bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purposeful Activity in Motor Learning Theory: An Event Approach to Motor Skill Acquisition
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2012

This paper presents the event approach to motor skill acquisition as a theoretical treatment of the learning and relearning of motor skills; the emphasis is toward rehabilitation of physical dysfunction. Purposeful activity is viewed as a necessary prerequisite for the formation of coordinative structures, which are the bases for skilled movement. Traditional approaches to motor learning, which focus primarily on the actor, are seen as inadequate to accurately describe motor skill acquisition. The event approach treats the actor and the environment as inseparable in the acquisition of skills. Using this approach, I hope to establish a common ground and collaborative relationships between the disciplines of occupational therapy and motor learning.
Survey Methods
Authors: Mann William C.
Published: April 2012

The use of survey methods by occupational therapists is reflected in the occupational therapy literature. A description of survey designs and data-gathering methods is presented with a history of the development of survey methods and their use in occupational therapy. Directions and suggestions for future use of survey methods are discussed.
Patient Education Techniques Used at Burn Centers
Authors: Kaplan Susan Heling
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapists working in facilities with burn units were surveyed to obtain information on their use of education programs with burn patients. Respondents indicated that verbal instruction and written materials that focus on exercise, splint wearing, skin care, and scarring were used most often with patients and families. Almost all 75 respondents indicated that they felt responsible for providing this information to burn patients, and many replied that their patient education programs were generally effective, as determined by patient cooperation and participation in the rehabilitation process.
Work Potential Evaluation in Mental Health
Authors: Andersen Allegra Pressey
Published: April 2012

A survey was conducted to describe the methods and the degree to which occupational therapists in mental health settings were evaluating the work potential of patients. Of the 231 responses received from a population of 500 therapists, 157 were usable for this study. Results showed that 36% of the respondents performed work potential evaluations using interest inventories, crafts, and miscellaneous nonstandardized measures as their primary sources of information, and they cited observation as the most useful tool to obtain information about a patient. Most respondents identified the need to do more in this area and expressed an interest in expanding their skills and available resources. Implications for occupational therapy were discussed in relationship to new Medicare legislation.
Fieldwork Experience, Part I: Impact on Practice Preference
Authors: Christie Barbara A. , Joyce Peggy Corcoran , Moeller Patricia L.
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapy students and student supervisors in 65 fieldwork centers nationwide responded to a survey designed a) to appraise the relative value of the fieldwork experience in the occupational therapist’s professional development and b) to identify the elements perceived as being essential to a good fieldwork experience. Three stages of professional development were examined: the preprofessional, the academic, and the fieldwork experience. Results suggest that the fieldwork experience stage has the greatest impact on the development of a therapist’s preference for a specific area of clinical practice. This article discusses the primary influences in the three stages that contribute to this preference formation.
Wheelchair Cushions for Spinal Cord–Injured Individuals
Authors: Garber Susan Lipton
Published: April 2012

Pressure sore prevention is a major objective in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury. Wheelchair cushions are frequently prescribed to relieve pressure and reduce the risk of pressure sores in this population. In this study, 251 subjects with paraplegia and quadriplegia were evaluated to decide which wheelchair cushions were suitable. Criteria for the comparative evaluation of cushions included not only magnitude and distribution of pressure but also factors such as wheelchair compatibility, ease of transfer, activities, and independence. Although the Roho cushion was prescribed most frequently, it was not recommended for all subjects. This study provides additional evidence that no single cushion is optimal for all people with spinal cord injury. Rather, objective measurements and clinical judgments are essential elements of a complete evaluation.
Enhancing Vocational Outcomes of Spinal Cord–Injured Persons: The Occupational Therapist’s Role
Authors: Kanellos Margaret Carrol
Published: April 2012

Because work is a core element of our physical, social, and psychological survival, the significance of work for spinal cord–injured persons is no less than it is for able-bodied persons. To develop expectations of a productive life-style, vocational planning must be initiated early in the rehabilitation process, with the occupational therapist contributing significantly to the initial and ongoing functional and prevocational assessment. Interaction between the therapist and the spinal cord–injured person can promote the experience of control over environment, a feeling of responsibility for success of the rehabilitation process, the ability to solve functional problems outside of the rehabilitation environment, an understanding of the range of behavioral and environmental options available to the individual, and successful performance of job-related tasks in a supportive setting. The interaction between the occupational therapist, the vocational rehabilitation specialist, and the employer should be characterized by clear, nontechnical communication, an understanding of what functional activities the patient actually does (rather than what the person can do), a willingness to try creative solutions to environmental and performance problems, and a recognition of the employer’s need for quantity and quality of production. All these combined reduces the potential for failure on the job and enhances the likelihood of achieving the highest possible level of vocational potential.
A Comparison of Impact of Undergraduate and Graduate Occupational Therapy Education on Professional Productivity
Authors: Clark Florence , Sharrot Gerald , Hill Doris J. , Campbell Shari
Published: April 2012

This article presents an account of the evolutionary changes in occupational therapy graduate education at the University of Southern California (USC) in response to the increasing professional demands and the expanding knowledge base of the field. The contention that undergraduate and graduate education represented by these changes would result in different student products was tested. A questionnaire survey was used to assess the responses of 189 former undergraduate and graduate occupational therapy students of USC on issues relating to professionalism, leadership, attitudes, and scholarly contributions. Results of this study support the theory that graduate education of a specific kind and quality enhances the professionalization of occupational therapy more so than does undergraduate education.
Group Work in Occupational Therapy: A Survey of Practice
Authors: Duncombe Linda W. , Howe Margot C.
Published: April 2012

This paper documents the extent to which occupational therapists use groups in practice. A questionnaire was mailed to 300 occupational therapists nationwide. Questions included the types of groups occupational therapists lead, the facilities in which the groups take place, the patients included, the activities presented, and individual and groups goals. Results were tabulated based on the responses of 120 therapists. We established that 60% of occupational therapists in all areas of practice lead groups in treatment. Of the 209 groups described by the respondents, there was a significantly greater number of activity groups than verbal groups. Also, there were significantly more groups with ten or less members than groups of more than ten. This paper describes the ten categories of groups that were identified in this study.
Application of an ATNR Rating Scale to Normal Preschool Children
Authors: Zemke Ruth
Published: April 2012

An Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Rating Scale was applied to data from 40 normal 3- and 5-year-old children. Raw scores representing degrees of elbow flexion in response to passive head rotation were converted using a four-point scale, and the results of eight trials in quadrupedal posture were summed. These results reinforce those of previous studies: the mean inhibition scores increased with age, whereas the variance decreased. Results also support further development of normative data for clinical use of the scale.
The Frequency of Vestibular Disorders in Developmentally Delayed Preschoolers with Otitis Media
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C.
Published: April 2012

This study investigated the frequency of vestibular disorders in developmentally disabled preschoolers who did and who did not have a history of otitis media. Fifteen children with a history of otitis media and fifteen children with no history of otitis media were given two tests for vestibular functioning: the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) and the Lateral Labyrinthine Righting Reaction (LLRR), acting on the head. The scores on these tests were dichotomized, and a correlation between these two tests as measures of vestibular function was obtained. Because this correlation did not reach a satisfactory level, two a satisfactory level, two separate chi-square analyses were performed to examine the frequency of vestibular disorders with otitis media. Both tests showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of vestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis media demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects of vestibular functioning; the separate chi-square analyses were performed to examine the frequency of vestibular disorders with otitis media. Both tests showed a statistically significant difference in the incidence of vestibular disorders between the two groups of children; the group having otitis media demonstrated more vestibular disorders. The SCPNT demonstrated more striking results than did LLRR. This finding is related to the two tests measuring different aspects of vestibular functioning; the SCPNT reflects semicircular canal functioning, and the LLRR reflects utricular and saccular functioning. The criteria used for LLRR (four seconds) also may have influenced the results obtained using this test.
A Model for Implementing Color Contrast in the Environment Of the Elderly
Authors: Cooper Barbara Acheson
Published: April 2012

Much has been written on the use of color as a functional facilitator in the environment of the elderly, but little information is available on how to implement it. This paper a) restates the main age-acquired visual defects, b) critically examines the literature on the use of environmental color, and then c) proposes a model which incorporates the factors that enhance visual clarity and Johannes Itten’s rules of color contrast. Implicit in the application of color to enhance vision is a clear understanding of the main functional purpose of the area to be heightened.
Looking Back
Authors: Marshall Edwinna M.
Published: April 2012

This article provides a historical review of work evaluation, describing the roots and early development of occupational therapy, thereby enabling us to evaluate occupational therapy’s present concepts and practice.
The Role of the Occupational Therapist–Work Evaluator
Authors: Holmes Debbie
Published: April 2012

This paper presents the role of the occupational therapist as that of a work evaluator who provides services to injured workers. Therapists, by virtue of their professional knowledge, have a frame of reference for work evaluation and understand the factors that interrupt the work process. In work evaluation, the therapist assists the injured worker to develop work readiness and the physical capacities necessary for working productively. This development takes place in a therapeutic milieu where the “worker” role is regained. The role of the occupational therapist–work evaluator includes work-oriented treatment in the acute care setting, job analysis, work tolerance screening, work capacity evaluation, work hardening, and job market reentry management in the work evaluation and community settings.
Vocational Rehabilitation of the Older Worker
Authors: Kemp Bryan , Kleinplatz Fae
Published: April 2012

Work is an important social role. A disability can interfere with a person’s work abilities and opportunities at any age. Unfortunately, the older population has received disproportionately little attention in rehabilitation, particularly in vocational rehabilitation. This is true, in spite of the fact that there is a growing population of older persons, with a high prevalence of disability. When returning an older disabled person to work, consideration of his or her particular physical, psychological, and social characteristics is required. This paper discusses the involvement of occupational therapists in the returning of older persons to work.
Curriculum Revision: A Case Study of the Process and Product
Authors: Madigan M. Jeanne , Loomis Barbara , Seefeldt Michael
Published: April 2012

This paper traces the forces that stimulated a faculty to completely revise its occupational therapy curriculum. The process of the revision, which was largely adapted from a test development model, is recounted. The paper also describes the broad array of teaching/learning methodologies used. Comparative data from the American Occupational Therapy Association Certification Examination indicate that student achievement has significantly improved since the revised curriculum was implemented.
Gerontic Occupational Therapy—Psychological and Social Predictors of Participation and Therapeutic Benefits
Authors: Arnetz Bengt B.
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess what role psychological and social factors play in predicting the participation of elderly people in a social activation program. Furthermore, the study evaluated the importance of such factors in improving subjects’ moods and decreasing feelings of loneliness. Over a six-month period, a social activation program was conducted in a senior citizen apartment bulding in Stockholm, Sweden. A group of 30 residents from one floor of the building, the experimental group, received the program while a control group of 30 residents from another floor did not. Medical, social, psychological, and behavioral assessments were made immediately before, three months after, and six months after the beginning of the program. Results were that the activity level had increased threefold in the experimental group. Experimental group subjects who initially had a low social activity level and higher scores on the internal-locus-of-control scale had the highest rate of increase in their social activity level. Subjects in the experimental group who initially had a low social activity level, were single or bereaved, scored low on the neuroticism scale, or desired a low level of internal control showed the greatest improvement in mood. Feelings of loneliness decreased the most among those in the experimental group who had a stronger internal locus of control and scored high on pessimistic feelings. Because the program benefited those subjects who initially were the most passive and isolated, it is concluded that gerontic occupational therapy plays an important role in preventing unnecessary social isolation in institutional living.
Occupational Therapy’s Domain of Concern: Reconsidered
Authors: Katz Noomi
Published: April 2012

This paper focuses on the domain of concern part of a professional model presented by Mosey in her book Occupational Therapy: Configuration of a Profession (Raven, 1981). Based on additional review of the literature, I suggest two principal alterations.

1. A change in core versus parameter. “Human occupation” replaces “occupational performance” and is presented as the core of the domain of concern because this is the focus of occupational therapy practice; the “performance components” defined here as “competence components” actually serve as a parameter of practice.

2. A reconceptualization of two parameters: “time” and “cultural environment.” Time should be considered a separate parameter, including categories of time practice, balance of activities over time, and time perspective. Cultural environment is perceived as a parameter that is composed of four categories: the symbolic, social, physical, and natural environments.

This paper emphasizes the interrelatedness of all parts of the model and points out the qualitative differences between the parameters.
Starting a Level I Fieldwork Program
Authors: Cole Marilyn B.
Published: April 2012

In response to the occupational therapy students’ need for meaningful early experiences in the clinical setting, an educational strategy was devised for marketing and implementing an occupational therapy clinical program for hospitalized psychiatric patients, which involves students in all aspects of its implementation. The pilot program was started at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in West Haven, CT, on a long-term psychiatric unit. This unit’s previously limited occupational therapy services were expanded by the student program. The program has also extended into an acute psychiatric unit and a psychiatric day treatment program (which previously had not provided occupational therapy services). Sixteen to thirty Quinnipiac College junior occupational therapy students (per semester) were involved in assessment, treatment planning, program planning, administration, and documentation and evaluation under the close supervision of the occupational therapy educator. Students, patients, and administrators were surveyed, and the results were reported. For the first class of participants, the two significant learning outcomes were an improvement in attitude toward patients and an increased level of comfort in working with them.
Ocular Pursuit in Mentally Retarded, Cerebral-Palsied, and Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Mayberry Wanda , Gilligan Mary Beth
Published: April 2012

We tested the following groups for visual pursuit abilities: 54 mentally retarded, 46 cerebral-palsied, and 131 learning-disabled children, 3 to 10 years of age. The resulting five behavioral scores, six directions, and total scores were analyzed for age trends. Comparisons were made between the handicapped groups and between the handicapped and normative samples. The scores were also correlated with other visual and postural abilities. All three handicapped groups scored lower than the normative group and also showed patterns different from the normative group and different from each other. The learning-disabled group most closely approximated the normative group’s development patterns. Educational data were not able to be used, and we suggest that future research examine the correlations (both in handicapped and nonhandicapped children) of ocular pursuits and educational achievement, and also obtain more complete data on cerebral-palsied children. Therapists may find the visual pursuits test useful particularly when they want to evaluate a number of aspects of ocular pursuit functioning or when they desire more precision than what is usually available by simple observation.
Using Work Simulation to Treat Adults With Back Injuries
Authors: Bettencourt Carl M. , Carlstrom Patricia , Brown Sara Hargreaves , Lindau Karen , Long Carolyn M.
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapy at the Liberty Mutual Medical Service Center, Boston, Massachusetts, offers a diverse variety of modalities for the treatment of patients with low back pain. Treatment may include the use of a balance monitor, a multiwork station, a pneumatic lifting-lowering device, a computerized upper extremity work simulator, and a truck-driving simulator. The primary objective of occupational therapy in this setting is to provide a supportive environment where patients can practice and improve the execution of the work-related activities they need to perform their jobs while they are learning to live with or control their symptoms.
Affective Meanings of Life Review Through Activities and Discussion
Authors: Froehlich Jeanette , Nelson David L.
Published: April 2012

Life review is often incorporated into therapy with the elderly in the form of verbal or activity groups. This study compares the affective meanings of life review through activities with life review through discussion. Twenty-two women between 60 and 85 years of age participated in one of two activity groups or in one of two discussion groups. Individuals in the activity groups expressed a positive event or accomplishment of their past by drawing and making collages. Then they discussed their finished products. In the discussion groups, subjects took turns describing a positive life event to other group members. Afterward, all subjects rated how they felt about themselves during the group using Osgood’s semantic differential scale. Analyses of variance for nested designs were completed on the scale’s evaluation, power, and action factors of affective meaning. They revealed significant differences between the groups within the activity and discussion conditions. However, differences between the activity and discussion conditions were not significant. In terms of clinical practice, life review was perceived as good, powerful, and active by this sample, and practitioners are urged to consider the importance of group-to-group differences in responses to activities.
Relationship Between Occupational Therapy Student Learning Styles and Clinic Performance
Authors: Stafford Elaine M.
Published: April 2012

Scores from the Learning Style Inventory (LSI), Your Style of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT), and Fieldwork Performance Reports (FWPRs) were used to assess the relationship between learning styles and clinic performance of 33 occupational therapy students who graduated from the University of Puget Sound in May 1983. The LSI was administered during the first semester of professional studies. The SOLAT was administered during the second fieldwork experience. There were significant correlations between scores from both learning style instruments and components of the Physical Disabilities Fieldwork Performance Report (PDFWPR) and Mental Health Fieldwork Performance Report (MHFWPR) scores. Results indicate that a logical, sequential cognitive style enhanced PDFWPR scores, but negatively affected some MHFWPR scores. A preference for active experimentation contributed to both PDFWPR and MHFWPR scores. Regression analysis identified the LSI Active-Reflective score as the best predictor of the PDFWPR total. Results suggest further research to assess learning styles as predictors of clinic performance and guides for curriculum design.
Comparison of Chewing Cycles in 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Normal Children
Authors: Schwaab Lynn Madras , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G.
Published: April 2012

Chewing movements of normal 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children were measured. Chewing movements of 2- and 3-year-olds were compared with those of 4- and 5-year-olds. Measures were taken on 56 children: 17 were 2 years old (8 female, 9 male); 19 were 3 years old (10 female, 9 male); and 20 were 4 years old (10 female and 10 male). Data of twenty 5-year-olds (10 males, 10 females) were taken from a previous study (9).

Chewing movements were measured by time (seconds), number of cycles, and a time/cycle ratio. A chewing cycle was defined as an upward and downward movement of the chin. Total time from the moment food was placed in the mouth until the final swallow occurred was divided by the number of cycles counted for the same period.

The type of food eaten affected time, cycles, and the time/cycle ratio, but age and sex did not. A comparison of younger (2- and 3-year-olds) and older children (4- and 5-year-olds) showed significant time differences. During maturation, time was shortened. It was shown earlier that under pathologic conditions (Down’s syndrome) time was prolonged. Thus, the time/cycle ratio is an excellent indicator of the developmental status of a child.
The Use of Overcorrection as a Means to Control Drooling
Authors: Trott Maryann Colby , Maechtlen Alice Dye
Published: April 2012

Excessive drooling in severely retarded students is a common classroom problem. This report presents a short, easy-to-execute correction procedure consisting of cleaning up saliva and pressing a tissue under the lips to decrease drooling. The procedure was used with a severely retarded girl who did not have any severe motor deficiencies. The procedure includes praise for a dry face. The procedure did decrease drooling, and the results were maintained over a 3-month period.
Health Promotion Through Employee Assistance Programs: A Role for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Maynard Marianne
Published: April 2012

Health promotion is predicted to have a major impact on occupational therapy practice. Keeping people well and promoting a healthy life-style will be the focus for the future. Many companies and agencies are taking the lead by instituting employee assistance programs (EAPs). With the de-emphasis on long-term hospital care, many occupational therapists will be seeking employment with community health programs. This paper advocates a role for occupational therapists in health promotion and disease prevention in an EAP. A description of EAPs and the contributions that occupational therapists can make to these programs is offered. Practice and education considerations for occupational therapists’ roles in EAPs are provided.
Occupational Therapy Education in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Authors: Rider Barbara A. , White Virginia K.
Published: April 2012

Educational experiences and didactic materials on health promotion are necessary for occupational therapists to remain current in the profession. This paper reviews health promotion learning experiences to determine the “state of the art” in this important area. It was found that few papers or workshops have been given at recent AOTA Annual Conferences; five universities received Allied Health Grants, which included occupational therapists, to develop health promotion learning materials; and occupational therapy educational curricula for the most part do include something on health promotion. The AOTA Special Interest Sections have shown interest in health promotion.
Activity Analysis: Agreement Among Factors in a Sensory Processing Model
Authors: Llorens Lela A.
Published: April 2012

A laboratory model designed to study tasks, activities, and occupation components is described. The feasibility of the model for gathering evidence about inherent factors perceived by participants in five discrete situations that involved spinning, drawing, manual rolling, buttoning, and chewing was tested. Results provide limited but specific evidence to support the concept that tasks, activities, and occupation components possess inherent factors that may be used in assessment and intervention to affect the interrelationships among external actions, external objects, and internal mental operations. Such evidence strengthens the credibility of emerging occupational theory for the practice of occupational therapy.
Chairing the Academic Occupational Therapy Department: A Job Analysis
Authors: Sieg Kay W.
Published: April 2012

The role of department chair is one of the most important roles in academia, yet chairs are rarely formally prepared for it. A modified job analysis format can be used to examine the role of the chair. In addition to administrative responsibilities, the chair, who is usually selected from the faculty, has teaching, research, and service responsibilities. Administrative functions include dealing with data (finances and programs), people (students, faculty, support personnel, the dean, and other administrators), and things (department reports, space, equipment, and materials).

There is a high attrition rate of department chairs. Occupational therapy students and therapists must be taught to see the academic chair position as an opportunity for a challenging career encompassing academia and administration.
Tongue Movements in Normal 2-, 3-, and 4-Year-Old Children: A Continuation Study
Authors: Schwaab Lynn Madras , Niman Carol W. , Gisel Erika G.
Published: April 2012

In this study, tongue movements of normal 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children were measured and compared. The 4-year-olds were also compared with 4-year-old children in a previous study (Schwartz J: Observation of Tongue and Jaw Movement in Normal Four- and Five-Year-Old Children, master’s thesis. Washington University, School of Occupational Therapy, St. Louis, MO, 1982). Measures were taken on 56 children: 17 two-year-olds (8 females, 9 males), 19 three-year-olds (10 females, 9 males), and 20 four-year-olds (10 females, 10 males). Two different tongue positions were quantified: First, the position of the tongue as the food was presented to the child at the moment when the food was 5 cm away from the lips and second, the position of the tongue as the food was swallowed. Younger children held their tongues in a more forward position when the food was presented, although the predominant tongue position was behind the teeth in all three age groups. During swallowing there was also a progression, as age increased, from pursing the lips to puckering at the corners of the mouth. Many children kept their mouth open during swallowing. These results provide further normative data for the assessment of eating-impaired children.
The Assessment of Occupational Functioning: A Screening Tool for Use in Long-Term Care
Authors: Watts Janet Hawkins , Kielhofner Gary , Bauer David F. , Gregory Mark D. , Valentine Diane B.
Published: April 2012

This paper describes the development of the Assessment of Occupational Functioning (AOF), a screening tool designed to assess the functional capacity of residents in long-term treatment settings who have physical and/or psychiatric problems. The assessment is based on six variables of the Model of Human Occupation. A study of 83 community and institutionalized elderly subjects was conducted to examine the AOF’s dimensionality, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, concurrent validity, and ability to discriminate between healthy and institutionalized adults. Item analysis suggests that ratings tend to correspond with components of the theoretical model. Both test-retest reliability and interrater reliability correlations for total test scores were above accepted minimum levels. Correlations of the screening tool with scores on the Life Satisfaction Index-Z, a concurrent validity measure, yielded positive correlations. Correlations of the screening tool score with another concurrent validity measure, the Geriatric Rating Scale score, yielded mixed results. Discrimination results indicated that the instrument can distinguish between the adaptive performance of normal and institutionalized populations.
Prediction of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Responsiveness Through Sensory Integrative Testing
Authors: Kimball Judith Giencke
Published: April 2012

Seventeen children previously judged to be good or poor responders to methylphenidate (Ritalin) were tested on sensory integrative measures while in the off-drug state. The tester was unaware of the children’s drug response category. Results showed that children who were poor responders to Ritalin showed prolonged scores on and an adverse reaction to the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test and had poorer equilibrium reactions and lower double tactile stimuli scores than the children judged good responders to Ritalin. These findings suggest that it might be possible to identify good and poor responders to Ritalin before the medication is given, something not previously thought possible. The current method for making this distinction is through a drug trial. These findings also indicate that there are at least two discernible types of hyperactivity associated with attention deficit disorders (ADD) that are theoretically related to differences in vestibular processing: one related to underaroused or overinhibited lower brain centers, and another related to deficient inhibition from higher brain centers. The good responders to Ritalin appear to be the underaroused group, the same population that responds to sensory integrative occupational therapy techniques. This implies that perhaps occupational therapy could be used to reduce the medication needs of these children.
Lateralization of Tongue Movements During Eating in Children 2 to 5 Years Old
Authors: Gisel Erika G. , Schwaab Lynn , Lange-Stemmler Loren , Niman Carol W. , Schwartz Jeannette L.
Published: April 2012

Normative data on skills of the tongue used in eating are presented. Normal children 2 to 5 years old were studied regarding their preference of placing food either on the right or left side when eating, and they were compared with age-matched Down’s syndrome children. In addition, the ability to move food from the right to the left side of the mouth was studied.

Normal children underwent a transition from predominantly placing food on the right side at 2 years of age to predominantly placing it on the left side at 4 years of age. Among Down’s syndrome children females preferred the right side, and males preferred the left side. The ability to move food from right to left (lateralizing) undergoes a developmental progression from tilting the head to rolling, followed by slow and eventually by smooth movement from one side to the other. Only 15% of the 5-year-olds were able to move food smoothly from side to side. These data provide a baseline against which children with eating problems can be compared.
A Hospital-Connected Halfway House Program for Individuals With Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Disabilities
Authors: Friedlob Sally A. , Janis Gloria A. , Deets-Aron Carole
Published: April 2012

A three-month, hospital-connected halfway house program was established by two occupational therapists at the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, California. The program emphasized living skills and social skill training for chronic neuropsychiatric patients. The 19 graduates of the program were able to make the transition from the hospital to the community and to maintain themselves in the community for longer periods of time with shorter rehospitalizations. The 5-year follow-up also indicated that for the majority of the patients the quality of community living improved as measured by their satisfaction with their occupational choices (vocational, avocational) and their living arrangements.
The Relationships Between Volition, Activity Pattern, and Life Satisfaction in the Elderly
Authors: Smith Nancy Riopel , Kielhofner Gary , Watts Janet Hawkins
Published: April 2012

This study examines the relationships between the volition subsystem, activity pattern, and life satisfaction of 60 elderly individuals. The volition subsystem includes an individual’s interests, values, and personal causation. The Occupational Questionnaire (OQ) was developed to measure volition subsystems and activity patterns, and it was pilot tested for reliability and validity. Scores on the OQ were compared with measures of subjects’ life satisfaction.

Results of the study identified several aspects of the subjects’ occupations that were related to their level of life satisfaction. The most important findings were the positive correlations between the degree of interest, value, and personal causation in occupation and life satisfaction. Time spent in work and leisure was found to be correlated more highly with high levels of life satisfaction than was time spent in daily living tasks and rest. Although further verification of these results is needed, these findings indicate that occupational therapists may enhance the life satisfaction of their elderly patients by emphasizing interests, values, personal causation, work, and leisure in their treatment programs.
Occupational Therapy Management of the Acute Spinal Cord–Injured Patient
Authors: Sargant Coletta , Braun Mary Ann
Published: April 2012

This report describes an occupational therapy program for the patient with an acute spinal cord injury. The program includes guidelines for evaluation and treatment, criteria for early orthotic selection, and psychological considerations. The program was developed by the occupational therapy staff at Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, in conjunction with a medical team and occupational therapy staff from the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. The intent of the program is to implement rehabilitation in the acute care environment immediately.
The Development of a Touch Scale for Measuring Tactile Defensiveness in Children
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic
Published: April 2012

A three-phase study was conducted to develop an attitude scale measuring tactile defensiveness in children aged 6 to 10 years. It was assumed that the effects of tactile defensiveness on the perception and behavior of children produces stereotypical responses that can be measured by an attitude scale. A 49-item scale was developed and administered to 80 normal and 22 tactually defensive children within a large suburban school district. A subsequent item analysis reduced the scale to 26 items. This touch scale yielded an internal consistency reliability of .79432 and could distinguish between groups at a statistically significant level (.0073). The touch scale offers potential for diagnosing tactually defensive children. However, future research is required before it can be employed as a diagnostic tool. Such research could focus on the test-retest reliability of the scale and the refinement of the diagnostic validity of the test.
An Assessment of the Impact of the Medicare Prospective Payment System on Level II Fieldwork
Authors: Kautzmann Lisette N.
Published: April 2012

The health care industry has undergone radical change because of the implementation of the Medicare Prospective Payment System (MPPS). This study is an assessment of the effect of MPPS on Level II fieldwork. Six factors that have the potential to influence fieldwork delivery patterns formed the basis of a questionnaire that was mailed to 23 occupational therapy directors in acute care Wisconsin hospitals. The 21 returned questionnaires were tallied by frequency of response and analyzed to ascertain current practice and changes resulting from MPPS. Findings indicate a strong commitment to professional and technical Level II fieldwork education. Departments reporting a decrease in staff were able to deflect the impact of the reductions by modifying their clinical education programs. Although changes were noted in all of the six identified categories, there was only minimal evidence that they were directly related to MPPS. Monitoring change during the 3rd and 4th year of the transition was recommended.
Continued Construct Validation of the St. Marys CVA Evaluation: Brunnstrom Arm and Hand Stage Ratings
Authors: Van Deusen Julia , Harlowe Diane
Published: April 2012

The purpose of the study was to test whether evaluations of cerebral vascular accident (CVA) patients show a significant relationship between ratings of Brunnstrom’s arm and hand stages and scores on Schenkenberg’s Line Bisection Test of unilateral neglect. Spearman rho correlation coefficients for 20 acute care right CVA subjects showed a highly significant relationship between performances on the two measures. Results can be interpreted to further the construct validity of the St. Marys CVA evaluation.
Tools of Practice: Heritage or Baggage?
Authors: Reed Kathlyn L.
Published: April 2012

Occupational therapists have used many media and methods over the years to achieve the therapeutic potential of occupational therapy. Yet the reasons for selecting a specific medium or method frequently have been lost or changed without consideration of the result to the therapeutic situation. When neither therapist nor patient understands fully the rationale for a medium or method, the therapeutic potential of that medium or method may be compromised. The author suggests there are eight factors that influence the selection and discarding of media and methods in the practice of occupational therapy. The effects of the eight factors can be summarized in 14 assumptions. Three examples—arts and crafts, sanding blocks, and work-related programs—are used to illustrate the factors and assumptions. It is suggested that improved analysis of occupations based on values and interests could reduce the separation of meaning and purpose in the selection and discarding of media and methods used in occupational therapy practice.
Concurrent Validity of Equilibrium Tests in Boys With Learning Disabilities With and Without Vestibular Dysfunction
Authors: Bundy Anita C. , Fisher Anne G. , Freeman Merilee , Lieberg Gabriele K. , Izraelevitz Terry Ellis
Published: April 2012

Six equilibrium measures were administered to 50 boys with learning disabilities, 25 with and 25 without suspected vestibular system dysfunction. Pearson product moment correlations were computed between test scores for the total sample and for each subgroup to establish concurrent validity between tests. Four correlations for the total sample and three for each of the subgroups were statistically significant. However, only 3 of the 10 correlation coefficients mentioned were greater than r = 0.5. The relatively low magnitude of many of the correlations obtained demonstrates that different tests of equilibrium measure different balance-related competencies, and that competence in one area does not indicate competence in another. Therapists evaluating equilibrium should administer more than one test. The tilt test used in this investigation did not correlate significantly with any other test. This suggests that tilt tests should routinely be included in the evaluation of equilibrium.
Cost–Benefit Analysis of Level II Fieldwork in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Shalik Linda Dean
Published: April 2012

This cost–benefit study of Level II (professional-level) fieldwork included 180 student–supervisor pairs from 12 occupational therapy educational programs. Costs and benefits were measured in time (valued at market rates) spent by students in patient treatment and by supervisors in fieldwork-related duties. Various factors were also evaluated to determine their relationship to overall cost or benefit.

Results indicated a mean benefit of $4,700 for 12-week placements. Costs generated in the first few weeks of placement were generally recovered by the 6th week, with benefits gradually increasing, then declining slightly through the end of the fieldwork. Greater economic benefits resulted from physical dysfunction and psychiatric placements than from pediatric placements, and with second and third student experiences as compared with first experiences.
The Possible Effects of a Change to Master’s Entry Level in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Pierce Doris , Jackson Jeanne , Rogosky-Grassi Mary , Thompson Mary Ellen , Menninger Beverly
Published: April 2012

One of the most challenging debates facing the profession of occupational therapy centers on whether or not the standard for entry level into the field should be upgraded. The occupational therapy baccalaureate degree has been viewed as too limited in scope and professional training, and the master’s degree has been forwarded as the standard for entry into the profession. However, upgrading the entry level standard raises several questions. This study considered 25 areas that would be affected by upgrading the entry level from the baccalaureate to the master’s level in occupational therapy and in related health professions. A model was developed to provide a framework for analyzing how a change in entry level will affect the current status of occupational therapy as a profession. Although the parallel material is drawn from other health professions, the considerations are similar to the ones faced by occupational therapy. This comparison is especially important because a major change in entry level education has far-reaching repercussions that must be considered before any groundwork is laid for upgrading educational requirements.
Computers and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Spicer Marti McGrath , McMillan Susan L.
Published: April 2012

Survey data were collected from a sample of 298 occupational therapy department directors on (a) department demographics; (b) availability of micro- or macrocomputers; (c) types of hardware, software, and peripheral devices used; (d) major purposes and functions for computers; and (e) major factors regarding choice of computers and equipment or factors most influential in the nonuse of computers. Usable questionnaires were returned from 238 or 80% of the sample. Thirty-five percent of the respondents had access to microcomputers in their work setting; however, only 11% actually had them in their occupational therapy department. The study also noted the versatility and adaptability of the computer as used in occupational therapy and discussed common limitations in its use.
A Scanning Computer Access System for Children With Severe Physical Disabilities
Authors: Treviranus Jutta , Tannock Rosemary
Published: April 2012

This article discusses scan access to microcomputers and describes a scanning keyboard designed to allow children who are severely physically disabled to access microcomputers for writing, playing, and engaging in educational activities. Two case examples are presented to illustrate potential applications of this keyboard.
A Comparison of the Use of Adaptive Microswitches by Students With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Everson Jane M. , Goodwyn Roberta
Published: April 2012

This paper describes systematic procedures used to assess, train, and compare the use of adaptive microswitches for microcomputers used by adolescents with cerebral palsy. A comparison is made of three students with cerebral palsy using microswitches to increase their production rates as part of a vocational training program. Future uses of adaptive microswitches in vocational and educational training programs are also considered.
Occupational Therapists’ Views About the Use of Robotic Aids for People With Disabilities
Authors: Glass Karen , Hall Karyl
Published: April 2012

The use of robotic aids for persons with disabilities has potential benefits both in terms of cost cutting and improved health care. This article reviews robotic aids currently in use and reports the results of a survey of 51 occupational therapists at four hospitals offering rehabilitation services for patients with spinal cord injuries: Therapists were generally positive about the use of robotic aids and expressed interest in learning more about this technology
The Development of Manual Midline Crossing in 2- to 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Stilwell Janet M.
Published: April 2012

The present study analyzed the development of manual midline crossing in a sample of one hundred sixty 2- to 6-year-old children and considered test construction factors that could affect the test design. The test construction factors addressed were (a) the effect of biasing the hand used for object manipulation and (b) the effect of distance from midline required for task completion on the frequency of manual midline crossing. A pegboard task was used to measure manual midline crossing. The results identified a developmental age trend in crossing the body midline in 2- to 6-year-old children. Biasing the hand used for object manipulation significantly increased the probability of eliciting manual midline crossing. A combination of linear and quadratic trends was found when the effect of distance from midline on the frequency of contralateral responses produced during testing was analyzed.