bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsibility
Authors: Vázquez‐Arroyo Antonio Y.
Published: August 2023

Current theoretical discussions of responsibility are located in the intersection of attempts to rethink an ethics of difference, human agency, and accountability. In important ways, both analytical and Continental formulations of responsibility operate under the rubric of Kantian and post‐Kantian philosophy. These discussions of responsibility are, accordingly, also intertwined with notions of guilt and juridical accountability, and even in national rituals of apology for past atrocities. Large bodies of work exist about the different connotations of responsibility, its meanings ranging from questions of accountability, guilt, and the need to respond to alterity. In the early twenty‐first century there are proponents for its centrality coming from a vast array of theoretical camps that gained coherence in the previous century: analytical philosophy, existentialism, deconstruction, and advocates of “neo‐Roman” theories of liberty.
Roman Political Thought
Authors: Hammer Dean
Published: August 2023

For many Polybius (ca. 200–118 bce) serves as the entrée into Roman political thought: a Greek theorizing about a Roman political system that had already achieved empire. For Polybius, Rome's ability to attain power while also preserving liberty lay in large part in its political system, which contained aristocratic (the senate), democratic (the people), and monarchical (the consuls) elements. We know Rome politically through its institutions. But ultimately what held the system together was an abiding sense of tradition. It is in this historical and cultural context that we can locate the conceptual core of Roman political thought. For the Romans, the human artifacts that surrounded them provided a foundation by which they related not just to those things, but also to each other. What makes Roman political thought so interesting is that it does not seek refuge in an ideal state but attempts to make sense of and recognize again the political world the Romans inhabit.
Saint‐Simon, Claude‐Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de (1760–1825)
Authors: Andrews Naomi J.
Published: August 2023

Nobleman, real‐estate speculator, “utopian” socialist, and predictor of the modern, bureaucratic state – all of these descriptors can apply to Claude‐Henri de Rouvroy de Saint‐Simon. Over his career he moved from support of the anticlerical spirit of 1789, to criticism of the resurgent Restoration Church, to proposing his own renewal of Christianity. In his economic beliefs he traversed the divide between the “rationalist” eighteenth century and the “romantic” nineteenth century, from liberal to “socialist,” describing a centralized economy aimed at satisfying the needs of the “poorest and most numerous.”
Sandel, Michael J. (1953–)
Authors: Gibbons Michael T.
Published: August 2023

Michael J. Sandel is an American political philosopher who teaches at Harvard University. He received his BA in 1975 from Brandeis University, where he was selected to Phi Beta Kappa, and he received his PhD from Balliol College, Oxford, where he was a Rhodes scholar and studied under Charles Taylor. A public intellectual who has served as an adviser to both Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002. In addition to his foundational scholarship on the theory and practice of justice, he is publicly recognized as a superb teacher, an extremely difficult accomplishment to achieve outside of one's own university or college in any discipline. His course on justice taught at Harvard University has become available online to an audience worldwide, something for which he has received considerable acclaim.
Sex
Authors: Boryczka Jocelyn M.
Published: August 2023

Sex refers to how societies establish social, political, and economic roles based on the biological differentiation of males from females, which translates into assumptions about moral character and value used to justify locating people in categories of domination and subordination. The range of sexual behaviors associated with whom and how a person engages in intimate relationships of love, care, lust, and/or desire, which may include intercourse, remain integral to this process. Throughout much of western political thought, sex, referring to procreation between a man and woman, has provided the foundation upon which people build political community since this act is necessary to reproducing and increasing the number of its members.
Sharia
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: August 2023

The term “Sharī‘a” literally means “path” or “way” in Arabic, but conventionally means revealed law in contrast to man‐made law, such asqānūn(from the Greekkanon). When used unqualifiedly, it refers to the law revealed to the Prophet Muḥammad (and thus is often translated as “Islamic law”), although the term can also be used to refer to the other revealed laws, for example, the Sharia of Jesus (Christian law) or the Sharia of Moses (Jewish law). The Sharia also includes matters of morality, theology, mysticism, and various normative but nonlegal Islamic practices (ādāb) as well as law in the conventional sense of rules enforceable, or potentially enforceable, via state coercion. Islamic law in this narrow sense was the hegemonic legal order in the Islamic world from the rise of Islam in the seventh century to the nineteenth century, when much of its content was displaced by European law. It continues to be influential, however, in the legal systems of many Muslim nation‐states as well as states with substantial Muslim minorities, such as India. This entry is concerned exclusively with Sharia in its narrow sense as Islamic law.
Skepticism
Authors: Laursen John Christian
Published: August 2023

Skepticism is the term for a wide family of related concepts that begins in the ancient philosophical tradition and comes down to idiosyncratic meanings of the word assigned by many recent thinkers. The core meaning is suspension of judgment, doubt, denial of truth and knowledge, but the periphery includes critical thinking of any sort, irreligion, and political anti‐utopianism. Skeptics are the opposite of dogmatists, who claim to have truth and knowledge. The word has philosophical, everyday life, and political meanings. The political implications of skepticism are part of the implications of epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, for politics.
Slavery
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna
Published: August 2023

It would be misleading to treat
slavery
as marginal to the canon of political theory. There is no doubt that it is a
negative
term – describing
failures
to be self‐mastering, the
non
political relations of command, and the situation of citizens subordinated to
illegitimate
rulers – but it has been a highly generative one, producing some of the most central metaphors for political reflection.
Socialism
Authors: Newman Michael
Published: August 2023

Originating in early nineteenth‐century Europe, socialism achieved its greatest global presence in the thirty years after the Second World War. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, and particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, its influence declined. Nevertheless, it remains a major political doctrine.
Space and Politics
Authors: Aslam Ali
Published: August 2023

The study of space has focused primarily upon what Henri Lefebvre termed “the production of social space.” Social space refers to the forces, including economic processes, social and political institutions, and cultural discourses, that produce and reproduce identity, social relations, and social hierarchies. Methodologically, scholars emphasize the connection between the material and cultural aspects of space and consider the human body their central unit of analysis. Beginning with Aristotle's investigation of the developmental conditions of the polis in
The Politics
and extending through Dewey's study of the public, scholarship addressing space and politics has examined how the natural and built environments affect the construction of relationships among individuals and society.
Stalinism
Authors: Saltzman Ilai Z.
Published: August 2023

An authoritarian political, social, cultural, diplomatic, and economic system that is associated with the rule of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) based on a radical interpretation of Marxism–Leninism (Stalin 1932). While there are different explanations for the emergence of Stalinism and it had various expressions as of the late 1920s and until Stalin's death, it is widely agreed that this comprehensive arrangement of the Soviet Union in all aspects of its existence was founded on extreme oppression designed to achieve Soviet conversion into what Stalin saw as a strong socialist state under his despotic rule.
State of the Discipline in Political Science
Authors: Gibbons Michael T.
Published: August 2023

Despite the amount of attention the issue of the foundations of political inquiry has received, the questions surrounding it seem unlikely to be resolved in the near future. There are numerous reasons for this. For those committed to a unified science of politics, the answers to some of those questions appear as a distraction from the consolidation of a science of politics. Hence, any resolution short of one that guarantees methodologically defined accumulated knowledge seems to jeopardize the scientific status of the enterprise. This perspective on political inquiry has its roots in a philosophical movement known as logical positivism, which will be discussed in greater detail. It developed in the post‐World War II period and came to dominate the discipline of political science by the 1950s.
Straussianism
Authors: Goren Lilly , Lane Joseph H.
Published: August 2023

The terms “Straussian” and “Straussianism” are derived from the last name of Leo Strauss, a German‐Jewish émigré to the United States who taught political philosophy at the University of Chicago from 1949 to 1968. Strauss developed an approach to the study of political philosophy that placed an emphasis on the careful reading of “great works” in order to tease out and better understand a finite series of long‐term debates about the great questions of political thought that are woven into the very texture of both philosophy and political action in the west.
Thomistic Political Thought
Authors: Arnhart Larry
Published: August 2023

Thomas Aquinas (1225?–74) was the most important philosopher and theologian of the high Middle Ages. Thomistic political thought shows his enduring influence on the history of political thought, particularly in the philosophical interpretation and practical application of his teaching on natural law.

Thomas was an Italian priest who joined the new Dominican order of the Catholic church. He taught at the University of Paris and elsewhere. Of his many writings, the best known is his
Summa Theologica
(
Summary of Theology
), which he wrote as a textbook of theology for young students. After his death, he was canonized by the church as a saint; and eventually he was recognized by the church as an authoritative source of Christian philosophy and theology.
Thoreau, Henry David (1817–62)
Authors: Mariotti Shannon L.
Published: August 2023

Henry David Thoreau was an American essayist, journal‐keeper, naturalist, and abolitionist who wrote on subjects ranging from the self, society, slavery, and the state to wilderness, walking, and wild apples. Thoreau was born, lived, and died – at an early age from tuberculosis – in Concord, Massachusetts and rarely left his hometown except for brief trips in New England, and to New York, Minnesota, and Canada. He is typically classified with Ralph Waldo Emerson as a significant thinker in the American transcendentalist school of thought and as an American Renaissance writer alongside Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. During his own life, Thoreau was often overshadowed by Emerson and his writings proved difficult to publish and only achieved very minimal market success. But his importance as a key American thinker has grown continually since his death and today he is well known for both his “reform writings” and his “nature writings.”
Totalitarianism
Authors: Palouš Martin
Published: August 2023

The totalitarian attempt to arrive at a new concept of state corresponding to the condition of “mass society” – a final result of the process of European modernization – did not appear unexpectedly. It was the Great War (1914–18) that enabled the entry of totalitarianism into the vocabulary of world politics in the twentieth century as one of its key concepts.
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Authors: Grove Jairus
Published: August 2023

“Weapons of mass destruction” (WMD) is, on the face of it, a straightforward designation. The term is generally accepted to mean munitions whose destructive attributes come from fission or fusion reactions, biological agents, or chemical weapons. Since the events of September 11, 2001, there has been substantial debate over whether the designation is one of scale – that is, massively destructive weapons – or is meant to denote the distinctive or exotic nature of its means of destruction. The former has prompted some to argue in favor of including economic sanctions, which were massively destructive in Iraq between the first and second Gulf Wars, killing more than 500,000 civilians by UN estimates. The latter has more successfully led to the inclusion of radiological weapons – those weapons that disperse radioactive waste or material but by conventional means, not as a result of a fusion or fission reaction. In either case, the category is meant to denote those weapons that are not conventional ones.
Webb, Sidney (1859–1947) and Beatrice (1858–1943)
Authors: Morgan Kevin
Published: August 2023

Sidney Webb (1859–1947) and his partner and collaborator Beatrice née Potter (1858–1943) were the most prolific and influential expositors of the variant of socialist thought known as Fabian socialism. Formed in 1884, the Fabian Society espoused the profoundly evolutionary conception of social change which Sidney Webb later encapsulated as “the inevitability of gradualness.” Intellectually Sidney owed a good deal to the utilitarians and once described the Fabians as latter‐day Benthamites. Beatrice's contribution to the partnership was a keen appreciation of the potential for democratic self‐government of voluntary social movements like the trade unions and cooperatives. The couple's early writings included pioneering historical studies of these movements, and, on a monumental scale, of the rise of English local government. The most ambitious exposition of their thought,
Industrial Democracy
(1897), combined these democratic themes with an elitist appreciation of the functional indispensability of the expert. Never entirely reconciled, this was to represent a continuing line of tension in their work. In this period, however, “Webbism” was becoming synonymous with big and intrusive government. Belief in the training of the disinterested expert was exemplified by the Webbs’ foundation in 1895 of the London School of Economics. Belief in the state as agent of social betterment was evident in their energetic campaign for the overhaul and rationalization of the poor law. Belief in an epoch of big government was exemplified by their support for empire and links with social imperialists in the Liberal and Conservative parties.
West, Cornel (1953–)
Authors: Burch Kerry T.
Published: August 2023

Cornel West is widely regarded as one of the premier public intellectuals in the United States. West's academic career began decades ago at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, an institution he recently returned to after having spent considerable time at Harvard and Princeton Universities, and brief time at the University of Paris. His interdisciplinary political and philosophical project weaves together an astonishing variety of theoretical perspectives, principally from black liberation theology and the Anglo‐American and continental philosophical traditions. Writing both as a Christian and as a philosopher, the sources of West's intellectual inspiration extend from Socrates and Jesus to Marx and Foucault, from the pragmatism of Dewey and Niebuhr, to such divergent European thinkers as Nietzsche and Gramsci. A defining feature of West's scholarly work is his explicit rejection of engaging in the types of depoliticized questions and concerns that occupy professionalized, “epistemology‐based” practitioners of academic philosophy. As a counterpoise to such professionalization, West describes himself as a “prophetic pragmatist,” a vocational identity that serves as a form of critical pedagogy – undertaken on behalf of the oppressed for the purpose of transforming structures of domination – that synthesizes his Afro‐American revolutionary Christianity with his pragmatic faith in the American democratic prospect.
Womanism
Authors: Leslie Isis I.
Published: August 2023

“Womanism” is a term a number of scholars and activists use to refer to what they argue are the distinctive critical, cultural, and political strategies and experiences, spiritual and relational practices, attitudes and modes of expression that distinctively define the lives and liberation struggles of black women in colonial and postcolonial contexts. Interestingly, although the vast majority of African‐heritage women in diasporan contexts are Christians, scholarship that is written from a Christian perspective is significantly underrepresented in academic discourse about black women. Alice Walker coined the term “womanism” in her 1979 short fiction story, “Coming Apart.” In this and a series of subsequent essays, Walker defines “womanism” as a uniquely African American form of feminism that is attentive to the intersecting forces of racial, class, and gender oppression that impact the private and public lives of black women and the communities to which they belong.
Women‐Centered Polities
Authors: Stewart Pamela J.
Published: August 2023

The concept of a women‐centered polity is an extension of the work on the history and meaning of citizenship by feminist theorists since the 1980s, in particular Kathleen B. Jones, who argue that the term “citizenship” is itself gendered male, meaning also that the basic definition of a citizen arises from qualities associated with the sex category
male
. Engaging with and going beyond the concept of “women‐centered values,” feminist theorists point out that the definition of citizenship derives from actions by a group with particular, not universal, race, gender, and class characteristics, which has nonetheless become the model for all individuals seeking status as citizens in a polity. The result is a false universalizing of what is actually a particular perspective of citizenship. The phrase “women‐centered polities” suggests an extension of those concepts, including the potential of universalizing the position of those occupying the assigned category of
women
in relation to citizenship (and otherwise) so as to create an inclusive concept and related institutions, which would then reflect the material needs, experiences, and perspectives of women, encompassing all humans as part of this broader view of humanity.
Zionism
Authors: Zwick Tamara M.
Published: August 2023

Zionism is a nationalist movement of European Jews, which belongs to the explosion of ideologies for political and social change that emerged in the nineteenth century. As a movement and, arguably, an ideology, it is hotly contested both in terms of its political, cultural, and secular forms and related scholarship. More specifically, Zionists were influenced by a shared disappointment in unfulfilled promises of equality through emancipation and assimilation as against a background of intensifying modern anti‐Semitism in central Europe and Russia. Cultural, political, religious, socialist, Christian, and later, revisionist Zionism all developed nearly simultaneously and evolved in complex conversation with one another. A unifying belief across the enormously varied discussions included notions of a shared history and future collective Jewish existence. Moreover, a connection to the ancient concept of Zion (Jerusalem in the Hebrew Bible) was elemental to most discussions. Alternatives to a Middle Eastern state were also proposed, and included both Argentina and Uganda as possible alternatives. Zionism quickly spread to include followers in the United States (and elsewhere) for whom a shared Jewish identity was not necessarily essential.
Expanding Design Spaces in Digital Composite Materials: A Multi‐Input Deep Learning Approach Enhanced by Transfer Learning and Multi‐kernel Network
Authors: Park Donggeun , Park Minwoo , Ryu Seunghwa
Published: August 2023

This study presents a novel approach to designing digital composite materials with desired mechanical properties by exploring a broad design space based on the spatial arrangements of binary constituents with a variety of materials' properties. Deep learning (DL) models that are trained on limited volume fraction (VF) ratios and limited materials' properties often struggle to accurately predict the mechanical responses of configurations that are not encompassed in the training data. To address this issue, an advanced multi‐input deep learning approach is proposed, enhanced by transfer learning and a multi‐kernel method. This approach can predict the stress field for both seen and unseen configurations in terms of the material properties and VF ratios, while accurately pinpointing stress concentrations at the interface. It can predict stress distribution from finite element method (FEM) accurately with significantly low computational cost, making it an efficient tool for the rapid design and optimization of composites. The incorporation of multiscale kernels in the model enables better capture of local and global features, resulting in more precise predictions. Transfer learning (TL) in the model proves to be an exceptional strategy for exploring new design spaces with minimal data augmentation. This research underscores the potential of DL models in advancing composite materials.
Partial Deoxygenative CO Homocoupling by a Diiron Complex
Authors: Singh Devender , Knight Brian J. , Catalano Vincent J. , García‐Serres Ricardo , Maurel Vincent , Mouesca Jean‐Marie , Murray Leslie J.
Published: August 2023

One route to address climate change is converting carbon dioxide to synthetic carbon‐neutral fuels. Whereas carbon dioxide to CO conversion has precedent in homo‐ and heterogeneous catalysis, deoxygenative coupling of CO to products with C−C bonds—as in liquid fuels—remains challenging. Here, we report coupling of two CO molecules by a diiron complex. Reduction of Fe2(CO)2L (2), where L2− is a bis(β‐diketiminate) cyclophane, gives [K(THF)5][Fe2(CO)2L] (3), which undergoes silylation to Fe2(CO)(COSiMe3)L (4). Subsequent C‐OSiMe3 bond cleavage and C=C bond formation occurs upon reduction of 4, yielding Fe2(μ‐CCO)L. CO derived ligands in this series mediate weak exchange interactions with the ketenylidene affording the smallest J value, with changes to local metal ion spin states and coupling schemes (ferro‐ vs. antiferromagnetism) based on DFT calculations, Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy. Finally, reaction of 5 with KEt3BH or methanol releases the C2O2− ligand with retention of the diiron core
Simple and green approach for photoluminescent carbon dots prepared from faba bean seeds as a luminescent probe for determination of Hg+ ions and cell imaging
Authors: Fallah Soheila , Baharfar Robabeh , Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf
Published: August 2023

In this research, for the first time, a dedicated sensor was designed to detect Hg+ ions using photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs). Due to the preferred green synthesis of CDs from bio‐resources, carbohydrate‐rich faba bean seeds as a potential carbon precursor were applied to the synthesis of CDs. The CDs were prepared from the faba bean seeds using the hydrothermal method in an aqueous solution in the absence of substances such as an acid or base and any other additives. The synthesized CDs exhibited maximum emission intensity at 387 nm when excited at 310 nm and their luminescence quantum yield was calculated to be ~5.94%. Then, the fluorescence emission of CDs was examined in the presence of different metal ions. Results revealed that the CDs had good selectivity towards the Hg+ ions, so the fluorescence emission was significantly changed in the presence of these ions with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.35 μM. Furthermore, because of their very low cytotoxicity, these CDs can be applied for cell imaging.
Development and validation of two online dynamic nomograms for patients with non‐distant metastatic cutaneous melanoma based on surgical approaches
Authors: Wang Shiqi , Chen Yuedong , Sun Jiawei , Mo Ran , Tan Qian
Published: August 2023

Background and Objectives

Surgery is an essential treatment for non‐distant metastatic cutaneous melanoma (NMCM). We aim to construct and validate prognostic nomograms based on surgical approaches and the clinicopathological characteristics of NMCM patients.

Methods

Data of patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma from 2004 to 2015 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Two online nomograms were constructed to predict the 3, 5‐year melanoma‐specific survival (MSS) for NMCM patients based on the surgical approaches. These nomograms were evaluated by the dynamic Harrell's concordance index (C‐index), decision curve analysis and clinical impact curve. Both internal and external data verification were conducted.

Results

A total of 14,091 NMCM cases were included in this study. The C‐index of the nomograms for the excisional surgery group and amputation group were 0.818 and 0.806, respectively, and 0.763 and 0.731, respectively, in our hospital data validation. After internal and bootstrap verification, our two nomograms showed good accuracy and practicality.

Conclusion

NMCM patients exhibited equal survival rates independent of resection margin size, while those who needed amputation had worse survival rates. We generated two online nomograms distinguished by surgical approach to predict NMCM patient survival based on clinicopathological characteristics.
Four New Stilbene Derivatives Isolated from Gnetum latifolium var. funiculare Markgr. and Their Inhibition of NO Production in LPS‐activated RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Thuy Trinh Thi , Hoa Nguyen Thi Thu , Linh Nguyen Thi Thuy , Cham Ba Thi , Anh Nguyen Thi Hoang , Hiep Nguyen Tuan , Adorisio Sabrina , Delfino Domenico V , Bang Ngo Anh , Tai Bui Huu , Kiem Phan Van
Published: August 2023

Gnetum latifolium var. funiculare Markgr. is a medicinal plant and widely distributed in mountainous areas of Vietnam. Phytochemical investigation on the trunks of this plant afforded eight stilbene derivatives (1–8) including for new compounds (1–4). Their structures were determined based on extensive analyses of HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Among the isolates, compounds 1–3 showed moderate NO production inhibition in LPS‐activated RAW264.7 cells with the IC50 values ranging from 46.81 to 68.10 μM, compounds 4 and 6 showed weak effects with the IC50 values of 96.57 and 79.46 μM, respectively, compared to that of the positive control compound, dexamethasone (IC50 14.20 μM).
2D Non‐van der Waals Nanoplatelets of Hematene and Magnetene: Nonlinear Optical Response and Optical Limiting Performance from UV to NIR
Authors: Stavrou Michalis , Chazapis Nikolaos , Georgakilas Vasilios , Couris Stelios
Published: August 2023

Recently, the preparation of some hematene and magnetene ultrathin non van der Waals (non‐vdW) 2D nanoplatelets was reported starting from hematite and magnetite natural iron ores. The present work reports on the determination and evaluation of the nonlinear optical response and the optical limiting (OL) action of these 2D nanoplatelets dispersed in water under ns laser excitation. The obtained results show that both hematene and magnetene exhibit strong nonlinear absorption and refraction, comparable and even larger than those of other van der Waals (vdW) 2D counterpart materials. In addition, due to their strong nonlinear absorption, both hematene and magnetene show exceptional OL performance from the UV to visible, attaining very low values of optical limiting onset (OLon), comparable and even lower than that of vdW 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, graphene oxide, other transition metal dichalcogenides like MoS2, WS2 and MoSe2, black phosphorous and antimonene. Moreover, hematene was found to exhibit more efficient OL action than magnetene for all the excitation wavelengths studied, attributed to more efficient ligand to metal charge transfer. The present findings open new possibilities for the potential use of these non‐vdW 2D materials in photonics and optoelectronics, e. g., as optical limiters and optical switchers.
Realized genetic gains via recurrent selection in a tropical maize haploid inducer population and optimizing simultaneous selection for the next cycles
Authors: Fritsche‐Neto Roberto , Sabadin Felipe , DoVale Júlio César , Borges Karina Lima Reis , de Souza Pedro Henrique , Crossa Jose , Garbuglio Deoclécio Domingos
Published: August 2023

Plant breeders widely use recurrent selection schemes to increase the frequency of favorable alleles for quantitative traits in a population. Although simultaneous selection is complex because it involves several traits combined with selection cycles, the use of selection indexes (SI) is applied to increase the chance of success of the breeding program. Despite many indices are available in the literature, simulations can help breeders to determine which selection index can be better adjusted considering the selection goals, the intensity, and the genetic correlation among traits over breeding cycles. In this context, we estimated the realized genetic gains in a tropical maize haploid inducer population after two cycles of recurrent selection, using external testers and optimizing the simultaneous selection for this breeding population in the long term via stochastic simulations. Furthermore, we proposed a new approach to optimize the initial weights by applying Smith‐Hazel method to maximize the genetic gains for all traits in a balanced way. Overall, the estimated gains in real induction rate were about 63% per cycle, improving the population performance from 0.8% to 2.8%. Moreover, our results confirm that the traditional Smith‐Hazel approach outperformed other methods for long‐term response to selection. Finally, recurrent selection with external testers may be a suitable method to improve the haploid induction rate in tropical maize populations.
Electroosmotic flow of cobalt‐ferrite nanoparticles in water and ethylene glycol through a ciliary annulus: A biomedical application
Authors: Riaz Arshad , Mehmood Kinza , Alhamzi Ghaliah , Alharbi Khalid Abdulkhaliq M.
Published: August 2023

Unique magnetic characteristics of cobalt‐ferrite nanoparticles make them suitable for biological imaging and therapeutic applications. Understanding their activity in nanofluids via the ciliary annulus could lead to better contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging and improved cancer therapy and other medical therapies. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical conclusions regarding the transport of a nanofluid by electroosmosis across a ciliary annulus. The nanofluid consists of cobalt‐ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4), water (H2O), and ethylene glycol (C2H6O2). As part of the investigation into constructing a physical model, mathematical analysis is performed based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Dimension‐free analysis and mathematical constraints are utilized to learn more about the system. By generating differential equations and including suitable boundary conditions, one can obtain exact solutions, which can then be visually inspected. Recent studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between flow velocity and cilia length, zeta potential, and Helmholtz–Smoluchowski velocity. The streamlines show that the growth of the trapping boluses is affected by several factors, including the nanoparticles’ volume fraction, the cilia's length, the amplitude ratio, the eccentricity, and the zeta potential. These results not only shed light on how nanofluids move, but they also have potential applications in microfluidics, heat transfer, and biomedical engineering.
Research Priorities for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances
Authors: Gkika Ioanna S. , Xie Ge , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. , Ter Laak Thomas L. , Vonk J. Arie , van Wezel Annemarie P. , Kraak Michiel H. S.
Published: August 2023

Per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) are a group of thousands of ubiquitously applied persistent industrial chemicals. The field of PFAS environmental research is developing rapidly, but suffers from substantial biases toward specific compounds, environmental compartments, and organisms. The aim of our study was therefore to highlight current developments and to identify knowledge gaps and subsequent research needs that would contribute to a comprehensive environmental risk assessment for PFAS. To this end, we consulted the open literature and databases and found that knowledge of the environmental fate of PFAS is based on the analysis of <1% of the compounds categorized as PFAS. Moreover, soils and suspended particulate matter remain largely understudied. The bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and food web transfer studies of PFAS also focus on a very limited number of compounds and are biased toward aquatic biota, predominantly fish, and less frequently aquatic invertebrates and macrophytes. The available ecotoxicity data revealed that only a few PFAS have been well studied for their environmental hazards, and that PFAS ecotoxicity data are also strongly biased toward aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicity studies in the terrestrial environment are needed, as well as chronic, multigenerational, and community ecotoxicity research, in light of the persistency and bioaccumulation of PFAS. Finally, we identified an urgent need to unravel the relationships among sorption, bioaccumulation, and ecotoxicity on the one hand and molecular descriptors of PFAS chemical structures and physicochemical properties on the other, to allow predictions of exposure, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2302–2316. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Different Life-Stage Exposure to Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Trimer Acid Induces Reproductive Toxicity in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Dong Shasha , Xu Jianhui , Yang Dan , Zhao Xiaohui , Li Xiaohui , Chen Dezhi , Xing Jing , Shi Yawei , Sun Ya , Ding Guanghui
Published: August 2023

As a novel alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) has been widely used and has caused ubiquitous water pollution. However, its adverse effects on aquatic organisms are still not well known. In the present study, zebrafish at different life stages were exposed to 0, 5, 50, and 100 μg/L of HFPO-TA for 21 days to investigate reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that HFPO-TA exposure significantly inhibited growth and induced reproductive toxicity in zebrafish, including a decrease of the condition factor, gonadosomatic index, and the average number of eggs. Histological section observation revealed that percentages of mature oocytes and spermatozoa were reduced, while those of primary oocytes and spermatocytes increased. In addition, exposure to HFPO-TA at three stages induced a significant decrease in the hatching rate, while the heart rate and normal growth rate of F1 offspring were only significantly inhibited for the exposure from fertilization to 21 days postfertilization (dpf). Compared with the exposure from 42 to 63 dpf, the reproductive toxicity induced by HFPO-TA was more significant for the exposure from fertilization to 21 dpf and from 21 to 42 dpf. Expression of the genes for cytochrome P450 A1A, vitellogenin 1, estrogen receptor alpha, and estrogen receptor 2b was significantly up-regulated in most cases after exposure to HFPO-TA, suggesting that HFPO-TA exhibited an estrogen effect similar to PFOA. Therefore, HFPO-TA might disturb the balance of sex steroid hormones and consequently induce reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. Taken together, the results demonstrate that exposure to HFPO-TA at different life stages could induce reproductive toxicity in zebrafish. However, the underlying mechanisms deserve further investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2490–2500. © 2023 SETAC
Loss of SETD2‐mediated downregulation of intracellular and exosomal miRNA‐10b determines MAPK pathway activation and multidrug resistance in renal cancer
Authors: Yan Libin , Liu Siyue , Sun Guoliang , Ding Beichen , Wang Zhize , Li Heng
Published: August 2023

SET domain‐containing 2 (SETD2) is the most frequently mutated gene among all the histone methyltransferases in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Microarrays, RNA sequencing analysis and exosomes analysis of cellular supernatant were performed after transfection A498 cells with si‐SETD2 or siRNA of negative control. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Luciferase reporter assay were conducted to evaluate the interaction between SETD2 and miR‐10b. Functional and drug experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to verify the role of SETD2, miR‐10b and MAP4K4. The results showed that loss of SETD2 mediated downregulation of intracellular and exosomal microRNA‐10b. MAP4K4 were relevant to oncogenesis of ccRCC caused by loss of SETD2 and miR‐10b. SETD2 could directly target miR‐10b and regulate the expression of multidrug resistance (MDR)‐1 (P‐gp170) through JNK pathway, which was one of the downstream pathways of MAP4K4. The coordinated expression of SETD2/H3K36me3/miR‐10b/MAPKs/JNK/MDR pathway was revealed to the progression of ccRCC.
A 128‐channel receive array for cortical brain imaging at 7 T
Authors: Gruber Bernhard , Stockmann Jason P. , Mareyam Azma , Keil Boris , Bilgic Berkin , Chang Yulin , Kazemivalipour Ehsan , Beckett Alexander J. S. , Vu An T. , Feinberg David A. , Wald Lawrence L.
Published: August 2023

Purpose

A 128‐channel receive‐only array for brain imaging at 7 T was simulated, designed, constructed, and tested within a high‐performance head gradient designed for high‐resolution functional imaging.

Methods

The coil used a tight‐fitting helmet geometry populated with 128 loop elements and preamplifiers to fit into a 39 cm diameter space inside a built‐in gradient. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and parallel imaging performance (1/g) were measured in vivo and simulated using electromagnetic modeling. The histogram of 1/g factors was analyzed to assess the range of performance. The array's performance was compared to the industry‐standard 32‐channel receive array and a 64‐channel research array.

Results

It was possible to construct the 128‐channel array with body noise–dominated loops producing an average noise correlation of 5.4%. Measurements showed increased sensitivity compared with the 32‐channel and 64‐channel array through a combination of higher intrinsic SNR and g‐factor improvements. For unaccelerated imaging, the 128‐channel array showed SNR gains of 17.6% and 9.3% compared to the 32‐channel and 64‐channel array, respectively, at the center of the brain and 42% and 18% higher SNR in the peripheral brain regions including the cortex. For R = 5 accelerated imaging, these gains were 44.2% and 24.3% at the brain center and 86.7% and 48.7% in the cortex. The 1/g‐factor histograms show both an improved mean and a tighter distribution by increasing the channel count, with both effects becoming more pronounced at higher accelerations.

Conclusion

The experimental results confirm that increasing the channel count to 128 channels is beneficial for 7T brain imaging, both for increasing SNR in peripheral brain regions and for accelerated imaging.
VOCs from fungi‐infected apples attract and increase the oviposition of yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis
Authors: Guo Honggang , Shi Xia , Han Jie , Ren Qianhui , Gao Zhangtai , Zhang Aihuan , Wang Haixiang , Du Yanli
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) modified by plant‐associated microbes can attract or repel the oviposition of herbivores. Here, we explored the effects of three different fungi on apples' VOCs and the cascading impacts on the oviposition preference of yellow peach moth [YPM, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)].

RESULTS

Among Penicillium crustosum‐infected apples (PCA), Rhizopus oryzae‐infected apples (ROA), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides‐infected apples (CGA) and healthy apples (HA), mated YPM females preferred to oviposit eggs on ROA and CGA, and showed significant attractiveness to VOCs from PCA, ROA, and CGA under laboratory conditions. The VOCs analyses showed that there were significant differences between fungi‐infected apples (ROA, CGA) and control treatments (mechanically damaged apples (MDA), HA) in terms of the relative contents of 13 VOCs. The relative contents of ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate, ethyl caprylate, estragole, ethyl hexanoate in ROA and CGA were higher than those in MDA. The relative content of isopropyl 2‐methylbutyrate in ROA was significantly higher than those in HA and CGA. The relative contents of 2‐methylbutyl acetate, butyl 2‐methylbutyrate, hexyl 2‐methylbutyrate, amyl hexanoate, hexyl hexanoate, (E, E)‐α‐farnesene in ROA and CGA were lower than those in HA. The relative content of hexyl acetate in ROA and CGA was significantly higher than that in MDA, but lower than that in HA. Additionally, 10 fungi‐induced VOCs were detected in ROA and/or CGA. When 20 VOCs from ROA and/or CGA were tested as individuals or mixed blends in Y‐tube olfactometer assays, mated YPM females preferred amyl 2‐methylbutyrate, isoamyl 2‐methylbutyrate, isopropyl 2‐methylbutyrate, hexyl propionate (common VOCs in ROA, CGA, and HA), and heptacosane (a fungi‐induced VOC in ROA), but no significant preferences were observed between individual compounds and mixed blends, except for hexyl propionate.

CONCLUSION

Different fungi infection increased the relative contents of common VOCs from healthy and fungi‐infected apples, which ultimately resulted in the significant attractiveness for the oviposition of mated YPM females. This study clarified why fungi‐infected apples were more attractive to YPMs than healthy apples and screened out the crucial VOCs for YPM oviposition. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Equipping your facial plastic clinic for office‐based procedures
Authors: Saeedi Arman , Eytan Danielle F.
Published: August 2023

Office‐based procedures can be a fulfilling part of the facial plastic practice with the right tools, personnel, and preparation. Equipping the clinic for office‐based procedures has several unique considerations that ultimately impact its success. It is important to strategize preemptively regarding what treatments will be offered and the respective equipment that will allow the safe, cost‐effective, and high‐quality delivery of those treatments. Most procedures in the office‐based setting are cosmetic in nature and there are often overlapping treatment modalities that target similar outcomes. Patient selection and counseling is a crucial step in preparing for office‐based procedures in the effort to maximize patient satisfaction. Nearly all the most common facial plastic procedures can be delivered in the office‐based based setting under local anesthesia and moderate sedation, depending on the expertise of the surgeon. To enable these and other categories of treatments, there are certain expensive pieces of technology that one might consider for their office‐based practice and other fundamental supplies that are necessary for almost all practices. Though the initial investment in equipment can be costly, this article also discusses more affordable alternatives or third‐party sales of devices and equipment. The field of facial plastic surgery is very dynamic and having both peer and mentorship networks is invaluable in navigating some of the financial decisions discussed herein. This article also briefly covers personnel, training, and accreditation considerations.
Assessment of flood in Nandigama, Andhra Pradesh, using hydrological and hydraulic models
Authors: Reddy Poli Sainath , Bhavani R.
Published: August 2023

The rapid and frequent mapping of flood areas is crucial for monitoring and mitigating flood disasters. This study aimed to devise a flood inundation map for Nandigama City, located in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. To analyze flood inundation, the HEC‐HMS hydrologic model was used to assess the effects of land‐use changes on runoff. The analysis of land use and land cover (LULC) revealed a significant increase in urban expansion around the study area over the last 30 years. The rise in urbanization and impervious surfaces has led to an 11.85% increase in the average peak discharge, from 4.39 m3/s in 2000 to 4.91 m3/s in 2020. These findings can provide significant insights for urban policymakers in the planning and management of flood control infrastructure in Nandigama.
Prussian Blue Analogues Derived Heterostructured CoS2/FeS2 Particles Anchored on Carbon Nanosheets as Anodes for Boosted Sodium Storage Properties
Authors: Yang Yefeng , Hu Jiajia , Ren Gaoya , Wen Yi , Lin Qiurou , Yao Zhujun
Published: August 2023

Pyrite FeS2 has emerged as promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, low electrical conductivity, large volume variation and shuttling effect generally lead to low specific capacity and inferior rate capability, greatly impeding its practical application. Here, heterostructured CoS2/FeS2 particles anchored on ultrathin carbon nanosheets (denoted as CoS2/FeS2/C) have been fabricated using a simple and facile co‐precipitation combined with carbonization and gas sulfurization processes. The combination of bifunctional N‐doped carbon nanosheets and unique heterostructure can provide better electrical conductivity, enhanced ion diffusion kinetics and offer reinforced structural integrity. Benefitting from the compositional and structural advantages, the as‐prepared CoS2/FeS2/C hybrid composite exhibits boosted sodium storage properties, including outstanding rate capability (500.4 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1) and cycling stability with a retention of 95.8 % after 700 cycles.