bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antifascist State
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents an extended contrast between the fascist and antifascist models of the state and looks at the assumptions about human nature that each has highlighted. Whereas fascists exalt masculinity and a warrior ethic, antifascists fight against what they condemn as “toxic masculinity.” Antifascists have called for and, where the opportunity exists, implemented measures to remove a specific masculine identity from the workplace, social organizations, and even family relations. Another feature of fascism and of all traditional conservative movements that antifascists combat is the notion of a fixed human identity based in false social ascriptions. Finally, in contrast to the fascist stress on integral nationalism, the antifascists advocate a borderless world.
Excursus
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter references the theory of knowledge presented by Thomas Hobbes in his magnum opus Leviathan. Hobbes was uncertain whether people who conversed with each other shared the same perception of reality. From his perspective, facts that depend on sensory knowledge are subject to the accidental movement of brain particles and cannot be entirely relied on as a truth source. Because of this problem it seemed to Hobbes that sovereign authority was needed, and not only to prevent the “war of all against all”: such authority would also have to intervene to explain what things signified. Otherwise, we would face endless bickering over the meaning of words, which in some cases could lead to civil strife. In the contemporary world, the chapter argues, the media and to a lesser extent the academy provide the “sovereign authority” that serves to “signify” what things mean.
Genocide and Mass Atrocities
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the dissemination and popular reception of information about mass atrocities and the Holocaust at its height. It investigates the eyewitness accounts, hearsay, and gossip that fed the ever-churning rumor mills of German wartime society to examine popular responses to evidence of German-perpetrated war crimes. In tracing the transformation of how Germans related to the fallible Nazi regime and its floundering war effort, the chapter tells the story of two parallel developments: On the one hand, there were growing popular doubts and disillusionment with the German political and military leadership. On the other hand, there was the rise of a peculiar confidence common to both German forces and civilians even in the later war years. The chapter also asks how Germans interpreted accounts of such atrocities against the backdrop of their own escalating national crisis. What did they understand about the scale and purpose of the German extermination campaign? Did people consider the wholesale murder of civilians a legitimate act of war? Or did they deem it part and parcel of a war “more radical than anything” they could imagine? Where did they assign agency and culpability? And finally, did such contemplations have an impact on how they related to the Nazi regime and to the war waged in their names.
Enemies Within and Without
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter considers popular responses to the July 20 plot against Hitler and to the escalating Allied air war in 1944 as subsequent turning points in how Germans experienced the war and related to the Nazi regime. It focuses on voices from the front and the home front during Germany's transition into the battlefield for the Nazi regime's final stand. The chapter also assesses popular responses to the regime's violent suppression of dissent that followed in its aftermath and that went hand in hand with a structural reorganization of German wartime society and armed forces. It questions how Germans experienced the internal radicalization and mobilization that occurred against the context of visible dissolution. Ultimately, the chapter analyses how these factors converged with the external radicalization of the war that resulted from the dramatic escalation of the Allied air war and its combined impact on the national community as it entered the final year of the war.
Mapping Multiple Chinas on the Development Landscape
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the politics of China and the ‘Chineseness’ in Central America. Central America's development dynamics have geopolitical significance given the region's role as a political ally of the United States. An ethnographic approach is vital in illuminating the transpacific analysis referred to in the title. The rise of the People's Republic of China policy banks as the main source of financing in Latin America has added to the sense of disproportionate power and potential sovereignty threat. The chapter includes the ethnographic research and participant observation used to study the transpacific developments and landscape.
Taiwan
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the diplomatic, economic, and cultural associations between Central America and Taiwan. Costa Rica's diplomatic switch from Taiwan to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 2007 had seem to be like a major geopolitical event since Taiwan had long functioned as the de facto China in the region. Moreover, the PRC–Taiwan debate in Central America has both reflected and shaped larger geopolitical conversations, local values, and identity. The local Chinese community's affinity with Taiwan was born from the intimate role that the Taiwanese embassy representatives played within the local Chinese communities of Central America.
Trade
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the economic exchange across markets and cultures between Central America and the People's Republic of China (PRC). It clarifies how the research was conducted at the 2018 China–Guatemala Expo conducted by the China–Guatemala Chamber of Cooperation and Commerce. Many Guatemalan expo attendees expressed dissatisfaction at the absence of high-profile PRC brands and products such as Huawei. Attendees view Chinese products as cheaper with better efficiency. The promise of new transpacific opportunities increases the need for brokers who can mediate transpacific commercial relations which in turn gave rise to private consultants. Recognizing the value of local Chinese communities to local economic development is vital to the future of transpacific developments.
Locating Development Futures
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses locating the development futures of People's Republic of Chin (PRC) and Central America. China's rise to global capitalism in the West has not suggested the end of its capitalist development. The success at restructuring global production chains and global markets changed the sense of possible means to that conclusion. The chapter tackles how infrastructure materialized inequality and built scaffolding for new futures. Additionally, rescaling sovereignty had been affected in line with the transpacific exchanges. However, the PRC is still not trusted in Central America as the race continues to form a crucial perspective in line with transpacific developments.
Love and Liberation
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This book tells a new kind of humanitarian story. The protagonists are not volunteers from afar but rather Somali locals caring for each other: nurses, aid workers, policymakers, drivers, community health workers, and bureaucrats. The contributions of locals are often taken for granted, and the competencies, aspirations, and effectiveness of local staffers frequently remain muted or absent from the planning and evaluation of humanitarian interventions structured by outsiders. Relief work is traditionally imagined as politically neutral and impartial, and interventions are planned as temporary, extraordinary, and distant. The book provides an alternative vision of what “humanitarian” response means in practice—not driven by International Humanitarian Law, the missions of Western relief organizations, or trends in the aid industry or academia but instead by what Somalis call samafal. Samafal is structured by the cultivation of lasting relationships of care, interdependence, kinship, and ethnic solidarity. Samafal is also explicitly political and potentially emancipatory: humanitarian responses present opportunities for Somalis to begin to redress histories of colonial partitions and to make the most out of their political and economic marginalization. Through centering around Somalis' understanding and enactments of samafal, the book offers a new perspective on politics and intervention in Africa.
Introduction
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the concept of humanitarianism. The news media and Western donor government frequently invoked the term ‘humanitarian’, which effectively pulls the heartstrings of the public and donors while simultaneously selling new stories and justifying cooperation with abusive governments and armed groups. Aid work in eastern Ethiopia is a dangerous enterprise due to various reasons like the difficult terrain and lack of road infrastructure. The margin states of Somalia are described as unstable since state law and order continually need to be reestablished. The regional Somali government, Somali individuals, and local Somali aid strategically used humanitarian assistance to recalibrate inequitable systems of governance and crisis response in Ethiopia.
Humanitarianism is Local
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the decentralization in Ethiopia. It tackles the localization of global humanitarianism in the Ethiopian context. The idea of decentralizing power and governmental authority Addis Ababa to regional governments represents an effort to offer a modicum of autonomy to regions populated by various minority ethnolinguistic groups. The decentralization of humanitarian assistance in Ethiopia has been affected by broader changes and calls for reform within global development and humanitarian aid. Ethiopia is frequently portrayed as a global model of economic progress in Africa, a model of public health provision in a low-income country, and a model of political stability, at least within the Horn of Africa.
Humanitarian Work
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the toll of humanitarian work. International or expatriate aid workers stationed in countries and communities where crises happen face increasingly dangerous work conditions. Relief work takes an immense toll on people at different levels of the industry. However, the human architecture of the global humanitarian industry produces institutionalized forms of difference, inequalities, and new forms of segregation. The humanitarian industry is defined by steep and inflexible gradations in power, marked by parallel gradations in racialized ethnic distinctions, international mobility, education, language use, and wealth. On the other hand, data collection presents significant employment opportunities as relief organizations and donors often look into accountability and local engagement.
Crisis Work
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores crisis work. Humanitarian relief has long been critiqued for its shortsighted focus on relieving immediate bodily suffering at the expense of making lasting and sustainable reforms. Emergency funding augmented the government of Ethiopia's efforts to decentralize health care and disaster preparedness and response. The chapter discusses crisis responses for chronic problems such as diabetes care through humanitarian programs, cholera, and recognizing mindheeli. In the Somali region, crisis production allowed aid workers and clinical providers to invest in health systems and future mechanisms of emergency preparedness and response. Humanitarian assistance could work to determine and fill in gaps in existing emergency responses and health systems.
Humanitarianism is Anti-Politics
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains how humanitarianism is anti-politics. Relief workers and organizations are supposed to uphold the principle of acting without political bias or self-interest. However, critics imply that relief organizations' principle of neutrality acts as a strategic facade for the more controversial and political work of relief interventions. Relief operations in Ethiopia and elsewhere are thus integral to international, national, and local politics. The chapter notes the anti-political nature of neutrality, independence, and voluntary service. Acknowledging the legitimacy and necessity of Somalis' inherently political and principled forms of samafal to the success of global humanitarian interventions is required to localize humanitarian work.
Policing Muslim Marriage
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights that the police work on the border consists of the detection of the “illegal infiltrator.” It illustrates how the migrant woman from the east is, on the one hand, the subject of policing by the state and border security forces for she indexes the fear of the “illegal Bangladeshi migrant”; on the other hand, the designation by ordinary people of a host of migrant women as “Bengali” points to the difficulty of asserting in any “accurate” way, who is the target of censure and by whom. The chapter then explains the work they have to do to “belong” locally but resists casting the family as a place of refuge from the heightened visibility of the state. It argues instead that the possibility of exposure runs through every interaction, inside or outside the family. The chapter emphasizes that the idea of the “safe” space is recalibrated throughout as “Bengali” women move in and out of focus through multiply-mediated interactions and encounters as sometimes competing demands for visibility (for the police and border patrol, for NGO-led development work, or for the anthropologist) are managed. The family–NGO–state–anthropologist network pushes people to dissimulate differently, even as they are required to make themselves transparent—albeit in different ways—to each of these institutions and people.
Episode Two
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at how the private oligarchs’ preferences about foreign ownership shifted before and after the loans-for-shares privatization scheme of 1995–1996. With the collapse of the nascent stock market, the chapter explicates the second monetary phase of privatization, unfolded according to the logic of Local Control and Global Access. The second episode of financial internationalization followed the infamous 1995–1996 loans for shares scheme, during which the emerging financial industry tycoons and several prominent insider managers of large oil companies acquired majority stakes in some of the biggest and most potentially lucrative enterprises. The chapter then investigates the process which led to the financial openness of the Russian economy, one that markedly increased the accessibility of Russian assets to foreign investors and liberalized capital accounts. It ultimately considers the increased financial integration of the Russian economy and the clout of oligarchic groups inside the county.
Episode Three
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the 2003–2006 property reconfiguration in favor of state oligarchs, who initially resisted, but later radically accelerated the internationalization of Russia’s capital markets. Under Vladimir Putin, the balance of power between the state and big business shifted drastically in favor of the state. The chapter reviews how Putin used property rights contestability as leverage against the incumbent economic elites. It looks at how Putin and his closest confidants reassert state control over Russia’s massive energy-extraction industry. The Kremlin’s return into big business created a new, extremely powerful business elite: the stoligarchs, a group of men with long-standing personal ties to Putin. The chapter stresses that Putin’s stoligarchs favored delays in financial openness until majority stakes in the contested firms were firmly secured. The chapter describes the most radical episode of internationalization of Russia’s capital markets, as well as the implications of increased financial openness to Putin.
Coda
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the implications of the Putin administration’s unyielding commitment to financial openness as a coda to the three-episode drama that played out between 1991 and 2009. Given the decreased clout of the Yeltsin-era oligarchs after Putin’s return to the presidency in 2012, the chapter emphasizes that the oligarchs’ need to keep one foot out the door has been understandable. But the benefits of the Local Control and Global Access (LCGA) model go beyond the interests of the private oligarchs. The chapter then outlines the relationship between LCGA and regime stability in Russia in terms of two competing approaches to the study of political regimes. It shows that financial internationalization became hardwired into the Russian political economy because it mitigated conflict among the state, the stoligarchs, and the private oligarchs. This is why the LCGA system has remained a central feature of the economy, even during a volatile time when it continued to carry enormous negative externalities for Russia’s economy and national security.
Disaggregating China, Inc.
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

Set in the aftermath of China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), this book questions the extent to which the liberal internationalist promise of membership has been fulfilled in China. The book unpacks the policies that various Chinese government actors adopted in response to WTO rules and shows that rather than disciplining the state, WTO entry provoked a divergence of policy responses across different parts of the complex party-state. It argues that these responses draw from three competing strategies of economic governance: market-substituting (directive), market-shaping (developmental), and market-enhancing (regulatory). The book uses innovative web-scraping techniques to assemble an original dataset of over 43,000 Chinese industry regulations, identifying policies associated with each strategy. Combining textual analysis with industry data, in-depth case studies, and field interviews with industry representatives and government officials, the book demonstrates that different Chinese state actors adopted different logics of adjustment to respond to the common shock of WTO accession. This policy divergence originated from a combination of international and domestic forces. The book breaks open the black box of the Chinese state, explaining why WTO rules, usually thought to commit states to international norms, instead provoked responses that the architects of those rules neither expected nor wanted.
Introduction
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter seeks to capture and establish the major economic policy trajectories that emerged from China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains the pattern of these trajectories, then approaches these tasks in a series of steps. The chapter first conceptualizes the policy options available to the Chinese government in responding to WTO entry in terms of three competing state strategies. It then disaggregates the “black box” of the Chinese state into its component leadership and governmental actors in charge of economic policymaking and lays out their differential political interests vis-à-vis WTO entry. The chapter also gathers an original data set of industry regulations issued by all the various arms of the Chinese state at different levels of authority. Ultimately, the chapter applies automated textual analysis to the corpus of documents, thereby uncovering different approaches to economic governance latent in the bureaucratic language deployed by Chinese substate actors. It ultimately argues that different economic stakeholders within the state in fact responded to WTO entry with a variety of divergent policies.
China’s WTO Challenge
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter begins by discussing how the World Trade Organization (WTO) established a new set of global rules on trade that substantially encroached into policy areas previously considered to belong to the domestic domain. It explains why WTO rules have a profound impact on bureaucratic interests and why the terms of China's accession to the WTO was an important external shock to the Chinese bureaucracy. The chapter then highlights the debates over the direction and goal of reform in the years leading up to WTO entry. It also emphasizes why China's incremental and uneven process of reform has generated internally divergent approaches to governing the economy. Ultimately, the chapter further underscores why any analysis of China's WTO policy responses needs to take into account internal disagreements over economic policy.
A Theory of State Strategies under Global Rules
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows the theoretical framework of the book, beginning by outlining the three competing state strategies through which different government actors can respond to World Trade Organization (WTO) entry. To introduce the theory, the chapter disaggregates China's sprawling party-state into the relevant actors influencing economic policy and explicates the fragmented structure of policymaking within which these actors operate. After discussing the economic and institutional channels through which WTO entry alters the interests of different political-bureaucratic actors, the chapter introduces the range of strategic options available to these actors in responding to WTO entry. The two main variables driving an actor's strategy choice are the unevenly distributed likelihood of being sanctioned for deviating from WTO rules and the varying prospects for political advancement. Ultimately, the chapter systematizes these dynamics with a set of hypotheses predicting how an actor's choice of strategic response to WTO entry varies across administrative levels, within the central government, and across industries.
Explaining the Rise of State Capitalism
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks within the powerful central government to explain a shift in central policy trajectories over time, from one of market-enhancing liberalization to one of market-shaping developmentalism. It reveals that the central government's regulatory response to World Trade Organization (WTO) entry did not last. Instead, a shift toward developmentalism in the form of strengthened industrial policies emerged in the latter half of the 2000s. The chapter explains that these shifting policy trajectories were driven by different sets of agencies within China's powerful central bureaucracy. Focusing on the reversal in policy trajectory, the chapter investigates why did the rise of regulatory institutions in response to WTO entry not constrain the belated strengthening of developmental policies. It details the timing of this policy change, then addresses deficiencies in the dominant explanations that have been put forth for the emergence of Chinese state capitalism in the latter half of the 2000s. Ultimately, the chapter provides evidence for an explanation of the pattern and timing of this policy reversal, focusing on changes in the ability of the party to discipline the central state and how WTO rules altered the prospects for political advancement of different central agencies.
FDI and the Quest for National Champions
Authors: Tan Yeling
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes why World Trade Organization (WTO) entry has undermined rather than strengthened the governance of China's national champion industries. It returns to the clash of interests between the central government and its subnational authorities. This tension has been a constant feature of China's political economy, but WTO liberalization exacerbates the problem by enhancing the access of subnational governments to external resources in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). The chapter then examines the comparative case studies of the automotive and semiconductor industries, illustrating the causal mechanisms behind why greater subnational authority over FDI generates policy divergence in strategic industries. It then turns to a quantitative analysis to assess the broader relationship between FDI access and relative developmental activism in central versus subnational policies in China's manufacturing industries. Ultimately, the chapter simplifies the analysis by comparing the interests of the central versus subnational (i.e., provincial and local) governments. This is because provincial and local government behavior is fairly aligned when it comes to FDI policy.
On the Mountain Pass
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Stanisław Witkiewicz, who largely contributed to the discovery and popularity of Zakopane. However, he credited Chałubiński for the discovery of the Tatras. The Jewish presence in Zakopane was viewed differently by various parties to the highland encounter. Lowland Poles projected some of their lowland antipathies onto the region, but native highlanders had little reason to hate Jews. While Polish elites experienced the wild Carpathian frontier, shedding the trappings of civilization, the wilderness became a place of national development, the quintessential location for feeling truly Polish. It was as if a sense of Polish national permanence is linked to the granite solidity of the Tatra Mountains.
A Poland of Regions
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the image of a “Poland of regions.” The Hutsul Holiday is the inspiration behind the Highland Holiday conducted by the Tatra Mountain highlanders and the Society of Friends of the Hutsul Region. The event aims to retain highland traditions, foster a sense of brotherhood in the Carpathian region, and a sense of belonging to the Polish state. The Union of Mountain Lands found that diversity reflected the nature of interwar Poland. The region's borderland position was unique in interwar Poland, thus the allegiance of the Hutsuls to the Second Republic was desired.
Introduction
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the key ideas supporting global city research and juxtaposes them in a disaggregated way against the ways key elites are shaping urban development, from planners and architects to government officers and corporate managers. It provides viewpoints about the urban development, as well as the global urban imagination. It also addresses the inquiry into the imagination that stands behind the global city-speak and diverse urban aspirations that bolster it. The chapter discusses imagination, which is the symbolic power to cast and recast its orientation, the future of cities, and globalization. It refers to the progressive and cosmopolitan way of thinking about the “global” in the “global city” that can be found, fought, and socialized.
The Rise
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter recounts the discussion on Dubai's global aspirations, wherein global ideas about the city are constantly and hurriedly translated into a very localized materiality. It highlights the urban imagination of Dubai as a global gateway and destination that ends up in tangible manifestations of glass, concrete, and people performing activities that are key to sustaining the edifice of the global city. Tim Bunnell has stressed how material consumption is an important component of many people's aspirations and urban imaginations and may be entangled with claims to social inclusion and political rights. The chapter argues that the processes and governance dynamics that lead to the ascent of global cities and sustain their globalizing centrality remain largely overlooked. It illustrates the idea of the emergence of global cities from off the map by describing how Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai emerged on the world stage.
The Distinction
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how government leaders have been constituting a continuing rhetoric, and time and time again restated the global city as an objective and a model to be followed in the developmental trajectory of the city state. It refers to Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, who sought to solve the mystery of why post-independence Singapore was not collapsing. For Rajaratnam, the path ahead is a global character that distinguishes the global city and its connectedness to the fortunes of other planetary hubs that makes it unique. The chapter examines the importance of distinction to the global city, but it needs to happen in a reality where cities are interlinked and where global flows and fortunes are determined by relatively common terms of a global game. Symbolic power does not come without contrast and globalization appears to many as the only viable developmental pathway in an interconnected age.
Postscript
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses questions on whether global cities, as the turnstiles of globalization, withstand the disruption of the deadly coronavirus and for how long. The chapter determines what is next in a crisis hitting at the foundations of the global city. In places like London, New York, and Melbourne, urban economies are seriously threatened by global connections put into question and slowly halting as many of those world city gateway functions are in check. The chapter describes a spiraling world economy that does not seem to lend itself to be commanded and controlled from prime spots on the atlas that are also major gateways for global contagion. Countless global cities have confronted a crisis perhaps deeper than anything they had witnessed since the two World Wars.
Conclusions
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter returns to larger issues of redefining federalism, self-determination, and leadership in Russia. It incorporates analysis of 2020 changes in the Russian Constitution toward a more unified, authoritarian Russian state. Russia's current regime has offered a familiar tradeoff, promising social protection in return for decreased political rights. In the context of the pandemic and the ploy to extend presidential rule, the regime sought to enhance Vladimir Putin's fading Good Tsar image by proposing vastly increased funding for social and health services. As of 2021, promises have not been fulfilled, Putin's image as a strong take-control savior has been damaged, and local politicians, including heads of republics, have stepped into the breach with uneven results. Encroachment on political, cultural, and human rights has accompanied erosion of territorial guarantees. Similar complaints against land redistribution continue to be voiced throughout the Far East, especially by indigenous groups that see themselves as repeatedly exploited, rapidly losing territory and rights. Ultimately, indigeneity and sovereignty are contextual and contingent. Therefore, lessons of this book are multifold. The chapter unpacks key interrelated themes by looking at the debates surrounding historical monuments.
Introduction
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites how the premiere of Grace Bumbry represented a new era in German history which had been a product of hundred years of Black networking and transatlantic activity. Her debut at the Bayreuth Festival Theatre caused a listening public to work out the ties between music, race, and nation. Black classical musicians challenged the deeply entrenched notion in German history that Blackness and Germanness were discrete categories. However, Bumbry was not the first Black singer on stage, as it was Afro-European contralto, Luranah Aldridge. The chapter also tackles the concepts of musical universalism and Black migration. It includes the assumptions, expectations, and desires that white audiences placed on Black bodies across the Atlantic Ocean.
How Beethoven Came to Black America
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into German musical universalism and the Black education following the Civil War. It notes how Carl Reinecke's Piano Sonatina in D Major became a classical piece among African American campuses across Alabama. The music's prominence in musical education is proof of the global power of German music and African Americans' investment in performing it. African American families prefer Germans teaching Beethoven music as they thought classical music could be a vehicle that they could use to cross the racial dimension. The chapter highlights how Western art music institutions enforce racial segregation and take hold of color-blind mythology that frees classical music of any social responsibility for racism.
The Sonic Color Line Belts the World
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses race and music in Central Europe. German nationalism and colonialism played a significant role in defining racial ideologies within German culture. However, Black musicians traveling to Central Europe grew substantially in the 1870s as they achieved greater transatlantic markets of cultural exchanges. German music criticism, then, reveals the difficulties white Germans faced in coming to terms with the complexities of the Black diaspora in their performances. The caricature of the popular Black entertainer also functioned to reinforce white beliefs of Black primitivism, until the Fisk Jubilee Singers became the pattern for German music criticism of Black musicians for decades.
Singing Lieder, Hearing Race
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the role of race in music amidst the interwar period in Central Europe. It compares the analysis of Ronald Hayes and Marian Anderson in terms of their changing performances of German lieder in Vienna, Salzburg, and Berlin amidst the interwar era. The German reception of Black concert singers shows how the race was the primary filter of listeners interpreting Black performances of the Austro-German musical canon. Both Hayes and Anderson had to stop being Black in the listener's imagination for them to accept the performers' renditions of German lieder. The chapter mentions how the phrase “Negroes with white souls” erases, dismisses, and downplays their inherent Blackness.
“And I Thought They Were a Decadent Race”
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the postwar West German musical life in terms of denazification, Cold War, and the involvement of African Americans. William Kemper Harreld recorded a diary during his journey of musical pilgrimage and homecoming through Germany and Austria. The geopolitical landscape in both countries changed drastically between his travels. Following the Nazi German defeat, the American military counted on Black classical musicians to perform vital cultural labor in West Germany. Black classical musicians frequently functioned as signs for older racial and musical logics that predated 1945. The chapter discusses the case studies of Guyanese conductor Rudolph Dunbar in 1945 and the US State Department-sponsored tour of George Gershwin's opera in 1952.
Labor Politics in New York
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the labor politics in New York. Beginning in 1936, New York's moderate socialists, as well as its independent laborites and social reformers, finally found an effective means to reinsert themselves squarely into the political mainstream—establishing the American Labor Party (ALP). Over the next eight years, the ALP became an essential partner in the complex local New Deal coalition that ranged at times from liberal Republicans to communists, demonstrating in the process that a powerful constituency existed for its brand of practical social democratic politics. At the same time, however, the civil war between communists and anti-communist social democrats that had embroiled the Left in the 1920s had never been settled, and when the two sides found themselves uncomfortably together in the ALP, their battles took the form of a struggle for control. The internal war, though waged in primaries for local public and party office, often centered on international issues, especially those of special interest to the New York Left's core Jewish constituency. By 1944, the conflict led to a split and the founding of the Liberal Party.
A “Year-Round Party”
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates how, in its early years, the Liberal Party aspired to be a “year-round party” that would be a “party of ongoing issues and policies” that organized for the extension of the New Deal, furtherance of civil rights, and construction of a world order of peace and stability. Like its predecessor and rival, the American Labor Party (ALP), the Liberal Party helped institute and maintain New York's social democratic polity. But unlike the ALP, it sought to divorce that social democracy, along with racial equality, from support for the Soviet dictatorship. During the red scare of the late 1940s and early 1950s, it thus also sought, not always successfully, to find a third way between absolute civil libertarianism and McCarthyism. The chapter then looks at the Liberal Party's programs, including a detailed sixty-nine-page municipal program.
Cold War Liberalism in City, State, and Nation
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains that by the early 1950s, the Liberal Party had a stable and hierarchical structure that incorporated the main party constituencies. Building on its successes in 1949 in electing a congressman, helping to elect a senator, and showing itself to be a vital part of any fusion campaign in New York City, it also continued at the beginning of the new decade to establish itself as a credible power in New York politics. The party showed that it could even on occasion elect a citywide official on its own, and that without it the Democrats could not win a statewide race. It demonstrated that it could mobilize its base to attract hundreds of thousands of votes on its line, both for its own candidates and for major-party candidates it endorsed. And as it would throughout its history, it struggled to establish the right balance between ideological commitment and pragmatic politics.
Wars in Vietnam and at Home
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes how the Vietnam War proved as divisive and damaging to the Liberal Party in New York as it was to the liberal coalition throughout the country. The party's struggle to come up with a coherent position regarding the war exposed all sorts of internal divisions: although lines were blurred, younger members, upstate branches, intellectuals, and those inclined to find common cause with the New Left and New Politics movements opposed the war. Those for whom the party's founding anti-communism remained a cardinal principle, many of them former socialists and Lovestoneites, supported the war. Most significantly for the party, its drift into the antiwar camp threatened its treasured relationship with the Johnson administration and exacerbated tensions with the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU), whose officers generally took a pro-war position. As battles over the war in Vietnam heated up, so did racial conflict in US cities. Events such as the clash between the New York teachers' union and proponents of community control over public schools further exacerbated divisions among liberals in general, and within the Liberal Party in particular.
Postscript
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This postscript reflects on the Liberal Party's afterlife. An unsigned letter posted on the party's website in January of 2003 reported that the office had closed and that given the party's inability to raise funds, the Policy Committee had decided to fold up. After some confusion, a new leadership emerged, with Henry Stern as party chair, pledging to get the Liberal line back on the ballot in 2006 and to contest local elections in the meantime. But with little money, and without a clear social or organizational base, this proved difficult. With the decline of its social base, and its inability to find a new one, the Liberal Party gradually lost its effectiveness as a political organization. For a time, it retained value as a brand that certified for voters a candidate's progressive credentials, and as the holder of real estate in the form of a line on the ballot. But after its support for Rudolph Giuliani, its brand lost much of its luster. Still, the Liberal Party's legacy lives on, for now, not only with the Conservative Party, founded in explicit imitation of the Liberals, but in the progressive labor politics of the Working Families Party.
Yury Olesha
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter reviews the degree to which Yury Olesha was familiar with James Joyce based on his own statements and the general availability of Joyce's work in Russia. It enumerates and analyzes the similarities between Envy and Ulysses at various important levels including character, plot, and theme. The chapter focuses on Olesha's use of Ulysses as both a subtext and a counterdiscourse throughout his short novel Envy (Zavist, 1927). Supplemented by archival research, it serves in part to demonstrate that Joyce's impact on Russian writers began early, just a few years after the publication of Ulysses in 1922. Despite his complex and seemingly contradictory attitude toward Joyce, Olesha inscribed several direct parallels and inversions of various elements from Joyce's novel into Envy in order to counter the idea that the gifted, creative artist may rewrite his past by selecting a literary forefather. Stephen Dedalus's project, Olesha intimates, was simply not possible under the Soviet system. While Olesha valued Joyce's project, which aligned with his respect for individualism and Western art, this chapter argues that Envy is as a counterresponse to many of Ulysses's basic modernist premises.
Sasha Sokolov
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses Sasha Sokolov's first novel, A School for Fools (Shkola dlia durakov, 1976). Although School contains fewer of the explicit references to James Joyce found in his predecessors' works, the chapter stresses that Sokolov's style suggests a potent Joycean presence. Points of comparison include style (particularly stream of consciousness), structural play, and “forking characters” with fluid identities. While A School for Fools continues to draw on modernist models and Sokolov engages with Ulysses and Dubliners (1914), plot and character are dissolved almost entirely, much as in the protean Finnegans Wake. The chapter also illustrates how Sokolov's transformation of the Joycean model involves a disappearance into texture. The protagonist's story is less about his coming into his own as an artist through a revision of the past than it is about how language, style, and the novel's very structure supersede the artist as hero, in essence carrying Joyce's project to a new level.
The New England Versailles
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the beginning of the Institute of Politics (IOP). It notes the restructured Council on Foreign Relations began publishing Foreign Affairs, which would eventually become the global embodiment of elite American internationalism. In addition, the chapter discusses Harry Garfield's efforts in starting the IOP at Williamstown. The perceived success of the 1921 session went a long way toward establishing the IOP as a leading center for the study of international relations in the United States. The chapter highlights the IOP's role in advancing Wilsonian internationalism among the general public and the burgeoning scholarly community of international relations specialists.
Glory Days
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the glory days of the Institute of Politics (IOP). It acknowledges that the IOP played an influential role in the rise of post-war American internationalism. The first five years of the IOP had been deemed as its golden age and period of greatest influence. Moreover, the major themes and debates of the Institute were available to anyone with access to daily newspapers. The initial meetings were primarily about Soviet communism, naval disarmament, the future of Europe after the Versailles Treaty, and the conflict between France and Germany. Harry Garfield believed the IOP would stand as his enduring legacy as it attracted both national and international elites.
A Summer Sewing Circle?
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the comparison of the Institute of Politics (IOP) as a summer sewing circle wherein elderly people either knit or sleep listening to blatant foreign propagandas. It also discusses the range of lecturers Harry Garfield brought to the Institution such as Halide Edib, Harry Kessler, and Carlo Sforza. Additionally, the chapter expounds on the critique of William Loeb Jr on the Institute. The Far East, Liberia, and Latin America received considerable attention in the roundtables and general conferences of this period. In the 1929 session, the roundtables and general conferences were primarily talking about national and international economics.
Romania's Holy War
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This book rights the widespread myth that Romania was a reluctant member of the Axis during World War II. In correcting this fallacy, the book shows that, of an estimated 300,000 Jews who perished in Romania and Romanian-occupied Ukraine, more than 64,000 were, in fact, killed by Romanian soldiers. Moreover, the Romanian Army conducted a brutal campaign in German-occupied Ukraine, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war, partisans, and civilians. Investigating why Romanian soldiers fought and committed such atrocities, the book argues that strong ideology—a cocktail of nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anticommunism—undergirded their motivation. The book integrates the Holocaust into the narrative of military operations to show that most soldiers fully supported the wartime dictator, General Ion Antonescu, and his regime’s holy war against “Judeo-Bolshevism.” The army perpetrated mass reprisals, targeting Jews in liberated Romanian territory; supported the deportation and concentration of Jews in camps or ghettos in Romanian-occupied Soviet territory; and played a key supporting role in S.S. efforts to exterminate Jews in German-occupied Soviet territory. The book proves that Romania became Nazi Germany’s most important ally in the war against the U.S.S.R. because its soldiers were highly motivated, thus overturning much of what we thought we knew about this theater of war. The book provides the first complete history of why Romanian soldiers fought on the Eastern Front.
Ideology of Holy War
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter delves into the ideological basis of Romanian soldiers' motivation. Nazi Germany and the U.S.S.R.’s titanic struggle has always been recognized as ideological, but Romania’s part in it has fallaciously been portrayed as unideological. In truth, centuries of religious tradition, age-old anti-Judaism combined with modern antisemitism, a century of nationalist zealotry, and burgeoning anticommunist paranoia predisposed Romanians to embrace the holy war. These ideological beliefs cut across class boundaries, uniting soldiers horizontally with comrades and vertically with officers. The Romanian Army started mobilizing in 1937, so there was time for soldiers to form primary groups, many of which experienced the humiliating withdrawal from eastern Romania in 1940 that army propaganda blamed on Jews.