bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flexural performance of spliced composite slim beam with slotted web
Authors: Bai Qi , Zhou Linqiang , Deng Senwen , Wang Wei , Gao Shan
Published: August 2021

The flexural performance of a spliced composite slim beam with a slotted web (SCSB-SW) was assessed and prediction formulae of flexural capacity and initial stiffness for the beam were deduced. Through a four-point bending test, the flexural performance of the SCSB-SW was preliminary studied. The experimental results indicated that the section of the SCSB-SW conformed to the plane section assumption in the elastic stage. The beam failed in a ductile failure mode while there was no obvious relative slip between the steel beam and concrete slab in the failure stage. Finite-element models were developed and validated using the test results. A parametric analysis revealed that even if the cross-sectional dimensions and the position of the neutral axis in the beam are changed, the results predicted by the formulae still matched the numerical results well. The material strength, the thickness of the bottom flange of the steel beam and the concrete slab dimensions were found to play key roles in the flexural capacity of the beam, whereas the compressive strength grade of the concrete, the depth of the steel beam web and the dimensions of the concrete flange have significant effects on the initial stiffness of the beam.
Influence of shape memory alloy on seismic behaviour of hollow-section concrete columns
Authors: Tavakol Masoumeh , HajiKazemi Hassan , Rajabzadeh-Safaei Niloofar , Masoodi Amir R.
Published: August 2021

The influence of shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforcement on the non-linear static and dynamic responses of hollow-section concrete columns to earthquakes was investigated. The seismic performance of concrete columns reinforced with steel and with a mix of SMA and steel was compared by assessing their ductility ratios, dissipated energies, strain recovery capacities and collapse drifts. The influence of near- and far-field ground motions on the static and dynamic responses of the test columns was also investigated. To verify the results, the columns were subjected to a near-field ground motion related to an existing earthquake and the relative displacement response history was compared with experimental results. Compared with the steel-reinforced column, it was found that the use of the hybrid SMA–steel reinforcement was more effective at recovering strains and reduced the residual deflections. On the other hand, the steel-reinforced column had a greater ductility ratio and energy dissipation capacity. It is therefore important to find an optimal combination length for the two types of reinforcement in a concrete column. The results indicated that the optimum reinforcement configuration involves replacing steel with SMA at 15–20% of column height, which includes the probable plastic hinge length.
Analysis of axially loaded columns strengthened with fibre-reinforced polymer
Authors: Isleem Haytham F. , Abid Muhammad , Zeb Shayan , Jize Mao
Published: August 2021

When estimating the rectangular stress block of a reinforced concrete flexural member, it is important to take into account different behaviours due to load eccentricity, the ratio and type of fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening, specimen height and confinement ratio. To investigate the impact of these key variables on a rectangular stress block, an extensive analysis of an experimental database of 84 specimens reported by several independent research groups was undertaken. The accuracy and conservativeness of several models under axial compression and flexural loading were first assessed. Comparisons revealed overestimations for specimens strengthened with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer and underestimations for those reinforced with glass-fibre-reinforced polymer. Inaccurate predictions were also obtained even after more accurate models of concentrically loaded tests were analysed using existing concrete design codes. Expressions for columns strengthened with fibre-reinforced polymer under pure axial compression and modifications for the coefficients of the rectangular stress block were developed. The results indicate a good and safe correlation of predicted strength values.
Assessment of shear-resisting mechanisms of steel-fibre-reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Negi Bichitra Singh , Jain Kranti
Published: August 2021

The shear strength of 14 reinforced concrete beams, all devoid of shear reinforcement, is experimentally investigated. An analytical model is also formulated, by introducing the three main resisting mechanisms in shear, based on the contributions of the concrete compressive zone, aggregate interlock along the inclined cracks and steel fibres (dowel action is neglected). Hooked-end steel fibres 35 mm and 60 mm long are used at volume fractions ranging from 0.75 to 1.5% in the former case, and from 0.5 to 1.0% in the latter case. In all, the shear capacity resulting from the tests is higher than that predicted by the lower bound limit proposed by G. Parra-Montesinos in 2006 and by American Concrete Institute and Indian standard building codes (ACI 318 and IS 456) for fibrous concrete beams. The efficacy of the proposed model is also compared with the 12 other models proposed in the literature. The contribution of shear-resisting mechanisms, namely, compressed concrete, aggregate interlock and steel fibre, is found to be approximately 67, 15 and 18%, respectively, of the total shear strength. The effect of fibre factor (F) and longitudinal reinforcement (ρ) on the contribution of various shear-resisting mechanisms have been rigorously studied and presented.
Asset Liability Management for the Parliamentary Pension Scheme of Uganda by Stochastic Programming
Authors: Mukalazi Herbert , Larsson Torbjörn , Juma Kasozi , Fred Mayambala
Published: August 2021

We develop a model for asset liability management of pension funds, which is solved by stochastic programming techniques. Using data provided by the Parliamentary Pension Scheme of Uganda, we obtain the optimal investment policies. Randomly sampled scenario trees using the mean, and covariance structure of the return distribution are used for generating the coefficients of the stochastic program. Liabilities are modelled by remaining years of life expectancy and guaranteed period for monthly pension. We obtain the funding situation of the scheme at each stage under three different asset investment limits.
Active Is as Active Does: Deliberative and Non-Deliberative Political Communication in Context
Authors: Richards Robert C. , Neblo Michael
Published: August 2021

The development of theories of citizens’ political communication has been hindered by a debate over whether such communication is best characterized as deliberative or non-deliberative. This article aims to overcome that impasse with a new account of citizens’ political communication informed by theories of message production and sense-making: the goals–sense-making–justification (GSJ) model. This model holds that citizens’ political-communicative behavior is influenced by multiple goals and cognitive plans, which generally vary in different contexts. This variation helps to explain why citizens’ informal political discussions during non-election periods rarely feature reason-giving—and so can be understood as non-deliberative—whereas such discussions during major-election campaigns often feature the reason-giving that is characteristic of deliberation. Moreover, the model demonstrates how cognitive plans developed in informal political discussions over repeated major-election cycles enable citizens to engage competently in reason-giving during formal deliberations.
KENDİNİ ÖRGÜTLEYEN HARİTALAR ALGORİTMASI YÖNTEMİYLE TÜRKİYE DOKUMA SEKTÖRÜNÜN ANALİZİ: BİST ŞİRKETLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR UYGULAMA
Authors: YAKAR Aykut , SAYIN Halil Cem
Published: August 2021

Finansal bilgi kullanıcıları; kredi, yatırım ve yönetim gibi çeşitli finansal konularda doğru kararlar alabilmek için finansal analize ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Ancak finansal verilerin ulaşılabilirliği ve karmaşıklığı, analiz tekniklerinin sınırlılıkları; bilgi kullanıcılarının sahip oldukları mevcut bilgilerden yüksek fayda sağlayabilmelerine engel olmaktadır. Bu durumun üstesinden gelmek ve finansal analizin etkinliğini artırmak amacıyla istatistiksel yöntemler ve yapay sinir ağları gibi yöntemlere başvurulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dokuma sektöründe faaliyet gösteren şirketlerin finansal performansları ile hisse senedi getirileri arasındaki ilişkinin ve sektörün finansal yapısının, KÖH (Kendini Örgütleyen Haritalar) algoritması yöntemiyle ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu amaçla, Borsa İstanbul’da işlem gören ve faaliyetlerini dokuma sektöründe sürdüren 16 şirketin 2013-2018 yılları arasındaki yıllık finansal tabloları, KÖH algoritması yardımıyla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada, sektörün en yüksek hisse senedi getirilerine sahip şirketlerin düşük likidite oranlarıyla birlikte yüksek faaliyet oranlarına ve yüksek kaldıraç oranlarıyla birlikte pozitif kâr marjlarına sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sektörün en düşük hisse getirilerine sahip şirketlerin ise düşük likidite ve faaliyet oranlarına ve yüksek kaldıraç oranlarıyla birlikte negatif kârlılığa sahip olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir.
Two new species of Galumnidae (Acari, Oribatida) from Mozambique
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Bąkowski Marek
Published: August 2021

Two new species of the family Galumnidae are described from soil-litter in the riverine forest of Gorongosa National Park (Central Mozambique). Allogalumna mozambiquensis Ermilov sp. n. differs from all species of the genus by the morphology of bothridial seta (with the head having a long setiform tip). Neoctenogalumna gorongosaensis Ermilov sp. n. is similar to N. congoensis in the bothridial seta with developed head, specific notogastral ornamentation and narrowly elongate postanal porose area, but differs from the latter by the smaller body size, heavily ciliate bothridial seta and diagonal position of adanal lyrifissure.
Morphological differences between genetic lineages of the peregrine earthworm : Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826)
Authors: Shekhovtsov Sergei V. , Ermolov Sergei A. , Poluboyarova Tatiana V. , Kim-Kashmenskaya Maria N. , Derzhinsky Yevgeniy A. , Peltek Sergey E.
Published: August 2021

Aporrectodea caliginosa is a universally distributed and highly abundant peregrine earthworm that is the object of many ecological and ecotoxicological studies. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that A. caliginosa consists of three highly diverged genetic lineages. In this study, we investigated morphological diversity within a sample of these three lineages from Belarus. We detected a variety of forms with different degrees of pigmentation and a shift in the clitellum position. The three genetic lineages of A. caliginosa demonstrated different propensity to particular morphological variants, including size, colour, and the clitellum position, yet no character could be used to distinguish among the lineages with sufficient accuracy. Thus, our results suggest that identification of the genetic lineage should be recommended for ecological studies involving A. caliginosa to account for possible differences between them.
Growth rate determination of E. coli v1
Authors: not provided Ashwinuday
Published: August 2021

This is to measure the growth rate of E. coli. The initially used culture is a primary culture. This can be adapted for any other bacteria as well by giveing proper growth conditions, and using appropriate wavelength to measure the OD and giving proper time intervals based on whether the bacteria is slow growing or fast growing.
Harvesting Tobacco Seeds v1
Authors: Doran Lynn
Published: August 2021

Protocol for harvesting seeds from research tobacco plants.
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Authors: not provided health
Published: August 2021

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Authors: not provided health
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Dynamic reliability assessment of a complex recovery system using fault tree, fuzzy inference and discrete event simulation
Authors: Nobakhti Abolghasem , Raissi Sadigh , Damghani Kaveh , Soltani Roya
Published: August 2021

Any failure on the recovery system will cause a lot of environmental damage as well as energy loss. Hereof two types of alternatives; fast opening valve system (FOVS) and seal drum system (SDS) may be installed. The focus of this article is on the decision stage to choose the most preferred option in terms of reliability assessment. The major challenge in the research problem is on changing the pressure and temperature during operational cycles, which significantly affect the reliability. In addition, the lack of historical data complicates the reliability assessment method. Hence, we proposed a hybrid approach using fault tree analysis (FTA) and the Mamdani fuzzy inference to estimate reliability response as a function of a few frequently operating pressure and temperature. Also, discrete-event simulation helped us to evaluate the system reliability at different operating conditions. The comparisons reveals that the FOVs outperforms on average of 22.4% than the SDS and it is recommended for putting into practice for purchasing
Activation of creation of women’s nominations as a new stage of development of the Ukrainian language
Authors:   National Academy of Internal Affairs, Stratulat Natalia
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the topical issue of the development of the lexical and semantic system of the Ukrainian language at the present stage. Constant significant transformations in society require changes and improvements in language forms, as language must meet the needs of people who use it. Today, this issue has become very relevant, as rapid changes in society, especially economic, political, cultural, rapid development of science, the establishment of Ukraine as an independent democracy, led to innovative processes in the modern Ukrainian language. Therefore, the issues of the functioning of new words in modern discourse, as well as the reasons and methods of their appearance, are important at the current stage of the development of the Ukrainian language. It is noted that one of the manifestations of the reflection of the corresponding changes in the language system today is the functioning of parallel forms of nouns to denote a person: feminine forms are actively appearing along with the existing masculine forms. It is determined that the prerequisites for such shifts in the lexical system are the reasons of external (social) and internal (proper linguistic) nature. External factors include, first of all, democratization and liberalization of society. In fact, the “new idea” of establishing a “new woman” in society by rethinking the meaning of her role, defining her rights, and consolidating her functions contributed to the emergence of new lexical units with appropriate semantics. The internal factors of the constant development of language are primarily related to its systemic nature: all the elements in the language system are interconnected and interdependent. The system of the Ukrainian word formation is organized in such a way that under any social changes, the powerful derivational material of means (both own and borrowed) becomes the basis for the emergence of new lexemes. It is determined that the formation of nouns with the meaning of the feminine occurs with the suffixes –к-, –иц– (я), –ин– (я), –ес–, where the first two are most active. Within the framework of the considered word-formation type with the corresponding derivational components, innovative lexemes are described. At the same time, the productivity of feminine neoplasms was determined. Thematic groups of lexical units for designating feminine persons are characterized. New formations are distributed by occupation, the sphere of professional activity, the status that a woman occupies according to her profession.
Assessment of actual nutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy as a premorbid indicator
Authors: Sadykova Gulnara K. , Olina Anna A. , Padrul Mikhail M.
Published: August 2021

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the actual nutrition of pregnant women in the first trimester as the basis for a personalized approach to pregnancy management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The actual nutrition during pregnancy was studied by analyzing the frequency of food consumption using the food weighing method, and the average daily indicators were calculated based on data for a period of one week. In total, 417 women were surveyed. The diet was characterized to identify deficiencies of the vitamins and minerals most significant for the reproductive system using the Individual Diet (My Body 3.0 version) software. Descriptive statistics methods were used to quantify the results. In the course of the work carried out, descriptive statistics methods were used.
RESULTS: The energy value of the daily diet of pregnant women averaged 2294.3 487.21 kcal, which is within normal values (2070.03507.5 kcal / day), a surplus being observed in almost a third of the respondents (n = 118, 28.3%). The analysis of the diet showed that most of the patients had a deficiency in vitamins, macro- and microelements most significant for the reproductive system. On average, pregnant women consumed 155.0 0.52 g / day of folic acid with food, no woman receiving enough folic acid to prevent congenital malformations of the fetus. The average dietary intake of iodine was 70 g / day. Thus, focusing on the recommendations for pregnant women, a diet deficient in iodine was observed in 90% of the respondents, and only five women (1.2%) consumed a sufficient amount of iodine-containing products. It was found that pregnant women consumed 5.9 2.10 mg / day of zinc, with the recommended intake level of more than 12.5 mg / day not recorded in any woman. Iron deficiency was found in 289 respondents (69%). According to the survey results, more than half of the respondents (n = 269, 64.5%) had insufficient selenium intake. Calcium deficiency was registered in half of pregnant women (n = 210, 50.0%). Only every tenth woman (n = 48, 10.0%) consumed a sufficient amount of calcium containing food. Poor magnesium consumption was rarer and was found in only one third of the respondents (n = 135, 32.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained indicate the need to study the individual level of actually consumed vitamins and nutrients, which may be the basis for personalized selection of drugs and efficient microelement dosing strategy.
Experience of measuring glutathione peroxidase activity in surgically induced endometrial-like lesions in rats
Authors: Razygraev Aleksey V. , Baziyan Elena V. , Polyanskikh Lyudmila S. , Petrosyan Mariya A.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is known to be linked with altered activities of antioxidant enzymes and with their gene polymorphisms. Progestins are known to induce glutathione peroxidase activity in the endometrium and promote reduction of endometrial lesions. It could be useful to estimate the correlation between the activity of glutathione peroxidase within endometrial lesions and their degree of reduction.
AIM: The present study was aimed at estimating glutathione peroxidase activity in surgically induced endometrial-like lesions of different degree of reduction in rat model of endometriosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The method for determining glutathione peroxidase activity using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate and 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) for estimation of residual reduced glutathione was applied for quantitative analysis of the enzyme activity in endometriotic foci, surgically induced in female Wistar rats. An assay of glutathione peroxidase activity in tissue homogenates was performed at 37C in a reaction medium containing Tris-HCl buffer supplemented with tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate and sodium azide (pH 8.5) in the presence of 0.55 mM reduced glutathione and 0.192 mM hydrogen peroxide. Before adding trichloroacetic acid, 40-second incubation was used. The correlation between the specific activity of the enzyme and protein amount in endometriotic foci was estimated.
RESULTS: In a rat model of endometriosis, there was a high, well-determined glutathione peroxidase activity in endometriotic foci. For the same endometriotic tissue sample, the enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of protein in the reaction mixture. The range of specific glutathione peroxidase activity was 2.436.45 micromoles of consumed glutathione per minute per milligram of protein (n = 7). In most reduced endometriotic foci (with the minimum amount of endometriotic tissue), the highest specific activity of glutathione peroxidase was found (the Spearmans rho of 0.93 with p = 0.0067).
CONCLUSIONS: The method for determining glutathione peroxidase activity using hydrogen peroxide and 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) is convenient for working with the endometriotic tissue in a rat model of endometriosis. We can accept, with p 0.01, that weight of endometriotic foci is negatively linked with specific glutathione peroxidase activity within their tissue. The results are analogous to the previously obtained data on catalase activity and suggest the involvement of both antioxidant enzymes in reduction of endometrial lesions.
Placental morphology in different types of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kapustin Roman V. , Kopteyeva Ekaterina V. , Tral Tatyana G. , Tolibova Gulrukhsor Kh.
Published: August 2021

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare placental morphological features from women with different types of diabetes mellitus considering method of DM correction.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, single-center, cohort study was carried out. We analyzed morphological examination results of 3300 placentas, which made uр the following comparison groups: type 1 diabetes mellitus on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (n = 60), type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple subcutaneous insulin injections (n = 446), type 2 diabetes mellitus on diet (n = 95), type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy (n = 134), gestational diabetes mellitus on diet (n = 1652), gestational diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy (n = 735), preeclampsia (n = 39), and the control group (n = 139). The examined placentas were weighed, with their sizes (two diameters and thickness), cotyledon structure and defects assessed. We determined the umbilical cord junction and external characteristics of extraembryonic membranes. Fragments of the placenta (5 pieces) were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (pH 7.2), processed with the Leica TP1020 tissue processor and embedded in paraffin. Histological sections (3-4 m thick) were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.0 software.
RESULTS: Following characteristics were typical for all types of diabetes mellitus: increased placental mass metrics, chronic placental insufficiency, dissociated villous maturation disorder with prevalent immaturity, as well as involutive-dystrophic and circulatory disorders of varying severity. Placentas from women with type 1 diabetes mellitus had the specific sings: the predominance of intermediate immature villi and stem villi stromal fibrosis. The frequency of placental infarcts and fibrinoid content in the intervillous space were comparable to those in placentas from women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inflammatory changes and moderate placental calcification were most consistently associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, while gestational diabetes mellitus was characterized by soft damages. Placentas with preeclampsia showed higher prevalence of premature villous maturation, compensated placental insufficiency, and fibrinoid depositions in the intervillous and subchorionic spaces.
CONCLUSIONS: Understanding relationships between placental histological features and clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus makes it possible not only to clarify the pathophysiological processes occurring in this pathology but also to optimize the algorithm for the rational management of the neonatal period of children from mothers with diabetes mellitus.
An experiment of using the SonoVue ultrasound contrast agent for focused high-intensity ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids
Authors: Slabozhankina Ekaterina A. , Kira Evgeniy F. , Politova Alla K. , Kitayev Vyacheslav M. , Bruslik Sergey V. , Amelina Yulia L. , Politova Alexandra A.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND: One of the modern methods of organ-saving non-invasive remote treatment of uterine fibroids is ablation of myomatous nodes with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the parameters of ultrasonic ablation when using intraoperative control with the help of an ultrasound contrast agent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the period from 2016 to 2018, a total of 208 patients with symptomatic uterine myoma underwent HIFU ablation of myomatous nodes. The two groups of patients were compared: group I included 98 patients aged 36 to 52 years (mean age: 44.39 7.12 years) with intraoperative control with an ultrasound contrast agent (sulfur hexafluoride); group II consisted of 110 patients aged 20 to 55 years (mean age: 38.33 8.72 years), whose treatment was not controlled by the contrast agent.

RESULTS: Using the Mann-Whitney test, we obtained statistically significant differences in the following parameters: the duration of ultrasound ablation was 215.28 70.57 min (from 70 to 390 min) in group I, and 610.84 56.26 min (from 290 to 1230 min) in group II (p 0.005); the average energy was 329.06 33.06 W in group I, and 293.68 64.51 W in group II (p 0.001); good tolerance of the operation was shown in 91% of cases in group I, and in 61.8% of cases in group II; satisfactory tolerance of the operation was shown in 7.7% of cases in group I, and in 37.3% of cases in group II (p 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained indicate that the performance of HIFU ablation with the use of an ultrasonic contrast agent allowed halving the insonation time, while using submaximal and maximum ultrasound exposure powers with better tolerance of intervention by patients.
Male infertility, metabolic syndrome and obesity
Authors: Korneyev Igor A. , Matsueva Irina A.
Published: August 2021

The review article is devoted to the current understanding of the mechanisms that can have a negative impact on the reproductive function of men with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The article presents the results of clinical studies proving the existence of a relationship between the severity of metabolic disorders, copulatory activity, ejaculate parameters, the likelihood of pregnancy, as well as the health of the offspring.
Pathology of the urachus. History of the issue and current state of the problem
Authors: Shchedrov Dmitriy N. , Shormanov Igor S. , Kotov Sergey V. , Morozov Eugene V.
Published: August 2021

Based on the analysis of literature sources, modern data are presented on the nosological structure of urachus diseases in adults and children, diagnostic methods, as well as treatment tactics for various anatomical variants of anomalies in the development of the urinary duct. A modern classification of urachal malformations caused by disorders of its obliteration is presented. Various modifications of the laparoscopic approach are considered for the most common types of this pathology. The reasons for the development of malignant neoplasms from the urachus tissue, including in the gender aspect, are described, and a comparative assessment of the methods of surgical treatment of urachus tumors is given.
Cooper’s syringocele (bulbourethral cyst)
Authors: Protoshchak Vladimir V. , Sivakov Аlexey A. , Gozalishvili Sergei M. , Karandashov Vasiliy K. , Gorbunov Alexandr E.
Published: August 2021

Bulbourethral cyst or Cowpers syringocele (from the Greek syringe tube, cele expansion) is a cystic expansion of the excretory ducts of the bulbourethral glands (Cowpers glands). This disease is extremely rare and is more often diagnosed in the child population. The clinical manifestations of syringocele are non-specific and depend on many factors: size, localization, communication with the urethra, and the presence of an infectious component. Detection of syringocele is impossible without the use of special radiation and endoscopic diagnostic methods. Most often, this pathology is masked under inflammatory diseases of the genitals due to the fact that the symptoms are limited to secretions from the external opening of the urethra, changes in the general analysis of urine and dysuric manifestations. Currently in the domestic and foreign literature there are not even 20 publications devoted to this pathology.
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia In HIV-Infected Patients: A Single Center Experience
Authors: BİLEK Heval Can , DEVECİ Aydın , TANYEL Esra
Published: August 2021

Objective: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is still a critical opportunistic infection in patients diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection in the advanced stages and patients who do not adhere to antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and diagnostic features of PCP infections developed in HIV-infected patients.Methods: HIV-infected patients aged 18 years and older, followed between January 2005 and March 2020 at the university hospital, were retrospectively reviewed from medical records. Results: Within the study's scope, 397 HIV-infected patients, 62 (15.6%) females and 335 (84.4%) males, with a mean age of 39.2 ± 11.6 years, were evaluated. While age was not a risk factor for developing PCP, the male gender was a risk factor. Patients with PCP had significantly lower CD4 lymphocytes counts than patients without PCP, and a CD4 lymphocyte count <200/mm3 significantly increased the disease's risk. The patients' most common systemic complaint was fever at the time of presentation, and the most common respiratory complaint was cough. The immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test was positive in 57.1% of the patients. All patients had appearances that might be supportive for PCP in chest tomography.Conclusion: HIV infected male patients with advanced immunodeficiency constituted a high-risk group for developing PCP. In the presence of typical clinical findings, the evaluation of chest tomography and microbiological diagnostic tests together were found to be useful for accurate clinical diagnosis.
A prospective study to compare the efficacy of noradrenaline verses terlipressin in hepatorenal syndrome in patients with advanced cirrhosis
Authors: Nayyar Srishti , Kaur Ranjeet , Mohan Gurinder , Chandey Manish
Published: August 2021

Background: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is functional renal failure occurring in advanced stage liver disease associated with poor prognosis. The best treatment is liver transplantation. Terlipressin is effective in treatment of HRS but noradrenaline has been suggested as cheaper and readily available alternative and we aimed to compare the efficacy of noradrenaline and terlipressin in patients with HRS.Methods: 30 patients were allocated to each group and group A received infusion of noradrenaline at dose of 0.5 mg/hr (maximum 3 mg/hr) and group B received terlipressin at dose 1 mg intravenously 6 hourly until reversal of HRS or completion of 7 days of therapy. Intravenous albumin (20 g/day) was given to both groups. Decrease in serum creatinine and increase in daily urine output and mean arterial pressure (MAP) helped us in comparison.Results: Out of 60 cirrhotics screened, 51 were randomised into group A (N=22) or group B (N=29). Baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. In group A, 0% showed complete response while 31.8% showed partial response but majority (68.2%) showed no response. In group B, 89.7% showed complete response and 6.9% showed partial response. Decrease in serum creatinine in both groups (group A- 3.91±1.58 mg/dl to 3.07±1.68 mg/dl; group B- 3.21±1.24 mg/dl to 1.36±0.87 mg/dl). Both groups showed an increase in MAP (group A- 76.93±6.18 mmHg to 89.49±6.93 mmHg; group B- 75.54±5.51 mmHg to 89.92±5.07 mmHg).Conclusions: Noradrenaline was not as effective as terlipressin in treatment of HRS.
Classification and etiologies of gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Younis Nadia D. , Juwayd Fatimah H. , Aljawi Mohammed A. , Althoini Fai T. , Alsaffaf Fatema H. , Samman Ahmed M. B. , Alghasham Khuzama A. , Ismail Alia N. , Aljaloud Norah A. , Bakhashwain Shahad H. , Almuhaisen Hessa K.
Published: August 2021

Various forms of trophoblastic diseases were reported in the literature, including complete and partial of hydatidiform moles, gestational choriocarcinomas, placental-site and epitheloid trophoblastic tumors. Among patients who suffer from hydatidiform mole, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can be easily diagnosed by using the levels of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Therefore, complex investigations are not usually necessary in measuring the levels of hCG, physical examination and assessments. In addition, patients’ medical history can help the attending physicians to draw an adequate treatment plan for patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. However, Pelvic Doppler ultrasonography might also be used for additional assessments, including the presence or absence of pregnancy, measurement of the uterine volume and size. Additionally, it determines the vasculature and spread of the neoplasm within the pelvic region. Furthermore, genetic analysis can be used to differentiate between the types of the disease. Moreover, among the reported staging and classification systems, the international federation of gynecology and obstetrics (FIGO) seems to be the best efficacious modality for the determination of the prognosis of the various types of the disease to properly choose the best treatment modality.
The various prognostic scoring system used for predicting COVID-19 mortality
Authors: Elsharkawy Khaled Mohamed , Aljawi Mohammed Abdulaziz , Alhassani Hani Helal , Ezzat Sadeen Essam , Alruwaithi Ziad Abdulmoti , Alsultan Murtadha Dhiya , Elimam Amal Abdulmoniem , Elimam Amani Abdulmoniem , Alwehaibi Ali Abdulrahman , Albakheet Shaher Musa , Aboshoushah Enass Farouk
Published: August 2021

The widespread pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to affect most countries all over the world, and burden all of the affected healthcare systems. COVID-19 has first emerged in December 2019 within the district of Wuhan which is located in China. Many prognostic scoring systems have been developed to predict severe disease and death for patients with COVID-19. In this literature review, the aim to discuss the various prognostic scoring system used for predicting COVID-19 mortality. It has mainly approached the prognostic scoring systems in two main ways: The clinical and biochemical ways. In addition, the research also investigates the chest X-ray imaging findings based on scoring systems for predicting mortality for patients with COVID-19. Many scoring systems have been reported based on the biochemical and clinical parameters as age, D-dimer, presence of comorbidities, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and other features. Some of the reported scoring systems were recently developed in the COVID-19 pandemic while others were just modified based on the fact that patients with COVID-19 are critically ill, and usually require the same medical attention as other conditions. These scoring systems should be considered by clinicians to early predict and intervene against severe COVID-19 that might cause death. As for the imaging modalities, we have also reported many of the reported systems in the literature, including the ones that are based on chest computed tomography and X-ray findings, and are discussed in detail within this study.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 1, no. 12, enero 1975
Authors:   Inter-American Development Bank
Published: August 2021

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Not My Usual Trip: Ride-hailing Characterization in Mexico City
Authors: Sabogal-Cardona Orlando , Scholl Lynn , Oviedo Daniel , Crotte Amado , Bedoya Felipe
Published: August 2021

With a few exceptions, research on ride-hailing has focused on North American cities. Previous studies have identified the characteristics and preferences of ride-hailing adopters in a handful of cities. However, given their marked geographical focus, the relevance and applicability of such work to the practice of transport planning and regulation in cities in the Global South is minimal. In developing cities, the entrance of new transport services follows very different trajectories to those in North America and Europe, facing additional social, economic, and cultural challenges, and involving different strategies. Moreover, the determinants of mode choice might be mediated by social issues such as the perception of crime and the risk of sexual harassment in public transportation, which is often experienced by women in large cities such as Mexico. This paper examines ride-hailing in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, unpacking the characteristics of its users, the ways they differ from users of other transport modes, and the implications for urban mobility. Building on the household travel survey from 2017, our analytical approach is based on a set of categorical models. Findings suggest that gender, age, education, and being more mobile are determinants of ride-hailing adoption. The analysis shows that ride-hailing is used for occasional trips, and it is usually done for leisure and health trips as well as for night trips. The study also reflects on ride-hailings implications for the way women access the city.
Fatores Associados ao Fracasso Escolar no Ensino Médio: Análise de Teses/Dissertações
Authors: Dias Maikele Roloff , Bossi Tatiele Jacques
Published: August 2021

O tema do fracasso escolar, em especial entre adolescentes no ensino médio, é bastante complexo, mas tem sido foco de poucos estudos quando comparado à etapa do ensino fundamental. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os fatores associados ao fenômeno do fracasso escolar no Ensino Médio, a partir de uma revisão sistemática de teses e dissertações (período de busca de 2013 a 2019). Foram selecionados para análise oito estudos (duas teses e seis dissertações) que foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo qualitativa, com base em três categorias temáticas: caracterização das amostras, características metodológicas, e fatores associados ao fenômeno do fracasso escolar. Os resultados sugerem um predomínio de concepções que culpabilizam o aluno e sua família pelo fracasso escolar vivenciado, de modo que as implicações de professores e do sistema de ensino são destacadas de forma breve. Isso remete às dificuldades em se pensar o fenômeno do fracasso escolar para além daquilo que se apresenta de forma imediata no cotidiano da escola. Com relação aos aspectos metodológicos, os estudos eram, em sua maioria, qualitativos e com delineamento transversal. Discute-se sobre a necessidade de novas investigações sobre a temática no Brasil, a fim de se dar maior visibilidade ao fenômeno.
Dípteros acuáticos de dos humedales de la costa central de Perú y obtención de adultos a partir de pupas en el laboratorio
Authors: Castillo-Velásquez Rodolfo Mauricio , Alvarado-García Ernesto W. , Laurent-Rios Adriana R. , Huamantinco-Araujo Ana A.
Published: August 2021

Los humedales costeros son ecosistemas que cada día se reducen más debido a factores antrópicos. Los estudios taxonómicos y ecológicos de estos ambientes son escasos, en especial en el Neotrópico. La falta de monitoreos biológicos en estas zonas impide evidenciar la probable pérdida de biodiversidad acuática. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo elaborar los primeros listados taxonómicos de larvas de dípteros acuáticos de dos humedales de la costa central de Perú, así como describir la crianza de pupas y emergencia de adultos de Ephydridae (Diptera) en el laboratorio. Las estaciones de muestreo con presencia de pupas de efídridos se caracterizaron por presentar aguas rasas con sustrato fangoso y vegetación emergente de porte bajo; solo las pupas de Ephydra gracilis se encontraron en pozas poco profundas y sin vegetación, flotando o incrustadas en costras de sal. El éxito de la crianza de efídridos fue del 53 %, donde el desarrollo de hongos y la aparición de himenópteros parasitoides redujo dicho porcentaje en algunos de los géneros. El éxito de los adultos emergidos de E. gracilis fue menor que el de los demás, probablemente por la ausencia de alguna condición fisicoquímica que solo encuentran en su hábitat natural. Se brinda aquí un primer listado taxonómico de dípteros acuáticos y parasitoides en estos dos humedales costeros, el primer registro de Ephydra gracilis (Packard, 1871) en Suramérica e ilustraciones de las pupas como apoyo para su identificación. Además, se presentan recomendaciones para la recolección y el cuidado de dípteros en estadios tempranos en el laboratorio.
Transparency, provenance and collections as data
Authors: Ames Sarah
Published: August 2021

‘Collections as data’ has become a core activity for libraries in recent years: it is important that we make collections available in machine-readable formats to enable and encourage computational research. However, while this is a necessary output, discussion around the processes and workflows required to turn collections into data, and to make collections data available openly, are just as valuable. With libraries increasingly becoming producers of their own collections – presenting data from digitisation and digital production tools as part of datasets, for example – and making collections available at scale through mass-digitisation programmes, the trustworthiness of our processes comes into question. In a world of big data, often of unclear origins, how can libraries be transparent about the ways in which collections are turned into data, how do we ensure that biases in our collections are recognised and not amplified, and how do we make these datasets available openly for reuse? This paper presents a case study of work underway at the National Library of Scotland to present collections as data in an open and transparent way – from establishing a new Digital Scholarship Service, to workflows and online presentation of datasets. It considers the changes to existing processes needed to produce the Data Foundry, the National Library of Scotland's open data delivery platform, and explores the practical challenges of presenting collections as data online in an open, transparent and coherent manner.
Study of Gender Conceptual Sphere: Historiography of the Question
Authors: Chornodon Myroslava , Gryshkova Nadiia , Myronova Natalia , Ivanytska Bozhena , Semen Nataliia , Demchenko Natalia
Published: August 2021

The article attempts to analyze the concept of gender, study philosophical preconditions of its emergence and trace the main postmodern aspects of the gender category. It proves that gender research in the postmodern era is not identical to the theories of feminism. It deals with social life of both sexes, their behavior, roles, characteristics, common and different between them, the social relationships of the sexes, considering the world from the standpoint of both socio-gender groups. The article shows that an urgent need for more purposeful development of independent women's research in the developing countries. Such research should holistically reflect and study the lives of women on the basis of the so-called women's rather than universalized man experience. The main idea of this scientific research was to emphasize that the world can be explored not only from a man perspective, but also from the standpoint of woman experience. The level of scientific study of the gender conceptual sphere is clarified, in particular, the gender concept is a multidimensional complex represented in the language, which has a certain ethnocultural specificity. The concept has an unstable structure, which is reflected in the model of the concept developed by us, in which we highlight the root and applications of the concept, the possible movement of features in the relevant semantic directions from and to the root. The unstable (mobile) structure of the concept is also characteristic of its root: during historical development, the root may change, but the semantic meaning is not lost, but only replaced by synonyms or verbal innovations relevant to today.
Hybrid War as a Phenomenon of Semantic Postmodern Discourse with Emphasis on the Military Constant as a Factor of National Security
Authors: Tkachuk Andriy , Tkachuk Pavlo
Published: August 2021

The article states the core thesis about two asymmetric modes of existence of war – physical and discursive. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the analytical and practical necessity of distinguishing between two modes of existence of hybrid warfare as a phenomenon of physical reality and as a discursive construct, as well as to raise questions about the value specificity of the relationship between them. The methodology of work represents the implication of two asymmetric modes of war existence – physical and discursive. The relationship between the two modes can be described in particular through modern cognitive-semantic and communicative approaches. Analysis, synthesis (thesis-antithesis), description, distinction, historical perspective, forecasting and hermeneutic tools of comprehension are the core methods of this work. In the military (material) dimension, any military confrontation in general (and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in particular) is localized, while the discourse of this hybrid war has become global. The interpretive component of hybrid warfare is implemented through discursive verbal-semiotic means. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of victory. The Ukrainian dimension embodies the postmodern practical representation of the analysis of the problem of hybrid warfare as a war of interpretations.
The Faces of Human Vulnerability
Authors: Mihail Rarita
Published: August 2021

The philosophic notion of human vulnerability cannot be pinpointed as such in the corpus of classic philosophy. Nevertheless, death and suffering as essential philosophical and theological problems make reference to the dimension of vulnerability inherent to the human condition. Since times immemorial, the fear of death, the avoidance of suffering, or the crisis situations of human existence have laid at the basis of philosophical and religious systems. According to Freud, in the futile pursuit of happiness humans often face misery, which stems from a suffering that threatens them from three different directions: their own body, the outside world, and the relationships with other people. Starting from this angle, the present article furthers the notion of vulnerability by identifying its archetypal themes in relation to human life and its conditions of existence. Two main concepts will guide this study of human vulnerability: a vulnerability inherent to human subjectivity, and one consubstantial to the process of human socialisation. For Levinas, vulnerability has become alike an obsession for others, a full responsibility, which leads to the following formula: it is only a vulnerable person who can love one’s neighbour. In accordance with Habermas, the manner in which a human being leaves natural law and accesses social justice is here re-examined, as it stands for a vulnerability structurally determined by the forms of socio-cultural life.