bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Berbasis Pendekatan Konflik Kognitif
Authors: Faresta Rangga Alif , Anggara Walid , Mandiri Tegar Agusfian , Septiawan Adi
Published: December 2020

The ability to think creatively is part of the affective domain that also determines the success of learning. The researcher intends to conduct developmental research to produce a viable creative thinking tool. So that it can be used as a tool to assess students' creative thinking ability. This research is a development research or Research and Development (R&D) with the 4D model, namely Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. In this study, it was only performed up to the development phase, namely expert validation and practitioner validation. The tools developed were descriptive questions. The sample used were class X high school students. Based on the expert validator's rating, the demand for creative thinking averaged 3.25 in all aspects with a very good category and a content validation value of 0.71 in the valid category. Meanwhile, the practitioner validator rating achieved the feasibility of the mean value of all aspects of 3.71 with the very good category and the content validation of 0.89 with the valid category. Thus, it can be concluded that the creative thinking assessment tool is suitable to be used to measure students' creative thinking level
Meningkatkan Keterampilan Menulis Karangan Deskripsi Siswa dengan Menggunakan Media Gambar di Kelas X IPA SMAN 4 Sampang
Authors: Wahyuni Dewi
Published: December 2020

Gambar merupakan salah satu media pembelajaran yang digunakan peneliti untuk meningkatkan kemampuan keterampilan menulis karangan deskripsi siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur bagaimana media gambar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan keterampilan menulis karangan deskripsi siswa. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas yang mencakup tahap perencanaan, tahap implementasi, tahap observasi, dan tahap refleksi. Data diambil melalui rubrik penilaian menulis karangan deskripsi, kuesioner, dan ceklis observasi. Data diperoleh melalui pre-study, siklus 1, dan siklus 2. Pada tahap pre-study, banyak siswa yang mengalami kesulitan memulai dan mengembangkan idenya sehingga mereka kurang minat untuk menulis karangan deskripsi. Disamping itu, peneliti juga menemukan hanya 10 siswa yang mencapai nilai KKM (≥76) atau 31% persentase sukses. Sedangkan pada siklus kesatu, peneliti menemukan 21 siswa yang mencapai nilai KKM (≥76) atau 66% persentase sukses. Berdasarkan temuan pada siklus kesatu, peneliti dan guru kelas merevisi pembelajaran dengan menambahkan strategi pembelajaran menulis karangan deskripsi dengan bantuan media gambar. Pada siklus kedua, peneliti menemukan 27 siswa yang mencapai nilai KKM (≥76) atau 84% persentase sukses. Peneliti dan guru kelas juga menemukan bahwa siswa memberikan respon yang lebih baik daripada sebelumnya, banyak siswa termotivasi untuk aktif di kelas sehingga mereka memiliki sikap percaya diri menulis karangan deskripsi. Dari hasil penelitian diatas menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media gambar dapat meningkatkan keterampilan menulis karangan deskripsi siswa kelas X IPA SMAN 4 Sampang.
Penerapan Psak 105 Akad Mudharabah Dalam Akuntansi Syariah (Studi Kasus Pada Bmt Ugt Sidogiri Yosowilangun)
Authors: Sholihin Muhammad Rijalus
Published: December 2020

Pembiayaan Mudharabah merupakan pembiayaan yang disalurkan oleh Lembaga Keuangan Syariah kepada masyarakat untuk memaksimalkan operasional produksi. Dalam pelaksanaannya pembiayaan mudharabah  seharusnya sesuai dengan PSAK 105. Salah satu lembaga yang diteliti yaitu BMT UGT Sidogiri Yosowilangun. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan pembiayaan mudharabah dalam akuntansi syariah sesuai PSAK 105. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data secara observasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengakuan akuntansi pembiayaan mudharabah BMT UGT Sidogiri Yosowilangun belum semunya sesuai dengan PSAK 105. Sedangkan pengukuran akuntansi telah sesuai dengan PSAK 105.  Penyajian akuntansi terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah yang diterapkan BMT UGT Sidogiri Yosowilangun sudah sesuai dengan PSAK 105. Pengungkapan akuntansi terhadap pembiayaan mudharabah yang diterapkan BMT UGT Sidogiri Yosowilangun sudah sesuai dengan PSAK 105 yaitu menggunakan profit sharing.
Pengaruh Job Insecurity Dan Burnout Terhadap Turnover Intentions (Studi Pada Karyawan Daily Worker dan Outsourcing Hotel Bintang 4 (Empat) Di Kota Mataram)
Authors: Kuntary Isra' Dewi
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh secara signifikan job insecurity dan burnout terhadap turnover intentions studi pada karyawan dengan status Daily Worker dan Outsourcing pada hotel bintang 4 (empat) di Kota Mataram. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kausal.Pengumpulan data menggunakan sensus dengan jumlah responden 86 orang. Analisis dan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS) dengan instrument penelitian menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan job insecurity terhadap turnover intentions dan terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan burnout terhadap turnover intentions.
Analisis CAR, BOPO, NPF, FDR, NOM, Dan DPK Terhadap Profitabilitas (ROA) Pada Bank Syari'ah Di Indonesia
Authors: Hanafia Fifi , Karim Abdul
Published: December 2020

Tujuan daripada  penelitian ini untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh CAR, BOPO, NPF, FDR, NOM dan DPK terhadap ROA pada BUS dan  selama 5 tahun terakhir. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder, yang dikumpulkan bersifat cross section. Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dari laporan keuangan Bank Umum Syariah dan Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah baik yang diterbitkan oleh masing-masing website Bank Umum Syariah dan Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah maupun yang diterbitkan oleh Bank Indonesia. Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 10 Bank Umum Syariah. Teknik pengambilan data dengan cara purposive sampling. Data yang diperoleh kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan alat bantu SPSS 22. Teknik analisis ini menggunakan uji regresi linier berganda.

Hasil regresi berganda menunjukkan bahwa CAR tidak berpengaruh terhadap ROA pada BUS, CAR berpengaruh positif terhadap ROA pada BPRS, BOPO berpengaruh negatif terhadap ROA pada BUS dan BPRS, NPF berpengaruh positif terhadap ROA pada BUS, NPF berpengaruh negatif terhadap ROA pada BPRS, FDR tidak berpengaruh terhadap ROA pada BUS, FDR berpengaruh negatif terhadap ROA pada BPRS, NOM berpengaruh positif terhadap ROA pada BUS, NOM tidak berpengaruh terhadap ROA , DPK tidak berpengaruh terhadap ROA pada BUS .
Analisis Penerapan Metode Kaizen Terhadap Imprtasi Material Produksi Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur
Authors: Adawia Popon Rabia , Azizah Ayu
Published: December 2020

Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif komperatif, yaitu metode yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan sebab akibat, dimana data waktu proses sebelum penerapan metode kaizen dibandingkan dengan data waktu proses setelah penerapan metode kaizen. Jumlah sample dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 45. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder berupa data kedatangan import material yang diperoleh selama periode penelitian yaitu tahun 2014 sampai dengan tahun 2016. Dalam penelitian ini analisis perhitungan yang digunakan adalah paired sample T-test. Yaitu membandingkan saimpangan baku antara kedua sampel S1=1.68 dan S2=0.56 untuk mendapatkan nilai Thitung. Hasil uji mendapatkan bahwa Thitung sebesar 8.83 sedangkan Ttabel sebesar 2.015 dengan demikian Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Yang artinya terdapat pengaruh penurunan waktu proses importasi material produksi menggunakan metode kaizen pada perusahaan manufaktur. Penurunan waktu import material produksi ini membantu produksi selesai tepat pada waktunya.
YOUTUBE USAGE PATTERN AMONG COMMUNICATION SCIENCE STUDENTS
Authors: Amin Mukhlis , Naharuddin Ismail
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine patterns of use of YouTube for communication science students. The pattern referred to here includes the motive and intensity of using Youtube. We have conducted a survey and described the motives for using Youtube by students including cognitive motives and affective motives. We have also calculated the value of these motives and the results show that the cognitive motives of students accessing Youtube are slightly greater than their affective motives
THE USABILITY OF WHATSAPP MESSENGER AS ONLINE TEACHING-LEARNING MEDIA
Authors: Dhahir Darman Fauzan
Published: December 2020

In order to prevent the spread of Covid-19, whether ready or not, education policy makers in Indonesia have established a policy of online learning from home. Some schools use a special Learning Management System (LMS) application, while others simply use existing common communication applications, including WhatsApp Messenger. This study aims to measure its usability in its use as an online learning medium. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The data were obtained from an online survey of students and teachers who were determined by convenience sampling technique. Measurements were carried out with ISO for HCI and Usability 2001. The results showed that the Usability of WhatsApp was rated in the sufficient category, close to the good category.
Mujeres y minería en la América colonial: una introducción
Authors: Povea Moreno Isabel María
Published: December 2020

Introducción al Dossier del número 46, 2020.
Las Alpujarras después de la “rebelión”: la visita pastoral de 1575
Authors: Arcuri Andrea
Published: December 2020

Con este artículo presentamos un documento de notable interés historiográfico para la ampliación de los estudios sobre el territorio de las Alpujarras en el periodo inmediatamente posterior al “levantamiento morisco”. Se trata de la resulta de una visita pastoral llevada a cabo en el año 1575, apenas cuatro años después del fin de la guerra. El documento representa un testimonio valioso para los estudios sobre el tema, debido a las referencias y a las descripciones de las graves y duraderas consecuencias que el conflicto supuso para el territorio alpujarreño, así como de las primeras formas de reorganización de la vida religiosa en la zona.
Technique to Correct Middle-Grade Pupils’ Phonetic Mistakes in English Classes
Authors: Prokhorova Natalya Yuryevna , Myagkova Valeria Yuryevna , Komarova Elena Yuryevna
Published: December 2020

The research objective includes developing a technique to correct secondary school pupils’ phonetic mistakes in the process of the English language teaching. The paper considers specificity when correcting middle-grade pupils’ phonetic mistakes. The authors analyse peculiarities of teaching the English phonetics, systematize difficulties arising in the process of phonetic skills acquisition, describe methodological techniques to prevent and correct phonetic mistakes. Scientific originality of the study involves introducing an effective technique to correct phonetic mistakes that allows improving children’s cognitive-communicative activity in the English classes. The research findings can be successfully applied when teaching English to middle-grade pupils.
Requirements for Organizing Students’ Autonomous Work When Teaching Foreign Language Using Flipped Classroom Model
Authors: Timkina Yuliya Yurevna
Published: December 2020

The research objective is to justify requirements for organizing non-linguistic students’ autonomous work when teaching a foreign language using the flipped classroom model. The paper analyses problems of organizing students’ autonomous work on the basis of the flipped classroom model. Scientific originality of the study involves theoretical justification of requirements for organizing students’ autonomous work when teaching a foreign language using the flipped classroom model: establishing study load limits, setting academic targets, developing assessment criteria, applying multi-level teaching strategies, introducing information educational technologies. The research findings are as follows: the author proves that the flipped classroom model can be efficiently used to improve quality of foreign-language education at non-linguistic higher school.
On Potential of Using Self-Moderated Group Discussions When Teaching a Foreign Language
Authors: Zarutckaia Ekaterina Vitalyevna
Published: December 2020

The paper aims to reveal a didactic potential of self-moderated group discussions teaching communication skills in a foreign language. The article clarifies the notion “discussion moderation” taking into account foreign language education and describes practical experience of preparing students for moderation of a discussion on the chosen problem. Scientific originality of the study involves revealing the potential of self-moderated group discussions in forming critical thinking skills and oral communication skills taking into account three aspects: communication, interaction and social perception. The research findings are as follows: the author differentiates the notions “discussion moderation” and “discussion facilitation”, presents taxonomy of the skills required to moderate discussion and ascertains criteria to evaluate the level of moderation skills.
Motives and Values of Students - Future Teachers
Authors: Polkovnikova Natalia Borisovna
Published: December 2020

The study aims to determine correlation between a person’s value system and motives for choosing the teaching profession. The article provides theoretical rationale and analysis of scientific papers on the issue of correlation between motives and values in choosing the teaching profession, presents results of an empirical study of the motivational-value sphere of teacher education students’ personalities. Scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying specific features of the personality structure of young people who have chosen the teaching profession. As a result of the research, it is proved that there is a high degree of correlation between motives for choosing the teaching profession and a person’s values in orientation towards interaction with people and orientation towards self.
La salud como derecho y eje de protestas en Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Avalos Miguel Alejandro
Published: December 2020

Posadas es una ciudad que experimentó un aumento significativo en sus niveles de pobreza e indigencia en los últimos años, incrementándose por un lado la cantidad de asentamientos informales y, por el otro, la densidad demográfica de los ya existentes. Esto se tradujo en cada vez más familias que viven en condiciones de precariedad, expuestas a distintas enfermedades, sufriendo numerosos padecimientos. En este trabajo analizamos los discursos vertidos en distintos medios de comunicación locales, entre los meses de enero y diciembre de 2017, por personas que residen en asentamientos informales de la ciudad que participaron en distintas movilizaciones. En ellos vemos de qué modo la incidencia de distintas patologías asociadas a las malas condiciones de vida fue expuesta y “puesta en escena” en distintas acciones de protesta social, mediante las cuales lograron instalar sus demandas hacia el Estado (a la salud, a la tierra, al trabajo, a la vivienda, entre otros).
Impacto de una campaña educativa por WhatsAppⓇ sobre hidradenitis supurativa en los médicos de la demanda espontánea de un hospital universitario
Authors: Zimman Sabina , Posadas-Martínez María Lourdes , Mazzuoccolo Luis Daniel
Published: December 2020

Antecedentes.  La escasa difusión de la hidradenitis supurativa (HS) entre los médicos generalistas, conduce a retrasos en el diagnóstico.

Objetivos. Evaluar el impacto de una campaña educativa a corto y largo plazo sobre HS en los médicos que atienden la demanda espontánea (DE) del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (HIBA)

Materiales y Métodos. Estudio cuasi experimental con una intervención educativa mediante la difusión de un pieza de información sobre HS en 142 médicos de demanda espontánea del HIBA. Se realizó una misma encuesta anónima sobre conocimientos de la HS, en 3 oportunidades: basal, 1 y 9 meses luego de la intervención. Se compararon las respuestas correctas antes, al mes y a los 9 meses. La encuesta y la pieza de información fueron enviadas por WhatsAppⓇ.

Resultados. Del total, 64 (45%) respondieron en la primera etapa, 48 (34%) en la segunda y 56 (39%) en la tercera. En la encuesta basal, sólo la mitad conocía la naturaleza inflamatoria de la enfermedad, 3 de cada 5 médicos elegían un esquema antibiótico inadecuado, la cirugía mayormente indicada era el drenaje, apenas la quinta parte consideraba de utilidad la ecografía, y un tercio de los médicos no creían que el paciente pudiera beneficiarse de la derivación a un dermatólogo. Luego de la campaña educativa, observamos un aprendizaje en el manejo de la HS, que se sostuvo a los 9 meses.

Discusión.  Observamos una falta de entrenamiento sobre HS entre los médicos generalistas. La plataforma WhatsAppⓇ podría ser útil como herramienta educativa.
actividad científica en un centro de alta complejidad
Authors: Albergo Jose Ignacio , Farfalli German Luis , Ferraris Javier , Ayerza Miguel Angel , Michelangelo Hernan , Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quiros Fernan , Aponte-Tinao Luis Alberto
Published: December 2020

Introducción: El objetivo del trabajo fue revisar la actividad científica de nuestra institución, a través de las publicaciones indexadas en PUBMED y analizar: a) Número total de publicaciones; b) Tipo de publicaciones; c) Servicios participantes; d) Relación % publicaciones / % plantel medico hospitalario; e) Factor de impacto de las revistas.
Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva en la base de datos PUBMED entre 2013 y 2018 inclusive y todos los artículos que tenían en su afiliación "Hospital Italiano" (español) o "Italian Hospital" (ingles)” fueron revisados. De cada publicación se recopilo: autores, revista, factor de impacto, servicio involucrado, instituciones intervinientes e idioma de publicación. 
Resultados: Un total de 1421 publicaciones fueron incluidas para el análisis y se evidencio un aumento progresivo del 417% entre 2013 y 2018. 802 (56%) correspondían a trabajos propios de nuestra institución y 619 (44%) a trabajos multicéntricos. El servicio de Clínica Médica (341 – 23.99%) fue el que presento más publicaciones e Informática Médica el de mejor relación entre % de publicaciones y % plantel profesional (5.39). El 82% (1167) de las publicaciones fueron realizadas en el idioma ingles y el valor medio del factor de impacto fue 2,61 (rango: 0,01-29,78).
Conclusión: La producción científica, medible por el número de publicaciones indexadas en PUBMED ha mostrado un aumento progresivo y sostenido en el tiempo desde 2013 a la fecha. Consideramos importante estimular y fomentar a los profesionales para continuar con la actividad científica sin descuidar los estándares de calidad de la actividad asistencial.
Fístula arteriovenosa renal congénita: una causa rara de abdomen agudo y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Palacios Huatuco Rene Manuel , Pantoja Pachajoa Diana Alejandra , Pinsak Agustin Ezequiel , Mandojana Facundo Ignacio , Doniquian Alejandro Marcelo
Published: December 2020

Introducción: La fístula arteriovenosa renal congénita es una conexión anómala entre el sistema arterial y venoso. Desde el primer caso descrito en 1928 por Varela y cols, no más de 200 casos han sido publicados.

Material y Método:  Mujer de 45 años consultó por dolor abdominal y lumbar severo, asociado a hipertensión arterial. En tomografía computada se observó lesión retroperitoneal infrarrenal con invasión de estructuras vecinas.

Resultados: En exploración abdominal se identificó lesión de aspecto vascular de 60 x 34 x 41 mm. Se asoció a nefrectomía derecha.

Discusión: La etiología de las fístulas congénitas sigue siendo desconocida, se cree que un aneurisma arterial congénito erosiona hacia una vena adyacente y aumenta su tamaño lentamente. Otros autores creen que la fístula existe desde el nacimiento e incrementa progresivamente de tamaño hasta producir síntomas.

Conclusión: Las fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas son entidades raras, representando menos del 25% del total de las malformaciones arteriovenosas renales.
PREDIKSI JUMLAH TITIK TERKONEKSI JARINGAN PEMDA DI DIY TAHUN 2022 MENGGUNAKAN METODE SEMI AVERAGE
Authors: Julianto Ricky , apriyani putri indah
Published: December 2020

Maraknya perkembangan teknologi yang semakin meluas mengakibatkan semua aktivitas manusia menggunakan media internet yang mempermudah kegiatan aktivitasnya. Dengan hal itu pemerintah di Indonesia memperluas jaringan internet ke berbagai wilayahnya. Sehingga akses internet menyebar ke seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Saat ini jumlah titik terkoneksi jaringan pemda di daerah DIY sangat mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya. Pemda setiap tahunnya menambah dan memperluas titik-titik yang akan terkoneksi jaringan di daerah DIY. Dengan begitu agar pemerintah daerah di wilayah DIY bisa lebih tepat memprediksi kenaikan jumlah titik terkoneksi jaringan setiap tahunnya dan membantu menentukkan suatu pekerjaan untuk periode selanjutnya dengan ini menggunakan perhitungan semi average. Dengan menggunakan metode semi average atau setengah rata-rata dapat menentukkan peramalan kenaikan jumlah titik terkoneksi jaringan pada tahun 2022.
Tectono-stratigraphic development of a salt-influenced rift margin: Halten Terrace, offshore Mid-Norway
Authors: Elliott Gavin , Jackson Christopher , Gawthorpe Robert , Wilson Paul , Sharp Ian , Michelsen Lisa
Published: December 2020

Pre-rift salt controls structural style variability within rifts by decoupling sub- and supra-salt faults. However, the way in which this variability controls sediment erosion and dispersal, and facies distributions within the coeval syn-rift stratigraphic succession, remains poorly known. We here use 3D seismic reflection and borehole data to study the tectono-stratigraphic development of the Halten Terrace, offshore Mid-Norway, a salt-influenced rifted margin formed during Middle to Late Jurassic extension. On the eastern basin margin the rift structural style passes southwards from an unbreached extensional growth fold dissected by numerous horst and graben (Bremstein Fault Complex), into a single, through-going normal fault (Vingleia Fault Complex). This southwards change in structural style is likely related to the pinch-out of or a change in the dominant lithology (and thus rheology) within a pre-rift (Triassic) evaporite layer, which was thick and/or mobile enough in the north to decouple basement- and cover-involved faulting, and to permit extensional forced folding. As a result, the salt-influenced Bremstein Fault Complex underwent limited footwall uplift, with minor erosion of relatively small horsts supplying only limited volumes of sediment to the main downdip depocentre. In contrast, the Vingleia Fault Complex, which was directly coupled to basement, experienced significant uplift and extensive footwall erosion. The footwall of this structure also locally underwent salt-detached gravity gliding and collapse as the pre-rift detachment was tilted. Our results show that where through-going normal faults develop along the rift flanks, the presence of a pre-rift salt layer will suppress the topographic expression of the footwall. The pre-rift salt layer may however facilitate footwall collapse and limit the volume of sediment supplied to downdip basins. Our results also show that variable topography along the rift flanks facilitated the development of relatively small, localised, intra-rift flank accommodation that trapped flank-derived sediment, and which meant basins nearer the rift axis were starved of sediment.
Infant Development as Uncertainty Reduction: Bayesian Insights on Phonological Acquisition
Authors: Cox Christopher , Fusaroli Riccardo , Keren-Portnoy Tamar , Roepstorff Andreas
Published: December 2020

Bayesian accounts of development posit that infants form predictions about the causes of sensory signals in their environment and select actions that resolve the largest amount of uncertainty. This paper considers how this approach to infant development can inform and unify insights from experimental research on early cognitive development and language acquisition. In order to establish whether infants’ early inferential abilities conform to the basic assumptions of a Bayesian approach to cognition, we first conduct a systematic review of experimental studies on infants’ ability to form predictions about probabilistic contingencies. These studies provide evidence that infants exhibit sensitivity to the probabilistic structure of their surrounding environment and recruit their own uncertainty to guide their exploration of information in the world. We then demonstrate how these Bayesian computational principles may apply in the context of language acquisition by conducting a second systematic review of experiments on the facilitative role of infants’ vocal production. These studies indicate that infants are more likely to produce and allocate attention to those speech sounds that best afford the opportunity to reduce prediction error over time. This paper demonstrates how Bayesian models of cognition can offer a unifying framework to advance the understanding of cognitive processes in early development. This framework not only gives a larger perspective to current findings, but also provides conceptual tools to enable investigation of infants’ individual trajectories of behavioural change.
Consequences of International Migration: A Qualitative Study on Migrants and Migrant’s Parents in Chandragiri Municipality-13, Kathmandu
Authors: Rana Anil
Published: December 2020

Based on the primary information collected by using in-depth interviews among migrant students and their family members in Chandragiri Municipality-13 of Kathmandu, this paper explores some issues concerning the international migration of educated youths in sending society. In particular this paper explores the connection of those migrant students with their community of origin by means of remittance, investment and knowledge sharing and to examine consequences of such migrations in developing countries in general and in the community of origin in particular. Purposive sampling methods have been employed for selection of my participants for the study. Through the Saturation method fourteen respondents were selected for an interview. Among the respondents seven were migrants and seven were migrant's parents. This paper reaches two conclusions; first, Economic loss to sending society and second, they are unlikely to use knowledge and investment in sending society.
The breeding work on the winter bread wheat varieties of intensive type in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”
Authors: Skripka O. V. , Podgorny S. V. , Samofalov A. P. , Chernova V. L.
Published: December 2020

The systematic study on winter wheat breeding began in 1955 in the former Zernograd experimental station, and now the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “ARC “Donskoy”. Under these conditions, the development of the most suitable for local conditions varieties of intensive type with increased frost resistance determined the main direction of winter wheat breeding in those years. In the early 1980s, the area of black fallow increased in the Rostov region, much attention was paid to irrigated agriculture. There was planned to increase the area under irrigation in the North Caucasus to 1 million hectares. Therefore, there was set a goal to develop highly productive, low-stemmed, resistant to lodging varieties, responsive to mineral fertilizing with complex immunity to diseases. The breeding work of the laboratory for the breeding and seed production of winter bread wheat of an intensive type over the past forty years resulted in the development of 22 varieties of intensive type with good adaptability to the conditions of the Rostov region. In 2020, 17 winter bread wheat varieties of an intensive type were included into the State List of Breeding Achievements, five varieties ‘Yubiley Dona’, ‘Zodiak’, ‘Univer’, ‘Razdolye’, ‘Rubin Dona’ are currently undergoing the State Variety Testing at the SVTs of the Russian Federation. A stable productivity improvement is possible only with the emphasis on the development of varieties with broad adaptive properties, providing sufficiently high yields under various cultivation conditions. Among the breeding traits that affect productivity stability, the most significant in the conditions of the Don are winter and frost resistance, disease resistance, drought resistance, early ripeness, and grain quality. Therefore, the adaptive potential increase is the most important task for the future breeding. In order to solve this problem, intraspecific and interspecific hybridization, followed by targeted selection, remains the main breeding method of winter bread wheat of an intensive type.
X-Ray Microfocus Radioscopy and Computed Tomography for Failure Analysis
Authors: Bossi R.H. , Cross D.A. , Mickelsen R.A.
Published: December 2020

X-ray microfocus radioscopy and computed tomography (CT) offer detailed information on the internal assembly and material condition of objects under failure analysis investigation. Using advanced systems for the acquisition of radioscopic and CT images, failure analysis investigations are improved in technical accuracy at a reduced schedule and cost over alternative approaches. A versatile microfocus radioscopic system with CT capability has been successfully implemented as a standard tool in the Boeing Defense & Space Group Failure Analysis Laboratory. Using this tool, studies of electronic, electromechanical and composite material items have been performed. Such a system can pay for itself within two years through higher productivity of the laboratory, increased laboratory value to the company and resolution of critical problems whose worth far exceeds the value of the equipment. The microfocus X-ray source provides projection magnification images that exceed the sensitivity to fine detail that can be obtained with conventional film radiography. Radioscopy, which provides real-time images on a video monitor, allows objects to be readily manipulated and oriented for optimum x-ray evaluation, or monitored during dynamic processes to check performance. Combined with an accurate manipulating stage and data acquisition system x-ray measurements can be used for CT image reconstruction. The CT image provides a cross sectional view of the interior of an object without the interference of superposition of features found in conventional radiography. Accurate dimensional measurements and material constituent identification are possible from the CT images. By taking multiple, contiguous CT slices entire three dimensional data files can be generated of objects.
Cross Sectioning with a Pivoting Sample Block
Authors: Bernier J. , Wurzbacher R.
Published: December 2020

Cross sectioning has proven over the years to be a failure analyst's most important tool for examining the depth-related features of a sample. This paper discusses a.sample block design that allows angled as well as normal (90 degree) sectioning without remounting the sample. This in turn allows for much faster cross sections, with time savings not only from avoiding remounting the sample, but also in the polishing process itself, particularly with silicon-on-sapphire dice.
The Usage of Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition of Gold Film in IC Device Modification and Repair
Authors: Lee R. , Cecere M.
Published: December 2020

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) surgery techniques need to develop to match the new challenges. One area for performance enhancement is in the deposition of lower resistivity conducting materials. At the present time, the two most commonly used materials for conductive deposition are Platinum and Tungsten. The main issue concerning these two materials is the relatively high resistivity of the deposited material; the deposited film can have 100 to 200 times the resistivity of the pure material. FIB-induced deposition of gold films have been commonly used in the repair of masks. In this application the resistivity of the deposited sample is of little importance. An examination of C7H10AuF3O2 (t-fac) as a precursor gas shows that its resistivity when deposited with a FIB is 4-5 times lower than that of Platinum or Tungsten. The deposition rate is also significantly quicker. No electric-migration and dendrite formation was noticed after the Gold deposition was subjected to continuous current flow. However, the thermal stability of the pre-cursor gas is low and will need further refinement. (1,2,6)
Investigation of Multi-Level Metallization ULSls by Light Emission from the Back-Side and Front-Side of the Chip
Authors: Naitoh K. , Ishii T. , Mitsuhashi J.-I.
Published: December 2020

Advanced ASIC devices with multi-level metallization and high density DRAMs with lead-on-chip (LOC) packages are becoming more difficult to analyze using emission microscopy from the Front-side of the chip (Front-side EMS). In this paper, we have found that evaluation of the wavelength spectrum from the back-side of the chip (Back-side EMS) could be used as easily as Front-side EMS. We investigated the wavelength spectrum of light emitted from the backside of the chip and the front-side of the chip, and calculated a photon counting ratio of the Back-side EMS and Front-side EMS for several different failure mechanisms. The wavelength spectra also showed that all light emissions had a component of Infrared (IR) light with wavelength longer than 900nm. The minimum ratio in the various failure mechanisms is 40%. From these data, Back-side EMS can be applied to the analysis of various failure mechanisms. Although the thickness of silicon substrate using for the spectrum measurement is from 204um to 380um, the measured values are not affected by the thickness. Therefore, in the Back-side EMS, the light emission can be detected without strict control of chip thinning.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Specimen Preparation Technique using Focused Ion Beam (FIB): Application to Material Characterization of Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tungsten (W) and Tungsten Silicides (WSix)
Authors: Doong K. , Fu J.-M. , Huang Y.-C.
Published: December 2020

The specimen preparation technique using focused ion beam (FIB) to generate cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) samples of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Tungsten-plug (W-plug) and Tungsten Silicides (WSix) was studied. Using the combination method including two axes tilting[l], gas enhanced focused ion beam milling[2] and sacrificial metal coating on both sides of electron transmission membrane[3], it was possible to prepare a sample with minimal thickness (less than 1000 A) to get high spatial resolution in TEM observation. Based on this novel thinning technique, some applications such as XTEM observation of W-plug with different aspect ratio (I - 6), and the grain structure of CVD W-plug and CVD WSix were done. Also the problems and artifacts of XTEM sample preparation of high Z-factor material such as CVD W-plug and CVD WSix were given and the ways to avoid or minimize them were suggested.
Elimination of Whisker Growth on Tin Plated Electrodes
Authors: Endo M. , Higuchi S. , Tokuda Y. , Sakabe Y.
Published: December 2020

At the surface of the tin-plated brass substrate placed at 50°C, the tin whiskers grew evidently within a short time, due to the formation of zinc oxide on the surface and alloying between plated tin and brass substrate as supposed. While at the surface of the brass substrate plated with tin on nickel, there was no trace of the tin whisker at all. Nickel greatly represses the diffusion of base metal materials into the tin layer. Nickel and tin plated monolithic chip capacitors placed at the same condition for 18 years were also observed and the tin whisker growth phenomenon has never taken place either. As a result, the tin plated film on the nickel over silver thick film does not provide the tin whisker growth. Nickel underplating plays an important role in tin plated capacitors for not only the solder leaching but also the tin whisker growth problems.
Characterization of CMOS Structures (0.6 µm process) Submitted to HBM and COM ESD Stress Tests
Authors: Meneghesso G. , Zanoni E. , Colombo P. , Brambilla M. , Annunziata R. , Pavan P.
Published: December 2020

In this work, we present new results concerning electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of 0.6 μm CMOS structures. Devices have been tested according to both HBM and socketed CDM (sCDM) ESD test procedures. Test structures have been submitted to a complete characterization consisting in: 1) measurement of the tum-on time of the protection structures submitted to pulses with very fast rise times; 2) ESD stress test with the HBM and sCDM models; 3) failure analysis based on emission microscopy (EMMI) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
SEM Equipment Capabilities Evaluated for Sub-Half Micron Semiconductor Applications
Authors: Cowan J. , Taylor T.
Published: December 2020

Evaluation of Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEMs) was initiated for the purpose of purchasing a SEM that would improve the productivity of scanning electron microscopy during the cycle of analysis and deprocessing of semiconductor devices in a failure analysis lab. In addition to the need for high image resolution at low electron acceleration voltages, an accurate motorized stage is a major evaluation factor. It is necessary for the analyst to drive directly to a known location such as a memory cell with a high assurance that the site of interest was found. There are two main areas of focus in this paper. First, our SEM evaluation methodology will be presented along with the results of our evaluation. Second, the technology associated with motorized stages will be discussed in light of our requirements for a motorized, highly accurate stage. As a byproduct of this evaluation, this paper is presented so as to push the SEM industry to offer a SEM with an accurate stage for subhalfmicron products at reasonable cost.
An Effective and Practical Analysis Technique for Open Defect Isolation at IDD Leakage Failure by Observing Transient Photo Emission
Authors: Nishikawa A. , Kato N.I. , Matsuzawa J. , Takagi K. , Miura N.
Published: December 2020

A new analysis method using conventional emission microscopy (EMS) was developed for localizing open defects in CMOS LSIs. EMS is widely used for failure analysis of IDD (power supply current) leakage failures. The root cause of a failure is deduced by considering the emission characteristics associated with the IDD leakage current, emission shape, emission energy spectrum, and exact location on an Si die. Our new technique focuses on the observation of transient photoemission immediately after VDD application. During IDD leakage failure analysis, unique transient photoemission characteristics are observed. Immediately after VDD application, strong photoemission is briefly observed at the drain edge of an n-FET, but disappears after stabilization of the IDD current. We assumed that temporary photoemission would not be generated in transient behavior unless some kind of open defects were located at a specific conductor connected to the gate electrode. This mechanism was verified by nonbiased charge-up contrast of a conventional secondary electron image (SEI) and cross-sectional SEM observation at the defective open location. The dynamic method of observing transient photoemission proposed here is a very effective and practical way for detecting the locations of open failures in CMOS LSIs. Some examples of open mode failure analysis are described, along with cross-sectional TEM observations.
Identification of Charging Effects in Plasma-Enhanced TEOS Deposition with Non-Contact Test Techniques
Authors: Brozek Tomasz , Heddleson James
Published: December 2020

Use of non-contact test techniques to characterize degradation of the Si-SiO2 system on the wafer surface exposed to a plasma environment have proven themselves to be sensitive and useful in investigation of plasma charging level and uniformity. The current paper describes application of the surface charge analyzer and surface photo-voltage tool to explore process-induced charging occurring during plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of TEOS oxide. The oxide charge, the interface state density, and dopant deactivation are studied on blanket oxidized wafers with respect to the effect of oxide deposition, power lift step, and subsequent annealing.
Investigation of High Via Resistance of a 0.25μm CMOS ASIC Technology
Authors: Sur H. , Bothra S. , Lei R. , Hahn J. , Brugge H.J.
Published: December 2020

An investigation into a high resistance via problem during the development phase of an advanced 0.25µm CMOS ASIC process is presented. The electrical signature of the via problem was low yield on fully processed device wafers. Further testing revealed that the logic (cell-based) sections of the chip were functioning, however the 512K bit SRAM was consistently failing. Based on the failing bit pattern, the failure area was isolated to contact-via stacks in the cell. Advanced wafer level failure analysis techniques and equipment such as focused ion beam milling, precision cross-section, and planar polishing techniques were utilized to identify the layer that was failing. Analysis results indicated a thin foreign layer or void between the aluminum line and the cap barrier layer of the line. Placement of a via on this line resulted in a high resistance node and subsequent device failure. As a further verification of the electrical failing signature, SPICE simulation was run on the SRAM cell circuitry. Optimization of the metallization stack was performed through experiments which resulted in the elimination of the mechanism.
Non-destructive Chemical Decapsulation Techniques for TBGA Package Devices
Authors: Esfahani Lili
Published: December 2020

Failure analysis on TBGA (Tape Ball Grid Array) package devices is a rather difficult task, due to the material used for assembly. This paper will introduce two novel techniques for non-destructive deprocessing procedures used in performing analysis on TBGA devices. These new techniques do not introduce additional failures to the devices during the deprocessing procedure. The workable TBGA devices can then be powered up and analyzed using different techniques and equipment. In the first technique, molding compound (potting resin) is removed around the tab tape area or the chip is fully exposed. The first technique will allow the analyst to inspect any bonding problems. These devices can then be analyzed using probe stations and visually inspected using microscopes. In the second technique, molding compound is partially (tab tapes and protective diode areas are not exposed) removed. These partially decapped TBGA devices, can be analyzed using testers, emission microscopes, liquid crystal, multi-curve tracer, and FIB. The advantage of this technique is to be able to analyze devices without worrying about any additional failures (such as contact, functional, and leakage failures) introduced in to the devices during deprocessing.
Techniques to Remove the C4 Die from a Ceramic Package
Authors: Mahanpour Mehrdad , Gray Andy , Hulog Jose , Chang Pat
Published: December 2020

C4 (Controlled Collapse Chip Connection) failure analysis compared to conventional packages (DIP- LCC- QFP, etc.) is not trivial. For instance, one has to thin the C4 die for IR microscope inspection or for photon emission analysis. Then, after failure analysis on the die, it must be removed for deprocessing or further analysis. Three methods and techniques will be discussed for removing the C4 die from the package without damaging the die. However, for each technique it is very important to know the condition of the die and package prior to die removal. The method used will differ, for example, if the die is thinned or not.
Innovative Application of a Passive Device Failure Analysis Technique to a JFET
Authors: Erickson J.J. , Ditz M.J.
Published: December 2020

A technique normally used for the analysis of tantalum capacitor failures was successfully applied to a JFET. The JFET had a short from the source to the gate. The short was located at the source bond pad and had resulted from a combination of the use of too large a bond wire and excessive bonding pressure. The exact location of the site of the short was successfully determined by using a copper electroplating technique typically used for locating shorts or leakage sites on the tantalum slug of a tantalum capacitor.
Analysis of FSRAM Single Bit Failures Due to Unique Dislocations
Authors: Schani Phil , Subramanian S. , Soorholtz Vince , Liston Pat , Moss Jamey , Widener Ed , Chu Amy
Published: December 2020

Temperature sensitive single bit failures at wafer level testing on 0.4µm Fast Static Random Access Memory (FSRAM) devices are analyzed. Top down deprocessing and planar Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses show a unique dislocation in the substrate to be the cause of these failures. The dislocation always occurs at the exact same location within the bitcell layout with respect to the single bit failing data state. The dislocation is believed to be associated with buried contact processing used in this type of bitcell layout.
Identifying Plastic Encapsulant Materials by Pyrolysis Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Lowry Robert K. , Hanley Kristen L.
Published: December 2020

Most semiconductor devices are sealed in plastic. Virtually all plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) look alike. The particular electronic molding compound (EMC) used to encapsulate a device cannot be known except from production records or firsthand knowledge of people familiar with the device. For a variety of reasons, an EMC may need to be explicitly identified. Pyrolysis of the EMC, followed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) chemical analysis of the condensates of organic substances evolved by the pyrolysis, and comparison of the spectra with a reference library of known EMCs, provides a rapid means of specific EMC identification.
Backside Emission Microscopy for Integrated Circuits on Heavily Doped Substrate
Authors: Chiang Ching-Lang , Khurana Neeraj , Hurley Daniel T. , Teasdale Ken
Published: December 2020

Backside emission microscopy on heavily doped substrate materials was analyzed from the viewpoint of optical absorption by the substrate and sample preparation technique. Although it was widely believed that silicon is transparent to infrared (IR) radiation, we demonstrated by using published absorption data that silicon with doping levels above 5 x 1018cm-3 is virtually opaque, leaving only a narrow transmission window around the energy bandgap. Because the transmission depends exponentially on the thickness of die, thinning to below 100µm is shown to be required. Even an advanced IR sensor such as HgCdTe would find little light to detect without thinning the die. For imaging the circuit, an IR laser-based system produced poor images in which the diffraction patterns often ruined the contrast and obscured the image. Hence, a precise, controlled die thinning technique is required both for emission detection and backside imaging. A thinning and polishing technique was briefly described that was believed to be applicable to most ceramic packages. A software technique was employed to solve the image quality problem commonly encountered in backside imaging applications using traditional microscope light source and a scientific grade CCD camera. Finally, we showed the impact of die thickness on imaging circuits on a heavily doped n type substrate.