bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Big Six to Big Four
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

The Big Six became the Big Five in 1999 when MCA and PolyGram merged into the Universal Music Group (UMG), becoming the new number one label group to be led by former Warner Music Group (WMG) head Doug Morris for the entire time period. Alain Levy was at PolyGram from 1996–99 and then at EMI from 2004–6. Ten others and one duo also occupied the top label group positions. In 2004 former UMG corporate executive Edgar Bronfman Jr. acquired WMG after the AOL–Time Warner merger collapsed. Also in 2004 Sony and BMG formed a joint venture to lower costs and reduced the Big Five to the Big Four. The majors established distribution subsidiaries to capture a share of the thriving independent market. Revenue peaked in 1999 at $14.6 billion but slid to $11.8 billion in 2006, affected by illegal file-sharing but cushioned by $1.8 billion in new digital revenue.
The Creators’ Side of the Money Equation
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

At best, 20 percent of consumer and licensee spending on recorded music reached the artists after recoupable costs were recovered from otherwise payable royalties. The downturn in record sales that began in 2000 affected even the best sellers. The top-ten albums of 1996 sold 39.2 million units, grew to 60.5 million in 2000, but fell to only 23 million in 2006. Artists fared better in live performances. Pollstar-tracked major concert box-office receipts grew from $1.05 billion in 1996 to $3.6 billion in 2006. In 2000 Clear Channel Communications acquired the SFX Entertainment roll-up of radio stations and concert promoters in an over-$4 billion stock deal, but then spun out the concert division in 2005 into Live Nation. Also covered are Live Nation’s concert-promotion competition led by AEG; the leading booking agencies; the top-grossing tours; the growth of outdoor multi-artist festivals; and the outreach, unrest, and diversity at the Recording Academy.
The Game of Musical Thrones: Riding the Digital Wave
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

In 2007 Terra Firma Capital Partnership bought EMI for $4.89 billion with financing from CitiGroup. CitiGroup foreclosed on Terra Firma in 2011, and then sold it to Universal for $2.1 billion. Len Blavatnik’s Access Industries acquired Warner for $3.3 billion. Stephen Cooper replaced Lyor Cohen. Doug Morris moved to Sony from Universal, where international head Lucian Grainge replaced him. Morris retired in 2017 after successively chairing all three major label groups. Sony veteran Rob Stringer replaced him. Universal was still at number one in 2019 with a 30 percent global market share at $6.4 billion; number two Sony under Stringer earned $4.17 billion for 19.8 percent; number three Warner under Cooper collected $3.92 billion for 18.2 percent. Independents took in $7 billion for 32 percent. Cohen resurfaced as YouTube’s global head of music. Universal and Warner planned IPOs. Universal sold a 10 percent interest to Chinese media giant TenCent.
The Creators: A Bigger Piece of a Bigger Pie
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

After the 2010 Live Nation-Ticketmaster merger, Live Nation Entertainment became the dominant force in live performance under CEO Michael Rapino. AEG remained a distant but strong second. CAA and William Morris Endeavor continued to lead the Major Seven booking agencies. The annual Power 100 ratings became a much-anticipated Billboard mainstay. Pollstar’s concert revenue database rose from $3.6 billion in 2007 to over $11 billion in 2019. Irving Azoff and Tim Leiweke’s Oak View Group acquired Pollstar in 2017. Concert productions grew bigger, better, and more expensive. Billboard’s Top Moneymakers estimated artist concert take-home as 34 percent of box-office receipts after all expenses. Most labels switched to 360°, or multiple rights, agreements in which they shared in the artists’ live performance, merchandise, and/or publishing revenue. An incident at the 2018 Grammy Awards became the public symbol of industrywide gender inequity, sparking an internal review for institutional changes at the Recording Academy.
The Consumer: Leading the Digital Transition
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

iPhone’s 2007 launch and Android’s 2008 debut facilitated the transformation of music consumption from physical to digital. Pandora was the first Apple Store outside vendor mobile music app. Sirius and XM merged in 2008 to consolidate the in-car subscription market. In 2018 SiriusXM absorbed Pandora to add interactivity to its program offerings. In 2019 Spotify, Apple, Amazon, YouTube, and TenCent controlled 86 percent of the approximately 345 million global premium streaming accounts. Due in large part to live performance, estimated consumer spending on music almost doubled from $24.1 billion in 2007 to $46.2 billion in 2019 with 47.6 percent spent on tickets; 21.4 percent on merchandise, taxes, concessions, parking, and ticket handling charges; 14.7 percent on recorded music; 11.9 percent on secondary ticketing market markup; and 4.4 percent on print music. Despite attempts to limit the secondary ticketing market, enough consumers willingly paid exorbitant markups to secure the best seats.
Introduction
Authors: Altilio Terry , Lyon Leimena Meagan , Sumser Bridget
Published: July 2024

Kerry James Marshall, African-American artist, describes the intent of his work: “the museum occupies a particularly privileged place . . . not being a part of that means you surrender your place in the world as equal amongst other beings . . . if you feel it then you have to take responsibility for it . . . then you have control over your own visibility and invisibility . . . the answer is to put yourself into that space in such a way that you have to be taken into account” (Marshall, 2017). While Marshall’s “place” is the museum, his words can be applied to the privileged world of health care. Social workers who choose health care as their “space” bring their humanity, skills, and a willingness to share in the universal experiences spanning birth to death. The critical intent of the authors of this book is to reaffirm the courage, mind, and heart at the core of health social work and to highlight the ways in which social work contributes to the care of seriously ill persons and their families. At a time of attention and interest in palliative care, we have a clear opportunity to assert our place in the work among equals, to reflect on the visibility of our discipline, to notice what is “in plain sight,” and to choose how we will show up to care for patients and families.
Sa Kanyang Sariling Mga Salita
Authors: Brown Donald V , Lim Fidelindo A
Published: July 2024

The tendency to locate mental illness solely within the individual is well-documented in the history of inquiry into various mental health topics. Though not explicitly stated as such, bodies of work on mental health are littered with the language of individual-level diagnoses based on clinicians’ observations of aberrant behavior. Throughout their history, fields such as psychiatry have seen a shift in the consideration of environmental factors as catalysts for declines or changes in mental health status (Schmidt, 2007). However, we still find in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic materials that focus entirely on individuals, their observed behavior, and how that behavior validates a specific individual’s future diagnosis.
Crowdsourcing My Antipsychotic
Authors: Schroeder Stephanie
Published: July 2024

I’m in recovery from bipolar disorder. I’ve tried to live medication free. And failed.
On Listening to Clients, or Why Do Providers Sometimes Have a Hard Time Hearing What Recipients of Care Have to Say?
Authors: Huygen Christian
Published: July 2024

The literature abounds with statistics about the kinds of discrimination and poor treatment that LGBTQ people often receive. But unless we providers are in the habit of actively looking for people’s strengths, virtues, and positive qualities, we may tend to view LGBTQ recipients of care as nothing other than a pile of symptoms and pathologies. We may view them solely as disempowered embodiments of suffering—objects of pity about whom it pains us to think.
Pleasure-Based Parenting
Authors: Anne Crista
Published: July 2024

I never planned on being a mother.
The Strategy of Freedom
Authors: Ostovar Afshon
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how the Bush administration sought to trigger a transformation of the Middle East by bringing democracy to Iraq. It discusses how elections in Iraq created both hope and panic in the region. As Turkey and Arab states worried about the rise of Shia political power in Iraq, democratic movements were sparking change in Lebanon and Palestine. America’s support to the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon brought an end to Syria’s occupation of that country, and seemed to affirm the Bush administration’s democracy-centered strategy. The death of Yasser Arafat and Israel’s withdrawal from Gaza portended change in the Palestinian-Israeli issue. However, the election of Hamas in the Palestinian Territories tempered optimism and challenged Bush’s freedom agenda. The isolation of Hamas in Gaza both revealed the limits of America’s support for democracy in the Middle East and created another vacuum that Iran would fill.
Shifting Sands of a New Era
Authors: Ostovar Afshon
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the major shifts signaling the emergence of a new, post-American regional order. The Abraham Accords was a hallmark achievement for U.S. foreign policy. It was followed by regional states settling their differences, and the UAE’s effort to return Bashar al-Assad into the fold—heralding Iran’s political victory in the Syrian war. With the Russian invasion of Ukraine, U.S.-Arab relations hit a crisis point. That corresponded with China’s effort to deepen ties in the region, first signing a strategic agreement with Iran, and then signing a joint declaration with Arab states in Riyadh. Iran’s provision of drones to Russia in the Ukraine war evinced their growing strategic alignment. America’s regional influence was in decline and that of China and Russia was rising. Iran’s destructive war with Israel continued in the shadows, even as furious protests against the regime spread across Iran.
Conclusion
Authors: Ostovar Afshon
Published: July 2024

This chapter reassesses how America’s post–9/11 ambitions for the Middle East partly failed while Iran’s countervailing campaign seemingly succeeded. Iran’s successes were driven foremost by its commitment to its cause and consistency in its policies. Whereas the United States, as well as regional powers, were inconsistent in their goals and hesitant in their actions, Iran was not. Iran’s approach worked against Arab rivals, but provoked retaliation from Israel. The Iranian-Israeli conflict remains pregnant with catastrophic potential, and the attacks of October 7 are likely to push Iran’s conflict with Israel and the United States into a more dangerous, uncertain period. The chapter concludes by exploring what might lie ahead for the Middle East in terms of the possibilities for escalatory war, Gulf Arab realignment with Iran, and the prospects of China replacing the United States as the leading foreign power in the region.
Le Corsaire in Paris and Lyon
Authors: Fullington Doug , Smith Marian
Published: July 2024

This chapter begins with a discussion of the portrayal in Le Corsaire of Black and Jewish characters. Medora, the female lead, is a sympathetically portrayed Jewish woman; her uncle (or guardian) Lanquedem is anti-semitically portrayed according to several standard tropes. Ottoman Turks are portrayed in various ways (some of them unfavorable), and the one Black character with a “speaking” part is presented demeaningly. Next, this chapter provides an account of Adolphe Adam’s score (including its lightness in tone, its ways of expressing conversations, its recurring melodies, its nautical and “pirate” music, and its masculine and feminine music). A brief discussion of source material, including Henri Justamant’s 1857 staging manual, leads to a detailed account of the choreography, mime, and action in the Paris and Lyon productions.
Palestinian Political Organizations in Israeli Prisons
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

Palestinian Political Organizations in Israeli Prisons examines the evolution and changes within the Palestinian Prisoners Movement and the structural opportunities and constraints that inform collective resistance today. Drawing on observation-based fieldwork and over forty interviews with ex-prisoners and additional interviews with lawyers and advocates, this book presents a sociological account of Palestinian prisoners in Israel—an important reflection of the wider Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The Oslo Accords, the peace agreements between the Palestinian Liberation Organization and Israel, transformed not only Palestinian politics but the entire prison environment. By exploring issues including the specific characteristics of women’s resistance, the effects of the Islamicization, new hunger strike strategies, consumerism within the prison, parenting children, and escapes, Palestinian Political Organizations in Israeli Prisons offers a fresh analysis of political resistance in Israeli prisons. Applying a social movement approach and drawing comparisons to other politically motivated prisoner groups, the book traces the effects of changes from the Oslo Accords through to today, including the Second Intifada, the split between Hamas and Fatah, the co-optation of the Palestinian Authority, and increasingly systematic prison management, explaining how these factors have affected life for Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prisons and influence conflicts today.
Introduction—The Rise and Fall of the Prisoners Movement
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

The Introduction provides an overview of concepts explored in this study and begins to explain how the Palestinian Prisoners Movement became weaker over time. After exploring prison as a focal point of power in conflict, means of coping and resistance, and politically motivated prisoners’ specific strategies, it explains the evolution of women’s participation in the Prisoners Movement. These changes demonstrate transformations in the broader Prisoners Movement, from demanding separation from criminal prisoners to conducting a months-long strike for releases during the Oslo Accords. Women in prison went on strike not by refusing to eat but by refusing instead to leave their rooms. They succeeded in their demand that all of them be released under the framework of the Oslo Accords. The releases, however, contributed to the loss of knowledge and experience that contributed to the individualized state of resistance today.
Analytical and Ethical Framework
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

This chapter lays out the theoretical and ethical framework for this study. The theoretical framework aims to analyse and compare collective action in resistance. It explains key terms from social movement theory, including framing and demobilization. The chapter contextualizes this study geographically and epistemologically, explaining the importance of terminology, this study’s stances and words, and translations from Arabic and Hebrew. It lays out the reasons why the book uses the term ‘politically motivated prisoner’ rather than ‘political prisoner’ and ‘security prisoner’ and contrasts Israel’s security discourse with the term terrorism. It also elucidates the research methodology, which relied on interviews with released prisoners and their supporters. Finally, it provides background on the identity and affiliation of interviewees and why this information cannot be revealed on a per-interview basis.
The Historical Keystone to International Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

The Alabama Claims Arbitration, which took place in Geneva in 1872 under the Treaty of Washington of 1871 between the United States and Great Britain, settled a grave dispute that threatened to generate a catastrophic war between the United States and the British Empire and demonstrated to an attentive world the value and potential of arbitration in the settlement of important international disputes. The history of the case, with an award made by an international tribunal, the first of its kind in modern times and the basic model for international arbitration today, also shows that the party appointment of arbitrators is crucial for the parties to have trust in the decision-making process.
Lloyd George, Lenin and Cannibals
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

In 1925, Averell Harriman negotiated a concession for recovery and renewed production of manganese, of which Georgia was a prime source. Remarkably, it provided for a three-man arbitration tribunal, each party naming an arbitrator and the chairman to be a neutral drawn from the faculty of the Universities of Paris or Oslo. Also remarkably, it provided for a truncated tribunal to proceed in case of a failure of an arbitrator to act. The enterprise was a commercial failure; the concession agreement and the arbitral provision were terminated on agreed terms following commencement of an arbitration in 1928. The very existence of the arbitration agreement made a negotiated settlement a realistic possibility.
The 2001 Goff Lecture
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains that the issues raised in ensuring procedural fairness in international arbitration are more complex than before national courts, in part because the representatives of the parties are diverse and often do not share the same legal culture. Further, unlike most national court systems, there is no appeal on the merits from an arbitration award. There is a lack of transparency in international arbitration and, while good faith in the performance of civil procedural obligations is assumed by civilian lawyers, English law on good faith says nothing about the activities of a party’s representatives in an international arbitration. What is needed is practical guidance on good faith for the legal representatives of parties. The focus is then on the solutions that have been proffered, including through the various sets of rules published by the International Bar Association.
The Natural Limits to the Truncated Tribunal
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines two episodes in the history of arbitral tribunals that acted in the absence of a party-appointed arbitrator. The first episode, which concerns decisions of the German courts under the 1925 German–Soviet Treaty, is used to illustrate the difference between a refusal to act and a mere failure to act, which may not in any way be obstructive of the arbitral process. The second is more dramatic and concerns the 1998 arbitration claim brought by two Bermudan companies against a government-owned company, Pertamina, and the Indonesian Government. These resulted in two large awards against Pertamina, which it refused to pay. The claimants proceeded with other claims against the Indonesian Government. Pertamina then obtained injunctions from a Jakarta court enjoining the enforcement of the awards and imposing a penalty of US$1 million a day on any party (apparently including the arbitrators) continuing with the arbitrations. The tribunal removed the place of the next hearing to the Peace Palace in The Hague, but the attendance of the arbitrator appointed by Indonesia was physically prevented by Indonesia. The remaining two arbitrators, informed of the reasons for the absence of their colleague, proceeded as a truncated tribunal to make awards on the merits, thus showing how international arbitration works despite the best (worst) efforts of a recalcitrant party.
The Need for Cross-border Enforcement of Interim Measures Ordered by a State Court in Support of the International Arbitral Process
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter identifies the fact that the global system of international arbitration has succeeded (so far) without any universal regime for the cross-border enforcement of interim measures, such enforcement being generally limited to national jurisdictions where the interim measure is made, namely, by the state court at the arbitral seat. What is not surprising are the inherent difficulties in developing such a universal system, given different legal traditions regarding interim measures made in support of the arbitral process and, more significantly, the extreme variety of interim measures ordered by different state courts under their own national procedure laws. This absence of a universal regime represents a curious gap in the modern system of international commercial arbitration and addresses the difficulties of developing effective cross-border interim measures despite the need for them.
Is there a Need to Revise the New York Convention?
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

The major criticism of the New York Convention is that it is far too short, incomplete, and uncertain for a modern treaty on arbitration. Yet, others say that long-winded drafting in international instruments, such as is seen with the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) modifications to the Model Law on Arbitration, does more harm than good. In this chapter, the author opposes the idea that there should be a complete reform of the New York Convention. He considers that common sense should prevail in the interpretation and application of this highly successful treaty and that the ever-increasing pressures for redrafting old familiar texts should be resisted, given well-established historical precedents.
Lessons for the Future from the PastIndividual Hedgehogs and Institutional Foxes (Tenth Kaplan Lecture, 23 November 2016)
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

In this final chapter, the author focuses on a number of arbitration specialists (Pavel Mincs, Dr Friedrich Gaus, Brian Davenport, and Bertie Vigrass) and discusses why their individual contributions are important, including to the great development and growth of arbitral institutions over the past thirty years. One lesson to draw from them is that it is what individuals, whether acting as juniors to their principals, working in arbitration secretariats, as secretaries to tribunals, or as teachers, will do for arbitration that will shape its future. There is one important caveat: the arbitral oak tree has deep historical roots and that, in reforming and re-legitimizing arbitration, there are ways to apply lessons from the past without having to plant a new sapling every time or to re-invent an existing wheel.
The Indian Diary of Vera Luboshinsky (1938-1945)
Authors: Luboshinsky Vera , Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

The Indian Diary of Vera Luboshinsky narrates life at the Indian princely court of Bhopal, during the 1940s. Vera was the daughter of Professor M. J. Herzenstein, a member of the State Duma in pre-Revolutionary Russia, and married to Count Mark Luboshinsky. After the Bolshevik Revolution, they emigrated to Czechoslovakia where they met Hamidullah Khan, Nawab of Bhopal, an important political figure during the last decades of the British Empire and India’s fight for independence. Impressed by Mark Luboshinsky’s managerial abilities, the Nawab invited him to come to India to manage his estates. The couple spent seven years in India (winter 1938–winter 1945). They stayed in and around Bhopal taking part in palace business or travelling across India accompanying the Nawab’s family on long journeys. The Diary is a unique and completely unknown text to the anglophone world: a rich primary source for historians of India’s princely states, providing an interesting and unusual depiction of the Nawab, his family, acquaintances, and associates, and more generally, of the life of Indians and foreigners in India during the Second World War. With literary flair, Vera describes not only her life in India, but also her intimate relationship with the Begum and British residents of Bhopal, as well as meetings with well-known people like Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Fatima Jinnah, Anandamayi Ma, and Paul Brunton. Importantly, the Diary also offers an extremely rare Eastern European female voice in late colonial India: a voice that both submits to and transgresses the orientalist moods of its time.
The Indian Diary of Vera Luboshinsky (1938–1945)
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

First impressions and descriptions of Bhopal; introduction to Bhopal’s history; meeting with Colonel Coke-Wallis and his wife; meeting the Nawab, the Begum, and princesses; a short excursion into the Indian past; meeting Colonel M. and Veronica Grumbly.
Spring 1939
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Dinner at Sadda Mian’s house; Sadda Mian introduces Vera to Indian cooking; description of Mark’s work; debate on India with Radhaswami; wedding of Princess Sajida.
Autumn 1939
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Rains and snakes; debate on Congress politics continued; birthday of Princess Abida; Boodries, a story of veterinarian Mishra’s wife; meeting with Dr A. and Mr Badcock.
Summer 1940
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Visit to Mussorie and Dehradun; a troublesome journey; the life of the royal family and other princes in Dehradun; Vera’s encounter with a yogi; meeting with the Rani of Nalagarh; visit of Anandamayi Ma; meeting with the nursemaid Wiggins; manners of princes.
Summer 1941
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Troubles in Bhopal; visit to Madras and Ooty; life in Ooty; visit of the Toda tribe; the Begum is angry with the Nawab; reception at the governor’s house; visit to Mysore; meeting with Paul Brunton; visit to Srirangapatna.
Autumn 1941
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Affairs of the Italian prisoners of war; amusing work of the Red Crescent.
Autumn 1942
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

The new Generalsaab arrives; celebrating the birthday of Princess Abida; troublesome travelling to Murree; illness of Princess Sajida; back to Bhopal.
Spring 1943
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Back to Murree; accidents with monkeys; note on Afghans, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and the Begum’s Afghan roots.
Summer 1943
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Visit to Kashmir; description of life and a history of Kashmir; Srinagar; life of Brits in Kashmir; meeting with Ruth Morland; visit to the mountains of Kashmir.
Spring 1944
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Jinnah’s visits to Bhopal and Vera’s conversation with Fatima Jinnah; a story about the new chief of police.
Standing
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines standing to blame in an epistemic context. The primary focus is the so-called “business condition” on standing to blame. According to the business condition, standing is constrained by the extent to which the target of blame’s wrongdoing is the blamer’s business. The chapter examines an apparent tension between the business condition and the fact that it is not always clear whose business an epistemic failing is, and why. The relationship-based account is well positioned to make sense of this apparent tension. Careful attention to the issue is fruitful for a number of reasons. First, it provides a useful angle for exploring what entitles us to the normative expectations partially constituting our epistemic relationships. Second, it allows us to develop detailed answers to questions about the variable strength of epistemic blame, and its interaction with other normative domains. The chapter closes with a discussion of epistemic hypocrisy and complicity.
Introduction
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

The Introduction outlines major debates on social reproduction and an analysis of how racial and class disparities and crises such as COVID-19 affect social reproduction and practices of caring. It also introduces the main themes of the book. It argues that in the absence of recognition of the value of this work to the economy and society, depletion results in harm and at the same time is obscured and therefore cannot be systematically mapped or addressed. This chapter assesses the theoretical boundaries of care and social reproduction as well as the overlaps and suggests that we need to expand both to decenter their Global North bias.
Depletion, Harms and Struggles to Reverse Them
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

This chapter outlines the key concept of the book: depletion through social reproduction and its travels. It describes depletion, identifies its key indicators, and outlines how this concept has been and can be used to understand the everyday costs of care and caring, of social reproduction, when unsupported, as harmful to individuals, households, and communities even though it is essential and also provides joy and sustenance. The chapter also extends the reach of the concept in the context of its deployment across disciplines. Depletion is a facet of capitalist development, which can only be eliminated through struggles for transformative change of unequal gendered social relations that are classed and raced and that reproduce the inequalities of care and caring at the heart of depletion.
Conclusion
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

The conclusion brings together the arguments of the book and reflects upon how the concept of depletion through social reproduction travels through the different political economy landscapes. In particular, it reflects upon the various strategies for reversing depletion the book has explored and looks forward to see if and under what conditions these might be useful in changing policy frameworks that address women’s work. To make change happen, reflexive solidarities are needed, built on solid ground of recognition of historic cruelties and dispossessions and addressed through reparations and redistribution.
The Rabbi of the Revolution
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on Gershom Seixas, the rabbi of the American Revolution. Seixas forged his place in the country and the movement through position, theology, and a fierce patriotic theology. Moreover, he raised the notion that Jews and Gentiles had shared responsibilities in terms of social contract and civic virtue. Seixas joined in the national fast day of 1776 even though the fast day did not require Jews to join. When threatened by British invasion, Seixas and his synagogue took a Torah and fled New York, choosing to live in patriot Connecticut rather than worship under British rule. By education and temperament, Seixas, Jefferson, and other Founders versed themselves in the rights of man. Seixas led the Jews in an effort to support the revolution and faced the danger of British attacks in New York and Connecticut. The Revolution had rabbis.
Jews at War
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains the war experience of American Jews and Jewish patriots. Jews served in wartime alongside their Gentile countrymen. Washington and others accepted Jews as soldiers and promoted them as officers, something no other country did at the time. When Jewish patriots wrote of their experiences in wartime, they simply assumed citizenship and membership in the struggle against Britain and the colonial apparatus. They believed the war made them citizens. At least twice, British officers ordered the expulsion of Jews from occupied areas—Georgia and St. Eustatius. Meanwhile, Britain’s attempt to widen religious citizenship to Catholics resulted in the Gordon Riots of 1780. Jews fought for the revolution and Washington’s decision to include Jews as soldiers served the United States far better than anti-Semitism served Britain. After the war, the Jewish patriots had all ended up in the town of Philadelphia and started building a national religious organization and consciousness alongside their community and institution, Mikveh Israel.
“Congress Shall Make No Law . . .”
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

Americans in the revolutionary period specifically considered and rejected an explicit acknowledgment of Christianity by the government. This chapter discusses the history of disestablishment and the US Constitution. Jews played a role in shaping the debate over religious freedom and full religious citizenship; by and large, wherever Jews lived, they were included as part of the state. Jews were also discussed in the ratification debates as Americans at the state and federal level. The presence of Jews became part of the argument over whether the new state was only for Christians. Founding Fathers disagreed on the issue, but the laws and amendments framed from 1786–1800 repeatedly rejected state churches, explicitly Christian states, and religious limitations to citizenship.
The Black Synagogue
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the notion of the “Black synagogue.” Revolutionary-era American Jews lived in a multiracial society, and early American Judaism was multiracial. Biracial Jews found almost no institutional support and freedom in the United States, but they sometimes retained their Jewish knowledge and sometimes lived Jewish lives. The chapter discusses how the condition of freedom for Jews existed alongside and within a racial slaveholding system of unfreedom. It examines the history of American Judaism and slavery, and explores the world of biracial Jews in antebellum America. It then overviews a Black synagogue that appeared in Suriname and compares it to the American institutions of the Black church.
Yankee Doodle Dandy
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

Composer, lyricist, playwright, director, theater owner, and star performer George M. Cohan (1878–1942) definitively shaped the burgeoning genre of musical comedy and the institution of Broadway in the early twentieth century. Remembered today for classic tunes like “You’re a Grand Old Flag” and “Give My Regards to Broadway,” he has been called “the father of musical comedy” and is memorialized with a statue in Times Square. In his day, he was famous as the “Yankee Doodle Boy” from his hit song and as the “Man Who Owned Broadway” from his musical of the same name. His songs and shows captured the spirit of an era when staggering social change gave new urgency to efforts to define Americanism. This book, the first on Cohan in fifty years and the first scholarly study on the subject, is not a biography but rather situates Cohan as a central figure of his day, placing his multifaceted contributions within overlapping historical and cultural contextual webs to examine his wide-ranging impact on Broadway and beyond. Chapters interweave discussion of his songs and shows with explorations of the roles he played in public life—entertainer, Broadway magnate, Irish American, celebrity, and, above all, emblem of patriotism. This approach offers not only a fuller understanding of his shows and career but also new perspectives on fundamental debates about American identity and the performing arts in the early twentieth-century United States.
The Celebrity
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines Cohan the celebrity, demonstrating how he harnessed the mass circulation press and burgeoning journalistic attention to celebrities to establish his compelling Yankee Doodle patriotic persona. As “Broadway’s press agent,” Cohan also promoted Broadway and linked his own fame to it. In the 1920s through to the end of his life, after his unsuccessful stand against Actors’ Equity Association and as styles on Broadway changed, Cohan cashed in on celebrity in various ways, including through writings in the print media, performances in films and radio programs, starring roles in other playwrights’ shows, and popular songs. He continued to harp on familiar themes like patriotism and Broadway, but now largely through the lens of nostalgia. The last section of this chapter examines Cohan’s portrayals of Broadway celebrity in The Man Who Owned Broadway (1909) and his last, unfinished work The Musical Comedy Man.
Introduction
Authors: McMurray Peter , Mukhopadhyay Priyasha
Published: July 2024

This introduction presents key concepts of an “acoustics of empire,” bookended by brief historical examples of such acoustics in the South Pacific at the beginning and end of the long nineteenth century. This book explores the entanglements of “acoustics,” on the one hand, understood here broadly to include sound, sound technologies, listening practices, and thinking/discourse about sound, with the expansion of (mostly) European empires in that period, on the other. We argue that the two are inextricably connected: concepts and techniques of sound both in “the West” and around the globe have been profoundly shaped by imperial and colonial encounters; and in turn, the functions and practices of making, maintaining, and resisting empire reveal deep connections with sound. Auditory histories of Polynesia highlight key sonic practices, both in encounters with missionaries and explorers around 1800 and in the poetry of Queen Sālote Tupou III of Tonga a century later.
Action
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: July 2024

In this chapter the author describes “action” as the mobilization and deployment of resources to create real change. Organizing enables people to mobilize individual resources and deploy them as collective power. The basic question is on whose resources we depend, what they are, and whom they empower. Mobilizing effective action requires balancing motivational energy and disciplined commitment. We need to design metrics which enable sustained learning-based clarity of what we are actually doing. We evaluate the impact of our action by asking did we achieve our goal, did we come out of it stronger than when we went in, and did we develop new leadership to carry the work forward.
Rock Logic
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This prelude introduces the spiral diagrams representing hierarchically nested transposition, or voice leadings without voice exchanges. These diagrams are central to the book’s argument, used to model harmonic procedures in many different styles. This chapter employs the 3-in-12 diagram of chromatic triads to analyze rock harmony, which often contravenes earlier harmonic conventions. I argue that this is not a matter of deliberate negation but rather exploiting pre-existing affordances. Standard rock idioms, in other words, trace natural paths through the space of musical possibility. In particular, rock progressions often arise from the desire to harmonize stepwise descending melodies with closely related triads; given the constraints of musical geometry, there are a limited number of options, many of which are characteristic of rock. Geometry thus allows us to model the intuitive logic underlying musical creativity.
Functional Progressions
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents a heterogeneous grammar of elementary functional harmony, in which functionality is produced by the three subsystems of harmonic cycles, fauxbourdon, and sequences. The grammar of harmonic cycles is based on a circle of descending thirds, allowing composers to titrate the degree of regularity found in their music. As a result, harmonic cycles are nearly sequential, making repeated journeys through the same small set of harmonic possibilities. Harmonic cycles therefore have something of the character of sequences while sequences have something of the character of harmonic cycles. The desire for descending melodies creates pressure to expand the harmonic vocabulary, leading to the embrace of seventh chords and second-inversion triads. The chapter ends by exploring J. S. Bach’s distinctive take on functional harmony, in which subdominant and dominant are both opposite and equivalent.
Modulation
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter uses voice leading to analyze modulation, presenting a new theory of enharmonicism and describing several modulatory schemas found in the functional tradition. Underlying these proposals is a model of key distance based on the spiral diagrams. I describe two different conceptions of key distance, both based on voice leading. The first limits itself to voice leadings that preserve scale-degree role, mapping tonic to tonic and dominant to dominant; the second allows scale-degree roles to change. In both, scales act like higher-level harmonies, moving inside the chromatic aggregate much like chords move inside the diatonic scale. We can combine the two approaches by reconceiving minor keys as extended regions rather than isolated points. The chapter uses the resulting models to consider the process of modal homogenization, by which different modes come to take on characteristics of ionian. It ends by outlining a “generalized set theory” that explores the deep analogies between different chord-and-scale environments.
Beethoven Theorist
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter interprets Beethoven as a pattern-making intellectual. It focuses on “The Ludwig,” a contrary-motion schema combining the diatonic third’s basic voice leading with a voice exchange; because the third is approximately one quarter of an octave, these two contrapuntal moves are approximately equal. After describing the schema, the chapter outlines a more flexible process of “Ludwiging” that replaces fixed building blocks with a more general and flexible “flow.” It then analyzes three iconic first movements: the Tempest sonata Op. 31, no. 2, the Fifth Symphony Op. 67, and the Op. 28 piano sonata (“Pastorale”). It continues with two pieces written in Beethoven’s shadow, Schubert’s Quartettsatz and the prelude to Wagner’s Lohengrin. These pieces illustrate the transition from a more schematic classicism to a more idiosyncratic Romanticism.
Storytelling in Motion
Authors: Oyallon-Koloski Jenny
Published: July 2024

Storytelling in Motion: Cinematic Choreography and the Film Musical demonstrates how figure movement can serve as a versatile strategy of meaning-making, particularly when filmmakers attend to the relationship between choreographed movement and film style. Using Franco-American film musicals as its main examples, this book analyzes the narrative and stylistic impact of figure movement in cinema and the subtle power of cinematic choreography, those moments when filmmakers deliberately combine the strengths of film style and organized figure movement to convey narrative meaning through motion. Integrating vocabularies and analytical systems from Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies, film studies, and related fields to parse cinematic figure movement on multiple formal levels, this book uses performative research methods from videographic criticism to show the poetic and oblique connections between films through videographic as well as written chapters. Storytelling in Motion centers the crucial material conditions needed to make figure movement a significant component of narrative filmmaking: time, money, rehearsal space, industrial support, and performers and crew with the necessary embodied and institutional knowledge. The films discussed tell a clear story of how cinematic choreography was used by transnational filmmaking teams to innovate storytelling through figure movement, inspired by their predecessors’ aesthetics while working within differing industrial conditions.
Formal Conventions and Musical Practices
Authors: Oyallon-Koloski Jenny
Published: July 2024

Through an extensive dissection of musical numbers’ form, this chapter categorizes how musical numbers can move through various narrative, aesthetic, and stylistic functions, using instances from Singin’ in the Rain (Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, 1952) and other Hollywood musicals to illustrate the genre’s norms of practice. Singin’ in the Rain was made in the ideal industrial conditions for musical filmmaking; the support provided many resources for the film, in addition to the invaluable institutional memory of the Freed unit at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film is a canonical example of the genre, exploring the many ways musicals can use song, dance, and multiple diegetic layers in their storytelling. Focusing on the film’s titular number, this chapter emphasizes how much of this film musical’s magic comes from its use of movement and the implicit meanings it generates by weaving narrative depth, multidiegetic complexity, and stylistic richness in between its musical notes.
Rhythmic Realism
Authors: Oyallon-Koloski Jenny
Published: July 2024

In La La Land (Damien Chazelle, 2016), realism blended with fantasy is linked to duration and rhythm through the professional stagnation of Emma Stone’s character, Mia, and the narrative ambiguity created by the final dream ballet number. These patterns of rhythmic realism manifest through the collaborations between Chazelle, choreographer Mandy Moore, cinematographer Linus Sandgren, and Steadicam operator Ari Robbins. This chapter applies the analytical methods from Laban Movement Analysis to the camera’s range of motion, analyzing it both as a character with agency in the cinematic space as well as an extension of Robbins’s own craft-specific figure movement. Despite La La Land’s evocation of classical Hollywood musical conventions, many of the resources central to the studio era musical had changed by 2016, and the filmmakers’ choices emphasize what is lost as well as the rich ongoing potential of cinematic choreography.
Do You Promise Not to Tell?
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 of Within You Without You, “Do You Promise Not to Tell,” is a deep dive into the Beatles song “Do You Want to Know a Secret,” written by John Lennon but sung by George Harrison. Harrison’s vocals were innovative and impassioned, at times reminiscent of Roy Orbison or doo-wop singing, employing gospel-derived melisma (stretching a single syllable over a series of notes) and rock ’n’ roll growls. The song itself is multilayered, perhaps Lennon’s response to manager Brian Epstein’s insistence that the Beatles keep their private lives secret. Epstein himself had a clandestine private life, and Lennon, at the time, was secretly wed to his first wife, Cynthia. While often considered a minor Beatles track, the single was a huge success, the highest-charting Beatles song with a lead vocal by George Harrison until “Something” went to number one in November 1969.
My Friend Came to Me
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 22 of Within You Without You, “My Friend Came to Me,” closely examines George Harrison’s 1971 all-star benefit concert, Concert for Bangladesh, which set the template for large-scale celebrity charity events, in this case leveraging the drawing power of Harrison’s musical friends, including Bob Dylan, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton, Leon Russell, Billy Preston, and Ravi Shankar, to raise funds for war-torn refugees suffering from famine and floods in the newly independent nation of Bangladesh. Two concerts at New York City’s Madison Square Garden were filmed and recorded, and the event produced a three-LP live concert recording, a movie, and a new Harrison single, “Bangla Desh,” tailor-written for the cause. The entire effort raised millions for humanitarian relief and is widely credited with having made “Bangladesh” a household name at a time when the news media were still referring to the newly independent nation as “East Pakistan.”