bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Ownership of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Restorative and Retributive Effects
Authors: Saul Matthew
Published: November 2012

This article identifies and explores the approach taken by the UN Security Council to local ownership of the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). In so doing, the article seeks to contribute toward a comprehensive understanding of the role of the ICTR in transitional Rwanda, as well as to identify lessons for the initiation of ad hoc international criminal tribunals in the future. The perspective that is adopted is centred on considerations of restoration, but attention is also given to the impact of the approach taken to the establishment of the ICTR on the delivery of retribution. A central argument is that the possibility of including a broad range of local input during the establishment of an international criminal tribunal should be taken seriously, as this represents a useful opportunity to enhance the legitimacy of a tribunal and its outcomes. However, it is also contended that any attempt at fostering a sense of local ownership during the establishment of an international criminal tribunal should be tailored to suit the context, in order to reduce the scope for it to have a negative impact on the overall effectiveness of a tribunal.
Collective Reparations at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Sperfeldt Christoph
Published: November 2012

One of the most distinct features of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) is that it combines an extensive victim participation scheme with a reparations mandate, although civil parties are limited to seeking ‘collective and moral reparations’. This article looks at recent developments in the ECCC’s collective reparations mandate and the result of the Court’s first trial in which no tangible reparations were awarded to civil parties. It will then examine recent rule amendments under which the Victims Support Section was given responsibility for designing and implementing reparations projects for civil parties and other non-judicial measures addressing the broader interests of victims. Based on these developments, the article discusses the main challenges for implementing collective reparations in Cambodia and beyond. The article concludes with some preliminary observations and lessons following the completion of the ECCC’s first trial.
Medical Translations and Practical Compilations: A Necessary Coincidence?
Authors: Dumas Geneviève , Boucher Caroline
Published: November 2012

Fourteenthand fifteenth-century medicine is characterised by a trickle-down effect which led to an increasing dissemination of knowledge in the vernacular. In this context, translations and compilations appear to be two similar endeavours aiming to provide access to contents pertaining to the particulars of medical practice. Nowhere is this phenomenon seen more clearly than in vernacular manuscripts on surgery. Our study proposes to compare for the first time two corpora of manuscripts of surgical compilations, in Middle French and Middle English respectively, in order to discuss form and matter in this type of book production.
Migration in Asia and Its Missiological Implications: Insights from the Migration Theology of the Federation of Asians Bishops’ Conferences (FABC)
Authors: Tan Jonathan Y.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This paper seeks to explore an emerging theology of migration and its missiological implications in the official documents of the Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences (FABC). The FABC asserts that migration cannot be separated from the complex interplay of social, economic, class, religious, and political factors that interact to displace people from their homelands. Its emerging theology of migration is rooted in its threefold theological vision of (i) commitment and service to life, (ii) triple dialogue with Asian cultures, religions and the poor, and (iii) with the aim of advancing the Reign of God in Asia. In practical terms, the FABC’s theology of migration begins with social analysis that questions the poverty, economic marginalization, racial, political and religious tensions, environmental degradation, as well as many Asian nations’ heavy dependence on the remittances of their nationals as economic migrants, which lie at the heart of the ever growing numbers of migrants. However, the FABC goes beyond mere social analysis of the dehumanizing conditions that are endured by migrants when it seeks to undergird its migration theology within its broader theological threefold dialogue with the quintessentially Asian realities of diverse cultures, religions, and the immense poverty. Finally, the FABC is convinced that its theology of migration needs to take seriously the intercultural and interreligious implications of migration and integrate the intercultural and interreligious dimensions in its pastoral care of migrants.
Transnational Identities and the Church: Examining Contemporary Ethnicity and Place
Authors: Meneses Eloise Hiebert
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Ethnic identities have been problematic for the construction of local churches since New Testament times. Transnationalism adds a layer of complexity to this circumstance, as migrants hold multiple identities and retain strong ties to places of origin. An examination of the history of anthropology’s study of ethnicity reveals ethnicity’s constructed nature, along with its tendency to demand loyalty as to a family. Given people’s very real need for a place of ultimate belonging, churches have sometimes too easily resolved the tension between Christian identity and ethnic identities by segregating themselves. New Testament churches were assemblies associated with place, not ethnicity, bringing together diverse peoples and requiring them to submit to Christ, as to the head of a household. There is evidence that contemporary attempts to form multi-cultural churches out of a liberal political agenda ironically become enmeshed in power struggles. But those that recognize the centrality of the gospel succeed due to the adoption of a central authority, Christ himself, who relativizes all ethnic and national identities in favor of a common purpose, the spread of the gospel to others who have not heard it.
Are Southern Baptists Evangelicals? A Second Decadal Reassessment
Authors: YARNELL MALCOLM B.
Published: November 2012

 ABSTRACT
In 1983, Southern Baptist theologians began to evaluate the relationship between Southern Baptists and American evangelicals. In 1993, the relationship between the two and the concomitant problems of identity formation were again given serious consideration. This article reviews the earlier conversations and reassesses the relationship in the second decade after the question was first raised and in light of the fact that many Southern Baptists have begun to define themselves as evangelicals. Serious reservations about a close identification are raised in light of a number of doctrinal controversies. Of especial concern are the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the Baptist doctrine of the Church. It is suggested that Southern Baptists continue their dialogue with but maintain a healthy distance from evangelicalism. Concurrently, an expansion in dialogue with other Christian communities, including fundamentalists, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, mainline Protestants, Anabaptists, as well as other Baptists, is advocated.
UN GIOCO OTTICO DI LUDOVICO BUTI AL MUSEO DI STORIA DELLA SCIENZA DI FIRENZE
Authors: ZANIERI STEFANIA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title Records in the Medici archives report a payment for an optical game made by the painter Ludovico Buti in February 1593. The detailed description of the scientific tool corresponds exactly to the optical game from the Medicean collection that is currently conserved in the Museum of History of Science in Florence. This game was initially attributed to Jean Franois Niceron. This attribution is disproved by the fact that Buti's death took place two years before Niceron's birth. The tool allows one to see the Portraits of the Duke of Lorraine and his daughter Christine at the same time, thanks to a mirror and 37 prismatic bars where the two faces are painted. Ludovico Buti made the tool for Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici, probably following the instructions provided by the cartographer and monk Egnazio Danti in his commentary on Vignola's work.
1783 - LAVOISIER AND LAPLACE: ANOTHER CRUCIAL YEAR. ANTIPHLOGISTIC CHEMISTRY AND THE INVESTIGATION ON LIVING BEINGS BETWEEN THE EIGHTEENTH AND THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: BANDINELLI ANGELA
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Il presente saggio suggerisce una nuova interpretazione della biologia lamarckiana basata su un'analisi delle diverse immagini sul vivente fra Sette e Ottocento. In particolare, la nouvelle chimie introdusse un nuovo concetto di combustione che rovesci il modo d'intendere il calore corporeo. Oltre a ci documentabile che la nouvelle chimie inaugur una nuova epoca cambiando l'organizzazione della cosiddetta 'macchina animata': il corpo vivente divent un naturale composto costantemente soggetto a trasformazioni materiali. Grazie alla nouvelle chimie il vivente divent un sistema naturale, ovvero un'unit regolata da due distinte leggi fisico-chimiche: il principio di conservazione del calore (1783) e il principio di conservazione della massa (1789). La convinzione che la macchina vivente fosse soggetta alla dinamica newtoniana cominci a sgretolarsi: l'immagine di una complicata macchina mor per dar vita al nuovo concetto di sistema. Il vivente non era pi un fatto riguardante la meccanica, ma diventava un discorso relativo alla fisico-chimica.
GIUSEPPE MONTI AND PALAEONTOLOGY IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BOLOGNA
Authors: SARTI CARLO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Nel XVIII secolo numerosi progressi in campo geologico-paleontologico provengono dall'Italia. Soprattutto i naturalisti dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna, all'inizio del Settecento, cominciano a perlustrare sistematicamente l'Appenino o le Alpi alla ricerca di fossili. Il fondatore della moderna paleontologia a Bologna si pu ritenere Giuseppe Monti (1682-1760), ideatore e organizzatore del Museum Diluvianum in Scientiarum Instituto, primo vero museo paleontologico italiano.
LES TRAITS D'HYGINE PUBLIQUE (1784-1797) DE FILIPPO BALDINI, MDECIN LA COUR DE NAPLES: CULTURE MDICALE ET SERVICE DU ROI
Authors: MARIN BRIGITTE
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title La poco nota figura di Filippo Baldini, medico alla corte napoletana, testimonia l'affermazione, nel corso del XVII secolo, della medicina preventiva e dell'igiene pubblica. Inoltre consente di valutare la nascita di una medicina stimolata dal governo e dalla progettazione politica.
EXAMINATION OF AN ANTIQUE TELESCOPE
Authors: MOLESINI GIUSEPPE , MINIATI MARA , QUERCIOLI FRANCO , GRECO VINCENZO
Published: November 2012

 RIASSUNTO
L'articolo presenta i risultati dello studio compiuto su un cannocchiale sul quale si trova la firma di Galileo.
IL COLLGE DE FRANCE DURANTE LA RIVOLUZIONE FRANCESE DUE MEMORIE APOLOGETICHE*
Authors: PEPE LUIGI
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The College de France (College Royal) founded by Franois I in 1530 was unable to be completely independent from the University. However Louis XV in 1772 added this to the Colleges of the University and erected his building in Place Cambrai. Only during the French Revolution the College de France became completely independent through the suppression, in 1793, of the other educational Institutions. The same College was seriously threatened by suppression as documented in the memoirs of Garnier and Lalande. These memoirs are now fully published also for their epistemological interest.
SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN MID-VICTORIAN BRITAIN: THE REVIEWS, AND WILLIAM CROOKES' QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
Authors: KNIGHT DAVID
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title L'Origine delleSpecie, che Charles Darwin pubblic nel 1859, sovente considerata come l'opera che segn un punto di svolta nel conflitto tra sapere scientifico e religione. Recenti studi, specialmente sul ruolo giocato nella vicenda da T. H. Huxley, il bulldog di Darwin, sottolineano invece (o meglio, al pari) l'intenzione di Huxley di escludere soprattutto appassionati e dilettanti da un ambito di ricerca che si stava trasformando in un settore per esperti. Per quanto le riviste del periodo contenessero soltanto un 10% di articoli scientifici, la domanda nei confronti di informazioni non specialistiche era in diminuzione; scienza e discipline umanistiche si stavano difatti trasformando in ci che C. P. Snow avrebbe poi definito le due culture.
FORME DI LETTURA, FORME DI CULTURA
Authors: BARONCINI GABRIELE
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title This essay tries an examination of the verbal and non-verbal lections of incunabula, conducted in function of the reader's culture. Are put under analysis all those subjective interventions that allow to gather in the text the cultural forms interacting and modelling a text reading as well as the determination of its meaning. However the printed text itself already contains objective and concrete elements predeterming the form of lection. Various authors are involved in the essay, such as among others Leibniz, Descartes and Nicholas de Lyra. From a general standpoint this is an attempt having the aim of singling out both facts and concepts useful to reconstruct, at least partially, the complex and elusive act of reading.
STRUMENTARIA
Authors: ZUCCOLI MARINA , BNOLI FABRIZIO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Scopo del presente articolo di sottolineare l'importanza dell'astronomo italiano Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555-1617), tramite la descrizione di due quadranti da lui realizzati. Questo tipo di strumenti aveva molteplici usi, in astronomia, topografia, cartografia e matematica. Magini si occup di tutte queste discipline in qualit di docente di Astronomia all'Universit di Bologna e scrisse al riguardo numerose opere, quali l'Italia (una rappresentazione cartografica dell'Italia) e le Ephemerides. Attraverso la storia dei possessori di questi quadranti, che giunge fino a tempi recenti, si riconosce come fossero apprezzati non solo per il loro aspetto artistico, ma anche come testimonianze della qualit della produzione strumentale di Magini.
Reporting under International Conventions: A Genre Analysis
Authors: Mikalayeva Liudmila
Published: November 2012

Summary

This article applies genre analysis to the state reports of fourteen countries in two first cycles of monitoring of the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Focusing on the packaging of information and modality (level of the word), sentence length and quoted speech (level of the sentence), and thematic filling (level of the text), the article checks for the effect of experience in reporting. While novice reporters in general display more ‘conservative’ stylistic choices than experienced reporters, convergence takes place with time, as reports become more formal in the second cycle. At the level of structure of the text, the high rate of non-compliance of experienced reporters with the structural–thematic prescriptions is contrasted with the very good compliance of novice reporters. This finding, which is puzzling if genre competence is confused with perfect formal compliance with genre norm, may be explained by the difference in the meaning of monitoring for different states.
Diverse Soft-Law Cooperation Forms in the Arctic – Do They Complement or Contradict Each Other?
Authors: Hasanat Waliul
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Ongoing changes in the Arctic, primarily related to the region’s physical and human environment, as a result of climate change, have both opened up new opportunities and posed threats to the governments and inhabitants of the region. A number of soft-law instruments, with the aim of ensuring the wellbeing of the region and combating the negative challenges of climate change, have been developed since the 1990s. This article will examine the synergy between three existing forms of Arctic soft-law governance in a select number of cases and will, in turn, provide suggestions as to how they may be improved. It will also analyse the motivation behind using soft law mechanisms, as opposed to formal international organisations.
‘Entangled in Tokyo’: Exploring Diverse Pathways of Labor Market Incorporation of African Immigrants in Japan
Authors: Schans Djamila
Published: November 2012

Abstract

In this article I explore employment practices and pathways of labor market incorporation of sub-Saharan African immigrants in Japan. Based on secondary information as well as 5 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Tokyo and its suburbs, I will first describe the history of migration from Africa to Japan and the current demographic characteristics of African immigrants in Japan. I will then continue to describe the employment practices of African immigrants to explore questions surrounding integration, incorporation, and the use of human and social capital in the Japanese context. My findings give a first indication of the mechanisms behind the diverse trajectories, especially highlighting the importance of entrepreneurship, transnational ties with the country of origin, and ties with Japanese nationals in facilitating labor market incorporation. Finally, attention is also given to the role of the Japanese state in facilitating or hindering opportunities for employment.
The Hijab Debate in the Norwegian Press: Secular or Religious Arguments?
Authors: Døving Cora Alexa
Published: November 2012

Do religious debaters challenge the secular public sphere? This article is an analysis of the largest religion related debate in Norway: the debate about the hijab and the use of religious symbols in the public sphere. The article is empirically founded on the debates in 2009 that began with the question about to which degree the hijab could become part of the Norwegian police uniform for those who would wish to use it. The analysis is mainly centred on the arguments of the hijab wearers: to what degree is their religious motivation translated into a secular language? The empirical examination will show that Muslim debaters arguments can be characterized by a striking absence of references to religious concepts, and a just as striking use of secular ones. The article suggests that the lack of religious argumentation is an expression of an Islamic secularism rather than a result of a translation process. The hijab wearer's arguments are presented in the light of John Rawls’ and Jürgen Habermas’ thoughts about the need for translation—and its price.
Civil Society in the Political Thinking of European Muslim Brothers
Authors: Larise Dunja
Published: November 2012

It is generally assumed that the European Muslim brothers derive their concepts of state and society primarily from the traditional Islamic political theory that originated in the historical context of the Muslim Middle East. In contrast, this article asserts the hitherto scantily analyzed influence of liberal political theory, especially its idea of civil society, in the evolution of the political and social theory of the European Muslim Brotherhood within the context of the Muslim minority position in Europe.

The article identifies the tendency of the European Muslim brotherhood towards the multiculturalist communitarian model of political and social accommodation, and does this by tracing the history of the conceptual interconnectedness between modern Islamic and liberal concepts of civil society as a privileged space of political action in the absence of realistic prospects for the seizure of state power.
Contested Secularities: Religious Minorities and Secular Progressivism in the Netherlands
Authors: Schuh Cora , Burchardt Marian , Wohlrab-Sahr Monika
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we propose to analyze ideas, practices, institutionalizations, and public controversies related to the religious-secular divide in the Netherlands in terms of contested formations of secularity. We introduce the concept of ‘multiple secularities’ and use it as an interpretive device for an analysis of the historical emergence and transformation of Dutch secularity. After that we show how historically shaped notions of secularity operated within the parliamentary debates on blasphemy, freedom of speech, and religion that unfolded between 2004 and 2009. We argue that long-standing notions of secularity as a means for balancing religious and ideological diversity are challenged by and give way to a new preponderance of secular progressivism. By secular progressivism we mean the idea that within an ‘immanent frame’ in which the secular ontologically embodies the ‘real’ and constitutes the ground for normative universalism, religion turns into a historical vestige whose protection must be subordinated to universalistic notions of civic liberties. However, this development is still contested in the Netherlands.
Robert Morrison and the Multicultural Beginning of Chinese Protestantism
Authors: Daily Christopher
Published: November 2012

Robert Morrison (1782-1834), the first Protestant missionary to operate in China, was sent alone to his East Asian post by the London Missionary Society in 1807. He spent more than half his life (he died at his station in Guangzhou) planting a foothold in China for the benefit of evangelical Christianity, and, consequently, he established the foundation upon which all subsequent Protestant missions to China rested. While sinologists are generally familiar with the checklist of Morrison’s accomplishments in the areas of translating and publishing, less has been written about the multicultural nature of Morrison’s mission. His approach to China derived from a strain of British evangelical dissent, and the Protestantism that he planted reflected this cultural background. It follows that his converts absorbed many of these particularly evangelical traits. However, although Morrison was in China to execute this dissenting plan, it cannot go unnoticed that the actual execution of this plan relied on the Chinese. This essay explores the multicultural relationships that led to the beginning of Chinese Protestantism. In the first half of the article I demonstrate how Morrison pro-actively followed his British mission strategy; whilst in the second part I analyze his mission from an alternate viewpoint to show how he was shaped by the Chinese, for example in his speed of language study and in the print opportunities or difficulties he encountered. My aim is to demonstrate not only the degree to which Morrison planted his evangelical version of Protestantism in China, but also that the pioneer responsible for the foundations of Chinese Protestantism and Anglophone sinology only found success through the help of his interactions with the Chinese.
The Paradox of Gender among West China Missionary Collectors, 1920-1950
Authors: Willmott Cory
Published: November 2012

During the turbulent years between the Chinese nationalist revolution of 1911 and the communist victory of 1949, a group of missionaries lived and worked in West China whose social gospel theologies led to unusual identification with Chinese. Among the regular social actors in their lives were itinerant “curio men” who, amidst the chaos of feuding warlords, gathered up the heirlooms of the deposed Manchurian aristocracy and offered these wares for sale on the quiet and orderly verandahs of the mansions inside the missionary compounds of West China Union University. Although missionary men and women often collected the same types of Chinese antiquities, these became variously specimens, fine arts, commodities and household effects because their collecting practices were framed within different cultural and gendered domains of value. The scientific and connoisseurial male-gendered collecting paradigms often bolstered the anti-imperialist Chinese nationalist modernities of the Republican state. They were therefore paradoxically at odds with female-gendered collecting paradigms that drew in part upon feminist discourses of capitalist consumerism. Coupled with residual ideals of domesticity and philanthropy, these fluid female discourses resonated with emergent Chinese New Woman modernities and inspired missionary women in creative bicultural identity projects.
Hors du cloître et dans le monde : Des Sœurs catholiques comme actrices transnationales
Authors: Langewiesche Katrin
Published: November 2012

Cet article étudie les réseaux missionnaires catholiques entre l’Europe et l’Afrique, en particulier deux congrégations africaines basées au Burkina Faso travaillant en Afrique et en Europe. L’analyse de cette forme spécifique de la transnationalisation du religieux permet de saisir certaines tendances du processus de globalisation. Les religieuses africaines sont de plus en plus impliquées dans la pastorale en Europe tout en continuant leurs activités apostoliques dans leur continent d’origine. Les religieuses européennes sont pour leur part de moins en moins présentes en Afrique où elles opèrent au travers de réseaux transfrontaliers. Ce renversement des rôles missionnaires traditionnels contredit l’image stéréotypée d’une Afrique cantonnée dans le rôle du bénéficiaire de l’aide fournie par l’Europe.
The Responsibility to Protect: Integrating Gender Perspectives into Policies and Practices
Authors: Stamnes Eli
Published: November 2012

Despite the fact that the development of the R2P principle has occurred in parallel to significant developments in the field of gender on the international scene, gender remains a neglected topic in the central documents and debates related to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). There is therefore a need to consider how gender may be integrated into R2P policies and practices. This article suggests that this discussion may be structured around two gender perspectives, which are guided by the questions of ‘where are the women?’ and ‘how does gender work?’ respectively. The first gender perspective involves identifying women’s experiences in connection with mass atrocities and taking into account their role as agents in the commissioning, as well as the prevention of, and protection against, such atrocities. The second gender perspective involves investigating what work gender is doing in the context of mass atrocities. Here, the focus is specifically on sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and how this is based on, and serves to maintain or reinforce, certain notions of femininity and masculinity. Based on these two gender perspectives, the article presents a series of recommendations for the development of R2P policies and practices.
Engendering the Responsibility to Protect: Women and the Prevention of Mass Atrocities
Authors: Davies Sara E. , Teitt Sarah
Published: November 2012

This article explores the relationship between the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the pursuit of the so-called ‘Women, Peace and Security’ (WPS) agenda at the UN. We ask whether the two agendas should continue to be pursued separately or whether each can make a useful contribution to the other. We argue that while the history of R2P has not included language that deliberately evokes the protection of women and the promotion of gender in preventing genocide and mass atrocities, this does not preclude the R2P and WPS agendas becoming mutually reinforcing. The article identifies cross-cutting areas where the two agendas may be leveraged for the UN and member states to address the concerns of women as both actors in need of protection and active agents in preventing and responding to genocide and mass atrocities, namely in the areas of early warning.
Precautionary Principle and Nanomaterials: REACH Revisited
Authors: Calliess Christian , Stockhaus Heidi
Published: November 2012

Throughout 2011 several institutions endorsed the concept of establishing a European nanoproduct database,1 which would enable consumers and government officials alike to determine which consumer products contain nanomaterials. In keeping with the precautionary principle this would allow measures to be taken in the event of the recovery of a potential risk in the future.2 For while the scope of EU regulatory activities has increased, an instrument is lacking that would across all sectors allow both consumers and government officials to obtain a clear idea of which products contain nanomaterials. This approach would also be in keeping with REACH,3 which also applies regardless of the sector and lays down regulations concerning chemicals and thus also applies to nanomaterials by virtue of their being a specific embodiment of chemicals. However, as all concerned agree, REACH exhibits a certain number of deficiencies when it comes to nanomaterial regulation. The present paper discusses these deficiencies in light of the precautionary principle and at the same time addresses the issue as to whether reforming REACH would obviate the need to establish an online public nanoproduct database.
Species diversity of Fergusonina Malloch gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) forming leaf bud galls on snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. complex), with a description of a new species from Tasmania
Authors: Nelson Leigh A. , Scheffer Sonja J. , Yeates David K.
Published: November 2012

A new species of Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) fly is described from terminal leaf bud galls (TLBGs) from the Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. (snow gum) species complex from Australia. Fergusonina tasmaniensis Nelson sp.n. is the first species from the genus Fergusonina to be described from Tasmania and the fourth from this host complex. Fergusonina tasmaniensis sp.n. can be distinguished from the other snow gum Fergusonina species by differences in adult size, markings on the mesonotum and the male genitalia, and from all other described Fergusonina by host specificity and differences in adult colouration, setation, genitalia and the morphology of the larval dorsal shield. In a molecular phylogeny of the snow gum-inhabiting Fergusonina species, F. tasmaniensis sp.n. was resolved as monophyletic, and sister (mean distance = 3.82%) to a clade comprising F. daviesae Nelson and Yeates and F. omlandi Nelson and Yeates (mean interspecific distance = 2.48%).
Ethnic Policies, Social Compensation, and Economic Reparations: The Holocaust in Northern Transylvania
Authors: Horváth Franz Sz.
Published: November 2012

The article examines the Holocaust in Northern Transylvania. It concentrates on the anti-Semitic traditions of the Hungarian community and the exclusion of Jews from their minority society. Moreover, the article seeks to highlight the connection between the Holocaust in Hungary and ethnic resettlement plans. The völkisch background of such plans reveals similarities with the German movements of populations that had been carried out shortly before.
THE EU APPROACH TO REGIONAL COOPERATION: POLICY SUCCESS OR POLICY FAILURE?
Authors: BARTLETT WILL
Published: November 2012

Summary: This article analyzes the successes and failures of regional cooperation in the Western Balkans through the prism of two policy areas: trade policy and employment policy. It investigates the role of the Stability Pact as a policy broker in mediating the policy conflicts between various national and transnational advocacy coalitions in these two areas. It concludes that regional cooperation in the field of trade policy has been less contested than in the field of employment policy. However, there have been failures in each policy area. Regional cooperation in trade policy while ostensibly successful has threatened to widen economic gaps between countries in the region. Regional cooperation in employment policy has been contested and although levels of employment protection have been reduced, expenditure of active employment policies remains low and unemployment rates remain high especially in the less developed countries in the region.
"LEADERS" AND "LAGGARDS" OR THE POST-COMMUNIST ROADS TO DEMOCRACY
Authors: KACARSKA SIMONIDA
Published: November 2012

Summary: The purpose of this article is to examine the different progress of the post-communist world in consolidating democracy, in order to determine the suitability of a collective or group-based examination. The article argues that the post-communist countries should not be analyzed as a single unit, but separately into groups according to the progress in consolidating democracy. Conceptually, the article utilizes Linz and Stepan's five arenas of consolidated democracy. The article employs comparative methodology using empirical data from the Freedom House Nations in Transit reports and specific country reports comparing the particular problems each of the separate groups face. The article highlights the differences in the progress in consolidating democracy between three groups of post-communist countries: the current member of the European Union (EU), the countries of Southeastern Europe, and the non-Baltic former Soviet countries.
THE ISSUE OF INDEPENDENCE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY IN MONTENEGRO
Authors: KEIICHI KUBO
Published: November 2012

Summary: In Montenegro, there has been a deep divide between those who seek the independence of Montenegro and those who oppose it. It is well known that there is a correlation between the ethnic identity and the attitude towards this issue. While one tends to assume that the former determines the latter, this article would argue that this assumption does not hold for Serbs. To do so, this article analyzes the re-definition of ethnic identity in Montenegro. In particular, a significant number of those who now regard themselves as "Serb" did not indeed do so only twelve years ago. This suggests that the assumption discussed above is wrong and the causal relations run in the opposite direction: they re-defined themselves as "Serb" because they support the maintenance of the union with Serbia.
Musical training generalises across modalities and reveals efficient and adaptive mechanisms for judging temporal intervals
Authors: Aagten-Murphy David , Cappagli Giulia , Burr David
Published: November 2012

Expert musicians are able to accurately and consistently time their actions during a musical performance. We investigated how musical expertise influences the ability to reproduce auditory intervals and how this generalises to vision in a ‘ready-set-go’ paradigm. Subjects reproduced time intervals drawn from distributions varying in total length (176, 352 or 704 ms) or in the number of discrete intervals within the total length (3, 5, 11 or 21 discrete intervals). Overall musicians performed more veridically than non-musicians, and all subjects reproduced auditory-defined intervals more accurately than visually-defined intervals. However non-musicians, particularly with visual intervals, consistently exhibited a substantial and systematic regression towards the mean of the interval. When subjects judged intervals from distributions of longer total length they tended to exhibit more regression towards the mean, while the ability to discriminate between discrete intervals within the distribution had little influence on subject error. These results are consistent with a Bayesian model which minimizes reproduction errors by incorporating a central tendency prior weighted by the subject’s own temporal precision relative to the current intervals distribution (Cicchini et al., 2012; Jazayeri and Shadlen, 2010). Finally a strong correlation was observed between all durations of formal musical training and total reproduction errors in both modalities (accounting for 30% of the variance). Taken together these results demonstrate that formal musical training improves temporal reproduction, and that this improvement transfers from audition to vision. They further demonstrate the flexibility of sensorimotor mechanisms in adapting to different task conditions to minimise temporal estimation errors.
Face aftereffect in haptic perception
Authors: Matsumiya Kazumichi
Published: November 2012

Adaptation to a face belonging to a facial category, such as expression, causes a subsequently neutral face to be perceived as belonging to an opposite facial category. This is referred to as the face aftereffect (FAE) (Leopold et al., 2001; Rhodes et al., 2004; Webster et al., 2004). The FAE is generally thought of as being a visual phenomenon. However, recent studies have shown that humans can haptically recognize a face (Kilgour and Lederman, 2002; Lederman et al., 2007). Here, I investigated whether FAEs could occur in haptic perception of faces. Three types of facial expressions (happy, sad and neutral) were generated using a computer-graphics software, and three-dimensional masks of these faces were made from epoxy-cured resin for use in the experiments. An adaptation facemask was positioned on the left side of a table in front of the participant, and a test facemask was placed on the right. During adaptation, participants haptically explored the adaptation facemask with their eyes closed for 20 s, after which they haptically explored the test facemask for 5 s. Participants were then requested to classify the test facemask as either happy or sad. The experiment was performed under two adaptation conditions: (1) with adaptation to a happy facemask and (2) with adaptation to a sad facemask. In both cases, the expression of the test facemask was neutral. The results indicate that adaptation to a haptic face that belongs to a specific facial expression causes a subsequently touched neutral face to be perceived as having the opposite facial expression, suggesting that FAEs can be observed in haptic perception of faces.
Garner’s paradigm and audiovisual correspondence in dynamic stimuli: Pitch and vertical direction
Authors: Eitan Zohar , Marks Lawrence E.
Published: November 2012

Garner’s speeded discrimination paradigm is a central tool in studying crossmodal interaction, revealing automatic perceptual correspondences between dimensions in different modalities. To date, however, the paradigm has been used solely with static, unchanging stimuli, limiting its ecological validity. Here, we use Garner’s paradigm to examine interactions between dynamic (time-varying) audiovisual dimensions — pitch direction and vertical visual motion. In Experiment 1, 32 participants rapidly discriminated ascending vs. descending pitch glides, ignoring concurrent visual motion (auditory task), and ascending vs. descending visual motion, ignoring pitch change (visual task). Results in both tasks revealed strong congruence effects, but no Garner interference, an unusual pattern inconsistent with some interpretations of Garner interference. To examine whether this pattern of results is specific to dynamic stimuli, Experiment 2 (testing another 64 participants) used a modified Garner design with two baseline conditions: The irrelevant stimuli were dynamic in one baseline and static in the other, the test stimuli always being dynamic. The results showed significant Garner interference relative to the static baseline (for both the auditory and visual tasks), but not relative to the dynamic baseline. Congruence effects were evident throughout. We suggest that dynamic stimuli reduce attention to and memory of between-trial variation, thereby reducing Garner interference. Because congruence effects depend primarily on within-trial relations, however, congruence effects are unaffected. Results indicate how a classic tool such as Garner’s paradigm, used productively to examine dimensional interactions between static stimuli, may be readily adapted to probe the radically different behavior of dynamic, time-varying multisensory stimuli.
Psychedelic synaesthesia: Evidence for a serotonergic role in synaesthesia
Authors: Luke David , Terhune Devin , Friday Ross
Published: November 2012

The neurobiology of synaesthesia is receiving growing attention in the search for insights into consciousness, such as the binding problem. One way of decoding the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this phenomenon is to investigate the induction of synaesthesia via neurochemical agents, as commonly occurs with psychedelic substances. How synaesthesia is affected by drugs can also help inform us of the neural mechanisms underlying this condition. To address these questions we surveyed a sample of recreational drug users regarding the prevalence, type and frequency of synaesthesia under the influence of psychedelics and other psychoactive substances. The results indicate that synaesthesia is frequently experienced following the consumption of serotonergic agonists such as LSD and psilocybin and that these same drugs appear to augment synaesthesia in congenital synaesthetes. These results implicate the serotonergic system in the experience of synaesthesia.
Interpersonal multisensory stimulation and emotion: The impact of threat-indicative facial expressions on enfacement
Authors: Beck Brianna , Bertini Caterina , Ladavas Elisabetta
Published: November 2012

Prior studies have identified an ‘enfacement effect’ in which participants incorporate another’s face into their self-face representation after observing that face touched repeatedly in synchrony with touch on their own face (Sforza et al., 2010; Tsakiris, 2008). The degree of self-face/other-face merging is positively correlated with participants’ trait-level empathy scores (Sforza et al., 2010) and affects judgments of the other’s personality (Paladino et al., 2010), suggesting that enfacement also modulates higher-order representations of ‘self’ and ‘other’ involved in social and emotional evaluations. To test this hypothesis, we varied not only whether visuo-tactile stimulation was synchronous or asynchronous but also whether the person being touched in the video displayed an emotional expression indicative of threat, either fear or anger. We hypothesized that participants would incorporate the faces of fearful others more than the faces of angry others after a shared visuo-tactile experience because of a potentially stronger representation of the sight of fear in somatosensory cortices compared to the sight of anger (Cardini et al., 2012). Instead, we found that the enfacement effect (i.e., greater self-face/other-face merging following synchronous compared to asynchronous visuo-tactile stimulation) was abolished if the other person displayed fear but remained if they expressed anger. This nonetheless suggests that enfacement operates on an evaluative self-representation as well as a physical one because the effect changes with the emotional content of the other’s face. Further research into the neural mechanism behind the enfacement effect is needed to determine why sight of fear diminishes it rather than enhancing it.
The effect of eccentric gaze on tactile localization on areas of the body that cannot be seen
Authors: Carnevale Michael J. , Pritchett Lisa M. , Harris Laurence R.
Published: November 2012

Eccentric gaze systematically biases touch localization on the arm and waist. These perceptual errors suggest that touch location is at least partially coded in a visual reference frame. Here we investigated whether touches to non-visible parts of the body are also affected by gaze position. If so, can the direction of mislocalization tell us how they are laid out in the visual representation? To test this, an array of vibro-tactors was attached to either the lower back or the forehead. During trials, participants were guided to orient the position of their head (90° left, right or straight ahead for touches on the lower back) or head and eyes (combination of ±15° left, right or straight ahead head and eye positions for touches on the forehead) using LED fixation targets and a head mounted laser. Participants then re-oriented to straight ahead and reported perceived touch location on a visual scale using a mouse and computer screen. Similar to earlier experiments on the arm and waist, perceived touch location on the forehead and lower back was biased in the same direction as eccentric head and eye position. This is evidence that perceived touch location is at least partially coded in a visual reference frame even for parts of the body that are not typically seen.
Changes in temporal binding related to decreased vestibular input
Authors: Chang Nai-Yuan Nicholas , Malone Alex K. , Hullar Timothy E.
Published: November 2012

Imbalance among patients with vestibular hypofunction has been related to inadequate compensatory eye movements in response to head movements. However, symptoms of imbalance might also occur due a temporal mismatch between vestibular and other balance-related sensory cues. This temporal mismatch could be reflected in a widened temporal binding window (TBW), or the length of time over which simultaneous sensory stimuli may be offset and still perceived as simultaneous. We hypothesized that decreased vestibular input would lead to a widening of the temporal binding window. We performed whole-body rotations about the earth-vertical axis following a sinusoidal trajectory at 0.5 Hz with a peak velocity of 60°/s in four normal subjects. Dichotic auditory clicks were presented through headphones at various phases relative to the rotations. Subjects were asked to indicate whether the cues were synchronous or asynchronous and the TBW was calculated. We then simulated decreased vestibular input by rotating at diminished peak velocities of 48, 24 and 12°/s in four normal subjects. TBW was calculated between ±1 SD away from the mean on the psychometric curve. We found that the TBW increases as amplitude of rotation decreases. Average TBW of 251 ms at 60°/s increased to 309 ms at 12°/s. This result leads to the novel conclusion that changes in temporal processing may be a mechanism for imbalance in patients with vestibular hypofunction.
Changes in haptic sensitivity during tool use: Implications for optimal design of visual-haptic devices
Authors: Takahashi Chie , Watt Simon J.
Published: November 2012

Optimising haptic sensitivity in visual-haptic interfaces can have important benefits, particularly in situations where visual information is relatively unreliable (for example in surgical devices, where there is often a lack of normal visual depth cues). Many haptic devices alter the normal relationship between object size and hand opening, and so might be expected to alter haptic sensitivity. To determine how to optimise haptic sensitivity in such situations, we measured haptic size sensitivity as a function of object size (i) during normal grasping, and (ii) using pliers-like tools that changed the gain between hand opening and object size. Haptic stimuli were created using force-feedback robots, and we measured discrimination thresholds using a two-interval forced-choice task. We first showed that when participants directly grasped objects with their hands haptic size sensitivity did not follow Weber’s law, but instead varied non-monotonically with object size/hand opening; thresholds were lowest for object sizes around 45 mm and increased non-linearly for larger and smaller objects. Second, when using the pliers, sensitivity in units of hand opening was unchanged from normal grasping. Thus, thresholds in units of object size were simply the product of the non-monotonic haptic size sensitivity function, above, and the tool gain. Taken together, these results show that there is a unique tool gain that maximises haptic sensitivity to each object size. Our results show how the ‘tool gain’ of haptic devices should be altered to optimise sensitivity to the range of object sizes in a particular scene.