bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WHY DO WE FILL THE ROOT CANAL? WHAT OBTURATION TECHNIQUES ARE UTILIZED?
Authors: Koch Carol‐Anne
Published: August 2010

Dr Carol‐Anne Koch of South Australia was the winner of the 1988 Essay Competition. Carol‐Anne received $400 as first prize for her paper. Drs Christopher Paul of Western Australia and Richard Gill of the University of Otago in New Zealand were equal second, sharing the $200 second prize. Congratulations to you all. The Editor
1994 FEDERAL LECTURER
Authors: Stock Chris
Published: August 2010

The Executive is pleased to announce that Dr Chris Stock of London has agreed to conduct courses in Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in August next year.
The Effects Of Neuropeptides (Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide And Substance P) On Cultured Human Pulp Fibroblasts
Authors: Trantor Ian R.
Published: August 2010

The involvement of neural tissues and their products in the inflammatory response have been the subject of much research in recent years. Of particular interest is the role of neuropeptides in the early healing response, that is, a role beyond the immediate vasoactive effect. This report is based on the MDSc thesis of Ian Trantor which was supported in part by an ASE research grant. The report outlines the effects of Substance P (SP)and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)on human pulp fibroblasts in‐vitro.
Endodontics — A Key To Identification In Forensic Dentistry: Report Of A Case
Authors: Weisman Manuel I.
Published: August 2010

The identification of persons burned beyond recognition is a very difficult task, often nearly impossible. Teeth and remnants thereof are sometimes the only evidence remaining that can be used to establish a positive identification.
Evolutionary Characteristics of China's Intermediate Manufactures
Authors: Kang Minsung , Lee Jeong‐Dong
Published: August 2010

China's economic development is characterized by progressive integration with international production chains as an assembly producer. Japan and South Korea are the major partners providing intermediate products to China. The present paper analyzes the Chinese intermediate sector's present condition and evolutionary characteristics revealed in bilateral trade with Japan and South Korea. The analysis uses the framework of new trade theory represented by “intra‐industry trade”. Trade statistics from 1997 to 2004 are analyzed using the database published by the OECD. Results show that China's inter‐industrial evolution is characterized by its expanding positioning in the manner of the flying geese development paradigm of Asian countries. Furthermore, intra‐industrial evolution is characterized by a concentration on price competitiveness. The framework and results of the industrial analysis presented in this paper assist in the understanding of China's manufacturing evolution and of the policy‐making decisions taken in the process.
China's Outward Direct and Portfolio Investments
Authors: Fung Hung‐Gay , Liu Qingfeng Wilson , Kao Erin H. C.
Published: August 2010

This paper analyzes developments and trends related to China's outward direct and financial investments by examining Chinese firms’overseas acquisitions, China's holdings of US Treasury securities, and the recently formally launched Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor programs. Strategies should be developed to reach optimal decisions for both direct and portfolio investments. We argue that China should have a longer‐term view for both direct and portfolio investments, enabling China to become the leader in Asia while maintaining its sustainable growth objective. China should invest heavily in the development of the Asian bond market and the Asian Currency Fund when making both portfolio and direct investment decisions.
Structure of Comparative Advantage of China and India: Global and Regional Dynamics
Authors: Batra Amita
Published: August 2010

This paper investigates the extent of competition between China and India in the world and ASEAN markets. The analysis is undertaken using the concept of revealed comparative advantage, relative market shares, long‐term trend analysis and statistical tests of convergence. In the context of the ASEAN market the evaluation of competition between India and China has been undertaken with special reference to the prior implementation of the ASEAN‐China Free Trade Area relative to the ASEAN‐India Free Trade Area. The results suggest that threat perceptions at the product level might currently prevail for both economies from each other across all sectors in both markets even though the intensity of the competitive threat varies across products. However, long‐term trend analysis shows that the patterns of comparative advantage of India and China are evolving along divergent paths and, therefore, competition between the two economies might not be a major issue.
AN INTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEM FOR PENAEID SHRIMP
Authors: Parker Jack C. , Conte Fred S. , MacGrath William S. , Miller Bruce W.
Published: August 2010

A shrimp production module was constructed on a pilot scale at Corpus Christi, Texas and operated on a demonstration basis from 21 April through 10 November, 1973. The unit, consisting of three adjacent ponds of 0.05 ha (nursery), 0.1 ha (intermediate) and 0.2 ha (grow‐out) through which shrimp were rotated as they grew, provided a better utilization of space than previously realized in single pond units. Properly designed and operated, this module has production capabilities of 2,000 to 3,000 kg of shrimp during the 6 to 7 month growing season available in Texas and up to 6,000 kg in areas where year‐round operation is feasible.
COCCIDIOSIS IN THE GREEN TURTLE IN MARICULTURE (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Rebell Gerbert , Rywlin Arkadi , Ulrich Glen
Published: August 2010

An epidemic of disease in recently hatched green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was found to be associated with a new coccidial intestinal parasite. The disease and associated mortality appeared in young turtles approximately 30 days after hatching, and ran a 60 day course through the stock hatchlings at the farm. Symptoms of the disease were emaciation and lethargy. Tube‐like casts of intestinal mucosa and impaction of the gut with caseous masses of oocysts occured late in the disease. Active patches of coccidial infection were found in the intestinal tract of surviving and apparently healthy turtles as late as 1 month after the end of the epidemic.
GRAM‐NEGATIVE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA OF SOME FISHES BEFORE AND AFTER CAGE CULTURE1
Authors: Williams Ernest H. , Phelps Ronald P. , Gaines John L. , Bunkley Lucy F.
Published: August 2010

Samples of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus); striped bass (Morone saxatilis); striped mullet (Mugil cephalus); Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus); and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), were examined for bacteria before (pre‐culture) and after (post‐culture) stocking in cages used in a mariculture experiment at Dauphin Island, Alabama in 1971. In 1972 a similar experiment was conducted with samples of pompano; striped bass; striped mullet, tilapia (Tilapia aurea); and southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus).

Bacterial cultures were presumptively identified as gramnegative pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio anguillarum) or as cultures not conforming (nonconforming) to presumptive tests for gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria presumptively identified as A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens were isolated from fishes sampled before confining in cages in 1971 and 1972. Incidence of infections of these two bacteria were very high in samples of spot. Nonconforming bacteria were also isolated from preculture samples. No bacteria were isolated from cultures taken after confinement in feeding cages from 165 fishes.

During the summers of 1969–1972, mariculture experiments were conducted by the Marine Resources Division of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources at th e Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory on Dauphin Island, Alabama to develop techniques for culturing marine fishesin floating cages (Swingle, 1970, 1971a, b, 1972; Swingle and Tatum, 1971; Powell, 1972; Tatum, 1972). Fishes were examined before mariculture experiments and at harvest to determine the abundance of parasites (Williams, 1972). During the third and fourth years (1971, 1972) of these mariculture studies, fishes were examined for bacterial in fections.

To control and predict bacterial diseases in fishes, a knowledge of the normal changes in bacterial incidence is necessary. A study of the bacteria fauna of brackish and freshwater fishes of the region has been conducted (Johnson and Williams, 1970). The following study was conducted to obtain some in dication of the occurrence of known gram‐negative pathogenic bacteria in the preculture samples of wild, apparently healthy marine fishes before subjecting them to mariculture conditions and the occurrences in the fishes after being held in a mariculture situation.
REDUCTION OF AMMONIA TOXICITY BY SALINITY AND PH MANIPULATION
Authors: Sousa Robert J. , Meade Thomas L. , Wolke Richard E.
Published: August 2010

The toxicity of un‐ionized ammonia (NH3) has severely limited development of high density salmonid culture. In the work described, an interrelationship between pH, salinity, and ammonia tolerance is established. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawtyscha) smolts will tolerate higher levels of ammonia under mildly acidic culture condi‐conditions. This is the result of shifting the NH3/NH4 + equilibrium in favor of the non‐toxic NH4+ ion. Intermediate salinities in water re‐use culture systems have also been shown to be beneficial in overcoming the toxic effects of ammonia. This may be related to an ionic exchange relationship between sodium and ammonium ions across the cellular membranes of the gill branchial cells.

Environmental manipulation, leading to a reduction in ammonia toxicity, can decrease production costs in water re‐use culture systems. Such prodecures would also help to maintain cultured organisms should problems within water treatment components be encountered.
Development of Formula Foods Designed for Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larval and Juvenile Shrimp1
Authors: Sick Lowell V. , Beaty Helen
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Several types of food (differing in shape, form, type of binder, texture, and attractant quality) were developed and evaluated during a series of ingestion and growth studies using larval and juvenile stages of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The specific food requirements, in terms of physical characteristics, for each growth stage were emphasized.

Calculating an energy budget, a caloric comparison was made of the ability of various foods at various concentrations to sustain larval growth. Among six formula diets prepared in three different forms, stage 7–8 Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae incorporated relatively higher amounts of freeze‐dried diet having 15% Artemia salina meat added.

Of the various larval foods evaluated in a growth study, larvae grown on 5.5 mm Artemia salina and freeze dried catfish reached stage 8 significantly faster than groups of larvae fed other diets. Larvae reared on a formula freeze‐dried diet developed to stage 8 more rapidly than animals fed other forms of formula food.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveiled fed a soybean meal diet bound with 5% collagen did not gain in weight, while animals fed the same diet with long chain amylose starch binder had a 1158% increase in weight. Soybean meal diets bound with cornstarch and agar also had relatively lower weight gains than animals ged diets bound with long chain amylose starch. Shrimp fed diets with freeze‐dried A. salina added had significantly higher weight gains than controls.
Light and fine Structural Studies of Natural and Artificially Induced Egg Growth of Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Duronslet M. J. , Yudin A. I. , Wheeler R. S. , Jr W. H. Clark
Published: August 2010

Egg differentiation in penaeids induced to undergo gonad maturation by eyestalk ablation has been examined with light and electron microscopes.

Controls consisted of both wild brown and white shrimp (Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus) caught in various stages of ovarian maturation. These animals were sacrificed and ovarian tissues were excised and fixed in a cold (4 C) aldehyde mixture, post‐fixed in osmic acid, dehydrated in acetone, and embedded in an epoxy resin. Experimental animals included laboratory‐reared, wild immature, and wild mature animals which had resorbed ovarian tissues. These animals were ablated with hot surgical clamps and sacrificed at various time intervals. Tissues were prepared as described for the controls.

The development of ova from experimental animals was compared to control animals. In the stages early oocyte, cisternal phase, platelet phase, cortical rod phase, and mature oocyte, the experimental oocytes appeared the same as the control tissues. Though further studies (e.g., biochemical and zygote development) are needed, these preliminary fine structural studies are encouraging. While ablation, a mechanical process, may not be the technique of choice for maturing shrimp, it does indicate that manipulation of the endocrine system will be successful.
Studies on the Lethal Dissolved Oxygen Levels for Young Brown Shrimp, Penaeus Aztecus Ives
Authors: Kramer Gary L.
Published: August 2010

The effects of sudden salinity changes and rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content on the lethal dissolved oxygen levels for brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) juveniles (51 mm mean length) and subadults (91 mm mean length) were determined by direct transfer from an acclimation salinity of 10 ppt to test salinities of 2.5, 5, 10, and 36 ppt at rates of reduction in dissolved oxygen content of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.6 ppm/hr. Behavioral responses to these environmental changes were observed and the relations of size and sex to lethal levels of dissolved oxygen were analyzed.

The lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for juveniles appear to be affected by sudden salinity changes, while those for subadults remain the same. In the acclimation salinity, subadults died over wider ranges and at higher mean oxygen levels than juveniles. Sex does not appear to significantly modify the lethal dissolved oxygen concentrations for either of these stages of the shrimp life cycle. Behavioral responses indicate that young brown shrimp can detect and therefore possibly avoid low levels of dissolved oxygen. Close monitoring of pond dissolved oxygen and maintenance above 2.0 ppm appears essential to good shrimp husbandry.
Continuous Spat Production of Fiat Oyster: Ostrea Edulis in Running Water1
Authors: Flassch J. P. , L'Herroux M. , Laubier L.
Published: August 2010

The breeding of bivalve larvae has up to now always been conducted in closed systems. This method requires great care and consequently much labor.

Using running water systems, we intended to exclude handling and avoid infestations and diseases without the use of antibiotics. Primarily, we used two cylindrical 20 m3 tanks, both with a filtering sand bottom and air‐lift system. The flow was about 400 liters/hr. The temperature was 20 C. One tank was used as the filter, the second as our breeding unit in which circulation was maintained by adapted aeration. Newly released larvae of Ostrea edulis were introduced at four times. Larvae were fed daily at a rate of from 10 Isochrysis galbana, 10 Monochrysis lutheri and 2 Tetraselmis suecica per microliter to 25 I.g., 25 M. 1. and 5 T. s. per microliter.

The best results were obtained at the end of experiment using a stocking density of 220 larvae/liter. We observed a shorter larval period than usual records. Metamorphosis took place from day 9 to day 11. Five percent of the larvae were collected as spat on plates at an early stage (24 to 48 the hours), without considering the high number of spat settled on the tank itself. Total number of settled spat was about 15 to 20% of last larval density. These preliminary results need to be studied thoroughly. Nevertheless, the experiment shows that continuous oyster spat production is feasible in running water systems.
A Polyculture System for Commercially Important Marine Species with Special Reference to the Lobster (Homarus americanus)1
Authors: Mitchell Joan R.
Published: August 2010

Increased efficiency and productivity can be achieved in aquaculture systems which contain several species occupying different levels of the food chain, utilizing waste products from the cultured organisms as well as available food. Two systems are described which use secondary‐treated sewage effluent as a nutrient source to grow unicellular algae and to produce, in the same system, several commercially‐important species such as the oyster (Crassostrea virginica), the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and the lobster (Homarus americanus). Food for the marketable species grows naturally and abundantly in these systems, eliminating the major recurring cost in commercial aquaculture.
First Experiments on the Rearing of Tropical Carangidae in Floating Cages
Authors:   Aquacop,
Published: August 2010

In order to determine the feasibility of fish culture in French Polynesia's lagoons, preliminary tests were performed in 1973 and 1974. Juveniles (7 to 10 g) of three Carangidae species (Caranx melampygus, C. elacate, C. ignobilis) were caught in the wild and transported to the laboratory; three lots were dispatched among two small tanks (500 liters) with 10 animals each and a floating cage (6 times 6 × 4 m; 1.5 cm mesh) with 900 animals.

The range of water temperature was 25 to 27 C, salinity was about 34.5 ppt, and pH was 8.2. Food was given in the form of a moist pellet consisting of 80% dry powder mixed with fresh bonito flesh or troca flesh. Such a diet has a 40% protein content due essentially to fish meal (sun‐dried lagoon fish). These moist pellets were well accepted, but dry pellets were spat out.

The time necessary to get a commercial size (300 g) in the tanks or in the floating cage was 6 to 8 months. Mortality rate was under 5%. The net of the floating cage was kept clean by a herbivorous fish (Siganus sp.) associated with Jack‐fish.

Jack‐fish culture in lagoons seems promising because of its desirable meat, high market value, and rapid growth rate. Studies are being carried out to demonstrate the economic feasibility of such a culture by reducing the cost of feed and by obtaining reproduction in captivity.
Prespectives on Ocean Ranching of Pacific Salmon
Authors: McNeil William J.
Published: August 2010

The outlook for private salmon farms engaged in ocean ranching of Pacific salmon is examined from four perspectives‐biologic, methodic, sociologic, and economic. Ecological, physiological, behavioral, and genetic questions which relate to growth and survival of juvenile salmon released from husbandry systems are considered under biologic perspective. Recent innovations in technology to produce at low cost juvenile salmon which retain a capacity for rapid growth and high survival while at sea are described under methodic perspective. Recent changes in public policy that permit private ownership of Pacific salmon on the west coast of the United States are reviewed under sociologic perspective. Finally, questions which must be resolved before the feasibility of ocean ranching can be evaluated are identified under economic perspective.
Brackish Water Pond Culture Experiments with Atlantic Croaker, Striped Mullet, Channel Catfish, and Rainbow Trout
Authors: Perry W. Guthrie
Published: August 2010

Brackish water pond culture studies have been conducted by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission at the Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana, since 1966. Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) were among the first species stocked. Various stocking rates and sizes have been tested to determine production without supplemental feed. Polyculture experiments were conducted with striped mulletchannel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) combinations and striped mullet‐Atlantic croaker combinations.

Growth data for Atlantic croaker were highly variable; however, striped mullet results were promising, especially for polyculture with catfish. Results from two winter stockings of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) indicate that warmer temperatures and marginal water quality may limit rainbow trout production in southwest Louisiana.
Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases Found in Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Cultured American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Fisher W. S. , Nilson E. H. , Shleser R. A.
Published: August 2010

The ability to detect infection or disease is a key element in mariculture. Routine examination of dead and sick animals is required to achieve this objective. Such a procedure is practiced in the lobster (Homarus americanus) culture program at Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California. Techniques and observations are presented to demonstrate problems encountered in semi‐closed recirculating seawater systems. Examination procedures lead to early detection and possible prevention of epizootics. Some infections or infestations may initially be detected without the aid of a microscope. Microscopic examination of eggs and larvae allows detection of filamentous epibionts and the fungus Lagenidium sp. Larvae are also examined for molt‐related difficulties, cannibalism, and air embolism. Internal bacterial infections are rarely encountered in larval or juvenile stages, yet are included in the examination. Juvenile lobsters are examined for epibionts that might cause gill occlusion or molting difficulties and for the fungal disease agent Haliphthoros milfordensis. Internal organs are examined for signs of chemical toxicity and bacterial degradation. Similar techniques have been used for cultured shrimp and crab populations under study.
Fabrea salina A Promising Live Food for Mariculture Purposes
Authors: de Winter F. , Persoone G. , Benijts‐Claus C.s
Published: August 2010

Mass culturing of suitable live foods for mariculture purposes is slowed down by a lack of fundamental knowledge on food species with high nutritional value. Research at the laboratory level has shown that in this regard Fabrea salina, a pelagic heterotrichous marine ciliate (200 to 400 u), seems to be a promising species.

The influence of the nature and the concentration of the food on the rate of reproduction has been determined. Densities of more than 50 ciliates per ml could easily be obtained in batch cultures. The short generation time of 12 hours will allow a 95% harvest each second day in semi‐continuous culturing.
EEL CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: Cremer Michael C.
Published: August 2010

In 1973, a project to evaluate the feasibility of culturing native anguillid eels as an export product was undertaken by the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries. Species identification, distribution and relative abundance of elvers, and culture feasibility were studied.

Three species of anguillid eels were identified in streams throughout the north coastal region of Luzon Island: Anguilla marmorata, A. celebesensis, and A. bicolor pacifica. Elvers of all three species migrated simultaneously. Only A. bicolor pacifica appears suitable for commercial culture at present.

Commercial quantities of elvers were found only in the Cagayan River. During 1973–74, 2.2 metric tons of elvers were collected from this river.

In culture experiments, elvers grew well on a ration of ground fish with vitamin additives and showed a 6:1 feed conversion. A pelleted feed appeared desirable for fingerling and larger eels (>3g). Elvers succumbed to oxygen concentrations less than 2ppm; fingerling and larger eels were more tolerant of low dissolved oxygen. Mean water temperature of 25.3 C appeared suitable for year‐round culture.

Commercial culture operations were toured at the conclusion of the Bureau of Fisheries Project. Initial developments, problems and potentials were evaluated.
Culture Of Immature American Alligators In Controlled Environmental Chambers
Authors: Joanen Ted , McNease Larry
Published: August 2010

Design and operational procedures for controlled environmental chambers were tested to determine their effect on growth rates, diseases, and mortality of the American alligator (Alligator mississip‐piensis). Alligators were cultured from hatching until 34 months of age.

Various diets were tested. Fresh frozen marine fish was preferred due to cost considerations, annual availability, storage quality, animal acceptance, and growth rates. Growth rates and food conversions were determined for a 26 month period.

Survival rate was 99.47. for 156 alligators.
Physical‐Chemical Methods For Control Of Algal Species And Composition In Algal Culturing Facilities
Authors: Srna Richard F.
Published: August 2010

The bivalve molluscs Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria require species of algal food for growth. Successful commercial culture of the hard clam and American oyster in a controlled environment depends on an ability to grow desirable species.

Three methods are described for the selective culture of Thalassiosira pseudonana, a desirable bivalve food, in the presence of a contaminant species Phaeodactylum tricornutum, an undesirable food.

The first method takes advantage of differences in cell wall characteristics between the two types of algae. Cultures of T. pseudonana contaminated with 34% and 60% P. tricornutum (by cell numbers) treated with ultrasonic waves yielded growing cultures of T. pseudonana which were free of P. tricornutum when 100% T. pseudonana were treated with ultrasonic waves they showed no growth and normal growth respectively.

The second method involves manipulation of nutrient levels in a mixed culture of Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum to eliminate one or other species from the culture.

The third method utilizes a harvesting reseeding technique to maintain a relatively constant concentration of the slower growing species in a semi‐continuous mixed species culture containing Carteria chuii and Thalassiosira pseudonana.

The results are integrated into a two loop algal culturing process. One loop consists of a seed culture utilizing a small percentage of the influent water and a larger mass algae culture. The mass algae loop is continuosly inoculated with new seed from the seed loop in sufficient quantities so that desirable species out compete undesirable species. Water entering the seed loop is purified by an ultrasonic treatment process so that undesirable species may be eliminated from the seed cultures.
An Introduction To Culture Methods For Larval And Postlarval Penaeid Shrimp
Authors: Heinen John M.
Published: August 2010

The two principal methods of culturing penaeid larvae and postlarvae are briefly described. In the “indoor” method algae to feed the larval shrimp are cultured separately and added to the rearing tank when needed, while in the “outdoor” method sunlight is utilized to grow phytoplankton as food in the same water with the larvae.
The Effects Of Pelletized Protein Diets On Growth, Molting And Survival Of Juvenile Lobsters1
Authors: Gallagher M. L. , Conklin D. E. , Brown W. D.
Published: August 2010

Juvenile lobsters were fed pelleted natural or synthetic diets with varying protein content while being held in a closed system containing either Instant Ocean or natural sea water. An optimum dietary protein level could not be established. However 11% protein was shown to be inadequate. Instant Ocean was found to be as good as natural sea water for holding lobsters during dietary studies. Feed efficiency ratios were calculated and shown to be comparable to those determined for rat and chick. Parentage was shown to be a significant factor in terms of rates of growth of animals on various diets. Molting was shown to be cyclic and synchronized in early growth stages.
Effects Of Chemicals In Thermal Effluent On Homarus americanus Maintained In Aquaculture Systems1
Authors: Dorband Wayne R. , Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F.
Published: August 2010

Effects of chemicals in thermal effluent on American lobsters (Homarus americanus) maintained in aquaculture systems were evaluated. Atomic absorption analysis of intake and effluent water samples from three fossil‐fuel generating stations in southern California indicated that chemical additions did not affect concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, and As in the thermal effluent. Concentrations of these metals in the intake and effluent water at the San Diego Gas & Electric Company's Encina Power Plant were not significantly different than their concentrations in seawater from the Scripps Institution, and were well within the reported ranges for levels of those metals in normal seawater. The amounts of heavy metal chelating agents in Encina effluent were significantly greater than in Encina intake and Scripps seawater.

No significant differences were observed in mean concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Co in larval, juvenile and adult lobsters maintained in three water types (Encina effluent, Encina intake and Scripps). Lobsters maintained in Scripps seawater were dissected and metal levels in the gills, hepatopancreas, tail muscles, claw muscles, digestive tract, and exoskeleton were analyzed by atomic absorption. The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Co and Cr were found in the gills, while Cd was found in equally high concentrations in the gills and hepatopancreas. The lowest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Cr were found in the exoskeleton, while Pb and Co were found in the lowest concentrations in the tail muscle. Regressions of metal levels in tissues of lobsters on carapace length indicated that Hamericanus does not accumulate metals in the tissues, but rather regulates the levels.

The 24, 48, 72, and 96 hour median lethal limits for Cu++, Zn++, Cr6+, Co+++, Cd++, Pb++, Cl−, and acids were established for lobster larvae held in static systems. Median effective times also were determined. Median lethal limits for these eight chemicals were all far above levels of the chemicals encountered in the generating station effluents. In most cases they were at least an order of magnitude higher. Longterm bioassays in static systems indicated that growth and survival of larval and juvenile lobsters were similar in Encina effleunt, Encina intake, and Scripps seawater at constant temperature.

All of these studies indicate that the thermal effluent from typical generating stations in southern California provides an essentially pollution‐free heated water source for the culture of H. americanus.
The Use Of Eyestalk Ablation In Nutrition Studies With American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Castell John D. , Mauviot Jean C. , Covey Jane F.
Published: August 2010

Bilateral eyestalk ablation results in an accelerated growth rate in lobsters (Homarus americanus). Feeding trials were used to determine whether this accelerated growth rate resulted in a greater response of ablated lobsters to differences in nutritional values of diets. The value of using eyestalk ablated lobsters in nutrition studies was evaluated by comparing their molt, mortality and weight gain responses to dietary proteins (casein, soy bean protein and cod fish protein concentrate (FPC) and lipids (cod liver oil (CLO), corn oil (CO) and a 1:1 mixture of CLO and CO), with similar responses of control lobsters. Groups of ablated and control lobsters were fed frozen brine shrimp (FBS) for comparative purposes. The ablated lobsters showed a more rapid response to dietary differences than did the control lobsters. Casein proved to be the best dietary protein, followed by soybean, with FPC being the poorest. While CLO has been shown to be better than CO as a dietary lipid source, it appears that a 1:1 mixture of the two oils is better than either one alone. The growth, molt rate and survival of ablated lobsters fed FBS was significantly better than for those fed any of the artificial diets used in this study.
The Effects Of Algal Supplements On Static System Culture Of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) Larvae1,2
Authors: Maddox Mark B. , Manzi John J.
Published: August 2010

The value of algal supplements in rearing Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae in static water systems was investigated. Larvae were reared in 60 liter fiberglass rounded bottom tanks at concentrations ranging from 50 to 67 larvae/liter. Standard culture methods (used by Marine Resources Research Institute) and feeds (Artemia salina nauplii, TetraMin, fish eggs) were utilized throughout the study. The three major groups of phytoplankters evaluated included the Chlorophyceae (Nannachloris oculata, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlorella sp.), the Chrysophyceae (Isochrysis galbana, Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa), and the Bacillariophyceae (Skeletonema costatum, Phaeodactylum tricornutum). Algal supplements were added to produce concentrations of 20,000 to 1,200,000 cells/ml in the larval culture tanks. Three replicate cultures per algal species were maintained and compared to control replicates.

Algal supplements increased survival of larvae and production of postlarvae and decreased length of time to metamorphosis. P. tricornutum, I. galbana, and P. paradoxa appear to be the most valuable supplements tested to date. These treatments routinely resulted in approximately 30% greater survival and between 40 and 60% more postlarvae than control treatments. Possible mechanisms for the algal enhancement of M. rosenbergii larval culture are discussed.
Identification Of The Essential Amino Acids Of The Freshwater Shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione1
Authors: Miyajima Lester S. , Broderick Glen A. , Reimer Rollin D.
Published: August 2010

The essential amino acids of the freshwater shrimp, Macrobrachium ohione were identified by radioactive assay using U−14C glucose. Those amino acids which incorporated little or no 14C were arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. It was inferred that Macrobrachium ohione could not synthesize these amino acids and thus, has a dietary requirement for them.
CAGE CULTURE OF SEVEN FISH SPECIES IN A POWER PLANT EFFLUENT CHARACTERIZED BY WIDE SALINITY FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: Holt Rennie , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

Seven fish species, including freshwater, estuarine, and marine species, were cultured in floating cages between 22 July 1973 and 18 August 1975 in intake waters and at five stations in the cooling lake of an upper Galveston Bay, Texas, power plant. Cooling water was characterized by acute salinity fluctuations which adversely affected growth and survival of all species. Black drum was the only species which exhibited growth suitable for commercial production. However, black drum could not adapt to prolonged low salinities and suffered complete mortality. Striped mullet, stocked in the lake, survived the entire 2‐year culture period, but growth rates were low. Pinfish and Florida pompano grew slowly and succumbed to low salinities while sea catfish and Atlantic spadefish could not tolerate low temperatures nor prolonged low salinity. Death of channel catfish occurred after conductivity levels increased above 20 millimhos/cm.
CULTURE OF THE WEST INDIAN SPIDER CRAB (Mithrax spinosissimus) AT LOS ROQUES, VENEZUELA
Authors: Brownell Willard N. , Provenzano Anthony J. , Martínez Manuel
Published: August 2010

Spider crabs, several of which support commercial fisheries, possess biological characteristics which make certain of them potential candidates for mariculture. The giant red spider crab of Caribbean shallaw waters, fished in small numbers and marketed locally, may be one such candidate.

Berried females of Mithrax spinosissimus were collected in Antillean fish traps on sandy bottoms at depths of 3–7 m in IDS Roques, Venezuela. They were kept in laboratory tanks with frequent water changes and an ample supply of algae for food. Larvae obtained from natural hatchings were reared in separate tanks prepared with filtered water and phytoplankton. Observations on six hatches from February to August, 1976, yielded similar results: hatching to megalops in 60–72 hours: megalops to juvenile in 130–140 hours. Juveniles were reared on algae and commercial chow in tanks and in floating cages lined with 363 μm screen cloth. Juveniles ranged in length from 3.1–4.7 mm after six weeks and when maintained in aquaria on a diet of algae for seven months continued to show rapid growth. Adults kept in tanks appeared to stay healthy and grew on a diet of algae, though they consumed sessile coelenterates offered to them. Rearing techniques, mariculture potential and ecology of this species are discussed.
ALGAL SUPPLEMENT ENHANCEMENT OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) LARVICULTURE1,2
Authors: Manzi John J. , Maddox Mark B. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: August 2010

Unialgnl additions in various concentrations were used to evaluate algal supplements in both static and recirculating water system larviculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Larvae were reared in 60 liter, black fiberglass, rounded bottom tanks at stocking densities ranging from 50 to 75 larvae/l. Cultures were maintained at 12 ppt synthetic seawater at 28 ± 1°C with constant light and moderate aeration. Artemia salina nauplii were used as the primary ration and fed at concentrations of 10 to 15 nauplii/ml. Fish roe (Mugil sp. and Cynoscion sp.) were used as secondary rations after day 9/10 in all cultures. Results showed that unialgal supplements, particularly those of the Chrysophyta (i.e. Isochrysis galbana, Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum), significantly increased survival of larvae and production of postlarvae in both static and recirculating water systems. Mean survival was highest in recirculating algal‐supplemented cultures (82.7%) and static algal‐supplemented cultures (78.8%) and lowest in recirculating and static control cultures (50.9 and 57.0%, respectively). Post‐larval production averaged 59/1 (78% of the stocking density) in recirculating and 47/1 (74% of the stocking density) in static P. tricornutm supplemented cultures while static and recirculating controls averaged 20/1 (39%) and 32/1 (41%) respectively. Peak production of post‐larvae occurred earlier (day 28) in algal supplemented recirculating cultures than in controls (day 34) indicating that algae may also decrease length of time to metamorphosis. Survival data from all experiments were analyzed by ANOVA with regression and indicated a positive, significant relationship between algal concentration and larval survival. Periodic monitoring of nitrogenous compounds (NH4, NO2, NO3) indicated that these aspects of water quality were not directly related to the enhancement of M. rosenbergii larval culture by algal supplements.
INTENSIVE REARING OF POSTLARVAL MALAYSIAN PRAWNS (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) IN A CLOSED CYCLE NURSERY SYSTEM1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J.
Published: August 2010

An intensive nursery concept incorporating artificial habitats, aquatic plants and recirculation of the rearing water was tested with juvenile Malaysian prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Two replicate systems were set up; each consisted of three interconnected tanks, one of which served as the biological filter for all three. A total of 24,150 juvenile prawns (mean weight 0.31 g) was used to examine three treatments: (I) stocking density of 1,617 prawns m‐2 (150 ft‐2) of tank floor; (2) density of 1,078 prawns m‐2 (100 ft‐2); and (3) density of 1,078 prawns m‐2 (100 ft‐2) with gravel biological filter in tank. Each treatment appeared once in each tank series.

No differences in mean size or survival were detected among the treatments during the eight‐week study. Survival averaged 81.5% on day 30 and 62.0% on day 56. Overall mean standing crops of 1,022 prawns 0.61 g in mean weight and 771 prawns 1.11 g in mean weight m‐2 of tank floor were recorded on days 30 and 56, respectively. These data suggest that a nursery system of 200 m2 tank area could possibly produce sufficient 0.5‐1 g juveniles to stock approximately 1.5‐2 ha of ponds at a density of 10 prawns m‐2. Coupling such nursery systems with grow‐out ponds in temperate areas like South Carolina might markedly increase total production and mean prawn size. thereby increasing the value of the prawn crop.
A REVIEW OF CRAWFISH CULTURE IN LOUISIANA
Authors: de la Bretonne Larry
Published: August 2010

Development of the Louisiana crawfish industry from one of erratic natural production to more stable pond culture is reviewed. Pond construction, stocking, life history, harvesting and management practices are discussed. Rice field‐crawfish culture offers a worldwide opportunity to double crop production with minimal investment.
DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF A CLOSED SYSTEM FOR SHRIMP CULTURE
Authors: Mock C. R. , Ross L. R. , Salser B. R.
Published: August 2010

A closed system for intensive culture of penaeid shrimp was designed and tested. Details of construction of tanks and filters are presented along with a description of some equipment and procedures tested during the evolution of the system.

The system is evaluated in terms of its usefulness in rearing shrimp at high densities. Water chemistry parameters are presented to aid in evaluation of overall system performance.

It was demonstrated that the system has practical applications in rearing postlarval and juvenile penaeid shrimp at high densities.
SELECTION AND HYBRIDIZATION IN QUAHOG CLAMS (Mercenaria spp.)1
Authors: Menzel Winston
Published: August 2010

During the period from 1972–1975, northern (M. mercenaria) and southern (M. campechiensis) quahog clams, original parents from Maine to Louisiana, were reared, including F1 and F2 hybrids and backcrosses, to determine what crosses gave the best growth rate. Limited selection was done by crossing faster growing laboratory‐reared clams, along with some progeny testing. During the four‐year study, 46 crosses were reared through to termination size. Southern quahogs have a faster growth rate in this area than northerns and the best growth rates were the F1 hybrid between the two species that were backcrossed with the southern. The clams with the best growth rates reached minimum commercial size in 30–40% less time than in previous observations in the area. It is not known whether a strain can be produced with a certified fast growth rate that is genetically stable.
CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE GREEN SEA TURTLE (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Wood James R. , Wood Fern E.
Published: August 2010

Captive breeding and nesting activity of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) occurring at a commercial sea turtle farm in the Cayman Islands is described. Isolation of reproductively active pairs facilitates successful mounting among the captive breeding population. A minimum sustained period of mounting (200 or more minutes) appears necessary for fertilization, although there is no quantitated correlation between length of mounting and hatchability. Ovulation appears to be independent of copulation as females that have had no observed mounting will lay infertile nests. Infertility is the primary cause for low hatchabilities rather than embryonic death. Females reared in captivity, from egg to sexual maturity, have laid eggs producing hatchlings. Management of the breeding stock to achieve the maximum productivity will enable all commercial stock to be obtained from eggs laid and hatched on the farm by 1980.
THE ROLE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS IN THE GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF SPECIES USED IN AQUACULTURE.
Authors: Newkirk G. F. , Haley L. E.
Published: August 2010

One of the potential sources of genetic variation to be used by the breeder working in aquaculture lies in the heterogeneity of natural populations of the species to be cultured. Work on many species, not necessarily aquatic or marine, has shown that there is considerable inter‐ and intrapopulation genetic variation. The work reported here on oyster and mussel populations supports this concept. Results of crosses between populations are presented and provide some idea of the magnitude of the heterosis obtainable. The importance of using natural populations as cultured strains is discussed.
SUBMERGED CAGE CULTURE OF FISH IN SUPERSATURATED THERMAL EFFLUENT
Authors: Chamberlain George , Strawn Kirk
Published: August 2010

A primary drawback for cage culture in heated effluent has been extensive mortalities due to gas bubble disease. This malady, endemic to power plant effluent, is caused by supersaturation of atmospheric gases in water. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of hydrostatic pressure as a possible remedy for gas bubble disease in the discharge canal of a Galveston Bay, Texas, steam‐electric plant. Seven estuarine fishes, pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), red drum (?Sciaenops ocellata), Atlantic spade‐fish (Chaetodipterus faber), and striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), were caged at the surface and bottom of the 3 m‐deep discharge canal where total gas saturation frequently exceeded 120% during winter months. Survival in surface cages averaged 1% after 2 weeks, while survival in bottom cages averaged 81% after 12 weeks. No supplemental food was allotted, but an abundance of small organisms was continually sluiced down the discharge canal through the cages. Winter growth rates generally surpassed those of comparable species cultured elsewhere in the cooling water system at ambient temperature and fed a prepared ration. As discharge water temperature approached 35°C, growth rates declined. Other factors affecting growth were cage mesh size, species type, and size of individuals. All fish were maintained in the heated effluent until thermal death to determine the upper lethal temperature limits. These results indicate that submerged cage culture in power plant effluent might offer a significant savings to the culturist by increasing winter growth rates without the expense of feeding.
VENTURE ANALYSES FOR INTENSIVE WASTE HEAT AQUACULTURE
Authors: Godfriaux Bruce L. , Guerra Carlos R. , Resh Robert E.
Published: August 2010

Potential economic viability of diseasonal aquaculture of the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii and rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri during the warmer and colder months, respectively in heated effluents, is examined for a proposed commercial aquaculture facility located at an electric generating station near Trenton, New Jersey, where land cost and availability are at a premium. These conditions are representative of many power plant sites in the United States. Analyses assume a fixed acquisition cost for the aquaculture facility and different possible production levels per raceway for rainbow trout. In addition, impact of a waste heat aquaculture industry on the [J.S. fish market is examined assuming 10% of all fossil‐fired electric generating stations within the U.S. developed this industry.

Economic analyses indicate that a concrete raceway 30.5 m long, 3.1 m wide, and 2.4 m deep is the most economical production unit. This unit will be evaluated during the next 2.5 years at a demonstration aquaculture facility located at the Mercer Generating Station owned by Public Service Electric and Gas Company. Other participants in this research project are Trenton State College, Rutgers University, and Long Island Oyster Farms. The project is jointly sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Research Applied to National Needs Program) and Public Service Electric and Gas Company.