bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light‐induced transient ion flux responses from maize leaves and their association with leaf growth and photosynthesis
Authors: ŽIVANOVIĆ B. D. , PANG J. , SHABALA S.
Published: February 2005

Net fluxes of H+, K+ and Ca2+ ions from maize (Zea mays L.) isolated leaf segments were measured non‐invasively using ion‐selective vibrating microelectrodes (the MIFE technique). Leaf segments were isolated from the blade base, containing actively elongating cells (basal segments), and from non‐growing tip regions (tip segments). Ion fluxes were measured in response to bright white light (2600 µmol m−2 s−1) from either the leaf segments or the underlying mesophyll (after stripping the epidermis). Fluxes measured from the mesophyll showed no significant difference between basal and tip regions. In leaf segments (epidermis attached), light‐induced flux kinetics of all ions measured (H+, Ca2+ and K+) were strikingly different between the two regions. It appears that epidermal K+ fluxes are required to drive leaf expansion growth, whereas in the mesophyll light‐induced K+ flux changes are likely to play a charge balancing role. Light‐stimulated Ca2+ influx was not directly attributable either to leaf photosynthetic performance or to leaf expansion growth. It is concluded that light‐induced ion flux changes are associated with both leaf growth and photosynthesis.
Survival of baboon biotin‐X‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide and 111In‐oxine‐labelled autologous fresh and lyophilized reconstituted platelets
Authors: Valeri C. R. , MacGregor H. , Barnard M. R. , Summaria L. , Michelson A. D. , Ragno G.
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives  In accordance with Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, platelets can be stored in the liquid state at 22 °C for only 5 days. Platelets frozen with 6% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) can be stored at −80 °C for 2 years, and platelets frozen with 5% DMSO can be stored at −150 °C for 3 years. Studies are being conducted to determine the effects of lyophilization of platelets. In the present study, we assessed the survival of autologous lyophilized‐reconstituted platelets in the baboon.

Materials and Methods  We studied fresh baboon platelets and baboon platelets that had been treated with paraformaldehyde, frozen, lyophilized, thawed and reconstituted. Aliquots of these platelets were labelled with 111In‐oxine or biotin‐X‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide (biotin‐X‐NHS) before autotransfusion, and measurements were made of the in vivo recovery and lifespan. We also evaluated the response of fresh and lyophilized platelets to in vitro agonists by measuring the level of platelet surface markers and heterotypic aggregates in the peripheral blood following the autotransfusions.

Results  The 111In‐oxine‐ or biotin‐X‐NHS‐labelled lyophilized, reconstituted platelets exhibited survival times of less than 15 min. These platelets did not respond to stimulation with agonists to decrease platelet GPIb and increase platelet P‐selectin and platelet GPIIb‐IIIa levels 1 min post‐transfusion and they accumulated more procoagulant factor V than did the fresh platelets.

Conclusions  Lyophilized reconstituted baboon platelets labelled with 111In‐oxine or biotin‐X‐NHS before autotransfusion exhibited an in vivo circulation time of less than 15 min. Further study of the lyophilized, reconstituted platelets is required to evaluate their haemostatic function.
An international collaborative study to replace the 1st international standard for prekallikrein activator
Authors: Longstaff C. , Behr‐Gross M.‐E. , Daas A. , Lackner F.
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives  The aim of this study was to replace the 1st International Standard (IS) for prekallikrein activator (PKA) (code 82/530) with a new IS and European Biological Reference Preparation (BRP). The new standards were freeze dried 20% albumin solution containing PKA, the same solution that is tested using these standards. Aspects of the methodology for PKA determination were also examined as part of this study.

Materials and Methods  A batch of 20% albumin containing ≈ 30 IU/ml was donated by a manufacturer of blood products and dispensed into ampoules at the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) to create the candidate IS (02/168, sample B in the study) and at the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) to create the candidate BRP (sample C in the study). The concentration of PKA in these preparations was determined in an international collaborative study involving 31 laboratories from 17 countries worldwide in comparison with the 1st IS for PKA (82/530) containing 85 IU of PKA per ampoule. Participants were requested to perform their own in‐house method, based on the current Ph. Eur. monograph for determination of PKA in albumin solutions. Participants were provided with sufficient samples to perform two or three assays and were asked to use their local prekallikrein substrate (PKS) and also to use a commercial PKS provided as part of the study, in order to investigate the importance of the source of PKS on the final potency values.

Results  Samples B and C emerged with identical PKA concentrations of 29 IU/ml, very close to the expected value. This figure was determined using a variety of statistical methods, with the participants’ own calculated values and values calculated centrally at the EDQM using raw data. The value of 29 IU/ml was consistent and independent of the method of calculation, although interlaboratory variability was more sensitive to the statistical analysis method. There was no statistically significant difference in mean potencies when comparing results with the laboratories’ own local substrate and the substrate provided for the study. All stability studies indicate that these lyophilized preparations of PKA in 20% albumin are extremely stable.

Conclusions  Samples B and C were established as the 2nd IS (code 02/168) and PKA activator in albumin BRP batch 1 (Y0000263), respectively, with a potency of 29 IU per ampoule. Results from this study indicate that testing for PKA in albumin may be less sensitive to the source of PKS than previously feared. The study highlights a number of methodological issues that may need revising in the Ph. Eur. general chapter 2.6.15.
Six years’ experience of using the BacT/ALERT system to screen all platelet concentrates, and additional testing of outdated platelet concentrates to estimate the frequency of false‐negative results
Authors: Larsen C. P. , Ezligini F. , Hermansen N. O. , Kjeldsen‐Kragh J.
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives  Approximately 1 in every 2000 units of platelets is contaminated with bacteria. The BacT/ALERT automated blood culture system can be used to screen platelet concentrates (PCs) for bacterial contamination.

Materials and Methods  Data were collected from May 1998 until May 2004. The number of PCs tested during this period was 36 896, most of which were produced from pools of four buffy‐coats. On the day following blood collection or platelet apheresis, a 5–10 ml sample of the PC was aseptically transferred to a BacT/ALERT culture bottle for detection of aerobic bacteria. The sample was monitored for bacterial growth during the entire storage period of the PC (6·5 days). When a positive signal was generated, the culture bottle, the PC and the erythrocyte concentrates were tested for bacterial growth. In order to determine the frequency of false‐negative BacT/ALERT signals, 1061 outdated PCs were tested during the period from May 2002 to May 2004.

Results  Eighty‐eight positive signals were detected by the BacT/ALERT system, of which 12 were interpreted as truly positive. Fourteen signals were interpreted as truly false positive. Thirty‐three signals were interpreted to be probably false positive. Two of 1061 outdated units tested positive, and Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively, were isolated from these PCs.

Conclusions  Between 0·03% and 0·12% of the PCs were contaminated with bacteria. BacT/ALERT is an efficient tool for monitoring PCs for bacterial contamination; however, it is important to realize that false‐negative results may occur.
Laparoscopic pyeloplasty: current status
Authors: Inagaki Takeshi , Rha Koon H. , Ong Albert M. , Kavoussi Louis R. , Jarrett Thomas W.
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVE

To review current publications and report our results and long‐term follow‐up of laparoscopic transperitoneal pyeloplasty for pelvi‐ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 147 laparoscopic transperitoneal pyeloplasties were performed between August 1993 and November 2000 (mean patient age 35.7 years, range 10–85). All patients were diagnosed with PUJ obstruction by symptoms and intravenous urography, radionuclide diuretic renography or ultrasonography. An Anderson‐Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty (106), Y‐V plasty (28), Fenger plasty (11) and others (two) were used, according to the intraoperative findings. Twenty‐five patients had secondary obstruction, having had previous surgery to the PUJ. The mean (range) follow‐up was 24 (3–84) months; all patients were followed clinically and radiologically.

RESULTS

The mean operative duration time was 246 (100–480) min and estimated blood loss was 158 mL. Crossing vessels were identified in 80 cases. The success rate for all, primary and secondary patients was 95%, 98% and 84%, respectively. With one exception, all failures occurred within 6 months. Twenty‐one patients (22 renal units) had simultaneous laparoscopic pyeloplasty and lithotomy; they were treated successfully and all have an intact PUJ, and 20 renal units (90%) were stone‐free. The overall complication rate was 8.8%.

CONCLUSIONS

This series has comparable success rates to those of open pyeloplasty and the morbidity was minimal. Laparoscopic pyeloplasty may soon become the standard operation for PUJ obstruction, especially with crossing vessels.
Metabolite fingerprinting in transgenic lettuce
Authors: Garratt Lee C. , Linforth Robert , Taylor Andrew J. , Lowe Kenneth C. , Power J. Brian , Davey Michael R.
Published: February 2005

Metabolite fingerprinting has been achieved using direct atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS) and linked gas chromatography (GC‐APCI/EI‐MS) for transgenic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Evola) plants expressing an IPT gene under the control of the senescence‐specific SAG12 promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana (PSAG12‐IPT). Mature heads of transgenic lettuce and their azygous controls were maintained under defined conditions to assess their shelf life. Transgenic lettuce plants exhibited delayed senescence and significant increases (up to a maximum of threefold) in the concentrations of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), corresponding to molecular masses of 45, 47 and 63, when compared with heads from azygous plants. These VOCs were identified as acetaldehyde (45), ethanol (47) and dimethyl sulphide (63). The increase in dimethyl sulphide was paralleled by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the heads of transgenic plants. These results demonstrate the applicability of metabolic fingerprinting techniques to elucidate the underlying pleiotropic responses of plants to transgene expression.
Expression of the maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene in rice plants enhances resistance against the striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis): effects on larval growth and insect gut proteinases
Authors: Vila Laura , Quilis Jordi , Meynard Donaldo , Breitler Jean Christophe , Marfà Victoria , Murillo Isabel , Vassal Jean Michel , Messeguer Joaquima , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , San Segundo Blanca
Published: February 2005

The maize proteinase inhibitor (mpi) gene was introduced into two elite japonica rice varieties. Both constitutive expression of the mpi gene driven by the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter and wound‐inducible expression of the mpi gene driven by its own promoter resulted in the accumulation of MPI protein in the transgenic plants. No effect on plant phenotype was observed in mpi‐expressing lines. The stability of transgene expression through successive generations of mpi rice lines (up to the T4 generation) and the production of functional MPI protein were confirmed. Expression of the mpi gene in rice enhanced resistance to the striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis), one of the most important pests of rice. In addition, transgenic mpi plants were evaluated in terms of their effects on the growth of C. suppressalis larvae and the insect digestive proteolytic system. An important dose‐dependent reduction of larval weight of C. suppressalis larvae fed on mpi rice, compared with larvae fed on untransformed rice plants, was observed. Analysis of the digestive proteolytic activity from the gut of C. suppressalis demonstrated that larvae adapted to mpi transgene expression by increasing the complement of digestive proteolytic activity: the serine and cysteine endoproteinases as well as the exopeptidases leucine aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases A and B. However, the induction of such proteolytic activity did not prevent the deleterious effects of MPI on larval growth. The introduction of the mpi gene into rice plants can thus be considered as a promising strategy to protect rice plants against striped stem borer.
Production of cyanophycin, a suitable source for the biodegradable polymer polyaspartate, in transgenic plants
Authors: Neumann Katrin , Stephan Dirk Paul , Ziegler Karl , Hühns Maja , Broer Inge , Lockau Wolfgang , Pistorius Elfriede K.
Published: February 2005

The production of biodegradable polymers in transgenic plants in order to replace petrochemical compounds is an important challenge for plant biotechnology. Polyaspartate, a biodegradable substitute for polycarboxylates, is the backbone of the cyanobacterial storage material cyanophycin. Cyanophycin, a copolymer of l‐aspartic acid and l‐arginine, is produced via non‐ribosomal polypeptide biosynthesis by the enzyme cyanophycin synthetase. A gene from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP‐1 encoding cyanophycin synthetase has been expressed constitutively in tobacco and potato. The presence of the transgene‐encoded messenger RNA (mRNA) correlated with changes in leaf morphology and decelerated growth. Such transgenic plants were found to produce up to 1.1% dry weight of a polymer with cyanophycin‐like properties. Aggregated material, able to bind a specific cyanophycin antibody, was detected in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the transgenic plants.
Optimization of Agrobacterium‐mediated transient assays of gene expression in lettuce, tomato and Arabidopsis
Authors: Wroblewski Tadeusz , Tomczak Anna , Michelmore Richard
Published: February 2005

Agrobacterium‐mediated transient assays for gene function are increasingly being used as alternatives to genetic complementation and stable transformation. However, such assays are variable and not equally successful in different plant species. We analysed a range of genetic and physiological factors affecting transient expression following agroinfiltration, and developed a protocol for efficient and routine transient assays in several plant species. Lettuce exhibited high levels of transient expression and was at least as easy to work with as Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression occurred in the majority of cells within the infiltrated tissue and approached 100% in some regions. High levels of transient expression were obtained in some ecotypes of Arabidopsis; however, Arabidopsis remains recalcitrant to routine, genotype‐independent transient assays. Transient expression levels often exceeded those observed in stably transformed plants. The laboratory Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 was the best strain for use in plant species that did not elicit a necrotic response to A. tumefaciens. A wild A. tumefaciens strain, 1D1246, was identified that provided high levels of transient expression in solanaceous plants without background necrosis, enabling routine transient assays in these species.
Black, White, and Brown: The Transformation of Public Education in America
Authors: Willie Charles Vert , Willie Sarah Susannah
Published: February 2005

This article reflects upon changes in U.S. education since the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The authors reject both the naively hopeful and the bitterly cynical interpretations of the efficacy of Brown in favor of a more moderate assessment: Brown has had many positive effects, they argue, but it has been slow going and there is much work yet to be done. Drawing on their research in primary, secondary, and post-secondary educational settings, the authors argue that the concept of justice is a negotiated concept that depends on the “representative viewpoints”; they examine the obstacles that have impeded the full implementation of Brown; they note a few school systems that have achieved more just and equitable school systems; they consult census data that reveal increasing equity between Blacks and Whites when it comes to educational achievement; and finally, they examine the legacy of the Brown decision for other groups of children. Referring to Brown as a “work in progress,” the authors argue that group-specific remedies are not only legally defensible, but also crucial in achieving greater educational equity and student diversity.
Nociception and baroreceptor stimulation in hypertension‐prone men and women
Authors: Al'Absi Mustafa , France Christopher R. , Ring Christopher , France Janis , Harju Angie , Mcintyre David , Wittmers Lorentz E.
Published: February 2005

We examined the effects of baroreceptor stimulation on nociceptive responding in men and women with a positive or negative parental history of hypertension. The effects of three baroreceptor conditions (stimulation, inhibition, and control) on subjective pain and nociceptive responding were evaluated during electrocutaneous sural nerve stimulation. Pain ratings were lower in men with positive parental history relative to men with negative parental history, but this difference was not found in women. Both stimulatory and inhibitory baroreceptor conditions were associated with reduced pain reports compared to the control condition. There were no significant differences in nociceptive responding as a function of parental history of hypertension. Although this study confirms a link between hypoalgesia and risk for hypertension in men, it does not support the hypothesis that this attenuated pain perception is due to enhanced baroreceptor activity.
Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict
Authors: Bartholow Bruce D. , Pearson Melanie A. , Dickter Cheryl L. , Sher Kenneth J. , Fabiani Monica , Gratton Gabriele
Published: February 2005

Errors in timed choice tasks typically produce an error‐related negativity (ERN) in the event‐related potential (ERP). The error specificity of the ERN has been challenged by studies showing a correct response negativity (CRN). Forty‐five participants engaged in a flanker task in which both compatibility between flankers and target and the probability of compatible flankers were manipulated. Correct responses elicited a CRN, the amplitude of which increased with the degree of mismatch between the presence of conflict and conflict probability, even on low‐conflict (compatible) trials. The fronto‐central N2 component was larger on high‐conflict (incompatible) correct response trials. However, in contrast to some recent accounts, this N2 was largest for highly probable stimuli. These findings suggest revision to models of the effects of conflict on response‐related negativity to account for strategic adjustments made in preparation for the response.
The relationship between women's subjective and physiological sexual arousal
Authors: Rellini Alessandra H. , McCall Katie M. , Randall Patrick K. , Meston Cindy M.
Published: February 2005

Previous literature presents discordant results on the relationship between physiological and subjective sexual arousal in women. In this study, the use of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed a significant concordance between continuous measures of physiological and subjective sexual arousal as assessed during exposure to erotic stimuli in a laboratory setting. We propose that past studies that have found little or no association between the two measures may have been in part limited by the methodology and statistical analyses employed.
Event‐related potential correlates of task switching and switch costs
Authors: Kieffaber Paul D. , Hetrick William P.
Published: February 2005

Studies of task switching demonstrate that task switches are associated with response costs and that these costs are reduced when a cue is presented in advance of a switch. The present study examined cortical event‐related potential correlates of task switching and switch costs in 39 participants during a cued match/mismatch discrimination task. Compared with non‐switch trials, switch trials were associated with a larger cue‐related, anticipatory P3b‐like waveform. Switch trials were also associated with smaller target‐related, stimulus‐dependent P2 and P3‐like components. Moreover, the switch‐related amplitude variability in the P3b to the cue and the P2 to the target were associated with unique components of the residual switch costs. The results support an integrated model of task switching with complementary yet distinct roles for anticipatory and stimulus‐dependent processes in task switching and switch costs.
Phyto‐specific 16S rDNA PCR primers for recovering algal and plant sequences from mixed samples
Authors: STILLER JOHN W. , McCLANAHAN ANA
Published: February 2005

Molecular environmental sampling of the phototrophic complexity in a given environment may be important in a number of research disciplines. Because of the broad evolutionary diversity of photosynthetic organisms, however, primers that can recover sequences from all phototrophs also target other organisms, often preferentially. Therefore, PCR primers that selectively amplify genes of phototrophs over those of other prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms could prove extremely useful. Here we report two such primers that target 16S rDNA from Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic plastids, but do not amplify genes from abundant Bacteria in a mixed sample.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in a plural breeder, the grey‐capped social weaver (Pseudonigrita arnaudi), isolated with an improved enrichment protocol using fragment size‐selection
Authors: MCRAE SUSAN B. , EMLEN STEPHEN T. , RUBENSTEIN DUSTIN R. , BOGDANOWICZ STEVEN M.
Published: February 2005

We isolated polymorphic microsatellite loci (mean number of alleles = 12) from the grey‐capped social weaver (Pseudonigrita arnaudi) genome. We designed an experiment to test whether the addition of a fragment size‐selection step at either of two different stages in an enrichment protocol increased the average insert size in transformants. Fragment size‐selection produced significantly larger average insert sizes among our positive (microsatellite‐containing) transformants. Size‐selection just before ligation to the cloning vector was most effective. Eighteen independently‐assorting polymorphic loci were characterized. Some amplified in other ploceid weavers and related species. Collectively, the markers provide a mean exclusion probability of 0.9999 for parentage analysis, and will be a powerful tool for reconstructing extended family membership in this highly social bird.
Trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae)
Authors: WATTS PHILLIP C. , DALY DEREK , KAYANI ANNA , CULVER FRANCESCA A. , KELLY VICTORIA M. , PARKER GEOFF A. , KEMP STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2005

We describe six polymorphic, trinucleotide microsatellite loci that were isolated from the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae), a model system for examining the mechanisms behind sperm competition in species with internal fertilization. These microsatellites yielded between 3 and 11 alleles per locus in a sample of 20–48 dung flies collected from several sites in Cheshire, UK. Observed and expected heterozygosities varied between 0.195 and 0.900 and 0.335–0.842, respectively. These markers should allow us to investigate postcopulatory sexual selection processes in this fly much more fully than has been possible in the past.
Novel microsatellite loci identified from the Australian eastern small‐eyed snake (Elapidae: Rhinocephalus nigrescens) and cross species amplification in the related genus Suta
Authors: STAPLEY JESSICA , HAYES CHRISTINE M. , WEBB JONATHAN K. , KEOGH J. SCOTT
Published: February 2005

A total of 15 microsatellite primers pairs were developed for the Australian small‐eyed snake Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens. Five primers were used to screen 93 individuals of R. nigrescens and were also tested against eight species of the closely related genus Suta. Allelic diversity in R. nigrescens was high in three loci (12–27) and there was high heterozygosity (0.58–0.82). Observed heterozygosity did not deviate from Hardy–Weinberg expectations for the five loci tested. These primers will be useful in studies of population genetics and mating systems of small‐eyed snakes and related species.
Characterization of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the black‐tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: JONES RYAN T. , MARTIN ANDREW P. , MITCHELL ADAM J. , COLLINGE SHARON K. , RAY CHRIS
Published: February 2005

We report the development of 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the black‐tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus. The number of alleles per locus ranges from three to 11, and the observed heterozygosity ranges from 0.37500 to 1.0000. These markers will benefit studies of landscape effects on prairie dog migration, disease dynamics, and conservation efforts.
Microsatellite DNA markers for population genetic studies and parentage assignment in cobia, Rachycentron canadum
Authors: PRUETT CHRISTIN L. , SAILLANT ERIC , RENSHAW MARK A. , PATTON JOHN C. , REXROAD CAIRD E. , GOLD JOHN R.
Published: February 2005

Twenty nuclear‐encoded microsatellites from a genomic DNA library of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, were isolated and characterized. The microsatellites include two tetranucleotide, one trinucleotide, three combination tetranucleotide/dinucleotide, nine dinucleotide, and five imperfect (dinucleotide) repeat motifs. Gene diversity ranged between zero to 0.910; the number of alleles among a sample of 24 fish ranged from one to 15. Cobia support an important recreational fishery in the southeastern United States and recently have become of interest to aquaculture. The microsatellites developed will be useful tools for studying both population genetics (e.g. stock structure, effective population size) and inheritance of traits important to aquaculture.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the gray, short‐tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica)
Authors: GOUIN NICOLAS , WESTENBERGER SCOTT J. , MAHANEY SUSAN M. , SAMOLLOW PAUL B.
Published: February 2005

Twenty‐six polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from (AC)n and (AG)n microsatellite‐enhanced genomic libraries of the gray, short‐tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica. All 26 loci showed high allelic diversity, with allele numbers ranging from five to 11 in a subset of 35 animals. Normal Mendelian inheritance was confirmed for 24 loci by analysing allelic segregation in 10, two‐generation, families. Non‐amplifying (null) alleles were detected at two loci, which we recommend be used only if pedigree data are available. We conclude that all of these microsatellite markers would be useful for quantitative trait locus mapping and population genetic studies.
Development and characterization of microsatellite DNA primers for ferruginous pygmy‐owls (Glaucidium brasilianum)
Authors: PROUDFOOT G. , HONEYCUTT R. , DOUGLAS SLACK R.
Published: February 2005

Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for the ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum). Observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.07–0.85 and 0.1–0.88, respectively. Allele numbers ranged from five to 16 per locus.
pathmatrix: a geographical information system tool to compute effective distances among samples
Authors: RAY NICOLAS
Published: February 2005

pathmatrix is a tool used to compute matrices of effective geographical distances among samples using a least‐cost path algorithm. This program is dedicated to the study of the role of the environment on the spatial genetic structure of populations. Punctual locations (e.g. individuals) or zones encompassing sample data points (e.g. demes) are used in conjunction with a species‐specific friction map representing the cost of movement through the landscape. Matrices of effective distances can then be exported to population genetic software to test, for example, for isolation by distance. pathmatrix is an extension to the geographical information system (GIS) software arcview 3.x.
Microsatellite loci in the stable fly, Stomoxys niger niger (Diptera: Muscidae) on La Réunion Island
Authors: GILLES J. , LITRICO I. , DUVALLET G.
Published: February 2005

Six polymorphic microsatellite markers have been isolated from a microsatellite‐enriched DNA library from the stable fly, Stomoxys niger niger. These loci exhibited five to 10 alleles per locus and an expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.57 to 0.81 in the studied populations from La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). They should therefore be useful for the study of genetic diversity and population structure of S. niger. In addition, cross‐species amplification of four of these six loci in the closely allied species Stomoxys calcitrans produced interpretable results, two of which would be useful for population biology studies.
hp‐rare 1.0: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic richness
Authors: KALINOWSKI STEVEN T.
Published: February 2005

The number of alleles in a sample (allelic richness) is a fundamental measure of genetic diversity. However, this diversity measure has been difficult to use because large samples are expected to contain more alleles than small samples. The statistical technique of rarefaction compensates for this sampling disparity. Here I introduce a computer program that performs rarefaction on private alleles and hierarchical sampling designs.
Microsatellite loci for Myrmica kotokui and their application in some congeneric ant species distributed in northern Japan
Authors: AZUMA N. , TAKAHASHI J. , KIKUCHI T. , YOSHIMURA M. , ONOYAMA K. , HIGASHI S.
Published: February 2005

We developed seven polymorphic microsatellite loci for Myrmica kotokui from RAPD (rapid analysis of polymorphic DNA) fragments. These loci showed two to six alleles with expected and observed heterozygosity of 0.13–0.73 and 0.14–0.78, respectively. These loci are transferable to the congeneric species as Myrmica rubra, Myrmica luteola and Myrmica taediosa from northern Japan. These loci will allow analyses of genetic structure of Myrmica species at both the colony level and population levels.
Isolation of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the grey‐headed robin (Poecilodryas albispecularis)
Authors: BARDELEBEN CAROLYNE , DELANEY KATHLEEN SEMPLE , AUSTIN JEREMY , MOORE RACHAEL L.
Published: February 2005

We isolated 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the grey‐headed robin Poecilodryas albispecularis from genomic libraries enriched for (AAGG)n and (AACC)n repetitive elements and characterized them in 12 individuals. The number of alleles ranges from three to nine per locus with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.33 to 0.90. These markers will be useful for analysis of questions concerning population genetic structure and testing models of speciation.
Isolation and characterization of new microsatellite markers in mango (Mangifera indica)
Authors: HONSHO CHITOSE , NISHIYAMA KIYOMI , EIADTHONG WICHAN , YONEMORI KEIZO
Published: February 2005

Six microsatellite loci that were isolated from a microsatellite‐enriched genomic library of mango (Mangifera indica) along with their specific primer sets were each characterized by using 36 cultivars collected mainly in Thailand. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.83 and from 0.29 to 0.73, respectively. The number of putative alleles are two to six. Three of the six alleles have frequencies of over 75%. The high frequency may be attributed to the bias in the origin of cultivars. Among 36 mango cultivars tested, 29 cultivars showed a unique pattern by six primer sets, whereas seven cultivars cannot be identified because of genotype similarities. This suggests the potentials for identification of mango cultivars by microsatellite markers.
A microsatellite‐based method for genotyping diploid and triploid water frogs of the Rana esculenta hybrid complex
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN DITTE G.
Published: February 2005

Rana esculenta is a hybrid between Rana lessonae (LL) and Rana ridibunda (RR), and hybrids may be diploid (LR) or triploid (LLR or LRR). Genotypes can be roughly determined from erythrocyte size and morphometry in adult frogs, but accurate genotyping requires more labourious methods. Here I demonstrate that both the L and R genomes have specific microsatellite alleles, and that genotype and ploidy can be accurately inferred from the quantitative ratio of PCR‐amplified (polymerase chain reaction‐amplified) genome‐specific alleles. This method greatly facilitates genotyping in DNA studies of the R. esculenta complex and allows analysis of badly preserved samples and embryos.
Development of microsatellites DNA markers in the cultivated seaweed, Gracilaria chilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: GUILLEMIN M.‐L. , DESTOMBE C. , FAUGERON S. , CORREA J. A. , VALERO M.
Published: February 2005

The red algae Gracilaria chilensis is extensively cultivated for agar production. In spite of its commercial significance as the first algal resource in Chile, no information is available on the pattern of genetic diversity. In this paper, we isolated six polymorphic microsatellite markers from a G. chilensis‐enriched DNA library. Genetic diversity was assessed in two natural populations revealing relatively low levels of heterozygosity ranging from 0.00 to 0.51. The six loci developed here are good candidates to assess the level of genetic resources within this species, which probably suffered from over‐exploitation in several localities along the Chilean coast.
Repair of Radial Fractures in Toy Breed Dogs with Self‐Reinforced Biodegradable Bone Plates, Metal Screws, and Light‐Weight External Coaptation
Authors: Saikku‐Bäckström Anu , Räihä Jan E. , Välimaa Tero , Tulamo Riitta‐Mari
Published: February 2005

Objective— To describe a surgical technique for, and outcome after, treatment of radial fractures with biodegradable self‐reinforced polylactide plates and metal screws, and external coaptation.

Study Design— Prospective clinical study.

Sample Population— Eleven Toy breed dogs.

Methods— Radial fractures were repaired by application of a single or 2 stacked biodegradable self‐reinforced polylactide plates (poly‐l/d, l‐lactide, stereocopolymer [ll‐and dl‐lactide ratio 70/30]; SR‐PLA (70/30) implants) secured with metal screws, and light‐weight external coaptation. Healing was evaluated clinically and by radiography at 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 24–26 weeks, and at 1 and 2 years. Owners were interviewed 3 years after surgery.

Results— Radial fracture lines disappeared within 4–14 weeks in 10 dogs; an implant failed in 1 dog. Ambulation was excellent for healed fractures. Excessive skin tension led to removal of implants in 1 dog and suture repair in another dog. No foreign body reaction from implant degradation was observed and the plate was usually no longer palpable at 2 years. One dog had a fracture through a screw hole at 1 year.

Conclusion— Healing and complication rates after repair of radial fractures with SR‐PLA (70/30) plates were considered similar or better than reported after repair with metallic plates or external fixation in Toy breed dogs. No radiographic signs of osteopenia were identified under the plate during follow‐up.

Clinical Relevance— Biodegradable polylactide plates could be considered as an alternative to metal plates for radial fracture repair in Toy breed dogs, however available plates are likely not strong enough when used as a single plate. Implant removal is usually not needed.
Coxofemoral Arthroscopy and Total Hip Arthroplasty for Management of Intermediate Grade Fibrosarcoma in a Dog
Authors: Scherrer William , Holsworth Ian , Goossens Marielle , Schulz Kurt
Published: February 2005

Objective— To report the use of arthroscopy and total hip arthroplasty (THA) for management of intermediate grade fibrosarcoma of the femoral head in a dog.

Study Design— Clinical case report.

Animal— A 6‐year‐old spayed female Rottweiler presented for evaluation of acute‐onset of lameness of the right pelvic limb of approximately 10 days duration.

Methods— Coxofemoral arthroscopy was performed to obtain fine needle aspiration and Jamshidi biopsy of a lytic lesion of the femoral head. A cemented THA was performed removing as much of the femoral neck and proximal femur as possible while not compromising implant or joint stability.

Results— Histologic evaluation of specimens from the femoral head and neck remnants confirmed an intermediate grade fibrosarcoma. Fifteen months after THA, subjectively there was normal use of the right limb with only limited decrease in range of motion and mild muscular atrophy. Radiographs demonstrated stationary positioning of the THA implants.

Conclusions— Arthroscopy of the coxofemoral joint is an effective diagnostic tool for evaluation of disease of the articular structures and canine total hip replacement may be an appropriate means of limb salvage in rare cases of disease of the femoral head.

Clinical Relevance— This case provides support for the use of coxofemoral arthroscopy as a diagnostic tool as well as an aid in acquiring representative intraarticular tissue samples. Additionally, the case presented demonstrates the potential use of THA as a limb sparing technique in cases of disease affecting the femoral head of dogs.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Sepsis in a Horse
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Wilson David G.
Published: February 2005

Objective— To report arthroscopic debridement and lavage of a septic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a horse.

Design— Clinical case report.

Animals— A 12‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare.

Methods— Arthroscopic investigation of the dorsal joint pouch of the right TMJ was made through a stab incision into the dorsocaudal compartment. Mechanized resection of synovium and fibrinous debris combined with copious lavage, and intra‐articular and systemic antibiotic administration was used to treat the septic TMJ.

Results— Arthroscopic debridement and lavage of the TMJ, in combination with intra‐articular and systemic antimicrobials resulted in resolution of sepsis. Eight months post‐operatively, there was no clinical evidence of degenerative joint disease or ankylosis of the TMJ.

Conclusion— TMJ sepsis is rare in horses, however, standard arthroscopic equipment can be used in the management of this condition with minimal complications.

Clinical Relevance— Arthroscopic debridement and lavage should be considered for evaluation and initial treatment of TMJ sepsis in horses.
Clinical Evaluation of Random Skin Flaps Based on the Subdermal Plexus Secured with Sutures or Sutures and Cyanoacrylate Adhesive for Reconstructive Surgery in Dogs
Authors: De Carvalho Vasconcellos Carmen Helena , Matera Julia Maria , Zaidan Dagli Maria Lúcia
Published: February 2005

Objective— To evaluate the use of subdermal plexus skin flaps for closing defects after excision of cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in dogs and to compare outcome of flaps secured with sutures and those secured with butyl‐cyanoacrylate and intermittent sutures.

Study Design— Clinical study.

Animals— Fifteen dogs.

Methods— After excision of cutaneous or subcutaneous tumors the skin defect was reconstructed by random flaps based on the subdermal plexus. Flap skin edges were apposed with simple interrupted 4‐0 monofilament nylon sutures (group 1; 5 dogs) or nylon sutures alternated with butyl‐cyanoacrylate adhesive (group 2; 10 dogs). Flaps were evaluated every 48 hours when bandages were changed, until complete healing.

Results— Random flaps based on the subdermal plexus were effectively used to close wound defects; mean flap survival was 89%. Partial flap necrosis occurred in 4 dogs. Wound margins apposed with butyl‐cyanoacrylate had thinner and more esthetic scars than sutured margins.

Conclusion— Random flaps based on the subdermal plexus proved to be versatile for covering limb wounds after excision of cutaneous or subcutaneous tumors. Mean survival rate was comparable to that reported for axial pattern flaps. Butyl‐cyanoacrylate adhesive was easy to apply, allowed accurate margin apposition with good cosmetic outcome and reduced sutures needed.

Clinical Relevance— Cyanoacrylate adhesive should be considered in lieu of suture closure to secure random skin flaps based on the subdermal plexus in dogs.
The Effect of Cisterna Chyli Ablation Combined with Thoracic Duct Ligation on Abdominal Lymphatic Drainage
Authors: Sicard Gretchen K. , Waller Ken R. , McAnulty Jonathan F.
Published: February 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of cisterna chyli ablation (CCA) and thoracic duct ligation (TDL) on abdominal lymphatic drainage in normal dogs.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Nine female beagle dogs.

Methods—TDL was performed in 3 dogs and was combined with CCA (CCA–TDL) and local omentalization in 6 dogs. Contrast lymphangiography was attempted in all dogs immediately before and after TDL. Dogs were reanesthetized at 31–37 days for lymphatic studies by new methylene blue (NMB) injection into a mesenteric lymph node and by contrast lymphangiography.

Results—In 6 CCA–TDL dogs, 2 had direct shunting of contrast from the lymphatic system into major abdominal veins, 3 had contrast material that dissipated into abdominal vessels within the mesenteric root, and 1 had shunting into the azygous vein. NMB was not observed within the omental pedicle after CCA–TDL. Chylous drainage was by the azygous vein in all 3 TDL dogs.

Conclusions—CCA–TDL disrupted chylous drainage to the thoracic duct and resulted in direct intraabdominal lymphaticovenous anastomoses identified by shunting of lymphatic flow directly into the abdominal vasculature in 5 of 6 CCA–TDL dogs. Omentalization of the cisternal ablation site was not beneficial in augmenting extrathoracic lymphatic drainage and is not recommended with CCA–TDL.

Clinical Relevance—CCA–TDL represents a novel approach to surgical redirection of chylous drainage to the venous circulation outside of the thorax and may be useful in the treatment of spontaneous chylothorax in the dog.
Limb‐Sparing Surgery in a Dog with Osteosarcoma of the Proximal Femur
Authors: Liptak Julius M. , Pluhar G. Elizabeth , Dernell William S. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: February 2005

Objective— To report successful limb‐sparing surgery in a dog with a proximal femoral osteosarcoma (OSA) using a composite allograft–prosthetic technique.

Study Design— Case report.

Animal— Client‐owned dog.

Methods— A stage IIB OSA of the proximal aspect of the femur was resected in accordance with oncologic and limb‐sparing principles. The osseous defect was reconstructed with a proximal femoral allograft and cemented, long‐stemmed femoral prosthesis. Soft tissue reconstruction was achieved by suturing host tendons to their respective allogeneic tendons on the allograft. Coxofemoral joint function was preserved using standard total hip arthroplasty techniques.

Results— Limb‐sparing surgery of the proximal aspect of the femur using a composite allograft–prosthetic technique resulted in excellent limb function. Postoperative complications included aseptic loosening of the femoral composite graft and allograft nonunion, which required revision, traumatic implant luxation, and local tumor recurrence. Limb function was excellent after surgical stabilization of the allograft nonunion but deteriorated after implant luxation 270 days postlimb‐sparing surgery. Pulmonary and skeletal metastases were diagnosed and local tumor recurrence suspected 596 and 650 days postoperatively, respectively. The dog was euthanatized 688 days after limb‐sparing surgery as a result of progressive local and metastatic disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Limb‐sparing surgery for dogs with primary bone tumors of the proximal aspect of the femur is feasible with good functional results.
Intrathecal Morphine and Bupivacaine for Phantom Limb Pain: A Case Report
Authors: Talu Gul Koknel , Erdine Serdar
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  Besides the causes and prevention issues, chronic nonmalignant pain must be considered as a combination of multidimensional disorder of neurophsiology, behavior, culture, social, economic aspects.
News and Nuances of the Entrepreneurial Myth and Metaphor: Linguistic Games in Entrepreneurial Sense–Making and Sense–Giving
Authors: Nicholson Louise , Anderson Alistair R.
Published: February 2005

This article describes a social construction of entrepreneurship by exploring the constructionalist building blocks of communication, myth, and metaphor presented in a major British middle range broadsheet newspaper with no particular party political allegiance. We argue that the sense–making role of figurative language is important because of the inherent problems in defining and describing the entrepreneurial phenomena. Myth and metaphor in newspapers create an entrepreneurial appreciation that helps define our understanding of the world around us. The content analysis of articles published in this newspaper revealed images of male entrepreneurs as dynamic wolfish charmers, supernatural gurus, successful skyrockets or community saviors and corrupters. Finally, this article relates the temporal construction of myth and metaphor to the dynamics of enterprise culture.
Research in Motion: A Small Firm Commercializing a New Technology
Authors: Carayannopoulos Sofy
Published: February 2005

Research In Motion is a small information technology firm located in Waterloo, Ontario. This case describes how this firm came to develop a new–to–the–market product and offers the opportunity to discuss the challenges a small firm faces in commercializing a new technology. Issues relevant to this case are legitimacy of a firm and technology, the implications of technology standards, network effects and complementary goods, and partners and social capital as resources.