bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
End-to-End Chinese Dialect Discrimination with Self-Attention
Authors: Dan Yangjie , Xu Fan , Wang Mingwen
Published: September 2021

Dialect discrimination has an important practical significance for protecting inheritance of dialects. The traditional dialect discrimination methods pay much attention to the underlying acoustic features, and ignore the meaning of the pronunciation itself, resulting in low performance. This paper systematically explores the validity of the pronunciation features of dialect speech composed of phoneme sequence information for dialect discrimination, and designs an end-to-end dialect discrimination model based on the multi-head self-attention mechanism. Specifically, we first adopt the residual convolution neural network and the multihead self-attention mechanism to effectively extract the phoneme sequence features unique to different dialects to compose the novel phonetic features. Then, we perform dialect discrimination based on the extracted phonetic features using the self-attention mechanism and bi-directional long short-term memory networks. The experimental results on the large-scale benchmark 10-way Chinese dialect corpus released by IFLYTEK 1 show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art alternatives by large margin.
An Intelligent Mobile Application to Automate the Analysis of Food Calorie using Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning
Authors: Yu Yongqing , Zou Yishan , Sun Yu
Published: September 2021

As obesity becomes increasingly common worldwide [9], more and more people want to lose weight – for both their health and their image. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), long-term changes in daily eating habits (such as regarding food/nutrition type, calorie intake) are successful at keeping weights off [10]. Therefore, it would be helpful to have an AI mobile program that identifies the types of food the user consumes and automatically calculates the total calories. This paper examines the development and optimization of an 11-categorical food classification model based on the MobileNet neural network using Python. Specifically, it classifies any food image as one of bread, dairy, dessert, egg product, fried food, meat, noodles, rice, seafood, soup, or fruit/vegetables. Methods of optimization include data preprocessing and learning rate and batch size adjustments. Experimental results show that scaling image inputs to standard size (Python Numpy resize() function), 300 training epochs, dynamic learning rate (start with 0.001 and *0.1 for every 30 epochs), and a batch size of 16 yields our best model of 83.44% accuracy.
How Different Text-Preprocessing Techniques using the Bert Model Affect the Gender Profiling of Authors
Authors: Alzahrani Esam , Jololian Leon
Published: September 2021

Forensic author profiling plays an important role in indicating possible profiles for suspects. Among the many automated solutions recently proposed for author profiling, transfer learning outperforms many other state-of-the-art techniques in natural language processing. Nevertheless, the sophisticated technique has yet to be fully exploited for author profiling. At the same time, whereas current methods of author profiling, all largely based on features engineering, have spawned significant variation in each model used, transfer learning usually requires a preprocessed text to be fed into the model. We reviewed multiple references in the literature and determined the most common preprocessing techniques associated with authors' genders profiling. Considering the variations in potential preprocessing techniques, we conducted an experimental study that involved applying five such techniques to measure each technique’s effect while using the BERT model, chosen for being one of the most-used stock pretrained models. We used the Hugging face transformer library to implement the code for each preprocessing case. In our five experiments, we found that BERT achieves the best accuracy in predicting the gender of the author when no preprocessing technique is applied. Our best case achieved 86.67% accuracy in predicting the gender of authors.
Revisiting Mobile Crowdsensing: An Open Challenge
Authors: Ayu Vittalis
Published: September 2021

Mobile crowdsensing has become a new paradigm that enables citizens to participate in the sensing process by voluntarily gathering data from their smartphones to accomplish some given task. However, performing the sensing task generate lots of data resulting in various quality of the sensed data and high sensing cost in term of resource consumption. This matter became a significant concern in mobile crowdsensing as the mobile nodes which act as crowd sensors have limited resources. Moreover, an opportunistic mobile crowdsensing mechanism does not require user involvement, so the data collection process must be autonomous and intelligent to sense the data in the proper context. That is why context-awareness is also essential in opportunistic crowdsensing to maintain the sensed data quality. In this mini-review, we revisit the possibility of enhancing the mobile crowdsensing mechanism. We argue that improving the data collection process, including context-awareness, can optimize in-node data availability and sensed data quality. Besides, we also argue that finding optimization on inter-node data exchange mechanisms will increase the quality of the in-node data. Furthermore, smartphones that are related to humans as their owners reflect humans' physical and social behavior. We believe that considering contexts such as human social relationships and human mobility patterns can benefit the optimization strategies.
SHAPEIoT: Secure Handshake Protocol for Autonomous IoT Device Discovery and Blacklisting using Physical Unclonable Functions and Machine Learning
Authors: Baykara Cem Ata , Şafak Ilgın , Kalkan Kübra
Published: September 2021

This paper proposes a new lightweight handshake protocol implemented on top of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) that can be used in device discovery and ensuring the IoT network security by autonomously managing devices of any computational complexity using whitelisting and blacklisting. A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is utilized for the session key generation in the proposed handshake protocol. The CoAP server performs real-time device discovery using the proposed handshake protocol, and anomaly detection using machinelearning algorithms to ensure the security of the IoT network. To the best of our knowledge, the presented PUF-based handshake protocol is the first to performs blacklisting and whitelisting. Whitelisted IoT devices not displaying anomalous behavior can join and remain in the IoT network. IoT devices that display anomalous behavior are autonomously blacklisted by the CoAP server and are either disallowed from joining the IoT network or are removed from the IoT network. Simulation results show that amongst the five machine learning algorithms studied, the stacking classifier displays the highest overall anomaly detection accuracy of 99.98%. Based on the results of the network simulation performed, the CoAP server is capable of blacklisting malicious IoT devices within the network with perfect accuracy.
Feature Fusion-Based Siamese Region Proposal Network for Ultrasound Tracking
Authors: Zhu Xinglong , Kang Ruirui , Wang Yifan , Ai Danni , Fu Tianyu , Fan Jingfan
Published: September 2021

Object tracking based on ultrasound image navigation can effectively reduce damage to healthy tissues in radiotherapy. In this study, we propose a deep Siamese network based on feature fusion. Whilst adopting MobileNetV2 as the backbone, an unsupervised training strategy is introduced to enrich the volume of the samples. The region proposal network module is designed to predict the location of the target, and a non-maximum suppression-based postprocessing algorithm is designed to refine the tracking results. Moreover, the proposed method is evaluated in the Challenge on Liver Ultrasound Tracking dataset and the self-collected dataset, which proves the need for the improvement and the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Extractive Text Summarization using Recurrent Neural Networks with Attention Mechanism
Authors: Valerie Shimirwa Aline , Xu Jian
Published: September 2021

Extractive summarization aims to select the most important sentences or words from a document to generate a summary. Traditional summarization approaches have relied extensively on features manually designed by humans. In this paper, based on the recurrent neural network equipped with the attention mechanism, we propose a data-driven technique. We set up a general framework that consists of a hierarchical sentence encoder and an attentionbased sentence extractor. The framework allows us to establish various extractive summarization models and explore them. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on two benchmark datasets, and experimental results show that training extractive models based on Reward Augmented Maximum Likelihood (RAML)can improve the model’s generalization capability. And we realize that complicated components of the state-of-the-art extractive models do not attain good performance over simpler ones. We hope that our work can give more hints for future research on extractive text summarization.
An assessment of the effectiveness of the government's procurement policies, with respect to the small-scale building industry in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors:   , Mahlati Landela N.
Published: September 2021

The research is concerned with the success of the procurement policies, implemented by the Government of South Africa, with regards to the emerging contractors, in the Building Construction Industry. A total of 38 Building Contractors in KwaZulu-Natal were interviewed as part of the research to establish the effectiveness of Government procurement policies. The interviews with the construction firms were carried as follows: Sixteen in Durban, four in Ulundi, four in Pietermaritzburg, four in Port Shepstone, four in Richards Bay, two in Hammarsdale and four in Empangeni were interviewed as part of the research to hear their views. An overview of the state of the Building Industry in South Africa, together with all the major role players, is briefly discussed, with an in-depth analysis of the emerging contractors in KwaZulu-Natal. An in-depth analysis of the literature on emerging contractors in the Building Industry has revealed many problems and constraints experienced by emerging contractors, especially in the allocation of government contracts and other benefits. These constraints and problems affect the sustainability of the emerging contractors.
The green township infrastructure design toolkit : creating eco efficient engineering solutions
Authors:   , Saroop Shian Hemraj
Published: September 2021

There is a growing need for co-ordination of design, sustainability, economic and environmental aspects of infrastructure projects. The provision of civil infrastructure has a major impact on the natural environment and on the quality of life. A literature review conducted highlighted that infrastructure development was focused mainly on the financial and engineering aspects of projects. There is an urgent need to apply technologies and methods that deliver better and more sustainable performance of civil infrastructure as well as a need to establish a standard of measurement for greener infrastructure. The literature review revealed that the existing tools do not adequately rate and monitor civil engineering infrastructure design decisions from concept stage, through to detailed design and implementation. The objectives of the research were to identify green design technologies that can be used in township infrastructure and to encourage sustainable design on infrastructure township services, at various stages of the project. This would require the development of a green reporting system that incorporates environmentally friendly infrastructure design solutions. This study identified alternative eco-efficient civil infrastructure design solutions and developed sustainability criteria to analyse the eco-efficiency of infrastructure projects. The study proposed a Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit aimed at ensuring high-performance, eco-efficient, economical and environmentally friendly design decisions on stormwater, roads, water and sanitation related to township infrastructure projects. Various case studies were undertaken on a range of infrastructure projects to ensure consistency and reliability of the toolkit. Through a series of green reports, developed for each stage of a project, the toolkit measured the environmental efficiency of the design solutions. Recommendations suggest that engineering practitioners should endeavour to integrate greener engineering solutions into the traditional method of designing of infrastructure projects. The Green Township Infrastructure Design Toolkit with the use of its green reporting tools ensures the design of sustainable township infrastructure services, by progressively ensuring efficient, affordable, economical and sustainable provision of infrastructure services.
Sleep quality and its relationship with climacteric symptoms and quality of life in women on menopausal transition
Authors: Senouci Azzeddine , Benharrat Latifa Imen , Zemmour Amani , Benhabib Wassila , Mekki Khedidja
Published: September 2021

Background: Climacteric syndrome, occurring during menopausal transition, plays a key role in the alteration of women's quality of life. Aims: This study investigated the relationship between perimenopausal symptoms, sleep quality, quality of life, and food behavior in women on menopausal transition in western Algeria. Subjects and Methods: The study included 131 perimenopausal women (Mean age = 48 ± 3 years). The climacteric syndrome and quality of life were assessed by the menopause rating scale (MRS) questionnaire. The quality of sleep was evaluated by the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and food consumption by the 24h recall method. Results: The mean score of psychological (9.63 ± 2.93) and somatic (10.74 ± 3.43) symptoms were significantly higher (p= 0.000) and the total score of MRS was 24 ± 6, which means that women have an impaired quality of life. A high significance (p= 0.000) was also noted in subscales scores of sleep components; sleep disturbances (1.69± 0.62), subjective sleep quality (1.55± 0.93), and sleep latency (1.40 ± 1.23), compared to other sleep components. Poor sleep quality was explained by a high score of PSQI (8 ± 4). The MRS subscale scores showed a significant correlation with total PSQI score (r =0.600, p=0.01). A positive energy balance was also recorded with a high protein (13% of TEI) and polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (33%) and low lipids (23% of TEI), monounsaturated fatty acids (41%), and animal protein intake (26%). Conclusions: Perimenopause is a difficult period in a woman's life, disrupting her quality of life and sleep quality leading to disturbances in eating behavior and body weight gain.
Keywords: Climacteric symptoms, menopausal transition, quality of life, sleep quality, food behavior.
El lado más oscuro de la pandemia en Perú
Authors: Reyes Olivo Martiniano , Mendez Soto Rony , Gallegos Cuéllar Noland
Published: September 2021

Se sabe que la crisis sanitaria mundial ha afectado a los diferentes órdenes de la vida humana; economía, educación, salud, entre otros, haciendo que la opinión pública mundial preste atención a los efectos de la pandemia Covid-19. Sin embargo, ha pasado a un segundo plano, otra pandemia en la sombra que se ha producido como es la escalada de violencia contra mujeres, niños, niñas y adolescentes, mostrando cifras alarmantes que se han puesto sobre la mesa con un nuevo debate, en sí misma la solución del problema necesita radicalizarse en las medidas de tipo jurídico-policial se debe afrontar como un problema de salud pública con un enfoque de género que nos permita abordar la raíz del problema que apunta al desmantelamiento de un estructura social de base patriarcal en las relaciones de poder y dominación sobre las mujeres y los niños menores de edad. La presente investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo con una metodología de revisión documental de tipo narrativa, nutriéndose de fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. El diseño transversal se ubicó en 2020 con un nivel no experimental. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de la situación de violencia contra mujeres, niñas, niños y adolescentes en el Perú. La presente investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo con una metodología de revisión documental de tipo narrativa, nutriéndose de fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. El diseño transversal se ubicó en 2020 con un nivel no experimental. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de la situación de violencia contra mujeres, niñas, niños y adolescentes en el Perú. La presente investigación se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo con una metodología de revisión documental de tipo narrativa, nutriéndose de fuentes de información primarias y secundarias. El diseño transversal se ubicó en 2020 con un nivel no experimental. El propósito de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de la situación de violencia contra mujeres, niñas, niños y adolescentes en el Perú.
LA FORMACIÓN DE MAESTROS EN CUBA ENTRE 1899 Y 1959. LAS ESCUELAS NORMALES
Authors: Torres Pérez Gilma , García López Ileana , La Rosa Hernández Noemy , Castellá Fuentes Aleida Margarita , Domínguez Torres Alina
Published: September 2021

La formación de maestros constituyó una preocupación desde el inicio de la ocupación norteamericana en Cuba, tanto por los intereses norteamericanos de dominación cultural como por verdaderos sentimientos nacionalistas. Durante el periodo de 1899 a 1959, pero sobre todo en las primeras décadas del siglo, se pusieron en práctica numerosos proyectos con estos fines. Entre los mismos destacaron las Escuelas Normales, por encontrarse entre los mejores y más estables centros de formación de maestros durante toda la etapa republicana. Aunque se han realizado investigaciones históricas sobre la formación de maestros en el periodo abordado, las mismas se consideran insuficientes. En especial, los estudios sobre las Escuelas Normales en Cuba son escasos. Teniendo en cuenta la importante labor de los maestros y por ende de su formación en cualquier época histórica, para comprender la realidad social de la misma, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de explicar la formación de maestros en Cuba entre 1899 y 1959, haciendo énfasis en el papel de las Escuelas Normales en dicha labor. Para ello se utilizaron los métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y análisis documental. Se concluyó que dichos proyectos dotaron a los maestros de conocimientos pedagógicos, pero adolecieron de apego a la realidad nacional, carecieron de práctica y de preparación metodológica en algunos aspectos. Entre ellos, las Escuelas Normales destacaron por la adecuada preparación, empleo de métodos más activos, realización de prácticas profesionales, superación constante y por su proyección en la sociedad a través de diversas vías como la prensa y la radio.
EL LENGUAJE ESCRITO EN ESTUDIANTES CON HIPOACUSIA
Authors: Palma Sierra Jaime Felipe , Carrera Salinas Karla Jeniffer
Published: September 2021

El lenguaje escrito como medio de comunicación e intercambio de información ha tomado gran importancia en la sociedad y más aún con el desarrollo de la tecnología. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo generar factores que contribuyan en la comprensión del lenguaje escrito en estudiantes con hipoacusia. La metodología tiene un enfoque mixto, descriptivo y de campo, orientada en el análisis e interpretación de los resultados de forma cualitativa y cuantitativa, en los cuales se observaron un déficit en el nivel de las destrezas que implica el manejo del lenguaje verbal de tipo escrito. El aporte principal de la propuesta es crear un software educativo que facilite el logro de las competencias del lenguaje escrito en las niñas, niños y jóvenes que poseen discapacidad auditiva.
Effects of polymorphism of the GPAM gene on milk quality traits and its relation to triglyceride metabolism in bovine mammary epithelial cells of dairy cattle
Authors: Yu Haibin , Zhao Yaolu , Iqbal Ambreen , Xia Lixin , Bai Zitong , Sun Hao , Fang Xibi , Yang Runjun , Zhao Zhihui
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM) catalyses the initial and rate-regulated first-stage pathway of glycerol lipid synthesis and helps to allocate acyl-CoA (acyl-coenzyme A) to triglyceride (TG) synthesis and away from degradation pathways in animal lipometabolism-related pathways. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) and GPAM gene overexpression were used to examine the correlation between the expression of GPAM and adipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Additionally, three novel polymorphisms were identified within the bovine key functional domain of GPAM with Sanger sequencing. The relationship between variants of the GPAM gene and milk quality traits of Chinese Holstein cows was then analysed using statistical methods. The results showed that knockdown of the GPAM gene significantly reduced the synthesis of triglycerides in the bMECs (p < 0.05), whereas the overexpression of the GPAM gene significantly increased the synthesis of TG (p < 0.05). In Chinese Holstein dairy cattle, the polymorphic locus of the GPAM gene E20-3386G > A was significantly correlated with fat, protein and somatic cell count (p < 0.05); I18-652A > G was significantly correlated with fat, total fat content, protein, dry matter and somatic cell count (p < 0.05); and I18-726A > G was significantly correlated with protein, milk yield, dry matter and somatic cell count (p < 0.05). Specifically, individuals with the AA genotype of the I18-652A > G and E20-3386G > A polymorphic loci had a higher milk fat percentage (p < 0.05). In summary, GPAM plays a pivotal role in the intracellular regulation of triglyceride, and its mutations could work as a competent molecular marker for selective breeding in dairy cattle.
Third Revision of the Global Surface Seawater Dimethyl Sulfide Climatology (DMS-Rev3)
Authors: Hulswar Shrivardhan , Simo Rafel , Galí Martí , Bell Thomas , Lana Arancha , Inamdar Swaleha , Halloran Paul R. , Manville George , Mahajan Anoop Sharad
Published: September 2021

Abstract. This paper presents an updated estimation of the bottom-up global surface seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatology. This update, called DMS-Rev3, is the third of its kind and includes five significant changes from the last climatology, ‘L11’ (Lana et al., 2011) that was released about a decade ago. The first change is the inclusion of new observations that have become available over the last decade, creating a database of 872,427 observations leading to a ~18-fold increase in raw data as compared to the last estimation The second is significant improvements in data handling, processing, and filtering, to avoid biases due to different observation frequencies which results from different measurement techniques. Thirdly, we incorporate the dynamic seasonal changes observed in the geographic boundaries of the ocean biogeochemical provinces. The fourth change involves the refinement of the interpolation algorithm used to fill in the missing data. And finally, an upgraded smoothing algorithm based on observed DMS variability length scales (VLS) helps to reproduce a more realistic distribution of the DMS concentration data. The results show that DMS-Rev3 estimates the global annual mean DMS concentration to be ~1.87 nM (2.35 nM without a sea-ice mask), i.e., about 4 % lower than the previous bottom-up ‘L11’ climatology. However, significant regional differences of more than 100 % as compared to L11 are observed. The global sea to air flux of DMS is estimated at ~27 TgS yr−1 which is about 4 % lower than L11, although, like the DMS distribution, large regional differences were observed. The largest changes are observed in high concentration regions such as the polar oceans, although oceanic regions that were under-sampled in the past also show large differences between revisions of the climatology. Finally, DMS-Rev3 reduces the previously observed patchiness in high productivity regions.
EuLerian Identification of Ascending air Streams (ELIAS 2.0) in Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Models. Part II: Model application to different data sets
Authors: Quinting Julian Francesco , Grams Christian Michael , Oertel Annika , Pickl Moritz
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) affect the atmospheric dynamics in midlatitudes and are highly relevant for total and extreme precipitation in many parts of the extratropics. Thus, these air streams and their effect on midlatitude weather should be well represented in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. This study applies newly developed convolutional neural network (CNN) models which allow the identification of footprints of WCB inflow, ascent, and outflow from a limited number of predictor fields at comparably low spatio-temporal resolution. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the versatile applicability of the CNN models to different data sets and that their application yields qualitatively and quantitatively similar results as their trajectory-based counterpart which is most frequently used to objectively identify WCBs but requires data at higher spatio-temporal resolution which is often not available and is computationally more expensive. First, an application to reanalyses reveals that the well-known relationship between WCB ascent and extratropical cyclones as well as between WCB outflow and blocking anticyclones is also found for WCB footprints identified with the CNN models. Second, the application to Japanese 55-year reanalyses shows how the CNN models may be used to identify erroneous predictor fields that deteriorate the models' reliability. Third, a verification of WCBs in operational European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble forecasts for three Northern Hemisphere winters reveals systematic biases over the North Atlantic with both the trajectory-based approach and the CNN models. The ensemble forecasts' skill tends to be lower when being evaluated with the trajectory approach due to the fine-scale structure of WCB footprints in comparison to the rather smooth CNN-based WCB footprints. A final example demonstrates the applicability of the CNN models to a convection permitting simulation with the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) NWP model. Our study illustrates that deep learning methods can be used efficiently to support process-oriented understanding of forecast error and model biases, and opens numerous directions for future research.
A hydrography upscaling method for scale-invariant parametrization of distributed hydrological models
Authors: Eilander Dirk , van Verseveld Willem , Yamazaki Dai , Weerts Albrecht , Winsemius Hessel C. , Ward Philip J.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Distributed hydrological models rely on hydrography data such as flow direction, river length, slope and width. For large-scale applications, many of these models still rely on a few flow direction datasets, which are often manually derived. We propose the Iterative Hydrography Upscaling (IHU) method to upscale high-resolution flow direction data to the typically coarser resolutions of distributed hydrological models. The IHU aims to preserve the upstream–downstream relationship of river structure, including basin boundaries, river meanders and confluences, in the D8 format, which is commonly used to describe river networks in models. Additionally, it derives representative sub-grid river length and slope parameters, which are required for resolution-independent model results. We derived the multi-resolution MERIT Hydro IHU dataset at
resolutions of 30 arcsec (∼ 1 km), 5 arcmin (∼ 10 km) and 15 arcmin (∼ 30 km) by applying IHU to the recently published 3 arcsec MERIT Hydro data. Results indicate improved accuracy of IHU at all resolutions studied compared to other often-applied upscaling methods. Furthermore, we show that MERIT Hydro IHU minimizes the errors made in the timing and magnitude of simulated peak discharge throughout the Rhine
basin compared to simulations at the native data resolutions. As the method
is open source and fully automated, it can be applied to other high-resolution hydrography datasets to increase the accuracy and enhance
the uptake of new datasets in distributed hydrological models in the future.
Causes of uncertainties in the representation of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone in CMIP5 models
Authors: Schmidt Henrike , Getzlaff Julia , Löptien Ulrike , Oschlies Andreas
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Open-ocean oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) occur in regions with high biological productivity and weak ventilation.
They restrict marine habitats and alter biogeochemical cycles.
Global models generally show a large model–data misfit with regard to oxygen.
Reliable statements about the future development of OMZs and the quantification of their interaction with climate change are currently not possible.
One of the most intense OMZs worldwide is located in the Arabian Sea (AS).
We give an overview of the main model deficiencies with a detailed comparison of the historical state of 10 climate models
from the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)
that present our present-day understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes.
Most of the models show a general underestimation of the OMZ volume in the AS compared to observations
that is caused by an overly shallow layer of oxygen-poor water in the models.
The deviation of oxygen values in the deep AS is the result of oxygen levels that are too high simulated in the Southern Ocean formation regions of Indian Ocean Deep Water in the models compared to observations and uncertainties in the deepwater mass transport from the Southern Ocean northward into the AS.
Differences in simulated water mass properties and ventilation rates of Red Sea Water and Persian Gulf Water cause different mixing in the AS and thus influence the intensity of the OMZ.
These differences in ventilation rates also point towards variations in the parameterizations of the overflow from the marginal seas among the models.
The results of this study are intended to foster future model improvements regarding the OMZ in the AS.
Passive tracer advection in the equatorial Pacific region: statistics, correlations, and a model of fractional Brownian motion
Authors: Jánosi Imre M. , Padash Amin , Gallas Jason A. C. , Kantz Holger
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Evaluating passive tracer advection is a common tool to study flow structures, particularly Lagrangian trajectories ranging from molecular scales up to the atmosphere and oceans. Here we report on numerical experiments in the region of equatorial Pacific (20° S–20° SN), where 6600 tracer parcels are advected from a regular initial configuration during periods of one year, 25 years altogether. We demonstrate that the strength of the advection exhibits a surprisingly large year by year variability. Furthermore an analysis of cross-correlations between advection strength and El-Niño and Southern Oscillation Indices (SOI) reveal a significant anti-correlation between advection intensity and ONI (Oceanic Niño Index) and a weaker positive correlation with SOI, both with a time lag of about 3 months (the two indices are strongly anti-correlated near real-time). The statistical properties of advection (first passage time, and mean squared displacement) suggest that the westward moving tracers can be mapped into a simple 1D stochastic process, namely fractional Brownian motion. We fit the model parameters and show by numerical simulations of the fractional Brownian motion model that it is able to well reproduce the observed statistical properties of the tracers' trajectories.
ROBUST UNDERSTANDING OF STATISTICAL VARIATION
Authors: PETERS SUSAN A.
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a framework that captures the complexity of reasoning about variation in ways that are indicative of robust understanding and describes reasoning as a blend of design, data-centric, and modeling perspectives. Robust understanding is indicated by integrated reasoning about variation within each perspective and across perspectives for four elements: variational disposition, variability in data for contextual variables, variability in relationships among data and variables, and effects of sample size on variability. This holistic image of robust understanding of variation arises from existing expository and empirical literature, and additional empirical study.
First published May 2011 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
LEARNING IN/DEPENDENTLY IN REFUGEE CAMPS: COMMUNITY-BASED PERSPECTIVES
ON TEACHING, LEARNING, AND TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Dahya Negin , Ekmekcioglu Cansu , Arvisais Olivier , Decarpentrie Laurie
Published: September 2021

The focus of this project is to understand the ways in which
teaching, learning, and technology interact in/dependently in the daily lives of refugee
people in Dzaleka Refugee Camp at home, in the community, and at school. Distinctly, we are
asking questions about the role of technology in the everyday lives of refugee people in
Dzaleka, and specifically related to how teaching and learning relationships are enacted
with, about, and around tools that are of value to community members. This AoIR paper will
be framed around two key components of this work. The first pertains to the methods in
place, specifically, participatory qualitative research methods using remote, digital data
collection. The second area of focus is on the preliminary findings from data collection
underway between April-July 2021, based on the socio-technical exploration of teaching and
learning with technology in Dzaleka. Our study, at present, focuses on three settings:
online learning, music production and DJing, and sewing. This work sheds light on novel,
in/dependent forms of teaching and learning in these areas in one refugee camp. And this
work is needed to inform future technology initiatives in those settings from a community
based perspective.
Role of Raised Bed Technique on Water Productivity and Wheat and under the conditions of irrigated agriculture in central Iraq
Authors: Ati Alaa Salih , Jabbar Hadeel Amer , hamad Abd-alkareem
Published: September 2021

"A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season of 2017-2018 in the site is located at 82"" 10' 33ᵒ North, and longitude 51"" 32' 44ᵒ , East at an altitude of 33m above sea level. In order to evaluate the productivity of irrigation water by method of cultivation on irrigated furrows, when growing crops of wheat. Two factors were experienced in the cultivation of wheat, The first factor is the method of cultivation of five treatments were used included: Treatment of the cultivation of wheat in basins (B), treatment of the cultivation of wheat on bed with 50 cm width (S1), 60cm (S2), 70cm (S3) and 80cm (S4), The second factor is irrigation levels depletion included: 40, 60 and 80% of available water coded as W1, W2 and W3, respectively,. The results were as follows: Actual water consumption values for basin and bed treatments reached 389, 384, 365, 369.20, 367and 341mm for treatment BW1, BW2, BW3,SW1, SW2 and SW3 respectively. Treatment of wheat crops on bed with 80 cm width gave the highest average field water use efficiency reached 6.84 kg m-3 while BW3 treatment gave lowest average field water use efficiency reached 1.47 kg m-3. The highest average crop water use efficiency were found in S4W1ٚ S4W2 reached 2.06 and 2.07 kg m-3, respectively, It was lowest value for crop water use efficiency at BW3 reached 1.06 kg m-3. The percentage increase in the average efficiency of crop water using for bed treatments 40.37, 57.80, 73.39 and 85.32% for treatments S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively Compared with basin treatment (B).The highest average total grains yield for Treatment of wheat crops on bed with 80 cm width was 7253kg ha-1 , Irrigation levels also affected the total grains yield, irrigation treatment of depletion 40% gave highest average 6300 kg ha-1 , That did not differ significantly from the irrigation treatments of depletion 60% In which the total grain yield was reached 6228 kg ha-1 ,In the interference factors between the cultivation method and the irrigation levels, the interference factors excelled S4W1, S3W2 and S4W2 Without significant differences in the total yield average 7600,7310 and 7600 kg ha-1, Respectively"
"Evaluating the performance of triple crosses and their parents of maize under two plant densities "
Authors: Almousawi Samar Hashem Taqey , Hassan Wajeeha Abed
Published: September 2021

"Aiming at evaluating the performance of Three-way and single hybrids and their inbreds of Maize and comparing them with the ""Iba'a5018"" variety under two plants densities, a field. The study included a comparison of 5 inbreds and 10 single inbreds and 11 Three-way hybrids as well as the control variety ""Aba'a 5018"" under two plants densities, Were (60000 and 80000 plants ha-1). Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with four replications under splitplots arrangement were used, the main plots were included two plants densities and the subplots were included the Genotypes (27). Results revealed that low plants density gave ear length (19.64 cm), ears number (1.158 ear plant-1), weight of 100 grains (32.11 gm) plant yield (161.32 gm). Results showed the Inbred 5 gave the high values of plant yield (126.53 gm) because it gave ear height (116.10 cm), leaves number (16.33), ears length (16.50 cm), ears number per plant (1.219 ear plant-1 ), Also the Inbred 4 gave the highest values in yield per plant (132.67 gm), highest weight of 100 grains (30.62 gm). The single hybrids (2×3), (1×3) and (4×5) gave the most significant values in plant yield (164.21, 161.84, and 157.21 gm). As they increased the plant and ears height, leaves number, and ears length it also gave the highestvalues in ears numbers. Most of the Three way hybrids superior over the single hybrids and their inbred and the control synthetic variety, the Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 has a significant differences among his parents and the control variety in yield of plant (184.23 g) ears height average (219.33 cm), ears number (1.24). The hybrids (1×4)×2, (1×3)×5 and (3×4)×2 gave a significant values compared with their parents and control variety in yield per plan. It concluded that the genetics hybrids are appropriate for the Full season, and the single hybrids superior their parents (inbreeds), The best hybrid (3×2) gave the highest yield of planted area reached (11.43 tons ha-1) The Three way hybrid (1×2)×5 gave the highest value in yield of reached (12.75 tons ha-1"
Palynofacies analysis – principles and application for paleoenvironmental studies: implications from Bulgaria
Authors: Pavlishina Polina
Published: September 2021

The use of palynofacies analysis has been steadily increasing during the last decades. This stems from both commercial interests (i.e., hydrocarbon exploration) and academic research of past environments and studies of the global climate changes that took place during the Phanerozoic. In both commercial and academic contexts, there is a need for a better understanding of palaeoenvironmental changes in order to correctly date and interpret the depositional facies recorded in boreholes and outcrops. The present paper introduces this important analysis in the Bulgarian literature with characteristic examples of different palynofacies types documented by the author in Cretaceous sections in Bulgaria and their interpretation. These examples highlight the value of using palynofacies and palynomorph associations in an integrated approach for paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Bulgaria.
Prognostic Value of Myeloid Marker Positivity and its Association with Prognostic Factors in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Topal Neval , Yılmaz Semerci Seda , Çiçek Muharrem , Aydoğan Gönül
Published: September 2021

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of myeloid marker positivity on prognosis and its relationship with classical prognostic factors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Methods: Cases who were newly diagnosed with ALL, followed up in our hospital were included. CD13, CD14 and CD33 were used as myeloid markers by immunophenotyping with flow cytometry in the bone marrow samples. Any parameter higher than 20% was accepted as positive.Modified BFM-2000 protocol was used in treatment and ALL-BFM-95 residual protocols were used in relapses. Risk groups were determined according to the Trall-BFM-2000 protocol. Clinical, laboratory and demographic characteristics of participants such as age, gender, leukocyte count at the time of diagnosis, were all recorded. Patients were divided into three groups according to myeloid markers; those with negative myeloid markers (Group-I), positive one of the myeloid markers (Group-II), those with multiple positive myeloid markers (Group-III). For overall survival, death only was accepted, relapse or death were taken as failure for event free survival (EFS).
Results: A total of 96 ALL cases were included. 44 of the patients were male and 52 were female. Their ages were between 10-204 months and median value was 4.5 years. Nine patients were T-ALL (9.4%), one had biphenotype ALL (1%), and 86 had B precursor cell ALL (89.6%). Group-I had 47 patients. One or more myeloid markers were found to be positive in 49 patients (51.1%). While 42 of them consisted group-II, group-III had 7 patients. The EFS distribution for all patients was between 43,16-52 months, with a median of 45.58 months. There was no difference between the groups in terms of EFS (p 0.871).
Conclusion: This study revealed that myeloid markers had no effect on prognosis. When compared with parameters with prognostic significance, no difference was found except between FAB morphology and myeloid markers. Therefore, studies involving more patients are needed to obtain more precise information on the subject.
Vers une harmonisation de la Chari’a avec le commerce international
Authors: MAZIDI Sepideh
Published: September 2021

La région du Golfe persique en tant que région multijuridique recouvre trois familles du droit. Hormis le droit musulman qui occupe une place considérable dans les systèmes juridiques des pays de cette région, l’influence de la culture juridique civiliste y est également manifeste depuis le mouvement de la codification du xixe siècle. En outre, avant l’adoption du Code civil égyptien, les pays comme l’Irak, le Bahreïn, le Koweït et le Qatar ont été soumis à l’influence britannique. Cependant la Common Law a ses anciennes racines dans cette partie du monde. Dans cette diversité de la culture juridique, l’harmonisation paraît la meilleure solution aux problèmes du commerce international. Avoir un Code international des contrats, établi sur les points de similitude du droit musulman, du droit civiliste et de la Common law est une nécessité que les temps modernes exigent. Cette hypothèse peut se réaliser par le biais des principes généraux du droit.
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: The History Revisited
Authors: N. Agrawal Sujan
Published: September 2021

The medicinal properties of the bark of the Cinchona tree have been known for centuries. It was known to cure fever and malaria. The active alkaloid was first isolated by the French chemists Pelletier and Coventou in 1820. The organized use of a large amount of quinine to prevent and treat malaria was largely done by the colonial military units in the tropics, especially in Africa and Southeast Asia. Scientists soon learned to synthesize quinine-like compounds which included chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Quinine (C18H26CIN3) was first synthesized successfully in 1934. In 1946, hydroxychloroquine (C18H26CIN3O) was developed as its less toxic alternative. Quinine derivatives, CQ and HCQ, are weak bases chemically. They are accumulated in acidic food vacuoles of intraerythrocytic trophozoites. Its antimalarial action is due to the induction of selective toxicity to lysosomes in parasites, thereby preventing hemoglobin degradation. For a long time the role of CQ as an anti-inflammatory agent has been investigated. It is used as a disease-modifying agent against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It has antitumor activities also and has been studied in glioblastoma, colon, and pancreatic cancers. In the recent outbreak of the corona pandemic, there is a resurgence of interest in its use as an antiviral agent. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood; it may involve multiple pathways to act as an antiviral agent. The research activities to explore its efficacy and new applications in various diseases have never ceased. Despite its long history the drug and its derivatives have attracted scientists world-wide.
New Dogma of Christians
Authors: Nababan Sabar
Published: September 2021

The author has been able to talk to God since 2012. This paper contains the results of conversations between the author, God Jahowa, and God Jesus. Many of the new dogmas in this paper are not yet in the Bible.
Pregnant Women's Perception of the Effectiveness, Safety and Timeliness of Antenatal Services Provided by Midwives in Government-Owned Healthcare Facilities in South-South Nigeria
Authors: P.N. Kanikwu , E.N. Chiejina , C.C.H. Odira
Published: September 2021

Background: Both non- and under-utilization of antenatal services can lead to poor materno-fetal outcomes. Perception of the effectiveness, safety and timeliness of the services by pregnant women may substantially affect the utilization. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine pregnant women’s perception of the effectiveness, safety and timeliness of the antenatal services provided by midwives, and the relationships between effectiveness, safety and timeliness of antenatal services at government-owned healthcare facilities in South-South Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 30 primary, secondary and tertiary government-owned health facilities across the six States in South-South Nigeria from which 50 respondents were selected from each of the selected facilities. A total of 1,500 pregnant women were selected for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a self-developed Questionnaire on Pregnant Women’s Perception of the Effectiveness, Safety and Timeliness of Antenatal Services Provided by Midwives. The reliability of the instrument was established through the test-retest method using Cronbach’s alpha which yielded co-efficient of 0.715. Data collected were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean and Spearman Rank order correlation. Results: The result showed means of 4.27+0.68, 3.72+1.03, 3.23+1.17 respectively for pregnant women’s perceived effectiveness, safety and timeliness of antenatal services provided by midwives. Significant relationships also existed between safety and effectiveness (rho = 0.33, p < 0.001), as well as between timeliness and effectiveness (rho = 0.10, p < 0.001) of the antenatal services. Conclusion: Pregnant women in South-South Nigeria had a positive perception of effectiveness, safety and timeliness of the antenatal services provided by midwives. Midwives in government-owned healthcare facilities should conduct regular evaluations to get feedback from pregnant women regarding the quality of antenatal services they provide.
Visual Function and Functional Vision of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Yu Hyeong Gon , Yoon Chang Ki
Published: September 2021

Patients with retinitis pigmentosa have defects in visual function, including the visual field, color vision, contrast sensitivity, and impaired functional vision, such as reading and driving. An assessment of visual function is required when interpreting the outcome of clinical trials of retinitis pigmentosa. Various defects of functional vision should be considered when assessing visual impairment for patients with retinitis pigmentosa.