bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Level of Concussion Knowledge in High School Sports in New Jersey
Authors: Lin Emerald , Ward Irene , Lequerica Anthony , Jasey Neil , Chiaravalloti Nancy
Published: February 2019

Background

Coaches, athletic trainers (ATCs), and parents/guardians (parents) are important contributors to the proper identification and management of concussions in student‐athletes. However, there are limited studies on the identification of concussion knowledge gaps that will help inform educational efforts and improve concussion outcomes in these groups.

Objective

To identify gaps and factors influencing concussion knowledge for high school athletics.

Design

Survey.

Setting

Public, private, and recreational leagues in New Jersey.

Participants

41 coaches, 34 ATCs, and 65 parents of high school student‐athletes.

Methods

A 17‐item online survey examining concussion knowledge was distributed to coaches, ATCs, and parents. Analyses included ANOVA for between‐group comparisons of continuous variables and Pearson's correlations for categorical data.

Main Outcome Measurements

Demographics, concussion knowledge, application of knowledge, access to educational materials, and confidence in the ability to identify concussions.

Results

Significant between‐group differences were found for overall knowledge (F[2137] = 11.0, P < .001), factual knowledge (F[2137] = 8.7, P < .001), and application of knowledge (F[2137] = 3.5, P = .03), with parents scoring lower. Coaches, ATCs, and parents had gaps in factual knowledge of baseline testing scores and identification regarding symptom severity. More coaches (73.2%) and ATCs (97.1%) felt confident in concussion knowledge compared with parents (31.3%; P < .001). All groups thought mandatory education, new law, and guidelines were positive in promoting better care of student‐athletes.

Conclusions

Knowledge gaps were identified in all groups. Educational programs for these groups should consider including targeted techniques, including vignettes, to illustrate application of concussion knowledge.

Level of Evidence

III.
Quality Improvement in Rehabilitation: A Primer for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Specialists
Authors: Guo Meiqi , Fortin Chris , Mayo Amanda L. , Robinson Lawrence R. , Lo Alexander
Published: February 2019

Physiatrists in all practice settings can improve the care of rehabilitation patients through the rigorous application of quality improvement (QI) methodology. This primer provides a step‐by‐step guide to QI in rehabilitation settings for academic and community physiatrists, using the Model for Improvement. Key concepts discussed include Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act cycles, setting optimal aim statements and measures, involving the rehabilitation team, diagnostic tools to understand root causes of quality problems, selection of change concepts and ideas, and utilizing run charts for data analysis. A QI project focused on the secondary prevention of vascular complications in amputees with diabetes admitted to inpatient rehabilitation is used as an illustrative example throughout the primer.
Motor Adaptation to Weight Shifting Assistance Transfers to Overground Walking in People with Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Lin Jui‐Te , Hsu Chao‐Jung , Dee Weena , Chen David , Rymer W. Zev , Wu Ming
Published: February 2019

Background

Locomotor training has been used to improve walking function in people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), but functional gains are relatively small for some patients, which may be due to the lack of weight shifting training.

Objective

To determine whether applying a pelvis assistance force in the coronal plane during walking would improve weight shifting and stepping in people with iSCI.

Design

Repeated measures study.

Setting

Rehabilitation hospital.

Participants

Seventeen people with iSCI.

Interventions

A controlled assistance force was bilaterally applied to the pelvis in the medial‐lateral direction to facilitate weight shifting, which gradually increased during the course of treadmill walking.

Main Outcome Measures

Weight shifting, step length, margin of stability, and muscle activities of the weaker leg were used to quantify gait performance. The spatial‐temporal gait parameters during overground walking were collected pre, post, and 10 minutes after treadmill training.

Results

During treadmill walking, participants significantly improved weight shifting (ie, center of mass [CoM] lateral distance reduced from 0.16 ± 0.06 m to 0.12 ± 0.07 m, P = .012), and increased step length (from 0.35 ± 0.08 m to 0.37 ± 0.09 m, P = .037) on the stronger side when the force was applied, which were partially retained (ie, CoM distance was 0.14 ± 0.06, P = .019, and step length was 0.37 ± 0.09 m, P = .005) during the late postadaptation period when the force was removed. In addition, weight shifting and step length on the weaker side during overground walking also improved (support base reduced from 0.13 ± 0.06 m to 0.12 ± 0.06 m, P = .042, and step length increased from 0.48 ± 0.12 m to 0.51 ± 0.09 m, P = .045) after treadmill training.

Conclusions

Applying pelvis assistance during treadmill walking may facilitate weight shifting and improve step length in people with SCI, which may partially transfer to overground walking.

Level of Evidence

III.
Sarcopenia among Adults with Cerebral Palsy in South Korea
Authors: Jeon Inpyo , Bang Moon Suk , Lim Jae Young , Shin Hyung‐Ik , Leigh Ja‐Ho , Kim KeeWon , Kwon Bum Sun , Jang Soong‐Nang , Jung Se Hee
Published: February 2019

Background

Most adults with cerebral palsy encounter newly developing physical health problems and premature functional decline with aging. These physical and functional losses along with the characteristic symptoms of cerebral palsy may heighten the risk of sarcopenia.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of sarcopenia among a selected group of adults with cerebral palsy and to identify the factors associated with their sarcopenia among them.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

University hospitals and communities for persons with disabilities.

Participants

A total of 80 adults with cerebral palsy (46 men and 34 women with mean age of 42.8 ± 8.86 years) were included.

Method

Muscle mass, strength, and physical performance were measured to diagnose sarcopenia. Participants also completed a structured questionnaire for physical, psychological, or socioeconomic attributes and health‐related quality of life.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence of sarcopenia in adults with cerebral palsy.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia was 47.9%. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with sex, the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), body mass index (BMI), and trunk fat. Male, higher GMFCS and lower BMI were significant risk factors of sarcopenia. Sarcopenic adults with cerebral palsy showed significantly lower health‐related quality of life.

Conclusion

The prevalence of sarcopenia in adults with cerebral palsy was higher than that of general population despite the young age of the selected group. Modifiable risk factor was a low BMI.

Level of Evidence

III
Experimental and theoretical studies of (4 + 1) annulations between α‐oxoketenes and stable phosphorous, nitrogen, or sulfur ylides
Authors: Pierrot David , Rajzmann Michel , Carissan Yannick , Rodriguez Jean , Bonne Damien , Coquerel Yoann
Published: February 2019

α‐Oxoketenes generated in situ by a microwave‐assisted Wolff rearrangement at 170°C were found to react with stabilized sulfur ylides in (4 + 1) annulation processes to afford functionalized 3‐hydroxyfurans. Theoretical mechanistic investigations revealed that the reaction proceeds in two steps via a short‐lived betaine intermediate, a general feature of the reactions of α‐oxoketenes with stable phosphorous, nitrogen, and sulfur ylides.
The Effect of HMX Impurity and Irganox Antioxidant on Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of RDX by TG/DSC Non‐Isothermal Method
Authors: Sinapour Hamid , Damiri Sajjad , Ravanbod Mohsen , Pouretedal Hamid R.
Published: February 2019

The non‐isothermal TG/DTG/DSC technique has been used to study the thermal decomposition of RDX as pure and impure (contain 5 wt. % HMX) in the absence and presence of 5 wt. % irganox 1010 antioxidant under nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (4, 6, 8, and 10 °C min−1). The DSC curves show an exothermic peak for decomposition of RDX exactly after its melting point. The activation energy (Ea) for thermal decomposition of pure and impure RDX in the absence and presence of irganox was calculated using non‐isothermal isoconversional methods of KAS, OFW, and Friedman for different conversion fraction (α) values in the range of 0.1–0.9. The pre‐exponential factor (A) and the kinetic model have been determined by means of the compensation effect and the selected model is confirmed by the nonlinear fitting method. The activation energies for thermal decomposition of pure RDX in the absence and presence of irganox are 240.5 to 246.2 and 330.0 to 350.6 kJ mol−1 with the reaction model of R3 and D2, respectively, whereas; the Ea values for decomposition of impure RDX in the absence and presence of antioxidant are 172.1 to 173.0 and 195.3 to 214.2 kJ mol−1, respectively, with the reaction model of R2 for both of them.
Overcoming mine safety crisis in Pakistan: An appraisal
Authors: Jiskani Izhar Mithal , Ullah Barkat , Shah Kausar Sultan , Bacha Sher , Shahani Niaz Muhammad , Ali Muhammad , Maqbool Ahsan , Qureshi Abdullah Rasheed
Published: February 2019

Mineral production is the mainstay of the global economy. Pakistan has huge mineral resources potential, but the contribution of minerals to the gross domestic product is not commensurate with its potential. The main reasons for the unregulated nature of the mining sector are poor organizational structure, inadequate implementation of legislation, insufficient investment, and lack of technology. Due concerns and priority of introducing advanced and safe mining methods are still awaited in Pakistan. Therefore, the role of policy makers at this stage is crucial for assessing and reviewing the current strategies for developing future strategies in order to overcome these problems. This article reviews the current situation of the mining industry in standards of statutory compliance, highlights the key issues in health and safety practices, and analyses loopholes in policies. In addition, some future implications are also put forward for the steady development of the mining sector in Pakistan. This study will help the government and mining enterprises from different perspectives in order to ensure mine safety and steady development. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog: e12041 2019
Chemoprotective effects of Ulva lactuca (green seaweed) aqueous‐ethanolic extract against subchronic exposure to benzo(a)pyrene by CYP1A1 inhibition in mice
Authors: Delgado‐Roche Livan , Rodeiro Idania , Riera Mario , Herrera José Alfredo , Venturi Ivonilce , Hernández Yasnay , Fernández Gisselle , Pérez Carlos Luis , Rodriguez Juan Carlos , Fernández Miguel David , Hernández‐Balmaseda Ivones , Fernández Julio Raul , Mesta Fernando , Paz Miriam Teresa
Published: February 2019

The protective effect of the supplementation with an aqueous‐ethanolic extract obtained from Ulva lactuca (Delile) green seaweed on benzo[a] pyrene‐induced damage in mice was evaluated. Animals were treated with oral doses of U. lactuca extract (100 and 400 mg/kg) for 9 weeks. They were exposed to 50 mg/kg of oral doses of benzo(a)pyrene starting from the second week and up to the fifth week. Groups treated with benzo(a)pyrene only (second to fifth weeks), sunflower oil (vehicle, 9 weeks), or U. lactuca extract (100 and 400 mg/kg, 9 weeks) were also included in the study. The treatment with 400 mg/kg of the extract ameliorated the oxidative damage, decreased IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels, and favorably regulated the antioxidant defenses compared with benzo(a)pyrene‐exposed group. The benzo(a)pyrene‐induced DNA damage was also reduced, as it was evidenced by the lower micronucleus formation in U. lactuca extract‐supplemented animals. The extract protected the hepatic tissue, and it reduced the liver activity/expression of CYP1A1. These results altogether suggested a chemoprotective effect of U. lactuca extract against benzo(a)pyrene‐induced‐toxicity in mice, probably associated with an inhibitory effect of carcinogen bioactivation.
Synergistic enhancement and hepatoprotective effect of combination of total phenolic extracts of Citrus aurantium L. and methotrexate for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: He Dan , Liu Zhenli , Wang Menglei , Shu Yisong , Zhao Siyu , Song Zhiqian , Li Hui , Liu Linlin , Liang Wei , Li Wen , Cao Zhiwen , Lu Cheng , Lu Aiping , Liu Yuanyan
Published: February 2019

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by joint destruction and bone damage. Methotrexate (MTX) is recommended as the first‐line disease‐modifying agent for the treatment of RA. However, the clinical efficacy of MTX is limited due to its low response and side effects, especially hepatotoxicity. Total phenolic extracts of Citrus aurantium L. (TPE‐CA) are rich in dietary bioactive flavonoids, which show beneficial effects on liver health and are regarded as therapeutic tools against inflammatory diseases. In this study, the efficacy of MTX, alone or in combination with TPE‐CA, for the treatment of collagen‐induced arthritis and protection against hepatic injury in rats was investigated. TPE‐CA and MTX combination effectively reduced the inflammatory symptoms and joint damage by inhibiting the NF‐κB pathway. Moreover, TPE‐CA significantly ameliorated MTX‐induced chronic hepatic injury by enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities, suppressing hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 expression, and modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2/heme oxygenase‐1 pathway. This combination regimen not only provided synergistic enhancement but also exhibited hepatoprotective effect against chemically induced chronic hepatotoxicity. This could be an alternative strategy to improve the low response of MTX in RA treatment.
Accelerating Photogenerated Charge Kinetics via the Synergetic Utilization of 2D Semiconducting Structural Advantages and Noble‐Metal‐Free Schottky Junction Effect
Authors: She Xiaojie , Xu Hui , Yu Yahui , Li Li , Zhu Xingwang , Mo Zhao , Song Yanhua , Wu Jingjie , Yuan Shouqi , Li Huaming
Published: February 2019

Although photocatalysis is one of the most promising technologies for environmental and energy issues, the irreconcilable contradiction between the absorption of the visible light and the strong redox capability of the photocatalyst and the low photocatalytic reaction kinetics result in the poor efficiency. Here, a composite photocatalyst is reported with high redox capability and accelerated reaction kinetics synergistically utilizing 2D semiconducting structural advantages and the noble‐metal‐free Schottky junction effect. The 2D structure can not only increase the bandgap of the photocatalyst but also improve the transfer and separation of the photogenerated charge carriers. Furthermore, the introduction of the noble‐metal‐free Schottky junction effect accelerates the photocatalytic reaction kinetics. The Schottky barrier can also prevent the photogenerated charges trapped by the electron acceptor from flowing back to the semiconductor, which can further boost the photocatalytic performance. The transfer process of the photogenerated charge carriers is also researched in detail by the comprehensive characterization methods, which enable the photocatalytic mechanism to be revealed.
Multifunctional van der Waals Broken‐Gap Heterojunction
Authors: Srivastava Pawan Kumar , Hassan Yasir , Gebredingle Yisehak , Jung Jaehyuck , Kang Byunggil , Yoo Won Jong , Singh Budhi , Lee Changgu
Published: February 2019

The finite energy band‐offset that appears between band structures of employed materials in a broken‐gap heterojunction exhibits several interesting phenomena. Here, by employing a black phosphorus (BP)/rhenium disulfide (ReS2) heterojunction, the tunability of the BP work function (Φ
BP) with variation in flake thickness is exploited in order to demonstrate that a BP‐based broken‐gap heterojunction can manifest diverse current‐transport characteristics such as gate tunable rectifying p–n junction diodes, Esaki diodes, backward‐rectifying diodes, and nonrectifying devices as a consequence of diverse band‐bending at the heterojunction. Diversity in band‐bending near heterojunction is attributed to change in the Fermi level difference (Δ) between BP and ReS2 sides as a consequence of Φ
BP modulation. No change in the current transport characteristics in several devices with fixed Δ also provides further evidence that current‐transport is substantially impacted by band‐bending at the heterojunction. Optoelectronic experiments on the Esaki diode and the p–n junction diode provide experimental evidence of band‐bending diversity. Additionally, the p+–n–p junction comprising BP (38 nm)/ReS2/BP(5.8 nm) demonstrates multifunctionality of binary and ternary inverters as well as exhibiting the behavior of a bipolar junction transistor with common‐emitter current gain up to 50.
Supporting Student Activists: An Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Evans Meg E. , Lange Alex C.
Published: February 2019

This chapter discusses strategies that administrators, particularly student affairs educators, can use to support and honor the labor of student activists, using the authors’ experiences navigating their responsibilities to campuses and students.
Escape dynamics of a forced‐damped classical particle in an infinite‐range potential well
Authors: Naiger D. , Gendelman O. V.
Published: February 2019

The paper is devoted to analysis of the escape of periodically forced and damped particle from one‐dimensional potential well. The particle is initially at rest, and the forcing is switched on at a certain time instance. The present work is an extension of previous results, obtained in Hamiltonian setting, for much more realistic case with viscous damping. Assuming primary 1:1 resonance, one can consider the problem in terms of averaged transient dynamics. It turns out that, similar to the undamped case, the escape process can be reliably described in terms of topology of special trajectories on the resonant manifold. A theoretical prediction to the minimal force required for the escape as function of the excitation frequency for various damping coefficients is provided. In the explored frequency range, numeric simulations are in complete qualitative and reasonable quantitative agreement with the theoretical predictions except for small frequencies under 0.3. These discrepancies are related to quasistatic asymptotic limit of the considered model.
On the existence of an L∞ structure for the super-Virasoro algebra
Authors: Blumenhagen Ralph , Brinkmann Max
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The appearance of L∞ structures for supersymmetric symmetry algebras in two-dimensional conformal field theories is investigated. Looking at the simplest concrete example of the

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

super-Virasoro algebra in detail, we investigate whether an extension to a super-L∞ algebra is sufficient to capture all appearing signs.
Towards the higher point holographic momentum space amplitudes
Authors: Albayrak Soner , Kharel Savan
Published: February 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we calculate higher point tree level vector amplitudes propagating in AdS4, or equivalently the dual boundary current correlators. We use bulk perturbation theory to compute tree level Witten diagrams. We show that when these amplitudes are written in momentum space, they reduce to relatively simple expressions. We explicitly compute four and five point correlators and also sketch a general strategy to compute the full six-point correlators.
Pectobacterium and Dickeya species detected in vegetables in Northern Ireland
Authors: Zaczek-Moczydłowska Maja A. , Fleming Colin C. , Young Gillian K. , Campbell Katrina , O’Hanlon Richard
Published: February 2019

Destructive soft rot Pectobacteriaceae affect a number of vegetable crops and cause high economic loses in the field and storage. The diversity of Pectobacterium and Dickeya causing soft rot of vegetables in Northern Ireland is unknown. This study provides details of Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. detected in vegetables from several locations in Northern Ireland in the years 2015–2017. Soft rot Pectobacteriaceae were identified based on DNA sequences. Thirty one strains were selected for further phylogenetic analysis based on the recA gene region. Results from the testing of over 3456 potato samples for plant health statutory purposes in years 2005–2017 demonstrated that Dickeya spp. is not the major pathogen causing soft rot or blackleg in Northern Ireland. The most predominant species causing soft rot of vegetables in Northern Ireland were Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum. Pectobacterium atrosepticum was also detected on hosts other than potato. Testing of bacteria isolated from carrots led to the detection of P. carotovorum and Dickeya sp. This is the first study to provide knowledge about Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. diversity causing soft rot of vegetables in Northern Ireland confirmed by real-time PCR and DNA sequences. This is also the first report of the detection of D. aquatica from a source other than water.
Wearable technology-based metrics for predicting operator performance during cardiac catheterisation
Authors: Currie Jonathan , Bond Raymond R. , McCullagh Paul , Black Pauline , Finlay Dewar D. , Gallagher Stephen , Kearney Peter , Peace Aaron , Stoyanov Danail , Bicknell Colin D. , Leslie Stephen , Gallagher Anthony G.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Unobtrusive metrics that can auto-assess performance during clinical procedures are of value. Three approaches to deriving wearable technology-based metrics are explored: (1) eye tracking, (2) psychophysiological measurements [e.g. electrodermal activity (EDA)] and (3) arm and hand movement via accelerometry. We also measure attentional capacity by tasking the operator with an additional task to track an unrelated object during the procedure.

Methods

Two aspects of performance are measured: (1) using eye gaze and psychophysiology metrics and (2) measuring attentional capacity via an additional unrelated task (to monitor a visual stimulus/playing cards). The aim was to identify metrics that can be used to automatically discriminate between levels of performance or at least between novices and experts. The study was conducted using two groups: (1) novice operators and (2) expert operators. Both groups made two attempts at a coronary angiography procedure using a full-physics virtual reality simulator. Participants wore eye tracking glasses and an E4 wearable wristband. Areas of interest were defined to track visual attention on display screens, including: (1) X-ray, (2) vital signs, (3) instruments and (4) the stimulus screen (for measuring attentional capacity).

Results

Experts provided greater dwell time (63% vs 42%, p = 0.03) and fixations (50% vs 34%, p = 0.04) on display screens. They also provided greater dwell time (11% vs 5%, p = 0.006) and fixations (9% vs 4%, p = 0.007) when selecting instruments. The experts’ performance for tracking the unrelated object during the visual stimulus task negatively correlated with total errors (r = − 0.95, p = 0.0009). Experts also had a higher standard deviation of EDA (2.52 µS vs 0.89 µS, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Eye tracking metrics may help discriminate between a novice and expert operator, by showing that experts maintain greater visual attention on the display screens. In addition, the visual stimulus study shows that an unrelated task can measure attentional capacity.

Trial registration This work is registered through clinicaltrials.gov, a service of the U.S. National Health Institute, and is identified by the trial reference: NCT02928796.
On drag reduction scaling and sustainability bounds of superhydrophobic surfaces in high Reynolds number turbulent flows
Authors: Rastegari Amirreza , Akhavan Rayhaneh
Published: February 2019

The drag reduction characteristics and sustainability bounds of superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces in high Reynolds number turbulent flows are investigated using results from direct numerical simulation (DNS) and scaling-law analysis. The DNS studies were performed, using lattice Boltzmann methods, in turbulent channel flows at bulk Reynolds numbers of $Re_{b}=3600$ ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}}\approx 222$) and $Re_{b}=7860$ ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}}\approx 442$) with SH longitudinal microgrooves or SH aligned microposts on the walls. Surface microtexture geometrical parameters corresponding to microgroove widths or micropost spacings of $4\lesssim g^{+0}\lesssim 128$ in base flow wall units and solid fractions of $1/64\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}_{s}\leqslant 1/2$ were investigated at interface protrusion angles of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{p}=0^{\circ }$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{p}=-30^{\circ }$. Analysis of the governing equations and DNS results shows that the magnitude of drag reduction is not only a function of the geometry and size of the surface microtexture in wall units, but also the Reynolds number of the base flow. A Reynolds number independent measure of drag reduction can be constructed by parameterizing the magnitude of drag reduction in terms of the friction coefficient of the base flow and the shift, $(B-B_{0})$, in the intercept of a logarithmic law representation of the mean velocity profile in the flow with SH walls compared to the base flow, where $(B-B_{0})$ is Reynolds number independent. The scaling laws for $(B-B_{0})$, in terms of the geometrical parameters of the surface microtexture in wall units, are presented for SH longitudinal microgrooves and aligned microposts. The same scaling laws are found to also apply to liquid-infused (LI) surfaces as long as the viscosity ratios are large, $N\equiv \unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{o}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{i}\gtrsim 10$. These scaling laws, in conjunction with the parametrization of drag reduction in terms of $(B-B_{0})$, allow for a priori prediction of the magnitude of drag reduction with SH or LI surfaces in turbulent flow at any Reynolds number. For the most stable of these SH surface microtextures, namely, longitudinal microgrooves, the pressure stability bounds of the SH surface under the pressure loads of turbulent flow are investigated. It is shown that the pressure stability bounds of SH surfaces are also significantly curtailed with increasing Reynolds number of the flow. Using these scaling laws, the narrow range of SH surface geometrical parameters which can yield large drag reduction as well as sustainability in high Reynolds number turbulent flows is identified.
Path instabilities of streamlined bodies
Authors: Guillet Thibault , Coux Martin , Quéré David , Clanet Christophe
Published: February 2019

We study the trajectory and the maximum diving depth of floating axisymmetric streamlined bodies impacting water with a vertical velocity. Three different types of underwater trajectory can be observed. For a centre of mass of the projectile located close to its leading edge, the trajectory is either straight at low velocity or y-shaped at high velocity. When the centre of mass is far from the leading edge, the trajectory has a U-shape, independent of the initial velocity. We first characterize experimentally the aerodynamic properties of the projectile and then solve the equations of motion to recover the three types of trajectories. We finally discuss the transitions between the different regimes.
Dynamics of a large population of red blood cells under shear flow
Authors: Minetti C. , Audemar V. , Podgorski T. , Coupier G.
Published: February 2019

An exhaustive description of the dynamics under shear flow of a large number of red blood cells in a dilute regime is proposed, which highlights and takes into account the dispersion in cell properties within a given blood sample. Physiological suspending fluid viscosity is considered, a configuration surprisingly seldom considered in experimental studies, as well as a more viscous fluid that is a reference in the literature. Stable and unstable flipping motions well described by Jeffery orbits or modified Jeffery orbits are identified, as well as transitions to and from tank-treading motion in the more viscous suspending fluid case. Hysteresis loops upon shear rate increase or decrease are highlighted for the transitions between unstable and stable orbits as well as for the transition between flipping and tank-treading. We identify which of the characteristic parameters of motion and of the transition thresholds depend on flow stress only or also on suspending fluid viscosity.
Influence of the culture preparation and the addition of an adjunct culture on the ripening profiles of hard cheese
Authors: Cuffia Facundo , Bergamini Carina Viviana , Wolf Irma Verónica , Hynes Erica Ruth , Perotti María Cristina
Published: February 2019

The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of two factors on the ripening profiles of hard cooked cheeses: (F1) the growth medium for the primary and adjunct cultures, constituted by autochthonous strains: Lactobacillus helveticus 209 (Lh209) and Lactobacillus paracasei 90 (Lp90), respectively, and (F2) the addition of L. paracasei Lp90 as adjunct culture. Four types of cheeses were made: W and M cheeses in which only Lh209 was added after its growth in whey and MRS, respectively; Wa and Ma cheeses in which both strains (Lh209 and Lp90) were added after their growth in whey and MRS, respectively. Physicochemical and microbial composition, proteolysis and profiles of organic acids and volatile compounds were analyzed. According to the methodology of the cultures preparation, W and Wa cheeses showed a higher level of secondary proteolysis and lower level of primary proteolysis (P < 0·05), lower content of citric and acetic acids and higher amount of propionic acid (P < 0·05), in comparison with M and Ma cheeses. The incorporation of Lp90 increased the secondary proteolysis (P < 0·05), decreased the citric acid (P < 0·05), and increased the propionic acid only when was added after their growth in whey (P < 0·05). Both factors significantly modified the percentages of the volatile compounds grouped in chemical families; in addition, for the half of the compounds detected, significant differences were found. Based on the obtained results, the use of Lp90 as an adjunct in hard cooked cheeses, and the preincubation of the cultures in whey are strategies to accelerate the cheese ripening and to enhance the production of some characteristic compounds of this type of cheeses, such as propan-2-one, hexan-2-one, 2- and 3-methyl butanal, heptan-2-ol, acetic and 3-methylbutanoic acids and 3-hydroxy butan-2-one.
Ecological plasticity of the European eel Anguilla anguilla in a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland
Authors: Arai Takaomi , Kotake Aya , Harrod Chris , Morrissey Michelle , McCarthy T. Kieran
Published: February 2019

Recent studies have shown that anguillid eel populations in habitats spanning the marine–freshwater ecotone can display extreme plasticity in the range of catadromy expressed by individual fish. The apparent use of marine and freshwater habitats by the European eel Anguilla anguilla was examined by analysing the strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in otoliths of eels collected from a tidal Atlantic lake system in Ireland. Variations of the Sr:Ca ratio in the otoliths indicated that a variety of environmental salinities had been experienced in the habitats that were occupied during the growth phase of these individuals in the tidal Atlantic lake system. The otolith microchemistry of these eels indicated that most of the eels had entered each salinity environment (freshwater (FW); brackish water (BW); marine-dominated water (MW) and full seawater (SW)) from fresh water to full seawater just after recruitment and had stayed in each environment until maturation without movement to other salinity environments. Only 2 of 93 (2%) eels had shifted their habitat once in their lives. This result suggests that each individual might have an environmental habitat preference, although each individual could move along a short (<2 km) salinity gradient.
School-age social behavior and pragmatic language ability in children with prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure
Authors: Smearman Erica L. , Hendrix Cassandra L. , Winiarski Dominika A. , Johnson Katrina C. , Smith Alicia K. , Ousley Opal Y. , Stowe Zachary N. , Newport D. Jeffrey , Brennan Patricia A.
Published: February 2019

Studies examining associations between fetal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) exposure and child autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses or delayed language remain mixed and rarely prospectively follow children or employ gold-standard assessments. We prospectively followed a cohort of mother–child dyads from pregnancy through early elementary school (N= 178), and obtained maternal and alternate–caregiver ratings of behaviors related to ASD (N= 137), as well as direct, gold-standard assessments of child ASD symptoms and pragmatic language among dyads who experienced prenatal depression and either took SRIs or were medication free during pregnancy (N= 44). Prenatal SRI exposure was related to maternal ratings of ASD-related behaviors (β = 0.24 95% confidence interval; CI [0.07, 0.48]), and, among boys, alternative caregiver ratings (males-only β = 0.28 95% CI [0.02, 0.55], females-only β = −0.21 95% CI [–0.63, 0.08]). However, results of our direct assessments suggest an association between SRI exposure and reduced pragmatic language scores (β = –0.27, 95% CI [–0.53, –0.01], but not ASD (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule β = 0.14 95% CI [–0.15, 0.41]; Social Responsiveness Scale β = 0.08 95% CI [–0.25, 0.40]). These discrepancies point to issues regarding how ASD is assessed, and the possibility that SRIs may be more strongly associated with language or other broader behaviors that coincide with ASD. Larger prospective studies that incorporate thorough, gold-standard assessments of ASD, language, and other ASD-related behaviors are needed.
Multidomain risk factors in early childhood and depression symptoms in 6-year-olds: A longitudinal pathway model
Authors: Hopkins Joyce , Gouze Karen R. , Lavigne John V. , Bryant Fred B.
Published: February 2019

This study examined effects of risk factors in multiple domains measured in preschool and kindergarten on age 6 depression symptoms, and on changes in symptom levels between ages 4 and 6. Two models were examined in a large, diverse (N= 796) community sample of children and parents. Risk variables included SES, stress, conflict, parental depression, parental hostility, support, scaffolding, child negative affect (NA), effortful control (EC), sensory regulation (SR), and attachment security. Model 1 included effects of risk factors at ages 4 and 5 on child depression symptoms at age 6. Model 2 also included depression symptoms at all three ages to examinechangesin these symptoms. Model 1 revealed that age 4 and 5 parental depression, NA, EC, and SR predicted age 6 child depression levels, Several age 4 variables had indirect pathways to age 6 depression via age 5 EC. Model 2 revealed that preschool depression was the only age 4 variable, and EC and SR were the only age 5 variables that significantly predicted increases in age 6 depression. These findings highlight the role of self-regulation in child depression and suggest that targeting self-regulation may be an effective prevention and intervention strategy.
Extending the positive bias in Williams syndrome: The influence of biographical information on attention allocation
Authors: Boulton Kelsie A. , Porter Melanie A.
Published: February 2019

There is evidence that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) show an attention bias toward positive social-perceptual (happy) faces. Research has not yet considered whether this attention bias extends beyond social-perceptual stimuli to perceptually neutral stimuli that are paired with positive (trustworthy) biographical information. Fourteen participants with WS (mean age = 21 years, 1 month) learned to associate perceptually neutral faces with trustworthy (positive), neutral, or untrustworthy (negative) biographical information, before completing a dot-probe task where the same biographical faces were presented. The performance of the WS group was compared to two typically developing control groups, individually matched to the WS individuals on chronological age and mental age, respectively. No between-group bias toward untrustworthy characters was observed. The WS group displayed a selective attention bias toward trustworthy characters compared to both control groups (who did not show such a bias). Results support previous findings that indicate WS individuals show a preference for positive social-perceptual stimuli (happy faces) at the neurological, physiological, and attentional levels. The current findings extend this work to include a “top-down” positive bias. The implications of a positive bias that extends beyond social-perceptual stimuli (or “bottom-up” processes) in this syndrome are discussed.
Personality Traits and Socio-Demographic Variables as Predictors of Political Interest and Voting Behavior in a British Cohort
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Cheng Helen
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This study examines the associations between socio-demographic variables, the Big Five personality traits, and the extent of political interest as well as voting behavior, in a large, nationally representative sample in the UK. The contribution of the Big Five personality traits to political issues over and above demography, education, and social class was the central focus. The analytic sample comprised 7,135 cohort members with complete data. Correlational analysis showed that personality traits and demographic variables were significantly associated with both political interest and voting behavior. Regression analysis showed that sex, education and occupation, and four of the five personality traits were significantly and independently associated with political interest in adulthood. Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness were significantly and positively associated with political interest, whereas Conscientiousness was negatively associated with the outcome variable. Personality accounted for incremental variance. Further, parental social class, education and occupation, and traits Emotional Stability and Openness were all significantly and positively associated with voting behavior. The results confirm other studies and show that personality traits account for unique variance over and above demographic factors in predicting political interests and behaviors.
An SOC Approach to Study the Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Energy Coupling
Authors: Banerjee Adrija , Bej Amaresh , Chatterjee T. N. , Majumdar Abhijit
Published: February 2019

Solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction and the injection of large quantity of plasma particles into the Earth's magnetosphere are the primary reasons behind geomagnetic storm, auroral effects, and, in general, all the fluctuations observed in the terrestrial magnetic field. In this paper, we analyzed the perturbed magnetosphere as a sandpile‐like cellular automata model based on the concept of self‐organized criticality and many‐body interactive system and proposed a solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling function in terms of interplanetary magnetic field BZ, the zth component of interplanetary magnetic field. The function determines the cusp width W depending on the intensity of (−BZ − BTh) where BTh is the threshold value. The model generates two output series, which are the numerical representation of the real‐time Dst index and AE index series, respectively. For our study, the range of years 1997–2007 of the 23rd solar cycle had been considered here. The threshold value BTh plays a significant role in the analysis and exhibits a proportional relationship with the yearly mean total number of sunspots for each year of the range 1997–2007 of the 23rd solar cycle. For each year, the two resultant output time series of the model display high‐correlation coefficients with the real‐time Dst and AE indexes, respectively, which denotes the acceptability of the proposed energy coupling function and its relation with the solar activities.
Increased Global Land Carbon Sink Due to Aerosol‐Induced Cooling
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Goll Daniel , Bastos Ana , Balkanski Yves , Boucher Olivier , Cescatti Alessandro , Collier Mark , Gasser Thomas , Ghattas Josefine , Li Laurent , Piao Shilong , Viovy Nicolas , Zhu Dan , Ciais Philippe
Published: February 2019

Anthropogenic aerosols have contributed to historical climate change through their interactions with radiation and clouds. In turn, climate change due to aerosols has impacted the C cycle. Here we use a set of offline simulations made with the Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model driven by bias‐corrected climate fields from simulations of three Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) Earth system models (ESMs; IPSL‐CM5A‐LR, CSIRO‐Mk3.6.0, and GISS‐E2‐R) to quantify the climate‐related impacts of aerosols on land carbon fluxes during 1860–2005. We found that climate change from anthropogenic aerosols (CCAA) globally cooled the climate, and increased land carbon storage, or cumulative net biome production (NBP), by 11.6–41.8 PgC between 1860 and 2005. The increase in NBP from CCAA mainly occurs in the tropics and northern midlatitudes, primarily due to aerosol‐induced cooling. At high latitudes, cooling caused stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At midlatitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than that of GPP, resulting in NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but precipitation decline from CCAA may negate the effect of temperature. The three ESMs show large divergence in low‐latitude CCAA precipitation response to aerosols, which results in considerable uncertainties in regional estimations of CCAA effects on carbon fluxes. Our results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in ESMs is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Effect of Water on Fracture Mechanical Properties of Shales
Authors: Chen Xiaofeng , Eichhubl Peter , Olson Jon E. , Dewers Thomas A.
Published: February 2019

Recognition of the potential for subcritical fracture growth of rocks is essential for the evaluation of long‐term stability of fluids trapped in geologic structures. In shales, subcritical fracture growth may control migration of hydrocarbons in source rock and unconventional reservoirs and of sequestered CO2 across top seals. Using the double torsion method, we investigated the mode‐I fracture mechanical properties of three shales of different composition, namely, Woodford Shale, Mancos Shale, and Marcellus Shale, under water‐saturated conditions, in ambient air, and in dry CO2 gas conditions to systematically investigate the effect of water on the fracture growth properties of shales. The clay‐rich (illite with minor kaolinite) Woodford and Mancos Shales demonstrate a strong water‐weakening effect despite their low smectite content, with the fracture toughness reduced by up to 54% and the subcritical fracture growth index by up to 77% under water‐saturated conditions compared to tests in ambient air. Carbonate‐rich Marcellus Shale, in contrast, displays negligible water‐weakening effects. The clay‐CO2 interaction is minor for the three shales. Specimens treated with a hydrophobic surface coating were also tested to limit water‐weakening effects to the fracture tip. Data from these tests reveal rate‐dependent stress intensity factor‐velocity curves for clay‐rich Woodford and Mancos Shales suggesting a competition between mechanical fracture growth and physicochemical water‐rock interactions. Our results suggest that subcritical failure by water‐enhanced subcritical fracture growth could significantly increase brittle failure in clay‐rich shales.
The Effect of Electrostatic Charge on the Propagation of GPS (L‐band) Signals Through Volcanic Plumes
Authors: Harper Joshua Méndez , Steffes Paul , Dufek Josef , Akins Alex
Published: February 2019

Recent field studies have shown that the presence of ash in the atmosphere can produce measurable attenuation of Global Positioning System (GPS) signals (Aranzulla et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-012-0294-4; Larson, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50556; Larson et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.005). The ability to detect plumes using GPS is appealing because many active volcanoes are already instrumented with high‐quality receivers. However, analyses using a Ralyeigh approximation have shown that the large attenuations cannot be explained by the scattering and absorption associated with ash or hydrometeors alone. Here, we show that the extinction of GPS signals, which fall into the L‐band of the electromagnetic spectrum, may be exacerbated significantly by excess surface charge on pyroclasts. Indeed, volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by a range of electrostatic processes, leading, in some cases, to spectacular lightning storms. We use a modified Mie scattering model to demonstrate that electrostatic effects can increase the extinction of L‐band radiation by up to an order of magnitude, producing attenuations consistent with those observed in the field. Thus, future work involving GPS as a tool to remotely probe plumes must take into account the electrification of ash in radiative transfer models. Additionally, we propose that the sensitivity of GPS to particle charging may catalyze the development of new techniques to explore electrostatic processes in plumes, especially if GPS measurements are complemented with millimeter‐wave RADAR measurements.
The Relation of Intraseasonal Variations With Local Onset and Demise of the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Karmakar Nirupam , Misra Vasubandhu
Published: February 2019

Two of the most important hydroclimatic features of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall are its onset/demise and intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) manifested by the active‐break cycles. In this study, we aim to understand the quantitative association between these two phenomena. An objective definition of local onset/demise of the ISM based on more than a century‐long India Meteorological Department rain gauge observation is taken into consideration. Using multichannel singular spectrum analysis we isolate northward‐propagating low‐frequency (20–60 days; LF‐ISO) and northwestward propagating high‐frequency (10–20 days; HF‐ISO) ISOs from the daily ISM rainfall. Our results suggest that a large number of local onset (59%) and demise (62%) events occur during positive developing phases and positive decaying phases of two ISOs, respectively, with phase locking between LF‐ISO and HF‐ISO being particularly important. Local onset is largely associated with favorable phases of ISOs across India except for LF‐ISO over eastern India and HF‐ISO over western Ghats and central India (CI). We find that local demise is more coherent with the ISO phases, especially with HF‐ISO across the domain. We performed a case study to understand large‐scale association with the onset of the ISM over CI. In 44 of total 58 cases (1948–2005), when CI onset occurred during favorable LF‐ISO or HF‐ISO phase, they are either linked with a northward propagation of convection from the equator in LF‐ISO time scale (28 cases) or westward propagating structures from the western Pacific in HF‐ISO time scale (27 cases).
Balancing Robustness and Cost in Hydrological Model Optimization
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: February 2019

A new study presents a framework for finding the best optimization algorithm.
2018 Is the Fourth-Hottest Year on Record
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: February 2019

The climate is continuing to heat up, say NASA and NOAA, and 2018 is no exception.