bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioimpedance spectroscopy for breast cancer-related lymphedema assessment: clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Shah Chirag , Whitworth Pat , Valente Stephanie , Schwarz Graham S. , Kruse Megan , Kohli Manpreet , Brownson Kirstyn , Lawson Laura , Dupree Beth , Vicini Frank A.
Published: December 2022

Purpose

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a significant concern for patients following breast cancer treatment, and assessment for BCRL represents a key component of survivorship efforts. Growing data has demonstrated the benefits of early detection and treatment of BCRL. Traditional diagnostic modalities are less able to detect reversible subclinical BCRL while newer techniques such as bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) have shown the ability to detect subclinical BCRL, allowing for early intervention and low rates of chronic BCRL with level I evidence. We present updated clinical practice guidelines for BIS utilization to assess for BCRL.

Methods and Results

Review of the literature identified a randomized controlled trial and other published data which form the basis for the recommendations made. The final results of the PREVENT trial, with 3-year follow-up, demonstrated an absolute reduction of 11.3% and relative reduction of 59% in chronic BCRL (through utilization of compression garment therapy) with BIS as compared to tape measurement. This is in keeping with real-world data demonstrating the effectiveness of BIS in a prospective surveillance model. For optimal outcomes patients should receive an initial pre-treatment measurement and subsequently be followed at a minimum quarterly for first 3 years then biannually for years 4–5, then annually as appropriate, consistent with previous guidelines; the target for intervention has been changed from a change in L-Dex of 10 to 6.5. The lack of pre-operative measure does not preclude inclusion in the prospective surveillance model of care.

Conclusion

The updated clinical practice guidelines present a standardized approach for a prospective model of care using BIS for BCRL assessment and supported by evidence from a randomized controlled trial as well as real-world data.
Assessing the opportunity of combining state-of-the-art Android malware detectors
Authors: Daoudi Nadia , Allix Kevin , Bissyandé Tegawendé F. , Klein Jacques
Published: December 2022

Research on Android malware detection based on Machine learning has been prolific in recent years. In this paper, we show, through a large-scale evaluation of four state-of-the-art approaches that their achieved performance fluctuates when applied to different datasets. Combining existing approaches appears as an appealing method to stabilise performance. We therefore proceed to empirically investigate the effect of such combinations on the overall detection performance. In our study, we evaluated 22 methods to combine feature sets or predictions from the state-of-the-art approaches. Our results showed that no method has significantly enhanced the detection performance reported by the state-of-the-art malware detectors. Nevertheless, the performance achieved is on par with the best individual classifiers for all settings. Overall, we conduct extensive experiments on the opportunity to combine state-of-the-art detectors. Our main conclusion is that combining state-of-the-art malware detectors leads to a stabilisation of the detection performance, and a research agenda on how they should be combined effectively is required to boost malware detection. All artefacts of our large-scale study (i.e., the dataset of $\sim $
∼
0.5 million apks and all extracted features) are made available for replicability.
Aggregation in an Infinite, Relativistic Universe
Authors: Wilkinson Hayden
Published: December 2022

Aggregative moral theories face a series of devastating problems when we apply them in a physically realistic setting. According to current physics, our universe is likely infinitely large, and will contain infinitely many morally valuable events. But standard aggregative theories are ill-equipped to compare outcomes containing infinite total value. So, applied in a realistic setting, they cannot compare any outcomes a real-world agent must ever choose between. This problem has been discussed extensively, and non-standard aggregative theories proposed to overcome it. This paper addresses a further problem of similar severity. Physics tells us that, in our universe, how remotely in time an event occurs is relative. But our most promising aggregative theories, designed to compare outcomes containing infinitely many valuable events, are sensitive to how remote in time those events are. As I show, the evaluations of those theories are then relative too. But this is absurd; evaluations of outcomes must be absolute! So we must reject such theories. Is this objection fatal for all aggregative theories, at least in a relativistic universe like ours? I demonstrate here that, by further modifying these theories to fit with the physics, we can overcome it.
Technomoral Resilience as a Goal of Moral Education
Authors: Bauer Katharina , Hermann Julia
Published: December 2022

In today’s highly dynamic societies, moral norms and values are subject to change. Moral change is partly driven by technological developments. For instance, the introduction of robots in elderly care practices requires caregivers to share moral responsibility with a robot (see van Wynsberghe 2013). Since we do not know what elements of morality will change and how they will change (see van der Burg 2003), moral education should aim at fostering what has been called “moral resilience” (Swierstra 2013). We seek to fill two gaps in the existing literature: (i) research on moral education has not paid enough attention to the development of moral resilience; (ii) the very limited literature on moral resilience does not conceptualise moral resilience in relation to new technological developments. We argue that philosophical accounts of moral education need to do justice to the importance of moral resilience, and that a specific form of moral resilience should be conceptualised as “technomoral resilience” to underline the added value of cultivating moral resilience in relation to technomoral change. We illustrate the role of technomoral resilience in practice by looking at the context of elderly care. To make the first step towards an account of how technomoral resilience can be fostered in moral education, we propose that moral education shall focus on a triangle of capacities: (1) moral imagination, (2) a capacity for critical reflection, and (3) a capacity for maintaining one’s moral agency in the face of disturbances.
The Association Between Expanded ACEs and Behavioral Health Outcomes Among Youth at First Time Legal System Contact
Authors: Folk Johanna B. , Ramaiya Megan , Holloway Evan , Ramos Lili , Marshall Brandon D. L. , Kemp Kathleen , Li Yu , Bath Eraka , Mitchell Daphne Koinis , Tolou-Shams Marina
Published: December 2022

A growing body of literature has documented high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their effects on behavioral health among adolescents impacted by the juvenile legal system. Most research with justice-impacted youth assesses the ten standard ACEs, encompassing abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. This body of work has largely ignored the five expanded ACEs which assess social and community level adversity. Justice-impacted youth commonly experience expanded ACEs (racial discrimination, placement in foster care, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood, witnessing violence, bullying), and inclusion of these adversities may enhance predictive utility of the commonly used ACEs score. The current study examined the prospective impact of total ACEs (standard and expanded) on alcohol and cannabis use, substance-related consequences, and psychiatric symptoms during the year following first ever contact with the juvenile court. Results indicate justice-impacted youth experience multiple expanded ACEs prior to first court contact. The expanded ACEs did not predict any of the behavioral health outcomes assessed, over and above the standard ACEs. Inclusion of expanded ACEs in the standard ACEs score may not increase utility in identifying prospective behavioral health outcomes among youth in first time contact with the juvenile legal system.
Subdomain separability in global optimization
Authors: Deussen Jens , Naumann Uwe
Published: December 2022

We introduce a generalization of separability for global optimization, presented in the context of a simple branch and bound method. Our results apply to continuously differentiable objective functions implemented as computer programs. A significant search space reduction can be expected to yield an acceleration of any global optimization method. We show how to utilize interval derivatives calculated by adjoint algorithmic differentiation to examine the monotonicity of the objective with respect to so called structural separators and how to verify the latter automatically.
Study of irradiation decomposition products of PUREX solvents on zirconium metal retention behavior
Authors: Zhou Lei , Zhou Yu , Jiao Caishan , Zhang Meng , He Mingjian , Gao Yang
Published: December 2022

The metal retention behaviors of several simulated radiolysis products on zirconium metal were investigated, and it was found that acid phosphate radiolysis product HDEHP has the greatest effect. The effects of extraction nitric acid concentration, simulated radiolysis product concentration, metal concentration, and temperature on the zirconium metal retention behavior were also investigated. The results showed that zirconium metal forms complexes with HDEHP resulting in retention in the organic phase. Nitric acid concentration and metal concentration change the morphology of the metal thus affecting the extraction and metal retention behavior. The temperature has almost no effect on metal retention.
Are some controversial views in bioethics Juvenalian satire without irony?
Authors: Häyry Matti
Published: December 2022

The article examines five controversial views, expressed in Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal, Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer’s Should the Baby Live? The Problem of Handicapped Infants, Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva’s “After-birth abortion: why should the baby live?”, Julian Savulescu’s “Procreative beneficence: why we should select the best children”, and the author’s “A rational cure for prereproductive stress syndrome”. These views have similarities and differences on five levels: the grievances they raise, the proposals they make, the justifications they explicitly use, the justifications they implicitly rely on, and the criticisms that they have encountered. A comparison of these similarities and differences produces two findings. First, some controversial views based on utilitarian considerations would probably fare better flipped upside down and presented as Juvenalian satires. Secondly, a modicum of humor or modesty could help presenters of controversial views to stir polite critical discussion on the themes that they put forward.
Fast and universal estimation of latent variable models using extended variational approximations
Authors: Korhonen Pekka , Hui Francis K. C. , Niku Jenni , Taskinen Sara
Published: December 2022

Generalized linear latent variable models (GLLVMs) are a class of methods for analyzing multi-response data which has gained considerable popularity in recent years, e.g., in the analysis of multivariate abundance data in ecology. One of the main features of GLLVMs is their capacity to handle a variety of responses types, such as (overdispersed) counts, binomial and (semi-)continuous responses, and proportions data. On the other hand, the inclusion of unobserved latent variables poses a major computational challenge, as the resulting marginal likelihood function involves an intractable integral for non-normally distributed responses. This has spurred research into a number of approximation methods to overcome this integral, with a recent and particularly computationally scalable one being that of variational approximations (VA). However, research into the use of VA for GLLVMs has been hampered by the fact that fully closed-form variational lower bounds have only been obtained for certain combinations of response distributions and link functions. In this article, we propose an extended variational approximations (EVA) approach which widens the set of VA-applicable GLLVMs dramatically. EVA draws inspiration from the underlying idea behind the Laplace approximation: by replacing the complete-data likelihood function with its second order Taylor approximation about the mean of the variational distribution, we can obtain a fully closed-form approximation to the marginal likelihood of the GLLVM for any response type and link function. Through simulation studies and an application to a species community of testate amoebae, we demonstrate how EVA results in a “universal” approach to fitting GLLVMs, which remains competitive in terms of estimation and inferential performance relative to both standard VA (where any intractable integrals are either overcome through reparametrization or quadrature) and a Laplace approximation approach, while being computationally more scalable than both methods in practice.
Are animal breeds social kinds?
Authors: Vidal Oriol , Teira David
Published: December 2022

Breeds are classifications of domestic animals that share, to a certain degree, a set of conventional phenotypic traits. We are going to defend that, despite classifying biological entities, animal breeds are social kinds. We will adopt Godman’s view of social kinds, classifications with predictive power based on social learning processes. We will show that, although the folk concept of animal breed refers to a biological kind, there is no way to define it. The expert definitions of breeds are instead based on socially learnt conventions and skills (artificial selection), yielding groupings in which scientific predictions are possible. We will discuss in what sense breeds are social, but not human kinds and in what sense the concept of a breed is necessary to make them real.
The Sceptic, The Outsider, and Other Minds
Authors: Avramides Anita
Published: December 2022

The usual way with scepticism is to formulate a problem in connection with the external world and then apply this to other minds. Drawing on work by Stanley Cavell and Richard Moran, I argue that the sceptic misses an important difference in our concepts of mind and of body, and that this is reflected in the sceptic’s formulation of a problem regarding other minds. I suggest that an understanding of this important conceptual difference is also missing from the work of those who attempt to reply to (dismiss, or ignore) the sceptic. In this connection I discuss both inferential and perceptual accounts of our knowledge of other minds. I identify an error in these accounts that may be thought to arise from a lack of understanding of the important conceptual difference here, and then develop an understanding of this error that draws on the work of Edith Stein and Stanley Cavell.
Distorted Debates
Authors: Picazo Claudia
Published: December 2022

One way to silence the powerless, Langton has taught us, is to pre-emptively disable their ability to do things with words. In this paper I argue that speakers can be silenced in a different way. You can let them speak, and obscure the meaning of their words afterwards. My aim is to investigate this form of silencing, that I call retroactive distortion. In a retroactive distortion, the meaning of the words of a speaker is distorted by the effect of a subsequent speech act by a different speaker. After introducing this notion, I explore some reasons why retroactive distortions can be difficult to challenge and argue that, besides constituting a communicative injustice, they can eliminate topics from public consideration and therefore erode public debate.
CT volumetry performs better than nuclear renography in predicting estimated renal function one year after living donation
Authors: Almeida Manuela , Pereira Pedro R. , Ramos Miguel , Carneiro Diogo , Mandaleno Mariana , Silva Filipa , Pedroso Sofia , França Manuela , Martins La Salete , Malheiro Jorge
Published: December 2022

The evaluation of split renal function (SRF) is a critical issue in living kidney donations and can be evaluated using nuclear renography (NR) or computerized tomography (CT), with unclear comparative advantages. We conducted this retrospective study in 193 donors to examine the correlation of SRF assessed by NR and CT volumetry and compared their ability to predict remaining donor renal function at 1 year, through multiple approaches. A weak correlation between imaging techniques for evaluating the percentage of the remaining kidney volume was found in the global cohort, with an R2 = 0.15. However, the Bland–Altman plot showed an acceptable agreement (95% of the difference between techniques falling within − 8.51 to 6.11%). The predicted and observed eGFR one year after donation were calculated using the CKD-EPI, and CG/BSA equations. CT volume showed a better correlation than NR for both formulas (adjusted R2 of 0.42. and 0.61 vs 0.37 and 0.61 for CKD-EPI and CG/ BSA equations, respectively). In non-nested modeling tests, CT volumetry was significantly superior to NR for both equations. CT volumetry performed better than NR in predicting the estimated renal function of living donors at 1-year, independently from the eGFR equation.
Plant growth-promoting properties of the phosphate-solubilizing red yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum
Authors: Chen Yi-Ru , Kuo Chih-Yen , Fu Shih-Feng , Chou Jui-Yu
Published: December 2022

Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential elements that are necessary for plant development and growth. However, the availability of soluble forms of P for plants in the soils is limited, because a large proportion of it is bound to soil constituents. Thus, the concentration of P available to plants at any time is very low and, moreover, its availability depends on the soil pH. As a solution, phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are employed that render inorganic P available to plants in soluble form. Thus far, research into PSMs has been insufficient, and only few such organisms have been considered for exploitation as microbial fertilizer strains. The characteristics of plant growth promotion with the plant-PSMs coculture system remain to be elucidated. In the current study, we report on the isolate Rhodosporidium paludigenum JYC100 that exhibits good performance for solubilizing calcium phosphate. We found that it can be regulated by the amount of soluble phosphate. Furthermore, R. paludigenum JYC100 promotes plant growth under specific conditions (P deficiency, but with insoluble phosphate) in different media and soil pots. In contrast, the yeast Aureobasidium pullulans JYC104 exhibited weak phosphate-solubilizing capacities and no plant growth-promoting ability. Compared to control plants, the biomass, shoot height, and cellular inorganic P content of plants increased in plants cocultivated with R. paludigenum JYC100. In addition, histochemical GUS and qRT-PCR assays of phosphate starvation-induced (PSI) genes showed that the transcript levels of these PSI genes are decreased in the plants cocultured with R. paludigenum JYC100. These findings reflect the unique ability of R. paludigenum JYC100 to convert insoluble P compounds to plant-available P, thereby leading to growth promotion. Our study results highlight the use of yeasts as potential substitutes for inorganic phosphate fertilizers to meet the P demands of plants, which may eventually improve yields in sustainable agricultures.
Living in the World by Dying to the Self: Swami Vivekananda’s Modernist Reconfigurations of a Premodern Vedāntic Dialectic
Authors: Barua Ankur
Published: December 2022

This article is an exploration of the dialectic of this-worldly activism and the practice of self-effacement in Swami Vivekananda’s discourses. He often exhorts his audiences to cultivate the vigorous strength to live courageously in the world on the basis of their spiritual conviction that they are rooted in the true self (ātman) beyond all spatiotemporal limitations. The boundlessātman, to be realized by effacing the egocentric self, would become the imperishable source of their fortitude to live with fearlessness in a world of suffering. Since theātmanis not constrained by the egocentric bounds of the “I”, to become recentered in its illimitable heart is to move towards a universal morality. Through this return to one’s imperishable center of existential gravity, one transcends fear and hatred of the “other” as a radically alien being. While his socioreligious worldview is imprinted with aspects of Advaita as formalized by Śaṅkara, he also occasionally endorses the theocentric visions of Rāmānuja and Madhva and declares that all these Vedāntic pathways point towards the effacement of the ego and the generation of fearlessness.
Early recombinant human growth hormone treatment improves mental development and alleviates deterioration of motor function in infants and young children with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Cheng Ruo-Qian , Ying Yan-Qin , Qiu Zheng-Qing , Fu Jun-Fen , Gong Chun-Xiu , Yang Yan-Ling , Shi Wei , Li Hui , Ma Ming-Sheng , Wang Chang-Yan , Liu Min , Chen Jia-Jia , Su Chang , Luo Xiao-Ping , Luo Fei-Hong , Lu Wei
Published: December 2022

Background

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy has shown to improve height and body composition in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS), the evidence of early rhGH treatment on motor and mental development is still accumulating. This study explored the time effect on psychomotor development, anthropometric indexes, and safety for infants and young children with PWS.

Methods

A phase 3, single-arm, multicenter, self-controlled study was conducted in six sites. Patients received rhGH at 0.5 mg/m2/day for first four weeks, and 1 mg/m2/day thereafter for up to 52 weeks. Motor development was measured using Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-second edition, mental development using Griffiths Development Scales-Chinese (GDS-C). Height standard deviation score (SDS), body weight SDS, and body mass index (BMI) SDS were also assessed.

Results

Thirty-five patients were enrolled totally. Significant improvements were observed in height, body weight, and BMI SDS at week 52; GDS-C score showed significant improvement in general quotient (GQ) and sub-quotients. In a linear regression analysis, total motor quotient (TMQ), gross motor quotient (GMQ), and fine motor quotient were negatively correlated with age; however, treatment may attenuate deterioration of TMQ and GMQ. Changes in GQ and locomotor sub-quotient in < 9-month group were significantly higher than ≥ 9-month group. Mild to moderate severity adverse drug reactions were reported in six patients.

Conclusion

Fifty-two-week treatment with rhGH improved growth, BMI, mental development, and lessened the deterioration of motor function in infants and young children with PWS. Improved mental development was more pronounced when instituted in patients < 9 months old.
Experienced nursery teachers gaze longer at children during play than do novice teachers: an eye-tracking study
Authors: Sadamatsu Joe
Published: December 2022

Despite the widespread recognition of the significance of outdoor play in early childhood development, centers for early childhood education (ECE) face the challenge of striking a balance between active play activities and safety concerns. Thus, the visual attention of teachers is critical. Studies that compare the visual attention of novice and experienced teachers traditionally focus on instructional settings instead of recreational play. This study examines the effect of experience on the attentional focus of teachers on children’s play in ECE settings in Japan. Eye-tracking data were collected from 10 novices and 10 relatively experienced ECE staff members to compare fixation location, number of fixation, and fixation duration while groups of 3-year-old children played in a sandbox. The results of the independent sample t tests revealed that experienced teachers gazed at the children more frequently than did novice teachers; however, the mean fixation duration was significantly shorter among relatively experienced teachers across all participants. Similarly, although experienced teachers spent more time overall than did novice teachers in observing the children and peripheral areas of the play area as they played, the mean fixation duration was significantly shorter than that of novice teachers. The findings support other studies that highlight the heightened ability of experienced teachers to assess conditions more quickly and draw conclusions regarding the activities of children. In addition, the findings support research that reports that the level of supervision and control imposed by ECE teachers on children’s play and safety are closely related to their level of experience.
Food insecurity and disasters: predicting disparities in total and first-time food pantry visits during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Drake Alexandria J. , Phillips Lora A. , Karna Brajesh , Murugesan Shakthi Bharathi , Villa Lily K. , Smith Nathan A.
Published: December 2022

In the U.S. state of Arizona, nearly one-third of households experienced food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase from one-fourth of households before the pandemic. Previous research on food insecurity in the wake of natural and human-instigated disasters demonstrates that groups vulnerable to food insecurity before a disaster are more susceptible to food insecurity during and after that disaster; however, less is known about whether this relationship also holds true during health-related disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced urban food insecurity patterns by analyzing the socio-demographic characteristics of food pantry clients in Maricopa County, Arizona. Using data from Phoenix Rescue Mission (PRM), a local non-profit food service provider, two binomial logistic regression models compare the socio-demographic composition of total and first-time food pantry users before and during the pandemic. In addition to an overall increase in food pantry usage during the pandemic, we find that, while certain socio-demographic groups historically vulnerable to food insecurity experienced the predicted uptick in insecurity during the pandemic, other socio-demographic disparities were attenuated. These somewhat disparate findings illustrate the complex relationship between disasters and food insecurity in an urban context, offering several avenues for future research.
Land sharing complements land sparing in the conservation of disturbance-dependent species
Authors: Tälle Malin , Öckinger Erik , Löfroth Therese , Pettersson Lars B. , Smith Henrik G. , Stjernman Martin , Ranius Thomas
Published: December 2022

Alteration of natural disturbances in human-modified landscapes has resulted in many disturbance-dependent species becoming rare. Conservation of such species requires efforts to maintain or recreate disturbance regimes. We compared benefits of confining efforts to habitats in protected areas (a form of land sparing) versus integrating them with general management of production land (a form of land sharing), using two examples: fire in forests and grazing in semi-natural grasslands. We reviewed empirical studies from the temperate northern hemisphere assessing effects of disturbances in protected and non-protected areas, and compiled information from organisations governing and implementing disturbances in Sweden. We found advantages with protection of areas related to temporal continuity and quality of disturbances, but the spatial extent of disturbances is higher on production land. This suggests that an approach where land sparing is complemented with land sharing will be most effective for preservation of disturbance-dependent species in forests and semi-natural grasslands.
A versatile untargeted metabolomics-driven technology for rapid phytochemical profiling of stem barks of Zanthoxylum species with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
Authors: Kaigongi Magrate M. , Lukhoba Catherine W. , Musila Fredrick M. , Taylor Malcolm , Mbugua Regina W. , Githiomi Joseph , Yenesew Abiy , Makunga Nokwanda P.
Published: December 2022

Zanthoxylum species are credited with various uses in ethnomedicine due to their rich metabolite composition. In Kenya, these include management of cancer and microbial related ailments. However, there are limited reports showing how the bioactivity of Kenyan Zanthoxylum species is linked to their phytochemical profiles. This study therefore aimed at examining the chemical variation among five Zanthoxylum species found in Kenya (Z. chalybeum, Z. gilletii, Z. holtzianum, Z. paracanthum and Z. usambarense) using metabolomics approaches and the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities of these species. In a Folin–Ciocalteu test, the phenolic content of the stem bark extracts of these species were 73.083–145.272 mg TAE/g, while the alkaloids (in bromothymol blue chromogenic test) and flavonoids (in aluminium chloride test) were found to be 152.39–207.19 mg ME/g, and 109.416–186.413 mg CE/g, respectively. These extracts also exerted strong antioxidant activities in the 2,2-iphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assays. In a broth dilution assay, the extract of the stem bark of Z. holtzianum ability showed the highest antimicrobial activity, followed by Z. chalybeum stem bark extract. The activities were positively correlated to both flavonoids and alkaloids concentrations, while the concentration of phenolics had weak negative correlation to antimicrobial activities. A chemometric analysis of the liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry profiles led to grouping of the species into three clusters. This study illustrates the variation in the bioactivity of Zanthoxylum species based on metabolite composition and justifies the wide usage of Zanthoxylum species in Kenyan traditional medicinal practices.

Graphical abstract
Hope moderates the relationship between students’ sense of belonging and academic misconduct
Authors: Coetzee Tanya , Pryce-Jones Katie , Grant Leigh , Tindle Richard
Published: December 2022

This study investigates how hope moderates the relationship between students’ sense of belonging and their academic misconduct intentions and behaviours. A sample of 234 university students (57% female) aged between 16 and 64 (Mage = 25.56, SDage = 8.18) responded to an online survey. The survey included demographic questions, measures of student’s sense of belonging at university, dispositional hope, motivation to reach their goals (Agency), perceived ability to implement a plan to attain their goal (Pathways), future intentions to engage in academic misconduct intentions (AM Intentions) and previous engagement in academic misconduct behaviours (AM Behaviours). Our findings suggest that a student’s sense of belonging to their university and their levels of hope are negatively associated with academic misconduct intentions. We also observed a significant Hope × Belongingness, Agency × Belongingness, and Pathways × Belongingness interaction for students’ AM intentions and their AM behaviours. Our findings identified that students who have a strong sense of belonging, but low levels of hope are more likely to engage in academic misconduct behaviours. We also confirm that high levels of hope are protective against students engaging in academic misconduct. Universities can use these findings to identify students at an increased risk of engaging in academic misconduct and protect at-risk students from engaging in academic misconduct by improving their goal motivation and perceived capacity to implement a plan to reach their education goals.
Modeling of emergency support capacity and optimization of delivery service system for urban living materials under uncertain situations: a case study of Xi’an City during COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Wang Jianpo , Li Gang , Wang Jiaobei , Nie Qifan , Yu Yue , Xu Tingting
Published: December 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought a heavy burden and severe challenges to the global economy and society, forcing different countries and regions to take various preventive and control measures ranging from normal operations to partial or complete lockdowns. Taking Xi’an city as an example, based on multisource POI data for the government’s vegetable storage delivery points, logistics terminal outlets, designated medical institutions, communities, etc., this paper uses the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method (2SFCA) and other spatial analysis methods to analyze the spatial pattern of emergency support points (ESPs) and express logistics terminals in different situations. It then discusses construction and optimization strategies for urban emergency support and delivery service systems. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The ESPs are supported by large-scale chain supermarkets and fresh supermarkets, which are positively related to the population distribution.The spatial distribution of express logistics terminals is imbalanced, dense in the middle while sparse at the edges. 90% of express terminals are located within a 500 m distance of communities, however, some terminals are shared, which restrict their ability to provide emergency support to surrounding residents. (2) In general, accessibility increases as the number of ESPs increases; under normal traffic, as the distance threshold increases, the available ESPs increase but accessibility slightly decreases; with a traffic lockdown, the travel distance of residents is limited, and as ESPs increase, accessibility and the number of POIs covered significantly increase. (3) The spatial accessibility of the ESPs has a “dumbbell-shaped” distribution, with highest accessibility in the north and south, higher around the second ring road, slightly lower in the center, and lowest near the third ring road at east and west. (4) With the goal of “opening up the logistics artery and unblocking the distribution microcirculation”, based on “ESPs + couriers + express logistics terminals + residents”, this paper proposes to build and optimize the urban emergency support and delivery service system to improve the comprehensive ability of the city to cope with uncertain risks.
The Great Unconformity or Great Unconformities?
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: December 2022

Some scientists think the Great Unconformity was caused by a single erosional event. Recent work suggests the phenomenon might not be so simple.
Drones Make Weather Prediction Easier at the Poles
Authors: Chapman Andrew
Published: December 2022

Researchers measured wind speed with a commercially available drone and a lightweight sensor. The approach could help scientists gather more data from remote environments.
Far-Flung Forces Caused the 2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Wave
Authors: Sidik Saima
Published: December 2022

Air from thousands of kilometers away spiraled down to drape the Pacific Northwest in blistering heat.
Seasonal Acceleration of Petermann Glacier, Greenland, From Changes in Subglacial Hydrology
Authors: Ehrenfeucht Shivani , Morlighem Mathieu , Rignot Eric , Dow Christine F. , Mouginot Jeremie
Published: December 2022

Petermann Glacier is a major outlet glacier of northern Greenland that drains a marine‐based basin vulnerable to destabilization from enhanced oceanic and atmospheric forcings. Using satellite radar interferometry data from the Sentinel‐1a/b missions, we observe a seasonal glacier acceleration of 15% in the summer, from 1,250 to 1,500 m/yr near the grounding line, but the physical drivers of this seasonality have not been elucidated. Here, we use a subglacial hydrology model coupled one‐way to an ice sheet model to evaluate the role of subglacial hydrology as a physical mechanism explaining the seasonal acceleration. We find excellent agreement between the observed and predicted velocity in terms of timing and magnitude with the addition of an applied lower limit on effective pressure of 6% of ice overburden pressure. We conclude that seasonal changes in subglacial hydrology are sufficient to explain the observed seasonal speed up of Petermann Glacier.
Impact of the Streamwise Vorticity Current on Low‐Level Mesocyclone Development in a Simulated Supercell
Authors: Finley Catherine A. , Elmore Michelle , Orf Leigh , Lee Bruce D.
Published: December 2022

Results from a large eddy simulation of a tornadic supercell developing in a horizontally homogeneous environment are presented which clearly illustrate a connection between low‐level mesoyclone development and the development of a streamwise vorticity current (SVC). Although the environment supports tornadic supercells, a strong low‐level mesocyclone (LLM) does not develop until a well‐defined SVC forms in the storm's forward flank. As the streamwise vorticity in the SVC flows southward and is tilted into the storm updraft creating updraft helicity, the LLM strengthens and lowers toward the surface. The SVC also focuses LLM development in a confined storm‐relative position favorable for converging/stretching preexisting vertical vorticity. Tornadogenesis occurs within ∼5 min of the establishment of a strong LLM. These results illustrate a possible mode of internal storm variability that may be an important factor in explaining why some supercells produce tornadoes while others do not in similar favorable environments.
Channel Water Storage Anomaly: A New Remotely Sensed Quantity for Global River Analysis
Authors: Coss Stephen , Durand Michael T. , Shum C. K. , Yi Yuchan , Yang Xiao , Pavelsky Tamlin , Getirana Augusto , Yamazaki Dai
Published: December 2022

River channels store large volumes of water globally, critically impacting ecological and biogeochemical processes. Despite the importance of river channel storage, there is not yet an observational constraint on this quantity. We introduce a 26‐year record of entirely remotely sensed volumetric channel water storage (CWS) change on 26 major world rivers. We find mainstem volumetric CWS climatology amplitude (CA) represents an appreciable amount of basin‐wide terrestrial water storage variability (median 2.78%, range 0.04%–12.54% across world rivers), despite mainstem rivers themselves represent an average of just 0.2% of basin area. We find that two global river routing schemes coupled with land surface models reasonably approximate CA (within ±50%) in only 11.5% (CaMa‐Flood) and 30.7% (HyMap) of rivers considered. These findings demonstrate volumetric CWS is a useful quantity for assessing global hydrological model performance, and for advancing understanding of spatial patterns in global hydrology.
Frequent Storm Surges Affect the Groundwater of Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Nordio Giovanna , Frederiks Ryan , Hingst Mary , Carr Joel , Kirwan Matt , Gedan Keryn , Michael Holly , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: December 2022

Recent studies have focused on the effect of large tropical cyclones (hurricanes) on the shore, neglecting the role of less intense but more frequent events. Here we analyze the effect of the offshore tropical storm Melissa on groundwater data collected along the North America Atlantic coast. Our meta‐analysis indicates that both groundwater level and specific conductivity significantly increased during Melissa, respectively reaching maximum values of 1.09 m and 25.2 mS/cm above pre‐storm levels. Time to recover to pre‐storm levels was 10 times greater for groundwater specific conductivity, with a median value of 20 days, while groundwater level had a median recovery time of 2 days. A frequency‐magnitude analysis indicates that the percent of time with salinization is higher for Melissa than for energetic hurricanes. Given the high frequency of these events (return period of 1–2 years), and the long time needed for groundwater conditions to return to normal levels, we conclude that increasingly frequent moderate storms will have a significant impact on the ecology of vegetated shorelines.
Tropical Pacific and North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature Patterns Modulate Mississippi Basin Hydroclimate Extremes Over the Last Millennium
Authors: Luo Xinyue , Dee Sylvia , Lavenhouse Trinity , Muñoz Samuel , Steiger Nathan
Published: December 2022

Mississippi River basin floods impart large socioeconomic impacts over the central United States. Improving flood predictability depends on our understanding of the dynamical controls on Mississippi basin hydroclimate. However, short instrumental records make it difficult to constrain the connections between flooding and climate variability. Here, we use the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation product, spanning the Last Millennium, to investigate the impacts of tropical Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability on hydrological extremes across the Mississippi River and its major tributaries. Wet extremes are associated with strong El Niño‐like warming over the tropical Pacific, but specific SST patterns matter: dry (wet) conditions occur during Central Pacific (Eastern Pacific) El Niño events. The influence of North Atlantic SSTs is less clear, but cool SSTs contribute to Ohio basin wet extremes. These results are relevant for seasonal‐to‐interannual flood hazard prediction on the fourth largest river basin in the world.
Sensitivity of Observationally Based Estimates of Ocean Heat Content and Thermal Expansion to Vertical Interpolation Schemes
Authors: Li Yuehua , Church John A. , McDougall Trevor J. , Barker Paul M.
Published: December 2022

Changes in ocean heat content are a critical element of climate change, with the oceans containing about 90% of the excess heat stored in the climate system and 60% in the upper 700 db. Estimates of these changes are sensitive to horizontal mapping of the sparse historical data and errors in eXpendable BathyThermograph data. Here we show that they are also sensitive to the vertical interpolation of sparsely sampled data through the water column. We estimate, using carefully constructed vertical interpolation methods with high‐quality hydrographic (bottle and CTD) data, the observationally based upper ocean heat content increase (thermosteric sea level rise) from 1956 to 2020 is 285 Zeta Joules (0.55 mm yr−1), 14% (14%) larger than estimates relying on simple but biased linear interpolation schemes. The underestimates have a clear spatial pattern with their maximum near 15°N and 12°S, around the maxima in the curvature of the temperature‐depth profile.
Simulation Study of the 15 January 2022 Tonga Event: Development of Super Equatorial Plasma Bubbles
Authors: Huba J. D. , Becker E. , Vadas S. L.
Published: December 2022

We present high‐resolution simulation results of the response of the ionosphere/plasmasphere system to the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption. We use the coupled Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere ionosphere/plasmasphere model and the HIgh Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model whole atmosphere model with primary atmospheric gravity wave effects from the Model for gravity wavE SOurces, Ray trAcing and reConstruction model. We find that the Tonga eruption produced a “super” equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) extending ∼30° in longitude and up to 500 km in altitude with a density depletion of 3 orders of magnitude. We also found a “train” of EPBs developed and extended over the longitude range 150°–200° and that two EPBs reached altitudes over 4,000 km. The primary cause of this behavior is the significant modification of the zonal neutral wind caused by the atmospheric disturbance associated with the eruption, and the subsequent modification of the dynamo electric field.
Locating the Largest Event Observed on Mars With Multi‐Orbit Surface Waves
Authors: Panning M. P. , Banerdt W. B. , Beghein C. , Carrasco S. , Ceylan S. , Clinton J. F. , Davis P. , Drilleau M. , Giardini D. , Khan A. , Kim D. , Knapmeyer‐Endrun B. , Li J. , Lognonné P. , Stähler S. C. , Zenhäusern G.
Published: December 2022

Prior to the 2018 landing of the InSight mission, the InSight science team proposed locating Marsquakes using multiple orbit surface waves, independent of seismic velocity models, for events larger than MW4.6. The S1222a MW4.7 of 4 May 2022 is the largest Marsquake recorded and the first large enough for this method. Group arrivals of the first three orbits of Rayleigh waves are determined to derive the group velocity, epicentral distance, and origin time. The mean distance of 36.9 ± 0.3° agrees with the Marsquake Service (MQS) distance based on body wave measurements of 37.0 ± 1.6°. The origin time from surface waves is systematically later than the MQS origin time by 20 s. Backazimuth estimation is similar to body wave estimations from MQS although suggesting a shift to the south. Backazimuth estimates from R2 and R3 are more scattered, but do show clear elliptical motion.
A Single 520 km Discontinuity Beneath the Contiguous United States With Pyrolitic Seismic Properties
Authors: Zhang Han , Schmandt Brandon , Zhou Wen‐Yi , Zhang Jin S. , Maguire Ross
Published: December 2022

Olivine polymorphs are considered the most abundant minerals in Earth and vital to governing its dynamics. Seismic discontinuities near 410 and 660 km depth are attributed to phase transitions of olivine polymorphs and have long been in reference Earth models. However, the significance of the 520 km discontinuity (520) and its causative phase transition are debated. To address its prevalence and properties, receiver functions from >2,000 seismographs across the U.S. were inverted using parameterizations with and without the 520. A 520 is required for 84% of the area at 95% confidence. The 520s depths and S‐velocity contrasts nearly match predictions from the pyrolite model, as expected for a widespread feature that dominantly reflects the wadsleyite to ringwoodite transition.
Combined Modes of the Northern Stratosphere, Tropical Oceans, and East Asian Spring Rainfall: A Novel Method to Improve Seasonal Forecasts of Precipitation
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Wu Tongwen , Luo Jing‐Jia , Lu Yixiong , Chu Min , Lu Qian
Published: December 2022

Seasonal forecasting models have a harder time accurately predicting regional precipitation anomalies in East Asia than the large‐scale drivers of these precipitation anomalies. These large‐scale drivers include both sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and conditions in the polar stratosphere. A maximum covariance analysis is used to isolate the SST and stratospheric patterns most associated with anomalous East Asian precipitation, which are employed to correct seasonal forecasts by projecting the forecasted stratospheric circulation and SST onto the observed combined modes. The nonuniform predictability of East Asian rainfall in seasonal forecast models is improved after error correction with the observed linkage between the stratosphere–tropical ocean modes and East Asian rainfall. This method should be helpful for improving rainfall forecasts in other regions as well.
Observational Perspectives on Beaufort Sea Ice Breakouts
Authors: Jewell MacKenzie E. , Hutchings Jennifer K.
Published: December 2022

In winter 2013, a sea ice breakout in the Beaufort Sea produced extensive fracturing and contributed to record ice export. Rheinlænder et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099024) simulated this event using the neXtSIM sea ice model, reproducing a realistic progression of lead opening and ice drift following the track of an anticyclone. Their simulations indicate strong winds and thin ice are key factors in breakouts. We discuss observational records giving additional insight into the mechanisms controlling breakout events, including the role of wind direction. Breakouts are common and have occurred under weaker winds than in 2013 and in thicker ice of previous decades. During 2013 and other events, patterns of lead opening during breakout followed changes in wind direction relative to the coast with anticyclone position. For skillful predictions of future breakouts, models must reproduce this behavior, and their performance should be assessed across a range of wind and ice conditions.