bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NK Cell Killer Ig-like Receptor Repertoire Acquisition and Maturation Are Strongly Modulated by HLA Class I Molecules
Authors: Sleiman Marwan , Brons Nicolaas H. C. , Kaoma Tony , Dogu Figen , Villa-Forte Alexandra , Lenoble Patrick , Hentges François , Kotsch Katja , Gadola Stephan D. , Vilches Carlos , Zimmer Jacques
Published: February 2014

The interaction between clonally distributed inhibitory receptors and their activating counterparts on NK cells and HLA class I molecules defines NK cell functions, but the role of HLA class I ligands in the acquisition of their receptors during NK development is still unclear. Although some studies demonstrated that HLA-C affects the expression of killer Ig-like receptors (KIR), other studies showed that NK cells acquire their KIR repertoire in a stochastic manner. Only when infected with human CMV is an expansion of self-specific KIR+ NKG2C+ NK cells detected. To gain more insight into this question, we compared the coexpression of different KIR molecules, NKG2A, CD8, and CD57, on NK cells in healthy donors and seven patients with deficient HLA class I expression due to mutations in one of the TAP genes. Our results show a correlation between the presence/absence of HLA class I molecules and the coexpression of their receptors. In an HLA class I low-expression context, an increase in KIR molecules’ coexpression is detected on the NKG2A+ CD8+ subset. In functional assays, hyporesponsiveness was observed for TAP-deficient NK cells derived from four patients. In contrast, NK cells from patient five were functional, whereas CD107a+ and IFN-γ+ CD56dim NK cells presented a different pattern of HLA class I receptors compared with healthy donors. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for the role of HLA class I molecules in NK cell maturation and KIR repertoire acquisition.
Print Media Coverage around Failed and Successful Tobacco Tax Initiatives: The South Carolina Experience
Authors: Thrasher James F. , Kim Sei-Hill , Rose India , Navarro Ashley , Craft Mary-Kathryn , Davis Kelly J. , Biggers Sharon
Published: February 2014

Purpose.

Taxes are a critical tobacco control policy, yet little systematic research has determined how mass media represent tobacco taxes. This study aimed to characterize print media coverage of tobacco tax initiatives in South Carolina (SC).

Design.

Content analysis.

Setting.

The setting comprised 346 news articles from 2006 to 2010 in the four main SC newspapers.

Subjects.

N/A

Measures.

A coding scheme with good inter-rater reliability (α = .90–1.0) assessed article type (news vs. opinion), arguments, and the story tendency regarding whether it was in favor of the tax, against the tax, or neutral/mixed.

Analysis.

Chi-square tests and t-tests assessed hypotheses regarding the prevalence and number of different arguments and article tendencies across different time periods (i.e., legislature in session vs. not in session; successful vs. unsuccessful initiative) and article types.

Results.

Most articles were favorable toward the tax (59%), with favorable articles most likely to be found in opinion pieces than in news articles. Compared to unsuccessful tax initiative years (2006 to 2009), articles from the successful year (2010) were more likely to include pro-tax arguments about how the tax can raise state revenues (47% vs. 33%; p = .020) and pay for tobacco control programs (40% vs. 26%; p = .014). Unsuccessful years included a relatively higher percentage of stories about the lack of consensus regarding how the tax money should be spent (25% vs. 11%; p = .014). Within articles, the mean number of arguments favorable toward the tax and the mean number of economic arguments were marginally higher in the successful year compared to the unsuccessful years.

Conclusion.

Study results suggest that advocates build consensus and communicate more clearly on how tobacco tax revenue streams should be spent.
Impact of Nodal Staging for Small Bowel Carcinoid: More is Better!
Authors: Tran Thuy , Reich Heidi , Leung Anna , Wolin Edward , Amersi Farin , Hari Danielle M
Published: February 2014

Current guidelines for small bowel carcinoid (SBC) do not specify the extent lymph node (LN) staging required. Our aim was to determine whether analyzing more LNs in patients who undergo surgical resection for SBC correlated with improved survival. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried to identify patients undergoing surgical resection for histologically confirmed SBC from 1988- 2009. The number of LNs examined was categorized into 0, 1 to 6, 7 to 11 and 12+ nodes. Patient demographics and tumor characteristics were assessed by Logrank and Cox regression analysis. The median number of LNs examined for all 2796 patients was 4.00 (mean 6.83). For all stages of jejunal and ileal tumors examined, increased nodal sampling was associated with significantly improved survival (p < 0.001). On regression analysis, older age, non-white race, larger tumor size, higher T-stage and number of LNs examined were predictive of worse survival. For jejunal and ileal SBC, adequate lymphadenectomy, consisting of 12 lymph nodes, correlates with significantly improved survival. Presently, no guideline exists for SBC LN staging, but it is critical to ensure adequate surgical staging in patients who undergo resection for jejunal and ileal SBC.

How to cite this article

Tran T, Reich H, Leung A, Wolin E, Amersi F, Hari DM. Impact of Nodal Staging for Small Bowel Carcinoid: More is Better! World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3):65-70.
A 44-Year-Old Male with Repeat Cervical Neck Exploration for 1° Hyperparathyroidism and Imaging Suspicious for Intrathyroidal Parathyroid
Authors: Farley David R , Khreiss Wael , AlJamal Yazan N , Aho Johnathon Michael Edward
Published: February 2014

A 44-year-old male with primary hyperparathyroidism underwent a negative cervical neck exploration. The subsequent workup including imaging and management suggested an intrathyroid mass suspicious for a parathyroid adenoma. A thyroid lobectomy was performed with the pathologic evaluation demonstrating an intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma. The patient had resolution of his persistent primary hyperparathyroidism.

How to cite this article

Khreiss W, AlJamal YN, Farley DR, Aho JME. A 44-Year-Old Male with Repeat Cervical Neck Exploration for 1° Hyperparathyroidism and Imaging Suspicious for Intrathyroidal Parathyroid. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3): 79-81.
Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery through Breast and Axillary Approach
Authors: Chand Gyan , Agarwal Amit
Published: February 2014

Thyroid surgery was introduced since ages; it was initially started with large incision in the neck. Due to advancement in technology the minimally invasive surgery has been introduced for all organs. This technology is introduced in the thyroid surgery too. Different approaches have been established including minimally invasive video assisted, endoscopic, robotic and natural orifice thyroid surgery. Among these different approaches of endoscopic thyroid surgery, the breast and axillary approach is most acceptable and easy to perform. Here I am going to describe this technique of endoscopic thyroid surgery.

How to cite this article

Chand G, Agarwal A. Endoscopic Thyroid Surgery through Breast and Axillary Approach. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3):85-88.
Pancreatic Calcification in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Pradhan Roma , Gupta Sushil K
Published: February 2014

How to cite this article

Pradhan R, Gupta SK, Neyaz Z, Agarwal A. Pancreatic Calcification in Primary Hyperparathyroidism. World J Endoc Surg 2013;5(3):89.
Late Neck Metastasis of Clear Cell Salivary Carcinoma of the Soft Palate
Authors: Rena Xu , Herr Marc William , Sadow Peter , Deschler Daniel
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Clear cell carcinoma is a rare form of salivary gland tumor, most commonly affecting the palate and tongue. We present a patient with cervical lymph node metastasis 28 years after treatment for clear cell salivary carcinoma of the soft palate.

Case presentation

A new neck mass was found in a 69-yearold man with a remote history of clear cell salivary carcinoma of the soft palate. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy demonstrated no evidence of malignancy; however, excisional biopsy revealed carcinoma. Neck dissection was performed and final pathologic review demonstrated clear cell salivary carcinoma metastatic to a cervical lymph node.

Discussion

Clear cell salivary carcinoma may be less indolent than previously believed. Metastases to cervical lymph nodes and distant sites have been reported in one-fourth of patients and can occur many years after treatment. Immunohistochemical staining is a valuable adjunct for differentiating clear cell carcinoma from other neoplasms that demonstrate clear cell components.

Conclusion

This rare case of late neck metastasis after clear cell salivary carcinoma of the soft palate highlights the need for high clinical suspicion of recurrence many years after treatment and indicates the role of neck dissection for diagnosis and treatment in patients with possible nodal spread.

How to cite this article

Xu R, Herr MW, Sadow P, Deschler D. Late Neck Metastasis of Clear Cell Salivary Carcinoma of the Soft Palate. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):145-147.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Nasal Septum
Authors: Tejendrasingh Thakur Rahul , Laxmanrao Sonawale Sanjay Kumar
Published: February 2014

Pleomorphic adenoma is a common, benign tumor arising from the major salivary glands, most commonly from the parotid gland. In addition, they may also occur in the minor salivary glands of the hard and soft palate. Intranasal pleomorphic adenomas are unusual and may be misdiagnosed because they have greater myoepithelial cellularity and fewer myxoid stromata compared to those elsewhere. We report a case of pleomorphic adenoma of the nasal cavity arising from the nasal septum.

How to cite this article

Tejendrasingh TR, Laxmanrao SSK. Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Nasal Septum. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):151-153.
Ultrasound as a Useful Diagnostic Tool in the Follow-up of Laryngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Klinge Kathleen , Mueller Andreas
Published: February 2014

Background

Using neck ultrasound to evaluate the status of the lymph nodes of a patient with a head and neck cancer is common practice but laryngeal ultrasound could help to receive more information of the tumor.

Methods and results

We report a case of an initially T1a N0 M0 G2 R0 squamous-cell carcinoma of the right vocal cord. Despite regular follow-up, the relapse of the tumor remained undetected. The hypopharyngoscopy and laryngoscopy were performed. The tumor was evaluated with laryngeal ultrasound and to confirm the relapse of the tumor a MRI scan was performed. Endoscopically there was no obvious presence of the tumor. Laryngeal ultrasound facilitated the visualization of the tumor in good quality.

Unfortunately, a total laryngectomy was necessary to treat the relapse of the squamous-cell carcinoma (T4a N0 (0/16) M0 G2 R0).

Conclusion

Despite careful follow-up via laryngoscopy a relapse of the laryngeal tumor was not visible. Using laryngeal ultrasound, the relapse might have been detected sooner.

How to cite this article

Klinge K, Mueller A. Ultrasound as a Useful Diagnostic Tool in the Follow-up of Laryngeal Carcinoma. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):154-156.
Pleomorphic Lipoma: A Rare Tumor in the Retropharyngeal Space
Authors: Rangappa Vidya Bhushan , Suresh Raghavendra , Manikantan Kapila
Published: February 2014

Lipomas are benign tumors arising from fat cells. Occurrence of lipoma in retropharyngeal space is very rare entity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of pleomorphic lipoma being reported in the retropharyngeal space. They are usually asymptomatic until they are of large size. We report a case of a large pleomorphic lipoma in the retropharyngeal space, with emphasis on the clinical characters and histologic characteristics of the lesion. These tumors are best managed surgically by a transcervical approach.

How to cite this article

Rangappa VB, Suresh R, Manikantan K, Balasubramanya AM. Pleomorphic Lipoma: A Rare Tumor in the Retropharyngeal Space. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013;5(3):187-189.
Erosion-induced massive organic carbon burial and carbon emission in the Yellow River basin, China
Authors: Ran L. , Lu X. X. , Xin Z.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Soil erosion and terrestrial deposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) can potentially play a significant role in global carbon cycling. Assessing the redistribution of SOC during erosion and subsequent transport and burial is of critical importance. Using hydrological records of soil erosion and sediment load, and compiled organic carbon (OC) data, estimates of the eroded soils and OC induced by water in the Yellow River basin during the period 1950–2010 were assembled. The Yellow River basin has experienced intense soil erosion due to combined impact of natural process and human activity. Over the period, 134.2 ± 24.7 Gt of soils and 1.07 ± 0.15 Gt of OC have been eroded from hillslopes based on a soil erosion rate of 1.7–2.5 Gt yr−1. Approximately 63% of the eroded soils were deposited in the river system, while only 37% were discharged into the ocean. For the OC budget, approximately 0.53 ± 0.21 Gt (49.5%) was buried in the river system, 0.25 ± 0.14 Gt (23.5%) was delivered into the ocean, and the remaining 0.289 ± 0.294 Gt (27%) was decomposed during the erosion and transport processes. This validates the commonly held assumption that 20–40% of the eroded OC would be oxidized after erosion. Erosion-induced OC redistribution on the landscape likely represented a carbon source, although a large proportion of OC was buried. In addition, about half of the terrestrially redeposited OC (49.4%) was buried behind dams, revealing the importance of dam trapping in sequestering the eroded OC. Although several uncertainties need to be better constrained, the obtained budgetary results provide a means of assessing the redistribution of the eroded OC within the Yellow River basin. Human activities have significantly altered its redistribution pattern over the past decades.
Stable isotope ratio (13C/12C) mass spectrometry to evaluate carbon sources and sinks: changes and trends during the decomposition of vegetal debris from eucalyptus clone plantations (NW Spain)
Authors: Fernandez I. , Cabaneiro A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Vegetal debris is known to participate in key soil processes such as the formation of soil organic matter (OM), also being a potential source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. However, its contribution to the isotopic composition of both the soil OM and the atmospheric carbon dioxide is not clear yet. Hence, the main objective of the present research is to understand the isotopic 13C changes and trends that take place during the successive biodegradative stages of decomposing soil organic inputs. By incubating bulk plant tissues for several months under laboratory controlled conditions, the kinetics of the CO2 releases and shifts in the 13C natural abundance of the solid residues were investigated using litter samples coming from forest plantations with a different clone (Anselmo: 1st clonal generation attained by morphological selection and Odiel: 2nd clonal generation genetically obtained) of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. developed over granitic or schistic bedrocks and located in northwestern Spain. Significant isotopic variations with time were observed, probably due to the isotopically heterogeneous composition of these complex substrates in conjunction with the initial selective consumption of more easily degradable 13C-differentiated compounds during the first stages of the biodegradation, while less available or recalcitrant litter components were decomposed at later stages of biodegradation, generating products that have their own specific isotopic signatures. These results, which significantly differ depending on the type of clone, suggest that caution must be exercised when interpreting carbon isotope studies (at natural abundance levels) since perturbations associated with the quality or chemical composition of the organic debris from different terrestrial ecosystems can have an important effect on the carbon stable isotope dynamics.
What controls the isotopic composition of Greenland surface snow?
Authors: Steen-Larsen H. C. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Hirabayashi M. , Winkler R. , Satow K. , Prié F. , Bayou N. , Brun E. , Cuffey K. M. , Dahl-Jensen D. , Dumont M. , Guillevic M. , Kipfstuhl S. , Landais A. , Popp T. , Risi C. , Steffen K. , Stenni B. , Sveinbjörnsdottír A. E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Water stable isotopes in Greenland ice core data provide key paleoclimatic information, and have been compared with precipitation isotopic composition simulated by isotopically enabled atmospheric models. However, post-depositional processes linked with snow metamorphism remain poorly documented. For this purpose, monitoring of the isotopic composition (δ18O, δD) of near-surface water vapor, precipitation and samples of the top (0.5 cm) snow surface has been conducted during two summers (2011–2012) at NEEM, NW Greenland. The samples also include a subset of 17O-excess measurements over 4 days, and the measurements span the 2012 Greenland heat wave. Our observations are consistent with calculations assuming isotopic equilibrium between surface snow and water vapor. We observe a strong correlation between near-surface vapor δ18O and air temperature (0.85 ± 0.11‰ °C−1 (R = 0.76) for 2012). The correlation with air temperature is not observed in precipitation data or surface snow data. Deuterium excess (d-excess) is strongly anti-correlated with δ18O with a stronger slope for vapor than for precipitation and snow surface data. During nine 1–5-day periods between precipitation events, our data demonstrate parallel changes of δ18O and d-excess in surface snow and near-surface vapor. The changes in δ18O of the vapor are similar or larger than those of the snow δ18O. It is estimated using the CROCUS snow model that 6 to 20% of the surface snow mass is exchanged with the atmosphere. In our data, the sign of surface snow isotopic changes is not related to the sign or magnitude of sublimation or deposition. Comparisons with atmospheric models show that day-to-day variations in near-surface vapor isotopic composition are driven by synoptic variations and changes in air mass trajectories and distillation histories. We suggest that, in between precipitation events, changes in the surface snow isotopic composition are driven by these changes in near-surface vapor isotopic composition. This is consistent with an estimated 60% mass turnover of surface snow per day driven by snow recrystallization processes under NEEM summer surface snow temperature gradients. Our findings have implications for ice core data interpretation and model–data comparisons, and call for further process studies.
Rainfall thresholds for shallow landslide occurrence in Calabria, southern Italy
Authors: Vennari C. , Gariano S. L. , Antronico L. , Brunetti M. T. , Iovine G. , Peruccacci S. , Terranova O. , Guzzetti F.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In many areas, rainfall is the primary trigger of landslides. Determining the rainfall conditions responsible for landslide occurrence is important, and may contribute to saving lives and properties. In a long-term national project for the definition of rainfall thresholds for possible landslide occurrence in Italy, we compiled a catalogue of 186 rainfall events that resulted in 251 shallow landslides in Calabria, southern Italy, from January 1996 to September 2011. Landslides were located geographically using Google Earth®, and were given a mapping and a temporal accuracy. We used the landslide information, and sub-hourly rainfall measurements obtained from two complementary networks of rain gauges, to determine cumulated event vs. rainfall duration (ED) thresholds for Calabria. For this purpose, we adopted an existing method used to prepare rainfall thresholds and to estimate their associated uncertainties in central Italy. The regional thresholds for Calabria were found to be nearly identical to previous ED thresholds for Calabria obtained using a reduced set of landslide information, and slightly higher than the ED thresholds obtained for central Italy. We segmented the regional catalogue of rainfall events with landslides in Calabria into lithology, soil regions, rainfall zones, and seasonal periods. The number of events in each subdivision was insufficient to determine reliable thresholds, but allowed for preliminary conclusions about the role of the environmental factors in the rainfall conditions responsible for shallow landslides in Calabria. We further segmented the regional catalogue based on administrative subdivisions used for hydro-meteorological monitoring and operational flood forecasting, and we determined separate ED thresholds for the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian coasts of Calabria. We expect the ED rainfall thresholds for Calabria to be used in regional and national landslide warning systems. The thresholds can also be used for landslide hazard and risk assessments, and for erosion and landscape evolution studies, in the study area and in similar physiographic regions in the Mediterranean area.
Spatial and seasonal responses of precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and drought
Authors: Pervez M. S. , Henebry G. M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We evaluated the spatial and temporal responses of precipitation in the basins as modulated by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean (IO) dipole modes using observed precipitation records at 43 stations across the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins from 1982 to 2010. Daily observed precipitation records were extracted from Global Surface Summary of the Day dataset and spatial and monthly anomalies were computed. The anomalies were averaged for the years influenced by climate modes combinations. Occurrences of El Niño alone significantly reduced (60% and 88% of baseline in the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins, respectively) precipitation during the monsoon months in the northwestern and central Ganges basin and across the Brahmaputra basin. In contrast, co-occurrence of La Niña and a positive IO dipole mode significantly enhanced (135% and 160% of baseline, respectively) precipitation across both basins. During the co-occurrence of neutral phases in both climate modes (occurring 13 out of 28 yr), precipitation remained below average to average in the agriculturally extensive areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, eastern Nepal, and the Rajshahi district in Bangladesh in the Ganges basin and northern Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh in the Brahmaputra basin. This pattern implies that a regular water deficit is likely in these areas with implications for the agriculture sector due to its reliance on consistent rainfall for successful production. Major flooding and drought occurred as a consequence of the interactive effects of the ENSO and IO dipole modes, with the sole exception of extreme precipitation and flooding during El Niño events. This observational analysis will facilitate well informed decision making in minimizing natural hazard risks and climate impacts on agriculture, and supports development of strategies ensuring optimized use of water resources in best management practice under changing climate.
On modulation instability in a system of jets, waves and eddies off California
Authors: Ivanov L. M. , Collins C. A. , Margolina T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. SSH altimetry observations for 1992 to 2009 off Central and Southern California are used to show that observed quasi-zonal jets were likely driven by near-resonance interactions between different scales of the flow. Quartet (modulational) instability dominated and caused non-local transfer of energy from waves and eddies to bi-annual oscillations and quasi-zonal jets. The total number of quartets induced off California was approximately 10 times larger than the number of existing triads, and quartet amplitudes in general were larger than triad amplitudes. The spectral centroid regularly shifted into the domain of low-order modes. Local "negative" viscosity probably did not generate a classical inverse cascade because the spectrum of SSHs did not demonstrate power behavior. Two types of quartets were identified: (a) quasi-zonal jets, annual and semi-annual Rossby waves and eddies, and (b) bi-annual oscillations, semi-annual Rossby waves and eddies. For a case with bottom friction, quartet instability required the existence of a certain level of dissipativity in the flow.
Coastal sea level response to the tropical cyclonic forcing in the north Indian Ocean
Authors: Mehra P. , Mohan S. , Vethamony P. , Vijaykumar K. , Balakrishnan Nair T. M. , Agarvadekar Y. , Jyoti K. , Sudheesh K. , Luis R. , Lobo S. , Harmalkar B.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The study examines the observed storm-generated sea-level variation due to deep depression (Event-E1) in the Arabian Sea from 26 November–1 December 2011 and a cyclonic storm "THANE" (Event-E2) over the Bay of Bengal during 25–31 December 2011. The sea-level and surface meteorological measurements collected during these extreme events exhibit strong synoptic disturbances leading to storm surge up to 43 cm on the west coast and 29 cm on the east coast of India due to E1 and E2. E1 generated sea level oscillations at the measuring stations on the west coast (Ratnagiri, Verem and Karwar) and east coast (Mandapam and Tuticorin) of India with significant energy bands centered at periods of 92, 43 and 23 min. The surge dome has a duration of 92.6, 84.5 and 74.8 h at Ratnagiri, Verem and Karwar, respectively. However, on the east coast, the sea level oscillations during Thane were similar to those during calm period except for more energy bands centred at periods of ~ 100, 42 and 24 min at Gopalpur, Gangavarm and Kakinada, respectively. Multi-linear regression analysis shows that the local surface meteorological data (daily-mean wind and atmospheric pressure) is able to account for ~ 57% and ~ 70% of daily-mean sea-level variability along the east and west coast of India. The remaining part of variability observed in the sea level may be attributed to local coastal currents and remote forcing.
Union Glacier: a new exploration gateway for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Rivera A. , Zamora R. , Uribe J. A. , Jaña R. , Oberreuter J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Union Glacier (79°46' S/83°24' W) in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), has been used by the private company Antarctic Logistic and Expeditions (ALE) since 2007 for their landing and commercial operations, providing a unique logistic opportunity to perform glaciological research in a vast region, including the Ice divide between Institute and Pine Island glaciers and the Subglacial Lake Ellsworth. Union glacier is flowing into the Ronne Ice Shelf, where future migrations of the grounding line zone (GLZ) in response to continuing climate and oceanographic changes have been modelled. In order to analyse the potential impacts on Union glacier of this scenario, we installed an array of stakes, where ice elevation, mass balance and ice velocities have been measured since 2007, resulting in near equilibrium conditions with horizontal displacements between 10 and 33 m yr−1. GPS receivers and three radar systems have been also used to map the subglacial topography, the internal structure of the ice and the presence of crevasses along surveyed tracks. The resulting radar data showed a subglacial topography with a minimum of 858 m below sea level, much deeper than estimated before. The below sea level subglacial topography confirms the potential instability of the glacier in foreseen scenarios of GLZ upstream migration during the second half of the XXI century.
Saludo al Instituto “Martin Luther King” en su vigésimo aniversario de vida y acción fecundas
Authors: Arrien Juan B
Published: February 2014

El Dr. Juan Bautista Arríen saluda al Instituto “Martin Luther King” de la UPOLI, en ocasión de la celebración de sus 20 años de fundación, reconociendo su encomiable labor en Nicaragua. El Dr. Arríen se refiere a la Cultura de Paz como la raíz y el horizonte de una aspiración universal en el sistema de Guerra y Paz. Señalando a la Revista Cultura de Paz como un espacio de pensamiento abierto, de propuestas de la alta inteligencia nacional que enfrenta con aliento científico las ramificaciones de un compromiso ético a favor del bienestar de la población y del país.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1290Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 2-3
Premian a Revista “Cultura de Paz”
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/cultura.v19i61.1299 Cultura de Paz Vol.19 No.61 2013; 44
Is the Emotional Memory Effect Sensitive to Encoding Instructions and the Passage of Time?
Authors: Broderick Tyler , Pilotti Maura , Sena-Jaramillo Anastacia
Published: February 2014

This study examined whether the emotional memory effect (i.e., superior recall for emotionally arousing events relative to neutral events) is sensitive to encoding instructions focusing participants’ attention on denotation, connotation, or surface information and on the passage of time. Participants encoded taboo and neutral words under one type of instructions and then performed a free recall task after a variable delay. Attention to denotation negatively affected the emotional memory effect. Time elapsed from encoding weakened recall of neutral words but not of emotional words. These findings suggest that although attentional control can influence the emotional memory effect, distinctiveness can shield retrieval of taboo words from the passage of time.
Measuring Perceived Mental Workload in Children
Authors: Laurie-Rose Cynthia , Frey Meredith , Ennis Aristi , Zamary Amanda
Published: February 2014

Little is known about the mental workload, or psychological costs, associated with information processing tasks in children. We adapted the highly regarded NASA Task Load Index (NASATLX) multidimensional workload scale (Hart and Staveland, 1988) to test its efficacy for use with elementary school children. We developed 2 types of tasks, each with 2 levels of demand, to draw differentially on resources from the separate subscales of workload. In Experiment 1, our participants were both typical and school-labeled gifted children recruited from 4th and 5th grades. Results revealed that task type elicited different workload profiles, and task demand directly affected the children’s experience of workload. In general, gifted children experienced less workload than typical children. Objective response time and accuracy measures provide evidence for the criterion validity of the workload ratings. In Experiment 2, we applied the same method with 1st- and 2nd-grade children. Findings from Experiment 2 paralleled those of Experiment 1 and support the use of NASA-TLX with even the youngest elementary school children. These findings contribute to the fledgling field of educational ergonomics and attest to the innovative application of workload research. Such research may optimize instructional techniques and identify children at risk for experiencing overload.
Telematics Boosts Fleet Efficiency
Authors: Toliver Jerome
Published: February 2014

Each day utilities and managers seek new ways to gain the most from their fleet‐management budgets while maintaining superior service levels. Telematics technology can improve efficiency by reducing fuel and labor costs and risks.
Sex Trafficking: Examining Links to Prostitution and the Routine Activity Theory
Authors: Kenyon Samuel , Schanz Youngyol
Published: February 2014

Sex trafficking is often a concern in international communities. However, sex trafficking victims do not always cross international boarders; these victims can be trafficked within their own countries. The purpose of the study is to examine the perceptions of law enforcement agents experienced in investigations of prostitution and sex trafficking incidents. Qualitative data were collected by interviewing law enforcement agents along the east coast region of the United States. An analysis of the interview data uncovered a series of themes which include desire for money, drug activity, lack of awareness, and varying tolerance levels. The research results were applied to the framework of routine activity theory (Cohen &Felson, 1979). It was found that the three elements (motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of a capable guardian) of the theory were well applied to describe sex trafficking activity. Important future research implications as well as policy implications were discussed.
Constructing an Urban Drug Ecology in 1970s Canada
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: February 2014

In 1970, youthful researchers carried out participant-observer studies of the drug scene in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. This ethnographic research, prepared for the federal Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs (the LeDain Commission), was part of the commission’s extensive series of unpublished studies. The commission, which released an initial report in 1970, one on cannabis in 1972 and a final report in 1973, adopted a broad approach to the issue of drugs and society. This article examines the unpublished studies as examples of social science “intelligence gathering” on urban social problems. The reports discussed the local market in illegal drugs, its geographic patterns and organizational features, the demographic characteristics of drug sellers and consumers, the culture of the drug scene, and the attitudes of users. Unlike earlier sociological and anthropological studies that focused on prisoners and lower-class “junkies” or more recent studies that examine marginalized inner-city populations, the city studies reflected the era’s fixation on middle-class youth culture and the addiction-treatment sphere’s growing concern with amphetamine abuse.
Observations and preliminary science results from the first 100 sols of MSL Rover Environmental Monitoring Station ground temperature sensor measurements at Gale Crater
Authors: Hamilton Victoria E. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Sebastián Eduardo , de la Torre Juárez Manuel , Ramos Miguel , Armiens Carlos , Arvidson Raymond E. , Carrasco Isaías , Christensen Philip R. , De Pablo Miguel A. , Goetz Walter , Gómez‐Elvira Javier , Lemmon Mark T. , Madsen Morten B. , Martín‐Torres F. Javier , Martínez‐Frías Jesús , Molina Antonio , Palucis Marisa C. , Rafkin Scot C. R. , Richardson Mark I. , Yingst R. Aileen , Zorzano María‐Paz
Published: February 2014

We describe preliminary results from the first 100 sols of ground temperature measurements along the Mars Science Laboratory's traverse from Bradbury Landing to Rocknest in Gale. The ground temperature data show long‐term increases in mean temperature that are consistent with seasonal evolution. Deviations from expected temperature trends within the diurnal cycle are observed and may be attributed to rover and environmental effects. Fits to measured diurnal temperature amplitudes using a thermal model suggest that the observed surfaces have thermal inertias in the range of 265–375 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, which are within the range of values determined from orbital measurements and are consistent with the inertias predicted from the observed particle sizes on the uppermost surface near the rover. Ground temperatures at Gale Crater appear to warm earlier and cool later than predicted by the model, suggesting that there are multiple unaccounted for physical conditions or processes in our models. Where the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) descent engines removed a mobile layer of dust and fine sediments from over rockier material, the diurnal temperature profile is closer to that expected for a homogeneous surface, suggesting that the mobile materials on the uppermost surface may be partially responsible for the mismatch between observed temperatures and those predicted for materials having a single thermal inertia. Models of local stratigraphy also implicate thermophysical heterogeneity at the uppermost surface as a potential contributor to the observed diurnal temperature cycle.
Receipt of Glucocorticoid Monotherapy Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Yazdany Jinoos , Tonner Chris , Schmajuk Gabriela , Lin Grace A. , Trivedi Amal N.
Published: February 2014

Objective

Using disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) improves outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is a nationally endorsed quality measure. We investigated the prevalence and predictors of receiving glucocorticoids alone for the treatment of RA in a nationwide sample of Medicare beneficiaries.

Methods

Among individuals ages ≥65 years with RA enrolled in the Part D prescription drug benefit in 2009, we compared those with ≥1 DMARD claim to those receiving glucocorticoid monotherapy, defined as no DMARD claim and an annual glucocorticoid supply of ≥180 days or an annual dose of ≥900 mg of prednisone or equivalent. We fit multivariable models to determine the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with glucocorticoid monotherapy.

Results

Of 8,125 beneficiaries treated for RA, 10.2% (n = 825) received glucocorticoids alone. Beneficiaries with low incomes were more likely to receive glucocorticoids alone (12.3%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 10.9–13.8% versus 9.4%; 95% CI 8.6–10.1%), as were those living in certain US regions. More physician office visits and hospitalizations were associated with glucocorticoid monotherapy. Individuals who had no contact with a rheumatologist were significantly more likely to receive glucocorticoids alone (17.5%; 95% CI 16.0–19.0% versus 8.5%; 95% CI 7.4–9.5% for those with no rheumatology visits versus 1–4 visits).

Conclusion

Approximately 1 in 10 Medicare beneficiaries treated for RA received glucocorticoids without DMARDs in 2009. Compared to DMARD users, glucocorticoid users were older, had lower incomes, were more likely to live in certain US regions, and were less likely to have seen a rheumatologist, suggesting persistent gaps in quality of care despite expanded drug coverage under Part D.
Unusual Formation of ZnCo2O4 3D Hierarchical Twin Microspheres as a High‐Rate and Ultralong‐Life Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode Material
Authors: Bai Jing , Li Xiaogang , Liu Guangzeng , Qian Yitai , Xiong Shenglin
Published: February 2014

A facile two‐step strategy involving a polyol method and subsequent thermal annealing treatment is successfully developed for the large‐scale preparation of ZnCo2O4 various hierarchical micro/nanostructures (twin mcrospheres and microcubes) without surfactant assistance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of ZnCo2O4 mesoporous twin microspheres and microcubes. More significantly, based on the effect of the reaction time on the morphology evolution of the precursor, a brand‐new crystal growth mechanism, multistep splitting then in situ dissolution recrystallization accompanied by morphology and phase change, is first proposed to understand the formation of the 3D twin microshperes, providing new research opportunity for investigating the formation of novel micro/nanostructures. When evaluated as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), ZnCo2O4 hierarchical microstructures exhibit superior capacity retention, excellent cycling stability at the 5 A g−1 rate for 2000 cycles. Surprisingly, the ZnCo2O4 twin microspheres show an exceptionally high rate capability up to the 10 A g−1 rate. It should be noted that such super‐high rate performance and cycling stability at such high charge/discharge rates are significantly higher than most work previously reported on ZnCo2O4 micro/nanostructures and ZnCo2O4‐based heterostructures. The ZnCo2O4 3D hierarchical micro/nanostructures demonstrate the great potential as negative electrode materials for high‐performance LIBs.
25th Anniversary Article: Organic Electronics Marries Photochromism: Generation of Multifunctional Interfaces, Materials, and Devices
Authors: Orgiu Emanuele , Samorì Paolo
Published: February 2014

Organic semiconductors have garnered significant interest as key components for flexible, low‐cost, and large‐area electronics. Hitherto, both materials and processing thereof seems to head towards a mature technology which shall ultimately meet expectations and efforts built up over the past years. However, by its own organic electronics cannot compete or complement the silicon‐based electronics in integrating multiple functions in a small area unless novel solutions are brought into play. Photochromic molecules are small organic molecules able to undergo reversible photochemical isomerization between (at least) two (meta)stable states which exhibit markedly different properties. They can be embedded as additional component in organic‐based materials ready to be exploited in devices such as OLEDs, OFETs, and OLETs. The structurally controlled incorporation of photochromic molecules can be done at various interfaces of a device, including the electrode/semiconductor or dielectric/semiconductor interface, or even as a binary mixture in the active layer, in order to impart a light responsive nature to the device. This can be accomplished by modulating via a light stimulus fundamental physico‐chemical properties such as charge injection and transport in the device.
Suppression of Time‐Dependent Donor/Acceptor Interface Degradation by Redistributing Donor Charge Density
Authors: Lo Ming‐Fai , Ng Tsz‐Wai , Mo Hin‐Wai , Chen Xian‐Feng , Lee Chun‐Sing
Published: February 2014

Poor operation stability is a major hurdle for the wide application of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. While most attention is given to environmental threats to device stability, we herein show evidence from X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) of an intrinsic time‐dependent chemical reaction at a donor/acceptor interface. Albeit with impressive device performance from boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc)/fullerene (C60) interface, the forming boride bonds at its interface hinders the interfacial exciton dissociation and leads to device deterioration. Due to the high electron affinity of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) film, the incorporation of MoO3 layer under the SubPc film has strong electron‐drawing property and leads to charge‐transfer complex (CTC) formation at the MoO3/SubPc interface. The resulting charge redistribution in SubPc molecules effectively suppresses the further interfacial reaction at SubPc/C60 junction. Our results provide insight for new degradation mechanisms of OPV devices and corresponding stability control via charge redistribution in the donor film.
Seasonal variation in basal metabolic rates among the yakut (Sakha) of Northeastern Siberia
Authors: Leonard W.R. , Levy S.B. , Tarskaia L.A. , Klimova T.M. , Fedorova V.I. , Baltakhinova M.E. , Krivoshapkin V.G. , Snodgrass J.J.
Published: February 2014

Objectives: Previous research has shown that indigenous circumpolar populations have elevated basal metabolic rates (BMRs), yet few studies have explored whether metabolic rates increase during the winter. This study addresses this gap by examining seasonal variation in BMR and its associations with thyroid function and lifestyle factors among the Yakut (Sakha) of Siberia.

Methods: Anthropometric dimensions, BMR, and thyroid hormone levels (free triiodothyronine [fT3], free thyroxine [fT4], thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH]) were measured on two occasions (July/August, 2009 and January 2011) on a sample of 94 Yakut (Sakha) adults (35 men, 59 women) from the rural village of Berdygestiakh, Sakha Republic, Russia.

Results: Seasonal changes in BMR varied by age. Younger Yakut adults (19–49 years) showed significant elevations in winter‐time BMR of 6% (P < 0.05), whereas older individuals (≥50 years) showed modest declines (2%; n.s.). Both younger and older Yakut men and women showed increased respiratory quotients during the winter. FT3 and fT4 levels significantly declined during the winter in both younger and older Yakut men and women (P < 0.05). Lifestyle factors were significant predictors of BMR variation, particularly among older men and women.

Conclusions: Among the Yakut, increased wintertime BMR was observed among younger but not older adults, whereas all adults showed sharp reductions in free thyroid hormone levels during the winter. Among men, greater participation in subsistence activities was associated with increased BMRs and greater fat oxidation. Among women, variation in food use had the strongest impact on metabolic function. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:437–445, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Amino Alcohols into Amino Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Sasano Yusuke , Nagasawa Shota , Yamazaki Mai , Shibuya Masatoshi , Park Jaiwook , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu
Published: February 2014

The direct oxidation of unprotected amino alcohols to their corresponding amino carbonyl compounds has often posed serious challenges in organic synthesis and has constrained chemists to adopting an indirect route, such as a protection/deprotection strategy, to attain their goal. Described herein is a highly chemoselective aerobic oxidation of unprotected amino alcohols to their amino carbonyl compounds in which 2‐azaadamantane N‐oxyl (AZADO)/copper catalysis is used. The catalytic system developed leads to the alcohol‐selective oxidation of various unprotected amino alcohols, carrying a primary, secondary, or tertiary amino group, in good to high yield at ambient temperature with exposure to air, thus offering flexibility in the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing compounds.
An Antiaromatic Electrode‐Active Material Enabling High Capacity and Stable Performance of Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Shin Ji‐Young , Yamada Tetsuya , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

Although aromatic compounds occupy a central position in organic chemistry, antiaromatic compounds have demonstrated little practical utility. Herein we report the application of an antiaromatic compound as an electrode‐active material in rechargeable batteries. The performance of dimesityl‐substituted norcorrole nickel(II) complex (NiNC) as a cathode‐active material was examined with a Li metal anode. A maximum discharge capacity of about 207 mAhg−1 was maintained after 100 charge/discharge cycles. Moreover, the bipolar redox property of NiNC enables the construction of a Li metal free rechargeable battery. The high performance of NiNC batteries demonstrates a prospective feature of stable antiaromatic compounds as electrode‐active materials.
Three‐Component Asymmetric Catalytic Ugi Reaction—Concinnity from Diversity by Substrate‐Mediated Catalyst Assembly
Authors: Zhao Wenjun , Huang Li , Guan Yong , Wulff William D.
Published: February 2014

The first chiral catalyst for the three‐component Ugi reaction was identified as a result of a screen of a large set of different BOROX catalysts. The BOROX catalysts were assembled in situ from a chiral biaryl ligand, an amine, water, BH3⋅SMe2 , and an alcohol or phenol. The catalyst screen included 13 different ligands, 12 amines, and 47 alcohols or phenols. The optimal catalyst system (LAP 8‐5‐47) provided α‐amino amides from an aldehyde, a secondary amine, and an isonitrile with excellent asymmetric induction. The catalytically active species is proposed to be an ion pair that consists of the chiral boroxinate anion and an iminium cation.
Double Transfer of Chirality in Organocopper‐Mediated bis(Alkylating) Cycloisomerization of Enediynes
Authors: Campolo Damien , Arif Tanzeel , Borie Cyril , Mouysset Dominique , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Bertrand Michèle P. , Nechab Malek
Published: February 2014

An original synthesis of chiral benzofulvenes triggered by organocopper reagents is reported. These enantiopure products are available through a highly chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective bis(alkylating) cycloisomerization process. A double chirality transfer (central‐to‐axial‐to‐central) is observed.