bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creole Identity in the Enlightenment
Authors: Coleman Deirdre
Published: May 2022

Susanna Gale (1749‐1823) was born in St Andrew, Jamaica, a member of the spectacularly wealthy Gale clan which at one point owned in excess of 1000 enslaved people on the island. This article takes Joshua Reynolds's portrait of her as a so‐called ‘English rose’ as the starting point for an examination of the discourses surrounding White West Indian creole identity in the Enlightenment. More images are then introduced to explore issues of sameness and difference within constructions of racial, class and gender identities, especially in cousin, sister and mistress–servant relationships. The article ends with reflections on Kehinde Wiley's portrait, After Sir Joshua Reynolds' ‘Miss Susanna Gale’ (2009).
HMS‐S‐S: A tool for the identification of Sulphur metabolism‐related genes and analysis of operon structures in genome and metagenome assemblies
Authors: Tanabe Tomohisa Sebastian , Dahl Christiane
Published: May 2022

Sulphur compounds are used in a variety of biological processes including respiration and photosynthesis. Sulphide and sulphur compounds of intermediary oxidation state can serve as electron donors for lithotrophic growth while sulphate, thiosulphate and sulphur are used as electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. The biochemistry underlying the manifold transformations of inorganic sulphur compounds occurring in sulphur metabolizing prokaryotes is astonishingly complex and knowledge about it has immensely increased over the last years. The advent of next‐generation sequencing approaches as well as the significant increase of data availability in public databases has driven focus of environmental microbiology to probing the metabolic capacity of microbial communities by analysis of this sequence data. To facilitate these analyses, we created HMS‐S‐S, a comprehensive equivalogous hidden Markov model (HMM)‐supported tool. Protein sequences related to sulphur compound oxidation, reduction, transport and intracellular transfer are efficiently detected and related enzymes involved in dissimilatory sulphur oxidation as opposed to sulphur compound reduction can be confidently distinguished. HMM search results are coupled to corresponding genes, which allows analysis of co‐occurrence, synteny and genomic neighbourhood. The HMMs were validated on an annotated test data set and by cross‐validation. We also proved its performance by exploring meta‐assembled genomes isolated from samples from environments with active sulphur cycling, including members of the cable bacteria, novel Acidobacteria and assemblies from a sulphur‐rich glacier, and were able to replicate and extend previous reports.
Monitoring with career concerns
Authors: Marinovic Iván , Szydlowski Martin
Published: May 2022

We study monitoring in a continuous‐time career concerns model. A monitor oversees an agent and generates verifiable evidence if the agent shirks. The monitor's ability is uncertain and requires costly investment to maintain. Unpunished shirking reveals that the monitor is ineffective, which discourages the monitor from maintaining her ability. The agent shirks strategically to discourage the monitor, because shirking increases the rate of learning. Term limits reduce the incentive to shirk and long‐serving monitors accept bribes to hide evidence.
The respiratory microbiome associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comorbidity in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Shimizu Masamitsu , Miyanaga Akihiko , Seike Masahiro , Matsuda Kuniko , Matsumoto Masaru , Noro Rintaro , Fujita Kazue , Mano Yoko , Furuya Nobuhiko , Kubota Kaoru , Gemma Akihiko
Published: May 2022

Background

Research has shown that some microbiomes are linked to cancer. Hence, we hypothesize that alterations in the respiratory microbiome might be associated with lung cancer.

Methods

Through droplet digital polymerase chain reaction analysis, we investigated the abundance of Acidovorax in surgically resected primary tumors and corresponding nontumor lung tissues obtained from 50 Japanese patients with non‐small cell lung cancer.

Results

The rate of positivity for Acidovorax in tumor and nontumor tissues was 44 and 26%, respectively. The abundance of Acidovorax in tumor tissues was significantly higher in patients with nonsquamous cell carcinoma complicated by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and those who relapsed after surgical resection (p < 0.05). In tumor tissues, the results of the univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that only COPD exerted a direct effect on the abundance of Acidovorax (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the presence of Acidovorax was high in lung cancer patients with COPD comorbidity (65%) and TP53 gene mutation; only one of the nontumor tissues was positive for Acidovorax. In patients with lung cancer complicated by COPD, Acidovorax tended to be present in both the tumor and nontumor areas.

Conclusions

This study identified novel microbiota involved in lung cancer with COPD comorbidity. The results suggested that Acidovorax may be a useful biomarker in the screening for lung cancer. Further studies are warranted to validate the clinical significance of the microbiome in a larger independent patient cohort.
Development of a novel behaviourally anchored instrument for the assessment of surgical trainees
Authors: Pan Tzong‐Yang , Piscioneri Frank , Owen Cathy
Published: May 2022

Background

The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) created its competency framework in 2003 which initially consisted of nine competencies each regarded as equally important for a practising surgeon. The JDocs Framework is aligned to these competencies and provides guidance for junior doctors working towards the Surgical Education and Training program.

Methods

A novel assessment instrument was designed around the JDocs framework using 48 behaviourally anchored questions. The study was completed in 2020 across five public hospitals in the ACT and NSW. Participants were invited to complete the self‐assessment form online.

Results

Thirty‐six of 59 (61%) trainees participated in the study, with 67 of 68 (98.5%) supervisors having completed the assessment form. Trainee self‐rating scores were lower than that of supervisor ratings across all competencies except communication. The self‐rating scores were negatively correlated with the seniority of a trainee's level in all nine competencies. The years of post‐graduate experience was positively correlated with seven of the nine competencies. For gender and International Medical Graduate status, correlation was only identified for health advocacy and medical expertise. There was no correlation identified with a trainee's age.

Conclusion

This pilot study has provided an opportunity to explore a new assessment instrument for surgical trainees that is aligned to the RACS competency framework using behaviourally anchored questions. Looking ahead, a better understanding of this instrument will potentially be helpful in early identification of underperforming trainees in order to facilitate early intervention, or its use as a selection tool for formal training programs.
Asymmetric trade liberalizations and current account dynamics
Authors: Barattieri Alessandro
Published: May 2022

I propose asymmetric trade liberalizations as a new potential determinant of current account dynamics. I focus on South Korea, which experienced a rise and fall of its current account in the period from 2010 to 2018, when it signed preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with its main trading partners. First, I develop a model where the current account depends on the timing of present and future relative changes of trade costs. Second, I provide empirical evidence supporting the key predictions of the model using the Canada–Korea PTA. PTAs provide predictable, potentially asymmetric, future tariff paths on many products. I use information for over 2,500 HS‐6 products to build relative trade liberalization measures, and show that current (future) high relative trade liberalizations tend to decrease (increase) the trade balance, consistent with the model. Finally, I propose a quantitative investigation of the Korean surplus based on the asymmetric dynamics of trade costs between South Korea and its main trading partners. I develop a two‐country international real business cycle model augmented with trade costs. When fed with the actual asymmetric trends found in the data, the model generates a current account surplus of about 2.15% of GDP, roughly 66% of what was observed in the Korean data.
CircPCBP2 promotes the stemness and chemoresistance of DLBCL via targeting miR‐33a/b to disinhibit PD‐L1
Authors: Dong Lihua , Huang Jingjing , Gao Xue , Du Jianwei , Wang Yesheng , Zhao Lingdi
Published: May 2022

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy with a high relapse rate of up to 40%. The prognosis of the disease needs improvement and requires a understanding of its molecular mechanism. We investigated the mechanisms of DLBCL development and its sensitivity to chemotherapy by focusing on circPCBP2/miR‐33a/b/PD‐L1 axis. Human DLBCL specimens and cultured cancer cell lines were used. Features of circPCBP2 were systematically characterized through Sanger sequencing, Actinomycin D, RNase R treatment, and FISH. The expression levels of circPCBP2, miR‐33a/b, PD‐L1, stemness‐related markers, ERK/AKT and JAK2/STAT3 signaling were measured using qRT‐PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Stemness of DLBCL cells was assessed through spheroid formation assay and flow cytometry. Cell viability and apoptosis upon cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) treatment were determined using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Interactions of circPCBP2‐miR‐33a/b and miR‐33a/b‐PD‐L1 were validated using dual luciferase activity assay and RNA‐RIP. Nude mouse xenograft model was used to assess the function of circPCBP2 in DLBCL growth in vivo. circPCBP2 was upregulated in human DLBCL specimens and cultured DLBCL cells while miR‐33a/b was reduced. Knockdown of circPCBP2 or miR‐33a/b overexpression inhibited the stemness of DLBCL cells and promoted cancer cell apoptosis upon CHOP treatment. circPCBP2 directly bound with miR‐33a/b while miR‐33a/b targeted PD‐L1 3’‐UTR. circPCBP2 disinhibited PD‐L1 signaling via sponging miR‐33a/b. miR‐33a/b inhibitor and activating PD‐L1 reversed the effects of circPCBP2 knockdown and miR‐33a/b mimics, respectively. circPBCP2 knockdown restrained DLBCL growth in vivo and potentiated the anti‐tumor effects of CHOP. In conclusion, circPCBP2 enhances DLBCL cell stemness but suppresses its sensitivity to CHOP via sponging miR‐33a/b to disinhibit PD‐L1 expression. circPCBP2/miR‐33a/b/PD‐L1 axis could serve as a diagnosis marker or therapeutic target for DLBCL.
Label‐free multiphoton excitation imaging as a promising diagnostic tool for breast cancer
Authors: Matsui Takahiro , Iwasa Akio , Mimura Masafumi , Taniguchi Seiji , Sudo Takao , Uchida Yutaka , Kikuta Junichi , Morizono Hidetomo , Horii Rie , Motoyama Yuichi , Morii Eiichi , Ohno Shinji , Kiyota Yasujiro , Ishii Masaru
Published: May 2022

Histopathological diagnosis is the ultimate method of attaining the final diagnosis; however, the observation range is limited to the two‐dimensional plane, and it requires thin slicing of the tissue, which limits diagnostic information. To seek solutions for these problems, we proposed a novel imaging‐based histopathological examination. We used the multiphoton excitation microscopy (MPM) technique to establish a method for visualizing unfixed/unstained human breast tissues. Under near‐infrared ray excitation, fresh human breast tissues emitted fluorescent signals with three major peaks, which enabled visualizing the breast tissue morphology without any fixation or dye staining. Our study using human breast tissue samples from 32 patients indicated that experienced pathologists can estimate normal or cancerous lesions using only these MPM images with a kappa coefficient of 1.0. Moreover, we developed an image classification algorithm with artificial intelligence that enabled us to automatically define cancer cells in small areas with a high sensitivity of ≥0.942. Taken together, label‐free MPM imaging is a promising method for the real‐time automatic diagnosis of breast cancer.
A deep learning‐based approach for diagnosing COVID‐19 on chest x‐ray images, and a test study with clinical experts
Authors: Sevli Onur
Published: May 2022

Pneumonia is among the common symptoms of the virus that causes COVID‐19, which has turned into a worldwide pandemic. It is possible to diagnose pneumonia by examining chest radiographs. Chest x‐ray (CXR) is a fast, low‐cost, and practical method widely used in this field. The fact that different pathogens other than COVID‐19 also cause pneumonia and the radiographic images of all are similar make it difficult to detect the source of the disease. In this study, automatic detection of COVID‐19 cases over CXR images was tried to be performed using convolutional neural network (CNN), a deep learning technique. Classifications were carried out using six different architectures on the dataset consisting of 15,153 images of three different types: healthy, COVID‐19, and other viral‐induced pneumonia. In the classifications performed with five different state‐of‐art models, ResNet18, GoogLeNet, AlexNet, VGG16, and DenseNet161, and a minimal CNN architecture specific to this study, the most successful result was obtained with the ResNet18 architecture as 99.25% accuracy. Although the minimal CNN model developed for this study has a simpler structure, it was observed that it has a success to compete with more complex models. The performances of the models used in this study were compared with similar studies in the literature and it was revealed that they generally achieved higher success. The model with the highest success was transformed into a test application, tested by 10 volunteer clinicians, and it was concluded that it provides 99.06% accuracy in practical use. This result reveals that the conducted study can play the role of a successful decision support system for experts.
Chlormethin‐Gel zur Behandlung der Mycosis fungoides: Ein Expertenkonsens aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (DACH‐Region) zum Therapiemanagement
Authors: Assaf Chalid , Booken Nina , Dippel Edgar , Guenova Emmanuella , Jonak Constanze , Klemke Claus‐Detlev , Nicolay Jan P. , Schlaak Max , Wobser Marion , Trautinger Franz
Published: May 2022

Hintergrund

Chlormethin‐Gel ist in Europa zur Therapie von Patienten mit Mycosis fungoides in allen Krankheitsstadien zugelassen. Die optimalen Behandlungsregime hinsichtlich Frequenz, Dosierung, Kombinations‐ oder Erhaltungstherapien sind noch nicht vollständig etabliert.

Methodik

Zehn in der Erforschung und Behandlung kutaner T‐Zell‐Lymphome erfahrene Experten aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (DACH‐Region) wurden schriftlich zu Indikation, Anwendungsfrequenz, Beurteilung des Therapieerfolgs, Begleittherapie, Nebenwirkungen, Kombinationstherapien in späteren Krankheitsstadien, Erhaltungstherapie und Adhärenz im Rahmen der Therapie der Mycosis fungoides mit Chlormethin‐Gel befragt. Die strukturiert aufbereiteten Ergebnisse der Umfrage wurden in einer Konsensuskonferenz diskutiert und Empfehlungen zum Management der Therapie mit Chlormethin‐Gel entwickelt.

Ergebnisse

Wesentlich für die Therapie mit Chlormethin‐Gel ist ein individuelles, symptomorientiertes Therapiemanagement. Systemische Nebenwirkungen des Wirkstoffs sind wegen der fehlenden systemischen Verfügbarkeit bei topischer Anwendung unwahrscheinlich. Die häufig auftretende allergische oder irritativ‐toxische Kontaktdermatitis kann durch eine Anpassung des Therapieregimes, Therapiepausen sowie nebenwirkungsspezifische und unterstützende Maßnahmen häufig beherrscht werden. Ein einschleichender Therapiebeginn mit Anwendung von Chlormethin‐Gel jeden zweiten Tag kann die Tolerabilität wesentlich verbessern, insbesondere wenn die Therapie alternierend mit topischen Kortikosteroiden erfolgt.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Anwendung von Chlormethin‐Gel bei Mycosis fungoides wird durch die begleitende Kontaktdermatitis häufig eingeschränkt. Mit einem geeigneten Therapie‐ und Nebenwirkungsmanagement können vermeidbare Therapieabbrüche verhindert werden und mehr Patienten von der Therapie profitieren.
Therapy of psoriasis during pregnancy and breast‐feeding
Authors: Balakirski Galina , Gerdes Sascha , Beissert Stefan , Ochsendorf Falk , von Kiedrowski Ralph , Wilsmann‐Theis Dagmar
Published: May 2022

There have been multiple systemic drugs approved for the therapy of psoriasis vulgaris and psoriasis arthritis (PsA) in the last decade. However, treatment decisions are difficult to make in women planning a pregnancy and in pregnant and lactating women due to the paucity of data for such cases. The strongest evidence for psoriasis therapy during pregnancy exists for topical corticosteroids. Medically controlled use of UVB‐therapy is also considered safe. The best evidence regarding systemic therapy during pregnancy and lactation is available for the group of TNF‐alpha inhibitors, which is also reflected in the respective medical product information. This is especially important in cases of psoriatic arthritis. Among traditional systemic therapeutics, the largest clinical experience exists for ciclosporin, which, if medically necessary, may be continued during gestation. However, TNF‐alpha inhibitors, especially the pegylated form, should be preferred in case of pregnancy. Furthermore, an elective pregnancy termination is not necessary due to systemic therapy of psoriasis with many further substances during the first pregnancy weeks. The current work provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on treatment of psoriasis during pregnancy and lactation. Based on the available scientific information, severity of psoriasis and patient’s comorbidities, the best possible therapeutic approach can be found in consensus with the patient.
The relationship of educational environment and preparedness to practice ‐ perceptions of Malaysian dental graduates
Authors: Mohd Yani Azri A. , Ahmad Mas S. , Ngah Nurul A. , Md Sabri Budi A.
Published: May 2022

Gauging dental graduates' perceptions of their university training and of how it prepares them for professional practice is useful in measuring the quality and adequacy of the curriculum to which they were exposed.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions of dental graduates' educational environment as well as preparedness to practice, and how these two components are correlated.

Methods

A self‐administered, validated questionnaire, developed from previous studies, was distributed to dental graduates of a public Malaysian university (n = 178, response rate = 60%) via online and postal surveys. Bivariate analyses were carried out using Spearman's rank‐order correlation (Spearman's Rho, significance level p < .01) to determine the correlation between (1) Global Preparedness Score and Global DREEM Score, (2) domains of DREEM Inventory and perceived preparedness, and (3) domains of perceived preparedness and DREEM Score.

Results

The Global Preparedness Score was 191.52, with more than 90% of respondents feeling well prepared in the “General Patient Management,” “Drug and Emergency Management” and “Practice Management” domains. The Global DREEM Score was 148.99/200, interpreted as “more positive than negative.” The DREEM Inventory domains with the highest and lowest scores were “Students’ Academic Self‐Perception” (78.03%) and “Students' Social Self‐Perception” (71.86%), respectively. A moderate positive correlation was found between Global Preparedness Score and Global DREEM Score (p < .01). In addition, moderate to large positive correlations were noted between perceived preparedness and “Student Perception of Learning,” “Student Perception of Atmosphere” and “Student Academic Self‐Perception” (p < .01). Moderate positive correlations were also found between the DREEM Score and most domains of perceived preparedness (p < .01).

Conclusions

The majority of graduates were well prepared to perform in most areas of clinical practice and perceived their overall educational environment as positive. In particular, those who viewed the educational environment in a positive light were also found to possess a good level of preparedness.
Acoustic emission and computed tomography investigation on fatigue failure of fissure‐contained hollow‐cylinder granite: Cavity diameter effect
Authors: Wang Yu , Yi Xuefeng , Han Jianqiang , Xia Yingjie
Published: May 2022

This work aims to investigate the influence of cavity diameter on fracture behaviors for fissure‐contained hollow‐cylinder granite subjected to multistage cyclic loads, using acoustic emission detection, and post‐test computed tomography (CT) scanning. The influence of the cavity diameter on rock fracture was revealed in terms of volumetric deformation, stiffness degradation, AE output activities, hole spalling, and crack coalescence pattern. The testing results show the both the volumetric strain and AE b value decrease with increasing cavity diameter. An increase of volumetric strain and a decrease of AE b value are found during rock failure and their relationship was established. In addition, damage is quantificationally characterized by the released energy, and a damage evolution model is defined to characterize rock damage process. Moreover, post‐test CT visualization highlights the communication between the hole and fissures at the rock bridge segment, and it is suggested that failure severity decreases with the increase of hole diameter.
ECOSTRESS reveals pre‐fire vegetation controls on burn severity for Southern California wildfires of 2020
Authors: Pascolini‐Campbell Madeleine , Lee Christine , Stavros Natasha , Fisher Joshua B.
Published: May 2022

Aim

Topography, climate and plant water stress influence the spatial patterns of burn severity (damage to soils and vegetation associated with wildfires); however, the relative importance of these predictors remains contested. We hypothesized that high‐resolution pre‐fire vegetation water stress, measured using evapotranspiration (ET), evaporative stress index (ESI) and water use efficiency (WUE), are strong predictors of burn severity.

Location

California, USA.

Time period

2019–2020.

Major taxa studied

Forests, chaparral, oaks and grasslands.

Methods

We used random forest regression modelling with remotely sensed ECOsystem and Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) plant water stress from the spring–summer and year before the fires, predictors to represent spatial autocorrelation, and topography to predict the spatial patterns of burn severity for six fires in the Sierra Nevada and the Southern California Mountains.

Results

Plant water stress was the dominant predictor for the Southern California Mountains, and spatial autocorrelation in Sierra Nevada. Elevation was a leading predictor for burn severity for both regions, with greater predictability in higher‐elevation and steeper terrain. Model results varied by vegetation type: for the Southern California Mountains, grasslands had the highest predictability [R2 = .50 (high elevation); R2 = .58 (steep)], followed by savanna and open shrublands, which are typified by chaparral‐type vegetation [R2 = .43 (savanna, high elevation); R2 = .40 (open shrubland, high elevation)]. For grasslands, annual ET was the leading predictor (R2 = .58), consistent with the idea that growing season grassland enhancement increases fuel availability. The predictability of burn severity was also sensitive to the time of day of the ECOSTRESS acquisition and varied by vegetation type. Afternoon ET was the leading predictor for high‐elevation grasslands (R2 = .50), and morning predictors were important for steep‐sloped woody savanna (R2 = .18).

Main conclusions

Our findings provide insights on how antecedent plant water stress predicts burn severity and can inform pre‐fire season monitoring and fuel management.
Making the most of public policy in health libraries and information services: Example of the Health and Care Bill 2022
Authors: Carlyle Ruth
Published: May 2022

Public policy changes, such as new legislation, can seem distant from health knowledge and libraries services. The changes can provide, however, opportunities for health libraries and information services across sectors to demonstrate their value, supporting their ongoing funding and integration. The Health and Care Bill 2022 is an example of a public policy change that has specific implications in England, but also demonstrates the elements to look out for in new legislation as opportunities for health libraries and information services.
Abundance determines core–periphery roles of birds in a Neotropical seed dispersal network
Authors: Vitorino Breno Dias , Frota Angélica Vilas Boas Da , Nunes Josué Ribeiro Da Silva , Carniello Maria Antonia , Castrillon Solange Kimie Ikeda , Maruyama Pietro Kiyoshi
Published: May 2022

Frugivorous birds assume different roles in the organization of seed dispersal networks depending on how they interact with plants. Identifying the birds with the most important structural roles can shed light on how seed dispersal systems function. Here, we characterized the seed dispersal network in a megadiverse Neotropical bird community from Brazil and quantitatively scored birds according to their importance in the network. We tested the applicability of the recent core–periphery framework based on stochastic block models and contrasted it with other metrics commonly used in ecological networks to define structurally important species. Then, we also evaluated the main attributes (body mass, degree of frugivory and abundance) associated with the role of frugivorous birds in the network. In the field we recorded 1132 mutualistic interactions between 44 bird species and 41 plant species. We identified the Silver‐beaked Tanager Ramphocelus carbo, Band‐tailed Manakin Pipra fasciicauda and Red‐legged Honeycreeper Cyanerpes cyaneus as the most important seed‐dispersers. Our study highlighted the utility of the core–periphery method in identifying relevant species in the context of networks, which gave slightly different results to other approaches. Specifically, the core–periphery assessment identified more species as relevant, including the large frugivore Bare‐faced Curassow Crax fasciolata. Finally, we discovered that bird abundance was the main predictor of a species' role. We conclude that abundant and generalist frugivorous birds are key components in the maintenance of ecosystem function in the studied ecosystem.
Effectiveness of vital pulp treatment in managing nontraumatic pulpitis associated with no or nonspontaneous pain: A systematic review
Authors: Jakovljevic Aleksandar , Jaćimović Jelena , Aminoshariae Anita , Fransson Helena
Published: May 2022

Background

The exposed pulp has been the topic of numerous studies, but well‐designed and well‐executed comparative trials on the outcome and treatment of these teeth have been limited.

Objectives

This study was conducted to answer the following questions: in patients with nontraumatic pulpitis associated with no or nonspontaneous pain in permanent teeth, (i) is direct pulp capping or pulpotomy (partial/full) as effective as selective or stepwise caries removal [Population/participants, Intervention(s), Comparator(s)/control, Outcome(s) (PICO) 1], (ii) is pulpotomy (partial/full) as effective as direct pulp capping (PICO 2) and (iii) is pulpotomy (partial/full) as effective as a pulpectomy (PICO 3), in terms of a combination of patient and clinical reported outcomes, with ‘tooth survival’ as the most critical outcome?

Methods

A literature search was conducted using Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to November 3rd 2021. Grey literature and contents of the major subject journals were examined. Eligibility criteria followed the PICO questions. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, data extraction and appraisal; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. The risk of bias was assessed by the revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials.

Results

Three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included in the review. No study fulfilled the criteria to answer PICO 1. There were no significant differences in the reported outcomes between investigated treatments in all included RCTs. None of the included studies reported the most critical outcome ‘tooth survival’. A high loss of patients during the follow‐up period was observed.

Discussion

Although a few studies fulfilled strict eligible criteria, the results of this systematic review clearly highlight a paucity of available evidence. At the present time, clinical decisions cannot be substantiated by direct comparative trials.

Conclusions

Based on limited evidence, this systematic review discovered no significant differences in effectiveness between compared vital pulp treatments in managing nontraumatic pulpitis associated with no or nonspontaneous pain. Further high‐quality RCTs are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of direct pulp capping or pulpotomy (partial/full) compared to selective or stepwise caries removal.

Registration

PROSPERO database (CRD42021259742).
Physicochemical and rheological properties of interacted protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by‐products with sodium alginate
Authors: Gao Jingrong , He Shan , Nag Anindya , Zeng Xin‐An
Published: May 2022

The physicochemical properties of tuna protein hydrolysates were enhanced by interaction with sodium alginate. The increase in emulsifying capacity and stability was from 50 to 150 m2 g−1 and from 36 to 49 min, respectively. The increase in foaming capacity and stability was from 100% to 140% and from 65% to 70%, respectively. The reason for the increased physicochemical properties was the reduced zeta potential level of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate. The change in internal structure of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate was determined by SEM and FTIR. The SEM results showed that a net cross‐linking structure was formed from a sheet structure after the tuna protein hydrolysates interacted with sodium alginate. FTIR demonstrated that parts of the β‐sheet of tuna protein hydrolysates were changed into an irregular coiled structure or α‐helix after interaction with sodium alginate. In order to understand the interacted complex better, the rheological properties of interacted tuna protein hydrolysates with sodium alginate were further determined. In this study, the one‐step was developed, easy‐to‐operate and cost‐effective process that can further add value to tuna protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by‐products.
Indolent T‐lymphoblastic proliferation: A systematic review of the literature analyzing the epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic features of 45 cases
Authors: Saglam Arzu , Singh Kunwar , Gollapudi Sumanth , Kumar Jyoti , Brar Nivaz , Butzmann Alexandra , Warnke Roger , Ohgami Robert S.
Published: May 2022

An indolent T‐lymphoblastic proliferation (iT‐LBP) is a rare benign disorder characterized by an abnormal expansion of immature T‐cells, which morphologically can mimic malignancy. Since the first case was described in 1999, dozens more have been reported in the literature. However, the epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and biologic features of this disease have not been well described. Here, we retrospectively reviewed all known cases reported in the literature to better understand this entity. A PubMed search up to January 2022 highlighted 25 papers describing cases/case series of iT‐LBP, one of which was a case presentation in a slide workshop. Except for 9 of the cases in one of the papers, where it was evident that the number of CD3+/TdT+ cells were too few to conform with a diagnosis of iT‐LBP, all papers and all the cases reported were included in the study amounting to a total of 45 cases. Clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequencies. Our analysis highlighted the previously known association with Castleman disease and Castleman‐like features and underlined its association with dendritic cell proliferations in general, as well as uncovering high frequency of concurrence with hepatocellular carcinoma and autoimmune diseases, most notably myasthenia gravis, paraneoplastic pemphigus and paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome. Furthermore, the co‐expression of CD4 and CD8 and high prevalence of extranodal disease and recurrences were other less well described features that were revealed.
Effectiveness of applying proximal enamel caries with fluoride‐releasing sealant and fluoride varnish on caries progression in permanent teeth: A 12‐month split‐mouth randomized clinical trial
Authors: Treeratweerapong Yodkwan , Nakornchai Siriruk , Jirarattanasopha Varangkanar
Published: May 2022

Background

Few studies report on managing initial proximal caries with sealants, and no reports focus on fluoride‐releasing sealants.

Aim

To compare the effectiveness between applications of a fluoride‐releasing sealant and fluoride varnish on proximal enamel caries to control caries progression in permanent teeth.

Design

This was a split‐mouth randomized controlled trial in forty‐four 11‐ to 16‐year‐old children with radiographic caries in at least one contralateral pair of teeth with proximal enamel caries. The lesions were evaluated using DIAGNOdent and were also assessed visually after tooth separation. The lesions in each subject were randomly sealed with a fluoride‐releasing sealant (Helioseal® F) or applied with fluoride varnish (Duraphat®). The fluoride varnish‐treated lesion was reapplied at 3 and 6 months. Clinical examination, bitewing radiograph evaluation, and DIAGNOdent assessment were performed at 6 and 12 months. The caries progression outcome variables were regression, no change, and progression. The data were analyzed with the McNemar–Bowker test.

Results

Radiographic examination and DIAGNOdent assessment demonstrated no significant differences in the percentages of regression, no change, or progression at the 12‐month follow‐up (p > .05).

Conclusion

Applications of a fluoride‐releasing sealant and of fluoride varnish three times resulted in a nonsignificant difference in caries progression of initial proximal caries at the 12‐month follow‐up.
C‐reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in predicting surgical site infection (SSI) following instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF)
Authors: Qu Shaozheng , Sun Mingchuan , Sun Hongliang , Hu Baiqiang
Published: May 2022

Identification of novel markers would contribute to the individualised risk assessment and development of a risk prediction model. This study aimed to investigate the role of the C‐reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR) in predicting surgical site infection (SSI) following instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) of lumbar degenerative diseases. This study enrolled patients who underwent PLIF and instrumentation for treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases between 2015 and 2020. Electronic medical records were inquired for data collection, with follow‐up register for identifying SSI cases. The optimal cut‐off for CAR was determined by constructing the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Patients with high‐ or low‐CAR value were compared using the univariate analyses, and the association between CAR and the risk of SSI was investigated using multivariate logistics regression analysis. A total of 905 patients were enrolled, twenty‐nine (3.2%) had developed an SSI with 72.4% occurring during index hospitalisation, and 11 (1.2%) had deep and 18 (2.0%) superficial SSIs. An SSI was associated with additional 10.7 days of index total hospital stay (P = .001). The CAR was 0–5.43 (median, 0.05), and the optimal cut‐off was 0.09 and area under the curve was 0.720 (P < .001). 336 (37.1%) patients had a CAR ≥0.09 and 22 (6.5%) developed an SSI, with a crude risk of 5.6 relative to those with a low CAR. The multivariate analyses showed CAR ≥0.09 was associated with 8.06‐fold increased risk of SSI, together with diabetes (P = .018), while hypertension was identified as a protective factor (OR, 0.34; 95%CI, 0.11–1.00, P = .049). High CAR is found to significantly predict the incident SSI following instrumented PLIF of lumbar degenerative diseases, and can be considered as a useful index in practice only after it is verified by future high‐level evidences.
Effects of different universal adhesives and surface treatments on repair bond strength between resin composites
Authors: Yilmaz Fatma , Yazkan Basak , Herguner Siso Seyda
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different universal adhesives and surface treatments on the repair bond strength between resin composites.

Materials and Methods

A total of 220 composite samples were divided into three groups according to the adhesive resin to be applied: 1) Scotchbond Universal, 2) G‐Premio Bond, and 3) Peak Universal Bond. They were then divided into seven subgroups according to surface treatments (n = 10): A) air abrasion, B) air abrasion+silane, C) hydrofluoric acid, D) hydrofluoric acid+silane, E) air abrasion+hydrofluoric acid+silane, F) silane, and G) no surface treatment (negative control). After surface treatment, a repair composite was applied. Samples aged in the thermocycle were subjected to micro‐tensile bond strength testing. Cohesive strength values of 10 non‐aged composite blocks were used as a positive control. Kruskal–Wallis and one‐way ANOVA tests were used for statistical evaluation. Fractured surfaces were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope.

Results

In Scotchbond Universal and G‐Premio Bond, the mean micro‐tensile bond strength value of the no surface treatment subgroup was significantly lower than that of the positive control. All subgroups of Peak Universal Bond showed similar values to the positive control.

Conclusion

While Scotchbond Universal and G‐Premio Bond required mechanical roughening before adhesive application, Peak Universal Bond did not require any surface treatment.

Clinical Significance

Different universal adhesives may show different repair bonding strengths with different surface treatments. Since achieving a standard in this regard can be associated with many independent factors, clinicians should determine how to apply the adhesive they use most effectively with the most appropriate surface treatment based on their own clinical experience.
Negative seroprevalence forToxoplasma gondiiin free‐living primates from Central Amazonia
Authors: A. Elias Mônica , Maranhão Louise , Rabelo Rafael M. , Soares Herbert Sousa , Ferreira‐Neto José Soares , Valsecchi João , Gennari Solange Maria , Santana Marcelo Ismar Silva
Published: May 2022

This study presents 35 negative serologies for antibodies anti‐T. gondiiin free‐living primates from Central Amazonia. Our results suggest that these populations have not had contact with the parasite and, therefore, do not have antibodies. This was the first study surveyingT. gondiiinCacajao,Callicebus,Pithecia,andSaguinusmonkeys.
The texture of plant protein‐based meat analogs by high moisture extrusion: A review
Authors: Zhang Xin , Zhao Yu , Zhao Xiaohui , Sun Ping , Zhao Dongshun , Jiang Lianzhou , Sui Xiaonan
Published: May 2022

Meat analogs produced by high moisture extrusion (HME) are considered to be one of the products that have great potential for replacing real meat. The key issue as a meat analog is whether the texture can meet the standards of real meat. Nowadays, there have been some advances in the textural characterization of meat analogs, which are discussed in detail in this review. Firstly, this review describes the current characterizations of meat analogs in terms of fiber structure, hardness, springiness, tensile resistant force and sensory evaluation. Then, methods for analyzing the texture of meat analogs, such as texture analyzer, microstructure‐based methods, and other methods for characterizing fiber structure, are summarized. In addition, these characterizations are discussed in relation to the factors that influence the texture of meat analogs during HME. Finally, we propose priorities and some promising methods for future meat analogs conformation studies.
The promise of potential: A study on the effectiveness of jury selection to a prestigious visual arts program
Authors: Kackovic Monika , Hartog Joop , van Ophem Hans , Wijnberg Nachoem
Published: May 2022

We analyze 11 years of admission decisions to a highly selective post‐graduate visual arts program. Our unique, longitudinal data includes detailed information about the selection procedures as well as the later artistic and economic achievements for both accepted and rejected applicants (n = 8,557). Regarding the predictive value of the selection procedures on later performance, our analyses show that the largest gain made is in the first, more cursory, pre‐selection round. We find that weeding out less promising applicants is easier than identifying later top‐performers, in terms of ex‐ante expectations. The subsequent or final selection round is resource intensive and consists of several interviews with multiple jury members. Here we uncover an implicit structure of criterion variables that helps explain the ex‐post admission decisions. Our simulations show that actual selection during the final round is slightly better than alternative decision rules (including a decision by lottery) in identifying applicants' potential. Nevertheless, measured by future performance, the gain from rigorous jury assessments relative to modest and cheaper selection methods is minimal. Our conclusions are maintained under several robustness checks.
Regulation of neutrophil myeloperoxidase inhibitor SPIN by the small RNA Teg49 in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Cengher Liviu , Manna Adhar C. , Cho Junho , Theprungsirikul Jomkuan , Sessions Katherine , Rigby William , Cheung Ambrose L.
Published: May 2022

Teg49 is a Staphylococcus aureus trans‐acting regulatory sRNA derived from cleavage of the sarA P3 transcript. We showed by RNA‐Seq here that the 5′ trident‐like structure in Teg49 regulates transcriptionally (direct and indirect) 22 genes distinct from sarA. Among these, Teg49 was noted to repress spn, encoding a 102 residue preprotein which yields the mature 73 residue peptide which inhibits the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase in human neutrophils. Teg49 was found to regulate spn mRNA post‐transcriptionally in strain SH1000 through 9‐nt base‐pairing between hairpin loop 2 of Teg49 and an exposed bulge of the spn mRNA. Mutations of the Teg49 binding site disrupted the repression of spn, leading to reduced degradation, and increased half‐life of spn mRNA in the Teg49 mutant. The spn‐Teg49 interaction was also confirmed with a synonymous spn mutation to yield enhanced spn expression in the mutant vs. the parent. The Teg49 mutant with increased spn expression exhibited enhanced resistance to MPO activity in vitro. Killing assays with human neutrophils showed that the Teg49 mutant was more resistant to killing after phagocytosis. Altogether, this study shows that Teg49 in S. aureus has a distinct and important regulatory profile whereby this sRNA modulates resistance to myeloperoxidase‐mediated killing by human neutrophils.
Determination of the UV Inactivation Constant Under 280 nm UV LED Irradiation for SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Biffi Silvia , Signorini Lucia , Cattaneo Luciano , Della Corna Lorenzo , Guercilena Andrea , D’Alessandro Sarah , Ferrante Pasquale , Delbue Serena
Published: May 2022

The ongoing emergency provoked by the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic demands the development of technologies to mitigate the spread of infection, and UV irradiation is a technique that can efficiently address this issue. However, proper use of UV equipment for disinfection requires an understanding of how the effects on SARS‐CoV‐2 are dependent on certain parameters. In this work, we determined the UV‐C inactivation constant k for SARS‐CoV‐2 using an LED source at λ = 280 nm. Specifically, a Log3 reduction was measured after irradiation for 24 min with a delivered UV‐C dose of 23 J m−2. By multitarget model fitting, n = 2 and k = 0.32 ± 0.02 m2 J−1 were obtained. A lag time for the inactivation effect was also observed, which was attributed to the low irradiation levels used to perform the study. The combination of k and delay time allows for reliable estimation of disinfection times in small, closed environments.
Metagenomic analysis for detection and discovery of plant viruses in wild Solanum spp. in South Africa
Authors: Mahlanza Tendekai , Pierneef Rian E. , Makwarela Lufuno , Roberts Ronel , van der Merwe Marika
Published: May 2022

Wild plant species play an important role in plant virus epidemiology, mainly by harbouring viruses pathogenic to cultivated plant species. The genus Solanum includes important crop species as well as some highly abundant and widely distributed wild plant species. The aim of the present study was to profile the viromes of 11 wild Solanum spp. found in five provinces of South Africa. Metatranscriptomic analysis of pooled RNA samples from each of the Solanum spp. detected viruses belonging to 13–19 families. Reverse transcription PCR confirmed the detection of potato virus Y (PVY), potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), tomato torrado virus (ToTV) and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) for the first time in some of the Solanum spp. studied. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the PVY and PLRV strains from the wild Solanum spp. were divergent from those reported in cultivated crops, while there was limited divergence among ToTV and ToCV isolates. Viruses detected for the first time in South Africa included tobacco mild green mosaic virus, tomato matilda virus, a pepper enamovirus from Rwanda and a cytorhabdovirus from potato in Kenya. Potentially novel viruses were also detected in S. lichtensteinii, S. mauritianum and S. viarum. This study demonstrates the role of Solanum spp. in harbouring viruses pathogenic to solanaceous crops, and in the emergence of new virus strains. It may therefore inform strategies for virus disease management by control of wild solanums that harbour viruses pathogenic to important Solanum crops.
Leadership in the public sector: A meta‐analysis of styles, outcomes, contexts, and methods
Authors: Backhaus Leonie , Vogel Rick
Published: May 2022

Leadership has attracted growing attention among scholars and practitioners in public administration. With the rising availability of study results, however, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep track under which conditions leadership does or does not make a difference in the public sector. This study provides a meta‐analysis of administrative leadership and various correlates that research has theorized as outcomes of leadership. The results of a multi‐level random‐effects meta‐analysis based on 486 effect sizes from 151 studies show that correlations are stronger for the achievement of beneficial than for the prevention of detrimental outcomes, as well as for group‐ and organization‐related than for employee‐related outcomes. Moderation analyses reveal that leadership style, administrative tradition, administrative subfield, and methodological factors explain heterogeneity in effect sizes.