bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrotic Burden in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus–Related Cirrhosis Is Independently Associated With Poorer Kidney Outcomes
Authors: Jung Chan-Young , Jung Hui-Yun , Kim Hyung Woo , Ryu Geun Woo , Lee Jung Il , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Seung Up , Kim Beom Seok
Published: July 2023

Background

We investigated whether higher fibrotic burden was independently associated with poorer kidney outcomes in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related cirrhosis.

Methods

A total of 1691 patients with radiologically diagnosed HBV-related cirrhosis but without baseline chronic kidney disease (CKD) who underwent transient elastography (TE) between March 2012 and August 2018 were selected. The study outcome was the composite of development of incident CKD, defined as the occurrence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 or proteinuria (≥1+ on dipstick test) on 2 consecutive measurements during follow-up, 50% decline in eGFR or onset of end-stage kidney disease (initiation of chronic dialysis), or all-cause mortality.

Results

The mean age was 53.4 years and 1030 (60.9%) patients were male. During 8379 person-years of follow-up (median 5.2 years), 60 (3.5%) patients experienced study outcomes. When stratified according to TE-defined fibrotic burden, multivariable Cox models revealed that risk of poorer kidney outcomes was 2.77-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.16–6.63; P < .001) higher in patients with liver stiffness range indicating cirrhosis (≥11.7 kPa), compared to those without significant liver fibrosis (<7.9 kPa). These associations remained significant even after adjusting for vigorous confounders.

Conclusions

Higher fibrotic burden assessed using TE was independently associated with poorer kidney outcomes in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis.
Microsoft's Challenge to US Militarization of Cyberspace: A Lacanian Study of Norm Entrepreneurship
Authors: Jacobsen Jeppe T
Published: July 2023

Microsoft is making strategic attempts to change the US government's practices of exploiting technical vulnerabilities in Microsoft software for military and intelligence purposes. So far, these efforts have not borne fruit. Microsoft's strategy has much in common with one of the most common strategies proposed by the International Relations literature on norm entrepreneurship in terms of exposing the contradictions between the government's ideals and practices. The article contributes to this literature by examining Microsoft's strategy through Lacanian psychoanalysis and suggests that it fails to work as intended, not because the US public or those in government remains unaware of the contradictions, but because the strategy is unable to address the existing desire to transgress the cyber ideals. Lacan's formula for transformation, the Analyst Discourse, provides an alternative framework for examining norm entrepreneurial potential in light of such transgressions. It proposes that the entrepreneur must occupy a position as the (psycho)analyst who hystericizes the norm violator. The article revisits Microsoft's attempt to halt the militarization of cyberspace and argues that the proposal of becoming a “Cyber Red Cross” holds a potential to hystericize but cannot succeed as long as Microsoft refuses to repress its status as a profitable cyber expert.
Do you want to promote recall, perceptions, or behavior? The best data visualization depends on the communication goal
Authors: Ancker Jessica S , Benda Natalie C , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J
Published: July 2023

Data visualizations can be effective and inclusive means for helping people understand health-related data. Yet numerous high-quality studies comparing data visualizations have yielded relatively little practical design guidance because of a lack of clarity about what communicators want their audience to accomplish. When conducting rigorous evaluations of communication (eg, applying the ISO 9186 method), describing the process simply as evaluating “comprehension” or “interpretation” of visualizations fails to do justice to the true range of outcomes being studied. We present newly developed taxonomies of outcome measures and tasks that are guiding a large-scale systematic review of the health numbers communication literature. Using these taxonomies allows a designer to determine whether a specific data presentation format or feature supports or inhibits the desired audience cognitions, feelings, or behaviors. We argue that taking a granular, outcomes-based approach to designing and evaluating information visualization research is essential to deriving practical, actionable knowledge from it.
Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi) habitat associations in northern New England forests
Authors: Tisell Honora B , Degrassi Allyson L , Stephens Ryan B , Rowe Rebecca J
Published: July 2023

Understanding habitat selection is fundamental to addressing the response of a species to disturbance. Because resources are unevenly distributed across the landscape, habitat selection occurs at multiple scales. We used capture–mark–recapture and radiotelemetry techniques to quantify the macrohabitat and microhabitat associations that define space use of the Southern Red-backed Vole (Myodes gapperi) in northeastern forests. Macrohabitat characteristics were evaluated at the scale of the forest stand by comparing conditions between visited and unvisited trap stations and suggest red-backed voles have an affinity for locations with higher basal area of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and more coarse woody material. For microhabitat characteristics we modeled the influence of forest structure, ground cover, and geographic features on home range, specifically core area placement. We found that Southern Red-backed Vole core areas were associated with higher Red Maple (Acer rubrum) basal area, deeper leaf litter, greater density of hemlock stems, and closer proximity to water. The affinity of southern red-backed voles for eastern hemlock raises questions about population persistence and shifts in distribution as eastern hemlock stands are replaced by hardwood stands following infestation by Hemlock Woolly Adelgid.
Metabolomic analysis identifies the regulation of lipid metabolism pathway as potential mechanisms of Jiangzhi decoction against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhi Yin , Ye Ying , Zhang Miao , Mai Zhongchao , Xia Wei , Song Yanan
Published: July 2023

Objectives

To illustrate the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of Jiangzhi decoction (JZD) against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD rats were treated with JZD. The pathological morphology, lipid indexes and liver function were detected. Metabolic profiles were examined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Multivariate and univariate statistical analysis were used to search the differential metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis was carried out using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Compound-gene networks were built by Cytoscape software.

Results

JZD significantly alleviated the pathological conditions and improved lipid index levels. Multivariate analysis showed a good separation among different groups. Three hundred and twenty-seven metabolites in HFD versus control and 301 metabolites in JZD versus HFD were identified to be significantly different. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that lipid metabolism pathways were prominent altered pathways. Importantly, the relationships were more distant between JZD and HFD groups in all five lipid metabolism pathways, including arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism, while those were obviously closer between JZD and control groups. Simultaneously, JZD treatment restored the levels of disturbed differential metabolites in HFD group.

Conclusion

JZD had an effect on alleviating NAFLD via regulating relevant lipid metabolism.
The MillenniumTNG Project: the large-scale clustering of galaxies
Authors: Bose Sownak , Hadzhiyska Boryana , Barrera Monica , Delgado Ana Maria , Ferlito Fulvio , Frenk Carlos , Hernández-Aguayo César , Hernquist Lars , Kannan Rahul , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , White Simon D M
Published: July 2023

Modern redshift surveys are tasked with mapping out the galaxy distribution over enormous distance scales. Existing hydrodynamical simulations, however, do not reach the volumes needed to match upcoming surveys. We present results for the clustering of galaxies using a new, large volume hydrodynamical simulation as part of the MillenniumTNG (MTNG) project. With a computational volume that is ≈15 times larger than the next largest such simulation currently available, we show that MTNG is able to accurately reproduce the observed clustering of galaxies as a function of stellar mass. When separated by colour, there are some discrepancies with respect to the observed population, which can be attributed to the quenching of satellite galaxies in our model. We combine MTNG galaxies with those generated using a semi-analytic model to emulate the sample selection of luminous red galaxies (LRGs) and emission-line galaxies (ELGs) and show that, although the bias of these populations is approximately (but not exactly) constant on scales larger than ≈10 Mpc, there is significant scale-dependent bias on smaller scales. The amplitude of this effect varies between the two galaxy types and between the semi-analytic model and MTNG. We show that this is related to the distribution of haloes hosting LRGs and ELGs. Using mock SDSS-like catalogues generated on MTNG lightcones, we demonstrate the existence of prominent baryonic acoustic features in the large-scale galaxy clustering. We also demonstrate the presence of realistic redshift space distortions in our mocks, finding excellent agreement with the multipoles of the redshift-space clustering measured in SDSS data.
Constraining the star formation rate using joint CIB continuum and C ii intensity mapping
Authors: Zhou Zilu , Maniyar Abhishek S , Pullen Anthony R
Published: July 2023

Line intensity mapping (LIM) experiments probing the nearby Universe can expect a considerable amount of cosmic infrared background (CIB) continuum emission from near and far-infrared galaxies. For the purpose of using LIM to constrain the star formation rate (SFR), we argue that the CIB continuum – traditionally treated as contamination – can be combined with the LIM signal to enhance the SFR constraints achievable. We first present a power spectrum model that combines continuum and line emissions assuming a common SFR model. We subsequently analyse the effectiveness of the joint model in the context of the EXperiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping (EXCLAIM), which utilizes the $[{\rm C\, \small {II}}]$ molecular line to study the SFR. We numerically compute the theoretical power spectra according to our model and the EXCLAIM survey specifics, and perform Fisher analysis to forecast the SFR constraints. We find that although the joint model has no considerable advantage over LIM alone assuming the current survey level of EXCLAIM, its effects become significant when we consider more optimistic values of survey resolution and angular span that are expected of future LIM experiments. We show that the CIB is not only an additional SFR sensitive signal, but also serves to break the SFR parameter degeneracy that naturally emerges from the $[{\rm C\, \small {II}}]$ Fisher matrix. For this reason, addition of the CIB will allow improvements in the survey parameters to be better reflected in the SFR constraints, and can be effectively utilized by future LIM experiments.
Subtle Introgression Footprints at the End of the Speciation Continuum in a Clade of Heliconius Butterflies
Authors: Rougemont Quentin , Huber Bárbara , Martin Simon H , Whibley Annabel , Estrada Catalina , Solano Darha , Orpet Robert , McMillan W Owen , Frérot Brigitte , Joron Mathieu
Published: July 2023

Quantifying gene flow between lineages at different stages of the speciation continuum is central to understanding speciation. Heliconius butterflies have undergone an adaptive radiation in wing color patterns driven partly by natural selection for local mimicry. Color patterns are also known to be used as assortative mating cues. Therefore, wing pattern divergence is considered to play a role in speciation. A corollary is that mimicry between closely related species may be associated with hybridization and interfere with reproductive isolation. Here, we take a multifaceted approach to explore speciation history, species boundaries, and traits involved in species differentiation between the two closely related species, Heliconius hecale and Heliconius ismenius. We focus on geographic regions where the two species mimic each other and contrast this with geographic regions where they do not mimic each other. To examine population history and patterns of gene flow, we tested and compared a four-population model accounting for linked selection. This model suggests that the two species have remained isolated for a large part of their history, yet with a small amount of gene exchange. Accordingly, signatures of genomic introgression were small except at a major wing pattern allele and chemosensing genes and stronger in the mimetic populations compared with nonmimetic populations. Behavioral assays confirm that visual confusion exists but that short-range cues determine strong sexual isolation. Tests for chemical differentiation between species identified major differences in putative pheromones which likely mediate mate choice and the maintenance of species differences.
Photographic Images in Documentary Film
Authors: Hallas Roger
Published: July 2023

Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, Chapter 1 analyzes the roles of cinematography and editing in documentary film’s incorporation of photographic images as historical evidence. Historical documentaries of the 1950s established contrastive strategies for integrating photographic images, which would lay the foundations for two distinct traditions within postwar documentary film practice: a disjunctive one that plays with the tension between the cinematic and the photographic, and an integrative one that attempts to render the photographic image more cinematic. While the modernism of the disjunctive strategy would find its fullest manifestation in the 1960s photofilm, the narrative immersion of the integrative strategy was enhanced and popularized in the 1990s by the documentaries of Ken Burns. Digital special effects have generated new visual strategies for rendering photographs more cinematic, but they can also paradoxically produce uncanny effects that draw greater attention to the visual artifice of the digitally altered photograph.
Discoveries and Restitutions of the Photographic Archive
Authors: Hallas Roger
Published: July 2023

Chapter four engages with photographic authorship, materiality, and archives. As the global art world embraced photography as a legitimate art commodity, curators and dealers were eager to discover new photographic artists in the dispersed, non-institutional archives of vernacular photography, particularly commercial studio photographers. Documentaries about such archival discoveries address legitimation in relation to not only the photographer but also the curator, dealer, or collector who claims to have discovered them. The photographers and collectors become parallel protagonists in narratives, affirmative and critical, about commodification, ownership, exploitation, and cultural recognition. The latter half of the chapter analyzes cultural and physical restitution, through documentaries that critically challenge and reverse the art world’s appropriation of amateur, studio, and press photography by returning the photographs to their original cultural contexts. Such films ultimately raise the question of how preservation might be rethought and what role documentary film may play in its reconceptualization.
Encounters with Photographic Portraits
Authors: Hallas Roger
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 integrates the main themes of the book through a consideration of documentary film’s engagement with photography’s most prevalent genre, the portrait. Its history is marked by “a shadow archive” encompassing two dialectical traditions of modern subjectification: the “honorific” portrait, a method of bourgeois self-affirmation, and the “repressive” portrait, which served to categorize, pathologize, and discipline bodies within modernity. The chapter addresses the quandary of how filmmakers use the repressive portrait by tapping into a fundamental and transmedial dynamic of the visual portrait, its capacity to engender iconic presence (the presence-absence of its depicted subject). Such presence-absence becomes foundational for any intersubjective encounter among photographer, photographed subject, filmmaker, filmed subject, and viewer. Ultimately, these documentaries illuminate not only how film records what people do with photographic portraits to bear witness, but also how the virtual spatio-temporality of documentary film can become the site in which such testimonial acts are performed.
Science
Authors: Hunter Angela , Wilkin Rebecca
Published: July 2023

Part I argues that gender inequality is the result of sexist bias (masculine vanity) in the history of the sciences and medicine from antiquity forward, with special attention to the body in the natural philosophy of the early modern period and eighteenth century. It critiques the way sexual difference is used to naturalize and justify gender inequality and the subordination of women. It focuses on anatomy, physiology, chemistry, botany, and, in particular, theories of reproduction and comparisons of humans to animals. It also continues the Cartesian philosopher François Poulain de la Barre’s argument about examining prejudice with respect to gender.
History and Religion
Authors: Hunter Angela , Wilkin Rebecca
Published: July 2023

Part II engages in feminist historiography. Claiming that women are absent from the historical record only because (male) historians have written them out of it, this section transforms the old genre of the Querelle des femmes through its global aspirations. Testimony from travel narratives provides examples of female rulers up to the modern colonial era as well as ethnographic evidence that disproves the universality of women’s inequality to men. Salic law, which excluded women from the throne of France, is criticized as a fabrication. The exclusion of women from roles of ecclesiastical authority is discredited as an innovation through evidence gleaned in canon law, while compilations of legal cases are used to demonstrate the resistance of French female monastic orders to their disenfranchisement and enclosure following the Council of Trent.
Law
Authors: Hunter Angela , Wilkin Rebecca
Published: July 2023

Part III claims that the subordination of women to men violates natural law, while historicizing inequality in early modern France as a legal construction achieved through revisions to marriage law. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, French jurists concentrated power and resources in the hands of male heads of families based on reductive interpretations of Roman law. Claiming that Roman wives and their property had been in perpetual tutelage to men, French jurists diminished the property rights of married women in France. The unequal terms of modern marriage did not originate in accepted forms of Roman marriage but rather in the disreputable (and unequal) institution of concubinage. The resulting marriage contract legalizes the despoilment of women for the benefit of men. The double standards of punishment for adultery and the lack of enforcement of laws against rape are also addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Han Irene
Published: July 2023

The Introduction lays out the stakes of the book’s intervention and with whom the author is in conversation. It explains that the author puts herself in dialogue with the readings and thought of Gilles Deleuze and Luce Irigaray. As much as the author creatively engages Deleuze’s “reversal of Platonism” (for, in his essay on the Sophist, he explicitly wrote of Plato as the first to undo Platonism), the author is also creatively working with Irigaray’s mimetic undoing of Plato, especially Irigaray’s reading of the Republic. Irigaray’s reading of the cave is paradigmatic in undoing Plato through a mimetic immanent critique. The Introduction also makes clear the force of the author’s intervention: this theoretical intervention allows us to reconcile the “major tradition,” “emerging out of Plato and Aristotle and leading forth into Aquinas, Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger” with the “minor tradition,” which includes atomism, Stoicism, Hume, Nietzsche, Bergson, and Deleuze, who “seemed to be part of the history of philosophy, but who escaped from it in one respect, or altogether….” The author’s reading brings to light a more complex vision of Plato, whom we can conceive of not as one of the founders of oppression in Western thought, with a tendency toward phallogocentrism, but rather as a source of its deconstruction and of the undoing of power structures; his thought leaves space for lines of horizontality, which level out the verticality of various hierarchies.
Throne-and-Altar Decadence
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores Decadent attitudes to the English and British Crown, tracing an arc from the medieval period to the death of Queen Victoria and the ascension of King Edward VII, arguing that Decadent writers used their investment in the monarchical past as a means of critiquing bourgeois modernity and Protestant morality in the present. Beginning with Frederick Rolfe’s alternative history of medieval England, before exploring Decadent responses to the Civil War, Puritanism, the Restoration, and the Glorious Revolution, the chapter demonstrates how the interest of writers such as Lionel Johnson and Louise Imogen Guiney in the House of Stuart was integral to their rejection of Victorian democracy. It concludes with these writers’ largely negative evaluations of Queen Victoria and their optimism that the ascension of Edward VII might roll back the democratizing drive of modernity.
Folk Decadence
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which Decadent writers celebrated folk tradition and ritual, in particular through the use of Gothic tropes and forms. The context for their Gothic turn to the past was the rise of anthropology and ethnography in the period, attempting to rationalize away the spiritual and communal function of mysticism and belief. The chapter examines W. B. Yeats’s utilization of folk tradition as a means of critiquing modernity. Like Yeats, Arthur Machen excoriated mythologists and anthropologists as he developed his own aesthetic of Decadent folk wonder. The chapter goes on to explore how Machen’s commitment to tradition and folk practices, including games, riddles, cooking, and storytelling led in the 1920s to an ever more reactionary world view.
China
Authors: Xing Chunbing
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the evolution of China’s industrial and occupational structure in the last two decades and its impact on wage inequality. We find that non-routine cognitive and interpersonal tasks have increased, while routine cognitive tasks first increased and then declined. Occupation structural change is accompanying rising wage inequality. The wage premium for educated workers rose sharply in the 1990s and remained high thereafter. Occupations with high routine-task intensity are associated with lower wages. While the return to education has become the largest contributor to wage inequality, routine-task intensities have yet to play a significant role.
Causalism under the Microscope
Authors: Sartorio Carolina
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the nature of causalism itself. By comparing causalism with physicalism about the mental, the chapter defends a characterization of causalism in terms of a central grounding claim. It then discusses some consequences of that interpretation: one is that causalism allows for the relevance of any further grounds (the grounds of the relevant causal facts); another is that causalism is itself neutral on the nature of causation and related metaphysical debates. This generates a question about how to accommodate omissions, and absences more generally, within the causalist conception, while still remaining neutral on the ongoing debate about the causal powers of absences. The chapter ends with a proposal about how to do this by appealing to a fallback view: “quasi-causalism” (a view that still respects the essence of causalism).
Korean Women Philosophers and the Ideal of a Female Sage
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

Korean Women Philosophers and the Ideal of a Female Sage: The Essential of Writings of Im Yunjidang and Gang Jeongildang introduces the lives and thought of two Korean women Confucian philosophers from the late Joseon dynasty (eighteenth to nineteenth centuries), Im Yunjidang 任允摯堂 (1721–1793) and Gang Jeongildang 姜靜一堂 (1772–1832), and sketches some of the ways their work can contribute to contemporary philosophical inquiry. Both women are known for arguing, on the basis of distinctively Confucian philosophical claims about the original, pure moral nature shared by all human beings, that women are as capable as men of attaining the highest forms of intellectual and moral achievement and thereby can become female sages (yeoseong, 女聖). The fact that they lived in a highly patriarchal culture presented special challenges, but the conditions of their individual lives offered unique opportunities and exerted different kinds of pressure upon them, which subsequently was manifested in their distinctive versions of a generally shared vision. This book explores how they were able to overcome both the general and particular challenges of their place and time and go on to live impressive and exemplary lives. It also shows how their resistance and response to the patriarchal context of late Joseon society and the different challenges they faced in the course of their individual lives informed the content and style of their philosophy and produced original philosophy that remains of great value to us today.
Discourses (論)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains eleven discourses written by Im Yunjidang. The discourse is a genre found among the writings of many orthodox neo-Confucians. It usually takes up and discusses some well-known historical figures, often rendering an assessment of their character and actions. Many discourses employ the literary technique of dialogue to advance their analysis, and this is the case with several of Yunjidang’s discourses.
Colophons (跋)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains two colophons that briefly describe how Yunjidang completed works left undone by her husband after his death. In both cases, the unfinished works were transcriptions with brief comments on two ancient works of poetry.
Admonitions (箴)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains four admonitions, which, as the name suggests, are short compositions focused on warning against moral complaisance or slackness and encouraging diligent and vigilant practice. Such compositions were intended for the benefit not only of others but of their authors as well.
Works on the Meaning of the Classics (Gyeongui; C. Jingyi經義)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains two works that offer comments on selected passages from the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, respectively, and which aim to convey the core teachings of these two important classics. These works represent a genre of writing that one expects to find in the oeuvre of every neo-Confucian scholar. Nevertheless, no other woman from the traditional period in China or Korea has left behind comparable writings.
Forewords and Postscripts (題跋)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains two short postscripts Jeongildang wrote on behalf of her husband that describe and praise works directly concerned with members of their family.
Social Media and the Social Brain
Authors: Andrews Mary E. , Pei Rui , Lauharatanahirun Nina , Paul Alexandra M. , Falk Emily B.
Published: July 2023

Social connection is a fundamental need for humans, and social media offer one way for humans to meet some social and emotional needs. Emerging research explains some of the ways that social media engage brain systems that support or interfere with humans’ motivation and ability to connect with others. This chapter reviews evidence tying social and emotional brain systems, including the reward-value and mentalizing brain systems, to common motivations associated with social media use: information sharing, receiving social approval and disapproval, and learning about the networked social world. Social and emotional needs, social media use, and the brain also change over developmental periods. Hence, the authors conclude the chapter by highlighting the need for additional study on the intersection of social media, emotional experiences, and the brain during adolescence.
The Role of Emotion in Maladaptive Internet Use
Authors: Rains Stephen A. , Tokunaga Robert S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines maladaptive internet use. Maladaptive internet use is defined as patterns of internet use that routinely create problems for users. The authors review the history of maladaptive internet use, followed by a discussion of three distinct perspectives of this phenomenon: the disease model, the cognitive-behavioral model, and the social-cognitive explanation. Special attention is given to the role of affective states as antecedents and outcomes of maladaptive internet use. The state of contemporary scholarship on this topic is then evaluated, focusing on recent trends and methodological limitations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gaps in the literature and directions for future research on maladaptive internet use.
Mismeasuring Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

In the late 1830s Philadelphia surgeon Samuel George Morton decapitated a mummified “Inca” woman to measure her skull and study her “race.” A “founding father” of both scientific racism and American anthropology, Morton collected more “Ancient Peruvian” skulls than any other group; his Crania Americana drew from centuries of Peruvian scholarship, and the active culture of grave-robbing and collecting that since independence had disinterred Andean mummies and skulls from a preserving environment. But after arguing the Incas proved that the “American race” was capable of complex “civilization,” Morton abandoned this supposed contradiction of racial laws to instead claim that they promised the extinction of all Indigenous peoples. To debate his theories, early anthropologists likewise collected more “Ancient Peruvian” skulls than any other Indigenous group—an Andean core in museums like the Smithsonian and Harvard’s Peabody Museum. These Peruvian ancestors of American anthropology shaped the accumulation of Indigenous remains in general.
Trepanning Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

In 1863 an American archaeologist acquired a skull from a Peruvian antiquarian in Cuzco, inciting a debate over the antiquity and complexity of surgery worldwide. The skull had been found in the Inca estate of Yucay, and the quadrilateral hole in its frontal bone suggested that it had been trepanned—a medical operation to relieve pressure upon the brain. This chapter retraces the dialogue over Inca cranial surgery that skull incited as it moved from Cuzco to New York and Paris, inspiring a search for further “ancient” trepanned skulls in Peru and worldwide. While some scholars doubted the skull’s legitimacy, a surgeon named Manuel A. Muñiz relied upon rural grave-openers to find another nineteen, which he displayed at the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. The US Bureau of American Ethnology reinterpreted them as medical quackery, however, showing how American anthropology subjected more ample knowledges of Indigenous peoples to supremacist hierarchies.
Decapitating Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter reconsiders Peruvian archaeologist and museum-builder Julio César Tello (1880–1947) in light of four hundred years of global encounter over Andean ancestors. It shows how Tello, a surgeon of Indigenous descent, followed those ancestors to Harvard with a massive skull collection of his own, and used his training in Americanist anthropology to focus on trepanation—a cranial surgery that linked his ancestors in Huarochirí to the bundled mummies of Paracas, whom he discovered and adopted as scientific ancestors in 1925. In showing how Andean peoples had always been surgeons and scientists, Tello pushed against the Hispanist racism of fellow Peruvians, as well as the “polygenist” anthropology and collecting practices of foreign scholars like the Smithsonian’s Aleš Hrdlička. And in insisting upon an archaeology that made Andean bodies a foundation of the Peruvian nation, he helped the Peruvian state claim ownership of the ancestors of other communities for its museums.
Cuban Music Counterpoints
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: July 2023

Cuban Music Counterpoints maps the intellectual and artistic networks. Cuban composers forged between 1940 and 1991 by exploring moments—concerts, festivals, recordings—that shed light on how they negotiated aesthetic and political agendas at local and international levels. Beginning with the modernist neoclassicism of the Grupo de Renovación Musical in the 1940s and its Pan Americanist backdrop, the book moves through the more turbulent 1950s, when a more politically engaged organization, the Sociedad Cultural Nuestro Tiempo, promoted contemporary socially engaged art of Cuba and the Americas. Their activities set the stage for the post-1959 Revolutionary revolutionary period of aesthetic and political experimentation in the 1960s, subsequent institutionalization of the 1970s, and the pluralist global turn of the 1980s. Through musical analysis, reception history, and historical contextualization, various case studies demonstrate that, due to music’s polyvalent capacities, composers were able to experiment aesthetically with a much higher degree of freedom than their Cuban counterparts in other artistic fields—such as literature and visual arts—as well as their counterparts in other socialist countries, such as East Germany and the Soviet Union. Three key terms—innovation, revolution, and vanguardia—serve as anchors for exploring how composers tied the post-revolutionary present and future to the pre-revolutionary past. The aesthetic and political concepts of cubanía (Cubanness), national identity versus cosmopolitanism and universalism, modernism, Pan Americanism, internationalism, socialism, and the revolution, guide our understandings of how Cuban composers created meaning and connected their work to vast local and global networks of art music production. This book sheds light not only on the classical music scene in Cuba but also on the international classical music network with which Cuban composers engaged during this time.
A New Language of Protest, a New Generation of Activists
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the emergence of mass protests following the Montgomery bus boycott. Since the boycott had not been enough, a new form of collective action had become necessary to fight against the entire structure of the Jim Crow regime. The chapter elaborates on the emergence and success of sit-in protests. It explains President John F. Kennedy’s embrace of new possibilities for racial justice, world peace, and income equality before he was killed in November 1963. Kennedy’s support resulted from the struggle for racial equality that had been waged for years by Black people, which was then supplemented by young activists from the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
Winning the Right to Vote, Coming Apart in the Process
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the aftermath of the March on Washington in August 1963. It recognizes the March as an iconic moment in the struggle for racial equality in America. As poverty became ever more oppressive, Black America’s struggle for racial justice became more and more entwined with the struggle for social and economic justice. Freedom Summer exemplified both the extraordinary achievements that grassroots activists could achieve by coming together to fight for racial justice and the underlying divisions of power and race that had been part of the fabric of America. The chapter considers the work and conflict between the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). It notes how the grassroots activism of SNCC workers helped inundate Mississippi, which was recognized as the most racist state in the nation.
Triumph and Division
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter elaborates on the growing tensions between the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Even though in the mid-1960s the civil rights movement appeared to be in the process of achieving another great success, its internal relations were crumbling. The chapter mentions Martin Luther King Jr.’s vision of the Negro dream being rooted in the American dream. It also considers the shifts occurring within the movement in Mississippi and Georgia, reflecting a growing militancy within the Black community in the North and West after the Great Migration. On the other hand, numerous white Americans reacted with fear and concern to the radical changes, which triggered a generational divide.
Orwellian Moral Psychology
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

Orwell identified “the major problem of our time,” but probably not the problem that many readers would have guessed: the major problem, he thought, was the decay of belief in personal immortality. But why? Why was Orwell so concerned about a manifestly philosophical problem? And why was he so convinced that the problem could not be easily solved? The problem and Orwell’s concern for it emerge from a conflict between two of his philosophical sympathies. Orwell endorsed Humean moral psychology—in particular, he endorsed the Humean theory of motivation and sentimentalism about moral judgment—and a Lockean conception of personal identity. If Humean moral psychology and Lockean conceptions of personal identity seem perfectly logically coherent, Orwell’s subtle discussion of class conflict illustrates just how difficult it can be to motivate potential allies consistent with their values and self-conception, a lesson relevant to contemporary politics.
Orwell’s Incomplete Case for Socialism
Authors: Barry Peter Brian
Published: July 2023

The mature Orwell identified as a socialist and never abandoned his commitment to it. In various works, Orwell offered a case against capitalism and for democratic Socialism that appealed to his ethical concerns for equality, humanism, well-being, self-respect, and still more. Yet Orwell’s case for democratic Socialism is incomplete and open to a powerful challenge. For even if his critique of capitalism is sound, the very same reasons that led Orwell to democratic Socialism also justify an alternative to socialism, the property-owning democracy as understood by John Rawls. According to the Rawlsian Challenge, the property-owning democracy improves on all the flaws of capitalism and secures all the goods of democratic Socialism without eliminating private ownership of the means of production. Absent a reply, Orwell’s case for socialism is incomplete.
A Troubled Marriage
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

The family story of Maria Cornell (as she was known) offers some unexpected twists, among them that her grandfather was one of colonial America’s pioneering manufacturers and that her father was apprenticed to her grandfather before marrying the boss’s daughter. Her parents’ troubled marriage culminated in her family’s downward trajectory. Maria entered the world just as her parents’ marriage began its free fall from contemporary standards of respectability. Over the next two years their marriage collapsed completely, and Maria landed on the steps of her grandfather’s home in Connecticut. The failed marriage of Maria’s parents was no anomaly in the decades after the Revolution. Like thousands of others, young Maria’s family disbanded when a market economy made lives more mobile and ties to traditional towns more tenuous. The family’s dissolution left an indelible mark on Maria’s life.
Circuit Rider
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Converted at a camp meeting revival, Ephraim Avery becomes an itinerant Methodist preacher. By the time Avery joins the New England Conference in 1822, the Methodist Church had developed an ingenious system of religious entrepreneurship, well suited to a new competitive religious marketplace in a nation on the move. Methodist circuit riders quickly become one of the most recognizable groups on the American landscape, blanketing the entire country and establishing more churches in more settlements than any comparable evangelical group. Avery also discovers the rewards he accrues as a loyal foot soldier in local conflicts with assertive Methodist women and rival preachers. His opponents characterize this behavior as slander.
Doctor Visits
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Jurors try to recollect contradictory testimony regarding Maria Cornell’s visits to a physician, Dr. Williams Graves, in Lowell in 1830, in which she was diagnosed and treated for venereal disease. Graves testifies for the defense, but Cornell never has the opportunity to tell her story directly. Instead, her story comes to life only through the memories and judgments of her fellow factory workers. Both of these accounts of the doctor visits enter the public record after first being aired as tales of gossips. The different stories from the perspective of the doctor and the “factory girl” reveal insights into the history of the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and the practices of medical ethics in early America.
Closing Arguments
Authors: Dorsey Bruce
Published: July 2023

Jeremiah Mason and Albert Greene each devote a full day to stating the closing arguments for the defense and the prosecution, respectively. On June 1, the jury is ushered to a private room to deliberate. With so much to remember from the lengthy trial, perhaps Mason’s words that “character” must carry a “great weight” linger in their minds, or perhaps they focus on the attorney general’s final plea to “look to your consciences!” Ephraim Avery’s case becomes the longest trial in the history of the United States at the time, spanning thirty days from its opening to the jury’s deliberation and verdict.
Kingdoms, Empires, and Domains
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This work explores how living organisms have been classified at the highest level. The earliest ideas of nature emphasized transformation. Aristotle recognized that certain objects in the sea share properties of plants and animals; these became known as zoophytes. The narrative follows zoophytes and other transgressive beings through subsequent philosophical and religious traditions, myths, travellers’ tales, the occult literature, alchemy, scholasticism, the consolidation of vernacular languages, and the rise of scientific botany and zoology. Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microscopic beings, and Trembley’s studies on Hydra, complicated the plant-animal dichotomy. Transformation returned as Needham, Buffon, and others observed plant material to generate motile animalcules; Linnæus proposed a Regnum chaoticum. New challenges arose as the Great Chain of Being was abandoned, algae were observed to liberate free-swimming zoospores, and cell theory was refined. Biology developed differently in France, Germany, and Britain, and we follow the rise and fall of supernumerary kingdoms in each environment. Haeckel positioned Protista as one of two, three, or four kingdoms. In the Twentieth century the living world was divided between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, while mitochondria and plastids were recognized as descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria. Molecular evidence revealed three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota), although many genomes are linked in a dynamic network of genetic relationships. Environmental genomes now threaten to undermine Eukaryota as an independent domain of life.
Philosophical Nature
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter traces ideas of plants and animals through the main schools of Hellenic philosophy from the Sixth century bce to the Third century ce. The concepts animal and plant can be discerned in Philolaus of Croton, Empedocles, and Diogenes of Apollonia. Aristotle spoke of a continuum among beings, a superaddition of vegetative, animate, and rational souls (with the corresponding nutritive, sensory, appetitive, locomotive, and ratiocinative powers), and “two-faced” beings in the borderland between animal and vegetable; he did not, however, offer a unitary classification of animals, or a “third kingdom” of intermediate beings. The word zoophyte (animal-plant) attributed to Sextus Empiricus is almost certainly a misreading, although not without interest in its own right.
Allegory, myth, and superstition
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the treatment of animals, plants, and intermediate beings in Medieval allegorical tales, myths, and superstition. Transgression of the animal-plant boundary was a staple of this literature. Libavius, Liceti, Kaempfer, Cardano, Scaliger, Duret, and Vaughan debated whether the “vegetable lamb” or borametz might be a zoophyte. The barnacle-goose (or barnacle-goose-tree) is said to have drawn the attention of Pope Innocent III. Paré and Duret catalogued all manner of transformations, including between kingdoms of nature. Such stories persisted: transgressive beings turn up in the first edition of Linnæus’s Systema naturæ (1735).
Classifying God’s handiwork
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the comprehensive hierarchical classification of organisms introduced from the late Seventeenth to the late Eighteenth century. The most successful classifications were based on body parts (features) including leaves, flowers, or seeds (for plants), or the organs of locomotion and sensation (for animals). The Linnæan system was immensely influential, but his animal series ended in poorly described “living molecules”, while his plant series, arranged by the parts of fructification, ended with organisms which seemed not to produce flowers or fruits. Linnæus developed a complex body of theory in which metamorphosis played a key role; this guided his thinking about the animal-plant boundary, including a Regnum neutrum proposed by Otto von Münchhausen. Natalis Joseph Necker and Pierre Villemet offered other intermediate kingdoms for fungi, but the pendulum swung back to a sharp animal-plant divide with the “natural classification” of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
Green matter, zoospores, and diatoms
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: July 2023

The gravest risks to a sharp plant-animal dichotomy arose at the interface between infusoria and algae. This chapter treats four case studies: the “green matter” debate initiated by Priestley in the 1770s; the recognition of motile “zoospores” after 1803; experiments on algal metamorphosis from the 1810s through the 1840s; and the diatom dilemma of the 1840s. No consensus was reached on whether Priestley’s green matter is plant, animal, or sui generis. Agardh, Unger, and Kützing held that algae can metamorphose from one genus to another, or from plant to animal and back again; or perhaps zoospores are simultaneously plant and animal. Diatoms might be simultaneously animal, vegetable, and mineral. These issues were resolved only with a new generation of microscopes in the 1840s and 1850s, but the painful birth of phycology forced savants to rethink their beliefs about animals, vegetables, and intermediate kingdoms.