bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection ofMycobacterium paratuberculosisAntigen with Colloidal Immunogold in Naturally Infected Sheep*
Authors: Navarro J. A. , Sanchez J. , Bernabe A. , Gomez M. A. , Gomez S. , Seva J.
Published: May 2010

The anti‐Mycobacterium paratuberculosispolyclonal serum is proved useful for labelling Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in glutaraldehyde‐osmium‐fixed and epon‐embedded intestinal samples from sheep with clinical symptoms of paratuberculosis.M. paratuberculosismarked with antibody‐coated colloidal gold stain was seen in macrophages, epithelioid cells, giant cells and neutrophils throughout intestinal mucosa. In large macrophages with a low lysosomal content, a great number of intact mycobacteria was seen within phagosomes. In macrophages with average lysosomal content, very few intact mycobacteria or mycobacterial debris were present and lysosome‐phagosome fusions were observed. Mycobacteria within neutrophils were scanty. These results show the usefulness of colloidal immunogold techniques for studies of the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis.
Optimierung eines Enzymimmunoassay zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen aviäre Reoviren ‐ unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisberechnung und Testinterpretation
Authors: Hlinak A. , Dahms Heike , Kraus G.
Published: May 2010

Selected steps in the establishment of an enzyme‐immuno‐assay (EIA) are shown with an EIA for detection of antibodies against avian reoviruses of chicken. The centre of this work is to show the various possibilities of calculation and interpretation of the test results.

The definition of the cut‐off‐value is the basis for the interpretation of the assay and the consequences for the veterinarians in the field and the animal owners. Basic parameters (sensitivity, specificity, predication value, prevalence) of the test validation are discussed with the example of the examination of a new hen flock in the EIA, compared to serum neutralisation test.
Hematological Parameters and Visceral Lesions Relationships in Rabbit Viral Hemorrhagic Disease
Authors: Plassiart Georges , Guelfi Jean‐François , Ganiere Jean‐Pierre , Wang Bo , Andre‐Fontaine Genevieve , Wyers Monique
Published: May 2010

Twenty rabbits were inoculated with a suspension of Viral Hemorrhagic Disease virus. Hemostatic functions were assessed every sixth hour from 6 to 60 hours post‐inoculation. Tissue samples obtained at the same intervals allowed the study of the development of lesions throughout the experiment. Biological signs of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) were detected on and after 30 h post‐inoculation and consisted of prolonged One Stage Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thrombin Time, the decrease of factors V, VII, and X and high levels of soluble fibrin monomer complexes and D‐dimers. A reduction of thrombocyte numbers, heterophils and lymphocytes was associated. The close association of DIC and necrotizing hepatitis lesions suggested the hepatic lesions to be the most important DIC triggering factor. Other mechanisms are discussed.
Papillomavirus Infection in Greenfinches (Carduelis chloris)
Authors: Sironi G. , Gallazzi D.
Published: May 2010

The present report describes transmissible papillomatous digital lesions observed in two greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) living in a private aviary. The disease appeared in the male bird and successively in the female but did not affect other passerine and psittacine species living with the sick birds. Negative contrast electron microscopy revealed the presence of 52,6 nm virus particles similar to papillomavirus. Immunoelectronmicroscopy confirmed the presence of Papillomavirus genus specific structural antigens in the virus observed.
Experimental Dermatophilosis
Authors: Buĉek J. , Pospíŝil L. , Moster M. , Skalka B.
Published: May 2010

The histopathologic features of an experimental dermatophilosis of rabbit skin were described. The strain of Dermatophilus congolensis used for the experimental infection was obtained from the unique isolation and cultivation of this actinomycete from the ulcerous leg lesion of one male patient. Further strains in experiment came from the collections of type cultures. The experimental infection was characterized as an exudative and crustous dermatitis with akanthosis and subcorneal abscesses. Branching hyphae and clusters of coccoid bodies were found mostly in the parakeratotic layer and infrequently in the abscesses. Both the coccoid bodies and the hyphae were Gram‐positive. The hyphae were acid‐fast but the coccoid bodies were nonacid‐fast. The fine structure of hyphae and coccoid bodies, namely of those with flagella, was also described by means of a transmission and scanning electron microscope.
Acidification of the Colonic Mucins Following Polyvalent Colonization of the Germ‐Free Rat
Authors: Enss Marie‐Luise , Grosse‐Siestrup H. , Riedesel H.
Published: May 2010

Colonic mucins of germ‐free (GF) and conventional rats (CV) were compared. After isolation by gel filtration on Sepharose CL‐4B and purification by density gradient centrifugation, the content of isolated colonic mucins was estimated by determination of PAS positive carbohydrates. Purified mucins were subjected to carbohydrate and amino acid analysis and separated into mucin subclasses by ion exchange chromatography.

While the total amount of colonic mucins was not statistically different in GF and CV animals, analysis of carbohydrate composition demonstrated an increased amount of sialic acid in CV rat mucin. This was in accordance with results of ion exchange chromatography, revealing a significant higher amount of negative charged mucin subclasses in CV mucin, compared to the germ‐free counterpart. The results of amino acid analysis were similar in both groups.

The compositional differences in carbohydrate moities are attributed to modulations by the intestinal flora. A selective bacterial degradation of the neutral mucin subclasses and modifications in the mucin composition due to a stimulated synthesis are discussed.
Prevalence of Mycoplasmas in the Respiratory Tracts of Pneumonic Calves
Authors: ter Laak E. A. , Noordergraaf J. H. , Dieltjes R. P. J. W.
Published: May 2010

The prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tracts of 148 pneumonic calves originating from 25 herds in the Netherlands is reported. Four types of culture media were used to isolate mycoplasmas: solid modified Edward medium, 2 types of Friis media, and A7B differential agar medium. Mycoplasmas were isolated both from nasal swab specimens and lung lavage fluids collected from live calves and from nasal mucosa and lung tissue specimens collected post mortem. All of the mycoplasma strains isolated could be identified as eitherUreaplasma diversum(isolated from 80 % of 25 herds),Mycoplasma dispar(92 %),M. bovirhinis(88 %),M. bovis(20 %),M. bovigenitalium(4 %),M. arginini(16 %), orM. canis(12 %). Isolation rates ofM. disparandU. diversumwere considerably higher from lung lavage fluids than from nasal swab specimens.M. boviswas detected only in fattening herds and not in dairy herds. The respiratory tracts of 75 % of the calves examined contained at least 2 mycoplasma species. In total, 25 different combinations of mycoplasma species were detected in specimens collected from noses and lungs. The pathogenic speciesU. diversumandM. disparhad not been isolated before in the Netherlands.
Antibody Responses to NaturalDictyocaulus viviparusExposure in First Year Grazing Cattle Using Vaccination or Different Kinds of Anthelmintic Treatment
Authors: Schnieder T. , Bellmer A. , Wheeler S.
Published: May 2010

In two field trials vaccination or different anthelmintic treatments againstDictyocaulus viviparusinfections were used in 6 groups of first year grazing cattle. The antibody response to lungworm infections was determined using an ELISA. Cattle treated once or repeatedly at long intervals with levamisole developed clinical signs of dictyocaulosis. The detection of anti‐D. viviparusantibodies at the end of the grazing season confirmed that these anthelmintic treatments were not able to prevent lungworm infections. Cattle that received strategically administered treatments with ivermectin remained clinically healthy. These cattle were seronegative until the end of the trial which proved the efficacy of the strategic control. Cattle that received an intraruminal slow release bolus did not develop clinical disease. However one animal shed lungworm larvae and the herd became seropositive at the end of the grazing season indicating a history of infection. The serological examination of a cattle herd at the end of the grazing season is able to demonstrate a history of lungworm infections and to determine the efficacy of anthelmintic control measures.
Canine Distemper with Spinal Cord Lesions
Authors: Schoning P. , Layton C. E.
Published: May 2010

A case of distemper in a 6‐month‐old dog is described. The dog was presented with a history of tetraparesis suggestive of trauma. Neurological examination and clinical pathology findings of lymphopenia and pleocytosis suggested a viral cause. Microscopic findings of a nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis with numerous intranuclear inclusions in the cerebellum, brain stem, and all parts of the spinal cord suggested a diagnosis of distemper.
Identification of a Cyprinid Fish, the Tench Tinca tinca L., as a Carrier of the Bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, Causative Agent of Furunculosis in Salmonids
Authors: Bernoth E.‐M. , Körting W.
Published: May 2010

A typical, pigment‐producing strain of Aeromonas salmonicida (A. sal), the causative agent of furunculosis in salmonid fish species, was isolated from a cyprinid species, the tench Tinca tinca L. with papilloma‐like skin alterations. Histopathology of the papilloma‐like skin alterations in tench revealed “round holes”, distinctly lined by thick layers of epithelial cells, but no bacteria. The organism was isolated from skin, gills and fins, but not internal organs. The isolate proved highly virulent for both juvenile tench and brown trout Salmo trutta L. in experimental infection, but it did not reproduce the clinical picture. The causative role of A. sal. for the surface lesions remains questionable. However, there is a perceived risk of the organism's transmission between tench and other susceptible species of fish, especially farmed trout.

Identifizierung eines karpfenartigen Fisches, der Schleie Tinca tinca L., als “Carrier” des Bakteriums Aeromonas salmonicida, Erreger der Furunkulose der Salmoniden

Aus Schleien Tinca tinca L. mit papillomartigen Hautveränderungen wurde ein typischer, pigmentproduzierender Stamm von Aeromonas salmonicida (A. sal.) isoliert. A. sal. ist der Erreger der Furunkulose der Salmoniden. Die histopathologische Untersuchung der papillomähnlichen Hautveränderungen bei den Schleien zeigte “runde Löcher”, die deutlich von dicken Lagen aus Epithelzellen umgeben waren; Bakterien wurden nicht nachgewiesen. A. sal. wurde aus Haut, Kiemen und Flossen angezüchtet, jedoch nicht aus den inneren Organen. Das Isolat erwies sich in der experimentellen Infektion als hochvirulent für juvenile Schleien und Bachforellen Salmo trutta L., rief aber nicht das klinische Bild der papillomartigen Hautveränderungen hervor. Die ursächliche Rolle von A. sal. bei den Hautveränderungen der Schleien bleibt ungeklärt, jedoch besteht die Gefahr der Übertragung des Erregers zwischen der Schleie und anderen empfänglichen Fischen, insbesondere der Forelle in Teichwirtschaften.
Bacillary Haemoglobinuria Diagnosis by the Peroxidase‐Antiperoxidase (PAP) Technique
Authors: Uzal F. A. , Belak K. , Rivera E. , Robles C. A. , Feinstein R. E.
Published: May 2010

A peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique was used to diagnose bacillary haemoglobinuria in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver tissues of cattle. The PAP method revealed Clostridium haemolyticum in the zone of liver necrosis characteristic of the disease and also in culture smears of this microorganism, but C. novyi type B, C. chauvoei, C. septicum and C. perfringens types B and C remained unstained by the PAP reaction. The PAP technique performed provides a specific, simple and rapid method to diagnose bacillary haemoglobinuria.
The Nasal Mycoplasmal Flora of Healthy Calves and Cows
Authors: ter Laak E. A. , Noordergraaf J. H. , Boomsluiter E.
Published: May 2010

The nasal mycoplasmal flora of 270 healthy cows from 27 herds in the Netherlands and 35 healthy calves from 7 of these herds was examined. Various methods for isolating mycoplasmas were compared. The prevalence of the various species was as follows:Ureaplasma diversumin 3 (9%) calves;Mycoplasma disparin 14 (40%) calves;M. bovisin 1 (3%) calf;M. bovirhinisin 23 (66%) calves and 16 (6%) cows;M. bovoculiin 8 (23%) calves and 53 (20%) cows;M. canisin 1 (3%) calf;M. equirhinisin 2 (1 %) cows;M. conjunctivaein 2 (1 %) cows;Acholeplasma laidlawiiin 1 (3 %) calf and 3 (1 %) cows; andA. axanthumin 7 (3 %) cows. The noses of healthy calves were less frequently colonized by the pathogenic speciesU. diversumand contained fewerU. diversumandM. disparorganisms than the noses of pneumonic calves. We concluded that the mycoplasmal flora of calves and healthy cows was quite different and also that cows play only a minor role in the epidemiology of pathogenic mycoplasma species of calves in the Netherlands.
Detection of T‐Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissues of Cattle Using a Variant of the E‐Rosette Test and Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Vojtíŝek P. , Knotek Z. , Hor̂ín P. , Mádr P.
Published: May 2010

A simple and efficient variant of the E‐rosette test based on addition of dextran to the incubation media is described.

This variant 1) does not include B cells 2) involves some CD2+ null cells as described 3) is not inhibited by anti‐CD5 antibody 4) correlates with CD2 expression 5) detects specific changes in the relative proportion of T‐lymphocytes under the different conditions.

In a group of calves the mean percentage of RFC in the peripheral blood lymphocytes was 53.59 ± 8.70 and in cows there was 72.57 ± 3.85. The proportion of RFC detected in bovine leukemia virus (BLV) ‐ infected cows with lymphocytosis was less than one third of that in BLV ‐ negative animals and vice versa in B (MHC class II+) lymphocytes.
Polymyxin B: Pharmacokinetics of Single Doses Given Intravenously and Intramuscularly to Turkeys, and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations forEscherichia coliandPasteurella multocida
Authors: Freidlin P.J. , Hoexter S. , Bock R. , Ziv G. , Samberg Y. , Risenberg R. , Inbar A.
Published: May 2010

The 50 % and 90 % minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC50 and MIC90) of polymyxin B for avianEscherichia coliandPasteurella multocidaisolates were determined by the agar plate dilution method. Polymyxin B at approximate MIC level in serum was bactericidal forE. coliin 2 to 4 hours.

Aqueous polymyxin B sulfate was administered by a single bolus intravenous injection into turkeys at 10,000 IU/kg, and by a single bolus intramuscular injection at 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000 IU/kg. Effective serum drug concentrations after intramuscular injection (MIC50 levels or greater) were maintained forE. colifor 7.0 hr (10,000 IU/kg) and 11.5 hr (20,000 IU/kg), and forP. multocidafor 3.0 hr (10,000 IU/kg) and 4.1 hr (20,000 IU/kg). Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non‐compartmental methods. Elimination time half‐lives, mean residence time, clearance, and apparent volume of distribution at steady state.(Vdss) were all much higher for i. m. injection of 20,000 IU/kg than for i.m. injection of 10,000 IU/kg. We postulate that there exists a minimal tissue‐interaction threshold concentration (MTC) at which polymyxin B can enter previously unavailable compartments or bind to previously refractory tissue components. Bioavailability of polymyxin B injected i. m. was 0.904 for the 10,000 IU/kg dose and 0.675 for the 20,000 IU/kg dose. Dosage intervals necessary to produce minimal steady state concentrations (Cssmin) equal to the MIC were calculated. Certain aspects of the use of the parameter Vdss, and limitations on the use of dosage interval calculations for polymyxin B, are discussed.

One week after i.m. injection of polymyxin B at 10,000 IU/kg, high tissue drug levels were present, especially in bound form in liver. Following single injections, no toxic effects on turkeys were observed.
Influence of the Transport on the Outcome of the Bacteriological Analysis of Dog Urine Comparison of Three Transport Tubes
Authors: Perrin J. , Nicolet J.
Published: May 2010

A sterile plastic tube, a boric acid‐glycerol‐sodium formate tube and a dip‐slide tube were compared for transport of dog urine for bacteriological examination under practice conditions, at ambient temperature.

In a first part, 50 dog urine samples were cultured on agar plates and on a dip‐slide kit within 2 h after collection and after storage at 20°C in a sterile tube and in a boric acid tube for 24 h and 48 h. Culture of the samples stored in the boric acid tube and culture on the dip‐slide yielded results which correlated very well with those of the culture of fresh urine. However, culture of the samples stored in the sterile tube yielded up to 65 % false positive results.

In a second part, a comparison was drawn with culture results of 100 dog urine specimens collected by different practitioners and simultaneously mailed to our laboratory in a sterile tube, in a boric acid tube and in a dip‐slide kit. Samples sent in the boric acid and in the dip‐slide tube showed comparable culture results. Culture of the samples sent in the plastic tube yielded 53 % false positive results in comparison with those of the samples preserved in boric acid.
The Influence of Genotypes and Social Ranks in the Clinical Course of an Experimental Infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis (MRM) in Inbred Rats*
Authors: Iglauer F. , Deutsch W. , Gärtner K. , Schwarz G. O.
Published: May 2010

Social ranks of healthy, adult male inbred rats housed in groups of four per cage were determined by their relative differences in intromission and ejaculatory patterns observed repeatedly under competitive copulatory conditions. Once ranked they were inoculated with M. pulmonis by contact with castrated females suffering clinically from M. pulmonis. ‐ Body weight reduction and scores for laryngo‐bronchotracheal breathing sounds and dispnoea or sneeze or wipe and the titers of specific antibodies were continuously observed during 123 days of illness.

Studies were done in five series concerning the inbred strains AS/Ztm, LEW/Ztm, BH/Ztm.

Genotypic differences accounts for 60 ‐ 80 % of the variability of the illness. LEW/Ztm was the most affected strain.

Only in strain LEW/Ztm week correlations were shown between social rank before the infection (characterized by sexual activity under competitive conditions) and the scores for breathing sounds, dyspnoea and sneeze and wipe. Animals high in social rank showed a milder clinical course of the infection.
Experimental Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in Goats
Authors: Handeland K. , Skorping A.
Published: May 2010

Pathological findings in 17 goat kids inoculated with 100–1,000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 21–154 days post inoculation (p. i.) are reported.

The lungs, heart, diaphragm, liver and kidneys contained small foci of necrosis or fibroblastic scarring and interstitial infiltrates of inflammatory cells. The lungs also contained many parasitic granulomas. Infarcts were observed in the myocardium and kidneys. Accumulations of inflammatory cells and granulomas were seen in the peri‐ and epineurium of the spinal nerve roots, connective tissue of the spinal ganglia, dura and epidural tissue of the cord, choroid plexus of the brain and leptomeninges of the entire central nervous system (CNS). Within nerve fascicles there were endoneural cell infiltrates, axon and myelin sheath degenerations and granulomas. The CNS parenchyma contained foci of traumatic encephalomyelomalacia, microgliosis, secondary axon degeneration, perivascular cuffs and granulomas. Sections of intact nematodes were found in the subarachnoid spaces, brain ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord and CNS parenchyma.

Pathological findings from individual animals are compared to the clinical signs described in a separate paper. The development, migration and pathogenesis of E. rangiferi in goats are discussed.
Comparison of Penicillin‐G Susceptibility Testing Methods of Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Mastitits
Authors: Myllys V. , Louhi M. , Ali‐Vehmas T.
Published: May 2010

Penicillin‐G susceptibility was analyzed on forty staphylococcal strains isolated from mastitic bovine quarters (29 coagulase positive änd 11 coagulase negative) by the standard Kirby‐Bauer agar diffusion method, the ∍‐Test, the Vetmic, turbidimetric MIC analysis in Iso‐Sensitest Broth (ISB) and whey. Penicillinase production was tested. Parallel susceptibility tests were carried out in whole milk, whey and ISB using resazurin and triphenyltetrazolium as the indicators of bacterial activity.

The traditional susceptibility testing methods (radial agar diffusion, MIC in broth culture) showed good agreement with each other and confirmed that the tests can be used interchangeably with the current breakpoint values (0.25 μg/ml and Ø 26 mm). The tests carried out in whey showed good correlation with the traditional tests. However, the susceptibility testings in milk resulted in additional variation. Therefore, traditional susceptibility tests of Penicillin‐G in artificial media are limited in estimation of bacterial susceptibility when they grow in whole milk. The relevance of this observation regarding mastitis therapy is discussed.
Reptilian Viruses: Adenovirus‐like Agent Isolated from Royal Python (Python regius)
Authors: Ogawa M. , Ahne W. , Essbauer S.
Published: May 2010

An adenovirus‐like agent was isolated from a moribund royal python (Python regius). The DNA containing virus replicated in IgH2‐cells at 30 °C forming eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The virus proved to be stabile to treatment with chloroform, pH 3 und pH 12 but it was labile to heat (56 °C). Infected IgH2cells revealed symmetric hexagonal virus particles measuring 67–79 nm in the nucleus. The isolate shared characteristics with the viruses of the familyAdenoviridae.
Histologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Campylobacter ähnlich geformten Keimen im Labmagen von Kälbern*
Authors: Günther H. , Schulze F.
Published: May 2010

Histological studies in the occurrence of Campylobacter‐like shaped organisms in the abomasum of calves

The mucosa of the abomasum is a strongly acidic and therefore germpoor, but not entirely germfree environment. Only in isolated areas of the fundic glands zone were straight rods in the foveolas, and even more seldom spiral shaped bacteria could be encountered. They had no relation to the inflammatory infiltrates. On the other hand, Campylobacter‐like organisms were more often observed in the pyloric region and, preferably, in a narrow zone following the cutaneous mucosa of the omasum. These organisms appeared to have a different size (1.3 to 2.4 μm length and 0.4 to 0.8 μm width) and they occurred deep inside the glands in an almost pure fashion. Whereas they caused no visible reaction of the tissue in the narrow cardiac zone, their occurrence in the pyloric region was several times connected with neutrophilic‐rich infiltration. It ought to be tested, whether Helicobacter are among these Campylobacter‐like organisms, which cause a disease leading up to ulcerations in calves similar to gastritis B in humans.

Die Schleimhaut des Labmagens ist zwar ein stark saures und daher keimarmes, aber keinesfalls keimfreies Milieu. In der Fundusdrüsenzone waren nur an einzelnen Stellen in den Magengrübchen neben geraden Stäbchen gekrümmte, noch seltener gewundene Bakterien anzutreffen. Diese wiesen keinen Bezug zu entzündlichen Infiltraten auf. Dagegen waren in der Pylorusregion und besonders in einem schmalen Saum im Anschluß an die kutane Schleimhaut des Psalters häufiger Campylobacter ähnliche Keime zu beobachten. Diese erschienen unterschiedlich groß (1,3 bis 2,4 μm lang und 0,4 bis 0,8 μm dick) und kamen auch tief und nahezu rein in den Drüsen vor. Während sie in der schmalen Kardiadrüsenzone keine erkennbare Reaktion des Gewebes hervorriefen, war ihr Vorkommen in der Pylorusregion mehrfach mit neutrophilenreicher Infiltration verbunden.

Es ist zu prüfen, ob sich unter den Campylobacter ähnlichen Keimen Helicobacter befinden, die ein der Gastritis B des Menschen vergleichbares Geschehen bis zu Ulzerationen bei Kälbern hervorrufen.
Clostridien in Schlachttierkörpern und frischem Fleisch ‐ Eine Literaturübersicht ‐
Authors: Eisgruber H. , Stolle F.A.
Published: May 2010

Clostridia in Carcasses and Red Meat

Clostridia are of large clinical importance as well as in the field of food hygiene, where they are responsible for spoilage but they also have a certain significance as food poisoning organisms. Information on the ecology of Clostridia in samples of deep muscle tissue of slaughtered animals is insufficient. This article is intended to increase the knowledge on the occurence of different Clostridia species in slaughtered animals.

The main emphasis is put on the significance of clostridia in meat hygiene. The theoretical basis of the so called original content of microorganisms (intrinsic bacteria), the factors and pathways of Clostridia spreading in muscles and organs are demonstrated.

Clostridien haben sowohl klinische als auch lebensmittelhygienische Bedeutung, im letzteren Fall überwiegend als Verderbniserreger, aber auch als sog. Lebensmittelvergifter. Die Informationen über die Ökologie von Clostridien in Tiefengewebeproben der schlachtbaren Haustiere sind noch ungenügend. Deshalb soll die vorliegende Literaturstudie einen Überblick über das Vorkommen der verschiedenen Clostridien‐Spezies in Schlachttieren vermitteln. In diesem Zusammenhang wird schwerpunktmäßig die fleischhygienische Bedeutung von Clostridien abgehandelt. Theoretische Grundlagen über den sog. originären Keimgehalt (“intrinsic bacteria”) sowie Faktoren und Wege der Clostridienausbreitung in Organe und Muskulatur werden aufgezeigt.
An Evaluation of an Intradermal Test for the Diagnosis of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV‐1) Infection in Cattle
Authors: Wißniewski J. , Trybala E.
Published: May 2010

An intradermal (ID) test (a delayed‐type hypersensitivity test) was used for the diagnosis of BHV‐1 infection in cattle. A threshold value for the test positive results was established based on the analysis of the agreement between the results of ID test and those of virus neutralization (VN 24) assay. Linear regression analysis revealed no correlation between the intensity of the skin reaction (expressed as an increase in skin‐fold thickness) and the VN 24 antibody titre. The sensitivity and specificity of the ID test compared to VN 24 one, were 86.6 % and 98.3 % respectively. Of the 487 cattle with an age of over 6 months, 25 (5.1 %) reacted discordantly by ID and VN 24 tests, i.e. 19 seropositive animals expressed little or no skin reaction, whereas 6 seronegative individuals were positive by ID. Neither of the calves, with passively acquired antibodies in contrast to experimentally infected ones, showed distinctive skin reaction.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Simple Method for Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis: the Glutaraldehyde Test
Authors: de Kantor I. N. , Lopez B. , Torres P. , Nader A. , Garcia V.
Published: May 2010

The glutaraldehyde test (GT) is performed by mixing whole blood with a 1.25 % glutaraldehyde solution. Gelification time is shorter in tuberculous cattle.

This test was performed in blood samples obtained from: (a) 48 cattle with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculous lesions; (b) 61 animals with no evidence of tuberculosis at the time of slaughterhouse inspection, 14 of which had hydatid cysts; (c) 260 tuberculin‐negative apparently healthy animals, and (d) 21 cattle, also tuberculin‐negative but serologically positive for brucellosis.

Sensitivity for detecting tuberculosis was 85.4 % (41 of 48 animals). The test was negative in 298 out of 307 healthy animals (97.1 % specificity). This specificity decreased when the test was applied in animals whith evidence of diseases other than tuberculosis.

This simple, rapid and inexpensive method could play a complementary role to the tuberculin test for detecting tuberculous cattle, especially in endemic areas with scarce resources and facilities.
The Monomer Covalently Closed Linear Replicative Form DNA of Aleutian Disease Parvovirus is Infectious After Transfection into Permissive Cells
Authors: Truyen U. , Schelp Ch. , Löchelt M. , Kaaden O.‐R.
Published: May 2010

The recently described monomer covalently closed linear replicative form DNA (Mccl RF DNA) of Aleutian disease parvovirus (ADV) is an infectious intermediate of the viral DNA replication cycle. Transfection of highly purified Mccl RF DNA into susceptible feline kidney cells (CCC clone 81 cells) resulted in viral DNA replication, expression of viral proteins and synthesis of infectious progeny virus. Mccl RF DNAs generated under permissive (32 °C) or non‐permissive (37 °C) conditions were shown to be biologically indistinguishable. The accumulation of the Mccl RF DNA form at the non‐permissive temperature in vitro strongly resembles that in bone marrow cells of naturally infected mink and may reflect one mechanism contributing to virus persistence of ADV in vivo.

Die monomer kovalent‐geschlossene lineare replikative Form (Mccl RF)‐DNA des Aleutian Disease Parvovirus (ADV) ist ein infektiöses Intermediat im Rahmen der viralen DNA‐Replikation. Transfektion hochgereinigter Mccl RF DNA in feline Nierenzellen CCC clone 81 induzierte virale DNA‐Replikation, die Expression viraler Proteine und die Synthese infektiöser Virionen. Mccl RF DNAs aus infizierten Zellen inkubiert unter permissiven (32 °C) oder nicht‐permissiven (37 °C) Bedingungen waren funktionell nicht unterscheidbar. Die relative Anhäufung dieser RF‐DNA‐Form unter der nicht‐permissiven Temperatur in vitro ähnelt stark der in Knochenmarkszellen infizierter Nerze in vivo, und ist möglicherweise eine Ursache der Viruspersistenz im Rahmen der Aleutenkrankheit der Nerze.
Evaluation of an Immunoperoxidase Technique Using an Only Biotin‐Labeled Antibody for the Demonstration ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaein Tissue Sections
Authors: Gutierrez C. B. , Rodriguez‐Barbosa J. I. , Suarez J. , Tascon R. I. , Rodriguez‐Ferri E. F.
Published: May 2010

In this report an immunoperoxidase technique (IPB) using an only biotin‐labeled antibody is compared to culture isolation method (CIM) for the demonstration ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserotype 1 in tissues of mice inoculated intravenously. The organism was isolated in 86.7% of mice and detected by IPB in 100% of cases.A. pleuropneumoniaeantigen was mainly demonstrated in the liver, spleen and lungs, but also in the kidney and brain, being especially located in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Significant differences were observed between the results obtained by both tests (P< 0.001). Cross‐reactions occurred by IPB when a rabbit anti‐A. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 11 serum was tested but never when an anti‐serotype 9 serum was used. The immunoperoxidase test here described yielded much better results than CIM and it could be useful in routine diagnosis ofA. pleuropneumoniaeinfections.
An Immunoplaque Assay Distinguishing Between Cytopathogenic and Noncytopathogenic Biotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus
Authors: Liess B. , Reinecke Sylvia , Sanders G. , Greiser‐Wilke Irene , Moennig V.
Published: May 2010

Cytopathogenic (cp) and noncytopathogenic (ncp) biotypes of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) could be clearly distinguished by hollow plaques with peripheral immunostaining in infected fetal calf kidney (FCK) monolayers cultures or the appearance of homogenously stained immunoplaques (IPs), respectively. Of 70 BVDV isolates formerly classified as cytopathogenic according to microscopic observations in FCK cell cultures, 46 produced IPs of both types while the remaining 24 isolates induced only the IP type characteristic of the ncp BVDV biotype. The same was true for 24 additional isolates classified by light microscopy as ncp after ten blind passages in FCK cell cultures. Thus it appeared that in 1/3 of the cases changes in FCK cell cultures had been formerly misinterpreted as BVDV induced cytopathic effects (CPE). Of the 46 isolates which produced both ncp and cp immunoplaques 5 BVDV isolates were selected and successfully subjected to cloning. Clones of the cp biotype were developed by picking native plaques from unfixed FCK cell monolayers. In case of ncp IP, cloning was attempted by picking randomly in the spaces between visible native plaques. Pairs of clones from each of the field isolates proved to consist of pure plaque populations of cp BVDV and ncp BVDV biotypes, respectively, at the dilution of viral suspension which allowed the classification of a single IP according to morphology. Analysis of the clones using 15 monoclonal antibodies against the major viral glycoprotein revealed far‐reaching antigenic homogeneity for each pair with only few but distinct exceptions.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zu Fimbrien und Lektinophagocytose bei Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC)
Authors: Grund S. , Seiler A.
Published: May 2010

Fimbriae and lectinophagocytosis of Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC) — an electron microscopic study

On Salmonella Typhimurium variatio copenhagen (STMVC) strains, isolated from pigeons with acute Salmonellosis, two types of fimbriae can be identified, depending on different growth conditions. In addition to the common 7 nm fimbriae we were able to demonstrate in the electron microscope, thin, curled fimbriae 3 nm in diameter which are characterized by a mannose‐resistant hemagglutination. The simultaneous expression of both types of fimbriae on a single bacterial cell can be induced by transferring a microcolony from agar medium (3 nm fimbriae), to the surface of a nutrient broth (7 nm fimbriae) and continuing the incubation. One selected strain expresses only the thin fimbriae on nearly all the bacteria on an agar medium. These thin fimbriae seem to play a role in the lectinophagocytosis in macrophage cultures. The attachment of Salmonellae mediated by these fimbriae as well as the internalization of fimbriated cells by macrophages is shown in the electron microscope and discussed in respect to infection and immunization.

An Salmonella Typhimurium var. cop. (STMVC)‐Stämmen, die aus einer akuten Salmonellose von Tauben isoliert wurden, waren zwei Arten von Fimbrien in Abhängigkeit von den Wachstumsbedingungen nachzuweisen. Neben den bekannten 7‐nm‐Fimbrien haben wir feine, gewundene Fimbrien mit Durchmesser von 3 nm im Elektronenmikroskop darstellen können, die durch eine mannose‐resistente Hämagglutination charakterisiert sind. Durch Übertragung einer Mikrokolonie vom Festnährboden (3‐nm‐Fimbrien) auf die Oberfläche von Nährbouillon (7‐nm‐Fimbrien) und weitere Bebrütung konnte die simultane Ausbildung beider Fimbrientypen an einer Bakterienzelle induziert werden. Von einem selektionierten Stamm wurden von fast allen Keimen auf Festnährböden nur feine Fimbrien ausgebildet. Diese mannose‐resistenten Fimbrien können offenbar an einer Lektinophagocytose in Makrophagenkulturen beteiligt sein. Die Anheftung der Salmonellen über diese Fimbrien sowie die Internalisierung von Zellen mit Fimbrien wird elektronenmikroskopisch aufgezeigt und im Hinblick auf Infektion und Immunisierung diskutiert.
Analysis of Membrane Proteins of Mycoplasma capricolum Strains by SDS‐PAGE and Immunoblotting
Authors: Benkirane A. , Amghar S. , Kirchhoff H.
Published: May 2010

Sixteen moroccan and five other Mycoplasma (M.) capricolum strains were characterized by SDS‐PAGE as well as by the immunobinding assay and immunoblotting, using antisera against M. capricolum California Kid (CK) and M. mycoides YG. There was a strong reaction of all 21 strains with antiserum against M. capricolum CK and of 18 strains with antiserum against M. mycoides YG in the immunobinding assay, confirming the cross‐reactivity between these two species observed earlier. A marked heterogeneity among the M. capricolum strains appeared in SDS‐PAGE and in immunoblotting, characterized by different protein patterns and different strengths of identical protein bands. All M. capricolum strains investigated revealed, however, at least three strong protein bands with mol. weights of about 30, 42 and 52 KD reacting in immunoblotting with antiserum against M. capricolum CK but not with antiserum against M. mycoides YG. These proteins may represent antigens suitable for the identification and differentiation of M. capricolum strains.
Die Wirksamkeit einer Immunisierung mit Vaccinia‐Virus Stamm „MVA” gegen eine Infektion mit Kuhpocken‐Virus Stamm „OPV 85” beim Kaninchen
Authors: Munz E. , Linckh S. , Renner‐Müller I. C. E. , Reimann M.
Published: May 2010

The efficacy of immunization with vacciniavirus strain “MVA” against infection with cowpoxvirus strain “OPV 85” in rabbits

The immunological efficacy of vaccinavirus “MVA” was tested against a dermal and intradermal infection with cowpoxvirus “OPV 85” in rabbits:

A single vaccination with “MVA” provided only insufficient immunity, a revaccination induced good immunity. Intramuscular immunizations protected better than subcutaneous applications. Immunized rabbits showed “revaccination reactions” after infection with “OPV 85” indicating a cellular immunity. After immunization with “MVA” and after infection with cowpoxvirus “OPV 85” all rabbits developed N‐ and ELISA‐antibodies. HAI‐antibodies were not found after immunization, but indicated a multiplication of cowpoxvirus after challenge.

Vacciniavirus “MVA” is suggested for immunization of man and animal against possible infections with cowpoxvirus and cowpoxlike viruses.

Die Wirksamkeit einer Impfung mit Vacciniavirus (Vac‐Virus) „MVA” gegen eine Infektion mit Kuhpocken‐Virus (KuP‐Virus) „OPV 85” beim Kaninchen wird beschrieben:

Eine einmalige Immunisierung verlieh eine geringe, eine Revakzinierung hingegen eine gute Immunität, wobei eine intramuskuläre Impfstoffapplikation besser immunogen wirkte als eine subkutane. Klinisch äußerte sich die Immunität durch einen beschleunigten und abgeschwächten Verlauf der Infektion, durch eine verringerte Anzahl der Pocken nach kutaner Belastungsinfektion und durch einen verminderten Infiltratdurchmesser nach intrakutaner Infektion im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren. Nach der Immunisierung mit Vac‐Virus „MVA” und nach der Infektion mit KuP‐Virus „OPV 85” konnten Antikörper im Neutralisationstest und im Enzyme‐linked Immuno‐sorbent Assay nachgewiesen werden, hämagglutinationshemmende Antikörper jedoch i. d. R. nicht nach der Impfung, sondern erst nach der Belastungsinfektion.

Die Ergebnisse belegen die Eignung von Vac‐Virus „MVA” zur Prophylaxe gegen Infektionen mit Kuhpockenvirus bzw. mit „kuhpockenähnlichen” Erregern bei Mensch und Tier.
Experimental Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in Goats: I. Clinical Observations
Authors: Handeland K. , Skorping A.
Published: May 2010

Clinical observations of 17 goat kids inoculated with 100–1000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and autopsied 21–154 days post inoculation (p.i.) are reported.

Pruritus was common in the period 4–10 weeks p.i. Six animals displayed neurological signs starting 35 to 94 days p.i. The most frequent sign was posterior paresis. Other signs included cranial nerve paresis, ataxia, lameness, scoliosis, reduced vision, abnormal behaviour, depression and mental confusion. Recoveries were recorded.

An apparent dose‐response related eosinophilia was observed at days 14 and 32 p.i.

None of the experimentally infected kids shed E. rangiferi first‐stage larvae in the faeces, indicating that the nematode will not complete its life‐cycle in goats.
Experimental Infection of Weaned Calves and Lambs with two Strains of Bovine Adenovirus Type 2
Authors: Rusvai M. , Glávits R. , Kucsera L. , Belák S.
Published: May 2010

The pathogenicity of two genetically different strains of bovine adenovirus type 2 (BAV‐2) was tested in a double cross experimental infection of weaned lambs and calves. One of the virus strains was isolated from cattle and represented BAV‐2 subgroup “A”, while the other was isolated from sheep and belonged to subgroup “B” (Belák et al., 1983).

The two virus strains caused infection both in lambs and calves; the viruses were repeatedly reisolated and definite seroconversion was found in all four groups. However, remarkable differences were observed in the pathogenicity: the most intensive virus multiplication and shedding, the most severe clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions were observed in the lamb group infected with the ovine isolate.
Experimental Cerebrospinal Elaphostrongylosis (Elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in Sheep
Authors: Handeland K. , Skorping A. , Slettbakk T.
Published: May 2010

Seven lambs were inoculated with 150–3,000 infective larvae of Elaphostrongylus rangiferi and subsequently killed for autopsy.

From one week post inoculation (p.i.), a marked eosinophilia was found, and one of the lambs showed signs of coughing, increased respiratory frequency and elevated body temperature. Pruritus was observed in three lambs during the period 5–10 weeks p.i.

Gross and microscopic lesions were found in the liver, lungs, myocardium, kidneys, spinal nerve roots and in the central nervous system (CNS). The lesions resembled those previously reported in experimentally infected goat kids.

The migratory route of the infective larve seemed to be haematogenous. Developing nematodes were sectioned in the CNS of a lamb killed at day 30 p.i. The nematodes found in the brain of this lamb were significantly thicker than those observed in the spinal cord. Intact nematodes were not detected in the remaining lambs which were all killed 149–151 days p.i. None of the experimental lambs shed E. rangiferi first‐stage larvae in the faeces. These findings indicate that E. rangiferi gradually dies out in sheep and will not complete its life cycle in this animal species.
Research on the Presence of Porcine Enterovirus Serotype 1 in North‐Eastern Italy
Authors: Nardelli St. , Farina L. , Selli Lucia , Parpaiola R. , Zuin A.
Published: May 2010

The liquid‐phase blocking sandwich ELISA, already developed for foot‐and‐mouth disease and swine vesicular disease serology, has been employed in pig sera for the antibody detection against porcine enterovirus serotype 1. ELISA‐titers correlate positively with virus neutralization and their distribution show a high prevalence among the sampled pigs. The serological findings are confirmed by the isolation of a field strain of porcine enterovirus belonging to the serotype 1.
Antigenicity of Dermatophilus Congolensis Hemolysin
Authors: Skalka B. , Pospíšil L.
Published: May 2010

The separated cell‐free form of hemolytic exosubstance was obtained from five strains of Dermatophilus congolensis. Three strains produced exosubstance with high activity, two strains produced exosubstance with lower intensity of activity. The separated forms exhibited the same hemolytic interactions as the native forms produced by growing strains, namely the antagonism with staphylococcal beta hemolysin and the synergism with staphylococcal delta hemolysin, streptococcal CAMP factor and rhodococcal equi factor. Rabbit sera obtained after intravenous or intraperitoneal application of the separated forms contained precipitation and neutralization antibodies. Cross tests of precipitation and neutralization proved antigen identity of hemolysins of different D. congolensis, strains which makes the serodiagnostics of this species possible.
NaCl‐Tolerance of Campylobacter isolates from birds and Campylobacter type strains and variation of their serological behaviour
Authors: Glünder G.
Published: May 2010

Growth on media containing 1.5% NaCl is one of the criteria for phenotypical differentiation of Campylobacter laridis from other thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter isolates from birds and Campylobacter type strains could be adapted to growth at 3% NaCl within 19 to 72 subsequent passages on nutrient agar with increasing salt contents. The acquisition of salt‐tolerance was stable after ten passages on media without salt and did not induce changes in other phenotypical characteristics. The results of slide agglutination demonstrate changes in the antigenic pattern of the Campylobacter strains after growth in salt. Heat‐labile and heat‐stable antigens of the salt‐tolerant variants of Campylobacter type strains differed from those of the parent strains.
Comparaison de Deux Antigénes de Nature polysaccharidique pour le Diagnostic Sérologique par ELISA de la Pleuropneumonie Porcine (Sérotype 5)
Authors: Alambedji R. Bada , Dubreuil J. D.
Published: May 2010

Comparison of two polysaccharidic antigens for ELISA serodiagnosis of pig pleuropneumonia (serotype 5)

Two antigens of polysaccharidic nature were evaluated for their specificity in serodiagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia (serotype 5). Recently, long chains lipopolysaccharides (LC‐LPS) was shown to increase the specificity of the ELISA test forA. pleuropneumoniaeserotype 5 compared to a saline extract of boiled‐formalinized whole cells. Nevertheless, some cross reactions were noticed with LC‐LPS. We have thus cleaved the LPS molecule at the ketosidic bond between the lipid A and the core. The lipid A was separated from the polysaccharide (PS) by centrifugation. With an indirect sandwich ELISA, it was possible to demonstrate that the PS yielded positive responses with homologous sera (serotype 5) and negative responses with heterologous sera (serotype 3 and undeterminated serotype). Overall, the use of the PS did not notably increase the specificity of the ELISA test. Since production of PS from LC‐LPS and its separation from the lipid A is not simple, we do not recommend its use in serodiagnosis.

Deux antigènes de nature polysaccharidique ont été évalués pour leur spécificité dans le diagnostic sérologique de la pleuropneumonie porcine (sérotype 5). Récemment, les lipopolysaccharides à longues chaînes (LC‐LPS), ont permis une augmentation de la spécificité par rapport à l'utilisation d'un extrait salin à chaud de cellules totales formolées. Toutefois, certaines réactions croisées ont aussi été notées avec les LC‐LPS. Nous avons donc scindé les LC‐LPS au niveau du lien cétosidique présent entre le lipide A et le core. Le polysaccharide (PS), constitué du core et de la chaîne O, fut alors séparé du lipide A par centrifugation. Grâce à un test ELISA sandwich indirect, il a été possible de démontrer que le PS donnait des réponses positives avec les sérums homologues (antisérotype 5) et des réponses négatives avec des sérums hétérologues (sérotype 3 et indéterminé). En résumé, l'utilisation du PS n'a pas sensiblement amélioré la spécificité de l'épreuve ELISA. L'hydrolyse du LC‐LPS et la séparation du PS du lipide A étant laborieuse et complexe, nous ne recommandons pas son utilisation pour le diagnostic sérologique.