bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FATAL ASPIRATION OF GRAIN CORN - CASE REPORT
Authors: Juković F. , Matejić S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Asphyxiation by aspiration- inhalation of foreign bodies is a form of violent mechanical asphyxia and can occur at any age, most commonly in children and the elderly. In children up to third age choking is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Mortality due to aspiration of foreign bodies is higher in children because of the relatively narrow airways and less developed protective mechanisms. The size, type, shape and place of obstruction with foreign body leads to the diversity of clinical picture.

Case report. We present the case of a 15 month-old girl, who was found by her mother in her house in a village, lying down, cyanotic, collapsed, without breathing. Autopsy showed that the cause of death was acute respiratory obstruction with impacted grains of corn in two places, on the larynx entrance and in the right bronchus.

Conclusion. The diagnosis of death by asphyxiation due to aspiration of foreign bodies is set at autopsy, when the place of airway occlusion is found. If a foreign body was removed during providing assistance, the diagnosis would be made based on medical records or history data of persons who were provided assistance. In cases of sudden deaths of young children, in order to clarify pathophysiological mechanism and mode of death in each case, a pathologist should always keep in mind the possibility of aspiration of foreign bodies, and in accordance with this, carefully apply appropriate autopsy techniques to locate the place of obstruction, with special regard to local finding in airways.
HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLUME DENSITY OF ELASTIC FIBERS IN THE DERMIS DURING AGING
Authors: Leštarević Snežana , Mandić Predrag , Mijović Milica , Dejanović Mirjan , Marjanović Dragan , Matejić Suzan , Filipović Milan
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Elastic fibers are constituents of the dermal extracellular matrix, determining the histoarchitecture of the
dermal connective tissue. Organization and density of elastic fibers change as skin ages. The aim of this paper was to determine the similarities and differences between the photo-aging and the physiological aging of skin by examining organization and quantifying the elastic fibers in the dermis during aging. The material included samples of photoexposed and photoprotected skin, obtained from 90 cadavers aged 0-82 years. The samples were classified into five age groups: newborns, young age, middle age, mature age and the oldest age. Skin samples were stained using the Halmi modification of Aldehyd fucshin staining method, as well as Alcian blue staining (the Spicer method). Volume density (VD) of the elastic fibers was measured using Image J program.

Results: In the skin of newborns and young age group (neck and abdomen) elastic fibers appeared to form a network structure. In the photoexposed skin of the mature age and the oldest group, elastic fibers showed tendency to fragment, while the elastic material exhibited tendency to accumulate. VD of elastic network in the skin of the neck in the middle, mature and the oldest age group was greater than VD of abdominal skin of the respective age groups (3.66±0.28%, 5.61±0.22%, 6.24±0.21% respectively). Age-related statistically significant increase in VD of the elastic network in the skin of the neck, as well as a statistically significant reduction of elastic network VD in the abdominal skin, has been observed (middle age - oldest).

Conclusion: Correlation of the organization and quantity of elastic fibers with age exhibits different pattern in photoexposed compared to photoprotected skin. A quantitative evaluation of the volume density of elastic fibers correlates with clinically visible signs of photo-aging, primarily with solar elastosis.
Development and validation of machine learning models to predict prediabetes using dietary intake data in young adults in Korea: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Heo Myoung-Lyun
Published: November 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and compare machine learning models for predicting prediabetes in young adults in Korea using dietary intake data and to identify the most effective model.Methods: Data from the ninth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, with 823 participants aged 19–35 years selected after excluding those with missing data. Logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, and random forest models were applied to predict prediabetes, and the analysis was conducted using the Orange 3.5 program. Five-fold cross-validation was performed to reduce performance variability, and test data were used for final model validation.Results: In the dataset, 14%–15% of participants were classified as having prediabetes. The random forest model showed the highest performance in terms of classification accuracy, harmonic mean of precision and recall, and precision. Logistic regression had the highest performance regarding the model’s ability to distinguish between individuals with and without prediabetes. Age, thiamine intake, and water intake emerged as the most important predictors.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the utility of using dietary intake data to predict prediabetes in young adults. The random forest model provided the highest prediction accuracy, supporting early detection and intervention, which could help to reduce unnecessary treatment. This highlights nurses’ important role in educating patients about lifestyle changes and implementing preventive care. Future studies should incorporate additional factors, such as psychological and lifestyle variables, to improve the model's performance.
LRR1 involved in the abscisic acid signaling pathway to regulate the early growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Xie Xiaoyang , Wei Lei , Han Hongyuan , Jing Bingnian , Liu Yuqing , Zhou Yong , Li Ningjie , Li Xiao , Wang Wei
Published: November 2024

Background

Living organisms possess the remarkable capacity to swiftly adapt to fluctuations in their environment. In the context of cell signal transduction, a significant challenge lies in ensuring the effective perception of external signals and the execution of appropriate responses. To investigate this phenomenon, a recent study utilized Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant and induced stress by administering abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, to elucidate the involvement of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase1 (LRR1) in ABA signaling pathways.

Methods

Homozygous T-DNA insertion alleles for LRR1 and KIN7 were isolated. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the expression of the LRR1 gene. Subcellular localization and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) tissue labeling techniques were utilized to determine the expression pattern of the LRR1 gene in cells and tissues. Yeast two-hybrid complementation, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, and GST pull-down assays were conducted to validate the interaction of LRR1 proteins.

Results

Phenotypic analyses revealed that lrr1 and kin7 mutants are less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of ABA on germination and cotyledon greening that is seen in WT. Mutants LRR1 and kinase 7 (KIN7) exhibited resistance to ABA and displayed normal growth patterns under control conditions. The double mutant lrr1kin7 showed reduced responsiveness to ABA. Conversely, overexpression lines LRR1ox2 and LRR1ox10 demonstrated heightened sensitivity to ABA, resulting in severe growth reduction. qRT-PCR assay indicated that exogenous application of ABA led to significant down-regulation of ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5 transcription factors in LRR1 material compared to wild-type WT material. An investigation was conducted to determine the expression pattern and transcriptional level of LRR1 in Arabidopsis. The results revealed ubiquitous expression of LRR1 across all developmental stages and tissue tested. Subcellular localization assays confirmed the presence of LRR1 on the plasma membrane of cells. Furthermore, BiFC assay, yeast two-hybrid complementation, and GST pull-down assays demonstrated an interaction between LRR1 and PYL6 in vitro. These findings provide substantial insights into the involvement of LRR1 in the ABA signaling pathway while regulating seed germination and cotyledon greening during early development in Arabidopsis. This study significantly advances our understanding regarding the correlation between LRR1 and ABA signaling pathways with potential applications for enhancing crop stress resistance.
Effect of GR24 on the growth and development of licorice under low phosphorus stress
Authors: Jing Yuting , Li Man , Wu Yong , Zhang Chengming , Qiu Chengshu , Zhao Hengming , Zhuang Li , Liu Hongling
Published: November 2024

Background

Glycyrrhiza, a perennial herbaceous medicinal plant, is extensively utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. The growth of Glycyrrhiza is frequently constrained by soil phosphorus availability, as a significant portion of arable land in China suffers from phosphorus deficiency.

Method

This study utilized Ural Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch as the subject and examined the application of GR24, a synthetic strigolactone, under three phosphorus conditions: none (P1), low (P2), and high (P3). The research aimed to ascertain the optimal concentration of GR24 for promoting licorice growth and development, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for its agricultural management.

Results

The optimal GR24 concentration for P3 and P2 conditions was identified as G3 (10 µM), which enhanced growth metrics, chlorophyll a and b levels, while also boosting antioxidant enzyme activities in licorice. Specifically under P3, significant increases in liquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid levels were observed. Under P2, increases were noted in isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, and liquiritin levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential gene, with 137 and 270 genes up-regulated and 77 and 294 genes down-regulated in the P3 and P2 treatments, respectively. GO functional enrichment identified 132 and 436 differentially expressed genes for P3 and P2 respectively, while KEGG pathways were predominantly enriched in plant-pathogen interactions and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Application of GR24 in P1 conditions did not significantly affect growth indices but did enhance glycyrrhetic acid, isoliquiritin, and liquiritin accumulation. Transcriptome profiling in this treatment identified 465 up-regulated and 1,109 down-regulated genes. GO annotation involved 1,108 differentially expressed genes, and KEGG analysis was primarily enriched in the plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Furthermore, transcription factor analysis revealed alterations in the C2H2, NAC, and MYB families, which are associated with phosphorus response.
An approach for K-modes cluster analysis to examine direct resource transfers in brazilian public agreements for innovation and rural development
Authors: Gomes Alan Keller , Lima Márcio Dias de , Santos Paulo Henrique dos , Lopes Cassiomar Rodrigues , Oliveira Lucas Santos de , Souza Daniel Soares de , Silva José Carlos Barros , Batista Karla de Aleluia
Published: November 2024

This article presents an innovative approach to K-modes cluster analysis applied to public agreements signed by the Secretariat of Innovation, Rural Development, and Irrigation (SDI) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply (MAPA) of Brazil. The agreements were signed between 2019 and early 2023. The main goal is to identify patterns and trends in resource transfers for innovation and sustainable rural development in Brazil. This study analyzed 10,098 agreements using the Design Science Research Methodology, refined over three cycles. The K-modes method is particularly suitable for handling categorical data. It enables the clustering of agreements based on similar characteristics, such as geographic region served, purpose, the year the agreement was signed, the total value of expense items, and the status of the agreement. The results demonstrate that the K-modes approach overcomes typical limitations of traditional clustering methods, including sensitivity to outliers, restriction to numerical data, and difficulty handling clusters of varying sizes and densities. Additionally, it addresses issues related to the lack of interpretability of the generated clusters. This study advances the application of the K-modes method in analyzing direct resource transfer mechanisms for innovation and rural development, a still unexplored area. The proposed approach can be generalized to examine direct resource transfer mechanisms in different countries, contributing to enhancing public policies on a global scale. Despite structural differences, resource transfers aimed at innovation and rural development aim to direct public funds to initiatives that improve living conditions and the agricultural sector’s competitiveness.
Assessing Teacher’s Readiness for Online Learning – Insights from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Authors: Fernandaz C.Cinthia , Thilagam J. , Vennila S. , Manivasakan S.
Published: November 2024

Online Education is the future and the readiness of teachers to handle the challenges of online education has to be understood. Under this the paper has a two-fold purpose. The first purpose of the research is to clarify the concept of “readiness of teachers of higher education institutions to use online learning Technologies”, to determine the components and indicators of teachers’ readiness to use online learning technologies. The second purpose is the reporting of the study results based on the first purpose. The article is based on literature review on Teachers’ readiness/preparedness to online education and results of the authors’ COVID-19 Teachers’ Questionnaire with 49 faculty members of major higher education institutions of  Tamil Nadu Agricultural University .It  proves that the effectiveness of online learning depends on subjective (teachers’ and students’ preparedness for online education) and objective factors (material and technical base of higher education institutions). Components of teacher’s readiness for online learning and their indicators are summarized: motivational, cognitive, operational, technological, creative, personal. The outcomes of the questionnaire have identified that most respondents lack theoretical knowledge and practical skills Necessary for the implementation of online learning and encounter difficulties in teaching during quarantine.
In-vitro Evaluation of Bio Agents and Botanical Extracts against Alternaria alternata Causing Alternaria Blight of Dahlia
Authors: Mahapatra Rahul Singha , Lal Abhilasha A.
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of various bio-agents (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum) and plant-based botanical extracts (neem, marigold, eucalyptus, ashwagandha, tulsi) in managing Alternaria alternata, a fungal pathogen responsible for Alternaria blight in Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis). The research was conducted using the poisoned food technique to assess the antifungal properties of these treatments at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%). In the case of botanicals Neem leaf extract showed the minimum growth a maximum inhibition (19.75 mm, 75.99%) and least were Tulsi leaf extract with maximum growth and minimum inhibition (61.60 mm, 25.13%) against A. alternata on the other hand Trichoderma viride showed the minimum growth a maximum inhibition (19.68 mm, 72.73%) and least were Trichoderma harzianum with maximum growth and minimum inhibition (24.51 mm, 66.03%) against A. alternata. Results indicate that both bioagents, particularly Trichoderma viride, and botanical extracts, especially neem and eucalyptus, significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Mancozeb, a chemical fungicide used as a treated check, exhibited the highest inhibitory effect. These findings suggest that integrating bio-agents and botanicals could be an effective strategy for sustainable management of Alternaria blight in Dahlia cultivation.
Erodibility Prioritization and Mapping of a Mid Himalayan Watershed Using Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
Authors: Joshi Mallika , Kumar Pravendra , Kumar Anil , Singh PV , Tomar A.S
Published: November 2024

The productivity of soils is drastically affected owing to soil erosion in human activities in the decline of the Western Nayar watershed situated in the Pauri district of Uttarakhand. Therefore, evaluation of these erodible areas is of utmost importance so that the preventive measures can be taken accordingly. It assessed the sub-basins in the basin using morphometric parameters and several multi- criteria decision-making models, such as Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Utilizing Advanced Space Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) data and a 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM), morphometric parameters were extracted and analyzed. To test the MCDM methods, percent and intensity of change indices were adopted. The ranking results were such that sub-watershed 2 was ranked at top as the most susceptible to erosion for TOPSIS model,In general, the morphometric parameters were effective for identifying erosion-prone areas.
Correlation Analysis among Growth, Wood Density, and Seed Traits in Gmelina arborea: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Dhonde Subodh , P. Neetha , Shirin Fatima
Published: November 2024

This study explores the intricate relationships among morphological traits, wood properties, and seed characteristics in Gmelina arborea across eight natural and planted populations in Madhya Pradesh. The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of these interconnections, offering valuable insights for forest management, conservation, and breeding programs. Significant positive correlations were observed among several traits, highlighting their interdependence. For instance, crown height was strongly correlated with total tree height and crown width, indicating that trees with larger crowns tend to grow taller and exhibit higher wood density, a critical determinant of timber quality. Similarly, wood density showed positive correlations with girth at breast height (GBH) and branch thickness, suggesting that trees with thicker stems and branches produce denser, more robust wood. Seed traits also displayed notable correlations, with larger fruits associated with heavier seeds, which in turn showed greater viability and potential for seedling vigor—key factors for regeneration and commercial plantations. In contrast, some inverse relationships were identified, such as between crown height and 100-seed weight, indicating possible trade-offs where taller-crowned trees may yield lighter seeds. This integrated analysis emphasizes the importance of selecting key morphological and wood traits as indicators for superior timber quality and enhanced growth performance. The findings demonstrate the practical relevance of morphometric and seed traits in breeding programs and sustainable forestry practices. By using these traits as selection criteria, the study supports the development of more productive Gmelina arborea plantations, contributing to improved timber quality and sustainable forest management.
A Review of Emerging Trends in Vaccine Development: Insights in India and Global Research
Authors: Ekambaram Rajasekaran , Rajasekaran Indupriya
Published: November 2024

The transformative advancements in vaccine development, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, have ushered in a new era of rapid innovation in vaccine technology. This study provides an overview of the latest trends in vaccine development, with a focus on India’s contributions alongside global progress. We examine the adoption of novel vaccine platforms, including mRNA, viral vector, protein subunit, and DNA vaccines, and analyze India’s role as a major vaccine producer. Our analysis also addresses emerging methodologies, regulatory developments, and the potential implications of these technologies for future public health crises. Finally, we consider the future challenges and opportunities in vaccine development, including the need for equitable access, scalable solutions, and the integration of new delivery technologies.
Editorial: The Heart of Learning: Embracing Change in Education With Empathy and Innovation
Authors:   Grand Canyon University, Dyer Thomas D.
Published: November 2024

The educational landscape is experiencing a period of transformation, shaped by advancements in technology, shifts in student demographics, and the ever-growing emphasis on well-being and inclusivity. As we navigate these changes, it is essential to reflect on the trends driving the evolution of pedagogy and institutional practices. According to Mowreader (2023) faculty and administrators are grappling with how to best implement technological tools while maintaining student engagement and academic integrity. One prominent examp0le is the increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) in both administrative tasks and instructional design. While AI has the potential to streamline processes, it also brings challenges in ensuring ethical use and maintaining human-centered teaching. In an era where AI is rapidly transforming the educational landscape, one thing remains constant: good teaching, at its core is social. While AI offers new tools and possibilities, it does not replace the fundamental elements that define effective education.
A Reflective Account of Character-Based Professional Learning in Higher Education
Authors:   Grand Canyon University, Brandon Ashley , Farkas Emily ,   Grand Canyon University
Published: November 2024

This manuscript will reflect on the planning and development of professional learning opportunities provided to diverse university stakeholders on character education and virtue formation. While reflecting on the approach to the project, planning logistics and content development are explored explicitly. An evaluation exploring training modalities, attendance, arrangement, and feedback were used to gain insight and guide the authors in their reflective practice. The reflective narrative and evaluation of ideas led to a decision about the factors that aided the project's implementation. In future professional learning opportunities, determining attendees' prior knowledge of the content and additional internal support for communication and development plans is key. While evaluating how to implement professional learning opportunities focused on character, the planning and development process were explored; in coming to a decision, the reflective criteria of responsibility, open-mindedness, and wholeheartedness were focal points.

Keywords: reflection, readiness attitudes, planning, professional learning opportunities, planning and development
Laboratory Data Management Systems
Authors: Muñoz‐Willery Isabel , Castelnovo Roberto
Published: March 2019

Software applications are key in the digital transformation of laboratory processes. Whether the laboratory is dedicated to research, development, or quality control, whether it provides services to internal or external customers, whether the origins of the samples to be analyzed are biological or chemical, the available software solutions today are numerous and quite different from one another. These solutions are defined according to their specific data management or specific workflows. The main objective in this article is to introduce readers to the current laboratory informatics landscape.
Incorporation of desmocollin‐2 into the plasma membrane requires N‐glycosylation at multiple sites
Authors: Brodehl Andreas , Stanasiuk Caroline , Anselmetti Dario , Gummert Jan , Milting Hendrik
Published: March 2019

Desmocollin‐2 (DSC2) is a desmosomal protein of the cadherin family. Desmosomes are multiprotein complexes, which are involved in cell adhesion of cardiomyocytes and of keratinocytes. The molecular structure of the complete extracellular domain (ECD) of DSC2 was recently described, revealing three disulfide bridges, four N‐glycosylation sites, and four O‐mannosylation sites. However, the functional relevance of these post‐translational modifications for the protein trafficking of DSC2 to the plasma membrane is still unknown. Here, we generated a set of DSC2 mutants, in which we systematically exchanged all N‐glycosylation sites, O‐mannosylation sites, and disulfide bridges within the ECD and investigated the resulting subcellular localization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Of note, all single and double N‐glycosylation‐ deficient mutants were efficiently incorporated into the plasma membrane, indicating that the absence of these glycosylation sites has a minor effect on the protein trafficking of DSC2. However, the exchange of multiple N‐glycosylation sites resulted in intracellular accumulation. Colocalization analysis using cell compartment trackers revealed that N‐glycosylation‐ deficient DSC2 mutants were retained within the Golgi apparatus. In contrast, elimination of the four O‐mannosylation sites or the disulfide bridges in the ECD has no obvious effect on the intracellular protein processing of DSC2. These experiments underscore the importance of N‐glycosylation at multiple sites of DSC2 for efficient intracellular transport to the plasma membrane.
Towards Design of Self‐Organizing Biomimetic Systems
Authors: Wölfer Christian , Mangold Michael , Flassig Robert J.
Published: March 2019

The ability of designing biosynthetic systems with well‐defined functional biomodules from scratch is an ambitious and revolutionary goal to deliver innovative, engineered solutions to future challenges in biotechnology and process systems engineering. In this work, several key challenges including modularization, functional biomodule identification, and assembly are discussed. In addition, an in silico protocell modeling approach is presented as a foundation for a computational model‐based toolkit for rational analysis and modular design of biomimetic systems.
Poly(1,4‐Diethynylbenzene) Gradient Homojunction with Enhanced Charge Carrier Separation for Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction
Authors: Sun Hanjun , Neumann Christof , Zhang Tao , Löffler Markus , Wolf André , Hou Yang , Turchanin Andrey , Zhang Jian , Feng Xinliang
Published: March 2019

As appealing photoelectrode materials for photoeletrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (PEC HER), conjugated polymers still show poor PEC HER performance as a result of their serious recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Herein, a novel design of gradient homojunction is demonstrated by controlled copolymerization of 1,4‐diethynylbenzene (DEB) and 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene (TEB). The as‐built gradient distribution of TEB monomer in poly(1,4‐diethynylbenzene) (pDEB) leads to continuous band bending engineering, which constitutes a gradient homojunction. Under AM 1.5G irradiation and in 0.1 m Na2SO4 aqueous solution, the as‐fabricated pDEB gradient homojunction exhibits a charge separation efficiency of 0.27% at 0.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is 3.4 and 1.7 times higher than those for pure pDEB and the traditionally designed pDEB homojunction. As a result, the photocurrent of the pDEB gradient homojunction unprecedentedly reaches 55 µA cm−2 at 0.3 V versus RHE, which is much higher than 19 µA cm−2 for pure pDEB, 32 µA cm−2 for the pDEB homojunction, and state‐of‐the‐art organic photocathodes, e.g., g‐C3N4 (≈1−32 µA cm−2). This work opens up a new window for the design of gradient homojunctions and will advance the exploration of high‐performance organic photoelectrodes.
Engineering Vacancies in Bi2S3yielding Sub‐Bandgap Photoresponse and Highly Sensitive Short‐Wave Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Huo Nengjie , Figueroba Alberto , Yang Yujue , Christodoulou Sotirios , Stavrinadis Alexandros , Magén César , Konstantatos Gerasimos
Published: March 2019

Defects play an important role in tailoring the optoelectronic properties of materials. Supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, herein it is demonstrated that sulphur vacancies are able to engineer sub‐band gap photoresponse in the short‐wave infrared range due to formation of in‐gap states in Bi2S3single crystals. Sulfurization and subsequent refill of the vacancies result in faster response but limit the spectral range to the near infrared as determined by the bandgap of Bi2S3. A facile chemical treatment is then explored to accelerate the speed of sulphur deficient (SD)‐based detectors on the order of 10 ms without sacrificing its spectral coverage of the infrared, while holding a high specific detectivity (D*) close to 1015Jones in the visible–near infrared range and 1012Jones at 1.6 µm. This work also provides new insights into the role sulphur vacancies play in the electronic structure and, as a result, in sub‐bandgap photoresponse enabling ultrasensitive, fast, and broadband photodetectors.
Oriented Transformation of Co‐LDH into 2D/3D ZIF‐67 to Achieve Co–N–C Hybrids for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Chen Ziliang , Ha Yuan , Jia Huaxian , Yan Xiaoxiao , Chen Mao , Liu Miao , Wu Renbing
Published: March 2019

Construction of well‐defined metal–organic framework precursor is vital to derive highly efficient transition metal–carbon‐based electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting. Herein, a novel strategy involving an in situ transformation of ultrathin cobalt layered double hydroxide into 2D cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67) nanosheets grafted with 3D ZIF‐67 polyhedra supported on the surface of carbon cloth (2D/3D ZIF‐67@CC) precursor is proposed. After a low‐temperature pyrolysis, this precursor can be further converted into hybrid composites composed of ultrafine cobalt nanoparticles embedded within 2D N‐doped carbon nanosheets and 3D N‐doped hollow carbon polyhedra (Co@N‐CS/N‐HCP@CC). Experimental and density functional theory calculations results indicate that such composites have the advantages of a large number of accessible active sites, accelerated charge/mass transfer ability, the synergistic effect of components as well as an optimal water adsorption energy change. As a result, the obtained Co@N‐CS/N‐HCP@CC catalyst requires overpotentials of only 66 and 248 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER and OER in 1.0 m KOH, respectively. Remarkably, it enables an alkali‐electrolyzer with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low cell voltage of 1.545 V, superior to that of the IrO2@CC||Pt/C@CC couple (1.592 V).
In Situ Subangstrom‐Thick Organic Engineering Enables Mono‐scale, Ultrasmall ZnO Nanocrystals for a High Initial Coulombic Efficiency, Fully Reversible Conversion, and Cycle‐Stable Li‐Ion Storage
Authors: Song Huawei , Su Jian , Wang Chengxin
Published: March 2019

A solid electrolyte interphase (SEI)‐free surface and fully reversible conversion are simultaneously realized in the Li‐ion storage of a specially designed ZnO porous nanocomposite with in situ surfaces/interfaces organic encapsulation for the first time. The built‐in oxygen‐ and/or moisture‐isolating organic layer of subangstrom thickness not only avoids the SEI formation, but also guarantees monodisperse and ultrasmall dimensions of ZnO nanocrystals, which are crucial for the high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and fully reversible conversion. Benefiting from the high ICE up to 91.4%, stable long‐term cyclibility (95% capacity retention at 1 A g−1 after 1400 cycles), and no sacrificing Li‐ion storage capability (868 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), the ZnO nanocomposite demonstrates the highest initial Li‐ion utilization efficiency (ILUE, ≈85.4%) among previous transition metal oxide–based full cells.
A Usage Scenario Independent “Air Chargeable” Flexible Zinc Ion Energy Storage Device
Authors: Ma Longtao , Zhao Yuwei , Ji Xixi , Zeng Jie , Yang Qi , Guo Ying , Huang Zhaodong , Li Xinliang , Yu Jie , Zhi Chunyi
Published: March 2019

A rationally designed “air chargeable” energy storage device is demonstrated, which can be effectively charged by harvesting pervasive energy from the ambient environment. For an “air chargeable” zinc‐ion capacitor system, the system simply consists of a flexible bifunctional “U” shaped electrode (with the functions of energy harvesting and storage), a zinc metal electrode in middle, and two different polyelectrolytes (polyacrylamide and sodium polyacrylate) sandwiched between the zinc metal and “U” shaped electrode. When the zinc‐ion capacitor is exhausted, it can be quickly charged to 88% within 10 min by simply opening the sealing tape and allowing the air diffuse in. The capacitor exhausting‐air charging processes are repeated 60 times and the whole system works well. When the external power supplier is available, both the zinc‐ion capacitor and “air charging” component can be fully recovered. A large capacity (≈1000 mAh) “air chargeable” zinc‐vanadium battery is also demonstrated. The zinc‐vanadium battery can be fully charged by air in 1 h. This work offers a usage scenario independent reliable self‐chargeable power supply system as a promising approach to solve the intermittent and unpredictable nature of currently developed self‐chargeable devices.
Comparison of the Standardized Video Interview and Interview Assessments of Professionalism and Interpersonal Communication Skills in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Hopson Laura R. , Dorfsman Michele L. , Branzetti Jeremy , Gisondi Michael A. , Hart Danielle , Jordan Jaime , Cranford James A. , Williams Sarah R. , Regan Linda
Published: March 2019

Objectives

The Association of American Medical Colleges Standardized Video Interview (SVI) was recently added as a component of emergency medicine (EM) residency applications to provide additional information about interpersonal communication skills (ICS) and knowledge of professionalism (PROF) behaviors. Our objective was to ascertain the correlation between the SVI and residency interviewer assessments of PROF and ICS. Secondary objectives included examination of 1) inter‐ and intrainstitutional assessments of ICS and PROF, 2) correlation of SVI scores with rank order list (ROL) positions, and 3) the potential influence of gender on interview day assessments.

Methods

We conducted an observational study using prospectively collected data from seven EM residency programs during 2017 and 2018 using a standardized instrument. Correlations between interview day PROF/ICS scores and the SVI were tested. A one‐way analysis of variance was used to analyze the association of SVI and ROL position. Gender differences were assessed with independent‐groups t‐tests.

Results

A total of 1,264 interview‐day encounters from 773 unique applicants resulted in 4,854 interviews conducted by 151 interviewers. Both PROF and ICS demonstrated a small positive correlation with the SVI score (r = 0.16 and r = 0.17, respectively). ROL position was associated with SVI score (p < 0.001), with mean SVI scores for top‐, middle‐, and bottom‐third applicants being 20.9, 20.5, and 19.8, respectively. No group differences with gender were identified on assessments of PROF or ICS.

Conclusions

Interview assessments of PROF and ICS have a small, positive correlation with SVI scores. These residency selection tools may be measuring related, but not redundant, applicant characteristics. We did not identify gender differences in interview assessments.
Normal saline bolus use in pediatric emergency departments is associated with poorer pain control in children with sickle cell anemia and vaso‐occlusive pain
Authors: Carden Marcus A. , Brousseau David C. , Ahmad Fahd A. , Bennett Jonathan , Bhatt Seema , Bogie Amanda , Brown Kathleen , Casper Theron Charles , Chapman Laura L. , Chumpitazi Corrie E. , Cohen Daniel , Dampier Carlton , Ellison Angela M. , Grasemann Hartmut , Hickey Robert W. , Hsu Lewis L. , Leibovich Sara , Powell Elizabeth , Richards Rachel , Sarnaik Syana , Weiner Debra L. , Morris Claudia R. ,   on behalf of the Sickle Cell Disease Arginine Study Group and the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: March 2019

Vaso‐occlusive pain events (VOE) are the leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits in sickle cell anemia (SCA). This study assessed the variability in use of intravenous fluids (IVFs), and the association of normal saline bolus (NSB), on pain and other clinical outcomes in children with SCA, presenting to pediatric emergency departments (PED) with VOE. Four‐hundred charts of children age 3‐21 years with SCA/VOE receiving parenteral opioids at 20 high‐volume PEDs were evaluated in a retrospective study. Data on type and amount of IVFs used were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received NSB and those who did not. The association of NSB use on change in pain scores and admission rates was evaluated. Among 400 children studied, 261 (65%) received a NSB. Mean age was 13.8 ± 4.9 years; 46% were male; 92% had hemoglobin‐SS. The IVFs (bolus and/or maintenance) were used in 84% of patients. Eight different types of IVFs were utilized and IVF volume administered varied widely. Mean triage pain scores were similar between groups, but improvement in pain scores from presentation‐to‐ED‐disposition was smaller in the NSB group (2.2 vs 3.0, P = .03), while admission rates were higher (71% vs 59%, P = .01). Use of NSB remained associated with poorer final pain scores and worse change in pain scores in our multivariable model. In conclusion, wide variations in practice utilizing IVFs are common. NSB is given to >50% of children with SCA/VOE, but is associated with poorer pain control; a controlled prospective trial is needed to determine causality.
MYH9‐related disease mutations cause abnormal red blood cell morphology through increased myosin‐actin binding at the membrane
Authors: Smith Alyson S. , Pal Kasturi , Nowak Roberta B. , Demenko Anastasiya , Zaninetti Carlo , Da Costa Lydie , Favier Remi , Pecci Alessandro , Fowler Velia M.
Published: March 2019

MYH9‐related disease (MYH9‐RD) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in MYH9, the gene encoding the actin‐activated motor protein non‐muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA). MYH9‐RD patients suffer from bleeding syndromes, progressive kidney disease, deafness, and/or cataracts, but the impact of MYH9 mutations on other NMIIA‐expressing tissues remains unknown. In human red blood cells (RBCs), NMIIA assembles into bipolar filaments and binds to actin filaments (F‐actin) in the spectrin‐F‐actin membrane skeleton to control RBC biconcave disk shape and deformability. Here, we tested the effects of MYH9 mutations in different NMIIA domains (motor, coiled‐coil rod, or non‐helical tail) on RBC NMIIA function. We found that MYH9‐RD does not cause clinically significant anemia and that patient RBCs have normal osmotic deformability as well as normal membrane skeleton composition and micron‐scale distribution. However, analysis of complete blood count data and peripheral blood smears revealed reduced hemoglobin content and elongated shapes, respectively, of MYH9‐RD RBCs. Patients with mutations in the NMIIA motor domain had the highest numbers of elongated RBCs. Patients with mutations in the motor domain also had elevated association of NMIIA with F‐actin at the RBC membrane. Our findings support a central role for motor domain activity in NMIIA regulation of RBC shape and define a new sub‐clinical phenotype of MYH9‐RD.
Clinical exome sequencing in 509 Middle Eastern families with suspected Mendelian diseases: The Qatari experience
Authors: Al‐Dewik Nader , Mohd Howaida , Al‐Mureikhi Mariam , Ali Rehab , Al‐Mesaifri Fatma , Mahmoud Laila , Shahbeck Noora , El‐Akouri Karen , Almulla Mariam , Al Sulaiman Reem , Musa Sara , Al‐Marri Ajayeb Al‐Nabet , Richard Gabriele , Juusola Jane , Solomon Benjamin D. , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Ben‐Omran Tawfeg
Published: March 2019

Background

Clinical exome sequencing (CES) is rapidly becoming the diagnostic test of choice in patients with suspected Mendelian diseases especially those that are heterogeneous in etiology and clinical presentation. Reporting large CES series can inform guidelines on best practices for test utilization, and improves accuracy of variant interpretation through clinically‐oriented data sharing.

Methods

This is a retrospective series of 509 probands from Qatar who underwent singleton or trio CES either as a reflex or naïve (first‐tier) test from April 2014 to December 2016 for various clinical indications.

Results

The CES diagnostic yield for the overall cohort was 48.3% (n = 246). Dual molecular diagnoses were observed in 2.1% of cases; nearly all of whom (91%) were consanguineous. We report compelling variants in 11 genes with no established Mendelian phenotypes. Unlike reflex‐WES, naïve WES was associated with a significantly shorter diagnostic time (3 months vs. 18 months, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Middle Eastern patients tend to have a higher yield from CES than outbred populations, which has important implications in test choice especially early in the diagnostic process. The relatively high diagnostic rate is likely related to the predominance of recessive diagnoses (60%) since consanguinity and positive family history were strong predictors of a positive CES.
Additive Effects on Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Ma Mingyang , Xie Jianwei
Published: March 2019

Introduction of a suitable additive to copper‐catalyzed tandem reactions during heterocyclic synthesis is an efficient strategy. This short review mainly describes the results obtained over the period of January 2014 to December 2018 in the area of copper‐catalyzed intramolecular tandem reactions to synthesize heterocyclic compounds. Five types of additives that can be used to improve reactivity and selectivity of these tandem reactions were highlighted. Particular attention is paid to demonstrate the importance of additives by comparing results obtained in its absence and presence, and the probable mechanistic role of the additive is discussed based on original articles.
Effects of the recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers on the rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Cheng Jia‐Ji , Li Shao‐Xiang , Zhang Feng , Wang Yong , Qu Wen‐Juan , Liu Meng , Wang Dong , Zhou Yue
Published: March 2019

Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), subjected to the treatment with the flame retardant first, was used to reinforce the rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). Different loadings of PET fibers (3–12 wt %) of different lengths (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm) were added into RPUF. The mechanical properties of composites were studied by compressive strength test and shear stress test. The flame‐retardant properties were evaluated by cone calorimeter and limited oxygen index test. The results showed that the proper addition of PET fibers could improve the mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of the material. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47758.
Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase on polyethylenimine/dopamine codeposited membranes
Authors: Sun Jing , Wang Caihong , Wang Yanzi , Ji Shuxin , Liu Wenfang
Published: March 2019

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzing CO2 hydration has an important application in carbon capture, and its immobilization is very significant. Here, CA was covalently linked by glutaraldehyde (GA) to the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyethylene (PE) membranes, which were previously modified via a simple codeposition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and dopamine (DA). The effects of the modification conditions were investigated, and the membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The immobilization process was optimized, and the catalytic properties of immobilized CA were studied. The results show that the optimal mass ratio of PEI and DA was 1:1 and the deposition time was 10–12 h, at which the surface amino group density could reach 1.278 × 10−7 and 1.397 × 10−7 mol/cm2 for PVDF and PE, respectively. For enzyme immobilization, the optimal CA and GA concentrations were 0.2 mg/mL and 0.1 wt %, and a maximum activity recovery of about 53% and 76% could be achieved for PVDF‐attached CA and PE‐attached CA, respectively. Their Km values were 10.62 mM and 8.6 mM, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 132.2 M−1 s−1 and 312.9 M−1 s−1. After immobilization, the storage stability and reusability of CA were much improved. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47784.
Enhanced Programmed Death 1 and Diminished Programmed Death Ligand 1 Up‐Regulation Capacity of Post‐Activated Lupus B Cells
Authors: Stefanski Ana‐Luisa , Wiedemann Annika , Reiter Karin , Hiepe Falk , Lino Andreia C. , Dörner Thomas
Published: March 2019

Objective

To assess the expression of programmed death 1 (PD‐1), PD ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and PD‐L2 by B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at baseline and after in vitro stimulation and to analyze their functional relationship to B cell proliferation.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 29 SLE patients and 27 healthy donors were stimulated with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)/IL‐10, anti–B cell receptor (anti‐BCR), CpG, and CD40L alone or in combination. Expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 on defined B cell subsets as well as on CD3+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry at baseline and after 48 hours of stimulation. Additionally, after 48 hours of stimulation, CD71 was evaluated as a proliferation marker on CD19+CD20+ B cells.

Results

Increased PD‐1 expression was characteristic of unstimulated lupus B cells and T cells. Upon stimulation of B cells with IL‐2/IL‐10, anti‐BCR, CpG, and CD40L for 48 hours, the capacity of SLE B cells to up‐regulate PD‐L1 expression was substantially diminished (P = 0.0006) along with reduced B cell proliferation (P = 0.0039). Reduced PD‐L1 expression was inversely correlated with the presence of the interferon signature (r = –0.8571, P < 0.0001) and the clinical SLE Disease Activity Index score (r = –0.5696, P = 0.0087).

Conclusion

Post‐activated, hyporesponsive lupus B cells are characterized by a phenotype of increased PD‐1, functionally diminished PD‐L1 up‐regulation capacity, and reduced proliferation upon stimulation.
Probing the universe at the highest energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Vícha J. ,   Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: March 2019

The Pierre Auger Observatory is currently the largest detector of cosmic rays of ultrahigh energies (from ∼1017 to ∼1020 eV). The size of its accumulated exposure and the hybrid concept of the detector have provided measurements of unprecedented precision on the cosmic ray energy spectrum, mass composition, and anisotropy searches. There is an ankle in the energy spectrum at ∼4 EeV and a steepening at the end of the energy spectrum (above ∼40 EeV). The mass composition around the ankle is mixed and is uncertain at the highest energies due to the lack of statistics and high systematic uncertainties coming from predictions of different models of hadronic interactions. These models have, moreover, serious problems in describing the muon component of air showers. Still, the mean mass number of cosmic rays reaches its lowest value at energy ∼2 EeV and increases gradually above this energy. A dipole in the arrival directions is observed for energies above 8 EeV at more than 5σ significance level. It points ∼125° from the Galactic center, indicating the extra‐Galactic origin of these cosmic rays. The correlation of the arrival directions with starburst galaxies disfavors the isotropy hypothesis at energies above ∼40 EeV at the 4σ level without penalization for the catalog scan. The Observatory is currently being upgraded to improve its sensitivity to the mass of cosmic rays at the highest energies, which is crucial to constrain their sources.