bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asociación entre hiponatremia, mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en pacientes con falla cardíaca descompensada
Authors: Diaztagle-Fernández Juan José , Chaves-Saltiago Walter Gabriel , Sprockel-Díaz John Jaime , Acevedo-Velasco Andrés David , Rodríguez-Benítez Fredy Hernán , Benavides-Solarte Mario Fernando , Rodríguez-Niño María Angélica , Villamizar-Quintero Álvaro José , Botero-Jaramillo Giovanna , Plazas-Vargas Francy Liliana
Published: December 2019

Introducción. La hiponatremia es la alteración electrolítica más frecuente en pacientes con falla cardíaca crónica, que afecta hasta el 28% de pacientes en el ingreso hospilatario. Se ha demostrado que es un predictor independiente de mortalidad, estancia prolongada y rehospitalización. El objetivo es describir la frecuencia de hiponatremia en pacientes con falla cardíaca descompensada y su relación con la estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Metodología. Cohorte prospectiva en pacientes hospitalizados por el servicio de Medicina Interna en un hospital de cuarto nivel de Bogotá, Colombia, con diagnóstico de falla cardíaca descompensada entre abril de 2011 y marzo de 2012. Se midió el sodio al ingreso, a las 72 horas y al día séptimo de hospitalización. Se evaluó la relación de la hiponatremia al ingreso con la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 30 días. Resultados. Se incluyeron 162 pacientes, con promedio de edad de 72 años, 52.5% hombres. Cuarenta y uno (25.3%) presentaron hiponatremia al ingreso. Entre los pacientes que presentaron sodio normal al ingreso, 6 presentaron hiponatremia a las 72 horas y 2 a los 7 días. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria en la población total fue 9.2%, en el grupo de hiponatremia 12.2%, y 8.2% en los que no la tuvieron (p= 0.45). El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue superior en los pacientes con hiponatremia, 6.6 vs. 8.4 días (p= 0.12). Discusión. La incidencia de hiponatremia al ingreso en este grupo de pacientes fue semejante a la reportada en la literatura. Conclusiones. Existe una tendencia hacia una mayor mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en pacientes con hiponatremia, aun cuando no fue estadísticamente significativa.
Intentos para perder peso en una población con sobrepeso y obesidad referida a un centro de endocrinología en Colombia
Authors: Wandurraga Edwin Antonio , Marín Carrillo Lisseth Fernanda , Ardila Gutiérrez María Alejandra , Serrano-Gómez Sergio Eduardo
Published: December 2019

Introducción. El exceso de peso es una condición prevalente en Colombia. Esto conlleva a realizar múltiples intentos para perder peso, muchos autodirigidos y con riesgos, siendo un motivo de consulta frecuente en atención médica primaria y especializada. Metodología. Estudio de corte transversal con datos secundarios de la consulta de endocrinología de pacientes que consultaron por percepción de aumento de peso. Se indagó por 18 métodos convencionales y populares para perder peso, su duración, peso perdido y posterior re ganancia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 100 personas, 79% mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 41.1 años, índice de masa corporal de 32.9 ± 4.6 kg/m2 y perímetro abdominal de 102.7 ± 12.5 cm. En promedio se registraron entre 4 y 5 intentos para perder peso por persona antes de consultar al endocrinólogo, con una mediana de historia de exceso de peso de 10 años. Todos los intentos lograron alguna pérdida con posterior reganancia del total del peso perdido, excepto liraglutida. No se encontró asociación significativa entre variables antropométricas y el número de intentos para perder peso. Discusión. Los intentos de pérdida de peso más empleados por la población evaluadas son los que no están aprobados o carecen de evidencia científica robusta. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad realizan múltiples intentos fallidos para perder peso antes de consultar al médico especialista. La reganancia es muy frecuente, independientemente del tipo de intento.
Open Government and Citizen Participation: Perceptions between Civil Society Organizations and Government.
Authors: Ruvalcaba-Gomez Edgar Alejandro
Published: December 2019

The concepts of citizen participation and open government (OG) are increasingly being used by politicians, government officials, and civil society organizations (CSOs). However, there are differences about how the concepts are assumed and used by different social actors. The objective of this research is to analyze the perception of citizen participation and open government from the perspectives of two fundamental sectors: CSOs and government using the State of Jalisco, Mexico as a case study. The research question is: How are citizen participation and open government perceived in the State of Jalisco by civil society organizations and the government? This research presents statistical results of a survey given to members of civil society and public officials involved in OG actions. The results show a huge gap between the perceptions of government officials and CSOs; this affects the relationship between the two sectors, which can impede development and implementation of public policies.
Local open government: opportunities and challenges in terms of impact and participation.
Authors: Berrino Malaccorto Renato Manuel , Lonati Maricel
Published: December 2019

Through this reflection we propose to investigate and explore the possibilities offered by the implementation of open government policies in the local dimension, focusing particularly on: 1) the impact generated by open government initiatives in the improvement of processes, delivery of public services and quality of life of citizens; 2) the potential of these tools to advance in opening policies that involve the different branches of the State; 3) the possibilities offered by closeness in local governments to encourage and diversify citizen participation, and to empower the community as a driver of innovation; 4) the lessons and challenges that the implementation of these tools leave in subnational governments.
Magmatismo máfico en el basamento de la sierra de Papachacra, Sierras Pampeanas de Catamarca: aspectos geológicos y geoquímicos.
Authors: Lazarte José Enrique
Published: December 2019

Se propone una secuencia litoestratigráfica para el basamento metamórfico y granitoides en la zona de la Sierra de Papachacra, Sierras Pampeanas de Catamarca, sobre la base de estudios geológicos, petrográficos y geoquímicos de las rocas máficas aflorantes en la zona. Se definieron 5 grupos de rocas máficas. La secuencia litoestratigráfica comienza con actividad magmática sinsedimentaria, sigue con el emplazamiento de la Ortoanfibolita La Cuesta y diques en las metamorfitas, luego se emplazan los diques de los grupos G3 y G4 en el ortogneis Chango Real, entre los que no se puede definir cronología. Finalmente, se emplazan diques hipabisales G5 en el Granito Papachacra. La geoquímica indica bajos contenidos de Sr y alto contenido del par Th-U en todas las rocas máficas, respecto a la media de basaltos. Los tipos G1 y G2 poseen altos LIL y bajos Ta y Nb. El dique de gabro (G3) se agrupa con el tipo G5 por los elementos traza pero se distinguen por el alto contenido en SiO2 de G3. El tipo G4 tiene bajos valores de Nb, con Ta por encima de la media y contenidos irregulares de LIL. Los rasgos geoquímicos indican el paso de un ambiente posiblemente tipo arco magmático a una etapa distensiva con cuerpos de composición más básica.
Multiphysics modelling of a hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) for calculating power loss and temperature with different loss minimization strategies
Authors: Santra Tapan , Roy D , Choudhury A B , Yamada S
Published: December 2019

This paper represents a multiphysics modelling for calculating loss and temperature of a hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) using finite element method (FEM). It also addresses the different loss minimization strategies for the HMB. The main sources of losses are identified as eddy current loss in permanent magnets, flywheel and copper loss in electromagnet. Due to these losses, the temperature distribution in different portions of HMB is computed using coupled field analysis. To minimize the eddy current loss, slits are fabricated in flywheel plate instead of a solid flywheel. The improvement of the control current is investigated by providing a coating of different metal, like copper, brass and stainless steel on the flywheel. A zero bias current (ZBC) scheme has been introduced where no bias current is required to levitate the rotor or to avoid singularity due to external disturbances, thus reducing the copper loss.
Effect of microstructure on the abrasive wear resistance of steels with hardness 450 HV
Authors: Haiko Oskari , Heino Vuokko , Porter David A , Uusitalo Juha , Kömi Jukka
Published: December 2019

Hardness has been considered the main factor controlling the abrasive wear of steels. However, microstructure also affects the wear behavior. Four steels with different microstructures were produced with a Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator and tested for abrasive wear behavior. Different cooling rates and heat treatments were applied to obtain a surface hardness of approximately 450 HV. Mainly tempered martensite, pearlite and some bainite could be observed in the microstructures. Scratch testing with a CETR UMT-2 tribometer was conducted to produce wear tracks. The results revealed that each steel showed distinct wear behavior.
Experimental studies of the influence of pressure of slurry fuel and air on the spray cone structure during atomization
Authors: Gvozdyakov D. V. , Zenkov A. V. , Gubin V. E. , Vedyashkin M. V.
Published: December 2019

Results of experimental studies of pneumomechanical atomization process of slurry fuel with a plasticizer in an aerodynamic simulator of power boiler furnace are presented. Analysis of the current state in the field of research of slurry fuel atomization processes has been conducted. Influence of pressure of slurry fuel and air on the structure of the emerging spray cone have been analyzed. The values of characteristic dimensions of three zones of spray cone have been determined: core, middle and outer zones. Effect of pressure of the sprayed slurry fuel and air on the period of stable spray cone formation and geometric characteristics of the zones has been experimentally confirmed. Ranges of velocities and sizes of droplets in the flow at various pressures have been distinguished. The quantitative values of slurry fuel droplets with different velocities in the process of its pneumatic spraying have been obtained. It has been established that the largest number of particles in the study area have velocities up to 8 m/s; a significant number of droplets (up to 20%) have velocities from 8 to 32 m/s; velocities of 32 m/s and more are typical for 1% of droplets. During the results processing, aerosol particles with a size of 1 micron or less have not been taken into account. The values of We criterion for the respective sizes and velocities of the sprayed fuel droplets have been determined. It has been established that significant part of the droplets undergoes catastrophic crushing, which is characteristic for the values of We numbers from 7800 and higher. The obtained results can be used for mathematical and physical modeling of the process of slurry fuels atomization in the furnaces of power boilers in order to predict the aerodynamic characteristics of the designed and existing units.
Estimation of the distribution of water and air flows in a laboratory cooling tower
Authors: Badriev A. I. , Vlasov S. M.
Published: December 2019

A decrease in the efficiency of the tower cooling tower of the TPP was found, especially in the summer. It has been proposed that one of the reasons for the decrease in productivity may be uneven distribution of flows. Experimental studies of the density distribution of irrigation water and air flow of a tower cooling tower have been carried out. The actual operating characteristics of the cooling device are obtained taking into account the uneven flow. Due to the influence of internal and external factors on the performance of the full- scale tower, it was decided to check the performance at its laboratory installation. An experimental analysis of the distribution of irrigation density and air velocity was performed on a laboratory model of a cooling tower. The experimental characteristics of the full-scale tower cooling tower in a laboratory installation were confirmed: the dependence of air speed, temperature drop of water and cooling power on the distribution of irrigation density. Taking into account the uneven flow of water and air is an important task in the design and operation of tower towers. The problem of rational distribution of irrigation density and air flow in a tower cooling tower is formulated.
Movement toward Freedom: Myth and Reality
Authors: Razumov Alexander S.
Published: December 2019

The problem of freedom is researched in various ways by the religions of the world, by the scientific theories and by the mythological consciousness of people. The article pays great attention to the myth and its influence on the realm of freedom and on our interpretation of reality. The author understands a myth as a certain free fiction of a man in order to interpret reality in his own way and sometimes to create his own artistic image of the world. Often the myth stimulates the ability of the imagination and thus it participates in the creation and existence of personality. It is argued that the traces of the myth can be found in most ways of orientation in the material and ideal worlds as well as in the systems of human interests and relationships, in the original human desire of freedom. The problem of freedom is central to all human history. Freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, political freedoms - one can name a large number of different freedoms, but the freedom of creativity should be considered as principal freedom. It should be noted also the freedom of thought, which can lead a cognizing person beyond the worlds of substances and energies, to the place where the Eternal Creator should abide. As the world religions believe, we inherit the capacity for creativity and self-knowledge from God. The very same creative freedom exists historically. Freedom of thought is accompanied by spontaneity and mystery. Spontaneity of consciousness and freedom of creativity create a system of meanings that determine the course of human history, while history is perceived by an observer as a completely unique, cognizable phenomenon.
The results of study of promising red clover varieties in competitive varietal trial
Authors: Gripas M. N. , Arzamasova E. G. , Popova E. V.
Published: December 2019

The article presents the results of study of promising diploid and tetraploid red clover varieties, differed by ripening time, sowed in 2016 in competitive varietal trial at two-year cutting mode of grass-stand use. In the conditions of Kirov region, there was carried out a comprehensive assessment of varieties according to the following biological and production indicators: winter hardiness, duration of growing season, plant and grass-stand height, leafiness, productivity of dry mass by cuttings and in total for two years of use, protein and fiber content, yield of raw protein and digestible protein, resistance to root rot. In each group of ripeness, the best varieties have been identified. They combined protein productivity, winter hardiness (72.3-94.0 %) and resistance to root rot: early tetraploid population SGPFT-170-2 which significantly exceeded the standard (st.) Kudesnik in the yield of raw protein by 0.49 t/ha and digestible protein by 0.355 t/ha, medium-resistant to root rot, with less root system damage compared to the standard by 5.6% in the first year of use (1 y. u.) and 3.3% in the second year of use (2 y. u.); diploid early variety GPF-54-2, which significantly exceeded st. Dymkovsky by 0.391 t/ha in the yield of raw protein in total for two years of use and showed resistance to root rot in the 1 y. u.; diploid late varieties SGP-105 and GPR-36-2, which provided significant additions to st. Kirovsky 159 in the yield of raw protein (+1.216 and +0.964 t/ha) and digestible protein (+0.918 and +0.726 t/ha), combining fodder productivity with resistance to root rot in the 1 y. u. and average resistance in the 2 y. u. (st. Kirovsky 159 is susceptible).

Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.
The effect of laboratory samples of new biological products and their mixtures with organomineral fertilizers on growth and development of winter wheat and sunflower plants
Authors: Asaturova A. M. , Zhevnova N. A. , Tsygichko A. A. , Allakhverdyan V. V. , Khomyak A. I. , Elena Yu. Bondarchuk E. Yu. , Saenko K. Yu. , Astakhov M. M. , Gyrnets E. A. , Shternshis M. V.
Published: December 2019

Currently, there is an active development of environmentally friendly methods of farming. However, the range of products for this type of farming system is limited. Growth stimulation is one of the mechanisms ensuring plant resistance to diseases that reduce crop yields. The aim of the work is to study the effect of laboratory samples of new biological products based on B. subtilis BZR 336 g, B. subtilis BZR 517, P. chlororaphis 245 F strains and organo-mineral fertilizers PRK White Pearl Brown (WPB) and PRK White Pearl Universal” (WPU) on plant growth and development of plants, as well as study of the possibility of their joint use for subsequent inclusion in organic farming systems or integrated plant protection. Growthpromoting ability was assessed in winter wheat and sunflower plants grown in sand in a climatic chamber. As comparison variants there were seed treatment with water (control), chemical (Dividend Star, KS) and biological (Fitosporin-M, F, B. subtilis 26 D) standards. In two plant cultures there was an expected retardant effect of the chemical standard and the growth-promoting effect of the biological standard. Statistically significant data were obtained for such a parameter as the shoot length. On winter wheat, laboratory samples provided the shoot length of 24.1-25.2 mm (an addition to the control of 3.4-8.2%), organic and mineral fertilizers - 23.9-24.5 mm (2.6-5.2%), mixtures with WPU - 23.2-24.4 mm (-0.4-4.7%), mixtures with WPB - 24.1-25.9 mm (3.4-11.2%), a significant increase in root length was not observed in this culture. On winter wheat, it is advisable to use the studied products separately. Sunflower is more responsive to the action of laboratory samples. They provided a shoot length of 13.6-14.6 mm (20.9-27.0%) and a root of 9.2-10.2 mm (4.5-15.9%). Organo-mineral fertilizers provided a shoot length of 14.2-14.5 mm (23.5-26.1%) and the root length of 10.8 mm (22.7%). Mixtures with WPU provided shoot length of 14.7-15.4 mm (27.8-33.9%), mixtures with WPB provided shoot length of 11.9-14.5 mm (3.5-26.1%), and no significant increase in root length was noted. The data obtained indicate the presence in the laboratory samples of fungicidal biological products growth-promoting properties, which vary depending on the culture and additionally used organic and mineral fertilizers. To confirm the results, additional experiments are necessary. Research in this direction will allow the rational use of the studied means of protection and increase plant yields in systems of organic, ecologized and integrated farming, and can help reduce the pesticidal pressure on agrocenoses.

Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.
Обратные агонисты гистаминовых H3-рецепторов: экспериментальные исследования и перспективы клинического применения
Authors: Кудряшов Никита Викторович , Набиева Гюльнар Вагиф кызы , Калинина Татьяна Сергеевна , Миронов Сергей Евгеньевич , Горбунов Александр Анатольевич , Воронина Татьяна Александровна
Published: December 2019

Представлен анализ результатов экспериментальных и клинических исследований фармакологических свойств обратных агонистов гистаминовых H3-рецепторов (H3-Р). В экспериментальных исследованиях были выявлены прокогнитивный, стимулирующий, нейропротекторный и анорексигенный эффекты обратных агонистов H3-Р, что послужило основанием для проведения клинических исследований обратных агонистов H3-Р. Однако эти фармакологические вещества не обладают эффективностью у пациентов с болезнью Альцгеймера. Представленные результаты имеют ряд ограничений, которые не позволяют сделать однозначный вывод об эффективности обратных агонистов H3-Р при болезни Альцгеймера, небольшое количество исследований и короткая продолжительность применения питолисанта при болезни Альцгеймера требует дальнейших исследований. Кроме того, в ограниченном количестве клинических наблюдений была показана эффективность питолисанта при синдроме дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, а также бетагистина в профилактике развития метаболического синдрома на фоне применения атипичного антипсихотического средства оланзапина. Однако только нарколепсия в настоящее время является единственным разрешенным показанием к медицинскому применению питолисанта.
Влияние галоперидола на метаболизм и жизнеспособность клеток HepG2 in vitro
Authors: Насырова Регина Фаритовна , Сахенберг Е. И. , Терюкова Н. П. , Снопов С. А.
Published: December 2019

Проведена оценка метаболического и токсического влияния галоперидола на клетки печеночного происхождения на экспериментальной модели in vitro. Клетки гепато-бластомы человека HepG2 культивировали в присутствии галоперидола (в концентрациях, близких к тем, в которых препарат обнаруживается в крови и тканях при применении в терапевтических дозах) и проводили количественное определение продуктов углеводного, липидного обменов и активности ферментов в среде культивирования, а также показателя жизнеспособности/пролиферации клеток в MTS-тесте. Установлено, что галоперидол не оказывает непосредственного влияния на потребление глюкозы клетками HepG2 и не изменяет уровень липидов во внеклеточной жидкости, но обладает токсическим действием, угнетая жизнеспособность/пролиферацию клеток, согласно снижению оптической плотности (для света с длиной волны 492 нм) среды с тетразолием, восстановленным культивируемыми клетками, — в среднем на 0,135 ед. и 0,077 ед. через 16 ч и на 0,177 ед. и 0,282 ед. (p ≤ 0,04) через 88 ч в присутствии 1 и 2 мкг/мл галоперидола, соответственно, по сравнению с клетками без препарата, и увеличивая активность щелочной фосфатазы в среде культивирования (в среднем, на 2,46 и 4,34 ед./л через 36 ч и на 8,88 и 14,09 ед./л (p ≤ 0,05) через 132 ч в присутствии 1 и 2 мкг/мл галоперидола, соответственно. На основании полученных данных можно предположить, что обнаруживаемые при применении галоперидола изменения углеводного и липидного обменов реализуются не только через непосредственное влияние на клетки печени, синтезирующие данные метаболиты, но и через центральные механизмы — нервную и гормональную регуляцию их синтеза.
Humean Humility
Authors: Crean Aisling
Published: December 2019

This paper sets up and then solves a puzzle for the sceptical realist interpretation of Hume. The puzzle takes off when the sceptical realist attributes to Hume the following metaphysical theses:

(NH1) Causal powers grounding necessary connections in nature exist.

(NH2) Causal powers grounding necessary connections in nature are what make things happen.

It then attributes an epistemological thesis to him:

(NH3) We have no knowledge of causal powers in nature nor of the necessary connections in nature which these powers ground.

But putting these three theses together seems to yield a problematic result. The epistemological thesis seems to have two corollaries as its upshot.

(C1) We cannot know that causal powers grounding necessary connections in nature exist.

(C2) We cannot know that causal powers grounding necessary connections in nature are what make things happen.

That is, we cannot know (NH1) and (NH2). New Hume’s position, the sceptical realist interpretation, seems to make Hume out to be arguing for a view that is self-undermining or dialectically unstable by his own empiricist lights. I argue that there is an overlooked externalist dimension to Hume’s epistemology and draw on this to solve the puzzle.

In diesem Artikel wird zunächst ein Problem für die skeptisch-realistische Interpretation Humes aufgeworfen, sodann aber aufgelöst. Das Problem entsteht, wenn der skeptische Realismus Hume die folgenden metaphysischen Thesen zuschreibt:

(NH1) Es gibt kausale Kräfte, die den notwendigen Verknüpfungen in der Natur zugrunde liegen.

(NH2) Die kausalen Kräfte, die den notwendigen Verknüpfungen in der Natur zugrunde liegen, treiben das Geschehen in der Welt an.

Zudem wird Hume eine epistemische These zugeschrieben:

(NH3) Wir können weder von den kausalen Kräften, noch von den daraus resultierenden notwendigen Verknüpfungen in der Natur Wissen erlangen.

Wenn wir aber diese drei Thesen zusammen nehmen, erhalten wir ein problematisches Resultat. Die epistemische These scheint dann zwei Korollare zu haben.

(NH2) Wir können nicht wissen, dass es kausale Kräfte gibt, die den notwendigen Verknüpfungen in der Natur zugrunde liegen.

(NH2) Wir können nicht wissen, dass die kausalen Kräfte, die den notwendigen Verknüpfungen in der Natur zugrunde liegen, das Geschehen in der Welt antreiben.

Mit anderen Worten, wir können über (NH1) und (NH2) nichts wissen. Im Lichte seines Empirismus betrachtet, höhlt die neue realistische Interpretation Humes daher dessen Position aus und macht sie dialektisch instabil. Ich werde hier jedoch zeigen, dass es eine externalistische Dimension in Humes Erkenntnistheorie gibt, die bislang übersehen wurde und die diese Schwierigkeiten auflösen kann.
Hume on Testimony Revisited
Authors: Gelfert Axel
Published: December 2019

Among contemporary epistemologists of testimony, David Hume is standardly regarded as a ‘global reductionist’, where global reductionism requires the hearer to have sufficient first-hand knowledge of the facts in order to individually ascertain the reliability of the testimony in question. In the present paper, I argue that, by construing Hume’s reductionism in too individualistic a fashion, the received view of Hume on testimony is inaccurate at best, and misleading at worst. Overall, Hume is much more willing to regard testimonial acceptance as a natural (default) response to testimony than has traditionally been thought. In particular, Hume believes that indirect evidence of human nature and of the social world around us, can take the place of first-hand evidence of the track record of individual speakers or specific classes of testimony. In developing this interpretation of Hume’s views on testimony, the present paper draws on discussions found in the Treatise, the Enquiry, and in Hume’s writings on historical knowledge.

In der zeitgenössischen Debatte um den erkenntnistheoretischen Status zeugnisbasiertenWissens wird gern auf David Hume als den Urheber eines „globalen Reduktionismus“ verwiesen, demzufolge der Zeugnisempfänger über ausreichend empirische Belege für die Verlässlichkeit des betreffenden Zeugnisses verfügen muss. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz soll gezeigt werden, dass die in der Literatur vorherrschende Meinung ein übertrieben „individualistisches“ Bild von Humes Reduktionismus zeichnet; dadurch wird Humes Position in der gegenwärtigen Debatte ungenau und bisweilen irreführend wiedergegeben. Bei genauerer Betrachtung erweist sich Hume als ausgesprochen aufgeschlossen gegenüber dem Akzeptieren fremden Zeugnisses und sieht darin eine Art Grundmuster im testimonialen Umgang mit anderen. Insbesondere konzediert Hume, dass indirekt erworbenes Wissen um die menschliche Natur und die soziale Welt an die Stelle direkter Belege für die Verlässlichkeit einzelner Zeugen (oder bestimmter Klassen von Berichten) treten kann. Die im vorliegenden Aufsatz entwickelte Neuinterpretation stützt sich auf den Treatise, den Enquiry und auf Humes Schriften zum Problem der historischen Erkenntnis.
Spinoza on Human Purposiveness and Mental Causation
Authors: Steinberg Justin
Published: December 2019

Despite Spinoza’s reputation as a thoroughgoing critic of teleology, in recent years a number of scholars have argued convincingly that Spinoza does not wish to eliminate teleological explanations altogether. Recent interpretative debates have focused on a more recalcitrant problem: whether Spinoza has the resources to allow for the causal efficacy of representational content. In this paper I present the problem of mental causation for Spinoza and consider two recent attempts to respond to the problem on Spinoza’s behalf. While these interpretations certainly shed some light on Spinoza’s account of cognitive economy, I argue that both fail to point the way out of the problem because they fail to differentiate between two forms of representation, one of which is causally efficacious, one of which is not. I close by suggesting that there is some reason to believe that Spinoza’s account of mind avoids some of the problems typically associated with mental causation.

Spinoza gilt zwar als kompromissloser Kritiker der Teleologie, aber in den letzten Jahren haben mehrere Philosophiehistoriker überzeugend dafür argumentiert, dass er keineswegs alle teleologischen Erklärungen verabschieden möchte. Neuere Interpretationsdebatten haben sich auf ein hartnäckigeres Problem konzentriert: Verfügt Spinoza über die Ressourcen, um die kausale Wirksamkeit des repräsentationalen Inhalts zuzulassen? In diesem Aufsatz stelle ich das Problem der geistigen Verursachung bei Spinoza dar und betrachte zwei neuere Versuche, im Sinne Spinozas auf dieses Problem einzugehen. Diese Interpretationen werfen sicherlich Licht auf Spinozas Auffassung von kognitiver Sparsamkeit, aber ich argumentiere, dass beide darin scheitern, einen Ausweg aus diesem Problem aufzuzeigen, da es beide versäumen, zwischen zwei Formen von Repräsentationen zu unterscheiden: einer kausal wirksamen und einer, die nicht wirksam ist. Es gibt Grund zur Überzeugung, so lege ich abschließend nahe, dass Spinozas Auffassung des Geistes einige der Probleme vermeidet, die typischerweise mit geistiger Verursachung verbunden sind.
Fallacious Arguments in Aristotle’s Rhetoric II.24
Authors: Rapp Christof
Published: December 2019

Just as Aristotelian dialectic sharply distinguishes between real and fallacious arguments, Aristotelian rhetoric distinguishes between real and fallacious enthymemes. For this reason Aristotle’s Rhetoric includes a chapter – chapter II.24 – that is exclusively devoted to what Aristotle calls “topoi” of fallacious enthymemes. Thus, the purpose of this chapter seems to be equivalent to the purpose of the treatise Sophistici Elenchi, which attempts to give a complete list of all possible types of fallacious arguments. It turns out that, although the Rhetoric’s list of fallacious types of rhetorical arguments basically resembles the list from the Sophistici Elenchi, there also are some striking differences. The paper tries to account for the relation between these two, more or less independent, Aristotelian approaches to the phenomenon of fallacious arguments. Can one of these two lists be seen as the basic or original one? And what is the point in deviating from this basic list? Are all deviations occasioned by the specific contexts of the rhetorical use on the one hand, and the dialectical on the other? Or do the two lists display different (or even incoherent) logical assumptions? Even an only tentative answer to this set of questions will help to clarify another but closely related scholarly problem, namely the relation between the Rhetoric’s list of topoi for real enthymemes and the Topics’ list of topoi for real dialectical arguments. It will also help to account for the general place of fallacious arguments within Aristotle’s dialectic-based approach the rhetoric.
How to give someone Horns
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: December 2019

This paper discusses ancient versions of paradoxes today classified as paradoxes of presupposition and how their ancient solutions compare with contemporary ones. Sections 1–4 air ancient evidence for the Fallacy of Complex Question and suggested solutions, introduce the Horn Paradox, consider its authorship and contemporary solutions. Section 5 reconstructs the Stoic solution, suggesting the Stoics produced a Russellian-type solution based on a hidden scope ambiguity of negation. The difference to Russell’s explanation of definite descriptions is that in the Horn Paradox the Stoics uncovered a hidden conjunction rather than existential sentence. Sections 6 and 7 investigate hidden ambiguities in “to have” and “to lose” and ambiguities of quantification based on substitution of indefinite plural expressions for indefinite or anaphoric pronouns, and Stoic awareness of these. Section 8 considers metaphorical readings and allusions that add further spice to the paradox.
False ἔvδοα and fallacious argumentation
Authors: King Colin Guthrie
Published: December 2019

Aristotle determines eristic argument as argument which either operates upon the basis of acceptable premisses (ἔνδοξα) and merely give the impression of being deductive, or argument which truly is deductive but operates upon the basis of premisses which seem to be acceptable, but are not (or, again, argument which uses both of these mechanisms). I attempt to understand what Aristotle has in mind when he says that someone is deceived into accepting premisses which seem to be acceptable but which are really not, and how this disqualifies such arguments from being dialectical. In the first section of the paper I interpret Aristotle’s notion of ἔνδοξα in terms of a relational concept of acceptability. Real ἔνδοα are propositions which are accepted by a qualified group or individual. False ἔνδοα may also be accepted by someone or some group, and may even be true, but they are used to serve the purposes of eristical argumentation, which departs from certain standards of dialectical argumentation articulated in the notion of ἔνδοξα as a norm for premiss-acceptance. In particular, eristic arguments may even be valid in the sense of a συλλογισμός while still failing to be proper dialectical arguments. In the second part of the paper I consider how this can be, in examining certain types of fallacies in the Sophistical Refutations and the relationship between fallacious argumentation and false ἔνδοξα.
Aristotle’s Expansion of the Taxonomy of Fallacy in De Sophisticis Elenchis 8
Authors: Swanson Carrie
Published: December 2019

In the eighth chapter of De Sophisticis Elenchis, Aristotle introduces a mode of sophistical refutation that constitutes an addition to the taxonomy of the earlier chapters of the treatise. The new mode is pseudo-scientific refutation, or “the [syllogism or refutation] which though real, [merely] appears appropriate to the subject matter” (τòν ὂντα μέν φαινóμενoν δέ ỏιϰειoν ιoῦ πράγμαιoς, 169b22–3). Against the grain of its most commonly accepted reading, I argue that Aristotle is not concerned in SE 8 to establish that both the apparent refutations of SE 4–7 and pseudo-scientific refutations issue in false conclusions. His concern rather is to provide a causal analysis of both classes of apparent refutation alike which will explain why both kinds of apparent refutation are sophistical – and whose solutions are therefore the task of no special science but of a dialectical σλλογιστιϰή τέχνη (172a35). I conclude my analysis with the observation that Aristotle exploits the results of SE 8 to fend off inSE 9, 10, and 11 respectively a triad of threats to the very existence of a τέχνη of the resolution of sophistical refutation. The three threats are: the impossibility of omniscience; the relativity of semantic beliefs; and the incapacity of a questioner ignorant of a science to expose the ignorance of a pretender to scientific expertise.
The “false validating premiss” in Aristotle’s doctrine of fallacies
Authors: Fait Paolo
Published: December 2019

In Sophistical Refutations 8 Aristotle claims that every sophistical refutation depends on a false belief which is implicitly held by the victim of the fallacy and can normally be elicited from him as an explicit additional premiss. In this case the fallacious argument will be turned into a valid one, albeit with a false premiss (a FVP “False Validating Premiss”, as I call it). The paper discusses the nature of the FVP and tries to discover how it works when it tacitly causes the false appearance of a fallacious argument.
Spinoza’s Substance Monism
Authors: Levin Yakir
Published: December 2019

In Spinoza’s substance monism, radically different attributes constitute the essence of one and the same substance qua a strongly unified whole. Showing how this is possible poses a formidable Cartesian challenge to Spinoza’s metaphysics. In this paper I suggest a reconstruction of Spinoza’s notion of substance that meets this challenge and explains a major feature of this notion. I then show how this reconstruction can be used to resolve two fundamental problems of the Cartesian framework that pertain to Spinoza’s metaphysics. On this basis, I then explain two further major features of Spinoza’s notion of substance. While my suggested reconstruction has all these advantages and accords well with Spinoza’s conceptual framework, it goes beyond what he explicitly says concerning substance monism. It is in the spirit of his metaphysical framework rather than in its letter. Thus, all I intend to show is that Spinoza has the conceptual resources for coming to terms with some of the deep problems that beset his metaphysics.
Die Verteidigung des Logizismus: Carnaps Versuch von 1930
Authors: Frey Adrian
Published: December 2019

According to Carnap an account of the nature of mathematics, both pure and applied, must include the thesis that mathematical truths are devoid of factual content. He first formulated this thesis around 1930 and in its defence attempted to combine the reduction of mathematics to logic undertaken in the Principia with Wittgenstein’s insights into the nature of logic. In this paper I will show that this synthesis faces serious difficulties. Thus, it plays, with good reason, no longer a role in Carnap’s mature philosophy of mathematics.
Einfühlen und Verstehen
Authors: Mayer Verena
Published: December 2019

How do we understand other minds? The current debate uses the iridescent term “empathy” to explain our quite different mindreading capacities. Since no alternatives seemed to be available the discussion has been mostly in a deadlock between “simulation theory” and “theory theory”. Only recently the relevance of phenomenological findings on the issue has been brought forward. In this paper Husserl’s two concepts of “Einfühlung”, as developed in the second volume of his Ideas, are set against the background of the latest discussion. Husserl’s explanation of empathy in terms of analogical experience highlights the transcendental role of empathy in the context of constitution. At the same time it may solve some of the many riddles left by the recent debate.
A Logical Analysis of the Main Argument in Chapter 2 of the Proslogion by Anselm of Canterbury
Authors: Hinst Peter
Published: December 2019

The primary aim is the reconstruction of the main argument of the second chapter of Anselm’s Proslogion. To be proved is the statement that God, or something than which nothing greater can be thought, exists in reality. I proceed by a piecemeal analysis of every sentence of the Latin original and its subsequent translation into a formal second-order language with choice operator. Reconstructing Anselm’s reasoning demands interpretative input and additions. For example, the formula ‘quod maius est’ has to be suitably interpreted and expanded. Furthermore, I try to explicate Anselm’s maius predicate in terms of a perfection predicate and to develop a general proof for Anselm’s theorem, i.e. the statement that something/that than which something greater cannot be thought has all greater-making attributes.
AWide-Reflective-Equilibrium Conception of Reconstructive Formalization
Authors: Löffler Winfried
Published: December 2019

I propose that a logical formalization of a natural language text (especially an argument) may be regarded as adequate if the following three groups of beliefs can be integrated into a wide reflective equilibrium: (1) our initial, spontaneous beliefs about the structure and logical quality of the text; (2) our beliefs about its structure and logical quality as reflected in the proposed formalization, and (3) our background beliefs about the original text’s author, his thought and other contextually relevant factors. Unlike a good part of the literature, I stress the indispensable role of initial beliefs in achieving such a wide reflective equilibrium. In the final sections I show that my approach does not succumb to undue subjectivism or the mere perpetuation of prejudice. The examples I use to illustrate my claims are chiefly taken from Anselm’s Proslogion 2–3 and the various attempts to formalize these texts.
Hermeneutics, Logic and Reconstruction
Authors: Reinmuth Friedrich
Published: December 2019

Using a short excerpt from Anselm’s Responsio as an example, this paper tries to present logical reconstruction as a special type of exegetical interpretation by paraphrase that is subject to (adapted) hermeneutic maxims and presumption rules that govern exegetical interpretation in general. As such, logical reconstruction will be distinguished from the non-interpretative enterprise of formalization and from the development of theories of logical form, which provide a framework in which formalization and reconstruction take place. Yet, even though logical reconstruction is dependent on methods of formalization, it allows us to use formal methods for the analysis and assessment of natural language texts that are not readily formalizable and is thus an important tool when it comes to applying the concepts and methods of formal logic to such texts.
Ockham on the (In)fallibility of Intuitive Cognition
Authors: Demey Lorenz
Published: December 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to reassess the debate between Boehner and Karger about Ockham’s views on the infallibility of intuitive cognition, and to present a new account of infallible intuitive cognition. After a detailed overview of Ockham’s theory of intuitive and abstractive cognition, the Boehner/Karger debate is examined. At the center of this debate are two conflicting interpretations of a certain passage in Ockham’s writings. It is shown that neither of these interpretations is ultimately successful. Next, a third interpretation is introduced and shown to be superior to the previous two. This new interpretation leads to a refutation of one of Karger’s main arguments against Boehner’s theory of the infallibility of intuitive cognition. Finally, a distinction between weak and strong infallibility is introduced (based on whether the intuitive cognition causes a false judgment, or merely co-occurs with it), and it is argued that intuitive cognition is always weakly infallible, and often (but not always) also strongly infallible.
Hegels Philosophie des Geistes
Authors: Stekeler-Weithofer Pirmin
Published: December 2019

In order to understand Hegel’s form of philosophical reflection in general, we must read his ‘speculative’ sentences about spirit and nature, rationality and reason, the mind and its embodiment as general remarks about conceptual topics in topographical overviews about our ways of talking about ourselves in the world. The resulting attitude to traditional metaphysics gets ambivalent in view of the insight that Aristotle’s prima philosophia is knowledge of human knowledge, developed in meta-scientific reflections on notions like ‘nature’ and ‘essence’, ‘reality’ (or ‘being’) and ‘truth’, about ‘powers’ and ‘faculties’ – and does not lead by itself to an object-level theory about spiritual things like the soul. We therefore cannot just replace critical metaphysics of the human mind by empirical investigation of human behaviour as empiricist approaches to human cognition in naturalized epistemologies do and neuro-physiological explanations propose. Making transcendental forms and material presuppositions of conceptually informed perception and experience explicit needs some understanding of figurative forms of speech in our logical reflections and leads to other forms of knowledge than empirical observation and theory formation.
Was zeichnet eine moderne Auffassung von Geist aus?
Authors: Stephan Achim
Published: December 2019

‘Having a mind’ is construed as having a variety of mental capacities such as perceiving, memorizing, learning, or reasoning. In cognitive science, these capacities are studied from an integrative trans-disciplinary perspective that combines anthropology, artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy and psychology. To approach mental phenomena by combining philosophical insights with those from the natural sciences is part of the Aristotelian tradition. Accordingly, the paper also portrays the most salient models of mental processing – the computer model, connectionism and situated cognition. Eventually, an example of an artificial agent – Affective AutoTutor – is introduced that exhibits striking cognitive capacities, but still seems to lack what is expected from someone who ‘has a mind’.
Kant’s Self-Defeating Refutation of Idealism
Authors: Clavier Paul , Domenicucci Jacopo
Published: December 2019

Kant’s Refutation of Idealism has often been assessed either from a realistic or from a transcendental point of view. Each of them proves to be unsufficient. The realistic approach wouldn’t it enough the tenets of the Transcendental Esthetics, and the transcendental approach doesn’t allow us to go beyond our representations. We put forward a logical and structural analysis of the famous paragraph from the System of all principles and its rewriting in the Preface to the Second edition of the first Critique. Additional evidence from the Opus Postumum leads us to suggest that Kant more or less willingly endorses an equivocation on the phrase “existing outside me”, which wonderfully serves his double purpose of saving the transcendental deduction and facing the so-called “scandal of idealism.”
Aristotle’s Critique of Plato’s Theory of Innate Knowledge
Authors: Bronstein David
Published: December 2019

In Posterior Analytics 2.19, Aristotle argues that we cannot have innate knowledge of first principles because if we did we would have the most precise items of knowledge without noticing, which is impossible. To understand Aristotle’s argument we need to understand why he thinks we cannot possess these items of knowledge without noticing. In this paper, I present three different answers to this question and three different readings of his argument corresponding to them. The first two readings focus on the fact that we do not use the knowledge we allegedly possess innately. However, I argue that these readings fail to produce convincing arguments. I then offer a third reading, which focuses on the fact that we do not notice the knowledge we allegedly possess innately when we use it for the first time (i. e., on Plato’s account, when we recollect). I argue that this reading produces a more convincing argument than either of the first two.
Aristotle’s Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b 9–12)
Authors: Angioni Lucas
Published: December 2019

In Posterior Analytics 71b9–12, we find Aristotle’s definition of scientific knowledge. The definiens is taken to have only two informative parts: scientific knowledge must be knowledge of the cause and its object must be necessary. However, there is also a contrast between the definiendum and a sophistic way of knowing, which is marked by the expression “kata sumbebekos”. Not much attention has been paid to this contrast. In this paper, I discuss Aristotle’s definition paying due attention to this contrast and to the way it interacts with the two conditions presented in the definiens. I claim that the “necessity” condition ammounts to explanatory appropriateness of the cause.