bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The treatment of spasmophilia with a single massive dose of vitamin D2
Authors: STRÖM JUSTUS
Published: January 2008

A survey is given of the reports on the use of a single massive dose of vitamin D in spasmophilia, which cover about 130 cases. Convulsions occurred during the first day after the massive dose ill altogether 5 cases, including one of the writer's. The laryngeal spasm generally disappears in one or two days, and likewise the mechanical and electric hyperexcitability. The serum calcium generally rises rapidly, often even during the first day, and normal values are reached after a week on the average.

The writer reports his own experience in five cases of manifest and four of latent spasmophilia which were treated with massive doses of vitamin D2, not combined with any dietetic or symptomatic treatment. The results were excellent; only in one case did a convulsion occur after the massive dose (16 hours later). The laryngeal spasm disappeared after two days in four cases. In one case of severe tetany with convulsions and laryngeal spasm, all the symptoms had gone after three days. In three manifest cases, the changes in the blood chemistry were carefully followed and the calcium level rose rapidly in one case and more slowly in two others, but both the clinical symptoms and the mechanical and electric hyperexcitability had disappeared after two and four days in these cases as well.

So much experience has been gained, especially in Germany with massive doses of vitamin D in spasmophilia that it should be possible to establish that this form of treatment is superior to all earlier ones, both in regard to simplicity and to rapidity of effect.
Nierenreizung bei Erythema nodosum
Authors: WALLGREN ARVID
Published: January 2008

Wahrend des von verschiedenen Infektionen hervorgerufenen toxisch‐allergischen Fieberzustandes, in dem das Erythema nodosum auftritt, liegen oft gleichzeitig Zeichen von Nierenreizungen vor, die gewöhnlich subklinisch sind, sich aber als akute hämor‐rhagische Nephritis manifestieren können. Diese organische oder funktionelle Nierenläsionen sind wahrscheinlich als ein Ausdruck derselben toxischen oder allergischen Fernwirkung des infektiösen Agens zu betrachten, das die Erythema‐nodosum‐Eruption und die Kapillarbrüchigkeit in der Haut hervorrief.
Über die geistige Entwicklung beim angeborenen Myxödem.
Authors: SCHAEFFER Dr. L. FAÇEE
Published: January 2008

Zusammenfassung. Von den von uns nachuntersuchten Patienten weisen nur drei, Pat. 1, 7 und 25 in ihrem Habitus noch Züge des Myxödems auf. Die Studie der Psychomotorik hat herausgestellt, dass es bei der Hypothyreoidie ein karakteristischer reiativer Rückstand gibt in der Entwicklung des statischen Körpergleichgewichts der ganzen Psychomotorik gegeniiber. Andere Schwachsinnigkeitsformen zeigen diesen Unterschied nicht. Im ganzen war der Erfolg der Therapie desto besser, je nachdem die Erscheinungen der Krankheit spater auftraten xind die Therapie früher einsetzte. Es gibt davon aber auch Ausnahmen. Einige von diesen Ausnahmen lassen sich erklären; eins der untersuchten Kinder weist näm‐lich in seinem Wesen zugleicher Zeit mongoloide Züge auf. Bei einem zweiten Kinde, das Madchen E, dessen Kranken‐geschichte ausführlich mitgeteilt wird, wird die Abweichung von der Regel dem Umstande zugeschrieben, dass bei ihr das Myxödem zerebralen Ursprung sei mid die überstandene Enzephalitis sowohl das Myxödem als die psychischen Störungen verursacht hat.

SchliessJich wird auf die Schwierigkeiten der Dosierung eingegangen und dazu geraten, nur dann von einer zweckmässigen oder ausreichenden Therapie zu sprechen, falls sich der Verstand in befriedigender Weise entwickelt. Um dies zu erreichen soil man sich nicht scheuen, die Dosis zu ver‐mehren, sogar bis zum Erscheinen der ersten Symptome einer Hyperthyreoidie.
The weight of healthy breast‐fed infants during the first year of life
Authors: SYDOW. GERT V.
Published: January 2008

A material that is t o serve as a normal material for the weight development of healthy infants must be anthropologically, geographically and socially representative of the population of which i t is to be taken as a norm, but must be selected in such a manner that factors that may disturb the normal development and health of the individuals are eliminated as far as possible from the material. I n a statistical analysis of the material the essential thing is t o obtain a measurement of the range of variation, while little importance is attached to the mean weight.

The present material comprises 1 073 children selected from the clientele of the Children's Welfare Centres at Goteborg in accordance with the criteria mentioned above. The children were under the supervision of the welfare centres for at least 7 months (at leastfrom the 91st to the 300th day of life); they were fed mainly on mother's milk (500 gm. addition daily at most) for at least 180 days; during the period of observation they did not show any signs of malformations, congenital diseases, or affections that can be attributed to a constitutional predisposition, nor any other affections before the actual weigh‐ing. The children were divided according to sex and birth‐weight (600 gm. classes). and the mean weight and different limits of the range of variation in 20‐day periods during the first year of life are recorded for each group.

The material may be regarded as a normal material for infants at Goteborg. In the absence of other investigations it is difficult t o determine whether the population of Giiteborg can be regarded as representative of the rest of Sweden and the other Nordic countries, but there seems t o be no grounds for assuming any considerable differences, and therefore for the present tlie weight curves may be used for practical purposes all over the country.
Ein Fall von starker Anämie während des frühen Säuglingsalters sowie einige pathogenetische Betrachtungen
Authors: ÅKERRÉN. Y.
Published: January 2008

Der Verfasser berichtet uber einen Fall von schwerer AnLmie bei einem 18 Tage alten Kind, das direkt vor dem Tod ein Blutbild von HLmoglobin 10 % und roten Blutkor‐perchen 0,45 Mill. hatte. Trotz Bluttransfusion von 100 ccm keine Besserung sondern Tod innerhalb einiger Stunden. Kli‐nisch und anatomisch and sich eine bedeutend vergrosserte Milz, die im Gegensatz zu den im iibrigen ausgesprochen animischen Organen starken Blutgehalt zeigte, sowie Zeichen eines intensiven Blutzerfalls. Ausserdem fanden sich Anzeichen fur eine geheniinte Knochenmarkserythropoese. Klinisch kann der Fall als ein Zustand von Aniimia neonatorum, sekundiir zu einem Icterus gravis neonatorum bezeichnet werden. Die Pathogenese wird diskutiert und die Diskussion resultiert darin, dass das hamatologische Geschehen in diesem Fall als ein pathologischer Exzess des physiologischen hamatologischen Geschehens wahrend der Neugeborenenperiode bezeichnet wer‐den kann, die durch eine herabgesetzte Erythropoese und eine gesteigerte Ergthrocytendestruktion gekennzeichnet jst. In Hinblick auf das oft faniiliare Auftreten von Fiillen von Ana‐ mia, bzw. Icterus neonatorum gravis, Hydrops congenitus sowie gewissen Formen von intrauterinem Fruchttod geniigt diese Erklarung jedoch nicht als eine generelle pathogenetische Erklarung fur diese Zustande. Man muss daher eine schon intrauterin entstandene, mehr oder aeniger tiefgreifende Scha‐digung der reticuloendothelialen und hamatopoetischen Organe als gemeinsamen Zug bei allen diesen Zustanden annehmen. I n den schwersten Formen fuhrt diese Schiidigung und die durch sie bedingten Sttirungen zum intrauterinen Fruchttod
Zur Kenntnis des Vorkommens von multiplen Thrombosen bei Säuglingen.
Authors: RANSTRÖM S.
Published: January 2008

Kurze Beschreibung eines Palles von multiplen Thrombosen bei einem 8½ Monate alten Säugling mit einer während des ganzen Lebens bestehenden hypochromen Anämie, unbeeinflusst von chronischer Fe‐Medikation, und mit Rachitis trotz kräftiger Überdosierung von D‐Vitamin (20 000 IE × 3 während beinahe der ganzen Lebenszeit). Die Lokalisationen der Thrombosen waren folgende: Sinus longitudinalis superior, Confluens sinuum und die hinteren Teile der Sinus transversi sowie der Vena Galeni; mehrere Pialvenen mit Subarachnoidealblutungen und hämorrhagischen Eindeninfarkten; Vena cava inferior, von einem Punkte unmittelbar distal von der Einmündung der Venae hepaticae beginnend und in so gut wie sämtlichen gröberen Venenstämmen bis in die Beine hinab verbreitend; Venae renales mit hämorrhagischem Totalinfarkt der linken Mere. Ausgehend von der Venacava‐Thrombose eine Embolie in der rechten Arteria pulmonalis mit einem anämischen Infarkt des rechten Lungenunterlappens. Weitere Obduktionsbefunde waren doppelseitige Pneumonien, rechtsseitiges Empyema pleurae und doppelseitige eitrige Mittelohrentzündungen.—Bei den zur Verfügung stehenden Angaben ist es schwer, sich mit Bestimmtheit über die Ätiologie der Thrombosen zu äussern. Es wird eine infektiös‐toxische Auslösung der Prozesse bei dem durch die Anämie prädisponierten Kinde angenommen. Die eventuelle Bedeutung der Überdosierung von D‐Vitamin für die Thrombenbildung wird besprochen.—Einleitungsweise wird eine kurze Literaturübersicht gegeben.
A case of the Klippel‐Feil Syndrome (Congenital Synostosis of the Cervical Vertebrae)
Authors: RINVIK ROALO
Published: January 2008

Report of a case of synostosis of the cervical column associated with marked spinae bifidae. A characteristic feature of the case was the extensive occiptal spina bifida. The patient exhibited further a cleft pelvis of the kidney and certain peculiar subcutaneous alterations. The intelligence of the child was normal.
Acute Macrocytic Anemia in the Newborn1(with Special Reference to its Relation to Erythroblastosis Foetalis)
Authors: HEINILD. SVEND
Published: January 2008

An account is given of a family in which 3 normal parturitions with normal children were followed by 5 unsuccessful pregnancies, partly with abortions, partly with extreme anemia in the newborn within the first days of life. The parents did not have syphilis. The anemia was of macrocytic character, and in 2 of the 3 cases it terminated fatally, while in one case there was complete clinical and hematological restitution. One of the cases is described in detail, with autopsy findings. Clinically and serologically (the mother is Eh‐negative, but with a very strong anti‐Eh agglutinin) this case reminded of erythroblastosis foe‐talis, but the hematological and histological findings spoke decisively against this diagnosis. On this account the case is taken to be an instance of acute macrocytic anemia.

The relation between the two diagnoses is discussed.
Two Cases of Hermaphroditismus Femininus
Authors: NORDAHL IVAR
Published: January 2008

Two cases of hermaphroditismus verus. The cases are almost congruent. The patients are, practically speaking, of the same age. Both have greatly enlarged clitoris, persistent sinus urogenitalis, hyperplasia of the suprarenals and malformation of the external genitals. As to the cause of death it is difficult to say anything definite. One of the patients had an infection of the urinary ducts, but can hardly be thought to have been lethal. In the other case no infection was noted. As to whether endocrine anomalies may have been the cause of death it is impossible to express any opinion.
Purpura fulminans1
Authors: HEINILD SVEND
Published: January 2008

A brief historical outline is given of the development of the concept of purpura fulminans, and the differential diagnosis is mentioned.

The writer reports the case of a previous healthy, sucking infant, 3 weeks old, who died within 48 hours after the appearance of the first symptoms of the lesion. Autopsy revealed the presence of a streptococcal sepsis, presumably originating from an infected diaper rash.

On the basis of the literature, it is pointed out that it is most likely that the classical purpura fulminans usually, perhaps always, is an expression of a streptococcal sepsis. The therapeutic consequence of this will be at once ‐ at the very first observation of the lesion ‐ to institute an energetic chemotherapy; and treatment with penicillin should never be omitted.
Prognosis in Sympathoblastoma
Authors: van CREVELD S. , van DAM R.
Published: January 2008

A girl of nearly two years old had a tumor in the right renal region, which after the findings at operation and the result of the histological examination provisionally was regarded to be a sarcoma. An unfavourable prognosis was given. However, five years later the general condition of the girl was excellent and no tumor could be felt in the abdomen. This gave reason to reexamine the old slides and it appeared necessary to modify the former diagnosis in that of sympathoblastoma. The prognosis of this sympathoblastoma is discussed, in consideration also of a number of publications on this subject. The conclusion is drawn that this prognosis need not be absolutely unfavourable.
On Brachyoesophagus
Authors: WAMBERG. ERIK
Published: January 2008

The writer reports 4 eases of brachyoesophagus and briefly mentions the theories advanced regarding its etiology as well as the histological findings.

Vomiting is the main symptom. It may appear immediately after birth or in the course of the first weeks of life, though some‐times not until solid food is taken. A characteristic symptom is daily vomiting occurring during meals. The vomitus is alimentary, slimy, rarely bloody, and the food is returned without effort. Frequently the course is periodical.

Complications are: (1) Spasm at the site of the cardia with secondary dilatation, and (2) peptic ulcer of the oesophagus.

Stress is laid upon the necessity of performing an X‐ray examination, and the technique of the latter is described.

The treatment consists in frequent, small meals of a fluid diet, supplemented with administration of phenemal. In addition, older children should be given large quantities of water after meals in order to prevent oesophagitis.
Studies on Diphtheria. 1. The decrease of natural antitoxic immunity against diphtheria.
Authors: VAHLQUIST BO
Published: January 2008

The results from recent years of Schick tests and antitoxin determinations in the blood clearly demonstrate that the situation in regards to natural immunity against diphtheria nowadays is most unsatisfactory in many countries of Europe. In Sweden the number of Schick negative individuals among non‐immunized adults does not exceed 10 %. As a consequence the newborns only infrequently demonstrate that passive immunity, which was formerly assumed to be the rule. In spite of the unfavourable immunological situation an epidemic of diphtheria in Sweden during the war rapidly subsided. Large scale immunization contributed to the outcome. The author forwards the theory that special conditions with respect to the growth conditions for the diphtheria bacilli in the throat might have been of even greater importance.
Granulocytopenia in Children
Authors: SALOMONSEN LEIF
Published: January 2008

A short survey is given on the different forms of granulocytopenia in children. In this connection a case of benign granulocytopenia of 1½ years' duration in a one year old child is reported. In the authors opinion, chronic, benign granulocytopenia in children of the age of about one year should be considered as a separate disease, characterized by the symptoms indicated in the five aforementioned items.
Über Encephalitis postvaccinalis
Authors: LANGE CORNELIA DE
Published: January 2008

In May 1947 an epidemic of encephslitis postvaccinalis occurred in the Dutch province of Noord Brabant. The population had been vaccinated on a large scale on account of a case of smallpox in the neighbouring Belgian town of Luik.

The author has investigated the brains of three children who died of encephalitis (after primo‐vaccination). One of the cases ran a lightning course. Post mortem only hyperemia of the brain was found and a slight infiltration of some vessel‐walls with uninuclear elements. This represents the first stadium of the process. As a second stadium one may regard a rarefication of the parencliyma round the bloodvessels with a slight infiltration with microglia and with cells somewhat larger with broader protoplasma than the microglial cells. In the third stadium this infiltration becomes more dense and there is demyelinisxtion. No communis opinio exists us to the fact whether the glinl reaction or the demyelinisation comes first. The author on account of her investigetion, inclines to the opinion, that it is the glial reaction. The histological pictures do not give any help in deciding the question, whether it is the vaccinia‐virus itself, which is the cause of the encephalitis, or whether a latent virus in the brain is activated by the vaccination or lastly if an antigen‐ antibody reaction exists. Study of the literature on encephalitis following vaccination against small‐pox proves that it is wrong to call the disease a leucoencephalitis, as in several cases the grey matter also has been severely damaged. Neither is the process always diffuse. Large territories may be spared even so that the histological pictures resemble those of sclerosis multiplex. On the other hand there arc no parts of the brain, which are spared in every case of encephalitis post vaccinalis.
A case of concurrent vomiting in a child with electrical cerebral dysrythmia
Authors: GRAM LARS
Published: January 2008

It is given an account of a case of recurrent vomiting in a girl of 8 years. She have had her symptoms from the age of 2 years with frequent attacks of vomiting lasting several days, Her symptoms resembled closely the findings in cases of acetonemic vomiting except that the degree of acetonemia was very low and came on after the vomiting had begun. During the attacks there was a complete retention in the stomach, but when the vomitings had ceased the roentgenological findings where normal. Electroence phalography showed an electrical cerbral dysrhythmia and the condition of the patient was explained as beeing a visceral epileptic equivalent. As the recurrent vomiting of the patient showed close relationship to acetonemic vomiting it is argued that one ought to make an electroencephalography in similar cases.
Ulcus ventriculi et duodeni bei Kindern.
Authors: DAHL SVEN
Published: January 2008

Unter 62 Patienten mit Magenbeschwerden, behandlet im Vardöer Krankenhaus (Norwegen) in den Jahren 1945‐46, gab es 3 Knaben von 9–10 und 14 Jahren mit Uleus ventriculi. Dazu kam ein Fall desselben Leidens, beobachtet im Harderslev Stadt‐Krankenhaus (Dänemark). In diesem Krankenhaus fand man unter im Alter von 7–14 Jahren. Von diesen 9 Kindern waren 5 Knaben und 4 Mädchen

Nur ein Knabe mit ulcus ventriculi hatte eine profuse Blutung (starb 23 Jahre später an Hämatemesis nachdem er in der Zwischenzeit symptomfrel gewsen war), während von den übrigen 12 Kindern nur 2 «anamnestische Meläna» hatten

Da Kinder nur recht monosymptomatische Beschreibungen ihrer Leiden geben können, besteht die Möglichkeit, dass die Uleuskrankheit bei Kindern häfiger ist, als allgemien angenomen

Es wird eeörtert, dass Kinder im schulpfliehtigen Alter einen Symptomenkomplex für Magengeschwür haben, der dem der Erwachsenen änlicher ist, als der Symptomkomplex, der bei kleinen Kindern zu finden ist, wo die Blutungen zu dominieren scheinen.

Among 62 patients with stomach uclers treated in the Vardö (Norway) hospital during the years 1945‐46, there were 3 boys aged 9,10 and 14, with uleus ventriculi. In addition another case with the same disease from the City Hostpital in Haderslev (Denmark) is discussed here. At the last‐named hospital there were out of 421 patients with stomach ulcers 9 children aged 9 or 10 with ulcuse dúodeni (5 boys and 4 girls). Only 1 boy with clcus ventriculi had profuse bleeding. (He died 23 years later of hematemesis, after having been free of symptoms during the intervening period). Of the other 12 children, only 2, according to anamnesis, had had melena.

Inasmuch as children can describe their aliments only monosymptomatically, it is possible that they suffer from ulcers more often than is generally assumed. The possibility is discussed that the symptom complex for stomach ulcers in school‐age children resembles the symptom complex of adults more closely than that of small children, in the case of whom bleedign seems to dominate.

Parmis 62 patients atteints d'ulcàre de l'estomac, soignés à 1'höpital de Vardö (Norvège) en 1945‐46 on a trouvé 3 garcons de 9–10 et 14 ans ayant un ulcàre de l'estomac. A ceux‐là s'ajoute un cs de la měme maladie observéà Hǒpital de l'Etat de Haderslev (Danemark). A ce dernier hǒpital on a trouvé parmi 421 patients atteints d'ulcère de l'estomac, 9 enfants de 9–10 ans ayant un ulcère du duodénum (5 garç et 4 filles). Seul un de ces enfants avait des hémorragies profuses. (II est mort 23 ans plus tard d'hématémése, aprés avoir été exempt de symptǒmes durant l'époque intermédiaire). Parmi les 12 autres enfants, 2 seulement, d'après l'histoire de la maladie, ont eu le mélaena.
Heart Index or Heart Volume in Judgement of Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: EEK SIGURD
Published: January 2008

The author shows by determining the size of the heart, that the heart voluine method according to S. Jonsell is superior to the heart index method. 33 cases of Fallot's tetrad and 7 of Eisen‐nienger's complex are compared. Projection of R Fallot X‐ray oon top of that of an Eisenrnenger patient shows that the heart index method does not take into consideration the depth or length of the heart and thus gives a very inexact indication of its size.

L'auteur montre que dans la détermination du volume du coeur, la méthode S. Jonsell est supérieure à la méthode index. 23 cas de tétralogie de Fallot et 7 cas de coniplexe Eisenmenger sont comparés. En projetant une radiopaphie d'un patient de Fallot sur celle d'un Eisenmenger on constate que la méthode index ne tient pas compte de la profondeur ou de la longueur du coeur et ne donne donc nullenient une notion exacte de son volume.

Bei der Bestinimung der Grosse des Herzens fand der Autor, tiess die Herz‐Volunien‐Methode nach S. Jonsell der Herz‐Index‐Methode überlegen ist. 23 Fälle von Fsllot's Tetrade und 7 Fälle von Eisenmengers Komplex wurden verglichen. Bei der Projektion eines Röntgenbildes eines Fallot‐Patienten genau uber das eines Eisenmenger wurde gefunden, dass die Herz‐Index‐Methode die Tiefe und LBnge des Herzens nicht berücksichtigt und in keiner Weise einen genauen Ausdruck seiner Grösse gibt.

Por la determinaciön del tamaiio del carazón el autor demuestra que el método de determinación del volumen del corazón ad modum S. Jonsell es superior a1 método iindice. Se comparan 23 casos de tetralogia de Fallot y 7 de complejos de Eisenmenger. Proyectando una radiografia de un paciente de Fallot sobre uno de Eisenmenger se comprueba que el método indice no toma en consideración la profundidad y la longitud del corazón y que por lo tanto no da unit expresión exacta de su tamaùo.
Paroxysmal Ventricular Tachycardia with Subsequent Myocardial Lesion
Authors: LEVANDER‐LINDGREN MAJ
Published: January 2008

A description of a case of ventricular tachycardia with independent auricular rhythm in an 8‐year old girl with an otherwise probably sound heart. After a period with but sparse symptoms, the patient suddenly becomes cyanotic. Carotid pressure is applied and the sinus rhythm occurs. After the attack changes in all leads of the terminal complex of coronary insufficiency type were discernible. The author considers these changes to be presumptive of a myocardial lesion due to hypoxia during attacks. Changes in the amplitude of QRS, a transient increase in the height of P2 and the effect of the carotid pressure are also discussed.
Air Conditioning in Children's Hospitals
Authors: BIRCH‐LINOGREN GUSTAF , LICHTENSTEIN A.
Published: January 2008

The authors emphasize the necessity of considering indirect cross‐infection through the air and dust and combating cross‐infection by individual isolation in single rooms or cubicles. It is recommended to ventilate and heat these units by employing a central station air conditioning plant together with air distributing ducts. Air pressure, temperature and relative humidity must be controlled. The principles for such an installation are discussed.

Die Autoren weisen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, die indirekte nosocomiale Infektion durch Luft und Staub zu beachten und zu bekämpfen durch individuelle Isolierung in Einzelräumen oder Boxen. Es wird empfohlen, diese durch Anwendung einer Centralstation als Luftversorgungsanlage mit Verteilungsrohren zu luften und zu heizen.

L'auteur insiste sur la néessité de prendre en considération les infections nosocomiales indirectes causées par l'air et la poussière et de combattre ces infections par l'isolation individuelle en chambre ou cabinet privés. II est recommandé d'aérer et de chauffer ces pièces au moyen d'un appareil central de chauffage et de ventilation avec des tuyaux distributeurs d'air. La pression atmosphérique, la température et l'humidité relative doivent être controlées. Les principes d'une telle installation sont discutés.

Los autores recalcan la necesidad de tomar en consideración la infección cruzada indirecta por aire y polvo, y de combatirla por medio de aislamiento individual en piezas aisladas. Se recomienda ventilar y calentar estos cuartos usando una estación central con una instalación de aire acondicionado en combinación con conductos distribuidores de aire. Es necesario controlar la presión del aire, la temperatura y la humedad relativa. Se discuten los principios de una instalación de esta clase.
Essential Fructosuria
Authors: BROMAN BIRGER
Published: January 2008

A study is made of the sugar metabolism in an 8‐gear‐old girl suffering from fructosuria.

Neither the administration of adrenalin nor of insulin affected the excretion of sugar in the urine. The only way in which the fructosuria could be decreased despite the administration of sugars was by fructose deprivation, i. e. the exclusion of fruit from the diet and the replacement, as far us possible, of ordinary sugar with the same quantity of pure glucose.

Six years after the first examination the patient shows normal development but the fructosuria is still present.

Une étude du métabolisme du sucre chez une fillette de 8 ans souffrant de fructosurie.

Ni l'adrénaline, ni l'insuline n'ont empêché l'excrétion du sucre dans l'urine. La seule manièe dont la fructosurie puisse être diminuée, malgré l'administration de sucre, était la privation de fructose c‐à‐d l'exclusion des fruits dans l'alimentation et le remplacenient, autant que possible, du sucre ordinaire par la nême quantité de glucose pur.

Six ans après le premier examen la patiente montrait un développement normal mais la fructosurie était encore présente.

Es wurde eine Untersuchung gemacht über den Zuckerumsatz bei einem jährigen Mädchen, das an Fruktosurie litt.

Weder die Anwendung von Adrenalin noch Insulin beeinflusste die Zuckerausscheidung im Urin. Der einzige Weg, auf dem die Fruktosurie vermindert werden konnte, trotz Verabreiehung yon Zucker, war die Entziehung von Fruktose, d. h. das Ausschalten von Obst aus der Diät und der Ersatz, so weit das möglich war, des gewöhnlichen Zuckers durch dieselbe Menge reiner Glykose.

6 Jahre nach der ersten Untersuchung zeigte die Patientin normale Entwicklung, aber die Fruktosurie ist dauernd vorhanden.

Se estudia el metabolisnio de azúcar en una muchacha de 8 años que sufre de fructosuria.

Ni la administraión de adrenalina ni la de insulina afectaban la excreción de azúcar en la orina. La única manera por la cual se podía disminuir la fructosuria, no obstante la administración de azúcar, fué por medio de la privación fructosa, es decir, la exclusion de fruta en la dieta y su reemplazamiento, en la medida de lo posible, por azúcar corriente con la misma cantidad de glucosa pura.

Seis años después del primer examen el eiifermo mostró normal desarrollo, pero la fructosuria persiste todavía.
Pulmonary Insufficiency
Authors: MOSSBERG HANS‐OLOF
Published: January 2008

A case of pulmonary insufficiency in a girl of 11 with pulmonary fibrosis and pronounced clubbing of the digits is described. The pulmonary function was investigated according to the schedule of Cournand & Richards. Autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The case illustrates the symptomatic similarity between cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency with dyspnoe and cyanosis and also the present day means of analysis and specific diagnosis.

Un cas d'insuffisance pulmonaire chez une fillette de 11 ans ayant une fibrose pulmonaire et des doigts hippocratiques prononcés. La fonction pulmonaire a été examinée d'aprés le schéma de Cournand & Richards. L'autopsie confirme le diagnostic de fibrose pulmonaire interstitiel. Le cas met en lumière la similitude symptômatique entre l'insuffisance cardiaque et l'insuffisance pulmonaire avec dyspnée et cyanose ainsi que les possibilités d'analyse et de diagnostic spécial que l'on a aujourd'hui.

Es wird ein Fall von Pulmonaler Insuffizienz bei cincm 11‐jährigen Mädchen mit Lungenfibrose und ausgeprägten Trommelschlägelfingern berichtet. Die Lungenfunktion wurde nach dem Cournand & I˜ichards Schema untersucht. Die Sektion bestätigte die Diagnose: interstitielle Lungenfibrose. Der Fall illustriert die Symptomgleichheit zwischen cardialer und pulmonaler Insuffizienz mit Dyspnoe und Cyanose, sowie die Möglichkeiten zur Analyse und Spezialdiagnose, die es jetzt gibt.

Se describe un caso de insuficiencia pulmonar en una muchacha de 11 años que tenía fibrosis pulmonar y pronunciado trabamiento de los dedos. Se esaminó el funcionamiento pulmonar de acuerdo con el plan de Cournand & Richards. Hallazgos por medio de autopsia confirmaron la diagnosis de fibrosis pul monar intersticial. El caso demuestra la semejanza sintomática entre insuficiencia cardiaca, insuficiencia pulmonar con disnea y cianosis, y también entre los medios de hoy día de análisis y diagnosis específica.
Cystine Storage Disease with Aminoaciduria and Dwarfism (LIGNAC—FANCONI DISEASE): INTRODUCTION
Authors: BICKEL H. , SMALLWOOD W. C. , SMELLIE J. M. , BAAR H. S. , HICKMANS E. M.
Published: January 2008

Fourteen children suffering from cystine storage disease with aminoaciduria (Lignac‐Fanconi disease) have been studied i n the last 3 years, and the results are described in a series of eight papers of which this first paper contains a short review of the literature, some general remarks on aminoaciduria, cystinuria and cystine storage, and a brief statement on some of the results obtained and conclusions reached.

Publications by Lignac, Fanconi, Beuiner and Wepler, and others, as well as our own observations, lead us t o the conclusion that Lignac's disease (cystine storage disease) and Fanconi's syndrome of childhood (nephrotic glycosuric dwarfism) are one and the same disease. At the present time this disease cannot be identified with similar syndromes in which cystine storage has been excluded.

The variability of nearly every symptom in Lignac‐Fanconi disease is stressed. The most reliable diagnostic features besides dwarfing are cys tine storage and aminoaciduria of a characteristic pattern. Cystine storage can be demonstrated in vivo by slit‐lamp investigation in cornea and conjunctiva, as well as in bone marrow and lymph glands, and the cystine can be identified in biopsy material by microscopy, X‐ray crystallography and chromatography.

The aminoaciduria is accompanied by aminoacidaemia, and the characteristic pattern in urine is best shown by paper chromatography. The differentiation from other forms of aminoaciduria, such as that of newborn infants and classical cystinuria, is discussed.

Reasons are given why cystine storage and aminoaciduria are regarded as the result not of kidney dysfunction but of a prerenal disturbance of the whole aminoacid metabolism, probably situated within the reticulo‐endothelial system.
THE GENETICS OF LIGNAC‐FANCONI DISEASE
Authors: BICKEL H. , HARRIS H.
Published: January 2008

Lignac‐Fanconi disease has often been described in siblings but never in different generations. Our findings in the families of eight patients, including chromatographic studies of 138 urine specimens, confirm these observations. Of a total of 19 siblings four were probably and one certainly affected. No other relatives suffered from the disease. Consanguinity was found in one family; its incidence also seems to be raised in the literature. The data suggest that Lignac‐Fanconi disease is genetically determined and of simple Mendelian recessive character, but that it is not genetically related to classical cystinuria or to the so‐called Fanconi syndrome in adults. The frequency of Lignac‐Fanconi disease in the general population is estimated to be roughly 1 in 40,000 with a gene frequency of 1 in 200. The genetical prognosis is believed to be 1 in 4 for any subsequent child of parents who already have one sick child. Corresponding figures are given for cousins of the patient and for children of the patient's sibs.
THE OPHTHALMOLOGY OF LIGNAC‐FANCONI DISEASE
Authors: DOUGLAS A. A. , BICKEL H.
Published: January 2008

The ophthalmological appearances in five cases of Lignac‐Fanconi disease have been studied. Jn every case crystalline deposits were seen in cornea and conjunctiva, in two cases in the iris, but never in the lens, vitreous or other media of the eye. Massive deposition was easily recognisable by loupe and may even be suspected by naked eye examination. In less developed cases the crystalline deposits were visible only by use of a slit‐lamp; the application of this technique in uncooperative children is described.

Microscopy of a conjunctiva biopsy specimen revealed that the crystals were partly hexagonal, their localisation being intra‐ and extra‐cellular. The ninhydrin test gave a diffusely positive reaction. X‐ray diffraction photography of the biopsy specimen showed the pattern to be entirely characteristic of pure crystalline cysline.

In two patients with severe photophobia epithelial lesions of the cornea were shown by staining with fluorescin. This change was absent in the patients without photophobia and is in our opinion the immediate cause of the photophobia.

The eye appearances in Lignac‐Fanconi disease are sufficiently characteristic to eliminate any serious diagnostic difficulty.
MORBID ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF LIGNAC‐FANCONI DISEASE: (Cystine Storage Disease with Aminoaciduria)
Authors: BAAR H. S. , BICKEL H.
Published: January 2008

Detailed gross anatomical and histopathological findings in six cases of Lignac‐Fanconi disease are described and discussed. An attempt is made to present the natural history of individual organ changes, particularly those of the kidney. It is interesting to note that the disease in its early stages can occur without kidney changes. The bone changes are essentially rachitic; there is no feature of the histopathology of the bones which is not met with in rickets, particularly in “rachitis tarda.” Bone changes suggestive of hyperpara‐thyroidism are not conspicuous in this disease. The parathyroids were markedly hypertrophic in two of our cases; hypertrophy in other cases cannot be excluded.

The phosphatase reaction was negative in all kidneys examined, reduced in liver, spleen and bone‐marrow but normal in the small intestine. Negative phosphatase reaction in the kidney has also been found in chronic inflammatory kidney disease and is not specific for Lignac‐Fanconi disease.

Methods for demonstration and identification of cystine crystals in tissue sections, bone‐marrow films and lymph node imprints are described, together with experiments which account for the difference between the crystallographic appearance of cystine in tissues and cystine crystallised from aqueous solutions. In our opinion a lymph node biopsy is the most reliable procedure for a definite diagnosis of Lignac‐Fanconi disease in vivo, though bone‐marrow sections and/or films are usually sufficient for the purpose.

The intracellular localisation of cystine crystals is stressed, and histopathological and experimental evidence is given for the assumption that cystine storage is not due to phagocytosis, but that cystine crystallises at the site of its formation, namely in a certain part of the reticuloendothelial system.

A critical review is given of various hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of Lignac‐Fanconi disease. The hypothesis is put forward that Lignac‐Fanconi disease is a disorder of protein metabolism, probably of its anabolic phase. As a disorder of intracellular metabolism, the disease is likened to true lipidoses.
Alkyl Mercury Poisoning
Authors: ENGLESON GUNNAR , HERNER TORSTEN
Published: January 2008

This paper describes a case of organic mercury poisoning in a child from a mercury‐intoxicated family. The condition has not hitherto been reported among children. The child was poisoned after eating porridge prepared from flour which had been treated with an dkyl mercury compound, panogen, which is used by farmers in seed dressing. The main clinical signs and symptoms are due to severe damage to brain tissue, and thus differ from the parenchymatous lesions resulting from inorganic mercury poisoning. Treatment with BAL was of doubtful value.
Fat Absorption Studies in Children. III Fat tolerance tests
Authors: SÖDERHJELM LARS
Published: January 2008

A short review is given on the methods used in fat tolerance tests in children.

The determination of the total fat in serum according to the turbidi‐metric method of Kunkel and Ahrens is very simple and may be used as a screening test when poor fat absorption is suspected.
Another Case of Niemann‐Pick's Disease Observed in Denmark
Authors: VIDEBÆK AAGE
Published: January 2008

A caae of Niemann‐Pick's disease is reported in a boy of 5 months. He exhibited increased values of phospholipoids, cholesterol, and neutral fat in the serum. The same condition was previously reported in his elder brother, but does not appear to have occurred among more distant relatives. The parents are first cousins.
Psychogenic Anorexia and Hyperorexia among Siblings
Authors: TOLSTRUP KAI
Published: January 2008

An examination of two sisters with psychogenic hyperorexia and anorexia respectively; and two brothers of another family with the same symptoms, make up the background of a discussion of the relations between anorexia and hyperorexia.

In Family I anorexia in the younger girl seems to be the primary disturbanoe of appetite in the surroundings. The sister's hyperorexia should be regarded as a direct outcome of the younger sister's eating‐inhibition, an attempt to keep up the position at home that she felt threatened when the little one wm born. The adequacy of this mechanism appears from the predominant part that food plays in the house.

In Family II there is no such connection between the symptoms of the two brothers. The younger suffers from anorexia, in this case a regressive mechanism, probably with a dyspepsia in babyhood as starting‐point. His brother has during his early years displayed various psychogenic symptoms — fits suggesting asthma, enuresis nocturna, several behaviour‐disturbances — and finally hyperorexia, which apparently is a link in the chain of symptoms. The family is dominated by a perfectionist mother. The reason why both children should react against these surroundings with disturbances of appetite does not appear from the examination.

Two different kinds of psychical expression are found in these four children, partly a passive, non‐protesting type, partly an active, aggressive type. In one family the passive expression is combined with hyperorexia and the active one with anorexia; in the other family it is the other way round.

The advantage of connecting anorexia with hyperorexia is emphasized. The introduction of the common term psychogenic dysorexia is suggestad for the symptoms concerned, in order to call attention to the common source: disturbed appetite.
The Programme for Premature Infants in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Principles of Treatment and the Results Obtained
Authors: HOLMDAHL KURT
Published: January 2008

Since the commencement of the year 1948, distinctly improved results have been achieved in the care of the premature infants in Gothenburg. An account is given of some new principles of ‘treatment. The value of oxygen administration, particularly gastrointestinal administration, and the theoretical (Table 1) and practical advantages of human colostrum as a nourishing medium for the premature infants are stressed.

In order to judge the results of care, the mortality in three other series of premature infants is compared with the author's own series (Table 2). An analysis of the mortality in the different weight groups shows that a very favourable figure was reached in the Gothenburg series in the weight group 1510–2000 g. For the weight groups 1010–1500 and 2010–2500 g, the mortality was lowest in the series from Denver.

From the distribution of the deaths with a considerable peak immediately after birth (Fig. 1) and from the nature of the causes of death it appears that disturbances of nutrition and infections were seldom the cause of death.

A more substantial reduction of the mortality for premature infants in Gothenburg is only possible by reducing the mortality in the first 48 hours. An intensified cooperation between pediatricians and obstetricians is necessary.
Congenital Toxoplasmosisl
Authors: GARD SVEN , MAGNUSSON J. HENNING , HAGBERG ERIK
Published: January 2008

After a description of the classical syndrome in congenital toxoplasmosis five cases encountered by the writers are presented. In one of these patients, who was observed during the active stage of the process, toxoplasma were demonstrated in the ventricular fluid. This case displayed all the typical signs and symptoms of the disease. The other cases displayed varying degrees of severity, and the diagnosis in these patients is based on the results of the serologic examinations. I an unequivocal case of toxoplasma infection (asymptomatic) in the mother, a large diaphragmatic hernia was observed in the premature infant. Unfortunately, this case was not investigated satisfactorily, and it is not possible to make any statement regarding the cause of the abnormality.

A follow‐up investigation on six mothers of infants with diaphragmatic hernia failed to yield evidence in support of the theory that toxoplasmosis might be a cause of such malformations.
Tuberculin Hemagglutination Studies in Active Tuberculous Infections, Benign and Virulent1
Authors: PETERSON J. C. , LAGERCRANTZ R. , ROLLOF S.I. , LINO J.
Published: January 2008

We have presented in a preliminary form the results of observations on the tuberculin hemagglutination test in relation to the dynamic development of the represented antibody in infants vaccinated in the neonatal period and in infants and children vaccinated at a period of time remote to the neonatal period.

We have also examined the dynamic development of the hemagglutinating antibody in patients with primary tuberculosis, and have made some preliminary observations as to the relationship of the amount of antibody formed and the severity of the primary infection.

Some aspects of the significance of these observations have been discussed, particularly the failure of infants to develop antibody during the first year after B. C. G. vaccination and the subsequent appearance of antibody among those infants when they reside in homes with a history of tuberculous infection.
Diaphragma‐Hernie als Ursache der Asphyxie des Neugeborenen
Authors: PELTONEN TUOMAS
Published: January 2008

Dargestellt wurden 4 Fälle kongenitalen Zwerchfellbruches, 3 linksseitig und 1 rechtsseitig; im Anschluss daran wurden die dabei auftretenden Symptome und die Differentialdiagnose behandelt. Aufgrund der in Verbindung mit dem Bruch vorgefundenen sonstigen Entwick‐lungsanomalien setet Verf. die Entstehung der dargestellten Hernien auf den ersten und zweiten Schwangerschaftsmonat an. Die Zwerchfellhiernie ist eine chirurgische Erkrankung, deren Diagnostieierung jedoch immer Aufgabe der Pädiatrie sein wid.
Electro‐Encephalographic Findings in Children, Previously Treated for Asphyxia Neonatorum
Authors: 'AVIGNON M. , KEILSON I.
Published: January 2008

At follow‐up examination of 61 children subjected to postnatal treatment for asphyxia neonatorum in the newborn period, 44 disclosed electro‐encephalograpliie changes. Grave pathologic findings were only noted in children who, at the follow‐up, showed somatic and mental defects (14), while children with slight electro‐encephalo‐graphic changes (16) have developed well in all respects up to the age at which the follow‐up were performed, in spite of a neonatal asphyxia. The neonatal asphyxia in these cases is supposed to have produced organic cerebral injuries of such a degree or nature as to disclose no clinical, but simply electro‐encephalographic, changes.
De l'ldentité de la Maladie de Tay‐Sachs et de Niemann‐Pick
Authors: DRIESSEN Dr. O. A.
Published: January 2008

Se basant sur l'apparition du syndrome de Tay‐Sachs et celui de Niemann‐Piek chez deux enfants d'une même famille qui se succèdent, l'auteur en conclut que ces deux syndromes sont des manifestations différentes d'un même trouble du métabo‐lisme lipoidique.
The Cocarboxylase Content of the Blood in Children
Authors: RÄIHÄ C.‐E. , FORSANDER O.
Published: January 2008

The cocarboxylase content of blood in children has been investigated in 120 cases. The enzyme content decreases with advancing age up to 7 years and is thereafter constant. There seems to be a correlation between the cocarboxylase content of the blood at different ages and the blood picture. We feel, however, that metabolic factors interfere with this correlation.
Children of Diabetic Mothers Electrocardiographic Studies in the Newborn
Authors: BjÖRKLUND STIG‐IVAR
Published: January 2008

In the belief that the adrenal hyperplasia often seen in the children of diabetic mothers is associated with hyperfunction of the adrenal glands and that it may disturb the electrolyte balance and thereby also disturbs cardiac function, 15 children of diabetic mothers were examined. The investigation included an analysis of serial electrocardiograms traced in the neonatal period. In 4 cases the serum potassium was also determined. Abnormal electrocardiograms were seen in 11 cases. The electrocardiographic changes resembled those seen in hypopotassemia. The cause of this disturbance of the electrolyte metabolism is discussed.
A Creatinin Tolerance Test for Renal Function
Authors: SUNDAL ALFRED
Published: January 2008

The creatinin slope in blood plasma after an oral creatinin load is a test which. gives important information about kidney function. Without needing urine collection–a procedure often difficult in infants and also in some cases with urinary disease even when collected by catheter–the blood creatinin fall gives values corresponding to the exogenous creatinin clearance test, and also to the endogenous creatinin clearance test, provided the patient is not in a pre‐oedematous or oedematous stage. The author gives the values for creatinin fall in the blood in healthy children and in patients with decreased kidney function after an empirically chosen creatinin load.
Active Basal Immunity and Its Application to Epidemiology I. General Considerations
Authors: ERICSSON HANS , HESSELVIK LENNART , VAHLQUIST BO
Published: January 2008

Some general immunological considerations and their practical application in immunization prophylaxis are discussed as an introduction to the following papers.
Coeliac Disease Criticism of the Various Methods of Investigation
Authors: WEIJERS H. A. , KAMER J. H. VAN DE
Published: January 2008

The value is discussed of various methods generally used in the assessment of disturbed fat absorption: microscopical and chemical determination of fat in faeces, expressed or not with regard to dry substance or calculated as coefficient of absorption, the measuring of a lipaemia or the determination of a vitamin A tolerance curve. Only the coefficient of absorption appears to be a good standard of measurement for the judging of disturbed fat absorption. To explain steatorrhoea besides an absorption disturbance, fat excretion in the intestines must also be taken into account.