bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the mTOR pathway in human normal adrenal and adrenocortical tumors
Authors: De Martino Maria Cristina , Feelders Richard A , de Herder Wouter W , van Koetsveld Peter M , Dogan Fadime , Janssen Joseph A M J L , Waaijers A Marlijn , Pivonello Claudia , Lamberts Steven W J , Colao Annamaria , de Krijger Ronald R , Pivonello Rosario , Hofland Leo J
Published: June 2014

The mTOR pathway has recently been suggested as a new potential target for therapy in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). The aim of the current study is to describe the expression of the mTOR pathway in normal adrenals (NAs) and pathological adrenals and to explore whether there are correlation between the expression of these proteins and the in vitro response to sirolimus. For this purpose, the MTOR, S6K1 (RPS6KB1), and 4EBP1 (EIF4EBP1) mRNA expression were evaluated in ten NAs, ten adrenal hyperplasias (AHs), 17 adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs), and 17 ACCs by qPCR, whereas total(t)/phospho(p)-MTOR, t/p-S6K, and t/p-4EBP1 protein expression were assessed in three NAs, three AHs, six ACAs, and 20 ACCs by immunohistochemistry. The effects of sirolimus on cell survival and/or cortisol secretion in 12 human primary cultures of adrenocortical tumors (ATs) were also evaluated. In NAs and AHs, layer-specific expression of evaluated proteins was observed. S6K1 mRNA levels were lower in ACCs compared with NAs, AHs, and ACAs (P<0.01). A subset of ATs presented a moderate to high staining of the evaluated proteins. Median t-S6K1 protein expression in ACCs was lower than that in ACAs (P<0.01). Moderate to high staining of p-S6K1 and/or p-4EBP1 was observed in most ATs. A subset of ACCs not having moderate to high staining had a higher Weiss score than others (P<0.029). In primary AT cultures, sirolimus significantly reduced cell survival or cortisol secretion only in sporadic cases. In conclusion, these data suggest the presence of an activated mTOR pathway in a subset of ATs and a possible response to sirolimus only in certain ACC cases.
Islam and Medical Science: Evidence from Malaysian and Indonesian Fatāwā, 1960-1995
Authors: Hooker M.B.
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this paperis to illustrate some of the dilemmas in which Islam finds itself with respect to advamces in modern medical science. This is of course a very large subject and all I can do here is to take a very small sample of problems as expressed in fatawa (legal rulings-see futher below) over the past thirty years. Coincidentally, these are also the years which have seen tremendous advances in medicine and the ways in which we can now treat (or mistreat?) the human body.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v4i4.764
Christian-Muslim Relations in Indonesia: Five Challenges of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Rabi Ibrahim Abu
Published: June 2014

This paper - inspired by the "International Conference on Muslim-Christian Relations: Past, Present, and Future Dialogue and Cooperation", in Jakarta, August 1997 - discussed the challenges of Indonesia in relation to Christian-Muslim relations into the century 21.In August 1997, a major conference on Christian-Muslim relations and the challenges of religious plulalism in contemporary Indonesia was convenced at the Horison Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia. DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v5i1.758
K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari’s Contribution to Indonesian Independence
Authors: Khuluq Lathiful
Published: June 2014

An important note that should be emphasized is that the physical history of the Indonesian revolution are rarely included the involvement of the clergy or religious leaders. The key role played by K.H. Hasyim through political fatwa, which is further supported by the widespread ideology of jihad in the war of independence, has contributed important sheet of the neglected history.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v5i1.760
Two Fatwas on Jihad Against the Dutch Colonization in Indonesia A Prosopographical Approach to the Study of Fatwa
Authors: Amiq Amiq
Published: June 2014

Ketika revolusi Indonesia pada 1945 sedang berlangsung dan perang mempertahankan kemerdekaan berkecamuk di hampir semua kota penting di Jawa, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) mengeluarkan fatwa tentang perlunya "berjihad" mempertahankan kedaulatan RI dari penjajahan Belanda. Karena basis massa NU yang kuat, pengaruh politik fatwa tersebut cukup luas. Sebuah catatan yang patut dikedepankan adalah, bahwa sejarah revolusi fisik Indonesia jarang sekali menyinggung peran Islam dalam membentuk ideologi perlawanan. Pengaruh penting yang ditunjukkan fatwa jihad NU tersebut, yang kemudian didukung oleh meluasnya ideologi jihad dalam perang kemerdekaan, telah menyumbangkan lembaran penting dari sejarah yang terabaikan itu.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v5i3.740
Jam'iyyah Istijma al-Juhud li Islah al-Tarbiyyah al-Islamiyyah (GUPPI): Tajdid fi al-Tarbiyyah al-Islamiyyah an Tariq al-Siyasah?
Authors: Subhan Arief
Published: June 2014

GUPPI (Gabungan Usaha Pembaruan Pendidikan Islam) dapat diletakkan sebagai sejarah pembaruan pendidikan Islam di Indonesia. GUPPI merupakan satu-satunya organisasi yang secara eksplisit bertujuan melakukan pembaruan pendidikan Islam. Namun, dilihat dari sisi tokoh pendirinya yang terdiri dari para pemimpin pesantren di daerah Jawa Barat, dapat diduga bahwa GUPPI merupakan salah satu bentuk representasi kekhawatiran kalangan tradisional terhadap semakin kuatnyapengaruh kaum modernis, terutama dalam bidang pendidikan. Pergumulan antara pendidikan dan politik membuat organisasi ini kehilangan wataknya sebagai pembaru pendidikan Islam. GUPPI bahkan lebih dikenal sebagai organisasi sayap GOLKAR daripada organisasi pembaharu pendidikan yang inisiatifnya muncul dari bawahDOI: 10.15408/sdi.v5i3.741
Depicting the Other Faith: A Bibliography Survey of Indonesian Muslim Polemics on Christianity
Authors: Ropi Ismatu
Published: June 2014

The demise of the Cultural Policy (cultuurstelsel) in the mid-nineteenth century inevitably changed the narrative history of the Indonesian archipelago. It was abvious that the policy generated immense profits for the Dutch colonial administration, allowing it to make a profit in addition to balancing its budget. Much of the surplus was sent to Netherlands itself and was used for public expenditures, thereby subsidizing the Dutch taxpayer. However, for the indiginous population of the East Indies, expecting those who were close to colonila agents, cultuurstelsel soon came to mean exploitation and impoverishment.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i1.747
At the Sources of Indonesian Political Islam's Failure: The Split between the Nahdlatul Ulama and the Masyumi in Retrospect
Authors: Madinier Rémy , Feillard Andrée
Published: June 2014

This article intentionally emphasizes the analysis of the political context, while touching only slightly on sociological considerations. The fact that the sociological difrerences could be overcome, since the two currents once succeeded in uniting into Masyumi. Moreover, this article wanted to show common notions of basic disagreements, such as the oft-noted conflict where reformists frequently despise traditionalists' penchant for Sufism, for the supernatural and for the irrational, which they consider to be everywhere the "cause" of general backwardness of Muslim countries in terms of technology (kemunduran), while the latter tend to criticize reformists for their puritan behavior and for their great hostility to local tradition. Traditionalists also commonly blame reformists for their "dryness" (kekeringan), while the latter feel proud of being closer to a "pure" Middle-Eastern model. We have also tried to put aside considerations of class differences, traditionalists being generally closer to lower rural classes, modernists being more numerous in urban middle-clases. The purpose was to deal with the political context and the discourse on both sides to try and determine why political union failed despite the repeatedly heralded desire of unity.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.729
Recent Trends in Islamic Revivalism in Malaysia
Authors: Salleh M. Syukri
Published: June 2014

The focus of the article is on the trends of Islamic revivalism before the sacking of Anwar, though where necessary, the Anwar issue has been mentioned briefly for reference. Specifically, this paper attempts, firstly, to understand the trend of Islamic revivalism before the Anwar Ibrahim episode; secondly, to analyze the factors and reasons that culminated in the changing of approach from confrontational to non-confrontational; and thirdly, to seek answers to several vital questions relating to the form of Islamic revivalism in the country that has been molded by this developing trend. Since these findings are based on on-going researchs the arguments embodied in this paper should be considered rather preliminary.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.730
Law and Politics in Post Independence Indonesia: A Case Study of Religious and Adat Courts
Authors: Lukito Ratno
Published: June 2014

This paper will address the development of Indonesian law in the post-independence era. In the following pages, this paper will demonstrate that changes in the country's political climate affected born the Islamic and adat (customary) courts,in spire of the inflexibility with which both legal traditions had weathered the political upheavals of the first half of the century. To this end, the place of both adat and religious courts in post-independence Indonesia will be analyzed in light of this political change. Two major avenues of investigation will be discussed. The first explains the debate between "pluralist" and "uniformist" groups regarding legal development in the young Republic of Indonesia, while the second discusses contentions between the so-called "secular nationalists" and "Muslims". The discussion provided in these sections is intended to provide a basis for understanding the legal controversies which unavoidably arose as a result of the shift from a colonial to a narional legal philosophy.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.731
Tabut: Muharram Observances in the History of Bengkulu
Authors: Feener R. Michael
Published: June 2014

Tabut is the name given to the commemoration of Muharram as it is observed in Bengkulu, Indonesia. The basic traditions connected with its observance have their origins in Muslim India. However the Tabut has, over the course of its development in Bengkulu, absorbed and incorporated various local elements. Recently the "Tabut Festival" has come to be seen as a symbol of 'local Bengkulu culture', this reinterpretation facilitating the easy absorption of this potentially disruptive' happening into the fold of acceptable and even desirable 'local cultural heritage' as defined by the present lndonesian government.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.732
Min Niẓām al-Qaḍā al-Munfarid ila Niẓām Majlis al-Quḍāt: Dirāsat fī Taḥwīl Usus al- Qaḍā bī Indūnīsiyā
Authors: Salim M. Arskal
Published: June 2014

"The translation of Islam" to quote M.B. Hooker-constitutes one important dimension in the Islamization process: it is the means through which Islamic principles come into the local context. In Indonesia, the translation of Islam can be seen, among other things, in the legal institution, The "solitary judge" (hakim tunggal) as it is know in early Islan is transformed into the "Judicial assembly" (majlis hakim). In the first system, the solitary judge, kadi is the only judge responsible for the implementation of Islamic law, while in the second system, the judicial assembly, legal decisions are made collectively and involvee at least three judges.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.733
Muhammad Quraish Shihab wa Ārā’uhu al-Fiqhiyyah
Authors: Jamil Fathurrahman
Published: June 2014

The Qur'an is believed by Muslims as the most important source of Islamic teachings. Legal matters (ahkam),which are part of (or earn the most important aspect of) Islam, must also be one of the concerns of the Qur'an. But does it mean that a mufassir (exegete), since he also has the deal with the legal verses, is automatically a legal expert? In order to answer that question, the writer of this article justifiably did two of the following steps. First, he chose a mufassir as d case study; second, be decided to put forward a set of legal issues and to see that the chosen mufassir had to say about them. The mufassir that he chose is Quraish Shihab, one of Indonesian scholars who was a director of IAIN Jakarta. As for the legal problems, the writer chose to discuss the follouring: qat'iy-zhanniy (absolute-relative [meaning of the Qur'anic verses]), naskh-mansukh (the abrogating-abrogated verses), and the role of the prophetic tradition vis-a-vis the Qur'an.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i2.734
The Transmission of al-Manar's Reformism to the Malay-Indonesian World: The Cases of al-Imam and al-Munir
Authors: Azra Azyumardi
Published: June 2014

This journal not only directly influenced the spread of Islamic reformism through its own articles, but most importantly also stimulated the publication of similar journals printed in the Maiay-Indonesian world. This paper is an early attempt to delineate and discuss in a comprehensive manner the transmission of Islamic reformism to the Maiay-Indonesian world by means of journals: primarly al-Imam in Singapore and al-Munir in Padang, West Sumatra, and other journals that were published in the area.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i3.723
Al-Shaykh ‘Alī Ma’sūm ‘Alim Nahḍat al-‘Ulamā’ Dhū al-Ittijah al-Ḥadīth
Authors: Subhan Arief
Published: June 2014

K.H. Ali Maksum is recognized as one of the most leading 'ulama's (Muslim Scholars) of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the biggest traditional Muslim organization in Indonesia. This can be seen not only frorn the fact the he became rais 'am (the highest post in the structure of NU) from 1981 to 1984, but also from an important political role be played in this organization. It was Ali Maksum who supported the NU to take the principle (khittah) of 1925 in 1984 by which NU come back to be a social-religious organization after having had involved in the political practice. Likewise it was also Ali Maksum who "protected" Abdurrahman Wahid -the executive head of NU- from strong criticism of the 'ulami's as advocated by K.H. As'ad Syamsul Arifin. Abdurrahman Wahid was contended from his misconduct, especially from traditional Islamic viewpoint, so that be was elected again in 1989 as the executive head of the NU.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i3.725
Wali Songo Festival: Tracking Islamic Heritage and Building Islamic Brotherhood
Authors: Ropi Ismatu
Published: June 2014

26 June to 25 July 1999 is of special significance for Indonesian Muslim. Located in Surabaya, East Java, the Wali Songo Festival, the greatest Islamic festival of the year, was held by the Muslim during that time. The Festival -which was officially opened by B.J. Habibie, then the President of Indonesia-was aimed as an important media for the expression of Indonesian Islamic culture and civilization. Thus the festival provided the visitors with the exhibition of many aspects of Islamic civilization achieved by the Indonesian Muslim, from archeological materials - such as the duplicated sword of the Prophet Muhammad, the gravestone of Sunan Ampel and Sunan Bonang (two of the nine Islamic preachers in Indonesia, Wali Songo - to the intellectual heritage like the decorated Qur'ân in various forms and the Islamic books by the 'ulâmi' (Kitab Kuning).  In addition, the festival also exhibited many products by the Muslim, such as calligraphy, rosaries (tasbih), and turbans (peci).DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v6i3.728
In the Center of Meaning: Ziarah Tradition in Java
Authors: Jamhari Jamhari
Published: June 2014

This essay describes the beliefs and practices associated with the notion of ziarah in a single community, that of Bayat, a small district (kecamatan) in Klaten between Yogyakarta and Surakarta. There are some of terms from Bayat in this text, because it is revealing to consider how key terms have been used within their culture of origin. In elucidating ziarah practices and its interpretations, visitors in Bayat refer to the cultural contexts with which they are familiar. The logic of ziarah thus reflects visitor's everyday life experiences. Applying vernacular terms used in Bayat entails taking this cultural context into consideration.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i1.716
Islamic Reform in Contest: Ahmad Hassan and His Traditionalist Opponents
Authors: Minhaji Akh.
Published: June 2014

There is a perception, held not only by scholars in the field but by many Muslims as well, that Islamic law in Indonesia is strongly colored by "non-Islamic" local custom (adat). Historically, this notion has given rise to a number of movements which have sought to ensure that religious beliefs and practices be restored and brought into harmony with the primary sources of Islam, the Qur'an and Sunnah. One of these movements was led by Ahmad Hassan (1882-1958), acknowledged by many as a great scholar and a tireless advocate of the need for renewal (tajdid) and reform (ishlah). The organization that he led was Persatuan Islam, popularly known as Persis, a reformist organization that was considered the spearhead of the movement. Hassan was generally considered the foremost proponent of reform amongst Indonesian Muslims, and Accordingly, the criticism directed at him might be seen as a response to the reformers as a whole. It should come as no surprise, however, that his stance on many issues has occasionally elicited hostile reactions.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i2.710
Al-‘Alāqah bayn al-Dīn wa al-Dawlah bi Indūnīsiyā: Tan Malaka wa Ārā’uhu al-Siyāsīyah
Authors: Azhar Khairil
Published: June 2014

The present article is about the relation between religion and state as it is discussed by a prominent figure whose contributions to Indonesian politic are out of question. He is Tan Malaka, who has been considered as a radical Marxist activist. Through his works, including Madilog: Materialisme, Dialektika, Logika; Islam dalam Tinjauan Madilog Dari Penjara ke Penjara; Naar De Republiek Indonesie; Tan Malaka shows his deep appreciation to Marxism. That is why, in these works, be pays a great attention to liberation movement and freedom for people both from colonial domination and from feudalism rooted in Indonesian culture.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i2.711
Dirāsat fī al-Islām al-Mahallī: Adwā’ ‘alā Inṣihār al-Islām fī al-Thaqāfah al-Jāwīyah
Authors: Hilmy Masdar
Published: June 2014

This article attempts to explore a study of Islam in Java in the frame of the above conception -the dialogue tradition. The process of acculturation between Islam and Javanese culture, which developed in the dialogue tradition, is the central point of this article. Religious discourses embodied in Javanese texts, such as suluk and babad, written in the period of the establishment of Islam until the 19th century, are considered as the cultural representation of the fault line -despite the harmonious reconciliation- between Islam and Javanese tradition. In this context, changes in social and political affairs in Javanese courts, especially crucial changes in the 19th century following the colonialism, implanted the emergence of religious discourses embedded in the Javanese texts observed in this article.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i2.712
Accelerating the Empowerment of Madrasah
Authors: Burhanudin Jajat
Published: June 2014

The empowerment of madrasah (Islamic school) is an important agenda item for the Indonesia Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA). As the formal body overseeing madrasah education, MORA has taken many strategic steps to improve the quality of madrasah schooling. These steps have been taken in response to demand for the improvement of madrasah education aiming to produce graduates who can compete with graduates of other institutions, particularly public schools under the management of the Ministry of Education. In recent years, MORA has be able to intensify, its efforts to improve the quality of madrasah as a result of loans made available by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) specifically for this purpose. The ADB loans, as a component the Basic Education Project, aims to improve the quality of basic education in madrasah in 15 districts within 5 provinces.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i2.714
Al-Siyāsah al-Yābānīyah Tijāh al-‘Ummah al-Islāmīyah bi Indūnīsīyā
Authors: Rifkiyati Rike
Published: June 2014

Tahun 1943-1945 dipandang sebagai masa penting dalam babakan sejarah Indonesia. Periode tersebut menandai berakhirnya masa kolonialisme Belanda di Indonesia, dan memasuki babak baru sejarah Indonesia di bawah pendudukan Jepang. Menyangkut konteks Islam Indonesia, masa pendudukan Jepang penting untuk diperhatikan. Pemerintahan Jepang memperkenalkan satu kebijakan yang berbeda dmgan masa kolonialisme Belanda, khususnya menyangkut sikap Jepang terhadap elit-elit Muslim Indonesia. Berbeda dengan pemerintah kononial Belanda, Jepang berusaha menghimpun para elit Muslim Indonesia di bawah satu organisasi yang sengaja didirikan, yang mengatasi berbagai organisasi Muslim yang telah berdiri sebelumnya.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i3.705
Menjadi Pribumi di Negeri Orang: Pergumulan Identitas Masyarakat Arab di Indonesia
Authors: Jahroni Jajang
Published: June 2014

This book presents a discussion of the historical process of how Arab communities in Indonesia have dealt with their identities. The book primarily focuses on the early 20th century period, when Arab communities in Indonesia encountered rapid and fundamental social, cultural and political change. Modernization in Indonesia, under the influence of colonialization, changed people's consciousness of their social and political structure which in turn, affected the way they articulated their identities. The concept of nationalism emerged in the early 20th century. It was often interpreted. by Indonesian people along ethnic lines, thus accelerating the process of defining Arab identity.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v7i3.706
Transformasi Sistem Pendidikan Islam: Pergulatan Identitas Muslim Melayu-Patani
Authors: Fathurahman Oman
Published: June 2014

The book attempts to explain the dynamics of the Islamic education system in Patani, Thailand, from its beginning up to the time when the Malay world, to which Patani belongs, was modernized. A comparison of Islamic education in Patani, with that which exists in other areas such as Indonesia and Malaysa, is complicated, but this is the very reason why it is so interesting. In the context of education, Islam-including the Islam developed in Malay-Patani areas-has played a significant, even a dominant, role. It is the driving force behind the establishment, the development, and the enforcement of educational institutions. Here pondok, pesantren, meunasah, surau and other traditional institutions of education must be mentioned for-in the Malay-Nusantara context they have been instrumental in the whole intellectual renaissance in the region. Rich Islamic traditions were studied and socialized intensively in those institutions and this, in turn, enabled the local ulamas to produce important works in the field of Islamic studies.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v8i1.699
Autochthonous resources are the main driver of consumer production in dystrophic boreal lakes
Authors: Lau Danny C. P. , Sundh Ingvar , Vrede Tobias , Pickova Jana , Goedkoop Willem
Published: June 2014

Dystrophic lakes are widespread in temperate regions and intimately interact with surrounding terrestrial ecosystems in energy and nutrient dynamics, yet the relative importance of autochthonous and allochthonous resources to consumer production in dystrophic lakes remains controversial. We argue that allochthonous organic matter quantitatively dominates over photosynthetic autotrophs in dystrophic lakes, but that autotrophs are higher in diet quality and more important for consumers as they contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In a field study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) autochthonous primary production is the main driver for consumer production, despite being limited by light availability and low nutrient supplies, and greater supply of allochthonous carbon, (2) the relative contribution of autotrophs to consumers is directly related to their tissue PUFA concentrations, and (3) methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) provide an energy alternative for consumers.

Pelagic and benthic consumer taxa representing different trophic levels were sampled from five dystrophic lakes: isopod Asellus aquaticus, megalopteran Sialis lutaria, dipteran Chaoborus flavicans, and perch Perca fluviatilis. Based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, the relative contributions of autochthonous (biofilms and seston) and allochthonous (coarse particulate and dissolved organic matter) resources and MOB to these taxa were 47–79%, 9–44% and 7–12% respectively. Results from fatty acid (FA) analyses show that the relative ω3‐FA and PUFA concentrations increased with trophic level (Asellus < Sialis and Chaoborus < Perca). Also, eicosapentaenoic‐acid (EPA), ω3‐FA and PUFA concentrations increased with the autochthonous contribution in consumers, i.e., a 47–79% biofilm and/or seston diet resulted in tissue EPA of 4.2–18.4, ω3 FAs of 11.6–37.0 and PUFA of 21.6–61.0 mg/g dry mass. The results indicate that consumers in dystrophic lakes predominantly rely on energy from autotrophs and that their PUFA concentrations are dependent on the relative contribution of these autochthonous resources. The limited energy support from MOB suggests they are not negligible and are potentially an integral part of the food webs. Our findings show that autochthonous resources are the main driver of secondary production even in dystrophic lakes and offer new insights into the functioning of these ecosystems.
A Review of Seismic-While-Drilling (SWD) Techniques: A Journey From 1986 to 2005
Authors: Anchliya A.
Published: June 2014

Seismic While Drilling (SWD) specifically encompasses the seismic techniques operated while the drillstring is lowered in the borehole, during effective drilling, during maneuvers or while connecting drill pipes. This paper provides a State of the Art review on both old and newer SWD techniques used by the Industry. In the past 21 years (1986-2006), the Drill-bit SWD technique practiced by the industry utilizes the acoustic energy radiated by the Tri-Cone bit to provide vital real time information during drilling by providing time-to-depth and look-ahead information

Another emerging technique which is being used mainly by Schlumberger since 2000 is Vertical Seismic Profile While Drilling (VSP-WD), which consists in recording the seismic signal generated by a surface seismic source on seismic sensors integrated inside the downhole Borehole Assembly (BHA). Two efficient wireline VSP which could be assimilated to SWD techniques and which are not be discussed in this paper are the technique of Tube Logging Conveying or Tough Logging Condition (TLC), in particular the TLC-VSP and the standard wireline logging technique of Intermediate VSP.

Recently introduced Swept impulse hydraulic tool is capable of generating a broadband seismic signal at the bit while drilling. This tool overcomes the limitations of drill-bit seismic particularly in soft formations and in inclined holes by allowing seismic operations with PDC bit. Operating principles, seismic processing and results of a field demonstration of seismic profiling while drilling in a shallow well are described in this paper. The two major issues that need to be understood in order to make these seismic measurements with precision and reliability are also raised in this paper.

This paper aims to give a present day picture of the SWD techniques. Data acquisition and sensor deployment strategies are discussed in some detail. The benefits of SWD are demonstrated by means of several field examples, showing how the data can be used to reduce drilling costs, predict drilling hazards and improve efficiency of drilling operations on a real time basis. The operating domain of SWD technique is identified along with the current limitations. Future development directions are also proposed.
Investigation of Oil Swelling Packers
Authors: Al-Yami A. S. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Saleh S. H. , Al-Humaidi A. S. , Al-Arfaj M. K. , Al Moajil A. M. , Awang M. Z. , Al-Mohanna K. S.
Published: June 2014

Achieving successful zonal isolation is critical to install smart completion tools. Currently, cementing and mechanical packers are the only conventional methods used in Saudi fields to provide zonal isolation. However, these techniques are difficult to apply and result in reduced inner casing string diameter. Another method to provide zonal isolation for smart completion tools and to complete them in a single stage is to use a rubber elastomer bonded onto a base pipe. The rubber swells in oil and provides a seal between the base pipe and the open hole. This paper will outline the step-by-step qualification testing that was carried out in Saudi Aramco facilities in an attempt to improve zonal isolation for smart completions.

In this study, we present lab evaluation of elastomers at 190°F using six different oil samples. These oils had different viscosities, API gravities, and compositional analyses. Also, the study investigated the effect of different acids and brines on the swelled elastomers.

The elastomer bonded in pipes was tested in autoclaves. The pressure drop across the pipe was measured as a function of time. The effects of other factors were investigated using elastomer samples and fluid characterization. The oil swelling elastomers withstood pressure up to 5,000 psi at 190°F after placing the elastomers in crude oils. In addition, the elastomers swelled rapidly in some oils and slowly in others. The oil swelling elastomers showed great resistance to different acids and brines.
From Real Time Data to Updated Models: The Challenge of Intelligent Fields Applied to Gas Storage Business
Authors: Tiani A. , Bartolotto G. , Strippoli P. D. , Latronico R. , Spitaleri G.
Published: June 2014

In recent years, Underground Gas Storage (UGS) has earned itself strategic importance as it guarantees energy sustainability in markets suffering from unpredictable supply. Storage management is a complex activity which faces the challenge of combining the variability of daily commercial client requests along with the capability of the reservoirs to deliver. Gas production and re-injection activity requires standard core competencies of the oil and gas industry, however the process is fast paced as compared to conventional hydrocarbon production activity as time scales from data analysis to decision making is reduced to hours.

Stogit Spa, an Italian gas storage company managing 8 depleted gas fields in Italy has implemented an integrated system that dynamically links databases, visualization tools and reservoir/well simulators in order to assist the management process. This system called PERSEO (PErformance Reservoir StoragE Optimization) is aimed at enhancing efficiency by utilising a piece of intelligent fields application.

The large amount of data from the 270+ wells of STOGIT equipped with SCADA systems monitoring real time gas rate and well head pressure, provides information for production/injection management. The challenge has been to extract the maximum information from the available database and computerize the process of updating well/reservoir performance automatically. This allows for faster monitoring, analysis and prediction of future well behaviour.

A workflow was realised to transform available real time data into calibrated models in the following two steps: ■Design an algorithm capable of filtering stabilised gas rates and wellhead pressures for every injection/production period to extract data representative of the well performance■Automatic updating of well performance (IPR/VLP) model and matching the algorithm filtered data with theoretical and practica1 models (back pressure C,n equation).

This paper describes the outline of the implemented PERSEO system, details of the computerized workflow along with sensitivities and the results obtained.
Modeling a Surfactant Preflush with Non-Aqueous and Aqueous Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
Authors: Vazquez O. , Mackay E. J. , Al Shuaili K. , Sorbie K. S. , Jordan M. M.
Published: June 2014

The most common method for preventing downhole scale formation is by applying a scale inhibitor (SI) squeeze treatment. In this process, a SI solution is injected down a producer well into the near wellbore formation. Commonly, scale treatments comprise the following stages: a preflush (often involving a surfactant), the main scale inhibitor pill, an overflush and a shut-in, which is followed by back-production of the well. As noted, a surfactant preflush is often injected in order to "condition" the rock, potentially by altering the wettability resulting in enhanced SI retention. In these treatments, the main SI pill and overflush fluids may be aqueous or non-aqueous based fluids.

The main purpose of this paper is to present a near-well radial SI squeeze model that can simulate the impact of a surfactant preflush on both inhibitor return concentrations and on well clean-up time. Specifically, we model the effects of surfactant injection on the reduction of residual water and oil saturations and the results of these changes on enhanced SI adsorption, which may be modelled as either a reversible or an irreversible process. A sensitivity study is then presented of the effect of a surfactant preflush on reducing residual oil and water saturations, the impact of the surfactant volume injected, surfactant adsorption onto the rock surface, and enhanced SI adsorption. Of particular interest is that the SI adsorption enhancement shows a significant impact on the treatment lifetime. This study was performed using in-house scale treatment modelling software, developed over many years within the FAST group at Heriot-Watt University.

An example of modelling a specific field treatment with surfactant preflush is included, and the results are compared with the field return profiles, which clearly demonstrate the value such a model can bring to the interpretation and design of field squeeze treatments in terms of optimisation of chemical cost and treatment lifetimes.
Application of Deconvolution and Decline-Curve Analysis Methods for Transient Pressure Analysis
Authors: Zheng Shiyi , Fei Wang
Published: June 2014

Traditionally well testing is completed by analysing transient pressure due to constant production rate. However, in the oil industry practice, engineer often has to deal with the transient pressure resulted from variable flowing rate history. This is particularly true in the case, when transient pressure data is from a PDG over a relatively long period of production time.

Another well testing method is to analyse transient flowing rate as a result of the constant well bottom hole flowing pressure. The method is so-called decline curve analysis. However in reality, because of production constraints or changes in operating procedures, the down-hole flowing pressure seldom remains at a constant level over a long period of time.

Deconvolution is a technique, which can be used to convert measured transient pressure due to variable sand-face rate into the transient pressure response as a result of equivalent constant flowing rate. This technique can also be used to derive the transient flowing rate due to equivalent constant-pressure of a reservoir system from measured variable pressure. Once having these tasks completed, the traditional well test analysis methods including decline-curve analysis can be applied to analyse the field data.

This paper presents study results based on synthetic cases and numerical well testing. Deconvolution codes were developed for the study. It was proved that deconvolution algorithm works well in the case with single phase oil, but breaks down when dealing with cases having multi-phase flow and well interference effects in the data. These aspects need to be addressed in the future investigations.
Method to Preliminary Estimation of the Reserves and Production Forecast for Dual Porosity Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Pirker B. , Heinemann Z. E.
Published: June 2014

When simulating naturally fractured reservoirs many uncertainties have to be accepted. These uncertainties do not only origin in the reservoir characterization but also in oversimplifying assumptions of the conventional dual continuum model. One of the shortcomings in this respect is the assumption of uniform matrix blocks within a simulation cell. The calculation of the matrix-fracture transfer term is done using one single value of the shape factor per simulation cell. This paper presents a new approach, which omits this simplifying assumption.

The method takes into consideration that the matrix blocks in a fractured reservoir are not of the same size, but follow a probabilistic distribution. The approach can be used in all levels of field investigation, starting with material balance calculations up to multimillion block full-field studies, with no or moderate supplementary CPU time. The method offers the possibility of a quick evaluation of an oil prospect with simultaneous assessment of the uncertainty.

Single porosity small scale simulations are used to model the matrix depletion processes. The results of these simulations are consolidated to recovery curves representing a simulation cell. The consolidation step considers the shape factor distribution and the depletion mechanism. The end-product is a set of recovery curves (recovery factor versus dimensionless time). The dual continuum calculation determines the local pressures and saturations changes during the depletion of the reservoir and so the timing of the depletion for every simulation cell, depending on the position within the model. The combination with the dimensionless recovery curves results in a more realistic production forecast. The single matrix calculations were already published, this paper concentrates on the recovery curve consolidation and the incorporation of these recovery curves in simulation calculations. Examples are presented to compare the results of the new approach with the conventional ones.
LWD Acoustic Measurements Enhancements for Varying Drilling Conditions
Authors: Moore John , Dubinsky Vladimir , Harrison Charles , Li Chen
Published: June 2014

Accurate acoustic measurements performed while drilling present additional challenges as compared to wireline. In the logging-while-drilling (LWD) environment, the drilling operation will often adversely affect the quality of acoustic measurements in a number of ways, including substantial background noise during drilling caused by drilling dynamics and mud circulation. Also, the dynamic motion and fluctuating centralization of the transmitter and receivers can dramatically reduce the homogeneity of acquired signals.

To address these drilling-related issues, new approaches to data processing are proposed and evaluated. These approaches assume a certain configuration and features of the acoustic tool, such as an omni-directional transmitter and four columns of receivers to provide full acoustic coverage of the borehole. This provides the foundation for a new set of processing possibilities. The traditional approach used when multiple receivers per station are available is to perform simple summation to average-out local variances and improve the Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio. However, in some cases, especially when the tool is off-center due to well-deviation, bending/compression, and/or bit whirl, simple summation provides little to no signal enhancement. This occurs more frequently in high frequency measurements, such as those that are commonly used for deriving compressional (P-wave) slowness of the formation. In order to achieve constructive summation and improved S/N ratios, special approaches are required.

New processing methodologies, such as using the multiple receiver columns and other data processing techniques are presented. Each method is illustrated with actual field data in varying drilling conditions. These methods, in conjunction with the unique tool features, provide a system that demonstrates enhancement of acoustic data in noisy drilling environments and or highly deviated wells.
Using Experimental Designs, Assisted History Matching Tools and Bayesian Framework to get Probabilistic Production Forecasts
Authors: Schaaf Thomas , Coureaud Bertrand , Labat Nicolas
Published: June 2014

One of the main concern in the O&G business is generating reliable production profile forecasts. Such profiles are the cornerstones of optimal technico-economical management decisions. A workflow combining different methodologies to integrate and reduce most of the subsurface uncertainties using multiple history matched models (explaining the past) to infer reasonably reliable production forecasts is proposed.

Using experimental design theory, a sensitivity study is first performed to scan the whole range of static and dynamic uncertain parameters using a proxy-model of the fluid flow simulator. Only the most sensitive ones with respect to an objective function (quantifying the mismatch between the simulation results and the observations) are retained for subsequent steps.

Assisted History Matching tools are then used to get multiple History matched models, an order of magnitude faster than traditional History Matching processes. Updated uncertain parameters (selected from the sensitivity studies) may be picked anywhere in the direct problem building workflow.

Using the Bayesian framework, a posterior distribution of the most sensitive parameters are derived from the a priori distributions and a non-linear proxy model of the likelihood function. The later is computed using experimental design, kriging and dynamic training techniques.

Multiple History Matched models together with a posteriori parameter distributions are finally used in a joint modeling approach to capture the main uncertainties and to obtain typical (P10-P90) probabilistic production profiles.

This workflow has been applied to a gas storage real case submitted to significant seasonal pressure variations. Probabilistic operational pressure profiles for a given period can then be compared to the actual gas storage dynamic behaviour to assess the added value of the proposed workflow.
Looking For Earlier Integration: An Application Example
Authors: Pampuri F. , Brignoli M. , Berto R. , Marzorati D. , Cairo E.
Published: June 2014

A "creative" approach to reservoir characterization is not always the best choice while integration should be the appropriate methodology, if properly planned and developed.

This paper describes the integrated sedimentology-petrophysics-geomechanics methodology used to characterize the reservoir and cap-rock that will be interested by gas storage activity at overpressure conditions. The determined data are then used in the modelling phase aiming at evaluating the safe injection/storage maximum operating pressure.

The analyzed sequence is located in Central Italy and is represented by sand-shale intervals.

The available data are: conventional and high last technology logs, mini-frac tests, laboratory core analysis, sedimentological and fracture description on cores.

The advantage of the approach relies in the use, during the different project tasks, of each provisional result to drive the work group for finding the solution which better honours the response of different disciplines, looking therefore for an ‘integration on the job'.

The two shales, bounding the reservoir, had similar geomechanical properties but different petrophysical ones (different sedimentological process). The overburden ("cap-rock") is mostly massive with maximum horizontal stress direction 155 N while acoustic logs showed also anisotropy surfaces. The underburden shales ("argille basali") show different sedimentological features and diffuse slumping surfaces. The stress direction is similar for both shales, therefore an unique stress profile was needed throughout the layers and the mini-frac/stress tests were used to constraint the minimum horizontal stress. The geomechanical data allowed to derive reliable mechanical and failure parameters. The sand reservoir shows laminations with few fractures. From a geomechanical standpoint, these results allowed a statistical analysis of the main parameters, for the use in the subsequent modelling activities.

An earlier integration approach was the key for the quality of a reservoir/sealing sequence characterization for the appropriate and safe storage operation.
A Global Gas Distribution Model with Transport Constraints: Methodology and Some Scenarios
Authors: van Berkel J. T. , Roodhart L. P.
Published: June 2014

Natural gas resources are unevenly distributed around the world. Will we be able to grow transport capacity sufficiently quickly to transfer ever-increasing volumes of conventional natural gas from locations where it is found to where it is consumed in the 21st century and for how long? On a world scale, the crucial question for now is not how much gas there is overall, but the transport capacity linking regions with high gas resources to regions with a high consumption but insufficient local gas resources like North America, Europe and East Asia.

To analyze the gas situation in the world, a gas distribution model was constructed. The model predicts the timing and amount of gas shortfall (the difference between demand and available supply) as well as depletion of recoverable gas resources for the various regions in the world for a 100-year period. To reduce the complexity of the problem, the world is split into only ten regions. In each region demand, supply and recoverable gas resources of the various countries are pooled. Transportation of gas by pipelines or LNG tankers is driven by the transport cost of gas between the regions and mainly depends on distance and topography.

Several scenarios were tested for demand and recoverable gas resources using public data. Supply and demand predictions are from USA Government Agencies. Gas transport capacities between the regions were modeled using total export capacity of gas exporting regions. In the low and mid case scenarios shortfall of gas starts early for North America, East Asia and Europe, in the period 2015 (low case) to 2035 (mid case), and is caused by the low indigenous gas resources and by insufficient imports. In the high case scenario, which includes large volumes of tight gas, shortfalls would be much later, i.e. past 2070.

North America has relatively large indigenous resources and imports relatively low amounts of gas but the local supply shortfall will be huge when its own resources are fully depleted. Both East Asia and Europe have low recoverable gas resources and high imports. Europe is strategically located to import gas from various regions but may find itself in competition with East Asia for pipeline gas.

Key uncertainties are recoverable gas resources, demand and transport capacities, causing a supply shortage. For North America, East Asia and Europe, the lack of recoverable gas resources is most sensitive and development of unconventional gas resources will be essential to satisfy future demands. Another option is an increase of supply from gas exporting regions with very large resources like the Former Soviet Union and the Middle East, but this also requires much higher inter-regional transport capacities.