bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sincerely Outspoken
Authors: McDonald David A.
Published: April 2021

Over the last twenty years, ethnomusicologists have developed insightful approaches to the study of conflict, violence, and the unprecedented movement of people across the globe. And yet, despite this high level of interest in understanding the material and performative manifestations of forced migration and displacement, ethnomusicologists have yet to fully strategize ways in which their research may be used as a form of cultural critique and activism. In this chapter I explore challenges encountered in my pursuit of policy change, the creation of emancipatory knowledge, and social justice in my work with Palestinian musicians. In so doing I will address the following questions: What does it mean to critique structures of injustice? How might we better understand and address positionality, difference, and dialogue? What are the ethics of intervention? And how might a rigorous critical ethnomusicology serve the immediate political, material, and cultural needs of our interlocutors? Drawing from Marxist, feminist, queer, and performance theory, I will then chart out how a collaborative critical ethnomusicology may provide a vital link between local stakeholders, community collaborators, researchers, and policymakers.
Engaged Activist Research
Authors: Beng Tan Sooi
Published: April 2021

Mainstream academia assumes a dichotomy between active political research for problem solving and theoretically driven research on the problem. In many music academies, the researcher is trained to be a detached neutral observer in the field who is expected to be objective in the analysis of the data collected. However, socio-cultural problems such as poverty, conflict, ethnic and class inequalities, or rights to cultural representation, which affect musical cultures, do not exist in a political void. If our goal is for the research to have a practical and social impact, we need to question the conventional neutral methods of research in music studies. Drawing on the praxis of arts activists in Asia, Freire’s ideas about education and social change, and Appadurai’s concept of “research from below,” this chapter argues for a type of activist research that is both politically engaged and scholarly. In a case study on a theater tradition that was on the brink of disappearance, it emphasizes collaboration at all levels of research with members of the community whose problems are being studied, and extension of the right to research to nonacademics. Collaborative research engaging the communities themselves can be seen as an intervention whereby communities are empowered to question and voice their opinions about their socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural development and transformation. This study is located within the wider agenda of bridging the gaps between academia and practitioner, and decolonizing collaborative research where paradigms of knowledge flow across regions rather than from North to South.
Making sense of the evidence
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

The chapter juxtaposes about thirty inscriptional and literary sources purportedly from Demades’s lifetime (although the book suggests dating some of the literary sources to later times) with almost 250 references in the literary texts of different genres from the mid-first century B.C. to the late Byzantine empire, revealing a gap of nearly 300 years between the death of Demades and the time in which most of the available literary evidence about his politics, character, looks, and oratory was produced. Contradictions between inscriptional and literary sources, and between references in literary texts, cast doubts on both the credibility of the literary evidence about Demades and the suggested criteria for establishing its authenticity. The chapter proposes to explain his contradictory image as an artificial rhetorical construct that served the educational and social needs of the Greek-speaking intellectual élite during Roman and Byzantine times, long after Demades’s death.
Paideia
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter elucidates how the fabricated images of Demades helped to affirm the importance of paideia—as education and moral instruction—for the socially privileged position of the pepaideumenoi. The figure of Demades accentuated the ethical and professional rewards of paideia, and especially rhetorical education, in more than one way. He became an example of a persuasive orator who was always able to come up with a witty retort, quickly capture and deftly manage the attention of the audience, and speak effortlessly on the spur of the moment. Many more excerpts, however, employ Demades as a negative example: a poor commoner who lacked paideia and moral integrity, he was the opposite of the students whose education entitled them to membership in the intellectual, social, and political élite of the city. Although they seem to be mutually exclusive, these images served the same educational purpose and coexisted within the context of rhetorical schooling.
Sandbows and Black Lights
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

This volume is a collection of essays on unusual topics in optics, with a humorous bent and references to pop culture. We examine why flames are yellow, why Newton said there were seven colors (including indigo), how to produce a miniature image of a mermaid on a shoestring budget, why ultraviolet light kills vampires, and other topics.
Fringe Science
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

The Colmascope and the Polariscope are devices consisting of polarizers oriented with their polarization axes normal to each other andwith a gap between them that allows one to place objects in the gap in order to observe birefringence. It is useful for detecting stresses in glass and plastic, for identifying and orienting crystals, and for determining uniformity of transparent materials. The modern device uses two sheets of flat polarizing material. But the device predates George Eastman’s invention of Polaroid sheet. How did they use crossed polarizers before that time, and how did that differ from the current device? And what are Landolt fringes?
Preppy Physics
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Many interference phenomena that are seen in the natural world are characterized by alternating bands of pinkish-purple and aqua colors. These can be seen in oil films, soap bubbles, interference from scratches, supernumerary rainbows, glories, and other places where multiple orders of interference are present and the light source is broad band white light. It was such a clear manifestation of a common optical effect that it was very early on incorporated into computer simulation software. The effect also shows up in many basic optics experiments, such as on the edges of single-slit interference patterns. Why does white light multiple-order interference tend to produce aqua and pink colors?
The Trilobite’s Eye
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

The eye of the trilobite has a lens not made of modified chitin or any of the usual optical materials, but of birefringent calcite. Although the trilobite was one of the most common of sea arthropods in the Cambrian period, it became completely extinct at the end of the Permian period, before the advent of the dinosurs. Very few creatures today have calcite lenses. Certainly one of the features that makes a calcite lens undesirable is that it is a birefringent crystal, and the refractive index varies considerably with direction and polarization. This make it difficult to bring light to a tight focus. Yet the trilobites persisted for twice as long as the dinosaurs did. How can an eye using a calcite lens possibly work?
The Secrets of X-Ray Spex
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

X-Ray Spex are cheap cardboard or plastic “glasses” that are sold in novelty stores and through magazine advertisements. They produce the illusion of x-ray vision, with the viewer apparently able to see the bones in their fingers, or to see a person’s body under their clothes. How do the spectacles work, and how could the effect be done so cheaply? Who first discovered this effect and capitalized on it? Modern “x-ray spectacles” are constructed differently from the “classic” ones. How do they differ, and why did they change the design?
Government Needs to Get Its Own House in Order
Authors: Clarke Richard A.
Published: April 2021

To address leaks of classified information, the government should focus not on the media but on improving its monitoring of employees with access to sensitive data and changing how it handles “authorized” leaks. National security agencies should adopt “machine learning” technology to monitor activities of those in government with access to highly sensitive material. Polygraphs, field investigations, and additional screenings that the government currently uses are generally not efficacious. Machine learning technology would be far more effective and would be ethical because it is limited in scope and those who choose the relevant positions would be aware of the monitoring. To address “authorized” leaks, which are not actually authorized, the government should consider creating a senior interagency mechanism for rapid review of declassification requests from senior officials. This would clarify that a failure to adhere to policy-related disclosure procedures is a clear, serious violation, rather than “just something everybody does.”
Covering the Cyberwars
Authors: Sanger David E.
Published: April 2021

Daniel Ellsberg’s release of the top-secret Pentagon Papers established the precedent that the US government cannot impose prior restraint on the publication of sensitive national security information—even when it is classified. Over the ensuing fifty years, an uneasy, informal arrangement between government officials and news organizations has evolved to manage the challenges of publishing this material. The age of persistent cyber conflict is testing this arrangement. While the US government frequently reveals cyberattacks on its institutions, corporations, and the power grid, it surrounds its own offensive cyber operations with intense secrecy. This essay argues that if the United States is serious about creating “norms of behavior” in cyberspace and deterring cyberattacks on American citizens, the public must be able to debate how and why the U.S. employs cyberweapons against other countries—an objective threatened by the aggressive policies of the Obama and Trump administrations aimed at criminalizing leaking.
Leaks in the Age of Trump
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael
Published: April 2021

The balance of power in the longstanding struggle between populist and establishment forces in American politics has shifted, which has resulted in a dramatic change in the conditions that had produced the Pentagon Papers settlement. To better recognize the legitimate claims of populist and establishment forces, we should therefore rethink the untrammeled power of the government to punish low-level officials who reveal government secrets and question the media’s practical immunity from government controls. The questions posed by the shift in forces need to be addressed in the way policy questions are best resolved—that is, humbly, pragmatically, and experimentally, with careful attention to empirical outcomes, a balancing of competing interests, and a recognition that no solution will be perfect or will last forever. This essay argues for such a practical, not constitutional, approach and, more specifically, proposes an end to press immunity, more robust defenses for leakers in criminal prosecutions, and improved whistleblower protection.
Barack Obama
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes Barack Obama’s administration in relation to the components of the ubiquitous presidency, especially how Obama adapted to the changing contexts of accessibility, personalization, and pluralism. It first tracks Twitter attention to Obama across seven years of his presidency, showing how attention spiked in relation to both traditional major addresses and newer approaches (e.g., his own tweets emphasizing elements of the ubiquitous presidency). The chapter then analyzes West Wing Week, a web series pioneered by the first official White House videographer, which takes the form of reality television and reveals the “backstage” of the presidency. Finally, the chapter uses semantic network analysis to track the relationship between the president, the press, and the public on Twitter in the context of the Affordable Care Act (commonly known as Obamacare). These relationships conform to the cascading activation model, in which presidential communication influences the terms used by the press and the public.
Seeing Like an Activist
Authors: Pineda Erin R.
Published: April 2021

There are few movements more firmly associated with civil disobedience than the civil rights movement. In the mainstream imagination, civil rights activists eschewed coercion, appealed to the majority’s principles, and submitted willingly to legal punishment in order to demand necessary legislative reforms—and facilitate the realization of core constitutional and democratic principles. Their fidelity to the spirit of the law, commitment to civility, and allegiance to American democracy provided the blueprint for activists pursuing racial justice and set the normative horizon for liberal philosophies of civil disobedience. Seeing Like an Activist charts the emergence of this influential account of civil disobedience in the civil rights movement and demonstrates its reliance on a narrative about black protest that is itself entangled with white supremacy. Liberal political theorists whose work informed decades of scholarship saw civil disobedience “like a white state”: taking for granted the legitimacy of the constitutional order, assuming as primary the ends of constitutional integrity and stability, centering the white citizen as the normative ideal, and figuring the problem of racial injustice as limited, exceptional, and all-but-already solved. In contrast, building on historical and archival evidence, this book shows how civil rights activists, in concert with anticolonial movements across the globe, turned to civil disobedience as a practice of decolonization in order to emancipate themselves and others from a racial order that needed to be fully transformed. We can recover this powerful alternative account only by adopting a different theoretical approach—one which sees activists as themselves engaged in the creative work of political theorizing.
Seeing Like a White State
Authors: Pineda Erin R.
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the political formation of the intertwined narratives about civil disobedience and the civil rights movement. Detailing their relationship to the 1960s push for “law and order,” it traces the significant ways that this context shaped the conceptualization of civil disobedience as a means of strengthening already extant constitutional principles. Theorists like John Rawls saw civil disobedience from the perspective of a white state: taking for granted the legitimacy of the constitutional order, assuming as primary the ends of constitutional integrity and stability, and figuring the problem of racial injustice as limited, exceptional, and all-but-already solved. Such a stance takes the state’s perspective by theorizing within the bounds of a presupposed legitimacy, prioritizing stability and maintenance of an existing system. This chapter shows how such a perspective delivers standards of judgment that bolster rather than undermine white supremacy.
Introduction
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: April 2021

The Wretched Atom is the first historical study of efforts to promote nuclear technologies globally from the Second World War to the close of the twentieth century. It focuses on countries that seemed to live at the knife’s edge of human existence—those with subsistence economies or resource shortfalls, or where peoples routinely were threatened by famine, drought, and disease. The promise of civilian atomic energy was a formidable tool of state power in the late twentieth century because it took advantage of social aspirations, anxieties, and environmental vulnerabilities, especially in the developing world. The deployment of rhetoric to promote atomic energy was inseparable from geopolitics writ large and has rarely been entirely peaceful. Instead it has been embedded in stories of conventional warfare, racial and neocolonial divisiveness, struggles to assert control over the earth’s natural resources, and the abetting of nuclear weapons programs both old and new.
Women’s Path to the Pulpit
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 presents the life histories of women pastors and reveals the gendered barriers they face from childhood to becoming a pastor within the context of Baptist life. This chapter shows how women ministers face gendered barriers on their professional paths from childhood to adolescence to college to seminary to securing a pastoral position and after. These gendered hurdles include exclusionary theology reinforced by interactions with pastors, parents, and trusted peers, as well as a lack of opportunities for professional development, engaging same-sex role models, and family support. Women’s internalization of these barriers largely contributes to inner conflicts about pursuing the pastoral ministry and ultimately results in an indirect career trajectory.
Making Advice Modern
Authors: Golia Julie
Published: April 2021

From early periodicals to conduct books, advice in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries was largely a one-way transmission from advice giver to receiver. It also served conservative ends, reinforcing traditional gender roles to wide audiences, and soothing male anxieties about cultural change. But transformations in media and in American culture at the end of the nineteenth century paved the way for a new and strikingly modern paradigm of advice—one that was interactive, public, flexible in topic and form, and woman-centered. This chapter offers an overview of the rise of the advice column and frames its genesis in the context of the changing newspaper and advertising industries.
Cooperation in a Larger World
Authors: Sterelny Kim
Published: April 2021

This chapter has three aims. First: it presents a positive account of the origins of multi-level society in human social life, for even the simplest forager bands are nested units in larger communities, and those bands are open, with quite free movement in and out, and with individuals having social allies in other bands. This makes possible cooperation in various guises at larger social and spatial scales. Great ape bands, and hence very likely early hominin bands, were closed, with an individual’s residential group being his/her whole social world. Second, it introduces the reader to group selection models of the evolution of human cooperation. Third, it argues against the view that human social life in the Pleistocene was structured by regular intergroup conflict and by its permanent threat.
The benefits seen in free speech and its gradual extension from some to all
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: April 2021

Chapter 1 points out that the idea of free speech for all became widespread comparatively late. On the whole, it was treated as a prerogative of some people only, although an early exception was the Buddhist emperor Ashoka in India, who encouraged Buddhists of all persuasions to live and talk with each other and learn from each other, and people of different religions to do the same. Although it otherwise took a long time for free speech and expression to be extended to all, nonetheless, through different ages and cultures from antiquity to the present, the award of free speech, whether to some or to all, was seen as resulting in speech of a beneficial sort. That is why the title of this book speaks of good speech and its misuse, rather than simply of speech and its misuse.
The Fifth Dalai Lama’s God
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 reconstructs the Fifth Dalai Lama’s own understanding of Pehar’s narrative, and discusses how the Tibetan ruler negotiated with divergent accounts to produce Nechung’s charter myth. This standardization will have important consequences, since it will determine the character of Nechung Monastery and the state cult of the Five King Spirits from the time of the Great Fifth onward. The chapter ends with an exploration of Pehar’s ambiguous ontological status, which was a matter the Fifth Dalai Lama debated, both with himself and important figures in his administration. Ultimately, the deity’s fluctuating ontology is a powerful trait that makes him accessible in different mythic and ritual contexts.
The Liturgical Calendar
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: April 2021

Chapter 4 broadens its focus on Nechung Monastery’s ritual activities and annual calendar by exploring month-by-month the significant rites the monastic community historically performed every year. The New Year celebrations around the Jokhang Temple, the opera and musical performances at Drepung Monastery, and the Flower Offering Festival at Tsel Gungtang all illustrate the richness of Nechung’s liturgical involvement throughout the year, as well as its ties to other institutions and major Tibetan holidays. Moreover, these ritual practices and ceremonies reveal Nechung’s growing liturgical history, as the monastery accrued various rites from ritual masters, and in response to important events, throughout the centuries.
Wittenberg Reformers
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: April 2021

Wittenberg reformers supported the transfer of formerly Catholic Church properties to government possession. This secularization of church property did not mean a rejection of religion per se; on the contrary, secularization of church property meant that political rulers consolidated the scattered ecclesiastical properties and possessions into a common chest so that they could support the reform of the church. While Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt denounced mendicant orders for their begging lifestyle, they called for cities to care for their resident poor so that begging would be obsolete. Their critique became the catalyst for change, including an educated pastorate with preaching as a central component of worship, schools for boys and girls, and a system of poor relief funded by monastic foundations, confraternities, and donations. In the transfer of property to the common chest, Wittenberg reformers were crucial in providing the theological foundations for the transition to a centralized poor relief system.
After Syria
Authors: Hoffman Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter reveals how changing political circumstances---a new axis of political competition---dramatically altered the political interests of Lebanon's sects and therefore adjusted the effect of communal prayer on regime preferences. Using an original, nationally-representative survey of over 1,200 Lebanese respondents, I show that the Syrian conflict has centered political contestation around the Sunni-Shi`a cleavage, with Christians divided on their relationship with each of these sects and on the Syrian conflict itself. Sunnis, relatively better-represented and wealthier than Shi`a, now have reason to fear Shi`a ascendance in Lebanese politics. Since the new lines of political conflict have created a zero-sum situation between these two sects, democracy is no longer a palatable option for many Sunnis. Consequently, the effect of communal prayer on regime attitudes has shifted: for Shi`a, mosque attendance continues to have a pro-democratic effect, but for Sunnis, this effect has reversed; fearing Shi`a dominance, practicing Sunnis now tend to oppose democracy more than their less observant counterparts.
The Humanitarian Imperative for Minimally-Just AI in Weapons
Authors: Scholz Jason , Galliott Jai
Published: April 2021

For the use of force to be lawful and morally just, future autonomous systems must not commit humanitarian errors or acts of fratricide. To achieve this, we distinguish a novel preventative form of minimally-just autonomy using artificial intelligence (MinAI) to avert attacks on protected symbols, protected sites, and signals of surrender. MinAI compares favorably with respect to maximally-just forms proposed to date. We examine how fears of speculative artificial general intelligence has distracted resources from making current weapons more compliant with international humanitarian law, particularly Additional Protocol 1 of the Geneva Convention and its Article 36. Critics of our approach may argue that machine learning can be fooled, that combatants can commit perfidy to protect themselves, and so on. We confront this issue, including recent research on the subversion of AI, and conclude that the moral imperative for MinAI in weapons remains undiminished.
Proposing a Regional Normative Framework for Limiting the Potential for Unintentional or Escalatory Engagements with Increasingly Autonomous Weapon Systems
Authors: Wyatt Austin , Galliott Jai
Published: April 2021

While the Conference on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)-sponsored process has steadily slowed, and occasionally stalled, over the past five years, the pace of technological development in both the civilian and military spheres has accelerated. In response, this chapter suggests the development of a normative framework that would establish common procedures and de-escalation channels between states within a given regional security cooperative prior to the demonstration point of truly autonomous weapon systems. Modeling itself on the Guidelines for Air Military Encounters and Guidelines Maritime Interaction, which were recently adopted by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the goal of this approach is to limit the destabilizing and escalatory potential of autonomous systems, which are expected to lower barriers to conflict and encourage brinkmanship while being difficult to definitively attribute. Overall, this chapter focuses on evaluating potential alternatives avenues to the CCW-sponsored process by which ethical, moral, and legal concerns raised by the emergence of autonomous weapon systems could be addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Baron Jaimie , Fleeger Jennifer , Lerner Shannon Wong
Published: April 2021

The introduction defines “media ventriloquism” and explains its value in an era wherein interactions are increasingly mediated. The political stakes of the project are high, particularly when the world is witnessing technological manipulation on a grand scale, yet the theoretical lens used in this volume allows the authors to approach ventriloquism from a number of disciplines and apply it to texts from nineteenth-century spiritualism to early Hollywood talkies to Korean video games. The introduction explains how the chapters are organized into sections and coins two new terms that unify their focus: the “technovocalic body,” which builds on Steven Connor’s idea of the vocalic body, and the “screen voice,” which is rooted in Sigmund Freud’s discussion of the screen memory. To explain these terms, the chapter turns to recent films by Spike Lee and Boots Riley and also references classics such as Singin’ in the Rain and Julie Dash’s Illusions.
What political corruption is
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes political corruption as a deficit of office accountability in the institutional conduct of officeholders. Office accountability is the basic component of a public ethics of office. It is realized when officeholders act in their institutional capacity on an agenda whose rationale may be vindicated as coherent with the terms of their power mandate. Office accountability differs from the idea that officeholders must respond ex post for their conduct. The idea of office accountability has an action-guiding and regulative function for officeholders as they conduct their institutional duties. This idea points to the interrelatedness between the occupants of institutional roles and their mutual duties. Political corruption is a deficit of office accountability that concerns officeholders’ interrelated actions; in this sense, it is a matter of a public ethics of office.
Responsibility for political corruption
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses the question of the attribution of responsibility for political corruption to officeholders. Whenever a deficit of office accountability is suspected, officeholders should engage in good faith in answerability practices. This kind of practice is aimed at establishing and assigning retrospective and prospective responsibilities for political corruption to officeholders, both severally and as interrelated agents. In these communicative justificatory practices, officeholders engage in identifying a possible deficit of office accountability in their conduct as interrelated agents and can assume responsibility for the wrongness of an institution’s failure to remain faithful to its raison d’être. In this way, taking responsibility enables the practical changes required to overcome political corruption and possibly to prevent it from occurring anew.
Freedom and Faith Between Kant and Hegel
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers some of the varied responses in Germany to the scepticism of Hume and the transcendental idealism of Kant. It covers Hamann, Jacobi, Schiller, and Fichte. Both Jacobi and Hamann draw on Humean scepticism to vindicate religious faith. Hamann sees sceptical distancing from everyday cognition as a route into mystical religious consciousness of the world. Schiller criticizes the elevation of ‘dignity’ at the expense of ‘grace’ in Kant’s account of autonomy. He proposes instead an ideal of freedom as moral and aesthetic wholeness. The ethical implications of this ideal are discussed. Fichte rethinks the Kantian idea that transcendental idealism is the basis of freedom: philosophy becomes rational insight into a universal content grasped mystically by religion. Influenced by Kant’s discussion of the conditions of self-awareness, Fichte argues that its precondition is mutual recognition of self and other. Mutual recognition is, in turn, the basis of rights.
Retrospect
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

This chapter assesses the developments in France and Germany studied in the three previous chapters. The philosophical questions that emerged in and after the French Revolution were ethical and political: the viability of impartial individualism, the meaning of freedom, the relation of freedom to democracy. In Germany freedom was analysed, from Kant to Hegel, as an integral part of a deep exploration of the relation of self and world, or being. Hegel’s two theses about ethical life are reviewed. The truth to be found in them, it is argued, is that impartial individualism is untenable as a philosophical foundation for ethics. However, this truth does not impose a holistic Hegelian ethics. It may instead lead to a form of individualism that is not impartial overall: that makes room for impartiality in matters of justice, but recognizes that the agent-relative commitments and obligations of individuals to other individuals are irreducible.
Verb–verb complexes in Turkic languages
Authors: Shluinsky Andrey
Published: April 2021

The chapter contains an overview of V–V complexes in Turkic languages and three case studies of the interaction of V–V complexes with lexical verbs based on field data of Karachay-Balkar, Anatri Chuvash, and Tubalar Altai. The chapter shows that the meaning of a modifier is not uniform but interacts with the meaning of the lexical verbs. Modifiers have different interpretations and/or lexical restrictions that in most cases may be predicted from the semantic features of the lexical verb. If a modifier changes the actional structure of the lexical verb, its specific meaning may be predicted from the actional class of the verb. If a modifier changes the argument structure of the lexical verbs or has a modal meaning, the most relevant features are the volitivity and agentivity of the lexical verb.
Turkish and Uyghur verb-verb complexes in contrast
Authors: Kuribayashi Yuu
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on two types of V-V complexes, the gerundive type and the converb type, in Turkish and Uyghur. Comparison of the two languages reveals that the -Ip converb type is predominant in Uyghur, whereas the -A gerundive type is predominant in Turkish. The increased use of V-V complexes of the -Ip converb type in Uyghur reflects the areal linguistic feature of explicator/vector verbs abundantly found in Indo-Aryan languages. Uyghur stands in marked contrast to Turkish, which has only an impoverished system of V-V complexes and instead has recourse to the strategy of using analytic constructions with lexically derived adverbs. As a result, while grammaticalization of converbial complexes is often found in Uyghur, there is no instance of grammaticalized bound suffixes in Turkish that originate from converbial complexes.
Aristotle on Shame and Learning to Be Good
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

This book presents a novel interpretation of Aristotle’s account of how shame instils virtue, and defends its philosophical import. Despite shame’s bad reputation as a potential obstacle to the development of moral autonomy, shame is for Aristotle the proto-virtue of those learning to be good, since it is the emotion that equips them with the seeds of virtue. Other emotions such as friendliness, righteous indignation, emulation, hope, and even spiritedness may play important roles on the road to virtue. However, shame is the only one that Aristotle repeatedly associates with moral progress. The reason is that shame can move young agents to perform good actions and avoid bad ones in ways that appropriately resemble not only the external behavior but also the orientation and receptivity to moral value characteristic of virtuous people. By turning their attention to considerations about the perceived nobility and praiseworthiness of their own actions and character, shame places young people in the path to becoming good. Although they are not yet virtuous, learners with a sense of shame can appreciate the value of the noble and guide their actions by a true interest in doing the right thing. Shame, thus, enables learners to perform virtuous actions in the right way before they have practical wisdom or stable dispositions of character. This proposal solves a long-debated problem concerning Aristotle’s notion of habituation by showing that shame provides motivational continuity between the actions of the learners and the virtuous dispositions that they will eventually acquire.
Martin Folkes (1690-1754)
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

Martin Folkes (1690–1754): Newtonian, Antiquary, Connoisseur is a cultural and intellectual biography of the only President of both the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries. Sir Isaac Newton’s protégé, astronomer, mathematician, freemason, art connoisseur, Voltaire’s friend and Hogarth’s patron, his was an intellectually vibrant world. Folkes was possibly the best-connected natural philosopher and antiquary of his age, an epitome of Enlightenment sociability, and yet he was a surprisingly neglected figure, the long shadow of Newton eclipsing his brilliant disciple. A complex figure, Folkes edited Newton’s posthumous works in biblical chronology, yet was a religious skeptic and one of the first members of the gentry to marry an actress. His interests were multidisciplinary, from his authorship of the first complete history of the English coinage, to works concerning ancient architecture, statistical probability, and astronomy. Rich archival material, including Folkes’s travel diary, correspondence, and his library and art collections permit reconstruction through Folkes’s eyes of what it was like to be a collector and patron, a Masonic freethinker, and antiquarian and virtuoso in the days before ‘science’ became sub-specialised. Folkes’s virtuosic sensibility and possible role in the unification of the Society of Antiquaries and the Royal Society tells against the historiographical assumption that this was the age in which the ‘two cultures’ of the humanities and sciences split apart, never to be reunited. In Georgian England, antiquarianism and ‘science’ were considered largely part of the same endeavour.
Lagrange formalism in field theory
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

This chapter is devoted to a general discussion of classical field theory. It presents the minimum information required about classical fields for the subsequent treatment of quantum theory in the rest of the book. The Lagrange formalism for the fields is introduced, based on the least action principle. Global symmetries are described, and the proof of Noether's theorem given. In addition, the energy-momentum tensor for a field system is constructed as an example.
British Leadership Questioned
Authors: Wyss Marco
Published: April 2021

During the transfer of power, the British built up the Nigerian armed forces, and both London and Lagos expected Britain to remain Nigeria’s main provider of military assistance after independence. But Britain’s military assistance role in Nigeria came to be questioned in the wake of the row over the defence agreement. Fearful of accusations from the opposition and African neighbours of neocolonial collusion with the former imperial power, Lagos began to search for alternative sources of military assistance. But their Western orientation and underpinning anti-communist sentiments prevented the Nigerians from turning to the Soviet bloc. Instead, they approached Commonwealth and/or non-aligned powers, as well as medium, lesser, and/or neutral European countries. Eventually, the FRG became responsible for the build-up of Nigeria’s air force. Although this was a major setback for the British, they consoled themselves that the Nigerian air force was at least in safe, Western hands.
British Partner
Authors: Wyss Marco
Published: April 2021

Washington was largely a bystander during the transfer of power in Nigeria. Yet London and Lagos saw a postcolonial role for the United States in Nigeria as a provider of development aid, and the Americans increasingly identified Nigeria as a key state in Africa. After independence, this led to an Anglo-American ‘burden-sharing’ in Nigeria, wherein London was responsible for defence and military assistance and Washington became the main provider of development aid. But following the abrogation of the Anglo-Nigerian defence agreement, and in search of alternative sources of military assistance, the Nigerians began to approach Washington with requests for military assistance. The Americans, who wanted to focus on development aid, were hesitant. But eventually, increasing domestic instability, regional tensions, and what was perceived as a communist offensive in West Africa convinced Washington to militarize its aid policy in close consultation with the British.
Competing Reasons
Authors: Snedegar Justin
Published: April 2021

One of the most important facts about the normative domain is that some considerations are contributory, rather than decisive, when it comes to determining what we ought to, must, or may do. This chapter investigates different ways that contributory reasons bearing on our options can compete with one another to determine the overall normative status of those options. Two key themes are (i) that the theory of this competition must include a distinct role for reasons against, in addition to reasons for, and (ii) that the theory must allow for comparative verdicts about which options are more strongly supported than others, rather than simply which options are required or permitted. I reject a simple and familiar balancing account of the competition, as well as an account that understands the competition in terms of giving and answering criticisms of the options. I introduce a new account that incorporates a distinct role for reasons against.
Latin American Structuralism and Neo-structuralism
Authors: Porcile Gabriel
Published: April 2021

This chapter is devoted to Latin American structuralism. The chapter summarizes centre–periphery theory as stressing the co-evolution of technological capabilities and the pattern of specialization. The centre and periphery are two different sets of countries that differ markedly in terms of this co-evolution. Firstly, the periphery is a laggard region in terms of technological capabilities with respect to the centre. Secondly, to the extent that technology is a crucial determinant of international competitiveness, the asymmetry in technological capabilities (the technology gap) shapes the set of goods the periphery can competitively produce in an open economy. This set of goods constitutes the periphery’s pattern of specialization. Thirdly, causality goes in both directions: specialization affects the learning trajectory of the periphery because what economic agents learn depends on what they currently produce and on their accumulated experience in specific sectors and technologies. In this way, specialization has an impact of its own on the technology gap.
The Role of Comparative Advantage, Endowments, and Technology in Structural Transformation
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Tranchero Matteo
Published: April 2021

This chapter critically discusses traditional theories of comparative advantage. While traditional theories of trade have mainly seen specialization according to one’s comparative advantages as the key route to development, this chapter argues for an alternative ‘point of view emphasizing the role of technological learning and absolute advantages for structural transformation. The chapter argues that Ricardian adjustment processes relying on endowment-based comparative advantages are often a misleading driver of development, and that instead competitiveness offers a better criterion to achieve sustained economic well-being. This theoretical perspective provides useful guidance to interpret the effects of unbridled globalization and the role of natural resources relative to industrial and trade policies in shaping the process of structural change and economic development.
Structural Change and the Environment
Authors: Marin Giovanni , Mazzanti Massimiliano
Published: April 2021

The objective of this chapter is to evaluate the contribution of structural change to production and consumption patterns with respect to sustainability analysis, with specific reference to sustainable production and consumption issues. In the face of delocalization processes and value chain restructuring, the analysis of sustainable development should instead provide both consumption and production dimensions. In the empirical analysis, the authors consider four measures of emission intensity: consumption-based emissions, consumption-based emissions due to structural change, production-based emissions, and production-based emissions due to structural change. The empirical results suggest a moderate contribution of structural change to decreases in overall emissions.
Punishment and Comparative Political Economy
Authors: Garland David
Published: April 2021

This chapter is an exposition and critical assessment of Nicola Lacey’s work on punishment and comparative political economy. It traces the trajectory of Lacey’s work, describing how she was the first to bring the ‘varieties of capitalism’ framework to bear on the central questions of comparative penology and how she then proceeded to use an expanded version of the framework to develop an original explanation of American penal exceptionalism. The chapter then seeks to assess Lacey’s work by examining the theoretical fit between her political economy framework and the institutional characteristics of systems of criminal punishment, paying particular regard to the causal mechanism hypotheses that underpin her account.
The “Third” UN
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G.
Published: April 2021

The chapter explains the selection of and concentration on the main knowledge brokers in the Third UN. It explores the growth in numbers of the two major types of non-state actors that are the easiest to count, international NGOs and TNCs, as well as their dynamics within the UN system. The widespread push, including within IGOs, for evidence-based policymaking has created a further demand for think tanks and research that translate applied and basic research into accessible and user-friendly materials. It is impossible to appreciate the nature of the policy process without understanding the “whole” UN—First, Second, and Third.
Nanometer-Scale Imaging
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the imaging mechanism of STM at the nanometer scale, where the features of interest are of about one nanometer and up. Using an s-wave tip model, using the Bardeen tunneling theory, Tersoff and Hamann showed that the STM image in this case is tip-independent: it is determined by the local density of states of the bare sample surface at Fermi level, taken at the center of curvature of the tip. The Tersoff-Hamann model has found numerous applications in interpreting the STM images, from the superstructure of surface reconstruction to the confined or scattered waves of the surface states. However, as shown by Tersoff and Hamann in their original papers, for features much smaller than one nanometer, such as at the atomic features of 0.3 nm, the non-spherical electronic states of the tip could play a significant role and thus cannot be overlooked.
Tip Treatment
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses various methods for tip treatment. First, a general discussion about the experimental facts of STM and AFM tips is presented, which points to the subtleties and significance of the last few atoms at the tip apex. The standard method of making an STM tip is the electrochemical etching of a tungsten wire. The experimental procedure is described in detail. The study of the tip using field-ion microscopy is outlined. The tungsten tips freshly made from electrochemical etching often do not provide atomic resolution. Ex-situ and in-situ tip treatments are necessary. Several ex-situ tip treatment methods are described, inducing annealing, field evaporation, and annealing with a field. In-situ tip treatment method such as high-field treatment and controlled collision are described. Then, tip treatment for electrochemical STM is described. Tip treatment methods for spin-polarized STM are described. Finally, tip functionalization, especially with Xe atom and CO molecule, is described.
Transformations, Ruptures, and Continuities in the Inter-American Development Bank’s Policy from 1980 to the Present
Authors: López Pablo J. , Rougier Marcelo
Published: April 2021

This chapter shows that, although the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) mandate remained unchanged over the course of over fifty years from its creation, the Bank’s lending policies in Latin America changed over time, consistent with the prevailing policy framework in developed countries. Unlike in other multilateral development banks (MDB) with a presence in the region—especially the World Bank—Latin American countries played a bigger role in the IADB’s decision-making process from the very moment the regional bank was created. However, donor countries, in particular the United States, enforced IADB policy guidelines, with a varying degree of conflict over the different periods. The authors establish that the institution underwent a transition phase, which began in the 1980s, marking a move away from a developmental role associated with state-led industrialization processes. The IADB became a supporter of liberalization and deregulation policies in the 1990s and then, from the 2008‒9 global crisis, played a new active role for development.