bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(In)Essential Bordering: Canada, COVID, and Mobility
Authors: Macklin Audrey
Published: December 2021

The global spread of Covid-19 not only disrupted transborder movement. In many (if not most) states, stasis and closure became the default norm at and within borders. This, in turn, generated exceptions organised around an idea of ‘essential’ entry. The category of ‘essential’ was produced, revised, and represented through the interaction of pandemic-driven exigencies and nationally-specific articulations of the legal, political, and economic priorities and constraints in play. To understand how the admission into Canada of certain people was accepted as legally, economically, and/or politically essential, one must take account of Canada’s character as a settler society and its economic integration with the United States. Other relevant considerations are the growing dependence on migrant workers to subsidise the cost of food production for Canadian agribusiness, and on international students to subsidize the cost of higher education for nationals.
Essential Farmworkers and the Pandemic Crisis: Migrant Labour Conditions, and Legal and Political Responses in Italy and Spain
Authors: Corrado Alessandra , Palumbo Letizia
Published: December 2021

The agri-food system across Europe relies heavily on migrant labour. Border lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic immobilised thousands of foreign farmworkers, giving rise to fears of labour shortages and food production losses in EU countries. Farmers’ organisations sought institutional interventions to address this labour demand. Although migrant workers have become a fundamental component of core sectors in recent decades, it is only in the current health emergency that they were recognised as ‘essential’ workers. The chapter analyses the working conditions of migrant farmworkers alongside national debates and institutional interventions in Italy and Spain during the pandemic. It provides a critical comparative analysis of legal and policy interventions to address migrants’ situations of vulnerability. Both countries depend on important contingents of EU and non-EU migrant farmworkers, especially in fruit and vegetable production; moreover, they present common aspects in supply chain dynamics and labour market policies, but also specific differences in labour, migration and social policies. Both adopted measures to face the condition of irregularity of migrant workers in order to respond to labour demand in the agri-food sector and to provide these workers with safe working and living conditions during the pandemic. However, these interventions reveal shortcomings that significantly limit their impact and outcomes, calling into question to what extent migrant workers are really considered as ‘essential’ in a long-term perspective and, therefore, to what extent the current pandemic constitutes an opportunity for a new push to enforce labour and migrant rights.
The Entangled Infrastructures of International Student Migration: Lessons from Covid-19
Authors: Raghuram Parvati , Sondhi Gunjan
Published: December 2021

The impact of Covid-19 on international student mobility has been noted by policy makers and the media ever since the global lockdowns started in early 2020. However, most of the concerns focus on what the drop in student mobility means for the finances of the countries and educational institutions to which students would have moved; there has been little exploration of the students’ own experiences of Covid-19. This chapter explores the entangled education, migration, and finance infrastructures that shape international student migration and how they failed the students during the pandemic. It draws on questionnaires and interviews conducted with international student migrants from a range of countries and who are registered to study in the UK to point to how migration policies, consular services, educational institutions, and travel industry all affected students. It points to how these components are entangled, and that their failure during the pandemic led to particular forms of immobility and mobility, leaving many students stuck in uncertain and precarious situations. The chapter ends by suggesting that reading the pandemic as an acute unprecedented event is important but inadequate. It is also a window into the everyday failures that the entangled infrastructures of international student mobility posed before Covid-19, how these came to be and who benefited from these infrastructures.
God Does Not Prefer Sons Over Daughters (!)
Authors: El-Ali Leena
Published: December 2021

The same twin-arguments that try to deprive women of their free will also anchor the policies, laws and customs that prioritise men over women generally, treating them as unequal. These are the so-to-speak “naturally immoral” and “intellectually deficient” claims laid at the door of hadith. Nowhere in the Qur’an does it say that God values people’s sons more than daughters—how could it?
Segregation: There Is No Restriction on Men and Women Mingling
Authors: El-Ali Leena
Published: December 2021

There is a strong correlation between a restrictive view on women’s clothing as detailed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_16 and a restrictive view on women’s participation in public life. Combined with the jurists’ extending of the “elite” rules applicable only to the Prophet’s wives to all women while re-interpreting them to boot, this leaves women in many societies with too little room in public life. This also runs contrary to the historical evidence of women’s natural and proactive involvement in society.
Women Were Not Created of Inferior Celestial Material
Authors: El-Ali Leena
Published: December 2021

The Qur’an establishes the spiritual sameness of men and women, and indeed of all human beings regardless of gender, race, or other physical or indeed mental differences. Adam and Eve were created from the same soul, as mates, and all men and women emanate equally from both Adam and Eve, and from that same soul. The nature of all men and women can moreover be traced back to the “divine breath” itself, as the Qur’an states that God fashioned the human being from clay and water and then breathed into it of His Spirit.
Eve Is Not Blamed for the Fall from Eden, Nor Are Women Guilty by Association
Authors: El-Ali Leena
Published: December 2021

The Qur’an blames Adam and Eve equally for the Fall from the Garden, on one occasion reproaching Adam specifically, no doubt as the symbol of the human race, which is often referred to as the Children of Adam. Eve is never singled out for particular blame nor depicted as the temptress who lured Adam to sin. In the Qur’anic account, rather, Satan whispers to both Adam and Eve and leads both astray, and both are equally accountable.
Women Are Not a Constant Source of Social Discord: Nor Naturally Conniving!
Authors: El-Ali Leena
Published: December 2021

In the Qur’an, fitna means social discord or personal ordeal. It has nothing to do with women. Nor are women naturally conniving. But alleged hadith attributed to no other than the Prophet himself expounds a different view, which is that women are the greatest source of fitna possible, and that half the inhabitants of hell will be women. Is it any wonder that many societies have therefore branded women first and foremost as a source of constant sexual enticement and sin, an enemy within?
Introduction: Sustainability Science as Co-Creative Research Praxis
Authors: Franklin Alex
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between collaboration and creativity within social sustainability research. Aimed at stimulating further reflection and debate on the role of ‘co-creativity’ in enabling transformative sustainability agendas, the chapter acts also as an introduction to the entire edited collection. A key guiding question posed from the outset is how co-creative research practice, as a generative process, can best support the emergence of alternative—potentially even transformative—ways of being in the world. The discussion proceeds with a conceptual review of creativity, followed by a detailed explanation of how co-creativity is defined for the purposes of this edited collection. The remainder of the chapter looks towards the nurturing of co-creative practice within social sustainability research; particular attention is given to socially inclusive forms of co-creative and engaged research praxis. The term co-creativity is used in reference to both individual methods and overarching research approaches that, through action and reflection, stimulate alternative understandings of why and how things are, and how they could be. Accordingly, emphasis is placed throughout this chapter on co-creative research practice as requiring a retained sensitivity to the importance of researching ‘with’.
Technology as a Tool for Environmental Engagement. The Case of Digital Participatory Mapping (DPM)
Authors: Ramirez Aranda Nohemi , Vezzoni Rubén
Published: December 2021

The conservativeness of traditional scientific methods, which nevertheless still tend to dominate much of the (social) sustainability sciences, is challenged by technological progress when untested tools of research are proposed as innovative scientific methods. This is the case of online platforms. The knowledge creation process in the digital era, including forms of research communication, can be profoundly different from traditional research methods. We already know how digital tools may influence the performance of research methods, mainly by maximizing the efficiency of data collection and elaboration. However, the original and collaborative practices in which they can develop, as well as their possibilities towards more democratic and inclusive participation processes, remain an unexplored domain. This chapter is an attempt to include digital technologies, and particularly the case of online participatory platforms based on geographic information systems (GIS), in the array of creative and visual research methods.

We discuss software packages and current online approaches, such as web apps and native apps (Klettner & Huang, 2011, Scholte et al., 2018). The exploration of the innovative opportunities offered by digital tools starts with a concise review of their application from an historical perspective and its progression until recent times. The review focuses mostly on the options that digital platforms offer to involve citizens in the co-creation of research studies by enabling peer-to-peer environments that may inspire democratic discussions. The adoption of different types of online platforms is then discussed, not only presenting their virtues but also their downsides. This takes the form of an open discussion between the two authors, informed by each critically reflecting on their first-hand practical experiences in adopting digital tools in their research.

We are entering a new era, in which access to big data—through platforms using GIS—provides resources and power to bring to the table the silent majority that is often overlooked in decision-making processes. The many possibilities offered by this unprecedented access to information are yet to be tested. Whether digital platforms will turn out to be a solution for improving the inclusiveness of research studies or not will likely depend on the consciousness and motivations of the designers and developers of these tools.
How to Make Policy-Makers Care about “Wicked Problems” such as Biodiversity Loss?—The Case of a Policy Campaign
Authors: Zolyomi Agnes
Published: December 2021

Policy-makers define our lives to a great extent, and are therefore the people everybody wants to talk to. They receive hundreds of messages in various forms day-by-day with the aim of making them decide for or against something. They are in an especially difficult situation as regards the so-called “wicked” or “diffuse” problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss (Millner and Olivier, 2015; Sharman and Mlambo, 2012; Zaccai and Adams, 2012). These problems are limitedly tackled at the policy level despite their major socio-economic and environmental implications, which is often explained by their complexity with a sense of remoteness of effects (Cardinale et al., 2012; WWF, 2018). Communicating advocacy or scientific messages of biodiversity is therefore both a challenge and an under-researched topic (Bekessy et al., 2018; Posner et al., 2016; Primmer et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2017), where both social and natural sciences and both scientists and practitioners are needed to contribute (Ainscough et al., 2019). In order to be successful in delivering messages, communication not only needs to be self-explanatory and easy to consume but novel as well. It additionally helps if the message arrives in a more extraordinary format to draw even more attention. Based on experiences drawn from a conservation and advocacy NGO’s work, this chapter will divulge various socio-economic theories about creative methods, communication, and influencing decision-makers through a campaign fighting for the preservation of key nature legislation. It will be demonstrated how different EU policy-makers, including representatives of the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament, the general public, and other stakeholders, were addressed with various messages and tools (e.g., short films, social media campaigns, fact sheets, involvement of champions). In addition to other key factors such as public support, knowledge of the target audience and political context, the probable impacts and limitations of these messages will also be elaborated. The relevance to the integration and employment of better socio-economic theories into improving communication is straightforward. It is crucial to tailor-make future advocacy work of “wicked problems” such as biodiversity loss and climate change, since these are not usually backed up by major lobby forces and are, therefore, financed inadequately compared to their significance. Understanding the way in which policy-makers pick up or omit certain messages, as well as what framing, methods and channels are the most effective in delivering them to the policy-makers, is pivotal for a more sustainable future.
How to Nurture Ground for Arts-Based Co-Creative Practice in an Invited Space: Reflections on a Community in North Netherlands
Authors: Davis Scott , van Nek Yanthe , Horlings Lummina G.
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides inspiration for researchers and practitioners who aim to engage with a community using (arts-based) creative practices, inclusive of dealing with the challenges this presents. We do this by reflecting on an illustrative case, a community engagement strategy that nurtured the ground for such practice under ‘invited space’ conditions. The questions that guide this chapter are: How should a creative practitioner deal with the constraints of an invited space when engaging with a community in the initial stage of a project? And, how best then to respond to the needs of the community on their own terms, rather than to external interests? To address these questions, we draw upon a place-based, cultural project situated in a village in the north of the Netherlands. The village is currently in the midst of two significant spatial transformations, namely municipality boundary changes and the construction of a windpark within its immediate environment, which caused distress and opposition among the residents. The case demonstrates how a creative practitioner was able to flip the constraints of co-creating within an invitational space ‘on its head’ by transforming this challenge into an invitation from the community themselves to continue the project on their own terms. This reversal was enacted by the creative practitioner implementing a community engagement strategy that reflects many of the participatory action research principles outlined in Neal’s (Playing for Time: Making Art as if the World Mattered, 2015) ‘art of invitation’. The findings provide inspiration for researchers and practitioners that aim to apply arts-based co-creative practices, including how to navigate existing power balances and re-centre a cultural project towards the needs of the community.
Szenario-Technik mit digitalen Technologien
Authors: Ködding Patrick , Dumitrescu Roman
Published: December 2021

Im Zuge der voranschreitenden Digitalisierung ist das Umfeld von Industrieunternehmen zunehmend durch Volatilität, Unsicherheit, Komplexität und Ambiguität geprägt. Immens ansteigende Datenmengen, die sinkende Halbwertszeit von Informationen und immer kürzere Entwicklungszeiten setzen Unternehmen unter enormen Zeitdruck. Folglich konzentrieren sich Unternehmen verstärkt auf das Tagesgeschäft oder greifen auf Ergebnisse für die strategische Planung zurück, die mit höherem Fokus auf Geschwindigkeit als auf Gründlichkeit erarbeitet wurden. Um langfristig wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, müssen sich Unternehmen jedoch systematisch mit zukünftigen Entwicklungen auseinandersetzen. Die Szenario-Technik ist dafür das geeignete Werkzeug. Mithilfe von digitalen Technologien, wie z. B. Anwendungen der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), lassen sich die Anwendungsfreundlichkeit erhöhen und der Datenerhebungsaufwand reduzieren.

Dies ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags. Zunächst wird die Problematik detaillierter beschrieben. Es folgt die Einordnung der Szenario-Technik in die Szenario-basierte Vorausschau sowie die Herleitung und Vorstellung ihrer konstituierenden und optionalen Phasen und Schritte. Im Anschluss werden Herausforderungen beim Einsatz der Szenario-Technik beleuchtet. Darauf aufbauend werden Potenziale für einen Erfolg versprechenden Einsatz von digitalen Technologien in der Szenario-Technik aufgezeigt. Abschließend werden anhand der Herausforderungen und Potenziale drei Handlungsfelder für eine Szenario-Technik mit digitalen Technologien abgeleitet: die Integration von digitalen Technologien, die methodische Anpassung und Weiterentwicklung der Szenario-Technik sowie die digitale Souveränität.
Anwendungen und Lösungsansätze erklärbarer Künstlicher Intelligenz
Authors: Kraus Tom , Ganschow Lene
Published: December 2021

Die Erklärbarkeit von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) ist in wichtigen Anwendungsfeldern relevant für die Zulassung und Zertifizierung oder die Kundenakzeptanz von KI-Produkten. Heute adressieren gängige Erklärungsansätze hauptsächlich die KI-Entwicklungsteams und das Personal mit Domänenexpertise, welches KI-Systeme in einem professionellen Umfeld bedient. Umfragen zeigen jedoch, dass die Erklärbarkeit von KI auch für Endkundinnen und -kunden sowie für das Management perspektivisch stark an Bedeutung gewinnen wird. In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir den grundsätzlichen Anwendungsbereich von erklärbarer KI, einige der etablierten Erklärungsstrategien sowie anschauliche Anwendungsbeispiele. Obwohl erste Orientierungshilfen für eine sinnvolle Auswahl von Strategien für Entscheidungserklärungen bereitstehen, besteht noch ein großes Entwicklungspotenzial in Bezug auf Erklärungsansätze, die Modellwirkmechanismen nachvollziehbarer machen können oder verhaltenswissenschaftliche Aspekte berücksichtigen.
Nachweislich eine gute Entscheidung: Qualitätssicherung für künstlich-intelligente Verfahren in der Industrie
Authors: Pentenrieder Annelie , Hartmann Ernst A. , Künzel Matthias
Published: December 2021

Welche Arten von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) sollen in europäischen Industrieunternehmen eingeführt und genutzt werden? Wie kann es gelingen, europäisch-demokratische Werte wie Mitbestimmung, Transparenz, Widerspruchsmöglichkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit für die Nutzung von KI-Technologien zu gewährleisten? Diese Fragen werden aktuell unter den Debatten um erklärbare KI und KI-Zertifizierung verhandelt. Der folgende Beitrag legt an einem konkreten Fallbeispiel aus der Industrie die ALTAI-Kriterien an, die von der High Level Expert Group für die Gestaltung „vertrauenswürdiger KI“ formuliert wurden. Entlang der drei ausgewählten Kriterien „Menschliches Handeln und Aufsicht“, „Transparenz“ und „Robustheit“ wird exemplarisch skizziert, wie Erklär- und Kontrollierbarkeit KI-basierter Verfahren im industriellen Arbeitsumfeld zunehmend umgesetzt und prüfbar gemacht werden können. Es zeigt sich, dass technische Benutzeroberflächen als Teamarbeit gestaltet werden müssen und dass die Zusammenarbeit unterschiedlicher Unternehmen in der Bereitstellung von Datensätzen und Algorithmen im Fokus einer Prüfung stehen muss (Software-Genese). Als mögliches Handlungsfeld werden Auditing-Verfahren vorgestellt.
Humanzentrierte Künstliche Intelligenz: Erklärendes interaktives maschinelles Lernen für Effizienzsteigerung von Parametrieraufgaben
Authors: Wirth Christian , Schmid Ute , Voget Stefan
Published: December 2021

Verfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere datenintensive Methoden des maschinellen Lernens, halten immer mehr Einzug in industrielle Anwendungen. Im Normalfall werden KI-Anwendungen meist als fertige Black-Box-Komponenten betrachtet, welche nicht in der Lage sind, mit Anwendern zu interagieren. Am Beispiel von Parametrieraufgaben werden wir die dadurch entstehenden Probleme beleuchten und aufzeigen, wie Anwender eingebunden werden können. Für erfolgreiche Interaktion mit menschlichen Anwendern ist es notwendig, deren besonderen Erwartungen und Limitierungen explizit zu berücksichtigen. Neue, menschzentrierte Algorithmen, deren Interaktionsschnittelle auf psychologischen Erkenntnissen basiert, müssen entwickelt und identifiziert werden.
Aus der § 64 LFGB-Arbeitsgruppe MALDI-TOF: Leitlinien für die Validierung von Spezies-Identifizierungen mittels MALDI-TOF-MS
Authors: Rau Jörg , Eisenberg Tobias , Wind Christine , Huber Ingrid , Pavlovic Melanie , Becker René
Published: December 2021

Matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is widely used to identify microorganisms. Recently, new applications such as identification of the animal species from meat, milk or fish are emerging. Standards for the validation of species identifications are still missing. Now, the § 64-LFGB working-group “MALDI-TOF”, established at the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, has compiled a guideline for the validation of species identifications. This guideline is intended for single laboratories as well as for lab networks and shows practical ways for validation of qualitative MALDI-TOF-MS methods. The special opportunities of the technology, in particular the use of extended reference databases and of collections of well-documented individual spectra for validation, have been taken into account in the guideline presented.
Polymyalgia rheumatica in der 18-Fluordesoxyglukose-Positronenemissionstomographie/Computertomographie
Authors: Witte F. , Lakomek H.-J. , Holzinger J. , Reinbold W.-D.
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Die Diagnose von Patienten mit Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) beruht bislang auf der klinischen Symptomatik und laborchemischen Entzündungsparametern. Aktuell wird der Nutzen verschiedener bildgebender Verfahren evaluiert, hierunter die Sonographie, MRT und PET.

Ziel der Arbeit/Fragestellung

Ziel war die Evaluation der diagnostischen Wertigkeit der 18-Fluordesoxyglukose-Positronenemissionstomographie/Computertomographie (18F-FDG-PET/CT) bei PMR, um die Sensitivität und Spezifität in der diagnostischen Aufarbeitung zu verbessern, sowie die rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) differentialdiagnostisch verbessert abzugrenzen.

Material und Methoden

Es wurden 18F-FDG-PET/CT-Untersuchungen von 284 rheumatologischen Patienten – hierunter 97 Patienten mit PMR – aus einem 44-monatigen Zeitraum retrospektiv evaluiert. Weiter wurden 13 entzündlich veränderte Regionen via dreidimensionaler Region-of-interest(ROI)-Messung mit Bestimmung des maximalen Standardized-Uptake-Value (SUVmax) analysiert, gefolgt von statistischen Analysen.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Patienten mit PMR zeigten im Vergleich mit einer rheumatologisch behandelten Kontrollgruppe signifikant erhöhte Anreicherungen in allen gemessenen Regionen (p < 0,001). Die Methode mit der stärksten diagnostischen Aussagekraft stellte die Kombination aus vier SUVmax-Messwerten – beider anterolateraler Hüftkapseln und beider Tubera ischiadica – dar, mit einer Sensitivität von 91,3 % und einer Spezifität von 97,6 % bei einem Cut-off von 11,0 SUV für die Erstdiagnose von PMR-Patienten, die noch keine immunsuppressive Therapie erhalten hatten. Patienten mit RA konnten bei Erstdiagnose an ebenjenen anatomischen Regionen signifikant von Patienten mit PMR unterschieden werden (p < 0,001).
Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
Authors: Spiteri Alanna G. , Wishart Claire L. , Pamphlett Roger , Locatelli Giuseppe , King Nicholas J. C.
Published: December 2021

In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive immune-mediated pathology. However, defining the precise roles of each cell type has historically been impeded by the lack of discriminating markers and experimental systems capable of accurately identifying them. Our ability to distinguish microglia from monocytes in neuroinflammation has advanced with single-cell technologies, new markers and drugs that identify and deplete them, respectively. Nevertheless, the focus of individual studies on particular cell types, diseases or experimental approaches has limited our ability to connect phenotype and function more widely and across diverse CNS pathologies. Here, we critically review, tabulate and integrate the disease-specific functions and immune profiles of microglia and monocytes to provide a comprehensive atlas of myeloid responses in viral encephalitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration and ischemic injury. In emphasizing the differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the severe neuroinflammatory disease of viral encephalitis, we connect inflammatory pathways common to equally incapacitating diseases with less severe inflammation. We examine these findings in the context of human studies and highlight the benefits and inherent limitations of animal models that may impede or facilitate clinical translation. This enables us to highlight common and contrasting, non-redundant and often opposing roles of microglia and monocytes in disease that could be targeted therapeutically.
Analysis of the energy balance and CO2 flow under the influence of the seasonality of climatic elements in a mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Amazon
Authors: Freire Antonio Sérgio C. , Vitorino Maria Isabel , de Souza Adriano Marlisson L. , Germano Michell Fontenelle
Published: December 2021

An unprecedented study was carried out in a mangrove ecosystem in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian Amazon to understand the behavior of climatic elements in a year with the occurrence of El Niño (2015), associated with the seasonal function source/sink of CO2 by the ecosystem. Global radiation (Rg), net radiation (Rn), temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, horizontal wind speed and direction, as well as turbulent flows of sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and carbon (f_CO2) were recorded using eddy covariance, a system for studying turbulent flows of heat and gases in the atmosphere. We observed a drastic reduction in rainfall volumes, which accounts for 63.7% of the expected total according to the region’s climatology. Regarding f_ CO2, the highest values of photosynthesis, autotrophic, and heterotrophic respiration of the ecosystem occurred in the wet season due to precipitation, ideal photosynthetically active radiation, lower soil salinity, and higher NDVI of the ecosystem. In the 2nd semester of the year, we observed that the decrease in cloudiness, causing a higher radiation supply in the forest canopy, accompanied by a reduction in precipitation and an increase in the value of H and soil salinity, favored the increase of foliar abscission by the dominant genus Rhizophora and Avicennia, thus influencing the reduction of magnitudes of carbon source/sink functions in the ecosystem during this season, even on high tide days.
Momentary versus Retrospective Sexual Consent Perceptions
Authors: Willis Malachi , Jozkowski Kristen N.
Published: December 2021

Perceiving potential indicators of a person’s willingness is an integral component of sexual consent. Preliminary qualitative evidence using vignettes suggested that consent perceptions can change over the course of a sexual scenario. In the present study, we extended previous research by directly comparing momentary and retrospective sexual consent perceptions using a quantitative study design. Employing a staggered vignette protocol, we examined participants’ (n = 962; 72.0% female) momentary perceptions of fictional characters’ sexual consent and compared them with participants’ retrospective perceptions of the characters’ consent. We hypothesized that participants would demonstrate a hindsight bias in that they would retrospectively indicate they thought the fictional characters were first willing to engage in sexual behavior earlier than when they did momentarily. We found that differences in participants’ momentary versus retrospective perceptions of characters’ sexual consent varied by the type of behavior. As we expected, participants demonstrated a hindsight bias for making out. Contrary to our hypothesis, participants were hesitant to retrospectively report that the characters were willing to engage in the other sexual behaviors (e.g., oral, vaginal, anal sex) at a point earlier than their momentary perceptions. That momentary and retrospective sexual consent perceptions significantly differ corroborates previous recommendations that sexual consent be conceptualized as an ongoing process.
National nuclear forensics libraries: a case study on benefits and possibilities for identification of sealed radioactive sources
Authors: Vesterlund Anna , Canaday Jody , Chamberlain David B. , Curry Michael R. , Sandström Björn , Schnaars David D. , Ramebäck Henrik
Published: December 2021

A National Nuclear Forensic Library (NNFL) is a useful nuclear forensics tool which consists of information and subject matter expertise on radioactive and nuclear (RN) materials produced, used or stored within a State. If RN material is found out of regulatory control the NNFL can be used as part of a nuclear forensics investigation to help identify whether or not the material is consistent with a country’s national holdings. In previous work, a number of signatures which can be useful to identify sealed sources of 241Am were investigated. To validate the measurement results, an official query concerning information about two of the previously investigated 241Am sources was sent to the United States Department of State, the international point-of-contact (POC) for the U.S. NNFL. The aim of this work is to show how data obtained in a characterization of a radioactive source can be used in conjunction with an NNFL to investigate the history of a source out of regulatory control.
Investigation of Fluorine-18 Labelled Peptides for Binding to Cholecystokinin-2 Receptors with High Affinity
Authors: Khan Naeem-Ul-Haq , Corlett Alicia , Hutton Craig A. , Haskali Mohammad B.
Published: December 2021

Many cancers of neuroendocrine origin overexpress cholecystokinin-2 receptors (CCK-2R) including medullary thyroid cancer, small cell lung cancer and other lung carcinoids. Fluorine-18 labelled peptides targeting CCK-2R enable direct visualization and quantification of this receptor in vivo using positron emission tomography imaging. CP04 1 and MG11 2 are two previously described truncated peptides derived from the native CCK-2R hormone ligand, gastrin. The N-terminus of the MG11 2 octopeptide was chemically modified with various fluorine containing aromatic (4-fluorobenzoate), heterocyclic (6-fluoronicotinate) and aliphatic (2-fluoropropionate) moieties. To assess the impact these modifications had on CCK-2R binding, ligand-binding assays were conducted using A431 cells overexpressing human CCK-2R. MG11 2 modified by 4-fluorobenzoate (FB-MG11 3) demonstrated the highest binding affinity (0.20 nM) followed by MG11 2 modified by 6-fluoronicotinate (FNic-MG11 4; 0.74 nM) and 2-fluoropropionate (FP-MG11 5; 1.80 nM), respectively. Whilst indirect labelling of MG11 2 using fluorine-18 labelled activated esters of fluorobenzoate and 6-fluoronicotinate was unsuccessful, direct fluorine-18 labelling at the N-terminus modified with 6-nitronicotinate afforded a 47.6% radiochemical yield of [18F]FNic-MG11. Unfortunately, [18F]FNic-MG11 4 was chemically unstable, decomposing slowly through defluorination, thereby impeding any further work with this radiotracer.
Problem Gambling and Problem Gaming in Elite Athletes: a Literature Review
Authors: Håkansson Anders , Durand-Bush N. , Kenttä G.
Published: December 2021

Researchers have raised concerns about mental health in elite athletes, including problem gambling, where research hitherto is scarce. While gambling has been assessed in the younger student-athlete population, neither gambling nor the recently recognized behavioral addiction of gaming disorder has been sufficiently addressed in the elite athlete population. The present systematic literature review aimed to summarize research knowledge on the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes. Research papers were searched systematically using the Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases and evaluated following a PRISMA paradigm. For the elite athlete population, eight reports on problem gambling and one report on problem gaming were found. While at least five papers indicated an increased risk of problem gambling in elite athletes compared to the general population, one study from Australia indicated the opposite. Problem gambling was generally more common in male athletes. Knowledge of problem gaming prevalence is thus far limited. It is concluded that increased research in problem gambling and problem gaming in elite athletes is warranted.
Neutrophils associate with Bowman’s capsule rupture specifically in PR3-ANCA glomerulonephritis
Authors: Hakroush Samy , Tampe Björn
Published: December 2021

Background

Renal involvement is a common and severe complication of ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) associated vasculitis (AAV) potentially resulting in a pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) glomerulonephritis (GN) with acute kidney injury (AKI), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. We recently described that Bowman’s capsule rupture links glomerular damage to tubulointerstitial inflammation in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Herein we provide a comprehensive histological subtyping of immune cell infiltrates in association with Bowman’s capsule rupture in ANCA GN.

Methods

A total of 44 kidney biopsies with ANCA GN were retrospectively included in a single-center observational study. Within a renal biopsy specimen, each glomerulus was scored separately for the presence of extensive and focal Bowman’s capsule rupture in injured glomeruli. Infiltrates of neutrophils, eosinophils, plasma cells, and mononucleated cells (macrophages, lymphocytes) were quantified as a fraction of the area of total cortical inflammation.

Results

Extensive Bowman’s capsule rupture was associated with tubulointerstitial inflammation containing infiltrates of neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells. A similar association was observed for the presence of focal Bowman’s capsule rupture, correlating with tubulointerstitial inflammation containing neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells. Multiple logistic regression confirmed that extensive Bowman’s capsule rupture correlated with tubulointerstitial inflammation containing neutrophils, and focal Bowman’s capsule rupture correlated with neutrophil and plasma cell infiltration. Furthermore, this association was specifically observed in PR3-ANCA GN.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first report linking Bowman’s capsule rupture directly to tubulointerstitial inflammation by immune cell subtypes. This underscores a pathomechanistic link between tubulointerstitial and glomerular lesions in ANCA GN and needs further investigation.

Graphical abstract
Oxidative stress and hepcidin expression in pediatric sickle cell anemia with iron overload
Authors: Elbostany Eman A. , Elghoroury Eman A. , Thabet Eman H. , Rashad Alaa A. , Rasheed Enas A. , El-Saeed Gamila S.M. , Abdelhalim Dalia A. , Abdelfattah Safa N. , Salama Iman I. , Salama Niveen
Published: December 2021

Background:

Blood transfusion (BT) is essential in treating sickle cell disease (SCD); however, it leads to iron overload (IO) and oxidative stress. We studied the relationship between oxidative stress, iron status parameters, hepcidin mRNA gene expression, and IO in SCD patients.

Methods:

We classified all SCD patients (n = 90) into two groups: Group I, 45 children (s.ferritin ≥ 938 ng/mL) and Group II, 45 children (s.ferritin < 938 ng/mL). A total of 55 children, age and sex matched, participated as a control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, s.iron, s.total iron-binding capacity (sTIBC), transferrin saturation %, s.ferritin, s.hepcidin, and hepcidin mRNA gene expression were assessed.

Results:

Among SCD BT-dependent patients (>3 times/year), 63% were from Group I and 37% from Group II, p < .01. The two patient groups had significantly lower s.hepcidin and hepcidin gene expression than controls (p < .001). TIBC, s.iron, s.ferritin, transferrin saturation %, ferritin/hepcidin ratio, and MDA levels were higher among SCD patients than controls (p < .001). Group I had higher mean level of ferritin/hepcidin ratio and MDA than Group II (p < .01). The higher level of MDA and increased frequency of BT were the significant predicting risk factors for IO (p < .05). A receiver-operating characteristic curve indicates that MDA is the outstanding significant biomarker for high level of s.ferritin with subsequent IO progression.

Conclusion:

MDA may serve as a biomarker of oxidative stress and IO in SCD patients. This result paid attention for urgent initiation of antioxidant and chelation therapy on detecting increased MDA level.
Revision ofCerinomyces(Dacrymycetes,Basidiomycota) with notes on morphologically and historically related taxa
Authors: Savchenko A. , Zamora J.C. , Shirouzu T. , Spirin V. , Malysheva V. , Kõljalg U. , Miettinen O.
Published: December 2021

Cerinomyces (Dacrymycetes,Basidiomycota) is a genus traditionally defined by corticioid basidiocarps, in contrast to the rest of the class, which is characterized by gelatinous ones. In the traditional circumscription the genus is polyphyletic, and the monotypic familyCerinomycetaceaeis paraphyletic. Aiming for a more concise delimitation, we reviseCerinomyces s.l.with a novel phylogeny based on sequences of nrDNA (SSU, ITS, LSU) and protein-coding genes (RPB1, RPB2, TEF1-α).We establish that monophyleticCerinomyces s.s.is best characterized not by the corticioid morphology, but by a combination of traits: hyphal clamps, predominantly aseptate thin-walled basidiospores, and low content of carotenoid pigments. In our updated definition,Cerinomyces s.s.encompasses five well-supported phylogenetic clades divided into two morphological groups: (i-iii) taxa with arid corticioid basidiocarps, including the generic typeC. pallidus; and (iv-v) newly introduced members with gelatinous basidiocarps, likeDacrymyces enatusandD. tortus. The remaining corticioid species ofCerinomyces s.l.are morphologically distinct and belong to theDacrymycetaceae: our analysis places the carotenoid-richCerinomyces canadensisclose toFemsjonia, and we transfer the clamps-lackingC. grandinioidesgroup toDacrymyces.In addition, we address genera related toCerinomyces s.l.historically and morphologically, such asCeracea,DacryonaemaandUnilacryma. Overall, we describe twenty-four new species and propose nine new combinations in bothCerinomycetaceaeandDacrymycetaceae.
The public health approach to suicide prevention in Ireland
Authors: Rochford S. , Dodd P. , Austin C.
Published: December 2021

This article provides an overview of the public health approach to suicide in Ireland. The authors provide detail on the current suicide prevention strategy in Ireland, Connecting for Life, which is a whole-of-government, systemic, multicomponent national strategy. As the strategy enters its final extended phase of implementation over the period 2020–2024, the public health elements of Connecting for Life are presented, including the population level and more targeted approaches. The findings of an interim review of the strategy are discussed, in addition to the local and national implementation structures which are in place to assist implementation and monitoring of the strategy.
Through COVID-19 and beyond: developing a multidisciplinary telehealth family intervention in first episode psychosis
Authors: O’Keeffe Donal , Marshall David , Wheeler Andrew , Allen Eoghan , Ronan Helena , Buckley Amy , Counihan Eimear , Clarke Mary
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic presents unique challenges to high quality, safe Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) service provision. Due to the necessity to ensure EIP continues despite this, we developed a multidisciplinary, blended, telehealth intervention, incorporating psychoeducation and peer support, for family members of first episode psychosis service users: PERCEPTION. This perspective article aims to: describe PERCEPTION; offer reflections on our experience of delivering it; make recommendations for future research; and synthesise key learning to assist the integration of similar interventions in other EIP services. We provide a descriptive account of PERCEPTION’s development and implementation, with reflections from the clinicians involved, on supporting families using this approach. We experienced telehealth as patient-focused, safe, and efficient and believe the intervention’s blended nature augmented families’ engagement. The approach adopted can assist service providers to attain balance between protecting public health and offering a meaningful, therapeutic intervention to support families in the current epoch.
Jewish Ethics Regarding Refugees: Ideology and Realization
Authors: Rashi Tsuriel
Published: December 2021

This article addresses the Jewish ethical approach to refugees. According to Jewish ethics, help must be offered to refugees of a foreign people, and sometimes, for the sake of peace, even to those of an enemy state. Reviewing the Jewish sources, I conclude that from an ethical point of view, preference should be given to refugees who are near the border over those from farther away. Priority must be given to those in acute distress who lack the basic items of sustenance. Sometimes there is a special value in finding a way to assist even one's enemies in the hope that such help will break down the barriers of hatred. Similarly, it is ethically preferable to offer help to blameless children over adults, whose intentions might be suspect.
COSMOGENIC14CO FOR ASSESSING THE OH-BASED SELF-CLEANING CAPACITY OF THE TROPOSPHERE
Authors: Brenninkmeijer Carl A M , Gromov Sergey S , Jöckel Patrick
Published: December 2021

An application of radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric chemistry is reviewed.14C produced by cosmic neutrons immediately forms14CO, which reacts with hydroxyl radicals (OH) to14CO2. By this the distribution and seasonality (the lifetime of14CO is ∼1 month) of the pivotal atmospheric oxidant OH can be established.14CO measurement is a complex but unique application which benefitted enormously from the realization of AMS, bearing in mind that14CO abundance is of the order of merely 10 molecules per cm3not only provides14CO an independent measure for the OH based self-cleansing capacity of the troposphere, but also enabled detection of14C production due to high energy solar protons in 1989. Although its production takes place throughout the atmosphere and does not have the character of a point source, transport processes in the atmosphere affect the distribution of14CO. Vertical mixing in the troposphere renders gradients in its production rate less critical, but considerable meridional gradients exist. One question has remained open, namely confirmation of calculated14C production by direct measurement. A new sampling method is proposed. The conclusions are a guide to future work on14CO in relation to OH and atmospheric transport.
Decolonizing Authority: The Conflict on Wet'suwet’en Territory
Authors: Eisenberg Avigail
Published: December 2021

One of the leading features of colonialism is the imposition on a given territory and people a framework for what constitutes authority that renders pre-existing governing practices and legal orders unrecognizable as features of legitimate law and governance. Understood in this way, colonialism renders Indigenous law and governing practices invisible. As a result, decolonization requires changing how authority is apprehended and not only how it is distributed. This article compares two frameworks of authority in relation to the conflict on Wet'suwet’en territory: liberal postcolonial statism and relational pluralism. It shows how each framework provides a distinct lens through which to understand the pertinent features of political authority but argues that relational pluralism presents a better account of how to reconceive political authority in the context of real-world conflict.
Is consanguineous marriage related to spousal violence in India? Evidence from the National Family Health Survey, 2015–16
Authors: Rahaman Margubur , Sen Shalini , Rana Md Juel , Ghosh Saswata
Published: December 2021

Violence against women is a global phenomenon, and intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence faced by women in the world. Around 30% of women in the world, on average, and 33% in India experience intimate partner violence during their lifetime. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether consanguinity protects women from spousal violence. National Family Health Survey 2015–16 (NFHS-4) data were used. The study sample comprised 60,824 currently married women aged 15–49 years. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of all types of spousal violence against women was higher among consanguineous unions compared with non-consanguineous unions in India. The association between consanguineous marriage and spousal violence was found to be positive and significant in the southern and eastern regions of India and among Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The association was not significant among Muslims. Differences in socio-cultural norms and practices across the regions of India, and among different socio-cultural groups, can perhaps explain these variations. Women belonging in higher age groups, from Other Backward Castes, those who were working and those with a low level of educational attainment and socioeconomic standing had a higher risk of experiencing intimate partner violence. Couples in a consanguineous marriage should be given adequate counselling to reduce intimate partner violence in India, and similarly culturally diverse countries. This would also help reach Target 5.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
Populist parties shifting the political discourse? A case study of the Economic Freedom Fighters in South Africa
Authors: Fölscher Marine , de Jager Nicola , Nyenhuis Robert
Published: December 2021

This article examines the use of populist discourse in South African politics. We investigate speeches of leaders from the ruling African National Congress (ANC) and opposition parties, the Democratic Alliance (DA) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). We find that the EFF consistently employs populist appeals, while both the incumbent ANC and official opposition DA largely refrain. Our longitudinal analysis allows an examination of fluctuation across party leaders and electoral cycles, and illustrates that neither the ANC nor the DA have modified their political discourses in light of a rising populist challenger. However, there is some evidence that the two most dominant parties have reformed their programmatic offerings and behaviour in an attempt to compete with the EFF's popular appeal. The South African case offers important insights into the study of oppositional populism on the African continent, and a window into how major political parties may respond to emerging populist contenders.