bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Analytical Study on the Philosophical Concepts of Vaiśeṣika Included in the Āyurvedic Treatments (Based on Carakasamhitā, Susruta samhitā, and Vaiśeṣikasūtra)
Authors: Rev. Kumburuwela Seelananda
Published: December 2020

Both Āyurweda and Philosophy are two subject streams, which are more close to the worldly and spiritual lives of human beings. Their connection is non-separable even in the beginning of these two systems. Therefore, it is worthy to investigate the connection between these two systems according to the cognition of seven categories and atoms, which are defined in the philosophy of Vaiśeṣika and how they are applied for the treatments of Āyurveda. The enumeration of categories included in Vaiśeṣika system such as; Dravya, Guṇa, Karma, Sāmānya, Viśeṣa, and Samavāya have been applied for the descriptions in the Āyurvedic treatments. Both these systems accept that the substance is the main component and that others all depend under the substance. Vaiśeṣika mentions of five types of Karma developed by Ūrdhva etc. Caraka and Susṛta have discussed about Pañca karma, Agni karma, Jāta karma etc. According to the philosophy of Vaiśeṣika, Sāmānya (General) means similarity of all objects and each other. For instance, the existence in combinative position of Substance, Attribute, and Action are depended upon their appearance of Sāmānya as well as Viśeṣa. In Āyurvedic system, one of the fundamental elements is awareness of resemblance. The resemblance of the substance, attribute, and action is always becomes the cause of increasing healthiness. On the other hand, their dissimilarity is the cause of reducing healthiness itself. Both systems accept that the Ātma is eternal. From these facts, it would appear that the Āyurvedic system have applied the concepts in philosophy of Vaiśeṣika for the use of a practical methodological system.
Gandhian from the history of Collections of the Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan Abroad
Authors: Jannat Khamidovna Ismailova
Published: December 2020

For centuries, Uzbekistan has been known as a scientific, commercial and cultural center in the center of the East and a region at the crossroads of the Great Silk Road. During the historical period, the cultural heritage of the Uzbek people was taken abroad for various reasons, which later led to the formation of collections in world-famous libraries and museums under the name of Central Asia. Many travelers and scientists were interested in the geographical location, nature, customs, industries of the region, organized various expeditions and published scientific works. This article provides information about the activities of scientists, travelers and photographers who came to Central Asia from the second half of the XIX century, the process of formation of collections.
Forming knowledge of the pupil in the progress of technological preparation
Authors: BARLIKBAEVA SAERA JETKERBAEVNA  , Prenov Barlikbay Barakbaevich
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the question of accustom high school students to professional work and conformity of the content of the educational process to the future operations of students, and to find effective ways of productive areas of training. It was proposed to establish a link between the themes of the school of theoretical programs and practical sessions with the aim of providing clear and effective learning. In addition, high school students could participate in the production of, and trained in needed technology. Our goal is to prepare students to technology is the formation of their training to practice in the field of production. It was also noted the importance of training needed to apply knowledge in work, in the development of the education of a student active and hardworking employee.
Influence of carding machine productivity on yarn quality
Authors: Sodikov Rashid Aripjanovich  , Abduvaliev Davlatali Muhammadjon ogli  , Izatillaev Muzaffarkhon Mussoxon ogli  , Sadikov Muhammadjon Rashid ogli
Published: December 2020

This article is devoted to determining the influence of carding machine performance on yarn quality. The effects of the speed of the receiving and the main reels and the wiring between the main drum and the flat cloth on the quality of the carding tape are also examined.
“It is necessary to feed the world with beauty!”
Authors: Baratboyev Batir Mamadjananivich  , Sattorova Sarvinoz Ortiqboy kizi
Published: December 2020

To feed the world with beauty S. MAHMUDOV. This article, which reflects the Kokand School of Painting and its representatives, provides detailed information about the history of Painting and the methodological peculiarities of the Kokand School!
PREVENTION OF MIXED DISEASES (Pasteurellosis and diplococcosis) THAT OCCUR IN YOUNG ANIMALS
Authors: Sheralieva I.D
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the formation of immunity against two diseases and the effectiveness of disease prevention in a single application of a vaccine developed against pasteurellosis and diplococcosis in lambs. Therefore, it is advisable to vaccinate sheep and lambs with this vaccine 3 ml the first time and 2 ml the second time under the skin
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH AND THINKING OF THE STUDENTS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENTS IN THE SCIENCE CLASS
Authors: Sadirova K.G  , Xaydarova O.F
Published: December 2020

This article provides specific methods for developing speech and thinking in science lessons, types of speech communication, improving the vocabulary of deaf children in science education, as well as methods for planning speech material for students with hearing disorders.
Didactic bases of teaching "Physics of atomic and nuclear structure" in continuous physics education
Authors: Goibova Nargiza Ziyokhonovna
Published: December 2020

The development of atomic and nuclear physics, the efficient use of nuclear energy plays an important role in the international arena. The structure of the atom and the nucleus, the training of internationally advanced personnel to improve the use of its energy is a topical issue today. The role of atomic and nuclear physics in education, science and industry in our country is wide. However, taking into account the fact that the introduction of modern and new areas of nuclear physics, such as radiation physics, deformed nucleus physics, into the system of continuing education will further increase the efficiency of specialists trained in this field.
We Are Against Corruption
Authors: Maftunakhon Nematova
Published: December 2020

This article is about how people knowingly and unknowingly commit corruption in life and how to correct these mistakes. On this way, major points of the theoretical and methodological perspectives were discussed as the whole. Hence, research has focused to find out better solutions while providing both outcomes and shortcomings as the whole.
Implementasi gerakan kepanduan hizbul wathan untuk meningkatkan karakter kepemimpinan siswa di mi muhammadiyah 3 penatarsewu
Authors: Achmad Ziddanial Muqodash Badrie  , Eni Fariyatul Fahyuni
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to see how the implementation of the Hizbul Wathan scouting movement to improve the character of student leadership in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu. This type of research is to use qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The subjects in this study were the principal, the coach of Hizbul Wathan, the class teacher, students. Data collection is done by interviews, observations, and documentation. While in data analysis, using techniques in a way, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The scouting movement of Hizbul Wathan's development in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu since its inception tends to be stagnant and not optimal. The obstacles that exist make the implementation of the scout movement hizbul wathan less than the maximum to improve the character of student leadership in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu.
Formation and development of axiolinguistics
Authors: Komilova Gavharoy Ruzimovna
Published: December 2020

Modern linguistic research focuses on the practical problems of science, mainly on the person himself, i.e. his emotional-mental sphere, ethical and aesthetic views in man, the value system, the processes of understanding and perceiving the world. Mankind's spiritual experiences, attitudes, and values are reflected in his language. In this sense, axiolingual research shows the relevance of the topic. This article analyzes a number of studies on the formation and development of axiolinguistics that are currently evolving.
Tourism education in an emerging digital economy: World experience and perspectives in Uzbekistan
Authors: Azgarov Abdumutalib Alisher o’g’li
Published: December 2020

Worldwide tourism education is being promoted by various national and international agencies to achieve sustainable development goals. The presence of tourism education is tremendously growing in international universities. The results suggest that as per the academicians alongside with tourism professionals, the tourism education is highly relevant for economic development. It also shows that tourism education in Uzbekistan, is general a matter of course and specialization-based tourism programs are near to absent.

This article is not focused on the criticism of reforms in legislation and their functionality, but rather on introducing possibilities which may present an alternative to developing and realizing projects along the lines of innovation in Uzbekistan. The question is how vocational training schools and institutes of higher education, specifically training programmes in tourism and hospitality, have changed and are changing now that the new laws on education, on vocational training. What kind of future can these institutions look forward to, what will they be teaching and in what conditions, especially, in time and after pandemic CoViD-19? This question applies equally to theoretical and practical training.
The influence of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages
Authors: Rano Akhmedova Ashurovna
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the study of phraseology and the impact of phraseological material on the motivation for learning foreign languages, improving vocabulary of learners, identifying differences and features of cultures of different nations. The study of the influence of phraseological material on motivation is necessary to identify the role of phraseological turns in the process of teaching foreign languages.  Therefore, the subject of our research will be the process of mastering phraseological units.  Since this is of great importance for the methodological base of the school.  In our time, knowledge of one or several foreign languages ​​is necessary and prestigious.  There are many methods of accelerated, but not always effective learning of foreign languages.  Therefore, it is necessary that the level of teaching foreign languages ​​at school increases, and for this, new teaching methods should be sought.  The study of phraseological units maintains interest in the study of foreign languages.  It follows that motivation will increase and become stronger if we introduce such elements as phraseological phrases, proverbs and sayings. Moreover, the article explains the main classification of phraseological units in order to use them correctly in speech.
Analysis of household attitudes towards mobile banking in kota padang Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Method
Authors: Marshely Zulhaisa  , Syafruddin Karimi  , Endrizal Ridwan
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the household interest in using mobile banking in Padang City. The factors studied in this research were risks, benefits, conveniences, trusts, and technology systems. This study used primary data by conducting a field survey through questionnaires distributed to 273 respondents in the Sawahan Village, East Padang District, Padang City. The data analysis method in this research wass qualitative by using descriptive analysis techniques and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) processed with the AMOS program. Descriptive analysis was used to show the relationship between respondent characteristics such as age, sex, education level, occupation, and income and the respondent’s interests in mobile banking. While the results of the analysis obtained by the SEM method show that perceived benefits, perceived conveniences, perceived risks, technology systems influence household interest in mobile banking in Padang City, there is no influence of perceived trusts on household interest in mobile banking in Padang City.
“Improving endodontic treatment of chronic apical periodontitis with the use of depo of ipexpress and physiotherapy method of fluctuorization”.
Authors: H. H. Hоjiev  , N.N.Xabibova
Published: December 2020

In recent years, our country has seen positive trends in improving the effectiveness of endodontic dental treatment due to the introduction of modern technologies that allow predicting the results of dental treatment.

However, in clinical practice, the number of unsuccessful treatment outcomes for caries complications has not decreased. It is known that the key to the effectiveness of endodontic treatment is the "three whales": cleaning, sterilization and obturation of the root canal system. However, at each stage of endodontic treatment, a significant number of errors are obtained. Thus, according to x-ray examination, it was found that only in 13.4% of cases the root canals were filled satisfactorily. But even with high-quality obturation, in 5-8% of cases, there is inflammation in the periodontium.
Methodology of developing algorithmic skills through mathematical images in preschool children
Authors: Kadirov Jasur Abdumalikovich
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on the methods, problems and solutions for the development of methods for improving the mathematical knowledge and algorithmic skills of preschool children. It is aimed at paying attention to the changing characteristics of the properties of the algorithm, taking into account the age, and to ensure that children act on the basis of algorithmic skills in lifestyle and training.
Development of production of natural gas primary reforming catalyst
Authors: Farmanov Behzod Ilkhomovich  , Tavashov Shahzod Khujakhmatovich  , Ismailov Feruz Sabirovich
Published: December 2020

The activity of the prepared catalyst samples was determined according to TU 113-03-352-87 according to the method TU 113-03-313-85 "Nickel GIAP-3-6N catalyst for the conversion of gaseous hydrocarbons". The organization of production is planned at OJSS "Maksam-Chirchik" and is included in the list of innovative works of SJSC "Uzkimyosanoat".
Innovative activity - the basis of economic sustainability
Authors: Abdumuminov Axrorjon
Published: December 2020

There is hardly anyone who has not heard of the concept of innovation, which is becoming an integral part of our lives. This is because the concept has had an impact on all sectors. As a result, the economy of our country is moving towards development. This is because innovation is a cost-effective process that is able to create new demands in the economy, more efficiently than existing ones, and help minimize costs. the role of entrepreneurship and small business, the future innovative plans of our country.
Khorezm school of calligraphy and its representatives
Authors: Mashkhura Adilzhanovna Darmonova
Published: December 2020

The formation of the Khorezm school of calligraphy has a long history, and in the 16th century, schools of calligraphy and writing were formed in the palace libraries of the rulers. Since the beginning of the 18th century, the art of calligraphy has developed as an independent school. The article describes the school of calligraphy that developed in Khorezm at the beginning of the 19th-20th centuries, as well as the life and spiritual heritage of its representatives.
Tugas 1 statistik pendidikan islam oleh irma
Authors: Irma
Published: December 2020

Dengan mengucapkan alhamdulillah tugas pertama statistil pendidikan islam telah selesai pada tanggal 12 desember 2020
Caring Concept In Nursing: Jean Watson Theory Opproach
Authors: Pardede Jek Amidos
Published: December 2020

Caring science merupakan suatu orientasi human science dan kemanusiaan terhadap proses, fenomena, dan pengalaman human caring. Caring science, seperti juga science lainnya, meliputi seni dan kemanusiaan. Caring adalah tindakan yang diarahkan untuk membantu, membimbing, atau melakukan cara untuk membantu dalam pencapaian tujuan tertentu, dengan cara mendukung individu lain atau kelompok dengan nyata atau antisipasi kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan kondisi kehidupan manusia
Definisi Teori Kontingensi dan Efek Mediasi yang terjadi
Authors: PUTRA DIKA ANGGARA
Published: December 2020

Teori kontingensi merupakan teori dimana perusahaan dapat mencapai kinerja terbaik ketika strukturnya relavan untuk menangani kontigensi yang di berlakukan berdasarkan ukuran, lingkungan, dan teknologi.Teori kontingensi juga bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana perusahaan menyesuaikan harapan kinerja dengan lingkungan bisnis internal dan eksternal.teori ini juga melihat bahwa lingkungan eksternal merupakan determinan kinerja perusahaan.Turbulensi menghadirkan kinerja ketika perusahaan dapat menggabungkan dengan benar dengan faktor organisasi lain, termasuk SO. Teknologi sering diartikan sebagai variabel moderasi yang membentuk FP melalui faktor organisasi tersebut, yaitu dipahami sebagai pelengkap sumber daya.
Aether, Light; Unification of Physics Laws
Authors: Niang Chérif Abdoul Mazid
Published: December 2020

The need for the existence of a luminiferous ether was imposed on 19th century physicists. We will not dwell on the history of the ether, we will only explain the need to rehabilitate it in order to account for gravitation and the physical properties of light. We will then explain the new physical properties that we will attribute to this new form of ether. We will try to prove its existence using Einstein's equation.
Holographic focusing and holographic metric the surface
Authors: Kuyukov Vitaly
Published: December 2020

Holographic focusing and holographic surface
Weak convergence of first-rare-event times for semi-Markov processes
Authors: AISDL
Published: December 2020

Necessary and sufficient conditions for weak convergence of first-rareevent times for semi-Markov processes with finite set of states in series of schemes are obtained.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan, Komunikasi, dan Kompensasi terhadap Motivasi Kerja Pegawai pada Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kabupaten Soppeng
Authors: Tamsah Hasmin , Ilyas Gunawan Bata , Asriani Andi
Published: December 2020

Communication factor is one of the factors that influence on employee motivation. The aim of the study was to: 1) Know the effect of Leadership to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng. 2) Know the effect of Communication to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng. 3) Know the effect of Compensation to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng. 4) Know the effect of Leadership, Communication, and Compensation to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng. The study was conducted at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng, with population of 134 employees. Sample was the random sampling with 58 employees as samples. Analysis of the data in this study using validity and reliability test, classical assumption test, and multiple linear regression analysis. The result of study indicates that 1) Leadership has positive and significant influence to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng, 2) Communication has positive and significant influence to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng, 3) Compensation has positive and significant influence to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng, 4) Leadership, Communication, and Compensation simultaneously have significant influence to Work Motivation of Employee at the Department of Revenue, Financial and Regional Asset Management Regency of Soppeng.
Penanganan Paham Gerakan Transnasional di Negara Pakistan, Lebanon, Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Ulum Raudatul
Published: December 2020

Penelitian tentang penanganan gerakan transnasional di berbagai negara, Pakistan, Lebanon, Brunei Darussalam sebagai bagian dari kajian kebijakan regulasi organisasi kemasyarakatan yang ada di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mewawancarai pihak yang memiliki keterlibatan dalam penanganan gerakan nasional di tiga negara, kemudian mengkaji dokumen kebijakan serta tulisan lainnya yang otoritatif tentang gerakan transnasional di negara tersebut. Penelitian memberikan kesimpulan tentang beberapa model penanganan terhadap gerakan transnasional.
NELL1 is differentially expressed in the tumors of breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a monoclonal antibody targeting the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) (1) utilized for the treatment of adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer (2) in the United States and worldwide. We mined published microarray data (3, 4) to discover in an unbiased manner the most significant transcriptional changes associated with trastuzumab treatment. We identified the gene encoding neural epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like 1, NELL1, among the genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. The primary tumors of breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab expressed higher levels of NELL1 messenger RNA than did patients not treated with trastuzumab, and a single administration of trastuzumab was sufficient to result in differential expression of NELL1 in primary tumors of the breast, demonstrating increased expression of a growth factor-like molecule whose increased primary tumor expression is significantly correlated with worse overall survival in patients with rhabomyosarcoma (5) as a direct transcriptional consequence of treatment with trastuzumab.
Trends in Educational Research about Social Attitudes Education and Learning: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Wijaya Hengki , Arismunandar  , Gani Hamsu Abdul
Published: December 2020

Until now, learning is still focused on thecognitive realm only. One aspect that is often neglected issocial attitudes, which are part of the affective aspect thathas an essential role in social life. The limited number ofresearchers who touch on this area makes referencesources of social attitudes still limited. This study is aSystematic Literature Review (SLR) using the PRISMAmodel. This model is considered a reasonablycomprehensive model because it has four main stages:identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion.Researchers collected data from various open access datasources such as Google Scholar, Web of Science (WoS),Scopus, ERIC, Researchgate.net, Academia.com, andSciencedirect.com. Furthermore, the data were analyzedusing content analysis techniques in obtaining anoverview of trends and implications of research oneducation and learning social attitudes over the past tenyears. The results showed that there were only 14 articlesthat met the criteria for further analysis. The fourteenarticles discuss several main research topics, such as (1)improving students' social attitudes through learningmodels/approaches/methods, (2) learning social attitudesin the context of inclusive education, (3) developing andvalidating social attitude instruments, and so on other.These findings indicate the need for further and morecomprehensive research on learning social attitudes sothat this aspect is increasingly understood by variouselements of education as an aspect that is as important asthe cognitive aspect.
KEANEKARAGAMAN KUPU-KUPU DI TAMAN BUNGA MERANGIN GARDEN
Authors: Kurniawan Bayu
Published: December 2020

Buku ini membahas tentang keanekaragaman dan kemelimpahan kupu-kupu (lepidoptera: papilionoidae) di taman bunga Merangin Garden, Merangin. Kupu-kupu merupakan jenis serangga dari ordo Lepidoptera yang berperan penting bagi ekosistem sebagai polinator penyerbukan bunga serta sebagai bioindikator kualitas lingkungan. Merangin Garden merupakan salah satu wisata taman bunga terluas di Sumatra. Tujuan kajian dalam buku ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis kupu-kupu, faktor biotik dan abiotik yang mempengaruhi keberadaan kupu-kupu serta keanekaragaman dan kemelimpahan kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidae) di taman bunga Merangin Garden, kabupaten Merangin. Kupu-kupu di Identifikasi berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan dicocokkan dengan kunci determinasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksploratif. Data analisis menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman (Shanon-Wienner), indeks dominansi (Simpson) dan kemelimpahan relatif. Buku ini mengungkap terdapat 538 individu kupu-kupu yang terkoleksi dari 16 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 3 famili, yaitu 4 spesies dari Peridae, 11 spesies dari Nyamphalidae, dan 1 spesies dari Papilionidae. Hasil analisis indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi H’=2,62 dan nilai dominansi D= 0,10 serta nilai indeks terendah H’=2,36 dengan nilai D=0,12 dengan kemelimpahan cacah individu tertinggi adalah 88 ekor Junonia orithya dari famili Nymphalidae.
Pengaruh Kombinasi Starter Kultur Lactobacillus plantarum dan Lactobacillus acidophillus terhadap Karakteristik Mikrobiologis dan Kimiwawi pada Minuman Fermentasi.
Authors: Syachroni  , Maruddin Fatma , Yuliati Farida Nur , Mukhlisah Andi Nurul
Published: December 2020

Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus are a probiotic bacteria which can be combined as a starter fermentation products using fresh milk and reconstitution milk as a growth medium. The aim of this study was to determine the combined effect of L. plantarum and L. acidophilus on total bacteria, lactic acid, and pH levels were used as a starter culture fermented milk beverage. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) 3 treatments (a combination of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) with 5 replications. The results showed that the number of bacteria at the level of a combination of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 respectively were 8.96±5.80; 8.22±5.80 and 8.72±5.80 (log cfu/ml), lactic acid content were 0.36±0.008 %; 0.41±0.008 %; and 0.49±0.008 %, and the pH were 4.91±0.02; 4.67±0.02; and 4.54±0.02. The best combination of L. plantarum and L. acidophilus bacteria for fermented milk was 1:1 based on the growth activity of lactic acid bacteria and pH.
Studi Kasus: Paraplegia Lumbosacral Akibat Traumatik pada Anak Kucing Lokal
Authors: Wimbavitrati Kusumaning Arumsari , Batan I Wayan , Anthara I Made Suma
Published: December 2020

A local female cat who was ±3 months old with a body weight of 1.5 kg presented to hind legs with complaints of being unable to stand. The inspection showed that the cat was not able to stand upright especially on its two hind legs. When palpated, the hind legs muscle tension begins to decrease. Based on the postural examination, pelvic limb reflexes, and nociceptive examinations, it was pointed to an abnormal disturbance in both hind legs and additionally, there was no response anal sphincter area. A series of neurological examinations indicated that the cat had a lumbosacral nerve disorder. Hematological examinations suggesting the anemia indicated. X-ray examination showed the fracture of an os. vertebrae lumbar I. The cat was diagnosed with paraplegia due to a trauma, where the muscles of the body are paralyzed and weak. The prognosis for this case was infausta. Medications and therapies provided were neurotropic vitamins, dexamethasone, and Hemobion®, and train cats to stand and walk every day. After being given treatment for ten days, the cat case did not show any changes in the two hind legs.
Les addictions sous l’angle neurocognitif
Authors: Noël X.
Published: December 2020

Les principaux modèles neurocognitifs conçoivent l’addiction comme le résultat d’un déséquilibre de trois systèmes cérébraux en constante interaction : un circuit striatoamygdalien qui favorise les comportements automatiques, habituels et saillants, le cortex préfrontal impliqué dans la prise de décision et dans le contrôle inhibiteur. Enfin, la région insulaire permet un traitement proprioceptif à l’origine d’états émotionnels conscients, ce qui exerce une influence sur la prise de décision. L’influence du stress ainsi que les perspectives cliniques sont discutées.
Application of the General Clause of Reasonableness and Criterion of Rationality in Polish Tax Law
Authors: Münnich Monika
Published: December 2020

This paper’s objective is to present two methods of introducing elements of the civil general clause of reasonableness into tax law. One of them is the lawmaking process, the other is the application of law, i.e. the decisions of tax authorities and the jurisprudence of national administrative courts.
Scope and Exercise of the Exclusive Competences of the Member States of the European Union
Authors: Krzysztofik Edyta Anna
Published: December 2020

The process of European integration has introduced the Member States into a new legal reality. The existing exclusivity in the area of competence implementation has been replaced by a two-stage model of their exercise. The Member States, when conferring part of their supervisory powers, did not specify the scope of their own competences. The so-called European clauses were analysed in the Constitutions of selected Member States, which showed that they define the recipient of the conferral and, in a non-uniform manner, specify the subject of the conferral.  The analysis of the indicated provisions clearly shows that the Constitutions of the Member States exclude full conferral of competences on the European Union. There is no specification of the scope of competences that may be conferred. However, this issue was addressed by Constitutional Courts of the Member States. The article refers to the judgements of the German Federal Constitutional Court and the Polish Constitutional Court. It has been shown that they equate exclusive competences of the Member States with the scope of the concept of constitutional identity reduced to basic principles of the state. The Court of Justice of the European Union analysed the scope of competences of both entities. The article presents the analysis of judgements on: entries in Civil Registry regarding transcription of surnames, the issue of recognition of same-sex marriages, reform of the judiciary system in Poland, and the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in the areas that do not fall under EU competence. Regardless of the division of competences, the EU is bound by the principle of respect for national identity of the Member States, including constitutional identity. It both obligates the EU to respect the exclusive competences of the Member States and is a premise restricting the achievement of EU objectives.
Grounding Ecological Democracy: Semiotics and the Communicative Networks of Nature
Authors: Romero Javier , Dryzek John S.
Published: December 2020

Developments in biosemiotics and democratic theory enable renewed appreciation of the possibilities for ecological democracy. Semiotics is the study of sign processes in meaning-making and communication. Signs and meanings exist in all living systems, and all living systems are therefore semiotic systems. Ecological communication can involve abiotic and biotic communication, including human language, facilitating an integration of politics and ecology in the form of ecological democracy encompassing communicative networks in nature and human society.
Tactile Taxidermy: The Revival of Animal Skins in the Early Twentieth Century Museum
Authors: Would Alice
Published: December 2020

Taxidermy specimens are cloaked in animal skin; organic material that can decay or be eaten by insects. This essay examines the tactile relationship between this changeable skin-creature, and the figures of the taxidermist and the natural history curator in the turn of the twentieth century museum. Using Bristol Museum as a case study, it argues that specimens were not inert or stilled within museum collections. It explores how taxidermy specimens were meeting places between animal remains and human bodies, as natural history curators sought to remount existing specimens, and prevent them from deteriorating further. Taking a material approach, it examines how animal skins were physically shaped by human hands, and figuratively woven into stories of science, the British Empire and the natural world.
The Making of a Pastureland Biome: American Scientists, Miracle Grasses and the Transformation of the Brazilian
Cerrado
Authors: Da Silva Claiton Marcio , De Majo Claudio
Published: December 2020

This article examines the history of leguminous grasses in the Brazilian
Cerrado
between the early 1950s and early 1970s. The westward expansion of the Brazilian agrarian frontier was a massive ecological transformation, propelled by a transnational process that relied on a series of actors beyond the national borders, most notably the Rockefeller-sponsored IRI research institute. However, as the article demonstrates, this epistemic transformation was also crucially complemented by the ecological potential of a set of leguminous grasses that gave an essential contribution to the ecological reconversion of the Brazilian
Cerrado
. These sturdy nitrogen-fixing species grew extensively - and mostly autonomously - on these arid territories, propelling agrarian development in the region. However, while the successful interaction between anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic actors led to successful techno-scientific and economic results, it also led to severe socio-environmental consequences.
PATIENT AND PHYSICIAN ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF ADHERENCE TO EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDELINES IN DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2
Authors: Hassan Khaled
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a chronic disease that needs a high standard of health care. Clinical practice guidelines are diabetes care that ensures regular monitoring of diabetic patients, including annual diagnostic tests.

Objective: This study aims to review the Patient and physician-associated factors of adherence to evidence-based guidelines in Diabetes mellitus type 2

Methods: studies in this review article were obtained by online research through scientific websites, including the PubMed database and Google scholar. The search process included using several keywords; the keywords used were "physicians, patients, adherence, factors, diabetes, guidelines." We have reviewed the studies that were published between 2015 and 2020. We excluded all the articles before 2015.

Conclusion: adherence of physicians with evidence-based guidelines of DM2 was associated with lack of knowledge, patients' compliance, advanced co-morbidities, and geriatric patients. While the patients' adherence was related to patient education, knowledge, ability and behavior, patient preferences, and the relationship between the physician and the diabetic patient.

Keywords:  diabetes mellitus, physicians, patients, adherence, factors, Diabetes, guidelines.
INDUCTION OF CLINDAMYCIN RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.
Authors: Heyar Avneet Kaur , Kaur Kamaldeep , Gill Amarjit Kaur , Gill Prabhjot Kaur
Published: December 2020

Nowadays in Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to lincosamide, macrolide and streptogramin B (MLSB) group of antibiotics are expanded. Therefore, clindamycin is preferred drug for the treatment of infections caused by S. aureus, but due to change in sensitivity patterns of clindamycin it is leading to treatment failure. The three resistance phenotypes of MLSB antibiotics are iMLSB (inducible resistance) and cMLSB (constitutive resistance) that are resistant to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogrammins B antibiotics, whereas MS resistance that is sole resistant to macrolides and streptogramins B antibiotics. Erythromycin ribosome methylase (erm) genes are responsible for expressing inducible clindamycin resistance among S. aureus. In the present investigation, a Double disc approximation/Disc induction test (D-test) and PCR were used. Out of 428 strains the prevalence of iMLSB, cMLSB and MS phenotypes were 36 (8.41%), 47 (10.98%) and 48(11.21%) respectively. It is concluded that D-test should be routinely done to avoid treatment failure due to clindamycin resistance. In addition, PCR is a simple, quick, reliable and sensitive method that could also be used in the detection of inducible clindamycin resistance. The reason for the lower prevalence of iMLSB phenotype in the present study could be due to the reason that samples included in this study were mostly from the rural areas as the exposure of antimicrobial agents is less.
Keywords: Clindamycin resistance, D-test, ermA, ermC, iMLSB, S. aureus
Predicting Unilateral Post-laminectomy C5 Palsy by Measuring C5 Exit Foramen Area on Preoperative Computed Tomography
Authors:   Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Khadivi Masoud , Golbakhsh Mohammad Reza ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Mossavi Mersad ,   Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Ahmadi Abhari Seyed Sina ,   Department of Neurosurgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published: December 2020

Background and aim: Postoperative C5 motor palsy is known as a common complication, not only after cervical laminectomy but also after anterior discectomy. There is no consensus on any of the proposed mechanisms of C5 palsy following posterior cervical decompression. It was found that C5 palsy is more common in patients with smaller C5 root foramen area. The purpose of this study was to define a cut-off value for C4-C5 foraminal area on preoperative computed tomography images to predict post-laminectomy C5 palsy. Methods and Materials/Patients: In this prospective clinical study, C4-C5 foraminal area of 119 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy calculated on reformatted pure sagittal computed tomography images value was defined by measuring maximal height and transverse diameter of foramina and a cut-off in which with lesser amounts, post-laminectomy C5 palsy was more common. Results: Of 119 patients with spondylotic myelopathy undergoing cervical laminectomy,23 ones experienced postoperative C5 palsy with mean C4-C5 foraminal area of 44.54±0.72 mm2.Mean C5 root exit foraminal area in patients with intact post-operative root function was calculated 56.78±5.48 mm2 and the difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). No patient with C5 exit foraminal area more than 46 mm2had C5 palsy after laminectomy. Conclusion: The incidence of post-laminectomy C5 palsy is significantly higher in patients with C5 exit foraminal area less than 46 mm2. Prophylactic C4-C5 foraminotomy in this group may significantly reduce the risk of postoperative C5 nerve motor palsy, although the effect of this procedure is still debatable.
Short Segment Rigid Fixation for a Patient of Basilar Invagination and Assimilated C1 With Quadriparesis
Authors:   Neurosurgery Department, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Moshiur Moshiur Rahman , Khairun S.I.M. Khairun Nabi Khan ,   Neurosurgery Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Ahmed Khan Robert ,   Neurosurgery Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Rokibul Rokibul Islam ,   Neurosurgery Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Haque Sarker Mainul ,   Neurosurgery Department, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Published: December 2020

Background & Importance: Atlas assimilation is the congenital Atlas fusion with the base of the occipital bone. Case Presentation: A patient was presented with neck pain, dysaesthesia and tingling of hands and feet and difficulty in walking for 4 years. On examinations, the patient had a short neck with rigidity in neck muscles and there were exaggerated jerks with bilateral Babinski sign. Cervical spinal x-ray indicated basilar invagination with the absence of a C1 arch and CT scan of the cervical spine showed assimilation of C1 with basilar invagination. Occipitocervical stabilization has been commonly proposed for the operational fusion. The iliac crest interposing bone graft was performed for fusion and stabilization of the occipitocervical region. The patient was treated surgically and soon after operation became painless and was able to move easily. Conclusion: In C1 assimilation with basilar invagination, bicortical occipital screws and C2 pedicle screws with interposition bone graft can be the way to optimize the shortest segmental stabilization and fusion procedure for occipitocervical fusion.
Low Lumbar Fractures: Unique Biomechanics and Treatment Options
Authors:   Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Spine Fellowship, Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University Of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Haddadi Kaveh , Ehteshami Saeed ,   Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Spine Fellowship, Orthopedic Research Center, Mazandaran University Of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim: Acute lower lumbar spinal fractures (L4 and L5) can cause major neurologic damage and mechanical instability. The ultimate surgical method for the management of unstable lower lumbar spine fractures Methods and Materials/Patients: Online search databases including Google scholar databases, PubMed and Ovid was performed using the keywords: Low lumbar, fractures, spine trauma, biomechanics, classification, anatomy, spinopelvic alignment, non-operative and surgical treatment options. Finally, about 47 related studies were identified and reviewed. Results: The L4 and L5 vertebra and related discs contribute to 50% of the lordosis in the lumbar area. Fracture of the trapezoidal body of the fifth vertebra can considerably decrease this and change the L4-L5 and L5-S1 biomechanics. The lower lumbar spine, in contrast to the thoracolumbar junction, is secure by the pelvis and the robust musculature. There is great controversy about the treatment of lumbar burst fractures without neurologic deficit. The surgical indication and optimal procedure may be influenced by numerous aspects such as the severity of signs and symptoms, the amount of loss of vertebral body height and the involvement of the spinal canal, and finally, the stability of the posterior spinal components. Conclusion: There is no consensus on what establishes the paramount treatment for low lumbar burst fractures. Conservative care has been related to acceptable outcomes for patients with a burst fracture which are neurologically intact. In more severe injuries, spinal decompression and stabilization via a posterior or anterior approach are based on the surgeon’s preference. For lower lumbar burst fractures or fracture-dislocations of the lumbosacral junction with neurologic injury, posterior decompression and stabilization, and a period of rest and bracing for the preservation of lumbar lordosis are appropriate.
A Case Report of Primary Brain Hydatid Cyst in a Child
Authors:   MCH Neurosurgery, Senior Resident, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India, Garg Deepak , Jain Gaurav ,   DNB Neurosurgery, Assistant Professor, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India, Sinha Virendra ,   MCH Neurosurgery, Senior Professor, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India
Published: December 2020

Background and Importance: Hydatid cyst is endemic in India, with different clinical presentations according to the site of involvement in the body. However, its occurrence in the brain without the involvement of other body parts is rare. Case Presentation: An eight-year-old female child presented with right-sided limb weakness and slurring of speech. The diagnosis of primary brain hydatid cyst was made with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain. The cyst was removed completely, resulting in improved post-operative slurring of speech and limb weakness. Conclusion: In countries where hydatid disease is endemic, brain hydatidosis should on top of the differential diagnoses for intracerebral cystic lesions and managed as per hydatid protocol until proved otherwise. This approach is critical to prevent rupture and dissemination.
Liberalisation of telecommunications and broadening of the value chain in Southern Europe. Telefónica, 1982–2000
Authors: Calvo Ángel
Published: December 2020

This article deals with the opening of telecommunications to competition and its determinants in Spain, a country seriously committed to the monopoly. It is framed in the general scenario of an accelerated technological change driven by new materials, components and transmission systems, a sharp regulatory change and an extension of the value chain with new products and services, in particular data, mobile telephony and cable. Such properties fit perfectly with the time axis chosen which comprises the two last decades of the 20th century and coincide with a phase in which the protagonist company is facing the challenge not only of liberalisation but also of a profound change in the parameters of the market. The study focuses on Telefónica's response to new regulatory and market requirements. Methodologically, it revolves around the multidisciplinary nature, which integrates the approach of the history of technology understood as a system (Thomas P. Hugues and Melvin Kranzberg) and the economic and business history (Nathan Rosenberg). The text is structured in four sections that examine the persistence of the monopoly of Telefonica and liberalisation, the axes of Telefónica's transformation through global and strategic plans and the broadening of the value chain, focussed on the cable market. Some preliminary historical and technical issues and key elements in the evolution of the sector are addressed. The text attends to the relations between the market structure inherited from the monopoly and the process, from which the advantages of Telefónica with the rest of the companies emanate. The research rests mainly on primary sources of the company studied, twice as valuable because they are difficult to access by researchers and perfectly determined to grasp the company's strategy, as well as on reports from major international institutions and secondary literature. The conclusion deals with the methodological consideration of the close link between supply and demand-related factors.