bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyses of pecan, peanut, and other oils by gas‐liquid chromatography and ultra‐violet spectrophotometry
Authors: French R. B.
Published: May 2007

Comparative analyses of oils obtained from 12 varieties of pecans, 11 of peanuts, two of avocados and one each of citrus seed, Wesson oil, corn, and of lard by GLC and UV procedures showed good agreement except for Wesson oil, corn oil, and lard. Iodine values computed from GLC results checked Wijs values closely. Oleic acid ranged from 51 to 77% in pecans and from 43 to 64% in the peanut with linoleic acid in complementary percentages.

Level of palmitic acid in the peanut varied directly with level of linoleic acid, in the avocado it apparently varied directly with level of hexadecenoic acid while in the pecan the level of palmitic remained constant even though the level of unsaturated acids varied widely. Both peanuts and pecans were locally grown under similar environmental conditions.
Some differences in composition of covering fat, intermuscular fat, and intramuscular fat of meat animals
Authors: Ostrander Joyce , Dugan L. R.
Published: May 2007

A method is described for rapid, reproducible extraction of total lipids from adipose and muscle tissues. The distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the depot fats and intramuscular lipids in loin or rib roasts of pork, beef, lamb, and veal has been determined. The phosphatides of the muscle were found to contain a greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the neutral fats of the intramuscular lipids.
The determination of mutton tallow in mutton/beef tallow mixtures
Authors: Szonyi C. , Craske J. D. , Tait R. S. , Poulos A.
Published: May 2007

A method is proposed for the determination of the mutton tallow content of mixed beef and mutton tallow samples. The calculation is based on the determination of conjugated diene,trans acids, and monocis unsaturated acids in the sample. The analytical findings are employed in a single equation which is weighted to minimize uncertainty due to natural variation. The method is largely independent of the degree of “seeding” of the tallow prior to sampling and is accurate to approximately ±14%. This accuracy is considered reasonable in view of the natural variations of the two fats and their close analytical similarity.
Acid‐treated florisil as an adsorbent for column chromatography
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: May 2007

Acid‐treated Florisil, prepared by the action of hot concentrated hyrochloric acid on Florisil, was found to be a useful adsorbent for separation of phospholipids and other complex lipids by column chromatography. This material gave separations similar to those obtained with commercial silicic acid but its coarse mesh size simplified the technical operations and permitted faster flow rates. Its use is illustrated by separations of model compounds and of lipids extracted from liver and brain.
Unsaturated aldehyde oils by the partial ozonization of soybean oil
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Anders D. E. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Aldehyde oils containing an average of one or two aldehyde groups per glyceride molecule were prepared by partial ozonization of soybean oil. Ozonization was carried out in ethyl acetate‐methanol solvent, and reduction of the ozonolysis products was done catalytically with palladium on charcoal in the presence of pyridine. Under these conditions, maximum conversion of unsaturated to carbonyl functionality was achieved without saturation of the unozonized double bonds. The products were oils having three different types of functionality: aldehydic, olefinic, and glyceride ester.
Incorporation of linolenic‐1‐C14 acid into eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in fish
Authors: Kayama Mitsu , Tsuchiya Yasuhiko , Nevenzel J. C. , Fulco Armand , Mead J. F.
Published: May 2007

Following intraperitoneal injection of methyl linolenate‐1‐C14 into kelp bass,Paralablax clathratus, the highly polyunsaturated fatty acids of their body fats were concentrated by low temperature crystallization from acetone, and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were isolated from the concentrate by reversed‐phase chromatography and hydrogenated. The resulting arachidic and behenic acids were degraded stepwise to margaric acid, and the distribution of activity was determined. The results indicate that the injected linolenic acid was converted to eicosapentaenoic acid and the latter incorporated into docosahexaenoic acid. A probable conversion pathway is linolenic acid薔6,9,12,15‐octadecatetraenoic acid薔8,11,14,17‐eicosatetraenoic acid薔5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid薔7,10,13,16,‐19‐docosapentaenoic acid薔4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid.
A study of odor stability of commercial stearic acid through isolation and identification of its volatile odoriferous compounds
Authors: Cheng Hisung , Chang Stephen S.
Published: May 2007

Commercial stearic acid may have an iodine value of less than 0.5. However, it develops a characteristic objectionable odor quite rapidly, sometimes before a shipment has reached its destination. The present investigation is an identification of the volatile odoriferous compounds which are responsible for this undesirable odor. Volatile compounds were isolated from commercial stearic acid and separated into acidic and nonacidic compounds. The acidic fraction did not have the characteristic off‐odor of the commercial stearic acid and was discarded. The nonacidic fraction was fractionated into pure compounds by repeated gas chromatography, which then were identified by a combination of gas chromatographic retention time and IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 52 compounds was identified positively. They contained a relatively large number of lactones, viz, 7 γ‐lactones, 4 δ‐lactones, and 2 γ‐2‐ene lactones. The other identified compounds were 11 saturated hydrocarbons, 7 saturated primary alcohols, 6 saturated methyl ketones, 10 saturated normal aldehydes, 4 saturated esters, and 1 diphenyl ether. In addition, 2 saturated aldehydes and 1 γ‐3‐ene lactone were identified tentatively. The odors of the saturated and unsaturated lactones were reminiscent of the objectionable odor characteristic of commercial stearic acid. Quantitative estimation indicated that commercial stearic acid contained: 0.47 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐hexanoic acid, lactone; 0.06 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐heptanoic acid, lactone; 0.31 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐octanoic acid, lactone; 0.06 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐nonanoic acid, lactone; and 0.53 ppm of 4‐hydroxy‐undecanoic acid, lactone.
Removal of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from marine oils during refining and hydrogenation for edible use
Authors: Addison R. F. , Ackman R. G.
Published: May 2007

Raw marine oils containing from 2–8 ppm DDT group pesticides, 0.00–0.03 ppm dieldrin, and 3–13 ppm polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1254) were subjected to pilot plant refining, hydrogenation, and deodorization for margarine stock production. Residues of all 3 groups were reduced to below detectable limits (0.06 ppm, 0.01 ppm, and 0.5 ppm for ΣDDT, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls [determined as decachlorobiphenyl], respectively) as a result of processing.
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of oil composition in single viable soybeans
Authors: Schaefer Jacob , Stejskal E. O.
Published: May 2007

High‐resolution, natural abundance13C NMR spectra of intact, viable soybeans have been obtained by Fourier transform techniques. The spectra are interpreted in terms of the relative concentrations of the major fatty acids present in the soybean triglycerides. This nondestructive analysis is sufficiently fast and accurate to permit the selection of individual soybeans for use in a genetic breeding program designed to reduce the undesirably high linolenic acid content of soybean oil.
Importance of alkalis, dispersants and sequestrants in building action
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya
Published: May 2007

The builder effects of a variety of alkalis, dispersants and sequestrants on detergency have been examined by changing builder compositions of detergents. The detergent formulated with an alkali, a dispersant and a sequestrant exhibits a high detergency, comparable to the standard detergent built with sodium tripolyphosphate. When any one of these three components is omitted, the detergency does not reach a satisfactory value. Further, when any two of them are eliminated, the detersive power is further reduced. Using these results the importance in building action of the combination of the three builder components has been discussed.
Reactions of the oxirane group
Authors: Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Epoxidized oils and esters have been used commercially for about two decades; their consumption is now of the order of 100 million lb./year, mainly as stabilizer‐plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymers. Yet in spite of their low price and ready availability, chemical derivatives of these substances have not achieved similar commercialization. It has long been known that the oxirane group is highly reactive and undergoes a wide variety of ring‐opening reactions with a broad range of electrophiles and nucleophiles. During the past ten years, in particular, new and interesting reactions of the oxirane group have been described that provide new routes to other heterocyclic ring systems and functional groups. After a brief background survey, recently published and unpublished reactions from the author’s laboratory, as well as reactions published by other groups, are described.
Account of Dr. Lyman’s research on gossypol and its significance and impact on the cottonseed industry
Authors: Harper Garlon A.
Published: May 2007

Carl M. Lyman and his associates made highly significant contributions to the development of basic and applied knowledge of gossypol and gossypol‐like pigments and their relationship to the utilization of cottonseed protein. Included among their studies were investigations of physiological activity, effect upon protein quality for monogastric animal nutrition, elimination and inactivation, biosynthesis of gossypol in the cotton root, isolation and characterization of a previously unidentified gossypol‐like compound, and ration formulation procedures for efficient feeding of both glanded and glandless cottonseed protein.
The effects of dietary gossypol on animals
Authors: Smith F. H. , Clawson A. J.
Published: May 2007

The pathological effects of gossypol in animals and the effects of protein quality and quantity on its toxicity are described. The method used for the isolation of gossypol from the liver of gossypol‐intoxicated pigs and its identification are presented. Wide distribution of gossypol in swine is shown by determining the free and bound gossypol in the various organs. The levels of iron necessary to overcome toxicity and to lower its accumulation in pigs were investigated. Effects of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, alone and in combination, on the gains and the accumulation of gossypol in the liver of rats were studied. Iron was definitely the most effective detoxifying agent.
Biological behavior of some soap‐based detergents
Authors: Maurer E. W. , Cordon T. C. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

The biodegradability of tallow soap, three soap‐based detergent formulations and their component lime soap dispersing agents—sodium methyl α‐sulfotallowate, sulfated N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) tallowamide, and sodium N‐methyl N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) tallowamide—was determined under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Both sewage and river water microorganisms were used as the sources of inoculum. The course of biodegradation was followed by loss of carbon and methylene blue active substance, and by increase in turbidity and surface tension. Carbon analysis for soap in solutions containing Ca++ and Mg++, which would precipitate soap, was performed by an improved technique using the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Invariably a decrease in carbon content was accompanied by an increase in turbidity and surface tension. Also, loss in methylene blue active substance was concurrent with an increase in turbidity and surface tension of the degrading solutions of the detergent. Soap cannot be determined as methylene blue active substance because of the low pH of the test. Soap and the built soap formulations degraded under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Preliminary toxicity data upon mammals and fish indicated that the soap‐based detergents are as safe as conventional commercial detergents.
Fatty acid composition of spanish peanut oils as influenced by planting location, soil moisture conditions, variety, and season
Authors: Young C. T. , Worthington R. E. , Hammons R. O. , Matlock R. S. , Waller G. R. , Morrison R. D.
Published: May 2007

Nine varieties or strains of Spanish type peanuts were grown in the National Variety Test in Georgia and Oklahoma with and without irrigation for two growing seasons. The oil of sound kernels was analyzed for fatty acid composition. Although no consistent pattern was found, in general, variation in fatty acid composition due to variety was much less in Oklahoma than in Georgia for both the irrigated and nonirrigated peanuts. Also, location effect and soil moisture conditions gave higher percentages of palmitic and oleic with a lower percentage of linoleic in the Georgia samples and in the nonirrigated samples from both locations. Several significant first and second order interactions with the three major fatty acids involving variety, location, and soil moisture conditions were observed.
Fully automated determination of solid fat content by pulsed NMR
Authors: Van Putte K. , Van Den Enden J.
Published: May 2007

Pulsed NMR has been developed into a quick, accurate fully automated method for the determination of the solid fat content in partially crystallized fats. Accepting a standard deviation of 0.3% solids, the percentage of solids is displayed on a digital voltmeter or printed out 6 sec after placing the sample into the sample holder. To allow for the dead time of the receiver, a correction factor has been introduced giving rise to only small errors (<1%) in the solid fat content. Due to the short measuring time, no temperature control of the sample holder is needed between 10–45 C. Pulsed NMR values can be converted into dilatations and vice versa.
Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, and ascorbic acid and their mode of action
Authors: Cort W. M.
Published: May 2007

In the quest to use antioxidant compounds occurring in nature or related compounds, extensive studies have been made on vegetable oils, animal fats, apocarotenal, and vitamin A as substrates with ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid as antioxidants. Antioxidant efficiency varies with the substrate. Ascorbyl palmitate at a level of 0.01% provides a useful increase in the shelf‐life of vegetable oils. Alone it is better than butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole and in combinations with other known antioxidants improves the shelf‐life of all vegetable oils, as well as potato chips. Solubility problems with ascorbyl palmitate and other esters of ascorbic acid are discussed. The tocopherols have their greatest effect in protection of animal fats, carotenoids, and vitamin A. Experiments utilizing tocopherols and tocopherol combinations are presented. The activity of ascorbic acid, an excellent scavenger of oxygen, is reviewed. Quenchers of singlet oxygen do not inhibit the direct oxidation of fats and oils under the conditions used.
Extraction of sesame seed protein and determination of its molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Guerra M. J. , Park Y. K.
Published: May 2007

Sesame seeds are an important source of edible oil and protein. Studies were made on protein solubility of defatted sesame seed meal in aqueous solution over various pHs or in various salt solutions. Maximum solubility was found in alkaline solution, and the proteins were almost insoluble at acid solution. The solubility of protein in NaCl or CaCl2 solution was increased upon increasing the salt concentrations up to 1 M. In Na2SO3 or Na2HPO4 solution, the solubility of protein was higher at lower salt concentrations but decreased at higher salt concentrations at pH 8. Extractable sesame seed proteins in salt solution separated into seven fractions electrophoretically (sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The mol wt of the seven fractions were 51,000, 31,000, 28,500, 25,500, 21,800, 20,500, and 17,900.
Dimer acids: Gas chromatographic analysis
Authors: Nelson J. P. , Milun A. J.
Published: May 2007

A gas chromatographic method is described for analyzing commercial polymerized fatty acids. The method determines unpolymerized acid, dimerized acid, and trimerized acid. Involved is an esterification to the methyl esters, followed by programed temperature gas liquid chromatography. Several years experience with this analysis has demonstrated its utility as a tool for quality control and research.
Chemical analysis of polymerization products in abused fats and oils
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Seery William E. , Bleffert George W.
Published: May 2007

For more than a decade, numerous analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and measurement of polymers in vegetable fats and oils. Many of the methods have been little more than laboratory curiosities, either because they were concerned with only very specific compounds or were too cumbersome and time consuming to become very popular. More recently, a number of methods in common use for analysis of fats and oils has been shown to be useful for indirectly measuring polymeric materials in heat abused oils. The present report shows, by the use of gel filtration chromatography, the validity of two of the indirect methods of estimating polymeric products of abused fats and oils. These methods are: the estimation of polymers through changes in the iodine value and the measurement of retention materials on a gas liquid chromatographic column. A new simplified internal standard gas liquid chromatographic procedure utilizing triglyceride standards also is presented. This latter method permits estimating the degree of degradation of vegetable fats and oils by any laboratory capable of determining the fatty acid composition of a sample by gas liquid chromatography.
Characterization of the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Chang S. S. , Brobst K. M. , Tai H. , Ireland C. E.
Published: May 2007

The reversion flavor isolated from reverted‐but‐not‐rancid soybean oil was separated into 14 fractions by gas‐liquid chromatography. The gas chromatographic fractions were collected in specially designed gas cells and polyethylene capillary traps for the determination of their infrared spectra by micro techniques. Ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, n‐butyraldehyde, 2‐heptanone, and 2‐heptenal were positively identified. Presence of alcohol, ester, and possibly dimethyl amino compounds in the fractions with higher chromatographic retention times was indicated by infrared analyses. Ultimate analyses of the flavor compounds isolated from reverted‐but‐not‐rancid soybean oil also indicated the presence of nitrogen compounds.
Removal of radio‐tagged protein and stearic acid soil from glass
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Satanek Joseph
Published: May 2007

Both algal protein and stearic acid soils are removed by water alone to near a 50% level; retained soil then becomes more difficult to remove. The bonding of protein soil to glass is stronger than that of tristearin, with indications that stearic acid soil is als slightly more adherent. The shape of the protein soil removal curves lacks the sigmoid shape of the tristearin or stearic acid soils, suggesting either the absence of sharp dependence upon critical micelle concentration, or the existence of adsorption largely at an essentially single energetic level. Both these soils are generally more effectively removed by anionic surfactants than was tristearin.

Sodium tripolyphosphate is quite effective for removal of both soils, but combination with surfactants failed to provide the synergistic combinations found in tristearin removal. Nevertheless surfactant soil removal was improved by STP combination.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. VI. Corn oil
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Nowakowska Janina , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Corn oil has been fractionated in a 200‐tube countereurrent distribution apparatus. Although this technique gives no information about the positional isomers of the glycerides, the fatty acid composition of the fractions and the amounts of the more unsaturated triglycerides are in agreement with an essentially random pattern.
Glycidyl esters. II. Synthesis of esters of commercial and pure fatty acids
Authors: Maerker Gerhard , Saggese Edward J. , Port William S.
Published: May 2007

The reaction of salts of earboxylic acids with epichlorohydrin in the presence of quaternary ammonium halides to form glycidyl esters has been demonstrated to be applieable to a variety of acids derived from fats, including commercial mixtures.

The glycidyl esters of pelargonic, lauric, oleic, dimerized linoleic, ricinoleic, behenic, and sebacic acids as well as those of the fatty acids derived from tallow, wool wax, and soya oil have been prepared in 80–95% yields and purities.
Differentiation of 1‐ and 2‐Monoglycerides by near‐infrared absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Susi H. , Morris S. G. , Scott W. E.
Published: May 2007

1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides can be differentiated and mixtures analyzed by investigating the overtone of the OH stretching vibration, which occurs in the near‐infrared spectral region close to 1.4 microns. The results are compared with data obtainable in the fundamental rock‐salt region.
Aliphatic urethanes. Effect of chain length on some physical properties
Authors: Shulman Sol , Formo Marvin W. , Rheineck Alfred E.
Published: May 2007

During a study of the thixotropic behavior of certain fatty materials a series of alkyl esters of substituted carbamic acids was prepared, and some of the physical properties were examined. Highly purified fatty aleohols and fatty isocyanates were reacted to give urethanes with from 8 to 22 carbon atoms in both the O‐alkyl and N‐alkyl groups.

The melting points of the urethanes were dependent not only on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule but also on the symmetry of the moiety. In an homologous series the melting point increases with the number of carbon atoms. When symmetry is reached, there is a sharp increase in the melting point. After this the increase is less pronounced.

The urethanes give thixotropic gels with ethyl alcohol, soybean oil, solvent‐thinned resins, and other similar materials at concentrations as low as 0.5%. In general, better‐defined crystal structure and poorer thixotropic properties were observed with an increase in symmetry.
Characterization of oils from low‐gland and glandless cottonseed
Authors: Thaung U Kyaw , Gros Audrey , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

New varieties of cotton which contain few or no gossypol pigment glands are being developed. Commercial production of such varieties should contribute to improving meal quality and reducing the color problems encountered with cottonseed oil. Samples of gland‐containing, low‐gland, and glandless seed grown in California were obtained, and the oils were extracted and characterized.

With regard to the over‐all characteristics the oils from the low‐gland and glandless seed were indistinguishable from regular cottonseed oil. Iodine values, contents of unsaponifiables, cloud‐ and pour‐points, response to the Halphen test, and similar characteristics resembled those of commercial cottonseed oil. No differences were found in behavior during winterization.

Determination of the component fatty acids by gas chromatography showed the fatty acid composition of the oils to be typical. Determination of the positions of the double bonds in the unsaturated acyl groups showed no differences between the oils from gland‐containing, low‐gland, and glandless seed. Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectra of the oils revealed no differences other than the presence of gossypol in the crude oil from the gland‐containing seed. The infrared spectra of the unsaponifiable fractions obtained from the oils showed some differences, which were not believed to be important.
The chemistry of polymerized oils. VII. Cyclization of methyl beta‐eleostearate
Authors: Rivett D. E. A.
Published: May 2007

Evidence is presented for the presence of various structural types in the cyclic product obtained by thermal polymerization of methyl β‐eleostearate under mild conditions. Of these types a 1,2‐dialkyl‐3,5‐cyclohexadiene is probably the primary product.
Properties of the fatty acid esters of amylose
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

To help establish the suitability of esters of amylose and fatty acids as dip‐coating materials, esters of the evennumbered, saturated fatty acids, acetic through stearic, and of oleic and cottonseed oil fatty acids were prepared, and their properties were determined.

The various esters generally were prepared by the interaction of acid chlorides with the amylose suspended in a suitable mixture of solvents. Analyses for content of free fatty acid groups indicated that high proportions of the hydroxyl groups were esterified. Intrinsic viscosity decreased as the chain length of the acyl group increased, a reflection of the changing nature of the products rather than a decrease in the degree of polymerization of the amylose.

As the chain length of the saturated fatty acid group increased the softening point at first decreased and then increased, the minimum being obtained with the myristate. The stearate softened at 56.2ŶC. The stearate had a hardness index of 139, which was about equal to the index of 140 for completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Densities were greater than those of the corresponding triglycerides and decreased as the chain length of the fatty acid group increased. Permeability to water vapor also decreased as the chain length increased, the index being 620ȕ10蜢12 for the acetate and 15ȕ10蜢12 for the stearate. The acetate possessed the highest tensile strength, about 4.40 kg./sq. mm., while the palmitate had a tensile strength of about 0.49 kg./sq. mm. Elongation at the break point varied widely, being 632% for the caprate and 0.95% for the stearate.
Synergistic interactions of shampoo ingredients
Authors: Hay Peter M.
Published: May 2007

Certain pairs of surfactants interact in relatively concentrated aqueous solutions to give unexpectedly high viscosity. When nonsurfactant substances are added to such a surfactant pair, there may be either a further increase in viscosity or a decrease. Results of detergency tests of one surfactant pair in varying proportions are given.
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats with dimsylsodium
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

The conjugation of polyunsaturated fatty esters, including soybean oil, trilinolein, soybean methyl esters, and methyl linolenate and linoleate, with the sodium salt of dimethyl sulfoxide (dimsylsodium) as catalyst has been investigated. Methyl esters are ca. 95% conjugated within 2 hr. Glycerides react more slowly but are similarly conjugated within 24 hr. The glyceride linkages are not destroyed as they would be with aqueous or alcoholic alkali. Highly conjugated oils can thus be prepared.
Sterol composition of 19 vegetable oils
Authors: Itoh T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T.
Published: May 2007

The unsaponifiables from 19 vegetable oils were divided into a sterol and three other fractions by thin‐layer chromatography. All except olive and palm kernel oils gave the sterol fraction in a large quantity. Compositions of the sterol fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Identification of each sterol was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol were present in all oils, and a minor amount of cholesterol in majority of the oils. Brassicasterol occurrence was widespread but its content was extremely small in oils other than rapeseed oil. Other sterols, presumably δ7‐stigmastenol and δ5‐ and δ7‐avenasterol were detected in most of the oils.
Preparation and properties of oxalic acid salts of C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty amides
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Crystalline oxalic acid salts of stearamide, oleamide and elaidamide consisting of 2 mol amide to 1 mol oxalic acid have been prepared and characterized by melting point and IR and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Their IR spectra are compared to those of the amides. Long spacings are reported for the crystalline salts, and both long and short spacings for these amides and linoleamide.
Esters of polyallyl alcohols as protective coating vehicles
Authors: Cox R. P. , Jerabek R. D. , Konen J. C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The polyallyl alcohols were found to be typical polyhydroxy compounds in esterification reactions with soybean, linseed, and rosin acids.

Alcoholysis of soybean oil to give mixed glycerol‐polyallyl esters procceded only with simpler polyols whose size did not exceed an average of 9.5 allyl alcohol units.

Polyallyl alcohol proved to be an excellent oil upgrader, the mixed glyceryl polyallyl esters of soybean oil at a 10–15% polyallyl alcohol level were superior to linseed oil in film properties. Complete soybean or linseed esters containing 21–25% of polyallyl alcohol were found to be superior to standard soybean and linseed varnish oils in 30‐gal. pentaerythritol ester gum varnishes and equivalent to dehydrated castor in short length maleic resin varnishes.

A soybean fatty acid‐rosin polyester prepared from 47.1% of fatty acids, 31.4% polymerized rosin and 21.5% of polyallyl alcohol X‐101 was equivalent to a soybean oil copolymer or a medium oil length castor alkyd as a baking enamel vehicle.
Plasticizer properties of some acrylonitrile‐eleostearate adducts and their hydrogenated derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Mod R. R. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

The addition products obtained by the Diels‐Alder reaction of acrylonitrile with the methyl, ethyl, and butyl eleostearates have been prepared in good yields and purified by means of high‐vacuum distillation. It has been possible to saturate preferentially by hydrogenation both the cyclic and exocyclic double bonds of the acrylonitrile adducts without material reduction of the nitrile group. Also the acrylonitrile adduct of tung oil has been prepared. All these adducts have been intercompared with DOP and evaluated as primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. These products, with the exception of the nonhydrogenated ethyl and butyl derivatives, were found to be satisfactory as primary plasticizers. The results obtained indicate that hydrogenation greatly improves the compatibility of the adducts without changing their other plasticizing characteristics appreciably. The outstanding characteristic of all the adducts is their high plasticizing efficiency, as reflected by their low modulus at 100% elongation.
Isolation of two nitrogen‐free toxins from tung kernels
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Rayner E. T.
Published: May 2007

A procedure is described for isolating two nitrogen‐free toxins from tung kernels and from press cake. Chick‐feeding tests were used to determine which fraction was toxic at every separation. Both substances were highly toxic as 10‐mg. doses killed 4‐day old chicks. These substances were shown by chromatography on glass paper to be different and chromatography homogeneous, but also unstable. The elementary composition, hydroxyl content, saponification value, and specific rotation for the two toxins are given.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats
Authors: Youngs C. G.
Published: May 2007

A method has been described for the quantitative determination of the following six glyceride types in fats: SSS, SSU, SUS, SUU, USU, and UUU. The method involved a quantitative oxidation of the unsaturated acids in the whole fat to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids. The oxidized fat was separated on a liquid‐liquid partition column into two fractions, the first containing glycerides having no dicarboxylic acid or one dicarboxylic acid and the second containing glycerides with two or three dicarboxylic acids. Analysis of these fractions by gas chromatography coupled with lipase hydrolysis allowed the calculation of the proportions of the above six glyceride types.

The oxidation, fractionation, lipase hydrolysis, gas chromatographic analysis, and the over‐all method were checked on natural fats and mixtures of synthetic glycerides. The final glyceride composition appeared to be reliable to within plus or minus 2 unit per cent.

Analyses are given for five natural fats. The compositions found agree very well with those calculated by a distribution theory recently proposed by Vander Wal.
The structural components of milk triglycerides
Authors: Ast H. J. , Vander Wal R. J.
Published: May 2007

Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and gas chromatographic analysis of two samples of butter fat show that the individual acyl groups are not dispersed at random among all the glyceryl carbons. When considered only as saturated or unsaturated, and not as individuals, they appear to be distributed intermolecularly at random, or nearly so, but tend to assume specific positions intramolecularly.
Analysis of the glyceride structure of cocoa butter by thermal gradient crystallization
Authors: Jones Gary V. , Hammond Earl G.
Published: May 2007

Cocoa butter was separated into 43 fractions by crystallization in a thermal gradient. Similar fractions were pooled and converted into methyl esters which were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The amount of cocoa butter separated into a pure glyceride type was 85%. No significant difference was found in the ratio of palmitic to stearic acid in the GSU2 and GS2U. In the GS2U, ternary and binary eutectic mixtures are predicted by the ideal solution theory. When the eutectics are taken into consideration, the individual glyceride composition of cocoa butter agrees well with the composition predicted by restricted random distribution. To test the ability of thermal gradient crystallization to separate GU3 and GS2U a sample of cocoa butter plus 10% triolein was analyzed. The apparent composition of the cocoa butter and triolein indieated that the GU3 and the GS2U separation was incomplete.
Partial fractionation of fatty acid triglycerides on a silicic acid column
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Chapman D. G.
Published: May 2007

A silicic acid column chromatographic method for the fractionation of glyceride types, employing an all‐glass apparatus which permits gradient changes in solvent mixtures under pressure is described. Data on seven natural fats are discussed on the basis of the iodine values of individual fractions. The general trend in elution with the increasing concentration of ethyl ether in n‐hexane is governed by a) chain length and b) unsatuation of the constitutent fatty acids. Glycerides containing short‐chain acids are more strongly adsorbed than those containing long‐chain acids and glycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids are more strongly adsorbed in direct relation to unsaturation than those containing saturated acids of the same chain‐length.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol concentrations of plasma and aorta and their relationship to avian atherosclerosis
Authors: Feigenbaum A. S. , Fisher H. , Leveille G. A. , Weiss H. S. , Griminger P.
Published: May 2007

Growing cockerels were fed diets varying in level of protein and cholesterol and in the type of fat. Their plasma and aortas were examined for cholesterol, polynsaturated fatty acids, and atherosclerotic involvement.

The cholesterol levels of plasma and aorta were increased by low‐protein diets and by added dietary cholesterol, singly or in combination.

There appeared to be an inverse relationship between cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in both the plas and aorta.

It was again confirmed that atherosclerotic involvement is greatest in theabdominal section of the avian aorta.

There was no clear intergroup relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acid levels or cholesterol concentration of the blood and the aorta and atherosclerotic involvement.

The birds receiving the combination of coconut oil and cholesterol showed a clear trend towards greater atherosclerotie involvement than those fed corn oil.
A comparison of two methods for testing detergents
Authors: Barker George E. , Kern Curtis R.
Published: May 2007

A comparative study has been made of two common methods of measuring detergency. It has been shown that the method involving the measurement of light reflectance of soiled and washed fabrics gives results which lead to essentially the same conclusions as does the method involving the determination of the light transmission of wash liquors for a typical non‐ionic detergent and a typical anionic detergent. The two methods did not give comparable results when tallow soap was used.

A simple experimental method which indicates the applicability of the method involving the measurement of light transmission of wash liquors has been devised.
Modification of vegetable oils. IX. Purification of technical monoglycerides
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Gros Audrey T.
Published: May 2007

Methods of purifying technical monoglycerides produced from cottonseed oil stearine by interesterification were investigated.

It was found that the concentration of uncombined glycerol in technical monoglycerides could be reduced to about 0.4% by dissolving the technical product in commercial hexane, adding water equivalent to twice the amount of free glycerol, and separating the hexane solution. The formation of stable emulsions was largely avoided by this procedure.

Technical monoglycerides containing 38.9% monoglycerides were purified by distributing them between two immiscible liquid phases (commercial hexane and an aqueous solution of methanol or ethanol). Products containing as much as 80% of monoglycerides were obtained in this manner.

On fractionally crystallizing a solution of the same technical monoglyceride from aqueous ethanol, a glyceride fraction having a purity of 92% and containing 74% of the monoglycerides in the technical product was obtained.

It was found that by addition of proper amounts of water ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and acetone could be made nearly equivalent for fractionating mixtures of glycerides. Methanol is most sensitive to a change in water content while isopropanol is least sensitive.

When commercial hexane was used in the fractional crystallization of technical monoglycerides, as much as 84% of the non‐monoglycerides was retained in the liquid phase, and the glycerides from this phase were found to have a monoglyceride content of 9.8%. The solids obtained by crystallizations from hexane were found to simulate the filtrates obtained with the polar solvents.

When a mixture of technical monoglycerides was partially crystallized from a solvent, the composition of the glycerides remaining in the solvent was relatively unaffected by changes in the concentration of the glycerides originally present in the solution.
An improved method for the determination of iodine numbers
Authors: Harvey Benham G. , Klee Leo
Published: May 2007

A modified Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn method has been described in which, with one easily prepared and stable reagent, consistent and repeatable iodine numbers are obtained in one minute with all ordinary nonconjugated fats and oils.
Extraction and evaluation of oil from dried brewer's grains
Authors: Brasch J. F. , Gibbs P. , Siefker J. A.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

The oil extracted from dried brewers' grains from a brewery using rice as an adjunct is somewhat similar in its fatty acid composition to cottonseed oil, but its dark color, high free fatty acid (19.6 to 23.2%), high unsaponifiable fraction (3.5 to 5.5%), and high acetone‐insoluble fraction (2.11 to 9.23%) lessen the value of this oil. Since conventional methods of refining did not prove satisfactory, this oil appears to be of value only as a source of fatty acids and would therefore have to be classified with vegetable oil foots.
Synthesis and bacteriostatic properties of acylarylureas and alkylarylureas
Authors: Micich T. J.
Published: May 2007

Fatty substituted ureas (RNHCONHR’) were prepared where R is an aliphatic acyl or alkyl group and R’ is a substituted phenyl group or a thiazole group. The benzene ring was generally substituted with chlorine, nitro, hydroxy, or a combination of these groups. The compounds were ineffective against gram‐negative microorganisms but a number of samples inhibited the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus at 1 ppm. Bacteriostatic activity was generally observed where the acyl or alkyl group contained 6–10 carbon atoms and where R’ is 4‐nitrophenyl, 4‐chloro‐3‐nitrophenyl or a thiazole group derived from 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazole. Scattered activity at 1 ppm was observed where R’ is 3‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐ and 3,5‐dichlorophenyl, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐chlorophenyl, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitrophenyl, 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenyl, 3,5‐dinitrophenyl and 2‐nitro‐4‐chlorophenyl. The alkylureas appear to be more active than the acylureas.
A study of surfactant flooding at high salinity and hardness
Authors: Novosad J. , Maini B. , Batycky J.
Published: May 2007

The main purpose of this work was to evaluate surfactant systems in terms of viscosities and retention levels in Berea sandstone and in terms of their oil displacement efficiencies. Commercially available surfactants can act as effective cosurfactants to petroleum sulfonates in high salinity and high hardness environments. Such systems can achieve the ultralow interfacial tensions required for effective tertiary oil recovery. The two cosurfactants producing effective systems distribute between the phases in such a way that one is between the upper and middle phases, and the other is between the middle and lower phases. The cosurfactant material increases the excess phase uptake into the microemulsion‐rich phase which is opposite to the behavior of alcohols used in low salinity formulations. Tertiary oil in Berea sandstone is recoverable by such surfactant systems in high salinity and high hardness environments. The chromatographic separation of surfactant species has been observed. Retention levels are quite high and must be reduced substantially before these systems can be commercialized.
Polarographic studies of fat oxidation
Authors: Kalbag S. S. , Narayan K. A. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

The polarograms of autoxidized soybean oil indicated the presence of a peroxide, which was formed in considerably larger proportion in soybean oil than in methyl esters of similar composition. This peroxide was reduced at more positive potentials than the hydroperoxide at the dropping mercury electrode. In solvent fractionation, using mixtures of Skellysolve F and acetone, this peroxide associates with the polymerized fraction. Hydrogenated soybean oil samples and olive oil also showed the presence of this peroxide in considerable concentrations in the period that they began to give turbid solutions in Skellysolve F. Soybean oil oxidized in the presence of cobalt catalyst contained negligible proportions of peroxides normally reduced at the dropping mercury electrode. Attempts to concentrate the peroxides from methyl oleate oxidized in a similar manner did not succeed.
Gossypol and gossypurpurin in cottonseed of different varieties of G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, and variation of the pigments during storage of the seed
Authors: Boatner Charlotte H. , Castillon Leah E. , Hall C. M. , Neely J. Winston
Published: May 2007

Selected varieties of cottonseed comprising three Sea Island cottons, four Egyptian cottons, and 10 upland cottons providing two or more varieties having the following characteristics: short, intermediate, and long staple; low, intermediate, and high content of lipids; and low, intermediate, and high content of protein, were planted and grown under as nearly identical conditions as possible.

The initial contents of moisture, lipids, nitrogen, gossypol, and gossypurpurin of the harvested seed were determined, after which samples of all of the seed were stored for a year under identical conditions and analyzed periodically for gossypol and gossypurpurin.

A definite relation was found between the species of the seed and their content of gossypol and gossypurpurin. Sea Island and Egyptian seed of the speciesG. barbadense contained more gossypol and very much more gossypurpurin than seed of the speciesG. hirsutum. Within the speciesG. barbadense Sea Island seed contained more gossypol and less gossypurpurin than Egyptian seed.

Gossypurpurin increased during storage of all of the seed whereas gossypol varied in a number of different ways, increasing in some, decreasing in others, and remaining relatively constant in a few samples of stored seed.

A discussion is presented of the theoretical and practical implications of these observations.
A new oxidation method for the determination of saturated fatty acids
Authors: Fitelson J.
Published: May 2007

A method for the quantitative determination of the saturated acids in fats has been developed. This method is based upon the non‐disruptive oxidation of the unsaturated acids by performie acid, extraction of the oxidized mixture with petroleum ether and, finally, chromatographie purification of the saturated acids. The final residue contains a small quantity of non‐acid material, usually 0.1 to 0.7%, based on the total mixed fatty acids. The unsaturation of these saturated acids is equivalent to about 0.1%, as oleic acid, so that a total absolute correction of about 0.4% must be applied. The method is fairly simple and rapid, requiring about six hours for one determination and can be applied to a wide variety of fats.

The method has been tested with known mixtures of pure saturated and unsaturated acids, with results varying up to 0.6% from the calculated values. Recovery of added saturated acids to olive oil fatty acids has also been satisfactory. Application of the method to the common fats shows good reproducibility, with results that compare favorably with the best accepted values. Fats containing distinctive acids, such as isooleic, eleaostearic, chaulmoogric, and rieinoleic acid, presented no analytical difficulties. However celery seed oil (petroselinic acid) contains interfering nonfatty material so that the final residue must be further purified. The method can also be used with fats containing lauric, capric, and small quantities of caprylic acids but is not satisfactory when appreciable quantities of water‐soluble saturated acids are present.
The melting point behavior of mixtures of the solid tetra‐ and hexabromides of linoleic and linolenic acids
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: May 2007

The melting points of binary mixtures of tetrabromostearic acid and hexabromostearic acid are reported.

The system shows a eutectic between 9 and 10% by weight of hexabromide and at a temperature of 112°C.

It has been shown that it is necessary to report heating time and rate as well as melting point for hexabromostearic acid because of its extreme sensitivity to heat.
Lespedeza seed oil
Authors: Wiley Richard H. , Cagle A. W.
Published: May 2007

Lespedeza seéd oil has been isolated by extraction of the pulverized seed with diethyl ether, petroleum ether, hexane, and tetrachloroethylene in 11.1–11.7% yield. The crude oil has been characterized by a number of standard tests. Its outstanding properties are its iodine number of 147 and its ability to dry.