bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural insights into sodium transport by the oxaloacetate decarboxylase sodium pump
Authors: Xu Xin , Shi Huigang , Gong Xiaowen , Chen Pu , Gao Ying , Zhang Xinzheng , Xiang Song
Published: May 2020

The oxaloacetate decarboxylase sodium pump (OAD) is a unique primary-active transporter that utilizes the free energy derived from oxaloacetate decarboxylation for sodium transport across the cell membrane. It is composed of 3 subunits: the α subunit catalyzes carboxyl-transfer from oxaloacetate to biotin, the membrane integrated β subunit catalyzes the subsequent carboxyl-biotin decarboxylation and the coupled sodium transport, the γ subunit interacts with the α and β subunits and stabilizes the OAD complex. We present here structure of the Salmonella typhimurium OAD βγ sub-complex. The structure revealed that the β and γ subunits form a β3γ3 hetero-hexamer with extensive interactions between the subunits and shed light on the OAD holo-enzyme assembly. Structure-guided functional studies provided insights into the sodium binding sites in the β subunit and the coupling between carboxyl-biotin decarboxylation and sodium transport by the OAD β subunit.
Distinct spatiotemporal mechanisms underlie extra-classical receptive field modulation in macaque V1 microcircuits
Authors: Henry Christopher A , Jazayeri Mehrdad , Shapley Robert M , Hawken Michael J
Published: May 2020

Complex scene perception depends upon the interaction between signals from the classical receptive field (CRF) and the extra-classical receptive field (eCRF) in primary visual cortex (V1) neurons. Although much is known about V1 eCRF properties, we do not yet know how the underlying mechanisms map onto the cortical microcircuit. We probed the spatio-temporal dynamics of eCRF modulation using a reverse correlation paradigm, and found three principal eCRF mechanisms: tuned-facilitation, untuned-suppression, and tuned-suppression. Each mechanism had a distinct timing and spatial profile. Laminar analysis showed that the timing, orientation-tuning, and strength of eCRF mechanisms had distinct signatures within magnocellular and parvocellular processing streams in the V1 microcircuit. The existence of multiple eCRF mechanisms provides new insights into how V1 responds to spatial context. Modeling revealed that the differences in timing and scale of these mechanisms predicted distinct patterns of net modulation, reconciling many previous disparate physiological and psychophysical findings.
Lepra en la isla colombiana de Providencia
Authors: Fuentes Jairo , Jiménez Juliana , Urueta Gustavo , Fadul Santiago , Meléndez Esperanza , Guerrero Martha Inírida , Rodríguez Gerzaín
Published: May 2020

San Andrés y Providencia son islas colombianas en el mar de las Antillas. San Andrés tiene 68.283 habitantes y allí se han registrado casos de lepra en inmigrantes provenientes del interior colombiano. Providencia tiene 5.037 habitantes e, históricamente, los programas de salud no tenían registros de la enfermedad; no obstante, en el 2009 se confirmaron dos casos de lepra multibacilar histioide y, posteriormente, otros dos, lo cual representa una prevalencia de 8 casos por 10.000 habitantes y la la convierte en un sitio hiperendémico para lepra. Inicialmente, se diagnosticó lepra histioide en una niña de 14 años y, durante su estudio, se encontró la misma forma clínica de la enfermedad en su padre. Recientemente, se detectó lepra multibacilar en otro miembro de la misma familia y, lepra indeterminada, en una niña de otro núcleo familiar.El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar estos casos clínicos ante la comunidad científica y los entes de salud pública, y llamar la atención de las autoridades de salud sobre la necesidad de establecer programas de vigilancia epidemiológica continua en la isla, incorporando las nuevas herramientas disponibles en el Programa de Control de la Lepra.
Changes of liver transcriptome profiles following oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice
Authors: Guo Shuren , Mao Xiaohuan , Yan Yunmeng , Zhang Yan , Ming Liang
Published: May 2020

Background

Oxidative-stress (OS) was causal in the development of cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Streptozotocin (STZ) was an alkylation agent that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Here we aimed to explore the oxidative-stress and related RNAs in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Methods

RNA-sequencing was performed using liver tissues from STZ induced diabetic mice and controls. Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were utilized to annotate the target genes. The differentially expressed RNAs involved in the peroxisome pathway were validated by qRT-PCR. The glucose metabolite and OS markers were measured in the normal control (NC) and STZ-induced diabetic mellitus (DM) group.

Results

The levels of serum Fasting insulin, HbA1c, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α) were significant higher in DM groups than NC group, while SOD activity decreased significantly in DM groups. We found 416 lncRNAs and 910 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the STZ-induced diabetic mice compared to the control group. OS associated RNAs were differentially expressed in the liver of STZ-induced diabetic mice.

Conclusion

This study confirmed that the OS was increased in the STZ-induced DM mice as evidenced by the increase of lipid peroxidation product MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α, identified aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of some circulating strains of the peste-des-petits-ruminants virus in Saudi Arabia between 2014–2016
Authors: Hemida Maged Gomaa , Alghadeer Hussain Mohammed , Alhammadi Mohammed , Ali Sayed
Published: May 2020

Background

The peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly devastating virus of small ruminants in many parts of the world, including the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, our objectives were (1) to conduct a molecular prevalence study of PPRV in sheep and goat across the KSA and (2) to isolate and identify currently circulating PPRV lineages. Swabs and tissue specimens were collected from 97 herds suspected to be infected with PPRV across the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Testing for the presence of the virus was done by the real-time PCR. Confirmation of the identity of the reactions was done by the gel-based-PCR then by sequencing of the partial PPRV genome.

Results

Our results revealed that 24.1% of the tested specimens were PPRV-positive. Isolation of PPRV was successful from samples using the Vero cell line. Sequence analysis of some partial PPRV genes (N, F, M, L, P, and H) revealed that these strains were belonging to lineage IV of the PPRV.

Conclusions

This is the first study to conduct both the nationwide prevalence, isolation, and molecular characterizations of the PPRV in the KSA. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the circulating strains of PPRV among sheep and goats will contribute substantially to the global eradication campaign of such a virus.
Creation of Innovative Designs Using Traditional Kashidakari Embroidery Motifs for Home Furnishings
Authors: Devi Sarita , Arya Nisha , Yadav Nirmal , Rani Lalita , . Sushila
Published: May 2020

The beautiful and intricate Kashmir embroidery known as ‘Kashidakari’ is recognized everywhere for its beauty of craftsmanship, motifs, colours, textures, etc. Kashida embroidery designs are the most popular commercial embroidery designs not only because these have retained its rich heritage but also have made necessary adoption according to the likes, choice and demand of the market. In contemporary society, embroidered textiles are used for interior decoration for a traditional and royal appearance. In the present study, traditional motifs of Kashidakari embroidery were collected by exploring secondary sources for the creation of innovative designs for home furnishings textile articles. Out of 200 motifs, thirty were screened and top-ranked ten motifs were selected for design development for home furnishing, as per preferences of experts. Thirty designs were developed using selected traditional Kashidakari embroidery motifs with the help of Corel DRAW X3 software. The study concluded that all the developed designs using traditional Kashidakari embroidery motifs were highly acceptable by experts for home furnishings.
Demonstrating detail in investigative interviews—An examination of the DeMo technique
Authors: Boon Roel , Milne Rebecca , Rosloot Eveline , Heinsbroek Joris
Published: May 2020

Attaining an uninterrupted free report (FR) is at the heart of best practice investigative interviewing guidance. However, witnesses/victims do not naturally provide detailed accounts. Techniques have been developed to counter‐act this, such as a report everything (RE) instruction. This research examined the relative effectiveness of an addition to the RE component, a demonstration of the level of detail, using a behavioural exemplar, by describing an innocuous object; the Demonstration for More detail (DeMo) technique. Participants (N = 61) watched a mock crime video and asked to recall it using one of three instructions: (a) basic FR as the control, (b) RE instruction and (c) RE instruction plus DeMo technique. Participants who were given the DeMo technique recalled more details than both the control and RE groups. Accuracy rates were similarly high across all conditions. The implications of using the DeMo technique within an investigative interview are discussed.
Microtubule Cytoskeleton Remodeling by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: Chafai Djamel Eddine , Vostárek František , Dráberová Eduarda , Havelka Daniel , Arnaud‐Cormos Delia , Leveque Philippe , Janáček Jiří , Kubínová Lucie , Cifra Michal , Dráber Pavel
Published: May 2020

Remodeling of nanoscopic structures is not just crucial for cell biology, but it is also at the core of bioinspired materials. While the microtubule cytoskeleton in cells undergoes fast adaptation, adaptive materials still face this remodeling challenge. Moreover, the guided reorganization of the microtubule network and the correction of its abnormalities is still a major aim. This work reports new findings for externally triggered microtubule network remodeling by nanosecond electropulses (nsEPs). At first, a wide range of nsEP parameters, applied in a low conductivity buffer, is explored to find out the minimal nsEP dosage needed to disturb microtubules in various cell types. The time course of apoptosis and microtubule recovery in the culture medium is thereafter assessed. Application of nsEPs to cells in culture media result in modulation of microtubule binding properties to end‐binding (EB1) protein, quantified by newly developed image processing techniques. The microtubules in nsEP‐treated cells in the culture medium have longer EB1 comets but their density is lower than that of the control. The nsEP treatment represents a strategy for microtubule remodeling‐based nano‐biotechnological applications, such as engineering of self‐healing materials, and as a manipulation tool for the evaluation of microtubule remodeling mechanisms during various biological processes in health and disease.
Multimaterial Fiber Detector for Real‐Time and Remote X‐Ray Monitoring
Authors: Du Minghui , Dai Yi , Wang Zhen , Lv Shichao , Du Guanxin , Li Jiaxi , Qiu Yanqing , Qiu Jianrong , Zhou Shifeng
Published: May 2020

X‐ray radiation is a leading cause of cancer, and thus a device that offers effective and real‐time radiation monitoring is of significant interest. The configuration design, fiber drawing, and device construction are introduced for a multimaterial fiber detector system that allows real‐time and remote X‐ray monitoring. A fiber detector embedded with metal–semiconductor–insulator ladder‐like configuration is designed and successfully constructed on the basis of Plateau–Rayleigh instability. The multimaterial design affords the detector robust radiation‐harvesting ability, enabling the collection of up to ≈88.13% of total X‐ray energy. The unique ladder‐like configuration allows the efficient generation and collection of free charges. Moreover, the detector exhibits excellent mechanical flexibility and can be woven into a complex configuration and even wearable fabrics. Finally, the application of the micro‐detector in real‐time wireless X‐ray monitoring is demonstrated. This research not only presents a flexible radiation detection strategy for various ionizing radiation types, such as X‐ray, gamma ray, and neutrons radiation, but also has potential uses in remote radiation monitoring in case a conventional rigid device is inapplicable.
N6‐Methyladenosine Demethylase FTO Contributes to Neuropathic Pain by Stabilizing G9a Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons
Authors: Li Yize , Guo Xinying , Sun Linlin , Xiao Jifang , Su Songxue , Du Shibin , Li Zhen , Wu Shaogen , Liu Weili , Mo Kai , Xia Shangzhou , Chang Yun‐Juan , Denis Daniel , Tao Yuan‐Xiang
Published: May 2020

Nerve injury‐induced change in gene expression in primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is critical for neuropathic pain genesis. N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA represents an additional layer of gene regulation. Here, it is reported that peripheral nerve injury increases the expression of the m6A demethylase fat‐mass and obesity‐associated proteins (FTO) in the injured DRG via the activation of Runx1, a transcription factor that binds to the Fto gene promoter. Mimicking this increase erases m6A in euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 (Ehmt2) mRNA (encoding the histone methyltransferase G9a) and elevates the level of G9a in DRG and leads to neuropathic pain symptoms. Conversely, blocking this increase reverses a loss of m6A sites in Ehmt2 mRNA and destabilizes the nerve injury‐induced G9a upregulation in the injured DRG and alleviates nerve injury‐associated pain hypersensitivities. FTO contributes to neuropathic pain likely through stabilizing nerve injury‐induced upregulation of G9a, a neuropathic pain initiator, in primary sensory neurons.
Fe3O4@N‐Doped Interconnected Hierarchical Porous Carbon and Its 3D Integrated Electrode for Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media
Authors: Wang Yi , Wu Mingmei , Wang Kun , Chen Junwei , Yu Tongwen , Song Shuqin
Published: May 2020

The rational design of electrode structure with catalysts adequately utilized is of vital importance for future fuel cells. Herein, a novel 3D oriented wholly integrated electrode comprising core–shell Fe3O4@N‐doped‐C (Fe3O4@NC) nanoparticles embedded into N‐doped ordered interconnected hierarchical porous carbon (denoted as Fe3O4@NC/NHPC) is developed for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The as‐prepared catalyst possesses novel structure and efficient active sites. In rotating disk electrode measurements, the Fe3O4@NC/NHPC exhibits almost identical ORR electrocatalytic activity, superior durability, and much better methanol tolerance compared with the commercial Pt/C in acidic media. To the authors’ knowledge, this is among the best non‐precious‐metal ORR catalysts reported so far. Importantly, the Fe3O4@NC/NHPC is successfully in situ assembled onto carbon paper by the electrophoresis method to obtain a well‐designed 3D‐ordered electrode. With improved mass transfer and maximized active sites for ORR, the 3D‐oriented wholly integrated electrode shows superior performance to the one fabricated by the traditional method.
Alfalfa establishment by interseeding with silage corn projected to increase profitability of corn silage–alfalfa rotations
Authors: Osterholz William R. , Renz Mark J. , Grabber John H.
Published: May 2020

Corn (Zea mays L.) silage and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) rotations dominate dairy forage production in temperate regions, but low yields during establishment of spring seeded alfalfa limits productivity and profitability. Interseeding alfalfa with corn silage is a novel establishment method that could enhance environmental quality, alfalfa production, and farm income, but it also incurs additional costs. Forage yields derived from long‐term field studies in Wisconsin along with feed values and input costs from 2012 to 2017 were used to predict net returns of corn silage–alfalfa rotation sequences that utilized conventional spring seeding or interseeding for alfalfa establishment and cereal rye (Secale cereal L.) as a winter cover crop following corn silage. Interseeded rotations yielded annual net return of $303 to $367 ha−1, with a 3‐yr corn and 3‐yr alfalfa sequence identified as the most profitable. Conventional rotations provided lower annual net returns of $260 to $320 ha−1 and the most profitable was a 4‐yr corn and 4‐yr alfalfa sequence. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that interseeded alfalfa had a robust economic benefit, with increased net returns obtained when the corn yield penalty was limited to less than 20% or the success rate of alfalfa establishment exceeded 49% of attempts for the most profitable interseeded rotation sequence. A plant protective chemical application to interseeded alfalfa provided a net economic benefit if it increased the success rate of alfalfa establishment by at least 16%. Interseeding alfalfa into corn silage is predicted to enhance profitability of corn–alfalfa based cropping systems.
Effect of segment structure on the thermal stability ofCPVCin theGas–Solid PVCchlorination process
Authors: Bai Tianxiang , Wang Heyun , Chen Siyu , Yu Erlei , Wei Zhong
Published: May 2020

The chlorination of the polyvinyl chloride resin with different ratios of CH2, CHCl2, and CCl2was carried out through a gas–solid process by varying the temperature, reaction time, and chlorine concentration. The rheological properties and thermal stability of the resin were characterized.13C NMR was used to characterize the segment structure of the resin. In addition, conjugated diene structure was determined by UV–Visible to study its chlorination process. The results show that CCl2 units in the structure promote the dehydrochlorination of CPVC, forming a conjugated diene structure and reducing the rheological properties and thermal stability. In contrast, the formation of CHCl in the chlorination process increased the thermal stability of the resin. Moreover, a structure‐effect relationship between the structure and performance has been established, and a stepwise process of chlorination was obtained by analyzing the changes of the structure segment content at different stages.
ESA THESEUS and Czech participation
Authors: Hudec Rene , Amati Lorenzo , Frontera Filippo , Bozzo Enrico , O'Brien Paul T. , Goetz Diego , Simon Vojtech
Published: May 2020

The recent status of the European Space Agency's (ESA) THESEUS (Transient High‐Energy Sources and Early Universe Surveyor) project and the recent and expected Czech participation in this project are briefly presented and discussed. THESEUS is a mission concept proposed in response to the ESA's call for medium‐size mission (M5) within the Cosmic Vision Programme and selected by ESA on May 7, 2018, to enter an assessment phase A/0 study. The expected Czech participation is on the Soft X‐ray Imager (SXI) and a set of four lobster‐eye (LE) telescopes, covering a total field of view (FOV) of 1 sr with source location accuracy better than 1–2 arcmin and energy coverage 0.3–6 keV. We also show the prospects of detecting and observing cataclysmic variables (CVs) with the hard X‐ray imaging spectrometer (XGIS) and SXI. Since the X‐ray spectrum largely determines what emission components and mechanisms can be observed, a combination of these instruments will be very useful. Also if we concentrate on the long‐term activity of CVs, it will even be meaningful to use the observations of CVs located in the wide FOVs of XGIS and SXI when searching for and observing other types of events such as gamma‐ray bursts.
The joy and duty of a marginal teratologist
Authors: Mulvihill John J.
Published: May 2020

On the occasion of this anniversary of the Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, I accept the invitation to offer personal reflections on the earlier days of the Society and the importance of the discipline. My focus is on what few contributions I have offered, but more, on the value of having the teratologist's perspective on other aspects of my career in medical genetics and genetic epidemiology. Treating my professional life as a development biologist (of which teratologists are a breed), I recount the institutions I have been at, but more importantly, the people I have been influenced by, more often than not accomplished teratologists. The one big thought I wish to leave is the primacy and criticality of being mentored and mentoring at ALL stages of a career.
Safety and efficacy of laxatives after major abdominal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dudi-Venkata N N , Seow W , Kroon H M , Bedrikovetski S , Moore J W , Thomas M L , Sammour T
Published: May 2020

Background

Recovery of gastrointestinal function is often delayed after major abdominal surgery, leading to postoperative ileus (POI). Enhanced recovery protocols recommend laxatives to reduce the duration of POI, but evidence is unclear. This systematic review aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of laxative use after major abdominal surgery.

Methods

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and PubMed databases were searched from inception to May 2019 to identify eligible RCTs focused on elective open or minimally invasive major abdominal surgery. The primary outcome was time taken to passage of stool. Secondary outcomes were time taken to tolerance of diet, time taken to flatus, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications and readmission to hospital.

Results

Five RCTs with a total of 416 patients were included. Laxatives reduced the time to passage of stool (mean difference (MD) −0·83 (95 per cent c.i. −1·39 to −0·26) days; P = 0·004), but there was significant heterogeneity between studies for this outcome measure. There was no difference in time to passage of flatus (MD −0·17 (−0·59 to 0·25) days; P = 0·432), time to tolerance of diet (MD −0·01 (−0·12 to 0·10) days; P = 0·865) or length of hospital stay (MD 0·01(−1·36 to 1·38) days; P = 0·992). There were insufficient data available on postoperative complications for meta-analysis.

Conclusion

Routine postoperative laxative use after major abdominal surgery may result in earlier passage of stool but does not influence other postoperative recovery parameters. Better data are required for postoperative complications and validated outcome measures.
Revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusions in an infarct‐related artery and recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias among patients with secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Authors: Di Marco Andrea , Anguera Ignasi , Nombela‐Franco Luis , Oloriz Teresa , Teruel Luis , Rodriguez Mañero Moisés , Toquero Jorge , León Valentina , Dallaglio Paolo , Perez Guerrero Ainhoa , Salazar Carlos Hernando , Escaned Javier , Asso Abadía Antonio , Gomez Hospital Joan Antoni , Cequier Angel
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To evaluate whether the revascularization of a coronary chronic total occlusion in an infarct‐related artery (IRACTO) may be associated with lower recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) among patients with a secondary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

Background

IRACTO is increasingly recognized as an independent predictor of VA. It is unknown whether IRACTO revascularization can reduce the burden of VA.

Methods

Multicenter observational cohort study that included consecutive patients with prior myocardial infarction and secondary prevention ICD. The primary endpoint was any appropriate ICD therapy.

Results

Among the 460 patients included, 269 (58%) had at least one IRACTO at the coronary angiogram performed before ICD implantation; of these, 20 (7%) had their IRACTO successfully revascularized (IRACTO‐R) afterwards. During a median follow‐up of 48 months, 229 patients (49%) had at least one appropriate ICD therapy. Patients with IRACTO not revascularized (IRACTO‐NR) had the highest incidence of ICD therapies (65%) while patients with IRACTO‐R had the lowest (10%, p < .001). In the entire cohort, IRACTO‐NR was an independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapies (HR 2.85, p < .001) and appropriate ICD shocks (HR 2.94, p < .001). Among patients with IRACTO at baseline, IRACTO‐R was independently associated with a marked reduction of appropriate ICD therapies (HR 0.12, p = .002) and appropriate ICD shocks (HR 0.21, p = .03).

Conclusions

In patients with prior myocardial infarction and secondary prevention ICD, IRACTO revascularization was independently associated with a markedly lower incidence of appropriate ICD therapies and shocks. These results should be corroborated by larger prospective studies.
Desulfurization and Denitrogenation Processes to Treat Diesel Using Mo(VI)‐Bipyridine Catalysts
Authors: Julião Diana , Gomes Ana C. , Pillinger Martyn , Gonçalves Isabel S. , Balula Salete S.
Published: May 2020

High efficiency was found for desulfurization and denitrogenation processes to treat diesel using either the hybrid material {[MoO3(2,2′‐bipy)][MoO3(H2O)]}n or the octanuclear complex [Mo8O22(OH)4(di‐tBu‐bipy)4] (2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, di‐tBu‐bipy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) as catalysts. These processes were employed in a single procedure to simultaneously remove sulfur (dibenzothiophene, 4‐methyldibenzothiophene, and 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene) and nitrogen (indole and quinoline) compounds from diesel. A reaction time of two hours was sufficient to achieve at least 99.9 % S removal and 97 % N removal. Furthermore, the catalytic systems presented a high capacity to be reused/recycled for consecutive desulfurization/denitrogenation cycles.
Optimization of the Carbon Content in Copper Phosphide–Carbon Composites for High Performance Sodium Secondary Batteries Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kaushik Shubham , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Sato Yuta , Hagiwara Rika
Published: May 2020

Negative electrode materials with a large capacity and long cycle life are required for practical large‐scale sodium secondary batteries. Copper phosphide‐carbon composites containing various carbon contents were investigated for this purpose using an ionic liquid (IL) electrolyte. The composites were prepared by a two‐step high energy ball‐milling process: preparation of copper phosphide (CuP2) and composite formation between CuP2 and acetylene black (AB) at different ratios. A CuP2 to Cu3P phase transition was observed at AB contents of 30 and 40 wt%. The sample containing 30 wt% AB gave an optimal electrochemical performance (98.9 % capacity retention, 350 cycles, reversible capacity=358 mAh g−1 at 8000 mA g−1 and 90 °C), and upon cycling at 25 °C, a high capacity retention of 111 % was achieved (350 cycles). Ex situ XRD revealed the reversible conversion of Cu3P and the formation of Na3P during charging. The high performance was attributed to the P−O−C bond and the robust interfacial layer formed in the IL.
Left atrial stiffness in women with ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease: Novel insight from left atrial feature tracking
Authors: Zamani Sauyeh K. , Samuel Thomas Jake , Wei Janet , Thomson Louise E. J. , Tamarappoo Balaji , Sharif Behzad , Bairey Merz C. Noel , Nelson Michael D.
Published: May 2020

Background

Women with signs and symptoms of ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) are at risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF); however, the mechanism for HFpEF progression remains unclear. Studies in INOCA have largely focused on left ventricular function. The left atrium serves an important role in maintaining transmitral flow, and is impaired in HFpEF; however, it remains unclear if left atrial function is impaired in INOCA.

Hypothesis

Left atrial function is progressively worse in INOCA and HFpEF compared to controls.

Methods

We compared 39 reference control subjects to 64 women with INOCA and 22 subjects with HFpEF. Left atrial strain was assessed by feature tracking using magnetic resonance cine images.

Results

Peak left atrial strain was reduced in HFpEF compared to controls (22.9 ± 4.8% vs 25.9 ± 3.2%, P < .01), but similar in INOCA (24.8 ± 4.5%) compared to HFpEF and controls (P = .18). However, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was elevated in 33% of INOCA participants, suggesting that left atrial stiffness (LVEDP/LA strain) is elevated in a large portion of women with INOCA.

Conclusions

Taken together, we interpret these data to support our working hypothesis that INOCA is a pre‐HFpEF state, with left atrial stiffness preceding overt left atrial dysfunction; representing a putative therapeutic target to prevent HFpEF progression in this at‐risk population.
Small‐Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Sterol 14α‐Demethylase (CYP51): Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Evaluation Against Candida albicans
Authors: Binjubair Faizah A. , Parker Josie E. , Warrilow Andrew G. , Puri Kalika , Braidley Peter J. , Tatar Esra , Kelly Steven L. , Kelly Diane E. , Simons Claire
Published: May 2020

Fungal infections are a global issue affecting over 150 million people worldwide annually, with 750 000 of these caused by invasive Candida infections. Azole drugs are the frontline treatment against fungal infections; however, resistance to current azole antifungals in C. albicans poses a threat to public health. Two series of novel azole derivatives, short and extended derivatives, have been designed, synthesised and investigated for CYP51 inhibitory activity, binding affinity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. albicans strains. The short derivatives were more potent against the C. albicans strains (e. g., MIC 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐(2,4‐dichlorobenzyl)‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)propanamide (5 f) <0.03 μg/mL, N‐(4‐((4‐chlorophenyl)sulfonamido)benzyl)‐2‐phenyl‐3‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)propanamide (12 c), 1 μg/mL, fluconazole 0.125 μg/mL) but both displayed comparable enzyme binding and inhibition (5 f Kd 62±17 nM, IC50 0.46 μM; 12 c Kd 43±18 nM, IC50 0.33 μM, fluconazole Kd 41±13 nM, IC50 0.31 μM, posaconazole Kd 43±11 nM, IC50 0.2 μM). The short series had poor selectivity for CaCYP51 over the human homologue, whereas the selectivity of the extended series, for example, compound 12 c, was higher (21.5‐fold) than posaconazole (4.7‐fold) based on Kd values, although posaconazole was more selective (615‐fold) than 12 c (461‐fold) based on IC50 values. Based on inhibitory activity and selectivity profile, the extended series are the better of the two series for further development.
Preparation and Properties of ZnS‐Reinforced ZnS/ZnSe Composites
Authors: Yang Hai , Li Dongxu , Jiang Lipeng , Wei Naiguang , Qian Xun , Liu Xiaohua , Guo Li , Song Zilin , Tian Zhirui , Lu Shujuan
Published: May 2020

ZnS‐reinforced ZnS/ZnSe composites are prepared by chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscope, transmittance, and bending strength are used to characterize the samples. The schematic diagram of the transmittance model of the double‐layer composite window is used to calculate the theoretical transmittance, and the measured value of the transmittance of ZnS/ZnSe composite material is in good agreement with the calculated value. The effects of interface layer on the optical and mechanical properties of materials are studied in detail. It is found that the interface can affect the transmittance of the composites, but it still maintains a high transmittance, and the influence of interface layer on the transmittance of visible band is more serious than that of infrared band. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the new composite material are significantly improved (35%).
Crop wild relatives in durum wheat breeding: Drift or thrift?
Authors: El Haddad Noureddine , Kabbaj Hafssa , Zaïm Meryem , El Hassouni Khaoula , Tidiane Sall Amadou , Azouz Mounira , Ortiz Rodomiro , Baum Michael , Amri Ahmed , Gamba Fernanda , Bassi Filippo Maria
Published: May 2020

Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are an important source of genetic diversity for crop improvement. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of deploying CWRs in durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren] breeding. A set of 60 accessions was selected to include cultivars from nine countries, top lines obtained via elite‐by‐elite crossing, and CWR‐derived lines. These accessions were screened for resistance against four major fungal diseases to reveal that CWR‐derived lines are a good source of resistance against Septoria leaf blotch (Zymoseptoria tritici), while they were highly susceptible to tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis). Drought tolerance was assessed at eight environments with contrasting nitrogen levels and tillage practices to reveal a clear superiority of CWR‐derived lines for grain size as well as higher grain yield (GY) under low nitrogen and normal tillage (NT). Temperature‐stress tolerance was assessed at four heat‐stressed environments along the Senegal River to confirm CWR‐derived had up to 42% yield advantage and a higher grain number per spike (GNspk). Combined testing under plastic heat tunnels imposed at the time of flowering also revealed good performance of CWR‐derived lines. However, the CWR‐derived lines had low gluten sedimentation index and poor yellow color compared with cultivars and elite germplasm. High genetic diversity was found in CWR‐derived lines with 75% of individuals having minor allele frequency (MAF) of 40–44% for frequent alleles but low genetic diversity for alleles with low frequency. In addition, 8–13% of the CWR parent genome was retained in the derived progenies, which contributed to improve several phenotypic traits.
Forecasting the legacy of offshore oil and gas platforms on fish community structure and productivity
Authors: Meyer‐Gutbrod Erin L. , Love Milton S. , Schroeder Donna M. , Claisse Jeremy T. , Kui Li , Miller Robert J.
Published: May 2020

There are currently thousands of offshore platforms in place for oil and gas extraction worldwide, and decommissioning efforts over the next three decades are estimated to cost more than US$200 billion. As platforms reach the end of their useful lifetime, operators and regulatory agencies will assess the environmental impact of potential decommissioning strategies. Among the many factors that will be weighed in preparation for these major economic and engineering challenges is the fate of the fish and invertebrate communities that inhabit the structures underwater. Offshore platforms act as inadvertent artificial reefs, and some are recognized among the most productive fish habitats in the global oceans. We present a model for forecasting changes to fish communities surrounding offshore installations following a series of decommissioning alternatives. Using 24 platforms off southern California, we estimate fish biomass and somatic production under three possible decommissioning scenarios: leave in place, partial removal at 26‐m depth, and complete removal of the platform and underlying shell mound. We used fish density and size data from scuba and submersible surveys of the platforms from 1995–2013 to estimate biomass and annual somatic production. Bottom trawl surveys were used to characterize future fish assemblages at platform sites under the complete‐removal decommissioning scenario. Based on a conservatively modeled extrapolation of the survey data, we found that complete removal of a platform resulted in 95% or more reduction in the average fish biomass and annual somatic production at the site, while partial removal resulted in far smaller losses, averaging 10% or less. In the event that all surveyed platforms are completely removed, we estimated a total loss of more than 28,000 kg of fish biomass in the Southern California Bight. Platform habitats, which attract reef‐dwelling fish species, had minimal overlap in community composition with the surrounding soft‐bottom habitat. To best serve the wide range of stakeholder interests, the site‐specific biomass, productivity and species composition information provided in this study should be incorporated into strategic decommissioning planning. This approach could be used as a model for informing “rigs to reefs” discussions occurring worldwide.
Can polyploidy confer invasive plants with a wider climatic tolerance? A test using Solidago canadensis
Authors: Wan Jizhong , Oduor Ayub M. O. , Pouteau Robin , Wang Beilei , Chen Luxi , Yang Beifen , Yu Feihai , Li Junmin
Published: May 2020

Polyploidy can cause variation in plant functional traits and thereby generate individuals that can adapt to fluctuating environments and exploit new environments. However, few empirical studies have tested for an association between ploidy level and climatic tolerance of invasive cytotypes relative to conspecific native‐range cytotypes. Here, we used an invasive plant Solidago canadensis to test whether invasive populations had a higher proportion of polyploids, greater height and stem‐base diameter, and occupied a wider range of climatic conditions than conspecific native‐range populations. We also tested whether the invasive populations had overcome genetic founder effects. We sampled a total of 80 populations in parts of the invaded range in China and native range in North America for in situ measurements of plant height and stem‐base diameter in the field and for population genetic and cytotype analyses. To examine climatic correlates, we augmented our field‐sampled data with occurrence records obtained from Global Biodiversity Information Facility. All, except one, of the populations that we sampled in China occurred in a humid subtropical climate. In contrast, the North American populations occurred in humid continental, humid subtropical, and semi‐arid climatic zones. All populations of S. canadensis in China were purely hexaploid, while the North American populations were diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid. The invasive hexaploids were significantly taller and had a larger stem‐base diameter than native hexaploids. Native hexaploids were significantly taller and had larger stem‐base diameter than native diploids. Climatic correlate assessment found that invasive and native populations occupied different climatic envelopes, with invasive populations occurring in warmer and less seasonal climates than native populations. However, there was no significant correlation between ploidy level and climatic envelope of S. canadensis. Molecular phylogeography data suggest reduced genetic founder effects in the invaded range. Overall, these results suggest that polyploidy does not influence S. canadensis climatic tolerance.
eDNA‐based monitoring: Advancement in management and conservation of critically endangered killifish species
Authors: Mauvisseau Quentin , Kalogianni Eleni , Zimmerman Brian , Bulling Mark , Brys Rein , Sweet Michael
Published: May 2020

Ecosystems are currently changing at unprecedented rates due to anthropogenic influences. Application of appropriate management regimes and mitigation measures requires knowledge of ecological community composition and monitoring of any changes that occur. Environmental DNA‐based monitoring is becoming increasingly common and offers substantial potential as a noninvasive method associated with highly repeatable and reliable results. In this study, we monitored river systems in Western Greece that have been strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities and the spread of an alien invasive fish species, the Eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). This invasive species has been credited as the major cause for the drastic decline of two endemic killifish species (Valencia letourneuxi and Valencia robertae). Here, we investigated the efficacy of an environmental DNA (eDNA‐based) method of detection for all three species, as an alternative to conventional monitoring methods. Initially, a mesocosm experiment provided material for the design and validation of the sampling protocol. This was followed by two sampling periods in the field conducted in autumn 2017 and 2018, comparing the novel eDNA assays with the conventional surveying methods in six and 20 systems, respectively. eDNA detection consistently outperformed the traditional monitoring methods for both V. letourneuxi and V. robertae and was comparable for the invasive G. holbrooki. This supports the now increasing body of literature, highlighting the benefits of species‐specific, targeted eDNA assays for the assessment of threatened and/or invasive species, one which can be utilized by conservation organizations and government bodies alike. However, we note that care should always be taken when designing such tools and strict validation steps should be adhered to, particularly with respect to minimizing the probability of false positives and negatives.
Low‐Temperature Processed Carbon Electrode‐Based Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance and Stability
Authors: Wu Xin , Qi Feng , Li Fengzhu , Deng Xiang , Li Zhen , Wu Shengfan , Liu Tiantian , Liu Yizhe , Zhang Jie , Zhu Zonglong
Published: May 2020

All‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have drawn widespread attention for its superior thermal stability. Carbon‐based devices are promising to demonstrate excellent long‐term operational stability due to the hydrophobicity of carbon materials and the abandon of organic hole‐transporting materials (HTMs). However, the difficulty to control the crystallinity process and the poor morphology leads to serious non‐radiative recombination, resulting in low VOC and power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this article, the crystal formation process of all‐inorganic perovskites is controlled with a facile composition engineering strategy. By bromide incorporation, high‐quality perovskite films with large grain and fewer grain boundaries are achieved. As‐prepared perovskite films demonstrate longer carrier lifetime, contributing to lower energy loss and better device performance. Fabricated carbon‐based HTM‐free PVSCs with CsPbI2.33Br0.67 perovskite realized champion PCE of 12.40%, superior to 8.80% of CsPbI3‐based devices, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for the carbon‐based all‐inorganic PVSCs to date. The high VOC of 1.01 V and FF of 70.98% indicate the significance of this composition engineering method. Moreover, fabricated carbon‐based devices exhibit excellent stability, and unencapsulated device retains over 90% of its initial efficiency under continuous one sun illumination for 250 h in N2 atmosphere and keeps ~84% of its original value after stored in ambient environment with RH 15–20% for 200 h. This work provides a facile way to fabricate high‐performance and stable carbon‐based all‐inorganic PVSCs.
Reversible Reaction‐Based Fluorescent Probes for Dynamic Sensing and Bioimaging
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Sisi , Gao Hu , Shen Zhen
Published: May 2020

Diverse chemical species such as ions and molecules exist within living cells and organisms undergoing dynamic changes in their local environment by a web of continuously interacting reactions. Reaction‐based fluorescent probes with a highly sought reversible feature can provide a real‐time monitor of the concentration dynamics (increases and decreases) of such chemical species, thus ideally suited to understand the physiological function, and pathogenic mechanisms of corresponding bio‐species in the regulation of cellular function and disease progression. This review summarizes the current methods for constructing reversible reaction‐based fluorescent probes. The sensing mechanisms and biological applications of these probes are also discussed. The representative examples reported recently are categorized according to the type of reversible chemical reactions utilized: nucleophilic additions (Michael additions, chromophore reactions), nucleophilic addition‐condensation reactions, and redox reactions. Finally, we present the potential challenges and suggestions for developing probes based on dynamic and reversible covalent bond formation reactions.
Direct C–S Bond Functionalization of Benzyl Mercaptan
Authors: Choudhuri Khokan , Pramanik Milan , Mal Prasenjit
Published: May 2020

Cleavage of a C–S bond of benzyl mercaptan led to formation of a new C–C bond during (Z)‐selective alkenylation of nitriles using 1,10‐phenanthroline as organocatalyst and tBuOK as a base. Furthermore, we have shown that the cascaded functionalization of benzylic C–S and aryl–halide bonds could be done in one pot. 1H NMR study and kinetic experiments also helped to establish the mechanism of the reaction.
Chemoselective RuII‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Thiocyanates and Step‐wise Double [2+2+2] Cycloadditions to 2‐Aryl Thiopyridines
Authors: Bhatt Divya , Kalaramna Pratibha , Kumar Krishn , Goswami Avijit
Published: May 2020

RuII‐catalyzed intermolecular double [2+2+2] cycloadditions of 1,6‐diynes and alkynylthiocyanates have been developed for the synthesis of 2‐aryl thiopyridines. Aryl thiocyanates were isolated chemoselectively as a result of initial intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition product. The method offers operational simplicity and is atom economical in nature.
Diversity Associated With Reductions in the Achievement Gap: Data Mining the 2010–2011 New Jersey Assessment of Skills and Knowledge (NJ ASK)
Authors: Hanson Stephen José , Saunders Stephanie , Aponte Arcelio , Copeland Robert , Nettles Michael
Published: May 2020

The academic achievement gap is a persistent and pernicious educational challenge confounded with race and socioeconomic status. The achievement gap persists despite over three decades of interventions and federal, state, and local policies and initiatives meant to close it. We examine the achievement gap in one of the most diverse states in the United States, New Jersey. Across the 480 school districts in New Jersey, the school district racial makeup varies from almost complete segregation to high diversity. Using data‐mining techniques on the statewide standardized test, the 2010–2011 New Jersey Assessment of Skills and Knowledge (NJ ASK) standard language arts literacy and mathematics, we found that test scores increased with increasing diversity. In particular, the achievement gap between Black and White third grade students was lower by more than 60% in racially diverse districts when compared to racially homogeneous districts. This result is consistent with theories of peer spillover effects that implicate peer racial diversity in reducing the achievement gap. A cluster analysis of New Jersey school districts revealed eight common profiles, which could inform school policy and practice aimed at improving school performance and closing the achievement
gap.
Addition of buttermilk powder improved the rheological and storage properties of low‐fat yogurt
Authors: Zhao Lili , Feng Ran , Mao Xueying
Published: May 2020

Buttermilk is used widely in dairy products due to its good emulsifying and nutritional properties. In the present study, 0%–4.0% (w/w) buttermilk powder was added to low‐fat yogurt with a constant protein content to investigate its efficacy on the rheological and storage properties of low‐fat yogurt. Buttermilk increased the final titration acidity. Addition of buttermilk decreased the pH at the gelation point, shortened the gelation time, and thus shortened the fermentation period. Storage modulus G', yield stress, yield strain, and compact cross‐links of the microstructure were enhanced greatly with addition of 1.0%‐2.0% (w/w) buttermilk powder. In addition, addition of buttermilk decreased whey separation and increased the viscosity and firmness of low‐fat yogurt during storage. Our findings suggest that the addition of an appropriate amount of buttermilk altered the rheological characteristics and improved the textural and storage properties of low‐fat yogurt.