bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cambridge Companion to Dewey
Authors: Cochran Molly
Published: September 2010

John Dewey (1859–1952) was a major figure of the American cultural and intellectual landscape in the first half of the twentieth century. While not the originator of American pragmatism, he was instrumental to its articulation as a philosophy and the spread of its influence beyond philosophy to other disciplines. His prolific writings encompass metaphysics, philosophy of mind, cognitive science, psychology, moral philosophy, the philosophies of religion, art, and education, and democratic political and international theory. The contributors to this Companion examine the wide range of Dewey's thought and provide a critical evaluation of his philosophy and its lasting influence, both elsewhere in philosophy and on other disciplines.
Comparison of the effects of dietary protein, androstenediol and forearm muscle area on radial bone variables in healthy prepubertal children
Authors: Libuda Lars , Wudy Stefan A. , Schoenau Eckhard , Remer Thomas
Published: September 2010

Adequate dietary habits are supposed to be one of the most important modifiable factors in osteoporosis prevention. However, the importance of specific nutrients is controversial. We examined relevant nutrients which are supposed to have an impact on bone parameters and compared their effect sizes with those of two known predictors of bone development: bone-related muscle mass and androgen levels. We analysed nutritional, hormonal and anthropometric data from 107 prepubertal children participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study. Diaphyseal bone mineral content (BMC), cortical area (CA), periosteal circumference, strength strain index and muscle area of the non-dominant forearm were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Data on long-term nutrient intakes (e.g. protein, Ca and vitamin D) were derived from 3 d weighed dietary records. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion rates of androgen metabolites including the sex steroid androstenediol were measured using GC–MS. Of all considered nutrients, only protein showed a trend for an association with BMC (β = +0·11; P = 0·073) and CA (β = +0·11; P = 0·056) in stepwise linear regression models. None of the other considered dietary variables was associated with bone parameters. The size of the bone anabolic effect of protein was partly comparable with that of androstenediol. Even though boys gained more bone mass in comparison with girls, the protein effect did not differ between sexes. Bone-related muscle area and sex steroids have the strongest effects on prepubertal diaphyseal bone. However, dietary protein may have a similar bone anabolic influence compared with androstenediol. In children without explicit nutrient deficits, protein seems to be the most important dietary component for diaphyseal bone status.
Parchment Codices in a New text of Galen
Authors: NICHOLLS MATTHEW
Published: September 2010

The Περὶ Ἀλυπίας (‘On Consolation From Grief’, henceforward PA) of Galen, recently rediscovered in a fifteenth-century manuscript in a monastery in Thessalonica, contains a wealth of information for the scholar of Roman libraries and books. The work, a treatise on the avoidance of the grief contingent upon loss and suffering, begins by listing the losses suffered by Galen himself in the fire of AD 192. The fire destroyed the Templum Pacis, a series of warehouses and storerooms, and the libraries on the Palatine hill. As Galen had spent much effort copying books from these libraries, and had then deposited his copies in the warehouses that also burned, his work was lost beyond the possibility of recovery.
Juvenile didymozoids of the types, Torticaecum and Neotorticaecum (Didymozoidae: Digenea), from new marine fish hosts (Pisces: Teleostei) in the neotropical region of Brazil
Authors: Felizardo N.N. , Justo M.C. , Knoff M. , Fonseca M.C.G. , Pinto R.M. , Gomes D.C.
Published: September 2010

From December 2006 to March 2008, 60 specimens ofParalichthys isoscelesand 25 specimens ofP. patagonicuswere investigated for helminths. One hundred and sixty-nine digeneans were recovered and parasites were identified as juvenile didymozoids of two types. Torticaecum and Neotorticaecum were found in 48 of the 60P. isosceles(80%) and 10 of the 25P. patagonicus(40%). Torticaecum and Neotorticaecum are reported for the first time in fish in South America (Brazil), found in the Atlantic Ocean. Morphometrics and illustrations are presented.
Supraglottitis and abscess formation
Authors: Gillett D , Eynon-Lewis N J
Published: September 2010

Objective:

This case series report aims to raise awareness of the association between supraglottic infection and abscess formation, which has been rarely documented.

Method:

We report a series of four patients who developed cervical abscesses following supraglottic infection. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging in three patients, and by incision and drainage of pus at direct laryngoscopy in one.

Results:

All four patients were treated with intravenous antibiotics, steroids and humidification; two also underwent surgical drainage of pus. All made an uneventful recovery.

Conclusion:

The factors that lead to neck abscess formation are poorly understood. Physicians should always be aware of this potential complication. If it is suspected, appropriate neck imaging should be undertaken, after excluding airway copromise; this will aid early diagnosis and treatment.
Hammondia triffittaen. comb. of foxes (Vulpesspp.): biological and molecular characteristics and differentiation fromHammondia heydorniof dogs
Authors: GJERDE BJØRN , DAHLGREN STINA S.
Published: September 2010

Genomic DNAs from 3 oocyst isolates ofHammondiasp. from foxes (Vulpes vulpesandV. lagopus) and 1 oocyst isolate ofHammondia heydornifrom a dog, were examined by PCR and sequence analysis of 6 loci in order to determine whether the isolates were conspecific. Consistent genetic differences were found between the fox and dog isolates, respectively, at the ITS-2 region, the lsu rRNA gene, the alpha tubulin gene and the HSP70 gene, but not at the ssu rRNA gene or ITS-1 locus. Infection experiments established that dogs were unsuitable as definitive hosts forHammondiasp. of foxes; hence this species is regarded as separate fromH. heydorniof wolf-like canids, but probably identical withIsospora triffittae(syn.Isospora triffitti) previously reported from foxes. This species has therefore been namedHammondia triffittaen. comb. Reindeer, moose, sheep, goats, foxes and rabbits may act as intermediate hosts forH. triffittae. Muscle tissues of inoculated intermediate hosts were infectious for foxes from 16 days post-infection. Oocysts ofH. triffittaewere subspherical, averaging 12·5×10·9μm in size. The lsu rRNA gene and the alpha tubulin gene seem to be suitable genetic markers for differentiating betweenH. triffittaeandH. heydorni.
Nucleases: diversity of structure, function and mechanism
Authors: Yang Wei
Published: September 2010

Nucleases cleave the phosphodiester bonds of nucleic acids and may be endo or exo, DNase or RNase, topoisomerases, recombinases, ribozymes, or RNA splicing enzymes. In this review, I survey nuclease activities with known structures and catalytic machinery and classify them by reaction mechanism and metal-ion dependence and by their biological function ranging from DNA replication, recombination, repair, RNA maturation, processing, interference, to defense, nutrient regeneration or cell death. Several general principles emerge from this analysis. There is little correlation between catalytic mechanism and biological function. A single catalytic mechanism can be adapted in a variety of reactions and biological pathways. Conversely, a single biological process can often be accomplished by multiple tertiary and quaternary folds and by more than one catalytic mechanism. Two-metal-ion-dependent nucleases comprise the largest number of different tertiary folds and mediate the most diverse set of biological functions. Metal-ion-dependent cleavage is exclusively associated with exonucleases producing mononucleotides and endonucleases that cleave double- or single-stranded substrates in helical and base-stacked conformations. All metal-ion-independent RNases generate 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate products, and all metal-ion-independent DNases form phospho-protein intermediates. I also find several previously unnoted relationships between different nucleases and shared catalytic configurations.
The incidence of hepatitis E virus infection in the general population of the USA
Authors: FARAMAWI M. F. , JOHNSON E. , CHEN S. , PANNALA P. R.
Published: September 2010

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is as an emerging disease of global importance because it is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis worldwide. There are few reports on the incidence of HEV in the USA. For better assessing the burden of primary HEV infection as well as understanding the epidemiology of HEV in the US population this analysis was conducted to estimate the force of infection of HEV in the USA. HEV force of infection in the general US population was calculated using catalytic models as cumulative markers of past infection from HEV seroprevalence data from the NHANES Survey. In the US population the force of infection was seven infections per 1000 susceptible persons per year. This study shows that in the USA HEV can be acquired locally and from developing countries. HEV is circulating more frequently in the non-Hispanic White racial/ethnic group and those who consume fish more frequently.
Nutritional adequacy of three dietary patterns defined by cluster analysis in 997 pregnant Japanese women: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study
Authors: Okubo Hitomi , Miyake Yoshihiro , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Murakami Kentaro , Hirota Yoshio ,   Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study Group
Published: September 2010

Objective

To examine the adequacy and inadequacy of dietary patterns in pregnant women for which information is absolutely lacking.

Design

Diet was assessed by a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Dietary patterns were extracted from the intake of thirty-three food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), which were summarized from 147 foods assessed with the DHQ, by cluster analysis. Nutritional inadequacy for selected twenty nutrients in each dietary pattern was examined using the reference values given in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Japanese as the temporal gold standard.

Setting

Japan.

Subjects

Nine hundred and ninety-seven pregnant Japanese women aged 18–43 years.

Results

The three dietary patterns identified were labelled as ‘meat and eggs’ (n423), ‘wheat products’ (n371) and ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ (n203). The ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ pattern characterized by high intake of rice, vegetables, potatoes, pulses, fruits, seaweed, fish and miso soup showed significantly the lowest prevalence of inadequate intake for fifteen nutrients and significantly the highest prevalence of inadequate sodium intake. In contrast, the ‘wheat products’ pattern characterized by high intake of bread, noodles, confectioneries and soft drinks showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intake for fourteen nutrients. The median number of nutrients not meeting the DRI as a marker of overall nutritional inadequacy was eight in the ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ pattern. It was significantly lower at ten in the ‘meat and eggs’ and eleven in the ‘wheat products’ patterns (P< 0·001).

Conclusions

In pregnant Japanese women, the dietary pattern high in rice, fish, vegetables, fruit and some others showed a better profile of nutritional adequacy except for sodium.
Receiver-operating characteristics of adiposity for metabolic syndrome: the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study
Authors: Beydoun May A , Fanelli Kuczmarski Marie T , Wang Youfa , Mason Marc A , Evans Michele K , Zonderman Alan B
Published: September 2010

Objective

To assess the predictive values of various adiposity indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adults using baseline data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) cohort.

Design

In a cross-sectional study, BMI, waist circumference (WC), body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and metabolic risk factors such as TAG, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose and insulin, uric acid and C-reactive protein were measured. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Setting

Baltimore, Maryland.

Subjects

White and African-American US adults (n 1981), aged 30–64 years.

Results

In predicting risk of MetS using obesity-independent National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, percentage total body fat mass (TtFM) assessed using DEXA measuring overall adiposity had no added value over WC. This was true among both men (area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0·680 v. 0·733 for TtFM and WC, respectively; P < 0·05) and women (AUC = 0·581 v. 0·686). Percentage rib fat mass (RbFM) was superior to TtFM only in women for MetS (AUC = 0·701 and 0·581 for RbFM and TtFM, respectively; P < 0·05), particularly among African-American women. Elevated percentage leg fat mass (LgFM) was protective against MetS among African-American men. Among white men, BMI was inferior to WC in predicting MetS. Optimal WC cut-off points varied across ethnic–sex groups and differed from those recommended by the National Institutes of Health/North American Association for the Study of Obesity.

Conclusions

The study provides evidence that WC is among the most powerful tools to predict MetS, and that optimal cut-off points for various indices including WC may differ by sex and race.
THE ACTION OF HECKE OPERATORS ON HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: MOLL VICTOR H. , ROBINS SINAI , SOODHALTER KIRK
Published: September 2010

We study the action of the Hecke operators Un on the set of hypergeometric functions, as well as on formal power series. We show that the spectrum of these operators on the set of hypergeometric functions is the set {na:n∈ℕ,a∈ℤ}, and that the polylogarithms play an important role in the study of the eigenfunctions of the Hecke operators Un on the set of hypergeometric functions. As a corollary of our results on simultaneous eigenfunctions, we also obtain an apparently unrelated result regarding the behavior of completely multiplicative hypergeometric coefficients.
Properties of obliquely propagating chorus
Authors: Verkhoglyadova Olga P. , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Lakhina Gurbax S.
Published: September 2010

We discuss chorus wave magnetic and electric field polarizations as functions on angle of propagation relative to the ambient magnetic field B0. For the first time, it is shown using a cold plasma approximation that the general whistler wave has circularly polarized magnetic fields for oblique propagation. This theoretical result is verified by observations. The electric field polarization plane is not orthogonal to the wave vector k and is in general highly elliptically polarized. Both the magnetic and the electric polarizations have important consequences for cyclotron resonant electron pitch angle scattering and for electron energization, respectively. A special case of the whistler wave called the Gendrin mode is discussed.
Permeability alteration due to mineral dissolution in partially saturated fractures
Authors: Detwiler Russell L.
Published: September 2010

During reactive fluid flow in saturated fractures, the relative rates of dissolved mineral transport and local reactions strongly influence local aperture alterations and the resulting changes in fracture permeability (or transmissivity). In the presence of an entrapped residual nonaqueous phase (e.g., CO2 or oil), the spatial distribution of the entrapped phase will influence flow and transport and thus, local aperture alterations. These aperture alterations will in turn alter the balance of forces acting on immobile regions of the trapped phase. The resulting mobilization of the entrapped phase may subsequently alter flow pathways and fracture transmissivity in a manner that defies quantification with currently used constitutive relationships. I present results from quantitative visualization experiments in which fracture aperture and entrapped phase distribution were directly measured at high spatial resolution (75 × 75 μm) during reactive fluid flow. The experiments differed only in the orientation of the fracture with respect to gravity, which influenced both the initial entrapped phase geometry and the evolution of the entrapped phase as dissolution altered fracture apertures. The presence of the entrapped phase leads to a much earlier formation of distinct dissolution channels than has been observed in saturated fractures. Compared to a similar experiment in a fully saturated fracture, dissolution in the partially saturated fractures leads to as much as a 6‐fold increase in transmissivity after an equal amount of dissolution from the fracture surface (doubling of the mean fracture aperture). Furthermore, the relative influence of gravity determines whether trapped bubbles mobilize because of capillary forces (against prevailing viscous forces) or gravitational forces, which is in the direction of prevailing viscous forces for the experiments presented here.
Chemical state estimation for the middle atmosphere by four‐dimensional variational data assimilation: A posteriori validation of error statistics in observation space
Authors: Schwinger J. , Elbern H.
Published: September 2010

Chemical state analyses of the atmosphere based on data assimilation may be degraded by inconsistent covariances of background and observation errors. An efficient method to calculate consistency diagnostics for background and observation errors in observation space is applied to analyses of the four‐dimensional variational stratospheric chemistry data assimilation system SACADA (Synoptic Analysis of Chemical Constituents by Advanced Data Assimilation). A background error covariance model for the assimilation of Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) ozone retrievals is set up and optimized. It is shown that a significant improvement of the assimilation system performance is attained through the use of this covariance model compared to a simple covariance formulation, which assumes background errors to be a fixed fraction of the field value. The forecast skill, measured by the distance between the model forecast and MIPAS observations, is shown to improve. Further, an evaluation of analyses with independent data from the Halogen Observation Experiment (HALOE), the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II), and ozone sondes reveals that the standard deviation of ozone analyses with respect to these instruments is reduced throughout the middle stratosphere. Compared to the impact of background error variances on analysis quality, it is found that the precise specification of spatial background error correlations appears to be less critical if observations are spatially and temporally dense. Results indicate that ozone forecast errors of a state of the art stratospheric chemistry assimilation system are of the same order of magnitude as MIPAS observation errors.
Synthesis of water ice particles in a plasma chamber
Authors: Shimizu S. , Klumov B. , Shimizu T. , Rothermel H. , Havnes O. , Thomas H. M. , Morfill G. E.
Published: September 2010

We describe a new type of experiment where micrometer‐size water ice particles are created from D2 and O2 in the plasma chamber, with the electrodes cooled by liquid nitrogen. In the reactor, D2 and O2 are decomposed by electron impacts and form precursors for chemical reactions. Water ice particles are produced within a second after plasma ignition. We propose a simple growth/sedimentation model, which reproduces the experimental data.
Relation between mesospheric ice clouds, temperature, and water vapor determined from Odin/OSIRIS and TIMED/SABER data
Authors: Feofilov A. G. , Petelina S. V.
Published: September 2010

Altitude, brightness, and occurrence rate of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) with respect to kinetic temperature, pressure, and water vapor volume mixing ratio (VMR) in the ice formation area are studied. Cloud and atmospheric parameters are measured by the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System and by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry satellite instruments, correspondingly. The analysis has been done for all northern and southern PMC seasons of 2002–2008 for both zonal averages and nearly simultaneous common volume measurements performed by two instruments. It has been found that PMC peak altitudes correlate well with mesopause altitudes, although the former experience lower seasonal variability. Mesopause temperatures anticorrelate with PMC occurrence rates and, in the Northern Hemisphere, show larger seasonal variability at high latitudes poleward of 75°N compared to 55°N–65°N. OSIRIS PMC brightness correlates with the vertical extent of the frost area and water vapor VMR below PMC (hydration effect) and anticorrelates with the mesopause temperature and water vapor VMR in the frost area (freeze‐drying effect).
Use of spatially explicit physicochemical data to measure downstream impacts of headwater stream disturbance
Authors: Johnson B. R. , Haas A. , Fritz K. M.
Published: September 2010

Regulatory agencies need methods to quantify the influence of headwater streams on downstream water quality as a result of litigation surrounding jurisdictional criteria and the influence of mountaintop removal coal mining activities. We collected comprehensive, spatially referenced physicochemical data (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and specific conductance) from the partially mined Buckhorn Creek, KY, watershed in summer 2005 (n = 239 sites) and spring 2006 (n = 494 sites). We found conductivity was >10X higher in mined streams than in forested streams. Semivariograms, which quantify the degree of spatial dependence in chemistry values, indicated summer temperatures in both mined and unmined portions of the watershed had similar lag distances (approximately 5 km). Data for other parameters and seasons, however, violated model assumptions because of strong confluence effects in headwaters. We therefore developed a post hoc predictive model for water physicochemistry downstream of confluences using watershed areas as weighting factors. This weighted average model accurately predicted downstream conductivity (mean absolute error, MAE = 55.34 μS cm−1), pH (MAE = 0.16 units), and temperature (MAE = 0.41°C) for confluences in Buckhorn Creek and two additional watersheds with headwater disturbance in West Virginia and Ohio. Use of semivariograms or predictive confluence models can help regulatory agents identify downstream influence of headwater streams and presence of a “significant nexus” with downstream waters.
Field‐scale model for the natural attenuation of uranium at the Hanford 300 Area using high‐performance computing
Authors: Hammond Glenn E. , Lichtner Peter C.
Published: September 2010

High‐resolution, three‐dimensional, reactive flow and transport simulations are carried out to describe the migration of hexavalent uranium [U(VI)] at the Hanford 300 Area bordering the Columbia River and to better understand the persistence of the uranium plume at the site. The computer code PFLOTRAN developed under a DOE SciDAC‐2 project is employed in the simulations that are executed on ORNL's Cray XT4/XT5 supercomputer Jaguar. The conceptual model used in the simulations is based on the recognition of three distinct phases or time periods in the evolution of the U(VI) plume. These correspond to (1) initial waste emplacement; (2) initial presence of both labile and nonlabile U(VI) with an evolved U(VI) plume extending from the source region to the river boundary, representing present‐day conditions; and (3) the complete removal of all nonlabile U(VI) and labile U(VI) in the vadose zone. This work focuses primarily on modeling Phase II using equilibrium and multirate sorption models for labile U(VI) and a continuous source release of nonlabile U(VI) in the South Process Pond through dissolution of metatorbernite as a surrogate mineral. For this case, rapid fluctuations in the Columbia River stage combined with the slow release of nonlabile U(VI) from contaminated sediment are found to play a predominant role in determining the migration behavior of U(VI) with sorption only a second‐order effect. Nevertheless, a multirate model was essential in explaining breakthrough curves obtained from laboratory column experiments using the same sediment and is demonstrated to be important in Phase III. The calculations demonstrate that U(VI) is discharged to the river at a highly fluctuating rate in a ratchet‐like behavior as the river stage rises and falls. The high‐frequency fluctuations must be resolved in the model to calculate the flux of U(VI) at the river boundary. By time averaging the instantaneous flux to average out noise superimposed on the river stage fluctuations, the cumulative U(VI) flux to the river is found to increase approximately linearly with time. The flow rate and U(VI) flux are highly sensitive to the conductance boundary condition that describes the river‐sediment interface. By adjusting the conductance coefficient to give a better match to the measured piezometric head, good agreement was obtained with field studies for both the mean flux of water of 109 kg/yr and U(VI) of 25 kg/yr at the river‐aquifer boundary for a computational domain encompassing the South Process Pond. Finally, it is demonstrated that, through global mass conservation, the U(VI) leach rate from the source region is related to the U(VI) flux at the river boundary.
Aerosol production from the surface of the Great Lakes
Authors: Slade J. H. , VanReken T. M. , Mwaniki G. R. , Bertman S. , Stirm B. , Shepson P. B.
Published: September 2010

While much is known about marine aerosol generation, little is known about aerosol produced from breaking waves in large freshwater environments or about what implications this aerosol may have for air quality and climate. We present here evidence of significant particle production from the surface of the Great Lakes. In 2009, vertical profiles of the submicron particle size distribution were measured over Lake Michigan, where we found substantial increases in ultrafine particle concentrations with the source at or near the lake surface. The Aitken mode aerosol concentration exhibits an exponential correlation with wind speed, suggesting that breaking waves along the surface were causing the observed particle formation. A calculated dry particle size distribution based on analysis of the lake water shows reasonable agreement with our observed size spectra. This new particle production source is previously un‐studied and could significantly impact atmospheric composition in the region surrounding fresh water lakes.
Efficient formation of stratospheric aerosol for climate engineering by emission of condensible vapor from aircraft
Authors: Pierce Jeffrey R. , Weisenstein Debra K. , Heckendorn Patricia , Peter Thomas , Keith David W.
Published: September 2010

Recent analysis suggests that the effectiveness of stratospheric aerosol climate engineering through emission of non‐condensable vapors such as SO2 is limited because the slow conversion to H2SO4 tends to produce aerosol particles that are too large; SO2 injection may be so inefficient that it is difficult to counteract the radiative forcing due to a CO2 doubling. Here we describe an alternate method in which aerosol is formed rapidly in the plume following injection of H2SO4, a condensable vapor, from an aircraft. This method gives better control of particle size and can produce larger radiative forcing with lower sulfur loadings than SO2 injection. Relative to SO2 injection, it may reduce some of the adverse effects of geoengineering such as radiative heating of the lower stratosphere. This method does not, however, alter the fact that such a geoengineered radiative forcing can, at best, only partially compensate for the climate changes produced by CO2.
Interaction between the Atlantic meridional and Niño modes
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , McPhaden Michael J.
Published: September 2010

Interaction between the tropical Atlantic meridional and Niño modes is investigated using observations and a quasi‐analytical linear equatorial wave model. It is found that equatorial zonal wind stress anomalies associated with the boreal spring meridional mode generate eastward propagating equatorial Kelvin waves in the central and eastern Atlantic Ocean, where variability associated with the Niño mode is strongest. These same wind stress anomalies force westward propagating equatorial Rossby waves that reflect at the western boundary into eastward propagating Kelvin waves during boreal spring and summer. The boundary‐generated Kelvin waves are of the opposite sign to those directly forced by the winds earlier in the spring, so they tend to damp the Niño mode during boreal summer. The interaction between the boreal spring meridional mode and the summer Niño is therefore mediated by directly wind‐forced equatorial Kelvin waves and the delayed negative feedback from western boundary reflections of wind‐forced Rossby waves.
Inland hydro‐climatic interaction: Effects of human water use on regional climate
Authors: Destouni Georgia , Asokan Shilpa M. , Jarsjö Jerker
Published: September 2010

This study has quantified the regional evaporation and evapotranspiration changes, and the associated latent heat flux and surface temperature changes in the Central Asian region of the Aral Sea drainage basin and the Aral Sea itself from the pre‐1950 period of the 20th century to 1983–2002. The human water use for irrigation yielded an average regional cooling effect of −0.6 °C due to increased evapotranspiration and latent heat flux from the irrigated land. The runoff water diverted for irrigation was more than 80% of the pre‐1950 runoff into the terminal Aral Sea, and was largely lost from the regional water system by the evapotranspiration increase. The Aral Sea shrank due to this water loss, resulting in decreased evaporation and latent heat flux from the pre‐1950 Aral Sea area extent, with an average regional warming effect of 0.5 °C. In general, the endorheic (land‐internal) runoff and relative consumptive use of irrigation water from that runoff determine the relative inland water area shrinkage, its warming effect, and to what extent the warming counteracts the cooling effect of irrigation.
Changes in the global hydrological‐cycle inferred from ocean salinity
Authors: Helm Kieran P. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Church John A.
Published: September 2010

Using global datasets of in situ observations, we calculate salinity changes on ocean‐density surfaces between 1970 and 2005. This reveals a global pattern of increased salinities near the upper‐ocean salinity‐maximum layer (average depth of ∼100 m) and decreased salinities near the intermediate salinity minimum (average depth of ∼700 m). The salinity changes imply a 3 ± 2% decrease in precipitation‐minus evaporation (P‐E) over the mid and low latitude oceans in both hemispheres, a 7 ± 4% increase in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, and a 16 ± 6% increase in the Southern Ocean since 1970. This pattern of increased precipitation at high latitudes and decreased precipitation in the subtropics is reflected in both land records and in the short satellite records. The quantification of the atmospheric signal of climate change on ocean salinity supports model projections, and extends the growing evidence for an acceleration of the Earth's water cycle.
Transport of energetic electrons into Saturn's inner magnetosphere
Authors: Paranicas C. , Mitchell D. G. , Roussos E. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Müller A. L. , Krimigis S. M. , Turner F. S. , Brandt P. C. , Rymer A. M. , Johnson R. E.
Published: September 2010

We present energetic electron data obtained by Cassini's Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn. We find here that inward transport and energization processes are consistent with conservation of the first two adiabatic invariants of motion. We model several injections near local midnight, one injection has a maximum energy of hundreds of keV, that are consistent with data. We also present mission‐averaged data that shows an injection boundary in radial distance. Inward of this boundary, fluxes fall off toward the planet. Around this inner boundary, strong local time asymmetries are present in the averaged data with peak fluxes near midnight.
Evaluation of in situ sea surface temperatures for use in the calibration and validation of satellite retrievals
Authors: Xu Feng , Ignatov Alexander
Published: September 2010

In situ sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are used for calibration and validation of satellite retrievals. This study analyzes three in situ data sets from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Telecommunication System (GTS), the International Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) release 2.4, and the U.S. Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment/Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC). Comparisons show that most reports in the ICOADS and FNMOC are of the same origin as NCEP GTS. Quality control (QC) information is either unavailable (NCEP), not well documented (FNMOC), or nonuniform (ICOADS, FNMOC). Preliminary QC was implemented in this study and uniformly applied to all data sets. All analyses are stratified by major types of in situ platforms including ships, drifters, and moored buoys, the latter being further subdivided into tropical and coastal. Ships overwhelmingly prevailed before 1990 but then declined, whereas the number of drifters significantly increased, as did their reporting density. Although both platforms sample the full SST range well, drifters cover the global ocean much more uniformly than ships. Statistical analyses are performed on the in situ SST anomalies with respect to daily Reynolds and daily Pathfinder. Different global mean biases are observed for different platform types (e.g., ∼+0.03 K for drifters and tropical moorings and ∼+0.15 K for ships, with respect to Reynolds SST), suggesting existence of cross‐platform biases that need to be reconciled. Root mean square (RMS) errors of the four types of in situ data have been estimated via three‐way analyses proposed in O'Carroll et al. (2008). The geographical distributions of RMS errors in Pathfinder, Reynolds, and in situ SSTs show distinct spatial patterns, which require further understanding and remediation.
Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar: System design and initial measurements of large‐scale winds and tides
Authors: Fritts D. C. , Janches D. , Iimura H. , Hocking W. K. , Mitchell N. J. , Stockwell R. G. , Fuller B. , Vandepeer B. , Hormaechea J. , Brunini C. , Levato H.
Published: September 2010

The Southern Argentina Agile Meteor Radar (SAAMER) was installed at Rio Grande on Tierra del Fuego (53.8°S, 67.8°W) in May 2008 and has been operational for ∼24 months. This paper describes the motivations for the radar design and its placement at the southern tip of South America, its operating modes and capabilities, and observations of the mean winds, planetary waves, and tides during its first ∼20 months of operation. SAAMER was specifically designed to provide very high resolution of large‐scale motions and hopefully enable direct measurements of the vertical momentum flux by gravity waves, which have only been possible previously with dual‐ or multiple‐beam radars and lidars or in situ measurements. SAAMER was placed on Tierra del Fuego because it was a region devoid of similar measurements, the latitude was anticipated to provide high sensitivity to an expected large semidiurnal tide, and the region is now recognized to be a “hot spot” of small‐scale gravity wave activity extending from the troposphere into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, perhaps the most dynamically active location on Earth. SAAMER was also intended to permit simultaneous enhanced meteor studies, including “head echo” and “nonspecular” measurements, which were previously possible only with high‐power large‐aperture radars. Initial measurements have defined the mean circulation and structure, exhibited planetary waves at various periods, and revealed large semidiurnal tide amplitudes and variability, with maximum amplitudes at higher altitudes often exceeding 60 m s−1 and amplitude modulations at periods from a few to ∼30 days.
Comparison of atmospheric mercury speciation and deposition at nine sites across central and eastern North America
Authors: Engle Mark A. , Tate Michael T. , Krabbenhoft David P. , Schauer James J. , Kolker Allan , Shanley James B. , Bothner Michael H.
Published: September 2010

This study presents >5 cumulative years of tropospheric mercury (Hg) speciation measurements, over the period of 2003–2009, for eight sites in the central and eastern United States and one site in coastal Puerto Rico. The purpose of this research was to identify local and regional processes that impact Hg speciation and deposition (wet + dry) across a large swath of North America. Sites sampled were selected to represent both a wide range of mercury exposure and environmental conditions. Seasonal mean concentrations of elemental Hg (1.27 ± 0.31 to 2.94 ± 1.57 ng m−3; ± σ), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM; 1.5 ± 1.6 to 63.3 ± 529 pg m−3), and fine particulate Hg (1.2 ± 1.4 to 37.9 ± 492 pg m−3) were greatest at sites impacted by Hg point sources. Diel bin plots of Hgo and RGM suggest control by a variety of local/regional processes including impacts from Hg point sources and boundary layer/free tropospheric interactions as well as from larger‐scale processes affecting Hg speciation (i.e., input of the global Hg pool, RGM formed from oxidation of Hgo by photochemical compounds at coastal sites, and elemental Hg depletion during periods of dew formation). Comparison of wet Hg deposition (measured), RGM and fine particulate Hg dry deposition (calculated using a multiple resistance model), and anthropogenic point source emissions varied significantly between sites. Significant correlation between emission sources and dry deposition was observed but was highly dependant upon inclusion of data from two sites with exceptionally high deposition. Findings from this study highlight the importance of environmental setting on atmospheric Hg cycling and deposition rates.
TGF‐β‐regulated tyrosine phosphatases induce lymphocyte apoptosis in Leishmania donovani‐infected hamsters
Authors: Banerjee Rajdeep , Kumar Sudeep , Sen Abhik , Mookerjee Ananda , Roy Syamal , Pal Subrata , Das Pradeep
Published: September 2010

Visceral leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania donovani, is one of the major health problems of the Indian subcontinent. Infected hosts have been reported to have impaired lymphoproliferation. However, the fate of anergic cells is still elusive. In the present investigation, L. donovani‐infected hamsters were used to study the mechanism of lymphocyte cell death. Lymph node‐derived lymphocytes were analysed for apoptotic death through mitochondrial abnormality, caspase activity and DNA degradation. The data demonstrate that the disease progression leads to a gradual impairment of lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of Concanavalin A. The fate of the anergic lymphocytes is intrinsic apoptosis, which is evident by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic release of cytochrome c, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Tumour growth factor (TGF)‐β, which is secreted by macrophages, was significantly upregulated in the lymph node compartment of infected hamsters. Adding a neutralizing TGF‐β antibody and a recombinant TGF‐β resulted in the downregulation and induction of lymphocyte apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, it has been observed that TGF‐β triggers the apoptotic death of lymphocytes through the upregulation of tyrosine phosphatase activity and that the use of sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4, a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) reduces the apoptotic frequency. Thus, this study clearly reports the novel involvement of tyrosine phosphatases in TGF‐β‐induced lymphocyte apoptosis in Leishmania‐infected hamsters.
High-content screening of feeder-free human embryonic stem cells to identify pro-survival small molecules
Authors: Andrews Paul D. , Becroft Melissa , Aspegren Anders , Gilmour Jane , James Martyn J. , McRae Scott , Kime Robert , Allcock Robert W. , Abraham Achamma , Jiang Zhong , Strehl Raimund , Mountford Joanne C. , Milligan Graeme , Houslay Miles D. , Adams David R. , Frearson Julie A.
Published: September 2010

The propensity of human embryonic stem cells to die upon enzymatic disaggregation or low-density plating is an obstacle to their isolation and routine use in drug discovery and basic research. Equally, the very low rate of establishment of implanted cells hinders cell therapy. In the present study we have developed a high-content assay for human embryonic stem cell survival and used this to screen a range of libraries of ‘lead-like’ small molecules and known bioactives. From this we identified 18 confirmed hits with four structural classes being represented by multiple compounds: a series of 5-(acyl/alkyl-amino)indazoles, compounds with a 4-(acylamino)pyridine core, simple N6,N6-dialkyladenines and compounds with a 5-(acylamino)indolinone core. In vitro kinase profiling indicated that the ROCK (Rho-associated kinase)/PRK2 (protein kinase C-related kinase 2) protein kinases are of pivotal importance for cell survival and identified previously unreported compound classes that inhibited this important biological activity. An evaluation using an extensive panel of protein kinases showed that six of our hit compounds exhibited better selectivity for ROCK inhibition than the routinely used commercially available ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. In this screen we also identified the K+-ATP channel opener pinacidil and show that it probably promotes cell survival, by ‘off-target’ inhibition of ROCK/PRK2. We have therefore identified novel pro-survival compounds of greater specificity, equivalent potency and reduced toxicity relative to the routinely employed ROCK inhibitor Y-27632.
Carbohydrate-response-element-binding protein (ChREBP) and not the liver X receptor α (LXRα) mediates elevated hepatic lipogenic gene expression in a mouse model of glycogen storage disease type 1
Authors: Grefhorst Aldo , Schreurs Marijke , Oosterveer Maaike H. , Cortés Victor A. , Havinga Rick , Herling Andreas W. , Reijngoud Dirk-Jan , Groen Albert K. , Kuipers Folkert
Published: September 2010

GSD-1 (glycogen storage disease type 1) is caused by an inherited defect in glucose-6-phosphatase activity, resulting in a massive accumulation of hepatic glycogen content and an induction of de novo lipogenesis. The chlorogenic acid derivative S4048 is a pharmacological inhibitor of the glucose 6-phosphate transporter, which is part of glucose-6-phosphatase, and allows for mechanistic studies concerning metabolic defects in GSD-1. Treatment of mice with S4048 resulted in an ~60% reduction in blood glucose, increased hepatic glycogen and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) content, and a markedly enhanced hepatic lipogenic gene expression. In mammals, hepatic expression of lipogenic genes is regulated by the co-ordinated action of the transcription factors SREBP (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein)-1c, LXRα (liver X receptor α) and ChREBP (carbohydrate-response-element-binding protein). Treatment of Lxra−/− mice and Chrebp−/− mice with S4048 demonstrated that ChREBP, but not LXRα, mediates the induction of hepatic lipogenic gene expression in this murine model of GSD-1. Thus ChREBP is an attractive target to alleviate derangements in lipid metabolism observed in patients with GSD-1.
Individual FM Systems for Children: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Lewis Dawna
Published: September 2010

FM systems have been used for children with hearing loss for over 30 years. Over time, their use has expanded to include children with normal hearing who have special listening needs. This paper provides a brief discussion of current issues in FM system use for children.
Hearing Aid Signal Processing for Children: When and How to Use It
Authors: Scollie Susan
Published: September 2010

This article describes the general goals for applying the principles of evidence-based practice to clinical decision making, as applied to the selection of hearing aid signal processing for children with hearing loss. Two scenarios are considered: the case of using directional microphone hearing aids and the use of frequency lowering signal processing for mild to moderate losses. Neither situation is as simple as it seems. The evidence for each is reviewed, and questions to ask when applying each for individual children are presented, with discussion of advantages and disadvantages.
Comparing Speech Perception of Children With Cochlear Implants or Hearing Aids
Authors: Davidson Lisa S.
Published: September 2010

Cochlear implant (CI) candidacy guidelines continue to evolve as a result of advances in both cochlear implant and hearing aid technology. Empirical studies comparing the speech perception abilities of children using cochlear implants or hearing aids will be reviewed in the context of current device technology and CI candidacy evaluations.
Aging dynamics of colloidal hard sphere glasses
Authors: Martinez V. A. , Bryant G. , van Megen W.
Published: September 2010

We report the results of dynamic light scattering measurements of the coherent intermediate scattering function (ISF) of glasses of colloidal hard spheres for several volume fractions and a range of scattering vectors around the primary peak of the static structure factor. The ISF shows a clear crossover from an initial fast decay to a slower nonstationary decay. Aging is quantified in several different ways. However, regardless of the method chosen, the perfect “aged” glass is approached in a power law fashion. In particular the coupling between the fast and slow decays, as measured by the degree of stretching of the ISF at the crossover, also decreases algebraically with waiting time. The nonstationarity of this coupling implies that even the fastest detectable processes are themselves nonstationary.