bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Karst bare slope soil erosion and soil quality: a simulation case study
Authors: Dai Q. , Liu Z. , Shao H. , Yang Z.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The influence on soil erosion by different bedrock bareness ratios, different rainfall intensities, different underground pore fissure degrees and rainfall duration are researched through manual simulation of microrelief characteristics of karst bare slopes and underground karst crack construction in combination with artificial simulation of rainfall experiment. The results show that firstly, when the rainfall intensity is small (30 and 50 mm h−1), no bottom load loss is produced on the surface, and surface runoff, underground runoff and sediment production are increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity. Secondly, surface runoff and sediment production reduced with increased underground pore fissure degree, while underground runoff and sediment production increased. Thirdly, raindrops hit the surface, forming a crust with rainfall duration. The formation of crusts increases surface runoff erosion and reduces soil infiltration rate. This formation also increases surface-runoff-erosion-damaged crust and increased soil seepage rate. Raindrops continued to hit the surface, leading the formation of crust. Soil permeability showed volatility which was from reduction to increases, reduction, and so on. Surface and subsurface runoff were volatile with rainfall duration. Fourthly, when rock bareness ratio is 50 % and rainfall intensities are 30 and 50 mm h−1, runoff is not produced on the surface, and the slope runoff and sediment production present a fluctuating change with increased rock bareness ratio. Fifthly, the correlation degree between the slope runoff and sediment production and all factors are as follows: rainfall intensity-rainfall duration-underground pore fissure degree–bedrock bareness ratio.
Sea ice cover in Isfjorden and Hornsund 2000–2014 by using remote sensing
Authors: Muckenhuber S. , Nilsen F. , Korosov A. , Sandven S.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A satellite database including 16 555 satellite images and ice charts displaying the area of Isfjorden, Hornsund and the Svalbard region has been established with focus on the time period 2000–2014. 3319 manual interpretations of sea ice conditions have been conducted, resulting in two time series dividing the area of Isfjorden and Hornsund into "Fast ice", "Drift ice" and open "Water". The maximum fast ice coverage of Isfjorden is > 40 % in the periods 2000–2005 and 2009–2011 and stays < 30 % in 2006–2008 and 2012–2014. Fast ice cover in Hornsund reaches > 40 % in all considered years, except for 2012 and 2014, where the maximum stays < 20 %. The mean seasonal cycles of fast ice in Isfjorden and Hornsund show monthly averaged values of less than 1 % between July and November and maxima in March (Isfjorden, 35.7 %) and April (Hornsund, 42.1 %) respectively. A significant reduction of the monthly averaged fast ice coverage is found when comparing the time periods 2000–2005 and 2006–2014. The seasonal maximum decreases from 57.5 to 23.2 % in Isfjorden and from 52.6 to 35.2 % in Hornsund. A new concept, called "days of fast ice coverage" (DFI), is introduced for quantification of the interannual variation of fast ice cover, allowing for comparison between different fjords and winter seasons. Considering the time period from 1 March until end of sea ice season, the mean DFI values for 2000–2014 are 33.1 ± 18.2 DFI (Isfjorden) and 42.9 ± 18.2 DFI (Hornsund). A distinct shift to lower DFI values is observed in 2006. Calculating a mean before and after 2006 yields a decrease from 50 to 22 DFI for Isfjorden and from 56 to 34 DFI for Hornsund.
Observations of seasonal and diurnal glacier velocities at Mount Rainier, Washington using terrestrial radar interferometry
Authors: Allstadt K. E. , Shean D. E. , Campbell A. , Fahnestock M. , Malone S. D.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present spatially continuous velocity maps using repeat terrestrial radar interferometry (TRI) measurements to examine seasonal and diurnal dynamics of alpine glaciers at Mount Rainier, Washington. We show that the Nisqually and Emmons glaciers have small slope-parallel velocities near the summit (< 0.2 m day−1), high velocities over their upper and central regions (1.0–1.5 m day−1), and stagnant debris-covered regions near the terminus (< 0.05 m day−1). Velocity uncertainties are as low as ±0.02–0.08 m day−1. We document a large seasonal velocity decrease of 0.2–0.7 m day−1 (−25 to −50 %) from July to November for most of the Nisqually glacier, excluding the icefall, suggesting significant seasonal subglacial water storage under most of the glacier. We did not detect diurnal variability above the noise level. Preliminary 2-D ice flow modeling using TRI velocities suggests that sliding accounts for roughly 91 and 99 % of the July velocity field for the Emmons and Nisqually glaciers, respectively. We validate our observations against recent in situ velocity measurements and examine the long-term evolution of Nisqually glacier dynamics through comparisons with historical velocity data. This study shows that repeat TRI measurements with > 10 km range can be used to investigate spatial and temporal variability of alpine glacier dynamics over large areas, including hazardous and inaccessible areas.
Investigating the Juristic basis of State and Provincial Commands in the Civil Lawof Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Fathalian Ardeshir , Akbarzadeh Dr. Rajab , Falahi Dr. Ahmad Hosein
Published: July 2015

Governmental commands are commands which the ruler of the society prescribes according to the predicted legal terms and the general well beings of the Muslims to protect the safety of the society and resolve the deadlocks. Guardian jurist's (Vilayat-e Faghih's) and supreme ruler's range of authorizations are complete and full so that Imam Khomeini announced that guardianship should include all issues for which the prophet of Islam and Shia Imams have a responsibility towards it. This study made an attempt to investigate the juristic principles of governmental commands in civil code of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The basis and evidence of the subject were referred to from Quran, narrations, Islamic jurists' and scholar's opinions and the intuition viewpoint. In the civil law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, there are some clauses like 56, 77, 79, 81, 171, 1029, and 1130 which are representative of the influence of governmental command by the supreme leader.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: A five-year retrospective study in the Children's Hospital of Damascus, Syria
Authors: Alshabab Lina Ibrahem Sheikh , Alebrahem Asad , Kaddoura Ahmad , Al-Fahoum Sahar
Published: July 2015

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most common inherited metabolic disorders. 21-hydroxylase deficiency is responsible for the majority of cases (90-95%) and considered the most common cause of genital ambiguity. There are no statistics concerning the prevalence of this disorder in Syria, although the high rate of consanguineous marriages indicates a possible high prevalence. Objectives: This study aims to collect baseline information about CAH in Syria to evaluate the potential need of a screening program. Subjects and Methods: All medical records of inpatients who had CAH as a final or presumptive diagnosis at the Children's Hospital of Damascus between 2008–2012, or were diagnosed elsewhere and then admitted at the hospital for the first time within the same period, were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups: confirmed and suspected cases. Results: Eighty-nine cases were confirmed, 25 were still suspected. Of the 89 confirmed cases: 20 (22.5%) were males, 66 (74.1%) were females, and 3 were ambiguous. Sixty-one patients (68.5%) were of the salt wasting type and 28 (31.5%) were of the simple virilizing type. The mortality rate was 6.7%. Thirty-two females were assigned as males at birth. Seventeen cases (19.1%) underwent previous hospitalization. 69.7% of patients were not diagnosed during the first month of life. Of the 25 suspected cases: 12 were males, 8 were females and 5 were ambiguous. Confirmatory tests had not been performed because of death in 7 patients (28%) and early discharge upon parental request in another 7 patients (28%). Conclusion: A mandatory screening program for CAH in Syria seems necessary due to the obvious lack of awareness, delayed diagnosis and high expected prevalence. However, further efforts are needed to confirm the effectiveness of such a program in the Syrian society.
Campanian Politics and Poetics in Silius Italicus’ Punica
Authors: Augoustakis Antony
Published: July 2015

This article discusses the references to Campania in Silius Italicus’ Punica and the prominent role of the region in the Capua episode in book 11. Campania is underscored as a place within Italy where politics and poetic activity intertwine to promote the region as a birthplace of prominent politicians and as a locus of otium for poetic activity. In addition, the synergy between Capua and Rome, anachronistically foreshadowed by the poet, seems to question the appearance of a seamless Italian unity, thus locating the seeds of Rome’s decline in the Second Punic War.
Large and Dense Swarms: Simulation of a Shortest Path Alarm Propagation
Authors: Snels Claudia , Betti Silvello , Chiesa Stefano , Moriconi Claudio , Tabacchiera Marco
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with the transmission of alarm messages in large and dense underwater swarms of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and describes the verification process of the derived algorithm results by means of two simulation tools realized by the authors. A collision-free communication protocol has been developed, tailored to a case where a single AUV needs to send a message to a specific subset of swarm members regarding a perceived danger. The protocol includes a handshaking procedure that creates a silence region before the transmission of the message obtained through specific acoustic tones out of the normal transmission frequencies or through optical signals. This region will include all members of the swarm involved in the alarm message and their neighbours, preventing collisions between them. The AUV sending messages to a target area computes a delay function on appropriate arcs and runs a Dijkstra-like algorithm obtaining a multicast tree. After an explanation of the whole building of this collision-free multicast tree, a simulation has been carried out assuming different scenarios relevant to swarm density, signal power of the modem and the geometrical configuration of the nodes.
Rigid Dynamic Model and Analysis of 5-DOF Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Chen Xiulong , Liang Xiaoxia , Deng Yu , Wang Qing
Published: July 2015

This paper introduces a novel 4-UPS-RPS spatial parallel mechanism, which can achieve three rotation degrees and two translation degrees of freedom. A rigid dynamic model is established and analysis of the parallel mechanism is carried out. The kinematics of the RPS and UPS driving limbs are analysed and the velocity-mapping relationships between the driving limbs and the other parts are built. The load conditions of the parts are analysed, and the rigid dynamic model of the 4-UPS-RPS parallel mechanism is derived by the virtual work principle approach. Using the example of the parallel mechanism movement, a driving forces analysis of the 4-UPS-RPS parallel mechanism is carried out, and the correctness of the rigid dynamic model is verified by numerical calculation and virtual simulation.
Comparison of 5 Immunohistochemical Markers of Hepatocellular Differentiation for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Thuy , Phillips Daniel , Jain Dhanpat , Torbenson Michael , Wu Tsung-Teh , Yeh Matthew M. , Kakar Sanjay
Published: July 2015

Context

Several immunohistochemical markers are available to establish the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Judicious selection is essential to achieve a reliable diagnosis in limited tissue provided by liver biopsy.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of 5 hepatocellular markers for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma across various levels of differentiations.

Design

Immunohistochemistry for hepatocyte paraffin antigen 1 (Hep Par 1), polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), glypican-3, arginase-1, and bile salt export pump transporter was performed in 79 hepatocellular carcinomas, yielding 93 observations (13 well-differentiated [14%], 41 moderately differentiated [44%], and 39 poorly differentiated [42%] tumors).

Results

Arginase-1 and Hep Par 1 had the highest sensitivity for well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas arginase-1 and glypican-3 had the highest sensitivity for poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. When staining of more than 50% of the tumor was considered a positive result, arginase-1 remained the most sensitive marker for all differentiations, whereas sensitivity for Hep Par 1 in poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma dropped to 30% and that of glypican-3 in well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma was 15%. The addition of Hep Par 1 and/or polyclonal CEA to arginase-1 did not lead to an increase in sensitivity for any differentiation. The combined use of arginase-1 and glypican-3 yielded 100% sensitivity for poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma.

Conclusion

Arginase-1 was the most sensitive marker in all differentiations of hepatocellular carcinoma. Glypican-3 had high sensitivity for poorly differentiated cases and its combined use with arginase-1 enabled identification of nearly all cases of poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Although bile salt export pump transporter has good overall sensitivity, it has a limited role in establishing hepatocellular differentiation when added to a panel of arginase-1 with either glypican-3 or Hep Par 1.
Oxygenated Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi Isolated From Ocimum sanctum
Authors: Mohammad Shoeb  , Mohammad Shaheen Uddin Khandaker  , Nilufar Nahar
Published: July 2015

Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi), an important medicinal plant of Bangladesh is used for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities. Eleven endophytic fungi were isolated from O. sanctum. The fungal strain, labeled as OS-005, was cultivated at large scale on the potato dextrose agar semi solid medium and was extracted with ethyl acetate. Repeated column chromatography of the parent extract by normal phase silica gel and one of its fraction by Sephadex LH-20 afforded linoleic acid, R (-)-glycerol monolinoleate, 9,10,11-trihydroxy-(12Z)-12-octadecenoic acid, ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide, 1,8-O-dimethylaverantin, coriloxin, and a new natural product named sanctumol. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unequivocally by UV, IR, MS and a series of 1D & 2D NMR analyses.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - A Pre Audit Study of the Pattern of Drug Treatment in a Specialist Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service in the UK
Authors: Olubokun Jibowu
Published: July 2015

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuro developmental disorder and a common disorder of childhood with functional impairments and a significant personal, family and psychosocial burden. This is a pre audit study of children and young people with ADHD who were referred to the Specialist Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health service in Calderdale, Halifax in East Yorkshire. The main aim of the pre audit study was to determine and study the pattern of drug treatment with psycho stimulant medication in the service as well to study the socio-demographic characteristics of the children and young people referred. This was a cross - sectional study. Twenty cases were randomly selected from the available records and data was extracted directly from the medical records using data sheets designed for the pre-audit study. Males constituted 85% of the study sample and Females 15%. Age group 9-12 constituted 65% of the sample. The modified release preparation of Ritalin was more commonly prescribed than the immediate release preparation. Some practical advantages and limitations of brands are highlighted. The initial findings are useful and would help to modify the data sheet for improved quality and help to set the ‘audit standards’ for the main audit study. This has clinical governance implications in terms of delivering the most expedient quality care in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service.
Emerging Cultural Conflicts in Italy: A Challenge for Criminal Law
Authors: Muzzica Raffaele , Tamborra Tracy L. , Amarelli Giuseppe
Published: July 2015

Because of recent and rapid increases in immigration rates, Italy has been confronted with new forms of cultural conflicts. Cultural conflicts have resulted in cultural offenses; these are acts committed and promoted by people belonging to a minority culture that are considered to be offenses by the majority controlled legal system. In addition to defining cultural offenses and presenting defenses that are presented when cultural offenses are tried, this paper highlights pros, cons and potential pitfalls of considering culture under Italian law. Finally, suggestions to improve legal considerations of cultural diversity in Italy are presented; specifically the creation of laws to exculpate offenders of minor cultural offenses, the prioritization of justifications over excuses as a legal defense, and mitigated punishments in cases of major cultural offenses.
Registered report: Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases
Authors: Evans Brad , Griner Erin ,   Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology
Published: July 2015

The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology seeks to address growing concerns about reproducibility in scientific research by conducting replications of selected experiments from a number of high-profile papers in the field of cancer biology. The papers, which were published between 2010 and 2012, were selected on the basis of citations and Altmetric scores (Errington et al., 2014). This Registered report describes the proposed replication plan of key experiments from ‘Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases’ by Xu and colleagues, published in Cancer Cell in 2011 (Xu et al., 2011). The key experiments being replicated include Supplemental Figure 3I, which demonstrates that transfection with mutant forms of IDH1 increases levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), Figures 3A and 8A, which demonstrate changes in histone methylation after treatment with 2-HG, and Figures 3D and 7B, which show that mutant IDH1 can effect the same changes as treatment with excess 2-HG. The Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology is a collaboration between the Center for Open Science and Science Exchange, and the results of the replications will be published by eLife.
Statistical tests on clustered global earthquake synthetic data sets
Authors: Daub Eric G. , Trugman Daniel T. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: July 2015

We study the ability of statistical tests to identify nonrandom features of earthquake catalogs, with a focus on the global earthquake record since 1900. We construct four types of synthetic data sets containing varying strengths of clustering, with each data set containing on average 10,000 events over 100 years with magnitudes above M = 6. We apply a suite of statistical tests to each synthetic realization in order to evaluate the ability of each test to identify the sequences of events as nonrandom. Our results show that detection ability is dependent on the quantity of data, the nature of the type of clustering, and the specific signal used in the statistical test. Data sets that exhibit a stronger variation in the seismicity rate are generally easier to identify as nonrandom for a given background rate. We also show that we can address this problem in a Bayesian framework, with the clustered data sets as prior distributions. Using this new Bayesian approach, we can place quantitative bounds on the range of possible clustering strengths that are consistent with the global earthquake data. At M = 7, we can estimate 99th percentile confidence bounds on the number of triggered events, with an upper bound of 20% of the catalog for global aftershock sequences, with a stronger upper bound on the fraction of triggered events of 10% for long‐term event clusters. At M = 8, the bounds are less strict due to the reduced number of events. However, our analysis shows that other types of clustering could be present in the data that we are unable to detect. Our results aid in the interpretation of the results of statistical tests on earthquake catalogs, both worldwide and regionally.
Acceleration of ions to suprathermal energies by turbulence in the plasmoid‐like magnetic structures
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Malykhin A. Yu. , Kronberg E. A. , Malova Kh. V. , Daly P. W.
Published: July 2015

We study energetic spectra of H+, He+, and O+ ion fluxes in the energy range ≥130 keV measured by Cluster/Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors (RAPID) instruments during 37 intervals of the tailward bulk flow propagation in the near‐Earth tail (at X ≤ −19 RE). In all events from our database, the plasmoid‐like magnetic structures with the superimposed low‐frequency magnetic and electric field fluctuations were observed along with the tailward bulk flows. The plasmoid‐like structures were associated with the enhancements of energetic ion fluxes and the hardening of energy spectra of H+ and He+ ion components in 80% of events and of O+ ion component in 64% of events. The hardening of energy spectra was more pronounced for heavy ions than for protons. The analysis of the magnetic structures and power spectral density (PSD) of the magnetic and electric field fluctuations from our database revealed the following factors favorable for the ion energization: (1) the spatial scale of a plasmoid should exceed the thermal gyroradius of a given ion component in the neutral plane inside the plasmoid; (2) the PSD of the magnetic fluctuations near the gyrofrequency of a particular ion component should exceed ~ 50.0 nT2/Hz for oxygen ions; while the energization of helium ions and protons takes place for much lower values of the PSD. The kinetic analysis of ion dynamics in the plasmoid‐like magnetic configuration similar to the observed one with the superimposed turbulence confirms the importance of ion resonant interactions with the low‐frequency electromagnetic fluctuations for ion energization inside plasmoids.
Revisiting STEREO interplanetary and interstellar dust flux and mass estimates
Authors: Malaspina David M. , O'Brien Leela E. , Thayer Frederick , Sternovsky Zoltan , Collette Andrew
Published: July 2015

Two recent events have motivated a second look at estimates for the flux and mass of approximately micron‐radius interplanetary and interstellar dust observed by the twin STEREO spacecraft. First, the signals interpreted as nanometer dust impacts on STEREO‐A have nearly ceased, even though STEREO‐B continues to observe these signals unabated. Second, a recent laboratory dust accelerator experimental campaign has quantified the charge release associated with hypervelocity dust impacts on materials specific to STEREO. The first event enables an investigation of the extent to which nanometer dust signals influence estimates of micron‐radius dust flux. The second event allows an evaluation of how impact charge release values specific to STEREO materials influence dust mass estimates. Revised estimates based on these considerations yield higher fluxes and similar masses for micron‐radius interplanetary dust compared to prior studies, as well as lower fluxes and higher masses for interstellar micron‐radius dust compared to prior studies. The revised flux and mass estimates reported here differ by less than a factor of 4 from those reported in previous work, demonstrating that STEREO‐derived estimates for the flux and mass of micron‐radius dust are largely robust to spacecraft material charge yields and the disappearance of nanometer dust signals.
Mitigation of atmospheric phase delays in InSAR data, with application to the eastern California shear zone
Authors: Tymofyeyeva Ekaterina , Fialko Yuri
Published: July 2015

We present a method for estimating radar phase delays due to propagation through the troposphere and the ionosphere based on the averaging of redundant interferograms that share a common scene. Estimated atmospheric contributions can then be subtracted from the radar interferograms to improve measurements of surface deformation. Inversions using synthetic data demonstrate that this procedure can considerably reduce scatter in the time series of the line‐of‐sight displacements. We demonstrate the feasibility of this method by comparing the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series derived from ERS‐1/2 and Envisat data to continuous Global Positioning System data from eastern California. We also present results from several sites in the eastern California shear zone where anomalous deformation has been reported by previous studies, including the Blackwater fault, the Hunter Mountain fault, and the Coso geothermal plant.
Investigating the recent apparent hiatus in surface temperature increases: 1. Construction of two 30‐member Earth System Model ensembles
Authors: Outten Stephen , Thorne Peter , Bethke Ingo , Seland Øyvind
Published: July 2015

The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, along with numerous studies since, has suggested that the apparent global warming hiatus results from some combination of natural variability and changes to external forcings. Herein the external forcings for greenhouse gases (GHGs), long‐lived trace gases, volcanic and tropospheric aerosols, and solar irradiance have been replaced in the Norwegian Earth System Model using recent observational estimates. The potential impact of these alternative forcings, and by residual the internally generated variability, is examined through two 30‐member ensembles covering the period 1980 to 2012. The Reference ensemble uses the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 historical forcings extended with the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario, while the Sensitivity ensemble uses the alternative forcings. Over the hiatus period defined herein as 1998–2012, all of the forcings show some change between the Sensitivity and Reference experiments and have a combined net forcing change of −0.03 W m−2. The GHG forcing is 0.012 W m−2 higher in the Sensitivity forcings. The alternative solar forcing differs from the Reference forcing by −0.08 W m−2, the same as the alternative volcanic forcing that was based on the latest estimates from NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions were replaced using the EU‐EclipseV4a data set and produce a mean forcing change of 0.11 W m−2 over the period. Part 1 details the creation of the two 30‐member ensembles and their characterization for parameters of particular relevance to the explanation of the hiatus. A detailed investigation of the two resulting ensembles global surface temperature behavior is given in Part 2, along with comparisons to observational data sets.
Winogradskyella
Authors: Nedashkovskaya Olga I. , Kim Seung Bum , Mikhailov Valery V.
Published: July 2015

Wi.no.grad.sky.el'la. N.L. fem. n.
Winogradskyella
named after Sergey Winogradskyi, Russian soil microbiologist who made great contributions to the taxonomy of bacteria of the
Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides
phylum.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Winogradskyella

Rod‐shaped cells
, 0.4–0.6 × 1.0–1.3 µm, with rounded ends.
Motile by gliding
. Produce non‐diffusible yellow carotenoid pigments. No flexirubin pigments are produced. Cells can form network‐like structures.
Chemo‐organotrophs
.
Strictly aerobic
. Oxidase‐, catalase‐, and alkaline phosphatase‐positive. Arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and β‐galactosidase are not produced. Gelatin and Tween 40 are hydrolyzed, but casein, chitin, and urea are not attacked. Hydrolysis of agar, gelatin, starch, DNA, and Tweens 20 and 80 varies among species. Indole and H
2
S are not produced. Nitrate is not reduced.
Marine
, from coastal habitats. Require seawater or Na
+
for growth.
The major respiratory quinone is MK‐6
.
The main polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–37.

Type species
:
Winogradskyella thalassocola
Nedashkovskaya, Kim, Han, Snauwaert, Vancanneyt, Swings, Kim, Lysenko, Rohde, Frolova, Mikhailov and Bae 2 0 0 5a, 52
VP
.
Pedobacter
Authors: Margesin Rosa , Shivaji Sisinthy
Published: July 2015

Pe.do.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.pedonsoil; N.L. masc. n.bacterrod; N.L. masc. n.Pedobacterrod from soil.

Bacteroidetes / Sphingobacteriia / Sphingobacteriales / Sphingobacteriaceae / Pedobacter

Rod‐shapedcells, 0.5–0.9×0.8–3.2 µm.Gram‐stain‐negative. Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile (Pedobacter africanus,Pedobacter caeni,Pedobacter roseus,Pedobacter suwonensis,Pedobacter piscium,Pedobacter himalayensis) or motile by gliding (Pedobacter heparinus,Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter saltans).Aerobic. Isolates grow at 5°C; maximum temperature for growth is 25°C (Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter himalyensis) or 30°C;Pedobacter saltansandPedobacter suwonensisgrow at 37°C. Colonies on solid media are round (diameter, 0.5–4 mm), convex with entire margins, pale white or pigmented (yellow to pink), sometimes mucoid/slimy (Pedobacter caeni,Pedobacter cryoconitis,Pedobacter himalayensis,Pedobacter suwonensis).Catalase‐,oxidase‐,and phosphatase‐positive;esculin hydrolysis positive.Nitrate reductase‐ and urease‐negative. H2S is not produced from thiosulfate; indole is not produced from tryptophan. Chemoorganotrophic with oxidative type of metabolism. Glucose is not fermented.D‐Glucose,D‐lactose,D‐maltose,D‐mannose,L‐melibiose,N‐acetylglucosamine, salicin, sucrose, and trehalose are used as sole carbon sources. Adipate, caprate, citrate, citric acid,D‐arabitol,L‐arabitol,D‐fucose, lysine,D‐lyxose, malate,D‐tagatose, dulcitol, inositol, 5‐ketogluconate, phenylacetate, andL‐sorbose are not utilized as sole carbon sources. Acid is not produced fromD‐adonitol andL‐rhamnose. Major fatty acids are C15:0iso 2‐OH/C16:1ω7c, C15:0iso, and C17:0iso 3‐OH. All the species are phylogenetically closely related to one another at the 16S rRNA gene level (>95%) exceptPedobacter saltans, which shows >10% difference.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 36–45.

Type species:Pedobacter heparinus(Payza and Korn 1956) Steyn, Segers, Vancanneyt, Sandra, Kersters and Joubert 1998, 175VP; (Flavobacterium heparinumPayza and Korn 1956, 854;Cytophaga heparinaChristensen 1980, 474;Sphingobacterium heparinumTakeuchi and Yokota 1992, 465–482).
Neochlamydia
Authors: Horn Matthias
Published: July 2015

Ne.o.chla.my'di.a. Gr. pref.
neo
‐ (from. Gr. adj.
neos
) new; N.L. fem. n.
Chlamydia
name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n.
Neochlamydia
a new
Chlamydia
, referring to the modest phylogenetic relationship to the
Chlamydiaceae
.

Chlamydiae / Chlamydiia / Chlamydiales / Parachlamydiaceae / Neochlamydia

Coccoid
,
nonmotile
,
obligate intracellular bacteria
,
0
.
4–0
.
6
μ
m in diameter
. Bacteria show a
developmental cycle
with morphologically distinct stages and are
directly located in the host cell cytoplasm
. Organisms naturally

infect the amoeba
Hartmannella vermiformis

, but no other free‐living amoebae including the
Acanthamoeba
species tested; the only exception was the social amoeba
Dictyostelium discoideum
Berg
25
. The genus
Neochlamydia
currently contains a single species,
Neochlamydia hartmannellae
(Figure 1) (Horn et al., 2000).

Type species
:
Neochlamydia hartmannellae
Horn, Wagner, Müller, Schmid, Fritsche, Schleifer and Michel 2001, 1229
VP
(Effective publication: Horn, Wagner, Müller, Schmid, Fritsche, Schleifer and Michel 2000, 1237.).
Chlorobium
Authors: Pfennig Norbert , Overmann Jörg
Published: July 2015

Chlo.ro' bi.um.
. Gr. adj.
chloros
green, yellowish green; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Chlorobium
green life.

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / “Chlorobiaceae” / Chlorobium

Cells spherical, ovoid, straight, or curved rod shaped
, 0.3–1.1 µm wide and 0.4–3 µm long (sometimes much longer).
Cells are often united in chains resembling streptococci or filaments; curved rod‐shaped strains may form long spirals
. Multiplication by binary fission.
Nonmotile
, Gram negative. The existing species exhibit one of two clearly distinguishable colors:
culture or cell material is either green (grass green) or brown (chocolate brown)
. Significantly, these colors can also be recognized under the light microscope with bright‐field illumination.
Photosynthetic pigments are located in the cytoplasmic membrane and the chlorosomes
(Staehelin et al., 1978), which underlie and are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. Bacteriochlorophylls (BChl)
c
,
d
, or
e
occur as major photosynthetic pigments, in addition to small amounts of BChl
a
. Chlorobactene or isorenieratene are the major carotenoid components (Schmidt and Schiburr, 1 9 7 0).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.0–58.1 (Mandel et al., 1971).

Type species
:
Chlorobium limicola
Nadson 1906, 190.
Chloroherpeton
Authors: Gibson Jane
Published: July 2015

Chlo.ro.her' pe.ton
. Gr. adj.
chloros
green; Gr. n.
herpeton
a creeping organism; M.L. neut. n.
Chloroherpeton
green creeping organism.

Chlorobi / “Chlorobia” / Subclass I “Chlorobiales” / “Chlorobiaceae” / Chloroherpeton

Long rods
, 8–20 × 1 µm. Cells separate promptly after division, and no septa are seen in units (Figures 1 and 2). Cells tend to grow in clumps and produce some extracellular slime. Gram negative.
Gliding motility
, 10 µm/min at 20°C.
Cells flex
up to 180°.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45.0–48.2.

Type species
:
Chloroherpeton thalassium
Gibson, Pfennig and Waterbury 1985, 223 (Effective publication: Gibson, Pfennig and Waterbury 1984, 100.)
Desulfurococcus
Authors: Zillig Wolfram
Published: July 2015

De.sul.fu.ro.coc' cus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. n.
koccos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Desulfurococcus
sulfur‐reducing coccus.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Desulfurococcus

Cells cocci
. Stains Gram‐negative. See Figure 1 for appearance of cells.

Type species
:
Desulfurococcus mucosus
Zillig and Stetter 1983, 438 (Effective publication: Zillig and Stetter
in
Zillig, Stetter, Prangishvilli, Schäfer, Wunderl, Janekovic, Holz and Palm 1982, 316).
Stetteria
Authors: Reysenbach Anna‐Louise
Published: July 2015

Stet.te' ria
. M.L. fem.
stetteria
of Stetter, named after Karl Otto Stetter.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Stetteria

Gram‐negative irregular and disc‐shaped cocci about 0.5–1.5 µm in diameter. Motile with a single flagellum. S‐layer with protein subunits arranged in hexagonal array. Heterotrophic growth by oxidizing complex organics (yeast extract, peptone, tryptone, Casamino acids, and cell‐free extracts of
Thermococcus celer
or
Pyrococcus furiosus
) in the presence of H
2
and S
0
or thiosulfate. H
2
S is produced during growth with S
0
. CO
2
stimulates growth. Growth between 68 and 102°C and at pH 1.0–5.8, best at 95°C, pH 6. The optimal NaCl concentration for growth is 2–3.5% (range 0.5–6%). Isolated from shallow marine submarine hydrothermal springs at Paleohori Bay in Milos, Greece.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.

Type species
:
Stetteria hydrogenophila
Jochimsen, Peinemann‐Simon, Völker, Stüben, Botz, Stoffers, Dando and Thomm 1998, 328 (Effective publication: Jochimsen, Peinemann‐Simon, Völker, Stüben, Botz, Stoffers, Dando and Thomm 1997, 72).
Haloferax
Authors: Ventosa Antonio
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.fe' rax
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. neut. adj.
ferax
fertile; M.L. neut. n.
Haloferax
salt (requiring) and fertile.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Haloferacaceae / Haloferax

Cells extremely pleomorphic, most commonly flattened disks or cups
(1–3 × 2–3 µm). Resting stages are not known. Gram negative.
Nonmotile or motile; motility often difficult to observe
. One species is gas vacuolate. Colonies have a mucoid appearance. Strictly aerobic. Nitrate can be reduced under anaerobic conditions. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Extremely halophilic, with growth occurring in media containing 1.5–4.5 M NaCl
; optimum concentration: 2.5 M NaCl. Temperature range for growth: 30–55°C; optimum temperature: ~35°C. pH range for growth: 5–8; optimum pH: 7. Minimal Mg
2+
requirement for growth: 0.01–0.04 M. Chemoorganotrophic, utilizing many substrates as sources of carbon and energy.

Acid is produced from sugars. Amino acids are not required. Polyhydroxyalkanoates are accumulated under certain conditions. The polar lipids are characterized by the presence of C
20
C
20
derivatives of S‐DGD‐1 and the absence of PGS

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.1–65.5. A minor DNA component may be present.

Type species
:
Haloferax volcanii
(Mullakhanbhai and Larsen 1 9 7 5) Torreblanca, Rodriguez‐Valera, Juez, Ventosa, Kamekura and Kates 1986b, 573 (Effective publication: Torreblanca, Rodriguez‐Valera, Juez, Ventosa, Kamekura and Kates 1986a, 98) (
Halobacterium volcanii
Mullakhanbhai and Larsen 1975, 213.)
Haloterrigena
Authors: Ventosa Antonio , Kamekura Masahiro
Published: July 2015

Ha.lo.ter.ri.ge' na
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
the sea, salt; L. fem. adj.
terrigena
born from the earth; M.L. fem. adj.
Haloterrigena
the salt born from the earth.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Haloterrigena

Gram‐negative rods or oval cells
. Nonmotile. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Extremely halophilic
, requiring at least 2 M NaCl. Optimum temperature 45°C. Colonies are pigmented red or light pink due to the presence of C
50
‐carotenoids. Chemoorganotrophic;
aerobic
. Polar lipids are glycerol‐diether analogs of PG, PGP‐Me, and some glycolipids (S2‐DGD).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.2–60.2.

Type species
:
Haloterrigena turkmenica
(Zvyagintseva and Tarasov 1 9 8 7) Ventosa, Gutiérrez, Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1 9 9 9b, 135 (
Halococcus turkmenicus
Zvyagintseva and Tarasov 1 9 8 7, 843.)
Robust neuro‐adaptive cooperative control of multi‐agent port‐controlled Hamiltonian systems
Authors: El‐Ferik Sami , Qureshi Aminuddin , Lewis Frank L.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the distributed cooperative tracking control of the multi‐agent port‐controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) systems that are networked through a directed graph. Controller is made robust against the parametric uncertainties using neural networks. Dynamics of the the proposed novel neural network tuning law is driven by both the position and the velocity errors owing to the information preserving filtering of the Hamiltonian gradient. In addition, the PCH structure of the closed‐loop system is preserved and the controller achieves the
disturbance attenuation objective. Simulations are performed on a group of robotic manipulators to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent deletions and duplications of chromosome 2q11.2 and 2q13 are associated with variable outcomes
Authors: Riley Kacie N. , Catalano Lisa M. , Bernat John A. , Adams Stacie D. , Martin Donna M. , Lalani Seema R. , Patel Ankita , Burnside Rachel D. , Innis Jeffrey W. , Rudd M. Katharine
Published: July 2015

Copy number variation (CNV) in the long arm of chromosome 2 has been implicated in developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), congenital anomalies, and psychiatric disorders. Here we describe 14 new subjects with recurrent deletions and duplications of chromosome 2q11.2, 2q13, and 2q11.2–2q13. Though diverse phenotypes are associated with these CNVs, some common features have emerged. Subjects with 2q11.2 deletions often exhibit DD, speech delay, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whereas those with 2q11.2 duplications have DD, gastroesophageal reflux, and short stature. Congenital heart defects (CHDs), hypotonia, dysmorphic features, and abnormal head size are common in those with 2q13 deletions. In the 2q13 duplication cohort, we report dysmorphic features, DD, and abnormal head size. Two individuals with large duplications spanning 2q11.2–2q13 have dysmorphic features, hypotonia, and DD. This compilation of clinical features associated with 2q CNVs provides information that will be useful for healthcare providers and for families of affected children. However, the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity associated with these recurrent CNVs makes genetic counseling and prediction of outcomes challenging. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palladium‐Catalysed Direct Arylation using Free‐Amine‐Substituted Polyfluoroanilines with Inhibition of Amination‐Type Reaction
Authors: Takfaoui Abdelilah , Touzani Rachid , Soulé Jean‐François , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Doucet Henri
Published: July 2015

The palladium‐catalysed C−C bond formation via direct arylation of free‐amine‐substituted polyfluoroaniline derivatives proceeds in moderate to high yields with a variety of aryl bromides. The nature of the base was found to be crucial to promote the direct arylation with inhibition of the amination reaction.
Isolation and Characterization of a Bismuth(II) Radical
Authors: Schwamm Ryan J. , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Lein Matthias , Fitchett Christopher M. , Granville Simon , Coles Martyn P.
Published: July 2015

More than 80 years after Paneth’s report of dimethyl bismuth, the first monomeric BiIIradical that is stable in the solid state has been isolated and characterized. Reduction of the diamidobismuth(III) chloride Bi(NONAr)Cl (NONAr=[O(SiMe2NAr)2]2−; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) with magnesium affords the BiIIradical.Bi(NONAr). X‐ray crystallographic measurements are consistent with a two‐coordinate bismuth in the +2 oxidation state with no short intermolecular contacts, and solid‐state SQUID magnetic measurements indicate a paramagnetic compound with a single unpaired electron. EPR and density functional calculations show a metal‐centered radical with >90 % spin density in a p‐type orbital on bismuth.
Modular Synthesis of Multisubstituted Furans through Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Condensation of Alkynylbenziodoxoles, Carboxylic Acids, and Imines
Authors: Wu Junliang , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: July 2015

Mild and regiocontrolled synthesis of a multisubstituted furan is achieved through Pd(OAc)2‐catalyzed room‐temperature condensation of an alkynylbenziodoxole, a carboxylic acid, and an enolizable ketimine, which contribute to C1, CO, and C2 fragments, respectively, to the furan skeleton. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups in each of the reaction components, and enables highly modular and flexible synthesis of variously substituted furans. The reaction is particularly effective for the rapid generation of tri‐ and tetraarylfurans and furan‐containing oligoarylenes without relying on conventional cross‐coupling chemistry.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Dehydration for the Synthesis of α‐Vinyl Carbonyl Compounds and Total Synthesis of (−)‐Aspewentins A, B, and C
Authors: Liu Yiyang , Virgil Scott C. , Grubbs Robert H. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: July 2015

The direct α‐vinylation of carbonyl compounds to form a quaternary stereocenter is a challenging transformation. It was discovered that δ‐oxocarboxylic acids can serve as masked vinyl compounds and be unveiled by palladium‐catalyzed decarbonylative dehydration. The carboxylic acids are readily available through enantioselective acrylate addition or asymmetric allylic alkylation. A variety of α‐vinyl quaternary carbonyl compounds are obtained in good yields, and an application in the first enantioselective total synthesis of (−)‐aspewentins A, B, and C is demonstrated.
Author practices in citing other authors, institutions, and journals
Authors: Gazni Ali , Ghaseminik Zahra
Published: July 2015

This study explores the extent to which authors with different impact and productivity levels cite journals, institutions, and other authors through an analysis of the scientific papers of 37,717 authors during 1990–2013. The results demonstrate that the core‐scatter distribution of cited authors, institutions, and journals varies for authors in each impact and productivity class. All authors in the science network receive the majority of their credit from high‐impact authors; however, this effect decreases as authors' impact levels decrease. Similarly, the proportion of citations that lower‐impact authors make to each other increases as authors' impact levels decrease. High‐impact authors, who have the highest degree of membership in the science network, publish fewer papers in comparison to highly productive authors. However, authors with the highest impact make both more references per paper and also more citations to papers in the science network. This suggests that high‐impact authors produce the most relevant work in the science network. Comparing practices by productivity level, authors receive the majority of their credit from highly productive authors and authors cite highly productive authors more frequently than less productive authors.
Evaluating cost and resource use associated with pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease: Empiric estimates and sources of variation
Authors: Reeder Matthew R. , Kim Jaewhan , Nance Amy , Krikov Sergey , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Randall Harper , Botto Lorenzo D.
Published: July 2015

Background

Newborn screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) using pulse oximetry is being implemented in the United States and internationally; however, few data are available on the associated in‐hospital costs and use of resources.

Methods

Time and motion study in well‐baby nurseries at two large urban hospitals in Utah using different approaches to pulse oximetry screening. Two observers recorded the time for each screening step together with provider and equipment characteristics. Structured questionnaire provided additional information on labor and equipment costs.

Results

Fifty‐three CCHD screens were observed. At site A (n = 22), screening was mostly done by medical assistants (95%) using disposable probes (100%); at site B (n = 31), screening was mostly performed by certified nursing assistants (90%) using reusable probes (90%). Considering only first screens (n = 53), the median screen time was 8.6 min (range: 3.2–23.2), with no significant difference between sites. The overall cost ($ in 2014) of screening per baby was $24.52 at site A and $2.60 at site B. Nearly all the variation in cost (90%) was due to the cost of disposable probes; labor costs were similar between sites.

Conclusion

CCHD screening by means of pulse oximetry is reasonably fast for most babies, leading to relative small labor costs with little variation by provider type. The main driver of costs is equipment: in a high throughput setting, reusable probes are currently associated with considerable cost saving compared with disposable probes. As programs expand to universal screening, improved and cheaper technologies could lead to considerable economies of scale. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:962–971, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.