bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical modulation effects of gold electrodes on geometries and electronic transport properties of azobenzene molecular junctions
Authors: Yan Yan , Sun Feng , Yang Zhi , Kong Cheng-Yu , Ge Yun-Long , Chen Deng-Hui , Qiu Shuai , Li Zong-Liang ,   School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
Published: February 2024

The azobenzene molecular junction has aroused much interest of scientists due to its switching property arising from its photoinduced isomerism. Owing to the existence of the cis and trans isomers, the electronic transport properties of the azobenzene molecules are promised to show significant differences. The experimental investigations indicate that the cis azobenzene molecule commonly shows high conductance, while the trans azobenzene molecule shows low conductance. However, the computations give the opposite results. To reveal this significant difference, the effects of electrode mechanical modulation on the geometries and electronic transports of the azobenzene molecules are studied. The effects of the electrode geometries on the electronic transports of the azobenzene molecular junctions are also investigated. The electrode compressing process and the electrode stretching process of the azobenzene molecular junctions are simulated based on the first principles calculations. The electronic transport properties are further calculated by using non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method. The numerical results show that the structures of the cis and trans azobenzenes with sulfur anchors are stable in the stretching process and compressing process of electrode. For the cis azobenzene molecular junction, the cis geometry remains unchanged until the electrode distance is stretched to about 0.1 nm longer than the stable electrode distance of the trans azobenzene molecular junction. Though the trans azobenzene molecule is bent when squeezed by the electrodes, the C—N—N—C dihedral still maintains its trans structure even when the electrode distance is compressed to about 0.2 nm shorter than the stable electrode distance of the cis azobenzene molecular junctions. It is intriguing that the conductance values of cis and trans azobenzene molecular junctions vary inversely with the electrode distance. The conductance value of the cis azobenzene molecular junction increases with the elongating of the electrode distance, while the conductance value of the trans azobenzene molecular junction increases with the compression of the electrode. The conductance is very sensitive to the electrode distance for both the cis azobenzene molecular junction and the trans azobenzene molecular junctions, which can change more than 10 times with the change of the electrode distance. In the lower bias regime, the conductance of the trans azobenzene is higher than that of the cis one if the two electrodes are planar. However, when the molecule is sandwiched between two pyramid-shaped electrodes, the condutance of the cis azobenzene is higher. Thus, the higher conductance of cis azobenzene may be caused either by the pyramid-shaped electrodes or by the large electrode distance.
Optical pressure sensor based on Fano resonance in a coupled resonator system
Authors: Chen Zhao , Ma Xin-Xin , Li Tong , Wang Yi-Lin ,   College of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China,   State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
Published: February 2024

Optical pressure sensor plays a very important role in micro deformation detection, environmental monitoring, and medical fields. However, the quantitative relationship between the applied pressure and the optical response of the resonator before and after deformation is difficult to obtain. In this paper, a coupled resonator system based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide for optical pressure sensor is proposed. The mechanical properties of the system and the optical transmission properties before and after applied pressure are analyzed in detail by using the finite element method. Simulation results show that the maximum deformation of the resonator has a simple linear relationship with the applied pressure. We give a direct definition of the sensitivity of the optical pressure sensor. And based on the Fano resonance phenomenon caused by the coupling the slot cavity with the groove cavity, the optical pressure sensor with a sensitivity of 6.75 nm/MPa is achieved. In addition, we add stub resonator to obtain double Fano resonance phenomenon, and with the change of external pressure, the two Fano line types show different change laws. Specifically, a suitable pressure value can make a double Fano resonance become a single Fano resonance. The special features of our suggested structure are applicable to detecting optical property changes under different pressures, chemical high pressure experimental measurement and study of chemical reaction kinetics process.
Behavioral aspects of Angelman syndrome: A case control study
Authors: Berry Raymond J. , Leitner Robert P. , Clarke Adam R. , Einfeld Stuart L.
Published: December 2004

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by impairments in intellectual, neurological and motor functioning and a postulated behavioral profile. This study compared behavioral characteristics of 62 individuals with genetically confirmed AS and 29 individuals with presumed AS from clinical features, with a control group of young persons with intellectual disability (ID) derived from an Australian epidemiological register. Twelve behavioral items from the developmental behavior checklist (DBC) were used for this comparison. The groups were matched for chronological age, gender, and level of ID. In the AS group, significant differences were found for 10 behaviors, with poor attention span and impulsivity being less common, and overactivity/restlessness, chewing or mouthing objects, eating non‐food items, gorging food, food fads, fascination for water, hand flapping and sleep disturbance being more common. Interestingly, there was no difference in prevalence of unprovoked laughter. Comparison of the results of the genetically confirmed with the genetically unconfirmed AS cases showed no significant differences between individual behavior prevalence. These findings show that a “behavioral phenotype” of AS can be distinguished from others of similar level of ID, but it is different from that hitherto published. Abnormal food related behaviors, hyperactivity, fascination for water, hand flapping, and sleep disturbance should be included in a “behavioral phenotype” for AS. Apart from hyperactivity, “ADHD‐type” behaviors are not more characteristic of AS than in ID generally. Therefore, the Consensus Criteria for the diagnosis of AS need to be reviewed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rett syndrome in females with CTS hot spot deletions: A disorder profile
Authors: Smeets E. , Terhal P. , Casaer P. , Peters A. , Midro A. , Schollen E. , van Roozendaal K. , Moog U. , Matthijs G. , Herbergs J. , Smeets H. , Curfs L. , Schrander‐Stumpel C. , Fryns J.P.
Published: December 2004

From a series of 107 females with Rett syndrome (RTT), we describe the long‐term history of ten females with a deletion in the C‐terminus of the MECP2 gene. We observed that their disorder profile is clinically recognizable with time and different from other atypical and milder RTT phenotypes. In females with hot spot deletions in the C‐terminus, dystonia is present from childhood and results in a serious spine deformation in spite of preventive measures. Their adaptive behavior is surprisingly better preserved and in contrast with the typical decline in motor functioning. The delineaton of disorder profiles by long‐term clinical observation can teach us about genotype/phenotype relationships and eventually about the effect of epigenetic phenomena on the final phenotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MECP2 mutation analysis in patients with mental retardation
Authors: Ylisaukko‐oja Tero , Rehnström Karola , Vanhala Raija , Kempas Elli , von Koskull Harriet , Tengström Carola , Mustonen Aki , Õunap Katrin , Lähdetie Jaana , Järvelä Irma
Published: December 2004

Mutations in the methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene are known to underlie Rett' syndrome, the most common cause of mental retardation (MR) in girls. Since the original report, phenotypes resulting from MECP2 mutations have been shown to extend, for example, to several Rett variants, autism, atypical Angelman syndrome, and nonspecific MR. It was earlier proposed that MECP2 mutations might account for ∼2% of the male cases with nonspecific MR. Thereby, the frequency of MECP2 mutations in the mentally retarded population would be comparable to that of Fragile‐X syndrome. The aim of this study was to analyze well‐characterized cases with MR and to clarify the role of the MECP2 gene in the etiology of MR and atypical Angelman syndrome. The coding sequence of the MECP2 gene was analyzed in a sample of 118 patients (103 males, 15 females) by direct sequencing. Two coding sequence variants, 602C > T (A201V) and 1189G > A (E397K), were identified. In addition, we identified four variants in the intronic or 3′UTR regions. None of these variants is likely to be causal. We conclude that the evidence across all the mutation screening studies implies that MECP2 mutations do not represent a major cause of nonspecific MR. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing anti‐terrorism resource allocation
Authors: Haynes Steven R. , Kannampallil Thomas George , Larson Lawrence L. , Garg Nitesh
Published: December 2004

Since spring of 2002 we have been working on a methodology, decision model, and cognitive support system to aid with effective allocation of anti‐terrorism (AT) resources at Marine Corps installations. The work has so far been focused on the military domain, but the model and the software tools developed to implement it are generalizable to a range of commercial and public‐sector settings including industrial parks, corporate campuses, and civic facilities. The approach suggests that anti‐terrorism decision makers determine mitigation project allocations using measures of facility priority and mitigation project utility as inputs to the allocation algorithm. The three‐part hybrid resource allocation model presented here uses multi‐criteria decision‐making techniques to assess facility (e.g., building, hangar) priorities, a utility function to calculate anti‐terrorism project mitigation values (e.g., protective glazing, wall coatings, and stand‐off barriers) and optimization techniques to determine resource allocations across multiple, competing AT mitigation projects. The model has been realized in a cognitive support system developed as a set of loosely coupled Web services. The approach, model, and cognitive support system have been evaluated using the cognitive walkthrough method with prospective system users in the field. In this paper we describe the domain, the problem space, the decision model, the cognitive support system and summary results of early model and system evaluations.
Fugenausbildung und ‐abdichtung bei wasserundurchlässigen Bauwerken aus Beton: Neue Regelwerke setzen Maßstäbe
Authors: Hohmann Rainer
Published: December 2004

Fugen stellen bei wasserundurchlässigen Bauwerken aus Beton häufig eine Schwachstelle dar. Sie erfordern die besondere Beachtung des Planers und der Ausführenden. Eine fachgerechte Handhabung sowohl durch den Planer als auch durch den Ausführenden ist eine entscheidende Voraussetzung für eine funktionierende Abdichtung. Neue Regelwerke, wie die DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Wasserundurchlässige Bauwerke aus Beton“ und die DIN V 18197 “Abdichten von Fugen in Beton mit Fugenbändern” geben Hinweise, wie Abdichtungssysteme richtig einzusetzen und zu dimensionieren sind. In dem Beitrag wird auf die neuen Regelwerke und die wesentlichen Regelungen für die Abdichtung eingegangen.
Stochastische Parameteridentifikation bei Konstruktionsbeton für die Betonerhaltung
Authors: Strauss Alfred , Bergmeister Konrad , Novák Drahomír , Lehký David
Published: December 2004

In der Bauwerkserhaltung gewinnt die permanente Überwachung mittels Monitoringsystemen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Es ist ein vorrangiges Ziel der Bauwerkserhaltung, diese Überwachungsergebnisse mit numerischen Methoden zu koppeln, um damit die Bestimmung der Zuverlässigkeit der Struktur zu ermöglichen. Eine Möglichkeit, die Monitoring Daten effizient für die Erhaltungsplanung zu nutzen, bieten die “Sensitivity Factor Evolution Methode” und die Neuronale Netzwerktechnik. Diese Verfahren werden gemeinsam mit einem kurzen Exkurs über die stochastische Modellbildung von Beton im folgenden Artikel vorgestellt.
Bauwerksüberwachung der Autobahnbrücke Gossensaß
Authors: Santa Ulrich , Bergmeister Konrad , Strauss Alfred
Published: December 2004

Im Hinblick auf die angenommene Lebensdauer des vorhandenen Bauwerksinventars ergeben sich zukünftig enorme Unterhaltungs‐ und Sanierungskosten. In vielen Fällen wird es über die reine Sichtprüfung hinaus nur mit Mitteln einer geeigneten Bauwerksüberwachung möglich sein, der Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse und Maßnahmenplanung auch quantitative Entscheidungsmerkmale zugrunde zu legen. Gepaart mit den numerischen Möglichkeiten der mechanischen Modellbildung bilden die Daten einer kontinuierlichen Bauwerksüberwachung zudem die Basis für Simulationsprozesse und Zukunftsprognosen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf die Realisierung der Monitoringanlage an der Autobahnbrücke Gossensaß und die grundlegenden Erkenntnisse über den vorliegenden Beobachtungszeitraum eingegangen.
Kraftbestimmung in Schrägseilen durch dynamische Messung
Authors: Geier Roman , Petz Johannes
Published: December 2004

Die Kraftbestimmung in Kabeln von Schrägseilbrücken und externen Spanngliedern ist zur Prüfung und Beurteilung dieser Bauteile erforderlich. Die Feststellung der Kräfte durch Abhebekontrollen mit hydraulischen Pressen ist mit erheblichem Aufwand sowie der Gefahr von Beschädigung verbunden. Auch Schwingungsmeßmethoden zur Bestimmung der wirksamen Kabelkräfte zeigen nicht immer zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Vor allem bei hohen Zugkräften und kurzen Kabeln sind fallweise Fehler von bis zu ± 10% feststellbar. Aus diesem Grund sind Verfahren erforderlich, die eine effiziente und sehr genaue Bestimmung der Kabelkraft ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine praktisch einsetzbare Methode für eine genaue Kraftbestimmung auf Basis von Schwingungsmessungen am Beispiel der Schrägseilbrücke über den Wiener Donaukanal präsentiert.
Verdrängungskörper in vorgespannten Brücken: Untersuchung und Instandsetzung
Authors: Sodeikat Christian , Bunge Eckhard , Schoßmann Alexander
Published: December 2004

Untersuchung und Instandsetzung Unserem Kollegen Herrn cand.‐ing. Martin Seebauer gewidmet, der Anfang November dieses Jahres bei einer Brückenuntersuchung durch einen tragischen Unfall unverschuldet ums Leben kam. In den 1960er und 1970er Jahren wurden in vorgespannten Brückenüberbauten häufig sogenannte Verdrängungskörper eingebaut. Untersuchungen an diesen Brücken zeigten, daß diese Verdrängungskörper oft Ausgangspunkt von Schäden im Brückenüberbau sind. Mitunter sind bereits während der Bauphase Baumängel, z. B. durch zu steife Betone, welche die Verdrängungskörper nicht hohlstellenfrei einbinden konnten, entstanden. Nicht funktionsfähige Brückenabdichtungen und Risse im Überbau können dazu führen, daß Verdrängungskörper praktisch vollständig mit Wasser vollaufen. Vielfach haben auch zunehmende Undichtigkeiten in Entwässerungseinrichtungen (z.B. Tropftüllen), welche durch bzw. nahe an Verdrängungskörpern vorbei geführt wurden, zu Schäden im Brückenüberbau geführt. Der Beitrag berichtet anhand von zwei Beispielen über Untersuchung und Instandsetzung solcher Schäden.
Synthesis and Photochemistry of β,β′‐Di(2‐furyl)‐Substituted o‐Divinylbenzenes: Intra‐ and/or Intermolecular Cycloaddition as an Effect of Annelation
Authors: Škorić Irena , Basarić Nikola , Marinić Željko , Višnjevac Aleksandar , Kojić‐Prodić Biserka , Šindler‐Kulyk Marija
Published: December 2004

New heteroaryl‐substituted o‐divinylbenzenes, 2,2′‐(1,2‐phenylenedivinylene)difuran (9), 2,2′‐(1,2‐phenylenedivinylene)bisbenzo[b]furan (10), and 2,2′‐(1,2‐phenylenedivinylene)bisnaphtho[2,1‐b]furan (11), were prepared and irradiated at various concentrations; intramolecular photocycloaddition and intermolecular [2+2] twofold photoaddition reactions took place to give bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene derivatives 12–14 and cyclophane derivatives 15–17, respectively. Compound 11 was the most selective of these o‐divinylbenzenes, which, owing to π–π intra‐ or intermolecular complexation, gave only the exo‐bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene derivative 14 at low concentrations, and only the cyclophane derivative 17 at high concentrations.
Wissenschaft und Zivilcourage: Heinrich Wieland – Ein aufrechter Dissident
Authors: Hamm‐Brücher Hildegard
Published: December 2004

Dieser Beitrag enthält meine persönlichen Erinnerungen an meinen verehrten Doktorvater und Beschützer, an mein Ideal eines naturwissenschaftlichen Lehrers und Forschers. Er kann und soll keine wissenschaftliche Würdigung eines der bedeutendsten und vielseitigsten Chemiker dieses Jahrhunderts sein, wohl aber eine “Hommage” – eine Würdigung des Menschen Heinrich Wieland, einen der ganz wenigen deutschen Naturwissenschaftler, die den Versuchungen und Pressionen der Nazidiktatur widerstanden haben.
‘The good, the bad and defenceless Jimmy’—a single case study of Schema Mode Therapy
Authors: Bamber Martin
Published: December 2004

This paper presents a single case study, which outlines the innovative application of a new approach to working with a complex clinical case, for whom all other forms of therapy, including drug therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, hypnotism and traditional CBT interventions, had been found to be ineffective. It describes the use of Jeffrey Young's Schema Mode Therapy in the treatment of a 47 year old man with a 30 year history of chronic agoraphobia. The results obtained in terms of the clinical outcome of this single case study are very encouraging and indicate that Schema Mode Therapy may indeed be an effective form of therapy for certain types of complex case, for which more traditional approaches have been unsuccessful. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization and Destabilization of the Ru−CO Bond During the 2,2′‐Bipyridin‐6‐onato (bpyO)‐Localized Redox Reaction of [Ru(terpy)(bpyO)(CO)](PF6)
Authors: Tomon Takashi , Koizumi Take‐aki , Tanaka Koji
Published: December 2004

Two stereoisomers of [Ru(terpy)(bpyO)(CO)](PF6) ([1]+ and [2]+; terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, bpyO = 2,2′‐bipyridin‐6‐onato) were prepared. The pyridonato moiety in the bpyO ligand of [1]+ and [2]+ is located trans and cis, respectively, to CO. Treatment of [1]+ and [2]+ with HPF6 produced [1H]2+ and [2H]2+, both of which contain bpyOH (bpyOH = 6‐hydroxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine). The difference in the pKa values of [1H]2+ (3.5) and [2H]2+ (3.9) reflects the stronger electronic interaction between CO and the pyridonato moiety in the bpyO ligand in the trans position compared with that in the cis position. The molecular structures of [1](PF6), [2](PF6)·H2O and [2H](PF6)2·2H2O were determined by X‐ray structure analyses. [1]+ and [2]+ undergo one, reversible reduction at E1/2 = −1.65 V and −1.51 V, respectively, and one irreversible reduction at Ep,c = −2.07 and Ep,c = −2.13 V, respectively. Both reductions are assigned to redox reactions localized at the terpy and bpyO ligands. Irreversible reduction of [1]0 results from reductive cleavage of the Ru−CO bond of [1]−. On the other hand, a two‐electron oxidation of [2]− almost regenerates [2]+ because of the depression of the reductive Ru−CO bond cleavage of [2]− due to cyclometalation formed by an attack of oxygen of bpyO to the carbon of the Ru−CO bond. An unusually large shift of the ν(C≡O) band on going from [2]0 (1950 cm−1) to [2]− (1587 cm−1) also supports a reversible cyclometalation driven by the bpyO‐localized redox reaction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
In Search of exo‐Selective Catalysts for Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition between Acryloyloxazolidinone and Diphenylnitrone
Authors: Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe , Mella Mariella , Boiocchi Massimo
Published: December 2004

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition (1,3‐DC) between acryloyloxazolidone 1 and diphenylnitrone 2 was catalysed by complexes of three (4R)‐phenylbis(oxazolines) [box = bis(oxazolines)] − either 5‐unsubstituted (8a), or 4,5‐cis‐ and ‐trans‐diphenyl‐substituted (8b, 8c) − with several perchlorates of divalent cations. Normal endo selectivity was obtained with MgII‐ and NiII‐8a catalysts, and the formation of the endo enantiomers (3′R,4′S)‐ or (3′S,4′R)‐3 depended upon the presence of 4‐Å molecular sieves (MS). Different results were observed with the catalysts derived from this ligand and CoII or ZnII, which gave good levels of exo enantioselectivity, with 84% ee of (3′S,4′S)‐4. When 8c was used as ligand, MgII, CoII and NiII give exo‐selective catalysts, and the enantiomer (3′R,4′R)‐4 was obtained with good dr and excellent ee. The unknown absolute configuration of the exo enantiomers 4 was established by structure correlation with one exo diastereoisomer obtained from the 1,3‐DC between 2 and (S)‐3‐acryloyl‐4‐benzyl‐2‐oxazolidinone (10). The flexibility of the catalysts derived from box 8a and 8c, all with 4R configuration, is remarkable since a change in the cation allows the endo‐3 or the exo‐4 enantiomers to be obtained enantioselectively with ees in the 84−99% range. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Case‐control single‐marker and haplotypic association analysis of pedigree data
Authors: Browning Sharon R. , Briley J. David , Briley Linda P. , Chandra Gyan , Charnecki Jonathan H. , Ehm Margaret G. , Johansson Kelley A. , Jones Brendan J. , Karter Andrew J. , Yarnall David P. , Wagner Michael J.
Published: December 2004

Related individuals collected for use in linkage studies may be used in case‐control linkage disequilibrium analysis, provided one takes into account correlations between individuals due to identity‐by‐descent (IBD) sharing. We account for these correlations by calculating a weight for each individual. The weights are used in constructing a composite likelihood, which is maximized iteratively to form likelihood ratio tests for single‐marker and haplotypic associations. The method scales well with increasing pedigree size and complexity, and is applicable to both autosomal and X chromosomes. We apply the approach to an analysis of association between type 2 diabetes and single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers in the PPAR‐γ gene. Simulated data are used to check validity of the test and examine power. Analysis of related cases has better power than analysis of population‐based cases because of the increased frequencies of disease‐susceptibility alleles in pedigrees with multiple cases compared to the frequencies of these alleles in population‐based cases. Also, utilizing all cases in a pedigree rather than just one per pedigree improves power by increasing the effective sample size. We demonstrate that our method has power at least as great as that of several competing methods, while offering advantages in the ability to handle missing data and perform haplotypic analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 28:110–122, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Head structures of males of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) with emphasis on basal splitting events within the order
Authors: Beutel Rolf Georg , Pohl Hans
Published: December 2004

Internal and external head structures of males of Strepsiptera were examined and the head of a species of Mengenilla is described in detail. The results suggest a reinterpretation of some structures. The head of basal extant strepsipterans is subprognathous, whereas it is strictly orthognathous in the groundplan of Strepsiptera s.l. The labrum and hypopharynx are not part of the mouthfield sclerite. The labial palps are absent in all strepsipterans. A very slightly modified mandibular articulation is preserved in Eoxenos, whereas it is distinctly reduced in other extant groups. A salivary duct, salivary glands, and a cephalic aorta are absent. The cladistic analysis of 44 characters of the head results in the following branching pattern: (Protoxenos + (Mengea + (Eoxenos + (Mengenilla [Austr.] + Mengenilla) + (Elenchus + Dundoxenos + Xenos + Stylops)))). Most apomorphies of males are associated with the necessity of finding females within a short time span and with a reduced necessity to consume food: large “raspberry” eyes, flabellate antennae with numerous dome‐shaped chemoreceptors, Hofeneder's organ, an ovoid sensillum of the maxillary palp, and the simplified condition of the maxilla and the labium. Strepsiptera excl. Protoxenos are supported by the dorsomedian frontal impression, the dorsally shifted antennal insertions, a reduced number of antennal segments, absence of the galea, and probably by the presence of the mouthfield sclerite, which is a unique apomorphic feature. The balloon‐gut combined with an unusual air‐uptake apparatus is another possible autapomorphy of this clade. It is likely that the last common ancestor of Strepsiptera excl. Protoxenos did not process food. Strepsiptera s.str. are characterized by the strongly reduced condition of the labrum and the absence of the epistomal suture. Eoxenos is the sister group of the remaining Strepsiptera s.str. Synapomorphies of Mengenilla + Stylopidia are the advanced reduction of the mandibular articulation and the secondary absence of the ovoid sensillum. The monophyly of Mengenilla is confirmed, even though a small free labrum is present in Australian species. Derived features of Stylopidia are the absence of the coronal suture and the reduced condition of the frontal suture. Apomorphies that have evolved within Stylopidia are the membranization of parts of the head, the fusion of antennal segments, the increase or decrease of the number of flabellate flagellomeres, reductions and modifications of the mandibles, and modifications of the mouthfield sclerite. The monophyly of Stylopiformia is not unambiguously supported. A position of the mandibles posterior to the mouthfield sclerite (when adducted) is a possible synapomorphy shared by Xenos, Stylops, and other “higher Stylopidia.” The blade‐like distal part of the mandibles suggests a closer relationship of Elenchus with these taxa. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monocarboxylate transporter expression in the spontaneous hypertensive rat: Effect of stroke
Authors: Zhang Feng , Vannucci Susan J. , Philp Nancy J. , Simpson Ian A.
Published: December 2004

The expression of the monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) 1, 2, and 4 have been studied in the brains of spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats after an ischemic insult induced by a permanent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Profound temporal changes in MCT1 expression were observed in various regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere over the period of 1 hr to 5 days after MCAO. Initially, a very rapid and transient increase in MCT1 mRNA was observed in neurons in the second layer of the cortex and in the piriform cortex at 1–3 hr. A slower but sustained increase in MCT1 mRNA expression was observed in astrocytes in the peri‐infarct region beginning at 6 hr after MCAO and persisting over a period of 120 hr coinciding with their activation, migration, and involvement in scar formation. An increase in MCT1 expression in endothelial cells was seen over the same period. These increases in MCT1 expression in astrocytes and endothelial cells were accompanied by a corresponding increase in MCT1 protein. Finally at 120 hr post‐MCAO, increases in MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 expression were observed in cells within the infarct and bordering the scar, the identity of which remains to be determined. Consistent with cell death, the levels of MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 mRNA decreased with cell death within the infarcted area but unlike MCT1, no increases in either MCT2 or 4 were observed within the remaining ipsilateral hemisphere. These studies reveal that the pattern of regulation of MCT1 expression after MCAO is similar to that observed previously for glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and suggest that the regulation of MCT1 mRNA expression is mediated by the hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor HIF1. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain iron uptake in hypotransferrinemic mice: Influence of systemic iron status
Authors: Beard John L. , Wiesinger Jason A. , Li Nan , Connor James R.
Published: December 2004

The relationship of the heterogeneity of iron concentrations in the brain with the regulation of iron uptake into specific brain regions remains unresolved. We used hypotransferrinemic mice and an iron‐deficient or control diet to explore whether plasma transferrin (Tf), transferrin saturation, and plasma iron levels influence the uptake of 59Fe and whether there was brain region specificity. Weaning wild‐type (+/+) and heterozygotic mice (+/hpx), were sorted randomly to either a iron‐deficient diet or a control iron diet for 8 weeks, whereas homozygous mice (hpx/hpx) ate the control diet for 8 weeks before 59Fe uptake studies. Iron‐deficient heterozygous and wild‐type mice both had significantly greater plasma Tf levels (37.5 and 42.5 μM) than control mice had (heterozygous and wild‐type controls were 20 and 32.5 μM) and far more than homozygous mice (<0.2 μM) had, thus providing five distinct levels of plasma Tf concentrations. After intravenous injection of 59Fe, brains of iron‐deficient wild‐type mice took up significantly more 59Fe (0.15% dose) compared to control wild‐type mice (0.056%) at 2 hr, a treatment effect that persisted through 24 hr. In contrast, diet had no effect in heterozygous mice. Importantly, homozygous mice had equivalent uptake to other groups (0.089% dose) by 24 hr. Early brain radioactivity varied by regions (hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex ∼10–18% brain uptake > cerebellum, pons, thalamus, and striatum ∼7–12% > cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra ∼6–8%). This distribution of radioactivity changed over 24 hr in the hypothalamus of heterozygous mice, homozygous mice, and iron‐deficient wild‐type mice. Homozygous mice also showed higher uptake (13–15%) in some regions (hypothalamus and cerebellum) than in other regions. In wild‐type and heterozygous mice, 59Fe uptake was inversely related to brain Tf and was independent of regional brain iron concentrations and plasma Tf levels or saturation. These experimental data suggest that brain iron uptake may be constitutive and independent of plasma Tf, transferrin saturation, or regional brain iron concentration. The proteins and mechanisms responsible for additional iron uptake into specific regions, or perhaps the redistribution are unclear though the data are supportive of a non‐transferrin‐bound iron uptake pathway. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin C uptake and recycling among normal and tumor cells from the central nervous system
Authors: Astuya Allisson , Caprile Teresa , Castro Maite , Salazar Katterine , García María de los Angeles , Reinicke Karin , Rodríguez Federico , Vera Juan Carlos , Millán Carola , Ulloa Viviana , Low Marcela , Martínez Fernando , Nualart Francisco
Published: December 2004

Specialized cells transport vitamin C in its reduced form using sodium‐dependent cotransporters (SVCT1 and SVCT2). Additionally, different cells transport the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, through glucose transporters (GLUTs). We have proposed recently a model for vitamin C uptake that resolves the apparent contradiction that although only ascorbic acid is detectable in vivo, there are cells that transport only dehydroascorbic acid. We carried out a detailed kinetic analysis to compare the mechanisms of vitamin C uptake in normal human melanocytes, neurons isolated from brain cortex, hypothalamic ependymal‐glial cells, and astrocytes. Uptake of ascorbic acid was also analyzed in the human oligodendroglioma cell line TC620, in human choroid plexus papilloma cells (HCPPC‐1), and in the neuroblastoma cell line Neuro‐2a. Melanocytes were used to carry out a detailed analysis of vitamin C uptake. Analysis of the transport data by the Lineweaver‐Burk plot revealed the presence of one functional component (Km 20 μM) involved in ascorbic acid transport by melanocytes. Vitamin C sodium‐dependent saturable uptake was also observed in neurons and hypothalamic tanycytes. We confirmed SVCT2 expression in neurons by in situ hybridization; however, SVCT2 expression was not detected in astrocytes in situ. Functional data indicate that astrocytes transport mainly dehydroascorbic acid, using the glucose transporter GLUT1. Our functional uptake analyses support the hypothesis that astrocytes are involved in vitamin C recycling in the nervous system. This recycling model may work as an efficient system for the salvage of vitamin C by avoiding the hydrolysis of dehydroascorbic acid produced by antioxidative protection. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of polydimethylsiloxane‐block‐polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane via polysiloxane‐based macroinitiator in supercritical CO2
Authors: Akgün Mesut , Deniz Sennur , Baran Nil , Uzun Nimet I , Akgün Nalan A , Dinçer Salih
Published: December 2004

Polydimethylsiloxane‐block‐polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS‐b‐PS‐b‐PDMS) was synthesized by the radical polymerization of styrene using a polydimethylsiloxane‐based macroazoinitiator (PDMS MAI) in supercritical CO2. PDMS MAI was synthesized by reacting hydroxy‐terminated PDMS and 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoyl chloride) (ACPC) having a thermodegradable azo‐linkage at room temperature. The polymerization of styrene initiated by PDMS MAI was investigated in a batch system using supercritical CO2 as the reaction medium. PDMS MAI was found to behave as a polyazoinitiator for radical block copolymerization of styrene, but not as a surfactant. The response surface methodology was used to design the experiments. The parameters used were pressure, temperature, PDMS MAI concentration and reaction time. These parameters were investigated at three levels (−1, 0 and 1). The dependent variable was taken as the polymerization yield of styrene. PDMS MAI and PDMS‐b‐PS‐b‐PDMS copolymers obtained were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. The number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights of block copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical resolution of racemic amino acid derivatives with molecularly imprinted membranes bearing oligopeptide tweezers
Authors: Yoshikawa Masakazu , Koso Katsunori , Yonetani Kyoichi , Kitamura Satoshi , Kimura Satoshi
Published: December 2004

Molecularly imprinted polymeric membranes were prepared from various oligopeptide tweezers by the adoption of N‐α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐D‐tryptophan (Boc‐D‐Trp) or N‐α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐L‐tryptophan (Boc‐L‐Trp) as a print molecule. The chiral recognition ability of the formed molecular recognition sites was dependent on the absolute configuration of the print molecule adopted in the membrane preparation (molecular imprinting) process, whereas the candidate oligopeptide tweezers consisted of the L‐amino acid residues. In other words, the membranes imprinted by the D‐isomer recognized the D‐isomer in preference to the corresponding L‐isomer, and vice versa. The affinity constant between the target molecule and the chiral recognition site from the oligopeptide tweezers was higher than that from a single‐strand oligopeptide derivative. Those membranes selectively transported the enantiomer, which was preferentially incorporated into the membrane by dialysis. The permselectivities for these membranes exceeded their adsorption selectivities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 385–396, 2005
Efficacy and medical cost offset of psychosocial interventions in cancer care: Making the case for economic analyses
Authors: Carlson Linda E. , Bultz Barry D.
Published: December 2004

The burden of cancer in the worldwide context continues to grow, as incidence and mortality increase each year. Regardless of where they live, a significant proportion of cancer patients at all stages of the disease trajectory will suffer social, emotional and psychological morbidity as a result of their diagnosis and treatment. Psychosocial interventions have proven efficacious in helping patients and families overcome many of the challenges that arise consequent to a cancer diagnosis. Addressing psychosocial needs is an essential aspect of any model of adequate cancer care, however it may also prove to be a cornerstone in efforts to extend the reach of cost‐effective cancer treatment to meet the growing global need. In order to set the stage for discussion of economic issues, this paper first briefly reviews the literature detailing the extent of distress and the efficacy of psychosocial treatments for cancer patients. This is followed by a summary of terminology and costing concepts in the economic evaluation of psychosocial treatments, and a review of the literature on medical cost offset in mental health, other medical populations, and in cancer patients. The literature clearly supports the notion that psychosocial interventions are not only effective, but also economical. Conclusions support adding costing data into evaluations of the efficacy of psychosocial treatments in order to detail the often present but usually overlooked long‐term cost savings that may be accrued to overburdened health‐care systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to entertainment media use
Authors: Forney Deanna S.
Published: December 2004

This chapter addresses considerations related to and potential contributions of entertainment media use in student affairs learning contexts.
Einsatz von Schrauben‐Pumpen zur Förderung von Wasserstoff‐/Sauerstoff‐Gemischen. The use of skrewpumps to compress mixtures of Hydrogen and Oxygen
Authors: v.d. Waydbrink H. , Oswald D. , Gutte F.
Published: December 2004

Der Artikel zeigt, wie Vakuumsysteme ausgeführt werden können, in denen zündfähige Gemische vorhanden sein können, eine Absicherung mit herkömmlichen Flammendurchschlagsicherungen jedoch nicht möglich ist. Dafür ist es jedoch notwendig, die Prozesszustände des Vakuumsystems genau zu analysieren und Betriebsbedingungen entsprechend zu definieren. Die Zoneneinteilung für den Ex‐Schutz gemäß ATEX wurde nicht behandelt.
Atmospheric Circulation during the Last Ice Age
Authors: Lamb H. H. , Woodroffe A.
Published: December 2004

The prevailing surface temperatures in summer and winter at several different stages of the last ice age, indicated at various points scattered over the Northern Hemisphere, by botanical, glaciological, marine biological, oceanographic, etc. evidence, are used to derive probable distributions of 1000−500 mbar thickness, roughly equivalent to mean temperature of the lowest 5 km of the atmosphere and indicating the general flow pattern of the atmosphere in depth. From these thermal wind patterns computation of the tendency to cyclonic and anticyclonic development is possible. Maps of this development field, taken together with the indicated steering of surface cyclones and anticyclones by the thermal winds, make it possible to sketch probable distributions of surface pressure (and, by implication, surface winds) prevailing during each of the glacial stages studied. New light is thrown on the onset of glaciation and on the regimes associated with the maximum extent of glaciation, with the Alleröd warm epoch and the Post-Alleröd cold stage when there was some readvance of the ice.
La Mesure des Variations Climatiques Continentales Application à la Période Comprise entre 130.000 et 90.000 Ans B. P.
Authors: Duplessy J.C. , Labeyrie J. , Lalou C. , Nguyen H.V.
Published: December 2004

Les mesures du rapport isotopique 18O/16O le long de l'axe de stalagmites soigneusement choisies donnent u̇n enregistrement climatique continental qui peut être comparé aux données de la paléoclimatologie océanique. Les âges des différentes couches de la stalagmite sont établis soit par la méthode du carbone 14 pour la période de 0 à 35.000 ans b.p., soit par le rapport 230Th/234U jusqu'à 300.000 ans b.p.

La validité de cette méthode est discutée et une application en est donée pour la période allant de 130.000 à 90.000 ans b.p.

Measurements of the isotopic ratio 18O/16O along the axis of carefully chosen stalagmites give a continental climatic record which can be compared to oceanic paleoclimatological data. Ages of stalagmite layers are established either by carbon 14 for the period 0 to 35,000 years b.p. or by 230Th/234U ratio until 300,000 years b.p.

The validity of this method is discussed and an application is given for the period 130,000 to 90,000 years b.p.
Status of Correlation of Quaternary Stratigraphic Units in the Western Conterminous United States
Authors: Birkeland Peter W. , Crandell Dwight R. , Richmond Gerald M.
Published: December 2004

Deposits of Quaternary age from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast in the western conterminous United States represent a great variety of environments. The deposits include those of continental and alpine glaciers, glacial meltwater streams, nonglacial streams, pluvial lakes, marine environments, eolian environments, and masswasting environments. On two charts we have attempted to correlate representative sequences of deposits of many of these environments, based on published sources and recent unpublished investigations. Evidence for correlation is based mainly on stratigraphic sequence, soil characteristics, the amount of subsequent erosion and interlayered volcanic ash beds identifiable as to source. Chronologic control is based on numerous radiocarbon dates, U-series dates on marine fossils, and K-Ar dates on volcanic rocks. The Bishop volcanic ash bed and one of the Pearlette-like volcanic ash beds appear to represent significant regional key horizons, respectively about 700,000 and 600,000 years old. Rock magnetism is shown to suggest the paleomagnetic polarity at the time of rock deposition. Assigned land-mammal ages of included fossils help to put limits on the age of some units.
The Relation of Social Evolution and Dispersal in Ungulates During the Pleistocene, with Emphasis on the old World Deer and the GenusBison
Authors: Geist Valerius
Published: December 2004

The evolution of Pleistocene mammals is characterized by giantism and in the ungulates by the appearance of huge and often bizarre horns, antlers, ossicones, and tusks. An earlier study of sheep (Ovis) led to a theory explaining these phenomena. This theory, termed the “dispersal theory,” is described briefly and then applied to the evolution of Old World deer (Cervinea, Baird, 1857). It is shown that the zoogeography and physical characteristics of Old World deer follow the predictions of this theory. Attention is drawn to the parallels in zoogeography and convergent evolutionary changes between Old World deer and other ungulates such as New World deer, the goats and sheep and the genusBison. The application of the “dispersal theory” to the evolution of the genusBisonshows that it is compatible with known facts and that it explains aspects ofBisonmorphology not usually considered. It also suggested a new and testable hypothesis of the origin of present-dayBison. In general the “dispersal theory” applied to Pleistocene conditions predicts that a specialization of social behavior and social organs leading to giantism, altered body proportions and bizarre hornlike organs occurs during postglacial dispersal into new habitat. It also describes the characteristics of these early, pioneering populations. In so doing it links the disciplines of animal behavior, ecology, animal science, population dynamics, and zoogeography into a functional whole. In particular it shows the relationship between ecology and social behavior. Finally, the “dispersal theory” is shown to be a general theory, applicable to Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene conditions. In the tropics or pre-Pleistocene conditions social evolution follows ecological specialization, while in the periglacial zones social evolution only reflects the colonization history of the species. It is shown that the “dispersal theory” unites the apparently contradictory views on evolution and zoogeography of Matthews and Darlington. Matthews' views apply largely to Pleistocene conditions and Darlington's to pre-Pleistocene conditions. A preliminary application of the “dispersal theory” to pre-Pleistocene mammals suggests that it predicts correctly.
A Contribution to Pleistocene Chronology in Southeast Essex, England
Authors: Gruhn Ruth , Bryan Alan Lyle , Moss A.J.
Published: December 2004

Parallel to the Essex coast north of the mouth of the Thames, a series of gravel spreads ranging in altitude from near sea level westward to more than 200 ft O.D. (mean sea level) proved to be the remnants of an abandoned Thames/Medway terrace system, rather than a series of “raised” beaches, as their location had suggested. The seaward side of the ancient river valley has subsequently been “captured” by subsidence.

Evidence is given for five terraces, with surface levels between 5 and 75 ft O.D. Because of subsidence of the Essex coast, the terrace levels are not easily correlatable with either the Thames or Medway terrace levels. Temporal placement is attempted on the basis of one site in the 25 ft Barling terrace, which yielded a Middle Acheulian archaeological assemblage associated with a cool temperate fauna including an early form of mammoth. An ice wedge cast in the Barling terrace was filled with floodloam which weathered to a parabraunerde soil during an interglacial climate warmer than now. For these reasons man is thought to have lived on the floodplain of the Barling terrace either at the onset of the Wolstonian (Riss) glacial or during an interstadial of that stage. The question of possible linkages between Swanscombe and Clacton terraces is discussed.
Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Age of Lake Algonquin Sediments in Southwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Karrow P.F. , Anderson T.W. , Clarke A.H. , Delorme L.D. , Sreenivasa M.R.
Published: December 2004

Molluscs, ostracodes, diatoms, pollen, plant macrofossils, peat, and wood have been found in glacial Lake Algonquin sediments, and estuarine-alluvial sediments of the same age, in southern Ontario. Molluscs and ostracodes are particularly abundant and widespread. Pollen analysis of Lake Algonquin sediments, bogs on the Algonquin terrace, and upland bogs above the Algonquin terrace, indicate that Lake Algonquin was still in existence at the time of the spruce-pine pollen transition, previously dated at an average of 10,600 yr BP at a number of sites in Michigan, Ohio, and southern Ontario. Wood in estuarine-alluvial sediments graded to the Algonquin level is of similar radiocarbon age. Evidence from several sites in the eastern Great Lakes area suggests the presence of a preceding low-water stage (Kirkfield outlet stage); drowned and alluviated valleys and fining-upward sediment sequences have been identified in this study as further supporting evidence. Lake Algonquin drained from the southern sites by isostatic tilting and eventual opening of the “North Bay outlet” some time shortly after 10,400 yr BP.

Our radiocarbon dates suggest the low-water stage has an age of about 11,000 yr BP, and that Lake Algonquin drained 10,000–15,000 y. a. Dates previously published for the Lake Michigan basin are generally too young in comparison with ours, and dates on the Champlain Sea are generally too old. More critical evaluation of all dating results is desirable.

From fossil remains we suggest a rapidly expanding fauna in the waters of Lake Algonquin. The spruce pollen period was a time of rapid faunal and floral migration, when the ice front was retreating from Kirkfield to North Bay, Ontario. Diversity of some species and fossil numbers increased substantially at the transition from spruce to pine just before Lake Algonquin drained.