bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased differentiation capacity and altered expression of extracellular matrix components in irradiation‐mediated senescent human breast adipose‐derived stem cells
Authors: Papadopoulou Adamantia , Kalodimou Vasiliki E. , Mavrogonatou Eleni , Karamanou Konstantina , Yiacoumettis Andreas M. , Panagiotou Petros N. , Pratsinis Harris , Kletsas Dimitris
Published: July 2022

Radiotherapy is widely used for the treatment of breast cancer. However, we have shown that ionizing radiation can provoke premature senescence in breast stromal cells. In particular, breast stromal fibroblasts can become senescent after irradiation both in vitro and in vivo and they express an inflammatory phenotype and an altered profile of extracellular matrix components, thus facilitating tumor progression. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) represent another major component of the breast tissue stroma. They are multipotent cells and due to their ability to differentiate in multiple cell lineages they play an important role in tissue maintenance and repair in normal and pathologic conditions. Here, we investigated the characteristics of human breast ASCs that became senescent prematurely after their exposure to ionizing radiation. We found decreased expression levels of the specific mesenchymal cell surface markers CD105, CD73, CD44, and CD90. In parallel, we demonstrated a significantly reduced expression of transcription factors regulating osteogenic (i.e., RUNX2), adipogenic (i.e., PPARγ), and chondrogenic (i.e., SOX9) differentiation; this was followed by an analogous reduction in their differentiation capacity. Furthermore, they overexpress inflammatory markers, that is, IL‐6, IL‐8, and ICAM‐1, and a catabolic phenotype, marked by the reduction of collagen type I and the increase of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 expression. Finally, we detected changes in proteoglycan expression, for example, the upregulation of syndecan 1 and syndecan 4 and the downregulation of decorin. Notably, all these alterations, when observed in the breast stroma, represent poor prognostic factors for tumor development. In conclusion, we showed that ionizing radiation‐mediated prematurely senescent human breast ASCs have a decreased differentiation potential and express specific changes adding to the formation of a permissive environment for tumor growth.
Neuroprotective effect of quercetin against rotenone‐induced neuroinflammation and alterations in mice behavior
Authors: Jain Juli , Hasan Whidul , Biswas Pronit , Yadav Rajesh S. , Jat Deepali
Published: July 2022

Various studies suggested that neuroinflammation leads to the development of several neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Rotenone is an organic pesticide and potent inhibitor of complex I of electron transport chain widely used to develop the PD model. Numerous studies reported rotenone toxicity in the dopaminergic system but very few studies are available on rotenone‐induced glial cell activation and subsequent neurodegeneration and alterations in various types of behavior. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the effect of rotenone on neuroinflammation and its deleterious effect on the behavior of mice, and also how these effects can be protected through quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid having strong antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, is found in vegetables and fruits. The finding of the study indicated that rotenone 5 mg/kg body weight for 60 days through oral gavage leads to the release of inflammatory markers in blood serum, astrocytes activation in substantia nigra and hippocampus, and subsequently decreased density of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum. Rotenone also altered the memory of the mice as indicated by decreased spontaneous alteration in Y‐maze and T‐maze tests and reduction in exploration time in novel object recognition, increased immobility time in the forced swim test and reduced muscular strength. Co‐treatment of quercetin 30 mg/kg/day through oral gavage for 60 days along with rotenone significantly reversed all these adverse effects, suggesting that quercetin could reduce neuroinflammation, and improve memory, and cognitive function.
Personality traits and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder among dental residents during COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Metz Margot , Whitehill Rachel , Alraqiq Hosam M.
Published: July 2022

Purpose/objectives

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has presented mental health challenges among healthcare professionals, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have examined PTSD predictors in dental settings. This cross‐sectional study aimed to describe the relationship between personality traits and PTSD symptoms among US dental residents engaged in patient care during the pandemic.

Methods

An online survey was administered to residents in advanced education in general dentistry, dental anesthesia, general practice residency, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and pediatric dentistry programs between September 2020 and April 2021. The survey included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Big Five Inventory, and the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Logistic regression models, analysis of variance, and Tukey tests were used to examine the association between variables and PTSD scores and assess differences in personality traits and PTSD by specialty.

Results

Among 149 respondents (mean age = 29.9 ± 4.9 years; 57.0% female), 53.7% reported experiencing stress during the pandemic. Many residents (38.9%) were not aware of available mental health resources. A total of 17.4% of residents met the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, but only 1.3% reported a previous PTSD diagnosis. The most significant predictors of PTSD were neuroticism (odds ratio = 2.90, p = 0.046) and stress unrelated to the resident's program role during the pandemic (odds ratio = 5.88, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

PTSD symptoms were highly prevalent among dental residents, with stress and neuroticism being the most significant predictors.
Changes of cerebellar cortex in a valproic acid‐induced rat model of autism
Authors: Alpay Meltem , Yucel Ferruh
Published: July 2022

In this study, 32 male Sprague–Dawley rats (8 for each group) were used in total to examine the effects of valproic acid on rat cerebellum. It was determined that the experimental group received valproic acid (600 mg/kg) on embryonic day 15 and postnatal day 11, whereas the control group was treated with saline on the same days. Moreover, on the postnatal 30th day, the cerebellums of all pups were removed and prepared for light and electron microscopy. The numerical density of granule cells in the cerebellum of experimental groups of rats increased, whereas the numerical density of Purkinje cells decreased. Furthermore, the granule cells had a smaller mean nuclear diameter in one of the experimental groups, while the Purkinje cells had in both experimental groups than those in the comparison group. Thus, the numerical density of synaptic disks and their mean diameter in the cerebellar granular layer of experimental groups were significantly decreased compared to the corresponding controls; also, the synapse‐to‐neurons ratio, a parameter indicating interneural connectivity, was the same. Consequently, it was seen that valproic acid administration to pups in prenatal or early postnatal days causes changes in number of neurons and synapses in the cerebellum of rats.
Air pollutant removal by four sidewalk tree species in the largest city in Taiwan
Authors: Ku Po‐Jung , Chang Chung‐Te , Jien Shih‐Hao , Hseu Zeng‐Yei , Lin Teng‐Chiu
Published: July 2022

Air pollutants pose risks to human health, especially in densely populated cities. We compared the interception of suspended particles and metal elements by four sidewalk tree species with different leaf surface wettability (based on contact angle), leaf area, and phenology in Taipei, Taiwan. Suspended particles were enriched 2.0‒2.5 times in throughfall relative to rainfall due to wash‐off of suspended particles deposited on leaf surfaces during rainless periods. The enrichment in throughfall was greater in tree species with larger leaf areas. Despite greater concentrations of suspended particles in rainfall during the low‐leaf‐area period, enrichment was greater in the high‐leaf‐area period, indicating that leaf area was a key factor affecting canopy interception of pollutants. Throughfall enrichment of suspended particles positively correlated with water quantity, indicating that air pollutants intercepted by tree canopies were not fully washed off by rainfall. Annually, ∼830 g of suspended particles were intercepted and washed off from one tree canopy, with a crown area of 42 m2. Scaling up, a rough estimate of 72.7 Mg of suspended particles were intercepted annually by the 90,000 sidewalk trees in Taipei City. Copper, chromium, and aluminum were enriched in throughfall compared with rainfall. However, lead was depleted in throughfall, indicating greater interception than wash‐off. Based on our results, leaf area and length of foliated period are key characteristics affecting canopy interception of particulate matter and associated metal elements, whereas leaf surface wettability is of secondary importance.
Synthesis and characterization of the novel heteroannulated chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines and chromeno[2,3‐d][1,3]thiazolo[3,2‐a] pyrimidines
Authors: Ibrahim Magdy A.
Published: July 2022

2‐Amino‐6,8‐dibromo‐7‐hydroxychromone‐3‐carboxamide (2) was synthesized and utilized as synthetic intermediate for the synthesis of novel heteroannulated chromones namely chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidines and chromeno[2,3‐d][1,3]thiazolo [3,2‐a]pyrimidines. Condensation of carboxamide 2 with formic acid, acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, isonicotinic acid, diethyl carbonate, and carbon disulfide furnished the novel chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives, respectively. Reaction of 7,9‐dibromo‐8‐hydroxy‐2‐thioxo‐2H‐chromeno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐4,5(1H,3H)‐dione (8) with some bielectrophilic reagents afforded the first known chromeno[2,3‐d] [1, 3] thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidines, respectively. Spectral and analytical data confirmed the structures of the new synthesized products.
The relationship between hard and soft tissue structures of the eye in extant lizards
Authors: Yamashita Momo , Tsuihiji Takanobu
Published: July 2022

The sizes of the eye structures, such as the lens diameter and the axial length, are important factors for the visual performance and are considered to be related to the mode of life. Although the size of these soft structures cannot be directly observed in fossil taxa, such information may be obtained from measuring size and morphology of the bony scleral ossicle ring, which is present in the eyes of extant saurospids, excluding crocodiles and snakes, and is variously preserved in fossil taxa. However, there have been only a few studies investigating the relationships between the size, the scleral ossicle ring, and soft structures of the eye. We investigated such relationships among the eye structures in extant Squamata, to establish the basis for inferring the size of the soft structures in the eye in fossil squamates. Three‐dimensional morphological data on the eye and head region of 59 lizard species covering most major clades were collected using micro‐computed tomography scanners. Strong correlations were found between the internal and external diameters of the scleral ossicle ring and soft structures. The tight correlations found here will allow reliable estimations of the sizes of soft structures and inferences on the visual performance and mode of life in fossil squamates, based on the diameters of their preserved scleral ossicle rings. Furthermore, the comparison of the allometric relationships between structures in squamates eyes with those in avian eyes suggest the possibility that the similarities of these structures closely reflect the mechanism of accommodation.
Dynamics of nasopharyngeal tract phageome and association with disease severity and age of patients during three waves of COVID‐19
Authors: Ferravante Carlo , Arslan‐Gatz Berin S. , Dell'Annunziata Federica , Palumbo Domenico , Lamberti Jessica , Alexandrova Elena , Di Rosa Domenico , Strianese Oriana , Giordano Alessandro , Palo Luigi , Giurato Giorgio , Salzano Francesco A. , Galdiero Massimiliano , Weisz Alessandro , Franci Gianluigi , Rizzo Francesca , Folliero Veronica
Published: July 2022

In December 2019, several patients were hospitalized and diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, which subsequently led to a global pandemic. To date, there are no studies evaluating the relationship between the respiratory phageome and the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The current study investigated the phageome profiles in the nasopharyngeal swabs collected from 55 patients during the three different waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). Data obtained from the taxonomic profiling show that phage families belonging to the order Caudovirales have a high abundance in the patient samples. Moreover, the severity of the COVID‐19 infection seems to be correlated with the phage abundance.
Where predatory and mainstream journals differ: A study of language and linguistics journals
Authors: Nejadghanbar Hassan , Hu Guangwei
Published: July 2022

This study examined editorial differences between potential predatory and mainstream journals in the discipline of language and linguistics. A keyword search of the relevant journals on Beall's updated list of potential predatory journals led to a sample of 66 journals. An equal number of journals were selected from those indexed by Web of Science (WoS) via stratified random sampling. Analyses showed that the two groups of journals did not differ in terms of certain publication frequencies, mean number of annual articles, mention of peer review time, availability of the author guides and aims/scope sections, absence of editorial boards, mean number of editorial board numbers, article processing charge (APC) for open access, claimed indexation by ERIC and DOAJ and availability of ISSNs. However, these two groups of journals differed markedly in terms of contact information, years of editorial activity, certain publication frequencies, specialized focus, mention of acceptance rate, mean peer review time, claimed adoption of peer review, submission mode, listing of editors‐in‐chief, relevance of their expertise, mean number of editors, relevance of the editorial board members' expertise, mean APC, claimed indexation by Google Scholar/Scopus/WoS, reporting of fake impact factors, provision of Index Copernicus Value, claimed COPE membership, availability of ethical guidelines and various policies and existence of DOIs. These differences can be used as warning signs that a journal may not be legitimate.
Multiple Responsiveness of Polymer Actuators
Authors: Yang Ziyue , Huang Wei , Zhang Lidong
Published: July 2022

To improve photosensitivity of polymer materials, an effective protocol is to increase the content of photosensitive moieties. However, most of photosensitive units are toxic. The high content is not acceptable for real‐world applications. Therefore, achieving photosensitive polymers with low content of photosensitive moieties but maintaining their photosensitivity remains a challenge. Herein, a protocol is reported to address this challenge by combining photosensitive monomers with hygroscopic monomers, where the synergistic action of two types of functional moieties can improve the photosensitivity of polymer network. Upon exposure to light irradiation, the polymer can be driven by not only the structural isomerization of photosensitive units, but also the photothermal effects. This synergistic effect results in the polymer‐based soft actuators capable of showing rapid response to light even at the extremely‐low content of photosensitive moieties of 2.6 mol.%. Importantly, the combination of hygroscopic and photosensitive moieties provides polymer with multiple responsiveness including acidochromism, humidity responsiveness, photohardening, shape memory, photochromism, and in situ swelling, making it useful in sensing systems, information transmission, and artificial muscles.
Changing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diagnostic criteria: Will it impact clinical trials?
Authors: Shefner Jeremy M.
Published: July 2022

See article on pages 397‐403 in this issue
A methodology to control numerical dissipation characteristics of velocity based time discontinuous Galerkin space‐time finite element method
Authors: Sharma Vikas , Fujisawa Kazunori , Murakami Akira , Sasakawa Shuto
Published: July 2022

Direct time integration schemes are an integral part of the FEM simulation of structural dynamics problems. Such schemes should be at least second‐order accurate, unconditionally stable, and numerically dissipates the high‐frequency components. To this end, this article develops a time integration scheme, called modified v‐ST/FEM, which is based on the time‐discontinuous Galerkin method. The proposed method employs an unsymmetric triangular bubble function for relating the displacement field to the velocity field. The modified v‐ST/FEM contains two‐parameter and for controlling the dissipation of high‐frequency components. A comprehensive study of the influence of and on the numerical performance of the proposed method is conducted. It is found that the error in the solution increases when the value of increases. However, for all practical purposes, has a negligible influence on the accuracy of the proposed method. The modified v‐ST/FEM is second‐order accurate for , and third‐order accurate for . The numerical efficacy of the modified v‐ST/FEM is demonstrated by solving some benchmark problems and comparing its result to those obtained by other popular methods such as Trapezoidal rule, HHT‐, and Bathe's scheme.
Ru/C‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aqueous Glycolic Acid from Microalgae – Influence of pH and Biologically Relevant Additives
Authors: Harth Florian M. , Celis Joran , Taubert Anja , Rössler Sonja , Wagner Heiko , Goepel Michael , Wilhelm Christian , Gläser Roger
Published: July 2022

Ethylene glycol (EG) is obtained by a novel, two‐step approach combining a biotechnological and a heterogeneously catalyzed step. First, microalgae are cultivated to photobiocatalytically yield glycolic acid (GA) by means of photosynthesis from CO2 and water. GA is continuously excreted into the surrounding medium. In the second step, the GA‐containing algal medium is used as feedstock for catalytic reduction with H2 to EG over a Ru/C catalyst. The present study focuses on the conversion of an authentic algae‐derived GA solution. After identification of the key characteristics of the algal medium (compared to pure aqueous GA), the influence of pH, numerous salt additives, pH buffers and other relevant organic molecules on the catalytic GA reduction was investigated. Nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organic molecules can strongly inhibit the reaction. Moreover, pH adjustment by acidification is required, for which H2SO4 is found most suitable. In combination with a modification of the biotechnological process to mitigate the use of inhibitory compounds, and after acidifying the algal medium, over Ru/C a EG yield of up to 21 % even at non‐optimized reaction conditions was achieved.
Development of Rapid and Facile Solid‐Phase Synthesis of PROTACs via a Variety of Binding Styles
Authors: Xu Hanqiao , Kurohara Takashi , Takano Reina , Yokoo Hidetomo , Shibata Norihito , Ohoka Nobumichi , Inoue Takao , Naito Mikihiko , Demizu Yosuke
Published: July 2022

Optimizing linker design is important for ensuring efficient degradation activity of proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Therefore, developing a straightforward synthetic approach that combines the protein‐of‐interest ligand (POI ligand) and the ligand for E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3 ligand) in various binding styles through a linker is essential for rapid PROTAC syntheses. Herein, a solid‐phase approach for convenient PROTAC synthesis is presented. We designed azide intermediates with different linker lengths to which the E3 ligand, pomalidomide, is attached and performed facile PROTACs synthesis by forming triazole, amide, and urea bonds from the intermediates.
Best practices and emerging trends in assessment of trauma in students with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Michna George A. , Trudel Sierra M. , Bray Melissa A. , Reinhardt Jessica , Dirsmith Jessica , Theodore Lea , Zhou Zheng , Patel Ishani , Jones Paul , Gilbert Matthew L.
Published: July 2022

Children and adolescents with autism have a higher likelihood of being exposed to bullying, abuse, and sexual assault which, through repeated exposure, has been demonstrated to impede academic, social, and physical functioning among this population. However, the complexity of unpacking the characteristics of autism and trauma can pose a challenge for school psychologists in using the most appropriate clinical method of intervention. This paper summarizes the co‐occurrence of autism and trauma in an effort to better inform practitioners and recommends the need for valid and reliable assessments that measure adverse experiences for children with autism. A practitioner assessment guide of childhood trauma and autism spectrum disorder is also provided to facilitate a comprehensive assessment process. We conclude that there is a pressing need for more research examining the relationship between autism and trauma by better understanding the relationship of these constructs, and for the development of more effective assessments to provide more evidence‐based interventions.
Correlations between objective and self‐reported step count adherence following total knee replacement: A longitudinal repeated‐measures cohort study
Authors: Duong Vicky , Dennis Simone , Ferreira Manuela L. , Nicolson Philippa , O’Connell Rachel , Robbins Sarah R. , Wang Xia , Hunter David J.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To determine how physically active individuals are following total knee replacement (TKR) and how accurately they self‐report their step count adherence compared to objective measure following TKR.

Methods

Observational cohort study, nested within the PATHway randomised‐clinical trial. Participants (n = 102) who had recently undergone TKR were recruited for the main trial. Only participant data from the intervention group were used for this study (n = 51). Participants in the intervention group received an activity tracker to monitor their physical activity and fortnightly health‐coaching sessions for 3 months. Adherence was objectively measured as percentage of steps completed divided by the amount prescribed by the health coach. Participants were asked to self‐report their adherence on a 1–10 numerical rating scale during health coaching sessions.

Results

Data from 44 participants were available, resulting in a total of 224 paired measurements. Participant step count increased over the first 8 weeks of follow‐up, and plateaued from 8 weeks onwards at approximately 7500 steps/day. About two‐thirds (65.8%) of participants accurately self‐reported their step count adherence up until 12 weeks, the remaining one‐third (34.2%) underestimated their adherence. Paired t‐tests demonstrated statistically significant differences between the paired measurements from weeks 2 to 10.

Discussion

Participants were generally active and completed the step goal most occasions. Two‐thirds accurately self‐reported their step goal adherence. Self‐reported measures should be combined with an objective measure of adherence for greater accuracy. A further understanding of how people engage with activity trackers can be used to promote behaviour change in physiotherapy‐led interventions.
Optimizing of Submerged Entry Nozzle for Bloom Continuous Casting Based on Physical and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Wang Pu , Tie Zhanpeng , Xiao Hong , Zhu Jingliang , Tang Haiyan , Zhang Jiaquan
Published: July 2022

Herein, a physical model with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:1 and a 3D numerical model of macrosegregation are established to study the initial metallurgy behavior of the 410 mm × 530 mm section bloom continuous casting (CC). The results show that the average wave height, liquid surface velocity, and washing velocity of the five‐port nozzle are greater than those of the straight nozzle, but the center temperature and the temperature gradient at the solidification front are lower. Meanwhile, the diagonally installed five‐port nozzle can avoid the excessive washing effect under the orthogonally installed five‐port nozzle, which improves the minimum subsurface negative segregation index, which is increased from 0.753 to 0.802. For the Steel 45 bloom CC process, when the straight nozzle is changed to the diagonally installed five‐port nozzle, the length of the equiaxed crystal zone is increased from 97.5 to 198.5 mm, and the asymmetry of the solidification structure is improved.
Construction Building Materials as a Potential for Structural Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Basha Shaik Inayath , Shah Syed Shaheen , Ahmad Shamsad , Maslehuddin Mohammed , Al‐Zahrani Mesfer M. , Aziz Md. Abdul
Published: July 2022

Emerging demands to achieve zero carbon emissions and develop renewable energy resources necessitate the development of appropriate energy storage systems. To achieve this, several alternatives to conventional energy storage devices, such as Li‐ion batteries or capacitors to more sustainable and scalable energy storage systems, are being explored. Supercapacitors, possess unique characteristics that include high power, long life, and environmental‐friendly design. They may be used to bridge the energy‐power gap between typical capacitors and fuel cells/batteries. Recently, structural supercapacitors being capable of storing electrochemical energy besides bearing mechanical load have caught the attention of researchers. As such, efforts have been made worldwide to study both the fundamental and applied aspects of structural supercapacitors. Further, the possibility of using construction materials for interdisciplinary applications is being studied because they are relatively cheap and easily available. Thus, construction materials can be considered as potential candidates for the development of structural supercapacitors. Herein an overview on the use of construction materials, such as Portland cement concrete, geopolymer concrete, and bricks, as a component of structural supercapacitors has been presented.
Trans‐sinus fixation for correction of deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (Caracara plancus)
Authors: Marchio Maria Ângela Panelli , Magalhães Thaís Vendramini , Minto Bruno Watanabe , Dias Luís Gustavo Gosuen Gonçalves
Published: July 2022

Introduction

For birds of prey, the integrity of the beak is extremely important for defence, hygiene, socialization and especially, feeding. This paper describes successful trans‐sinus fixation of a lateral deviation of the mandible in a hawk (Caracara plancus).

Case report

The patient was presented with malnutrition and dehydration due to severe left lateral deviation of gnathotheca, with significant malocclusion. Fixation was performed with a 1.0‐mm pin and 0.4‐mm cerclage, applying contralateral traction to the deviation. The placement of the cerclage enabled full opening of the beak to allow feeding in the postoperative period. At 21 days after surgery, occlusion was perfect and the patient had recovered normal beak function. When clinical follow‐up indicated that the bird would be able to survive in the wild, it was released.

Conclusion

Trans‐sinus fixation was effective in correcting lateral deviation of the gnathotheca in a hawk (C. plancus).
Youth gamers and their collaborative 21st‐century leadership skills
Authors: Hewett Katherine J. E.
Published: July 2022

Video games are known to be engaging affinity spaces for youth gamers but how do they develop leadership skills? In order to explore a bridge between high school and college leadership competencies, it is beneficial to reflect on how they align with the collaborative leadership skills of classroom gamers. This article will explore how video games can be utilized to teach student leadership competencies (SLCs) and provide integration ideas for practitioners.
Who Defines Land Tenure Security? De Jure and De Facto Institutions
Authors: Robinson Brian E. , Diop Moustapha
Published: July 2022

Many land tenure situations are not necessarily defined and adjudicated by governments, that is, at a statutory level. In some cases, these may be defined by a local community and be upheld and resolved locally. This chapter reviews how de jure land rights (those defined by law) and de facto land rights (the “on the ground” and sometimes implicit rights or management activities, sometimes referred to as customary or traditional rights) differ. We examine how land tenure insecurity can plague both these cases and argue that making de jure and de facto situations congruent is necessary for a path toward a more sustainable future.
Tenure Security in War-Affected Scenarios: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainability
Authors: Unruh Jon , Shalaby Mourad
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes the role of land rights and tenure security in war-affected scenarios. Because armed conflict and tenure security both operate in the domain of spatial relationships between people, the connection between them is acutely intimate. War-torn land tenure scenarios are unique in their combination of a weakened and chaotic formal (statutory) system, vigorous but very fluid informal tenure activity, along with the presence of political demands regarding land, and international actors that have a large interest and influence in the direction of recovery. While this combination carries risks, it also represents real opportunity for practical and policy reform in support of tenure security and sustainability. Subsequent to a review of the land tenure security issues that emerge prior to, during, and after armed conflict, the chapter describes how certain forms of post-conflict land rights recovery can support tenure security and contribute to long-term sustainability. The chapter presents the case of Afghanistan to highlight the issues of conflict and tenure security.
Introduction: What Sort of Past Does Our Future Need?
Authors: Izdebski Adam , Haldon John , Filipkowski Piotr
Published: July 2022

In this short introduction we set out the aims of the volume, which represents the fruits of two seminars held in the autumn of 2020. The chapters respond to one big thematic issue: how to research and understand historical societal resilience; and one big question: what sort of past does the future need? They attempt to address these through three linked themes: can history be made more relevant to modern policy in respect of environmental and climate challenges? To what extent do our various sources indicate awareness and management of risk and/or the implementation of mitigating strategies in the past? And how can we identify ‘resilience’ in the social praxis of historical agents?
A Perfect Tsunami? El Nino, War and Resilience on Aceh, Sumatra
Authors: Kreike Emmanuel
Published: July 2022

The history of Aceh, Indonesia highlights societies’ resilience and vulnerability in the face of natural and human-made disasters. A multi-scalar, qualitative and quantitative analysis of land use changes in nineteenth century Greater Aceh by using GIS analysis, highlights that processes may play out differently at the system and subsystem levels. At the system’s meso and micro levels, the episodic and the structural violence of war, climate anomalies, and tsunamis wiped out entire communities and families of people, animals, and plants while at the macro scale Aceh society showed remarkable resilience. Greater Aceh’s case also suggests that the impact of war through population displacement and the destruction of such environmental infrastructure as homes, villages, orchards, and irrigated fields while less immediately and directly destructive than such episodic events as the devastating 2004 tsunami, nevertheless may have a comparable impact because the events are more sustained and cumulative over a timeframe of years and decades.
Data Science and Earth System Science
Authors: zu Castell Wolfgang , Ruhnke Roland , Bouwer Laurens M. , Brix Holger , Dietrich Peter , Dransch Doris , Frickenhaus Stephan , Greinert Jens , Petzold Andreas
Published: July 2022

Data-driven science has turned into a fourth fundamental paradigm of performing research. Earth System Science, following a holistic approach in unraveling the complex network of processes and interactions shaping system Earth, particularly profits from embracing data-driven approaches next to observation and modeling. At the end, increasing digitalization of Earth sciences will lead to cultural transformation towards a Digital Earth Culture.
Data Analysis and Exploration with Computational Approaches
Authors: Wichert Viktoria , Bouwer Laurens M. , Abraham Nicola , Brix Holger , Callies Ulrich , González Ávalos Everardo , Marien Lennart Christopher , Matthias Volker , Michaelis Patrick , Rabe Daniela , Rechid Diana , Ruhnke Roland , Scharun Christian , Valizadeh Mahyar , Vlasenko Andrey , zu Castell Wolfgang
Published: July 2022

Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly applied in Earth system research, for improving data analysis, and model performance, and eventually system understanding. In the Digital Earth project, several ML approaches have been tested and applied, and are discussed in this chapter. These include data analysis using supervised learning and classification for detection of river levees and underwater ammunition; process estimation of methane emissions and for environmental health; point-to-space extrapolation of varying observed quantities; anomaly and event detection in spatial and temporal geoscientific datasets. We present the approaches and results, and finally, we provide some conclusions on the broad applications of these computational data exploration methods and approaches.
Evaluating the Success of the Digital Earth Project
Authors: Bouwer Laurens M. , Rechid Diana , Fritzsch Bernadette , Henkel Daniela , Kalbacher Thomas , Köckeritz Werner , Ruhnke Roland
Published: July 2022

The Digital Earth project aims at a strong interrelation between Data and Earth Science and a step-change in implementing data science methods within Earth science research. During the project, the progress of interdisciplinary collaboration and adoption of data science methods has been measured and assessed with the goal to trace the success of the project. This chapter provides the set-up of this evaluation and the results from two online questionnaires that were held after the start and before the end of the project.
Quality Assurance and Design-Time Optimization
Authors: Kumara Indika , Lazzaro Alfio , Mujkanovic Nina , Vasileiou Zoe , Tamburri Damian A.
Published: July 2022

Heterogeneous applications are getting more and more complex, making the authoring of their deployment models an error-prone and demanding task. Heterogeneous resources also make performance optimization of applications complex. In this chapter, we will present the quality assurance and application optimization support of the SODALITE framework, which offers the capabilities for verifying deployment models, detecting bugs and smells in them, and optimizing application components for specific hardware resources. This chapter discusses how the above-mentioned capabilities of the SODALITE framework can be used to develop optimized, defect-free deployment models.
Toward Impact Generation and Future Research
Authors: Pita Costa Joao , Di Nitto Elisabetta , Kumara Indika
Published: July 2022

This book has presented the main results developed by the SODALITE project, some examples of models an end-user can develop for the purpose of exploiting the SODALITE deployment and operation features, and the three specific case studies that have been used as first experimental playground for the approach. In this chapter we wrap up by first providing an overview of how the SODALITE results are being packaged in ready-to-use tools and then discussing about future research challenges.
On The Two-Dimensional Stokes Problem in Exterior Domains: The Maximum Modulus Theorem
Authors: Maremonti Paolo
Published: July 2022

The two-dimensional Stokes IBVP on $$(0,T)\times \Omega $$

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∞

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and $$(v_0,\nabla \phi )=0$$

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=
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for all $$\phi \in L^1_{\ell oc}(\Omega )$$

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∈

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with $$\nabla \phi \in L^1(\Omega )$$

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. The well-posedeness in $$L^\infty ((0,T)\times \Omega )$$

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Ω
)

and the maximum modulus theorem are achieved, in particular one deduces that the Stokes semigroup on $$L^\infty (\Omega )$$

L
∞

(
Ω
)

is a bounded analytic semigroup.
Association of Intravenous Thrombolysis with Delayed Reperfusion After Incomplete Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Mujanovic Adnan , Kammer Christoph , Kurmann Christoph C. , Grunder Lorenz , Beyeler Morin , Lang Matthias F. , Piechowiak Eike I. , Meinel Thomas R. , Jung Simon , Almiri William , Pilgram-Pastor Sara , Hoffmann Angelika , Seiffge David J. , Heldner Mirjam R. , Dobrocky Tomas , Mordasini Pasquale , Arnold Marcel , Gralla Jan , Fischer Urs , Kaesmacher Johannes
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Treatment of distal vessel occlusions causing incomplete reperfusion after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is debated. We hypothesized that pretreatment with intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) may facilitate delayed reperfusion (DR) of residual vessel occlusions causing incomplete reperfusion after MT.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of patients with incomplete reperfusion after MT, defined as extended thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (eTICI) 2a–2c, and available perfusion follow-up imaging at 24 ± 12 h after MT. DR was defined as absence of any perfusion deficit on time-sensitive perfusion maps, indicating the absence of any residual occlusion. The association of IVT with the occurrence of DR was evaluated using a logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders. Sensitivity analyses based on IVT timing (time between IVT start and the occurrence incomplete reperfusion following MT) were performed.

Results

In 368 included patients (median age 73.7 years, 51.1% female), DR occurred in 225 (61.1%). Atrial fibrillation, higher eTICI grade, better collateral status and longer intervention-to-follow-up time were all associated with DR. IVT did not show an association with the occurrence of DR (aOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.44–1.46, even in time-sensitive strata, aOR 2.28 [95% CI 0.65–9.23] and aOR 1.53 [95% CI 0.52–4.73] for IVT to incomplete reperfusion following MT timing <80 and <100 min, respectively).

Conclusion

A DR occurred in 60% of patients with incomplete MT at ~24 h and did not seem to occur more often in patients receiving pretreatment IVT. Further research on potential associations of IVT and DR after MT is required.
Attention-based domain adaptation for single-stage detectors
Authors: Vidit Vidit , Salzmann Mathieu
Published: July 2022

While domain adaptation has been used to improve the performance of object detectors when the training and test data follow different distributions, previous work has mostly focused on two-stage detectors. This is because their use of region proposals makes it possible to perform local adaptation, which has been shown to significantly improve the adaptation effectiveness. Here, by contrast, we target single-stage architectures, which are better suited to resource-constrained detection than two-stage ones but do not provide region proposals. To nonetheless benefit from the strength of local adaptation, we introduce an attention mechanism that lets us identify the important regions on which adaptation should focus. Our method gradually adapts the features from global, image level to local, instance level. Our approach is generic and can be integrated into any Single-Shot Detector. We demonstrate this on standard benchmark datasets by applying it to both the single-shot detector (SSD) and a recent variant of the You Only Look Once detector (YOLOv5). Furthermore, for equivalent single-stage architectures, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art domain adaptation techniques even though they were designed for specific detectors.
Comparison concept and quality metrics for GNSS antenna calibrations
Authors: Kersten Tobias , Kröger Johannes , Schön Steffen
Published: July 2022

Precise values for absolute receiver antenna phase centre corrections (PCC) are one prerequisite for high-quality GNSS applications. Currently, antenna calibrations are performed by different institutes using a robot in the field or in an anechoic chamber. The differences between the antenna patterns are significant and require a sound comparison concept and a detailed study to quantify the impact on geodetic parameters, such as station coordinates, zenith wet delays (ZWDs) or receiver clock estimates. Furthermore, a discussion on acceptable pattern uncertainties is needed. Therefore, a comparison strategy for receiver antenna calibration values is presented using a set of individually and absolutely calibrated Leica AR25 antennas from the European Permanent Network (EPN), both from the robot (Geo++ company) and from the chamber approach (University of Bonn). Newly developed scalar metrics and their benefits are highlighted and discussed in relation to further structural analysis. With our metrics, properties of 25 patterns pairs (robot/chamber) could be used to successfully assign seven individual groups. The impact of PCC on the estimated parameters depends on the PCC structure, its sampling by the satellite distribution and the applied processing parameters. A regional sub-network of the EPN is analysed using the double difference (DD) and the precise point positioning (PPP) methods. For DD, depending on the antenna category differences in the estimated parameters between 1 and 12 mm are identified also affecting the ZWDs. For PPP, the consistency of the observables, i.e. potential differences in the reference point of carrier phase and code observations, additionally affects the distribution among the different parameters and residuals.
Effective Mass Theorems with Bloch Modes Crossings
Authors: Chabu Victor , Fermanian Kammerer Clotilde , Macià Fabricio
Published: July 2022

We study a Schrödinger equation modeling the dynamics of an electron in a crystal in the asymptotic regime of small wave-length comparable to the characteristic scale of the crystal. Using Floquet Bloch decomposition, we obtain a description of the limit of time averaged energy densities. We make a rather general assumption assuming that the initial data are uniformly bounded in a high order Sobolev spaces and that the crossings between Bloch modes are at worst conical. We show that despite the singularity they create, conical crossing do not trap the energy and do not prevent dispersion. We also investigate the interactions between modes that can occurred when there are some degenerate crossings between Bloch bands.
Studying the Parkinson’s disease metabolome and exposome in biological samples through different analytical and cheminformatics approaches: a pilot study
Authors: Talavera Andújar Begoña , Aurich Dagny , Aho Velma T. E. , Singh Randolph R. , Cheng Tiejun , Zaslavsky Leonid , Bolton Evan E. , Mollenhauer Brit , Wilmes Paul , Schymanski Emma L.
Published: July 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, with an increasing incidence in recent years due to the aging population. Genetic mutations alone only explain <10% of PD cases, while environmental factors, including small molecules, may play a significant role in PD. In the present work, 22 plasma (11 PD, 11 control) and 19 feces samples (10 PD, 9 control) were analyzed by non-target high-resolution mass spectrometry (NT-HRMS) coupled to two liquid chromatography (LC) methods (reversed-phase (RP) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)). A cheminformatics workflow was optimized using open software (MS-DIAL and patRoon) and open databases (all public MSP-formatted spectral libraries for MS-DIAL, PubChemLite for Exposomics, and the LITMINEDNEURO list for patRoon). Furthermore, five disease-specific databases and three suspect lists (on PD and related disorders) were developed, using PubChem functionality to identifying relevant unknown chemicals. The results showed that non-target screening with the larger databases generally provided better results compared with smaller suspect lists. However, two suspect screening approaches with patRoon were also good options to study specific chemicals in PD. The combination of chromatographic methods (RP and HILIC) as well as two ionization modes (positive and negative) enhanced the coverage of chemicals in the biological samples. While most metabolomics studies in PD have focused on blood and cerebrospinal fluid, we found a higher number of relevant features in feces, such as alanine betaine or nicotinamide, which can be directly metabolized by gut microbiota. This highlights the potential role of gut dysbiosis in PD development.
Influence of meat batter addition in ground beef on structural properties and quality parameters
Authors: Berger Lisa M. , Gibis Monika , Witte Franziska , Terjung Nino , Weiss Jochen
Published: July 2022

The determination of the amount of non-intact cells (ANIC) in ground beef products is usually performed using a time-consuming and subjective histometric approach neglecting structural properties, which is why more objective and faster methods including evaluation of quality parameters are needed. To determine, whether the addition of meat batter increases the histologically determined ANIC ground beef samples containing increasing shares of meat batter (non-intact cells) were investigated histologically and results were compared to other methodological approaches, namely lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH), soluble protein content, metmyoglobin content, drip loss, firmness, and cooking loss. Histological measurements showed that ANIC increased linearly with the addition of meat batter to ground beef. The quality parameters drip loss (r = − 0.834, p < 0.01) and firmness (r = − 0.499, p < 0.01), and the structural parameter metmyoglobin content (r = 0.924, p < 0.01) revealed significant correlations with the amount of added meat batter, and detected differences between ground beef samples when the difference in the amount of added batter-like-substance was ≥ 25%. Therefore, those methods might be useful to estimate and extrapolate ANIC, and assess product quality of ground beef samples in a faster and simpler way. The cooking loss was not affected by meat batter addition, whereas LDH activity revealed non-repeatable results. Taken together, histometric methods are useful to measure ANIC, nevertheless, it is limited in terms of characterization of morphological and structural changes in the meat. However, other parameters were correlated and could, in addition, be used for assessing the quality of ground meat.