bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcrete profile development in Quaternary alluvial sequences, southeast Spain: implications for using calcretes as a basis for landform chronologies
Authors: Candy Ian , Black Stuart , Sellwood Bruce W. , Rowan John S.
Published: February 2003

A detailed study of the morphology and micro‐morphology of Quaternary alluvial calcrete profiles from the Sorbas Basin shows that calcretes may be morphologically simple or complex. The ‘simple’ profiles reflect pedogenesis occurring after alluvial terrace formation and consist of a single pedogenic horizon near the land surface. The ‘complex’ profiles reflect the occurrence of multiple calcrete events during terrace sediment aggradation and further periods of pedogenesis after terrace formation. These ‘complex’ calcrete profiles are consequently described as composite profiles. The exact morphology of the composite profiles depends upon: (1) the number of calcrete‐forming events occurring during terrace sediment aggradation; (2) the amount of sediment accretion that occurs between each period of calcrete formation; and (3) the degree of pedogenesis after terrace formation. Simple calcrete profiles are most useful in establishing landform chronologies because they represent a single phase of pedogenesis after terrace formation. Composite profiles are more problematic. Pedogenic calcretes that form within them may inherit carbonate from calcrete horizons occurring lower down in the terrace sediments. In addition erosion may lead to the exhumation of older calcretes within the terrace sediment. Calcrete ‘inheritance’ may make pedogenic horizons appear more mature than they actually are and produce horizons containing carbonate embracing a range of ages. Calcrete exhumation exposes calcrete horizons whose morphology and radiometric ages are wholly unrelated to terrace surface age. Composite profiles are, therefore, only suitable for chronological studies if the pedogenic horizon capping the terrace sequence can be clearly distinguished from earlier calcrete‐forming events. Thus, a detailed morphological/micro‐morphological study is required before any chronological study is undertaken. This is the only way to establish whether particular calcrete profiles are suitable for dating purposes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A process‐based conversion model for caesium‐137 derived erosion rates on agricultural land: an integrated spatial approach
Authors: Van Oost K. , Govers G. , Van Muysen W.
Published: February 2003

There is increasing recognition that 137Cs data remain one of the few sources of spatially distributed information concerning soil erosion. However, many of the conversion models that have been used to convert 137Cs data into soil redistribution rates failed to account for some of the key factors affecting the redistribution of 137Cs in agricultural landscapes. The conversion model presented in this paper aims to overcome some of the limitations associated with existing models and therefore to provide more realistic estimates of soil erosion rates on agricultural land. The conversion model aims at coupling soil redistribution processes directly with 137Cs redistribution. Emphasis is placed on the spatial representation of soil redistribution processes and the adequate simulation of tillage processes. The benefits of the presented model arise from the two‐dimensional spatial integration of mass balance models with soil erosion models. No a priori assumptions about the intensity of any soil redistribution process are necessary and the level of agreement between observed and simulated 137Cs inventories enables us to evaluate the performance of the model. The spatial implementation and the use of fuzzy parameter sets also allow us to assess the uncertainties associated with soil erosion estimates. It was shown that an adequate simulation of tillage processes is necessary and that simplified tillage models may lead to erroneous estimates of soil redistribution. The model was successfully applied to a study site in the Belgian Loam Belt and the results indicated that tillage is the dominant process. Furthermore, the uncertainties associated with the estimation of water erosion rates were much higher than those associated with tillage, especially for depositional areas. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropic aggradation of the Waiho River, Westland, New Zealand: microscale modelling
Authors: Davies Timothy R. H. , McSaveney Mauri J. , Clarkson Paul J.
Published: February 2003

Long‐term aggradation of the Waiho River, South Westland, New Zealand, has now raised the head of its alluvial fan to unprecedented elevations. In its natural state the river would, like all other major rivers in the area, be somewhat incised into its fanhead. The only relevant factor able to account for the aggradation is the presence of control banks (‘stopbanks’ in local parlance) that restrict the ability of the river to move over the whole of its natural fanhead.

A 1 : 3333 scale physical hydraulic model (a ‘microscale’ model) was used to study this situation. An alluvial fan was generated in the model and allowed to develop to equilibrium with steady inputs of water and sediment within boundaries geometrically similar to those of the natural unrestricted Waiho River. The boundaries were then altered to represent the presence of the stopbanks, and the fan allowed to continue evolving under the same water and sediment inputs. The model fanhead aggraded in a spatial pattern similar to that recorded on the Waiho.

Taking into consideration the limitations of microscale modelling, these results indicate that the aggradation in the Waiho is a result of the lateral restriction of the river by stopbanks. This poses fundamental questions about the variables that control the behaviour of alluvial fans. The results also suggest that microscale modelling can be used to make reliable quantitative predictions of the effects of engineering works on rivers, in spite of the low level of dynamic similarity with the prototype compared to that in larger‐scale models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussion on ‘The extent of soil erosion in Upland England and Wales’
Authors: Warburton J. , Evans M. G. , Johnson R. M.
Published: February 2003

A recent survey by McHugh et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2002, Vol. 27, pp. 99–107), on the extent of soil erosion in upland England and Wales has several important limitations which should be considered when evaluating the significance of the results. The main limitations focus on an inadequate definition of the field survey methods; a lack of appreciation of the geomorphological context of the results; and no linking of erosion loss to timescale. An alternative approach based on sediment budget analysis provides reliable estimates of erosion and deposition; an indication of how upland sediment systems operate; and the relative significance of slope and channel processes. We believe it is more productive to have several strategically placed sediment budget assessments in the uplands of England and Wales than a rigid countrywide grid survey. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to discussion on ‘The extent of soil erosion in upland England and Wales’
Authors: McHugh M. , Harrod T. R. , Morgan R. P. C.
Published: February 2003

The research described in the paper by McHugh et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2002, Vol. 27, pp. 99–107) was based upon a fundamental, national baseline study initiated to assess, in an objective and statistically sound manner, the scale of upland soil erosion in England and Wales. It was proposed in direct response to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's concern over loss of upland soils and on the basis that catchment‐based studies, which may be used to understand erosion in those catchments, are of limited value in understanding erosion within the uplands as a whole.

To achieve its objectives, the research was conducted at a single scale and focused on assessment of individual erosion features within over four hundred upland field sites. The research suggestions raised by Warburton et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2003, Vol. 28, pp. 219–223), which included appreciation of the context of the plots within the larger sediment system and investigation of the fate of mobilized sediments, are valid but do not pertain to the research described by McHugh et al.

Here we address the principal observation of Warburton et al. by clarifying methodological points on the assessment of the scale of erosion and deposition features. We also outline why the research was not an attempt to end discussion on the issue but was rather a first attempt to evaluate upland soil erosion in England and Wales, to contribute to an understanding of upland conditions and to provide a baseline study for further research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of menadione (vitamin K3) addition on lipid oxidation and tocopherol content in plant oils
Authors: Kupczyk Bogumiła , Gogolewski Marek
Published: February 2003

The effect of added menadione (vitamin K3) to stored corn and wheat germ oil on the dissolution and dimerization of natural tocopherols and auto‐oxidation of triacylglycerols were investigated. Samples of corn and wheat germ oils pure and with added menadione were stored at +20°C in brown and transparent glass bottles. During storage their peroxide value, changes of the content of fatty acids and dissolution of tocopherols were measured. Destruction of individual tocopherols in tested oils with added menadione stored in both dark and transparent glass bottles was greater than in these oil samples without menadione. However, the degradation of individual tocopherols was different in each oil. Addition of menadione to the both oils resulted in accelerated the process of auto‐oxidation of these oils. The corn oil stored in transparent bottles was oxidized faster than the one stored in brown bottles. The pro‐oxidant activity of menadione was additionally activated by light. In contrast, in the cause of germ oil, the process of auto‐oxidation was very fast regardless of sort of container. Addition of menadione to the plant oils influenced the dissolution of natural tocopherols but did not influence the dimerization of tocopherols. As from the experiment, the addition of menadione to the oils decreased their nutritive value.
A parrtial supplementation of pasteurized milk with vitamin C, iron and zinc
Authors: Biringen Löker G. , Uǧur M. , Yıldız M.
Published: February 2003

After supplementation trials, vitamin C, iron and zinc levels were increased by 1789%, 59% and 30%, respectively. Partially supplemented pasteurized milk could be a new alternative with its high nutritive value, good sensory properties and low cost.
Presence of two forms of methylated (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate in green tea
Authors: Amarowicz Ryszard , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: February 2003

Crude catechins extract from Chinese green tea were fractionated using Sephadex LH‐20 column chromatography. The fraction containing (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) was then subjected to a semipreparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using a mobile phase of water : dimethyl formamide : methanol : acetic acid (157 : 49 : 2 : 1 v/v/v/v( the mixture of two methylated catechins was separated and isolated. According to mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) date, these compounds were identified as (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐(3‐O‐methylgallate) and (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐(4‐O‐methylgallate).
Effect of temperature on sorption isotherms of Brussels sprout
Authors: Irzyniec Zbigniew , Klimczak Jolanta
Published: February 2003

The effect of temperature (0, 20 and 40°C) on sorptivity of freeze‐dried Brussels sprout was studied. It was checked which of the sorption isotherm equations that included temperature was the best to estimate experimental data. The surface area of a monolayer and isosteric heat of sorption was calculated. From the tested equations the Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer (GAB) and Oswin equations appeared to be the best for describing sorption isotherms of freeze‐dried Brussels sprout. The Clausius‐Clapeyron equation was found suitable for the calculation of pure isosteric heat of sorption.
Biochemical and physical properties of some walnut genotypes (Juglans regia, L.)
Authors: Çaǧlarırmak Necla
Published: February 2003

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a plant that has significant economical value and medicinal importance for human health. It is consumed in large quantities by people, therefore, it has a very important place in the public nutritive habits. Turkey has a very good walnut population of walnut varieties when compared to other parts of the world. Our objective was to investigate kernel properties and fatty acid composition, proximate composition and minerals of genotypes that are commonly grown in Turkey. Investigated genotypes were S¸ebin‐Type‐I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozanı and Güvenli. Physical properties are attributed to quality criteria of nuts. S¸ebin Type‐I and Güvenli showed a good quality according to the test results. Average fatty acid compositions of genotypes (%) were 16 : 0; 6.88, 18 : 0; 7.50, 18 : 1; 21.16, 18.2; 43.41, 18 : 3; 6.25: 20 : 0; 11.75 for S¸ebin‐Type‐I, Körcegöz, Karabodur, Tozanlı and Güvenli, respectively. Proximate compounds (%) were: protein, 13.77; ash, 1.81; moisture, 2.98; fat, 62.84; total carbohydrate, 18.67. Average mineral contents (mg/100 g) were: P, 316.0; K, 270.0; Ca, 85.0; Mg, 90.0; Zn, 2.01; Mn, 2.46; Cu, 1.01; Fe, 2.90; B, 1.03.
Effects of ochratoxin A on micronucleus frequenncy in human lymphocytes
Authors: Dönmez‐Altuntaş Hamiyet , Hamurcu Zuhal , İmamoǧlu Nalan , Liman Bilal Cem
Published: February 2003

Ochratoxin A (OTA( a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, was investigated to examine its potency to induce micronuclei (MN) in cultured human lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cultures were treated for the last 48 h with OTA at concentrations of 25 μM, 10 μM, 1 μM, 100 nM, 10 nM, 1 nM, and 100 pM and absolute ethanol. At the highest concentration, OTA was found to induce MN in cytokinesis‐blocked lymphocytes (p < 05). The 25 μM OTA concentration also led to a clear decrease in the percentage of binucleated cells, probably due to cytotoxicity. OTA at the other concentrations tested did not induce MN frequency. These results indicate that a high concentration of OTA is genotoxic in cultured human lymphocytes.
Application of regression analysis as a method to determine total ash content in some selected nectar honeys
Authors: Popek Stanisław
Published: February 2003

We developed a new, indirect method for the determination of mineral substances, expressed as total ash content in bee honey varieities, based on a multiple regression model. This time‐saving and effective method could serve as a new procedure in routine quality control plans of bee honey varieties.
Identification of honey types
Authors: Popek Stanisław
Published: February 2003

In order to develop a procedure to identify a type and variety of honeys, basing on the physicochemical parameters of honey quality, two‐phase calculations were conducted. A method of discrimination analysis was used. Moreover, a model to use while identifying honeys was proposed.
Antioxidant activity of Egyptian Eucalyptus camaldulensisvar. brevirostrisleaf extracts
Authors: El‐Ghorab Ahmed H. , El‐Massry Khaled F. , Marx Friedhelm , Fadel Hoda M.
Published: February 2003

Leaves from Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. brevirostris trees, planted in the Nile delta in Egypt, were examined for the antioxidant activity of their nonvolatile compounds. The extracts obtained by ethanol digestion and by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE; CO2 with 15% ethanol) showed the most promising antioxidative activities. In order to identify the most active compounds, both extracts were subjected to a semipreparative reversed‐phase HPLC separation, the main fractions were collected, tested for antioxidative activity and analysed by different chromatographical and spectroscopical methods for identification of the most relevant compounds. Gallic and ellagic acid were found to be the prevailing antioxidants in the ethanolic extract. The main two compounds of the SFE extract with antioxidative activity revealed to be flavones. To a high degree of probability they were identified as 5‐hydroxy‐7,4′‐dimethoxy flavone and 5‐hydroxy‐7,4′‐dimethoxy‐8‐methyl flavone, respectively. The extracts obtained by ethanol digestion were dried and administered to rats for toxicity evaluation (up to 3 g/kg body weight). No mortality was observed which indicates a very low lethality of the tested extract.
Effect of hydrothermal processing on carrot carotenoids changes and interactions with dietary fiber
Authors: Borowska Julitta , Kowalska Marta , Czaplicki Sylwester , Zadernowski Ryszard
Published: February 2003

The aim of the studies was to determine the effect of different methods of heat treatment on carotenoids changes and their interactions with insoluble and soluble dietary fiber. Three industrial varieties of carrot – Simba, Caropak and Fayette constituted the experimental material. Carrot cubes were subjected to heat treatment by putting in water with or without citric acid, or in a convection‐type steam furnace. The total content of α‐ and β‐carotene was determined in all kinds of pureed carrots. Its amount bounded with insoluble dietary fiber and pectins was also determined. Changes in soluble and insoluble fractions of dietary fiber during hydrothermal treatment were also determined. It was found that the content of trans α‐ and β‐carotene in carrots decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after heat treatment, compared with the control sample. The loss observed during heat treatment in water was higher (up to 50%) than in the case of a convection‐type steam furnace. The highest decrease in the content of insoluble fraction of dietary fiber and the highest increase in soluble fraction were observed after treatment with the use of steam. An analysis of interactions between carotenoids and dietary fiber fractions after hydrothermal processing shows their stronger affinity to forming bonds with pectins than with insoluble fiber. It was also found that the effect of heat treatment parameters was significant – the highest (by six times) increase in the content of β‐carotene bounded with pectins was noted in pureed carrots processed in a convection‐type steam furnace.
Effect of selected commercial substances with cryoprotective activity on the quality of mechanically recovered, washed and frozen stored poultry meat
Authors: Stangierski J. , Kijowski J.
Published: February 2003

Investigations were conducted on mechanically recovered poultry meat (MRPM) and on protein preparation obtained from MRPM by washing it first with 1% water solution of sodium chloride and with water afterwards. The raw materials were frozen at the temperature of –23°C. The effect of added stabilizers on the quality of gels produced from fresh raw materials, and after freezing and frozen storage was assessed. The following additives were used: 1% pork hydrolizate (Pork Stock( 0.5% Cremodan containing carrageens, and 1.5% bovine blood plasma (AMP 600N). Freezing and frozen storage caused a significant reduction of functional properties of MRPM and its protein preparation. None of the examined additives protected simultaneously all the investigated functional properties of the frozen samples. The amount of thermal drip, the gel texture and the amount of protein transition heat were determined by scanning differential calorimetry. The lowest thermal drip in gels obtained from frozen‐stored samples was observed when bovine blood plasma was used as a stabilizer. On the other hand, the most advantageous protective effect on the proteins of the frozen MRPM and on the preparation, determined by mechanical strain resistance of the gels, was found with 1% pork hydrolizate added. The results of thermodynamic investigations of proteins revealed that the best protective effect on the frozen preparation was observed with 1.5% blood plasma added. No protective activity of added Cremodan on proteins of the frozen protein preparation was noted.
Assessment of the agronomic and technological characteristics of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schrank and T. spelta L.
Authors: Galterio Giovanni , Codianni Pasquale , Giusti Anna Maria , Pezzarossa Beatrice , Cannella Carlo
Published: February 2003

Recently, the people interest in natural and organic products led to a “rediscovery” of hulled wheat, particularly T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum, commonly known as “farro”. Compared with durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum( farro is characterized by low productivity and low quality semolina and flour, which makes it unsuitable for the production of bread and pasta. In this paper, the agronomic, technological and nutritional characteristics of three new varieties of farro obtained by crossing the T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum c.v. Molise with T. turgidum ssp. durum c.v. Simeto, were analysed. Data were then compared with those concerning older populations of T. turgidum and of two varieties of T. spelta. The aim of this work is to highlight the productive advantages of the new varieties and to emphasize their prospective use in the production of bread and pasta with considerable health properties due to nutritional characteristics of hulled cereals.
Production and physicochemical characterization of resistant starch type III derived from pea starch
Authors: Lehmann Undine , Rössler Christine , Schmiedl Detlef , Jacobasch Gisela
Published: February 2003

Smooth pea starch was used for the production of physiological important resistant starch type III. For reduction of the molecular weight of the starch, different strategies including enzymatic debranching and acid hydrolysis (lintnerization( were tested to obtain an optimal starting material for retrogradation. The resulting polymer chain lengths were analyzed by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. Temperature regimes and starch concentrations in gel were optimized during the retrogradation with the aim to obtain a high yield of resistant starch. Optimal conditions led to resistant starch contents up to 74%. The products were thermostable and showed no loss of resistant structures after autoclaving. The peak temperatures of the thermal transition were at approximately 147°C. The resulting resistant starch products are suitable for the generation of functional foods.
Gelatinization and pasting properties of rice starch modified with 2‐octen–1‐ylsuccinic anhydride
Authors: Shih Fred F. , Daigle Kim W.
Published: February 2003

Rice starch was modified with various levels of 2‐octen‐1‐ylsuccinic anhydride (OSA). Treatments with OSA at 3, 5, and 10% resulted in starch derivatives with 0.016, 0.033, and 0.070 degrees of substitution (DS( respectively. Thermovisco properties of the derivatives were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rapid visco analysis (RVA). Water content in the sample was found to have a significant effect on the characteristics of the DSC endotherm. Pasting properties of the OSA‐starch and the effect of pH and salt on the RVA profiles were also studied. In general, with increased OSA‐modification, the starch derivatives swelled and gelatinized at lower temperatures to achieve higher viscosities. Specifically, based on DSC analysis at 80% water, the peak temperature of gelatinization decreased from 68.5 to 63.2°C as the OSA modification increased in DS from 0 (intact starch) to 0.070. On the other hand, RVA results indicate that, for samples undergoing similar increase in OSA modification, the pasting temperature decreased from 88.7 to 51.5°C and the peak viscosity increased from 668 to 6822 cP.
Mycotoxin production in wheat grains by different Aspergilli in relation to different relative humidities and storage periods
Authors: Atalla Mohamed Mabrouk , Hassanein Naziha Mohamed , El‐Beih Ahmed Atef , Youssef Youssef Abdel‐Ghany
Published: February 2003

Four different Aspergilli (Aspergillus oryzae, A. parasiticus, A. terreus and A. versicolor) were grown on wheat grains under different degrees of relative humidity 14, 50, 74, 80 and 90%. Samples of wheat grains were taken monthly for a period of six months and examined for mycotoxin production. A. oryzae was found to produce aflatoxins B1, B2, zearalenone, DON and T‐2 toxins under elevated degrees of humidity and prolonged periods of storage. A. parasiticus produced aflatoxins B1, G1, NIV, DON and T‐2 toxins in high concentrations during a period of not more than three months storage at 14% relative humidity; at an increased level of relative humidity of 74% ochratoxin A, zearalenone and sterigmatocystin were also produced at high levels. The isolate was drastic in toxin production. A. terreus produced toxins at 14% relative humidity (aflatoxin G2 and DON) at levels much higher than any other prevalent degrees of humidity. A. versicolor is highly sensitive to relative humidity and grain moisture content. It produced aflatoxins B1, G1, NIV and DON at a relative humidity of 50% and another toxins (aflatoxin G2, ochratoxins A, B and zearalenone) at 74%. The microorganism can be considered a trichothecene producer under suitable relative humidity.
The psychometric properties of the Multi‐Dimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES) in middle aged and older populations of people with mental retardation
Authors: Sturmey P. , Tsiouris J. A. , Patti P.
Published: February 2003

Objective

To assess the internal consistency, inter–scale correlations and factor structure of the MOSES with older adults with mental retardation.

Method

A series of outpatients with mental retardation were assessed with the MOSES. 163 middle aged and older adults with mental retardation living in community settings participated.

Results

The subscales and total scale of the Multi‐Dimension Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES) were highly internally consistent. The pattern of correlations between the five scales was very similar to that reported by Dalton et al. (1999). The results of a factor analysis using varimax rotation indicated a three‐factor structure corresponding to adaptive behavior, externalizing and internalizing maladaptive behaviors.

Conclusions

The MOSES appears to be was a psychometrically adequate instrument to screen older adults with mental retardation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug treatment in depressed elderly in the Dutch community
Authors: Sonnenberg Caroline M. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , van Tilburg Willem
Published: February 2003

Objectives

In older people, a diagnosis of depression is frequently missed, and proper treatment is subsequently hampered. We investigated antidepressant and benzodiazepine use in an older community sample, and assessed possible risk factors associated with non‐treatment in depressed elderly.

Methods

Data were used from the baseline measurements of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). In a random, age and sex stratified community sample of 3107 older Dutch people (55 to 85 years), respondents were screened on depression with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D). In the depressed subsample depressive disorder according to DSM‐III was assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). The use of antidepressants and anxiolytics (benzodiazepines) in the depressed subsample was measured, and associations with age, sex, cognitive impairment, physical health and anxiety symptoms were investigated.

Results

Only 16% of the respondents with a major depressive disorder used antidepressants. More than half of them used non‐therapeutic dosages. Lower antidepressant use was associated with cognitive impairment. Benzodiazepine use was more likely than antidepressant use, which was especially evident in females in the major depressive disorder group.

Conclusions

Depressed older people were undertreated, particularly when they were cognitively impaired. A high rate of benzodiazepine use was found, particularly in females. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The attitudes of carers and old age psychiatrists towards the treatment of potentially fatal events in end‐stage dementia
Authors: Coetzee R. H. , Leask S. J. , Jones R. G.
Published: February 2003

Background

Deciding how to treat patients with end‐stage dementia developing potentially fatal events has long been contentious. Under expected new legislation the role of carers is likely to increase. Old age psychiatrists frequently have to decide between active or palliative approaches to such patients. Little is known concerning the comparative attitudes of carers and old age psychiatrists. This research examined how their attitudes differed.

Methods

A Likert scale attitudinal questionnaire was designed following a literature review and was initially distributed to a pilot group of medical students to aid in establishing reliability and validity. Subsequently it was sent to all members of the local Alzheimer's Society Branch and all the old age psychiatrists in the health region. Its validity and reliability were investigated using factor analysis and test–retest reliability. Between group comparisons were then made using the students t‐test and analysis of variance.

Results

148 carers and 34 clinicians responded. Factor analysis and test–retest analysis of students' responses validated six questions, which grouped into two factors, relating to active treatment and patient‐centred ethics. Between group comparisons revealed significant differences between carers' and clinicians' attitudes in these areas. Clinicians favoured active treatment of potentially fatal events in end‐stage dementia less than carers who more significantly valued patient‐centred issues such as dying with dignity, the patient's best interests and the patient's wishes.

Conclusions

Old age psychiatrists and carers significantly differed in their attitudes towards treatment of potentially fatal events in end‐stage dementia and this may impact on decision‐making. Considerably more clinician/carer debate and dialogue seems needed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The recognition of dementia in ‘non‐EMI’ nursing home residents in South East England
Authors: Macdonald A. J. D. , Carpenter G. I.
Published: February 2003

Objectives

To estimate the agreement between nursing staff's recognition of dementia and results of MMSE assessment in a probability sample of non‐specialist nursing home residents in South East England, and to identify correlates of disagreement.

Methods

Prospective survey. The most senior nurse on duty was interviewed about each resident sampled, and optionally about their own training and experience. Residents were interviewed using the MMSE, and assessed using the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, the Barthel ADL index, and the Behave‐AD scale for behavioural problems.

Results

135 nurses were interviewed about 445 residents—116 reported on of the 291 residents scoring 23 or less on the MMSE—34% of these were acknowledged to have dementia. 46.4% of those with MMSE scores of 15 or less were acknowledged to have dementia. ‘Missed dementia’ was associated with higher MMSE and lower Behave‐AD scores, and inversely associated with RMN training and private home ownership for profit. It was not associated with training or duration of staff employment.

Conclusions

Most cognitive impairment in non‐specialist nursing homes appeared to be unrecognised. This has implications for the prospects of good dementia care in these homes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and correlates of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in community‐dwelling elders with dementia or mild cognitive impairment: the Memory and Medical Care Study
Authors: Chan Ding‐Cheng , Kasper Judith D. , Black Betty S. , Rabins Peter V.
Published: February 2003

Background

Little is known about the prevalence and correlates of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia in community‐dwelling elders with dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

512 people with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores < 24 or a decline of at least 4 points over two administrations, and their knowledgeable informants (KI) were enrolled in the MMCS. The classification of subjects as having dementia or MCI was based on a neuropsychological battery of four tests, not a clinical diagnostic evaluation. The sample for this study included 454 subjects (dementia n = 333; MCI n = 121) and their KIs. Demographic and health‐related characteristics of subjects and KIs were obtained during KI interviews. Multivariate logistic regression was used in statistical analysis.

Results

Compared to dementia subjects, those classified as MCI had a lower prevalence (47.1% vs 66.1%) of any symptoms (psychosis, depression, or agitation), and of agitation (24.8% vs 45.1%). Symptoms of psychosis and depression also were less prevalent, even though differences did not reach statistical significance. In the dementia group symptoms were associated with a report of a physician's diagnosis of dementia, greater functional impairment, and a KI who was a child/child‐in‐law. In those with MCI, symptoms were correlated with being white, greater functional impairment, and a younger, less educated, KI.

Conclusions

Psychiatric and behavioral symptoms were common in community‐residing elders with cognitive impairment, but their prevalence and correlates differed by study classification as having dementia or MCI. Identifying and treating these symptoms may benefit patients with cognitive impairment and their families. Longitudinal studies on the predictors, changes in prevalence, and effectiveness of treatments for psychopathology of dementia are needed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of GMS‐A/AGECAT, DSM‐III‐R for dementia and depression, including subthreshold depression (SD)—results from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE)
Authors: Schaub R. T. , Linden M. , Copeland J. R. M.
Published: February 2003

Background

Empirical evaluation of the agreement between different diagnostic approaches is crucial for the understanding of epidemiological results in geriatric psychiatry.

Objectives

In this paper, we analyse differences between widely used diagnostic approaches of dementia and depression and offer evidence that diagnostic thresholds vary substantially on quantitative dimensions, but that conceptual and other differences between approaches must also been taken into account.

Methods

In an epidemiological study of n = 516 persons, aged 70–103 years, we compared psychiatric diagnoses of dementia and depression obtained by GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT, DSM‐III‐R and clinician's diagnoses of subthreshold depression (SD).

Results

For depression, cumulative prevalence of clinician's diagnosis (including SD, GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT and DSM‐III‐R defined forms) was highest, followed by GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT‐diagnosis and DSM‐III‐R, while for dementia DSM‐III‐R was followed by GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT. Overall agreement between DSM‐III‐R and GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT was moderate. Adapting thresholds for AGECAT resulted in slightly better diagnostic efficiency. Diagnostic disagreement was found predominantly for cases with intermediate symptom severity, supporting the hypothesis of differing thresholds between DSM‐III‐R and GMS‐A/HAS‐AGECAT, while cases with lower or higher symptom severity were similarily seen as cases or non‐cases.

Conclusion

Disagreement is not only caused by conceptual differences, but also different thresholds of diagnostic algorithms. Adaptation of threshold levels should be feasible, depending on the purpose of the analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the internet and of the NHS direct telephone helpline for medical information by a cognitive function clinic population
Authors: Larner A. J.
Published: February 2003

Background

Internet websites and medical telephone helplines are relatively new and huge resources of medical information (‘cybermedicine’ and ‘telemedicine’, respectively) accessible to the general public without prior recourse to a doctor.

Study Objectives

To measure use of internet websites and of the NHS Direct telephone helpline as sources of medical information by patients and their families and/or carers attending a cognitive function clinic.

Design and Setting

Consecutive patients seen by one consultant neurologist over a six‐month period in the Cognitive Function Clinic at the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, a regional neuroscience centre in Liverpool, UK.

Results

More than 50% of patients and families/carers had internet access; 27% had accessed relevant information, but none volunteered this. 82% expressed interest in, or willingness to access, websites with relevant medical information if these were suggested by the clinic doctor. Although 61% had heard of the NHS Direct telephone helpline, only 10% of all patients had used this service and few calls related to the reason for attendance at the Cognitive Function Clinic.

Conclusions

Internet access and use is common in a cognitive function clinic population. Since information from internet websites may shape health beliefs and expectations of patients and families/carers, appropriately or inappropriately, it may be important for the clinic doctor to inquire about these searches. Since most would use websites suggested by the doctor, a readiness to provide addresses for appropriate sites may prove helpful. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sertraline treatment of elderly patients with depression and cognitive impairment
Authors: Devanand D. P. , Pelton Gregory H. , Marston Kristin , Camacho Yesenia , Roose Steven P. , Stern Yaakov , Sackeim Harold A.
Published: February 2003

Background

There is little information on the efficacy and side effects of antidepressant treatment in elderly patients with combined depression and cognitive impairment without dementia (DEP‐MCI), and it is unclear if cognitive performance improves with antidepressant response in these patients.

Methods

In 39 elderly DEP‐MCI patients, changes in depression and cognitive impairment were evaluated with open sertraline treatment up to 200 mg/day for 12 weeks.

Results

Of the 26 completers, 17 were responders and nine were non‐responders. Diagnostic subtype of depression was unrelated to response. ANCOVA on WAIS‐R digit symbol percent change scores revealed a significant effect for responder status (F = 5.59, p < 0.03), and age (F = 0.24, p < 0.64) and education (F = 1.64, p < 0.22) were not significant covariates. From pre‐trial to post‐trial, responders improved in WAIS‐R digit symbol percent change scores (Mean −10% SD 24) while non‐responders declined (Mean 14% SD 18; t = 2.60, p < 0.02). Other neuropsychological measures were unrelated to response. Percent change in HRSD scores showed significant inverse correlations with percent change in several cognitive measures.

Conclusions

DEP‐MCI patients showed moderate clinical response to sertraline treatment. When responders were compared to non‐responders, cognitive improvement was limited to one measure of attention and executive function. Overall, there was little cognitive improvement with antidepressant treatment. The findings indirectly suggest that lack of improvement in cognition following treatment of depression in DEP‐MCI patients may be associated with increased risk of meeting diagnostic criteria for dementia during follow‐up. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst Singapore's elderly Chinese: a community‐based study using the ECAQ and the IQCODE
Authors: Jer Lim Hsien , P'ing Ping Lim Joy , Anthony Philomena , Hong Huang Yeo Donald , Sahadevan Suresh
Published: February 2003

Objectives

This study examined the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the elderly Chinese living in the Queenstown district of Singapore using two locally‐validated cognitive screening instruments: the Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ), and the Informant Questionnaire on the Cognitive Decline of the Elderly (IQCODE).

Methods

234 elderly Chinese subjects were randomly selected from the Queenstown district and administered the ECAQ, while their principal relatives were administered the IQCODE. The screening instruments' respective cut‐off scores to identify cognitive impairment indicative of dementia were based on local validation work.

Results

The prevalence of cognitive impairment was computed based on the percentage of failed scores on the two screening instruments. We found the prevalence of cognitive impairment to be 7.7% by ECAQ (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 4.6%–10.1%) and 13.2% by IQCODE (95% CI: 9.4%–17.7%). A similar study in 1990 using ECAQ on elderly Chinese from the Henderson district in Singapore showed a cognitive impairment prevalence of 4%. This ECAQ‐based variation between the two studies, likely indicates a true difference in prevalence rates between the two communities. On the other hand, the different ECAQ and IQCODE prevalence rates within our Queenstown study probably reflect spectrum bias, with IQCODE detecting earlier stages of dementia than ECAQ.

Conclusion

We have found the prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst Singapore's elderly to be higher than previously reported. These findings imply that current resources may be inadequate for the effective care and management of the cognitively‐impaired elderly in our aging community. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a Spanish translation of the CLOX for use in Hispanic samples: the Hispanic EPESE study
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Espino David V. , Polk Marsha J. , Verdeja Regina , Vale Sandra , Gonzales Hector , Palmer Raymond R. , Markides Kyriakos P.
Published: February 2003

Objectives

Clock drawing tests (CDT) appear to be less vulnerable to linguistic, cultural, or educational bias than traditional dementia screening instruments. We investigated a Spanish language translation of CLOX: an executive CDT, in a community sample of Hispanic elders.

Methods

In‐home CLOX evaluations of 1309 Mexican–American elders were reviewed.

Results

Both CLOX1 (an executive CDT) and CLOX2 (a constructional CDT) showed good internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha; both α = 0.82). Cultural‐demographic variables had little effect on CLOX scores. Although language had a significant effect on CLOX1 failure rates, this was not mediated by age, education, acculturation or income.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the Spanish CLOX can be validly administered to community‐based Hispanic elder samples regardless of education or acculturation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reported differences in management strategies by primary care physicians and psychiatrists in older patients who are depressed
Authors: Saarela Tuula , Engeström Ritva
Published: February 2003

Objective

To compare reported management suggestions by primary care physicians and psychiatry specialists for case vignette examples of old age depression, and to explore further training needs in geriatric depression for both professional groups.

Design

Qualitative study using case vignettes in focus groups. Single group training sessions were arranged for 25 primary care physicians and 11 psychiatrists. The same two clinical vignettes were presented at all training sessions. Written management suggestions by participants, group discussion field notes and transcripts of group session videotapes were analysed.

Results

Differences emerged in intended depression management. Primary care physicians tended to assess the symptoms as less serious and the situation as less urgent than psychiatrists. Management suggestions given by the psychiatrists included more recommendations of immediate psychiatric treatment and more precise descriptions of medication. Both groups recognized the somatic issues and were willing to assume responsibility for treatment.

Conclusions

Identifying management differences seems to benefit the professional development of both groups. Exploring and discussing the underlying reasoning leading to management differences may be a productive format for primary care doctors and psychiatric specialists to teach and learn together. It may also promote collaboration in caring for the depressed elderly. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioural disturbances in dementia patients and quality of the marital relationship
Authors: de Vugt Marjolein E. , Stevens Fred , Aalten Pauline , Lousberg Richel , Jaspers Niek , Winkens Ieke , Jolles Jellemer , Verhey Frans R. J.
Published: February 2003

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between behavioural problems in patients with dementia and changes in the marital relationship.

Methods

Fifty‐three spouse caregivers of patients with dementia participated in the study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to examine caregiver perception of changes in the quality of their relationship. Behavioural disturbances in the patient were measured with the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory (NPI).

Results

Caregivers experienced a deterioration of their relationship, yet at the same time most felt closer to their spouse now than in the past. Regression analysis revealed that patient behavioural problems were, independent of patient cognitive status or functional impairment, associated with deterioration in the quality of the relationship between patient and caregiver. Patient apathy rather than depressive mood was associated with this deterioration. Apathy diminished the amount and reciprocity of interactions between partners.

Conclusions

These results show that passive behaviour rather than excessive behaviour has most impact on the deterioration of the marital relationship. Intervention programmes should target relationship problems when problem behaviour, especially apathy, is present in patients with dementia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory for new information as a cognitive marker of liability to Alzheimer's disease in a high risk group: a research note
Authors: Rice Frances , Abraham Richard , Rudrasingham Varuni , Owen Michael J. , Williams Julie
Published: February 2003

Background

The development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often insidious and there is evidence that pre‐morbid neuropsychological deficits exist.

Objectives

To examine aspects of neuropsychological performance as cognitive markers in a group at high risk of developing AD.

Methods

Memory for novel information and verbal fluency were examined in 33 unaffected biological siblings of patients who fulfilled criteria for probable AD, and 22 controls who reported no family history of dementia.

Results

Comparisons between siblings and controls revealed significant differences on overall memory performance. This was also the case when siblings were grouped according to whether or not they possessed the apoE ε4 allele. There were no significant differences between siblings and controls on verbal fluency measures.

Conclusions

Detailed measures of memory performance may be clinically useful in groups at a high risk of developing AD. However, further longitudinal research in such high‐risk groups is needed before conclusions can be made with confidence. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐bubble emission boiling from horizontal and vertical surfaces to subcooled parallel flow water
Authors: Kumagai Satoshi , Kubo Ryo , Kawasaki Tadashi
Published: February 2003

Heat removal of more than 10 MW/m2 in heat flux has been required in high‐heat‐generation equipment in nuclear fusion reactors. In some conditions of water subcooling and velocity, there appears an extraordinary high heat flux boiling in the transition boiling region. This boiling regime is called micro‐bubble emission boiling (MEB) because many micro‐bubbles are spouted from the heat transfer surface accompanying a huge sound. The study intent is to obtain heat transfer performance of MEB in horizontal and vertical heated surfaces to parallel flow of subcooled water, comparing with CHF of this system. Three types of MEB with different heat transfer performance and bubble behavior are observed according to the flow velocity and liquid subcooling. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 32(2): 130–140, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10077