bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vitamin D3 Metabolites in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Orimo H. , Tsutsumi C. , Hosoya N. , Maeda Y. , Yamato H. , Katoh T.
Published: January 2017

The effects of two vitamin D3 metabolites, 24 R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, were investigated in ovariectomized rats. The amount of ash in the femur on a defatted dry weight basis was significantly greater in rats treated with 1 μg/kg 24 R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, or 0.01 or 0.1 μg/kg lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 than in the controls. The concentration of bone gla protein in serum and amounts in the femur were significantly greater in rats treated with 1 or 10 Mg/kg 24 R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but not those given 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compared with the controls. These results suggest that 24 R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased bone mass probably through the stimulation of bone formation.
Sobrerol in the Treatment of Secretory Otitis Media in Childhood
Authors: Bellussi L. , Bernocchi D. , Ciferri G. , Manini G. , Passali D.
Published: January 2017

The therapeutic activity and tolerability of sobrerol, a muco-active agent, were evaluated in 30 children (aged 5–10 years) with secretory otitis media. The drug was administered once daily by inhalation for 10 days consecutively at a dose of 40 mg/3 ml. Clinical assessments showed a significant improvement in the objective measures together with good tolerability. Moreover, sobrerol was shown to improve impedance values; this is an important aspect of the modifications induced by this drug in diseases involving the ear.
A Review of the Rational Use of Corticosteroids
Authors: Kirby B.
Published: January 2017

Understanding of the use of corticosteroids has been aided by knowledge of their effect on cellular protein synthesis and by an appreciation of how modification of their molecular structure alters their pharmacological action. Their ability to modulate the immune response and to diminish inflammation make them useful in rheumatology, respiratory diseases, allergies, endocrine and metabolic disorders, blood disorders, gastro-intestinal diseases, neurological and muscular diseases, renal diseases, cardiovascular disorders and skin diseases. They have been widely tried empirically and, sometimes, they have proved unequivocally effective. Often there has been a need for cooperative clinical trials to establish their efficacy, and initial enthusiasm for corticosteroids has been tempered by a better appreciation of their limitations, especially in infections and ophthalmology. Those areas where either controlled trials or other persuasive evidence has established a place for their use are reviewed.
Effects of Glipizide on β-Endorphin Secretions in Response to Hyperglycaemia in Obese Cafeteria Rats
Authors: Belon J. P. , Orosco M. , Henry J. C. , Jacquot C.
Published: January 2017

Regulation of blood glucose involves the integration of the central nervous system with both hormonal and neural mechanisms. Considerable evidence suggests that β-endorphin is involved in the regulation of feeding in experimental animals and man. Previous studies have shown that β-endorphin plays an important role during hypergiycaemia. Glipizide has been shown to increase glucose metabolism by both pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions. This study indicates that glipizide may exert its pharmacological action in obese cafeteria rats through a modification of β-endorphin secretions via central and peripheral mechanisms.
Comparative Study of Cefuroxime Axetil and Amoxycillin in the Treatment of Acute Sinusitis in General Practice
Authors: Brodie D.P. , Knight S. , Cunningham K.
Published: January 2017

Cefuroxime axetil was compared with amoxycillin in the treatment of acute and acute on chronic sinusitis in a multicentre general practice study. A total of 160 patients were randomized to receive 250 mg cefuroxime axetil orally twice daily, or 250 mg amoxycillin orally three times daily for 10 days. Of the 45 assessable patients with acute sinusitis 43 (96%) were cured or improved using cefuroxime axetil compared with 49 (94%) of the assessable patients in the amoxycillin-treated group. In patients with acute on chronic sinusitis, cefuroxime axetil resulted in an 80% (16/20) cure or improvement, with a 68% (13/19) response in the case of amoxycillin. Adverse events were mainly gastro-intestinal and none was considered serious in either treatment group, although three patients receiving cefuroxime axetil were withdrawn from treatment. It is concluded that cefuroxime axetil is at least as clinically efficacious as amoxycillin in the treatment of acute sinusitis in adults.
Reaction of Capillary Blood Cell Velocity in Nailfold Capillaries to Nifedipine and Ketanserin in Patients with Vasospastic Disease
Authors: Gasser P.
Published: January 2017

By using nailfold videomicroscopy in conjunction with local exposure of 60 s to cold air, the acute haemodynamic responses in capillary blood cell velocity 60 min after a single oral dose of 20 mg sustained-released nifedipine and 20 mg ketanserin were evaluated for each substance in 12 patients with vasospastic disease. The results obtained showed that the cold-induced flow stop duration was significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased and capillary blood cell velocity significantly ( P < 0.05) increased after local cooling. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and skin temperature did not differ significantly before and after treatment with either nifedipine or ketanserin. It is concluded that nifedipine and ketanserin are useful agents in the treatment of digital vasospastic disease. Furthermore, in vivo videomicroscopy is one of the few non-invasive and clinically useful direct methods for evaluating the effect of a drug on the microcirculation of normal and ischaemic skin areas.
Synergistic Anticonvulsant Effect of Valproic Acid and Ethosuximide on Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epileptic Phenomena in Rats
Authors: Musolino R. , Gallitto G. , De Domenico P. , Bonazinga M.M. , Sturniolo R. , Labate C. , Perri R. Di
Published: January 2017

The possible synergistic effect of valproic acid and ethosuximide in combination on pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy was investigated in rats. Valproic acid and ethosuximide administered intraperitoneally both showed dose-dependent anti-epileptic activity towards pentylenetetrazole-induced myoclonias and tonic – clonic seizures. The valproic acid – ethosuximide combination had a synergistic pharmacological effect. Against myoclonias combined valproic acid – ethosuximide produced a non-significant decrease in the effective dose of both drugs compared with treatment with either drug alone. In the case of tonic – clonic seizures the protective effect against the seizures was significantly increased by combined treatment compared with treatment with either drug alone. Neither plasma concentrations nor any other pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly changed when the same doses of valproic acid and ethosuximide were given, singly or in combination.
Double-blind Study Comparing the Use of Voltaren Emulgel® versus Regular Gel during Ultrasonic Sessions in the Treatment of Localized Traumatic and Rheumatic Painful Conditions
Authors: El-Hadidi T. , El-Garf A.
Published: January 2017

A total of 120 patients with moderate to severe pain due to localized rheumatic or traumatic conditions participated in a double-blind, randomized trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive ultrasonic sessions three times weekly for 4 weeks, using either diclofenac in a gel base (Voltaren Emulgel®) or regular gel as a coupling medium. A statistically significant ( P < 0.01) improvement was achieved in both treatment groups in most of the evaluation criteria by the end of the first week. Treatment was prematurely discontinued due to complete cure in 60% of patients using Voltaren Emulgel® compared with only 15% of those using regular gel ( P < 0.01). Physician's assessment of complete relief of pain was also statistically significant ( P < 0.01) in favour of Voltaren Emulgel® throughout the trial period and the physician's overall assessment of therapeutic efficacy revealed that a satisfactory result was achieved in 86% of Voltaren Emulgel®-treated patients compared with 76% of patients receiving regular gel ( P < 0.05). Tolerability was good or excellent in over 95% of patients in both treatment groups. The results of the study strongly suggest that the use of Voltaren Emulgel® as a coupling medium during ultrasonic therapy is a preferable, effective alternative to the currently used regular gel.
Tenoxicam-induced Gastropathy in the Rat: A Comparison with Piroxicam and Diclofenac Sodium, and the Inhibitory Effects of Ranitidine and Sucralfate
Authors: Al-Ghamdi M.S. , Dissanayake A.S. , Cader Z.A. , Jain S.
Published: January 2017

The ulcer-inducing potential, indicated by the oral dose that induced gastric ulcers in 50% of rats, was higher for tenoxicam (10.2 mg/kg) than for diclofenac sodium (34 mg/kg, equivalent to 6.8 mg/kg tenoxicam) or piroxicam (6.2 mg/kg). The mean lesion scores, a measure of the intensity of ulceration, using 16 and 32 mg/kg tenoxicam given orally were 3.6 ± 3.4 and 8.7 ± 7.3, respectively, compared with 9.6 ± 6.4 and 24.7 ± 10.5, respectively, for similar oral doses of piroxicam; the differences were statistically significant ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). The mean lesion score for 32 mg/kg tenoxicam was also significantly ( P < 0.05) less than that for 160 mg/kg diclofenac sodium: 8.7 ± 7.3 compared with 14.8 ± 8.1. Ranitidine (20 40 mg/kg) and 260 – 520 mg/kg sucralfate but not 4 mg/kg ranitidine strongly inhibited ulceration induced by 32 mg/kg tenoxicam.
Long-Term Treatment of Insomnia with Zolpidem: A Multicentre General Practitioner Study of 107 Patients
Authors: Schlich D. , L'Heritier C. , Coquelin J.P. , Attali P.
Published: January 2017

The effects of Zolpidem, an imidazopyridine derivative, were studied in 107 patients suffering from insomnia, 60.9% of whom were over 60 years of age, in a 6-month, single-blind, flexible dose, general practitioner study. Comparison was made between baseline, last day of treatment and 10 days after the end of treatment to assess efficacy and rebound insomnia. An improvement in all efficacy parameters – time taken to fall asleep, total amount of nocturnal sleep and number of nocturnal awakenings – was reported by the investigator and the patients; the improvement was evident from the first evaluation day and was maintained throughout the trial. Improvement was also maintained during the washout period with a lack of rebound insomnia. There was no sign of withdrawal symptoms and tolerance to Zolpidem did not develop over the 6-month treatment period. Adverse events were mild and infrequent, and tended to resolve with a dose reduction. It is concluded that 10 mg/day Zolpidem is an appropriate starting dose and is effective and safe for the treatment of sleep disturbances of different origins.

Les effets du Zolpidem, un dérivé des 1'imidazopyridines, ont été évalués chez 107 patients insomniaques dont 60,9% étaient âgés de plus de 60 ans. Le Zolpidem a été administré en simple aveugle pendant 6 mois, à des doses variables, par des médecins généralistes. L'évaluation a été effectuée en comparant 1'état initial du patient, à celui observé au dernier jour du traitement et 10 jours après son interruption brutale. Une amélioration de tous les paramètres d'efficacité – temps d'endormissement, durée totale de sommeil et nombre de réveils nocturnes – a été observée tant par les investigateurs que par les patients; elle a été evidente dés le premier jour d'évaluation et s'est maintenue tout au long de l'étude. L'amélioration s'est maintenue après 1'arrêt du traitement, sans que l'on n'observe de rebond d'in-somnie; et aucun phénomène de tolérance au Zolpidem n'a été observé au cours des 6 mois de traitement. Aucun symptôme de sevrage n'a été observé a l'arrêt du traitement. Les effets secondaires ont été peu fréquents et de faible intensité, et ont tendu à disparaître lors d'une rêduction de la dose. On peut conclure de cette étude que la dose de 10 mg de Zolpidem par jour représente une dose initiate adéquate, efficace, et bien tolérée, dans les troubles du sommeil d'origines diverses.
The Effect of Supplemental Oxygen in Sedated and Unsedated Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Al-Qorain A , Adu-Gyamfi Y , Larbi E B , Al-Shedokhi F
Published: January 2017

A total of 212 patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were prospectively studied. They were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (I) sedation with no supplemental oxygen; (II) no sedation and no oxygen supplementation; (III) sedation and supplemental oxygen; and (IV) no sedation but supplemental oxygen. Oxygen desaturation occurred in all the groups except group IV and was worsened by sedation. Supplemental oxygen corrected the desaturation in the sedated patients and minimized the associated haemodynamic changes. The duration of the endoscopy procedure was shortest in patients who were sedated and given supplemental oxygen. It can be concluded that during conscious sedation for upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy, supplemental oxygen should be given and continued during the postendoscopy period to prevent oxygen desaturation.
Acute Fluvoxamine Poisoning
Authors: Garnier R , Azoyan P , Chataigner D , Taroulet P , Dellattre D , Efthymiou M-L
Published: January 2017

A total of 221 cases of deliberate acute overdose with fluvoxamine reported to the Paris Poison Centre, and 78 cases collected by the International Drug Safety Department of Duphar BV were analysed. Other agents, mainly benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, other antidepressants and alcohol, were also taken in 77% of the cases. The acute toxicity that could be attributed to fluvoxamine alone was rarely severe. The symptoms observed were always benign when the dose of fluvoxamine was below 1000 mg and included drowsiness, tremor, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bradycardia and/or anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, mydriasis, sinus tachycardia, urinary retention). Seizures occurred in a few cases after high doses (generally > 1500 mg). Cardiotoxicity was not a serious problem; sinus bradycardia was noted with doses of less than 1000 mg, but was always moderate and required no treatment. Conduction abnormalities were rare.
Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Using a Pen-style Delivery System and a Preparation Combining Short- and Intermediate-Acting Insulin
Authors: Okada S
Published: January 2017

A patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) was admitted to hospital after complaining of general fatigue and weight loss. To control hyperglycaemia, the patient was given a conventional form of insulin subcutaneously twice daily. Although this conventional insulin replacement therapy effectively controlled the symptoms, it did not improve the metabolic state and eventually the patient was re-admitted due to a worsening of his condition. The patient was then given a new preparation of both short- and intermediate-acting forms of insulin, administered twice daily using a new, ‘dial-a-dose’ pen delivery system. Comparative studies of blood insulin dynamics revealed that this new method of delivery resulted in a circadian blood glucose pattern closely approximating normal levels, the complete elimination of subjective symptoms and the normalization of basal insulin secretory patterns. The clear superiority of the new delivery system and the combination insulins in relation to the quality of life of this patient is demonstrated.
Possible Mechanisms of Alteration in the Capacities of Carcinogen Metabolizing Enzymes during Schistosomiasis and Their Role in Bladder Cancer Induction
Authors: Badawi A F , Mostafa M H
Published: January 2017

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common malignancy in many tropical and subtropical countries. There is a well documented association with chronic urinary schistosomal infection, and bladder cancer associated with schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the endemic areas. Many factors have been suggested as possible causative agents in schistosome-associated bladder carcinogenesis but theories concerning the possible role of schistosomal infection in altering host metabolism of chemical carcinogens have received most attention. In experimental schistosomiasis there is a common pattern of changes in the activities of several hepatic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Phase I enzymes show increased activities in the early stages of infection but these activities are reduced to below their pre-infection levels in the intermediate and late chronic stages of the disease. The activities of Phase II enzymes are altered in favour of the deconjugation pathways in the later stages of the disease. The possible basic mechanisms that might be involved in such changes during parasitism and their potential role in the induction of bladder neoplasia are discussed.

Le carcinome de la vessie est la forme de cancer la plus commune dans de nombreux pays tropicaux et sous-tropicaux. Il existe une association bien documentée avec l'infection schistosomale urinaire chronique, et le cancer de la vessie, associé à la schistosomiase, est une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les régions end miques. De nombreux facteurs ont été suggérés comme agents causatifs possibles dans la carcinogénétique de la vessie associée aux schistosomes mais les théories concernant le rôle possible de l'infection schistosomale dans l'altération du métabolisme de l'hôte de carcinogènes chimiques, ont été beaucoup plus écoutées. Dans le schistosomiase expérimentale, on observe un module commun dans les modifications de activités des plusieurs enzymes hépatiques de phase I et de phase II. Les enzymes de phase I présentent un accroissement d'activités aux stades précoces de l'infection mais ces activités diminuent pour tomber á des niveaux inférieurs á ceux préables á l'infection pendant les stades intermédiaires et chroniques de la maladie. Les activités des enzymes de phase II sont modifiées en faveur de voies de d conjugaison à des stades plus avancés de la maladie. Les mécanimses de base qui sont peut-être impliqués dans ces changements pendant le parasitisme et leur rôle potentiel dans le déclenchement d'une néoplasie de la vessie sont examinés.
Improvement of Stress Reduces Glycosylated Haemoglobin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Okada S , Ichiki K , Tanokuchi S , Ishii K , Hamada H , Ota Z
Published: January 2017

The effects of reducing stress on glucose metabolism in diabetics were evaluated in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes (10 of each sex) who were given an anxiolytic (fludiazepam) for 12 weeks. Patients were tested 4 weeks before the start of anxiolytic treatment (A), immediately before the first dose (B), and before the end of the study period (C) using the State-Trait Anxiety Index and glycosylated haemoglobin levels. There were no significant differences between the trait or state anxiety scores or the glycosylated haemoglobin levels at times A and B before treatment. However, for all three measurements, the values at time C, after treatment, showed significant improvements, compared with those at both times A and B ( P < 0.05). The improvement in the trait anxiety score was weakly correlated with the decrease in the glycosylated haemoglobin level ( r = 0.426, P < 0.01). No correlation was seen between state anxiety scores and glycosylated haemoglobin levels. The results suggest that suppressing anxiety in patients with type 2 diabetes reduces glycosylated haemoglobin levels.
Datura Stramonium Poisoning. Identification of Tropane Alkaloids in Urine by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nogué S , Pujol L , Sanz P , Torre R Dela
Published: January 2017

A case of acute poisoning by ingestion of Datura stramonium infusion is reported. The patient presented with a typical anticholinergic syndrome (dryness of mouth, mydriasis, flushing, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations) and was treated with symptomatic and supportive measures. The presence of tropane belladona alkaloids in a urine sample was demonstrated by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.
Antihypertensive Efficacy and Safe Use of Once-Daily Sustained-Release Diltiazem in the Elderly: A Comparison with Captopril
Authors: Nicaise J , Neveux E , Blondin P ,   Dilcacomp Study Group
Published: January 2017

The efficacy and safety of sustained-release diltiazem, 200 – 300 mg once daily was compared with that of captopril, 12.5 – 25 mg twice-daily, in 100 elderly patients (65 – 85 years old) with mild to moderate essential hypertension (supine diastolic blood pressure 95 – 115 mmHg). All patients received placebo for 2 weeks, followed by an 8-week double-blind period, and were randomized to either diltiazem ( n = 50) or captopril ( n = 50). Their blood pressure was measured at trough level at week 4 immediately before dosing, i.e. 24 h post diltiazem dose or 12 h post captopril dose. Also at week 4, in non-responders, diltiazem was increased from 200 to 300 mg once daily and captopril from 12.5 to 25 mg twice daily to achieve a target supine diastolic blood pressure reduction of at least 10 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg. Supine diastolic blood pressure, at week 8, was significantly ( P < 0.001) reduced from 102 ± 1 to 90 ± 1 mmHg with diltiazem and from 103 ± 1 to 89 ± 1 mmHg with captopril, bringing this parameter within normal limits for both groups. Supine systolic blood pressure was also significantly ( P < 0.001) reduced. Target blood pressure was achieved in 68% of patients taking diltiazem and in 70% taking captopril. Distribution of adverse events was comparable in both groups; no significant changes in laboratory or electrocardiographic parameters occurred. Two serious events were reported with captopril: one sudden death and one cerebrovascular stroke. Sustained-release diltiazem once a day is a convenient, well tolerated, first line treatment for hypertension in the elderly, for whom the possibility of using two dose levels allows a close regimen adjustment, 200 mg being recommended as a starting dose.
High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy for Rhesus Haemolytic Disease
Authors: Dağoğlu T , Ovali F , Samanci N , Bengisu E
Published: January 2017

Rhesus haemolytic disease is a continuing problem in the newborn especially in countries where the use of anti-D immunoglobulin is not prevalent. The fetuses may need intrauterine transfusions to prevent hydrops faetalis and they also may need exchange transfusions to treat the hyperbilirubinaemia that develops after birth. These interventions expose the baby to several blood donors, hence the risk of infection and exchange transfusions. This study was performed to test whether the use of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin soon after the birth of these infants reduced the need for exchange transfusions. After randomization, intravenous immunoglobulin was given at a dose of 500 mg/kg to 22 infants in the treatment group. Nothing was given to the 19 controls. The number of exchange transfusions needed decreased significantly in the treatment group. No side-effects of intravenous immunoglobulins were seen.
Effects of Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive Oestrogen and Progestin on Lipid Peroxidation in Rats
Authors: Sissan M A Ghanbari , Menon V P , Leelamma S
Published: January 2017

Groups of six female rats were treated with low-dose oral contraceptive (0.667 mg progestin [norethisterone acetate] and 0.02 mg oestrogen [ethinyloestradiol]/kg body-weight), or its components, separately, at the same doses, for 6 weeks. Changes in liver and kidney levels of lipid peroxides (as indicated by malondialdehyde production), free fatty acids, superoxide dismutase, and catalase liver glutathione and serum ceruloplasmin compared with the untreated control group were studied. Combined oral contraceptive treatment produced a significant increase in the activity of catalase in the kidneys ( P < 0.05). The levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione in the liver, and of serum ceruloplasmin increased significantly with oestrogen treatment ( P < 0.05). Lipid peroxides (in the liver only), and serum ceruloplasmin decreased significantly when progestin was administered ( P < 0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased significantly in the oestrogen group (except for catalase in the kidney) but increased in the progestin group ( P < 0.05). The results indicate that the components of the low-dose oral contraceptive may alter liver and kidney metabolism.
Effect of an α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Combined with Sulphonylurea Treatment on Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Okada S , Ishii K , Tanokuchi S , Hamada H , Ichiki K , Ota Z
Published: January 2017

Ten patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who were being treated with a sulphonylureal compound but whose glucose metabolism needed further improvement were given a combination of their usual sulphonylurea treatment and an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Treatment with the α-glucosidase inhibitor (0.6 mg/day), in addition to glibenclamide (7.5 mg/day in two patients; 5.0 mg/day in four; 2.5 mg/day in one) or tolbutamide (500 mg/day in three patients) for 4 weeks, improved hyperglycaemia after meals from 237 – 247 mg/dl to 192 mg/dl, and reduced glycosylated haemoglobin levels from 8.5 – 8.6% to 7.9% without causing hypoglycaemia.
Prostaglandin E1 Increases Indocyanine Green Disappearance Rate in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Aono T , Sakaguchi T , Tsukada K , Fujita N , Ishiduka D , Hatakeyama K
Published: January 2017

The plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green was examined after prostaglandin E1 administration in 11 patients with chronic liver disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence ( n = 6) or absence ( n = 5) of liver cirrhosis. Indocyanine green (0.1 mg/kg) was introduced as an intravenous bolus 5 min after prostaglandin E1 administration and the disappearance rate of indocyanine green (ICG-K) was determined by a finger-monitoring method. Saline was injected as the control. Prostaglandin E1 administration increased ICG-K, and this response was dose dependent when the prostaglandin E1 dose ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 μg/kg/min. When ICG-K after prostaglandin E1 relative to the ICG-K after saline (the control) was defined as the ICG-K ratio, the ICG-K ratio in the liver cirrhosis group was higher than that in the group without cirrhosis. These findings suggest that prostaglandin E1 increases the ICG-K of patients with chronic liver disease, and that this is strongest in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C with Interferon-α: Sustained Absence of Hepatitis C Virus RNA from Serum after Four Courses of Therapy
Authors: Toyoda H , Nakano S , Kumada T , Takeda I , Sugiyama K , Osada T , Kiriyama S , Takahashi M
Published: January 2017

A patient with chronic hepatitis type C, confirmed by the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA) in the serum and by histological examination of the liver biopsy specimen, was treated with four courses of interferon-α (IFN-α). For the first three courses of IFN-α the patient's serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level normalized during the administration of IFN-α but rose again after its cessation; similarly, HCV RNA was absent from the serum by the end of each course of treatment but could be detected once again after treatment stopped. The fourth course of IFN-α therapy, however, produced a sustained normalization of the ALT level and sustained absence of HCV RNA from the serum for 20 months after the end of treatment. This case suggests that patients with the potential for an eventual complete response to IFN-α therapy may show a normalization of serum ALT levels during IFN-α administration and the absence of HCV RNA in the serum by the end of each course of treatment (even if that particular course of treatment does not produce a sustained response).
Localization of the Bronchodilatory Effects of Isoproterenol and Aminophylline in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: An Investigation Using Selective Alveolobronchography
Authors: Murata T , Imamura M , Taniguchi M , Tanaka Y
Published: January 2017

The effect of isoproterenol (isoprenaline) and aminophylline on airway calibre in 18 adult patients with bronchial asthma was measured directly using selective alveolobronchography. Isoproterenol caused a significant dilation in the maximal calibre of the central airway from bifurcation numbers 1 – 5 ( P < 0.05) and number 6 ( P < 0.01). There was no change in bifurcation number 0 (trachea). Aminophylline caused a significant dilatation in bifurcation numbers 3 and 4 ( P < 0.01), with no change in bifurcation numbers 0–2 and 5 – 6. In the minimal calibre of the central airway, both drugs displayed a significant dilatory effect only at bifurcation number 3 ( P < 0.05). These results indicate that the central airway is the main site of the dilatory effects of these drugs.

Although their precise mechanisms of action are not known, these results suggest that mechanisms of action of the two drugs are different. Isoproterenol acts on the whole region of the central airway, while the action of aminophylline tends to be limited to bifurcation numbers 3 and 4.
Fixed Drug Eruption Caused by Tosufloxacin Tosilate
Authors: Nishijima S , Nakagawa M
Published: January 2017

A 39-year-old woman presented with a purple-red macula, 2 cm in diameter, on the back of her right hand. She had had similar maculae at this location several times before and residual pigmentation had persisted for 6 months. Histopathological examination showed slight acanthosis of the epidermis and perivascular round-cell infiltration and melanophages in the dermis. Oral provocation tests with five drugs that the patient had received as common-cold treatments on different occasions were positive only in the case of tosufloxacin; after an hour the skin lesion reappeared. To our knowledge this is the first published report of a fixed drug eruption caused by tosufloxacin, although such eruptions have previously been reported for several other fluoroquinolones.
Spontaneous Amyloidosis of Mammals
Authors: Jakob W.
Published: January 2017

Spontaneous amyloidosis is known in more than 30 mammalian species. Various patterns of mammalian amyloidosis are reviewed. On the basis of the anatomical distribution of the amyloid deposits a distinction is made between patterns with typical amyloid distribution, patterns with atypical distribution, and so-called intermediate or mixed patterns. Staining, histochemical, and electron microscopic properties of amyloid and possible etiological factors of amyloidosis in different mammalian species are briefly discussed.
Pathology of Measles in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hall W. C. , Kovatch R. M. , Herman P. H. , Fox J. G.
Published: January 2017

Skin biopsies were taken from 16 monkeys with measles rash. Histopathological changes consisted of multinucleated epithelial giant cells in the epidermis and hair follicles, proliferative and degenerative changes of the epidermis, and mild inflammation of the dermis. Necropsies were performed on two monkeys with a typical rash and on 26 additional monkeys that died during outbreaks in the colony. Lesions attributable to rubeola virus were found in the respiratory system, lymphoid system, gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, thyroid gland, liver, pancreas, and urinary system. In these organs the finding that was characteristic of measles was the presence of syncytial giant cells, some of which contained both intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions. The significance of syncytia and the mechanism of their formation are discussed.
Changes in the Nervous System and Musculature of Old Rats
Authors: van Steenis G. , Kroes R.
Published: January 2017

Changes in the nervous system and musculature of normal 34-month-old rats are described. Wallerian degeneration as well as segmental demyelination were observed in the peripheral nervous system, with changes more severe in the sciatic than in the brachial nerves. Signs of nerve-fibre degeneration were also seen in the cord and lower brain stem. The degenerative changes were usually mild, but in a number of animals there was severe degeneration of the gracile tract and lateral columns. Other changes in the nervous system included lipochrome pigment in nerve cells and other cellular elements throughout brain and cord, and eosinophilic bodies in the lower brain stem and cord. In some animals the ventricular system in the brain was dilated. Changes in the skeletal musculature were believed to represent neurogenic muscular atrophy secondary to changes in the nervous system.
White Scours in Piglets; I. Stereomicroscopy of the Mucosa of the Small Intestine
Authors: Mouwen J. M. V. M.
Published: January 2017

The stereomicroscopic structure of the mucosa of the small intestine, both outside and overlying the areas with Peyer's patches, of 3-week-old piglets with white scours differed from that of clinically normal piglets of the same age. Morphological features of the villi in the clinically normal piglets varied according to their location in the small intestine. In piglets with white scours the mucosal pattern of all portions of the small intestine was changed. There was a strong correlation between the villous abnormality and a high level of total fat in the contents of the large intestine.
Intraepithelial Vibrio Associated with Acute Typhlitis of Young Rabbits
Authors: Moon H. W. , Cutlip R. C. , Amtower W. C. , Matthews P. J.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective morphologic study was conducted on tissues from weanling laboratory rabbits with diarrheal disease of unknown cause. The consistent lesion was in the cecum and consisted of exaggerated degeneration and loss and replacement of surface absorptive cells. This was accompanied by hyperplasia of crypt epithelial cells and acute diffuse inflammation of the lamina propria and submucosa. Numerous bacteria, identified morphologically as vibrio sp., were in surface epithelial cells in the cecum of affected rabbits. This was demonstrated in 10 of 12 affected rabbits via light microscopic examination of Levaditi-stained histologic sections. The occurrence, intraepithelial location, and identification of the vibrio, as well as the associated cytopathology, was confirmed in four of the six ceca from affected rabbits examined by electron microscopy. Lesions were not seen in cecal mucosa of six healthy weanlings from the colony. Vibrio was seen in the intestinal and cecal lumina of one control by both Levaditi and electron microscopic methods; none had invaded the mucosa, however. The possibilities that vibrio had either a primary or secondary causal association with acute typhlitis and that the disease had a pathogenesis similar to that of primate shigellosis are discussed.
Carcinoid Tumor in the Small Intestine of a Dog
Authors: Giles R. C. , Hildebrandt P. K. , Montgomery C. A.
Published: January 2017

An intestinal neoplasm with morphologic and histochemical characteristics of a carcinoid tumor caused clinical disease and death in a 9-year-old male Old English Sheepdog. Clinical findings over a 9-month period included intermittent diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, emaciation, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The tumor was in the intestinal wall at the ileocecal junction and had metastasized to the liver. It was composed of densely populated nests and cords of round to polyhedral cells that were argentaffinic and argyrophilic. It was similar to ileocecal carcinoid tumors of man.
Immunity to Feline Toxoplasmosis: Modification by Administration of Corticosteroids
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Frenkel J. K.
Published: January 2017

Forty-nine cats were infected orally or parenterally with Toxoplasma gondii. The duration of oocyst shedding after primary infection was similar after single or multiple infection. After 2–32 weeks, cats were challenged orally with toxoplasma cysts, measuring immunity by the degree of suppression of oocyst shedding. None of the 15 cats previously infected with toxoplasma as adults excreted oocysts after challenge; however, eight of 17 first infected as weaned kittens and nine of 11 first infected as suckling kittens excreted oocysts. The stage of toxoplasma inoculated, route of inoculation, and the height of antibody titers did not appear to correlate either with immunity or the lack thereof; however, after challenge, cats excreted fewer toxoplasma oocysts, and for shorter periods, than during primary infection. Of cats infected with T. gondii, Isospora felis and I. rivolta and later challenged with all three coccidia simultaneously, more cats reexcreted I. felis and I. rivolta oocysts than T. gondii oocysts.

Effects of hypercorticism on immunity were studied in 29 cats. Oocysts were re-shed by 11 of 21 toxoplasma-infected cats injected with 10–80 mg/kg body weight/week of methyl prednisolone acetate, and by five of eight cats fed prednisone, 10–80 mg/kg body weight/day. Most of the cats died; active toxoplasmic lesions were found in 24 of 29 cats, with pneumonia in 15, hepatitis in 14, pancreatic necrosis in nine, myocarditis in seven, intestinal myositis in eight, and small foci of encephalitis in 11 cats.
Pathogenetic Studies of Infection of the Bovine Fetus with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Brown T. T. , deLahunta A. , Bistner S. I. , Scott F. W. , McEntee K.
Published: January 2017

A cytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus was intravenously inoculated into 14 pregnant susceptible and two control heifers at 150 ± 1 days of gestation. Fetuses were surgically taken at sequential steps after inoculation. Acute cerebellar lesions consisting of leptomeningeal inflammation, necrosis of cells in the external germinal layer, focal hemorrhages and moderate to severe folial edema were seen in the fetuses taken at 17 and 21 days after inoculation. By 42 days, the cerebellar lesion had completely evolved, and the inflammatory reaction was subsiding. Moderate to severe folial degeneration with cavitation characterized the residual cerebellar lesion. Folial edema caused the major destruction of cerebellar tissue. Necrosis of cortical neurons and focal hemorrhages also contributed to the residual lesion.
Glomerulosclerosis in Canine Heartworm Infection
Authors: Simpson C. F. , Gebhardt B. M. , Bradley R. E. , Jackson R. F.
Published: January 2017

The kidneys of seven dogs with natural infections of heartworm disease, four dogs with experimental infections, and six control (uninfected) dogs raised in isolation were examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. Swelling and fragmentation of the basement membranes accompanied by denudations of endothelial cells and fusion and atrophy of foot processes occurred in the glomeruli of dogs with heartworm disease, but not in control dogs. The severity of tissue damage correlated with the degree of microfilaremia. There was no evidence that the glomerular lesions were caused by immune complexes deposited in the basement membranes; and the alterations of glomerular capillaries were probably caused by motile microfilariae in the capillaries.
The Etiology of Swine Dysentery
Authors: Meyer R. C. , Simon J. , Byerly C. S.
Published: January 2017

Germ-free and conventional swine were used to study the influence of a milk diet on the development of swine dysentery in germ-free swine; the effect of a known microbial flora in gnotobiotic swine followed by conventionalization and weaning to a corn-soybean ration; and the effect of an oral inoculation of spirochete B-78 on conventional swine. Typical signs and lesions of swine dysentery were produced in germ-free swine on the milk diet when inoculated with colonic scrapings from pigs with experimental swine dysentery. Dysentery did not occur, however, in gnotobiotic swine when they were inoculated orally with Escherichia coli, lactobacillus, Vibrio coli, and clostridium in combination with the spirochete B-78, neither did it occur after the conventionalization and weaning of these animals to a corn-soybean ration. Signs and lesions of dysentery, however, developed in conventional swine after oral inoculation of the spirochete (B-78). Swine dysentery is probably a mixed infection caused by the interaction of two or more microbial agents, some of which apparently compose part of the normal intestinal flora.
Polioencephalomalacia Associated with Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Authors: Lisiak J. A. , Vandevelde M.
Published: January 2017

Eight dogs with severe neurologic signs, including seizures, had polioencephalomalacia of the pyriform cortex, Ammon's horn and deep structures in the temporal lobe. The polioencephalomalacia was considered to be a consequence of canine distemper virus infection based on clinical signs, typical inclusions, the demonstration of viral antigens in the lesions and of characteristic paramyxovirus nucleocapsids by electron microscopy. Little evidence for neuronal destruction by direct viral activity was found. Selective nerve cell necrosis was attributed to ischemia (vascular lesions and seizure induced consumptive anoxia) and immune mechanisms. The selective involvement of the rhinencephalic structures was thought to be related to the mode of entry and spread of the virus.
Polioencephalomalacia in the Dog
Authors: Braund K. G. , Vandevelde M.
Published: January 2017

Disturbance of cerebral blood flow from causes such as meningitis, thromboembolic disease and atherosclerosis was considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia in 25 dogs. In dogs with polioencephalomalacia of undetermined cause, the distribution of lesions in neocortex and paleocortex suggested a change of neuronal metabolism secondary to cerebral anoxia/ischemia. Five dogs with canine distemper infection had bilateral necrosis of the hippocampus and pyriform cortex. Convulsions, central visual impairment and hemiparesis were the most prominent neurologic signs.
Rat Lymphocytic Thyroiditis Associated with Ingestion of an Immunosuppressive Compound
Authors: Kitchen D. N. , Todd G. C. , Meyers D. B. , Paget C.
Published: January 2017

Lymphocytic thyroiditis was induced in young Wistar rats by feeding them the immunosuppressive compound frentizole [1-(6-methoxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-3-phenyl urea] for 1 year. About half of the rats given 0.060 and 0.150% frentizole in the diet had lymphocytic thyroiditis. The incidence of thyroiditis was low in the group given the high dose because of severe anemia and hepatic disease which resulted in increased mortality. Reversibility of the thyroid lesion was indicated by reduced incidence rates at 15 and 18 months after treatment was stopped at 1 year. The thyroiditis was characterized by interstitial infiltrates of many lymphocytes and plasma cells and fewer macrophages with mild degenerative changes in the follicular epithelium. This inflammatory cell infiltrate was generally diffuse but occasionally was multifocal, particularly in thyroid glands of rats late in the reversibility phase of the study. The inflammatory cell infiltrate caused the thyroid glands to be several times normal size. Sera from rats with lymphocytic thyroiditis contained hemagglutinating antibody against rat thyroglobulin. One rat had a low titer and no thyroid enlargement; all others, however, had perfect correlation between the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibody and enlarged thyroid glands. Fine granular deposits of IgG and complement were identified in some areas of the follicular basement membrane. We concluded that the lymphocytic thyroiditis was immunologically mediated, at least in part, by anti-thyroglobulin antibody.
Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: Morphologic Grading and Survival Time in 83 Dogs
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Ehler W. J. , MacEwen E. G.
Published: January 2017

Eighty-three cutaneous mast cell tumors in the dog were classified morphologically into three grades. The neoplasms were excised surgically, and the dogs were followed for 1500 days. Comparison of morphologic grade of tumor with survival time revealed significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.00010). Comparison of sex and age (above and below ten years) with morphologic grade of tumor revealed no significant differences.
Canine Malignant Melanotic Schwannomas: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Two Cases
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Erlandson R. A. , Lieberman P. H.
Published: January 2017

Malignant, melanotic schwannoma of the spinal cord was diagnosed in two two-year-old dogs. The neoplastic spindle cells were arranged in a herringbone or storiform pattern; the intracytoplasmic melanin varied in amount in different areas of the two neoplasms. Ultrastructural features including cytoplasmic lamellar premelanosomes and melanosomes, rudimentary cell junctions, scattered pinocytotic vesicles, and remnants of external lamina supported the diagnosis of melanotic schwannoma.
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans in Three Cats
Authors: Warren H. B. , Carpenter J. L.
Published: January 2017

A disseminated disorder of epimysial connective tissue characterized by hyperplasia and ossification causing atrophy and displacement of skeletal muscles, entrapment of vessels and nerves, and progressive immobility is described in three domestic cats. The condition has some features in common with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in man.
Auricular Chondropathy in Aging Rats
Authors: Chiu T. , Lee K. P.
Published: January 2017

An external ear lesion designated as auricular chondropathy in aging Crl:CD® rats was reported. One hundred eighty (180) of 4,876 rats (3.7%) had ear deformity. Grossly, the ears were thickened, nodular, or disfigured. Both ears were affected in most rats. The lesions primarily involved the cartilaginous plate and were associated with two processes—chondrolysis and granulomatous inflammation. The detailed morphogenesis of the lesions is described, but the etiology of the lesions is unknown. Auricular chondropathy in rats and relapsing polychondritis in man are compared.
Three Types of Cytoplasmic Granules in Cardiac Muscle Cells of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Jasty V. , Jamison J. R. , Hartnagel R. E.
Published: January 2017

Ceroid, lipofuscin, and hyaline-type intracytoplasmic granules found in cardiac muscle cells of cynomolgus monkeys were studied using histologic, histochemical, and fluorescent microscopic techniques. The studies indicated that the ceroid granules contained an insoluble lipid as well as a component that was stainable with Luxol fast blue and Mallory's phloxine stain for hyaline. Lipofuscin granules had staining reactions characteristic of the classical age-related pigment. Hyaline granules were devoid of lipid component and were distinctly different from either ceroid or lipofuscin. All three types of granules were located at the poles of cardiac muscle cell nuclei.
Experimental Viral Myocarditis: Parvoviral Infection of Neonatal Pups
Authors: Meunier P. C. , Cooper B. J. , Appel M. J. G. , Slauson D. O.
Published: January 2017

Myocarditis was produced in seronegative five-day-old pups by oral and by intraperitoneal inoculation of canine parvovirus. The disease was subclinical. Histologic lesions were compatible with, but less extensive than, those seen in naturally occurring canine parvoviral myocarditis. In pups necropsied 23 days after inoculation, scattered cardiac myocytes contained intranuclear inclusion bodies, and virus-infected myocytes were demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Degeneration and loss of cardiac myocytes usually was not associated with a cellular infiltrate. At 51 days after inoculation, the myocardium contained an extensive lymphocytic infiltrate which was sometimes associated with fragmented myocytes, and was often contiguous with areas of interstitial fibrosis. At 108 days after inoculation, inflammatory lesions had regressed, and there were multifocal areas of myocardial fibrosis.