bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SPAIN
Authors: Luis Alvaro José , Fraser Colin
Published: February 2008

Unemployment has been a major economic, political and social problem in many countries over the past two decades, as it was also in the inter‐war years. One of the strengths of social and psychological research on unemployment in the 1930s was that findings became available from a range of countries throughout continental Europe as well as from English‐speaking countries, especially Britain and the United States. Evidence for this is contained in the well‐documented reviews by Eisenberg and Lazarsfeld (1938) and Garraty (1978).
AGING AND ECONOMICS: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF RESPONSES BY THE UNITED STATES, GREAT BRITAIN AND JAPAN
Authors: Barton Laurence
Published: February 2008

The process of aging has been called many things, but almost never is it referred to as pleasant. In large measure this is because the process of growing older is disproportionately shaped by three factors regardless of citizenship:
SPACE AND SUBSTANCE MISUSE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES
Authors: Dean Alan
Published: February 2008

The reasons why some people use illicit drugs recreationally and in a dependent, harmful, way are not clearly understood. Various factors have been put forward, each of which may play some part in affecting individual drug using outcomes. Rounsaville (1982), for example, analysed the life records of approximately 400 opiate users and identified two antecedents to drug use, childhood trauma and early antisocial or delinquent behaviour. Social background and deprivation have also been noted as possible preceding factors. Parker et al (1987) found correlations between heroin use and unemployment, overcrowding and other indices of deprivation. Other perspectives on use, cited by Johns (1990), include availability and peer influence. Sub‐culture has also been suggested as an important context to use (Becker, 1963; Williams, 1989). The Third Triennial Report to Congress (Department of Health and Public Service, 1991) focused on individual ‘risks’, which were categorised as biological (genetic), psychological, behavioural (anti‐social and delinquent activies), demographic (such as gender or ethnic factors), and environmental (arising from family or peer group influence). However, despite these and many other perspectives on pathways to illicit drug use and drug‐related harm, a comprehensive account which seeks to ground such practices in the complex interplay between the individual, their community and elements of social structure has yet to be achieved.
OPEN ADOPTION ‐ THE WAY FORWARD?
Authors: Alty C. , Cameron S.
Published: February 2008

The first question to be addressed on this issue is what is open adoption? What follows in this article is a survey of definitions in the literature which reveals a broad spectrum of definitions of openness. Most of the definitions which follow are based on the range of practices which researchers have come across during their interviews with families who have been involved in an open adoption. Essentially, open adoption is a term which describes the continued contact between an adopted child and his/her birth parent(s) after adoption. Open adoption has also been referred to as the adoption triangle as there are three parties involved in the adoption rather than the traditional two.
CHANGE IN ATTITUDES TOWARD WORKING WOMEN: A COHORT ANALYSIS
Authors: Misra Ranjita
Published: February 2008

Major demographic changes in family life occurred during the post‐World War II period in the United States. An increase in women combining traditional family roles with employment in the work force represents one of the most significant of these changes. The late 1960s and early 1970s, in particular, were heralded as a period of revolution in attitudes toward the roles of women (Ferre, 1974; Mason, Czajka and Arber, 1976; McBroom, 1986; Tallichet and Willits, 1986; Thornton and Freedman, 1979). These studies revealed that attitudes became more favourable toward the working women and toward greater opportunities and rewards for women outside the home. Several studies have documented the association of egalitarian sex‐role attitudes with higher levels of education and increased participation in the work force (Mason et.al., 1976; Smith‐Lovin and Tickamyer, 1978; Thornton and Freedman, 1979).
Development under Population Pressure and Shortage of Resources—An Alternative Path to the Demographic Transition
Authors: Schmid Josef
Published: February 2008

As a result of two closely related problems, namely the population problem in almost all parts of the world and the serious effects on the environment, thinking relating to development has taken a new direction. Development is more and more closely linked to the question of population and the form of production which to a great extent affects technology and resources.
Community Formation/Community Destruction—Nomos and Anomie in a Core Societal Area
Authors: Zihlmann Rudolf
Published: February 2008

Processes of anomie are affecting more and more societies. Anomie has become endemic, individual, and social. No society and no community appears to be immune to this process. We are at present witnessing the world‐wide degeneration of social bonds and social structures. We are witnessing a re‐barbarization of political conditions. Ex‐Yugoslavia is a nearby example. At the same time we are witnessing anomic conflagrations in Africa. Insidious anomic processes are also evident in the territories of the former Soviet Union. You may judge for yourself the extent to which the virus of anomie has also infected the social body in the core countries of the West.
Social Polarisation and Anomie: The Effects of a New Urban Form
Authors: Western John
Published: February 2008

This paper takes as its starting point the apparent chaotic nature of a great deal of social life in the final years of the twentieth century. The breakdown of many nation states in Eastern Europe, uncontrolled urban growth and the expanding number of homeless refugees all suggest reasons why “chaos theory” has been attractive to social scientists. Providing its metaphoric nature is realized it may be helpful in providing an organizing principle for research. The concept of social polarization on the other hand, while addressing a number of the same issues, has the advantage perhaps of being more empirically grounded.
Global Developments and the Meaning of Local Cultures: Reflections on Structural Anomie
Authors: Atteslander Peter
Published: February 2008

Foreseeable worldwide development can be characterized by social destabilization, urbanization, and increasing migration. These trends are global, even if regional and cultural characteristics differ markedly and often progress at varying paces. The social processes indicated are interdependent. That is, they greatly influence each other in numerous ways, yet can rarely be explained only as clear and simple cause‐and‐effect relationships. The link between an economic situation and population growth is uncontested, as is the link between world trade prices of farm produce and the poverty within the countries of origin. But such general statements are not very suitable for analysis of specific regional and topical problems. More essential than aspects of worldwide social change, which can be quantified with relative ease, are their repercussions on social structures, the imbedding of local societies in a global network, the invisibility of change, and the further expansion of latent social conflicts.
At the Crossroads of Rapid Development: Malaysian Society and Anomie
Authors: Ariffin Jamilah
Published: February 2008

Malaysia straddles across the South China Sea and measures 329,758 sq. km with a total population size of about 18 million in 1994. It can be considered as a very lowly‐populated country especially in comparison to other more densely‐populated parts of Asia.
THE POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY OF COLD WAR AMERICAN MORALITY
Authors: Hanson Jim
Published: February 2008

This article applies political sociology and philosophy to the problem of declining morality in the American polity, particularly the moral contents and effects of the acts of American presidents and their administrations during the cold war. It is not concerned with a politics of morality in the partisan sense of what is considered conservative or liberal. It examines the political morality of American leadership as a cold war world leader in the last half of the twentieth century and its direct effect upon the American republic and polity.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL MORALITY
Authors: Marske Charles E.
Published: February 2008

Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of dispositions are forever forming associations… of a thousand different types — religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute … [for] the greatest number of purposes … Nothing in my view deserves more attention than the intellectual and moral associations in America (Alexis de Tocqueville,Democracy in America, [1835] 1945).
DETERMINANTS OF SOCIAL WELFARE DEVELOPMENT IN HONG KONG: A TIME‐SERIES STUDY
Authors: Tang Kwong‐leung
Published: February 2008

The expansion of social welfare in advanced capitalist countries following the Second World War has been phenomenal. Concomitant to this is the mushrooming of comparative social research devoted to the analysis of welfare states. The central question in comparative policy discourse has been the search for the determinants of social welfare development. There is no consensus over the structural determinants for welfare efforts. However, the literature on comparative social policy has identified a significant number of variables which spur social policy development: industrialization, urbanization, modernization, working‐class mobilization, union strength, state and its particular structure, open economy, diffusion, military spending, and national ideology (Wilensky & Lebeaux, 1965; Wilensky, 1975; Uusitalo, 1984; Wilensky, 1985; Flora, 1987; O'Conner, 1988; Esping‐Andersen, 1990; Pierson, 1991; Wong & Daley, 1991; Janoski & Hicks, 1994).
A MACRO‐LEVEL FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF SOCIETAL DISINTEGRATION
Authors: Turner Jonathan H.
Published: February 2008

A functionalist framework is used to synthesize well‐known ideas about societal integration and, conversely, disintegration. If the underlying Darwinian metaphor in functional analysis is retained, and supplemented by dialectical metaphors, then functional theorizing can insightfully address the forces of societal disintegration. The emerging theory revolves around, on the structural side, the dynamics of segmentation, differentiation, interdependence and exchange, structural overlap, structural embeddedness, mobility, segregation, and domination whereas on the cultural side, the theory emphasizes the dynamics inhering in systems of evaluational, regulatory, and legitimating symbols as well as generalized symbolic media.
IRISH DRINKING WORLDS: A SOCIO‐CULTURAL REINTERPRETATION OF AMBIVALENCE
Authors: Cassidy Tanya M.
Published: February 2008

Many researchers who have studied drinking in Ireland have worked under the assumption that the Irish have a particularly acute problem with alcohol. Through an investigation of historical and contemporary writings on the subject I demonstrate that the problem is more complicated than traditional images would lead one to believe. Generally it is not known that Ireland has one of the lowest rates of alcohol consumption in Europe and one of the highest percentages of abstainers, although it is also true that Ireland has one of the highest hospital admission rates for alcohol‐related illnesses. In an attempt to understand the complex variety of drinking behaviours in Ireland, I advocate the reinterpretation and use of the concept of ambivalence in the context of Irish drinking, adapting ideas of Barth (originally applied to Bah) in the process.
WOMEN AND ALCOHOL: DEFINING THE PROBLEM AND SEEKING HELP
Authors: Preston Lynn
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the accounts of three women, taken from the general population, who will not seek help for their alcohol problems. The narrative construction of their drinking forms a bricolage from the babble of discourses around alcohol that they encounter in their everyday lives. Much of the literature on alcohol & alcohol problems is written from the point of view of subjective experience mapped onto an objective definition which may show that they are not offering a true account of themselves, that they are in denial, or that they are displacing their (real) problem with alcohol onto something else. In this scenario, a cure can only be effected by first making the women understand, & then admit, what their real problem is. It is suggested that the reason these women, & possibly others, do not seek help is precisely because they fear that their own stories will be denied as untrue & that in this process, their own identities & personal accounts will be lost. In the confusion & difficulty they experience in defining the problem, they need an open space where they can explore their drinking & increase their knowledge from the many knowledges available, but free from the constraints & risks that they feel access to these knowledges would inevitably involve.
UNDERAGE DRINKING, PEER INFLUENCE, AND ESCALATION
Authors: Hood Michael M.
Published: February 2008

Juvenile delinquency research has identified two vital (and related) concepts to this area of study: age of onset and escalation. In this investigation, escalation is examined as a function of early drinking. Added to this are the influences of deviant peers and the social control effects of family and church. My analysis shows that consuming alcohol at a young age is correlated with illegal drug use, committing a greater number of illegal acts, committing more serious offences, and being confronted by police for delinquent behavior. Moreover, I show that peer influence has a greater impact on individual behavior than do other social control mechanisms. In conclusion, I offer a critique of current policies aimed at teenage drinking and argue in favor of preventative, rather than prohibitive strategies.
SOCIAL EMOTIONS: CONFIDENCE, TRUST AND LOYALTY
Authors: Barbalet J.M.
Published: February 2008

Confidence, trust and loyalty are three social emotions necessary respectively for the social processes of agency, cooperation and organization. In addition to the centrality of emotion in social life, an examination of these emotions demonstrates the importance of future‐time in social structure. Temporality is seldom discussed in the sociological literature, but unavoidable in a consideration of confidence, trust and loyalty. An examination of confidence, trust and loyalty from the perspective of temporality clarifies issues of social rationality and indicates some of the limitations of rational choice theory.
EMOTIONS AND CARE‐SEEKING DURING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A MODEL FOR INTERVENTION
Authors: Alonzo Angelo A. , Reynolds Nancy R.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, a theoretical and applied understanding is brought to the study of acute myocardial infarction [AMI] care‐seeking behavior. The time between the onset of an AMI and the initiation of definitive medical care is presently the single most important factor impeding reduced mortality and improved morbidity from thrombolytic therapy. It is suggested that the acknowledged, yet relatively neglected, area of emotional response is a key element in understanding why individuals may delay seeking definitive health care services following the onset of AMI symptoms. Emotionally significant dimensions of the care‐seeking process and a model for intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality are presented.
SEXUAL‐EROTIC EMOTIONS IN THE U.S. IN CROSS‐CULTURAL COMPARISON
Authors: Schneider Andreas
Published: February 2008

Using semantic differential ratings of evaluation, potency and activity of American and German undergraduates, I will test the general hypothesis that if both cultures agree on the sexual‐ erotic denotation of sentiments, sentiments will differ disproportional in their affective representations. It will be demonstrated that there is an interconnection of role‐identities and emotions. Affective representation between sexual role‐ identities differs in German and American culture. Emotions associated with sexual‐erotic role‐identities have a deviant and violent quality for Americans. The same role‐identities associate with emotions of impression and passion for German subjects.
TEACHING SOCIOLOGY IN THE 90'S: THE THREE FACES OF RELEVANCE
Authors: Newman David
Published: February 2008

Many academic departments in the social sciences today are being called upon to justify the utility of their courses and tangibly demonstrate their contributions to the general college curriculum. Because it has traditionally lacked a clearly defined career path, has no consensual, conceptual core, and has few easily quantifiable pedagogical outcomes, sociology is particularly susceptible to such scrutiny. In this paper I outline several strategies and techniques sociology instructors can use to maximize the relevance of their courses and, by extension, the discipline.
TRACING INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONS THROUGH REPORTS OF TRANSFERS OF TIME AND MONEY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AFRICAN‐AMERICANS, HISPANICS AND WHITES
Authors: Spreitzer Elmer , Schoeni Robert , Rao K.V.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this study was to describe any patterns of distinctive sociocultural adaptation in the form of exchanges of time and money between American households, and to determine whether any observed racial or ethnic differences remain after controlling for social background characteristics. We tested one dimension of the sociocultural adaptation hypothesis — Through processes of distinctive sociocultural adaptation, minority group members learn to survive by adjusting behaviors, values, and informal organization in response to demands and stressors in their social environment. The focal adaptation in our study involved instrumental and expressive exchanges between households. The findings showed that minority groups on average were less likely to participate in instrumental and expressive exchanges between households as compared to the majority group. The study involved a secondary analysis of data collected in 1987–1988 as part of the National Survey of Families and Households (N= 13,017). Logistic regression was used to test for racial and ethnic variations in a multivariate context.
THE ONE‐CHILD POLICY AND PARENT‐CHILD RELATIONSHIPS: A COMPARISON OF ONE‐CHILD WITH MULTIPLE‐CHILD FAMILIES IN CHINA
Authors: Ngan‐ling Chow Esther , Zhao S. Michael
Published: February 2008

Facing a high birth rate, a falling mortality rate, and inconsistent policies on family planning from the 1950s to the early 1970s, the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched its widely known one‐child policy in 1979. The intention was to restrict population growth by reducing fertility through family planning and thereby to conserve the nation's resources to advance economic development. The effectiveness of the one‐child policy has varied greatly because policy regulations are differentially carried out by officials of provinces, municipalities, counties, communes, and minority regions. Generally speaking, the state policy has had greater acceptance in urban areas but is far less rigidly enforced by local officials in rural areas and for certain national minorities, which can have a second child under certain circumstances (Chow and Chen, 1994).
PARENTING AND CO‐PARENTING OF GRANDCHILDREN: EFFECTS ON GRANDPARENTS' WELL‐BEING AND FAMILY SOLIDARITY
Authors: Giarrusso Roseann , Feng Du , Wang Qian‐wei , Silverstein Merril
Published: February 2008

Increasing numbers of grandparents are raising their grandchildren because of problems within the parental generation such as drug and alcohol addiction, AIDS, divorce, and unemployment. Yet little is known about how grandparents who “parent” or “co‐parent” then‐grandchildren differ from other grandparents, or the extent to which parenting or co‐parenting grandchildren affects grandparent's psychological, physical, or financial well‐being, or feelings of family solidarity. The purpose of this research is to: (1) compare the characteristics of grandparents who go on to parent or co‐parent their grandchildren to grandparents who do not, and (2) assess the effects of entering the two caregiving arrangements — parenting and co‐parenting — on changes in grandparent's psychological, physical, and financial well‐being, as well as their feelings of family solidarity. The data for this study came from 659 grandparents from the USC Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSG) who participated in at least two consecutive waves of data collection measured at three year intervals between 1985 to 1994: parenting grandparents (N = 12), co‐parenting grandparents (N = 27), and non‐parenting grandparents (N = 620). Analysis of the quantitative data reveals that grandparents who parent or co‐parent their grandchildren tend to be younger and less healthy than non‐parenting grandparents. Contrary to expectation, the data also indicate that there is no statistically significant decline in psychological, physical, or financial well‐being, nor in normative or marital solidarity after grandparents begin to caregive. Although the majority of grandparents show stability or improvement in overall psychological well‐being, some show decline. The qualitative data suggests that the extent to which grandparents can choose their level of involvement in caregiving influences and the age of the grandchild, whether they experience caregiving as positive or negative.
FROM CONSCIENCE AND COMMON SENSE TO “FEMINISM FOR MEN” PRO‐FEMINIST MEN'S RHETORICS OF SUPPORT FOR WOMEN'S EQUALITY
Authors: Kimmel Michael S.
Published: February 2008

Since the late eighteenth century, American men have supported women's equality. (see Kimmel and Mosmiller, 1992). Even before the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York heralded the birth of the organized women's movement in 1848, American men had begun to argue in favor of women's rights. That celebrated radical, Thomas Paine, for example, mused in 1775 that any formal declaration of independence from England should include women, since women have, as he put it, “an equal right to virtue.”(Paine, [1775] 1992, 63–66). Other reformers, like Benjamin Rush and John Neal articulated claims for women's entry into schools and public life. Charles Brockden Brown, America's first professional novelist, penned a passionate plea for women's equality in Alcuin(1798).
FEMINISM, MEN AND THE STUDY OF MASCULINITY WHICH WAY NOW?
Authors: Shepherd Matthew
Published: February 2008

Through reference to contemporary feminist literature, this article explores the potential of men's involvement in feminism. Although primarily a women's movement, it is argued that there is scope for men to make a significant contribution to both feminist theory and practice. It stresses that men must live feminism in their everyday lives. In the second half of the paper it is suggested that men should engage in the project of re‐thinking existing notions of masculinity. In this connection it briefly outlines a reconceptualisation which is shown to be of benefit to feminist scholarship. As conclusion, an agenda for future research of masculinity is proposed.
EPISTEMIC REFLECTIONS ON THE “INFORMAL ECONOMY”
Authors: Morales Alfonso
Published: February 2008

It is fascinating to think about the growth of the literature on the informal economy since Hart and Ferman and Ferman first considered the problem in very different contexts in the early 1970's. In fact some intellectual history would probably be appealing for students of this literature. Irrespective of the knowledge gained from conducting an intellectual history, social scientists should be aware that many, if not most, of the empirical and theoretical problems they study have roots in different philosophical problems (Leaf, 1979). The “informal” economy is no exception. To situate the following collection of articles on the informal economy in one useful philosophical context, I will discuss in this introduction two distinct strategies of social science investigation. Having spelled out these strategies, I will then consider how each of the papers stands in relation to them.
INFORMAL WORK IN THE U.S.: CASE STUDIES AND A WORKING TYPOLOGY
Authors: Aponte Robert
Published: February 2008

Informal economic activities appear to constitute a growing component of all economic transactions in the US and some other industrialized nations, despite the traditional view that such activities would dissipate with advanced capitalism (cf Castells and Portes 1989, Tanzi 1982). The study of these activities, particularly by sociologists, has likewise grown in recent years. For example, at the 1995 ASA annual meetings in Washington DC, a formal session was devoted entirely to such work, an annual feature of recent vintage. That year's session produced some six papers, five case studies with a US focus and a general typology on informal work, which are reviewed here. As a group, these papers provide numerous insights into various aspects of informal work in the US. Yet, in the end, they raise at least as many questions as they answer, no doubt a reflection of the infancy of the field of study.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP & EXPLOITATION: MEASURING INDEPENDENCE AND DEPENDENCE IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
Authors: Cross John C.
Published: February 2008

One of the most important debates within the literature on the Urban Informal Economy (UIE) focuses on whether self‐employed individuals operating informally are “entrepreneurs” who should be aided by development planners or “disguised workers” who are super‐exploited by firms within the formal economy. While some authors have argued that the (UIE) may include both, there is little agreement on how to distinguish “entrepreneurs” from “disguised workers” so that the policies designed to promote the former while discouraging the latter can be developed. This article proposes a set of “scales of independence” to measure the relative dependence of self‐employed informal workers on specific suppliers and clients, and proposes several different categories of dependence/independence that should improve our understanding of the economic activity within the UIE.
BUT ARE THEY EXPLOITED?: INDUSTRIAL HOME WORKERS IN THE 1990 NEW JERSEY CENSUS
Authors: Rovi Sue
Published: February 2008

At issue in the debate over home employment is whether paid work performed in the home exploits workers or enables them to decide when and where to do their work. Converting the terms of the debate into a set of variables, I compare blue‐collar workers in manufacturing industries by work location. Although observed differences are open to varying interpretations, I conclude that as a group the home workers in this sample may be choosing to work at home. However, my analyses also demonstrate the diversity of home working arrangements, and that worker's ‘choices’ are socially shaped such that home employment has different meanings and consequences for different groups of workers. I further argue that the exploitative potential in home work cannot be dismissed because the findings are controversial, and the sample most likely underrepresents home workers, especially those most vulnerable to exploitation. Evidently, more research is necessary on the diversity of home working arrangements and their implications.
GIVE AND TAKE AMONG THE RURAL POOR
Authors: Harper Douglas
Published: February 2008

In the past, social exchange based on reciprocity has been important to the ways in which people in rural areas have made their living. Our study shows that contemporary reciprocal labor exchanges continue to be integral to the ways in which households sustain themselves economically and socially. However, unlike the relations of reciprocity of the past, which were based upon accomplishing harvest work among neighboring dairy farms, the current patterns of exchange are situational and contingent, and often embedded in kin and other social networks, rather than immediate neighbors. Understanding reciprocity reveals a fundamental element in the livelihood strategies of low‐income, land‐based, rural people.
AFFLUENT PLAYERS IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY: EMPLOYERS OF PAID DOMESTIC WORKERS
Authors: Hondagneu‐Sotelo Pierrette
Published: February 2008

This article uses the case of paid domestic work in Los Angeles to argue that affluent and middle‐class members of U.S. society constitute important participants in the informal economy. In‐depth, tape‐recorded interviews conducted with thirty‐five employers of nannies and house cleaners, and survey responses of 154 Latina house cleaners and nannies shows that compliance with government regulations, as indicated by payment of Social Security, Medicare and federal tax withholdings, are rare. Affluent citizens may not directly depend on informally generated income, but as employers of paid domestic workers and nannies, they do depend on informally organized and remunerated services. Employers of paid domestic workers rely on three major narrative strategies to distance themselves from the regulations, arguing that the standards should be followed by certain categories of people (attorneys, celebrities, the very wealthy), that the regulations apply only to those employing full‐time help, and that the regulations are illegitimate because both undocumented workers and the state lack legitimacy. These rationalizations allow them to simultaneously condemn Zoe Baird and yet follow the same practices. Upgrading the occupation requires state support and the education of employers. This process would lead to greater recognition of paid domestic work as an occupation, one that merits the protections and regulatory guidelines governing other jobs.
AMERICAN UNTOUCHABLES: HOMELESS SCAVENGERS IN SAN FRANCISCO'S UNDERGROUND ECONOMY
Authors: Gowan Teresa
Published: February 2008

An early morning at Bryant Salvage, a Vietnamese recycling business, finds a variety of San Francisco's scavengers converging to sell their findings. Vehicle after vehicle enters the yard to be weighed on the huge floor scale before dumping its load in the back; ancient pick‐up trucks with wooden walls, carefully loaded laundry carts, canary Cadillacs stuffed to overflow with computer paper, the shopping carts of homeless men, a 1950s ambulance carrying newspaper, and even the occasional gleaming new truck. The homeless men unload their towers of bottles and cardboard while young Latino van recyclers shout jokes across them. Middle aged Vietnamese women in jeans and padded jackets buzz around on forklifts or push around great tubs full of bottles and cans, stopping occasionally to help elderly people with their laundry carts. The van recyclers repeatedly honk their horns at the homeless guys to get out of the way. The homeless recyclers, silently methodical in their work, rarely respond.
UNCERTAINTY AND THE ORGANIZATION OF STREET VENDING BUSINESSES
Authors: Morales Alfonso
Published: February 2008

This paper reports preliminary findings about how households organize street vending businesses in response to varying sources and degrees of uncertainty. The thesis is that households organize themselves in different ways in response to different types of uncertainty associated with 1) earning different types of income and 2) differences as well as changes in intra‐household relationships. The important findings are twofold: first, that household members earn income from both “formal” and “informal” sources BOTH sequentially and simultaneously. The second finding is that people coordinate the efforts of household members with respect to (un)certainty to keep income flowing from the income‐earning activities the members are practicing. I review some empirical work on the informal economy and follow this discussion with data from Chicago's Maxwell Street Market.
A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING JAPANESE AND BRITISH LONE MOTHER HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Kanata Tomoko , Banks N.J.
Published: February 2008

The main aim of this article is to consider the different representations of lone‐mother families in Japan and Britain and to compare and analyse some of the issues which lone‐mother families in the two countries face in the light of three considerations: social policy, specific forms of support networks and changing family structures in the wider context. The focus on these issues is helpful in understanding a significant difference in the relative percentages of lone‐parent family in Britain and Japan. The paper focuses on lone‐mothers rather than fathers, because mothers in both countries are in general poorer and facing more hardship than lone fathers.
DOWNSIZING, RESTRUCTURING, PURCHASING AND PROVIDING: SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL SERVICES IN A VALUE‐FOR‐MONEY CLIMATE
Authors: Cigno K.
Published: February 2008

The United Kingdom is experiencing its 11th consecutive year of Conservative government; first under Mrs, now Lady Thatcher and latterly under the leadership of John Major. This long period of government under one political party with, until recently, a weakened Labour and Liberal Democrat opposition, has brought in a major shift from welfare state policies, in place since post‐war years, to the pursuit of a vigorous policy of privatisation of public utilities (for example, gas, electricity, water) and a dimunition of res publica ‐the state, or the public good on the one hand ‐ and a strengthening of state powers in relation to criminal justice, and to some extent, defence on the other: what is sometimes called the ‘nightwatchman’ state.
A REFORMULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF TRADITION
Authors: Scares Joseph A.
Published: February 2008

This paper addresses the status of the concept of tradition in social theory. Tradition, precisely defined, should be one of the ways sociologists understand the logic of social action, group identity, and collective memory (Coser 1992; Connerton 1989). To date, however, most social scientists are either dismissive or indiscriminate in their use of the notion. Those who disapprove of the concept tend to “treat tradition as a residual category”’ (Shils 1981 p. 8) or they see it as a type of false consciousness susceptible to manipulation by dominant elites (Hobsbawm 1983). Scholars who embrace tradition, such as Edward Shils, often do so by broadening the concept into something indistinguishable from any cultural inheritance. A nuanced ideal‐type theory is put forth here to enable us to identify and research the particular logic of a social tradition. This theory is extracted from a critical, and highly selective, reconstruction of the history of the concept of tradition.
INTRODUCTION: ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY
Authors: Carruthers Bruce G.
Published: February 2008

In the past several years, economic sociology has grown into a new speciality within sociology. Numerous edited volumes, survey articles and handbooks herald its arrival and mark out its place in the sociological firmament (see, e.g. Granovetter and Swedberg, 1992; Swedberg, 1991; Smelser and Swedberg, 1994). Although classic social theorists like Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim and Georg Simmel frequently pondered the structure and conditions of industrial society and the problems its emergence generated, it was not until neoclassical economists recently began to study nonmarket social phenomena that sociologists reacted by taking up the market as an object of study.
RECENT TRENDS IN INSTITUTIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: Campbell John L.
Published: February 2008

Interest in developing institutional explanations of political and economic behavior has blossomed among social scientists since the early 1980s. Three intellectual perspectives are now prevalent: rational choice theory, historical institutionalism and a new school of organizational analysis. This paper summarizes, compares and contrasts these views and suggests ways in which cross‐fertilization may be achieved. Particular attention is paid to how the insights of organizational analysis and historical institutionalism can be blended to provide fruitful avenues of research and theorizing, especially with regard to the production, adoption, and mobilization of ideas by decision makers.
LAND TENURE, HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE, AND FERTILITY: AGGREGATE ANALYSES OF FIFTEENTH‐CENTURY RURAL TUSCANCOMMUNITIES
Authors: Jean Emigh Rebecca
Published: February 2008

In some settings, sharecropping is associated with large extended families, high fertility, and early age of marriage. These demographic practices are often considered to be labor strategies for working extensive share‐tenancies. Where agricultural production is primarily labor intensive, landlords can increase their income, within certain limits, by maximizing the number of adult workers. If landlords hold considerable power over their tenants, they may have a large influence on demographic practices. Although this relationship between sharecropping and some of these demographic practices is found throughout much of history in northern Italy, the evidence is less clear for fifteenth‐century Tuscany. Herlihy and Klapisch‐ Zuber's study of theCatastoof 1427, a set of tax declarations, found no relation between household structure and land tenure. Some of their work suggested that fertility was higher among sharecroppers, but this relationship was not specified in detail. They did not consider the relationship between land tenure and age of marriage. This paper reconsiders the relationship between land tenure, household structure, fertility, and age of marriage. To try to correct for problems with Herlihy and Klapisch‐Zuber's land tenure variable, their data were aggregated to the administrative unit of analysis. The aggregated data show that sharecropping in rural Tuscany in 1427 was associated with household extension, high fertility, and early age of marriage, although the magnitude of this relationship was not large. Possible reasons for this weak relationship are discussed.
ECONOMIC WELL‐BEING AMONG OLDER LATINOS
Authors: Zsembik Barbara A. , Drevenstedt Greg L. , Preston McLane C.
Published: February 2008

Using data from the 1990 Latino sample of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 1988 National Survey of Elderly Hispanics, this research examines ethnic variation in the economic well‐being of older Latinos. Older Puerto Ricans are less economically secure than Cubans or Mexican Americans, reporting lower median incomes, higher rates of poverty, and disproportionate enrollments in the state health insurance program. We decompose household income into its sources to provide insight in ethnic differences in economic security and highlight how federal cutbacks in social programs for the elderly will uniquely impact each Latino ethnic group. The results show that older Puerto Ricans remain most vulnerable to the negative consequences of changing social policies. Health insurance coverage varies by ethnicity, revealing that access to health care is most limited among older Cubans. Clearly, each Latino ethnic group present a distinctive economic profile for older adults, profiles which call for policies guarding economic security to be tailored to each ethnic group.
PUBLIC DEMAND FOR PUNISHMENT
Authors: Wilkins Leslie T. , Pease Ken
Published: February 2008

The authors offer a unique theoretical model of social reactions to crime, criminals and other deviant behaviours. They suggest a “demand for punishment” approach and a macro level analysis of general incentives as these may be related to the phenomenon of crime. European and United Nations data are used to make international comparisons.
Organisational Issues in Stress Research
Authors: Glowinkowski Steven P. , Cooper Cary L.
Published: February 2008

This major review of organisational stress and its consequences provides a background to assess the policies and principles that need to be developed to counter the problems emerging.
Managerial Role Motivation Training
Authors: Miner John B.
Published: February 2008

The motivation to manage is a key factor influencing the energy and effort people bring to the job. A review of a training approach outlines action that can be taken.
Polygraph Use in Business and Industry:
Authors: Munchus George
Published: February 2008

Should the polygraph test be used in industry? The considerations involved are presented and assessed against practical examples.
SHARING LIBRARY RESOURCES IN THE ENGLISH‐SPEAKING CARIBBEAN
Authors: Jordan Alma
Published: February 2008

Planned sharing of material resources in the Caribbean has not received much attention from librarians, and most work has concentrated on what resources are currently available. In a previous survey interlibrary loans were found to be the most important aspect of library co‐operation and a new survey was conducted to see if this was still true. Public libraries were strongest in older Caribbean material while academic libraries were generally lending more in other subjects. Special libraries were the least self sufficient. Generally libraries are heavily dependent upon each other, and a regional body to co‐ordinate library resources should be set up.
TELEFACSIMILE USE IN US LIBRARIES
Authors: Engelke Hans
Published: February 2008

The impact of telefacsimile in the United States has been negligible, only three states having state‐wide telefacsimile networks. The speed of service achieved by the use of telefacsimile to transmit journal articles is offset by high costs and the need for libraries to change their interlibrary loan operations to use the system efficiently. A better use of telefacsimile is for transmitting interlibrary loan requests and messages. An interlibrary loan form designed for transmission by telefacsimile can save time and work for the libraries involved and it is cheaper than using TWX or telephone. It is also especially good for foreign language requests. Transmission of journal articles is not yet economically feasible but if faster equipment, giving clearer copy, were produced at a reasonable price it would be. Libraries should co‐operate to decide what equipment is needed and then press manufacturers to develop it.
INTERLENDING BETWEEN RESEARCH LIBRARIES IN BELGIUM
Authors: Van Borm J
Published: February 2008

There is a widespread lack of adequate statistical information relating to inter/ending transactions between Belgian libraries and this situation should be rectified as soon as possible so as to provide an adequate basis for the development of an effective system. The overall volume of interlibrary lending is estimated to be 300,000 transactions per annum. As in other European countries the burden of cost is borne by the bigger libraries. Two factors which would contribute to a quick and efficient system are missing: firstly an up‐to‐date union catalogue of holdings of both monographs and periodicals and secondly the willingness of all libraries to make their collections readily available to the whole community.
SURVEY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE PROBLEMS FACING THE RESEARCH WORKER
Authors: Ellen Sandra R
Published: February 2008

A questionnaire survey was used to find out whether the language barrier was an important hindrance to researchers. The linguistic ability of users of the literature appeared to vary with age, those in the upper age groups being more proficient; also the linguistic ability of social scientists appeared to be appreciably lower than that of scientists and technologists. Many researchers had come across papers in foreign languages that they would like to have read, but often no action to obtain a translation was taken. Very few people tried to locate existing translations and many were dissatisfied with the lack of information about existing services. The situation in general is not satisfactory and has not improved since a previous survey on similar lines was carried out in 1965.
NATIONAL INTERLENDING SYSTEMS: EXISTING SYSTEMS AND POSSIBLE MODELS
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

Interlending practices and procedures have grown up as the need for interlending has grown, but the importance of interlending and the need to approach the problem systematically have not been generally recognised. Few attempts have been made to create a coherent and effective system. Most efforts to improve interlending have consisted of the development of union catalogues, which in many cases are produced without any clear plan, consuming a great deal of effort and money and often making matters more difficult for libraries rather than easier. Almost no information on the performance of interlending systems — in terms of the three main criteria of satisfaction rates, speed of supply and costs — could be found. Four basic models of national interlending systems are identified, relating to one of several major factors — the degree of centralisation or concentration — though other relevant factors are also taken into account. The models are of concentration on a single library; concentration on a few libraries; planned decentralisation; and unplanned decentralisation. This last is by definition not a system at all, but it is what happens in most countries at present. None of the first three does or can exist in pure form, and solutions will consist of combinations of them appropriate to countries of different sizes, types and stages of development.
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
Authors: Horne R , Cornish GP , Foo‐Kune CF
Published: February 2008

During recent months Library staff have been evaluating the use of a new format of the master list of serials held at the Lending Division (the Main List). This takes the form of a Keyword Index held on 48x microfiche. The index provides additional entry points to the information held in the Main List and should eventually allow for easier physical access to serial records throughout the library.
FIVE YEARS ADVISING
Authors: Vickery Brian
Published: February 2008

The Advisory Committee for L ending Services is comprised mainly of senior, experienced professionals from all types of library. The Committee has wide terms of reference from which several main themes of discussion have emerged: acquisitions policy, service quality, costs and prices, photocopies and copyright. The main acquisitions topics discussed have been the level of material acquired and acquisitions priorities if there were financial restrictions. Speed of service has been discussed several times, and costs and prices have been a matter of special concern. The Committee is a forum through which the Lending Division can learn the needs of the users and the library profession can put forward suggestions, criticisms and views on interlending.
Some operational costs of the gift and exchange section of the British Library Lending Division
Authors: Allardyce A
Published: February 2008

A diary survey was conducted in May 1978 to find the unit costs of various activities in the Gift and Exchange Section at the British Library Lending Division. An analysis of the work of the section was made and costings of each activity found. The processing cost for British material sent to the Lending Division was 42p per book and 9p per periodical piece, and for material held by and despatched from other libraries 36.2p per book and 4.6p per periodical piece. If the take‐up rate for the two types of material is considered, the overall cost per item placed was 57p per book and 19.8p per periodical piece. Where the literature itself was not handled by the Division, the costs were 5p less per book and 11p less per periodical piece.