bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Evaluation of Residual And Contact Sprays for Control Of Jadera Haematoloma, (HERRICKSCHAEFFER), 1989
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken , Bell Mike
Published: March 2022

Two laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of several compounds for control of J. haematoloma nymphs. The first test was designed to evaluate the control obtained by direct spray contact (test 1). Nymphs were placed in 4 inch diam cups and then treated with a modified B & G Sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track powered by a zero max O-400 electric motor. A spraying system multi-teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft per s. After treatment, J. Haematoloma nymphs were placed on paper towels under clear 10 oz plastic cups for observation. Each treatment was replicated 4 times using 5 bugs/replication. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 HAE (hours after exposure). Test 2 was designed to evaluate the control obtained by the residual activity of the compounds. The test surfaces consisted of 4 inch × 4 inch × ¼ inch masonite panels and were treated as described for test 1. Treatments were allowed to dry 24 hr before nymphs were exposed to the treated surface. Containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using clear 10 oz plastic cups (3 inch in diameter). To prevent the insects from climbing up the sides, a petroleum jelly + mineral oil mixture was applied to the container wall. Five nymphs were placed under each container and confined to the treated surface for 60 min at which time they were transferred to a separate container and placed on paper towels for observation. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 HAE. Control was determined at 1, 14, and 30 DAT. J. haematoloma used in both tests were collected from a natural habitat that had no prior insecticide treatment. The insects were retained in 1 gal containers with food, water, and foliage from a chinaberry tree. All mortality figures for these tests are accumulative from the first observation (1 HOAT) for that particular date to the conclusion of the test on that date (48 HOAT).
The Canadian Rust Mite Control on Canadian Hemlocks in Maryland, 1990
Authors: Gill Stanto. , Raupp Michae.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at a nursery site in Howard County, Md. Precount of mites was taken on 18 May. Treatments started at 12:30 p.m. and continued until 3:00 p.m. Applications were made with a 300 gal AgroTec sprayer at 100 psi. Temperature and humidity were measured using an Omega PH-10 hand held humidity/temperature meter. Trees were treated until drip. Twenty gal of each mixture was applied to the 32 trees in each treatment block. Temperature at 12:30 p.m. was 78°F, relative humidity 42%, sunny, with 1-3 mph winds. Blocks consisted of 32 trees 2-3 meters tall. Treatment and control blocks were randomly assigned. Ten plants were randomly selected from each treatment block (using coin flip) for pre and post counts. Two branch samples 14 cm in length were taken from each tree and counts of living mites recorded for pre and post treatment. Postcounts were conducted on 22 May.
Spider Mite and Predator Mite Test, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Reams K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen rose plants, 3 ft tall, were moated to restrict movement to and from the test plants. Rose plants potted in 3 gal containers were grown in a research greenhouse at MSU. On 5 Sep precounts were made by sampling 10 leaflets from each rose plant. Leaves were collected randomly from each plant. Treatments were applied on 6 Sep with an R & D single wand C02 sprayer with an 8003 nozzle at 50 psi. There were 5 replications of each treatment. On 7 Sep, 4 Phytoseiulus persimilis adults were released on plants treated with Andalin and on control plants. Sevin was applied a second time on 20 Sep. Postcounts began on 18 Sep and continued every wk after until 16 Oct.
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens with An Entomogenous Nematode, 1990 and 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

In 1990 treatment plots were 15 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times using 3 greens. Treatments were applied 9 Aug between 0800 and 0900 h while the grass was still moist; air temperature was 70-75"C at application time. Posttreatment irrigation was about 1/2 inch applied within about 1 h after treatments were applied. Larvae were mostly small to medium in size ranging from 8 to 34 mm in length with 88% less than 20 mm long. In 1991 experimental plots were 10 × 10 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 5 times using 1 green. Treatments were applied 14 Aug in mid-morning. The green was moist after a heavy overnight rain. Environmental conditions were as follows: soil temperature, 20°C (1 inch), 20.5°C (surface); RH, 89%; overcast with heavy fog. Plots were not irrigated after treatments were applied. Larvae were mostly small ranging in size from 6 to 16 mm in length with 80% less than 14 mm long. In both years, applications were made with a CO2 sprayer operated at 30 psi; 2 liters of spray were used to apply the treatments. Treatments were evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the greens with Baythroid 2 E at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre and counting the number of larvae flushed to the surface in each plot.
Fall Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on Fairway numbers 12 and 13 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 4 Sep. Granular and bait formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Irrigation was applied as needed early each morning at 0.25 inch. Rainfall occurred at 4 Sep at 0.25 inch, 6 Sep at 0.5 inch, 17 Sep at 0.5 inch, and 18 Sep at 0.25 inch. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, squareshaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 15 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 4 Sep and posttreatment counts were made 5, 12, 19, and 26 DAT.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1991
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on Fairways 11 and 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was sandy clay loam. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 28 May. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 1,000 ft2. Rainfall from 26 May to 20 Jun was a total 13.25 inches. Irrigation was not necessary. Rainfall of 0.25 inch occurred immediately after application. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using aim 2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/ rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made on 28 May and posttreatment counts were made 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT.
Control of Southern Masked Chafer and Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1990
Authors: Potter D. A. , Patterson C. G. , Spicer P.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a Kentucky bluegass plot at the University of Kentucky Spindletop Research Farm, Fayette Co., KY. The established turf was on a Maury silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf), with pH = 6.2. Thatch accumulation was <0.25 inch. There was an endemic grub population of about 8 JB and <1 SMC grubs per ft2. On 21 Aug we sunk 60, 8 inch diam cylinders made from PVC sewer pipe into the turf to a depth of about 3 inches. Implantation of cylinders was facilitated by cutting circular slits (8 inch diam) in the turf with a serrated-edge, cylindrical steel bit attached to a gasoline-powered soil auger. Cylinders were about 18 inches apart, arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications and 12 treatments. Third instar SMC grubs were dug from an untreated rough on a local golf course on 30 Aug. Grubs were immediately taken to the experimental site and 10 active grubs were placed into each cylinder. Any grub that had not burrowed into the soil within 10 min was replaced. Cylinders were treated on 31 Aug, 24 h after grubs were introduced. Air temperature at the time of treatment was 79°F, with 72% relative humidity, clear skies, and 3 MPH wind. Liquid formulations were diluted with water and applied as a coarse spray to the turf using a hand-held, trigger-type sprayer. A total of 10 ml of diluted formulation was applied per cylinder (329 gal/acre). Granular formulations were weighed on a microbalance and sprinkled evenly into individual cylinders. The whole site was irrigated with about 1 inch of water immediately after treatments were applied. Plots treated with entomogenous nematodes (BioVector [= Steinernema carpocapsae], Biosys Corp., Palo Alto, CA) received 10 ml of dilute formulation at a rate equivalent to 2 billion nematodes/acre. The nematode treatment was applied midway through the irrigation period, so that those plots received both pre- and posttreatment watering. Following irrigation, the cylinders that received nematodes were shaded by covering them with window screen until the following morning, when the screens were removed. Shading and pretreatment irrigation were intended to create conditions favorable for high nematode survival. The plots were evaluated 19 DAT by removing each cylinder with a spade and examining the enclosed soil and turf for surviving grubs. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and treatment means were separated by LSD test.
Efficacy of Several Formulations of Carbaryl Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Golf Course Fairway, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Five formulations of carbaryl were tested at two rates on overwintered Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course fairway in Longmeadow, MA. The fairway consisted of creeping bentgrass (60%), Kentucky bluegrass (25%), and annual bluegrass (15%), mowed at 2.0-2.5 cm. Materials were applied to 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, replicated 5 times, and arranged in a complete randomized block design. Applications were made on 29 Apr. At the time of application, air temperature was 12°C. Soil was a silty loam, soil pH was 6.5, water pH was 7.1, turf was maintained at 2.8 cm, thatch was 2.0 cm thick and moderately dense. The area received 1.0 cm irrigation 30 min after the last application was completed, and 1.5 cm rain fell 18 h after application. Granular materials were applied using hand shakers, while liquid materials were applied using watering cans and 3 liters/plot. In all cases, half the material was applied in one direction and the remaining material was applied at 90° angles. Product efficacy was evaluated 10 Jun (42 DAT) by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot (at least 0.6 ni from any edge), dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Effect of Timing of Application on Efficacy of Two Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Home Lawn, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on one of five dates (12 Jun, 8, 24 Jul, 7 Aug, or 9 Sep) to 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, which were replicated 5 times and arranged in a complete randomized block design. The lawn, in South Deerfield, MA, consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (80%), creeping bentgrass (10%), and annual bluegrass (10%) and was maintained at 5.0 cm. Treatments were applied with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot. The entire test area received 1.2 cm irrigation 0.5 to 2.0 h after each application. Soil pH was 6.5, water pH varied from 6.4 to 6.8. Product efficacy was evaluated on 8 Oct by cutting two 0.1 m2 samples out of each plot (at least 1 m from any edge), dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 10 cm.
Efficacy of Neem Extract and Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1991
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Roy S. J. , Tirrell M.
Published: March 2022

Small plot trials were conducted at two sites to investigate the efficacy of neem extract and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle grubs. Both trials consisted of 2.6 × 2.6 m plots, replicated 4 times, in a complete randomized block design. Both sites (a home lawn in Deerfield, MA, and a golf course fairway in Amherst, MA) consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. The Deerfield site had a considerable population of broad-leafed weeds. Applications at Deerfield were made on 7 Aug (4 cm rain 48 h pretreatment, irrigated with 1.2 cm water, pH 5.5, immediately after application). Applications at Amherst were made on 19 Aug (2.5 cm rain immediately before and during application, an additional 12 cm rain within 36 h after application). All applications were made with watering cans, using 3 liters water per plot.
Cotoneaster, Efficacy of Selected Pesticides Against an Aphid, Lake CO., OHIO, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotoneaster growing in 3-gal (11.7 liter) containers at a nursery in Lake Co., OH, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against aphids. A COa compression sprayer at 30 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off. Two tests were conducted at separate nurseries in Lake Co. In the first test infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 4, single-plant replicates per treatment. Only one application was applied 3 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and 16-24 km/h winds. In the second test infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 5, single-plant replicates per treatment. Two applications were made. The first application was 18 Jul under sunny skies, 29°C, and 10-15 km/h winds and the second application was to selected plants 30 Jul under sunny skies, 25°C, and 10-15 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Treatments in tests 1 and 2 were evaluated 7 and 10 DAT, respectively, by removing four, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 4 or 5 replicates. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through an aphid brusher 6 times to dislodge aphids to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged aphids were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Lake CO., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotoneaster growing in 3 gal (11.7 liter) containers at a nursery in Lake Co., OH, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 30 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 4 replicates per treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 3 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and 16-24 km/h winds; the second application to selected plants was on 13 Jul under cloudy skies, 19°C, and 16-24 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Treatments were evaluated 6 and 24 days after the second application by removing four, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 4 replicates per treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Subsurface and Conventionally Placed Granular and Liquid Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on a golf course fairway in Lincoln, NE. The predominant grass species was perennial ryegrass maintained at a mowing height of ys inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions at the study site were; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Insecticides were applied on 6-7 Aug to 5 x 5ft plots. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Subsurface treatments were applied using either a Cushman prototype Subsurface Applicator or a modified Ryan Mataway Overseeder. Both liquid and granular subsurface insecticide applications were placed at the soil-thatch interface (average depth of 0.24 inch). Conventional granular and liquid insecticide applications were applied with a Grandy 30H12 drop spreader or a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2, respectively. Immediately following applications plots were irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. An additional 1.0 inch of rain fell and the test area was periodically syringed during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 20 DAT on 26 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs.
Bagworm Control of Eastern Red Cedar, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated for bagworm control on eastern red cedar. Trees were 6 to 8 ft tall and 3 to 4 ft wide and were part of an ornamental planting located at the entrance of a local housing addition. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were applied on 8 Jul using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 70°F and 0-5 mph respectively. No measurable precipitation occurred during the test. Mortality was determined by opening bags and examining 10 larvae from each treatment in all replicates 3 and 7 DAT.
Scotch Pine, Control of European Pine Sawfly, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine, 1.5-2 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Wayne Co. were used to evaluate insecticides against European pine sawfly larvae. Treatments were applied 2 May when conditions were partly cloudy, 13°C, with 8-16 km/h winds. There were 3.1 cm of rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. Larvae were 6-12 mm long when sprays were applied. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting #2 for 15 s was used to deliver ca. 300 ml of finished spray to each of 3, single-tree replicates. Sprays were directed toward colonies and surrounding foliage. Treatments were evaluated 8 DAT by counting the number of live larvae per colony.
Scotch Pine, Control of Northern Pine Weevil, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A stand of Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1989, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected materials as stump treatments to prevent colonization and survival of regeneration weevil larvae. Four 5-stump replicates of each treatment were randomly selected throughout the plantation, and materials were applied 13 Apr under sunny skies, 10°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. Insecticide and granular fertilizer treatments were applied to an 800 cm2 area around each stump. A Hudson compression sprayer was used to deliver ca. 100 ml of finished spray material (kerosene carrier) per stump. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 17 Oct by removing the bark to the first lateral root and counting the number of chip cocoons.
Oral to xicity of Various Insecticides, 1990-1991
Authors: Reid B. L. , Klotz J. H.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides (abamectin, chlorpyrifos, dechlorane, permethrin, and sulfluramid) were evaluated as potential bait toxicants for black carpenter ants. All testing was done after sunset, between 2100 and 0100 h, with foragers from colonies nesting in trees. Technical abamectin, dechlorane, and sulfluramid were solubilized in acetone (20 ml) to 25 mg/u,l; 50mg of Tween80 was added to enhance even mixing in the sugar-milk bait. Formulated chlorpyrifos (4 E) and permethrin (2 E) were used, since the above procedure had not been adopted when they were tested. An appropriate volume of concentrate was diluted in given weight of sugar-milk bait (10 g raw sugar in 50 ml whole milk). Fresh sugarmilk dilutions were prepared each evening and transported on ice. Ants were attracted to a feeding station at the terminus of 3-cm diam wooden poles, supported at 50 cm above the ground, originating from a tree where the colony nested. Once ants were traveling along the poles, a bait dish on the feeding station was filled with 1 ml of toxic bait. After ants fed to repletion, and were returning to the nest, they were transferred to plastic boxes (10 per box) with a ventilated lid. This was continued until approximately 30 ants (range: 28 to 31) were dosed. Returned to the laboratory (25 ° 5°C, ambient RH), the ants were provided a moistened dental wick, and observed for cumulative mortality at 6 and 12 h after treatment and then at 12 h intervals for 21 d; dental wicks were wetted daily. At varying DAT, LC^s were estimated by regression of probit mortality vs. log10 of concentration (ppm). LT30S for 500 ppm abamectin, dechlorane, and sulfluramid and 20 ppm chlorpyrifos and permethrin were estimated by regression of cumulative probit mortality vs. logio of time (d); for LTJQS, ants fed untreated bait served as controls monitoring natural mortality.
Knockdown Activity of Type II Pyrethroids, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests assessed the relative knockdown activity of WP form of three pyrethroids: cypermethrin (40%), deltamethrin (5%), and tralomethrin (40%). Sprays of 0.015%, 0.03%, 0.06%, and 0.09% AI were applied to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging; residual agings evaluated were 1, 30, and 60 d. At each aging period, insects were confined to the treated panel using 12.7 cm diameter plexiglas rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum/mineral oil mixture. Two exposure times were evaluated at each aging period: a continuous exposure where insects were left on the treated panel until moribund, and a 30 s exposure after which the insects were removed from the treated panel and observed. In both cases, knockdown evaluation was made by recording the time when the fifth of 10 insects in each replicate was knocked down. The functional definition of knockdown was taken to be when the test insects were incapable of any coordinated movement; insects were periodically challenged with probes to aid in determining their knockdown status. Six replicates of 10 adult male cockroaches (<2 wk old) were conducted for each exposure time for each insecticide treatment at each aging period. Knockdown data (log y) were analyzed using ANOVA models, followed by the Fishers protected least significant difference (P = 0.01).
Diamondback Moth Mortality on Horseradish and Canola Foliage Field-Treated with Microbial Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H.
Published: March 2022

In separate laboratory bioassays, DBM mid-sized larvae from a laboratory colony (established in 1988 with insects from southwestern Illinois) were confined with horseradish or canola foliage taken from field plots treated 1 d previously with several microbial insecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Spray solutions were applied to horseradish plots with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 23 Sep. Spray solutions were applied to canola plots with a 3-gal “backpack-type” hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 280 gal/acre on 10 Oct. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in all treatments except Lannate 1.8 EC and Condor OF. Details of field application of insecticides are included in Papers 53E (horseradish) and 21F (canola). DBM larvae were confined in groups of 10 in petri dishes containing 2 leaf disks on moist filter paper. Each treatment was replicated 5 times for a total of 50 larvae per treatment. An equal number of larvae confined on foliage from untreated plots served as a control for each bioassay. Mortality of DBM larvae was determined after 3 d exposure to the leaf disks.
Control of Thrips in Cotton with In-Furrow Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 29 May at the University of Arkansas Northeast Research and Extension Center in Keiser, AR. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with a Gandy box on the planter while in-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer on the planter. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 11 gal/acre at 20 psi through 8203 flat fan nozzles directed into the furrow in front of the press wheel. Liquid sidedress treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with 1 8203 flat fan nozzle/row delivering 11 gal/acre at 20 psi. Granular sidedress treatments were applied with a coffee can with a small hole in the bottom and calibrated to deliver the desired rate. All sidedress treatments were directed to the ground next to a row and cultivated in immediately following application. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 12, 20, and 27 Jun and 13 Jul. Visual damage ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Thrips were counted by removing 5 plants per plot and washing the plants through a series of sieves, counting the thrips trapped by the last sieve. Plant height and node measurements were also made. Plots were harvested on 17 Oct for first pick and 27 Oct for second pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations in South-Central Arkansas, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 2, 19, Jul and 12 Aug on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Jefferson County, AR using a Spirit high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 9 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage.
Early Season Control of Thrips in Cotton, 1992:
Authors: Speese John
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted on 21 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each treatment consisted of 3, 25 ft rows with an untreated border row separating treatments. Row spacing was 36 inches. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Orthene 15 G and Temik 15 G were applied in the furrow before planting using a hand-held shaker. Orthene 75 S foliar sprays were applied on 8 Jun using a single nozzle hollow cone boom backpack sprayer delivering 15 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The second spray for the Orthene 75 S split application treatment was made on 22 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of height measurements and percent thrips injury ratings on the dates indicated in the table.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bugs and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybean, 1992:
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Padgett Marion L. , Purvis Chad
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of southern green stink bugs and velvetbean caterpillars was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Four insecticides were foliar-applied on 1 Sep on ‘Essex’ soybeans that were planted on 26 May. Individual plots were 6 rows wide by 15 m long with 1-m alleys on each end and 4 border rows on each side. The 4 insecticides plus an untreated check were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-9 nozzles on a 2 m boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 176 liters per hectare. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 3, 7, 14, and 21 DAT, by taking a 25 sweep sample (0.4 m diam net) from single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage at the initiation of this test and R6 growth stage on 21 DAT.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Russian Wheat Aphid Control, 1992:
Authors: Johnson G. D. , McLendon M. E.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated with and without a surfactant for efficacy against RWA in a winter wheat field seeded 26 Aug 1991 in Judith Basin County, Montana. Insecticide treatments were applied on 26 Sep at the 4-5 leaf growth stage. Rll, a non-ionic surfactant, was added at 0.25% v/v. Treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 10 ft hand held spray boom and Teejet 8001LP flat-fan nozzles. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 20 psi. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replicates, each measuring 20 x 30 ft. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by clipping 10 tillers from each treated and untreated replicate and counting the number of RWA on each tiller. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and treatment means separated using LSD.
Control of Whiteflies on Anthurium, HI, 1992:
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted from 15 Nov to 20 Dec 91 on established ‘UH 1060’ and ‘Ozaki’ plants growing in volcanic cinder media in 7.6 liter bags under a fiberglass greenhouse. Treatments consisted of four blocks with 10 potted plants per block arranged in a RCB. Blocks 1 and 3 consisted of ‘UH 1060’ and blocks 2 and 4 consisted of ‘Ozaki’ cultivar. Tests began when a 100 percent infestation occurred in all blocks. NTN 33893 0.5% G was applied once and watered after application. Five weeks after treatment ten scale leaves were sampled from each block and examined under a dissecting microscope for live and dead adults, pupae, nymphs and eggs. The number of live adults, pupae, nymphs, and eggs from ten scale leaves were pooled for analysis.
Black Cutworm Control on Bentgrass Golf Greens, 1992:
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides and a commercially available nematode preparation for biological control were evaluated for caterpillar control on a bentgrass practice green at Pine Hollow Golf Course in Johnston Co. Experimental plots 10 ft wide x 30 ft long were established. Treatments with three replications were randomly selected. Soil and air temperature were both 84°F and soil moisture was adequate to preclude preirrigation. Spray formulations were applied to plots using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles delivering approx. 30 gal of spray/acre. Screens were removed from the sprayer to apply the Exhibit nematode treatment. Granular formulations were applied using shaker jars with perforated lids. Mocap could not be used on the bentgrass due to phytotoxicity, and this treatment was applied to an adjacent area of the fairway. Treatments were applied 9 Sep under intermittently cloudy skies. After application, all treatments were irrigated in with approx. 0.25 inch of water. Larvae were mostly of medium size. Plots were evaluated at 1 and 3 DAT by flushing three 1-m2 areas/plot with soapy water and taking counts of the emerging live worms. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are reported in the table.
Influence of the Wetting Agent HM-8902 in Combination with Three Formulations of Chlorpyrifos on Annual White Grub Control, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Ali M. A. A. , Gaussoin R. E.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass (50%) and perennial rye (50%) golf course rough. The turf was maintained at a mowing height of 3.8 cm and thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.64 to 1.3 cm. Field conditions at the time of application were: air temperature, 34.0°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 29.0°C; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Plots were 1.5 X 1.5 m, and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 11 Aug using a C02 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 1.3 cm of water. Product efficacy was evaluated 1 Sep (21 DAT) by removing from each plot six 20.3 diam turf-soil cores (0.19 m2 total area) to a depth of 7.5 cm and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Spring Management of Bluegrass Billbug with Conventional and Experimental Formulations at the Valentine Research Center, University Park, PA, 1992
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The field plot consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass. Treatment plots were 10 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with 4 8004 VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (20 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70"F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 71.0°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64.0°F; RH 70%; amount of thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.5% sand, 61.5% silt, 16.0% clay; organic matter, 3.7%; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 37 d later (26 Jun). Bluegrass billbug control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of bluegrass billbug life stages (larvae, pupae, adults) were recorded from each sample and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Insecticides to Control Japanese Beetles on A Golf Course Fairway in Harrison Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were applied 3 Aug at Clarksburg C.C. The only species present was Japanese beetle which averaged 21.5 grubs/ft2 (mostly 1st instars). Experimental plots were 8 x 8 ft arranged in a CRD. Liquid formulations were applied in two liters of water with a sprinkler can; granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker. Plots were irrigated with about two liters of water about three min after treatments were applied. Water pH was 6.8. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 30°C; RH, 72%; partly sunny (calm); soil, moist; soil temperature, 29°C (1 inch); pH, 4.77; organic matter, 8.13%; soil type, loam (sand 42.6%, silt 43.4%, clay 14.0%); thatch layer 1/4 inch (compressed). Total precipitation during trial period was 1.35 inches. Plots were sampled at 28 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2-3 inches; 4 random samples were taken per plot.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Marigold Plants in the Greenhouse, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-six ‘Yellow Boy’ marigold plants at a Michigan State University research greenhouse were used for this experiment. The plants were grown to a height of 10 inches in 6-inch diameter clay pots. They were watered with a drip irrigation system three times per week. On 8 Apr the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites raised from a bean culture in the laboratory by placing infested leaves on the test plants. The precounts were made on 29 Apr by collecting 4 leaves from each plant and counting the number of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 29 Apr with a R&D C02 sprayer with an 80° #3 nozzle at 50 psi. Postcounts were made on 5, 12, and 26 May in the same manner as the precounts.
Award Mound Treatments for Harvester Ant Control in Old-Field Pastures, Nm, 1992
Authors: Ward Charles R. , Blanco-Montero Carlos A.
Published: March 2022

Award 1% bait formulation was applied to harvester ant mounds in an open pasture near Estancia, NM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 6 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity, selected and marked, and counts made of active ants on and in the clear area of each mound and the number of active mound openings prior to treatment on 12 Jun. Treatments were made by sprinkling a measured amount of bait around each mound opening.
Allegheny Mound Ant Control, Grant Co., Wv, 1992
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D.
Published: March 2022

Ant mounds were categorized for treatment by diam size as small (up to 1.11 m), medium (1.14 to 1.40 m) and large (> 1.40 m). Mounds were prepared for treatment by scraping off (with a hand trowel) the top of each mound to expose the large passage tunnels; amount of top removed on small, medium, and large mounds, respectively, was 20 to 25 cm, 30 to 35 cm, and 30 to 45 cm. The amount of drench solution applied to the exposed scrape surface of each mound was 1, 2, and 3 liters for small, medium, and large mounds, respectively. Drenches were applied with a sprinkling can. Treatment efficacy was evaluated (mostly at weekly intervals) by excavating (with a hand trowel) a small opening into the undisturbed side of mounds and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. The mound was judged active or inactive depending on the presence or absence of ants at the excavation site. Final evaluations were made by excavating 1/3 to 1/2 of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity. The study was conducted in an area comprising 1.33 ha and contained about 100 mounds per ha. Two tests were conducted. In Test 1, one small, medium, and large mound each was treated with the same insecticide. Treatments were applied 24 Jun. Air temperatures and RH at the start and finish times of treatments were 19°C and 33°C, and 75% and 39% RH, respectively; partly cloudy; soil temperature at 5.1 cm into mounds was 25 to 27°C. Accumulative precipitation for the trial period was 1.4, 1.7, 1.7, 6.7, and 11.9 cm at 7, 14, 21, 29, and 35 DAT, respectively. Efficacy of these treatments was evaluated over a period of 35 d and partial excavation made at 35 DAT. In Test 2, a larger number of mounds ranging from 7 to 18 per treatment (except for Karate, 4 mounds) were treated with each compound. An effort was made to include small, medium, and large mounds in each treatment but in some cases large mounds were not included because of their scarcity. Treatments were applied 30 Jul. Air temperature and RH at the start and finish times of treatment were 22°C and 28°C, and 75% and 63% RH, respectively; clear. Accumulative precipitation at 7, 16, and 21 DAT was 0, 2.8, and 2.8 cm, respectively. Partial excavation of mounds were made at 21 DAT. Since complete control was not achieved in the Turcam and Orthene treatments, an additional evaluation of activity was made at 56 DAT.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1992
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias obtained as rooted cuttings were potted in 15 cm pots. Plants were allowed 4 wk growth before use in trials. Six plants/treatment were arranged in a RCB design on a greenhouse bench. Poinsettia leaves were numbered from the top (first leaf of 1 cm2) down. Twenty whitefly adults were caged on leaf no. 5 for 48 h. After egg eclosion (10 d) the no. of nymphs were counted as a pre-treatment count. Treatments began the same day as the pre-treatment count (day 0) and continued weekly for 2 wk with a hand sprayer at 40 psi. One post-treatment count of all immature stages and emerged whiteflies was made 16 DAT.
Evaluation of Entomogenous Nematodes and Conventional Formulations to Control Pine Root Collar Weevil on Scotch Pine in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Eleven treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine root collar weevil on heavily infested 8-12 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Individual treatments were applied to replicates after the duff below each tree was removed and bare ground was exposed. Liquid formulations were applied at the rate of 312 gal/acre (946 ml/tree) with a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. The following conditions existed on 15 May: clear skies; air temperature, 90°F; water pH, 7.0; and RH, 39%. Each tree was dug and burlapped at the field site on 14 Nov, loaded into a rental truck, and returned to the laboratory. Each tree was thoroughly examined by removing all the bark from the root collar areas and lateral roots to record the presence of larvae. The soil ball was examined for the presence of larvae and adults.
Efficacy of Insecticide Formulations, 1991
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Various self-pressurized sprays, supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories (St. Louis, MO), were directed into cracks and crevices in kitchens within single-family dwellings located in Duplin, Johnston and Sampson counties, NC. Kitchens with a minimum of 100 German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey served as individual plots with 5 replications per treatment. Preapplication visual tallies in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. When living cockroaches were observed during the reinspection intervals additional insecticide applications were made to the infested areas. Other rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each application time to minimize immigration of German cockroaches. Cockroach tallies were not made in these rooms nor was insecticide volume recorded. The active ingredient applied initially and during reapplications for all formulations ranged from 0.01-4.9 g and 0-3.0 g, respectively, per 50 m2 of kitchen floor and wall surfaces. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for reapplications because partial cockroach control resulted from the initial applications.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borers on Peanuts, 1992
Authors: Wolf S. P. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This test consisted of two parts, a field application of the granular insecticides and a laboratory bioassay. Insecticides were applied to conventionally planted and tilled peanuts in a light loamy sand soil at the Wiregrass Substation of Auburn University at Headland, AL. Twelve treatments and a control were replicated four times in randomized complete block design. Each plot was six rows wide (36 in row spacing) and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied, at flowering, on 30 Jun with a small-plot granular applicator in a 7 inch band over the row. A second application of Dyfonate 20G and PCB-coated Dyfonate was made 27 d after flowering on 27 Jul. The soil sample was taken from each plot once per wk by collecting 3 subsamples (12-in wide by 4-in long by 1-in deep) from within each plot. The soil sample was collected from underneath the peanut canopy by removing the plant. Soil samples were taken to the laboratory and refrigerated at 0°C until assayed the following week. Soil from each treatment was air dried to <1.0% moisture and placed in 1-oz plastic diet cups at a depth of 0.5 in. First instar larvae placed in these cups were provided diet as a continuous food source. Pesticide efficacy was evaluated by exposing 36 larvae (4 replicates times 3 cups per replicate times 3 larvae per cup) to each soil sample or treatment. At the end of a 72h exposure, the number of live and dead insects were counted.
Tomato Insect Control 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

‘Marion’ tomatoes were transplanted July 26, 1976, in 6-ft rows with 20-inch spacing between plants. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each treatment plot consisted of a single, 25-ff row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/A (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #147 adjustable-cone nozzle. Applications were made on August 30, September 7, 13, 20, 27, October 5, and 13, 1976. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments, the number of leafminers and number of pinworm mines/10 plants were counted along with the number of potato aphids/10 leaves selected at random and fruitworm-infested tomatoes/100 fruit. All counts were made on October 8. Unfortunately an unseasonably early frost on October 18 (28°F) destroyed so much foliage and fruit that it was impossible to take records thereafter, and the experiment was terminated.
Control of Fruitworm and Pinworm on Tomato, 1977
Authors: Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

The test conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Seedlings were transplanted on July 13. Plots consisted of 3 rows (88-inch centers) X 40 ft and were separated by 5-ft alleys. Plant spacing on the rows was 18 inches. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment was used. To prevent fruit rots, Manzate 200 (at 2 lb ai/acre) was applied weekly through September 9, then Difolatan (at 2 lb ai/acre) from September 16 through October 7. Test insecticides were applied at weekly intervals from August 27 through October 7 using a Super Blue Boy 6000sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre. Data were taken from the middle rows. Damage to fruit by fruitworm and pinworm was determined by harvesting and examining all rotting and ripe fruits weekly from September 15 to October 13 and all ripe and mature green fruits on October 20. Data from all harvest dates were pooled for statistical analysis.
Potato Leafhopper and Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer Control, 1977
Authors: Hower A. A.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station Farm at Rock Springs, Centre County. Insecticide sprays were applied June 27 to 20 x 20 ft plots in a random-ized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. Alfalfa was 6 to 8 inches tall at treatment. Spray concentrates were applied in 30 gallons water per acre at 50 psi with a small plot boom type sprayer. Potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 5 - 180° sweep samples taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch diameter heavy duty insect net. The sweep arc was maintained approximately 18 inches from the sweepers feet. Alfalfa blotch leafminer control was determined from the number of occupied mines in 10 stems randomly collected across each plot. Both leafhopper and leafminer density were evaluated 3 times during 21 days post treatment. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2-60 ft2 samples taken per plot on July 26.