bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transdiagnostic Emotional Disorder Assessment and Case Formulation in Health Conditions
Authors: Rosellini Anthony J. , Osma Jorge , Suso Carlos , Brown Timothy A.
Published: September 2023

Many individuals experience comorbid emotional disorders (EDs) and physical health conditions. Novel approaches to ED assessment and classification have been proposed with an emphasis on transdiagnostic dimensions that cut across traditional disorder categories. Given the high rates of comorbidity and symptom overlap between emotional and physical disorders, transdiagnostic approaches to ED assessment may be particularly useful among individuals with physical health conditions. This chapter (a) reviews leading transdiagnostic ED dimensions and assessment tools, (b) describes a transdiagnostic profile approach to ED classification, and (c) discusses specific recommendations and challenges surrounding the transdiagnostic assessment and case conceptualization of EDs among individuals with health conditions.
Unified Protocol Application in Fertility Problems
Authors: Crespo-Delgado Elena , Martínez-Borba Verónica , Andreu-Pejó Laura , Osma Jorge
Published: September 2023

Infertility is a highly prevalent health condition affecting 186 million people worldwide. In recent years, there has been an increased demand for assisted reproduction treatments (ART), which involve a series of procedures that can be highly stressful. Emotional disorders during ART are frequent, but there is an especially high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, usually with high comorbid rates. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) in addressing emotional disorders in health conditions, but none have been applied in women with fertility problems. The results presented in this chapter highlight the feasibility and utility of the UP for the prevention of emotional disorders in women undergoing ART. Future lines of research, such as the use of technology in the implementation of preventive programs in infertile populations, as well as the importance of psychological processes during ART are also discussed.
Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Reynolds Gretchen O. , Piers Ryan , Cronin-Golomb Alice
Published: September 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, diagnosed upon the presence of cardinal motor features. In addition, a wide variety of non-motor symptoms occur throughout the disease course and negatively impact quality of life, often to a greater extent than the motor symptoms. In particular, anxiety and depression affect approximately 30–50% of individuals with PD, are often comorbid, and significantly impact daily functioning, yet they remain underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. There is increasing interest in nonpharmacologic treatments, given variable efficacy and potential side effects of psychotropic medications. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility and clinical utility of transdiagnostic cognitive–behavioral therapy (the Unified Protocol) for the treatment of anxiety and depression in PD, when delivered either in person or via telehealth. Future work may further tailor this protocol for use in PD with the goals of reducing barriers to care and allowing for broad dissemination of this treatment approach.
Treating Depression and Anxiety Disorders Simultaneously in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases Utilizing the Unified Protocol
Authors: Tully Phillip J. , Cosh Suzanne M.
Published: September 2023

This chapter elaborates on the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders simultaneously in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using the Unified Protocol (UP). Persons with CVDs alongside depression or anxiety have a heightened risk for death and disability, poor quality of life, and significantly higher costs for medical care. The UP provides a coherent conceptual and pragmatic approach to treating emotional disorders that are highly prevalent in CVD populations. Anxiety disorders remain largely neglected by randomized control trials due to procedural challenges in applying traditional cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) exposure therapies to CVD patients. Thus, the UP delivers immense benefits and a novel approach to patients with CVDs and comorbid emotional disorders.
Unified Protocol Application in Patients with Long COVID-19 Condition
Authors: Martínez-Borba Verónica , Peris-Baquero Óscar , Martínez-García, Laura , Osma Jorge , Corral-Beamonte Esther del
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented several challenges for the entire population and has contributed to mental health difficulties, especially for COVID-19 patients. Although most COVID-19 survivors recover from physical symptoms after a couple of weeks, it is estimated that 25% of patients do not, a condition known as long COVID-19. It has been reported that long COVID-19 patients present with comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms; however, existing psychological interventions are mainly used for treating COVID-19 patients rather than those with long COVID-19. Scientific evidence suggests the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Emotional Disorders (UP) could be helpful in treating emotional disorders in health conditions. However, no study has explored its utility in the context of long COVID-19 patients. This chapter aims to illustrate the adaptations made to provide a UP-based intervention in the case of a long COVID-19 patient who presents comorbid depression, agoraphobia, and panic disorder.
Censorship and the Workplace
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

Sometimes the dynamics treated in Chapter 2 yield calls for employers to fire their employees for the things that they have said. Sometimes, employers comply. Such speech-related terminations raise concerns about the arbitrary power that employers exercise over their employees, but they also raise concerns about our broader speech environment. “Censorship and the Workplace” argues that the freedom of association is a prized value and will protect the right of many (if not all) employers to fire employees for their speech, whether it occurs on or off the job. Although this is true, the chapter next argues that (1) firms will often undermine their narrow organizational interests by exercising these rights and (2) that firms often ought to refrain from sanctioning employees for the exercise of their expressive liberties, even when they anticipate that such sanctions will improve the firm’s performance. This is because, as major institutions, they have special responsibilities to protect the freedom to speak and think freely.
Biography, Intellectual Development, and Legacy
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 fulfills three tasks. First, a biographical sketch gives a glimpse of Friedrich Nietzsche’s life from childhood through to his death. Second, Nietzsche’s intellectual development is summarized, focusing on his two most significant philosophical influences, Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Albert Lange, and four of his later scientific influences, Roger Boscovich, Maximillian Drossbach, Wilhelm Roux, and William Henry Rolph. Nietzsche quickly soured on Schopenhauer’s pessimism but remained impressed by his intellectual abilities. Nietzsche’s reaction to Lange was until much later less ambivalent: he admired Lange’s History of Materialism and reread it a number of times. Boscovich, Drossbach, Roux, and Rolph proved influential on Nietzsche’s naturalism and philosophical psychology. Third, Nietzsche’s tortured legacy is reviewed. His appropriation by German and Italian fascists and antisemites is shown to be premised on fundamental mistakes. Subsequent uses of his thinking by philosophers, literary critics, and others are identified.
Genealogy Preface
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

The section-by-section part of Chapter 2 recounts Nietzsche’s interest in the history of morality and introduces the genealogical method. Nietzsche acknowledges debts to intellectual precursors, chief among them Paul Rée and Arthur Schopenhauer. Having acknowledged their importance, he criticizes them, Rée in particular. The Preface concludes with warnings that what follows in the subsequent essays may be difficult to grasp and even more difficult to accept. That, he thinks, is less a shortcoming of what he says than of what we bring to our encounter with him. The discussion part of Chapter 2 first describes Nietzsche’s claims for the genealogical method of knowledge acquisition and shows that genealogy is conceptually similar to some methods used in evolutionary biology. Second, Nietzsche’s philosophical naturalism is introduced. Third, errors made by previous philosophers, theologians, and religious advocates about moral psychology are identified. Fourth, Nietzsche’s descriptions of morality and moral evaluation are analyzed.
Genealogy Essay III
Authors: Welshon Rex
Published: September 2023

The section-by-section part of Chapter 5 first reviews Nietzsche’s answers to unanswered questions about the priest’s role in the slave revolt and how they helped vanquish the old masters. Nietzsche also develops new arguments about decadence, ascetic ideals and values, the nature and value of science, knowledge, and truth, and about meaningful and meaningless suffering and nihilism. The discussion part of Chapter 5 addresses, first, the perspectivity of sensory perception and the resulting perspectivity of science, knowledge, and truth, and the relativistic implications of perspectivism and its alleged paradoxical nature. Second, the evaluative dimensions of will to power that to this point have been generally shrouded by Nietzsche’s use of it as a biological and psychological explanatory principle are examined more closely. With those evaluative dimensions added, asceticism and decadence are scrutinized, using what he says about them to understand his claims about meaningful and meaningless suffering and nihilism.
Digital Empires
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology examines the ideological origins, societal implications, and the relative global influence of three contrasting regulatory approaches toward the digital economy: the American market-driven regulatory model, the Chinese state-driven regulatory model, and the European rights-driven regulatory model. These three models reflect different theories about the relationship between markets, the state, and individual and collective rights. They also frequently collide in an international domain, leading to a contested battle over the present and future ethos of the digital economy. The book discusses how governments and tech companies navigate these inevitable conflicts that arise when these contrasting regulatory approaches collide in the international domain, ultimately asking which digital empire will prevail in their mutual contest for global influence. These regulatory conflicts take place at the moment of time when digital societies are at an inflection point. The cascade of digital regulation that is now being drafted around the world will be crucial in shaping the digital economy and digital society for years and decades to come. Governments, technology companies, and digital citizens are making important choices that will shape the future ethos of the digital society and define the soul of the digital economy. This book lays bare the choices we face as societies and individuals, explain the forces that shape those choices, and spell out the stakes involved in making those choices.
The American Market-Driven Regulatory Model
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 discusses the American market-driven regulatory model, which centers on protecting free speech, the free internet, and incentives to innovate. This regulatory approach rests on a policy view that places notable faith in markets and embraces a limited role for the government. According to this view, the government needs to step aside to maximize the private sector’s unfettered innovative zeal—except when it comes to protecting national security, including cybersecurity, where the government can and must work alongside private companies. The chapter traces the ideological origins of the US model and shows how the values and principles underlying that model have been deeply entrenched in existing legal frameworks and actual government policy. However, the political winds are turning in the US as well. The public and political leaders are starting to question the virtues of the free internet and the growing role of the largest tech companies in ordering our societies. At the same time, many voices remain skeptical of change and maintain that market-driven values are deeply entrenched in Americans’ institutions and mindsets, making it difficult to reverse the regulatory model that, despite all its limitations and false promises, continues to be associated with tremendous wealth and technological progress.
Globalizing European Digital Rights through Regulatory Power
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: September 2023

Chapter 9 moves to examine how the EU has also wielded significant international influence through its digital regulations that have spread across the world. By adopting laws such as the GDPR, the EU often shapes the global business practices of leading tech companies, which often extend these EU regulations across their global business operations in an effort to standardize their products and services worldwide—a phenomenon known as the Brussels Effect. While the GDPR may be the posterchild of the EU’s global regulatory influence, this chapter also shows how antitrust law, regulation of online content, and rules for emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence can be similarly exported through the Brussels Effect. European digital regulations have not only been incorporated into tech companies’ global business practices, but often ingrained in legislation by foreign governments. As democratic governments are turning away from the American market-driven model, they are increasingly embracing the European rights-driven model as an alternative way to govern their digital economies. At the same time, while many foreign stakeholders welcome the EU’s global regulatory power, others criticize the EU for engaging in regulatory imperialism and thus undermining the authority of governments to regulate their digital economies in accordance with their national interests and democratic preferences.
Reshaping Confucianism
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This book is a study of twelve major Confucian philosophical concepts and related issues. These are dynamic harmony (he和), care-centered virtue(ren仁), ritual propriety(li禮), filial care (xiao孝), differentiated gender equilibrium (bie别), friendship (you友), longevity (shou壽), sagehood (sheng聖), equality (qi齊), freedom (ziyou自由), politics (zheng政), and education (jiao教). Each chapter presents something new: a novel interpretation from a fresh angle, an insight that has been neglected in scholarship, or a reformed idea that connects tradition with modern sensibilities. Collectively they serve as a general introduction to progressive Confucian philosophy in the twenty-first century. To facilitate classroom use, each chapter concludes with a set of study questions to assist students to comprehend key points and to develop their own views.
Dynamic Harmony
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

This chapter reconstructs the Confucian concept of dynamic harmony as a cornerstone for Confucian philosophy. Dynamic harmony is a process through which different elements join hands to generate new wholes through mutual adjustment, accommodation, collaboration, and transformation. This concept is deeply rooted in ancient Chinese cosmogeny, in which forces of the primordial stuff evolved to produce and sustain the myriad things in the world. It is also an ideal for people to balance minds and bodies, for society to work together, and for humanity to coexist with nature. In Confucian ethics, dynamic harmony is the virtue of all virtues that makes the good life possible.
Two Forms of Equality
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

Contrary to common perception, equality is an important value in classic Confucianism. By analyzing its views in the economic, moral, and political realms, this chapter demonstrates that, for the most part, the classic Confucian notion of equality can be characterized as proportional equality, which comes with apparent inequalities yet is built on a deep sense of equality and fairness. Ancient Confucian thinkers have offered rich resources for contemporary thinkers to construct a progressive conception of equality for a just society today. For each area of equality, this chapter also explores the implications of Confucian ideas of equality for contemporary society and suggests further work to be done toward the goal of social and political equality.
Education for Humanity
Authors: Li Chenyang
Published: September 2023

Confucianism has been associated closely with education throughout history. All major ancient Confucian thinkers were teachers. This final chapter explicates the Confucian philosophy of education. It first investigates the essential role of education in Confucian philosophy by elaborating on the Confucian concept of education in the context of developing humanity and its role in making well-rounded persons. It then examines the Confucian philosophy of education as a form of civic education in comparison with Amy Gutmann’s theory of democratic education in contemporary times. The chapter finally makes a case for the role of Confucian moral education in a multicultural society.
Paganisms
Authors: Gleason Christopher M.
Published: September 2023

Chapter 1 argues that neo-Pagan spirituality was an essential element in the foundational ethics of American polyamory. It sets the early stages of this development within the counterculture of the 1960s by tracing the history of the Church of All Worlds (CAW), an influential neo-Pagan New Religious Movement that emerged in St. Louis, Missouri, in the 1960s and spread throughout northern California in the 1970s. The chapter follows the evolution of CAW’s belief structure, arguing that its eclectic mix of science fiction, libertarianism, drug use, and pantheistic nature/Goddess worship produced a sexual ethics that rejected monogamy and the Judeo-Christian ethics that CAW believed monogamy to have been based on. In its place, it offered a metaphysics that celebrated open and honest multipartner sexual relationships as a means to connect with Gaia, or the divine feminine.
Envy and Jealousy
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: September 2023

Envy and jealousy are not the monsters we make them out to be. We’re prone to jealousy because we want to be special to the people we love. We’re prone to envy because we care about ourselves: we all have visions for how we want our lives to go. The dangers posed by envy and jealousy are due not to the feelings themselves, but the ways we cope with them. Jealous lovers think that if they can control their partner’s every move, they don’t have to worry about the threat of the rival. If I can destroy the good that I want that my neighbour enjoys, I don’t have to be reminded of what I lack. We reach for coping mechanisms because we refuse to just feel the pain and insecurity that envy and jealousy involve. If we just felt them and admitted it, they’d do far less damage.
Inventing a World History
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles how Ibn Sina and Biruni were deeply affected by geopolitical conflicts triggered by the collapse of the Samani's power across Central Asia. Ibn Sina worked and refined his thinking about medicine by extending Aristotelian categories and processes. After the dynasty of Samani fell, Ibn Sina also lost his finance department employment. The chapter elaborates on Biruni's series of projects after returning to Kath, such as Chronology of Ancient Nations wherein he detailed all known histories and calendar systems. It also considers his work under the emir of Gorgan, Abol-Hasan Qābūs ibn Wušmagīr or simply known as Qabus.
Biruni’s Canon for Masud
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the life of Biruni when Mahmud's empire controlled more of Eurasia in the 1020s, citing the subsequent written work called Masud's Canon. It considers whether Biruni chose the same title as Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine as a provocative response. Biruni's Canon primarily focused on observational astronomy, measurement of time, and mathematics on which the Ptolemaic system was based. According to Biruni's students, the Canon was written for a handful of experts who commanded the same level of knowledge as the thinker himself. The chapter mentions that Biruni intended his Canon to be a time-bound research report based on his explorations and those of his Greek and Indian predecessors with approved work.
Biruni and Ibn Sina through the Ages
Authors: Starr S. Frederick
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the legacy left by Biruni and Ibn Sina. It starts with the unfortunate loss of the thinkers' writings due to fire and conflict. However, some books were fortunate to survive and were disseminated widely. By the end of the twentieth century, the new generation of European and American scholars was bringing a high level of skill to the study of Biruni’s most abstruse mathematical and astronomical works and Ibn Sina’s most impenetrable philosophical writings. Thus, the heritage of both thinkers is slowly being reintegrated with the mainstream of world thought. The chapter cites that both thinkers' births are celebrated in both India and Pakistan.
Whose Fault Is It?
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: September 2023

Autism was first diagnosed in 1943 by Leo Kanner, who considered his new syndrome “innate.” Later, however, he adopted the widely prevalent psychoanalytic view of mental illness, which blamed bad mothers for their children’s impairments. Most parents accepted this guilty verdict until 1967, when Clara Claiborne Park became the first mother to publicly push back against this narrative in her memoir, The Siege: A Family’s Journey into the World of an Autistic Child. But even as Park proclaimed her innocence, she did so in psychoanalytic imagery that reified this framework, the author argues, from that point forward. Her description of a condition that could be reversed fixed the narrative of the intact mind in autism: that with enough persistence, faith, and hard work, the intelligent, desired child could be recovered. This trope was picked up in other parent memoirs published soon after The Siege—whether the intact mind was recovered, as it was in Barry Neil Kaufman’s 1976 account Son-Rise, or whether it wasn’t, as in Josh Greenfield’s 1970 book, A Child Called Noah.
True Self
Authors: Bollas Christopher
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores Donald Winnicott’s theory of the true self. Winnicott describes the infant’s free bodily movement in the use of an object, which is a vital feature of the true self. Moreover, Winnicott indicates that the true self requires maternal care to come to life despite emerging from inherited potential. The chapter looks into the argument where some element of self is present in the state of aloneness that people carry with them through life. It elaborates on the notion of spontaneity as the other main quality of a true self, which primarily refers to gestures being made real.
Bystander Society
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: September 2023

Based on an extraordinary archive of personal accounts from the Nazi period, Bystander Society shifts the focus from the individual “bystander” to the wider context, highlighting the significance of changing social and political circumstances. Interpersonal relations in everyday life shifted under Nazi rule, weakening emotional connections, such that former fellow citizens could be viewed as outcasts. Changing structures of power and repression also affected people’s ability to act effectively; with a sense of impotence came unwillingness to intervene if this meant putting oneself or one’s family at risk. Conformity and compliance with a repressive regime could, over time, turn into complicity and even involvement in perpetration. Tracing individual stories of experiences within the Third Reich and in selected areas of eastern Europe both before and during the war, Bystander Society illuminates the responses of ordinary people under Nazi rule, and reconceives the notion of “bystanding” in terms of social relations and the circumstances of action.
Ripping Apart at the Seams
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: September 2023

This chapter analyses the growing racialization of identity in Germany after the Nazi takeover. Antisemitism had not been a universal principle of discrimination in pre-Nazi Germany; ‘race’ only became a key structuring feature of social life during the Nazi regime. In the early years of Hitler’s rule, Germans began to learn to make distinctions between ‘Aryans’ and ‘non-Aryans’ in everyday life, resulting in the progressive isolation of ‘non-Aryan’ compatriots. Nazi ideology also often resulted in tensions and divisions within families. German society was increasingly based on outward conformity regardless of degrees of enthusiasm or inner disagreement and disquiet.
Shifting Communities
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines shifts in a sense of community and identity, as people were constrained into conformity under Nazi rule. The Nazi notion of Volksgemeinschaft was not only about power, repression, persecution, but also about the attempted mobilization of the ‘Aryan’ population and the exclusion of those now designated as outsiders. Emotional connections and social relations were changing; with growing outward conformity, many ‘Aryan’ Germans began to become complicit with systemic racism, whatever their inner reservations. Meanwhile, ‘non-Aryans’ developed growing connections with others with whom they shared a community of fate. Growing pressure led, in many quarters, to a heightened sense of apprehension and a climate of mutual distrust.
Inner Emigration and the Fiction of Ignorance
Authors: Fulbrook Mary
Published: September 2023

Reich citizens were collectively mobilized in service of their country at war regardless of their opinions about the Nazi regime. This chapter explores how soldiers from the Reich perceived and interpreted mass killings in the east, often through the lens of Nazi ideology. Some became more actively involved in acts of perpetration, and tried to justify the murders even of small children and babies. Many participants and witnesses sent home letters and photographs of what was going on; and from late 1941 onwards, German citizens could hardly avoid knowledge of atrocities, however fragmentary or secondary this knowledge might be. Growing knowledge that deportation meant almost certain death would lead a few victims to opt for the risky strategy of ‘going underground’ and trying to survive in hiding or under a false identity. Those ‘Aryans’ who were opposed to Nazism might try to escape into ‘inner emigration’, but the supposed neutrality of being a bystander was no longer an option.
Eminent Nehruvians
Authors: Anil Pratinav
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the nationalist Muslims in Jawaharlal Nehru’s government. It appears from their memoirs and private papers that they received a raw deal, obtaining “difficult” ministries and being edged out in factional struggles on account of their faith. This predicament they accepted sanguinely, occasionally petitioning the premier, but to little avail. Their story is told through brief accounts of three lives: Syed Mahmud, Humayun Kabir, and Syed Mohammad Saadulla. All three struggled to have their voices heard. They had to put up with insufferable colleagues, who routinely doubted their loyalty to party and country; intractable ministries, which they were given only because it was a polite way to put them out to pasture; and incorrigible factionalism, in which they could not partake on account of their Muslim character, Hindu caste groups being the building blocks of Congress coalitions.
An Ashraf Betrayal?
Authors: Anil Pratinav
Published: September 2023

India’s “Muslim question,” the book concludes, affords a window into the workings of Indian democracy. Here we have a picture of opposition leaders wasting away in preventive detention, mass pogroms in which tens of thousands of Muslims perished, distortions of the popular will in the form of gerrymandering and plurality voting, wholesale deportation and dispossession, and the suppression of civil society and censorship; all against a backdrop of intermittent ethnic conflict, the Muslim community, forming a tenth of the national population, inequitably accounting for four in five fatalities in the fifties and sixties. Still, it appears that community leaders did little to remedy this situation. Indeed, while the ashraf—the upper-class, upper-caste elite—mobilized in the name of the entire community, they ultimately attended to the select few. This was, as it were, an ashraf betrayal. Mass mobilization by Muslims was conspicuous by its absence. Indeed, this was the upshot of the anti-political and juridical posture adopted by “nationalists” and “communalists” alike. It could be said, then, that Muslim politics in postcolonial India has been a politics manqué.
Introduction
Authors: Gupta Diya
Published: September 2023

The introduction focuses on how the Second World War came to India through voluntary imperial military service, aggressive recruitment campaigns, anti-war protest, and political deadlock between the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, and British colonial authorities. It highlights how the 1920s and 1930s witnessed the rise of communism and anti-fascist organizations in India along with an increasingly hardened anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist stance, with cosmopolitan groups such as the Indian Progressive Writers’ Association growing in influence. After establishing this socio-political context, the introduction discusses the use of visual material along with a complex range of wartime texts produced in a variety of languages in India, principally English and Bengali. It then situates the book within the wider secondary literature on India and the Second World War before outlining the book’s methodology, where the importance of interpreting these multilingual texts in a variety of genres in conjunction with one another is explained. The relevance of the thematic organization of the chapters is discussed, which deliberately disrupts chronology and genre. Individual chapter outlines are provided and the broader significance of excavating this emotional history is examined.
Introduction
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

The introduction debunks the myth that, since alcohol is forbidden in Islam, “good” Muslims do not drink. It argues that, rather than extraneous to Islam, alcohol is integral to the faith, present through its very presumed absence. It presents traditional Islam, heir to a variegated Byzantine-Christian and Persian-Zoroastrian vinous tradition, not as the pettifogging creed that it appears to be today, but as a capacious faith that accommodated alcohol consumption as the privilege of youth and the prerogative of royalty, enabling the sin of drinking to be expiated through repentance, and conniving at the drinking of commoners so long as it did not disturb the social order.
Wine in Islamic Painting, Poetry, and Adab Literature
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

This chapter surveys the important role alcohol played in premodern and early modern Muslim artistic life, in painting and literature, and especially in poetry. It argues that wine was integral to the world of traditional Islamic art, both as a substance and as a metaphor celebrating the beauty of creation, symbolizing the bond of love and devotion between the mystic and the divine, and representing contrariness and transgression.
Alcohol in the Early Modern Islamic Empires
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

Chapter Four investigates the drinking of rulers and commoners in the Ottoman Empire and in Mughal India, showing how they were influenced by the habits of their forebears, the Turkic steppe people of Central Asia. Rulers alternated between abstemiousness and raging alcoholism. They might ban alcohol depending on personal predilection, to propitiate the divine or in the face of imminent war, but anti-alcohol campaigns were typically half-hearted and temporary, and they invariably ran up against the need for the fiscal revenue that the alcohol trade yielded.
Changing Drinking Habits in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: September 2023

Chapter Six considers the changes in drinks and consumption patterns in the Ottoman Empire that set in with the growing influence of Europe as of the early nineteenth century. As the society became more socially mobile and sultans increased their public visibility, new drinks, champagne above all, became fashionable, and public drinking gradually lost its taboo among the upper classes. As religious minorities, Greeks and Armenians, gained rights on paper, they faced a backlash from a combination of traditional religious and nationalist forces accusing them of disloyalty, of colluding with outside interests. Arguments against alcohol shifted from religious disapproval and concerns about public morality to a preoccupation with public health and hygiene.
The Problem of Political Legitimacy
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William
Published: September 2023

This chapter shows how problems of political legitimacy contributed to the decline of Republican Afghanistan. After outlining a definition of legitimacy and demonstrating why it is politically important, the chapter turns to various problems relating to legitimacy that Afghanistan experienced after 2001. These included problems of institutional design that fostered the development of political networks and a neopatrimonial state. They also included problems of security and of corruption, both of which had the potential to damage the standing of the government. The chapter then examines in detail how electoral fraud undermined the operation of elections as a device for regime legitimation, and discusses the weaknesses of the elected parliament. It concludes, however, by making the point but while problems of legitimacy contributed to the decline of Republican Afghanistan, they did not on their own explain its fall.
Problems of Insurgency
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the way in which insurgency undermined the position of Republican Afghanistan. It begins with a discussion of the Taliban and their characteristics, and examines in detail the factors that prompted Pakistan to provide sanctuary in support to the Taliban in such a way as to enable them to harass and undermine the Afghan government. It also discusses the various sources of revenue on which the Taliban were able to draw. The chapter then moves on to examine the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF), the US military commitment and some of the problems that afflicted it, and the ways in which civilian casualties affected attitudes to the conflict. The chapter concludes by highlighting how destructive the failure to address diplomatically the problem of Pakistan’s meddling proved to be.
The Final Days of Kabul
Authors: Jamal Ahmad Shuja , Maley William
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes the Taliban’s increasing gains in the final months of Republican Afghanistan and the international community’s inability to hold the group to its commitment to “reduce violence.” The chapter explores the Taliban’s lack of regard for their promise to the US not to advance militarily on Kabul and examines the condition of the Afghan security forces in the months before the fall of Republican Afghanistan. The chapter also examines the dysfunction in the Afghan political leadership, which took a last-minute decision to defend Kabul but reneged on that decision as the president and vice president left the city, even as certain pockets of Afghan security forces made bloody last stands. The chapter details British military diplomacy in the final months designed to elicit Pakistani cooperation, and US attempts in the final weeks to broker a transition of power to the Taliban in August 2021. Drawing on the final days of Kabul, the chapter offers concluding observations about the nature and dynamics of state collapse. The chapter ends by evaluating the question of what might have happened if the Republic had followed through on its decision to defend Kabul.
Sharon Wetherley
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides background on stewardess Sharon Wetherley, who was assigned to Flight 119. Wetherley and Jane Furlong had enrolled at the American Airlines Stewardess College in Fort Worth, Texas, in February 1972 and were roommates and friends before graduating on March 21, 1972. The chapter returns to the man who intended to hijack Flight 119 and was noticed by the stewardess, Furlong. The man gave Furlong notes that he ordered to be taken to the pilots of the plane, indicating that he was declaring a hijack and demanding $502,500 in cash, five parachutes, five parachute harnesses, an altimeter, a pair of goggles, and two collapsible shovels. Once the pilot received the notes and radioed Air Traffic Control, the man then asked the women and children to move up to first class and the men to move back to coach.
The Friendly Skies
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts early commercial flying, describing the planes as slow, loud, and unpressurized, which meant that they could not fly above the weather. To lure passengers to buy expensive plane tickets, often five or six times the cost of taking the train, airlines decided to provide an exceptional level of service by bringing in stewardesses. The chapter explains that the first stewardesses were former nurses, hired by what would become United Airlines in 1930. The chapter cites the book Coffee, Tea, or Me? The Uninhibited Memoirs of Two Airline Stewardesses (1967), which was written by Donald Bain, a young public relations executive with American Airlines. Bain used his imagination and industry background to create a Playboy version of life in the sky in his book.
The Jump
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the jump of the hijacker of American 119. As he fell away from the Boeing 727, the hijacker’s goggles were torn from his face. He knew that he had to wait to open his parachute. Before boarding American 119, he had gone to the public library and read up on skydiving. He figured that if he waited, his speed would slow to terminal velocity, somewhere between 120 and 180 miles an hour, depending on body orientation. Inexperienced jumpers have a tendency to fall with their backs to the earth, hands and feet slightly spread, as if sitting in a rocking chair. Jumpers need to arch their back so that they can flip over and fall facing the earth. If the arch is wrong, they will flip back over onto their back. As he approached the ground, the hijacker put his heels out, which caused him to fall over backward, striking his head on the ground. He felt the world spin, but he was alive.
The Call
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter details how FBI agent Bob Braver received a call from the agent on duty in Indianapolis to tell him that the hijacker of American 119 had bailed out over Peru, Indiana, in Miami County, part of Braver’s territory. The special agent in charge in Indianapolis, Jim Martin, was already on his way and wanted Braver to join him in Peru as soon as possible. Braver had a close relationship with state and local police, which was not always the case with other FBI offices. Rather than throw his weight around, he made it clear that he respected the ability of local cops. It made setting up the investigation quick and efficient. The FBI would need this cooperation, considering the terrain agents planned to search, which lay east of Grissom Air Force Base and southeast of Peru. Within a couple of days, dozens of agents converged on Peru from across Indiana and from nearby states. Together with state and local police and volunteers, they formed a small army with one mission: find the hijacker and the $500,000 he stole.
Nowhere Man
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts how the search for D.B. Cooper, one of the largest and longest manhunts in American history, was still ongoing and on everyone’s mind as the hunt for the hijacker of American 119 got under way. The Cooper case provided a model, not just for perpetrating the crime but also for enforcing the law against it. The FBI held nothing back as it looked for Cooper, and the same determination guided the new investigation. From the beginning, the FBI was convinced that Cooper had not survived his jump. In March 1972, four months into the investigation, the FBI set out to determine, once and for all, whether Cooper’s body and the money were in the projected drop zone. However, they found nothing. As the hunt for the hijacker of American 119 got under way, the failure to find Cooper and the presumption that he was dead loomed large in the FBI’s thinking.
The Sketch
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the unreliability of the eyewitnesses’ descriptions of the hijacker of American 119. As it had done in the D.B. Cooper investigation, the FBI quickly produced a composite sketch and a physical description of the American 119 hijacker based on the eyewitnesses who had gotten a good look at him. Three factors limited the accuracy of the sketch and description. First, the hijacker had worn a wig and sunglasses most of the time he was on the plane and certainly when people would have noticed him. Second, the eyewitness accounts varied significantly in certain details. Third, the news stories published immediately after the hijacking singled out two identifying traits that turned out to be wrong.
The Plan
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter details Martin McNally’s plan to hijack American Flight 119. The initial plan included his friend Walter Petlikowsky, but Petlikowsky backed out after thinking about it for a while and just agreed to drive McNally for $25,000. Additionally, Petlikowsky offered some weapons for McNally to use, including a modified .45-caliber Spitfire machine gun and a smoke grenade. The chapter notes McNally’s attempt to hijack a TWA flight but refraining after TWA installed metal detectors. Instead, McNally forged a fake Michigan birth certificate in Detroit, bought a ticket with American Airlines, and boarded Flight 119 without any issues.
Fallout
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the fallout of Martin McNally’s arrest. After the arrest, Neil Welch praised his agents for their work and minimized the role Detective Robert Krichke had played in the investigation, despite his information on Jim Petty and McNally himself. Meanwhile, McNally’s arrest unnerved Walter Petlikowsky, so he turned himself in. He was unable to escape prosecution. The chapter also notes that Walter McNally found his son’s house in a mess and his son’s fish and parrot left to die. The FBI denied any blame, and agent Roger Schweickert was convinced that someone else had been in the house before the arrest.
Hijacker’s Heaven
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes how the airport in Reno, Nevada, received the moniker “Hijacker Heaven” due to its lack of security. Despite Martin McNally’s trial, the epidemic of airline hijacking continued unhindered. Frank Markoe Sibley hijacked a United Airlines 727 flight at Reno and was subsequently punished and caught by the FBI in Seattle. Sibley refused to plead guilty or insanity as the money was allegedly intended to help children. The chapter notes how Sibley fit the hijacker profile of age, airplane knowledge, previous military experience, and recent triggers of divorce and job loss. Airlines continued to refuse to tighten airport security, so the government opted to pass harsher punishments instead.
The Trial
Authors: Wigger John
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on Martin McNally’s trial for hijacking American Flight 119. McNally’s prospects took a turn for the worse when Walter Petlikowsky pleaded guilty and admitted that he had helped plan the hijacking and had driven McNally to the St. Louis airport and from Peru, Indiana. Most of the hijackers arrested in the US pleaded guilty or not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. The chapter also mentions the efforts of McNally and his lawyers to file a motion to suppress evidence from his house, which they argued had been searched illegally. McNally remained defiant to the end, issuing a statement claiming that President Richard Nixon had conspired with the FBI to frame him.
The Political Development of Benito Mussolini
Authors: Williamson Peter J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts Mussolini’s political development prior to his becoming prime minister, concentrating upon the ideas that subsequently shaped his thinking as Italy’s leader. It considers how during his early political career he was a member of the Italian Socialist Party but that his revolutionary thinking was influenced by anti-Enlightenment ideas, placing him outside the mainstream of socialism. It highlights that, rather than social progress, his principal concern was on the nature of political power in which he emphasized the inevitability of elite rule over democracy, the significance of the intuitive insight of leaders, and the importance of the will to power and violence in taking over the state. It explains how after he was expelled in 1914 from the Socialist Party, where he held an important leadership position as editor of the Party newspaper Avanti!, his radical nationalist and subsequently Fascist thinking developed during the First World War and its aftermath, partly influenced by his experiences during this period. The chapter concludes by setting out the main tenets of Fascism he held that he brought to his leadership of Italy.
Russia in Africa
Authors: Ramani Samuel
Published: September 2023

Three decades after the Soviet Union’s collapse, Russia has transformed from a fringe player to a resurgent great power in Africa. The October 2019 Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi highlighted the appeal of Russia’s normative agenda, the ubiquity of Russian military technology, and the breadth of Moscow’s presence on the continent. Beneath the pageantry, a darker side of Russia’s African resurgence looms large. From Libya to Madagascar, Russia has used sinister tactics to expand its influence, such as private military contractors, shadowy mining and energy deals with authoritarian regimes, and election interference campaigns. This book presents a chronological examination of Russia’s post-Cold War foreign policy towards Africa, and outlines the factors that have enabled and impeded the growth of its influence. It pays special attention to the non-material factors behind this rising power; the domestic drivers of Russian decision-making; Moscow’s relationships with fellow external powers; and African perspectives on Russia’s geopolitical role. Samuel Ramani’s analysis cites extensively both Russian-language media and academic sources, and his own interviews with Russian and African elites. His fascinating study challenges popular depictions of Russia as an opportunistic anti-Western actor, instead emphasizing Moscow’s strategic commitment to Africa and the endurance of historical memory.