bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beringia and the global dispersal of modern humans
Authors: Hoffecker John F. , Elias Scott A. , O'Rourke Dennis H. , Scott G. Richard , Bigelow Nancy H.
Published: April 2016

Until recently, the settlement of the Americas seemed largely divorced from the out‐of‐Africa dispersal of anatomically modern humans, which began at least 50,000 years ago. Native Americans were thought to represent a small subset of the Eurasian population that migrated to the Western Hemisphere less than 15,000 years ago. Archeological discoveries since 2000 reveal, however, thatHomo sapiensoccupied the high‐latitude region between Northeast Asia and northwest North America (that is, Beringia) before 30,000 years ago and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The settlement of Beringia now appears to have been part of modern human dispersal in northern Eurasia. A 2007 model, the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, which is based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in living people, derives Native Americans from a population that occupied Beringia during the LGM. The model suggests a parallel between ancestral Native Americans and modern human populations that retreated to refugia in other parts of the world during the arid LGM. It is supported by evidence of comparatively mild climates and rich biota in south‐central Beringia at this time (30,000‐15,000 years ago). These and other developments suggest that the settlement of the Americas may be integrated with the global dispersal of modern humans.
Neural substrates in secondary somatosensory area for the perception of different tactile sensations
Authors: Lee Stephanie D. , Jung Yujin , Chung Yong An , Lee Wonhye
Published: April 2016

This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the secondary somatosensory area (SII) in humans, especially regarding the presence of distinctive spatial arrangements of neural subunits responding to different types of tactile stimuli. Ten healthy volunteers received four different sensory stimuli on the palmar side of the right hand—vibrotactile, pressure, warmth, and coolness. Based on group‐level analysis of the fMRI data, all four of the somatosensory stimuli resulted in activations in the bilateral SII and insula as well as the SI contralateral to the stimulation. The spatial distribution of neural activations corresponding to each stimulus, as examined by cortical inflation technique, revealed significant overlaps, but also showed the differences in terms of its overall topology. The local maxima of the activation within the SII, corresponding to these stimuli, manifested distinctive spatial location. These results suggest that differential networks of the SII subregions are involved in the processing of the different nature of the tactile stimuli, while sharing common regions in the parietal operculum.
The Actin-Binding Protein Cofilin and Its Interaction With Cortactin Are Required for Podosome Patterning in Osteoclasts and Bone Resorption In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zalli Detina , Neff Lynn , Nagano Kenichi , Shin Nah Young , Witke Walter , Gori Francesca , Baron Roland
Published: April 2016

The adhesion of osteoclasts (OCs) to bone and bone resorption require the assembly of specific F-actin adhesion structures, the podosomes, and their dense packing into a sealing zone. The OC-specific formation of the sealing zone requires the interaction of microtubule (MT) + ends with podosomes. Here, we deleted cofilin, a cortactin (CTTN)- and actin-binding protein highly expressed in OCs, to determine if it acts downstream of the MT-CTTN axis to regulate actin polymerization in podosomes. Conditional deletion of cofilin in OCs in mice, driven by the cathepsin K promoter (Ctsk-Cre), impaired bone resorption in vivo, increasing bone density. In vitro, OCs were not able to organize podosomes into peripheral belts. The MT network was disorganized, MT stability was decreased, and cell migration impaired. Active cofilin stabilizes MTs and allows podosome belt formation, whereas MT disruption deactivates cofilin via phosphorylation. Cofilin interacts with CTTN in podosomes and phosphorylation of either protein disrupts this interaction, which is critical for belt stabilization and for the maintenance of MT dynamic instability. Accordingly, active cofilin was required to rescue the OC cytoskeletal phenotype in vitro. These findings suggest that the patterning of podosomes into a sealing zone involves the dynamic interaction between cofilin, CTTN, and the MTs + ends. This interaction is critical for the functional organization of OCs and for bone resorption. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Liver transplantation in Ireland
Authors: Iqbal Masood , Elrayah Elgaily A. , Traynor Oscar , McCormick P. Aiden
Published: April 2016

The Irish National Liver Transplant program commenced in 1993 in St. Vincent's University Hospital in Dublin. It is an adult‐only program and is the only liver transplant program in Ireland. Pediatric recipients are referred to King's College Hospital in the United Kingdom. To date, almost 1000 adult liver transplants have been performed. Current 1‐year patient survival is 93%, and 5‐year survival is 79%. The program is fully funded by the government health service. There is a close collaboration with the United Kingdom Organ Donation and Transplant Directorate, and there is an arrangement for organ sharing for super‐urgent transplants. Traditionally, organ donation rates have been high in Ireland. However, demand for liver transplant has increased over the past 20 years, and waiting lists are now lengthening. Deceased cardiac death donation is now being considered, but there are no plans for living related donor liver transplant. Donor coordinators have recently been appointed to the major hospitals in Ireland, and it is hoped that this initiative will lead to an increase in organ donation rates. Liver Transplantation 22 1014–1018 2016 AASLD
Reconstructing displacements from the solution to the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation discretized on a uniform grid
Authors: Brisard Sébastien
Published: April 2016

Uniform grid solvers of the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation have been introduced by Moulinec and Suquet for the numerical homogenization of heterogeneous materials. Based on the fast Fourier transform, these methods use the strain as main unknown and usually do not produce displacement fields. While this is generally not perceived as a restriction for homogenization purposes, some tasks might require kinematically admissible displacement fields. In this paper, we show how the numerical solution to the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation can be post‐processed to reconstruct a displacement field. Our procedure applies to any variant of the Moulinec–Suquet solver. The reconstruction is formulated as an auxiliary elastic equilibrium problem of a homogeneous material, which is solved with displacement‐based finite elements. Taking advantage of periodicity, uniformity of the grid and homogeneity of the material, the resulting linear system is formulated and solved efficiently in Fourier space. The cost of our procedure is lower than that of one iteration of the Lippmann–Schwinger solver. Two applications are proposed, in two and three dimensions. In the first application, the reconstructed displacement field is used to compute a rigorous upper bound on the effective shear modulus. In the second application, the quality of the reconstruction is assessed quantitatively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D upper bound limit analysis using radial point interpolation meshless method and second‐order cone programming
Authors: Yu Shengbing , Zhang Xue , Sloan S. W.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a 3D formulation for quasi‐kinematic limit analysis, which is based on a radial point interpolation meshless method and numerical optimization. The velocity field is interpolated using radial point interpolation shape functions, and the resulting optimization problem is cast as a standard second‐order cone programming problem. Because the essential boundary conditions can be only guaranteed at the position of the nodes when using radial point interpolation, the results obtained with the proposed approach are not rigorous upper bound solutions. This paper aims to improve the computing efficiency of 3D upper bound limit analysis and large problems, with tens of thousands of nodes, can be solved efficiently. Five numerical examples are given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach with the von Mises yield criterion: an internally pressurized cylinder; a cantilever beam; a double‐notched tensile specimen; and strip, square and rectangular footings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive bias salience in patients with schizophrenia in relation to social functioning: A four‐case observation study
Authors: Gurovich Isaac Ya. , Papsuev Oleg O. , Shmukler Alexander B. , Movina Larisa G. , Storozhakova Yanina A. , Kiryanova Elena M.
Published: April 2016

Neurocognition and social cognition are the core deficits influencing social outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits are present in the prodromal phase, throughout the illness and in first‐degree relatives. They are considered in the framework of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative models as well as candidates for endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Four clinical cases with patients reflecting different cognitive profiles were chosen to demonstrate heterogeneity of cognitive biases and their influence on social function in vivo. The patients had undergone a number of neurocognitive and social cognitive measures. Better functioning was observed in patients with less affected domains of emotional processing and theory of mind, while neurocognitive statuses were incongruent to levels of social functioning. Further investigation on large samples concerning capacity for empathy and its role in social functioning is needed.
Variability of writing disorders in Wernicke's aphasia underperforming different writing tasks: A single‐case study
Authors: Kozintseva Elena , Skvortsov Anatoliy
Published: April 2016

The aim of our study was to evolve views on writing disorders in Wernicke's agraphia by comparing group data and analysis of a single patient. We showed how a single‐case study can be useful in obtaining essential results that can be hidden by averaging group data. Analysis of a single patient proved to be important for resolving contradictions of the “holistic” and “elementaristic” paradigms of psychology and for the development of theoretical knowledge with the example of a writing disorder. The implementation of a holistic approach was undertaken by presenting the tasks differing in functions in which writing had been performed since its appearance in human culture (communicative, mnestic, and regulatory). In spite of the identical composition of involved psychological components, these differences were identified when certain types of errors were analyzed in the single subject. The results are discussed in terms of used writing strategy, resulting in a way of operation of involved components that lead to qualitative and quantitative changes of writing errors within the syndrome of Wernicke's agraphia.
Phenylketonuria in an adult with normal diet
Authors: Balaji Kanmani , Narayan Manoj , Bradbury Sarah , Michael Dasari
Published: April 2016

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inborn error of metabolism. It is caused by the deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine and can cause severe learning disability in children if untreated. Drs Balaji et al. describe a case of an adult female with phenylketonuria and schizophrenia who was non‐compliant with the PKU diet. The case raises questions about the management of this condition in adults.
Cognitive screening instruments for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Larner Andrew J
Published: April 2016

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent an early, and potentially treatable, phase of dementing disorders. Its correct clinical identification is therefore of paramount importance. Here, Dr Larner analyses data from a selection of short cognitive screening instruments (CSIs) employed in a secondary care setting to measure various parameters for diagnosis of MCI and to establish whether any of the instruments have superior diagnostic utility.
Spectroscopic investigation of nitrogen‐functionalized carbon materials
Authors: Wood Kevin N. , Christensen Steven T. , Nordlund Dennis , Dameron Arrelaine A. , Ngo Chilan , Dinh Huyen , Gennett Thomas , O'Hayre Ryan , Pylypenko Svitlana
Published: April 2016

Carbon materials are used in a diverse set of applications ranging from pharmaceuticals to catalysis. Nitrogen modification of carbon powders has shown to be an effective method for enhancing both surface and bulk properties of as‐received material for a number of applications. Unfortunately, control of the nitrogen modification process is challenging and can limit the effectiveness and reproducibility of N‐doped materials. Additionally, the assignment of functional groups to specific moieties on the surface of nitrogen‐modified carbon materials is not straightforward. Herein, we complete an in‐depth analysis of functional groups present at the surface of ion‐implanted Vulcan and Graphitic Vulcan through the use of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X‐ray adsorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS). Our results show that regardless of the initial starting materials used, nitrogen ion implantation conditions can be tuned to increase the amount of nitrogen incorporation and to obtain both similar and reproducible final distributions of nitrogen functional groups. The development of a well‐controlled/reproducible nitrogen implantation pathway opens the door for carbon supported catalyst architectures to have improved numbers of nucleation sites, decreased particle size, and enhanced catalyst‐support interactions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New structural joint by rebar looping applied to staged box girder bridge construction. Static tests
Authors: Villalba‐Herrero Sergi , Casas Joan R.
Published: April 2016

The paper describes the design, development and experimental checking of a modified type of structural joint with limited length between concrete segments cast in‐situ. The design concept is based on the developed length of an anchorage hook stiffened by transverse reinforcement bars and is particularly suited for the case of in‐situ construction of staged box girder bridges, with the intention of possibly using lighter scaffolding.

The studies concentrated on the strength, stiffness and serviceability of the proposed joint are presented. The research work comprises the bending behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs with loop joints with regard to the diameter of the loop bar, loop joint width and ultimate and fatigue load. The results are compared to the behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs without joints. A total of 16 slabs were tested with static and fatigue loading tests. The present paper evaluates the flexural behaviour in static loading tests. The results of fatigue tests have also shown excellent performance.

In the static tests, crack widths and cracking pattern were observed at service load levels, and the ultimate behaviour was evaluated by means of tests to failure.

From the test results, the service performance of the loop joints was confirmed to be similar to slabs without joints. The static loading tests confirm the good performance and effectiveness of this loop joint type under static loading. Details of the loop joint design criteria are also proposed.
Using ‘Expressive Therapies’ to Treat Developmental Trauma and Attachment Problems in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Southwell Jenni
Published: April 2016

yourtown's Expressive Therapies Intervention (YETI) is a trauma and attachment informed creative arts and play therapy intervention developed for young children with emotional and behavioural problems stemming from traumatic exposure. YETI aims to improve participants’ emotional and social wellbeing; behavioural adjustment; quality of attachment relationships and self-concept. The intervention is integrated within holistic family support programmes, chiefly a domestic and family violence refuge and a young parents programme. This paper describes YETI's therapeutic model and presents findings of a two-year outcome evaluation. The findings suggest that the intervention can achieve significant positive outcomes for preschool-aged children associated with healing from developmental trauma and attachment difficulties. Analysis of pre/post assessments of participants’ social, emotional and behavioural functioning using the Child Behaviour Checklist revealed significant improvements from intake to exit in children's internalising, externalising and total problems. There were also marked decreases in the proportion of children with symptoms in the clinical or borderline clinical ranges. Thematic analyses of parent/carer surveys and therapists’ end-of-therapy reports similarly indicate widespread improvements in social, emotional and behavioural functioning as well as improvements in children's self-confidence and self-esteem, and in the quality of the parent–child attachment relationship.
Translating the Sound of Music: Forensic Musicology and Visual Evidence in Music Copyright Infringement Cases
Authors: Mopas Michael , Curran Amelia
Published: April 2016

In music copyright infringement cases, forensic musicologists are often called to testify as to whether or not two songs are ‘substantially similar.’ While it is standard practice to rely on experts to dissect the works in question, this is a fairly recent phenomenon. Until the 1950s, it was not the scientific analysis of the pieces, but the impressions they left on the ‘untrained ears’ of everyday listeners that was used to determine copyright infringement. This paper presents an overview of American music copyright infringement cases to document this shift in how the question of substantial similarity has been approached. We argue that the courts’ inability to objectify what listeners hear created the need for experts who could translate music into legal evidence that could be visually witnessed. This practice of judging plagiarism according to how songs look on paper may account for why the courts have viewed musical sampling as copyright violations.
On the Lagrange and Markov dynamical spectra
Authors: ROMAÑA IBARRA SERGIO AUGUSTO , DE A. MOREIRA CARLOS GUSTAVO T.
Published: April 2016

We consider the Lagrange and the Markov dynamical spectra associated to horseshoes on a surface with Hausdorff dimension greater than one. We show that for a ‘large’ set of real functions on the surface and for ‘typical’ horseshoes with Hausdorff dimension greater than one, both the Lagrange and the Markov dynamical spectra have persistently non-empty interior.
Analytic continuation of holonomy germs of Riccati foliations along Brownian paths
Authors: DESENONGES NICOLAS HUSSENOT
Published: April 2016

Consider a Riccati foliation whose monodromy representation is non-elementary and parabolic and consider a non-invariant section of the fibration whose associated developing map is onto. We prove that any holonomy germ from any non-invariant fibre to the section can be analytically continued along a generic Brownian path. To prove this theorem, we prove a dual result about complex projective structures. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$ be a hyperbolic Riemann surface of finite type endowed with a branched complex projective structure: such a structure gives rise to a non-constant holomorphic map ${\mathcal{D}}:\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{1}$, from the universal cover of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$ to the Riemann sphere $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{1}$, which is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$-equivariant for a morphism $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}:\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4})\rightarrow \mathit{PSL}(2,\mathbb{C})$. The dual result is the following. If the monodromy representation $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}$ is parabolic and non-elementary and if ${\mathcal{D}}$ is onto, then, for almost every Brownian path $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$ in $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}}$, ${\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(t))$ does not have limit when $t$ goes to $\infty$. If, moreover, the projective structure is of parabolic type, we also prove that, although ${\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(t))$ does not converge, it converges in the Cesàro sense.
Numerical Solution of Sisko Fluid Over a Stretching Cylinder and Heat Transfer with Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Malik M.Y. , Hussain A. , Salahuddin T. , Awais M. , Bilal S.
Published: April 2016

Present paper addresses the numerical study of Sisko fluid model over stretching cylinder with variable thermal conductivity. The governing equations are simplified by incorporating the boundary layer approximations. After employing suitable similarity transformations partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. To obtain numerical solution shooting method in conjunction with Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method is used. For the analysis of model, variations due to different physical parameters involved in momentum and heat equations are reflected through graphs. Also, the effects of physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are represented through graphs as well as tables.
The Nordic Corporate Governance Model
Authors: Thomsen Steen
Published: April 2016

The Nordic countries – Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland—have attracted attention in recent years. Some elements of the Nordic model—particularly the welfare state—are well understood, but its governance characteristics remain elusive to the international audience. This article reviews Nordic governance and discusses its relevance as a development paradigm. The article quantitatively documents the existence of a Nordic governance model using data from the World Bank, Transparency International and other sources. Secondly, it is shown how Nordic corporate governance – Nordic civil law, concentrated ownership, semi two-tier board structures, employee representation and low-powered managerial incentives – has been shaped by the welfare state in ways consistent with systemic corporate governance theories. The article concludes with a skeptical discussion of the Nordic model as a development paradigm.
The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832–1915
Authors: Eggers Andrew C. , Spirling Arthur
Published: April 2016

This article considers the emergence of an informal institution vital to the functioning of Westminster polities: that the Shadow Cabinet is a ‘government in waiting’. It compares the evidence for two theoretical accounts of its timing: a ‘procedural’ theory wherein the Shadow Cabinet is a solution to internal organizational issues in the House of Commons prior to widespread working-class voting, and a ‘competition’ theory that predicts that suffrage extension acts as a key stimulus for Shadow Cabinet organization. Gathering a dataset of almost a million utterances in parliament between the First and Fourth Reform Acts, the study provides a novel method of identifying Shadow Cabinet members using the surges in term use from their speeches. It finds that the ‘competition’ hypothesis is the most plausible version of events, and that the opposition responded to the new ‘party-orientated electorate’ by strategically reorganizing in a way that mimicked the cabinet’s structure.
Feeding behavior and social interactions of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile change with sucrose concentration
Authors: Sola F.J. , Josens R.
Published: April 2016

Liquid sugar baits are well accepted by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and are suitable for the chemical control of this invasive species. We evaluated how sugar concentrations affect the foraging behavior of L. humile individuals. We quantified feeding variables for individual foragers (ingested load, feeding time and solution intake rate) when feeding on sucrose solutions of different concentrations, as well as post-feeding interactions with nestmates. Solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (10–30%) were the most consumed and had the highest intake rates, whereas solutions of high sucrose concentrations (60 and 70%) resulted in extended feeding times, low intake rates and ants having smaller crop loads. In terms of post-feeding interactions, individuals fed solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (20%) had the highest probability of conducting trophallaxis and the smallest latency to drop exposure (i.e. lowest time delay). Trophallaxis duration increased with increasing sucrose concentrations. Behavioral motor displays, including contacts with head jerking and walking with a gaster waggle, were lowest for individuals that ingested the more dilute sucrose solution (5%). These behaviors have been previously suggested to act as a communication channel for the activation and/or recruitment of nestmates. We show here that sucrose concentration affects feeding dynamics and modulates decision making related to individual behavior and social interactions of foragers. Our results indicate that intermediate sucrose concentrations (ca. 20%), appear to be most appropriate for toxic baits because they promote rapid foraging cycles, a high crop load per individual, and a high degree of stimulation for recruitment.
New material of Jiangxichelys ganzhouensis Tong & Mo, (Testudines: Cryptodira: Nanhsiungchelyidae) and its phylogenetic and palaeogeographical implications
Authors: TONG HAIYAN , LI LU , JIE CHAQING , YI LAIPING
Published: April 2016

New material of Jiangxichelys ganzhouensis Tong & Mo, 2010, including four shells, is described, more fully documenting the morphology of the species. A partial skull associated with one of the shells is reported for the first time for that taxon. The new material reveals more similarities between J. ganzhouensis and ‘Zangerlia’ neimongolensis; the latter species is therefore included in the genus Jiangxichelys. The phylogenetic analyses continue to support the monophyly of the J. ganzhouensis, ‘Zangerlia’ neimongolensis, ‘Z.’ dzamynchondi and ‘Z.’ ukhaachelys clade and the separation of this clade from the type species of Zangerlia, Z. testudinimorpha as recently suggested. The close affinity between Jiangxichelys and ‘Zangerlia’ spp. provides new evidence for weak physical barriers against the dispersal of land vertebrates between southern China and northern China and Mongolia during latest Cretaceous times.
Does closing knowledge gaps close yield gaps? On-farm conservation agriculture trials and adoption dynamics in three smallholder farming areas in Zimbabwe
Authors: CHEESMAN S. , ANDERSSON J. A. , FROSSARD E.
Published: April 2016

On-farm demonstration-trials are a common strategy to introduce new technologies to farmers, while simultaneously evaluating these technologies’ performance under farmer conditions. The current study focuses on conservation agriculture (CA) technology adoption dynamics among a small group of farmers who can be considered increasingly knowledgeable, as they have hosted CA demonstration-trials for at least 7 years. Management and performance of farmers’ fields were compared with the CA demonstration-trials implemented on the same farm, focusing on yield gaps (YGs) between the two and the uptake of CA or some of its principles. Comparisons were made between demonstration-trials and farmers’ fields in three distinct land classification areas: Madziwa Communal Area (est. 1910s), Chavakadzi (est. 1980s) and Hereford (est. 2000s) Resettlement Areas. It was found that closing knowledge gaps on CA did not close YGs and that CA adoption was partial. In the Communal Area, CA principles have barely been taken up, but farmer yields were often as good as on the demonstration-trials. In the Resettlement Areas, farmers did take up reduced tillage (CA principle 1) and practised rotations (CA principle 3), but not residue retention (CA principle 2). Rather than partial CA adoption, lower fertilization rates explained the recorded YGs in the Resettlement Areas. In the three areas, farmers’ interest in CA-based increasing of yields was limited, as circumstances drove them to embark on extensification rather than a land use intensification pathway.
Parental suicide attempt and offspring educational attainment during adolescence in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort
Authors: Geulayov G. , Metcalfe C. , Gunnell D.
Published: April 2016

Background

Few studies have investigated the impact of parental suicide attempt (SA) on offspring outcomes other than mental health. We investigated the association of parental SA with offspring educational attainment in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).

Method

Parental SA was prospectively recorded from pregnancy until the study children were 11 years old. National school test results (ages 11–16 years) were obtained by record linkage. Multilevel regression models quantified the association between parental SA and offspring outcomes.

Results

Data were available for 6667 mother–child and 3054 father–child pairs. Adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely than their peers to achieve the expected educational level by age 14 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41–0.95] in models controlling for relevant confounders, including parental education and depression. At age 16 years, adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely to obtain the expected educational level (five or more qualifications at grade A*–C) (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43–1.00) in models controlling for relevant confounders and parental education; however, after additionally controlling for maternal depression the results were consistent with chance (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48–1.13). Findings in relation to paternal SA were consistent with those of maternal SA but power was limited due to lower response rate amongst fathers.

Conclusions

Maternal SA was associated with diminished educational performance at age 14 years. Educational attainment during adolescence can have substantial effect on future opportunities and well-being and these offspring may benefit from interventions.
Crossing the boundary from music outside to inside of school: Contemporary pedagogical challenges
Authors: Wallerstedt Cecilia , Lindgren Monica
Published: April 2016

Music education in formal settings has the last decades been characterised by informal methods borrowed from outside school. In this study we analyse situations in Swedish secondary school where pupils’ experience of music outside school becomes visible in music class. Pedagogical challenges in these situations are identified that concern how to (i) coordinate perspectives on music in classrooms when arenas for learning music is increasing in number, (ii) make space for new musical movements in school, and (iii) consider the situated nature of learning that complicates the transfer from musical experiences outside to inside school.
Asymmetry in children's comprehension of raising
Authors: CHOE JINSUN , O'GRADY WILLIAM
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates English-speaking children's acquisition of raising constructions (e.g.John seems to Mary to be happy) and finds an asymmetric effect of NP type on their comprehension: an improvement in performance is observed when a lexical NP is raised across a pronominal experiencer (e.g.John seems to her to be happy) compared to when a pronoun is raised across a lexical NP experiencer (e.g.He seems to Mary to be happy). These results are consistent with a processing-based approach to intervention effects, which reduces children's difficulty with raising to a performance limitation, rather than a grammatical deficit.
Compact embedding results of Sobolev spaces and positive solutions to an elliptic equation
Authors: Han Qi
Published: April 2016

Using a regular Borel measureμ⩾ 0 we derive a proper subspaceof the commonly used Sobolev spaceD1(ℝN) whenN⩾ 3. The spaceresembles the standard Sobolev spaceH1(Ω) whenΩis a bounded region with a compact Lipschitz boundary∂Ω. An equivalence characterization and an example are provided that guarantee thatis compactly embedded intoL1(RN). In addition, as an application we prove an existence result of positive solutions to an elliptic equation in ℝNthat involves the Laplace operator with the critical Sobolev nonlinearity, or with a general nonlinear term that has a subcritical and superlinear growth. We also briefly discuss the compact embedding oftoLp(ℝN) whenN⩾ 2 and 2 ⩽p⩽N.
Urban agency: debating the aims and limits of urban history
Authors: GUNN SIMON
Published: April 2016

What difference do cities make? How the urban – and place more generally – have contributed to historical processes is one of the questions that continually confront urban historians. Should towns and cities be regarded as no more than the backdrop against which events and developments – industrialization, social conflict, war – are played out? Or do cities and urbanism more widely possess agency? Do they (as many urbanists claim) have an active part to play in shaping how historical processes eventuate, why things happened in this way here and that way there? If so, what precisely is the urban variable; how can we define and estimate it?
Populism in a Constitutional Key: Constituent Power, Popular Sovereignty and Constitutional Identity
Authors: Corrias Luigi
Published: April 2016

Populism – Constitutional Theory – Paradox of Constituent Power – Popular Sovereignty – Representation – Constitutional Identity – Democracy
Interinstitutional Gravity and Pirates of the Parliament on Stranger Tides: the Continued Constitutional Significance of the Choice of Legal Basis in Post-Lisbon External Action
Authors: De Baere Geert , Van den Sanden Tina
Published: April 2016

Choice of legal basis in EU external action – Conclusion of international agreements – Application of the centre of gravity test – Delimitation of the Common Commercial Policy, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and Development Cooperation Policy – Institutional balance
Gate-controlled electromechanical backaction induced by a quantum dot
Authors: Okazaki Yuma , Mahboob Imran , Onomitsu Koji , Sasaki Satoshi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi
Published: April 2016

Semiconductor-based quantum structures integrated into mechanical resonators have emerged as a unique platform for generating entanglement between macroscopic phononic and mesocopic electronic degrees of freedom. A key challenge to realizing this is the ability to create and control the coupling between two vastly dissimilar systems. Here, such coupling is demonstrated in a hybrid device composed of a gate-defined quantum dot integrated into a piezoelectricity-based mechanical resonator enabling milli-Kelvin phonon states to be detected via charge fluctuations in the quantum dot. Conversely, the single electron transport in the quantum dot can induce a backaction onto the mechanics where appropriate bias of the quantum dot can enable damping and even current-driven amplification of the mechanical motion. Such electron transport induced control of the mechanical resonator dynamics paves the way towards a new class of hybrid semiconductor devices including a current injected phonon laser and an on-demand single phonon emitter.
Unconventional endosome-like compartment and retromer complex in Toxoplasma gondii govern parasite integrity and host infection
Authors: Sangaré Lamba Omar , Alayi Tchilabalo Dilezitoko , Westermann Benoit , Hovasse Agnes , Sindikubwabo Fabien , Callebaut Isabelle , Werkmeister Elisabeth , Lafont Frank , Slomianny Christian , Hakimi Mohamed-Ali , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Schaeffer-Reiss Christine , Tomavo Stanislas
Published: April 2016

Membrane trafficking pathways play critical roles in Apicomplexa, a phylum of protozoan parasites that cause life-threatening diseases worldwide. Here we report the first retromer-trafficking interactome inToxoplasma gondii.This retromer complex includes a trimer Vps35–Vps26–Vps29 core complex that serves as a hub for the endosome-like compartment and parasite-specific proteins. Conditional ablation ofTgVps35 reveals that the retromer complex is crucial for the biogenesis of secretory organelles and for maintaining parasite morphology. We identifyTgHP12 as a parasite-specific and retromer-associated protein with functions unrelated to secretory organelle formation. Furthermore, the major facilitator superfamily homologue namedTgHP03, which is a multiple spanning and ligand transmembrane transporter, is maintained at the parasite membrane by retromer-mediated endocytic recycling. Thus, our findings highlight that both evolutionarily conserved and unconventional proteins act in concert inT. gondiiby controlling retrograde transport that is essential for parasite integrity and host infection.
Approaching soft X-ray wavelengths in nanomagnet-based microwave technology
Authors: Yu Haiming , d’ Allivy Kelly O. , Cros V. , Bernard R. , Bortolotti P. , Anane A. , Brandl F. , Heimbach F. , Grundler D.
Published: April 2016

Seven decades after the discovery of collective spin excitations in microwave-irradiated ferromagnets, there has been a rebirth of magnonics. However, magnetic nanodevices will enable smart GHz-to-THz devices at low power consumption only, if such spin waves (magnons) are generated and manipulated on the sub-100 nm scale. Here we show how magnons with a wavelength of a few 10 nm are exploited by combining the functionality of insulating yttrium iron garnet and nanodisks from different ferromagnets. We demonstrate magnonic devices at wavelengths of 88 nm written/read by conventional coplanar waveguides. Our microwave-to-magnon transducers are reconfigurable and thereby provide additional functionalities. The results pave the way for a multi-functional GHz technology with unprecedented miniaturization exploiting nanoscale wavelengths that are otherwise relevant for soft X-rays. Nanomagnonics integrated with broadband microwave circuitry offer applications that are wide ranging, from nanoscale microwave components to nonlinear data processing, image reconstruction and wave-based logic.
Neural ablation of the PARK10 candidate Plpp3 leads to dopaminergic transmission deficits without neurodegeneration
Authors: Gómez-López Sandra , Martínez-Silva Ana Valeria , Montiel Teresa , Osorio-Gómez Daniel , Bermúdez-Rattoni Federico , Massieu Lourdes , Escalante-Alcalde Diana
Published: April 2016

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a variety of motor symptoms. The gene coding for the phospholipid phosphatase 3,PLPP3(formerlyPPAP2BorLPP3), maps within thePARK10locus, a region that has been linked with increased risk to late-onset PD. PLPP3 modulates the levels of a range of bioactive lipids controlling fundamental cellular processes within the central nervous system. Here we show that PLPP3 is enriched in astroglial cells of the adult murine ventral midbrain. Conditional inactivation ofPlpp3using aNestin::Credriver results in reduced mesencephalic levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), a well-known mediator of pro-survival responses. Yet, adult PLPP3-deficient mice exhibited no alterations in the number of dopaminergic neurons or in the basal levels of striatal extracellular dopamine (DA). Potassium-evoked DA overflow in the striatum, however, was significantly decreased in mutant mice. Locomotor evaluation revealed that, although PLPP3-deficient mice exhibit motor impairment, this is not progressive or responsive to acute L-DOPA therapy. These findings suggest that disruption ofPlpp3during early neural development leads to dopaminergic transmission deficits in the absence of nigrostriatal degeneration and without causing an age-related locomotor decline consistent with PD.
Microsaccades enable efficient synchrony-based coding in the retina: a simulation study
Authors: Masquelier Timothée , Portelli Geoffrey , Kornprobst Pierre
Published: April 2016

It is now reasonably well established that microsaccades (MS) enhance visual perception, although the underlying neuronal mechanisms are unclear. Here, using numerical simulations, we show that MSs enable efficient synchrony-based coding among the primate retinal ganglion cells (RGC). First, using a jerking contrast edge as stimulus, we demonstrate a qualitative change in the RGC responses: synchronous firing, with a precision in the 10 ms range, only occurs at high speed and high contrast. MSs appear to be sufficiently fast to be able reach the synchronous regime. Conversely, the other kinds of fixational eye movements known as tremor and drift both hardly synchronize RGCs because of a too weak amplitude and a too slow speed respectively. Then, under natural image stimulation, we find that each MS causes certain RGCs to fire synchronously, namely those whose receptive fields contain contrast edges after the MS. The emitted synchronous spike volley thus rapidly transmits the most salient edges of the stimulus, which often constitute the most crucial information. We demonstrate that the readout could be done rapidly by simple coincidence-detector neurons without knowledge of the MS landing time, and that the required connectivity could emerge spontaneously with spike timing-dependent plasticity.
Nanoporous-Gold-Based Hybrid Cantilevered Actuator Dealloyed and Driven by A Modified Rotary Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Li Xuequan , Liu Mengmeng , Huang Baisheng , Liu Hong , Hu Weiguo , Shao Li-Hua , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: April 2016

We firstly designed an electrochemical system for dealloying to synthesize nanoporous gold (NPG) and also driving the novel NPG based actuator by utilizing a modified rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Compared to the previous reported TENG whose outputs decline due to temperature rising resulting from electrodes friction, the modified TENG with a cooling system has stable output current and voltage increased by 14% and 20%, respectively. The novel cantilevered hybrid actuator characterised by light-weight (ca. 3 mg) and small volume (ca. 30 mm × 2 mm × 10 μm) is driven by a microcontroller modulated TENG with the displacement of 2.2 mm, which is about 106 times larger than that of traditional cantilever using planar surfaces. The energy conversion efficiencies defined as the energy consumed during dealloying and actuation compared with the output of TENG are 47% and 56.7%, respectively.
Prickle3 synergizes with Wtip to regulate basal body organization and cilia growth
Authors: Chu Chih-Wen , Ossipova Olga , Ioannou Andriani , Sokol Sergei Y.
Published: April 2016

PCP proteins maintain planar polarity in many epithelial tissues and have been implicated in cilia development in vertebrate embryos. In this study we examine Prickle3 (Pk3), a vertebrate homologue of Drosophila Prickle, in Xenopus gastrocoel roof plate (GRP). GRP is a tissue equivalent to the mouse node, in which cilia-generated flow promotes left-right patterning. We show that Pk3 is enriched at the basal body of GRP cells but is recruited by Vangl2 to anterior cell borders. Interference with Pk3 function disrupted the anterior polarization of endogenous Vangl2 and the posterior localization of cilia in GRP cells, demonstrating its role in PCP. Strikingly, in cells with reduced Pk3 activity, cilia growth was inhibited and γ-tubulin and Nedd1 no longer associated with the basal body, suggesting that Pk3 has a novel function in basal body organization. Mechanistically, this function of Pk3 may involve Wilms tumor protein 1-interacting protein (Wtip), which physically associates with and cooperates with Pk3 to regulate ciliogenesis. We propose that, in addition to cell polarity, PCP components control basal body organization and function.
The Brain Metabolome of Male Rats across the Lifespan
Authors: Zheng Xiaojiao , Chen Tianlu , Zhao Aihua , Wang Xiaoyan , Xie Guoxiang , Huang Fengjie , Liu Jiajian , Zhao Qing , Wang Shouli , Wang Chongchong , Zhou Mingmei , Panee Jun , He Zhigang , Jia Wei
Published: April 2016

Comprehensive and accurate characterization of brain metabolome is fundamental to brain science, but has been hindered by technical limitations. We profiled the brain metabolome in male Wistar rats at different ages (day 1 to week 111) using high-sensitivity and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Totally 380 metabolites were identified and 232 of them were quantitated. Compared with anatomical regions, age had a greater effect on variations in the brain metabolome. Lipids, fatty acids and amino acids accounted for the largest proportions of the brain metabolome and their concentrations varied across the lifespan. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in infancy (week 1 to week 3) compared with later ages and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids increased in the aged brain (week 56 to week 111). Importantly, a panel of 20 bile acids were quantitatively measured, most of which have not previously been documented in the brain metabolome. This study extends the breadth of the mammalian brain metabolome as well as our knowledge of functional brain development, both of which are critically important to move the brain science forward.
Tailored CVD graphene coating as a transparent and flexible gas barrier
Authors: Seo Tae Hoon , Lee Seula , Cho Hyunjin , Chandramohan S. , Suh Eun-Kyung , Lee Heon Sang , Bae Su Kang , Kim Soo Min , Park Min , Lee Jae Kwan , Kim Myung Jong
Published: April 2016

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to obtain tailored graphene as a transparent and flexible gas barrier has been developed. By separating nucleation step from growth, we could reduce early graphene nucleation density and thus induce better stitching between domain boundaries in the second growth step. Furthermore, two step growth in conjunction with electrochemical polishing of Cu foils achieved large graphene domains and improved graphene quality with minimized defects. The performance of resulting graphene as a gas barrier was superior to the graphene obtained by one-step growth on polished or unpolished Cu foils. The CVD graphene reported here could open up the possibility for exploring graphene-based gas barrier due to the minimized density of defect area.
Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in vivo and Plays a Protective Role During Experimental Colitis
Authors: Naydenov Nayden G. , Feygin Alex , Wang Dongdong , Kuemmerle John F. , Harris Gianni , Conti Mary Anne , Adelstein Robert S. , Ivanov Andrei I.
Published: April 2016

The actin cytoskeleton is a critical regulator of intestinal mucosal barrier permeability, and the integrity of epithelial adherens junctions (AJ) and tight junctions (TJ). Non muscle myosin II (NM II) is a key cytoskeletal motor that controls actin filament architecture and dynamics. While NM II has been implicated in the regulation of epithelial junctions in vitro, little is known about its roles in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. In this study, we generated a mouse model with an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout of NM IIA heavy chain (NM IIA cKO) and examined the structure and function of normal gut barrier, and the development of experimental colitis in these animals. Unchallenged NM IIA cKO mice showed increased intestinal permeability and altered expression/localization of several AJ/TJ proteins. They did not develop spontaneous colitis, but demonstrated signs of a low-scale mucosal inflammation manifested by prolapses, lymphoid aggregates, increased cytokine expression, and neutrophil infiltration in the gut. NM IIA cKO animals were characterized by a more severe disruption of the gut barrier and exaggerated mucosal injury during experimentally-induced colitis. Our study provides the first evidence that NM IIA plays important roles in establishing normal intestinal barrier, and protection from mucosal inflammation in vivo.