bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lubricating greases
Authors: Carmichael E. S.
Published: May 2007

A brief review has been given of the principal types of lubricating greases and of the fatty materials used therein. No attempt has been made to include a discussion of all conditions which may affect grease structure. However it has been indicated that various factors, as far as the grease itself is concerned, influence performance because they either affect the size and shape of the dispersed particles of the thickening agent, or affect the solubility relationship between the dispersed particles and the oil.
Cationic flotation of silica from magnetic iron‐ore concentrates
Authors: Hedberg M. C.
Published: May 2007

Twelve cationic, amine‐salt silica‐collectors were evaluated on three samples of magnetic iron‐ore concentrate. Coco primary amine acetate was used as the standard of comparison. Lauryl primary amine acetate is somewhat more efficient in collecting silica than the standard, and equally selective. Tallow primary amine acetate is equally selective and somewhat less efficient than the the standard. Coco diamine is more selective and somewhat more efficient than the standard. Oleyl and tallow diamines are more selective and somewhat less efficient than the standard. Trimethyl alkyl ammonium chloride compounds are more selective but less efficient than primary amines and diamines. Selectivity, in general, is inversely proportional to efficiency (silica pulling strength). Strong collectors, in other words, tend to float small amounts of iron along with the silica. Finely ground (90% less than 325 mesh or finer) magnetic concentrates with iron and silica almost completely liberated are highly responsive to upgrading. Concentrates of the same fine mesh size but containing unliberated iron‐silicate are less responsive.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: VII. Poisons and inhibitors for copper catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation rates for the catalytic reduction of soybean oil with a copper‐on‐silica catalyst increased when the oil was re‐refined and bleached in the laboratory. Purification of the re‐refined and bleached oil by passage through alumina further enhanced hydrogenation rates. Since these observations suggested that poisons were present in the oil, the effect of minor components of soybean oil upon the activity of copper catalysts was investigated. Free fatty acids, monoglycerides, β‐carotene, phosphoric acid, sodium soaps, phosphatides, glycerine, choline, ethanolamine, water, pheophytin, and pyrrole all reduced hydrogenation rates when added to the oil. Organic sulfur added to the oil was a more effective catalyst inhibitor than inorganic sulfur added to the gas. Catalyst activity was affected adversely when iron was added to the oil as a soap or when deposited on the catalyst during its preparation. Squalene, copper soaps, and carbon monoxide had no influence on the activity of the catalyst. Aging of soybean oil also had no effect. There was no significant change in either selectivity or formation oftrans or conjugated diene isomer when these additives were added to the oil.
α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters: Manufacturing process, properties, and applications
Authors: Stein W. , Baumann H.
Published: May 2007

α‐Sulfonated fatty acid esters, because of their wide‐range of application and biological properties, represent an interesting class of surfactants. A technical method for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acid esters is described. By using special reaction conditions it is possible to α‐sulfonate saturated fatty esters directly without the use of solvents. The use of gaseous SO3 gives the product in greater than 97% yield. A process for the bleaching of the α‐sulfonated fatty esters has been developed, whereby a product of faultless color is produced without the necessity of further purification or separation techniques. The sulfonation and bleaching processes operate continuously. The process has been tried successfully on a commercial scale using the methyl esters of technical fatty acids. Methods for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acids are given. The chemical, technical, and biological properties of the α‐sulfonated fatty acids and their esters are discussed. α‐Sulfonated fatty esters possess good washing and foaming properties, have good biological degradability, possess good skin compatibility and low acute toxicity. They can be considered as surfactant components for phosphate‐free or low‐phosphate detergents. α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters also possess other favorable technical properties which allow them to be used in cosmetics, as auxiliary agents in the production of fibers, plastics, and rubber, and in leather manufacture.
Neutrals in southern pine tall oil
Authors: Conner A. H. , Rowe J. W.
Published: May 2007

Black‐liquor soap skimmings from commercial pulping of southern pine wood contained 4.8% neutrals by wt. The neutrals were quantitatively analyzed and more than 80 compounds found. All of the compounds that comprised 0.1% or more of the neutrals were identified; these included 0.3% α‐terpineol, 2.5% diterpene hydrocarbons, 8.1% resin alcohols, 10.0% resin aldehydes, 0.5% resin acid methyl esters, 1.2% norditerpene alcohols, 16.8% labdane diterpenes, 2.1% other diterpenes, 32.4% steroids, 0.6% triterpenes, 0.7% polyprenols, 6.1% wax alcohols, 5.7% stilbenes, 4.4% lubricating oil, and 8.6% minor (<0.1%) constituents. Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmastanol, pinosylvin dimethyl ether, lignoceryl and ceryl alcohols, agathadiol, isoagatholal, communol, abietal, and diterpenes with the pimarane or isopimarane skeleton were the major components.
A test method for analyzing anionic or cationic surfactants in industrial water
Authors: Wang L. K.
Published: May 2007

A general 2‐phase titration method is introduced for the quantitative identification of either anionic or cationic surface active agents commonly used in the domestic and industrial applications. Initially, an appropriate amount of quaternary ammonium compound is added to an unknown water sample to be analyzed and to ensure the treated sample contains excess amount of quaternary ammonium compound, and thus, is cationic in nature. The amount of excess quaternary ammonium compound is then quantitatively determined by titration with a standard anionic surfactant in the presence of methyl orange dye, buffer reagent, and chloroform. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is anionic, the anionic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound minus the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the neutralization reaction. If the original surfactant in the tested sample is cationic, the cationic surfactant content (μM) is equal to the amount (μM) of standard anionic titrant spent in the titration minus the known amount (μM) of the added cationic quaternary ammonium compound. The test procedure is simple and can be successfully completed within 5–7 min by a laboratory technician. For research or industrial application, a specific anionic or cationic surfactant to be used should be selected for the surfactant calibration. For the water quality control of unknown samples, the most common anionic surfactant, linear alkylate sulfonate, and the most common cationic surfactant, quaternary ammonium chloride, are selected as surfactant standards. The anionic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as linear alkylate sulfonate while the cationic surfactant concentration of a sample can be reported to be mg/liter as cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride. Other alternatives for the use of the proposed general 2‐phase titration method are suggested. Effective elimination of the interference caused by the presence of oil in an industrial water is also discussed. The proposed method is limited in application to the measurement of free ionic surface active agents only.
Safflower, its development and utilization
Authors: Purdy R. H. , Cummings L. O. , Claassen C. E. , Kneeland J. A.
Published: May 2007

Safflower, a relatively insignificant oilseed crop early in this decase, has become a well‐established source of oil for the surface‐coatings industry and protein for animal feeds. Through extensive breeding programs, higher yielding, higher oil‐bearing varieties have been developed. Research in agronomy is now directed toward improving resistance to rust and root rot in order to allow safflower to be grown as an irrigated crop.

The oil's composition, which is largely made up of linoleic acid with a practical absence of linolenic acid, results in very nearly an ideal drying oil. Protective coatings made with safflower oil are characterized by rapid dry, good through‐dry, excellent coloer and color retention, and good exterior durability.

Recent interest in the unsaturated vegetable oils and their relation to the etiology of atherosclerosis has catalyzed the development of an edible grade of the oil. Safflower oil with approximately 75% linoleic acid and less than 10% saturated acids compares quite advantageously with other liquid oils for use as a dietary supplement. With the proper use of antioxidants, good flavor stability and resistance to oxidative deterioration is achieved. This qualifies safflower oil for use as a salad oil and as an ingredient in many food and pharmaceutical products.

Prepress‐solvent‐extraction operations result in an 18–21% protein meal, which is consumed primarily in dairy cattle feed. Decortication of the seed, now feasible, yields a 40% protein meal suitable for laying‐hen rations.
Direct extraction of sunflower seed by filtration‐extraction
Authors: Furman J. L. , Amadori E. M. , Guzman O. F.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The influence of certain variables upon the direct, continuous, solvent extraction of sunflower seed meats has been discussed. It has been shown that the ideal preparation consisted of first reducing the hull content to about 10% by weight. Then the dehulled meats were rolled, cooked, crisped, and re‐rolled prior to solvent extraction. Drying before rolling, followed by cooking and crisping, was also helpful in the reduction of residual lipids content but to a lesser degree than was re‐rolling after cooking.

It has been shown that the use of relatively low solvent/meats ratios required initially high mass velocities and that mass velocity during extraction was higher than that realized during cake washing.

The full industrial‐scale run confirmed the experimental findings; thus the direct, continuous, solvent extraction of sunflower seed meats is a commercial reality. An oil‐content reduction from 53% to 1.68% in one operation is a technological advance of great magnitude.

Except for periods when rice bran is processed, the plant is in continuous operation on sunflower seed meats and consistently produces meals containing between 1.5% and 1.7% oil content.
Effect of catalytic treatment with sodium methylate on glycerine composition and properties of lard and tallow
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Morris S. G. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

Treatment of lard with sodium methylate did not affect fatty acid composition nor the usual chemical constants and melting points. The glyceride composition however was altered considerably and showed close agreement with values calculated for random distribution. This change in glyceride composition was accompanied by significant changes in physical character as shown by consistency numbers, dilatometric and micropenetration measurements, and cooling curves.

Beef tallow remained almost unaffected by the sodium methylate treatment. The glyceride composition before and after treatment as determined by Kartha's method agreed well with values calculated for random distribution. Only the cooling curves indicated any change induced by the treatment.
Studies on the oxygen uptake of fat emulsions used in intravenous alimentation
Authors: Geyer Robert P. , Saslaw Irving , Stare Fredrick J.
Published: May 2007

The rate of oxidation of various emulsions designed for intravenous use was studied manometrically. Soybean phosphatide dispersions rapidly absorbed oxygen at 38°C. whereas when used in emulsions containing fat with or without additional stabilizing agents, little oxygen was absorbed even when such unsaturated oils as linseed were used. On the other hand, emulsions of oils stabilized with gelatin took up oxygen rapidly, and the finer the size of the fat particles, the more rapidly was oxygen taken up. At 60°C. all rates of oxidation were increased, but the differences between preparations remained. The results are discussed.
Chemical evaluation of oil from field‐and storage‐damaged soybeans
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Morrison W. H. , Burdick D.
Published: May 2007

In recent years, prolonged wet weather during the harvest season resulted in excessive field‐ and storagedamaged soybeans, particularly in the Southeast. As the severity of the damage increased, analysis of the oil extracted from these beans showed a corresponding increase in free fatty acids, Lovibond color, and content of oxidative deterioration products which absorb at 270 nm. In general, there was a substantial decrease in total oil content and an almost complete deterioration of phospholipids in severely damaged beans during storage. Initially, the oxidative stability of the oils decreased rapidly. After storage damage became severe, the stability increased substantially, possibly because of the formation of unidentified deterioration products which had high antioxidant properties. The study clearly showed that the processing of field‐ and storage‐damaged soybeans would result in substantial refining losses to processors and that the finished oil would be of inferior quality.
Some physical, chemical, and biological properties of natural and synthetic unsaturated C18 acids
Authors: Gunstone F. D.
Published: May 2007

Series of octadecenoic (cis andtrans), octadecynoic, octadecadienoic (cis,cis andtrans,trans), and octadecadiynoic acids have been synthesized and employed in a comparative study of some physical (melting point, Raman spectra, NMR spectra, Ag+ thin layer chromatography, and gas liquid chromatography) and biological properties. The results show that the position of unsaturation has a considerable influence on the physical and biological properties of isomeric unsaturated acids. Several chemical reactions of linoleic acid and of the related oxygenated acids ricinoleic or vernolic (12,13‐epoxyoleic) furnish cyclopropane compounds and 1,4‐ (or 1,5‐) epoxides. The formation of these is rationalized in terms of neighboring group participation. The oxymercuration‐demercuration reaction is the basis of a new method of examining acids with Δ3, Δ4, or Δ5 unsaturation.
Application of urea complexes in the purification of fatty acids, esters, and alcohols. III. Concentrates of natural linoleic and linolenic acids
Authors: Swern Daniel , Parker Winfred E.
Published: May 2007

Concentrates of natural linoleic acid (linoleic acid content, 85–95%) have been prepared in 50–72% yields from corn oil fatty acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids at room temperature as their urea complexes.

By a similar procedure, concentrates of natural linolenic acid (linolenic acid content, 87–89%) have been prepared in 55–61% yields from perilla oil fatty acids by preferential precipitation of the saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated fatty acids. Although concentrates of natural linolenic acid containing only 66–70% linolenic acid were obtained from linseed oil fatty acids, yields were 87–90%.

A levelling‐off effect has been observed in the use of the preferential precipitation technique in raising the purity of concentrates of linoleic and linolenic acid. This parallels the experience in the purification of these acids by low‐temperature crystallization.
Alternative methods for dehydrating castor oil
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Marsh Dean
Published: May 2007

Castor oil can be effectively dehydrated by non‐conjugated oil‐maleic anhydride adducts to give use‐ful paint or yarnish oils. Castor acids dehydrated in the presence of alumina form diene acids of 60% two double bond conjugation. The glyceride from these acids dries more rapidly to a tack‐free film than conventional dehydrated castor oil. In both of these processes the course of dehydration is believed to be the decomposition of esters of the alcohol groups in ricinoleic acid. Acidic ion exchange resins exert some catalytic effect in the dehydration of castor oil, but the oil so made is inferior in color and film properties.
The function of vitamin B6 in fat metabolism
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

It is evident that vitamin B6 serves as a physiological antioxidant. The mechanism cannot be dependent solely on the chemical structure of the vitamin. Despite the favorable arrangement of the substituents, pyridoxine and its derivatives show no, or only slight, antioxidative activityin vitro. The inactivation apparently results from the nature of the pyridine ring.

Vitamin B6 is one of the B vitamins which are required for the normal metabolism of the fats and essential fatty acids. However it still remains to be investigated whether the vitamin is directly associated with fat metabolism or whether the vitamin itself is responsible for the maximum function or the synthesis of enzymes involved.
Composition and control of potato chip frying oils in continuing commercial use
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Luckmann Frederick H. , Gooding Chester M.
Published: May 2007

The oils in use on a continuing commercial basis in the production of potato chips on a nation‐wide scale are found to be free of thermal polymers. This conclusion is supported by the similarity in physical properties and in chemical composition between the fresh and heated oil in any one operation. In a) degree of unsaturation of oils, b) melting point, c) setting point, d) fatty acid composition, e) free fatty acid content, f) concentration of fatty acid isomers, g)solids content index, and h) in the crystallizing properties of the oils, there are no differences between fresh and heated oil of such magnitude to warrant criticisms of the wholesomeness of the oil being absorbed by the chip.

The constancy in composition between heated and fresh oil, particularly with respect to the essential fatty acid content, which is largely responsible for the noncaloric functions of fats in the diet (19), permits the same conclusions to be made in regard to the nutritive value of the heated oils,i.e., of the triglycerides contained therein, as have been drawn from studies conducted on the corresponding fresh oils.

Based upon statistical quality control considerations, the oils employed in the survey of the potato chip industry have been characterized by having a free fatty acid value of no greater than 0.60% and a decrease in iodine value of no greater than 3.0% in 95% of the operations. These control limits characterize the oils, which, on test, have led to the generalization about the absence of thermal polymers in commercial potato chip frying oils.
Nutritional evaluation of some heated oils
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Auerbach Sheila , Aftergood Lilla
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and lard were heatedin vacuo for either 70 and/or 100 min. at 610°F. and were fed to male and female rats at a level of 15% in the diet over a complete life span. Nutritional indices such as growth, including food efficiency and digestibility of the fats, reproduction and lactation, longevity, and tissue cholesterol and total lipid were measured. No evidence of impaired nutrition or harmfulness was observed in any group except in those fed the more highly polymerized soybean oil, where a decrease in iodine value of 10% and a 100% increase in viscosity was associated with a slight depression in growth and an interference with reproductive performance in the female animal. This interference with the reproductive process was alleviated by supplementation with α‐tocopherol. There was no evidence of increased tumor incidence in the groups ingesting the heated oils. Digestibility of the heated soybean and cottonseed oils was only slightly reduced.
Cytochrome P450‐Dependent Metabolism of Vitamin E Isoforms is a Critical Determinant of Their Tissue Concentrations in Rats
Authors: Abe Chisato , Uchida Tomono , Ohta Moeka , Ichikawa Tomio , Yamashita Kanae , Ikeda Saiko
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to clarify the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent metabolism of vitamin E isoforms to their tissue concentrations. We studied the effect of ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP‐dependent vitamin E metabolism in cultured cells, on vitamin E concentration in rats. Vitamin E‐deficient rats fed a vitamin E‐free diet for 4 weeks were administered by oral gavage a vitamin E‐free emulsion, an emulsion containing α‐tocopherol, γ‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture with or without ketoconazole. α‐Tocopherol was detected in the serum and various tissues of the vitamin E‐deficient rats, but γ‐tocopherol, α‐ and γ‐tocotrienol were not detected. Ketoconazole decreased urinary excretion of 2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman after α‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture administration, and that of 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman (γ‐CEHC) after γ‐tocopherol or a tocotrienol mixture administration. The γ‐tocopherol, α‐ and γ‐tocotrienol concentrations in the serum and various tissues at 24 h after their administration were elevated by ketoconazole, while the α‐tocopherol concentration was not affected. The γ‐tocopherol or γ‐tocotrienol concentration in the jejunum at 3 h after each administration was also elevated by ketoconazole. In addition, significant amount of γ‐CEHC was in the jejunum at 3 h after γ‐tocopherol or γ‐tocotrienol administration, and ketoconazole inhibited γ‐tocopherol metabolism to γ‐CEHC in the jejunum. These results showed that CYP‐dependent metabolism of γ‐tocopherol and tocotrienol is a critical determinant of their concentrations in the serum and tissues. The data also suggest that some amount of dietary vitamin E isoform is metabolized by a CYP‐mediated pathway in the intestine during absorption.
Enzymatic Incorporation of Selected Long‐Chain Fatty Acids into Triolein
Authors: Hamam Fayez , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: May 2007

Acidolysis of triolein (tri C18:1) with selected long‐chain fatty acids (LCFA) was carried out using Candida antarctica (Novozym 435), Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM), Pseudomonas sp. (PS‐30), Aspergillus niger (AP‐12), and Candida rugosa (AY‐30). A better incorporation of stearic acid (SA), α‐linolenic acid (ALA), γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was achieved using lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Lipase from Pseudomonas sp. catalyzed a better incorporation of linoleic acid (LA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into triolein. Thus, Rhizomucor miehei and to a lesser extent Pseudomonas sp. might be considered as providing the most effective enzymes for acidolysis of triolein with selected LCFA. In general, incorporation of LCFA into triolein (tri C18:1) may be affected by chain length, number of double bonds, and the location and geometry of the double bonds as well as reaction conditions and reactivity and specificity of lipases used. As the ratio of the number of moles of a mixture of equimole quantities of C18 FA to triolein changed from 1 to 3, incorporation of C18 FA into triolein increased accordingly with Rhizomucor miehei lipase. Similarly, incorporation of n‐3 FA into triolein increased when ALA, DPA, DHA, and EPA were used. The same trend was noticed for a mixture of n‐6 FA (LA + GLA + AA) and triolein.
Otophyma: a case report
Authors: Daniels K , Haddow K
Published: May 2007

Objective:

We report a rare case of otophyma.

Method:

A case report of otophyma and a review of the current literature concerning otophyma and the more common rhinophyma, are presented.

Results:

A 46-year-old male presented with slow growing fleshy growths on both auricles which were excised. A diagnosis of otophyma was made. Although rosacea is more common, otophyma and other ‘phymas’ are thought to be the end stage of the rosacea spectrum of skin disease. However, unlike rhinophyma, otophyma is rarely seen and as a result there is little in the English language literature regarding it. Consequently, the management of otophyma is largely based on previous experiences with rhinophyma.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge this is the first case report of otophyma in the otolaryngology literature and only the second described in the English language literature. This case demonstrates the difficulties faced in diagnosing this rare condition and our successful management of this case.
Bi-lobar post-auricular skin flap for reconstruction of the earlobe
Authors: Khemani S , Rannard F , Kenyon G
Published: May 2007

Introduction:

Ear lobule deformities can occur as a result of trauma. Surgical reconstruction can be challenging. There does not appear to be a consensus on the best form of repair. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman who suffered traumatic loss of the ear lobule during childhood. A novel technique is described using a posterior based bi-lobar flap to completely reconstruct the ear lobule in two stages.

Discussion:

This form of repair has the advantage of a well-hidden scar, with the donor site providing skin of similar thickness and pigmentation.
Comments on Caliciales Exsiccatae II
Authors: Tibell L.
Published: May 2007

A second fascicle of a lichen exsiccata containing species of Caliciales has been issued; 25 species from Europe and North America are included. Some remarks on their taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution are given here. Calicium queenslandiae (F. Wilson) Tibell, Chaenothecopsis nana Tibell, Chaenothecopsis vainioana (Nádv.) Tibell and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell are discussed in some detail. Distributional records of interest are given for Calicium queenslandiae, Chaenothecopsis nana, C. subpusilla (Vainio) Tibell, C. vainoiana, C. viridialba (Krempelh.) A. Schmidt and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum.
The Morphological Interpretation of Cladoniiform Thalli in Lichens
Authors: Ahti T.
Published: May 2007

The term ‘cladoniiform lichens’ is applied to a group of lichen-forming discomycetes which either produce a ‘dimorphous’ thallus (differentiated into vertical and horizontal structures) or which resemble such lichens in having somewhat similar fruticose thalli and related phenolic chemistry. Seventeen genera comprising the families Cladoniaceae, Heterodeaceae, Cladiaceae, Baeomycetaceae and Siphulaceae are included in the group. A podetium is defined as a lichenized, stem-like portion (stipe) bearing the hymenial discs, and sometimes conidiomata, in a fruticose, simple or compound apothecium. The terminal structures commonly called apothecia on podetia or other ascomatal stipes in lichens are not whole apothecia but separate hymenial discs of a polydiscoid ascoma. In spite of superficial similarity in gross morphology and phenolic composition, the cladoniiform lichens are a life-form group rather than a taxonomic entity.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Lichens: Relationship Between the Diffusive Resistance of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour
Authors: Green T. G. A. , Snelgar W. P.
Published: May 2007

Gaseous diffusion resistances for carbon dioxide and water vapour, thallus water content and thallus water potential were experimentally determined on species of the Stictaceae. The diffusion resistance to water loss was high only at low water contents and correlated closely with thallus water potential. Carbon dioxide diffusion resistances, however, were high at both low and high water contents and, even at medium water contents, were still an order of magnitude greater than the water resistance. These results indicate that carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange occur by different pathways in these lichens. Consequently it is suggested that the lichens have structural adaptations which separate the functions of water uptake, water storage and carbon dioxide exchange.
Clathroporina Calcarea, a Misunderstood Lichen Species, and a Note on the Genus Clathroporina in Europe
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , Vězda A. , Botnen A.
Published: May 2007

Microglaena nidarosiensis Kindt has been rediscovered after 100 years on the west-coast of Norway. It is shown to be identical with Clathroporina calcarea W. Watson, and to belong in the genus Belonia which is placed in the Gyalectales as B. nidarosiensis (Kindt) comb. nov.

The genus Clathroporina is typified on C. olivacea Müll. Arg., and is shown not to be present in Europe. C. caudata Vězda & Vivant is transferred to Belonia as B. caudata (Vězda & Vivant) comb. nov.
Some Effects of Disturbance on the Lichen Flora of Oceanic Hazel Woodland
Authors: Gilbert O. L.
Published: May 2007

The lichen flora of hazel woodland on the island of Eigg off the west coast of Scotland is described. One area is interpreted as representing ancient ‘climax’ woodland partly on account of its rich epiphytic lichen flora. At other sites various levels of exploitation have modified the lichen communities. Site comparison has enabled a number of species to be recognised which may be useful in the recognition of relict hazel woodland in other oceanic areas. The ecology of the indicator species is discussed. Pertusaria alpina Hepp ex Ahles is reported as new to the British Isles.
Non-Glabrous Species of Pseudocyphellaria from Southern South America
Authors: Galloway D. J.
Published: May 2007

Fourteen species of Pseudocyphellaria having tomentose or pubescent lobe margins and scabrid-areolate, or ±tomentose upper surfaces occur in southern South America (including Juan Fernandez, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia) south of latitude 34°S. A key and details of the anatomy, chemistry, distribution, morphology and nomenclature of each species are given. Two main groupings are represented in this study: (1) taxa with a ±scabrid-areolate or pubescent upper surface, having sessile, laminal apothecia with a well-developed excipulum proprium (lacking photobiont cells) and containing colourless, acicularfusiform spores (P. compar, P. endochrysa, P. scabrosa and P. vaccind); (2) taxa with a ±tomentose upper surface, having mainly marginal, pedicellate apothecia, with a prominent excipulum thallinum (containing photobiont cells) and with yellowbrown to brown, ellipsoid spores (P. dubia, P. guillemini, P. hirsuta, P. mallota, P. obvoluta, P. pilosella, P. santessonii and P. subrubelld). Pseudocyphellaria piloselloides and P. pluvialis are not known fertile. Pseudocyphellaria pluvialis R. Sant., P. santessonii D. Galloway and P. scabrosa R. Sant., are newly described and a new combination, P. guillemini (Mont.) D. Galloway, is proposed.
Bryoria Tortuosa New to Northern Europe
Authors: Holien H.
Published: May 2007

Bryona tortuosa is reported as new to northern Europe. Notes on its morphology, chemistry, ecology and distribution are given and the distinction from its closest ally, B. fremontii, is discussed.
Anatomical Features of Chondropsis Semiviridis (Nyl.) Nyl. in Relation to its Vagrant Habit
Authors: Lumbsch H. T. , Kothe H. W.
Published: May 2007

The anatomy of Chondropsis semiviridis (Nyl.) Nyl. shows adaptations to a vagrant life form and sub-arid habitat. The differential swelling of the thick upper cortex and the medulla is responsible for the rolling movement of the thallus under successive wet and dry conditions.
Studies in Pseudocyphellaria (lichens) II. Ecuadorean species
Authors: Galloway D. J. , Arvidsson L.
Published: May 2007

Eight species ofPseudocyphellariaare recorded from mainland Ecuador viz., P. arvidssonii, P. aurata, P. bartlettii, P. clathrata, P. crocata, P. dozyana, P. encoensis and P. intricata, with taxa asterisked being new records for Ecuador. Pseudocyphellaria bartlettii andP. encoensis are also new records for northern South America, and P. dozyana is new to South America. A key is given, and details of anatomy, morphology, chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy are discussed.
Variation in thallus morphology in response to climatic and geographical distribution in an Usnea complex
Authors: Stevens G. Nell
Published: May 2007

The morphological, anatomical and chemical characteristics of five taxa of Usnea (e.g.U. scabrida, U. elegans, U. molliuscula, U. queenslandica and U.ramulosissima), which belong to the U. scabrida- U. molliuscula complex are described.Usnea scabrida subsp. tayloriana is described as new. Usnea elegans and U.queenslandica are reduced to subspecies: U. scabrida subsp.elegans and U. molliuscula subsp. queenslandica. The species U. consimilis Stirton is considered synonymous with U. scabrida. A canonical discriminant analysis of geographic and climatic data was undertaken, which demonstrated that the species under investigation generally occupied discrete non-overlapping zones, indicating that the differences in thallus morphology correlated with particular climatic regions.
Process and Pattern in Cladonia Subcervicornis.
Authors: Hammer Samuel
Published: May 2007

Morphogenesis of podetia inCladonia subcervicornisis a non-linear, repeating process based upon a pattern of meristem enlargement and division. Variability in mature podetia ofC. subcervicornis, which may appear branched or scyphoid, is the result of variation early in ontogeny. The growth pattern ofC. subcervicornisrepresents a continuum of developmental stages. It is impossible to predict the form of the mature thallus ofC. subcervicornisbecause growth in this species is fluid. The morphology of the mature thallus ofC. subcervicornisis difficult to circumscribe using conventionalCladoniaterminology, because the processes that form the thallus are dynamic and heterogeneous. The meristem shapes that are produced during early ontogeny inC. subcervicornisare relatively simple, and the processes by which they are formed are uncomplicated. Yet podetial form inC.subcercicornisis difficult to interpret.
New insights into the origins of crustaceans of Antarctic lakes
Authors: Gibson John A.E. , Bayly Ian A.E.
Published: May 2007

New evidence regarding the origins of the Crustacea of Antarctic lakes is reviewed. Palaeolimnological data indicates that the cladoceran Daphniopsis studeri has been present in Lake Reid, Larsemann Hills, for over 120 000 yr. This is the first direct evidence of a continental lacustrine refugium during the last glacial maximum. There are strong indications that the calanoid copepod Boeckella poppei maintained populations over the same period in lakes of the Amery Oasis, and the rapid post-glacial colonization by this species of newly formed lakes on the Antarctic Peninsula and Signy Island argues for a local rather than an extra-continental source. Evidence for the entry of marine-derived species into the longer term fauna of the continent is also presented. It is concluded that many of the Crustacea in Antarctic lakes are likely to have had a long association with the continent.
Effect of a carnivorous diet on the lipids, fatty acids and condition of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba
Authors: Hagen Wilhelm , Yoshida Toshihiro , Virtue Patti , Kawaguchi So , Swadling Kerrie M. , Nicol Stephen , Nichols Peter D.
Published: May 2007

Krill are thought to be predominantly herbivorous, but a heterotrophic diet might be crucial for their growth and survival. To compare the influence of herbivory and carnivory on krill we conducted a nine month feeding trial. We examined lipid composition of the hepatopancreas, abdomen and remaining body portions of krill fed diatoms at bloom condition levels, and diatoms with the addition of pellets or minced clam meat to simulate a partly carnivorous diet. Mortality, dry mass and lipid content were similar among treatments. We examined lipid class and fatty acid profiles, with emphasis placed on the ratio of storage (triacylglycerol) to structural (polar lipid) lipid and key essential omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: 20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3. The triacylglycerol : polar lipid ratio increased in krill fed on the mixed diet as did the 20:5ω3 : 22:6ω3 ratio. Overall these findings indicate that provision of clam in the diet improved krill condition, and further suggest that carnivory may aid krill growth in the wild under certain environmental conditions.
Pitch angle distribution analysis of radiation belt electrons based on Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite Medium Electrons A data
Authors: Gannon J. L. , Li X. , Heynderickx D.
Published: May 2007

Using data from the Medium Electrons A instrument on the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES), a survey of pitch angle distributions (PADs) of energetic electrons is performed. The distributions are classified into three categories: 90°‐peaked, flattop, and butterfly. The categorizations are examined as a function of L‐shell and orbit number and at electron energies of 153, 510, and 976 keV. The 90°‐peaked distributions dominate at the lowest energy channel, and butterfly distributions are more prevalent at higher L values. The PADs on the dayside are predominately 90°‐peaked distributions, while butterfly distributions become more common on the nightside at higher L‐shells. Fitting the PADs to a sinnα form, where α is the local pitch angle, a profile of the parameter n versus L‐shell is produced for local times corresponding to postnoon and midnight sectors for the 510‐keV channel. We then compare the 510‐keV data during times of moderate disturbance to the less disturbed case and the average case, and show an increase in butterfly distributions, which occurs at L > 6 for the nightside case and 3.5 < L < 5.5 for the dayside case. Comparing the profiles for n > 1 before and after the great storm on 24 March 1991, we find that there are significant differences before and after this event, the latter orbits being during a time of higher observed geomagnetic activity. Considering only those PADs with a calculated n > 1, the variation of the 90°‐peaked distributions versus L‐shell and orbit shows increased steepness at lower L‐shell. For the lowest energy channel, the low L‐shell variation of the steepness of the distributions visually correlates with the average 2‐day minimum plasmapause location calculated from a model based on the Dst index over the same time period. For the 510‐keV electrons, a correlation can be seen with the development of flattop distributions inside of the calculated minimum plasmapause location.
Satellite control of Jovian 2–6 MHz radio emission using Voyager data
Authors: Higgins C. A.
Published: May 2007

Jupiter's satellite Io no longer has the only known effect in controlling the low‐frequency Jovian radio emissions. Menietti et al. (1998, 2001) used a long and contiguous set of data in the range of 2.0–5.6 MHz from the Galileo spacecraft and found correlations with the orbital phase of Ganymede and Callisto. Recently, Higgins et al. (2006) used all of the Galileo orbiter data and found that Europa's phase shows a minor but statistically significant effect on the lower range of decametric emissions. In this paper, results are found that confirm previous work for all four Galilean satellites by combining Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 flyby data in the frequency range of 2.1–5.8 MHz. The data were analyzed using the unique occurrence probability data compilation technique that includes 10‐hour averaging and satellite bias removal. A statistical significance Z‐test was computed to compare sample populations for each enhanced region of occurrence against the background. We find significance values greater than the 95% confidence level (Z > 2σ) for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Least squares fits to histograms of relative occurrence probability also show similar results. The cause of these correlations is believed to be Alfvénic interactions between the individual satellite and Jupiter.
Dynamical model and nonextensive statistical mechanics of liquid water path fluctuations in stratus clouds
Authors: Ivanova K. , Shirer H. N. , Ackerman T. P. , Clothiaux E. E.
Published: May 2007

The shape and tails of the probability distribution functions of the liquid water path in stratus clouds are expressed through a model encompassing Tsallis nonextensive statistics. A model originally proposed to describe turbulent flows describes the behavior of the normalized increments of the liquid water path, at both small and large timescales, provided that the distribution of the local variability of the normalized increments can be sufficiently well fitted with a χ2 distribution. The transition between the small‐timescale model of a nonextensive process and the large‐scale Gaussian extensive homogeneous fluctuation model is found to be at around 24 h.
Evaluation of the MOCAGE chemistry transport model during the ICARTT/ITOP experiment
Authors: Bousserez N. , Attié J. L. , Peuch V. H. , Michou M. , Pfister G. , Edwards D. , Emmons L. , Mari C. , Barret B. , Arnold S. R. , Heckel A. , Richter A. , Schlager H. , Lewis A. , Avery M. , Sachse G. , Browell E. V. , Hair J. W.
Published: May 2007

Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors (ITOP), part of International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT), was a large experimental campaign designed to improve our understanding of the chemical transformations within plumes during long‐range transport (LRT) of pollution from North America to Europe. This campaign took place in July and August 2004, when a strong fire season occurred in North America. Burning by‐products were transported over large distances, sometimes reaching Europe. A chemical transport model, Modélisation de la Chimie Atmosphérique Grande Echelle (MOCAGE), with a high grid resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) over the North Atlantic area and a daily inventory of biomass burning emissions over the United States, has been used to simulate the period. By comparing our results with available aircraft in situ measurements and satellite data (MOPITT CO and SCIAMACHY NO2), we show that MOCAGE is capable of representing the main characteristics of the tropospheric ozone‐NOx‐hydrocarbon chemistry during the ITOP experiment. In particular, high resolution allows the accurate representation of the pathway of exported pollution over the Atlantic, where plumes were transported preferentially at 6 km altitude. The model overestimates OH mixing ratios up to a factor of 2 in the lower troposphere, which results in a global overestimation of hydrocarbons oxidation by‐products (PAN and ketones) and an excess of O3 (30–50 ppbv) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the continental United States. Sensitivity study revealed that lightning NO emissions contributed significantly to the NOx budget in the upper troposphere of northeast America during the summer 2004.
AERONET versus MODIS aerosol parameters at different spatial resolutions over southeast Italy
Authors: Santese M. , De Tomasi F. , Perrone M. R.
Published: May 2007

Aerosol parameters retrieved by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer measurements at the Physics Department of Lecce's University (40°20′N, 18°6′E) are compared to similar Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data retrieved at different spatial resolutions colocated in space and time to contribute to the validation of MODIS aerosol products over southeast Italy and to investigate the correlation dependence on spatial resolution and identify regional biases of Lecce's AERONET data. In particular, MODIS aerosol optical depths retrieved at 550 nm over ocean and over land‐ocean for window sizes of 50 × 50, 100 × 100, and 300 × 300 km2 centered on the AERONET monitoring site are correlated to AERONET aerosol optical depths colocated in time. It is shown that correlation factors of linear regressions span the 0.88–0.83 range and weakly tend to reduce with window size. In addition, MODIS aerosol optical depths meet expected uncertainties, and the percentage of data points within expected uncertainties is not affected by the window size. Slope and intercept values of linear regressions fitting over ocean aerosol optical depths are instead different than those fitting over land‐ocean aerosol optical depths and are dependent on window size. The observed dependence is analyzed and discussed in the paper. Finally, it is shown that the paper's results can allow inferring that the tested AERONET aerosol parameters can be considered representative, at least, of a ∼300 × 300 km2 southeast Italy area centered on the Lecce's AERONET site.
Number‐size distributions of free tropospheric aerosol particles at Mt. Norikura, Japan: Effects of precipitation and air mass transportation pathways
Authors: Nishita Chiharu , Osada Kazuo , Matsunaga Katsuji , Iwasaka Yasunobu
Published: May 2007

Number‐size distributions of free tropospheric aerosol particles of 9–300‐nm diameter were observed at Mt. Norikura (36.1°N, 137.5°E, 2770 m a.s.l.) in central Japan in August and September 2002. We observed two distinct air masses transported from over the Pacific Ocean and continental Asia. Size distributions of aerosol particles were analyzed in terms of their relation to the air mass transportation pathway, cumulative precipitation amount in the air mass for the last 24 h, and local precipitation rate. Particle concentrations of the accumulation mode range (100–300 nm) decreased by an order of magnitude when cumulative precipitation amount increased from 0 to 20 mm. The cumulative precipitation amount is suggested as an important factor to modify the size distribution by decreasing particle concentration. Considering data for air masses without experience of precipitation scavenging before arrival, concentrations of accumulation mode particles were almost identical (approximately 400 cm−3) in air masses transported from over the Pacific Ocean and continental Asia. Concentration of Aitken mode particles was high (890 cm−3 as a median value) in the air mass subsiding from over the subtropical Pacific Ocean (> 4 km a.s.l.). Based on the relationship with the controlling factors described above, this study provides number‐size distribution parameters of free tropospheric aerosol particles in the west Pacific area.
The Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE): Aerosol‐cloud relationships in marine stratocumulus
Authors: Lu Miao‐Ling , Conant William C. , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Varutbangkul Varuntida , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: May 2007

The Marine Stratus/Stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) field campaign was undertaken in July 2005 off the coast of Monterey, California to evaluate aerosol‐cloud relationships in the climatically important regime of eastern Pacific marine stratocumulus. Aerosol and cloud properties were measured onboard the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely‐Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft. One cloud that was clearly impacted by ship emissions as well as the ensemble of clouds observed over the entire mission are analyzed in detail. Results at both the individual and ensemble scales clearly confirm the Twomey effect (first indirect effect of aerosols) and demonstrate drizzle suppression at elevated aerosol number concentration. For the ship track impacted cloud, suppressed drizzle in the track led to a larger cloud liquid water path (LWP) at the same cloud thickness, in accord with the so‐called second indirect effect. Ensemble averages over all clouds sampled over the entire 13‐flight mission show the opposite effect of aerosol number concentration on LWP, presumably the result of other dynamic influences (e.g., updraft velocity and ambient sounding profile). Individual polluted clouds were found to exhibit a narrower cloud drop spectral width in accord with theoretical prediction (M.‐L. Lu and J. H. Seinfeld, Effect of aerosol number concentration on cloud droplet dispersion: A large‐eddy simulation study and implications for aerosol indirect forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006). This field experiment demonstrates both the indirect aerosol effect on ship track perturbed clouds, as well as the subtleties involved in extracting these effects over an ensemble of clouds sampled over a 1‐month period.