bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling Reaction by Cooperative Transition‐Metal and Broensted Acid Catalysis for the Synthesis of β‐Quinolinyl α‐Amino Acid Esters.
Authors: Zhu Zhi‐Qiang , Bai Peng , Huang Zhi‐Zhen
Published: March 2015

A novel dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reaction of methylquinoline derivatives with N‐aryl glycine esters under the cooperative catalysis of copper salt and a Broensted acid is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed C—C and C—O Coupling of Quinoline N‐Oxides with Alkynes: Combination of C—H Activation with O‐Atom Transfer.
Authors: Zhang Xueyun , Qi Zisong , Li Xingwei
Published: March 2015

In the efficient redox‐neutral coupling of quinoline N‐oxides with alkynes the N‐O bond acts as both directing group for C‐H activation and as an O‐atom donor.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflic Acid Promoted Fries Rearrangement of C‐3 Vinyl/isopropenyl‐azetidin‐2‐ones: Single‐Pot Synthesis of C‐3 Functionalized‐2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐quinoline‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Mehra Vishu , Singh Parvesh , Bisetty Krishna , Kumar Vipan
Published: March 2015

At lower reaction temperatures the corresponding tautomer of (II) can be isolated alongside.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiourea as an Efficient Organocatalyst for the Transfer Hydrogenation of 2‐Substituted Quinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Qiao Xiang , Zhang Zhiguo , Bao Zongbi , Su Baogen , Xing Huabin , Yang Qiwei , Ren Qilong
Published: March 2015

A variety of quinoline derivatives (I) is very simply and conveniently hydrogenated using Hantzsch ester as the hydrogen source.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot α‐Amidosulfone‐Mediated Variation of the Pictet—Spengler Tetrahydroisoquinoline Synthesis, Suitable for Amide‐Type Substrates.
Authors: Arroyo Francisco J. , Lopez‐Alvarado Pilar , Ganesan A. , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: March 2015

The title reaction allows the preparation of tetrahydroisoquinolines (III) without the need for strong acid catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Synthesis of Substituted Quinolizin‐4‐ones by Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Alanine Thomas A. , Galloway Warren R. J. D. , McGuire Thomas M. , Spring David R.
Published: March 2015

Starting from 6‐bromo‐2‐pyridone a novel strategy for the synthesis of 4H‐quinolizin‐4‐ones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Promoted Annulation of α‐Hydroxy Ketones and Dimethyl But‐2‐ynedioate: Straightforward Access to Pyrano[4,3‐a]quinolizine‐1,4,6(2H)‐triones and 2H‐Pyran‐2,5(6H)‐diones.
Authors: He Haitao , Qi Chaorong , Ou Yanglu , Xiong Wenfang , Hu Xiaohan , Ren Yanwei , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2015

While 3‐aryl‐2‐ketopropanols (X) exclusively give the pyrandiones (XI), 3‐pyridyl derivatives give either pyrandiones (VII) and (IX) or pyranoquinolizinetriones (III) and (V) depending on the substitution pattern at the pyridine moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bicyclic N,N‐Enaminals by Cyclization of Alk‐4‐ynals with Aliphatic Diamines in DMSO upon Treatment with KOH.
Authors: Gvozdev V. D. , Shavrin K. N. , Nefedov O. M.
Published: March 2015

It is shown that reactions of alkynals with 1,3‐diaminopropane and N‐methyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane lead to (E)‐6‐(arylmethylidene)octahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines [ct.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 1‐{3‐[1‐(5‐Organylsilylfuran‐2‐yl)silinan‐1‐yl]propyl}amines and Some Trimethylgermyl Analogues.
Authors: Ignatovich Luba , Romanovs Vitalijs , Muravenko Velta , Sleiksha Ilze , Popelis Jury , Shestakova Irina
Published: March 2015

Substrates (III) are prepared following the method demonstrated for (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Controlled Reactivity Switch: Selective Synthesis of α‐Diazoalkylphosphonates or Vinylphosphonates via Nucleophilic Substitution of Alkyl Bromides with Bestmann—Ohira Reagent.
Authors: Pramanik Mukund M. D. , Chaturvedi Atul Kumar , Rastogi Namrata
Published: March 2015

An efficient method for the selective synthesis of the title compounds (III) and (IV) from commercially available and inexpensive bromides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Labdane‐Type Diterpenoids from Croton laevigatus.
Authors: Huang Hong‐Li , Qi Feng‐Ming , Yuan Ji‐Cheng , Zhao Cai‐Gui , Yang Jing‐Wei , Fang Fu‐Hu , Wu Quan‐Xiang , Gao Kun , Yuan Cheng‐Shan
Published: March 2015

The isolation and the structure elucidation of crotonlaevin A (Ia), B (Ib), C (II), D (IIIa), E (IIIb), F (IIIc), G (IV), H (Va), I (Vb), J (VIIa), K (VIIb), L (VIIc), M (VIII), N (IX), O (Xa), and P (Xb) as well as the additional new natural product (VI) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactive Transition Metal Nitride Complexes
Authors: Smith Jeremy M.
Published: March 2015

Review: 244 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review (Part C) ‐ An Overview of Biological Activities of Schiff Base Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Anis Itrat , Aslam Muhammad , Afza Nighat , Iqbal Lubna , Noreen Zahra , Hussain Ajaz , Safder M.
Published: March 2015

Review: [38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Direct Introduction of Fluorinated Groups on Alkenes and Alkynes by Means of C—H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Besset Tatiana , Poisson Thomas , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: March 2015

Review: [direct functionalization of alkenes and alkynes with fluorine or fluorinated building blocks using photocatalyzed transformations, base‐promoted processes, and transition metal‐catalyzed reactions; 58 ref.
ChemInform Abstract: Upgrading Carbon Dioxide by Incorporation into Heterocycles
Authors: Yu Bing , He Liang‐Nian
Published: March 2015

Review: [72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Approaches, Functionalization and Therapeutic Potential of Quinazoline and Quinazolinone Skeletons: The Advances Continue
Authors: Khan Imtiaz , Ibrar Aliya , Ahmed Waqas , Saeed Aamer
Published: March 2015

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Macrocycles: Lessons from the Distant Past, Recent Developments, and Future Directions
Authors: Yudin Andrei K.
Published: March 2015

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The syn/anti‐Dichotomy in the Palladium‐Catalyzed Addition of Nucleophiles to Alkenes
Authors: Kocovsk� Pavel , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: March 2015

Review: [85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Hydrofunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Greenhalgh Mark D. , Jones Alison S. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: March 2015

Review: 156 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tautomerism in Nucleic Acid Bases and Base Pairs: A Brief Overview
Authors: Shukla Manoj K. , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: March 2015

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Insights on Cooperative Catalysis Through Computational Quantum Chemical Methods
Authors: Jindal Garima , Kisan Hemanta K. , Sunoj Raghavan B.
Published: March 2015

Review: 225 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Mechanisms for the Heterogeneous Hydrogenolysis of Biomass‐Derived Glycerol to Propanediols
Authors: Feng Jian , Xu Bin
Published: March 2015

Review: 61 refs.
Morphology analysis of magnesium hydroxide prepared by magnesium oxide hydration within seawater
Authors: Tang Xiaojia , Guo Lin , Liu Quan , Li Yeye , Li Tie , Zhu Yimin
Published: March 2015

In order to investigate the microstructure of magnesium oxide hydration product within seawater, two reaction conditions (liquid‐solid and gas‐liquid‐solid) and two solutions (seawater and deionized water) were adopted for magnesium oxide hydration. The characterization of the hydration product using X‐Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope was performed. Experimental results indicate that cations and anions in seawater promote the hydration. Most of the hydration products within seawater system display flower‐like morphology, but the agglomeration phenomenon is not obvious within deionized water system, especially for the supernatant layer products within deionized water system under gas‐liquid‐solid reaction condition. There was no stratification phenomenon occurred when MgO hydrated with seawater under three‐phase reaction condition.
In situ Generation of Ni Nanoparticles from Metal–Organic Framework Precursors and Their Use for Biomass Hydrodeoxygenation
Authors: Čelič Tadeja Birsa , Grilc Miha , Likozar Blaž , Tušar Nataša Novak
Published: March 2015

So far, in situ‐generated Ni nanoparticles have been reported to be efficient catalysts for tar cracking during wood liquefaction by pyrolysis. Herein, their performance in further bio‐oil conversion steps is evaluated. Nanoparticles were generated for the first time from a Ni‐containing metal–organic framework, MIL‐77, during the hydrotreatment of glycerol‐solvolyzed lignocellulosic (LC) biomass. Reactions were conducted at 300 °C and the H2 pressure was 8 MPa in a slurry reactor. The catalytic activity and selectivity of the deoxygenation and hydrocracking reactions for real biomass‐derived feedstock using in situ‐generated nanoparticles was compared with Ni nanoparticles dispersed on a silica–alumina support (commercial Ni/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst). The mass activity of the in situ‐generated nanoparticles for hydrogenolysis was more than ten times higher in comparison to their commercial analogues, and their potential for the use in LC biorefinery is discussed.
Across the Board: Brent H. Shanks
Authors: Shanks Brent H.
Published: March 2015

In this series of articles, the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. In this contribution, Prof. Brent H. Shanks discusses the importance of biobased platform technologies for chemical syntheses. One of these technologies includes the appropriate design of biobased catalysts (i.e., enzymes), their incorporation into host systems such as microbes. As well as how the biocatalysis systems can be coupled with chemical catalysis.
Developmental plasticity of coordinated action patterns in the perinatal rat
Authors: Brumley Michele R. , Kauer Sierra D. , Swann Hillary E.
Published: March 2015

Some of the most simple, stereotyped, reflexive, and spinal‐mediated motor behaviors expressed by animals display a level of flexibility and plasticity that is not always recognized. We discuss several examples of how coordinated action patterns have been shown to be flexible and adaptive in response to sensory feedback. We focus on interlimb and intralimb coordination during the expression of two action patterns (stepping and the leg extension response) in newborn rats, as well as interlimb motor learning. We also discuss the idea that the spinal cord is a major site for supporting plasticity in the developing motor system. An implication of this research is that normally occurring sensory stimulation during the perinatal period influences the typical development and expression of action patterns, and that exploiting the developmental plasticity of the motor system may lead to improved strategies for promoting recovery of function in human infants with motor disorders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 409–420, 2015.
Characteristics of the developing human locomotor system: Similarities to other mammals
Authors: Yang Jaynie F. , Mitton Mary , Musselman Kristin E. , Patrick Susan K. , Tajino Junichi
Published: March 2015

Similarities in the development of locomotion between young children and other mammals are explored by reanalysis of data accrued over ∼18 years. Supported stepping in children was tested on a treadmill. Although the time course of development is more protracted in humans compared to other mammals, the same trends are seen. For example, the duration of the stepping cycle shortens rapidly in the first 5 months of life. Hypermetric flexion of the hip and knee during stepping is seen in children <3 mo old. Stability of the locomotor rhythm both with respect to cycle duration within a limb and coupling between limbs improves slowly. Finally, coordination between the left and right legs can be manipulated with training, indicating experience‐dependent learning at a young age. The possible reasons for these remarkably similar trends in development are explored as a function of maturational time tables for neural structures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 397–408, 2015.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase: a purified enzyme for the mild hydrolysis of steroid sulfates
Authors: Stevenson Bradley J. , Waller Christopher C. , Ma Paul , Li Kunkun , Cawley Adam T. , Ollis David L. , McLeod Malcolm D.
Published: March 2015

The hydrolysis of sulfate ester conjugates is frequently required prior to analysis for a range of analytical techniques including gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Sulfate hydrolysis may be achieved with commercial crude arylsulfatase enzyme preparations such as that derived from Helix pomatia but these contain additional enzyme activities such as glucuronidase, oxidase, and reductase that make them unsuitable for many analytical applications. Strong acid can also be used to hydrolyze sulfate esters but this can lead to analyte degradation or increased matrix interference. In this work, the heterologously expressed and purified arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is shown to promote the mild enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of a range of steroid sulfates. The substrate scope of this P. aeruginosa arylsulfatase hydrolysis is compared with commercial crude enzyme preparations such as that derived from H. pomatia. A detailed kinetic comparison is reported for selected examples. Hydrolysis in a urine matrix is demonstrated for dehydroepiandrosterone 3‐sulfate and epiandrosterone 3‐sulfate. The purified P. aeruginosa arylsulfatase contains only sulfatase activity allowing for the selective hydrolysis of sulfate esters in the presence of glucuronide conjugates as demonstrated in the short three‐step chemoenzymatic synthesis of 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol 17‐glucuronide (ADG, 1) from epiandrosterone 3‐sulfate. The P. aeruginosa arylsulfatase is readily expressed and purified (0.9 g per L of culture) and thus provides a new and selective method for the hydrolysis of steroid sulfate esters in analytical sample preparation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Unusual Luminescence Properties of Heterometallic REE Terephthalates
Authors: Grishko Aleksei Y. , Utochnikova Valentina V. , Averin Aleksei A. , Mironov Andrei V. , Kuzmina Natalia P.
Published: March 2015

The influence of auxiliary rare‐earth element (REE) ions (M3+, M = Y, Gd, Tb) on the luminescence properties of the (EuxM1–x)2(BDC)3(H2O)4 (BDC2– = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate) series was studied. The overall quantum yields (QYs) of the EuxM1–x series (M = Y, Gd; x > 0.05) appeared to be independent of both the ratio and the type of auxiliary metal ion. It is shown that M = Tb3+ does not cause luminescence enhancement.
Hydrogen Bond, π–π, and CH–π Interactions Governing the Supramolecular Assembly of Some Hydrazone Ligands and Their MnII Complexes – Structural and Theoretical Interpretation
Authors: Sadhukhan Dipali , Maiti Monami , Pilet Guillaume , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Mitra Samiran
Published: March 2015

The hydrazone Schiff base ligands (E)‐N′‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide (HL1) and (E)‐N′‐(2,3‐dihydroxybenzylidene)acetohydrazide (H2L2) with a functional group variation in the aromatic moiety have been synthesized. The ligands have been used to synthesize the following MnII complexes: the mononuclear complex [Mn(HL1)2][ClO4]2·2H2O (1), the cocrystallized discrete dinuclear complex {[Mn(HL1)2]·[Mn(L1)2]}[ClO4]2 (2), and the phenoxido‐bridged dinuclear complex [Mn(μ‐HL2)(H2O)]2[ClO4]2 (3). The ligands and the complexes were characterized by FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques, and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy shows evidence of keto–enol tautomerism of the ligands in solution. All of the compounds develop hydrogen‐bonded assemblies of different dimensionalities and architectures. CH–π and π–π interactions also contribute significantly to the overall binding energies of the supramolecular assemblies. The supramolecular interaction energies have been computed at the BP86‐D3/def2‐TZVPD level of theory.
Tetrahydroanthraquinone Derivatives from the Endophytic FungusStemphylium globuliferum
Authors: Liu Yang , Marmann Andreas , Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed S. , Wang Chang Yun , Müller Werner E. G. , Lin Wen Han , Mándi Attila , Kurtán Tibor , Daletos Georgios , Proksch Peter
Published: March 2015

Four new tetrahydroanthraquinone derivatives, namely, dihydroaltersolanol B (1), dihydroaltersolanol C (2), and the atropisomers acetylalterporriol D (3) and acetylalterporriol E (4), were obtained from the endophytic fungusStemphylium globuliferum, which was isolated fromJuncus acutusgrowing in Egypt. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated on the basis of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy, as well as by high‐resolution mass spectrometry and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. In addition, seven known anthraquinone derivatives5–11were isolated and identified on the basis of their spectral characteristics and by comparison with literature data. Compounds2,4–7,9, and11showed strong cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y with IC50values ranging from 1.25 to 10.4 μM. Compounds1–4were also tested for their antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. Only2exhibited moderate growth inhibition againstS. aureuswith a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 49.7 μM.
Mediator‐Free Bioelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol on an Electrode from Thermally Expanded Graphite Modified by Gluconobacter oxydans Membrane Fractions
Authors: Reshetilov A. N. , Kitova A. E. , Kolesov V. V. , Yaropolov A. I.
Published: March 2015

We studied bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol with membrane fractions of Gluconobacter oxydans VKM B‐1280 bacterial cells participating as an electrocatalyst. Material of the electrode was graphene‐like thermally expanded graphite of a high surface area and low resistivity. Membrane fractions were immobilized on the electrode surface by application in chitosan gel to prevent desorption of the biocatalyst. The bioelectrode characteristics were studied by the voltammetric and chronopotentiometric methods. It was shown that electrooxidation of ethanol on the bioanode could proceed both in the mode of direct mediator‐free electrocatalysis and by the mediator mechanism.
Recent Technological Progress in CO2 Electroreduction to Fuels and Energy Carriers in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Bevilacqua Manuela , Filippi Jonathan , Miller Hamish A. , Vizza Francesco
Published: March 2015

Here we review recent developments and technological advances in the field of electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels, energy carriers and precursors and other interesting building blocks for industrial applications. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels derived from CO2/H2O are proposed as alternatives to hydrogen as an energy carrier that enables a carbon‐neutral energy cycle, given their inherent advantages of high H/C ratio and convenience of storage and transportation. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 represents a feasible route for the direct generation of hydrocarbon fuels or their precursors (i.e., synthesis gas) using CO2/H2O. Such hydrocarbons fit well within the existing energy infrastructure because of their similarity to existing fossil fuels. Recently significant efforts are being devoted to the development of prototype systems, such as low‐ or high‐ temperature electrolyzers that operate as part of environmentally sustainable energy networks.
Comparison of the cytotoxic impact of chlorfluazuron on selected insect and human cell lines
Authors: Huang Qingchun , Wu Xiwei , Yu Xiaoqin , Zhang Lei , Lu Miaoqing , Tao Liming
Published: March 2015

To gain new insight into the mechanism of selective cytotoxicity of benzoylureas as insecticides, the in vitro mode of action of chlorfluazuron was investigated on lepidopteran Tn5B1-4 and Sf-21 cells and human Hek293 and HepG2 cells. Chlorfluazuron inhibited the proliferation of Tn5B1-4 and Sf-21 cells with 50% inhibitory concentration values (IC50) of 4.96 µM and 1.12 µM at 48 h and 2.37 µM and 1.76 µM at 96 h, respectively, versus that of Hek293 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values >20 µM. When transferred to chlorfluazuron-free medium, lepidopteran Tn5B1-4 and Sf-21 cells had a postinhibitory recovery development period within 24 h followed by a suppressed increase in cell viability, but human Hek293 and HepG2 cells showed an accelerated increase over their control level. Chlorfluazuron affected Tn5B1-4 and Sf-21 cells, with ≥1.8-fold decreases in the ratio of cellular N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) level and protein content and ≥1.5-fold increases in the mitotic index and G2/M-phase arrest. Neither Hek293 nor HepG2 cells contained GlcNAc, and chlorfluazuron had no significant effects on the cell cycle and mitotic index of Hek293 and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the differences between human and lepidopteran cell lines in the characteristic GlcNAc content, G2/M arrest in the cycle progress, and mitotic index of cells in response to chlorfluazuron may contribute to the selective toxicity of chlorfluazuron to lepidopteran cells. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1675–1682. © 2015 SETAC
Responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) to the combined exposure of carbaryl and ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Lima Maria P.R. , Soares Amadeu M.V.M. , Loureiro Susana
Published: March 2015

The increase of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth's surface as a result of increased ozone layer depletion has affected crop production systems and, in combination with pesticides used in agricultural activities, can lead to greater risks to the environment. The impact of UV radiation and carbaryl singly and in combination on Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Brassica rapa (turnip) was studied. The combined exposure was analyzed using the MixTox tool and was based on the conceptual model of independent action, where possible deviations to synergism or antagonism and dose-ratio or dose-level response pattern were also considered. Compared with the control, carbaryl and UV radiation individually led to reductions in growth, fresh and dry weight, and water content for both species. Combined treatment of UV and carbaryl was more deleterious compared with single exposure. For T. aestivum length, no interaction between the 2 stressors was found (independent action), and a dose-level deviation was the best description for the weight parameters. For B. rapa, dose-ratio deviations from the conceptual model were found when length and dry weight were analyzed, and a higher than expected effect on the fresh weight (synergism) occurred with combined exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1665–1674. © 2015 SETAC
Neuronal activity and AMPA‐type glutamate receptor activation regulates the morphological development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells
Authors: Fannon Jessica , Tarmier Wysnavie , Fulton Daniel
Published: March 2015

Myelination is initiated when oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) contact target axons. Neuronal activity promotes myelination through actions that may involve OPC AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPAR, NMDAR). Therefore, activity and AMPAR/NMDAR activation are predicted to promote the morphological development of OPC. AMPAR can regulate OPC development, but this analysis was not performed in situ and the role of action potentials was not examined. Hence, the influence of activity and AMPAR on OPC morphology and development remain untested in the CNS where axon‐glial interactions are preserved. Data on NMDAR are mixed with conflicting results from in vitro and in vivo work. To gain a fuller understanding of activity‐dependent OPC development in situ, we explored the role of AMPAR and NMDAR in cerebellar slice cultures that permit the study of endogenous OPC development and myelination. The structure of individual OPC was resolved from cells labeled with membrane targeted GFP. Morphological data were then validated against assays of OPC development. Blocking either activity or AMPAR impaired the morphological development of OPC and promoted proliferation and differentiation. Increasing the pool of oligodendrocytes by blocking activity or AMPAR failed to promote myelination. Instead both myelination and the expression of myelin basic protein were reduced by these treatments suggesting that full differentiation to a myelinating phenotype did not occur. Blocking NMDAR left OPC proliferation, differentiation and morphology unchanged. These data indicate an important role for AMPAR but not NMDAR in mediating the activity‐dependent signals that regulate OPC morphology, development and myelination. GLIA 2015;63:1021–1035
Integrating Religion and Spirituality Into Counselor Education: Barriers and Strategies
Authors: Adams Christopher M. , Puig Ana , Baggs Adrienne , Wolf Cheryl Pence
Published: March 2015

Despite a professionally recognized need for training in religion/spirituality, literature indicates that religious and spirituality issues continue to be inconsistently addressed in counselor education. Ten experts were asked to identify potential barriers to integrating religion and spirituality into counselor education and indicate strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Barriers included a lack of information and a lack of personal interest or relevance, and strategies included continuing education, heightened awareness of self and others, and curriculum‐specific recommendations. Implications for counselor training and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Meta‐analysis of noncontingent reinforcement effects on problem behavior
Authors: Richman David M. , Barnard‐Brak Lucy , Grubb Laura , Bosch Amanda , Abby Layla
Published: March 2015

A meta‐analysis of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) outcomes was conducted using hierarchical linear modeling (a) to document the effect size for decreasing problem behavior, (b) to compare effect sizes for NCR using functional reinforcers and nonfunctional reinforcers, and (c) to document the influence of schedule thinning on effect size. Analyses were conducted with data from 55 studies and 91 participants. Results indicate that NCR was associated with a very strong effect size (d =–1.58) for reduction of problem behavior, functional reinforcers were slightly more effective than nonfunctional reinforcers, and schedule thinning resulted in minor degradation of effect size. Meta‐analysis of single‐case design data provides a method to quantitatively estimate effect sizes of interventions across participants. Therefore, it allows one to identify important variables that are not otherwise evident in single‐case data, helps to disseminate findings to the broader scientific community, and contributes to the documentation of empirically supported interventions.
QuickFF: A program for a quick and easy derivation of force fields for metal‐organic frameworks from ab initio input
Authors: Vanduyfhuys Louis , Vandenbrande Steven , Verstraelen Toon , Schmid Rochus , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique
Published: March 2015

QuickFF is a software package to derive accurate force fields for isolated and complex molecular systems in a quick and easy manner. Apart from its general applicability, the program has been designed to generate force fields for metal‐organic frameworks in an automated fashion. The force field parameters for the covalent interaction are derived from ab initio data. The mathematical expression of the covalent energy is kept simple to ensure robustness and to avoid fitting deficiencies as much as possible. The user needs to produce an equilibrium structure and a Hessian matrix for one or more building units. Afterward, a force field is generated for the system using a three‐step method implemented in QuickFF. The first two steps of the methodology are designed to minimize correlations among the force field parameters. In the last step, the parameters are refined by imposing the force field parameters to reproduce the ab initio Hessian matrix in Cartesian coordinate space as accurate as possible. The method is applied on a set of 1000 organic molecules to show the easiness of the software protocol. To illustrate its application to metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), QuickFF is used to determine force fields for MIL‐53(Al) and MOF‐5. For both materials, accurate force fields were already generated in literature but they requested a lot of manual interventions. QuickFF is a tool that can easily be used by anyone with a basic knowledge of performing ab initio calculations. As a result, accurate force fields are generated with minimal effort. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles for Histone Acetylation in Regulation of Telomere Elongation and Two‐cell State in Mouse ES Cells
Authors: Dan Jiameng , Yang Jiao , Liu Yifei , Xiao Andrew , Liu Lin
Published: March 2015

Mammalian telomeres and subtelomeres are marked by heterochromatic epigenetic modifications, including repressive DNA methylation and histone methylation (e.g., H3K9me3 and H4K20me3). Loss of these epigenetic marks results in increased rates of telomere recombination and elongation. Other than these repressive epigenetic marks, telomeric and subtelomeric H3 and H4 are underacetylated. Yet, whether histone acetylation also regulates telomere length has not been directly addressed. We thought to test the effects of histone acetylation levels on telomere length using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (sodium butyrate, NaB) that mediates histone hyperacetylation and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitor (C646) that mediates histone hypoacetylation. We show that histone hyperacetylation dramatically elongates telomeres in wild‐type ES cells, and only slightly elongates telomeres in Terc−/− ES cells, suggesting that Terc is involved in histone acetylation‐induced telomere elongation. In contrast, histone hypoacetylation shortens telomeres in both wild‐type and Terc−/− ES cells. Additionally, histone hyperacetylation activates 2‐cell (2C) specific genes including Zscan4, which is involved in telomere recombination and elongation, whereas histone hypoacetylation represses Zscan4 and 2C genes. These data suggest that histone acetylation levels affect the heterochromatic state at telomeres and subtelomeres, and regulate gene expression at subtelomeres, linking histone acetylation to telomere length maintenance. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2337–2344, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paracrine Factors Secreted by MSCs Promote Astrocyte Survival Associated With GFAP Downregulation After Ischemic Stroke via p38 MAPK and JNK
Authors: Huang Weiyi , Lv Bingke , Zeng Huijun , Shi Dandan , Liu Yi , Chen Fanfan , Li Feng , Liu Xinghui , Zhu Rong , Yu Lei , Jiang Xiaodan
Published: March 2015

Astrocytes are critical for ischemic stroke, and understanding their role in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐mediated protection against ischemic injury is important. The paracrine capacity of MSCs has been proposed as the principal mechanism contributing to the protection and repair of brain tissue. In the present study, an in vitro oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) model was used to mimic ischemic injury. OGD‐induced astrocytes were reperfused with MSC‐conditioned medium (MSC‐CM) or co‐cultured with MSCs for 24 h to create an environment abundant in paracrine factors. The results indicated that both situations could protect astrocytes from apoptosis, increase cell metabolic activity, and reduce glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) overexpression; however, the effects of co‐culturing with MSCs were more positive. Paracrine factors suppressed the activation of p38 MAPK, JNK, and their downstream targets p53 and STAT1. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK, p53, and STAT1 attenuated astrocyte injury and/or GFAP upregulation. Activation of p38 MAPK and JNK suppressed the beneficial effects of paracrine factors, resulting in decreased survival and GFAP overexpression. These results suggest that paracrine factors inhibit p38 MAPK and JNK, and most likely by regulating their downstream targets, p53 and STAT1, to promote astrocyte survival associated with GFAP downregulation after ischemic stroke in vitro. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2461–2475, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender disparities in leadership and scholarly productivity of academic hospitalists
Authors: Burden Marisha , Frank Maria G. , Keniston Angela , Chadaga Smitha R. , Czernik Zuzanna , Echaniz Marisa , Griffith Jennifer , Mintzer David , Munoa Anna , Spence Jeffrey , Statland Barbara , Teixeira Joao Pedro , Zoucha Jeff , Lones Jason , Albert Richard K.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Gender disparities still exist for women in academic medicine but may be less evident in younger cohorts. Hospital medicine is a new field, and the majority of hospitalists are <41 years of age.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether gender disparities exist in leadership and scholarly productivity for academic hospitalists and to compare the findings to academic general internists.

DESIGN

Prospective and retrospective observational study.

SETTING

University programs in the United States.

MEASUREMENTS

Gender distribution of (1) academic hospitalists and general internists, (2) division or section heads for both specialties, (3) speakers at the 2 major national meetings of the 2 specialties, and (4) first and last authors of articles from the specialties' 2 major journals

RESULTS

We found equal gender representation of hospitalists and general internists who worked in university hospitals. Divisions or sections of hospital medicine and general internal medicine were led by women at 11/69 (16%) and 28/80 (35%) of university hospitals, respectively (P = 0.008). Women hospitalists and general internists were listed as speakers on 146/557 (26%) and 291/580 (50%) of the presentations at national meetings, respectively (P < 0.0001), first authors on 153/464 (33%) and 423/895 (47%) publications, respectively (P < 0.0001), and senior authors on 63/305 (21%) and 265/769 (34%) articles, respectively (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Despite hospital medicine being a newer field, gender disparities exist in leadership and scholarly productivity. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:481–485. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Willingness to access an in‐hospital supervised injection facility among hospitalized people who use illicit drugs
Authors: Ti Lianping , Buxton Jane , Harrison Scott , Dobrer Sabina , Montaner Julio , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Despite the reliance on abstinence‐based drug policies within hospital settings, illicit drug use is common among hospitalized patients with severe drug addiction. Hospitalized patients who use illicit drugs (PWUDs) have been known to resort to high‐risk behavior to conceal their drug use from healthcare providers. Novel interventions with the potential to reduce high‐risk behavior among PWUDs in hospital settings have not been well studied.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to examine factors associated with willingness to access an in‐hospital supervised injection facility (SIF).

DESIGN

Data were derived from participants enrolled in 2 Canadian prospective cohort studies involving PWUDs between June 2013 and November 2013. A cross‐sectional study surveying various sociodemographic characteristics, drug use patterns, and experiences was conducted.

SETTING

Vancouver, Canada.

MEASUREMENTS

Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to explore factors significantly associated with willingness to access an in‐hospital SIF.

RESULTS

Among 732 participants, 499 (68.2%) would be willing to access an in‐hospital SIF. In multivariable analyses, factors positively and significantly associated with willingness to access an in‐hospital SIF included: daily heroin injection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20‐3.11); having used illicit drugs in hospital (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.18‐2.26); and having recently used an SIF (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.10‐2.15).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight the potential of in‐hospital SIFs to complement existing harm reduction programs that serve PWUD. Moreover, an in‐hospital SIF may minimize the harms associated with high‐risk illicit drug use in the hospital. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:301–306. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Generation and identification of anti‐inflammatory peptides from bovine β‐casein using enzyme preparations from cod and hog
Authors: Altmann Karina , Wutkowski Adam , Klempt Martin , Clawin‐Rädecker Ingrid , Meisel Hans , Lorenzen Peter Chr
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The aim of the present study was to generate and identify potential anti‐inflammatory peptides from bovine β‐casein with enzyme preparations from cod and hog. Furthermore, the potential of cod trypsin, derived from fishery by‐products, to produce these bioactive peptides for replacement of non‐food‐grade tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)‐treated porcine trypsin enzyme preparation was evaluated.

RESULTS

Potential anti‐inflammatory peptides were obtained by hydrolysis of β‐casein with the tryptic enzyme preparations cod trypsin, porcine trypsin (TPCK‐treated) and a porcine trypsin and chymotrypsin preparation (PTN 6.0 S). Proteolysates generated with enzyme preparations containing mainly chymotryptic activity (Cryotin, Cryotin F) did not exhibit any effect.

CONCLUSION

The more chymotryptic enzyme activity is present, the lower is the potential anti‐inflammatory activity of the hydrolysates in HEKnfκb‐RE cells. Comparable peptides were produced by application of porcine trypsin (TPCK) and cod trypsin. Therefore, the enzyme preparation cod trypsin can replace the non‐food‐grade porcine enzyme preparation trypsin (TPCK) for the generation of potential anti‐inflammatory peptides from β‐casein. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasonographic evaluation of geniohyoid muscle and hyoid bone during swallowing in young adults
Authors: Feng Xin , Cartwright Michael S. , Walker Francis O. , Bargoil Jessica H. , Hu Yunping , Butler Susan G.
Published: March 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

The geniohyoid muscle plays an important role in hyoid bone movement. Adequate hyoid bone movement during swallowing is important for effective bolus flow and pharyngeal clearing. The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between the geniohyoid muscle size and function and hyoid bone movement during swallowing in healthy young adults, as measured via ultrasound, in different body positions.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Forty young (20–40 years old) adults (20 male and 20 female) participated. The cross‐sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle at rest (seated position), the geniohyoid muscle contraction velocity, and the hyoid bone displacement during swallowing 10 mL of mineral water were measured by ultrasound in seated, supine, and right lateral decubitus positions.

Results

The size of the geniohyoid muscle correlated with body height. Males had larger geniohyoid cross‐sectional area than females and greater maximal and anterior hyoid displacement during swallowing than females, and maximal and anterior hyoid bone displacement during swallowing correlated with the size of geniohyoid muscle only when the body was in the supine position; these two movements were positively correlated to each other.

Conclusions

Genders vary in hyoid bone movement during swallowing, and the correlation between geniohyoid muscle size and hyoid bone displacement varies among different body positions during swallowing. This investigation also illuminates the use of ultrasound in providing quantitative measures of geniohyoid muscle and hyoid bone displacement during swallowing.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 125:1886–1891, 2015
Cephalosporin use in penicillin‐allergic patients: A survey of otolaryngologists and literature review
Authors: Persky Michael J. , Roof Scott A. , Fang Yixin , Jethanamest Daniel , April Max M.
Published: March 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study investigated the differences between the standard guidelines and the practice patterns of otolaryngologists in managing “penicillin‐allergic” patients. A major goal was to identify factors influencing an otolaryngologist's choice of antibiotic.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Four hundred seventy members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngologists (ASPO) and 150 general otolaryngologists from the Florida Society of Otolaryngology (FSO) were surveyed.

Results

Ninety‐six ASPO members (20.4%) and 22 members of FSO (14.6%) responded. When asked about the management of a pediatric patient with acute otitis media and a history of a nonsevere immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated amoxicillin allergy, 54% of ASPO respondents indicated they would initiate guideline‐recommended cefdinir, whereas only 27% of FSO respondents chose cefdinir (P = .02). Otolaryngologists who are fellowship trained in pediatrics or have pediatric‐focused practices were significantly more likely to prescribe cefdinir. Overall, 57% of respondents indicated that they were familiar with the literature regarding the cross‐reactivity of β‐lactams, but only 25% of respondents felt that they could easily differentiate a potentially life‐threatening IgE‐mediated allergy from a non–IgE‐mediated drug intolerance.

Conclusions

The data show differences between the current recommendations and the behavior of otolaryngologists. Pediatric otolaryngologists were more familiar with the guideline‐recommended therapy, likely from their frequent exposure to patients requiring a β‐lactam. Nevertheless, most otolaryngologists could benefit from increased awareness of the current literature. Patients may be receiving less than optimal medication management due to a misidentification of those at risk of life‐ threatening allergic cross‐reactions.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:1822–1826, 2015
Conservation Effects on Soil Quality and Climate Change Adaptability of Ethiopian Watersheds
Authors: Mengistu Daniel , Bewket Woldeamlak , Lal Rattan
Published: March 2015

This study analyzes effects of soil and water conservation (SWC) on soil quality and implications to climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin of Ethiopia by using the Anjeni watershed as a case study site. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from two sub‐watersheds of Anjeni: the Minchet sub‐watershed (with SWC measures) and the Zikrie sub‐watershed (without SWC measures). Soil samples were taken from 30‐cm depth from five representative landscape positions and analyzed following the standard soil lab analysis procedures. The results show that soils from the conserved sub‐watershed had improved quality indicators compared with those from the non‐conserved site. Significant improvement due to SWC measures was observed in the soil hydrological [total moisture content (+5·43%), field capacity (+5·35%), and available water capacity (+4·18%)] and chemical [cation exchange capacity (+4·40 cmol(+) kg−1), Mg2+ (+1·90 cmol(+) kg−1), Na+ (+0·10 cmol(+) kg−1)] properties. SWC interventions significantly reduced soil erosion by 57–81% and surface runoff by 19–50% in the conserved sub‐watershed. Reduction in soil erosion can maintain the soil organic carbon stock, reduce the land degradation risks, and enhance the C sequestration potential of soils. Therefore, adoption of SWC measures can increase farmers' ability to offset emissions and adapt to climate change. However, SWC measures that are both protective and sufficiently productive have not yet been implemented in the conserved sub‐watershed. Therefore, it is important that SWC structures be supplemented with other biological and agronomic measures in conjunction with soil fertility amendments appropriate to site‐specific conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature affects the size‐structure of phytoplankton communities in the ocean
Authors: López‐Urrutia Ángel , Morán Xosé Anxelu G.
Published: March 2015

The strong inverse correlation between resource availability and temperature in the ocean poses a challenge to determine the relative effect of these two variables on the size‐structure of natural phytoplankton communities. Marañón et al (2012) compiled a dataset of concurrent temperature and resource level proxies that they claim disentangled the effect of temperature from that of resource supply. They concluded that the hypothesis that temperature per se plays a direct role in controlling phytoplankton size structure should be rejected. But our reanalysis of their data reaches a very different conclusion and suggests that they failed to separate the effects of temperature from the effects of resources. Although we obviously concur with Marañón et al (2012) in the long‐known predominance of small phytoplankton cells under oligotrophic conditions, from our point of view this should not deter us from considering temperature as an important explanatory variable at a global scale since we show that, for the vast oligotrophic areas of the world's oceans where chlorophyll concentrations are below <1 μg L‐1 temperature explains a high proportion of the variability in the size distribution of phytoplankton communities, a variability that can not be explained on the basis of the resource level proxies advocated by Marañón et al. (2012).
Adaptive responses of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 cells upon exposure to acid conditions involve ATPase activity to maintain their internal pH
Authors: Senouci‐Rezkallah Khadidja , Jobin Michel P. , Schmitt Philippe
Published: March 2015

This study examined the involvement of ATPase activity in the acid tolerance response (ATR) of Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 strain. In the current work, B. cereus cells were grown in anaerobic chemostat culture at external pH (pHe) 7.0 or 5.5 and at a growth rate of 0.2 h−1. Population reduction and internal pH (pHi) after acid shock at pH 4.0 was examined either with or without ATPase inhibitor N,N’‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and ionophores valinomycin and nigericin. Population reduction after acid shock at pH 4.0 was strongly limited in cells grown at pH 5.5 (acid‐adapted cells) compared with cells grown at pH 7.0 (unadapted cells), indicating that B. cereus cells grown at low pHe were able to induce a significant ATR and Exercise‐induced increase in ATPase activity. However, DCCD and ionophores had a negative effect on the ability of B. cereus cells to survive and maintain their pHi during acid shock. When acid shock was achieved after DCCD treatment, pHi was markedly dropped in unadapted and acid‐adapted cells. The ATPase activity was also significantly inhibited by DCCD and ionophores in acid‐adapted cells. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis revealed that atpB (ATP beta chain) transcripts was increased in acid‐adapted cells compared to unadapted cells before and after acid shock. Our data demonstrate that B. cereus is able to induce an ATR during growth at low pH. These adaptations depend on the ATPase activity induction and pHi homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that the ATPase enzyme can be implicated in the cytoplasmic pH regulation and in acid tolerance of B. cereus acid‐adapted cells.