bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindblind Philosophy of History
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: July 2010

Historical explanation after Hempel came to be discussed in terms of a contrast between nomic explanations and rationalizations, and later between cause and narrative. This period can be taken as an historical parenthesis, in which the notion of cause narrowed and the notion of historical understanding as empathic dropped out. In the present philosophical landscape there are different models of cause available, especially in the causal modeling literature, and a revived appreciation, through the philosophy of mind and in light of such discoveries as mirror neurons, of empathy. The newer causal modeling literature foregrounds the problem of confounding or overdetermination, but solves it in ways inimical to historical explanation. Empathy, however, represents an alternative solution, available to the historian, in which causal relevance can be assessed and established in terms of its role in the reenacted experience of the historical subject. This suggests the idea that the art of history is using historical evidence to show what people might have thought and felt under past circumstances, in ways that engage our capacities to mind-read – capacities established by cognitive science.
Genealogy, Phenomenology, Critical Theory
Authors: Hoy David Couzens
Published: July 2010

This paper explains the genealogical method as it is understood and employed in contemporary Continental philosophy. Using a pair of terms from Bernard Williams, genealogy is contrasted with phenomenology as an ‘unmasking’ as opposed to a ‘vindicatory’ method. The genealogical method is also compared with the method of Ideologiekritik and recent critical theory. Although genealogy is usually thought to be allergic to universals, in fact Foucault, Derrida, and Bourdieu do not shun universals, even if they approach them with caution. The conclusion is that genealogy is a viable and productive approach to social criticism and self-transformation.
Genealogy as Critique?
Authors: Krupp Tyler
Published: July 2010

This essay explores whether, and how, genealogy might remain critical within anti-foundationalist philosophical contexts. While adherents of genealogy often presume that genealogy simply is inherently critical in any context, adherents of historicized forms of anti-foundationalist philosophy might rightly wonder whether genealogy can continue to serve any critical purpose whatsoever. Is genealogy a form of historical inquiry that can be done away with once a shift has been made towards historicized forms of anti-foundationalist philosophy? Why continue to do genealogies once certain generalizeable insights have been learned from genealogy? This essay argues that there remains a critical role for genealogy, understood as a particular form of historical inquiry, within anti-foundationalist modes of reasoning. By exploring this critical role for genealogy, our understanding of anti-foundationalist modes of reasoning is enriched, and some clarity is gained into the philosophical foundations of genealogical critique.
Foucault's Historiographical Expansion: Adding Genealogy to Archaeology
Authors: Koopman Colin
Published: July 2010

This paper offers a rereading of Foucault's much-disputed mid-career historiographical shift to genealogy from his earlier archaeological analytic. Disputing the usual view that this shift involves an abandonment of an archaeological method that was then replaced by a genealogical method, I show that this shift is better conceived as a historiographical expansion. Foucault's work subsequent to this shift should be understood as invoking both genealogy and archaeology. The metaphor of expansion is helpful in clarifying what was involved in Foucault's historiographical shift. I describe two expansions at the heart of Foucault's move. First, Foucault went from analyzing singular isolable domains of practice (such as knowledge) to analyzing the interactions between multiple domains of practice (such as power/knowledge). Second, Foucault went from an analytic which relied on a single temporal category of rupture to an analytic which invoked the relations amongst multiple temporalities, including continuity alongside discontinuity in his subsequent analyses.
Genealogy and Governmentality
Authors: Biebricher Thomas
Published: July 2010

The essay aims at an assessment of whether and to what extent the history of governmentality can be considered to be a genealogy. To this effect a generic account of core tenets of Foucauldian genealogy is developed. The three core tenets highlighted are (1) a radically contingent view of history that is (2) expressed in a distinct style and (3) highlights the impact of power on this history. After a brief discussion of the concept of governmentality and a descriptive summary of its history, this generic account is used as a measuring device to be applied to the history of governmentality. While both, the concept of governmentality and also its history retain certain links to genealogical precepts, my overall conclusion is that particularly the history of governmentality (and not necessarily Foucault's more programmatic statements about it) departs from these precepts in significant ways. Not only is there a notable difference in style that cannot be accounted for entirely by the fact that this history is produced in the medium of lectures. Aside from a rather abstract consideration of the importance of societal struggles, revolts and other forms of resistance, there is also little reference to the role of these phenomena in the concrete dynamics of governmental shifts that are depicted in the historical narrative. Finally, in contrast to the historical contingency espoused by genealogy and the programmatic statements about governmentality, the actual history of the latter can be plausibly, albeit unsympathetically, read in a rather teleological fashion according to which the transformations of governmentality amount to the unfolding of an initially implicit notion of governing that is subsequently realised in ever more consistent ways. In the final section of the essay I turn towards the field of governmentality studies, arguing that some of the more problematic tendencies in this research tradition can be traced back to Foucault's own account. In particular, the monolithic conceptualisation of governmentality and the implicit presentism of an excessive focus on Neoliberalism found in many of the studies in governmentality can be linked back to problems in Foucault's own history of governmenality. The paper concludes with suggestions for a future research agenda for the governmentality studies that point beyond Foucault's own account and its respective limitations.
When Analytic Narratives Explain
Authors: Alexandrova Anna
Published: July 2010

Rational choice modeling originating in economics is sweeping across many areas of social science. This paper examines a popular methodological proposal for integrating formal models from game theory with more traditional narrative explanations of historical phenomena, known as “analytic narratives”. Under what conditions are we justified in thinking that an analytic narrative provides a good explanation? In this paper I criticize the existing criteria and provide a set of my own. Along the way, I address the critique of analytic narratives by Jon Elster.
Four Senses of 'Meaning' in the History of Ideas: Quentin Skinner's Theory of Historical Interpretation
Authors:   Martinich
Published: July 2010

At least four different senses of 'meaning' need to be kept separate when describing the proper way to do the history of ideas. The first sense, communicative meaning, relies on the communicative intentions of the author and is very close to H. P. Grice's 'nonnatural meaning'. The second sense, meaning as significance or importance, is close to Grice's "natural meaning," but I focus on a type that depends on human interests; in this sense, meaning as significance is always relative to a person or group and changes as the events or the interests of the person or group change. I show that Quentin Skinner in his classic article, "Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas," confuses these senses. While historians of ideas often focus on identifying communicative meaning, what historians care most about is the significance or importance that something had for people in the past or in the present.
Recent Developments in the Thought of Quentin Skinner and the Ambitions of Contextualism
Authors: Lamb Robert
Published: July 2010

In this article, I chart some recent developments in the linguistic contextualist philosophy of history defended by Quentin Skinner. I attempt to identify several shifts in the way in which Skinner's position has been presented and justified, focusing particularly on his embrace of anti-foundationalism, his focus on rhetoric rather than speech-acts and his concern to recast contextualism as compatible with other interpretive approaches. In the final section, I reject the notion – suggested by Skinner and others – that a contextualist philosophy of history might constitute a distinct form of political theorizing in itself.
Literature and Religion: Features of a Systematic Comparison
Authors: Gruber Bettina
Published: July 2010

Art (and, as a part of it, also literature) is frequently seen as a substitute for religion, a perspective that dates back to the Romantic era. The article takes a look at the possible reasons, using the Perceval/Parzival/Parsifal material as an example. It argues that the difference between a text accepted as religious truth and a fictional literary text can not be found in the texts themselves, but depends on the function assigned to them by social resp. theological authority. The closeness of literature and religion is, it can be supposed, largely due to using the same media. Despite the fact that transcendent topics seem to further interchange, content is secondary to function. In differentiated modern societies due to the absence of central dogmatic authority literary motives can serve as a basis for religious cult. The Grail-Movement that draws on different strands of the Parzival tradition, but especially on Richard Wagner's Parsifal, serves to demonstrate this.
Western Suspicion of Polytheism, Western Thought Structures, and Contemporary Pagan Polytheisms
Authors: Bittarello Maria Beatrice
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that in contemporary Western culture, polytheism meets with strong theoretical opposition because it is implicitly subversive of powerful thought structures. The paper examines how scholars have conceptualized polytheism; subsequently, it tries to establish what are the concepts connected to a polytheistic religion and worldview, and to define what thought structures are threatened by 'polytheism.' Finally, by examining how contemporary Pagans are reconceptualising polytheism, the author points out that certain contemporary Pagan statements represent an interesting attempt to overcome dualistic thinking.
Liturgy and Violence in Christianity—a Case Study
Authors: Kranemann Benedikt
Published: July 2010

Religious rituals and worship services within the context of violence and war are the topic of this article. It investigates the role of different dimensions of such liturgies and their encouragement and legitimization, but also their delegitimization of war. The textual example, on which this article is based, is a small Catholic prayer book for soldiers from World War I. The thesis is that liturgy and forms of piety have a very formative character by means of their emotionality and associations, but also through corporeity, repetition, etc. Liturgy and piety can have a great but very different impact on the communication of war and violence. The article focuses on some of the central prayers and other texts from this prayer book as concrete examples for the article's argument.
Protestantism(s) and Mayan Worldviews in Chiapas and Guatemala in the Context of Civil Violence
Authors: Garrard-Burnett Virginia , Navarro Carlos Garma
Published: July 2010

This article discusses religious change among the Maya population in the violence-torn regions of highland Chiapas and Guatemala, and observes how this changes brings to bear on indigenous perceptions of ethnic and community identity. The focus is primarily upon Protestant conversion among the Maya, not only because it is dynamic, in that it is the movement which involves a large number of converts, but also because it also seems, at least superficially, to represent a massive cultural assault on the mundo maya. Yet the large number of Maya who have converted to Protestantism over the past three decades suggests that many Maya see conversion in a very different light. It is our contention that one of the reasons for this is that conversion to Protestantism (as well as to other types of “new” religions, such as charismatic Catholicism) is the latest manifestation of Maya strategies of adaptation and survival, particularly against a climate of civil violence, within a matrix of religious behavior.
De gildebrief van Rudolf II voor de schilders van Praag van 27 april I595 en zijn implicaties rondom het begrip kunst
Authors: Ernest-Martinec Blanka , Miedema Hessel
Published: July 2010

The privilege granted by Emperor Rudolf II to the painters' guild of Prague embodied not only a confirmation of the old privileges, but also comprised two passages seemingly elevating the status of the guild. First, the guild's coat of arms was to be embellished with precious stones in the crown and the female Moor crest figure replaced by Pallas Athena. And, second, it was stipulated that henceforth painting was to be referred to as an art rather than a craft. While the term 'artist' for painters and architects had been in use for some time, this emphatic formulation seemed to coincide with a tenacious pretension on the part of painters in general that painting ought to be ranked among the "liberal arts" (artes liberales). This conceit had potentially far-reaching consequences, namely that its practitioners would not be subject to guild regulations and thus exempt from membership. Although the new passage may have simply been meant to enhance the status of the guild members, it created unrest among the ranks. In particular the glaziers - with whom there had been friction previously - felt threatened by the new formulation, which might entail that the guild in the future would have to do without the substantial contributions from the painters. This concern engendered new disagreements, which eventually led to the suspension of the guild chairman Matyáš Hutsky who, however, was reinstated after a special agreement was reached between the painters and the glaziers. Those painters employed by the royal court continued to be excused from guild requirements, while membership remained mandatory for all other masters.
Franciscus Hamers, dozijnschilder in Antwerpen
Authors: De Kinkelder Marijke C.
Published: July 2010

In I987 a painting with illegible signature was shown at the RKD. When in spring 2002 a painting with similar signature came alight at a Paris art-dealer, it proved possible to read the signature correctly and identify the artist as the Antwerp-based Franciscus Hamers, only known through his membership of the guild in I674. Several other paintings could be attributed to him either on stylistic grounds or by recognising the characteristic signature. The paintings presented here show that he proved to be what was known in the seventeenth century as 'dozijnschilder' (lit: dozen painter), assembling his works by imitating, borrowing and copying from examples by other artists, notably Haarlem painters such as Pieter van Laer, Philips Wouwerman and Nicolaes Pietersz. Berchem. This proved to be a typical feature of the artistic climate in the I670s in Antwerp when economic recession forced many artists to produce paintings and copies by the dozen for art-dealers such as Guillaume Forchondt and Bartholomeus Floquet who then exported these paintings to France, Austria, Spain and Portugal.
Vijf kinderportretten door Dirck Santvoort
Authors: Ekkart Rudolf E.O.
Published: July 2010

A portrait of a young girl with a flute, painted by the Amsterdam artist Dirck Dircksz. Santvoort, has been in the Cleveland Museum of Art since 1975 (fig.1). An inscription on the back of the unsigned painting states that the portrayed child is 'Elisabeth Spiegel'. The museum catalogue relates this painting with two other portraits of children: another unsigned one of a girl with fruit (fig. 3) and a signed painting, dated 1639, of a girl with a dog and a mirror (fig. 2). A fourth work can be added to these three, a picture of a child with a bird perched on her hand, in the National Gallery in London (fig. 4). Contrary to previous assumptions that it was painted in 1630 or 1631, it can now be dated in 1639. The choice of attributes suggest, as was recently intimated by Peter Sutton, that these portraits belong to a series of the Five Senses, the Cleveland painting representing Hearing, and the girls with fruit, the dog and mirror, and the bird picturing Taste, Sight and Touch. The fifth sense, Smell, is probably symbolized in a painting in the museum in Rodez (fig. 5), showing a girl dressed as a shepherdess with a wreath of flowers. Parallels of all depictions of the Senses arc to be found in series of prints and paintings from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Pictures of the Senses in portraits are fairly rare, and were of course only painted when a series of exactly five portraits was required, for instance by a family with five children. An investigation of the Spiegel family confirms the identification given here, yielding the information that in 1638/1639 Elbert Dircksz. Spiegel and Petronella Rocters had five daughters. The portrayed children are Rebecca (fig. 3), Elisabeth (fig. I), Petronella (fig. 5), Margaretha (fig. 2) and Geertruyt Spiegel (fig. 4), born respectively in 1625, 1628, 1630, 1631 and 1635. Evidence that the descendants of the sisters portrayed by Santvoort upheld the tradition of the Five Senses theme in the late seventeenth century is supplied bv an old inventory of a series of portraits of five children from the Slicher family. The respective mothers of their parents, Elbert Slicher and Catharina dc Hochepied, were Elisabeth and Geertruyt Spiegel.
Pieter Cornelisz. van Egmondt, een kennismaking
Authors: Meijer Fred G.
Published: July 2010

It appears that the Leiden archives contain a considerable amount of data on the obscure Leiden painter Pieter Cornelisz. van Egmondt. The dates of his birth and death cannot be ascertained, although he must have been born between 1614 and 1622, and died in or soon after 1664. Paintings by Van Egmondt mentioned in some seventeenth century inventories were unidentifiable. A painting auctioned in Leiden in 1778, however, could be traced (fig. i). Comparative research and the recognition of his signaturc on a few works make it possible to attribute nine paintings, most of them small formats, to Pieter Cornelisz. van Egmondt. On five of them the painter portrayed himself, invariably in a studio or with a painter's attributes (figs. 3 - 7). The others arc fairly simple genre scenes (figs. 1, 2 and 11) and a representation of St. Peter (fig. 8). Stylistically, Van Egmondt's work may be placed in the school of Gcrard Dou, whose early work in particular seems to have influenced Van Egmondt's development.
Enige onuitgegeven brieven van Willem Roelofs aan Carel vosmaer
Authors: Rappard W.F.
Published: July 2010

In the Vosmaer family archives (General State Archives, The Hague) are a few letters written by the painter Willem Roelofs to the man of letters Carel Vosmaer between 1863 and 1882. The letters indicate that Roclofs and Vosmaer were already on friendly terms while the former was living in Brussels. Six of the letters are quoted in full in this article. A letter of 1863 refers to a report drawn up by Vosmaer for Minister Thorbecke concerning the purchase of works of modern art for the government. In the same letter Roelofs intimates that his sojourn in Brussels was disappointing. In 1869 he endorsed the views expressed by Jozef Israels under a pseudonym in a magazine article, putting forward his (Israels') ideas about the modern artist's task as opposed to former, outdated notions. In his article, Israels advocated the depiction of visible reality instead of subjects clictated by literature and historical science. The article appeared in De Nederlandshz Spectator, of which Vosmaer was an editor. For another issue of the same journal that year Roelofs sketched a megalithic tomb in Tinaarlo (fig. 2), with a caption protesting at the destruction of such monuments. The following year Roelofs asked Vosmaer's advice on the establishment of a society for the cultivation of etching'. After the appearance of Vosmaer's biography of Roelofs in the magazine Eigen Haard in 1879, the painter apprised him in a letter of a few errors, providing important additional information about his artistic work and detailed study of beetles. Vosmaer incorporated this information in an issue of Onze hedendaagsche schilders devoted to Roelofs in 1882, for which the artist supplied the illustrations. A letter prompted by the galley proofs contains Roelofs' observations on a few technical aspects of his watercolours.
Dirk Daniëlsz. van Noortich en Tielman Jacobsz. Oem van Wijngaarden
Authors: De Moor Geertruida
Published: July 2010

Dirk Danielsz. van Noortich, born in or around 1466 and dcpicted on the 'Epitaphium van wingacrden ons Heren aent cruis', now in the Catharijneconvent Museum, Utrecht, was appointed chaplain in Den Burg on the island of Texel in 1495. From 1497/ 98 until his death in 1504 he was the pastor of Sabbinge in the province of Zeeland. The Texcl post was probably due to the influence of the Leeuwenhorst sisters and members of his family, all of whom were connected with the instance which had the giving of the capelry in Den Burg the Hague court chapel. Dirk van Noortich presented a window to the Leeuwenhorst convent near Noordwijk(erhout), with which his family was closely linked. The family of another donor of the epitaph, Ticlman Jacobsz Oem van Wijngaarden, also had close ties with the Cistercian convent of Leeuwenhorst.
Calvaerts oefeningen met spiegelbeeldigheid
Authors: Kloek Wouter Th.
Published: July 2010

Not only do Denys Calvaert's paintings and drawings often featurc duplications of compositions or parts of compositions; figures and indeed entire compositions in mirror image repeatedly occur. In his drawings the artist made use of the counter-proof; he drew on the front and back of the paper, experimenting with various techniques and styles. Some of Calvaert's extant drawings were evidently intended as instructional material for pupils. He is known to have been the first artist to run an academy in Bologna. Drawings with indications of proportions, and a copy in which the model has been corrected, undoubtedly belonged to the teaching material in Calvaert's academy. He may have demonstrated mirror-image repetition in a different technique to his pupils as an aid to preparing a composition, a procedure which he himself had doubtlessly employed before.
Jan Anthony d'Averhoult door Louis-Léopold Boilly: de geschiedenis achter een ongewoon portret
Authors: Boon Bart
Published: July 2010

The soldier and politician Jan Anthony d'Averhoult (1756-1792) was portrayed in 1792 (or perhaps posthumously, but no later than 1793) by Louis-Léopold Boilly (1761 - 1845). On the basis of new data the author reconstructs the exceptional circumstances under which the portrait was painted and adds vital data to the sitter's biography. Jan Anthony d'Averhoult played an prominent role in his native city of Utrecht during the Batavian revolution. In 1788 he was forced to flee to France, where he was naturalized and embarked on a second career. In January 1702 he briefly held the office of president of the Assemblée Nationale, in which capacity he was portrayed by Boilly. Reports of his parliamentary speeches and actions are to be found in the Archives parlementaires (note 9). Like his friend and kindred spirit La Fayette, d'Averhoult was in favour of the constitutional monarchy. In the summer of 1792 the monarchist cause was lost. D'Averhoult attempted to flee north, but died a violent death on August 26 1792. Few details about his relationship with his aunt, Josina Bcnjamina d'Averhoult (1724- 1807), are divulged in the literature pertaining to d'Averhoult. After a family tragedy in his childhood she became a significant factor in his life and she accompanied him to France in 1788. A receipt shows that she paid for his portrait in 1793, and that François Vitto Elia, an Amsterdam art dealer, acted as an intermediary (note 28). In view of the close ties between the aunt and her nephew it is not unlikely that she commissioned the portrait. She had it framed, probably along with a pair of portraits of her parents, painted in 1721 by Constantijn Netscher, published here for the first time. Boilly's portrait stayed in the family until it was bequeathed to the Centraal Museum, Utrecht, in 1980.
Preaching Scripture Under Pressure in Tridentine Italy: a Case Study of Gabriele Fiamma
Authors: Michelson Emily
Published: July 2010

As the forces of Catholic reform brought bishops back to their dioceses in sixteenth-century Italy, the act of preaching came to denote very different activities for mendicants preaching to the elite and for secular clerics first learning to preach to the uneducated. One preacher, however, the Augustinian Gabriele Fiamma, demonstrates that this gulf was not unbridgeable. Fiamma wrote both extremely ornate sermons and simple guides for secular clerics, even though he himself was not a bishop at the time. In addition, he continued to make the teaching of Scripture central to both kinds of preaching. Fiamma's decisions demonstrate that preachers, as conveyers of orthodox doctrine and religious education, not only remained central to Catholic identity in the post-Tridentine era but helped to reinforce that identity by embracing different Catholic audiences within their purview.
Uncertainties in Microwave Properties of Frozen Precipitation: Implications for Remote Sensing and Data Assimilation
Authors: Kulie Mark S. , Bennartz Ralf , Greenwald Thomas J. , Chen Yong , Weng Fuzhong
Published: July 2010

A combined active/passive modeling system that converts CloudSat observations to simulated microwave brightness temperatures (TB) is used to assess different ice particle models under precipitating conditions. Simulation results indicate that certain ice models (e.g., low-density spheres) produce excessive scattering and implausibly low simulated TBs for stratiform precipitation events owing to excessive derived ice water paths (IWPs), while other ice models produce unphysical TB depressions due to the combined effects of elevated derived IWP and excessive particle size distribution–averaged extinction. An ensemble of nonspherical ice particle models, however, consistently produces realistic results under most circumstances and adequately captures the radiative properties of frozen hydrometeors associated with precipitation—with the possible exception of very high IWP events. Large derived IWP uncertainties exceeding 60% are also noted and may indicate IWP retrieval accuracy deficiencies using high-frequency passive microwave observations. Simulated TB uncertainties due to the ice particle model ensemble members approach 9 (5) K at 89 (157) GHz for high ice water path conditions associated with snowfall and ∼2–3 (∼1–2) K under typical stratiform rain conditions. These uncertainties, however, display considerable variability owing to ice water path, precipitation type, satellite zenith angle, and frequency. Comparisons between 157-GHz simulations and observations under precipitating conditions produce low biases (<1.5 K) and high correlations, but lower-frequency channels display consistent negative biases of 3–4 K in precipitating regions. Sample error correlations and covariance matrices for select microwave frequencies also show strong functional relationships with ice water path and variability depending on precipitation type.
Interdecadal Variability of the Eastward Current in the South China Sea Associated with the Summer Asian Monsoon
Authors: Wang Guihua , Wang Chunzai , Huang Rui Xin
Published: July 2010

Based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) dataset and three types of Sverdrup streamfunction, an interdecadal variability of the eastward current in the middle South China Sea (SCS) during summer is identified. Both the pattern and strength of the summer Asian monsoon wind stress curl over the SCS contribute to the interdecadal variability of this current. From 1960 to 1979, the monsoon intensified and the zero wind stress curl line shifted southward. Both the core of positive wind stress curl in the northern SCS and the negative curl in the southern SCS moved southward and thus induced a southward shift of both the southern anticyclonic and northern cyclonic gyres, resulting in a southward displacement of the eastward current associated with these two gyres. In the meantime, the southern (northern) SCS anticyclonic (cyclonic) ocean gyre weakened (strengthened) and therefore also induced the southward shift of the eastward current near the intergyre boundary. In contrast, the eastward current shifted northward from 1980 to 1998 because the monsoon relaxed and the zero wind stress curl line shifted northward. After 1998, the eastward jet moved southward again as the zero wind stress curl line shifted southward and the SCS monsoon strengthened. The eastward current identified from the baroclinic streamfunction moved about 1.7° more southward than that from the barotropic streamfunction, indicating that the meridional position of the eastward current is depth dependent.
Evaluation of Snowpack Simulations over the Canadian Rockies with an Experimental Hydrometeorological Modeling System
Authors: Carrera Marco L. , Bélair Stéphane , Fortin Vincent , Bilodeau Bernard , Charpentier Dorothée , Doré Isabelle
Published: July 2010

To improve the representation of the land surface in their operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, the Meteorological Research Division of Environment Canada (EC) is developing an external hydrometeorological modeling and data assimilation system. The objective of this study is to verify the improvement in simulating snow cover extent (SCE) and snow water equivalent (SWE) over the Canadian Rockies with this new modeling system. This study will be an important first step in determining the optimal configuration of the land surface model and atmospheric forcing for a future operational implementation. Simulated SCE is compared with the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) analysis, while simulated SWE values are verified against a series of manual snow survey sites located within the Canadian Rockies. Results show that land surface model simulations of SCE and SWE were sensitive to precipitation forcing. Simulations at both low and high resolution forced with EC’s experimental precipitation analysis were found to underestimate SCE and SWE values. Mountain snowpack retreated too early during the spring melt period. Precipitation forcing derived from EC’s short-range NWP model resulted in improved values for both SCE and SWE, which also contributed to higher contributions to streamflow. Terrain adjusting the atmospheric forcing data was found to be important for properly modeling local extreme SWE values. A comparison with available precipitation observations over the Canadian Rockies region found EC’s experimental precipitation analysis to possess a negative precipitation bias that increases with increasing elevation.
Multifunction Phased-Array Radar: Time Balance Scheduler for Adaptive Weather Sensing
Authors: Reinoso-Rondinel Ricardo , Yu Tian-You , Torres Sebastián
Published: July 2010

Phased-array radars (PARs) have the capability of instantaneously and dynamically controlling beam position on a pulse-by-pulse basis, which allows a single radar to perform multiple functions, such as tracking multiple storms or weather and aviation surveillance. Moreover, these tasks can be carried out with different update times to achieve the goal of better characterizing and forecasting the storms of interest. However, these tasks usually compete for finite radar resources, and scheduling algorithms are often needed to address resource contention. To capitalize on the PAR capabilities, an algorithm based on the concept of time balance (TB) is developed for adaptive weather sensing. Two quality measures are introduced to quantify the gain of adaptive sensing relative to standard scanning patterns used by the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). A simulation experiment is performed to demonstrate the advantages of adaptive sensing and to test and verify the performance of the TB scheduling algorithm. It is shown that the gain of adaptive sensing can be realized by the TB scheduler; that is, storms of interest can be revisited more frequently within a relatively short period time compared to conventional scanning.
Unions and Collective Bargaining in 2009
Authors: Brigden Cathy
Published: July 2010

With the global financial crisis posing an ongoing threat to job security, more positive experiences of trade unions were often overshadowed in 2009. The passage and commencement of the Fair Work Act finally brought Work Choices to an end, or so it seemed until leadership change in the federal Liberal Party revived debate over individual contracts at the end of the year. The still difficult relationship between the unions and the Rudd federal government was in evidence throughout the year, and was underlined at the ACTU Congress. The return of Telstra and the major banks to the bargaining table with unions demonstrated a significant shift in the collective bargaining and industrial relations landscape in 2009. Occupational health and safety issues confronting unions included further developments concerning James Hardie and asbestos, workplace fatalities in the Pilbara and harmonization of occupational health and safety laws.
Employment Relations in Japan: Recent Changes under Global Competition and Recession
Authors: Suzuki Hiromasa
Published: July 2010

This article reviews the recent developments of employment relations in Japan. The period 2008—9 has been rich in dramatic changes. First, there was the financial and economic crisis of 2008 which dealt a serious blow to the fragile Japanese economy. Second, in September 2009, a new government led by the Democratic Party of Japan was elected for the first time since 1955. The traditional Japanese employment relations system with long-term employment still applies to core workers in large firms, but their share has been diminishing in favour of the continual growth of atypical employment or non-regular employees.
Peaceful transitions and democracy
Authors: Bayer Reşat
Published: July 2010

While there has been extensive interest in the role of democracy in reducing interstate violence, the role of democracy in reaching higher levels of peace has received much less attention. Since many countries have less than amicable relations, it is necessary to consider how the quality of peace can be improved. The quality of peace becomes particularly relevant when assessing relations of countries with a bellicose past. In order to capture improvement in relations, this article relies upon a framework that captures the various levels of peace that countries experience. The study maintains that democracy contributes to former belligerents reaching the highest levels of peace but that it is not helpful at the lower levels especially if only one side is a democracy. The article tests arguments on a dataset that captures the transitions from one level of peace to another for all former belligerents since 1816 and relies upon event history analysis. The results for peace are not the opposite of what is found for war. The findings demonstrate that democracy plays a substantial role in peaceful transitions at all levels. However, while joint democracy is important for reaching the highest levels of peace, democracy can hamper the progress of relations at the lowest levels of peace.
Export Conditions of the Chinese Textile Industry: An Analysis in Comparison with Selected ASEAN Countries
Authors: Lau Chi Keung Marco , Bilgin Mehmet Huseyin
Published: July 2010

This paper provides a comprehensive and disaggregated set of elasticity estimates, to date, in the face of MFA abolishment. The estimates made here are at a detailed level of disaggregation and should provide researchers with opportunities for future analysis. We used the gravity model to estimate the trade elasticity of China’s apparel cottons in the US market for the period between 1989 and 2009. From the gravity model, two phenomena are observed. First, there exists a unique long-run equilibrium relationship among the import quantity demand, the import price and the US GDP per capita. Second, import price and income elasticity are significant with the expected signs, conditions of which are significant for performing trade—policy analyses.
Fibular Collateral Ligament Anatomical Reconstructions
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Spiridonov Stanislav I. , Coobs Benjamin R. , Ruckert Paul R. , Griffith Chad J.
Published: July 2010

Background

After the development and biomechanical validation of an anatomical fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus graft, this technique has subsequently been applied clinically.

Hypothesis

An anatomical reconstruction of a grade III fibular collateral ligament tear using a semitendinosus graft restores the knee to near-normal lateral compartment stability and results in improved patient outcomes.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A prospective study of 20 patients with an average age of 24 years (range, 16-45 years) who had an anatomical reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament using a semitendinosus graft was performed. All patients were preoperatively and postoperatively evaluated with the modified Cincinnati and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scoring systems, with the IKDC objective subscores for lateral and posterolateral knee stability and with varus stress radiographs. The patients were followed for an average of 2 years.

Results

Sixteen patients were available for follow-up. Six of the patients had an isolated fibular collateral ligament reconstruction. The average preoperative modified Cincinnati score was 28.2, and the average IKDC subjective score was 34.7. Postoperatively, there was a significant improvement of both the modified Cincinnati score (to 88.5) and the IKDC subjective outcome score (to 88.1). The Cincinnati component symptom and functional subscores were also evaluated. The average preoperative symptom subscore was 9.1 and the functional subscore was 19.1. Postoperatively, there was a significant improvement in both scores; symptom subscores improved to 43.0 and functional subscores improved to 45.5. Preoperative varus stress radiographs demonstrated an average differential of 3.9 mm (range, 2.5-6.2 mm) of lateral compartment gapping between the injured and noninjured knee. At an average of 2 years postoperatively, varus stress radiographs demonstrated an average side-to-side lateral compartment gap differential of —0.4 mm.

Conclusion

An anatomical fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using a semitendinosus graft results in improved patient outcomes and near-normal lateral compartment stability in patients with grade III injuries of the fibular collateral ligament.
Midterm Follow-up of Opening-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: DeMeo Patrick J. , Johnson Eric M. , Chiang Peter P. , Flamm Angela M. , Miller Mark C.
Published: July 2010

Background

High tibial osteotomy is a valuable option for patients with varus gonarthrosis. To avoid difficulties with closing-wedge osteotomies, medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomies have been advocated.

Hypothesis

Opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy is a good option in highly active patients with varus gonarthrosis who would like to delay or prevent progression to total knee arthroplasty without activity restrictions.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients with varus gonarthrosis were treated with a medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy using the Puddu plate and allograft bone graft for a prospective study (14 men and 6 women; average age, 49.4 years [range, 36-67 years]). Gait analysis was performed preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. Preoperative radiographs, subjective ratings, and knee scores (Lysholm and Hospital for Special Surgery [HSS] scores) were obtained. At 2 years postoperatively and at the latest follow-up visit (average, 8.3 years), the subjective ratings and knee scores were repeated.

Results

Gait analysis revealed an abnormal weightbearing pattern preoperatively with the vertical ground-reaction force. The postoperative vertical ground-reaction force revealed a normal double peak pattern. The preoperative adduction moment was 29% greater than the 6-month postoperative adduction moment. The preoperative varus averaged 3.6° and was corrected to an average of 7.5° of valgus postoperatively. All patients subjectively rated their preoperative knee as poor. At 2 years postoperatively, most patients (14) rated their knee as good, with 5 excellent and only 1 fair rating. The average preoperative Lysholm and HSS knee scores were 54.2 and 75.9, respectively, compared with the 2-year postoperative averages of 89.1 and 92.7, respectively. At 8 years postoperatively, there was 70% survivorship with 42% of patients rating their knees as good or excellent. Five patients (25%) had undergone total knee arthroplasty. Lysholm and HSS knee scores were 83.0 and 86.8, respectively, for the surviving knees at 8 years postoperatively.

Conclusion

Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy produces good results in the midterm. After the osteotomy, a more normal appearing weightbearing pattern with double peaks was seen. The adduction moment significantly decreased, resulting in less contact pressure through the medial degenerative compartment of the knee. The authors recommend medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy for young patients with varus alignment and medial compartment arthritis to allow this patient population to remain highly active and delay progression to total knee arthroplasty without activity restrictions.
Long-Term Safety of Using Local Anesthetic Injections in Professional Rugby League
Authors: Orchard John W. , Steet Elizabeth , Massey Andrew , Dan Sommit , Gardiner Ben , Ibrahim Ameer
Published: July 2010

Background

Local anesthetic pain-killing injections are commonly used by some professional football teams to allow continued play for certain injuries; however, the long-term safety of this practice has not been studied.

Hypothesis

The majority of local anesthetic injections administered in professional football are helpful and safe, not leading to long-term sequelae.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A retrospective survey was conducted of 100 players over 10 seasons who had been injected with local anesthetic on 1023 occasions for 307 injuries (81% follow-up; average follow-up, 5 years; minimum, 1 year). A comparison of match performance statistics was made from 3 seasons between players using and not using local anesthetic.

Results

The majority (98%) of players would repeat the procedure if they had their injury again, although 32% felt that there were side effects associated with the procedure (including 22% who thought that the recovery of the primary injury was delayed and 6% who thought that the injury was worsened by playing with local anesthetic). On long-term follow-up, only 6% of players had significant residual pain in the body part injected. The satisfaction rates for acromioclavicular injuries, finger injuries, rib injuries, and iliac contusions were higher than for sternum injuries, wrist injuries, and ankle injuries. Player performance between those players injected and not injected with local anesthetic was not substantially different and mainly reflected a positional bias for the players who used local anesthetic.

Conclusion

The most commonly injected injuries—acromioclavicular joint sprains, finger and rib injuries, and iliac crest contusions—appear to be quite safe (in the context of professional sport) to inject at long-term follow-up. Conversely, ankle, wrist, and sternum injections appear to be less safe. A few injuries may have been substantially worsened by playing after an injection.
Engaging With the Public? Assessing the Online Presence and Communication Practices of the Nanotechnology Industry
Authors: Ackland Robert , Gibson Rachel , Lusoli Wainer , Ward Stephen
Published: July 2010

This article examines whether the nanotechnology industry is engaging in the wider social debate surrounding it, through an analysis of its online communication practices. This is an important topic to study, given the nascent nature of the technology and the concerns among proponents to avoid the backlash biotech companies faced over genetically modified (GM) crops. Applying a new web crawling tool, the study captures and codes the hyperlinks of key nanotechnology companies according to their social and technical orientation, and status as producers, disseminators, and commercializers. The links are mapped and the prominence of social and technical issues is assessed. Finally, the home pages of sites are content analyzed to contextualize the presentation of the debate. The results show that although parts of the scientific community may have accepted the case for more engagement with the social aspects of nanotech, commercial developers are more reluctant to do so, at least based on their online presence.
Acanthosis Nigricans Among Northern Plains American Indian Children
Authors: Brown Blakely , Noonan Curtis , Bentley Bonnie , Conway Kathrene , Corcoran Mary , FourStar Kris , Gress Shannon , Wagner Sharon
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study is to present cross-sectional and prospective data on acanthosis nigricans (AN) prevalence in the context of other risk factors for diabetes including high body mass index (BMI), abnormal blood pressure (BP), physical inactivity and family history of diabetes among Northern Plains American Indian (AI) children. Standardized health measures were collected in 2,520 K-12th-grade AI students for AN, BMI, and BP. Data were also collected on family history of diabetes and physical activity. Approximately, 9.7% of the participants were positive for AN. AN was associated with high BMI, abnormal BP, and diabetes family history. Sports participation was inversely associated with AN. Among children measured the prior year, relative risk (and 95% confidence interval [CI]) for obesity and incident AN was 9.8 (4.2–23.0) compared to normal weight. These findings suggest there is utility in measuring this marker of insulin resistance in this at-risk population.
Authorship and Information Sourcing for Health News on Local TV Web Sites: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Tanner Andrea , Friedman Daniela B.
Published: July 2010

This study provides a nationwide examination of general health information on local television Web sites, analyzing 278 news stories on 79 Web sites. Professional authorship and expert sources of information are assessed in an effort to explain how journalists, along with individuals and organizations outside of the newsroom, influence the health news stories posted in the online environment. Stories were significantly more likely to be authored by a television staff reporter than a syndicated service or wire service. Almost 15% of the stories included no attribution or quotes from health sources. When a story did include a reference, it was most often a government source. Authorship and health content varied significantly by media market size. Primary sources of information also differed significantly, depending on the authorship and health focus of the online information.