bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Twelve Years Technology-Enabled Enhancement and Sharing of a Materials Characterization Course by Five Virginia Universities
Authors: Kelley Michael J.
Published: May 2014

Course viability requires dealing with issues of adequate class size, diversity of academic background and goals, English fluency, heavy content and more. To this end, for thirteen years a consortium of five Virginia universities, including an HBCU, has shared a first-year graduate course on materials characterization. The journey began with just classroom co-presence. The present state includes common-server availability of materials (presentation slides, background articles, e-books), of content-delivery lectures (“full flip”) and of recorded class sessions (all). The most significant current issue is making effective use of the extensive in-class discussion time now made available by flipping.
Review of the Geographical Distribution ofDendroctonus vitei(Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Based on Geometric Morphometrics of the Seminal Rod
Authors: Armendáriz-Toledano Francisco , Niño Alicia , Sámano Jorge E Macías , Zúñiga Gerardo
Published: May 2014

The known distribution of the bark beetle Dendroctonus vitei Wood has been basically restricted to species-type location in Patzun, Guatemala, and in San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico. There are also reports of the species in Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. This bark beetle cannot be confidently distinguished from its sibling species Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins, and Dendroctonus sp. nov. by morphological characteristics (e.g., color and pronotum width). It has been proposal that the seminal rod is a useful characteristic to distinguish these species; however, its robustness has not been assessed quantitatively. The goal of the present work was to analyze the seminal rod from 601 specimens of the D. frontalis complex, collected in 89 locations from Mexico and Guatemala, using geometric morphometrics to clarify and update the distribution of D. vitei. Our results confirmed the presence of this species not only in the previously recognized locations (Patzun, Guatemala; San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas; Perote Veracruz, and Chipinque, Nuevo Leon) but also in seven new ones. The analyzed specimens of D. vitei and other D. frontalis complex species showed a strong differentiation in seminal rod shape among them. The accumulated information indicates that D. vitei is distributed across the entire Sierra Madre Oriental, the east Trans-Mexican volcanic belt, the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, and the Cordillera Central of Guatemala.
Copula Duration, Insemination, and Sperm Allocation in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Thomas Donald B , Leal Sandra N , Conway Hugh E
Published: May 2014

The juxtaposition and functional relationship of the sperm storage organs in Anastrepha ludens (Loew) is described. The spermatheca squash technique has been used to determine mated status in tephritid fruit flies, and thus as a measure of compatibility and coverage for sterile insect technique programs. Female A. ludens have four seminal storage organs: three spermathecae and a ventral receptacle. By interrupting coitus at set intervals, it is shown that the ventral receptacle fills first and after 15–30 min the spermathecae begin to fill. Among wild captured flies, all mature (gravid) females had semen in the ventral receptacle, but only 40 – 60% had sperm in at least one spermatheca. Therefore, examination of the ventral receptacle rather than the spermathecae alone is the more reliable method for determining mated status.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Approval Summary: Erlotinib for the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Exon 19 Deletions or Exon 21 (L858R) Substitution Mutations
Authors: Khozin Sean , Blumenthal Gideon M. , Jiang Xiaoping , He Kun , Boyd Karen , Murgo Anthony , Justice Robert , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard
Published: May 2014

On May 14, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved erlotinib (Tarceva, Astellas Pharma Inc., Northbrook, IL, http://www.us.astellas.com/) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 19 deletions or exon 21 (L858R) substitution mutations. This indication for erlotinib was approved concurrently with the cobas EGFR Mutation Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., Basel, Switzerland, http://www.molecular.roche.com), a companion diagnostic test for patient selection. The approval was based on clinically important improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) and an acceptable toxicity profile demonstrated in a multicenter, open label trial enrolling 174 patients with metastatic NSCLC whose tumors had EGFR mutations as determined by a laboratory-developed test. Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive erlotinib (150 mg/day) or platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed PFS. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and ORR. Superior PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23, 0.49; p < .001) and ORR (65% vs. 16%) were observed in the erlotinib arm. Median PFS was 10.4 months and 5.2 months in the erlotinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively. There was no difference in OS (HR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.64, 1.35) with median OS of 22.9 months and 19.5 months in the erlotinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively. The most frequent (≥30%) adverse reactions in the erlotinib-treated patients were rash, diarrhea, asthenia, cough, dyspnea, and decreased appetite. The most frequent (≥5%) grade 3 and 4 adverse reactions were rash and diarrhea.
Investigating the binding potential of continuous casting stainless steel slag by alkali activation
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Cizer Özlem , Pontikes Yiannis , Snellings Ruben , Vandewalle Lucie , Blanpain Bart , van Balen Koen
Published: May 2014

The aim of this work was to investigate the binding potential of non-hydraulic, crystalline continuous casting stainless steel slag, which is a by-product from stainless steel production, by alkali activation with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Calorimetric analysis of the activated slag showed low cumulative heat evolution at 20°C. Slag mortars did not harden at this temperature. Considerable enhancements in heat evolution and hardening were observed at 80°C. The resulting hydrated slag showed the formation of calcium silicate hydrate type reaction products and brucite in thermogravimetric analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a reduction in the amount of γ-dicalcium silicate and periclase. Elemental mapping showed the presence of calcium, silicon and minor amounts of magnesium in the hydrated phase. An optimum activator dosage of 7·5M of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide was found to generate the highest amount of reaction products and compressive strength.
Large-scale simulation of calcium silicate hydrate by molecular dynamics
Authors: Hou Dongshuai , Li Zongjin
Published: May 2014

As the most important binding phase of cement paste, calcium silicate hydrate can determine the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. Structural, dynamic and mechanical properties of calcium silicate hydrate gel at the colloid level (∼15 nm) were investigated for the first time in light of molecular dynamics. Calcium silicate hydrate models were constructed by aggregation of colloids consisting of layered molecular structures. Five calcium silicate hydrate samples were first constructed by 108 spherical calcium silicate hydrate particles coated by water molecules of thickness from 0 nm to 0·2 nm. The built models including 200 000∼300 000 atoms were subsequently subjected to uniaxial tension testing to determine the mechanical properties. Structurally, water molecules coating the colloids disjoin the interaction between neighbouring calcium silicate hydrate particles by replacing the stable ionic–covalent bonds with low-strength H bonds. Water molecules in the interparticle region diffuse faster than structural water molecules inside calcium silicate hydrate gel, which reduces the stability of colloid aggregation. With increasing water-coated molecule layers, both the stiffness and cohesive force of calcium silicate hydrate gels are significantly weakened. During the tensile process, the region rich with water-coated molecules become the crack propagation channel, which accelerates the tensile failure of calcium silicate hydrate gel in the saturated state.
Antimicrobial studies and ion exchange properties of copolymer resin derived from p-HBBF
Authors: Patle Deepti B. , Gurnule Wasudeo B.
Published: May 2014

p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde–biuret–formaldehyde (p-HBBF) copolymer resin was synthesized through the condensation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and biuret with formaldehyde in the presence of hydrochloric acid as a catalyst and with various molar ratios of the reacting monomers. The resulting copolymer was characterized with UV-visible, FTIR, 1H-NMR and C13 NMR spectral data, employed to determine the reactivity of monomers. The average molecular weight of this resin was determined with conductometric titration in a nonaqueous medium. The chelating ion-exchange properties were also studied with the batch equilibrium method. The chelating ion-exchange properties of this copolymer was studied for seven metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Fe3+). The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The copolymer showed a higher selectivity for Fe3+ ions than that for Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+. The surface morphology of the copolymer resin was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and it establishes the transition state between crystalline and amorphous phases. The p-HBBF copolymer resin was tested for its inhibitory action against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The resin shows potent inhibitory action against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp (NCIM 2719) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungi, namely, Candida albicans and Penicillium sp.
Thermomechanical behavior, light and X-ray scattering of polylactic acid
Authors: Reyes-Mayer Adriana , Romo-Uribe Angel
Published: May 2014

This research focuses on the thermal properties, microstructure and mechanical behavior of extruded films of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and compares these properties with those from polyethylene, high density and linear low density. Thermal properties showed poorer thermal stability of PLA (some 100°C lower than the polyolefins), and poorer ability for PLA to crystallize, exhibiting a pronounced cold crystallization exothermic peak, not present in the extruded polyolefins. Poor crystallization in PLA films was corroborated by wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering, and hot-stage optical microscopy. Uniaxial deformation showed that the mechanical properties of PLA film along and orthogonal to the extrusion direction (determined under uniaxial testing at room temperature) are significantly larger than the polyolefins, by a factor of 2–6. Moreover, the mechanical properties along and orthogonal to the extrusion direction revealed significant anisotropic mechanical properties of PLA. Furthermore, the mechanical modulus of PLA was a decreasing function of strain rate thus suggesting a strain rate softening behavior.
Novel opportunities for wildlife conservation and research with real‐time monitoring
Authors: Wall Jake , Wittemyer George , Klinkenberg Brian , Douglas-Hamilton Iain
Published: May 2014

The expansion of global communication networks and advances in animal‐tracking technology make possible the real‐time telemetry of positional data as recorded by animal‐attached tracking units. When combined with continuous, algorithm‐based analytical capability, unique opportunities emerge for applied ecological monitoring and wildlife conservation. We present here four broad approaches for algorithmic wildlife monitoring in real time—proximity, geofencing, movement rate, and immobility—designed to examine aspects of wildlife spatial activity and behavior not possible with conventional tracking systems. Application of these four routines to the real‐time monitoring of 94 African elephants was made. We also provide details of our cloud‐based monitoring system including infrastructure, data collection, and customized software for continuous tracking data analysis. We also highlight future directions of real‐time collection and analysis of biological, physiological, and environmental information from wildlife to encourage further development of needed algorithms and monitoring technology. Real‐time processing of remotely collected, animal biospatial data promises to open novel directions in ecological research, applied species monitoring, conservation programs, and public outreach and education.
Control and Support Models of Help-Seeking Behavior in Women Experiencing Domestic Violence in India
Authors: Mahapatro Meerambika , Gupta R.N. , Gupta Vinay K.
Published: May 2014

In India, there is limited prioritization of domestic violence, which is seen as a private and family matter, and handled as a social responsibility rather than a complaint or crime. Despite the Domestic Violence Act, implemented in 2006, the widespread phenomenon of domestic violence across Indian states goes unreported. Using control and support models, this article aims to examine women’s behavior in seeking help while dealing with partner violence. It is a population-based analytical cross-sectional study covering 14,507 married women from 18 states of India, selected through a systematic multistage sampling strategy. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to generate data.

It was observed that legal complexities combined with social realities make the life of an average Indian woman insecure and miserable. Most women surveyed preferred the social-support model and opined that if they face domestic violence, they would seek help from their parents as the first option in the order of preference. The responses of women while dealing with domestic violence are often spontaneous and determined by the pressing need to resolve matters within the home/community, rather than addressing them in the public domain of state institutions where procedures are cumbersome and lengthy. A new integrated development model proposed by several communities aims to prevent domestic violence through the intervention of health care systems.
Antecedents of Intimate Partner Violence Among Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Finneran Catherine , Stephenson Rob
Published: May 2014

Examinations of gay and bisexual men’s (GBM) perceptions of intimate partner violence (IPV), including their perceptions of events likely to precipitate IPV, are lacking. Focus group discussions with GBM (n= 83) yielded 24 unique antecedents, or triggers, of IPV in male–male relationships. Venue-recruited survey participants (n= 700) identified antecedents that were likely to cause partner violence in male–male relationships, including antecedents GBM-specific currently absent from the literature. Chi-square tests found significant variations in antecedent endorsement when tested against recent receipt of IPV. Linear regression confirmed that men reporting recent IPV endorsed significantly more IPV antecedents than men without recent IPV (β = 1.8155,p< .012). A better understanding of the IPV event itself in male–male couples versus heterosexual couples, including its antecedents, can inform and strengthen IPV prevention efforts.
The Experiences of Homicide Victims’ Families With the Criminal Justice System: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Englebrecht Christine , Mason Derek T. , Adams Margaret J.
Published: May 2014

Although the crime of homicide has received significant attention from scholars, little research exists that examines the impact of homicide on surviving family members. Because opportunities for victims and family members of victims to participate in the criminal justice system are increasing, it is important to understand the impact of these forms of participation on those who choose to participate. This study uses data from focus groups to examine the experiences of homicide survivors within the criminal justice system, including views about how system involvement and specific outcomes (i.e., sentencing) may help or hinder healing. Findings suggest that many families leave the criminal justice system feeling marginalized and revictimized. This study calls into question the current criminal justice system’s ability to meet the needs of crime victim and their families.
Filter backwash water treatment options
Authors: Arendze S. , Sibiya M.
Published: May 2014

Filtration acts as the final step in the removal of suspended matter and protozoa. The accumulated residue is removed during the backwash process and any subsequent recycling of filter backwash water could potentially re-introduce these contaminants into the main treatment process. By separating the filter backwash water from the main treatment process, factors that could interfere with the integrity of the primary treatment barriers, will be eliminated. Treatment and recovery of the filter backwash water would be beneficial in terms of water reuse, by replacing a proportion of the freshwater demand. The aim of this study was to investigate possible treatment options for the filter backwash water at Rand Water. Treatment options for filter backwash water treatment plants usually consist of a solids removal process and a disinfection process. Three solid removal processes for filter backwash water from Rand Water's filtration systems were selected for testing on an experimental basis: (1) sedimentation without flocculation, (2) sedimentation with flocculation, and (3) dissolved air flotation with flocculation. Flocculation with sedimentation produced the best results when compared to the other two treatment options evaluated. It is a simple and effective option for the treatment of filter backwash water.
The use of treated wastewater and fertigation in greenhouse pepper crop as affecting growth and fruit quality
Authors: Dagianta Eleni , Goumas Dimitrios , Manios Thrassyvoulos , Tzortzakis Nikos
Published: May 2014

The performance and suitability of tertiary treated wastewater (TW) and/or fertigation (F) in pepper plants were studied over a 4-month period in greenhouse conditions. Four treatments were used consisting of (1) water, (2) water + F, (3) TW, and (4) TW + F. The F and/or TW application increased plant height and plant biomass compared with the control plants (irrigated with water) while no differences were observed in the number of leaves produced. Plants grown with TW + F were thicker than control plants. The addition of F increased fruit number in both water and TW, which resulted in increased plant yield and fruit marketability for the water application but decreased mean fruit weight for TW application. The application of TW increased fruit total soluble solids but decreased fruit firmness whereas adding F, these changes were normalized. The F and/or TW application reduced fruit total phenolics, fruit acidity, and fruit length but not fruit diameter. No differences were observed in fruit dry matter content, fruit color/lightness (a, b, and L value). Bacteria (total coliform and Escherichia coli) units on the fruits did not differ among the treatments. The results indicate that wastewater may act as an alternative means of irrigation if following strict safety aspects while the fertigation acted beneficially.
Enhancing the Properties of Ti6Al4V as a Biomedical Material: A Review
Authors: Annamalai V.E. , Kavitha S. , Ramji Sarah Ann
Published: May 2014

The alloy Ti6Al4V has evolved as a good biomedical material, by virtue of its bio-compatibility. In order to
make implants out of this material, it has to be shaped and processed. Shaping this material by conventional
manufacturing methods like machining, welding and brazing presents a huge challenge. This challenge has been met by
various approaches like additive manufacturing, surface alloying and heat treatment. Additive manufacturing processes
are used for shaping; coatings and surface alloying are used for property improvement; heat treatment is used for
improving the machinability. The processing method has an impact on the final properties of the product. This review
attempts to trace the development of methods and practices for converting Ti6Al4V into a useful material for biomedical
applications.
Analysis of Different Pressure Thermally Coupled Extractive Distillation Column
Authors: Sun Lanyi , He Kang , Liu Yuliang , Wang Qiuyuan , Wang Dingding
Published: May 2014

In this contribution, a different pressure thermally coupled extractive distillation process has been applied on the separation of propylene and propane with aqueous acetonitrile (ACN) solution as entrainer. The novel distillation pro-cess integration is the combination of different pressure thermally coupled distillation (DPTCD) and extractive distillation (ED). Both the new process and the conventional process have been simulated in Aspen Plus. Sensitivity analysis has been conducted to select an appropriate compression ratio and other operating parameters based on the priority that the propylene product purity is 99.2 wt % and less energy consumption. The influence of the proposed distillation column on energetic and economic aspects is evaluated through intensive comparison against the conventional stand-alone column, and better performance is achieved with up to 46.02% energy saving and close to 9.7% saving in total annual cost (TAC).
Trophic State Index derivation through the remote sensing of Case-2 water bodies in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Papoutsa Christiana , Akylas Evangelos , Hadjimitsis Diofantos
Published: May 2014

The main goal of this study is the derivation of Carlson’s Trophic State Index (TSI) through the remote sensing of four different Case-2 waters in the Mediterranean region such as Cyprus and Greece. TSISD is derived through extensive field ground campaign of Secchi Disk Depth measurements for the Asprokremmos Dam, located in Paphos District in Cyprus; Alyki Salt Lake, located in Larnaca District in Cyprus; and in Karla Lake, located in Volos District in Greece; and finally to three coastal water areas in the Limassol coastal area. Several regression models have been applied in order to develop the best regression model between the TSISD and in-band reflectance values for Landsat TM/ETM derived from spectroradiometric measurements using a GER-1500 field spectroradiometer over the main case study area in Asprokremmos Dam in Cyprus. Finally, we apply several regression models for Asprokremmos Dam for retrieving the suitable Landsat TM/ETM band or band combinations (obtained from field spectroradiometric measurements) in which TSISD can be determined. Indeed, the best regression model has been obtained by correlating ‘TSI Versus Band2/Band3’, with R2=0.89. All field TSISD and in-band reflectance values from the four different water bodies have been used to develop the best fitted model for the established TSI SD Versus Band2/Band3 model. We find that the exponential regression model provides the best fitted equation over the four different water bodies.
Geo-Characterization at selected accelerometric stations in Crete (Greece) and comparison of earthquake data recordings with EC8 elastic spectra
Authors: Savvaidis A. , Margaris B. , Theodoulidis N. , Lekidis V. , Karakostas Ch. , Loupasakis C. , Rozos D. , Soupios P. , Mangriotis M. , Dikmen U. , Tsangaratos Par. , Kokinou E. , Vafidis A. , Rondoyanni Th. , Kalogeras I. , Koutrakis S. , Sarris A. , Papadopoulos N.
Published: May 2014

To estimate the seismic response according to Eurocode (EC8) and almost all other national codes, site conditions have to be properly characterized so that soil amplification and the corresponding peak ground motion can be calculated.

In this work, different geophysical and geotechnical methods are combined in order to define the detailed ground conditions in selected sites of the Hellenic Accelerometric Network (HAN) in Crete. For this purpose, the geological information of the sites and shear wave velocity, calculated from surface wave measurements, is used. Additionally, ground acceleration data recorded through HAN have been utilized from intermediate depth earthquakes in the broader area of South Aegean Sea.

Using the recorded ground motion data and the procedure defined in EC8, the corresponding elastic response spectrum is calculated for the selected sites. The resulting information is compared to the values defined in the corresponding EC8 spectrum for the seismic zone that includes the island of Crete.

The comparison shows that accurate definition of ground type through geological, geotechnical and geophysical investigations is important. However, our current comparison focuses on the distribution of values rather than the absolute values of EC8-prescribed spectra, and the results should be considered in this context.
Geo-portal as a planning instrument: supporting decision making and fostering market potential of Energy efficiency in buildings
Authors: Cuca Branka , Brumana Raffaella , Oreni Daniela , Iannaccone Giuliana , Sesana Marta
Published: May 2014

Steady technological progress has led to a noticeable advancement in disciplines associated with Earth observation. This has enabled information transition regarding changing scenarios, both natural and urban, to occur in (almost) real time. In particular, the need for integration on a local scale with the wider territorial framework has occurred in analysis and monitoring of built environments over the last few decades. The progress of Geographic Information (GI) science has provided significant advancements when it comes to spatial analysis, while the almost free availability of the internet has ensured a fast and constant exchange of geo-information, even for everyday users’ requirements. Due to its descriptive and semantic nature, geo-spatial information is capable of providing a complete overview of a certain phenomenon and of predicting the implications within the natural, social and economic context. However, in order to integrate geospatial data into decision making processes, it is necessary to provide a specific context, which is well supported by verified data. This paper investigates the potentials of geo-portals as planning instruments developed to share multi-temporal/multi-scale spatial data, responding to specific end-users’ demands in the case of Energy efficiency in Buildings (EeB) across European countries. The case study regards the GeoCluster geo-portal and mapping tool (Project GE2O, FP7), built upon a GeoClustering methodology for mapping of indicators relevant for energy efficiency technologies in the construction sector.
Detection and mapping of burnt areas from time series of MODIS-derived NDVI data in a Mediterranean region
Authors: García Miguel , Alloza José , Mayor Ángeles , Bautista Susana , Rodríguez Francisco
Published: May 2014

Moderate resolution remote sensing data, as provided by MODIS, can be used to detect and map active or past wildfires from daily records of suitable combinations of reflectance bands. The objective of the present work was to develop and test simple algorithms and variations for automatic or semiautomatic detection of burnt areas from time series data of MODIS biweekly vegetation indices for a Mediterranean region. MODIS-derived NDVI 250m time series data for the Valencia region, East Spain, were subjected to a two-step process for the detection of candidate burnt areas, and the results compared with available fire event records from the Valencia Regional Government. For each pixel and date in the data series, a model was fitted to both the previous and posterior time series data. Combining drops between two consecutive points and 1-year average drops, we used discrepancies or jumps between the pre and post models to identify seed pixels, and then delimitated fire scars for each potential wildfire using an extension algorithm from the seed pixels. The resulting maps of the detected burnt areas showed a very good agreement with the perimeters registered in the database of fire records used as reference. Overall accuracies and indices of agreement were very high, and omission and commission errors were similar or lower than in previous studies that used automatic or semiautomatic fire scar detection based on remote sensing. This supports the effectiveness of the method for detecting and mapping burnt areas in the Mediterranean region.
Radicals and Radical Ions as Intermediates of Electron Transfer Processes through Peptides
Authors: Giese Bernd , Eckhardt Sonja , Lauz Miriam , Gao Jian , Wang Min
Published: May 2014

Electron transfer (ET) through peptides and proteins is a key biochemical process, which involves radicals and radical ions as reactive intermediates. We have developed an assay that allows us to study this fundamental chemical reaction.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of SmI2–H2O
Authors: Sautier Brice , Procter David J.
Published: May 2014

Recent work from our laboratories has shown SmI2–H2O to be a versatile, readily-accessible and non-toxic reductant that is more powerful than SmI2. This review describes the reduction of functional groups that were previously thought to lie beyond
the reach of SmI2 and complexity-generating cyclisations and cyclisation cascades triggered by the reduction of the ester carbonyl group with SmI2–H2O.
Standardized Mean Differences in Two-Level Cross-Classified Random Effects Models
Authors: Lai Mark H. C. , Kwok Oi-Man
Published: May 2014

Multilevel modeling techniques are becoming more popular in handling data with multilevel structure in educational and behavioral research. Recently, researchers have paid more attention to cross-classified data structure that naturally arises in educational settings. However, unlike traditional single-level research, methodological studies about multilevel effect size have been rare and those that have recently appeared had an emphasis on strictly hierarchical data structure. This article extends the work on multilevel standardized mean differences from strictly hierarchical structure to both fully and partially cross-classified structures. Analytically derived formulae for calculating effect sizes and the corresponding sampling variances (or standard errors) are presented, verified by simulation results, and illustrated with real data examples. Implications for primary research studies and meta-analyses are discussed.
Effect of Oil and Dry Roasting of Peanuts at Various Temperatures and Times on Survival of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Calhoun R. S.
Published: May 2014

A number of outbreaks of salmonellosis since 2006 associated with the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated peanut butter have increased concerns about this food and the associated processing methods. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the level of Salmonella reduction associated with oil and dry roasting of peanuts. After inoculation with either Salmonella or Enterococcus faecium, peanuts were dry roasted for various time durations at 5 temperatures ranging from 129–163 C and oil roasted at 120–160 C for three different time durations. At each dry roast combination of temperature and time in the study, Salmonella and E. faecium reductions were 2.7 log Colony Forming Units (CFU)/g or greater. Dry roast temperature of 154 C provided 4.6–4.7 log CFU/g reduction of Salmonella at 10 min and greater than 5.4 log CFU/g reduction at15 min. Oil roasting for 1.5 min at 150 C resulted in greater than a 6.0 log CFU/g reduction of Salmonella. E. faecium log CFU/g reductions were significantly less than Salmonella reductions in all treatments indicating a greater heat tolerance by E. faecium and documentation that it is an acceptable surrogate for Salmonella on peanuts.
Field Test Results Versus Marker Assisted Selection for Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Peanut
Authors: Branch W. D. , Brenneman T. B. , Hookstra G.
Published: May 2014

A common set of 12 advanced Georgia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) breeding lines that were derived from ‘COAN’ cross combinations were compared with three check cultivars for root-knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1] resistance. These 15 genotypes were grown in RKN populated field tests using a randomized complete block design with three replications for two years (2011 and 2012). Two molecular markers (SCAR 197/909 and SSR-GM565) used for marker assisted selection (MAS) did not agree with low gall ratings and high pod yield for four out of the 15 genotypes (26.7%). The results were the same each year with the same four field RKN-resistant genotypes being incorrectly identified as susceptible (false negatives) by both markers. Reciprocal cross combinations involving field resistant parents showed one-gene difference between MAS resistant × MAS susceptible in F1 and F2 populations. The lack of accuracy differentiating resistant RKN breeding lines when using these two markers was attributed to either recombination between the resistant gene RMA and these two markers, or the possible identification of a second unlinked nematode resistant gene. Regardless, more tightly-linked molecular markers are needed for RKN-resistance in future MAS breeding programs.
Correlation between the serum sodium and the severity of liver disease in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Mamun AA , Mridha MJU , Alam K , Asraf MS , Ferdoushi S , Majid F
Published: May 2014

Though hyponatremia is the common sequel of cirrhotic patient and had impact on the clinical management of cirrhotic patient, no such study had been done yet in Bangladesh, so the present study planned to elucidate the prevalence and to find out any association of hyponatremia and the severity of cirrhosis. The severity was scaled by Child-Pugh score. This study included 85 patient of both sex having mean age of 46.5±11. Hepatitis B virus infection was the main cause of cirrhosis (68%) and 18% cirrhotic patients had attack with hepatitis C virus. The study sought that about 30% of cirrhotic patient had hyponatremia (serum sodium >130 meq/L). We found neither association nor correlation of hyponatremia with Child Pugh score. The study found that serum chloride varied directly with sodium but indirectly with potassium. So we conclude that the hyponatremia was a common manifestation of cirrhosis but the severity of liver disease had no effect on serum electrolytes profile.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.18999 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 73-77
A case of congenital maldisposition of pelvic peritoneum & chronic retention of urine at term pregnancy
Authors: Banu N , Ferdouse J
Published: May 2014

Mal disposition of peritoneum over abdominal organs were reported both in cadaver & in diseased persons; but no report was found particularly about mal disposition of pelvic peritoneum. We are sharing our experience of a rare cause of chronic urinary retention due to abnormal disposition of pelvic peritoneum, diagnosed incidentally during lower segment ceaserian section. A 23 years young lady admitted at her term pregnancy as a case of prolong labour with failure of descend of fetal head. A healthy female baby was delivered by ower segment ceaserian section. But the procedure was not so smooth, though she had no risk factors for adhesive disease or past abdominal surgery. The bladder was hugely distended & atonic without any sign of obstructed labour. The peritoneal reflection was near fundus of the uterus; thats why the bladder was pulled up along with the growing uterus. On further inquiry, she gave the history of incomplete voiding from her 28th weeks of pregnancy. The peritoneum over other pelvic organs was also found loosely attached. The abnormal disposition of peritoneum over bladder & uterus is absolutely benign congenital malformation; but the condition is not free from complication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19003 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 89-91
Why should we pay a doctor who is from our own locality
Authors: Uddin B
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19006 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 98
Melioidosis: Deadly bacteria in Gazipur soil of Bangladesh
Authors: Editor The
Published: May 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v42i3.19007 Bangladesh Med J. 2013 Sept; 42 (3): 99
Correction: Sidawi, B. The Impact of Social Interaction and Communications on Innovation in the Architectural Design Studio. Buildings 2012, 2, 203-217
Authors: Sidawi Bhzad
Published: May 2014

The author wishes to make the following corrections to [1]. [...]
Circulating Tumor Cells: What Is in It for the Patient? A Vision towards the Future
Authors: Van de Stolpe Anja , Den Toonder Jaap
Published: May 2014

Knowledge on cellular signal transduction pathways as drivers of cancer growth and metastasis has fuelled development of “targeted therapy” which “targets” aberrant oncogenic signal transduction pathways. These drugs require nearly invariably companion diagnostic tests to identify the tumor-driving pathway and the cause of the abnormal pathway activity in a tumor sample, both for therapy response prediction as well as for monitoring of therapy response and emerging secondary drug resistance. Obtaining sufficient tumor material for this analysis in the metastatic setting is a challenge, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an attractive alternative to biopsy on the premise that they can be captured from blood and the companion diagnostic test results are correctly interpreted. We discuss novel companion diagnostic directions, including the challenges, to identify the tumor driving pathway in CTCs, which in combination with a digital pathology platform and algorithms to quantitatively interpret complex CTC diagnostic results may enable optimized therapy response prediction and monitoring. In contrast to CTC-based companion diagnostics, CTC enumeration is envisioned to be largely replaced by cell free tumor DNA measurements in blood for therapy response and recurrence monitoring. The recent emergence of novel in vitro human model systems in the form of cancer-on-a-chip may enable elucidation of some of the so far elusive characteristics of CTCs, and is expected to contribute to more efficient CTC capture and CTC-based diagnostics.
Assessing the Possibility of Biological Complexity on Other Worlds, with an Estimate of the Occurrence of Complex Life in the Milky Way Galaxy
Authors: Irwin Louis , Méndez Abel , Fairén Alberto , Schulze-Makuch Dirk
Published: May 2014

Rational speculation about biological evolution on other worlds is one of the outstanding challenges in astrobiology. With the growing confirmation that multiplanetary systems abound in the universe, the prospect that life occurs redundantly throughout the cosmos is gaining widespread support. Given the enormous number of possible abodes for life likely to be discovered on an ongoing basis, the prospect that life could have evolved into complex, macro-organismic communities in at least some cases merits consideration. Toward that end, we here propose a Biological Complexity Index (BCI), designed to provide a quantitative estimate of the relative probability that complex, macro-organismic life forms could have emerged on other worlds. The BCI ranks planets and moons by basic, first-order characteristics detectable with available technology. By our calculation only 11 (~1.7%) of the extrasolar planets known to date have a BCI above that of Europa; but by extrapolation, the total of such planets could exceed 100 million in our galaxy alone. This is the first quantitative assessment of the plausibility of complex life throughout the universe based on empirical data. It supports the view that the evolution of complex life on other worlds is rare in frequency but large in absolute number.
Dental Hygienist Students’ Learning About Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Johansson Ann-Christin , Johannsen Gunnar , Uhlin Lars , Johannsen Annsofi
Published: May 2014

Objective: To investigate whether dental hygienist students through peer-learning can increase their ability to conduct motivational interviewing (MI) compared with students who follow the regular curriculum. The aim was also to get an insight into the process of learning of MI. Materials and Methods: Ten dental hygienist students were randomly selected to either the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). Students in the IG performed two MI sessions, which were discussed in a peer group and with a tutor. Thereafter the students performed the third MI sessions, which was evaluated by “Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity Code, Version 3.1”. The CG consisted of five students who followed the regular curriculum in the education and they conducted one MI session. A questionnaire was used to study how students reflected before and after these MI sessions. The analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics and for the comparison between groups the Mann-Whitney test was used. Results: The students in the IG used significantly more, simple and complex reflections (p < 0.05) compared to the CG. The IG gave also significantly less information during the counseling, and thereby asked more open-ended questions than the CG (p < 0.05). Both groups planned their MI sessions carefully by preparing questions before they met the patients. Conclusion: Dental hygienist students in the present study increased their skills in motivational interviewing by peer-learning from other students and from a tutor, compared to a control group.
Evaluating Three Hydrological Distributed Watershed Models: MIKE-SHE, APEX, SWAT
Authors: Golmohammadi Golmar , Prasher Shiv , Madani Ali , Rudra Ramesh
Published: May 2014

Selecting the right model to simulate a specific watershed has always been a challenge, and field testing of watersheds could help researchers to use the proper model for their purposes. The performance of three popular Geographic Information System (GIS)-based watershed simulation models (European Hydrological System Model (MIKE SHE), Agricultural Policy/Environmental Extender (APEX) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)) were evaluated for their ability to simulate the hydrology of the 52.6 km2 Canagagigue Watershed located in the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario, Canada. All three models were calibrated for a four-year period and then validated using an independent four-year period by comparing simulated and observed daily, monthly and annual streamflow. The simulated flows generated by the three models are quite similar and closely match the observed flow, particularly for the calibration results. The mean daily/monthly flow at the outlet of the Canagagigue Watershed simulated by MIKE SHE was more accurate than that simulated by either the SWAT or the APEX model, during both the calibration and validation periods. Moreover, for the validation period, MIKE SHE predicted the overall variation of streamflow slightly better than either SWAT or APEX.
Assessing Alcohol Dependence in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Doering-Silveira Juliana , Fidalgo Thiago , Nascimento Carolina , Alves Juliana , Seito Caroline , Saita Maria , Belluzzi Lorenza , Silva Laila , Silveira Dartiu , Rosa-Oliveira Leonardo
Published: May 2014

Alcohol misuse is generally not detected in hospital settings. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence in hospitalized patients in a university hospital in Sao Paulo (Brazil). Patients were randomly selected from all hospital admissions. The final sample consisted of 169 adult inpatients. Two screening tools were used: the Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) and the CAGE questionnaires. In this sample, 25.4% of patients could be considered alcohol dependent according to the CAGE questionnaire, whereas 32.9% of patients fulfilled the criteria according to the SADD. The only predictor of alcohol dependence was gender; male inpatients were 3.2 times more prone to alcohol dependence with female inpatients. All inpatients should be systematically screened for alcohol use disorders. The choice of the screening tool will depend on whether the goal is to identify inpatients with hazardous drinking behaviors or with established alcohol-related problems. To maximize proper case identification, the CAGE questionnaire should be used as a first-step screening tool, and patients who screen positive on this scale should be subsequently administered the SADD questionnaire to assess the severity of the condition.
Evaluation of Zosteric Acid for Mitigating Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas putida Isolated from a Membrane Bioreactor System
Authors: Polo Andrea , Foladori Paola , Ponti Benedetta , Bettinetti Roberta , Gambino Michela , Villa Federica , Cappitelli Francesca
Published: May 2014

This study provides data to define an efficient biocide-free strategy based on zosteric acid to counteract biofilm formation on the membranes of submerged bioreactor system plants. 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis showed that gammaproteobacteria was the prevalent taxa on fouled membranes of an Italian wastewater plant. Pseudomonas was the prevalent genus among the cultivable membrane-fouler bacteria and Pseudomonas putida was selected as the target microorganism to test the efficacy of the antifoulant. Zosteric acid was not a source of carbon and energy for P. putida cells and, at 200 mg/L, it caused a reduction of bacterial coverage by 80%. Biofilm experiments confirmed the compound caused a significant decrease in biomass (−97%) and thickness (−50%), and it induced a migration activity of the peritrichous flagellated P. putida over the polycarbonate surface not amenable to a biofilm phenotype. The low octanol-water partitioning coefficient and the high water solubility suggested a low bioaccumulation potential and the water compartment as its main environmental recipient and capacitor. Preliminary ecotoxicological tests did not highlight direct toxicity effects toward Daphnia magna. For green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata an effect was observed at concentrations above 100 mg/L with a significant growth of protozoa that may be connected to a concurrent algal growth inhibition.
Molecular Biology of Brain Metastasis
Authors: Svokos Konstantina , Salhia Bodour , Toms Steven
Published: May 2014

Metastasis to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic cancer. As the length of survival in patients with systemic cancer improves, thanks to multimodality therapies, focusing on metastases to the CNS becomes of paramount importance. Unique interactions between the brain’s micro-environment, blood-brain barrier, and tumor cells are hypothesized to promote distinct molecular features in CNS metastases that may require tailored therapeutic approaches. This review will focus on the pathophysiology, epigenetics, and immunobiology of brain metastases in order to understand the metastatic cascade. Cancer cells escape the primary tumor, intravasate into blood vessels, survive the hematogenous dissemination to the CNS, arrest in brain capillaries, extravasate, proliferate, and develop angiogenic abilities to establish metastases. Molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics are rapidly expanding, enabling us to advance our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved. Research approaches using cell lines that preferentially metastasize in vivo to the brain and in vitro tissue-based studies unfold new molecular leads into the disease. It is important to identify and understand the molecular pathways of the metastatic cascade in order to target the investigation and development of more effective therapies and research directions.