bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stress and fluid sensitivity in two North Sea oil fields—comparing rock physics models with seismic observations
Authors: Duffaut Kenneth , Avseth Per , Landrø Martin
Published: January 2011

During 4D seismic reservoir characterization, it is important to have reliable rock physics models for both static (e.g., mineralogy, porosity, cement volume) and dynamic (e.g., saturation, pressure, temperature) reservoir parameters. Without a good understanding of reservoir geology and associated static rock physics properties, it is impossible to interpret time-variant changes in pore pressure and saturation (Andersen et al., 2009). The dry rock properties of the reservoir can be obtained from well-log data combined with geological information about mineral composition and rock texture, and Gassmann theory to estimate the effect of pore fluid changes. Normally, core measurements are undertaken to quantify stress sensitivity, but these are often affected by induced fractures caused by the coring acquisition that will enhance the stress sensitivity of the rock (Holt et al., 2005). Duffaut and Landrø (2007) showed how calibrated Hertz-Mindlin contact theory could be applied to estimate stress sensitivity on [Formula: see text] ratios in two North Sea oil fields (Statfjord and Gullfaks), in order to explain observed AVO signatures during water injection and associated pore-pressure increase. It was found that loose Gullfaks sands yielded high [Formula: see text] ratios (up to about 7) during water injection, whereas slightly quartz-cemented Statfjord sands yielded more moderate changes in [Formula: see text] ratios (approximately 2). The differences were modeled by varying the number of grain-to-grain contacts. In this paper we further investigate the pressure sensitivity of seismic parameters in these two oil fields, applying the rock physics modeling approach presented by Avseth and Skjei (TLE, this issue), and we demonstrate a good match between rock physics modelling results and seismic observations in terms of [Formula: see text]. The stress sensitivity of [Formula: see text] decreases drastically when sands become cemented, as crack-like porosity at grain contacts are eliminated.
Human Papillomaviruses As Therapeutic Targets in Human Cancer
Authors: Hellner Karin , Münger Karl
Published: January 2011

Cervical carcinomas are almost universally associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, and are a leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. HPV oncoproteins contribute to cancer initiation and progression and their expression is necessary for the maintenance of the transformed state. The fact that the initiating oncogenic insult, infection with a high-risk HPV and viral oncoprotein expression, is common to almost all cervical cancers offers unique opportunities for prevention, early detection, and therapy. The potential for prevention has been realized by introduction of prophylactic vaccines that are to prevent transmission of specific high-risk HPVs. Given, however, that these vaccines have no therapeutic efficacy and HPV-associated cervical cancers arise years if not decades after the initial infection, it has been estimated that there will be no measurable decline of HPV-associated tumors before 2040. Cervical cancer alone will be diagnosed in more than 375,000 US women between now and 2040. Other HPV-associated anogenital and head and neck cancers are predicted to afflict another 700,000 men and women over this time period. Hence, therapeutic efforts to combat high-risk HPV-associated disease remain of critical importance.
Modern Therapy of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Bassan Renato , Hoelzer Dieter
Published: January 2011

Although acute lymphoblastic leukemia is curable in one third of adult patients, results vary greatly on account of different clinical, immunologic, and cytogenetic/genetic characteristics. These data, along with the kinetics of response to early treatment, help establish the individual risk class with considerable accuracy, and support risk-specific treatments that should warrant optimal results with as little as possible nonrelapse mortality. Modern first-line therapy consists of standard- and high-dose chemotherapy (increasingly inspired to pediatric principles), hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, and new targeted therapy, all integrated with the analysis of prognostic factors and the study of subclinical residual disease for key therapeutic decisions. These changes are improving long-term outcome, which in ongoing studies is expected close to 50% or greater.
Therapeutic Advances in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Burnett Alan , Wetzler Meir , Löwenberg Bob
Published: January 2011

The choice of treatment approach and outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) depends on the age of the patient. In younger patients, arbitrarily defined as being younger than 60 years, 70% to 80% enter complete disease remission with several anthracycline-based chemotherapy combinations. Consolidation with high-dose cytarabine or stem-cell transplantation in high-risk patients will restrict overall relapse to approximately 50%. A number of demographic features can predict the outcome of treatment including cytogenetics and an increasing list of molecular features (ie, FLT3, NPM1, MLL, WT1, CEBPalpha, EVI1). These are increasingly being used to direct postinduction therapy, but they are also molecular targets for a new generation of small molecule inhibitors that are in early development; however, randomized data have yet to emerge. In older patients who comprise the majority, which will increase with demographic change, the initial clinical decision to be made is whether the patient should receive an intensive or nonintensive approach. If the same anthracycline/cytarabine–based approach is deployed, the remission rate will be around 50%, but the risk of subsequent relapse is approximately 85% at 3 years. This difference from younger patients is explained partly by the ability of patients to tolerate effective therapy, and also the aggregation of several poor risk factors compared with the young. There remains a substantial proportion of patients older than 60 years who do not receive intensive chemotherapy. Their survival is approximately 4 months, but there is considerable interest in developing new treatments for this patient group, including novel nucleoside analogs and several other agents.
Biology, Risk Stratification, and Therapy of Pediatric Acute Leukemias: An Update
Authors: Pui Ching-Hon , Carroll William L. , Meshinchi Soheil , Arceci Robert J.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

We review recent advances in the biologic understanding and treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), identify therapeutically challenging subgroups, and suggest future directions of research.

Methods

A review of English literature on childhood acute leukemias from the past 5 years was performed.

Results

Contemporary treatments have resulted in 5-year event-free survival rates of approximately 80% for childhood ALL and almost 60% for pediatric AML. The advent of high-resolution genome-wide analyses has provided new insights into leukemogenesis and identified many novel subtypes of leukemia. Virtually all ALL and the vast majority of AML cases can be classified according to specific genetic abnormalities. Cooperative mutations involved in cell differentiation, cell cycle regulation, tumor suppression, drug responsiveness, and apoptosis have also been identified in many cases. The development of new formulations of existing drugs, molecularly targeted therapy, and immunotherapies promises to further advance the cure rates and improve quality of life of patients.

Conclusion

The application of new high-throughput sequencing techniques to define the complete DNA sequence of leukemia and host normal cells and the development of new agents targeted to leukemogenic pathways promise to further improve outcome in the coming decade.
Hypomethylating Agents and Other Novel Strategies in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Fenaux Pierre
Published: January 2011

Over the last decade, treatment approaches for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have improved significantly. Treatment of MDS is tailored to the specific risk characteristics of the patient. In general, patients are divided into lower- and higher-risk categories. Without therapy, prognosis of patients with higher-risk MDS is poor, and treatments should be directed to improve survival. Prognosis of patients with lower-risk MDS is more heterogeneous, and therapies are usually directed to minimize transfusion needs and potentially to alter the natural course of the disease. Treatment options for patients with higher-risk MDS include hypomethylating agents (azacitidine and decitabine), intensive chemotherapy (ICT), and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT). The use of the hypomethylating agents has transformed the approach to this patient population, in particular older individuals, for whom ICT and alloSCT are not an option. In lower-risk MDS, treatment strategies are used sequentially and usually include observation in patients with low risk and no transfusion dependency, growth factors, and lenalidomide for patients with alteration of chromosome 5 and anemia. The use of hypomethylating agents is less understood in this group of patients. AlloSCT is usually reserved for patients with lower-risk MDS closer to the time of transformation. In this short review, we discuss treatment alternatives for patients with MDS and delineate some of the ongoing challenges, including the development of better front-line strategies for patients with higher-risk disease, the concept of altering the natural course of the disease in lower-risk MDS, and the development of new treatment approaches for patients who do not benefit from hypomethylating agents.
Unraveling the Molecular Pathophysiology of Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Bejar Rafael , Levine Ross , Ebert Benjamin L.
Published: January 2011

Somatically acquired genetic abnormalities lead to the salient features that define myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): clonal hematopoiesis, aberrant differentiation, peripheral cytopenias, and risk of progression to acute myeloid leukemia. Although specific karyotypic abnormalities have been linked to MDS for decades, more recent findings have demonstrated the importance of mutations within individual genes, focal alterations that are not apparent by standard cytogenetics, and aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The spectrum of genetic abnormalities in MDS implicates a wide range of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of these disorders, including activation of tyrosine kinase signaling, genomic instability, impaired differentiation, altered ribosome function, and changes in the bone marrow microenvironment. Specific alterations present in individual patients with MDS may explain much of the heterogeneity in clinical phenotype associated with this disease and can predict prognosis and response to therapy. Elucidation of the full complement of genetic causes of MDS promises profound insight into the biology of the disease, improved classification and prognostic scoring schemes, and the potential for novel targeted therapies with molecular predictors of response.
Reducing the Risk for Transplantation-Related Mortality After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: How Much Progress Has Been Made?
Authors: Horan John T. , Logan Brent R. , Agovi-Johnson Manza-A. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Bacigalupo Andrea A. , Ballen Karen K. , Bredeson Christopher N. , Carabasi Matthew H. , Gupta Vikas , Hale Gregory A. , Khoury Hanna Jean , Juckett Mark B. , Litzow Mark R. , Martino Rodrigo , McCarthy Philip L. , Smith Franklin O. , Rizzo J. Douglas , Pasquini Marcelo C.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Transplantation-related mortality (TRM) is a major barrier to the success of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).

Patients and Methods

We assessed changes in the incidence of TRM and overall survival from 1985 through 2004 in 5,972 patients younger than age 50 years who received myeloablative conditioning and HCT for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1) or second complete remission (CR2).

Results

Among HLA-matched sibling donor transplantation recipients, the relative risks (RRs) for TRM were 0.5 and 0.3 for 2000 to 2004 compared with those for 1985 to 1989 in patients in CR1 and CR2, respectively (P < .001). The RRs for all causes of mortality in the latter period were 0.73 (P = .001) and 0.60 (P = .005) for the CR1 and CR2 groups, respectively. Among unrelated donor transplantation recipients, the RRs for TRM were 0.73 (P = .095) and 0.58 (P < .001) for 2000 to 2004 compared with those in 1990 to 1994 in the CR1 and CR2 groups, respectively. Reductions in mortality were observed in the CR2 group (RR, 0.74; P = .03) but not in the CR1 group.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that innovations in transplantation care since the 1980s and 1990s have reduced the risk of TRM in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT for AML and that this reduction has been accompanied by improvements in overall survival.
Prediction of Oriented Strand Board Wood Strand Density by near Infrared and Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Via Brian K.
Published: January 2011

The objective of this research was to calibrate and compare the ability of near infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared reflectance (FT-IR) to predict strand density. Four hundred and fifty flakes were randomly selected, measured for density, and then 99 flakes (33 = low, 33 = medium and 32 = high density) were selected for calibration and cross-validation through the predicted sum of squares ( PRESS) method. This research found that calibration equations from NIR spectra ( R2 = 0.82; RMSEP=0.059 g cm−3) was superior to equations developed from FT-IR ( R2 = 0.68; RMSEP=0.076 g cm−3) when the same number of factors were used. Using a first-derivative pre-treatment, five factors were necessary to predict strand density from NIR spectra despite a random tracheid (wood cell) orientation. Lignin-associated wavelengths (range, 1660–1670 nm) provided the most leverage in predicting strand density although crystalline and amorphous components of cellulose also played a role. The prediction of density above 0.65 g cm−3 was inaccurate for both NIR- and FT-IR-based models. The bias was attributable to the additional absorbance that occurred at higher densities.
Visible-Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging for the Identification and Discrimination of Brown Blotch Disease on Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Caps
Authors: Gaston Edurne , Frías Jesús M. , Cullen Patrick J. , O'Donnell Colm P. , Gowen Aoife A.
Published: January 2011

Brown blotch, caused by pathogenic Pseudomonas tolaasii, is the most problematic bacterial disease in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms. Although it does not cause any health problems, it reduces the consumer appeal of mushrooms in the market place, generating important economic losses worldwide. Hyperspectral imaging (HS) is a non-destructive technique that combines imaging and spectroscopy to obtain information from a sample. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of HSI for brown blotch identification and discrimination from mechanical damage on mushrooms. Hyperspectral images of mushrooms subjected to (1) no treatment, (2) mechanical damage or (3) microbiological spoilage were taken during storage and spectra representing each of the classes were selected. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was carried out in two steps: (1) discrimination between undamaged and damaged mushrooms and (2) discrimination between damage sources (i.e. mechanical or microbiological). The models were applied at a pixel level and a decision tree was used to classify mushrooms into one of the aforementioned classes. A correct classification of >95% was achieved. Results from this study could be used for the development of a sensor to detect and classify mushroom damage of mechanical and microbial origin, which would enable the industry to make rapid and automated decisions to discard produce of poor marketability.
Quantification of Components in Non-Homogenous Pharmaceutical Tablets Using near Infrared Reflectance Imaging
Authors: Lopes Marta B. , Wolff Jean-Claude , Bioucas-Dias José M. , Figueiredo Mário A.T.
Published: January 2011

The adequacy of quantification of the components in non-homogeneous pharmaceutical tablets using near infrared (NIR) linear hyperspectral unmixing has been studied with and without the presence of the tablet coating and an inefficient blending process. NIR images of six coated tablets of different formulations and of sections thereof, extracted at specific depths, were acquired. The quantification of the compounds present was performed via the classical least squares criterion. The results presented show that given the low depth of penetration of the NIR radiation, the coating represents as much as 30% of the mass fraction of the sampled tablet, even though it is commonly less than 3% of the mass fraction of the total tablet. This deviation negatively impacts the estimates of the compounds of interest. Estimates of the compounds obtained in sections approached the true values and were consistent at each depth. Both scenarios (coated and uncoated) were found to be well explained by a linear mixing model, as the errors in spectral estimates were small. The pixels showing the highest fraction of energy not explained by the linear model were found to be spatially located in areas where the surface curvature was high and a high reflectivity was observed; factors known to contribute non-linearities to the mixing scenario. The outcomes of this study have practical importance for the pharmaceutical industry: first, tablets should always be uncoated or microtomed before being imaged, in order to remove the high contribution of the coating and to obtain a flat surface. These steps reduce the above-mentioned non-linearities that introduce errors when using a linear mixing model. Second, the mixing scale shall be taken into account, as a poor blending may not show a similar in-depth pattern and thus provide different estimates at each depth and, on the other hand, over-blending may lead to a non-linear mixing scenario, depending on the spatial resolution used. An appropriate prior study will direct analysis either to linear or non-linear approaches.
Pretreatment of near Infrared Spectral Data in Fast Biomass Analysis
Authors: Liu Lu , Ye X. Philip , Saxton Arnold M. , Womac Al
Published: January 2011

The ability to rapidly evaluate the chemical composition of biomass feedstock for purposes of process monitoring and optimisation is useful for gauging the potential applications and value of such feedstocks. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis and data pretreatment, was evaluated to remove interference from physical heterogeneity that could mask chemical property responses. Pretreatment methods included standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scattering correction (MSC), 1st derivative with the Savitzky-Golay algorithm (1st derivative), 2nd derivative with the Savitzky-Golay algorithm (2nd derivative), extended multiplicative signal correction (EMSC) and combinations of 1st derivative/2nd derivative with SNV. Results indicated that, of these methods, EMSC was most effective for diffuse reflectance NIR analysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The EMSC-pretreated data not only best accessed the chemical similarity of the probed feedstocks in our hierarchical cluster analysis but also consistently led to the overall best prediction of the chemical composition of the biomass.
Toward Global Calibrations for Estimating the Wood Properties of Tropical, Sub-Tropical and Temperate Pine Species
Authors: Schimleck Laurence R. , Hodge Gary R. , Woodbridge William
Published: January 2011

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly being used to replace traditional methods of wood property assessment and, as a result, multi-site, multi-species (or global) calibrations are of interest to organisations who assess wood properties on a large-scale. In this study, the development of global wood property calibrations for tropical, sub-tropical and temperate pines is explored. In a three-stage process, samples provided by ten forest industry companies and representing 14 pine species (two species had two varieties) and one hybrid, grown on 17 different sites in five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and South Africa) were used to develop calibrations for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA) and stiffness. Initial calibrations, based on samples from individual co-operators, had variable statistics; for example, R2 for density ranged from 0.51 to 0.89. In the second stage, multi co-operator calibrations were obtained from two independent data sets that included samples from sites in each country. For the three properties, calibration statistics compared well to those obtained in stage 1, with stiffness having the best fit statistics ( R2 = 0.917, RPDc=3.3). MFA and stiffness calibrations showed the presence of nonlinearity in the data. The calibrations performed reasonably well when used to predict the wood properties of the alternate set, with density having the weakest predictions. Stage 3 calibrations were based on all available samples and were similar to those developed in stage 2, demonstrating that it is possible to build multi-site, multi-species calibrations for pines.
Polysaccharide Degradation and Lignin Modification during Brown Rot of Spruce Wood: A Polarised Fourier Transform near Infrared Study
Authors: Fackler Karin , Schwanninger Manfred
Published: January 2011

Radial thin sections of spruce wood that had been degraded by brown-rot fungi ( Gloeophyllum trabeum or Poria placenta) exhibiting mass losses up to 16% were investigated by polarised Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) transmission spectroscopy. This method allowed for the analysis of the changes within wood caused by the decay fungi. The main features of brown rot visible in the FT-NIR spectra were the reduction of amorphous wood polysaccharides in preference to crystalline, an overall loss of molecular orientation of the structural polymers, and the formation of phenolic groups in lignin through cleavage of aryl–ether bonds or demethoxylation. Furthermore, polarised FT-NIR spectroscopy allowed us to examine the assignments of the first overtones of O–H stretching vibrations in more detail and to suggest a number of new band assignments in this spectral region. Among them were the bands of the 0(3)–H(3)···O(5) intramolecular hydrogen bond of glucomannan and the strong parallel intramolecular hydrogen bond 0(2)–H(2)···O(6), which is only accessible with polarised NIR spectroscopy because it overlaps with a number of perpendicular bands, among them the perpendicular O(6)–H(6)···O(3)′ intermolecular hydrogen bond of crystalline cellulose. First overtones of strongly H-bonded O–H groups of cellulose Iβ (6340 cm−1) and cellulose Iα (6270 cm−1) were tentatively assigned.
Global near Infrared Models to Predict Lignin and Cellulose Content of Pine Wood
Authors: Hodge Gary R. , Woodbridge William C.
Published: January 2011

Global near infrared models to predict lignin and cellulose content of pine wood were developed using 517 samples for lignin and 457 samples for cellulose. Samples came from seven different pine species, including tropical species ( Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. maximinoi, P. patula and P. tecunumanii) and temperate species ( P. radiata and P. taeda) from five different countries (Brazil, Colombia, Chile, South Africa and the USA). The global models were tested on an independent validation data set and had excellent fits for lignin [correlation coefficient ( r2)=0.97 and standard error of prediciton ( SEP) = 0.44] and good fits for cellulose ( r2 = 0.82 and SEP = 1.08). Subsets of the data were used to develop smaller multi-species, multi-site calibrations that could be tested on independent datasets containing different species not included in the calibration model. For calibrations based on four or more species, predictions from those models on independent datasets were generally good, with only slight degradation in r2 and SEP relative to the calibration R2 and SECV. The results suggest that global calibrations could be valuable in tree breeding programmes to rank species and genotypes for lignin and cellulose content. Species-specific models were developed for two species ( P. tecunumanii and P. taeda) which had sufficient numbers of observations; the global calibrations gave predictions as good as the species-specific calibrations.
Spatially-Resolved Radial Scanning of Tree Increment Cores for near Infrared Prediction of Microfibril Angle and Chemical Composition
Authors: Meder Roger , Marston David , Ebdon Nicholas , Evans Rob
Published: January 2011

A fibre-optic accessory with a linear drive transport system has been coupled to a near infrared (NIR) instrument to enable solid samples, in this instance increment cores from standing trees, to be scanned at 1 mm increments along the length of the sample. This allows the NIR prediction of wood properties (oven-dry chemical composition and microfibril angle) to be undertaken so that the radial profile of chemistry or microfibril angle can be determined from the pith to the bark. Calibration models provided prediction errors for microfibril angle in Pinus radiata softwood of 4.1° while for Eucalyptus globulus the error is 3.9°. The errors for prediction of chemical composition in Pinus radiata are 0.2% (arabinose) 1.1% (galactose), 2.3% (glucose), 0.7% (mannose), 0.7% (xylose) and 1.6% (lignin).
Predicting Microfibril Angle in Eucalyptus Wood from Different Wood Faces and Surface Qualities Using near Infrared Spectra
Authors: Hein Paulo R.G. , Clair Bruno , Brancheriau Loïc , Chaix Gilles
Published: January 2011

The microfibril angle (MFA) of crystalline cellulose in the wood cell wall along the stem axis has major effects on stiffness and longitudinal shrinkage of wood and is of key importance to timber quality. The aims of this study were: (1) to develop partial least square (PLS) regression models for microfibril angle (measured on tangential sections by X-ray diffraction) based on NIR spectra measured on tangential and on radial surfaces; (2) to develop PLS regression models for MFA based on radial NIR spectra collected from wood surfaces of different quality; and (3) to verify the reliability of these PLS-R models by external validations. T values were recorded by X-ray diffraction on tangential sections while NIR spectra were taken on tangential and radial wood surfaces. PLS-R calibrations for MFA based on tangential NIR spectra were better ( r2p = 0.72) than those using radial NIR spectra ( r2p = 0.64). The key role of the chemical components and the effect of surface quality of wood on NIR spectroscopy calibrations are discussed. Considering the differences between experimental conditions, these findings showed the potential of the NIR-based models for predicting MFA in Eucalyptus wood, even using spectra taken from different wood faces and surface qualities.
Moisture Measurement in Timber Utilising a Multi-Layer Partial Least Squares Calibration Approach
Authors: Dahlbacka John , Lillhonga Tom
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the evaluation process of a calibration method, which utilises a structure of multiple layers of partial least squares (PLS) calibration models to obtain accurate constituent data. This method is hereafter referred to as multi-layer partial least squares (ML-PLS). In ML-PLS, the fundamental idea is that the PLS model prediction on one layer selects which PLS model to use on the next layer in the structure. The general rule for the structure is that the models should become more and more “local” from layer to layer. Thus, the method can be seen as a stepwise procedure that selects which local model to use for the measurement. The ML-PLS method was applied to the measurement of moisture content in timber using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The spectra were collected from the surface of Norway spruce ( Picea abies) wood samples. The samples were soaked in water and spectra collected as the samples dried. Initial calibration attempts showed that significant improvements in prediction accuracy could be obtained by using local models. Therefore, this became the subject of further investigations leading to the ML-PLS method. The highest accuracy obtained for moisture content with a global model, expressed as a root mean square error of prediction ( RMSEP), was 2.11%. In comparison, by utilising the ML-PLS method, the RMSEP was reduced to 1.16%.
Resonance and near Infrared Spectroscopy for Evaluating Dynamic Wood Properties
Authors: Hein Paulo Ricardo Gherardi , Brancheriau Loïc , Trugilho Paulo Fernando , Lima José Tarcísio , Chaix Gilles
Published: January 2011

Dynamic longitudinal (L) and transversal (T) tests based on wood resonance were performed on Eucalyptus specimens measuring 410 mm × 25 mm × 25 mm to obtain the dynamic elastic modulus ( EL and ET), the first resonance frequency ( f1L), the loss tangent (tan δT) and the specific modulus ( E′L and E′T). Such dynamic traits and the air-dry density of wood were correlated by partial least squares (PLS) regressions to the near infrared (NIR) spectra measured in the central position of the longitudinal–radial surfaces. The statistics of the validation models for E, E′ and f1L ranged from 0.72 to 0.81 while the calibrations for loss tangent presented lower r2v (0.38), but promising RPD (ratio of performance to deviation) values (1.88). The key role of chemical wood components in the NIR-based calibrations for dynamic properties of wood is discussed. The association of the NIR spectroscopy and resonance techniques appears to be a rapid, low-cost and precise way to evaluate the visco-elastic properties of woods.
Near Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics for Predicting Specific Gravity and Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of Pinus spp. Veneers
Authors: Carneiro Mayara Elita , Magalhães Washington Luiz Esteves , de Muñiz Graciela I.B. , Schimleck Laurence R.
Published: January 2011

In the plywood industry, the assessment of the flexural static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and specific gravity (SG) of veneers is important for quality control. The rapid assessment of these properties by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was examined using 312 Pinus spp solid wood veneers collected from a Brazilian plywood plant. Partial least squares (PLS) regression calibrations (based on 75% of the samples) for MOE and SG were obtained using all available wavelengths (PLS) and only statistically significant wavelengths [jack-knifing PLS (j-kPLS)]. Correlation coefficients ( r) for the calibrations ranged from 0.80 to 0.83, while the ratios of performance to deviation ranged from 1.67 to 1.78. When applied to a separate test set (25% of the samples), statistics similar to those reported for the calibrations were obtained. For both MOE and SG, the j-kPLS calibrations performed marginally better than calibrations based on the full spectrum. The models constructed with only statistically significant wavelengths may be more robust as wavelength selection avoids any unnecessary information for the prediction of MOE and SG. This study demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy could potentially be used for in-line assessment of the MOE and SG of pine veneers.
Accommodating Legal Pluralism in Pacific Courts: Problems of Proof of Customary Law
Authors: Corrin Jennifer
Published: January 2011

The interface between state legal systems and customary law is the site of a number of complex problems. A particular difficulty lies in accommodating customary law in formal common law court processes, which are typically driven by the adversarial system. An important but much neglected issue within this area is how best to approach the proof of customary law in courts. A threshold question that arises is whether it should be treated as law or fact. Few countries give any legislative guidance on this issue, nor has it been the subject of extensive consideration by the courts themselves. This article examines the issue of proof of customary law and a number of associated questions, focusing on the common law courts in Australia. Comparison is drawn with the position in neighbouring South Pacific Island States, which are also grappling with this issue. The article commences with a discussion of proof of customary law within the broader context of legal pluralism. It then moves on to a survey of the legislation that impacts on proof of customary law in civil and criminal proceedings in Australian courts. Some illustrative case law is then explored. The article assesses the adequacy of the current regime and considers some of the options for reform.
A New Theoretical Framework regarding the Application and Reliability of Photographic Evidence
Authors: Porter Glenn
Published: January 2011

The application of photographic evidence within forensic science and the judicial system has been in practice since the birth of photography itself. However, with more than a century of application, the compelling nexus between photography and physical evidence has no clear theoretical framework that explains this pivotal relationship. From a pragmatic perspective, this article proposes a new theoretical framework that focuses on the reliability of photographic evidence as the central theme of the model. It provides a description of physical evidence as various modes of inquiry and introduces the concept that photographic evidence reliability should-be considered based on the source of the photographic material. The theoretical framework introduces taxonomical descriptors of photographic evidence including: (1) analyse, (2) document, (3) describe (visual narrative), and (4) witness forms of photographic modes of inquiry. Visual culture intellectual John Berger said: ‘At one level there are no photographs which can be denied. All photographs have a status of fact. What has to be examined is in what way photography can and cannot give meaning to facts.’ This article will examine the critical concepts regarding how photographic evidence can be considered as reliable when used as physical evidence.
Boom to bust Reconstructing the Spanish economy
Authors: Salmon Keith
Published: January 2011

Recession in Spain led to intervention by the government to stimulate the economy, a response that was replicated around the world. But as public finances deteriorated, financial markets and some policy makers demanded credible austerity measures (exit strategies) to reduce growing
public sector debts. There was particular external pressure on Spain since any sovereign debt default would have serious repercussions at least throughout the European Union. Thus, from autumn 2009 stimulus measures began to be withdrawn and replaced by austerity ones. In addition, recession
highlighted fundamental weaknesses in the Spanish economic model. Part one of this article (Salmon 2010) charted the passage of the Spanish economy into recession through examining key three features that were specific to Spain, the financial system, conditions in the property market, and
the exceptional level of unemployment. The second part examines the macroeconomic policy measures taken in Spain and the outlook for a new economic model. It concludes that Spain had little alternative but to severely tighten fiscal policy and that a new economic model will be evolutionary
rather than revolutionary.
El pasado con nosotros. Reality, nacin y memoria televisiva en Espaa
Authors: Laffond Jos Carlos Rueda
Published: January 2011

Este trabajo aborda, desde la perspectiva del anlisis cualitativo de contenido, el reality televisivo espaol Curso del 63, cuya primera temporada fue emitida en el otoo de 2009, por el canal privado Antena 3 en horario de mxima audiencia. El estudio propone una aproximacin a
sus modalidades discursivas sobre el pasado, en oposicin a otros formatos tradicionales de representacin histrica en la pequea pantalla, como las series de ficcin o los telefilmes. Para ello, relaciona dicho programa con diferentes extensiones sobre la evocacin de lo colectivo en televisin
(la memoria cosmopolita y nacional), y subraya los rasgos distintivos que puede mantener el espacio ante otras ofertas equiparables, espaolas o europeas. Finalmente, discute el grado de historicidad de este producto.
Funding, ideology and the aesthetics of the development film in postcolonial Zimbabwe
Authors: Fisher Alexander
Published: January 2011

This article considers the relationships between aesthetics and ideology in donor-funded development film-making from Zimbabwe, examining in particular how the films' producers have attempted to popularize a genre of film-making that has its roots in colonial cinema. Making close reference
to two productions from the Harare-based Media for Development Trust (MFD) Neria (Godwin Mawuru, 1992), and Everyone's Child (Tsitsi Dangarembga, 1996) (both of which may be regarded as archetypal examples of their genre) the article demonstrates how the films deploy a range
of aesthetic strategies to imbue a set of narratives drawn from colonial development films with greater impact and cultural resonance for contemporary local audiences. The article also suggests that close analysis of these strategies may provide insights into the relationships between the
films' aesthetic dimensions and wider ideological issues in the region.
Gender wars around religion and tradition in Sembene Ousmane's Moolaade
Authors: Dipio Dominica
Published: January 2011

This article discusses the gender relations around the ritual of excision as presented in Sembene Ousmane's Moolaade. The gigantic mosque and the anthill that stand side by side do not only reflect, but also symbolize, the ideological link between tradition and Islam in the context
of the film. Islam is used to endorse retrogressive cultural practices that benefit the dominant interest group. While Moolaade is the purification ritual that all females must undergo before puberty, embedded in this mandatory practice is the sacred right of asylum in this community.
In providing refuge for the four girls who flee the purification, Coll uses the symbolic power of Moolaade to garner support from the community for the war she has started that initially pits her against the majority of the community members who unquestioningly submit to the tradition.
The relationship between religion and culture, and women's position in this, is analysed.
Thematic concerns in the emergent Zimbabwean short film genre
Authors: Mhiripiri Nhamo Anthony
Published: January 2011

The genre of short film has largely arisen as an alternative during the Zimbabwe political and economic crisis post 2000 because film-makers could not afford longer projects. It also provides a site and space for training new film-makers. The short films are making thematic innovations
departing from the traditional didactic approaches usual in older Zimbabwean films that carried messages on, for example, HIV and AIDS, teenage pregnancy and women's rights in line with donor prescriptions. Although the short films remain donor-sponsored, they are exciting thematically and
cinematographically because they are experimental, tackling issues on oratures, animation, the Zimbabwean personality and cosmopolitanism. However, these productions are striking in their avoidance of political subjects for material produced during an obvious crisis period. This article traces
the thematic subjects and critically speculates on the absence of political material.
Elaine Summers and Kinetic Awareness: Part 1
Authors: Loukes Rebecca
Published: January 2011

Part 1 is an article describing the principles and practices of Elaine Summers' Kinetic Awareness work. I place Kinetic Awareness in the context of the history of somatic practices within the lineage of German somatic education pioneer Elsa Gindler (18851961), and document three key
performances from different stages of Summers' career in relation to her Kinetic Awareness work (Dance for Carola (1963), Energy Changes (1973) and Hidden Forest (2007)), before assessing the importance of her somatic work in choreography and performer training. Part 2
is an interview with Elaine Summers focusing primarily on her Kinetic Awareness work in relation to performance.
Neo-Disney: Recent developments in Disney feature animation
Authors: Pallant Chris
Published: January 2011

Home on the Range (Will Finn and John Sanford, 2004) concluded what had been, for Disney, a stylistically progressive sequence of theatrically released features defined in this article as the Neo-Disney period that broke with the hyperrealist conventions most commonly associated
with the studio's output. It is this critically neglected sequence of films, comprising Fantasia 2000 (James Algar et al., 1999), The Emperor's New Groove (Mark Dindal, 2000), Atlantis: The Lost Empire (Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, 2001), Lilo and Stitch (Dean
DeBlois and Chris Sanders, 2002), Treasure Planet (Ron Clements and John Musker, 2002), Brother Bear (Aaron Blaise and Robert Walker, 2003) and Home on the Range, which provide the focus of this article. By analysing the artistic and narratological composition of these
films, this article seeks to demonstrate that the studio's feature animation is more heterogeneous and progressive than received notions of Disney allow for.
Resting site selection, characteristics and use by the common genetGenetta genetta(Linnaeus 1758)
Authors: Camps David
Published: January 2011

The selection, characteristics and use of 72 resting sites and 3 dens corresponding to 16 adult common genets (Genetta genetta) in a Mediterranean habitat were studied. Over a 3-year period, the common genets each had at least 3–8 resting sites, which were reused with varying frequency. There was a positive correlation between the number of resting sites and the size of the resting home range. They used the resting sites during the day and also at night. The sites were located in thickets and trees. The females preferred thickets, and the males used trees more often than the females. The core areas of individuals revealed a higher number of resting sites than expected in relation to their size. When deciding on where to locate their resting sites, genets selected ravines, seeking the protection and safety that these places offered, with very dense vegetation that was practically inaccessible to any potential predators and thus also sheltering them from human activities. The highest probabilities of resting site presence are found in places near to torrents and away from roads and tracks.
Considerations for Controlling Condensation in High-Humidity Buildings: Lessons Learned
Authors: O’Brien Sean M. , Patel Amrish K.
Published: January 2011

Condensation problems in general use (i.e., non-humidified) buildings such as offices, schools, and condominiums typically manifest themselves as visible staining on window and door perimeters or minor dripping from overhead components. The relatively low interior moisture levels that are typical of these types of buildings are generally insufficient to cause severe water damage in the short term. At the other end of the spectrum, high-humidity buildings such as museums and natatoriums can suffer extreme damage due to condensation, sometimes within weeks, not years, of completion. High interior moisture levels and, in many cases, differential air pressures, contribute to condensation in both visible locations, such as windows and curtain walls, and concealed locations within walls and roofs. Signs of concealed condensation such as dripping water or rust stains may only become visible after moderate to heavy damage has already occurred within the enclosure. These problems are typically more severe in cold climates, but high-humidity buildings may experience condensation problems in mild climates, where such issues are often not considered by designers due to the lack of prolonged cold weather during the winter. This paper will review the severe and immediate condensation problems that are unique to high-humidity buildings, including surface condensation and concealed condensation due to air leakage through the enclosure. It discusses the theoretical mechanisms by which condensation forms in building enclosures, and illustrates these concepts through various case studies in both cold and mild climates. This paper will focus on design strategies for avoiding problems, but also discusses remedial work to existing buildings, drawing on the author’s experience with the investigation and repair of high-humidity buildings.
Namensähnlichkeit als Ausschließungsgrund? Der Fall der Frankfurter Anwältin Elfriede Cohnen und die Säuberung der Anwaltschaft in Preußen 1933
Authors: Schumacher Martin
Published: January 2011

Vorspann

Wie „säubert“ man eine Gesellschaft? Wie lässt sich ein politisches Programm verwirklichen, das auf den Prinzipien von Rassismus und politischer Intoleranz beruht? Nirgends wird der ganze Wahnsinn dieser Politik der Ausgrenzung so deutlich wie an ihren Grenzfällen. Davon erzählt diese Geschichte. Eine junge Frau, Rechtsanwältin in Frankfurt, gerät 1933 in die Mühlen des nationalsozialistischen Verfolgungsapparats, obwohl sie dafür die Voraussetzungen eigentlich gar nicht erfüllt.
Die CDU/CSU und die deutsch-polnischen Vereinbarungen vom Oktober 1975. Humanität oder Konfrontation?
Authors: Szatkowski Tim
Published: January 2011

Vorspann

Die neue Ostpolitik der sozialliberalen Koalition gilt gemeinhin als Erfolgs-geschichte, so dass der Widerstand, auf den sie einst stieß, leicht in Vergessenheit gerät. Den gab es damals durchaus, vor allem von Seiten der CDU/CSU. Die meisten Unionspolitiker lehnten auch die deutsch polnischen Vereinbarungen vom Oktober 1975 ab. In Kraft gesetzt aber wurden diese Vereinbarungen erst durch die Zustim¬mung des Bundesrat, in dem die CDU/CSU die Mehrheit besaß. Wie war das mög¬lich? Warum votierten die beiden Parteien für eine Politik, die doch die meisten ihrer führenden Köpfe ablehnten?
Führen alle Wege nach Moskau? Der NATO-Doppelbeschluss und die Friedensbewegung - eine Kritik
Authors: Nehring Holger , Ziemann Benjamin
Published: January 2011

Vorspann

War die Friedensbewegung der achtziger Jahre tatsächlich kommunistisch „unterwandert“ und von Moskau gesteuert, wie immer wieder behauptet wird? Holger Nehring und Benjamin Ziemann, zwei in Großbritannien lehrende Historiker, wenden sich vehement gegen diese fast schon zur Meistererzählung geronnene Deutung. Sie analysieren die Wurzeln der Friedensbewegung, betonen ihre Vielfalt und betten sie in die Geschichte des NATO-Doppelbeschlusses und der allgemeinen NATO-Krise ein, die sich damals nicht zuletzt an der Frage entzündete: Wie sicher ist Europa und die Bundesrepublik?
1989 und die Wege dorthin
Authors: Boyer Christoph
Published: January 2011

Vorspann

Die nicht heilbaren Konstruktionsmängel des Staatssozialismus liefern noch keine hinreichende Erklärung für „1989“. Erst angesichts der welthistorisch neuen Bedingungskonstellation, die sich ab Anfang der siebziger Jahre durch die elektronische Revolution und die Globalisierung herausbildete, erwiesen sich die Staatssozialismen in der Systemkonkurrenz als endgültig unterlegen. Ihr Todesurteil wurde bereits Anfang der siebziger Jahre gesprochen, die Wege zur Vollstreckung waren aber lang und unterschiedlich, wie der in Salzburg lehrende Zeithistoriker Christoph Boyer mit Blick auf die DDR, die Tschechoslowakei, auf Polen und Ungarn zu zeigen vermag.