bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The User’s Influence in Specific Design Problems: An Ontario Regional Development Atlas
Authors: Castner Henry W.
Published: April 2007

Consideration is given to aspects of the cartographic design of the forthcoming Design for Development: Province of Ontario, Atlas of Performance Indicators. Most of Ontario's population, and its economic activity, is concentrated in the south while the extensive northern part of the province contains a sparse population. Frequently, maps of Ontario place northern Ontario in an inset map, at a greatly reduced scale, across Lake Ontario. Described is the construction of a map projection which foreshortens northern Ontario while preserving its natural relationship to southern Ontario. The approach to other design problems is discussed. Appended is the explanatory foreword in which Adas readers will be introduced to the new projection. L'auteur traite de divers aspects de la préparation cartographique en marge de la publication prochaine de l'ouvrage 'Design for Development: Province of Ontario, Atlas of Performance Indicators.' La majeure partie de la population et de l'activité économique de l'Ontario est concentrée dans le sud, alors que l'immense territoire du nord de la province est peu peuplé. Il arrive souvent que cette région soit represéntée à échelle très réduite sur les cartes de la province à l'intérieur d'une cartouche recouvrant le lac Ontario. L'auteur décrit l'établissement d'une projection cartographique qui rapetisse le nord de l'Ontario tout en conservant les liens naturels qui l'unissent au sud de la province. Il traite également de quelques autres problèmes techniques. En appendice, l'ouvrage reproduit l'avant-propos qui expliquera la nouvelle projection aux lecteurs de l'Atlas.
Modern Maps Throw New Light On Samuel Hearne's Route
Authors: Morse Eric W
Published: April 2007

Samuel Hearne's journey (1770-72) from Hudson Bay to Bloody Falls near the mouth of the Coppermine River has posed some intriguing problems in tracing Hearne's actual route. His own map is of little help mainly because of the inadequate mapping tools at his disposal. Modern topographic maps of the Northwest Territories now provide contour lines and are at a scale sufficient to assist in a better interpretation of Hearne's route, particularly in the previously obscure part of it between Contwoyto and Wholdaia lakes.
TECHNIQUES OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED GENERALIZATION / ACCOMMODATING SUBJECTIVE COGNITION AND OBJECTIVE LOGIC
Authors: HENNING MERVIN D , HARGREAVES DAVID
Published: April 2007

Interactive Computer Graphics involves communication between the user and the computer by means of standard graphics commands and algorithms written to perform highly specialized functions. This communication between human operator and computers is an interaction between subjective cognition and objective logic. As computers operate in a purely programmable objective mode, what then is the role of the subjective cartographer? Many cartographers now fear that their jobs and skills are in jeopardy. However, cartography is the art and science of producing a map, whether in digital or hardcopy format, and art is subjective. As long as cartographers accept this definition, then Interactive Computer Graphics will allow the necessary communication to accommodate their subjective cognition. Cartographers may even become more creative as computer graphics carries out more of the routine and tedious functions prevalent in the traditional forms of cartography. This paper examines one method of accommodating subjective cognition and objective logic in the generalization of the Alberta Bureau of Surveying and Mapping's 1 :5,000 cadastral map serie.
Warping Waldseemüller: A Phenomenological and Computational Study of the 1507 World Map
Authors: Hessler John W.
Published: April 2007

The 1507 World Map by Martin Waldseemüller shows, for the first time, a depiction of the New World as a separate landmass detached from Asia. This study compares the outline of South America on the Waldseemüller map using several related computational methods. First, the projection is analysed, modelled, and compared with the modern outline of South America, which is found to be tantalizingly similar in form and location to the 1507 representation. Second, polynomial warping algorithms of the second order are applied to the world map and spatial interpolations are carried out. The newly produced regression surfaces and curves are analysed for inflection-point behaviour, and global and local correlation coefficients are calculated to give some indication of the geometric similarity between the 1507 and modern forms. The shape and location of the South American continent on the 1507 map is chronometrically problematic, since neither Balboa nor Magellan had reached the Pacific Ocean by this time. The study concludes that, based on these interpolations, it is probable that Waldseemüller had geographic information that is no longer extant or has yet to be discovered for his 1507 portrayal of the New World.
WILLIAM BOROUGH AND THE JENKINSON MAP OF RUSSIA, 1562
Authors: BARON SAMUEL H
Published: April 2007

This paper investigates the provenance of the northern sector of the Jenkinson map of Russia printed by Ortelius in 1570. Scholarly opinion has been notably discordant on its authorship and its relationship to a chart drawn by William Borough of the northern coasts of Russia, whose date has also been disputed. An examination of literary sources, Borough's biography, and the map and chart leads to these conclusions: the northern sector of the map surely was drawn by Borough, it is closely related to Borough's chart, and â€“ contrary to the datings others have assigned the chart â€“ it must have been sketched in 1567â€“ 68.
Theory Of The Cartographic Line Revisited/ Implications For Automated Generalization
Authors: BEARD M KATE
Published: April 2007

â€˜The Theory of a Cartographic Lineâ€™ (Peucker 1975) describes width as being the essential characteristic of a cartographic line. Digital representations have tended to ignore this basic attribute and in the context of generalization the oversight is detrimental. The theory claims that a set of enclosing bands captures the cartographic character of width and supports generalization. The Douglas algorithm, still one of the most commonly used algorithms for generalizing digital representations, uses this model. Work of a Polish mathematician Perkal, provides the basis for another model of cartographic line width and a different generalization technique. This paper examines how effectively both models capture cartographic line width and succeed in producing generalized results, particularly for larger scale reductions. The two techniques are assessed by their ability to satisfy two objectives: capturing the essential and recognizable characteristics of geographic features and creating representations which can be legibly displayed at smaller scales. The paper compares the behavior of the two methods as applied to digital coastline data.
THE FINE LINE BETWEEN MAPPING AND MAP MAKING
Authors: WOOD DENIS
Published: April 2007

Brian Harley's efforts to re-form the history and theory of cartography were doomed by his inability to free himself from the idealism and representationlism that have passed for thinking in the field. Nor did his sturdy British empiricism help him understand the Continental thinkers who dazzled and inspired him. But what he wanted was vital: a proactive cartography embodying the self-conscious awareness only an honest, living history could provide, one that could foreclose the possibility of imagining cartography as objective, as value-free â€¦ today.
PERIODICAL AND SERIAL PUBLICATIONS ON CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: Salichtchev K A
Published: April 2007

In 1966, the author published a comparative survey of the world's cartographic literature in Petermanm Geographuche Mitteilungen. The steady growth of the cartographic literature since that date, and also the rapid development of cartography itself, motivated the author to prepare a new review. The paper concentrates principally on strictly cartographic serials but also includes both geographic and geodetic serials that include papers on cartographic subjects. The survey is organized by countries thus permitting a general description of the cartographic publications of individual states together with a commentary on their scientific-technical level of attainment. En 1966, l'auteur a publié une étude comparative des documents cartographiques mondiaux dans Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. La croissance contenue des documents cartographiques depuis cette date, ainsi que le développement rapide de la cartographie, ont incité l'auteur à en préparer une nouvelle édition. Le présent document porte principalement sur les périodiques strictement cartographiques, mais aussi sur des périodiques géographiques et géodésiques qui contiennent des documents sur la cartographie. L'étude documentaire est organisée par pays ce qui permet une description générale des publications cartographiques de pays particuliers, ainsi qu'un commentaire sur leur niveau scientifique et technique.
Lakes, Rivers And Glaciers / A Map Commentary
Authors: FREMLIN G. , MINDAK H. E.
Published: April 2007

The map entitled Lakes, Rivers and Glaciers is the first of a new series that will supplement the National Atlas of Canada presently in production in the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. The purpose of this series of separate map sheets is to make available a limited amount of new material in periods between the publication of atlas volumes, and also to permit flexibility in the presentation of atlas material. In this paper, the authors outline the cartographic problems relating to the planning and design of the atlas sheet Lakes, Rivers and Glaciers, and describe the techniques of its production. The map, at the scale of 1:7,500,000, was derived with minimal generalization from the 1:1,000,000 series of the National Topographic System. Within the plan of the National Atlas of Canada, the map is part of a section devoted to the representation of terrain. La carte intitulée Lacs, rivières et glaciers est la première d'une nouvelle série de cartes qui compléteront l'Atlas du Canada et qui sont actuellement en cours de préparation au ministère de l'Énergie, des Mines et des Ressources. Grâce a ces coupures de cartes détachées, il sera possible de mettre a la disposition du public certaines données nouvelles pendant les périodes qui séparent la publication des volumes de l'Atlas et d'apporter une certaine souplesse dans la présentation du matériel cartographique de l'Atlas. Dans cette étude, les auteurs soulignent les problèmes de cartographie qu'ont posés la conception et le dessin de cette carte des Lacs, rivières et glaciers et ils décrivent les techniques utilisées pour sa confection. La carte, qui est a l'échelle de 1:7,500,000, a été tirée avec le minimum de généralisation des cartes au 1:1,000,000 du Système de référence cartographique national. Dans l'Atlas du Canada, cette carte fait partie d'une section consacrée a la représentation du terrain.
THE ARROWSMITH FIRM AND THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CANADA
Authors: VERNER COOLIE
Published: April 2007

The paper presents a brief biography of the Arrowsmith firm, a family business that dominated the map publishing trade in London during the 19th Century and remained in operation for 83 years. Founded in 1786 by Aaron Arrowsmith, the firm later passed into the hands of two sons and finally to a nephew, John, the last of the line. The firm was responsible for many fine cartographic productions, and made notable contributions to the cartography of Canada, including the first great map of Canada based on original surveys.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NORTHPART OF AMERICA, A FACSIMILE ATLAS OF EARLY CANADIAN MAPS
Authors: DAHL EDWARD H , HEIDENREICH CONRAD E
Published: April 2007

The Northpart of America is the first broad study of early printed maps of Canada. Through a discussion of 46 maps, the authors illustrate the exploration of the country, the science and art of map reproduction, maps as attractive illustrations, and the principles of carto-bibliography. Each map is accompanied by a text which discusses the significance of the map. Although the reviewers have some reservations about the book, in particular the selection of some maps and the omission of others, they consider that this is a work of great value to map collectors and others interested in the history of cartography and in the exploration of Canada.
The Research Structure of Theoretical Cartography
Authors: RATAJSKI LECH
Published: April 2007

L'auteur mentionne que les connaissances accrues dans le domaine de la technologie et de la cartographie, nous obligent à étudier la théorie des activités cartographiques dans leur ensemble. Comme résultat à l'accroissement des concepts de la cartographie une nouvelle science fit son apparition soit : «La cartographie théoriques. Conséquemment, trois questions durent être résolues : 1. Quel est le champ de cette science? 2. Quelle est sa methodologie? et 3. Quel est le but de la recherche ? Ppour répondre à ces questions l'auteur présente un model développé de communication cartographique. En sortant de l'analyse de ce model il arrive à la conclusion que le sujet de la cartographie théorique est l'étude d'exprimer et de transformer, à l'aide de la carte, l'information sur les phénomènes et les relations spatiales. La carte agie comme source d'information transformée qui rend possible à lecteur la connaissance de la réalité. Les recherches doivent donc concerner successivement la source primaire, les processus de sa transformation et réception ainsi que la forme même de la communication — c'est à dire de la carte. La méthodologie de la cartographie théorique (cartologie) définit les méthodes des recherches, son rapport aux sciences déductives et empiriques et la place de la cartographie dans le système général de la science et de l'activité humaine. Le sujet des recherches de la cartographie théorique (cartologie) est présenté par l'auteur sous la forme d'un model graphique et ensuite l'auteur explique brièvement chaque problème de recherche.
CARTOGRAPHY AND COMPUTERS
Authors: BALCHIN W. G. V. , COLEMAN ALICE M.
Published: April 2007

Literacy, numeracy and graphicacy are the educated counterparts of the three types of innate ability that feature in intelligence tests. Computers are essentially numerate and increasingly literate but only very unevenly graphicate. This paper explores the nature of the computer barrier in the field of cartography. For this purpose maps are classified as cartogram maps which portray point data, isogram maps which portray line data, morphogram maps which portray area data (shapes), and compound maps which combine two or three of the foregoing types. Cartogram and isogram maps do not present fundamental obstacles to computerisation as they possess the desirable characteristics of numerical input and a low ratio of markings to blank space. Isogram maps also permit interpolations. Morphogram maps are likely to be vastly more complex and the time and cost of feeding in data may far outweigh any savings in analysis and calculation. This class of map is discussed more fully.
Spatial Abstraction Based on Hierarchical Re-classification
Authors: Van Smaalen John
Published: April 2007

This chapter describes a hierarchical object-based data model for geographic information abstraction, sometimes referred to as conceptual generalization. The model is based on the definition of database object classes used to represent terrain features. A hierarchy of superclasses and composite object classes is derived from the basic object classification. Based on this hierarchy a set of abstraction rules is created. In addition to the hierarchy of classes and their mutual relationships two other types of descriptions of the data set are distinguished: the basic geometric level, and a topological description. Selection rules are related to the three descriptions by having, successively: thematic, topologic, and geometric conditions. The class description is used as an interface to control the abstraction process. The end-user is expected to define the subject of the abstraction in terms of a selection of classes, and, after doing so the model will allow ‘on the fly’ information abstraction.
Automatic Generation of Animated Migration Maps
Authors: Thompson William , Lavin Stephen
Published: April 2007

Thematic cartographers have used numerous techniques to portray the spatial and quantitative aspects of human migrations: choropleth maps, graduated symbol maps, and, most commonly, flow maps. Unfortunately, these methods all have serious shortcomings, particularly when used to map complex movement patterns. This paper proposes and demonstrates a new technique: automatically generated migration mapping. This technique automatically produces animated visualizations directly from a data base of net migration counts without the need for any other drawing or animation software. The method animates vector field maps according to the model set forth in 1885 by Ernst Ravenstein in his ground-breaking work on migration. Automatically generated migration animations are intended as tools for the exploration of migration data, allowing the viewer to perceive geographic patterns of flow through the combined motion of many small symbols moving independently across a background map. Symbol size and colour present information regarding relative migration quantities. Separate animations have been constructed using the traditional flow map symbol shape, the arrow, as well as a symbol shape rarely employed for mapping flows, the circle. The method is demonstrated by mapping migration as recorded by the Bureau of the Census for the 48 conterminous states of the United States from 1975 to 1980.
SAS/GRAPH FOR CARTOGRAPHY: MAP PROJECTIONS AND LABELLED CHOROPLETH MAPS
Authors: GREEN D R , BAKER A M , DEETH A L , NUZZO A , FALUDI R
Published: April 2007

The addition of the SAS/GRAPH graphics package to the SAS computer system has provided the geographer with an integrated approach to data storage, retrieval and analysis, and graphics and mapping, an advantage few other computer cartographic systems currently offer. Experience with the package over a number of years has revealed some minor shortcomings with respect to the cartographic capabilities, however, these can be overcome using the existing SAS/GRAPH procedures and options available. This paper describes the production of a series of map projections and some simple, labelled choropleth maps to demonstrate the potential use of the package and to show how some of the existing shortcomings can be overcome.
Expert Systems And The Map Label Placement Problem
Authors: ZORASTER STEVEN
Published: April 2007

Computer programs that place feature labels on maps are often cited as the one successful application of expert systems to automatic map compilation. This paper argues that the map label placement programs which are claimed to be expert systems stretch the defining boundaries of expert systems and that the most significant use of expert systems technology in existing label placement programs is an inappropriate use of that technology. The results which have been achieved using expert systems technology in this one cartographic application are not sufficient justification for assuming that similar technology will solve other map design problems. On dcrit souvent le positionnement du nom d'un lment sur une carte au moyen d'un programme informatique comme l'une des applications les mieux russies des systmes experts en compilation cartographique automatique. Cet article soutient que les programmes de placement des tiquettes cartographiques, que l'on prtend ªtre des systmes experts, outrepassent les limites de la dfinition des systmes experts et que l'usage le plus significatif de la technologie des systmes experts dans les actuels programmes de positionnement d'tiquettes est en fait un usage inappropri de cette technologie. Les rsultats obtenus de l'utilisation de la technologie des systmes experts, dans cette application cartographique bien prcise, ne constituent pas des justifications suffisantes pour prsumer qu'une technologie similaire rsoudra d'autres problmes de conception cartographique.
Map Use Teaching And Experience
Authors: SAKU JAMES
Published: April 2007

Although maps are often thought to be easily understood, for many people they are not. Research into how best to make maps more useful to the user has taken different forms including applied psychology and linguistics. While some researchers focus on the map maker, others, including the present author, concentrate on the map user. This study applies a linguistics paradigm to cartographic communication by examining how the teaching of 'geographic lexemes' and 'years of geographic instruction' can enhance map use performance. The study includes an experiment using, as participants, geography and psychology students at Wilfred Laurier University, Ontario. The test consisted of questions reflecting the three levels of map use tasks proposed first by Olson (1979). It was found that experience in geography and formal instruction result in improved performance for higher level tasks of map interpretation.
Curious Vigias in Portolan Charts
Authors: Kelley Jr. James
Published: April 2007

Many small crosses, once called vigias, denoting hazards to navigation, appear on the late medieval portolan charts of the Mediterranean. The fact that most appear far at sea over abyssal depths has classed them as mariners' delusions. Indeed, "vigia" has been defined, perhaps partly in jest, as "Numerous imaginary dangers … traditionally inserted in all Ocean Charts" (OED). Perhaps. But considering that portolan charts are so pragmatic in other respects, could there be some underlying practical reality to explain their vigias? Using geophysical and anecdotal data, this paper suggests that the vigias of the portolans are not arbitrarily placed, but originate from observations of short-term, sometimes repeated, surface phenomena—shock waves, surface disturbances, smoke plumes, scoria, and so on—thrown up by seismic and volcanic disturbances on the Mediterranean's geophysically active sea floor.
Labour Supply Effects of Informal Caregiving in Canada
Authors: Latif Ehsan
Published: April 2007

This study uses Canadian data from the 1996 General Social Survey to estimate a conventional labour supply model and examine the impacts of caregiving to elderly persons on caregivers' labour market behaviour. The results of OLS regression for employed individuals suggest that caregiving negatively impacts the number of work hours for both males and females, although the impact is statistically significant only in the female sample. Probit estimation suggests that caregiving has a negative but insignificant effect on the probability of being employed.
Perspectives on the Origins and Uses of the Portolan Charts
Authors: KELLEY. JR JAMES E.
Published: April 2007

Portolan charts have generated much speculation about their origins and usesâ€”theories difficult to substantiate. This paper suggests proposed hypotheses be tested by simulating the detailed processes involved, using a computer. A simulation run produces an outline map of the area studied, typically the Mediterranean, which, when compared with surviving charts, provides a measure of the credibility of the hypothesis. Here, details of the processes involved are discussed in their historical context, illustrated by simple simulation models. Modelling cannot establish historical truth, at least not directly. Nevertheless, studying the detailed interaction of the processes likely to have combined to generate the portolan charts should help distinguish what is possible from what is not.
Sixth International Cartographic Conference
Authors: SALICHTCHEV K A
Published: April 2007

The author, a leading Soviet academic cartographer, criticizes some ideas which have resulted from the successes of automated cartography and which have been presented at recent international meetings, particularly the narrow conception of cartography as an informational technique independent of geography and the notion of the inherent subjectivity of the perception of cartographic information. He poses a broader and less technical definition of cartography with strong ties to geography, and urges greater understanding by the cartographer of the phenomena that he or she is mapping and strict objectivity in cartographic generalization.
CENTRALITY BY DEGREES / A 19TH CENTURY CANADIAN'S MEASUREMENT FOR CENTRAL LOCATION
Authors: KNIGHT DAVID B , BURROWS SUSAN
Published: April 2007

The selection of a site for a capital city involves conflicts of interest, political considerations, and measures of centrality. The writers take the 19th century selection of Ottawa for Canada's capital as a case study. They focus attention on the contribution of Dunbar Ross, a lesser-known Canadian who developed his own unique system of measuring objectively the advantages of the various sites under consideration. His technique for measuring centrality is reconstructed from the results he presented in writing as he included no methodology. Des conflits d'intérêt, des considérations politiques et une détermination de la localisation centrale font tous partie du choix d'un emplacement d'une capitale. Les auteurs étudient le cas de l'emplacement choisi au 19e siècle qui faisait d'Ottawa la capitale du Canada. Ils s'intéressent à la contribution de Dunbar Ross, un Canadian peu connu et auteur d'un système unique en son genre servant à mesurer objectivement les avantages des divers emplacements à l'étude. Dunbar Ross n'a pas fourni son approche à cette question; par conséquent, sa méthode de trouver une localisation centrale a dû être reformulée à partir des résultats qu'il avait soumis par écrit.
BENCHMARKING THE PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM FOR MAP-READING TASKS
Authors: DOBSON MICHAEL W
Published: April 2007

This study was conducted as a preliminary step in an investigation of the relationship between the amount of information on a display and the ability of the reader to process this information accurately during a map reading. A visual-choice task simulating map reading was devised to measure the accuracy of response to different amounts of information at specific distances across the visual field. The results of the experiment indicate that performance of the task was influenced by the amount of information and the acuity limitations of the eye. The results of the experiment suggest that value estimation may be an extremely strenuous information processing task.
Introduction: Issues of Privacy Protection and Analysis of Public Health Data
Authors: Kwan Mei-Po , Schuurman Nadine
Published: April 2007

GIS has witnessed tremendous development in the last decade or so. As the reach of GIS technologies and applications expanded, its effect is also increasingly felt by a variety of individuals and social groups far beyond the realm of the research community. Critics of GIS have identified various social consequences associated with the use and development of GIS, while GIS scientists and researchers have responded to these criticisms through new initiatives that address various social problems arising from the use of GIS data, algorithms, software, and hardware. The purpose of this theme issue is to show that certain types of social problems associated with the use of GIS may be addressed in the technical realm. Its four main articles focus mainly on issues of privacy protection and analysis of public health data. The commentary article highlights the critical issues that emerge from the main articles. With a focus on privacy protection and methods for analysing health data, these articles provide good examples of how the social implications of GIS may be addressed in the technical realm.
Changing National Perspectives And The Mapping Of The Great Lakes Between 1755 And 1795
Authors: LEWIS G MALCOLM
Published: April 2007

Until the introduction of manned earth satellites in the early 1960s, no one had ever seen the Great Lakes in their entirety at a point in time, yet they had appeared on maps for more than 300 years. The author, examining the period from 1755 to 1795, discusses the cartographers' conceptualizations of the area as a form of remote sensing, notes their representations of the images received, and analyzes the relative accuracies of cartographic representations on the major maps of the Great Lakes during that period. Marked improvement in the accuracy of the maps of the Great Lakes is noted, especially with the work of the cartographer Aaron Arrowsmith in 1795.
Cartography and Power in France During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: PELLETIER MONIQUE
Published: April 2007

This paper is devoted to the relations between cartography and royal or regional power during the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV. It shows how important the intellectual domination of space through geographical knowledge could be. However, French cartography could not be developed without precise aims. Cadastral plans were mainly carried out to improve tax assessment. The triangulation of France was completed to comply with requests of engineers of the Ponts et Chaussées. L'article s'intéresse aux relations du pouvoir royal ou régional et de la cartographie sous les règnes de Louis XIV et Louis XV. II montre combien la domination intellectuelle de l'espace par la connaissance géographique a pu jouer un rôle important. Toutefois la cartographie n'a pu se développer en France sans objectifs précis. L'établissement des cadastres devait en premier lieu améliorer le rendement de l'impôt. L'achèvement de la triangulation générale de la France répondait aux voeux des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées.
MAXIMIZING THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF MAPS OF SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DISEASE DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: MONMONIER MARK S
Published: April 2007

Mortality and morbidity data are often available by areal unit for consecutive time periods. Although disease data can be aggregated through time to dampen temporal fluctuations and probability theory can be used to indicate statistically significant extreme values, a more complete analysis considers not only the average value and variation of each mapping unit but a possible temporal trend as well. A method is presented for including all three aspects of a spatial-temporal data set in producing a single map of disease regions. Indexes of average value, variability, and trend are grouped onto a smaller number of principal components thereby providing orthogonal axes for the hierarchical clustering of the original areal units. This technique is demonstrated with county-unit data on diabetes mellitus for New York State for the thirteen year period 1957 through 1969.
PRESENT METHODS AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF NAUTICAL CHARTS
Authors: MARTIN C. H.
Published: April 2007

Cette étude traite du problème très important de produire et de reviser les cartes marines. Contrairement à une carte topographique, une carte marine est tin instrument de navigation et elle doit être tenue à jour à la fois par l'agence responsable et par le navigateur. Cela se fait par la publication des Avis aux navigateurs pour lesquels le Service hydrographique du Canada recueille des renseignements des agences du Gouvernement, des sociétés étrangères de cartographie, de ceux qui utilisent les cartes, de l'industrie et de plusieurs autres sources. Les corrections énumérées dans les Avis sont reproduites à la main sur la carte ou portées sur des morceaux de papier que l'on colle sur la carte et qui sont des modifications à la carte. Ce travail se fait au bureau de l'agence de façon continuelle et celui qui utilise la carte fait aussi de même. Lorsque trop de corrections se sont accumulées on publie une carte révisée. Afin de simplifier le travail de mise à jour, on surimprime maintenant les cartes existantes plutôt que d'en faire la correction à la main, on ne corrige pas les cartes utilisées seulement pour la navigation de plaisance et on redessine les cartes pour éliminer les détails qui ne sont pas essentiels aux fins de la carte. On a aussi fait l'étude de l'organisation des levés de révision de façon à introduire de nouveaux procédés. Le problème le plus important qui se pose à une agence de cartographie est d'assurer l'équilibre entre les ressources disponibles et les besoins du navigateur.
GENERALISATION AND REALISM WITHIN AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS
Authors: RHIND D W
Published: April 2007

The principles and practice of generalisation of cartographic elements in an automated system should not be assumed to be the same as those in manual cartography. Given the present lack of knowledge on what constitutes efficiently perceived graphics, generalisation procedures should now be re-designed as economically as possible in machine terms. Certain types of generalisation are, however, much more easily and usefully achieved than others by computer. These types are described in this text. The relative costs of generalisation and digitising of data at different input scales are also discussed.
ENGLISH GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES IN CANADA WITH GENERIC TERMS OF FRENCH ORIGIN
Authors: RAYBURN J A
Published: April 2007

A surprisingly large number of geographical terms in English geographical names in Canada are derived from the French language. Some, like portage, plateau, rapids and prairie are widely used. Others such as coulee, chute, butte, barachois and snye have common usage in certain regions, but their meanings are little known outside these regions. Some terms such as coteau and dalles occur only once or twice in English names in Canada. A large number of terms used in a generic sense in French have been adopted for specific terms in English resulting in such names as Cache Bay and Detroit River.
CARTOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS OF THE NORTHERN ALGONQUIANS
Authors: PENTLAND DAVID H
Published: April 2007

The cartographic conventions of the northern Algonquian Indians (the Cree, Montagnais and Ojibwa of eastern Canada) are shared with many other cultures, and are similar to those of early European maps. Outlines are greatly simplified, irrelevant features are omitted, and culturally important features are included regardless of how small they may be. The Cree Indians' intimate knowledge of the geography of their country is reflected in their maps and toponymy, and is passed on from one person to another by maps and verbal description. The contrast between the Algonquians' system of mapping and modern cartographic practice is the cause of the Indians' apparent inability to read topographic maps, even of areas they know well. Les signes conventionnels utilisée en cartographie par les Algonquins de nord (les Cris, les Montagnais, et les Ojibwa de l'Est canadien) sont partagés par de nombreuses autres cultures et sont semblables à ceux que l'on retrouvent sur les premières cartes européennes. Les contours sont très simplifiés, les détails non pertinents sont omis et les détails d'importance culturelle sont compris, si minimes soient-ils. La connaissance intime qu'ont les indiens Cris de la géographie de leur pays se reflètent dans leur cartes et leur toponymie, et se transmet d'une personne à l'autre par les cartes et par description verbale. Le contraste qui existe entre le système de cartographie algonquin et les pratiques cartographiques modernes est la cause de l'apparente inaptitude des Indiens à lire des cartes topographiques, même celles qui concernent des régions qu'ils connaissent bien.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AS TOOLS FOR MAP ACQUISITION AND MAP COMPILATION
Authors: DRAZNIOWSKY ROMAN
Published: April 2007

One result of the post-World War II "map explosion" is the difficulty encountered by map users in finding the proper map for a specific purpose in the avalanche of material now available. It is now more necessary than ever to consult published bibliographies to discover what materials are available. In this paper, a variety of information sources are examined within the framework of their relevance to: a. maps, atlasses and globes; b. general cartography, covering the nature of cartography and its history and methods; and c. bibliographic, aids and gazetteers. A selected bibliography with 52 entries is appended.
Generalization of Digital Terrain Models for Use in Landform Mapping
Authors: SCHMID-MCGIBBON GESCHE
Published: April 2007

The generalization of digital terrain models (DTMs) is essential for the generation of legible, visually effective, grey-scale maps used in landform mapping. In this research, DTMs of slope gradient and downslope curvature are generalized by reducing the short-wave land-form variation, using a low-pass modal filtering technique. The effect of the filtering on the generalization and on the accuracy of the map is dependent on the size of the neighbourhood. As a consequence, the determination of neighbourhood sizes forms one of the most important processing steps in the filtering process. Neighbourhood sizes are selected on the basis of texture analysis, in conjunction with visual interpretation of the resulting maps. Relative variance is used as a texture measure to select neighbourhood sizes for the filtering process. The analysis shows that variances differ according to terrain roughness and area size, and that the variance increases for terrain parameters of higher-order derivatives. As a result, different neighbourhood sizes have to be selected for filtering different terrain parameters, and areas of different terrain. Visual comparisons of the original with the filtered DTMs show that the readability of the filtered DTMs is improved by using a modal filtering technique. Unwanted detail of short-wave terrain variation is reduced in the filtering process. At the same time, sufficient detail is maintained to distinguish between landform categories of different landform patterns and various dominant-slope gradient classes. Maps of the eliminated short-wave variation are of geomorphologic benefit for extracting specific landform elements. The filtering of the DTMs, on the other hand, is essential to reduce data complexity if the DTMs are to be used in further multilevel modelling procedures.

Key words: Terrain generalization, low-pass modal filtering, texture analysis, digital terrain models of slope gradient and curvature, landform mapping in Alberta
Designs On Signs / Myth And Meaning In Maps
Authors: WOOD DENIS , FELS JOHN
Published: April 2007

Every map is at once a synthesis of signs and a sign in itself: an instrument of depiction â€“ of objects, events, places â€“ and an instrument of persuasion â€“ about these, its makers and itself. Like any other sign, it is the product of codes: conventions that prescribe relations of content and expression in a given semiotic circumstance. The codes that underwrite the map are as numerous as its motives, and as thoroughly naturalized within the culture that generates and exploits them. Intrasignificant codes govern the formation of the cartographic icon, the deployment of visible language, and the scheme of their joint presentation. These operate across several levels of integration, activating a repertoire of representational conventions and syntactical procedures extending from the symbolic principles of individual marks to elaborate frameworks of cartographic discourse. Extrasignificant codes govern the appropriation of entire maps as sign vehicles for social and political expression â€“ of values, goals, aesthetics and status â€“ as the means of modern myth. Map signs, and maps as signs, depend fundamentally on conventions, signify only in relation to other signs, and are never free of their cultural context or the motives of their makers.
Database Developments In The Experimental Cartography Unit
Authors: JACKSON M J , BELL S B M , DIAZ B M
Published: April 2007

The Experimental Cartography Unit of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) undertakes research and provides a service to NERC-funded institutes and university research groups in the fields of digital cartography and image analysis. The Unit's long history of recording topographic and environmental data in digital form has led to the acquisition of large data sets potentially of great use to environmental scientists. These data will also be of value for providing complementary information in remote sensing analysis of satellite data. In order to extract the maximum benefit from both the vector and raster data sets, the data needs to be accessible to a powerful and flexible database management system with associated software for the necessary spatial processing. The paper describes the existing data-banks and software which handles vector and raster data. The existing system falls short of planned requirements, and the data-basing developments now in progress are also described. L'unité de cartographie expérimentale du Conseil national de recherche sur l'environnement (Grande-Bretagne) effectue des recherches, et est au service de groupes de recherche en cartographie numérique et en analyse d'images a l'intérieur des instituts et universités subventionnés par le Conseil. La longue expérience de l'unité dans le domaine de cueillette sous forme numérique de données topographiques et environnementales a conduit a l'accumulation d'un volume important de données d'une grande utilité potentielle pour les spécialistes de l'environnement. Ces données peuvent aussi servir en tant que complément d'information a l'analyse des données captées par télédétection. Pour permettre la meilleure exploitation possible des données vectorielles et des données de trame, celles-ci doivent être utilisées via un système de gestion de base de données a la fois puissant et souple, et intégrant aussi le logiciel voulu pour la restitution spatiale. L'article décrit les banques de données, ainsi que le logiciel pouvant traiter données vectorielles et données de trame. Les systèmes existants ne satisfont pas aux exigences, mais on décrit également les développements en cours dans le domaine des bases de données.
What does it take to read a map?
Authors: OTTOSSON TORGNY
Published: April 2007

On the basis of a brief review of research on children's map-reading and map understanding, basic difficulties in map understanding are discussed. It is concluded that neither projection, symbolization, nor scale are crucial problems. Instead map understanding is based on an understanding of spatial relationships between real-world features. It is argued a that the ‘view-from-above’ metaphor common in introductory map teaching is inadequate, b that viewing the map as a miniature provides a better basis for instruction, and c that the knowledge that children already possess of the world around them should be the starting-point for map teaching.
Cartographic Communication And Geographic Understanding
Authors: GUELKE LEONARD
Published: April 2007

A communications model emphasizing the transfer of information from cartographer to map user by means of the map has been widely accepted in cartography. The adoption of this model has focussed map use research on symbols and their visual characteristics. The communications model is inadequate for a complete analysis of the map, because it is concerned more with information than meaning and understanding, A fundamental objective of cartography is to enhance a map user's understanding of reality by placing information in appropriate contexts. A criterion of meaning is needed in cartography as a basis for decisions on map content. Maps showing distributions of isolated data are often failures, because such data lack an appropriate context. In assessing the effectiveness of maps as transmitters of geographic information, comparisons with graphs, tables and words are needed. A knowledge of geography is essential for cartographers concerned with adding meaning to their maps.
A Comparison Of Two Types Of Tactile Maps For Blind Children
Authors: Pike Emma , Blades Mark , Spencer Christopher
Published: April 2007

Tactile maps produced on microcapsule paper are a comparatively recent innovation. Previous research has indicated that visually impaired adults find such maps easier to use than the longer established thermoform tactile maps. But previous studies have not considered whether microcapsule maps are also suitable for visually impaired children. Therefore, this experiment compared the effectiveness of thermoform and microcapsule maps designed for children. Three pairs of equivalent thermoform and microcapsule maps were designed, and visually impaired children were timed while they traced a route on the maps. The children performed equally well with both types of maps, and there were no effects for age or for the degree of sight. It was concluded that microcapsule maps can provide a feasible alternative to thermoform maps.
DEVELOPING A CURRICULUM IN GIS: THE NCGIA CORE CURRICULUM PROJECT
Authors: Kemp Karen K. , Goodchild Michael F.
Published: April 2007

We describe a major effort by the NCGIA to develop teaching materials in support of courses in Geographic Information Systems. The project is motivated by the current high level of demand for GIS professionals, and by the need to distinguish between software training on the one hand, and education in the intellectual and conceptual basis of GIS on the other. The teaching materials were assembled from contributions by the GIS community, and tested in a number of institutions world-wide. The revised version of the curriculum was released in the summer of 1990.
Learning Environments and Switching Perspectives
Authors: LLOYD ROBERT , CAMMACK REX , HOLLIDAY WILLIAM
Published: April 2007

Mental models are cognitive structures in human memory that organize and store spatial information. Researchers have argued that cognitive maps encoded from both verbal and visual information can integrate this information and store it as mental models. These mental models are thought to be perspective-free structures. This means that someone who learned information about landmarks presented in either a map (external) or route (internal) perspective could later process the information equally well in both perspectives. An experiment was conducted that manipulated the way in which subjects learned information about landmarks in a hypothetical city. Subjects read text descriptions of street routes, stated in either map or route perspectives, and viewed visual representations of the street routes in either map or route perspectives. After learning the locations of the landmarks in the hypothetical city, subjects were asked questions about the locations of the landmarks that were stated either in map or route perspectives. The results supported the hypothesis that the cognitive maps encoded by the subjects were encoded as mental models that did not have a perspective bias.
The Rise of the National Atlas
Authors: Monmonier Mark
Published: April 2007

National atlases play multiple roles. In addition to providing a coherent summary of a country's physical and human geography, the national atlas has been a symbol of national unity, scientific achievement, and political independence. The first national atlas, Christopher Saxton's Atlas of England and Wales (1579), not only represented the unity of the English state but also celebrated Elizabeth I's patronage of astronomy and geography. Although governments have commissioned single-county atlases intermittently since Saxton's time, the national atlas did not emerge as a distinct cartographic genre until the late nineteenth century. Cartobibliographies and other enumerations of national atlases reveal noteworthy increases during the 1920s and 1930s and again in the 1950s and 1960s, when many former colonies gained independence.
NESTED VALUE-BY-AREA CARTOGRAMS FOR SYMBOLIZING LAND USE AND OTHER PROPORTIONS
Authors: CUFF DAVID J , PAWLING JOHN W , BLAIR EDWARD T
Published: April 2007

A new map symbol is suggested for showing what proportions of a county or province are in certain land uses. The map makes use of cartograms centered within each county or province and scaled so that their areas represent the proportions to be symbolized. Computer programs can be used so that the cartograms may be located, scaled and adjusted for reader perception with minimum effort. Such a map may also be used for proportions other than land use.