bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Miniaturized Cardiopulmonary Bypass System on the Inflammatory Response and Cardiac Function in Neonatal Piglets
Authors: Yoshizumi Ko , Ishino Kozo , Ugaki Shinya , Ebishima Hironori , Kotani Yasuhiro , Kasahara Shingo , Sano Shunji
Published: October 2009

The cognitive impairment and hemodynamic instability after neonatal cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) might be exacerbated by hemodilution. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of different bloodless prime volumes on the hemodynamics and the inflammatory response by a miniaturized CPB system in neonatal piglets. The bypass circuit consisted of a Capiox RX05 (Capiox Baby RX, Terumo Corp., Tokyo, Japan) oxygenator and 3/16 internal diameter arterial and venous polyvinyl chloride tubing lines, with a minimum 75 mL prime volume. Twelve 1‐week‐old piglets were placed on a mild hypothermic CPB (32°C) at 120 mL/kg/min for 2 h. The animals were divided into two groups, based on the volume of the prime solution. The priming volume was 75 mL in Group I and 175 mL in Group II. No blood transfusions were performed, and no inotropic or vasoactive drugs were used. The interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and thrombin‐antithrombin (TAT) complex levels, as well as right ventricular and pulmonary functions, were measured before and after CPB. Group I had low levels of IL‐6 and TAT immediately after CPB (4370 ± 2346 vs. 9058 ± 2307 pg/mL, P < 0.01 and 9.9 ± 7.7 vs. 25.1 ± 8.8 ng/mL, P < 0.01, respectively). Group I had significantly improved cardiopulmonary function, cardiac index (0.22 ± 0.03 vs. 0.11 ±  0.05 L/kg/min, P < 0.001), and pulmonary vascular resistance index (7366 ± 2860 vs. 28 620 ± 15 552 dynes/cm5/kg, P < 0.01) compared with Group II. The miniaturized bloodless prime circuit for neonatal CPB demonstrated that the influence of hemodilution can reduce the subsequent inflammatory response. In addition, a low prime volume could therefore be particularly effective for attenuating pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular dysfunction in neonates.
CONFERENCE REPORT: Transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis in the United States: summary of a workshop
Authors: Gubernot Diane M. , Nakhasi Hira L. , Mied Paul A. , Asher David M. , Epstein Jay S. , Kumar Sanjai
Published: October 2009

Infections of humans with intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia can be locally prevalent in diverse regions of the United States. Transfusion of blood and blood products collected from donors infected with Babesia may result in a serious illness that can be fatal. In September 2008, the Food and Drug Administration organized a public workshop to discuss the various aspects of transfusion‐transmitted babesiosis in the United States including the possible strategies to identify and defer blood donors who may have been infected with Babesia. Discussions were also held on the biology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of Babesia species. In this article, we summarize the scientific presentations and panel discussions that took place during the workshop.
New low‐frequency platelet glycoprotein polymorphisms associated with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Peterson Julie A. , Gitter Maria L. , Kanack Adam , Curtis Brian , McFarland Janice , Bougie Daniel , Aster Richard
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that maternal immunization against low‐frequency, platelet (PLT)‐specific glycoprotein (GP) polymorphisms is a more common cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NATP) than previously thought.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serologic and molecular studies were performed on PLTs and DNA from three families in which an infant was born with apparent NATP not attributable to maternal immunization against known PLT‐specific alloantigens.

RESULTS: Antibodies reactive only with paternal PLTs were identified in each mother. In Cases 2 (Kno) and 3 (Nos), but not Case 1 (Sta), antibody recognized paternal GPIIb/IIIa in solid‐phase assays. Unique mutations encoding amino acid substitutions in GPIIb (Case 2) or GPIIIa (Cases 1 and 3) were identified in paternal DNA and in DNA from two of the affected infants. Antibody from all three cases recognized recombinant GPIIIa (Case 1 [Sta] and Case 3 [Nos]) and GPIIb (Case 2, Kno) mutated to contain the polymorphisms identified in the respective fathers. None of 100 unselected normal subjects possessed the paternal mutations. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric studies suggested that failure of maternal serum from Case 1 (Sta) to react with paternal GPIIIa in solid‐phase assays resulted from use of a monoclonal antibody AP2, for antigen immobilization that competed with the maternal antibody for binding to the Sta epitope.

CONCLUSION: NATP in the three cases was caused by maternal immunization against previously unreported, low‐frequency GP polymorphisms. Maternal immunization against low‐frequency PLT‐specific alloantigens should be considered in cases of apparent NATP not resolved by conventional serologic and molecular testing.
Platelet gel for treatment of mucocutaneous lesions related to graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant
Authors: Picardi Alessandra , Lanti Alessandro , Cudillo Laura , Cerretti Raffaella , Dentamaro Teresa , De Angelis Gottardo , Ferraro Angelo , Di Veroli Ambra , Adorno Gaspare , Arcese William
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Platelet (PLT) gel has been successfully used in tissue regeneration of diabetic/surgical wounds through the releasing of growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor and PLT‐derived growth factor. Therefore, the PLT gel could represent a therapeutic tool in treating the deep and painful wounds sometimes occurring during graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy and safety of PLT gel for treating GVHD ulcers. Allogeneic hemocomponents were used to obtain PLT gel with an automated system for the on‐site preparation and application of patient (autologous) or healthy blood donor (allogeneic)‐derived fibrin sealant or PLT‐rich fibrin (Vivostat system, Vivostat A/S). Six patients with multiple lesions involving dermis (Grade I, n = 2), subcutaneous (Grade II, n = 4), or oral mucosa and related to GVHD underwent PLT gel as local therapy.

RESULTS: After the second PLT gel application, the pain disappeared in all cases and the granulation tissue was observed in the four patients with Grade II lesions. After a median of eight PLT gel applications (range, 4‐10), five of six patients showed a complete response, while one patient with a partial response died early from multiorgan failure. No side effects were documented.

CONCLUSION: These preliminary data show that the PLT gel may be used as a safe and effective tool in the management of mucosal skin lesions related to the GVHD.
A Generalized Concordance Correlation Coefficient Based on the Variance Components Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Overdispersed Count Data
Authors: Carrasco Josep L.
Published: October 2009

Summary The classical concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) to measure agreement among a set of observers assumes data to be distributed as normal and a linear relationship between the mean and the subject and observer effects. Here, the CCC is generalized to afford any distribution from the exponential family by means of the generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) theory and applied to the case of overdispersed count data. An example of CD34+ cell count data is provided to show the applicability of the procedure. In the latter case, different CCCs are defined and applied to the data by changing the GLMM that fits the data. A simulation study is carried out to explore the behavior of the procedure with a small and moderate sample size.
Utilizing Gaussian Markov Random Field Properties of Bayesian Animal Models
Authors: Steinsland Ingelin , Jensen Henrik
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn this article, we demonstrate how Gaussian Markov random field properties give large computational benefits and new opportunities for the Bayesian animal model. We make inference by computing the posteriors for important quantitative genetic variables. For the single‐trait animal model, a nonsampling‐based approximation is presented. For the multitrait model, we set up a robust and fast Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The proposed methodology was used to analyze quantitative genetic properties of morphological traits of a wild house sparrow population. Results for single‐ and multitrait models were compared.
Characterization of the Products Formed by the Reaction of Trichlorocyanuric Acid with 2‐Propanol
Authors: Sandercock P. Mark L. , Barnett Julie S.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We report a recent investigation into the death of a cat that was initially thought to involve intentionally burning the animal via the use of an ignitable liquid. The exposure of the animal to flame was ruled out. Instead, forensic investigation revealed the intentional mixing together of a common outdoor swimming pool chlorinator, trichlorocyanuric acid (TCCA), and 2‐propanol (aka, isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol). The reaction of these two chemicals resulted in the formation of cyanuric acid residue, hydrochloric acid, and the evolution of a significant volume of chlorine gas. Further α‐chlorination side reactions also occurred between 2‐propanol and TCCA to produce a variety of chlorinated 2‐propanone species that were detected on the submitted evidence. The identification of the products of both the main reaction and the side reactions allowed the authors to determine what chemicals were originally mixed together by the culprit.
A Grass Molecular Identification System for Forensic Botany: A Critical Evaluation of the Strengths and Limitations*
Authors: Ward Jodie , Gilmore Simon R. , Robertson James , Peakall Rod
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Plant material is frequently encountered in criminal investigations but often overlooked as potential evidence. We designed a DNA‐based molecular identification system for 100 Australian grasses that consisted of a series of polymerase chain reaction assays that enabled the progressive identification of grasses to different taxonomic levels. The identification system was based on DNA sequence variation at four chloroplast and two mitochondrial loci. Seventeen informative indels and 68 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were utilized as molecular markers for subfamily to species‐level identification. To identify an unknown sample to subfamily level required a minimum of four markers or nine markers for species identification. The accuracy of the system was confirmed by blind tests. We have demonstrated “proof of concept” of a molecular identification system for trace botanical samples. Our evaluation suggests that the adoption of a system that combines this approach with DNA sequencing could assist the morphological identification of grasses found as forensic evidence.
Anthropological and Radiographic Comparison of Antemortem Surgical Records for Identification of Skeletal Remains*
Authors: Scott Audrey L. , Congram Derek , Sweet David , Fonseca Stephen , Skinner Mark
Published: October 2009

Abstract: This case review illustrates the important contributions of forensic archeological methods and forensic anthropological analysis to the identification of found skeletal remains. After reassociation of skeletal remains found in two locations, anthropological analysis provided the basis for a presumptive identification and a request for antemortem medical records. Partial DNA profiles were supportive but not conclusive and antemortem dental records were not available. Comparison of antemortem traumas, skeletal morphology, and surgical artifacts with antemortem radiographs and surgical records led to positive identification of an individual missing for almost a decade.
Characterization of the expression of HTm4 (MS4A3), a cell cycle regulator, in human peripheral blood cells and normal and malignant tissues
Authors: Kutok Jeffery L. , Yang Xing , Folkerth Rebecca , Adra Chaker N.
Published: October 2009

HTm4 (MS4A3) is a member of a family of four‐transmembrane proteins designated MS4A. MS4A proteins fulfil diverse functions, acting as cell surface signalling molecules and intracellular adapter proteins. Early reports demonstrated that HTm4 is largely restricted to the haematopoietic lineage, and is involved in cell cycle control, via a regulatory interaction with the kinase‐associated phosphatase, cyclin A and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Here we describe the expression pattern of HTm4 in peripheral blood cells using gene expression microarray technology, and in normal foetal and adult human tissues, as well as adult human cancers, using tissue microarray technology. Using oligonucleotide microarrays to evaluate HTm4 mRNA, all peripheral blood cell types demonstrated very low levels of HTm4 expression; however, HTm4 expression was greatest in basophils compared to eosinophils, which showed lower levels of HTm4 expression. Very weak HTm4 expression is found in monocytes, granulocytes and B cells, but not in T cells, by lineage specific haematopoietic cell flow cytometry analysis. Interestingly, phytohaemagglutinin stimulation increases HTm4 protein expression in peripheral blood CD4‐T‐lymphocytes over nearly undetectable baseline levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemical studies show strong HTm4 expression in the developing haematopoietic cells of human foetal liver. Immunohistochemical studies on normal tissue microarrays confirmed HTm4 expression in a subset of leucocytes in nodal, splenic tissues and thymic tissue, and weak staining in small numbers of cell types in non‐haematopoietic tissues. Human foetal brain specimens from 19 to 31 gestational weeks showed that the strongest‐staining cells are ventricular zone cells and the earliest‐born, earliest‐differentiating ‘pioneer’ neurons in the cortical plate, Cajal‐Retzius and, to a lesser extent, subplate‐like neurons. Malignant tissue microarray analysis showed HTm4 expression in a wide variety of adenocarcinomas, including breast, prostate and ovarian. These findings warrant the further study of the role of HTm4 in the cell cycle of both haematopoietic and tumour cells.
Epigenetic modulation of the protein kinase A RIIα (PRKAR2A) gene by histone deacetylases 1 and 2 in human smooth muscle cells
Authors: Karolczak‐Bayatti Magdalena , Loughney Andrew D. , Robson Stephen C. , Europe‐Finner G. Nicholas
Published: October 2009

Recently we reported that the expression of the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit RIIα is dynamically regulated in human smooth muscle cells of the uterus. We showed that expression levels of mRNA/protein were substantially increased during pregnancy and decreased upon labour, changes that were mirrored by particulate type II PKA activity. This implied an important role for RIIα in maintaining uterine quiescence during pregnancy. Consequently the purpose of the present study was to identify potential mechanisms by which expression of the RIIα gene was regulated in this tissue. We indicate here that the three SpI‐III (GC) binding domains within the proximal promoter region of the human RIIα gene may play important roles in modulating expression of the gene in human myometrial cells. We show that all three GC binding domains are involved in binding Sp1, Sp3, histone deacetylase (HDACs) 1/2 and RbAp48 transcriptional complexes. The functional significance of these binding domains was further analysed employing in vitro luciferase reporter assays with full‐length/truncated RIIα promoter constructs. Importantly we show that treatment of primary human myometrial cell cultures with the general class I/II HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A results in an increase in mRNA/protein levels. Moreover the increase in mRNA levels appeared to be preceded by an increase in aH3, PolIIa, Sp3 and HDAC 2 binding to the three SpI‐III (GC) binding sites within the RIIα promoter. These results enable us to provide a model whereby RIIα expression is epigenetically regulated in human myometrial smooth muscle cells by histone deacetylase(s) activity within the GC‐rich proximal promoter region of the gene.
Transport characteristics of a novel peptide platform for CNS therapeutics
Authors: Bertrand Yanick , Currie Jean‐Christophe , Demeule Michel , Régina Anthony , Ché Christian , Abulrob Abedelnasser , Fatehi Dorothy , Sartelet Hervé , Gabathuler Reinhard , Castaigne Jean‐Paul , Stanimirovic Danica , Béliveau Richard
Published: October 2009

New and effective therapeutics that cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) are critically needed for treatment of many brain diseases. We characterize here a novel drug development platform that is broadly applicable for the development of new therapeutics with increased brain penetration. The platform is based on the Angiopep‐2 peptide, a sequence derived from ligands that bind to low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP‐1), a receptor expressed on the BBB. Fluorescent imaging studies of a Cy5.5Angiopep‐2 conjugate and immunohistochemical studies of injected Angiopep‐2 in mice demonstrated efficient transport across the BBB into brain parenchyma and subsequent co‐localization with the neuronal nuclei‐selective marker NeuN and the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Uptake of [125I]‐Angiopep‐2 into brain endothelial cells occurred by a saturable mechanism involving LRP‐1. The primary sequence and charge of Angiopep‐2 were crucial for its passage across the BBB. Overall, the results demonstrate the significant potential of this platform for the development of novel neurotherapeutics.
A link between the accumulation of DNA damage and loss of multi‐potency of human mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Alves Hugo , Munoz‐Najar Ursula , De Wit Jan , Renard Auke J. S. , Hoeijmakers Jan H. J. , Sedivy John M. , Van Blitterswijk Clemens , De Boer Jan
Published: October 2009

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) represent an attractive cell source for clinic applications. Besides being multi‐potent, recent clinical trials suggest that they secrete both trophic and immunomodulatory factors, allowing allogenic MSCs to be used in a wider variety of clinical situations. The yield of prospective isolation is however very low, making expansion a required step toward clinical applications. Unfortunately, this leads to a significant decrease in their stemness. To identify the mechanism behind loss of multi‐potency, hMSCs were expanded until replicative senescence and the concomitant molecular changes were characterized at regular intervals. We observed that, with time of culture, loss of multi‐potency was associated with both the accumulation of DNA damage and the respective activation of the DNA damage response pathway, suggesting a correlation between both phenomena. Indeed, exposing hMSCs to DNA damage agents led to a significant decrease in the differentiation potential. We also showed that hMSCs are susceptible to accumulate DNA damage upon in vitro expansion, and that although hMSCs maintained an effective nucleotide excision repair activity, there was a progressive accumulation of DNA damage. We propose a model in which DNA damage accumulation contributes to the loss of differentiation potential of hMSCs, which might not only compromise their potential for clinical applications but also contribute to the characteristics of tissue ageing.
BiP, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, modulates the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance
Authors: Dobashi Tamae , Tanabe Serabi , Jin Hisayo , Mimura Naoya , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Nishino Takashi , Aoe Tomohiko
Published: October 2009

Morphine is a potent analgesic, but the molecular mechanism for tolerance formation after repeated use is not fully understood. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is central to ER function. We examined knock‐in mice expressing a mutant BiP with the retrieval sequence deleted in order to elucidate physiological processes that are sensitive to BiP functions. We tested the thermal antinociceptive effect of morphine in heterozygous mutant BiP mice in a hot plate test. Paw withdrawal latencies before and after a single administration of morphine were not significantly different between the wild‐type and mutant BiP mice. Repeated morphine administration caused the development of morphine tolerance in the wild‐type mice. The activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3b (GSK‐3b) was associated with morphine tolerance, because an inhibitor of GSK‐3β prevented it. On the other hand, the mutant BiP mice showed less morphine tolerance, and the activation of GSK‐3b was suppressed in their brain. These results suggest that BiP may play an important role in the development of morphine tolerance. Furthermore, we found that a chemical chaperone which improves ER protein folding capacity also attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in wild‐type mice, suggesting a possible clinical application of chemical chaperones in preventing morphine tolerance.
Effect of irreversibly glycated LDL in human vascular smooth muscle cells: lipid loading, oxidative and inflammatory stress
Authors: Sima Anca V. , Botez Gabriela M. , Stancu Camelia S. , Manea Adrian , Raicu Monica , Simionescu Maya
Published: October 2009

The major complication of diabetes is accelerated atherosclerosis, the progression of which entails complex interactions between the modified low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) and the cells of the arterial wall. Advanced glycation end product‐modified‐LDL (AGE‐LDL) that occurs at high rate in diabetes contributes to diabetic atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the direct effect of AGE‐LDL on human vascular smooth muscle cells (hSMC) dysfunction. Cultured hSMC incubated (24 hrs) with human AGE‐LDL, native LDL (nLDL) or oxidized LDL (oxLDL) were subjected to: (i) quantification of the expression of the receptors for modified LDL and AGE proteins (LRP1, CD36, RAGE) and estimation of lipid loading, (ii) determination of NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and (iii) evaluation of the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1). The results show that exposure of hSMC to AGE‐LDL (compared to nLDL) induced: (a) increased NADPH oxidase activity (30%) and ROS production (28%) by up‐regulation of NOX1, NOX4, p22phox and p67phox expression, (b) accumulation of intracellular cholesteryl esters, (c) enhanced gene expression of LRP1 (160%) and CD36 (35%), and protein expression of LRP1, CD36 and RAGE, (d) increased MCP‐1 gene expression (160%) and protein secretion (300%) and (e) augmented cell proliferation (30%). In conclusion, AGE‐LDL activates hSMC (increasing CD36, LRP1, RAGE), inducing a pro‐oxidant state (activation of NADPHox), lipid accumulation and a pro‐inflammatory state (expression of MCP‐1). These results may partly explain the contribution of AGE‐LDL and hSMC to the accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes.
RETRACTED: Changes in the expression of melatonin receptors induced by melatonin treatment in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells
Authors: Carbajo‐Pescador Sara , Martín‐Renedo Javier , García‐Palomo Andrés , Tuñón María J. , Mauriz José L. , González‐Gallego Javier
Published: October 2009

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Melatonin, an indoleamine hormone, exerts anti‐oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti‐aging, and antitumor effects. Previous studies have shown that melatonin can act through specific receptors, including MT1, MT2, MT3receptors as well as a nuclear receptor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor family. Recently, we have described their role in the oncostatic and pro‐apoptotic effects of melatonin on HepG2 human HCC cells. However, the potential role of the different melatonin cellular receptors on its antiproliferative effects remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of melatonin treatment on HepG2 human HCC cells, analyzing cell cycle arrest and melatonin receptor expression. Melatonin was administered for 2, 4, and 6 days at 1000 or 2500 μm. Melatonin induced a dose‐ and time‐dependent inhibition on cell proliferation. This treatment caused an alteration in the cell cycle, with an increase in the number of cells in G2/M phase at both 1000 and 2500 μmmelatonin concentrations, and a significant increase on S phase cell percentage by the highest dose. Furthermore, increases in protein expression of MT1, MT3, and retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor‐α were found after melatonin treatments. These increases were coincident with a significant induction in the expression of p21 protein, which negatively regulates cell cycle progression. Our results confirm the antitumor effect of melatonin in HCC cells, suggesting that its oncostatic properties are related, at least in part, to changes on the expression of their different subtypes of receptors.
Melatonin ameliorates high fat diet‐induced diabetes and stimulates glycogen synthesis via a PKCζ‐Akt‐GSK3β pathway in hepatic cells
Authors: Shieh Jiunn‐Min , Wu Hung‐Tsung , Cheng Kai‐Chun , Cheng Juei‐Tang
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Low levels of melatonin in circulation had been reported to be related to the development of diabetes. Melatonin administration in animals increases hepatic glycogen content to lower blood glucose. However, the signaling pathway for these effects is still unclear. The present study shows that intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg melatonin ameliorated glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in high fat diet‐induced diabetic mice with an increase in hepatic glycogen and improvement in liver steatosis. We used HepG2 cells to investigate the signaling pathways for the melatonin‐stimulated hepatic glycogen increment. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 1 nm melatonin markedly increased glycogen synthesis which was blocked by the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole. In addition, melatonin increased the phosphorylation of subcellular signals at the level of protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ), Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) while the increase in glycogen synthesis induced by melatonin was inhibited by PKCζ pseudo‐peptide. However, 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was not influenced by melatonin treatment. Taken together, melatonin improves glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in high fat diet‐induced diabetic mice and stimulates glycogen synthesis via a PKCζ‐Akt‐GSK3β pathway in HepG2 cells.
Fish consumption and school grades in Swedish adolescents: a study of the large general population
Authors: Kim J‐L , Winkvist A , Åberg M AI , Åberg N , Sundberg R , Torén K , Brisman J
Published: October 2009

Aim:  To study the associations between fish intake and academic achievement as cognitive parameter among Swedish adolescents.

Methods:  In 2000, a questionnaire including respiratory items, socioeconomic conditions and dietary information was mailed to all schoolchildren (n = 18 158), aged 15 and living in Västra Götaland region of Sweden. The questionnaire was returned by 10 837 subjects. One year later, the total school grades for each subject who had completed the questionnaire and who included their full personal identification number were obtained from the national registers. Multiple linear regression models were applied to evaluate the association between fish intake and academic grades among 9448 schoolchildren, while adjusting for potential confounders, e.g. parents’ education.

Results:  Grades were higher in subjects with fish consumption once a week compared with subjects with fish consumption of less than once a week (reference group) [increment in estimate 14.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 11.8–17.1]. Grades were even higher in subjects with fish consumption of more than once a week compared with the reference group (increment in estimate 19.9, 95% CI 16.5–23.3). In the model stratified for parents’ education, there were still higher grades among subjects with frequent fish intake in all educational strata (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: Frequent fish intake among schoolchildren may provide benefits in terms of academic achievement.
Multifunctional host defense peptides: functional and mechanistic insights from NMR structures of potent antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Bhattacharjya Surajit , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy
Published: October 2009

The ever‐increasing number of drug‐resistant bacteria is a major challenge in healthcare and creates an urgent need for novel compounds for treatment. Host defense antimicrobial peptides have high potential to become the new generation of antibiotic compounds. Antimicrobial peptides constitute a major part of the innate defense system in all life forms. Most of these cationic amphipathic peptides are often unstructured in isolation but readily adopt amphipathic helical structures in complex with lipid membranes. Such structural stabilization is primarily responsible for the membrane permeation and cell lysis activities of these molecules. Understanding structure–function correlations of antimicrobial peptides is critical for the development of nontoxic therapeutics. In this minireview, we discuss atomic‐resolution NMR structures of two highly potent helical antimicrobial peptides, MSI‐78 and MSI‐594, providing novel insights into their mechanisms of action.
Multifunctional host defense peptides: Antimicrobial peptides, the small yet big players in innate and adaptive immunity
Authors: Auvynet Constance , Rosenstein Yvonne
Published: October 2009

The term ‘antimicrobial peptides’ refers to a large number of peptides first characterized on the basis of their antibiotic and antifungal activities. In addition to their role as endogenous antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, also called host defense peptides, participate in multiple aspects of immunity (inflammation, wound repair, and regulation of the adaptive immune system) as well as in maintaining homeostasis. The possibility of utilizing these multifunctional molecules to effectively combat the ever‐growing group of antibiotic‐resistant pathogens has intensified research aimed at improving their antibiotic activity and therapeutic potential, without the burden of an exacerbated inflammatory response, but conserving their immunomodulatory potential. In this minireview, we focus on the contribution of small cationic antimicrobial peptides – particularly human cathelicidins and defensins – to the immune response and disease, highlighting recent advances in our understanding of the roles of these multifunctional molecules.
EDUCATIONAL AND PERSONAL HEALTH*
Authors: Haggard Howard W.
Published: October 2009

Abstract

To me health, health conservation, and the humanitarianism of lessened human suffering, represent the highest of all values— values toward whose achievement no educational effort can be too great.

And this education for health, as I conceive it, would be something different—vastly different—from the sort of education which most of us received. We once called education for health by the name of hygiene, personal hygiene. But the hygiene we knew in school is a failure. I have taught for many years what is generally known as hygiene, and I have gained from the experience a thorough conviction of the inadequacy of the so‐called rules of health. I should prefer my students to think logically and broadly and particularly socially on matters of health in these years of faddism, quackery, and the commercial exploitation of the health appeal. I should prefer this rather than that they be able to recite glibly the hygienic dicta of today, many of which will surely become the absurdities of tomorrow just as those of yesterday have become the absurdities of today. The great trouble with rules is, first, in any progressive field the rules change, and second, rules are no sounder than the authority of those who formulate them. The education for personal health—the hygiene if you will—which I should wish to see taught is, to use a trite expression, hygiene with a social significance.
RESEARCH IN CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AS IT AFFECTS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL HEALTH AND EDUCATION*
Authors: Willgoose Carl E.
Published: October 2009

“We are learning more about nuclear reactions than about human relations, more about behavior of atom particles than of human beings, more about outer space in the physical universe than about inner space in the human being. Yet we know the greatest threat to mankind is not the atomic bomb but the benighted mind.”
HEALTH IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS
Authors: Shaw John H.
Published: October 2009

This section of the Journal is a project of the Committee on The Health Aspects of Physical Education and Athletics. This month's timely question is based on a recommendation that is generally accepted as desirable although questions as to its practicality have been raised. Suggestions for questions to be discussed in future issues, or comments on subjects already discussed will be welcomed.
HEALTH IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ATHLETICS
Authors: Shaw John H.
Published: October 2009

This month's question concerns the place of one type of rigorous body contact sport in the program of activities for junior high school boys. The April, 1964 Journal of School Health contains a resume of the Report of the Committee on Health Problems in Physical Education and Athletics which deals with the same topic in more detail. Your attention is also called to “Standards for Junior High School Athletics” a publication of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation which is a report of the Junior High School Athletics Subcommittee of the Joint Committee on Standards for Inter scholastic Athletics sponsored by the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation; the National Association of Secondary School Principals; and the National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations.
DeBakey, Lois. “Verbal Eccentricities in Scientific Writing,”
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F.
Published: October 2009

Glass, Robert L., Hayden, Jess. “Dental Caries in Seventh Day Adventist Children,”

Bakwin, Harry. “Teen‐age Suicides,” Archives of Environmental Health

Dixon, Joseph M. et al. “Complications Associated with the Wearing of Contact Lenses,”

Frels, Lois. “Who Is It That Visits the Nurse's Office?”

Andes, Ann. “A Summary of ‘Some Health Misconceptions of Selected Adult Groups of Columbus, Ohio‘.”

Phillips, H. Temple. “Hostels for the Mentally Disordered—Results of a County‐Wide Enquiry,”
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley Russell F.
Published: October 2009

Dunn, Dorothy F., “Smoking—Academically Speakingl” The Journal of the American College Health Association, 15: 2 (December, 1966), 162–167.

Swinehart, James W., “Changes Over Time in Student Reactions to the Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health.” American Journal of Public Health and The Nation's Health, 56: 12 (December, 1966), 2023–2027.

Education Research Services, “School Health and Nurse Services,” Education Research Services Circular, Number 6, July 1966, 40 pages. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, American Association of School Administrators and Research Division.

Bell, Robert R., “Parent‐Child Conflict in Sexual Values.” The Journal of Social Issues, 22: 2 (April, 1966), 34–44.

Timbury, Morag C., Forsyth, William C., and Stevenson, John S., “Garden Fertilizers as a Source of Salmonellae.” The Lancet, 2: 7470 (December 17, 1966), 955.

Silver, Larry B., Barton, William, and Dublin, Christina, “Child Abuse Laws—Are They Enough?” Journal of the American Medical Association, 199: 2 (January 9, 1967), 65–68.

Gendel, Evalyn S., “Effective Interaction for School Health.” American Journal of Public Health and The Nation's Health. 56:12 (December, 1966), 2133–2138.

Block, Jeanne, el al., Clinician's Conceptions of the the Asthmatogenic Mother.” Archives of General Psychiatry, 15: 6 (December, 1966), 610‐318.
RESEARCH OF INTEREST
Authors: Peterson Louis J. , Whaley RUSSELL F.
Published: October 2009

Klein, Julius, and Phillips, Derek. “From Hard to Soft Drugs: Temporal and Substantive Changes in Drug Usage Among Gangs in a Working‐Class Community,”

Kruger, Cynthia. “Do ‘Bad Girls’ Become Good Nurses?”

Press, Edward, and Austin, Caroline. “Screening of Preschool Children for Ambylopia,”

Duckworth, R. “Fluoride Dentifrice—A Review of Clinical Trials in the United Kingdom,”

Gibbs, William L. “Driver Gap Acceptance at Intersections,”

Zimmerman, Robert, and Wilson, Elizabeth. “Familial Susceptibility to Acquisition of Group A, B‐Hemolytic Streptococci,”

Hartman, A. Arthur, Nicolay, Robert C. and Hurley, Jesse. “Unique Personal Names as a Social Adjustment Factor,”
THE PROBLEM OF SUICIDE ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES*
Authors: SEIDEN RICHARD H.
Published: October 2009

If our classrooms nowadays are populated by hypermodern poets, ultrarevolutionary politicans, heroic philosophers, and experienced lovers, this reflects the influence of a society that today, as in the formative days of Christianity, once again seeks desperately and painfully to renew its whole life, and most especially involves its youth in this monumental struggle (Friedman, 1967, p. 49).
SCHOOL NURSING FOR THE 70'S
Authors: Fricke Irma B.
Published: October 2009

“To face tomorrow with the thought of using the methods of yesterday is to envision life at a standstill. To keep ahead each one of us, no matter what his task, must search for new and better methods — for even that which we now do well, must be done better tomorrow.”
Reviews Of Books And Reports
Authors: Frakes Randall V.
Published: October 2009

Forty‐Seventh Annual Report, 1971–1972, Department of Health Services, Denver Public Schools. John M. Lampe, M.D.
SEXUAL ATTITUDES OF MOTHERS OF RETARDED CHILDREN
Authors: Turchin Gary
Published: October 2009

Forty‐four mothers were interviewed to assess their attitudes toward the sexual behavior, sex education, birth control, marriage, and dating of their TMR adolescents. Religion influenced mothers' attitudes toward masturbation and marriage. Although many mothers expected that their children would develop the ability to date, most of them felt that their children would never be able to marry. Mothers wanted sex education taught in the schools, and they desired the formation of parent groups to aid them in understanding the sexuality of their children.
Research of Interest
Authors: Shibuya Ruth R.
Published: October 2009

Dobelle WG, Mladejovsky MG and Girvin JP: Artificial vision for the blind: Electrical stimulation of visual cortex offers hope for a functional prosthesis.

Pliner PL: Effect of external cues on the thinking behavior of obese and normal subjects.

Purdom ME, Hyder K and MD Pybas: Effects of saccharin on rats fed chemically defined diets.

Stenchever MA, Kunyaz TJ and Allen MA: Chromosome breakage in users of marihuana.
Reviews of Books and Reports
Authors: Ulrich Charles
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Bloomquist ER: Marijuana—The Second Trip.

Wilmarth SS, Goldstein A: Therapeutic Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Progrrms in the USA.

Lieberman F; Caroff P; Gottesfeld M: Before Addiction: How To Help Youth.
Reviews of Books and Reports
Authors: Ulrich Charles
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Aaron J, Strasser M: Driving Task Instruction.

Samuels H: Mental Health.

Wortis J: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities

Gilchrist R, Roberts B: Curriculum Development: A Humanized Systems Approach.

Piper T: Classroom Management and Behavioral Objectives.

Rhodes CR, Head S: A Study of Child Variance.

Siegler M, Osmond H: Models of Madness, Models of Medicine.

The Volta Review.

Numbers M: My Words Fell on Deaf Ears.
Reviews of Books and Reports
Authors: Ulrich Charles
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Nolen WA: Healing: A Doctor In Search Of A Miracle.

Englebardt SL: Kids And Alcohol, The Deadliest Drug.

Segall A; Vanderschmidt H; Burglass R; and Frostman T: Systematic Course Design for the Health Fields.

Deutsch RM: Nutrition Labeling—How it Can Work For You.
Reviews of Books and Reports
Authors: Ulrich Charles
Published: October 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Fodor JT, Glass LH, Gmur BC, Moore VD, Neilson EA: The Healthful Living Program.

Illingsworth RS: Common Symptoms of Disease in Children.

Wilkins EM: Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist.

Grollman EA: Talking About Divorce—A Dialogue Between Parent and Child.

Harvey R: Becoming Man.

Thygerson AL: Safety‐Concepts and Instruction.

Williams MH: Nutritional Aspects of Human Physical and Athletic Performance.
The High School Nurse Practitioner
Authors: Nader Philip R. , Conrad Jane , Williamson Mildred , McKevitt Rosemary , Berrey Rosalind
Published: October 2009

Better problem identification and improved access to community health care were the result of changes made during the past three years in a traditional urban high school health service. The first change included training the nurse to become a pediatric nurse practitioner and adding a full‐time health aide. The other change included the use of clinic management forms developed by the nurse practitioner/health aide team to be used for three common student complaints: headache, stomachache and upper respiratory symptoms. Our experience indicates that out‐of‐school referrals for medical care doubled, and more students referred received care after these changes were instituted. The high school pediatric nurse practitioner counsels students in understanding their health problems and in making decisions about their health care. She also coordinates educational and health resources and provides psychosocial support for students.
The Effects of a Fifth Grade Health Education Curriculum Model on Perceived Vulnerability and Smoking Attitudes
Authors: Stone Elaine J.
Published: October 2009

The major purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the School Health Curriculum Project (SHCP) on fifth grade students in two areas related to health attitudes and behavior. The areas were perceived vulnerability to illnesses and accidents and attitudes towards smoking. A secondary problem was to determine if relationships existed between variables such as sex, ethnicity, income and reading level and the post‐test results for the Treatment Group on the two measures used in this investigation.

A quasi‐experimental design was used. The specific design was an adaptation of a Nonequivalent Control Group Design modified by the addition of a Post‐test‐Only Control Group. The sample population participating in the study consisted of 635 students representing 33 intact classrooms from a multicultural urban school district in New Mexico.

The data collection instruments used for pre‐ and post‐testing were the Gochman Perceived Vulnerability Instrument (PV) and two subscales of the Teenage Self Test for Cigarette Smoking (ST). The statistics used to analyze the data included descriptive statistics and analysis of variance.

Findings revealed that the SHCP fifth grade unit had an effect on students' reported attitudes towards smoking in the direction of the curriculum objectives. The secondary hypotheses findings indicated that significant differences existed among certain groups of students on post‐test scores. There were significant differences between females and males on the Perceived Vulnerability and Smoking Test measures between Spanish‐American and Anglo students on the Perceived Vulnerability and Smoking Test measures, and between students reading below grade level and those reading at or above grade level on the Smoking Test measure.
Understanding and Evaluating Adolescent Behavior Problems
Authors: Erickson Candace J. , Friedman Stanford B.
Published: October 2009

A knowledge of normal adolescent development and the adolescent's own stage of psychosocial development is necessary in evaluating the significance of his behavior. Understanding the youngster's previous development is useful as those experiences will influence how well he will master the adolescent task of identity formation. Issues which directly impact on this developmental task include separation from parents, peer support, changes in body and body image, sexuality, development of abstract reasoning, and career choice. Difficulty in resolving any of these issues may result in a behavior disturbance. The evaluation of the adolescent's functioning in various life spheres at school, with peers, and at home should enable the professional to better determine whether a teenager's behavior is normal or a symptom of an emotional problem. Professionals, particularly those in schools, should take advantage of their interaction with adolescents in order to asssess behavior and identify the presence of underlying problems.
Is a Mandated Comprehensive Health Education Program a Guarantee of Successful Health Education?
Authors: Conley John A. , Jackson Clarence George
Published: October 2009

This study evaluated the health knowledge of a selected population of 12th grade students. A random selection of 30% of the total senior population from 7 public high schools was obtained. The Kilander‐Leach Health Knowledge test was used. An analysis of variance was performed by sex and by health area. The FLSD multiple range test was utilized where significance was found among groups. The findings revealed that students' health knowledge was weak; moderate strength was indicated in the area of chronic disease; no significant differences were observed between males and females on the total test; there was significant differences in health knowledge on the total test among the schools.
The Reduction In The Intensity Of Meaning Attached To Sex Words
Authors: Eberst Richard M.
Published: October 2009

This investigation utilized 192 college students to determine if the intensity of meaning attached to sex words could be reduced, if change in this meaning intensity was affected by the passage of time, if the intensity of meaning was related to the students' anxiety level, and if students felt more comfortable in using sex words after treatment than they did before treatment. Pretest instruments determined the intensity of meaning and anxiety level. A verbal satiation method was used with the experimental groups. Three posttest time delay measurements were taken in both experimental and control groups. It was concluded that technical health words and common health words produce communication blockages.
School Nursing Services — Some Current Justifications and Cost‐Benefit Implications
Authors: Hanson John F. A.
Published: October 2009

A variety of justifications for maintenance of adequate school nursing services within the school health program, especially in view of current health problems prevalent among school‐age children in this nation, is described. In this process, the main emphasis of the article is centered on the cost‐benefit implications of school nursing.
Dental Health Knowledge Tests: Their Development, Implementation And Evaluation
Authors: Cormier Patricia P. , Eriksen Michael P. , Kennedy Susan L. , Diamond James J.
Published: October 2009

The present study discusses the development of dental health knowledge tests as part of an integrated dental health curriculum in the public school system of a rural community. It is part of a larger project designed to test the effectiveness of a school‐based dental health delivery system.

Cognitive measures of dental health were designed to study the relationship of dental health knowledge to oral health behaviors. A review of the literature revealed no suitable dental health knowledge tests for grades K‐6; new assessment measures were then developed by project staff.

The tests consisted of 14 objectively scored tests — two parallel forms at each of the seven grade levels, K‐6, and were administered four times to 1,942 students. Consistently, the tests have demonstrated high reliability estimates and low standard errors of measurement and indicate that the instruments are functioning as parallel forms and measuring the same dental concepts with equal precision.