bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Features of the Modern International Scientific-Technological Exchange Development
Authors:   National University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Polyakov M. V. , Bilozubenko V. S. ,   University of Customs and Finance, Shablii S. Y. ,   University of Customs and Finance
Published: January 2021

The specifics of the modern stage of development of the world-economy system, among other things, is manifested in the growth of the level of internationalization of research and innovation activities, which was naturally accompanied by the intensification of international scientific-technological exchange (ISTE). It is the main factor that characterizes the grade of integration of the country into the world economy. This exchange is identified with the spread (diffusion) of knowledge, covering almost all industries, sphere of services, economy sectors. The article examines the main elements of the theoretical base of the ISTE research (theories of diffusion of innovations, industry diffusion of innovations, S-shaped curve, value of transactions, strategic management, industrial organization, social exchange, theory of international trade and internationalization, theory of economic mechanisms, the authors’ own concepts and models). The concepts according to which the ISTE is described (diffusion, transfusion of knowledge; diffusion of innovations as embodied knowledge; international technology transfer) and its main channels (global, interregional, international, cross-border) are researched. The reasons for the development of the ISTE are analyzed and its importance is substantiated. The peculiarities of participation in the ISTE of both the developed and the developing countries are considered – the main motives, forms, prevailing channels, and basic limitations. The grounds that determine the country’s success in absorbing new knowledge are provided (universities, information infrastructure, human resources, perception of innovation). The important role of international organizations (UNCTAD, WTO, WHO, etc.) in the ISTE, which form international policy in the sphere of intellectual property protection and ensuring global cooperation, is underlined. It is emphasized that the main problems in the ISTE are related to the divergence of interests of the State and business. The main tasks for the governments of the countries on achieving the optimum of the ISTE (improvement of the national innovation system, formation of special infrastructure of ISTE, training of scientific personnel, organization of special work on the absorption of new knowledge and their adaptation, dissemination of advantages of the ISTE, formation of the State policy on development and regulation of participation in the ISTE) have been formulated.
Essence of Competitiveness in the Banking Sector: The Status and Problems
Authors:   Educational and Scientific Institute «Karazin Banking Institute», Viadrova I. M. , Morozov M. V. ,   V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
Published: January 2021

The article is aimed at closer defining the content of the concept of «bank competitiveness», as well as analyzing the status and problems of ensuring a competitive environment in the banking system of Ukraine. The essence of banking competition was researched and a critical analysis of approaches to understanding the concept of «bank competitiveness» was carried out. Under the concept of «bank competitiveness», it is proposed to understand the integral characterization, which will reflect the real and potential opportunities of the bank to create and promote competitive products and services that meet all customer requirements, occupy and maintain stable positions in the banking market. The analysis of the competitive environment in the banking sector of Ukraine was carried out. The distribution of net assets of banks by groups: State-owned, foreign, private and separately PrivatBank is also analyzed. The assessment of the level of concentration in the banking sector was carried out by calculating the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index by the level of total and net assets, as well as by the market of deposits of individuals. According to the identified dynamics, an unambiguous conclusion was made that the banking sector of Ukraine is low-concentrated. In general, the analysis of the competitive environment showed positive tendencies and an increase in the competitiveness of banks. The problems that continue to adversely affect the level of competitiveness of banks are allocated as follows: significant proportion of the State-owned banks; problems in lending to big business, as well as the generally low level of capitalization of Ukrainian banks compared to foreign credit institutions; the insufficient number of products and services offered by banks compared to foreign banking markets.
Revenues of Local Budgets in Ukraine: The Essential Component and the Current Situation in the Framework of the Budget Decentralization Reform
Authors:   Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, Yankovskyi V. A. , Shendryhorenko M. T. ,   Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky
Published: January 2021

The article is aimed at studying the essential component of decentralization and budget revenues; determining the main results of the implemented reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine; analyzing the current situation of own revenues of local budgets. The following general scientific methods were used in the research process: theoretical generalization, comparison and grouping – to determine the essence of the concepts of «budget revenues», «decentralization» and disclosure of components of budget revenues; analysis – when considering own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and the structure of incomes in the revenues of local budgets for January – July 2020; system approach – in the formation and disclosure of the essences of the main stages of the reform of budget decentralization in Ukraine. The views of various scientists on the concepts of «budget revenues» and «decentralization» are examined. It is determined that budget revenues are an aggregate of financial relations that participate in the process of distribution of part of GDP in order to form targeted cash funds at the level of the State and local self-government bodies, designed to finance their own functions and obligations defined in accordance with the current legislation. The main components of budget revenues are determined and their classification is provided. The main stages of the budget decentralization reform in Ukraine are defined and systematized, their detailed characterizations are provided. The analysis of own revenues of local budgets for 2014–2020 and revenues in local budget revenues for January – July 2020 was carried out, during which it was determined that local taxes, despite the introduced budget decentralization, comprise only about 30% in the structure of incomes in the revenues of the general fund of local budgets, while in some countries of the European Union this figure reaches 50–60%. Practical steps towards further implementation of the budget decentralization reform for local self-government bodies are proposed.
Features of Implementation of National Innovative Models of Development in Brazil, Chile and Mexico
Authors:   V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Dovgal O. A. , Dovgal G. V. ,   V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
Published: January 2021

The article carries out a comparative analysis of innovative models of development of some countries of South and North America on the example of Brazil, Chile and Mexico, taking into account three components ? science, business communities and the State whose experience can be used by other countries, including Ukraine, in the formation of national innovation policy. It is proved that Brazil’s economy demonstrates the highest rates of modernization and economic development in South America through the introduction of foreign innovations first into large companies, and later – into small innovative enterprises. It is substantiated that the peculiarity of the innovative development of Chile’s economy is the expansion of training of specialists through the system of foreign internships and training of a growing number of students abroad with the further formation of startup commands from domestic specialists who have gained theoretical knowledge and practical experience abroad. It is identified that the innovative model of development of Mexico’s economy is implemented through to the increased interest of the State, aimed at stimulating large companies to implement innovative technologies based on significant amounts of budget expenditures on R&D. It is concluded that macro-economic and foreign economic indicators of the economies of Brazil, Chile and Mexico show the growth of the pace of innovation development of these countries, which characterizes them as potentially strong players on the international stage.
The Essence of the Customs Security and Its Place in the National Security System of the State
Authors:   Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics, Kostiana O. V.
Published: January 2021

The article is aimed at determining the essence of the category of «customs security» and its place in the national security system of the State. The category of «customs security» and its main components are analyzed. Approaches to interpretation of this category are considered in line with the national legislation and in accordance with the views of leading domestic and foreign scholars. The wording on which it is advisable to rely in further research is defined. The adjacent category of «customs interests of the State» is considered in the context of the analysis of the category of «customs security», the main types of customs interests of Ukraine at the present stage are defined and grouped, also their graphical presentation is provided. It is determined that the scope of all customs interests of the State lies in the plane of achieving certain economic results and compliance with customs legislation by subjects of foreign economic activity and regulatory authorities. An important step of the State in this direction will be to consolidate the list of customs interests at the legislative level, because it still remains undocumented in Ukrainian legislative acts. The role and place of customs security of Ukraine in the national security system of the State are analyzed, which determines that customs security belongs to such part of national security as economic security. Although in the domestic practice of computing the level of economic security the customs security is not singled out as a separate part of economic security, the fact of communication of economic security with customs is indisputable, since the customs interests of the State, the status of protection of which forms customs security, lie in the economic plane. It is found out that customs security is associated with almost all components of economic security, but the closer link is observed between customs and financial security, as well as between customs and foreign security.
The Main Tendencies in the Development of Ecologically Oriented Business in Ukraine and Worldwide
Authors:   Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V. V. Dokuchaev, Нerasymenko Y. S.
Published: January 2021

The article is aimed at assessing the main tendencies in the development of ecologically oriented business in Ukraine and in certain regions of the world. The major tendencies in the development of ecologically oriented business both in Ukraine and worldwide are researched. The production of organic products in the world for 1999–2018 was analyzed in terms of acreage, production volumes and structure. It is emphasized that the growth rate of this market is very high in all analyzed indicators. Global organic products market volumes in 2017 amounted to USD 97 billion, compared to USD 15.2 billion in 1999. In view of the volume of consumption per inhabitant, the leaders were Switzerland (USD 325), Denmark (USD 315) and Sweden (USD 268). In Ukraine, the amount of consumption per capita was less than 1 US dollar. The largest markets in absolute terms were the USA and the EU countries. The structure of the organic market of different countries was studied, as well as the leaders in the consumption of organic products were identified. It is specified that the structure of the organic products market in each country has significant features. Thus, in Norway, a significant proportion belongs to baby food products (33.1%), while Germany has the widespread consumption of organic bread and bakery products (8%), and eggs (21.0%). It is underlined that the vast majority of organic products produced in Ukraine are exported (EUR 104 million in 2018). In Ukraine during 2002–2017, acreages under organic crops grew at a high rate (from 164.4 thousand hectares to 420 thousand hectares). However, in 2018 there was a decrease in these areas to the level of 309.1 thousand hectares, although the number of enterprises engaged in production increased from 375 to 501. It is concluded that further development of the organic products market is possible only if the level of incomes together with the State support of producers increase.
Global Trends in Public Management of Territorial Development in the Context of Decentralization of Power
Authors:   Research Centre of Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine, Yaroshenko I. V. , Semigulina I. B. ,   Research Centre of Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine
Published: January 2021

The progressive development of each country is the result of an effective management system at all levels of economic administration. Of particular importance is regional (territorial) development, due to the growing role of public regional management, the formation of local self-government, the influence of public organization of power on the socio-economic development of territories. In the context of activation of processes of decentralization of power, public management, transfer into the regions of certain powers to local authorities and increased responsibility for their activities significantly expands the socio-economic status of certain territories (regions, communities), the issues of development and stimulation, availability of effective mechanisms and instruments for socio-economic development of region (territories, communities, etc.) are becoming relevant. The existence of regional development problems in Ukraine with clear signs of increasing disparities of socio-economic indicators, increasing the number of problematic and backward territories, exacerbation of interregional socio-political tensions necessitates studying the world experience of functioning and development of territorial socio-economic systems and opportunities for the use of best practices for the formation of their own regional policy on the basis of effective management of territorial development in the conditions of decentralization of power. Changes in the legislation of Ukraine in terms of decentralization of power should concern the consolidation of the constitutional basis of local self-government, determination of its system and functioning with further detailed legislative regulation. This, on the one hand, will ensure the constitutional guarantee of local self-government, on the other hand – will provide a legal framework for its further development and improvement.
Pengetahuan Guru Pra Sekolah terhadap Ciri-Ciri Murid Berkeperluan Khas
Authors: Rosli Ruwaida , Alias Aliza
Published: January 2021

Preschool education is an important phase in the life of a child between the ages of 4-6 years. Children in this phase will get an education that will shape them towards developing a balanced human capital as enshrined in the Malaysian Philosophy of Education. Thus, preschool teachers play an important role in making the government's dream of producing a generation of caliber. Being a teacher must have extensive knowledge not just pedagogical knowledge but knowledge of student behavior in the classroom to ensure that students behave according to their growing age. Therefore, it is important for a preschool teacher to have knowledge and awareness of the characteristics of students with learning difficulties. The purpose of this study is to see the extent of knowledge of preschool teachers on the characteristics of students with special needs. This study was conducted using quantitative methods and related questionnaires were distributed to the respondents involved.  The findings of this study found that the knowledge of preschool teachers is at a high level. This shows that teachers today are highly knowledgeable either knowledge gained through experience or from other sources.
Abstrak
Pendidikan prasekolah adalah fasa yang penting dalam kehidupan seseorang kanak-kanak di antara umur 4-6 tahun. Kanak-kanak pada fasa ini akan mendapatkan pendidikan yang akan membentuk mereka ke arah membangunkan modal insan yang seimbang seperti yang termaktub dalam Falsafah Pendidikan Malaysia. Demikian,guru prasekolah memainkan peranan yang penting untuk menjadikan impian kerajaan melahirkan generasi yang berkaliber. Menjadi seorang guru mesti mempunyai pengetahuan yang luas bukan sekadar pengetahuan pedagogi tetapi pengetahuan terhadap tingkah laku murid di dalam kelas bagi memastikan murid-murid bertingkah laku menigkut umur tumbesaran mereka. Oleh itu,adalah penting bagi seseorang guru prasekolah untuk mempunyai pengetahuan dan kesedaran terhadap ciri-ciri murid bermasalah pembelajaran. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah bagi melihat sejauhmana pengetahuan guru prasekolah terhadap ciri-ciri murid berkeperluan khas. Kajian ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan soal selidik berkaitan diedarkan kepada responden yang terlibat. Dapatan kajian ini mendapati pengetahuan guru prasekolah berada di tahap yang tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa guru pada masa kini berpengetahuan tinggi sama ada pengetahuan yang diperoleh melalui pengalaman mahupun dari sumber yang lain.
Meneroka Cabaran yang Dihadapi oleh Ibu dalam Menguruskan Anak Berkeperluan Khas
Authors: Mohd. Ali Manisah , Ismail @ Mohd Ismail Nur Farahana
Published: January 2021

Parents of children with special needs experience mental and physical challenges that can cause psychological stress. Mothers are more likely to experience higher stress than fathers as they closer to their children than father. This study aims to explore the challenges that can cause stress among mothers with special needs children. The research design of this study was a case study using an interview protocol to seek information from a group of mothers (n = 6) of children with special needs who are experiencing autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy and attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Data were transcribed verbatimly and analysed using the Thematic Analysis Method. This study found that there are five challenges faced by the study sample namely challenges in terms of lack of knowledge in the stages of identification of child disability, family acceptance, social stigma, emotional stress and career management in addition managing special needs children. Cooperation and collaboration between several parties such as counselors, hospitals and ministries are needed to ensure the well-being of mothers. Mothers need to be provided with detailed information on the management of children with special needs. This study has implications on Government agencies’ effort to design educational module on effective parenting.
Abstrak
Ibu bapa dengan anak berkeperluan khas mengalami cabaran dari segi mental dan fizikal yang boleh menyebabkan tekanan psikologikal. Golongan ibu lebih cenderung untuk mengalami tekanan yang lebih tinggi disebabkan mereka lebih mendampingi anak mereka berbanding bapa. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka cabaran yang boleh menyebabkan tekanan dalam kalangan ibu dengan anak berkeperluan khas. Reka bentuk kajian ini adalah kajian kes yang melibatkan protokol temubual untuk mendapatkan maklumat daripada kumpulan ibu (n=6) yang mempunyai anak berkeperluan khas dalam kategori gangguan spektrum autisme, palsi serebral dan sindrom kurang daya tumpuan dan hiperaktif. Data kajian ditranskrip secara verbatim dan dianalisis data dengan menggunakan kaedah Analisis Tematik. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa terdapat lima cabaran yang dihadapi oleh sampel kajian iaitu cabaran dari segi kurang pengetahuan pada peringkat pengenalpastian jenis ketidakupayaan anak, penerimaan keluarga, stigma masyarakat, tekanan emosi dan pengurusan kerjaya di samping menguruskan anak berkeperluan khas. Kerjasama dan kolaborasi antara beberapa pihak yang bertanggungjawab seperti kaunselor, pihak hospital dan kementerian diperlukan bagi memastikan kesejahteraan para ibu. Para ibu perlu disediakan maklumat yang terperinci berkenaan pengurusan anak berkeperluan khas. Kajian ini mempunyai implikasi kepada agensi kerajaan yang berwajib untuk merangka modul pendidikan keibubapaan yang berkesan.
装配式建筑工程管理的影响因素与对策研究
Authors: 安 卫龙
Published: January 2021

装配式建筑作为一种新型工程模式受到建筑领域的高度重视，具有施工速度快、质量高的优势，但实际发展却受到多种因素限制。文章从配件管理、管理制度、合作模式的角度分析影响装配式建筑工程管理的因素，并提出相应的解决措施，希望能够为装配式建筑工程的发展提供帮助。
分层教学在初中数学教学中的应用探讨
Authors: 李 开权
Published: January 2021

在目前的新课改的发展背景下，对数学科目的教学提出了新的标准和要求。所以说数学老师与学校应充分的结合学生们的学习实际，制定科学合理的教学方法和内容。在这种情况下分层教学的方法在初中数学教学中被广泛的进行采用。更重要的是，数学教师必须要做到因材施教，最大限度地引导学生进行自主学习，实现素质的全面发展。作为一种新的、有效的教学方法，分层教学必须更好的解决教学教学中的诸多问题，并且一定要从学生的实际情况来思考如何展开教学，从而更好的提高数学教学的质量。
中职机电专业培育“工匠精神”的理论与实践创新研究
Authors: 赵 媛
Published: January 2021

在现代化教育背景下，中等职业教育的不仅要培养高素质的技术技能型人才，更需要塑造具有“工匠精神”的创新型人才，要让学生在专业教育理论的引导下，不断更新思想内涵，促进自身的多元化发展。因此在实际的教育教学中，中职学校和教师要为学生营造浓厚的工匠精神氛围，从专业技能和职业素质等多方面设计学科计划，为学生的就业和发展提供方向和动力。
共产主义大国学简论思政课的价值研究
Authors: 陈 泰羽
Published: January 2021

共产主义大国学简论概述，自古至今，人类对理想社会和社会公正的追求从未停息，期间经历了诸多社会结构的变革，直到一八四八年德国思想家马克思的《共产党宣言》面世，为人类社会制度的发展指明了终极方向。最终社会主义制度在具有五千年文明的中华大地生根发芽、茁壮成长，之所以在中国实践发展，一是中华文明兼容并包一切优秀人类文化的特质所决定。二是得益于中国人民团结友爱奋发向上的精神品质。将人文精神融入到人类社会的发展中是中华文明的核心要素。建构人与人之间公平的社会关系和社会制度，实现人的全面发展是共产主义社会的理想目标，这是将人文精神融入到社会治理各个层面的科学阐述，天下为公的大同社会与当代共产主义的科学阐述，同为“公心”，共生同理。儒家思想强调修已以安人，善于“为已”才能更有效地“利世也”。为己不是自私，是修为自己，修正好自己而去服务社会。儒家教育培养的是每一个时代社会最需要的人才。道家为而不争的思想，不但能治世还能救世；释家明自性的大智慧，给人提供了无尽的能量源泉。中华文化源于伏羲时代的太极和合文化，至此之后的历代圣贤以及华夏子孙不断传承、实践、发展着太和文化，为构建人与人、人与社会、人与自然的和谐关系付出了巨大心血，在哲学文化、政治文化、伦理文化、教育文化、生态文化等方面提供了宝贵的实践智慧。人类社会和万事万物运行的基本规律，即后来所说的“道”。用一句话概括就是和合之道（万事万物多元共生共和共荣）。构建人与人、人与社会和谐关系的“大道”可以称之为道统社会学；即是把人文精神、人道主义以及一切人类优秀思想成果融入到社会文明发展进程中的实践性智慧学说。完善人与自然、人与自我关系的“大道”权且称作自然道统论。道统社会学与自然道统论合称为共产主义大国学简论。一切社会的问题都是人的问题，说白点就是人心的问题，心正才能做事对，通过此学说指导人们更好的处理自己的学业问题、家业问题、事业问题，进而彰显每一个人的生命价值，共创社会美好风尚。
探究将中华优秀传统文化融入幼儿园教学的方法
Authors: 李 平梅
Published: January 2021

中华民族经过五千年的沉淀积累留下了优秀的传统文化，我国传统文化中蕴含了丰富的古人智慧。中华人文精神、天文地理、修身治国等都可以体现在中华文化中，我国对中华传统文化的重视度也较高，在教育教学中不断贯穿传统文化。幼儿园作为学前教育关系着幼儿思想、习惯等方面的养成，在幼儿教育中渗透中华优秀传统文化有利于中华文化的继承，有利于幼儿的未来发展，为此，在幼儿园教学中，应当采取有效的搓死渗透中华优秀传统文化。
Uso de la gamificación en el contexto de la salud panameña
Authors: Cedeño Denis
Published: January 2021

La diabetes es una enfermedad silenciosa, es la quinta causa de muerte en Panamá. Usar tecnologías de software aplicados a áreas como la salud cada día va en aumento. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías que involucran teléfonos inteligentes y sensores está haciendo posible la autogestión de la salud y con el uso de estrategias de gamificación se puede lograr que los pacientes tengan un mayor interés en su autocuidado. Por lo tanto, esta investigación propone el desarrollo de una aplicación móvil para el autocuidado de la diabetes que contenga estrategias de gamificación.
Aditivos no tratamento de dejetos de poedeiras comerciais
Authors: Sanches Danilo de Souza , Garcia Elis Regina de Moraes , Santana Patrícia Gomes , Andrade Gislaine da Cunha , Salmazzo Gustavo Ruivo
Published: January 2021

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito do tratamento dos dejetos de poedeiras comerciais sobre o teor de matéria seca, o pH e a quantidade de amônia volatilizada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 (4 tipos de dejetos x 5 períodos) e quatro repetições. Avaliou-se: dejetos frescos (DF), DF + óxido de cálcio (500 g.m2), DF + sulfato de cálcio (40% do peso da cama) e DF + terra diatomácea (200 g.m2), nos períodos 0 (antes da aplicação) e aos 4, 8, 12 e 16 dias após a aplicação. Observou-se que os dejetos tratados com óxido e sulfato de Cálcio apresentaram maiores teores de matéria seca em comparação ao controle. Verificou-se comportamento quadrático para o teor de matéria seca em função do período. O pH dos dejetos frescos e dejetos tratados com terra diatomácea não alterou durante os períodos analisados, no entanto, os dejetos tratados com óxido e sulfato de cálcio apresentaram comportamento quadrático ao longo dos 16 dias de avaliação para essa variável. Para a amônia volatilizada, os dejetos submetidos a aplicação de sulfato de cálcio e terra diatomácea não diferiram do controle até 12 dias após a aplicação. Contudo, a adição de óxido de cálcio nos dejetos promoveu efeito quadrático para essa variável durante todo período experimental. A adição de sulfato de cálcio aos dejetos de poedeiras reduz a umidade e o pH e inibe a volatilização da amônia por até 12 dias. Após este período recomenda-se uma nova aplicação.
Amy van Markenprijs
Authors: Bijl Elise
Published: January 2021

De Amy van Marken vertaalprijs is een tweejaarlijkse prijs die in het leven is geroepen door de Stichting Leonora Christina. Sinds 2006 wordt de prijs uitgereikt aan een vertaler die een vooraanstaand werk uit de Scandinavische literatuur in het Nederlands heeft vertaald, vaak voor een recente boekvertaling. In speciale gevallen kan een vertaler de prijs ontvangen ter bekroning van haar of zijn gehele oeuvre. Aan de prijs is een geldbedrag van 5000 euro verbonden.
Production of Long Chain Fatty Alcohols Found in Bumblebee Pheromones by Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Hambalko Jaroslav , Gajdoš Peter , Nicaud Jean-Marc , Ledesma-Amaro Rodrigo , Tupec Michal , Pichová Iva , Čertík Milan
Published: January 2021

Fatty alcohols (FA-OH) are aliphatic unbranched primary alcohols with a chain of four or more carbon atoms. Besides potential industrial applications, fatty alcohols have important biological functions as well. In nature, fatty alcohols are produced as a part of a mixture of pheromones in several insect species, such as moths, termites, bees, wasps, etc. In addition, FA-OHs have a potential for agricultural applications, for example, they may be used as a suitable substitute for commercial insecticides. The insecticides have several drawbacks associated with their preparation, and they exert a negative impact on the environment. Currently, pheromone components are prepared mainly through the catalytic hydrogenation of plant oils and petrochemicals, which is an unsustainable, ecologically unfriendly, and highly expensive process. The biotechnological production of the pheromone components using engineered microbial strains and through the expression of the enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of these components is a promising approach that ensures ecological sustenance as well. The present study was aimed at evaluating the production of FA-OHs in the oleaginous yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, with different lengths of fatty-acyl chains by expressing the fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) BlapFAR4 from B. lapidarius, producing C16:0-OH, C16:1Δ9-OH, and lower quantities of both C14:0-OH and C18:1Δ9-OH, and BlucFAR1 from B. lucorum, producing FA-OHs with a chain length of 18–26 carbon atoms, in this yeast. Among the different novel Y. lipolytica strains used in the present study, the best results were obtained with JMY7086, which carried several lipid metabolism modifications and expressed the BlucFAR1 gene under the control of a strong constitutive promoter 8UAS-pTEF. JMY7086 produced only saturated fatty alcohols with chain lengths from 18 to 24 carbon atoms. The highest titer and accumulation achieved were 166.6 mg/L and 15.6 mg/g DCW of fatty alcohols, respectively. Unlike JMY7086, the BlapFAR4-expressing strain JMY7090 produced only 16 carbon atom-long FA-OHs with a titer of 14.6 mg/L.
Tailoring Cellular Function: The Contribution of the Nucleus in Mechanotransduction
Authors: Pennacchio Fabrizio A. , Nastały Paulina , Poli Alessandro , Maiuri Paolo
Published: January 2021

Cells sense a variety of different mechanochemical stimuli and promptly react to such signals by reshaping their morphology and adapting their structural organization and tensional state. Cell reactions to mechanical stimuli arising from the local microenvironment, mechanotransduction, play a crucial role in many cellular functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. To decipher this complex process, several studies have been undertaken to develop engineered materials and devices as tools to properly control cell mechanical state and evaluate cellular responses. Recent reports highlight how the nucleus serves as an important mechanosensor organelle and governs cell mechanoresponse. In this review, we will introduce the basic mechanisms linking cytoskeleton organization to the nucleus and how this reacts to mechanical properties of the cell microenvironment. We will also discuss how perturbations of nucleus–cytoskeleton connections, affecting mechanotransduction, influence health and disease. Moreover, we will present some of the main technological tools used to characterize and perturb the nuclear mechanical state.
Effect of Biochar on the Production of L-Histidine From Glucose Through Escherichia coli Metabolism
Authors: E Yang , Meng Jun , Cai Heqing , Li Caibin , Liu Sainan , Sun Luming , Liu Yanxiang
Published: January 2021

The organic compounds from biochar play a role of hormone analogs, stimulating the expression of metabolites by controlling related gene and protein. In this experiment, we reported the L-histidine biosysthesis was promoted by biochar treatment in E. coli unlike genetic engineering of the traditional method. The related results indicated the most optimal concentration was found to be 3%, and 7% is the lethal dose. E. coli was inhibited in the high-concentration treatment. On the other hand, docking technology was usually used as drug screening, basing on Lock-and-key model of protein in order to better understand mechanisms. So the organic compounds of biochar from GC-MS analysis that acted as ligands were connected to HisG protein controlling L-histidine biosysthesis in E. coli. The result showed that the three organic molecules interacted with HisG protein by hydrogen bond. So we considered that these three compounds play regulatory roles in L-histidine biosysthesis, and the hisG gene expression fully supports this conclusion.
Multi-Omics Driven Metabolic Network Reconstruction and Analysis of Lignocellulosic Carbon Utilization in Rhodosporidium toruloides
Authors: Kim Joonhoon , Coradetti Samuel T. , Kim Young-Mo , Gao Yuqian , Yaegashi Junko , Zucker Jeremy D. , Munoz Nathalie , Zink Erika M. , Burnum-Johnson Kristin E. , Baker Scott E. , Simmons Blake A. , Skerker Jeffrey M. , Gladden John M. , Magnuson Jon K.
Published: January 2021

An oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is a promising host for converting lignocellulosic biomass to bioproducts and biofuels. In this work, we performed multi-omics analysis of lignocellulosic carbon utilization in R. toruloides and reconstructed the genome-scale metabolic network of R. toruloides. High-quality metabolic network models for model organisms and orthologous protein mapping were used to build a draft metabolic network reconstruction. The reconstruction was manually curated to build a metabolic model using functional annotation and multi-omics data including transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and RB-TDNA sequencing. The multi-omics data and metabolic model were used to investigate R. toruloides metabolism including lipid accumulation and lignocellulosic carbon utilization. The developed metabolic model was validated against high-throughput growth phenotyping and gene fitness data, and further refined to resolve the inconsistencies between prediction and data. We believe that this is the most complete and accurate metabolic network model available for R. toruloides to date.
Human Cancer Cells Sense Cytosolic Nucleic Acids Through the RIG-I–MAVS Pathway and cGAS–STING Pathway
Authors: Qiao Yuan , Zhu Shan , Deng Shuanglin , Zou Shan-Shan , Gao Bao , Zang Guoxia , Wu Jing , Jiang Yuxue , Liu Yong-Jun , Chen Jingtao
Published: January 2021

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germline-encoded host sensors of the innate immune system. Some human cancer cells have been reported to express PRRs. However, nucleic acid sensors in human cancers have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the expression, molecular cascade, and functions of TLR3, RIG-I, MDA5, LGP2, cGAS, and STING in human cancer cells. TLR3, TRIF, RIG-I, MDA5, LGP2, and MAVS were expressed in 22 cell lines. The majority of cell lines responded to only RIG-I ligands 5′-ppp-dsRNA, Poly(I:C)-HMW, Poly(I:C)-LMW, and/or Poly(dA:dT), as revealed by IRF3 phosphorylation and IFN-β secretion. IFN-β secretion was inhibited by RIG-I and MAVS knockdown. cGAS and STING were co-expressed in 10 of 22 cell lines, but IFN-β secretion was not induced by STING ligands ISD, HSV60, VACV70, Poly(dG:dC), and 3′3′-cGAMP in cGAS and STING intact cell lines. Further experiments revealed that the cGAS–STING pathway was activated, as revealed by TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation and IFN-β and ISG mRNA expression. These results suggest that human epithelial cancer cells respond to cytosolic RNA through the RIG-I–MAVS pathway but only sense cytosolic DNA through the cGAS–STING pathway. These findings are relevant for cancer immunotherapy approaches based on targeting nucleic acid receptors.
A Rapid and Highly Predictive in vitro Screening Platform for Osteogenic Natural Compounds Using Human Runx2 Transcriptional Activity in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Li-Tzu , Lee Yu-Wei , Bai Chyi-Huey , Chiang Hui-Chun , Wang Hsiu-Huan , Yen B. Linju , Yen Men-Luh
Published: January 2021

The rapid aging of worldwide populations had led to epidemic increases in the incidence of osteoporosis (OP), but while treatments are available, high cost, adverse effects, and poor compliance continue to be significant problems. Naturally occurring plant-based compounds including phytoestrogens can be good and safe candidates to treat OP, but screening for osteogenic capacity has been difficult to achieve, largely due to the requirement of using primary osteoblasts or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the progenitors of osteoblasts, to conduct time-consuming in vitro and in vivo osteogenic assay. Taking advantage of MSC osteogenic capacity and utilizing a promoter reporter assay for Runx2, the master osteogenesis transcription factor, we developed a rapid in vitro screening platform to screen osteogenic small molecules including natural plant-based compounds. We screened eight plant-derived compounds from different families including flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, and isothiocyanates for osteogenic capacity using the human RUNX2-promoter luciferase reporter (hRUNX2-luc) transduced into the mouse MSC line, C3H10T1/2, with daidzein—a well-studied osteogenic phytoestrogen—as a positive control. Classical in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis assays were performed using primary murine and human bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs) to validate the accuracy of this rapid screening platform. Using the MSC/hRUNX2-luc screening platform, we were able not only to shorten the selection process for osteogenic compounds from 3∼4 weeks to just a few days but also simultaneously perform comparisons between multiple compounds to assess relative osteogenic potency. Predictive analyses revealed nearly absolute correlation of the MSC/hRUNX2-luc reporter platform to the in vitro classical functional assay of mineralization using murine BMMSCs. Validation using human BMMSCs with in vitro mineralization and in vivo osteogenesis assays also demonstrated nearly absolute correlation to the MSC/hRUNX2-luc reporter results. Our findings therefore demonstrate that the MSC/hRUNX2 reporter platform can accurately, rapidly, and robustly screen for candidate osteogenic compounds and thus be relevant for therapeutic application in OP.
Clearing Traffic Jams During Protein Translocation Across Membranes
Authors: Wang Lihui , Ye Yihong
Published: January 2021

Protein translocation across membranes is a critical facet of protein biogenesis in compartmentalized cells as proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm often need to traverse across lipid bilayers via proteinaceous channels to reach their final destinations. It is well established that protein biogenesis is tightly linked to various protein quality control processes, which monitor errors in protein folding, modification, and localization. However, little is known about how cells cope with translocation defective polypeptides that clog translocation channels (translocons) during protein translocation. This review summarizes recent studies, which collectively reveal a set of translocon-associated quality control strategies for eliminating polypeptides stuck in protein-conducting channels in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
Epigenetic Control of Osteogenic Lineage Commitment
Authors: Montecino Martin , Carrasco Margarita E. , Nardocci Gino
Published: January 2021

Within the eukaryotic nucleus the genomic DNA is organized into chromatin by stably interacting with the histone proteins as well as with several other nuclear components including non-histone proteins and non-coding RNAs. Together these interactions distribute the genetic material into chromatin subdomains which can exhibit higher and lower compaction levels. This organization contributes to differentially control the access to genomic sequences encoding key regulatory genetic information. In this context, epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression as they modify the degree of chromatin compaction to facilitate both activation and repression of transcription. Among the most studied epigenetic mechanisms we find the methylation of DNA, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, and enzyme-mediated deposition and elimination of post-translational modifications at histone and non-histone proteins. In this mini review, we discuss evidence that supports the role of these epigenetic mechanisms during transcriptional control of osteoblast-related genes. Special attention is dedicated to mechanisms of epigenetic control operating at the Runx2 and Sp7 genes coding for the two principal master regulators of the osteogenic lineage during mesenchymal stem cell commitment.
Endomembrane Tension and Trafficking
Authors: Saric Amra , Freeman Spencer A.
Published: January 2021

Eukaryotic cells employ diverse uptake mechanisms depending on their specialized functions. While such mechanisms vary widely in their defining criteria: scale, molecular machinery utilized, cargo selection, and cargo destination, to name a few, they all result in the internalization of extracellular solutes and fluid into membrane-bound endosomes. Upon scission from the plasma membrane, this compartment is immediately subjected to extensive remodeling which involves tubulation and vesiculation/budding of the limiting endomembrane. This is followed by a maturation process involving concomitant retrograde transport by microtubule-based motors and graded fusion with late endosomes and lysosomes, organelles that support the degradation of the internalized content. Here we review an important determinant for sorting and trafficking in early endosomes and in lysosomes; the control of tension on the endomembrane. Remodeling of endomembranes is opposed by high tension (caused by high hydrostatic pressure) and supported by the relief of tension. We describe how the timely and coordinated efflux of major solutes along the endocytic pathway affords the cell control over such tension. The channels and transporters that expel the smallest components of the ingested medium from the early endocytic fluid are described in detail as these systems are thought to enable endomembrane deformation by curvature-sensing/generating coat proteins. We also review similar considerations for the lysosome where resident hydrolases liberate building blocks from luminal macromolecules and transporters flux these organic solutes to orchestrate trafficking events. How the cell directs organellar trafficking based on the luminal contents of organelles of the endocytic pathway is not well-understood, however, we propose that the control over membrane tension by solute transport constitutes one means for this to ensue.
Highly Sensitive and Multiplexed Protein Imaging With Cleavable Fluorescent Tyramide Reveals Human Neuronal Heterogeneity
Authors: Liao Renjie , Mondal Manas , Nazaroff Christopher D. , Mastroeni Diego , Coleman Paul D. , Labaer Joshua , Guo Jia
Published: January 2021

The ability to comprehensively profile proteins in intact tissues in situ is crucial for our understanding of health and disease. However, the existing methods suffer from low sensitivity and limited sample throughput. To address these issues, here we present a highly sensitive and multiplexed in situ protein analysis approach using cleavable fluorescent tyramide and off-the-shelf antibodies. Compared with the current methods, this approach enhances the detection sensitivity and reduces the imaging time by 1–2 orders of magnitude, and can potentially detect hundreds of proteins in intact tissues at the optical resolution. Applying this approach, we studied protein expression heterogeneity in a population of genetically identical cells, and performed protein expression correlation analysis to identify co-regulated proteins. We also profiled >6,000 neurons in a human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) hippocampus tissue. By partitioning these neurons into varied cell clusters based on their multiplexed protein expression profiles, we observed different sub-regions of the hippocampus consist of neurons from distinct clusters.
ApoPred: Identification of Apolipoproteins and Their Subfamilies With Multifarious Features
Authors: Liu Ting , Chen Jia-Mao , Zhang Dan , Zhang Qian , Peng Bowen , Xu Lei , Tang Hua
Published: January 2021

Apolipoprotein is a group of plasma proteins that are associated with a variety of diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes. In order to investigate the function of apolipoproteins and to develop effective targets for related diseases, it is necessary to accurately identify and classify apolipoproteins. Although it is possible to identify apolipoproteins accurately through biochemical experiments, they are expensive and time-consuming. This work aims to establish a high-efficiency and high-accuracy prediction model for recognition of apolipoproteins and their subfamilies. We firstly constructed a high-quality benchmark dataset including 270 apolipoproteins and 535 non-apolipoproteins. Based on the dataset, pseudo-amino acid composition (PseAAC) and composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs (CKSAAP) were used as input vectors. To improve the prediction accuracy and eliminate redundant information, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to rank the features. And the incremental feature selection was utilized to obtain the best feature subset. Support vector machine (SVM) was proposed to construct the classification model, which could produce the accuracy of 97.27%, sensitivity of 96.30%, and specificity of 97.76% for discriminating apolipoprotein from non-apolipoprotein in 10-fold cross-validation. In addition, the same process was repeated to generate a new model for predicting apolipoprotein subfamilies. The new model could achieve an overall accuracy of 95.93% in 10-fold cross-validation. According to our proposed model, a convenient webserver called ApoPred was established, which can be freely accessed athttp://tang-biolab.com/server/ApoPred/service.html. We expect that this work will contribute to apolipoprotein function research and drug development in relevant diseases.
The Metabolic Reprogramming of Frem2 Mutant Mice Embryos in Cryptophthalmos Development
Authors: Zhang Xiayin , Wang Ruixin , Wang Ting , Zhang Xulin , Dongye Meimei , Wang Dongni , Wang Jinghui , Li Wangting , Wu Xiaohang , Lin Duoru , Lin Haotian
Published: January 2021

Background

Cryptophthalmos is characterized by congenital ocular dysplasia with eyelid malformation. The pathogenicity of mutations in genes encoding components of the FRAS1/FREM protein complex is well established, but the underlying pathomechanisms of this disease are still unclear. In the previous study, we generated mice carrying Frem2R725X/R2156W compound heterozygous mutations using CRISPR/Cas9 and showed that these mice recapitulated the human cryptophthalmos phenotype.

Methods

In this study, we tracked changes in the metabolic profile of embryos and expression of metabolism-related genes in Frem2 mutant mice on E13.5 compared with wild-type mice. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to decipher the differentiated expression of genes associated with metabolism. Untargeted metabolomics and targeted metabolomics analyses were performed to detect and verify the shifts in the composition of the embryonic metabolome.

Results

Differentially expressed genes participating in amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism were observed by RNA-seq. Transcriptomic analysis suggests that 821 (39.89%) up-regulated genes and 320 (32.99%) down-regulated genes were involved in the metabolic process in the enriched GO terms. A total of 92 significantly different metabolites were identified including creatine, guanosine 5′-monophosphate, cytosine, cytidine 5′-monophosphate, adenine, and L-serine. Interestingly, major shifts related to ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) and the biosynthesis of amino acids in the composition of the embryonic metabolome were observed by KEGG metabolic analysis, indicating that these pathways could also be involved in the pathogenesis of cryptophthalmos.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that Frem2 mutant fetal mice have increased susceptibility to the disruption of eye morphogenesis in association with distinct transcriptomic and metabolomic signatures. Our findings suggest that the metabolomic signature established before birth may play a role in mediating cryptophthalmos in Frem2 mutant mice, which may have important implications for the pathogenesis of cryptophthalmos.
Spontaneous Agglomeration of Fluorinated Janus Particles and Its Effect on the Adsorption Behavior of Oil-Air Surfaces
Authors: Li Gen , Wang Keliang , Lu Chunjing
Published: January 2021

Based on the Pickering emulsion template method, two types of Janus particles with different relative amphiphilic areas for stabilizing non-aqueous foam were synthesized. In addition, particles with uniformly modified surface were synthesized for comparison. By adjusting oil mixtures, the behavior of particles on the oil-air surface was measured. Moreover, the role of particle agglomerates in surface adsorption process was investigated. Affected by the particle surface contact angle, the surface activity of Janus particles is not always greater than that of uniformly modified particles, which is reflected on delta surface tension and the volume of foam generated. The oil-surface adsorption process of synthesized Janus particles is not only occurred in the form of independent detached particles, but also in the form of particle agglomerates. The adsorption of the particles from the bulk phase to the surface requires the contact angle of the Cassie–Baxter composite surface of the particle agglomerates to be around 90°, but the inherent contact angle of the individual particles is <90°.