bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compensation Strategy: Determinants and Contingencies in High‐technology Organisations
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H.
Published: September 2004

The challenge facing human resource/compensation
professionals in the people‐intensive, high‐technology
industry, will be the development of
a model and strategy intended to respond to the
specific needs of unique professionals engaged in
high growth organisations. This article examines
the complex purposes of compensation, including
the eight factors contributing to the determination
of compensation levels, while considering
constraints and contingencies. Job‐based
evaluation and person‐based systems will be
examined together with individual and group
incentive plans as they impact upon growth cycles
of high‐tech firms. The innovative nature of high‐technology
organisations can be directly linked to
compensation strategies for management. These
high growth firms utilise a most unique
compensation approach which is fundamentally
different from normative organisations. They: (1)
use annual incentives, but emphasise the longer
term; (2) emphasise stock rather than long‐term
cash plans; (3) use stock options where the
manager benefits only if stock prices increase; (4)
use a much larger proportion of stock than typical
firms provide; and (5) encourage much wider use
of stock among a broad employee group.
Compensation occupies as significant a niche as
articulate strategies and leading edge
innovativeness, for high‐technology organisations.
European Integration and Human Resources: An Introduction
Authors: Johnes Geraint
Published: September 2004

By the end of 1992 many of the barriers which
still hinder trade between the European states will
have gone. This article surveys recent
developments in the European Community and
economic adjustments in response to integration;
summarising the other articles in this issue, which
consider aspects such as the social charter, labour
mobility and unemployment/employment
predictions.
Career Choices of Older Graduates
Authors: Graham Barbara
Published: September 2004

Mature graduates′ reasons for choosing degree
courses and subsequent careers are examined,
focusing on their destinations after graduation. The
study is based on replies from 1,345 older
graduates who completed full‐time degree courses
in 1987 and 1989. The findings show that the prime
motivator for choosing courses was interest in
academic subjects, while the most important
consideration in choosing a career was job
satisfaction. Mature graduates are more inclined
than younger colleagues to pursue postgraduate
study and public sector employment. The majority
of the respondents were satisfied with career
progress to date and optimistic about future
prospects. They indicated that they felt religious
and voluntary organisations, education authorities
and local government were more favourably
disposed towards older candidates, while they gave
public utilities, the media, financial and commercial
organisations a low rating. Their recommendations
included the abolition of age limits, specific mention
of mature graduates in brochures, application forms
amended to suit their needs and better selection
interview training for interviewers.
A Comprehensive Selection Process: The Key to Salesforce Retention
Authors: Shepherd C. David , Helms Marilyn M. , Haynes Paula J.
Published: September 2004

Salesforce turnover rates are increasing
dramatically. As a result, retention of good
salespeople is a critical concern for sales
managers. It is suggested that salesforce turnover
can be reduced through the use of better selection
criteria. To that end, a multiple criteria approach
is outlined for organisations to use in the
salesforce selection process. The use of this
approach will result in a better, long‐run fit
between the organisation and its salespeople,
thereby reducing turnover and improving
customer satisfaction.
Single European Labour Market Equality between Women and Men
Authors: Petraki Kottis Athena
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this article is to assess the likely
effects of the Single European Market on women′s
positions in the labour market. It is expected that
for employment in the Community as a whole
there will be a “j‐curve” evolution and a
redistribution across sectors, industries,
geographical regions and groups of people with
different socio‐economic characteristics. Because
of their lower levels of educational and skill
attainment and their unequal opportunities for
mobility, women are not expected to get an
equitable share of the benefits, while they are
most likely to bear a disproportionate part of the
costs. Only if women are offered opportunities
to improve substantially their educational and skill
levels and if the necessary institutional changes
are implemented, can they take advantage of the
challenges of the new era that is coming.
The Impact of Multinational Enterprise on Wages: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Carmichael Fiona
Published: September 2004

Considers the role of multinational enterprise in the determination of relative wages. Multinationality of the firm is incorporated in a wage‐bargaining model with asymmetric information. Indicates that the impact of multinational enterprise on wages depends on the profitability and structure of production of individual firms. Presents empirical evidence in support of the predictions which follow from the theory.
An Empirical Approach to Job Families in Large, Complex
Organizations
Authors: Kearns Jack , Paul Huo Y.
Published: September 2004

Proposes a new empirical approach to the classification of job
families. This approach reflects an attempt to incorporate data on both
the performance‐related human attributes and the nature of work or
performance itself in developing a job‐classification system. Employees′
technical or functional skills and career histories form the basis of
this rational taxonomy system. Demonstrates step‐by‐step, with the human
resource data in a large, complex organization, how a useful taxonomy of
job families may be derived from these two types of
qualification‐related data.
The Impact of Military Expenditures on Human Capital
Development in the Arab World
Authors: Looney Robert E.
Published: September 2004

Addresses the question of whether military expenditures in the Arab
world have been at the expense of human capital development. Mainly
finds that countries in the Arab world have experienced increases in
human capital development associated with increased rates of military
participation (armed forces per capita). This phenomenon is in sharp
contrast with that found in non‐Arab countries. Also this phenomenon
appears to be relatively recent, increasing in strength during the
period after 1980. In part Arab governments have chosen to subsidize the
education of increased numbers of civilians during periods of steppedup
military expenditures with the understanding that upon completion of
training those individuals will serve some time in the military.
Sample Selection in a Model of Female Labour Supply: An
Alternative Approach
Authors: Kidd Michael P.
Published: September 2004

Suggests an alternative and computationally simpler approach of
non‐random sampling of labour economics and represents an observed
outcome of an individual female′s choice of whether or not to
participate in the labour market. Concludes that there is an alternative
to the Heckman two‐step estimator.
Age Distribution as a Tracer Study Technique
Authors: Riley Michael
Published: September 2004

Picks up a current theme of manpower planning which extends the
interest of the subject into the understanding of labour market process
through detailed tracing of the historical patterns of particular
occupations. Argues the value of such tracing. Employs the technique of
biographical age distribution which is contrasted with the conventional
organizational age distribution. An experiment using a target management
occupation is used to illustrate this new technique – a method of
career and occupational analysis which circumvents difficult problems of
labour mobility.
Workforce Training in the Thatcher Era: Market Forces and
Market Failures
Authors: Greenhalgh Christine , Mavrotas George
Published: September 2004

Summarizes changing employment patterns. Documents the rising
incidence of vocational training for the economically active adult
workforce, using data from successive Labour Force Surveys, and
considers the issue of positive externalities arising from worker
mobility.
Non‐standard Work in Canada and the United Kingdom
Authors: Green Francis , Krahn Harvey , Sung Johnny
Published: September 2004

Non‐standard forms of work figure prominently in debates about the flexibility of the labour force. Non‐standard employment, in the form of part‐time jobs, own‐account self‐employment, temporary working and multiple job holding has been increasing in many industrialized countries. Contrasts its prevalence in 1989 in Canada and the UK, through a systematic secondary analysis of the Canadian General Social Survey and the UK Labour Force Survey. While the overall frequency of non‐standard work is the same in the two countries, notable cross‐national differences are observed when age, gender and industry are introduced, and when the different forms of non‐standard work are examined separately. Among the more noteworthy differences is the higher proportion of employed British women in non‐standard jobs.
Personnel Mobility and Personnel Flexibility: Conceptual
Precision and Theoretical Utility
Authors: van der Zwaan A.H.
Published: September 2004

Tries to clarify and to define more strictly some central
connotations of popular concepts in the field of personnel policy:
mobility and flexibility. Develops a model connecting these concepts
within a single theoretical scheme.
Labour Markets and Expectations
Authors: Hargreaves Heap Shaun
Published: September 2004

Incorrect inflationary expectations affect the unemployment rate,
hence the question of how expectations are formed is crucial. Examines
two hypotheses which have dominated the discussion: the adaptive (AEH)
and the rational expectations hypothesis (REH). During the 1980s it was
assumed that REH was to be preferred to AEH, but various problems with
REH have emerged. Focuses on two of these problems: whether participants
in the labour market have the requisite information; and the presence of
multiple RE equilibria. It may therefore be necessary for agents to
co‐ordinate their expectations. Suggests that institutions of the labour
market might hold the key to this question of co‐ordination.
Research Note: Organized and ″Unorganized″ Conflict in the
British Coal‐mining Industry, 1947‐83
Authors: Sapsford David , Turnbull Peter
Published: September 2004

Provides new evidence on the relationship between organized and
“unorganized” conflict in the British coal‐mining industry.
Using time series data the evidence suggests that the relationship
between alternative forms of conflict varies over time in response to
changes in collective bargaining, in particular the move from pit‐level
piece‐work bargaining to national‐level day rate bargaining. Given the
decline of strike activity in the UK and many other industrialized
economies in recent years it may be time to reasses the relationship
between “alternative” forms of industrial conflict; aims to
promote renewed interest in this topic.
Exercise in the workplace? Employee preferences
Authors: Waikar Avinash M. , Bradshaw Martha E.
Published: September 2004

Discusses musculoskeletal stress as a result of sedentary work,
which has been and still is a problem in workplaces. Simple, quick
exercises may be a low‐cost solution to this problem. Provides an
account of an investigation, the aim of which was to determine
employees′ preference about and the status of such exercise programmes
in local businesses. A questionnaire was administered to 203 employees
engaged in sedentary work in 21 south‐east Louisiana businesses. The
results show that many office, managerial and technical employees suffer
musculoskeletal discomfort and pain and that they are interested in
relieving this discomfort by participating in an exercise programme.
Very few of their companies, however, provide formal exercise
programmes. Regarding establishing an exercise programme, respondents
indicated preference for exercises targeted on specific parts of the
body and do not desire to be prompted by computer software.
Effects of age on attitudes towards working women
Authors: Misra Ranjita , Panigrahi Bhagaban
Published: September 2004

Examines attitudes regarding female labour force participation among people of different ages using National Opinion Research Centre Social Survey data. Focuses specifically on the factors associated with a pro‐feminist attitude. Demonstrates that younger people have more positive attitudes towards women working outside their homes than do older people. Men are less pro‐feminist in their attitudes than are women. Men and women disapprove of a woman working if preschool children suffer by her working. In addition to age and gender, the factors influencing attitude are income, education, religious beliefs, urban residence, born in this country, having young children in the family or expecting more children, and work years and job security. A supportive attitude for working women was associated with higher education, higher family income, residence in urban areas, liberal viewpoints, and uncertainty about having more children. The absence of correlation between employment of women and attitudes towards participation in the workforce and between marital status and attitude were especially surprising. Discusses economic, social and political implications of the findings.
The relationship between unemployment and crime
Authors: Elliott Caroline , Ellingworth Dan
Published: September 2004

Various authors have tested for the presence of a relationship between unemployment and crime, employing time‐series or cross‐sectional data. However, little use has been made of the British Crime Survey. Consequently, in the present paper, we test for the presence of a relationship between male unemployment and crime, using regional and area‐level crime data from the 1992 British Crime Survey, with socio‐economic and demographic data being taken from the 1991 census. Use of these data sets allows us to look at four differing measures of crime: we can study possible relationships between male unemployment and the incidence, and prevalence, of both property and personal crimes. Area‐level data are also employed to test more ecological explanations of spatial crime patterns.
Electronic consortia: resource sharing in the digital age
Authors: Hiremath Uma
Published: September 2004

The search for effective electronic resource sharing by libraries around the world is placed within a framework of commonly felt needs fomented by the digital age. The many forms such consortial undertakings have taken are described here. The existing challenges inherent in the consortial structure are also suggested.
Using IT in Marketing: Some Evidence from the Insurance
Industry
Authors: Watkins Trevor
Published: September 2004

Some evidence on the use made by UK insurance companies of various
forms of information technology (IT) in their sales and marketing
activities is presented. Some views on the trends in this developing use
of IT in the next two years are presented – a period when the full
implications of the Financial Services Act will be seen. The results of
recent research are analysed and some conclusions are drawn.
Branding Terminology – The Real Debate
Authors: McWilliam Gil , De Chernatony Leslie
Published: September 2004

This article argues that there are strategic implications
associated with our understanding and usage of marketing terminology, in
particular the use of the word “brand”. It shows how the
term “own‐label” has become meaningless and how the terms
“manufacturer brand” and “distributor brand” are
better descriptors. It further argues that even this distinction is not
enough. The term “brand” itself may be too broad in its
meaning to be useful. Given the variety of meanings and roles attributed
to brands, yet more clarification is required. It is suggested that when
a distinction is made between functional and representational brands
then the marketing strategies which result may be very different. The
need for such clarification is thus seen to be essential.
Planning and Control in the UK and West Germany: The
Mechanical Engineering Industry
Authors: Reid D.M. , Schlegelmilch B.B.
Published: September 2004

This study explores the cross‐cultural impact of planning and
control practices in the British and West German mechanical engineering
industries. Based on over 100 face‐to‐face interviews with chief
executives and the analysis of 210 postal questionnaires, the findings
demonstrate that contrary to the popular image of West German managers,
it is British managers who place more emphasis on control. This is
reflected in their expressed attitudes, the adoption of a more formal
approach to planning, and the frequency and types of control data that
are supplied to management.
Doing Business in China: A Framework for Cross‐cultural
Understanding
Authors: Osland Gregory E.
Published: September 2004

The process of doing business in The People′s Republic of China can
be understood better and improved through a conceptual model that
identifies and explains critical elements of their culture. An attempt
is made to fill a gap in previous work by integrating anthropological
and political theory, pertinent literature, and experience in the
Chinese context. The model reveals the importance of understanding how
communication occurs cross‐culturally through language, material
objects, and non‐verbal behaviour. The critical role of interpersonal
relationships in China is discussed, highlighting the important factors
of guanxi, face, group orientation, and deference to age and
authority. The final element of the cultural framework is the pervasive
influence of the Communist Party. A number of implications are offered
for Western business practitioners.
The ″Eurobuyer″: How European Businesses Buy
Authors: Wolfe Alan
Published: September 2004

Most of the published literature about the effects of 1992 relate
to consumer goods and services, to the neglect of the very large
business‐to‐business sector. Success in the Single European Market will
depend on a good understanding of: the differences and similarities
between marketing to businesses and to domestic consumers; the
relatively complex structure of each customer′s decision‐making unit;
the characteristic ways of doing business in each EC country (which will
continue to differ long after 1992); and the choice of communication
channels through which their decisions can be influenced. Implementing
an effective marketing plan for Europe will for most companies demand
changes in management structure, so as to profit from the new
opportunities for integrated marketing communications campaigns.
IT: The Information Technology Dichotomy
Authors: Kench Roger , Evans Martin
Published: September 2004

This empirical research studies the marketing information systems
of various enterprises ranging from a small business to a national
corporation. The use of IT by these organisations in support of their
marketing functions is examined especially in relation to such things as
size of enterprise, resources available and used, the personalities and
dominant “culture” of the company. The results show clear
differences between tactical and strategic IT systems according to these
dimensions.
Market Intelligence in Small Businesses
Authors: Folsom Davis
Published: September 2004

Market intelligence is critical to marketing strategy planning for
any business. While considerable study has been made of the
intelligence‐gathering practices of large corporations, very little
research has been reported focusing on the competitive information
activities of small businesses. The research involved a survey of small
business owners and managers in South Carolina, USA. The study addressed
three questions: What market intelligence practices do small businesses
use? What market intelligence practices do they think their competitors
use? How important is market intelligence to small businesses? The
market intelligence practices most frequently used are observing
competitors and talking with suppliers or delivery people. Small
business owners were least likely to use practices such as job
interviews or hiring competitors′ employees to gain information.
Respondents perceived their competitors as being more likely to pursue
market intelligence activities. If a firm used a specific practice, they
thought their competitors did also. Among small business owners market
intelligence does not appear to be a critical management concern.
Customer Acceptance: The Key to Successful Introductions of Innovations
Authors: Herbig Paul A. , Day Ralph L.
Published: September 2004

Of the three ingredients required for a commercially successful innovation to occur – the technological feasibility, the entrepreneur, and the customer need/want – the most important is customer need. The notion of customer acceptance of a technological innovation prior to its diffusion has largely been neglected in research on marketing. However, marketing personnel and the entire business community need to understand the reasons behind customer acceptance or rejection in order to become more efficient in research and development and to contribute to the competitiveness and profitability of the firm. Examines the determinants of diffusion; those factors which determine whether or not an innovation is accepted, with special note of determinants of customer acceptance of an innovation.
Construction Export Marketing: The Singapore Experience
Authors: Sui Pheng Low
Published: September 2004

Most large‐scale construction projects in developing countries used
to be dominated by contracting firms from the developed world. This
phenomenon was observed in the construction industry of Singapore.
However, over the last two or three decades, local contracting firms in
Singapore were groomed to take on more sophisticated and complex
contracts in the domestic market; Singaporean construction firms are now
even exporting their accumulated expertise overseas. Traces the
development of the construction industry in Singapore and synthesizes
the Government‐led national marketing effort which has collectively
provided assistance and encouragement for local construction firms to
venture into overseas markets. Construction export marketing at the
national level is emphasized. The lessons which can be learned from the
Singapore experience would be useful for other developing countries in
search of a similar paradigm in economic development and export
marketing.
Public Relations – Developments
Authors: Kitchen Philip J. , White Jon
Published: September 2004

Describes changes and developments taking place in public relations
in the UK. Such description is predicated on change in the external
environment facing business organizations, increased expenditure on
staffing and public relations activities, and teaching developments in
this innovative management field. But the main causatory factors are
fuzzy market boundaries, changing publics, and short‐lived competitive
advantages. A hypothetical company example is used to illustrate how
public relations might be used to build relations with key target
audiences.
Expert Systems in Marketing: Current Trends and an
Alternative Scenario
Authors: Wright George , Rowe Gene
Published: September 2004

Reviews the use of Expert Systems and their possible future
applications and potential for marketing. The three major sections are
organized to show application areas, marketing applications and finally
the financial services sector. Discusses also the implications for
different sectors and examines the effects, for example, on insurance
underwriters and their occupational need for change.
Branding and the Rise of the Generic Drug
Authors: Blackett Tom
Published: September 2004

Attempts to describe some of the forces which, from a marketing
perspective, drive and shape the pharmaceutical industry. The industry
is of massive importance to the UK economy and rarely a day goes by
without mention in the press of the activities of the leading
manufacturers – Glaxo, Wellcome, SmithKline Beecham etc. British
companies are amongst the most innovative in the world and
pharmaceuticals is the only area of science where the UK can claim to
match, and frequently outperform, the Americans, Japanese and Germans.
Written by a layman for the benefit of laymen.
Validating Expert Systems in International Marketing
Authors: Özsomer Aysegül , Evirgen Cüneyt , Mitri Michel , Tamer Cavusgil S.
Published: September 2004

Suggests that the field of international marketing is a new
application area of expert systems in recent years. Presents a formal,
systematic and rigorous methodology for validating and evaluating expert
systems and, most specifically, two expert systems developed for
international marketing. The CEVAL Validation Methodology is a
sequential and multiple‐criteria process. It evaluates expert systems on
the following dimensions: correctness of reasoning techniques, quality
of decision/advice, and efficiency and effectiveness of the system.
Selecting an Appropriate Strategy: A Structured Creative
Decision Support Method
Authors: Proctor R.A.
Published: September 2004

Suggests a novel approach to generating marketing strategies and
evaluating them. Identifies that the process often involves several
people and that the different people may have different viewpoints. The
approach is based on a computer‐assisted structured approach to
identifying possible strategies and the use of the computer to enable
decision makers to evaluate the strategic ideas generated.
Models of Technological Evolution: Their Impact on
Technology Management
Authors: Benkenstein Martin , Bloch Brian
Published: September 2004

Discusses the model of industrial development, the S‐curve model
and the model of technological life cycles. Shows that these three
models are based on similar assumptions and are, therefore, closely
related. The analysis shows, furthermore, that the models have
significant implications for technology management. Finally, analyses
the extent to which conventional methods of evaluating technological
projects take these implications into account. Subjective evaluation
techniques, risk/return analyses as well as portfolio methods are
subject to critical appraisal. All in all, it becomes clear that these
evaluative tools are, at best, of limited use.
Adapting Export Business Relationships: The Greek
Experience in the UK
Authors: Katsikeas Constantine S. , Piercy Nigel F.
Published: September 2004

Addresses the issue of adaptation by indigenous Greek export
manufacturing firms in their business relationships with UK importers.
Fifty‐three manufacturers in Greece were included in the research
sample. Results suggest that these Greek manufacturers were involved in
considerable levels of modification in most marketing and organizational
aspects of their relationships with UK importers. Reports high levels of
satisfaction with the overall adaptation made in this relationship.
However, finds that in some areas, such as promotion and marketing
research, Greek firms were involved in insufficient modification or
adaptation, with negative repercussions on the development of the
trading association. These research findings have important implications
for business practitioners in both exporting and importing firms.
Globalization of the Procurement Process
Authors: Rajagopal Shan , Bernard Kenneth N.
Published: September 2004

The progressive dismantling of trade barriers emphasizes the need
for companies to compete effectively in open markets not only for
business but also for supplies and suppliers. Puts forward a framework
for global procurement management to conceptualize current practices and
to act as a guide to practitioners. Draws on existing globalization
literature and examines the extent of consonance between the marketing
and procurement environments, concluding that, whilst the conceptual
models may be transferable and “stages” of globalization of
procurement may be identified, there is no proof of sequential progress;
neither is the link between global marketing and global procurement
necessarily two‐way in nature. Postulates modes of involvement in global
procurement as a continuum, where positioning for an individual firm
depends on situation‐specific trade‐offs between their preferred
corporate strategies and the benefits to be gained from involvement in
foreign supply markets over time.
Setting up and controlling cleaning programmes for complex
sites
Authors: Butler J.
Published: September 2004

Discusses the problems and characteristics in providing cleaning
services for difficult sites, using examples of a small shopping centre
and an urban housing estate. Considers the specification of cleaning
services, cleaning times and attendance levels, prescribing equipment
and materials, problem solving, and monitoring. Concludes that just as
much as every client needs a good contractor, every contractor needs a
good client to run a successful cleaning programme on a difficult site.
Estate management and growth in higher education
Authors: Avery J.
Published: September 2004

Examines some of the implications of increasing numbers in higher
education for the management of buildings and estates of the English
polytechnics and colleges. Discusses the history of polytechnics and
colleges, financial independence, growth, government and the PCFC,
efficient use of property, rationalization, condition of the buildings,
strategy, accommodation strategy, accountability, PCFC capital, and
investment appraisal.
BRIEFING: Intelligent buildings
Authors: Robathan P.
Published: September 2004

Considers the nature and importance of intelligent buildings.
Examines why intelligent buildings are important in terms of occupants,
managers, owners, and developers, how the benefits are realized, and the
components of intelligent buildings in facilities management,
information management, connectivity and overall control. Concludes that
the definition of an intelligent building is changing with technology
and consumer understanding, with the possibility of techniques becoming
outmoded within five years.
Distress for rent: will landlords lose their rights?
Authors: Travers I.
Published: September 2004

Examines the Law Commission report which recommends the abolition
of the remedy of distress for rent. Discusses the advantages of distress
to landlords, the disadvantages, distress statutes, restrictions,
levying procedure, costs, what can be distrained, leased equipment,
third parties′ rights, insolvency, sub‐tenants′ liability, certificated
bailiffs, and the Law Commission′s views. Surmises that it is now a
matter for the Lord Chancellor to decide whether legislation is
desirable.
Pro‐active premises management – the premises policy
Authors: Varcoe B.J.
Published: September 2004

Presents an approach to premises management that provides a way of
creating proactive flexibility in a naturally rigid entity. Considers
the needs of modern business, the business response to flexibility, the
significance of premises, current practice, proactive premises
management, the premises policy, and the proactive tool. Concludes that
an agreed premises policy provides the vehicle for proactive property
management which can accommodate change rather than reacting ad hoc.
Gateway to enterprise – the Treforest environment
study
Authors: Prescott G. , Gronow S.
Published: September 2004

Considers the feasibility study of environmental improvements
carried out at Treforest, Mid‐Glamorgan, involving direct higher
education participation. Discusses the funding for the study, the study
itself, the problems, priority proposals, and implementation. Concludes
that the study has provided the mechanism to begin the urban renewal
process and, by securing the co‐operation of many agencies, has achieved
an integrated approach to environmental improvement.
Workspace solutions
Authors: Young H.
Published: September 2004

Considers the space utilization survey carried out by IBM UK to
rethink its property portfolio. Discusses the survey work itself, key
directions, and implementation of the concept through projects.
Concludes that the re‐think has improved work efficiency, space
utilization and staff satisfaction.
Rating appeals
Authors: Evans A.H. , Cooper R.
Published: September 2004

Provides a general guide to the process of appealing against
assessments in the 1990 rating list. Describes the form and content of
proposals, action by the valuation officer, the six‐month time‐limit,
referencing, basis of measurement, inspection, the locality, rental
evidence, lease analysis, rent adjustment, negotiation, and the
valuation officer. Summarizes that while rental value forms the basis of
rating valuation, the valuer′s tone will significantly affect the
outcome.
BRIEFING: The Planning and Compensation Act 1991: Part II
Authors: Waterson G. , Webster B.
Published: September 2004

Considers the sections of Part 1 of the Planning and Compensation
Act 1991 which create new, and modify existing, enforcement provisions
in the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Describes planning
contravention notices, breach of condition notice, enforcement notices,
stop notices, injunctions, rights of entry, certificates of lawful use
or development, and compulsory purchase procedures. Concludes that the
Act has completed a major reform of the planning system.
Facilities management at the crossroads
Authors: Finch Edward
Published: September 2004

Argues that facilities management is an indispensable part of
property management. Clarifies the role of the facilities manager and
identifies some of the emerging issues which are directing their
attention. Concludes that facilities management is currently at a
crossroads in its evolution, and that a lack of professional clarity
threatens to undermine further progress in the field.
Lease premiums: taxation aspects
Authors: Wells A.
Published: September 2004

Analyses facets of taxation which relate to leases and lease
premiums in particular. Considers tax relief, lease premium value
shifting, sale and lease‐back, reverse premiums and Capital Gains
aspects from the property manager′s perspective. Concludes that there
are both pleasant and unpleasant surprises in tax legislation which is
technical and not widely known.
Insolvent liquidation: an outline
Authors: Dodds G.W.M.
Published: September 2004

Considers the three main forms of winding‐up leading to the
dissolution of a company: members′ voluntary winding‐up, creditors′
voluntary winding up and compulsory winding up. Outlines liquidation
procedures involved in these forms of winding‐up under the Insolvency
Act 1986, including creditor′s petition, court hearing, collection and
distribution of assets, liquidator′s duty to investigate and the final
act of dissolving the company.
Land reforms in China
Authors: Jiang L. , Plimmer F. , Hibberd P. , Gronow S.
Published: September 2004

Describes the recent economic and land reforms in China, and the
consequent changes in the emerging Chinese property market. Analyses the
need for property management valuation skills in China in the light of
problems of country size, regional differences, the scale of economic
reforms and the speed with which they are being implemented,
administration and the difficulty of educating a large number of
property professionals.
Information needs and information technology in management
Authors: Wordsworth P. , Boughey J.
Published: September 2004

Examines how to determine the costs and value of property
information in an IT environment, and considers the criteria for
assessing information needs, storage and processing methods, and uses
for particular property management applications. Concludes that the
changing IT environment requires a rethink of information management
techniques, and the use of appropriate feedback mechanisms to review the
relevance of the techniques and information.
The development of computer‐based information systems for local authority property management
Authors: Deakin Mark
Published: September 2004

The paper examines how a property management division has sought to adopt the recommendations of the Audit Commission and Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy reports on local authority property management, and measures the democratically‐elected body has taken via its central committee, executive and directorate, to apply Information Technology (IT) in the development of a computer‐based information system for the registration of assets, valuation of property and measurement of performance.
An empirical investigation into the effects of a change in the basis of the ad valorem residential property tax in Northern Ireland
Authors: McCluskey William J.
Published: September 2004

It is argued within this paper that domestic rates, which represent an important and significant source of local government revenue for district councils in Northern Ireland, should be reformed. There are currently issues pertaining to the present system which adversely affect both fairness and equity. The rating system for both domestic and non‐domestic property has its origins in the early nineteenth century, when the basis of assessment was centred on hypothetical rental values. It is a contention of this paper that the use of annual rental values for domestic property taxation is no longer tenable owing principally to the lack of open market rental evidence and the transparency of the system. Given the absence of regular revaluations, significant disparities and inequities are now inherent in the rating system which can only be addressed by undertaking a further revaluation based on capital values. This paper examines, at both the macro and micro levels, the impact of the assessment lag on effective tax rates and the effect of a change in the basis of the tax.
Sensitivity study on material properties for the fatigue life prediction of solder joints under cyclic thermal loading
Authors: Ricky Lee Shi‐Wei , Zhang Xiaowu
Published: September 2004

A computational study is presented in this paper to investigate the effect of variation in material properties on the fatigue life prediction of solder joints subjected to cyclic thermal loading. The package under investigation was a plastic quad flat pack (PQFP) with gull‐wing leads. A commercial finite element code, ABAQUS, was employed to perform a two‐dimensional plane stress analysis. While all other constituents of the PQFP assembly were assumed to be linear elastic, the solder joint was considered to be elastic‐viscoplastic. The creep model was adopted from Norton’s equation and was implemented in the finite element analysis via a user‐defined subroutine. The maximum creep strain was evaluated and incorporated into the modified Coffin‐Manson equation to estimate the life cycles under thermal fatigue. It was found that the variation in material properties could have a significant influence on the fatigue life prediction of solder joints.
UNTIDY CAREERS: OCCUPATIONAL PROFILES OF RE‐ENTRY WOMEN
Authors: Lemmer E.M.
Published: September 2004

The increasing number of women re‐entering the labour market, after
an interruption in employment primarily for the purpose of family
formation, suggests a need for a career theory and counselling practice
which accommodates female career behaviour. Unstructured interviews with
eight re‐entry women revealed that their career development did not
conform to the orthodox male model. Career development was irregular and
largely contingent on familial circumstances. Middle adulthood ushered
in a dynamic period of self‐development. In the light of the findings,
the importance of career counsellors understanding the unique nature of
female career development, and consequently attending to the needs of
re‐entry women, is stressed.
JOB SEARCH AND EMPLOYMENT AMONG EDUCATION AND LIBERAL ARTS
GRADUATES
Authors: Helms Marilyn M. , Dileepan Parthasarati
Published: September 2004

A survey is reported of 473 recent graduates in education and
liberal arts from an urban south‐eastern US university. Three main
questions are addressed: Did the graduates gain initial postgraduation
employment within their own major?; Did the graduates have a job lined
up at the time of graduation?; Did students tend to pick majors that
focused on specific occupational areas? The survey was carried out by
telephone and 307 completed responses were achieved. The replies were
statistically analysed. The results refute the speculative contention
that graduates in education and liberal arts are either unprepared for
specific occupational employment or remain unemployed for a long period
after graduation. The most important factors influencing the success of
graduates in obtaining a first job in their respective majors are
pregraduation work and the use of job‐search services. Furthermore,
those graduates who had selected their major with a specific occupation
in mind were the first to obtain jobs with salaries which met their
expectations.
TURNING POINTS: MATCHING MANAGER DEVELOPMENT TO CAREER
CROSSROADS
Authors: Evans Anne
Published: September 2004

Management development needs to be aligned to the career stage
reached by each individual, and to make the best use of individual
talents regardless of promotion prospects. The concept of critical
career crossroads, involving a major redefinition of the work to be
performed, is used to identify career points, and five main types of
manager found between the crossroads are described, together with their
needs and expectations and those of their organisations. A mix of
development strategies – mentoring, exposure to external
influences, formal development programmes and skill training – is
proposed for each career turn, forming the basis of a learning contract
between each manager and immediate superior.
CAREER PATHS TO CORPORATE LEADERSHIP IN AMERICA
Authors: Alpander Guvenc G.
Published: September 2004

The career paths which the 1988 Business Week 1000 chief
executive officers (CEOs) followed on the way to the top are explored.
No one organisational function or background dominates the CEO profile
and no one career path can be said to breed CEOs. Almost 76 per cent of
today′s CEOs worked their way up the corporate ladder after they joined
their current company. The average CEO has been with his/her present
company for nearly 24 years, and nine of these years as CEO. Only 19.5
per cent of the CEOs were hired directly from another company.
DOWNSHIFTING: THE NEW CAREER MANAGEMENT STYLE
Authors: Sundstrom David , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: September 2004

Discusses the implementation of a positive
“downshifting” strategy in the light of slower corporate
growth and the 1990‐91 recession. Offers advice on how to overcome the
negative corporate culture, as it relates to downshifting and downward
moves generally, and retain and grow employees.
MENTORING: CHOICES FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Jackson Charles
Published: September 2004

While there is some evidence that mentoring is a popular career
development intervention in Britain, it is often unclear just what an
organizational mentoring programme involves and how mentoring relates to
other initiatives organizations might introduce to promote the career
development of their employees. Suggests that mentoring should not be
thought of as one distinct intervention, but rather as a range of
options that share important common elements. Both individuals and
employers have choices to make about the kind of mentoring relationship
that they may wish to encourage. On its own, no mentoring programme is
likely to be a panacea for career development. Employers have to
consider how mentoring fits with the other activities which they might
offer to promote the career development of their employees.
SPACE TRAVEL AND HABITATION: EXERCISE SCIENCE CAREER
IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Turner Edward T. , Gaskill Paul L.
Published: September 2004

The advent of space travel and long‐term space dwelling has
precipitated the need for the development of Space Exercise Science.
Because of the uniqueness of weightlessness conditions, microgravities,
and isolation in space – special considerations for career
planning in space exercise science must be initiated. The current
trends, by many countries, to establish long‐term space ventures, by
many countries, gives impetus to develop various new areas of study in
space exercise science. The career implications for future exercise
space‐scientists are many, including space nutrition, robotics, and
exercise prescription and space cell physiology. Current Earth studies
concerning radiation, immunology, and stress are linked with future
space endeavours. Seeks to give an overview of current happenings in
space physiology; and how these conditions transpose to create a new
field for career planning in Space Exercise Science.
CAREER MOTIVATION OF FULL‐ AND PART‐TIME WORKERS IN MID AND
LATE CAREER
Authors: London Manuel
Published: September 2004

Examines relationships between employment status (working full‐ or
part‐time), age, gender, and career motivation variables (career
resilience, insight, identity and desire for recognition). Study one
focused on individuals in mid and late career. Subjects were 172
employees (mean age = 57.8, ranging from age 43 to 87) from a variety of
organizations. Among the 76 men, age was related positively to career
resilience and insight. Also, career resilience was higher for men
working part‐time than full‐time. Among the women, age was related
negatively to desire for recognition, especially for women working
part‐time. Study two was conducted to determine the reliability of these
relationships for a sample of full‐time employees, including younger as
well as older workers. Subjects were 96 employees, 29 of whom were
women, in a public utility company. Levels of resilience, insight,
identity, and desire for recognition were comparable to the first study.
Consistent with Study one, women′s need for recognition was related
negatively to age. Also for women, career resilience increased with age.
The results are discussed in terms of the stability of the motivational
constructs across age groups and the practical implication that
employers should expect high levels of motivation from late career
employees, whether they work full‐ or part‐time.
CAREER SYSTEMS AS A CONFIGURATION OF CAREER MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
Authors: Wils Thierry , Guérin Gilles , Bernard Roxane
Published: September 2004

Previous studies have investigated the career management field by
describing individual career management activities in isolation rather
than the configuration of these activities. Aims to bridge this gap by
proposing a taxonomy of career systems. Based on a sample of 254
organizations, empirically derives three types of career system using
cluster analysis, and validates this taxonomy against external variables
not used in cluster analysis. Identifies and discusses these three types
of career system.