bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piston ring performance II: measurement of cavitation shapes in different operating conditions and their link to lubricant properties
Authors: Dellis Polychronis Spyridon
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study aims to compare cavitation shapes between the simulating test rig and the engines to strengthen the findings that were first observed in the simplified experiments. Different forms of cavitation were identified, and their shape and size (length and width) were dictated from reciprocating speed and viscosity of the lubricant. Cavitation degrades performance in engineering applications and its effect is that it alters the oil film pressure.

Design/methodology/approach

Lubricant formulations were used for parametric study as well as different operating testing parameters in a simulating test rig and single cylinder engines with visualisation windows. An algorithm was used for extracting cavitation data from imaging, and comparison was made.

Findings

Similar phenomena at the simulating test rig and the engine were investigated and compared. The effect of different operating conditions was assessed along with the variations produced from the parametric lubricant study.

Research limitations/implications

Engine results are limited due to manufacturing difficulties of visualisation windows and oil starvation. Firing tests are another difficult challenge as the modified section pressure is under more pressure and the window view is affected by combustion process. Limited pictures can be captured before cleaning is required. A lubricant manufacturer has to provide data regarding the chemistry of the lubricants.

Originality/value

The effect of cavitation in piston ring lubrication along with variable operating and lubricant parameters is further studied with quantification of cavitation results through image processing. These forms of cavities are affected by lubricant properties and operating conditions. A link between viscosity, cavitation, shear thinning properties, oil film thickness (OFT) and friction is given.
Employee ownership and firm R&D investment: evidence from China
Authors: Ren Ting , Xiao Youzhi , Pinto Daniel , Yang Hongyan
Published: February 2022

Purpose

As majority of studies of employee ownership (EO) take place in developed markets and primarily focus on the impact on firm performance, scholars have recently called for other markets, especially large developing markets to be considered, as well as alternative outcome measures.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the examination of the implementation of EO by Chinese listed firms during the period of 2011–2019 with total 3,473 firms and 21,204 observations, the authors provide empirical evidence on the positive effect of EO on firm R&D investment within the rapidly growing Chinese market.

Findings

The authors find that the adoption of EO promotes higher level of firm R&D investment. This positive relationship is more evident among small firms, non-state-owned firms and local state-owned-firms, compared with their counterparts. As for the plausible channels, the authors find that adopting EO provides a favorable institutional environment, which attracts more technical staff, improves workplace quality, and encourages job stability and greater employee effort, leading to greater R&D investment.

Originality/value

Though the connection between R&D investment/innovation and firm survival performance has been known for decades, the innovation side of outcomes has been ignored by EO research. Therefore, the authors explore the relationship between EO implementation and firm R&D investment within the rapidly growing Chinese market.
Residual properties of alkali-activated slag concrete exposed to elevated temperatures
Authors: Kumar Virendra , Paswan Rajesh Kumar
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This paper attempted to study the alkali-activated (AA) binder consisting of 94% of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and 6% of blended powder of alkali metal hydroxide and metal sulfate, which acted as an activator.

Design/methodology/approach

Several concrete specimens (cubes, cylinders and prisms), which were casted using AA binders, were further tested for mechanical properties after exposure to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. Additionally, to understand the structural behavior in uniaxial compressive load, reinforced concrete short columns were cast, cured and tested at ambient temperature as well as after exposure to 300 °C, 600 °C and 900 °C, to know the residual strength after exposure to elevated temperature.

Findings

The findings for the residual strength of alkali-activated slag binder concrete (AASBC) indicated a substantial agreement with the results obtained for the residual strength of Portland slag cement (PSC) concrete, thereby showing the effectiveness of binder when used as a replacement of cement.

Originality/value

The study clearly indicates that the binder developed is an effective approach for the 100% replacement of cement in the concrete.
Transformations and appropriations of the in-between spaces in Cairo
Authors: Aboualy Sarah , Mansour Yasser , El-Fiki Sherif
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The paper aims to study the applicability of Lefebvre's everyday life theory “production of space” in Sheraton's in-between spaces upon local residents' daily practices. Space as Lefebvre said is a result and cause, product and producer. Sheraton District, Cairo comprises lots of underutilized spaces between buildings. The in-between spaces have great potentials for accommodating diverse activities. The present study addresses the phenomenon of in-between spaces in this district. It is argued that in-between spaces can be developed to realize better functional and symbolic values, as the users attach special meanings based on users' everyday living.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts a qualitative approach to investigate the above relationship on the mentioned district. The study devises direct observation to investigate people's behavioral patterns in such appropriated areas to analyze them in the light of preceding literature.

Findings

The study concludes that people's everyday practices could re-invent the in-between spaces by realizing new functions and meanings in dynamic and creative ways. That experience can apply to other underutilized spaces in the district and the city toward improving the built environment and the quality of residents' life.

Research limitations/implications

Finally, it is important to note that the findings of the study are limited to the studied context. Undertaking similar studies to other in-between spaces in Cairo, in other Egyptian cities or other countries may yield different findings. It may be equally interesting to study the means of adaptation in other underutilized urban spaces, such as those found underneath bridges, underneath buildings and on the rooftops.

Originality/value

The main aim of the present study is to examine the impact of everyday practices on the appropriation of a transformed in-between space in the aforementioned district, and the extent to which that may improve in-between spaces' role toward the local community, in order to promote such approach for developing many underutilized in-between spaces in the area. Toward realizing this goal, the study begins with a theoretical background about everyday life. Then, the paper addresses the theory of space appropriation. The outcome is then empirically investigated in relation to one transformed in-between space in Sheraton District, Cairo.
Modelling the interaction between serious leisure, self-perceived employability, stress, and workplace well-being: empirical insights from graduates in India
Authors: Nimmi P.M. , Donald William E.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Drawing on a framework of Job Demands-Resources (JD-R), the purpose of this paper is to conceptually develop and empirically validate a moderated mediation model of serious leisure and workplace well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected between December 2020 and March 2021 using an online questionnaire. A total of 225 completed questionnaires were received from employees in India who graduated between 2018 and 2020.

Findings

The authors’ findings indicate that serious leisure is positively associated with workplace well-being and that the relationship is mediated by self-perceived employability. Stress moderates the relationship between serious leisure and self-perceived employability in such a way that the association is stronger when levels of stress are higher. Stress also moderates the mediating effect of self-perceived employability on the relationship between serious leisure and workplace well-being such that the indirect effect of serious leisure on workplace well-being is stronger when levels of stress are higher.

Originality/value

Theoretical implications come from drawing on leisure studies literature to differentiate casual leisure and serious leisure. The concept of serious leisure is subsequently integrated into the human resource management literature to explore the relationship between serious leisure, self-perceived employability, stress, and workplace well-being. Practical and policy implications suggest how universities and organisations can support their students and early careers talent by encouraging them to participate in serious leisure activities.
The artist and the photograph: a semiotic analysis of consumers’ experiences with photographs
Authors: Plakoyiannaki Emmanuella , Stavraki Georgia , Tsapi Vasiliki
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study aims to address research calls to investigate how (visual) consumption experiences carry and convey meanings to individuals. Applying McCracken’s meaning transfer model to a photographic exhibition, the authors expand this model into the realm of aesthetic experiences to explore how the meaning of such an (visual) experience emerges and flows to (novice and expert) consumers.

Design/methodology/approach

This research uses an interpretive case study of the photographic exhibition “Facing Mirrors” hosted as part of the Biennale of Contemporary Art, and draws on multiple sources of evidence, notably 50 in-depth visitor interviews, observation and archival records.

Findings

The evidence highlights the moveable nature of meaning within an aesthetic context and illustrates the critical role of semiotics and of the different ritualistic behaviors enacted by novice and expert visitors as a means of unfolding and creating the meaning of such an experience.

Research limitations/implications

The findings provide implications in terms of (co-)creating authentic, immersive and meaningful (brand) experiences in the fields of visual consumption and customer experience management.

Practical implications

Practical implications to arts organizations are also provided in terms of curatorial practices that emphasize the material, emotional and dialogic nature of photographs as a visual art form.

Originality/value

The study provides new insights into (visual) consumption experiences by bringing the meaning transfer model together with a semiotic approach, thus illustrating different performances and sense-making activities through which (expert and novice) visitors (co-)create and appropriate the value of their aesthetic experiences.
Unboxing the therapeutic community for addictions: a locus-of-hope theory perspective
Authors: Ramos Sixtus Dane Asuncion , Bernardo Allan B. I.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

The therapeutic community (TC) is a widely used treatment approach for substance use disorders. Several psychological theories have been used to explain its processes but have put less emphasis on the specific contributions of the person’s cognitive resources. This paper aims to offer a theoretical conceptualization using the locus-of-hope theory which expounds on the person’s goal-directed thinking and how it bolsters the TC process.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviewed contemporary theoretical perspectives on TCs and studies on locus-of-hope theory to provide arguments for locus-of-hope’s utility in understanding TCs. From this review, this paper discusses a formal conceptualization of TCs using the locus-of-hope model.

Findings

In this conceptualization, the authors explained that the TC becomes a co-agent in the person’s goal-pursuit by strengthening the individual’s beliefs regarding one’s capability to develop goals together with the will and strategies to attain these important recovery goals. The person’s hopeful thinking boosts the TC protocols in a dynamic fashion.

Originality/value

This paper offers a locus-of-hope perspective that considers the person’s contributions in bolstering the TC process. Reflections on clinical and research implications were provided. This paper aids further in unboxing of the TC.
Fine‐tuned spatiotemporal dynamics of sporophylls in movement‐assisted dichogamy: A study on Clerodendrum infortunatum
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Amritendu , Quader Suhel
Published: February 2022

Hermaphroditism is cost‐effective because a common investment in reward and attractive structures yields benefits through both male and female reproductive success. However, the advantage is accompanied by an increased risk of self‐pollen deposition, which is generally disadvantageous. Hermaphroditic plants reduce self‐pollen deposition by separating sporophylls (a term applied to the stamens and carpels) either spatially (herkogamy) or temporally (dichogamy). In movement‐assisted dichogamy, both sporophylls show coordinated motion in opposite directions. However, the effectiveness of this movement in reducing self‐pollen deposition may be compromised at the point when the sporophylls cross each other and are close enough to interfere, resulting in a transition phase problem. The solution to this problem lies in the details of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the sporophylls in relation to their reproductive maturity. We studied these details across the floral lifetime of a protandrous shrub, Clerodendrum infortunatum (Lamiaceae), in rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats, India. We took photos of flowers at regular time intervals and measured sporophyll angles from the images. We also carried out a field experiment to determine stigma receptivity. We found that the stigma lobes remained narrowly opened at transition, and the stigma surfaces remained non‐receptive. Our findings suggest that the effectiveness of dichogamy is maximized through two properties of the transition phase: physical resistance to self‐pollen deposition by narrow stigma lobe opening and chemical non‐receptivity of the stigma during this phase. This study emphasizes the importance of accessory adaptations in movement‐assisted dichogamy to tackle the transition phase problem.
Repeated exposure of fluazinam fungicides affects gene expression profiles yet carries no costs on a nontarget pest
Authors: Saifullah Shahed , Margus Aigi , Kankare Maaria , Lindström Leena
Published: February 2022

Fungicides are used to control pathogenic fungi of crop species, but they have also been shown to alter behavioral, life history and fitness related traits of nontarget insects. Here, we tested the fungicide effects on feeding behavior, survival and physiology of the nontarget pest insect, the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Feeding behavior was studied by a choice test of adult beetles, which were allowed to choose between a control and a fungicide (fluazinam) treated potato leaf. Larval survival was recorded after 24 and 72 h exposure to control and fungicide‐treated leaves with 2 different concentrations. The adults did not show fungicide avoidance behavior. Similarly, survival of the larvae was not affected by the exposure to fungicides. Finally, to understand the effects of fungicides at the physiological level (gene expression), we tested whether the larval exposure to fungicide alter the expression of 5 metabolic pathway and stress associated genes. Highest concentration and 72‐h exposure caused upregulation of 1 cytochrome P450 (CYP9Z14v2) and 1 insecticide resistance gene (Ldace1), whereas metabolic detoxification gene (Ugt1) was downregulated. At 24‐h exposure, highest concentration caused downregulation of another common detoxification gene (Gs), while both exposure times to lowest concentration caused upregulation of the Hsp70 stress tolerance gene. Despite these overall effects, there was a considerable amount of variation among different families in the gene expression levels. Even though the behavioral effects of the fungicide treatments were minor, the expression level differences of the studied genes indicate changes on the metabolic detoxifications and stress‐related pathways.
Effects of different extraction methods on contents, profiles, and antioxidant abilities of free and bound phenolics of Sargassum polycystum from the South China Sea
Authors: Wu Yujiao , Gao Heqi , Wang Yuxi , Peng Ziting , Guo Zhiqiang , Ma Yongxuan , Zhang Ruifen , Zhang Mingwei , Wu Qian , Xiao Juan , Zhong Qiuping
Published: February 2022

Total phenolic content (TPC), phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activity of free and bound extracts of Sargassum polycystum, obtained by different extraction solvents and hydrolysis methods, were investigated. Aqueous acetone afforded the highest free TPC and antioxidant ability, followed by aqueous ethanol and aqueous methanol. Twelve free phenolic compounds were identified by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS), including two hydroxycinnamic acids, seven flavonoids, one stilbene, and two phlorotannins. Three to nine different free phenolic compounds were extracted by these solvents with different compositions, including nine by 70% acetone and eight by 70% methanol, 70% ethanol, and 50% ethanol. The highest total content of free phenolic compounds determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection was obtained from 70% ethanol. Alkaline hydrolysis afforded higher bound TPC (274.27 mg GAE/100 g DW) and antioxidant ability than acid hydrolysis. Five bound phenolic compounds were characterized by UHPLC‐MS and five were released from alkaline hydrolysis, whereas two were released from acid hydrolysis. Total content of bound phenolic compounds released by alkaline hydrolysis was 14.68‐fold higher than that by acid hydrolysis. The free and bound TPC, phenolic profiles, and antioxidant activities depended on the extraction solvent used. These results indicate that S. polycystum is a potentially useful antioxidant source and contribute to the development of seaweed‐based functional foods.

Practical Application

Phenolics are usually divided into free and bound forms based on their extractability and interaction with cell wall components. The nutritional effects of bound phenolics in algae have long been neglected. These topics contribute to the development of seaweed‐based functional foods.
Serum IL‐35 levels is a new candidate biomarker of cancer‐related cachexia in stage IV non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Li Zengxun , Zhu Lei , Zheng Han , Jiang Wenna , Wang Yifei , Jiang Zhansheng , Xu Jie
Published: February 2022

Background

Cancer‐related cachexia is a major cause of treatment resistance and poor prognosis, which is characterized by anorexia and skeletal muscle depletion. To date, there have been no reports on the relationship between IL‐35 and cancer‐related cachexia in patients with stage IV non‐small cell lung cancer.

Methods

Serum IL‐35 levels in 86 patients with stage IV NSCLC were measured and statistically analyzed based on patients' clinicopathological parameters. Serum albumin levels, C‐reactive protein, and skeletal muscle index (SMI) of the patients were also determined. In vivo studies using a mouse model were also conducted by subcutaneously injecting immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with overexpressing IL‐35 cell lines and determining their daily food intake, bodyweight and muscle atrophy. Cachexia indicators were measured again after administering the mice with an anti‐IL35 neutralizing antibody.

Results

Patients with stage IV NSCLC had significantly higher serum IL‐35 levels than the healthy controls. Similarly, circulating IL‐35 levels were significantly higher in patients with cachexia than those without. The SMI values of patients with high serum IL‐35 levels were significantly lower than those with low serum IL‐35 levels. Mice subcutaneously injected with LLC PLV‐IL‐35 cell lines exhibited anorexia, weight loss, and muscle atrophy. Moreover, these symptoms were significantly reduced after administering the mice with an anti‐IL35 neutralizing antibody.

Conclusions

This study reveals that high serum IL‐35 expression is associated with non‐small cell lung cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy. These findings highlight its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for controlling cachexia of advanced lung cancer.
Letter: predictive role of magnetic resonance elastography in chronic liver disease—still a long way to go. Authors' reply
Authors: Tamaki Nobuharu , Higuchi Mayu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Izumi Namiki
Published: February 2022

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Higuchi et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16745 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16771
Comparison of laparoscopic and open inguinal hernia repair in adults: A retrospective cohort study using a medical claims database
Authors: Yoneyama Tetsuji , Nakashima Masayuki , Takeuchi Masato , Kawakami Koji
Published: February 2022

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate and compare the surgical complications following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) with those following open inguinal hernia repair (OIHR).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study based on nationwide claims data. We extracted the data of patients aged ≥20 years who underwent inguinal hernia repair (IHR) between 2009 and 2020. The primary outcome was postoperative complications of IHR, and the secondary outcomes were recurrence of hernia and length of hospital stay. Patient characteristics were adjusted with propensity score (PS) matching, the annual proportions of LIHR versus OIHR were summarized, and the surgical outcomes of each IHR were analyzed.

Results

Of the 15 728 eligible patients, 6512 underwent LIHR. The proportion of LIHR increased from 14.7% to 52.8% annually during the study period. From the analysis of 6060 pairs created by PS matching, the risk of surgical site infection (odds ratio [OR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–0.86; P = .0007), and acute postoperative pain (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.60–0.79; P < .0001), and chronic postoperative pain (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.70–0.98; P = .0291) were significantly lower with LIHR than with OIHR. The recurrent rate was not significantly different between the LIHR and OIHR groups (OR, 0.68; 95% CI 0.45–1.01; P = .0558). Furthermore, no significant difference was found in the length of hospital stay between the LIHR and OIHR groups (2.91 ± 1.94 days vs 2.97 ± 2.61 days, difference ± SE: 0.06 ± 0.04, P = .1307).

Conclusion

LIHR might be superior to OIHR in terms of fewer surgical complications and might be preferred over OIHR in the future.
Bayesian Spatiotemporal Modeling on Complex-Valued fMri Signals via Kernel Convolutions
Authors: Yu Cheng-Han , Prado Raquel , Ombao Hernando , Rowe Daniel
Published: February 2022

We propose a model-based approach that combines Bayesian variable selection tools, a novel spatial kernel convolution structure, and autoregressive processes for detecting a subject's brain activation at the voxel level in complex-valued functional magnetic resonance imaging (CV-fMRI) data. A computationally efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for posterior inference is developed by taking advantage of the dimension reduction of the kernel-based structure. The proposed spatiotemporal model leads to more accurate posterior probability activation maps and less false positives than alternative spatial approaches based on Gaussian process models, and other complex-valued models that do not incorporate spatial and/or temporal structure. This is illustrated in the analysis of simulated data and human task-related CV-fMRI data. In addition, we show that complex-valued approaches dominate magnitude-only approaches and that the kernel structure in our proposed model considerably improves sensitivity rates when detecting activation at the voxel level.
A Joint Fairness Model with Applications to Risk Predictions for Underrepresented Populations
Authors: Do Hyungrok , Nandi Shinjini , Putzel Preston , Smyth Padhraic , Zhong Judy
Published: February 2022

In data collection for predictive modeling, underrepresentation of certain groups, based on gender, race/ethnicity, or age, may yield less accurate predictions for these groups. Recently, this issue of fairness in predictions has attracted significant attention, as data-driven models are increasingly utilized to perform crucial decision-making tasks. Existing methods to achieve fairness in the machine learning literature typically build a single prediction model in a manner that encourages fair prediction performance for all groups. These approaches have two major limitations: (i) fairness is often achieved by compromising accuracy for some groups; (ii) the underlying relationship between dependent and independent variables may not be the same across groups. We propose a joint fairness model (JFM) approach for logistic regression models for binary outcomes that estimates group-specific classifiers using a joint modeling objective function that incorporates fairness criteria for prediction. We introduce an accelerated smoothing proximal gradient algorithm to solve the convex objective function, and present the key asymptotic properties of the JFM estimates. Through simulations, we demonstrate the efficacy of the JFM in achieving good prediction performance and across-group parity, in comparison with the single fairness model, group-separate model, and group-ignorant model, especially when the minority group's sample size is small. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of the JFM method in a real-world example to obtain fair risk predictions for underrepresented older patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Exploring links between social identity, emotion regulation, and loneliness in those with and without a history of mental illness
Authors: Hayes Shaun , Carlyle Molly , Haslam S. Alexander , Haslam Catherine , Dingle Genevieve
Published: February 2022

Objective

Emotion regulation and social identity theorizing provide two influential perspectives on loneliness. From an emotion regulation perspective, loneliness is understood as a negative emotional state that can be managed using emotion regulation strategies. A social identity perspective views loneliness as resulting from a loss or lack of important social groups and related identities. This study aimed to explore the relationships between key constructs drawn from both perspectives, with a view to understanding loneliness in adults with and without a history of mental illness.

Design and Methods

Participants (N = 875) with a mental illness history (MH Hx, n = 217; Mage = 45 years, 59% female) and without a mental illness history (No MH Hx, n = 658; Mage = 47 years, 48% female) completed a survey comprising measures of group membership and connectedness, emotion regulation strategies, and loneliness.

Results

The MH Hx group reported higher internal affect worsening strategy use and loneliness than those No MH Hx. Hierarchical regressions indicated that the unique contributions of emotion regulation strategies and social identity factors to loneliness were equivalent between the groups. Together, social identity and emotion regulation explained 37% of the variance in loneliness in the No MH Hx subsample and 35% in the MH Hx subsample.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that both emotion regulation and social identity had significant unique contributions to the reported loneliness of people when controlling for demographics and each other in those with and without a history of mental illness. Integration of the two frameworks may provide novel avenues for the prevention and management of loneliness.

Practitioner points

Individuals with a history of mental illness report more use of internal emotion worsening regulation strategies and greater loneliness than those with no such history, but there were no differences in social identity factors.

Internal emotion worsening strategies and social support received from others explained the variance in reported loneliness for both those with and without a history of mental illness.

Internal emotion improving strategies were significant for those with a history of mental illness, while social support given was significant for those without a history of mental illness.

Screening clients for emotion regulation difficulties, social disconnectedness, and loneliness may provide clinicians with an indication of risk for developing psychological distress/disorders.
Pre‐versus postnatal presentation of posterior urethral valves: a multi‐institutional experience
Authors: Yadav Priyank , Rickard Mandy , Weaver John , Chua Michael , Kim Jin Kyu , Khondker Adree , Milford Karen , Keefe Daniel T. , Lolas Marisol , Dos Santos Joana , Erdman Lauren , Skreta Marta , Selman Antoine Fermin , Ashwal Eran , Viteri Bernarda , Ryan Greg , Tasian Gregory , Lorenzo Armando J.
Published: February 2022

Objective

To compare the outcomes of pre‐ vs postnatally diagnosed posterior urethral valves (PUV) at two large paediatric centres in North America to ascertain if the prenatal diagnosis of PUV is associated with better outcomes.

Patients and Methods

All boys with PUV were identified at two large paediatric institutions in North America between 2000 and 2020 (The Hospital for Sick Children [SickKids, SK] and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia [CHOP]). Baseline characteristics and outcome measures were compared between those diagnosed pre‐ vs postnatally. Main outcomes of interest included progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and bladder function compromise, as determined by need for clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC). Time‐to‐event analyses were completed when possible.

Results

During the study period, 152 boys with PUV were treated at the SK (39% prenatal) and 216 were treated at the CHOP (71% prenatal). At the SK, there was no difference between the pre‐ and postnatal groups in the proportion of boys who required RRT, progressed to CKD Stage ≥3, or who were managed with CIC when comparing the timing of diagnosis. The time to event for RRT and CIC was significantly younger for prenatally detected PUV. At the CHOP, significantly more prenatal boys required RRT; however, there was no significant difference in the age this outcome was reached. The proportion of boys managed with CIC was not different but the time to event was significantly earlier in the prenatal group.

Conclusion

This study represents the largest multi‐institutional series of boys with PUV and failed to identify any difference in the outcomes of pre‐ vs postnatal detection of PUV. A multidisciplinary approach with standardisation of the treatment pathways will help in understanding the true impact of prenatal/early detection on outcomes of PUV.
Complete closure of a large mucosal defect using clips with an elastic rubber band after endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Okubo Yuki , Shichijo Satoki , Takeuchi Yoji
Published: February 2022

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Partial agreement between task and BRIEF‐P‐based EF measures depends on school socioeconomic status
Authors: Nin Verónica , Delgado Hernán , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela , Carboni Alejandra
Published: February 2022

Executive functions (EF), either conceptualized as skills involved in regulation of cognition and emotion in service of goal‐oriented behavior, or reductively as working memory, flexibility and inhibitory control, are commonly invoked constructs in developmental science. Two main traditions on EFs measurement prevail, one consisting of ratings obtained through questionnaires that inquire on behavior in common situations, the other based on performance in laboratory tasks. Whether both types of assessment actually refer to the same constructs is not consensual. Further, the role of school context in the degree of correspondence between both types of measures remains largely unexplored. Here, we show in a sample of over 220 children (age M = 5.6, SD = 0.4 years), by means of multilevel models, that whether EF tasks can predict BRIEF‐P ratings and vice‐versa, depends on the process considered and on the school SES. Inhibitory control, planning, and global executive functioning are associated with BRIEF‐P ratings in all schools. In contrast, we found no association among measures of flexibility independently of school SES. For working memory, we found that questionnaire rating predicts span only in high SES schools, but span predicts behaviors across schools. Our findings contribute to a growing body of literature that proposes constructs assessed by questionnaires and tasks only partially overlap and suggests that school SES may be a relevant factor to consider when questionnaires are answered by teachers.
Deep brain stimulation as a palliative treatment for myorhythmia: A case of failure
Authors: Mosteiro Alejandra , Compta Yaroslau , Valldeoriola Francesc , Rumià Jordi , Roldán Pedro , Vollmer Iván , Vilaseca Isabel , Llull Barbara Laura
Published: February 2022

Background and purpose

Myorhythmia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that derives from a disruption of the Guillain–Mollaret triangle, due to an identifiable structural lesion. It is often disabling and with disappointing control under medical treatment.

Methods

Herein, a case of myorhythmia secondary to a vascular insult in the brainstem is reported and an unsuccessful attempt to palliate it with functional neurosurgery.

Results

A 67‐year‐old man displayed a repetitive, rhythmic, slow 2–3 Hz movement, 6 months after suffering a pontomesencephalic hypertensive haematoma. The kinetic phenomenon affected the orbicular and low facial muscles, the neck, the thorax and the upper limbs. Furthermore, he exhibited tremor of the soft palate and pendular nystagmus. On T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, hypertrophic degeneration of the inferior olivary complex was seen. He was diagnosed with secondary myorhythmia and multiple pharmacological treatments were tested, but failed. Ultimately, deep brain stimulation with bilateral electrodes placed in the thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus was offered. Unfortunately, no alleviation of the symptoms was achieved other than mild improvement in involuntary eye movements.

Conclusions

This is the first case to report the use of deep brain stimulation for myorhythmia. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition, and localization of the pacemaker, may allow identification of reliable neurosurgical therapeutic targets.
Relationship between scalp histamine levels and dandruff within an Indian population: A confirmation study using LC/MS/MS method
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Sudhahar , Vedula Sriram Krishna , Bourokba Nasrine , Ngo TraMy , Jourdain Roland , Eilstein Joan , Choudhury Ratnadeep Paul , Roy Nita
Published: February 2022

Dandruff is a common and challenging complaint associated with type of scalp, skin and population. Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a more severe manifestation of dandruff associated with very severe itching and inflammation. Histamine is an interesting biomarker released in scalp affected by dandruff and SD even though the mechanism is not well understood yet. A monocentre clinical study was conducted to confirm the relationship between dandruff/SD and scalp histamine level in an Indian population. Highly sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for histamine quantification in scalp from samples obtained non‐invasively. Results showed that scalps with dandruff and mild to moderate SD had higher histamine levels compared with healthy scalps.
Understanding family life during the COVID‐19 shutdown
Authors: Singletary Britt , Schmeer Kammi K. , Purtell Kelly M. , Sayers Robin C. , Justice Laura M. , Lin Tzu‐Jung , Jiang Hui
Published: February 2022

Objective

Our study investigates how changes in family contexts were associated with child behaviors during Ohio's COVID‐19 shutdown of early 2020.

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic caused major economic and social changes for families. Rapid research was conducted to assess these changes and their potential impacts on child behaviors.

Method

Using a diverse sample of families with children aged birth to 9 years (N = 559), we describe key economic changes and parent‐reported stressors experienced during Ohio's shutdown period. Then, we use regression models to examine how these family conditions were associated with child emotional distress and changes in sleep routines.

Results

When parents experienced more total COVID‐19 pandemic‐related stressors, they also reported that their children exhibited more anxious and withdrawn, fearful, acting out, and COVID‐19 pandemic‐related behaviors (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Families and children living at home in Ohio experienced significant stress during the shutdown. These findings can be used to inform future studies of the social and economic consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic for parents and children.

Implications

Families and children have experienced multiple stressors during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Researchers and practitioners should continue to monitor and support families and children to mitigate potential lasting consequences.
Limited effect of wood ash application on soil quality as indicated by a multisite assessment of soil organic matter attributes
Authors: Joseph Ruth , Diochon Amanda , Morris Dave , Venier Lisa , Emilson Caroline E. , Basiliko Nathan , Bélanger Nicolas , Jones Trevor , Markham John , Rutherford Michael P. , Smenderovac Emily , Van Rees Ken , Hazlett Paul
Published: February 2022

In Canada, the combustion of forest biomass for bioenergy production has been increasing with an associated increase in residual wood ash. Wood ash is typically landfilled as waste but there is growing interest in applying wood ash to the soils of commercial forests. Ideally, wood ash supplies nutrients that may have been removed through biomass harvesting, increases soil pH, which improves nutrient availability, and potentially improves site productivity, but there is also potential for detrimental effects, such as toxicity, that impair soil functions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of wood ash application on soil organic matter attributes at eight experimental sites across Canada that are examining the effects of wood ash application on site fertility, productivity, and soil biodiversity. Wood ash application had an effect on total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC), mineralizable C, sand size C, and HWEC and MBC normalized to TC, but changes were typically restricted to single sites or differed in their direction, that is, positive or negative. Based on the limited and inconsistent effects of ash on established indictors of soil quality measured in this study, there does not appear to be any advantageous or detrimental effects of adding wood ash to forest soil quality.
Variety of the drift pumice clasts from the 2021 Fukutoku‐Oka‐no‐Ba eruption, Japan
Authors: Yoshida Kenta , Tamura Yoshihiko , Sato Tomoki , Hanyu Takeshi , Usui Yoichi , Chang Qing , Ono Shigeaki
Published: February 2022

Pumice rafts that arrived at the Nansei Islands, Japan, provided a unique opportunity to investigate the Fukutoku‐Oka‐no‐Ba (FOB) eruption of August 2021. Despite drifting for 2 months for ~1300 km, the drift pumice raft had a large volume and contained a variety of pumice clasts, some of which were deposited during a high tide in a typhoon, while others were washed up on a sandy beach. Most of the drift pumice clasts are gray in color, vesicular, and have a groundmass containing black enclaves. Rare black pumice and the main gray pumice components have similar trachytic compositions, with SiO2 = 61–62 mass% and total alkalis = 8.6–10 mass% (on an anhydrous basis). Both pumice types contain clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and rare olivine phenocrysts. Thin‐section observations show that the gray pumice has more elongated vesicles as compared with the black pumice that has spherical vesicles, even where the two types of pumice are in the same clast. The glass in the black pumice is transparent and brown in color, while that in the gray pumice is colorless. No micro or nano‐crystals were observed during electron and optical microscopy. Raman spectra of the brown‐colored glass exhibit a clear magnetite peak, suggesting magnetite nanolites cause the brown color. High‐Mg olivine in the black pumice has an equilibrium temperature of c. 1200 °C and a rim diffusion profile indicative of re‐equilibration with the surrounding melt over a period of hours to days. The textural relationships between the gray and black pumice suggest that the black pumice had become black and viscous before the two types of pumice mixed. Therefore, crystallization of magnetite nanolites and a corresponding increase in melt viscosity were important in the eruption preparation process, which then resulted in a large‐scale Plinian eruption.
Elimination of pyrochlore phase in high‐concentration Sm3+‐doped PMN‐PT piezoelectric ceramics by excessive MgO
Authors: Yang Yixiao , Sun Enwei , Xu Zhimin , Zheng Huashan , Yang Bin , Zhang Rui , Cao Wenwu
Published: February 2022

Undesirable pyrochlore phase often appears in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT)‐based ceramics with high rare‐earth ion (RE3+) doping concentration, which greatly limits their development. In this study, 0–5 mol% Sm3+‐doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐29PbTiO3 (PMN‐29PT:0‐5Sm) ceramics were first synthesized using traditional precursor method. In the X‐ray diffraction spectra and scanning electron microscope images of PMN‐29PT:3‐5Sm ceramics, the diffraction peaks of pyrochlore phase and pyrochlore grains with octahedral morphology were observed, respectively. The reason for the appearance of the pyrochlore phase is that Sm3+ doping causes the Nb‐rich regions. To eliminate the pyrochlore phase, PMN‐29PT:3‐5Sm ceramics were resynthesized by an improved precursor method in which an excess of 4 mol% MgO was added to the reactants before pre‐sintering. After adding an excess of 4 mol% MgO, the concentration ratio of Nb5+ and Mg2+ in the pyrochlore grains returned to the value in the perovskite grains, and the pyrochlore phase was transformed into the perovskite phase PMN. The dielectric, ferroelectric, and electromechanical properties were compared before and after eliminating the pyrochlore phase. The results show that the comprehensive performance of the ceramics is improved after eliminating the pyrochlore phase.
2021 international consensus statement on optical coherence tomography for basal cell carcinoma: image characteristics, terminology and educational needs
Authors: Fuchs C.S.K. , Ortner V.K. , Mogensen M. , Rossi A.M. , Pellacani G. , Welzel J. , Mosterd K. , Guitera P. , Nayahangan L.J. , Johnsson V.L. , Haedersdal M. , Tolsgaard M.G. ,   OCT‐BCC expert panel
Published: February 2022

Background

Despite the widespread use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for imaging of keratinocyte carcinoma, we lack an expert consensus on the characteristic OCT features of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), an internationally vetted set of OCT terms to describe various BCC subtypes, and an educational needs assessment.

Objectives

To identify relevant BCC features in OCT images, propose terminology based on inputs from an expert panel and identify content for a BCC‐specific curriculum for OCT trainees.

Methods

Over three rounds, we conducted a Delphi consensus study on BCC features and terminology between March and September 2020. In the first round, experts were asked to propose BCC subtypes discriminable by OCT, provide OCT image features for each proposed BCC subtypes and suggest content for a BCC‐specific OCT training curriculum. If agreement on a BCC‐OCT feature exceeded 67%, the feature was accepted and included in a final review. In the second round, experts had to re‐evaluate features with less than 67% agreement and rank the ten most relevant BCC OCT image features for superficial BCC, nodular BCC and infiltrative and morpheaphorm BCC subtypes. In the final round, experts received the OCT‐BCC consensus list for a final review, comments and confirmation.

Results

The Delphi included six key opinion leaders and 22 experts. Consensus was found on terminology for three OCT BCC image features: (i) hyporeflective areas, (ii) hyperreflective areas and (iii) ovoid structures. Further, the participants ranked the ten most relevant image features for nodular, superficial, infiltrative and morpheaform BCC. The target group and the key components for a curriculum for OCT imaging of BCC have been defined.

Conclusion

We have established a set of OCT image features for BCC and preferred terminology. A comprehensive curriculum based on the expert suggestions will help implement OCT imaging of BCC in clinical and research settings.
Comparative efficiency of carbohydrates on the biofilm‐forming ability of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Authors: Pathak Richa , Vergis Jess , Chouhan Garima , Kumar Manesh , Malik Satyaveer Singh , Barbuddhe Sukhadeo Baliram , Rawool Deepak Bhiwa
Published: February 2022

The biofilm‐forming ability of microbes is often correlated with drug resistance; however, this association among enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains remains naïve. Moreover, the investigations exploring uptake and assimilation of sugars either qualitatively or quantitatively by the biofilm‐forming EAEC strains have not yet been documented. Hence, this study investigated the role of various categories of sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharide) on the biofilm‐forming ability of three each of multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) as well as non‐MDR typical EAEC strains. The EAEC strains exhibited black colonies on congo red agar (CRA) with monosaccharides and disaccharides, whereas all the strains exhibited red colonies on CRA with the polysaccharide. Although significant (p < 0.001) biofilm‐forming ability was observed by all the EAEC strains in sugar‐dependent microtiter plate assay, color change from pink to orange and yellow was noticed in presence of monosaccharides and disaccharide, while absent in polysaccharides. Besides, significantly higher bacterial counts were observed in presence of monosaccharides and disaccharides (p < 0.01); however, such significant bacterial counts were not noticed with the polysaccharide. Further, the real‐time PCR data exhibited comparatively higher relative expression of biofilm‐associated fis gene among EAEC strains grown in presence of monosaccharides, followed by disaccharide and polysaccharide, respectively that concurred with the flow cytometry data. No significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in the biofilm‐forming ability between MDR‐ and non‐MDR EAEC strains. This study illustrated the role of carbohydrates on the biofilm‐forming ability of EAEC and warranted utmost attention concerning the usage of carbohydrates in food processing industries, for its incorporation as functional food additives.