bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐23 receptor defines T helper 1‐like regulatory T cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Wei , An Ning , Wang Mingwei , Liu Xiguo , Mei Zhidan
Published: November 2022

Background

The immune responses play significant roles in the onset, progression, and outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) significantly impact tumor immunity. However, their role in OSCC development remains elusive.

Methods

In a carcinogen‐induced mouse OSCC model, interleukin‐23 receptor (IL‐23R) expression on Tregs and Treg function were determined by flow cytometry. IL‐23R overexpression in Tregs was achieved by lentiviral infection, followed by evaluation of the expression of Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), T‐bet, retineic‐acid‐receptor‐related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t, and cytokines by flow cytometry. Adoptive transfer assays were applied to analyze the function of IL‐23R−overexpressing Tregs in vivo. The cellular sources of IL‐23 were also determined by flow cytometry.

Results

IL‐23R− Tregs and IL‐23R+ Tregs were found in the tongues but not spleens of OSCC‐bearing mice. IL‐23R+ Tregs expressed lower Foxp3 but higher T‐bet than IL‐23R− Tregs. IL‐23R− Tregs produced abundant IL‐10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, while IL‐23R+ Tregs produced lower IL‐10 and TGF‐β but remarkably higher interferon (IFN)‐γ. Furthermore, IL‐23R+ Tregs possessed more phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and STAT4 than IL‐23R− Tregs. IL‐23R+ Tregs were less immunosuppressive than IL‐23R− Tregs, as evidenced by weaker inhibition of activated conventional T cells. IL‐23R overexpression in splenic Tregs remarkably reduced the expression of IL‐10 and TGF‐β but increased IFN‐γ expression when Tregs were adoptively transferred into OSCC‐bearing mice. In the OSCC microenvironment, macrophages, dendritic cells, and malignant OSCC cells produced IL‐23 which might modulate the function of IL‐23R+ Tregs.

Conclusions

This study unveils Treg heterogeneity, thus deepening the understanding of Treg biology and tumor immunity in OSCC.
MicroRNAs target the PI3K/Akt/p53 and the Sirt1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: Yarmohammadi Fatemeh , Ebrahimian Zainab , Karimi Gholamreza
Published: November 2022

Doxorubicin (DOX) is used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of solid tumors. Irreversible cardiotoxicity is the major limitation in the clinical use of DOX. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) with diversified functions are identified that participate in exacerbating or suppressing DOX‐induced cardiac damage. The miRNAs are small noncoding regulatory RNAs that modify the expression of the native genes. Studies have demonstrated that miRNAs by modifying the expression of proteins such as PTEN, Akt, and survivin can affect DOX‐induced cardiac apoptosis. Moreover, miRNAs can modulate cardiac oxidative stress in DOX treatment through the posttranscriptional regulation of Sirt1, p66shc, and Nrf2 expressions. This manuscript has reviewed the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/p53 and the Sirt1/Nrf2 pathways by miRNAs in DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity.
Hyperphosphatasia with mental retardation syndrome 3: Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities and correction with pyridoxine and Folinic acid
Authors: Messina Martina , Manea Emanuela , Cullup Thomas , Tuschl Karin , Batzios Spyros
Published: November 2022

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins (GPI‐APs) represent a class of molecules attached to the external leaflet of the plasma membrane by the GPI anchor where they play important roles in numerous cellular processes including neurogenesis, cell adhesion, immune response and signalling. Within the group of GPI anchor defects, six present with the clinical phenotype of Hyperphosphatasia with Mental Retardation Syndrome (HPMRS, Mabry Syndrome) characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, hypotonia, seizures and persistent hyperphosphatasia. We report the case of a 5‐year‐old female with global developmental delay associated with precocious puberty and persistently raised plasma alkaline phosphatase. Targeted next generation sequencing analysis of the HPMRS genes identified novel compound heterozygous variants in the PGAP2 gene (c.103del p.(Leu35Serfs*90)and c.134A > Gp.(His45Arg)) consistent with the diagnosis of HPMRS type 3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitter analysis showed low levels of pyridoxal phosphate and 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate and raised homovanillic acid. Supplementation with pyridoxine and folinic acid led to normalization of biochemical abnormalities. The patient continues to make developmental progress with significant improvement in speech and fine motor skills. Our reported case expands the clinical spectrum of HPMRS3 in which multisystem involvement is being increasingly recognized. Furthermore, it shows that miss‐targeting GPI‐APs and the effect on normal cellular function could provide a physiopathologic explanation for the CSF biochemical abnormalities with management implications for a group of disorders that currently has no treatment that can lead possibly to improved clinical outcomes.
A possible relationship between Changma and tropical cyclone genesis frequency in the western North Pacific linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Choi JaeWon , Moon Il‐Ju , Khim Boo‐Keun
Published: November 2022

This study analysed the relationship between Changma and tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the western North Pacific (WNP). The correlations between Changma onset, withdrawal, and duration in Jeju and the southern and central regions of Korea and TC genesis frequencies in June, July, and June–July in the WNP were analysed. The results showed that Changma duration in the southern region and June–July TC genesis frequency exhibited the highest negative correlation. To investigate the mechanism underlying the correlations, the differences in large‐scale environments between the 14 years with the longest Changma duration and the 14 years with the shortest Changma duration were analysed. For 850‐hPa stream flows, anomalous anticyclones are found in most WNP regions, while anomalous cyclones are located in the East Asian mid‐latitude region. In the long Changma duration years, the WNP subtropical high was strengthened in the north–south and east–west directions, the monsoon trough was weakened, and anomalous downward flows are formed at the latitudinal (longitudinal) band of 10°–27°N (100°–180°E) where TCs mainly occur. All these environments provide unfavourable conditions for TCs to occur. The difference in sea surface temperature revealed triple anomaly patterns, such as warm, cold, and warm, in the north–south direction in the North Atlantic. This spatial distribution was similar to the negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. From the analysis of 500‐hPa stream flow, we confirmed that the NAO acts as a bridge connecting the TC and Changma in the WNP.
Time series analysis for droughts characteristics response to propagation
Authors: Faiz Muhammad Abrar , Zhang Yongqiang , Tian Xiaoqiang , Zhang Xuanze , Ma Ning , Aryal Santosh , Naz Farah
Published: November 2022

Understanding and exploring hydrological (H) or soil moisture (SM) drought due to meteorological (M) drought under changing climate is crucial for drought early warning. Previously, different methods were used to calculate drought propagation from one state (M to another [H or SM]). However, each method has its pros and cons and thus cannot describe appropriate propagation attributes. In this study, a time series analysis is carried out to explore the propagation process in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) and Hai River Basin (HRB) of China. Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), Standardized SM Index (SSMI), and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) 1‐month time series were calculated using streamflow, satellite‐based SM, and precipitation from 1979 to 2016. The time series framework identifies the average drought propagation as 3.4–8.3 months (M–H) and 2.3–5 months (M–SM) in YRB, while 2.8–7.7 months (M–H) and 2.3–8.5 months (M–SM) in HRB. Cross‐wavelet analysis indicated that periodic characteristics of M drought are responsible for these droughts. Overall, the findings of this study may help to minimize the drought hazards posed by M droughts.
Minimally invasive gingival phenotype modification in gingival recession associated with a non‐carious cervical lesion using the root plastique technique: A quasi‐experimental one‐group pretest‐posttest study
Authors: Romano Luigi , Paolantonio Michele , De Ninis Paolo , Saleh Muhammad H. A. , Sinjari Bruna , Xhajanka Edit , Femminella Beatrice , Wang Hom‐lay , Ravidá Andrea
Published: November 2022

Background

This study introduces the root plastique technique (RPT), the aim of which is to modify the gingival phenotype of sites with gingival recessions (GRs) associated with non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) prior to surgical treatment.

Methods

RPT was performed in 22 subjects with 53 RT1 A/B + GRs. Changes in keratinized tissue thickness (KTT), keratinized tissue width (KTW), relative gingival recession (RGR), relative clinical attachment level (RCAL), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were measured at baseline (T0) and 2 months (T1) after the procedure was performed. All analyses were performed by means of hierarchical models.

Results

The study revealed statistically significant changes (P < 0.01) in KTT (0.45 ± 0.04 mm), RGR (0.80 ± 0.13 mm), KTW (0.67 ± 0.07 mm), and RCAL (‐0.72 ± 0.16 mm). No changes in PPD (P > 0.05) were observed. Regression analyses of KTT increase and RGR reduction at T0 showed statistically significant correlation between the two variables (P < 0.05). All the teeth with a KTT of <0.8 mm at T0 (N = 14) reached or surpassed this threshold at T1.

Conclusion

RPT increases KTT and KTW. In most of the sites, a reduction in GR was also achieved.
Hawaiian waterbird movement across a developed landscape
Authors: Paxton Eben H. , Paxton Kristina L. , Kawasaki Martha T. , Gorresen P. Marcos , van Rees Charles B. , Underwood Jared G.
Published: November 2022

A key component for biologists managing mobile species is understanding where and when a species occurs at different locations and scaling management to fit the spatial and temporal patterns of movement. We established an automated radio‐telemetry tracking network to document multi‐year movement in 2016–2018 of 3 endangered waterbirds among wetlands on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA: ʻalae ʻula or Hawaiian gallinule (gallinule; Gallinula galeata sandvicensis), ʻalae keʻokeʻo or Hawaiian coot (coot; Fulica alai), and aeʻo or Hawaiian stilt (stilt; Himantopus mexicanus knudseni), each with different ecological requirements. There were marked differences in the movement propensity of the species, with no movement among sites detected in gallinules, 31% of coots moving among wetlands, and very high levels of daily movement in stilts. A network analysis revealed strong evidence for fidelity among individual stilts to specific wetlands, indicating different groups of wetlands supported different birds. There was also strong evidence for patterns in daily and seasonal movement patterns of stilts. Our work indicates the importance of each wetland to the waterbirds they support, as each individual had strong fidelity to a single wetland. In addition, for Hawaiian coots and stilts, which were documented moving among multiple wetlands, a network of wetlands may be key for long‐term persistence of these endangered species, and coordinated regional management of waterbirds as a shared resource could provide greater benefits to waterbirds than independent management of each wetland.
Exploring CMMN applicability to knowledge‐intensive process modeling: An empirical evaluation by modelers
Authors: Routis Ioannis , Bardaki Cleopatra , Nikolaidou Mara , Dede Georgia , Anagnostopoulos Dimosthenis
Published: November 2022

Knowledge‐intensive processes (KiPs) have emerged characterizing tasks that are data‐driven, change dynamically and depend on the knowledge and experience of knowledge workers. Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN) language was introduced for modeling unstructured, agile human‐centric processes. As the available Business Process Modeling (BPM) methods and practices are not adequate for modeling KiPs, this paper presents an empirical study of the applicability of CMMN to modeling KiPs. After experienced modelers designed the models of three KiPs scenarios utilizing CMMN, their perceptions were collected assessing the support of CMMN to the KiPs characteristics. Specifically, the modelers assessed the support of the newly introduced CMMN notation elements to the KiPs characteristics. Three of them, that is, knowledge‐driven, unpredictable, and goal‐oriented, were highlighted as the ones that get the greater support by CMMN when it comes to modeling KiPs; the participating modelers suggested that the applicability of CMMN to modeling KiPs is mostly reinforced by the Sentries element. Considering that in a knowledge‐driven economy, organizations are called to transform their way of thinking and manage KiPs, we value the modelers' opinions since they shall apply such practices in the future. This research is a first step to assess whether CMMN may be a “fit” for modeling KiPs. When considering the potential of CMMN for KiPs modeling, the perceptions of such real CMMN users are also first indications of the CMMN future in terms of application.
Temporal variation in ecological and evolutionary contributions to phytoplankton functional shifts
Authors: Hattich Giannina S. I. , Listmann Luisa , Havenhand Jonathan , Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Matthiessen Birte
Published: November 2022

Communities and their functioning are jointly shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that manifest in diversity shifts of their component species and genotypes. How both processes contribute to community functional change over time is rarely studied. We here repeatedly quantified eco‐evolutionary contributions to CO2‐driven total abundance and mean cell size changes after short‐, mid‐, and longer‐term (80, 168, and > 168 d, respectively) in experimental phytoplankton communities. While the CO2‐driven changes in total abundance and mean size in the short‐ and mid‐term could be predominantly attributed to ecological shifts, the relative contribution of evolution increased. Over the longer‐term, the CO2‐effect and underlying eco‐evolutionary changes disappeared, while total abundance increased, and mean size decreased significantly independently of CO2. The latter could be presumably attributed to CO2‐independent genotype selection which fed back to species composition. In conclusion, ecological changes largely dominated the regulation of environmentally driven phytoplankton functional shifts at first. However, evolutionary changes gained importance with time, and can ultimately feedback on species composition, and thus must be considered when predicting phytoplankton change.
An observational study of Typhoon Khanun (2017) during intensification over the South China Sea
Authors: Liu Fu , Hon Kai‐kwong , Zhang Han , Ming Jie
Published: November 2022

An observational study on the characteristics of Typhoon Khanun (2017) was conducted using lightning observations, global positioning system dropsonde observations, satellite‐derived precipitation, infrared‐derived brightness temperature and reanalysis data during its intensification stage. The characteristics of the tropical cyclone (TC) eye or eyewall have been captured for Typhoon Khanun over the South China Sea for the first time using dropsonde observations in recent years. The relationship between lightning evolution and the intensification of TCs was examined, and it was found that the lightning strokes within a 500‐km radius decreased as the typhoon intensified, while the lightning within 100 km (inner‐core) was inactive until 11 h prior to the peak intensity of Khanun. The burst of inner‐core lightning overlapped with the final intensification period of Khanun, indicating that the end of the inner‐core lightning burst may be an indicator of the termination of the intensification stage of TCs. Furthermore, a cyclonic rotation of inner‐core lightning was possibly related to the intensification of TCs influenced by the diabatic heating inside the radius of maximum wind. The dropsonde observations revealed that high water content within the mixed‐phase layer favoured the lightning activity and the convection system. Overall, this study promotes an in‐depth understanding of the linkage between lightning and the intensification of TCs along with the convection system.
Lymphatic refill in ultrasound and lymphatic washout after lymphaticovenous anastomosis
Authors: Hara Hisako , Mihara Makoto
Published: November 2022

Background

Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) drains lymph accumulated in the lymphatic vessels into the veins (lymphatic washout). A method to identify the ideal lymphatic vessels to achieve washout has not been established. This study examined the relationship between lymphatic washout, lymphatic ultrasonographic findings, and surgical outcomes.

Methods

We reviewed consecutive patients who underwent LVA for lower limb lymphedema between September 2020 and March 2021. Patients who lacked data were excluded. Preoperative ultrasonography was performed to measure the lymphatic diameter. After the probe was pressed against the skin and released, the reaction of the lymphatic vessels was classified as either refilled, crushed, undecidable, or solid. Intraoperatively, whether lymphatic washout was observed or not, was recorded and compared to preoperative findings using the chi‐square test. In 54 limbs from 32 patients, the total number of LVA, number of anastomoses with washout, number of refills detected by ultrasound, and severity of lymphedema were compared with the surgical result (postoperative limb volume change) by multiple regression analysis (49 limbs whose pre‐or postoperative circumference data were lacking or who underwent intensive compression therapy postoperatively were excluded).

Results

Sixty‐five patients were reviewed. After excluding six patients with missing data, 59 patients (103 limbs) were included. The median patient age was 63 years (interquartile range, 51–76 years). We performed LVA at 217 sites (mean, 2.1 anastomoses per limb). “Refilled” lymphatics were observed at 156 sites (71.6%) and significantly thicker than those classified as “undecidable” (p = .020 in the lower leg and p < .001 in the thigh). In the thigh, “refilled” lymphatics had a higher rate of a washout than those classified as “undecidable.” In Pearson's correlation coefficient for the surgical result, as the number of washout positive LVA increased, the limb volume tended to decrease postoperatively (correlation coefficient: −0.25). However, multiple regression analysis did not identify any factors that significantly affected the surgical outcomes.

Conclusion

“Refilled” lymphatic vessels had a higher rate of intraoperative lymphatic washout after anastomosis.
Clinical subtyping using community detection: Limited utility?
Authors: Agelink van Rentergem Joost A. , Bathelt Joe , Geurts Hilde M.
Published: November 2022

Objectives

To discover psychiatric subtypes, researchers are adopting a method called community detection. This method was not subjected to the same scrutiny in the psychiatric literature as traditional clustering methods. Furthermore, many community detection algorithms have been developed without psychiatric sample sizes and variable numbers in mind. We aim to provide clarity to researchers on the utility of this method.

Methods

We provide an introduction to community detection algorithms, specifically describing the crucial differences between correlation‐based and distance‐based community detection. We compare community detection results to results of traditional methods in a simulation study representing typical psychiatry settings, using three conceptualizations of how subtypes might differ.

Results

We discovered that the number of recovered subgroups was often incorrect with several community detection algorithms. Correlation‐based community detection fared better than distance‐based community detection, and performed relatively well with smaller sample sizes. Latent profile analysis was more consistent in recovering subtypes. Whether methods were successful depended on how differences were introduced.

Conclusions

Traditional methods like latent profile analysis remain reasonable choices. Furthermore, results depend on assumptions and theoretical choices underlying subtyping analyses, which researchers need to consider before drawing conclusions on subtypes. Employing multiple subtyping methods to establish method dependency is recommended.
Image downsampling expedited adaptive least‐squares (IDEAL) fitting improves intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis in the human kidney
Authors: Stabinska Julia , Zöllner Helge J. , Thiel Thomas A. , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg , Ljimani Alexandra
Published: November 2022

Purpose

To improve the reliability of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model parameter estimation for the DWI in the kidney using a novel image downsampling expedited adaptive least‐squares (IDEAL) approach.

Methods

The robustness of IDEAL was investigated using simulated DW‐MRI data corrupted with different levels of Rician noise. Subsequently, the performance of the proposed method was tested by fitting bi‐ and triexponential IVIM model to in vivo renal DWI data acquired on a clinical 3 Tesla MRI scanner and compared to conventional approaches (fixed D* and segmented fitting).

Results

The numerical simulations demonstrated that the IDEAL algorithm provides robust estimates of the IVIM parameters in the presence of noise (SNR of 20) as indicated by relatively low absolute percentage bias (maximal sMdPB <20%) and normalized RMSE (maximal RMSE <28%). The analysis of the in vivo data showed that the IDEAL‐based IVIM parameter maps were less noisy and more visually appealing than those obtained using the fixed D* and segmented methods. Further, coefficients of variation for nearly all IVIM parameters were significantly reduced in cortex and medulla for IDEAL‐based biexponential (coefficients of variation: 4%–50%) and triexponential (coefficients of variation: 7.5%–75%) IVIM modelling compared to the segmented (coefficients of variation: 4%–120%) and fixed D* (coefficients of variation: 17%–174%) methods, reflecting greater accuracy of this method.

Conclusion

The proposed fitting algorithm yields more robust IVIM parameter estimates and is less susceptible to poor SNR than the conventional fitting approaches. Thus, the IDEAL approach has the potential to improve the reliability of renal DW‐MRI analysis for clinical applications.
A novel linearized and momentum‐preserving Fourier pseudo‐spectral scheme for the Rosenau‐Korteweg de Vries equation
Authors: Jiang Chaolong , Cui Jin , Cai Wenjun , Wang Yushun
Published: November 2022

In this article, we design a novel linearized and momentum‐preserving Fourier pseudo‐spectral scheme to solve the Rosenau‐Korteweg de Vries equation. With the aid of a new semi‐norm equivalence between the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method and the finite difference method, a prior bound of the numerical solution in discrete ‐norm is obtained from the discrete momentum conservation law. Subsequently, based on the energy method and the bound of the numerical solution, we show that, without any restriction on the mesh ratio, the scheme is convergent with order in discrete ‐norm, where is the number of collocation points used in the spectral method and is the time step. Numerical results are addressed to confirm our theoretical analysis.
Rutaecarpin reduces lipids by DGKθ‐dependent activation of PPARα
Authors: Wu Di , Wang Jiheng , Chang Yongxing , Zhang Shiyu , Liang Jinfeng , Zhao Junli , Yang Peiyan , Mao Qinwen , Xia Haibin
Published: November 2022

Objective

Lipid metabolic disorders pose a serious threat to human health, and currently no good treatments exist. In earlier studies by the authors, HepG2 cells with diacylglycerol kinase theta (DGKθ) knockout were found to cause significant lipid accumulation, suggesting that DGKθ may be a potential target for treating lipid metabolic disorders.

Methods

A high‐throughput screening of natural products targeting the potential signaling pathway of lipid metabolism was carried out in the DGKθ‐T2A‐luciferase knock‐in HepG2 cell. RNA‐sequencing and bioinformatic approaches were used to analyze the potential pathway by which rutaecarpin decreases lipids. Western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to investigate the mechanisms of rutaecarpin's reduction in lipid levels.

Results

Rutaecarpin was found to significantly enhance DGKθ expression, and the potential mechanisms by which rutaecarpin accelerates lipid metabolism by targeting DGKθ was explored in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that rutaecarpin could markedly reduce lipid accumulation in oleic acid‐induced HepG2 cells and in high‐fat diet‐induced obese C57BL/6J mice by targeting the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1‐beta (HNF1B)‐DGKθ‐peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα)‐apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) pathway.

Conclusion

Rutaecarpin is effective in reducing lipid accumulation, and the development of a high‐throughput screening platform based on a reporter knock‐in cell line may facilitate the discovery of effective drugs for lipid metabolic disorders based on the DGKθ target.
Eco‐friendly bio‐based composites of cassava starch and natural rubber compatibilized with nanoclays
Authors: Ruamcharoen Jareerat , Munlee Ruszana , Ruamcharoen Polphat
Published: November 2022

Biocomposite films from cassava starch (CS) blended with natural rubber (NR) compatibilized with nanoclay were prepared. Three types of nanoclays, that is, montmorillonite (MMT), kaolinite (KAO) and intercalated kaolinite (DKAO) were used with various content of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt%, respectively. The mechanical property, water vapor transmission and water solubility of CS/NR composite films were investigated and the interaction of constituents in the CS/NR composites was also characterized by using x‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results revealed that the addition of clays considerably improved both the tensile property and water resistance over the pristine starch and CS/NR film. Biocomposite film with 4 wt% of MMT exhibited minimum water vapor transmission and solubility in water content. The tensile strength of CS/NR composites significantly increased while the elongation at break of composites tended to decrease with the increasing nanoclay content. Both mechanical and physical properties were attributed to strong interaction by forming the intercalated structure of MMT and exfoliated structure of DKAO within biocomposites while less interaction was obtained in the case of KAO. The compatibilizing effect of nanoclay in CS/NR composites was also indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of NR or CS‐glycerol phase shifted to higher Tg than that of CS/NR film.
Influence of the electrochemical treatment level of carbon fibers on the compression after impact property of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Chen Jun , Li Guanlong , Liu Zhaobo , Zhong Xiangyu , Zhao Yan , Bao Jianwen
Published: November 2022

In this paper, carbon fibers (CF) with different electrochemical treatment levels were obtained by changing the parameters of electrochemical treatment, and the effect of electrochemical treatment levels on the surface properties of CF was studied by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of CF with different electrochemical treatment levels were characterized by single fiber‐composite fragmentation. The effects of electrochemical treatment on the mechanical properties of CF were investigated by monofilament tensile test and composite laminate 0° tensile test. Finally, the carbon fibers were compounded with epoxy resin to prepare composite laminates, whose effect on the macroscopic mechanical properties of the composite, such as short beam shear strength (SBSS) and compression after impact (CAI) strength, was studied. As a result, with the increase of the level of electrochemical treatment, the surface roughness and chemical activity of CF increased first and then decreased, while the surface energy shows a gradually increasing trend. The IFSS of CF‐BX shows a gradually increasing trend, while that of the CF‐SX shows a trend of increasing first and then remaining basically unchanged, while SBSS shows the same trend. The monofilament tensile test and composite laminate 0° tensile test showed that the electrochemical treatment did not have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of CF. The compression after impact test showed that with the enhancement of the electrochemical treatment, the CAI of the composite laminates increased first and then remained roughly unchanged.
Registration of LCS ‘Valiant’ hard red winter wheat
Authors: Baenziger P. S. , Masterson S. D. , Boehm J. D. , Belamkar V. , Barnett M. D. , Rose D. J. , Xu L. , Wegulo S. N. , Regassa T. , Easterly A. C. , Creech C. F. , Santra D. K. , Kruger G. R. , Hergert G. W. , Klein R. N. , Jin Y. , Kolmer J. , Chen M.‐S. , Hein G. L. , Bowden R. L. , Guttieri M. J. , Bai G. , Salah I. El‐Basyoni , Poland J.
Published: November 2022

Historically cultivars developed jointly by the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln and USDA‐ARS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement project tend to be late and better adapted to the northern Great Plains. LCS ‘Valiant’ (Reg. no. CV‐1196, PI 693223; tested as NE10478‐1) was released based on the merits of its earliness, agronomic performance, relevant disease resistances, and end‐use quality characteristics and its adaptation to the central Great Plains. As such, the line was licensed to Limagrain Cereal Seeds for their ability to market outside of Nebraska. LCS Valiant hard red winter wheat was released in March 2020 by the developing institutions and the licensee. NE10478‐1 was a selection in 2011 for uniformity and grain yield from NE10478, which was derived from the cross NI03418/‘Camelot’. The pedigree of NI03418 is W91‐248/NE95544 (=McVey 78015/NE88521)//‘Thunderbird’. The final cross of NE10478 was made in 2004. The F1 generation was grown in Yuma, AZ, in 2005, and the F2 to F3 generations were advanced as bulks at Mead, NE, in 2006–2007 or sent for Hessian fly resistance screening by the USDA. In 2007, single F3‐derived F4 rows were planted for selection. There was no further selection in NE10478 other than to remove off‐types thereafter until 2011 when heads were selected to increase uniformity. LCS Valiant was evaluated in replicated trials thereafter. It has excellent winter survival, acceptable reactions to many of the common diseases in its target area, and good end‐use quality for bread making.
Solvent effects on direct and indirect tautomerism of pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one/pyrimidin‐2‐ol
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Javad
Published: November 2022

A theoretical study at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level on tautomeric conversion of pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one (PYH) to pyrimidin‐2‐ol (PY) was performed. Two mechanisms have been considered for this processes: (i) one in which the hydrogen is directly transferred, mechanisms A, through TS12 and (ii) another one in which a double hydrogen transfer takes place via TS1122, by formation of the corresponding dimer, mechanisms B. The results associated with the gas phase reveal that overcame to TS12 needs high activation free energies of 34.47 kcal/mol, as a consequence of the strain associated with the formation of the four‐membered transition state, while overcame to TS1122 requires much lower activation free energies, 4.97 kcal/mol. The effect of solvent on the studied tautomerization in implicit, explicit, and a combination of both implicit and explicit solvation models in various media (protic and aprotic polar solvents) has been considered. The results show that the use of a protic polar solvent reduces the energy barrier of the corresponding transition states in a very significant amount.
Black Hole in Quantum Wave Dark Matter
Authors: Pantig Reggie C. , Övgün Ali
Published: November 2022

In this work, we explored the effect of the fuzzy dark matter (FDM) (or wave dark matter) halo on a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Such a dark matter introduces a soliton core density profile, and we treat it ideally as a spherical distribution that surrounds the SMBH located at its center. In this direction, we obtained a new metric due to the union of the black hole and dark matter spacetime geometries. We applied the solution to the two known SMBH ‐ Sgr. A* and M87* and used the empirical data for the shadow diameter by EHT to constrain the soliton core radius given some values of the boson mass . Then, we examine the behavior of the shadow radius based on such constraints and relative to a static observer. We found that different shadow sizes are perceived at regions and , and the deviation is greater for values eV. Concerning the shadow behavior, we have also analyzed the effect of the soliton profile on the thin‐accretion disk. Soliton dark matter effects manifest through the varying luminosity near the event horizon. We also analyzed the weak deflection angle and the produced Einstein rings due to soliton effects. We found considerable deviation, better than the shadow size deviation, for the light source near the SMBH with impact parameters comparable to the soliton core. Our results suggest the possible experimental detection of soliton dark matter effects using an SMBH at the galactic centers.
Dissipation kinetics of some pesticides applied singly or in mixtures in/on grape leaf
Authors: Balkan Tarık , Kara Kenan
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Grape and leaf quality are often severely reduced by fungi such as grey rot Botrytis cinerea Pers., powdery mildew Erysiphe necator Schwein, and downy mildew Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Berl. & De Toni and by insects such as Otiorhynchus spp., European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana Den.‐Schiff., vine mealybug Planococcus citri Risso, and grape erineum mite Colomerus vitis Pgst. Various pesticides are often applied to mitigate these pest problems. These chemicals used singly as well as in the form of a mixture can leave residues on or in the crop. It is therefore of great importance to study the dissipation of the pesticides applied alone and in mixtures to this crop to protect consumers.

RESULTS

The dissipation kinetics of cypermethrin, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim‐methyl, lambda‐cyhalothrin, metalaxyl‐M, metrafenone, and triadimenol residues were studied in vine leaves grown under sunny conditions in Turkey. The dissipation rate for singly applied pesticides followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lifes in grape leaves in the range of 1.85–7.22 days. Changes in the degradation process of pesticide residues were determined after application, as both single applications and mixtures. The degradation of boscalid, cymoxanil, deltamethrin and metalaxyl‐M accelerated while the degradation of cypermethrin, kresoxim‐methyl, and lambda‐cyhalothrin slowed down in mixtures of pesticides.

CONCLUSION

The use of pesticides in mixtures leads to slower degradation and higher residues for some active ingredients and faster degradation and fewer residues for other active ingredients. Therefore, pesticide mixtures should not be applied in the field without having detailed information about their ingredients. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Synthesis of Nε‐acetyl‐L‐homolysine by the Lossen rearrangement and its application for probing deacetylases and binding modules of acetyl‐lysine
Authors: Rehkopf Luisa , Seidel Julian , Sindlinger Julia , Wang Mary , Kirchgäßner Sören , Schwarzer Dirk
Published: November 2022

Lysine acetylation is a posttranslational protein modification mediating protein–protein interactions by recruitment of bromodomains. Investigations of bromodomains have focused so far on the sequence context of the modification site and acyl‐modifications installed at lysine side chains. In contrast, there is only little information about the impact of the lysine residue that carries the modification on bromodomain binding. Here, we report a synthesis strategy for L‐acetyl‐homolysine from L‐2‐aminosuberic acid by the Lossen rearrangement. Peptide probes containing acetylated homolysine, lysine, and ornithine were generated and used for probing the binding preferences of four bromodomains from three different families. Tested bromodomains showed distinct binding patterns, and one of them bound acetylated homolysine with similar efficiency as the native substrate containing acetyl‐lysine. Deacetylation assays with a bacterial sirtuin showed a strong preference for acetylated lysine, despite a broad specificity for N‐acyl modifications.
Recent advances in self‐healing materials for food packaging
Authors: Huang Kehao , Wang Yixiang
Published: November 2022

Food packaging materials are often inevitably and imperceptibly damaged during the transportation, handling, and storage, and the disruption of their integrity poses a challenge to food preservation. Food packaging materials with self‐healing capability can automatically repair the damaged areas and reconstruct original properties to avoid degradation of food quality and loss of nutrients. Various self‐healing materials based on dynamic covalent bonds and/or dynamic non‐covalent interactions have been developed and applied in food packaging in the forms of films and coatings at laboratory scale, and more efforts are required for the commercialization of these novel smart packaging materials. This is the first review to summarize the recent progress in the preparation of self‐healing packaging materials through different mechanisms, compare the self‐healing efficiency under different conditions, and highlight the potential applications of self‐healing films and coatings with recoverable mechanical and barrier properties and other functionalities (e.g., antimicrobial and anti‐fogging capacities). Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of applying self‐healing materials in food packaging are described.
The impacts of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem services: An empirical investigation from highly fragile countries
Authors: Shah Muhammad Ibrahim , Abbas Shujaat , Olohunlana Aminat Olayinka , Sinha Avik
Published: November 2022

Globally, biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) are rapidly declining due to continuous human intervention. The most important factor behind this rapid decline in BES has been attributed to the different land use changes such as agricultural expansion, urbanization, and deforestation practices. Therefore, the present study intends to understand the impacts of land use changes along with the effects of egalitarian democracy, human capital and globalization on BES taking a sample of 20 countries where ecosystem services and biodiversity are most fragile during 1990–2019 period. The study employs robust econometric models that can tackle the problem of cross‐sectional dependence within the data. The finding demonstrates that agricultural expansion and urbanization both negatively and significantly affect the BES whereas forest area is positively associated with BES. The impacts of egalitarian democracy, human capital development as well as that of globalization are found to be decreasing the BES loss. Finally, some policy recommendations are provided to offset the loss of BES which can serve as the benchmark for developing policy interventions across the countries.
Rare‐Earth Lanthanum Tailoring Mott–Schottky Heterojunction by Sulfur Vacancy Modification as a Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Yang Zhou , Yang Jingjing , Yu Chengbin , Bai Jirong , Xie Xinjie , Jiang Nan , Chen Bingbing , Dong Shuang , Xiang Meng , Qin Hengfei
Published: November 2022

Zinc–air battery (ZAB) has considerable potential to be applied in the energy storage field. The main commercial electrocatalysts are Pt/C and RuO2, which are expensive and cannot possess good bifunctional electrocatalytic activities including oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Herein, the rare‐earth metal lanthanum is first constructed to be a Mott–Schottky heterojunction, and the S vacancy is introduced into the Mott–Schottky heterojunction. The so‐obtained La/La2O2S1−x
shows excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic activity with ΔE of 0.68 V, which is superior to La/La2O2S without S vacancies and the commercial Pt/C + RuO2 system. In addition, the La/La2O2S1−x
is assembled into ZABs, showing a high open power density of 212 mW cm−2, and a large specific capacity of 707 mAh g−1, as good cycle stability. The density functional theory calculations reveal the tailoring effect of S vacancy on the Schottky barrier to control the electron transfer concentration and ameliorate over‐strong adsorption, which blocks the reflux of electrons and promotes the unidirectional flow of electrons. In addition, the S vacancy modulates the electron cloud of La‐4f orbit and makes the electrocatalytic pathway closer to the ideal pathway.
A restoring force model for frames with steel tube columns filled with recycled aggregate concrete
Authors: Zhang Xianggang , Zhou Gaoqiang , Liu Xuyan , Chen Jiahao , Xu Ping
Published: November 2022

To establish a restoring force model for recycled aggregate concrete‐filled steel tube (RACFST) frames, the quasistatic tests on two frames comprising two RACFST columns and a reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RRAC) beam each was carried out. The recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratio was 100%. The failure mechanism, hysteretic curves, and strain response of the specimens were discussed. By analyzing the degradation of the load bearing capacity with increasing displacement amplitude and combining the hysteretic curves and stiffness degradation relationships, a restoring force model of load versus displacement adopting a trilinear approximation was proposed. The characteristic points of the model were the relative yield point, relative peak point, and relative failure point. Results showed that bending‐shear or bending failure occurred at the ends of specimen beams and plastic hinges formed there earlier than at the column ends. The hysteretic curves of load versus displacement were essentially symmetric in a full shuttle shape. The proposed restoring force model adopting trilinear approximation agreed well with the experimental hysteretic curves under low‐cycle loading and can thus be recommended to perform the elastoplastic analysis of seismic response for this new type of composite structures.
Machine translation in higher education: Perceptions, policy, and pedagogy
Authors: Paterson Kate
Published: November 2022

Multiple studies have shown that language learners and other students undertaking postsecondary studies in an additional language (L2) consult digital translation tools to complete course‐related work despite general disapproval of their use by instructors. Significant improvements in the accuracy of machine translation (MT) along with their widespread use among students present ethical and pedagogical implications that have yet to be coherently addressed by instructors and institutions at the tertiary level. Recognizing MT as inextricable from L2 users' academic realities, this article reviews the current research on perceptions and purposes of its use in higher education institutions, discusses MT at the policy level (e.g., gaps in legislation related to academic integrity and, more broadly, inconsistencies between the aims of internationalization and the continued delegitimization of marginalized varieties of English), outlines various ways that MT can be harnessed to support learning (e.g., for vocabulary acquisition, writing, metalinguistic awareness, learner autonomy), and suggests ways forward in education, research, and theory on the intersection of MT and learning.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells repair hexavalent chromium‐induced testicular injury by regulating autophagy and ferroptosis mediated by the AKT/mTOR pathway in rats
Authors: Zhuge Ruijian , Li Zhongrun , He Changhao , Ma Wenxuan , Yan Jun , Xue Qian , Wang Rui , Liu Ying , Lu Rifeng , Du Haiying , Yin Fei , Guo Li
Published: November 2022

There is no ideal therapy for testicular damage induced by Cr(VI); however, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation may be a promising therapy. A Cr(VI) solution was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection for 30 days, then BMSCs from donor rats were transplanted. Two weeks later, decreased activity and appetite, along with other pathological changes, were improved in the BMSCs group. The location of BMSCs in damaged testes was observed via laser confocal microscopy. Chromium content in the Cr(VI) and BMSCs groups significantly increased compared with that in the control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups, as revealed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The ferrous iron and the total iron content of testes in the BMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the Cr(VI) group, as observed by Lillie staining and a tissue iron assay kit. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the expression of Beclin 1, LC3B, 4‐hydroxynonenal, and transferrin receptor 1 was decreased in the BMSCs group, compared with the Cr(VI) group. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), SLC7A11, p‐AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p‐mTOR in the BMSCs group was higher than that in the Cr(VI) group. Taken together, we propose that BMSCs repair Cr(VI)‐damaged testes by alleviating ferroptosis and downregulating autophagy‐associated proteins through the upregulation of AKT and mTOR phosphorylation.
Integrated energy conversion units in nanoscale frameworks induce sustained generation and amplified lethality of singlet oxygen in oxidative therapy of tumor
Authors: Zhu Jing , Ding Tao , Jin Kaifei , Xing Yuxin , Huang Jixi , Xia Daqing , Cai Kaiyong , Zhang Jixi
Published: November 2022

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) driven endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is highly promising for tumor therapy but restrained by the nondurable introduction and limited lifetime of oxidative species. Here, a therapeutic nanosystem with sustainable ROS generation ability was developed by accommodating luminol derivatives (L012) in hyaluronic acid‐modified metal‐organic frameworks of Fe3+ and porphyrin ligand (TCPP). After particle accumulation in the tumor, ∙OH radicals from Fe3+ sites catalyzed conversion of H2O2 can react with confined L012 transducers to generate chemiluminescence (CL). Because of the distance constraints, the CL energy was significantly extracted (96%) by adjacent TCPP and further activate oxygen to long‐lifetime singlet oxygen (1O2), whose yield can be further boosted by the catalase‐like activity of the frameworks. By regulating the substrate consumption through energy conversion, the cascade process resulted in increased ROS levels (2.4‐fold) and sustainable oxidation (24 h), which induced continuously accumulated ER stress, high autophagic levels, and amplified lethality against the tumor. This work opens a new avenue to explore reticular nanostructures with complementarily arranged and synergistically spaced conversion units in advancing ROS therapy.