bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETIC CONTROL OF RESTRICTION AND MODIFICATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Boyer Herbert
Published: January 2020

Boyer, Herbert
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Genetic control of restriction and modification in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1652–1660. 1964.—Bacterial crosses with K-12 strains of
Escherichia coli
as Hfr donors (Hfr Hayes, Hfr Cavalli, and Hfr P4X-6) and B/r strains of
E. coli
as F
−
recipients were found to differ from crosses between K-12 Hfr donors and K-12 F
−
recipients in two ways: (i) recombinants (
leu, pro, lac
, and
gal
) did not appear at discrete time intervals but did appear simultaneously 30 min after matings were initiated, and (ii) the linkage of unselected markers to selected markers was reduced. Integration of a genetic region linked to the threonine locus of K-12 into the B/r genome resulted in a hybrid which no longer gave anomalous results in conjugation experiments. A similar region of the B strain was introduced into the K-12 strain, which then behaved as a typical B F
−
recipient. These observations are interpreted as the manifestation of host-controlled modification and restriction on the
E. coli
chromosome. This was verified by experiments on the restriction and modification of the bacteriophage lambda, F-
lac
, F-
gal
, and sex-factor, F
1
. It was found that the genetic region that controlled the mating responses of the K-12 and B/r strains also controlled the modification and restriction properties of these two strains. The genes responsible for the restricting and modifying properties of the K-12 and B strains of
E. coli
were found to be allelic, linked to each other, and linked to the threonine locus.
TWO LYTIC FACTORS INVOLVED IN INDUCED SYNERGISTIC HEMOLYSIS IN NORMALLY NONHEMOLYTIC STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Smith Doyle C. , Foltz V. D. , Lord T. H.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Doyle
C. (Kansas State University, Manhattan), V. D.
Foltz, and T. H. Lord
. Two lytic factors involved in induced synergistic hemolysis in normally nonhemolytic staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1700–1704. 1964.—Synergistic hemolysis of “normally nonhemolytic” staphylococci results from the combination of two factors: Z, produced by hemolytic staphylococci that elaborate a secondary hemolytic zone on blood-agar, and T, produced by nonhemolytic staphylococci. Factors Z and T are produced in supernatant fluids of broth cultures and are detected by the synergistic hemolysis (SH) test. Complete lysis of sheep red cells is observed in the SH test only when both factors Z and T are present. Production of Z and T is greatly enhanced by the presence of 10 or 20% CO
2
during incubation. Both Z and T are heat-stable, withstanding 100 C for 15 min. Neither factor is precipitated by saturated Na
2
SO
4
or (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Hydrogen ion concentrations between pH 5.0 and 8.5 do not exert any effect on the two factors. Factor Z is produced in greater quantity than factor T. It is suggested that factors Z and T are not proteinaceous, enzymatic, or lipid in nature.
Effect of
p
H on Human
Mycoplasma
Strains
Authors: Shepard Maurice C. , Lunceford Carl D.
Published: January 2020

Shepard, Maurice
C. (U.S. Naval Medical Field Research Laboratory, Camp Lejeune, N.C.),
and Carl D. Lunceford
. Effect of
p
H on human
Mycoplasma
strains. J. Bacteriol.
89:
265–270. 1965.—The optimal reaction of culture media for the cultivation of T-strain
Mycoplasma
of human origin was investigated. By use of a recently modified tryptic digest medium, the optimal reaction in either agar or fluid medium was found to be
p
H 6.0. In contrast, human classic (large-colony)
Mycoplasma
could be cultivated in agar or fluid medium over a rather broad
p
H range, and the influence of the reaction of the medium appeared to be primarily species-dependent.
M. salivarium
, for example, grew best in agar from
p
H 5.5 through 6.5.
M. pneumoniae
(Easton's agent) yielded largest colony numbers in agar and highest titers in broth at
p
H 8.0. In the case of T-strain
Mycoplasma
, both maximal colony numbers in agar and highest titers in fluid media were achieved at a reaction of
p
H 6.0. In addition, largest colony size of T-strain
Mycoplasma
was also achieved in agar at
p
H 6.0, and averaged 50 to 100% larger than that obtained by cultivation at
p
H 8.0 with the same medium. Although T-strains will develop in agar media over a
p
H range of from 5.0 through 10.0, the extremely small colony size and poor staining properties resulting from growth in an alkaline medium make their recognition in agar cultures difficult. Aerobic cultivation of T-strains was first achieved in agar adjusted to
p
H 5.5 to 6.0. In fluid medium, multiplication of T-strains occurred only within the limits of
p
H 5.0 through 8.0, with highest titers being reached at
p
H 6.0. Greater attention to the reaction of complete
Mycoplasma
media is stressed.
Further Taxonomic Studies on Straight to Flexuous Streptomycetes
Authors: Pridham Thomas G. , Lyons Allister J.
Published: January 2020

Pridham, Thomas
G. (Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.),
and Allister J. Lyons
. Further taxonomic studies on straight to flexuous streptomycetes. J. Bacteriol.
89:
331–342. 1965.—The best way to handle streptomycete classification, nomenclature, and identification is through application of a genus-species-subspecies concept. To establish a species, principal criteria are morphology of chains of spores and nature of spore-wall surfaces. Subspecies can be differentiated one from another by other criteria, such as chromogenicity, colors of sporulating aerial mycelium and of vegetative mycelium, carbon-utilization patterns, and assessment of qualitative production of antibiotics and sensitivity and resistance to antibacterial antibiotics. A literature study and laboratory studies of some strains suggested that streptomycetes with straight chains of spores could easily be differentiated from those with flexuous chains of spores. An intensive study of about 75 holotype and potential neotype strains indicated that such a differentiation is difficult to accomplish with confidence. Only 19 of the strains had straight chains of spores. These strains are considered, at this time, to be members of the species
Streptomyces venezuelae
Ehrlich et al. Forty-two of the strains had flexuous chains of spores and were assigned to the species
Streptomyces griseus
(Krainsky) Waksman and Henrici. Six of the strains had unusual spore-chain morphology. Classic taxonomic procedures allowed the separation of all the strains into a number of categories. The results suggest that more precise information on relationships of strains and qualitative antibiotic production will allow clarification of their sub-specific status. Consideration of the results obtained with strains having aberrant morphology allows some speculation on ranges of variations in morphology that might be encountered with the streptomycetes.
Effect of Thiol-Binding Reagents on the Metabolism of Thiosulfate and Tetrathionate by
Thiobacillus neapolitanus
Authors: Trudinger P. A.
Published: January 2020

Trudinger
, P. A. (Division of Plant Industry, Canberra, Australia). Effect of thiol-binding reagents on the metabolism of thiosulfate and tetrathionate by
Thiobacillus neapolitanus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
617–625. 1965.—Iodoacetamide,
N
-ethyl maleimide (NEM),
p
-chloromercuribenzoate (CMB), Mercurochrome, and HgCl
2
inhibited the oxidation of thiosulfate to sulfate by
Thiobacillus neapolitanus;
tetrathionate accumulated under these conditions. High concentrations of the thiol-binding reagents lowered the rate of oxidation of thiosulfate to tetrathionate; inhibition by CMB was reversed by high concentrations of thiosulfate. Relatively low concentrations of the thiol-binding reagents completely inhibited the oxidation and anaerobic metabolism of tetrathionate. Similar reagents had no effect on a soluble thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme. Inhibition by thiol-binding reagents was overcome by washing the bacteria with Na
2
S or thioethanol after their exposure to the inhibitors. Under some conditions, the addition of thiosulfate or tetrathionate to bacterial suspensions before the addition of the thiol-binding reagents prevented the inhibition of thiosulfate and tetrathionate metabolism by these reagents. Thiosulfate catalyzed a rapid chemical breakdown of NEM and reacted with iodoacetamide. A complex between thiosulfate and mercuribenzoate was demonstrated. Three types of thiol group appear to be associated with the metabolism of thiosulfate and tetrathionate; one of these types may be located at the bacterial cell membrane. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that thiols (or disulfide groups) are binding sites for the substrates.
Isolation ofClostridium tetanifrom Soil
Authors: Sanada Ichiro , Nishida Shoki
Published: January 2020

Sanada, Ichiro(Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan),and Shoki Nishida. Isolation ofClostridium tetanifrom soil. J. Bacteriol.89:626–629. 1965.—The higher the temperatures applied to soil specimens, the weaker the toxigenicity ofClostridium tetanistrains isolated from them. The glucose- and maltose-fermenting ability of these isolates was inversely proportional to their toxigenicity. The biological properties of atoxic strains were indistinguishable from those ofC. tetanomorphum. Since a considerable number of toxic strains fermented glucose and maltose, these criteria are of doubtful value for differentiatingC. tetanifromC. tetanomorphum.
Rhythmic Response of
Serratia marcescens
to Elevated Temperature
Authors: Dimmick Robert L.
Published: January 2020

Dimmick, Robert
L. (University of California, Berkeley). Rhythmic response of
Serratia marcescens
to elevated temperature. J. Bacteriol.
89:
791–798. 1965.—Populations of
Serratia marcescens
of varied ages and pretreatments, which had been grown in a chemically defined medium, were subjected to thermal stress at 50 to 56 C. The numbers of survivors were plotted vs. time to form survivor curves, and the curves were assembled to form three-dimensional models. The manner in which survivors varied as a function of age and time of heating was variable and often rhythmic. Different three-dimensional patterns were found when different inoculum for the test culture was used. Apparently some “dead” cells again produced colonies after extended heating periods (recuperation); this tendency varied with the age of the culture. Diminutive colony forms, which produced normal colonies upon transfer, appeared and disappeared during heating; this tendency fluctuated with age. It is suggested that survivor curves represent a distribution of resistant forms within the population, and that this distribution varies in a manner best described in terms of servomechanistic response within each cell and within a given culture. Difficulties of attempting to relate changes in specific molecular species to subsequent whole-cell responses are discussed.
Utilization of External Growth Factors by Intracellular Microbes:
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
and Wood Pigeon Mycobacteria
Authors: Wheeler William C. , Hanks John H.
Published: January 2020

Wheeler, William
C. (Johns Hopkins University-Leonard Wood Memorial Leprosy Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Md.),
and John H. Hanks
. Utilization of external growth factors by intracellular microbes:
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
and wood pigeon mycobacteria. J. Bacteriol.
89:
889–896. 1965.—The extent to which the intracellular growth of microbes is dependent upon capacities for growth in vitro has been investigated by use of organisms which require a specific factor, mycobactin, for isolation and growth on conventional mycobacterial media. Similarities between growth on bacteriological media and within tissue cells have been demonstrated by examining the responses of
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
and wood pigeon mycobacteria to mycobactin, iron, CO
2
, and glycerol, and to the low
p
H which characterizes phagocytic vacuoles. The results indicate that success of intracellular infections depends upon the independent growth of microbes and that the phagocytic vacuoles of sheep and mouse macrophages seem to be freely accessible to bacterial growth factors, minerals, and substrates. Because these factors did not modify the appearance, overall metabolism, or surface properties of macrophages, it was concluded that the intracellular growth of microbes is not determined solely by the components, metabolism, or immunological properties of host cells, but is influenced to an important degree by compounds and conditions provided by extracellular environments.
Conversion of
d
-Biotin to Biotin Vitamers by
Lactobacillus arabinosus
Authors: Birnbaum Jerome , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Birnbaum, Jerome
(University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Herman C. Lichstein
. Conversion of
d
-biotin to biotin vitamers by
Lactobacillus arabinosus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1035–1040. 1965.—
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
utilizes
d
-biotin, biotin sulfoxide, and several vitamers of biotin, whereas
Lactobacillus arabinosus
responds to biotin and biotin sulfoxide of the naturally occurring forms of the vitamin. The use of these organisms for differential assay permitted investigation into possible conversion of
d
-biotin to vitamers of biotin by cells of
L. arabinosus
. Cells were grown in modified Wright-Skeggs medium containing several levels of biotin. No differences were detected between the assays for free intracellular or bound biotin up to 48 hr of growth. However, at 15 to 16 hr, in media containing an excess of biotin, the lactobacillus assay value for menstruum biotin dropped markedly, whereas the yeast assay showed no change. This suggested that biotin was converted to vitamers not active for
L. arabinosus
. The biotin-converting system appears to have characteristics of an enzyme system, i.e., a temperature optimum at 37 C, a broad
p
H optimum of 4.3 to 6.5, and requirements for Mg and Mn ions. Experiments suggest that increasing hydrogen ion concentration is a major physiological mechanism controlling the formation of this system. The vitamers were separated chromatographically and were found to have

R
F

values of 0.44 and 0.94, and are combinable and uncombinable with avidin, respectively. The physiological role of biotin conversion is discussed in relation to control of cell populations in cultures of
L. arabinosus
.
Distribution of Griseofulvin Taken up by
Microsporum gypseum
: Complexes of the Antibiotic with Cell Constituents
Authors: El-Nakeeb Moustafa A. , Lampen J. O.
Published: January 2020

El-Nakeeb, Moustafa
A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.),
and J. O. Lampen
. Distribution of griseofulvin taken up by
Microsporum gypseum:
complexes of the antibiotic with cell constituents. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1075–1081. 1965.—The griseofulvin-(4-methoxy-H
3
) accumulated by
Microsporum gypseum
was bound to fungal constituents. Mild procedures (hot-water or acetone extraction) removed between 40 and 60% of the total concentration of antibiotic. The remainder was recovered only after treatment with hot trichloroacetic acid followed by hot NaOH. The ratio of griseofulvin-H
3
in the water-soluble pool to that in the nucleic acid (soluble in hot trichloroacetic acid) and protein (soluble in NaOH) fractions was about 2:1:1, respectively. Only small amounts of radioactivity could be detected subsequent to hot-water extraction in the cold trichloroacetic acid extracts and in the cell-wall residues. Essentially all the activity in the soluble pool and in the nucleic acid extracts was chemically unchanged griseofulvin, much of which was present in various complexes, especially after long periods of incubation. One cannot be certain of the original form of all the radioactivity which was extracted in the protein fraction, because some degradation of the antibiotic occurred during the hot NaOH treatment. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of griseofulvin-H
3
was still present, and there had been no significant incorporation of radioactivity into the amino acid residues. It is probable, therefore, that the radioactivity in both protein and nucleic acid fractions represents complexes of the antibiotic with macromolecular components which were formed in vivo by the sensitive organisms.
Automatic Classification of Staphylococci by Principal-Component Analysis and a Gradient Method
Authors: Hill L. R. , Silvestri L. G. , Ihm P. , Farchi G. , Lanciani P.
Published: January 2020

Hill
, L. R. (Università Statale, Milano, Italy), L. G.
Silvestri, P. Ihm, G. Farchi, and P. Lanciani
. Automatic classification of staphylococci by principal-component analysis and a gradient method. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1393–1401. 1965.—Forty-nine strains from the species
Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus, S. lactis, S. afermentans
, and
S. roseus
were submitted to different taxometric analyses; clustering was performed by single linkage, by the unweighted pair group method, and by principal-component analysis followed by a gradient method. Results were substantially the same with all methods. All
S. aureus
clustered together, sharply separated from
S. roseus
and
S. afermentans; S. lactis
and
S. saprophyticus
fell between, with the latter nearer to
S. aureus
. The main purpose of this study was to introduce a new taxometric technique, based on principal-component analysis followed by a gradient method, and to compare it with some other methods in current use. Advantages of the new method are complete automation and therefore greater objectivity, execution of the clustering in a space of reduced dimensions in which different characters have different weights, easy recognition of taxonomically important characters, and opportunity for representing clusters in three-dimensional models; the principal disadvantage is the need for large computer facilities.
Changes in the Nucleotide Pool of
Bacillus licheniformis
During Sporulation
Authors: Leitzmann Claus , Bernlohr Robert W.
Published: January 2020

Leitzmann, Claus
(University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Robert W. Bernlohr
. Changes in the nucleotide pool of
Bacillus licheniformis
during sporulation. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1506–1510. 1965.—An analysis of the amount of acid-soluble nucleotides in
Bacillus licheniformis
cells showed a 75% increase during presporulation over that in log-phase cells. Cultures in which presporulation was inhibited by actinomycin D showed a decrease in acid-soluble nucleotides during the same time interval. A separation and quantitative determination of the nucleotides in the pool revealed that the relative proportion of each nucleotide remained fairly constant during presporulation. The detection of an intracellular ribonuclease activity and a decrease of the total nucleic acid concentration in the cells suggest that the increased pool arises from polymer breakdown. The effect of actinomycin D on sporulation was examined on both a quantitative and a temporal basis. The data indicate that messenger ribonucleic acid is essential for the completion of the sporulation process and must be resynthesized constantly.
Degradation and Utilization of Isolated Hemicellulose by Pure Cultures of Cellulolytic Rumen Bacteria
Authors: Dehority B. A.
Published: January 2020

Dehority
, B. A. (Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster). Degradation and utilization of isolated hemicellulose by pure cultures of cellulolytic rumen bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1515–1520. 1965.—Hemicelluloses isolated from flax, corn hulls, alfalfa, oat hulls, and fescue grass were used as sole energy sources to study the ability of pure cultures of cellulolytic rumen bacteria to degrade and utilize these materials. From a total of eight bacterial strains tested (three strains of
Bacteroides succinogenes
, four strains of
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
, and one strain of
Ruminococcus albus
), only three strains of ruminococci were able to utilize the hemicelluloses for growth. Hemicellulose fermentation mixtures were analyzed for total pentose, residual hemicellulose (pentose precipitated in 80% ethyl alcohol), and ethyl alcohol-soluble pentose. The three strains of ruminococci were able to partially utilize the different hemicelluloses as energy sources, as determined by total pentose loss, and they were capable of almost complete degradation of the original hemicellulose from an ethyl alcohol-insoluble to ethyl alcohol-soluble form. The extent of both degradation and utilization varied markedly between the three strains and different substrates. Tests on the other strains indicated that no growth, production of organic acid end products, or appreciable loss of total pentose had occurred. However, analysis of the culture medium for residual hemicellulose indicated that these strains were able to extensively degrade the original hemicelluloses to an ethyl alcohol-soluble form. Marked differences were observed among strains and hemicelluloses in the amount of hemicellulose degraded. Of the different hemicelluloses, corn-hull hemicellulose was the most resistant to degradation and utilization by the cellulolytic rumen bacteria.
Ultrastructure of
Mycoplasma hominis
Authors: Anderson Douglas R. , Barile Michael F.
Published: January 2020

Anderson, Douglas
R. (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.),
and Michael F. Barile
. Ultrastructure of
Mycoplasma hominis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
180–192. 1965.—Both thin-sectioning and negative staining were used in an electron microscopic study of the morphology of pleuropneumonia-like organism (PPLO) strain HEp-2 (
Mycoplasma hominis
, type I) grown in an artificial liquid medium. The morphology is quite variable and seems to depend, in part, on the age of the culture. The smallest form observed (“elementary body”) is 80 to 100 mμ in diameter. The internal components of the larger PPLO cells (0.5 to 1 μ) are variable—some have ribosomelike granules and nuclear areas of netlike strands, and others have only irregular dense areas in a pale groundplasm. Some of the forms have dense cytoplasmic bodies which look much like elementary bodies. Others have vacuoles which may contain structures which look like smaller organisms. Especially in older cultures, very large (10 μ) vacuolated organisms are seen, probably corresponding to the “large bodies” described by light microscopists. Filamented forms are also seen. These observations suggest several possible modes of reproduction, each perhaps operating under different cultural conditions or at different ages of the culture.
Binding of Ribosomes to Cytoplasmic Reticulum of
Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Schlessinger David , Marchesi Vincent T. , Kwan Benjamin C. K.
Published: January 2020

Schlessinger, David
(Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.),
Vincent T. Marchesi, and Benjamin C. K. Kwan
. Binding of ribosomes to cytoplasmic reticulum of
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
456–466. 1965.—As many as 60% of the cellular ribosomes are bound to membrane “ghosts” in lysozyme lysates in 0.02
m
Mg
2+
. Bound ribosomes labeled with C
14
-uracil do not exchange with added unlabeled ribosomes, even after disruption of the cell membrane by sonic treatment. Electron micrographs of thin sections of ghosts, or of fragments produced by sonic disruption of protoplasts, indicate that the ribosomes are distributed on a reticular matrix which extends throughout the cytoplasm. The binding of ribosomes to this matrix is insensitive to ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease, and has many other features in common with the binding of ribonucleoprotein to the membranous elements of the mammalian microsomal fraction, though the reticulum does not appear to be membranous. Thus, functioning ribosomes may be bound to a cytoplasmic structure in all cell types.
Phage Growth and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis inEscherichia coliInfected by a Thymine-Requiring Bacteriophage
Authors: Mathews Christopher K.
Published: January 2020

Mathews, ChristopherK. (Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Phage growth and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis inEscherichia coliinfected by a thymine-requiring bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol.90:648–652. 1965.—Cultures ofEscherichia coliB infected with a mutant strain of phage T4 which cannot induce the formation of thymidylate synthetase produce deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at about two-thirds the rate of cultures infected with the parent strain. Under certain conditions the yield of viable phage observed with the mutant is one-third of that brought about by the wild-type strain. Addition of thymine increases both DNA synthesis and phage production in cells infected by the mutant. It is suggested that the ability to induce thymidylate synthetase formation in infected cells confers a selective advantage on the wild-type strain.
Influence of SV40 Genome on the Replication of an Adenovirus-SV40 “Hybrid” Population
Authors: Feldman L. A. , Melnick J. L. , Rapp F.
Published: January 2020

Feldman
, L. A. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), J. L.
Melnick, and F. Rapp
. Influence of SV40 genome on the replication of an adenovirus-SV40 “hybrid” population. J. Bacteriol.
90:
778–782. 1965.—Replication of a type 7 adenovirus-SV40 hybrid population in primary African green monkey kidney cells was accompanied by the formation of SV40 tumor antigen, adenovirus antigens, and cytopathic changes characteristic of adenovirus infection. Prior infection of the cultures with SV40 stimulated replication of nonintegrated adenovirus 7 but did not enhance the replication of the hybrid virus. These results suggest that the population of the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid studied contains many particles carrying SV40 information. Replication of SV40 virus was not enhanced by co-infection with nonintegrated adenovirus 7 or with the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid. Cytosine arabinoside strongly inhibited replication of the adenovirus-SV40 hybrid population in African green monkey kidney cells. Enhanced replication of nonintegrated adenovirus 7 by SV40 was blocked by cytosine arabinoside; this block could be reversed by 2-deoxycytidine or deoxycytidine triphosphate.
Biological Properties of Streptococcal Cell-Wall Particles II. Purification by Density Gradient Column Electrophoresis
Authors: Schwab John H.
Published: January 2020

Schwab, John
H. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Biological properties of streptococcal cell-wall particles. II. Purification by density gradient column electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1412–1419. 1965.—Sucrose gradient column electrophoresis was utilized as a preparative method to purify streptococcal cell-wall fragments. Enzyme-treated cell-wall preparations could be resolved into two major fractions. All of the cell-wall material was in the fraction of slower electrophoretic mobility. The latent time between injection and appearance of nodular lesions in rabbit skin was significantly shorter with this fraction, compared with crude material. In addition, the incidence of relapses of the nodular lesion was reduced with this purified preparation. Addition of the faster electrophoretic fraction back to the slower cell wall-containing fraction prolonged the latent time between injection and appearance of nodules, and increased the incidence of relapses. The latent time was directly proportional to the ratio of the two fractions. Antigens of the electrophoretic fast fraction were distinct from the C polysaccharide and mucopeptide antigens of the cell wall.
Multiple Septation in Variants of
Bacillus cereus
Authors: Remsen C. C. , Lundgren D. G.
Published: January 2020

Remsen
, C. C. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.),
and D. G. Lundgren
. Multiple septation in variants of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1426–1431. 1965.—Abnormal nonsporulating cells observed in cultures containing predominantly endospores were examined in an electron microscope. One or more septa were seen which consisted of cell-wall material between two unit membranes. Numerous membrane swirls were often seen associated with the septa. Some of the reported structural features of the variant cells were similar to those published for
Bacillus cereus
var.
alesti
and
B. subtilis
; however, the majority of the cells observed in this work were multiseptated.
Identification of a New Enterotoxin as Enterotoxin C
Authors: Bergdoll Merlin S. , Borja Concordia R. , Avena Remedios M.
Published: January 2020

Bergdoll, Merlin
S. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Concordia R. Borja, and Remedios M. Avena
. Identification of a new enterotoxin as enterotoxin C. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1481–1485. 1965.—Identification of a new enterotoxin was accomplished by purification of the enterotoxins produced by staphylococcal strains 137 and 361 and by the preparation of specific antitoxin to the enterotoxin. Toxicity of the preparations was determined in rhesus monkeys, and specificity of the enterotoxin-antitoxin reaction was determined in gel-diffusion plates. The enterotoxin has been designated enterotoxin C, and staphylococcal strain 137 (ATCC 19095) was selected as the prototype strain.
Use of Secondary Data in Numerical Taxonomy of the Genus
Erwinia
Authors: Lockhart W. R. , Koenig Karen
Published: January 2020

Lockhart
, W. R. (Iowa State University, Ames),
and Karen Koenig
. Use of secondary data in numerical taxonomy of the genus
Erwinia
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1638–1644. 1965.—Numerical methods were used to study 34 bacterial cultures, including several species of
Erwinia
and selected representatives of other genera of the Enterobacteriaceae. Separate computations were made by use of varying amounts of secondary data (i.e., information regarding descriptive or quantitative characters applicable only to organisms yielding a positive result in another primary character). Substantially the same groupings of the test organisms were obtained in all computations, but definition of groups seemed to be more precise when secondary data were included. The results confirm proposals by other workers that
E. carotovora, E. aroideae, E. atroseptica
, and
E. ananas
be placed in a single species, separate from
E. amylovora
. Limited evidence suggests that
E. nimipressuralis
and
E. chrysanthemi
may be distinct species, and that some strains of
E. amylovora
are not very similar either to one another or to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
Pigment Production from Tryptophan by an
Achromobacter
Species
Authors: Duerre John A. , Buckley Patrick J.
Published: January 2020

Duerre, John
A. (University of North Dakota, Grand Forks),
and Patrick J. Buckley
. Pigment production from tryptophan by an
Achromobacter
species. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1686–1691. 1965.—A microorganism was isolated from the soil near the University of North Dakota. Biochemical and morphological characteristics indicated that this organism would best be classified as a member of the family Achromobacteraceae, genus
Achromobacter
, species unknown. The organism produced a red pigment when grown in a medium containing yeast extract and tryptophan. The
p
H optimum for pigment production was about 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 25 C. During a study of the nutritional requirements for growth and pigment production, it was found that the organism would grow and produce pigment in a medium containing tryptophan and nucleosides, but the rate of both growth and pigment formation in this medium was slower than that observed with tryptophan and yeast extract. The organism grew well in the presence of acid-hydrolyzed casein and nucleosides without producing pigment, indicating that the pigment is not necessary for growth. Resting-cell experiments definitely established tryptophan as the sole exogenous requirement for pigment production. The pigment was extracted from yeast extract-tryptophan medium with chloroform. Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the crude pigment extracted from this medium revealed the presence of two other pigments in addition to the major red pigment. One of these was a highly fluorescent orange pigment and the other a pink pigment. Only the red pigment was produced by resting cells in the presence of tryptophan alone. This pigment served as an electron acceptor when coupled with formic dehydrogenase, indicating its possible function as an oxidation-reduction pigment. The oxidized pigment had absorption peaks at 506 and 304 mμ. The peak at 506 mμ disappeared upon reduction with sodium sulfite. Shaking the reduced pigment in air proved to be an unsatisfactory method for returning the reduced pigment to the oxidized, colored state.
Adenovirus Antibody Measured by the Passive Hemagglutination Test
Authors: Lefkowitz Stanley S. , Williams Julia A. , Howard Bernard E. , Sigel M. Michael
Published: January 2020

Lefkowitz, Stanley
S. (Variety Children's Research Foundation, Miami, Fla.),
Julia A. Williams, Bernard E. Howard, and M. Michael Sigel
. Adenovirus antibody measured by the passive hemagglutination test. J. Bacteriol.
91:
205–212. 1966.—Rabbits immunized intravenously with adenovirus type 5 antigen were tested for antibody titers by use of the passive hemagglutination test (PHA). Primary and secondary responses were studied, and the class of antibody was determined by means of density gradient centrifugation and reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME). It was found that the PHA was 10 to 100 times more sensitive than complement-fixation and neutralization tests for the detection of antibodies to adenovirus. The immunological response to primary immunization was dependent on the dose of antigen, with antibody appearing in as early as 3 days. After secondary stimulation with the same antigen, there was a rapid response which appeared to be less dose-dependent. It was found that a heavy 19
S
antibody sensitive to ME was produced early and was followed by a lighter, presumably 7
S
, ME-resistant antibody. Upon secondary stimulation, both 7
S
and 19
S
antibody increased to levels greater than those of the primary injection.
Intracellular Production of
Brucella
L Forms I. Recovery of L Forms from Tissue Culture Cells Infected with
Brucella abortus
Authors: Hatten Betty A. , Sulkin S. Edward
Published: January 2020

Hatten, Betty
A. (The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas),
and S. Edward Sulkin
. Intracellular production of
Brucella
L forms. I. Recovery of L forms from tissue culture cells infected with
Brucella abortus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
285–296. 1966.—Infectivity of virulent
Brucella abortus
strain 3183 was less for hamster macrophages after a 2-hr adsorption period than for an attenuated strain (S19) and its tissue culture variant (30). Both strains S19 and 30 were very toxic for the cells, but 3183 was not toxic. Two types of L forms were recovered from a large percentage of hamster kidney cell cultures when disintegration of infected cells was accelerated by tissue culture medium of high
p
H. One type grew in finely granular microcolonies, was isolated from cells infected for short periods of time, and often reverted to the bacterial form. The other type occurred in small irregularly shaped forms which later developed into round bodies. Both stained specifically with fluorescein-conjugated
B. abortus
antiserum. Semisolid media containing 0.7% agar provided optimal subsurface L-form growth. L forms also grew well in Thioglycollate Medium but grew poorly in other liquid media. Surface L-form growth was supported by several agar media, but CO
2
was required for optimal growth. Monolayers infected with strain 3183 and examined immediately after adsorption contained occasional small, round bodies. Bizarre forms increased in number with time and, after 24 to 72 hr, large pink-staining inclusions were often present which persisted for several days. Also appearing at about the same time were smaller, dark-staining forms which were first seen in clusters but later dispersed and finally occurred in chainlike configurations. Direct fluorescent-antibody stains of infected cells established that the intracellular forms were related to the infecting strain of
B. abortus
.
Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomes of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Saunders Grady F. , Campbell L. Leon
Published: January 2020

Saunders, Grady
F. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and L. Leon Campbell
. Ribonucleic acid and ribosomes of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
332–339. 1966.—The ability of some thermophilic bacteria to grow at temperatures as high as 76 C emphasizes the remarkable thermal stability of their crucial macromolecules. An investigation of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomes of
Bacillus stearothermophilus
was conducted. Washed log-phase cells were disrupted either by sonic treatment or by alumina grinding in 10
−2
m
MgCl
2
–10
−2
m
tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer,
p
H 7.4 (TM buffer). Ultracentrifugal analysis revealed peaks at 72.5
S
, 101
S
, and 135
S
, with the 101
S
peak being the most prominent. By lowering the Mg
++
concentration to 10
−3
m
, the ribosome preparation was dissociated to give 40
S
, 31
S
, and 54
S
peaks. These in turn were reassociated in the presence of 10
−2
m
Mg
++
to give the larger 73
S
and 135
S
particles. When heated in TM buffer,
Escherichia coli
ribosomes began a gradual dissociation at 58 C, and at 70 C underwent a large hyperchromic shift with a
T
m
at 72.8 C. In contrast,
B. stearothermophilus
ribosomes did not show a hyperchromic shift below 70 C; they had a
T
m
of 77.9 C. The thermal denaturation curves of the 4
S
, 16
S
, and 23
S
RNA from both organisms were virtually identical. The gross amino acid composition of
B. stearothermophilus
ribosomes showed no marked differences from that reported for
E. coli
ribosomes. These data suggest that the unusual thermal stability of
B. stearothermophilus
ribosomes may reflect either an unusual packing arrangement of the protein to the RNA or differences in the primary structure of the ribosomal proteins.
Some Singular Properties of Bacterial Flagella, with Special Reference to Monotrichous Forms
Authors: Roberts F. F. , Doetsch R. N.
Published: January 2020

Roberts
, F. F.,
Jr
. (University of Maryland, College Park),
and R. N. Doetsch
. Some singular properties of bacterial flagella, with special reference to monotrichous forms. J. Bacteriol.
91:
414–421. 1966.—Heat (60 C for 30 min), 10
m
acetamide, and 8
m
urea all brought about rapid and complete dissolution of flagella from monotrichous bacteria; hence, these flagella respond similarly to those of peritrichous forms. Chloramphenicol (10
3
μg/ml) inhibited regeneration of flagella in all peritrichously flagellated cultures; however, monotrichous forms were able to regenerate their flagella in a concentration 10
2
times that required to inhibit multiplication. Peritrichous bacteria did not synthesize flagella when infected by lytic bacteriophages. In these experiments, the time from infection to lysis was sufficient for uninfected controls to resynthesize their flagella. Monotrichous bacteria, however, in all but one instance, were able to resynthesize their flagella before lysis occurred. A study of flagella resynthesis in a non-nutritive milieu indicated that only a small amount of flagellum precursor is present in any given cell. The effect of temperature on synthesis of flagella indicated that, although some bacteria multiply and are motile at a given temperature, they are unable to resynthesize their flagella at that same temperature. This strongly suggests that initial flagellum synthesis and flagellum regeneration are not necessarily identical processes.
Detoxification and Immunogenic Properties of Endotoxin-Containing Precipitate of
Brucella abortus
Authors: Badakhsh Fred F. , Foster John W.
Published: January 2020

Badakhsh, Fred
F. (University of Georgia, Athens),
and John W. Foster
. Detoxification and immunogenic properties of endotoxin-containing precipitate of
Brucella abortus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
494–498. 1966.—Endotoxin-containing precipitates (ECP) were prepared from
Brucella abortus
strain 19A by aqueous ether extraction followed by ethyl alcohol precipitation. Lysozyme was the most effective of several enzymes tried for detoxification of endotoxin present in the precipitate. Trypsin was shown to reduce mouse lethal toxicity but not rabbit dermal toxicity. Immunological studies of ECP and enzyme-treated ECP demonstrated that lysozyme did not harm the immunogenic property of ECP, whereas heat, ribonuclease, lipase, and proteolytic enzymes had an adverse effect. Serological reactivity of ECP was increased after lysozyme treatment, whereas ribonuclease reduced serological activity.
Influence of Glutamic Acid on the Endogenous Respiration of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Clifton C. E. , Cherry John
Published: January 2020

Clifton
, C. E. (Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.),
and John Cherry
. Influence of glutamic acid on the endogenous respiration of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
546–550. 1966.—Amino acids serve as the major initial endogenous substrate for
Bacillus subtilis
. The endogenous activity of freshly harvested washed cells is high and falls off rapidly with time of shaking at 30 C to lower but still significant levels. The rate of O
2
consumption after the addition of glutamic acid also decreases as the cells age, but more slowly than noted for endogenous respiration. When cells were fed glutamate as soon as possible after harvesting, an apparent stimulation of endogenous respiration was noted. However, endogenous activity was inhibited if the cell suspensions were shaken for at least 1 hr before addition of the glutamate. Similar results were obtained with glycerol or glucose as exogenous substrates. Variation in rates of respiration with age of the cells, inherent instability of
B. subtilis
, and possible utilization of substances initially excreted by the cells appear to account for the variations noted regarding the influence of an exogenous substrate on endogenous respiration.
Chemical Degradation of Dipicolinic Acid-
C
14
and Its Application in Biosynthesis by
Penicillium citreo-viride
Authors: Kanie Matsuo , Fujimoto Shigeo , Foster J. W.
Published: January 2020

Kanie, Matuso
(Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan),
Shigeo Fujimoto, and J. W. Foster
. Chemical degradation of dipicolinic acid-
C
14
and its application to biosynthesis by
Penicillium citreo-viride
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
570–577. 1966.—A chemical degradation of dipicolinic acid-
C
14
has been worked out, enabling determination of the specific radioactivity of the carboxyl-carbons (carbons-7 and -8), and of the following carbons of the pyridine ring: carbons-2 and -6 combined, carbons-3 and -5 combined, and carbon-4. The degradation was applied to dipicolinic acid synthesized by washed, submerged mycelium of the mold from glucose and C
14
O
2
, and from glucose-
1-C
14
, -
2-C
14
, and -
6-C
14
. The distribution of radioactivity within the labeled dipicolinic acids is consistent with operation of respiratory cycles and with the incorporation of one molecule of CO
2
in the pyridine acid. A C
3
compound is a primary building block. The C
7
chain is believed to result from a C
3
plus C
4
condensation, pyruvic acid and aspartic acid β-semialdehyde being proposed as likely precursors. Other aspects of the biosynthesis of C
7
open-chain compounds and of dipicolinic acid are discussed.
Detection and Isolation of New Glycosides in Culture Broths of
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Authors: Elbein A. D. , Holowczak J. A. , Koffler Henry , Garner H. R.
Published: January 2020

Elbein
, A. D. (Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.) J. A.
Holowczak, Henry Koffler, and H. R. Garner
. Detection and ìsolation of new glycosides in culture broths of
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
604–608. 1966.—Four new compounds not previously reported have been isolated and purified from the culture broths of
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
. The data presented suggest that these compounds may be structurally related to hygromycin A, having similar aglycons but differing in their sugar moieties. Two of the compounds apparently contain
d
-glucose or
l
-fucose as their sugar components. The others, like hygromycin A, form crystalline 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, and may contain unusual keto sugars.
Pathway-Specific Pattern of Control of Arginine Biosynthesis in Bacteria
Authors: Udaka Shigezo
Published: January 2020

Udaka, Shigezo
(The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Komagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan). Pathway-specific pattern of control of arginine biosynthesis in bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
91:
617–621. 1966.—To compare control mechanisms of arginine biosynthesis in various bacteria, activities of several enzymes of the arginine pathway were measured in cells cultivated under repressed and partially derepressed conditions. Nineteen strains of bacteria tested appeared to have two types of pathways, closely related to each other. The partially derepressed levels of enzymes varied from bacterium to bacterium. The degree of inhibition of enzyme 2 (the second of eight enzymes concerned with arginine biosynthesis) and the repressibility of enzymes by arginine also appeared to vary from species to species. On the other hand, enzyme 2 was found to be the site of end-product inhibition only in the bacteria having a particular pathway. These results suggest that the bacteria have their own species-specific control mechanisms and that there is a pathway-specific pattern of control in arginine biosynthesis. The implications of the results are discussed from the viewpoint of evolution of control mechanisms.
Further Evidence Concerning the Configuration of Transforming Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Entry into
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Strauss Norman
Published: January 2020

Strauss, Norman
(State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.). Further evidence concerning the configuration of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid during entry into
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol
91:
702–708. 1966.—The appearance of linked, unselected traits with selected markers was followed as a function of time after the exposure of competent cells to transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was found that the per cent cotransfer of a linked, unselected trait with a single selected trait increased sharply soon after the lag period characterizing the appearance of the selected trait. Similar results were obtained when cotransfer of a linked unselected trait with a pair of selected traits was examined. The results are taken as an unequivocal demonstration that the entry of transforming DNA into competent
Bacillus subtilis
occurs in longitudinal fashion. The nature of the linkage between

try
2

and

his
9

was characterized. It was found that, although these two traits had been found to be unlinked on the basis of recombination tests, the saturation curves showed these two traits to be present on the same fragment of DNA.
Rotavirus Reprograms Multiple Interferon Receptors and Restricts Their Intestinal Antiviral and Inflammatory Functions
Authors: Sen Adrish , Namsa Nima D. , Feng Ningguo , Greenberg Harry B.
Published: January 2020

Rotavirus is a highly infectious pathogen that causes severe diarrhea. Replication of RV in the small intestine is restricted to homologous host species, and host range restriction is substantially determined by the interferon response. In this study, we demonstrate that during infection, RV bystander cells resist exogenous IFN-mediated STAT1 signaling and transcription. In a suckling mouse model, ectopically stimulating different intestinal interferon receptors during RV infection eliminates several innate and inflammatory antiviral responses. Different intestinal inflammatory cytokines were also suppressed by homologous RV, as was intestinal damage in response to endotoxin. The ability of RV to suppress IFN-mediated receptors likely impacts intestinal cell homeostasis, as the cleavage of multiple intestinal caspases during RV infection is mediated by the IFN-STAT1 signaling pathway. Together, our results provide a mechanism underlying both the remarkable interferon resistance of homologous RV and its ability to prevent substantial inflammatory damage to the small bowel.