bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological and population characteristics of the seashell Conus princeps on the Pacific coast of central Mexico
Authors: Michel-Morfín Jesus Emilio , Medina-Vargas Gilberto A , Landa-Jaime Víctor , Arciniega-Flores Judith , Aguilar Manuel B , Heimer de la Cotera Edgar P
Published: August 2019

Marine snails of the genus Conus have acquired remarkable biomedical importance because of the high number of toxins they produce for feeding and self-defense. One of these toxins gave way to a new medication and two other are under development for clinical and cosmetic purposes. Nevertheless, there is little basic knowledge about this group of species, particularly in Mexico. This study aimed to determine the relative abundance, spatial distribution, bathymetric distribution, and habitat preference of the snail Conus princeps along the southern coast of Jalisco (Mexico). To achieve this goal, we conducted direct samplings by snorkeling or scuba diving at 13 beaches, covering the intertidal, shallow subtidal, and deep subtidal zones. Relative density was between 0.021 and 0.418 snails per 100 m2, with an average value of 0.152 snails per 100 m2. The population showed an aggregated spatial distribution pattern according to the nearest neighbor index. Snails had shells that measured between 23.1 mm and 52.2 mm long, with an average shell size of 39.7 mm. Conus princeps was mainly distributed in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. The smaller organisms were present at shallower depths, while the larger organisms were distributed throughout the sampled depth habitats. In general, snail abundance decreased as depth increased. From the underwater photography analysis, we determined that Conus princeps snails prefer rocky bottom habitats covered with brown seaweed.
An account on the taxonomy and molecular diversity of a marine rock-pool dweller, Tigriopus fulvus (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)
Authors: Vecchioni Luca , Marrone Federico , Rodilla Miguel , Belda Eduardo J , Arculeo Marco
Published: August 2019

The copepod genus Tigriopus Norman, 1869 is distributed worldwide in coastal rock pools and it is currently considered to include 14 valid species. Tigriopus fulvus (Fischer 1860), with its subspecies Tigriopus fulvus adriaticus Van Douwe 1913 and Tigriopus fulvus algiricus Monard 1935, and Tigriopus minutus Bozic 1960 are currently reported to occur in the Mediterranean area, but the actual diversity of the genus is currently unknown. We aimed to assess the actual identity of Mediterranean Tigriopus populations and to elucidate their taxonomy and pattern of genetic diversity. In order to reach these goals, a fragment of a mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) was sequenced to be used as a reference marker. Our data suggest the presence of a single species characterized by a noteworthy geographically based genetic structure in the whole study area. The observed diversity pattern is tentatively ascribed here to a strong monopolization of the rock pools by the first immigrants that reached them. However, such a monopolization is periodically disrupted by local extinction events, which are frequent in the intrinsically unstable rock pool habitats. We propose the name “clockwork monopolization” for this pattern.
Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Transistors—Powerful Research Tools and Their Future Applications
Authors: Kahmann Simon , Shulga Artem , Loi Maria A.
Published: August 2019

In this progress report, the recent work in the field of light‐emitting field‐effect transistors (LEFETs) based on colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) as emitters is highlighted. These devices combine the possibility of electrical switching, as known from field‐effect transistors, with the possibility of light emission in a single device. The properties of field‐effect transistors and the prerequisites of LEFETs are reviewed, before motivating the use of colloidal quantum dots for light emission. Recent reports on these quantum dot light‐emitting field‐effect transistors (QDLEFETs) include both materials emitting in the near infrared and the visible spectral range—underlining the great potential and breadth of applications for QDLEFETs. The way in which LEFETs can further the understanding of the CQD material properties—their photophysics as well as the carrier transport through films—is discussed. In addition, an overview of technology areas offering the potential for large impact is provided.
Addressable, Stretchable Heating Silicone Sheets
Authors: Bilodeau R. Adam , Yuen Michelle C. , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: August 2019

Research into new active materials for soft robots has generated promising new thermally responsive materials for functions such as variable stiffness, on‐demand shape change, and actuation. These new thermally responsive materials require a form of addressable thermal control that is compliance‐matched to its host system. In response to this need, this work presents stretchable, addressable heating silicone sheets that can control soft, thermally responsive materials. The sheets are created using layer‐by‐layer deposition of a bulk conductive elastomer that can be Joule heated, with embedded liquid–metal microchannels used as electrodes. This combination allows the bulk, addressed material to be stretched and twisted while in operation. Local, addressable heating is demonstrated in a silicone‐based composite that is capable of cyclic strains of up to 40%, while still self‐heating to over 100 °C. The heating sheets are demonstrated as a thermal control platform in both color changing and stretch‐and‐hold operations using all silicone‐based composites. Additionally, this platform is bonded to a variable‐stiffness polymer that, with its selective heating capability, enables folding at targeted locations.
Self‐Organized Periodic Crystallization in Unconventional Glass Created by an Ultrafast Laser for Optical Attenuation in the Broadband Near‐Infrared Region
Authors: Zhang Bo , Tan Dezhi , Liu Xiaofeng , Tong Limin , Kazansky Peter G. , Qiu Jianrong
Published: August 2019

The construction of functional photonic structures in transparent solids for various applications, such as 3D displays, optical information processing, and tunable lasers, is of great scientific and technological importance. Here, self‐assembled crystallite‐based grating nanostructures are created in an unconventional multicomponent glass with an ultrafast laser. The novel nanogratings are organized as periodically assembled crystalline and amorphous phases, exhibiting strong polarization‐dependent birefringence. The Ta2O5 component in the glass strongly contributes to the creation of nanogratings. Furthermore, a picosecond laser rather than a femtosecond laser is established to more suitably create nanogratings in the target glass, proving the critical role of thermal accumulation during nanoscale crystallization. Finally, nanogratings are demonstrated to be broadband variable near‐infrared optical attenuators with a high attenuation ratio, indicating the potential application of nanogratings in optical information processing at communication wavelengths. These findings provide new directions for fabricating nanogratings in functional glasses for advanced integrated photonics and offer information for revealing the mechanism of nanograting formation.
Recent Advances in Hybrid Optical Materials: Integrating Nanoparticles within a Glass Matrix
Authors: Wei Yunle , Ebendorff‐Heidepriem Heike , Zhao Jiangbo (Tim)
Published: August 2019

Glass containing optically active nanoparticles have been manufactured for centuries. However, only in the early 1900s, the invention of ultramicroscope and development of Mie theory paved the way to discovering the occurrence of nanoparticles in glass and their special role in imparting unique optical properties to glass. This groundbreaking insight inspired scientists to extensively research such nanoparticles‐in‐glass hybrid optical materials, which led to a series of fundamental breakthroughs (e.g., invention of glass ceramics, discovery of quantum dots) and commercial successes (e.g., photosensitive glass, photochromic glass, dichromic polarizer). Over the past decades, a new wave of research in this area has been initiated by opportunities of incorporating a large variety of synthetic nanoparticles in glass, which promises the development of advanced functional devices for lighting, display, smart window, data storage, and sensing applications. Recent development of various approaches of fabricating nanoparticles‐in‐glass hybrid optical materials and postmodifying nanoparticles that are embedded in glass is reviewed. The state‐of‐the‐art techniques relevant to controlling the dispersion, distribution, orientation, and nanostructure of nanoparticles in glass, as well as manipulating the macroscopic performance of the hybrid materials are discussed. Examples of applications with promising pathway to commercially viable devices based on hybrid optical materials are outlined.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrophosphorylation of Ynamides: A Facile Approach to (Z)‐β‐Phosphor‐Enamides
Authors: Peng Zhiyuan , Zhang Zhenming , Zeng Xianzhu , Tu Yongliang , Zhao Junfeng
Published: August 2019

The first trans‐selective β‐hydrophosphorylation of ynamides, which provides a facile approach to (Z)‐β‐phosphor‐enamide derivatives in moderate to excellent yields and with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity, is described. This transition‐metal‐free reaction is featured with operationally simple procedure, mild reaction conditions, readily available starting materials, broad substrate scope and good functional‐group tolerance. It is noted that the (Z)‐β‐phosphor (V)‐enamides can be prepared from the oxidation of the corresponding phosphine derivatives or the direct β‐hydrophosphorylation of ynamides with diphenylphosphine oxide. In addition, cis‐trans isomerization of (Z)‐β‐phosphor (V)‐enamides can be easily realized to furnish the corresponding (E)‐β‐phosphor (V)‐enamides. This advantageous feature enables the preparation of (Z)‐β‐phosphor (V)‐enamides as well as (E)‐β‐phosphor (V)‐enamides from the same starting materials.

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Interfacial Incompatibility and Internal Stresses in All‐Solid‐State Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: He Yanming , Lu Chuanyang , Liu Shan , Zheng Wenjian , Luo Jiayan
Published: August 2019

Rechargeable Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) are electrochemical storage device widely applied in electric vehicles, mobile electronic devices, etc. However, traditional LIBs containing liquid electrolytes suffer from flammability, poor electrochemical stability, and limited operational temperature range. Replacement of the liquid electrolytes with inorganic solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) would solve this problem. However, several critical issues, such as poor interfacial compatibility, low ionic conductivity at ambient temperatures, etc., need to be surmounted before the commercialization of all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries (ASSLIBs). In this review, a brief historical context for the inorganic SSEs is described first. Then, two critical issues in the ASSLIBs are highlighted: interfacial incompatibility of the electrodes and SSEs and internal stresses. For the interfacial incompatibility, the discussion is focused on the dynamic characterization of the electrode/SSE interfaces, the origin and evolution of the interfacial resistance, and interface engineering to minimize the interfacial resistance. The internal stresses in the ASSLIBs are another major concern because rigid contacts are introduced. Stress generation, stress evolution during battery cycling, stress measurement/simulation, and ways to alleviate the stresses are outlined in detail. Finally, current challenges and perspectives for future development of the inorganic SSEs and ASSLIBs are outlined.
The Facile Implementation of Soft/Tunable Multiband Optical Filters by Stacking Vertical Silicon Nanowire Arrays for Smart Sensing
Authors: Lee Gil Ju , Kim Yeong Jae , Song Han Sung , Yoo Dong Eun , Lee Dong-Wook , Kang Il-Suk , Song Young Min
Published: August 2019

Multiple band optical filters for optical smart sensing, which is simultaneous multispectral detection of objects, are intensively used in many applications, such as remote monitoring, biomedical imaging, wearable optical sensors, and wireless communication. Typically, periodically stacked dielectric layers are used in multiple band optical filters. However, the use of dielectrics inevitably results in rigidity and inflexibility, which is not suitable for advanced smart optical sensors fabricated on flexible substrates. Therefore, herein, a strategy to implement soft/tunable multiband optical filters made from silicon nanowire array‐based stackable optical filters (Si NW‐SOFs) composed of polymeric membranes containing vertical silicon nanowire arrays that filter light from visible to near‐infrared regions with a narrow bandwidth is proposed. Theoretical and experimental results indicate wavelength selectivity by geometrical parameters (e.g., diameter, period, and height) and the absence of optical disturbance between the layers in the integrated states. Therefore, multiband optical filters with single‐ to triple‐band stops are easily created by changing Si NW‐SOFs. Finally, imaging demonstrations that involve the filtering of monochromatic light sources of three wavelengths (i.e., red, green, and blue) and fluorescent biological tissues show the practical multiple band characteristics of Si NW‐SOFs.
Trauma‐Responsive Care in a Pediatric Setting: Feasibility and Acceptability of Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Kia‐Keating Maryam , Barnett Miya L. , Liu Sabrina R. , Sims Ginette M. , Ruth Andria B.
Published: August 2019

Highlights

This study focused on implementation processes, and facilitators and barriers to ACEs screenings.

There was high feasibility and acceptability of ACEs screenings at infants’ pediatric visits.

Almost half of families at well‐child pediatric visits indicated positive for ACEs.

A majority of families with ACEs accepted prevention services in the pediatric setting.

Wellness navigators provided a cultural bridge and service access in integrated behavioral health.
Generation and Applications of the Hydroxide Trihydrate Anion, [OH(OH2)3]−, Stabilized by a Weakly Coordinating Cation
Authors: Weitkamp Robin F. , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: August 2019

The reaction of a strongly basic phosphazene (Schwesinger base) with water afforded the corresponding metastable hydroxide trihydrate [OH(OH2)3]− salt. This is the first hydroxide solvate that is not in contact with a cation and furthermore one of rare known water‐stabilized hydroxide anions. Thermolysis in vacuum results in the decomposition of the hydroxide salt and quantitative liberation of the free phosphazene base. This approach was used to synthesize the Schwesinger base from its hydrochloride salt after anion exchange in excellent yields of over 97 %. This deprotonation method can also be used for the phosphazene‐base‐catalyzed preparation of the Ruppert–Prakash reagent Me3SiCF3 using fluoroform (HCF3) as the trifluoromethyl building block and sodium hydroxide as the formal deprotonation agent.
Preparation, thermal and mechanical properties of poly (ether‐imide) composite reinforced with carbon nanotube buckypaper
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno , Corredor Jefersson A. R. , Ardila Laura , Santos Luis F. P. , Costa Michelle L. , Rezende Mirabel C. , Botelho Edson C.
Published: August 2019

Vacuum filtration technique was employed in order to prepare multiwalled carbon nanotube buckypapers (MWCNT‐BP) through a well‐dispersed suspension of MWCNT/H2O with the aid of Triton X‐100 surfactant. The obtained BP (buckypaper) was then infiltrated with a solution of poly (ether‐imide) (PEI) under vacuum conditions. The visual inspection demonstrated the importance of the centrifugation procedure before the vacuum filtration of the suspension, revealing a smooth surface of the as‐prepared buckypaper. Thermogravimetric experiments (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy analyses have demonstrated the role of isopropyl alcohol in the removal of Triton X‐100 from the nanotube network. SEM observations of the cross‐section view of the samples revealed a porous network of the fabricated BP, and an impregnated structure of the PEI/BP composite, suggesting a good interfacial bonding between MWCNT and PEI. Moreover, significant improvements were achieved in mechanical and thermal properties of PEI matrix by the incorporation of BP, as the increase of both the storage modulus (42%) and the T
g (11 °C) for the PEI/BP composite. TGA have shown a significant increase in the onset decomposition temperature of the polymer by the incorporation of the BP. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48330.
The effect of resin formulation on the cellular morphology and mechanical properties of phenolic foams
Authors: Ziarati Hossein Bagheri , Fasihi Mohammad , Omranpour Hosseinali
Published: August 2019

In the present study, the effects of blowing agent concentration, surfactant, and resin viscosity on the cellular structure, density, and compressive strength of phenolic foams were investigated. The mechanism of foaming was studied by thermal analyses, as well. The scanning electron microscopy was performed to investigate the morphology of foams. The presence of surfactant was essential to obtain a foam structure. By increasing the amount of blowing agent in the formulation, the bubbles became larger. The variation of the resin viscosity had the sharp effect on the cell size and its distribution so that the cell size dropped from 108 to 77 μm in the sample with the highest viscosity. The mechanical properties were significantly affected by foam structure as well as the cell uniformity. By decreasing the average cell sizes, the compression strength and modulus were improved up to more than 60%. Finally, the optimum values for viscosity of resin and, blowing agent, and surfactant concentrations were obtained. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48331.
Aspects of reproducibility and stability for partial cure of epoxy matrix resin
Authors: Müller Michael , Winkler Anja , Gude Maik , Jäger Hubert
Published: August 2019

Partial cure of thermosets is a promising approach to enhance manufacturing possibilities of reinforced and unreinforced polymers. If partial cure is taken into consideration as a genuine process parameter, novel manufacturing technologies can be developed by exploiting the specific properties of incomplete polymer networks. A main concern in this context is to control the kinetic reaction avoiding inhomogeneous or instable degrees of cure. Based on a combination of numerical simulations and experiments, a methodology is presented that enables a systematic assessment of the reproducibility and stability of partial cure. Special attention is paid to the interaction of thermal boundary conditions and the cure kinetic of thick samples as well as the storability of partially cured resin under different conditions. Guidelines for cure cycle selection, mold design, and storage are derived. The possibility to use complex multistep cure schedules and extended storage periods is demonstrated for an unmodified noninhibited epoxy resin. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48342.
When Cultures Meet: The Landscape of “Social” Interactions between the Host and Its Indigenous Microbes
Authors: Geva‐Zatorsky Naama , Elinav Eran , Pettersson Sven
Published: August 2019

Animals exist as biodiverse composite organisms that include microbial residents, eukaryotic cells, and organs that collectively form a human being. Through an interdependent relationship and an inherent ability to transmit and reciprocate stimuli in a bidirectional way, a human body or the holobiont secures growth, health, and reproduction. As such, the survival of a holobiont is dependent on the maintenance of biological order including metabolic homeostasis by tight regulation of the communication between its eukaryotic and prokaryotic residents. In this review an overview and perspective are provided on the bidirectional communication between microbes and their host in mutually nurturing biochemical, biological, and social interconnected relationships between the components of the holobiont. An emphasis is placed on exemplifying microbiome‐mediated effects on host functions—aiming to integrate microbiome functionality to host physiology, be it health or disease. Nutrition, immunology, and sexual dimorphism have been traversed extensively to reflect on health and mind states, social interactions, and urbanization defects/effects. Finally, examples of molecular mechanisms potentially orchestrating these complex transkingdom interactions are provided.
Cytokine rs361525, rs1800750, rs1800629, rs1800896, rs1800872, rs1800795, rs1800470, and rs2430561 SNPs in relation with prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bănescu Claudia , Tripon Florin , Trifa Adrian P. , Crauciuc Andrei G , Moldovan Valeriu G. , Bogliş Alina , Benedek Istvan , Dima Delia , Cândea Marcela , Duicu Carmen , Iancu Mihaela
Published: August 2019

Background

Cytokines were correlated with survival and disease progression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We aimed to evaluate the multivariate effect of TNF‐α rs361525, rs1800750, rs1800629, IL‐10 rs1800896, rs1800872, IL‐6 rs1800795, TGF‐β1 rs1800470, IFN‐γ rs2430561 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on AML risk, the multivariate effect of SNPs on overall survival (OS) in AML and the association between the investigated SNPs and prognostic factors in AML.

Methods

All SNPs were genotyped in 226 adult AML cases and 406 healthy individuals. AML patients were investigated for FLT3 (ITD, D835), DNMT3A (R882), and NPM1 type A mutations.

Results

Univariate analysis revealed that age above 65 years had a negative influence on survival (P < .001). The presence of the rs1800750 variant genotype (P = .005) or FLT3‐ITD mutation (P = .009) in a cytogenetic high‐risk group (P = .003) negatively influenced OS. A negative association was observed between Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group Scale status > 2, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, platelet (PLT) count <40 000 cells/mm3, and OS. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the presence of the rs1800750 variant genotype was a risk factor for death (P = .007), and that blast percentage, LDH level (≥600 IU/L), and cytogenetic high‐risk were independent significant predictors for death in AML (P = .04, corrected HR = 1.20; P = .022, corrected HR = 1.24; P = .021, corrected HR = 1.34, respectively).

Conclusions

Age above 65 years, PLT count, TNF‐α rs1800750 variant genotype, blast percentage, LDH level, and cytogenetic high‐risk may be used as independent risk factors to assess AML mortality.
Citizen engagement in public services in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A mixed‐methods systematic review of participation, inclusion, transparency and accountability (PITA) initiatives
Authors: Waddington Hugh , Sonnenfeld Ada , Finetti Juliette , Gaarder Marie , John Denny , Stevenson Jennifer
Published: August 2019

Background

How do governance interventions that engage citizens in public service delivery planning, management and oversight impact the quality of and access to services and citizens’ quality of life? This systematic review examined high quality evidence from 35 citizen engagement programmes in low‐ and middle‐income countries that promote the engagement of citizens in service delivery through four routes:participation(participatory priority setting);inclusionof marginalised groups;transparency(information on rights and public service performance), and/or citizen efforts to ensure public serviceaccountability(citizen feedback and monitoring); collectively, PITA mechanisms. We collected quantitative and qualitative data from the included studies and used statistical meta‐analysis and realist‐informed framework synthesis to analyse the findings.

Results

The findings suggest that interventions promoting citizen engagement by improving direct engagement between service users and service providers, are often effective in stimulating active citizen engagement in service delivery and realising improvements in access to services and quality of service provision, particularly for services that involve direct interaction between citizens and providers. However, in the absence of complementary interventions to address bottlenecks around service provider supply chains and service use, citizen engagement interventions alone may not improve key wellbeing outcomes for target communities or state‐society relations. In addition, interventions promoting citizen engagement by increasing citizen pressures on politicians to hold providers to account, are not usually able to influence service delivery.

Conclusions

The citizen engagement interventions studied were more likely to be successful: (1) where the programme targeted a service that citizens access directly from front‐line staff, such as healthcare, as opposed to services accessed independently of service provider staff, such as roads; (2) where implementers were able to generate active support and buy‐in for the intervention from both citizens and front‐line public service staff and officials; and (3) where the implementation approach drew on and/or stimulated local capacity for collective action. From a research perspective, the review found few studies that investigated the impact of these interventions on women or other vulnerable groups within communities, and that rigorous impact evaluations often lack adequately transparent reporting, particularly of information on what interventions actually did and how conditions compared to those in comparison communities.
DNA metabarcoding adds valuable information for management of biodiversity in roadside stormwater ponds
Authors: Sun Zhenhua , Majaneva Markus , Sokolova Ekaterina , Rauch Sebastien , Meland Sondre , Ekrem Torbjørn
Published: August 2019

Stormwater ponds are used to compensate for the adverse effects that road runoff might have on the natural environment. Depending on their design and placement, stormwater ponds can act as both refugia and traps for local biodiversity. To evaluate the impact of stormwater ponds on biodiversity, it is critical to use effective and precise methods for identification of life associated with the water body. DNA metabarcoding has recently become a promising tool for identification and assessment of freshwater biodiversity.

Using both morphology and DNA metabarcoding, we analyze species richness and biological composition of samples from 12 stormwater ponds and investigate the impact of pond size and pollution levels in the sediments and water column on the macroinvertebrate community structure.

DNA metabarcoding captured and identified more than twice the number of taxa compared to morphological identification. The (dis)similarity of macroinvertebrate community composition in different ponds showed that the ponds appear better separated in the results obtained by DNA metabarcoding, but that the explained variation is higher for the results obtained by morphologically identification, since it provides abundance data.

The reliance on morphological methods has limited our perception of the aquatic biodiversity in response to anthropogenic stressors, thereby providing inaccurate information for appropriate design and management of stormwater ponds; these drawbacks can be overcome by DNA metabarcoding.

Synthesis and applications. The results indicate that DNA metabarcoding is a useful tool in identifying species, especially Diptera, which are difficult to determine. Application of DNA metabarcoding greatly increases the number of species identified at each sampling site, thereby providing a more accurate information regarding the way the ponds function and how they are affected by management.

OPEN PRACTICES

This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB30841.
New Titanium Complexes and Their Use in Hydroamination and Hydroaminoalkylation Reactions
Authors: Bielefeld Jens , Kurochkina Ekaterina , Schmidtmann Marc , Doye Sven
Published: August 2019

The synthesis of three new sterically crowded titanium complexes which all possess an identical formamidinato ligand, two dimethylamido ligands and in addition, a 2‐aminopyridinato ligand that contains either an N‐methyl, an N‐phenyl, or an N‐cyclohexyl substituent is presented. All new complexes are easily accessible from a common titanium mono(formamidinate) precursor and correspondingly N‐substituted 2‐aminopyridines. Furthermore, the new complexes are used as catalysts for selected hydroamination and hydroaminoalkylation reactions and finally, the catalytic performance of the new catalysts is compared with the performance of the titanium mono(formamidinate) precursor.
NiAl Layered Double Hydroxide Flowers with Ultrathin Structure Grown on 3D Graphene for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Guo Xingmei , Liu Huili , Xue Yanchun , Chen Jiale , Wan Xiaohan , Zhang Junhao , Liu Yuanjun , Yuan Aihua , Kong Qinghong , Fan Hai
Published: August 2019

To overcome the low electrical conductivity weakness of layered double hydroxide and to improve the electrochemical energy storage performance as supercapacitor electrodes, NiAl layered double hydroxide (NiAl‐LDH) flowers with ultrathin structure grown on three‐dimensional graphene (3DG) was constructed via a facile hydrothermal strategy. The NiAl‐LDH/3DG composites as binder‐free supercapacitor electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 884.5 F g–1 at 1 A g–1. Excellent cycle stability retaining 90 % of the initial capacitance after 7000 cycles at 5 A g–1 was also demonstrated, with the coulombic efficiency stayed above 95 % during the whole cycling process. The excellent performances should be ascribed to the synergistic effect of NiAl‐LDH and 3DG, in which the NiAl‐LDH ultrathin nanoflake petals provide sufficient pseudocapacitive sites; while 3DG provides robust and highly interconnected skeleton for efficient mass/charge transport.
Incorporation of PdCl2P2 Complexes in Ni‐MOF for Catalyzing Heck Arylation of Functionalized Olefins
Authors: Tarnowicz‐Ligus Stanisława , Augustyniak Adam , Trzeciak Anna M.
Published: August 2019

Two palladium complexes of a PdCl2P2 type with P = tri(1‐piperidinyl)phosphine (Pd‐1) and triphenylphosphine (Pd‐2) were successfully immobilized on [Ni8(OH)4(OH2)2(L)6]n (Ni‐MOF) material [L=4,4′‐(benzene‐1,4‐diyldiethyne‐2,1‐diyl)bis(1‐H‐pyrazole)] to form Pd@Ni‐MOF composites. The presence of big octahedral cavities in the Ni‐MOF structure (2.4 nm) enabled incorporation of PdCl2P2 molecules inside the Ni‐MOF, as confirmed by physicochemical measurements and computer simulation. The Pd@Ni‐MOF composites catalyzed arylation of estragole by iodobenzene with an efficiency higher than that for the corresponding PdCl2P2 compounds without MOF. Arylation of eugenol by PhB(OH)2 unexpectedly resulted in the formation of ether as the main product. This was explained by the dominating activity of the Cu@MOF catalyst, formed in situ under the reaction conditions.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Regioselective Allylation, Benzylation, and Silylation of Methylene‐Malononitriles via Photoredox‐Induced Radical Cation Fragmentation
Authors: Liu Rongfang , Chia Shane Pui Mun , Goh Yi Yiing , Cheo Han Wen , Fan Binbin , Li Ruifeng , Zhou Rong , Wu Jie
Published: August 2019

Visible‐light‐mediated regioselective allylation, benzylation, and silylation of methylene‐malononitriles using allylic/benzylic silane and disilane reagents have been developed, delivering the corresponding allylated, benzylated, and silylated products in moderate to excellent yields. These reactions proceed smoothly with exclusive regioselectivity by employing only an organo‐photoredox catalyst under very mild conditions. A photoredox‐induced radical cation fragmentation is proposed for the generation of the key allylic, benzylic, and silyl radicals.
Topological Type‐II Dirac Semimetal and Superconductor PdTe2 for Ethanol Electrooxidation
Authors: He Yuan , Yan Dong , Wang Shu , Shi Lei , Zhang Xing , Yan Kai , Luo Huixia
Published: August 2019

Ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is an essential half reaction in direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). Pd‐based materials are ideal candidates for electrocatalytic EOR. However, most reported materials generally show low ethanol oxidation completeness (Jf/Jb). Herein, an EOR electrocatalyst with high Jf/Jb is documented: topological type‐II Dirac semimetal and superconductor PdTe2. It is demonstrated that bulk PdTe2 can be successfully exfoliated into nanosheets with ≈4 nm thickness, by liquid‐phase exfoliation, which are loaded onto carbon fiber paper as EOR electrocatalysts. The resulting PdTe2 nanosheet electrocatalyst shows fivefold mass activity compared to that of commercial Pd black. In addition, the ratio of forward current (Jf) to backward current (Jb) of PdTe2 nanosheets is 5.28, which is much higher than previously reported (Jf/Jb ≈ 2), indicating excellent oxidation completeness of ethanol. Moreover, PdTe2 nanosheets exhibit a rather low Tafel slope of 41.2 mV dec−1 as well as good stability without reduction after 2 h of chronoamperometry measurement. These outstanding results indicate that the PdTe2 nanosheet is a promising electrocatalyst material for high‐performance energy conversion.
Chronic Toxicities of Neonicotinoids to Nymphs of the Common New Zealand Mayfly Deleatidium spp.
Authors: Macaulay Samuel J. , Hageman Kimberly J. , Alumbaugh Robert E. , Lyons Sean M. , Piggott Jeremy J. , Matthaei Christoph D.
Published: August 2019

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been shown to have high chronic toxicity relative to acute toxicity, and therefore short-term toxicity tests ≤96 h in duration may underestimate their environmental risks. Among nontarget aquatic invertebrates, insects of the orders Diptera and Ephemeroptera have been found to be the most sensitive to neonicotinoids. To undertake a more accurate assessment of the risks posed by neonicotinoids to freshwater ecosystems, more data are needed from long-term tests employing the most sensitive taxa. Using nymphs of the common New Zealand mayfly genus Deleatidium spp., we performed 28-d static-renewal exposures with the widely used neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam. We monitored survival, immobility, impairment, and mayfly moulting propensity at varying time points throughout the experiment. Imidacloprid and clothianidin exerted strong chronic toxicity effects on Deleatidium nymphs, with 28-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.28 and 1.36 µg/L, respectively, whereas thiamethoxam was the least toxic, with a 28-d LC50 > 4 µg/L (highest concentration tested). Mayfly moulting propensity was also negatively affected by clothianidin (during 3 of 4 wk), imidacloprid (2 of 4 wk), and thiamethoxam (1 of 4 wk). Comparisons with published neonicotinoid chronic toxicity data for other mayfly taxa and larvae of the midge genus Chironomus showed similar sensitivities for mayflies and midges, suggesting that experiments using these taxa provide reliable assessments of the threats of neonicotinoids to the most vulnerable freshwater species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2459–2471. © 2019 SETAC
Edge computing in smart health care systems: Review, challenges, and research directions
Authors: Hartmann Morghan , Hashmi Umair Sajid , Imran Ali
Published: August 2019

Today, patients are demanding a newer and more sophisticated health care system, one that is more personalized and matches the speed of modern life. For the latency and energy efficiency requirements to be met for a real‐time collection and analysis of health data, an edge computing environment is the answer, combined with 5G speeds and modern computing techniques. Previous health care surveys have focused on new fog architecture and sensor types, which leaves untouched the aspect of optimal computing techniques, such as encryption, authentication, and classification that are used on the devices deployed in an edge computing architecture. This paper aims first to survey the current and emerging edge computing architectures and techniques for health care applications, as well as to identify requirements and challenges of devices for various use cases. Edge computing application primarily focuses on the classification of health data involving vital sign monitoring and fall detection. Other low‐latency applications perform specific symptom monitoring for diseases, such as gait abnormalities in Parkinson's disease patients. We also present our exhaustive review on edge computing data operations that include transmission, encryption, authentication, classification, reduction, and prediction. Even with these advantages, edge computing has some associated challenges, including requirements for sophisticated privacy and data reduction methods to allow comparable performance to their Cloud‐based counterparts, but with lower computational complexity. Future research directions in edge computing for health care have been identified to offer a higher quality of life for users if addressed.
Adaptation to hummingbird pollination is associated with reduced diversification inPenstemon
Authors: Wessinger Carolyn A. , Rausher Mark D. , Hileman Lena C.
Published: August 2019

A striking characteristic of the Western North American flora is the repeated evolution of hummingbird pollination from insect-pollinated ancestors. This pattern has received extensive attention as an opportunity to study repeated trait evolution as well as potential constraints on evolutionary reversibility, with little attention focused on the impact of these transitions on species diversification rates. Yet traits conferring adaptation to divergent pollinators potentially impact speciation and extinction rates, because pollinators facilitate plant reproduction and specify mating patterns between flowering plants. Here, we examine macroevolutionary processes affecting floral pollination syndrome diversity in the largest North American genus of flowering plants, Penstemon. Within Penstemon, transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers have frequently occurred, although hummingbird-adapted species are rare overall within the genus. We inferred macroevolutionary transition and state-dependent diversification rates and found that transitions from ancestral bee-adapted flowers to hummingbird-adapted flowers are associated with reduced net diversification rate, a finding based on an estimated 17 origins of hummingbird pollination in our sample. Although this finding is congruent with hypotheses that hummingbird adaptation in North American Flora is associated with reduced species diversification rates, it contrasts with studies of neotropical plant families where hummingbird pollination has been associated with increased species diversification. We further used the estimated macroevolutionary rates to predict the expected pattern of floral diversity within Penstemon over time, assuming stable diversification and transition rates. Under these assumptions, we find that hummingbird-adapted species are expected to remain rare due to their reduced diversification rates. In fact, current floral diversity in the sampled Penstemon lineage, where less than one-fifth of species are hummingbird adapted, is consistent with predicted levels of diversity under stable macroevolutionary rates.
Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of grape pomace and grape seed extracts on colorectal cancer cell lines
Authors: Pérez‐Ortiz José M. , Alguacil Luis F. , Salas Elisabet , Hermosín‐Gutiérrez Isidro , Gómez‐Alonso Sergio , González‐Martín Carmen
Published: August 2019

Grape pomace is the source of bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan‐3‐ols, and stilbenes) which exhibit antiproliferative actions on cell cultures. We have investigated the antitumoral effects of grape pomace and grape seed extracts on colon cancer cells (Caco‐2, HT‐29) and fibroblasts. Crude extracts prepared from white and red pomace, and grape seeds, reduced the viability and proliferation of Caco‐2. HT‐29 cells were resistant to these actions. Purified extracts were then prepared from the same sources and compared with the LDH test; again, all three extracts were active and purified extract from grape seed was the most potent and specific on Caco‐2 cells. HT‐29 cells were more sensitive to these purified extracts. The biological activity resided almost exclusively in the flavonol and flavan‐3‐ols subfractions, rather than the anthocyanin subfraction. Preliminary results on the mechanisms involved in these effects revealed downregulation of Myc gene expression in HT‐29 and upregulation of Ptg2 in Caco‐2 cells.
Low FODMAP diet in children and adolescents with functional bowel disorder: A clinical case note review
Authors: Brown Stephanie C , Whelan Kevin , Gearry Richard B , Day Andrew S
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims

Functional bowel disorders (FBD), such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are increasingly more common in children and affect up to 20% of children. The etiology is multifactorial with no clear organic cause. Symptoms are recurrent and are associated with a reduced quality of life, school absences, and psychological challenges. Treatment options are variable. FODMAPs are short‐chained carbohydrates, poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract due to their increased osmotic activity and excess gas production from the bacterial fermentation process. There is a paucity of data examining dietary interventions that restrict carbohydrates in children with IBS. The aim of this study was to examine the use of the low FODMAP diet (LFD) in children with an FBD.

Methods

A retrospective clinical case note review of children with an FBD managed with an LFD was undertaken. Anthropometry and clinical data were collected by a pediatric gastroenterology dietitian. An IBS satisfaction survey was used to assess diet outcomes. Statistical analyses were completed using Excel.

Results

Of the 29 children included in this study, complete resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms was observed for 11 of 12 (92%) of those with bloating, 13 of 15 (87%) of those with diarrhea, and 17 of 22 (77%) of those with abdominal pain. Twenty‐three (79%) participants reported an improvement of symptoms. Fructans were the most common symptom‐causing carbohydrate.

Conclusion

The LFD is a useful dietary treatment strategy for children with FBD. This study adds to the small body of evidence supporting FODMAP dietary interventions in children with FBD. Further prospective studies are required.
Increased risk of sudden death in untreated primary carnitine deficiency
Authors: Rasmussen Jan , Dunø Morten , Lund Allan M. , Steuerwald Ulrike , Hansen Steen‐Holger , Joensen Høgni D. , Køber Lars , Nielsen Olav W.
Published: August 2019

Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) affects fatty acid oxidation and is associated with cardiomyopathy and cardiac arrhythmia, but the risk of sudden death in PCD is unknown. The Faroe Islands have a high prevalence of PCD, 1:300. This study systematically investigated a possible association between untreated PCD and sudden death in young Faroese subjects. We investigated all medico‐legal cases of sudden death between 1979 and 2012 among subjects below the age of 45. Stored biomaterial was examined with molecular genetic analysis to reveal PCD. We compared the prevalence of PCD among sudden death cases with that of the background population (0.23%) to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for sudden death with PCD. Biomaterial was available and genetically analyzed from 53 of 65 sudden death cases (82%) in the Faroe Islands. Six (one male and five females) of the 53 cases were homozygous for the PCD related c.95A>G mutation—a prevalence of 11.3% (95% CI 5%‐23%) and an OR of 54.3 (95% CI 21‐138, P < .0001) for the association between sudden death and untreated PCD. Only 11 of the 53 sudden death cases were women—of whom five were homozygous for the c.95A>G mutation (45.5%) yielding an OR of 348.8 (95% CI 94‐1287, P < .0001) for the association between sudden death and untreated PCD in females. This study showed a strong association between sudden death and untreated PCD, especially in females.
A retrospective study of implants placed following 1‐stage or 2‐stage maxillary sinus floor augmentation by the lateral window technique performed on residual bone of <4 mm: Results up to 10 years of follow‐up
Authors: Kim Hyun Ju , Yea Sanghyun , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Lee Yong‐Moo , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Seol Yang‐Jo
Published: August 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the survival rates of implants placed following 1‐stage or 2‐stage maxillary sinus floor augmentation by the lateral window technique (SFALW) performed on residual bone of <4 mm.

Methods

This study was conducted based on dental records and radiographs obtained from patients who received SFALW from March 2006 to June 2014, being followed up between March 2006 and December 2017. They were divided into 1‐stage and 2‐stage groups according to the SFALW performed. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate whether a significant difference existed between 1‐stage and 2‐stage SFALW in terms of survival rates. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence of multiple variables on implant failure.

Results

A total of 395 implants (156 implants in the 1‐stage group, 239 implants in the 2‐stage group) in 167 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Among them, 13 implants (five implants in the 1‐stage group, eight implants in the 2‐stage group) failed. No significant difference was found in the 10‐year cumulative survival rate of implants between the 1‐stage group and the 2‐stage group (96.8% and 92.5%, respectively, P = 0.656). Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that implant failure was significantly influenced by implant length and functional time following prosthetic loading.

Conclusions

The 10‐year cumulative survival rates showed no statistically significant difference between implants following 1‐stage and 2‐stage maxillary SFALW performed on residual bone height of <4 mm.
Assessing the effects of particle size and composition on light scattering through measurements of size‐fractionated seawater samples
Authors: Koestner Daniel , Stramski Dariusz , Reynolds Rick A.
Published: August 2019

Measurements of the particulate volume scattering function,
βp(ψ), at light wavelength of 532 nm, particle size distribution, PSD, and several metrics of particulate concentration and composition were made on eight contrasting seawater samples from nearshore and coastal oceanic environments including river estuary and offshore locations. Both
βp(ψ) and PSDs were measured on original (unfiltered) samples and particle size‐fractionated samples obtained through filtration using mesh filters with pore sizes of 5 and 20 μm. We present results based on direct size‐fractionated measurements and data adjusted for imperfect fractionation, which provide insights into the roles played by particle size and composition in angle‐resolved light scattering produced by highly variable natural assemblages of aquatic particles. Despite intricate interplay between the effects of particle size and composition, small particles (< 5 μm in size) consistently produced a major or dominant contribution (~ 50–80%) to the particulate backscattering coefficient,
bbp, in organic, either phytoplankton or nonalgal, dominated samples regardless of significant variations in PSD between these samples. The notable exception was a sample dominated by large‐celled diatoms from microphytoplankton size range, which exemplifies a scenario when large particles (> 20 μm) can produce a considerable contribution (~ 40%) to
bbp. We also observed a trend for inorganic‐dominated samples exhibiting consistently lower contributions (~ 30–40%) of small particles to
bbp. The particle size‐based budget for the particulate scattering coefficient,
bp, indicates a significant decrease in the role of small particles accompanied by an increase in the role of larger particles compared to the
bbp budget.