bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global distributions of overlapping gravity waves in HIRDLS data
Authors: Wright C. J. , Osprey S. M. , Gille J. C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Data from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument on NASA's Aura satellite are used to investigate the relative numerical variability of observed gravity wave packets as a function of both horizontal and vertical wavenumber, with support from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on TIMED. We see that these distributions are dominated by large vertical and small horizontal wavenumbers, and have a similar spectral form at all heights and latitudes, albeit with important differences. By dividing our observed wavenumber distribution into particular subspecies of waves, we demonstrate that these distributions exhibit significant temporal and spatial variability, and that small-scale variability associated with particular geophysical phenomena such as the monsoon arises due to variations in specific parts of the observed spectrum. We further show that the well-known Andes/Antarctic Peninsula gravity wave hotspot during southern winter, home to some of the largest wave fluxes on the planet, is made up of relatively few waves, but with a significantly increased flux per wave due to their spectral characteristics. These results have implications for the modelling of gravity wave phenomena.
Planetary period oscillations in Saturn's magnetosphere: comments on the relation between post-equinox periods determined from magnetic field and SKR emission data
Authors: Cowley S. W. H. , Provan G.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We discuss the properties of Saturn planetary period oscillations (PPOs) deduced from analysis of Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) modulations by Fischer et al. (2014), and from prior analysis of magnetic field oscillations data by Andrews et al. (2012) and Provan et al. (2013), with emphasis on the post-equinox interval from early 2010 to early 2013. Fischer et al. (2014) characterize this interval as showing single phase-locked periods in the northern and southern SKR modulations observed in polarization-separated data, while the magnetic data generally show the presence of separated dual periods, northern remaining shorter than southern. We show that the single SKR period corresponds to the southern magnetic period early in 2010, segues into the northern period in late 2010, and returns to the southern period in mid-2012, approximately in line with changes in the dominant magnetic oscillation. An exception occurs in mid-February to late August 2011 when two periods are again discerned in SKR data, in good agreement with the ongoing dual periods in the magnetic data. Fischer et al. (2014) discuss this change in terms of a large jump in the southern SKR period related to the Great White Spot storm, which the magnetic data show is primarily due instead to a reappearance in the SKR data of the ongoing southern modulation in a transitory interval of resumed southern dominance. In the earlier interval from early April 2010 to mid-February 2011 when Fischer et al. (2014) deduce single phase-locked periods, we show unequivocal evidence in the magnetic data for the presence of separated dual oscillations of approximately equal amplitude. We suggest that the apparent single SKR periods result from a previously reported phenomenon in which modulations associated with one hemisphere appear in polarization-separated data associated with the other. In the following interval, mid-August 2011 to early April 2012, when Fischer et al. (2014) again report phase-locked northern and southern oscillations, no ongoing southern oscillation of separate period is discerned in the magnetic data. However, the magnetic amplitude data show that if a phase-locked southern oscillation is indeed present, its amplitude must be less than ~ 5–10 % of the northern oscillation.
Raw Glycerol as an Alternative Carbon Source for Cultivation of Exopolysaccharide-Producing Bacteria
Authors: Trindade Renata Aguirre , Munhoz Adriel Penha , Burkert Carlos André Veiga
Published: July 2015

The large-scale use of biodiesel has shown significant environmental benefits as regards the reduction of global warming impacts. The increased generation of glycerol, the main byproduct of the reaction, makes necessary to propose alternatives to its use. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate raw glycerol (RG), a byproduct from biodiesel synthesis, as a carbon source for the cultivation of bacteria recognized as exopolysaccharides (EPSs) producers, compared with sucrose (S) and with a mixture of both components in a ratio of 1:1 w:w (SRG). The bacteria used were: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 1230, Pseudomonas oleovorans NRRL B-14683, Sphingomonas capsulata NRRL B-4261 and Zymomonas mobilis NRRL B-4286. All bacteria were capable of growing and producing EPSs using RG as the sole carbon source. For X. campestris, EPSs concentration of around 4.00 g L-1 was found for the different carbon sources tested. For P. oleovorans, only the medium composed by S (0.85 g L-1) differed from the other media, with better results being found using RG and SRG. S. capsulata showed higher concentration in the medium containing S and SRG, around 3.40 g L-1, and in the medium containing RG this value decreased to 1.70 g L-1. Z. mobilis, on the other hand, showed a better result using SRG (1.41 g L-1), and in the medium containing S and RG, these values were lower, reaching 0.27 and 0.77 g L-1, respectively.
Proposta e Avaliação de uma Abordagem Lúdica para o Ensino de Histórias de Usuário e Scrum
Authors: Carvalho Lorena Adrian Cardoso , Barbosa Marcelo Werneck , Silva Vinícius Bernardo
Published: July 2015

O processo de aprendizagem está aprimorando constantemente seus métodos de ensino para que se obtenha uma melhoria na educação. Ensinar conceitos relacionados ao levantamento de requisitos, definição de escopo e gerenciamento de projetos demanda alinhamento entre teoria e prática. Esse trabalho apresenta e avalia uma proposta de abordagem para ensinar conceitos de Histórias de Usuários nos moldes do desenvolvimento ágil Scrum. Baseado na metodologia ADDIE se deu o desenvolvimento da atividade que foi validada junto a alunos de graduação e pós-graduação da Universidade X. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a atividade atingiu seus objetivos propostos mesmo entre alunos que já conheciam a técnica e/ou possuíam experiência profissional em métodos ágeis. Uma contribuição importante deste trabalho é disponibilizar os materiais e roteiros para outros professores para que a atividade possa ser facilmente replicada em outras instituições e consequentemente constantemente evoluída.
New records of Dasyhelea Kieffer, 1911 from Sweden, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Strandberg Jonas , Johanson Kjell Arne
Published: July 2015

Based on intensive collecting from various sites in Sweden, the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer, 1911 was reviewed and the number of species now known from the country increased from five to twenty. Among the new species recorded there are two species described as new to science, D. dominiakae sp. nov. and D. gothlandica sp. nov., both in the subgenus Dicryptoscena Enderlein, 1936. The following subgenera are now documented from Sweden: Dasyhelea, Dicryptoscena, Pseudoculicoides Malloch, 1915, Prokempia Kieffer, 1913 and Sebessia Remm, 1979, the two latter subgenera being reported for the first time.
The assessment of dog welfare in the waiting room of a veterinary clinic
Authors: Mariti C , Raspanti E , Zilocchi M , Carlone B , Gazzano A
Published: July 2015

Veterinary visits are known to be stressful for many dogs. The aim of this study was to assess dog welfare in the waiting room of the veterinary clinic through a multi-modal, non-invasive approach. Forty-five dogs were each videoed for 3 min in the waiting room of a veterinary clinic where they went for a scheduled visit. The welfare of each dog was assessed using a thorough video analysis and two overall evaluations (low, medium and high stress); one performed by a veterinary behaviourist and one by the dog's owner. Two-thirds of dogs spent more than 20% of the time displaying at least one indicator of stress, and 53.3% showed four or more behavioural signs of stress. Assessments of stress by the behaviourist indicated that level of stress in the waiting room was high in 28.9% of cases. The agreement between owners’ and behaviourist's overall evaluations was quite low. The behaviourist's evaluations were strongly correlated with the time spent by dogs showing signs of stress and moderately correlated with the number of displayed signs, whilst owners’ evaluations were not closely correlated to those factors. Dogs rated as highly stressed by the behaviourist were more prone to display resistance (halting, refusing to budge) when moving from the waiting room to the consultation room. The results of this pilot study support the idea that the welfare of dogs in the veterinary waiting room is often impaired, and that owners are unable to accurately assess stress in their dogs in such situations.
Brachycephalic problems of pugs relevant to animal welfare
Authors: Bartels A , Martin V , Bidoli E , Steigmeier-Raith S , Brühschwein A , Reese S , Köstlin R , Erhard M
Published: July 2015

Excessive breeding for brachycephaly (fore-shortened muzzle) has led to increasing problems in pugs related to brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS). Consequently, the German Pug Club (Deutscher Mopsclub eV; DMC) established a stress test in 2009 that must be passed for breeding and requires normalised heart and respiratory rates 15 min after having covered a distance of 1 km. In this study, 42 pugs underwent the stress test under standardised conditions. Taking into account that this exercise should not be too physically demanding for any healthy dog, the results were surprising: 14 of the pugs failed, ie a failure rate of 33.3%. In addition to the stress test, the pugs were assessed according to their heart and respiratory rates at rest, which we predicted would be associated with BAS, and in this test, 21 out of 42 pugs failed. Thus, 50.0% of the pugs were in a severely compromised physical condition. A further group of seven retropugs, ie a crossbreed of pugs with a slightly longer muzzle, was included in the study to compare brachycephalic problems. All of the retropugs passed the test, even when respiratory and heart rates at rest were considered. However, the findings may not be transferable to all retropugs because of the small sample size, so further research is needed. In summary, this study has enabled the development of recommendations for future implementation of stress tests.
Automatic classification of measures of lying to assess the lameness of broilers
Authors: Aydin A , Bahr C , Berckmans D
Published: July 2015

Leg disorders are a major cause of poor welfare in broilers. Previous studies have shown that at slaughter age at least 90% of chickens experienced some degree of gait problems and approximately 30% were seriously lame. In this study, a new and non-invasive technique was developed to automatically assess the lameness of the birds. For this purpose, video surveillance images of broilers with five different pre-defined gait scores were recorded as they walked along a test corridor. Afterwards, the image-processing algorithm was applied to detect the number of lying events (NOL) and latency to lie down (LTL) of broiler chickens. Then, the results of the algorithm were compared with visually assessed manual labelling data (reference method) and the relation between these measures and lameness was investigated. Eighty-three percent of NOL were correctly classified by the automatic monitoring system when compared to manual labelling using a data set collected from 250 broiler chickens. The results also showed a positive significant correlation between NOL and gait score and a significant negative correlation between LTL and gait-score level of broilers. Since strong correlations were found, on the one hand, between two measures and gait-score level of broiler chickens and, on the other, between the results of algorithm and manual labelling, the results suggest this automatic monitoring system may have the potential to be used as a tool for assessing lameness of broiler chickens.
Prefrontal dopamine regulates fear reinstatement through the downregulation of extinction circuits
Authors: Hitora-Imamura Natsuko , Miura Yuki , Teshirogi Chie , Ikegaya Yuji , Matsuki Norio , Nomura Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

Prevention of relapses is a major challenge in treating anxiety disorders. Fear reinstatement can cause relapse in spite of successful fear reduction through extinction-based exposure therapy. By utilising a contextual fear-conditioning task in mice, we found that reinstatement was accompanied by decreased c-Fos expression in the infralimbic cortex (IL) with reduction of synaptic input and enhanced c-Fos expression in the medial subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeM). Moreover, we found that IL dopamine plays a key role in reinstatement. A reinstatement-inducing reminder shock induced c-Fos expression in the IL-projecting dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area, and the blocking of IL D1 signalling prevented reduction of synaptic input, CeM c-Fos expression, and fear reinstatement. These findings demonstrate that a dopamine-dependent inactivation of extinction circuits underlies fear reinstatement and may explain the comorbidity of substance use disorders and anxiety disorders.
Hertiginnan, hovet och staden i det gustavianska Stockholm
Authors: Hellsing My
Published: July 2015

The Duchess, the Court, and the City in Gustavian Stockholm

This article analyses the everyday urban sociability and the staging of politics of the Swedish duchess Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte in the years around 1790. The cultural and social life of the Gustavian court has been the focus of much scholarly attention. However, the main aim of these studies has been to examine court life as a reflection of Gustavus III’s personality and political ambitions. This article, however, integrates Gustavian court sociability in a broader European pattern by focusing on the monarch’s sister-in-law. It aims to give a detailed account of social practice through a vast selection of the Duchess’s personal remains: her political journal and letters, informal notes to friends, and household accounts showing the sums she spent on charity. It also takes into account royal theatre box subscription lists as a way to identify the composition of the theatre audience. The claim of this article is that the Swedish royal family maintained their authority through their daily urban presence, such as their walks in the public gardens and main streets of Stockholm, their attendance at weekly balls at the Stock Exchange (Börshuset), or their visits to the royal theatres. Through a carefully ritualized sociability, the court preserved their social exclusivity in their urban encounters.
Análisis tipológico-funcional de un rasgo del español de contacto mapuche/castellano
Authors:   Universidad de La Frontera (Chile), Olate Vinet Aldo , Wittig González Fernando ,   Universidad Católica de Temuco (Chile), Hasler Sandoval Felipe ,   Conicet (Argentina)
Published: July 2015

En el presente trabajo se comparó el uso de pronombres átonos en función dativo y acusativo en la producción narrativa de tres grupos de escolares monolingües de español: (A) rurales mapuches, (B) rurales no mapuches y (C) urbanos. Se parte de la premisa de que el uso de los clíticos difiere en función de la situación de convergencia de lenguas, a partir de lo cual se pueden reportar tres tipos de usos: “estándar”, “rural” y “étnico”. Se establece que el uso de los pronombres es diferenciado por parte del grupo de escolares mapuches. Esta diferencia se discute en el marco de la lingüística de contacto contemporánea y de la tipología funcional, disciplinas que permiten atribuir estos usos a posibles transferencias indirectas producidas por el contacto intenso entre el mapudungun y el castellano
Mariela Oroño: Lengua estándar y educación. Programas y textos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria (1995-1999)
Authors:   Universidad Nacional del Sur (Argentina), Domínguez Mariana
Published: July 2015

Sin resumen
El desarrollo de la escritura argumentativa académica: los marcadores discursivos1
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Chile), Errázuriz Cruz María Constanza
Published: July 2015

Las dificultades de los estudiantes universitarios y de programas de formación inicial docente para producir textos en ámbitos académicos han sido evidenciadas por la prueba INICIA (evaluación de los egresados de pedagogía) y diversas investigaciones del área de la alfabetización académica (Carlino, 2005; Castelló, 2009; Foster y Russell, 2002; Parodi, 2010; Swales y Feak, 2004). Es por esta razón que en este estudio se abordaron los problemas de escritura que actualmente tienen los estudiantes, a partir del análisis del uso de los marcadores discursivos en sus textos argumentativos (Ducrot, 2001; Martín Zorraquino y Portolés, 1999; Montolío, 2001; Portolés, 1998 y 2010). El corpus escogido consistió en 40 ensayos escritos por estudiantes de Pedagogía General Básica y 40 textos del grupo anterior luego de la aplicación de un plan de alfabetización académica externo a la investigación. Con respecto a la metodología, corresponde a un estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo de los ensayos y sus conectores, pues se evaluó la efectividad de los ensayos mediante una rúbrica y se analizó su estructura y el funcionamiento de sus nexos. De este modo, se comprobó el rol preponderante que poseen los marcadores discursivos para el procesamiento de las inferencias y la producción de textos coherentes, ya que se observó la correspondencia que existe entre la adecuación de estos nexos y la progresión lógica de los ensayos en donde funcionan. Por último, también se constató que el desarrollo de la escritura académica a través de un plan dirigido a sus docentes tuvo un impacto positivo en las producciones de textos de los estudiantes.
Michelle Lamont: How professors think: inside the curious world of academic judgment
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Fuentes Cortés Miguel
Published: July 2015

sin resumen
An overview of the approaches and methods for analysing a text from a discursive viewpoint
Authors:   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria España, Hernández-Guerra Concepción
Published: July 2015

Discourse analysis is a modern discipline that has inherited lots of attributes from text analysis. So broad is the range of texts and so different the perspectives under which these texts can be analyzed that we can easily understand the different fields that discourse analysis as a whole can cover. The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, to clarify the different terms included in the discourse in order to separate the features of this discipline from others, and, secondly, to offer a general vision of all the methods that can be carried out under this umbrella to take the most of the data to be analyzed
Crescimento inicial de mandioca submetida à aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência
Authors: Matos Christiano Da Conceição de , Ferreira Evander Alves , Barbosa Edimilson Alves , Silva Daniel Valadão , Santos José Barbosa dos , Freitas Ana Flávia , Gandini Elizzandra Marta Martins
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o crescimento inicial de plantas de mandioca após aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência da cultura. O experimento foi realizado em ambiente protegido, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela aplicação, aos 25 dias após a emergência a cultura, dos herbicidas bentazon, clomazone, fomesafen, fluazifop-p-buthyl, glyphosate, nicosulfuron, chlorimuron-ehtyl, a mistura fluazifop-p-buthyl + fomesafen e sulfentrazone, além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. A intoxicação visual das plantas de mandioca foi avaliada aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Aos 35 dias após a aplicação determinou-se a estatura, diâmetro do caule e a matéria seca das plantas. O sulfentrazone e o glyphosate causaram a morte da mandioca. Todos herbicidas causaram redução da matéria seca do caule, com exceção do fluazifop-p-buthyl. O chlorimuron-ethyl e o nicosulfuron foram os herbicidas que causaram maior redução do acúmulo de matéria seca e da área foliar da cultura. O diâmetro do caule foi reduzido pelos herbicidas bentazon, nicosulfuron e chlorimuron-ethyl. Conclui-se que o crescimento da mandioca foi alterado pela aplicação dos herbicidas, com exceção do fluazifop-p-buthyl.
Seasonal variation in concentration, size, and settling velocity of muddy marine flocs in the benthic boundary layer
Authors: Fettweis Michael , Baeye Matthias
Published: July 2015

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration profiles of the lowest 2 m of the water column and particle size distribution at 2 m above the bed were measured in a coastal turbidity maximum area (southern North Sea) during more than 700 days between 2006 and 2013. The long‐term data series of SPM concentration, floc size, and settling velocity have been ensemble averaged according to tidal range, alongshore residual flow direction, and season, in order to investigate the seasonal SPM dynamics and its relation with physical and biological processes. The data show that the SPM is more concentrated in the near‐bed layer in summer, whereas in winter, the SPM is better mixed throughout the water column. The decrease of the SPM concentration in the water column during summer is compensated by a higher near‐bed concentration indicating that a significant part of the SPM remains in the area during summer rather than being advected out of it. The opposite seasonality between near‐bed layer and water column has to our knowledge not yet been presented in literature. Physical effects such as wave heights, wind climate, or storms have a weak correlation with the observed seasonality. The argument to favor microbial activity as main driver of the seasonality lies in the observed variations in floc size and settling velocity. On average, the flocs are larger and thus settling velocities higher in summer than winter.
Thermal conductivity measurements in unsaturated hydrate‐bearing sediments
Authors: Dai Sheng , Cha Jong‐Ho , Rosenbaum Eilis J. , Zhang Wu , Seol Yongkoo
Published: July 2015

Current database on the thermal properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments remains limited and has not been able to capture their consequential changes during gas production where vigorous phase changes occur in this unsaturated system. This study uses the transient plane source (TPS) technique to measure the thermal conductivity of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments with various hydrate/water/gas saturations. We propose a simplified method to obtain thermal properties from single‐sided TPS signatures. Results reveal that both volume fraction and distribution of the pore constituents govern the thermal conductivity of unsaturated specimens. Thermal conductivity hysteresis is observed due to water redistribution and fabric change caused by hydrate formation and dissociation. Measured thermal conductivity increases evidently when hydrate saturation Sh > 30–40%, shifting upward from the geometric mean model prediction to a Pythagorean mixing model. These observations envisage a significant drop in sediment thermal conductivity when residual hydrate/water saturation falls below ~40%, hindering further gas production.
Slow magnetic Rossby waves in the Earth's core
Authors: Hori K. , Jones C. A. , Teed R. J.
Published: July 2015

The westward drift component of the secular variation is likely to be a signal of waves riding on a background mean flow. By separating the wave and mean flow contributions, we can infer the strength of the “hidden” azimuthal part of the magnetic field within the core. We explore the origin of the westward drift commonly seen in dynamo simulations and show that it propagates at the speed of the slow magnetic Rossby waves with respect to a mean zonal flow. Our results indicate that such waves could be excited in the Earth's core and that wave propagation may indeed play some role in the longitudinal drift, particularly at higher latitudes where the wave component is relatively strong, the equatorial westward drift being dominated by the mean flow. We discuss a potential inference of the RMS toroidal field strength within the Earth's core from the observed drift rate.
Threshold for spacecraft charging in double‐Maxwellian plasma
Authors: Huang Jianguo , Liu Guoqing , Jiang Lixiang
Published: July 2015

Charging of geosynchronous satellites has been attracting much attention. The geosynchronous plasma is generally modeled by single‐Maxwellian distribution or better modeled by double‐Maxwellian distribution in disturbed environments. For single‐Maxwellian plasma, the critical temperature has been predicted theoretically for onset of negative surface charging. While for double‐Maxwellian plasma, in which charging determination becomes more complicated, there is not an analogous threshold condition developed so far. In this paper, the threshold condition for onset of negative charging in eclipse is developed theoretically, namely, the spacecraft charging can be triggered when the weighted average of the total averaged yields of secondary and backscattered electron for the two plasmas equals to unity. The threshold condition indicates that both temperatures and density ratio of the two components are decisive to onset of spacecraft charging. The charging behaviors for two typical cases are discussed; it is found that sudden potential jump at the threshold does not always occur, which is different from conventional understandings. Whether the potential jumps abruptly or transits smoothly to negative domain depends on the specific condition. The criterion for potential jump with a short form is acquired theoretically, and it predicts the necessary condition that a sudden potential jump or continuous transition occurs.
Abrupt magma chamber contraction and microseismicity at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Cause and effect determined from strainmeters and tiltmeters
Authors: Amoruso Antonella , Crescentini Luca , Scarpa Roberto , Bilham Roger , Linde Alan T. , Sacks I. Selwyn
Published: July 2015

In March 2010 two borehole strainmeters and three Michelson tiltmeters within the Campi Flegrei volcanic system, Italy, registered an abrupt deformation signal that was followed 20 min later by seismic slip on a pair of onshore normal faults. We demonstrate that the observed strain changes were caused by a small but rapid volume decrease in a previously identified offshore ellipsoidal magma source or part of it. Although the total deflation was below the detectability of interferometric synthetic aperture radar and GPS, deflation observed rates were briefly 2 orders of magnitude more rapid than decadal inflation rates. We conclude that this high dilatational contraction rate was responsible for triggering seismicity and that this process may be responsible for the normal faulting often observed in the Campi Flegrei region. Our study quantifies the crucial role played by a transient, minor reduction in dilatational stress, in triggering slip on a fault near critical failure. Our subsurface measurements of strain and tilt registered anomalous deformation three sigma above background noise levels 17 min before the onset of microseismicity suggesting strain measurements have potential utility as an early warning system for the city of Naples.
Measuring fluid flow and heat output in seafloor hydrothermal environments
Authors: Germanovich Leonid N. , Hurt Robert S. , Smith Joshua E. , Genc Gence , Lowell Robert P.
Published: July 2015

We review techniques for measuring fluid flow and advective heat output from seafloor hydrothermal systems and describe new anemometer and turbine flowmeter devices we have designed, built, calibrated, and tested. These devices allow measuring fluid velocity at high‐ and low‐temperature focused and diffuse discharge sites at oceanic spreading centers. The devices perform at ocean floor depths and black smoker temperatures and can be used to measure flow rates ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. Flow velocity is determined from the rotation rate of the rotor blades or paddle assembly. These devices have an open bearing design that eliminates clogging by particles or chemical precipitates as the fluid passes by the rotors. The devices are compact and lightweight enough for deployment from either an occupied or remotely operated submersible. The measured flow rates can be used in conjunction with vent temperature or geochemical measurements to obtain heat outputs or geochemical fluxes from both vent chimneys and diffuse flow regions. The devices have been tested on 30 Alvin dives on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and 3 Jason dives on the East Pacific Rise (EPR). We measured an anomalously low entrainment coefficient (0.064) and report 104 new measurements over a wide range of discharge temperatures (5°–363°C), velocities (2–199 cm/s), and depths (1517–2511 m). These include the first advective heat output measurements at the High Rise vent field and the first direct fluid flow measurement at Middle Valley. Our data suggest that black smoker heat output at the Main Endeavour vent field may have declined since 1994 and that after the 2005–2006 eruption, the high‐temperature advective flow at the EPR 9°50′N field may have become more channelized, predominately discharging through the Bio 9 structure. We also report 16 measurements on 10 Alvin dives and 2 Jason dives with flow meters that predate devices described in this work and were used in the process of their development. This includes the first advective measurements in the Lau Basin and at the EPR 9°39.5′N. We discuss potential error sources and how they may affect the accuracy of measurements by our devices and other devices. In particular, we use the turbulent plume theory to evaluate the effect of entrainment of ambient seawater.
On the dynamics of the Zanzibar Channel
Authors: Zavala‐Garay J. , Theiss J. , Moulton M. , Walsh C. , van Woesik R. , Mayorga‐Adame C. G. , García‐Reyes M. , Mukaka D. S. , Whilden K. , Shaghude Y. W.
Published: July 2015

The Zanzibar Channel lies between the mainland of Tanzania and Zanzibar Island in the tropical western Indian Ocean, is about 100 km long, 40 km wide, and 40 m deep, and is essential to local socioeconomic activities. This paper presents a model of the seasonal and tidal dynamics of the Zanzibar Channel based on the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and a comparison of the model and observations. The seasonal dynamics of the channel is forced by remote processes and the local wind. Remote forcing creates the East African Coastal Current, a portion of which flows through the channel northward with a seasonally varying magnitude. The local wind enhances this seasonality in the surface Ekman layer, resulting in a stronger northward flow during the southwest monsoon season and a weak northward or occasionally southward flow during the northeast monsoon season. The tidal flows converge and diverge in the center of the channel and reduce the transport in the channel. The remotely forced, wind‐forced, and tidal dynamics contain 5%, 3%, and 92% of the total kinetic energy, respectively. Despite their low kinetic energy, the remotely forced and wind‐forced flows are most relevant in advecting channel water to the open ocean, which occurs in 19 days at the peak of the southwest monsoon season. The channel is well mixed, except during brief periods in the two rainy seasons, and temporarily cools between December and February. The dispersion of passive tracers is presented as an example of potential model applications.
Comparison of viscoelastic‐type models for ocean wave attenuation in ice‐covered seas
Authors: Mosig Johannes E. M. , Montiel Fabien , Squire Vernon A.
Published: July 2015

Continuum‐based models that describe the propagation of ocean waves in ice‐infested seas are considered, where the surface ocean layer (including ice floes, brash ice, etc.) is modeled by a homogeneous viscoelastic material which causes waves to attenuate as they travel through the medium. Three ice layer models are compared, namely a viscoelastic fluid layer model currently being trialed in the spectral wave model WAVEWATCH III® and two simpler viscoelastic thin beam models. All three models are two dimensional. A comparative analysis shows that one of the beam models provides similar predictions for wave attenuation and wavelength to the viscoelastic fluid model. The three models are calibrated using wave attenuation data recently collected in the Antarctic marginal ice zone as an example. Although agreement with the data is obtained with all three models, several important issues related to the viscoelastic fluid model are identified that raise questions about its suitability to characterize wave attenuation in ice‐covered seas. Viscoelastic beam models appear to provide a more robust parameterization of the phenomenon being modeled, but still remain questionable as a valid characterization of wave‐ice interactions generally.
Debris entrainment and landform genesis during tidewater glacier surges
Authors: Lovell Harold , Fleming Edward J. , Benn Douglas I. , Hubbard Bryn , Lukas Sven , Rea Brice R. , Noormets Riko , Flink Anne E.
Published: July 2015

The englacial entrainment of basal debris during surges presents an opportunity to investigate processes acting at the glacier bed. The subsequent melt‐out of debris‐rich englacial structures during the quiescent phase produces geometrical ridge networks on glacier forelands that are diagnostic of surge activity. We investigate the link between debris entrainment and proglacial geomorphology by analyzing basal ice, englacial structures, and ridge networks exposed at the margins of Tunabreen, a tidewater surge‐type glacier in Svalbard. The basal ice facies display clear evidence for brittle and ductile tectonic deformation, resulting in overall thickening of the basal ice sequence. The formation of debris‐poor dispersed facies ice is the result of strain‐induced metamorphism of meteoric ice near the bed. Debris‐rich englacial structures display a variety of characteristics and morphologies and are interpreted to represent the incorporation and elevation of subglacial till via the squeezing of till into basal crevasses and hydrofracture exploitation of thrust faults, reoriented crevasse squeezes, and preexisting fractures. These structures are observed to melt‐out and form embryonic geometrical ridge networks at the base of a terrestrially grounded ice cliff. Ridge networks are also located at the terrestrial margins of Tunabreen, neighboring Von Postbreen, and in a submarine position within Tempelfjorden. Analysis of network characteristics allows these ridges to be linked to different formational mechanisms of their parent debris‐rich englacial structures. This in turn provides an insight into variations in the dominant tectonic stress regimes acting across the glacier during surges.
Predicting permeability from the characteristic relaxation time and intrinsic formation factor of complex conductivity spectra
Authors: Revil A. , Binley A. , Mejus L. , Kessouri P.
Published: July 2015

Low‐frequency quadrature conductivity spectra of siliclastic materials exhibit typically a characteristic relaxation time, which either corresponds to the peak frequency of the phase or the quadrature conductivity or a typical corner frequency, at which the quadrature conductivity starts to decrease rapidly toward lower frequencies. This characteristic relaxation time can be combined with the (intrinsic) formation factor and a diffusion coefficient to predict the permeability to flow of porous materials at saturation. The intrinsic formation factor can either be determined at several salinities using an electrical conductivity model or at a single salinity using a relationship between the surface and quadrature conductivities. The diffusion coefficient entering into the relationship between the permeability, the characteristic relaxation time, and the formation factor takes only two distinct values for isothermal conditions. For pure silica, the diffusion coefficient of cations, like sodium or potassium, in the Stern layer is equal to the diffusion coefficient of these ions in the bulk pore water, indicating weak sorption of these couterions. For clayey materials and clean sands and sandstones whose surface have been exposed to alumina (possibly iron), the diffusion coefficient of the cations in the Stern layer appears to be 350 times smaller than the diffusion coefficient of the same cations in the pore water. These values are consistent with the values of the ionic mobilities used to determine the amplitude of the low and high‐frequency quadrature conductivities and surface conductivity. The database used to test the model comprises a total of 202 samples. Our analysis reveals that permeability prediction with the proposed model is usually within an order of magnitude from the measured value above 0.1 mD. We also discuss the relationship between the different time constants that have been considered in previous works as characteristic relaxation time, including the mean relaxation time obtained from a Debye decomposition of the spectra and the Cole‐Cole time constant.
Working Memory Capacity Offers Resistance to Mind‐Wandering and External Distraction in a Context‐Specific Manner
Authors: Robison Matthew K. , Unsworth Nash
Published: July 2015

The present study examined the impact of mind‐wandering and distraction in silent and noisy studying environments and how individual differences in working memory capacity offered resistance to these two distinct forms of attention failure. Two groups of participants read a text in different environments and answered reading comprehension questions. While reading, thought probes asked participants to indicate the current focus of their attention. Results showed that the relationship between working memory capacity and reading comprehension was partially driven by resistance to mind‐wandering in the silent condition and by resistance to external distraction in the noise condition. The findings support the distinction between mind‐wandering and external distraction, two separate yet related types of attention failure that impact task performance. Further, executive abilities seem to offer resistance to these two types of attention failure differentially depending on the context. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information Integration Theory, Juror Bias, and Sentence Recommendations Captured Over Time in a Capital Trial
Authors: Estrada‐Reynolds Victoria C. , Gray Jennifer M. , Nuñez Narina
Published: July 2015

Initial juror verdicts have been shown to predict final verdicts, leading researchers to conclude that jurors seek confirmatory information during trial (confirmation bias) or distort information to fit pre‐existing biases (pre‐decisional distortion). However, Information Integration Theory suggests that individuals are not distorting/ignoring this information, and instead, information influences judgments in the direction of the message. The current study sought to test these competing theories in a juror setting. Mock jurors were presented with the sentencing phase of a capital trial and were asked to give sentence recommendations at eight different time points. Additionally, they were grouped by their pretrial bias as being pro‐defense, neutral, or pro‐prosecution. Results showed support for Information Integration Theory; although jurors' pretrial bias predicted final sentence, sentence recommendations were affected in the direction of the testimony presented throughout the trial (e.g., pro‐defense testimony lowered death penalty decisions across all groups). Implications and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking analysis of augmented complex least mean square algorithm
Authors: Khalili Azam , Rastegarnia Amir
Published: July 2015

The augmented complex least mean‐square (ACLMS) algorithm is a suitable algorithm for the processing of both second‐order circular (proper) and noncircular (improper) signals. In this paper, we provide tracking analysis of the ACLMS algorithm in the non‐stationary environments. Using the established energy conservation argument, we derive a variance relation that contains moments that represent the effects of non‐stationary environment. We evaluate these moments and derive closed‐form expressions for the excess mean‐square error (EMSE) and mean‐square error (MSE). The derived expressions, supported by simulations, reveal that unlike the stationary case, the steady‐state EMSE, and MSE curves are not monotonically increasing functions of the step‐size parameter. We also use this observation to optimize the step‐size learning parameter. Simulation results illustrate the theoretical findings and match well with theory. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature Dependence of the Piezophototronic Effect in CdS Nanowires
Authors: Yu Ruomeng , Wang Xingfu , Wu Wenzhuo , Pan Caofeng , Bando Yoshio , Fukata Naoki , Hu Youfan , Peng Wenbo , Ding Yong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: July 2015

The piezophototronic effect is known as a three‐way coupling between piezoelectric polarization, semiconductor property, and optical excitation in piezoelectric semiconductor materials to modify their energy band structures by strain‐induced piezoelectric polarization charges, and thus to tune/control their optoelectronic processes of charge carrier generation, separation, recombination, and transport. In this work, the temperature dependence of the piezophototronic effect in wurtzite‐structured CdS nanowires is investigated from 77 to 300 K. The piezophototronic effect is enhanced by over 550% under lower temperature due to the increased effective piezoelectric polarization surface/interface charges resulting from the reduced screening effect by decreased mobile charge carriers in CdS nanowires. Optoelectronic performances of CdS nanowires are systematically investigated under various light illuminations, strains, and temperatures. By analyzing the corresponding band diagrams, the piezophototronic effect is found to dominate the transport and separation processes of charge carriers. This study presents in‐depth fundamental understanding about the piezophototronic effect and provides guidance for its future applications in optoelectronic devices.
Two‐Dimensional Porous Carbon: Synthesis and Ion‐Transport Properties
Authors: Zheng Xiaoyu , Luo Jiayan , Lv Wei , Wang Da‐Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: July 2015

Their chemical stability, high specific surface area, and electric conductivity enable porous carbon materials to be the most commonly used electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors (also known as supercapacitors). To further increase the energy and power density, engineering of the pore structures with a higher electrochemical accessible surface area, faster ion‐transport path and a more‐robust interface with the electrolyte is widely investigated. Compared with traditional porous carbons, two‐dimensional (2D) porous carbon sheets with an interlinked hierarchical porous structure are a good candidate for supercapacitors due to their advantages in high aspect ratio for electrode packing and electron transport, hierarchical pore structures for ion transport, and short ion‐transport length. Recent progress on the synthesis of 2D porous carbons is reported here, along with the improved electrochemical behavior due to enhanced ion transport. Challenges for the controlled preparation of 2D porous carbons with desired properties are also discussed; these require precise tuning of the hierarchical structure and a clarification of the formation mechanisms.
Synthesis of Quinolines by Visible‐Light Induced Radical Reaction of Vinyl Azides and α‐Carbonyl Benzyl Bromides
Authors: Wang Qile , Huang Jun , Zhou Lei
Published: July 2015

A visible‐light induced radical reaction of vinyl azides and α‐carbonyl benzyl bromides was developed, which provides an efficient route to polysubstituted quinolines via a CC and CN bond formation sequence.

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Modeling and analysis of conventional and heat‐integrated distillation columns
Authors: Bisgaard Thomas , Huusom Jakob Kjøbsted , Abildskov Jens
Published: July 2015

A generic model that can cover diabatic and adiabatic distillation column configurations is presented, with the aim of providing a consistent basis for comparison of alternative distillation column technologies. Both a static and a dynamic formulation of the model, together with a model catalogue consisting of the conventional, the heat‐integrated and the mechanical vapor recompression distillation columns are presented. The solution procedure of the model is outlined and illustrated in three case studies. One case study being a benchmark study demonstrating the size of the model and the static properties of two different heat‐integrated distillation column (HIDiC) schemes and the mechanical vapor recompression column. The second case study exemplifies the difference between a HIDiC and a conventional distillation column in the composition profiles within a multicomponent separation, whereas the last case study demonstrates the difference in available dynamic models for the HIDiC and the proposed model. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4251–4263, 2015
Flexibility assessment and risk management in supply chains
Authors: Sahay Nihar , Ierapetritou Marianthi
Published: July 2015

Increased uncertainty in recent years has led the supply chains to incorporate measures to be more flexible in order to perform well in the face of the uncertain events. It has been shown that these measures improve the performance of supply chains by mitigating the risks associated with uncertainties. However, it is also important to assess the uncertainty under which a supply chain network can perform well and manage risk. Flexibility is defined in terms of the bounds of uncertain parameters within which supply chain operation is feasible. A hybrid simulation‐based optimization framework that uses two‐stage stochastic programming in a rolling horizon framework is proposed. The framework enables taking optimum planning decisions considering demand uncertainty while managing risk. The framework is used to study the trade‐offs between flexibility, economic performance, and risk associated with supply chain operation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4166–4178, 2015