bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPRESSION OF ANTIVIRAL GENE ON TIGER SHRIMP Penaeus monodon AT DIFFERENT TISSUE AND BODY SIZE
Authors: Parenrengi Andi , Tenriulo Andi , Lante Samuel
Published: October 2016

The role of tiger shrimp defense against invading pathogen on molecular level such antiviral gene expression is limited to be reported. Gene expression is a process which codes information of genes that is converted to the protein as a phenotype. Distribution of PmAV antivirus gene, that has been reported as an important gene on non-specific response immune, is needed to be observed to several organs/tissues and size of tiger shrimp. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of gene antiviral expression at several organ/tissue and size of shrimp. The organs/tissues observed in this study were: gill, hepatopancres, muscle tissue, eyes, heart, stomach, gonad, and intestine. While the size of shrimp consisted of three groups, those are: (A) 10-20 g/ind., (B) 30-40 g/ind., and (C) 60-70 g/ind. Analysis of antiviral gene expression was performed by RNA extraction, followed by the cDNA syntesis, and amplification of gene expression by semi-quantitative PCR. The result of PCR optimation showed the optimal concentration of cDNA and primer was 1 μL and 50 mol, respectively for PCR final volume of 25 μL. Antiviral gene was expressed on the hepatopancreas and stomach in percentage of 50.0% and 16.7%, respectively. While the highest percentage of individual expressing the antiviral gene was observed in the shrimp size of C (66.7%), followed by B (50.0%) and A (16.7%). The result of study implied that the hepatopancreas has importantly involed in tiger shrimp defense mechanism on viral infection.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ACID SULFATE SOIL-AFFECTED BRACKISHWATER PONDS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF LUWU REGENCY SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE
Authors: Ratnawati Erna , Mustafa Akhmad
Published: October 2016

Spatial distribution of brackishwater pond soil has important role in the system of bioenvironment including brackishwater pond environment. This research was aimed to determine the spatial distribution of some chemical characteristics of an acid sulfate soil-affected brackishwater pond in coastal area of Luwu Regency South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. ALOS AVNIR-2 images (acquisition 16 May 2008, 16 October 2008, 17 September 2009) were integrated with Indonesian Topographic maps to obtain base map. Sampling soil points were determined by simple random sampling in 104 points for two different soil depths i.e. 0-0.2 m and 0.5-0.7 m. A total of 18 soil chemical characteristics was measured in the field and analyzed in the laboratory. Geostatistic using kriging method in the ArcGIS 9.3 software was used to interpolate the data. The results of this study indicated that in general pond soil chemical characteristics in Luwu Regency could be categorized with high variability or relatively heterogenic wi th the value of var iation coefficient more than 36%. The soil characteristics that explain acidity had shown similar pattern in spatial distribution as well as other soil characteristics with soil nutrient. The high value of pH and low value of PO4 were generally found in the northern part of Luwu Regency, including East Lamasi, East Walenrang, Bua, and Ponrang Subdistricts. It is recommended that soil management in brackishwater ponds of Luwu Regency could be based on soil chemical characteristics so its could improve the production through minimizing the input, increasing carrying capacity, and avoiding environmental degradation.
FINE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF UNPRODUCTIVE AND LOWPRODUCTIVE CELLS RESULTING ON CULTURED RSIV (IN VITRO)
Authors: Mahardika Ketut , Miyazaki Teruo
Published: October 2016

Red seabream iridovirus (RSIV) has been known to induce enlarged cells and inclusion body bearing cells (IBCs) allowing virus particles to propagate within viral assembly site (VAS) in the cell cytoplasm. The aim of this study was to evaluate fine structural analysis of unproductive and low-productive cells resulting on RSIV-infected cultured grunt fin (GF) cells. GF cells were treated with semi purified RSIV, and incubated for 6-14 days post cultured. The cellular enlargement were harvested, processed, and analysis under electron microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed four types of cells that were productive enlarged cells and productive IBCs which were allowing propagation of virus particles within its cytoplasm, and unproductive enlarged cells and IBCs without virus particles. Most of them were unproductive enlarged cells (80,71%-98,20%). Unproductive enlarged cell had a nucleus with enlarged cytoplasm without production of VAS with virus propagation. While, unproductive IBC had an inclusion body that was delimited from the host-cell cytoplasm by a thin membranous boundary, and was developed without virus propagation. On the other hand, lowproductive enlarged cells and IBCs contained a few number of virus particles or tubule-like structures. Therefore, the number of low-productive enlarged cells and IBCs were only a few (about 0%-14% from a total of percent productive enlarged cells and IBCs), these cells were classified into types of productive enlarged cells and IBCs. These results sugested that the unproductive and low-productive enlarged cells and IBCs were the results of RSIV-infected GF cells which failed to produce virus particles due to incapacity of RSIV virus it self and or the ability of GF cells to inhibit virus multiplication within VAS.
FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY REFLECT THE GROWTH OF HYBRID GROUPER Epinephelus fuscoguttatus AND Epinephelus polyphekadion
Authors: Sugama Ketut , Muzaki Ahmad , Permana I Gusti Ngurah , Haryanti Haryanti
Published: October 2016

Fluctuating asymmetry has been widely used as a measure of developmental stability and as an indicator of individual fish growth. The present study compared fluctuating asymmetry in three bilateral meristic traits of F-1 hybrid between female Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and male Epinephelus polyphekadion and two F-1 pure parental progenies. The fishes were reared by communal and separate tank systems. Hybrids were confirmed by allozymes electrophoresis. After three months of rearing, the F-1 hybrids fish grew faster 45.9% and 66.6% compare to the F-1 pure parental progenies of E. fuscoguttatus and E. polyphekadion (P<005) respectively. Development stability as measured by fluctuating asymmetry was lower in hybrid (20%-40%) than in the pure parental progenies (53%-80%). Among four enzyme loci examined, only Pgm locus showed variants and at that locus all hybrids fish were heterozygous. Heterozygous hybrids showed lower fluctuating asymmetry and related to higher developmental stability. The higher developmental stability positively reflected a faster growth rate. Thus this finding can be used to explain the reason that why hybrids groupers appeared grew faster than parental species.
ANALISIS GAMBAR DIGITAL SEBAGAI METODE KARAKTERISASI DAN KUANTIFIKASI WARNA PADA IKAN HIAS
Authors: Kusumah Ruby Vidia , Kusrini Eni , Murniasih Siti , Prasetio Anjang Bangun , Mahfudz Kamaluddin
Published: October 2016

Analisis gambar (foto) digital digunakan sebagai metode alternatif karakterisasi dan kuantifikasi warna yang obyektif, akurat, serta aplikatif. Software Image membantu mengukur dan mengelompokkan beberapa parameter kualitatif warna secara kuantitatif berdasarkan standar nilai digital RGB (Red Green Blue) yang dimiliki setiap pikselnya. Dengan melakukan konversi ke model HSB (Hue Saturation Brightness), nilai digital warna yang diperoleh semakin mudah dipahami sesuai konsep cara pandang mata manusia. Frekuensi serta distribusi warna yang terukur pun dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk histogram dua dimensi dan grafik tiga dimensi warna (3D color space). Hasil analisis pada delapan strain warna ikan cupang hias (Betta splendens) menunjukkan variasi warna yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk kisaran (minimum-maksimum), rata-rata (mean), serta standar deviasi (SD) dari setiap nilai RGB dan HSB. Kecerahan setiap individu dalam suatu strain warna diukur berdasarkan nilai kecerahan (brightness) yang dimiliki model warna HSB. Penelitian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan yang bertujuan untuk mempelajari analisis gambar digital sebagai metode karakterisasi dan kuantifikasi warna pada ikan hias.
FREKUENSI PEMBERIAN PAKAN DAN TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI IKAN BETUTU ( Oxyeleotris marmorata Blkr) DENGAN SISTEM TERKONTROL
Authors: Azwar Zafril Imran , Melati Irma
Published: October 2016

Suatu percobaan untuk memperbaiki sintasan ikan betutu fase “Growth out” telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Basah Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Ar Tawar, Bogor. Wadah percobaan yang digunakan adalah fiber glass berdiameter 1,5 m dan ketinggian 0,5 m. Wadah dirancang sistem resirkulasi, melalui bak stok air (2,5 m3) dan bak pemanasan air (0,6 m3), kemudian pada masing-masing wadah pemeliharaan dirancang biofilter yang berfungsi membersihkan air. Air dari bak stok, dialirkan ke dalam bak pemanasan, kemudian didistribusikan ke wadah pemeliharaan (6 unit) secara gravitasi. Dengan adanya sistem pemanasan suhu air dalam bak pemeliharaan dipertahankan 28oC-29oC. Pada masing-masing bak ditebar 25 ekor ikan betutu ukuran sekitar 40±3,7 g. Sebagai perlakuan dalam percoban ini adalah frekuensi pemberian pakan yaitu pemberian 2 kali (pukul 08.00 dan 16.00); 3 kali (pukul 08.00, 12.00, dan 16.00); dan 4 kali (pukul 08.00, 12.00, 16.00, dan 20.00). Percobaan dilaksanakan dengan rancangan acak kelompok, dan terdiri atas tiga kelompok periode waktu sebagai ulangan (blok). Setiap periode percobaan dilaksanakan selama 60 hari. Pakan yang digunakan dalam percobaan adalah ikan rucah, Tubifex beku, dan diberikan dengan prinsip dikenyangkan (ad satiasi). Parameter yang dievaluasi adalah penambahan bobot badan, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, dan sintasan. Sebagai parameter penunjang adalah laju pengosongan lambung dan usus, serta profil enzim protease pada usus. Untuk mendapatkan data ini dilakukan percobaan terpisah, dengan menggunakan ikan berbobot sekitar 40 g sebanyak 60 ekor. Ikan diberi pakan hingga kenyang, kemudian dilakukan sampling setiap 30 menit, isi organ pecernaan diamati dan ditimbang, juga dilakukan pengamatan enzim protease. Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan, bahwa laju pertumbuhan spesifik dan penambahan bobot tertinggi dicapai pada pemberian pakan 2 kali/hari. Lambung ikan betutu akan kosong setelah 6 jam dari saat pemberian pakan, sedangkan profil enzim protease memperlihatkan pola yang sejalan dengan laju pengosongan lambung.
KARAKTER FENOTIPE DAN GENOTIPE IKAN MAS “MERAH MENYALA” NAJAWA DARI CANGKRINGAN, JOGJAKARTA SERTA POTENSI EKONOMISNYA
Authors: Nugroho Estu , Priyanto Dwijo , Hermawan Hery Sulistio , Sunaryo Sunaryo , Prihadi Andung Santoso
Published: October 2016

Plasma nutfah ikan merupakan kekayaan sumber daya yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan budidaya perikanan. Salah satu jenis plasma nutfah yang layak untuk dikembangkan adalah ikan mas merah Najawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakter fenotipe dan genotipe ikan mas merah Najawa dan potensi ekonomisnya dalam usaha budidaya. Ikan mas ini mempunyai kualitas warna merah yang sangat menyala, berbeda dengan jenis ikan mas dari daerah lainnya di Indonesia. Pengembangan jenis ikan ini akan lebih banyak dimanfaatkan oleh daerah-daerah yang mempunyai preferensi pada ikan warna cerah dibandingkan daerah dengan kesukaan pada ikan dengan warna gelap. Di antaranya adalah daerah Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Utara, dan Daerah Istemewa Jogjakarta. Sampai saat ini hasil seleksi warna telah menghasilkan keturunan dengan proporsi 87,1% mempunyai warna merah mulus, 2,7% warna albino dan sisanya 10,2% mempunyai warna merah berbintik hitam. Identifikasi morfometrik dengan menggunakan metode Truss Network menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pada parameter C (jarak kepala dan sirip dada), F (jarak sirip punggung dan sirip perut), dan M (panjang standar) dibandingkan dengan ikan mas Majalaya. Karakterisasi secara genetik dengan menggunakan marker molekuler RAPD dengan 6 primer menunjukkan perbedaan secara genetik yang nyata dibandingkan beberapa varietas ikan mas yang banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat yaitu ikan mas Rajadanu, Majalaya, Wildan, Sinyonya, dan Sutisna. Ikan mas Najawa mempunyai tingkat keragaman 0,1513, sedangkan 5 jenis ikan mas lainnya yang mempunyai tingkat keragaman antara 0,2120 (Majalaya) hingga 0,2747 (Wildan).
METODE DETEKSI CEPAT WHITE SPOT SYNDROME VIRUS (WSSV) DAN INFECTIUOS MYONECROSIS VIRUS (IMNV) MENGGUNAKAN PORTABEL/MOBILE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Authors: Koesharyani Isti , Gardenia Lila
Published: October 2016

Budidaya udang Penaeus monodon dan Litopenaeus vannamei di Indonesia merupakan komoditas primadona untuk ekspor dan merupakan salah satu spesies unggulan dalam program budidaya pada Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. Kendala pada budidaya udang tersebut adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus, terutama white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) dan infectiuos myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Deteksi secara molekuler yang berbasis DNA merupakan metode deteksi sangat akurat dan tepat. Saat ini sudah ada metode deteksi PCR sederhana yang dapat diaplikasi langsung di lapangan, yaitu dengan menggunakan alat Portable Polymerase Chain Reaction Pockit (iiPCR). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan deteksi cepat WSSV dan IMNV pada udang P. monodon dan L. vannamei dengan menggunakan portabel-PCR. Aplikasi deteksi ini diujicobakan pada sampel udang yang diawetkan dan sudah diketahui kondisinya. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan hasil yang sesuai dengan hasil analisis sebelumnya dengan menggunakan PCR konvensional. Metode ini relatif lebih sederhana, cepat (hanya memerlukan waktu kurang dari 90 menit) dan dapat diketahui hasilnya tanpa adanya proses elektroforesis. Metode deteksi ini sangat membantu pembudidaya dalam monitoring penyakit di lapangan secara on the spot, serta cepat dan tepat.
PEMANFAATAN TEPUNG ANAK AYAM (DOC) UNTUK MENSUBSTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN DALAM PAKAN IKAN BUDIDAYA
Authors: Kamaruddin Kamaruddin , Usman Usman
Published: October 2016

Salah satu alternatif yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi penggunaan tepung ikan dalam industri pakan, adalah dengan penjajakan beberapa bahan baku lokal ataupun pemanfaatan beberapa jenis limbah industri seperti pemanfaatan limbah industri cold storage, pemotongan hewan, dan penetasan ayam. Telah dilakukan beberapa kegiatan uji kecernaan dan pemanfaatan limbah tersebut dan menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan dalam mensubstitusi tepung ikan dalam pakan ikan. Meskipun bahan dari jenis limbah ini masih dalam bentuk utuh, sehingga masih perlu diolah sampai menjadi bahan baku yang siap untuk diramu dengan bahan baku lainnya. Seperti halnya dengan pemanfaatan limbah DOC dalam pakan ikan, yang harus melalui beberapa proses seperti pembakaran, pengukusan, penjemuran, penepungan kasar, dan penepungan halus. Sehingga melalui proses tersebut dari penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh rendemen sekitar 21,4%. Dari hasil analisis proksimat DOC ini didapatkan protein kasar 59,2%; lemak kasar 13,2%; kadar abu 7,9%; serat kasar 1,2%; dan BETN 18,2%. Hasil uji kecernaan tepung DOC pada ikan kerapu macan adalah kecernaan bahan kering sekitar 88,2%; kecernaan protein sekitar 73,7%; dan kecernaan lemak sekitar 70%.
BEBERAPA TEKNIK TRANSPORTASI IKAN LAUT HIDUP DAN FASILITASNYA PADA PERDAGANGAN IKAN LAUT DI BELITUNG
Authors: Imanto Philip Teguh
Published: October 2016

Permintaan produk perikanan laut di masa datang tidak dapat dipenuhi hanya dari hasil penangkapan, sehingga produksi hasil budidaya akan memegang peranan sangat penting pada pemenuhan kebutuhan ikan yang berkualitas, karena dapat disampaikan dalam kondisi hidup. Teknik transportasi ikan laut hidup menjadi faktor utama bagaimana menyampaikan produk budidaya sebaik mungkin. Observasi pada kegiatan transportasi ikan laut hidup dilakukan di wilayah budidaya laut di Belitung bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan teknologi transportasi ikan laut hidup dan faktor-faktor penting dalam penyelenggaraannya. Wawancara dan dokumentasi dilakukan sebagai cara untuk menghimpun data dan informasi. Hasil observasi menunjukkan ada tiga bentuk teknik transportasi ikan laut hidup di wilayah Belitung, yaitu transportasi laut, transportasi darat, dan transportasi udara. Faktor yang berperan pada transportasi ikan laut hidup adalah kualitas media, pemuasaan, pendinginan, pembiusan, oksigenasi, dan kadar garam. Faktor-faktor tersebut berkaitan dengan proses-proses pencernaan, metabolisme hingga konsumsi oksigen. Butir penting dari transportasi ikan laut hidup adalah menurunkan tingkat konsumsi oksigen serendah mungkin, meniadakan pencemaran pada media pengangkut, menstabilkan kondisi oksigen terlarut dan suhu media pengangkut, serta meningkatkan daya angkut.
PERBAIKAN PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) DENGAN SELEKSI FAMILI
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy , Arifin Otong Zenal , Nugroho Estu
Published: October 2016

Dewasa ini ikan nila merupakan salah satu ikan ekonomis penting di dunia yang dikenal sebagai freshwater chicken. Di Indonesia ikan nila telah dibudidayakan secara luas. Namun demikian kesediaan benih unggul dengan pertumbuhan cepat yang menguntungkan usaha budidaya nila masih merupakan kendala utama. Berdasarkan latar belakang ini, perbaikan mutu genetik nila untuk meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas di masa mendatang sangat dibutuhkan. Dalam makalah ini akan diuraikan status, upaya, hasil riset pemuliaan, dan selective breeding yang telah dan sedang dilakukan di Indonesia dalam rangka untuk meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas ikan nila nasional. Hasil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan selective breeding ikan nila “Balitkanwar” melalui seleksi famili diperoleh jenis unggulan yang baik keragaannya dari berbagai aspek yang diuji. Keragaan ikan nila “Balitkanwar” secara mendetail akan disampaikan dalam makalah ini.
PENENTUAN LUAS, POTENSI DAN KESESUAIAN LAHAN TAMBAK DI SULAWESI SELATAN MELALUI PEMANFAATAN DATA SATELIT PENGINDERAAN JAUH
Authors: Mustafa Akhmad , Tarunamulia Tarunamulia
Published: October 2016

Sulawesi Selatan merupakan salah satu sentra produksi budidaya tambak dan memiliki tambak terluas di Indonesia. Selain itu, Sulawesi Selatan juga masih memiliki potensi lahan untuk pengembangannya. Sejak beberapa tahun terakhir, Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Payau telah melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan yang terkait dengan sumberdaya lahan tambak dalam upaya peningkatan produktivitas tambak yang berkelanjutan. Hasil analisis data citra satelit penginderaan jauh (inderaja) dan atau radar yang dikombinasikan dengan sistem informasi geografis telah dimanfaatkan dalam kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan sumberdaya lahan untuk budidaya tambak. Data ini dimanfaatkan dalam penentuan luas lahan tambak yang ada, potensial lahan tambak dan kesesuaiannya di beberapa kabupaten di Sulawesi Selatan.
VARIASI GENETIK IKAN JELAWAT HASIL BUDIDAYA DAN TANGKAPAN ALAM DI PONTIANAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MARKER DNA-RAPD (RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHISM DNA)
Authors: Nugroho Estu , Sundari Sri , Rachman Nunung Nur
Published: October 2016

Evaluasi variasi genetik ikan jelawat yang dikoleksi dari alam dan kegiatan budidaya telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan marker RAPD. Sampel berupa sirip dari kedua stok tersebut diekstraksi dan diamplifikasi dengan menggunakan primer OPA 1-20. Secara genetik tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara kedua stok ikan jelawat yang diuji. Tingkat heterozigositas berdasarkan 2 primer RAPD (OPA 2 dan OPA 3) adalah 0,1450 terdapat pada ikan jelawat hasil tangkapan alam sedangkan pada ikan jelawat hasil budidaya adalah 0,1350. Jarak genetik Nei antara keduanya adalah 0,3881.
STEAM DALAM PEMBUATAN PAKAN UNTUK KOMODITAS AKUAKULTUR
Authors: Sukarman Sukarman
Published: October 2016

Kualitas fisik pakan (pelet) untuk hewan akuakultur sangat penting, karena akan dimasukkan ke dalam air dan diharapkan tidak banyak mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh dalam menjaga kualitas fisik pakan adalah penambahan dan pengaturan steam pada saat proses pembuatan pelet. Steam adalah aliran gas yang dihasilkan oleh air pada saat mendidih. Steam dibagi menjadi 3 jenis yaitu steam basah, saturated steam, dan superheated steam. Steam yang digunakan dalam proses pembuatan pelet adalah saturated steam. Pengaruh penambahan steam pada kualitas pelet bisa mencapai 20%. Penambahan steam dengan jumlah dan kualitas yang tepat akan menghasilkan pelet berkualitas. Sedangkan jika pengaturan dan penambahannya tidak tepat, maka kualitas fisik pelet akan rendah dan kemungkinan bisa merusak kandungan nutrisi seperti vitamin dan protein. Penambahan steam yang benar bisa dilakukan di dalam kondisioner dengan mengatur retention time, sudut kemiringan paddle conditioner, kecepatan putaran bearing dan menjaga kualitas steam dari mesin boiler sampai dengan kondisioner.
KAJIAN LAPANG BUDIDAYA KERAMBA JARING APUNG IKAN NILA “MANDIRI” DI WADUK CIRATA DAN JATILUHUR
Authors: Nugroho Estu
Published: October 2016

Budidaya ikan nila berkembang sebagai agribisnis yang menguntungkan. Sentra budidaya ikan nila di Jawa Barat terdapat di Waduk Jatiluhur dan Cirata. umumnya budidaya ikan nila dilakukan melalui sistem “kolor” yaitu memelihara ikan nila di bagian bawah KJA sedangkan di atas dipelihara ikan mas (ikan nila tidak diberi pakan langsung). Pada sistem ini ketergantungan budidaya ikan nila terhadap ikan mas sangat besar. Dewasa ini pemeliharaan ikan mas di keramba jaring apung (KJA) semakin berkurang sebagai akibat dari wabah penyakit oleh koi herpesvirus (KHV), keadaan ini juga turut mempengaruhi budidaya ikan nila di bawahnya, di mana petani tidak lagi memelihara ikan nila sebagai ikan “ikutan”. Kajian lapang yang melihat kemungkinan ikan nila dipelihara secara “mandiri” di KJA telah dicoba di Waduk Jatiluhur dan Cirata. Kesinambungan bisnis ikan nila di Waduk Jatiluhur dan Cirata dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan sistem peme-liharaan model mandiri dengan kepadatan 30 ekor/m2 dengan jaminan harga jual ikan nila di atas Rp 11.000,-/kg
AMANKAH MENGONSUMSI IKAN TRANSGENIK?
Authors: Dewi Raden Roro Sri Pudji Sinarni
Published: October 2016

Produk rekayasa genetik atau organisme hasil modifikasi adalah organisme hidup, bagianbagiannya, dan/atau hasil olahannya yang mempunyai susunan genetik baru dari hasil penerapan bioteknologi modern. Saat ini, di masyarakat Indonesia masih terdapat kekhawatiran mengenai aman tidaknya mengonsumsi produk-produk hasil rekayasa genetika termasuk ikan. Oleh karena itu, masyarakat perlu mendapatkan informasi yang benar mengenai tingkat keamanan mengonsumsi produk-produk hasil rekayasa genetik. Pada tulisan ini akan disampaikan beberapa hasil penelitian mengenai efek mengonsumsi ikan transgenik pada hewan uji dan manusia, komersialisasi ikan transgenik, peraturan internasional mengenai produk-produk transgenik dan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 21 Tahun 2005 mengenai keamanan hayati produk rekayasa genetik.
KRITERIA KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK BERBAGAI KOMODITAS DI TAMBAK
Authors: Mustafa Akhmad
Published: October 2016

Budidaya tambak merupakan industri akuakultur terbesar di Indonesia yang sangat diharapkan menjadi andalan dalam mewujudkan visi: Indonesia penghasil produk kelautan dan perikanan terbesar 2015, serta misi: menyejahterakan masyarakat kelautan dan perikanan. Untuk mewujudkan visi dan misi tersebut, maka Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan telah mencanangkan program minapolitan dan industrialisasi kelautan dan perikanan. Komoditas yang menjadi andalan program minapolitan dan industrialisasi perikanan budidaya tambak adalah udang windu, udang vaname, ikan bandeng, dan ikan nila. Karena komoditas tersebut merupakan komoditas yang berbasis lahan, sehingga untuk dapat hidup, tumbuh, dan berproduksi membutuhkan persyaratan tertentu yang berbeda satu sama lainnya. Persyaratan tumbuh atau persyaratan penggunaan lahan yang diperlukan oleh masing-masing komoditas dapat dijadikan dasar dalam menyusun kriteria kesesuaian lahan. Pada evaluasi lahan yang didasarkan pada sumberdaya fisik, empat faktor/sub-model telah dipertimbangkan sebagai kriteria kesesuaian lahan untuk budidaya tambak yaitu: topografi dan hidrologi, kondisi tanah, kualitas air, dan iklim dengan masing-masing nilai kriteria peubah yang berbeda-beda pada kelas kesesuaian dan komoditas yang berbeda pula.
TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI BENIH IKAN HIAS LAUT UNTUK MELESTARIKAN SUMBERDAYA GENETIKNYA
Authors: Kusrini Eni
Published: October 2016

Ikan hias laut merupakan salah satu komoditas sumberdaya kelautan yang potensinya masih kurang diperhatikan. Padahal beberapa jenis ikan hias laut tersebut mempunyai nilai jual tinggi di pasaran internasional. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya perbenihan guna mendapatkan benih yang unggul agar produksi budidaya dapat lebih maju. Sumberdaya genetik ikan hias laut yang tersebar di perairan Indonesia sangat banyak dan beraneka ragam. Sumberdaya genetik yang ada selama ini telah termanfaatkan untuk komoditas ekspor dan telah dilakukan penangkapan yang terus-menerus. Eksploitasi yang berlebihan dikhawatirkan akan menyebabkan sumberdaya genetik yang ada habis. Penelitian dan pengembangan budidaya ikan hias laut telah dilakukan di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Budidaya Laut Gondol, Balai Besar Pengembangan Budidaya Laut Lampung, dan Balai Budidaya Laut Ambon untuk beberapa jenis di antaranya clown fish, banggai cardinal fish, clown biak, dan letter six. Teknologi pembenihan ikan hias laut tersebut telah dikuasai dengan baik, namun tingkat sintasan dan kualitas benih belum seperti yang diharapkan. Keberhasilan suatu usaha pembenihan ikan hias laut sangat tergantung pada sistem pengelolaan pembenihannya yaitu cara penyediaan dan pematangan induk, cara melakukan pemijahan, pemeliharaan larva dan benih, pengelolaan pakan, penanganan lingkungan, dan pengendalian penyakit. Pada makalah ini akan dipaparkan tentang teknik budidaya ikan hias laut yang telah berhasil dilakukan baik tahap domestikasi maupun pembenihannya, guna ke depannya produksi benih tersebut dapat dijadikan induk-induk yang berkualitas sehingga dapat melestarikan plasma nutfahnya.
PENGEMBANGBIAKAN ASEKSUAL TERIPANG KELING (Holothuria atra) DI KAMPUNG MANYAIFUN, RAJA AMPAT, PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Saputra Afandi , Gunaisah Endang , Ardianta Fabian , Andriyanto Septyan
Published: October 2016

Potensi perikanan teripang di Indonesia mempunyai prospek yang besar. Namun dengan maraknya penangkapan menjadikan spesies teripang ini menjadi langka. Usaha-usaha restocking terus dilakukan untuk mengatasi kelangkaan sumberdaya teripang yang terjadi di Indonesia, salah satu bentuk usaha pengembalian populasi teripang adalah reproduksi secara aseksual (fission atau pembelahan). Teknik pengembangbiakan secara aseksual meliputi pemutusan badan teripang yang merupakan proses penyembuhan dan regenerasi menjadi individu yang baru. Hasil pengembangbiakan aseksual pada berbagai ukuran waring di laut tidak berpengaruh terhadap pola pertumbuhan teripang keling, Holothuria atra. Individu teripang baru hasil pembelahan mampu beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya dengan tingkat sintasan yang tinggi. Namun, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut guna memperoleh teknik pengembangbiakan secara aseksual yang lebih optimal.
Updating the Recession Risk and the Excess Bond Premium
Authors: Favara Giovanni , Gilchrist Simon , Lewis Kurt F. , Zakrajsek Egon
Published: October 2016

Beginning with the publication of this Note, we will provide updated estimates of the EBP and the associated model-implied probability of a U.S. recession every month.
Breastfeeding among mothers in the public health sector: the role of the occupational therapist
Authors: Visser Marieta , Nel Mariette , La Cock Tanya , Labuschagne Netske , Lindeque Wihanli , Malan Annelize , Viljoen Carli
Published: October 2016

Background and aim: South Africa has an unacceptably high child mortality rate. Preventable causes such as malnutrition account for the majority of these deaths. Breastfeeding as infant feeding practice is recognised for the potential to radically reduce child mortality and is therefore promoted globally. Yet, SA presents with the lowest breastfeeding rates worldwide. Breastfeeding is a child rearing co-occupation, and occupational therapists (OTs) are well positioned to become role players on a transdisciplinary level to address the infant child mortality rate through promoting and supporting breastfeeding. Although not well described in the literature and traditionally not considered as a role, this study aimed to determine the role of the OT in addressing breastfeeding among mothers in the public health sector (PHS).Method: A purposive sample of 9 OTs from Bloemfontein working in the PHS participated in this study. An e-Delphi technique was used to set up four rounds of sequential questionnaires developed from and structured according to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) Domain and Process.Results: From the 128 initial statements, 95 statements reached consensus determined at 80%. Statements were clustered according to OT roles identified, which included clinician, consultant, educator, trainer, advocate and facilitator.Conclusion: OTs have a role to play in addressing breastfeeding among mothers in the PHS, within a transdisciplinary team. If OTs aligned their practice with global and national initiatives and policies, the population-based health issue of infant child mortality could be addressed collectively.
Development on an Occupational Performance Questionnaire for Pre-School children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Wallace Kerry , Franzsen Denise , Potterton Joanne
Published: October 2016

Aim: To describe the development and validation of a low cost parent report measure, the Occupational Performance Questionnaire (OPQ) used to assess the occupational performance areas of personal management, play, and social skills in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as well as the impact, of the child's inability to perform skills in these occupational performance areas, on their families.  
Methodology: Preliminary psychometric evaluation was performed on the OPQ. Reliability, content and construct validity as well as convergent validity were determined. The OPQ was field tested with 19 preschoolers with ASD receiving weekly occupational therapy over a one year period.
Results: Psychometric analysis confirmed content and construct validity and test-retest reliability, internal consistency in areas of OPQ:Occupational Performance Areas- personal management (sleeping, feeding, toilet training), play, communication, social interaction and OPQ:Family Impact. The subscales were all sensitive to changes in performance. While the Play and Interaction subscale had moderate convergence with the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) the association with the Personal Management and Communication subscale was weak. The OPQ:Family Impact had moderate convergent validity with the Parent Stress Index (PSI-SF).
Conclusions:  The OPQ is a low-cost, valid and reliable outcome measure for evaluating the efficacy of change in occupational performance skills in preschool children with ASD in South Africa.
Navigating the occupational transition of dropping out of school: Anchoring occupations and champions as facilitators
Authors: Peters Liesl , Galvaan Roshan , Kathard Harsha
Published: October 2016

This paper presents findings from a biographical inquiry into the occupational engagement of men in a low socio-economic South African community who dropped out of school. The aim of the study was to describe the nature of these men's occupational engagement and to gain insight into their occupational trajectories as they negotiated the occupational transition of dropping out of school. Three men were purposively selected and narrative data was generated. A narrative analysis, followed with an analysis of narratives was completed. The findings showed that two participants established stable occupational trajectories after dropping out. The interpretations made suggested that a successful occupational transition for these participants was related to the establishment of 'anchoring occupations' as a result of chance encounters with individuals who acted as 'champions'. These champions ensured the successful negotiation of available opportunities. It is recommended that occupational therapists consider how they might promote access to champions of opportunities that lead to the development of anchoring occupations for vulnerable clients in the context of life transitions during early and middle adulthood.
Monterey Wharf II Weekly Phytoplankton Monitoring Sample Collection and Processing Notes v1
Authors: woods april
Published: October 2016

A description of how samples are collected and processed as part of MLML SmithLab's weekly HAB monitoring efforts in Monterey, CA. Sampling Location: Monterey Commercial Wharf, Monterey, CA. 36° 36.3' N 121° 53.3' W Oceanographic and meteorological observations for the time of sampling are referenced from the Monterey, CA NOAA station ID: 9413450
Validation of the SIMPLE STEPS Model of Suicide Assessment
Authors: McGlothlin Jason , Page Betsy , Jager Kelsey
Published: October 2016

The SIMPLE STEPS (McGlothlin, 2008) model of suicide assessment provides clinicians with a comprehensive mnemonic framework for assessing suicide lethality. It provides a broader context to assess suicide compared to other mnemonic devices with similar intent (i.e., PLAID, PIMP, IS PATH WARM, etc.) In this article, six years of data (N = 13,423 records of individual callers to a suicide prevention hotline) were analyzed. Via regression analysis, the researchers examined the relationship of the SIMPLE STEPS variables to caller's suicide lethality. It was found that all variables of the SIMPLE STEPS model predicted suicide lethality. Furthermore, this article depicts one of the few evidence-based studies for using a mnemonic device in practice. The results of this study have implications for the general practice of assessing suicidal clients with mnemonic devices and the general treatment of suicidal clients.
Mental Health Practitioners’ Knowledge of Colleagues’ Problems of Professional Competency
Authors: Olson Seth , Brown-Rice Kathleen , Keller Natasha
Published: October 2016

There is a lack of empirical research on how mental health practitioners (MHPs) are affected by professional incompetency of their colleagues. To bridge this gap in the literature, a total of 213 MHPs were surveyed to determine their knowledge of coworkers’ problems of professional competency (PPC). Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze the data. Findings suggest the majority of MHPs are aware of colleagues with PPC and believe these colleagues are disrupting the work environment and adversely affecting client care.
Counselors’ Comfort with Sexuality, Attitudes towards Pornography, and Propensity to Assess and Treat Client Issues Related to Pornography Use
Authors: Bloom Zachary D. , Gutierrez Daniel , Lambie Glenn W. , Ali Shainna
Published: October 2016

Clients present to counseling with clinical issues related to their pornography use. However, counselors report being undertrained and unprepared to work with clients regarding issues relating to pornography. Some researchers believe counselors’ personal beliefs and attitudes about sex inhibit their ability to work with clients with issues related to sexuality. Therefore, we investigated counselors’ comfort with discussing issues of sexuality, counselors’ attitudes towards pornography, and their propensity to assess and treat client issues related to pornography use. We identified counselors’ comfort with sexuality and attitudes towards pornography as mitigating factors in the assessment and treatment of client issues related to pornography use with a sample of mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists. We offer recommendations for counselors, counselor educators, and future research.
“The dispensation of the soul” as the main dominant of the authors vkladnyj, dannyj and duhovnyj
Authors: Dergacheva I.V.
Published: October 2016

The study is based on data and spiritual literacy, reflecting representation of Russian medieval man on the finiteness of life. According to the theme of the formulary and stylistic analysis of these documents the author reveals the history of the formation of the traditions related to the deceased in which "the dispensation of the soul after death" becomes the main drafters of the dominant mind-state.
Prayer in stone: symbols cosmatesque in the Basilica of Santa-Maria-Maggiore in Rome
Authors: Tsykunov I.V.
Published: October 2016

All the architectural elements of a medieval temple, like itself, are common symbolic space where all details represent the idea of God and face either the faithful or to the Creator himself. And in this system are not the masters of mosaic floors Cosmati alien element - in fact, it is nothing like prayer, created in stone, but the prayer of living presented in the complex language of mosaic figures of Christian imagery. In the article on the example of the Roman basilica of Santa-Maria-Maggiore are considered rich semiotic cosmatesque opportunity to express ideas and concepts of his age. Author restores the value style characters, based on the texts of the era and the reconstruction of views of the Middle Ages made by historians of art and religion.
The Effective Ways of Remembering New Words
Authors: Bagmanova S.V.
Published: October 2016

The article tells about the most effective ways of semantization, which help to use the lexical units in the speech more consciously. The most attention is paid to the analysis of the methods of semantization of the lexical units which can be done with translation and without translation and also to the ways of the classification of lexical units from the active part of vocabulary..
Archibald Cary Coolidge: A Promoter of Russian Studies in the United States.
Authors: Zenkevich I.V.
Published: October 2016

The article is dedicated to the contribution of Harvard professor Archibald Cary Coolidge and his students into the rise and development of Russian studies in American Universities. The author believes that it was due to their personal interest and enthusiasm that the Russian language began to be taught in the USA universities. The article provides information about Coolidge’s biography, his approach to teaching Russian, and his work aimed at popularizing Russian and introducing it into the American higher education curriculum.
Revisiting Repertoire Transition: Women's Nakedness as Potent Protests in Nigeria and Kenya*
Authors: Fallon Kathleen M. , Moreau Julie
Published: October 2016

The influential work of Tilly and Tarrow on social movement repertoire transitions—moving from older, local, and episodic tactics to newer, national, and sustained tactics—has contributed significantly to the development of social movements theory. This article expands Tilly and Tarrow's theoretical framework by drawing on examples from Nigeria and Kenya. First, we examine the causal factors contributing to repertoire transitions in these postcolonial African countries, highlighting the importance of colonial state formation and social networks in changing repertoires. Second, we consider how the gravity and effectiveness of women's nakedness, used by mothers as a collective action tactic to shame those targeted, persisted and maintained its significance across tactical repertoire transitions, despite colonial repression. We argue that the continuance of tactics across repertoire transitions lies in their ability to maintain symbolic resonance, which simultaneously restricts the transmission of tactics to other locations.
Public Opinion as a Movement Outcome: The Case of the U.S. Women's Movement*
Authors: Banaszak Lee Ann , Ondercin Heather L.
Published: October 2016

We demonstrate that an important outcome of social movements is public opinion change, particularly in the case of the U.S. women's movement. We argue that contentious events associated with the women's movement provide informational cues that prime the public. This process then leads to changes in attitudes regarding gender. We use quarterly time series data on contentious events of the U.S. women's movement ranging from 1960 to 1992 and public opinion about gender attitudes in the United States to examine whether public opinion moves in response to social movement events. Using an error correction model, we demonstrate that social movement events have a significant effect on gender attitudes. Citizens adopt more liberal gender attitudes as the U.S. women's movement increases its activity. These results suggest that social movement scholars should be paying more attention to public opinion when assessing the outcomes of social movements.
Planning for corrective osteotomy of the femoral bone using 3D-modeling. Part I
Authors: Baindurashvili Alexey G , Baskov Vladimir E , Filippova Anastasia V , Bortulev Pavel I , Barsukov Dmitry B , Pozdnikin Ivan Y , Voloshin Sergei Y , Baskaeva Tamila V , Poznovich Mahmoud S
Published: October 2016

Introduction. In standard planning for corrective hip osteotomy, a surgical intervention scheme is created on a uniplanar paper medium on the basis of X-ray images. However, uniplanar skiagrams are unable to render real spatial configuration of the femoral bone. When combining three-dimensional and uniplanar models of bone, human errors inevitably occur, causing the distortion of preset parameters, which may lead to glaring errors and, as a result, to repeated operations.Aims. To develop a new three-dimensional method for planning and performing corrective osteotomy of the femoral bone, using visualizing computer technologies.Materials and methods. A new method of planning for corrective hip osteotomy in children with various hip joint pathologies was developed. We examined the method using 27 patients [aged 5–18 years (32 hip joints)] with congenital and acquired femoral bone deformation. The efficiency of the proposed method was assessed in comparison with uniplanar planning using roentgenograms.Conclusions. Computerized operation planning using three-dimensional modeling improves treatment results by minimizing the likelihood of human errors and increasing planning and surgical intervention  accuracy.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES: A NEW BEGINNING
Authors: Gulia Ashish
Published: October 2016

The 500 BC saying of Heraclitus “The only thing that is constant is change” still holds well today. The mother nature or our life works on the “law of change,” be it the changing seasons or phases of life, changes get freshness. Something similar is happening with the “Indian Journal of Medical Sciences.” The Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, which was conceptualized by Professor J.C. Patel in the year 1947, was meant to serve as a medium for the advancement of scientific knowledge to a new independent India. Today, we stand at the 69th anniversary of this educational revolution which gives us a glance at its astonishing journey.
Gifted and Average-Ability Children’s Progression in Analogical Reasoning in a Dynamic Testing Setting
Authors: Vogelaar Bart , Resing Wilma C. M.
Published: October 2016

This study sought to provide more insight into potential differences in progression of analogical reasoning comparing gifted with average-ability children taking into account age, using a dynamic testing approach, using graduated prompting techniques, in combination with microgenetic methods. The participants were between the ages of 5 and 8 years old and were divided into 4 subgroups: gifted unguided control (n= 37), gifted dynamic training (n= 41), average-ability unguided control (n= 95), and average-ability dynamic training (n= 93). We predicted that gifted and average-ability children would show differential progression in analogical reasoning, benefit differentially from a dynamic training procedure, and would show differential instructional needs. The two “ability categories” (i.e., gifted vs. average-ability) were found to show similar, rather than differential, progression paths, and to benefit from a training procedure, whereas gifted children outperform their average-ability peers in accuracy at each session. Likewise, no differences in need for instruction were found among these two groups. In general, moreover, younger children seemed to have lower accuracy scores, progress less, and need more help than older children. Implications of these findings for the research field of giftedness as well as for education of the gifted and talented are considered in the discussion.
Training Problem Solving and Organizational Skills in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schramm Satyam Antonio , Hennig Timo , Linderkamp Friedrich
Published: October 2016

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder in adolescence and results severe impairment. Few psychosocial interventions aim at ADHD in adolescence and are rarely evaluated in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, an intervention combining adolescent-directed problem-solving and organizational skills training with behavioral parent and teacher training has been developed. Its efficacy in comparison to waiting list and active controls is reported.

One hundred thirteen adolescents (mean age = 13.99 years) with ADHD were randomly assigned to the training, a waiting list or an active control condition (progressive muscle relaxation [PMR]). Parents and teachers rated ADHD symptoms, academic enablers, and comorbid problems before and after. Results: The training significantly reduced ADHS symptoms and parent- and teacher-rated internalizing problems and increased teacher rated academic enablers compared to waiting list controls. Compared to active controls, results were in the range of small nonsignificant effects. A skills training is an efficacious treatment for adolescent ADHD, however, not significantly superior to PMR. Contrasts between both interventions need to be further investigated.
Mediation and Moderation of Outcome in a Training Intervention for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Hennig Timo , Schramm Satyam Antonio , Linderkamp Friedrich , Koglin Ute
Published: October 2016

Objective: A training intervention that aims to improve the problem-solving and organization skills of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been investigated. Aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms of change that occurred during the intervention in an empirical trial. Method: Forty-nine adolescents with ADHD aged 12–17 years took part in the intervention. The primary outcome of the intervention was the reduction of ADHD symptoms. To understand how the intervention facilitated the improvement of the outcome, we conducted mediation and moderation analyses. As potential mediators, improvement in academic enablers and meta- and neurocognitive functioning were investigated. Age, gender, and medication status were analyzed as potential moderators of the outcome. Results: An improvement in academic enablers partially mediated symptom reductions. There were no effects of moderation. Conclusions: Enhancing academic skills can reduce ADHD symptom severity. The training intervention examined in this study is a promising treatment for adolescents with ADHD.
Executive Functions Differentially Contribute to Fourth Graders’ Mathematics, Reading, and Spelling Skills
Authors: Lubin Amélie , Regrin Emmanuelle , Boulc’h Laetitia , Pacton Sébastien , Lanoë Céline
Published: October 2016

Executive functions (EFs; working memory [WM], inhibition, and shifting) are widely known to play a critical role in school achievement. Among these EFs, WM appears to be implicated in numeracy and literacy. The contribution of inhibition and shifting to school achievement is less clear. Given the existing divergences in the literature and the importance of the interindividual differences in these domains, it seems important to assess EFs and scholastic skills in the same elementary school children. However, studies providing such an assessment are scarce. We explored whether EFs differentially contribute to mathematics, reading, and spelling skills in fourth-grade children (N = 71). The results revealed that (a) WM and inhibition accounted for unique variance in mathematics skills, (b) WM and shifting accounted for unique variance in reading skills, and (c) only shifting accounted for unique variance in spelling skills. The implications of these findings for children and teachers are discussed.