bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endometrial cells sense and react to tissue damage during infection of the bovine endometrium via interleukin 1
Authors: Healy Laura L. , Cronin James G. , Sheldon I. Martin
Published: November 2014

Cells generate inflammatory responses to bacteria when pattern recognition receptors bind pathogen-associated molecules such as lipopolysaccharide. Cells may also respond to tissue damage by sensing damage-associated molecules. Postpartum bacterial infections of the bovine uterus cause endometritis but the risk of disease is increased by tissue trauma triggered by dystocia. Animals that suffered dystocia had increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-1β and IL-1α in vaginal mucus 3 weeks postpartum, but they also had more bacteria than normal animals. Ex vivo organ cultures of endometrium, endometrial cells and peripheral blood monocytes did not generate inflammatory responses to prototypical damage molecules, HMGB1 or hyaluronan, or to necrotic cells; although they secreted IL-6 and IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner when treated with IL-1α. However, necrotic endometrial cells did not accumulate intracellular IL-1α or release IL-1α, except when pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide or bacteria. Endometrial cell inflammatory responses to IL-1α were dependent on the cognate receptor IL-1R1 and the receptor adaptor protein MyD88 and the inflammatory response to IL-1α was independent of the response to lipopolysaccharide. Rather than a typical damage-associated molecule, IL-1α acts to scale the inflammatory response in recognition that there is a combination of pathogen challenge followed by endometrial cell damage.
Cationic Polymers in Regenerative Medicine
Authors:   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: November 2014

The unique physico-chemical properties of cationic polymers and their ability to be easily modified make them attractive for many biological applications. As a result there is a vast amount of research focussed on designing novel natural or synthetic cationic polymers with specific biological functionality.

Cationic Polymers in Regenerative Medicine brings together the expertise of leading experts in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in cationic polymer synthesis, modification and the design of biomaterials with different structures for therapeutic applications. Chapters cover recent developments in novel cationic polymer based systems including poly(L-lysine), Poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and cationic triazine dendrimers as well as cationic polymer-coated micro- and nanoparticles and cationic cellulose and chitin nanocrystals. Applications discussed in the book include drug and gene delivery, therapeutics in thrombosis and inflammation as well as gene therapy.

Suitable both for an educational perspective for those new to the field and those already active in the field, the book will appeal to postgraduates and researchers. The broad aspects of the topics covered are suitable for polymer chemists interested in the fundamentals of the materials systems as well as pharmaceutical chemists, bioengineering and medical professionals interested in their applications.
Functionalization of Cationic Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Tabujew Ilja , Peneva Kalina
Published: November 2014

Cationic polymers have attracted tremendous attention in recent years as non-viral vectors in gene delivery, owing to their high cellular uptake efficiency, good water solubility, excellent transfection efficiencies and facile synthesis. These polymers also show great potential for drug delivery applications, as their structure can be easily tailored to meet our growing understanding of the biological processes that govern biodistribution and biocompatibility of the carrier molecules. The incorporation of peptides, dyes or drug molecules into polymeric macromolecules has led to a synergistic combination of properties, improving the effectiveness of cationic polymers in biological applications even further. The numerous functionalization strategies, which have been developed in order to achieve this goal, are the centre of attention of this chapter. We focus on the most prominent cationic polymers and types of modification that have found applications in drug delivery, rather than trying to include all existing examples. We also describe the intrinsic functional groups of cationic polymers, which are available for further derivatization, as well as the conjugation chemistry that can be applied for the attachment of therapeutic molecules.
Synthesis and Properties of Polyalkylenimines
Authors: Monnery Bryn D. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: November 2014

Polyalkylenimines (PAIs) are a class of cationic polymer that have a generalized structure with secondary or tertiary amines in the main chain separated by alkylene spacers. Owing to the presence of the nucleophilic amine groups in the polymer backbone, their synthesis is more complicated compared to simpler vinyl-based polymers. This chapter will cover the synthesis of PAIs, their physical properties and a short review of applications, focusing on gene delivery. The chapter will only cover PAI homopolymers and excludes the convoluted area of block copolymers, as this is worth a full review by itself.
Well-Defined Cationic Polymers for Nucleic Acid Delivery
Authors: Ahmed Marya , Narain Ravin
Published: November 2014

A large number of cationic polymers has been prepared and studied for their gene delivery efficacies, since the failure of retro-virus vector-based gene therapy trials in the 2000s. The introduction of the living radical polymerization (LRP) approach has allowed the synthesis of tailored gene delivery vectors of known molecular weights, architectures and compositions for gene delivery applications. The term “gene delivery” refers to the delivery of both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) in living cells and tissues. Although the cargo delivery site for the two nucleic acids is different, the basic components of cationic vectors exploited in the design of gene delivery vectors are essentially the same. For LRP, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) have allowed the synthesis of cationic vectors of near precise dimensions, hence establishing structure–activity relationships between cationic vectors and their gene delivery profiles. This attribute of LRP has enabled researchers to pinpoint and overcome the hurdles associated with traditional cationic polymers for gene delivery applications. In this chapter a brief account of the types of cationic vectors prepared by LRP and their role in gene expression in vitro and in vivo is discussed.
Cationic Polysaccharides in Regenerative Medicine: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Spirk Stefan , Mohan Tamilselvan
Published: November 2014

After an introduction to polysaccharides in general and cationic polysaccharides in particular, a short overview on different fields of applications in regenerative medicine is given. Applications are manifold and range from wound healing and artificial skins to guided nerve and bone regeneration. However, the scope of this chapter is to give a short overview on the topic by explaining important examples in detail.
Cationic Cellulose and Chitin Nanocrystals for Novel Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Akhlaghi Seyedeh Parinaz , Zaman Masuduz , Peng Baoliang , Tam Kam Chiu
Published: November 2014

Polysaccharides are a class of biopolymers that have gained popularity in various fields due to their abundance, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Recently, the applications of polysaccharide nanocrystals have been explored in different areas due to their high mechanical strength, surface functionality and low density. Nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin (the two most abundant biopolymers) have received increasing interest in recent years. Chitin nanocrystals naturally possess cationic groups, whereas cellulose nanocrystals require functionalization to impart a positive charge on their surface. These nanocrystals constitute an emerging group of renewable nanomaterials with improved properties. They contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases and help rejuvenate the forestry and marine sectors. The use of these renewable materials in the design of biomedical systems will contribute to sustainable development solutions that have increasingly been given high priority by private and public organizations. In this chapter, the preparation, characterization and application of these nanocrystals in the biomedical field, such as nanocomposites, tissue engineering, wound healing, biosensors and delivery of therapeutics, are reviewed and discussed.
Cationic Polysaccharides in Gene Delivery
Authors: Jain Anjali , Muntimadugu Eameema , Domb Abraham J. , Khan Wahid
Published: November 2014

Approval of Glybera®, a gene therapy to treat lipoprotein lipase deficiency, by the European Union Marketing Authorization, and more than 1800 clinical trials in over 31 countries for the treatment of many incurable diseases, narrates the successful journey of gene therapy in the biomedical field. However, the undesired side effects of gene therapy using viral and other vectors have overshadowed the success story of gene therapy. Non-viral vectors, and more particularly cationic polysaccharides due to their non-toxicity, water solubility, biodegradability and excellent compatibility with body systems, provide an excellent alternative for gene delivery. This chapter highlights significant contributions made by cationic polysaccharides in gene delivery.
Cationic Triazine Dendrimers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Applications
Authors: Simanek Eric E. , Enciso Alan E.
Published: November 2014

Triazine dendrimers—globular polymers ranging from small-molecule to viral dimensions—have lived up to the claim of “if it can be cartooned, it can be made”, as illustrated in the diversity in sizes and compositions that have been produced. While largely unexplored in applications associated with regenerative medicine, their potential as scaffolding materials and in the display of ligands or other bioactive agents suggest future opportunities. This chapter summarizes 15 years of efforts in this field with the desire to inspire new uses for this versatile class of materials. With rare and noted exceptions, triazine dendrimers are cationic.
Cationic Dendritic Systems as Non-viral Vehicles for Gene Delivery Applications
Authors: Ortega Paula , Sánchez-Nieves Javier , Martínez-Bonet Marta , Perisé-Barrios A. Judith , Gómez Rafael , Muñoz-Fernández M. Ángeles , de la Mata F. Javier
Published: November 2014

The possibility to use nucleic acids as therapeutics requires adequate carriers that can guide them to the cell. In this way, the physical and chemical properties of dendritic macromolecules make them very attractive for this purpose. As nucleic acids are negatively charged, cationic dendrimers, and related systems, are being employed as gene delivery vectors due to their ability to form complex dendrimer/nucleic acid (dendriplexes) through electrostatic interactions. In this chapter we survey the main type of dendritic molecules and describe general synthetic procedures for cationic dendrimers. The diversity of structures, their macromolecular nature, the multivalency, the cationic charge and other features of cationic dendrimers that involve their characterization can be confronted using a wide variety of techniques. The last section of the chapter deals with applications of dendrimers in gene therapy, discussing their main advantages and presenting both in vitro and in vivo assays.
Cationic Polymer-Based Non-viral Gene Delivery Systems and their Application in Gene-Engineered Stem Cells
Authors: Huang Bing , He Cai-Xia , Lin Jun , Gao Jian-Qing
Published: November 2014

Non-viral vectors showed potential in gene delivery system, and an increasing number of non-viral vectors have been developed recently. Among which cationic polymers gained much attention because they can easily form polyelecrolyte complexes, and mediate transfection via condensing DNA into nanoparticles, protect DNA from enzymatic degradation, and facilitate the cell uptake and endolysosomal escape. For instance, gene delivery system has made use of cationic polysaccharides, such as poly(ethylene-imine), cationic dextran, pullulan and chitosan. This paper will review the current progress of cationic polymer vectors. Besides, transfection system is also demonstrated as an indispensable part for efficient gene delivery. Several approaches, including reverse transfection which has been proved efficient to protect the carriers from the influence of serum, and combined the reverse method with biodegradable three-dimensional scaffolds have been utilized. Therefore, the novel transfection systems used for enhancing the efficiency of gene carriers are also summarized in this paper. Furthermore, gene-engineered stem cells used as a multi-functional therapeutic agent have been considered as a promising candidate in regenerative medicine. The application of gene-engineered stem cells in CNS diseases has been concerned while their important role in tissue regeneration has also been highlighted.
Ionization Mechanisms of Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)
Authors: Song Liguo , Bartmess John E.
Published: November 2014

The ion and neutral chemistry that occurs in the DART source, starting with the DART gas metastables, to the range of analyte ions produced, is examined, in order to be able to predict the outcome of analysis for a variety of compounds. Both positive and negative modes, and various DART gases (He, Ar, and N2) are discussed.
Atmospheric Samples Analysis Probe (ASAP) Mass Spectrometry
Authors: McEwen Charles N. , Lieu Tam , Saylor Sarah , Twohig Marian , Balogh Michael P.
Published: November 2014

Atmospheric samples analysis probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry (MS) is an easy to use and cost-effective means for directly analyzing materials without interfering with electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) on commercial ion sources. The simplicity of introducing samples directly into an atmospheric pressure ion source using disposable melting point tubes has resulted in ASAP-MS becoming commercially available and widely used in various applications. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of the method and a synopsis of published work. A more detailed description of an application of the ASAP approach to ink analysis is provided along with a section describing extension of the ASAP method to nonvolatile compounds.
Ambient Analysis by Thermal Desorption Atmospheric-Pressure Photoionization
Authors: Syage Jack , Jorabchi Kaveh
Published: November 2014

Among ambient ionization methods, thermal desorption-ionization stands out because of two attributes: (1) simplicity, rendering the technique suitable for in-field applications, and (2) ability to couple with a variety of gas-phase ionization methods, thereby broadening the range of molecules that can be analyzed with this method. In this chapter we will describe the use of atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) for ambient analysis. The focus will be on uses as standalone sources, such as desorption-APPI (DAPPI), and combination with other ambient sources such as direct analysis in real time-APPI (DART-APPI). Generally, the direct photoionization and charge-transfer mechanisms offered by APPI in addition to a proton-transfer mechanism lead to a higher coverage of small molecules and better sensitivities using APPI and the combined sources. APPI has the advantage of ionizing over a wide range of polarities, in particular extending the range to classes of nonpolar compounds (e.g., PAHs, hydrocarbons, steroids, pesticides, etc.).
Flowing Atmospheric-Pressure Afterglow (FAPA), the Plasma-based Source for your ADI-MS Needs
Authors: Shelley Jacob , Pfeuffer Kevin , Hieftje Gary
Published: November 2014

Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry sources are a very promising group of sources that, despite having a similar basic mechanism, all utilize very different geometries and discharge types to achieve desorption and ionization. A particularly promising source is the flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) that has been developed within the Hieftje lab at Indiana University. In this chapter we explore the development, characterization and applications of the FAPA source. Fundamental examinations into reagent formation and optical-emission characterization provide insight into matrix effects and the He discharge itself. Schlieren imaging is also used to better understand ambient mass transport. A wide variety of FAPA practices are also presented, including the successful coupling of gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, laser ablation and a droplet-based sample-introduction system. Applications for detection of pesticides, explosives, drugs and atomic species are shown as well; additionally, chemometric methods coupled with the FAPA source successfully identified polymer types and counterfeit electronic components.
Spray Desorption Collection and DESI Mechanisms
Authors: Venter Andre R. , Douglass Kevin A. , Hasman, Jr. Gregg
Published: November 2014

The real-time in-line microlocalized-desorption sample processing that takes place during ambient ionization are of general analytical use, in addition to their utility during in direct analysis mass spectrometry. By decoupling the microlocalized-desorption sample-processing steps from direct analysis many benefits are realized, such as separate optimization capabilities for desorption and ionization. By using these novel sample-processing steps benefits are also realized over traditional sample-preparation procedures, such as solvent extraction, or swabbing for surface collection. The chapter illustrates how the decoupled desorption procedure can be used to obtain detailed information about the overall mechanism of the ambient ionization methods, illustrated by application to desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), as an example. It is shown that the desorption and ionization aspects of DESI respond differently to changes in operational conditions. This information will help practitioners of ambient ionization to select appropriate conditions for their analyses. In addition, applications of the spray desorption collection (SDC) technique are shown for analyses other than direct mass spectrometry.
Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization
Authors: Fidelis Carlos H. V. , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: November 2014

The principles and major applications of one of the simpliest and easiest mass spectrometric techniques, that is, easy ambient sonic-spray ionization (EASI), able to effficiently desorb and ionize analytes at ambient conditions, is described. Several benefitial figures-of-merit for EASI are discussed and the EASI benefits of enhanced selectivity and S/N ratios are also emphazised. The lack of thermal, eletrical or discharge interferences and extreme easiness also points to EASI as an atractive protocol for simple, direct MS chemical analysis. The appications of this easy and simple heat and voltage-free ionization technique, including a disposable version, particularly suitable for instance to protable mass spectrometers, in a variety of fields including forensic, drug, clinical, fuel, food and environmental analysis is also illustrated.
Probe Electrospray Ionization
Authors: Mandal Mridul Kanti , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: November 2014

Probe electrospray ionization (PESI) is an electrospray-based atmospheric-pressure surface sampling and ionization technique for mass spectrometry that uses a solid needle instead of a capillary. While ionization occurs in a fashion similar to that involved in electrospray ionization, the novel aspect of PESI is discontinuous sampling. The needle is driven up and down along the vertical axis to the apex of the ion-sampling orifice. At the highest position, the liquid trapped at the needle tip is electrosprayed. PESI is applicable to analyze the biological samples, imaging, real-time reaction monitoring, etc. The most unique feature of PESI is the sequential and exhaustive ionization of the analytes that cannot be accomplished by the capillary-based electrospray.
Paper Spray
Authors: Liu Jiangjiang , Manicke Nicholas E. , Zhou Xiaoyu , Cooks R. Graham , Ouyang Zheng
Published: November 2014

Paper spray for direct mass spectrometry analysis is introduced in this chapter. The fundamental study of the mechanism and the characterization of the analytical performance are reviewed for paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS). An important aspect in development of paper spray is its capability for quantitation at high precision for analytes in complex samples, which is important for a wide range of applications in many different fields with mandatory criteria in quantitation. Its potential for point-of-care (POC) analysis is discussed with recent implementation with miniature MS analytical systems. Three other ambient ionization methods associated with paper spray, including leaf spray, tissue spray, and extraction spray ionization are also introduced in this chapter.
Enabling Automated Sample Analysis by Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Musselman Brian , Tice Joseph , Crawford Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

Accurate chemical measurements are often generated by using complex sampling systems designed to deliver exact volumes of sample to the site of measurement. Sample preparation for analytical mass spectrometry can be labor intensive even when using robotic sample handling devices. Ambient ionization presents a different sampling challenge for analytical chemist since samples can be analyzed in their original form whether it be a solid or a liquid. The dream of “skip the prep go direct” would be fulfilled if it were possible to completely characterize a sample by simply holding it in the ionizing region and collecting the mass spectrum. This work describes our efforts to design and fabricate an easy-to-use, inexpensive sample presentation system for use with our direct analysis in real time (DART) desorption ionization source. The use of sample-specific experimental modules will be presented along with results from pharmaceutical tablet characterization for detection of trace pesticide residues in foodstuffs.
Laser-Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LAESI®-MS): Ambient Ionization Technology for 2D and 3D Molecular Imaging
Authors: Razunguzwa Trust T. , Henderson Holly D. , Reschke Brent R. , Walsh Callee M. , Powell Matthew J.
Published: November 2014

Laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization technique applicable to plant and animal tissue imaging, live-cell imaging (bacterial and fungal colonies), and most recently to cell-by-cell imaging. This ambient pressure technique uses a mid-infrared (mid-IR) laser with a wavelength (2.94 µm) that is strongly absorbed by water to ablate samples. The resultant ablation plume contains a population of neutral molecules from the sample. Ionization occurs via coalescence of the sample molecules with an electrospray plume above the sample, and the sample ions pass into a mass spectrometer for detection. This direct analysis of the tissues alleviates the need for sample preparation, such as rinse steps, the application of a surface coating or matrix, or solvent extraction, all of which adds time to the analysis and may result in sample contamination or loss. The use of the natural water content of tissue enables both 2D and 3D imaging of plant and animal tissue sections, cell colonies on agar plates, and contact lenses. This chapter discusses the advancements in LAESI-MS technology for imaging applications, and describes the Protea LAESI DP-1000 Direct Ionization System, the first integrated commercial instrument system using LAESI technology for imaging.
Integration of a Medical Voice Program in the Performing Community: Establishing an Extended Voice Team Network
Authors: Gerhard Julia D. , Landera Mario A. , Lundy Donna S. , Rosow David E. , Ruiz Jose W. , Odlum Jocelyn Bremekamp
Published: November 2014

This article will summarize the process of establishing and growing relationships with professional voice users and vocal organizations in the community, including educational institutions, large- and small-scale performing arts organizations, professional associations, individual professional voice users and teachers, and others. We will present a review of the literature and recommendations regarding integration of a voice program into the professional voice community. This will include identification of appropriate organizations and individuals for the extended voice network, methods of outreach, cultivation of relationships, and difficulties encountered. The idea of multidisciplinary treatment of voice disorders through a voice team has been well-established in the literature. Although many voice teams are further integrating themselves into their local communities, there has been little written about this. We hope that by sharing our process, we may provide information to others and learn more ourselves about how to better serve our professional voice communities.
Thinking Flowers? As Black Eco-Feminist Activism
Authors: Craig Lauren
Published: November 2014

Much of Western European history conditions us to see human differences in simplistic opposition to each other: dominant/subordinate, good/bad, up/down, superior/inferior. In a society where the good is defined in terms of profit rather than in terms of human need, there must always be some group of people who, through systematized oppression, can be made to feel surplus, to occupy the place of dehumanized inferior. Within this society, that group is made up of Black and Third World people, working-class people, older people, and women. (Lorde, 1984: 114)
‘Disparate in Voice, Sympathetic in Direction’: Gendered Political Blackness and the Politics of Solidarity
Authors: Swaby Nydia A.
Published: November 2014

While political blackness seems to be making quite a comeback, this resurgence has also met with frustration and ambivalence. This paper aims to make sense of why this mobilising concept is accepted in some contemporary black feminist circles and outright rejected in others. It unpicks the diasporic dimensions of political blackness, reflecting on the issues that converged to foreground ‘black’ as the basis for mobilising women of African and Asian decent to engage in collective activism. Attention is given to the Organisation of Women of Asian and African Descent, a national network that linked black women's organisations and expressed and projected what the author defines as gendered political blackness. Interrogating its implications and the tendency towards ideological policing, the author argues that political blackness must be viewed as a politics of solidarity. If it is to maintain its viability, political blackness needs reframing, contextualising and further analysis. A retelling of its ideological underpinnings, and crucially the tensions and contradictions inherent in political blackness, offers a critical lens through which to rethink how we use it as a mobilising tactic in the present.
Vertical germanium nanowires as spectrally-selective absorbers across the visible-to-infrared
Authors: Solanki Amit , Crozier Kenneth
Published: November 2014

Nanostructuring a material permits control over its interaction with light. Advanced methods for controlling the visible-to-infrared absorption spectra of semiconductor materials would present opportunities for photodetectors with engineered spectral response. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the fabrication of arrays of vertical Ge nanowires with different diameters. Measured reflection spectra show dip features for which electromagnetic simulations predict enhanced absorption. These can be shifted to longer wavelengths by increasing the diameters of the nanowires. We show that the reflectance dips broaden if the nanowires exhibit tapering. We furthermore show that observed ripple features in the dips are associated with longitudinal modes of the nanowires.
Strong coupling in hybrid plasmon-modulated nanostructured cavities
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Yu , Wang Hai-Yu , Du Jiang-Lin , Zhang Xu-Lin , Hao Ya-Wei , Chen Qi-Dai , Sun Hong-Bo
Published: November 2014

The understanding of strong coupling between local restricted electromagnetic field of cavity and surface-plasmon (SP) on the metal surface lays the groundwork for many photonic applications. However, much of the fundamental photophysical properties underlying this performance such as how this strong coupling is induced by these two components, namely, the SP modes and cavity modes have remained unknown. Here, we present a study of a hybrid plasmon-modulated coupled system with Rabi splitting energy at 336 meV, and the coupled hybrid states are highly sensitive to the prosperity of SP mode which is induced by morphology of inlaid grating surfaces.
Surface protrusion based mechanisms of augmenting energy extraction from vibrating cylinders at Reynolds number 3 × 103–3 × 104
Authors: Vinod Ashwin , Banerjee Arindam
Published: November 2014

The objective of the current experimental work is to investigate the effectiveness of surface protrusion type modifications to a circular cylinder in augmenting fluid induced motions at 3 × 103 < Re < 3 × 104 and falls within the TrSL2 (Transition in Shear Layer) Reynolds number regime. The current experiments build on the previous successful efforts to intentionally enhance oscillations by Bernitsas and group at the University of Michigan, for use in their Fluid Induced Motion based energy harvester Vortex induced vibration for aquatic clean energy (VIVACE) at higher Reynolds number (2–4 × 104 < Re < 1–2 × 105) that falls in the TrSL3 regime. Surface protrusions tested in the current work include three different sandpaper strips of widely varying roughness; and smooth strips that only had a thickness with no embedded roughness. Amplified vortex induced vibrations and galloping oscillations were observed while using cylinder configurations with all strips. The grit size of the sandpapers used also seemed to have an effect on the vibration amplitudes. Different positions of the strip (with respect to the frontal stagnation point) were tested and proved to be of crucial importance as the response showed a drastic variation depending on the position. The variation in response of the cylinder to roughness and strip-position that were observed in the current experiments are different from the experiments performed at TrSL3 regime; thereby suggesting a strong Reynolds number effect. The power harnessing potential of VIV based devices with different surface-protrusion configurations was evaluated based on the experimental results. There appears to be a very conspicuous difference in potential of the energy available especially while executing galloping oscillations. Experiments were also repeated with springs of different stiffnesses which proved to have an effect on the incited galloping oscillations depending on the type of strip employed.
Generation of cylindrically polarized vector vortex beams with digital micromirror device
Authors: Gong Lei , Ren Yuxuan , Liu Weiwei , Wang Meng , Zhong Mincheng , Wang Ziqiang , Li Yinmei
Published: November 2014

We propose a novel technique to directly transform a linearly polarized Gaussian beam into vector-vortex beams with various spatial patterns. Full high-quality control of amplitude and phase is implemented via a Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) binary holography for generating Laguerre-Gaussian, Bessel-Gaussian, and helical Mathieu–Gaussian modes, while a radial polarization converter (S-waveplate) is employed to effectively convert the optical vortices into cylindrically polarized vortex beams. Additionally, the generated vector-vortex beams maintain their polarization symmetry after arbitrary polarization manipulation. Due to the high frame rates of DMD, rapid switching among a series of vector modes carrying different orbital angular momenta paves the way for optical microscopy, trapping, and communication.
An S-band high gain relativistic klystron amplifier with high phase stability
Authors: Wu Y. , Li Z. H. , Xie H. Q. , Xu Z. , Ma Q. S.
Published: November 2014

For the purpose of coherent high power microwave combining, an S-band high gain relativistic klystron amplifier with high phase stability is presented and studied. By the aid of 3D particle-in-cell code and circuit simulation software, the mechanism of parasitic oscillation in the device is investigated. And the RF lossy material is adopted in the simulation and experiment to suppress the oscillation. The experimental results show that with an input RF power of 10 kW, a microwave pulse with power of 1.8 GW is generated with a gain of 52.6 dB. And the relative phase difference fluctuation between output microwave and input RF signal is less than ±10° in 90 ns.
Fabrication of various micro/nano structures by modified near-field electrospinning
Authors: Lei T. P. , Lu X. Z. , Yang F.
Published: November 2014

The modified near-field electrospinning (NFES) and the conventional NFES have been compared to demonstrate the viability of direct-writing micro/nano structures from PVDF solution systems. The modified NFES shows good capability in writing various orderly micro/nano patterns, such as straight and continuous lines, parallel lines, arc lines, and beads-on-string structures, whereas the conventional NFES is difficult to give a continuous writing process. Besides, the modified NFES also allows a lower electric field due to the jet initiated in a mechanical way. By finely tuning the key parameters during the modified NFES process, such as the solution property, speed of the movable collector, and the distance between the spinneret and the collector, it is likely to construct complex patterns as required on rigid or flexible substrates for a myriad of applications.
Adsorption of ammonia at GaN(0001) surface in the mixed ammonia/hydrogen ambient - a summary of ab initio data
Authors: Kempisty Paweł , Krukowski Stanisław
Published: November 2014

Adsorption of ammonia at NH3/NH2/H-covered GaN(0001) surface was analyzed using results of ab initio calculations. The whole configuration space of partially NH3/NH2/H-covered GaN(0001) surface was divided into zones of differently pinned Fermi level: at the Ga broken bond state for dominantly bare surface (region I), at the valence band maximum (VBM) for NH2 and H-covered surface (region II), and at the conduction band minimum (CBM) for NH3-covered surface (region III). The electron counting rule (ECR) extension was formulated for the case of adsorbed molecules. The extensive ab intio calculations show the validity of the ECR in case of all mixed H-NH2-NH3 coverages for the determination of the borders between the three regions. The adsorption was analyzed using the recently identified dependence of the adsorption energy on the charge transfer at the surface. For region I ammonia adsorbs dissociatively, disintegrating into a H adatom and a HN2 radical for a large fraction of vacant sites, while for region II adsorption of ammonia is molecular. The dissociative adsorption energy strongly depends on the Fermi level at the surface (pinned) and in the bulk (unpinned) while the molecular adsorption energy is determined by bonding to surface only, in accordance to the recently published theory. Adsorption of Ammonia in region III (Fermi level pinned at CBM) leads to an unstable configuration both molecular and dissociative, which is explained by the fact that broken Ga-bonds are doubly occupied by electrons. The adsorbing ammonia brings 8 electrons to the surface, necessitating the transfer of these two electrons from the Ga broken bond state to the Fermi level. This is an energetically costly process. Adsorption of ammonia at H-covered site leads to the creation of a NH2 radical at the surface and escape of H2 molecule. The process energy is close to 0.12 eV, thus not large, but the direct inverse process is not possible due to the escape of the hydrogen molecule.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of high-k CeO2/La2O3 stacked dielectrics
Authors: Zhang Jieqiong , Wong Hei , Yu Danqun , Kakushima Kuniyuki , Iwai Hiroshi
Published: November 2014

This work presents a detailed study on the chemical composition and bond structures of CeO2/La2O3 stacked gate dielectrics based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements at different depths. The chemical bonding structures in the interfacial layers were revealed by Gaussian decompositions of Ce 3d, La 3d, Si 2s, and O 1s photoemission spectra at different depths. We found that La atoms can diffuse into the CeO2 layer and a cerium-lanthanum complex oxide was formed in between the CeO2 and La2O3 films. Ce3+ and Ce4+ states always coexist in the as-deposited CeO2 film. Quantitative analyses were also conducted. The amount of CeO2 phase decreases by about 8% as approaching the CeO2/La2O3 interface. In addition, as compared with the single layer La2O3 sample, the CeO2/La2O3 stack exhibits a larger extent of silicon oxidation at the La2O3/Si interface. For the CeO2/La2O3 gate stack, the out-diffused lanthanum atoms can promote the reduction of CeO2 which produce more atomic oxygen. This result confirms the significant improvement of electrical properties of CeO2/La2O3 gated devices as the excess oxygen would help to reduce the oxygen vacancies in the film and would suppress the formation of interfacial La-silicide also.
Design and fabrication of a phononic-crystal-based Love wave resonator in GHz range
Authors: Liu Ting-Wei , Tsai Yao-Chuan , Lin Yu-Ching , Ono Takahito , Tanaka Shuji , Wu Tsung-Tsong
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a method for designing and fabricating a Love wave resonator utilizing the phononic crystal (PC) as the reflectors. The PCs were formed by depositing 2D, periodically etched silica film on a quartz substrate. We analyzed the PC structure, and within its partial bandgap we designed a one-port resonator that contained a set of inter-digital transducer (IDT) inside the resonant cavity bonded by two PC arrays. With sub-micrometer structures, the resonator was designed to operate at 1.25 GHz. The device was fabricated by employing the microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabrication technology and the resonant performance was evaluated.
‘If You Want Me to Stay, Pay’: A Model of Asymmetric Federalism in Centralised Countries
Authors: Claeys Peter , Martire Federico
Published: November 2014

Highly centralised countries like Italy and Spain have devolved fiscal power to regions in an asymmetric way. Some well-off regions get transfers that turn them into net recipients of the fiscal system. We demonstrate in a political economy model of fiscal federalism that, in centralised countries, side-payments are used to compensate regions that are set back by the fiscal system and can credibly threaten to secede. Compensation blocks political negotiation on alternative—more efficient—fiscal systems. We study two regions, Valle d'Aosta in Italy and País Vasco in Spain, as an example.
More spoken or more translated?
Authors: Ordan Noam , Shlesinger Miriam
Published: November 2014

Since the early 1990s, with the advance of computerized corpora, translation scholars have been using corpus-based methodologies to look into the possible existence of overriding patterns (tentatively described as universals or as laws) in translated texts. The application of such methodologies to interpreted texts has been much slower in developing than in the case of translated ones, but significant progress has been made in recent years. After presenting the fundamental methodological hurdles — and advantages — of working on machine-readable (transcribed) oral corpora, we present and discuss several recent studies using cross-modal comparisons, and examine the viability of using interpreted outputs to explore the features that set simultaneous interpreting apart from other forms of translation. We then set out to test the hypothesis that modality may exert a stronger effect than ontology — i.e. that being oral (vs. written) is a more powerful influence than being translated (vs. original).
The neuroscience of translation
Authors: Tymoczko Maria
Published: November 2014

The neurological mechanisms involved in translating and interpreting are one of the chief known unknowns in translation studies. Translation studies has explored many facets of the processes and products of translation and interpreting, ranging from the linguistic aspects to the textual aspects, from the politics of translation to implications from cognitive science, but little is known about the production and reception of translation at the level of the individual brain and the level of molecular biology. Much of this terra incognita will be explored and illuminated by neuroscience in the coming quarter century, and significant discoveries pertaining to language processing in translation will be made during the coming decade, linking observable behaviors at the macro level with knowledge of what happens in the production and reception of translation at the micro level of the neuron and the neuronal pathways of the brain.

In the past three decades powerful new techniques for observing brain function in healthy living individuals have been devised. To a large extent neuroscience has become a rapidly developing field because of new technologies that make it possible to monitor the brain as it actually works, to document neural pathways, and even to track the activity of specific neurons. This article focuses on discoveries in neuroscience pertaining to perception, memory, and brain plasticity that have already achieved consensus in the field and that have durable implications for the ways we will think about translation in the future.
The city in translation
Authors: Simon Sherry
Published: November 2014

In the spirit of the ‘enlargement’ of the field proposed by Tymoczko (2007), this article argues for the city as an object of translation studies. All cities are multilingual, but for some language relations have particularly intense historical and cultural significance. Translation studies can illuminate the nature and effects of these interactions. The cities of Central Europe and in particular Czernowitz offer rich case studies. A thorough investigation of translational culture between 1880 and 1939 can help to provide a nuanced understanding of the nature of literary relations which prevailed before the violence of World War II.
Notes on the history of reciprocal NP-strategies in Semitic languages in a typological perspective
Authors: Bar-Asher Siegal Elitzur A.
Published: November 2014

Among Semitic reciprocal constructions, a division is seen between two types: 1) two-unit constructions, with two components, each filling a different argument position of the verb, and 2) one-unit constructions, with an anaphora that co-refers with the subject (that must be plural) and occupies only the non-subject position required by the verb. The goal of this paper is to explain how these constructions developed, specifically: 1) how did the various types of two-unit constructions evolve? and 2) could diachronic chains be identified in order to explain the development of the one-unit constructions from the two-unit constructions? Previous work on question (1) focuses on the range of phrases that tend to develop into reciprocal markers. Such accounts, however, do not explain how these constructions developed the specific meanings they have. I argue that consideration of the semantics of these constructions is crucial for understanding their evolution. Instead of ‘reciprocal constructions’ it is better to see them as denoting ‘unspecified relations’. As for (2), various attempts have been made to explain such processes focusing on Indo-European languages, which do not capture the Semitic developments; therefore I propose an alternative hypothesis, according to which the one-unit constructions result from a reanalysis of the two-unit constructions.
Complex coordination in diachrony
Authors: Daniels Don
Published: November 2014

This paper presents two innovations in the clause chaining system of the Sogeram languages of Papua New Guinea. In the first, chain-final morphology was reanalyzed as chain-medial morphology with different-subject switch reference meaning. In the second, common collocations of two verbs in a clause chain were reanalyzed as constituting a single compound verb stem. Previously, scholars held that increased structural integration of clauses necessarily results in structural asymmetry (that is, subordination), but the Sogeram data show that this need not always be the case. The cross-linguistic impulse towards increased integration is realized in both innovations, but the impulse towards asymmetry is only realized in the first. This paper thus argues that with coordinate source constructions such as these clause chains, one clause may become subordinate to the other, but the clauses may also retain their coordinate relationship as they become more integrated.
Verb classifiers in East Asia
Authors: Gerner Matthias
Published: November 2014

Many linguists define classification systems in terms of semantic profiling. The classifier profiles a semantic trait common to all the classified items. This paper rejects semantic profiling in favor of a combinatorial definition of classification and evaluates verb classification in five languages of the Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao and Tibeto-Burman families. Only sortal verb classifiers in Sinitic, Tai-Kadai, Miao-Yao (not Tibeto-Burman) are classificatory in the combinatorial sense. Sortal verb classifiers stand for a lexical classification technique in which the classifiers are derived from adjunct noun phrases. Cross-linguistically, the technique contrasts with other techniques such as the classification of verbs by incorporated core arguments found in Native American languages. This paper also evaluates mensural verb classifiers and auto-classifiers which are generally not classificatory in the combinatorial sense.
Endocentric Structuring of Projection-free Syntax
Authors: Narita Hiroki
Published: November 2014

Endocentric Structuring of Projection-free Syntax puts forward a novel theory of syntax that rigidly adheres to the principle of Minimal Computation, in which a number of traditional but extraneous stipulations such as referential indices and representational labels/projections are eliminated. It specifically articulates the overarching hypothesis that every syntactic object is composed by recursive, phase-by-phase embedding of the endocentric structure {H, α}, where H is a head lexical item and α is another syntactic object (order irrelevant). The proposed mechanism achieves both theory-internal simplicity and broad empirical coverage at the same time, advancing a radically reduced conception of endocentricty/headedness while deriving a number of empirically grounded constraints on human language.
Modal inferences in marked indefinites
Authors: Aloni Maria , Port Angelika
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we first present the results of a synchronic corpus study of the determiner irgendein and the pronoun irgend jemand in German and identify four main uses: ignorance effect in specific uses (spU), ignorance effect under epistemic modals (epiU), narrow-scope existential meaning in �negative� contexts (NPu), free choice effect under deontic modals (deoFC). Then we sketch a formal account in the framework of a Dynamic Semantics with Conceptual Covers along the lines of Aloni and Port (2011) and Aloni (2012). This enables us (i) to derive the obligatory ignorance effect irgend-indefinites induce in specific uses and under epistemic modals, (ii) to account for the NPu and deoFC uses, and (iii) to explain the different behavior of the indefinite under different modals.