bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Scenarios, Old Questions
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

This chapter, beginning Part II, takes as its theme the advent of the regional states—new and broader political formations that replaced city-states from the middle of the fourteenth century. It looks briefly at the causes of a transformation that profoundly altered the balance of late medieval Italy and which ended with the introduction of other, different political cultures. Far from simplifying the political picture, the regional state absorbed but did not dissolve the many existing territorial bodies, resulting in a stratification of languages and ideas and a configuration of extreme tensions. The Milan Duchy is employed as a case study in order to investigate these phenomena analytically.
The Rise of Visconti Power
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the affirmation of a strong lordly government in the early decades of the fourteenth century. The arrival of Henry VII and the conferring of the imperial vicariate signified a watershed in the Visconti world, which saw the lord detached, not without some initial hesitation, from bottom-up forms of legitimacy to adhere to a royal conception of authority, one that was not always coherent to itself. Its definition, from time to time, involved substantial investment in terms of munificence, the adoption of a true regimen regale, expensive marriage arrangements with the ruling houses of the time, the recovery of the tradition of the Lombard kings of Pavia and even the employment of a lexicon relating to divine providence, which made it possible to suggest links with an even higher level of majesty.
Law as a Field of Tension
Authors: Gamberini Andrea
Published: November 2018

As it had been in the communal age, so, in the Visconti-Sforza era, law was the instrument that the public authority relied upon in order to subordinate the many actors present and to subjugate their political cultures. There is, therefore, the attempt to tighten a vice around competing powers—a vice that is at the same time legislative, doctrinal, and judicial. And yet, it is difficult to escape the impression of an effort whose outcomes were somewhat more uncertain than had been the case in the past. The chapter focuses on all these aspects of the deployment of legal and other stratagems to consolidate or to wrest power.
Art’s Swindle
Authors: Brazil Kevin
Published: November 2018

In a 1992 interview W. G. Sebald remarked that ‘I myself work like a painter who has to consider how big to make the frame. The painter’s craft has always fascinated me’. This chapter traces what Sebald understood by working like a painter in fiction, arguing that he used painting as a counterpoint to explore the limitations of the photographs used throughout what he called his ‘semi-documentary prose fictions’—and the limitations of photography as a model of historical memory. It moves from a discussion of visual aesthetics in Sebald’s unpublished PhD on Döblin and his often overlooked art criticism to argue that Sebald conceptualized the photograph as a visual readymade, and that this modernist approach to photography informs the treatment of historical memory in The Emigrants and Austerlitz.
The Secret of Divine Providence
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

The emphasis on political continuity in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution leads to a specifically Whig providentialism, examined in Chapter 3 through the work of Clara Reeve, Horace Walpole, and Matthew Lewis. In Clara Reeve’s The Old English Baron, the country Whig version, stressing links with the medieval past, unites with Newtonian theology in which God’s finger is at work in every ‘natural occurrence’ to render the supernatural revelatory of this providential care. Divine justice and historical inexorability, romance, and realism are conjoined. By contrast, the sceptical Horace Walpole, representative of the Walpolian Whig narrative of political rupture, questions Providence in The Castle of Otranto and The Mysterious Mother, and substitutes himself as quasi-divine author, whose originality lies in the grotesque mixture of realist and supernatural elements. Matthew Lewis essays an eschewal of Providential mechanisms in The Monk but here grotesque features such as the bleeding nun disclose an aporia which reveals the limit of libertine desire and a negative supernatural.
‘Beyond the Awful Veil’
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Radcliffe’s Anglican orthodoxy is established in Chapter 4, along with her attempt through her fiction to offer a theology of mediation and participation. She works with Shaftesbury’s Platonic moral realism in contrast to Mrs Barbauld’s associationist view of taste and develops a mode of mystical ascent through the interplay of vertical and horizontal experiences. The sublime allows ascent through an awareness of one’s created nature, which is linked to Shaftesbury’s taxonomy of forms. It is an inherently social and virtuous experience, as in James Thomson’s Seasons, and centred on melancholy—an awareness of fallenness, which again allows for a mediation through this distantiation. Twilight’s veiling inbetweenness restores a sense of the lost Eden, while music and liturgy offer humanity’s articulate praise as an example of a Shaftesburian ‘form that forms’. Radcliffe’s explained supernatural is revisioned as a false idolatrous sublime that mistakes an effect for a cause and refuses the mystical ascent.
Hideous Progeny
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Chapter 6 centres on discussions of Dante and Mary Shelley. Brought up as Godwin’s daughter in the tradition of rational dissent, Mary Shelley has recourse to Dante’s Commedia to think theologically. She uses it allusively in Frankenstein to import a perspective of divine judgement on her scientist through dramatic irony and parallels with Dante’s Ulysses. Dante’s Gothic aesthetics of the damned as grotesque signs makes sense of Frankenstein’s failure to acknowledge his Creature, or admit any relation between them, thus making the Creature his monstrous double. In Mathilda and Valperga, by contrast, heroines compared to Dante’s female guides interrogate political tyranny and offer a more positive feminine mode of mediation between earthly and heavenly realms. Dante informs also Shelley’s conception of the prophetic authority of her role as author, where the grotesque allows a mode of human creativity which avoids claiming godlike powers, and allows a model of empowerment paradoxically enabled through an acceptance of creaturehood.
Truly Two
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Chapter 7 outlines the nature of Reformation anthropology as Gothic in the sense of being under the power of the usurper, Satan, and in seeing God as wrathful enemy before justification by faith. It examines Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus in relation to the Lutheran Faustbook, and as an example of a character who wishes to escape the ambiguities of election in favour of a settled reprobation. Calvinist double predestination is shown to produce a dualist subjectivity, and this is then explored in a series of Scottish Presbyterian Gothic fictions: James Hogg’s Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Stevenson’s Jekyll and Hyde and Markheim, and John Buchan’s historical tale of demon-worshipping Covenanters, Witch Wood. It is argued that the protagonists’ problem is not duality as such but an attempt to circumvent it, and that the Calvinist anthropology is not itself the problem, although it requires ‘Anglican’ mediation.
In a Glass Darkly? Narrating Death and the Afterlife in J. Sheridan Le Fanu
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

Chapter 10 compares the work of J. Sheridan Le Fanu, Edgar Allan Poe, and Emmanuel Swedenborg. Le Fanu is closely connected to Maturin and copies a number of his tropes in ‘Spalatro’: mimetic contagion, blood for money, the demonic tempter, and suicide. Le Fanu, aware of the deathliness of his Anglo-Irish culture, seeks ways to engender life and movement through narrating and revealing death so that a transcendence beyond can be imagined. He is compared to Poe, whose female protagonists remain entrapped by materiality even as they seek to escape it, and shown to be more grotesque. He uses Swedenborg to render the afterlife itself material and real, especially through his spiritual creatures, and to make the transcendent the cause of the natural. A proto-feminist theology yokes female Gothic entrapment to the power of death, and the heroines of ‘Schalken the Painter’ and ‘Carmilla’ apocalyptically reveal the presence of death in its grotesque materiality, while the women of Uncle Silas act as agents of heavenly charity.
Holy Terrors
Authors: Milbank Alison
Published: November 2018

In Chapter 13, a range of writers, all belonging to the Christian occult group, the Order of the Golden Dawn, employ Gothic tropes to describe theurgic/magical mystical ascent, whereby the material world is raised to the spiritual. Arthur Machen made ecstasy the aim of literature, and his Three Impostors is a self-reflexive work in which embedded tales seek to engender this mystical alchemy, whereby the abject is theurgically raised. Evelyn Underhill takes the concept of the doppelgänger in A Column of Dust to a new place as a heuristic device to learn the love which alone makes knowledge transformative. Like Underhill, Charles Williams explores the redemptive power of the doppelgänger for his theology of reciprocity and exchange in Descent into Hell. Gothic tropes enable a spiritual education and find new ways to deal with the loss of meaning in the natural world.
Why Justice? What Justice?
Authors: Thornton Fanny
Published: November 2018

The chapter introduces the justice framework that underpins analysis in later chapters of the book. The Aristotelian origin of the corrective/distributive justice dichotomy is presented. The chapter then presents the two justice paradigms in more detail, paying attention to key developments and premises that have emerged in the evolution of each. It charts key corrective justice developments from its fault-motivated origins to compensation-motivated reconceptualization. It also describes distributive justice’s origins in notions of communal merit and its slow evolution in embracing broader standards of generosity and equality. The chapter concludes by highlighting the relevance of each to the subsequent contextual analysis.
Literature and the Rise of the Interview
Authors: Roach Rebecca
Published: November 2018

This book examines the way in which authors have engaged with the interview form, and interviewing as a literary practice, over the last 150 years. Shaped by a longer tradition around the art of dialogue, interviews themselves are a latecomer, only emerging as a form alongside new technologies of mass and mediated communication in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. However, they have been an enormously successful innovation: interviews proliferate across contemporary culture and have become a dominant means by which authors publicize their works today. Drawing on archival materials, printed illustrations, and audiovisual media, the book tells the story of how writers and critics have engaged (or refused to engage) with this innovation. Attending to interviews and interviewing in English allows us to examine familiar topics, such as modernist autonomy, and authors, including Henry James, Djuna Barnes, and J. M. Coetzee, from new perspectives. Exposing the interview’s curiously liminal position in the literary imagination, the book goes behind the proverbial scenes to analyse what this might tell us about conceptions of literature, authorship, celebrity, criticism, and reading communities across the twentieth century. The book also engages with wider uses of the interview in sociology, law, medicine, market research, and broadcasting to argue that the interview has played a key role in recording and shaping our understanding of subjectivity and publics in modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Roach Rebecca
Published: November 2018

The introduction sets out the scope of the book and excavates a ‘poetics’ of the interview form and practice. Examining the interview’s liminal position in the literary imagination across the last 150 years, the book analyses what this might tell us about conceptions of literature, authorship, and reading publics in modernity. The introduction offers a number of ‘propositions’ for studying interviews: considering the implications of the interview on modes of subjectivity, technologies of inscription, mediation, and communication. Less a taxonomy than a series of exploratory interventions, these propositions offer ways of thinking about an unwieldy topic which can be approached as form and practice.
Introduction
Authors: Marmodoro Anna , McLynn Neil B.
Published: November 2018

This introduction motivates the multi-disciplinary approach the book follows in exploring Gregory of Nyssa’s thought and historical context; and provides an overview of the chapters.
Origen and Gregory of Nyssa on the Song of Songs
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: November 2018

Gregory is often treated in Western scholarship as a norm of orthodoxy, notwithstanding the reservations of his Eastern co-religionists; in his Commentary on the Song of Songs he certainly gave currency to a form of mysticism. In recent years his admirers have protested that this work is too often read as an echo of Origen’s lucubrations on the same text. Since Origen still has the reputation of being more a Platonist than a Christian, the virtue of Gregory is supposed to lie in his rediscovery of the body as an integral part of the person, in accordance with Pauline teaching and in contrast to the philosophy which disparages it as a temporary vehicle of the soul. A closer examination of both authors suggests, if anything, that Gregory is the Platonist, at least if this term is taken to connote an indifference to history and a lower valuation of the written text as a medium of instruction.
Gregory of Nyssa’s Christological Exegesis
Authors: Beeley Christopher A.
Published: November 2018

Gregory’s biblical exegesis attracts interest chiefly for the allegorical method demonstrated in his Life of Moses and Homilies on the Song of Songs. While many have noted Gregory’s indebtedness to Origen, equally telling are the connections between Gregory’s late exegesis and the dogmatic works of the middle period of his career, above all the Contra Eunomium and Antirrheticus adversus Apollinariam, as well as his early works on the Trinity. This chapter gives an account of Gregory’s overall approach to Christological predication and divine impassibility and the metaphysical and ascetical commitments involved therein. It argues that Gregory’s doctrine and exegetical method were solidly established by the time of the dogmatic controversies with the Eunomians and Apollinarians, years before he turned to the great stories of the Old Testament. It shows also that, while Gregory’s debt to Origen is considerable, his doctrine and exegesis generally follows its own rationale, which both resembles and yet differs in important ways from that of the master.
Vulnerability as the Ground of Self-Determination in Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Cartwright Sophie
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between vulnerability, or weakness, and self-determination in Gregory’s anthropology. In both On the Soul and the Resurrection and On the Making of Humankind, Gregory envisages human vulnerability as allowing us to ascend further than we otherwise would have, and gain strength and power we otherwise would not have had. This corresponds to an emphasis on self-determination in his political thought: we are created self-determining, so slavery is unnatural. These ideas initially imply that vulnerability is ultimately to be jettisoned in favour of strength. However, it is more complicated than that. It can be jettisoned in the wrong way, and human ascent and realization of self-determination can occur in the wrong way; slavery represents not only the slave’s vulnerability, but the master’s improper power. Gregory implies that vulnerability and self-determination need to be mutually informing, held in a fruitful tension.
Gregory of Nyssa and the Three Gods Problem
Authors: Radde-Gallwitz Andrew
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that Gregory’s principal claim in his treatise To Ablabius—On Not Saying ‘Three Gods’ (one of the most widely cited works of patristic Trinitarian theology) is that it is the unity of activity—as opposed to the unity of nature—that defeats the idea that the three hypostases are three gods. Here it is maintained that Gregory is concerned in To Ablabius with the semantics of the term ‘deity’ (θεότης‎), and that his etymological exposition of this term as a name of activity is illuminated by attention to overlooked parallels between this work and Gregory’s second book Against Eunomius. The chapter shows that Gregory understands the unity of divine action by analogy with the unity of any intentional action—an account of Trintarian unity that is here called the ‘intentional action’ model.
Confrontation and its Limits
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

Picking up from chapter one, this chapter focuses chiefly on 1941, and the height of church–state conflict that year witnessed in Nazi Germany. It devotes special attention to Bishop Galen of Münster’s three sermons of protest of July and August 1941, attacking the Nazi regime’s murder of Germany’s disabled population and its seizures of church property. The chapter analyses these famous sermons, and their attitudes towards the German war effort. Its most novel contribution, however, is to analyse lay Catholics’ responses to these famous protests. The chapter demonstrates that Catholics in the Rhineland and Westphalia displayed a wide range of attitudes towards Galen’s arguments, which received criticism as well as vocal support. The chapter demonstrates that the divided and contested nature of Catholic opinion in late 1941 is key to understanding the mutual attempts at church–state rapprochement undertaken by Galen and the Nazi regime as of that autumn.
The War Intensifies, December 1941–June 1944
Authors: Brodie Thomas
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses Catholics’ responses to Germany’s worsening geopolitical position during the crucial period of the war between the beginning of 1942 and spring 1944. Much historiography has traditionally depicted this as a period of rising defeatism in German society, and as a time when many individuals began to distance themselves from the Nazi regime. This chapter contributes to recent critiques of this interpretation, noting how diverse Catholics’ views regarding the war remained in this period. Many continued to hope for and believe in German victory, and increasingly viewed the war through the prism of the Nazi regime’s anti-Semitic ideology. Drawing on a wide range of sources, ranging from the intelligence reports of Gestapo informers to private letters and diaries, this chapter explores Catholic mentalities during this period in greater depth than previously attempted.
Introduction
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Beginning with George Orwell’s novel Burmese Days and its portrait of the boredom and lethargy that characterized British colonial life in the 1930s, the introduction poses the question of when and why the British Empire became so monotonous and melancholy. It presents the book’s main argument: that despite the many and famous tales of glory and adventure, a significant and overlooked feature of the nineteenth-century British imperial experience was boredom and disappointment. It provides an overview of boredom’s historical and psychological origins, and summarizes the chapters that follow. It asserts that the empire came to be constructed as a place of adventure, opportunity, and picturesque beauty not so much because British men and women were seeking to escape from boredom at home, as has often been surmised, but because the empire lacked these very features.
Voyages
Authors: Auerbach Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2018

Chapter 1 contends that long-distance voyages became increasingly tedious during the nineteenth century as navigational techniques improved and as the novelty of sailing to India and Australia wore off. Whereas in the eighteenth century ships had made frequent stops for water and provisions and to engage in trade, by the nineteenth century voyages to the East were generally made nonstop and out of sight of land for almost the entire distance. Shipboard diaries make clear that the worst part about these journeys was not the storms or cramped cabins, but the boredom of spending day after day out on the water with nothing to break up the monotony. If in the seventeenth and eighteenth century a voyage to India was a treacherous journey into the unknown, by the mid-nineteenth century it had become a cheerless interlude.
The Future of Development Banks
Authors: Studart Rogério , Ramos Luma
Published: November 2018

Despite its recent socioeconomic achievements, Brazil faces daunting challenges related to its outdated and to a certain degree dysfunctional infrastructure. If Brazil aims to achieve sustained inclusive growth in the future, and fulfil its potential as an emerging economy, it must find ways to fill its significant sustainable infrastructure and logistics gaps. This chapter analyses the recent role that Brazil’s national development bank, BNDES, has played in promoting infrastructure and logistics (I&L) investments. It argues that BNDES could, and should, play a critical role in developing a much-needed I&L investment financing architecture by fostering project development capacities, and financing, leveraging, and crowding-in private resource for the sector.
Changing Challenges in the Modernization of Nacional Financiera
Authors: Moreno-Brid Juan Carlos , Caldentey Esteban Pérez , Valdez Laura
Published: November 2018

NAFINSA was essential to Mexico’s development process. It served as the financial agent of the Federal Government and provided preferential access to long-term finance favouring selected business interests and groups. With the Washington Consensus, its tasks were reduced to correcting for market failures, becoming a complement to commercial banks, and focusing on attending the market segments falling outside the scope of commercial bank activity (notably SMEs). Although it appears as a successful story of institutional transformation, on closer inspection, NAFINSA has not been able to overcome key obstacles and its success in alleviating credit restrictions is very limited. NAFINSA must recover some of its functions, prerogatives, and responsibilities as a policy bank to become relevant in strengthening financial intermediation for capital formation.
Colombia’s System of National Development Banks
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio , Arias Paola
Published: November 2018

The major feature of Colombia’s national development banks is that they constitute a system of multiple, specialized institutions, created at different times to promote sectors that were considered strategic for the country’s development. This chapter analyses the characteristics of the system of national development banks in Colombia currently composed of four specialized institutions: FDN (for infrastructure), FINDETER (local development), BANCOLDEX (industry and foreign trade), and FINAGRO (agriculture). The chapter explores the history, current structure, and main features of the system. It also looks at how the system is managing three major market failures: infrastructure financing (the major case of market failure in long-term financing), financial inclusion, and the promotion of entrepreneurial growth.
The Experience of Development Banking in Peru
Authors: Dancourt Óscar , Sotelo Renzo Jiménez
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the case of state-owned financial entities in Peru and argues that their development banking activities have decreased in importance as instruments of public policy since the structural reforms implemented in the early 1990s. Like all other state enterprises, they have since been subject to discriminatory legal regulation. The four state financial companies analysed have objectives and goals that are not integrated with one other, duplicate their efforts, and do not take advantage of the possible synergies to be obtained. Therefore, none of these institutions constitutes an effective state development bank such as exists in other countries.
National Development Banks and Mission-Oriented Finance for Innovation
Authors: Mazzucato Mariana , Penna Caetano C. R.
Published: November 2018

How can one conceptualize the new ‘mission-oriented’ role assumed by national development banks (NDBs)? The standard ‘market failure’ perspective provides only a partial and limited justification for what NDBs do and does not explain historical and contemporary developments. This chapter combines insights from Keynes, Minsky, Schumpeter, and Polanyi (and works in their tradition) to review the old and new roles of NDBs. It discusses these roles taking into account two important dimensions: (i) the relationship between risks and rewards, and (ii) the criticisms that NDBs crowd out private investments. It shows that the roles typically performed by NDBs go beyond that of the state as ‘market fixer’ to assume that of market shaper and creator.
The Countercyclical Behaviour of National Development Banks in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Brei Michael , Schclarek Alfredo
Published: November 2018

This chapter investigates the cyclical lending patterns of national development banks (NDBs), comparing their lending activity with that of public, foreign, and domestic private banks over the period of 1995–2014. It finds robust evidence that national development and public retail-oriented banks have counteracted the slowdown in the lending activity of private banks during crises by significantly increasing their provision of loans. This is particularly important when considering productive lending to the corporate sector. NDBs’ size, governance structure, and financial conditions are crucial in ensuring that the countercyclical response is effective in mitigating the macroeconomic effects of financial turmoil. In addition, it is important that special and innovative credit lines are designed in line with the specific needs of companies in times of crisis.
Conclusions
Authors: Griffith-Jones Stephany , Ocampo José Antonio , Arias Paola
Published: November 2018

Based on the seven case studies analysed in this volume, this chapter concludes that national development banks (NDBs) have been successful in many cases in supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, key new sectors like renewable energy, and financial inclusion. They have developed new instruments, such as far greater use of guarantees, equity (including venture capital) and debt funds, and new instruments for financial inclusion. The context in which they operate is key to their success. Active countercyclical policies, low inflation, fairly low real interest rates, a well-functioning financial sector, and competitive exchange rates are crucial. They are also more effective if the country has a clear development strategy, linked to production sector strategies that foster innovative sectors. Under these conditions, the chapter argues that there is great need for a larger scale of NDB activity in Latin America and in developing countries in general.
Early Years, 1842–1865
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter is an account of Cohen’s early education, from his primary school until his doctorate at the University of Berlin in 1865. Cohen first intended to be a rabbi and attended the rabbinical seminary in Breslau. A controversy there surrounding the liberal views of the new head of the seminar, Zacharias Frankel, propelled Cohen to abandon his rabbinical career. He then attended the University of Breslau and the University of Berlin, where he was supervised by Adolf Trendelenburg. Cohen’s dissertation anticipates important doctrines of his later philosophy, especially his Platonic idealism.
The Young Folk Psychologist
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter is an account of Cohen’s early writings as a folk psychologist or anthropologist working within the new discipline of Völkerpsychologie founded by Moritz Lazarus and Heymann Steinthal (1865–1870). His work was very much historicist and empiricist in orientation and investigated such topics as the origins of religion and poetry. But there was also a direction toward logic and criticism, which evolved from his early interest in epistemology and the critical philosophy. Already in these years Cohen adopted a Kantian interpretation of Plato which will be decisive for all his later philosophy.
The Neo-Kantian Philosopher in the 1870s
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines Cohen’s philosophical development in the 1870s, after he became established as a professor in Marburg. It first takes a look at Cohen’s early dispute with Kuno Fischer about the early Kant. It then proceeds to examine one of Cohen’s most important early writings, Platos Ideenlehre und die Mathematik. Here Cohen develops the outlines of his critical idealism. The chapter also examines Cohen’s first work on ethics, his 1877 Kants Begründung der Ethik. A remarkable feature of this work is its strict distinction between the normative and factual but its insistence on the interpretation of ethical value as a form of being.
Neo-Kantian Writings in Marburg, 1880–1889
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes Cohen’s writings on philosophy in the 1880s, specifically his work on epistemology and aesthetics. It analyzes Cohen’s Das Princip der Unendliche Methode where Cohen advocates an analysis of sensibility into intelligible units called infinitesimals. This marks the beginning of his break with Kant’s dualism between understanding and sensibility. One section considers the second edition of Kants Theorie der Erfahrung, which brought many changes in his evolving philosophy. A final section deals with Cohen’s first foray into the field of aesthetics, his book Kants Begründung der Aesthetik. Cohen’s early aesthetics is interpreted as an attempt to reinstate classical aesthetic values against romanticism.
A Very Important Postscript
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines a crucial work of the 1890s, Einleitung mit kritischem Nachtrag (Introduction with critical appendix). This work can serve as an introduction to Cohen’s mature thought; it was an important transitional work in his development toward his mature system of philosophy. Cohen now gives ethics primacy over religion (in a logical if not historical sense), so that ethics incorporates religion and subordinates it to itself. This work also introduces Cohen’s ethical socialism, which is one of his signature doctrines. Ethical socialism, conceived as a reaction to Marxism, was an attempt to base socialism on ethics rather than the dialectics of history.
Cohen’s Logic
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter is an examination of Cohen’s logic, the central doctrine of his mature philosophy which appears as the first part of his system. It attempts to distinguish Cohen’s conception of logic from modern forms and to analyze its differences from them. The central concept of Cohen’s logic is pure thinking, which is here understood as the regulative ideal of pure a priori knowledge, where the object is no longer given but completely created by the activity of reason. It is argued that it is a mistake to conceive Cohen’s logic in mystical terms as a kind of intellectual intuition. There is no Hegelian metaphysics in Cohen’s logic, which repudiates the concept of the absolute and conceives its ideal of knowledge strictly as a regulative ideal.
Jewish Writings, 1900–1909
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines Cohen’s Jewish writings from this decade. These writings reflect various concerns. One is Cohen’s interest in Jewish education, especially in schools for the poor and the establishment of chairs of Jewish learning. Cohen strongly believed that the Jews were doomed to extinction unless they could build strong educational institutions to continue their traditions. Cohen now abandons his earlier project for a synthesis of Christianity and Judaism and stresses instead the differences between these religions and the value of the distinctive doctrines of Judaism. One article from this decade, ‘Autonomie und Freiheit’, reflects Cohen’s abiding interest in Spinoza, and stresses the importance of his concept of love for Jewish devotion.
A Religion of Reason
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter is an examination of Cohen’s main work on the philosophy of religion, his Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Cohen’s religion of reason was an attempt to respond to two opposing conceptions of religion: that of the romantics (Schleiermacher, Fries) and that of the Tübingen school (Baur, Strauβ‎). The romantics saw the essence of religion in feeling, the Tübingen school saw it in myth. Cohen tried to rescue the rational content of religion by interpreting it mainly in ethical terms, which he believed to consist in rational imperatives. Cohen’s concept of God is interpreted in terms of the validity of these ethical imperatives and not in terms of the existence of any entity. One section considers Cohen’s re-examination of the relationship between religion and ethics, which now stresses the distinctive characteristics of religion within ethics. The final section criticizes Rosenzweig’s interpretation of Cohen as a proto-existentialist.
The Structure of Thresholds for Options
Authors: Brennan Samantha
Published: November 2018

Most of us accept that, even if morality requires us to promote the good, we do not have to live up to its demands all the time. Sometimes we can favor our own interests, or provide special benefit to our friends and family. This paper assumes that these options can be overridden if we pass a certain threshold and asks if there is a common structure between these thresholds for options and the thresholds for rights. This moderate deontological account allows for aggregation in considering the total amount at stake, but also requires that the good be structured in a certain way. In the case of rights, there are two relevant structural constraints: an existential constraint (some individual must have as much at stake as the right bearer), and a universal constraint (everyone being considered must have some minimum amount at stake). Both of these constraints also apply to thresholds for options.
Evaluative Beliefs First
Authors: Bramble Ben
Published: November 2018

Many philosophers think that it is only because we happen to want or care about things that we think some things of value. We start off caring about things, and then project these desires onto the external world. This chapter makes a preliminary case for the opposite view, that it is our evaluative thinking that is prior. On this view, it is only because we think some things of value that we care about or want anything at all. This view explains (i) the special role that pleasure and pain play in our motivational systems, (ii) why phenomenal consciousness evolved, and (iii) how the two main competing theories of normative reasons for action—objectivism and subjectivism—can be reconciled. The chapter responds to the most serious objections to this view, including that it cannot account for temptation and willpower, or for the existence and appropriateness of the reactive attitudes.
Stoic Silencing of Insults
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2018

“A gentleman will not insult me, and no man not a gentleman can insult me.” This enthymeme, widely attributed to Frederick Douglass, suggests a strengthening of the Stoic claim that no insult can disturb the tranquility of the sage. Instead of shielding the Stoic, virtue disarms the assailant attempting the insult. Un-insultability comports better with the Stoic’s concern for the moral welfare of others—even those who mean you harm. The feminist analysis of illocutionary silencing suggests a plausible mechanism for this stronger interpretation. Accordingly, Stoic counsel on insults is reinterpreted in light of J. L. Austin’s theory of speech acts.
Bombed Churches
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

More often than not, the blitz was represented by bombed churches. Images of St Paul’s Cathedral soaring above smoke and, in a more tragic key, the ruins of St Michael’s Cathedral in Coventry encapsulate the values that Britons thought they were fighting for in the Second World War. John Piper, Cecil Beaton, Hanslip Fletcher, and other visual artists, many of them employed by the War Artists’ Advisory Committee (WAAC), expressed their ideas about British heritage through paintings, drawings, and photographs of church architecture. At the same time, writers such as Virginia Woolf, John Strachey, John Betjeman, and Louis MacNeice modulated their patriotism—with quibbles and caveats—into ‘a faith to fight for’. Drawing on poetry, novels, tracts, newspaper articles, and visual culture, this chapter demonstrates the propagandistic value of bombed churches during the Second World War, then flashes forward to the consecration of the rebuilt cathedral in Coventry, which opened with great fanfare and an arts festival in May 1962.
Saints and Miracles: The End of the Affair
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

Miracles rarely appear in novels, yet Graham Greene includes several of them in The End of the Affair. Sarah Miles heals a boy suffering from appendicitis and a man with a disfigured cheek. Like a saint, she seems to heal or revive through her compassionate touch, as when she raises her lover, who may or may not have died in a bomb blast, by touching his hand. This chapter locates Sarah’s interventions amidst debates about miracles, beginning with David Hume’s sceptical rejection of inexplicable phenomena, through such mid-century books as C. S. Lewis’s Miracles and Dorothy Sayers’ The Mind of the Maker. The inherent godlessness of novels, as Georg Lukacs puts the matter in Theory of the Novel, would seem to ban mystical content altogether from novelistic discourse. Yet this chapter argues for the revaluation of mystical content—the ordeals of the whisky priest in The Power and the Glory, for example—within the generic precincts of the novel.
Rebuilding the Church: Barbara Pym’s Parochialism
Authors: Hepburn Allan
Published: November 2018

Despite being relegated to the sidelines of British literature as a female novelist, Barbara Pym holds faith with a central strand of literary culture, namely the place of the church in the community and the place of women within the Church of England. Pym anthropologizes religious observance, with particular irony directed at the exclusionary hierarchy of the church, which admits only men to its ranks of curates, vicars, and bishops while relegating women to parsons’ wives or ‘excellent women’ who decorate altars and arrange jumble sales. In Excellent Women, Jane and Prudence, and A Glass of Blessings, Pym centres novelistic representation on the parish, even as she critiques the demotion of women and queer men to second-class status with church-defined communities. On occasion, she appeals to ‘paganism’ to invigorate Christian observance. She also appeals to the contemporary discussion of reconstruction in the postwar years as a way of rethinking parishes and church communities.
Vertical Stratification
Authors: Cantwell Brendan , Marginson Simon
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers national system stratification in high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. As demand for higher education increases, the social value of places within a system becomes more differentiated on a binary basis, between places offering exceptionally high positional value and others offering little value. Three prepositions about stratification are advanced. The first expands on the tendency to system bifurcation in HPS, with a small and elite ‘artisanal’ sector, mostly research-intensive universities, opposed to a larger and undistinguished ‘demand-absorbing’ sector. The second proposition identifies a set of drivers that push the bifurcation process. The third proposition recognizes that bifurcation is always incomplete and focuses on the contradictory dynamics of the ‘middle’ layer of higher education institutions in most HPS. Nationally specific factors that accentuate or limit stratification are identified.
Broad Access and Steep Stratification in the First Mass System: High Participation Higher Education in the United States of America
Authors: Cantwell Brendan
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a detailed and extensive assessment of the United States of America’s (USA) high participation systems (HPS) of higher education. It considers the history of higher education, system development, and the present condition of higher education in the country. The USA was the first HPS and the American system remains globally influential. Higher education in the USA is a massive enterprise, defined by both excellent and dubious providers, broad inclusion, and steep inequality. The chapter further examines higher education in the USA in light of the seventeen HPS propositions. Perhaps more so than any other system, the American HPS conforms to the propositions. Notably, higher education in the USA is both more diverse horizontally, and stratified vertically, than most other HPS.
Conclusions: High Participation Higher Education in the Post-Trow Era
Authors: Cantwell Brendan , Marginson Simon , Smolentseva Anna
Published: November 2018

The concluding chapter takes stock of the book’s core notion of high participation systems (HPS) of higher education, in the context of the eight country studies and seventeen HPS propositions. The propositions engender extensive, though not unanimous, support. Declining institutional diversity and more complex governance are broadly agreed, but Finland and Norway differ from the other cases in stratification and equity. The HPS theory and findings are compared and contrasted with Martin Trow’s seminal work. The book ends with a central and enduring tension in HPS. Higher education as self-formation empowers individual agency in HPS on a larger and more inclusive scale. Yet, in HPS those without higher education are more disadvantaged; the average graduate has less social and occupational distinction; and secular tendencies to intensive competition for elite education and institutional bifurcation lead to greater inequality in educational and social outcomes, unless Nordic-style values are sustained.
Introduction
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

The introduction maps out the broad intellectual history of hunger, modernism, and aesthetic autonomy, sketching the prehistories that led to their convergence in the art of hunger. It sets out two competing definitions of aesthetic autonomy: a sociological definition, deriving from the writing of Pierre Bourdieu; and a philosophical one, deriving from the German philosophical tradition. It argues that the art of hunger represents a crisis in both definitions of aesthetic autonomy. At the same time, the art of hunger reflects a changing understanding of the body more broadly, as it becomes increasingly understood as a limit to human potential in the nineteenth century. The confluence of these failed modes of aesthetic autonomy and the new understanding of the body as a site of human failure and limitation, creates the conditions within which the art of hunger emerges as a modernist trope.
The Starving Artist as Dying Author
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the questions raised about the role of art in the aftermath of the 1968 student protests in France and the US, as aesthetic autonomy was being absorbed into the university and the university itself was changing in response to the emergence of what in the US became known as “French theory.” Paul Auster, who was a student at Columbia in 1968 and spent the early 1970s in Paris, moves between these two milieus, using his commitment to the art of hunger to locate himself outside both. In the process, Auster reinvents the art of hunger in line with the preoccupations of his own historical moment, locating the beseiged author at the center of the tradition, and linking the art of hunger’s preoccupation with aesthetic autonomy to the 1960s’ and 1970s’ quest for personal authenticity.
Starving Across the Color Line
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

Chapter 4 examines the writing of J. M. Coetzee in the context of late apartheid South Africa, where the call to political responsibility returns with a new urgency. Coetzee breaks with this consensus, maintaining a commitment to aesthetic autonomy through his investment in a European modernist tradition that incorporates the art of hunger. In a context where hunger itself was highly politicized, Coetzee’s 1983 novel Life & Times of Michael K produces an anti-politics of hunger, whose autonomy rests in the disjuncture between its white author and its Coloured protagonist. Pursuing this argument through a genetic reading of the novel’s drafts, this chapter shows how this novel was written out of and against both the debates about art and politics in apartheid-era South Africa, and the emerging theoretical positions that governed Coetzee’s international anglophone academic context at this moment.
Conclusion
Authors: Moody Alys
Published: November 2018

This book has traced a history of modernism’s decline and of its doubters. In post-Vichy France, the US circa 1968, and late apartheid South Africa, modernism’s fate was precarious, its reputation tarnished, and its politics reviled. The inescapability of the political in these contexts compromised the structural conditions of the autonomous literary field on which modernism had been built. In turn, it threw into crisis the philosophical defense of autonomy and the literary legacies of modernism, which grew out of and were guaranteed by this autonomous literary field. The stories we tell about late twentieth-century literary history reflect this dilemma. According to received wisdom, the period between 1945 and 1990 saw postmodernism replace modernism in both literature and scholarship, and new waves of postcolonial literature and theory discredited the Eurocentric specter of modernism. ...
What Creates a Vibrant Headquarters Economy?
Authors: Shaver J. Myles
Published: November 2018

This chapter presents data from a propriety survey of approximately 3,000 professional headquarters employees across twenty-three companies in the Minneapolis-St. Paul headquarters economy. The data confirm many expected demographics of this talent pool. They are highly educated, they are high-earning, they are predominantly in dual career relationships, and many are raising children. The data also verify the frequency with which this talent pool moves across companies and across industries. The data also show that different factors primarily affect the attraction and retention of talent to this region. Quality of life factors play a more prominent role in retention, whereas job opportunities play a more prominent role in attraction. Overall, the data show that this talent pool primarily values quality of life factors that center on economic opportunities, the ability to raise children, and well-being.