bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classes in Marxian Theory
Authors: Resnick Stephen , Wolff Richard D.
Published: March 2007

We argue that Marx provided the basis for a far more complex class analysis of social formations than has been recognized. We find this analysis to be consistent neither with the two-class approach long prevalent in the Marxian tradition nor with recent critiques of that approach by Poulantzas, Wright, and others. Marx's most basic philosophic concepts and his value analysis are shown to imply a differentiation between what he terms the fundamental classes (performers and appropriators of surplus labor) and we term the subsumed classes (recipients of distributed shares of the appropriated surplus labor). This differentiated class analysis, in turn, suggests certain adjustments in Marxian value analysis. It also suggests a resolution to the debates over productive/unproductive labor and over the defmiition of "the working class." Finally, we demonstrate how such a class analysis of any concrete social situation requires the specification of the precise fundamental and subsumed classes involved and the contradictions, alliances, and struggles within and between them. We analyze briefly several topics (e.g., the state, household, and capital accumulation) to illustrate the explanatory power of our formulation of Marx's concepts of class.
Marx's Concept of Human Nature and the Labor Theory of Value
Authors: Hunt E. K.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that Marx's concept of human nature underlies not only his analysis of alienation but also his broad outlines of the nature of social evolution; his basic concepts of capital, wage labor, and money. It is argued that all of these diverse strands of his theory are intellectually integrated by means of the labor theory of value. It is the author's opinion that this makes the labor theory of value the heart of Marx's entire analysis; with it Marx has a powerful, comprehensive, integrated system; without it he has merely a series of separate, unconnected insights.
Scarcity, Distribution and Growth: Notes on Classical Rent Theory
Authors: Cawley Leo
Published: March 2007

In the first half of 1983 OPEC was struggling to hold the price of oil near $30 per barrel in the face of dramatic decreases in demand brought on by both price-induced conservation measures and severe world recession. However, the cost of producing oil, even at this late date in the age of convenient fossilfuels, still ranges from afew cents a barrel in the Middle East to $13-$15 per barrel in the North Sea. What does a radical analysis have to say about the forces that permit and regulate the taking of such massive absolute rents? How should the question even be framed? Allthough we are unable to offer a definitive radical study of oil prices over the past decade in this collection (since no one seems to have written it) we are glad to be able to include a prologue to such an analysis. In this essay Leo Cawley outlines some necessary aspects of a Marxian approach to the examination of situations of real or constructed resource scarcity.
The New Class and Capitalism: A Three-and-Three-Thirds-Class Model
Authors: Stabile Donald
Published: March 2007

This paper represents an effort to clarify some of the confusion surrounding current discussion of the New Class of professional administrators, scientists, intellectuals and technicians that forms an integral part of advanced capitalist systems. A three-and-three-thirds-class model is developed and employed to explain how this class can be united ideologically but divided politically. Historical evidence is then presented to show how members of the New Class used ideological arguments to gain political support during the years 1900-1920.
Capitalist Shopfloor Initiatives, Restructuring, and Organizing in the '80s
Authors: Drago Robert , Mc Donough Terry
Published: March 2007

We analyze QWL (Quality of Work Life) programs within the context of the economic crisis. We argue that QWL is fragile and its continuation must be guaranteed within a broader institutional context. We argue that QWL could become part of a corporate planning approach to resolving the crisis.

If QWL is implemented in this context, the danger of greater labor market segmentation would lend added importance to the struggles of women and minorities and organizing the unorganized. The Left would also have to look more closely at the issues of co-optation and democracy raised by QWL.
Petty Commodity Production, Capital Accumulation, and Peasant Differentiation: Lenin vs. Chayanov in Rural Mexico
Authors: Cook Scott , Binford Leigh
Published: March 2007

The movement of peasant-artisan household enterprises from petty commodity production to petty capitalism may be significantly affected by family demographic and life-cycle factors through their impact upon productive capacity, capital accumulation and material wealth. This finding supports Lenin's thesis that family cooperation is the foundation of capitalist cooperation, and negates Chayanov's labor-consumer balance theory of the peasant family economy with its emphasis on simple reproduction.
Evidence of a Scitovsky Stagflation Thesis
Authors: Hakes David R.
Published: March 2007

This paper empirically analyzes a recent stagflation thesis developed by Tibor Scitovsky. Scitovsky's theory is based on Hirsch's division of the economy into material and positional sectors and the supposition that the positional economy is growing relative to the material economy. Results of this paper indicate that Scitovsky's thesis is based on a sound foundation. That is, the evidence produced in this paper cannot reject the hypothesis that the positional sector is growing more quickly than the material sector.
The Stages and Long-Cycles of Capitalist Development
Authors: Galalp Haldun
Published: March 2007

This paper critically examines the work of three prominent theorists (Aglietta, Mandel and Gordon) in an attempt to suggest a synthetic conceptual framework that analytically combines the stages and long-cycles of capitalist development on the basis of the fundamental historical materialist principle that social change originates from the contradiction between the forces and relations of production.
Book Review: Labor Organization, Wage Restraint and Economic Performance
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: March 2007

This essay surveys recent literature analyzing the impact of variation in labor organization - specifically, union density and centralization - on workers' wage-bargaining strategies and, thereby, on economic performance. I evaluate the logic of the various arguments and offer a revised model which incorporates their strengths and clears up some of their inconsistencies. I then briefly discuss some strategic implications for labor.
Market Orientation and the Reconstitution of Women's Role in Philippine Agriculture
Authors: Floro Maria Sagrario
Published: March 2007

The effect of a development strategy on women can be attributed to a host of factors that leads either to their integration or marginalization in the development process. Some of these factors relate to the persistent gender inequalities in society while others are generated by a pattern of economic change that heightens class differentiation. This paper examines how agricultural commercialization, as a result of export cropping, has affected rural women - both as workers and as family members. Based on the time allocation of 374 women in the Philippines, it empirically investigates the changes brought about by the shift from corn (semi-subsistence) farming to sugar (export) production on the magnitude and form of women's productive roles at home, in the farm and in the labor market.
Imperfect Competition and the Theory of the Falling Rate of Profit
Authors: Skott Peter
Published: March 2007

According to the Okishio theorem, profit-maximizing firms will not introduce new techniques which, when adopted by all firms, reduce the rate of profit. This paper presents a simple model which shows that this conclusion need not hold under imperfect competition. The model excludes working-class pressures for increased real wages - the supply of labor is infinitely elastic at a given money wage rate - and it is assumed that firms aim to maximize profits. It is shown that, if the economy starts from an initial position with a low organic composition, then the rate of profit will fall. Asymptotically, the profit rate approaches a long-run equilibrium value, but the model may explain some of the observed decline in profitability during the early stages of industrialization.
Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past
Authors: Weisskopf Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

In this paper I seek to explore what kind of socialist system can best make good on the socialist commitment to equity, democracy and solidarity - in the wake of the failure of the political-economic systems of the USSR and Eastern Europe. I identify and explore two alternative models of socialism - market socialism and participatory socialism - and conclude by endorsing a form of democratic, self-managed market socialism.
Urban Incomes, Worker's Democracy and the Spring Uprising
Authors: Martin Michael F.
Published: March 2007

While the recent economic reforms in the People's Republic of China have undoubtedly affected the incomes of the urban population, the impact has been neither universal nor evenly distributed. Changes in enterprise management and labor policies have also redistributed authority among China's urban population. This paper examines official Chinese statistics to explore the differential effects of the reforms on urban incomes; it seeks to determine who have been the beneficiaries and who have been the sufferers since 1978. In addition, it reviews the development of enterprise and labor reforms to reveal which segments of the urban population have gained economic power and security and which segments have lost. Results indicate that the size and breadth of the popular uprising in the spring of 1989 reflect the underlying economic hardship for segments of China's urban population.
The Crises of Marxism in Post-Positivist Perspective
Authors: Haycock J. W.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on post-positivist discourse within the philosophy of science, this paper argues that the phenomenon known as the "crisis of Marxism" is really two distinct phenomena. One is a crisis internal to the irregular series of theories identified with Marxism, a crisis marked by a partial degeneration of the research program, a slowing in its problem-solving effectiveness. The other is a crisis in the community bound by the Marxist disciplinary matrix.
Trends in Occupational Segregation by Race and Gender in the U.S.A., 1983-92: A Multidimensional Approach
Authors: Watts Martin J.
Published: March 2007

In the measurement of occupational segregation by race and gender, pairwise comparisons of employment distributions, based on the Index of Dissimilarity, are unsatisfactory. A multidimensional approach, based on Silber (1992), is adopted to analyze trends in segregation across six race/gender groups and four groups of occupations over the period 1983-92. Black males and females have integrated fastest, whereas Hispanics integrated slowest. White-collar occupations exhibited a modest pro-cyclical rate of integration, but blue-collar occupations exhibited little change. The empirical results are linked to the recent radical literature that explores the relationship between job exclusion, racial discrimination and wage differentials (Mason 1993 and Williams 1991).
Political Conflict, Partition, and the Underdevelopment of the Irish Economy
Authors: Sheehan Maura , Hamilton Douglas , Munck Ronnie
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the partition of Ireland has not only contributed to over seventy years of political instability and conflict, but has also contributed to the underdevelopment of the Irish economy, North and South. The paper examines the historical development of the Irish economy with particular reference to models of dependent development and the economic costs of partition. The paper concludes by suggesting alternative development strategies. It is argued that such strategies would provide a mechanism for challenging deeply embedded class and power relations, and the economic vulnerability generated by development strategies based on the attraction of global capital.
The Private God in the Group: The God-Image in an Object-Relations View
Authors: Reinertsen Anne Margrethe
Published: March 2007

This article describes how religious themes became central in one of my group-analytic therapy groups. The focus was on the group members' private image of God, their God-representations.' I try to show how this religious material gave access to deeply personal material regarding primary object relations and more hidden parts of the self Working on their God-images the members seemed at the same time to carry out important work on their relations with parents and their self-images. At the group level the religious themes offered a common ground of recognizable experience, which increased cohesiveness and opened the way for a more emotional climate. When religious material was focused upon, the group worked in a concentrated and intense way.
Matrix and Intersubjectivity: Phenomenological Aspects of Group Analysis
Authors: Cohn Hans W.
Published: March 2007

In the course of this century there has been a shit from a view of man as a self-contained structured entity, open to outside influences but clearly set off against the rest of the world, to a perspective from which man is seen as being-in-the-world-with-others, a world to which man is inseparably linked. This change of perspective shows itself in philosophy in a move from an extreme subjectivism (which in 1943 still pervaded Jean-Paul Sartre's Being and Nothingness) to a complete dismissal of the subject (as proposed, for instance, by Michel Foucault). Similarly in psychotherapy, the move has been from the self-centred individualistic approaches of various forms of psychoanalysis to certain types of family therapy where the subject seems completely absorbed by the `system'. In this development, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and S.H. Foulkes hold a half-way position. They do not abandon the notion of a subject but open it up and decentre it. `Meaning and significance', to use Foulkes's words, rest o longer within the subject but between subjects. Matrix and intersubjectivity are the relevant fields of experience.
`Why are Women Allowed to be Group Analysts?' Reactions to a Conductor's Pregnancy
Authors: Trampuz' Dubravka
Published: March 2007

With no available literature to help her at the time, the author felt lost conducting a Group-analytic therapy complicated by the simultaneous pregnancies of a group member and herself In describing the impact of the pregnancies on the group as a whole she also considers some of the possible impacts the female conductor's gender may have on group dynamics in general. The pressing drive towards independence observed in the group seemed to be a response to her pregnancy. It was accompanied by an increase in mythological themes that may have helped the group in the same way that fairy tales help children to grow up and mature.
Psychoanalysis and the Politics of Organizational Theory
Authors: Cooper Andrew
Published: March 2007

This article enquires into the absence of any relationship between the psychoanalytic tradition of organizational theory and the mainstream sociology of institutions and organizations. The importance of a fuller engagement between psychoanalytic and sociological understandings of organizational life is explored with reference to the intersection between socially constructed defences in social work and the wider political climate of attacks on the profession. Open systems theory is most often deployed within the psychoanalytic tradition to conceptualize the interplay between organizations and their social environment. Thus, the article argues that there is an implicit sociology within psychoanalytic theorizations of organizational life, but that a fuller engagement with available and compatible social theory would both enrich and problematize this body of work. This potential is examined in relation to some of the work of Talcott Parsons, which in turn reveals the reductionist tendencies in the psychoanalytic tradition of organizational theory.
Decision-making and human factors in the context of privatization and transformation
Authors: Koopman Paul L. , Heller Frank A. , Adorján Magdolna , Balaton Károly , Galgóczi Béla , Makó Csaba , Ternovsky Ference
Published: March 2007

This contribution is based on a longitudinal research project in six Hungarian companies. The field-work lasted two years and included four years of retrospective tracing of events, giving data covering six years during the transition from centralized state control to attempts at introducing a market economy. The project adopted a micro-economic decision-making perspective to discover critical intra-organizational factors that could account for successful or unsuccessful adaptation during the transition between two different external politico-economic systems. We reach four main conclusions: (1) privatization is multidimensional, being decisively influenced by the recent or even long-term history of identifiable organizational circumstances; (2) it is not evident, at least in the short run, that new organizational structures or leadership behaviour result from external pressures as theory tends to assume; (3) to understand managerial behaviour, one has to consider distinct phases of development from pre-privatization onward; (4) more generally, organizational adaptation tends to be slow rather than rapid; learning is influenced by an identifiable number of individual, group and sectorial circumstances that impede rapid adaptation.
Social Representations and Health Psychology
Authors: Joffe Hélène
Published: March 2007

The author examines the specific contribution that social representations research has made to health psychology. In particular, the approach highlights the symbolic, emotive and social aspects of how lay people make meaning of facets of health and illness, and emphasizes the importance of the evolution of these meanings. Empirical work on health and illness is used to cast light on the specific workings of social representations and on the enrichment of the health field offered by this naturalistic perspective. Distinctions are drawn between the social representations approach and other social constructionist approaches in the health field. In addition, the differentiation between social representations and more mainstream approaches to health issues is examined. Primarily, the social representations approach eschews the notion of human thought as analogous to information processing, with the attendant individualist, cognitivist and rationalist assumptions, and recognizes the importance of non-verbal material in the study of the human psyche.
Citizenship, otherness and cosmopolitism in Kant
Authors: Raulet Gérard
Published: March 2007

In the present social and political context, there is an urgent need to reexamine attentively the theories that have founded the modern conception of citizenship and, in particular, to scrutinize the relation they have established between otherness and modern national identity. I intend to do this by resorting to Kant's writings on the philosophy of history, and particularly his political Project for a Perpetual Peace, in which he attempts to come to grips with the consequences of the breakdown of the ancien régime and of the pre-modern conception of the nation in order to outline the modern principles governing the three levels of right: of the Rechtsstaat (a state based on the rule of law); of the Völkerrecht (the people's right); and of the so-called Weltbürgerrecht (the “cosmopolitical right”). The decisive and perhaps disturbing idea that has to be demonstrated is that, in Kant's modern political thought, there is no contradiction between nationalism and cosmopolitism. Any interpretation of his thought that neglects this point would lead to a misunderstanding of Kant's philosophical revolution and fall back into the political as well as the metaphysical ancien régime. We have to show: (1) that Kant's critique of Reason aims to establish a legislation in the sphere of knowledge itself and that it must therefore accomplish in this sphere a “revolution” that distinguishes - in opposition to metaphysical universalism - different territories with their own constitution and legislation; (2) that the relation between this theoretical “revolution” and the political one is not only a metaphor, and that Kant's rejection of the political ancien régime cannot be correctly understood if it is not related to the theoretical model of the legitimacy of the different territories of Reason.
Distrust of strangers: a theoretical background for a multidisciplinary research programme
Authors: Atzwanger Klaus , Schäfer Katrin , Schmitt Alain
Published: March 2007

Starting with an epistemological discussion of the distinction between a scientific finding and its moral/ethical evaluation, we try to present briefly the basic standpoints of human ethology and evolutionary psychology on the topic of distrust of strangers. We then discuss whether such distruct could be a biopsychic universal which, under certain historical, ecological, political and socioeconomic conditions, could turn into xenophobia and ethnocentricity with all their malevolent destructiveness. This underscores the importance of a broad interdisciplinary approach to the study of the roots of xenophobia, since only a comprehensive programme of enquiry producing knowledge on the biopsychic, social and economic foundations of this phenomenon will make it possible to propose appropriate countermeasures.
The medicalization of science news - from the “rocket-scalpel” to the “gene-meteorite” complex
Authors: Bauer Martin
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the medicalization-of-science-news thesis. Considering the results from surveys and media analyses, biomedical news appears to be the current core of the public representation of science. Why is this the case? A historical approach may bring us one step closer to an answer. A longitudinal analysis of science in the press demonstrates a shift in the core representation of science in the 1930s, and again in the 1980s/1990s, a trend change in the late 1960s, and the assimilation of science reportage to the rhetoric of biomedical news. The physical sciences provided the main source of social imagination during an unlikely intermezzo between the early 1930s and the early 1980s. Two speculations on this long-term shift are developed: (a) the medicalization of modern society may explain the recent shift, and (b) the resistance function of social representations of science may explain the long-term change.
Managing Corporations in Networks
Authors: Baecker Dirk
Published: March 2007

The background of the article is Marxism's lack of a notion of management. The article suggests that anyone rethinking capitalism should pause for a moment to check on the evidence for such a notion. It seems necessary because today's theory of capitalism can no longer be content with a structural theory of the conflict between capital and labour, but must integrate a poststructural, or operational, theory of how capitalism is sustained on a day-to-day basis by organized projects in networks. The article develops a notion of `management by strata', which is matched to the traditional role of hierarchies, and a notion of `management by ties', which is tuned to the newly discovered role of hierarchies in networks. The method used in the article is a theoretical study based on the sociological theories of social systems and networks.
The Ministry as an Occupational Labor Market
Authors: McDUFF ELAINE M. , MUELLER CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

Attachment to one's employer is not the same as attachment to one's occupation (profession), but little theory or research exist to explain why the two are different. The authors integrate arguments about market viability of occupational labor markets from Bridges and Villemez and arguments about professional values from Wallace in offering the hypothesis that attachment to one's employer is based primarily on economic rationality, whereas attachment to one's occupation (profession) is determined more by adherence to a service calling associated with that occupation. Data from a national sample of 2,435 clergy in two Protestant denominations having an open labor market structure support this hypothesis.
Do Country-Specific Skills Lead to Improved Labor Market Positions?
Authors: DUVANDER ANN-ZOFIE E.
Published: March 2007

The gap in labor market rewards between immigrants and the native born is sometimes explained with reference to immigrants' lack of country-specific skills. This study investigates whether speaking and understanding Swedish well, having an education obtained in Sweden, and living with a Swedish partner improve immigrants' position in the labor market. The findings show that these characteristics do not substantially reduce the risk of unemployment, and the risk remains clearly above the level of native-born Swedes. However, employed immigrants with a Swedish education and very good language skills are as likely as Swedes to be educationally overqualified for their job. In sum, country-specific skills are helpful in the process of reward attainment but do not go all the way in accounting for the labor market disadvantage of immigrants. The residual may be due to discrimination.
Technicians
Authors: Koch James L.
Published: March 2007

The limited research on technicians has produced inconsistent results concerning their job and career concerns. This study compares technician work values with professionals and, through a need-environment congruity model, identifies primary situational factors associated with varying levels of self-investment in their occupational roles. In the sample site, the U.S. Forest Service, three important concerns emerged from this assessment-opportunities for: structure and feedback; job control; and personal growth and development. The contextu ally flexible methodology employed in this study appears to have particular utility in research which attempts to isolate critical individual-environment conflicts in this heterogeneous occupational population.
Incorporation and Mechanical Solidarity in an Underground Coal Mine
Authors: Vaught Charles , Smith David L.
Published: March 2007

In this article we illustrate the concern with mechanical solidarity exhibited by work groups within a dangerous work setting. Building upon the notions of Ralph Turner and Louis Zurcher, the argument is made that groups which must continually deal with potential disaster will manifest mechanical solidarity as the dominant form of social integration. In the underground coal mine, games and dramatic performances which subvert outside behavioral expectations are utilized to emphasize the "different world" context of the work setting. Deviant from dominant cultural norms, these games serve as powerful mechanisms for the direct bonding of individual and group.
Individual and Occupational Determinants of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Miller Joanne
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the determinants of job satisfaction for male and female workers. There is strong evidence of a direct connection between day-to-day job conditions and workers' satisjaction, regardless of gender. Furthermore, causal models demonstrate that the effect ofjob conditions on job satisfaction is not the result of selective entry of workers into particular occupations or people adjusting performance on the job according to current satisfaction with their work. Although both men and women evaluate their jobs in terms of the immediate work environment, there are differences m the particular job conditions that influence their assessments. Some of these differences can be related to individual work values that may alter the subjective nature of work experiences. However, the nature of particular jobs and potential sources of gratification also suggest explanations for differential reactions to specific job conditions.
After the Pioneers
Authors: HARLAN SHARON L. , O'FARRELL BRIGID
Published: March 2007

This article uses data from a three-year study of one large industrial firm to illustrate fundamental distinctions between the pioneer era, when women and minorities struggled individually for access to predominantly white male jobs, and the postpioneer era that occurred after equal employment policies were institutionalized by the firm. Internal labor market theory provides a framework for analyzing the effects of organizational changes during the latter period. Our sources include intensive, structured interviews with 75 of the firm's blue-collar employees, 27 unstructured interviews with union officials, 388 responses to a mailed survey of blue-collar employees, and plantwide data on the employment status and job classifications of over 7000 blue-collar workers. We find that the 1978 affirmative action agreement did not address many of the organizational barriers at the plant level that impede women's access to and advancement in traditionally male jobs. Although the current policy has increased the number of women being hired, it may be promoting new patterns of sex and race segregation.
Toward a Theory of Income Determination
Authors: FLIGSTEIN NEIL , HICKS ALEXANDER , MORGAN S. PHILIP
Published: March 2007

The goal of this article is to construct a theoretical framework for the study of income determination that incorporates elements of three major approaches we characterize as status attainment, human capital, and structural approaches. These three approaches are briefly reviewed and criticized. The framework is introduced through the theoretical concepts of the social relations of production and exchange, the sociotechnical relations of production, and individual characteristics. Hypotheses are introduced and data and measures are generated to test them. In general, the model and its measures perform promisingly.
The Contemporary Foreman Status
Authors: GRIMM JAMES W. , DUNN THOMAS P.
Published: March 2007

We have completed a pilot study of 34 foremen in a modern automobile assembly plant. Our findings generally support the ideas that the contemporary foreman's position involves less role conflict and more satisfaction than is commonly supposed in the literature. When we differentiated management-oriented supervisors from dualoriented foremen, we found no statistically meaningful differences in their rates of interaction with others or the reported quality of such relationships. Two other components of self-perception of the supervisors were found to be statistically related to the reported quality of interaction with others and to job satisfaction: namely, feelings of power and security. Although both these perceptions were statistically related to a management orientation in our sample, they were found to be unrelated to the traits of background and career experience that correlated with a management identification. Results suggest the need for studying the independent sets of conditions that lead to foremen's orientations toward management and their feelings of power and security. Finally, our study suggests that supervisors are less troubled by the demands of their current status than by their perception that they will be unable to advance further in management. Further study of the implications of the actual and perceived promotions opportunity for foremen is in order.
Workers' Involvement in the Soviet Union
Authors: SHLAPENTOKH VLADIMIR
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the evolution of Soviet attitudes toward workers' participation. The major emphasis is on developments of the last two decades, especially the most recent period. I suggest that Brezhnev was the first Soviet leader to raise the issue of workers' participation—at, however, only a mythological level. Mikhail Gorbachev, however, includes workers' participation as a genuine element in his program for workplace reform in the Soviet Union. Soviet managers and apparatchiks have reacted with open hostility to this innovation, while the majority of Soviet workers are skeptical about the implementation of this idea. The first year of Gorbachev's reforms bears witness to some modest progress along the lines of workers' participation, mostly in the movement to establish cooperatives in which workers, encouraged by the government, are able to create free cooperatives with the right to select their managers and make decisions about the distribution of the cooperative's income. However, there is a serious danger that workers' participation in the Soviet Union can degenerate into yet another ritualistic activity.
The Work Environments of Male and Female Professionals
Authors: PHELAN JO , BROMET EVELYN J. , SCHWARTZ JOSEPH E. , DEW MARY AMANDA , CURTIS E. CARROLL
Published: March 2007

Structured interviews were conducted with 1,115 male and 271 female professional employees of a major American corporation. Statistically significant gender differences were found in each of three objective job characteristics (job title, salary grade, and number of employees supervised), whereas few significant gender differences were found in subjective job characteristics (intrinsic and importance rewards, peer cohesion, staff support, role conflict, role ambiguity, and quantitative workload). Multiple regression equations were used to predict subjective job characteristics from objective job characteristics, personality factors, family circumstances, and educational attainment. The factors associated with subjective job characteristics were similar for men and women. For both men and women, personality factors were the strongest predictors, followed by objective job characteristics. Family-related variables and educational attainment were not strongly associated with subjective job characteristics for men or for women. The relationship between objective and subjective job characteristics are discussed in terms of “job” and “gender” models of job perceptions.
The Study of Medical Institutions
Authors: HALPERN SYDNEY , ANSPACH RENEE R.
Published: March 2007

During more than three decades of scholarship on American medicine, Eliot Freidson has both contributed to and advocated a distinctive variety of medical sociology: one that applies structural perspectives to medical institutions and remains detached from medicine's own viewpoints and assumptions. This article reviews Freidson's legacy to six substantive arenas in the study of medical institutions. It then examines the evolving status of the type of scholarship Freidson championed. Conventional wisdom holds that medical sociology is in the doldrums because applied work has supplanted discipline-grounded research. This article suggests a counterhypothesis: Institutionally oriented medical sociology is no less prevalent than in the past; rather, the perceived salience of this type of work has declined because of trends within sociology at large.
The Horizontal Distribution of Female Managers within Organizations
Authors: STOVER DANA L.
Published: March 2007

Whereas the issue of vertical sex segregation of women within organizations has received a great deal of attention in recent years, much less attention has been given to horizontal sex segregation. This study is an attempt to specify factors that influence the horizontal distribution of female managers within organizations. Hypotheses concerning the influence of departmental characteristics of power, growth, founding period, and worker demographics on placement of female managers are tested on a sample of 99 university departments.
Protection for Whom?
Authors: McCAMMON HOLLY J.
Published: March 2007

Around the turn of the century, many states enacted laws restricting the hours women could work. Yet little research has been done on the impact of these laws on women's employment. Traditional feminist political theories suggest that these laws disadvantaged women relative to men by reducing employers' willingness to hire women workers. Traditional class theories, focusing on employers' class interests, suggest that these laws were weakly implemented and enforced, allowing employers continued access to low-wage female labor. A third view, a feminist-class view, suggests that the effects of hours laws reflected both employers' class interests and their gendered interests and that ultimately the impact of the laws advantaged women workers. Quantitative analyses show that hours laws in certain circumstances increased women's share of employment but did not affect patterns of occupational sex segregation. The article concludes that both traditional class and feminist-class theories are supported.
Transmission of Family Values, Work, and Welfare among Poor Urban Black Women
Authors: IVERSEN ROBERTA REHNER , FARBER NAOMI B.
Published: March 2007

Life histories of poor urban Black women indicate that intrafamilial transmission of values about work and welfare is associated with young adult work status and perceptions about future economic self-sufficiency. Multifaceted transmissions in the form of direct parent-child communications about the value of work, tangible support from family and/or outside resources, and multiple examples of work attachment are associated with employment and perceptions of future self-sufficiency, regardless of teenage childbearing status. Where such transmissions are unidimensional, limited, or absent, the women are more likely to be unemployed and predict future economic dependency. Policy implications are directed at work programs, schools, and community-based job training and guidance for youth and their families.
Globalization and International Labor Organizing
Authors: BOSWELL TERRY , STEVIS DIMITRIS
Published: March 2007

Globalization, the rapid increase in the pace of world market and social integration, is producing a ripening global awareness among all nations and a plethora of international organizations to coordinate and promote its further development. Huge transnational corporations have led the way, followed by neoliberal states, but also included are all kinds of social, scientific, sports, and other international organizations. Missing among the major players are labor unions. Why is globalization not producing transnational labor organization? A world-system perspective is employed to explain that the sources of increased market integration are also culprits in the weakening of unions and the associated decline of the welfare state. The authors overview the current state of international labor politics and examine the prospects of the leading organizations, focusing on North America. The research agenda that is advocated emphasizes a long-term perspective and a new look at the past repertoire of international organizing.
Do the Determinants of Promotion Differ for Blacks and Whites?
Authors: BALDI STÉPHANE , McBRIER DEBRA BRANCH
Published: March 2007

A central assumption of much of the previous research on race differences is that the process by which Blacks and Whites advance in the workplace is race blind so that if Blacks and Whites had the same amount of education and job experience and were located across the same bureaucratized structures, the gap in Black-White attainment in the workplace would disappear. The authors argue that to understand the systematic differences in Black-White outcomes in the workplace, we need to reexamine this assumption. The authors develop a theoretical argument for the existence of race-specific models of attainment that builds on Kanter's concept of “homosocial reproduction.” They then test this argument by estimating whether the determinants of promotion differ by race, using a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers and their employing organizations. Their findings indicate that the determinants of promotion systematically differ for Blacks and Whites.
An Establishment-Level Test of the Statistical Discrimination Hypothesis
Authors: TOMASKOVIC-DEVEY DONALD , SKAGGS SHERYL
Published: March 2007

This article explores the basic assumption of statistical discrimination theory, which holds that women and minorities earn lower wages because they, on average, have lower productivity. Employer exploitation of women and minorities and social closure by advantaged employees are advanced as alternative explanations for the lower wages of women and minorities. The authors first demonstrate that there are substantial gender and racial wage penalties net of human capital for a sample of employees. The primary analysis focuses on the sample of private-for-profit establishments in which these individuals are employed. Establishment productivity as well as aggregate salaries and wages and profits are regressed on the sex and race composition of the establishment with other factors that may influence establishment productivity. Findings show that neither the sex nor race compositions of the workplace are associated with productivity. The authors interpret the results to be most consistent with a social closure account of gender and racial earnings inequality.
The Effect of Filler-Volume Fraction and Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Iron- Epoxy Particulate Composites
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Papanicolaou G.C. , Kontou E.A.
Published: March 2007

The stress-strain behavior of metal-filled polymeric composites was studied at various tensile deformation rates. The dependency of the mechanical properties of iron-epoxy composites, such as elastic modulus, maximum load, breaking-strain and breaking-energy, on the rate of deform ation, as well as on the filler-volume fraction was examined. The results corroborate satisfactorily the theoretically predicted values.
Strain Analysis of Dual Laminate Cylindrical Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastic Vessel
Authors: Hoa S.V.
Published: March 2007

Strains in a dual laminate fiber reinforced plastic cylindrical vessel are measured when the internal pressure increases up to 0.96 MPa (140 psig). Laminate theory was used successfully in calculating the strains. Reason able agreement was obtained between experimental and theoretical results. A new formulation is developed to calculate optimal winding angles such that the ratio of strains along different directions is minimum. This would provide efficient strain limited designs.
Tensile Properties of Portland Cement Reinforced with Kevlar Fibers
Authors: Konczalski P. , Piekarski K.
Published: March 2007

Composite specimens for tensile testing were made from various amounts of Kevlar fibers in Portland cement. Testing revealed about 50% improvement in the Elastic Modulus and yield strength over the unreinforced cement. The maximum amount of fibers, which was possible to add without destroying the continuity of the cement matrix, was about 2%. Specimens containing less than about 0.15% of fibers failed in a brittle manner like a single phase material. Specimens containing more than that amount of fibers displayed multiple fractures of the matrix before the final failure. The ultimate tensile strength started to improve at the critical volume of fibers equal to 0.3% and not as predicted theoretically at 0.75 % . The most dramatic improvement in the properties of cement was in the Energy to Fracture. This increased almost two orders of magnitude with 1.96% of fibers by volume.
Tensile Behavior of Laminates Used for Making Fiber Reinforced Plastic Vessels
Authors: Hoa S.V. , Sankar T.S. , Bargiora R.
Published: March 2007

The tensile behavior of laminates consisting of layers of veil, mat and woven roving is investigated. The results show that the fracture strain of the laminate is always smaller than the fracture strain of the more brittle constituent layer. It is shown that the rule of mixture can be used to calculate the modulus of the laminate knowing the moduli of the individual layers. The rule of mixture can also be used to calculate the tensile strength provided that the stress in the more ductile layer corresponding to the fracture strain of the more brittle layer is used.
Residual Strength Assessment of Low Velocity Impact Damage of Graphite-Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Lal K.M.
Published: March 2007

This report contains the study of Low Velocity Transverse Impact Damage of graphite-epoxy T300/5208 composite laminates. The specimen, 100 mm diameter clamped plates, were impact damaged by a cantilever-type instrumented 1-inch diameter steel ball. Study was limited to impact velocity 6 m/sec. Rectangular strips, 50 mm x 125 mm, were cut from the impact-damage specimens so that the impact damage zone was in the center of the strips. These strips were tested in tension to ob tain their residual strength.

An energy dissipation model was developed to predict the residual strength from fracture mechanics concepts. Net energy absorbed Ia was evaluated from coefficient of restitution concepts based on shear dominated theory of fiber-reinforced materials, with the modification that during loading and unloading the shear deformation are respectively elastic-plastic and elastic. Delamination energy Id was predicted by assum ing that the stiffness of the laminate dropped due to debonding. Fiber-breakage energy, assumed to be equal to the difference of Ia and I d, was used to determine the residual strength. Predictions were compared with test results.
Orientation Behavior of Fibers in Concentrated Suspensions
Authors: Folgar Fransisco , Tucker Charles L.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model is developed to predict the orientation distribution function of rigid fibers in concentrated suspensions. The model contains a phenomenological term to account for interactions between fibers. Predictions of the model are tested against experiments in simple shear flow, using suspensions of nylon monofilaments in silicone oil. The results compare favorably for steady-state distributions, though the theory predicts a more rapid approach to steady state than actually occurs. The model predicts, and experiments show, that fiber orientation is not reversible when the flow is reversed. The model is useful for predicting the effects of processing on fiber orienta tion in short fiber composites.
Surface Damage of Steel, Aluminum, and Chopped-Fiber Composite Panels Due to Projectile Impact
Authors: Chang D.C. , Khetan R.P.
Published: March 2007

We have evaluated the surface damage of steel, aluminum, and chopped-glass-fiber composite panels subject to projectile impact. The comparison is made qualitatively as well as quantitatively in terms of the panel stiffness, the impact energy absorbed, the dent depth, and the damage area. The dent depth is a suitable parameter for char acterizing surface damage of metal panels only. The damage area is recommended for evaluating the surface damage resistance of composite panels.
Structural Design Optimization of Composite Laminates
Authors: Ishai O. , Krishnamachari S. , Broutman L.J.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to suggest a method by which a range of materials may be in cluded in the process of optimization of composite laminate structures. The motivation for this paper comes from the fact that in most cases, the optimization begins with a given material and is limited to finding the ply angles for optimizing an objective function like weight or cost. By the use of dimensionless parameters, it has been shown that it is possi ble to include the material selection process within the optimization scheme.