bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of finitely generated groups by types
Authors: Myasnikov A. G. , Romanovskii N. S.
Published: September 2018

In this paper we show that all finitely generated nilpotent, metabelian, polycyclic, and rigid (hence free solvable) groups [Formula: see text] are fully characterized in the class of all groups by the set [Formula: see text] of types realized in [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, it turns out that these groups [Formula: see text] are fully characterized already by some particular rather restricted fragments of the types from [Formula: see text]. In particular, every finitely generated nilpotent group is completely defined by its [Formula: see text]-types, while a finitely generated rigid group is completely defined by its [Formula: see text]-types, and a finitely generated metabelian or polycyclic group is completely defined by its [Formula: see text]-types. We have similar results for some non-solvable groups: free, surface, and free Burnside groups, though they mostly serve as illustrations of general techniques or provide some counterexamples.
Exploring the Gaps of Metacompetencies Between Entrepreneurs and Students
Authors: Ustav Sirje
Published: September 2018

The concept of metacompetencies has not much attracted entrepreneurship research though indicated having a fundamental role in successful entrepreneurial activity. The few studies have so far based on student samples only, so there is no empirical data demonstrating how this theoretical construct is practically used in entrepreneurship. Moreover, the question being in the focus of this paper, is how metacompetencies differ when comparing groups of entrepreneurs and students. This study aims to look into these gaps.

Assessing metacompetencies empirically by employing the phenomenological mode of enquiry we can explore the phenomena of metacompetencies in an entrepreneurial setting by studying thirty in-depth interviews with active entrepreneurs. It appears that metacompetencies are in frequent practical use and, more specifically this paper establishes how metacognition, meta-affection, and metaconation interact within the environment of entrepreneurship. Confronted with similar results from student reflections, the comparison reveals important discrepancies in terms of procedural knowledge and an awareness of motivation and temperament for educators to address in order to foster entrepreneurial behaviour.
Family Ownership Goals and Socioemotional Wealth: Evidence from Finnish Family Firms
Authors: Torchia Mariateresa , Rautiainen Marita , Calabrò Andrea , Ikäheimonen Tuuli , Pihkala Timo , Ikävalko Markku
Published: September 2018

By focusing on family owners’ perceptions and dynamics the aim of this paper is to understand the specific goals associated to their ownership status and whether and to what extend they impact on family firms’ growth and continuity. We use survey data on Finnish family firms and identify a set of differentiated family owners’ goals. Our findings contribute to the debate on differentiating socioemotional wealth by untangling the existence of variations in family principals’ goal setting and the importance to also consider that financial motives could determine family owners’ goals.
Reflected stochastic differential equations driven by G-Brownian motion in non-convex domains
Authors: Lin Yiqing , Hima Abdoulaye Soumana
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we first review the penalization method for solving deterministic Skorokhod problems in non-convex domains and establish estimates for problems with [Formula: see text]-Hölder continuous functions. With the help of these results obtained previously for deterministic problems, we pathwisely define the reflected [Formula: see text]-Brownian motion and prove its existence and uniqueness in a Banach space. Finally, multi-dimensional reflected stochastic differential equations driven by [Formula: see text]-Brownian motion are investigated via a fixed-point argument.
A Novel Polyaxial Strength Criterion for Rock Materials Under General Stress Condition
Authors: Yang Yugui , Gao Feng , Cai Chengzheng , Chen Peijian
Published: September 2018

Yielding or failure of rocks under the action of external loading is complicated due to the dependence on pressure sensitivity and Lode angle. In this study, a generalized hyperbolic strength criterion is proposed to describe the strong nonlinear characteristics of rocks over a wide range of confining pressures. The relationship between failure stress and instantaneous friction angle of rocks is analyzed based on nonlinear Mohr strength envelope. In order to reflect the influence of intermediate principal stress on the strength of rock materials, the generalized hyperbolic criterion has further been extended to complicated stress state. The failure criterion allows the possibility of transitions from an equilateral triangle to circle, which greatly improves the durability and applicability to describe the strength characteristics of various rocks under complicated stress state. The validity of the proposed criterion is verified by comparing predictions with experimental results of rocks.
Pull-In Instability of Functionally Graded Cantilever Nanoactuators Incorporating Effects of Microstructure, Surface Energy and Intermolecular Forces
Authors: Attia Mohamed A. , Mohamed Salwa A.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, an integrated non-classical continuum model is developed to investigate the pull-in instability of electrostatically actuated functionally graded nanocantilevers. The model accounts for the simultaneous effects of local-microstructure, surface elasticity and surface residual in the presence of fringing field as well as Casimir and van der Waals forces. The modified couple stress and Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity theories are employed to conduct the scaling effects of microstructure and surface energy, respectively, in the context of Euler–Bernoulli beam hypothesis. Bulk and surface material properties are varied according to the power-law distribution through the beam thickness. The physical neutral axis position for mentioned FG nanobeams is considered. Hamilton principle is employed to derive the nonlinear size-dependent governing equations and the non-classical boundary conditions. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are solved utilizing the generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM). In addition, the non-classical boundary conditions of nanocantilever beams due to surface residual stress are exactly implemented. After validation of the obtained results by previously available data in the literature, the influences of different geometrical and material parameters on the pull-in instability of the FG nanocantilevers are examined in detail. It is concluded that the pull-in behavior of electrically actuated FG micro/nanocantilevers is significantly influenced by the material distribution, material length scale parameter, surface elasticity constant, surface residual stress, initial gap, slenderness ratio, Casimir, and van der Waals forces. The obtained results can be considered for modeling and analysis of electrically actuated FG nanocantilevers.
Conductivity of N-(2-methoxyethyl)-substituted morpholinium- and piperidinium-based ionic liquids and their acetonitrile solutions
Authors: Komayko Alena I. , Arkhipova Ekaterina A. , Ivanov Anton S. , Maslakov Konstantin I. , Kupreenko Stepan Yu. , Xia Hui , Savilov Serguei V. , Lunin Valery V.
Published: September 2018

N-ethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-morpholinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Et(MEO)Mor][TFSI], N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-morpholinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bis(MEO)Mor][TFSI] and N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)-piperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bis(MEO)Pip][TFSI] room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) were synthesized and their electrochemical properties were studied. Three stages of synthesis of RTILs were used, including the alkylation of secondary and tertiary amines and the anion exchange. The structure of RTILs was confirmed by1H, [Formula: see text]C, H,H-COSY,1H–[Formula: see text]C correlation spectroscopy NMR and XPS. Three main approaches based on the Arrhenius, Litovitz, and Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equations were used to analyze the ion transport properties of RTILs. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the binary acetonitrile solutions of RTILs was studied. It was found that the activation energy and conductivity of RTILs depended on their polarity and ability to associate which affects the mobility of charge carriers and viscosity of the system.
Subfreezing Absorption Refrigeration for Industrial CHP
Authors: Anand Gopalakrishnan , Erickson Donald C. , Makar Ellen
Published: September 2018

The design and operation of an advanced absorption refrigeration unit (Thermochiller) as part of an industrial combined heat and power (CHP) system is presented. The unit is installed at a vegetable processing plant in Santa Maria, California. The overall integrated system includes the engine package with waste heat recovery, Thermochiller, cooling tower, and chilling load interface. The unique feature of the system is that both the exhaust and jacket heat are used to supply subfreezing refrigeration. To achieve the low refrigeration temperatures of interest to industrial applications, all components of this integrated system needed careful consideration and optimization. The CHP system has a low emission natural gas-fired 633[Formula: see text]kW reciprocating engine cogeneration package. Both the exhaust heat and jacket heat are recovered and delivered via a hot glycol loop with 105[Formula: see text]C supply temperature and 80[Formula: see text]C return. The 125 ton ammonia absorption chiller (TC125) chills propylene glycol to [Formula: see text]C and has a coefficient of performance of 0.63. TC125 has peak electric demand of 10[Formula: see text]kW for pumps and 8[Formula: see text]kW for the cooling tower fan. The CHP system, including TC125, operates 20[Formula: see text]h per day, six days per week. All operations of TC125 are completely automatic and autonomous, including startups and shutdowns. Industrial refrigeration is typically a 24/7 load and highly energy-intensive. By converting all the engine waste heat to subfreezing refrigeration, Thermochiller brings added value to cogeneration or CHP projects.
Navigating China’s Economic Development in the New Era: From High-Speed to High-Quality Growth
Authors: Heng Quan
Published: September 2018

China’s economy has entered a “new normal,” transforming from high-speed growth to high-quality development. In the new era, China does not only need to shift its path of development in a timely fashion, but it should also take bigger steps to modernize its economic system. Facing various new demands and challenges, China must make every effort to foster an economic system that features innovation-driven industries, urban-rural and regional coordination, a market economy with socialist characteristics, as well as lasting momentum for opening-up on all fronts. It is expected that despite the economic difficulties at the moment, China will accelerate its economic transformation to achieve high-quality development and make new contributions to the world economy.
Preliminary results for natural groundwater colloids in sedimentary rocks of the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Sasamoto Hiroshi , Onda Shingo
Published: September 2018

Colloid concentration is an important parameter in models of colloid-facilitated transport. The purpose of the present study is to characterize colloid concentrations and colloid stability in natural groundwater from the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Hokkaido, Japan. The particle sizes of colloids in groundwaters from the Horonobe URL range from several nanometres to
c.
500 nm, with a mode particle size of
c.
120 nm. Evaluation of colloid stability by DLVO theory suggests that larger colloids (i.e. >100 nm in diameter) would be more stable than smaller colloids in some groundwaters. The estimated colloid particle concentrations when considering the results of DLVO calculations ranged from 2.33 × 10
6
to 1.12 × 10
8
particles/ml, and mass concentrations were estimated to range from 45 to 1540 µg l
−1
for diameters greater than 100 nm. Colloids in Horonobe groundwaters appear to be less stable, with a moderate potential for transport, than colloids investigated in similar international studies. This reduced stability may be due to relatively higher ionic strengths and moderate dissolved organic concentrations in Horonobe groundwaters compared to their international counterparts.
The Challenge of Access Control Policies Quality
Authors: Bertino Elisa , Jabal Amani Abu , Calo Seraphin , Verma Dinesh , Williams Christopher
Published: September 2018

Access Control policies allow one to control data sharing among multiple subjects. For high assurance data security, it is critical that such policies be fit for their purpose. In this paper we introduce the notion of “policy quality” and elaborate on its many dimensions, such as consistency, completeness, and minimality. We introduce a framework supporting the analysis of policies with respect to the introduced quality dimensions and elaborate on research challenges, including policy analysis for large-scale distributed systems, assessment of policy correctness, and analysis of policies expressed in richer policy models.
Experience
Authors: Koumarelas Ioannis , Kroschk Axel , Mosley Clifford , Naumann Felix
Published: September 2018

Given a query record, record matching is the problem of finding database records that represent the same real-world object. In the easiest scenario, a database record is completely identical to the query. However, in most cases, problems do arise, for instance, as a result of data errors or data integrated from multiple sources or received from restrictive form fields. These problems are usually difficult, because they require a variety of actions, including field segmentation, decoding of values, and similarity comparisons, each requiring some domain knowledge.

In this article, we study the problem of matching records that contain address information, including attributes such as Street-address and City. To facilitate this matching process, we propose a domain-specific procedure to, first, enrich each record with a more complete representation of the address information through geocoding and reverse-geocoding and, second, to select the best similarity measure per each address attribute that will finally help the classifier to achieve the best f-measure. We report on our experience in selecting geocoding services and discovering similarity measures for a concrete but common industry use-case.
The physiology of impenetrable skin: Colossus of the X-Men
Authors: Fitzgerald Barry W.
Published: September 2018

The X-Men are an ensemble of superheroes whose powers are associated with the X-Gene, a mutant genetic factor. The powers exhibited by each character differ and are dependent on how the X-Gene has modified their individual genomes. For instance, Wolverine possesses regenerative healing, Storm can control local weather systems, and Colossus can create an impenetrable “organic steel” layer around his body. Thanks to the establishment of the superhero genre in modern cinema, audiences are familiar with Colossus from films such as X-Men: Days of Future Past and Deadpool. While attaining this power might be attractive to many people, there are innumerate scientific obstacles to be overcome to replicate this “organic steel” layer. Due to its unique combination of high strength and flexibility, a graphene-based layer might be a more realistic material for Colossus’ impenetrable skin and would also address a number of physiological issues associated with an “organic steel” layer. The actualization of this layer would depend on complex processes associated with protein folding, protein self-assembly, and changing the structure of his skin. In the classroom, Colossus can foster a multidisciplinary learning environment where concepts in physiology can overlap with topics in physics, engineering, and materials science. Just like other superheroes, Colossus can also be used to promote scientific content in outreach for the general public.
Complementary Feeding: Beyond Nutrition
Authors: Were Fred N. , Lifschitz Carlos
Published: September 2018

In this article, we will summarize the key non-nutritional aspects of the introduction of complementary feeding. Intestinal maturation related to starch digestion is relatively complete by the time complementary feeding is recommended to be initiated. A much more complex maturation is needed, however, from the neurodevelopmental standpoint as the infants need to be able to hold their head and trunk and be able to coordinate tongue movement followed by swallowing. Issues can arise in infants with a history of medical problems as well as when caretakers cannot handle the initial difficulties or want to impose certain rigidity to the learning process. The introduction of complementary feedings is also part of the early steps in introduction to human socialization. In that regard, it sets up the infant to internalize and accept the diversity of food textures and food choices. Early refusal of some food items is common and should not be interpreted as being disliked. Multiple attempts should be made to incorporate new food items. To accomplish these dynamics, caregivers need comprehensive education and relevant information.
FGF18 Enhances Migration and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer by Regulating Akt/GSK3β/Β-Catenin Signaling
Authors: Song Na , Zhong Jiateng , Hu Qing , Gu Tengteng , Yang Bo , Zhang Jinghang , Yu Jian , Ma Xiaoyan , Chen Qiuyue , Qi Jinbo , Liu Yanlong , Su Wei , Feng Zhiwei , Wang Xianwei , Wang Haijun
Published: September 2018

Background/Aims: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their high-affinity receptors contribute to autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation in several human malignant tumors, including breast cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic actions of FGF18 remain unclear. Methods: The transcription level of FGF18 under the hypoxic condition was detected with quantitative PCR (qPCR). A wound-healing assay was performed to assess the role of FGF18 in cell migration. A clonogenicity assay was used to determine whether FGF18 silencing affected cell clonogenicity. Western blotting was performed to investigate Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway protein expression. Binding of β-catenin to the target gene promoter was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Results: FGF18 promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration in breast cancer cells through activation of the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. FGF18 increased Akt-Ser473 and -Thr308 phosphorylation, as well as that of GSK3β-Ser9. FGF18 also enhanced the transcription of proliferation-related genes (CDK2, CCND2, Ki67), metastasis-related genes (TGF-β, MMP-2, MMP-9), and EMT markers (Snail-1, Snail-2, N-cadherin, vimentin, TIMP1). β-catenin bound to the target gene promoter on the ChIP assay. Conclusion: FGF18 contributes to the migration and EMT of breast cancer cells following activation of the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. FGF18 expression may be a potential prognostic therapeutic marker for breast cancer.
Down-Regulation of miR-327 Alleviates Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Damage by Targeting RP105
Authors: Yang Ying , Yang Jun , Liu Xiao-wen , Ding Jia-wang , Li Song , Guo Xin , Yang Chao-jun , Fan Zhi-xin , Wang Hui-bo , Li Qi , Wang Hui-min , Yang Jian
Published: September 2018

Background/Aims: Micro RNAs (miRNAs) play a very important role in myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury (MIRI), including in inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated up-regulation of miR-327 in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and MIRI. Via TargetScan, we found RP105 is a possible target gene of miR-327; our previous studies have also confirmed that RP105 acted as a cardioprotective protein in MIRI by reducing inflammation. However, the regulatory effect of miR-327 on RP105 has not previously been proposed. In our study, we aimed to identify the regulatory effect of miR-327 on RP105 protein in MIRI rats. Methods: Sixty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, which were pre-treated with saline (sham and ischemia/reperfusion group), adenovirus-expressing miR-327-RNAi (Ad-miR-327-i group), control (Ad-NC group), or pri-miR-327 (Ad-miR-327 group) treatments. Three days later, the rat MIRI model was established by ischemia for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 3 h. Myocardium and plasma were harvested and assessed. Results: miR-327 was increased by nearly 3-fold both in myocardium and plasma, which down-regulated RP105 in a 3′-untranslated region-dependent manner, and down-regulation of miR-327 via adenovirus transfection indirectly suppressed the TLR4/ TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling axis activation via up-regulation of RP105, which subsequently resulted in reduced myocardial infarct size, attenuated cardiomyocyte destruction, and alleviated inflammation. In contrast, up-regulation of miR-327 induced the opposite effect. Conclusion: Down-regulation of miR-327 exerts a cardioprotective effect against MIRI by reducing inflammation, which may constitute a promising molecular therapeutic target for treating MIRI.
Low-Level Aflatoxin B1 Promotes Influenza Infection and Modulates a Switch in Macrophage Polarization from M1 to M2
Authors: Sun Yuhang , Liu Zixuan , Liu Dandan , Chen Jin , Gan Fang , Huang Kehe 
Published: September 2018

Background/Aims: Swine influenza virus (SIV) is a major pathogen of both animals and humans. Afatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most common mycotoxins in feed and food. However, the central contribution of AFB1 to SIV infection remains unclear. Methods: Here, TCID50 assays, fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, histopathological examination, flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy were performed to investigate the involvement and underlying mechanism of AFB1 in SIV infection in vivo and in vitro using mouse models and porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) models, respectively. Results: The in vivo study showed that low levels of AFB1 promoted SIV infection and increased its severity, as demonstrated by the increased mRNA expression of viral matrix protein (M); by the increased protein expression of nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 and ion channel protein; and by animal weight loss, lung index and lung histologic damage. In addition, the increased occurrence of SIV infection accompanied by increases in the level of IL-10 in sera and lungs, in the spleen index and in the number of CD206-positive mouse alveolar macrophages but decreases in the level of TNF-α in sera and lungs, in the thymus index and in the number of CD80-positive mouse alveolar macrophages was observed in SIV-infected mice after low-level AFB1 exposure. The in vitro study showed that low concentrations of AFB1 promoted SIV infection, as demonstrated by the increases in viral titers and viral M mRNA and NP expression levels in SIV-infected PAMs as well as by the number of cells positive for NP protein expression. Furthermore, AFB1 promoted the polarization of SIV-infected PAMs to the M1 phenotype at 8 hpi and to the M2 phenotype at 24 hpi, as measured by the increases in IL-10 expression and in the number of CD206-positive PAMs as well as by the morphological changes observed by scanning electron microscopy. The administration of the immune stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed the switch in PAM polarization from M2 to M1 and thereby counteracted the promotion of influenza virus infection induced by AFB1. Conclusion: Our results are the first to confirm that low-level exposure to AFB1 promotes SIV infection and modulates a switch in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. The work reported here provides important data that point to a role for AFB1 in SIV infection, and it opens a new field of study.
Activation of M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Delayed Cardiac Aging by Inhibiting the Caspase-1/IL-1β Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wang Shu , Jiang Yanan , Chen Jingling , Dai Changliang , Liu Dandan , Pan Wei , Wang Lijuan , Fasae Moyondafoluwa Blessing , Sun Lihua , Wang Lanfeng  , Liu Yan
Published: September 2018

Background/Aims: Because the prevalence of age-related cardiac impairment increases as the human lifespan increases, it is important to combat the effects of aging. Recently, the cardiac M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3-mAChR) has been demonstrated to play important roles in cardiac development and in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. However, the role of M3-mAChR in aging remains largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of M3-mAChR in the progression of cardiac aging. Methods: We established a cardiac aging model in mice through subcutaneous injection with D-galactose at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. D-galactose was also used to induce aging in primary cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. The myocardium from mice was stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological analysis. The protein expression levels of p53 and p21 were determined using western blotting. The mRNA and protein expression levels of M3-mAChR, caspase-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β were determined using real-time PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting. Results: The expression of M3-mAChR was down-regulated in the myocardium from aged mice and D-galactose-treated mice, while the expression levels of caspase-1 and its downstream molecule IL-1β were significantly increased. The M3-mAChR agonist choline reduced the increase in caspase-1 in cardiomyocytes induced by D-galactose, which was reversed by the M3-mAChR antagonist 4-DAMP. Moreover, 4-DAMP promoted D-galactose-induced cardiomyocyte aging, which was attenuated by a caspase-1 inhibitor. Conclusion: Activation of M3-mAChR delayed cardiac aging by inhibiting the caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway.
КЛІНІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ЗАХВОРЮВАНЬ ТКАНИН ПАРОДОНТА (ОГЛЯД ЛІТЕРАТУРИ)
Authors: Shevchuk M. М.
Published: September 2018

Periodontal disease is one of the most complex problems of modern dentistry. It is known that in the development of periodontal disease, a prominent role belongs to local factors, but systemic processes, which lead to profound changes in the internal environment of the organism and structural damage to the periodontal tissues, play an important role. It is proved that generalized periodontitis is pathogenetically closely associated with the pathology of internal organs, and inflammatory and dystrophic-inflammatory lesions of parodontium are largely secondary to systemic processes in the body that underlie a number of diseases of the internal organs. Scientists from all over the world believe that periodontal diseases are etiological and pathogenetic factors to heterogeneous diseases, in which the etiology and pathogenesis of a complex of immunological, biochemical, structural and other pathological changes in mechanisms of inflammatory alteration around dental tissues is observed, and metabolic disorders in the body are accompanied by pathochemical , morphological, immune and biological changes in parodontium. In this regard, promising directions for studying the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases include the identification of factors that affect the entire human body and periodontal tissue in particular. In the body of the patient with generalized periodontitis there are numerous processes, the interaction of which depends on the nature of the course of the disease and the peculiarities of the formation of a local pathological center. The most important is the association of the endocrine and immune system, the violation of the functional state which promotes the development of deep metabolic disorders in the periodontal tissues. As a result of the review of scientific publications and own observations, the most common clinical symptoms and pathogenesis in inflammatory diseases of periodontal tissues have been analyzed. Clinical symptoms of inflammatory diseases are considered as sublimation of their pathogenetic bases, as clinical manifestations of basic for pathology of processes. The conclusion is made on the need for an integrated approach in the treatment of periodontal diseases. The aim of the study – familiarization of broad medical public with the modern views on the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical symptoms in patients with periodontal tissue diseases.
Dividing Plato’s Kinds
Authors: Muniz Fernando , Rudebusch George
Published: September 2018

A dilemma has stymied interpretations of the Stranger’s method of dividing kinds into subkinds in Plato’sSophistandStatesman. The dilemma assumes that the kinds are either extensions (like sets) or intensions (like Platonic Forms). Now kinds divide like extensions, not intensions. But extensions cannot explain the distinct identities of kinds that possess the very same members. We propose understanding a kind as like an animal body—the Stranger’s simile for division—possessing both an extension (in its members) and an intension (in its form). We find textual support in the Stranger’s paradigmatic four steps for collecting a subkind.
Advances from the nexus of animal behaviour and pathogen transmission: new directions and opportunities using contact networks
Authors: Leu Stephan T. , Godfrey Stephanie S.
Published: September 2018

Contact network models have enabled significant advances in understanding the influence of behaviour on parasite and pathogen transmission. They are an important tool that links variation in individual behaviour, to epidemiological consequences at the population level. Here, in our introduction to this special issue, we highlight the importance of applying network approaches to disease ecological and epidemiological questions, and how this has provided a much deeper understanding of these research areas. Recent advances in tracking host behaviour (bio-logging: e.g., GPS tracking, barcoding) and tracking pathogens (high-resolution sequencing), as well as methodological advances (multi-layer networks, computational techniques) started producing exciting new insights into disease transmission through contact networks. We discuss some of the exciting directions that the field is taking, some of the challenges, and importantly the opportunities that lie ahead. For instance, we suggest to integrate multiple transmission pathways, multiple pathogens, and in some systems, multiple host species, into the next generation of network models. Corresponding opportunities exist in utilising molecular techniques, such as high-resolution sequencing, to establish causality in network connectivity and disease outcomes. Such novel developments and the continued integration of network tools offers a more complete understanding of pathogen transmission processes, their underlying mechanisms and their evolutionary consequences.
Scholarly Correspondence and the History of Philology: A Case Study of the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands
Authors: van Kalmthout Ton
Published: September 2018

This article offers some reflections on the use of correspondence for the history of scholarly disciplines. These reflections are based on a case study of two prominent philologists from the Netherlands: the historian and archivist Hendrik van Wijn (1740–1831) and the literary scholar and cultural historian Allard Pierson (1831–1896). After a short overview of the development of the object of research, methodology and professionalization of nineteenth-century philology, the article points out three aspects that make letters written by philologists a valuable source for the history of the discipline: their function as a carrier of knowledge and insights, the information they provide about the ethnology of knowledge, and the fact that they were used as a medium for confidential expression.
The Influence of Hermann Paul’s Linguistic Ideas after the First Publication of Principien der Sprachgeschichte (1880)
Authors: Chen Beijia
Published: September 2018

Hermann Paul (1846–1921) and his seminal workPrincipien der Sprachgeschichte(1st edn 1880; 5th edn 1920) have played a significant part in the history of linguistic ideas. Historiographical studies on Paul and his work are mainly conducted in the light of the second edition ofPrincipien(1886) by revealing the divergent and convergent viewpoints between Paul and other prominent scholars. In order to expand the current knowledge of Paul’s role in the discourse of his time, this paper will trace the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas shortly after the first edition ofPrincipienby analyzing the citations of his works in the publications of contemporary scholars (the so-called ‘citation network’). Furthermore, evidence from scholarly correspondence, which exerted great influence on the development of linguistic ideas at an informal level, will shed light on Paul’s role from a different perspective. Within these two aspects, namely the citation network and the scholarly correspondence, we will reassess the influence of Paul’s linguistic ideas, especially in connection with the first edition ofPrincipien.
A contribution to the systematics of the genus Manota Williston (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Brazil
Authors: KURINA OLAVI , HIPPA HEIKKI , AMORIM DALTON DE SOUZA
Published: September 2018

A total of 286 male specimens of Manota from 38 different collecting sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were analysed. They belong to 32 different species, including 20 described as new to science and 12 recognized as previously described species. The new species are M. abbreviata sp. n., M. atlantica sp. n., M. carioca sp. n., M. cavata sp. n., M. hirta sp. n., M. lamasi sp. n., M. lanei sp. n., M. nordestina sp. n., M. oliveirai sp. n., M. paniculata sp. n., M. papaveroi sp. n., M. periotoi sp. n., M. perparva sp. n., M. pseudoiota sp. n., M. rostrata sp. n., M. sanctavirginae sp. n., M. securiculata sp.n., M. silvai sp. n., M. tavaresi sp. n. and M. unispinata sp. n. The taxonomic context of the newly described species is discussed. Manota palpalis Lane, 1948, the type of which is considered lost, is redescribed and discussed, based on the original description, the original illustrations, and the type-locality. Our specimens of the previously described species belong to M. aligera Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. anfracta Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. appendiculata Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. caribica Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. diversiseta Jaschhof & Hippa, 2005, M. micula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. panda Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. pustulosa Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017, M. quantula Hippa & Kurina, 2013, M. serrulata Hippa, Kurina & Sääksjärvi, 2017 and M. subaristata Kurina, Hippa & Amorim, 2017. Among the species dealt with here, ten have a wide distribution in South America or the Neotropics, six are known from only a single site, nine are widespread along the Atlantic Forest, and seven are known only from southern Brazil/northwestern Argentina. A discrepancy between the distribution patterns of Manota species and the general areas of endemism known for flies in the Atlantic Forest is discussed, and a non-destructive sequencing reverse workflow protocol for Manota specimens proposed.        Including the species described here, the Neotropical region closely approaches the Oriental region in terms of the number of described species (92 and 102, respectively), while the genus now includes 300 species worldwide.
Aplectana hoplobatrachusia sp. nov. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853) (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from Birbhum District, West Bengal, India
Authors: SOU SUJAN KUMAR , SOW KANCHAN KUMAR , NANDI ANADI PRASAD
Published: September 2018

Aplectana hoplobatrachusia sp. nov., recovered from the rectum of Jordon’s bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus crassus, (Jerdon, 1853) collected from Lohagram in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, is described and illustrated. This species is characterised by absence of a gubernaculum and differs from other species of Aplectana which lack a gubernaculum (viz. A. akhrami, A. artigasi, A. chilensis, A. crossodactyli, A. crucifer, A. delirae, A. dubrajpuri, A. meridionalis, A. papillifera, A. praeputialis, A. tarija and A. vercammeni) by morpho-metrical ranges of males and females and number and distribution of caudal papillae in males which include 4 pairs preanal, 1–2 pairs adanal, 10 pairs postanal and a single median papilla on the upper lip of the cloaca. Aplectana hoplobatrachusia sp. nov. represents the 56th species assigned to the genus and the 4th from India and the 5th from Indian subcontinent.
Size-Dependent Effect of Cu2O Nanocubes in Electrochemical and Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Tang Yuanyuan , Xu Yinlong , Qi Caiyu , Li Xianyang , Xing Enming , Wang Fei , Kan Zigui , Wang Chunling , Tang Junyan , Zheng Guilin , Zhang Kun , Wang Xihong , Li Caolong , Yang Ke
Published: September 2018

Cu2O nanocubes with different size (ranging from 20 nm to 400 nm) were prepared by a seed-mediated method to systematically explore the strong size-dependent properties in photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO). Cu2O nanotubes were characterized by TEM,
XRD, UV-Vis measurements. The size-dependent photocatalytic efficiency of the Cu2O nanocubes was evaluated by degradation of methyl orange (MO) in water under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation. Furthermore, the photocurrent, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and
electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measurements were applied to elucidate the size-dependent properties of Cu2O nanocubes, which demonstrated that smaller Cu2O nanocubes with certain length (30 nm) showed higher current density, faster electron transfer and lower
rate of charge recombination in their exposed (100) facet. Therefore, 30 nm Cu2O nanocubes showed stronger visible light absorption capacity and higher photocatalytic activity in MO degradation among a series of nanocubes (20, 30, 100, 130, 200 and 400 nm) and their corresponding
photocatalytic activities decreased with increasing the particles sizes.
H727 Multicellular Spheroids and Its Resistance to Antitumor Drugs Sunitinib and Axitinib
Authors: Wang Zhengyang , Chen Hao , Zhou Naizhen , Zhang Tianzhu , Ren Pengfei , Chen Gang
Published: September 2018

The three-dimensional (3D) culture model of neuroendocrine tumor H727 cells was established by using the agarose gel as culture matrix, which provided a new method for drug screening of neuroendocrine tumors. As VEGFR inhibitor, sunitinib and axitinib were applied to inhibit human neuroendocrine
H727 cell line in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D culture models. The inhibitory rate of H727 cells with different drug concentration were assessed by CCK-8 assay method and combined with using the FDA/PI double staining and the digital microscope analysis system. When the concentration of sunitinib
≥4.0 μmol/L, the H727 spheroids began to split, and the apoptosis of H727 cells occurred, the sizes of multicellular spheroids was significantly reduced in the groups of high-dose axitinib. These results illustrated that sunitinib and axitinib can effectively inhibit the growth
and proliferation of neuroendocrine tumor H727 cells. Sunitinib and axitinib can also promote apoptosis of H727 cells.
Recent Advances on the Optical Properties of Eu3+ Ion in Nano-Systems
Authors: Kar Arik , Patra Amitava
Published: September 2018

Rare-earth (RE) doped nanomaterials have already proven promising materials for advanced materials and technologies including optics, lasers, catalysts, alloys, magnets, electronics, lighting, bioanalyses, imaging etc. because of their outstanding properties such as extremely narrow
emission bands, long lifetimes, large strokes shifts, photostability and absence of blinking. The efficient of RE doped phosphors is found to be controlled by tuning nonradiative relaxation pathway which eventually controls by tuning crystal phase of host, lattice vibration, concentration
of dopant etc. Cross relaxation nonradiative decay due to concentration quenching can be manipulated by controlling dopant concentration. This review article highlights the optical properties of Eu3+ ion in various hosts such as fluoride, phosphate, silica, semiconductor, oxyhalide,
vanadate, molybdate and tungstate because of its importance for potential applications. It is important to know how the host environment influences the radiative and nonradiative relaxation which eventually controls the overall photoluminescence properties. Of particular attention is how the
optical properties of Eu3+ ion vary with changing the host environment with the anticipation that such knowledge will permit us to construct efficient nanomaterials. Finally, a tentative outlook on future advances of this research field is given.
[WITHDRAWN ARTICLE] Research on the Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Composite Cathode of YBaCo1.4Cu0.6–O5+δ-xSDC
Authors: Qi Haidong , Fu Xinmin , Liu Minghui , Wang Lizhong , Liu Hongbo
Published: September 2018

[WITHDRAWN ARTICLE] In this paper, because the new test equipment is used in the test, the debugging problems of the equipment are found in the recent experiments, resulting in the inaccurate test data, which can not reflect the actual results. We are afraid it will mislead the readers and can't explain the characteristics of the battery well. In order to maintain the seriousness of science, the authors of this article hereby apply to withdraw the manuscript and bear all consequences.
Development of Magnetic-Fluorescent Bifunctional Drug Delivery System with Dual Drug Content and Enhanced Fluorescence
Authors: Li Ping , Qi Bing , Li Kun , Xu Junwei , Song Yanhui , Kang Danyue , Fan Yubo
Published: September 2018

The drug delivery system incorporating magnetic particles and fluorescent marker would be uniquely effective for magnetic targeting and fluorescent tracing. In order for the fluorescent signals to reflect the drug delivery accurately, the separation of the fluorescent label and drugs
must be counteracted. The objective of the current study was to design a method of binding drugs to the fluorescent material so that the drug diffusion and delivery could be monitored precisely. To obtain fluorescently-labeled drugs, complexes of the rare earth ion with a single drug benzimidazole
(Tb(Bim)3), and with combined drugs benzimidazole and aspirin (TbBim(Asp)2) were generated. Subsequently, the magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 and TbBim(Asp)2 were encapsulated in chitosan microspheres to prepare magnetic fluorescent bifunctional
drug delivery system Fe3O4/TbBim(Asp)2/Chitosan. The intermediate and final products were analyzed by spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and electron microscopy, documenting that the newly developed drug-containing nanoparticles exhibited desirable
fluorescent, magnetic, and morphologic properties.
Technology Evolution and Growth Potential for Printed Electronic Papers
Authors: Zhang Zhijuan , Yang Chaofeng
Published: September 2018

Electronic paper is now closer than ever to changing the way we read, write, and study. This was hailed as a revolution so profound that some see it as second only to the invention of the printing press in the 15th century. In this study, four analytical methods, which included statistical
analysis, technology decomposition, multistage technological evolution and growth potential analysis were used. Results showed that technological research on business has great potential for development and vast market, and it would be another 16 years before the limit could be reached for
patents. A great deal of technology breakthrough has been achieved during 1992 and 2012. The four major countries for printed electronic paper development are Japan, USA, South Korea and China. However, China has a gap compared with other countries, as the key technology was held by large
enterprises. The apparatus for printed electronic paper has been the major focus in China. The key point for research on printed electronic paper was focused on devices for presentation and light emission, and related semiconductor devices.
Extraction of Genomic DNA via Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Magnetic Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhu Mingsong , Yang Yajun , Cao Junjun , Shi Feng
Published: September 2018

We herein describe a solvothermal method for preparing superparamagnetic Fe3O4 magnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters with an average diameter of 195 nm. The Fe3O4 magnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters were characterized by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and other methods. The Fe3O4 magnetic colloidal nanocrystal clusters were used to extract genomic DNA from fresh blood, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and frozen blood. Results showed that the genomic
DNA integrity, purity and yield extracted via this universal method were satisfactory. This method is rapid, simple and does not use protease K or toxic compounds. This method lays the foundation for future research and nucleic acid extraction techniques.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Jurinea dolomiaea and Biological Activities
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Altaf Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Qayyum , Manzoor Saima , Shekheli Muhammad Azhar , Shah Muhammad Ali , Ilyas Syed Zafar , Hussain Zakir
Published: September 2018

Green syntheses of nanoparticles using plant materials are of tremendous scope. Here we report advantageous green synthesis for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous-root extract of Jurinea dolomiaea and AgNO3. Color change of solution and UV-Vis absorption at
444 nm indicated the formation of AgNPs. XRD confirmed their face centered cubic structure (fcc) with average particle size of 24.58 nm. SEM analysis showed their spherical, cubic and triangular structures. FT-IR indicated the presence of functional groups of reducing and stabilizing phytochemicals.
Methanol-root extract of J. dolomiaea revealed high flavonoid (445 mg RE/g) and phenolic contents (92 mg GAE/g). Methanol-extract showed high antioxidant potency (IC50 = 0.494 μg/mL), rationally due to its high phenolic and flavonoid contents. These AgNPs showed
the highest and equal antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Inhibition zone 11.0 mm) whereas, methanol-roots extract showed equal and intermediate activities (Inhibition zone 8.0 mm) against both pathogens but aqueous extract showed poor
activities (Inhibition zone 6.0 mm) against these both pathogens. AgNPs are playing a major role in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine due to their antimicrobial and drug delivery efficacy as well as reasonable tolerance in human biology.
Shear Mode Bulk Acoustic Viscosity Sensor for Blood Coagulation Monitoring in Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Song Shuren , Chen Da , Wang Hongfei , Guo Qiuquan , Yu Wangli
Published: September 2018

Frequent monitoring of blood coagulation status is essential for patients receiving treatment with some oral anticoagulant agents. In this paper, we present a microelectromechanical film bulk acoustic resonator for the measurement of blood coagulation parameters. The resonator was made
of an aluminum nitride piezoelectric film and operated in thickness shear resonance mode with a frequency of about 2 GHz. The resonant frequency showed a linear relationship with the viscosity of the environmental liquid over the wide range of 1–25 cP, falling within the physiological
range of human blood. The coagulation process of human blood was monitored by following the frequency downshift due to the viscosity change. Therefore, the frequency response was used to determine quantitatively three clinically significant parameters being the enzymatic cascade time, the
coagulation time and the clot degree. As a practical demonstration, the proposed micro-resonator was applied to monitor coagulation for one month in a patient taking the oral anticoagulant, warfarin, daily. The results measured by the resonator were consistent with those of the standard coagulometer.
As a result of the excellent potential for integration, miniaturization and the availability of direct digital signals, the shear mode film bulk acoustic resonator has promising application for clinical and personal coagulation monitoring.