bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a tool for the evaluation of obesity prevention partnerships
Authors: Indig Devon , Grunseit Anne , Greig Alexandra , Lilley Helen , Bauman Adrian
Published: January 2018

Issue addressed

Working in partnership is advocated as a necessary process to achieve shared goals in complex policy areas, yet little effort is dedicated to evaluating how well partnerships are functioning. This study describes the development and psychometric properties of a partnership assessment tool and illustrates its use in an obesity prevention partnership.

Methods

A literature scoping review was conducted on existing partnership assessment tools and used to develop a new tool, which was tested using the ACT whole‐of‐government Healthy Weight Initiative at two timepoints. The psychometric properties of the tool were evaluated using principal component analysis and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency of domain subscales.

Results

The review identified 11 partnership assessment tools, from which we identified five domains of partnership to develop the new tool. Factor analysis showed each domain yielded a single subscale. Cronbach's alpha for each of the domain subscales ranged between 0.88 and 0.94 at Timepoint 1 and 0.90 and 0.95 at Timepoint 2 demonstrating very high internal consistency. All subscales demonstrated high correlation with an overall partnership rating, good internal consistency and concordance with issues raised in open‐ended questions.

Conclusion

This paper describes the development and implementation of a tool to evaluate partnership functioning, which was found to have high internal consistency and reliability.

So what?

With increasing emphasis on working in partnership, using partnership assessment tools can provide useful evidence to assess whether partnerships are a successful strategy in complex programs evaluation.
Validation of a Novel Scoring System for Changes in Skeletal Manifestations of Hypophosphatasia in Newborns, Infants, and Children: The Radiographic Global Impression of Change Scale
Authors: Whyte Michael P , Fujita Kenji P , Moseley Scott , Thompson David D , McAlister William H
Published: January 2018

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is the heritable metabolic disease characterized by impaired skeletal mineralization due to low activity of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Although HPP during growth often manifests with distinctive radiographic skeletal features, no validated method was available to quantify them, including changes over time. We created the Radiographic Global Impression of Change (RGI-C) scale to assess changes in the skeletal burden of pediatric HPP. Site-specific pairs of radiographs of newborns, infants, and children with HPP from three clinical studies of asfotase alfa, an enzyme replacement therapy for HPP, were obtained at baseline and during treatment. Each pair was scored by three pediatric radiologists (“raters”), with nine raters across the three studies. Intrarater and interrater agreement was determined by weighted Kappa coefficients. Interrater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and by two-way random effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA. Pearson correlation coefficients evaluated relationships of the RGI-C to the Rickets Severity Scale (RSS), Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument Global Function Parent Normative Score, Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, 6-Minute Walk Test percent predicted, and Z-score for height in patients aged 6 to 12 years at baseline. Eighty-nine percent (8/9) of raters showed substantial or almost perfect intrarater agreement of sequential RGI-C scores (weighted Kappa coefficients, 0.72 to 0.93) and moderate or substantial interrater agreement (weighted Kappa coefficients, 0.53 to 0.71) in patients aged 0 to 12 years at baseline. Moderate-to-good interrater reliability was observed (ICC, 0.57 to 0.65). RGI-C scores were significantly (p ≤ 0.0065) correlated with the RSS and with measures of global function, disability, endurance, and growth in the patients aged 6 to 12 years at baseline. Thus, the RGI-C is valid and reliable for detecting clinically important changes in skeletal manifestations of severe HPP in newborns, infants, and children, including during asfotase alfa treatment. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
A full‐scale thermophilic biofilter in the treatment of sludge drying exhaust: performance, microbial characteristics and bioaerosol emission
Authors: Yang Kaixiong , Li Lin , Ding Wenjie , Liu Junxin , Xue Song
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NH3, and SO2 generated from a sludge drying process were treated by a full‐scale thermophilic biofilter (FTB). The correlation between gaseous pollutants removal and the microbial community structure in the FTB was studied. Bioaerosols emission from the FTB was also investigated.

RESULTS

More than 90% of VOCs, NH3, and SO2 were removed at steady state. The maximum elimination capacities of VOCs, NH3, and SO2 were 3.01, 1.83, and 5.13 g m‐3 h‐1, respectively. Analysis of clone libraries indicated that the structure of the bacterial communities showed temporal variation. Species that have the abilities of desulfuring and denitrifying, e.g. Alcaligenes sp., Comamonas sp., Sphingobacterium sp., and Bacillus sp., were abundant in the FTB. High bioaerosols concentration of nearly 2.3 × 103 CFU m‐3 was detected in the FTB outlet. Most of the bacteria in bioaerosols were assigned to Pseudomonas sp., which were the main bacteria attached to the surface of packing materials.

CONCLUSION

The FTB was highly efficient and showed potential for the removal of real complex gases at high temperature. The composition of the inlet stream influenced the species and abundance of microorganisms in the FTB. Control of bioaerosols emission should be taken into account in the future. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Biofiltration of hexane, acetone and dimethyl sulphide using wood, compost and silicone foam
Authors: Bruneel Joren , Walgraeve Christophe , Mukurarinda Juvenal , Boon Nico , Van Langenhove Herman
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Biofiltration is a technique to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams. It can be regarded as a sustainable treatment technology with low operational costs and good performance. The treatment of hydrophobic compounds is however difficult, due to the low mass transfer towards the water phase on top of the biofilm present on the packing material. To overcome this mass transfer limitation, a hydrophobic silicone foam was added to a conventional biofilter containing compost and wood dowels.

RESULTS

The biofilter was operated for 180 days to treat acetone, hexane and dimethyl sulphide at an empty bed residence time of 57 s with inlet load varying up to 4.5 g m3 h‐1. The highest removal efficiency of acetone, dimethyl sulphide and hexane was, respectively, 99%, 80% and 50%. The affinity of the target compounds towards the packing material was quantified in terms of the packing material‐to‐air partitioning coefficient, which was measured using a SIFT‐MS based breakthrough approach. These experiments revealed that hexane has a 20 to 100 times higher affinity for silicone foam than compost and wood. Microbial community analysis was performed on the different substituents of the packing material at the inlet and outlet. No significant differences in relative abundance were observed between the types of packing materials. Comparison with literature revealed the presence of bacterial strains that were not yet reported in biofilter studies.

CONCLUSION

Silicone foam in a biofiltration set‐up showed good performances against the degradation of the target VOCs and mass transfer to the packing material can be increased. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of Heterocyclic‐Substituted Novel Hydroxysteroids with Regioselective and Stereoselective Reactions
Authors: Kolo Abubakar Mohammed , İpek Emine , Çapan İrfan , Servi Süleyman
Published: January 2018

Polyhydroxy steroids bearing the 3β,5α,6β‐trihydroxy pattern were synthesized from different heterocyclic‐substituted unsaturated steroid by an easy and simple method with high yields. The endocyclic double bond of thiophene‐substituted and quinoline‐substituted steroids were converted to the trans‐diaxial diol by the regioselective and stereoselective reactions with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid in the basic medium.
A Human Natural Killer Cell-Associated Antigen Defined by Monoclonal Antibody Anti-Leu (NKP-15): Functional and Two-Color Flow Cytometry Analysis
Authors: Lanier Lewis L , Phillips Joseph H , Warner Noel L , Babcock George F
Published: January 2018

A monoclonal antibody, anti-Leu 11a (NPK-15), was generated against human large granular lymphocyes (LGL). Anti-Leu 11a reacted with the majority of Percoll gradient-enriched LGL cells, a subpopulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) approx (~10–20%), and most granulocytes, but not with a significant number of monocytes, T lymphocytes, or erythocytes. Cell sorting experiments demonstrated that the Leu 11a + population encompassed essentially all functional natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood. Two-color flow cytometry analysis of PBL populations stained with anti-Leu 11a and anti-Leu 7 revealed the existence of four distinct populations: Leu 11a –, 7 +; Leu 11a +, 7 –; Leu 11a +, 7 +; and Leu 11a –, 7 –. The Leu 11a + population did not appear to include cells marked with the T cell-associated antigens Leu 1, Leu 2, or Leu 3. The existence of a cell surface antigen common to granulocytes and NK cells, which is capable of distinguishing subpopulations of Leu 7 + cells, provides a useful probe to analyze the nature of the NK lineage.
Interferon Induces Natural Killer Cell Blastogenesis In Vivo
Authors: Biron Christine A , Sonnenfeld Gerald , Welsh Raymond M
Published: January 2018

Interferon (IFN), types β and γ, and IFN inducers polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus all stimulated the generation of blast-NK cells in mouse spleens. Blast-NK cells were characterized on the basis of size, 3H-thymidine uptake, and NK cell markers. These data indicate that in addition to augmenting NK cell-mediated lysis, IFN may regulate NK cell proliferation in vivo.
Genetic Control of Macrophage Activation for Killing of Extracellular Targets
Authors: Skamene Emil , James Stephanie L , Meltzer Monte S , Nesbitt Muriel N
Published: January 2018

Activated peritoneal macrophages from Corynebacterium parvum-treated mice of most inbred strains, including C57BL/6J (B), are cytotoxic to adherent 1023 sarcoma target cells as well as to larvae of Schistosoma mansoni. Macrophages from A/J (A) strain mice, on the other hand, are defective in this function. Segregation analysis of these two traits was compatible with the hypothesis that effective activation is, in each case, controlled by a single, dominant, autosomal gene. Typing of individual animals of the segregating backcross progeny and of AXB/BXA recombinant inbred strains for the expression of macrophage activation for tumoricidal and schistosomulicidal activity indicates that the genetic control of these two traits is closely linked or identical.
Lysosomal Glycosidases in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Stimulated In Vitro With Soluble and Insoluble Glycans
Authors: Bøgwald Jarl , Johnson Egil , Hoffman James , Seljelid Rolf
Published: January 2018

Mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with insoluble glycans in vitro release high amounts of acid hydrolases, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, β-D-glucuronidase, and β-D-galactosidase. The most potent of the stimulatory glycans is a β-1,3-D-glucan isolated from yeast cell walls. Up to 50% of total enzyme activity was found in the medium after stimulation with this glycan for three days. Agarose, another insoluble glycan containing an alternating sequence of the disaccharide β-1,3-D-galactose-α-1,4-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose units was less potent. The soluble β-1,3-D-glucan laminaran, which also contains small amounts of mannitol, was not able to induce release of acid glycosidases from macrophages. The release was independent of serum since macrophages cultured under serum-free conditions showed nearly the same pattern of enzyme activities, both in the cells and media. There was no increased release of the acid hydrolase α-D-mannosidase after stimulation with the insoluble β-1,3-D-glucan for three days. The release of the lysosomal glycosidases was not due to cell death, since only small amounts of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were found in the culture media. Insoluble polystyrene latex particles were not able to stimulate mouse macrophages to release lysosomal glycosidases.

Tritiated glycans (amylose, dextran, laminaran, the insoluble β-1,3-D-glucan, and agarose) and the p-nitrophenyl-glycopyranoside derivatives were used as substrates to investigate whether the macrophages contained or released glucanases capable of degrading α-1,4-D-glucans, α-1-6-D-glucans, β-1,3-D-glucans, and agarose respectively. We conclude that the glycans were not degraded in macrophage cultures during the time period tested nor were the enzymes induced in macrophages by the glycans during in vitro culture for seven days.
Chemiluminescence and Lymphocyte Proliferation: Parallelism in Collaboration Between Subpopulations of Thymus Cells for Both Types of Responses
Authors: Mookerjee Basab K , Wakerle Hartmut , Sharon Nathan , Fischer Herbert
Published: January 2018

Rat thymocytes respond to exposure to phytomitogens by oxidant generation as detected by chemiluminescence in presence of luminol. Maximal chemiluminescent response to a wide variety of plant lectins was obtained only after the cells had been incubated for 18 hours at 37°C but not at 4°C. This temperature dependence and the necessity for intact protein-and RNA-synthetic machinery during the incubation period indicate the occurrence of differentiation of thymocytes as they develop the capacity for chemiluminescent response. Furthermore, adherent-phagocytic cells play an essential collaborative role during this differentiation. A remarkable parallelism was shown to exist in the capacity of a cell subset to respond to concanavalin A by DNA synthesis and the ability of the same subset to respond by chemiluminescence. The latest-sedimenting small lymphocytes after velocity sedimentation of thymus cells develop the capacity for DNA-synthetic as well as chemiluminescent responses to concanavalin A only if allowed to collaborate with a population of early-sedimenting adherent-phagocytic cells.
Impaired Motility of Neonatal PMN Leukocytes: Relationship to Abnormalities of Cell Orientation and Assembly of Microtubules in Chemotactic Gradients
Authors: Anderson D C , Hughes B J , Wible L J , Perry G J , Brinkley B R , Smith C W
Published: January 2018

To allow a further understanding of the pathogenesis of impaired stimulated locomotion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in human neonates, we studied cellular orientation by neonatal PMNs in response to well-defined chemotactic gradients (Zigmond orientation chambers) and characterized the cytoplasmic microtubule (MT) complex of neonatal PMNs during cell orientation and movement. PMN suspensions obtained from 52 neonates demonstrated a diminished capacity to undergo orientation at all time intervals after exposure to gradients of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or C5a. Among responding (orienting) neonatal PMNs observed, only 70% (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 59% (C5a) oriented accurately (toward chemotactic gradients) as compared to values of 96% (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 92% (C5a) for adult controls. Furthermore, neonatal PMNs failed to alter their direction of orientation/migration when chemotactic gradients were reversed. Similar abnormalities were observed when 10-fold gradients of f-Met-Leu-Phe were employed over a concentration range between 10−7 and 10−11 M. Employing tubulin immunofluorescence, the cytoplasmic MT complex of-neonatal PMNs was assessed prior to and after cell exposure to uniform concentrations or gradients of chemotactic factors (CFs). MT assembly by neonatal PMNs studied under these experimental conditions was significantly diminished. Neonatal cell suspensions demonstrated 26 ± 5 (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 27 ± 6 (C5a) MT/cell as compared to respective values of 36 ± 6 or 35 ± 5 for adult suspensions (P <.001). MT lengths of neonatal PMNs increased from 6.7 ± 1 µm (PBS) to 7.5 ± 1 µm (f-Met-Leu-Phe) or 7.3 ± 1 µm (C5a) as © 1984 Alan R. Liss, Inc. Anderson et al compared to values of 6.5 ± 1 µm (PBS), 11.1 ± 1 µm (f-Met-Leu-Phe), and 10.9 ± 1 µm (C5a) for adult PMNs exposed to gradients or uniform concentrations of CFs (P <.01 for both f-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a). Thus, the polymerized tubulin mass product of chemotactically stimulated neonatal PMNs (202 µm) was significantly (P <.001) diminished as compared to adult PMNs (360 µm). As shown by a [3H]colchicine binding assay, impaired MT assembly could not be attributed to diminished cytoplasmic tubulin content of neonatal PMNs, which was comparable to adult PMNs.
Changes in Rabbit Febrile Responses to Muramyl Dipeptide (MDP) After Coupling to a Synthetic Carrier
Authors: Riveau Gilles , Parant Monique , Chedid Louis
Published: January 2018

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a small molecular weight synthetic glycopeptide (< 500), which has been shown to be an immunoadjuvant, and to induce a biphasic febrile response in the rabbit—probably via the release of endogenous pyrogen—accompanied by a marked leukopenia. Macromolecularization by coupling to a synthetic carrier (MW = 60,000) potentiates the immunostim-ulant properties of MDP but also its pyrogenicity. The present study demonstrates that such a conjugate induced the release of endogenous pyrogen in vivo and in vitro at lower dosage levels than free MDP. Further experiments showed that there existed several differences between free and conjugated MDP. Thus, after intravenous administration of the conjugate, the fever pattern was monophasic with a prompt defervescence and not accompanied by leukopenia at dosage levels inducing similar increase in body temperature. In addition, when fever was recorded after intracerebroventricular administration, the increase in sensitivity was much greater in the case of free MDP than of MDP-A-L.
Intralipid Effects on Reticuloendothelial Function
Authors: Nugent K M
Published: January 2018

Malnourished patients frequently received parenteral nutrition with Intralipid, a lipid emulsion that accumulates in the reticuloendothelial tissue in some patients. To examine the potential of this emulsion as a risk factor for infection, I evaluated its effect on peritoneal clearance processes and on macrophage function. Mice treated with Intralipid (0.5 ml intraperitoneal^) twice daily for 4 days had delayed clearance of Staphylococcus aureus from the peritoneal cavity and had increased staphylococcal dissemination to renal tissue. However, this regimen did not alter the neutrophil influx into the peritoneum elicited by this bacterial challenge. Intralipid also delayed the clearance of inert carbon particles from the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal macrophages incubated with Intralipid (40% vol/vol) in tissue culture media for 18 hr became rounded and more phase dense, and these cells had multiple homogenous cytoplasmic deposits. This Intralipid exposure reduced phagocytic and pinocytic activities in these monolayers, and the phagocytic defect persisted for at least 24 hr after cells were removed from media supplemented with Intralipid. In summary, these results demonstrate that Intralipid inhibits peritoneal clearance processes and that this alteration probably reflects impaired macrophage (free cells) and reticuloendothelial function. In some patients this form of nutritional therapy may increase the risk of infection.
Murine Cytomegalovirus-Induced Macrophage Dysfunction
Authors: Pesanti E L , Shanley J D
Published: January 2018

Macrophages infected in vitro with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) manifest depressed phagocytic uptake of a variety of particles within hours after the initiation of infection. Analysis of kinetics of uptake of radiolabeled Staphylococcus aureus by MCMV-infected macrophages indicates that the diminished uptake results from a depression in the calculated maximum velocity of uptake (Vmax) with the apparent Michaelis constant (KM) remaining unaltered. This pattern of altered uptake is typical of that seen after manipulations that affect the surface interactions of macrophages with ingestible particles. Coincubation of macrophages and radiolabeled Staphylococcus with opsonizing antibody resulted in normalization of the phagocytic rates. The surface localization of the defective phagocytosis was further confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy of the macrophages incubated with Staphylococcus or latex spherules. These data indicate that defective macrophage phagocytosis induced by MCMV infection results from an aberration in the macrophage surface that interferes with the initial macrophage-particle interactions that initiate nonimmune phagocytosis.
Peritoneal Macrophages of Pathogen-Free Rats but not of Conventional Rats Secrete Elastolytic Activity
Authors: Goodrum Kenneth J , Guzman Georgianna S , Lindsey J R , Silberman M , Spitznagel J K
Published: January 2018

Elicited peritoneal macrophages from Sprague-Dawley rats conventionally bred and housed failed, as we have reported, to produce detectable elastolytic activity in culture. They did produce lysozyme and plasminogen activator. We now show that in contrast to these cells, macrophages from pathogen-free, barrier-sustained rats produced readily demonstrable elastolytic activity. Rats raised pathogen-free and subsequently housed conventionally for 2–4 wk appeared to lose the capacity to afford macrophages producing elastase. At the same time they acquired infections with several rat pathogens including Spironucleus muris, Kilham rat virus, sialodacryoadinitis virus, and mycoplasma pulmonis. The acquisition by the rats of one or more of these infections, conditions conducive to infection, or both factors may have suppressed their capacity to yield elastolytic activity.
Differential Expression of Macrophage Effector Functions: Bactericidal Versus Tumoricidal Activities
Authors: Campbell Priscilla A , Czuprynski Charles J , Cook James L
Published: January 2018

Macrophage populations may be induced to express tumoricidal or bactericidal activities following exposure to certain stimuli. An understanding of the differences in the stimulatory mechanisms and in the characteristics of the macrophages they affect will be facilitated by comparing functional activities of various macrophage populations. The experiments described here were conducted to determine whether injection of a single stimulus necessarily drives cells to express both tumoricidal and bactericidal activities or whether selected reagents can drive cells to express one activity without expressing the other. The data show that a single population of mouse or hamster peritoneal exudate cells obtained following injection of proteose peptone is bactericidal for Listeria monocytogenes and for E. coli, but is not tumoricidal for TCMK-1, Ad2HE3, or mKS-A TU-5 target cells. In contrast, peritoneal exudate cells collected after injection of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) organisms are always highly tumoricidal, and either show no effect on Listeria monocytogenes or E. coli, or are at best bacteriostatic. Data indicate that the effector cells in these assays are macrophages, that the dissociation of tumoricidal and bactericidal activity occurs over a wide dose range, and that the tumoricidal capabilities are not artifacts of the assay system. These results suggest that a given macrophage population may preferentially express tumoricidal or bactericidal activities depending on the stimulus used.
Interleukin 1 Secretion by Human Monocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Mayernik David G , Haq Amin , Rinehart John J
Published: January 2018

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is generally regarded as a major regulator of T lymphocyte proliferation. Macrophages from animals and cloned tumor cell lines have been shown to produce this monokine in response to a variety of stimuli. The ability of human monocytes and macrophages to generate IL-1 is much less well characterized. We previously demonstrated that human monocytes cultured for 1–6 days transformed to macrophages but retained their capacity to support concanavalin A-driven T cell proliferation. However, cultured macrophage capacity to support antigen-driven T cell proliferation began to decline after 3 days of culture and was markedly deficient by 6 days of culture. To determine if this loss of accessory cell function was due to the inability to secrete IL-1, we measured the monokine produced by normal fresh human monocytes and macrophages cultured in vitro from monocytes. IL-1 was assayed by the mouse thymocyte proliferation method. Fresh monocytes secreted IL-1 readily in response to lipopolysaccaride and latex particles. Macrophages cultured from fresh monocytes, however, lost this ability after ≥2 days in culture. Mixing experiments failed to demonstrate an inhibitor present in the macrophage supernatants that would suppress thymocyte proliferation. Stimulated T cells incubated with monocytes and 3-day cultured macrophages failed to prolong or promote IL-1 secretion.
Inhibition of CFU-E Colony Formation by Resident Peritoneal Macrophages From Hybrids of BALB/c Mice
Authors: Johnson Candace S , Furmanski Philip
Published: January 2018

In previous studies, macrophages have been shown to influence in vitro colony formation by erythroid progenitors (CFU-E). To determine whether the origin of the macrophages influences their effects on in vitro erythropoiesis, plasma clot cultures of CFU-E were grown over adherent monolayers of macrophages from various strains of mice. Macrophages were separated from the plasma clot cultures by an intermediary layer of agar. Normal resident macrophages from BALB/c mice and several other inbred strains had no effect on CFU-E colony formation. In contrast, macrophages from a strain of mice termed BWF, which were originally identified as BALB/c but subsequently shown to be a hybrid of BALB/c and outbred CFW mice, strongly inhibited erythroid colony formation. Resident macrophages from the parental outbred CFW mice inhibited CFU-E in 50% of the animals tested. Inhibition was obtained in both homologous and autologous macrophage-CFU-E combinations and was therefore not due to histoincompatibility effects, nor was inhibition related to prostaglandin production by the macrophages or to effects on erythropoietin levels in the assay system. The results demonstrate that normal resident macrophages influence in vitro erythropoiesis and that the effects observed are dependent on the genotype of the mice from which the cells are derived.
The Effects of C-Reactive Protein on Human Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Vetter Marsha L , Gewurz Henry , Baum Linda L
Published: January 2018

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a trace serum protein that increases markedly in concentration during inflammatory reactions. Although CRP, in the presence of a multivalent ligand, binds in vitro to a small percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors and is present on natural killer (NK) cells, exogenous addition of CRP has few effects on human lymphocytes. CRP causes minimal enhancement of proliferation in a mixed lymphocyte culture and a slight increase in 3H-thymidine uptake by unstimulated cells. The most significant effect of CRP is a substantial increase in cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). In this publication, we show that CRP dramatically enhances the alloantigen-activated cytotoxic response only when it is present at the initiation of culture and that pretreatment of responder cells with CRP will not produce enhancement. Although the CMC enhancement generated the presence of CRP is not antigen specific, it is mediated by a T cell, and neither NK-like cells nor monocytes are involved in mediating CRP enhanced killing.
DNA Synthesis and Production of Interleukin 1 by Lymph Node Macrophages in Culture
Authors: Mastro Andrea M , Bortner Donna M , Pishak Sharon A
Published: January 2018

When bovine lymph node cells are cultured for several days the adherent macrophage population increases by as much as tenfold. This increase in cell number is primarily due to cell division, which reaches a maximum on day 4 or 5 of culture. Although the presence of the nonadherent cells seems required for cell division, we have been unable to detect a macrophage growth factor in either the nonadherent cell populations. The adherent cells were identified as macrophages based on positive esterase staining, the presence of Fc receptors, β-glucuronidase activity, and phagocytosis. Moreover, these adherent cells produced interleukin 1 (IL1) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide in serum-free medium. Approximately 107 macrophages were stimulated to produce about 900 units of IL1 in a 24-hr period. Thus, the bovine lymph node preparation is a potential source of a large number of macrophages capable of dividing in culture and of producing IL1.
Ultrastructure of Macrophages of Carrageenan Granuloma in the Rat With Data on Gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase Activity
Authors: Monis Benito , Valentich Mirta A
Published: January 2018

The present study is an electron-microscopic investigation of granuloma induced in the rat by the subcutaneous injection of 1% lambda-carrageenan in 0.8% sodium chloride. We report on the presence of desmosome-like structures connecting neighbouring macrophages. They consisted of electron-dense plaques, which are closely applied to the cytoplasmic surfaces of the junction. Usually, no bundles of cytoplasmic filaments attached to the plaques were seen. At the intercellular space at the level of the junction, a dense material was observed that was sometimes arranged in a cross-bridge fashion. The lysosomal system was markedly developed and consisted mainly of secondary lysosomes containing a filamentous material that showed intense acid phosphatase activity, which was also demonstrated in Golgi cisternae. A membrane preparation obtained from rat carrageenan granuloma contained gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity (GGTP), which is a cell and lysosomal membrane-bound enzyme. The GGTP activity of a similar membrane preparation of guinea pig carrageenan granuloma was six times higher than that of the rat.
Effect of Exchange Transfusion With Fluosol DA 20% on Splenic Distribution and Immunocompetence of Rat Lymphocytes
Authors: Hodges Glenn R , Worley Samuel E , Kemner John M , Abdou Nabih I , Clark Gary M
Published: January 2018

T- and B-splenic lymphocyte frequency, immune response 4 days after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), and proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A) were determined 1, 3, and 5 days after exchange transfusion with Fluosol DA 20% (FDA) in adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats vs sham transfused rats. T-cell, T-helper, T-suppressor, and B-lymphocyte frequencies were reduced 1 day after transfusion (P ≤ 0.01). T- and B-lymphocyte frequencies were still reduced at day 3 (P = 0.0372). By day 5, there were no significant reductions in T-cell, T-helper, T-suppressor, and B-cell frequencies in the FDA-transfused rats. The frequency of cells with cytoplasmic IgG was reduced (P ≤ 0.025) in cells harvested from spleens of FDA-transfused rats and tested fresh. Proliferative response of splenic lymphocytes to Con A was unaffected by transfusion with FDA (P ≥ 0.078). Splenic hemolytic plaques in response to SRBC were unaffected if rats were transfused 3 days after immunization with SRBC and 1 day prior to study (P = 0.941), enhanced if rats were tranfused 1 day after SRBC immunization and 3 days prior to study (P = 0.0015), and suppressed if rats were transfused 1 day before SRBC immunization and 5 days before study (P < 0.0001). Transfusion with FDA (1) causes transient decreases in identifiable T and B lymphocytes, (2) depresses cytoplasmic IgG-positive B cells, (3) does not affect proliferative response to Con A, (4) does not affect an ongoing specific immune response, (5) enhances an early specific immune response, and (6) inhibits the induction of a specific immune response.
Effect of Platelet-Activating Factor on Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Enhancement of Chemiluminescence and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity
Authors: Mossmann Horst , Bamberger Uwe , Velev Boris A , Gehrung Marina , Hammer Dietrich K
Published: January 2018

The effect of platelet-activating factor on human granulocytes was determined by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and rosette assay. An activation of the respiratory burst could be measured by CL and be shown to depend on the presence of extracellular calcium. This direct stimulation of PMN was proved to be inhibited by oxygen radical scavengers as well as by the calcium channel blocker diltiazem. Furthermore, the presence of PAF enhanced the activation of PMN via Fc- or C3b-receptors, as demonstrated by CL and ADCC. On the other hand, no influence on the rosette-forming capacity of PMN could be detected. The results support the concept of the import role of PAF in inflammatory processes.
Irradiation- and Cyclophosphamide-Induced Alterations in Syrian Hamster T-Cell Population Activity
Authors: Bagasra Omar , Tabor Dale
Published: January 2018

The treatment of hamsters with either irradiation (IR) or cyclophosphamide (CYP) markedly alters select aspects of their cellular immune functions in a dose-related manner. One mechanism that may be responsible for this activity appears to be the dimunition of a T-lymphocyte subpopulation that exerts suppressive influence upon the B-lymphocyte reactivity toward antigens. This study shows that in the hamster, immune susceptibility is affected by the magnitude and orientation of these agents (ie, IR, CYP) as they temporally relate to immunization and/or challenge with the antigen. Moreover, there is evidence that T-independent as well as T-dependent responses are affected by these treatments. Therefore, cyclophosphamide and irradiation modalities can be employed to modify the cellular immune responses in the hamster.
Induction of Neovascularization by Activated Human Monocytes
Authors: Koch Alisa E , Polverini Peter J , Leibovich S Joseph
Published: January 2018

Neovascularization, the process of new blood vessel growth, is an important feature of many pathologic and physiologic processes. Monocytes were isolated from citrated blood buffy coat of healthy adult human donors on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Mononuclear cells from these gradients were fractionated on discontinuous Percoll gradients; monocyte-enriched fractions were isolated and assessed for angiogenic activity in rat corneas. Freshly isolated monocytes as well as monocytes cultured for 20 hr on fibronectin-coated collagen gels failed to stimulate neovascularization. In contrast, adherent monocytes activated with concanavalin A (25 μg/ml) or endotoxin (5 μg/ml) for 20 hr were found to be potently angiogenic. We conclude that peripheral blood monocytes must be activated to acquire the ability to induce new blood vessel growth, a process central to inflammation, wound healing, and tumor development.
Decreased Expression of Class II Major Histocompatibility Antigens on Monocytes From Patients With Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Nagai Hiroko , Fisher Richard I , Cossman Jeffrey , Oppenheim Joost J
Published: January 2018

Expression of class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens by peripheral blood monocytes from 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were studied employing antiserum and complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Overall, the expression of class II MHC antigens was significantly decreased on HD monocytes (cytotoxicity index [C.I.] = 60.2 ± 5.8% vs 77.6 ± 2.8%, P < .02). This decrease was most marked in patients with more severe disease. In fact, mean alloantigen expression for patients with advanced stages of disease was 58% of that observed in controls. The number of human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR antigenic sites per cell was also reduced as determined by monoclonal anti-DR antibody and FACS analysis. There was 38% more HLA-DR per cell in normal controls than in moderately advanced Hodgkin's patients.

Class II MHC antigen expression on HD monocytes were increased partially by an IFN-7 containing concanavalin A-stimulated human mononuclear cell culture supernatants (Con A sup), although remaining subnormal. When monocytes were cultured with Con A sup and indomethacin, alloantigen expression was increased in HD and control monocytes, but indomethacin failed to normalize class II MHC antigen expression on HD monocytes (C.I. = 72.3 ± 4.7% vs 90.2 ± 1.8%, P < .01). We conclude that PGE accounts only inpart for the decreased alloantigen expression by HD monocytes. Interleukin (IL) 1 production by patients' monocytes was not reduced as compared to normals and therefore does not contribute to the decreased MHC II antigen expression. Decreases in alloantigen expression may be an important determinant of the T cell-mediated immune abnormalities in Hodgkin's disease.
Fractionation of Rat Alveolar Macrophages by Isopycnic Centrifugation: Morphological, Cytochemical, Biochemical, and Functional Properties
Authors: Chandler David B , Fuller Wynola C , Jackson Robert M , Fulmer Jack D
Published: January 2018

Studies on alveolar macrophages have usually been performed on a single cell suspension obtained by lung lavage. However, recent evidence on the diversity of functions of the alveolar macrophage suggests that the macrophage is not a single population, but one composed of several subpopulations of macrophages. One approach toward determining if alveolar macrophages are heterogeneous would be to separate subpopulations based on density. To accomplish this, we developed a continuous gradient of iso-osmotic colloidal silica (Percoll) that separated alveolar macrophages from Fischer 344 rats into 18 density-defined subpopulations. The density-defined alveolar macrophage subpopulations were then characterized and were shown to be significantly different based on morphological, cytochemical, biochemical, and functional analysis. The results of this study suggest that alveolar macrophages are heterogeneous and that a continuous iso-osmotic gradient of colloidal silica is an efficient and reproducible method for separating subpopulations.
Characterization of a Colony-Stimulating Factor Produced by the Human Monocytic Leukemia Cell Line, THP-1
Authors: Gaffney Edwin V , Dell'Aquila Marie L , Lingenfelter Susan E , Huffnagle Gary B , Wiest David L
Published: January 2018

The human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, acquires macrophage-like characteristics following exposure to mezerein. Serum-free medium conditioned by mezerein-activated cells was observed to contain colony-stimulating factor (CSF) activity in assays with murine bone marrow cultures. Isoelectrofocusing revealed that CSF activity displayed charge heterogeneity and migrated in a pl range of 4.4–5.3. Treatment with neuraminidase did not affect biological activity but did reduce charge heterogeneity. Reisofocusing of neuraminidase-treated CSF revealed a peak of activity at pl 4.9. The active component was shown to be an acidic sialoglycoprotein, resistant to proteolytic cleavage but completely inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol. This CSF has been purified from THP-1–conditioned serum-free medium by preparative isoelectrofocusing, gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, neuraminidase treatment, and tris-glycinate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Elution from SDS-PAGE revealed a single peak of activity corresponding to an apparent molecular weight of 70,000 daltons. Preliminary characterization of the bone marrow cells in colonies showed that THP-1 cells produced macrophage-specific CSF.
Fibronectin and Complement Secretion By Monocytes and Peritoneal Macrophages In Vitro From Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Goldstein Carl S , Garrick Renee E , Polin Richard A , Gerdes Jeffrey S , Kolski Gerald B , Neilson Eric G , Douglas Steven D
Published: January 2018

We investigated the role of the opsonic glycoprotein fibronectin in the host defense of the peritoneum in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Fibronectin concentration in peritoneal dialysate from hight infection rate CAPD patients (>1.50 episodes peritonitis per year) was significantly less than from low infection rate CAPD patients (<0.55 episodes peritonitis per year). In vitro secretion of fibronectin by cultured peritoneal macrophages from patients with high infection rate was less than from low infection rate patients (P < 0.05) and controls (P < 0.01). In vitro secretion of the second component of complement, however, was similar in both high and low infection rate patients. Plasma fibronectin concentration and in vitro fibronectin secretion by cultured peripheral blood monocytes was not different between high infection rate patients and low infection rate patients, but was less than normals. Decreased fibronectin secretion by peritoneal macrophages is associated with a higher incidence of peritonitis among CAPD patients.
Effects of Ethanol Administration on Parameters of Immunocompetency in Rats
Authors: Jerrells Thomas R , Marietta Cheryl A , Eckardt Michael J , Majchrowicz Edward , Weight Forrest F
Published: January 2018

Ethanol administered to rats intragastrically in doses sufficient to cause dependency resulted in a rapid cell loss from the thymus and spleen. Cell loss from the peripheral blood was due primarily to a loss of lymphocytes, but a concomitant granulocytosis resulted in only small changes in the total leukocyte count. Lymphocyte proliferation to both T- and B-cell mitogens was severely compromised by ethanol treatment. The cell loss and functional lymphocyte impairment also occurred at half the ethanol dose required to induce dependency. Although cell numbers recovered relatively quickly after ethanol withdrawal, lymphocyte function, as measured by proliferation, recovered more slowly. Ethanol administration before or during immunization with sheep erythrocytes resulted in an impairment in the ability of animals to respond with a primary immune response to this antigen. These data suggest that ethanol given in quantities sufficient to produce dependence impairs in vitro and in vivo parameters of immunocompetency.
The Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Control of Phagocytosis
Authors: Brown Eric J
Published: January 2018

The phagocytic function of human-peripheral-blood-derived mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes can be regulated by external stimuli. In particular, the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins fibronectin and laminin and serum amyloid P component can increase the phagocytic activity of these cells. Phagocytosis enhancement by the ECM requires two distinct signals to the ingesting cell. First, a ligand for interaction of the target particle with phagocytic cells is required. Generally this occurs because of opsonins such as antibody or complement on the phagocytic target and is independent of the ECM proteins. The phagocytosis-enhancing effect of the connective tissue proteins also requires direct interaction of these proteins with phagocytic cells and occurs through cell surface receptors for these molecules. In the case of neutrophils, sensitivity to the phagocytosis-enhancing effects of connective tissue proteins requires prior stimulation with the chemotactic peptides C5a or f-met-leu-phe. The present state or knowledge of the mechanism of phagocytosis enhancement by ECM proteins and the implications of the phenomenon for host defense are discussed.
Inactivation of Alveolar Macrophage Transglutaminase by Oxidants in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Roth William J , Chung S I , Janoff Aaron
Published: January 2018

The present study demonstrates the existence of tissue transglutaminase in rabbit alveolar macrophages and measures the effects of cigarette smoke extracts on the activity of enzyme partially purified from these cells. The effects of smoke on transglutaminase purified from guinea pig liver are also measured. A water soluble component of gas-phase cigarette smoke inhibits both enzymes in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximum inhibition of 65% occurring at concentrations of smoke as low as 1% in the case of the rabbit enzyme. The chemical oxidant N-chlorosuccinimide mimics the dose-dependent inhibitory effects of cigarette smoke on both enzyme systems. The thiol reducing agent, dithiothreitol, can prevent enzyme inactivation mediated by both smoke and N-chlorosuccinimide. Dithiothreitol is also capable of reversing inactivation mediated by cigarette smoke, but does not reverse inactivation caused by chemical oxidation with N-chlorosuccinimide. These data suggest that cigarette smoke inhibits transglutaminase activity via an oxidative mechanism that may selectively attack the active-site cysteine residue.
Chemical Modification of Human Neutrophil Membrane Proteins: Effect on fMet-Leu-Phe Binding and Function
Authors: Spilberg Isaias , Mehta Jagdish , Hellenga Kim
Published: January 2018

[3H]fMet-Leu-Phe binding to human neutrophil membrane proteins was shown to be inhibited by pretreatment of membranes with the histidine-preferring reagent diethylpyrocarbonate in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. The inhibition was partially reversed by hydroxylamine and was affected by pH. The pH profile for inhibition and the partial reversibility of the inhibition by hydroxylamine are consistent with a modification of the histidine residue by diethylpyrocarbonate. The addition of unlabeled fMet-Leu-Phe to the membrane preparation prior to diethylpyrocarbonate treatment provided protection from the binding inhibition following washout of unlabeled fMet-Leu-Phe and unreacted reagent. Cells treated with diethylpyrocarbonate were inhibited in their ability to produce superoxide anions in response to fMet-Leu-Phe, but the concentration of the chemotactic factor required to obtain 50% of the response was alike for treated or untreated cells. These results suggest that a histidine residue at or near the receptor binding site for fMet-Leu-Phe is required for binding and cell activation. Neither N-acetylimidazole, an agent that preferentially reacts with tyrosine, nor acetic anhydride, which reacts with lysyl groups, affected [3H]fMet-Leu-Phe binding to plasma membrane proteins or superoxide production by intact cells. Scatchard analysis of the binding inhibition owing to diethylpyrocarbonate was consistent with a loss of receptor number rather than a change in affinity.
Induction of Macrophage Growth by Negatively Charged Phospholipids
Authors: Yui Satoru , Yamazaki Masatoshi
Published: January 2018

The effects on macrophage growth of seven phospholipids that are normally present in cell membranes were examined. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin which are the main phospholipid constituents of mammalian cell membranes, had no effect on growth of macrophages. Phosphatidylinositol also had little effect. On the other hand, the relatively minor components phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidic acid, which are negatively charged phospholipids, significantly enhanced macrophage growth. These findings suggest that some acidic phospholipids may increase survival or growth of tissue macrophages when they are ingested by the cells in materials containing phospholipids, such as effete autologous cells or bacteria.