bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the nature and types of anomalies: a review of deviations in data
Authors: Foorthuis Ralph
Published: August 2021

Anomalies are occurrences in a dataset that are in some way unusual and do not fit the general patterns. The concept of the anomaly is typically ill defined and perceived as vague and domain-dependent. Moreover, despite some 250 years of publications on the topic, no comprehensive and concrete overviews of the different types of anomalies have hitherto been published. By means of an extensive literature review this study therefore offers the first theoretically principled and domain-independent typology of data anomalies and presents a full overview of anomaly types and subtypes. To concretely define the concept of the anomaly and its different manifestations, the typology employs five dimensions: data type, cardinality of relationship, anomaly level, data structure, and data distribution. These fundamental and data-centric dimensions naturally yield 3 broad groups, 9 basic types, and 63 subtypes of anomalies. The typology facilitates the evaluation of the functional capabilities of anomaly detection algorithms, contributes to explainable data science, and provides insights into relevant topics such as local versus global anomalies.
Risk Perception and Protective Behavior in the Context of COVID-19: a Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Siddiqui Salma , Qamar Azher Hameed
Published: August 2021

As a result of the devastating health effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, the lockdown has been considered a safety measure in many countries. In Pakistan, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February 2020. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate people’s risk perception and protective behavior during the lockdown. Twenty-two (22) participants from eight big cities across Pakistan were interviewed. A six-step reflective thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The study focused on risk perception and protective behaviors. Our main analytical goal was to understand how risk perception shapes human behavior in the context of lockdown, pandemic-related information flow, and corresponding meaning-making. The study revealed that people influenced by information and advice campaigns form a perception of risk that has shaped their protective behavior. They used familiar means of coping with distress, including the search for strength through religious belief practices and following the precautions recommended by health professionals through the media.
Parametrical investigation for the optimization of spherical jet-stirred reactors design using large eddy simulations
Authors: Esmaeelzade Ghazaleh , Moshammer Kai , Markus Detlev , Maas Ulrich , Grosshans Holger
Published: August 2021

Due to the importance of gas-phase chemical reaction kinetics in low-emission combustion, stirred tank reactors have been used for decades as an experimental tool to study high- and low-temperature oxidation. A Jet-Stirred Reactor (JSR) setup is valuable to determine the evolution of species mole fractions. For the accuracy of the experimental results, it is important that a JSR is designed such that the concentration field is as homogeneous as possible in order to avoid disturbance of the chemical kinetics. In this work, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mixing in a JSR chamber. The turbulent structures inside the JSR and the nozzles are captured using Large Eddy Simulations. We conducted numerically a parametric study to evaluate the effects of thermodynamic conditions and geometrical parameters on the mixing characteristics. More specifically, the diameter of the spherical chamber is modified together with the diameter of the nozzles through which fresh gases are fed. The characterization of the gas flow inside a typical spherical JSR layout and results derived by the normalized standard deviation of a tracer mass fraction show that a reduction of the JSR diameter at high pressures improves the homogeneity. Further, we propose a new optimized configuration consisting of six nozzles pointing to the center of the reactor which provides a more uniform composition compared to the standard JSR design.
A Sub-element Adaptive Shock Capturing Approach for Discontinuous Galerkin Methods
Authors: Markert Johannes , Gassner Gregor , Walch Stefanie
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a new strategy for a sub-element-based shock capturing for discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approximations is presented. The idea is to interpret a DG element as a collection of data and construct a hierarchy of low-to-high-order discretizations on this set of data, including a first-order finite volume scheme up to the full-order DG scheme. The different DG discretizations are then blended according to sub-element troubled cell indicators, resulting in a final discretization that adaptively blends from low to high order within a single DG element. The goal is to retain as much high-order accuracy as possible, even in simulations with very strong shocks, as, e.g., presented in the Sedov test. The framework retains the locality of the standard DG scheme and is hence well suited for a combination with adaptive mesh refinement and parallel computing. The numerical tests demonstrate the sub-element adaptive behavior of the new shock capturing approach and its high accuracy.
The Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Departments in Canadian Hospitals
Authors: Kegel Fraser , Luo Owen D. , Richer Signe
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Mean daily temperatures in Canada rose 1.7°C between 1948 and 2016, and the frequency, severity, and duration of extreme heat events has increased. These events can exacerbate underlying health conditions, bringing patients to emergency departments (EDs). This retrospective analysis assessed the impact of temperature and humidex on ED volume and length of stay (LOS).

Methods

LOS is an indicator of ED overcrowding and system performance. Using daily maximum temperatures and humidex values, this study investigated the impact of mean 3-d temperatures and humidex preceding ED presentation on the median and maximum ED LOS and patient volume in 2 community hospitals in Montreal, Quebec, during the summer months of 2016 to 2018. Data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Fisher least significant difference tests and Spearman correlation tests.

Results

The mean maximum temperature and humidex were 26.1°C and 30.4°C, respectively (n=276 d). Mean 3-d temperatures ≥30°C were associated with higher daily ED volumes in both hospitals (138 vs 121, P=0.002 and 132 vs 125, P=0.03) and with increased median LOS at 1 hospital (8.9 vs 7.6 h, P=0.03). Mean 3-d humidex ≥35 was associated with higher daily ED volumes at both hospitals as well (136 vs 123, P=0.01 and 133 vs 125, P=0.009) with an increased median LOS at 1 hospital (8.6 vs 6.9 h, P=0.0001) with humidex values of 25 to 29.9°C.

Conclusions

Heat events were associated with increased ED presentations and LOS. This study suggests that a warming climate can impede emergency service provision by increasing the demand for and delaying timely care.
A Minimal Metaphysics for Scientific Practice
Authors: Hüttemann Andreas
Published: August 2021

What are the metaphysical commitments which best 'make sense' of our scientific practice (rather than our scientific theories)? In this book, Andreas Hüttemann provides a minimal metaphysics for scientific practice, i.e. a metaphysics that refrains from postulating any structure that is explanatorily irrelevant. Hüttemann closely analyses paradigmatic aspects of scientific practice, such as prediction, explanation and manipulation, to consider the questions whether and (if so) what metaphysical presuppositions best account for these practices. He looks at the role which scientific generalisation (laws of nature) play in predicting, testing, and explaining the behaviour of systems. He also develops a theory of causation in terms of quasi-inertial processes and interfering factors, and he proposes an account of reductive practices that makes minimal metaphysical assumptions. His book will be valuable for scholars and advanced students working in both philosophy of science and metaphysics.
When People Want Punishment
Authors: Tsai Lily L.
Published: August 2021

Against the backdrop of rising populism around the world and democratic backsliding in countries with robust, multiparty elections, this book asks why ordinary people favor authoritarian leaders. Much of the existing scholarship on illiberal regimes and authoritarian durability focuses on institutional explanations, but Tsai argues that, to better understand these issues, we need to examine public opinion and citizens' concerns about retributive justice. Government authorities uphold retributive justice - and are viewed by citizens as fair and committed to public good - when they affirm society's basic values by punishing wrongdoers who act against these values. Tsai argues that the production of retributive justice and moral order is a central function of the state and an important component of state building. Drawing on rich empirical evidence from in-depth fieldwork, original surveys, and innovative experiments, the book provides a new framework for understanding authoritarian resilience and democratic fragility.
Plant Ecology
Authors: Keddy Paul A.
Published: August 2021

Presenting a global and interdisciplinary approach to plant ecology, this much-awaited new edition of the book Plants and Vegetation integrates classical themes with the latest ideas, models, and data. Keddy draws on extensive teaching experience to bring the field to life, guiding students through essential concepts with numerous real-world examples and full-colour illustrations throughout. The chapters begin by presenting the wider picture of the origin of plants and their impact on the Earth, before exploring the search for global patterns in plants and vegetation. Chapters on resources, stress, competition, herbivory, and mutualism explore causation, and a concluding chapter on conservation addresses the concern that one-third of all plant species are at risk of extinction. The scope of this edition is broadened further by a new chapter on population ecology, along with extensive examples including South African deserts, the Guyana Highlands of South America, Himalayan forests and arctic alpine environments.
Une revue, un lecteur
Authors: Devoto Fernando J.
Published: August 2021

Une revue, un lecteur

L’article propose une approche de l’évolution des Annales à un double niveau. Le premier se fonde sur les manifestes programmatiques de la revue depuis ses débuts, en portant une attention particulière au moment 1989, afin d’identifier quelques lignes de continuité au sein de propositions innovantes et de contextes intellectuels changeants. Le second explore comment, au cours des trente dernières années, et au-delà de l’hétérogénéité inévitable d’une revue qui articule différentes strates historiographiques, ces propositions ont trouvé certaines traductions éditoriales concrètes. L’ouverture des Annales vers les mondes extra-européens en fournit un exemple, qui aboutit à renouveler la réflexion non seulement sur les échelles d’analyse, mais aussi sur l’articulation entre histoire comparée, histoire globale et histoire croisée. Enfin, l’article cherche à revenir sur quelques défis récents qui se sont posés au comité de rédaction des Annales concernant les conditions d’exercice de la profession d’historien aujourd’hui et la place qu’y occupent les revues.
Il n’est pas de passé sans futur: Les Annales à l’heure du nouveau millénaire
Authors: Hesse Carla
Published: August 2021

Il n’est pas de passé sans futur: Les Annales à l’heure du nouveau millénaire

Au cours des dernières décennies, le comité de rédaction des Annales a transformé la plus importante revue historique de l’après-guerre pour en faire aujourd’hui une entreprise académique innovante du xxie siècle qui reste néanmoins ancrée dans la mission, l’ambition et le mode de fonctionnement de ses fondateurs et des générations qui leur ont succédé. Au cœur de sa réinvention se trouve un tournant post-structurel, en réponse aux changements géopolitiques, à la révolution numérique et aux développements de l’économie comportementale. Celui-ci a permis à la revue de renouer avec son engagement pluridisciplinaire originel en faveur d’une recherche historique empirique, mais en l’inscrivant dans un nouveau registre épistémique, qualifié par le comité de « constructiviste ». Les Annales ont ainsi élargi leur engagement aux sciences sociales classiques pour inclure de nouvelles approches de la littérature, de la pensée politique et d’autres disciplines des « humanités », tout en étendant leurs modes de diffusion.
COVID-19 in South Korea: Proper Timing for Easing Mask Mandates After COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Kang Yun-Jung
Published: August 2021

Objective:

As of July 25, 2021, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency reported 1,422 new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, 188,848 total cases, and 2,073 total deaths (1.10% fatality rates). Since the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) case was reported, efforts to find a treatment and vaccine against COVID-19 have been widespread.

Methods:

Four vaccines are on the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) emergency use listing and are approved of their usage; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222, and Ad26.COV2.S. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 need at least 14 d to achieve effectiveness. Thus, people should abide by prevention and control measures, including wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing.

Results:

However, a lot of new cases were reported after vaccinations, as many people did not follow the prevention control measures before the end of the 14-d period. There is no doubt we need to break free from mask mandates.

Conclusions:

But let us not decide the timing in haste. Even if the mask mandates are eased, they should be changed depending on the number of reported cases, vaccinations, as well as prevention and control measures on how circumstances are changing under the influence of mutant coronavirus.
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION WITH TECHNOLOGY SEMANTIC NETWORK
Authors: Sarica Serhad , Luo Jianxi
Published: August 2021

Engineers often need to discover and learn designs from unfamiliar domains for inspiration or other particular uses. However, the complexity of the technical design descriptions and the unfamiliarity to the domain make it hard for engineers to comprehend the function, behavior, and structure of a design. To help engineers quickly understand a complex technical design description new to them, one approach is to represent it as a network graph of the design-related entities and their relations as an abstract summary of the design. While graph or network visualizations are widely adopted in the engineering design literature, the challenge remains in retrieving the design entities and deriving their relations. In this paper, we propose a network mapping method that is powered by Technology Semantic Network (TechNet). Through a case study, we showcase how TechNet’s unique characteristic of being trained on a large technology-related data source advantages itself over common-sense knowledge bases, such as WordNet and ConceptNet, for design knowledge representation.
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE REUSE IN DESIGN OF PROGRESSIVE STAMPING TOOLS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Jonsson Carl-Johan , Stolt Roland , Elgh Fredrik
Published: August 2021

Progressive stamping tools are widely used in mass-production of sheet metal components and their performance is critical as the design of the tool impact the cost of the manufactured component significantly.

Knowledge reuse is an important part of successful design in general, and in progressive stamping tool design in particular. In the study described in this paper, 8 tool designers from 5 different Swedish companies were interviewed about (1) at what points in the tool design process they search for previously designed tools for information and knowledge reuse, (2) under what conditions and for what reasons does this reuse take place, and (3) what types of information and knowledge are sought for at each point. The results show that reuse of information and knowledge from previously designed tools happens in many parts of the tool design process. The reasons and conditions for reuse vary depending on where in the process the designer is. High component complexity is one example of a common factor triggering reuse. Also, information about the performance of the tool is important to tool designers, as they only want to reuse information and knowledge from tools with good performance and low maintenance.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT FOR SPORTS EQUIPMENT - EXPERIMENTALLY MAPPING THE DESIGN SPACE FOR PARALYMPIC ALPINE OUTRIGGERS
Authors: Silseth Helene , Sletten Henrik Snarvold , Grøndahl Harald , Eikevåg Sindre Wold , Steinert Martin
Published: August 2021

This article presents a design of an experiment for investigating the effect of changing the geometry of Paralympic alpine sit-ski poles/outriggers in the LW 10-12 class. An experiment design for mapping an individual athlete’s performance parameters has been developed, with a resolution for finding the optimal outrigger geometry. By prototyping an adjustable experiment setup with implemented sensor systems, the performance increase can be analysed and implemented in new equipment. Results show that changing double poling geometry provides a substantial performance increase, regarding time and propulsive force.
DIGITAL TWINS - DEFINITIONS, CLASSES AND BUSINESS SCENARIOS FOR DIFFERENT INDUSTRY SECTORS
Authors: Wilking Fabian , Schleich Benjamin , Wartzack Sandro
Published: August 2021

Over the recent years, several attempts were made to define the concept of the Digital Twin and to create a generic view for utilizing it within the industry. Still, many industry sectors are not able to transfer a generic definition into their product portfolio, as Digital Twins differ from each other to the same degree as physical products differ from each other. Hence, it is crucial to enlarge the definition towards a classification and business scenarios which enable sector specific views on the concept of the Digital Twin and help SME to utilize the concept towards their products. Future engineers will have to design physical products besides a digital counterpart and therefore have to identify interdependencies between these two products during the development. This paper discusses a generic definition of a Digital Twin that can be applied throughout different sectors as well as a classification for Digital Twins to enable the implementation of the concept on several maturity levels regarding the constraints of the product portfolio. In addition, these classes are viewed in different business scenarios and an outlook is given to further increase the usability of Digital Twins within new industry sectors.
A LOOK INTO CIRCULAR ECONOMY RESEARCH: EXPLORING THE BIO AND TECHNO CYCLES AND THE NEED FOR DUAL CIRCULARITY
Authors: Metic Julija , McAloone Tim C. , Pigosso Daniela C. A.
Published: August 2021

This study undertakes a systematic analysis of literature within Circular Economy (CE) in an industrial perspective, with a focus on understanding the consideration of the biological and technological cycles, as well as dual circularity. The paper articulates the key research differences, gaps and trends on the basis of publication evolution, key subject areas, influential journals and keywords co-occurrence mapping. The analysis shows the increasing publication trend with dominance of technological cycle and a wide variety of subject areas incorporated in CE biological, technological and dual cycles. Due to the multidisciplinary and transversal nature of CE, as well as its diverse interpretation and applications, an expansion and consolidation of the subject areas and journals are expected in the years to come. Analysis of co-occurrence on the authors' keywords underlined a limited focus of a business perspective research within the biological cycle, heterogeneous and proactive technological cycle but fragmented research on dual circularity. Further analysis of synergies and limitations is necessary to enhance business effectiveness towards enhanced sustainability.
ECO-DESIGN ACTIONS TO IMPROVE LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF FACE MASKS IN THE PANDEMIC ERA
Authors: Boix Rodríguez Núria , Marconi Marco , Favi Claudio , Formentini Giovanni
Published: August 2021

Face masks are currently considered essential devices that people must wear today and in the near future, until the COVID-19 pandemic will be completely defeated through specific medicines and vaccines. Such devices are generally made of thermoplastic polymers, as polypropylene and polyethylene and are single use products. Even if in this period the sanitary emergency must have the maximum priority, the world society should not completely forget the environmental problem that are causing more and more obvious climate changes with correlated damages to ecosystems and human health. Despite the well-known correlation among anti-COVID protective equipment (or more generally medical devices) and environmental issues, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and eco-design-based studies in this field is very scarce. The present study aims to derive the most important environmental criticalities of such products, by using LCA and product circularity indicators of five different common masks. The final aim is to provide eco-design guidelines, useful to design new face masks by preventing negative impact on the environment.
ESTIMATING DESIGN EFFORT NEEDS OF PRODUCT DESIGN PROJECTS USING CAPTURED EXPERT KNOWLEDGE – A PROPOSED METHOD
Authors: Holliman Alexander 'Freddie' , Thomson Avril , Hird Abigail
Published: August 2021

The quick and accurate estimation of design effort can be make or break for all but the largest of product design consultancies. Traditional design project planning see designers being taken away from the metaphorical drawing board to spend time assessing project briefs and estimating workloads. Typically these designers base these estimates on their tacit knowledge and experience, and for the most part, they are accurate. However, this is time-consuming and therefore (indirectly) costly, as time spent planning, is not time spent designing. Many more sophisticated approaches for estimating design effort have been developed, but many require large bodies of past data and sophisticated analysis, such as artificial neural networks; and others have highly-specific use cases.

This paper proposes a new method to develop a design effort estimation tool for product design consultancies. This method captures the tacit knowledge and experience of design team members and the tool replicates it quickly and effectively; graphically modelling factors that influence design effort needs in product design projects.
A MODEL OF CREATIVE HERITAGE FOR INDUSTRY: DESIGNING NEW RULES WHILE PRESERVING THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF RULES
Authors: Harlé Honorine , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit
Published: August 2021

In industry, there is at once a strong need for innovation and a need to preserve the existing system of production. Thus, although the literature insists on the necessity of the current change toward Industry 4.0, how to implement it remains problematic because the preservation of the factory is at stake. Moreover, the question of the evolution of the system depends on its innovative capability, but it is difficult to understand how a new rule can be designed and implemented in a factory. This tension between preservation and innovation is often explained in the literature as a process of creative destruction. Looking at the problem from another perspective, this article models the factory as a site of creative heritage, enabling creation within tradition, i.e., creating new rules while preserving the system of rules. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the model. The paper shows that design in the factory relies on the ability to validate solutions. To do so, the design process can explore and give new meaning to the existing rules. The role of innovation management is to choose the degree of revision of the rules and to make it possible.
A NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A REAL-TIME VR TRACKING DEVICE
Authors: Barhoush Yazan A M , Nanjappan Vijayakumar , Thiel Felix , Georgiev Georgi V. , Swapp David , Loudon Brian
Published: August 2021

Virtual Reality (VR) is progressively adopted at different stages of design and product development. Consequently, evolving interaction requirements in engineering design and development for VR are essential for technology adoption. One of these requirements is real-time positional tracking. This paper aims to present an experimental design of a new real-time positional tracking device (tracker), that is more compact than the existing solution, while addressing factors such as wearability and connectivity. We compare the simulation of the proposed device and the existing solution, discuss the results, and the limitations. The new experimental shape of the device is tailored towards research, allowing the engineering designer to take advantage of a new tracker alternative in new ways, and opens the door to new VR applications in research and product development.
A COMPARISON OF STRUCTURED LIGHT SCANNING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE DIGITISATION OF PHYSICAL PROTOTYPES
Authors: Freeman Gebler Owen , Goudswaard Mark , Hicks Ben , Jones David , Nassehi Aydin , Snider Chris , Yon Jason
Published: August 2021

Physical prototyping during early stage design typically represents an iterative process. Commonly, a single prototype will be used throughout the process, with its form being modified as the design evolves. If the form of the prototype is not captured as each iteration occurs understanding how specific design changes impact upon the satisfaction of requirements is challenging, particularly retrospectively.

In this paper two different systems for digitising physical artefacts, structured light scanning (SLS) and photogrammetry (PG), are investigated as means for capturing iterations of physical prototypes. First, a series of test artefacts are presented and procedures for operating each system are developed. Next, artefacts are digitised using both SLS and PG and resulting models are compared against a master model of each artefact. Results indicate that both systems are able to reconstruct the majority of each artefact's geometry within 0.1mm of the master, however, overall SLS demonstrated superior performance, both in terms of completion time and model quality. Additionally, the quality of PG models was far more influenced by the effort and expertise of the user compared to SLS.
A ROBUST DESIGN RESEARCH LANDSCAPE - REVIEW ON THE IMPORTANCE OF DESIGN RESEARCH FOR ACHIEVING PRODUCT ROBUSTNESS
Authors: Eifler Tobias , Schleich Benjamin
Published: August 2021

The strive for design principles, qualitative and quantitative design tools, and product development methodologies that enable and support the design of robust products, that is products which are insensitive to noise and variation, is an ongoing challenge for both practitioners and academics. This paper reviews and classifies recent research efforts dedicated to robust design originating from the design society and carves out important challenges and potentials for future research. The main novelty of the paper can be found in the structured analysis and classification of recent robust design efforts as well as in the systematic elaboration of future research challenges, which seeks to stimulate a discussion on future tasks and challenges in robust design research.
A STUDY OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF UNCERTAINTY IN LCA GUIDE
Authors: Tensa Melissa , Wang Jenna , Harris Roscoe , Faludi Jeremy , DuPont Bryony
Published: August 2021

This study user-tested different data visualizations for highly uncertain life cycle assessments (LCAs) to determine what best supported decision-making. Precise LCAs can only be performed once designs are finalized, due to the information necessary to complete them, but design changes in such late stages are costly. If designers could have environmental impact data earlier in the process, sustainable design choices could instead be built into the initial designs. We compiled LCAs for various product categories, finding the best means of visualizing the data for online and printable dissemination. Because this LCA data varied widely within each product category, it was necessary to display uncertainty and require users to acknowledge the uncertainty. Here, four different data visualizations were tested with engineering, design, and STEM students and professionals; both quantitative and qualitative analysis determined what visualizations were most favored and forced users to consider uncertainty. We hope that this research helps LCA data be more accessible to designers and engineers in the early phases of design, allowing those without the resources or ability to perform LCA to benefit from it and design more sustainably.
A STUDY ON STUDENT: ASSESSING FOUR CREATIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODS IN PRODUCT DESIGN
Authors: Yin Yuan , Han Ji , Huang Shu , Zuo Haoyu , Childs Peter
Published: August 2021

This paper asked participants to assess four selected expert-rated Taiwan International Student Design Competition (TISDC) products using four methods: Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT), Creative Product Semantic Scale (CPSS), Product Creativity Measurement Instrument (PCMI), and revised Creative Solution Diagnosis Scale (rCSDS). The results revealed that, between experts and non-experts, the ranking results by the CAT and CPSS were the same, while the ranking results of the rCSDS were different. The CAT, CPSS, and TISDC methods provided the same results indicating that raters may return the same results on creativity assessment, and the results are not affected by the selected methods.

If it is necessary to use non-experts to assess creativity and the creativity results are expected to be the same with that of experts, asking non-expert raters to use CPSS to assess creativity and then ranking the creativity score is more reliable. The study offers a contribution to the creativity domain on deciding which methods may be more reliable from a comparison perspective.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING RESEARCH LANDSCAPE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Schmitt Pascal , Zorn Stefan , Gericke Kilian
Published: August 2021

Additive manufacturing offers several potentials such as the freedom of design, part consolidation, function integration, or time and cost-savings. These potentials make AM interesting for industries such as aerospace, automotive and medical implants, and are also seen as enables for the creation of entirely new business models. Additive manufacturing has the potential to change the current manufacturing landscape substantially and has attracted much attention of industry and academia over the last decades.

However, these developments require improvements concerning the technology itself and its successful implementation into the value creation chain. Driven by the promising market opportunities and upcoming technological developments, many research activities started.

This paper presents a literature review of publications from the last 20 years. Based on this analysis, the evolution of the AM research landscape is portrayed. The research landscape is organised into four areas: machine and process, material, digital process chain and methodology. The paper summarises developments in each of these areas and concludes by presenting current and discussing future research topics.
A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR INTEGRATING DESIGN THINKING AND LEAN STARTUP METHODS INTO THE INNOVATION PROCESS
Authors: Marion Tucker , Cannon David , Reid Tahira , McGowan Anna-Maria
Published: August 2021

Design thinking is a methodology that comes from the industrial design realm and is centred on culling better needs insight from users. Another popular methodology is based gaining insight on the potential of an opportunity through experimentation, testing, and iterating with users. This is commonly referred to as lean startup methods. However, from a research perspective, we still do not know the most effective way to implement these user focused design methods within the innovation process within organizations, and which aspects of the design process are the most impactful in developing new opportunities. In this research, we propose a high-level conceptual process model on how user focused design methods such as design thinking and lean startup methods can be integrated into the up-front innovation process within organizations. We review the conceptual model, associated activities, and process considerations. The article concludes with thoughts on future research.
EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES FOR A CIRCULAR ECONOMY THROUGH MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Diaz Tena Anna , Schoeggl Josef-Peter , Reyes Tatiana , Baumgartner Rupert J.
Published: August 2021

Over the last years, academic literature has made significant progress on the development of key concepts, identifying circular product typologies, developing assessment methods, and exploring the synergies with manufacturing trends such as digitalisation or environmental management. Nevertheless, less attention has been paid on describing process model changes necessary for the implementation of circular product development. For this reason, this paper presents the circular Sustainable Product Development (cSPD) morphological field, aimed at providing implementation guidance to business and industry. It describes possible reconfigurations of the Sustainable Product Development (SPD) process model to further integrate circularity R-strategies, design scopes, design guidelines, inter- and intra-organisational actors and criteria for evaluation. With this framework, we intend to identify the most defining parameters in the process model and assign them a discrete number of categorical values so that different combinations explain the generation of prevalent circular product typologies in the manufacturing of durable goods.
EXTENDED TAXONOMY OF DESIGN AND INNOVATION GAMES TO IDENTIFY PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
Authors: Bhatt Apoorv Naresh , Acharya Shakuntala , Chakrabarti Amaresh
Published: August 2021

Learning innovation and design process is a necessity of the coming decade and games are a potential tool to do so. This paper proposes an extended taxonomy for categorising innovation and design games. The intent is to understand the essential, the similar and the different categories not only for development, but also for evaluation of innovation and design games, and in turn, help educators identify appropriate games for their learning objectives and curricula.
EXTENDING PRODUCT FAMILY DESIGN METHODS TO PRODUCT-SERVICE-SYSTEM FAMILY DESIGN
Authors: Rosen David , Choi Young Mi
Published: August 2021

Although product family design methods are well established, little research has focused on Product-Service-System (PSS) family design. A PSS family design method is proposed in this paper that parallels methodology for designing product families. Separate platforms are proposed for products and for services. However, couplings between product and service platforms are identified and incorporated into the design method. Design problem formulations are proposed for PSS family platforms and for the PSS family itself, using a module-based approach, in contrast to a platform scaling approach. Alternative methods are investigated and compared for solving these problems. The application domain of Assistive Mobility (AM) is identified as a promising PSS family in this work. If smart technologies are integrated into AM devices, such as manual wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs, walkers, and rollators, then patient diagnosis and treatment, as well as device maintenance, services are enabled with these smart technologies, demonstrating that smart AM devices are a promising PSS family.
FORMULATING GUIDELINES FOR THE SYSTEMATIC SET-UP OF EXPERIENTIAL MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES: A CASE OF PLASTIC DEMONSTRATORS
Authors: Veelaert Lore , Moons Ingrid , Du Bois Els
Published: August 2021

Materials can be considered from a technical and experiential perspective. However, the latter perspective is more complex to study systematically. Four intertwined experiential levels describe the overall materials experience: sensorial, interpretive, affective, and performative level. Building upon the need in experiential material characterization for comparable physical material representations to enable within-material-class comparisons and the inclusion of extensive user aspects, this paper sums up the reasoning process regarding the understanding and design of an experimental set-up and its parameters of a specific case. The case objective is to formulate guidelines for the designer/researcher to set up experiential material characterization experiments with (i) plastic demonstrator forms and (ii) by consumers. Following elements are discussed: Assessors, Stimuli, Interaction Modalities, Dependent variables, Method, and Practical considerations. Next, future experiments can be carried out in order to generate holistic plastic material data on a larger scale, that can be collected in an experiential database and used by designers throughout the design process.
FROM REQUIREMENTS TO PROTOTYPING: APPLICATION OF HUMAN-SYSTEM INTEGRATION METHODOLOGY TO DIGITAL TWIN DESIGN
Authors: Camara Dit Pinto Stélian , Masson Dimitri , Villeneuve Eric , Boy Guy , Urfels Laetitia
Published: August 2021

Industrial digital transformation is bringing a need for new tools and concepts. However, designing such complex tools and concept requires methods to be correctly implemented. These methods are studied as part of system engineering to satisfy various identified goals, and more specifically human-system integration, which is the topic of this paper. This article introduces the method used to define key elements of human perception of reality called reality anchors to design scenarios to be tested in a digital twin prototype. This method goes from regulation study to user cognitive function analysis on the specific case of digital twin designing in oil-and-gas industry. This method highlighted the differences between theoretical process and the followed process as well as tools and competencies used to identify reality anchors. This knowledge will then be used to implement a new process to be implemented with a digital twin and scenarios to test the prototype using realistic simulation.
FROM THE DEFINITION OF USER EXPERIENCE TO A FRAMEWORK TO CLASSIFY ITS APPLICATIONS IN DESIGN
Authors: Berni Aurora , Borgianni Yuri
Published: August 2021

The concept of User Experience (UX) dates back to the 1990s, but a shared definition of UX is not available. As design integrates UX, different interpretations thereof can complicate the possibility to build upon previous literature and develop the field autonomously. Indeed, by analysing the literature, UX emerges as a cauldron of related and closely linked concepts. However, it is possible to find recurring attributes that emerge from those definitions, which are ascribable to two foci: the fundamental elements of the interaction (user, system, context) and typologies of experience (ergonomic, cognitive, and emotional). Those are used to build a framework. We have preliminarily investigated how UX is dealt with in design by mapping a sample of UX-related experimental articles published in design journals. We classified UX case studies based on the framework to individuate the UXs that emerge most frequently and the most studied ones in the design field. The two-focus framework allows the mapping of experiments involving UX in design, without highlighting specific favorable combinations. However, comprehensive studies dealing with all elements and UX typologies have not been found.
HOW FAMILIARITY IMPACTS INFLUENCE IN COLLABORATIVE TEAMS?
Authors: Singh Harshika , Becattini Niccolo , Cascini Gaetano , Škec Stanko
Published: August 2021

Individual traits strongly impact team composition and the biases arising from them can also impact design activities. One such bias highlighted in the study is the familiarity bias (i.e., a bias that might be present between the two individuals due to their prior acquaintance). In order to detect the familiarity bias, participants from 4 universities who evaluated their peers and rated them for (1) their perceived degree of influence, (2) trust, (3) the amount of agreement they had with the other team member and (4) the amount of agreement the other individual in the team had with them. It was found that familiarity bias exists in collaborative teams. Its impact on the four variables, especially on influence, was discovered. In the end, the study briefly highlighted the importance of studying the factors (like the one revealed in this study) that affect influence in design teams as it eventually impacts design outcome. It was found that the individuals who explore most idea clusters, are less likely to be perceived influential and teams having the most influence produced a smaller number of idea clusters. Overall, the study contributes to understanding the factors affecting human cognition and behaviour in the design teams.
HOW GAME AND GAME PRINCIPLES FACILITATE THE CO-DESIGN PROCESSES: REFLECTIONS ON TWO CASE STUDIES
Authors: Zhang Ziheng , Zurlo Francesco
Published: August 2021

The increasing need to motivate and engage participants in the co-design has led to the trend of employing game elements in the early phase of the design process to facilitate the activities. However, most have described the gamified co-design by its methods, purposes, and functions. How games theoretically contribute to achieving those goals is still uncovered. This research aims to bridge this theoretical-practical gap by first defining the game principles from the literature. Then investigate how those principles manifested in two case studies with detailed game elements. Finally, we present a framework that links the game principles and purposes/functions by reflecting the cases.
HOW TO MAKE ADVANCED ONLINE USER STUDIES MEANINGFUL
Authors: Wallgren Pontus , Babapour Maral , Eriksson Siw
Published: August 2021

It is of vital importance to explore and understand future users' needs and requirements in the early phases of the product development process. However, in times of social distancing meeting users might not be possible. The project reported on in this paper has investigated the possibilities of conducting advanced user studies online. In total 30 small experimental studies have been conducted. Common digital tools that were used were e.g. Zoom, Teams, Mural, Miro, Snapchat, and Instagram.

The data was analyzed in a thematic content analysis by the authors on Mural. Identified challenges were excluding not tech-savvy user groups, missing out on interpersonal interaction and observations, as well as difficulties creating participant commitment and trust. On the positive side were perceived efficiency, a more levelled power distribution between participants, and ease of engagement and data retrieval for tech-savvy users.

Identified best practices included lowering social barriers through warm up activities and techniques to support open discussion during workshops. Furthermore, engagement could be supported through private social media groups, regular reminders, as well as clear communication of purpose and goal of the activities.
INTEGRATING SOCIAL IMPACT MEASURES INTO THE AIRSHIP DESIGN PROCESS
Authors: Richards D.C. , Stevenson Phillip D. , Mattson Christopher A. , Salmon John L.
Published: August 2021

Engineered products have economic, environmental, and social impacts, which comprise the major dimensions of sustainability. This paper seeks to determine the interaction between design parameters when the social impacts are incorporated into the design process. Social impact evaluation is increasing in importance similar to what has happened with environmental impact consideration in recent years in the design of engineered products. Concurrently, research into new airship design has increased, however airships have yet to be reintroduced at a large scale and for a range of applications in society. Although airships have the potential for positive environmental and economic impacts, the social impacts are still rarely considered. This paper presents a case study of the hypothetical introduction of airships in the Amazon to help local farmers transport their produce to market. It explores the design space in terms of the airship's social impacts connected to the design parameters. The social impacts are found to be dependent not only on the social factors and airship design parameters, but also on the farmer-airship system, suggesting that socio-technical systems design will benefit from integrated social impact metric analysis.
AN IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT FOR REVIEWING MODEL-CENTRIC DESIGNS
Authors: Romero Victor , Pinquié Romain , Noël Frédéric
Published: August 2021

New design objectives as the digital twin encourage companies to replace the tradition document-based systems engineering approach by a model-centric one. All views of the system rely on different types of models that serve many objectives, especially to improve communication among stakeholders. However, the increasing number of heterogeneous models jeopardize communication at the end. Indeed, to get a holistic view of the virtual definition, engineers have no other alternative than to navigate through numerous models requiring domain-specific software and language. In this paper, we propose to use virtual reality to develop an immersive environment for a collaborative model-centric review of engineered systems. The virtual environment, which relies on a digital thread stored in a graph-oriented database, enables users to explore a model-centric design by navigating through the models in a unique virtual space. To illustrate our proposal, we use a model-centric design of a telescope and shows how our preliminary prototype supports the reviewing activity with data limited to the architecture and geometry. Future works will concentrate on the integration of data related to other perspectives on the system.
INTERDISCIPLINARY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES IN AGILE MODULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRODUCT GENERATION DEVELOPMENT MODEL USING THE EXAMPLE OF A MACHINE TOOL MANUFACTURER
Authors: Birk Clemens , Zuefle Marc , Albers Albert , Bursac Nikola , Krause Dieter
Published: August 2021

This paper considers the orientation of product development structures towards interdisciplinary system architectures using the example of a tool machine manufacturer. Due to the change from simple mechanical products to extensively designed systems, whose successful development requires the integration of all disciplines involved, it is analyzed which requirements there are for these interdisciplinary system architectures in today's development environment. In addition, it is validated on the basis of the investigation environment that interdisciplinary system structures are necessary for the development on the different levels of the system view. In doing so, the investigation environment addresses the concept of extracting customer-relevant features (systems) from a physical-tailored modular system (supersystem) in order to develop and test them autonomously, as well as to transfer them to the entire product range in a standardized manner. The elaboration identifies basic requirements for the development of a knowledge base in interdisciplinary system structures and places them into the context of an agile modular kit development.