bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pivot Energy of Solar Energetic Particles Affecting the Martian Surface Radiation Environment
Authors: Guo Jingnan , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F. , Wang Yuming , Grande Manuel , Matthiä Daniel , Zeitlin Cary , Ehresmann Bent , Hassler Donald M.
Published: September 2019

Space radiation is a major risk for humans, especially on long-duration missions to outer space, e.g., a manned mission to Mars. Galactic cosmic rays contribute a predictable radiation background; the main risk is due to the highly variable and currently unpredictable flux of solar energetic particles (SEPs). Such sporadic SEP events may induce acute health effects and are thus considered a critical mission risk for future human exploration of Mars. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to study, model, and predict the surface radiation environment during such events. It is well known that the deep-space SEP differential energy spectrum at high energies is often given by a power law. We use a measurement-validated particle transport code to show that, for large SEP events with proton energy extending above ∼500 MeV with a power-law distribution, it is sufficient to measure the SEP flux at a pivot energy of ∼300 MeV above the Martian atmosphere to predict the dose rate on the Martian surface. In conjunction with a validation by in situ measurements from the Martian surface, this remarkable simplification and elegant quantification could enable instant predictions of the radiation environment on the surface of Mars upon the onset of large SEP events.
En chemin vers la foi : le processus apologétique dans les discours des Actes des Apôtres
Authors: Jerumanis Pascal-Marie
Published: September 2019

Le proto-discours d’Ac 2 (le jour de la Pentecôte) et le discours apologétique emblématique d’Ac 17 (devant l’Aréopage) mettent en œuvre, chacun à sa manière, tout un processus apologétique examiné avec soin dans cet article. Des éléments indispensables pour une apologétique renouvelée sont ainsi mieux mis en lumière. Tout en fondant bibliquement ce que la théologie fondamentale récente a mis en évidence en matière d’apologétique, l’étude proposée ici permet d’attirer l’attention sur des aspects encore trop souvent négligés.
Sens et contresens de la notion de mystère
Authors: Brauns Jean-Marie
Published: September 2019

Dans les écrits de Paul, la notion de mystère recouvre une intuition théologique majeure. Les Pères prénicéens élargissent cette notion en fonction de leurs préoccupations exégétiques, liturgiques et pastorales, et en ce faisant, l’approfondissent d’une manière qui échappe facilement à nos esprits occidentaux contemporains. Les différents emplois modernes du vocable « mystère » relèvent d’une confusion historique et d’une survalorisation idéologique, et rendent l’accès à l’intuition de Paul et des Pères toujours aussi malaisé.
Repenser l’évangélisation
Authors: Fossion André
Published: September 2019

Les hommes, selon une affirmation de St Paul vi , pourront se sauver, grâce à la miséricorde de Dieu même si l’Évangile ne leur est pas annoncé. L’annonce de l’Évangile n’est pas une condition requise pour être sauvé car le salut déborde, par la grâce de Jésus-Christ, les frontières de l’Église. Le devoir d’évangéliser demeure cependant non pas pour que le monde soit sauvé, mais parce qu’il est sauvé. Ce qui pousse à évangéliser, c’est l’amour de l’autre avec lequel on désire partager la joie infiniment précieuse de reconnaître et d’éprouver le salut de Dieu. Cette œuvre évangélisatrice de l’Église peut schématiquement se décliner en quatre moments essentiels : reconnaître le salut déjà en marche ; être un corps de charité dans la chair du monde ; être un corps parlant de la charité, avec charité, pour en dire le mystère ; offrir à qui le souhaite un chemin d’initiation à la vie chrétienne.
Le pouvoir désaliénant de la rencontre avec l’œuvre d’art
Authors: Christaki Angélique
Published: September 2019

La langue est un lieu d’accueil pour l’expérience. Or, quand la langue devient un lieu inhospitalier, quand les mots n’ont plus de sens à donner à cet accident dont nous sommes obligés de devenir l’âme, alors à cet instant précis émerge l’ unheimlich. Milan Kundera revient sur une expérience dénuée de sens vécue à Prague en 1972 au moment où le régime de l’époque avait fait de la langue un lieu d’interrogatoire et une terre de délation. C’est à travers le geste brutal du peintre et dans la rencontre avec les portraits de Francis Bacon quelques années plus tard que cet instant d’incompréhension devient répétition traumatique vouée à l’écriture. Partant de la question que S. Freud pose face à Moïse de Michel-Ange : « qu’est ce qui nous empoigne si puissamment face à l’œuvre d’art ? » nous allons suivre la plume de Milan Kundera sur le chemin d’une désaliénation allant du geste brutal du peintre au geste de l’écriture qui dialogue avec la rumeur du temps.
Desarrollo del SmartCampus de Montegancedo (UPM) basado en el modelo de las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales
Authors: Álvarez M. , Raposo J. F. , Miranda M. , Bello A. B. , Barbero M.
Published: September 2019

En este artículo se expone parte de los resultados del proyecto SmartCampus UPM, cuyo objetivo fundamental es agilizar la gestión domótica y tradicional del Campus de Montegancedo, sede de la ETSI Informáticos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). Basado en los modelos definidos para las Infraestructuras de Datos Espaciales (IDE), permite que los usuarios puedan navegar libremente, obtener información sobre los edificios o el mobiliario urbano y la visualización mediante cualquier navegador web de mapas generados en la IDE. En este artículo se expone el desarrollo de la IDE del Campus, de un visor web como cliente ligero para visualizar de forma sencilla los mapas generados como alternativa a los clientes pesados habituales Google Earth y gvSIG, y un servicio web con opciones multimedia.
El microrefugio de Uchucay: un relicto de bosque interandino con una importante riqueza arbórea en el sur del Ecuador
Authors: Minga Danilo , Cordero Paula , Donoso-Correa Mario , Montesinos Kabir , Jimenez Mayra , Antaki Berea , Sarmiento Fausto
Published: September 2019

La Reserva Comunitaria de Uchucay mantiene un importante relicto de bosque nativo interandino, parte de la Mancomunidad El Collay de Vegetación y Bosque Protector en el austro ecuatoriano, que ha sido conservado por su relevancia en la provisión del caudal hídrico, pero del que se conocía poco en cuanto a su biodiversidad. Mediante transectos de 50 x 2 m, se estudió la riqueza y composición florística de especies leñosas con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) igual o superior a 2,5 cm. Se registraron 57 especies arbóreas, pertenecientes a 47 géneros y 32 familias, con una riqueza que oscila entre 12 y 18 especies por hectárea y una diversidad alfa promedio de 2,5 en el índice de Shannon. La composición florística está caracterizada por la predominancia de especies como: Weinmannia fagaroides, Columellia oblonga y Clusia flaviflora; en tanto que la densidad muestra un promedio de 67 individuos por hectárea, con un área basal que alcanza los 0,77 mm2 por hectárea (77 m2/ha); estos resultados indican que son bosques antiguos con una elevada diversidad arbórea. Además, constituyen un microrefugio importante para especies amenazadas como Prumnopitys montana, Podocarpus oleifolius, Oreopanax avicenniifolius, Miconia hexamera y Gynoxys dielsiana. La investigación incluyó un estudio sobre la percepción del cambio ambiental y de qué manera se afectan los pobladores al perder especies emblemáticas del bosque nativo, como el Podocarpus sp.
L'État aménageur
Authors: Sevin Olivier
Published: September 2019

Les politiques d'aménagement du territoire sont difficiles à cerner en Indonésie : ce pays constitue une construction territoriale si fragile que le non-dit revêt plus d’importance que les politiques clairement exprimées au niveau du gouvernement central. Les programmes les plus importants ne relèvent pas du « Commissariat au plan », mais sont toujours présentés sous un angle purement technique.
Politiques alimentaires et mutations de l’espace en Inde
Authors: Landy Frédéric
Published: September 2019

Le rôle de l’État dans l’organisation de l’espace a été fondamental dans une Inde qui se dit « socialiste ». On note cependant différentes tendances, oscillant entre despolitiques avant tout homogénéisatrices, comme après l’Indépendance, et des politiques favorisant un développement concentré spatialement et socialement (lors de la révolution verte et depuis le programme d’ajustement structurel de 1991). Le cas des engrais chimiques et plus généralement celui de l’ensemble de la politique alimentaire (prix agricoles, achats et redistributions de grains) illustrent ces hésitations. Il en résulte un système complexe et assez rigide, dont l’objectif d’intégration nationale n'a pas empêché inégalités sociales et rivalités entre les États de l’Union.
Les communautés marchandes d’Agadès (Niger)
Authors: Grégoire Emmanuel
Published: September 2019

L’histoire économique récente d’Agadès révèle les mécanismes qui ont amené l’accumulation de certains groupes marchands locaux (arabes, par exemple) et qui ont conduit à l’exclusion d’autres groupes tels que la communauté touarègue. Celle-ci semble n’avoir pas pu ou pas su - il y a là débat - saisir les opportunités offertes par une conjoncturefavorable, au point d’être à présent économiquement marginalisée. C’est l’un des facteurs, certes parmi d’autres, qui explique le déclenchement d'un mouvement de rébellion qui a touché tout le nord du Niger dès 1991. Après la signature d’accords de paix (Ouagadougou, avril 1995), la question est de savoir si la communauté touarègue sera capable de prendre une part active à la reconstruction économique de sa région et de s’insérer dans le tissu économique moderne. La réponse à cette question conditionne sa survie.
Sur quoi fonder l’unité de la géographie ? Objets ou problématiques ?
Authors: Pech Pierre , Regnauld Hervé
Published: September 2019

Cet article propose une analyse de la démarche géographique. Habituellement, on fonde la démarche géographique sur les objets étudiés. On propose ici de considérer que la géographie physique et humaine ont en commun non pas les objets mais les méthodes : l'analyse spatiale, les échelles, etc.
Réflexions sur la mesure de l'érosion en montagne
Authors: Chardon Michel
Published: September 2019

Les différentes méthodes d'étude de l'érosion sont examinées dans leurs modalités et dans leurs résultats. Les évaluations sont comparées avec les vitesses de soulèvement récemment mesurées, ce qui remet en cause certaines conceptions quant à la géomorphologie des hautes montagnes et notamment des Alpes.
Le couvert nuageux du bassin méditerranéen de 1982 à 1991
Authors: Tabeaud Martine
Published: September 2019

A partir des images journalières de Météosat, est évaluée la couverture nuageuse de la Méditerranée et de la mer Noire. En saison froide, l'abondance des nuages suit deux gradients, l'un Ouest/Est, l'autre Nord/Sud. La Mer Noire, le Nord de la mer Egée. l’Adriatique nord, la mer ligure sont les espaces les plus nébuleux. Par ailleurs, les hivers du début de la décennie étudiée furent particulièrement nuageux.
Les expulsions de réfugiés étrangers
Authors: Diaz Delphine
Published: September 2019

Cet article veut enquêter sur les mesures d’expulsion adoptées à l’encontre d’étrangers auxquels l’administration française attribuait le qualificatif de « réfugiés ». S’il s’agit d’éclairer le cadre juridique qui régissait l’expulsion des réfugiés entre 1832 et 1852, les pratiques administratives sont analysées à la lumière des fonds policiers conservés dans plusieurs dépôts d’archives départementales. L’usage de l’expulsion à l’encontre de personnes venues en France pour des motifs politiques ou, tout du moins, venues sous la contrainte a donné lieu à de vives protestations au sein de la société civile, de plus en plus sensible au cours de la première moitié du xixe siècle au sort de ces étrangers d’un genre particulier.
«  À bas les Anglais ! »
Authors: Bensimon Fabrice
Published: September 2019

Sous la monarchie de Juillet, des ouvriers britanniques venus travailler dans le textile, le fer ou la construction ferroviaire sont parfois la cible de mobilisations collectives. Celles-ci se multiplient en 1848, dans les semaines qui suivent la chute de la monarchie. Des ouvrières écossaises dans le coton, dans l’Eure, et des ouvrières écossaises et irlandaises dans le lin à Petit-Quevilly (Seine-Inférieure) sont prises pour cible et doivent partir. À Calais, des dentelliers anglais évoquent aussi une éruption de xénophobie. On s’intéresse ici aux logiques présidant à ces mobilisations, alors que la République vient d’être proclamée et célèbre la fraternité.
Droit d’asile, droit d’expulsion et représentations de l’exilé en Amérique du Sud au xixe siècle
Authors: Blumenthal Edward
Published: September 2019

Cet article analyse les expulsions des exilés en Amérique latine à partir des problématiques de l’intégration et du statut des exilés. En comprenant l’intégration des exilés en termes de résidence locale, on démontre qu’au cours du xixe siècle la nationalité était moins importante que la politique pour déterminer l’expulsion. Vers la fin du xixe siècle, deux mouvements liés – la codification du droit d’asile mais aussi la création d’une législation qui facilite l’expulsion des étrangers – mènent à une séparation des deux figures juridiques. L’asile devient associé aux élites latino-américaines et l’expulsion nationalisée, aux immigrés européens et à la criminalité.
Alternated Chaotic Biogeography Based Algorithm for Optimization Problems
Authors: Rani Mamta , Kumar Deepak
Published: September 2019

Chaotic maps have improved the performance of BBO algorithm as chaotic migration and chaotic mutation help in maintaining diversity of the population on a higher level to avoid a habitat's entrapment in the local optimal solutions. Many chaotic maps have been used in BBO algorithm. Recently, alternation method in discrete dynamics has emerged as a powerful tool for control and anti-control of chaos. In this article, it is proposed to use alternated chaotic logistic map in BBO algorithm to improve the performance further.
Application of GM (1,1) and Seasonal Cross-Trend Model in the Forecast of Tourist Population in Sanya
Authors: Fan Guo-Feng , Jin Xiang-Ru , Peng Li-ling
Published: September 2019

In recent years, tourism has been playing an increasingly prominent role in China's economic development, especially in the tourism-oriented cities. Therefore, Sanya has been selected for research and analysis in this paper to reveal the tourism development law of Sanya. Based on gray system GM (1,1) and seasonal cross-trend model, this article analyzes domestic annual and monthly tourist numbers in Sanya, reveals their development rules, and forecasts their future development trends with this model.
Speech Emotion Recognition Based on Gender Influence in Emotional Expression
Authors: Vasuki P , Divya Bharati R
Published: September 2019

The real challenge in human-computer interaction is understanding human emotions by machines and responding to it accordingly. Emotion varies by gender and age of the speaker, location, and cause. This article focuses on the improvement of emotion recognition (ER) from speech using gender-biased influences in emotional expression. The problem is addressed by testing emotional speech with an appropriate specific-gender ER system. As acoustical characteristics vary among the genders, there may not be a common optimal feature set across both genders. Gender-based speech emotion recognition, a two-level hierarchical ER system is proposed, where the first level is gender identification which identifies the gender, and the second level is a gender-specific ER system, trained with an optimal feature set of expressions of a particular gender. The proposed system increases the accuracy of traditional Speech Emotion Recognition Systems (SER) by 10.36% than the SER trained with mixed gender training when tested on the EMO-DB Corpus.
Experimental Investigation Into Sequential Micro Machining (SMM) for Micro Hole Drilling on SS–304
Authors: Tayade Raju Mahadeorao , Doloi Biswanath , Sarkar Biplab Ranjan , Bhattacharyya Bijoy
Published: September 2019

Sequential micro machining (SMM) is a strategy of machining applied for micro-part manufacturing. Due to the finding of new sequential machining combinations, the authors have presented a novel combination of micro-ECDM (µECDM) drilling and micro-ECM (µECM) finishing for producing micro-holes in SS-304 stainless steel. An experimental setup was developed indigenously to conduct both machining processes at one station. The sequential processes were employed with desirable machining parameters, during their individual execution. The most desirable parameter like machining voltage, for hole drilling by µECDM was decided by studying hole taper angle, radial overcut, etc. The µECDM generates a recast layer, to overcome the adverse effects of µECDM, with the µECM finishing applied subsequently. The experimental results of SMM indicate a reduction in hole taper angle, improved circularity, and better surface quality. The change of phase of material due to sequencing of µECDM and µECM processes was analyzed by an XRD analysis of SS-304.
Automatic Texture Based Classification of the Dynamics of One-Dimensional Binary Cellular Automata
Authors: Nogueira Marcelo Arbori , Balbi de Oliveira Pedro Paulo
Published: September 2019

Cellular automata present great variability in their temporal evolutions due to the number of rules and initial configurations. The possibility of automatically classifying its dynamic behavior would be of great value when studying properties of its dynamics. By counting on elementary cellular automata, and considering its temporal evolution as binary images, the authors created a texture descriptor of the images - based on the neighborhood configurations of the cells in temporal evolutions - so that it could be associated to each dynamic behavior class, following the scheme of Wolfram's classic classification. It was then possible to predict the class of rules of a temporal evolution of an elementary rule in a more effective way than others in the literature in terms of precision and computational cost. By applying the classifier to the larger neighborhood space containing 4 cells, accuracy decreased to just over 70%. However, the classifier is still able to provide some information about the dynamics of an unknown larger space with reduced computational cost.
Immediate and latent effects of drying soybeans with dehydrated air
Authors: Konopatzki Evandro André , Christ Divair , Coelho Silvia Renata Machado , Nobrega Lúcia Helena Pereira , Dellagostin Simone , Lenz Anderson Miguel
Published: September 2019

New grain drying techniques have been improved to reduce post-harvest losses. The electric air dehumidifier (UTA 60®) is an example; it was installed at the ELLITT Seed Company for drying soybean seeds (TEC 7849) with random sample collection (DIC). Our objective was to evaluate the immediate and latent effects of the dehumidified air on the vigour of the seeds. Our vigour analysis method was based on the Rules for Seed Analysis (RAS), and our results showed an immediate significant difference in seedling percentage, but the germination level did not have an effect at 5% (Dunnett's test). In latent effects, at 5% (Tukey test), there was a reduction in the germination percentage and emergence rate, but it was not possible link such variations to the drying process. The germination potential was classified as "highest vigour", and it was possible to conclude that dehydrating drying air with UTA constituted a method capable of maintaining seed quality and germinative vigour.
Insecticide resistance and control failure likelihood among populations of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) from Mato Grosso (Brazil)
Authors: Oliveira-Marra Sharrine Omari Domingues , Guedes Raul Narciso Carvalho , Bastos Cristina Schetino , Marra Pedro Henrique Alves , Vivan Lucia Madalena , Zanine Anderson  de Moura
Published: September 2019

The cotton producers from southern Mato Grosso are currently experiencing control failure with the use of the use of insecticides against the cotton boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman, the main pest species of this commodity. Therefore, the present study was designed to survey insecticide resistance and the associated likelihood of control failure among boll weevil populations in the region. Ten insect populations were sampled during the 2016/2017 season and subjected to time-mortality (contact) bioassays in glass vials impregnated with dried insecticide residues at their respective label rates. The three insecticides most frequently used in the region were surveyed: the organophosphate malathion and the pyrethroids beta-cyfluthrin and zeta-cypermethrin. The survival curves showed estimates of the respective median survival time (LT50) for each combination of insecticide and insect copulation. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility among populations. The estimates of control failure likelihood for each compound at their respective label rates also indicated negligible risk of control failure with their use. These findings are consistent with time-mortality results indicating the lack of insecticide resistant populations at the surveyed sampling sites, suggesting that the reported field control failures result from other causes such as problems with insecticide application.
Magnetic resonance imaging of changes in the brain of children cured of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Bondarenko Vladislav P. , Tereschenko Galina V. , Andrianov Mikhail M. , Rumyantseva Yulia V. , Karachunsky Alexander I. , Kasatkin Vladimir N. , Karelin Alexander F. , Anisimov Viktor N. , Zhukovskaya Elena V. , Rumyantsev Alexander G.
Published: September 2019

This study was aimed to systematize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presentation of toxic leukoencephalopathy, to find the correlation between method of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia prevention and changes on MRI, to find relationship between existence leukoencephalopathy on imaging and neurocognitive deficits in pediatric patients after anti-leukemic therapy. Brain MRI data of 48 children, who underwent a therapy course according to the ALL-MB intermediate risk protocol, was evaluated. In accordance with two arms of this protocol, they received either radiation therapy, or additional intrathecal administration of chemotherapeutic agents as a prevention of CNS leukemia. Also, neurocognitive tests were performed. According to the results of the performed investigation, 10 (50%) out of 20 children, who received cranial irradiation and 18 (66.6%) out of 27 patients, who received only intrathecal therapy demonstrated abnormal brain changes (leukoencephalopathy) according to MRI data. Leukoencephalopathy was mostly presented by diffuse zones and localized predominantly in the frontal and temporal lobes. There was no correlation between method of CNS prevention and the existence of leukoencephalopathy on MRI. The analysis of our data did not show significant differences in brain damage and severity of cognitive impairment depending on the type of prevention of CNS leukemia. Moreover, in this study no statistical correlation was found between leukoencephalopathy on MRI and neurocognitive impairment according to clinical tests data. Further long-term prospective studies and examinations should be performed to assess late neurotoxic effects.
Preventing Catastrophic Injury and Death in Collegiate Athletes: Interassociation Recommendations Endorsed by 13 Medical and Sports Medicine Organisations
Authors: Parsons John T. , Anderson Scott A. , Casa Douglas J. , Hainline Brian
Published: September 2019

The Second Safety in College Football Summit resulted in interassociation consensus recommendations for three paramount safety issues in collegiate athletics: (1) independent medical care for collegiate athletes; (2) diagnosis and management of sport-related concussion; and (3) year-round football practice contact for collegiate athletes. This document, the fourth arising from the 2016 event, addresses the prevention of catastrophic injury, including traumatic and non-traumatic death, in collegiate athletes. The final recommendations in this document are the result of presentations and discussions on key items that occurred at the summit. After those presentations and discussions, endorsing organisation representatives agreed on 18 foundational statements that became the basis for this consensus paper that has been subsequently reviewed by relevant stakeholders and endorsing organisations. This is the final endorsed document for preventing catastrophic injury and death in collegiate athletes. This document is divided into the following components. (1) Background—this section provides an overview of catastrophic injury and death in collegiate athletes. (2) Interassociation recommendations: preventing catastrophic injury and death in collegiate athletes—this section provides the final recommendations of the medical organisations for preventing catastrophic injuries in collegiate athletes. (3) Interassociation recommendations: checklist—this section provides a checklist for each member school. The checklist statements stem from foundational statements voted on by representatives of medical organisations during the summit, and they serve as the primary vehicle for each member school to implement the prevention recommendations. (4) References—this section provides the relevant references for this document. (5) Appendices—this section lists the foundational statements, agenda, summit attendees and medical organisations that endorsed this document.
Preparing Physicians for Rural Practice: Availability of Rural Training in Rural-Centric Residency Programs
Authors: Patterson Davis G. , Andrilla C. Holly A. , Garberson Lisa A.
Published: September 2019

Background

Exposing residents to rural training encourages future rural practice, but unified accreditation of allopathic and osteopathic graduate medical education under one system by 2020 has uncertain implications for rural residency programs.

Objective

We describe training locations and rural-specific content of rural-centric residency programs (requiring at least 8 weeks of rurally located training) before this transition.

Methods

In 2015, we surveyed residency programs that were rurally located or had rural tracks in 7 specialties and classified training locations as rural or urban using Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes.

Results

Of 1849 residencies in anesthesiology, emergency medicine, general surgery, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and psychiatry, 119 (6%) were rurally located or offered a rural track. Ninety-seven programs (82%) responded to the survey. Thirty-six programs required at least 8 weeks of rural training for some or all residents, and 69% of these rural-centric residencies were urban-based and 53% were osteopathic. Locations were rural for 26% of hospital rotations and 28% of continuity clinics. Many rural-centric programs (35%) reported only urban ZIP codes for required rural block rotations; 54% reported only urban ZIP codes for required rural clinic sessions, and 31% listed only urban ZIP codes in reporting rural full-time training locations. Programs varied widely in coverage of rural-specific training in 6 core competencies.

Conclusions

In multiple specialties important for rural health care systems, little rurally located residency training and rural-specific content was available. Substantial proportions of training locations reported to be rural were actually urban according to a common rural definition.
Electrochemical Behavior of Conventional and Rheo-High-Pressure Die Cast Low Silicon Aluminum Alloys in NaCl Solutions
Authors: Eslami Maryam , Deflorian Flavio , Zanella Caterina
Published: September 2019

The electrochemical behavior of a low silicon aluminum alloy cast by the conventional and rheo-high-pressure die cast processes is evaluated using polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.6 M sodium chloride solutions. Compared to the conventional high-pressure die cast process, rheocasting introduces some alterations in the microstructure including the presence of aluminum grains with different sizes, formed at different solidification stages. According to the results of the anodic polarization test, conventional cast and rheocast samples show similar breakdown potentials. However, the rheocast samples present enhanced oxygen reduction kinetics compared to the conventional cast sample. Based on scanning electron microscopy examinations, localized microgalvanic corrosion is the main corrosion mechanism for both alloys and it initiates at the interface of aluminum with iron-rich intermetallic particles which are located inside the eutectic regions. The corrosion further develops into the eutectic area. Although the rate of the cathodic reaction can be influenced by the semisolid microstructure, according to the results of anodic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, the corrosion behavior is not meaningfully affected by the casting process.
Suïcides en suïcidepogingen van jongeren in Amsterdam
Authors: van Bergen Diana , bijker Lisette
Published: September 2019

Suicide and attempted suicide by young people in Amsterdam. What do we know about the background and factors associated with suicide and suicidal behaviors?

At the end of 2016, suicide among adolescents has been on the rise among Dutch youth. This finding highlights the importance of collecting relevant information concerning adolescent suicide. In this study, we will take a first step in collecting knowledge prior to this rise regarding the background, characteristics and precipitating factors of suicidality in Dutch youth in Amsterdam in the period between 1996 and 2010. Two types of files were collected; for suicides in Amsterdam, coroners’ files were collected (1996-2010). For suicide attempts, we collected medical files from the emergency room of a hospital in Amsterdam (2003-2006). Regarding suicides of young people, we mainly see young men between the ages of 18-23 who mainly died through hanging, jumping from height or in front of a train. Few other factors were recorded in the coroners’ files. Regarding suicide attempts, five themes were visible: 1) demographic and social factors; older adolescents and girls were strongly overrepresented, and a third of all attempters had a non-Dutch origin; 2) Stressful life events, particularly sexual abuse and parental divorce; 3) psychological issues and psychiatric disorders, especially depression and borderline personality; 4) trigger factors consisting of conflicts and disputes with parents or a partner and lastly, 5) previous self-harm or attempts were frequently noted. This study provides a very first indication of relevant factors that could assist in future research about the recent rise in Dutch adolescent suicide and guide prevention efforts. To generate more specific epidemiological knowledge, and in order to formulate prevention strategies more optimal data-gathering systems are needed that systematically take a wide range of known risk factors into account.
Uitkomsten van een gerandomiseerde gecontroleerde trial naar de effectiviteit van depressie- en angstpreventie voor adolescenten met een verhoogd familiair risico
Authors: Rasing Sanne , Creemers Daan , Vermulst Ad , Janssens Jan , Engels Rutger , Scholte Ron
Published: September 2019

Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention for adolescents with a high familial risk

A randomized controlled trail was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a depression and anxiety prevention program ‘Een Sprong Vooruit’ (A Leap Forward) among adolescent girls (N = 142) with a high familial risk. The results showed neither effects of the prevention program directly after the intervention, nor at 6 or 12 months follow-up on depression and anxiety symptoms. Further, latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was used to examine whether the growth functions for the intervention and the control condition were different. The slope representing the change in depression symptoms was not significantly different between the intervention and the control condition. For anxiety symptoms, the difference between slopes was also not significant. Based on findings, we suggested that these high-risk adolescent girls might benefit more from a more intensive prevention program.
Literacy and Power in Mesoamerica
Authors: Chacón Gloria Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 explores Maya and Zapotec systems of communication and contradictory colonial representations about Mesoamerican writing. It argues that writing and power were already interrelated in Mesoamerican indigenous communities so that the attribution of orality to indigenous peoples disavows the key role of pre-Columbian writing. It ends by discussing indigenous colonial texts as well as poetry framed through a double optic or kab’awil by foundational Maya and Zapotec authors such as Gaspar Pedro González, Macario Matus, and Victor de la Cruz.
The Formation of the Contemporary Mesoamerican Author
Authors: Chacón Gloria Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 centers the discursive formation of the indigenous author intra-regionally and transnationally. The chapter argues that this generation moves from testimonial and collaborative publications to the demands made by assuming an author status. The discussion registers the work of Humberto Ak’abal, Jorge Cocom Pech, Nicolás Huet, and Ana Patricia Martínez Huchim and their kab’awilian strategies.
The Novel in Zapotec and Maya Lands
Authors: Chacón Gloria Elizabeth
Published: September 2019

Chapter 5 examines the first novel published by a Maya woman, X-Teya, U puksi’ik’al ko’olel/Teya, un corazón de mujer (Teya, heart of a woman), and the first published Zapotec novel, Wila che be ze lhao / Cantares de los vientos primerizos (Songs of the first winds), as a rejection of first and second world- system alignments. This final chapter argues that the novelists transgress the political landscapes sketched by political ideologies, beginning a contemplation and imagining of what autonomy involves. I propose that the authors reject the nationalist liberal emphasis of integration as well as Marxist discourses as answers to the so-poorly termed “Indian problem.”
Networking Statelessness in a Bordered World
Authors: Cromwell Jesse
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 investigates Dutch, English, and French smugglers who traded with Venezuelan subjects. Historians know very little about the social composition and trading methods of early modern smugglers. An in-depth analysis of hundreds of cases finds that these enigmatic figures came mostly from foreign colonies close to Venezuela including Curaҫao, Martinique, and Jamaica, but also from farther afield, in some cases. Most traders were part of small, multinational, multilingual, and multiracial crews. Although they were outsiders to Venezuela, these contrabandists maintained close contacts on shore who influenced how they conducted business. Smugglers were savvy and adaptable to local market conditions, customs, languages, and coast guard operations. Particularly important to the strategic intelligence of smugglers were Sephardic Jewish trading networks well versed in Iberian cultural traditions. Such contacts produced a smuggler’s craft that combined deception, force, bribery, and Spanish judicial savvy. At times the historical record indicates the presence of more elaborate and wealthy merchant conglomerates. Yet illicit exchange in the early modern maritime world offered egalitarian and entrepreneurial opportunities for small-time captains willing to trade on their own account. Counterbalancing potential profits were the inherent hazards of coastal violence, wartime privateering, coastguard patrols, exile, and forced labor.
The Political Power of Covert Commerce
Authors: Cromwell Jesse
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the Rebellion of Juan Francisco de León (1749-1752) as a conflict demonstrating the political volatility of illicit trade. It asks how and why this rebellion developed and what the ideologies of its insurgents were. In 1749, León, a minor official, led a multiclass, multiracial uprising against the Caracas Company that lasted nearly three years and culminated with the temporary expulsion of both the governor of Venezuela and the Caracas Company from the capital. León’s rebellion was linked to dismally low prices paid by the Caracas Company to Venezuelan producers for their cacao, frustration with the increasing power of the Basque outsiders, and the Company’s role in closing the colonial safety valve of smuggling. Reacting to these affronts, Venezuelans, with the military aid of Dutch sympathizers, defended communal concepts of economic justice and asserted their commercial autonomy nearly sixty years before the colony’s struggle for independence. At its core, this uprising sought to return Spanish imperial trade policy to an earlier colonial status quo of measured commercial neglect and undeclared free trade that was, in fact, incredibly progressive for the political economies of early modern states.
It’s Thick Here
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter is primarily focused on how Black, queer, Southern women experience and navigate intersecting oppressions throughout their lives. Johnson pushes past the “holy trinity” of structural oppression—race, class, and gender—to consider how sexuality and region complicate this theoretical formation. In this section, the narrators shed light on the various ways that they have responded to the confluence of these forces, from using drugs and alcohol to having children to attending college.
I Found God in Myself and I Loved Her Fiercely
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the role that religion and spirituality have played in the lives of Black, queer, Southern women. Here, Johnson interrogates how these women developed an alternative consciousness of spirituality, particularly when institutionalized religious spaces failed to interpret texts in progressive ways. Some leave these spaces entirely and delve into spiritual practices like Yoruba, others find subversive ways to transgress the mores and conventions of these rigid spaces, and still others find creative and dynamic ways to employ a blend of these strategies.
I’m Sweet on You
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

This chapter probes the narrators’ deep and enduring emotional and romantic attachments to other women, primarily by focusing on stories of dating and marriage. Johnson’s interlocutors recall: stories of how they met their partners, memories of particular dates, their family’s responses to their relationships, and, for some of them, how and when they decided to pursue marriage. Importantly, Johnson notes that all of these interviews took place before the Supreme Court case that legalized same-sex marriage across the nation in 2015. Despite the legal limits of partnership in Southern states, several of these women chose to remain in the region. Their choices reflect the need to think expansively about the possibilities for queer life for Black women in the South.
I’m Happy as Hell
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, Gwen Cubit narrates the story of her upbringing in Austin, Texas. She discusses her involvement in the church, her experiences with poverty, her understanding of sexuality as a young person, and her relationship with her current partner. She also shares the story of her past drug addiction, acknowledging that it may have developed in response to child sexual abuse and having to repress her sexuality.
I’m Just a Black Woman in America
Authors: Johnson E. Patrick
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, Lori Wilson discusses her upbringing in Houston, Texas. She narrates her struggles with teenage pregnancy, an early marriage, dropping out of high school, addiction, imprisonment, and probation. In her narrative, she stresses the importance of healing and finding ways to cultivate relationships with her child and grandchildren.
Captive Literacies in the Eastern Woodlands
Authors: Newman Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter compares the captivity accounts of the Jesuit priest Isaac Jogues, in The Jesuit Relations and related sources from the 1640s, with the Puritan minister John Williams’s Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (1707). Jogues used literacy to connect to his elite discourse community and to transcend the circumstances of his captivity among Mohawks, who spectacularly embodied scriptural antagonists; his eventual martyrdom entailed an identification with the types of his saintly predecessors, especially the Jesuit founder Ignatius de Loyola and Jesus Christ. Captured along with his neighbors in the 1704 raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts, Williams used the Bible as a line of communication with God; once he was delivered to Canada, he attempted to use literacy to sustain his captive, dispersed congregation.
Silent Books, Talking Leaves
Authors: Newman Andrew
Published: September 2019

The watershed for the scholarship on A Narrative of the Lord’s Wonderful Dealings with John Marrant, a Black (1785), is Henry Louis Gates’s influential essay on “The Trope of the Talking Book.” But the widespread classification of the episode in which John Marrant presents his Bible to a Cherokee “king” and his eldest daughter as an instance of an Anglo-African “trope” ignores the narrative’s Cherokee ethnohistorical context. This chapter reads Marrant’s account, despite questions about its reliability, as a reflection of the encounter between evangelical literacy practices and Cherokee beliefs about witchcraft and European literacy.
Introduction
Authors: Staub Michael E.
Published: September 2019

The Mismeasure of Minds is situated at the intersection of: the history of scientific and social scientific attitudes toward minorities and the poor in the twentieth century, including the history of educational reform; the histories of psychology and the neurosciences; and the history of the transfer and adaptation of theories and the interplay of the behavioral sciences and medicine with culture and politics—with a particular focus on the 1950s through the 1990s. The book explores how psychological theories migrate into popular culture and public policy and attends to the ways in which theories and concepts, both when they have merit and when they are manifestly incoherent, can nonetheless be profoundly consequential – especially for African American children. It argues further that to study race and intelligence between Brown and The Bell Curve tells us a great deal about the vicissitudes of white identity in postwar America, as it documents the extent to which whites of the middle and upper classes were also addressed and engaged in worries over learning difficulties, beliefs about creativity and intuition, and ideas about the benefits of self-discipline and postponement of gratification.
Finding Shelter
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This chapter picks up with the situation in eastern Virginia and describes the importance of finding a place—a shelter—in the journey of a refugee from slavery. It begins with a discussion of the Emancipation Proclamation and its geography, paying particular attention to the places exempted from its reach, such as Fort Monroe, and Hampton, Virginia. It acknowledges that other policies already in place, such as the Confiscation Acts and especially a March 1862 article of war, still enabled people to flee to Union lines in some of the proclamation’s exempted regions. This meant, in turn, that finding a shelter, and thus a physical anchor, in Union lines was crucial to claiming freedom for any man, woman, or child. But the landscape of these shelters was uneven across the South, ranging from collections of cast-off army tents in some places, to formalized, planned settlements in others. The chapter analyzes these places as a cultural landscape of emancipation, arguing that these physical structures channeled into concrete form some of the more abstract ideas and beliefs about race, equality, freedom, and citizenship.
Battling Hunger
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the basic necessity to eat as a crucial part of the larger struggle to survive wartime emancipation. Obtaining food and staving off hunger were not easily accomplished in a war and in a Union military sphere in which the army controlled the food supply. The chapter explores the issuance of army food rations, looking at the size, quality, and frequency of the rations for refugees, as well as the army’s effort to make sure that rations were only a temporary form of relief. Inadequate rations, coupled with a determination to feed themselves without the federal government’s intervention, then led refugees to forage and plant gardens and search for other ways of obtaining food on their own.
Keeping Faith
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This chapter follows Burdett, and many other enslaved people from Kentucky, into Camp Nelson, a Union supply depot that became a recruiting post for the United States Colored Troops. It emphasizes the constraints faced by those entering the camp in 1863 and 1864, especially due to its location in the Union slaveholding state of Kentucky, which was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation. Union officials proved more determined to limit the progress of emancipation in this state than in any other exempted region, leading to impressments of men and expulsions of women and children. But Gabriel Burdett still found a free space in which to begin preaching, and over time, with the assistance of missionaries like John Fee, he worked to establish a new school and an independent church at Camp Nelson. By 1865 the camp had become a place to seize and experience the religious freedom that enslaved people like Burdett had long imagined.
Grappling with Loss
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines how victory for the Union could bring loss for the residents of the refugee camps. The army’s gradual demobilization meant the loss of employment and the loss of wages for many of them, as well as the loss of physical protection. President Andrew Johnson’s decision to return abandoned and confiscated land to ex-Confederates, rather than pursue a policy of land redistribution for freedpeople, also brought another kind of loss. Most of the refugee camps were built on these lands and therefore were closed by federal authorities over the course of 1865 and 1866. This resulted in the loss of houses, gardens, churches, schools, and stores built by the refugees, despite their vigorous protests. They were then uprooted and forced to confront the extreme difficulty of trying to purchase property from hostile ex-Confederates and resettling elsewhere.
Epilogue
Authors: Taylor Amy Murrell
Published: September 2019

The epilogue follows Edward and Emma Whitehurst, Eliza Bogan, Gabriel Burdett, and their families well into the postwar period. It traces all of their efforts to acquire property and a livelihood that could support them for years to come. It follows Eliza Bogan’s journey in and out of sharecropping in Phillips County, Arkansas, as well as the Whitehursts’ eventual purchase of land in Virginia and Edward’s successful property claim filed with the Southern Claims Commission. It also describes Burdett’s entrance into Republican Party politics in Kentucky and his eventual migration, along with his family, to Kansas in the 1870s, in order to escape increasing racial violence in their home state. All of these individuals survived emancipation and the Civil War. But they also discovered that their time in the refugee camps was not an end but a beginning of what would become an extended pursuit of freedom well in the future.