bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early and late changes in markers of aortic stiffness with breast cancer therapy
Authors: Grover S. , Lou P. W. , Bradbrook C. , Cheong K. , Kotasek D. , Leong D. P. , Koczwara B. , Selvanayagam J. B.
Published: November 2014

Background

Anthracyclines and trastuzumab are well recognised to cause cardiac toxicity. Further to their effects on left ventricular (LV) function, anthracyclines in particular are considered to cause negative arterial remodelling. Whether these changes reverse is unknown. In addition, whether trastuzumab causes specific effects on arterial remodelling is yet undetermined.

Methods

Patients receiving these agents for treatment of breast cancer and healthy volunteers prospectively underwent clinical evaluation and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging at baseline, 1, 4 and 14 months post‐therapy, including functional assessment, measurement of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) using velocity encoded imaging and distensibility at ascending aorta (AA) and proximal descending aorta (PDA).

Results

Twenty‐nine patients pretherapy and 12 volunteers demonstrated no differences in PWV, distensibility and LV function. Among cancer subjects, PWV increased acutely, P = 0.002 (4 months), then decreased by 14 months (P < 0.001). In addition, a decrease was observed in distensibility at the AA within 1 (P = 0.001) and 4 months (P < 0.001) of commencing therapy. At the PDA, only significant reduction was observed at 14 month distensibility when compared with baseline, P < 0.001. Patients with anthracycline exposure only had a greater reduction in aortic distensibility in the AA with time, P = 0.005 at 1 month, P < 0.001 at 4 months and P = 0.009 at 14 months.

Conclusion

Acute changes are observed in PWV and distensibility at the AA following contemporary breast cancer chemotherapy and partially reverse a year after therapy is discontinued, with more severe effects seen with anthracyclines.
Transnational Families between Africa and Europe
Authors: Mazzucato Valentina , Schans Djamila , Caarls Kim , Beauchemin Cris
Published: November 2014

This paper provides a descriptive and comparative analysis of transnational families with members located in Africa and Europe. It is thus far the only quantitative study, to our knowledge, that includes crosscountry comparisons and focuses on the African European context. By comparing both countries of origin and destination, differences in family arrangements are found among Ghana, Senegal, and the Democratic Republic of Congo as well as within these groups depending on the European destination countries. Findings show that dates of arrival and migrant legal status are most commonly associated with transnational family forms. Family and gender norms at origin, migration motivations, destination country family reunification and migration policies, and destination country characteristics related to language, employment opportunities, and educational system help to explain the differences found.
Safeguarding British Identity or Betraying It? The Role of British ‘Tradition’ in the Parliamentary Great Debate on EC Membership, October 1971
Authors: Ludlow N. Piers
Published: November 2014

This article will revisit the parliamentary debate in October 1971 which took Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC). It will show that both sides involved viewed the vote as a great matter of principle and invoked a number of British traditions in order to justify their stance. Opponents of entry sought to portray EEC membership as endangering three great traditions: Cobdenite liberalism, British internationalism and the UK's ability to govern itself. Those on the other side of the argument rejected all three of these claims, viewing the choice for Europe as opting for an exciting future rather than clinging unrealistically to former glories, and claimed that they were acting in line with another central British tradition – that of being a country that mattered and had a say when crucial economic and political decisions were being made.
‘One Woman's Prejudice’: Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti‐Europeanism?
Authors: Fontana Cary , Parsons Craig
Published: November 2014

Were the British fated to clash with the European Union? Powerful traditions in British political culture certainly inclined the UK to be an ‘awkward partner’ in Europe. Yet traditions are material from which politics is constructed, not fixed frameworks for destiny. This article argues that a careful historical reconstruction of the development and consolidation of today's British Euroscepticism – with its stronghold on the political right – passes substantially through the distinctive personal influence of Margaret Thatcher. The Iron Lady's individual action and legacy, magnified by a series of contingencies, generated the core dynamics that soured Britain's ties to Europe so bitterly. Had Thatcher not personally inspired this course, the traditions of British national identity and British Conservatism in particular could very plausibly have evolved in less anti‐European directions.
Reworking the Eurosceptic and Conservative Traditions into a Populist Narrative: UKIP's Winning Formula?
Authors: Tournier‐Sol Karine
Published: November 2014

This article brings the interpretive approach to the study of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), with the aim of exploring the different traditions informing UKIP's thinking and the way it has responded to various dilemmas since the party was founded 20 years ago. Three traditions interact in UKIP's thinking: the Eurosceptic tradition, the conservative tradition and the populist tradition. This article examines how the party is positioned in relation to each of these traditions and how they have been incorporated and modified into a distinctive narrative and as responses to dilemmas. It appears that UKIP's populist form of Euroscepticism stands in contrast to the elite‐based form of Euroscepticism embodied by the Conservative Party – to which UKIP is considered as a threat. The article also addresses the implications of the rise of UKIP for the Conservative Party.
Association of variants in CDKN2A/2B and CDKAL1 genes with gestational insulin sensitivity and disposition in pregnant Han Chinese women
Authors: Mei Jie , Liao Shunyao , Liu Yunqiang , Tan Yuande , Wang Hailian , Liang Yaming , Dong Xianjue , Song Wenzhong , Gan Lu , Deng Shaoping
Published: November 2014

Aims/Introduction

Variants in cell cycle regulation genes, CDKAL1 and CDKN2A/2B, have been suggested to be associated with type 2 diabetes, and also play a role in insulin procession in non‐diabetic European individuals. Rs7754580 in CDKAL1 and rs7020996 in CDKN2A/2B were found to be associated with gestational diabetes in Chinese individuals. In order to understand the metabolism mechanism of greatly upregulated maternal insulin signaling during pregnancy and the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes, we investigated the impact of rs7754580 and rs7020996 on gestational insulin regulation and procession.

Materials and Methods

We recruited 1,146 unrelated, non‐diabetic, pregnant Han Chinese women (age 28.5 ± 4.1 years, body mass index 21.4 ± 2.6 kg/m2), and gave them oral glucose tolerance tests. The indices of insulin sensitivity, insulin disposition, insulin release and proinsulin to insulin conversion were calculated. Rs7754580 in the CDKAL1 gene and rs7020996 in the CDKN2A/2B gene were genotyped. Under an additive model, we analyzed the associations between the variants and gestational insulin indices using logistic regression.

Results

By adjusting for maternal age, body mass index and the related interactions, CDKAL1 rs7754580 risk allele C was detected to be associated with increased insulin sensitivity (P = 0.011), decreased insulin disposition (P = 0.0002) and 2‐h proinsulin conversion (P = 0.017). CDKN2A/2B rs7020996 risk allele T was found to be related to decreased insulin sensitivity (P = 0.002) and increased insulin disposition (P = 0.0001).

Conclusions

The study showed that cell cycle regulating genes might have a distinctive effect on gestational insulin sensitivity, β‐cell function and proinsulin conversion in pregnant Han Chinese women.
Unilesional folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: a unique variant of cutaneous lymphoma
Authors: Amitay‐Laish I. , Feinmesser M. , Ben‐Amitai D. , Fenig E. , Sorin D. , Hodak E.
Published: November 2014

Background

Unilesional folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (UFMF) has been rarely reported.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe our experience with UFMF.

Methods

Data were collected on all patients with clinicopathological UFMF who attended the Department of Dermatology of a tertiary university‐affiliated medical centre in 1996–2013 and were followed prospectively.

Results

The sample included seven patients (five male, two female) of mean age 38 years at diagnosis; two were aged <18 years. The lesion presented as a solitary patch/plaque with follicular accentuation in five patients, an infiltrated plaque devoid of hair in one and with follicular nodules in one. Four patients had alopecia, and one, secondary anetoderma. The lesion was located on a limb in four patients, the trunk in two, and the face in one. In all cases, the atypical folliculotropic lymphocytes expressed mainly surface CD4+. Monoclonality was detected in three of the six patients analysed. Treatment consisted of localized electron beam in five patients, all of whom had a complete response (CR), and excision in one patient. The remaining patient, a 9‐year‐old boy, was treated with topical psoralen and UVA with CR. The duration of follow‐up was 0.5‐10 years (mean 4). There were no recurrences in six patients and local recurrence in one.

Conclusion

UFMF presents at a young age, usually with early disease clinical morphology. The treatment goal should be cure. Our experience indicates an excellent prognosis of early UFMF with no multifocal/internal spread.
There is no such a thing as a free cigarette; lining nests with discarded butts brings short‐term benefits, but causes toxic damage
Authors: Suárez‐Rodríguez M. , Macías Garcia C.
Published: November 2014

Adaptation to human‐modified environments such as cities is poised to be a major component of natural history in the foreseeable future. Birds have been shown to adapt their vocalizations, use of nesting places and activity rhythms to the urban environments, and we have previously reported that some species, including the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), use cellulose from smoked cigarette butts as lining material and thus reduce the number of ectoparasites in their nests, probably because the nicotine repels arthropods. Nicotine is only one of hundreds of potentially harmful substances found in cigarette butts. Here, we investigated whether the presence of such chemicals is harmful for house finches adding cigarette butts to their nests. We found that hatching and fledging success and chick immune response were all positively correlated to the proportion of the nest that was made up of butts. However, the signs of genotoxicity in the blood cells also increased with the proportion of butt cellulose in the nests. Although we have not measured the effect of genotoxicity on post‐fledging survival and breeding success, it seems that bringing cigarette butts to the nest has negative consequences that may counterbalance the benefits of using them as ectoparasites repellents.
Alginate/PVA Beads for Levan Production by Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Lorenzetti Marina F. S. , Moro Marina R. , García‐Cruz Crispin H.
Published: November 2014

The levan is a biopolymer of great importance to the food industry since it is capable of defining and modifying the structure of one food, acting as stabilizer, thickener, gelling agent and being largely responsible for the texture of processed foods. The levan production by bacterial cell immobilization may potentialize the results of these studies, having advantages such as: high cell concentrations inside the reactor, increase the substrate absorption rate, improve the performance and reduce the risk of microbial contamination. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the levan production by immobilized Zymomonas mobilis in hybrid system of alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) when submitted to different sucrose concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 30%), pH (5.7 and 7.0) and incubation temperature of 30C for 12, 18 and 24 h. The results showed that the best levan production rate was 18.66 g/L at 30% sucrose concentration, with productivity 1.55 g/L/h at pH 7.0.

Practical Applications

The biopolymer called levan is a nontoxic, nonmutagenic, odorless, tasteless and soluble dietary fiber; it has physiological effects that depend on its size and linkage type, and its fermentability. It can be produced by bacterial fermentation like Zymomonas mobilis. The administration of levan in human diet (5.5–6 g, twice a day) for 2–3 months reduced body weight and body fat mass. The input of levan showed in some studies an increase of divalent cation (Zn, Mg and Fe) and calcium absorption in rats. In the food industry, levan improves the rheological properties and functional characteristics of dairy products, such as yogurt. Its application includes use as a stabilizer, emulsifier, surface agent, encapsulating agent and flavor and fragrances carrier.
Comparative Study of the Microbial Stability and Quality of Carrot Juice Treated by High‐Pressure Processing Combined with Mild Temperature and Conventional Heat Treatment
Authors: Gong Yi , Yu Jian‐Yong , Qian Ping , Meng Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Juan , Lu Rong‐Rong
Published: November 2014

High‐pressure processing at mild temperatures (HPMTs) could be an alternative to thermal processing for destroying pressure‐resistant bacteria and achieving commercial sterilization. In this study, carrot juice was pressure‐treated at 300, 400 and 500 MPa for 15 min at 40, 50 and 60C, and afterward stored at 4, 25 and 37C. The results showed that 400–500 MPa/50C and 300–500 MPa/60C‐treated samples had a shelf life of 28 days at 4C, lasting just as long as heat‐treated samples. HPMT reduced peroxidase activity to 16–50%. The vitamin C content of the HPMT‐treated samples was 28.7–60.7% higher than that of the heat‐treated samples. HPMT conditions, except 500 MPa/60C, preserved lightness (L*) and redness (a*) better than heat treatment (P < 0.05). Carotenoid was stable under both HPMT and heat treatment. Sensory analysis indicated that the HPMT‐treated samples were more acceptable to consumers than heat‐treated samples. It can be concluded that the HPMT parameters of 400–500 MPa/50C and 300–400 MPa/60C showed comparable effects on microbial stability at 4C and better quality preservation performance than heat treatment.

Practical Applications

High‐pressure synergetic technologies are a research hot spot in the nonthermal sterilization field and are expected to find application in food processing as an alternative to thermal sterilization. It is necessary to assess the performance of this novel technology in terms of microbiological stability and quality preservation. In practice, processing parameters should be explored to ensure that the treatment not only kills microorganism effectively but also retains the quality of the food as much as possible. This study suggests some processing and preservation conditions for carrot juice demonstrating the advantages of high‐pressure processing at mild temperature over traditional thermal sterilization, which will be of benefit to the fruit and vegetable juice industry.
Effect of glycemic control on corneal nerves and peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic C57Bl/6J mice
Authors: Yorek Matthew S. , Obrosov Alexander , Shevalye Hanna , Lupachyk Sergey , Harper Matthew M. , Kardon Randy H. , Yorek Mark A.
Published: November 2014

We sought to determine the impact that duration of hyperglycemia and control has on corneal nerve fiber density in relation to standard diabetic neuropathy endpoints. Control and streptozotocin‐diabetic C57Bl/6J mice were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, and 20 weeks. For the 20‐week time point, five groups of mice were compared: control, untreated diabetic, and diabetic treated with insulin designated as having either poor glycemic control, good glycemic control, or poor glycemic control switched to good glycemic control. Hyperglycemia was regulated by use of insulin‐releasing pellets. Loss of corneal nerves in the sub‐epithelial nerve plexus or corneal epithelium progressed slowly in diabetic mice requiring 20 weeks to reach statistical significance. In comparison, slowing of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity developed rapidly with significant difference compared with control mice observed after 4 and 8 weeks of hyperglycemia, respectively. In diabetic mice with good glycemic control, average blood glucose levels over the 20‐week experimental period were lowered from 589 ± 2 to 251 ± 9 mg/dl. All diabetic neuropathy endpoints examined were improved in diabetic mice with good glycemic control compared with untreated diabetic mice. However, good control of blood glucose was not totally sufficient in preventing diabetic neuropathy.
AN APPRAISAL OF END‐OF‐LIFE CARE IN PERSONS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE DYING IN HOSPITAL WARDS
Authors: Noble Helen , Brown Joan , Shields Joanne , Fogarty Damian , Maxwell Alexander P.
Published: November 2014

Aim

To review end‐of‐life care provided by renal healthcare professionals to hospital in‐patients with chronic kidney disease, and their carers, over a 12‐month period in Northern Ireland.

Methods

Retrospective review of 100 patients.

Results

Mean age at death was 72 years (19–95) and 56% were male. Eighty three percent of patients had a ‘Not For Attempted Resuscitation’ order during their last admission and this was implemented in 42%. Less than 20% of all patients died in a hospital ward. No patients had an advanced care plan, although 42% had commenced the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient. Patients suffered excessive end‐of‐life symptoms. In addition, there was limited documentation of carer involvement and carer needs were not formally assessed.

Conclusion

End‐of‐life care for patients with advanced chronic renal disease can be enhanced. There is significant variation in the recording of discussions regarding impending death and little preparation. There is poor recording of the patients' wishes regarding death. Those with declining functional status, including those frequently admitted to hospital require holistic assessment regarding end‐of‐life needs. More effective communication between the patient, family and multi‐professional team is required for patients who are dying and those caring for them.
Exploring the Drivers of Purchase Intent and Consumer Satisfaction of Chicken Eggs Using Principal Component Analysis and the Kano Model
Authors: Wardy Wisdom , Mena Behannis , Nongtaodum Sinee , No Hong Kyoon , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon
Published: November 2014

Twenty egg product attributes considered important by consumers (n = 400) were identified and their contribution to the satisfaction of quality requirements and purchase intent was examined using principal component analysis and the Kano model. Consumers considered freshness, absence of cracks, sale price and label stating “packing/best‐before‐date” as key attributes affecting purchase intent. Five principal components (PC1–PC5) were extracted, altogether explaining 57.43% of the total variance. Based on the PC loadings, the following groups emerged: PC1 (intrinsic quality), PC2 (aesthetic value), PC3 (extrinsic quality), PC4 (expediency) and PC5 (wholesomeness and safety). From the Kano analysis, eight variables (freshness, shell cleanness, absence of cracks, USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)‐certified farm eggs, label stating “packing/best‐before‐date”, egg grade, secure packaging and availability) corresponding mostly to PC3, PC4 and PC5 were categorized as “must‐be attributes,” with dissatisfaction coefficients ranging from 0.87 (freshness) to 0.38 (egg grade). Sale price and egg size were classified as one‐dimensional and attractive attributes, respectively.

Practical Applications

The Kano model is an efficient tool to prioritize product development efforts to prevent consumer dissatisfaction while increasing satisfaction. In this study, principal component analysis and the Kano model were utilized to understand the relationships between egg quality variables driving purchase intent and their impact on consumer satisfaction. Findings from this investigation present egg processors and retailers with valuable insights for successful differentiation from the competition and to increase profits, by identifying the essential product attributes with the most potential to delight consumers.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of four potential anti‐endotoxaemic drugs assessed in vitro using equine whole blood assays
Authors: Bauquier J. R. , Tudor E. , Bailey S. R.
Published: November 2014

Despite the severity and common occurrence of equine endotoxaemia, the available anti‐endotoxic treatments do not effectively target key inflammatory mechanisms such as leucocyte activation and cytokine production. In this study, four compounds with potential anti‐endotoxic effects, namely rolipram, azithromycin, ethyl pyruvate and metformin, were investigated in vitro using equine whole blood stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. TNF‐α and IL‐1β production were measured in plasma. Rolipram was the most potent inhibitor of cytokine production (IC50 0.84 and 4.68 μm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β, respectively) with almost complete inhibition of TNF‐α, but inhibited IL‐1β by only 39.46%. Azithromycin produced almost complete inhibition of both cytokines, but tended to be less potent than rolipram (IC50 10.66 and 17.4 μm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β, respectively). Metformin inhibited TNF‐α production with similar potency to rolipram and azithromycin (IC50 3.35 μm) but showed significantly lower efficacy (45.93%; P < 0.05), and had no inhibitory effect on IL‐1β. Ethyl pyruvate was the least potent (IC50 68.35 μm and >10 mm for TNF‐α and IL‐1β production, respectively). Further work is required to investigate whether these or related compounds may have potential use in the treatment of equine endotoxaemia in vivo.
The orbit and dynamical evolution of the Chelyabinsk object
Authors: Emel'yanenko Vacheslav V. , Naroenkov Sergey A. , Jenniskens Peter , Popova Olga P.
Published: November 2014

The orbit of the Chelyabinsk object is calculated, applying the least‐squares method directly to astrometric positions. The dynamical evolution of this object in the past is studied by integrating equations of motion for particles with orbits from the confidence region. It is found that the majority of the Chelyabinsk clones reach the near‐Sun state. Sixty‐seven percent of these objects have collisions with the Sun for 15 Myr in our numerical simulations. The distribution of minimum solar distances shows that the most probable time for the encounters of the Chelyabinsk object with the Sun lies in the interval from −0.8 Myr to −2 Myr. This is consistent with the estimate of a cosmic ray exposure age of 1.2 Myr (Popova et al. 2013). A parent body of the Chelyabinsk object should experience strong tidal and thermal effects at this time. The possible association of the Chelyabinsk object with 86039 (1999 NC43) and 2008 DJ is discussed.
The effect of oxygen as a light element in metallic liquids on partitioning behavior
Authors: Chabot Nancy L. , Wollack E. Alex , Humayun Munir , Shank Ellen M.
Published: November 2014

Oxygen has been considered a potentially important light element in metallic liquids during a range of planetary processes, yet the influence of O in a metallic melt on element partitioning behavior is largely unknown. To investigate the effect of O in such systems, we conducted experiments in the Fe‐S‐O system, doped with 25 trace elements, which produced two immiscible metallic liquids. Our results indicate that the presence of O in the metallic liquid produces a distinctive chemical signature for W and Ga in particular. Tungsten shows an affinity for O in the metallic liquid and partitions more strongly into the metallic melt in the presence of O. The partitioning of Ga is relatively constant despite the presence of O, which is in contrast to the majority of the other siderophile elements in the study. Our experiments from 1400 to 1600 °C show no significant effect from temperature on the partitioning behavior of any trace elements over this limited temperature range. This distinctive chemical signature due to the presence of O in the metallic liquid has potential implications for modeling core formation, evaluating isotopic signatures produced by core crystallization, and interpreting chemical assemblages observed in meteorites.
Cancer and the Comics: Graphic Narratives and Biolegitimate Lives
Authors: McMullin Juliet
Published: November 2014

Cancer graphic narratives, I argue, are part of a medical imaginary that includes representations of difference and biomedical technology that engage Fassin's (2009) concept of biolegitimacy. Framed in three parts, the argument first draws on discourses about cancer graphic narratives from graphic medicine scholars and authors to demonstrate a construction of universal suffering. Second, I examine tropes of hope and difference as a biotechnical embrace. Finally, I consider biosociality within the context of this imaginary and the construction of a meaningful life. Autobiographical graphic narrative as a creative genre that seeks to give voice to individual illness experiences in the context of biomedicine raises anthropological questions about the interplay between the ordinary and biolegitmate. Cancer graphic narratives deconstruct the big events to demonstrate the ordinary ways that a life constructed as different becomes valued through access to medical technologies.
Invited review: Stem cells and muscle diseases: advances in cell therapy strategies
Authors: Negroni Elisa , Gidaro Teresa , Bigot Anne , Butler‐Browne Gillian S. , Mouly Vincent , Trollet Capucine
Published: November 2014

Despite considerable progress to increase our understanding of muscle genetics, pathophysiology, molecular and cellular partners involved in muscular dystrophies and muscle ageing, there is still a crucial need for effective treatments to counteract muscle degeneration and muscle wasting in such conditions. This review focuses on cell‐based therapy for muscle diseases. We give an overview of the different parameters that have to be taken into account in such a therapeutic strategy, including the influence of muscle ageing, cell proliferation and migration capacities, as well as the translation of preclinical results in rodent into human clinical approaches. We describe recent advances in different types of human myogenic stem cells, with a particular emphasis on myoblasts but also on other candidate cells described so far [CD133+ cells, aldehyde dehydrogenase‐positive cells (ALDH+), muscle‐derived stem cells (MuStem), embryonic stem cells (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)]. Finally, we provide an update of ongoing clinical trials using cell therapy strategies.
Metaphysical Rationalism
Authors: Dasgupta Shamik
Published: November 2014

The Principle of Sufficient Reason states that everything has an explanation. But different notions of explanation yield different versions of this principle. Here a version is formulated in terms of the notion of a “grounding” explanation. Its consequences are then explored, with particular emphasis on the fact that it implies necessitarianism, the view that every truth is necessarily true. Finally, the principle is defended from a number of objections, including objections to necessitarianism. The result is a defense of a “rationalist” metaphysics, one that constitutes an alternative to the contemporary dogmas that some aspects of the world are “metaphysically brute” and that the world could in so many ways have been different.
Validity and reliability of food security measures
Authors: Cafiero Carlo , Melgar‐Quiñonez Hugo R. , Ballard Terri J. , Kepple Anne W.
Published: November 2014

This paper reviews some of the existing food security indicators, discussing the validity of the underlying concept and the expected reliability of measures under reasonably feasible conditions. The main objective of the paper is to raise awareness on existing trade‐offs between different qualities of possible food security measurement tools that must be taken into account when such tools are proposed for practical application, especially for use within an international monitoring framework. The hope is to provide a timely, useful contribution to the process leading to the definition of a food security goal and the associated monitoring framework within the post‐2015 Development Agenda.
Mainstreaming nutrition metrics in household surveys—toward a multidisciplinary convergence of data systems
Authors: Pingali Prabhu L. , Ricketts Katie D.
Published: November 2014

Since the 2008 food price crisis, food and nutrition security are back on the global development agenda, with particular emphasis on agricultural pathways toward improved nutrition. Parallel efforts are being promoted to improve the data and metrics for monitoring progress toward positive nutritional outcomes, especially for women and children. Despite the increased investment in tracking nutritional outcomes, these efforts are often made in silos, which create challenges for integrating nutritional data with other sectoral data, such as those related to agriculture. This paper proposes a minimum set of nutrition indicators to be included in nationally representative agricultural (and multitopic) household surveys. Building multisectoral convergence across existing surveys will allow us to better identify priority interventions and to monitor progress toward improved nutrition targets.
Metabolic syndrome: a closer look at the growing epidemic and its associated pathologies
Authors: O'Neill S. , O'Driscoll L.
Published: November 2014

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions with recent worldwide figures estimated at 1.4 billion and rising year‐on‐year. Obesity affects all socioeconomic backgrounds and ethnicities and is a pre‐requisite for metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors, such as central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension that together culminate in the increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. As these conditions are among the leading causes of deaths worldwide and metabolic syndrome increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus fivefold and cardiovascular disease threefold, it is of critical importance that a precise definition is agreed upon by all interested parties. Also of particular interest is the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cancer. Metabolic syndrome has been associated with a plethora of cancers including breast, pancreatic, colon and liver cancer. Furthermore, each individual risk factor for metabolic syndrome has also an association with cancer. Our review collates internationally generated information on metabolic syndrome, its many definitions and its associations with life‐threatening conditions including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer, providing a foundation for future advancements on this topic.
Differences between observers in interpreting double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenges: A randomized trial
Authors: Brand Paul L. P. , Landzaat‐Berghuizen Marlouk A.
Published: November 2014

Background

Interpretation of double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFC) can be difficult, particularly with ambiguous subjective symptoms. Early opening of the challenge key (which day is verum and which placebo) may influence the clinician's interpretation of the DBPCFC result.

Methods

Fifty‐one clinicians reviewing results of 19 DBPCFCs with ambiguous clinical symptoms were randomized into a key first strategy (opening the DBPCFC key before reviewing the symptoms on both challenge days and deciding on the DBPCFC result) or a symptoms first strategy (reviewing symptoms and interpreting both test days as positive or negative before opening the key and deciding on the DBPCFC result).

Results

The proportion of DBPCFCs considered inconclusive was comparable between the two strategy groups (p = 0.791). Participants in the symptoms first group were more likely to consider a DBPCFC as positive (in 14 tests, 73.7%) than subjects in the key first group (four tests, 21.1%). The number of positive tests was higher in the symptoms first group (median 50.0%, interquartile range [IQR] 23.1–76.9%) than in the key first groups (44.0%, IQR 12.0–68.0%, p = 0.031). This was independent of the participant's profession (pediatrician or other), age, gender, or years of experience (p > 0.3).

Conclusions

Clinicians differ in their interpretation of DBPCFC results when symptoms are ambiguous. Opening the key of a DBPCFC before reviewing and interpreting symptoms significantly reduces the likelihood of the challenge being interpreted as positive. Guidelines for performing DBPCFCs should standardize the moment of opening the challenge key.
Diapering Habits: A Global Perspective
Authors: Thaman Lauren A. , Eichenfield Lawrence F.
Published: November 2014

There are tremendous variations in diapering practices, reflecting varying cultural practices and regional difference. Around the world, more than 134 million babies are born each year, a rate of 255 births per minute or 4.3 births each second. While global population growth has been steadily declining from its peak in 1963, several regions, including the Middle East and Sub‐Saharan Africa, continue to maintain high birth rates. Though the essential needs of infants are largely similar, family habits and practices during early years of life vary dramatically. This article surveys data documenting variations in diaper frequency, types, and duration of use internationally, including age of toilet training. These factors may influence diaper rash and skin health of infants and young children. Much of this data was collected as part of analysis of the international commercial diaper market, evaluated and organized as part of an international initiative on Global Infant Skin Care, and presented to a panel of experts for critique and commentary in a symposium held in December, 2013.
Steric and Electronic Factors Associated with the Photoinduced Ligand Exchange of Bidentate Ligands Coordinated to Ru(II)
Authors: Albani Bryan A , Whittemore Tyler , Durr Christopher B. , Turro Claudia
Published: November 2014

In an effort to create a molecule that can absorb low energy visible or near‐infrared light for photochemotherapy (PCT), the new complexes [Ru(biq)2(dpb)](PF6)2 (1, biq = 2,2′‐biquinoline, dpb = 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline) and [(biq)2Ru(dpb)Re(CO)3Cl](PF6)2 (2) were synthesized and characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 were compared to [Ru(bpy)2(dpb)](PF6)2 (3, bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) and [Ru(biq)2(phen)](PF6)2 (4, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline). Distortions around the metal and biq ligands were used to explain the exchange of one biq ligand in 4 upon irradiation. Complex 1, however, undergoes photoinduced dissociation of the dpb ligand rather than biq under analogous experimental conditions. Complex 3 is not photoactive, providing evidence that the biq ligands are crucial for ligand photodissociation in 1. The crystal structures of 1 and 4 are compared to explain the difference in photochemistry between the complexes. Complex 2 absorbs lower energy light than 1, but is photochemically inert although its crystal structure displays significant distortions. These results indicate that both the excited state electronic structure and steric bulk play key roles in bidentate photoinduced ligand dissociation. The present work also shows that it is possible to stabilize sterically hindered Ru(II) complexes by the addition of another metal, a property that may be useful for other applications.
Growth, toxicity and oxidative stress of a cultured cyanobacterium (Dolichospermum sp.) under different CO2/pH and temperature conditions
Authors: Brutemark Andreas , Engström‐Öst Jonna , Vehmaa Anu , Gorokhova Elena
Published: November 2014

Cyanobacteria blooms are a worldwide nuisance in fresh, brackish and marine waters. Changing environmental conditions due to upwelling, changed mixing conditions or climate change are likely to influence cyanobacteria growth and toxicity. In this study, the response of the toxic cyanobacterium Dolichospermum sp. to lowered pH (−0.4 units by adding CO2) and elevated temperature (+4°C) in an experimental set‐up was examined. Growth rate, microcystin concentration and oxidative stress were measured. The growth rate and intracellular toxin concentration increased significantly as a response to temperature. When Dolichospermum was exposed to the combination of elevated temperature and high CO2/low pH, lipid peroxidation increased and antioxidant levels decreased. Microcystin concentrations were significantly correlated with growth rates. Our results show, although oxidative stress increases when exposed to a combination of high CO2/low pH and high temperature, that growth and toxicity increase at high temperature, suggesting that the cyanobacterium in general seems to be fairly tolerant to changes in pH and temperature. Further progress in identifying biological responses and predicting climate change consequences in estuaries experiencing cyanobacteria blooms requires a better understanding of the interplay between stressors such as pH and temperature.
Strontium isotope composition of Middle Miocene primary gypsum (Badenian of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep Basin): evidence for continual non‐marine inflow of radiogenic strontium into evaporite basin
Authors: Peryt Tadeusz Marek , Anczkiewicz Robert
Published: November 2014

Strontium isotope compositions of ancient sulphate deposits not only provide chemostratigraphic information but also offer insight into the system in which the evaporites precipitated. Primary gypsum from two Middle Miocene (Badenian) sections in southern Poland shows steadily higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios than those expected from a marine‐derived formation. The ratios are interpreted as the result of increasing inflow into the basin at the time of gypsum precipitation. Palaeogeographic reconstructions suggest that riverine runoff sources were situated in the West and East European platforms (to the north and east, respectively) and the Carpathians (to the south), which are mostly composed of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks; their dissolution cannot be responsible for the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios recorded. We conclude that Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic igneous and supracrustal rocks of the Ukrainian Shield were the source of the higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios recorded in the Badenian primary gypsum. A distinctive decreasing trend of 87Sr/86Sr ratios from western Ukraine to southern Poland is explained by a consistent direction of brine inflow during gypsum crystallization (typical cyclonic circulation controlled by the Coriolis effect).
The fibrinogen but not the Factor VIII content of transfused plasma determines its effectiveness at reducing bleeding in coagulopathic mice
Authors: Eltringham‐Smith Louise J. , Lei Xi , Reheman Adili , Lambourne Melissa D. , Pryzdial Edward L. , Ni Heyu , Sheffield William P.
Published: November 2014

Background

The evidence supporting plasma transfusion as a means to restore hemostatic control and prevent or treat bleeding is weak, leading to uncertainties as to which proteins affect the therapeutic quality of plasma. Some regulators focus on coagulation Factor (F)VIII activity, but whether this measure reflects overall transfusable plasma efficacy is questionable. We developed a mouse model of coagulopathy in which bleeding outcomes were responsive to plasma transfusion and addressed the relative contributions of FVIII and fibrinogen (Fg) to plasma quality.

Study Design and Methods

Anesthetized mice were rendered coagulopathic by four rounds of exchange of whole blood for washed red blood cells (RBCs) in 5% human albumin solution (HAS), which reduced RBCs, platelets, and plasma protein levels by 55, 66, and 80% of starting levels, in a blood exchange‐induced coagulopathy approach (BECA). Before tail vein transection, BECA mice were transfused with HAS, wild‐type murine fresh‐frozen plasma (WT mFFP), or mFFP from FVIII−/− or Fg−/− knockout mice. BECA mice were also subjected to laser‐induced arteriolar injury and thrombus formation quantified by intravital microscopy.

Results

Transfusion of WT or FVIII−/− mFFP reduced blood loss by fourfold in BECA mice relative to HAS; Fg−/− mFFP had no effect. WT or FVIII−/− mFFP transfusion, but not that of Fg−/− mFFP, increased thrombus size in laser‐injured BECA mice arterioles. Extended refrigerated storage of mFFP did not reduce its antihemorrhagic effects.

Conclusions

The content of Fg, but not FVIII, determined the efficacy of plasma transfusion in coagulopathic mice.
THE EARTH CHARTER AND JOURNEY OF THE UNIVERSE: AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR BIODEMOCRACY
Authors: Tucker Mary Evelyn
Published: November 2014

The principles of the Earth Charter and the cosmological story of Journey of the Universe provide a unique synergy for rethinking a sustainable future. The Great Story inspires the Great Work of the transformation of the political, social, and economic orders. Such a synergy can contribute to the broadened understanding of sustainability as including economic, ecological, social, and spiritual well‐being. This integrated understanding may be a basis for creating biodemocracies, which will involve long‐term policies, programs, and practices for a planetary future that is not only ethically sustainable, but also sustaining for human energies.
GLOBAL VISIONS AND COMMON GROUND: BIODEMOCRACY, POSTMODERN PRESSURES, AND THE EARTH CHARTER
Authors: Eaton Heather
Published: November 2014

The theme of this article is a rise in notions of a planetary community, and the tensions this evokes in global‐local and universal‐contextual debates. The primary focus is the realization that new visions are needed to respond to ecological dilemmas in a culturally diverse yet global world and interconnected Earth. Of the many ways to discuss this, I first consider the growing interest in and expansion of biodemocracy as a way to combine these dimensions. Insights and issues from postmodern perspectives follow this, surveying the suspicion of what lurks behind “global.” The next segment turns to ecological postmodernists who realize that a unifying path must be found for a viable planetary future. A brief and final section considers the Earth Charter to be an initiative responsive to postmodern pressures, and yet seeking a global vision and common ground for an emerging world community.
THE EARTH CHARTER AND BIODEMOCRACY IN THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY
Authors: Riley Matthew T.
Published: November 2014

This essay introduces the themes that motivate the three articles that follow. Their common aim is to explore the connections between the Earth Charter and the concept of biodemocracy with the intention of highlighting ways of thinking about the relationship between science, religion, and the environment in the twenty‐first century. Informed by the science of ecology and written by scholars of religion, the articles included here seek to integrate movements and ideas as diverse as postmodern thought, the much‐debated thought of Lynn White, jr. (his preferred spelling), and the synergy emerging between the Earth Charter and Journey of the Universe.
What is a Chemical Equilibrium State?*
Authors: Paolo Beretta Gian , Gyftopoulos Elias P.
Published: November 2014

We review the chemical equilibrium equations, and conclude that both their derivation and their meaning are problematic. We find that these equations can be established for a suitably defined simple system without chemical reactions.
Increasing Flashback Resistance in Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Hydrogen Combustion by Axial Air Injection
Authors: Reichel Thoralf G. , Terhaar Steffen , Paschereit Oliver
Published: November 2014

Since lean premixed combustion allows for fuel-efficiency and low emissions, it is nowadays state of the art in stationary gas turbines. In the long term, it is also a promising approach for aero engines, when safety issues like lean blowout (LBO) and flame flashback in the premixer can be overcome. While for the use of hydrogen the LBO limits are extended, the flashback propensity is increased. Thus, axial air injection is applied in order to eliminate flashback in a swirl-stabilized combustor burning premixed hydrogen. Axial injection constitutes a nonswirling jet on the central axis of the radial swirl generator which influences the vortex breakdown (VB) position. In the present work, changes in the flow field and their impact on flashback limits of a model combustor are evaluated. First, a parametric study is conducted under isothermal test conditions in a water tunnel employing particle image velocimetry (PIV). The varied parameters are the amount of axially injected air and swirl number. Subsequently, flashback safety is evaluated in the presence of axial air injection in an atmospheric combustor test rig and a stability map is recorded. The flame structure is measured using high-speed OH* chemiluminescence imaging. Simultaneous high-speed PIV measurements of the reacting flow provide insight in the time-resolved reacting flow field and indicate the flame location by evaluating the Mie scattering of the raw PIV images by means of the qualitative light sheet (QLS) technique. The isothermal tests identify the potential of axial air injection to overcome the axial velocity deficits at the nozzle outlet, which is considered crucial in order to provide flashback safety. This effect of axial air injection is shown to prevail in the presence of a flame. Generally, flashback safety is shown to benefit from an elevated amount of axial air injection and a lower swirl number. Note that the latter also leads to increased NOx emissions, while axial air injection does not. Additionally, fuel momentum is indicated to positively influence flashback resistance, although based on a different mechanism, an explanation of which is suggested. In summary, flashback-proof operation of the burner with a high amount of axial air injection is achieved on the whole operating range of the test rig at inlet temperatures of 620 K and up to stoichiometric conditions while maintaining single digit NOx emissions below a flame temperature of 2000 K.
Heat Transfer Measurements of Oblong Pins
Authors: Kirsch Kathryn L. , Thole Karen A.
Published: November 2014

Pin fin arrays are employed as an effective means for heat transfer enhancement in the internal passages of a gas turbine blade, specifically in the blade's trailing edge. Various shapes of the pin itself have been used in such arrays. In this study, oblong pin fins are investigated whereby their long axis is perpendicular to the flow direction. Heat transfer measurements were taken at the pin midspan with unheated endwalls to isolate the pin heat transfer. Results show important differences in the heat transfer patterns between a pin in the first row and a pin in the third row. In the third row, wider spanwise spacing allows for two peaks in heat transfer over the pin surface. Additionally, closer streamwise spacing leads to consistently higher heat transfer for the same spanwise spacing. Due to the blunt orientation of the pins, the peak in heat transfer occurs off the stagnation point.