bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicidal efficacy and ecological safety of an allelochemical‐based benzothiazine derivative
Authors: Zhao Huan‐Huan , Kong Chui‐Hua , Xu Xiao‐Hua
Published: February 2019

Background

The development of allelochemical‐based herbicides may be of particular value for weed management in cropping systems. However, the action of potential allelochemical‐based herbicides on crop selectivity and ecotoxicology needs to be clarified before they can be introduced into cropping systems.

Results

An allelochemical‐based 3‐(2‐chloro‐4‐ethanesulfonyl)‐benzoyl‐hydroxy‐2‐ methyl‐2H‐1,2‐benzothiazine‐1,1‐dioxide, originating from the rice allelochemical tricin, was applied to a paddy system. The benzothiazine derivative could effectively control dominant weeds, while rice was not affected at rates of 75–100 g a.i. ha−1. Furthermore, this target compound significantly inhibited the growth of all weeds tested with excellent selectivity for maize; however, it was not safe for soybean. The benzothiazine derivative had no toxic effects on zebrafish and earthworms. The benzothiazine derivative was rapidly degraded in soil with half‐lives of 17.51–20.47 days. MiSeq‐pyrosequencing revealed relative safety to soil microorganisms at 5 mg kg−1 of the benzothiazine derivative.

Conclusion

The allelochemical‐based benzothiazine derivative at optimal application rates can be recommended to provide satisfactory control of paddy weeds. The benzothiazine derivative with excellent crop selectivity and ecological safety may be further developed for weed management in maize fields. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
All‐Carbon Electrode Directly Derived from Wax Gourd for Supercapacitor
Authors: Du Juan , Yu Yifeng , Zhang Yue , Liu Lei , Chen Chunlin , Chen Aibing
Published: February 2019

Here an efficient preparation of porous carbon monolith by freeze drying of wax gourd and following carbonization without any activating processes is reported. The obtained porous carbon monolith features high specific surface area, low density, and excellent mechanical strength. Directly using as an all‐carbon electrode without any binder and conductive additives, it displays an outstanding performance with specific capacitance of 357 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1. Fabrication as a symmetric supercapacitor, its capacitance retains 78.5% after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at 2 A g−1.
A revised implicit equal‐weights particle filter
Authors: Skauvold Jacob , Eidsvik Jo , van Leeuwen Peter Jan , Amezcua Javier
Published: February 2019

Particle filters are fully nonlinear data assimilation methods and as such are highly relevant. While the standard particle filter degenerates for high‐dimensional systems, recent developments have opened the way for new particle filters that can be used in such systems.

The implicit equal‐weights particle filter (IEWPF) is an efficient approach that avoids filter degeneracy because it gives equal particle weights by construction. The method uses implicit sampling, whereby auxiliary vectors drawn from a proposal distribution undergo a transformation before they are added to each particle.

In the original formulation of the IEWPF, the proposal distribution has a gap, causing all but one particle to have an inaccessible region in state space. We show that this leads to a systematic bias in the predictions and we modify the proposal distribution to eliminate the gap. We achieved this by using a two‐stage proposal method, where a single variance parameter is tuned to obtain adequate statistical coverage properties of the predictive distribution. We discuss the properties of the implicit mapping from an auxiliary random vector to the state vector, keeping in mind the aim of avoiding particle resampling. The revised filter is tested on linear and weakly nonlinear dynamical models in low‐dimensional and moderately high‐dimensional settings, demonstrating the success of the new methodology in removing the bias.
Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as a “Turn‐Off” Fluorescent Probes for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Mercury(II) Ions
Authors: Cheng Zhenfang , Du Fuyou , Sun Lingshun , Jiang Liping , Ruan Guihua , Li Jianping
Published: February 2019

A facile, economical and straightforward hydrothermal strategy was used to prepare highly luminescent nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots (N‐CQDs) by using citric acid and urea as the precursors. The as‐prepared N‐CQDs exhibited excellent excitation‐wavelength‐dependent photoluminescence property, high relative fluorescence quantum yield of up to 82.4%, and high selective response to Hg2+ over other examined metal ions in water samples. Under the optimal conditions, the response was linearly proportional to the Hg2+ concentration in the range of 0–250 μM with a detection limit of 1.3 nM. The established N‐CQDs based fluorescent sensor was then successfully applied for label‐free detection of Hg2+ in environmental water samples (tap, lake, and well water). Satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, recovery results (92.6‐116.8%) are achieved for the determination of Hg2+ in real water samples.
Selectivity Engineering in One Pot Synthesis of Raspberry Ketone: Crossed Aldol Condensation of p‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde and Acetone and Hydrogenation over Novel Ni/Zn‐La Mixed Oxide
Authors: Malkar Radhika S. , Yadav Ganapati D.
Published: February 2019

Raspberry ketone, also called as rheosmin, is an important flavor compound used in perfumery and food industry. In the current work, it was synthesized from p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHB) and acetone in one pot system. Crossed aldol condensation of p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde gave α,β‐unsaturated ketone, i. e. p‐hydroxybenzalacetone (PHBA) which was further reduced to obtain raspberry ketone. Mixed oxide catalysts of different combinations of Mg, La and Zn were prepared by three different methods such as hydrothermal, combustion and co‐precipitation. Among all Zn−La with mole ratio 3:1, synthesized by combustion method and glycine as fuel, gave the best results for selective synthesis of PHBA. For hydrogenation of PHBA, Ni, Cu and Pd metals were screened to find that 2% Ni/Zn3:La1 was the best catalyst for one‐pot synthesis of raspberry ketone. It showed excellent textural properties like high surface area (680 m2/g), activity and selectivity. The virgin and spent catalyst samples were fully characterized by SEM, TEM, TGA, FTIR, CO2 and NH3‐TPD and BET surface area analysis. It was stable, active and reused for 4 cycles. The kinetic model was developed separately for two different steps. The reaction is kinetically controlled with activation energy of 18.48 kcal/mol for crossed aldol condensation and 14.19 kcal/mol for hydrogenation step. It is an interesting example of process chemistry and engineering using a novel catalyst and process.
Construction of Large‐Area Ultrathin Conductive Metal–Organic Framework Films through Vapor‐Induced Conversion
Authors: Yuan Kuo , Song Tianqun , Zhu Xiaoting , Li Baili , Han Bin , Zheng Lei , Li Jinfeng , Zhang Xiaotao , Hu Wenping
Published: February 2019

On account of unique characteristics, the integration of metal–organic frameworks as active materials in electronic devices attracts more and more attention. The film thickness, uniformity, area, and roughness are all fatal factors limiting the development of electrical and optoelectronic applications. However, research focused on ultrathin free‐standing films is in its infancy. Herein, a new method, vapor‐induced method, is designed to construct centimeter‐sized Ni3(HITP)2 films with well‐controlled thickness (7, 40, and 92 nm) and conductivity (0.85, 2.23, and 22.83 S m−1). Further, traditional transfer methods are tactfully applied to metal–organic graphene analogue (MOGA) films. In order to maintain the integrity of films, substrates are raised up from bottom of water to hold up films. The stripping method greatly improves the surface roughness Rq (root mean square roughness) without loss of conductivity and endows the film with excellent elasticity and flexibility. After 1000 buckling cycles, the conductance shows no obvious decrease. Therefore, the work may open up a new avenue for flexible electronic and magnetic devices based on MOGA.
Resistive Switching Behavior in Ferroelectric Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Zhan Jie , Bai Yu
Published: February 2019

Resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) is a promising candidate for next‐generation nonvolatile random‐access memory protocols. The information storage in RRAM is realized by the resistive switching (RS) effect. The RS behavior of ferroelectric heterostructures is mainly controlled by polarization‐dominated and defect‐dominated mechanisms. Under certain conditions, these two mechanisms can have synergistic effects on RS behavior. Therefore, RS performance can be effectively improved by optimizing ferroelectricity, conductivity, and interfacial structures. Many methods have been studied to improve the RS performance of ferroelectric heterostructures. Typical approaches include doping elements into the ferroelectric layer, controlling the oxygen vacancy concentration and optimizing the thickness of the ferroelectric layer, and constructing an insertion layer at the interface. Here, the mechanism of RS behavior in ferroelectric heterostructures is briefly introduced, and the methods used to improve RS performance in recent years are summarized. Finally, existing problems in this field are identified, and future development trends are highlighted.
Recent Progress of Layered Transition Metal Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Qiannan , Hu Zhe , Chen Mingzhe , Zou Chao , Jin Huile , Wang Shun , Chou Shu‐Lei , Dou Shi‐Xue
Published: February 2019

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are attracting increasing attention and considered to be a low‐cost complement or an alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), especially for large‐scale energy storage. Their application, however, is limited because of the lack of suitable host materials to reversibly intercalate Na+ ions. Layered transition metal oxides (NaxMO2, M = Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Ti, V, and their combinations) appear to be promising cathode candidates for SIBs due to their simple structure, ease of synthesis, high operating potential, and feasibility for commercial production. In the present work, the structural evolution, electrochemical performance, and recent progress of NaxMO2 as cathode materials for SIBs are reviewed and summarized. Moreover, the existing drawbacks are discussed and several strategies are proposed to help alleviate these issues. In addition, the exploration of full cells based on NaxMO2 cathodes and future perspectives are discussed to provide guidance for the future commercialization of such systems.
Ram‐air kite airfoil and reinforcements optimization for airborne wind energy applications
Authors: Thedens Paul , de Oliveira Gael , Schmehl Roland
Published: February 2019

We present a multidisciplinary design optimization method for the profile and structural reinforcement layout of a ram‐air kite rib. The aim is to minimize the structural elastic energy and to maximize the traction power of a ram‐air kite used for airborne wind energy generation. Because of the large deformations occurring during flight, a fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) routine is included in the optimization, which determines the actual deformed rib geometry and its corresponding aerodynamic characteristics. A qualitative comparison between FSI inclusion and exclusion in the optimization is given. Discrepancies in airfoil profile and structural layout are observed.
Coupled Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization (AFC) and Mantle Plume Source(s) Contribution in the Generation of Paleoproterozoic Mafic Dykes of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, Southern India
Authors: Pandey Ashutosh , Rao N. V. Chalapathi
Published: February 2019

The eastern Dharwar craton (EDC) of the southern Indian Shield hosts five geochronologically distinct Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms emplaced at 2.37, 2.21, 2.18, 2.08 and 1.89 Ga. Trace element geochemical data available for these dykes display the ‘arc signals’ viz., negative Nb-Ta anomalies and elevated Zr/Nb, Th/Yb and Th/Ta values, which are conventionally interpreted to represent involvement of subduction in their genesis. It is shown that these ‘arc signals’ resulted from coupled assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) processes that modified these mantle-derived melts. Since, mafic dykes under study are highly evolved, an attempt has been made to estimate (using PRIMELTS2.xls software) the composition of the primary magma from the most primitive sample available from the 2.21 and 2.37 Ga swarms. The mantle potential temperature derived from the estimated primary magma compositions revealed anomalously hot mantle source regions compared to the known ambient upper mantle temperatures during Paleoproterozoic, thus implying the possible involvement of thermal plumes in their genesis.
Seismic Structure of the Central Indian Crust and its Implications on the Crustal Evolution
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Tewari H. C. , Sreenivas B.
Published: February 2019

The crustal structures of the Narmada region in Central India bounded by fault system (Narmada- North and South faults : NNF and NSF) has been derived from deep seismic sounding (DSS) studies along the two profiles trending almost north-south direction. The wide-angle phases have been modeled kinematically and dynamically using the 2-D asymptotic ray tracing technique. The combined seismic and gravity modeling reveals a multilayer crust in the region. The crustal wide-angle reflection phases map the Moho discontinuity, where the P-wave velocity jumps from 7.2 km s-1 to 8.0-8.1 km s-1, at depth varying between 38 km and 44 km. A layer with velocity 7.2 km s-1, exists above the Moho in most parts of the profiles and is attributed to the magmatic underplating related to the Deccan volcanism (~65 Ma). The intriguing observation of the study is a zone characterized by anomalous high velocity (6.5-6.6 km s-1) within the upper crust. 2-D gravity modeling demonstrates that this anomalous layer has a density of ~2.9 gm cm-3, which is equivalent to the rocks metamorphosed to granulite/amphibolite facies. This high velocity layer probably represents the granulite enclaves within the Archaean granites/gneiss rocks and was formed during the cratonization of the Achaean crust. Importantly, this high velocity layer shows an average upward displacement of ~8.5 km within the region bounded by NNF and NSF as compared to the regions beyond it. The studies suggest that the observed displacement in the high velocity layer of the upper crust is a result of repeated reactivation of the Narmada fault system.
Uranium and Thorium Anomalies in the ~2.5 Ga Vendodu Leucogranite, Nellore Schist Belt, SE India and its Potential to Generate Uranium Deposits
Authors: Kokandakar Gaurav J. , Ghodke Sachin S. , More Laxman B. , Nagaraju B. , Bhosle Munjaji V. , Sawant S. S. , Rathna K. , Kumar K. Vijaya
Published: February 2019

The Vendodu intrusive, emplaced at 2483±3 Ma within the Nellore schist belt, SE India, is a K-rich per-aluminous A-type leucogranite composed of quartz and alkali feldspar (essential minerals), biotite, zircon, allanite, titanite, magnetite and apatite (magmatic accessory minerals) and muscovite, haematite, fluorite and uraninite (hydrothermal accessory minerals); zircon and uraninite could be both magmatic and hydrothermal. The Vendodu leucogranite is characterized by high Rb, Zr, Nb, Th, U and REE, low Ca, Al, Ba and Sr abundances, and large negative Eu anomalies. U content in the Vendodu leucogranite averages 17.63 ppm and is 6 to 11 times higher than average concentration of U in Upper Continental Crust (UCC) and Archaean granitoids. Similarly, Th content averages 61.38 ppm and is 3 to 20 times higher than average concentration of Th in Archaean granitoids and UCC. The U distribution in the Vendodu leucogranite is influenced by both magmatic and high-temperature hydrothermal processes. Processes that have enriched U have also increased LREE, Nb and Cr contents in the leucogranites. Geochemical proxies including Th/U, Zr/U and V/Yb suggest both magmatic and high-T hydrothermal (deuteric) enrichment of U over a wide range of temperatures and oxygen fugacities. High Th/U ratios in the Vendodu leucogranite (1.62–9.76) hint that the hydrothermal (deuteric) fluids were possibly magmatic. Petrographic and geochemical evidences suggest that the Vendodu leucogranite experienced magmatic and deuteric U enrichment that has potential to form mineralized zones either in situ or in pegmatitic veins.
Recrystallization and Provenance History of the Upper Kaimur Group Siliciclastics, Son Valley, India: Coupled Petrographic and Fluid inclusion Proxy
Authors: Quasim M. A. , Ahmad A. H. M. , Sachan Himanshu K. , Ghosh Sumit K.
Published: February 2019

The Mesoproterozoic Kaimur Group belonging to upper part of Vindhyan Supergroup, conformably overlies the carbonate sequence of Semri Group (Lower Vindhyan) in the Son Valley, central India. The Upper Kaimur Group consists of Dhandraul sandstone, Scarp sandstone and Bijaigarh shale. The detrital contents of the Dhandraul and Scarp sandstones are mainly composed of several varieties of quartz followed by feldspar, rock fragments, micas and heavy minerals. Fluid inclusion studies are carried out on the detrital and recrystallized quartz grains of the Dhandraul and Scarp sandstone to know about the fluid phases already present in the source rock and / or introduced in the recrystallisation process. Fluid micro-thermometry reveals the presence of two types of fluids: (i) bi-phase low saline aqueous inclusions, (ii) bi-phase high saline aqueous inclusion. These fluids were trapped during the development of grain and recrystallization processes. The salinity of these inclusions in the quartz grain is in the range of 5.7 to 13.4% suggests that initially there was good proportion of marine water during the initiation of sedimentation. The provenance of these rocks may be granite/metamorphic rocks of Mahakoshal Group and Chhotanagpur granite-gneisses and minor input from Bundelkhand granite complex.
Sunday Football or Church? A Case Study in Substitutes and Complements
Authors: Cragun Ryan T. , Stinespring John , Tillman Andrew
Published: February 2019

Prior research has suggested that secular competition (e.g., holidays, vacations, travel, ending blue laws, etc.) on Sundays can reduce religious service attendance. The implication is that secular competition is a substitute for religion, not a complement. However, to date, no research has looked specifically at the effect of National Football League home games on Sunday religious service attendance. In this paper, we use attendance data from a United Methodist Church located less than five miles from a National Football League stadium in the Southeastern US from 2010 to 2017 to evaluate whether Sunday home games affect religious service attendance. Adjusting for seasonal variations in attendance, we find that early home football games significantly reduce service attendance. While just a single case study, these findings support the idea that secular events and activities are a substitute for religious attendance and not a complement.
Measuring the critical attributes of AM powders
Authors: Thornton Anthony , Saad Jack , Clayton Jamie
Published: February 2019

Metal powder additive manufacturing (AM) continues to be the subject of intense research activity driven by widespread recognition of its considerable value as a manufacturing technology. With an array of design and supply chain benefits from unique microstructures and part consolidation to agile, distributed production with minimal lead times, metal AM also offers potential for reduced waste and products with a lighter environmental footprint; it is now routinely applied for finished part production. The development of new metal powders, optimally specified for AM applications, is crucial for the further exploitation of this exciting technology, so is ensuring raw material consistency. Industries leading the way in AM, such as the biomedical and aerospace sectors, require certified feedstocks with robustly controlled characteristics.

In this article we consider an analytical toolkit for AM metal powders by examining their critical attributes, the properties that define in-process performance and/or the quality of the finished product. Case study data illustrate the application of key techniques.
The three phases of rock music in the Czech lands
Authors: Ramet Sabrina P. , Đorđević Vladimir
Published: February 2019

In the Czech lands (included in Czechoslovakia until the end of 1992), rock music has evolved through three phases. In the first phase, lasting until 1968, rock musicians had no ambition to offer social or political commentaries. This began as the era of rock ‘n’ roll, which is to say music being performed for dancing. The second phase began after the Soviet bloc invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, lasting until the end of the communist era in 1989. In this phase, rock musicians (no longer playing rock ‘n’ roll were closely monitored by the authorities and were expected to sing happy songs, submitting their song texts to the authorities for approval in advance of performing them. In spite of this control, some rock groups purposefully sang political texts in the 1970s and 1980s, mocking or criticizing the communists, albeit often cryptically. Finally, in the third phase — since 1989 — having lost their ideological foe, Czech rock groups have for the most part become politically disengaged.
The state of play – traditional versus behavioural biometrics
Authors: Patel Yogesh
Published: February 2019

In the drive to secure personal information, more and more organisations are introducing biometrics as a way of identifying and verifying their customers. The primary goals are to improve customer experience while reducing fraud. However, developments such as the recent court case in Illinois – where a woman sued her employer for violating privacy laws with a fingerprint-scanning time clock system – underline the fact that traditional biometrics may not always be a suitable option, despite their current prevalence 1 .
Droplet aerosol dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii surrounding ventilated patients
Authors: Mousa Madelyn , Schwartz David , Carmeli Yehuda , Nutman Amir
Published: February 2019

We measured droplet aerosol dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) by sampling air surrounding 10 ventilated patients with CRAB isolated in sputum. Over 70 hours, we sampled 252,000 L of air; CRAB was detected in 39,600 L (16%). CRAB growth was higher during patient care, notably suctioning and sheet changing.
Automated data mining of the electronic health record for investigation of healthcare-associated outbreaks
Authors: Sundermann Alexander J. , Miller James K. , Marsh Jane W. , Saul Melissa I. , Shutt Kathleen A. , Pacey Marissa , Mustapha Mustapha M. , Ayres Ashley , Pasculle A. William , Chen Jieshi , Snyder Graham M. , Dubrawski Artur W. , Harrison Lee H.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Identifying routes of transmission among hospitalized patients during a healthcare-associated outbreak can be tedious, particularly among patients with complex hospital stays and multiple exposures. Data mining of the electronic health record (EHR) has the potential to rapidly identify common exposures among patients suspected of being part of an outbreak.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed 9 hospital outbreaks that occurred during 2011–2016 and that had previously been characterized both according to transmission route and by molecular characterization of the bacterial isolates. We determined (1) the ability of data mining of the EHR to identify the correct route of transmission, (2) how early the correct route was identified during the timeline of the outbreak, and (3) how many cases in the outbreaks could have been prevented had the system been running in real time.

Results:

Correct routes were identified for all outbreaks at the second patient, except for one outbreak involving >1 transmission route that was detected at the eighth patient. Up to 40 or 34 infections (78% or 66% of possible preventable infections, respectively) could have been prevented if data mining had been implemented in real time, assuming the initiation of an effective intervention within 7 or 14 days of identification of the transmission route, respectively.

Conclusions:

Data mining of the EHR was accurate for identifying routes of transmission among patients who were part of the outbreak. Prospective validation of this approach using routine whole-genome sequencing and data mining of the EHR for both outbreak detection and route attribution is ongoing.
Turbulence structures and statistics of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer subjected to concave surface curvature
Authors: Sun Mingbo , Sandham Neil D. , Hu Zhiwei
Published: February 2019

Supersonic turbulent flows at Mach 2.7 over concave surfaces for two different radii of curvature were investigated and compared with a flat plate turbulent boundary layer using direct numerical simulations. The streamwise velocity reduces in the outer part of the boundary layer due to compression, while it increases near the wall due to curvature, with a higher shape factor for the concave cases. The near-wall spanwise streak spacing reduces compared to the flat plate, with large-scale streaks and turbulence amplification also observed. Streamwise velocity iso-surfaces and streamlines show the generation of Görtler-like vortices, consistent with significant centrifugal effects. Abundant small vortices are shown to be associated with large baroclinic production of vorticity that is caused by the density and pressure gradients that are associated with concave compression. Profiles of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent Mach number exhibit a characteristic two-layer structure in the concave boundary layer cases. In the outer layer, turbulence is greatly amplified, whereas a local balance exists in the inner layer. Turbulent energy budget analysis shows that both production and dissipation increase near the concave wall, whereas in the outer part of the boundary layer, the production is increased and ultimately balanced by convection and turbulent transport.
Diurnal fluctuations of glacier surface velocity observed with terrestrial radar interferometry at Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian mountains, China
Authors: LIU LIN , JIANG LIMING , SUN YONGLING , WANG HANSHENG , SUN YAFEI , XU HOUZE
Published: February 2019

Measurements of short-interval variations in glacier surface velocity, which contribute to our understanding of ice motion mechanisms, remain scarce on the Tibetan Plateau. Here we present sub-hourly measurements of glacier surface motion variations at the terminus region of Laohugou No. 12 Glacier. Field observations were collected over 4 d in July 2015 from terrestrial radar interferometry. The observed glacier displacement time series are generally in agreement with the results measured by differential GPS and highlight that glacier surface velocity is characterized by clear diurnal fluctuations in the study period. During day-time hours, glacier flow speeds were higher than 3.0 mm h−1, whereas they were below 1.0 mm h−1 during night-time hours. The large diurnal fluctuations of glacier surface velocity indicate that variations in basal slip are the dominant motion mechanism. Moreover, a positive correlation (R = 0.82, P < 0.001) between air temperature and glacier surface velocity suggests that glacier motion variations are probably affected by changes in air temperature during the ablation season.
Postglacial wetland succession, carbon accumulation, and forest dynamics on the east coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Lacourse Terri , Beer Kyle W. , Craig Kira B. , Canil Dante
Published: February 2019

Peatland development and carbon accumulation on the Pacific coast of Canada have received little attention in paleoecological studies, despite wetlands being common landscape features. Here, we present a multi–proxy paleoenvironmental study of an ombrotrophic bog in coastal British Columbia. Following decreases in relative sea level, the wetland was isolated from marine waters by 13,300 cal yr BP. Peat composition, non-pollen palynomorph, and C and N analyses demonstrate terrestrialization from an oligotrophic lake to a marsh by 11,600 cal yr BP, followed by development of a poor fen, and then a drier ombrotrophic bog by 8700 cal yr BP. Maximum carbon accumulation occurred during the early Holocene fen stage, when seasonal differences in insolation were amplified. This highlights the importance of seasonality in constraining peatland carbon sequestration by enhancing productivity during summer and reducing decomposition during winter. Pollen analysis shows thatPinus contortadominated regional forests by 14,000 cal yr BP. Warm and relatively dry summers in the early Holocene allowedPseudotsuga menziesiito dominate lowland forests 11,200–7000 cal yr BP.Tsuga heterophyllaandP. menziesiiformed coniferous forest in the mid- and late Holocene. Tephra matching the mid-Holocene Glacier Peak–Dusty Creek assemblage provides evidence of its most northwesterly occurrence to date.
Judicial Independence, Democracy and Human Rights
Authors: Abella Rosalie Silberman
Published: February 2019

These words come at what I see as an important historic juncture. It is 70 years since Israel was born, 70 years since the values in the declaration of independence were articulated. It is also the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Conventions, and the 80th anniversary of Kristallnacht. All of these, and the fact that we observe Holocaust Remembrance Day on Thursday, form the backdrop to this lecture on judicial independence.
Self-Determination, Occupation and the Authority to Exploit Natural Resources: Trajectories from Four European Judgments on Western Sahara
Authors: Wrange Pål
Published: February 2019

In two recent cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the General Court (at first instance), the High Court of Justice of England and Wales and the Grand Chamber of the CJEU found that a trade agreement and a fisheries agreement between Morocco and the European Union cannot be applied to occupied Western Sahara without the consent of its people. In spite of the fact that it is the general view that Western Sahara is under belligerent occupation, none of the three courts invoked the law of occupation but based themselves instead on the principle of self-determination and the law governing the administration of non-self-governing territories, including the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. A possible implication of these judgments is that that law and the law of occupation are converging in certain respects, in particular as regards long-term occupation. This pertains not only to the substantive rules on the exercise of authority, which seem to require that the people are heard, but also to the basis for the establishment of that authority, namely bare control.
Validation of nonlinear gyrokinetic transport models using turbulence measurements
Authors: White A. E.
Published: February 2019

This tutorial covers validation of gyrokinetic turbulent-transport models via comparison of measured turbulence with realistic simulations of fusion plasmas. It presents a brief history of validation of gyrokinetic simulations, the principal challenges encountered, a limited survey of common turbulence diagnostics used on tokamaks and stellarators, an overview of the fundamentals of synthetic diagnostic models and a discussion of frontiers in turbulent-transport model validation.
Distinct temporal brain dynamics in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia during emotion regulation
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Ai Hui , Opmeer Esther M. , Marsman Jan-Bernard C. , van der Meer Lisette , Ruhé Henricus G. , Aleman André , van Tol Marie-José
Published: February 2019

Background

Disturbances in emotion regulation (ER) are characteristic of both patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). We investigated the temporal dynamics of brain activation during cognitive ER in BD and SZ to understand the contribution of temporal characteristics of disturbed ER to their unique and shared symptomatology.

Method

Forty-six participants performed an ER-task (BD,n= 15; SZ,n= 16; controls,n= 15) during functional magnetic resonance imaging, in which they were instructed to use cognitive reappraisal techniques to regulate their emotional responses. Finite impulse response modeling was applied to estimate the temporal dynamics of brain responses during cognitive reappraisal (v.passive attending) of negative pictures. Group, time, and group × time effects were tested using multivariate modeling.

Results

We observed a group × time interaction during ER in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA) and inferior occipital gyrus. Patients with SZ demonstrated initial hyper-activation of the VLPFC and SMA activation that was not sustained in later regulatory phases. Response profiles in the inferior occipital gyrus in SZ showed abnormal activation in the later phases of regulation. BD-patients showed general blunted responsivity in these regions.

Conclusions

These results suggest that ER-disturbances in SZ are characterized by an inefficient initialization and failure to sustain regulatory control, whereas in BD, a failure to recruit regulatory resources may represent initial deficits in formulating adequate representations of the regulatory needs. This may help to further understand how ER-disturbances give rise to symptomatology of BD and SZ.
Characteristics of patients with motor functional neurological disorder in a large UK mental health service: a case–control study
Authors: O'Connell N. , Nicholson T. R. , Wessely S. , David A. S.
Published: February 2019

Background

Functional neurological disorder (FND), previously known as conversion disorder, is common and often results in substantial distress and disability. Previous research lacks large sample sizes and clinical surveys are most commonly derived from neurological settings, limiting our understanding of the disorder and its associations in other contexts. We sought to address this by analysing a large anonymised electronic psychiatric health record dataset.

Methods

Data were obtained from 322 patients in the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) who had an ICD-10 diagnosis of motor FND (mFND) (limb weakness or disorders of movement or gait) between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2016. Data were collected on a range of socio-demographic and clinical factors and compared to 644 psychiatric control patients from the same register.

Results

Weakness was the most commonly occurring functional symptom. mFND patients were more likely to be female, British, married, employed pre-morbidly, to have a carer and a physical health condition, but less likely to have had an inpatient psychiatric admission or to receive benefits. No differences in self-reported sexual or physical abuse rates were observed between groups, although mFND patients were more likely to experience life events linked to inter-personal difficulties.

Conclusions

mFND patients have distinct demographic characteristics compared with psychiatric controls. Experiences of abuse appear to be equally prevalent across psychiatric patient groups. This study establishes the socio-demographic and life experience profile of this understudied patient group and may be used to guide future therapeutic interventions designed specifically for mFND.
Maintaining the ‘caring self’ and working relationships: a critically informed analysis of meaning-construction among paid companions in long-term residential care
Authors: Funk Laura M. , Outcalt Linda
Published: February 2019

In Canadian residential long-term care, paid companion services are increasingly viewed as helping to meet older adults’ psycho-social needs. Complementing the critique of these services from a political economy perspective, analyses of companions’ talk about their work can illuminate not only why companions stay in devalued and often invisible work, but also how social assumptions and circulating narratives about nursing homes and older adults are implicated in this process. In this article, we draw on in-depth analyses of interviews with both companions and organisational representatives. We interpret companions’ accounts in relation to their need to justify the necessity for their work to their employers (families), to nurture good relationships with the facilities in which they work, and to maintain a sense of identity as a responsible, conscientious and ‘caring self’. In this way, these precarious workers inadvertently reproduce dominant narratives, including those that stigmatise dementia and residential care, and facilitate the privatisation of person-centred, relational care. Organisational representatives generally reproduce similar assumptions about care responsibilities, in a context in which facilities are increasingly challenged to meet a range of resident needs. Discussion highlights tensions around responsibility for psycho-social care in nursing homes, highlighting organisational vested interests in avoiding risk and downloading responsibilities to families and to private, independent and temporary workers.
Constructive Welfare: The Social Security Act, the Blind, and the Origins of Political Identity among People with Disabilities, 1935–1950
Authors: Erkulwater Jennifer L.
Published: February 2019

In contemporary America, identifying as a person with a disability is one of the many ways in which people acknowledge, even celebrate, who they are. Yet several decades ago, few persons with disabilities saw their condition as an identity to be embraced, let alone to serve as the basis for affinity and collective mobilization. The transformation of disability from unmitigated tragedy to a collective and politicized identity emerged in national politics, not in the 1960s or 1970s, as is commonly thought, but in the 1940s. During those years, the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) set out to galvanize the nation's blind men and women, most of them poor and unemployed, to demand the economic security and opportunity enjoyed by sighted Americans. This aspiration for equal citizenship led the NFB into protracted contests with the Social Security Administration (SSA) over aid to the poor and sharpened the organization's resolve to represent the nation's civilian blind. Long before disability rights activists declared “nothing about us, without us,” the NFB insisted that only the blind, not sighted social workers or experts in blindness, were entitled to speak on behalf of the blind. Pioneering an organizing strategy and a critique of American liberalism later embraced by activists of the Left, the NFB rose to become one of the most effective civil rights and antipoverty organizations of its time. Today, however, its story has been largely forgotten.
The Path to Polarization: McGovern-Fraser, Counter-Reformers, and the Rise of the Advocacy Party
Authors: Hilton Adam
Published: February 2019

American politics has been transformed by the emergence of the advocacy party—a form of organization in which extraparty interest groups, advocacy organizations, and social movements substitute for the diminished institutional capacity and popular legitimacy of the formal party apparatus. Many scholars have rightly pointed to the presidential nomination reforms made by the Democratic Party's post-1968 Commission on Party Structure and Delegate Selection (known as the McGovern-Fraser Commission) as a key contributor to polarization by increasing the influence of ideological activists. However, I argue that polarization is not the direct result of the actions of McGovern-Fraser reformers, but rather the outcome of their pitched battle with intraparty opponents of reform, who, while failing to prevent changes to presidential nominations, were ultimately successful in defeating the party-building dimension of the reformers’ project of party reconstruction. The product of their intraparty struggle was a hybrid institutional amalgam that layered new participatory arrangements over a hollow party structure, thus setting the Democratic Party on a path toward the advocacy party and its polarizing politics.
Mothers' and fathers' self-regulation capacity, dysfunctional attributions and hostile parenting during early adolescence: A process-oriented approach
Authors: Sturge-Apple Melissa L. , Li Zhi , Martin Meredith J. , Jones-Gordils Hannah R. , Davies Patrick T.
Published: February 2019

The parent-child relationship undergoes substantial reorganization over the transition to adolescence. Navigating this change is a challenge for parents because teens desire more behavioral autonomy as well as input in decision-making processes. Although it has been demonstrated that changes in parental socialization approaches facilitates adolescent adjustment, very little work has been devoted to understanding the underlying mechanisms supporting parents’ abilities to adjust caregiving during this period. Guided by self-regulation models of parenting, the present study examined how parental physiological and cognitive regulatory capacities were associated with hostile and insensitive parent conflict behavior over time. From a process-oriented perspective, we tested the explanatory role of parents’ dysfunctional child-oriented attributions in this association. A sample of 193 fathers, mothers, and their early adolescent (ages 12–14) participated in laboratory-based research assessments spaced approximately 1 year apart. Parental physiological regulation was measured using square root of the mean of successive differences during a conflict task; cognitive regulation was indicated by set-shifting capacity. Results showed that parental difficulties in vagal regulation during parent-adolescent conflict were associated with increased hostile conflict behavior over time; however, greater set-shifting capacity moderated this association for fathers only. In turn, father's dysfunctional attributions regarding adolescent behavior mediated the moderating effect. The results highlight how models of self-regulation and social cognition may explain the determinants of hostile parenting with differential implications for fathers during adolescence.
From Top Down Under: New Insights into the Social Significance of Superimpositions in the Rock Art of Northern Kimberley, Australia
Authors: Motta Ana Paula
Published: February 2019

Rock-art researchers have long acknowledged the importance of discerning superimposition sequences as a means for exploring chronology. Despite their potential for reconstructing painting events and thus informing on a site's production sequences, the social significance of superimpositions and their associated meanings have been little explored. In the Kimberley Region of northwestern Australia, interpretations of superimpositions as an analytical lens have often lingered on the ‘negative’ connotations of this practice (e.g. to destroy supernatural power embedded in previous paintings and/or to show cultural dominance). As a result, it has been proposed that the overpainting of previous images was tantamount to defacing, leading to the proposition that new images constituted a form of vandalism of older art. In this paper, a sample of rock-art sites from the northwestern and northeastern Kimberley is analysed with the aim of grounding the study of superimpositions in more nuanced practices, leading researchers to contemplate the role they played among populations within the same area. It is argued here that superimpositions brought together past and present experiences that served to reinforce the links between contemporary art production and the inherited landscape.
Learning English through out-of-school exposure. Which levels of language proficiency are attained and which types of input are important?
Authors: De Wilde Vanessa , Brysbaert Marc , Eyckmans June
Published: February 2019

In this study we examined the level of English proficiency children can obtain through out-of-school exposure in informal contexts prior to English classroom instruction. The second aim was to determine the input types that fuel children's informal language acquisition. Language learning was investigated in 780 Dutch-speaking children (aged 10–12), who were tested on their English receptive vocabulary knowledge, listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. Information about learner characteristics and out-of-school English exposure was gathered using questionnaires. The results show large language gains for a substantial number of children but also considerable individual differences. The most beneficial types of input were gaming, use of social media and speaking. These input types are interactive and multimodal and they involve language production. We also found that the various language tests largely measure the same proficiency component.
Cognitive control in bilinguals: Effects of language experience and individual variability
Authors: Bonfieni Michela , Branigan Holly P. , Pickering Martin J. , Sorace Antonella
Published: February 2019

We report a study that investigated executive functions in four groups of participants that varied in bilingual language experience, using a task that measured two theoretically motivated mechanisms of cognitive control (proactive and reactive control). Analyses of accuracy based on aggregated measures suggested an advantage in early highly proficient bilinguals over late passive bilinguals. However, when we factored in individual variability using mixed-model regression with a full random effect structure, we only found a marginal effect of language experience. Our results emphasise the importance of including individual variability when studying bilingualism, and highlight a fundamental consideration in research on the relation between language and attention – namely, the need for a theory-driven approach to measuring cognitive control through laboratory tasks.
Building a Library of Simulated Atom Probe Data for Different Crystal Structures and Tip Orientations Using TAPSim
Authors: Kühbach Markus , Breen Andrew , Herbig Michael , Gault Baptiste
Published: February 2019

The process of building an open source library of simulated field desorption maps for differently oriented synthetic tips of the face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal-close-packed crystal structures using the open source software TAPSim is reported. Specifically, the field evaporation of a total set of 4 × 101 single-crystalline tips was simulated. Their lattices were oriented randomly to sample economically the fundamental zone of crystal orientations. Such data are intended to facilitate the interpretation of low-density zone lines and poles that are observed on detector hit maps during Atom Probe Tomography (APT) experiments. The datasets and corresponding tools have been made publicly available to the APT community in an effort to provide better access to simulated atom probe datasets. In addition, a computational performance analysis was conducted, from which recommendations are made as to which key tasks should be optimized in the future to improve the parallel efficiency of TAPSim.
Quantitative Determination of How Growth Conditions Affect the 3D Composition of InGaAs Nanowires
Authors: Qu Jiangtao , Chen Hansheng , Khan Mansoor , Yun Fan , Cui Xiangyuan , Ringer Simon P. , Cairney Julie M. , Zheng Rongkun
Published: February 2019

Covering a broad optical spectrum, ternary InxGa1−xAs nanowires, grown by bottom-up methods, have been receiving increasing attention due to the tunability of the bandgap via In composition modulation. However, inadequate knowledge about the correlation between growth and properties restricts our ability to take advantage of this phenomenon for optoelectronic applications. Here, three different InGaAs nanowires were grown under different experimental conditions and atom probe tomography was used to quantify their composition, allowing the direct observation of the nanowire composition associated with the different growth conditions.