bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letters of the heroines
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: September 2020

'Letters of the heroines' eplores Ovid’s Epistulae Heroidum (Letters of the Heroines) or Heroides (Heroines), love letters sent by famous mythical women to their errant lovers. The Heroides is still love poetry, and the women are often reminiscent of the lover in the Amores, but the women and their lovers are in most cases figures from the heroic age, and this makes the collection an important link between the Amores and the Metamorphoses, Ovid’s most ambitious fusion of the erotic and the mythological. The epistolary form of these poems is vitally important, as is the influence of the rhetorical training that Ovid and his fellow Romans had undertaken, an experience that encouraged a taste for memorable turns of phrase. The debt to Hellenistic literature, Callimachus in particular, is especially clear when Ovid returns to the format, probably at the end of his career: the ‘Double Heroides’ are exchanges of letters between a male and female correspondent, and the dynamic of the form is interestingly transformed. The legacy of the Heroides is worth a mention, it is less consistently popular than Ovid’s other poetry, but was his most celebrated work in the 18th century, and an important model for female self-expression that carried with it the heft and authority of classical antiquity.
5. ‘Political’
Authors: Wixson Christopher
Published: September 2020

‘Political’ details a difficult time in George Bernard Shaw’s career when his views about the First World War placed him intensely at odds with public opinion. Shaw’s journalism castigates British nationalism and foreign policy, boldly assigning culpability for the conflict to failed government leadership on both sides. His major plays throughout the 1920s were also composed in the war’s long shadow and vitalized by the principles Shaw enumerated in his recent, controversial public writings. The chapter then examines Shaw’s Heartbreak House (1916–17), Back to Methuselah (1918–20), Saint Joan (1923), and Too True to Be Good (1931). The success of Saint Joan and the award of the 1925 Nobel Prize for Literature solidified Shaw as Britain’s pre-eminent playwright.
7. ‘Farfetched’
Authors: Wixson Christopher
Published: September 2020

‘Farfetched’ focuses on the end of George Bernard Shaw’s life and his own sense of his legacy. In crafting the title of the 1948 allegorical digest of his beliefs Farfetched Fables, Shaw selects the adjective ‘farfetched’ to describe the breadth of its mythic vision. The word is equally apt when applied to Shaw’s longevity, the scale of his thinking, and the extended, sustained reach of his writing. Alongside other attempts in his final years to encapsulate the Shavian sensibility, Sixteen Self Sketches (1949) indicates his investment in shaping how he would be remembered. Shaw’s relationship to posterity is reflected in his extended engagement with William Shakespeare’s work, particularly in Shakes versus Shav (1949).
How do we know?
Authors: Craig Edward
Published: September 2020

The Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume argued that our evidence for a miracle happening could never outweigh the strength of the evidence that it had not. The evidence could be equal, but never greater. ‘How do we know? Hume’s Of Miracles’ sets out Hume’s objections to believing the eyewitness testimonies of others. Hume was asking a bigger question—what reasons there are for forming religious beliefs at all. He was aware that some extraordinary occurrences are possible because Nature does not always behave predictably, an argument which Hume pre-empted with the imaginary example of eight days of darkness, backed up by matching testimonies.
Some more high spots
Authors: Craig Edward
Published: September 2020

‘Some more high spots: a personal selection’ focuses in detail on recommended reading from Descartes, Hegel, Darwin, and Nietzsche. Descartes and Nietzsche were keen to debunk ‘truths’—Descartes trying to explore the scientific revolution without causing trouble with the Church, and Nietzsche questioning the morals of 19th-century Christianity. Darwin looked at ‘species’ rather than humanity, and his ‘survival of the fittest’ theory is often misinterpreted as ‘survival of the strongest’ rather than ‘best suited’ or ‘most appropriate’. Moral relativism is the view that moral judgements are only true or false in relation to their political, historical, or cultural context.
Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies
Authors: O’Caoimh Rónán , Sezgin Duygu , O’Donovan Mark R , Molloy D William , Clegg Andrew , Rockwood Kenneth , Liew Aaron
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The prevalence of frailty at population level is unclear. We examined this in population-based studies, investigating sources of heterogeneity.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Library databases were searched for observational population-level studies published between 1 January 1998 and 1 April 2020, including individuals aged ≥50 years, identified using any frailty measure. Prevalence estimates were extracted independently, assessed for bias and analysed using a random-effects model.

Results

In total, 240 studies reporting 265 prevalence proportions from 62 countries and territories, representing 1,755,497 participants, were included. Pooled prevalence in studies using physical frailty measures was 12% (95% CI = 11–13%; n = 178), compared with 24% (95% CI = 22–26%; n = 71) for the deficit accumulation model (those using a frailty index, FI). For pre-frailty, this was 46% (95% CI = 45–48%; n = 147) and 49% (95% CI = 46–52%; n = 29), respectively. For physical frailty, the prevalence was higher among females, 15% (95% CI = 14–17%; n = 142), than males, 11% (95% CI = 10–12%; n = 144). For studies using a FI, the prevalence was also higher in females, 29% (95% CI = 24–35%; n = 34) versus 20% (95% CI = 16–24%; n = 34), for males. These values were similar for pre-frailty. Prevalence increased according to the minimum age at study inclusion. Analysing only data from nationally representative studies gave a frailty prevalence of 7% (95% CI = 5–9%; n = 46) for physical frailty and 24% (95% CI = 22–26%; n = 44) for FIs.

Conclusions

Population-level frailty prevalence varied by classification and sex. Data were heterogenous and limited, particularly from nationally representative studies making the interpretation of differences by geographic region challenging. Common methodological approaches to gathering data are required to improve the accuracy of population-level prevalence estimates.

Protocol registration

PROSPERO-CRD42018105431.
Genealogies of Black Modernities
Authors: Spires Derrick R
Published: September 2020

This essay introduces the major themes and concerns of “Genealogies of Black Modernity in the Long Nineteenth Century,” a special issue of American Literary History. How does modernity look when read through Black diasporic literary production in the long nineteenth century, broadly conceived? What new narratives can we create by reading this literature as participating in and producing transatlantic genealogies of literary modernity? How does reading Black literary modernity in the nineteenth century disrupt our understandings of modernity as a conceptual framework both for contemporary scholarship and as an object of nineteenth-century Black intellectual inquiry? This introductory essay defines Black modernities of the long nineteenth century as a set of related, sometimes connected, practices and questions focused on the nature of Black life and culture in an ever-shifting antiblack world. Writers from Phillis Wheatley to Pauline Hopkins—to offer one framing—were invested in chronicling and intervening in the newness of their moment, even as they worked to imagine new possibilities for the future.

Our task, then, was to deliberate over what something called modernity meant and means for and in African American literary history through the archive of Black writing and through the terms and forms these writers set forth.
Work Characteristics, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Obesity: The National Quality of Work Life Survey
Authors: Myers Stephanie , Govindarajulu Usha , Joseph Michael A , Landsbergis Paul
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To examine work characteristics in relation to body mass index (BMI) and risk of obesity.

Methods

We analyzed data from 1150 participants working 20+ h week−1 from the 2014 National NIOSH Quality of Work Life Survey, based on a representative sample of US workers. We used multiple linear regression for BMI and multiple logistic regression for obesity to estimate associations with 19 different work characteristics plus one set of occupational categories controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, job physical exertion, and television watching.

Results

We found significant positive linear associations between BMI and night shift (versus day shift) schedule (B = 2.28, P = 0.008) and blue-collar (versus management/professional) work (B = 1.75, P = 0.008). Night shift schedule [odds ratio (OR) = 2.19, P = 0.029], sales/office work (OR = 1.55, P = 0.040), and blue-collar work (OR = 2.63, P = 0.006) were associated with increased risk of obesity versus ‘healthy weight’. No other statistically significant associations between work characteristics and BMI or obesity were observed.

Conclusions

Night shift schedule and blue-collar work were related to increased BMI and obesity risk in US workers in 2014. Identifying risk factors in blue-collar work and redesigning jobs to reduce those risk factors, and reducing night shift work, could play a role in reducing the prevalence of obesity in the USA.
Positive/negative ion-switching-based LC–MS/MS method for quantification of cytosine derivatives produced by the TET-family 5-methylcytosine dioxygenases
Authors: Dey Aninda Sundar , Ayon Navid J , Bhattacharya Chayan , Gutheil William G , Mukherji Mridul
Published: September 2020

Cytosine methylation at carbon-5 (5mC) in DNA plays crucial roles in epigenetic transcriptional regulation during metazoan development. The iron (II), 2-oxoglutarate-dependent Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET)-family dioxygenases initiate active demethylation of 5mC. TET2 oxidizes 5mC in nucleic acids into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine by iterative oxidation. Mutations in the TET2 gene are frequently detected in myeloid malignancies. Despite the established and emerging roles of TET oxygenases in health and diseases, in vitro characterization of these enzymes and their mutants is still in rudimentary stages. Here, we describe an improved positive/negative ion-switching-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method that can separate and quantify modified cytosine bases produced by TET-family 5-methylcytosine dioxygenases. This method will help in further elucidate the function of epigenetically important cytosine modifications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting ion-switching-based LC–MS/MS method to analyse cytosine variants produced in TET catalysed reactions.
The right anterior temporal lobe critically contributes to magnitude knowledge
Authors: Pflugshaupt Tobias , Bauer Daniel , Frey Julia , Vanbellingen Tim , Kaufmann Brigitte C , Bohlhalter Stephan , Nyffeler Thomas
Published: September 2020

Cognitive estimation is a mental ability applied to solve numerical problems when precise facts are unknown, unavailable or impractical to calculate. It has been associated with several underlying cognitive components, most often with executive functions and semantic memory. Little is known about the neural correlates of cognitive estimation. To address this issue, the present cross-sectional study applied lesion-symptom mapping in a group of 55 patients with left hemineglect due to right-hemisphere stroke. Previous evidence suggests a high prevalence of cognitive estimation impairment in these patients, as they might show a general bias towards large magnitudes. Compared to 55 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, the patient group demonstrated impaired cognitive estimation. However, the expected large magnitude bias was not found. Lesion-symptom mapping related their general estimation impairment predominantly to brain damage in the right anterior temporal lobe. Also critically involved were the right uncinate fasciculus, the anterior commissure and the right inferior frontal gyrus. The main findings of this study emphasize the role of semantic memory in cognitive estimation, with reference to a growing body of neuroscientific literature postulating a transmodal hub for semantic cognition situated in the bilateral anterior temporal lobe. That such semantic hub function may also apply to numerical knowledge is not undisputed. We here propose a critical contribution of the right anterior temporal lobe to at least one aspect of number processing, i.e. the knowledge about real-world numerical magnitudes.
Have We Outlived the Concept of Commensalism for Staphylococcus aureus?
Authors: Proctor Richard A
Published: September 2020

The concept of commensalism was introduced 145 years ago. The origin of the term comes from the Latin and embodies the concept of dining together. With a much deeper understanding of organisms that live with humans, a reassessment of what represents a commensal seems in order. This viewpoint article examines whether or not Staphylococcus aureus should still be considered a commensal. As a leading cause of serious community and hospital infections, removing the label “commensal” from S. aureus may help us to focus upon how to approach this organism, as the host response to this nasal colonizer is closer to mutually assured destruction rather than a friendly meal together.
Does Cathaya argyrophylla, an ancient and threatened Pinaceae species endemic to China, show eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives?
Authors: Fan Dayong , Wang Xiangping , Zhang Wangfeng , Zhang Xiangying , Zhang Shouren , Xie Zongqiang
Published: September 2020

Cathaya argyrophylla is an ancient and threatened Pinaceae species endemic to China, but its eco-physiological traits are rarely reported. We hypothesized that Cathaya showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives, which lead to its current endangered status. Here we collected the photosynthetic capacity (Pn, maximum photosynthesis rate) and branchlet hydraulic safety (P50, the water potential at which a 50% loss in conductivity occurs) of Pinaceae species globally, including our measurements on Cathaya. We applied the phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate: (i) the phylogenetic signal of the two key traits across Pinaceae species, and (ii) the trait–climate relationships and the photosynthesis–cavitation resistance relationship across Pinaceae species. We applied the polygenetic quantile regression (PQR) method to assess whether Cathaya showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives in terms of cavitation resistance and photosynthetic capacity. It was found that P50, and to a less extent, Pn, had a strong phylogenetic signal consistent with niche conservation among Pinaceae species. Hydraulic safety largely determined non-threatened Pinaceae species’ distribution across moisture gradients at the global scale. There was also an adaptive trade-off relationship between Pn and P50. Cathaya is a high cavitation resistant, low photosynthetic capacity species. It showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives because it had lower P50 and Pn below the 10% quantile boundaries along moisture and/or temperature gradients; also, it was above the 90% quantile boundary of the Pn and P50 relationship across non-endangered Pinaceae species. The PQR output demonstrated that in the subtropical area of China characterized by abundant rainfall, Cathaya has extra high hydraulic safety, suggesting inefficiency of carbon economy associated with either competition or other life history strategies, which lead to its current endangered status.
Patient-Preferences Favoring Treatment Discontinuation Are Reduced With Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab Compared With TNF Antagonists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kumar Anand , Kim Emilie S , Kozan Philip , Jacob Vinita , Longman Randy S , Scherl Ellen J , Battat Robert J , Lukin Dana J
Published: September 2020

Background

Nonadherence to biologic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with risk of relapse, immunogenicity, and disease complications. Significant nonadherence prevalence is reported with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists but the risk of nonadherence with newer biologics with better safety profiles is unknown. This study aimed to investigate if IBD patient-preferences favoring biologic discontinuation vary by biologic class and analyze factors associated with such preferences.

Methods

A convenience sample of 200 adults with IBD on biologic therapy treated at an academic outpatient center was surveyed using a 22-point questionnaire. Patient-preference favoring treatment discontinuation between TNF-antagonist and non-TNF-antagonist biologics [vedolizumab (VDZ)/ustekinumab (UST)] was compared using χ 2 test. Risk factors associated with a preference to discontinue biologic therapy were evaluated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, and Spearman rank correlation analyses.

Results

A total of 190 questionnaires were analyzed that contained data on preferences regarding biologic discontinuation (median age 36 years, 62% were females; 63% had Crohn disease; 56% were receiving a TNF antagonist, 31% VDZ, and 14% UST). Overall, 32% patients reported a preference to discontinue biologic treatment with a higher proportion among those receiving a TNF antagonist compared with VDZ/UST (39.6% vs 21.4%; P < 0.01). Current VDZ/UST use was independently associated with a reduced odds of patient-preference favoring biologic discontinuation [adjusted odds ratio: 2.67 (1.42–5.01); P < 0.01]. The most concerning factor to patients was the perceived risk of side effects. Patients on VDZ/UST perceived their therapy to be safer than those receiving a TNF antagonist (r = 0.2, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Patient-preference favoring treatment discontinuation is improved with VDZ/UST compared with TNF-antagonist biologic therapy.
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, are low-risk patients really at low risk? A case report
Authors: Files Flores Rui , Mané Fernando , Antunes Nuno , Pereira Vítor Hugo
Published: September 2020

Background

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetically determined myocardial disease that constitutes the main cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. Apical HCM (ApHCM) represents a complex subset of patients, whose risk of SCD seems not negligible. Most applied scores likely underestimate the risk of heart events in this subset of patients.

Case summary

We report the case of a 55-year-old man who was admitted in the emergency department after an episode of aborted sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation. The electrocardiogram made at admission was noted for atrial fibrillation and a new-onset left bundle branch block. Emergency coronary angiography was normal. The electrocardiogram was repeated and showed symmetrical and profound inversion of T waves in the lateral leads. Transthoracic echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance revealed left ventricular apical hypertrophy suggestive of apical variant of HCM. A cardiac defibrillator was implanted for secondary prevention of SCD. After 6 months of follow-up no further rhythmic events were noted.

Discussion

Although low, the risk of SCD of ApHCM patients is not negligible. This case illustrates the need for searching of new predictors of rhythmic risk in patients with ApHCM.
Prospective follow-up in various subtypes of cardiomyopathies: insights from the ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy Registry
Authors: Gimeno Juan R , Elliott Perry M , Tavazzi Luigi , Tendera Michal , Kaski Juan P , Laroche Cecile , Barriales-Villa Roberto , Seferovic Petar , Biagini Elena , Arbustini Eloisa , Lopes Luis R , Linhart Ales , Mogensen Jens , Hagege Albert , Espinosa Maria A , Saad Aly , Maggioni Aldo P , Caforio Alida L P , Charron Philippe H ,   the EORP Cardiomyopathy Registry Investigators group
Published: September 2020

Aims

The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) European Observational Research Programme (EORP) Cardiomyopathy Registry is a prospective multinational registry of consecutive patients with cardiomyopathies. The objective of this report is to describe the short-term outcomes of adult patients (≥18 years old).

Methods and results

Out of 3208 patients recruited, follow-up data at 1 year were obtained in 2713 patients (84.6%) [1420 with hypertrophic (HCM); 1105 dilated (DCM); 128 arrhythmogenic right ventricular (ARVC); and 60 restrictive (RCM) cardiomyopathies]. Improvement of symptoms (dyspnoea, chest pain, and palpitations) was globally observed over time (P < 0.05 for each). Additional invasive procedures were performed: prophylactic implantation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) (5.2%), pacemaker (1.2%), heart transplant (1.1%), ablation for atrial or ventricular arrhythmia (0.5% and 0.1%). Patients with atrial fibrillation increased from 28.7% to 32.2% of the cohort. Ventricular arrhythmias (VF/ventricular tachycardias) in ICD carriers (primary prevention) at 1 year were more frequent in ARVC, then in DCM, HCM, and RCM (10.3%, 8.2%, 7.5%, and 0%, respectively). Major cardiovascular events (MACE) occurred in 29.3% of RCM, 10.5% of DCM, 5.3% of HCM, and 3.9% of ARVC (P < 0.001). MACE were more frequent in index patients compared to relatives (10.8% vs. 4.4%, P < 0.001), more frequent in East Europe centres (13.1%) and least common in South Europe (5.3%) (P < 0.001). Subtype of cardiomyopathy, geographical region, and proband were predictors of MACE on multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

Despite symptomatic improvement, patients with cardiomyopathies remain prone to major clinical events in the short term. Outcomes were different not only according to cardiomyopathy subtypes but also in relatives vs. index patients, and according to European regions.
Concordance of Immunohistochemistry-Based and Gene Expression-Based Subtyping in Breast Cancer
Authors: Holm Johanna , Yu Nancy Yiu-Lin , Johansson Annelie , Ploner Alexander , Hall Per , Lindström Linda Sofie , Czene Kamila
Published: September 2020

Background

Use of immunohistochemistry-based surrogates of molecular breast cancer subtypes is common in research and clinical practice, but information on their comparative validity and prognostic capacity is scarce.

Methods

Data from 2 PAM50-subtyped Swedish breast cancer cohorts were used: Stockholm tamoxifen trial–3 with 561 patients diagnosed 1976-1990 and Clinseq with 237 patients diagnosed 2005-2012. We evaluated 3 surrogate classifications; the immunohistochemistry-3 surrogate classifier based on estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 and the St. Gallen and Prolif surrogate classifiers also including Ki-67. Accuracy, kappa, sensitivity, and specificity were computed as compared with PAM50. Alluvial diagrams of misclassification patterns were plotted. Distant recurrence-free survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier plots, and tamoxifen treatment benefit for luminal subtypes was modeled using flexible parametric survival models.

Results

The concordance with PAM50 ranged from poor to moderate (kappa = 0.36-0.57, accuracy = 0.54-0.75), with best performance for the Prolif surrogate classification in both cohorts. Good concordance was only achieved when luminal subgroups were collapsed (kappa = 0.71-0.69, accuracy = 0.90-0.91). The St. Gallen surrogate classification misclassified luminal A into luminal B; the reverse pattern was seen with the others. In distant recurrence-free survival, surrogates were more similar to each other than PAM50. The difference in tamoxifen treatment benefit between luminal A and B for PAM50 was not replicated with any surrogate classifier.

Conclusions

All surrogate classifiers had limited ability to distinguish between PAM50 luminal A and B, but patterns of misclassifications differed. PAM50 subtyping appeared to yield larger separation of survival between luminal subtypes than any of the surrogate classifications.
Comparisons of Equality With Germanso…wie, and the Relationship Between Degrees and Properties
Authors: Hohaus Vera , Zimmermann Malte
Published: September 2020

We present a compositionally transparent, unified semantic analysis of two kinds of so…wie-equative constructions in German, namely degree equatives and property equatives in the domain of individuals or events. Unlike in English and many other European languages (Haspelmath & Buchholz 1998, Rett 2013), both equative types in German feature the parameter marker so, suggesting a unified analysis. We show that the parallel formal expression of German degree and property equatives is accompanied by a parallel syntactic distribution (in predicative, attributive, and adverbial position), and by identical semantic properties: Both equative types allow for scope ambiguities, show negative island effects out of context, and license the negative polarity item überhaupt ‘at all’ in the complement clause. As the same properties are also shared by German comparatives, we adopt the influential quantificational analysis of comparatives in von Stechow (1984ab), Heim (1985, 2001, 2007), and Beck (2011), and treat both German equative types in a uniform manner as expressing universal quantification over sets of degrees or over sets of properties (of individuals or events). Conceptually, the uniform marking of degree-related and property-related meanings is expected given that the abstract semantic category degree (type $d$) can be reconstructed in terms of equivalence classes, i.e., ontologically simpler sets of individuals (type $\langle e,t\rangle $) or events (type $\langle v,t\rangle $). These are found in any language, showing that whether or not a language makes explicit reference to degrees (by means of gradable adjectives, degree question words, degree-only equatives) does not follow on general conceptual or semantic grounds, but is determined by the grammar of that language.
A Randomized Trial of Caspofungin vs Triazoles Prophylaxis for Invasive Fungal Disease in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant
Authors: Dvorak Christopher C , Fisher Brian T , Esbenshade Adam J , Nieder Michael L , Alexander Sarah , Steinbach William J , Dang Ha , Villaluna Doojduen , Chen Lu , Skeens Micah , Zaoutis Theoklis E , Sung Lillian
Published: September 2020

Background

Children and adolescents undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are at high risk for invasive fungal disease (IFD).

Methods

This multicenter, randomized, open-label trial planned to enroll 560 children and adolescents (3 months to <21 years) undergoing allogeneic HCT between April 2013 and September 2016. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to antifungal prophylaxis with caspofungin or a center-specific comparator triazole (fluconazole or voriconazole). Prophylaxis was administered from day 0 of HCT to day 42 or discharge. The primary outcome was proven or probable IFD at day 42 as adjudicated by blinded central review. Exploratory analysis stratified this evaluation by comparator triazole.

Results

A planned futility analysis demonstrated a low rate of IFD in the comparator triazole arm, so the trial was closed early. A total of 290 eligible patients, with a median age of 9.5 years (range 0.3–20.7), were randomized to caspofungin (n = 144) or a triazole (n = 146; fluconazole, n = 100; voriconazole, n = 46). The day 42 cumulative incidence of proven or probable IFD was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3%–5.4%) in the caspofungin group vs 1.4% (95% CI, 0.4%–5.5%) in the triazole group (P = .99, log-rank test). When stratified by specific triazole, there was no significant difference in proven or probable IFD at day 42 between caspofungin vs fluconazole (1.0%, 95% CI, 0.1%–6.9%, P = .78) or caspofungin vs voriconazole (2.3%, 95% CI, 0.3%–15.1%, P = .69).

Conclusions

In pediatric HCT patients, prophylaxis with caspofungin did not significantly reduce the cumulative incidence of early proven or probable IFD compared with triazoles. Future efforts to decrease IFD-related morbidity and mortality should focus on later periods of risk.

Trial Registration

NCT01503515.
New explanation of opposite position angles in red and blue wings of spectral lines
Authors: Silant’ev N A , Alekseeva G A , Ananjevskaja Yu K
Published: September 2020

We consider the emission of resonance line radiation from rotating circular accretion disc with the progressive increasing height (the inclined ring). Our theory can also be applied to the rotating spot-like sources of resonance radiation. We assume that the atmosphere of inclined ring is homogeneous. In this case, the every part of ring emits the radiation with the wave electric field oscillations perpendicular to plane $(\boldsymbol{nN^{\prime }})$, where ${\boldsymbol{n}}$ is the direction to a telescope and $\boldsymbol{N^{\prime }}$ is the normal to considered local surface of a ring. Geometrical consideration shows that the radiation polarization angle χ (frequently denoted as position angle or PA) depends on the inclination angle α of the ring relative to the central plane of accretion disc, the inclination angle θ of the central plane of accretion disc with the normal $\boldsymbol{N}$, and on azimuthal angle φ of radiating part on the ring. The right and left parts of a ring according to the symmetry plane $(\boldsymbol{nN})$ give rise to opposite polarization angles. For rotating accretion disc, due to Doppler’s effect, this means that polarization angles have opposite signs in the red and blue wings of emerging spectral line radiation. Such behaviour is observed in many objects.
Collective Intentionality
Authors: Jankovic Marija , Ludwig Kirk
Published: September 2020

Collective intentionality concerns the intentionality of groups or collectives. Intentionality is the property of being about, directed at, oriented toward, or representing objects, events, properties, and states of affairs. Examples of intentional states (states with intentionality, not just intentions) are belief, desire, hope, intention, admiration, perception, guilt, love, grief, fear, and so on. Collective intentionality involves joint, shared, or group intentionality and the intentionality of members (qua members) of groups that have joint or shared attitudes. More broadly, the study of collective intentionality concerns forms of intentionality that underpin social reality. What is distinctive about the study of collective intentionality within the broader study of social interactions and structures is its focus on the conceptual, ontological, and psychological features of joint or shared actions and attitudes, that is, actions and attitudes of (or apparent attributions of such to) groups or collectives, their relations to individual actions and attitudes, and their implications for the nature of social groups and their functioning. It subsumes collective action, intention, thought, reasoning, emotion, phenomenology, decision-making, responsibility, knowledge, trust, rationality, cooperation, competition, and related issues, and how these underpin social practices, conventions, institutions, and social ontology. The two main theoretical questions in the study of collective intentionality concern the ontology and psychology of collective agency and collective attitudes. The main ontological question is whether we should admit into our ontology group subjects of intentional states or attribute intentionality only to their members. The main psychological questions are, if we admit group subjects of intentional states, first, how to understand what they come to, whether they are the same or different than the intentional states we attribute to individuals and if different exactly how, and, second, what is special about the attitudes of individuals who participate in group action or whose attitudes underpin attributions of intentionality to groups? More specifically, can we understand what is special about the attitudes of individuals who participate in group agency or sustain the potential for group agency in terms of concepts already available in our understanding of individual agency, or must we introduce new concepts either of the modes of intending, believing, etc., or in the contents of such attitudes? Both questions concern the debate between methodological individualists and holists about the social, the first with respect to its ontology, the second with respect to its ideology.
Georges de La Tour
Authors: Judovitz Dalia
Published: September 2020

Georges de La Tour’s (b. 1593–d. 1652) artistic contributions were largely ignored by posterity until his “rediscovery” in 1915 by the art historian Hermann Voss. The patronage of such luminaries as the Duke of Lorraine, King Louis xiii, and Cardinal Richelieu, and the plethora of early copies, attest to his success during his lifetime. His eventual lapse into obscurity lasting almost three centuries led to the reattribution of his works to Italian, Netherlandish, Spanish, or French Baroque painters. While more than seventy oil paintings have been attributed to La Tour, fewer than forty are accepted as originals. The existence of his paintings in two or more versions, some as autograph replicas or as copies, along with questions about his son Étienne de La Tour’s possible pictorial contributions, left the attribution and chronology of his works mired in conjecture and controversy. Born the second son of a baker of some means at Vic-sur-Seille, he married a widow of minor nobility in 1617. Resettling to Luneville in the Duchy of Lorraine, he gained recognition as a painter in a region devastated by the ravages of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648). A casualty of an epidemic, La Tour died a few days after his wife at the height of his artistic career. The scarcity of documentary sources about his life is compounded by the total absence of evidence concerning his artistic training, professional travels, and artistic influences. La Tour’s pursuit of likeness between image and the natural world is believed to bear the influence of Caravaggio or his followers, reflecting post-Tridentine calls for the revitalization of religious imagery. La Tour’s paintings have been traditionally divided into daylight and night-time works, despite notable exceptions. Depictions of daylight serve to bring into moralizing relief foibles of secular life shown in realist genre scenes of brawling, cheating, and fortune-telling. Biblically inspired, his mysterious nocturnal or tenebrist works glow with a poetic luminosity imbued with spiritual connotations. Suspended in the stillness of religious contemplation, his candlelight paintings bear witness to the presence of inner life, depicting modes of consciousness that painting may only suggest but cannot ultimately show. Celebrated for their aura of mystery, his paintings continue to invite scholarly interest and public fascination.
One-to-One Technology in the K-12 Classroom
Authors: Parrish Andrea H.
Published: September 2020

In Toward a New Learning Ecology: Teaching and Learning in 1:1 Environments (cited under General Overviews), one-to-one learning environments are described as classrooms in which every student has access to a personal computing device (such as a laptop or a tablet) and continuous access to the Internet. This model for student computing was first discussed in educational research beginning in the 1980s, most notably in the Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) project, a research collaborative among public schools, universities, and research teams funded by Apple and outlined in The Evolution of Teachers’ Instructional Beliefs and Practices in High-Access-to-Technology Classroom: First-fourth Year Findings (cited under Origins of One-to-One Technology: Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow [ACOT]). The original premise, based on the work of computer scientist and mathematician Seymour Papert, is rooted in the idea that ubiquitous access to technology can create more dynamic learning environments. In recent years, the proliferation of mobile technology has caused a renewed interest in one-to-one computing, as the improved portability and functionality of technology tools coupled with advances in wireless Internet capability makes one-to-one computing attainable for many schools and districts. Despite the continued debate about the impact of technology on learning, the U.S. Department of Education elevated the concept of a one-to-one technology ratio from unique innovation to moral imperative in its document, Reimagining the Role of Technology in Education: 2017 National Education Technology Plan Update (cited under Resources). Even before this, the prevalence of one-to-one computing initiatives increased, both in the United States is discussed in The New Digital Learning Playbook: Understanding the Spectrum of Students’ Activities and Aspirations (cited under General Overviews) and around the world in Large-Scale 1:1 Computing Initiatives: An Open Access Database (cited under International Perspectives on One-to-One Technology). The growth of these initiatives has been accompanied by an increase in peer-reviewed research and evaluation reports that document the impact of one-to-one technology on teaching and learning. A topic that was once dominated by white papers and evaluation reports now boasts a growing body of peer-reviewed studies, research syntheses, and government reports. The references cited in this article provide a cross-section of these various forms of literature that depict the use of one-to-one technology in K-12 classrooms, including implementation resources for districts and key empirical findings.
John Adams
Authors: Cotter Alice
Published: September 2020

American composer John Coolidge Adams (b. 1947, Worcester, MA) has created some of the most provocative artistic statements of our age. Adams’s controversial operas about real-life recent events contributed to a reinvigoration of contemporary opera in America. While the composer’s stage works have generated much scholarly and critical interest, the breadth of scholarship on Adams’s music expands beyond the operas. Early instrumental works have been the subject of scholarly discussion about the evolution of musical minimalism to postminimalism. Interviews and Adams’s autobiography offer insight into the many musical tributaries that have informed the composer’s life: big band jazz heard at the family’s dance hall in New Hampshire; musical theater sung by Adams’s mother in community productions; classical music as a clarinetist in youth symphonies; rock and roll; and the New England landscapes that would long inspire Adams. At Harvard University, Adams studied composition with Leon Kirchner, a former student of Arnold Schoenberg. Kirchner introduced Adams to the rigors of academic serialism and also to the problem, which would later plague Adams, of how to balance instinct with method. In 1971, after completing degrees (BA and MA) in music composition, Adams relocated to northern California. Adams joined the San Francisco experimental music scene and eventually established a voice as a distinctly American composer. Much scholarship has been devoted to the plurality of Adams’s stylistic impulses. Phrygian Gates (1977) and China Gates (1977) were the composer’s first works in the strict minimalist style. Soon thereafter, Adams began to integrate compositional techniques drawn from pre-Baroque to late-19th-century Romantic styles. Shaker Loops (1978), Harmonium (1981), and Harmonielehre (1984–1985) resulted. In 1985, Adams began composing the opera Nixon in China (1987) in collaboration with director Peter Sellars and librettist Alice Goodman, discovering a penchant for text setting. Their next opera, The Death of Klinghoffer (1991), proved to be a critical minefield, giving rise to a series of polemical debates about music, politics, and representation. After Klinghoffer, Adams composed primarily instrumental works using increasingly chromatic and modal idioms. In the early 2000s, Adams returned to grand opera with Doctor Atomic (2005) and continued to compose stage works, including A Flowering Tree (2006), The Gospel According to the Other Mary (2012), and Girls of the Golden West (2017), all in collaboration with Sellars. Adams’s focus on subjects of living memory in both the operas and instrumental works, such as On the Transmigration of Souls (2002), transformed the contemporary classical repertoire, making Adams a principal figure in late-20th and early-twenty-first-century American music.
First Language Attrition
Authors: Schmid Monika
Published: September 2020

The term “language attrition” refers to any process by which a language which an individual commands may be restructured, modified, or otherwise affected by another language in such a way that it less closely resembles the idealized version known and used by monolingual speakers than it did before this crosslinguistic influence started. The phenomena seen under such circumstances are often similar to those experienced in the acquisition of a second or other language (L2), where pre-existing language knowledge or habits interfere with the establishment and use of newly acquired knowledge, comprising features such as a reduction in complexity, accuracy, and/or fluency. They differ from such phenomena in that, in language attrition, the traffic occurs in the “reverse” direction, from the new to the established language. While language attrition has been investigated most often in the context of changes and modifications experienced in the native language (L1) by speakers who have acquired a second language after puberty and who have shifted their language use patterns until this new language is the one they use most often in their daily lives (i.e., among adult migrants), other kinds of situations—such as the attrition of a second language due to non-use or due to the acquisition of further languages (L3 acquisition), or changes to the L1 that occur in instructed second language learners at low levels of proficiency and early stages of development—also fall under the umbrella of language attrition. As such, the term “attrition” has sometimes been considered misleading, suggesting structural or representational alterations away from the “monolingual standard,” while research has shown that the differences observed between monolinguals and attriters in all of these contexts usually occur at the level of processing/use and do not affect underlying knowledge. The term “attrition” here is used without prejudice to the nature of crosslinguistic influence, but where not otherwise indicated, it will refer to traffic from L2 or Lx to L1.
Cyber Espionage
Authors: Buchan Russell , Navarrete Iñaki
Published: September 2020

Cyberspace gives rise to risks as well as opportunities, and a prominent threat emerging from this domain is cyber espionage. Because no internationally and legally recognized definition of cyber espionage exists, the following definitions of espionage will be used only to frame the subject under examination. “Cyber espionage” describes the exploitation of cyberspace for the purpose of accessing and collecting confidential data. It can occur via close or remote access. “Close access cyber espionage” involves the collection of confidential data through the installation of hardware or software by malicious actors in close physical proximity to the targeted computer network or system. In contrast, “remote access cyber espionage” is launched some distance from the targeted network, usually by exploiting pathways created by the Internet. Cyber espionage takes different forms depending upon the type of confidential data targeted, the actor undertaking this activity, and the context in which it occurs. “Political” cyber espionage is usually state-sponsored (although it can be undertaken by nonstate actors such as terrorist groups) and describes the appropriation of political and military information belonging to state and nonstate actors during times of peace or armed conflict. “Economic” cyber espionage is also state-sponsored but instead involves the theft of confidential business information from foreign companies. “Industrial” cyber espionage entails the theft of confidential business information, but, unlike economic cyber espionage, it is carried out by companies against foreign rivals without the support or assistance of a state. The dawn of cyberspace has heralded an exponential increase in political, economic, and industrial espionage for several reasons: first, cyberspace is used to store huge amounts of confidential information, and is therefore a resource-rich environment for cyber spies to target; second, the instantaneous nature of cyberspace means that cyber spies can access confidential information quickly, cheaply, and efficiently; and third, cyberspace is a virtual and interconnected domain, meaning that espionage can be conducted remotely and anonymously, thus making it a relatively risk-free enterprise. Peacetime espionage is not specifically regulated by international law, and thus there is no “international law of espionage” that can be applied to cyber-enabled espionage. But this does not mean that cyber espionage exists in an international law vacuum. In fact, there is an array of general principles of international law as well as specialized regimes that are potentially applicable to cyber espionage. Unlike peacetime espionage, cyber espionage committed during times of armed conflict is directly regulated by international humanitarian law.
Secondary Production
Authors: Cross Wyatt F. , Henderson Kate A. , Junker James R. , Scholl Eric A.
Published: September 2020

Secondary production is the generation of new heterotrophic biomass and is analogous to net primary production of autotrophs. For an individual, secondary production is equivalent to the growth of new somatic or reproductive biomass over time. For a population, secondary production comprises the total formation of biomass, regardless of its fate, by all individuals within the population over a defined time interval. Some consider secondary production the ultimate measure of population ‘success’ because it incorporates aspects of survivorship, individual growth rate, biomass, development time, and reproduction. Secondary production is often associated with the subfield of ecosystem ecology because it is a flux with dimensions of mass or energy area-2 time-1. This flux is typically estimated with an ecological currency (e.g., joules, carbon, organic matter) that can be compared with other ecosystem processes such as primary production or decomposition. Secondary production estimates are thus useful for placing species, populations, and communities within a broader ecosystem context, and for facilitating the study of energy flows and ecological efficiencies in trophic interactions. The vast majority of secondary production estimates have come from freshwater and marine ecosystems, while there are very few studies in terrestrial ecosystems. In the aquatic studies, although early work was largely focused on fishes, most estimates are for benthic invertebrates; some studies have quantified production of zooplankton, bacteria, and fungi. Early studies of secondary production were focused on methodology and basic comparisons among populations or communities. More recent literature has expanded the application of secondary production toward broader ecological questions related to, for example, energy and chemical flows in food webs, species interaction strengths, and responses to anthropogenic stressors. This bibliography focuses on primary literature that highlights key historic, conceptual, theoretical, and applied papers related to secondary production. Papers highlighted herein are biased toward freshwaters and invertebrates because of their dominance in the literature, but key references that extend to other habitats and taxa are included.