bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L41065 Ductile Fracture Propagation Model Development
Authors: Demofonti G. , O'Donoghue P.E.
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this work are (1) to relax the restriction of steady-state crack growth in the dynamic ductile fracture propagation code PFRAC so that nonsteady crack propagation and arrest processes can be rigorously modeled, and (2) extend the critical crack tip opening angle fracture toughness database to other X60 to X80 grades of line pipe steels.
PR-003-ASCE-R01 Analysis of Strain-Gage Data on Simulated Uncased Pipeline Highway and Railroad Crossings
Authors: Rodabaugh E.C. , Mills E.J. , Atterbury T.J. , McClure G.
Published: August 2023

In order to provide experimental data for evaluating the problem of uncased pipeline crossings, the Association of American Railways Laboratories conducted an extensive series of tests on 8- and lZ-in. uncased pipe in which representative external loads and internal pressures were applied both simultaneously and individually. Strains in the pipe produced by these loads were measured by means of SR-4 strain gages.
TA-97-4 Black Powder in the Gas Industry - Sources Characteristics and Treatment
Authors: Baldwin Richard M.
Published: August 2023

The original objective of this research was to investigate means of controlling materials ingested into compressors in pipeline, refinery, gathering, and storage services. After an initial industry survey, it was determined that "Black Powder" (various forms of iron sulfide mixed with contaminants) is the least understood and most prominent contamination problem in pipelines and their compression equipment. The information documented in this report was gathered from technical literature, the Internet, researchers, experts, practitioners in the natural gas industry, field experience, and equipment manufacturers' publications. This search has determined that there is much expert knowledge in the technical community concerning many aspects of the iron sulfide problem, however, there is only a limited understanding by those in the gas industry that face the problem. This report discusses information gathered as a part of the research, including a section with references to retrievable literature used.
BSEE-1451110 Formulating Guidance on Hydrotesting Deepwater Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Kopp Frans , Harrison Gary , Frazer Ross , Parker Wanda , Williams Mike
Published: August 2023

Provides industry-based BASM guidance to BSEE pertaining to certain alternate procedures and equipment (alternate compliance) requests from the regulations in 30 CFR 250 Subpart J, specifically paragraphs 250.1002 and 250.1003. These guidelines pertain specifically to hydrotesting of deepwater pipeline system tiebacks from subsea wells to surface-based floating production systems and deepwater export pipeline and riser systems to downstream facilities under DOI jurisdiction. This report was downloaded from the PHMSA website.
PR-3-72-R01 Analysis of Stresses and Forces in Laterally Displaced Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Gerth J.W. , Mesloh R.E. , Soreneon J.E.
Published: August 2023

Analysis to determine the axial and bending forces and stresses induced in laterally deflected pipelines. It was further requested that the study include several commonly used pipe sizes, strengths, and line lengths in addition to a failure criteria which could be used by the group to assess the integrity of displaced lines.
USA09-01 Appraisal and Assessment of Factors Involved in the Maintenance of the Integrity of Pipelines
Authors: Rahman M.M. , Strafford K.N.
Published: August 2023

The experimental work reported in this thesis was aimed at investigating the relative importance of surface-finish and condition on: (1) susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking, and (2) FBE coating performance for X-65 pipeline steel.
PR-015-17604-R02 Static Mixer Assessment Laboratory Testing
Authors: McCleney Amy , Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

Static mixers are nonmoving mixing devices that allow for the inline continuous mixing of fluids within a pipeline. Liquid samples are typically extracted downstream of the mixer to evaluate the composition of the fluid. However, the ability of mixers to provide a uniformly mixed sample and the acceptable distances at which this sample can be taken from the pipe for this composition evaluation are currently unknown. A testing effort was initiated to determine the effectiveness of two different static mixer designs, as well as sampling locations, by flowing known quantities of oil and water past these devices at a constant flow rate, with two oil viscosity values of 3 cSt and 400 cSt, and with two nominal water-cut values of 1% and 10%. To evaluate their mixing abilities, fluid samples were drawn from the pipe at three locations downstream of the mixers and at three pipe elevations. These samples were assessed using two different analysis methods: a centrifuge method using ASTM D4007 (2016) for the nominal 10% water-cut tests and a Karl Fisher analysis method using ASTM D4928 (2018) for the nominal 1% water-cut tests. The results from the sample measurements will allow the PRCI members to assess the mixing and stratification effects of different static mixer designs and at different sample locations.
PR-670-183826-R01 Assessment of Science Behind LSM for Pipeline Integrity
Authors: Finch Graeme , Harmon Stuart
Published: August 2023

Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principle method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously.

Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required, with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation.

LSM utilises the coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate the technologies further. However, vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology.

The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of Work Package 02 is to review the physics of the agreed pipeline defects and fluxgate type magnetic sensors. The properties of pipeline-specific soft magnetic materials are investigated to understand corrosion, how this alters the material properties and how this can affect the associated magnetic fields surrounding the material. The physics of fluxgate magnetometers and gradiometers are also reviewed to assess the ability of LSM to detect these two features.
XL8920 Attention Prioritizing and Pipe Replacement-Renewal Decisions
Authors: Wilson Gerald G.
Published: August 2023

This technical note represents a collection of papers that provide a good overview of procedures in current use to maximize the benefits received from repair and replacement expenditures in existing gas distribution systems. It includes coverage of cast iron, steel, and, to a very limited extent, plastic systems. The three basic issues associated with this area are:

I. Establishing annual maintenance and replacement budgets

2. Establishing attention priorities for the sections of main that comprise a distribution system

3. Determining whether a troublesome section should be repaired or replaced
APIACFB-R01 Cold Field Bending
Authors: Murray Professor Noel , Bilston Paul
Published: August 2023

Monash University research program aimed at understanding the effects that cold field bends have on the pipe used in pipeline construction. An objective is to understand local buckles impact on yield strength and methods to avoid their generation. Also analyzed is the effect on ovality and thining. Includes some activity reports with significant test data.
RMC-0-1 Control of Crankshaft Distortion with an Adjustable Chocking System
Authors: Rowan Robert L. , Phelps Larry , Gerken Mark
Published: August 2023

Outline methods to realign an engine's crankshaft using adjustable chocks between the engine and the foundation.
NYR1972001 Extent of Pollution and Available Treatment for Hydrostatic Test Water
Authors: Barkley William A.
Published: August 2023

Describes the pollution aspects of hydrostatic test water. The water used for this testing is obtained from the most convenient local raw surface source. The report describes the results of a three-phase investigation: (l) the study of existing and probable state laws pertaining to this type of pollution, (2) possible violation of state laws by the level of existing hydrostatic test water pollution, and (3) existing methods for treatment of this type of industrial waste.
PR-3-82-R01 Measurements of the Pipe-to-Soil Potential of a Bare Pipeline, High-Resistivity Environment
Authors: Fessler Raymond R.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates a method for obtaining accurate measurements of the pipe-to-soil potential on a bare pipeline in a high-resistivity environment with the ultimate objective of using the method to provide information for preventing stress corrosion cracking.
DTRS-3878-HEELAS Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement of Low Alloy Steel at Room Temperature
Authors: Wada Y. , Ishigaki R. , Tanaka Y. , Ohnishi K.
Published: August 2023

To verify the safety application and use of Cr-Mo steel for the high-pressure hydrogen equipment, tensile, fatigue, and crack growth tests of JIS-G4105-1979 SCM435 and 440 steel under 45MPa high-pressure hydrogen at room temperature were conducted. There were no significant differences in tensile deformation behaviors between the air environment and 45MPa hydrogen until the maximum load point. However, the hydrogen tested specimen broke with less ductility accompanied by many surface crack on the specimen surface which is caused by the specimen machining. The scatter of ductility was observed due to the specimen surface preparation conditions. As a result, reduction of ductility in the gaseous hydrogen environment is caused not only by the specimen machining effect but also by the presence of non-metallic inclusion at the surface.
DTPH56-15-T-00014 Electromagnetic Sensors to Quantify Strength and Toughness in Steel Pipelines
Authors: Lasseigne Angelique N.
Published: August 2023

Describes a new non-destructive electromagnetic sensor for assessment of bulk strength and toughness of new and vintage steel pipelines operating in any environment.
PR-158-151-R01 A Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Program with Applications in Geotechnical Engineering
Authors: Prevorst Jean H.
Published: August 2023

Describes a finite element analysis program for the static and transient response of linear and nonlinear two and three-dimensional systems with applications in geotechnical engineering. Specifically, it offers transient analysis capabilities for elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic initial value problems in soil mechanics.
ANL-08-02 Overview of Interstate Hydrogen Pipeline Systems
Authors: Gillette J.L. , Kolpa R.L.
Published: August 2023

Design requirements for hydrogen pipelines are still evolving. Although there are several hundred miles of hydrogen pipelines throughout the world, most hydrogen pipelines are designed to transport hydrogen only short distances, from the production facility to the end-user. Many such applications typically represent only a few hundred feet of pipeline and operate with maximum pressures of considerably less than the 1,000 psi absolute (psia) or more that would likely be required for long-distance pipeline transmission of hydrogen. The safety record for these pipelines is considered to be very good. This safe history notwithstanding, the definition of required safety margins, codes, and standards for application to large-scale hydrogen transport remains a work in progress. It is therefore not possible at this time to definitively specify the design details of hydrogen transmission pipelines. However, based on the design parameters of some hydrogen pipelines and on experience with natural gas pipelines, it is reasonable to suggest some design parameters that could very well be applicable to the flow rates, distances, and pressures associated with the long-distance transmission of hydrogen via pipeline.
NG-18-102-R01 The Importance of Temperature with Respect to Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines
Authors: Fessler R. R. , Berry W. E. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

This report describes the various ways in which temperature influences stress-corrosion cracking in pipelines and outlines a method for predicting how much benefit can be expected from lowering the temperature. In considering what to do about temperature, it should be remembered that the other four factors are equally important, and control of one or more of them offers alternative methods for controlling stress-corrosion cracking.
DTPH56-15-T-00001 Approaches for Preventing Catastrophic Events
Authors: Lever Ernest , Ersony Daniel
Published: August 2023

The goal of this white paper is to present a thorough and critical review of approaches for preventing catastrophic events, both within and outside the natural gas industry, in order to be able to select the most appropriate approaches and models, develop them further, and ultimately issue guidelines for effective implementation in risk models and integrity management programs. A structured review of past catastrophic events, the existing methodologies for risk assessment, and their strengths and weaknesses were undertaken. A review of the state of the art in risk assessment, a system of systems research, and probabilistic methods related to the prediction of catastrophic events were completed. The latest approaches to developing frameworks for resilience in the face of catastrophes and risk governance were reviewed.
NG-18-39-R01 Summary of Research to Determine the Strength of Corroded Areas in Line Pipe
Authors: Kiefner J.F. , Duffy A.R.
Published: August 2023

The overall objective of these experiments is to examine the fracture initiation behavior of various kinds of defects in line pipe by determining the relationship between the size of a given defect and the level of internal pressure at which it will cause a leak or a rupture in the pipe. To date, 278 full-scale pipe tests have been conducted. Of these 86 have been tests of through-wall defects, 45 have been tests of defects partway through the wall, and 147 have been special-purpose tests involving defects such as gouges and dents, corrosion, and others. The diameters of the pipe materials examined have ranged from 6-5/8 inches through 42 inches and the wall thicknesses have ranged from 0.188 inch through 0.875 inch. The materials have ranged in yield strength from about 25,000 psi for API5L Grade A-25 through SLX Grade X-65 and have included some experimental X-100 materials.
PR-157-153-R01 NOx Reduction for In-Use Engines
Authors: Castaldini C. , Waterland L.R.
Published: August 2023

The available database on NO emissions from large-bore, gas-fueled internal combustion engines were evaluated. Based on these data the expected performance of various NO control approaches amenable to retrofit on in-use engines was projected.
DTRS56-04-T-0011A Optimizing Weld Integrity for X80 and X100 Linepipe
Authors: Fiore Susan , Boring Matt , Patel Pratik , Vaze Suhas
Published: August 2023

Reviews the current status of X80 and X100 pipeline welding technology and examine the trend towards overmatching weld metals. A best practice guide will be developed for X80 welding based on existing commercially available welding technology as well as the development of optimized welding consumables and welding procedures for X100 pipelines.
DTPH56-15-T-00008 Statistical Review and Gap Analysis of LNG Failure Rate Table
Authors: Secor Buddy
Published: August 2023

Establishes the criteria for Design Spills into impounding areas at LNG facilities serving only vaporization, process, or LNG transfer areas in order to comply with US 49 Code of Federal Regulation Part 193.
DTPH56-14-S-N000006 Laser Peening for Preventing Pipe Corrosion and Failure
Authors: Lu Yongfeng
Published: August 2023

The ultimate goal of this project is to investigate and develop laser peening of stainless and carbon steels used for pipeline construction to improve their corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of pipelines will be enhanced via the compressive residual stress created by laser-induced shock waves during laser peening. It is anticipated that using laser shock peening in the construction of a pipeline will highly improve the reliability, safety, and lifespan of the nation's pipeline transportation system. As stated in our proposal, the major goals of this project will be achieved by organizing the project into four phases, each with specific objectives.
IPC-2012-COMP ASME 9th International Pipeline Conference - 2012
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 9th IPC in 2012. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
PR652-203801-R01 Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) Technology Literature Review
Authors: Kashefi Mehrdad , Krause Thomas
Published: August 2023

With improving accuracy and sensitivity of magnetic sensors, an attractive branch of the magnetic memory method (MMM) technique has been developed. Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) is an emerging non-destructive, remote, passive, non-contact and magnetic test method based on Villari effect, which could be applied to detect anomalies related to elevated stresses. The robust technology searches for Stress Concentration Zones (SCZs) in steel pipelines and ferromagnetic structures. These hot spots are mainly associated with corrosion, crack and mechanical damages such as dent and bucket, or landslide, which could be as a result of geohazards or external loadings. The technique has become very attractive because of its operational simplicity and economic advantages especially in hard-to-pig pipelines.

The LSM Technology has potential to be deployed as a screening tool to identify areas that require further examination, to improve target inspections, and prioritize excavations. At its current state of development, the technique could be considered as a complementary technique in integrity assessment technology. The applications of LSM technology include ground movement (geohazard), stress corrosion cracking, winkle bends, weld mismatch, buried casing, and depth of coverage prediction. Because it is a remote inspection technique, there are no limitations due to the pipeline manufacturing and installation conditions, such as curvature, weld type, thickness and diameter.
L41075 Evaluation of Acoustic Emissions for Inspection of Buried Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Munk W. D.
Published: August 2023

Acoustic emission (AE) analysis is a relatively new nondestructive testing method which can be used to evaluate structures operating under stress conditions. AE has particular advantages for buried gas pipeline inspection because it requires only limited access to the pipe under test and because it may not be necessary to remove the pipeline from service to perform the test
GRI-05-0136 A Compendium to Prevent Mechanical Damage to Pipelines
Authors: Hereth Mark , Zurcher John
Published: August 2023

P-PIC developed a compendium of best practices documenting current and emerging technologies that prevent mechanical damage to natural gas and hazardous liquid transmission pipelines. The objective is to develop a single resource document that provides a state of the art review of successful, new and emerging technologies and leading practices for the prevention and detection of mechanical damage.

The document will serve as a resource for operators to reference in developing their pipeline integrity management programs and to identify successful practices and technologies for integration into those programs.
NG-18-10-R01 Full-Scale Fracture Characteristics of Line Pipe and Correlation with Laboratory Tests
Authors: McClure G. M. , Eiber R. J. , Duffy A.R.
Published: August 2023

The fracture toughness of a number of different line-pipe materials is being determined through the use of experiments in which fractures are purposely started in full-size pressurized pipe specimens. The toughness is expressed in terms of fracture speed, surface appearance, and fracture pattern in the pipe specimens. These characteristics, obtained from experiments at different temperatures, are being correlated with laboratory fracture tests in order that a criterion for minimum acceptable fracture toughness may be defined. This report summarizes the results to date.
DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II
Authors: Weeks Timothy "Dash"
Published: August 2023

NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed. This will assist researchers to determine a relevant and effective small-scale test (or tests) that provides enough information for material selection, design, reliability, as well as integrity and risk assessment. Pipe evaluated includes API5L X70 and X80 pipe. The strain was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation system. This project takes a phased approach with complementary research in successive phases beginning with a road map to systematically fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem of unstable high-rate ductile running failures in pipelines. This report is structured to highlight the problem statement with respect to the current state of the art understanding, define knowledge gaps and present the plan, and progress toward meeting the objective. The following sections specifically cover the effort to develop and inform a constitutive material model necessary for the structural model of the medium-scale test. The material testing required to inform the constitutive material model is presented. Conclusions of this phase of the project are also presented in addition to the proposed work in Phase III of the project.
MH-2-95-R03 Public Inquiry Concerning Stress Corrosion Cracking on Canadian Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Malone J. Brian
Published: August 2023

Written and direct evidence of a public inquiry on a pipeline failure associated with stress corrosion cracking.
PR-N4847-R01 30-Inch Pipe Stress Corrosion Crack Defect Set
Authors: Koenig M.J. , Bubenik T. A. , Nestleroth J.B.
Published: August 2023

A summary of pipe samples with stress corrosion cracking features. This was under a GRI program cosponsored by PRCI.
PR-ANDI-12 Axial Residual Strain Near a Girth-Weld in 11MM and 16MM Line Pipe
Authors: Holden T.M. , Root J.H. , Hosbons R.R.
Published: August 2023

Neutron diffraction measurements have been made of the axial residual strains in the vicinity of a girth-weld in 914 mm (36 in.) diameter linepipe of thickness 11 and 16 mm. The measurements were made at the 6:00, 1:30, and 10:00 positions. The maximum tensile residual strain observed ( 15 x 10- ) was recorded for the 11 mm linepipe on the inside wall 25 mm from the weld centerline.
PR-591-20700-R01 Wellhead Seals Best Practices
Authors: Minas Sophie , Lampe Brandon
Published: August 2023

Wellhead seals are a key component of reservoir and salt-cavern storage wells that function to seal the well from the external environment and separate stored fluids contained within the well. Loss of integrity of these seals or seal failures are a common occurrence in the storage industry. Practical guidelines on how to choose the proper sealing components and prevent seals from failing are generally lacking.

In this study, data related to wellhead sealing were compiled through a literature review, discussions with wellhead experts, and a survey distributed to Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) members and others involved in the industry. Through the evaluation of this data, meaningful parameters involved in successful and failed seals were identified and best practice recommendations were provided on seal selection and wellhead design.

There is a related webinar.
PR164-205102-R01 Application of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics to Engineering Critical Assessment
Authors: Hadley Isabel
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes the results of a series of deterministic and probabilistic fracture and fatigue calculations carried out in order to:

? Demonstrate that ProCW correctly implements probabilistic ECA, eg by comparing selected deterministic and probabilistic calculations,

? Show the effect of the choice of K-solution on the fatigue life and POF of pipes containing a circumferential flaw,

? Implement a two-stage probabilistic model of fatigue crack growth, in both air and marine environments,

? Consider the effects of modelling the fatigue crack growth threshold probabilistically,

? Demonstrate the use of ProCW for a representative riser geometry and a complex loading spectrum,

? For the same riser geometry/loading scenario, compare the POF implied by the use of design fatigue safety factors given in DNVGL-ST-F101 [2], DNVGL-RP-F204 [3] and DNVGL-RP-F201 [4] with the POF calculated directly from probabilistic calculations.

There is a related webinar.
PR-652-195104-R02 Development of Heavy Wall ILI Test Samples
Authors: Denowh Chantz , Alexander Chris , Hassanin Ahmed
Published: August 2023

Guidance is needed for the pipeline industry's in-line inspection (ILI) technologies as current industry practices address mainly thin-wall pipe specifications as well as spool and defect design. Heavy-wall pipe is mostly found in subsea applications where the predominant threats are internal; however, external defects cannot be discounted. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) sensing technologies for heavy-wall pipe often have very different specifications for examining external versus internal defects.

The end uses for ILI technologies in the heavy-wall subsea applications often put a premium on low limits of detection for purposes of gauging time-dependent growth of internal wall loss rather than for fitness for service assessments. The test samples associated with the current study considers both. Post run ILI performance verification via external NDE, as is often employed for onshore applications, is prohibitively expensive for offshore applications. Thus, a high confidence in the ILI tool performance is required prior to run execution. This often drives project specific ILI performance testing and verification via an onshore pull testing as described herein. The seven categories from the Pipeline Operators Forum (POF), with an emphasis on external integrity condition performance, do not address the reasons pipeline operators may require project-specific, large-scale testing in advance of deployment. PRCI commissioned the SPIM-1-6 project to provide guidance on the design of ILI test samples for both training and blind validation purposes. It is envisioned that a standardized design process will lead to resource sharing between operators and ILI providers.
PR-350-174509-R01 Enhancing Strain Capacity of Pipelines Subjected to Geohazards
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The focus of this project is on the use of Type-B sleeves to enhance the strain capacity of girth welds. This enhancement option was selected by the project team at the start of the project. In addition, the project team chose to examine this enhancement option on the girth welds of vintage pipelines.

The objectives of this project are to: (1) examine Type-B sleeves for enhancing pipeline strain capacity and (2) develop recommendations to properly apply Type-B sleeves.
PR-650-174516-R01 Corrosion Resistant Weld Overlays for Pipeline Installations
Authors: Alexandrov Boian
Published: August 2023

Pipeline failure due to corrosion is a common problem in the oil and gas and petrochemical industry. A cost-effective way to prevent these failures is the application of corrosion-resistant weld overlays (WOLs) onto the internal surface of line pipe. A WOL is a deposition of a filler metal - such as a nickel-base alloy - onto the surface of a part - usually carbon or low alloy steels - to introduce desired surface properties to the original substrate [1]. As such, the service life of the substrate is increased which results in reduced costs to industries such as oil and gas and petrochemical as well as to the environment. WOLs are commonly created using arc welding processes such as cold wire and hot wire gas tungsten arc welding (CW-, HW-GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged arc welding (SAW).

Previous research performed at OSU indicates that a low heat input GMAW process, such as cold metal transfer (CMT), can produce WOLs which corrode up to ten times slower than overlays produced with CW-GTAW [2, 3], with up to four times higher deposition rates [4]. However, the majority of research into WOLs produced with the CMT process has been done with respect to nuclear applications, so there is a need for process optimization directed towards oil and gas applications. This project investigates the potential of CMT as an alternative to HW-GTAW for use with nickel-base alloys 625, 686 and 825 clad onto low alloy steel X65.
PR-312-18209-E03 GHG Reporting Transmission Pipeline Blowdown Data Review and Emission Factor Trends
Authors: McCarthy James
Published: August 2023

Previous project reports and a white paper provided background and analysis of pipeline blowdown data reported to under under Subpart W of the GHG Reporting Program. Pipeline blowdown data reported for the 2018 calendar year released by EPA in late 2019 were include in a June 2020 version of this white paper. Since data pipeline blowdown data trends are of interest, this white paper updates the June 2020 White Paper (which included EPA data through the 2018 reporting year) to add 2019 data released by EPA in November 2020. Pipeline blowdown emission factors are relatively consistent from year to year based on 2017 through 2019 data.
PB2006105744 Needs for Oil and Gas Pipeline Safety and Security
Authors: Ameri Samuel , Szary Patrick
Published: August 2023

Pipelines are by far the most important mode of petroleum transportation in the United States because of their remarkable efficiency and low transportation cost. Pipelines carry two-thirds of the energy consumed by our nation and are recognized as the safest and most economical way to distribute vast quantities of oil and gas from production fields to refineries to consumers for a foreseeable future. This sophisticated network of gathering and distribution systems comprises 2.3 million miles of pipelines-varying in size from 2 inches to 60 inches in diameter. Pipelines are vital to a nation's economy and are a significant part of national critical infrastructure.

The pipeline infrastructure and the volume of products transported have continued to grow as demand for energy has increased. Over the next two decades, the demand for energy is projected to reach record levels. This increased demand for energy combined with the expansion of the cities and suburban areas will require the pipeline infrastructure not only to expand but to reliably and safely deliver energy services in support of the nation's economy. The United States has a well-developed system for the protection of the public and the environment from the dangers of oil and gas pipeline failures. However, there is always a chance that a pipeline can leak. Pipeline leaks can be dangerous to people, to the natural environment, to public land, and to private property. Furthermore, the tragic events of the September 11 t terrorist attacks have focused the attention on the security of the nation's energy sources and the critical energy and transportation infrastructure systems. Therefore, pipeline security and safety has become a high-profile, national concern.
PR-261-9710-R01 Assessment of the Aggressiveness of Various Type of Soil Towards Low PH SCC
Authors: Wilmott Martyn , Chen Weixing
Published: August 2023

Environmental cracking processes are caused by the synergistic interaction of a corrosive environment and applied service stress (mechanical contribution) with a susceptible pipeline material. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one form of environmental cracking.

Current understanding of the processes associated with SCC suggests that cracks proceed through a continuum of events leading to final failure. In the "life" of a crack, cracks initiate, proceed through a period of growth, link with other cracks to produce a critical defect size that can then cause the failure of the pipeline. The relative contributions of environmental, mechanical, and material factors will depend on where a crack is in its "life".

The objectives of the project are to improve the understanding of the role of the local soil environment in the development and growth of neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of line pipe steels and to develop a risk-based model to help prioritize SCC site selection based on soil classification.
NG-18-185-R01 Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Model Development
Authors: Christman T. K. , Good G. W.
Published: August 2023

Hydrostatic retesting is a practical technique for remov1ng colonies of stress-corrosion cracks from gas lines before service failures occur. However, at present operators have no sound basis for choosing a retest interval. Rather, they use arbitrary schedules that have little grounding in the actual processes of crack growth. Thus, the current practice may for some lines be overly conservative while being totally inadequate for others.

Since some cracking may survive a hydrostatic test, the ideal retest interval should be just shorter than the time needed for those remaining cracks to reach a critical size for failure at the service pressure. Thus, a long interval heightens the risk of service failure while a short interval may be considerably less than the time needed to develop critically sized flaws.

This report describes the progress toward the development of a predictive model for calculating crack growth and estimating retest intervals. The development of a model is continuing, so this represents a progress report.
PR-154-128-R02 Thermodynamic Models of Gas Turbines and Centrifugal Compressors - Lit Review
Authors: MacIsaac B.D. , Saravanamuttoo H.I.H. , Kind R.W.
Published: August 2023

A comprehensive literature survey of the field of gas turbine math modeling and performance monitoring is presented. The development of the modeling techniques has been traced from the earliest and simplified cycle analysis procedures through to present-day sophisticated solution schemes. The impact of modern digital computers on the methods is noted.
PR-255-9616-R01 Fibre Optic Technology-Based Pipeline Structural Integrity Monitoring System
Authors: Turner R.D.
Published: August 2023

Increasingly, pipelines in unstable terrain are being monitored as a supplement to design stage integrity measures. The quantities monitored most often are strains and displacements. This report reviews an ongoing development program of a distributed fibre optic technology-based pipeline strain monitoring system. The basis of a system and its components are described. Data from large-scale laboratory pipeline deflection tests are presented. Also presented are the results from a state-of-the-technology review. Finally, future development issues for the practical implementation of such a system are identified.
PR652-203801-R02 Magnetic Object Model for Large Standoff Magnetometry Measurement
Authors: Krause Thomas , Keshefi Mehrdad , Underhill Ross , Clapham Lynann
Published: August 2023

Ferromagnetic pipeline steel may exhibit magnetization, even in the absence of applied magnetic fields, due to remnant fields or the presence of pipe wall stress. Remnant magnetization may be present from previous or existing exposure to a magnetic field, while pipe wall stress induced magnetization can result from line pressure, environmental stresses due to settling or geohazard conditions, and residual stresses due to nonuniform plastic deformation caused by manufacturing processes, installation or operating conditions. The local stress state of the pipeline may also be altered by corrosion or damage. The physical basis for magnetization in pipelines due to intrinsic and resident stresses is examined here using the magnetic object (MO) model. MOs are characterized as regions of relatively independent magnetic behaviour, typically about the size of a ferromagnetic steel grain, to which expressions for the magnetic energy of local domain structures can be applied. The lowest energy state for an MO is a flux-closed structure, but the presence of stress can modify the MO energy through inverse magnetostrictive effects on the domain structure and thereby, produce a state of magnetization. This magnetization may be altered by the introduction of additional stress sources including pressurization of the pipe, geological-environment effects, sources of magnetization that include the proximity of other ferromagnetic pipes, even those comprising sections of the same pipeline, and changes in the pipe structure that may be brought about by deformation, corrosion or cracking. This work shows that the fundamental building block of the MO, combined with considerations of overall changes in domain structure due to these factors, can be used to model the generation of magnetic fields measured outside of pipeline structures. This will have implications for understanding sources of pipeline magnetization that are passively measured above buried oil and gas pipelines with the objective of detecting anomalous conditions that may indicate compromised conditions for safe pipeline operation.
DTPH56-15-T-00006 Characterization and Fitness for Service of Corroded Cast Iron Pipe
Authors: Ersoy Daniel , Lever Ernest
Published: August 2023

The Cast Iron Fitness-For-Service model described in the main body of this report forms an ideal basis for a simulation tool that can display aggregate system performance in a geospatial database. This simulation tool can provide the operator risk-informed geospatial input into their mitigation programs. The tool can also be extended to temporal consideration of future repair/replace programs.
PR-175-420-R01 Submarine Pipeline Analysis - Theoretical Manual
Authors: Michalopoulos C.D.
Published: August 2023

Describes the computer program SPAN which computes the nonlinear transient response of a submarine pipeline, in contact with the ocean floor, to wave and current excitation. The dynamic response of a pipeline to impact loads, such as loads from trawl gear of fishing vessels, may also be computed. In addition, thermal expansion problems for submarine pipelines may be solved using SPAN.

Beam finite element theory is used for spatial discretization of the partial differential equations governing the motion of a submarine pipeline. Large-deflection, small-strain theory is employed. The formulation involves a consistent basis and added mass matrix. Quadratic drag is computed using a nonconventional approach that involves the beam shape functions. Soil-resistance loads are computed using unique pipeline-soil interaction models which take into account coupling of axial and lateral soil forces. The nonlinear governing equations are solved numerically using the Newmark Method. This manual presents the discretized equations of motion, the methods used in determining hydrodynamic and soil-resistance forces, and the solution method.
PR186-203600-Z01 Impact of Drag Reducing Agents on Corrosion Management
Authors: Vera Jose , Evans Ken
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this research was to understand the potential impact of drag reducing agents (DRA) on internal corrosion of liquid hydrocarbon pipelines.

The first task of this project included a comprehensive review of literature and knowledge, both in public domain and from industry experience, on the effect of DRA on water and solid transport in liquid hydrocarbons, and possible interactions with other performance chemicals typically used in the oil and gas industry. This was the basis for defining the final bench test methodology and test matrix to be performed in the second task.

A novel bench-top apparatus was designed based on a vertical Couette cell approach, and a test methodology was successfully implemented to evaluate the potential effect(s) of DRA on water accumulation and localized corrosion at the oil/water interface. A test matrix was conducted with two DRAs (a water based and an oil based) and two corrosion inhibitors (a water soluble and an oil soluble) at a given test condition (3.5% NaCl saturated with 97%CO2/3%O2, pH ~6 at 80 oF).

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PR-335-183837-R03 NDE Technician Performance Evaluation Through Practical Application Blind Trials
Authors: Royer Roger , Velsor Jason Van , Maples Brent , Riccardella Scott
Published: August 2023

PRCI commissioned this project (NDE-2-7) to further investigate the effects of human performance factors on Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) performance for conducting Magnetic Particle Inspections (MPI) and Ultrasonic Thickness Testing (UT) on pipeline components. MPI and UT techniques were targeted for this research project because they are among the most well understood and utilized NDE technologies for in-service oil and gas pipeline assessments. This project was conducted in parallel with another PRCI NDE-2-7 project (PR-580-163710), which focused on evaluating the impacts of training program quality on NDE human performance.

This NDE-2-7 project evaluated human performance factors by conducting a round-robin type study, where service providers were asked to conduct MPI and UT examinations on blind samples with known defects. The project consisted of initially conducting an inventory of pipeline samples that had been removed from service and were available at PRCI's Technology Development Center (TDC). Based on this inventory, samples with degradation typical to what may be observed and inspected in the field were selected for use in the round-robin study. Baseline NDE was performed on all of the samples to establish and quantify the levels of degradation present. A detailed test plan was then developed to outline the human performance factors that would be evaluated during the round-robin study, including how these parameters would be assessed and documented. All of the round-robin participants were proctored, and the identified human performance factors were assessed during the round-robin testing. The human performance factors were than compared with the accuracy of the NDE results, to draw conclusions on the impact of the human factors on the NDE performance.
PR-000-22COMP-R01 EMAT Pipeline Inspection Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This compendium is a selection of past PRCI research on EMAT tools used for pipeline inspections and is intended to be used a knowledge resource. Reports were selected based on their final report abstracts and does not include further analysis or an additional technical review of the final report. Meta data is provided for each resource (when available) including the length of the report, its abstract, author(s), and company that performed the research.
PR214-203804-R01 Systematize 20 Years of Mechanical Damage Research
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron , Leis Brian , Krishnamurthy Ravi , Alexander Chris , Zarea Mures
Published: August 2023

This research was funded in part under the Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration's Pipeline Safety Research and Development Program. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, or the U.S. Government.

Research over the past 20 years has improved the pipeline industry's understanding of the behavior and failure processes for mechanical damage. This new understanding of mechanical damage has influenced the methods that should be used to characterize and inspect pipelines for mechanical damage. This research and development work has resulted in a range of assessment tools considering feature formation strain, failure pressure and fatigue life assessment including the effects of coincident features such as corrosion, welds gouges and cracks. The industry has also completed research developing an understanding of appropriate remedial actions to mitigate the risk of mechanical damage features. Guidance documents defining recommended practices for characterization, assessment and remediation of mechanical damage have been developed and published.

To support the development of an improved understanding of the accomplishments of research, this project was completed to systematize the last 20 years of mechanical damage research. This report provides this summary in four mechanical damage subject areas including: Formation and Behavior, Detection and Characterization, Assessment and Management, and Repair and Remediation. The report also provides an overview of the treatment of mechanical damage in existing regulations and standards, identifying opportunities for improvement. Gaps in current mechanical damage understanding or tools are also identified as targets for further research. This work should be of interest to regulators, pipeline operators, researchers and engineering consultants or analysts as a description of the state of knowledge and developing a roadmap for future mechanical damage assessment and development.
Corpus-based comparison of lexical complexity in L1 and L2 postgraduate academic writing
Authors: Al-Harthi Maha
Published: August 2023

This study adopted a corpus-based, contrastive approach to lexical complexity in the academic writing of first language (L1) and second language (L2) postgraduates. Lexical complexity scores were extracted using the Lexical Complexity Analyzer from the Corpus of Arab Proficient Users of English (CAPUE), consisting of Saudi academics’ dissertations in applied linguistics. To investigate the potential differences between this corpus and native speakers’ corpus, the lexical complexity of writing material from the CAPUE and Corpus of English Native Speakers (CENS) were compared. The computational system employed 25 lexical complexity measures to investigate differences in the two groups’ lexical density, sophistication, and variation. The results revealed similar lexical density in the writing of both groups; however, the texts by L1 researchers were more lexically complex for most measures of sophistication and variation. The results have implications for teaching English for academic purposes and highlights areas with inappropriate lexical choices. These findings call for the design of pedagogical interventions to enhance the lexical complexity development of L2 postgraduates.