bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin, timing and paleogeographic implications of Paleogene karst bauxites in the northern Transdanubian range, Hungary
Authors: Kelemen Péter , Dunkl István , Csillag Gábor , Mindszenty Andrea , Józsa Sándor , Fodor László , von Eynatten Hilmar
Published: October 2022

Paleogene karst bauxites in the northeastern Transdanubian Range and their cover sequences provide valuable sedimentary archives, despite their weathered nature and vague paleontological records. U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology combined with heavy mineral analysis indicates ‘local’ Alpine aeolian and fluvial sources and ‘distant’ aeolian sources connected to the Bohemian Massif. Records of episodic Paleogene volcanic eruptions related to igneous complexes of the Adamello and probably also the Bergell, Recsk and Balkan Peninsula, are reflected by euhedral zircon crystals. Their U–Pb geochronology supplies age constraints for the phases of subaerial exposure of the karstic surface and the accumulation of bauxitic protoliths and helps to improve the existing stratigraphic records and to define stages of denudation in the northeastern Transdanubian Range. Distinct phases of subaerial exposure and accumulation of the bauxite's protoliths are identified as ca. 42, 35 and 31 Ma; alternating with episodes of subsidence, represented by siliciclastic and carbonatic sequences at ca. 38, 32 and 31 Ma. Besides Paleogene volcanism, zircon dating also revealed contributions from the Middle Triassic tuffs of the Transdanubian Range. Garnet, epidote, kyanite, staurolite, and xenotime/monazite crystals suggest fluvial drainage of diverse metamorphic units of the Austroalpine basement from the Eastern- and Southern Alps, which also supplied most of the pre-Mesozoic zircons. However, the unexpectedly high proportion of Variscan ages in the bauxites most likely relate to igneous rocks of the Bohemian Massif, thus suggesting additional long-distance aeolian sources. The new data allow for detailed reconstructions of the Paleogene evolution and palaeogeography of the northeastern Transdanubian range.
Maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment and mental and behavioral disorders in children
Authors: Airikka Aino , Lahti-Pulkkinen Marius , Tuovinen Soile , Heinonen Kati , Lahti Jari , Girchenko Polina , Lähdepuro Anna , Pyhälä Riikka , Czamara Darina , Villa Pia , Laivuori Hannele , Kajantie Eero , Binder Elisabeth B. , Räikkönen Katri
Published: October 2022

Exposure to maltreatment in childhood is associated with lifelong risk of mental and behavioral disorders. Whether the effects extend to the next generation remains unclear. We examined whether maternal exposure to childhood abuse and neglect in her own childhood were associated with mental and behavioral disorders and psychiatric symptoms in her children, and whether maternal lifetime mental and behavioral disorders or lower education level mediated or added to the effects. Mothers (n = 2252) of the Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction cohort study completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and reported on their education and their 7.0–12.1-year-old children’s psychiatric symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We identified lifetime mental and behavioral disorder diagnoses for the mothers and diagnoses for their children from birth (2006–2010) until 8.4–12.8 years (12/31/2018) from Care Register for Health Care. We found that maternal exposure to childhood abuse, but not neglect, was associated with higher hazards of mental and behavioral disorders (hazard ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.37) in children. These associations were partially mediated by maternal mental and behavioral disorders and education (proportion of effect size mediated: 23.8% and 15.1%, respectively), which together with maternal exposure to childhood abuse added to the hazard of mental and behavioral disorders in children. Similar associations were found for maternal exposure to childhood abuse and neglect with psychiatric symptoms in children. To conclude, maternal exposure to childhood maltreatment is associated with mental and behavioral disorders and psychiatric symptoms in children. Our findings call for interventions to prevent intergenerational transmission.
Plankton population dynamics and methylmercury bioaccumulation in the pelagic food web of mine-impacted surface water reservoirs
Authors: Seelos Mark , Beutel Marc , McCord Stephen , Kim Sora , Vigil Katie
Published: October 2022

Thermal stratification of reservoirs can lead to anaerobic conditions that facilitate the microbial conversion of mercury (Hg) to neurotoxic and bioaccumulative methylmercury (MeHg). But MeHg production is just the first step in a complex set of processes that affect MeHg in fish. Of particular relevance is uptake into suspended particulate matter (SPM) and zooplankton at the base of the pelagic food web. We assessed plankton dynamics and Hg uptake into the pelagic food web of four Hg-impaired California water reservoirs. Combining water chemistry, plankton taxonomy, and stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope values of SPM and zooplankton samples, we investigated differences among the reservoirs that may contribute to differing patterns in MeHg bioaccumulation. Methylmercury accumulated in SPM during the spring and summer seasons. Percent MeHg (MeHg/Hg*100%) in SPM was negatively associated with δ15N values, suggesting that “fresh” algal biomass could support the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg. Zooplankton δ13C values were correlated with SPM δ13C values in the epilimnion, suggesting that zooplankton primarily feed in surface waters. However, zooplankton MeHg was poorly associated with MeHg in SPM. Our results demonstrate seasonal patterns in biological MeHg uptake and how multiple data sources can help constrain the drivers of MeHg bioaccumulation.
Health and Social Care Outcomes in the Community: Review of Religious Considerations in Interventions with Muslim-Minorities in Australia, Canada, UK, and the USA
Authors: McLaren Helen , Hamiduzzaman Mohammad , Patmisari Emi , Jones Michelle , Taylor Renae
Published: October 2022

The aims of this integrative review included examining the intervention characteristics, religious tailoring, and behavioural outcomes of health and social care interventions with Muslim-minorities in Australia, Canada, UK, and the USA. Nineteen articles were included, and each showed some level of improved health and social care outcomes associated with interventions that were religiously tailored to Islamic teachings, and when notions of health were extended to physical, psychological, spiritual and social domains. Future studies should measure levels of religiosity to understand whether religiously tailored interventions produce a significant intervention effect when compared to non-religiously tailored interventions with Muslims.
Seasonal Variability of Phytoplankton Biomass Revealed by Satellite and BGC‐Argo Data in the Central Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Hu Qiwei , Chen Xiaoyan , He Xianqiang , Bai Yan , Zhong Qingwen , Gong Fang , Zhu Qiankun , Pan Delu
Published: October 2022

The variability of phytoplankton biomass related to ocean's biological carbon pump in the central tropical Indian Ocean is not fully understood. Using satellite and biogeochemical Argo data, we found that phytoplankton biomass exhibits significantly different and even opposite changes at the near‐surface (0–10 m) and subsurface layer (50–100 m). Results showed that the shoaling/deepening of the mixed layer and thermocline dominated the phytoplankton biomass change in different layers. In February–May, the shallow mixed‐layer depth (MLD) exacerbated the oligotrophic environment in the mixed layer, thus resulting in low near‐surface phytoplankton biomass (Chl a < 0.1 mg m−3). However, strengthened wind stress and surface cooling induced deep vertical mixing (MLD > 50 m), hence increasing the supply of both nutrients and phytoplankton from the subsurface to maintain the near‐surface phytoplankton blooms (Chl a > 0.2 mg m−3) in June–October. Below the mixed layer, wind‐induced upwelling/downwelling modulated the thermocline, which significantly affects the supply of nutrients for phytoplankton growth in the subsurface layer. The shallower thermocline during February and March provided favorable conditions for the subsurface blooms (Chl a > 0.5 mg m−3) with a prominent subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCML). Conversely, the deeper thermocline in June and July was related to the lowest phytoplankton biomass with the disappearance of the SCML. These results may help explain the response of vertical phytoplankton to changes driven by multiple atmospheric and physical forcing factors in future climate‐change scenarios.
Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution in the Kurgovat‐Vanch Complex, NW Pamir
Authors: Li Yipeng , Robinson Alexander C. , Zucali Michele , Gadoev Mustafo , Oimuhammadzoda Ilhomjon , Lapen Thomas J. , Carrapa Barbara
Published: October 2022

Different crustal deformation histories between Tibet and the Pamir reflect along‐strike variations in geodynamics of the Tethys orogen. To investigate the less well‐documented deformation history of the Pamir, which has been a barrier in understanding the nature of these differences, we conducted an integrated study in the Kurgovat‐Vanch region, NW Pamir. The lithologies are primarily Ediacaran‐to‐Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks intruded by Carboniferous plutons, which then experienced Late Triassic to Early Jurassic regional metamorphism. Structural mapping and analyses document a low‐angle NW‐directed thrust fault, the Poshkharv thrust, separating the overlying upper‐greenschist facies Poshkharv complex from the underlying amphibolite facies Kurgovat complex. Regional geologic maps indicate the Poshkharv thrust continues for ∼300 km across the NW Pamir. Our study also documents another regional thrust fault, the top‐to‐the‐SE Vanch thrust that juxtaposes the Southern Kurgovat complex above the lower‐grade Vanch complex in the south. Biotite 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology indicates Early Cretaceous movement on all structures with ∼135–125 Ma exhumation along the NW‐directed Poshkharv thrust and ∼125–115 Ma exhumation along the SE‐directed Vanch thrust. Regional crustal deformation in the Northern Pamir was formed in a Cretaceous retro‐arc setting, unrelated to the Cenozoic India‐Asia collision. Cretaceous deformation in the NW Pamir was broadly coeval with the NE Pamir, but preceded Cretaceous shortening and coeval arc magmatism in the Southern Pamir. We interpret Early Cretaceous thrusting and crustal thickening followed by southward migration of shortening and magmatic flare‐up in the Pamir to have resulted from a transition of Neotethys subduction from northward flat‐slab advancing to southward retreating.
When Projecting Coastal Resilience, Sediment Compaction Is Key
Authors: Rehnberg Morgan
Published: October 2022

The addition of new sediment helps build up lowland environments like deltas and marshes, but it also compacts materials beneath it—a vital, but often overlooked, factor in landscape evolution studies.
Dominant Coupling Mode of SST in Maritime Continental Region and East Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation
Authors: Zhu Jing , Yu Yueyue , Guan Zhaoyong , Wang Xudong
Published: October 2022

Using a series of data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and singular value decomposition (SVD) method, the dominant coupled mode between sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in Maritime Continent (MC) and circulation anomaly in East Asia in summertime and its underlying mechanism are revealed. Results show that the first SVD mode is characterized by the in‐phase variations of SST anomaly in the entire MC and sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly in East Asia, and their co‐variation is measured by an SVD joint index, . Based on composite difference fields, the ocean mixed layer heat budget reveals that the maintenance of the MC regional SST anomaly is jointly determined by ocean dynamics and heat flux. The anomalous SST warming near Java Island is dominated by the meridional advection of ocean current, while the SST warming in the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific are mainly contributed by the increased downward latent heat flux and shortwave radiation flux. The SLP anomaly pattern in East Asia coupled with SST anomaly in the MC region is represented by the anomalous anticyclone in the Northwest Pacific, which can be maintained by the ‐related atmospheric vertical cell. The ‐related circulation anomalies tend to favor the summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the south of Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau, but lead to negative precipitation anomaly in central and Northeast China.
Land tenure drives Brazil’s deforestation rates across socio-environmental contexts
Authors: Pacheco Andrea , Meyer Carsten
Published: October 2022

Many tropical forestlands are experiencing changes in land-tenure regimes, but how these changes may affect deforestation rates remains ambiguous. Here, we use Brazil’s land-tenure and deforestation data and quasi-experimental methods to analyze how six land-tenure regimes (undesignated/untitled, private, strictly-protected and sustainable-use protected areas, indigenous, and quilombola lands) affect deforestation across 49 spatiotemporal scales. We find that undesignated/untitled public regimes with poorly defined tenure rights increase deforestation relative to any alternative regime in most contexts. The privatization of these undesignated/untitled lands often reduces this deforestation, particularly when private regimes are subject to strict environmental regulations such as the Forest Code in Amazonia. However, private regimes decrease deforestation less effectively and less reliably than alternative well-defined regimes, and directly privatizing either conservation regimes or indigenous lands would most likely increase deforestation. This study informs the ongoing political debate around land privatization/protection in tropical landscapes and can be used to envisage policy aligned with sustainable development goals.
Cell-specific regulation of gene expression using splicing-dependent frameshifting
Authors: Ling Jonathan P. , Bygrave Alexei M. , Santiago Clayton P. , Carmen-Orozco Rogger P. , Trinh Vickie T. , Yu Minzhong , Li Yini , Liu Ying , Bowden Kyra D. , Duncan Leighton H. , Han Jeong , Taneja Kamil , Dongmo Rochinelle , Babola Travis A. , Parker Patrick , Jiang Lizhi , Leavey Patrick J. , Smith Jennifer J. , Vistein Rachel , Gimmen Megan Y. , Dubner Benjamin , Helmenstine Eric , Teodorescu Patric , Karantanos Theodoros , Ghiaur Gabriel , Kanold Patrick O. , Bergles Dwight , Langmead Ben , Sun Shuying , Nielsen Kristina J. , Peachey Neal , Singh Mandeep S. , Dalton W. Brian , Rajaii Fatemeh , Huganir Richard L. , Blackshaw Seth
Published: October 2022

Precise and reliable cell-specific gene delivery remains technically challenging. Here we report a splicing-based approach for controlling gene expression whereby separate translational reading frames are coupled to the inclusion or exclusion of mutated, frameshifting cell-specific alternative exons. Candidate exons are identified by analyzing thousands of publicly available RNA sequencing datasets and filtering by cell specificity, conservation, and local intron length. This method, which we denote splicing-linked expression design (SLED), can be combined in a Boolean manner with existing techniques such as minipromoters and viral capsids. SLED can use strong constitutive promoters, without sacrificing precision, by decoupling the tradeoff between promoter strength and selectivity. AAV-packaged SLED vectors can selectively deliver fluorescent reporters and calcium indicators to various neuronal subtypes in vivo. We also demonstrate gene therapy utility by creating SLED vectors that can target PRPH2 and SF3B1 mutations. The flexibility of SLED technology enables creative avenues for basic and translational research.
Chip-scale high-peak-power semiconductor/solid-state vertically integrated laser
Authors: Yue Jianglin , Tanaka Kenji , Hirano Go , Yonezawa Gen , Shimizu Misaki , Iwakoshi Yasunobu , Tobita Hiroshi , Koda Rintaro , Higa Yasutaka , Watanabe Hideki , Yanashima Katsunori , Kamata Masanao
Published: October 2022

Compact lasers capable of producing kilowatt class peak power are highly desirable for applications in various fields, including laser remote sensing, laser micromachining, and biomedical photonics. In this paper, we propose a high-peak-power chip-scale semiconductor/solid-state vertically integrated laser in which two cavities are optically coupled at the solid-state laser gain medium. The first cavity is for the intra-pumping of ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb:YAG) with an electrically driven indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) quantum well, and the second cavity consists of Yb:YAG and chromium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Cr:YAG) for passive Q-switching. The proposed laser produces pulses as short as 450 ps, and an estimated peak power of 57.0 kW with a laser chip dimension of 1 mm3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first monolithic integration of semiconductor and solid-state laser gain mediums to realize a compact high-peak-power laser.
Ultrasensitive detection of DNA methyltransferase activity: a novel dual-amplification fluorescence technique
Authors: Wen Qilin , Li Dandan , Huang Guidan , Xi Huai , Pan Hongcheng , Zhang Lianming , Li Ziyuan , Xiao Xiaofen , Zhu Wenyuan
Published: October 2022

A dual amplification fluorescence strategy was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of Dam MTase activity based on strand displacement amplification coupled with rolling circle amplification.
Insights into the spontaneous multi-scale supramolecular assembly in an ionic liquid-based extraction system
Authors: Chen Baihua , Shi Ce , Xiong Shijie , Wu Kaige , Yang Yanqiu , Mu Wanjun , Li Xingliang , Yang Yuchuan , Shen Xinghai , Peng Shuming
Published: October 2022

Spontaneous multi-scale supramolecular assembly (MSSA) and multi-scale selectivity (MSS) are realized in ionic liquid-based extraction systems, which can pave the way for the development of supramolecular chemistry and separation chemistry.
Molecular dynamics simulations of TC4 titanium alloy with mechanical property calculations after various heat treatments
Authors: Ma Ke , Ren Shizhang , Sun Hongye , Ma Xu
Published: October 2022

This work explores the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy using molecular dynamics simulations.
Improving the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass using a bio-inspired two-stage microreactor system loaded with complex enzymes
Authors: Xia Ao , Lin Kai , Zhu Tong , Huang Yun , Zhu Xianqing , Zhu Xun , Cai Kaiyong , Wei Zidong , Liao Qiang
Published: October 2022

Inspired by termites, a two-stage microreactor system loaded with enzymes was proposed to hydrolyze wheat straw into monosaccharides efficiently.
Attention assessment based on multi‐view classroom behaviour recognition
Authors: Zheng ZhouJie , Liang GuoJun , Luo HuiBin , Yin HaiChang
Published: October 2022

In recent years, artificial intelligence has been applied in many fields, and education has attracted more and more attention. More and more behaviour detection and recognition algorithms are applied in the field of education. Students' attention in class is the key to improving the quality of teaching, and classroom behavior is a direct manifestation of students' attention. In view of the problem that the accuracy of students' classroom behavior recognition is generally low, we apply deep learning to multi‐view behavior detection, which can detect and recognize behaviors from different perspectives, to evaluate students' classroom attention. First, an improved detection model based on YOLOv5 is proposed, which improves the CBL module throughout the entire network to optimize the model and uses SIoU as the loss function to improve the convergence speed of the prediction box. Second, a quantitative evaluation standard for students' classroom attention is established and then training and verification are conducted by collecting multi‐view classroom datasets. Finally, the environment variation in the training model phase is increased to make the model have better generalization ability. Experiments demonstrate that our method can effectively identify and detect students' behaviours in the classroom from different angles, and it has good robustness and feature extraction capabilities.
Back propagation neural network‐based torque ripple reduction strategy for high frequency square‐wave voltage injection‐based interior permanent magnet synchronous motor sensorless control
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Zhen , Sun Xiaoyong , Gao Congzhe , Liu Xiangdong , Guo Youguang
Published: October 2022

In interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) position‐sensorless drives, the high‐frequency (HF) square‐wave voltage injection method is often used to estimate the rotor position and speed in low‐speed range by tracking the salient polarity of the motor. In order to reduce the torque ripple caused by HF signal injection, a strategy to update the magnitude of the injected signal online by back propagation neural network is proposed in this paper. With the proposed method, the neural network can update the magnitude of the injected signal online according to the d‐axis current and the position error information. It can not only ensure the accuracy of position extraction but also effectively reduce the current harmonics caused by the injected signal, and then the torque ripple can be reduced. In addition, the proposed method is easy to implement, resulting in low computation burden. Finally, the experiments are implemented on a 1‐kW IPMSM drive. The experimental results show that compared with the conventional fixed magnitude injection, the peak‐to‐peak value of the torque ripple is reduced by nearly half along with the decrease of the injected magnitude.
Double spatial scale search algorithm for distributed multi‐area economic dispatch via problem pre‐processing
Authors: Shao Shibiao , Gao Feng , Wu Jiang
Published: October 2022

Distributed multi‐area economic dispatch (MAED) can overcome the deficiencies of a large amount of information processing and regional privacy leakage faced by centralized scheduling. However, multiple iterations may increase communication and computing costs, as well as operational risk. Therefore, this paper proposes a double spatial scale search (DSSS) algorithm to accelerate the iterative process. First, each area performs the multi‐parametric quadratic programming (MPQP) with load and phase angles of boundary buses as parameters to pre‐process the MAED problem as a piecewise quadratic programming (PQP) problem. To reduce the complexity of MPQP, a parameter variables reduction method and a fitting‐based imprecise MPQP (i‐MPQP) algorithm are developed. Then, aided by the i‐MPQP results, we design a DSSS algorithm to optimize the PQP problem efficiently. Finally, two interconnected power systems of different sizes are used for numerical testing. The results show that the i‐MPQP can produce a 77.98% and 88.65% reduction in the number of precise MPQP (p‐MPQP) function segments. Compared with the existing algorithm, the iterations of DSSS algorithm are decreased by 75% and 76.35%, and it can converge with one iteration in most cases. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is insensitive to the system settings and algorithm parameters.
Yarkovsky effect detection from ground-based astrometric data for near-Earth asteroid (469219) Kamo’oalewa
Authors: Liu Lu , Yan Jianguo , Ye Mao , Yu Liangliang , Chen Yihao , Qiu Denggao , Zheng Chong , Barriot Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2022

Context. The Yarkovsky effect is a weak non-gravitational force but may significantly affect sub-kilometre-sized near-Earth asteroids. Yarkovsky-related drift may be detected, in principle, from astrometric or radar datasets of sufficient duration. To date, the asteroid Kamo’oalewa, the most stable of Earth’s quasi-satellites, has an ~18 yr-long arc of ground-based optical astrometry. These data provide an opportunity to detect the Yarkovsky effect acting on the asteroid Kamo’oalewa.

Aims. We determined the Yarkovsky-related drift of asteroid Kamo’oalewa from ~18 yr of ground-based optical astrometry. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of the Yarkovsky effect on the orbital evolution of asteroid Kamo’oalewa based on this estimated value, and evaluated the potential improvements in the detection of non-gravitational accelerations (Yarkovsky effect and solar radiation pressure) for the asteroid Kamo’oalewa that could be provided by the future Chinese small-body exploration mission, Tianwen-2.

Methods. The Yarkovsky-related drift of asteroid Kamo’oalewa was detected from the orbital fitting of the astrometry measurements. We checked the Yarkovsky effect detection based on both the orbit fitting results and the physical mechanisms of the Yarkovsky effect.

Results. We report for the first time the detection of the Yarkovsky effect acting on asteroid Kamo’oalewa based on ~18 yr of ground-based optical astrometry data. The estimated semi-major axis drift is (−6.155 ± 1.758) × 10−3 au Myr−1. In addition, our numerical simulation shows that the Yarkovsky effect has almost no influence on the short-term orbital evolution of the asteroid Kamo’oalewa, but does have a long-term influence, by delaying the entry of the object into the Earth co-orbital region and accelerating its exit from this region, with a more significant signature on the exit than on the entry. In the context of spacecraft tracking data, the Tianwen-2 mission will improve both non-gravitational accelerations (Yarkovsky effect and solar radiation pressure) and predictions of its future ephemeris.
Diagnostic Value of the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Newborns with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Kocaaslan Ramazan , Dilli Dilek , Çitli Rumeysa
Published: October 2022

Objective Aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic role of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII; neutrophil × platelet [PLT]/lymphocyte) in the prediction of renal involvement in newborns with urinary tract infection (UTI).

Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 117 newborns with a gestational age greater than 35 weeks and hospitalized in the NICU. Laboratory values obtained from blood samples taken before the initiation of antibiotics were evaluated for renal function tests, complete blood count, and acute phase reactants. The ratios of platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), and SII were calculated. The patients were divided into two main groups according to the presence of urinary tract pathology in ultrasonography (US): group 1, UTI with renal involvement (n = 43) and group 2, UTI without renal involvement (n = 74). Predictive values of different tests were compared.

Results The mean white blood cell, PLT, mean PLT volume, and neutrophile counts were higher, while lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in group 1 than those of group 2. Interleukin 6 (IL-6; pg/mL; IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP; mg/L), NLR, PLR, and SII values were also higher in group 1. Receiver operating characteristics curve showed that SII, CRP, IL-6, PLR, and NLR have a predictive ability to discriminate renal involvement from normal renal findings in newborns with UTI. The SII produced an area under curve of 0.75 (72% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity). To define renal involvement, the cut-off values of SII, CRP, IL-6, PLR, and NLR were 217, 3.06, 23, 65.5, and 0.60, respectively.

Conclusion Our results showed that SII might be used as an additional parameter in the prediction of renal involvement in newborns with UTIs. Further studies are required.

Key Points
Investigation of the characteristics and mechanisms of the layer inversion in binary liquid–solid fluidized beds with coarse particles
Authors: Ren Wan-Long , Zhang Yan , Zhang Xu-Hui , Lu Xiao-Bing
Published: October 2022

This paper adopts an optimized Euler–Lagrange method proposed in our previous work to study the characteristics and formation mechanisms of layer inversion in binary liquid–solid fluidized beds (LSFBs) with coarse particles. The LSFBs are formed in a cylindrical pipe with a diameter of 50 mm and a length of 0.6 m and consist of two species of coarse particles with different sizes: 6 mm glass spheres (species 1) and 10 mm glass spheres (species 2) with the particle density of 2600 kg/m3. First, the characteristics of the layer inversion of LSFBs with coarse particles are qualitatively analyzed. The positions of species 1 and species 2 are converted during layer inversion. Second, the changes in the trajectory and volume fraction of two species of particles are quantitatively investigated. Finally, the formation mechanisms of layer inversion with coarse particles are analyzed. The results show that the relative magnitude of the fluid–solid interaction force and the gravity is the main reason for determining the layer inversion of binary coarse particles of different sizes. The collision force is to balance the net force of the particle–fluid interaction force and the net gravity, so that the fluidized bed is in relative equilibrium. In addition, through the analysis of the evolution of the network of contact forces, the constraint of the wall on coarse particles is discussed during the layer inversion.
Direct numerical simulation of shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction in a swept compression ramp at Mach 6
Authors: Zhang Ji , Guo Tongbiao , Dang Guanlin , Li Xinliang
Published: October 2022

Swept compression ramps widely exist in supersonic/hypersonic vehicles and have become a typical standard model for studying three-dimensional (3D) shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions (STBLIs). In this paper, we conduct a direct numerical simulation of swept compression ramp STBLI with a 34° compression angle and a 45° sweep angle at Mach 6 using a heterogeneous parallel finite difference solver. Benefitting from the powerful computing performance of the graphics processing unit, the computational grid number exceeds 5 × 106 with the spatiotemporal evolution data of hypersonic 3D STBLI obtained. The results show that the flow of the hypersonic swept compression ramp follows the quasi-conical symmetry. A supersonic crossflow with helical motion appears in the interaction region, and its velocity increases along the spanwise direction. Fluids from the high-energy-density region pass through the bow shock at the head of the main shock and crash into the wall downstream of the reattachment, resulting in the peaks in skin friction and heat flux. The peak friction and heating increase along the spanwise direction because of the spanwise variation in the shock wave inclination. In the interaction region, the unsteadiness is dominated by the mid-frequency motion, whereas the low-frequency large-scale motion is nearly absent. Two reasons for the lack of low-frequency unsteadiness are given: (1) The separation shock is significantly weaker than the reattachment shock and main shock; and (2) because of the supersonic crossflow, the perturbations propagating at the sound speed are not self-sustaining but flow along the r-direction and toward the spanwise boundary.
Giant meteorites could be responsible for Earth’s continents
Authors: Hill Heather M.
Published: October 2022

The isotopic composition of ancient Australian rocks may answer a long-standing question about early Earth.
Listening to the seafloor with optical fibers
Authors: Williams Ethan
Published: October 2022

Using telecommunications cables that already traverse the ocean floor, geophysicists can observe ground motion, ocean waves, and hydroacoustic signals in unprecedented resolution.
Genomic analysis, immunomodulation and deep phenotyping of patients with nodding syndrome
Authors: Soldatos Ariane , Nutman Thomas B , Johnson Tory , Dowell Scott F , Sejvar James J , Wilson Michael R , DeRisi Joseph L , Inati Sara K , Groden Catherine , Evans Colleen , O’Connell Elise M , Toliva Bernard Opar , Aceng Jane R , Aryek-Kwe Josephine , Toro Camilo , Stratakis Constantine A , Buckler A Gretchen , Cantilena Cathy , Palmore Tara N , Thurm Audrey , Baker Eva H , Chang Richard , Fauni Harper , Adams David , Macnamara Ellen F , Lau C Christopher , Malicdan May Christine V , Pusey-Swerdzewski Barbara , Downing Robert , Bunga Sudhir , Thomas Jerry D , Gahl William A , Nath Avindra
Published: October 2022

The aetiology of nodding syndrome remains unclear, and comprehensive genotyping and phenotyping data from patients remain sparse. Our objectives were to characterize the phenotype of patients with nodding syndrome, investigate potential contributors to disease aetiology, and evaluate response to immunotherapy.

This cohort study investigated members of a single-family unit from Lamwo District, Uganda. The participants for this study were selected by the Ugandan Ministry of Health as representative for nodding syndrome and with a conducive family structure for genomic analyses. Of the eight family members who participated in the study at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center, three had nodding syndrome.

The three affected patients were extensively evaluated with metagenomic sequencing for infectious pathogens, exome sequencing, spinal fluid immune analyses, neurometabolic and toxicology testing, continuous electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Five unaffected family members underwent a subset of testing for comparison. A distinctive interictal pattern of sleep-activated bursts of generalized and multifocal epileptiform discharges and slowing was observed in two patients. Brain imaging showed two patients had mild generalized cerebral atrophy, and both patients and unaffected family members had excessive metal deposition in the basal ganglia. Trace metal biochemical evaluation was normal. CSF was non-inflammatory and one patient had CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands. Onchocerca volvulus-specific antibodies were present in all patients and skin snips were negative for active onchocerciasis. Metagenomic sequencing of serum and CSF revealed hepatitis B virus in the serum of one patient. Vitamin B6 metabolites were borderline low in all family members and CSF pyridoxine metabolites were normal. Mitochondrial DNA testing was normal. Exome sequencing did not identify potentially causal candidate gene variants.

Nodding syndrome is characterized by a distinctive pattern of sleep-activated epileptiform activity. The associated growth stunting may be due to hypothalamic dysfunction. Extensive testing years after disease onset did not clarify a causal aetiology. A trial of immunomodulation (plasmapheresis in two patients and intravenous immunoglobulin in one patient) was given without short-term effect, but longer-term follow-up was not possible to fully assess any benefit of this intervention.
An introduction to machine learning for classification and prediction
Authors: Black Jason E , Kueper Jacqueline K , Williamson Tyler S
Published: October 2022

Classification and prediction tasks are common in health research. With the increasing availability of vast health data repositories (e.g. electronic medical record databases) and advances in computing power, traditional statistical approaches are being augmented or replaced with machine learning (ML) approaches to classify and predict health outcomes. ML describes the automated process of identifying (“learning”) patterns in data to perform tasks. Developing an ML model includes selecting between many ML models (e.g. decision trees, support vector machines, neural networks); model specifications such as hyperparameter tuning; and evaluation of model performance. This process is conducted repeatedly to find the model and corresponding specifications that optimize some measure of model performance. ML models can make more accurate classifications and predictions than their statistical counterparts and confer greater flexibility when modelling unstructured data or interactions between covariates; however, many ML models require larger sample sizes to achieve good classification or predictive performance and have been criticized as “black box” for their poor transparency and interpretability. ML holds potential in family medicine for risk profiling of patients’ disease risk and clinical decision support to present additional information at times of uncertainty or high demand. In the future, ML approaches are positioned to become commonplace in family medicine. As such, it is important to understand the objectives that can be addressed using ML approaches and the associated techniques and limitations. This article provides a brief introduction into the use of ML approaches for classification and prediction tasks in family medicine.
Vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri enhances the liver-targeting effect of rhein on liver injury rats by regulating transporters
Authors: Zhao Ya , Wang Jinqiu , Liu Lijuan , Wu Yayun , Hu Qiaohong , Zhao Ruizhi
Published: October 2022

Objective

This study aimed to explore whether the liver-targeting enhancing effect of vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri (VBRB) on rhein was achieved by affecting transporters, metabolism enzymes as well as hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α/4α (HNF1α/HNF4α) in liver injury.

Methods

The effect of VBRB on the efficacy of rhein was performed with the LPS-induced acute liver injury rat model. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were determined and histopathological examination was taken. Drug concentrations in tissues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The protein expressions of drug transporters, metabolic enzymes and hepatic nuclear factors were determined by Western blotting and ELISA assays.

Key finding

VBRB improved the liver protecting effect of rhein, which was consistent with its promoting effect on targeted enrichment of rhein in the liver. VBRB or in combination with rhein inhibited P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multi-resistance related protein 2 (MRP2), while increased organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (OATP2), which might be the reason why VBRB promoted liver-targeting effect of rhein.

Conclusion

VBRB enhances the liver-protecting effect of rhein by down-regulating Pgp, MRP2, and up-regulating OATP2.
Application of self-made rubber drainage strip in the operation of giant lipoma
Authors: Chen Qing , Shao Ping
Published: October 2022

Lipoma is a common benign soft-tissue tumor. Giant lipoma [1] is generally defined as more than 10 cm in length or more than 1000 g in weight. We report a 33-year-old patient with a giant lipoma in the left scapular region. We placed a self-made rubber drainage strip during the operation to control exudate, which is effective in improving incision effusion.
IDHwt Glioblastomas Show Opposing Resistance Mechanisms Across Patients in Response to Standard Treatment
Authors: Tanner Georgette , Finetti Martina A , Pollock Steven , Rippaus Nora , Bruns Alexander-Francisco , Hogg Catherine , Droop Alastair , Bruning-Richardson Anke , Care Mathew , Wilkinson Joseph , Jenkinson Michael , Brodbelt Andrew , Chakrabarty Aruna , Ismail Azzam , Short Susan , Stead Lucy
Published: October 2022

AIMS

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour in adults. Despite aggressive treatment, a resistant tumour recurs in practically all patients. We therefore aimed to better understand the mechanisms driving this treatment resistance through investigating changes in gene expression across pairs of primary and recurrent GBM tumours.

METHOD

We generated or acquired bulk tumour RNA sequencing data for primary and first recurrent tumours from 107 patients who received standard treatment. Differential expression analysis between primary and recurrent samples found that the most dysregulated genes were involved in neurodevelopment and neurodifferentiation. We therefore used a publicly available ChIP-seq database to identify DNA binding factors for which binding sites are enriched in the promotors of genes with the largest expression changes from primary to recurrent.

RESULTS

Jumonji and AT-Rich Interacting Domain 2 (JARID2) was the most strongly enriched for binding to promotors of dysregulated genes. 65 patients showed an up-regulation and 42 showed a down-regulation of genes bound by this protein. The same set of JARID2 bound genes were found to be dysregulated in each direction, and correlated with the largest source of variation between samples in their response to treatment. Further enrichment analyses indicated that ‘Up’ responders may resist treatment through reduced proliferation and increased interaction with the tumour microenvironment, whereas ‘Down’ responders instead rely on a shift to mesenchymal cell states.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that GBM tumours can be split into two subtypes that transcriptionally reprogramme in different directions through treatment and may benefit from different treatment approaches.
Temozolomide Sensitivity of Malignant Glioma Cell Lines – A Systematic Review Assessing Consistencies Between In Vitro Studies
Authors: Poon Michael T C , Bruce Morgan , Simpson Joanne , Hannan Cathal , Brennan Paul
Published: October 2022

AIMS

Malignant glioma cell line models are integral to pre-clinical testing of novel potential therapies. Accurate prediction of likely efficacy in the clinic requires that these models are reliable and consistent. We assessed this by examining the reporting of experimental conditions and sensitivity to temozolomide in glioma cells lines.

METHOD

We searched Medline and Embase (Jan 1994-Jan 2021) for studies evaluating the effect of temozolomide monotherapy on cell viability of at least one malignant glioma cell line. Key data items included type of cell lines, temozolomide exposure duration in hours (hr), and cell viability measure (IC50).

RESULTS

We included 212 studies from 2789 non-duplicate records that reported 248 distinct cell lines. The commonest cell line was U87 (60.4%). Only 10.4% studies used a patient-derived cell line. The proportion of studies not reporting each experimental condition ranged from 8.0–27.4%, including base medium (8.0%), serum supplementation (9.9%) and number of replicates (27.4%). In studies reporting IC50, the median value for U87 at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was 123.9 μM (IQR 75.3–277.7 μM), 223.1 μM (IQR 92.0–590.1 μM) and 230.0 μM (IQR 34.1–650.0 μM), respectively. The median IC50 at 72 h for patient-derived cell lines was 220 μM (IQR 81.1–800.0 μM).

CONCLUSION

Temozolomide sensitivity reported in comparable studies was not consistent between or within malignant glioma cell lines. Drug discovery science performed on these models cannot reliably inform clinical translation. A consensus model of reporting can maximise reproducibility and consistency among in vitro studies.
Comparative Analysis of the Histone H3 Mutant Protein Interactome Landscape in Paediatric High-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Haque Farhana
Published: October 2022

AIMS

There have been no significant improvements in the treatments for childhood and adolescent High-Grade Glioma (pHGG) and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioblastoma (DIPG), which have a very poor prognosis. These cancers harbour mutations affecting histone 3 (H3) proteins, 80% of DIPGs harbour histone H3.1 and H3.3 K27M somatic mutations whilst 30% of pHGGs exhibit H3.3 G34R or G34V mutations. Several studies have highlighted the epigenetic changes associated with these mutations, however their precise role in tumourigenesis is still unknown. We hypothesize that H3 mutations promote an aberrant interaction landscape and analysis of these interactome will highlight important pathophysiological consequences in these tumours.

METHOD

Two different affinity chromatographic proteomic analyses were performed using different recombinant H3 wild type (WT) and H3 mutant histone proteins (K27M, G34R and G34V) to purify their binding partners, from cell extracts of control and pHGG/DIPG patients cell lines. The purified samples were then subjected to Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify their co-bound partners.

RESULTS

The results have isolated unique and common differential interaction partners of the H3 mutants and with cellular proteins in comparison to H3 WT protein, in the pHGG tumour cells.

CONCLUSION

The role these altered protein interactions are being investigating in tumour initiation, progression and/or maintenance of H3 mutated pHGG/DIPG, with the aim to manipulate their function as alternate therapeutic intervention. Results of these analyses/experiments will be presented.
Neurosurgically-Applied Chemotherapy for Childhood Brain Tumours Arising in the Posterior Fossa Using a Biodegradable Paste
Authors: Moloney Cara , Mavromoustakos Menelaos , Alexander Cameron , Rahman Ruman
Published: October 2022

AIMS

This project aims to develop a local drug delivery system for treatment of childhood medulloblastoma (MB) and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (AT/RT), malignant brain neoplasms occurring in the posterior fossa for which prognoses remains poor. Our goal is to repurpose drug compounds reported as effective against MB and AT/RT, but which either cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) or have not been assessed for localised delivery. We have developed a novel intra-cavity drug delivery system, consisting of polymer microparticles made from poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA/PEG) which will be employed to release drugs over several weeks.

METHOD

Cell toxicity assays were undertaken using drugs of interest against an in vitro panel of relevant MB and AT/RT cell lines. PLGA/PEG paste incorporating the drugs were prepared and release kinetics assessed.

RESULTS

IC50 values of the drugs were assessed across all cell lines and a range of potencies were observed, with optimum conditions identified as dual treatments of PG545 (heparanse inhibitor) with CHIR99021 (glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor) for MB and ribavirin (anti-viral) with CHIR99021 for AT/RT. Importantly, it was noted that the drugs retained their cytotoxicity following release from PLGA/PEG. Furthermore, release kinetics were finely tuned through careful control of the composition through addition of excipients and encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticles, and a library of formulations were prepared.

CONCLUSION

A local drug delivery system for MB and AT/RT has been developed and an optimum formulation, based upon in vitro cell assays and release kinetics, has been identified for in vivo efficacy studies in orthotopic models.