bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Emission in Self‐Assembled Phenyleneethynylene Derived π‐Gelators
Authors: Das Gourab , Thirumalai Rajasekaran , Vedhanarayanan Balaraman , Praveen Vakayil K. , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: April 2020

Optical properties of π‐systems are of great significance for a wide range of applications in materials and biology. Aggregation and self‐assembly induced emission are one of such phenomena. Herein, the self‐assembly induced modulation of the emission of p‐phenyleneethynylene (PE) chromophores bearing linear achiral (1) or branched chiral (2) alkoxy chains is reported. Self‐assembled structures of both 1 and 2 from n‐decane exhibit enhanced emission with fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) values of 0.34 and 0.25, respectively, whereas these molecules are less‐emissive in chloroform (ΦF = 0.02). Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy studies reveal the formation of entangled blue‐emissive fibers for 1 and supercoiled helical blue‐emissive fiber bundles for 2. At higher concentrations (8.8 × 10−3 m for 1 and 23.6 × 10−3 m for 2) in n‐decane, intense blue‐emitting gels are formed. Significant shift in the emission toward longer wavelength can be seen from solution state to aggregates to the gel state. The wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and fluorescence data indicate that the interdigitated lamellar assembly with weaker π‐stacking and the resultant restriction of rotation of the PE chromophores are responsible for the enhanced emission of the self‐assembled gel state.
Tuneable Copper Catalysed Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzenes to Aniline or Azo Derivatives
Authors: Moran Maria Jesus , Martina Katia , Baricco Francesca , Tagliapietra Silvia , Manzoli Maela , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: April 2020

A highly versatile and flexible copper nanoparticle (Cu(0) NPs) catalytic system has been developed for the controlled and selective transfer hydrogenation of nitroarene.

Interestingly, the final catalytic product is strongly dependent on the nature of the hydrogen donor source. The yield of nitrobenzene reduction to aniline increased from 20% to an almost quantitative yield over a range of alcohols, diols and aminoalcohols. In glycerol at 130 °C aniline was isolated in 93% yield. In ethanolamine, the reaction was conveniently performed at a lower temperature (55 °C) and gave selectively substituted azobenzene (92% yield). Experimental studies provide support for a reaction pathway in which the Cu(0) NPs catalysed transfer hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline proceeds via the condensation route. The high chemoselectivity of both protocols has been proved in experiments on a panel of variously substituted nitroarenes. Enabling technologies, microwaves and ultrasound, used both separately and in combination, have successfully increased the reaction rate and reaction yield.

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Tandem Phospha‐Michael Addition/N‐Acylation/ Intramolecular Wittig Reaction of aza‐o‐Quinone Methides: Approaches to 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles
Authors: Hua Ting‐Bi , Chao Fei , Wang Long , Yan Chen‐Yang , Xiao Cong , Yang Qing‐Qing , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: April 2020

A tandem phospha‐Michael addition/N‐acylation/intramolecular Wittig reaction of in situ formed aza‐o‐QMs is disclosed. This approach features high functional group tolerance and provides a convenient and practical access to biologically significant indole derivatives (37 examples, up to 91% yield) under mild reaction conditions.

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Multi‐Material 3D and 4D Printing: A Survey
Authors: Rafiee Mohammad , Farahani Rouhollah D. , Therriault Daniel
Published: April 2020

Recent advances in multi‐material 3D and 4D printing (time as the fourth dimension) show that the technology has the potential to extend the design space beyond complex geometries. The potential of these additive manufacturing (AM) technologies allows for functional inclusion in a low‐cost single‐step manufacturing process. Different composite materials and various AM technologies can be used and combined to create customized multi‐functional objects to suit many needs. In this work, several types of 3D and 4D printing technologies are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are discussed. The various features and applications of 3D and 4D printing technologies used in the fabrication of multi‐material objects are reviewed. Finally, new avenues for the development of multi‐material 3D and 4D printed objects are proposed, which reflect the current deficiencies and future opportunities for inclusion by AM.
Non‐Rigid Band Structure in Mg2Ge for Improved Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Kamila Hasbuna , Sankhla Aryan , Yasseri Mohammad , Mueller Eckhard , de Boor Johannes
Published: April 2020

Magnesium silicide and its solid solutions are among the most attractive materials for thermoelectric generators in the temperature range of 500–800 K. However, while n‐type Mg2(Si,Ge,Sn) materials show excellent thermoelectric performance, the corresponding p‐type solid solutions are still inferior, mainly due to less favorable properties of the valence bands compared to the conduction bands. Here, Li doped Mg2Ge with a thermoelectric figure of merit zT of 0.5 at 700 K is reported, which is four times higher than that of p‐type Mg2Si and double than that of p‐type Mg2Sn. The reason for the excellent properties is an unusual temperature dependence of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity compared to a standard highly doped semiconductor. The properties cannot be captured assuming a rigid band structure but well reproduced assuming two parabolic valence bands with a strong temperature dependent interband separation. According to the analysis, the difference in energy between the two bands decrease with temperature, leading to a band convergence at around 650 K and finally to an inversion of the band positions. The finding of a combination of a light and a heavy band that are non‐rigid with temperature can pave the way for further optimization of p‐type Mg2(Si,Ge,Sn).
A Super‐Stretchable Liquid Metal Foamed Elastomer for Tunable Control of Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Transport
Authors: Yu Dehai , Liao Yue , Song Yingchao , Wang Shilong , Wan Haoyu , Zeng Yanhong , Yin Tao , Yang Wenhao , He Zhizhu
Published: April 2020

It is remarkably desirable and challenging to design a stretchable conductive material with tunable electromagnetic‐interference (EMI) shielding and heat transfer for applications in flexible electronics. However, the existing materials sustained a severe attenuation of performances when largely stretched. Here, a super‐stretchable (800% strain) liquid metal foamed elastomer composite (LMF‐EC) is reported, achieving super‐high electrical (≈104 S cm−1) and thermal (17.6 W mK−1) conductivities under a large strain of 400%, which also exhibits unexpected stretching‐enhanced EMI shielding effectiveness of 85 dB due to the conductive network elongation and reorientation. By varying the liquid and solid states of LMF, the stretching can enable a multifunctional reversible switch that simultaneously regulates the thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic wave transport. Novel flexible temperature control and a thermoelectric system based on LMF‐EC is furthermore developed. This work is a significant step toward the development of smart electromagnetic and thermal regulator for stretchable electronics.
Simultaneous Nanothermometry and Deep‐Tissue Imaging
Authors: Gschwend Pascal M. , Niedbalka David , Gerken Lukas R. H. , Herrmann Inge K. , Pratsinis Sotiris E.
Published: April 2020

Bright, stable, and biocompatible fluorescent contrast agents operating in the second biological window (1000–1350 nm) are attractive for imaging of deep‐lying structures (e.g., tumors) within tissues. Ideally, these contrast agents also provide functional insights, such as information on local temperature. Here, water‐dispersible barium phosphate nanoparticles doped with Mn5+ are made by scalable, continuous, and sterile flame aerosol technology and explored as fluorescent contrast agents with temperature‐sensitive peak emission in the NIR‐II (1190 nm). Detailed assessment of their stability, toxicity with three representative cell lines (HeLa, THP‐1, NHDF), and deep‐tissue imaging down to about 3 cm are presented. In addition, their high quantum yield (up to 34%) combined with excellent temperature sensitivity paves the way for concurrent deep‐tissue imaging and nanothermometry, with biologically well‐tolerated nanoparticles.
A Nanosheet Array of Cu2Se Intercalation Compound with Expanded Interlayer Space for Sodium Ion Storage
Authors: Xiao Yuanhua , Zhao Xiaobing , Wang Xuezhao , Su Dangcheng , Bai Shuo , Chen Wei , Fang Shaoming , Zhou Liming , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Li Feng
Published: April 2020

Intercalation chemistry/engineering has been widely investigated in the development of electrochemical energy storage. Graphite, as an old intercalation host, is receiving vigorous attention again via a new halogen intercalation. Whereas, exploiting new intercalation hosts and optimizing the intercalation effect still remains a great challenge. This study fabricates a Cu2Se intercalation compound showing expanded interlayer space and nanosheet array features by using a green growth approach, in which cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is inserted into Cu2Se at an ambient temperature. When acting as an electrode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the Cu2Se–CTAB nanosheet arrays exhibit excellent discharge capacity and rate capability (426.0 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 238.1 mAh g−1 at 30 A g−1), as well as high capacity retention of ≈90% at 20 A g−1 after 6500 cycles. Benefiting from the porous array architecture, the transport of electrolytes is facilitated on the surface of Cu2Se nanosheets. In particular, the CTAB intercalated in the interlayer space of Cu2Se can increase its buffer space, stabilize the polyselenide shuttle, and prevent the fast growth of Cu nanoparticles during its electrochemical process.
Chemicals from heavy oils by ZSM‐5 catalysis in supercritical water: Model compound and reaction engineering
Authors: Zaker Azadeh , Guerra Patricia , Tompsett Geoffrey A. , Huang Xinlei , Bond Jesse Q. , Timko Michael T.
Published: April 2020

Dodecane cracking and aromatization over ZSM‐5 was studied in the presence and absence of supercritical water (SCW). A group‐type model was used to determine five best‐fit rate constants to describe yields to aliphatics, aromatics, coke, and gases. SCW accelerated gas formation while suppressing coke formation. CO and CO2 were formed in the presence of SCW, but not in its absence; a new, low‐temperature coke gasification pathway was suggested to account for this observation. Similarly, a low‐temperature alkane reforming pathway was hypothesized to explain the increased relative rate constant for production of gases in the presence of SCW compared with its absence. Additional tests and analysis indicated that these effects could not be ascribed solely to zeolite degradation in the presence of SCW, implying that water directly influences the reaction mechanism. These results provide new insights into the role(s) of water during oil cracking under supercritical conditions.
A consensus phylogenomic approach highlights paleopolyploid and rapid radiation in the history of Ericales
Authors: Larson Drew A. , Walker Joseph F. , Vargas Oscar M. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: April 2020

Premise

Large genomic data sets offer the promise of resolving historically recalcitrant species relationships. However, different methodologies can yield conflicting results, especially when clades have experienced ancient, rapid diversification. Here, we analyzed the ancient radiation of Ericales and explored sources of uncertainty related to species tree inference, conflicting gene tree signal, and the inferred placement of gene and genome duplications.

Methods

We used a hierarchical clustering approach, with tree‐based homology and orthology detection, to generate six filtered phylogenomic matrices consisting of data from 97 transcriptomes and genomes. Support for species relationships was inferred from multiple lines of evidence including shared gene duplications, gene tree conflict, gene‐wise edge‐based analyses, concatenation, and coalescent‐based methods, and is summarized in a consensus framework.

Results

Our consensus approach supported a topology largely concordant with previous studies, but suggests that the data are not capable of resolving several ancient relationships because of lack of informative characters, sensitivity to methodology, and extensive gene tree conflict correlated with paleopolyploidy. We found evidence of a whole‐genome duplication before the radiation of all or most ericalean families, and demonstrate that tree topology and heterogeneous evolutionary rates affect the inferred placement of genome duplications.

Conclusions

We provide several hypotheses regarding the history of Ericales, and confidently resolve most nodes, but demonstrate that a series of ancient divergences are unresolvable with these data. Whether paleopolyploidy is a major source of the observed phylogenetic conflict warrants further investigation.
Role of imaging in multiple myeloma
Authors: Baffour Francis I. , Glazebrook Katrina N. , Kumar Shaji K. , Broski Stephen M.
Published: April 2020

With rapid advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), imaging has become instrumental in detection of intramedullary and extramedullary disease, providing prognostic information, and assessing therapeutic efficacy. Whole‐body low dose computed tomography (WBLDCT) has emerged as the study of choice to detect osteolytic bone disease. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) combines functional and morphologic information to identify MM disease activity and assess treatment response. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent soft‐tissue contrast and is the modality of choice for bone marrow evaluation. This review focuses on the imaging modalities available for MM patient management, highlighting advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each.
The Society for Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology 42nd Annual Meeting
Authors: Eisenhoffer George T. , Clouthier David , Cox Timothy , Saint‐Jeannet Jean‐Pierre , Taneyhill Lisa A. , Trainor Paul A. , Moody Sally A.
Published: April 2020

The Society for Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology (SCGDB) 42nd Annual Meeting was held at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas from October 14–15, 2019. The SCGDB meeting included scientific sessions on the molecular regulation of craniofacial development, cell biology of craniofacial development, signaling during craniofacial development, translational craniofacial biology, and for the first time, a career development workshop. Over a one hundred attendees from 21 states, and representing over 50 different scientific institutions, participated. The diverse group of scientists included cell and developmental biologists and clinical geneticists, promoting excellent discussions about molecular pathways guiding abnormal cell behaviors and the resultant morphological changes to craniofacial development. The results were high‐quality science and a welcoming environment for trainees interested in craniofacial biology.
The Application of Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Modeling and Exploratory Analysis to Screen Catalysts for the Synthesis of Oleochemical Carbonates from CO2 and Bio‐Based Epoxides
Authors: dos Santos Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes , Pontin Darlan , Rambo Raoní Scheibler , Seferin Marcus
Published: April 2020

Screening catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides presents a challenge for the research community. Thus, we propose the application of quantitative structure–property relationships (QSPR) modeling and exploratory analysis to assist in the selection of catalysts to produce oleochemical carbonates. QSPR modeling was developed by applying 2D‐descriptors to evaluate the relationship between the molecular structure of organocatalysts and their activity in the production of bio‐based organic carbonates. From the virtual screening, 122 potential catalysts were selected, their catalytic activities were estimated, and the best molecular targets highlighted. Already from the data mining and exploratory analysis, the catalysts' key structural features (e.g. organic structure, molecular arrangement, carbon chain size, and substituent type) were identified. Thus, it was possible to evaluate the similarity between the catalysts and to relate the 2D‐descriptors to their activity. Then, based on QSPR modeling results, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was proposed as a new catalyst to produce oleochemical carbonates. From the CTAB application, conversions greater than 98% of epoxide were observed in the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxidized vegetable oil (rice bran, canola, and soybean). Thus, it was concluded that QSPR modeling and exploratory analysis show potential for screening catalysts for oleochemical carbonate synthesis.
Development of advanced fiber‐reinforced polymer composites by polymer hybridization technique: Emphasis on cure kinetics, mechanical, and thermomechanical performance
Authors: Ganesh Gupta K B N V S , Hiremath Mritunjay Maharudrayya , Prusty Rajesh Kumar , Ray Bankim Chandra
Published: April 2020

Polymer hybridization technique, consisting of an interlayer arrangement of different polymers, acts as the most economical and promising technique in augmenting the glass fiber‐reinforced polymer composite's mechanical properties. This investigation focuses on the effect of cure kinetics on the flexural behavior of glass‐polymer hybrid (GPH) composite, and also elucidates the comparative analysis on the mechanical behavior of glass‐epoxy (GE) composite, glass‐vinyl ester (GVE) composite, and GPH composite. The optimal postcuring temperature has been found to be 200°C for GPH composite among the other postcuring temperatures conducted at 140, 170, and 230°C. Among all these abovementioned composites, highest flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength properties have been recorded by the 200°C postcured GPH composite leading to 10.87 and 18.76% increment, respectively, compared with GE composite. Furthermore, thermomechanical characterization has been done to know the viscoelastic behavior of the GPH composite postcured at different temperatures using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The fracture morphology of flexural tested composite samples demonstrated a combination of failure modes. Relevant information on the chemical restructuring and fracture morphology of experimented composite material using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has also been studied.
Production of high‐aspect‐ratio rectangular‐lumen microtube by gas‐assisted microextrusion
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Xing , Zhao Jianxiang , Liu Cong , Xu Zhongbin , Pei Hao
Published: April 2020

Flexible polymeric microtubes with rectangular‐lumen are useful in chemical and bioengineering. However, improving the aspect ratio of the rectangular lumen is still a tough task. In this study, numerical simulations are carried out to study the influences of the processing parameters and the design of the extrusion die on the aspect ratio of the rectangular microchannels. Increasing the length of the inner die and reducing its width are critical to improving the aspect ratio of channels. The pressure difference is also important for controlling the sizes and shapes of channels. A linear mathematical relationship is built between the aspect ratio of channels and processing parameters and the sizes of the die. According to the simulating results, the geometry of the inner die is optimized and manufactured experimentally. The flexible rectangular microtubes are produced with well‐controlled channel sizes. The highest aspect ratio of the channel we achieve is 87.
Effects of ethylene‐acrylic acid ionomer on thermomechanical and electrochromic properties of electrochromic devices using gelatin‐based electrolytes
Authors: Wootthikanokkhan Jatuphorn , Jaruphan Palaya , Azarian Mohammad Hossein , Yosthisud Jarinya
Published: April 2020

Transparent adhesive polymer electrolytes, to be used for fabrication of electrochromic glass via a lamination process, were developed from gelatin blended with ethylene‐acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer ionomer resin. The gelatin‐based electrolyte films were prepared by mixing the polymer with glycerol, LiClO4, formaldehyde, and EAA in a microcompounder. The concentration effect of EAA (i.e., 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 wt% with respect to the gelatin) on thermomechanical, optical, and electrochemical properties of the prepared films were then studied. Results from atomic force micrographs revealed that surface roughness of the neat gelatin film significantly decreased after blending with 20 wt% EAA. This corresponds to the highest ionic conductivity value (4.46 × 10−6 S/cm) of gelatin‐based electrolyte in this study. Percentage light transmittance was also maintained above 80%, provided that the concentration of ionomer was kept below 20%. Finally, performance of the electrochromic device with a configuration of ITO/WO3/gelatin/NiO/ITO was demonstrated. Coloration efficiency and response time of 60.38 cm2/C and 10 s/50 s (coloring/bleaching) were achieved, respectively.
A combination of depression and liver Qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome using a rat model
Authors: Li Xiao‐Juan , Qiu Wen‐Qi , Da Xiao‐Li , Hou Ya‐Jing , Ma Qing‐Yu , Wang Ting‐Ye , Zhou Xue‐Ming , Song Ming , Bian Qing‐Lai , Chen Jia‐Xu
Published: April 2020

A syndrome (Zheng in Chinese) plays a critical role in disease identification, diagnosis, and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Clinically, the liver Qi stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome (LQSSDS) is one of the most common syndrome patterns. Over the past few decades, several animal models have been developed to understand the potential mechanisms of LQSSDS, but until now, simulation of the syndrome is still unclear. Recently, several studies have confirmed that an animal model combining a disease and a syndrome is appropriate for simulating TCM syndromes. Overlapping previous studies have reported that depression is highly associated with LQSSDS; hence, we attempted to develop a rat model combining depression and LQSSDS. We exposed the rats to different durations of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Subsequently, the evaluation indicators at macrolevel consisted of behavioral tests including open field test, sucrose preference test, and forced swim test, food intake, body weight, white adipose tissue, fecal water content, visceral hypersensitivity, and small bowel transit, and the evaluation indicators at microlevel included changes of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Serum D‐xylose absorption was used to comprehensively confirm and assess whether the model was successful during the CUMS‐induced process. The results showed that rats exposed to 6‐week CUMS procedure exhibited significantly similar traits to the phenotypes of LQSSDS and depression. This study provided a new rat model for the LQSSDS and could potentially lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of LQSSDS and the development of new drugs for this syndrome.
A colorimetric sensor array based on natural pigments for the discrimination of saccharides
Authors: Yan Shujun , Li Jiao , Zhang Ling , Bai Juan , Lei Lulu , Huang Hui , Li Yongxin
Published: April 2020

A colorimetric sensor array based on natural pigments was developed to discriminate between various saccharides. Anthocyanins, pH‐sensitive natural pigments, were extracted from fruits and flowers and used as components of the sensor array. Variation in pH, due to the reaction between saccharides and boronic acids, caused obvious colour changes in the natural pigments. Only by observing the difference map with the naked eye could 11 common saccharides be divided into independent individuals. In conjunction with pattern recognition, the sensor array clearly differentiated between sugar and sugar alcohol with highly accuracy and allowed rapid quantification of different concentrations of maltitol and fructose. This sensor array for saccharides is expected to become a promising alternative tool for food monitoring. The link between anthocyanin and saccharide detection opened a new guiding direction for the application of anthocyanins in foods.
Bone‐Inspired Tube Filling Decellularized Matrix of Toad Cartilage Provided an Osteoinductive Microenvironment for Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Facilitate the Radius Defect Repair of Rabbit
Authors: Xu He‐Lin , Yang Wai‐Geng , Chen Pian‐Pian , Chen Rui , Xue Peng‐Peng , Wang Li‐Fen , Yuan Jian‐Dong , Yao Qing , Chen Bin , Zhao Ying‐Zheng
Published: April 2020

Toad bone not only contains the rich cartilage‐like matrix but also presents low immunogenicity. It is inferred that decellularized toad bone matrix (dBECM) may provide the more profitable osteoinductive microenvironment for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to promote the repair of bone defects. Herein, a hollow bone‐inspired tube is first made from hydroxyapatite (HA) and poly (γ‐glutamic acid) (PGA), and then MSCs/dBECM hydrogel is uniformly filled to its central cavity, constructing a biomimetic bone (dBECM + MSCs − PGA + HA). In vitro scratch and transwell experiments show that dBECM hydrogel not only effectively promotes migration and proliferation of MSCs but also induces their osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the less inflammatory macrophages infiltrate at rat skin after subcutaneously injecting dBECM hydrogel, indicating its low potential for inflammatory attack. After implanting dBECM + MSCs − PGA + HA to critical radius defect of rabbit, X‐ray and CT imaging shows that the cortex is effectively regenerated and the medullary cavity recanalization is completed at 20 weeks. Moreover, the expression of Collagen‐II and OCN are obviously increased in the defect after implanting dBECM + MSCs − PGA + HA. The therapeutic mechanism of dBECM + MSCs − PGA + HA scaffold are highly associated with the enhanced angiogenesis. Collectively, the biomimetic dBECM + MSCs − PGA + HA scaffold may be a promising strategy to improve radius defect healing efficiency.
What is the role of lateral lymph node dissection in rectal cancer patients with clinically suspected lateral lymph node metastasis after preoperative chemoradiotherapy? A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Yang Xuyang , Yang Shuo , Hu Tao , Gu Chaoyang , Wei Mingtian , Deng Xiangbing , Wang Ziqiang , Zhou Zongguang
Published: April 2020

Background

Local lateral recurrence (LLR) in rectal cancer is increasingly becoming a significant clinical issue. Preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and lateral lymph node dissection (LLND)—when each approach is separately executed—cannot cure lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM). Here, we performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the efficacy of nCRT plus total mesorectal excision (TME) vs TME plus LLND after nCRT for rectal cancer.

Methods

Standard databases (PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched to identify all relevant studies comparing nCRT+TME and nCRT+TME+LLND. Data in the included studies were extracted, and intraoperative outcomes, postoperative complications, and oncological outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Eight studies representing 1,896 patients (1,461 nCRT+TME vs 435 nCRT+TME+LLND) were included. We found that for patients with clinically suspected LLNM, the incidence of pathological LLNM was 27.8%, even after nCRT. LLND after nCRT was significantly associated with lower LLR (P = .02). Additional LLND yielded a longer operative time (P < .01) and increased the risk of urinary dysfunction (P < .01). Concerning other outcomes, no significant differences were identified between the two groups.

Conclusion

This is the first meta‐analysis and systematic review of studies comparing nCRT+TME and nCRT+TME+LLND for rectal cancer patients. Although increasing operative time and the risk of urinary dysfunction (which might be ameliorated by minimally invasive procedures), the pooled results support the use of LLND after nCRT and TME for reducing LLR in patients with clinically suspected LLNM and provide another treatment option for high‐risk patients.
MERGE: A Multinational, Multicenter Observational Registry for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Asia, including Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria
Authors: Yassin Mohamed A. , Taher Ali , Mathews Vikram , Hou Hsin‐An , Shamsi Tahir , Tuğlular Tülin Firatli , Xiao Zhijian , Kim Soo‐Jeong , Depei Wu , Li Junmin , Rippin Gerd , Sadek Islam , Siddiqui Asif , Wong Raymond S.
Published: April 2020

Philadelphia chromosome‐negative (Ph−) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders of the bone marrow, and are associated with a high disease burden, reduced quality of life (QOL), and shortened survival. This multinational, multicenter, non‐interventional registry “MERGE” was initiated with an objective to collect data on the epidemiological indices of classical Ph‐MPNs, existing treatment patterns, and impact of MPNs on health‐related QOL in various countries/regions in Asia, including the Middle East, Turkey, and Algeria. Of the 884 eligible patients with MPNs, 169 had myelofibrosis (MF), 301 had polycythemia vera (PV), 373 had essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 41 had unclassified MPNs. The median age was 58 years (range, 47‐66 years), and 50% of patients were males. The prevalence and incidence of MPNs were estimated to be 57‐81 and 12‐15 per 100 000 hospital patients per year over the last 4 years, respectively, in these countries. Total symptom score (mean [standard deviation; SD]) at baseline was highest in patients with MF (23.5 [17.47]) compared with patients with ET (14.6 [14.26]) and PV (16.6 [14.84]). Patients with ET had a lower mean (SD) number of inpatient visits (0.9 [0.77] days), and patients with MF had more outpatient visits (5.2 [3.17] days) on an average, compared with the entire MPN group. The study showed that patients with MPNs have a severe disease burden and reduced QOL. A discordance between physician and patient perception of symptom assessment was observed in this study (International clinical trials registry ID: CTRI/2014/05/004598).
Current challenges in student mental health and counselling provision: How practice‐based research can help demonstrate effectiveness
Authors: Dufour Géraldine
Published: April 2020

With a steep increase in students presenting to counselling services, and the costs associated with meeting increased demand for provision, services need to be able to demonstrate the effectiveness and impact of the interventions they deliver. The heads of embedded university counselling services are uniquely placed to advise on the best interventions to deliver for students in their institutions. Collaborating with research colleagues can help to increase the research output of university counselling services and demonstrate their effectiveness. The Cambridge University Counselling Service collaborated with the School of Psychiatry on the ‘Mindfulness Skills for Students’ study. The learnings from this collaboration will illustrate how practice‐based research can help counselling services to demonstrate their effectiveness and impact, and promote the work that they do with students. The author will also explore the benefits and challenges of engaging in collaboration with research colleagues at her home institution.
Incidence and clinical outcomes of stroke in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock
Authors: Pahuja Mohit , Chehab Omar , Ranka Sagar , Mishra Tushar , Ando Tomo , Yassin Ahmed S. , Thayer Katherine L. , Shah Palak , Kimmelstiel Carey D. , Salehi Payam , Kapur Navin K.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The authors sought to evaluate 10‐year national trends, incidence and clinical outcomes of stroke in CS‐STEMI.

Background

Stroke is a devastating complication among patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Concomitant cardiogenic shock (CS) may further increase the risk of stroke. Use of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) devices may further increase stroke risk in CS‐STEMI. No studies have evaluated the risk of stroke in contemporary CS‐STEMI.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of CS‐STEMI patients from a large U.S. national database between 2005 and 2014. Previously validated codes for stroke were used to identify events of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. They were then divided into different groups: without MCS, with intra‐aortic balloon pump, percutaneous ventricular assist device (PVAD, includes Impella or TandemHeart devices), or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Results

In 172,491 admissions, stroke was noted in 5,613 (3.2%). Between 2005 and 2014, we observed an increase in the events of overall stroke from 3.1% in 2005 to 5.0% in 2014 (p for the trend <.001). The number of ischemic stroke events (2.4%) was higher than hemorrhagic stroke (0.1%) during the study period. Presence of stroke was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality (40.6 vs. 29.8%, 95% CI adjusted odds ratio: 1.57, 1.44–1.67; p < .0001 among stroke vs. without stroke).

Conclusions

The incidence of stroke events in CS‐STEMI patients increased between 2005 and 2014, and is associated with higher in‐hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost of hospitalization. The incidence of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke was higher with pMCS device use. Stroke prevention is a priority for CS‐STEMI patients.
Antegrade transseptal transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Back to the future?
Authors: Misumida Naoki , Anderson Jason H. , Greason Kevin L. , Rihal Charanjit S.
Published: April 2020

Antegrade transseptal approach was utilized in the first human case of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and in the early phase of TAVR. Various challenges with the antegrade transseptal approach including procedural complexity, need for atrial septal crossing, and potential for injury to the mitral valve apparatus led it to being supplanted by other approaches. These challenges have now largely been mitigated as structural interventionalists routinely perform left atrial procedures. We report a case of antegrade transseptal TAVR using a large bore sheath placed in the mid left ventricle across the mitral orifice to protect the mitral valve apparatus and facilitate valve deployment. An 84‐year‐old man with heart failure symptoms was seen for severe aortic stenosis. The severity of peripheral arterial disease precluded femoral, axillary, carotid, or transcaval routes. After transseptal puncture and creation of an arteriovenous rail, a long 26‐Fr sheath was advanced from the right femoral vein transseptally over the arteriovenous rail, past the mitral valve inflow to the mid left ventricular cavity. The sheath provided a stable platform with stable intraprocedure hemodynamics. Balloon valvuloplasty was performed in an antegrade manner, after which a 29‐mm SAPIEN S3 prosthesis was advanced into the aortic valve position and deployed under rapid pacing. We observed no injury to the mitral leaflets or subvalvular apparatus after the procedure. The antegrade transseptal approach should be revisited as an option for patients at high surgical risk with no other suitable access site. The use of a large bore sheath facilitates this approach.
Reduction of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Pellet Boiler Using Primary Measures
Authors: Schulte Stephan , Heinzle Josef , Groß Bodo
Published: April 2020

The use of primary measures to reduce particulate matter, CO, and NOx emissions can be feasible for pellet boilers fired with a standardized fuel with low quality variations. At the same time, the use of lower‐quality pellets such as A2 or I2 can be realized without the need for secondary emission reduction measures. Here, the possibility of particulate matter reduction through the use of primary measures is discussed, demonstrating that particulate matter emissions can be significantly reduced with the aid of primary measures such as air staging and exhaust gas recirculation. However, the use of these measures also influences other emissions, such as CO and NOx from the furnace.
Numeric Simulation‐Based Analysis of the Mixing Process in Anaerobic Digesters of Biogas Plants
Authors: Conti Fosca , Saidi Abdessamad , Goldbrunner Markus
Published: April 2020

Stirring systems with two rotational three‐bladed propellers were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. The propellers are located at three heights and seven angles in a tank with 9 m radius. The fluid was characterized by non‐Newtonian rheology and simulated by applying the k‐ε turbulence model and the standard k‐ω model. Reynolds numbers were estimated. High fluid speeds were obtained with the propellers located at a height of 2 m and oriented at 90° with respect to the tank radius. In the top regions of the tank, the fluid velocity was generally less intense and less affected by the angle setting. The configurations identified as good mixing systems showed power consumptions broadly distributed around 30 kW.
Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization of d8 Metal Complexes through Pathway Complexity and Seeded Growth
Authors: Ghosh Goutam , Ghosh Tanwistha , Fernández Gustavo
Published: April 2020

In recent years, pathway complexity has been studied in detail for a large variety of organic and π‐conjugated molecules. However, such investigations on their metal‐containing analogues have received only little attention to date, despite the well‐known potential of metal complexes in various fields. In this Minireview, we have collected recent examples of d8 metal complexes (Pt(II), Pd(II) and Au(III) complexes) exhibiting controlled supramolecular polymerization through pathway complexity and seeded‐growth approaches. Controlling the competing thermodynamic vs. kinetic pathways in these systems should help develop advanced metallosupramolecular functional materials with excellent photophysical, electronic, magnetic, catalytic, and biomedical applications.
Copper 4R Management—Deficiency or Toxicity?
Authors: Flis Sally
Published: April 2020

Copper nutrition is critical to the success of a crop, but the complex relationships of copper to soil properties that impact availability need to be understood when making 4R decisions about copper application. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/799.
Compaction Reaction: Soil Compaction and Ruts following a Wet Harvest
Authors: Daigh Aaron L.M. , Bly Anthony
Published: April 2020

In 2019, crop producers faced major difficulties during field operations in the North Central and upper Midwest regions due to excessive precipitation. Many areas had delayed planting in the spring followed by saturated soils and ponding at harvest. This article provides some brief notes and tips on what you can expect when operating in excessively wet conditions and recommendations for minimizing or remediating soil compaction. Earn 1 CEU in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/803.
Defective formation of IgA memory B cells, Th1 and Th17 cells in symptomatic patients with selective IgA deficiency
Authors: Grosserichter‐Wagener Christina , Franco‐Gallego Alexander , Ahmadi Fatemeh , Moncada‐Vélez Marcela , Dalm Virgil ASH , Rojas Jessica Lineth , Orrego Julio César , Correa Vargas Natalia , Hammarström Lennart , Schreurs Marco WJ , Dik Willem A , van Hagen P Martin , Boon Louis , van Dongen Jacques JM , van der Burg Mirjam , Pan‐Hammarström Qiang , Franco José L , van Zelm Menno C
Published: April 2020

Objective

Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Western countries. Patients can suffer from recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases because of a largely unknown aetiology. To increase insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, we studied memory B and T cells and cytokine concentrations in peripheral blood.

Methods

We analysed 30 sIgAD patients (12 children, 18 adults) through detailed phenotyping of peripheral B‐cell, CD8+ T‐cell and CD4+ T‐cell subsets, sequence analysis of IGA and IGG transcripts, in vitro B‐cell activation and blood cytokine measurements.

Results

All patients had significantly decreased numbers of T‐cell‐dependent (TD; CD27+) and T‐cell‐independent (TI; CD27−) IgA memory B cells and increased CD21low B‐cell numbers. IgM+IgD− memory B cells were decreased in children and normal in adult patients. IGA and IGG transcripts contained normal SHM levels. In sIgAD children, IGA transcripts more frequently used IGA2 than controls (58.5% vs. 25.1%), but not in adult patients. B‐cell activation after in vitro stimulation was normal. However, adult sIgAD patients exhibited increased blood levels of TGF‐β1, BAFF and APRIL, whereas they had decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers.

Conclusion

Impaired IgA memory formation in sIgAD patients is not due to a B‐cell activation defect. Instead, decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers and high blood levels of BAFF, APRIL and TGF‐β1 might reflect disturbed regulation of IgA responses in vivo.

These insights into B‐cell extrinsic immune defects suggest the need for a broader immunological focus on genomics and functional analyses to unravel the pathogenesis of sIgAD.
Functional diversity and trade‐offs in divergent antipredator morphologies in herbivorous insects
Authors: Shinohara Tadashi , Takami Yasuoki
Published: April 2020

Predator–prey interactions may be responsible for enormous morphological diversity in prey species. We performed predation experiments with morphological manipulations (ablation) to investigate the defensive function of dorsal spines and explanate margins in Cassidinae leaf beetles against three types of predators: assassin bugs (stinger), crab spiders (biter), and tree frogs (swallower). There was mixed support for the importance of primary defense mechanisms (i.e., preventing detection or identification). Intact spined prey possessing dorsal spines were more likely to be attacked by assassin bugs and tree frogs, while intact armored prey possessing explanate margins were likely to avoid attack by assassin bugs. In support of the secondary defense mechanisms (i.e., preventing subjugation), dorsal spines had a significant physical defensive function against tree frogs, and explanate margins protected against assassin bugs and crab spiders. Our results suggest a trade‐off between primary and secondary defenses. Dorsal spines improved the secondary defense but weakened the primary defense against tree frogs. We also detected a trade‐off in which dorsal spines and explanate margins improved secondary defenses against mutually exclusive predator types. Adaptation to different predatory regimes and functional trade‐offs may mediate the diversification of external morphological defenses in Cassidinae leaf beetles.
A drop in the ocean: Monitoring fish communities in spawning areas using environmental DNA
Authors: Ratcliffe Frances C. , Uren Webster Tamsyn M. , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Consuegra Sofia
Published: April 2020

Early life stages of aquatic organisms are particularly vulnerable to climatic stressors; however, they are difficult to monitor due to challenges in sampling and morphological identification. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples represents an opportunity for rapid, nondestructive monitoring of aquatic community composition as well as single species monitoring. eDNA can also detect spawning events, although has not been yet tested in offshore spawning grounds. Here, we used metabarcoding of water samples to detect the presence of key fish taxa in spawning areas that are difficult to monitor using traditional means. We analyzed DNA from water samples and fish larvae samples at 14 offshore sites, using 12S mitochondrial metabarcoding and compared taxa detections, diversity, and community structure estimated by both sample types. Species richness and diversity did not differ between water and larvae samples. Both sample types detected a core of 12 taxa across the survey, with an average agreement in detections of 75% at sampling site level. Water samples detected two of the three most abundant taxa, the sandeel, Ammodytes marinus, and clupeids, Clupea harengus/Sprattus sprattus, at 31% and 38% more sites than larvae samples respectively, while Callionymus sp. was more prevalent in larvae samples. Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and blue whiting (Micromestius poutassou) were only detected in water samples despite sampling taking place at peak spawning times for these species. Our results demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding provides a rapid and feasible monitoring method for the management of key taxa, such as sandeel, that cannot be easily monitored using traditional capture surveys.
Organophotochemical SNAr Reactions of Mildly Electron‐Poor Fluoroarenes
Authors: Sheridan Thomas , Yayla Hatice G. , Lian Yajing , Genovino Julien , Monck Nat , Burton Jonathan W.
Published: April 2020

C–F functionalization of arenes with a range of alcohol and pyrazole nucleophiles has been achieved without the need for metal catalysts or highly electron‐poor substrates. Treatment of fluoroarenes with alcohols or pyrazoles and DDQ under irradiation by blue LED light provides the corresponding substituted products. The procedure is complementary to classical SNAr chemistry which generally requires basic reaction conditions and high temperatures, and provides products under non‐basic conditions at ≈ 40 °C.
Hypoxia‐induced alterations of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility in HL‐1 cells
Authors: Wang Jingru , Wang Yang , Duan Zhiying , Hu Weina
Published: April 2020

Cardiac hypoxia plays a significant role in various types of heart disease, and improper treatment of hypoxia often leads to myocardial cell damage or even death. Transcriptome profiling and open chromatin mapping have been used as powerful tools to understand the development of heart disease, but the interplay between gene expression and chromatin accessibility has not been extensively investigated in hypoxia‐induced cardiac damage. In this study, with HL‐1 cardiomyocytes as a model, we performed temporal profiling of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility to show the cardiac responses to hypoxia (for 4 and 8 hr) and reoxygenation (for 24 hr). With RNA‐seq and ATAC‐seq, we identified a total of 2,912 differentially expressed genes and 3,004 differential peaks across the whole genome and showed that these data were in good agreement with each other. For hypoxia‐related genes, we also discovered high correlations between their ATAC‐seq signals and mRNA levels, such as VEGF, Angpt1, Slc2a1, Bnip3, and Casp3 with Pearson correlations >0.7. Interestingly, after 24 hr reoxygenation, the expression levels of 235 genes were still significantly different from the counterparts in the control, suggesting that these genes need a longer recovery time after reoxygenation. In conclusion, our study shows the close relationship between alterations of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility after hypoxia exposure and reoxygenation, emphasizing the importance of open chromatin profiling in related studies. In addition, the profiled molecular responses here will be valuable resources for better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for hypoxia‐induced heart disease in future.