bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding a temporal dimension to the study of Friedreich's ataxia: the effect of frataxin overexpression in a human cell model
Authors: Vannocci Tommaso , Notario Manzano Roberto , Beccalli Ombretta , Bettegazzi Barbara , Grohovaz Fabio , Cinque Gianfelice , de Riso Antonio , Quaroni Luca , Codazzi Franca , Pastore Annalisa
Published: May 2018

The neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia is caused by lower than normal levels of frataxin, an important protein involved in iron sulphur cluster biogenesis. An important step in designing strategies to treat this disease is to understand whether increasing the frataxin levels by gene therapy would be tout-court beneficial or detrimental since previous studies, mostly based on animal models, have reported conflicting results. Here, we have exploited an inducible model, which we developed using the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology, to study the effects of frataxin overexpression in human cells and follow how the system recovers after overexpression. Using novel tools which range from high throughput microscopy to in cell infrared, we prove that overexpression of the frataxin gene affects the cellular metabolism. It also lead to a significant increase of oxidative stress and labile iron pool levels. These cellular alterations are similar to those observed when the gene is partially silenced, as it occurs in Friedreich's ataxia's patients. Our data suggest that the levels of frataxin must be tightly regulated and fine-tuned, any imbalance leading to oxidative stress and toxicity.
Generalizations, overgeneralizations and intercultural communication: The stereotype of the Greek nation at commemorative ceremonies in schools.
Authors: Benincasa Luciana
Published: May 2018

This paper has a double aim: (a) to approach a stereotype of the nation as overgeneralization and obstacle to intercultural communication and (b) to suggest ways to start to “escape” from stereotypical thinking. The first aim is pursued through a comparison between two conceptualizations of the level of “programming” of the human mind: (a) Hofstede’s model of the “software” of the human mind and (b) a stereotype of the Greek nation widely used in schools, as it is presented in the literature. Both constitute theories of the patterns of thinking, feeling and potential acting among the members of nation. The first (scientific) theory is explicitly articulated on three levels:  individual, group and human nature. The stereotype of the nation may be viewed as a folk theory. Meant to serve the management of everyday life, it does not have to be explicitly formulated or satisfy the requirements of a scientific theory.  The school stereotype was subject to thematic analysis. The comparison suggests that this national stereotype tends to abolish the lines that, In Hofstede’s schema, keep the levels of mental programming clearly separate. As a result, the stereotype constitutes an overgeneralization. As such, it is viewed as an obstacle to successful intercultural communication. Thus, I argue for the need of critical self-examination as the means of acquiring awareness of our stereotypes. To this purpose, a few “techniques” and a brief overview of relevant literature.
Xylariales: First results of mycological exploration in the Sangay and Llanganates National Parks, Ecuador
Authors: Guevara María-Fernanda , Mátyás Bence , Ordoñez María-Eugenia
Published: May 2018

Fungal samples were collected in the Sangay (SP) and Llanganates (LP) National Parks in Ecuador. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA of the samples were analyzed.Taxonomic identification of fungi of the order Xylariales was done through phylogenetic analysis using a Maximun Likelihood method. All analyzed collections presented here belong to the genus Xylaria, of these eight belong to PL and two to SP. Four samples were not identified at the species level, suggesting it could be a new species. This data contributes with base information on the biodiversity of the Parks, necessary to design and implement measures for the conservation of fungi in Ecuador.
SECURITY OF CROP PRODUCTION OF SOIL-PROCESSING TECHNIQUE: STATUS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Юнусов Губейдулла , Yunusov Gubeydulla , Ахмадеева Марзия , Akhmadeeva Marziya , Жук Алексей , Zhuk Aleksey
Published: May 2018

In Russia for the last 20 years the park of farm vehicles was repeatedly reduced and security of crop production with the soil-cultivating equipment and tractors has significantly worsened. Despite reduction of arable land more than on 40 million hectares, the number of cars on 1000 hectares during the present period are many times lower, than at the countries with the developed agriculture, including in Belarus. The main reasons for reduction of the area of the cultivated arable land, need of their elimination, including due to multiple increase and high-quality improvement of the machine park are specified. The analysis of current trends of development of tillage machines is carried out and the factors influencing this process are shown. The major requirements are increase in productivity due to increase in width of hijacking of cars and power of tractors, ensuring adaptability of cars to agrotechnical requirements due to use of replaceable working bodies and adapters, means of the automated control of quality of work and, in the long term, aggregation with the pilotless power means equipped with GLONASS systems. Types and the predicted need for priority tillage machines taking into account broader performance of pochvovlagosberegayushchy technologies, increases in arable land due to development of 20 million hectares of deposits and updating of the tractor park with his saturation by powerful enegosredstvo are given.
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ESTIMATION OF EFFICIENCY OF REGIONAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX FUNCTION OF VOLGA FEDERAL DISTRICT
Authors: Зайдуллина Алсу , Zaydullina Alsu
Published: May 2018

Market economy promotes the growth of healthy competition, which becomes the leading principle of economic relations not only in Russia, but also in the world. Therefore, the assessment of the efficiency of regional agro-industrial complex function is the main informational base, which in the future will allow the use and expansion of the potential. Relations with this have been developed indicators for undertaking a comprehensive assessment: economic potential, regional effectiveness, indicators of the advantages of the agroindustrial complex. The analysis of the indicators of Volga Federal District has established that the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan are close to achieving a high level of competitiveness, they have the necessary resources for economic growth. The obtained data will allow to build a strategy correctly for further development of the regions, identify weaknesses and determine the strengths.
NEW HARVESTER OF CABBAGE
Authors: Алатырев Сергей , Alatyrev Sergey , Мишин Петр , Mishin Petr , Алатырев Алексей , Alatyrev Aleksey
Published: May 2018

In recent years, significant structural changes have taken place in agricultural production, small forms of management have developed substantially. A spontaneous migration of a significant part of the vegetable crops from the public sector to personal subsidiary and farming enterprises occurred. In this situation, the concept of creating for the current consumer a multivariate technique that adapts to changing production and agro-technical conditions has become relevant. In order to implement the above-mentioned concept, a multivariate cabbage harvester was developed in the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy together with JSC “TechMA” of “Tekhmashholding” group of companies, equipped with radically new working units: a cutting device, a separating device, a bulk transporter, a copying mechanism, cabbage in a sparing regime. The harvester allows to organize the harvesting process of cabbage in three technological schemes: shipment of cabbage in bulk to a universal vehicle device; shipment of cabbage to the containers, installed in the body of the vehicle; by shipping the cabbage first to a flexible floor of a trough-like shape, and then manually shifted to containers.
IT-CONSULTING IS THE FUNDAMENTAL FACTOR OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Клычова Гузалия , Klychova Guzaliya , Юсупова Альфия , Yusupova Al'fiya
Published: May 2018

IT-consulting is a kind of outsourcing services, which are characterized by the provision of advisory assistance in the field of information technology. IT-enterprises are consulting for IT-consulting, which are planning to take the business to a higher level. Despite the fact that the IT-consulting market is characterized by a high level of competition, not all firms that provide IT-services have a high organization of internal business processes. An urgent issue requiring research is the search for ways to improve the efficiency of IT-consulting firms. Currently, the agro-industrial complex, like any other sphere of business, does not do without information technology. Software solutions for automation of agrarian enterprises are characterized by features that are determined by the specifics of agricultural production processes. For agriculture, IT-solutions are needed, developed for certain segments - plant growing, livestock, processing, production, etc. In order to increase the efficiency of agribusiness, in terms of reducing operating costs and production costs, the most promising direction is the application of management systems and optimization of production processes. In view of the fact that in agricultural enterprises there are often no specialists with the necessary skills for setting up and maintaining already established software solutions, there is a need to consult IT-consulting services. The functions of IT-consulting are as follows: - selection of software for solving specific problems of the agricultural enterprise; - training in working with special software;- adaptation of agricultural software to the needs of the enterprise. The work of the consultants of IT consulting companies should be to find the most suitable software solution and inform the company’s management of the importance of using complex products in production, the advantages of automation of management processes, and also to train qualified personnel and
Schedule-Based Integrated Intercity Bus Line Planning via Branch-and-Cut
Authors: Steiner Konrad , Irnich Stefan
Published: May 2018

This work addresses integrated line planning for intercity bus lines, which differs in several respects from line planning in public transit. Passengers in intercity transportation decide on specific timetabled services to get to their destination. This is a contrast to an urban setting with higher frequencies, where it is generally sufficient to choose a line. Furthermore, intercity bus transportation in deregulated markets is usually characterized by fierce competition within and across modes. Customers are highly sensitive to price, time of day, duration, convenient access to stations, and service quality. Hence, bus line operators need to decide thoroughly on every single timetabled service they offer to manage the cost and revenue consequences of network design and timetable. We provide a schedule-based modeling approach integrating aspects of dynamic demand, network planning, and timetabling. For a given line corridor, locations of potential stations and ideal service times are determined simultaneously. We analyze the performance of our branch-and-cut solution approach using data from a German intercity bus carrier operating in a newly deregulated and quickly developing market. Moreover, we show that the integrated and schedule-based line planning often produces insightful new results that differ significantly from conventional approaches.
Thai nursing students' experiences of caring for patients at the end of life: a phenomenological study
Authors: Matchim Yaowarat , Raetong Parinya
Published: May 2018

Aim:

To describe Thai nursing students' experiences of providing end-of-life care (EoLC).

Methods:

Data were collected via in-depth interviews with 21 nursing students and were analysed using Van Manen's method.

Findings:

Eight themes emerged based on Van Manen's four lived worlds: feeling excited and worried when receiving an assigned case; feeling disappointed with the health-care team's provision of psychosocial support for patients at the end-of-life and their families; being in a time of uncertainty; recognising that EoLC is a time for gaining merit; knowing that a peaceful place and privacy are needed for promoting a peaceful death; knowing that the real-life classroom is around the patient's bedside; feeling lonely and needing help and support; and creating relationships with patients and families as a nurse.

Conclusions:

To promote nursing students' positive clinical experiences in providing EoLC, enhancing staff's competency and closing the theory–practice gap regarding palliative care are necessary objectives.
Enabling chronic wounds to heal: management of leg ulcers
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: May 2018

Linda Nazarko explores how leg ulcers are treated, managed and protected and identifies those most at risk
Power, Exile, and Religion in the Roman Empire
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how Philo emerged as a central author in the discourse on power, exile, and religion in first-century Rome. Highly aware of the tyrannical features of Claudius's rule, he develops a sophisticated language of projecting criticism onto Claudius's predecessor Gaius. Like his contemporary Seneca, Philo connects the loss of power—namely, exile—with philosophy, suggesting that it is a space for reasserting and refashioning one's identity. Close parallels appear between the Roman version of exile, exemplified by Flaccus, and the Jewish version of exile, exemplified by the Alexandrian Jews during the pogrom in their city. Within this distinctly Roman context, Philo develops a fascinating new notion of Judaism, which he defines by nobility of mind, the Jerusalem Temple, urbanity, and civic virtues. This dramatic refashioning of Judaism has significant implications for early Christianity and subsequent Greek authors in the Roman Empire.
Creation Theology and Monotheism
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on Philo's creation theology and monotheism. Philo plays an important role in the emergence of a monotheistic creed among Second Temple Jews. Probably coining the term “polytheistic doctrine,” Philo grounds his argument in the biblical creation account. The creation is so central to his approach that he opens the Exposition of the Law with a special treatise devoted to it, which is followed by the biographies of the patriarchs and four books on biblical law. Most notably, Philo presents the creation as one of the three overall categories of the Bible, next to the historical narratives and the laws. Thus, one biblical chapter, Genesis, receives exceptional emphasis, much beyond its original place, and becomes a source of theological principles. The chapter then examines whether and, if so, how Philo's detailed interpretation of the creation was inspired by Roman discourses.
Character and History in the Lives of the Biblical Forefathers
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the tree extant Lives of Moses, Joseph, and Abraham, also taking into account what Philo says about the lost Lives of Isaac and Jacob. Philo's biographical interests are connected to politics. Drawn out of his scholarly lifestyle in Alexandria by the riots of 38 CE, Philo becomes actively involved in the events of his time and writes historical treatises with an emphasis on influential actors and their lives. His decision to write the Lives of the biblical forefathers belongs to the same political context. He wrote the biographies of Abraham, Joseph, and Moses during roughly the same period as the historical works, and they are characterized by a similar style of writing. At the same time, however, the Lives of the biblical forefathers extend beyond narrow political apologetics and convey a broader picture of Judaism.
Biblical Commentary
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at Philo's biblical commentaries. Philo's commentary activity on the Jewish Scriptures must be appreciated in the context of Alexandria, where he became familiar with critical methods of scholarship and engaged in a lively dialogue with colleagues in the Jewish community. He developed an innovative approach, stressing the textual difficulties or “stumbling-blocks” in the Bible and using them as stepping stones for allegorical interpretation. Philo argued that the imperfection of the biblical text was intentional, as Moses thus wished to alert his readers to a higher spiritual meaning. Philo is moreover the first known interpreter who made extensive use of secondary and tertiary texts, innovatively adducing verses from the Prophets and Psalms in order to interpret Genesis. This intertextual approach enabled him to uncover a mystical meaning in the Pentateuch that hinted at the soul's ascent to God, often described in overtly sexual imagery.
Stoicism: Rejected, Subverted, and Advocated
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes how Philo expresses a highly complex attitude toward Stoicism that involves an explicit rejection of the materialism of this school, creative subversion of Stoics' ethical theories, and a whole-hearted appreciation of its more religious tenets. While expecting his readers to know some Stoic terms, such as oikeiosis, he does not assume that they will care much about their precise meanings. Instead of discussing such terms in detail, Philo refers to them in a general manner, using them in idiosyncratic and often Platonic ways. Given his ambivalence toward basic Stoic tenets, it is remarkable that Philo realized the attraction and emotional appeal of Stoicism as a young man in the predominantly Platonic environment of Alexandria.
Epilogue: Philo at the Crossroads of Judaism, Hellenism, and Christianity
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This epilogue argues that Philo's biography illuminates crucial developments in the first centuries of the Common Era. The effect of Rome on his personality and thought shows similar phenomena in Greek culture and early Christianity. In both of these subcultures one sees a clear division between authors who were oriented toward Rome and those who turned their backs on Roman fashions. Moreover, Philo's biography provides a better understanding of the development of Judaism from the Second Temple period to the rabbinic movement. He illustrates a form of Judaism that positioned itself within the general culture, embracing new historical and cultural developments in the world rather than opposing them. The rabbis who assumed leadership after the destruction of the Second Temple and the demise of numerous apocalyptic movements also worked largely in cooperation with Rome and engaged both Roman and Greek discourses.
“He Dreamed of Africa”
Authors: Field Kendra Taira
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 traces the migratory life of Alexander “Elic” Davis, the African-American farmer and preacher who led his cousin, Monroe Coleman, to Indian Territory. Davis’s life illuminates the devastating poverty and disfranchisement that shaped the lives of most freedpeople after Reconstruction, precipitated the nadir of African-American history, and instilled in millions of rural black southerners the desire to “pick up” in the name of racialized peoplehood and self-determination. At the turn of the twentieth century, broadening narrower emigrationism of the antebellum era, rural farmers like Davis participated in the early construction of twentieth-century black nationalism and modern pan-Africanism.
Namumpum, “Our Beloved Kinswoman,” Saunkskwa of Pocasset: Bonds, Acts, Deeds
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes deeds and other documents in which the Wampanoag saunkskwa Weetamoo appeared as a major diplomatic figure, setting the stage for her alliance building during King Philip’s War. Weetamoo materializes only on the eve of war in most histories, which often rely on postwar narratives that displace both her diplomacy and the war waged against Indigenous women and their agricultural fields. This chapter fills a substantial gap in the record, focusing on the documents that demonstrate Weetamoo’s leadership prior to the war, as well as the challenge she posed to male settlers in Plymouth and other New England colonies, who sought to impose local colonial rule. The chapter interprets key documents through the frameworks of Indigenous kinship, geography, governance, and sustainable agriculture, highlighting the strategic adaptations of Wampanoag and Narragansett leaders in response to English colonialism. By bringing together many obscure but related documents, this chapter builds a frame for better understanding the motivations, interventions, and experiences of Weetamoo and other neighboring Indigenous leaders which formed the ground for their responses to King Philip’s War.
The Queen’s Right and the Quaker’s Relation
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the origins of King Philip’s War from within Wampanoag territory, highlighting the perspectives of Wampanoag leaders, including Metacom (or Philip) and Weetamoo, as recorded by Rhode Island lieutenant governor John Easton, a Quaker, on the eve of the war. These accounts center colonial encroachment on Wampanoag land and governance as a key motivating factor for both Indigenous resistance and colonial containment.
Here Comes the Storm
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the diverse, complex ways in which war entered into Indigenous communities and homelands by approaching the beginning of King Philip’s War from multiple places and viewpoints—ranging from mothers and leaders like Weetamoo and her sister Wootonakanuske to scouts embedded in colonial companies like James Quananopohit and his brother Thomas—bringing multifaceted Indigenous characters and perspectives to the fore, while also considering the tactics and experiences of colonial leaders and soldiers from Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The chapter evokes the experience of the “storm” of war as it spirals through the land, using interpretive frameworks drawn from Indigenous studies. This chapter begins at Weetamoo’s homeland of Pocasset and moves to neighboring Wampanoag and Narragansett territories, including Montaup, Sakonnet, and Nipsachuck.
The Northern Front: Beyond Replacement Narratives
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This book concludes where it opened, on the Northern Front of Wabanaki, where the war, and the negotiation of peace, continued long past the summer of 1676. This chapter focuses on a wave of raids that began on the Wabanaki coast, on the same day that Metacom was killed, as well as the efforts of multiple Penacook and Abenaki leaders to end the conflict through diplomacy. It highlights the complex context behind the “surprisal” at Cocheco, involving New Hampshire trader Richard Waldron, and explores the response of Indigenous leaders on the Kennebec River. The chapter concludes with the little-known treaties of Pemaquid and Casco Bay in 1677 and 1678, exploring a wide map of Indigenous communication, diplomacy, and alliance. This wider map also enables acknowledgment of the role of the colonies of New York and New France in both diplomacy and war.
Monumentalizing after “Detribalization,” and Swamp Discourse from Casinos to Carcieri
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines evolving Narragansett and Euro-American practices around place and memory in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, focusing on Native adaptations in the wake of the illegal “detribalization” process. It considers Native responses to colonial monuments such as the one erected at Great Swamp in 1906; a growing set of “pan-Indian” practices and tribal efforts to convey Indigenous identities to Yankee neighbors; and the role of the tribal magazine The Narragansett Dawn in fostering inter- and multi-tribal ties across the region. The chapter then considers late twentieth-century debates over federal recognition, sovereignty, and environmentalism, particularly around issues of potential casino gaming and land-into-trust cases, one of which rose all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court and carried repercussions across Indian Country. The effects of a violent raid on a tribal-run smoke shop in the early 2000s are also examined. Additionally, the chapter takes up a recent “battlefields” project in the Nipsachuck area where archaeologists, landowners, and tribal community members are reassessing the character and legacies of a pivotal site from 1675-1676, and creating new opportunities for collaboration, knowledge-sharing, and collective understandings.
Power and Persistence along a Changing River
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter follows the evolution of the Great River valley in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, an era when industrialization and modernization created anxieties among many Euro-American populations, as well as opportunities for enduring Native communities. It accounts for the emergence of Turners Falls as a planned industrial community that harnessed the current of the river for hydropower, and provided an impetus for conservative place-marking efforts among area antiquarians. The chapter takes up a resurgence of efforts by northeast tribes and organizations endeavouring to protect and reinterpret key areas along the river, including a “reconciliation” staged in the early 2000s between Natives and non-Natives, and debates over the treatment of “ceremonial landscapes” in the face of infrastructure development. It considers the nature of monuments that have been rethought by poets as well as local residents, and the implications of critical “graffiti” on these stones.
Conclusion
Authors: DeLucia Christine M.
Published: May 2018

The conclusion summarizes the interventions made by the preceding chapters on topics of memorialization and placemaking. It asks what “other stories” remain to be told about this conflict and its protracted legacies, and what kinds of sociocultural work are necessary to change public understandings of the past as well as the present. It briefly mentions a series of additional case studies that shed light on alternative dimensions of the war, including Native migrations to Quebec-area communities, and the recent unearthing and identification of the Monhantic Fort in Mashantucket Pequot tribal homelands. Altogether, it underscores the need to understand processes of commemoration within particular historical and geographical contexts, and the importance of revisiting seemingly “final” understandings of the Native Northeast.
Introduction
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This volume explores the lives, thought, and works of some twelve Levantine literati, while assessing the possibility of valorizing a greater degree of pluralism in Middle Eastern public life, even as the modern Middle East as we have come to know it through the twentieth century seems to have “collapsed” in the aftermath of the 2010 events formerly known as the “Arab Spring.” Such pluralism may be found in a number of salient features of Levantine society, among them Levantinism, Mediterraneanism, Pharaonism, Phoenicianism, and Syrianism. Indeed, the authors considered in this volume have dramatically shifted their opinions and orientations over the years, often in meteoric bouts and at breakneck speed.
Syria
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

Syria's literati have been producing work alluding to the nebulous nature of their modern state, and perhaps foretelling its unmaking; not because multi-ethnic nation-states are by their very nature doomed to failure, but because inherently multi-ethnic states preening themselves to be unitary, monocultural, and monolingual, must sooner or later come to terms with their diversity, and must find ways to valorize and celebrate that diversity. This chapter features authors that attempted to do their part in acknowledging textured identities. These include Nizar Qabbani (1923–98), recognized as the Arabs' leading feminist and advocate of women's rights; and Syro-Lebanese writer Ali Ahmad Said Ispir—known primarily by his nom de plume, Adonis (b. 1930).
Conclusion
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The evocative texts explored in this volume—which remain a drop in the vast ocean of modern Levantine cultural production—reveal charming facets of the Eastern Mediterranean in its natural settings and its spiritual and intellectual dimensions; a Levant at once extolled and condemned by both its offspring and its gods; a Levant brimming with histories and rituals and civilizations that are at the same time exhilarating and exasperating, somber and cheerful, grim and hopeful. It is hoped that this volume has offered a glimpse into another Middle East, largely suppressed but still bustling with life under the ashes of orthodoxy and the remains of shattered nations, pining to be rediscovered, restituted.
Achieving the Black Social Gospel
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

The black social gospel advocated protest activism within religious communities to resist America’s system of racial caste. Dorrien’s previous book, The New Abolition: W. E. B. Du Bois and the Black Social Gospel, described the 19th century founding of this tradition as a successor to the abolitionist movement. The New Abolition ended just as King’s models of social justice ministry entered the story. Breaking White Supremacy describes the black social gospel luminaries who influenced King and the figures of King’s generation who led the civil rights movement.
Moral Politics and the Soul of the World
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

Benjamin E. Mays and Howard Thurman differently exemplified the black social gospel as theologians, lecture circuit speakers, and academics. In their early careers they formed a social gospel trio with Mordecai Johnson at Howard University. Later they influenced Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Mays was an educator, theologian, and activist in the Johnson mode, while the later Thurman gave himself to mystical theology and ecumenical ministry.
Protest Politics and Power Politics
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. was pastor of the historic Abyssinian Church in Harlem for many years and America’s only nationally prominent black politician. Many Americans knew of the kind of Christianity represented by Powell only because they knew something about him. An historic and contradictory figure, Powell steered much of the Great Society legislation through Congress, but his career ended badly.
Introduction
Authors: Abu Zayd Nasr Hamed
Published: May 2018

The rise of the Islamist movement, a phenomenon that Islamists call the Awakening, has attracted the attention of academics of various disciplines and of diverse opinions and outlooks. They have taken many different approaches and have come up with contradictory results. Interpreting the phenomenon has sometimes been mistaken for trying to justify it. Since it would be difficult to give an exhaustive account here of the broad outlines of the research that has been done, it must suffice to indicate the main trends and attitudes. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the following three chapters in this volume, which deal with the approach of the state's official religious establishment; the approach that treats the Islamist phenomenon as the cultural manifestation of a new reality that rejects subservience and Euro-American hegemony; and presenting problematic aspects of reading the religious texts themselves.
Contemporary Religious Discourse
Authors: Abu Zayd Nasr Hamid
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on religious discourse, specifically the approach of the state's official religious establishment as represented by al-Azhar and by certain men of religion who are usually classified as “the religious opposition.” Those who take this approach think that the phenomenon is positive overall, that is, as far as its meaning and significance are concerned, although they think that the movement might need some guidance and counsel. The chapter treats this approach part of the phenomenon itself, since the two of them are based on the same intellectual constants and rely on the same strategies for producing their discourse.
Elusive Subjects and the Instability of Noble Society
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on one of the crucial mechanisms of empire building: the integration of elites. Previous scholars have presumed that the Crimean elite followed a path similar to that of their Georgian and Ukrainian peers. According to the accepted narrative, officials offered the mirzas a role in facilitating the establishment of Russian rule, and they accepted. By the early nineteenth century, mirzas relinquished the reins of authority to Russian officials and landowners, thus removing any vestiges of local particularity in the Tavrida administration. Those who remained in positions of power did so only by forsaking their previous allegiances and becoming part of the Russian social and cultural fabric. In so doing, they left the Crimean Tatar population vulnerable to integrationist policies.
The New Domain
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the changes to the regime of landownership and land use in the decades following annexation. In the second half of the eighteenth century, officials and scholars alike were developing new methods of quantifying Russian terrain. In their deployment of the cadastral survey and estate mapping and the compilation of statistics, they helped standardize the management and definition of imperial space. However, their efforts also cultivated an increasing awareness of the value and idiosyncrasies of micro-landscapes and shed light on differences in the cultural understanding of landownership in Russia and the former khanate. The chapter then shows how imperial officials, Russian pomeshchiki (landowners), and Crimean Tatars used landownership practices to shore up social and political hierarchies.
Judicial Power to Command
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about the judicial and moral authority of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court may have formal hierarchic authority to interpret the Constitution, but its actual power to enforce its will is limited. There is, however, one clear power in its actual possession. That is the power to command attention, to demand some response even if that response is “massive (or passive) resistance.” The Court speaks in the lexicon of morality—the addressees of this kind of command may choose to defy it, but they cannot ignore it; they must respond, even if only in their own minds, in moral terms. The chapter argues that this judicial power deserves to be acknowledged as a separate weapon in the Court's effective armamentarium.
Respecting Same-Sex Relations
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter deals with gays and lesbians as another group that was subjected to serious degradation akin to the terrible mistreatment of blacks. It provides a description of the tension between the judiciary and legislatures in the evolution of the relationship up to the recognition of a fundamental right to marital status for same-sex couples. The chapter characterizes the changes that took place in California, through events that involve the legislature, courts, and the public, as reflecting an egalitarian mode of deliberative authority. The most intriguing similarities between the situations of homosexuals and blacks are in the process by which the judiciary has worked its way toward the remedial attempt. When the Court resolved to change the status of both groups, a similar path was taken.
Introduction
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

To defend oneself from totalitarianism, one does not have to return to individualism.

—Tadeusz Mazowiecki
1

IN 1944, the Red Army was advancing westward across Eastern Europe, chasing the retreating forces of Nazi Germany. By the fall, Soviet authorities had a secure hold over much of the territory of prewar Poland. Having announced the formation of a Soviet-backed Polish Communist government in July, the Red Army waited out the Warsaw Uprising on the eastern banks of the Vistula, until Germans had crushed the resistance and set the Polish capital ablaze....
Personalism at War
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter tells the story of France and Poland’s wartime generation, born in the 1910s and 1920s, which drew inspiration during World War II from the young, upstart icon of Catholic “revolution”: Emmanuel Mounier. Jacques Maritain’s wartime exile to North America afforded him the freedom to produce copious writings that were then clandestinely dropped not only into France, but Poland as well. Yet his absence from the continent diminished Thomism’s relevance for the emerging anti-Nazi resistance. The resulting partnership between anti-fascism and Catholic “revolution” elevated Mounier in stature (despite his brief collaboration with Vichy France) and assured him canonical status for the generation of Catholic resisters who helped to achieve their respective homelands’ liberation from Nazism. At the same time, a strong alternative—also Catholic, also anti-fascist—emerged to Mounier: Christian Democracy.
Stalinist Catholics of Europe, Unite!
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter returns to Dziś i Jutro, exploring the movement’s attempt—successful, for a time—to build a transnational, cross-Iron Curtain network of pro-Marxist Catholics. After 1948, the ideology that the movement’s members had been formulating since the war finally crystallized in Catholic socialism. Inspired by both Mounier and the Cominform, devoted to both the “human person” and “revolution,” Dziś i Jutro ideologue Wojciech Kętrzyński launched a project that he called the Catholic-socialist international. Finding enthusiastic partners across the Iron Curtain in France’s Esprit and La Quinzaine journals and in the Paris-based Pax Christi peace movement, Kętrzyński’s cohort bequeathed to the next generation the responsibility of working out the ideology of Catholic socialism. This postwar generation of young radicals—led by Poland’s future prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki—terrified by the onset of the Korean War, prioritized a universalist “concern for the victory of the revolution” over institution-building in Communist Poland. Working to square Marxism with Catholic personalism, these young Catholic socialists remained captive to an understanding of personhood that excluded not only the unbaptized, but also (West) Germans, Americans, and whole other swathes of humanity.
The Limits of Catholic “Revolution”
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reconstructs the demise of the Catholic utopia of “revolution” that dated back to Europe’s fin-de-siècle. This is a story of how Stalinism teased out and laid bare the exclusionary, integralist elements that had been part and parcel of Catholic “revolution” from the start. For the Catholic socialists of Dziś i Jutro (renamed PAX in 1952), the Stalinist years were, paradoxically, a moment of unparalleled possibility. While their countrymen languished in prisons or hid in forests, Poland’s Catholic socialists had the opportunity—with the support of Western European allies like Esprit’s Jean-Marie Domenach—to propose new avenues for engagement in public life. In the end, however, the 1954 publication of Bolesław Piasecki’s magnum opus Essential Questions met with condemnation from the Holy Office; his movement’s allies abroad, too, were on the defensive against Rome. At the same time, PAX’s postwar generation, led by Tadeusz Mazowiecki, broke dramatically with Stalinism. Integralism’s avatars—anti-Semitism and anti-Germanism—had guided transnational Catholic “revolution” away from Aquinas and toward Marx. In the end, PAX’s run as the definitive laboratory of Catholic “revolution” had ended, leaving integralism and heresy.
Early Church
Authors: Wheeler-Reed David
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how second- and third-generation Christians wrestled with the familial ideologies codified by the New Testament writers until sexual renunciation became the norm by 300 CE. It begins with an analysis of Tatian’s “encratite” argument, Clement’s emerging ecclesiastical sexual ethics, and Epiphanes’s so-called libertine Christianity. It concludes by demonstrating how all of these ideas coalesce in the writings of John Cassian, whom Foucault deems the quintessence of late antique sexual morality.
History as Witness
Authors: Myers David N.
Published: May 2018

Witnessing can assume many different forms including religious, literary, and legal versions. This chapter begins by focusing on examples of textual witnessing such as the sourcebooks of Tcherikower and Dubnow mentioned in Chapter 2 in which the compilers assembled troves of documents as a form of historical proof. The focus then shifts from the first to the second half of the twentieth century by discussing instances in which historians are called upon to take the stand in legal cases. The chapter explores a range of cases related to the Holocaust in which historians played important roles as witnesses, particularly the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem in 1961 in which historian Salo W. Baron was a key witness. The chapter concludes by discussing the libel trial brought by David Irving against Deborah Lipstadt in London in 2000 in which a “dream team” of historians, including Richard Evans and Christopher Browning, served as defense witnesses. The victory of Lipstadt’s side proved to be a vindication for memory, as well as history, and, as such, an indication of the somewhat porous boundary between them.
Eco-Design: Effects of Thickness and Time in Service for Wood-Based Boards on Formaldehyde Emission
Authors: Cinar Hamza , Erdogdu Mutlu
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the effects of board thicknesses and time in service on formaldehyde emission for different wood-based boards sampled from standard particleboard (PB) and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). The test samples were subjected to formaldehyde emission by multi-RAE multiple gas analyzer at a temperature of 20°C and at 65 percent relative humidity for a period of 3 days (Treatment 1 [T1]) and 6 months (Treatment 2 [T2]) after production in accordance with European Committee for Standardization (CEN) EN 13986 and Turkish Standards Institute (TS) EN 717-1. PB with a thickness of 18 mm yielded the highest value of formaldehyde emission (1.1078 ppm for T1; 0.5089 ppm for T2), while 18-mm MDF gave the lowest emission (0.2311 and 0.1378 ppm). After 6 months of production, the reduction was 54 percent for PB and 40 percent for MDF. A significant increase was detected with respect to time in service for all board types, the highest values of formaldehyde emission (1.2900 and 0.5800 ppm) were found in 18-mm PBs that were treated for 3 hours, while the lowest values (0.2433 and 0.1600 ppm) were obtained in the samples of 18-mm MDF that were treated for 1 hour. Accordingly, after 6 months, the reduction in formaldehyde emission was 55 percent for PB and 34 percent for MDF. All values were found above the limits of E1 (≤0.10 ppm, EN 717-1). In conclusion, thickness, time in service, and type of wood-based boards significantly affect formaldehyde emission.
Effect of Adhesive Content and Modification Method on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus Veneer–Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Film Composites
Authors: Chen Zhenghao , Wang Cuicui , Cao Yang , Zhang Shuangbao , Song Wei
Published: May 2018

Formaldehyde-based resin and petroleum-based plastic are often used as an adhesive in plywood manufacturing, which has an adverse effect on people's health and the global environment. We have investigated the plywoodlike composite with wood veneer (WV) and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate film (PHBF) as a novel formaldehyde-free and environmentally friendly composite (WV-PHBF). The composite was prepared with three veneers, and the PHBF placed between adjacent veneers varied from 22.5 to 112.5 g/m2. The composite was hot pressed at 170°C for 70 s/mm under a pressure of 1.0 MPa. Furthermore, the WV-PHBF with an adhesive dosage at 67.5 g/m2 was modified with three modification methods: silane coupling agent (KH-550), alkaline solution (NaOH), and polydiphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI). Results showed the following: (1) under the untreated condition, a composite with more than 67.5 g/m2 adhesive will meet the Chinese National Standard (GB/T) 9846-2015 of bonding and bending strength requirements, and 90.0 g/m2 was the best; (2) the KH-550 and p-MDI treatment had a positive effect on WV-PHBF, but NaOH mainly had an adverse effect; (3) the physical–mechanical properties of the composite with 67.5 g/m2 adhesive content being processed by 1 percent by weight (wt%) KH-550 or 2 wt% p-MDI was better than WV-PHBF with 90 g/m2 adhesive content, especially in bonding strength; (4) statistical analysis shows that 1.0 wt% KH-550 significantly improved the bonding strength properties of WV-PHBF, and water-resistance properties were significantly improved by 2.0 wt% of p-MDI also; and (5) morphological observation shows that KH-550 and p-MDI treatments increase the interfacial compatibility between WV and PHBF of the composites.
Limits to Growth revisited
Authors: Jackson Tim , Webster Robin
Published: May 2018

Macro-economic policy should be evaluated and devised according to sustainability criteria alongside economic and social criteria. Economic goals, whether growth of GDP, productivity or competitiveness should not trump equity/justice or sustainability. But nor should environmental goals trump social goals. The urgent challenge addressed in this chapter is to develop a macroeconomic framework that supports ‘eco-social’ policies to pursue both goals simultaneously.
Genetic Screening Test to Detect Translocations in Acute Leukemias by Use of Targeted Locus Amplification
Authors: Alimohamed Mohamed Z , Johansson Lennart F , de Boer Eddy N , Splinter Erik , Klous Petra , Yilmaz Mehmet , Bosga Anneke , van Min Max , Mulder André B , Vellenga Edo , Sinke Richard J , Sijmons Rolf H , van den Berg Eva , Sikkema-Raddatz Birgit
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND

Over 500 translocations have been identified in acute leukemia. To detect them, most diagnostic laboratories use karyotyping, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and reverse transcription PCR. Targeted locus amplification (TLA), a technique using next-generation sequencing, now allows detection of the translocation partner of a specific gene, regardless of its chromosomal origin. We present a TLA multiplex assay as a potential first-tier screening test for detecting translocations in leukemia diagnostics.

METHODS

The panel includes 17 genes involved in many translocations present in acute leukemias. Procedures were optimized by using a training set of cell line dilutions and 17 leukemia patient bone marrow samples and validated by using a test set of cell line dilutions and a further 19 patient bone marrow samples. Per gene, we determined if its region was involved in a translocation and, if so, the translocation partner. To balance sensitivity and specificity, we introduced a gray zone showing indeterminate translocation calls needing confirmation. We benchmarked our method against results from the 3 standard diagnostic tests.

RESULTS

In patient samples passing QC, we achieved a concordance with benchmarking tests of 81% in the training set and 100% in the test set, after confirmation of 4 and nullification of 3 gray zone calls (in total). In cell line dilutions, we detected translocations in 10% aberrant cells at several genetic loci.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiplex TLA shows promising results as an acute leukemia screening test. It can detect cryptic and other translocations in selected genes. Further optimization may make this assay suitable for diagnostic use.