bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-situ TEM-STM Investigation of Conductance in Cu Atomic Wires
Authors: Rullan JL , Dunn KA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
New Electron and Ion Beam Chemistry for Nanotechnology
Authors: Mulders JJ L
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Wet STEM - A New SEM Method Revealing High Resolution Transmitted Information from Hydrated Samples
Authors: Gestmann I , Bultreijs D , Baken E , Lich B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Comparison of Localized Modifications of the Contact Potential Difference Induced by Focussed Ion Beam Processing of n and p Doped Silicon.
Authors: Stevens-Kalceff MA , Kruss DP
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Property Map by Electron Spectroscopy Imaging Series
Authors: Chen F-R , Kai J-J , Lin J-J , Chang L , Egerton R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Pulmonary Pathology of Parainfluenza Virus Infection
Authors: Sporn T
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
In-Situ ETEM Synthesis of Ni-Cu/TiO2 Bimetallic Catalyst
Authors: Li P , Liu J , Nag N , Crozier PA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Z-contrast-Microscopy and Density-Functional-Theory Determination of the Atomic Structure of the Fe/AlGaAs Interface and its Impact on Spin Transport
Authors: Zega TJ , Hanbicki AT , Erwin SC , Zutic IU , Kioseoglou G , Li CH , Jonker BT , Stroud RM
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Analyses of Phase Stabilty in Nb-Cr-Si Alloys
Authors: Bewlay B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
The North Texas Advanced Research and Technology Institute: Instrumentation for Materials Characterization and Education
Authors: Gorman B , Kaufman M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Spinodal Decomposition of Geometrically Constrained CuNiFe Thin Films
Authors: McKeown JT , Sugar JD , Radmilovic V , Glaeser AM , Gronsky R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Core Community Specifications for Electron Microprobe Operating Systems: Software, Quality Control, and Data Management Issues
Authors: Fournelle J , Carpenter P
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
EBSD and Coupled EBSD/TEM Analysis of Zirconium Deformation Mechanisms
Authors: McCabe RJ , Proust G , Misra A , Cerreta EK , Henrie BL
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Techniques Used in the Failure Analysis of Railcar Bolsters
Authors: Schmidt F , Danko M , Turnquist D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Strain Relief at Finite-Sized Grain Boundaries Drives Dislocation Emission
Authors: Marquis EA , Hamilton JC , Medlin DL , Leonard F
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Microstructure of Transparent Nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 Ceramics
Authors: Wei Q , Lu TC , Chang XH , Wang L
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Using STEM Image as a Map for Parallel Beam Electron Diffraction from a Nano-Particle on a TEM-STEM System
Authors: He H , Spence JC H
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Performance of a 30 mm2 Silicon Drift Detector
Authors: Rohde D , Stocker D , Misenheimer M , Howard J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
How to use the Dual Beam FIB-SEM to Characterize Microstructure in 3D
Authors: Uchic M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
The Application of Micro Area Analysis of Al-Cu Junction by Wavelength-Dispersive EPMA Equipped with a FE Electron Gun.
Authors: Kimura T , Ogiwara T , Fukushima S , Tanuma S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Cryo-electron Tomography: A Powerful Analytical Tool for the Study of Cells and Organelles at Molecular Resolution
Authors: Nicastro D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Nanocavity Networks by Folding Sheets of Layered Crystals
Authors: Spiecker E , Schmid AK , Minor AM , Dahmen U , Hollensteiner S , Jäger W
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
The Development of Alternative Markers for Transmission Electron Microscopy and Correlative Transmission Electon and Light Microscopies
Authors: Meyer D , Bleher R , Kandela I , Oliver J , Albrecht R
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Thermal Expansion Characteristics of Hexaboride Electron Sources and Other Factors Impacting Beam Stability
Authors: Southall L , Kagarice K , Thron A , Canepa P , Mackie W
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Beam Spreading and Spatial Resolution in Thick Organic Specimens
Authors: Hyun J , Ercius P , Muller DA
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Reversal Behavior of Patterned Ferromagnetic Elements
Authors: Zhu Y , Lau JW , Beleggia M , Schofield MA , Volkov VV , Malac M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Measurements of Functional Response of Nano-objects using Advanced Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhu Y , Beetz T , Wu L , Klie R , Huang L , Lau JW , Schofield MA , Volkov VV , Beleggia M , Malac M
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
EFTEM Imaging of ZnO-TiO2 Core-Shell Nanowires and TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Radmilovic V , Law M , Yang P , Radenovic A , Nelson CE
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Development of Nanostructured Electron Microscopy Grids for Time Resolved Single Particle Reconstruction for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Barnard D , Shaikh TR , Buttle K , Pushparaj V , Ye D , McMahon J , Ajayan P , Nalamasu O , Lu T-M , Wagenknecht T
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Stress Whitening Morphology of Multiphase Polypropylene
Authors: Westphal S
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Novel CBED Methods for Structure Analysis
Authors: Etheridge J , Maunders C , Moodie A , Nakashima P , Rossouw C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Microwave Processing in a Modern Microscopy Facilty
Authors: Humphrey E
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Comparison of Low Voltage Cathodoluminescent Phosphors
Authors: Phillips MR , Drouin D
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Ultrastructural Morphology of the Retina in Age-Matched Wild Type and CCR2 Deficient Mice
Authors: Megill JR , Janovitz EB , Lin JH , Car BD
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2006
Magnetic Nanostructures: Lorentz TEM Studies of Magnetization Reversal Processes
Authors: Petford-Long A , Kohn A , Bromwich T , Eggeman A
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
TEM Study of the Morphology of Nanoparticles
Authors: Deneen J , Cernetti P , Gresback R , Kortshagen U , Carter CB
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Electronic Thermal Expansion and the Mechanism of Coherent Acoustic Phonons Generation in Metals
Authors: Nie S , Park H , Wang X , Clinite R , Cao J
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Non-Intrusive Measurement of Stress in Transparent Materials
Authors: Fletcher-Holmes D , Hoyt C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
How to Design a STEM Curriculum for Middle and High School Students
Authors: Thompkins B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Where is SEM Resolution Reality in 2006: How do we Measure it and What are the Limits?
Authors: Griffin BJ , Michael JR
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
From fundamentals to the cutting edge: CCD technology for Digital Image Capture on Transmission Electron Microscopes
Authors: Bailey B
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Electron Flux Controlled Switching Between Electron Beam Induced Etching and Deposition
Authors: Toth M , Knowles R , Hartigan G , Lobo C
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
In Vivo Quantum Dot Labeling of Embryonic Neural Precursor Cells
Authors: Slotkin J , Chakrabarti L , Dai HN , Gallicano GI , Bregman B , Corbin J , Tarik H
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Structure and Organisation of Interphase Microtubule Arrays: FESEM Provides a MAP
Authors: Barton DA , Overall RL
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Polymorphisms in Helical Polymers: A New Perspective
Authors: Egelman EH
Published: October 2006

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Flow convergence routing hypothesis for pool‐riffle maintenance in alluvial rivers
Authors: MacWilliams Michael L. , Wheaton Joseph M. , Pasternack Gregory B. , Street Robert L. , Kitanidis Peter K.
Published: October 2006

The velocity reversal hypothesis is commonly cited as a mechanism for the maintenance of pool‐riffle morphology. Although this hypothesis is based on the magnitude of mean flow parameters, recent studies have suggested that mean parameters are not sufficient to explain the dominant processes in many pool‐riffle sequences. In this study, two‐ and three‐dimensional models are applied to simulate flow in the pool‐riffle sequence on Dry Creek, California, where the velocity reversal hypothesis was first proposed. These simulations provide an opportunity to evaluate the hydrodynamics underlying the observed reversals in near‐bed and section‐averaged velocity and are used to investigate the influence of secondary currents, the advection of momentum, and cross‐stream flow variability. The simulation results support the occurrence of a reversal in mean velocity and mean shear stress with increasing discharge. However, the results indicate that the effects of flow convergence due to an upstream constriction and the routing of flow through the system are more significant in influencing pool‐riffle morphology than the occurrence of a mean velocity reversal. The hypothesis of flow convergence routing is introduced as a more meaningful explanation of the mechanisms acting to maintain pool‐riffle morphology.
Multiplexed gas Cherenkov detector for reaction-history measurements
Authors: Mack J. M. , Caldwell S. E. , Evans S. C. , Sedillo T. J. , Wilson D. C. , Young C. S. , Horsfield C. J. , Griffith R. L. , Lerche R. A.
Published: October 2006

A diagnostic is being designed for the National Ignition Facility, using fusion gamma rays to measure highly time-resolved bang times and deuterium-tritium (d-t) interaction rates for imploding inertial fusion capsules. As a complement to neutron-based methods, gas Cherenkov detectors were chosen for this purpose because of proven ultrahigh bandwidth, thresholding versatility, and minimal time-of-flight dispersion. Gas Cherenkov detector prototypes, involving streak cameras and fast photomultiplier, microchannel plate detectors, are being tested using d-t implosions at the Omega Laser Facility. The possibility of simultaneous streak camera and photomultiplier, microchannel plate recordings of a source in one gas Cherenkov detector instrument is advantageous for reasons of independent measurement and extended reaction-history coverage. A multiplexed gas Cherenkov detector system was demonstrated successfully using electron pulses produced by the Idaho State University linear electron accelerator. A reaction-history diagnostic scheme composed of several types of detectors is proposed. The detectors considered reflect current and improving technology that allows coverage over a significant range of a reaction history generated from National Ignition Facility implosions.
Thermal detection mechanism of SiC based hydrogen resistive gas sensors
Authors: Fawcett Timothy J. , Wolan John T. , Lloyd Spetz Anita , Reyes Meralys , Saddow Stephen E.
Published: October 2006

Silicon carbide (SiC) resistive hydrogen gas sensors have been fabricated and tested. Planar NiCr contacts were deposited on a thin 3C-SiC epitaxial film grown on thin Si wafers bonded to polycrystalline SiC substrates. At 673K, up to a 51.75±0.04% change in sensor output current and a change in the device temperature of up to 163.1±0.4K were demonstrated in response to 100% H2 in N2. Changes in device temperature are shown to be driven by the transfer of heat from the device to the gas, giving rise to a thermal detection mechanism.
Effect of strain on the thermal conductivity of solids
Authors: Bhowmick Somnath , Shenoy Vijay B.
Published: October 2006

We present a systematic study of the effect of strain (equivalent to uniform pressure) on the thermal conductivity of an insulating solid. Following a theoretical analysis that uncovers the dependence of the thermal conductivity on temperature and strain, we present classical molecular dynamics calculations of the thermal conductivity. We find that the molecular dynamics results closely match the theoretical result.
Device scaling in sub-100nm pentacene field-effect transistors
Authors: Tulevski G. S. , Nuckolls C. , Afzali A. , Graham T. O. , Kagan C. R.
Published: October 2006

Reported here is the fabrication of 20–100nm channel length pentacene field-effect transistors (FETs) with well-behaved current-voltage characteristics. Using a solution deposition method, pentacene grains span entire devices, providing superior contacts. Varying the gate oxide thickness, the effects of scaling on transistor performance is studied. When the channel length to oxide thickness exceeds 5:1, electrostatically well-scaled nanometer FETs are prepared. The results show that the device characteristics are dominated by the contacts. Decreasing the oxide thickness lowers the device turn-on voltage beyond simple field scaling, as sharper bending of the gate potential lines around the contacts more effectively reduces the molecule/source interfacial resistance.
Generation of multicycle terahertz pulses via optical rectification in periodically inverted GaAs structures
Authors: Lee Yun-Shik , Hurlbut W. C. , Vodopyanov K. L. , Fejer M. M. , Kozlov V. G.
Published: October 2006

The authors demonstrate the generation of multicycle narrow-bandwidth terahertz pulses in periodically inverted GaAs structures using optical rectification of 2μm, 100fs pump pulses. Three different types of orientation-inverted samples are employed: optically contacted multilayer, orientation-patterned, and diffusion-bonded GaAs. The terahertz pulses are characterized by two-color (pump at 2μm and probe at 0.8μm) terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and terahertz Michelson interferometry.
Significant temperature and pressure sensitivities of electrical properties in chemically modified multiwall carbon nanotube/methylvinyl silicone rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Jiang Mei-Juan , Dang Zhi-Min , Xu Hai-Ping
Published: October 2006

The effects of γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane coupling agent on electrical properties in multiwall carbon nanotube/methylvinyl silicone rubber nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the modified nanotubes could be dispersed homogeneously and that they had a tight bonding with the rubber matrix. The concentration of coupling agent played a crucial role in deciding the conductivity and the electrical properties of the nanocomposites exhibited strong dependences on temperature and pressure. Dependences of electrical properties on temperature and pressure were also improved by increasing the content of coupling agent.
Infrared spectroscopy on the charge accumulation layer in rubrene single crystals
Authors: Fischer Matthias , Dressel Martin , Gompf Bruno , Tripathi Ashutosh K. , Pflaum Jens
Published: October 2006

To get access to the intrinsic properties of organic semiconductors, investigations on single crystals are essential. The authors report on far- and mid-infrared spectroscopies of the charge accumulation layer in an organic field-effect transistor fabricated on a rubrene single crystal. By charge modulation spectroscopy in the range between 70 and 4750cm−1, they were able to detect the Drude response of the accumulated charges in the channel. From this they can extract important intrinsic transport parameters such as the mobility, the plasma frequency, the effective mass, and the scattering rate.
Laser dynamics in organic distributed feedback lasers
Authors: Zavelani-Rossi M. , Perissinotto S. , Lanzani G. , Salerno M. , Gigli G.
Published: October 2006

The authors study laser dynamics in a polymer distributed feedback resonator by performing pump-probe experiments. They measured the population kinetics in the device under lasing operation with subpicosecond time resolution. By modeling the system with a set of coupled rate equations, which account for stimulated emission and nonradiative decays, they extract quantitative information on buildup time, photon lifetime, and pulse duration and give evidence of the feedback and loss mechanisms. They also investigate the influence of the grating length in the feedback and loss processes, and they show that lower pump energy thresholds can be achieved with short devices.
Mechanisms of Two Modulatory Actions of the Channel-binding Protein Slob on the Drosophila Slowpoke Calcium-dependent Potassium Channel
Authors: Zeng Haoyu , Weiger Thomas M. , Fei Hong , Levitan Irwin B.
Published: October 2006

Slob57 is an ion channel auxiliary protein that binds to and modulates the Drosophila Slowpoke calcium-dependent potassium channel (dSlo). We reported recently that residues 1–39 of Slob57 comprise the key domain that both causes dSlo inactivation and shifts its voltage dependence of activation to more depolarized voltages. In the present study we show that removal of residues 2–6 from Slob57 abolishes the inactivation, but the ability of Slob57 to rightward shift the voltage dependence of activation of dSlo remains. A synthetic peptide corresponding in sequence to residues 1–6 of Slob57 blocks dSlo in a voltage- and dose-dependent manner. Two Phe residues and at least one Lys residue in this peptide are required for the blocking action. These data indicate that the amino terminus of Slob57 directly blocks dSlo, thereby leading to channel inactivation. Further truncation to residue Arg16 eliminates the modulation of voltage dependence of activation. Thus these two modulatory actions of Slob57 are independent. Mutation within the calcium bowl of dSlo greatly reduces its calcium sensitivity (Bian, S., I. Favre, and E. Moczydlowski. 2001. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:4776–4781). We found that Slob57 still causes inactivation of this mutant channel, but does not shift its voltage dependence of activation. This result confirms further the independence of the inactivation and the voltage shift produced by Slob57. It also suggests that the voltage shift requires high affinity Ca2+ binding to an intact calcium bowl. Furthermore, Slob57 inhibits the shift in the voltage dependence of activation of dSlo evoked by Ca2+, and this inhibition by Slob57 is greater at higher free Ca2+ concentrations. These results implicate distinct calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms in the modulation of dSlo by Slob.
HtrA in Porphyromonas gingivalis can regulate growth and gingipain activity under stressful environmental conditions
Authors: Roy F. , Vanterpool E. , Fletcher H. M.
Published: October 2006

In several micro-organisms, HtrA, a serine periplasmic protease, is considered an important virulence factor that plays a regulatory role in oxidative and temperature stress. The authors have previously shown that the vimA gene product is an important virulence regulator in Porphyromonas gingivalis. Further, purified recombinant VimA physically interacted with the major gingipains and the HtrA from P. gingivalis. To further evaluate a role for HtrA in the pathogenicity of this organism, a 1.5 kb fragment containing the htrA gene was PCR-amplified from the chromosomal DNA of P. gingivalis W83. This gene was insertionally inactivated using the ermF-ermAM antibiotic-resistance cassette and used to create an htrA-deficient mutant by allelic exchange. In one randomly chosen isogenic mutant designated P. gingivalis FLL203, there was increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Growth of this mutant at an elevated temperature was more inhibited compared to the wild-type. Further, in contrast to the wild-type, there was a significant decrease in Arg-gingipain activity after heat shock in FLL203. However, the gingipain activity in the mutant returned to normal levels after a further 30 min incubation at room temperature. Collectively, these data suggest that HtrA may play a similar role in oxidative and temperature stress in P. gingivalis as observed in other organisms.
Recent Outcomes and Perspectives of the Application of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Implant Dentistry
Authors: Salata Luiz A. , Franke‐Stenport Victoria , Rasmusson Lars
Published: October 2006

Background: Since the discovery of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the number of related studies has increased substantially, and more recent outcomes have cast encouraging perspectives on their use in reconstructive surgery.

Purpose: The aim of the present review was to summarize the present knowledge about the use of BMPs in conjunction with dental implants based on the literature.

Materials and Methods: Scientific articles dealing with the use of growth factors and bone healing with or without dental implants were searched for on MEDLINE and critically scrutinized.

Results: Thirty‐nine scientific reports formed the base for the present review. Whereas the osteoinductive capability of BMPs is well documented, studies on their effects in implant dentistry are still incipient. Preclinical and clinical studies did not show outstandingly good outcomes of the application of BMPs compared with conventional treatments or controls.

Conclusions: The number of studies in the field of dental implantology in which BMPs have been used is still too small for establishing clinical protocols of their use in order to improve a recipient bone bed prior to implant placement or to enhance the integration process of an implant.
Early Loading of Machined‐Surf ace Brånemark Implants in Completely Edentulous Mandibles: Healed Bone versus Fresh Extraction Sites
Authors: De Bruyn Hugo , Collaert Bruno
Published: October 2006

Background: Restoration of edentulous mandibles with dental implants installed with a two‐stage or one‐stage surgical approach, yet with delayed loading, is a predictable and successful treatment.

Purpose: The present prospective study evaluated the success up to 3 years of function of nonroughened machined‐surface Brånemark System implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) loaded early or immediately with a fixed 12‐unit bridge.

Materials and Methods: In total, 184 implants were installed in 36 patients:30 with healed bone and 6 with some remaining teeth, which were extracted simultaneously with implant installation. The provisional or final prostheses were installed 0 to 52 (mean 18.2) days later.

Results: Thirteen of 184 (7.1%) implants failed within 3 months of loading in 5 of 36 (13.9%) patients:1 of 153 implants (0.7%) failed in healed bone, and 12 of 31 (39%) failed in fresh extraction sites. This consequently meant a loss of 3 of 36 (8.3%) prostheses, all in the extraction group. No implants were lost during 3 years of functional loading (16 patients, 75 implants). The average marginal bone level measured initially and after 1, 2, and 3 years was 0.8 mm (SD = 0.5), 1.0 mm (SD = 0.4), 1.1 mm (SD = 0.3), and 1.4 mm (SD = 0.5), respectively.

Conclusions: Four to six Brånemark implants with nonroughened machined titanium surfaces can be loaded early or immediately with cross‐arch restorations in healed mandibulary bone, but this cannot be recommended for fresh extraction sites.
Ramus or Chin Grafts for Maxillary Sinus Inlay and Local Onlay Augmentation: Comparison of Donor Site Morbidity and Complications
Authors: Clavero Jaime , Lundgren Stefan
Published: October 2006

Background: The placement of endosseous implants in edentulous areas is frequently limited by inadequate bone volume of the residual ridge. Local bone grafts from the mandible are a convenient source of autogenous bone for alveolar reconstruction prior to implant placement.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to document and compare the morbidity and the frequency of complications occurring at two intraoral donor sites: the mandibular symphysis and the mandibular ramus.

Material and Methods: This study reviewed 53 consecutively treated patients:29 with autogenous bone grafts from the mandibular symphysis and 24 with mandibular ramus bone grafts. Each patient received a questionnaire 18 months after surgery regarding problems that may have occurred during the postoperative period.

Results: In the patients in whom bone was harvested from the mandibular ramus, there were fewer postoperative symptoms immediately after the operation than with mandibular symphysis harvesting. Twenty‐two of the 29 patients with symphysis grafts experienced decreased sensitivity in the skin innervated by the mental nerve 1 month after the operation. Five of the 24 patients with ramus grafts experienced decreased sensitivity in the vestibular mucosa corresponding to the innervation of the buccal nerve.

Eighteen months after the surgery, 15 of the 29 patients in the symphysis group still had some decreased sensitivity and presented with permanent altered sensation. Only one of the patients grafted from the mandibular ramus presented with permanent altered sensation in the posterior vestibular area. No major complication occurred in the donor sites in any of the 53 patients.

Conclusion: The results of this study favored the use of the ascending mandibular ramus as an intraoral donor site for bone grafting.
Periimplant Bone in Immediately Loaded Titanium Implants: Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation in Human. A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Degidi Marco , Scarano Antonio , Lezzi Giovanna , Piattelli Adriano
Published: October 2006

Background: In recent years, several investigations have demonstrated, in clinical and histologic studies, the practicality of the use of immediate loading in implant dentistry.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze the periimplant responses to immediately loaded implants retrieved from two patients after a 6‐month loading period.

Materials and Methods: Three immediately loaded implants (two hydroxyapatite [HA] coated, one with a sandblasted surface) were retrieved from two patients after a 6‐month loading period. The implants were treated to obtain thin ground sections.

Results: Bone was present at the interface with all three implants. Bone‐implant contact percentage was 80.6% 4.7. Bone was present also in the thread concavities found at a distance from preexisting bone and in those concavities that were at the interface with the supracrestal tissues or with wide marrow spaces. No gaps or fibrous tissues were present at the interface. No inflammatory infiltrate was present at the interface. The mean of the sulcus depth in all three implants was 0.9 ± 0.1 mm, the length of the junctional epithelium was 0.9 ± 0.05 mm, and the length of connective tissue contact was 1.1 ± 0.05 mm.

Conclusions: Our results show that immediate loading of dental implants did not impede the formation of mineralized tissue at the interface, and it can probably be a viable alternative in implant dentistry.
Implant Treatment in Combination with Lateral Augmentation of the Alveolar Process: A 3‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Hellem Solve , Åstrand Per , Stenström Birgitta , Engquist Bo , Bengtsson Martin , Dahlgren Simon
Published: October 2006

Background: In patients in whom the height of the alveolar process is adequate but the crest is too narrow to host an implant, lateral augmentation is required. Such augmentations have mostly been performed using autogenous bone blocks secured to the buccal surface. An alternative to autogenous bone may be bovine hydroxyapatite (Bio‐Oss, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) or other bone substitutes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcome of dental implants inserted after lateral augmentation of too narrow alveolar processes with a combination of bovine hydroxyapatite (Bio‐Oss) and autogenous bone.

Methods: Thirty patients (14 males and 16 females) with a mean age of 41.6 years fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Twenty‐nine augmentation sites with a total of 74 implants could be followed for 3 years.

Results: Three implants were lost; these were lost before loading (at the abutment operation). The survival rate was 95.9%. The mean marginal bone loss during the 3‐year observation period was 0.3 ± 0.2 mm.

Conclusions: A 50/50 combination of Bio‐Oss and autogenous bone chips stabilized with Tisseel (Baxter AG/Duo Quick AG, Vienna, Austria) was useful for lateral augmentation of the alveolar crest. Lateral grafts with Bio‐Oss, autogenous bone, and Tisseel made it possible to achieve good implant stability and high implant survival results. The bone level changes adjacent to the implants were the same as in nongrafted cases.
Early Function of Splinted Implants in Maxillas and Posterior Mandibles, Using Brånemark System® Tiunite™ Implants: An 18‐Month Prospective Clinical Multicenter Study
Authors: Bogaerde Leonardo Vanden , Pedretti Giorgio , Dellacasa Paolo , Mozzati Marco , Rangert Bo , Wendelhag Inger
Published: October 2006

Background: Immediate or early loading of implants placed in maxillas and posterior mandibles has been a concern as bone density is often low in these areas, making it difficult to establish good initial implant stability. By adapting implant design and insertion protocols, however, high initial implant stability may be achieved in these regions. Further, a modified implant surface texture has been proved to help in maintaining stability during the initial healing period.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical performance of oxidized titanium implants (TiUnite™, Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) when used for early function in the maxilla and in the posterior mandible, locations where the bone density often is low. A further aim was to evaluate the marginal bone level at oxidized implants and compare it with that of machined‐surface implants used in a previous study.

Materials and Methods: Thirty‐one patients were consecutively included in the study, and 37 edentulous areas in maxillas and posterior mandibles were treated. Bruxism and uncontrolled periodontal disease were exclusion criteria. Temporary prostheses were generally placed within 9 days but not after 16 days from implant placement. A previous study applying the same study design and clinical protocol but using machined‐surface implants was used for comparisons.

Results: Of the 111 implants installed, 1 failed, giving an overall survival rate of 99.1% after 18 months. The prosthesis survival was 100%. The marginal bone resorption was 0.8 mm (standard deviation ISD], 1.0), as opposed to 1.6 mm (SD, 1.3) in the previous study with machined‐surface implants, but was not statistically significantly different (p= .10).

Conclusion: The present clinical protocol (aiming at high primary stability) and the use of oxidized titanium implants for early functional loading in the maxilla and the posterior mandible resulted in a high implant survival rate and a favorable marginal bone level during a follow‐up of 18 months. The difference in marginal bone resorption between the oxidized implants in the present study and the machined implants from a previous investigation with the same study design was not statistically significant.
In Situ Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide on Microhardness of Human Enamel: Function of Time
Authors: ARAUJO EDSON M. , BARATIERI LUIZ N. , VIEIRA LUIZ CLÓVIS C. , RITTER ANDRÉ V.
Published: October 2006

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of two home bleaching regimens (1 h/day versus 7 h/day for a total of 21 days) on the microhardness of superficial enamel treated with 10% carbamide peroxide gel.

Materials and Methods: Rectangular enamel specimens (2.5 × 2.5 × 1 mm) were obtained from human third molars and mounted on the palatal aspect of removable orthodontic retainers. Nine enamel specimens were mounted in each of 10 retainers, used by 10 volunteers during the active phase of the study. Modified 0.089 cm thick bleaching trays were fabricated for each participant. Each bleaching tray fit a participant's arch and the retainer containing the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were treated with a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel (Nite White® Excel 2Z, Discus Dental, Culver City, CA, USA) for either 1 h/day (n= 30) or 7 h/day (n= 30), both for 21 days. Three enamel specimens in each retainer were never treated and served as controls. The retainers were worn by the participants whether or not they underwent bleaching. This simulated the natural action of the saliva/oral fluids on the enamel specimens. Enamel specimens were subjected to pre‐ and post‐treatment microhardness measurements. Post‐treatment Knoop hardness numbers were compared with baseline values and analyzed statistically.

Results: Bleaching treatment resulted in a nonsignificant reduction in microhardness values when compared with values of the control nontreated specimens (1.7% and 2.5% reduction in hardness for 1 h/day and 7 h/day, respectively). There was no difference in microhardness between the different treatment regimens.

Conclusion: Home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for up to 7 h/day for 21 days does not significantly affect enamel microhardness.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide for 1 h/day or 7 h/day for a total of 21 days is safe for human enamel.
Diagnostic and Technical Approach to Esthetic Rehabilitations
Authors: ROMEO GIUSEPPE , BRESCIANO MARIO
Published: October 2006

The success of an esthetic rehabilitation depends on the understanding of the patient's needs and on effective communication among the entire dental team. The involvement of the dental technician since the beginning of the treatment plan is one of the keys for success. This article describes a systematic approach to oral rehabilitations involving esthetic areas. Technical suggestions for the construction of the diagnostic wax‐up, the provisional, and the final ceramic restorations are illustrated in a logical sequence.
Use of Yellow Plastic Food Wrap to Retard Composite Resin Polymerization
Authors: HAGGE MARK S. , DI LORENZO SCOTT C. , LINDEMUTH JAMES S. , LATTA MARK A. , SMITH JAMES W.
Published: October 2006

Background: Dental chair lights can rapidly polymerize light‐reactive composites beyond the point of workability, preventing adequate time for the shaping and sculpting of large direct composite restorations.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether yellow plastic food wrap placed over a dental chair light would perceptibly retard the polymerization rate of a light‐cured composite (Esthet‐X™, shade A1, Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, DE, USA).

Materials and Methods: Zero, one, and two thicknesses of yellow plastic food wrap (Reynolds Metals Company, Richmond, VA, USA) were, in turn, used in the following scenarios: (1) placed in a spectrophotometer and compared for percentage transmission of 470 nm light; (2) placed over a curing unit light wand and compared for milliwatts of output on a radiometer; (3) placed over a dental chair light positioned 64 cm from 0.22 mm thick composite specimens, with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry readings made every 40 seconds to measure degree of composite polymerization; (4) placed over a dental chair light positioned 64 cm from a direct veneer preparation (clinical simulation), which was then restored by four experienced clinicians who reported working times.

Results: Results for the scenarios were as follows: (1) zero sheets 100%, one sheet 34%, two sheets 6%; (2) zero sheets 580 mW, one sheet 190 mW, two sheets 20 mW; (3) percent conversion at 80 seconds–zero sheets 8%, one sheet 0.65%, two sheets 0.76%; percent conversion at 120 seconds–zero sheets 19.11%, one sheet 12.22%, two sheets 0.42%; (4) mean working times–zero sheets 34 seconds, one sheet 72 seconds, two sheets 155 seconds.

Conclusions: Yellow plastic food wrap placed over a dental chair light markedly extended the working time of a light‐cured composite in each of four assessments performed. Two sheets of plastic wrap were more than twice as effective as one sheet.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The suggested filtering technique with yellow plastic wrap placed over a dental chair light is a highly effective, expedient, and inexpensive method for increasing the working time of light‐cured composites.
XYLITOL
Authors: Sneed W. Dan , Knight James S. , Swift Edward J.
Published: October 2006

High‐concentration xylitol chewing gum has been used therapeutically in public health programs in Europe for quite some time. The use of xylitol as a sweetener is slowly increasing in the United States. There is much evidence that xylitol can be a useful adjunct in preventing dental caries because of its effect on mutans streptococci (MS) in the oral environment. This review examines some of the literature that identifies the various benefits and capabilities of xylitol as a preventive therapeutic agent. Xylitol chewing gum is a convenient and pleasant preventive tool that almost all patients can use and enjoy.
Selection Defines Design
Authors: TERRY DOUGLAS A. , GELLER WILLI
Published: October 2006

The era of “extension for prevention” used restorative materials and cavity preparation designs in an attempt to arrest the caries process. In the new era of “prevention to eliminate extension,” many of the old limitations are no longer applicable because of advances in research and technology. The advances in restorative materials and adhesive technology require the use of an adhesive design concept when considering restorative material selection, preparation designs, and adhesive protocol and placement procedures and techniques. This adhesive design concept has been instrumental in the paradigm shift from the principles of extension for prevention to an ultraconservative principle of prevention to eliminate extension. From the early onset of the disease to initial placement of the restoration, this modern philosophy has three clinical objectives: prevention, preservation, and conservation. The clinician should strive to preserve the maximum integrity of the natural dentition by preventing the placement of the initial restoration, preserving and conserving tooth structure during the preparation of restoration, and conserving the tooth and restoration by increasing the longevity of the restoration between replacements. This article describes an incremental layering technique that uses a conservative restorative adhesive design concept (adhesive preparation design and protocol) for preparing, restoring, and finishing a Class IV restoration, and it demonstrates how the selection of a small‐particle hybrid composite influences the preparation design.
RESIN BOND TO DENTAL CERAMICS, PART I: REVIEW AND SILICA‐BASED CERAMICS
Authors: Blatz Markus B. , Richter Courtney , Chiche Gerard J. , Swift Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Silica‐based ceramics (eg, feldspathic, glass, and leucite‐reinforced feldspathic ceramics) are preferred materials for conservative, highly esthetic indirect restorations such as laminate veneers, ceramic inlays and onlays, and full‐coverage crowns because of their optical properties, biocompatibility, and longevity. Adhesive cementation of ceramics to the supporting tooth using resin cements has been identified as the main determinant for the excellent clinical success of bonded silica‐based ceramic restorations. The first article discussed in this Critical Appraisal reviews the current evidence for the need of adhesive technologies to support ceramics. Even though review articles typically are not addressed in this section, its thoroughness and clear conclusions make this article an important contribution to the field of esthetic and restorative dentistry.

Controlled clinical trials are ideal to evaluate the success of certain materials or therapeutic interventions. However, laboratory studies are necessary to compare large varieties of materials and influencing parameters and to identify superior materials and bonding techniques prior to their clinical application. Numerous in vitro studies have evaluated the ceramic‐composite resin interface. The in vitro studies reviewed in this section indicate that acid‐etching and silane application are ideal methods to achieve strong and durable resin bonds to silica‐based ceramics. The selected articles indicate interesting trends in testing methods and interpretation of results. Earlier studies favor shear bond strength testing methods and emphasize the importance of surface microstructure and mechanical interlocking. However, some recent studies prefer modified tensile bond strength methods, and find silane application, and therefore chemical interaction, to be the main contributor to reliable resin‐ceramic bonds. Unfortunately, direct comparisons between different studies are difficult owing to the variations in methods and materials and the lack of standard protocols.
Lymphatic mapping and lymphatic endothelial cell isolation in colorectal cancer patients
Authors: TAKEDA Akihiko , ISEKI Hiroyoshi , OTANI Yoshihide , TAKEUCHI Hideki , ICHIOKA Shigeru , KAWAI Yoshiko , SHINOZUKA Nozomi , KOYAMA Isamu
Published: October 2006

Background:  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has already been established as a common procedure with malignant lymphoma and breast cancer. In colorectal cancer, however, the application of the SLN theory remains uncommon and its clinical significance is also unclear. In addition, the characteristics of the lymphatic vessels that connect SLNs or the lymphatic endothelial cells have been unclear. Our purpose is to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLN mapping by intraoperative subserosal dye injection and to develop a novel method for the isolation of anatomically defined lymphatic endothelial cells.

Methods:  SLN biopsy by the subserous dye injection method (patent blue) was conducted in 36 patients with colorectal cancer for which curative resection was possible (stage 0: two cases, stage I: 18 cases, stage II: four cases, stage III: 12 cases), with additional systematic lymph node dissection. Endothelial cells were isolated from lymphatic vessels identified at the time of the SLN biopsy by the collagenase II perfusion method, and we tried to transfer them into a culture system with an endothelial cell‐specific medium.

Results:  SLNs could be identified in 34 cases, providing a 94.4% detection rate. The total number of resected lymph nodes was 705 and 72 of those nodes were confirmed as SLNs (10.2%). Ten metastasis‐positive nodes were found in SLNs (13.9%), and the mean number of identified SLNs per case was 2.0. No complications or toxicity associated with the dye injection were observed. In addition, cells isolated from the lymphatic vessels removed formed some colonies and the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell‐specific VEGFR‐3 was observed.

Conclusion:  SLNs mapping using subserosal dye injection is a feasible technique that would make the range of lymph node dissection appropriate for colorectal cancer, which is applicable to cases with advanced cancer. This new method was established to isolate lymphatic endothelial cells from resected lymphatic vessels and to culture them, which may contribute to further study of the molecular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis.