bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinct populations of cancer stem cells by xenograft model in oral cancer progression and metastasis
Authors: Chen Chi‐Yuan , Liao Yi‐Wen , Lo Jeng‐Fan , Chiou Shih‐Hwa
Published: June 2021

The initiation, progression, recurrence and metastasis of solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, have been related to the behavior of a small subpopulation of cancer stem cells. The CSC hypothesis suggests that only the CSC within the tumor can self renew and proliferate extensively to form new tumors in vivo. We developed a high malignance head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line SASVO3 that derived from primary tumor from continuous three rounds of tumor formation in nude mice. We reported the establishment of a stably infected SASVO3 cell line which expresses high levels of green fluorescent protein, thus permitting the detection and visualization of developing tumors and metastases after injection into nude mice. The formation number and size of new sphere‐like bodies in SASVO3 were higher than parental SAS. In addition, SASVO3 highly expressed the stem‐progenitor cell markers: ALDH, Bmi1 and Nanog. Bmi1 highly expressed in SASVO3 causing repression of INK4A protein. SASVO3 showed the following features: high proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage independent growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore to study metastasis formation, SASVO3 were injected into the tail vein of nude mice. Lung metastases were visualized in mice with SASVO3 and no metastases in mice injected with parental cells. In conclusion, our findings an important role for ALDH and Bmi1 of HNSCC in regulating self‐renew, tumorigenic and metastasis.
Structure‐Dependent Cytotoxicities: C6 Glioma Cells Exposed to DNB Isomers
Authors: Rivera Berenise , Miller R. Timothy
Published: June 2021

Dinitrobenzene (DNB) exists as three isomers: 1,2‐, 1,3‐ and 1,4‐DNB. These DNBs are used as common intermediates in the dye and plastics industries. 1,2‐ and 1,4‐DNB cause methemeglobinemia, in contrast, 1,3‐DNB is a purported neurotoxicant in rats. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the relative abilities of different cytotoxicity assays to detect early changes in cell viability. C6 Glioma cells were exposed to 10‐250 µM of each DNB isomer for up to 6 hours. Cytotoxicity was then determined using MTT reduction for mitochondrial integrity, neutral red (NR) uptake for lysosomal integrity and LDH release a marker for cell death. C6 Glioma cells exhibited a concentration‐ and time‐dependent decrease in NR uptake following a four hour exposure to 1,2‐ and 1,4‐DNB with effects most evident between 50‐250 µM. However, NR uptake was the most sensitive with 1,3‐DNB exposure. Statistically significant increases in media LDH vs. total LDH after four hour exposures were observed only for 1,2‐DNB and 1,3‐DNB at 250 µM; 1,4‐DNB caused LDH leakage beginning at 100 μM, thus revealing its greater potency in this model. This project was supported in‐part by 5G12‐RR008124 from NCRR to the BBRC at UTEP and by NIEHS/NIH grant ES011982 to RTM. The views stated in this abstract are not necessarily the view of NIH/NIEHS.
Studies on the Effect of Urea Application on Nitrate Toxicity in Forages
Authors: Chaudhary Dharam Paul , Tiwana Udham Singh , Bhardwaj Behari Lal , Puri Krishan Pal , Muker Harvinder Singh
Published: June 2021

Objective

Under certain adverse conditions nitrate can accumulate to potentially toxic concentrations in forages like oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), sarson (Brassica juncea) and berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum). The conditions under which plants accumulate excessive amounts of nitrates are not fully understood. We hypothesized that excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers may be responsible for accumulation of nitrate in plants and decided to determine the effect of excess urea application on nitrate accumulation in berseem, berseem+ rye grass (Lolium perenne) (B+RG), breseem + sarson (B+S) and berseem + oats (B+O).

Methods

The crop was sown on the experimental area in the plot sizes of 5X4 m2 in three replications. The crop was sprayed with 5 different concentrations of urea ranging from 1 to 5% and subsequently analyzed for nitrate content.

Results

The results indicate that the crude protein and nitrate content of berseem, B+RG, B+S and B+O increases with increasing concentrations of urea. The maximum nitrate concentration in B+S was observed at 4% of urea concentration while in B+RG and B+O at 5% of urea.

Conclusion

The excessive nitrogen application appears to be responsible for the nitrate accumulation in the forage crops which may lead to large scale livestock losses.
Coupling the development of biochemistry concept inventory questions to the assessment of students' conceptual knowledge in basic chemistry and biology
Authors: Sears Duane W
Published: June 2021

Like other science disciplines, biochemistry's foundation is built on basic concepts from other disciplines, particularly chemistry and biology. However, biochemistry students often have heterogeneous background training in these disciplines and sometimes lack sufficient mastery of important ancillary concepts (DW Sears et al BAMBEd 35:105‐118, 2007). To be successful then, concept inventory (CI) development in biochemistry may depend in part on the co‐evaluation of students' basic conceptual knowledge in these other areas. Inspired by CI questions that K Garvin‐Doxas and MW Klymkowsky (Life Sci. Ed. 7:227, 2008) developed to probe biology students' conceptual understanding of molecular diffusion and random movement in solution, assessment questions where devised to probe biochemistry students' conceptual understanding of the pH‐dependent migratory behavior of ionizable molecules in an aqueous solution in the presence of an electric field. Preliminary results of the assessment data presented here suggest that many students have difficulty coupling several basic chemical concepts related to random and electrophoretic movement of molecules that also undergo reversible ionization.
Can limited time, new learning techniques, and expanding content be reconciled?
Authors: Voet Donald , Voet Judith
Published: June 2021

Educational techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology are rapidly evolving. In addition to the traditional textbooks and blackboard presentations, we now have PowerPoints, videos, interactive molecular graphics, clicker questions, web‐based bioinformatics exercises, computerized quizzes, and computerized course management systems. Lectures have been supplemented with active learning pedagogies and concept inventories. Simultaneously, biochemical knowledge continues its enormous rate of expansion. Yet, the time available for learning and teaching biochemistry has not changed. How can we integrate these techniques and new knowledge into a course without overwhelming students and faculty alike? We shall discuss ways of approaching this challenge.
Energy‐induced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and molecular signaling in physically active adults
Authors: Pasiakos Stefan M , Vislocky Lisa M , Carbone John W , Freake Hedley C , Anderson Jeffrey M , Ferrando Arny A , Wolfe Robert R , Rodriguez Nancy R
Published: June 2021

To date, no studies have characterized how energy deprivation influences skeletal muscle protein utilization.

PURPOSE

This investigation characterized the effect of an acute energy deficit on mixed muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and associated intracellular signaling proteins (ISPs) in physically active adults.

METHODS

Eleven men and seven women participated in a 20‐d, two‐phase diet intervention study: weight maintenance, WM; and energy deficient, ~80% of estimated energy requirements, ED. Dietary protein (1.5 g·kg−1·d−1) and fat (~30% of total calories) were constant for WM and ED. MPS and ISPs were measured on day 10 of both interventions using a primed, constant infusion of [2H5]‐phenylalanine and Western blotting techniques, respectively. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was estimated using indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance (NBAL) was determined.

RESULTS

Subjects lost ~1 kg body weight during ED (P < 0.0001). REE or NBAL were not affected. MPS was reduced ~33% (P < 0.05) for ED (0.056 ± 0.01 %/h) compared to WM (0.083 ± 0.007 %/h). Akt and 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation were lower (P < 0.05) during ED compared to WM.

CONCLUSION

These findings show that MPS and associated synthetic ISPs are downregulated in response to an acute, moderate energy deficit in physically active adults and provide a basis for studies assessing the impact of prolonged energy restriction on skeletal muscle protein metabolism.

Grant Funding Source

National Cattlemen's Beef Association
Glycerol enhances intestinal aquaporin expression and improves glucose tolerance
Authors: Arentson Emily J , Zou Mi , Buhman Kimberly K , Donkin Shawn S
Published: June 2021

Glycerol absorption is facilitated by aquaglyceroporins including aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 7 (AQP7). However, little is known regarding the interactions of dietary glycerol and control of AQP3 or AQP7mRNA expression in the gastrointestinal epithelium. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of feeding a diet containing glycerol combined with either fructose or starch on intake, growth, glucose metabolism, and intestinal AQP3 and AQP7 mRNA abundance. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=8 to 9/group) were fed either a starch‐based control diet (STA) containing 63% carbohydrate, 63% fructose (FRU), a 47% fructose plus 16% glycerol (FRUGLY) , or a 47% starch‐based mix plus 16% glycerol (STAGLY) for six weeks. Glucose tolerance was determined after 3 weeks of feeding. Rats on STAGLY diet ate less (P < 0.05) food (g) during the six week experiment (561, 685, 802 and 817 ± 15.9 for STAGLY, FRUGLY, FRU and CON) and gained less (P<0.05) weight (g per 6 weeks) (46.8, 167, 76 and 182 ± 5.7 for STAGLY, FRUGLY, FRU and STA) than the other treatments. Real‐time PCR revealed (P < 0.05) at least a 5X greater abundance of AQP3 and AQP7 mRNA in STAGLY animals compared to STA. The data show that the addition of glycerol improved glucose tolerance and increased AQP mRNA expression regardless of dietary carbohydrate background.
Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Fully Restores Fertility and Spermiogenesis in the Male Delta‐6‐Desaturase Knockout Mouse
Authors: Roqueta‐Rivera Manuel , Stroud Chad K. , Segre Mariangela , Haschek Wanda M. , Hess Rex A. , Agbaga Martin‐Paul , Nakamura Manabu T.
Published: June 2021

Delta‐6 desaturase (D6D) is the rate limiting enzyme for the synthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs): 20:4n6 arachidonic acid (AA), 22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 22:5n6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), all of which are abundant in murine spermatozoa. The D6D knockout (‐/‐) mouse, unable to synthesize HUFAs, is infertile by 6 weeks of age due to disrupted spermiogenesis and lack of spermatid elongation. In order to determine which HUFA is essential for spermiogenesis, AIN93G diet supplemented with either 0.2 % (w/w) AA or DHA was fed to wild type (+/+) and D6D ‐/‐ mice at weaning until 16 weeks of age (n=3‐5). Frequency of successful matings of DHA supplemented ‐/‐ (61%) was not statistically different vs +/+ on DHA. The success rate of AA supplemented ‐/‐ (38%) was lower though not significant vs +/+ on AA, but higher than non‐supplemented ‐/‐ (8%, p<0.05). DHA supplemented ‐/‐ had normal sperm count (116% of +/+) and motility, while AA supplemented ‐/‐ had normal sperm motility but significantly lower sperm count (39% of +/+, p < 0.05). Histology of DHA supplemented ‐/‐ showed restored spermiogenesis with mature sperm in epididymis, while AA supplemented ‐/‐ had partially restored spermatogenesis with mature and immature sperm in epididymis. In conclusion, dietary DHA fully restores male reproductive function in ‐/‐. Partial restoration by AA may be due to sparing of DPA from retroconversion to AA.

Grant Funding Source

Internal
Chronic effects of dietary protein quality and quantity on tryptophan levels and serotonin synthesis in rat hypothalamus
Authors: Fernstrom John D , DiSilvio Briana , Choi SuJean , Fernstrom Madelyn H
Published: June 2021

Tryptophan (TRP) levels in rat brain control serotonin (5HT) synthesis, and diet influences brain TRP and thus 5HT. But few data exist on the effect of protein quality or quantity on this relationship. We fed male rats (200 g) ad lib for 14 d diets containing zein, gluten, casein, soy or lactalbumin at 2%, 9% or 15% (% energy), & killed them 2.5 hr into the daily dark period, 30 min after injecting m‐hydroxybenzylhydrazine (100 mg/kg ip; to estimate 5HT synthesis). Blood & hypothalamus were obtained; TRP, tyrosine (TYR) & other amino acids, & 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), indices of 5HT & catecholamine synthesis, were measured in hypothalamus by HPLC & electrochemical detection. At 10% & 15% protein, brain TRP and hypothalamic 5HTP were lowest in rats ingesting zein (≈2 nmol/g;≈75 ng/g/30 min), highest in rats ingesting lactalbumin (≈13 nmol/g;≈300 ng/g/30 min), & intermediate in rats ingesting the other proteins. The correlation coefficients (TRP vs. 5HTP) were ≈0.90. At 2% protein, brain TRP & 5HTP showed no clear differences among dietary proteins. Brain TYR increased with dietary protein content, but showed no clear effect of protein quality; Effects on DOPA synthesis were relatively small. Hence, in a range of protein intake bracketing the rat's protein requirement, brain TRP level & 5HT synthesis reflect the quality of the dietary protein; TYR level & catecholamine synthesis do not.
Hormone and gender responses in a rat model of binge eating disorder.
Authors: Jurek Samuel , Cooper Amy , Maher Margaret
Published: June 2021

Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is difficult to study in humans. Thus, a rat model may elucidate the role that appetite‐regulating hormones play in such a disorder. Male (M, n=19) and female (F, n=19) rats were fed chow (C) or "preferred" food (P ‐ Oreo® cookies) for a 30 minute "binge" following a 2‐hr food restriction. For five weeks, weight and binge intake were recorded daily. Plasma hormone analysis revealed females had significantly lower leptin (p<0.001) and higher ghrelin (p<0.001) than males. Preferred food rats had higher leptin (not significant) and lower ghrelin levels (p<0.001) than chow rats, with FP having lower ghrelin levels than FC compared with MP and MC (p<0.05). FP consumed more during binges than FC, which was reflected in increased weight gain of FP versus FC. In contrast, MC consumed more during binges than MP, which was reflected in increased weight gain of MC versus MP. The above gender‐by‐condition interactions for binge intake (p=0.15) and weight gain (p=0.19) were not significant. Significant positive correlations were found between leptin and binge intake, leptin and weight gain, and binge intake and weight gain, whereas negative correlations were found between ghrelin and binge intake and ghrelin and weight gain. Our results suggest down‐regulation in the ghrelin system, especially in females, and up‐regulation in the leptin system with this animal model of BED. Funded by UW‐L and NSF‐REU grants.
Association of abdominal adiposity and circulating appetitive hormones in healthy premenopausal women
Authors: Samavat Hamed , Arikawa Andrea Y , Espejo Luis A , Kurzer Mindy S
Published: June 2021

The interrelation between appetitive hormones and overall adiposity is not well established in young healthy premenopausal women. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between total and abdominal adiposity and circulating appetitive hormones. Women in Steady Exercise Research is an ongoing randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of exercise training on oxidative stress status and metabolic factors related to breast cancer risk. In this cross‐sectional study, we studied 160 premenopausal women enrolled in the WISER study (BMI = 24.2 +/‐ 4.5 kg/m2, age = 25.3 +/‐ 3.4 years). Body composition (fat and lean mass) was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Regression analyses indicated that 52% of the variability in leptin (F=55.8, p<0.0001) was explained by total fat mass (46%), insulin (16%), and total body lean mass (2.4%). Seventeen percent of the variability in insulin (F=10.76, p<0.0001) was accounted for by androidal to gynoidal fat mass ratio (10.5%), total body lean mass (7%), and glucose (4.7%). Androidal to gynoidal fat mass ratio explained 21% of the variability in adiponectin whereas glucose accounted for 8% of the variability in ghrelin. These data suggest that, in premenopausal women, androidal to gynoidal fat mass ratio as the abdominal adiposity index is a significant determinant of serum adiponectin and insulin levels. This study was supported by NIH.
Effects of an alpha‐linolenic acid enriched diet on mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in bovine milk somatic cells
Authors: Hunt Katherine M , Carnahan Kevin G , Hatch Brent P , Parnell Kelleen O , Williams Janet E , Rezamand Pedram , McGuire Mark A
Published: June 2021

α‐linolenic acid (αLA) is an essential fatty acid that functions in the maintenance of cell membrane fluidity and the synthesis of eicosanoids. This study examined the effect of an αLA‐enriched feed (camelina meal) on mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in somatic cells harvested from milk. Primiparous dairy cows (n=18) were fed a ration containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% camelina meal substituting for canola meal (18:1 cis9) in a 4x4 Latin square design. Somatic cells (primarily leukocytes and epithelial cells) were separated out of milk and total RNA was extracted for gene expression analysis with real time rt‐PCR. Expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl CoA desaturase was increased in milk cells with the 6% diet whereas milk fat percent and yield were decreased. A negative correlation was observed between the concentrations of serum triglycerides and expression of ACC and FAS whereas a positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of serum non‐esterified fatty acids and expression of the same two genes. More research is needed to elucidate the relationship between mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes in milk somatic cells and serum lipid content. Use of total milk somatic cells may not be an accurate method of measuring mammary epithelial cell mRNA expression. Supported by the United Dairymen of Idaho and NIH‐NRRI grant P20 RR15587.
Galactose promotes fat mobilization in obese lactating and non‐lactating women
Authors: Mohammad Mahmoud A , Sunehag Agneta L , Rodriguez Luisa M , Haymond Morey W
Published: June 2021

Background

Galactose consumption results in a lower rise in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations when compared to glucose. The lower insulin might promote lipolysis during meal absorption.

Hypothesis

An isocaloric galactose drink, when compared to glucose, will sustain fat mobilization during meal consumption while not adversely affecting milk production.

Subjects

5 healthy, obese (BMI 34.4±2.4), exclusively breastfeeding and 5 non‐lactating (BMI 36.3±1.3) women were studied in a crossover, randomized, single blinded design. During 2d on both occasions, subjects received drinks providing 70% of the daily resting energy requirement (RMR) of which glucose or galactose provided 55% of RMR. Primary outcome variables were: rates of appearance (Ra) of glycerol, glucose and palmitate, milk production, substrate and hormone concentrations, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation.

Results

In all subjects, during galactose, as compared to glucose feeding, plasma glucose, insulin and C‐peptide were lower (p<0.05) while FFA and glycerol were higher (p<0.01). Glucose Ra was 72% lower and glycerol and palmitate Ra were 39 and 53 % higher (p<0.01) during galactose consumption. Glycerol Ra ( μmol·kg−1·min−1) was higher during galactose than glucose feeding in both control (2.0±0.3 vs. 1.4±0.2, p<0.05) and lactating women (2.2±0.4 vs. 1.7±0.3, p<0.01). Milk production, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were similar between the two sugars.

Conclusions

Consumption of galactose sustains fat mobilization during meal absorption. Thus; galactose might facilitate body fat loss in obese women. RO1DK 55478, HD 37857, MO1‐RR‐00188‐34.
Vitamin B12 supplementation of lactating Guatemalan women: effects on mothers, milk and infants
Authors: Allen Lindsay Helen , Deegan Kathleen M , Zea Manuel Ramirez , Zuleta Clara , Lildballe Dorte L , Nexo Ebba
Published: June 2021

Maternal vitamin B12 deficiency results in low breast milk B12 and poor infant status. Both maternal and infant status could improve by maternal supplementation but the effective dose is not known. A dose‐response pilot study was designed to answer this question. Lactating Guatemalan mothers were screened to identify those with deficient (<148 pmol/L) and marginal (149‐225 pmol/L) serum B12 (69% of those tested). From these 18 mother‐infant pairs were stratified at 2 ± 0.5 mo postpartum by baseline serum B12 and randomized to 3, 100, 250, 500, 750 or 1000 ug B12/d for 2 mo, and 16 pairs completed the study. Outcomes at 1 and 2 mo were maternal and infant serum B12, infant urinary methylmalonic acid (UMMA) measured by HPLC/MS/MS, and milk B12 using chemiluminescence after removal of unbound haptocorrin by cobinamide‐coated EAH sepharose gel. At baseline 62% of women consumed <EAR for B12, maternal serum B12 was inversely related to infant UMMA (r=‐0.442, P<0.06) , and milk B12 was related to maternal UMMA (r=‐0.638, P<0.02). After 1 mo there was a dose response in maternal serum B12 (r=0.77, P<0.001) and milk B12 (r=0.78, P<0.001) but not infant serum B12 or infant urinary MMA. Results were similar after 2 mo. Only 1% of the 3 ug dose and 0.01‐0.05% of doses =100 ug/d would be transferred to exclusively breastfed infants. Supplementation of lactating women cannot increase breast milk B12 sufficiently to normalize infant status.
Diabetes in HIV Positive Adults in Botswana: Nutritional and Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Hatsu Irene , Baum Marianna K , Huffman Fatma , Bussmann Hermann , Dusara Priti , Makhema Joe , Burns Patricia J , Sales Sabrina , Campa Adriana , Marlink Richard
Published: June 2021

Objective

Botswana is an African country with one of the highest rates of HIV (24.1%) in the general population, in the world. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of diabetics among HIV positive adults in the early stages of the disease who are not on antiretroviral medication.

Methods

After obtaining informed consent, 610 HIV‐positive asymptomatic patients were recruited for the study. The diagnosis of diabetes was obtained from medical records. Structured clinical, demographic and physical activity questionnaires were administered. Two 24‐hour recalls were averaged for each participant.

Results

Out of the 610 recruited, 28 (4.6%) were diabetics compared to 7.2% for the general population in Botswana. In those aged 40 years and older, however, the rate of diabetes in this cohort was 10.8%. Compared with non‐diabetics (n=582), diabetics were older (39.3 y vs. 33.3 y, p<0.001), had higher BMI (27 vs. 24 kg/m2, p=0.01) and were less physically active (p=0.002). There were no statistical differences in intakes of carbohydrates, fat and total calories between the two groups.

Conclusion

Asymptomatic HIV infection doesn't seem to affect the prevalence of diabetes in this population. Risk factors for the development of diabetes are similar in this HIV+ cohort to those for the general population.

Supported by NIDA
A preliminary report on age‐related elevations of saliva advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and arNOX
Authors: Gao Ling , Zhu Jia‐Shi
Published: June 2021

Literature reported elevation of skin AGEs during aging (J Clin Invest 91:2463, 1993). Plasma AGEs did not show the same relationship, but relate to diabetes and other diseases (Diabetes Care 22:1543, 1999; Chin J Gerontol 26:725, 2006). We tested saliva AGEs in this preliminary study, as well as ecto‐arNOX (aging‐related NADH oxidase) that is a potential biomarker of excessive cell oxidative stress and propagates the aging cascade to other cells. Saliva samples were collected in the early afternoon (1‐2 pm) after lunch from 11 volunteers of 20 to 74 yrs‐old. Saliva AGEs fluorescence (ex. 360nm, em. 450nm) was increased with aging after adjusted with life styles (smoking and drinking) (r=0.732, p=0.016). Increases in saliva arNOX activity was found with aging (r=0.676, p=0.022), showing a good correlation with saliva AGEs (r=0.859, p=0.001). This preliminary study with a limited sample size suggests that saliva AGEs fluorescence and arNOX activity may increase possibly correlatively during aging, and serve as potential clinical markers for aging studies. This needs to be further confirmed in a larger population and with more AGEs measurements.
Pulse pressure: a surrogate measure of arterial stiffness in a diabetic Cuban American (CA) population
Authors: Us Saba Nusrath Noor , Huffman Fatma G.
Published: June 2021

The study examined the difference in pulse pressure (PP) among CA with (N=183) and without (N=184) type 2 diabetes (T2D). Subjects were randomly recruited from Miami‐Dade and Broward Counties, FL. An average of two blood pressure readings was used for the calculation of PP, as the difference between the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); (SBP ‐ DBP). Analyses used SPSS and included descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, correlations, multiple linear and logistic regressions. Results revealed T2D subjects had higher PP (52.35) than non diabetics (49.35), p=.033. This association was still significant; F (1,331) = 4.77, p= .030; after controlling for all co‐variates: age, waist circumference, BMI, saturated fatty acid, calcium, HDL cholesterol, C‐ reactive protein, potassium, sodium, diabetes status, gender, smoking and hypertension medications. A predictive model was developed which controlled for covariates. The association was still significant (p=.025); with diabetes status, age and hypertension medication being the strongest predictors for PP. The model explained 18.8% variability in PP between diabetics and non diabetics (R square = 0.188). Diabetics had twice the odds for higher PP than non diabetics; (OR=2.040, p=.012). We conclude that CA with T2D have a higher PP than non‐diabetics and this may explain the higher risk of heart disease among diabetics.
Association of Dietary Intake with Sarcopenia Prevalence
Authors: Sheehy Megan Elizabeth , Avila Joshua J. , Gutierres Julie A. , Delmonico Matthew J. , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: June 2021

Sarcopenia is the age‐related loss of muscle mass associated with decreased physical functioning. Approximately 30% of adults = 60 y have sarcopenia and its prevalence increases with age. Research suggests an association between sarcopenia and dietary components, such as protein, carotenoids, and cholesterol. To further explore these associations, 30 overweight and obese men (n=11) and women (n=19), 60‐75 y were studied. Mean participant age was 66.5 ± 4.5y, mean weight was 86.8 ± 13.9kg, and mean BMI was 31.8 ± 3.5 kg/m2. Percent muscle area (PMA, total thigh muscle area divided by total thigh area) was used as the measure of sarcopenia. Participants were classified as having higher (n=14) or lower (n=16) PMA; lower PMA indicative of sarcopenia. Dietary assessment was done via a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Participants with higher PMA consumed more cholesterol than participants with lower PMA (284.3±133.1 mg vs. 176.7±65.7 mg, p<0.05). Participants with higher PMA also trended to consume more animal protein (60.5±25.7 g versus 45.8±16.8 g, p=0.07) and vitamin B12 (8.7±4.02 mcg versus 6.4±2.5 mcg, p=0.078) than participants with lower PMA. Participants with lower PMA consumed more alpha‐carotene than participants with higher PMA (1186.7±929.2 mcg versus 686.1±559.6 mcg, p=0.09). These data suggest that more research is needed regarding dietary intake and sarcopenia.
Healthy Parameters in First Year College Students Predicted by Mindfulness
Authors: Grinnell Sarah L. , Greene Geoffrey W. , Melanson Kathleen J. , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: June 2021

Mindfulness is defined as the "moment‐by‐moment awareness of life." Limited research has looked at mindfulness related to healthy lifestyles. 92 male and female study participants (ppts), 18‐24 y, were recruited from a general introductory class at URI. Height, weight, WC, and BP were measured: BMI was calculated. Participants completed a 2‐item Fruit and Vegetable Screener, Eating Competence Questionnaire, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Participants were classified as either more mindful (M) if they scored higher on the MAAS or less mindful (LM) if they scored lower on the MAAS. Mean BMI was 22.5 + 3.1 kg/m² for M ppts and 23.7 + 3.9 kg/m² for LM ppts. WC was 75.6 + 8.9 cm and 78.8 + 9.2 cm, BP was 111/65 + 12/6 mmHg and 110/68 + 10/7 mmHg for M and LM ppts respectively. Mean combined fruit and vegetable intake was 3.4 + 1.7 and 2.9 + 1.3 cups, perceived recommended fruit and vegetable intake combined was 6.0 + 1.7 and 5.9 + 1.6 cups for M and LM respectively. M ppts were more likely to have a lower diastolic BP (p=0.08) and were more likely to report a higher intake of fruits/day (p=0.05). M ppts also reported a significantly slower eating rate (2.9 + 0.7 min vs 3.4 + 0.8 min, p <0.05). Preliminary data suggest that first‐year students who are more mindful are more likely to have healthier characteristics. This suggests that more research is needed on the relationship between mindfulness and health related factors.
Study on the nutrient intakes in metabolic syndrome subjects according to gender
Authors: Kim Minji , Ann Jiyoung , Yoo Hyunjung , Kim Yangha
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and characteristics of nutrient intake in MS subjects according to gender. The diagnosis of MS subjects was adapted from NCEP‐ATP¥² with blood glucose, blood triglycerides (TG), blood cholesterol, and blood pressure (BP) and Aisa‐Pacific definition with waist‐circumference. Body weight, BMI, body fat, blood glucose, blood TG and diastolic BP of MS subjects were significantly higher compare to those of Control subjects. However the level of blood HDL‐cholesterol was significantly lower in MS compare to that of Control. The energy intake for MS group was 2047.1 kcal for MS and 1699.5 kcal for Control, showing significantly higher in MS compared to Control. The intake of animal fat, cholesterol, and sodium in MS group was significantly higher than Control group. In respect of gender, men subjects of MS group showed significantly higher intake than Control for energy, fat, and cholesterol. Women subjects of MS group showed higher intake for energy, carbohydrate, and protein.
Diet, Health factors Cuban Americans w/wo T2DM
Authors: Huffman Fatma G. , Vaccaro Joan A , Zarini Gustavo , Nath Subrata
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess dietary, anthropometric and clinical predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by gender and diabetes status in Cuban Americans.

Methods

Cross‐sectional, case control, study of aged‐matched, Cuban American adults with and without diabetes, randomly selected by a mailing list from three counties in South Florida resulted in an informed consent study for whom N= 367 190 diabetics (72 males, 118 females) and 177 non‐diabetics (59 males and 118 females) furnished complete data.

Results

ANOVA confirmed group differences by age, gender and diabetic status in diet and clinical predictors of CVD. Regression confirmed % carbohydrate intake was associated with fasting glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for non‐diabetic females, exclusively.

Conclusions

Differences in diet by diabetes status and gender were associated with health outcomes. Diabetes management of glucose control was associated with age.
Correlation between dietary intake and parameters of the metabolic syndrome in women
Authors: Ackermann Daniela , Jones Jennifer , Comperatore Michael , Volek Jeff S , McIntosh Mark , Kalynych Colleen , Vukich Claire , Lott Michelle , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

We analyzed the dietary records of 18 women (25‐61y) classified with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) with a mean body mass index of 31.8 ± 4.0 kg/m2 to establish potential relationships between dietary intake, anthropometrics and plasma lipids in this population. The mean waist circumference was 101.4 ± 8.8 cm and mean plasma triglycerides were 193.5 ± 45.0 mg/dL. Plasma HDL cholesterol ranged from 23 to 76 mg/dL, blood pressure ranged from 100/70 to 150/90 mm Hg and plasma glucose from 66 to 129 mg/dL. We evaluated diet intake by using 3 day dietary records. Fiber intake was only 56% of the dietary recommendations and subjects were also consuming inappropriate levels of Vitamin D (‐40%), tocopherol (‐45%), ascorbic acid (‐12%), calcium (‐29%) magnesium (‐25%) and iron (‐29%). Waist circumference was positively correlated with energy intake (r = 0.647, P < 0.01), sugar intake (r= 0.547, P < 0.025) and added sugar (r = 0.654, P < 0.005). Intake of omega 3 fatty acids was inversely correlated with systolic blood pressure (r =‐0.475. P< 0.05) while dietary fiber intake was negatively associated with plasma LDL cholesterol (r=‐0.513, P < 0.05). The data suggest that in these women, sugar intake may contribute to the high waist circumference, a key parameter for MetS classification. In addition, it is clear that aside from the obesity problem, this population has poor dietary habits with major deficiencies in important micronutrients [Supported by Metagenics, Inc, Gig Harbor, WA].
The Characteristic of Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with nephropathy
Authors: Lee Yoon Jung , Yeo Eun‐Sil , Hwang Ji‐Yun , Park Jong Suk , Choi Young Ju , Huh Kap Bum , Kim Wha Young
Published: June 2021

Diabetic nephropathy is the most frequent complication in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammation is associated with both renal dysfunction and T2DM. Anthropometric and , biochemical variables and nutrients intakes using a FFQ were assessed. Renal function was estimated by:eGFR(estimated glomerular filteration rate)[ml/min per 1.73m2]=186.3*[[serum creatinine(mg/dl)]−1.154*[age]−0.203]*0.742(if female). Subjects were classified into Normal Group(NG:GFR=60, 89%) and Dysfunction Group(DG:GFR<60, 11%). DG showed significantly higher age, duration on T2DM, and percent of people who used hypertension medication. Means of serum creatinine concentrations, GFR, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 were higher in DG than in NG. Intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, and vitamin B complex were lower in DG than in NG. In males, DG showed higher waist‐hip ratio. In females, DG showed higher urinary albumin excretion, and lower rates of regular exercise. In both genders of DG, serum IL‐6 was positively correlated with fasting glucose levels. In male DG, IL‐6 was positively correlated with urinary albumin excretion. In female DG serum TNF‐α was positively correlated with fasting glucose levels. In conclusion, renal dysfunction was associated with age and DM duration, and inflammation markers in patients with T2DM. (Supported by the second stage of BK21 Seoul R&BD Program, No.10526)
Comparing internet‐ and lecture‐based introductory nutrition courses on affecting changes in dietary patterns among college students: A baseline analysis
Authors: Rueda Janice M , Kaur Deepinder , Lupu Niculina , Khosla Pramod , Jen K‐L Catherine
Published: June 2021

Weight gain in college is attributed to changes in both dietary habits and lifestyle. Obesity is associated with increased risk of chronic disease, and its prevention in young adults could reduce the public health burden of obesity‐related diseases. Completion of an introductory nutrition course has been shown to reduce weight gain in some college students. Our study objective is to determine characteristics of students who enroll in an online introductory nutrition course and those who enroll in the lecture equivalent and to measure changes in body composition and dietary patterns that occur after course completion. Body weight, body composition and BMI were measured, and demographic data, food frequency questionnaires and 3‐day food diaries were collected at baseline. One hundred twenty‐seven students participated (lecture = 59, web = 68). Of students in the lecture class, 71.2% were female, 50.8% were white, 23.7% were African American, and of students in the web class, 77.9% were female, 60.3% were white, 8.8% were African American. The lecture class differed from the web class in proportions with healthy weight (50.8%, 60.3%) and overweight (30.5%, 19.1%).
Impact of Nutrition and Culinary In‐service Training on School Food Service Employee Knowledge and Efficacy
Authors: McGee Nicole Lynn , Spence Marsha
Published: June 2021

As part of a Coordinated School Health Program project to improve the nutrition quality of school meals, a series of nutrition education and culinary training in‐service workshops were conducted. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the training on food service employees' nutrition knowledge and self‐efficacy scores. The subjects were 12 food service employees from a rural school district in East Tennessee. Three 2‐hour in‐service workshops followed by a full day workshop were planned and conducted by a registered dietitian, chef, and public health nutrition graduate student. Pre‐ and post‐ questionnaires were administered to participants. The mean scores of each section of the questionnaires were calculated and compared using paired sample t‐tests. The results showed a significant increase in employees' nutrition knowledge scores (p = .020). Employees' self‐efficacy regarding their ability to prepare foods lower in fat and to prepare fruits and vegetables was significantly improved (p=.005 and p<.000, respectively) as well. Targeted nutrition education and demonstrations of culinary techniques are important initial strategies prior to implementing healthier school menus. After implementation, further research will be conducted to determine if participants' preparation methods improve.
Food and Fun Curriculum for Latina Mothers and Children
Authors: Racine Elizabeth Fussell , Coffman Maren , Chrimes Dale
Published: June 2021

Latina women and children suffer from increased rates of obesity, poor nutrition, and decreased physical activity. In order to address these concerns, the Food and Fun curriculum developed by the Harvard School of Public Health was adapted to educate Latina mothers and children about nutrition and physical activity.

A pre and post test study design was utilized. The program consisted of an eight week educational and exercise intervention. Before and after the intervention, an assessment of BMI, waist circumference, fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity level were taken from mothers and children.

Pre‐intervention data were collected on 15 women; 7 women completed the study. According to paired samples t‐test, there was a significant increase in fruit and vegetable consumption in mothers (t(6) = ‐3.0, p < .02). Though not statistically significant, amount of time engaged in physical activity increased from Time 1 (M = 592.9) to Time 2 (M = 910.0). Analysis of children's data is ongoing.

The study provided preliminary data on the effectiveness of the adapted Food and Fun curriculum for low income Latina mothers and children in Concord, NC. Given the growing Latino population and increasing obesity rate, it is important to test culturally appropriate nutrition and physical activity interventions that have the potential to improve the health of countless vulnerable individuals.
Zinc stimulates extracellular matrix mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Alcantara Ethel Hipolito , Lomeda Ria‐Ann R , Cho Young‐Eun , Alam Md. Jahangir , Kwun In‐Sook
Published: June 2021

Zinc has been implicated as an activator in the regulation of bone formation. Bone formation is characterized by the synthesis of collagen, the major bone protein in the extracellullar matrix (ECM) which then becomes mineralized by calcium deposition.

In this study, we investigated the effect of zinc in the mineralization of two MC3T3‐E1 subclones, SC4 and SC24,cultured in the presence and absence of ascorbic acid. Osteoblastic cells were cultured in normal osteogenic media (OSM), Zn deficient media (1 µM Zn), and Zn adequate media (15 µM Zn) with the addition of 4 µM TPEN as intracellular Zn chelator and supplemented with 75 µg/ml Vitamin C within 20 d of bone formation period.

Our results showed that Zn deficiency decreased collagen synthesis and calcium deposition in both subclones. The expressions of ECM bone marker proteins (ALP, OC, OPN) which are necessary for ECM mineral deposition were also lower in zinc‐deficient osteoblasts. Although ascorbic acid is essential in the formation of collagen, Zn deficiency also decreased the synthesis of collagen even in Vit C‐rich media. These results implied that Zn stimulates mineralization by increasing collagen synthesis and calcium deposition which in turn increase expressions of ECM bone marker proteins critical for bone formation in osteoblasts.

(KOSEF grant No. R01‐2006‐000‐10640‐0 and KRF grant No. KRF‐2007‐313‐C00810)
High‐oleic ground beef, exercise, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women
Authors: Gilmore Linda Anne , Carbuhn Aaron , Crouse Stephen , Walzem Rosemary , Smith Stephen
Published: June 2021

High‐oleic ground beef, in addition to exercise, was hypothesized to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in post‐menopausal women. Eight post‐menopausal women participated in a crossover design consisting of two 6‐week treatment periods with a 4‐week washout period in between. Both treatments were ground beef patties differing only in fatty acid composition (monounsaturated fat: saturated fat was 0.85 (patty 1) and 1.4 (patty 2)). During the exercise bout 500 kcal were burned at 70% of the subject's VO2 max. Plasma and serum samples were taken at baseline, 24 hours pre‐exercise, and 24 hours post‐exercise. Patty 2 caused a significant reduction in total cholesterol before exercise (p = 0.1). This was due in most part, to a reduction in LDL cholesterol, as no significant reduction in HDL cholesterol was seen. After exercise, there was a significant increase in total cholesterol (p = 0.1) back to baseline values in those subjects who consumed patty 2. Glucose and triglycerides were not significantly affected by the diet exercise interaction. The data indicate that high‐oleic ground beef can reduce some cardiovascular risk factors and can be a part of a healthful diet.
The use of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix extract to study how an aging environment impacts muscle progenitor cells
Authors: Stern Matthew Michael , Myers Regina L. , Soker Shay L. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Van Dyke Mark
Published: June 2021

Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, represents one of the most prevalent and significant problems facing our rapidly growing elderly population. With age, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) is reduced; however, a question that has not be adequately investigated is what roll factors extrinsic to MPCs play in this loss of regenerative capacity. The purpose of this study was to develop a model system to study the influence of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) age on the regenerative capacity of MPCs. We hypothesized that age‐related changes to skeletal muscle ECM lead to an impaired ability of MPCs to regenerate skeletal muscle tissue. To investigate our hypothesis, we developed a cell culture model in which the interaction between MPCs and ECM is modeled by culturing rat MPCs on tissue culture dishes coated with rat skeletal muscle ECM extract. Young and old MPCs and ECM were obtained from 7‐month‐old and > 24‐month‐old animals, respectively. The model was used to demonstrate that skeletal muscle ECM extract influences the proliferation and differentiation of MPCs and myoblasts. Surprisingly, subsequent experiments demonstrated that the proliferation of MPCs is enhanced when grown on old ECM relative to young ECM, possibly due to differences in the efficiency with which different classes of ECM molecules are obtained from young and old tissue.
Oral bovine lactoferrin protects bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized mice
Authors: Malet Arnaud , Blais Anne , Beaupied Hélène , Takashi Mikogami , Martin‐Rouas Christine , Tomé Daniel
Published: June 2021

Estrogen deficiency and aging lead to a decrease of bone mineral density (BMD). Injected bovine lactoferrin (bLF) was suspected to improve bone status at physiological doses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral bLF on quality of bone tissue in ovariectomized mice.

Three‐month‐old female C3H mice were either ovariectomized or sham‐operated and fed for 6 months with the control diet (AIN‐93M) or diets including bLF (1, 5, 10 or 20 g/kg diet). Since BMD analysis does not take into account morphological alteration of bone architecture after ovariectomy, we analyzed microarchitectural parameters of bone tissue. Femurs of the mice were imaged by a Skyscan 1072 µCT with pixel size of 4 µm which may separately analyze trabecular and cortical bone. Volume, number, thickness and diameter of pores were measured at femur mid‐diaphysis.

The results showed that oral bLF improved dose‐dependently BMD and femoral failure load, which are correlated to alterations of trabecular and cortical micro‐architecture. bLF inhibited the increase of cortical porosity induced by the ovariectomy. However bLF did not change significantly trabecular bone microarchitecture.

In conclusion, oral bLF supplementation could display a beneficial effect on postmenopausal bone loss by modulating microarchitectural parameters of cortical bone which is strongly correlated to femoral failure load.
Dietary Factors related to Insulin Resistance in Overweight Mexican Pregnant Women
Authors: Perez Marcela , De Haene Jessica , Casanueva Esther , Parra Adalberto , Havel Peter , King Janet
Published: June 2021

Insulin resistance (IR) increases during late pregnancy enhancing the risk of impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Overweight and obese women are at risk for IGT or GDM. Diet is used to treat of GDM, but the relationship between maternal diet and IR in pregnancy is not clear. Objective: To identify dietary factors that influence IR and post glucose load insulin sensitivity (IS) in overweight/obese Mexican women during mid and late gestation.

Methods

Thirty‐seven overweight Mexican women (BMI: 28.7+4.2) were studied. Nutrition counseling was given at baseline (20 wks gestation). Dietary intakes were estimated from three 24‐hr recalls done between 21 and 28 wk gestation. A 100g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at 28wk. The Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA‐IR), the Matsuda/DeFronzo Insulin Sensitivity Index and the insulin area under the curve (AUC) were determined.

Results

Dietary polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake explained 12% of the variability in HOMA‐IR at 28 wk (p<0.05), and the % energy from protein explained 12% of the variability in the insulin AUC (0.05); none of the dietary variables were related to IS.

Conclusion

In this population, HOMA‐IR declined by 4% for each gram of PUFAs consumed per 1000 kcals/day suggesting that pregnant women at risk for IR and GDM should be encouraged to increase their PUFA intake. Partially supported by UC Mexus