), and ALBC using MB-mediated US (VAN + US + MB). We also carried out an in vivo study involving the activity of VAN from cylindrical cement implanted in tibiae of New Zealand white rabbits inoculated withS. aureus. We found that (1) in vitro, elution from VAN + US + MB cylinders was significantly higher than from either the VAN or VAN + US specimens; (2) the activity of the eluted VAN from the VAN + US + MB cylinders against planktonicS. aureuswas significantly higher than from either the control or VAN or VAN + US specimens; and (3) in the rabbits, the activity of the eluted VAN from the VAN + US + MB cylinders againstS. aureuswas significantly higher than from either the control or VAN or VAN + US specimens. The present results suggest that VAN-loaded PMMA cement irradiated with MB-mediated US may have a role in controlling prosthetic joint infection.
Two-Year Accelerated Corneal Cross-Linking Outcome in Patients with Progressive Keratoconus
Authors: Waszczykowska Arleta , Jurowski Piotr
Published: January 2015

Purpose. To evaluate the long-term results of accelerated corneal cross-linking (CXL) in patients with progressive keratoconus.Methods. Sixteen patients underwent accelerated CXL at 6 mW/cm2for 15 minutes in one eye. The follow-up visits were scheduled on 7 days, 14 days, and 3, 12, and 24 months after the treatment.Results. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) between preoperative and 2-year postoperative mean values, respectively, in terms of uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, maximum keratometryKmax⁡, minimum keratometryKmin⁡, corneal astigmatism, and corneal eccentricity index. We noted a significant flattening of the cornea in 18.7% of patients with a higher preoperativeKmax⁡value (>50 D) and its steepening in patients with a lowerKmax⁡value (<50 D) (6.25%). There was no significant difference in the central corneal thickness and the apical corneal thickness preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively. The mean demarcation line depth was282±11 μm. Persistent corneal haze was noted in 25% of patients.Conclusions. Accelerated CXL appears to be a relatively effective procedure for the treatment of keratoconus in 2-year follow-up.
Pancreatic Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumour Presenting with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Petrides Christos , Neofytou Kyriakos , Khan Aamir Z.
Published: January 2015

PEComa is a family of rare mesenchymal tumours which can occur in any part of the human body. Primary PEComas of the pancreas are extremely rare tumours with uncertain malignant potential. A 17-year-old female was admitted to the hospital due to melena. She required several transfusions. CT scan demonstrated a mass at the head of the pancreas measuring 4.2 cm in maximum diameter. An endoscopic ultrasound showed an ulcerating malignant looking mass infiltrating 50% of the wall of the second part of the duodenum in the region of the ampulla. Multiple biopsies taken showed extensive ulceration with granulation tissue formation and underlying large macrophages without being able to establish a definite diagnosis. We proceeded with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. The postoperative course of the patient was unremarkable, and she was discharged on the 8th postoperative day. Histology examination of the specimen showed a PEComa of pancreas. Eighteen months after resection the patient is disease free. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time we describe a case of a pancreatic PEComa presenting with massive gastrointestinal bleeding.
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Dysfunctions among Indian Pregnant Women
Authors: Ramachandra Preetha , Maiya Arun G. , Kumar Pratap , Kamath Asha
Published: January 2015

Background and Objectives. Pregnancy triggers a wide range of changes in a woman’s body leading to various musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Most commonly reported musculoskeletal discomforts by pregnant women are low back pain and symphysis pubis pain. The culture and the environmental factors may influence the discomforts experienced by a pregnant woman. There is a dearth of literature in India, regarding the common musculoskeletal dysfunctions experienced by a pregnant woman, and hence this study.Method. A questionnaire to identify the musculoskeletal dysfunction was developed; content was validated and was translated to local languages through parallel back translation. 261 primiparous pregnant women participated in the study and filled the questionnaire in their native language.Results. Among the musculoskeletal dysfunctions reported by the pregnant women, 64.6% reported calf muscle cramps, 37.1% reported foot pain, and 33.7% experienced low back pain in their third trimester. In the second trimester, common musculoskeletal dysfunctions experienced by the women were that of calf pain (47.8%), low back pain (42%), and pelvic girdle pain (37%).Conclusion. Musculoskeletal dysfunctions and general discomforts very commonly affect the activities of daily living of pregnant women. Understanding the common discomforts during various trimesters of pregnancy will help to develop a comprehensive program for prevention and cure.
Simultaneous Parameters Identifiability and Estimation of anE. coliMetabolic Network Model
Authors: Pontes Freitas Alberton Kese , Alberton André Luís , Di Maggio Jimena Andrea , Estrada Vanina Gisela , Díaz María Soledad , Secchi Argimiro Resende
Published: January 2015

This work proposes a procedure for simultaneous parameters identifiability and estimation in metabolic networks in order to overcome difficulties associated with lack of experimental data and large number of parameters, a common scenario in the modeling of such systems. As case study, the complex real problem of parameters identifiability of theEscherichia coliK-12 W3110 dynamic model was investigated, composed by 18 differential ordinary equations and 35 kinetic rates, containing 125 parameters. With the procedure, model fit was improved for most of the measured metabolites, achieving 58 parameters estimated, including 5 unknown initial conditions. The results indicate that simultaneous parameters identifiability and estimation approach in metabolic networks is appealing, since model fit to the most of measured metabolites was possible even when important measures of intracellular metabolites and good initial estimates of parameters are not available.
Timing for Pacing after Acquired Conduction Disease in the Setting of Endocarditis
Authors: Brancheau Daniel , Degheim George , Machado Christian
Published: January 2015

A 53-year-old gentleman with a history of a mechanical aortic valve presented to the emergency department complaining of a sudden right-sided abdominal pain. He was found to have atrioventricular dissociation on his initial electrocardiogram and his blood cultures grew Streptococcus viridans. The suspicion for endocarditis with periaortic abscess was high so a transthoracic echocardiogram was performed and showed a mass in the left ventricular outflow tract. For better visualization, a transesophageal echocardiogram was recommended and revealed a bileaflet mechanical aortic valve with perivalvular abscess and valvular vegetation as well as severe eccentric paravalvular aortic regurgitation. After sterilization, the patient underwent a successful surgery. Postoperatively, he remained in complete heart block and a permanent pacemaker placement was performed after complete sterilization. He tolerated the procedure well and was discharged home in a stable condition. Perivalvular abscess is one of the most common cardiac complications of infective endocarditis and is associated with an increased risk of mortality. It is imperative to have appropriate treatment guidelines established. However, because of the relative nature of the disease process and the acuity at which intervention needs to be done, a true assessment of the duration of antibiotic therapy prior to surgical intervention, timing of pacemaker placement, and the type of pacemaker is controversial.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is the Most Frequent Final Diagnosis of Focal Liver Lesions Identified in a Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Patients with Chronic Liver Disease in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Agha Adnan , Furnari Manuele , Chakik Rafaat Morched , Abdulhadi Ali Mamdouh M. , Alsaudi Dib , Bazeed Mohammed , Savarino Vincenzo , Giannini Edoardo G.
Published: January 2015

Background.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent diagnosis in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and a newly identified liver lesion, although benign diseases may also be responsible for this finding.Objective.To evaluate the characteristics of focal liver lesions in a population of patients with CLD not under surveillance for HCC in the Middle East.Methods.We performed a cross-sectional study evaluating 77 patients with CLD and a focal liver lesion identified during ultrasonography. Patients’ characteristics were analyzed on the basis of the final diagnosis (HCC versus benign lesions).Results.The most frequent diagnosis was HCC (64.9%). These patients were older (median age 64 versus 55 years,P=0.003) and cirrhotics (80.0% versus 51.9%,P=0.018), with multinodular lesions (58.0% versus 29.6%,P=0.031) and portal vein thrombosis (24.0% versus 0%,P=0.001) compared to patients with benign lesions. Prevalence of elevated alpha-fetoprotein (>10 ng/mL) was similar in both groups (80.0% versus 88.9%,P=0.198). Cirrhosis (odds ratio: 3.283) and multinodularity (odds ratio: 2.898) were independently associated with HCC.Conclusions.HCC is the most common diagnosis in Middle-Eastern patients with CLD and a liver lesion identified outside HCC surveillance programs, especially in cirrhotic patients. In these patients, elevated alpha-fetoprotein does not differentiate HCC from benign lesions.
Gender Differences in Health Related Quality of Life among People Living with HIV on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Tesfay Amanuel , Gebremariam Abebe , Gerbaba Mulusew , Abrha Hailay
Published: January 2015

Background. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important outcome measure for highly active antiretroviral treatment program. In Ethiopia, studies revealed that there are improved qualities of life among adults living with the viruses taking antiretroviral therapy but there is no explicit data showing gender differences in health related quality of life.Aim. To assess gender differences in HRQOL and its associated factors among people living with HIV and on highly active antiretroviral therapy in public health institutions of Mekelle town, Northern Ethiopia.Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 494 adult people living with HIV taking ART services. Quality of life was measured using WHOQOL-HIV BREF.Result. There was a statistically significant gender difference (P<0.05) in HRQOL among PLHIV on HAART. Females had low score in all HRQOL domains. High perceived stigma was strongly associated with poor psychological quality of domain among both female and male groups with[AOR=2.89(1.69,4.96)]and[AOR=2.5(1.4,4.4)], respectively.Conclusion. There was statistically significant gender difference in all quality of life domains. Public health interventions to improve HRQOL of PLHIV should take in to account the physical, psychological, social, environmental, and spiritual health of PLHIV during treatment, care, and support.
Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm Using Multicriteria Metrics in Heterogeneous Wireless Network
Authors: Mahardhika Gita , Ismail Mahamod , Nordin Rosdiadee
Published: January 2015

Heterogeneous network concept was introduced to satisfy the demands of network’s traffic capacity and data rate. It consists of multiplatform networks with various radio access technologies. Conventionally, a mobile user may roam and accomplish the vertical handover using single criteria, such as received signal strength (RSS). Single criteria vertical handover decision, however, may cause inefficient handoff, unbalanced network load, and service interruption. This paper proposed an improved vertical handover decision using multicriteria metrics in the environment of heterogeneous network consisting of three network interfaces: (i) wireless local area network (WLAN), (ii) wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), and (iii) worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX). In the vertical handover decision, four metrics are considered: (i) RSS, (ii) mobile speed, (iii) traffic class, and (iv) network occupancy. There are three types of the vertical handover decision algorithm: (i) equal priority, (ii) mobile priority, and (iii) network priority. Equal priority multicriteria handover algorithm improved the number of handoffs by 46.60 while mobile priority multicriteria algorithm improved the number of handoffs by 90.41% and improved the balance index by 0.09%. Network priority multicriteria method improved the number of handoffs by 84.60%, balance index by 18.03%, and average blocking probability by 20.23%.
Influence of Two Common Polymorphisms in theEPHX1Gene on Warfarin Maintenance Dosage: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Hong-Qiang , Zhang Chang-Po , Zhang Chang-Zhen , Liu Xiang-Chen , Liu Zun-Jing
Published: January 2015

We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the influence of two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2292566 G>A and rs4653436 A>G) in theEPHX1gene on warfarin maintenance dosages. Relevant literatures were searched using thePubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CISCOM, CINAHL, Google Scholar, CBM, andCNKIdatabases without any language restrictions. STATA Version 12.0 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) was used for this meta-analysis. Standard mean difference and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, including 2,063 warfarin-treated patients. Meta-analysis results illustrated thatEPHX1rs2292566 G>A polymorphism might be strongly correlated with a higher maintenance dose of warfarin. However, no interaction ofEPHX1rs4653436 A>G polymorphism with warfarin maintenance dosage was detected. A further subgroup analysis based on stratification by ethnicity indicated thatEPHX1rs2292566 G>A polymorphism was positively correlated with warfarin maintenance dosage among Caucasians, but not Asians. No associations were observed betweenEPHX1rs4653436 A>G polymorphism warfarin maintenance dosage among both Caucasians and Asians. Our meta-analysis provides robust and unambiguous evidence thatEPHX1rs2292566 polymorphism may affect the maintenance dose of warfarin in Caucasians.
A Rapid and Sensitive Diagnostic Screening Assay for Detection of Mycobacteria Including Mycobacterium tuberculosis Directly from Sputum without Extraction
Authors: Cross Lisa Jane , Anscombe Catherine , McHugh Timothy D. , Abubakar Ibrahim , Shorten Robert John , Thorne Nicola , Arnold Cath
Published: January 2015

We report a novel approach utilising a real-time PCR screening assay targeting a 53 bp tandemly repeated element present at various loci within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome. Positive samples were identified within a discriminatory melting curve range of 90–94°C, with results obtained in under one hour directly from decontaminated sputum samples without extraction. A panel of 89 smear-positive sputa were used for analytical validation of the assay with 100% concordance, with sensitivity matching that of culture. Cross reactivity was detected within a narrow range of mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) (five sputa, three in silico), with the highest sensitivity within M. avium complex (MAC). A year-long head to head evaluation of the test with the GeneXpert platform was carried out with 104 consecutive samples at the Royal Free Hospital, UK. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of the data revealed that the two tests are approximately equivalent in sensitivity, with the area under the curve being 0.85 and 0.80 for the GeneXpert and our assay, respectively, indicating that the test would be a cost effective screen prior to GeneXpert testing.
The Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids: A Useful Measure of Childhood Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Authors: Jones Harvey P. , Testa Renee R. , Ross Nola , Seal Marc L. , Pantelis Christos , Tonge Bruce
Published: January 2015

Despite being identified as a high risk cohort for psychosis, there has been relatively little research on the clinical presentation and assessment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) in childhood. The current study aimed to develop a measure of childhood SPD (Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids (MASK)) and assess discriminant validity against another neurodevelopmental disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sixty-eight children aged between 5 and 12 (21 SPD, 15 ASD, and 32 typically developing) and their parents were administered the MASK. The MASK is a 57-item semistructured interview that obtains information from the child, their parents, and the clinician. The results showed high internal consistency for the MASK and higher scores in the SPD group. A factor analysis revealed two MASK factors: social/pragmatic symptoms and positive schizotypal symptoms. Both factors were associated with SPD, while only the social/pragmatic factor was associated with ASD. Within the two clinical groups, a receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the MASK (cut-off score: 132 out of 228) was a good indicator of SPD diagnosis. These preliminary MASK findings were reliable and consistent and suggest that childhood SPD is characterised by complex symptomology distinguishable from ASD.
Comparative Effects of Retinoic Acid or Glycolic Acid Vehiculated in Different Topical Formulations
Authors: Maia Campos Patrícia Maria Berardo Gonçalves , Gaspar Lorena Rigo , Gonçalves Gisele Mara Silva , Pereira Lúcia Helena Terenciane Rodrigues , Semprini Marisa , Lopes Ruberval Armando
Published: January 2015

Retinoids and hydroxy acids have been widely used due to their effects in the regulation of growth and in the differentiation of epithelial cells. However, besides their similar indication, they have different mechanisms of action and thus they may have different effects on the skin; in addition, since the topical formulation efficiency depends on vehicle characteristics, the ingredients of the formulation could alter their effects. Thus the objective of this study was to compare the effects of retinoic acid (RA) and glycolic acid (GA) treatment on the hairless mouse epidermis thickness and horny layer renewal when added in gel, gel cream, or cream formulations. For this, gel, gel cream, and cream formulations (with or without 6% GA or 0.05% RA) were applied in the dorsum of hairless mice, once a day for seven days. After that, the skin was analyzed by histopathologic, morphometric, and stereologic techniques. It was observed that the effects of RA occurred independently from the vehicle, while GA had better results when added in the gel cream and cream. Retinoic acid was more effective when compared to glycolic acid, mainly in the cell renewal and the exfoliation process because it decreased the horny layer thickness.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Properties of Vasicine Acetate Synthesized from Vasicine Isolated fromAdhatoda vasicaL.
Authors: Duraipandiyan V. , Al-Dhabi N. A. , Balachandran C. , Ignacimuthu S. , Sankar C. , Balakrishna K.
Published: January 2015

Adhatoda vasica(L.) (Acanthaceae) is used in the indigenous system of medicine in India. The alkaloid Vasicine was isolated from ethanolic extract of the leaves ofA. vasicausing column chromatography. Vasicine acetate was obtained by acetylation of Vasicine. Vasicine acetate exhibited good zone of inhibition against bacteria: 10 mm againstE. aerogenes, 10 mm againstS. epidermidis, and 10 mm againstP. aeruginosa. Vasicine acetate showed minimum inhibitory concentration values against bacteria:M. luteus(125 μg/mL),E. aerogenes(125 μg/mL),S. epidermidis(125 μg/mL), andP. aeruginosa(125 μg/mL). The radical scavenging activity of Vasicine acetate was the maximum at 1000 μg/mL (66.15%). The compound showed prominent cytotoxic activity in vitro against A549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell line. Quantification of Vasicine and Vasicine acetate by HPLC-DAD analysis showed their contents to be 0.2293% and 0.0156%, respectively, on dry weight basis of the leaves. Vasicine acetate could be probed further in drug discovery programme.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Herbs with Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein
Authors: Cho Hyun-Jong , Yoon In-Soo
Published: January 2015

The concurrent use of drugs and herbal products is becoming increasingly prevalent over the last decade. Several herbal products have been known to modulate cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which are recognized as representative drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter, respectively. Thus, a summary of knowledge on the modulation of CYP and P-gp by commonly used herbs can provide robust fundamentals for optimizing CYP and/or P-gp substrate drug-based therapy. Herein, we review ten popular medicinal and/or dietary herbs as perpetrators of CYP- and P-gp-mediated pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions. The main focus is placed on previous works on the ability of herbal extracts and their phytochemicals to modulate the expression and function of CYP and P-gp in severalin vitroandin vivoanimal and human systems.
Postoperative Bleeding Risk for Oral Surgery under Continued Clopidogrel Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Gröbe Alexander , Fraederich Meike , Smeets Ralf , Heiland Max , Kluwe Lan , Zeuch Jürgen , Haase Martina , Wikner Johannes , Hanken Henning , Semmusch Jan , Al-Dam Ahmed , Eichhorn Wolfgang
Published: January 2015

Object.To determine the incidence of postoperative bleeding for oral osteotomy carried out under continued monoantiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and dual therapy with clopidogrel/aspirin.Design.Retrospective single center observatory study of two study groups and a control group.Methods.A total of 64 and 60 oral osteotomy procedures carried out under continued monoclopidogrel therapy and dual clopidogrel/aspirin therapy, respectively, were followed for two weeks for postoperative bleeding. Another 281 similar procedures were also followed as a control group. All oral osteotomy procedures were carried out on an outpatient basis.Results.We observed postoperative bleeding in 2/281 (0.7%) cases in the control group, in 1/64 (1.6%) cases in the clopidogrel group, and in 2/60 (3.3%) cases in the dual clopidogrel/aspirin group. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals are 0–1.7%, 0–4.7%, and 0–7.8%, respectively, and the incidences did not differ significantly among the three groups (P>0.09). Postoperative hemorrhage was treated successfully in all cases with local measures. No changes of antiplatelet medication, transfusion, nor hospitalisation were necessary. No major cardiovascular events were recorded.Conclusions.Our results indicate that minor oral surgery can be performed safely under continued monoantiplatelet medication with clopidogrel or dual antiplatelet medication with clopidogrel/aspirin.
Association between Glucose Levels and Intraocular Pressure: Pre- and Postprandial Analysis in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients
Authors: Pimentel Luis Guilherme Milesi , Gracitelli Carolina P. B. , da Silva Leticia Sant’Ana Cardoso , Souza Aline Katia Siqueira , Prata Tiago Santos
Published: January 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between glucose levels and intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Seventeen nondiabetic and 20 diabetic subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, capillary glucose testing, and applanation tonometry in two distinct situations: first, fasting for at least 8 hours and, second, postprandial measurements. Baseline glucose levels were higher in diabetic patients (P<0.001). Postprandial IOP was significantly higher than baseline IOP in diabetic (P<0.001) and nondiabetic patients (P=0.006). Postprandial glucose levels were significantly higher than baseline measurements in both diabetic (P=0.005) and nondiabetic patients (P=0.015). There was a significant association between glucose levels variation and IOP change in both diabetic patients (R2=0.540;P<0.001) and nondiabetic individuals (R2=0.291;P=0.025). There is also a significant association between the baseline glucose levels and IOP change in diabetic group (R2=0.445;P=0.001). In a multivariable model, the magnitude of glucose level change remained significantly associated with IOP variation even including age, baseline IOP, ancestry, and gender as a confounding factor (P<0.001). We concluded that there is a significant association between blood glucose levels and IOP variation, especially in diabetic patients.
Epidermal Cyst of Parotid Gland: A Rarity and a Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Ganesan Anuradha , Nandakumar Gautham Kumar
Published: January 2015

Epidermal cysts are common skin lesions but they occur very rarely in the oral cavity, especially in the salivary glands. Very few cases have been reported in the literature and, here, we present one such rare case of epidermal cyst in the right parotid gland in a 62-year-old female patient.
Electromechanical Response of Conductive Porous Structure
Authors: So Hye-Mi , Park Cheolmin , Chang Won Seok
Published: January 2015

Porous conductors with large surface‐volume ratios have been applied to a variety of fields, including absorbents, flexible heaters, and electrodes for supercapacitors. In this study, we implemented sensitive pressure sensors using the mechanical and electrical characteristics of conductive porous structures manufactured by immersing sponges into a carbon nanotube solution and then measured the change in resistance. When pressure was applied to conductive sponges, carbon nanotubes were attached to each other and the resistance was reduced by up to 20%. The carbon nanotube sponges, which were soft and had superior elasticity, were quickly stabilized without any changes taking place in their shape, and they showed consistent change in resistance during experiments of repetitive pressure. The pressure devices based on conductive porous sponges were connected to single‐walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors (SWCNT‐FETs) and changes in their characteristics were investigated according to external pressure.
Field Equations and Lagrangian for the Kaluza Metric Evaluated with Tensor Algebra Software
Authors: Williams L. L.
Published: January 2015

This paper calculates the Kaluza field equations with the aid of a computer package for tensor algebra, xAct. The xAct file is provided with this paper. We find that Thiry’s field equations are correct, but only under limited circumstances. The full five-dimensional field equations under the cylinder condition are provided here, and we see that most of the other references miss at least some terms from them. We go on to establish the remarkable Kaluza Lagrangian, and verify that the field equations calculated from it match those calculated with xAct, thereby demonstrating self-consistency of these results. Many of these results can be found scattered throughout the literature, and we provide some pointers for historical purposes. But our intent is to provide a definitive exposition of the field equations of the classical, five-dimensional metric ansatz of Kaluza, along with the computer algebra data file to verify them, and then to recover the unique Lagrangian for the theory. In common terms, the Kaluza theory is an “ω=0” scalar field theory, but with unique electrodynamic couplings.
Sexual Abuse of Older Nursing Home Residents: A Literature Review
Authors: Malmedal Wenche , Iversen Maria Helen , Kilvik Astrid
Published: January 2015

Despite an increasing literature related to elder abuse, sexual abuse of older persons in general and of vulnerable adults living in nursing homes in particular is still sparsely described. The purpose of this study was to assess the state of knowledge on the subject of sexual abuse against older nursing home residents through a literature review. Systematic searches in reference databases including Cinahl, Medline, OVID Nursing Database, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and SveMed + were conducted. Through several phases of selection of the articles, using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, six articles were chosen for a deeper examination. Findings from the review show that sexual abuse occurs in nursing homes and that both older women and men are victims of sexual abuse. Perpetrators appear mainly to be staff and other residents and mainly to be men, but also women abuse both older men and older women. Findings from the literature review show that there is a need for knowledge and further research on the topic of sexual abuse against older residents in nursing homes. Furthermore, there is a need for good policies and reporting systems, as an important step in seriously addressing sexual abuse against older persons.
Mathematical Modeling of Partial-Porous Circular Cylinders with Water Waves
Authors: Park Min-Su , Koo Weoncheol
Published: January 2015

The interaction of water waves with partially porous-surfaced circular cylinders was investigated. A three-dimensional numerical modeling was developed based on the complete mathematical formulation of the eigenfunction expansion method in the potential flow. Darcy’s law was applied to describe the porous boundary. The partial-porous cylinder is composed of a porous-surfaced body near the free surface, and an impermeable-surfaced body with an end-capped rigid bottom below the porous region. The optimal ratio of the porous portion to the impermeable portion can be adopted to design an effective ocean structure with minimal hydrodynamic impact. To scrutinize the hydrodynamic interactions inNpartial-porous circular cylinders, the computational fluid domain is divided into three regions: an exterior region,Ninner porous body regions, andNregions beneath the body. Wave excitation forces and wave run-up on multibodied partial-porous cylinders are calculated and compared for various porous-portion ratios and wave conditions, all of which significantly influence the hydrodynamic property.
Activation of IL6/IGFIR Confers Poor Prognosis of HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Induction of OCT4/NANOG Expression
Authors: Chang Te-Sheng , Wu Yu-Chih , Chi Ching-Chi , Su Wei-Chi , Chang Pey-Jium , Lee Kam-Fai , Tung Tao-Hsin , Wang Jui , Liu Jun-Jen , Tung Shui-Yi , Kuo Liang-Mou , Ho Hong-Nerng , Ling Thai-Yen , Huang Yen-Hua
Published: January 2015

Purpose: To unravel the role of interleukin (IL)-6 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor (IGFIR) in expressing stemness-related properties and to evaluate the prognostic values of pluripotent transcription factor OCT4/NANOG, and IGFIR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Experimental Design: Serum levels of IL6 were detected using ELISA assays (n = 120). The effects of IL6/IGFI on stemness expression in HCC were examined using OCT4/NANOG promoter luciferase reporter, RNA interference, secondary sphere formation, side population, and xenograft animal models. The OCT4/NANOG protein and phospho-IGFI receptor (p-IGFIR) in tissues were detected by Western blotting (n = 8) and immunohistochemical staining (n = 85). OCT4, NANOG, and IGFIR expression levels in tissues (n = 191) were analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR and was correlated with early tumor recurrence using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results: A high positive correlation between the expression levels of OCT4/NANOG and IGFIR/p-IGFIR in human HCC tissues was observed. The concurrent expression of OCT4/NANOG/IGFIR was mostly confined to hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related HCC (HBV-HCC) and was significantly correlated with early tumor recurrence. High serum levels of IL6 were significantly correlated with high OCT4/NANOG expression. IL6 stimulated an autocrine IGFI/IGFIR expression STAT3 dependently, which stimulated stemness-related properties in both the cell lines and the xenografted mouse tumors. The inhibition of IGFIR activation by either RNA interference or by treatment with the inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP) significantly suppressed the IL6-induced stemness-related properties both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions: The expression of pluripotency-related genes is associated with early tumor recurrence and is regulated by IL6-induced IGF/IGFIR activation, particularly in HBV-HCC. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 201–10. ©2014 AACR.
Development of a Prognostic Genetic Signature to Predict the Metastatic Risk Associated with Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Gerami Pedram , Cook Robert W. , Wilkinson Jeff , Russell Maria C. , Dhillon Navneet , Amaria Rodabe N. , Gonzalez Rene , Lyle Stephen , Johnson Clare E. , Oelschlager Kristen M. , Jackson Gilchrist L. , Greisinger Anthony J. , Maetzold Derek , Delman Keith A. , Lawson David H. , Stone John F.
Published: January 2015

Purpose: The development of a genetic signature for the identification of high-risk cutaneous melanoma tumors would provide a valuable prognostic tool with value for stage I and II patients who represent a remarkably heterogeneous group with a 3% to 55% chance of disease progression and death 5 years from diagnosis.

Experimental Design: A prognostic 28-gene signature was identified by analysis of microarray expression data. Primary cutaneous melanoma tumor tissue was evaluated by RT-PCR for expression of the signature, and radial basis machine (RBM) modeling was performed to predict risk of metastasis.

Results: RBM analysis of cutaneous melanoma tumor gene expression reports low risk (class 1) or high risk (class 2) of metastasis. Metastatic risk was predicted with high accuracy in development (ROC = 0.93) and validation (ROC = 0.91) cohorts of primary cutaneous melanoma tumor tissue. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates in the development set were 100% and 38% for predicted classes 1 and 2 cases, respectively (P < 0.0001). DFS rates for the validation set were 97% and 31% for predicted classes 1 and 2 cases, respectively (P < 0.0001). Gene expression profile (GEP), American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and age were independent predictors of metastatic risk according to Cox regression analysis.

Conclusions: The GEP signature accurately predicts metastasis risk in a multicenter cohort of primary cutaneous melanoma tumors. Preliminary Cox regression analysis indicates that the signature is an independent predictor of metastasis risk in the cohort presented. Clin Cancer Res; 21(1); 175–83. ©2015 AACR.