bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of broad-spectrum induced resistance in rice by the green leaf volatile Z-3-hexenyl acetate
Authors: Desmedt Willem , Ameye Maarten , Filipe Osvaldo , De Waele Evelien , Van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Deforce Dieter , Van Meulebroek Lieven , Vanhaecke Lynn , Kyndt Tina , Höfte Monica , Audenaert Kris
Published: August 2023

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), volatile organic compounds released by plants upon tissue damage, are key signaling molecules in plant immunity. The ability of exogenous GLV application to trigger an induced resistance (IR) phenotype against arthropod pests has been widely reported, but its effectiveness against plant pathogens is less well understood. In this study, we combined mRNA sequencing-based transcriptomics and phytohormone measurements with multispectral imaging-based precision phenotyping to gain insights into the molecular basis of Z-3-hexenyl acetate-induced resistance (Z-3-HAC-IR) in rice. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of Z-3-HAC-IR against a panel of economically significant rice pathogens: Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, and Meloidogyne graminicola. Our data revealed rapid induction of jasmonate metabolism and systemic induction of plant immune responses upon Z-3-HAC exposure, as well as a transient allocation cost due to accelerated chlorophyll degradation and nutrient remobilization. Z-3-HAC-IR proved effective against all tested pathogens except for C. miyabeanus, including against the (hemi)biotrophs M. graminicola, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, and P. oryzae. The Z-3-HAC-IR phenotype was lost in the jasmonate (JA)-deficient hebiba mutant, which confirms the causal role of JA in Z-3-HAC-IR. Together, our results show that GLV exposure in rice induces broad-spectrum, JA-mediated disease resistance with limited allocation costs, and may thus be a promising alternative crop protection approach.
Bisimulation in model-changing modal logics: An algorithmic study
Authors: Ghosh Sujata , Gupta Shreyas , Li Lei
Published: August 2023

We discuss the notion of bisimulation in various model-changing modal logics and provide an algorithmic study of the same. We provide a general algorithm which gives an overall procedure to check whether two models are bisimilar in all these logics. Through our algorithmic analyses we provide a PSPACE upper bound of the bisimulation/model comparison problem of all these modal logics. We also provide some insight into the higher complexity of the model comparison problem for these logics compared to that for the basic modal logic.
Aerobic and anaerobic responses to training
Authors: McNarry Melitta A , Armstrong Neil
Published: August 2023

Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in research focused on the influence of training on the aerobic and anaerobic fitness of youth. This has led to a growing body of evidence that suggests that children and adolescents are able to respond to training, irrespective of their maturity level. Specifically, peak oxygen uptake (V.O2peak) and pulmonary V.O2 kinetics are well-evidenced to be enhanced with training, with more tentative evidence to suggest similar adaptations in the lactate/gas exchange threshold and exercise economy. In terms of anaerobic fitness, peak and mean power are generally reported to be increased following training, although speed may be more variable as it is a multifaceted outcome also influenced by motor coordination and anthropometrics. This evidence therefore refutes the notion of a maturational threshold and has important implications for the design of appropriate training programmes for and talent identification in youth athletes. In terms of designing effective training programmes, evidence continues to support the importance of intensity rather than duration in eliciting training-related adaptations in youth. There does, however, remain a paucity of research with regard to the influence of training on many parameters of both aerobic and anaerobic fitness and too few methodologically robust studies to draw conclusions in many areas. Significant work remains to be done in the field of paediatric trainability and the mechanistic basis for training-related adaptations.
Development and training of speed and agility
Authors: Oliver Jon L , Lloyd Rhodri S
Published: August 2023

Speed and agility are fundamental locomotive skills that form the basis of many physical activities and are known to contribute to success in youth sport. Speed and agility represent unique qualities; speed refers to the ability to move quickly in a straight line, whereas agility refers to the ability to rapidly change direction in response to a stimulus. Agility can be further subdivided into the physical component of change-of-direction speed and a perceptual component related to the ability to respond to external stimuli. The natural development and trainability of speed has become relatively well understood in children and adolescents, whereas our understanding of agility is predominantly limited to research examining change-of-direction speed. This chapter focuses on describing the natural development of speed and agility throughout childhood and adolescence, as well as examining interactions between training and maturity in both the short- and long-term across a range of different modes of training.
Physiological assessment and monitoring of elite youth athletes
Authors: Armstrong Neil , Barker Alan R
Published: August 2023

Scientific support is an essential component of long-term athletic development programmes designed to optimise the present and future sporting performance of elite youth athletes. Physiological assessment and monitoring require a clear rationale with due consideration of the ethics of the physiological testing of minors. It is the responsibility of the sport physiologist, in consultation with the coach and athlete, to identify the specific physiological determinants of the youth athlete’s sport, event(s), or role in a team, to select the appropriate physiological variables to examine, and to design an appropriate battery of ecologically valid laboratory-based physiological assessments and complementary field tests. The physical and physiological variables underpinning youth sport performance develop with sex-specific, concurrent changes in age, growth, and maturation controlled by individual biological clocks. Elite youth athletes might be prepubertal, mid-pubertal, or in late puberty, or have completed biological maturation and the sport physiologist needs to interpret longitudinal assessment data in relation to both developmental physiology and the elite performance demands of specific sports. Physiological assessment and monitoring do not take place in a vacuum and the relationship between the sport physiologist, other members of the scientific support team, coach, and youth athlete is an essential component of a successful scientific support programme. The success of the programme is promoted by prompt feedback of contextual data interpreted and discussed in relation to performance progression and communicated free of scientific jargon through platforms commonly used by coaches and youth athletes, including videos, infographics, and audio presentations.
Contribution of the factors to EuroQol 5 Dimensions in rheumatoid arthritis patients achieving low disease activity/remission with abatacept treatment: Post hoc subgroup analyses of the Japanese real-world observational ‘ORIGAMI’ study
Authors: Harigai Masayoshi , Tanaka Eiichi , Inoue Eisuke , Tamura Naoto , Misaki Kenta , Azuma Takanori , Hirata Shintaro , Hirano Fuminori , Taniguchi Yoshinori , Mitsuhashi Masaki , Kondo Masahiro , Oribe Motohiro , Aoki Kazutoshi , Kadode Michiaki , Tsuritani Katsuki , Yamanaka Hisashi
Published: August 2023

Objectives

To address improvements in quality of life, we analysed the relative contributions of factors to EuroQol 5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) in abatacept-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients in the Orencia® Registry in Geographically Assembled Multicenter Investigation (ORIGAMI) study.

Methods

Patients who were evaluable for disease activity through to  Week 52 in the ORIGAMI study were divided into those achieving Simplified Disease Activity Index-remission/low disease activity (remission/LDA; n = 178) and patients with moderate disease activity/high disease activity (MDA/HDA; n = 99). We compared the changes in EQ-5D and other outcomes through to Week 52. Focusing on the remission/LDA group, the contribution of each factor to the variance of EQ-5D at baseline and Week 52 was examined using analysis of variance.

Results

The remission/LDA group showed greater improvements than the MDA/HDA group in EQ-5D, Japanese Health Assessment Questionnaire, visual analogue scale for pain (Pain VAS), and patient’s global assessment (PtGA). In the remission/LDA group, factors significantly contributing to EQ-5D were sex, C-reactive protein, and Pain VAS at baseline, and PtGA and age at Week 52.

Conclusions

In rheumatoid arthritis patients who achieved remission/LDA during abatacept treatment, PtGA and age at Week 52 contribute to the variance of EQ-5D, suggesting that the identification of factors associated with PtGA may be important to address improvements in quality of life.
ChimeraTE: a pipeline to detect chimeric transcripts derived from genes and transposable elements
Authors: Oliveira Daniel S , Fablet Marie , Larue Anaïs , Vallier Agnès , Carareto Claudia M A , Rebollo Rita , Vieira Cristina
Published: August 2023

Transposable elements (TEs) produce structural variants and are considered an important source of genetic diversity. Notably, TE-gene fusion transcripts, i.e. chimeric transcripts, have been associated with adaptation in several species. However, the identification of these chimeras remains hindered due to the lack of detection tools at a transcriptome-wide scale, and to the reliance on a reference genome, even though different individuals/cells/strains have different TE insertions. Therefore, we developed ChimeraTE, a pipeline that uses paired-end RNA-seq reads to identify chimeric transcripts through two different modes. Mode 1 is the reference-guided approach that employs canonical genome alignment, and Mode 2 identifies chimeras derived from fixed or insertionally polymorphic TEs without any reference genome. We have validated both modes using RNA-seq data from four Drosophila melanogaster wild-type strains. We found ∼1.12% of all genes generating chimeric transcripts, most of them from TE-exonized sequences. Approximately ∼23% of all detected chimeras were absent from the reference genome, indicating that TEs belonging to chimeric transcripts may be recent, polymorphic insertions. ChimeraTE is the first pipeline able to automatically uncover chimeric transcripts without a reference genome, consisting of two running Modes that can be used as a tool to investigate the contribution of TEs to transcriptome plasticity.
Fear of Relativism?
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2023

The chapter was originally published as a contribution to a Philosophical Studies book symposium on Paul Boghossian’s Fear of Knowledge (Clarendon Press, 2006). In his short book, Boghossian aims to expose as bankrupt the idea that there is even a coherent, let alone defensible, philosophical stance about truth and knowledge that can underwrite contemporary ‘pluralist’, or ‘postmodernist’ ideas about reality and objectivity. But since it was crucial to his project that his discussion remain available to non-specialists, much of the recent more technical debate within analytical philosophy about relativism’s renaissance as a particular form of semantic theory is passed over unmentioned. The chapter aims to show how Boghossian’s discussion nevertheless connects quite straightforwardly with relativism in its contemporary analytical philosophical livery—what I have elsewhere called ‘New Age Relativism’—and how some of his critical arguments may proceed in that setting. The principal contentions are, first, that when relativism about epistemic justification, and about morals, are couched in the currently canonical sort of form, they still remain in range of artillery that Boghossian positions in chapter 6 of his book; second, that there is evasive action that they can take; but, third, that when they take it, they effectively have nothing to offer over other well-established forms of—broadly speaking—anti-realism, and that the play with specifically relativist ideas becomes nugatory. New Age Relativism, about morals and epistemic justification at least, is nothing distinctively to be anxious about. If anxiety is fitting, it should concern whether our aspirations to epistemic and moral objectivity can withstand attacks that neither need nor prosper under the flag of relativism but are best articulated differently.
Trumping Assessments and the Aristotelian Future
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2023

The background to the chapter is Aristotle’s idea that contingent statements about the future are indeterminate in truth-value, but that their present tensed counterparts, when uttered at some suitable future time, t, can be true, or false, as normally supposed, depending on how events have turned out. The view becomes of questionable coherence once it is granted that one who speaks at t must then allow—as we naturally suppose—that an earlier prediction of the truth of what they assert was true when made. John MacFarlane has suggested that this combination of views can nevertheless be stabilized by invoking as assessment-sensitive notion of truth, with time of utterance the relevant parameter of assessment-context. The chapter observes that this move involves allowing what it terms ‘trumping’, whereby it is not merely a given range of statements whose truth is relativized to an assessment-contextual parameter, C, but also higher-order claims of the form, ‘S is true relative to C’, that are likewise variable in truth-value relative to parameters of the same sort as C. It is argued that trumping creates a problem for relativism if the tenability of relativism is taken to require the possibility of identifying “witnesses” to its correctness: that is, statements such that it may be correctly asserted of them that they are true relative to one context of assessment but false relative to another. In the Appendix some results are developed on the relation between trumping and multi-order relativism.
The Variability of ‘Knows’
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2023

Much recent debate in epistemology has been provoked by the point that whether the ascription, or denial, of knowledge of some matter to an agent is appropriate seems to depend, in a number of ways, not just on their evidence but on variable extraneous features of the context and circumstances—thus Hume’s idea that he knew full well of the existence of an external world when in the company of his drinking companions but not in the philosophical quiet of his study. This is the variability phenomenon. The chapter considers in some detail and compares each of four theoretical proposals to account for it systematically—contextualism, interest-relative invariantism, MacFarlane-style assessment-sensitivity, and regular invariantism—all of which agree that the phenomenon of variability is real but offer very different accounts of the nature of the dependencies and parameters involved. The chapter reviews their offerings in detail and makes a case that all are fundamentally unsatisfactory either failing to predict all aspects of the variability of ‘knows’ manifest in our practice or else predicting uses of ‘know’ and its cognates which seem manifestly outré and incorrect. The recommended conclusion is that our discourse involving ‘knows’ and its cognates is actually subject to no genuinely systematic pragmatics-sensitive variability of assertion conditions. The suggested moral is a form of deflationary account of the concept of knowledge—or better, of the function of ‘knows’. ‘Knowledge’ does not cut epistemic reality “at the joints” as people have come to like to say, and the idea that knowledge should come first in analytical epistemology is accordingly a mistake. Rather, knowledge—the presumed substantive referent of ‘knows’—comes nowhere.
Weakness of Will and Delay Discounting
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora
Published: August 2023

Breaking one’s dieting rule or resolution to quit smoking, procrastination, convenient lies, even the failure of entire nations to follow through with plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions or keep a pandemic in check—these phenomena have been discussed by philosophers and behavioural scientists as examples of weakness of will and delay discounting. Despite the common subject matter both fields have to date rarely worked together for mutual benefit. For the empirical literature is hardly accessible to a reader not familiar with econometric theory. Conversely, researchers in the behavioural sciences may find philosophical accounts invoking discounting models difficult to understand without inside knowledge of the debates and historical background. Targeting this lacuna, this monograph renders relevant conceptions and findings from both disciplines intelligible to outsiders. Conceptually linking them reveals that discounting—as philosophers have conceived of it—is neither necessary nor sufficient for weakness of will, even though there is substantial overlap. Therefore, the book develops a richer descriptive account of weakness of will that is based on the empirically founded assumption that weak-willed behaviour is determined by the uncertainty about whether or when a good materialises. It also explains why weakness of the will understood in this way is irrational: the agent yields to a cognitive bias that leads them to underestimate the greater good they think they ought to and can obtain. Finally, the monograph explores practical implications for individuals and policymakers.
Agency in Descriptive Research
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces readers not familiar with the economic or scientific literature to the account of agency that discounting models are based on. On this view, the agent has preferences about their available options which in turn align with the value or utility assigned to each option and determine how the agent decides between their options if given a choice. Delay discounting theory, as initially developed, is based on these assumptions. Thus, they in turn underlie and constrain any account of weakness of will invoking delay discounting theory. The chapter therefore outlines the possible ways in which weakness of will can be coherently described given these constraints. It concludes that weakness of will is best understood as a specific kind of preference reversal.
Criticizing Weakness of Will
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the grounds on which weak-willed delay discounting may be criticized as irrational. Weakness of will has been a prime example of practical irrationality for philosophers. Given an understanding of weak-willed delay discounting, the weak-willed actions it determines may be understood as biased. That is, they may be actions from the cognitive bias to discount delayed benefits more than less or not delayed ones. The cognitive bias itself may not be irrational but the judgements or actions based on this bias may be. This is because they make us incoherent or lead us to inadequately respond to our reasons.
Assimilation
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane
Published: August 2023

Women in colonial Ireland are the focus of this chapter, which explores assimilation and integration, together with the everyday relationships between colonised and coloniser. Two works of literature—the first Irish play, Landgartha, and the first Irish novel, Vertue Rewarded—bookend the chapter. Sections I and IV use these remarkable works to review the traditional configurations of kingdom, colony, and empire through the prism of women. Marriage across ethnic, social, and religious boundaries and the extent to which this fostered integration and assimilation is explored in greater depth in Section II. Section III examines the lived experiences of ‘ordinary’, non-elite women, during times of peace and then during the bitter colonial war of the 1640s. By exploring more everyday issues—of literacy, landholding, and labour as well as material culture and moneylending—it moves beyond the ‘colonised’/‘coloniser’ stereotypes and recognises that women from all ethnic and religious backgrounds were often the social glue that held together families and communities. Throughout, the emphasis is on assimilation but this chapter never loses sight of how women experienced endemic violence and intense warfare or the expropriation and exploitation that characterised early modern Ireland.
Agents of empire
Authors: Ohlmeyer Jane
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the agency of people from Ireland as they engaged with empires across the early modern world and notes the ease with which some flitted across these empires and created considerable economic opportunities. Section I focuses on the English empire and the importance of cosmopolitan London, and explores who these agents were, what they did, how, and why. Section II develops the notion of trans-imperialism and of an ‘Irish global empire’ built on the back of other European powers. Section III examines the Irishness of the English empire in the Atlantic and Asia and aims to complicate the dominant coloniser narrative. Section IV asks what being trans-imperial meant for senses of identity, especially for ‘Irishness’, ‘Englishness’, and ‘Britishness’.
Reason
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, I focus on the form of cognition that reason in particular aims to achieve. In doing so, I begin with more familiar characterizations of reason in Kant as the capacity for inference and cognition from principles, before turning to a more neglected characterization: reason as the capacity for “comprehension” (Begreifen). This is a cognitive achievement that is roughly equivalent to what contemporary epistemologists have in mind with “understanding”, which Kant conceives of as insight or cognition from principles that is sufficient to our purposes. In the remainder of this chapter, I discuss the significance of this conception of reason’s aims, focusing on two issues. First, I discuss the significance of the fact that, unlike his rationalist predecessors, Kant conceives of reason as a capacity, not for rational insight full stop, but rather for comprehension. I argue that this is closely associated with Kant’s critical modesty about the reach of reason. But I also argue that this characterization of reason is significant for our understanding of the unity of theoretical and practical reason. Like cognition in general, comprehension comes in both a theoretical and a practical form. Thus, we can make use of the idea of reason as the capacity for comprehension to better understand the unity of reason, while also using Kant’s end- or purpose-relative conception of comprehension to explain his claims about the primacy of practical reason’s ends or interests.
Conclusion
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

The chapter concludes the discussion with a brief discussion of four issues. First, it returns to the implications of this conception of reason for our understanding of the entire system of rational capacities, arguing that what results from my account is a radicalization of Longuenesse’s work on the teleological structure of such capacities. Then it returns to the potential advantages of the resulting “reason-first” approach to meta-normative questions by comparing this approach to some of the forms of “reasons fundamentalism” in the recent literature, and argues that the connections established between reason, understanding, and autonomy also provide a powerful framework for critiquing many social and political institutions as implicitly irrational. But the chapter ends on a less optimistic note, by briefly considering whether Kant really provides us with a satisfying framework for thinking about how reason is realized in finite, sensibly conditioned creatures. In doing so, the chapter suggests that Kant’s conception of the unity of theoretical and practical reason, while powerful, remains insufficient in some ways to do justice to their interdependence. A more satisfying picture of this relationship points us towards the attempts of Kant’s idealist successors to better integrate these concerns into the foundations of the critical system.
Universal Natural History
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Kant’s early work on natural history. It argues that Kant’s first major work on the subject, Universal Natural History, must be situated against the backdrop of a fierce debate regarding the extension of Newtonian method if its full significance is to be appreciated. In contrast to standard readings, the chapter claims that Kant builds on the materialist interpretation of Newtonianism advanced by Maupertuis and Buffon to elevate natural history to the status of a physical science capable of explaining the present diversity of things. Kant’s conception of natural history is universal to the extent that it grounds the mathematical principles of Newtonianism in quasi-Leibnizian material forces, thereby situating the diversity of natural products within a single causal nexus that traces back to an original diffusion of matter.
Carving at the Joints
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

This essay first appeared as a critical notice of Ted Sider’s Writing the Book of the World. Sider argues that an optimal description of the world must capture its basic structure, and that both physicists and metaphysicians can contribute to this enterprise, although the latter have an additional concern with the nature of the enterprise itself. It is argued not only that this concern is more subjective and more parochial than Sider allows, but also, contrary to what he insists, that there is something subjective even about structure as he conceives it. It is further argued, in the same vein, that by allowing metaphysicians to have a concern with the nature of the enterprise Sider makes a significant concession to a conception of metaphysics to which he would be firmly opposed, namely the conception of metaphysics as a humanistic discipline. Sider’s own rival conception of metaphysics emerges as unduly scientistic, but also, revealingly, as containing elements that militate against just such scientism.
Maxims and Thick Ethical Concepts
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: August 2023

The starting point for this essay is provided by Kant’s notion of a maxim and the role that it plays in his formulations of the fundamental categorical imperative. This raises the question of what a maxim is, and why there is not the same requirement for resolutions of other kinds to play the same role. An answer to this question is proffered that draws on Bernard Williams’s notion of a thick ethical concept and that is intended neither in a spirit of simple exegesis nor as a straightforward exercise in moral philosophy but as something that is poised somewhere between the two. The aim is to provide a kind of rational reconstruction of Kant. In the final section of the essay it is argued that this reconstruction, while it manages to salvage something distinctively Kantian, also does justice to the relativism involved in what J. L. Mackie calls ‘people’s adherence to and participation in different ways of life’.
Conclusion
Authors: Franko Katja , Goyes David R.
Published: August 2023

This final chapter brings together the themes discussed in the book. It begins by comparing television series and movies about violence in Medellín with the cinematic representations of the 2011 terrorist attacks in Norway. We highlight the differential treatment of victims in these two regions, and the differences in how they shape cinematic portrayals. The victims’ ability to participate in collective history-making depends not only on their economic, cultural, or social capital, but also on their geographic location. This chapter highlights the need for a debate about the consequences of commercial exploitation of drug violence for societies and individuals, as well as a need to challenge the narrative power of certain commercial actors, such as Netflix, in shaping collective memories of societies.
Financial Institutions in Distress
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

Political boundaries are often porous to finance, financial intermediation, and financial distress. Yet they are highly impervious to financial regulation. When inhabitants of a country suffering a deficit of purchasing power are able to access funds flowing in from a country with a surfeit of such power, the inhabitants of both countries may benefit. They may also benefit when institutions undertaking such cross-border intermediation experience economies of scale and are able to innovate and to offer funds and services at lower costs. Inevitably, however, at least some such institutions will sometimes suffer distress in one country and may then transmit such distress to other countries in which it operates. The efficacy of any response to such cross-border transmission of distress may turn on the response being given due effect in both (or all) the territories in which the distressed financial institution operates. This situation creates a conundrum for policymakers, legislators, and regulators who wish to enable those subject to their jurisdiction to access the benefits of cross-border financial intermediation, yet cannot make rules and regulations that would have effect outside that jurisdiction. This book explores this conundrum and offers a response. It advocates for the creation of a model law that would address the full range of financial institutions, and that would enable relevant authorities to cooperate with counterparts in advance of the onset of distress and to give appropriate effect in their jurisdiction to measures taken by counterpart authorities in other jurisdictions in which the distressed institution also operates.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Ronald , Madaus Stephan , Marcucci Monica , Mevorach Irit , Mokal Riz , Romaine Barbara , Sarra Janis , Tirado Ignacio
Published: August 2023

The conclusion offers some final thoughts on insights throughout the book. The proposed features of a Model Law on Cross-border Financial Institution Resolution framework promote global solutions and enhanced cooperation and coordination between resolution authorities, while giving due regard to local expectations and concerns. A global approach to restructuring and liquidation of financial institutions is essential to containing the systemic impact of financial institution failure. At the same time, the regime must have regard to the impact of the resolution solution on the local creditors, depositors, and policyholders, and on the stability of the domestic financial system. The key features of effective cross-border resolution measures address the cross-border aspects of the financial distress and promote centralized approaches, while recognizing that local jurisdictions may, in relevant circumstances, more fairly and efficiently administer local liabilities and assets. Such a process respects the normative weight of legislative choices in each jurisdiction that are not unfair or prejudicial to interests affected outside the jurisdiction.
Care Robots and Affective Legitimacy
Authors: DeFalco Amelia
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 focuses on human/robot care. It explores the capacity of nonhumans to be involved in so-called real care relations, interrogating discourses of legitimacy and authenticity and how these discourses are mobilized in treatments of posthuman affective relations. The chapter analyses three fictional texts that challenge conventional distinctions drawn between authentic and simulated care and the common assumption that good care is necessarily human care: Louisa Hall’s novel Speak, the television program Real Humans, and the film Robot and Frank.
Feral Touch
Authors: DeFalco Amelia
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the haptic dimensions of posthuman care via an examination of imagined feral and alien relations. It explores the neuroanatomy, ethics, and politics of touch alongside fictions of posthuman haptic care at the margins of human “civilized” society, care in ruins and dumps, remote jungles, and razed forests, in dilapidated houses and desolate highlands. In Eva Hornung’s novel Dog Boy, Bhanu Kapil’s Humanimal: A Project for Future Children, and the film Under the Skin, narratives of feral children and alien encounters exaggerate and amplify the mundane, everyday posthuman tactile encounters that form the fabric of embodied life, demonstrating how the relationality and open-endedness of touch creates affirmative possibilities for becoming alongside risks of violence, aggression, and domination.
Justice
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter IV discusses the nature, basis and operation of justice both distributive and commutative, broadly following Aristotle’s distinctions; it organizes the discussion in terms of justice between citizen and state, justice between state and citizen, and justice between citizens; and it rejects the emphasis on social institutions fostered by Rawls.
Introduction
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

The introductory chapter presents an overview of this book’s overarching argument and context. In so doing, it outlines the fundamental rationale, puzzle, and case study – namely, North Korea – underpinning this book. This chapter emphasises the starting point for this book, with respect to how the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the state that has been so often nicknamed the “hermit kingdom”, has, in fact, acquired the status of a nuclear-armed state, in all but name. At the same time, North Korea has obtained a notorious global reputation as the poster-child of delinquent behaviour in international relations. The chapter summarises the main argument of the book, vis-à-vis how North Korea has been able to reap rewards from deploying delinquent behaviour in relation to the global nuclear order. The concepts of the global nuclear order; status in international relations; and the original theoretical framework of “strategic delinquency” are subsequently introduced, the latter which forms the core of this book’s argument and analysis. Finally, this chapter offers an outline of subsequent chapters, which highlight how North Korea’s world view and its engagement with the global nuclear order and wider international order have evolved with time.
Strategic delinquency
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 outlines the theoretical framework of ‘strategic delinquency’. In so doing, it underscores how, whilst delinquent behaviour with respect to the global nuclear order and wider international order inflicts a range of costs, it can also procure beneficial social and material outcomes for the respective delinquent state. This framework highlights how states must consider the trade-offs of defying or complying with nuclear and broader international norms in deciding their behavioural choices. Before outlining this framework, this chapter outlines how the global nuclear order, and its evolving nature with time, remain inextricably intertwined with questions of international status. It emphasizes how, after its creation and consolidation in the post-war era, the global nuclear order and, specifically, the nuclear non-proliferation regime, have become increasingly fragile, not least owing to the nuclear aspirations of so-called ‘rogue’ nuclear states such as North Korea. As such, this chapter argues how engaging in strategic delinquency is one response by states that occupy a lower-status position within the global nuclear order in pursuit of beneficial outcomes.
Quest for significance
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 applies the framework of ‘strategic delinquency’ to the so-called ‘first nuclear crisis’ from December 1985 to October 1994. It examines how North Korea’s nuclear ambitions gained prominence even before the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) joined the global nuclear order and Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1985. Prior to acceding to the NPT, the DPRK’s international status was in decline as it was already violating the norms of the post-war liberal international order. This chapter divides the ‘first nuclear crisis’ into three phases. In so doing, it examines how North Korea’s deployment of delinquent behaviour was cyclical, from outward compliance with nuclear norms after joining the NPT; to norm transgression in 1993 when it threatened to withdraw from the NPT; to an act of norm compliance in 1994, when it signed the Agreed Framework with the United States and agreed to freeze its then nascent nuclear development in exchange for considerable rewards. This chapter underscores how the ‘first nuclear crisis’ taught North Korea the fundamental lesson that it could gain social and material rewards despite breaching nuclear and wider international norms.
Bad romance
Authors: Howell Edward
Published: August 2023

Chapter 6 applies the framework of strategic delinquency to the revealing behaviour of North Korea during the US administration of Donald Trump, placing particular focus on the period from 2017 to 2019. In so doing, it examines how North Korea’s accelerating nuclear ambitions and pursuit of international status were heavily influenced by the unprecedented foreign policy of the Trump administration, the declining stability of the nuclear order, and a waning US commitment to the nuclear order during this time. This chapter emphasizes how, during this time, North Korea’s initially provocative behaviour, marked by the launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 2017, was followed by feigned compliance with nuclear norms and the United States’ demands. It highlights how North Korea sought to leverage the unusual disposition of President Trump in order to compel the United States to abandon its ‘hostile policy’, ease unilateral and multilateral sanctions imposed upon the Democratic Republic of Korea (DPRK), and gain international recognition as a nuclear state. Despite three presidential-level summits between Kim Jong Un and Trump and the same number of meetings between Kim Jong Un and his South Korean counterpart, Moon Jae-in, North Korea failed to reap its desired outcomes, in no small part owing to its reluctance to concede on its increasingly sophisticated nuclear programme. As a result, by 2020, the DPRK had lost interest both in the global nuclear order and in dialogue with the United States. Relations between Washington and Pyongyang had reached a nadir.
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the extent of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. It explores the general provision surrounding immigration and asylum, which amends several sections of the Amends Immigration Act 1971. If the regularisation period overstayers may apply, in the prescribed manner, for leave to remain in the United Kingdom. Moreover, the Act also includes the procedures in connection with marriage on the superintendent registrar's certificate. The chapter then considers the various offences committed under the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, such as false representations, dishonest representation, and delay. It explains that an immigration officer may arrest without warrant a person whom the immigration officer reasonably suspects has committed an offence.
Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains that the Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 aims to make provisions about immigration, asylum, and nationality. It explains penalties surrounding the employment of an adult subject to immigration control, citing that the Secretary of State may give a notice requiring employers to pay a penalty. England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland enforce different provisions concerning the payable sum to the Secretary of State as a penalty. Thus, the Secretary of State can issue a code of practice on the factors of the imposed penalty. The chapter also details how employers with notice can appeal for their case.
Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the provisions of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. It explains that the Act aims to provide for customs functions to be exercisable by the Secretary of State, the Director of Border Revenue and officials designated by them. Moreover, the provisions revolve around the use and disclosure of customs information, which subsequently concerns the exercise of customs functions and functions relating to immigration, asylum or nationality. The chapter elaborates on the extent of border functions, citizenship, and immigration indicated in the Act. It cites that the Schedule of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 contains repeals.
Practice Statement No.1 of 2022, of the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) on or after 13 May 2022
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks into the Practice Statement of the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) on or after 13 May 2022. The Practice Statement replaces all previous Practice Statements issued by the President insofar as they relate to the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber). The Tribunal criticises a notice of appeal as soon as practicable after it has been lodged, so Rule 22 makes no provision for any issue arising under the rule. The chapter explains the review of the decision of the Legal Officer and that applications must be made for the access of proceeding records. It mentions the provisions for the anonymity of directions and orders.
Practice Direction of the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal on or after 13 May 2022
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Practice Direction of the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal on or after 13 May 2022. All appeals to the Tribunal must be started using the online procedure (MyHMCTS) unless it is not reasonably practicable to do so. Moreover, an expert’s report should be addressed to the Tribunal and not to the party from whom the expert has received instructions. The chapter then details the case management of the Tribunal, referring to the duty to hold case management reviews and case management appointments. It explains the rules when a child, vulnerable adult or sensitive witness may give evidence.
Practice Statement
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the immigration judicial review in the Immigration and Asylum Chamber of the Upper Tribunal on or After 1 November 2013. The Practice State supplements the Senior President’s Practice Direction (PD) in respect of applications for judicial review. Moreover, an application for permission to bring the proceedings may be made directly to the Upper Tribunal, where the application is designated as an immigration matter in the Lord Chief Justice’s direction. Meanwhile, the application for permission will not be considered before the time for lodging an Acknowledgment of Service (AOS) has expired. The chapter also cites the notions of urgent consideration and the cost of the Senior President’s PD.
The Immigration (Claimant’s Credibility) Regulations 2004
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the Immigration (Claimant’s Credibility) Regulations 2004, which came into force on 1 January 2005. For the purpose of section 8(5) of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004, a person may be notified of an immigration decision in any of the following ways: orally, including by means of a telecommunications system; in writing given by hand; or in writing sent by fax to a fax number, by electronic mail to an electronic mail address, or delivered or sent by postal service to an address provided for correspondence by the person or their representative. Where no fax number, electronic mail, or postal address for correspondence has been provided by the person, notice of an immigration decision under paragraph (1)(c) may be delivered or sent by postal service to the last known or usual place of abode or place of business of the person or his representative. Notice given in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) to the representative of the person, is to be taken to have been given to the person. In the case of a minor who does not have a representative, notice given in accordance with paragraph (1) or (2) to the parent, guardian, or another adult who for the time being takes responsibility for the minor is taken to have been given to the minor.
The Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses the Asylum Seekers (Reception Conditions) Regulations 2005, which came into force on 5 February 2005. These Regulations shall only apply to a person whose claim for asylum is recorded on or after 5 February 2005. When the Secretary of State is providing or arranging for the provision of accommodation for an asylum seeker and their family members under section 95 or 98 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, he shall have regard to family unity and ensure, in so far as it is reasonably practicable to do so, that family members are accommodated together. The chapter then looks at the provisions for persons with special needs. A vulnerable person is a minor, a disabled person, an elderly person, a pregnant woman; a lone parent with a minor child; or a person who has been subjected to torture, rape, or other serious forms of psychological, physical, or sexual violence.
The Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Accommodation to Failed Asylum-Seekers) Regulations 2005
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the Immigration and Asylum (Provision of Accommodation to Failed Asylum-Seekers) Regulations 2005, which came into force on 31 March 2005. These Regulations apply to a person who is receiving accommodation when these Regulations came into force to the same extent as they apply to a person provided with accommodation after these Regulations came into force. Subject to regulations 4 and 6, the criteria to be used in determining the matters referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of section 4(5) of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 in respect of a person falling within section 4(2) or (3) of that Act are: that they appear to the Secretary of State to be destitute, and that one or more of the conditions set out in paragraph (2) are satisfied in relation to them. Where the Secretary of State so determines, the continued provision of accommodation to a person falling within section 4(2) or (3) of the 1999 Act is to be conditional upon that person’s performance of or participation in such community activity as is described in this regulation and is from time to time notified to the person in accordance with regulation 5. The chapter then details the other conditions on continued provision of accommodation.