bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception as a Direct Source of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores how simple perception, whether moral or not, does not entail belief formation, but its non-doxastic character does not in the least preclude its presenting perceivers with much information about the object perceived. That perception does this explains in good part why it can both justify beliefs appropriately connected with its content and ground knowledge about its object. But if, in perceiving an object, a person processes information—as is widely held among psychologists as well as philosophers—one may wonder whether perception is in some way inferential. Understanding perception requires pursuing this question, and that in turn requires clarifying what constitutes inference. The chapter also examines how perception and inference differ and how each may yield moral knowledge.
Theory of Degeneration for Polarized Abelian Schemes
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter reproduces the theory of degeneration data for polarized abelian varieties, following D. Mumford's 1972 monograph, An analytic construction of degenerating abelian varieties over complete rings, as well as the first three chapters of the Degeneration of abelian varieties (1990), by G. Faltings and C.-L. Chai. Although there is essentially nothing new in this chapter, some modifications have been introduced to make the statements compatible with a certain understanding of the proofs. Moreover, since Mumford and Faltings and Chai have supplied full details only in the completely degenerate case, this chapter balances the literature by avoiding the special case and treating all cases equally.
Algebraic Constructions of Minimal Compactifications
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter first studies the automorphic forms that are defined as global sections of certain invertible sheaves on the toroidal compactifications. The local structures of toroidal compactifications lead naturally to the theory of Fourier–Jacobi expansions and the Fourier–Jacobi expansion principle. The chapter also obtains the algebraic construction of arithmetic minimal compactifications (of the coarse moduli associated with moduli problems), which are projective normal schemes defined over the same integral bases as the moduli problems are. As a by-product of codimension counting, we obtain Koecher's principle for arithmetic automorphic forms (of naive parallel weights). Furthermore, this chapter shows the projectivity of a large class of arithmetic toroidal compactifications by realizing them as normalizations of blowups of the corresponding minimal compactifications.
Interoception and Homeostasis
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the regions in the brainstem where the ascending lamina I axons terminate. These projection targets are all involved in homeostasis, and thus, these terminations confirm that lamina I projections serve as the central homeostatic pathway that conveys sensory input from the sympathetically innervated tissues of the body. In the lower brainstem or medulla, in fact, lamina I terminations occur precisely in the visceral sensorimotor layer defined by classical neuroanatomists at the junction of the developmental alar and basal plates. Terminations occur in regions that relay homeostatic sensory activity to higher centers as well as in regions that send descending controls to spinal autonomic regions. Homeostatic sensory inputs from parasympathetically innervated tissues that relay in the solitary nucleus also terminate in the same brainstem sites. Comparative evidence indicates that these projections are present in all mammals.
The Interoceptive Pathway to the Insular Cortex
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the experiments that demonstrated in monkeys and humans the unforeseen lamina I pathway to the thalamus and its subsequent projection to the interoceptive cortex. The ascending interoceptive thalamocortical pathway is phylogenetically unique to primates; it most likely arose in conjunction with the enormous encephalization associated with the emergence of the primate lineage. The existence of this pathway was a surprise to most investigators in the field of somatosensory neurobiology. As mentioned in chapter 1, a sensory representation of general feelings from the body had been envisioned by the German natural philosophers of the nineteenth century. However, that concept was superseded by the heuristic codification of nociception and the assignment of pain and temperature sensations to the somatosensory cortex. The chapter's findings rectify that misconception and substantiate the fundamental neurobiological distinction between interoception and exteroception at the thalamocortical level in the monkey and human.
Feelings About Thoughts, Time, and Me
Authors: Craig A. D. (Bud)
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes evidence that the anterior insular cortex (AIC) is activated during thoughts, and explains how cognitive feelings are generated in the model of interoceptive and homeostatic integration. Presenting evidence that the AIC engenders subjective awareness and feelings about time, the chapter also shows how a cinemascopic structure in the model of interoceptive feelings can produce awareness across time, as well as musical feelings and subjectivity. It argues that the key functional role of the AIC in humans is the control of network activity in the brain, then relates this concept to studies that suggest a major role of the AIC in fluid intelligence and in behavioral guidance based on energy utilization.
The Eretrian Tyrant-Killing Law
Authors: Teegarden David A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter defends the following thesis: the promulgation of the Eretrian tyrant-killing law played an important role in defending Eretria's newly reinstated democratic regime against internal subversion during the years immediately following the Athenian led liberation of 341. The arguments in support of that thesis are presented in three sections. The first section argues that the Eretrian pro-democrats quite likely would have lost control of their polis shortly after the Athenian-led liberation, if no serious attempt were made to facilitate their efforts to mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., to solve a revolutionary coordination problem). Next, it argues that, by promulgating their tyrant-killing law, the Eretrian democrats greatly increased the likelihood that they would successfully mobilize in defense of their regime (i.e., overcome a potential revolutionary coordination problem) and thus likely would have deterred anti-democrats from attempting a coup. The final section argues that the Eretrian democrats maintained secure control of their polis, under very difficult circumstances, for several years after they promulgated their tyrant-killing law.
Christian Artists and Jewish Patronage
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the fact that the marketplace brought Jews in touch with Christian artists and craftsmen, where they learned to value their skill and expertise. That this helped to shape their sensitivity to what was considered then as beautiful is shown plainly by their preparedness to hire Christian artists and craftsmen to decorate Hebrew prayer books and to create for them objects with which Jews performed their liturgical obligations. These Christian professionals were not necessarily familiar with the intricacies of the Jewish religion, and when not consulting a Jew, at times committed mistakes. The late Ruth Mellinkoff went a step further and claimed that the deformed way Jews are presented in these Hebrew manuscripts was due to the hostility of these Christian painters toward the rival religion.
Lies and the Murderer Next Door
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers some issues about our individual duties of sincerity and promissory fidelity, with particular emphasis on the role the stricture on lying plays in maintaining reliable channels of communication between moral agents. It defends a qualified absolutism about lying that distinguishes the wrong of the lie from the wrong involved in deception (when it is wrong). In particular, it examines Immanuel Kant's absolutism about lying, building upon the themes Kant adduces in the opening passage of the selection from the Lectures on Ethics. It also explores the problem of the Murderer at the Door and connects it to other issues about our moral relations with wrongdoers and the process of their moral evolution. Finally, it looks at the active, affimative misrepresentation that one is telling the truth rather than operating in a suspended context and relates it to the basic conditions of interpersonal moral agency.
Accommodation, Equality, and the Liar
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the regulation of autobiographical lies told outside circumstances of heightened testimonial importance in relation to the political values of equality and an under-theorized form of accommodation. It considers the range of values encapsulated by our practices of accommodation to emphasize the undernoticed social and legal phenomenon of accommodating moral wrongs. It argues that although legal regulation of some autobiographical lies may not offend freedom of speech, it may offend equality. The chapter starts its argument for legal accommodation of moral imperfection with some observations about accommodation within interpersonal morality. It then explains the distinction between the status of being a moral equal and being a political equal. It also presents some guidelines for thinking about when to accommodate moral failure and concludes that legal accommodation of autobiographical lies falls within those guidelines.
Sincerity and Institutional Values
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines freedom of speech and sincerity in relation to institutions and institutional roles, using the university as a prime example. It first challenges the idea that mere declarations that one is suspending the context of truthfulness are sufficient to justify doing so, and illustrates the defects of this idea through a discussion of the doctrine of puffery in contract law. It then makes the case that an institution's epistemic ends may preclude lies in their service by citing the example of the police. It also explores the concept of academic freedom and misrepresentations in the university, focusing on the issue of lying to research subjects. The chapter argues that universities have distinctive epistemic goals that in turn provide an independent basis for academic freedom, as well as a special source of criticism of the use of misrepresentation as a tool of academic research.
Omen Lists in Babylonian Culture
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Babylonian divinatory writings that guided the interpretation of the signs of the gods, with particular emphasis on the omen lists. These writings are overly abundant and highly systematized, and they fit perfectly within Babylonian philosophy in general. They can be interpreted as the height of Babylonian writings on epistemology, as they provide the most detailed evidence on the hermeneutical systems behind knowledge—albeit of something we do not consider knowable. The chapter first provides an overview of divination as practiced by ancient Babylonians before turning to the divination specialists in Assurbanipal’s court—scribes, haruspices, exorcists, physicians, and lamentation chanters—and their texts to show how highly educated they were and how literate the nature of their knowledge was.
The Structure of Knowledge of the Universe
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on Babylonian omen lists. The omen was always part of a list that presented a series of individual cases. With its interest in every aspect of the universe, divination’s scope had no limits, and each ominous occurrence deserved its own entry in the texts. The chapter first offers a structural analysis of the syntagm and paradigm before discussing the similitudes that the various omen series pursued to build up a system of knowledge that was all-encompassing and fully interconnected. It then explains how the diviners established links between events observed in reality and the divinatory series. It also shows how hermeneutics provided the tools to interpret the gods’ messages, however truthful.
Habits of Faith
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the social role of religious congregations in small towns. Although religious participation is somewhat higher in small towns than in larger communities, the differences are relatively small. The perception among residents that religion is important has more to do with the presence of religious buildings, along with the public activities of religious organizations, than with statistical measures of belief and practice. Religious organizations also serve significantly as carriers of collective narratives about caring behavior in the community, and they increasingly provide links between small towns and the wider world through mission trips as well as humanitarian and relief efforts. In small communities with declining populations, religious organizations are adapting in creative ways to meet the needs and interests of their constituents. The clustering of congregations, shared pastorates, mergers, and closing of churches are among the solutions that are being attempted.
Contentious Issues
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how perceptions of moral decline intersect with the reality of living in towns experiencing population declines and diminishing job opportunities. The specific moral issues of concern that residents of small towns most frequently mention are abortion, homosexuality, and education issues, such as teaching the Ten Commandments and creationism alongside evolution. Whole communities were sometimes divided between factions that supported or opposed a revision to the school curriculum, or because a local pastor declared themselves to be in favor of gay marriage. There are other moral issues that townspeople said were important enough that they should receive more attention than they do—problems such as drug use and alcoholism, job training, school improvement and consolidation, the gap between rich and poor, and protection of the environment.
Concluding Reflections
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the various factors that contribute to residents' sense of community in small towns. The discussion draws from Suzanne Keller's ethnographic study of community life in which she identifies ten key building blocks of community: territory or turf, membership criteria, an institutional framework, cultural values, a belief system, a myth of community, rituals and celebrations, a leadership structure, social networks, and the spirit of community. Keller's use of the term “institutional framework” refers to the laws, rules, sanctions, and rewards that provide governance to a community, whereas community values include cooperation and sharing. Community spirit in small towns is reinforced through periodic rituals that draw people out of their homes and away from work long enough to enjoy one another's company, engage in celebratory activities that involve sharing, and do something that explicitly reminds them that they are residents who have something in common.
The Terrorist's Dilemma
Authors: Shapiro Jacob N.
Published: November 2017

How do terrorist groups control their members? Do the tools that groups use to monitor their operatives and enforce discipline create security vulnerabilities that governments can exploit? This is the first book to systematically examine the great variation in how terrorist groups are structured. Employing a broad range of agency theory, historical case studies, and terrorists' own internal documents, the book discusses the core managerial challenges that terrorists face and illustrates how their political goals interact with the operational environment to push them to organize in particular ways. The book provides a historically informed explanation for why some groups have little hierarchy, while others resemble miniature firms, complete with line charts and written disciplinary codes. Looking at groups in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, the book highlights how consistent and widespread the terrorist's dilemma—balancing the desire to maintain control with the need for secrecy—has been since the 1880s. Through an analysis of more than a hundred terrorist autobiographies, the book shows how prevalent bureaucracy has been, and the book utilizes a cache of internal documents from al-Qa'ida in Iraq to outline why this deadly group used so much paperwork to handle its people. Tracing the strategic interaction between terrorist leaders and their operatives, the book closes with a series of comparative case studies, indicating that the differences in how groups in the same conflict approach their dilemmas are consistent with an agency theory perspective. This book demonstrates the management constraints inherent to terrorist groups and sheds light on specific organizational details that can be exploited to more efficiently combat terrorist activity.
The Terrorist’s Dilemma
Authors: Shapiro Jacob N.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the fundamental organizational challenges of terrorism in greater depth. Using a wide variety of evidence, it examines why terrorist groups, since the 1880s, have struggled with the terrorist's dilemma and lays out an argument about how and why group solutions to that dilemma vary predictably in response to four factors. These four factors include the demand for discrimination in the use of violence, or how important carefully targeted violence is, given the group's political goals; the level of uncertainty about which targets serve political goals, or how hard it is to judge what kinds of attacks will advance a group's goals; the extent of preference divergence in the group, or how much people in an organization disagree about how to best use violence to accomplish their stated goals; and the intensity of government security pressure, or how risky it is to engage in the communications required to manage a given organization.
War Powers
Authors: Zeisberg Mariah
Published: November 2017

Armed interventions in Libya, Haiti, Iraq, Vietnam, and Korea challenged the US president and Congress with a core question of constitutional interpretation: does the president, or Congress, have constitutional authority to take the country to war? This book argues that the Constitution doesn't offer a single legal answer to that question. But its structure and values indicate a vision of a well-functioning constitutional politics, one that enables the branches of government themselves to generate good answers to this question for the circumstances of their own times. The book shows that what matters is not that the branches enact the same constitutional settlement for all conditions, but instead how well they bring their distinctive governing capacities to bear on their interpretive work in context. Because the branches legitimately approach constitutional questions in different ways, interpretive conflicts between them can sometimes indicate a successful rather than deficient interpretive politics. This book argues for a set of distinctive constitutional standards for evaluating the branches and their relationship to one another, and demonstrates how observers and officials can use those standards to evaluate the branches' constitutional politics. With cases ranging from the Mexican War and World War II to the Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Iran-Contra scandal, the book reinterprets central controversies of war powers scholarship and advances a new way of evaluating the constitutional behavior of officials outside of the judiciary.
Introduction
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter describes the myth of Massachusetts exceptionalism in the context of suburban liberalism, and provides a brief overview of Massachusetts politics in general, particularly what it means to be a “Massachusetts liberal.” In particular, the chapter states that the suburban liberals in the Route 128 area have stood at the intersection of the political, economic, and spatial reorganizations that occurred in the United States since 1945, but they have been largely left out of the traditional frameworks of twentieth-century political and urban history. Yet the chapter argues that liberal activism in the Route 128 area illuminates several key factors about the nature of suburban politics and the relationship between national developments and the particularities of political patterns in Massachusetts.
Good Neighbors
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This chapter reveals that the fair housing movement in the Route 128 area created the grassroots support and legal means to fight racial discrimination through methods that simultaneously revealed the serious limits of suburban activists to solve the problems of systemic inequality. The agendas and policies of the fair housing movement grounded in the ideals of equal opportunity and meritocratic individualism led to the creation of pathbreaking new laws and a new outpouring of support for the cause. The movement, nevertheless, succeeded in helping only a handful of primarily middle-class African Americans move into affluent communities. While the results did have symbolic importance, they did little to alleviate the housing problems of the majority of Boston's African American population or patterns of systemic residential segregation. Thus, the fair housing movement contributed to liberal ideals and modes of activism and perpetuated larger patterns of residential and class inequality.
Political Action for Peace
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This chapter demonstrates how the Vietnam War forced residents to grapple with the central role of defense spending in shaping the economy and labor market of the Route 128 area. The MIT scientists and Raytheon engineers who got involved in activities such as the McCarthy campaign and anti-ABM (antiballistic missiles) movement exposed their complex position about the dependency of their professions on defense spending. These attitudes challenge the assumption that residents of Cold War suburbs who worked in defense-related industries, regardless of partisan affiliation, were uniformly and reflexively supportive of national security issues. The decision of some of this contingency to voice their opposition to the war through electoral politics underscores their faith in the liberal ideal of working within the system to create change, which would have a reverberating impact on the direction of liberalism, the Democratic Party, and the antiwar cause.
Critical Global Health
Authors: Biehl João , Petryna Adriana
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book brings together an international group that includes anthropologists, historians, and an epidemiologist and human-rights scholar to produce an ethnographic critique of the contemporary global health enterprise. These contributors are engaged in both empirical and theoretical investigations of global health-related initiatives and epistemologies, and are concerned with the actual impacts of these initiatives on care, health systems, and governance. The book emphasizes ethnography as a crucial methodological tool for achieving better comprehension of health services at all levels of analysis and advocates anthropological case studies and cross-cultural analysis as foundational to a much-needed critical global health perspective. The book offers innovative ways of thinking about older debates in light of emerging realities, and it sets a new agenda for research in global health, one aimed at a more comprehensive framework for understanding the human, technical, and political issues involved.
The “Right to Know” or “Know Your Rights”?
Authors: Amon Joseph J.
Published: November 2017

Human rights abuses fuel vulnerability to HIV infection and act as barriers to universal access to prevention, treatment, and care. This has been recognized in numerous international declarations, and attention to human rights has been incorporated into the mission statements and work plans of grassroots groups and global organizations alike. Yet how recognition of this relationship is translated into action varies. This explores different contexts in which the claim of one particular right, the “right to know,” has emerged, and how this claim relates to the experience of people living with HIV. The “right to know,” defined variously and used to advance competing and controversial agendas, is then contrasted with efforts encouraging individuals to “know their rights.”
Development, Music, and Social Contact
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines normal neonatal orientation to sounds as well as developmental disorders that affect musical sensibility, including Williams syndrome, a form of hypersocial expression coupled with a liking for music. It first explains how a sense of music begins very early in infancy, noting that the discrimination of pitch and other perceptual capabilities are expressed within the first year of life, events believed to be fundamentally linked to social capabilities. It is the social world, gaining a foothold in the life of others, which makes this knowledge essential. Rhythmic engagement also begins in infancy, generating movement. This musical expression is linked to affective needs and diverse forms of social contact. The chapter proceeds by discussing hypersocial and hyposocial behaviors among individuals with Williams syndrome, along with the evolution of social behavior that underlies musical expression. Finally, it considers epigenetic events and lifelong learning changes in relation to music.
Music and Dance
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between music and dance. The human condition is linked to music and dance, and the range of human emotional expression is fundamental in this regard. Susanne Langer, a professor of philosophy at Connecticut College, understood that movement and dance are at the heart of music, and that music is at the heart of movement. The chapter first considers the internal clock and cognitive physiology that regulate our sense of movement before discussing the theme of art embedded in experience, with music and dance as fundamental components of that experience. It then examines how music is expanded and tied to meaning, stories, and living experience. It also describes the concept of musement and concludes by suggesting that music and dance co-evolved in contexts of adaptation, human meaning, and social contact; within this is a mixture of what Leonard Meyer called “an aesthetics of stability.”
Security Studies and Philology
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the changing modalities, valuations, and iterations of security and care in the hope of offering some insight into what is gained and what is lost when care, however conceived, is removed. The approach used is admittedly episodic, almost kaleidoscopic, and resists formulating a single, overarching narrative. This choice is again motivated by a philological ideal, one committed to historicity without falling into the temptation of constructing a grand, teleologically driven history. As Edward Said has argued, philology is above all a technique that should disrupt or erupt universal, traditionally “humanist” verities by engaging in what we could describe as a more human humanism—namely, a humanism understood as a process within historical contingency, “as an ongoing practice and not as a possession.” Philology thus stands to supplant not only the idealized subject but also any species of post-structuralist, lifeless subjects with a vital, insecurable sense of humanity.
Fortitude and Maternal Care
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

The term securitas was not explicitly employed as a political or philosophical concept in any sustained manner before the fourteenth century. Instead, other words served the semantic functions that today we would associate with “security,” for example, terms for “safety” or “salvation,” “certitude,” and “peace”—salus, certitudo, and pax. This chapter discusses how securitas retained its ambivalence and semantic versatility, defining a state that is either carefree or careless or both—an ambivalence that renders the term all the more ideologically useful. The meanings, values, and metaphors associated with securitas are engaged to address multiple issues in an extensive variety of historical contexts. These particular occupations of the word propel its semantic career forward in ever more complex directions, solving problems and raising fresh questions.
Lingua Homini Lupus
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the ambivalent interpretations of security that coursed through Roman literature accompanied the term's adoption and usage in seventeenth-century Europe. For instance, Claude Favre de Vaugelas, the seventeenth-century grammarian and one of the founding members of the Académie Française, justified the inclusion of term sécurité into the French lexicon based word's ambiguity, on its capacity to express a disjunction between belief and fact: sécurité is the feeling of being safe, well founded or not. To enjoy security while being truly out of harm's way is to benefit from a condition of being carefree; but to proceed securely without acknowledging imminent or already present dangers is to be either heroic or perilously careless.
Revolution’s Chances
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of Kant, who led an almost abstract life of a confirmed bachelor. Heine links Kant's bachelorhood with his remote quarters, depicted as leading what we might call a “peaceful” (friedlich) life apart from the world, that is, one set within a “border fence”—an Umfriedigung or Einfriedigung, which are precisely the terms that the Grimms' Dictionary list as synonyms of Hag. The remainder of the chapter deals with Heinrich von Kleist's story “The Earthquake in Chile” (1807) and Johann Gottlieb Fichte, the erstwhile supporter of republican ideals and reputed Jacobin who felt compelled to instigate the latent power of the Prussian monarch.
Conclusion
Authors: Green Jessica F.
Published: November 2017

This book has examined how private rule makers are contributing to the management of global environmental problems by rethinking the meaning of private authority. It has shown that private authority is diffused through and among a diverse set of actors, creating multiple loci for rule-making and governance. It has also distinguished two different types of private authority: delegated authority and entrepreneurial authority. This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and considers their theoretical implications—namely, appropriate ways to evaluate the effects of private authority in world politics. It suggests potential contributions of private authority to the climate change regime as it moves forward. Finally, it outlines future avenues for inquiry, situating this study within a much broader set of questions about institutional complexity and density and the effects of private authority over time.
Introduction
Authors: Waldhausen Friedhelm , Jahren Bjørn , Rognes John
Published: November 2017

This book presents a proof of the stable parametrized h-cobordism theorem, which deals with the existence of a natural homotopy equivalence for each compact CAT manifold. In this theorem, a stable CAT h-cobordism space is defined in terms of manifolds, whereas a CAT Whitehead space is defined in terms of algebraic K-theory. This is a stable range extension to parametrized families of the classical hand s-cobordism theorems first stated by A. E. Hatcher, but his proofs were incomplete. This book provides a full proof of this key result, which provides the link between the geometric topology of high-dimensional manifolds and their automorphisms, as well as the algebraic K-theory of spaces and structured ring spectra.
The non-manifold part
Authors: Waldhausen Friedhelm , Jahren Bjørn , Rognes John
Published: November 2017

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
A Short Life of Kierkegaard
Authors: Lowrie Walter , Hannay Alastair
Published: November 2017

A small, insignificant-looking intellectual with absurdly long legs, Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) was a veritable Hans Christian Andersen caricature of a man. A strange combination of witty cosmopolite and melancholy introvert, he spent years writing under a series of fantastical pseudonyms, lavishing all the splendor of his mind on a seldom-appreciative world. He had a tragic love affair with a young girl, was dominated by an unforgettable Old Testament father, fought a sensational literary duel with a popular satiric magazine, and died in the midst of a violent quarrel with the state church for which he had once studied theology. Yet this iconoclast produced a number of brilliant books that have profoundly influenced modern thought. This classic biography presents a charming and warmly appreciative introduction to the life and work of the great Danish writer. It tells the story of Kierkegaard's emotionally turbulent life with a keen sense of drama and an acute understanding of how his life shaped his thought. The result is a wonderfully informative and entertaining portrait of one of the most important thinkers of the past two centuries.
Thirty-four Years Old
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses Kierkegaard's troubles upon reaching the unexpected age of thirty-four years old. Expecting to die earlier, he had already used up a good part of his capital, and now, with an indefinite term of life before him, he would be obliged to make more use of it. This concern prompted him to take various measures to secure his economic position, which this chapter narrates at length. In addition, the chapter takes a look at “the case of Adler”—an issue which troubled Kierkegaard more deeply than his other troubles of the time. For three years he was deeply engrossed in writing and rewriting his “big book on Adler,” with P.A. Adler being a Danish pastor lately deposed for the claim he had made in his first book that it was written at the dictation of Jesus Christ, as well as by his awkward recantation thereafter.
Holding Out
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter captures a strong sense of resolve in Kierkegaard during the years 1852–54, which were a stark contrast to the hesitation he would often display in his journals in the years previous. Though he was no longer publishing anything new by this time, he busied himself with preparing for a polemic assault on the establishment, quite determined to “hold out.” Kierkegaard's aim was the deplorable state of Christianity in Christendom, his one thesis was that “Christianity no longer exists.” Here, the chapter turns to the two victims of his initial attacks: Professor Hans L. Martensen and Bishop J.P. Mynster, both of whom were the most prominent members of the Established Church of Denmark. The chapter also includes four passages which in one way or another depict the deplorable state of the Church.
Godly Satire
Authors: Lowrie Walter
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at how Kierkegaard had gone about declaring his one thesis, “Christianity no longer exists,” through a “godly satire,” as well as the controversies surrounding his polemical attacks on the Church. Everything he wrote at this time was—in sharp contrast to his usual copiousness—pungent, brief, addressed to the man in the street, and so written that he who runs could read. They had an immense effect, which was the more profound for the fact that it drew attention to his other works. Though he did not attempt to destroy the Established Church, Kierkegaard was able to upset the colossal figure of Bishop Mynster and the less-imposing figure of Professor Martensen.
The Center Cannot Hold
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores racial politics during the First World War, which acted as a catalyst in which old and richly drawn contests of authority and power were shifted on their axis, disrupted, and transformed. From the ascendant black capital of Harlem, a militant “New Negro” movement had emerged, its proponents hoping to more dramatically leverage the “new theater” created by the war to reshape global relations of race and class inequality, to celebrate militant and respectable black masculinity, and to replace an old cadre of elitist and ineffectual black leadership with a new brand of uncompromising mass politics. Joining the stream of West Indians heading for New York, Marcus Garvey was a fortunate witness to the birth of the New Negro movement. By the end of the war, thoughts of returning to Jamaica forgotten, he had begun to pull the movement's center of gravity toward himself and his organization.
Africa for the Africans!
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the extent of Garveyism's global reach in the aftermath of World War I. It looks at how the spread of radical Garveyism transcended its West Indian skeleton, enlivening the dreams of black men and women throughout the Americas and Africa, projecting a dazzling interpretation of world events and scriptural destiny that built on and paid respect to rich histories of struggle while plotting a new future and a new identity—a New Negro. Radical Garveyism urgently articulated a moment in which the outlines of the postwar world were uncertain, and in which peoples of African descent sensed an opportunity to redraw them. Its dramatic reception both explained a moment of global mass politics and catalyzed new and often explosive expressions of dissent.
“The Silent Work that must be Done”
Authors: Ewing Adam
Published: November 2017

This chapter recounts the decline of Garvey's institutional empire and how it provided space for the emergence of a “second period” of modest organization building and consciousness raising, generated as much by the needs and expectations of the Garveyite rank and file as by Garvey himself, as much by the limits and constraints of a reactionary age as by the “freedom dreams” of energetic black activists. Hence, the lasting legacy of Marcus Garvey would be forged not in the radical moment of 1919–20, nor in the grand theatrics and ostentatious scheming that made Garvey famous, but in the sustained commitment to movement making—locally rendered, globally framed.
Introduction
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the political development of Iraq from the inception of the state in 1921 to the post-2003 years of political and societal turmoil. Its premise is that from the very beginning of the state the Iraqi project in fact devolved into three undertakings: the consolidation of the state and its governing institutions, the legitimization of the state through the framing of democratic structures, and the creation of an overarching, and thus unifying, national identity. The book is different from other studies of Iraq's political history, in that it traces the development of each of the three projects of governance, democracy, and national identity separately, while at the same time highlighting the way they impacted and shaped one another. The remainder of the chapter discusses the roots of the predicament of post-2003 Iraq.
Turbulence in Governance, 1936–1958
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses events surrounding the 1936 Bakr Sidqi military coup. On October 29, 1936, planes from the infant Royal Iraqi Air Force circled over Baghdad then dropped leaflets demanding the ouster of nationalist Prime Minister Yasin al-Hashimi, who had taken to characterizing himself as the Bismarck of Iraq. It did not take long for Hashimi to tender his resignation to the young King Ghazi, and along with other senior members of the government, including Nuri al-Sa'id, hurriedly left Iraq. By imposing its will on the political leadership, the army, under the leadership of the notorious, yet at the time popular, Kurdish general Bakr Sidqi had executed a successful military coup, which was to become the precursor for a spate of military coups that bedeviled not only Iraq, but most of the Arab world, over the following four decades. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to say that in the 1936 military coup could be found the seeds of the momentous events that were to usher the end of the monarchical period in July 1958.
Potholes in the Democratic Road, 1936–1958
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes political developments in Iraq from 1936 to 1958. Any growth of democratic ideas and institutions that had been achieved earlier came to an abrupt halt in 1936 following the military coup. Army officers, custodians of political power between 1936 and 1941, cared little, if at all, about democratic institutions and practices. They were succeeded by civilian governments, openly abetted by the Palace, which systematically interfered in the workings of the country's supposed representative institutions. Political parties and groupings operating within the straitjacket of military government and martial law had all but disappeared from the political scene. And successive governments made certain to emasculate Parliament of even the flimsiest pretense of independence and impartiality.
The Authoritarian Republic, 1958–1968
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses events following the demise of Iraq's monarchy in 1958. The demise of the monarchy was met with almost universal approval by the Iraqi people. During the first week after the military coup, huge demonstrations filled the streets of the country's major cities, all proclaiming their devotion and commitment for the infant republic and their support for the new military leaders. While the military's initial political moves suggested a promising proclivity for sharing power with like-minded civilians, it would not be long before those who had a monopoly over coercive force would hold sway over all institutions of the state. For the following decade, the military would radically and consequentially impact the ideas and institutions of governance, democracy, and identity.
Politics in the New Era, 2003–
Authors: Dawisha Adeed
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses political developments in Iraq following the US and UK's military campaign in 2003. The publicly stated reason for the invasion of Iraq was Saddam's possession of weapons of mass destruction and his links with international Islamist terrorists. However, is probably more likely that from the very beginning the Bush Administration, or more precisely influential elements within it, made the removal of Saddam Husayn a central plank of the administration's policy. Whatever the reasons for the invasion, the United States found itself on April 9, 2003 the hegemonic power in Iraq, faced with the responsibilities of governance. And indeed until June 28, 2004, when sovereignty was transferred to the Iraqis, the United States (with some input by the British) ruled Iraq directly through a mostly American administration in Baghdad called the Coalition Provisional Authority.
Egypt after Mubarak
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K.
Published: November 2017

Which way will Egypt go now that Husni Mubarak's authoritarian regime has been swept from power? Will it become an Islamic theocracy similar to Iran? Will it embrace Western-style liberalism and democracy? This book reveals that Egypt's secularists and Islamists may yet navigate a middle path that results in a uniquely Islamic form of liberalism and, perhaps, democracy. The book draws on in-depth interviews with Egyptian judges, lawyers, Islamic activists, politicians, and businesspeople. It utilizes major court rulings, political documents of the Muslim Brotherhood, and the writings of Egypt's leading contemporary Islamic thinkers. The book demonstrates that, in post-Mubarak Egypt, progress toward liberalism and democracy is likely to be slow. Essential reading on a subject of global importance, this edition includes a new introduction that takes stock of the Arab Spring and the Muslim Brotherhood's victories in the 2011–2012 elections.
Hybrid Regimes and Arab Democracy
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the political future of Egypt and the Arab world, which may include a steady deepening of liberalism and, possibly, democracy. It suggests that a full transition to democracy is not likely in any contemporary Arab regime. However, for hybrid regimes that share characteristics of both an autocratic order and a democratic order, a reversion to full authoritarianism is equally unlikely. In order to understand the future of democracy in the Arab world, we need to understand how these hybrid regimes emerge, why they remain stable, and whether they will transition toward democracy. The theoretical literature on hybrid regimes provides a valuable starting point for this analysis. The chapter presents an analytical approach for studying the emergence of a hybrid regime and applies it to Egypt. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Liberal Constitutionalism
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies the emergence of liberal constitutionalism in Egypt. It examines the historical foundations of Egyptian liberalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and observes that this conception of governance became tightly integrated into the development of the legal profession. As a consequence, lawyers and judges became the most dedicated advocates of liberal reform. The Bar Association played a leading role in promoting the liberal cause for most of the twentieth century. However, changes in its membership and steady regime repression eventually fragmented the Bar and undermined its effectiveness. The judiciary, in contrast, has retained a strong sense of liberal identity and has developed a robust conception of liberal constitutionalism. In order to understand this approach to law and politics, the chapter studies the decisions of Egypt's major courts (the Supreme Constitutional Court, the administrative courts, and the Court of Cassation). It uses this body of jurisprudence to analyze the judiciary's views with regard to four core elements of constitutionalism: the rule of law, constraints on state power, protection of basic rights, and public participation in governance.
Islamic Constitutionalism
Authors: Rutherford Bruce K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the development of Islamic constitutionalism, which is based in the Muslim Brotherhood. It begins by studying the re-emergence of the Brotherhood since 1970 and the political pressures that have pushed it toward a moderate conception of Islamic governance. It then analyzes the writings of four contemporary thinkers who play a critical role in defining the Brotherhood's view of constitutional order: Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Muhammad Salim al-'Awwa, Kamal Abu al-Majd, and Tariq al-Bishri. The analysis focuses on their positions regarding the same four aspects of constitutionalism discussed in the previous chapter: the rule of law; constraints on state power; protection of civil and political rights; and public participation in politics.