bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childhood and children's migration in the era of COVID‐19: A case study of Zimbabwean children/young people's migration to South Africa
Authors: Madziva Roda , Mahiya Innocent , Nyoni Chamunogwa
Published: December 2022

This paper draws on research with a group of Zimbabwean orphaned young people. It explores their experiences of migrating to South Africa during the COVID‐19 period when official borders were closed. It draws attention to the complexities of south–south migration in the era of COVID‐19 in a way that situates the orphaned child migrants as having contradictory, fluid identities that are simultaneously victimised, agentic and infinitely more complex than the dominant binary representation of adult/child.
The maximum phonation time as marker for voice treatment efficacy: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Barsties v. Latoszek Ben , Watts Christopher R. , Schwan Katharina , Hetjens Svetlana
Published: December 2022

Purpose

There is a diversity in treatment approaches for voice therapy in which aerodynamic treatment effects between the approaches are lacking. The evidence of voice treatments on the maximum phonation time (MPT) was quantified using the statistical approach of a network meta‐analysis (NMA).

Data Sources

Three databases and manual search from inception to November 2021 were evaluated.

Study Selection

Studies were considered which were reports of randomised controlled/clinical trials (RCT) evaluating the efficacy of a specific voice therapy treatment using MPT as an outcome measure in adult participants with voice disorders. Studies were excluded if participants had been diagnosed with neurological‐motor‐speech disorders or who were vocally healthy. Furthermore, no medical, pharmacological, or technical instrumental treatments were used.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses extension statement guidelines were followed. Two reviewers independently screened citations, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using PEDro scale. Random effects model was used for meta‐analysis.

Results

We identified finally 12 RCT studies (treatment groups n = 285, and control group without an intervention n = 62). Eight interventions were evaluated. The only effective intervention with a significant effect was vocal function exercises (VFE) (mean pre–post difference 6.16 s, 95% confidence interval, 1.18–11.13 s).

Conclusions and Relevance

VFE effectively improved MPT from pre‐ to post‐treatment in comparison with other voice interventions which were identified in the present NMA. Further high‐quality intervention studies with large samples sizes, multidimensional measures, and homogeneous groups of dysphonia are needed to support evidence‐based practice in laryngology.
Problems and Mysteries of the Many Languages of Thought
Authors: Mandelbaum Eric , Dunham Yarrow , Feiman Roman , Firestone Chaz , Green E. J. , Harris Daniel , Kibbe Melissa M. , Kurdi Benedek , Mylopoulos Myrto , Shepherd Joshua , Wellwood Alexis , Porot Nicolas , Quilty‐Dunn Jake
Published: December 2022

“What is the structure of thought?” is as central a question as any in cognitive science. A classic answer to this question has appealed to a Language of Thought (LoT). We point to emerging research from disparate branches of the field that supports the LoT hypothesis, but also uncovers diversity in LoTs across cognitive systems, stages of development, and species. Our letter formulates open research questions for cognitive science concerning the varieties of rules and representations that underwrite various LoT‐based systems and how these variations can help researchers taxonomize cognitive systems.
Resource use divergence facilitates the evolution of secondary syntopy in a continental radiation of songbirds (Meliphagoidea): insights from unbiased co‐occurrence analyses
Authors: Remeš Vladimír , Harmáčková Lenka
Published: December 2022

Allopatric speciation followed by the evolution of range overlap (sympatry) allows the build‐up of regional diversity. However, local species richness requires that species co‐occur locally (syntopy). Importantly, correct estimates of syntopy must be available to identify ecological traits facilitating it. We thus provide a method to correctly estimate local co‐occurrence and demonstrate it on the evolution of secondary syntopy. First, we performed probabilistic co‐occurrence analyses on simulated data across a sympatry gradient from 0 to 100%. Second, we extracted 116 species pairs younger than 10 My from a dated phylogeny of Meliphagoidea songbirds. We constructed a presence–absence matrix of 58 species across 470 sites based on 37 250 censuses in Australia and Tasmania from 1989 to 1995. We also constructed a spatial mask based on species ranges, identifying sites within versus outside the area of sympatry. We ran both unconstrained and range mask‐constrained co‐occurrence analyses. We compared the resulting syntopy and predicted it by species ecology. Simulations and exact analyses showed that co‐occurrence analyses must be limited to sites in the area of sympatry between species. Without this spatial limit, syntopy was negatively biased, especially in common species. Accordingly, syntopy was negatively biased in Meliphagoidea when data from all sites were used, but this bias decreased with increasing sympatry, in agreement with numerical and exact analyses. When using correct estimates, syntopy increased with increasing divergence in the use of foraging stratum (ground, shrub, subcanopy and canopy) and with decreasing divergence in diet. In conclusion, we introduced a general method for calculating local species co‐occurrence and confirmed its validity by simulations. We illustrated its use by analyzing the evolution of secondary syntopy in a phylogenetic framework. We found support for both niche divergence (foraging stratum) and niche conservatism (diet) in facilitating evolutionary transitions to secondary syntopy, allowing the build‐up of local species richness.
Responding to external accountability in high‐performing, high‐capacity public secondary schools in Chile
Authors: Montecinos Carmen , Cortez Mónica , Zett Isabel , Chávez Sofía
Published: December 2022

The qualitative study on which this article reports explored how senior leaders, mathematics and Spanish language teachers (N = 72) in four high‐performing, high‐poverty, public secondary schools in Chile enact performance‐based accountability policies related to standardised assessments. These four public schools were selected because prior to when the study was conducted all were part of the Bicentennial Schools Programme led by the Ministry of Education from 2010 to 2014. The aim of the programme was to develop effective secondary schools to serve low‐income students. A thematic analysis of data produced through individual and group interviews and observations of departmental meetings shows that the enactment of performance‐based accountability involved two dimensions of learning‐centred leadership, distributed among senior leaders and department heads. An aim shared by parents, students, teachers and senior leaders was to ensure students' access to, and completion of, studies in higher education. Attaining good scores in national standardised SIMCE tests was key to meeting the vision. Collective trust among all actors and macro level trust in standardised testing served as a resource for strong collaboration to improve instruction and learning as well as teachers' collective efficacy. The discussion focuses on school‐level practices and policy‐level decisions that create conditions for the effective use of information produced from standardised assessments. A key point supported by our findings is that successful performance in external assessments is resourced by, and fosters, trust formation in schools.
Strategic leadership and firm performance: The mediating role of ambidexterity in professional services small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Ambilichu Charles Anyeng , Omoteso Kamil , Yekini Liafisu Sina
Published: December 2022

The role of strategic leadership is pivotal in determining a firm's direction and shaping its processes, competencies and performance. Strategic leadership also develops, deploys and reconfigures the firm's ambidextrous capabilities (such as innovativeness, competiveness and adaptability) that influence performance. Using responses from 315 UK small‐ and medium‐sized accountancy firms, this study empirically investigates the extent to which the direct influence of strategic leadership on performance is mediated by the firm's ambidextrous orientation. With a variance accounted for of 57.78%, the results show that ambidexterity has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between strategic leadership and the performance of accountancy firms. Also, our findings show that the perception of environmental dynamism does not influence the ambidextrous orientation of these accountancy firms. In addition, increased firm's age does not necessarily lead to decreased performance resulting from inertia.
Borrowing from Keynes' A Treatise on Probability: A non‐probabilistic measure of uncertainty for scenario planning
Authors: Derbyshire James , Feduzi Alberto , Runde Jochen
Published: December 2022

Scenario planning is a tool used to formulate contingent but potentially impactful futures to aid strategic decision‐making. A crucial element of many versions of scenario planning is an assessment of levels of uncertainty about the broad drivers of change within the system under consideration. Despite the importance of this element, the scenario planning literature is largely silent on the appropriate conception of uncertainty to use, exactly what it attaches to and how it might be measured. This paper seeks to fill this gap by advancing a non‐probabilistic measure of uncertainty based on the concept of evidential weight drawn from the economist John Maynard Keynes' 1921 A Treatise on Probability.
Design of pneumatic automatic core removal and slicing device and mechanical characteristics test for crab‐apple
Authors: Su Xunwen , Wu Xingchen , Tang Yaoyu , Shi Yanyu
Published: December 2022

The current crab‐apple core removal and slicing equipment is mostly pure mechanical equipment, and there are problems such as high failure rate, low core removal rate and slice integrity rate, and so on. In order to solve these problems and improve the low mechanization level in the processing of the crab‐apple products, based on the study of mechanical characteristics of crab‐apple, an automatic crab‐apple core removal and slicing equipment was designed, which is driven by pneumatic system. Through drying, compression and shear test, the average moisture content of the crab‐apple was determined to be 84.57%. And the test results showed that, in the axial direction, the average compressive strength was 0.4137 MPa, and the shear strength was 0.05023 MPa. In the radial direction, the average compressive strength was 0.4462 MPa, and the shear strength was 0.05114 MPa, with anisotropy. The effects of different cutting wedge angle on the force on pulp were studied, and the relevant control system designed. Through the site test of authoritative institutions, the equipment has achieved 98.7% of complete core removal rate and 95.8% of complete ring‐shaped fruit slices rate, and the output has reached 750 kg/h, increasing productivity by more than 10% with low failure rate, and also provides an important reference for the research and development of core removal equipment of other multi‐core fruits. Crab‐apple fruit slices processing enterprises mostly use manual or semi‐automatic equipment for the crab‐apple removal, which restricts development of local crab‐apple processing industry chain. The study has designed an automatic crab‐apple removal and slicing equipment based on the study of physical characters of crab‐apple and analysis of different cutting wedge surface. The experimental results of crab‐apple physical characters show that the crab‐apple pulp is anisotropic. The site test results show that the equipment significantly improves the level of automation. And the core removal method also provide reference for other multi‐core fruits.
Three‐dimensional vs two‐dimensional endoscopic approach in urogynecology: A retrospective cohort study of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy
Authors: Degirmenci Yaman , Schepers Markus , Steetskamp Joscha , Hasenburg Annette , Skala Christine
Published: December 2022

Aim

The gold standard to treat an apical pelvic organ prolapse is the abdominal route via a sacrocolpopexy, which is also reproduced by laparoscopic route. A laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy however, requires surgical expertise. Three‐dimensional (3D) laparoscopy has been developed to overcome the lack of depth perception, that is a known disadvantage of conventional two‐dimensional (2D) laparoscopy. This procedure can accelerate the learning curve and optimize the intra‐, peri‐, and postoperative outcomes. This study aims to compare 3D laparoscopy to traditional 2D laparoscopy for sacrocolpopexy.

Methods

Data from 132 patients who underwent a sacrocolpopexy with 2D or 3D laparoscopy in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, between June 2012 and September 2021, were collected retrospectively. Seventy‐one laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy operations in 2D (n = 23) and 3D (n = 48) group were reviewed and compared regarding the duration of surgery, blood loss and the length of hospital admission as primary objectives.

Results

There were no differences in the baseline demographics between the two groups. The estimated blood loss (1.0 (±0.6) g/dL vs 1.7 (±1.0) g/dL, p = 0.010), and duration of surgery (115.4 (±34.7) min. vs 134.7 (±26.2) min., p = 0.012) was significantly better in favor of 3D laparoscopy. The length of hospital stay was comparable in both groups (p = 0.833). Furthermore, no differences were observed between the groups regarding other surgical outcomes.

Conclusion

3D laparoscopy shows a significant benefit in terms of estimated blood loss and surgery duration among complex urogynecological surgeries compared to traditional 2D laparoscopy.
Proximal and distal honor fit and subjective well‐being in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Kirchner‐Häusler Alexander , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Uskul Ayse K. , Vignoles Vivian L. , Rodríguez‐Bailón Rosa , Castillo Vanessa A. , Cross Susan E. , Gezici‐Yalçın Meral , Harb Charles , Husnu Shenel , Ishii Keiko , Karamaouna Panagiota , Kafetsios Konstantinos , Kateri Evangelia , Matamoros‐Lima Juan , Miniesy Rania , Na Jinkyung , Özkan Zafer , Pagliaro Stefano , Psaltis Charis , Rabie Dina , Teresi Manuel , Uchida Yukiko
Published: December 2022

Objective

People's psychological tendencies are attuned to their sociocultural context and culture‐specific ways of being, feeling, and thinking are believed to assist individuals in successfully navigating their environment. Supporting this idea, a stronger “fit” with one's cultural environment has often been linked to positive psychological outcomes. The current research expands the cultural, conceptual, and methodological space of cultural fit research by exploring the link between well‐being and honor, a central driver of social behavior in the Mediterranean region.

Method

Drawing on a multi‐national sample from eight countries circum‐Mediterranean (N = 2257), we examined the relationship between cultural fit in honor and well‐being at the distal level (fit with one's perceived society) using response surface analysis (RSA) and at the proximal level (fit with one's university gender group) using profile analysis.

Results

We found positive links between fit and well‐being in both distal (for some, but not all, honor facets) and proximal fit analyses (across all honor facets). Furthermore, most fit effects in the RSA were complemented with positive level effects of the predictors, with higher average honor levels predicting higher well‐being.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the interplay between individual and environmental factors in honor as well as the important role honor plays in well‐being in the Mediterranean region.
Clinical characteristics of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and immune‐mediated photodermatoses: A retrospective study of 39 patients
Authors: Yang Lu‐Hui , Saeed Ummair , Kuang Yi‐Qun , Li Yu‐Ye
Published: December 2022

Background

HIV/AIDS patients are susceptible to various infectious and inflammatory dermatoses. No systemic work has been done on HIV/AIDS patients with immune‐mediated photodermatoses in China. Here, we aim to determine the clinical features of immune‐mediated photodermatoses in HIV/AIDS patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of HIV/AIDS patients with immune‐mediated photodermatoses was carried out with demographic data, clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and follow‐up data at the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University between 2012 and 2019. The data were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 39 HIV/AIDS patients with immune‐mediated photodermatoses were enrolled, including 22 cases of polymorphic light eruption (PLE), 16 cases of chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), and one actinic reticuloid. The CD4 count at the visit of the HIV‐positive CAD group was lower than the PLE group (p = .049). The HIV‐positive CAD group was more sensitive toward UVB than the PLE group (p = .020) and had a lower MED‐UVB value (p = .044). There was no significant difference in UV tests among different categories of skin types.

Conclusion

Immune‐mediated photodermatoses are a manifestation of the advanced symptom of HIV infection, and sometimes also the presenting feature of HIV infection. Compared with HIV‐positive PLE patients, CAD patients showed higher sensitivity to UVB radiation and had a lower MED‐UVB value. The primary treatment for immune‐mediated photodermatoses in HIV/AIDS patients is HAART and sun avoidance.
Exploring the behavioral and neural correlates of semantic distance in creative writing
Authors: Fan Li , Zhuang Kaixiang , Wang Xueyang , Zhang Jingyi , Liu Cheng , Gu Jing , Qiu Jiang
Published: December 2022

Creativity is critical to economic growth and societal progress. However, assessing creativity using objective approaches remains a challenge. To address this, we employ three objective indicators based on semantic distance to quantify the originality and appropriateness of creativity by analyzing long texts in a story‐writing experiment. Global and local distances were generated separately by computing the mean distance of the whole text and the distance between adjacent sentences, and they were positively correlated with story originality in writing. Global cohesion was positively correlated with story rationality in writing, as generated by computing the semantic coherence between the text and story context. At the behavioral level, three semantic indicators were used to measure originality and appropriateness of creativity and reflected individual differences, including creative achievement and creative personality. At the neural level, global distance was best predicted by the features of the salience and default networks, whereas global cohesion corresponded to the control and salience networks. These findings point to a stable neural basis for semantic indicators and verify the idea of separating different dimensions of creativity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the significance of semantic indicators in assessing creativity and provide insights into analyzing long texts in natural paradigm.
Scale‐up of HIV index testing in an urban population: Experiences and achievements from Nairobi County, Kenya
Authors: Joel Javies Ngui , Awuor Patrick , Blanco Natalia , Lavoie Marie‐Claude C. , Lascko Taylor , Ngunu Carol , Mwangi Jonathan , Mutisya Immaculate , Ng'eno Caroline , Wangusi Rebecca , Koech Emily
Published: December 2022

Objective

To describe the implementation strategies of the index testing program across Nairobi County in Kenya, assess outcomes along the HIV index testing cascade (acceptance, elicitation ratio, HIV positivity and linkage to treatment), and assess annual changes along the HIV index testing cascade during the first 2 years of implementation.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of programmatic aggregate data collected from October 2017 to September 2019 after the roll‐out of index testing services in 48 health facilities in Nairobi County. Proportions and ratios were calculated for acceptance, elicitation ratio, testing uptake and HIV positivity. We compared these outcomes between years using a chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon sign test, and we assessed trends using the Mann‐Kendall test.

Results

Testing among eligible partners increased from 42.4% (1471/3470) to 74.9% (6114/8159) in the general population, and the positivity yield remained high across both years (25.2% in year 1 and 24.1% in year 2). Index testing positivity yield remained significantly higher than other testing modalities (24.3% vs. 1.3%, p < 0.001). The contribution of index testing services to the total number of HIV‐positive individuals identified increased from 7.5% in the first year to 28.6% in the second year (p < 0.001). More men were tested, but the positivity yield was higher among women (30.0%) and those aged 50 years or older (32.4%). Testing eligible partners in key populations (KPs) decreased from 52.4% (183/349) to 40.7% (109/268) (p = 0.674); however, the HIV positivity yield increased from 8.6% to 23.9% (p < 0.001) by the second year of implementation. The HIV positivity yield from index testing remained higher than other testing modalities (14% vs. 0.9%, p < 0.001) for KPs.

Conclusion

Index testing was well‐accepted and effective in identifying individuals living with HIV in a Kenyan urban setting across both general populations and KPs. Ongoing adaptations to the strategies deployed as part of index testing services helped improve most of the outcomes along the index testing cascade.
Surgical enlargement of the epiploic foramen in horses
Authors: Wanstrath Meghan A. , Bauck Anje G. , Smith Andrew D. , Freeman David E.
Published: December 2022

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of a method for digitally enlarging the caudal aspect of the epiploic foramen (EF).

Study design

Healthy horses and clinical cases of EF entrapment (EFE).

Animals

Fourteen healthy horses and three clinical cases.

Methods

Through a ventral midline celiotomy under general anesthesia, the EF was enlarged by digital separation of the caudal attachments of the caudate lobe of the liver from right dorsal colon, right kidney, gastropancreatic fold, and pancreas. Healthy horses were euthanized under anesthesia, and the enlarged EF was measured at necropsy.

Results

The method used for enlarging the EF did not cause clinically relevant hemorrhage, as determined by visual inspection of the EF in 14 horses at necropsy and by vital parameters under anesthesia in all horses. In clinical cases, EFE was reduced following enlargement of the EF, and no intraoperative complications were encountered. In one clinical case, necropsy at 30 days confirmed partial closure of the enlarged EF.

Conclusion

The method proposed enlarged the EF safely and effectively. Limitations of the study include the small number of clinical cases and the lack of postoperative follow‐up on the healthy horses.

Clinical significance

Enlargement of the EF at its caudal extent should be considered in selected cases of EFE in which manual reduction is difficult or protracted. Although the procedure was safe in this study, knowledge of the anatomy, practice on cadavers, and careful selection of cases with greatest need are recommended before clinical use.
Modern Steam Passenger Locomotives—Research and Design
Authors: Kiefer P. W.
Published: December 2022

This paper traces the progress of development of passenger locomotives on the New York Central System from the heavy Pacific type of 1925, to the latest combination passenger and freight design of 1940, showing the continued demand for increased power and the methods used to satisfy the requirements. A brief résumé of actual results obtained is presented and in conclusion, an expression of views is offered on possibilities for further improvement in the near future without departure from the conventional reciprocating design.
A Method of Determining the Pressure Drop for Oil-Vapor Mixtures Flowing Through Furnace Coils
Authors: Dittus F. W. , Hildebrand A.
Published: December 2022

This paper outlines a procedure for calculating pressure drops which has been used by the authors in the design of furnaces over a period of several years. The resultant total pressure drops have in each case checked closely with the calculated values. The equations given in the paper are set up to determine the pressure gradient for the part of the furnace where a liquid-vapor composition exists, particularly in the case of a vaporizing petroleum oil. The method as outlined consists of a combination of mathematical equations and graphical solutions.
Ice Prevention by the Air-Lift System at Grand Coulee
Authors: Owen T. G.
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with the results of a laboratory study of orifices for an air-lift deicing system at Grand Coulee Dam. The investigation included the testing of single-and multiple-hole arrangements of orifices of the short-tube type, the diverging-tube type, and various combinations of both. Flow patterns were studied with these various orifices discharging upward, horizontally, and downward. Special attention was devoted to the freezing phenomenon, and rules for designing a satisfactory nonfreezing orifice were proposed. An orifice was developed which gave a satisfactory balance between flow pattern, economy of operation, and nonfreezing characteristics.
The Steam-Turbine Regenerative Cycle—An Analytical Approach
Authors: Salisbury J. Kenneth
Published: December 2022

The author has found that with other conditions fixed the heat rate of a turbine depends only upon the fractional quantity of steam extracted, regardless of internal variations in the heater cycle. A method is presented in this paper for determining quickly and accurately the improvement in heat rate resulting from regenerative feedwater heating with any steam conditions. The results are shown in Fig. 1, which is useful in estimating heat rates and in settling the design of a feedwater-heating system before final design figures are completed.
Progress in Methods of Edge-Gluing Lumber and Veneers
Authors: Von Maltitz H. K. , Bolling O.
Published: December 2022

Boards for lumber cores of plywood, for solid-dimension stock, such as chair seats, solid tops, etc., are still almost universally edge-glued together with conventional cold-setting glues, i.e., animal, vegetable, and casein. Veneers are still widely taped together and, when edge-glued without tape, are generally glued with prespread animal glue. This paper describes new methods and machines for edge-gluing lumber and veneer with waterproof and water-resistant heat-setting adhesives, particularly urea-form-aldehyde resin, and points out the advantages gained through adoption of these new methods.
Studies on the Cracking of Boiler Plate
Authors: Bird P. G. , Johnson E. G.
Published: December 2022

This paper reports a series of tests on the cracking of boiler steel, based upon the use of the Schroeder embrittlement detector. Two types of waters were employed, one consisting of synthetic solutions and the other of boiler waters. The results are reported in comprehensive tables which show the amount and kind of inhibitor added, the water analysis, the amount of organic matter as indicated by the Tyrosin test, and other pertinent data. The tests show that, of the inorganic substances used to inhibit cracking, sodium nitrate is one of the best when combined with organic matter. With a given feedwater, it was found that ever-increasing amounts of inhibitors are required as the number of concentrations increases. This unit should be used only by skilled operators.
Field Data From the Embrittlement Detector
Authors: Partridge E. P. , Kaufman C. E. , Hall R. E.
Published: December 2022

This paper constitutes a progress report based on test data from 100 embrittlement detectors installed on operating boilers to ascertain the embrittling tendency of the respective boiler waters. Not until more than 10 years after the well-known sulphate-alkalinity ratios were formulated and published in the A.S.M.E. Boiler Code of 1926 were means devised whereby the tendency of an actual boiler water to cause cracking could be tested. Mention is made of the apparatus designed for laboratory use, developed by Straub and Bradbury, and the embrittlement detector of Schroeder and his associates for installation on an operating boiler. The tests reported by the authors were carried out by means of the latter. The procedure followed and the effects of various inhibitors used are given in some detail and the results are presented in the form of a series of graphs. The authors in conclusion suggest that boiler operators, faced with the problem of embrittlement cracking, take advantage of the testing methods now available, and determine the conditions which they can economically and effectively maintain in their boilers to minimize the difficulty.
Relaxation Resistance of Nickel-Alloy Springs
Authors: Betty B. B. , MacQueen E. C. , Rolle Carl
Published: December 2022

As a result of a series of tests reported in this paper, stresses required to produce 2, 4, and 6 per cent load loss, or relaxation, in coil springs, held at constant height and constant temperature, have been determined by the authors for several alloys, namely, Monel, “K” Monel, “Z” nickel, and Inconel. Successive test temperatures from 300 F to 700 F were used. The range of temperature over which these several alloys can be used successfully, when load loss is a criterion, has been determined. “K” Monel, “Z” nickel, and Inconel have been found to be comparable, in this respect, to high-alloy spring steels, while Monel is more nearly comparable to low-alloy steels.
Problems in Water-Steam Cycle of Central Steam-Generating and Decentralized Control Systems, Parkchester
Authors: Powell S. T. , Dondero J. A.
Published: December 2022

Parkchester, located in the Bronx, New York City, is the largest apartment community in the world, having 58 buildings, containing 12,273 apartments, which eventually will accommodate nearly 40,000 persons. The entire group of buildings is heated by a central steam-generating plant, and all condensate is collected at individual groups of buildings and returned to the central plant in an ingenious and novel collection system. To avoid corrosion of the distribution and condensate-return lines required the generation of steam of the highest quality. Numerous engineering problems were encountered and had to be economically solved in the basic design of the various structures. The project is now completed and the period of initial operation has demonstrated the soundness of the development. This paper presents a general discussion of certain problems which occurred in this development, emphasis being placed on the engineering aspects.
Correlation of Coefficient of Friction With Drilling Torque and Thrust for Different Types of Cutting Fluids
Authors: Schmidt A. O. , Gilbert W. W. , Boston O. W.
Published: December 2022

The authors report results of a series of tests made to determine the lubricating effects of a wide variety of cutting fluids on the forces involved in drilling. The investigation was conducted in the metal processing laboratories of the University of Michigan. Torque and thrust, from which the coefficient of friction was obtained, were measured on a special lubrication dynamometer and recorded graphically. Brief specifications are given for the cutting fluids used. The technique for carrying out lubrication tests and the results obtained are discussed, as well as those for the drilling tests. A comprehensive series of graphs showing test results accompanies the paper, and clearly defined conclusions are drawn from the investigation.
Optimum Settings for Automatic Controllers
Authors: Ziegler J. G. , Nichols N. B.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the three principal control effects found in present controllers are examined and practical names and units of measurement are proposed for each effect. Corresponding units are proposed for a classification of industrial processes in terms of the two principal characteristics affecting their controllability. Formulas are given which enable the controller settings to be determined from the experimental or calculated values of the lag and unit reaction rate of the process to be controlled. These units form the basis of a quick method for adjusting a controller on the job. The effect of varying each controller setting is shown in a series of chart records. It is believed that the conceptions of control presented in this paper will be of assistance in the adjustment of existing controller applications and in the design of new installations.
Condensation of Saturated Freon-12 Vapor on a Bank of Horizontal Tubes
Authors: Young F. L. , Wohlenberg W. J.
Published: December 2022

The condensate film formed on tubes below the top tube, in a vertical bank of horizontal tubes, differs from that formed on the top tube because condensate formed on higher tubes drops or runs off to lower tubes, thus affecting the rate of heat transfer at the lower tubes. This paper includes the results of an experimental investigation of such effects on the heat transfer when saturated Freon-12 vapor condenses on the outsides of such a bank of tubes. The result as to film coefficient is correlated with Nusselt’s number for condensation and reasonably good agreement is found with the results deduced from Nusselt’s theory of condensation in so far as trends are concerned.
Don't force it! Gradient speech categorization calls for continuous categorization tasks
Authors: Apfelbaum Keith S. , Kutlu Ethan , McMurray Bob , Kapnoula Efthymia C.
Published: December 2022

Research on speech categorization and phoneme recognition has relied heavily on tasks in which participants listen to stimuli from a speech continuum and are asked to either classify each stimulus (identification) or discriminate between them (discrimination). Such tasks rest on assumptions about how perception maps onto discrete responses that have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we identify critical challenges in the link between these tasks and theories of speech categorization. In particular, we show that patterns that have traditionally been linked to categorical perception could arise despite continuous underlying perception and that patterns that run counter to categorical perception could arise despite underlying categorical perception. We describe an alternative measure of speech perception using a visual analog scale that better differentiates between processes at play in speech categorization, and we review some recent findings that show how this task can be used to better inform our theories.
Study of acoustic propagation across an oceanic front at the edge of the New England shelf
Authors: Ozanich Emma , Gawarkiewicz Glen , Lin Ying-Tsong
Published: December 2022

Propagation of low-frequency sound across a warm core ring-enhanced oceanic front at lower horizontal grazing angles is presented. The data were collected from an experimental source tow conducted during the New England Shelf Break Acoustics (NESBA) experiments in spring 2021. The 3 h tow track provides spatiotemporal measurements of acoustic propagation through the front across varying geometries. Coincident oceanographic measurements are used to estimate the strong temperature gradient of the water column and three-dimensional (3D) sound speed field. Two-dimensional (2D) adiabatic mode and full-field sound propagation models are utilized to investigate the acoustic sensitivity to the frontal structure. Then, the joint effects of acoustic ducting and bathymetric slope refraction are examined using 3D sound propagation models. Key components of the measured acoustic impulse response are captured in the 3D numerical model, and the sensitivity of low-frequency propagation to the front geometry is demonstrated.
Keeping brown fat brown
Authors: Baek Amy E.
Published: December 2022

The multilocular phenotype of brown adipose tissue is determined by an ER–lipid droplet anchoring protein.
Disrupting the ArcA Regulatory Network Amplifies the Fitness Cost of Tetracycline Resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Arrieta-Ortiz Mario L. , Pan Min , Kaur Amardeep , Pepper-Tunick Evan , Srinivas Vivek , Dash Ananya , Immanuel Selva Rupa Christinal , Brooks Aaron N. , Shepherd Tyson R. , Baliga Nitin S.
Published: December 2022

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to be the cause of >10 million deaths annually by 2050. While efforts to find new potent antibiotics are effective, they are expensive and outpaced by the rate at which new resistant strains emerge.
E. coli Toxin YjjJ (HipH) Is a Ser/Thr Protein Kinase That Impacts Cell Division, Carbon Metabolism, and Ribosome Assembly
Authors: Gratani Fabio Lino , Englert Till , Nashier Payal , Sass Peter , Czech Laura , Neumann Niels , Doello Sofia , Mann Petra , Blobelt Rudolf , Alberti Siegfried , Forchhammer Karl , Bange Gert , Höfer Katharina , Macek Boris
Published: December 2022

Adaptation to growth condition is the key for bacterial survival, and protein phosphorylation is one of the strategies adopted to transduce extracellular signal in physiological response. In a previous work, we identified YjjJ, a putative kinase, as target of the persistence-related HipA kinase.
OTU7B Modulates the Mosquito Immune Response to Beauveria bassiana Infection via Deubiquitination of the Toll Adaptor TRAF4
Authors: Wang Yanhong , Chang Mengmeng , Wang Mao , Ji Yannan , Sun Xiaomei , Raikhel Alexander S. , Zou Zhen
Published: December 2022

Insects use innate immunity to defend against microbial infection. The Toll pathway is a major immune signaling pathway that is associated with the antifungal immune response in mosquitoes.
Location and shape of the Lhasa terrane prior to India-Asia collision
Authors: Bian Weiwei , Wang Suo , Yao Yong , Jiao Xianwei , Peng Wenxiao , Yang Tianshui , Zhang Shihong , Wu Huaichun , Li Haiyan , Deng Chenglong
Published: December 2022

The precollisional location and shape of the Lhasa terrane are crucial for constraining the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and the ensuing India-Asia collision; however, estimation of these features of the Lhasa terrane remains highly controversial. Here, we carried out a new paleomagnetic investigation on the Lower Cretaceous Duoni Formation red beds in the central-eastern Lhasa terrane. The tilt-corrected site-mean direction is declination (Ds) = 339.0°, inclination (Is) = 26.8°, ks = 78.4, and α95 = 2.3° (k—precision parameter; α95—the radius that the mean direction lies within 95% confidence; s—stratigraphic coordinates) (N = 50), corresponding to a paleopole at 64.2°N, 324.2°E, with A95 = 1.9° (A95—the radius that the mean pole lies within 95% confidence). These new paleomagnetic data pass a positive fold test and indicate that the studied area was located at 14.3 ± 1.9°N during the Early Cretaceous. No significant inclination shallowing is present in the Lower Cretaceous Duoni Formation red beds. Our new results, combined with previously published reliable Cretaceous paleomagnetic results, show that the Lhasa terrane was located at a paleolatitude of ∼22.9°N to 10.1°N from west to east and was oriented at ∼298°−296° prior to India-Asia collision.
100 k.y. pacing of the East Asian summer monsoon over the past five glacial cycles inferred from land snails
Authors: Bao Rui , Sheng Xuefen , Meng Xianqiang , Li Tao , Li Chenglong , Shen Hua , Da Jiawei , Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun
Published: December 2022

The effects of orbital forcing on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) after the mid-Pleistocene transition are controversial. Chinese cave δ18O records only show low-latitude ∼20 k.y. cycles, while pedogenic proxy records from Chinese loess are dominated by highlatitude 100 k.y. cycles. This discrepancy may result from the multicomponent origin of proxies, particularly for pedogenic signals in loess deposits, where the primary climatic signals are modified by pedogenic smoothing, leaching, and changes in sedimentation rate, and the latter are also being forced by 100 k.y. cycles. We present an EASM record spanning the past 470 k.y. from the central Chinese Loess Plateau based on the δ13C values of land snail shells (δ13Cshell), which eliminates the influence of the above processes and exclusively records the local past EASM precipitation. The δ13Cshell record is dominated by the 100 k.y. cycle, with more depleted values during interglacials compared to glacials. At the end of marine isotope stage (MIS) 11, δ13Cshell-based precipitation remained at an interglacial level following the MIS 11 super-interglacial climate in the Northern Hemisphere, although a glacial period had commenced on a global basis. Overall, our δ13Cshell record is highly coupled with high-northern-latitude ice-volume variations, possibly supporting the high-latitude forcing of the EASM.
Subsurface heat and salts cause exceptionally limited methane hydrate stability in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Camerlenghi A. , Corradin C. , Tinivella U. , Giustiniani M. , Bertoni C.
Published: December 2022

Knowledge of the global reservoir of submarine gas hydrates is of great relevance for understanding global climate dynamics, submarine geohazards, and unconventional hydrocarbon energy resources. Despite the expected presence of gas hydrates from modeling studies, the land-locked Mediterranean Basin displays a lack of evidence of extensive gas hydrate presence from samples and seismic data. We modeled the theoretical Mediterranean distribution of methane hydrate below the seafloor and in the water column using available geological information provided by 44 Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) boreholes, measured geothermal gradients, and thermohaline characteristics of the water masses. We find that the pervasive presence of high-salinity waters in sediments, coupled with the unique warm and salty water column, limit the thickness of the theoretical methane hydrate stability zone in the subsurface and deepen its top surface to 1163–1391 m water depth. The theoretical distribution of methane hydrates coincides well with the distribution of shallow, low-permeability Messinian salt deposits, further limiting the formation of pervasive gas hydrate fronts and controlling their or distribution due to the prevention of upward hydrocarbon gas migration. We conclude that the Mediterranean Basin, hosting the youngest salt giant on Earth, is not prone to the widespread formation and preservation of gas hydrates in the subsurface and that the gas hydrate potential of salt-bearing rifted continental margins may be considerably decreased by the presence of subsurface brines.
Shale mobility: From salt-like shale flow to fluid mobilization in gravity-driven deformation, the late Albian–Turonian White Pointer Delta (Ceduna Subbasin, Great Bight, Australia)
Authors: Dinc Gulce , Callot Jean-Paul , Ringenbach Jean-Claude
Published: December 2022

Large offshore depocenters above a weak detachment level (either salt or shale) can undergo gravity spreading and/or gliding. The gravitational systems (e.g., gliding deltas) are classically composed of an updip domain affected by extensional listric normal faults and a downdip domain affected by toe thrusts. While the role of salt in such systems is a classic tectonic process, the role and mechanical behavior of mobile shale levels in shale-prone gravity-driven systems are increasingly questioned. A three-dimensional seismic data set in the Ceduna Subbasin (Australia) displays the late Albian–Turonian White Pointer Delta (WPD) as having an unusual diversity of shale-cored structures. The early flow of shale resulted in depocenters showing wedges, internal unconformities, and shale diapirs and ridges, while fluidization of shales underneath a significant burial resulted in mud volcanism, secondary radial fault sets, and collapse features beneath the Campanian–Maastrichtian Hammerhead Delta, which lies above the WPD. Massive shale mobilization, together with downdip shortening and distal margin uplift, localized a major thrust in the core of the basin, ending the downward-propagating failure of the WPD. Mobilization of thick shale intervals, either as salt-like flow or mud volcanism, appears to have been a key process in the deformation, which should be considered at large scale for worldwide gravity-driven deformation systems.
Higher fasting glucose, triglycerides, resting pulse rate and high-sensitivity C reactive protein in adipose insulin-resistant but normal weight young Japanese women
Authors: Minato-Inokawa Satomi , Honda Mari , Tsuboi-Kaji Ayaka , Takeuchi Mika , Kitaoka Kaori , Takenouchi Akiko , Kurata Miki , Wu Bin , Kazumi Tsutomu , Fukuo Keisuke
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Adipose insulin-resistant but normal weight phenotype has not been reported and hence was characterized in young Japanese women.

Research design and methods

Body composition, a broad range of cardiometabolic health and dietary intake were cross-sectionally measured in 166 normal weight young Japanese women. They were grouped into tertile of adipose tissue-insulin resistance (AT-IR) index (fasting insulin×free fatty acids) and analyzed by analysis of variance and then Bonferroni’s multiple comparison procedure.

Results

Body mass index averaged <21 kg/m2and waist <72 cm, and did not differ among three groups of women. Fasting glucose and triglycerides and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance were higher in the highest compared with the median and lowest AT-IR tertile. However, there was no difference in fat mass and distribution, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and resting pulse rate were higher as well. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, fasting glucose (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.18, p=0.012), fasting triglycerides (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.06, p<0.001), resting pulse rate (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.11, p<0.001) and hsCRP (OR: 2.30, 95% CI: 1.01 to 5.2, p=0.04) were associated with the high AT-IR tertile.

Conclusions

Adipose insulin-resistant but normal weight phenotype may be associated with increased sympathetic nervous system and low-grade systemic inflammation in addition to glucose and lipid dysmetabolism through mechanisms unrelated to adiposity in young Japanese women.