bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Boundary Effects on the Natural Cavitating Flow around a 2D Wedge in Shallow Water
Authors: Chen Xin , Chen Ying , Cao Jia-Yi , Li Jie
Published: November 2011

When a cavitated body moves in shallow water, both flexible free surface and rigid bottom wall will produce great influence on the cavity pattern and hydrodynamics to change the motion attitude and stability of the body. In this paper, a single‐fluid multiphase flow method coupled with a natural cavitation model was employed to study the effects of two kinds of boundaries on the natural cavitating flow around a two‐dimensional symmetry wedge in shallow water. Within the range of the cavitation number for computation (0.05 ~ 2.04), the cavity pattern would be divided into three types, namely, stable type, transition type and wake‐vortex type. The shape of the free surface is fairly similar to that of the cavity′s upper surface with well right‐and‐left symmetry. However, when the immersion depth and the cavitation number are decreasing, the symmetry of the cavity shape is destroyed due to the influence of bottom wall effects. When the cavitation number is less than about 0.1, with the immersion depth going down, free surface effects exerts a stronger influence on the drag coefficient of this 2D wedge, whereas wall effects bring a stronger influence on the lift coefficient.
Bacterial Cells Carrying Synthetic Dual‐Function Operon Survived Starvation
Authors: Matsumoto Yuki , Ito Yoichiro , Tsuru Saburo , Ying Bei-Wen , Yomo Tetsuya
Published: November 2011

A synthetic dual‐function operon with a bistable structure was designed and successfully integrated into the bacterial genome. Bistability was generated by the mutual inhibitory structure comprised of the promoters Ptet and Plac and the repressors LacI and TetR. Dual function essential for cell growth was introduced by replacing the genes (i.e., hisC and leuB) encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of histidine and leucine from their native chromosomal locations to the synthetic operon. Both colony formation and population dynamics of the cells carrying this operon showed that the cells survived starvation and the newly formed population transited between the two stable states, representing the induced hisC and leuB levels, in accordance with the nutritional status. The results strongly suggested that the synthetic design of proto‐operons sensitive to external perturbations is practical and functional in native cells.
Prognostic Factors and Metastatic Patterns in Primary Myxoid/Round-Cell Liposarcoma
Authors: Haniball J. , Sumathi V. P. , Kindblom L.-G. , Abudu A. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. M. , Jeys L. , Spooner D. , Peake D. , Grimer R. J.
Published: November 2011

Background. This study aimed to investigate prognostic factors for patients with myxoid/round-cell liposarcoma (MRCLS), in particular the significance of the round cell component, and to identify metastatic patterns as well as possibly suggest a suitable strategy for followup.Methods. Clinical, morphologic, and follow-up data from 160 patients with MRCLS was reviewed and statistically analysed.Results. Of 130 tumours with the round cell component evaluated, 61 had no round cell component, 27 had <5% round cell component, and 42 had >5%. All patients underwent surgical excision, 15 requiring amputation. 107 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy. Local recurrence occurred in 19 patients (12%), predominantly in patients with marginal or intralesional margins and a round cell component. Overall disease specific survival was 75% at 5 years and 56% at 10 years and was related to the proportion of round cell component. Of 52 patients who developed metastases, 38 (73%) had purely extrapulmonary metastases. We could not identify any factors predicting the site of metastases developing.Conclusions. The occurrence of any round cell component is the most important adverse prognostic factor for patients with MRCLS; patients with >5% round cell component are at higher risk of local recurrence, metastasis and tumour-related death and should be considered for adjuvant radiotherapy and possibly chemotherapy. The best method of monitoring extrapulmonary metastases remains to be established.
TRAIL and DcR1 Expressions Are Differentially Regulated in the Pancreatic Islets of STZ- versus CY-Applied NOD Mice
Authors: Dirice Ercument , Kahraman Sevim , Elpek Gulsum Ozlem , Aydin Cigdem , Balci Mustafa Kemal , Omer Abdulkadir , Sanlioglu Salih , Sanlioglu Ahter Dilsad
Published: November 2011

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an important component of the immune system. Although it is well acknowledged that it also has an important role in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) development, this presumed role has not yet been clearly revealed. Streptozotocin (STZ) and Cyclophosphamide (CY) are frequently used agents for establishment or acceleration of T1D disease in experimental models, including the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Although such disease models are very suitable for diabetes research, different expression patterns for various T1D-related molecules may be expected, depending on the action mechanism of the applied agent. We accelerated diabetes in female NOD mice using STZ or CY and analyzed the expression profiles of TRAIL ligand and receptors throughout disease development. TRAIL ligand expression followed a completely different pattern in STZ- versus CY-accelerated disease, displaying a prominent increase in the former, while appearing at reduced levels in the latter. Decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) expression also increased significantly in the pancreatic islets in STZ-induced disease. Specific increases observed in TRAIL ligand and DcR1 expressions may be part of a defensive strategy of the beta islets against the infiltrating leukocytes, while the immune-suppressive agent CY may partly hold down this defense, contributing further to diabetes development.
Robotic Surgery in Gynecology: An Updated Systematic Review
Authors: Weinberg Lori , Rao Sanjay , Escobar Pedro F.
Published: November 2011

The introduction of da Vinci Robotic Surgery to the field of Gynecology has resulted in large changes in surgical management. The robotic platform allows less experienced laparoscopic surgeons to perform more complex procedures. In general gynecology and reproductive gynecology, the robot is being increasingly used for procedures such as hysterectomies, myomectomies, adnexal surgery, and tubal anastomosis. Among urogynecology the robot is being utilized for sacrocolopexies. In the field of gynecologic oncology, the robot is being increasingly used for hysterectomies and lymphadenectomies in oncologic diseases. Despite the rapid and widespread adoption of robotic surgery in gynecology, there are no randomized trials comparing its efficacy and safety to other traditional surgical approaches. Our aim is to update previously published reviews with a focus on only comparative observational studies. We determined that, with the right amount of training and skill, along with appropriate patient selection, robotic surgery can be highly advantageous. Patients will likely have less blood loss, less post-operative pain, faster recoveries, and fewer complications compared to open surgery and potentially even laparoscopy. However, until larger, well-designed observational studies or randomized control trials are completed which report long-term outcomes, we cannot definitively state the superiority of robotic surgery over other surgical methods.
Orthogonal Polynomials of Compact Simple Lie Groups
Authors: Nesterenko Maryna , Patera Jiří , Tereszkiewicz Agnieszka
Published: November 2011

Recursive algebraic construction of two infinite families of polynomials in n variables is
proposed as a uniform method applicable to every semisimple Lie group of rank n. Its result
recognizes Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind as the special case of the
simple group of type A1. The obtained not Laurent‐type polynomials are equivalent to the
partial cases of the Macdonald symmetric polynomials. Recurrence relations are shown for
the Lie groups of types A1, A2, A3, C2, C3, G2, and B3 together with lowest polynomials.
Single-Ion Implantation for the Development of Si-Based MOSFET Devices with Quantum Functionalities
Authors: McCallum Jeffrey C. , Jamieson David N. , Yang Changyi , Alves Andrew D. , Johnson Brett C. , Hopf Toby , Thompson Samuel C. , van Donkelaar Jessica A.
Published: November 2011

Interest in single-ion implantation is driven in part by research into development of solid-state devices that exhibit quantum behaviour in their electronic or optical characteristics. Here, we provide an overview of international research work on single ion implantation and single ion detection for development of electronic devices for quantum computing. The scope of international research into single ion implantation is presented in the context of our own research in the Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology in Australia. Various single ion detection schemes are presented, and limitations on dopant placement accuracy due to ion straggling are discussed together with pathways for scale-up to multiple quantum devices on the one chip. Possible future directions for ion implantation in quantum computing and communications are also discussed.
Spines, Plasticity, and Cognition in Alzheimer's Model Mice
Authors: Spires-Jones Tara , Knafo Shira
Published: November 2011

The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD)—widespread synaptic and neuronal loss and the pathological accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) in senile plaques, as well as hyperphosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles—have been known for many decades, but the links between AD pathology and dementia and effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Transgenic mice have been developed based on rare familial forms of AD and frontotemporal dementia, allowing investigators to test in detail the structural, functional, and behavioral consequences of AD-associated pathology. Here, we review work on transgenic AD models that investigate the degeneration of dendritic spine structure, synaptic function, and cognition. Together, these data support a model of AD pathogenesis in which soluble Aβinitiates synaptic dysfunction and loss, as well as pathological changes in tau, which contribute to both synaptic and neuronal loss. These changes in synapse structure and function as well as frank synapse and neuronal loss contribute to the neural system dysfunction which causes cognitive deficits. Understanding the underpinnings of dementia in AD will be essential to develop and evaluate therapeutic approaches for this widespread and devastating disease.
On New Proximal Point Methods for Solving the Variational Inequalities
Authors: Noor Muhammad Aslam , Noor Khalida Inayat , Al-Said Eisa
Published: November 2011

It is well known that the variational inequalities are equivalent to the fixed point problem. We use this alternative equivalent formulation to suggest and analyze some new proximal point methods for solving the variational inequalities. These new methods include the explicit, the implicit, and the extragradient methods as special cases. The convergence analysis of the new methods is considered under some suitable conditions. Results proved in this paper may stimulate further research in this direction.
Multiphoton Laser Microscopy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging for the Evaluation of the Skin
Authors: Seidenari Stefania , Arginelli Federica , Bassoli Sara , Cautela Jennifer , French Paul M. W. , Guanti Mario , Guardoli Davide , König Karsten , Talbot Clifford , Dunsby Chris
Published: November 2011

Multiphoton laser microscopy is a new, non-invasive technique providing access to the skin at a cellular and subcellular level, which is based both on autofluorescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging. Whereas the former considers fluorescence intensity emitted by epidermal and dermal fluorophores and by the extra-cellular matrix, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), is generated by the fluorescence decay rate. This innovative technique can be applied to the study of living skin, cell cultures andex vivosamples. Although still limited to the clinical research field, the development of multiphoton laser microscopy is thought to become suitable for a practical application in the next few years: in this paper, we performed an accurate review of the studies published so far, considering the possible fields of application of this imaging method and providing high quality images acquired in the Department of Dermatology of the University of Modena.
Etiological Role of Childhood Emotional Trauma and Neglect in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Analysis
Authors: Jaite Charlotte , Schneider Nora , Hilbert Anja , Pfeiffer Ernst , Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Salbach-Andrae Harriet
Published: November 2011

Background: Most studies on the relationship between childhood trauma and anorexia nervosa (AN) have focused on the role of childhood sexual and physical trauma in adult patients. Little is known about the role of emotional trauma and eating disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine childhood sexual, physical, and emotional traumatization in adolescents with anorexia nervosa restricting type (AN-R) in comparison to those with anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging type (AN-BP) and a healthy control group. Sampling and Methods: The sample included 50 patients with AN-R (mean age = 15.8 ± 1.6 years), 27 with AN-BP (mean age = 16.1 ± 1.1 years), and 44 healthy female control participants (mean age = 15.7 ± 1.3 years). AN diagnosis was confirmed by the Structured Inventory for Anorexic and Bulimic Syndromes (SIAB-EX). Childhood sexual, physical, and emotional traumatization was assessed by a self-report questionnaire (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ). Results: The results indicated higher rates of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect in patients with AN-BP than in patients with AN-R and healthy control participants. No significant differences in childhood traumatization were found between patients with AN-R and control participants. Conclusions: Our results underline the importance of detecting the full range of possible childhood traumatic experiences in adolescents with AN, rather than focusing simply on childhood sexual traumatization. Sexual, physical, and emotional childhood traumatization are particularly important in the history of adolescent patients with AN-BP, in contrast to patients with AN-R, and should be screened for in the diagnosis and therapy of eating disorders.
Body Integrity Identity Disorder: The Persistent Desire to Acquire a Physical Disability
Authors: First Michael B. , Fisher Carl E.
Published: November 2011

Background: Body integrity identity disorder (BIID) is a rare and unusual psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent desire to acquire a physical disability (e.g., amputation, paraplegia) since childhood that to date has not been formally described in the psychiatric nosology. Most BIID sufferers experience a chronic and dysphoric sense of inappropriateness regarding their being able-bodied, and many have been driven to actualize their desired disability through surreptitious surgical or other more dangerous methods. This review aims to characterize the history and phenomenology of this condition, to present its differential diagnosis, and to consider possible etiologies, treatment options, and ethical considerations. Sampling and Method: Review of the psychiatric and neurological literature. Results: A growing body of data suggests the existence of a discrete entity with onset by early adolescence and a negative impact on functioning. Parallel neurological conditions and preliminary experimental investigations suggest a possible neurobiological component in at least a portion of cases. While attempts at treatment have been described, no systematic evidence for efficacy has emerged. Discussion: BIID is a unique nosological entity with significant consequences for its sufferers and as such may warrant inclusion in some form in the forthcoming DSM-5 and ICD-11.
Association of Clusterin Gene Polymorphisms with Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gu Huiying , Wei Xing , Chen Shirley , Kurz Alexander , Müller Ulrich , Gasser Thomas , Dodel Richard C. , Farlow Martin R. , Du Yansheng
Published: November 2011

Background/Aims: Some studies have implicated the role of apolipoprotein J [clusterin (CLU), apoJ] in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the polymorphisms rs11136000 and rs9331888 within CLU in late-onset sporadic AD (LOAD) patients and nondemented subjects. Methods: LOAD patients and control subjects were analyzed. Genotyping of rs11136000 and rs9331888 was performed using standard PCR following different restriction endonuclease digestion. Results: Although there were no significant differences in genotype frequencies of these two polymorphisms, the haplotype CG was associated with a statistically significantly increased LOAD risk. Conclusion: The rs11136000 and rs9331888 polymorphisms of the CLU gene are associated with LOAD.
Preventing Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy – Importance for the Mother and Child
Authors: Hyppönen Elina
Published: November 2011

Circulating maternal concentrations of hormonally active vitamin D [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D] rise early in the first trimester, doubling by the end of the third trimester. The early rise in calcitriol is believed to be necessary for enabling the immunological adaptation by the mother required for the maintenance of a normal pregnancy. This immunological adaptation is characterized by downregulation of the T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine responses and a shift towards domination by the Th2 type responses. Attenuation of the Th1-mediated immune response is one of the influences of calcitriol on regulatory T cell activity and dendritic cell maturation. There is accumulating evidence that vitamin D supplementation may be able to prevent the immune maladaptation and loss of tolerance that occur in preeclampsia, with evidence for an association obtained from various types of observational studies and clinical trials. There is also evidence from observational studies for potential long-term programming effects of vitamin D supplementation on immunological diseases (such as type 1 diabetes and allergic diseases), with evidence supporting the role of active vitamin D as a potent immunomodulator. This paper highlights the complex effects of active vitamin D on immunomodulation with long-term implications for the risk of immunological diseases. It is suggested that it is essential to avoid vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, and while accumulating evidence suggests important benefits of further increases in the intake, further research is required to fully establish the influence of high dosages.
Placental Iron Transport and Maternal Absorption
Authors: Cetin Irene , Berti Cristiana , Mandò Chiara , Parisi Francesca
Published: November 2011

The iron need in pregnancy is significantly higher in comparison to that in the nonpregnant state. The iron absorbed during pregnancy is used for expansion of the maternal erythrocyte mass, to fulfill the fetus’s iron needs, to create placenta, and to cope with blood loss at delivery. Term neonates have a total body store of about 1 g of iron, all derived from the mother. Despite the overall increase in nutritional requirements, biochemical, metabolic, and physiological adjustments of the maternal organism happen in order to meet the extra demands and to support the homeostasis of iron. In all healthy pregnant women with sufficient iron stores, the increased iron absorption is coupled with the mobilization of iron stores. Unfortunately, iron deficiency during pregnancy is alarmingly common. The function of placental transport determines the composition of umbilical cord blood providing nutrients and oxygen to the fetus to ensure appropriate fetal growth. Iron in the developing fetus is accumulated against a concentration gradient and, in the case of maternal iron deficiency, the placenta can protect the fetus significantly through the increased expression of placental transferrin receptor together with a rise in divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Despite the resistance of the fetus to maternal deficiency, any stress that alters placental development or function may have consequences for the developing fetus. Despite its central importance in fetal development, little is known about the mechanism of iron transfer across the placenta. Consequently, it is crucial to understand the molecular basis of placental iron transport in order to optimize the iron intake recommendation, reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and her child.
Safety and Efficacy of Iron Supplements in Malaria-Endemic Areas
Authors: Hurrell Richard F.
Published: November 2011

Where malaria surveillance and health care is inadequate, iron supplements given without food can increase the severity of malarial infections. The likely explanation is that the rate of iron influx into the plasma from high-dose oral supplements exceeds the rate of iron binding to transferrin and a quantity of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is formed. It is proposed that NTBI increases the intensity of malarial infections by increasing the sequestration of malaria-infected red cells in the capillaries of the brain and intestine, causing more cerebral malaria and further increasing the permeability of the intestinal barrier to the passage of pathogens. Bacteremia is frequently reported in children with severe malaria. At the same time, high iron doses stimulate the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the stool, further increasing the potential for bacteremia. The normal immune response to malaria, as well as other infections and inflammatory disorders, is to prevent further microbial growth by stimulating hepcidin synthesis and preventing the passage of iron into the plasma. Iron absorption is decreased and the efficacy of the iron interventions would be expected to be lower in the presence of infections.
Circulation
Editors' Picks
Authors:   The Editors
Published: November 2011

The following articles are being highlighted as part of
Circulation
's Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in
Circulation
and the
Circulation
subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of congenital heart disease and pediatric cardiology in 2009 and 2010.
Le problème de la chronologie du Coran1
Authors: Reynolds Gabriel Said
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This study challenges the widespread scholarly assumption that the Qurʾān can only be properly understood when its suras are assigned to a chronological order based on the traditional biography of the Prophet. The first section of the study addresses the origins of this assumption, beginning with Islamic tradition and its reception in the XIXth century works of Gustav Weil and Theodor Nöldeke. The second section involves a critique of more recent defenses of the idea of a Quranic chronology. The third and final section of the article illustrates the problem of this idea by way of a comparison with scholarship on the Psalms.
(Re)Invigorating the World Health Organization’s Governance of Health Rights: Repositing an Evolving Legal Mandate, Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Onzivu William
Published: November 2011

Abstract

State centred discourse on international law and human rights often diminishes the obligations of global health institutions in international law to advance health related human rights and as sites for the progressive development and implementation of health rights. The constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) provides an expansive role for human rights protection and promotion in realizing public health, but WHO has faced hurdles in effectively carrying out this role. Current scholarship continues to underscore the normative challenges facing WHO concerning its limited use of international law including human rights to promote health. This article goes a step further and explores the evolving international legal and institutional basis for WHO’s future direction in strengthening the governance of human rights. It revisits WHO’s evolving and expanding human rights mandate, challenges and prospects within WHO law, the broader United Nations law, policy and practice as well as general international law. Despite the limitations, WHO has evolving institutional mechanisms rooted in international law that comprise a pivotal site for human rights normative and operational work at the global, regional and domestic levels. The article examines these mechanisms and suggests concrete ways and options in which WHO can advance health rights.
Classification of Precipitation Types during Transitional Winter Weather Using the RUC Model and Polarimetric Radar Retrievals
Authors: Schuur Terry J. , Park Hyang-Suk , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Reeves Heather D.
Published: November 2011

A new hydrometeor classification algorithm that combines thermodynamic output from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model with polarimetric radar observations is introduced. The algorithm improves upon existing classification techniques that rely solely on polarimetric radar observations by using thermodynamic information to help to diagnose microphysical processes (such as melting or refreezing) that might occur aloft. This added information is especially important for transitional weather events for which past studies have shown radar-only techniques to be deficient. The algorithm first uses vertical profiles of wet-bulb temperature derived from the RUC model output to provide a background precipitation classification type. According to a set of empirical rules, polarimetric radar data are then used to refine precipitation-type categories when the observations are found to be inconsistent with the background classification. Using data from the polarimetric KOUN Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) located in Norman, Oklahoma, the algorithm is tested on a transitional winter-storm event that produced a combination of rain, freezing rain, ice pellets, and snow as it passed over central Oklahoma on 30 November 2006. Examples are presented in which the presence of a radar bright band (suggesting an elevated warm layer) is observed immediately above a background classification of dry snow (suggesting the absence of an elevated warm layer in the model output). Overall, the results demonstrate the potential benefits of combining polarimetric radar data with thermodynamic information from numerical models, with model output providing widespread coverage and polarimetric radar data providing an observation-based modification of the derived precipitation type at closer ranges.
Modulation of the Tibetan Plateau Snow Cover on the ENSO Teleconnections: From the East Asian Summer Monsoon Perspective
Authors: Wu Zhiwei , Li Jianping , Jiang Zhihong , Ma Tingting
Published: November 2011

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) may exhibit rather large variability between years characterized by the same ENSO phase. Such inconsistency reduces the EASM predictability based on ENSO. Results in this study show that the Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) exerts a modulating effect on ENSO teleconnections and ENSO significantly correlates with the EASM only during the reduced TPSC summers. Three-dimensional circulation structures are examined to manifest that the typical ENSO signals in reduced TPSC summers tend to be stronger than in excessive TPSC summers. Numerical and theoretical evidences indicate that the anomalously reduced TPSC can force positive geopotential height anomalies at the upper troposphere and weaken the jet streams across eastern Asia and northwestern Pacific. Governed by such basic state zonal flows, the extratropical Rossby wave response to the ENSO forcing usually has a larger amplitude and pronounced westward development. In such case, ENSO extends its influences to eastern Asia and enhances its connection with the EASM.
Interdecadal Change of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset
Authors: Kajikawa Yoshiyuki , Wang Bin
Published: November 2011

A significant advance in the onset dates of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) is detected around 1993/94: the epochal mean onset date is 30 May for 1979–93 and 14 May for 1994–2008. The relatively late onset during the first epoch is primarily determined by the northward seasonal march of the intertropical convergence zone, whereas the advanced onset during the second epoch is affected by the enhanced activity of northwestward-moving tropical disturbances from the equatorial western Pacific. During 1994–2008, the intraseasonal variability (ISV) over the western Pacific was enhanced during the period from mid-April to mid-May; further, the number of tropical cyclones (TCs), which passed through the South China Sea (SCS) and Philippine Sea during the same period, is about doubled compared with those occurring during 1979–93. This enhanced ISV and TC activity over the SCS and Philippine Sea are attributed to a significant increase in SST over the equatorial western Pacific from the 1980s to 2000s. Therefore, the advanced SCSSM onset is rooted in the decadal change of the SST over the equatorial western Pacific.
Evaluating Where and Why Drifters Die*
Authors: Lumpkin Rick , Maximenko Nikolai , Pazos Mayra
Published: November 2011

NOAA ’s Global Drifter Program (GDP) manages a global array of ~1250 active satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys (“drifters”) in collaboration with numerous national and international partners. To better manage the drifter array and to assess the performance of various drifter manufacturers, it is important to discriminate between drifters that cease transmitting because of internal failure and those that cease because of external factors such as running aground or being picked up. An accurate assessment of where drifters run aground would also allow the observations to be used to more accurately simulate the evolution of floating marine debris and to quantify globally which shores are most prone to the deposit of marine debris. While the drifter Data Assembly Center of the GDP provides a metadata file that includes cause of death, the identified cause for most drifters is simply “quit transmitting.” In this study it is shown that a significant fraction of these drifters likely ran aground or were picked up, and a statistical estimate that each drifter ran aground or was picked up is derived.
Concentric Eyewall Formation in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008). Part I: Assimilation of T-PARC Data Based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Huang Yi-Hsuan , Lien Guo-Yuan
Published: November 2011

Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) is a case in point under The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign (T-PARC) with the most abundant flight observations taken and with great potential to address major scientific issues in T-PARC such as structure change, targeted observations, and extratropical transition. A new method for vortex initialization based on ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is adopted in this study. By continuously assimilating storm positions (with an update cycle every 30 min), the mean surface wind structure, and all available measurement data, this study constructs a unique high-spatial/temporal-resolution and model/observation-consistent dataset for Sinlaku during a 4-day period. Simulations of Sinlaku starting at different initial times are further investigated to assess the impact of the data. It is striking that some of the simulations are able to capture Sinlaku’s secondary eyewall formation, while others starting the simulation earlier with less data assimilated are not. This dataset provides a unique opportunity to study the dynamical processes of concentric eyewall formation in Sinlaku. In Part I of this work, results from the data assimilation and simulations are presented, including concentric eyewall evolution and the precursors to its formation, while detailed dynamical analyses are conducted in follow-up research.
Women who jump into wells: Reflections on suicidality in women from conflict regions of the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Guzder Jaswant
Published: November 2011

This paper examines narratives of women from the Indian subcontinent, including Canadian refugee claimants, emerging from the conflict regions of Pakistan, Punjab, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, who have presented suicidal ideation or attempts or died by suicide. The focus is on the relationship of suicide and suicide behavior to particular systemic stressors related to familial, social, and group agendas. The vulnerability of individual women is presented in the context of gender issues, deeply embedded group trauma, historical legacies, and intragenerational dynamics, as well as acute stressors that contribute to the underlying distress of these women.
Books and canon building in sociology: The case of Mind, Self, and Society
Authors: da Silva Filipe Carreira , Vieira Mónica Brito
Published: November 2011

This paper discusses the canonization process of George Herbert Mead (1863–1931) in sociology through a recounting of the history of the book Mind, Self, and Society (1934). The relation between Mead and this particular work has no parallel in the history of sociological theory. Although the book was not written by Mead, or even organized under his direction, it has been through it that generations of academics and students have come in contact with Mead’s ideas. There are two main goals behind this exercise in historical reconstruction. First, the study of how Mind, Self, and Society came into existence and acquired classical standing offers an insightful view of the contingency and the complexity of canon formation. It is on this continuous process of reception, through which certain texts and authors acquire classical value, which the second part of the article focuses. It discusses the extent to which the history of the reception of Mead’s ideas would have been very different, and the impact of his ideas for theory building substantially larger, if it had been based, not on a posthumously published transcript, but on his own work.
The spatial sense of empire: Encountering strangers with Simmel, Tocqueville and Martineau
Authors: Kemple Thomas
Published: November 2011

This essay takes Georg Simmel’s conceptualization of space as a form of sociation ( Vergesellschaftung) in his 1908 masterpiece, Sociology, as a framework for critically re-reading two ninteetnth-century classics in the sociology of empire. Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America (1835/1940) is shown to illustrate Simmel’s understanding of social-spatial boundaries by portraying the cultural and historical geography of America as an ‘optic space’ of racial (in)equality. Similarly, Harriett Martineau’s study of morals and manners in Society in America (1837) exemplifies Simmel’s ideas on social-spatial sensibilities with its attention to how everyday settings serve as a kind of ‘acoustic space’ of gendered (un)freedom. Drawing on related arguments by recent thinkers and critics, and rectifying the relative neglect of how socio-spatial dynamics are addressed in the texts of classical sociology, the essay examines a description in each work of a particular personal encounter with strangers which exemplifies how the spatial sense of empire disrupts assumptions that new-world democracy has superseded old-world colonialism. Considered as illustrations of Simmel’s thesis concerning the spatial orders of society, the ‘travelling and anecdotal theories’ of Martineau and Tocqueville provide ‘sociological allegories’ designed to instruct reading publics on how law, empire, and social mores constitute bounded fields of struggle within the contact zones of modern empire.
Does organizational climate impact upon burnout in staff who work with people with intellectual disabilities? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Thompson Lauren , Rose John
Published: November 2011

Staff stress and burnout is a prominent area of research in relation to services for people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this article is to review the literature in relation to organizational climate in order to investigate whether there is a relationship between organizational variables and staff burnout. A systematic literature search yielded 21 articles which fell into two categories. Earlier studies tended to focus on deinstitutionalization, whereas later studies appeared to be influenced by work-stress theories, including ‘person–environment fit’ and demand control. Overall, it was found that an organizational climate that has a better ‘person–environment’ fit promotes greater job satisfaction and reduced burnout. Future research could focus upon the social or therapeutic aspects of the environment within services for people with intellectual disabilities to address an area of research which appears to have been overlooked.
The role of staff in health promotion in community residences for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Bergström Helena , Wihlman Ulla
Published: November 2011

Managers and caregivers in community residences for people with intellectual disabilities are expected both to promote residents’ health and to support their autonomy. The aim of this article was to explore variation in views among managers and caregivers on the role of staff in health promotion. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with six managers and six caregivers. The analysis used a phenomenographic approach to categorize variation in views. We identified five qualitatively different main categories of roles staff play in health promotion: the parent, the manipulator, the coach, the educator and the libertarian. In addition lifestyle-related risk factors for ill-health and barriers to a healthy lifestyle were analysed and described using qualitative content analysis. The results highlight the ethical conflict that faces staff trying to support a healthy lifestyle as well as the autonomy of the residents.
Confidentiality at risk: The interdiscursive construction of International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Corona Isabel
Published: November 2011

The global demand for information has brought in new developments in the publicity of discursive practices of many professional areas. This study takes the professional practice of International Commercial Arbitration, a mechanism to resolve business disputes outside the courts and traditionally considered as private, to explore the process of resemiotization of information, from the strategies used by corporations in their press releases to the news reports published by national and international media. It takes the theoretical concept of interdiscursivity in critical genre analysis to show that texts are the result of a combination of a very complex range of resources brought about by genres, professional practices and professional cultures, which derive not only from the ‘local’ representation of the transnational arbitration process, but also from the different corporate identities and their ways of coping with the increasing publicity of the facts of arbitration.
A corpus-based insight into genre: The case of WIPO domain name arbitration decisions
Authors: Escudero Laura Martínez
Published: November 2011

To prevent domains from cyber-piracy, the WIPO offers private and confidential procedures tasked to address the legitimate use of a domain name. WIPO domain name arbitration consists of an alternative dispute resolution process in which one or more panelists make a binding decision over the legitimacy of a domain. This article investigates the structure of the discourse of this professional genre. Following Maley (1987), this study focuses, first, on spotting the generic moves of WIPO domain name arbitration decisions. Second, the analysis unveils patterns shaping WIPO domain name arbitration decisions, hence exploring how discursive features work within this specialized discourse. Third, it examines whether corpus data reveal that this type of professional discourse has entered into a process of standardization. The study is based on Bhatia’s multi-perspective four-space model of discourse (2004). This analytical framework emphasizes a multidisciplinary and multidimensional perspective which highlights that discourse is indistinguishable from constructing reality.
Differential Expression of the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 in Pancreas
Authors: Meabon James S. , Lee Aven , Meeker Kole D. , Bekris Lynn M. , Fujimura Robert K. , Yu Chang-En , Watson G.Stennis , Pow David V. , Sweet Ian R. , Cook David G.
Published: November 2011

The glutamate uptake transporter GLT-1 is best understood for its critical role in preventing brain seizures. Increasing evidence argues that GLT-1 also modulates, and is modulated by, metabolic processes that influence glucose homeostasis. To investigate further the potential role of GLT-1 in these regards, the authors examined GLT-1 expression in pancreas and found that mature multimeric GLT-1 protein is stably expressed in the pancreas of wild-type, but not GLT-1 knockout, mice. There are three primary functional carboxyl-terminus GLT-1 splice variants, called GLT-1a, b, and c. Brain and liver express all three variants; however, the pancreas expresses GLT-1a and GLT-1b but not GLT-1c. Quantitative real time-PCR further revealed that while GLT-1a is the predominant GLT-1 splice variant in brain and liver, GLT-1b is the most abundant splice variant expressed in pancreas. Confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed that GLT-1a and GLT-1b are expressed in both islet β- and α-cells. GLT-1b was also expressed in exocrine ductal domains. Finally, glutamine synthetase was coexpressed with GLT-1 in islets, which suggests that, as with liver and brain, one possible role of GLT-1 in the pancreas is to support glutamine synthesis.
Tradução, adaptação transcultural e propriedades psicométricas do KIDSCREEN-52 para a população brasileira
Authors: Guedes Dartagnan Pinto , Guedes Joana Elisabete R. P
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: O KIDSCREEN-52 é um questionário desenvolvido em países europeus para avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes. Também fornece informações quanto às percepções de pais e tutores. O propósito do estudo foi traduzir o questionário para o português, realizar a adaptação transcultural e identificar suas propriedades psicométricas para a população brasileira. MÉTODOS: O questionário original foi traduzido de acordo com recomendações internacionais. Um comitê de juízes foi formado para analisar as versões traduzidas do questionário. O comitê utilizou como critério de análise as equivalências semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual. A versão final do questionário traduzido foi administrada em uma amostra de 758 escolares de ambos os sexos e 653 pais/tutores, em Londrina (PR). Para identificar as propriedades psicométricas, foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória com rotação varimax e, na sequência, para análise da consistência interna de cada dimensão associada à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, foi empregado o coeficiente α de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Após discretas modificações apontadas no processo de tradução, o comitê de juízes considerou que a versão para o português do questionário KIDSCREEN-52 apresentou equivalências semântica, idiomática, cultural e conceitual. A análise fatorial exploratória confirmou a estrutura de dez dimensões de qualidade de vida originalmente proposta, explicando 63-69% da variância total com valores satisfatórios de consistência interna. O α de Cronbach apresentou coeficientes entre 0,725 e 0,894. CONCLUSÕES: A tradução, a adaptação transcultural e as qualidades psicométricas do questionário KIDSCREEN-52 foram satisfatórias, o que viabiliza sua aplicação em futuros estudos no Brasil.
Impacto do uso do telefone celular na saúde de crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Balbani Aracy Pereira S , Krawczyk Alberto Luís
Published: November 2011

OBJETIVO: Apresentar o conhecimento sobre efeitos biológicos dos campos eletromagnéticos, detalhes da absorção da energia dos campos de micro-ondas na criança, efeitos da exposição a esses campos no período pré e pós-natal e impacto do uso dos telefones celulares no sistema nervoso central e no comportamento de crianças. FONTES DE DADOS: Trabalhos em língua inglesa publicados entre 2004 e 2009 e indexados na base de dados PubMed com os unitermos: "crianças", "telefones celulares" e "micro-ondas". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Telefones celulares emitem radiofrequência na faixa de micro-ondas, cujos efeitos biológicos podem ser térmicos (aquecimento dos tecidos) ou não térmicos (estresse oxidativo e mudanças na conformação da cromatina). Pesquisas experimentais sugerem que a dissipação da energia de radiofrequência nos tecidos seria maior na criança do que no adulto. Em ratos, a exposição pré-natal à radiofrequência em níveis não térmicos não produz efeito teratogênico ou mutagênico, nem aumento da permeabilidade da barreira hematoencefálica ou da expressão de heat shock proteins no encéfalo. Não há evidência de efeito nocivo da radiação dos celulares na cognição de crianças. Fazer ligações ou enviar mensagens de texto no horário noturno aumenta a probabilidade de sonolência diurna em adolescentes. Crianças que usam mais o celular podem ter déficit de memória e comportamento impulsivo. CONCLUSÕES: Não está comprovado que a exposição à radiação dos celulares, pré ou pós-natal, dentro dos limites de segurança para humanos, induz dano ao desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central. Entretanto, padrões culturais relacionados à posse e uso dos aparelhos influenciam o comportamento de crianças e adolescentes e podem provocar distúrbios do sono.
Strategies for Managing Heparin Therapy in Patients with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Authors: Mehta Trupti P. , Smythe Maureen A. , Mattson Joan C.
Published: November 2011

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is a common acquired thrombophilia. The diagnosis of APS is based on both clinical and laboratory criteria. The clinical criteria include vascular thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity. The laboratory criteria include a positive test for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, or anti–β2‐glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI) antibodies on two or more occasions at least 12 weeks apart. Antiphospholipid antibodies with lupus anticoagulant activity may prolong phospholipid‐dependent coagulation tests such as the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and the activated clotting time (ACT). This prolongation adds a level of complexity to monitoring heparin therapy in patients with APS who have thrombosis. A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted for relevant articles published from 1995‐April 2011. The usual management approach in nonsurgical patients with APS is to switch to low‐molecular‐weight heparin. In patients in whom heparin remains the agent of choice, management options include monitoring heparin antifactor Xa levels, determining an individualized therapeutic aPTT range, targeting an aPTT goal of 2 times the baseline aPTT, or using an aPTT reagent insensitive to lupus anticoagulant. An algorithm for anticoagulation management in nonsurgical patients with APS who require heparin is provided. The strategies to monitor intraoperative heparin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery include measuring heparin concentrations by an automated protamine titration device, targeting twice the baseline ACT, using preoperative in vitro heparin‐ACT titration curves, and measuring heparin antifactor Xa levels. The available published case reports on the use of these strategies are reviewed. Each institution should determine an approach to managing heparin in patients with APS that best meets its needs and resources.