bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stable Field Emission from Layered MoS2 Nanosheets in High Vacuum and Observation of 1/f Noise
Authors: Kashid Ranjit V. , Joag Pracheetee D. , Thripuranthaka M. , Rout Chandra S. , Late Dattatray J. , More Mahendra A.
Published: April 2015

Field emission and current noise of hydrothermally synthesized MoS2 nanosheets are investigated in ultra-high-vacuum and industrially suited high-vacuum conditions. The study reveals that the emission turn-on field is pressure dependent. Moreover, the MoS2 nanosheets exhibit more stable field-electron emission in high-vacuum than in ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The investigations on field-emission current fluctuations show features of 1/f-type noise in ultra-high-vacuum and high-vacuum conditions, attributed to adsorption and desorption processes. The post-field-emission results indicate the MoS2 nanosheets are a robust field emitter in high-vacuum conditions.
La zona gris. Algunas notas sobre La norma de la filosofía, de J.L. Moreno Pestaña
Authors: Castro Sánchez Álvaro
Published: April 2015

Este texto de compone de una serie de notas críticas a modo de nota bibliográfica del reciente libro de Jose Luís Moreno Pestaña: La norma de la filosofía. La configuración del patrón filosófico español tras la Guerra Civil (Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2013).
ROCHA, Servando: La facción caníbal. Historia del vandalismo ilustrado. La Felguera editores, Madrid, 2012.
Authors: Morales Bonilla Cristopher
Published: April 2015

Reseña sobre el libro "La facción caníbal. Historia del vandalismo ilustrado". La Felguera editores, Madrid, 2012.
(Des)conexiones (trans)atlánticas: recepciones estadounidenses del feminismo italiano de la diferencia sexual.
Authors: Hernández Piñero María Aránzazu
Published: April 2015

En dos momentos diferentes, 1989 y 2005, dos autoras cuyo ámbito es el feminismo estadounidense, Teresa de Lauretis y Linda Zerilli, dirigen su atención hacia el feminismo italiano de la diferencia sexual, particularmente, a la obra No creas tener derechos de la Librería de Mujeres de Milán, y lo hacen intervenir en las discusiones que cada una de ellas sostienen en su contexto. ¿Qué discusiones son éstas y qué potencialidades encuentran Lauretis y Zerilli en el pensamiento y la práctica de la Librería de Mujeres de Milán? En el presente artículo, trataré de responder a estas preguntas. Para ello argumentaré que las interpretaciones que cada una de las autoras elaboran implican un cuestionamiento así como un desplazamiento de los términos en torno a los cuales se había configurado el debate feminista estadounidense entre la década de los ochenta y los noventa, a saber, en términos de la polémica esencialismo/antiesencialismo y de la controversia diferencia sexual/diferencias (sexualidad, raza, clase, principalmente). A lo largo de esta argumentación intentaré mostrar el carácter original de ambas recepciones, tanto por la riqueza filosófico-política de las lecturas efectuadas por Lauretis y Zerilli como por el hecho de que constituyen valiosas excepciones al desconocimiento generalizado del feminismo italiano de la diferencia sexual por parte de las feministas estadounidenses.
Cuerpo y performatividad: una revisión crítica desde la perspectiva del psicoanálisis
Authors: González Ana Cecilia
Published: April 2015

Ese artículo ofrece una lectura de la teoría de la performatividad desde un ángulo particular,  el de la tensión abierta entre la teoría de Butler y el psicoanálisis – en particular los trabajos de Freud y Lacan – que son una constante en la obra de la teórica queer. Desde esta perspectiva, se desarrollan cuatro puntos. En primer lugar los ejes genealógicos y estratégicos de la teoría de la performatividad, de modo de explicitar la función del psicoanálisis en la empresa teórica butleriana. Luego, los postulados principales de la primera formulación de la teoría de la performatividad, atendiendo especialmente al estatuto textual que Butler confiere al cuerpo, y las críticas que ha recibido de parte de determinados teóricas que defienden la teoría de Lacan. A continuación, se hace foco en el modo en que la teórica norteamericana responde a las críticas elaborando una segunda formulación de la performatividad, en la que propone otras nociones de cuerpo. Por último, y como la aportación de mayor especificidad de este trabajo, presentaré la crítica que puede hacerse desde el psicoanálisis a lógica identitaria que atraviesa la teoría del performatividad.
Presentación: Cuerpos, géneros y diferencia(s)
Authors: Guerra Palmero María José
Published: April 2015

Presentación del monográfico sobre Filosofía Feminista Contemporánea.
2.4 GHz Horn Antenna
Authors: Banjeglav Goran , Malarić Krešimir
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the building and testing of a 2.4 GHz antenna which can be used for WLAN as well as for other purposes. The antenna was built to have highest gain at 2.4 GHz although it can be used from frequency of 1.7 GHz up to 2.6 GHz. The paper also describes the calculation of the antenna parameters and dimensions as well as the measurements of its parameters. After the numerical modeling and building, the antenna was tested in the laboratory.The numerical modeling was performed with XFDTD software and the testing of the antenna was done at the Microwave Laboratory of Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Zagreb. The results showed that the highest antenna gain of 9.46 dB was obtained at 2.437 GHz, which is a frequency used for wireless internet. The antenna can be used on ships in the port as well as on the sea for boosting the range and increasing the received power level of a wireless internet signal.
Activities of 50–80 day subthermocline eddies near the Philippine coast
Authors: Chiang Tzu‐Ling , Wu Chau‐Ron , Qu Tangdong , Hsin Yi‐Chia
Published: April 2015

Analyses of outputs from an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model show that there are at least two groups of subthermocline eddies near the Philippine coast: one originates from the southeast, and the other from the east. The dominant period and principal depth of the former (latter) group of eddies are about 55 days (67 days) and 600 m (350 m), respectively. The propagation speed (∼0.12 m s−1) and diameter (∼3°) of the two groups of eddies are similar. We suggest that the westward propagating eddies are generated by interactions between meridional movement of the westward‐flowing North Equatorial Current, the eastward‐flowing North Equatorial Undercurrent, and their interactions with topography. Besides, the analysis indicates that, in comparison with the northwestward propagating subthermocline eddies, the westward propagating ones play a more important role in modulating the subsurface circulation near the Philippine coast.
Implementation of a dynamic equation constraint based on the steady state momentum equations within the WRF hybrid ensemble‐3DVar data assimilation system and test with radar T‐TREC wind assimilation for tropical Cyclone Chanthu (2010)
Authors: Li Xin , Ming Jie , Xue Ming , Wang Yuan , Zhao Kun
Published: April 2015

Proper dynamic equation constraints in data assimilation (DA) systems can help improve balance of analyzed atmospheric state. The formulation of ensemble‐variational DA algorithms allows for easy incorporation of such constraints, but their impacts within such DA systems have been little studied. A dynamic constraint based on the steady momentum equations is incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) hybrid ensemble‐three‐dimensional variational (3DVar) (En3DVar) DA system as a weak constraint. The constraint aims at improving the coupling and balance among wind and thermodynamic state variables, especially when few state variables are directly observed. The scheme is applied to the assimilation of radar T‐TREC (Typhoon‐Tracking Radar Echo by Correlation) winds at a convection‐allowing resolution, for landfalling typhoon, Chanthu (2010), when it was within the range of a coastal radar. Parallel experiments using the 3DVar and En3DVar with and without the dynamic constraint are run to examine the impact of the constraint. The flow‐dependent ensemble covariance used in En3DVar helps to update unobserved pressure and temperature fields in a dynamically more consistent way compared to the static covariance; the added dynamic constraint produces more accurate pressure within the typhoon. The pressure field improved by the dynamic constraint also leads to better temperature and moisture analyses within the variational minimization through flow‐dependent cross covariance. En3DVar analysis with the dynamic constraint produces the best intensity forecast for the typhoon, in terms of the minimum sea level pressure and maximum surface wind speed. Additional sensitivity experiments examine the impact of the weight of the dynamic constraint.
Primary marine aerosol‐cloud interactions off the coast of California
Authors: Modini R. L. , Frossard A. A. , Ahlm L. , Russell L. M. , Corrigan C. E. , Roberts G. C. , Hawkins L. N. , Schroder J. C. , Bertram A. K. , Zhao R. , Lee A. K. Y. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Lin J. , Nenes A. , Wang Z. , Wonaschütz A. , Sorooshian A. , Noone K. J. , Jonsson H. , Seinfeld J. H. , Toom‐Sauntry D. , Macdonald A. M. , Leaitch W. R.
Published: April 2015

Primary marine aerosol (PMA)‐cloud interactions off the coast of California were investigated using observations of marine aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and stratocumulus clouds during the Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E‐PEACE) and the Stratocumulus Observations of Los‐Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol‐Droplets (SOLEDAD) studies. Based on recently reported measurements of PMA size distributions, a constrained lognormal‐mode‐fitting procedure was devised to isolate PMA number size distributions from total aerosol size distributions and applied to E‐PEACE measurements. During the 12 day E‐PEACE cruise on the R/V Point Sur, PMA typically contributed less than 15% of total particle concentrations. PMA number concentrations averaged 12 cm−3 during a relatively calmer period (average wind speed 12 m/s1) lasting 8 days, and 71 cm−3 during a period of higher wind speeds (average 16 m/s1) lasting 5 days. On average, PMA contributed less than 10% of total CCN at supersaturations up to 0.9% during the calmer period; however, during the higher wind speed period, PMA comprised 5–63% of CCN (average 16–28%) at supersaturations less than 0.3%. Sea salt was measured directly in the dried residuals of cloud droplets during the SOLEDAD study. The mass fractions of sea salt in the residuals averaged 12 to 24% during three cloud events. Comparing the marine stratocumulus clouds sampled in the two campaigns, measured peak supersaturations were 0.2 ± 0.04% during E‐PEACE and 0.05–0.1% during SOLEDAD. The available measurements show that cloud droplet number concentrations increased with >100 nm particles in E‐PEACE but decreased in the three SOLEDAD cloud events.
Does improved SSTA prediction ensure better seasonal rainfall forecasts?
Authors: Khan Mohammad Zaved Kaiser , Sharma Ashish , Mehrotra Rajeshwar , Schepen Andrew , Wang Q. J.
Published: April 2015

Seasonal rainfall forecasts in Australia are issued based on concurrent sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) using a Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach. The SSTA fields are derived from the Predictive Ocean‐Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA) initialized in the preceding season. This study investigates the merits of the rainfall forecasted using POAMA SSTAs in contrast to that forecasted using a multimodel combination of SSTAs derived using five existing models. In addition, seasonal rainfall forecasts derived from multimodel and POAMA SSTA fields are subsequently combined to obtain a single weighted forecast over Australia. These three forecasts are compared against “idealized” forecasts where observed SSTAs are used instead of those predicted. The results indicate that while seasonal rainfall forecasts derived using multimodel‐based SSTA indices offer improvements in selected seasons over a majority of grid cells in comparison to the case where a single SSTA model is used in two seasons, these improvements are not as significant as the improvements in the SSTA field that drive the rainfall forecasting model. The forecasts derived from the combination of multimodel and POAMA SSTA indices forecasts are found to offer greater improvements over the multimodel or the POAMA forecasts for a majority of grid cells in all seasons. It is also observed that these combined forecasts are touching the upper limits of forecastability, which are reached when observed SSTAs are used to forecast the rainfall. This suggests that further improvements in rainfall forecasting are only possible through the use of an improved forecasting algorithm, and not the driver (SSTA) information used in the current study.
Morality
Authors: Soble Alan
Published: April 2015

Human sexual activity can be a source of great pleasure. To the extent that the pleasure produced and experienced results from sexual acts to which the participants freely consent, the pleasure has positive moral value. It is not controversial that sexual acts that are not consensual or are forced are morally wrong; hence any pleasure produced is not morally valuable. There are debates, however, over whether other conditions must be satisfied for sexual activity to be permissible. It is possible to argue that in addition to consent, the participants in an encounter must not treat each other as objects. It is also possible to argue, independently, that the participants must be in a committed relationship, even married. In this debate, the Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mill, the deontology of Immanuel Kant, and Roman Catholic Natural Law ethics are the main combatants. Their views are examined and compared.
Onabe
Authors: Abe Hideko
Published: April 2015

The Japanese term,onabe, refers to an individual who is born with a female body, but identifies as a man and who usually works foronabebars. The term went through several semantic changes in the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s it became an independent category, distinguishable from lesbian identity.
Orangutans
Authors: Knott Cheryl D.
Published: April 2015

Orangutans have a number of unusual features that contribute to their highly diverse sexual behavior. Like humans, they do not have an estrous, or sexual, swelling, and males probably cannot tell when a female is ovulating. They have the longest interbirth interval of any mammal, leading to intense male–male competition over mates. Males can occupy two sexually mature morphological forms: flanged and unflanged. Both flanged and unflanged males may force females to copulate, leading to one of the highest rates of forced copulation in animals. Female choice is evidenced by females actively seeking flanged males when they are ovulating and through their higher likelihood of mating with nonpreferred males when they are not ovulating, possibly serving as a paternity confusion strategy. Orangutans show a range of other sexual behaviors, such as oral sex, by both males and females, very long copulatory periods, face‐to‐face copulation, and some same‐sex sexual interactions.
Organized crime and sexuality
Authors: Wijers Marjan
Published: April 2015

This article describes the association of the sex industry with organized crime, in particular trafficking in human beings. It discusses the history of the concept of “trafficking,” the making of the UN Trafficking Protocol and the developments after its adoption, including the impact on trafficked persons and other groups affected by antitrafficking efforts, like migrants and sex workers. It also pays attention to the problem of establishing reliable figures on the nature and extent of trafficking and the lack of systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of antitrafficking efforts.
Orgasm (evolution)
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A.
Published: April 2015

The origin of human female orgasm has been subject to much debate and scientific hypothesizing since the early 1900s, though the evidence is insufficient presently to decide the case. Recent work focuses on whether female orgasm is an evolutionary adaptation or not. Is female orgasm specially selected for some special function to increase their reproductive success, as suggested by those pursuing female choice and sperm selection explanations? Or is it a developmental by‐product or “bonus” in women, arising from strong selection on the male orgasm combined with the shared form of the embryo? In medicine, an adaptation account of female orgasm is used to define the “normal function” of female orgasm, by which sexual dysfunctions are diagnosed, thus seeing the majority of women, who do not have orgasm reliably with intercourse, as dysfunctional. But in evolution there is no accepted evolutionary account of female orgasm, and thus no notion of its normal function, if it has any at all.
Paleolithic art
Authors: Tripp Allison J.
Published: April 2015

Paleolithic art emerges in Europe around 32,000 years before present. It is found on cave walls and in the form of sculptures and pendants. Since its discovery in the late 1800s, interpretations of why the art was made and what it meant to our ancestors have been biased by the sex of the researcher and the sociopolitical climate. Early interpretations by males suggested that Paleolithic imagery was created by males and for males. Later, females challenged the assumptions of their male predecessors, suggesting that women may have created artwork and emphasized the strength of women. Recent evidence suggests that both sexes participated in creating art, and that even young children were active in this endeavor as well.
Paraphilias
Authors: Pfäfflin Friedemann
Published: April 2015

The term paraphilia is presently mainly used as the heading for sexual behaviors classified as mental disorders according to the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association. The word paraphilia was coined in 1904 by the Austrian ethnologist Friedrich Salomon Krauss. He used it to describe all kinds of variants of sexual behavior that did not serve the purpose of procreation. The proliferate author and psychoanalyst Wilhelm Stekel was the one who spread the world to the English language and reserved it for a special kind of “perversion.” In those days, sex crimes and pathological sexual behaviors were still labeled with the term “perversion,” and, later, with the term sexual deviance. In 1980, the term “sexual deviance” used in DSM‐I (1952) and DSM‐II (1968) was replaced by the term paraphilia (DSM‐III 1980) and is still used in DSM‐V (2013).
Parent–offspring conflict
Authors: Traficonte Daniel M. , Maestripieri Dario
Published: April 2015

Parent–offspring conflict theory, formulated by evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers in 1974, maintains that parents and offspring should disagree over the amount of parental resources invested in the offspring so that offspring should always demand more than parents are willing to invest. This disagreement reflects an underlying genetic conflict of interest: while parents are equally related to all of their offspring and predisposed to invest equally in them, each individual offspring is fully related to itself but only half related to its siblings. Parent–offspring conflict has been documented in both animals and humans and is expressed physiologically during gestation and at the behavioral and psychological level after birth.
Passionate love and sexual desire
Authors: Cacioppo Stephanie , Hatfield Elaine
Published: April 2015

Scholars from a variety of disciplines have investigated passionate love and sexual desire. Passion is considered to be a cultural universal, transcending culture and time. In the last decade, neuroscientists have contributed greatly to our understanding of the nature of passionate love and sexual desire. Overall, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies show that both passionate love and sexual desire spark increased activity in the subcortical brain areas that are associated with euphoria, reward, and motivation and the cortical brain areas that are involved in self‐representation and social cognition, although these two phenomena differ specifically at the subcortical level along a posterior‐to‐anterior insula pattern, from desire to love, suggesting that love is a more abstract representation of the pleasant sensorimotor experiences that characterize desire.
Performance anxiety
Authors: Zamboni Brian D.
Published: April 2015

Performance anxiety occurs when a person is concerned about any aspect of their behavior during sexual activity. Some people with performance anxiety monitor themselves during sex, which is known as spectatoring. Good communication, relaxing, being flexible, and displaying a nonjudgmental attitude can all help people avoid or minimize performance anxiety.
Pimp
Authors: Riggs Robert , Rivera Sarah , Marcus Anthony , Curtis Ric
Published: April 2015

First used in Europe during the 1600s, the word
pimp
today signifies a uniquely U.S. invention. Indeed, the Americanized version of the pimp as a young black male from “the ghetto” has achieved global iconic status in film, television, and music. Research on pimps focuses on constructing hierarchical typologies and tends to alternate between construing pimps as either manipulative, misogynistic, and violent sociopaths or counterhegemonic ghetto heroes. Recently, a debate has begun to emerge over the degree to which pimps are involved in a supposed increase in the commercial sexual exploitation of children.
Pink triangle
Authors: Jensen Erik
Published: April 2015

The pink triangle designated those men whom the Nazi regime had incarcerated in concentration camps for violating Paragraph 175, which prohibited sexual contact between men. Inside the camps, the inmates faced physical and emotional degradation; many were castrated; some were the victims of inhuman medical experiments. Estimates suggest that up to 7,000 of these men who wore the pink triangle died in the camps. In the early 1970s, some gay rights activists seized on the symbolic value of the pink triangle to galvanize support for legislative protections and social tolerance for sexual minorities. Although supplanted by the rainbow flag in recent years, the pink triangle remains the key motif in commemorations of the Nazi persecution of homosexuals and has been appropriated by groups ranging from ACT UP to the “Safe Zone” program in U.S. schools.
Pornification
Authors: Goldfarb Lilia
Published: April 2015

Pornification refers to the widespread dominance of pornographic imagery, values, and aesthetics in popular culture and its overall influence on human relationships. The particular socioeconomic conditions created by late‐twentieth‐century capitalism in Euro‐North American societies created the ideal ground for the pornification of culture. The amalgamation of the “sex sells” marketing mantra with the widespread implementation of lifestyle branding has turned pornified imagery into an invaluable marketing tool. It is this trend in pornification that not only sexualizes young people and even children, but also trivializes violence that has helped turn this phenomenon into a very contentious issue.
Pornography, addiction to (“con”)
Authors: Siegel Lawrence A.
Published: April 2015

The comparisons made between so‐called porn addiction and chemical addictions are specious and overly simplistic. Neuroscience and advances in brain‐imaging technology have been grossly misused and misunderstood in attempting to justify sexual addictions. While pornography use can add to problems in one's relationships, pornography is not an addiction. To embrace it as such is to embrace a simple metaphor that has run amuck, denying both the control and responsibility people have in their lives.
Pornography, addiction to (“pro”)
Authors: Kort Joe
Published: April 2015

Sexual addiction is a real and devastating disorder that is continuing to gain acceptance among medical and addiction professionals. A rapidly growing form of sex addiction is pornography addiction, largely due to the ease of access that is provided by the Internet. New applications of brain science have shown that addiction to pornography is a brain disease, as much as cocaine and gambling. A large number of sex addicts have a history of trauma and abuse, leading to the assertion that the compulsive use of sexual behavior to compensate for feelings of anxiety or shame inevitably leads to addiction.
Pornography, feminist awards
Authors: Ingraham Natalie
Published: April 2015

The Feminist Porn Awards are an awards ceremony sponsored by Good For Her, a women‐focused sex toy store in Toronto, Canada. The awards were founded in 2006 after staff at Good For Her wanted a way to recognize and honor individuals who were making pornography that aligned with the feminist and sex‐positive mission of their business. Good For Her was frustrated about the lack of erotica and pornography focused on women and marginalized people, including people of color and transgender/gender‐variant performers, producers, and directors.
Pornography, feminist views of
Authors: Davis Berta
Published: April 2015

Feminist women's attitudes toward pornography are significantly polarized. Anti‐porn feminists have taken a position that pornography is degrading toward women, leads to distortion of healthy male‐female sexuality, leads to distorted images of the female body, increases male anxiety about sexual adequacy, sexual compulsivity, and increase violence toward women including rape and sexual harassment.
Pregnancy
Authors: Ivry Tsipy , Teman Elly , Davis‐Floyd Robbie , Georges Eugenia
Published: April 2015

This entry describes women's experiences of pregnancy across cultures. In every sociocultural—and political—setting, women's pregnancies are managed and regulated in accordance with local, regional, and national knowledge systems and beliefs about women's and men's roles in creating health and illness throughout gestation, childbirth, and the nurturance of future members of society. The entry details the development of the field of the anthropology of reproduction, and the subfields of the anthropology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the new reproductive technologies. It encompasses ethnotheories of conception, kinship, and sexuality, as well as the medicalization of pregnancy/prenatal care and birth, and describes the major discontinuities between earlier traditions and modern practice, pointing to a need for more up‐to‐date ethnographic research focused on pregnancy. The authors sketch the main theoretical concerns and empirical patterns that arise in past and present ethnographic research on pregnancy, and review earlier ethnographic accounts of pregnancy and current studies of technological reproduction through a unified theoretical lens. Our perspective analyzes both current scientific theories of conception and gestation and ethnotheories of procreation in premodern non‐Euro‐American societies as culturally bound systems of discourse and practice.
Pro‐choice and pro‐life
Authors: Freed Alice F.
Published: April 2015

The terms
pro‐choice
and
pro‐life
were coined in the United States in the context of a heated national debate about the legalization of abortion. The term
pro‐choice
is a designation for a loosely structured social and political campaign that supports women's constitutional right to safe and legal abortion. The term
pro‐life
, by contrast, refers to the movement that insists that the government has a responsibility to protect all human life, regardless of “viability.” The terms, as much as the belief systems that they name, are partly responsible for the contentious nature of the debates that surround them. Polls consistently indicate that while the U.S. population are often reluctant to call themselves “pro‐choice,” they still believe that abortion should be legal.
Prostitution and sexology
Authors: Miller Heather Lee
Published: April 2015

Often referred to as the “oldest profession,” prostitution has been the subject of centuries, if not millennia, of scrutiny, moralization, derision, sanction, and legislation, and yet men (and to a much lesser degree women) persist in regularly exchanging money for sex with men and women around the world. This entry gives an overview of the past two centuries of Euro‐American studies of sex on the topic of prostitution. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the entry focuses on the questions that those people who studied sex—later referred to as sexologists—asked, the studies they conducted, and the findings they made about the women and men who sell sex. Continuing into the twentieth century, as the social purity and municipal vice campaigns of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries subsided, the entry reviews the methods and findings of the Kinsey reports of the mid‐twentieth century and ends on a study conducted in the late twentieth century. Ultimately, as the entry shows, although the social, economic, and political context within which each study was conducted may have been different, many of the studies asked similar questions with similar results.
Prostitution, archaeology of, classical world
Authors: Glazebrook Allison
Published: April 2015

Prostitution was common in the Greek and Roman worlds, but the physical remains of prostitution remain elusive outside of Pompeii, the location of the only known purpose‐built brothel in antiquity. Archaeologists and social historians use the so‐called “masonry bed” along with graffiti and erotic art to identify venal sex at Pompeii. Identification of such sites is more complex in the Greek context since brothels, taverns, and inns, where prostitution frequently occurred, share architectural similarities with private houses. Physical remains of prostitution help to answer questions about the diversity of sexual labor, zoning practices, and conditions of prostitution and enhance the evidence presented in ancient literary sources.
Proximate explanation and ultimate explanation
Authors: Alcock John
Published: April 2015

Proximate (immediate) causes in behavioral biology are those dealing with events in the lifetime of an individual that shape its development and neural and endocrine systems, and thus its behavior. Ultimate (evolutionary) causes are those that arise because natural selection has shaped the proximate mechanisms and behavioral abilities of individuals in the past.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Elliot Patricia
Published: April 2015

Psychoanalysis provides a theory that explains the multiplicity of forms human sexuality takes. These forms are considered to be effects of the history of the drives, including their prehistory, in an inevitably perverse infantile sexuality where partial drives seek satisfaction in and through the erogenous zones of the body. Sexuality is the unpredictable result of one's idiosyncratic experience and one's relations to others, which is why it has become a major site for socialization and regulation.
Reform movements, sexual
Authors: Leng Kirsten
Published: April 2015

Sexual reform movements are group actions that seek to change the laws, attitudes, and institutions that govern sexual life. They reflect the distinctly modern belief that sex is a social and political “problem” requiring public attention and intervention. Beginning in the nineteenth century, prostitution, the spread of venereal disease, birth control, and homosexuality were all issues that catalyzed the formation of groups primarily concerned with sexual reform. Activism around these issues has assumed both national and international dimensions. Over time, sexual reform movements have experienced periods of expansion and retrenchment in response to broader sociopolitical phenomena. Although sexual reform movements made significant gains over the past two hundred years, their achievements remain fragile and contested even among activists themselves.
Reiss, Ira L. (1925–)
Authors: Coleman Eli
Published: April 2015

Ira L. Reiss is one of the most preeminent sexual scientists of our times. His life work has been on researching and explaining the way society shapes human sexuality, in order to throw light on possible resolutions to a variety of controversial sexual problems. His secondary focus has taken the same approach in the areas of gender roles and the family.
Reproductive fat
Authors: Lassek William D. , Gaulin Steven J. C.
Published: April 2015

Human females have an unusually large amount of body fat, predominately in the legs and buttocks, which is necessary for them to reproduce and gives them the hourglass figures that men admire. The reasons for this have been unclear, but one possibility is that lower‐body fat stores omega‐3 fats necessary for the growth and development of the very large brains of human children.
Reproductive health
Authors: Dixon‐Mueller Ruth , Germain Adrienne
Published: April 2015

Reproductive health encompasses the physical capability to reproduce—that is to conceive (or cause a conception to occur), to carry a pregnancy safely to term, and to bear a healthy child—and the internationally recognized right to decide “freely and responsibly” if, when, and how often to do so. It also encompasses the ability to have a safe, voluntary, and satisfying sex life; the right to know about and use effective methods of fertility regulation of one's choice; and the right to obtain quality reproductive and sexual health care. Core services include voluntary family planning (contraception and safe abortion); the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections and infertility; comprehensive maternal and newborn care; and education, information, and legal, social, and health services related to sexual‐ and gender‐based violence and other problems. The United Nations declares that everyone has the right to the highest attainable standard of reproductive health.
Rites of passage: female
Authors: Brown Judith K.
Published: April 2015

The female life course is marked by dramatic discontinuity, both physically and culturally, by events such as menarche, a marriage ceremony, pregnancy, and menopause. In the nonindustrialized world, traditional societies varied in which life‐course events were assigned rites of passage. For many, but not all of these societies, menarche, eligibility for marriage, and the transition to female adulthood at puberty were marked by a great variety of ceremonials.
Rock art
Authors: Hays‐Gilpin Kelley
Published: April 2015

Images painted and engraved on stone surfaces sometimes include images of humans and animals with sexual features and engaged in sexual activities. Rock art is a potentially informative line of archaeological evidence for understanding past human sexuality and sexual dimensions of landscape, cosmology, and worldview. This entry reviews sexual imagery in world rock art, emphasizing the importance of archaeological context and landscape setting. Ethnographic evidence helps us interpret rock art imagery and link sexual imagery to hunting, warfare, agriculture, and rites of passage.
Royalle Candida (1950–)
Authors: Britton Patti
Published: April 2015

Candida Royalle became the most influential pioneering filmmaker in the creation of explicit, erotic films for women, by women, and from a woman's perspective. As the groundbreaking visionary of this new genre, she singlehandedly created and successfully brought to market over 18 such films, now on DVD. These individual films for erotic entertainment are now regarded as the original standard of porn for women, with a signatory style known for high production values and a focus on sensuality over graphic sex. She also authored a how‐to book for women's sexual empowerment and increased comfort with their sexuality.
Sadomasochism
Authors: Newmahr Staci
Published: April 2015

This entry provides a brief overview of the history and political legacy of the term “sadomasochism,” as well as a glimpse into the changes in SM communities over time. It offers a synopsis of research on BDSM and kink in sexuality studies and a basic introduction to points of debate and disagreement in contemporary SM discourse.
Same‐sex marriage
Authors: Poston Lance E.
Published: April 2015

Same‐sex marriage refers to a legal or religious union between two people who share the same sex or gender identity. While these types of unions are sanctioned in some areas of the world, they are still banned in many countries and are very controversial in others. Supporters of same‐sex marriage argue that it is necessary to provide rights for LGBT couples that include the ability to share insurance policies with, and to make medical and legal decisions for, a partner, to receive tax incentives and inheritances on more favorable terms, to retain parental rights and abilities to adopt children, and to influence individual immigration situations. Opponents of same‐sex marriage often cite religious texts or arguments about the necessity of procreation when arguing for marriage to be restricted to man–woman pairs. The legalization of same‐sex marriages has taken place primarily in North America, South America, and Western Europe. Most states in Africa and Asia only recognize opposite‐sex marriages.
Scarification and branding
Authors: Wright Jaime D.
Published: April 2015

Scarification is the deliberate cutting of skin, removal of skin, abrasion to skin, branding of skin, use of chemicals on skin, or use of a cauterization tool on skin with the intention of creating a scar. Clear evidence for scarification dates back to 3300bce. Practices of scarification have varied throughout time. Beauty, ritual, eroticism, and therapy are common reasons for scarification practices. The practice has largely been positive in traditional cultures throughout Africa, South America, and Papua, New Guinea. In Europe and North America, the gay and lesbian sadomasochist and modern primitive cultures have innovated on scarring methods. In doing so, they have created cutting and branding practices that result in art, personal expression, and ritual.
Serial monogamy
Authors: Burleson Mary H.
Published: April 2015

In serial monogamy, most individuals maintain a series of nonoverlapping monogamous relationships. Among animals, monogamy may be social (paired living arrangement), sexual, or genetic (partners reproduce only with each other), and the three need not co‐occur. All forms are rare among primates. Serial social monogamy resembles monogamous marriage among humans.
Sex differences and sexology
Authors: N. Price Myeshia , Hyde Janet Shibley
Published: April 2015

Gender differences in sexual behaviors and attitudes are often empirically examined. However, the generalizability and the size of gender differences remained unaddressed. In 1993, Oliver and Hyde conducted a meta‐analysis to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in sexual behaviors and attitudes and found that many were small. In 2010, Petersen and Hyde conducted an updated analysis with current research and seven large national data sets. Gender differences were analyzed in 30 reported sexual behaviors and attitudes, and the results suggested that men reported more masturbation and use of pornography and more permissive attitudes about casual sex than women. However, most (26 out of 30) of the gender differences in attitudes and behaviors were small. These results suggest that gender similarities in sexuality are common; they also emphasize that gender similarities could contribute to gender equality in sexual expression.
Sex offenders
Authors: Nunes Kevin L. , Cantor James M.
Published: April 2015

This entry provides a brief overview of some of the main theories and research findings regarding the causes of sexual offending against children and adults; predictors of recidivism (or reoffending) among sexual offenders; instruments designed to assess risk of recidivism among sexual offenders; and approaches to intervention aimed at reducing recidivism and their effectiveness.
Sex ratio
Authors: Trevathan Wenda
Published: April 2015

The sex ratio, a mathematical statement of the proportion of males to females at any point in the life course, is expressed as primary (the ratio at conception), secondary (the ratio at birth), and tertiary (the ratio at any point after birth). Cultural factors associated with a common preference for male offspring often result in what is viewed as an “unnatural” sex ratio, where there are fewer females than would be expected at any age. Biological factors seem to have stronger negative effects on the number of males at any age. The value of females for a given society can often be inferred from the sex ratio.
Sex scandals
Authors: Rutter Virginia E.
Published: April 2015

“Sex scandal” refers to a
scandal
with sexual content that is a
violation
of a society's
norms
, traditions, or morals, which may be in flux. Scandals are a tool used to
stigmatize
a rule breaker and to enforce a norm, and frequently they involve an interest in
power
as much as a concern with
values
. Scandal occurs when allegations of a norm violation become publicly known to a group that shares common interests or identity. Men's behavior is the predominant focus of sex scandals, although women are not immune.
Sex tourism (male)
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: April 2015

AbstractMale sex tourism came to be a focus of public and policy concern in the late 1980s, sparking academic interest in the structural and institutional factors that underpinned this phenomenon and the motivations, attitudes, and practices of male sex tourists. The literature on male sex tourism grew and diversified through the 1990s and into the new millenium, but academic and policy interest in the phenomenon has waned in recent years. This entry reviews academic research on the development of male sex tourism in a number of regions and on the motivations of male sex tourists. It then briefly notes some key theoretical and definitional issues surrounding the concept of “male sex tourism,” flags up the main methodological problems the phenomenon presents, and notes the political responses it has provoked.
Sexting
Authors: Curnutt Hugh
Published: April 2015

Sexting is a variant of texting and refers to the practice of sending sexually explicit images and texts using mobile phones and Internet platforms. Sexting is characterized by brevity and immediacy. In the new millennium teenagers sexting, and the extent to which some of these sexts could be considered child pornography, was widely covered in the U.S. media. Although sexting embodies a new kind of media production, it is also an activity that rearticulates and refashions established practices mediating personally intimate representations of sexuality.
Sexual communication
Authors: O'Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: April 2015

AbstractSexual communication, negotiation, and assertiveness comprise verbal and/or nonverbal interactions between individuals in a sexual or potentially sexual context. Direct forms of exchange tend to communicate one's interests or needs more effectively; indirect forms are more subtle and suggestive. Men and women are socialized differently in their use of these communication types, and interactions often take a somewhat scripted form, particularly in the heterosexual context.
Sexual dimorphism
Authors: Gaulin Steven J. C. , Lassek William D.
Published: April 2015

Sexual dimorphism (ancient Greek
dis
: twice;
morphē
: form) denotes any situation where, on average, the male and the female members of a species differ. Though often used to mark simple size differences between the sexes, the same phrase can also refer to specific anatomical, physiological, psychological, or behavioral sex differences. In any given species, sexual dimorphism can vary greatly across traits. For example,
Homo sapiens
shows low levels of sexual dimorphism in eye color, moderate sexual dimorphism in height, and high levels of sexual dimorphism in muscle mass. Modern evolutionary theory offers explanations for the diverse patterns of sexual dimorphism observed in nature.
Sexual fluidity
Authors: Diamond Lisa M.
Published: April 2015

Sexual fluidity, as studied in the United States, denotes a capacity forsituation‐dependent flexibility in sexual responsiveness, such that individuals may periodically experience sexual desires that run counter to their overall orientation. Evidence for sexual fluidity is discussed highlighting the Kinsey scale, bisexuality, contextual influences, and gender disparities in sexual fluidity.
Sexual response cycle
Authors: Everaerd Walter
Published: April 2015

The sexual response cycle is a construction of William Masters and Virginia Johnson's model based on data from a very large number of sexual responses, which they observed in their laboratory. The cycle is divided into four phases: the excitement phase, the plateau phase, the orgasm phase, and the resolution phase. The sexual response cycle, gender, and sexual desire are addressed in greater depth.
Sexual stigma
Authors: Parrott Dominic J.
Published: April 2015

Sexual stigma reflects the negative sentiment that is assigned to homosexuality. This phrase moves beyond the well‐known but conceptually inaccurate term “homophobia,” in that it reflects myriad psychosocial responses that occur within both individuals (e.g., prejudiced attitudes toward homosexuals) and social institutions (e.g., laws that discriminate against homosexuals). Sexual stigma is fundamentally caused by the perception that homosexuality is threatening. The roots of this perception are multifold and include culturally based constructs such as gender role ideology, religion, political ideology, and beliefs regarding social order. Its effects are widespread and have been clearly linked to negative health outcomes among homosexuals.
Sexual violence
Authors: Peterson Zoë D. , Buday Sarah , McCallum Ethan
Published: April 2015

Sexual violence,rape,sexual assault, andsexual coercionare terms that refer to a range of nonconsensual sexual acts obtained through coercion, incapacitation, threats, or force. Legal and research definitions of these terms vary widely. Reported prevalence rates of these acts also vary widely, depending on the researchers’ definitions of the terms and on the methodology used to study them. Although both women and men can in principle be victims or perpetrators of sexual assault, women consistently report higher rates of victimization than men and men consistently report higher rates of perpetration than women. Rape and sexual assault are associated with a variety of short‐ and long‐term psychological and physical consequences for victims. There have been many attempts to develop rape and sexual assault prevention programs, but, at best, there is limited research support for their effectiveness.
Sexual violence, language of
Authors: Ehrlich Susan
Published: April 2015

Research examining representations of sexual violence against women and children has identified some recurring linguistic patterns. These include (1) the obscuring of perpetrator responsibility and the assigning of blame to “sexually available” women; and (2) depicting violence and assault in terms normally associated with consensual sex.
Sexualities, Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: April 2015

This entry offers an overview of sexualities in Latin America and the Caribbean from precolonial and colonial times, through the post‐independence and contemporary periods. Heterosexuality is considered, though there is an emphasis on same‐sex and LGBT experiences in the region. Practices and identities are shown to be diverse and often to be expressed differently from those in Euro‐American contexts. Currents in scholarship reveal attention to inequality and discrimination, cultural expression, and political affirmation from past times through the era of neoliberal globalization.
Sexuality and talk‐in‐interaction
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: April 2015

Conversation analysis (CA) facilitates examination of how sexuality is constructed in and through talk‐in‐interaction. Using recorded naturalistic data and drawing on a set of technical specifications of interactional phenomena, CA looks at when (and how) sexuality is relevant in talk. Examples are given of CA studies that look at coming out, heteronormativity, and category membership.