bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of the Multi-Robot Coherent Structure Testbed (mCoSTe) for Distributed Tracking of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Larkin Dennis , Michini Matthew , Abad Alexandra , Teleski Stephanie , Hsieh M. Ani
Published: January 2015

We present the design and validation of the multi-robot coherent structure testbed (mCoSTe). The mCoSTe is an experimental testbed that is used to evaluate the performance of manifold and coherent structure tracking strategies by a team of autonomous surface vehicles in two-dimensional flows. It consists of a fleet of micro-autonomous surface vehicles (mASVs) equipped with onboard flow sensors and three experimental flow tanks: a Low Reynolds number (LoRe) Tank, a High Reynolds number (HiRe) Tank, and a Multi-Robot (MR) Tank. Each of the flow tanks are capable of producing controllable ocean-like flows in a laboratory setting. Flows in the HiRe and MR tanks are generated using a grid of independently controlled vortex driving cylinders. We show how the HiRe tank is capable of producing repeatable and controllable coherent structures in 2D by analyzing the surface flows using a a combination of Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). Using these results, a scaled flow is replicated in the MR Tank for experimental validation of robotic tracking strategies. Building upon our existing work, robotic tracking of manifolds and coherent structures in 2D flows is achieved through local sampling of the flow field using each vehicles onboard flow sensors. We describe the design and development of the mASVs and the onboard flow sensor and present experimental results to show the validity of our designs.
Motion Planning for a Redundant Robot Manipulator With Stochasticity in Joints
Authors: Lee Jaeyeon , Park Wooram
Published: January 2015

This paper concerns generation of motion for a redundant robot manipulator that shows stochastic behavior. Since a deterministic model is not sufficient to represent the motion of such manipulators, a stochastic model should be considered in the motion planning step. While classical approaches for robot control use the motion planning based on the deterministic model and then apply controls (e.g. the feedback control) to compensate the motion error, the new method developed in this paper considers the stochasticity of the system in the planning step for better results in terms of the motion error. This will lower the burden of the controller, resulting in more accurate control. This paper uses the stochastic model for the angle variables of robot joints. This gives the probability density function (pdf) for the position and the orientation of the robot end-effector. The goal of this paper is to find the optimal motion plan that enables the end-effector to follow a reference path with the minimized root-mean-square (RMS) error. To achieve this goal, the cost function that computes the RMS error is defined and then minimized with respect to the target angle values in the joint space. Using simulation of a 4DOF planar robot arm and a 7DOF spatial robot arm, we verify that the suggested method generates better motions than the classical inverse kinematics approach based on the deterministic model.
Dynamics Simulation of Rovers on Soft Terrain: Theory, Algorithms, and Experimental Validation
Authors: Azimi Ali , Holz Daniel , Kövecses Jozsef , Angeles Jorge , Teichmann Marek
Published: January 2015

A new framework is developed in this paper for the efficient implementation of semi-empirical terramechanics models in multibody dynamics environments. In this approach, for every wheel in contact with soft soil, unilateral contact constraints are added to the solver in both the normal direction and the tangent plane. The forces associated with the tangent plane, like traction and rolling resistance, are formulated in this approach as set-valued functions, whose properties are determined by deregularization of the above-mentioned terramechanics relations. As shown in this paper, this leads to the dynamics representation in the form of a linear complementarity problem (LCP). With this formulation, stable simulation of rovers is achieved even with relatively large time steps. In addition, a high-resolution height-field is employed to model terrain-surface deformations and changes in hardening of soil under the wheel. As a result, the multi-pass effect is also captured in our approach. In addition, an extensive set of experiments was conducted using a version of the Juno rover (Juno II). The experimental results are analyzed and compared with the model developed in the paper.
An Approach to Estimate the Detailed Deviation Zone in Coordinate Metrology Using Harmonic Function Properties
Authors: Jamiolahmadi Saeed , Barari Ahmad
Published: January 2015

Understanding the exact details of deviation zone related to a manufactured surface needs measurement of infinite number of points. Coordinate metrology provides deviation of the limited number of discrete points on a measured surface, but typically it is not capable to explore any information of the surface regions between these measured points. An approach to estimate the Distribution of Geometric Deviations (DGD) on the entire inspected surface is presented in this paper. The methodology is developed based on estimation of mean value property of the harmonic functions and Laplace equation. The resulting DGD model can be employed to estimate the deviation values at any unmeasured point of the inspected surface when a detailed understanding of the surface geometric deviations is required. Implementation of the developed methodology is described and case studies for typical industrial parts are presented. This methodology can be used for closed-loop of inspection and manufacturing processes when a compensation scheme is available to compensate the manufacturing errors based on the DGD model.
Designing of Self-Deploying Origami Models Using Geometrically Misaligned Crease Patterns
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Tsukahara Akira , Okabe Yoji
Published: January 2015

Traditionally, origami-based structures are designed on the premise of “rigid folding,” i.e., the facets and fold lines of origami can be replaced with rigid panels and ideal hinges, respectively. Miura-ori and double corrugation surface are representative rigid-foldable origami models. However, from a structural mechanics viewpoint, these systems are usually overconstrained and have negative degrees of freedom (DOF), i.e., the number of constraints exceeds the number of variables. In these cases, the singularity in crease patterns guarantees their rigid foldability. Further, if misalignments are included in the systems’ crease patterns, they become no longer rigid-foldable. This study presents a new method for designing self-deploying origami using the geometrically misaligned creases. In this method, some facets are replaced by “holes” such that the systems become a 1-DOF mechanism. These perforated origami models can be folded and unfolded similar to rigid-foldable (without misalignment) models because of their DOF. Focusing on the removed facets, the holes will deform according to the motion of the frame of the remaining parts. In the proposed method, these holes are filled with elastic parts and store elastic energy for self-deployment. First, a new extended rigid-folding simulation technique is proposed to estimate the deformation of the holes. Next by using the above technique, the proposed method is applied on arbitrary-size quadrilateral mesh origami. Finally, by using the finite-element method, the authors conduct numerical simulations and confirm the deployment capabilities of the models.
Design and Evaluation of a Passive Ankle Prosthesis With Rotational Power Generation by a Compliant Coupling Between Leg Deflection and Ankle Rotation
Authors: Rice Jacob J. , Schimmels Joseph M.
Published: January 2015

This paper presents the design and simulation results of a passive prosthetic ankle prosthesis that has mechanical behavior similar to a natural ankle. The presented design achieves active behavior with powered push-off to propel the body forward. The design contains a conventional compression spring network that allows coupling between two degrees of freedom. There is a translational degree of freedom along the leg and a rotational degree of freedom about the ankle joint. During a standard gait cycle, potential energy from the person’s weight is stored in the spring network from deflection along the leg. The energy is released by the spring network as rotation of the foot. With this design, capping the allowable leg deflection at 15 millimeters produces 45% of the rotational work that a natural ankle will produce. This is based on simulation using published average kinetic and kinematic data from gait analyses.
Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of a Nonlinear Cochlear Model
Authors: Nankali Amir , Grosh Karl
Published: January 2015

Hearing relies on a series of coupled electrical, acoustical (fluidic) and mechanical interactions inside the cochlea that enable sound processing. The stability of the cochlea is studied using a nonlinear, micromechanical model of the organ of Corti (OoC) coupled to the electrical potentials in the cochlear ducts. The OoC is part of the mammalian cochlea that contains auditory sensory cells that both identify fluid-born vibrations in the cochlea and amplify the cycle-by-cycle motions of the cochlear structures. This process occurs through local resonance of the OoC system. In the mammalian cochlea, an active process accounts for the ear’s exquisite sensitivity and its remarkable responsiveness for a range of frequencies and intensities. Numerical and analytical techniques are utilized to examine the stability of this system. It is observed that the cochlear active process, controls the stability. We show that instability in this model is generated through a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. Furthermore, a reduced order model of the system is approximated and it is shown that the tectorial membrane (TM) transverse mode effect on the dynamics is significant while the radial mode can be simplified from the equations. We compare the cross sectional model with the comprehensive 3-dimensional model of the cochlea. It is indicated that the global model qualitatively inherits some characteristics of the local model, but the longitudinal coupling along the cochlea enhances stability (i.e., shifts the Hopf bifurcation point).
Active Compliant Parallel Mechanisms
Authors: Holgate Matthew , Sugar Thomas G.
Published: January 2015

In a novel compliant parallel mechanism, a motor and spring are arranged in a parallel fashion and are connected to a movable lever arm. The motor pushes and pulls on one attachment point and the spring stores and releases energy at a second attachment point. In a non-obvious choice, we do not attach the output link to the commonly thought of end-effector, but to the third link in the planar, parallel mechanism. The new mechanism allows the transmission ratio of the motor to be a function of the output angle and the force applied at the spring. For example, if there are no loads on the spring, the overall gear ratio is lowered, and the output speed can be increased. Conversely, if there are loads on the spring, the overall gear ratio is increased, and the output torque can be increased.
Design of an Ankle Stiffness Testing and Therapeutic Device
Authors: Zhu Yong , Li Li , Harp Spencer
Published: January 2015

The research objective of this project is to design an ankle stiffness testing and therapeutic device. The hypothesis is that the ankle stiffness of people afflicted with diabetes mellitus (DM) is significantly different from that of healthy subjects. The validation of this hypothesis will allow us to clarify the relationship between ankle stiffness and ulceration or other pathologies. If we can use this objective device to prove that increased stiffness does play a significant role in ulcerations and other pathologies of the foot and ankle, the same device can also be used as a therapeutic device to help reduce ankle stiffness and thus prevent foot ulcers.
Using Implanted Engineering Mechanisms to Connect Muscles and Tendons in Tendon-Transfer Surgery Improves Grasping Capability
Authors: Balasubramanian Ravi , Mardula Katherine L. , Somers Thane , Allan Christopher H.
Published: January 2015

Inspired by advances in robotic hand design, this paper investigates the development of passive, miniature differential mechanisms as implants for attaching muscles and tendons in tendon-transfer surgery. Using cadaver studies, it is shown that the implanted mechanisms lead to better hand function in grasping tasks when compared with current therapies.
III-As heterostructure field-effect transistors with recessed ex-situ gate oxide by O2 plasma-oxidized GaAs cap
Authors: Gucmann Filip , Kúdela Róbert , Kordoš Peter , Dobročka Edmund , Gaži Štefan , Dérer Ján , Liday Jozef , Vogrinčič Peter , Gregušová Dagmar
Published: January 2015

III-As heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) and metal–oxide–semiconductor HFETs with gate electrodes insulated by an amorphous layer of ex-situ-prepared mixture of Ga and As oxides are studied. Gate insulator was prepared by O2 plasma oxidation of undoped GaAs cap layer of epitaxially grown transistor structures in standard plasma unit commonly used for photoresist ashing. GaAs cap is gradually consumed by the oxidation turning it into Ga and As oxides and causing bottom surface of the oxide moving closer to the two-dimensional electron gas. Gate electrode “recessing” is a positive byproduct of the process. Expectedly, impact on HFETs' threshold voltage (Vth) was observed and shift from −2.17 to −1.15 V was achieved. X-ray reflectivity confirmed much higher oxidation tendency for N-type GaAs than for undoped GaAs with this oxidation technique. Strong Vth shift can be most likely attributed to negative oxide charge in plasma-grown oxide or its interface with GaAs. Excluding Vth shift, negligible impact of O2 plasma on electrical characteristics was observed. Negligible Fermi level (EF) pinning inherited from the oxidation process can be concluded. Such O2 plasma-grown oxides might serve as an efficient seeding layer for subsequent high-κ gate dielectric growth. The authors believe this method might help to create a high-quality interface reducing number of Fermi level-pinning traps induced by other ex-situ deposition techniques while providing fine control over Vth as well.
Interfacial and rheological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends and their morphological stability under shear flow
Authors: Nofar M. , Maani A. , Sojoudi H. , Heuzey M. C. , Carreau P. J.
Published: January 2015

Blends of 75 wt. % amorphous polylactide (PLA) with 25 wt. % poly[(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] (PBSA) and poly[(butylene adipate)-co-terephthalate] were separately prepared using an internal batch mixer. The morphology and viscoelastic properties of these two blends were analyzed and compared. Annealing did not cause any pronounced morphology changes nor a subsequent modification of the viscoelastic behavior for both blends. However, applying a shear for 20 min at a rate of 0.05 s−1 induced significant droplet coalescence in both blends, although the changes in the viscoelastic response were more prominent in the PLA/PBSA blend. It was also shown that applying a shear for 10 and 20 min at a rate of 0.2 s−1 caused a slight droplet coalescence and minor changes in the viscoelastic behavior of both blends. Moreover, the Palierne model was used to calculate the interfacial tensions between the blend components. It was also utilized to estimate the droplet size after applying annealing and shearing.
Carbide slag–activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag for soft clay stabilization
Authors: Yi Yaolin , Gu Liyang , Liu Songyu , Puppala Anand J.
Published: January 2015

This study addresses the use of an industry by-product, carbide slag (CS), to activate another industry by-product, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS), for soft clay stabilization in comparison to Portland cement (PC). The properties of CS–GGBS stabilized clays were investigated through unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that the optimum CS content for the CS–GGBS stabilized clay to yield the highest UCS was 4%–6%, varying slightly with curing age and GGBS content. The UCS of the optimum CS-GGBS stabilized clays was more than twice that of the corresponding PC stabilized clays. The main hydration products detected for the CS–GGBS stabilized clays included calcium silicate hydrates (CSH), calcium aluminate hydrates (CAH), and alumino-ferrite monosulfate (AFm).
Decadal soil and stand response to fire, harvest, and salvage-logging disturbances in the western boreal mixedwood forest of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Kishchuk B.E. , Thiffault E. , Lorente M. , Quideau S. , Keddy T. , Sidders D.
Published: January 2015

Empirical knowledge of long-term ecosystem response to single and compound disturbances is essential for predicting disturbance effects and identifying management practices to maintain productive capacity of managed and restored landscapes. We report on soil, foliar nutrition, and regeneration growth response to wildfire, clearcut harvesting, and postfire salvage logging, as well as undisturbed control stands within the first year following disturbance and 10–11 years after disturbance in trembling aspen – white spruce mixedwood forests near Lesser Slave Lake, north-central Alberta, Canada. The compound disturbance of salvage logging resulted in greater long-term impacts on forest floor properties than either wildfire or harvesting alone. Changes in forest floor properties such as carbon and nitrogen pools and cation exchange capacity under salvage logging have persisted for 10 years and exhibit a different recovery trajectory than fire or harvesting. Forest floor properties under harvesting, including depth, carbon content, pH, extractable ammonium, and extractable sulphur, were not different from the control condition 10 years after harvest. Effects on soil and foliar nutrition were not reflected in productivity (height and diameter) of regenerating vegetation. Our results show differences between short- and long-term responses to disturbance, among single natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and among single and compound disturbances.
Effective field theory approach to modified gravity including Horndeski theory and Hořava–Lifshitz gravity
Authors: Kase Ryotaro , Tsujikawa Shinji
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we review the effective field theory of modified gravity in which the Lagrangian involves three-dimensional geometric quantities appearing in the 3+1 decomposition of spacetime. On the flat isotropic cosmological background, we expand a general action up to second-order in the perturbations of geometric scalars, by taking into account spatial derivatives higher than two. Our analysis covers a wide range of gravitational theories — including Horndeski theory/its recent generalizations and the projectable/nonprojectable versions of Hořava–Lifshitz gravity. We derive the equations of motion for linear cosmological perturbations and apply them to the calculations of inflationary power spectra as well as the dark energy dynamics in Galileon theories. We also show that our general results conveniently recover stability conditions of Hořava–Lifshitz gravity already derived in the literature.
Thinning Intensity and Pruning Impacts onEucalyptusPlantations in Brazil
Authors: Nogueira Gilciano Saraiva , Marshall Peter L. , Leite Helio Garcia , Campos João Carlos Chagas
Published: January 2015

A thinning intensity experiment using theEucalyptus grandis×E. urophyllahybrid was conducted at three sites in Bahia State, Brazil. The treatments were a combination of thinning intensities and pruning: 20%, 35%, and 50% basal area removed with no pruning and 35% basal area removed plus pruning (at 27 months). Plots were measured roughly annually from 27 to 165 months. Thinning was implemented on all sites at 58 months and again at 142 months at two of the sites. One of the sites was harvested at 87 months of age. A linear mixed model was applied separately to each installation to test for differences among treatments for mean increment of height, dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, and volume outside bark at the plot level. Additionally, differences in mean monthly increment of basal area and volume outside bark as a percentage of the value at the beginning of the increment period were examined. Increased thinning intensity increased all tree-level variables except dominant height. Pruning had no impact. Observed mortality on all plots was quite low. Thinning intensity response varied among sites and with time since thinning; however, the thinning intensity response was consistent through time among the installations.
Study on the Thick-Walled Pipe Ultrasonic Signal Enhancement of Modified S-Transform and Singular Value Decomposition
Authors: Cai Haichao , Xu Chunguang , Zhou Shiyuan , Yan Hongjuan , Yang Liu
Published: January 2015

When detecting the ultrasonic flaw of thick-walled pipe, the flaw echo signals are often interrupted by scanning system frequency and background noise. In particular when the thick-walled pipe defect is small, echo signal amplitude is often drowned in noise signal and affects the extraction of defect signal and the position determination accuracy. This paper presents the modified S-transform domain singular value decomposition method for the analysis of ultrasonic flaw echo signals. By changing the scale rule of Gaussian window functions with S-transform to improve the time-frequency resolution. And the paper tries to decompose the singular value decomposition of time-frequency matrix after the S-transform to determine the singular entropy of effective echo signal and realize the adaptive filter. Experiments show that, using this method can not only remove high frequency noise but also remove the low frequency noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of echo signal.
Peripheral T Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma following Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Chang Sun Hee , Lee Hye Ran
Published: January 2015

Previous reports have suggested that non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is more likely to develop in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) compared to the general population. These two can occur synchronously or metachronously. We report here on a case of nodular sclerosis classical HL and T cell NHL that occurred in a patient metachronously. Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) of the patient was found about 2 years after treatment of classical HL. When the patient was diagnosed with HL, biopsy revealed typical RS cells, presenting positive for CD30 and CD15 and negative for CD79a and CD3 in immunohistochemistry. And PCR analysis showed IgH gene rearrangement; however, T cell receptor gene rearrangement and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were not detected on PCR analysis. After 2 years of treatment of HL, colonoscopic biopsy and lymph node biopsy showed CD3 positive atypical cells intermixed with small reactive lymphoid cells and plasma cells, indicating T cell lymphoma. PCR analysis demonstrated T cell receptor gene rearrangement and did not detect EBV. Although it is rare, synchronous or metachronous HL and NHL may occur. Therefore, we may need to ensure pathological confirmation, especially in case of lymphoma that did not respond to chemotherapy.
Traffic Signal Synchronization in the Saturated High-Density Grid Road Network
Authors: Hu Xiaojian , Lu Jian , Wang Wei , Zhirui Ye
Published: January 2015

Most existing traffic signal synchronization strategies do not perform well in the saturated high-density grid road network (HGRN). Traffic congestion often occurs in the saturated HGRN, and the mobility of the network is difficult to restore. In order to alleviate traffic congestion and to improve traffic efficiency in the network, the study proposes a regional traffic signal synchronization strategy, named the long green and long red (LGLR) traffic signal synchronization strategy. The essence of the strategy is to control the formation and dissipation of queues and to maximize the efficiency of traffic flows at signalized intersections in the saturated HGRN. With this strategy, the same signal control timing plan is used at all signalized intersections in the HGRN, and the straight phase of the control timing plan has a long green time and a long red time. Therefore, continuous traffic flows can be maintained when vehicles travel, and traffic congestion can be alleviated when vehicles stop. Using the strategy, the LGLR traffic signal synchronization model is developed, with the objective of minimizing the number of stops. Finally, the simulation is executed to analyze the performance of the model by comparing it to other models, and the superiority of the LGLR model is evident in terms of delay, number of stops, queue length, and overall performance in the saturated HGRN.
Short-Term Effects of Biogas Digestates and Pig Slurry Application on Soil Microbial Activity
Authors: Abubaker J. , Risberg K. , Jönsson E. , Dahlin A. S. , Cederlund H. , Pell M.
Published: January 2015

The effect of four biogas digestates (BD-A, BD-B, BD-C, and BD-D) and pig slurry (PS) on soil microbial functions was assessed at application rates corresponding to 0–1120 kgNH4+-N ha−1. At dose corresponding to 140 kgNH4+-N ha−1, 30.9–32.5% of the carbon applied in BD-A, BD-C, and PS was utilized during 12 days, while for BD-B and BD-D corresponding utilization was 19.0 and 16.9%, respectively. All BDs resulted in net nitrogen assimilation at low rates (17.5–140 kgNH4+-N ha−1) but net mineralization dominated at higher rates. PS resulted in net mineralization at all application rates. All residues inhibited potential ammonium oxidation (PAO), with EC50-values ranging between 45 and 302 kgNH4+-N ha−1. Low rates of BDs appeared to weakly stimulate potential denitrification activity (PDA), while higher rates resulted in logarithmic decrease. The EC50-values for PDA were between 238 and 347 kgNH4+-N ha−1. No inhibition of PDA was observed after amendment with PS. In conclusion, biogas digestates inhibited ammonia oxidation and denitrification, which could be an early warning of potential hazardous substances in the digestates. However, this effect can also be regarded as positive, since it may reduce nitrogen losses.
Outdoor Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Diseases in Lebanon: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Nasser Zeina , Salameh Pascale , Dakik Habib , Elias Elias , Abou Abbas Linda , Levêque Alain
Published: January 2015

Outdoor air pollution is increasingly considered as a serious threat for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of this study is to investigate the association between outdoor pollutants and cardiovascular diseases among adults in Lebanon and to examine the possible moderator effect of cigarette smoking status on this association. A multicenter case-control study was conducted between October 2011 and October 2012. Cases were hospitalized patients diagnosed with CVD by a cardiologist while the control group subjects were free of any cardiac diseases. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, self-rated global health, pollution exposure, and other risk factors was collected using a questionnaire. The results of the logistic regression revealed that living near busy highway (OR 5.04, 95% CI (4.44–12.85),P<0.001) and close to local diesel generator (OR 4.76, 95% CI (2.07–10.91),P<0.001) was significantly associated with CVD. The association between the CVD and exposure to outside pollutants differed by cigarette smoking status. A clear difference was noted between nonsmokers and current smokers OR 4.6, 95% CI (1.10–19.25) and OR 10.11, 95% CI (7.33–20.23), respectively. Forthcoming studies are needed to clarify the potential link between outdoor air pollution and cardiovascular diseases in Lebanon. Public health interventions must be implemented to reduce air pollution and to improve air quality.
Body Mass Index Is Associated with Gene Methylation in Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Tumors
Authors: Hair Brionna Y. , Troester Melissa A. , Edmiston Sharon N. , Parrish Eloise A. , Robinson Whitney R. , Wu Michael C. , Olshan Andrew F. , Swift-Scanlan Theresa , Conway Kathleen
Published: January 2015

Background: Although obesity is associated with breast cancer incidence and prognosis, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Identification of obesity-associated epigenetic changes in breast tissue may advance mechanistic understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression. The goal of this study, therefore, was to investigate associations between obesity and gene methylation in breast tumors.

Methods: Using the Illumina GoldenGate Cancer I Panel, we estimated the association between body mass index (BMI) and gene methylation in 345 breast tumor samples from phase I of the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case–control study. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify sites that were differentially methylated by BMI. Stratification by tumor estrogen receptor (ER) status was also conducted.

Results: In the majority of the 935 probes analyzed (87%), the average beta value increased with obesity (BMI ≥ 30). Obesity was significantly associated with differential methylation (FDR q < 0.05) in just two gene loci in breast tumor tissue overall and in 21 loci among ER-positive tumors. Obesity was associated with methylation of genes that function in immune response, cell growth, and DNA repair.

Conclusions: Obesity is associated with altered methylation overall, and with hypermethylation among ER-positive tumors in particular, suggesting that obesity may influence the methylation of genes with known relevance to cancer. Some of these differences in methylation by obese status may influence levels of gene expression within breast cells.

Impact: If our results are validated, obesity-associated methylation sites could serve as targets for prevention and treatment research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 580–6. ©2015 AACR.
Maternal Immune Activation Induces Changes in Myelin and Metabolic Proteins, Some of Which Can Be Prevented with Risperidone in Adolescence
Authors: Farrelly Lorna , Föcking Melanie , Piontkewitz Yael , Dicker Patrick , English Jane , Wynne Kieran , Cannon Mary , Cagney Gerard , Cotter David R.
Published: January 2015

Background: Maternal infection is a risk factor for schizophrenia but the molecular and cellular mechanisms are not fully known. Myelin abnormalities are amongst the most robust neuropathological changes observed in schizophrenia, and preliminary evidence suggests that prenatal inflammation may play a role. Methods: Label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult rat offspring born to dams that were exposed on gestational day 15 to the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C), 4 mg/kg] or saline and treated with the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone (0.045 mg/kg) or saline in adolescence. Western blotting was employed to validate protein changes. Results: Over 1,000 proteins were quantified in the PFC with pathway analyses implicating changes in core metabolic pathways, following prenatal poly(I:C) exposure. Some of these protein changes were absent in the PFC of poly(I:C)-treated offspring that subsequently received risperidone treatment in adolescence. Particularly interesting reductions in the expression of the myelin-related proteins myelin basic protein isoform 3 (MBP1) and rhombex 29 were observed, which were reversed by risperidone treatment. Validation by Western blotting confirmed changes in MBP1 and mitogen-activated kinase 1 (MAPK1). Western blotting was extended to assess the MAPK signalling proteins due to their roles in inflammation, namely phosphorylated MAPK1 and phosphorylated MAPK-activated protein kinase 2. Both were upregulated by poly(I:C) treatment and reversed by risperidone treatment. Conclusions: Overall, our data suggest that maternal inflammation may contribute to an increased risk for schizophrenia through mechanisms involving metabolic function and myelin formation and that risperidone in adolescence may prevent or reverse such changes.
Differences in the Activity Budgets of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) by Age-Sex Class at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Li Yanhong , Li Dayong , Ren Baoping , Hu Jie , Li Baoguo , Krzton Ali , Li Ming
Published: January 2015

The activity budgets of primates reflect their survival strategy. Despite existing data on the activity budgets of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti), little is known about how activity budgets vary between age-sex classes. This study provides the first detailed activity budgets subdivided by age-sex class, based on observations of the largest habituated group of R. bieti at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve. This study was conducted from June 2008 to May 2009. We found that adult females spent more time feeding (44.8%) than adult males (39.5%), juveniles (39.1%) and infants (14.2%). Females allocated significantly more time to feeding than to any other activity. Adult males allocated more time to miscellaneous activities (12.5%) than adult females (3.8%). Juveniles allocated less time to grooming than adults. Infants were being groomed 6.9% of the time, the highest proportion among all age-sex classes. Adults spent more time feeding, while immature individuals allocated more time to moving and other activities. There are several reasons why activity budgets can vary by age-sex class: (1) differential reproductive investment between males and females; (2) developmental differences among the age categories, and (3) social relationships between members of different age-sex classes, particularly dominance. These variations in activity budgets among the different age-sex classes may become a selective pressure in this species.
Evolving a Behavioral Repertoire for a Walking Robot
Authors: Cully A. , Mouret J.-B.
Published: January 2015

Numerous algorithms have been proposed to allow legged robots to learn to walk. However, most of these algorithms are devised to learn walking in a straight line, which is not sufficient to accomplish any real-world mission. Here we introduce the Transferability-based Behavioral Repertoire Evolution algorithm (TBR-Evolution), a novel evolutionary algorithm that simultaneously discovers several hundreds of simple walking controllers, one for each possible direction. By taking advantage of solutions that are usually discarded by evolutionary processes, TBR-Evolution is substantially faster than independently evolving each controller. Our technique relies on two methods: (1) novelty search with local competition, which searches for both high-performing and diverse solutions, and (2) the transferability approach, which combines simulations and real tests to evolve controllers for a physical robot. We evaluate this new technique on a hexapod robot. Results show that with only a few dozen short experiments performed on the robot, the algorithm learns a repertoire of controllers that allows the robot to reach every point in its reachable space. Overall, TBR-Evolution introduced a new kind of learning algorithm that simultaneously optimizes all the achievable behaviors of a robot.
Controlling Rhythm in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Tubb Robert
Published: January 2015

This article describes a way to approach music sequencing, with particular focus on the generation of dynamic rhythm patterns. In contrast to the well known “step sequencer” or “piano roll” style interfaces that specify note pitches and amplitudes as values located at points in time, the device described here calculates note patterns from the sum of a series of discrete sinusoids. When these patterns trigger velocity sensitive percussion sounds, useful rhythms can be generated and transformed with very few controls.
Emerging: Live-Digital Gestures in Action
Authors: Francksen Kerry
Published: January 2015

This paper builds on a developing movement practice that engages with the potential for creating a more intimate exchange between real-time image processing technologies and movement. Tracing notions of ‘sensing bodies’ and ‘relation,’ as significantly important to how a greater sense of intimacy and synergy between the two media (live/digital) might be achieved, the author’s focus has been to concentrate on the exchange that takes place between a dancer and her technological counterpart “in the moment of performance.”
Some species of Oedogoniales (Chlorophyceae) from small astatic water bodies in the post-agricultural landscape (Masurian Landscape Park, NE Poland)
Authors: Szymańska Hanna , Krzyk Agnieszka , Mętrak Monika
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a report on epiphytic green algae belonging to Oedogoniales from astatic and moderately eutrophic small ponds in the Masurian Landscape Park, NE Poland. During this investigation, 26 species of Oedogoniales have been identified and described including one variety (O. oblongum var. longisporum) new to science and two species (O. fremyi and O. irregulare) new to the algal flora of Poland.
W okowach etniczności? Wybrane partie etnoregionalne w Serbii i Chorwacji (1990–2012)
Authors: Mikucka-Wójtowicz Dominika
Published: January 2015

In the grip of ethnicity? The functioning of selected ethnoregionalist parties in Serbia and CroatiaIn the last twenty years we have been able to observe an increase in the significance of regional and ethnic identities (“reethnification”), and a resultant proliferation of ethnoregional and regional groupings. But although ethnoregionalist parties (ERP) are widespread in both Western and Central and Eastern Europe, there remains surprisingly little literature differentiating between the various kinds of ethnoregionalist parties and dealing with the lack of common definition of this kind of political actors. Some scholars even propose using a broader term – ethnic party. Moreover, over the years many scholars have believed (and some continue to) that their emergence in multicultural societies conjures up the politicisation of ethnic division and – practically inevitably – leads to “ethnic outbidding”, threatening to the stability of democracy.In the first part of the paper, the author deals with the conceptualisation of ethnoregionalist parties, examining the diversifications of their demands and strategies and showing that to gain voters they can invoke a much broader repertoire of strategies than the ethnic outbidding model suggested. The second part of the article is devoted to the problem of operation of selected ERPs in Serbia and Croatia. The analysis covers Hungarian parties in Serbia and Serbian ones in Croatia. In the concluding remarks, the author tries to point out the main reasons for the changes in their strategy (as well as demands) over time. W okowach etniczności? Wybrane partie etnoregionalne w Serbii i Chorwacji (1990–2012)Na przestrzeni ostatnich dwóch dekad możemy obserwować wyraźny wzrost znaczenia regionalnych i etnicznych tożsamości, prowadzący do powstawania coraz większej liczby ugrupowań etnoregionalnych i regionalnych. Mimo to – podobnie jak w przypadku wielu innych, istotnych i aktualnych współcześnie zjawisk społecznych – zdania badaczy w kwestii przyczyn reetnicyzacji systemów partyjnych, funkcjonowania partii etnoregionalnych, ich typów czy relacji z demokracją pozostają podzielone. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie toczącej się w tym zakresie dyskusji oraz zaprezentowanie na jej tle wstępnych wyników badań dotyczących funkcjonowania wybranych ugrupowań etnoregionalnych w Serbii i Chorwacji.
Where Students With the Most Significant Cognitive Disabilities Are Taught
Authors: Kleinert Harold , Towles-Reeves Elizabeth , Quenemoen Rachel , Thurlow Martha , Fluegge Lauren , Weseman Laura , Kerbel Allison
Published: January 2015

Surveying 15 states and 39,837 students, this study examined the extent to which students who took an alternate assessment based on alternate achievement standards in the 2010–2011 school year had access to regular education settings and the extent to which that access correlated with expressive communication, use of an augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) system, and reading and math skill levels. The vast majority (93%) of students were served in self-contained classrooms, separate schools, or home settings, whereas only 7% were served in regular education or resource room placements. There was a significant, positive correlation between expressive communication and reading and math skill levels with increasingly inclusive classroom settings and a significant, negative correlation between use of AAC and more inclusive settings. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Novel Radiographic Feature Classification of Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Wall Eric J. , Polousky John D. , Shea Kevin G. , Carey James L. , Ganley Theodore J. , Grimm Nathan L. , Jacobs John C. , Edmonds Eric W. , Eismann Emily A. , Anderson Allen F. , Heyworth Benton E. , Lyon Roger ,   the Research on OsteoChondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) Study Group, Murnaghan M. Lucas , Nissen Carl , Weiss Jennifer , Wright Rick , Myer Gregory D.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a vexing condition for patients, parents, and physicians because of the frequent slow healing and nonhealing that leads to prolonged treatment. Several features on plain radiographs have been identified as predictors of healing, but the reliability of their measurement has not been established.

Purpose:

To determine the inter- and intrarater reliability of several radiographic features used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of OCD femoral condyle lesions.

Study Design:

Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Pretreatment anteroposterior, lateral, and notch radiographs of 45 knees containing OCD lesions of the medial or lateral femoral condyle were reviewed in blinded fashion by 7 orthopaedic physician raters from different institutions over a secure web portal at 2 time points over a month apart. Classification variables included lesion location, growth plate maturity, parent bone radiodensity, progeny bone fragmentation, progeny bone displacement, progeny bone contour, lesion boundary, and radiodensity of the lesion center and rim. Condylar width and lesion size were measured on all views. Interrater reliability was assessed using free-marginal kappa and intraclass correlations. Intrarater reliability was assessed using the Cohen kappa, linear-weighted kappa, and intraclass correlations based on measurement type.

Results:

Raters had excellent reliability for differentiating medial and lateral lesions and growth plate maturity and for measuring condylar width and lesion size. In the subset of knees with visible bone in the lesion, the fragmentation, displacement, boundary, central radiodensity, and contour (concave/nonconcave) of the lesion bone were classified with moderate to substantial reliability. The radiodensity of the lesion rim and surrounding epiphyseal bone were classified with poor to fair reliability.

Conclusion:

Many diagnostic features of femoral condyle OCD lesions can be reliably classified on plain radiographs, supporting their future testing in multifactorial classification systems and multicenter research to develop prognostic algorithms. Other radiographic features should be excluded, however, because of poor reliability.
Social Supports as Enabling Factors in Nursing Home Admissions
Authors: Cohen Adrienne , Bulanda Jennifer Roebuck
Published: January 2015

This study investigates differences in social support and nursing home admission by rurality of residence. We use discrete-time event history models with longitudinal data from seven waves (1998-2010) of the Health and Retirement Study to prospectively examine the risk of spending 30 or more days in a nursing home ( n = 5,913). Results show that elders with a health problem who live in rural areas of the South or Midwest have approximately 2 times higher odds of nursing home entry than elders living in urban areas in the Northeast. Rural elders report somewhat higher social support than non-rural elders, and controlling for these forms of social support does not explain the higher risk of a nursing home stay for Southerners and Midwesterners living in rural areas. Results suggest that social support has a similar association with nursing home entry for rural, suburban, and urban elders.
Patriotism Abroad
Authors: Hail Henry Chiu
Published: January 2015

Prior research on international education suggests that host country students’ lack of interest in talking to international students is a major cause of international student segregation. Some Chinese international students, however, complain that although host students want to talk with them about China, they often exhibit misinformed, prejudiced and offensive views of Chinese current events. This has occasionally led to tensions between Chinese international students and host communities. Drawing on interviews and open-ended surveys of Chinese students at an American university, this study shows a variety of positive and negative cross-national interactions and uses social identity theory to explain why tensions may arise. Negative reactions to hearing criticism of one’s home country are often motivated by concerns for status, loyalty, harmony, or utilitarian politics. However, fostering a common group identity and the perception of mutual benevolence among students from different countries can promote positive cross-national interaction. Furthermore, international students may learn more about democracy and human rights through observing the host society rather than directly discussing these topics with host country members.
Supporting English Language Arts Standards Within the Context of Early Singing Experiences
Authors: Nordquist Alice L.
Published: January 2015

Music teachers may integrate a variety of English language arts content standards into their curriculum to enhance students’ music experiences while also supporting their language development. John M. Feierabend and Melanie Champagne’s picture book adaptation of “My Aunt Came Back” lends itself to multiple singing and discussion activities that build children’s phonological awareness, understanding of language conventions, and knowledge of word relationships.
Improving Therapeutic Relationships
Authors: Farrelly Simone , Lester Helen , Rose Diana , Birchwood Max , Marshall Max , Waheed Waquas , Henderson R. Claire , Szmukler George , Thornicroft Graham
Published: January 2015

Outcomes for individuals with psychosis remain far from acceptable. Recently, prominent psychiatrists have called for an improved understanding of the impact of social contexts, and how social contexts might influence the development and maintenance of mental health problems. A key social context for individuals with psychosis is the therapeutic relationship. As part of a trial of joint crisis planning in England, this qualitative study aimed to determine the mechanism through which joint crisis planning might affect the therapeutic relationship. Results suggest that routine processes in mental health care are affected by policy and organizational requirements for risk mitigation—aspects that undermine person-centered approaches. In contrast, strong therapeutic relationships are characterized by individualized care and reliable and respectful treatment. The Joint Crisis Plan intervention partially succeeded in reducing contextual influences on routine role enactments, facilitating the demonstration of respect and improving the therapeutic relationship.