bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyberspace Studies
Authors: McGahan Christopher
Published: May 2017

Cyberspace studies (alternatively known as “cyberculture studies”) concerns itself with a multidisciplinary investigation of cultural formations attached to the internet, drawing for its methodologies upon media studies, communication, cultural anthropology, sociology of culture, visual studies, cultural history, linguistics, and performance studies. As a result of the effects in recent years of media convergence, entailing the general availability of media content across a range of digital platforms, cyberspace studies has now become greatly aligned with, if not wholly synonymous with, the study of what was formerly distinguishable as “new” or digital media (i.e., computers, cellphones, digital cameras, etc.). There are, as yet, relatively few dedicated programs or departments in cyberspace studies at universities in America or elsewhere, though a broader emphasis on the study of “digital culture” is now incorporated into the curriculum at many institutions worldwide.
Detective and Spy Fiction
Authors: Tucker Terrence
Published: May 2017

Detective fiction is a genre of literature that traditionally employs a protagonist who is an amateur or professional detective involved in solving a central mystery. Detective fiction has frequently been viewed as merely a popular medium, one that was and continues to be criticized as literarily inferior. Critics have traditionally examined the popularity of detective fiction rather than its presence in other works of literature. For a number of years, the dismissal of detective fiction as not worthy of critical study relegated it as a genre unto itself. However, beginning with the examination of its continued appeal, as Michael Cohen does in
Murder Most Fair
(2000), the study of this genre revealed the literary conventions it both mined and influenced. Although most critics situate the beginning of detective fiction with the appearance of Edgar Allan Poe's story, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841), we can identify elements of the genre as far back as William Goodwin's
Caleb Williams
(1794). Poe's story is primarily structured around the detective Auguste Dupin and, alongside Emile Gaboriau's stories featuring detective Monsieur Lecoq, established detective fiction as a genre that situated itself between mainstream distrust of the police and the increasing desire for law and order. The narrative structure, the relationship between detectives and their partners, and the unfolding of the mystery itself became important sites of study. Just as important, however, is the creation of the detective figure.
McL
uhan,
M
arshall
Authors: Hoffmann Christine
Published: May 2017

Marshall McLuhan (1911–80) was a Canadian cultural theorist, best known for his work on the media and communication, specifically his theory that all media are extensions of human faculties. For most of his career, he taught English at the University of Toronto, but he was also a magazine editor, a grammarian, and a Catholic convert, in addition to being considered a media guru, prophet, pop philosopher, punster, and patron saint of
Wired
magazine, to name but a few. He is famous for inventing and/or popularizing such well‐known phrases as “the global village,” “typographic man,” and, most famously, “the medium is the message.” Due in part to his growing popularity in mainstream culture, McLuhan became a controversial figure in cultural studies; inserting playful puns alongside traditionally academic, erudite discourse, his publications range in tone from the scholarly to the blithe. Alternately dismissed and embraced, McLuhan may claim credit for expanding the debate surrounding media studies and thus ensuring that communication theory became part of a much more general public conversation.
McRobbie,Angela
Authors: Mattingly Emily A.
Published: May 2017

Angela McRobbie (b. 1951) is a cultural critic and theorist, influential in both feminist and cultural studies scholarship. She is best known for her prolific work concerning young women, gender, sexuality, class, race, subcultures, postmodernism, and various popular and consumer cultures. Originally from Glasgow, Scotland, McRob‐bie now resides in England, where she has been a Professor of Communications at Goldsmiths, University of London since 1998.
Newspapers and Magazines
Authors: Jachimiak Peter Hughes
Published: May 2017

Newspapers and magazines, as periodical publications that sometimes reach quite large audiences, are crucial media in modern society. They not only distribute information, but also construct identities, foster a shared sense of community, and provide outlets for advertising and the dissemination of opinions. An examination of newspapers and magazines in cultural studies not only provides an invaluable insight into class‐based reading habits, but makes explicit the simultaneous social and cultural construction of identity. Newspapers and magazines in cultural studies – in line with the interdisciplinary, inclusive nature of cultural studies – can be considered from a range of perspectives: from qualitative “impressions,” through quantitative “mapping,” onto gendered “readings.”
Novel, The
Authors: Spurgin Timothy
Published: May 2017

The novel as a genre has a special historical relationship with the field of cultural studies. One might, for example, see cultural studies as an offshoot of what is sometimes called novel studies. Following this approach, one might view scholarship on the emergence and development of the novel as paving the way for later examinations of other narrative forms, including everything from slasher films to music videos. It is also possible to view cultural studies as an extension of themes and techniques associated with the novel itself. If it is true, as many have said, that cultural studies is concerned with “all the relations between all the elements in a whole way of life” (see Grossberg et al. 1992: 14), then it does make sense to align works of cultural studies with novels like
Emma
or
Middlemarch
.
Proletarian Literature
Authors: Libretti Tim
Published: May 2017

Proletarian literature is literature created by, about, or for members of the working class, focused on working‐class issues and usually conveying an anticapitalist, pro‐socialist message. The term became particularly current, especially in the United States, during the 1930s, when the collapse of Western capitalist economies led many to give serious consideration to alternatives, such as socialism. In an editorial article titled “Go Left, young writers!” in the January 1929 issue of the
New Masses,
editor and proletarian novelist Mike Gold hailed the appearance of a new writer on the American literary scene, one he describes as “a wild youth of about twenty‐two, the son of working‐class parents, who himself works in the lumber camps, coal mines, and steel mills, harvest fields and mountain camps of America” (Gold 1972: 188). In terms of political perspective, Gold continues, “He is a Red but has few theories. It is all instinct with him. His writing is no conscious straining after a proletarian art, but the natural flower of his environment” (188). Certainly Gold's position, while a prominent one in Left cultural politics of the 1930s, constitutes just one voice taking part in the critical dialogue constructing proletarian literature. Nonetheless, his pronouncement captures some of the unique features of this movement which was often, in its 1930s manifestations, inspired and fostered – although by no means limited or controlled – by the Communist Party of the United States in its efforts to cultivate a new revolutionary aesthetic to nurture class consciousness and direct class struggle in the United States.
Silverman,Kaja
Authors: Armatage Kay
Published: May 2017

Kaja Silverman (b. 1947) is Class of 1940 Professor of Rhetoric and Film at the University of California at Berkeley. She taught at Yale University, Trinity College, Simon Fraser University, Brown University, and the University of Rochester before joining the Rhetoric Department and the Film Studies program at the University of California at Berkeley in 1991. Her writing and teaching are concentrated primarily on phenomenology, psychoanalysis, photography, and time‐based visual art, but she continues to write about and teach courses on cinema, and has a developing interest in painting. She maintains a continuing commitment to feminist theory, poststructuralist theory, queer studies, masculinity, and theories of “race.” This distinguished career in scholarship is all of a piece, speaking consistently to the deepest reaches of human subjectivity. Its project is profoundly political and heroically transformative.
Structure–Thermodynamic‐Property Relationships in Cyanovinyl‐Based Microporous Polymer Networks for the Future Design of Advanced Carbon Capture Materials
Authors: Yassin Ali , Trunk Matthias , Czerny Frank , Fayon Pierre , Trewin Abbie , Schmidt Johannes , Thomas Arne
Published: May 2017

Nitrogen‐rich solid absorbents, which have been immensely tested for carbon dioxide capture, seem until this date to be without decisive molecular engineering or design rules. Here, a family of cyanovinylene‐based microporous polymers synthesized under metal‐catalyzed conditions is reported as a promising candidate for advanced carbon capture materials. These networks reveal that isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption are directly proportional to the amount of their functional group. Motivated by this finding, polymers produced under base‐catalyzed conditions with tailored quantities of cyanovinyl content confirm the systematical tuning of their sorption enthalpies to reach 40 kJ mol−1. This value is among the highest reported to date in carbonaceous networks undergoing physisorption. A six‐point‐plot reveals that the structure–thermodynamic‐property relationship is linearly proportional and can thus be perfectly fitted to tailor‐made values prior to experimental measurements. Dynamic simulations show a bowl‐shaped region within which CO2 is able to sit and interact with its conjugated surrounding, while theoretical calculations confirm the increase of binding sites with the increase of PhCC(CN)Ph functionality in a network. This concept presents a distinct method for the future design of carbon dioxide capturing materials.
Multimodal Magnetic Nanoclusters for Gene Delivery, Directed Migration, and Tracking of Stem Cells
Authors: Park Ji Sun , Park Wooram , Park Sin‐jung , Larson Andrew C. , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Park Keun‐Hong
Published: May 2017

This study develops multimodal magnetic nanoclusters (M‐MNCs) for gene transfer, directed migration, and tracking of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The M‐MNCs are designed with 5 nm iron oxide nanoparticles and a fluorescent dye (i.e., Rhodamine B) in the matrix of the Food and Drug Administration approved polymer poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) using a nanoemulsion method. The synthesized M‐MNCs have a hydrodynamic diameter of ≈150 nm, are internalized by stem cells via endocytosis, and deliver genes with high efficiency. The cellular internalization and gene expression efficiency of the clustered nanoparticles are significantly higher than that of single nanoparticles. The M‐MNC‐labeled hMSCs migrate upon application of a magnetic force and can be visualized by both optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In animal models, the M‐MNC‐labeled hMSCs are also successfully tracked using optical and MR imaging. Thus, the M‐MNCs not only allow the efficient delivery of genes to stem cells but also the tracking of cells in animal models. Taken together, the results show that this new type of nanocomposite can be of great help in future stem cell research and in the development of cell‐based therapeutic agents.
Rapid and Scalable Synthesis of Mo‐Based Binary and Ternary Oxides for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Qu Gan , Li Tianqi , Jia Shuangfeng , Zheng He , Li Lei , Cao Fan , Wang Hai , Ma Wenhao , Tang Yiwen , Wang Jianbo
Published: May 2017

Mo‐based binary oxides (MBOs) and Mo‐based ternary oxides (MTOs) are a research focus because of their widespread applications. The traditional synthesis routes for MBOs and MTOs require high temperature and are time intense. Here, a rapid, facile, and scalable strategy to efficiently fabricate MBOs and MTOs with various morphologies and crystal structures is reported. Only 1 min is required for the whole process and the yield is above 90%. This strategy is the simplest and the fastest method reported and exhibits large potential for application. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized HxMoO3 nanobelts and NiMoO4·xH2O nanowires display a specific capacitance of 660.3 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 and a specific capacity of 549 C g−1 at 1 A g−1. In addition, to assemble the HxMoO3 and NiMoO4·xH2O electrodes together, the solid state hybrid electrolyte is employed to take advantage of MBOs and MTOs. The obtained NiMoO4·xH2O//HxMoO3 device delivers a specific capacitance of 156 F g−1 at 0.8 A g−1 and an energy density of 55.6 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 640 W kg−1, making it attractive for application as an energy storage material.
Cubic Perovskite Fluoride as Open Framework Cathode for Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Cao Dunping , Yin Congling , Shi Dingren , Fu Zhengwen , Zhang Jincang , Li Chilin
Published: May 2017

Exploring novel structure prototype and mineral phase, especially open framework material, is crucial to developing high‐performance Na‐ion battery cathodes in view of potentially faster intrinsic diffusion of Na+ in lattices. Perovskite phases have been widely applied in solar cells, fuel cells, and electrocatalysis; however, they are rarely attempted as energy storage electrode materials. This study proposes pre‐expanding perovskite iron fluoride (KFeF3) framework by stuffing large‐sized K+ as a channel filler, which is advantageous over Na+, NH4+, and H2O molecule filler in terms of structure robustness, symmetry, and connectivity. K+ stuffing leads to the preservation of a more “regular” cubic phase with fast isotropic 3D diffusion as a consequence of no distortion of FeF6 octahedra during K‐Na electrochemical exchange and following Na‐insertion cycling. High‐rate Na‐storage is achievable with a reversible capacity of 110, 70, and 40 mAh g−1 at 0.1, 2, and 10 C, respectively, for this open framework fluoride cathode, benefiting from solid solution electrochemical behavior and high intrinsic diffusion coefficient. It is thought that this rate performance is currently the best among Na‐storage fluoride materials.
Tunable Mechanoresponsive Self‐Assembly of an Amide‐Linked Dyad with Dual Sensitivity of Photochromism and Mechanochromism
Authors: Mo Shenzhong , Meng Qingting , Wan Shulin , Su Zhiqiang , Yan Hong , Tang Ben Zhong , Yin Meizhen
Published: May 2017

Photo‐ and mechanoluminescent materials that exhibit tunable emission properties when subjected to external stimuli have a wide variety of applications. However, most mechanoresponsive materials have a mechano‐induced structural transition from crystalline to amorphous phase, and there are only few reports on the crystalline to crystalline transformation. This study reports an amide‐linked dyad P1 containing spiropyran and naphthalimide chromophores with dual sensitivity of photochromism and mechanochromism. Under light and mechanical stimuli, P1 performs different color transition. With mechanical force, the morphologies of P1 change from microfiber to nanosphere and the amide group in P1 plays a vital role in these transition processes. Mechanical force can induce the morphology change of P1 through enhancing π–π stacking and destroying hydrogen bonds. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the design strategy for new mechanoresponsive switching materials: both π−π stacking and hydrogen bonding of the dyad contribute the mechano‐induced crystalline/crystalline transformation.
Wide Bandgap Copolymers Based on Quinoxalino[6,5‐f].quinoxaline for Highly Efficient Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Ting , Xu Xiaopeng , Zhang Guangjun , Wan Jiahui , Li Ying , Peng Qiang
Published: May 2017

Two novel wide bandgap copolymers based on quinoxalino[6,5‐f]quinoxaline (NQx) acceptor block, PBDT–NQx and PBDTS–NQx, are successfully synthesized for efficient nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs). The attached conjugated side chains on both benzodithiophene (BDT) and NQx endow the resulting copolymers with low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels. The sulfur atom insertion further reduces the HOMO level of PBDTS–NQx to −5.31 eV, contributing to a high open‐circuit voltage, Voc, of 0.91 V. Conjugated n‐octylthienyl side chains attached on the NQx skeletons also significantly improve the π–π* transitions and optical absorptions of the copolymers in the region of short wavelengths, which induce a good complementary absorption when blending with the low bandgap small molecular acceptor of 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene. The wide absorption range makes the active blends absorb more photons, giving rise to a high short‐circuit current density, Jsc, value of 15.62 mA cm−2. The sulfur atom insertion also enhances the crystallinity of PBDTS–NQx and presents its blend film with a favorable nanophase separation, resulting in improved Jsc and fill factor (FF) values with a high power conversion efficiency of 11.47%. This work not only provides a new fused ring acceptor block (NQx) for constructing high‐performance wide bandgap copolymers but also provides the NQx‐based copolymers for achieving highly efficient nonfullerene PSCs.
Using Coordination Assembly as the Microencapsulation Strategy to Promote the Efficacy and Environmental Safety of Pyraclostrobin
Authors: Li Bei‐xing , Wang Wei‐chang , Zhang Xian‐peng , Zhang Da‐xia , Ren Yu‐peng , Gao Yun , Mu Wei , Liu Feng
Published: May 2017

The broad‐spectrum and widely used fungicide pyraclostrobin is encapsulated using a coordination assembly between Fe3+and tannic acid to promote its efficacy and environmental safety. The deposition is confirmed by the surface zeta potential and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations are integrated to characterize the pyraclostrobin‐loaded microcapsules (MCs). These MCs retain a spherical shape when suspended in water but quickly deform or rupture after the water evaporates when deposited for 1 cycle. After sequential deposition of the membrane, the membrane thickness increases linearly according to TEM and AFM height analyses. These MCs show satisfactory efficacy on rice blast, resulting in significantly higher yields at doses of 120 and 180 g ha−1. Moreover, these MCs display significantly lower toxicity toBrachydanio rerio,Daphnia magna,Xenopus laevis, andRana nigromaculata. Overall, this novel microencapsulation strategy is capable of promoting the efficacy and environmental safety of pyraclostrobin.
Flyweight, Superelastic, Electrically Conductive, and Flame‐Retardant 3D Multi‐Nanolayer Graphene/Ceramic Metamaterial
Authors: Zhang Qiangqiang , Lin Dong , Deng Biwei , Xu Xiang , Nian Qiong , Jin Shengyu , Leedy Kevin D. , Li Hui , Cheng Gary J.
Published: May 2017

A ceramic/graphene metamaterial (GCM) with microstructure‐derived superelasticity and structural robustness is achieved by designing hierarchical honeycomb microstructures, which are composited with two brittle constituents (graphene and ceramic) assembled in multi‐nanolayer cellular walls. Attributed to the designed microstructure, well‐interconnected scaffolds, chemically bonded interface, and coupled strengthening effect between the graphene framework and the nanolayers of the Al2O3 ceramic (NAC), the GCM demonstrates a sequence of multifunctional properties simultaneously that have not been reported for ceramics and ceramics–matrix–composite structures, such as flyweight density, 80% reversible compressibility, high fatigue resistance, high electrical conductivity, and excellent thermal‐insulation/flame‐retardant performance simultaneously. The 3D well‐ordered graphene aerogel templates are strongly coupled with the NAC by the chemically bonded interface, exhibiting mutual strengthening, compatible deformability, and a linearly dependent relationship between the density and Young's modulus. Considerable size effects of the ceramic nanolayers on the mechanical properties are revealed in these ceramic‐based metamaterials. The designed hierarchical honeycomb graphene with a fourth dimensional control of the ceramic nanolayers on new ways to scalable fabrication of advanced multifunctional ceramic composites with controllable design suggest a great potential in applications of flexible conductors, shock/vibration absorbers, thermal shock barriers, thermal insulation/flame‐retardant skins, and porous microwave‐absorbing coatings.
2D Porous Carbons prepared from Layered Organic–Inorganic Hybrids and their Use as Oxygen‐Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Shuang , Cheng Chong , Liang Hai‐Wei , Feng Xinliang , Thomas Arne
Published: May 2017

2D porous carbon nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention in different disciplines especially for electrochemical catalysis. The significant advantage of such 2D materials is that nearly all their surfaces are exposed to the electrolyte and can take part in the electrochemical reaction. Here, a versatile active‐salt‐templating strategy to efficiently synthesize 2D porous carbon nanosheets from layered organic–inorganic hybrids is presented. The resulting heteroatom‐doped carbon nanosheets (NFe/CNs) exhibit exceptional performance for the oxygen‐reduction reaction and in Zn–air battery electrodes. The activity of the best catalyst within a series of NFe/CNs exceeds the performance of conventional carbon‐supported Pt catalysts in terms of onset potential (0.930 vs 0.915 V of Pt/C), half‐wave potential (0.859 vs 0.816 V of Pt/C), long‐time stability, and methanol tolerance. Also, when applied as a cathode catalyst in a zinc–air battery the NFe/CNs presented here outperform commercial Pt/C catalysts.
Site‐Directed Mutagenesis Studies on the Toluene Dioxygenase Enzymatic System: Role of Phenylalanine 366, Threonine 365 and Isoleucine 324 in the Chemo‐, Regio‐, and Stereoselectivity
Authors: Vila María Agustina , Umpiérrez Diego , Veiga Nicolás , Seoane Gustavo , Carrera Ignacio , Rodríguez Giordano Sonia
Published: May 2017

Toluene Dioxygenase (TDO) enzymatic complex has been widely used as a biocatalyst for the regio‐ and enantioselective preparation of cis‐cyclohexadienediols, which are very important starting materials for organic synthesis. However, the lack of regio‐ and stereodiversity of the dioxygenation process by TDO and related dioxygenases constitutes a clear drawback when planning the use of these diols in synthetic schemes. In this work, we developed three TDO mutants in residues phenylalanine 366, threonine 365 and isoleucine 324, with the aim to alter the chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselectivity of the biotransformation of arenes. While no changes in the regioselectivity of the process were observed, dramatic variations in the chemo‐ and enantioselectivity were found for mutants I324F, T365N and F366 V in a substrate‐dependent manner.

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An Enantioselective Multicomponent Carbonyl Allylation of Aldehydes with Dienes and Alkynyl Bromides Enabled by Chiral Palladium Phosphate
Authors: Shen Hong‐Cheng , Wang Pu‐Sheng , Tao Zhong‐Lin , Han Zhi‐Yong , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: May 2017

An enantioselective multicomponent carbonyl allylation reaction of 1,3‐butadienes, alkynyl bromides and aldehydes has been established, leading to the generation of densely functionalized homoallylic alcohols in high levels of structural diversity and stereoselectivity. The multicomponent process sequentially comprises the oxidative addition, salt metathesis, insertion/π‐allyl‐Pd formation, asymmetric allylic borylation, and enantioslecitve carbonyl allylborylation, wherein the alkynyl palladium phosphate in situ generated from the chiral silver phosphate and the alkynyl palladium bromide turns out to be a key intermediate that allows the efficient stereochemical control.

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Does Test‐enhanced Learning Improve Success Rates of Ultrasound‐guided Peripheral Intravenous Insertion? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Slomer Adam , Chenkin Jordan
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Teaching procedural skills in medicine is time‐ and resource‐intensive, and it is therefore important to determine which educational strategies are most effective. Test‐enhanced learning (TEL) has been demonstrated to be effective in improving learner retention; however, there is little research evaluating the testing effect on the acquisition of procedural skills in medicine. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of TEL on learning ultrasound‐guided intravenous (USG IV) insertion on a simulated model.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial of medical students at a single tertiary care academic hospital. Participants were randomized to either the TEL group (TEG) or control group (CG). Each group received an USG peripheral IV teaching session that included a didactic portion and hands‐on skills training. The training sessions were identical except that the TEG was informed at the outset that there would be an assessment at the end of the session. The TEG then received a formal assessment of the skill during the last 15 minutes of the session, whereas the CG had continued practice time. Subjects in both groups were evaluated 10–14 days later to compare skill performance using a simulation‐based assessment tool consisting of a global rating scale (GRS) and checklist items.

Results

Thirty medical students completed the study, 15 in the TEG and 15 in the CG. There were no significant differences between the two groups at baseline based on year of medical training or prior IV or ultrasound experience. The overall procedural success rate was 93.3% (95% CI = 79.0%–100.0%) in the TEG and 80.0% (95% CI = 57.1%–100%) in the CG (p = 0.60). The first‐attempt failure rate was 13.3% (95% CI = 0.0%–32.8%) in the TEG and 33.3% (95% CI = 6.3%–60.4%) in the CG (p = 0.39). There were no statistically significant differences between the means of the GRS (TEG = 4.7, CG = 4.2; p = 0.53, r = 0.11) or checklist scores (TEG = 78.6%, CG = 75.3%; p = 0.20, r = 0.24).

Conclusions

In this study of novice learners, both TEL with structured practice and structured practice alone lead to high success rates performing USG IV insertion on a simulated model. While we noted a trend toward higher procedural success rates and lower first‐attempt failure rates in the TEG, these did not meet statistical significance. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to determine whether the beneficial effects of TEL can be transferred to procedural skills teaching.
A case series of pelvic fracture patients who developed lower urinary tract symptoms after transarterial embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries
Authors: Sagawa Koji , Sawano Makoto
Published: May 2017

Cases

Transarterial embolization of bilateral internal iliac arteries (TAE) is a useful hemostatic method for the management of pelvic fracture patients, but its effects on urinary functions remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the impact of TAE on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in 10 pelvic fracture patients.

Outcomes

Lower urinary tract symptoms before and after hospitalization were evaluated by International Prostate Symptoms Score, Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score, and Quality Of Life score. All scores showed significant worsening. The changes did not correlate with sex, age, injury severity score, or durations of unstable hemodynamics or urethral catheterization. Changes of International Prostate Symptoms Score and Quality Of Life score showed significant positive correlations with intervals between the evaluations.

Conclusion

Pelvic fracture patients treated with TAE showed significant worsening of LUTS. Risk for exacerbation of LUTS should be taken into consideration when deciding to use TAE.
Synthese, Struktur und Bindungsanalyse eines homoleptischen Berylliumazids
Authors: Naglav Dominik , Tobey Briac , Lyhs Benjamin , Römer Beate , Bläser Dieter , Wölper Christoph , Jansen Georg , Schulz Stephan
Published: May 2017

[Ph4P]2[Be(N3)4] (1) und [PNP]2[Be(N3)4] (2; PNP=Ph3PNPPh3) wurden durch Reaktion von Be(N3)2 mit [Ph4P]N3 und [PNP]N3 synthetisiert. Das Tetraazidoberyllat‐Dianion [Be(N3)4]2− (1′) repräsentiert das erste strukturell charakterisierte homoleptische Berylliumazid, und die elektronische Struktur und Bindungssituation in 1′ wurde mit quantenchemischen Methoden (NPA, ELF, LOL) untersucht.
The Formation of Surface Lithium–Iron Ternary Hydride and its Function on Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis at Low Temperatures
Authors: Wang Peikun , Xie Hua , Guo Jianping , Zhao Zhi , Kong Xiangtao , Gao Wenbo , Chang Fei , He Teng , Wu Guotao , Chen Mingshu , Jiang Ling , Chen Ping
Published: May 2017

Lithium hydride (LiH) has a strong effect on iron leading to an approximately 3 orders of magnitude increase in catalytic ammonia synthesis. The existence of lithium–iron ternary hydride species at the surface/interface of the catalyst were identified and characterized for the first time by gas‐phase optical spectroscopy coupled with mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. The ternary hydride species may serve as centers that readily activate and hydrogenate dinitrogen, forming Fe‐(NH2)‐Li and LiNH2 moieties—possibly through a redox reaction of dinitrogen and hydridic hydrogen (LiH) that is mediated by iron—showing distinct differences from ammonia formation mediated by conventional iron or ruthenium‐based catalysts. Hydrogen‐associated activation and conversion of dinitrogen are discussed.
Tetranitromethan – ein Albtraum molekularer Flexibilität in Gasphase und Festkörper
Authors: Vishnevskiy Yury V. , Tikhonov Denis S. , Schwabedissen Jan , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Moll Richard , Krumm Burkhard , Klapötke Thomas M. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: May 2017

Nach zahlreichen Versuchen in den letzten sieben Dekaden, eine Beschreibung des einfachen, hochsymmetrischen Moleküls Tetranitromethan (C(NO2)4, TNM) zu erhalten, welche die Ergebnisse aus Streuexperimenten und Spektroskopie erklärt, wurde die Struktur nun in Gasphase und Festkörper aufgeklärt. Für die Gasphase war eine neuartige Modellierung mittels eines vierdimensionalen dynamischen Modells für die korrelierte Torsionsdynamik der vier C‐NO2‐Einheiten zur Beschreibung der experimentellen Elektronenstreuintensitäten nötig. Für die stark fehlgeordnete kristalline Hochtemperaturphase wurde ein Modell entwickelt, und eine geordnete Tieftemperaturphase ermöglichte eine Strukturbestimmung. TNM ist ein Standardbeispiel für molekulare Flexibilität, das Strukturaufklärungsmethoden an die Grenzen ihrer Anwendbarkeit bringt.
Reprogrammable Chemical 3D Shaping for Origami, Kirigami, and Reconfigurable Molding
Authors: Oyefusi Adebola , Chen Jian
Published: May 2017

Origami‐ and kirigami‐based design principles have recently received strong interest from the scientific and engineering communities because they offer fresh approaches to engineering of structural hierarchy and adaptive functions in materials, which could lead to many promising applications. Herein, we present a reprogrammable 3D chemical shaping strategy for creating a wide variety of stable complex origami and kirigami structures autonomously. This strategy relies on a reverse patterning method that encodes prescribed 3D geometric information as a spatial pattern of the unlocked phase (dispersed phase) in the locked phase (matrix phase) in a pre‐stretched Nafion sheet. Building upon the unique chemical reprogramming capability of the Nafion shape memory polymer, we have developed a reconfigurable molding technology that can significantly reduce time, costs, and waste by shaping various 3D materials with high fidelity.
A T‐Shaped Nickel(I) Metalloradical Species
Authors: Yoo Changho , Lee Yunho
Published: May 2017

A T‐shaped NiI complex was synthesized using a rigid acridane‐based pincer ligand to prepare a metalloradical center. Structural data displays a nickel ion is embedded in the plane of a PNP ligand. Having a sterically exposed half‐filled
orbital, this three‐coordinate NiI species reveals unique open‐shell reactivity including the homolytic cleavage of various σ‐bonds, such as H−H, N−N, and C−C.
Binary Encoding of Random Peptide Sequences for Selective and Differential Antimicrobial Mechanisms
Authors: Hayouka Zvi , Bella Angelo , Stern Tal , Ray Santanu , Jiang Haibo , Grovenor Chris R. M. , Ryadnov Maxim G.
Published: May 2017

Binary encoding of peptide sequences into differential antimicrobial mechanisms is reported. Such sequences are random in composition, but controllable in chain length, are assembled from the same two amino acids, but differ in the stereochemistry of one. Regardless of chirality, the sequences lyse bacteria including the “superbugs” methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococci (VRE). Sequences with the same chirality, so‐called homochiral sequences, assemble into antimicrobial pores and form contiguous helices that are biologically promiscuous and hemolytic. By contrast, heterochiral sequences that lack such persistence selectively attack bacterial membranes without oligomerizing into visible pores. These results offer a mechanistic rationale for designing membrane‐selective and sequence‐independent antimicrobials.
Cold Snapshot of a Molecular Rotary Motor Captured by High‐Resolution Rotational Spectroscopy
Authors: Domingos Sérgio R. , Cnossen Arjen , Buma Wybren J. , Browne Wesley R. , Feringa Ben L. , Schnell Melanie
Published: May 2017

We present the first high‐resolution rotational spectrum of an artificial molecular rotary motor. By combining chirped‐pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and supersonic expansions, we captured the vibronic ground‐state conformation of a second‐generation motor based on chiral, overcrowded alkenes. The rotational constants were accurately determined by fitting more than 200 rotational transitions in the 2–4 GHz frequency range. Evidence for dissociation products allowed for the unambiguous identification and characterization of the isolated motor components. Experiment and complementary quantum‐chemical calculations provide accurate geometrical parameters for the C27H20 molecular motor, the largest molecule investigated by high‐resolution microwave spectroscopy to date.
Preparation and investigation of flame‐retardant epoxy resin modified with a novel halogen‐free flame retardant containing phosphaphenanthrene, triazine‐trione, and organoboron units
Authors: Yang Shuang , Zhang Qiaoxin , Hu Yefa
Published: May 2017

In this article, a novel flame retardant (coded as BNP) was successfully synthesized through the addition reaction between triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide and phenylboronic acid. BNP was blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A to prepare flame‐retardant epoxy resin (EP). Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured EP were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the flame retardancy and smoke suppressing properties of EP/BNP thermosets were significantly enhanced. The LOI value of EP/BNP‐3 thermoset was increased to 32.5% and the sample achieved UL94 V‐0 rating. Compared with the neat EP sample, the peak of heat release rate, average of heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of EP/BNP thermosets were decreased by 58.2%–66.9%, 27.1%–37.9%, 25.8%–41.8%, and 21.3%–41.7%, respectively. The char yields of EP/BNP thermosets were increased by 46.8%–88.4%. The BNP decomposed to produce free radicals with quenching effect and enhanced the charring ability of EP matrix. The multifunctional groups of BNP with flame retardant effects in both gaseous and condensed phases were responsible for the excellent flame retardancy of the EP/BNP thermosets. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45291.
Oxaliplatin‐loaded crosslinked polymeric network of chondroitin sulfate‐co‐poly(methacrylic acid) for colorectal cancer: Its toxicological evaluation
Authors: Barkat Kashif , Ahmad Mahmood , Minhas Muhammad Usman , Khalid Ikrima
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize chemically crosslinked chondroitin sulfate‐co‐poly(methacrylic acid) (CSMA) hydrogels for colon targeting of oxaliplatin (OXP) to treat colorectal cancer. CSMA hydrogels were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization. Chondroitin sulfate was chemically crosslinked with methacrylic acid in an aqueous medium. Ammonium peroxodisulfate and N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide were used as the initiator and crosslinker, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy studies were performed to characterize the fabricated polymeric system. The pH‐sensitive characteristics of the hydrogels were evaluated by swelling dynamics and equilibrium swelling ratio measurements at pH 1.2 and 7.4. A toxicity study of the developed formulations was also conducted on rabbits to determine the toxicity of the drug‐carrier system to the biological system. The characterization studies confirmed the formation of a new polymeric network. A high OXP loading and higher drug release was observed at pH 7.4. The toxicity study confirmed that the developed formulations were nontoxic to the biological system. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45312.
Objective determination of the onset and withdrawal of the South China Sea summer monsoon
Authors: Luo Ming , Lin Lijie
Published: May 2017

Determining the timing (i.e. onset and withdrawal) of monsoon season precisely and objectively is an important yet difficult task. Conventional methods mainly define the monsoon timing as the date when the selected atmospheric variables (e.g. rainfall and wind) exceed an arbitrary threshold. These methods present little explicit justification and are subjective and sensitive to the fluctuation of the selected series. In this study, we propose an objective method to determine the onset and withdrawal of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) using the cumulative low‐level zonal wind. Our proposed approach provides an easy, objective, and applicable method that is recommended for the detection of the timing of monsoon season. On the basis of the proposed definition, the SCSSM onset and withdrawal are determined, and their accompanying processes are also examined in this paper. Both onset and withdrawal of SCSSM exhibit strong variability, and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation plays an important role. Via the modification of the western North Pacific subtropical high, a preceding El Niño (La Niña) event can delay (advance) the monsoon onset and advance (delay) the monsoon withdrawal.
Quantification of morusin using LC–MS in rat plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Deng Zhipeng , Sun Xiaohui , Yang Shenbao , Zhang Lei , Sun Peilu , Teng Xuepeng , Zhong Hao
Published: May 2017

A sensitive LC–MS method was developed for the quantification of morusin in rat plasma using praeruptorin C as internal standard. After extraction with diethyl ether, post‐treatment samples were chromatographed on a Hypersil C18 column. An isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol–water (70:30, v/v) was applied at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Detection was performed via electrospray ionization source with positive ion mode using selected ion monitoring mode at m/z 443.1 for morusin and m/z 451.0 for IS. Acceptable linearity (r2 ≥ 0.99) was observed over the concentration range of 1.5–800 ng/mL. This method was successfully applied in the pharmacokinetics study of morusin in rats.
Diversity of Polyhydroxynaphthoquinone Pigments in North Pacific Sea Urchins
Authors: Vasileva Elena A. , Mishchenko Natalia P. , Fedoreyev Sergey A.
Published: May 2017

Using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/MS) we investigated the composition of polyhydroxynaphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments from sea urchins Strongylocentrotus pallidus, St. polyacanthus, St. droebachiensis, Brisaster latifrons and Echinarachnius parma, collected in the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. Identification of PHNQ pigments from sea urchins St. polyacanthus, B. latifrons, and E. parma was performed for the first time. Among the usual PHNQ pigments, mono‐ and dimethoxy derivatives of spinochrome E, not previously found in other sea urchins, were discovered in St. polyacanthus and St. droebachiensis. In St. droebachiensis, two monomethoxy derivatives of echinochrome A were detected, isolated previously from only tropical sea urchins. It was found that the composition and total content of pigments of St. droebachiensis depends on the collection area of the sea urchins and its depth and varies from 88 to 331 μg/g of dry shells. Sea urchins St. pallidus, B. latifrons and E. parma had average values for PHNQ pigment content, approximately 30 μg/g, and St. polyacanthus had a low PHNQ content, 13 μg/g.
Targeting G Protein‐Coupled Receptors by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study with Sertindole
Authors: Blex Christian , Michaelis Simon , Schrey Anna K. , Furkert Jens , Eichhorst Jenny , Bartho Kathrin , Gyapon Quast Frederick , Marais Anett , Hakelberg Matthias , Gruber Uschi , Niquet Sylvia , Popp Oliver , Kroll Friedrich , Sefkow Michael , Schülein Ralf , Dreger Mathias , Köster Hubert
Published: May 2017

Unbiased chemoproteomic profiling of small‐molecule interactions with endogenous proteins is important for drug discovery. For meaningful results, all protein classes have to be tractable, including G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are hardly tractable by affinity pulldown from lysates. We report a capture compound (CC)‐based strategy to target and identify GPCRs directly from living cells. We synthesized CCs with sertindole attached to the CC scaffold in different orientations to target the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) heterologously expressed in HEK 293 cells. The structure–activity relationship of sertindole for DRD2 binding was reflected in the activities of the sertindole CCs in radioligand displacement, cell‐based assays, and capture compound mass spectrometry (CCMS). The activity pattern was rationalized by molecular modelling. The most‐active CC showed activities very similar to that of unmodified sertindole. A concentration of DRD2 in living cells well below 100 fmol used as an experimental input was sufficient for unambiguous identification of captured DRD2 by mass spectrometry. Our new CCMS workflow broadens the arsenal of chemoproteomic technologies to close a critical gap for the comprehensive characterization of drug–protein interactions.
Deubiquitinase Usp18 prevents cellular apoptosis from oxidative stress in liver cells
Authors: Lai Keng Po , Cheung Angela Hoi Yan , Tse William Ka Fai
Published: May 2017

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) deconjugate ubiquitin (UBQ) from ubiquitylated substrates to regulate their activity and stability. They play different cellular functions such as cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and early embryogenesis. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that some DUBs are the signaling targets of cellular stress such as oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species are generated during normal mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and proper cellular mechanism could protect the cell from the oxidative stress. However, there are limited studies that specifically focus on the role of DUBs in oxidative stress, and thus the underlying protective mechanism by DUBs is not yet known. The report here, for the first time, applied the mouse‐specific DUB RT2 Profiler PCR array to identify DUBs that are responsive to oxidative stress. Out of the tested 83 DUBs, 15 of them were found to be differentially expressed. Among them, Usp18 was found to be induced with a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner of oxidative stress. In functional studies, depletion of Usp18 could stimulate the p53 and caspase 3 protein levels. In addition, knockdown of Usp18 could lead to the reduced cell viability and increased in apoptotic cell death under oxidative stress. Collectively, Usp18 protects the cells from oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis which may be through the regulation of p53 and caspase 3.
Noninvasive 4D Flow Characterization in a Stirred Tank via Phase‐Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Janiga Gábor , Stucht Daniel , Bordás Róbert , Temmel Erik , Seidel-Morgenstern Andreas , Thévenin Dominique , Speck Oliver
Published: May 2017

A noninvasive quantification of the hydrodynamics in a stirred tank in space and time using flow‐sensitive phase‐contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC‐MRI) at 7 Tesla (7 T) is demonstrated. The PC‐MRI technique is able to characterize the unsteady periodic 3D flow velocities with acceptable spatial and temporal resolution and does not imply that optically transparent fluids are employed. PC‐MRI is already widely used for medical diagnostics in order to determine the blood flow velocities, e.g., for cardiovascular applications. However, its utilization for engineering problems is still new, including process engineering. Therefore, it is important to check the suitability of PC‐MRI to applications of practical interest in this field and complement other flow measurement and simulation techniques.
Metal–Ligand Complex‐Induced Ultrafast Charge‐Carrier Relaxation and Charge‐Transfer Dynamics in CdX (X=S, Se, Te) Quantum Dots Sensitized with Nitrocatechol
Authors: Singhal Pallavi , Maity Partha , Jha Sanjay K. , Ghosh Hirendra N.
Published: May 2017

The present work describes the effect of interfacial complex formation on charge carrier dynamics in CdX (X=S, Se, Te) quantum dots (QDs) sensitized nitro catechol (NCAT). To compare experiments were also carried out with catechol (CAT) where no such complexation was observed. Time‐resolved emission studies suggest faster charge separation in CdS(Se)/NCAT system as compared to CdS(Se)/CAT although change in Gibbs free energy for hole transfer is less in former as compared to later. This suggests that complex formation favours charge separation. Similar studies were also carried out in CdTe/NCAT system where hole transfer process was not viable thermodynamically but due to complex formation charge separation was observed. Femtosecond transient absorption studies have been carried out to monitor charge carrier dynamics in early time scale. Transient studies show faster electron cooling in QDs/NCAT system as compared to pure QDs and has been assigned to the complex formation on QDs surface. Interestingly charge recombination dynamics is much faster in QDs/NCAT system as compared to pure QDs which can be attributed to the stronger coupling between QDs and NCAT. Our results suggest a strong metal–ligand complex formation on QDs surface that controls charge carrier dynamics in QDs/molecular adsorbate system and to the best of our knowledge it has never been reported.