bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting white clover persistence in New Zealand pastures
Authors: Woodfield D.R. , Caradus J.R.
Published: July 2020

Better persistence and reliability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) is critical in achieving a more competitive New Zealand farming industry. To persist, white clover must establish well and withstand the accumulated stresses of competition from associated grasses, grazing, variable soil fertility, drought, plus pest and disease pressure. These factors vary markedly with environment and farming system, making the choice of appropriate grazing management, plant nutrition, companion species and cultivar difficult. White clover is particularly vulnerable to mismanagement and environmental stresses during spring when plant size is at its smallest. This vulnerability is further compounded by the current trend in dairying to apply high rates of nitrogen (N) which favours grass growth more than clover growth. A faster grazing rotation and/or higher stocking rates can offset the adverse effects of N on white clover by utilising the additional grass produced and reducing competition for light. Irrespective of N inputs, frequent defoliation during spring favours white clover persistence by increasing grass tiller density, resulting in better ground cover and in lower soil surface temperatures in summer. There is a threshold above which the density of associated grass suppresses clover growth. This is most prevalent in swards containing browntop, cocksfoot and kikuyu, which are more competitive against white clover than tall fescue, timothy and perennial ryegrass. Plant breeding efforts to improve persistence concentrate on increasing the rate of stolon formation and decreasing the rate of stolon death. These efforts include selecting genotypes that have better spread and persistence in association with different grasses, and genotypes that continue to grow with lower inputs of phosphate. Changes in root morphology have enhanced persistence under moderate drought stress, while significant improvements in resistance to clover cyst nematode, root-knot nematode and clover flea offer real hope in reducing the impact of these pests. Developing cultivars with higher stolon growing point densities at a particular leaf size should improve persistence while maintaining the greater yield potential. Keywords: climatic stresses, competition, diseases, grazing management, pests, plant breeding, plant nutrition, Trifolium repens L.
Progress towards clover cyst nematode resistant white clover
Authors: Van den Bosch J. , Mercer C.F.
Published: July 2020

Clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) reduces growth and nutrient uptake of white clover (Trifolium repens) in New Zealand, and breeding resistant cultivars is the preferred control method for ecological and economic reasons. Resistant and susceptible selections were taken from a wide range of white clover seedlines. Selected plants were intercrossed and reselected over two cycles of selection. Cysts per gram of root dry weight (cysts/ g) was the measure of resistance used, with low cysts/g plants being more resistant. The mean cysts/ g value of the progenies from resistant parents was 69% of the mean value of the progenies from susceptible parents in the first generation, and 38% in the second generation. Root weights were similar, while the resistant selections had 58% and 34% (first and second generations respectively) of the number of cysts in the susceptible selections. There were no immune plants (0 cysts) in the first generation and only two in the second. Counts were made of cysts, eggs per cyst and eggs per plant on clones of two resistant and two susceptible genotypes. The resistant genotypes had lower counts than the susceptible genotypes in terms of cysts per plant (means of 6 cf. 108), eggs per cyst (11 cf. 21) and eggs per plant (35 cf. 1650). The differences in numbers of cysts between resistant and susceptible lines increased during two generations of selection, supporting earlier results that indicated that progress in breeding for resistance was possible. Furthermore, the resistance is also acting on clover cyst nematode egg production which would further reduce recruitment to later generations of clover cyst nematode. Keywords: breeding, Heterodera trifolii, resistance, screening, selection, Trifolium repens
Red clover: milk production and growth rate responses
Authors: Keogh R.G. , Thomson D.
Published: July 2020

Grasslands Pawera, a late flowering tetraploid red clover cultivar, has transformed what was previously low fertility pastures dominated by browntop and annual grasses with low summer productivity, into legume-dominant pastures over the summer to mid-autumn period on a Bay of Plenty dairy farm. Neither N nor supplements were used on this farm. The red clover was introduced into the pastures by (1) feeding out red clover hay; and (2) grazing red clover pastures after seed set. Milk production (kg milk solids /ha) for the 1995/96 season, compared to the zone average, was: * 24% higher for the full season * 30% higher in the November to April period when pastures were red clover-dominant * 35% higher in the December to February (summer) period. Trials were carried out in the Manawatu in which milk production of Romney ewes, and growth rates of suckling and weaned lambs, were monitored weekly over periods ranging from 10 to 12 weeks. Treatments comprised either red clover or ryegrass- white clover pastures. Compared with ryegrass-white clover * ewes grazing red clover produced 24% more milk * suckling lambs on red clover had 20% higher rates of growth * weaned lambs on red clover had 24% higher rates of growth It is concluded that red clover has the potential to increase milk production and growth rates over what is achievable on ryegrass-white clover pastures. Keywords: dairy cattle, ewes, milk yield, Trifolium pratense
Ostrich - A diversification option for east coast farms?
Authors: Brown C.D.A. , Thompson K.F.
Published: July 2020

Ostrich are currently being promoted as an alternative to sheep, cattle and deer. Although current bird prices are not sustainable, New Zealand and overseas experience to date suggest ostrich can be farmed successfully and profitability long term. Climate and terrain of the east coast of New Zealand suit ostrich physical requirements. It has been suggested that production systems will develop in which grazed herbage will provide 60% or more of the nutritional requirements. The ability to graze low-cost herbage combined with a reproduction rate of about 25 progeny per hen per year indicate that ostrich production systems may be three times more efficient than beef or deer at turning feed into lean meat. The low fat and low cholesterol meat is likely to be the primary product and is already being sold in international markets. There is also a market for the leather, feathers and oil by-products. Keywords: diversification, east coast, farming systems, meat, ostrich
The Hakataramea Valley: 10 years of experimenting with pasture species
Authors: Hanning K.
Published: July 2020

The Hakataramea Valley is located north of Kurow midway between the east coast and the Mackenzie Basin. It is bounded on the east by the Hunter Hills and the west by the Kirkliston Range, which rises to 1800 metres. The catchment is 56 km long with an average width of 21 km, and drains 800 km2. Almost half the area is in terraces and fans, 20% hills and 30% high country. the dry eastern parts of the valley have less than 500 mm of rain, but rainfall increases rapidly with altitude to about 1000 mm on the mountains in the west. Summers are normally hot and dry with about 80 days of moisture deficit. Winters can be long with heavy frosts. Because of these great variations in climate and topography every farm has its own possibilities and problems. Moa hunters were the first inhabitants of the area. European settlement saw the valley split into a few large runs. Subdivision followed and there are now 55 properties with an average size of around 600 ha. Cropping was widespread on some of the rich farms on the lower west side but sheep, followed by cattle, are now the major source of farmers' income. The exceptions are the two or three cropping-grain and grass seed and/ or two large-scale deer properties.
Issues and options in high country farming 1. Genesis of present situation
Authors: O'Connor K.F. , Scott D.
Published: July 2020

The symposium acknowledges the significance of the South Island high country and its pastoral use. Interest is focused throughout the symposium on pastoral practices, even though both the origins and the solutions to the present situation are much wider in scope. The first paper itself outlines physical, ecological, economic, technological and cultural influences at work over history and prehistory to give rise to the present situation. It notes the role of market forces, not just affecting wool prices in the traditional pastoral industry and in its renaissance in recent decades, but also affecting the demand for land for other uses and purposes. It describes role of myths and icons in the shaping of past and contemporary high country issues. Keywords: high country, history, icons, land use, market forces, myths, pre-history
'Endura' caucasian clover: progress towards commercial seed production
Authors: Guy B.R.
Published: July 2020

A series of seed production trials was established at Kimihia Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury to investigate row spacing sowing date and sowing rate requirements for Endura, the hexaploid cultivar of caucasian clover. In 1991 a trial with 30 cm or 45 cm row spacings with a sowing rate of 8 kg/ha coated inoculated seed was used. Although there were no significant differences in the first year (101 kg/ha cf. 111 kg/ha), the 45 cm row spacing yielded significantly higher than the 30 cm row spacing, in the second year (709 kg/ha cf. 371 kg/ha). Wider rows produced more flowers per unit area - 448 m-2 for 45 cm compared with 288 for 30 cm. In 1992 a sowing rate trial was established using 2 kg or 6 kg/ha of coated and inoculated seed in 45 cm row spacings. The lower sowing rate treatment of 2 kg/ha produced a significantly higher seed yield, of 208 kg/ha. The effect of sowing date (December, January, February) on seed yields was investigated. All sowing date treatments were sown at 6 kg/ha in 45 cm rows. The highest seed yield of 126 kg/ha was from January sowing. Weed seed content in the field-dressed samples harvested was associated with sowing date and decreased with each progressive sowing. The results indicate a strong negative correlation between plant density and seed yield. With early sowing, weed control is vitally important for successful seed production. Keywords: row spacing, seed yield, sowing date, sowing rate, Trifolium ambiguum
North Otago soils: physical properties and nutrient requirements for economic production
Authors: Morton J.D. , Roberts A.H.C. , Edmeades D.C. , Manning M.J.
Published: July 2020

North Otago soils are all of sedimentary origin but range in topography from flat alluvial and terrace soils to hill soils. Most of the farmed soils are yellow-grey earths on the rolling downlands or plains. Yellow-grey earths on the downlands have dense subsoils that limit water movement during wet winters and rooting depth during dry summers. Plains soils have shallow depths to gravels limiting water holding capacity and making irrigation necessary for intensive pastoral production. The relationships between soil nutrient levels and pasture production has been shown to be of the diminishing returns type. Soil nutrient levels for near maximum pasture production on North Otago soils are Olsen P 20-25, sulphate-S 10-12, organic-S 15-20 and quick test K 5-8. At high stocking rates profitable responses in pasture and animal production can still be gained at higher Olsen P levels. The decision support nutrient model (OUTLOOKTM) has been developed to help farmers apply fertiliser at optimum rates for economic production. Keywords: economic production, North Otago, phosphorus, potassium, sedimentary soils, sulphur, yellow-grey earths
Financial viability - a long-term view
Authors: Brown C.
Published: July 2020

Farm profitability is under pressure, with depressed product prices and a rising exchange rate combining to reduce farmer incomes. While exchange rate movements do affect short-term profitability, longterm trends have a much greater effect upon farm profits. While commodity prices are cyclical, over time they fail to keep up with inflation. An analysis of international commodity prices from 1949 to the present day demonstrates a reduction in real terms for all agricultural commodities. An analysis of prices received by New Zealand farmers since the 1950s shows a similar trend. The efficiency of sheep production, measured as lambing percentage and wool weights, has not demonstrated the improvements achieved by other sectors. Milkfat production per cow has doubled over the past 80 years, broiler chicken feed conversion efficiency has doubled over the past 20 years, wheat yields are two and a half times greater now than 70 years -ago, while lambing.percentage and wool weights hXVc not-significantly-improved-since-I-950.Sheep. and beef farms maintained profitability by increasing stocking rate and stock numbers per labour unit, and diversifying .into more profitable stock, such as deer. The pressures facing farmers in the mid 1990s are being faced by other farmers elsewhere in the world, and have existed since intensive farming began in New Zealand. To farm profitability today, as in the past, farmers need to continue to capitalise on technology, and modify farm outputs to match market demand, at a greater rate than?%tip~titEK -~~ - Keywords: agricultural profitability, agricultural production, commodity prices, New Zealand
Effect of pasture species on internal parasites of lambs
Authors: Knight T.L. , Moss R.A. , Fraser T.J. , Rowarth J.S. , Burton R.N.
Published: July 2020

Increasing resistance of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites to anthelmintics and consumer resistance to the possibility of residues in animal products have prompted research on the effect of pasture species on nematodes and animal performance. Lambs (either infected with high rates of gastrointestinal nematodes or maintained nematode-free) were grazed on pure swards of chicory, high- or low-endophyte ryegrass, cocksfoot, tall fescue, lucerne, lotus, white clover or plantain. Infected lambs that grazed chicory had lower faecal egg counts and adult nematode populations, and higher carcass weights, than lambs grazed on plantain or the grass species; lambs that grazed legumes generally had intermediate counts, populations and weights. When kept parasite-free, carcass weights were up to 48% greater than in the nematodeinfected treatments. On farmlets run over 3 years, substituting 30% of the ryegrass area with lucerne or replacing the ryegrass with a multi-species mix consisting predominantly of bromes, tall fescue, phalaris, timothy and red and white clover, had no effect on gastrointestinal nematode larvae, lamb faecal worm egg or adult nematode numbers. It is concluded that a diet of pure chicory affects internal parasite populations but the small proportion included in the farmlet studies had no effect. Keywords: Cichorium intybus, Dactylis glomerota, Festuca arundinacea, gastro-intestinal nematodes, lambs, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Medicago sativa, pasture species, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens
Growth and persistence of perennial ryegrass lines with different tolerances to "pulling" during grazing
Authors: Thom E.R. , Van Vught V.T. , Mccabe R.J.
Published: July 2020

The effects of ryegrass genotype, nitrogen (N) fertiliser and soil type on the level of plant losses by "pulling" during grazings were studied over 2 years. Plots of high-endophyte pipeline perennial ryegrass lines, coded A1 and A3, were established on the Dairying Research Corporation No. 2 Dairy in May 1994. Three plots of each line were sown on a Te Kowhai silt loam and three on a Te Rapa peaty silt loam soil. Half the area of each plot received nitrogen fertiliser (30 kg N/ha) after grazings from September 1995 to February 1996. Line A1 pulled more than did A3. Pulling was worse on the peat than on the silt loam, and was highest during summer-autumn 1994-95, which included a prolonged dry spell. N fertiliser increased post-flowering tillering, especially for A1. A1 had a higher leaf shear strength (6.21 vs 5.91 kg, SED = 0.087) and a wider leaf (3.40 vs 3.22 mm, SED = 0.054) than A3. It is argued that these morphological differences were important contributors to the observed pulling differences. Since A1 outyielded A3, we consider that plant losses owing to pulling did not constitute a serious loss of herbage dry matter. Keywords: dairying, leaf morphology, leaf shear strength, Lolium perenne, nitrogen fertiliser, persistence, pulling losses, tiller dynamics, tillering
Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) - a potential pasture species
Authors: Stewart A.V.
Published: July 2020

Plantago lanceolata L. is a herb species with a broad distribution in grasslands throughout the temperate world. The leaf is highly palatable to grazing animals, providing a mineral- rich forage. The species is rapid to establish, grows on a wide range of agricultural soils and is tolerant of drought and of many common diseases and pests. Two productive upright cultivars of plantain have been bred, Grasslands Lancelot and the more erect winter active Ceres Tonic. Plantain contains a range of biologically active compounds, often in large quantities. The antimicrobial compounds present can inhibit rumen fermentation and change the volatile fatty acid composition of the rumen. These changes have potential to affect bloat, animal performance and milk composition. The performance of animals grazing plantain has varied from excellent in mixed pastures to poor on nitrogen-fertilised pure swards. Animals grazing plantain have been observed to have a reduced incidence of scouring and dags in some trials, but despite a mild anthelmintic effect detected in the laboratory, field trials have failed to detect any significant reduction in worm burdens. The most likely use of plantain on farms is as a component of mixed pasture swards. Its contribution is likely to be greatest where grass growth is less vigorous and where there are gaps in the sward. These conditions are likely to be found in low fertility dryland pastures. It is unlikely to be the dominant species and could be expected to contribute less than 20% of the sward, except where the grass or legume growth is poor. Keywords: perennial forage herbs, Plantago lanceolata, plantain
Management of browse plants as drought fodder for sheep: a preliminary study
Authors: Oppong S. , Kemp P.D. , Douglas G.B. , Bulloch B.T.
Published: July 2020

Two experiments were designed to provide practical guidelines to improve the effective use of browse plants as ruminant feed, especially during dry summers. The effects of planting stock and cutting management on forage yield and quality of Tangoio hybrid willow (Salix matsudana x alba), Kinuyanagi willow (Salix kinuyanagi) and erect dorycnium (Dorycnium rectum), a small leguminous shrub, were determined over one summer from 1- and 3-year-old trees. Experiment 1 was arranged as a 2×2 factorial with 2 species and 2 planting stock in 5 randomised complete blocks. Experiment 2 was also arranged as a split plot design with cutting heights allocated to main plots and species × frequency to sub-plots in 3 randomised complete blocks. At the hill country site (Ballantrae), the yields of Tangoio (66 g DM/tree) and Kinuyanagi (27 g DM/tree) were low, owing probably to the low soil nutrient status and the harsh climatic conditions. Poor regrowth after the summer harvest at Ballantrae suggested that willows can be utilised only once during the growing season in such environments. At the lowland site (Aokautere), Tangoio was higher yielding (P
Genetic variation for seed yield in Caucasian clover
Authors: Widdup K.H. , Knight T.L. , Hunt L.M.
Published: July 2020

Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.Bieb) representing a range of 2x (diploid), 4x (tetraploid) and 6x (hexaploid) material together with ecotypes from the Caucasus region were established in a trial at Lincoln, Canterbury (43"38'S) in October 1993. Measurements were made from individual plants during summer 1994-95. The diploids were earliest to flower followed by the tetraploids and finally the hexaploids, which reached peak flowering in mid December. The hexaploids produced the most florets per inflorescence (115, 101, 96 from 6x, 4x, 2x respectively), the most inflorescences per plant (162, 101, 129 from 6x, 4x, 2x) and the highest seed yield(g) per plant (26, 9, 11 from 6x, 4x, 2x). There was large variation for all the seed production components within the three ploidy levels. For example, the hexaploid cultivar Endura consisted of plants that varied from 25-510 inflorescences per plant. The seed yield components of plants were associated with active spring growth. There was evidence of wide spreading plants producing lower numbers of -inflorescences-per-m2-andseed-yield-per-unit-area; The hexaploid material produced the greatest potential seed yields (1330,685, 1000 kg/ha from 6x, 4x, 2x respectively). There was a 5-fold difference between the lowest-yielding 6x cultivar, Prairie (570 kg/ha), and the highest-yielding KZ2 (2720 kg/ha), a selection from Monaro. Major gains are possible through selection but it is important to select for improved seed yield per plant (not just flowers) and to maintain a wide genetic base. Commercial crops yield approximately half that attained from research plots, whtch suggests a commercial yield of 900 kg/ha is possible from Endura. This compares favourably with other legumes but requires development of crop management practices that ensure consistently high seed yields. Keywords: Caucasian clover, genetic variation, Kura clover, seed components, seed yield, TrifIium ambiguum
Productivity of caucasian clover based pastures under irrigation
Authors: Moss R.A. , Burton R.N. , Allan B.E.
Published: July 2020

Grasslands Kara cocksfoot, Grasslands Nui ryegrass, Grasslands Roa tall fescue, Grasslands Gala grazing brome and Grasslands Maru phalaris were sown as single grass species with either white or Caucasian clover during December 1993, on a Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury. Plots were irrigated and rotationally grazed by sheep. Total herbage produced during the first measurement period (September 1994 to July 1995) averaged 13.6 t DM/ha. All white clover-based swards produced similar yields, but with Caucasian clover, phalaris-based swards produced the most and ryegrass and grazing brome the least. Production tended to be lower from pastures sown with Caucasian than white clover (12.9 cf. 14.2,kg DM/ha). During the second measurement period (July 1995 to May 1996) total production was similar with both legumes. When evaluated over both measurement periods, phalaris and tall fescue gave the highest and cocksfoot and ryegrass the lowest production when sown with white clover, while cocksfoot and grazing brome were the lowestproducing swards with Caucasian clover. Ten --months-after-sow.ing,-white-cIover-contributed-in excess of40% of the DM in all swards except with ryegrass and grazing brome where it contributed 20%. The proportion of white clover then declined in all pastures over the following 20 months, ryegrass-based swards having the highest (10%) and cocksfoot the lowest (1%). When sown with Caucasian clover the legume content of swards increased during the 12 months from spring 1994 in swards containing phalaris, tall fescue and grazing brome. The proportion of legume in -cocksfoot swardsmdeclined-continuously from 22 to 4% over the 20 months while it increased continuously from 4 to 28% with ryegrass. The legume content in lo-month-old pastures was higher when sown with white than with Caucasian clover but this ratio was reversed by 28 months. This occurred with all pasture types but was most pronounced with ryegrass and cocksfoot pastures. The present experiment shows Caucasian clover can make a major contribution in irrigated pastures in Canterbury. 'Wattie Bush, RD 22, Peel Forest, Geruldine Keywords: Bromus stamineus, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, grazed pastures, herbage production, Lolium perenne, Phalaris aquatica, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium repens
Natural reseeding of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum) in tussock grasslands
Authors: Pryor H.N. , Lowther W.L. , Trainor K.D.
Published: July 2020

The potential of natural reseeding to increase the density of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.Bieb.) swards in tussock grassland environments was investigated. Rates of pollination were high on all sites and viable seed was produced by mid March on sites ranging in altitude from 600 to 1100 m a.s.l. Hard seed, expected to survive passage through the grazing animal and germinate in the dung, was present. Rhizobia that effectively nodulate caucasian clover are absent from New Zealand soils and nodulation of seedlings and rhizome roots is dependent on spread of inoculant rhizobia in the soil. Lateral movement of rhizobia in soil did not exceed 6 cm per year, only slightly less than recorded rates of rhizome expansion. There was no evidence of movement of rhizobia in wind-blown dust or on sheep's hooves. Natural reseeding has the potential to 'thicken-up' swards of caucasian clover, but the slow spread of rhizobia indicates that nodulation failures will limit the extent of spread into unsown areas. Keywords: caucasian clover, reseeding, rhizobia, rhizomes, Trifolium ambiguum
Trends in high country pastoral farming 3. Developing and directing emerging options
Authors: Scott D.
Published: July 2020

The integration of investigations into usable farming packages involves both development of particular technologies and conceptual frameworks. This is illustrated for the high country in the particular technologies of hay winter feeding, legume rhizobia seed coating, irrigation, mid-rainfall low input development with perennial lupin, in-situ winter feed systems, ultra-fine wool production, and rabbit and hieracium control. Attitudes or concepts are illustrated by the changing views on high country erosion, environment gradients and specie niche, feed banks, special purpose pastures, farm monitoring, product specification and computer expert systems. Keywords: concepts, high country, New Zealand, technologies
Enhancing pasture-based dairying with supplementary feeds
Authors: Penno W. , Bryant A.M. , Macdonald K.A. , Carter W.A.
Published: July 2020

New Zealand dairy farmers are increasingly using supplementary feeds in an attempt to overcome the quantitative and nutritional limitations of pasture. The use of rolled maize grain and pasture silage supplements was evaluated on a farmlet basis for two seasons. Supplementary feeding resulted in 88 and 82 g milksolids (MS)/kg dry matter (DM) at stocking rates of 3.24 and 4.48 Friesian cows/ha respectively. At the lower stocking rate the responses during spring, summer and autumn were 11, 53 and 113 g MS/kg DM respectively. Small spring responses were attributed to poor use of the spared pasture and cow condition that resulted from supplementary feeding. Large autumn responses were due to extending lactation length. Responses were less variable at the high stocking rate. If large amounts of supplements are used, the stocking rate must be sufficient to ensure high rates of pasture utilisation are maintained. A second farmlet trial compared rolled maize grain, maize silage, and a nutritionally balanced ration at 4.41 Friesian cows/ha. Offering 1.04 - l.23 t DM/cow of supplement increased annual pasture net herbage accumulation by 1.8 t DM/ha, and MS production by up to 96kg/cow (32%). Maize grain resulted in the largest response, although responses to maize grain and maize silage were similar when the differences in metabolisable energy (ME) content were accounted for. The balanced ration produced the lowest response, both to DM and ME, and was 20% less than that predicted by the CNCPS nutrition model. ME content is the key nutritional parameter which will determine the likely MS response to supplements. Keywords: balanced ration, dairying, farm systems, grain, milksolids, silage, supplementary feeding
Lessons from the South Auckland Winter milk monitoring programme, 1987-1997
Authors: Jones G.P. , Auld M.W. , Hanson W.J.
Published: July 2020

The performance of winter milk production systems, represented by between 7 and 17 New Zealand Dairy Group suppliers in the South Auckland area, has been assessed for seven consecutive years. The monitoring programme has enabled comparison of winter milk systems with typical seasonal supply systems, and identification of management issues facing winter milkers. In 1995/ 96 the monitored farms had contract volumes ranging between 7 and 32 litres/ha (average 21 litres/ha). This reflected the total situation for all the NZDG winter milkers. Total annual production is also critical for profitability, and ranged between 684 and 1107 kg milksolids (MS)/ha in the year ending 31 August 1996 (mean 920 ± 144 kg MS/ha). The main requirements for successful winter milk production include planning and acting early for winter, in particular by: 1. early use of supplements in the autumn, including hay, silage and urea; 2. appropriate drying off of cows; and 3. grazing drystock off the home farm, so it can be effectively used as a milking platform. Keywords: dairying, farm monitoring, South Auckland, winter milk
Evaluation of agroforestry options for three tree species
Authors: Thorrold B.S. , Knowles R.L. , Nicholas I.D. , Power I.L. , Carter J.L.
Published: July 2020

Information on tree growth rates, economic returns and the effects of trees on pasture for radiata pine, Australian blackwood and Eucalyptus fastigata were analysed to assess the economic returns of using these tree species within a hill country farming operation. Under the assumptions made, all three species options were more profitable in the long run than sheep and beef farming. Radiata pine produced the greatest return, large increases in log prices or yields of other tree species being required to give equal profit. The results of the analysis and market information emphasise the importance of good site selection and silviculture in the production of high quality timber. For some species these requirements may not fit on-farm production systems or be economically attractive. Keywords: Acacia melanoxylon, agroforestry, Eucalyptus fastigata, hill country farming, Pinus radiata
Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications
Authors: Parker W.J. , Shadbolt N.M. , Gray D.I.
Published: July 2020

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance
Caucasian clover for improving summer production in northern regions of New Zealand
Authors: Watson R.N. , Neville F.J. , Bell N.L. , Harris S.L.
Published: July 2020

Caucasian clover (CC) and white clover (WC) pastures were established on a Bay of Plenty dairy farm in September 1994 and undersown with ryegrass (RG) in July 1995. Yields of mown RG- CC plots surpassed those of RG-WC plots from December to April in the second year after establishment (1995/96), producing 1362 kg (26%) extra DM/ha during this period. In 1996/97 yields of RG-CC plots surpassed those of RG-WC from October to April, producing 1531 kg (43%) extra DM/ha in December-April. In grazed RG-CC plots during December-May 1996/97, RG yields were slightly reduced (371 kg/ha, -12%) in comparison with RG-WC plots, and extra production resulted from greatly increased total legume yield (2155 kg/ha, 187%). Pasture legume content during summer-autumn averaged 24% for RG-WC and 54% for the RG-CC pastures. The superior performance of CC over WC appeared to relate to its protected underground growing points, and taproot retention, facilitating better pasture cover during summer, and greater tolerance of pests including grass grub and clover cyst nematode. Caucasian clover shows promise as a perennial legume which may offer improved availability of high quality forage at a time of year when clover growth is often insufficient for good animal performance. Caucasian clover clearly has potential in northern as well as southern regions of New Zealand. Keywords: dairy pasture, Lolium perenne, northern New Zealand, pasture pests, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium repens
Ryegrass contamination of endophyte-free dairy pastures after spray drilling in autumn
Authors: Van Vught V.T. , Thom E.R.
Published: July 2020

Ryegrass contamination of endophyte-free ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures, established by autumn spray-drilling of existing endophyteinfected pasture, was studied over one year at the Dairying Research Corporation, Hamilton. Main plots were sprayed with glyphosate at 1.44 kg a.i./ ha (4 l/ha of Roundup G2) in mid-March 1996 (S), or mid March and again in mid April (D). White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was removed from half the area of each main plot using herbicide and the remainder was drilled with white clover. All plots were direct drilled with endophyte-free perennial ryegrass in late April. Plots were rotationally grazed by dairy cows. Volunteer perennial ryegrass seedlings that germinated from seed in dung pats, on the soil surface (reseeding) and after recovery from the seed-bank, contained 40, 66 and 69% endophyte, respectively. The largest inputs of volunteers came from dung and reseeding. The average dung pat covered 0.08 m2 and supported 3 volunteer ryegrass seedlings (range 0- 14). After the first spraying 0.87 ryegrass clumps/ m2 were surviving, and 0.13/m2 survived both herbicide applications; half were infected with endophyte. After one year, contamination of S was 2.5 times higher than D plots (18 vs 7% of plants endophyte infected), showing that double spraying in autumn was effective at reducing contamination to a low level. Keywords: dairy pastures, dung, endophyte, Lolium perenne, reseeding, seed-bank, seed transfer, volunteer ryegrass
Farming issues
Authors: Mcnaughten Murray
Published: July 2020

"Population, Pasture, Production and Profit" is our theme. In seeking a definition for "population" I found one for "population explosion." It was described as a condition that converts spots of beauty into amusement parks. Take heart though, a "city" was defmed as "The abiding place of wealth and luxury." So if the city gobbles up our land, perhaps we have something to look forward to.
A comparison of Barkant turnips and Superchow sorghum for summer milk production
Authors: Clark D.A. , Harris S.L. , Thom E.R. , Waugh C.D. , Copeman P.J.A. , Napper A.R.
Published: July 2020

Barkant turnips and Superchow sorghum were compared as summer-autumn crops for lactating cows, in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment fed at 3 levels (0, 4 and 8 kg DM/cow/day) to supplement pasture offered at a constant allowance of 25 kg DM/cow/ day. Sixty lactating twin cows were used in 2 experimental periods in January and March 1996. Pasture and crop intakes were estimated by the alkane, and pre- and post-grazing, techniques. Feeding either 4 or 8 kg DM/cow/day increased milksolids (MS) yield by 25% for turnips and 15% for sorghum compared with pasture alone. Turnips gave responses of 42.5 and 50 g MS/kg DM offered, at the lower allowance, in summer and autumn respectively; compared with 25 g MS/kg DM in both seasons for sorghum. Crop intakes were lower on sorghum than turnips and were only partially compensated for by increased pasture intakes on the former. For both crops, increasing allowance from 4 to 8 kg DM/cow/day did not increase daily MS yield. The cows grazing sorghum were 8 and 15 kg heavier than either the turnip or pasture-fed cows in summer and autumn respectively. Substitution rates for both crops were higher (0.72- 0.87) in summer than in autumn (0.35-0.45). This means that although both crops will have a "pasture sparing" effect in summer they will not contribute much to increased per cow intake. Keywords: alkanes, crop intake, dairy cows, milksolids, milk yield, pasture intake, sorghum, turnips Introductio
The More Summer Milk project - a participant's view
Authors: Singer A.
Published: July 2020

We purchased this property at Pokeno as a dry stock unit and converted it to dairying. Production in the first season (1989/90) was 16 500 kg milkfat (29 500 kg milksolids). Our farm is 60 effective ha (plus a large undeveloped area of the Mangatawhiri swamp), with a 20 ha runoff. The farm is 30 ha of stumpy peat soils, stopbanked but floodable from upstream ponding, and 30 ha of rolling Hamilton clay soils (75% mowable).
PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Authors: Motulevich A.
Published: July 2020

now the enterprise of heat power engineering represents the interconnected complex of technical means, de-vices and mechanisms which main purpose-accumulation and transfer of energy to the final consumer. Due to the specifics of its work at each stage of the thermal power plant performed a variety of tasks. Depending on the tasks, the system of the complex itself is formed with the selection of installations, energy storage facilities, as well as treatment facilities. In the process of realization of their direct functions, such enterpris-es have an impact on the environment, which is rather negative. Therefore, the problem of interaction be-tween heat and power enterprises and the environment is particularly acute.

Both the work of the enterprise itself and the work on its construction cause irreparable harm to the envi-ronment. Plant interventions such as fuel selection and energy conversion efficiency measures reduce emis-sions of many air pollutants, including CO2, per unit of energy generation. Optimization of energy efficiency in the generation process depends on many factors. However, it is impossible to make the enterprise com-pletely environmentally friendly for many reasons, however, it is necessary to assess correctly the possible risks of operation of this type of production and take adequate measures to minimize the harm caused to the environment.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE SHAPOVS’ INDUSTRIAL ESTATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF XIX-BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES IN IVANOVO
Authors: Garnova N.
Published: July 2020

pre-revolutionary industrial estates are the least studied and most prone to loss of all historical and cultural heritage of Ivanovo. Their study is very difficult due to the lack of available research data and loss of most complexes. Deficiency of systematic architectural analysis of this heritage does not allow to determine fully the patterns and features of architectural and planning formation of the city-one of the largest textile indus-trial centers of Russia. The article presents an architectural and planning analysis of Shapov pre-revolutionary industrial textile estate development in Ivanovo by the end of XIX-beginning of XXth centu-ries and estimates its current condition. It states this estate to be the most holistically preserved complex nowadays. It provides architectural-planning and architectural-stylistic analysis of the estate’s buildings. It notes Shapov industrial estate to be considered as the most indicative example of specific architectural and stylistic formation features and transformation taken in textile industrial estates of the city in the end of XIX-early XXth century. The article demonstrates that Shapov industrial estate has signs of cultural heritage object and needs to be set on the state protection as a complex.
CALCULATION OF RESIDUAL LIFE OF A BUILDING USING PROBABILISTIC METHODS AND GRAPH THEORY
Authors: Shutova M. , Evtushenko S.
Published: July 2020

methods and approaches to determining the residual resource of construction objects are considered, methods are analyzed to select the optimal one. To calculate the residual life of structures of the industrial workshop in the city of Saratov, a complex method was applied based on probabilistic methods (for structures whose strength characteristics were determined by non-destructive testing) and using graph theory (for other structures, the technical condition of which was established by external signs ) The established value of the residual resource (time before the onset of an inoperative state) before the reconstruction was 3.8 years, taking into account the operation of structures in the industrial enterprise mode. The residual resource of the building in the mode of the shopping center was 18.1 years, taking into account the reduction in operational loads (there are no crane loads, the roof structure was changed), this resource is insufficient for the object put into operation. In the process of reconstruction, communications, external and internal decoration, improvement of the adjacent territory were restored, truss structures were strengthened, the structures of the coating and external walls were partially replaced. The technical condition of the building was improved, which is reflected in the residual life - 64.7 years, which is more than the design life for buildings of this type. Therefore, a comprehensive calculation of the residual resource is an effective method for determining the scope and types of work on reconstruction and restoration of buildings.
ICT Enabled Learning
Authors: Khanna Shallu
Published: July 2020

Due to Covid -19 Pandemic educational institutions have closed in 107 countries affecting more than 860 million students. Information and communications technology have been widely adopted in most educational institutions in order to support e-learning through different learning methodologies. Information and communication technologies have changed the face of managing information in crisis, warning, impact and response. Information and communication technologies are changing the way that users are responding to environmental and health disruptions. In conflict zones it is dangerous for people to travel and maintain normal activities. However with mobile phones and internet applications and data on cloud, people can coordinate and communicate to help restore activities through negotiating travel, increasing situational awareness and conducting online social interaction. Security and compliances have become the key and mandatory for the organisation as data is growing in exponential form. Privacy laws applies not only to government operations but also to private enterprises and commercial transactions to understand how user data is being handled, processes to customer and visitor. It exploits to keep certain data confidential and if exposed it has to be with consent of user. Crisis management is designed to protect an organization and its stakeholders from threats and/or reduce the impact felt by threats. All the stages has discussed in detail along with diagram keeping concern in a crisis has to be public safety.  A failure to address public safety intensifies the damage from a crisis. Reputation and financial concerns are considered after public safety has been remedied.
Tổng quan bộ dữ liệu mô tả quan điểm của giáo viên đối với những hỗ trợ từ trường học trong thời gian diễn ra dịch COVID-19
Authors: Thuy Ta Ngoc
Published: July 2020

Đại dịch COVID-19 đã gây ra những diễn biến phức tạp, khó lường và tác động đến nhiều mặt của đời sống xã hội, lĩnh vực giáo dục cũng không nằm ngoài tác động đó. Học sinh được trải nghiệm học tập trực tuyến và có những khoảng thời gian “bất thường” rời xa trường lớp, bạn bè và tự học ở nhà (Hoang, 2020; Tran, 2020). Các hoạt động khoa học và giáo dục cũng chịu tác động không nhỏ (Vuong, 2018). Đời sống vật chất lẫn tinh thần của đội ngũ giáo viên cả trong nước lẫn giáo viên nước ngoài đi dạy tại các quốc gia đều bị suy giảm (Vu et al., 2020). Đã có gần 42.000 giáo viên phải hoãn hợp đồng làm việc và không có lương, trong đó có 29.700 giáo viên mẫu giáo bỗng chốc trở nên thất nghiệp và phải làm các công việc thời vụ để đáp ứng đời sống thường nhật (Bich Thanh, 2020). Khoảng 70% các tổ chức giáo dục tư nhân có thể sẽ phá sản khi không thể lưu động đủ chi trả các loại hình tài chính khác nhau (Nguyen, 2020). Rất nhiều trường học đang lo lắng về tình trạng không mong muốn này bởi giáo viên sẽ không thể đảm bảo chất lượng công việc khi mà chất lượng cuộc sống của họ cũng đang bị đe dọa (Canrinus et al., 2012). Hơn nữa, hiệu suất làm việc giáo viên được cho là yếu tố tác động quan trọng và có ảnh hưởng nhiều nhất đến học sinh (Darling-Hammond and Youngs, 2002; Staiger and Rockoff, 2010), so với các tác động bên ngoài như lòng yêu nghề, cách diễn đạt, sự tương tác hay mối quan hệ giữa giáo viên và học sinh (Marsh and Bailey, 1991).
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI, MINAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR DENGAN METODE DRIIL
Authors: Susanti Yuliana
Published: July 2020

Kajian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa mata pelajaran Matematika Penggunaan metode prosedur pelaksanaanya terdiri dari empat langkah pada setiap siklusnya, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Instrument yang digunakan yaitu lembar kerja siswa (LKS), lembar observasi siswa, lembar pengamatan guru, alat evaluasi hasil belajar dan lembar fefleksi, yaitu pernyataan-pernyataan berupa panduan untuk mengetahui pendapat teman sejawat. Kegiatan pembelajaran tidak hanya menilai hasil tetapi juga proses. Ini terlihat dalam kemampuan siswa dalam melakukan pembelajaran Matematika tentang penjumlahan dan pengurangan pada bilangan pecahan. Setelah dilakukan perbaikan-perbaikan proses pembelajaran dengan menerapkan Metode Drill hasil belajar siswa menunjukkan adanya perubahan yang signifikan.
Stochastic sensitivity of quasiperiodic and chaotic attractors of the discrete Lotka-Volterra model
Authors: Belyaev A.V. , Perevalova T.V.
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study presented in this article is to analyze the possible dynamic modes of the deterministic and stochastic Lotka-Volterra model. Depending on the two parameters of the system, a map of regimes is constructed. Parametric areas of existence of stable equilibria, cycles, closed invariant curves, and also chaotic attractors are studied. The bifurcations such as the period doubling, Neimark-Sacker and the crisis are described. The complex shape of the basins of attraction of irregular attractors (closed invariant curve and chaos) is demonstrated. In addition to the deterministic system, the stochastic system, which describes the influence of external random influence, is discussed. Here, the key is to find the sensitivity of such complex attractors as a closed invariant curve and chaos. In the case of chaos, an algorithm to find critical lines giving the boundary of a chaotic attractor, is described. Based on the found function of stochastic sensitivity, confidence domains are constructed that allow us to describe the form of random states around a deterministic attractor.