bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEVERE MEDITERRANEAN ANEMIA (COOLEY’S ANEMIA) IN A CHINESE CHILD
Authors: DEMARSH Q. B. , BOYCE SUSAN
Published: October 2019

1. The fifth known case of Cooley’s anemia in a Chinese child is reported. Death occurred following a febrile illness which was thought to be mumps encephalitis. Autopsy findings were consistent with this diagnosis and with Cooley’s anemia.

2. The remainder of the family showed the characteristic blood findings of Cooley’s trait.
Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin density and immunoglobulin secretion in vitro in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Authors: Chen YH , Heller P
Published: October 2019

Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin (SIg) and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion were studied in 14 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 12 healthy subjects. The determination of SIgM-bearing (SIgM+) cells by immunofluorescent staining and the quantification of SIgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA) permitted the calculation of the SIgM density. In 12 normal subjects the percentage of SIgM+ cells averaged 8% (range 4%-12%) and the SIgM density 10.2 ng antigenic equivalent/10(6) SIgM+ cells (SD 4.3). In 12 patients with CLL the respective figures were 68% (range 35%-90%) and 0.68 ng (SD 0.57). Ig secretion from pokeweed mitogen-stimulated CLL cells was markedly diminished as compared with normal lymphocytes. In coculture experiments CLL cells had no suppressive effect on Ig secretion of normal lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes did not enhance Ig secretion leukemic lymphocytes. These results indicate that the impaired secretory activity of CLL cells results from an intrinsic anomaly of these cells.
Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: effects of chronic endotoxin administration
Authors: Hammond WP , Price TH , Dale DC
Published: October 2019

Endotoxin was given to grey collie dogs to investigate the mechanism of cyclic hematopoiesis. Over prolonged periods of daily administration, low doses of endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg/day) failed to change the cycling of blood neutrophils or reticulocytes. However, higher doses of endotoxin maintained at a plateau level (5 microgram/kg/day) eliminated the cyclic changes in neutrophils and stabilized the reticulocyte and platelet counts in the normal range. Administration of endotoxin at this dose also eliminated the cyclic marrow differential count fluctuations characteristic of this disease. We infer from these results that endotoxin ameliorates the cyclical changes in blood cell counts by regulating hematopoietic proliferative activity at the stem cell level.
Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line (HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Gallagher R , Collins S , Trujillo J , McCredie K , Ahearn M , Tsai S , Metzgar R , Aulakh G , Ting R , Ruscetti F , Gallo R
Published: October 2019

In a prelminary communication, we described the establishment of a continuous human myeloid cell line (HL-60). Here we report the detailed properties of this cell line and document its derivation from the peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. As characterized by light and electron microscopy, the predominant cell type in both the fresh and cultured sources is a neutrophilic promyelocyte with prominent nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Up to 10% of the cultured cells spontaneously differentiate beyond the promyelocyte stage, and the proportion of terminally differentiated cells is markedly enhanced by compounds known to stimulate differentiation of mouse (Friend) erythroleukemia cells. The HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid cells, but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement (C3), which have been associated with differentiated granulocytes. They exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to a chemotactic stimulus commensurate with the proportion of mature cells. As characteristic of transformed cells, the HL-60 cells form colonies in semisolid medium and produce subcutaneous myeloid tumors (chloromas) in nude mice. A source of colony-stimulating activity stimulated the cloning efficiency in soft agar 5--30-fold. Despite adaptations to culture, the morphological phenotype and responsiveness to chemical induction of differentiation is essentially unchanged through at least 85 passages. Cytogenetic studies reveal aneuploidy. Metaphases with 44 chromosomes predominated in vivo and in early culture passages; however, clones with 45 or 46 chromosomes became predominant with continued passaging. The most consistent karyotypic abnormalities were the deletion of chromosomes 5, 8, and X and the addition of a marker resembling a D-group acrocentric and of a submetacentric marker, most likely an abnormal E-group chromosome. No DNA herpesvirus or RNA retrovirus was isolated in the fresh or cultured cells. The HL-60 cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of physiologic, pharmacologic, and virologic elements on this process.
Specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity production from fetal mouse liver cells
Authors: Zucali JR , Broxmeyer HE , Ulatowski JA
Published: October 2019

Fetal mouse liver cultures capable of producing both erythropoietin (Ep) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating activity (GM-CSA) were used to study the specificity of lactoferrin as an inhibitor of the production of GM-CSA. Both a granulocyte-derived colony-inhibiting activity (CIA) and lactoferrin inhibited GM-CSA production while having no effect on Ep production. These results demonstrate the specificity of lactoferrin for GM-CSA production.
Hematologic Effects of Regional Nitrogen Mustard Therapy
Authors: BATEMAN JEANNE C. , KLOPP CALVIN T. , CROMER J. KEITH
Published: October 2019

1. The hematologic findings on 21 patients who received fractionated intra-arterial HN2 therapy are presented. The arteries cannulized were the external carotid in 9 cases, the internal carotid in 4 cases, the external iliac in one case and the lower abdominal aorta in 7 cases. The total dose of drug given varied from 0.25 to 3.10 mg./Kg.

2. The effects on bone marrow and peripheral blood were essentially the same in character as those observed after intravenous administration of HN2. Larger doses of HN2 were tolerated when administration was intra-arterial.

3. A consistent early depression of marrow eosinophils was noted in all cases with original differential counts of 2 per cent or more, except in one patient who had Hodgkin’s disease and extensive psoriasis.

4. A differential effect of HN2 on marrow in the region of therapy and the marrow from other sites was demonstrated by simultaneous aspiration studies.

5. Factors reducing hematologic damage include occlusion of venous return from the injected site and prolongation of therapy.

6. Only one patient in this group developed severe hypoplasia of the bone marrow. Studies on this and other patients treated by the lower abdominal aortic route suggest that more than 1.1 mg./Kg. HN2 per course in this region may be hazardous.

7. Four patients died within two weeks following therapy with symptoms suggesting profound electrolyte disturbance. It is probable that limiting factors other than hematologic may occur with localized HN2 therapy.
Observations on the Effect of Various Folic Acid Antagonists on Acute Leukemia
Authors: WILSON SLOAN J.
Published: October 2019

1. Seventy patients with acute leukemia were treated with various folic acid antagonists. Sixty-five survived for a sufficient length of time to evaluate the effect of the therapeutic agents. Types of leukemia observed included 38 cases of acute lymphatic leukemia, 23 patients with acute monocytic leukemia and 4 with the acute myelogenous type of leukemia.

2. The best results, both clinically and hematologically, were obtained in acute lymphatic leukemia. Although the most satisfactory results were observed in the youngest age group, excellent remissions were produced in older individuals. Of 65 cases observed, an excellent clinical and hematologic remission was observed in 11 patients, a partial emission in 19 subjects, and no response in 35 individuals.

3. When a response occurred, a rater definite hematologic pattern was noted. An increased platelet count in most instances was the first evidence of regeneration and occurred in about the third or fourth week. The neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes began to regenerate at about the same time and an increase in their number was followed by a rise in the erythrocyte count.

4. Observations of the bone marrow indicated that although excellent clinical and hematologic remissions might occur, primitive leukemic cells were still present. In some instances megaloblasts were observed in addition to a peripheral macrocytosis and anisocytosis of erythrocytes.

5. Toxic manifestations were common. These included glossitis, ulceration of the oral cavity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and alopecia. In one instance there was ulceration of the entire gastro-intestinal tract, including the esophagus and colon. Hematologic toxic reactions included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anemia. Aplasia of marrow tissue was observed in 1 instance. In many instances the margin of safety between a toxic reaction and death was indeed small.

6. It should be emphasized that in no instance has a cure of leukemia resulted from treatment with a folic acid antagonist although prolonged remissions have occurred.
Demonstration by the Nadi Reaction of Cytochrome Oxidase Activity in Cells of the Lymphoid and Myeloid Series Obtained from Normal Individuals and Patients Suffering from Hodgkin’s and Other Diseases
Authors: HOFFMANN GEORGE T. , ROTTINO ANTONIO , STERN KURT G.
Published: October 2019

Using the Nadi reaction, cytochemical studies of the cytochrome oxidase activity of cells of lymphoid and myeloid tissue were carried out. Normal cells and those from patients with Hodgkin’s disease and leukemia were examined.

With the exception of monocytes and macrophages cells from lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood show a low level of cytochrome activity when compared with myocardial, liver and renal tubular epithelium.

Leukemic cells and those from lymph nodes affected by Hodgkin’s disease contain about the same degree of cytochrome activity as their normal counterparts, under the conditions of this study.

The cytoplasmic particles stained by the Nadi reaction correspond in size, distribution and number to particles which can be stained supravitally by janus green.
The Hematologic Aspects of Disseminated (Systemic) Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MICHAEL SIDNEY R. , VURAL I. LUTFI , BASSEN FRANK A. , SCHAEFER LOUIS , BERGMAN MILDRED , LANDIN LOIS , MICHAEL HELEN
Published: October 2019

1. The hematologic data in 111 cases of disseminated (systemic) lupus erythematosus are presented.

2. Anemia occurred in practically all patients at some time during their course.

3. Leukopenia was seen initially in about one-third of the patients and developed subsequently in about one-half at some time during their course. Many responded to infection with leukocytosis.

4. Thrombocytopenia occurred its about one-third of the patients on initial counts and developed subsequently in about one-half at some time its their course. Thrombocytopenia was often seen without leukopenia. Marked thrombocytopenia, simulating "idiopathic" thrombocytopenia purpura, was seen in two cases.

5. There was poor correlation between splenomegaly and a reduction in the formed elements of the blood.

6. Bone marrow differential counts were not helpful in making the diagnosis but an increase in plasma cells was frequent.

7. The Hargraves test was an extremely valuable diagnostic aid.

8. Treatment with ACTH and cortisone did not produce any striking hematologic changes.

9. Five cases of unusual interest, including three with hemolytic anemia, were presented.
Familial Erythroid Multinuclearity
Authors: WOLFF JAMES A. , VON HOFE FREDERICK H.
Published: October 2019

1. Dysplastic erythropoiesis, erythrocyte gigantism and giant plurinucleated red cell precursors in the bone marrows of a woman and all 3 of her children are described. All 4 subjects have mild anemia without symptoms therefrom.

2. The changes described are apparently irreversible but do not represent malignant nor agonal change.

3. It is likely that these findings represent an inherited anomaly of erythropoiesis. The nature of the genetic transmission cannot be determined from these studies.

4. We propose the designation familial erythroid multinuclearity to describe this anomaly of red cell production.
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with Erythrocyte Fragility to Cold and Acid
Authors: LIU S. H.
Published: October 2019

In 2 cases of chronic hemolytic anemia with erythrocyte fragility to cold and acid, although the abnormality resides in the red blood cells, serum, whether from the patients or from normal controls, is necessary for the hemolysis.

Complement is most likely not responsible for the serum hemolytic activity, because the latter, while similar to complement in certain properties, may be completely dissociated from it.

From human serum the euglobulin separated by CO2 and sodium sulphate and the pseudoglobulin I obtained by sodium sulphate precipitation possess hemolytic activity for the cells of the patient and not those of the control. The hemolytic activity of these globulin fractions is increased by chilling and by addition of acid. It is inhibited by serum pseudoglobulin II and albumin.

Guinea pig serum aids human serum in its hemolytic activity on susceptible human cells. This augmenting effect of the guinea pig serum is not due to its complement content, nor due to its hetero-hemolysin for all human erythrocyte.

In view of the data presented in this and the preceding papers, a new syndrome is suggested which can be clearly differentiated from paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Comparisons between Bone Marrow Differentials Prepared from Particles and from Random Samples of Aspirate and Determinations of the Dilution of Aspirate with Peripheral Blood Utilizing Radioactive Phosphorus (P32)
Authors: FADEM ROBERT S. , BERLIN IRVING , YALOW ROSALYN
Published: October 2019

Estimates of bone marrow cellularity based upon gross appearances and upon total nucleated counts of the aspirates were compared in 50 cases. These comparisons revealed some correlation between the gross appearances and the averages of the total nucleated counts. That this correlation did not always exist in individual cases was demonstrated by the wide range in total nucleated counts and by incorrect gross appearance estimates in two cases of acute leukemia.

Differential counts as obtained from particle smears and random sample smears of the same aspirates were compared in 50 cases. Such comparisons revealed certain consistent differences in cellular elements. These differences and their significance were discussed.

The dilution of aspirate fluid and aspirate particles with peripheral blood was determined in 10 cases. Appreciable and unpredictble dilution of aspirate fluid was demonstrated, but none was demonstrated in aspirate particles. This dilution of aspirate fluid with peripheral blood is implicated as the cause of the inaccurate estimations of bone marrow cellularity based upon gross appearances and total nucleated counts. It is also suggested as one of the factors underlying the observed differences in the cellular elements of particle smear and random sample smear differentials.
Observations on the Etiologic Relationship of Achylia Gastrica to Pernicious Anemia
Authors: SCHILLING ROBERT F. , HARRIS JOHN W. , CASTLE WILLIAM B.
Published: October 2019

1. Vitamin B12a, derived from vitamin B12 by catalytic hydrogenation, is as potent a hematopoietic agent as vitamin B12 when administered parenterally to patients with pernicious anemia in relapse.

2. The hematopoietic activity of vitamin B12a, like that of vitamin B12, and of vitamin B12b, is potentiated by simultaneous oral administration with normal human gastric juice.

3. Observations on one patient suggest that vitamin B12a, like vitamin B12, will arrest the progress of subacute degeneration of the spinal cord in pernicious anemia.
Researches on a Circulating Anticoagulant in a Hemophiliac
Authors: VAN CREVELD S. , HOORWEG P. G. , PAULSSEN M. M. P.
Published: October 2019

A number of investigations were made in a hemophiliac who had become refractory to treatment with whole blood, plasma and plasma fractions. This refractoriness was traced to the presence of a circulating anticoagulant. By fractionation of the plasma it was determined that the anticoagulant was associated with the pseudoglobulin fraction of the plasma, and acted by inhibiting the action of antihemophilic globulin (coagulation globulin) present in natural blood. The antihemophilic globulin, however, was not physically altered by the anticoagulant and could be reprecipitated without loss of its antihemophilic properties.

The anticoagulant did not inhibit prothrombin, thromboplastin, or fibrinogen. It was unrelated to the lipid antithromboplastin or to heparin and did not appear to be an antibody.
Case Report: Nonspherocytic Chronic Hemolytic Anemia with Basophilic Stippling: Report of a Case in a Negro
Authors: FEINBERG ARTHUR W. , WATSON JANET
Published: October 2019

1. A case of chronic hemolytic anemia, present since infancy, in a young Negro male has been reported. There were no hematologic abnormalities in the six family members who were examined.

2. The unusual features in this patient were normal red blood cell fragility, the absence of spherocytosis and marked punctate basophilia. These findings appear to conform to the syndrome of hereditary hemolytic anemia without spherocytosis described by Haden. This is the first reported case of this syndrome in a Negro.

3. Examination of material obtained by splenic puncture revealed that:

a. Stippled cells were much fewer in the spleen aspirate than in the peripheral blood.

b. Basophilic granules were found engulfed by the reticulo-endothelial cells of the spleen.

These data suggest as a possible explanation for the hemolytic mechanism that the spleen selectively destroys the abnormal stippled erythrocytes. The mechanism of formation of these erythrocytes remains obscure.
Studies on Abnormal Hemoglobins
Authors: SINGER KARL , CHERNOFF AMOZ I. , SINGER LILY
Published: October 2019

1. By exposing hemoglobin solutions to an alkaline reagent at a pH of 12.7 it was found that normal pigment is completely denatured within one minute. Thus even small amounts of more resistant hemoglobins, which may also be present in the solution, can be readily detected. Fetal hemoglobin, which is alkali resistant, may remain demonstrable until the end of the second year of life.

2. Alkali resistant hemoglobins were regularly encountered in sickle cell anemia (but not in the trait), in the more fully developed Mediterranean syndromes, and in 1 out of 4 families with hereditary spherocytosis. In addition to these hereditary hemolytic disorders, abnormally denaturing hemoglobin fractions were observed in 3 instances of chronic aregenerative anemia, and, irregularly, in patients with untreated pernicious anemia, acute and chronic leukemia and myelophthisic anemia. All other kinds of anemias were found to have only normally denaturing pigments.

3. Three definite types of hemoglobin are identifiable at present by means of electrophoresis and denaturation. These have been designated as type N (normal adult), type F (fetal), and type S (sickle cell hemoglobin). The hypothesis is advanced that the resistant fraction in the hereditary hemolytic syndromes may represent a continued production of fetal pigment beyond the physiologic age limit and the appearance of the abnormal hemoglobins in the "acquired" disorders may indicate a reactivation of such a mechanism. The implications of such an assumption for the distribution of the various types of hemoglobin in sickling erythrocytes are discussed.

4. The diagnostic significance of the denaturation test and its limitations are outlined.
Methods: A Simple Office Procedure for Demonstrating Lupus Erythematosus Cells in Peripheral Blood
Authors: MATHIS HAZEL B.
Published: October 2019

A simple but effective method of demonstrating "L. E." cells in the peripheral blood has been described.
Studies on Cross Circulation in Man
Authors: BIERMAN HOWARD R. , BYRON RALPH L. , KELLY KEITH H. , DOD KENNETH S. , BLACK PATRICE M.
Published: October 2019

1. Methods for continuous intervenous, arterial venous, and interarterial cross transfusions in man have been developed and a total of seven procedures have been successfully performed.

2. The interarterial method was preferred for an investigation of the pulmonary leukocyte removal mechanism and has been carried on for as long as twenty-six hours exchanging 150 liters of whole blood both to and from each participant.

3. On three occasions within twelve hours after the cross transfusions were terminated, a marked decrease in the leukocyte count occurred in 1 leukemic participant. Marked generalized improvement in the leukemic status occurred after each drop in the leukocyte count.

4. By cross transfusing an adult with myelogenous leukemia and a child with lymphogenous leukemia it was possible to pass myeloid cells through the pulmonary leukocyte removal mechanism into the circulation of the patient with lymphogenous leukemia.

5. An excessive leukocyte removal mechanism was demonstrated during another cross transfusion by a patient with sub-leukemic lymphogenous leukemia.

6. Cross transfusion in man is experimental and offers a technic of value as an investigative method for the study of formed elements and chemical constituents of the blood under these circumstances.

7. Careful cross matching for compatability of blood and Rh type is essential and the hazards and risks of the procedure have been emphasized.
Tissue Mast Cells in Human Bone Marrow
Authors: FADEM ROBERT S.
Published: October 2019

1. Tissue mast cells were found in 7 of 2800 human bone marrows studied.

2. Tissue mast cells represented 1.0 per cent or more of the marrow cells in 3 of the cases, and each of the 3 exhibited some degree of marrow depression, as evidenced by anemia, leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia.

3. The morphology and histochemistry of tissue mast cells in human bone marrow are described.

4. A relationship between tissue mast cells and marrow cellular depression is suggested based upon a possible inhibitory action of heparin upon local cell growth.
Pernicious Anemia in Asiatic Indians
Authors: GUPTA C. R. DAS , CHATTERJEA J. B.
Published: October 2019

Three cases of pernicious anemia in Asiatic Indians are reported. The prevailing idea regarding the low incidence of pernicious anemia in Indians is corroborated. The pathogenesis of pernicious anemia and nutritional macrocytic anemia is discussed briefly.
A Study of Blood Volume and Anemia in Cancer Patients
Authors: BATEMAN JEANNE C.
Published: October 2019

1. Hematologic findings are reported in 33 patients with cancer, in 8 patients with arrested cancer and in 10 patients without cancer.

2. Blood volume was variable and seemed to bear no direct relation to the disease. Prolonged impaired alimentation due to dysphagia or apathy in 3 patients was associated with lower than expected blood volume.

3. Recalculation of total hemoglobin on the basis of expected normal blood volume demonstrates a reduction in hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is increased and conversely in an elevation of hemoglobin concentration when blood volume is reduced.

4. A marked increase above "normal" in blood volume was found in 3 patients who had received large amounts of stilbestrol. Withdrawal of drug in the 1 patient observed resulted in reversion toward normal values.

5. Testosterone increased body weight, total blood volume and total circulating hemoglobin in 3 patients without active cancer. In 2 patients with far advanced cancer there was increase in weight, in 1 there was increase in blood volume, but in both there was progressive decrease in total hemoglobin.
Studies in Rh Sensitization
Authors: WIENER ALEXANDER S. , NAPPI RAFFAELE , GORDON EVE B.
Published: October 2019

Periodic Rh antibodies were carried out over a period of one to four years in a series of 60 sensitized Rh-negative individuals. The results indicate that once an individual has become sensitized to the Rh factor, the antibodies persist in his body for the remainder of his life. An illustrative case is presented in which antibodies were found in the serum of an Rh-negative woman who had never received an injection of blood and who had had her last pregnancy twenty-two years previously.
Platelets interact with fibrin only after activation
Authors: Hantgan RR , Taylor RG , Lewis JC
Published: October 2019

Interactions between platelets and fibrin have been visualized by phase contrast, epifluorescence, and scanning electron microscope examination of clots formed with dansylcadaverine-labeled fibrin and gel-filtered platelets. After thrombin activation, the platelets appeared as fluorescent aggregates with bridging strands of fibrin; formaldehyde- fixed platelets were not fluorescent under the same experimental conditions. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that thrombin- activated cells had numerous pseudopods to which the fibrin strands adhered; fixed platelets exhibited a smooth discoid appearance and did not interact with the clot. Platelets trapped in clots formed with Batroxobin (Pentapharm) (platelets are not activated by Batroxobin as confirmed by light-scattering aggregometry measurements) remained as nonfluorescent, discoid cells, whereas platelets first activated by adenosine diphosphate formed brightly fluorescent aggregates. Light- scattering data of thrombin activation (0.2 U/mL) indicated that preincubation of platelets with 0.1 mmol/L prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) prior to addition of thrombin decreased the extent and rate of platelet shape change and resulted in 100-fold slower aggregation. Clots formed in the presence of PGE1 revealed decreased fluorescence intensity and fewer platelet-fibrin contacts. Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, which blocks fibrinogen binding and fibrin assembly, was also effective in blocking platelet-fibrin interactions. These results indicate that platelet activation is a prerequisite for attachment of platelets to fibrin.
Platelet interaction with subendothelial extracellular matrix: platelet- fibrinogen interactions are essential for platelet aggregation but not for the matrix-induced release reaction
Authors: Eldor A , Vlodavsky I , Martinowicz U , Fuks Z , Coller BS
Published: October 2019

Cultured endothelial cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) to which platelets adhere and spread, ultimately resulting in platelet aggregation, thromboxane B2 production, and serotonin release. We have investigated the role of fibrinogen binding to the platelet GPIIb/IIIa complex in these reactions by comparing normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP), PRP from patients with Glanzman's thrombasthenia (whose platelets lack the GPIIb/IIIa complex), PRP in the presence of a monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of fibrinogen to the GPIIb/IIIa complex, platelets washed free of fibrinogen, and washed platelets to which fibrinogen was added. Although platelet aggregation was virtually completely inhibited in the samples in which the normal interaction between fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa was impaired, adhesion of platelets to the matrix, spreading, and release of [14C]-serotonin were not affected. All of the platelet preparations released significant amounts of T X B2 with time, but there was a decrease in the amount produced by both the thrombasthenic and antibody-treated platelets. We conclude that the interaction of fibrinogen with platelet GPIIb/IIIa is not required for platelet adhesion to ECM or for adhesion-induced shape change or serotonin release. On the other hand, the platelet-fibrinogen interaction may play some role in augmenting adhesion-induced T X B2 production, and it is absolutely required for adhesion-induced platelet aggregation.
Studies on the Radiosensitivity of Bone Marrow
Authors: VALENTINE WILLIAM N. , PEARCE MORTON LEE
Published: October 2019

1. Data are presented on (a) comparison of the regenerative capacity of erythroid tissue in the irradiated and nonirradiated cat after the stimulus of acute hemorrhage resulting in a 40 per cent reduction in the peripheral erythrocyte level; (b) comparison of the relative regenerative capacity of myelopoietic and erythropoietic tissue in the same animals after 200 r delivered to the whole body.

2. Recovery from standard anemia produced by hemorrhage immediately prior to irradiation injury was only slightly less rapid in the irradiated than in the control group. Estimates of functional reserve indicate that the cats exposed to 200 r were still able in the first 20 days after exposure to produce erythrocytes at nearly twice the normal production rate in the nonanemic, normal animal.

3. In sharp contrast to the findings for erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis as judged by peripheral leukocyte counts was severely depressed for about 30 days and final recovery delayed for 40 to 50 days after 200 r. In the face of the stimulus of leukopenia developing shortly after the radiation exposure, myeloid tissue appeared incapable of operating at more than a fraction of its normal productive capacity for a long period of time.

4. The data indicate that on the basis of functional impairment erythropoietic tissue is significantly less sensitive to radiation injury than is the myelopoietic tissue of the same animal under the conditions of this experiment.
An Exact Method for the Chamber Count of Eosinophils in Capillary Blood and Its Application to the Study of the Diurnal Cycle
Authors: DONATO ROBERT A. , STRUMIA MAX M. , HART ELEANOR D. , DELANOY DORIS K.
Published: October 2019

The paper describes and evaluates a capillary-tube technic for the chamber count of circulating eosinophils. The outstaning merits of the method are ease of collection, accuracy ard reproducibility of results and the fact that counting can be deferred for hours and even days without vitiation of the accuracy.

Application of this method to study of normal subjects indicates a diurnal cycle of eosinophil fluctuation, with a low at noon and a high late at night.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti-S
Authors: LEVINE PHILIP , FERRARO LOUIS R. , KOCH ELIZABETH
Published: October 2019

In the article entited "Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti-S: A Case Report with a Review of 12 Anti-S Sera Cited in the Literature," by Philip Levine, Louis R. Ferraro and Elizabeth Koch (Blood 7: 1030-1037, 1952), an error occurred in the first paragraph of page 1030. The last sentence in this paragraph should read: "Only one example of anti-s has thus far been observed."
Two Different Serologic Mechanisms of Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria, Illustrated by Three Cases
Authors: VAN LOGHEM J. J. , DE LEON D. E. MENDES , FRENKEL-TIETZ HERTA , VAN DER HART MIA
Published: October 2019

During the last years many examples of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria have been described in which attention has been given to the serologic differentiation into two groups, the one (group A) characterized by a biphasic hemolysin, the other (group B) marked by the presence of cold aggluitinin in a very high titer, as was summarized in the report of Becker.3

We should like to stress that the hemolysins of group A, though all of the biphasic type, show many variations as far as concerns thermostability, optimal period of the cold phase and the need of complement for the fixation of the antibody in the cold. In our own case the hemolysin behaved differently from those earlier described in that it reacted only with the patient’s cells and not with others. In addition it was found that the hemolysin reacted with P.N.H. cells as a monophasic warm antibody.

Next to the hemolysin an incomplete cold antibody of an unusual type was present in the serum of the patient. It is suggested that this antibody is not identical with the hemolysin and of minor importance for the hemolytic process.

In group B the cold agglutinins predominated, but apart from these a monophasic warm hemolysin could be demonstrated in the serum of 2 patients.

In both groups (A and B) the complement was reduced or even absent, indicating that hemolysins played an active role in the red cell destruction, although in group B the major importance is given to the cold agglutinins. Therefore transfusions with fresh whole blood could be harmful, because this might result in adding complement to the patient’s blood and provoke hemolysis of the patient’s own cells as well as of the transfused cells. In all cases of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria of both types and of other hemolytic anemias the possible influence of complement should be considered in regard to the serologic mechanism and blood transfusion therapy.
Effects of Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones on the Numbers of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes
Authors: HUNGERFORD GERALD F. , REINHARDT WILLIAM O. , LI CHOH HAO
Published: October 2019

The endocrine influences of hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, and the administration of pituitary and adrenal hormones on the level of thoracic duct lymphocytes have been studied in test animals under standardized conditions. The following effects have been noted:

1. Numbers of thoracic duct lymphocytes are elevated after either hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy in the rat.

2. After the administration of either ACTH protein or pepsin peptide mixtures to normal or hypophysectomized rats, the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes is significantly reduced. This effect was not noted in adrenalectomized rats. These effects were observed two hours after administration of the ACTH preparations. If a shorter time elapsed, no effect was noted with the ACTH protein, nor was any effect noted with an ACTH acid peptide mixture under the conditions employed.

3. Administration of epinephrine to normal or hypophysectomized rats, singly or in combination with ACTH protein (in which case its effect was potentiated), produced a significant reduction in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes. This effect was not observed in the adrenalectomized rat, suggesting that epinephrine may act directly in producing this effect.

4. Growth hormone (beef anterior pituitary), Pitressin, Pitocin, Adrenal Cortex Extract, cortisone acetate, and desoxycorticosterone glucoside did not alter the levels of thoracic duct lymphocytes under the conditions of these experiments.
Effects of Total Body X-Irradiation on Blood Coagulation in the Rat
Authors: COHN STANTON H.
Published: October 2019

1. The hemorrhagic syndrome following exposure of rats to 400 r x-irradiation was studied. A blood coagulation defect was found in the irradiated animals.

2. This coagulation defect is quantitatively reflected by an increased heparin clotting time, and by alterations in the blood resistance measurements: lowered resistance, increased time until the beginning of clot retraction, and decreased clot retraction rate.

3. The decreased level of platelets in blood following exposure of the rat to radiation appears to be a major factor in defective clotting.

4. The post-irradiation hemorrhage appears to be correlated with the defective blood coagulation. At sixteen days after irradiation the degree of internal hemorrhage has reached its maximum value. Maximum deviations are also noted in clot retraction rate, time until inception of clot retraction, platelet level and heparin clotting time.

5. The heparin clotting time measurements and the electrical resistance measurements presented in this paper provide quantitative baselines for the clotting reactions before and after 400 r x-irradiation. Such eriteria make possible the evaluation of various therapeutic agents in terms of their effect on coagulation.
Urinary Excretion of Vitamin B12
Authors: SOKOLOFF MARTIN F. , SANNEMAN EVERETT H. , BEARD MARION F.
Published: October 2019

1. Twelve patients, 6 with pernicious anemia and 6 without pernicious anemia as controls, were studied as to urinary excretion of vitamin B12.*

2. Microbiologic tube assay using Lactobacillus leichmanii A.T.C.C. # 4797 was the method of B12 assay.

3. Dosages used were 42.2, 63.3, 84.4, 211.0 µg given both in ascending and descending order at daily intervals.

4. Amounts of 84.4 to 211.0 µg of vitamin B12 parenterally resulted invariably in the excretion of 53 to 68 per cent of the injected vitamin B12 within 18 hours. The percentage of excretion rose remarkably as the dosage increased.

5. An amount of 42.2 µg of vitamin B12 parenterally resulted in relatively little excretion when this was the initial dose, but the excretion was appreciable when these doses followed the injection of the larger doses. "Saturation" of the body apparently occurs. In general more vitamimi B12 is excreted in the smaller doses if these follow the larger doses.

6. No significant differences could be detected between the pernicious anemia and nonpernicious anemia patients.

7. A possible explanation of these results is proposed.
Analytical Review: The Pathogenesis of Spherocytes and Leptocytes (Target Cells)
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2019

1. The history of knowledge regarding the spherocyte and the target cell together with the theories of their pathogenic significance are reviewed.

2. Although these abnormal erythrocytes are generally considered to represent primary abnormalities of shape, it is pointed out that the abnormalities are secondary to disproportions between the cellular volume and the surface area.

3. The spherocyte is a thick red cell because—as compared with the normal erythrocyte—its surface area encloses a relatively larger volume. The disproportion may come about by increasing the volume, which occurs in hypotonic solutions and during periods of stagnation, either in the spleen or in the test tube. The disproportion may also result from shrinkage of the cellular surface, a change which occurs when a normal red cell is injured by various "sphering agents" including antibodies or when the natural "anti-sphering factor" is removed from its surface. In hereditary spherocytosis the cellular surface area is computed to be abnormally small. This apparently occurs as the result of a developmental defect.

4. The target cell, which is a thin erythrocyte, is the antithesis of the spherocyte. Compared with the normal red cell its volume is found to be small for the surface area. The disproportion occurs if the volume is reduced as when cells are exposed to a hypertonic environment. It occurs in hypochromia, as a consequence of too little hemoglobin. Target cells also result when a normal cellular volume is enclosed in an overlarge surface. This occurs in normal persons after splenectomy where it may be due to absence of some splenic effect on the maturation of the red cell surface. In hepatic disease the large surface area is an acquired change affecting even transfused red cells. It is reversible. In sickle cell anemia the large surface is apparently an hereditary characteristic.
Studies on Platelets
Authors: STEFANINI MARIO , CHATTERJEA JYOTI B. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , WELCH C. STUART , SWENSON ORVAR , SALOMON LUCY
Published: October 2019

1. The question of "selective sequestration" of platelets by the spleen in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (I. T.P.) was evaluated by means of direct experiments at operation. Observations were made on: (1) differences in platelet number and function between blood collected from the splenic artery and splenic vein; (2) platelet level of the splenic pulp in 2 cases of I.T.P.; (3) effect of the injection of platelet-rich 1) blood in the peripheral circulation on the platelet level in the blood from the splenic artery and splenic vein; (4) effect of the direct injection of platelet-rich blood in the splenic artery on the number of platelets in the splenic artery and splenic vein blood.

2. No significant differences in platelet number or function could be found in samples of blood collected from the splenic artery and vein in cases with I.T.P. or other pathologic conditions. In 2 cases of I.T.P., splenic pulp blood and blood from the peripheral circulation showed a comparable number of platelets, in respect to the various hematocrit readings. The injection of platelet-rich blood in the peripheral circulation failed to establish a difference in platelet count between blood from the splenic artery and splenic vein. No significant diminution of the number of platelets in the splenic vein blood followed the direct injection of platelet-rich blood in the splenic artery. A similar result was observed in 1 case of hereditary spherocytosis where the spleen admittedly does not sequester platelets.

3. The results of these various experiments failed to indicate any "selective sequestration" of platelets by the spleen in "idiopathic" thrombocytopenic purpura.
A Second Example of Anti-Cellano (Anti-K)
Authors: LEVINE PHILIP , KUHMICHEL A. B. , WIGOD MILTON
Published: October 2019

In the article entitled "A Second Example of Anti-Cellano (Anti-k," by Philip Levine, A. B. Kuhmichel and Miltons Wigod (Blood 7: 251-254, 1952), the word "Anti-k" should have been spelled with a small k (the small k signifying Cellano, the capital K signifying Kell).
The Pathogenesis of Postirradiation Anemia
Authors: KAHN J. B. , FURTH J.
Published: October 2019

1. To assess the effects of irradiation on erythrocytes in vivo, one group of rabbits was injected with radioiron-tagged erythrocytes immediately before, and a second group immediately after exposure to x-rays. A third control group received the tagged erythrocytes but no irradiation. There was a drop in red cell mass in both irradiated groups as compared with the controls, but there was no difference between the two irradiated groups, i.e., between the behavior of irradiated and nonirradiated erythrocytes in irradiated hosts. These findings indicate that there is no direct effect of irradiation in the median lethal range on erythrocytes in vivo.

2. The degree of anemia was studied as a function of irradiation dose. It requires nearly lethal doses of x-rays to cause a conspicuous anemia. In the fatally irradiated animals the drop in red cell mass and total circulating radioiron is precipitous; in those nonfatally irradiated the drop is gradual and relatively slight, even though the animals may have received the same dose.

3. Increase of specific organ activity of the liver and spleen of irradiated animals can be correlated with hemosiderin deposits and congestion. Deposition of hemosiderin is a consequence of irradiation, its degree increasing with the effectiveness of the irradiation.

4. The erythrocyte mass of rabbits obtained by two direct isotopic technics (P32 and Fe59) and one indirect technic (T-1824 dye) differ by constant ratios. The Fe59/P32 ratio is 0.89; the Fe59 values are regarded as correct. With the aid of conversion factors either technic can be used. If an indirect technic is employed and the erythrocyte mass is estimated on the basis of plasma volume measurements, it is necessary to calculate first the average body hematocrit. This is done by multiplying the large vessel hematocrit by a conversion factor, which is 0.83 in normal rabbits.
The Effect of Methylxanthines on the Hypocoagulability Induced by Chloroform in the Dog
Authors: FIELD JOHN B. , GRAF L. , LINK KARL PAUL
Published: October 2019

1. The oral administration of a single or two consecutive daily doses of chloroform to dogs, induced hypoprothrombinemia and lowered the fibrinogen level. Both changes from the normal were most marked 48 hours after chloroform administration. By resting the dogs about 2 weeks between trials comparable reductions in the plasma prothrombin and fibrinogen levels were realized.

2. When caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine were given orally to dogs prior to the oral administration of chloroform and continuing for five consecutive days, the hypoprothrombinemia was either markedly reduced or completely prevented. Creatine, creatinine, guanidine or uracil also afforded some protection. Guanine, xanthine, arginine, allantoin, uric acid or urea gave practically no protection.

3. Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine also prevented a reduction in the plasma fibrinogen level during chloroform intoxication. Uracil and guanidine showed some protective action, while creatine, creatinine, guanine, xanthine, uric acid, allantoin, urea and arginine gave no detectable protection.

4. Liver injury from the chloroform, as reflected by the bromsulfalein test and icteric plasma, was readily detectable when the methylxanthines or adenine were given with the chloroform, even though no change in prothrombin or fibrinogen level was apparent.

5. It appears that a definite relationship exists between the purine bases (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and adenine) and the specific function of the liver to elaborate plasma prothrombin and fibrinogen. The capacity of the liver to synthesize prothrombin apparently can be affected independently of other normal functions.
Leukopenia Following Administration of Nicotinic Acid
Authors: BASSEN FRANK A. , ETESS A. DAVID , ROSENTHAL ROBERT L.
Published: October 2019

1. Intravenous nicotinic acid produces an immediate and marked neutropenia, which disappears within 15 minutes. The lymphocytes frequently show a slight reduction; but the red cell count, hematocrit and platelet count reveal no significant variation.

2. This response was similar in splenectomized and nonsplenectomized subjects.

3. In 2 patients with leukemia the white cell count was reduced in 5 minutes by nicotinic acid from 177,800 to 146,400 and 73,300 to 33,600.

4. The mechanism of the granulocytopenia after nicotinic acid is discussed in relation to its vasodilatation action and the distribution of leukocytes in the vascular system. This concept is outlined in table 5.
Studies on Platelets
Authors: ADELSON EDWARD , STEFANINI MARIO
Published: October 2019

1. The serum of a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura was found to contain an agglutinin active against sheep red cells and heterologous platelets (dog, rabbit and rat), but not against human platelets. The activity of the agglutinin was not affected by absorption with gels, treatment with ion-exchange resins, filtration through Seitz filters or heating of the serum at 56 C. The antibody was found to be present in the salt soluble fraction of the serum proteins. The agglutinin could not be eluted from the agglutinated platelets, was absorbed completely by guinea pig kidney and incompletely by beef erythrocyte antigen (Forssman’s variety).

2. Ability to agglutinate heterologous platelets was found to be a property of sera exhibiting a high titer of heterophil antibodies of the Forssman or non-Forssman variety.

3. It is not likely that the presence of such heterophil agglutinin was of importance in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia of the patient; rather, it could be an effect of the active lytic process of red cells and platelets. Whether the finding had diagnostic significance in the ill-defined syndrome of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura remains to be established with the observation of further cases.