bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3 c]pyrazole Derivatives Using CMCSO3H as a Green Catalyst
Authors: Ali Elham , Naimi‐Jamal M. Reza , Ghahramanzadeh Ramin
Published: August 2019

A promising application of sulfonated carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) as a green heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of pyrano[2,3c]pyrazole derivatives has been studied here. Sulfonated carboxymethyl cellulose was synthesized through a new, green and efficient pathway. The synthesized SCMC catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Its catalytic ability was then investigated in the pyranopyrazole synthesis. The SCMC as a biopolymer‐derivative solid acid catalyst indicated catalytic activity in the one‐pot multi‐component synthesis of pyrano[2,3c]pyrazole derivatives using the reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, malononitrile, and various aldehydes in ethanol as a green solvent. The key features of this methodology are operational simplicity, use of a stable, recoverable, and non‐toxic catalyst, simple purification of the product by non‐chromatographic methods, high yields, environment‐friendly reaction, and economically lucrative.
A Study on the Effect of pH Value of Impregnation Solution in Nickel Catalyst Preparation for Methane Dry Reforming Reaction
Authors: Li Hangjie , Cheng Shilin , He Yingluo , Javed Mudassar , Yang Guohui , Yang Ruiqin , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: August 2019

The nickel particle size, distribution and interaction with support are crucial to the catalytic performance in dry reforming of methane reaction (DRM). Despite numerous literatures on dry reforming catalysis, the effect of solution pH on the catalytic performance is not well studied. Herein, we designed a series of Ni/SiO2 catalysts with different Ni particle sizes. The Ni particle size was controlled with altering the pH of the Ni nitrate solution via the addition of HNO3 or NH4OH. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that NH4OH promoted Ni/SiO2 catalysts present smaller NiO nanoparticles, and enhanced metal‐support interaction was evidenced from X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and H2 temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR) analyses. In addition, according to thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results, the spent catalysts produced less carbon deposition and maintained Ni nanoparticles in smaller size after DRM reaction. Catalysts with nearly uniform and small particle size demonstrated a satisfying resistance to aggregation and carbon deposition, while realizing a high CH4, CO2 and Ctotal conversion (74.5, 83.7 and 79.7%, respectively). The present study provides a simple but effective way to change the metal‐support interaction and metal particle size.
A Metal‐Free, Organo Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Oxazoles
Authors: Kumaraswamy Gullapalli , Gangadhar Maram
Published: August 2019

Organoboron Lewis acid‐catalyzed synthesis of oxazole derivatives from α‐diazocarbonyl ketones/esters and aryl/alkyl nitriles has been accomplished. This protocol is compatible with an array of functional groups and results in various scaffolds of oxazole derivatives in good to high yields. Through this process, substitution variation can be achieved easily. Also, the tentative mechanism for the product formation was proposed.
High‐Temperature Reduction of Calcium Alginate to Carbon Sphere for Efficient Removal of Bivalent Cadmium
Authors: Cheng Yalin , Wang Kaiqian , Tu Biyang , Xia Yang , Zhang Jiaqian , Xue Shan , Tao Haisheng
Published: August 2019

A carbon sphere was synthesized by high temperature reduction using alginate as a carbon source. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. The carbon sphere is reticulated and porous at the microscopic level. For Cd(II) removal experiments, the results showed that the carbon sphere had an excellent effect for the remove of Cd(II), and the adsorption obeyed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of Langmuir isotherm were 149, 167, 196 mg⋅g−1 at 288 K, 298 K and 308 K, respectively. In general, the carbon sphere has a good application prospect for treating cadmium‐containing wastewater.
Simultaneous Quantification of the Interplay Between Molecular Turnover and Cell Mechanics by AFM–FRAP
Authors: Skamrahl Mark , Colin‐York Huw , Barbieri Liliana , Fritzsche Marco
Published: August 2019

Quantifying the adaptive mechanical behavior of living cells is essential for the understanding of their inner working and function. Yet, despite the establishment of quantitative methodologies correlating independent measurements of cell mechanics and its underlying molecular kinetics, explicit evidence and knowledge of the sensitivity of the feedback mechanisms of cells controlling their adaptive mechanics behavior remains elusive. Here, a combination of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching is introduced offering simultaneous quantification and direct correlation of molecule kinetics and mechanics in living cells. Systematic application of this optomechanical atomic force microscopy–fluorescence recovery after photobleaching platform reveals changes in the actin turnover and filament lengths of ventral actin stress fibers in response to constant mechanical force at the apical actin cortex with a dynamic range from 0.1 to 10 nN, highlighting a direct relationship of active mechanosensation and adaptation of the cellular actin cytoskeleton. Simultaneous quantification of the relationship between molecule kinetics and cell mechanics may thus open‐up unprecedented insights into adaptive mechanobiological mechanisms of cells.
Boosting the Reversibility of Sodium Metal Anode via Heteroatom‐Doped Hollow Carbon Fibers
Authors: Zheng Xueying , Li Peng , Cao Zhang , Luo Wei , Sun Fazhe , Wang Zhongqiang , Ding Bing , Wang Guoxiu , Huang Yunhui
Published: August 2019

Sodium (Na) metal anodes stand out with their remarkable capacity and natural abundance. However, the dendritic Na growth, infinite dimensional changes, and low Coulombic efficiency (CE) present key bottlenecks plaguing practical applications. Here, heteroatom‐doped (nitrogen, sulfur) hollow carbon fibers (D‐HCF) are rationally synthesized as a nucleation‐assisting host to enable a highly reversible Na metal. The “sodiophilic” functional groups introduced by the heteroatom‐doping and large surface area (≈1052 m2 g−1) synchronously contribute to a homogenous plating morphology with dissipated local current density. High “sodiophilicity” of the D‐HCF is confirmed by first‐principle calculations and experimental results, where strong adsorption energy of −3.52 eV with low Na+ nucleation overpotential of 3.2 mV at 0.2 mA cm−2 is realized. As such, highly reversible plating/stripping is achieved at 1.0 mA cm−2 with average CE approximating 99.52% over 600 cycles. The as‐assembled Na@D‐HCF symmetric cells exhibit a prolonged lifetime for 1000 h. A full‐cell paired with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode further demonstrates stable electrochemical behavior for 200 cycles at 1 C along with excellent rate performance (102 mAh g−1 at 5 C). The results clearly show the effectiveness of the D‐HCF in manipulating Na+ deposition and thus the significance of nucleation control in realizing dendrite‐free metal anodes.
Copper‐Halide Polymer Nanowires as Versatile Supports for Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Kim Min‐Seok , Park Haedong , Won Sung Ok , Sharma Aditya , Kong Jimin , Park Hyun S. , Sung Yun‐Mo , Park Tae Joon , Moon Myoung‐Woon , Hur Kahyun
Published: August 2019

Single‐atom catalysts are heterogeneous catalysts with atomistically dispersed atoms acting as a catalytically active center, and have recently attracted much attention owing to the minimal use of noble metals. However, a scalable and inexpensive support that can stably anchor isolated atoms remains a challenge due to high surface energy. Here, copper‐halide polymer nanowires with sub‐nanometer pores are proposed as a versatile support for single‐atom catalysts. The synthesis of the nanowires is straightforward and completed in a few minutes. Well‐defined sub‐nanometer pores and a large free volume of the nanowires are advantageous over any other support material. The nanowires can anchor various atomistically dispersed metal atoms into the sub‐nanometer pores up to ≈3 at% via a simple solution process, and this value is at least twice as big as previously reported data. The hydrogen evolution reaction activity of −18.0 A mgPt−1 at −0.2 V overpotential shows its potential for single‐atom catalysts support.
Strain‐Guided Oxidative Nanoperforation on Graphene
Authors: Liao Xiangbiao , Zhang Baidu , Furutani Takumi , Chen Youlong , Xiao Hang , Ni Yong , Yonezu Akio , Chen Xi
Published: August 2019

Increased applications of nanoporous graphene in nanoelectronics and membrane separations require ordered and precise perforation of graphene, whose scalablility and time/cost effectiveness represent a significant challenge in existing nanoperforation methods, such as catalytical etching and lithography. A strain‐guided perforation of graphene through oxidative etching is reported, where nanopores nucleate selectively at the bulges induced by the prepatterned nanoprotrusions underneath. Using reactive molecular dynamics and theoretical models, the perforation mechanisms are uncovered through the relationship between bulge‐induced strain and enhanced etching reactivity. Parallel experiments of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of graphene on SiO2 NPs/SiO2 substrates verify the feasibility of such strain‐guided perforation and evolution of pore size by exposure of varied durations to oxygen plasma. This scalable method can be feasibly applied to a broad variety of 2D materials (e.g., graphene and h‐boron nitride) and nanoprotrusions (e.g., SiO2 and C60 nanoparticles), allowing rational fabrication of 2D material‐based devices.
Quantitative evaluation of tailoring within SPICE‐compliant security‐informed safety‐oriented process lines
Authors: Gallina Barbara
Published: August 2019

In the context of SPICE‐compliant and (security‐informed) safety processes, efficient process tailoring is necessary due to the increasing proliferation of requirements, which, if not systematised, may become an unmanageable cognitive overload leading to process degradation instead of improvement. Recently, security‐informed safety‐oriented process line engineering (SiSoPLE) has been proposed as a sound solution to systematise common and variable process elements in the context of security‐informed safety‐oriented processes described within security as well as safety‐related standards. SiSoPLE represents an extension of safety‐oriented process line engineering (SoPLE). The gain of the application of SoPLE in terms of efficient tailoring via reuse was measured in a previous work, where the GQM+ Strategies model, an extension of the goal/question/metric (GQM) paradigm, was adopted to develop a measurement model for achieving quantitative evidence. In this paper, we develop further our previously proposed measurement model to achieve quantitative evidence regarding the benefits of using process line engineering extended to SPICE‐compliant security‐informed safety processes. We then apply our extended GQM+ Strategies model on a SPICE for space‐compliant SiSoPL to illustrate and assess its usefulness. Finally, we discuss our findings and provide our perspectives on quantitative evaluation of tailoring in the context of critical‐systems engineering.
Health, safety, and well‐being through ethical behaviours in computer and information systems development and deployment
Authors: Rahanu Harjinder , Georgiadou Elli , Siakas Kerstin , Ross Margaret
Published: August 2019

Literature on systems development has been progressively identifying the importance of social aspects in systems development. However, there is often a failure of participants in the recognition, and fulfilment, of ethical duties concerning the concepts of health, safety, and well‐being. A rational appeal can be made to normative defensible ethical rules in order to arrive at a judicious, morally justifiable judgement. In this paper, our first step is to report on the findings of a literature review, which presents the current health and safety issues concerning usage of computers in organisations and the workplace. Building on our earlier research on basic generic deontological and teleological moral principles and theories, we prescribe a set of moral rights and duties that must be exercised and fulfilled by stakeholders in systems development in order for them to exhibit moral behaviour. By identifying, and recommending a set of defensible moral obligations that must be fulfilled in the development and deployment of systems, protagonists—such as, project managers, software engineering teams, systems analysts, and clients—can fulfil their ethical duties, thus increasing the likelihood of deployed systems that are compliant with principles of health, safety, and well‐being of its users.
Seismic fragility analysis of concrete encased frame‐reinforced concrete core tube hybrid structure based on quasi‐static cyclic test
Authors: Xiao Yunfeng , Zeng Lei , Chen Yiguang , Du Guofeng , Zhang Jicheng , Chen Juan
Published: August 2019

Concrete‐encased frame‐core tube hybrid structural system has been widely employed in high‐rise buildings. This paper intends to analyze the seismic fragility of this structural system under ground motion excitation. The quasistatic cyclic test on a 1/5‐scaled, 10‐story three‐bay specimen is introduced. Fiber‐based finite element model is developed and integrated with numerical techniques that would be able to simulate the nonlinear response based on the OpenSees program. As the model is verified by the experimental data, a series of incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) considering different frame‐tube stiffness ratios are carried out. IDA curves are drawn to describe each structural performance state. Fragility curves and probabilistic demand models are proposed for quantifying failure probability. The collapse margin ratio is employed to evaluate the collapse probability. The result shows that the collapse probability under rare earthquake still meets the requirement of Applied Technology Committee‐63 Report. The hybrid structure is proved to perform superior collapse resistance ability. The proper increase in the stiffness of core tube can reduce the collapse probability and enhance the collapse resistance capacity.
Boost your FERPA knowledge with legislative updates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: August 2019

LOS ANGELES — “All the legislation of the last Congress has fallen by the wayside,” said LeRoy Rooker, former director of the Department of Education's Family Policy Compliance Office and senior fellow at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. He spoke at a session on the nuances of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act at AACRAO's annual conference. Rooker discussed recent legislative updates that affect FERPA and gave guidance on the best ways to apply FERPA to situations raised by the session attendees.
Photoexcited charge carrier behaviors in solar energy conversion systems from theoretical simulations
Authors: Wei Wei , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: August 2019

Solar energy bears great potential in the substitution of conventional fossil fuels to enable a sustainable world. In order to harness and use solar energy, photocatalytic and photovoltaic systems made of semiconductor materials have been developed to convert sunlight into energy (electricity) based on the photoelectrochemical effects. Photoelectric events are related with the light–energy (electricity) conversion process, including photon absorption, photoexcited charge carrier separation and recombination, charge carrier transport, and photocurrent generation, as well as electron plasmonic resonance. We focus on the recent state‐of‐the‐art simulation methods correspondingly mimicking these photogenerated charge carrier behaviors, taking electron–phonon, electron–exciton, and exciton–exciton interactions into account. Results can be obtained from the standard density function theory (DFT) for ground‐state properties, many‐body perturbation theory for band gap renormalization and optical absorption, time‐domain DFT in combination with nonadiabatic molecular dynamics for photoexcitation dynamics, nonequilibrium Green's function and self‐consistent theory for charge carrier transport properties, and classical Maxwell's equations in discrete dipole approximation for localized surface plasmon resonance absorption and near‐field enhancement. In combination of the results from these simulation methods, a complete and consistent picture describing the fundamental photoelectric process in light–energy (electricity) conversion could be obtained. Simulation results offer guidelines for experimental efforts and provide new basic insights into the underlying mechanisms and the design principles for next‐generation photocatalytic and photovoltaic devices of high solar light utilization efficiency.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Software > Simulation Methods
Electric bias dependence of piezoelectric wave reflection upon a rotating half‐plane
Authors: Yuan Xiaoguang
Published: August 2019

Main theory concerned with the piezoelectric wave reflection subjected the action of electric bias and rotation is presented, in which the higher order tensors of piezoelectric, elastic, dielectric and electrostrictive constants are involved. Some calculations for Lithium Niobate reveals that the electric bias and rotation are important factors of the wave reflection problems.
Entanglement entropy, OTOC and bootstrap in 2D CFTs from Regge and light cone limits of multi-point conformal block
Authors: Kusuki Yuya , Miyaji Masamichi
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We explore the structures of light cone and Regge limit singularities of n-point Virasoro conformal blocks in c > 1 two-dimensional conformal field theories with no chiral primaries, using fusion matrix approach. These CFTs include not only holographic CFTs dual to classical gravity, but also their full quantum corrections, since this approach allows us to explore full 1/c corrections. As the important applications, we study time dependence of Renyi entropy after a local quench and out-of-time ordered correlator (OTOC) at late time.

We first show that, the n-th (n > 2) Renyi entropy after a local quench in our CFT grows logarithmically at late time, for any c and any conformal dimensions of excited primary. In particular, we find that this behavior is independent of c, contrary to the expectation that the finite c correction fixes the late time Renyi entropy to be constant. We also show that the constant part of the late time Renyi entropy is given by a monodromy matrix.

We also investigate OTOCs by using the monodromy matrix. We first rewrite the monodromy matrix in terms of fusion matrix explicitly. By this expression, we find that the OTOC decays exponentially in time, and the decay rates are divided into three patterns, depending on the dimensions of external operators. We note that our result is valid for any c > 1 and any external operator dimensions. Our monodromy matrix approach can be generalized to the Liouville theory and we show that the Liouville OTOC approaches constant in the late time regime.

We emphasize that, there is a number of other applications of the fusion and the monodromy matrix approaches, such as solving the conformal bootstrap equation. Therefore, it is tempting to believe that the fusion and monodromy matrix approaches provide a key to understanding the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Master Integrals for the two-loop, non-planar QCD corrections to top-quark pair production in the quark-annihilation channel
Authors: Becchetti Matteo , Bonciani Roberto , Casconi Valerio , Ferroglia Andrea , Lavacca Simone , von Manteuffel Andreas
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We present the analytic calculation of the Master Integrals for the twoloop, non-planar topologies that enter the calculation of the amplitude for top-quark pair hadroproduction in the quark-annihilation channel. Using the method of differential equations, we expand the integrals in powers of the dimensional regulator ϵ and determine the expansion coefficients in terms of generalized harmonic polylogarithms of two dimensionless variables through to weight four.
BSM W W production with a jet veto
Authors: Arpino Luke , Banfi Andrea , Jäger Sebastian , Kauer Nikolas
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We consider the impact on W W production of the unique dimension-six operator coupling gluons to the Higgs field. In order to study this process, we have to appropriately model the effect of a veto on additional jets. This requires the resummation of large logarithms of the ratio of the maximum jet transverse momentum and the invariant mass of the W boson pair. We have performed such resummation at the appropriate accuracy for the Standard Model (SM) background and for a signal beyond the SM (BSM), and devised a simple method to interface jet-veto resummations with fixed-order event generators. This resulted in the fast numerical code MCFM-RE, the Resummation Edition of the fixed-order code MCFM. We compared our resummed predictions with parton-shower event generators and assessed the size of effects, such as limited detector acceptances, hadronisation and the underlying event, that were not included in our resummation. We have then used the code to compare the sensitivity of W W and Z Z production at the HL-LHC to the considered higher-dimension operator. We have found that W W can provide complementary sensitivity with respect to Z Z, provided one is able to control theory uncertainties at the percent-level. Our method is general and can be applied to the production of any colour singlet, both within and beyond the SM.
The expression, secretion and activity of the aspartic protease MpAPr1 in Metschnikowia pulcherrima IWBT Y1123
Authors: Snyman C , Theron L W , Divol B
Published: August 2019

Protease-secreting yeasts have broad biotechnological potential for application to various industrial processes, including winemaking. However, this activity is influenced by the yeast response to environmental factors such as nitrogen and protein sources, as are found in grape juice. In this study, the wine-relevant yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima IWBT Y1123, with known protease-secreting ability, was subjected to different nitrogen-containing compounds to monitor their impact on protease secretion and activity. Protease activity increased above basal levels for haemoglobin-containing treatments, indicating an inductive influence of proteins. On the other hand, treatments containing both haemoglobin and assimilable nitrogen sources led to a delayed increase in protease activity and protein degradation, suggesting a nitrogen catabolite repression mechanism at work. Protease activity and expression were furthermore evaluated in grape juice, which revealed increased expression and activity levels over time as promising results for further investigations into the impact of this yeast on wine properties.
Incidence and Risk of Severe Ileus after Orthopedic Surgery: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Mandl Lisa A. , Sasaki Mayu , Yang Jingyan , Choi Sara , Cummings Kelianne , Goodman Susan M.
Published: August 2019

Background

Post-operative ileus (POI) is common and can be associated with significant morbidity.

Questions/Purposes

We aimed to identify the incidence of and risk factors associated with severe post-operative ileus (SPOI) after elective orthopedic surgery.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case–control study of patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures at a single musculoskeletal specialty hospital. SPOI cases matched 1:2 to non-POI controls. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), codes were used to identify patients who were coded as having an episode of POI. After chart review, a subset was classified as clinical SPOI cases, based on set criteria. Regression models were constructed to identify variables associated with SPOI.

Results

Of 273 POI cases, 77 (28.2%) were classified as SPOI. Overall rates of SPOI were 2.74/1000 orthopedic discharges, with SPOI most common in spine surgeries (9.07/1000 spine procedure discharges). Hypothesis-generating multivariable conditional logistic regression suggested that, for hip and knee cases, not being on a full diet by post-operative day (POD) 2 posed an increased risk of SPOI. For spine cases, not being on a full diet on POD 2 and longer surgery times were associated with risk of SPOI.

Conclusions

In this retrospective case–control study, patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures who had not progressed to full diet by POD 2 and spine patients with longer operative times were most at risk for SPOI. These data can be used clinically by peri-operative physicians to stratify patients according to risk.
Eaton uses additive manufacturing to produce parts for jet trainer aircraft
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: August 2019

Power management company Eaton is using additive manufacturing (3D printing) to produce parts for an aerospace company based in Taiwan for use in a jet trainer aircraft. The use of this technology has a number of benefits, including eliminating potential leak paths and reducing component development time and weight.
Trust, Accountability and Purpose
Authors: O'Brien Justin
Published: August 2019

The collapse of trust can be found across all of our institutions but most of all in finance. This Element seeks to answer an existential question: how to rebuild trust in distrusting times? Integrity, responsibility and accountability must be embedded into corporate mission statements, values and codes of conduct. Through organisational and regulatory design across five interlocking themes - legal, regulatory, managerial, ethical and social. What is required is substantive rather than technical compliance; warranted rather than stated commitment to high ethical standards; effective deterrence strategies; enhanced accountability; and a shared commitment to risk within negotiated, binding and enforceable parameters.
ON DISCRETENESS OF SUBGROUPS OF QUATERNIONIC HYPERBOLIC ISOMETRIES
Authors: GONGOPADHYAY KRISHNENDU , MISHRA MUKUND MADHAV , TIWARI DEVENDRA
Published: August 2019

Let $\mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{n}$ denote the $n$-dimensional quaternionic hyperbolic space. The linear group $\text{Sp}(n,1)$ acts on $\mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{n}$ by isometries. A subgroup $G$ of $\text{Sp}(n,1)$ is called Zariski dense if it neither fixes a point on $\mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{n}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x2202}\mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{n}$ nor preserves a totally geodesic subspace of $\mathbf{H}_{\mathbb{H}}^{n}$. We prove that a Zariski dense subgroup $G$ of $\text{Sp}(n,1)$ is discrete if for every loxodromic element $g\in G$ the two-generator subgroup $\langle f,gfg^{-1}\rangle$ is discrete, where the generator $f\in \text{Sp}(n,1)$ is a certain fixed element not necessarily from $G$.
A Dreadful Scourge: Cholera in early nineteenth-century India
Authors: HARRISON MARK
Published: August 2019

In 1817–21, the Indian subcontinent was ravaged by a series of epidemics which marked the beginning of what has since become known as the First Cholera Pandemic. Despite their far-reaching consequences, these epidemics have received remarkably little attention and have never been considered as historical subjects in their own right. This article examines the epidemics of 1817–21 in greater detail and assesses their significance for the social and political history of the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, it examines the meanings that were attached to the epidemics in the years running up to the first appearance of cholera in the West. In so doing, the article makes comparisons between responses to cholera in India and in other contexts, and tests the applicability of concepts used in the study of epidemics in the West. It is argued that the official reaction to cholera in India was initially ameliorative, in keeping with the East India Company's response to famines and other supposedly natural disasters. However, this view was gradually supplemented and replaced by a view of cholera as a social disease, requiring preventive action. These views were initially rejected in Britain, but found favour after cholera epidemics in 1831–32. Secondly, in contrast to later epidemics, it is argued that those of 1817–21 did little to exacerbate tensions between rulers and the ruled. On the rare occasions when cholera did elicit a violent reaction, it tended to be intra-communal rather than anti-colonial in nature.
Sex hormones and n-3 fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Childs Caroline E.
Published: August 2019

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 fatty acid found in plant-derived foods such as linseeds and linseed oil. Mammals can convert this essential fatty acid into longer-chain fatty acids including EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA. Women demonstrate greater increases in the EPA status after ALA supplementation than men, and a growing body of animal model research identifies mechanisms by which sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone interact with the synthesis of EPA and DHA. Alternatively, EPA, DPA and DHA can be consumed directly, with oily fish being a rich dietary source of these nutrients. However, current National Diet and Nutrition Data reveals a median oily fish intake of 0 g daily across all age ranges and in both sexes. As longer-chain n-3 fatty acids have a crucial role in fetal and neonatal brain development, advice to consume dietary ALA could prove to be a pragmatic and acceptable alternative to advice to consume fish during pregnancy, if benefits upon tissue composition and functional outcomes can be demonstrated. Further research is required to understand the effects of increasing dietary ALA during pregnancy, and will need to simultaneously address conflicts with current dietary advice to only eat ‘small amounts’ of vegetable oils during pregnancy. Improving our understanding of sex-specific differences in fatty acid metabolism and interactions with pregnancy has the potential to inform both personalised nutrition advice and public health policy.
Facilitating access to iCBT: a randomized controlled trial assessing a translated version of an empirically validated program using a minimally monitored delivery model
Authors: Robichaud Miguel , Talbot France , Titov Nickolai , Dear Blake F. , Hadjistavropoulos Heather D. , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Jbilou Jalila
Published: August 2019

Background:

Despite its established efficacy, access to internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) remains limited in a number of countries. Translating existing programs and using a minimally monitored model of delivery may facilitate its dissemination across countries.

Aims:

This randomized control trial aims to evaluate the efficacy of an iCBT transdiagnostic program translated from English to French and offered in Canada using a minimally monitored delivery model for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

Method:

Sixty-three French speakers recruited in Canada were randomized to iCBT or a waiting-list. A French translation of an established program, the Wellbeing Course, was offered over 8 weeks using a minimally monitored delivery model. Primary outcome measures were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), which were obtained pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up.

Results:

Mixed-effects models revealed that participants in the treatment group had significantly lower PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores post-treatment than controls with small between-groups effect sizes (d = 0.34 and 0.37, respectively). Within-group effect sizes on primary outcome measures were larger in the treatment than control group. Clinical recovery rates on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were significantly higher among the treatment group (40 and 56%, respectively) than the controls (13 and 16%, respectively).

Conclusions:

The provision of a translated iCBT program using a minimally monitored delivery model may improve patients’ access to treatment of anxiety and depression across countries. This may be an optimal first step in improving access to iCBT before sufficient resources can be secured to implement a wider range of iCBT services.
Correlates of Near-Fatal Deliberate Self-Harm in Qatar
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Anoop , Al-Amin Hassen , Ghuloum Suhaila
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Background: There are few research studies from Arab countries on suicide since many cultural and religious factors influence reporting. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the correlates of near-fatal deliberate self-harm in Qatar. Method: The study comprised a retrospective review of documented data of all patients with a suicide attempt admitted to the only Psychiatry Hospital in Qatar over a 12-month period. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the contributors to near-fatal deliberate self-harm. Results: Out of 165 admissions with self-harm, 47 fulfilled criteria for near-fatal deliberate self-harm. The commonest methods were hanging followed by jumping from a height. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study meant a lot of valuable data was missing. Also, lethality scales were not used and thus could not be measured. Conclusion: Men over the age of 25 years, widowed or divorced, and/or with psychotic disorder were more likely to engage in near-fatal deliberate self-harm.
Is Geology Scaling?
Authors: Dimri V.P. , Srivastava R.P.
Published: August 2019

Concept of fractals and power law in statistical and geometrical data sets is rather matured. However, the application part of the fractal theory is not yet commensurate with the theoretical literature available. In this invited review, we take a dig at the range of data sets to demonstrate their fractal/scaling behavior for instance well logs and geological features such as fractures, which exhibit scaling behavior. The range of topics discussed in this paper are based on the concept that physical and geometrical property of the Earth follows scaling behavior. Based on the observations and available research we aim to address the question “Is geology scaling?” Further, we elaborate on one of the applications of fractal concepts in designing an operator for the colored inversion of seismic data, which is very efficient, and does not need a background model to do the seismic inversion in contrast to classical seismic inversion methods.
Smokey Bear, Fake Volcanoes, and Other Things We’re Reading
Authors:   AGU
Published: August 2019

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
“Measures of Dissipation in Viscoelastic Media” Extended: Toward Continuous Characterization Across Very Broad Geophysical Time Scales
Authors: Lau Harriet C. P. , Holtzman Benjamin K.
Published: August 2019

We develop a conceptual/quantitative framework whereby measurements of Earth's viscoelasticity may be assessed across the broad range of geophysical processes, spanning seismic wave propagation, postseismic relaxation, glacial isostatic adjustment, and mantle convection. Doing so requires overcoming three challenges: (A) separating spatial variations from intrinsic frequency dependence in mechanical properties; (B) reconciling different conceptual and constitutive viscoelastic models used to interpret observations at different frequencies; and (C) improving understanding of linear and nonlinear transient deformation mechanisms and their extrapolation from laboratory to earth conditions. We focus on (B), first demonstrating how different mechanical models lead to incompatible viscosity estimates from observations. We propose the determination of the “complex viscosity”—a frequency‐dependent parameter complementary to other measures of dissipation (including frequency‐dependent moduli and attenuation)—from such observations to reveal a single underlying broadband mechanical model. The complex viscosity illuminates transient creep in the vicinity of the Maxwell time, where most ambiguity lies.
Hurricanes Enhance Labile Carbon Export to the Deep Ocean
Authors: Pedrosa‐Pàmies R. , Conte M. H. , Weber J. C. , Johnson R.
Published: August 2019

Tropical cyclones (hurricanes) generate intense surface ocean cooling and vertical mixing resulting in nutrient upwelling into the photic zone and episodic phytoplankton blooms. However, their influence on the deep ocean remains unknown. Here we present evidence that hurricanes also impact the ocean's biological pump by enhancing export of labile organic material to the deep ocean. In October 2016, Category 3 Hurricane Nicole passed over the Bermuda Time Series site in the oligotrophic NW Atlantic Ocean. Following Nicole's passage, particulate fluxes of lipids diagnostic of fresh phytodetritus, zooplankton, and microbial biomass increased by 30–300% at 1,500 m depth and 30–800% at 3,200 m depth. Mesopelagic suspended particles following Nicole were also enriched in phytodetrital material and in zooplankton and bacteria lipids, indicating particle disaggregation and a deepwater ecosystem response. Predicted climate‐induced increases in hurricane frequency and/or intensity may significantly alter ocean biogeochemical cycles by increasing the strength of the biological pump.
Enhancing Skill of Initialized Decadal Predictions Using a Dynamic Model of Drift
Authors: Nadiga Balasubramanya T. , Verma Tarun , Weijer Wilbert , Urban Nathan M.
Published: August 2019

Since near‐term predictions of present‐day climate are controlled by both initial condition predictability and boundary condition predictability, initialized prediction experiments aim to augment the external‐forcing‐related predictability realized in uninitialized projections with initial‐condition‐related predictability by appropriate observation‐based initialization. However, and notwithstanding the considerable effort expended in finding such “good” initial states, a striking feature of current, state‐of‐the‐art, initialized decadal hindcasts is their tendency to quickly drift away from the initialized state, with attendant loss of skill. We derive a dynamical model for such drift, and after validating it we show that including a recalibrated version of the model in a postprocessing framework is able to significantly augment the skill of initialized predictions beyond that achieved by a use of current techniques of postprocessing alone. We also show that the new methodology provides further crucial insights into issues related to initialized predictions.
Water Concentration in Single‐Crystal (Al,Fe)‐Bearing Bridgmanite Grown From the Hydrous Melt: Implications for Dehydration Melting at the Topmost Lower Mantle
Authors: Fu Suyu , Yang Jing , Karato Shun‐ichiro , Vasiliev Alexander , Presniakov Mikhail Yu. , Gavriliuk Alexander G. , Ivanova Anna G. , Hauri Erik H. , Okuchi Takuo , Purevjav Narangoo , Lin Jung‐Fu
Published: August 2019

High‐quality single‐crystals of (Al,Fe)‐bearing bridgmanite, Mg0.88 Fe3+0.065Fe2+0.035Al0.14Si0.90O3, of hundreds of micrometer size were synthesized at 24 GPa and 1800 °C in a Kawai‐type apparatus from the starting hydrous melt containing ~6.7 wt% water. Analyses of synthesized bridgmanite using petrographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy show that the crystals are chemically homogeneous and inclusion free in micrometer‐ to nanometer‐spatial resolutions. Nanosecondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) analyses on selected platelets show ~1,020(±70) ppm wt water (hydrogen). The high water concentration in the structure of bridgmanite was further confirmed using polarized and unpolarized Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses with two pronounced OH‐stretching bands at ~3,230 and ~3,460 cm−1. Our results indicate that lower‐mantle bridgmanite can accommodate relatively high amount of water. Therefore, dehydration melting at the topmost lower mantle by downward flow of transition zone materials would require water content exceeding ~0.1 wt%.
High‐Temperature Vibrational Spectra Between Mg (OH)2 and Mg (OD)2: Anharmonic Contribution to Thermodynamics and D/H Fractionation for Brucite
Authors: Zhu Xi , Guo Xinzhuan , Smyth Joseph R. , Ye Yu , Wang Xiang , Liu Dan
Published: August 2019

Brucite, Mg (OH)2, is an important analog for studying the thermodynamics of hydrous silicate minerals in the deep Earth, as well as H/D isotope fractionation between minerals and water. In this study, we measured in situ Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra for the natural and deuterated brucite samples, at high temperatures to 650 K, just before the dehydration of brucite at ambient pressure. All of the optical modes systematically shift to lower frequencies at elevated temperature, while deuterium substitution reduces the magnitudes of the temperature dependence. The isobaric mode Grüneisen parameters (γiP), as well as the intrinsic anharmonic parameters (ai), have been evaluated for the vibrational modes between Mg (OH)2 and Mg (OD)2. The anharmonic contribution to the thermodynamic properties (such as internal energy, isochoric and isothermal heat capacities, and entropy) is positive and severe at high temperature. The difference in the heat capacity is up to ~7% at 700 K due to the anharmonic effect. The deuterium isotopic effect on the thermodynamics is positive, and the magnitude of the isotopic effect is comparable to that from the anharmonic effect. On the other hand, the anharmonicity significantly decreases the magnitude of the positive pressure dependence of the D/H fractionation β factor for brucite, and this correction could be more important at elevated temperature. At the temperature of 800 K, 103·(∂lnβ/∂P)T decreases from +0.23 GPa−1 (for quasi‐harmonic approximation) to approaching zero, due to the anharmonic correction.
The Impact of Cloud Processing on the Ice Nucleation Abilities of Soot Particles at Cirrus Temperatures
Authors: Mahrt Fabian , Kilchhofer Kevin , Marcolli Claudia , Grönquist Philippe , David Robert O. , Rösch Michael , Lohmann Ulrike , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: August 2019

Soot particles are generally considered to be poor ice nucleating particles. Involvement of soot in clouds and their release back into the atmosphere can form residual particles with altered cloud forming potential. The impact and extent of such different cloud processing scenarios on ice nucleation is, however, not well understood. In this work, we present the impact of cloud processing of soot aerosols on subsequent ice nucleation cycles at T≤233 K. Coupling of two continuous flow diffusion chambers allows the simulation of different cloud processing scenarios and investigation of subsequent ice nucleation activity of the processed particles. The processing scenarios presented here encompass contrail, cirrus, and mixed‐phase cloud processing, mimicking typical pathways that soot particles can be exposed to in the atmosphere. For all scenarios tested, the processed particles showed an enhanced ice active fraction for T<233 K. The relative humidity with respect to water for the ice nucleation onset was observed to be on average approximately 10% (relative humidity with respect to ice, RHi≈16%) lower for the cloud‐processed particles compared to the unprocessed soot for which ice nucleation was observed close to or at homogeneous freezing conditions of solution droplets. We attribute the enhanced ice nucleation abilities of the cloud‐processed soot to a pore condensation and freezing mechanism and have identified key parameters governing these changes. Enhanced ice nucleation abilities of soot in cirrus clouds can have significant impacts, given the importance of the atmospheric ice phase for precipitation formation and global climate.
Tropospheric and Stratospheric Causal Pathways Between the MJO and NAO
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Samarasinghe Savini M. , Ebert‐Uphoff Imme , Furtado Jason C.
Published: August 2019

Previous work has shown that the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) can influence the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) via a Rossby wave teleconnection that propagates through the troposphere (i.e., a tropospheric pathway). In addition, recent work suggests that the MJO can influence the stratospheric polar vortex, which is also known to influence the tropospheric NAO—thus, there likely exists a stratospheric pathway for MJO influence as well. Here, we apply two methods to shed more light on the pathways linking the MJO to the NAO. First, we use a traditional approach in climate science based on analyzing conditional probabilities. Second, we use methods from causal discovery theory based on probabilistic graphical models. Together, these two analysis approaches reveal that the MJO can impact the NAO via both a tropospheric and stratospheric pathway. The stratospheric pathway is shown to come about in two ways: First, both methods show that the MJO itself influences the strength of the stratospheric polar vortex on a timescale of ∼10 days, and then 5 days later the vortex can drive changes in the NAO. Second, the state of the stratospheric polar vortex acts to condition the NAO to be conducive (or not) to MJO influence. When the vortex is in a state that opposes the expected NAO response to the MJO, we find little influence of the MJO on the NAO, however, when the vortex supports the expected NAO response, the NAO is up to 30% more likely to be in a particular state following active MJO periods.
Large Effects of Particle Size Heterogeneity on Dynamic Saltation Threshold
Authors: Zhu Wei , Huo Xinghui , Zhang Jie , Wang Peng , Pähtz Thomas , Huang Ning , He Zhiguo
Published: August 2019

Reliably predicting the geomorphology and climate of planetary bodies requires knowledge of the dynamic threshold wind shear velocity below which saltation transport ceases. Here we measure this threshold in a wind tunnel for four well‐sorted and two poorly sorted sand beds by visual means and by a method that exploits a regime shift in the behavior of the surface roughness caused by momentum transfer from the wind to the saltating particles. For our poorly sorted sands, we find that these measurement methods yield different threshold values because, at the smaller visual threshold, relatively coarse particles do not participate in saltation. We further find that both methods yield threshold values that are much larger (60–250%) for our poorly sorted sands than for our well‐sorted sands with similar median particle diameter. In particular, even a rescaling of the dynamic saltation threshold based on the 90th percentile particle diameter rather than the median diameter cannot fully capture this difference, suggesting that relatively very coarse particles have a considerable control on the dynamic threshold. Similar findings were previously reported for water‐driven sediment transport. Our findings have important implications for quantitative predictions of saltation transport‐related geophysical processes, such as dust aerosol emission.