bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENDER, EARNINGS, AND PROPORTIONS OF WOMEN
Authors: RANSON GILLIAN , REEVES WILLIAM JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

This article examines gender discrimination in earnings and promotions in a sample of 451 computer professionals employed by 14 organizations in a western Canadian city. The data suggest that women computer professionals do less well than their male counterparts in terms of income and job status; the differences are largely attributable to differences in work experience. Strength apparently does not lie in numbers, however. Organizations that hire relatively more women computer professionals seem to choose those who are less well educated and less experienced than their male employees; they reward them correspondingly less well. The authors argue that the different proportions of women are the result of predictable strategies of recruitment aimed at limiting women's access to positions of authority.
DOING POWER
Authors: ROSPENDA KATHLEEN M. , RICHMAN JUDITH A. , NAWYN STEPHANIE J.
Published: March 2007

Contrapower sexual harassment occurs when the target of harassment possesses greater formal organizational power than the perpetrator. Traditional conceptualizations of power underlying sexual harassment have either focused on location within organizational hierarchies or sociocultural status differences between men and women. We suggest the utility of simultaneously considering the influence of gender, race, and class on power dynamics at organizational, sociocultural, and interpersonal or individual levels. Using qualitative data obtained from 8 focus groups, 20 interviews, and 1 in-depth case study, we examine how gender, race, and class influence varied sources of power available to perpetrators and targets in workplace contrapower situations. We argue that the exploration of the dynamics involved in contrapower sexual harassment can illuminate broader processes of doing gender and power in the workplace.
FEMINIST BOUNDARIES IN THE FEMINIST-FRIENDLY ORGANIZATION
Authors: ROTH BENITA
Published: March 2007

In this article, I argue that members of the Women's Caucus (WC) of ACT UP/LA (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) formed a boundary between themselves and male members to increase the WC's power within the feminist-friendly organization. The WC's boundary-making strategies—formalizing women's space and reinscribing gender difference—combatted “slippage” of ACT UP/LA's focus away from women's issues precipated by men's greater numbers in the group. ACT UP/LA's feminist-friendly politics, legitimated WC efforts, and caused male members to defer to the WC; the WC became “official women,” gaining control over their agenda, over their participation within ACT UP/LA, and over male contributions to the WC itself. Boundary making had an unintended effect, compartmentalization, whereby women's issues became the sole responsibility of the WC. I conclude that the WC's boundary making in ACT UP/LA's feminist-friendly milieu was at once successful and problematic, and that the efforts of feminists in such organizations deserve greater scrutiny.
WOMEN AND THE FALSE PROMISE OF MICROENTERPRISE
Authors: EHLERS TRACY BACHRACH , MAIN KAREN
Published: March 2007

Since the 1980s, microenterprise development programs have proliferated in the United States, where they are widely praised as strategies for economic development and poverty alleviation, especially for low-income women and welfare mothers. Based on research in a highly respected urban center for women, this article argues that microenterprise development is more detrimental and problematic than it is purported to be. Two reasons are isolated. First, gender constraints mean women tend to choose small-scale, undercapitalized, and barely profitable “pink-collar” businesses, largely home-based operations based on work women are already doing as part of their gender-specific role. Second, microenterprise training programs reinforce this business segregation by discounting the sociocultural conditions women bring with them to business and instead emphasizing the personal growth of individuals. The result is that women are encouraged to maintain their economic vulnerability and social peripheralization rather than become part of the mainstream business world.
COMBINING GENDER, CLASS, AND RACE
Authors: ADAMS TRACEY L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between gender, class, and race through a case study of the Ontario, Canada dental profession in the first two decades of the twentieth century. During this time period dentists endeavored to solidify their claims to professional status by defining their relations with patients, the public, and with dental assistants. Dentists drew on gender, class, and racial-ethnic relations and ideology in defining these relations and fostering their professional identity. Dentists' use of these relations enabled them to define and defend their claims to professional authority in the area of dental health.
GENDER AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Authors: TAYLOR VERTA
Published: March 2007

Mainstream theory and research in the field of social movements and political sociology has, by and large, ignored the influence of gender on social protest. A growing body of feminist research demonstrates that gender is an explanatory factor in the emergence, nature, and outcomes of all social movements, even those that do not evoke the language of gender conflict or explicitly embrace gender change. This article draws from a case study of the postpartum depression self-help movement to outline the relationship between gender and social movements. Linking theories of gender to mainstream theories on social movements allows us to recognize gender as a key explanatory factor in social movements and, in turn, to identify the role that social movements play in the social construction of gender.
BREASTFEEDING AND THE GOOD MATERNAL BODY
Authors: STEARNS CINDY A.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding remains an understudied topic in research and theorizing about reproductive experience and women's bodies. This article reports on women's experiences of breastfeeding in public as revealed through in-depth interviews with 51 women. The current construction of the good maternal body requires women to carefully manage the performance of breastfeeding in specific ways and with particular attention to the dominant notion of a sexualized rather than nurturing breast. Women accommodate to, and resist, the perceived boundaries of the good maternal body through their breastfeeding behaviors.
FARMERS' CHANGING ROLES IN THIEUDEME, SENEGAL
Authors: GADIO COUMBA MAR , RAKOWSKI CATHY A.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the changing roles of the women farmers of Thieudeme, Senegal. Sociological concepts and methods are combined with women's perceptions to more fully understand the nature of role change from part-time subsistence farming of hardy staples to full-time farming and marketing of vegetables among three generations of women and to compare women's perceptions of change factors with those identified through research and policy analysis. The authors also consider the associations among women's traditional arenas of decision making, increased responsibilities for household maintenance, improved status in the community, and organizing and demands for greater autonomy. Women are more likely to emphasize stress from work burdens and conflicts than to conclude that change has brought them any benefits.
Family History of Dementia and Current Depression in Nondemented Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Barker Warren W. , Ownby Raymond L. , Mullan Michael J. , Duara Ranjan
Published: March 2007

Since it has been postulated that mood disturbance in nondemented older adults may represent a prodromal feature of dementia for a subgroup of patients, it would be expected that patients with these symptoms would evidence a greater prevalence of family history of dementia. In a sample of 3225 community-dwelling cognitively intact elderly recruited from a free memory-screening program, we found that current depression was more common in participants with a positive versus a negative family history of dementia in first-degree relatives (17% versus 11%; Fisher's Exact Test, P < .0001). This relationship remained significant after controlling for age, education, gender, ethnicity, and Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination score (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2-1.9, Wald χ2 = 15.5, P < .001). The results suggest that symptoms of depression may herald the onset of an incipient dementia syndrome in a subset of geriatric patients. Alternatively, the results may be indicative of familial aggregation of dementia and depression. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:65-71).
Age-Group Differences in Treatment Outcomes for Male Veterans with Severe Schizophrenia: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Roberts J. Scott , Blow Frederic C. , Copeland Laurel A. , Barry Kristen Lawton , Van Stone William
Published: March 2007

Treatment outcomes in later-life schizophrenia are poorly understood and of serious concern for clinicians and mental health policy makers. Age-group differences were examined for 499 male veterans with severe schizophrenia enrolled in enhanced treatment programs at 12 Veterans Affairs hospitals. Participants were separated into three age groups (20-39 years, 40-59 years, 60 years and above), with the following outcomes assessed at enrolment and 1 and 3 years afterwards: psychiatric symptomatology, global functioning, impairment in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), and hospital use. All three age groups experienced significant improvement in psychiatric symptoms over time. The oldest group fared worse than younger patients in terms of global functioning and generally required more inpatient services and assistance with IADL. Innovative programming is needed to meet the special needs of the growing population of older adults with schizophrenia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:78-86).
Performance on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Patients with Vascular Dementia: Relationships to Neuroimaging Findings
Authors: Paul Robert H. , Cohen Ronald A. , Moser David , Ott Brian R. , Zawacki Tricia , Gordon Norman , Bell Sandra , Stone William
Published: March 2007

Impairment on screening measures such as the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) provides evidence of demen tia in patients with cerebrovascular disease. However, the relationships between neuroimaging findings and performance on the MDRS in vascular dementia (VD) have not been determined. In the present study, we exam ined the relationships between subcortical hyperintensity (SH) volume and whole brain volume (WBV) on the subscales and total score of the MDRS. Results revealed that SH accounted for a significant amount of variance on the Initiation/Perseveration and Construction subscales, whereas WBV accounted for a significant amount of vari ance on the Memory subscale. The total score on the MDRS was found to be significantly related to WBV but not SH. These results suggest that subcortical damage and brain volume account for different aspects of cognitive decline in VD and that overall cognitive impairment may reflect cortical and subcortical involvement. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:33-36).
"Life Is Not Worth Living": Hopelessness in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Sultzer David L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the prevalence and clinical correlates of hopelessness among 91 patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) according to National Institute of Neurological Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Hopeless ideation was measured with Item 3 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Suicide), which inquires specifically whether the patient thinks "life is not worth living." The results showed that hopelessness was present in 10% (n = 9) of the sample. Patients with these cognitions evidenced greater psychological symptoms of mood disturbance and more insight into their cognitive and functional impairments. Unrelated factors included age, education, Mini-Mental State Examination score, neurovegetative signs of depression, affective expressions of depression, agitation/disinhibition, and psychosis. Although indifference is frequent in AD, these results indicate that thoughts of hopelessness are also a common phenomenon, occurring in approximately 10% of our probable AD cohort. These thoughts appear to be related to the subjective expressions of depression and anxiety rather than the neurovegetative or affective signs and are more prominent among patients with greater deficit awareness. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:38-43).
Bicaudate Index on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Effects of Normal Aging
Authors: Doraiswamy P. Murali , Patterson Linda , Na Chul , Husain Mustafa M. , Boyko Orest , Mcdonald William M. , Krishnan K. Ranga
Published: March 2007

The bicaudate and bifrontal indices have been used in prior computed tomographic studies to investigate atrophy of the caudate nuclei in patients with Huntington's chorea and cerebral atrophy. However, the relationship between these indices and caudate volume has not been documented previously. In this study, we used high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the effects of normal aging on the bicaudate and bifrontal indices and to study the relationship between these indices and caudate volume. The subjects were 49 normal volunteers, aged 22 to 82 years, who were without any significant neurologic or psychiatric disorders.

Age was positively correlated with bicaudate index ( r = .59; P < .0001) and bifrontal index ( r = .40; P < .0047). Age was negatively correlated with caudate nuclei volume ( r = -.47; P < .0005). Caudate volume was negatively correlated with bicaudate ( r = -.27; P < .06) and bifrontal ( r = -.31; P < .03) indices. These findings are consistent with prior reports of caudate nuclei degeneration with increasing age. Linear and volumetric caudate measurements with MRI may prove useful in the investigation of caudate nuclei function in the neuromotor decline with normal aging and in disorders such as Huntington's chorea.
Advances in PAS-2tm Thermoplastic Prepregs and Composites
Authors: Lee David M. , Register David F. , Lindstrom Merlin R. , Campbell Robert W.
Published: March 2007

A family of polyarylene sulfide polymers is being developed by Phillips Petroleum Company as thermoplastic engineering resins. These resins have high temperature mechanical performance, good mechanical strength, and good solvent resistance. The newest member of this family of resins is PAS-2tm amorphous polyarylene sulfide. One potential application for this amorphous resin is as a matrix for high performance com posites. The amorphous polyarylene sulfide resin has been formed into unidirectional pre preg tapes. These tapes have been molded into laminates of excellent quality. Recently, new levels of performance in mechanical properties and processing have been achieved.
Design and Fabrication of an On-Line Consolidation Facility for Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Werdermann Cord , Friedrich Klaus , Cirino Mark , Byron Pipes R.
Published: March 2007

An experimental apparatus that utilizes continuous fiber reinforced ther moplastics to wind rings and short tubes has been developed. Termed an on-line consoli dation facility, preimpregnated tow is consolidated while the ring is being wound. The three most important parameters for the consolidation process are time, temperature, and pressure, and the facility is designed to establish their optimum combination. Therefore, each component of the apparatus provides maximum flexibility and variability in terms of these parameters. This article describes the basic concept of the process and then shows how the concept can be realized.

The technique for heating the impregnated tow utilizes infrared radiation. However, ad ditional heat sources are used to provide optimum temperature control at the nip point.

Finally, several types of preimpregnated tow are used to produce samples that prove the feasibility of the process and establish acceptable ranges on the parameters.
Analysis of the ac Current Properties of a PAN-Based Carbon-Fiber/ Polycarbonate Composite
Authors: Ahmad M.S. , Ramadin Y. , Jawad S.A. , Zihlif A.M. , Martuscelli E. , Ragosta G.
Published: March 2007

Some electrical properties of a polycarbonate/PAN-based carbon-fiber composite are reported. Impedance measurements performed at the frequency range of 1Hz-100 kHz on various composite specimens showed frequency, filler concentration, and temperature dependence. The observed results are similar to those reported on most dielectric solid materials. The complex dielectric constant determined from the impedance data analysis yields the dielectric constant, which shows strong dependence on the fiber concentration. The real part varies by 1/f at frequencies below 300 Hz, indicating that the mterfacial polarization dominates and enhances the dielectnc constant at low frequencies. The loss factor shows some oscillatory behavior, which indicates that different relaxation processes operate in the composite bulk. The loss factor increases with increasing filler concentration as a result of enhancement of the electrical conductivity. The observed decrease in the impedance with temperature may be attributed to tunnelling and polariza tion current effects.
Issues Related to Processability during the Manufacture of Thermoplastic Composites Using On-Line Consolidation Techniques
Authors: Ghasemi Nejhad M.N.
Published: March 2007

The on-line consolidation of thermoplastic composites is a relatively new technology that can be used to manufacture composite parts with complex geometries. The localized melting/solidification technique employed in this process can reduce the residual stresses and allow for improved dimensional stability and performance. An additional advantage of this technique is the elimination of the curing steps which are necessary in the processing of thermoset-matrix composites. This article presents the effects of process ing parameters on processability in on-line consolidation of thermoplastic composites for tape-laying and filament-winding processes employing anisotropic thermal analyses. The results show that the heater size, preheating conditions, and tow thickness can signifi cantly affect the processing window which, in turn, affects the production rate and the quality of the parts.
Effects of Remolding on Fracture Performance of APC-2 Composites: Mode-I Initiation, Propagation and Arrest Toughness
Authors: Xiao X.R. , Vu-Khanh T.
Published: March 2007

Effects of remolding on mechanical performance are particularly important in post-processing of thermoplastic resin composites. The effects of molding and remold ing temperatures on the Mode-I delamination toughness of APC-2 composites are in vestigated experimentally. It is found that both the initiation and the propagation energies of delamination are influenced by the remolding process, and the effect depends on the previous molding history. In particular, the extent of fiber bridging strongly depends on molding and remolding conditions. Enhanced fiber bridging results in a rising R-curve and unstable crack propagation. The observed behaviors are interpreted from the viewpoint of matrix crystalline morphology.
The Construction, Enactment, and Maintenance of Power-As-Domination through an Acquisition
Authors: Pierce Tamyra , Dougherty Debbie S.
Published: March 2007

Organizational scholars tend to operate under the assumption that power is domination. This assumption may spring from the fact that domination is the primary form of power used in U.S. organizations. Given the pervasiveness of the power-as-domination assumption guiding both researchers and practitioners, it is important to understand how power-as-domination works in organizations. This interpretive study explores how domination was created, enacted, and maintained in the acquisition of Ozark Airlines by TWA. Results of the analysis reveal how communication practices were used by TWA to effectively dominate Ozark employees. These results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
Nuts about Change
Authors: Zorn Theodore E. , Page Deborah J. , Cheney George
Published: March 2007

This article reports a case study of change-related communication in the business services department of a large local-government organization in New Zealand. The authors argue that popular contemporary management discourse celebrates change and creates assumptions that guide managerial practice and the interpretation of managerial actions. Thus, the work experience of most people is inundated with communication about and promoting change. The authors explore the change communication from the three perspectives suggested by Trujillo, what he terms the “functional,” the “romantic,” and the “critical”. Each of these perspectives has a different logic, suggests different metaphors, and implicates different standards for evaluation. In terms of communication, each perspective highlights different change-related communication practices and/or alternative dimensions of the same practice.
Promotionalism and Subpolitics
Authors: Knight Graham , Greenberg Josh
Published: March 2007

This article examines why Nike, the leading sports shoe and apparel merchandiser, has become a principal target of activism against sweatshop labor conditions in developing countries and why it has faced persistent public relations problems in its response to antisweatshop criticism. Nike has become a major target because it has successfully integrated different forms of corporate communication into the promotion of a high-profile corporate identity. The reflexive character of Nike’s promotionalism, however, has allowed for activist criticism that contrasts Nike’s claims of social responsibility with the labor conditions in its manufacturing operations. Antisweatshop activism, an example of what Beck calls subpolitics , is motivated by ethical interests, has a decentered network form of organization, and has a pluralistic, tactical focus. The effect of this activism has been to turn the debate over Nike’s labor practices into a dialectic between issues and crisis management, which accounts for Nike’s public relations problems.
Assessing the Hall Conflict Management Survey
Authors: Shockley-Zalabak Pamela
Published: March 2007

This article profiles one of the first instruments used to assess interpersonal conflict in organizational settings, the Hall Conflict Management Survey (CMS). It demonstrates how the Hall scale reframes Blake and Mouton's (1964) original dimensions and tests conflict-handling styles in personal, interpersonal, small group, and intergroup contexts. Through assessing the reported reliabilities of the scale, the article concludes that although the scale is widely used in training, the psychometric properties of the instrument are suspect, inconsistent across studies, and need additional development.
An Analysis of Compliance-Gaining Instrumentation in the Organizational Communication Literature
Authors: Hellweg Susan A. , Geist Patricia , Jorgensen Peter F. , White-Mills Kim
Published: March 2007

This article reviews five compliance-gaining instruments reported in the literature, specifically used in research conducted in the organizational context. As part of this analysis, the article examines studies from the literature using the compliance-gaining construct, assesses the reliability estimates for these instruments through a meta-analysis of psychometric data associated with them, discusses the implications of deductively and inductively derived compliance-gaining typologies, and offers directions for future research.
Nonverbal Communication and Client Satisfaction in Computer-Assisted Transactions
Authors: Ketrow Sandra M.
Published: March 2007

This field study tested the arousal-valence model of nonverbal communication by examining the effect of selected immediate nonverbal communication cues exhibited by bank tellers on the satisfaction of their clients in banking transactions. Observations of teller nonverbal communication were compared with measures of customers' perceptions of the computer-assisted transaction and of the teller. An immediacy factor was predicted to relate positively to higher levels of satisfaction with tellers, bank, and transaction. Results were nonsignificant for canonical correlations of nonverbal communication and transaction measures, as well as for additional chi-square analyses of the data. Immediacy in brief impersonal transactions is not a significant predictor of satisfaction.
Liability Means Never being Able to Say You're Sorry
Authors: Tyler Lisa
Published: March 2007

Crisis communication theorists need to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the ways in which concerns about liability constrain corporate executives from apologizing for crises for which the corporation itself bears some responsibility. Equivocation or strategic ambiguity may be an appropriate communication strategy in such situations. The resulting infelicitous apologies, however, may leave stakeholders dissatisfied, and reiterated public demands for an apology may create frustration, humiliation, and anger in corporate executives, who very likely want to apologize to restore their image. By reacting defensively to protect their wornded self-esteem, they may worsen the situation. Because our present legal system discourages apologies, crisis communication theorists need to research how executives can best communicate about crises in which their companies are implicated.
Research in Corporate Communication
Authors: van Riel Cees B. M.
Published: March 2007

This commentary is intended as an amendment to Argenti's (1996) viewpoint, published in Volume 10, Issue 1, of Management Communication Quarterly. Van Riel provides an overview of research in corporate communication, focusing on achievements found in the international academic literature in both communication and business school disciplines. In the author's opinion, there are three key concepts in corporate communication research: corporate identity, corporate reputation, and orchestration of communication. International corporate communication research actually is richer than one might conclude by reading the Argenti article. It requires an interdisciplinary approach to find adequate answers to questions vital for both corporate communication practice and academe.
Self-Care: A Foundational Science
Authors: Denyes Mary J. , Orem Dorothea E. , Bekel Gerd
Published: March 2007

Further development of conceptual elements of the theory of self-care, one of the three constituent theories of Orem’s self-care deficit theory of nursing, is reported. Five content areas of a practical science of self-care are identified; one content area, self-care requisites, is refined and developed. The nature of self-care requisites is reformulated; guides and standards for the expression of self-care requisites, examples of expressed self-care requisites, and a self-care practice guide are described. These developments are illustrated using the example of the requisite to maintain an adequate fluid intake.
Empirical Tests of the Neuman Systems Model: Relational Statement Analysis
Authors: Gigliotti Eileen
Published: March 2007

To be a valid test of the Neuman systems model, researchers' relational statements must be congruent with Neuman's axioms and must also be congruent at the conceptual, theoretical, and operational levels. Guided by Cooper's five-stage integrative review method, 92 quantitative research studies (dissertations and journal articles) were collected and categorized according to an expanded version of Silva's levels of theory testing. Nine studies, with explicit relational statements, were analyzed at three levels of abstraction, and interpretations of the studies' results were explored. Recommendations are made for the establishment of a program of research.
Nursing Theory: The 21st Century
Authors: Randell Brooke P.
Published: March 2007

On September 21, 1990, at the University of California, Los Angeles, Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital, six nurse theorists participated in a panel discussion on theory development for the 21st century. The theorists included Dorothy Johnson, Betty Neuman, Dorothea E. Orem, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Martha E. Rogers and Callista Roy. The panel provided the participants the opportunity to speculate on the course for future development of nursing knowledge. Three questions were posed to the panel relating to the development of their models, the direction nursing theory will take in the 21st century, and current research emerging from the extant theories. The panel also addressed questions from the audience.
Elements of Transcultural and Translinguistic Research: A Personal Experience
Authors: Davis D. Karl , Cannava Eugene
Published: March 2007

Prior to undertaking the exploration of phenomena in a research study with people from different cultures, certain elements must be addressed in order to bridge cultural and linguistic differences. In this article, the authors explore some of these elements, with specific reference to personal experiences in a research study done in Italy, the results of which will not be presented here. Elements discussed include: transcultural/translinguistic literature review, protection of human subjects, translinguistics, maintaining necessary and appropriate contact with persons at the research site, presentation of research to participants, structuring interviews, and post-session amenities.
Psychological Determinism and the Evolving Nursing Paradigm
Authors: Polifroni E. Carol , Packard Sheila
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore three behaviorist theories and their roles within the evolving paradigm of nursing. The authors suggest that the behaviorist theories of locus of control, self-efficacy, and the health belief model are derived from deterministic philosophical premises. These premises are in direct conflict with the premise of free will. As interpreted by the authors and many others, the emerging paradigm of nursing relies on the free will of the individual, the ability of the individual to choose for himself/herself what course of action to take, to avoid, or to pursue. The authors address the psychological deterministic philosophical premises within the three theories and utilize nursing theories to compare and contrast the views of free will and determinism. Finally, they suggest that the use of borrowed and applied theories should decline when nurse scientists are true to the philosophical assumptions of theories within nursing science.
Adapting the Neuman Systems Model for Family Nursing
Authors: Reed Karen S.
Published: March 2007

Family nursing is in the early stages of development, and there is often difficulty in translating nursing conceptual frameworks into terms that are less abstract and more readily usable in the family practice arena. Yet the conversion of abstract ideas to concrete descriptions is necessary if nursing theory-based practice is to expand. This article describes the client system known as family within the Neuman systems model. Based on clinical data and the experience of nurses using the Neuman model in practice, a description of the family as client is developed. The five variables of Neuman's model are identified and the terms used in describing the family system are clarified. A rationale for the application is also presented.
Transforming Research and Practice with the Human Becoming Theory
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the human becoming theory as a guide to the transformation of research and practice. New knowledge gained from human becoming research guides the nurse in practice. Different ways of being in true presence in living the human becoming theory are discussed.
Morality Politics and Educational Policy: The Abstinence-Only Sex Education Grant
Authors: Vergari Sandra
Published: March 2007

Due to the ability of the public schools to transmit societal norms and mores to students, the educational policy arena is frequently and inevitably immersed in morality politics. Morality politics theorists generally maintain that compromises on morality policies such as sex education are unlikely. However, morality politics can result in educational policies that reflect compromises between absolute positions. The case of the 1996 federal abstinence-only sex education grant reveals insights into how a combination of factors creates favorable conditions for compromise on an educational morality policy. The case also highlights the complex policy dilemmas in an area of educational policy in which morality activists disagree on what is right and in which there is limited research on what works.
The Other Side of the Equation: Professional Development and the Organizational Capacity of Teacher Unions
Authors: Bascia Nina
Published: March 2007

This article describes three different types of professional development provided by teachers organizations in the United States and Canada. Drawing from 10 years of conceptual and empirical research on teacher union reform activities, on teachers' perceptions of unions, and on teachers' union involvement, it identifies strategies for improving the fit between professional development and teachers occupational needs. The article emphasizes sociological and organizational factors germane to teachers organizations themselves: their role in teacher socialization, the demographics of teacher organization participation, and internal structural features. It suggests that teachers organizations should look within at a variety of organizational issues and consider a variety of organizational strategies simultaneously.
Charter School Accountability: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Manno Bruno V. , Finn Chester E. , Vanourek Gregg
Published: March 2007

Today, public school accountability depends mostly on compliance. This accountability-via-regulation will only make charter public schools like district public schools. A different approach to charter accountability is envisioned, designed to help these schools succeed as genuine education alternatives. This accountability-via-transparency is based on giving charter schools operational, financial, and program autonomy in exchange for holding them accountable for results. Furthermore, rather than bureaucratic control from higher levels within the system, charter accountability is propelled mostly by public marketplaces in which a school’s clients and stakeholders reward its successes, punish its failures, and send it signals about what must change. In what follows, approaches to accountability in today’s charter world are reviewed; how a transparent charter accountability system following Generally Accepted Accountability Principles for Education (GAAPE) would work for charter schools, their sponsors, and statewide programs is described; and three accountability dilemmas that charter schools face are discussed in the conclusion.
Outcome-Based Education and Democratic Commitment: Hopes and Possibilities
Authors: Kanpol Barry
Published: March 2007

It is argued that for the Educational Left to gain emancipatory ground present reform movements such as outcome-based education will have to be considered as hopeful democratic signs. To do this, a dialectic of social critique and democratic hope must inform policymakers. To this end, this article analyzes and critiques outcome-based education, arguing that teachers will have to take personal responsibility as to how they ground democratic hope within policy. The author suggests a transitionary democratic framework that may guide teachers, administrators, and policymakers in this endeavor.
Systemic School Reform in the 1990s A Local Perspective
Authors: Hertert Linda
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the development of state systemic reform from the perspective of local participants in nine states. The findings suggest that implementation varies with local capacity. Districts without substantive technical capacity are most critical of the lack of time, staff development, and information necessary to enact complex, multifaceted policies. State systemic reform agendas are also frequently viewed as incompatible with pressing local issues, particularly school violence and the condition of school facilities. However, the most frequently criticized aspect of systemic reform is the apparent lack of connection between state reform efforts and state funding policies.
Curriculum, Policy, and African American Cultural Knowledge: Challenges and Possibilities for the Year 2000 and Beyond
Authors: Gordon Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author discusses the role of an autochthonous critique that challenges the regime of truth operating in prevailing educational discourses that perpetuate dominant social structure and power relations. The author argues that the contemporary challenge for the curriculum field and educational policy is to create pedagogy and implement social action that reflects new visions of humankind and influences the emergent popular and intellectual culture. The author argues that the African American community is ultimately responsible for the education of African American children. Finally, the author implies that perhaps the greatest threat to the African American community is the kind of miseducation that produces dominant society- appointed "New Negro" leadership, whose ideological and political perspectives are antithetical to the African American community, and whose embrace of dominant societal worldviews results in a self-imposed alienation from their own Black communal roots, culture, and people.
New Technologies and the Cultural Ecology of Primary Schooling:Imagining Teachers as Luddites In/Deed
Authors: Bryson Mary , De Castell Suzanne
Published: March 2007

This article's concern is with discourses of innovation, and it makes some instructive connections between techno romanticist discourses across two "irevolutions ": the industrial revolution at the dawn of the 19th century and the information revolution at the close of the 20th century. Its central question is this: Given the proliferation of futurist and neophilic rhetoric about the "digital revolution" and the wonders of computer-mediated learning, how can we explain teachers' less than enthusiastic participation in bringing about changes involving computers? This article draws on data from a 2-year study of the implementation of new technologies in 12 elementary schools across the province of British Columbia. In broad strokes, it is a study of failure, for what it does is document in some detail the very great divergences between what teachers actually do with computers in their classrooms and the enthusiastic claims and exhortations of educational administrators and policy makers with respect to the educational benefits of new technologies.
Newcomers in U.S. Higher Education: Questions of Access and Equity
Authors: Harklau Linda
Published: March 2007

A college education has become a prerequisite for socioeconomic advancement in the United States, and yet research and policy discussions on immigrant education often have overlooked the place of newcomers in higher education. This article provides a critical examination and synthesis of current knowledge about immigrant experiences in American postsecondary institutions. It considers issues such as the demographic impact of newcomers on U.S. colleges and universities, potential inequities in college admission practices, gatekeeping and academic support of nonnative language speakers, and dynamics of collegiate enculturation for immigrants from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. The article identifies a number of areas for further research in this neglected but increasingly essential part of U.S. immigrant education.
Market-Based Policies of School Funding: Lessons from the History of the New York Academy System
Authors: Beadie Nancy
Published: March 2007

This study uses the historical example of the New York academy system to examine the effects of market-based policies of school funding. Under New York's Regents system, independently chartered academies were subsidized by per-pupil funds that followed students. Academies had to meet charter criteria to be eligible for funds. In this way, the New York system paralleled current voucher and charter school proposals. Given these parallels, what can be learned from the New York case? In this article, data from the annual reports of academies from 1825 to 1870 are analyzed. During expansion of the system, competition among schools depressed income and led to a declining level of investment in teaching at most schools. These findings are discussed in relation to debates over current school choice and charter school plans.
Poison Prevention: Messages and Resources
Authors: Gould Soloway Rose Ann
Published: March 2007

More than half of all poison exposures occur in children under the age of six, and more than 90% of all poison exposures occur in a residence. Poison exposures in children are precipitated by normal growth and development and by availability of potentially toxic substances. Because young children cannot protect themselves from poisoning, parents and child-care providers must provide a safe environment. Programs and informational materials that are scientifically and educationally sound will assist health care professionals in providing effective poison prevention education programs.
Poisonous Plants: Perils in Nature
Authors: Holmes Cynthia H.
Published: March 2007

Poisonous plants are of great concern to any parent or health care practitioner. Household and landscape plants account for 7.1 % of all poisonous exposures in children. Many parents and health care professionals are aware of other potential poisons in the house; however, many times plants are overlooked as a potential poison. Though most plants are associated with only minor symptoms from dermal contact or ingestion, there are some that are associated with significant toxic effects that can be fatal. Poisonous plants are classified as anticholinergic, cardiac glycoside, cyanogenic, central nervous system stimulant/hallucinogens and severe gastrointestinal irritants. Many times these toxic plants produce a multitude of symptoms called a toxidrome. It is important for health care professionals to recognize these toxidromes and be knowledgeable about the proper treatment modalities.
Medication Error Misadventures
Authors: O'Donnell James
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the nuts and bolts of drug dispensing and administrations, and highlights common types of medication errors, misadventures in drug administration, responsible for injury and deaths of institutionalized patients. Case reports and analyses of errors involving pharmacists and nurses are presented, with recommendations for the reader to incorporate into their daily practice. Pharmacist readers are encouraged to share this information, and the risk management approach to avoidance of medication errors with nurses and physicians with whom they practice.
Public Health/State Government Service as an Alternate Practice of Pharmacy
Authors: Gottrich Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

Public health and governmental service are discussed as alternate forms of the practice of pharmacy. The author discusses his employment with the Illinois Department of Public Health in the areas of drug product selection, drug, medical device, and cosmetic establishment inspections, and long-term care. Aspects of the author's former employment as consultant pharmacist for the state Medicaid program are related. Events leading to the author's selection of the field of public health pharmacy practice are described. The benefits of a pharmacy education in this field, rewards and frustrations of government employment, and the future prospects for public health pharmacy are highlighted.
Metered Dose Inhaler and Nebulizer Use in Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Parrott Susan M.
Published: March 2007

Effective administration of medication to the lungs as an aerosol depends on the delivery system and its position in relation to the patient. Metered dose inhalers have proven efficacy, availability in a variety of medications, cost-effectiveness, and similar therapeutic outcomes when compared with other methods of aerosol administration such as the dry powder inhaler or a small volume nebulizer. Patient capabilities, convenience, disease state, breathing pattern, and proper technique continue to be issues that deserve attention. However, regardless of the delivery system chosen, it is important to remember that the aerosol drug should be titrated to maximize the therapeutic effect.
Alcoholics Anonymous and Nursing
Authors: McGee Eileen M.
Published: March 2007

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) is a worldwide, million-member organization that has assisted countless alcoholics to achieve sobriety through a spiritual program of recovery from alcoholism. Based on spiritual principles known as the “Twelve Steps” and “Twelve Traditions,” AA has provided a model for other recovery programs such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA), Gamblers Anonymous (GA), and Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA). Recovery in AA appears to involve a process of self-transcendence. In recent years, nursing scholars have increasingly explored the concepts of self-transcendence and spirituality as they apply to nursing theory and practice. This article explores the roots and spiritual dimensions of 12-step recovery programs. It further explores the ways in which theoretical and clinical knowledge about the delivery of spiritual care interventions may be gained from an understanding of AA’s spiritual approach to recovery.
Nurses’ Attitudes toward Survivors and Perpetrators of Domestic Violence
Authors: Woodtli M. Anne
Published: March 2007

Domestic violence is of special concern to nurses, as they are often the first health care professionals to interact with battered women. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe nurses’attitudes toward the survivors and perpetrators of domestic violence. A holistic ecological health promotion framework guided this qualitative investigation. Thirteen participants expert in the care of abused women were interviewed using semistructured questions to describe nurses’ attitudes toward survivors and perpetrators. Significant statements were identified, clustered, and placed into categories of response. Findings included identification of general themes and specific categories related to attitudes nurses have about battered women and those who abuse and injure them. The significance of this research underscores the importance of nurses’attitudes as influencing factors in their interactions with women and families involved in domestic violence. Application of a health promotion framework encourages a holistic perspective of care for this vulnerable population.
The Effect of an Integrated Stress Management Program on the Psychologic and Physiologic Stress Reactions of Peptic Ulcer in Korea
Authors: Han Kuem Sun
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an integrated stress management program on symptoms of stress and ulcer healing in a sample of Koreans at a major medical center in Seoul. The study employed an experimental design with two treatment groups. One treatment group (n = 23) participated in an integrated stress management program (ISMP) that consisted of seven 1-hour sessions over a 4-week period. A second treatment group (n = 24) was only given a tape on progressive muscle relaxation (PMR). The ISMP treatment group reported significantly lower stress symptom scores than the PMR only group (t = 3.66, p < .001). The ISMP group also demonstrated greater improvement in ulcer healing than the PMR group (t = 1.95,p < .05). The integrated stress management program was more effective in decreasing self-reported stress symptoms and resulted in more significant ulcer healing than the progressive muscle relaxation treatment.