bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Nothing Comes from Nothing”
Authors: Franks Paul
Published: October 2015

How does Spinoza’s passing statement in a letter that “determination is negation” become central to Hegel’s Spinoza interpretation? The background is a tradition that negotiates Spinoza’s Jewishness by means of another epistolary statement: that “nothing comes from nothing.” More made this Kabbalah’s first principle, while Bayle associated it with Spinoza and the Orient. Wachter and Basnage then interpreted Spinoza as philosophical Kabbalah’s main exponent. Jacobi construed the principle as a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, identifying Spinozistic rationalism with philosophical Kabbalah. The consequence was a negative view of determinacy and, indeed, nihilism. Hegel drew on this tradition but argued that Spinoza’s Jewishness consisted in a static nihilism lacking the dialectical self-negating found only in Trinitarian thinkers such as Boehme and himself. Yet, in an irony typical of German idealist discussions of Judaism, self-negating negativity is central to the Lurianic Kabbalah discussed in the tradition on which Hegel draws.
Probability
Authors: Eagle Antony
Published: October 2015

Rather than entailing that a particular outcome will occur, many scientific theories only entail that an outcome will occur with a certain probability. Because scientific evidence inevitably falls short of conclusive proof, when choosing between different theories it is standard to make reference to how probable the various options are in light of the evidence. A full understanding of probability in science needs to address both the role of probabilities in theories, or chances, as well as the role of probabilistic judgment in theory choice. In this chapter, the author introduces and distinguishes the two sorts of probability from one another and attempt to offer a satisfactory characterization of how the different uses for probability in science are to be understood. A closing section turns to the question of how views about the chance of some outcome should guide our confidence in that outcome.
Emergence
Authors: Humphreys Paul
Published: October 2015

This chapter surveys contemporary theories of emergence and argues that no comprehensive account currently exists. It separates ontological emergence, epistemological emergence, and conceptual emergence, as well as discussing synchronic and diachronic forms of each. It further argues that the emphasis on emergence in the philosophy of mind has led to a neglect of diachronic emergence and that the contrast between reduction and emergence has reinforced that bias. Downward causation is assessed as being less of a problem for ontological emergence than usually supposed; recent presentations of weak emergence and of undecidability results are discussed. Universality and nonlinearity as sources of emergence are examined, as is the role of holism in emergence and skepticism about the existence of emergence. Finally, a tentative suggestion is made about how to bring order to this vast literature.
The African Enigma
Authors: Moradi Alexander , Hirvonen Kalle
Published: October 2015

African adult populations are remarkably tall for the low income levels that prevail at the country level. The average African woman is about 158.5 cm tall, whereas the low gross domestic product per capita would lead us to expect a mean height more similar to the shortest populations in the world, about 4 cm shorter. This is the case in spite of the fact that indicators of socioeconomic status and height are positively correlated within each country. The chapter also shows that the physical stature of African children fit well into the global income–height relationship. Hence, we conclude that the anomaly in the income–height nexus at country level appears to originate between childhood and adulthood. We present evidence for considerable catch-up growth involving entire populations. We discuss possible reasons for this catch-up growth including genetics, and, above all, better nutrition and health conditions during adolescence.
Why Do People with Higher Body Weight Earn Lower Wages?
Authors: Greve Jane
Published: October 2015

This chapter surveys the empirical literature on the relationship between body weight and wages. Mixed results are found for the impact of increasing body weight on wages for different gender, age, race, and occupational groups. Most of the literature points to a negative effect of increasing body weight on wages among white women. The results are more ambiguous for men. The chapter presents various hypotheses and empirical evidence on why some people with higher body weight tend to earn lower wages, and it discusses the empirical results pointing to wage discrimination. Finally, the chapter presents an overview of recent trends and developments in the economic literature on body weight and wages.
The Linguistic Interaction of Mood with Modality and Other Categories
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , Xrakovskij Viktor S.
Published: October 2015

This chapter surveys some of the most important findings in the literature regarding the syntagmatic interactions between linguistic expressions of mood and of modality and some other categories, and regarding how these interactions may be explained in terms of the semantic properties of the categories involved. After a preliminary exemplification of the syntagmatic interaction of mood with other categories, showing how infelicitous combinations are either blocked or reinterpreted, the chapter deals, in subsequent sections, with the interaction with modal and modality related markers, with tense, with aspect, with negation, and with person. It concludes with a further discussion of the factors regulating the interaction of mood with other categories, viz., most importantly, functional (in)compatibility, markedness and economy.
Discourse-configurationality
Authors: Surányi Balázs
Published: October 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the notion of discourse-configurationality, a parametric property of languages in which at least one category of the Information Structural notions Topic and Focus is associated with a particular phrase structure configuration. The chapter clarifies the relation between discourse-configurationality and the concept of (non-)configurationality, and it compares discourse-configurationality to the more inclusive notion of discourse-prominence. A survey of the major parameters in cross-linguistic variation is presented, distinguishing different types of discourse-configurationality both within and across its two main manifestations: namely topic-configurationality and focus-configurationality. The concluding part outlines several prominent theoretical approaches to the syntax of discourse-configurationality, raising issues of grammatical architecture that centre around the hypothesis of the Autonomy of Syntax.
Researching Professional Service Firms
Authors: Hinings Bob , Muzio Daniel , Broschak Joseph , Empson Laura
Published: October 2015

The chapter begins by examining the significance of Professional Service Firms (PSFs) in terms of their scale and significance from an economic and societal perspective, and the insights they offer for academic theory. The authors examine how PSFs have remained “in the shadows,” in terms of their visibility within the economy and within scholarly research, and how and why that situation is changing. The chapter discusses “what exactly is a Professional Service Firm?” and highlights four defining characteristics relating to: customization, knowledge, governance, and identity, which frame this definition. After presenting an overview of each of the twenty chapters in the Handbook, the authors conclude by proposing various key themes for future research and by developing an integrative framework for the analysis of PSFs.
Strategy and Strategic Alignment in Professional Service Firms
Authors: Somaya Deepak , Mawdsley John
Published: October 2015

This chapter reviews the strategic management choices that are central to Professional Service Firms (PSFs), which in turn undergird their competitive advantage and long-run performance. The first part of the chapter focuses on human capital as a critical resource for PSFs, and explores different ways in which firm value is created by attracting, developing, configuring, and leveraging human capital. Further, it is critical that PSFs’ human capital be aligned with and harnessed to the firm’s objectives, which naturally raises issues related to motivating professionals, the sharing of economic rents with (and among) them, and the overall governance of the firm. The authors draw on these building blocks of strategy in PSFs to explain the corporate strategy decisions (such as service and geographic diversification) that PSFs must make, and discuss the value-creating role of client relationships.
Knowledge and Learning in Professional Service Firms
Authors: Faulconbridge James
Published: October 2015

It is difficult to understand the form, management, markets, and ultimately the services produced by PSFs without analysis of the characteristics of knowledge and learning in such organizations. This chapter highlights how three fundamental lines of research about PSFs are intimately related to the key characteristics of knowledge and learning in such organizations: (a) organizational form, management, and governance, (b) the roles and effects of knowledge networking via databases versus knowing in practice through communities, and (c) the jurisdiction of a firm and claims about exclusive rights over a market. These areas of research are all contested domains in terms of optimum modes of organizing and trajectories of change due to the ambiguous and heterogeneous nature of knowledge. The chapter frames key future research questions which relate primarily to the constant dynamics that define both the nature of knowledge in PSFs, and their influence on questions of organization and management.
Marketing and Reputation within Professional Service Firms
Authors: Mitchell Vince , Harvey William S.
Published: October 2015

This chapter reviews the research on marketing and reputation relevant to Professional Service Firms (PSFs). Although there has been relatively little research to date which explores both fields concurrently, the authors organize the material by problematizing the issue of marketing within PSFs. They introduce and provide a conceptual model of reputation that explores its antecedents, such as service quality, social networks, and rankings as well as consequences such as sales effectiveness, premium pricing, and client loyalty within PSFs. Reputation has often been conflated with other related terms such as identity and image and the authors provide some clarification on defining and measuring reputation. The chapter explores this and other problems inherent within the application of reputation to marketing principles and practice to PSFs as well as hints at solutions. Finally, the authors identify a future research agenda for both marketing and reputation.
Professional Service Firms and Identity
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Karreman Dan , Sullivan Kate
Published: October 2015

This chapter examines the relationship between individual and organizational identity in PSFs and the significant but tenuous nature of elite identity in this context. The authors identify four main identity-related issues for management control in PSFs: autonomy/conformity tensions, the client conundrum, ambiguity saturation, and intangibility. They explore three main modes of identity-focused control in PSFs: positive image, homogenization of the workforce, and anxiety-regulation. The chapter examines contemporary challenges to elite identities and the increasing critique of concepts of professionalism in this context and highlights key areas for future research on identity in PSFs and among professionals. These include: the need to acknowledge the homogeneity of professional service firms and professional workers; how professionals regulate their identity to respond to identity challenges; the roles that multiple actors play in a professional’s identity construction; and the depth of identity construction with regard to both organizational and professional identity.
Dynamics of Regulation of Professional Service Firms
Authors: Quack Sigrid , Schüßler Elke
Published: October 2015

This chapter examines how the changing roles and relationships between Professional Service Firms, clients and state actors in the context of broader social and economic transformations have challenged previously institutionalized forms of professional regulation. Although global Professional Service Firms have become both actors and arenas of regulation, the authors suggest that an exclusive focus on their self-regulation fails to do justice to the complex regulatory dynamics emerging at and across (sub-)national, regional, and global levels. Reviewing the literature on regulation in the accounting and legal professions the chapter shows that while competition, free trade, and quasi-market governance have expanded into a number of previously protected realms of professional organization and work, various state actors are reasserting their regulatory capacity in new multi-scalar actor constellations. These two closely interwoven trends develop against historically diverse legacies in different fields and countries.
Client Relationships in Professional Service Firms
Authors: Broschak Joseph
Published: October 2015

This chapter reviews the research literature on professional service firm–client relationships. Client relationships are a defining feature of professional service firms, but are also critical strategic assets and an indicator of the market strategy of professional service firms. To assess the state of knowledge about client relationships the chapter is organized around three themes. First is the different ways that professional service firm–client relationships have been characterized and how this shapes researchers’ assumptions about and focus on client relationships. Second, it examines the life cycle of client relationships, focusing specifically on research that addresses the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of client relationships. The third theme examines research that has identified how client relationships affect professional service firms, particularly in the areas of strategy, structure, learning, and human resource practices. The author identifies important gaps in our understanding of client relationships and suggests several potential avenues for future research.
Hidden Histories of Religious Music in a South African Coloured Community
Authors: Jorritsma Marie
Published: October 2015

This chapter explores persistent traces of both indigenous and Euro-colonial music traditions in the church music of South African coloured people (a group of mixed racial heritage that was marginalized and oppressed by the apartheid regime). The author characterizes these persistent historical traces in coloured people’s performance style as “hidden transcripts” (following James Scott). Through the powerful historiographic tool of ethnomusicological listening, this chapter points to colonial as well as “African” traces surviving in contemporary musics and locates both encounter and resistance in contemporary performance styles, even those most closely related to colonial repertoires.
The cost of attack in competing networks
Authors: Podobnik B. , Horvatic D. , Lipic T. , Perc M. , Buldú J. M. , Stanley H. E.
Published: October 2015

Real-world attacks can be interpreted as the result of competitive interactions between networks, ranging from predator–prey networks to networks of countries under economic sanctions. Although the purpose of an attack is to damage a target network, it also curtails the ability of the attacker, which must choose the duration and magnitude of an attack to avoid negative impacts on its own functioning. Nevertheless, despite the large number of studies on interconnected networks, the consequences of initiating an attack have never been studied. Here, we address this issue by introducing a model of network competition where a resilient network is willing to partially weaken its own resilience in order to more severely damage a less resilient competitor. The attacking network can take over the competitor's nodes after their long inactivity. However, owing to a feedback mechanism the takeovers weaken the resilience of the attacking network. We define a conservation law that relates the feedback mechanism to the resilience dynamics for two competing networks. Within this formalism, we determine the cost and optimal duration of an attack, allowing a network to evaluate the risk of initiating hostilities.
Defining the robust behaviour of the plant clock gene circuit with absolute RNA timeseries and open infrastructure
Authors: Flis Anna , Fernández Aurora Piñas , Zielinski Tomasz , Mengin Virginie , Sulpice Ronan , Stratford Kevin , Hume Alastair , Pokhilko Alexandra , Southern Megan M. , Seaton Daniel D. , McWatters Harriet G. , Stitt Mark , Halliday Karen J. , Millar Andrew J.
Published: October 2015

Our understanding of the complex, transcriptional feedback loops in the circadian clock mechanism has depended upon quantitative, timeseries data from disparate sources. We measure clock gene RNA profiles in
Arabidopsis thaliana
seedlings, grown with or without exogenous sucrose, or in soil-grown plants and in wild-type and mutant backgrounds. The RNA profiles were strikingly robust across the experimental conditions, so current mathematical models are likely to be broadly applicable in leaf tissue. In addition to providing reference data, unexpected behaviours included co-expression of
PRR9
and
ELF4
, and regulation of
PRR5
by
GI
. Absolute RNA quantification revealed low levels of
PRR9
transcripts (peak approx. 50 copies cell
−1
) compared with other clock genes, and threefold higher levels of
LHY
RNA (more than 1500 copies cell
−1
) than of its close relative
CCA1
. The data are disseminated from BioDare, an online repository for focused timeseries data, which is expected to benefit mechanistic modelling. One data subset successfully constrained clock gene expression in a complex model, using publicly available software on parallel computers, without expert tuning or programming. We outline the empirical and mathematical justification for data aggregation in understanding highly interconnected, dynamic networks such as the clock, and the observed design constraints on the resources required to make this approach widely accessible.
The contribution of seed dispersers to tree species diversity in tropical rainforests
Authors: Kakishima Satoshi , Morita Satoru , Yoshida Katsuhiko , Ishida Atsushi , Hayashi Saki , Asami Takahiro , Ito Hiromu , Miller Donald G. , Uehara Takashi , Mori Shigeta , Hasegawa Eisuke , Matsuura Kenji , Kasuya Eiiti , Yoshimura Jin
Published: October 2015

Tropical rainforests are known for their extreme biodiversity, posing a challenging problem in tropical ecology. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the diversity of tree species, yet our understanding of this phenomenon remains incomplete. Here, we consider the contribution of animal seed dispersers to the species diversity of trees. We built a multi-layer lattice model of trees whose animal seed dispersers are allowed to move only in restricted areas to disperse the tree seeds. We incorporated the effects of seed dispersers in the traditional theory of allopatric speciation on a geological time scale. We modified the lattice model to explicitly examine the coexistence of new tree species and the resulting high biodiversity. The results indicate that both the coexistence and diversified evolution of tree species can be explained by the introduction of animal seed dispersers.
FASTmC:a suite of predictive models for non-reference-based estimations of DNA methylation
Authors: Bewick Adam J. , Hofmesiter Brigitte T. , Lee Kevin , Zhang Xiaoyu , Hall Dave W. , Schmitz Robert J.
Published: October 2015

We describe a suite of predictive models, coinedFASTmC,for non-reference, cost-effective exploration and comparative analysis of context-specific DNA methylation levels. Accurate estimations of true DNA methylation levels can be obtained from as few as several thousand short-reads generated from whole genome bisulfite sequencing. These models make high-resolution time course or developmental, and large diversity studies practical regardless of species, genome size and availability of a reference genome.
Optimal compensation for neuron death
Authors: Barrett David G.T. , Denève Sophie , Machens Christian K.
Published: October 2015

The brain has an impressive ability to withstand neural damage. Diseases that kill neurons can go unnoticed for years, and incomplete brain lesions or silencing of neurons often fail to produce any effect. How does the brain compensate for such damage, and what are the limits of this compensation? We propose that neural circuits optimally compensate for neuron death, thereby preserving their function as much as possible. We show that this compensation can explain changes in tuning curves induced by neuron silencing across a variety of systems, including the primary visual cortex. We find that optimal compensation can be implemented through the dynamics of networks with a tight balance of excitation and inhibition, without requiring synaptic plasticity. The limits of this compensatory mechanism are reached when excitation and inhibition become unbalanced, thereby demarcating a recovery boundary, where signal representation fails and where diseases may become symptomatic.
Ribosome profiling reveals the rhythmic liver translatome and circadian clock regulation by upstream open reading frames
Authors: Janich Peggy , Arpat Alaaddin Bulak , Castelo-Szekely Violeta , Lopes Maykel , Gatfield David
Published: October 2015

Mammalian gene expression displays widespread circadian oscillations. Rhythmic transcription underlies the core clock mechanism, but it cannot explain numerous observations made at the level of protein rhythmicity. We have used ribosome profiling in mouse liver to measure the translation of mRNAs into protein around the clock and at high temporal and nucleotide resolution. We discovered, transcriptome-wide, extensive rhythms in ribosome occupancy and identified a core set of approximately 150 mRNAs subject to particularly robust daily changes in translation efficiency. Cycling proteins produced from nonoscillating transcripts revealed thus-far-unknown rhythmic regulation associated with specific pathways (notably in iron metabolism, through the rhythmic translation of transcripts containing iron responsive elements), and indicated feedback to the rhythmic transcriptome through novel rhythmic transcription factors. Moreover, estimates of relative levels of core clock protein biosynthesis that we deduced from the data explained known features of the circadian clock better than did mRNA expression alone. Finally, we identified uORF translation as a novel regulatory mechanism within the clock circuitry. Consistent with the occurrence of translated uORFs in several core clock transcripts, loss-of-function of Denr, a known regulator of reinitiation after uORF usage and of ribosome recycling, led to circadian period shortening in cells. In summary, our data offer a framework for understanding the dynamics of translational regulation, circadian gene expression, and metabolic control in a solid mammalian organ.
Membrane filter method to study the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum on fecal microbiota
Authors: Shimizu Hidenori , Benno Yoshimi
Published: October 2015

A large number of commensal bacteria inhabit the intestinal tract, and interbacterial communication among gut microbiota is thought to occur. In order to analyze symbiotic relationships between probiotic strains and the gut microbiota, a ring with a membrane filter fitted to the bottom was used for in vitro investigations. Test strains comprising probiotic nitto strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus NT and Bifidobacterium longum NT) and type strains (L. acidophilus JCM1132T and B. longum JCM1217T) were obtained from diluted fecal samples using the membrane filter to simulate interbacterial communication. Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus pasteurianus, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Clostridium spp. were the most abundant gut bacteria detected before coculture with the test strains. Results of the coculture experiments indicated that the test strains significantly promote the growth of Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques, and Veillonella spp. and inhibit the growth of Sutterella wadsworthensis. Differences in the relative abundances of gut bacterial strains were furthermore observed after coculture of the fecal samples with each test strain. Bifidobacterium spp., which was detected as the dominant strain in the fecal samples, was found to be unaffected by coculture with the test strains. In the present study, interbacterial communication using bacterial metabolites between the test strains and the gut microbiota was demonstrated by the coculture technique. The detailed mechanisms and effects of the complex interbacterial communications that occur among the gut microbiota are, however, still unclear. Further investigation of these relationships by coculture of several fecal samples with probiotic strains is urgently required.
Soil‐borne reservoirs of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria are established following therapeutic treatment of dairy calves
Authors: Liu Jinxin , Zhao Zhe , Orfe Lisa , Subbiah Murugan , Call Douglas R.
Published: October 2015

We determined if antibiotics residues that are excreted from treated animals can contribute to persistence of resistant bacteria in agricultural environments. Administration of ceftiofur, a third‐generation cephalosporin, resulted in a ∼ 3 log increase in ceftiofur‐resistant Escherichia coli found in the faeces and pen soils by day 10 (P = 0.005). This resistant population quickly subsided in faeces, but was sustained in the pen soil (∼ 4.5 log bacteria g−1) throughout the trial (1 month). Florfenicol treatment resulted in a similar pattern although the loss of florfenicol‐resistant E. coli was slower for faeces and remained stable at ∼ 6 log bacteria g−1 in the soil. Calves were treated in pens where eGFP‐labelled E. coli were present in the bedding (∼ 2 log g−1) resulting in amplification of the eGFP E. coli population ∼ 2.1 log more than eGFP E. coli populations in pens with untreated calves (day 4; P < 0.005). Excreted residues accounted for > 10‐fold greater contribution to the bedding reservoir compared with shedding of resistant bacteria in faeces. Treatment with therapeutic doses of ceftiofur or florfenicol resulted in 2–3 log g−1 more bacteria than the estimated ID50 (2.83 CFU g−1), consistent with a soil‐borne reservoir emerging after antibiotic treatment that can contribute to the long‐term persistence of antibiotic resistance in animal agriculture.
Latent vs. Observed Variables: Analysis of Irrigation Water Efficiency Using SEM and SUR
Authors: Tang Jianjun , Folmer Henk
Published: October 2015

In this paper we compare conceptualising single factor technical and allocative efficiency as indicators of a single latent variable, or as separate observed variables. In the former case, the impacts on both efficiency types are analysed by means of structural equation modeling (SEM), in the latter by seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). We compare estimation results of the two approaches based on a dataset on single factor irrigation water use efficiency obtained from a survey of 360 farmers in the Guanzhong Plain, China. The main methodological findings are that SEM allows identification of the most important dimension of irrigation water efficiency (technical efficiency) via comparison of their factor scores and reliability. Moreover, it reduces multicollinearity and attenuation bias. It thus is preferable to SUR. The SEM estimates show that perception of water scarcity is the most important positive determinant of both types of efficiency, followed by irrigation infrastructure, income and water price. Furthermore, there is a strong negative reverse effect from efficiency on perception.
Single incision laparoscopic surgery for multiple colorectal cancers
Authors: Ishiyama Yasuhiro , Hirano Yasumitsu , Hattori Masakazu , Douden Kenji , Hashizume Yasuo
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate short‐term outcomes of single‐incision surgery with two segmental colorectal resections and anastomoses for multiple synchronous colorectal cancers.

Methods

Ten patients with multiple colorectal cancers underwent two synchronous segmental colorectal resections and anastomoses. The methodology of the procedures, operative results, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated.

Results

The median operative time was 270 min (range, 146–427 min), and the median blood loss was 70 mL (range, 10–260 mL). No conversions to open surgery or intraoperative complications occurred. Four cases needed additional ports, and one case required a diverting stoma.

Conclusion

SILS with two segmental colorectal resections and anastomoses was safely performed in all cases without severe postoperative complications. This procedure seems to be a feasible option for resecting multiple synchronous colorectal cancers.
Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery after renal transplantation: A single‐institution experience
Authors: Maeda Hideyuki , Kanzaki Masato , Sakamoto Kei , Kikkawa Takuma , Isaka Tamami , Oyama Kunihiro , Murasugi Masahide , Fuchinoue Shohei , Tanabe Kazunari , Onuki Takamasa
Published: October 2015

Introduction

The number of renal transplantations performed for patients with chronic kidney disease has increased in Japan, but little is known about the outcomes in those who subsequently undergo video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We therefore investigated the outcomes of consecutive patients requiring VATS after renal transplantation at our institute.

Methods

We retrospectively collected the clinical data for patients undergoing VATS after renal transplantation between January 2003 and September 2014. Specifically, we compared the serum creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate preoperatively and postoperatively, and investigated the postoperative complications.

Results

In total, 12 patients underwent VATS after renal transplantation during the study period. All patients received two or three immunosuppressive agents. Operative methods used included VATS wedge resection (n = 4), segmentectomy (n = 4), lobectomy (n = 2), mediastinal tumor resection (n = 1), and chest wall tumor resection (n = 1). No patients required perioperative hemodialysis. There were no intraoperative complications, but one patient developed postoperative hemorrhagic cystitis and another developed pneumonia. One patient developed pneumocystis pneumonia 2 months after left lower lobectomy and required hemodialysis. No further hemodialysis was required by any patient. Of note, no statistically significant differences were observed between the preoperative and postoperative serum creatinine level (P = 0.666) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.388). There were no in‐hospital deaths. Univariate analysis revealed no significant risk factors for postoperative complications.

Conclusion

This report showed favorable results for VATS after renal transplantation. However, clinicians must remain vigilant for complications because transplant recipients remain permanently immunocompromised.
Repeat transurethral resection for non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: a contemporary series
Authors: Gendy Rasha , Delprado Warick , Brenner Phillip , Brooks Andrew , Coombes Graham , Cozzi Paul , Nash Peter , Patel Manish I.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the depth of transurethral resections of bladder tumour (TURBT), residual cancer rates and up‐staging rates in a contemporary Australian series.

Materials and Methods

Specimen reports from a single, major reporting pathology centre, servicing a group of urological oncologists in Sydney were obtained for TURBTs performed between October 2008 and February 2013. We examined the depth of TURBT, rates of repeat‐TURBT (re‐TUR) and residual cancer rates at the 3–6 month check cystoscopy.

Results

One thousand and two hundred and nine transurethral resection specimens retrieved during this period were analysed. There were 162 (13.4%) T1 specimens and 631 (52.2%) Ta specimens, 218 (34.5%) of which were high grade. Muscularis propria was present in 506 (41.9%) specimens in total and in 151 (39.7%) of 380 high‐risk specimens (high grade Ta, T1). Of the 380 high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive tumours, 85 (22.4%) proceeded to re‐TUR. Of the 48 T1 specimens and 37 Ta high grade specimens that proceeded to re‐TUR, 7 (14.6%) and 1 (2.7%) respectively were upstaged to muscle‐invasive disease. Rates of residual disease/early recurrence at 3–6 months was significantly better for those with re‐TUR compared to those without 56.8% vs 82.5% (P < 0.001) for Ta high grade and 39.6% vs 84% (P = 0.028) for T1 tumours respectively.

Conclusion

Re‐TUR rates in high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer are low. However in a contemporary series, the upstaging rates are low, but residual cancer rates high, supporting the need for re‐TUR in this population.
Which skills protect graduates against a slack labour market?
Authors: HUMBURG Martin , de GRIP Andries , van der VELDEN Rolf
Published: October 2015

This article explores the relationship between graduates' skills and their risk of over‐education and unemployment in 17 European countries. Distinguishing between field‐specific and academic skills, the authors find that, as predicted by the crowding‐out hypothesis, field‐specific skills offer more protection against the risk of over‐education when the excess labour supply in the occupational domain of the graduate's field of study increases. Conversely, academic skills have that effect when excess supply in the overall labour market is higher. Field‐specific skills also protect graduates against the risk of unemployment, whereas graduates' level of academic skills appears to be unrelated to the risk of becoming unemployed.
A Bayesian perspective on constructing a written assessment of probabilistic clinical reasoning in experienced clinicians
Authors: Kreiter Clarence D.
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Decision‐making performance assessments have proven problematic for assessing clinical reasoning.

Aims and Objectives

A Bayesian approach to designing an advanced clinical reasoning assessment is well grounded in mathematical and cognitive theory and may offer significant psychometric advantages. Probabilistic logic plays an important role in medical problem solving, and performances on Bayesian‐type tasks appear to be causally‐related to the ability to make sound clinical decisions.

Methods

A validity argument is used to guide the design of an assessment of medical reasoning using clinical probabilities.

Results/Conclusions

The practical advantage of using a Bayesian approach to item design relates to the fact that probability theory provides a rationally optimal method for managing uncertain information and provides the criteria for objective correct answer scoring. Potential item formats are discussed.
New predictive model of rebleeding during follow‐up of patents with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Niikura Ryota , Yamada Atsuo , Nagata Naoyoshi , Kobayashi Yuka , Okamoto Makoto , Mitsuno Yuzo , Ogura Keiji , Yoshida Shuntaro , Shimbo Takuro , Hirata Yoshihiro , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: October 2015

Background and Aim:

The long‐term recurrence rate of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) who underwent video capsule endoscopy (VCE) remains unknown. Our study aimed to identify the cumulative incidence of rebleeding, develop a predictive model of rebleeding, and evaluate whether the model can be applied in other outcomes among patients with OGIB.

Methods:

We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study of 320 patients with OGIB who underwent VCE between 2009 and 2014. A rebleeding model was developed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis and evaluated using Harrell's c‐index.

Results:

Rebleeding occurred in 43 patients (13.4%) during a mean follow‐up period of 18.3 (standard error, 0.9) months. The rebleeding sources were the small intestine (n = 17), extra‐small intestine (n = 13), and unknown (n = 13). The cumulative incidence of rebleeding was 11.0% at 12 months and 35.3% at 60 months. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender, liver cirrhosis, warfarin use, overt bleeding, and positive VCE findings were significant predictors of rebleeding. The rebleeding rate was 0% in patients with no predictors and 40% in patients with full predictors (P < 0.01). The model presented a high predictive accuracy (c‐statistic, 0.733). Patients with higher predictors exhibited higher transfusion requirements, longer length of stay, and higher mortality (P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

The cumulative incidence of rebleeding at 12 and 60 months was 11.0% and 35.3%, respectively. Five factors enable prediction of not only rebleeding but also transfusion requirements, length of stay, and death in OGIB patients.
Maternal Education and Investments in Children's Health
Authors: Prickett Kate C. , Augustine Jennifer March
Published: October 2015

Maternal education differences in children's academic skills have been strongly linked to parental investment behaviors. This study extended this line of research to investigate whether these same maternal education patterns in parenting are observed among a set of parenting behaviors that are linked to young children's health. Drawing on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (n = 5,000) and longitudinal models incorporating random effects, the authors found that higher levels of maternal education were associated with more advantageous health investment behaviors at each phase of early development (9 months, 2 years, 4 years, 5 years). Moreover, these disparities were typically largest at the developmental stage when it was potentially most sensitive for children's long‐term health and development. These findings provide further evidence of a developmental gradient associated with mothers' education and new insight into the salience of mothers' education for the short‐ and long‐term health and well‐being of their children.
Pathways of Commitment to Wed: The Development and Dissolution of Romantic Relationships
Authors: Ogolsky Brian G. , Surra Catherine A. , Monk J. Kale
Published: October 2015

The authors used changes in commitment to wed and reasons for these changes to classify couples into developmental pathways. Using data from a random sample of dating couples (N = 376), they found 4 distinct commitment processes: (a) dramatic, (b) conflict ridden, (c) socially involved, and (d) partner focused. Dramatic commitments were defined by relatively frequent fluctuations in commitment and negative attributions about their relationships. Conflict‐ridden commitments were defined by high levels of conflict and relatively frequent decreases in commitment. Individuals in socially involved commitments reported the highest proportion of positive dyadic attributions and references to joint interaction with social networks. Those in partner‐focused commitments reported a high proportion of positive dyadic attributions and references to interaction with partners. Types also differed on important relational variables, including satisfaction, love, ambivalence, worries about marriage, and leisure. Dramatic commitments were more likely than any other type to break up and showed an increased likelihood of regression in stage of involvement.
Bond Strength of Artificial Teeth Attached to a Microwave‐Polymerized Denture Base Resin after Immersion in Disinfectant Solutions
Authors: Pero Ana Carolina , Scavassin Priscila Mattos , Nunes Élen Massaro , Policastro Vivian Barnabé , Giro Gabriela , Compagnoni Marco Antonio
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the bond strength between two types of acrylic resin teeth and a microwave denture base resin after immersion in disinfectant solutions for 180 days.

Materials and Methods

Eighty specimens made of acrylic resin teeth (Biotone and Biotone IPN) attached to a microwave polymerized denture base resin (Nature‐Cryl MC) were divided into eight groups (n = 10) according to the treatment (distilled water—control, 2% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and sodium perborate solution—Corega Tabs). The shear strength tests (MPa) were carried out using a universal testing machine with a 0.5 mm/min speed. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA and multiple comparison Student‐Newman‐Keuls post hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

Biotone IPN showed similar results among the groups (distilled water, 8.25 ± 1.81 MPa; chlorhexidine, 7.81 ± 3.34 MPa; hypochlorite, 7.75 ± 3.72 MPa; and Corega Tabs, 7.58 ± 2.27 MPa, whereas Biotone showed significantly lower shear bond strength values for the groups immersed in Corega Tabs (5.25 ± 3.27 MPa) and chlorhexidine (6.08 ± 2.35 MPa).

Conclusions

Soaking the dentures in 1% sodium hypochlorite could be recommended as a disinfectant solution for dentures fabricated with conventional acrylic resin denture teeth and microwave denture base resin. For dentures fabricated with IPN teeth and microwave denture base resin, all the soaking solutions evaluated in this study could be suggested to denture wearers.
Do repeated rumble strip hits improve driver alertness?
Authors: Watling Christopher N. , Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Kecklund Göran , Anund Anna
Published: October 2015

Driving while sleepy is associated with increased crash risk. Rumble strips are designed to alert a sleepy or inattentive driver when they deviate outside their driving lane. The current study sought to examine the effects of repeated rumble strip hits on levels of physiological and subjective sleepiness as well as simulated driving performance. In total, 36 regular shift workers drove a high‐fidelity moving base simulator on a simulated road with rumble strips installed at the shoulder and centre line after a working a full night shift. The results show that, on average, the first rumble strip occurred after 20 min of driving, with subsequent hits occurring 10 min later, with the last three occurring approximately every 5 min thereafter. Specifically, it was found that the first rumble strip hit reduced physiological sleepiness; however, subsequent hits did not increase alertness. Moreover, the results also demonstrate that increased subjective sleepiness levels, via the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, were associated with a greater probability of hitting a rumble strip. The present results suggest that sleepiness is very resilient to even strongly arousing stimuli, with physiological and subjective sleepiness increasing over the duration of the drive, despite the interference caused by rumble strips.
Effect of Indian Cottage Cheese (Paneer)‐Whey on Rheological and Proofing Characteristics of Multigrain Bread Dough
Authors: Paul Sayantan , Kulkarni S. , Rao K. Jayaraj
Published: October 2015

Whey, a byproduct obtained during the manufacture of cheese, paneer, chhana, etc., contains nutritious solids, which if not recovered and utilized, go as waste into the effluent drainage system. Their use in bread manufacture will be beneficial for bakery industry in view of their functional properties. In this study, concentrated paneer‐whey was used in multigrain dough prepared from composite flour comprising wheat, sorghum, oats and maize and flax seed flours. The dough prepared by incorporation of concentrated paneer‐whey (15, 20 and 25% TS) was observed to be firmer and more sticky, but less gummy than the dough prepared using water. Use of concentrated whey was found to retard the proofing rate of dough. However, proofing rates could be recovered using higher yeast levels (6% on flour basis) and higher proofing temperatures (45C). It was concluded that concentrated paneer‐whey with 15% TS could be utilized for multigrain dough and bread production.

Practical Applications

Whey is one of the major byproducts of the dairy industry all over the world. Huge quantities of whey are being produced in the Indian subcontinent during the manufacture of two popular heat‐acid coagulated milk products, namely, paneer and chhana. Presently, this whey is being drained into sewage disposal system resulting in enormous losses of valuable nutritional solids and burdening the effluent treatment system. Paneer‐whey contains 5–6% solids including lactose and whey proteins, which are regarded as good source of sulphur containing amino acids. Recovering and utilization of such valuable solids is beneficial not only to paneer manufacturer, but also to public at large because of their nutritional worth. Current study envisages utilization of whole whey in the manufacture of bread, which is a commonly consumed item not only in India, but all over the world.
Anteriorly located zonular fibres as a tool for fine regulation in accommodation
Authors: Flügel‐Koch Cassandra M. , Croft Mary Ann , Kaufman Paul L. , Lütjen‐Drecoll Elke
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To describe an anteriorly located system of zonular fibres that could be involved in fine‐tuning of accommodation.

Methods

Forty‐six human and 28 rhesus monkey eyes were dissected and special preparations were processed for scanning electron microscopy and reflected‐light microscopy. Additional series of frontal and sagittal histological and ultrathin sections were analysed in respect to the origin and insertion of anteriorly located zonules. The presence of sensory terminals at the site of the originating zonules within the connective tissue of the ciliary body was studied by immunohistochemistry. For in‐vivo visualization ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) was performed on 12 human subjects.

Results

Fine zonular fibres originated from the valleys and lateral walls of the most anterior pars plicata that covers the anterior and inner circular ciliary muscle portion. These most anterior zonules (MAZ) showed attachments either to the anterior or posterior tines or they inserted directly onto the surface of the lens. At the site of origin, the course of the MAZ merged into the connective tissue fibres connecting the adjacent pigmented epithelium to the ciliary muscle. Numerous afferent terminals directly at the site of this MAZ‐origin were connected to the intrinsic nervous network of the ciliary muscle.

Conclusions

A newly described set of zonular fibres features the capabilities to register the tensions of the zonular fork and lens capsule. The close location and neural connection towards the circular ciliary muscle portion could provide the basis for stabilization and readjustment of focusing that serves fast and fine‐tuned accommodation and disaccommodation.
The Problem of False Belief and the Failure of the Theory of Descriptions
Authors: Rosenkrantz Max
Published: October 2015

In this article I argue that Russell's multiple‐relation theory of judgment is a continuation of the campaign against Frege and Meinong begun in “On Denoting” with the theory of descriptions. More precisely, I hold that (1) the problem of false belief, to which the multiple‐relation theory is presented as a solution, emerges quite naturally out of the problem context of “On Denoting” and threatens to give new life to the theories Russell purports to have laid to rest there, and (2) that Russell's solution to the much neglected third puzzle of “On Denoting” contains the gist of the multiple‐relation theory. The failure of that theory to solve the problem of false belief thus signifies the failure of the theory of descriptions.