bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine tuberculosis control in Fiji: Retrospective study findings for 2015 to 2020
Authors: Garcia Anabel Argelis , Borja Elva , Reid Aoife , Samy Vijendra , Singh Shivani , Whittington Richard J. , Toribio Jenny-Ann L. M. L.
Published: September 2022

Control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a priority for animal health, biosecurity, and human health authorities in Fiji as evident from the long-term funding of the Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication and Control program (BTEC) and notable improvements to the program described in this paper. To evaluate the performance of the Fiji BTEC program from 2015 to 2020, all available bTB data for cattle were analyzed. Data sources included BTEC bTB testing records, abattoir records and laboratory records. We integrated all information to quantify the bTB tests applied, bTB positive farms and animals, meat inspection and laboratory findings. Test coverage was highest among dairy cattle in Central Division (~73%), where bTB was highly prevalent with 7.8% of dairy cattle and 61.7% of dairy farms found to be positive between 2015 and 2020. There was no visible downward trend in the apparent prevalence of bTB over the 6-year period. During 2019 and 2020, only 21.3% (51/239) of the tested dairy farms maintained their clear status, another 8.4% (20/239) reverted to infected status after 1 year or more of being bTB clear, and most farms remained infected during these 2 years. Factors observed to be contributing to this situation were persistent infections, related in part to the significant number of untested animals, uncontrolled animal movements, and larger farm size. Similar to other developing countries, bTB remains a serious concern and further strengthening of the program targeting the main contributors to bTB persistence, along with maintenance of a comprehensive reporting and traceability system, industry awareness and government support are needed. Control of bTB in Fiji is a long-term objective that must have multiple stakeholder engagement and regular review to measure success.
Identification of key pathways and genes that regulate cashmere development in cashmere goats mediated by exogenous melatonin
Authors: Liu Zhihong , Liu Zhichen , Mu Qing , Zhao Meng , Cai Ting , Xie Yuchun , Zhao Cun , Qin Qing , Zhang Chongyan , Xu Xiaolong , Lan Mingxi , Zhang Yanjun , Su Rui , Wang Zhiying , Wang Ruijun , Wang Zhixin , Li Jinquan , Zhao Yanhong
Published: September 2022

The growth of secondary hair follicles in cashmere goats follows a seasonal cycle. Melatonin can regulate the cycle of cashmere growth. In this study, melatonin was implanted into live cashmere goats. After skin samples were collected, transcriptome sequencing and histological section observation were performed, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify key genes and establish an interaction network. A total of 14 co-expression modules were defined by WGCNA, and combined with previous analysis results, it was found that the blue module was related to the cycle of cashmere growth after melatonin implantation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that the first initiation of exogenous melatonin-mediated cashmere development was related mainly to the signaling pathway regulating stem cell pluripotency and to the Hippo, TGF-beta and MAPK signaling pathways. Via combined differential gene expression analyses, 6 hub genes were identified: PDGFRA, WNT5A, PPP2R1A, BMPR2, BMPR1A, and SMAD1. This study provides a foundation for further research on the mechanism by which melatonin regulates cashmere growth.
Obesity Metabolic Phenotype, Changes in Time and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in an Observational Prospective Study on General Population
Authors: Yang Chan , Liu Xiaowei , Dang Yuanyuan , Li Juan , Jing Jingyun , Tian Di , Qiu Jiangwei , Zhang Jiaxing , Yan Ni , Liu Xiuying , Zhao Yi , Zhang Yuhong
Published: September 2022

Objectives: To evaluate the distribution and changes in different obesity metabolic phenotypes, as well as their impact on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a northwest Chinese population sample.

Methods: Data comes from prospective cohort study (n = 1,393, mean follow up = 9.46 years). Participants were classified into four groups through a combination of the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome with anthropometric measurements: metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO). Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates were used to evaluate changes in obesity metabolic phenotypes and risk of T2DM.

Results: Participants in MUO state had the highest risk of developing T2DM, the incidence density was 12.10/1,000 person-year. The MHO and MUO groups showed an increased risk of incident diabetes based on body mass index (BMI) (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03–1.61; p = 0.026 and HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02–1.40; p = 0.024 respectively.) Besides, the MHO group had an increased risk of incident diabetes based on waist circumference (WC) (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.10–1.80; p = 0.006).

Conclusion: Diabetes is more frequent in the MHO and MUO groups and co-occurrence of obesity and metabolic abnormalities (MA) contributes to the development of T2DM.
Combined Donor-Recipient Obesity and the Risk of Graft Loss After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Jarrar Faisal , Tennankore Karthik K. , Vinson Amanda J.
Published: September 2022

Background: As the prevalence of obesity increases globally, appreciating the effect of donor and recipient (DR) obesity on graft outcomes is of increasing importance.

Methods: In a cohort of adult, kidney transplant recipients (2000–2017) identified using the SRTR, we used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between DR obesity pairing (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2), and death-censored graft loss (DCGL) or all-cause graft loss, and logistic regression to examine risk of delayed graft function (DGF) and ≤30 days graft loss. We also explored the association of DR weight mismatch (>30 kg, 10-30 kg (D>R; D<R) and <10 kg (D = R)) with each outcome, stratifying by DR obesity pairing.

Results: Relative to non-obese DR, obese DR were highest risk for all outcomes (DCGL: HR 1.26, 95% CI 1.22–1.32; all-cause graft loss: HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06–1.12; DGF: OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.89–2.08; early graft loss: OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19–1.51). Donor obesity modified the risk of recipient obesity and DCGL [p = 0.001] and all-cause graft loss [p < 0.001] but not DGF or early graft loss. The known association of DR weight mismatch with DCGL was attenuated when either the donor or recipient was obese.

Conclusion: DR obesity status impacts early and late post-transplant outcomes.
The Effect of a Stronger Bargain Position on the Perfection and Completeness of a Contract
Authors: Csorba László
Published: September 2022

With a stronger bargain position, it is possible to achieve more favourable conditions for the potential conclusion of a contract. Although a dominant position is commonly associated with a stronger bargain position, their relationship is neither required nor common. A relatively stronger bargain position usually results from the parties’ reliance and dependence on each other. Reliance is generally based on the lack of alternatives and reserves. The effect of basic factors affecting reliance may be influenced by the relevant knowledge and negotiation techniques of a party. Even the conclusion of a so-called perfect contract may be hindered by an intent to abuse a stronger bargain position, and after conclusion, it may lead to performance problems. The conclusion of a so-called complete contract may be hindered as well, since higher risk exposures increase the number of future alternatives. A certain degree of exploitation of a strong or relatively stronger bargain position gained through business successes is an important driving force in market economies, but it is challenging to adjust this to the demands for perfect or complete contracts.
Effects of ESG Activity Recognition Factors on Innovative Organization Culture, Job Crafting, and Job Performance
Authors: Jin Minsuck , Kim Boyoung
Published: September 2022

This study aims to verify the effects of organizational members’ ESG activity recognition on job performance with the mediation of innovative organizational culture and job crafting. To this end, a questionnaire survey was carried out based on previous studies, and 237 questionnaire response copies were analyzed. An empirical study was conducted on the effects of each ESG activity recognition factor on job performance with the mediation of innovative organizational culture and job crafting. According to the analysis result, the society factor had a positive (+) effect on innovation-oriented culture among the ESG activity recognition factors, the environment factor had a negative (−) effect, and the governance factor did not have any effect. In contrast, governance had a positive (+) effect on relationship-oriented culture in innovative organizational culture. However, the environment and societal factors did not have any effect. The innovation-oriented culture and relationship-oriented culture directly affected job crafting, but they were confirmed not to have a direct effect on job performance. Hence, the result shows that the ESG activity recognition’s society factor reinforces innovative organizational culture, and the governance factor can consolidate organizational relationships.
Drivers of Academic Engagement and University–Industry Collaboration in Conditions of Slovakia
Authors: Hrivnák Michal , Jarábková Jana
Published: September 2022

Universities have been perceived for several decades as an important development factor in the space that shapes the regional environment throughout the generation of new knowledge or technologies and the production of human capital. Our paper focuses on the less researched phenomenon of academic engagement, and thus, the development of university knowledge transfer based on interpersonal links between researchers and application actors from an academic perspective. This empirical study evaluates the results of a nationwide survey of academic researchers devoted to unhiding various aspects of formal and informal cooperation on an interpersonal basis. Using an econometric approach, the study investigates determinants of academic engagement of individual researchers and describes patterns of formal and informal ties between academics and businesses. The results explain which researchers participate in academic engagement activities and elaborate on the motivations and barriers of university–industry cooperation at the level of the individual. We also identified a significant volume of informal dissemination of knowledge of universities in the space via various channels.
Good Match between “Stop-and-Go” Strategy and Robust Guidance Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Yuan Hao , Li Dongxu
Published: September 2022

This paper deals with the guidance problem of close approaching small celestial bodies while autonomously navigating with an optical camera. A combination of a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based guidance method and a “Stop-and-Go” (SaG) strategy is here proposed to increase the mission adaptability. Firstly, a robust guidance strategy optimizing fuel consumption and angle-only navigation (AON) observability is trained by DRL. Secondly, the SAG strategy is designed to introduce the mission adaptability and further improve the AON observability. Thirdly, a good match between the SAG strategy and the DRL-based robust guidance is demonstrated. The proposed method was tested in a typical R-bar approaching scenario. Then, the mission adaptability with an onboard application was successfully verified, investigating the policy performance with SAG.
Simulation of and Experimental Research on Rivulet Model on Airfoil Surface
Authors: Lou Yanxia , Bu Xueqin , Shen Xiaobin , Lin Guiping , Zhang Ruchen , Zeng Feixiong , Jin Haichuan , Ma Kuiyuan , Wen Dongsheng
Published: September 2022

The occurrence of aircraft icing can significantly affect flight performance. One of the most important aspects in the study of anti-icing technology for aircraft is the distribution of overflow water. Owing to the external airflow pressure, shear stress, and surface tension, the water film breaks up to form steady rivulets. Experiments on NACA0012 airfoil surfaces were conducted based on an open straight-flow and low-speed wind tunnel. Simultaneously, an engineered three-dimensional rivulet model considering the surface roughness was established based on the energy-minimum principle. A comparison between the simulation and experimental results shows that the errors in the water film breakup location and the flow velocity of rivulets are less than 20%, and the errors in the spacing and width of rivulets are less than 40%. In addition, the effects of surface temperature and uniform roughness on water film breakup were investigated. Furthermore, the rivulet model was applied to the numerical calculation of the thermal performance of hot-air anti-icing systems. The simulations reveal that the uniform roughness of the wing surface causes the water film to break earlier. As the surface roughness increases, the thickness, spacing, and width of the rivulets increase, and the rivulet flow velocity decreases.
Study on the Intercropping Mechanism and Seeding Improvement of the Cavity Planter with Vertical Insertion Using DEM-MBD Coupling Method
Authors: Shi Linrong , Zhao Wuyun , Hua Chengting , Rao Gang , Guo Junhai , Wang Zun
Published: September 2022

In the dry areas of Northwest China, cavity planters with vertical insertions are used for seeding on film. Due to the uncertain mechanism between cavity planters and maize seeds and soil, research on the cavity planter has been slow. Several theoretical and experimental methods have been developed to investigate the interaction between the cavity planter and maize seeds in soil. These methods enable exploration of the mechanism to reduce soil disturbance and improve seeding performance. However, these methods are unable to predict the dynamic force of tools and soil behavior because of non-linear soil properties. A simulation experiment was conducted using the DEM-MBD coupling method to explore soil disturbance caused by cavity seeders and the resistance to entry. Additionally, the effect of the maize shape and the cavity planter motion on the seed number qualification and the empty cavity rate was investigated. It was proposed that the inverted hook be used to prevent the movement of maize seeds up and down in cavity seeders, thereby improving seed filling performance. Simulations and experiments were conducted, and the results showed that the average empty cavity rate and the seed number qualification were 2.0% and 91.3%, respectively, which met the requirements of the maize sowing standards.
Experiment of Canopy Leaf Area Density Estimation Method Based on Ultrasonic Echo Signal
Authors: Ou Mingxiong , Hu Tianhang , Hu Mingshuo , Yang Shuai , Jia Weidong , Wang Ming , Jiang Li , Wang Xiaowen , Dong Xiang
Published: September 2022

Variable-rate spray systems with canopy leaf area density information detection are an important approach to reducing pesticide usage in orchard management. In order to estimate the canopy leaf area density using ultrasonic sensors, this article proposed three parameter model equations based on ultrasonic echo peaks for canopy leaf area density estimation and verified the accuracy of the three parameter model equations using laboratory-simulated canopy and outdoor tree experiments. The orthogonal regression statistics results from the laboratory-simulated canopy experiment indicated that parameter Vc is more suitable for canopy leaf area density estimation compared to parameter Va and Vb when the density ranges from 0.54 to 5.4 m2m−3. The model equation from parameter Vc has minor systematic errors, and the predicted and observed values of parameter Vc have good agreement with the experimental conditions. The laboratory-simulated canopy and outdoor tree canopy leaf area density verification experiments of parameter Vc were carried out, and the results indicated that the absolute value of the mean relative error is 5.37% in the laboratory-simulated canopy and 2.84% in outdoor tree experiments. The maximum absolute value of the relative error is 8.61% in the laboratory-simulated canopy and 14.71% in the outdoor tree experiments, and the minimum absolute value of the relative error is 3.21% in the laboratory-simulated canopy and 0.56% in the outdoor tree experiments. The laboratory-simulated canopy leaf area density verification results showed that the mean relative errors under canopy leaf area density 0.98 and 4.92 m2m−3 conditions are 6.29% and 5.82%, respectively, which is larger than the mean relative error under 2.95 m2m−3; nevertheless, these results proved that this model equation is applicable for canopy information detection and advanced pesticide application development in future.
Use of Dual-Purpose Winter-Grain Cover Crops as Emergency Forage and for Management of High Soil Phosphorous in Manured Fields
Authors: Glaze-Corcoran Samantha , Smychkovich Alexandra , Hashemi Masoud
Published: September 2022

Dual-purpose cover crops can cycle nutrients on dairy farms while providing additional quality forage. However, questions remain regarding the crop species best suited to this function. A two-year field experiment with five small-grain winter cover crops, including rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and three triticale varieties (×Triticosecale varieties), was conducted on an active dairy farm. The rye produced the highest yield at 4612 kg ha−1, followed by the forage varieties of triticale, which averaged 4004 kg ha−1, whereas the wheat and one nonforage triticale produced only 2950 and 2987 kg ha−1, respectively. The wheat had the highest crude protein (CP) at 11%, and a relative feed value (RFV) of 132, and it had the greatest milk-production potential, which was 1729 kg milk/Mg of forage. Yet, the rye (CP: 10.4%; RFV: 112) had the greatest milk-production and economic potentials per hectare due to the high forage yield, valued at USD 714 ha−1, whereas the nonforage triticale had the least economic value (USD 326 ha−1), despite its high forage quality (CP: 9.5%; RFV: 120). The forage triticale varieties were intermediate performers compared with the rye and wheat on a yield and quality basis. Mirroring the yield, the rye also removed the most nitrogen (77.3 kg ha−1) and phosphorus (20.8 kg ha−1). The species differences were found to be contingent on the manure application. The results of this experiment suggested that winter rye is the most efficient cover crop for harvesting and nutrient-recycling purposes.
Comparative Response of Fermented and Non-Fermented Animal Manure Combined with Split Dose of Phosphate Fertilizer Enhances Agronomic Performance and Wheat Productivity through Enhanced P Use Efficiency
Authors: Tabbassum Rabia , Naveed Muhammad , Mehboob Ijaz , Babar Muhammad Hussnain , Holatko Jiri , Akhtar Naseem , Rafique Munazza , Kucerik Jiri , Brtnicky Martin , Kintl Antonín , Vyhnanek Tomas , Mustafa Adnan
Published: September 2022

Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat.
Agronomic Efficiency of Phosphorus Fertilisers Recovered from Milk Processing Waste
Authors: McIntosh Shane , Rose Terry , Rose Andrew , Kearney Lee , Erler Dirk
Published: September 2022

The recovery of phosphorus (P) from milk processing flotation sludges (MFS) using pyrolysis can contribute to a sustainable reuse of P by converting waste to fertiliser. The objectives of this study were to quantify the recovery and transformation of P following MFS pyrolysis and compare the efficacy of raw and pyrolysed MFS as organic P fertilisers. Phosphorus retention in biochars was high (98 ± 0.73% yield), leading to the enrichment of P relative to the raw MFS by a factor of 4.3–4.5. Pyrolysis of the MFS at 450 °C led to a 3-fold increase in the proportion of P in the HCl-extractable fraction (65 ± 0.32%), a 2-fold reduction in NaOH-P (30 ± 2.1%), and negligible amounts of P in the H2O-P and NaHCO3-P fractions. The bioavailability of P in raw MFS and 450 °C biochar was compared to a soluble P fertiliser in P-limiting plant bioassays. In the short-term (70 day) trial where ryegrass was grown on three soil types (Arenosol, Vertisol or Ferralsol), biochar MFS showed higher efficacy as a P fertiliser than raw MFS in the acidic Ferralsol, whereas the opposite response was observed in the near-neutral Arenosol. In the Vertisol, neither the raw MFS nor biochar produced more cumulative biomass or P uptake than any of the nil P controls. Over a longer 200-day period, raw MFS and biochar applied to the Arenosol were about 20% as efficient at providing P to ryegrass plants as the water-soluble K2PO4, suggesting that higher application rates of MFS or biochar would be required to match synthetic fertilisers in the short term.
Methyl Jasmonate Alleviates the Deleterious Effects of Salinity Stress by Augmenting Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Ion Homeostasis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Hussain Shahid , Zhang Rui , Liu Shuli , Li Rongkai , Wang Yang , Chen Yinglong , Hou Hongyan , Dai Qigen
Published: September 2022

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a potent player that fine-tunes growth and developmental activities under salinity stress. In this study, we investigated the influence of MeJA on two rice cultivars (NJ9108 and XD22) subjected to different salinity stresses. Following stress treatment, reduction in the water use efficiency, relative water contents, and membrane stability index in both cultivars were observed, whereas MeJA treatment partially alleviated the negative effects. MeJA treatment significantly increased the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and electron transfer to photosystem II (Fv/Fo). Under salinity stress, MeJA treatment significantly triggered the H2O2 and APX accumulation, while POD and SOD remained unchanged in both cultivars. Salt stress increased Na+ concentration in the roots and leaves but decreased K+ concentration and the K+/Na+ ratio in both cultivars. However, MeJA-treated plants had the maximum K+ accumulation in both leaves and roots under saline conditions. The differential expression pattern of OsHKT and OsHAK genes implied that ion homeostasis is crucial to growth under salt stress. These findings suggest that the application of MeJA can be an alternative source of reducing salinity without compromising growth and yield.
Prophylactic Effect of Fenestration on the Recurrence of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs
Authors: Pontikaki Afroditi E. , Pavlidou Kiriaki , Polizopoulou Zoe , Savvas Ioannis , Kazakos George
Published: September 2022

This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of prophylactic fenestration (PF) on the recurrence of thoracolumbar (TL) intervertebral disc (IVD) disease in dogs. Three online databases were searched (Web of Science, MEDLINE via PubMed, SCOPUS), 115 relevant studies were thoroughly examined by the authors, 29 of which met the pre-defined inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Data about the initial treatment, the performance of PF, the incidence of recurrence, and the site of recurrence were extracted. Most of the studies were deemed to have serious to moderate risk of bias. Out of 5457 dogs, 1264 underwent prophylactic fenestration. A total of 504 cases of suspected or confirmed recurrence were recorded, in which 164 (32.54% of total recurrences and 11.02% of PF cases) were in dogs treated with PF. In order to perform quantitative analysis for the recurrence odds, we conducted a meta-analysis. Five studies were included that met the inclusion criteria. Despite a large number of relevant publications, the quality of the evidence they provide is low. This prevented us from reaching a definitive conclusion on the prophylactic effect of fenestration on recurrence in dogs surgically treated for TL IVDH.
Effects of Feed Composition in Different Growth Stages on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Diversity of Hanwoo Steers
Authors: Ryu Chae Hwa , Bang Han Tae , Lee Seul , Kim Byeonghyeon , Baek Youl Chang
Published: September 2022

Ruminants are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and information on ruminant fermentation and microorganisms is essential to understand ruminant digestion, which is associated with environmental pollution. The present study investigated rumen fermentation and microbial diversity according to the three different growth stages of four Hanwoo steers: growing (12 months, G), early fattening (18 months, EF), and late fattening (25 months, LF). No significant differences were observed in rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen among growth stages. Total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher and propionate and valerate significantly lower in G than in EF and LF (p < 0.05). Ten bacterial phyla were detected, including Firmicutes (47.5–53.5%) and Bacteroidetes (28.4–31.7%), which accounted for 79.2–82.3% of the total bacteria. Prevotella accounted for the highest proportion (31.6–42.6%) of all bacteria in this study but did not differ significantly among the different growth stages. Metaprevotella abundance was significantly higher in G than in the other treatments (p < 0.05). In addition, Paraprevotella tended to be higher in LF than in the other treatments (p = 0.056). Given the differences in the genera of microorganisms with relatively low abundance, additional experiments are needed to determine the effect on fermentation.
Antibacterial Drug Residues in Small Ruminant Edible Tissues and Milk: A Literature Review of Commonly Used Medications in Small Ruminants
Authors: Richards Emily D. , Martin Krysta L. , Donnell Catherine E. , Clapham Maaike O. , Tell Lisa A.
Published: September 2022

This review provides a summary of extracted data from the published literature that contains drug residue depletion data for edible tissues and milk following treatment of sheep and goats. Out of 20,234 records obtained during the initial search, data from 177 records were included in this review. The data is separated by antibiotic class for ease of comparison between studies. Extracted data includes the active ingredient, dosing information, animal health status, analytical method and limits of detection, tolerance and maximum residue limit information, and time frames relative to residue absence or detection. This information is useful for understanding drug residue depletion profiles following extra-label use and for estimating withdrawal intervals, in order to protect the human food chain.
Farm Environmental Enrichments Improve the Welfare of Layer Chicks and Pullets: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Xu Dan , Shu Gang , Liu Yanting , Qin Pingwu , Zheng Yilei , Tian Yaofu , Zhao Xiaoling , Du Xiaohui
Published: September 2022

Currently, cage housing is regarded as a global mainstream production system for laying hens. However, limited living space and confinement of birds in cages cause welfare and health problems, such as feather pecking, osteoporosis, obesity, and premature aging. Many studies have been conducted to alleviate layer welfare problems by providing farm environmental enrichments such as litter, sand, alfalfa bales, chick papers, pecking stones, pecking strings, perches, slopes, elevated platforms, aviaries and outdoor access with a trend towards complex enrichments. The provision of appropriate enrichments continuously attracts layers towards pecking, foraging, dust bathing, and locomotion, thereby giving lifelong benefits to laying hens. Hence, raising chicks and pullets under such conditions may reduce feather and skin damage, as well as accumulation of abdominal fat, and improve several biological features such as health, productivity, quality products, and docility of laying hens. Therefore, providing enrichment during the first few days of the layer’s life without any interruption is crucial. In addition, due to different farm conditions, environmental enrichment should be managed by well-trained farm staff. For example, in preventing feather pecking among the birds, litter materials for foraging are superior to dust bath materials or new items. However, a limited supply of litter creates competition and challenges among birds. Therefore, providing farm environmental enrichment for layers requires proper handling, especially in commercial layer farms. Hence, improving the welfare of chicks and pullets through optimizing on-farm environmental enrichments is essential for production systems practicing cage housing.
Consumption of Antibiotics in Primary Care Setting before and during COVID-19 Pandemic in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Sokolović Dragana , Drakul Dragana , Joksimović Bojan , Lalović Nenad , Avram Nada , Milić Marija , Nogo-Živanović Dajana , Mijović Biljana
Published: September 2022

The pandemic of COVID-19 has brought many changes in health care systems at all levels of health care. The increase in the number of cases of COVID-19 has led to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.The aim of this study was to compare the consumption of antibiotics for systemic use in outpatients in the Republic of Srpska (RS), before and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the association between antibiotic consumption and the rate of incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The total consumption of the antibiotics for systemic use (J01) in outpatients in the Republic of Srpska during 2019 was 19.40 DDD/TID, with an increase to 30.80 DDD/TID in 2020.Significantly higher use of penicillin (10.58 ± 11.01 DDD/TID in 2019 vs. 17.10 ± 13.63 DDD/TID in 2020), cephalosporins (2.68 ± 1.90 DDD/TID in 2019 vs. 5.93 ± 2.77 DDD/TID in 2020) and macrolides (2.14 ± 2.22 DDD/TID in 2019 vs. 3.40 ± 3.44 DDD/TID in 2020) was observed during the pandemic period. It is necessary to improve the prescribing practice of antibiotics at the primary health care level, public awareness about rational use of antibiotics, as well as the current antibiotic stewardship programs and control their implementation.
Alternatives to Antibiotics against Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Broncano-Lavado Antonio , Senhaji-Kacha Abrar , Santamaría-Corral Guillermo , Esteban Jaime , García-Quintanilla Meritxell
Published: September 2022

Mycobacterium abscessus complex is extremely difficult to treat. Intrinsic and acquired bacterial resistance makes this species one of the most challenging pathogens and treatments last from months to years, associated with potential risky antibiotic toxicity and a high number of failures. Nonantibiotic antimicrobial agents against this microorganism have recently been studied so as to offer an alternative to current drugs. This review summarizes recent research on different strategies such as host modulation using stem cells, photodynamic therapy, antibiofilm therapy, phage therapy, nanoparticles, vaccines and antimicrobial peptides against M. abscessus both in vitro and in vivo.
Bacteriophages and Food Production: Biocontrol and Bio-Preservation Options for Food Safety
Authors: Garvey Mary
Published: September 2022

Food safety and sustainable food production is an important part of the Sustainable Development goals aiming to safeguard the health and wellbeing of humans, animals and the environment. Foodborne illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly as the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance proliferates. In order to actively move towards sustainable food production, it is imperative that green biocontrol options are implemented to prevent and mitigate infectious disease in food production. Replacing current chemical pesticides, antimicrobials and disinfectants with green, organic options such as biopesticides is a step towards a sustainable future. Bacteriophages, virus which infect and kill bacteria are an area of great potential as biocontrol agents in agriculture and aquaculture. Lytic bacteriophages offer many advantages over traditional chemical-based solutions to control microbiological contamination in the food industry. The innate specificity for target bacterial species, their natural presence in the environment and biocompatibility with animal and humans means phages are a practical biocontrol candidate at all stages of food production, from farm-to-fork. Phages have demonstrated efficacy as bio-sanitisation and bio-preservation agents against many foodborne pathogens, with activity against biofilm communities also evident. Additionally, phages have long been recognised for their potential as therapeutics, prophylactically and metaphylactically. Further investigation is warranted however, to overcome their limitations such as formulation and stability issues, phage resistance mechanisms and transmission of bacterial virulence factors.
The Balancing of Peroxynitrite Detoxification between Ferric Heme-Proteins and CO2: The Case of Zebrafish Nitrobindin
Authors: De Simone Giovanna , Coletta Andrea , di Masi Alessandra , Coletta Massimo , Ascenzi Paolo
Published: September 2022

Nitrobindins (Nbs) are all-β-barrel heme proteins and are present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although their function(s) is still obscure, Nbs trap NO and inactivate peroxynitrite. Here, the kinetics of peroxynitrite scavenging by ferric Danio rerio Nb (Dr-Nb(III)) in the absence and presence of CO2 is reported. The Dr-Nb(III)-catalyzed scavenging of peroxynitrite is facilitated by a low pH, indicating that the heme protein interacts preferentially with peroxynitrous acid, leading to the formation of nitrate (~91%) and nitrite (~9%). The physiological levels of CO2 dramatically facilitate the spontaneous decay of peroxynitrite, overwhelming the scavenging activity of Dr-Nb(III). The effect of Dr-Nb(III) on the peroxynitrite-induced nitration of L-tyrosine was also investigated. Dr-Nb(III) inhibits the peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of free L-tyrosine, while, in the presence of CO2, Dr-Nb(III) does not impair nitro-L-tyrosine formation. The comparative analysis of the present results with data reported in the literature indicates that, to act as efficient peroxynitrite scavengers in vivo, i.e., in the presence of physiological levels of CO2, the ferric heme protein concentration must be higher than 10−4 M. Thus, only the circulating ferric hemoglobin levels appear to be high enough to efficiently compete with CO2/HCO3− in peroxynitrite inactivation. The present results are of the utmost importance for tissues, like the eye retina in fish, where blood circulation is critical for adaptation to diving conditions.
The Prevention of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Elderly Rats after Lower Limb Tourniquet Use
Authors: Herrero de la Parte Borja , Roa-Esparza Javier , Cearra Iñigo , Ruiz Montesinos Inmaculada , Alonso-Alconada Daniel , Alonso-Varona Ana , Mar Medina Carmen , Iturrizaga Correcher Sira , García-Alonso Ignacio
Published: September 2022

Background: Lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI-LL) is a common major complication of orthopedic surgery, especially in elderly patients. It has previously been demonstrated that folinic acid (FA) reduced IRI-LL damage in 3–4-month-old rats. This current work analyses the effect of FA in the prevention of IRI-LL in elderly animals. Methods: Forty-two 18-month-old male WAG/RijHsd rats were subjected to 3 h of ischemia. Eighteen animals received FA (2.5 mg/kg, ip) 20 min before the end of the ischemia period, while the other half received the same volume of saline solution. The animals were sacrificed after 3 h, 24 h, and 14 days of reperfusion for biochemical (tissue damage markers and electrolytes), histopathological studies of the gastrocnemius muscle and the daily assessment of the limb function by the Rota Rod test, respectively. Results: The administration of FA prior to the end of the ischemia period reduced the increase in LDH and CK observed in non-treated animals by 30–40% (p < 0.0001). When the histological sections were analyzed, FA was found to have reduced the number of damaged muscle fibers per field by 20% (60 ± 17.1 vs. 80.7 ± 16.4, p < 0.0001). The functional test revealed that FA also led to an improvement in the muscle function, assessed by the length of time that the animals kept running on the rod, compared to untreated animals. Conclusions: The administration of FA, prior to the end of the ischemic period, decreases the damage induced by IRI-LL, also achieving a faster recovery of mobility.
Time-Course Changes in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Retinas of rds Mice: A Retinitis Pigmentosa Model
Authors: Cantó Antolín , Martínez-González Javier , Almansa Inmaculada , López-Pedrajas Rosa , Hernández-Rabaza Vicente , Olivar Teresa , Miranda María
Published: September 2022

(1) Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is characterized by progressive photoreceptor death. A Prph2Rd2 or an rds mouse is an RP model that closely reflects human RP. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of rod and cone death with oxidative stress and inflammation in rds mice. (2) Methods: The retinas of control and rds mice on postnatal days (PN) 11, 17, 21, 28, 35, and 42 were used. Oxidative damage to macromolecules, glutathione (GSH and GSSG), GSH synthesis enzymes, glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) was studied. (3) Results: The time sequence of oxidative stress and inflammation changes in rds mice occurs as follows: (i) At PN11, there is a small increase in photoreceptor death and in the microglial cells; (ii) at PN17, damage to the macromolecules is observed; (iii) at PN21, the maximum photoreceptor death rate is detected and there is an increase in GSH-GSSG and GFAP; (iv) at PN21, the microglial cells are activated; and(v) at PN28, there is a decrease in GSH synthesis enzymes. (4) Conclusions: These findings contribute to the understanding of RP physiopathology and help us to understand whether oxidative stress and inflammation are therapeutic targets. These findings contribute to our understanding that, in RP, oxidative stress and inflammation evolution and their relationship are time-dependent. In this sense, it is important to highlight that both processes are potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
Bacillus subtilis Protects the Ducks from Oxidative Stress Induced by Escherichia coli: Efficacy and Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Li Chong , Li Yang , Li Shuzhen , Chen Si , Liu Guohua , Deng Xuejuan , Chang Wenhuan , Cai Huiyi
Published: September 2022

Bacillus subtilis has been widely used in animal husbandry as a potential alternative to antibiotics due to its excellent bacteriostasis and antioxidant activity. This study aims to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on the protection of ducks from Escherichia coli infection and its mechanism. The four experimental groups include the negative control group, positive control group, antibiotic group and Bacillus subtilis group. Ducks in positive, antibiotic and Bacillus subtilis groups are orally administered with Escherichia coli and equivalent saline solution for the negative group. The results show that supplements with Bacillus subtilis enhances the performance and health status of the infected ducks. Moreover, Bacillus subtilis alleviates the increase in globulin, LPS and MDA, and the decrease in albumin, T-AOC and T-SOD in the serum caused by Escherichia coli infection. Bacillus subtilis also attenuates injury in the intestine and partially reverses the increase in ROS production and the depletion of ATP in the jejunum. These effects are accompanied with the change of related genes of the ribosome (13.54%) and oxidative phosphorylation (6.68%). Collectively, Bacillus subtilis alleviates the damage caused by Escherichia coli infection in ducks by activating ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation signaling to regulate antioxidant and energy metabolism.
Review of Flexible Piezoresistive Strain Sensors in Civil Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Gao Ke , Zhang Zhiyue , Weng Shun , Zhu Hongping , Yu Hong , Peng Tingjun
Published: September 2022

Owing to the outstanding sensing properties, especially high sensitivity and large stretchability, flexible piezoresistive strain sensors are advantageous for achieving intelligent sensing and have become a popular topic in the field of civil structural health monitoring (SHM). To explore advanced flexible strain sensors for civil SHM, this paper summarizes the recent research progress, achievements and challenges in flexible piezoresistive strain sensors. First, four common piezoresistive mechanisms are introduced theoretically. Sensor materials, including conductive materials, flexible substrates and electrodes, are explained in detail. Second, essential sensing parameters are interpreted and then followed by specific explanations of improvement strategies for the sensor performance in terms of each parameter. Third, applications of flexible piezoresistive strain sensors in the deformation measurement and damage detection of steel structures, concrete structures and fiber-reinforced composite structures are presented. Existing challenges and prospects in the practical application and large-scale production of flexible strain sensors are also reported. Last but not least, strategies for the selection of piezoresistive sensors for civil SHM are explained.
Motor Imagery and Sport Performance: A Systematic Review on the PETTLEP Model
Authors: Morone Giovanni , Ghanbari Ghooshchy Sheida , Pulcini Claudia , Spangu Emanuele , Zoccolotti Pierluigi , Martelli Marialuisa , Spitoni Grazia Fernanda , Russo Valentina , Ciancarelli Irene , Paolucci Stefano , Iosa Marco
Published: September 2022

The aim of this review is to critically analyze the evidence provided throughout the years regarding the application of motor imagery (MI) in sport performance, focusing on the PETTLEP approach. Among the different MI approaches, in fact, the PETTLEP model takes into account many different domains for increasing the performance of athletes. These domains include physical features, the environment, task-related aspects, timing, learning, emotion, and perspective.
RM-Line: A Ray-Model-Based Straight-Line Extraction Method for the Grid Map of Mobile Robot
Authors: Liu Haoxin , Zhang Yonghui
Published: September 2022

This paper proposes a ray-model-based straight-line extraction method for the grid map of a mobile robot, call RM-Line. First, the edge map is obtained, with the help of the connectivity of the blank grid. Then, points containing complete line information, called active points, are obtained using a screening model. Lastly, a ray model is designed to extraction line segments. We evaluate the algorithm using the number of lines, the average distance from grids to the lines, and the running time. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has better performance on grid maps compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Effect of Temperature on the Modal Variability in Short-Span Concrete Bridges
Authors: Cho Keunhee , Cho Jeong-Rae
Published: September 2022

The dynamic characteristics of bridges are known to be affected by damages as well as by environmental factors such as temperature. Therefore, the changes in the dynamic characteristics caused by damages and environmental factors should be considered when evaluating the health of the structure. Accordingly, this study conducted long-term monitoring and modal identification of short-span concrete bridges, i.e., a RC (reinforced concrete) slab bridge a RC rahmen (rigid-frame) bridge. The investigation revealed that temperature is the factor having the greatest influence on the variability of the dynamic characteristics as the natural frequencies of the bridge decrease with higher temperatures. Model updating verified that such modal change resulted from the temperature dependency of the elastic modulus of concrete. The RC slab bridge showed higher temperature dependency than the RC rahmen bridge owing to the presence of elastomeric bearings. Apart from the effect of temperature, non-negligible modal changes caused by other environmental factors were also identified. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable data for the health evaluation of bridges.
Accelerated Movements of Xiaomojiu Landslide Observed with SBAS-InSAR and Three-Dimensional Measurements, Upper Jinsha River, Eastern Tibet
Authors: Liu Xinghong , Yao Xin , Yao Jiaming
Published: September 2022

Many ancient landslides in the upper reaches of the Jinsha River seriously threaten the safety of residents on both sides of the river. The river erosion and groundwater infiltration have greatly reduced the stability of the ancient landslides along the Jinsha River and revived many large landslides. Studying their deformation characteristics and mechanisms and predicting possible failure processes are significant to the safety of residents and hydropower projects. We used SBAS-InSAR and three-dimensional decomposition techniques in our study. Our results showed that the trailing edge and middle part of the landslide have rapidly deformed. The maximum vertical annual displacement rate was 12 cm/a period from July 2017 to July 2019. Correlation analysis showed that creep deformation is closely related to the river damming of the Baige landslide events and that the rising river level was an important factor in the resurrection and accelerated destruction of the Xiaomojiu landslide. As a result, we predicted the possible failure process of the Xiaomojiu landslide, which might have lasted 80 s and eventually formed a landslide deposit with a height of about 150 m, a length of approximately 1500 m, and an average width of 450 m. Our results provide data references for displacement monitoring and instability risk simulation of large landslides along the Jinsha River.