bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application and Possibilities of Supercritical CO2 Extraction in Food Processing Industry: An Overview
Authors: Raventós M. , Duarte S. , Alarcón R.
Published: June 2009

The food industry is always looking for the best separation technology to obtain natural compounds of high purity, healthy products of excellent quality with several industrial applications. The conventional extraction process for those compounds has some limitations regarding the solvent toxicity, flammability and wastefulness. Research into energetically less costly technologies with respect to the environment is required. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a relatively new extraction process that has attracted great interest in many industries. Supercritical fluid properties are used selectively to extract specific components. This paper overviews the applications of supercritical fluid technology in food processing using carbon dioxide as the ideal supercritical fluid because of its non-flammable, non-toxic, non-polluting and recoverable characteristics. A summary of commercial applications and examples of recent developments illustrate the different possibilities that SFE has in industrial food processes.
Skin Permeance and Internal Gas Composition in `Hass' Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Fruits
Authors: Valle-Guadarrama S. , Saucedo-Veloz C. , Peña-Valdivia C.B. , Corrales-García J.J.E. , Chávez-Franco S.H. , Espinosa-Solares T.
Published: June 2009

The gas skin permeance and the internal atmosphere composition of `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruits were evaluated during the ripening period by using surface chambers. Plant material was harvested at physiological maturity at Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico, in November of 2001. Storage was conducted under natural atmosphere at 20°C and 81% RH; the physiological stages were expressed in terms of ethylene internal partial pressures and pulp firmness. The climacteric onset occurred at 18.2 N and the peak was reached at 5.0 N. The interñal partial pressure decreased consistently for O2 while for CO2 increased. This result suggested that the resistance to gas exchange imposed by skin caused that O2 taken up was not enough to supply fruit requirements and also that CO2 was produced faster than the rate at which it was given off to ambient. It was found that skin permeance to O2 and CO2 could vary during ripening period and that avocado skin was more permeable to O2 than to CO2 with a 1.7:1 ratio. Surface chambers were useful to determine internal concentrations and gas skin permeance, but care must be taken to select the best sampling procedure to allow getting accurate values of these parameters.
Note: Effects of Oak Wood on the Aromatic Composition of Vitis vinifera L. var. treixadura Wines
Authors: Ferreras D. , Fernández E. , Falqué E.
Published: June 2009

Treixadura wines from the 1998 vintage were obtained from traditional vinification in a winery. After alcoholic fermentation, the wine was subjected to ageing in oak barrels for three months. One part of the wine is placed in barrels of American oak and the other part in French oak (Allier oak). Wine stored simultaneously in a stainless steel tank was used as a control. Chemical composition and volatile compounds of wines were analysed. There were no appreciable differences in alcohol and tartaric acid among the wines stored under different conditions, but differences were observed in pH, total and volatile acidity, reducing sugars, malic and lactic acids. Ageing in oak barrels resulted in an increase in volatile acidity and Folin—Ciocalteu index, and a decrease of free and total sulphur dioxide. Various monoterpenes, norisoprenoids, hexenols, sulphurs, volatile phenols, acetals and lactones increase their content notably when aged in barrels of both American and French oak. On the other hand, some acetates, ethyl esters and fatty acids were present in higher concentrations in the wine stored in stainless steel tank. Sensory results indicated that the wine aged in French (Allier) oak was better scored than when aged in American oak, as it provided subtle and delicate nuances of wood, which did not mask the fruity aroma of the Treixadura wine but contributed to its aromatic complexity.
Effect of Harvest Date and Storage Conditions on Quality and Aroma Production of `Fuji' Apples
Authors: Echeverría G. , Graell J. , López M.L.
Published: June 2009

This work determined the effects of harvest date and storage conditions on fruit quality and aroma production in `Fuji' apples over two years. Fruits were harvested on two dates and stored in different atmospheres: AIR (21% O2 + 0.03% CO2); SCA (3% O2 + 2% CO2); ULO1 (1% O 2 + 1% CO2) and ULO2 (1% O2 + 2% CO2). After 3, 5 and 7 months of storage (plus 1, 5 and 10 days at 20 °C) fruit firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, skin colour, physiological disorders and aroma production were measured. `Fuji' apple quality was maintained during the harvest and storage periods, however fruit quality was better in controlled than AIR atmospheres. ULO1 was more effective in maintaining firmness during storage than other treatments, especially in earlier-harvested apples. Differences in soluble solids and titratable acidity were not always significant. The incidence of physiological disorders was low. Maximum aroma production was reached in fruits stored in AIR atmosphere (after 5 days at 20 °C) for early-harvested fruits in 2000/2001 season. In general, aroma levels decreased over time in different storage treatments. Fruits stored in ultra low oxygen atmospheres showed low aroma production, especially after long storage periods (7 months) in ULO2 atmosphere. ULO1 (1% O 2 + 1% CO2) was a good atmosphere for maintaining quality and aroma production in `Fuji' apples during storage and shelf-life periods.
Novel anti‐filamin‐A antibody detects a secreted variant of filamin‐A in plasma from patients with breast carcinoma and high‐grade astrocytoma
Authors: Alper Özge , Stetler‐Stevenson William G. , Harris Lyndsay N. , Leitner Wolfgang W. , Özdemirli Metin , Hartmann Dan , Raffeld Mark , Abu‐Asab Mones , Byers Stephen , Zhuang Zhengping , Oldfield Edward H. , Tong Yanhe , Bergmann‐Leitner Elke , Criss Wayne E. , Nagasaki Koichi , Mok Samuel C. , Cramer Daniel W. , Karaveli F. Seyda , Goldbach‐Mansky Raphaela , Leo Paul , Stromberg Kurt , Weil Robert J.
Published: June 2009

Identification of tumor‐derived proteins in the circulation may allow for early detection of cancer and evaluation of therapeutic responses. To identify circulating tumor‐derived proteins, mice were immunized with concentrated culture medium conditioned by human breast cancer cells. Antibodies generated by hybridomas were screened against conditioned media from both normal epithelial cells and tumor cells. Antibody selectively reacting with tumor cell–conditioned media was further characterized. This led to the development of a monoclonal antibody (Alper‐p280) that reacts with a newly identified 280‐kDa secreted variant of human filamin‐A. Circulating filamin‐A was detected in patient plasma samples using Alper‐p280 in an ELISA assay. Human plasma samples from 134 patients with brain, breast, or ovarian cancer, 15 patients with active arthritis, and 76 healthy controls were analyzed. Filamin‐A protein levels in human cell lines and tissues were analyzed by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and electron and confocal microscopy. Circulating filamin‐A was detected in the plasma of 109 of 143 patients with breast cancer and primary brain tumors. Plasma levels of filamin‐A showed 89.5% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67% to 0.99%) and 97.8% specificity (95% CI = 0.88% to 0.99%) for glioblastoma at a cut‐off of 21.0 ng/mL. Plasma levels of filamin‐A (>36.0 ng/mL) had 96.7% sensitivity (95% CI = 0.80% to 0.99%) and 67.8% specificity (95% CI = 0.54% to 0.79%) for metastatic breast cancer. Filamin‐A levels were increased in malignant breast or brain tissues, but not in normal control tissues. Filamin‐A localized to lysosomes in MDA.MB.231 breast cancer cells, but not in normal human mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that filamin‐A may undergo cancer‐specific processing. Plasma filamin‐A appears to be a specific and sensitive marker for patients with high‐grade astrocytoma or metastatic breast cancer. Additional novel cancer biomarkers have been identified and are being developed alongside Alper‐p280 for use in diagnosis of breast carcinoma and high‐grade astrocytoma, and for use in the evaluation of therapeutic responses. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1748–1756)
Up‐regulation of integrin β3 in radioresistant pancreatic cancer impairs adenovirus‐mediated gene therapy
Authors: Egami Takuya , Ohuchida Kenoki , Yasui Takaharu , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Onimaru Manabu , Toma Hiroki , Sato Norihiro , Matsumoto Kunio , Tanaka Masao
Published: June 2009

Adenovirus‐mediated gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. We previously reported that radiation enhanced adenovirus‐mediated gene expression in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that adenoviral gene therapy might be more effective in radioresistant pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we compared the transduction efficiency of adenovirus‐delivered genes in radiosensitive and radioresistant cells, and investigated the underlying mechanisms. We used an adenovirus expressing the hepatocyte growth factor antagonist, NK4 (Ad‐NK4), as a representative gene therapy. We established two radioresistant human pancreatic cancer cell lines using fractionated irradiation. Radiosensitive and radioresistant pancreatic cancer cells were infected with Ad‐NK4, and NK4 levels in the cells were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the differences in the transduction efficiency between these cells, we measured expression of the genes mediating adenovirus infection and endocytosis. The results revealed that NK4 levels in radioresistant cells were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those in radiosensitive cells, although there were no significant differences in adenovirus uptake between radiosensitive cells and radioresistant cells. Integrin β3 was up‐regulated and the Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor was down‐regulated in radioresistant cells, and inhibition of integrin β3 promoted adenovirus gene transfer. These results suggest that inhibition of integrin β3 in radioresistant pancreatic cancer cells could enhance adenovirus‐mediated gene therapy. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1902–1907)
DIXDC1 targets p21 and cyclin D1 via PI3K pathway activation to promote colon cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Wang Lei , Cao Xi‐Xi , Chen Qi , Zhu Teng‐Fang , Zhu Hong‐Guang , Zheng Li
Published: June 2009

DIXDC1 is the human homolog of Ccd1, a recently identified DIX domain containing protein in zebrafish. It is a positive regulator in the Wnt signaling pathway functioning downstream of Wnt and upstream of Axin. Since Wnt pathway activation is correlated with human colon cancer formation and progression, the biological role of DIXDC1 in human colon cancer was examined. In the current study, up‐regulation of DIXDC1 protein was detected in human colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and was found to be correlated well with high cell proliferation index. Ectopic over‐expression of DIXDC1 resulted in increased cell proliferation in vitro and accelerated tumorigenesis on nude mice in vivo. We also showed that DIXDC1 promoted G0/G1 to S phase transition concomitantly with up‐regulation of cyclin D1 and down‐regulation of p21 protein. DIXDC1 over‐expression cells showed activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Both siRNA knockdown of DIXDC1 and blocking the PI3K pathway using a specific inhibitor caused G1/S phase arrest, as well as down‐regulation of cyclin D1 and up‐regulation of p21 in DIXDC1 over‐expression colon cancer cells. Collectively, this study demonstrates that over‐expression of DIXDC1 might target p21 and cyclin D1 to promote colon cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis at least partially through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1801–1808)
Dissolution in nasal fluid, retention and anti‐inflammatory activity of fluticasone furoate in human nasal tissue ex vivo
Authors: Baumann D. , Bachert C. , Högger P.
Published: June 2009

Background
Intranasal glucocorticoids represent the most effective pharmacologic treatment of allergic rhinitis. So far, no clinical data are available that compare fluticasone furoate (FF) with other intranasally applied glucocorticoids.

Objective
Because the pharmacokinetic behaviour of drugs governs their presence at the therapeutic target site we analysed selected in vitro properties of FF in comparison with triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), budesonide (Bud), fluticasone propionate (FP) and mometasone furoate (MF). Additionally, we determined the anti‐inflammatory activity of the glucocorticoid fraction residing in human nasal tissue samples after washing.

Methods
We analysed the solubility of the compounds in artificial human nasal fluid and the retention in human nasal tissue as well as typical spray volumes of commercially available drug preparations. As an anti‐inflammatory measure, we evaluated the inhibition of IL‐8 release from epithelial cells.

Results
FF is delivered in the smallest application volume per spray. Despite the low aqueous solubility of glucocorticoids, a fraction of the compounds is already dissolved in the aqueous supernatants of drug preparations (Bud>TCA>FP>MF>FF). The dissolution of FP, MF and FF was significantly enhanced in artificial nasal fluid and FF displayed the most pronounced enhancement of solubility in the presence of proteins. Consistent with this result, the highest retention in nasal tissue was observed for FF, followed by FP>MF>Bud>TCA. After washing of the nasal tissue samples, all compounds inhibited IL‐8 release, with FF displaying the highest activity.

Conclusion
FF displayed beneficial properties for nasal application. Its low application volume per spray is a prerequisite for effective drug utilization by avoiding immediate loss by nose runoff or drip down the throat. Sustained dissolution and high tissue binding of FF should contribute towards an extended presence of compounds in nasal tissue as a basis for a prolonged pharmacologic activity.
Use of the measurement of medication administration hassles with Mexican American family caregivers
Authors: Kao Hsueh‐Fen S , Lynn Mary R
Published: June 2009

Aims and objectives.  This study builds on earlier work on medication administration hassles, minor daily irritants experienced by family caregivers of older relatives, by investigating the feasibility of using the Family Caregiver Medication Administration Hassles Scale (FCMAHS) for use with Mexican American caregivers.

Background.  Appropriate medication administration is a critical factor in the effective management of chronic illness. When medication regimens are managed on behalf of an older care recipient, especially those with numerous medications for a variety of conditions, the caregiving task is even more complex. Relying on family support is common for older Mexican Americans. Despite this, there is little known about how Mexican Americans are handling their caregiving duties at home.

Design.  A non‐experimental methodological design was used to assess the psychometric properties of the FCMAHS with Mexican Americans, chosen because they are a rapidly growing population in the US.

Methods.  A purposive sample of 239 Mexican American adult caregivers, recruited in Dallas and San Diego, completed a brief biographical survey and the version of the FCMAHS created for Mexican Americans, i.e., the FCMAHS‐MA.

Results.  Principal axis factoring with orthogonal rotation was used to extract six factors which accounted for 53% of the variance in total scores – initial information seeking, safety issues, advanced information acquisition, scheduling, daily routine and prescription filling. Reliability estimates for the factors (alpha) ranged from 0·70–0·90. Test‐retest reliability across a three‐week interval was r = 0·64.

Conclusions.  The FCMAHC‐MA shows promise as a guide for future caregiving intervention studies on family medication management for older relatives; however, it would benefit from refinement in future studies.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Understanding family caregivers’ hassles with medication administration is important because these hassles can accumulate and lead to caregiver strain. Culturally relevant intervention depends on accurate measurement of the hassles experienced by these caregivers.
Nurses’ experiences of guideline implementation: a focus group study
Authors: Alanen Seija , Välimäki Maritta , Kaila Minna ,   for the ECCE Study Group
Published: June 2009

Aims.  The aim of the study was to address the following questions: What kind of experiences do primary care nurses have of guideline implementation? What do nurses think are the most important factors affecting the adoption of guidelines?

Background.  The implementation of clinical guidelines seems to be dependent on multiple context‐specific factors. This study sets out to explore the experiences of primary care nurses concerning guideline implementation.

Design.  Qualitative interview.

Methods.  Data were generated by four focus group interviews involving nurses working in out‐patient services in primary health centres in Finland. Purposive sampling was used to select health centres. Inductive content analysis was used to identify themes emerging from the data.

Results.  Four main groups of factors were identified from the analysis of data: (i) factors related to the organisation, (ii) factors related to nurses, (iii) factors related to the anticipated consequences and (iv) factors related to the patient group. Nurses’ awareness and acceptance of guidelines and the anticipated positive consequences facilitate the implementation of guidelines. Organisational support, especially the adapting of guidelines to local circumstances, seems to be crucial for successful implementation.

Conclusions.  Clinical guidelines can be promising tools in enhancing evidence‐based nursing practice, as nurses see them as practical work tools in patient care and so are willing to adopt them. However, support from management and physicians is needed to ensure the successful implementation of guidelines into nursing practices.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Based on the findings of this study and previous knowledge of guideline implementation some practical recommendations are suggested. Select the most relevant guidelines to clinical practice, organise the adaptation of guidelines to local circumstances, inform all practitioners involved in treatment and give clear instructions for the adoption of the guidelines.
Nurses’ perceptions of environmental pressures in relation to their occupational stress
Authors: Su Shu‐Fen , Boore Jennifer , Jenkins Mary , Liu Po‐Erh , Yang Ming‐Jen
Published: June 2009

Aim.  The aim of this paper was to explore nurses’ stress experiences of working under the current health care system in Tawain (the context) using a qualitative approach.

Background.  Although most global health care institutions have been changing in response to the economic contraction, there is a deficit of information in understanding the changes of the ecology of the health care system in Taiwan from nurses’ perspectives.

Design.  Grounded theory.

Methods.  A grounded theory approach was used to collect the data from a sample of 28 critical care nurses from seven hospitals in Taiwan. Data were analysed using a multi‐step analytic procedure, based on the approaches of Glaser, Chesler and Strauss and Corbin.

Findings.  The health care system changes were found to increase critical care nurses’ occupational stress and work dilemmas. For the purpose of this study, the two categories that emerged in the ‘context’ component of the paradigm model are investigated. They were: hospital reorganisation and cultural burden of the nurse’s role.

Conclusions.  The findings indicated that hospital organisational changes and people’s own belief of the nurse’s role were recognised as the environmental pressures which increase critical care nurses’ occupational stress. Cultural background may play an important role in influencing nurses’ work atmosphere and their ways of being seen.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Critical care nurses perceived that their hospitals were under huge demands due to the changes in health care policies; these had subsequently caused them a high level of occupational stress. Beliefs in the embedded culture were also identified as significant factors in causing nurses’ role stress. These findings could enhance the knowledge of critical care nurses’ occupational stress and identify the most appropriate stress management skills available to them. Findings will add to the understanding of Chinese nurses who may work globally.
6S RNA binding to Eσ70 requires a positively charged surface of σ70 region 4.2
Authors: Klocko Andrew D. , Wassarman Karen M.
Published: June 2009

6S RNA is a small, non‐coding RNA that interacts with σ70‐RNA polymerase and downregulates transcription at many promoters during stationary phase. When bound to σ70‐RNA polymerase, 6S RNA is engaged in the active site of σ70‐RNA polymerase in a manner similar enough to promoter DNA that the RNA can serve as a template for RNA synthesis. It has been proposed that 6S RNA mimics the conformation of DNA during transcription initiation, suggesting contacts between RNA polymerase and 6S RNA or DNA may be similar. Here we demonstrate that region 4.2 of σ70 is critical for the interaction between 6S RNA and RNA polymerase. We define an expanded binding surface that encompasses positively charged residues throughout the recognition helix of the helix–turn–helix motif in region 4.2, in contrast to DNA binding that is largely focused on the N‐terminal region of this helix. Furthermore, negatively charged residues in region 4.2 weaken binding to 6S RNA but do not similarly affect DNA binding. We propose that the binding sites for promoter DNA and 6S RNA on region 4.2 of σ70 are overlapping but distinct, raising interesting possibilities for how core promoter elements contribute to defining promoters that are sensitive to 6S RNA regulation.
Alternative periplasmic copper‐resistance mechanisms in Gram negative bacteria
Authors: Pontel Lucas B. , Soncini Fernando C.
Published: June 2009

Bacteria have evolved different systems to tightly control both cytosolic and envelope copper concentration to fulfil their requirements and at the same time, avoid copper toxicity. We have previously demonstrated that, as inEscherichia coli, theSalmonella cuesystem protects the cytosol from copper excess. On the other hand, and even thoughSalmonellalacks the CusCFBA periplasmic copper efflux system, it can support higher copper concentrations thanE. coliunder anaerobic conditions. Here we show that theSalmonella cueregulon is also responsible for the control of copper toxicity in anaerobiosis. We establish that resistance in this condition requires a novel CueR‐controlled gene namedcueP. A ΔcuePmutant is highly susceptible to copper in the absence of oxygen, but shows a faint phenotype in aerobic conditions unless other copper‐resistance genes are also deleted, resembling theE. coliCusCFBA behaviour. Species that contain acuePhomologue under CueR regulation have no functional CusR/CusS‐dependent Cus‐coding operon. Conversely, species that carry a CusR/CusS‐regulatedcusoperon have nocuePhomologues. Even more, we show that the CueR‐controlledcuePexpression increases copper resistance of a Δcus E. coli. We posit that CueP can functionally replace the Cus complex for periplasmic copper resistance, in particular under anaerobic conditions.
Direct evidence of Middle Oligocene extension in the Calabria–Peloritani terrane from co‐seismic faulting: the pseudotachylyte‐bearing shear zones of Palmi (southern Calabria, Italy)
Authors: Grande Antonietta , Di Vincenzo Gianfranco , Prosser Giacomo , Caggianelli Alfredo
Published: June 2009

The Variscan crystalline basement of the Calabria–Peloritani terrane (CPT) in southern Italy was partly reworked by ductile and brittle shear zones throughout the Alpine tectonic evolution (from thickening to exhumation). Although evidence of extensional tectonics in the CPT has already been found and roughly constrained to the Oligocene onward, no attempt has ever been made to directly date brittle fault movements. Structural (meso‐ and micro‐scale), kinematic and petrographic analyses and 40Ar–39Ar laser experiments reveal that the pseudotachylyte‐bearing shear zones of the Palmi area in southern Calabria formed in response to extensional shearing ∼33.5 Ma ago and overprinted compressional tectonic structures. Results provide the first direct evidence of Middle Oligocene co‐seismic faulting in the area and confirm the role of extensional tectonics in promoting the Oligocene exhumation of the Calabria basement.
A new dyke intrusion style for the Mount Etna May 2008 eruption modelled through continuous tilt and GPS data
Authors: Aloisi M. , Bonaccorso A. , Cannavò F. , Gambino S. , Mattia M. , Puglisi G. , Boschi E.
Published: June 2009

After a recharge phase that began in 2007, on 13 May 2008, a new eruption started on Mt. Etna volcano. The final intrusion was very fast, accompanied by a violent seismic swarm and marked by ground deformation recorded at permanent tilt and GPS stations. The violence of the eruptive event generated concern that the eruptive fissures might propagate downslope towards populated areas. The ground deformation modelling explains both the mechanism of the intrusion as well as the attempt of the dyke to propagate in the shallower part of the northern sector of the volcano. We show that the 2008 intrusion was characterized by a mechanism, which is new and different to the ones modelled in previous eruptions, following the path of the central conduit in the first part of the intrusion (below 1.6 km) and then breaking off towards the east in the last shallow part.
Prevalence of skin diseases in Iraq: a community based study
Authors: Al Samarai Abdul Ghani Mohamed
Published: June 2009

We sought to determine the prevalence of skin diseases in Iraq. Most such studies performed in Iraq have been hospital based. One community based study was performed in the southern area of Iraq but involved only an urban population. Our study was carried out in two Iraqi governorates, Tikrit and Kirkuk, and involved 1545 randomly selected households, 829 from urban areas and 716 from rural areas. The total sample size was 8000 individuals representing a wide range of ages, 3735 (47%) males and 4268 (53%) females.

The overall prevalence of skin diseases was 27%. The rate was similar in males (27%) and females (27%), and in rural (28%) compared with urban (26%) areas. Dermatitis was the most common disease category (33%) in the community based population, and skin infections (32%) in the hospital based group. Community and hospital based studies demonstrate that skin diseases represent a major public health problem which may confer significant personal and financial burdens on Iraq.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infective dermatitis emerging in adulthood
Authors: Maragno Luciana , Casseb Jorge , Fukumori Ligia Maria I. , Sotto Mirian Nacagami , Duarte Alberto José da Silva , Festa‐Neto Cyro , Sanches José Antônio
Published: June 2009

Background  Infective dermatitis (ID) is a rare dermatologic condition of childhood that has been linked to human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1).

Objective  To analyze the clinical and laboratory features associated with adult‐onset ID linked to HTLV‐1.

Methods  From December 1995 to December 2007, four patients with ID were followed in the dermatology outpatient clinic of the “Hospital das Clínicas” of the University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil. Epidemiologic data were collected and dermatologic examination was performed. Patients were submitted to histopathologic, hematologic, virologic, and immunologic investigations.

Results  All patients had a diagnosis of ID according to previously established criteria, despite being adults. HTLV‐1 infection was demonstrated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting assays, and polymerase chain reaction. The male to female ratio was 1 : 3 and the median age at diagnosis was 42 years. The cutaneous manifestations were erythematous, scaly, and crusted lesions in all patients, and ichthyosis in three of the four cases. Histopathologic study showed lymphocytic epidermotropism in two cases. The median proviral load was 281 copies/10,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunodeficiency was not observed in any case. The therapies used were antimicrobials, corticosteroids, and phototherapy.

Conclusions  Although many authors have considered ID to be a form of childhood dermatitis, we have described four cases that fulfilled the major criteria for ID, except for onset in adulthood.
Metabolic extract of Fusarium oxysporum induces histopathologic alterations and apoptosis in the skin of Wistar rats
Authors: Marangon Aline Vansan , Svidzinski Terezinha Inez Estivalet , Salci Tânia Pereira , Meurer Rosalva , Da Cruz Fernandes Marilda , Hernandes Luzmarina
Published: June 2009

Background  Most patients with Fusarium infection present with affection of the tegumentary system, with the presence of necrotic and/or inflammatory lesions associated with pain.

Aim  To evaluate the effect of the intradermal application of a metabolic extract of Fusarium oxysporum in the skin of Wistar rats.

Methods  The extract was obtained from fungal cultivation in Czapek‐Dox medium. It was sterilized by filtration through a Millipore membrane, and injected (0.5 mg/mL) intradermally into the skin of rats, which were killed 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after inoculation. Skin specimens were placed in paraffin and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, and toluidine blue, for the evaluation of the inflammatory response, and Sirius red for the quantification of collagen. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated UTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) was used for the identification of apoptosis. Tissue reactions were graded and compared over time and compartment.

Results  The inflammatory reaction reached a peak at 12 h for both the dermis and subcutaneous region, being graded as moderate and moderate to severe, respectively. There was an influx of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. A significant increase in the number of mast cells, as well as the presence of hyperemic vessels and apoptotic bodies, was observed. There was TUNEL staining in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, muscles, and in the cells of the inflammatory infiltrate. There was a significant decrease in the area occupied by collagen after 12 h.

Conclusions  The extract induced histopathologic alterations in the skin, probably as a result of the presence of active toxic metabolites.
Leprosy coinfection with kala‐azar
Authors: Rijal Arpana , Rijal Suman , Bhandari Sanjib
Published: June 2009

Leprosy and visceral leishmanias are endemic in Nepal and are both major public health problems. Two patients of visceral leishmaniasis developed leprosy during the course of the disease. Leprosy and visceral leishmaniasis share a similar immunological spectrum and can occur concomitantly in endemic regions.
Cutaneous fungal infections in the United States: Analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), 1995–2004
Authors: Panackal Anil A. , Halpern Elkan F. , Watson Alice J.
Published: June 2009

Background  Dermatophyte infections lead to high costs and differentially affect certain groups. Previous population studies have been limited in size, duration, and representativeness.

Methods  Using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) (1995–2004), a cross‐sectional analysis of ambulatory visits in the USA was performed. Outpatients presenting with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM)‐coded diagnoses of tinea unguium, tinea corporis/manuum, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea cruris were identified. Trends, descriptive epidemiology, and point prevalence estimates for these conditions were determined using stratification and standardization.

Results  There was an estimated average of 4,124,038 ± 202,977 annual visits for dermatophytoses during the study period. Tinea unguium, tinea corporis, tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea cruris represented 23.2%, 20.4%, 18.8%, 15.0%, and 8.4%, respectively, of such infections; 71.6% of tinea unguium visits occurred among those older than 45 years. Tinea capitis was significantly more common among the black than the white population (prevalence odds ratio = 12.4; 95% confidence interval, 9.9–15.7). Ineffective treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea cruris with polyenes, such as nystatin, commonly occurred.

Conclusions  Improved healthcare provider education is needed to ensure judicious antidermatophyte drug management. Further studies, including proven diagnoses via fungal microscopy and culture, are needed to explain the prevalence discrepancy of tinea capitis among black children and tinea unguium in older adults, focusing on preventable risk factors.
Tumor lysis syndrome after transcatheter arterial infusion of cisplatin and embolization therapy for liver metastases of melanoma
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hori Enmi , Furuta Junichi , Ishii Yoshiyuki , Takahashi Takenori , Kawachi Yasuhiro , Otsuka Fujio
Published: June 2009

Background  Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is rare in the treatment of solid tumors, but it may occur in myelolymphoproliferative diseases.

Methods  A 58‐year‐old man with bulky metastatic melanoma of the liver was treated with transcatheter arterial infusion of cisplatin and embolization therapy. The patient developed classic signs of TLS within 24 h of chemotherapy, including acute renal failure.

Results  The patient was treated with aggressive hydration, allopurinol, and repeated hemodialysis. He gradually improved and his biochemical markers returned to normal.

Conclusion  TLS is an uncommon, but potentially life‐threatening, complication in melanoma and other solid tumors. It is important for oncologists to recognize this complication and prevent its development if bulky metastatic disease and several pre‐existing risk factors, such as multiple and bulky liver metastases, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and hyperuricemia, are present.
Social environment affects the life history tactic of a phoretic mite
Authors: NEHRING V. , MÜLLER J. K.
Published: June 2009

Phoretic animals use their hosts for travelling to habitat patches suitable for reproduction. Some species, such as the mite Poecilochirus carabi, are phoretic as juveniles and cannot leave their habitat once they reach adulthood. Previous work has shown that mites exercise choice over the habitat in which they will mature and reproduce based on abiotic parameters, but it is hitherto unknown whether their social environment influences this choice. By manipulating the composition of their conspecific company we show that P. carabi perform the adult moult in the presence of prospective mating partners only. Furthermore, juvenile male mites do not moult in the presence of an adult competitor. Recently‐moulted males are severely disadvantaged in fighting, so such delayed moulting may allow juveniles to increase their chances of surviving and reproducing. Our results clearly demonstrate a strong influence of the social environment on a phoretic’s habitat choice and life history.
The common patterns of nature
Authors: FRANK S. A.
Published: June 2009

We typically observe large‐scale outcomes that arise from the interactions of many hidden, small‐scale processes. Examples include age of disease onset, rates of amino acid substitutions and composition of ecological communities. The macroscopic patterns in each problem often vary around a characteristic shape that can be generated by neutral processes. A neutral generative model assumes that each microscopic process follows unbiased or random stochastic fluctuations: random connections of network nodes; amino acid substitutions with no effect on fitness; species that arise or disappear from communities randomly. These neutral generative models often match common patterns of nature. In this paper, I present the theoretical background by which we can understand why these neutral generative models are so successful. I show where the classic patterns come from, such as the Poisson pattern, the normal or Gaussian pattern and many others. Each classic pattern was often discovered by a simple neutral generative model. The neutral patterns share a special characteristic: they describe the patterns of nature that follow from simple constraints on information. For example, any aggregation of processes that preserves information only about the mean and variance attracts to the Gaussian pattern; any aggregation that preserves information only about the mean attracts to the exponential pattern; any aggregation that preserves information only about the geometric mean attracts to the power law pattern. I present a simple and consistent informational framework of the common patterns of nature based on the method of maximum entropy. This framework shows that each neutral generative model is a special case that helps to discover a particular set of informational constraints; those informational constraints define a much wider domain of non‐neutral generative processes that attract to the same neutral pattern.
Assessing concurrent patterns of environmental niche and morphological evolution among species of horned lizards (Phrynosoma)
Authors: LUXBACHER A. M. , KNOUFT J. H.
Published: June 2009

The prediction that variation in species morphology is related to environmental features has long been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Many studies have demonstrated strong associations between morphological traits and local habitat characteristics, but few have considered the extent to which morphological traits may be associated with environmental features across broad geographic areas. Here, we use morphological, environmental and phylogenetic data compiled fromPhrynosomaspecies to examine morphological and climatic variation across the geographic ranges of these species in an evolutionary context. We find significant phylogenetic signal in species’ environmental niches, but not in morphological traits. Furthermore, we demonstrate a significant correlation between species’ environmental niches and morphological traits when phylogenetic history is accounted for in the analysis. Our results suggest the importance of climatic variables in influencing morphological variation among species, and have implications for understanding how species distributions are constrained by environmental variation.
Creativity and Its Discontents: Professional Ideology and Creativity in Architect Work
Authors: Styhre Alexander , Gluch Pernilla
Published: June 2009

Architects are a professional group that is commonly associated with creative and aesthetic work and with strong professional norms, values and identities. While such shared norms and beliefs are positive overall in terms of being constitutive of professional subject‐positions, an overemphasis on specific skills and qualities may also be regarded as a burden on members of the professional community. A study of a major Scandinavian architect office suggests that the perceived lack of creative and innovative thinking and accompanying dialogues and discussions among practising architects tends to produce cynicism and, to some extent, disappointment. As a consequence, professional ideologies may in some cases be out of joint with everyday work realities, and thereby to some extent produce expectations that are complicated to fulfil. Professional ideologies are thus both what integrates and consolidates a profession while at the same time prescribing ideal future scenarios for the professional community.
Structural Development of Finnish Universities: Achieving Competitiveness and Academic Excellence
Authors: Tirronen Jarkko , Nokkala Terhi
Published: June 2009

This paper discusses strategic instruments that are used to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities in the context of globalisation, internationalisation and commercialisation of research and education. The Finnish higher education system is currently undergoing a major policy reform, which aims to enhance the competitiveness of Finnish universities through structural development. This article focuses specifically on three themes of structural development: institutional cooperation and mergers between universities; stratification and differentiation; and changes in governance and leadership. Three ongoing projects are used as illustrations.
Sexual Offending Theories and Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Keeling Jenny A. , Rose John L. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: June 2009

Background  There have been limited theoretical developments with respect to sexual offending by people with intellectual disabilities [Lindsay (2005) Mental Retardation, Vol. 43, pp. 428–441], especially when compared with the development of theories for mainstream sexual offenders. This paper aims at examining a range of theories in their application to sexual offenders with an intellectual disability.

Method and Results  Three levels of theory are discussed. These include multifactor theories, discussed in the light of a recent model proposed by Lindsay for sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities, as well as single‐factor theories associated with socio‐affective functioning and an offence process theory, the self‐regulation model of relapse prevention. Finally, a recent theoretical development called the ‘integrated theory of sexual offending’ (ITSO) is discussed and applied to sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities. This theory combines theories from all three levels in an effort to provide a comprehensive explanation of the aetiology and maintenance of sexual offending.

Conclusion  Theories at all three levels, as well as the ITSO, appear to have relevance to sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities. Some tentative suggestions are made for future research to assist in the application of theory to this client group. It is argued that a more complete understanding of theory in relation to this client group will lead to the development of more effective intervention programmes.
The Prevalence and Severity of Physical Mobility Limitations in Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Cleaver Shaun , Ouellette‐Kuntz Hélène , Hunter Duncan
Published: June 2009

Background  The population of older adults with intellectual disabilities is growing, creating new challenges for individuals, families and service providers. Although there has been increased research into the ageing process for adults with intellectual disabilities, there is little focused research investigating physical mobility.

Materials and Methods  A proxy‐response telephone survey was conducted to establish the prevalence and severity of mobility limitations among adults with intellectual disabilities, aged 45 years and over, using validated instruments to quantify mobility in a representative population‐based sample.

Results  Surveys were completed for 128 people. Mobility limitations were common, but the prevalence varied depending on the definition of mobility limitation. The prevalence of limitations was greater among females than males, but no clear age trend was seen.

Conclusions  The common nature of mobility limitations among the growing population of older adults with intellectual disabilities has implications for service providers and policy‐makers.
On the origin, homologies and evolution of primate facial muscles, with a particular focus on hominoids and a suggested unifying nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia
Authors: Diogo R. , Wood B. A. , Aziz M. A. , Burrows A.
Published: June 2009

The mammalian facial muscles are a subgroup of hyoid muscles (i.e. muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII). They are usually attached to freely movable skin and are responsible for facial expressions. In this study we provide an account of the origin, homologies and evolution of the primate facial muscles, based on dissections of various primate and non‐primate taxa and a review of the literature. We provide data not previously reported, including photographs showing in detail the facial muscles of primates such as gibbons and orangutans. We show that the facial muscles usually present in strepsirhines are basically the same muscles that are present in non‐primate mammals such as tree‐shrews. The exceptions are that strepsirhines often have a muscle that is usually not differentiated in tree‐shrews, the depressor supercilii, and lack two muscles that are usually differentiated in these mammals, the zygomatico‐orbicularis and sphincter colli superficialis. Monkeys such as macaques usually lack two muscles that are often present in strepsirhines, the sphincter colli profundus and mandibulo‐auricularis, but have some muscles that are usually absent as distinct structures in non‐anthropoid primates, e.g. the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, nasalis, depressor septi nasi, depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris. In turn, macaques typically lack a risorius, auricularis anterior and temporoparietalis, which are found in hominoids such as humans, but have muscles that are usually not differentiated in members of some hominoid taxa, e.g. the platysma cervicale (usually not differentiated in orangutans, panins and humans) and auricularis posterior (usually not differentiated in orangutans). Based on our observations, comparisons and review of the literature, we propose a unifying, coherent nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia as a whole and provide a list of more than 300 synonyms that have been used in the literature to designate the facial muscles of primates and other mammals. A main advantage of this nomenclature is that it combines, and thus creates a bridge between, those names used by human anatomists and the names often employed in the literature dealing with non‐human primates and non‐primate mammals.
Carbetocin versus syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal delivery—a double‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Su LL , Rauff M , Chan YH , Mohamad Suphan N , Lau TP , Biswas A , Chong YS
Published: June 2009

Objective  Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage is essential in the pursuit of improved health care for women. However, limited literature is available for comparing the use of oxytocin agonist carbetocin with syntometrine in women undergoing vaginal deliveries. We aimed to compare intramuscular carbetocin with intramuscular syntometrine for the routine prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in women who deliver vaginally.

Design  Prospective double‐blind randomised controlled trial.

Setting  Tertiary referral centre.

Population  Pregnant women with no contraindication for vaginal delivery recruited from January 2005 to April 2008.

Methods  Participants were randomised to receive either syntometrine or carbetocin during the third stage of labour.

Main outcome measures  Primary outcome measure was postpartum haemorrhage requiring additional uterotonics. Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage (≥500 ml), severe postpartum haemorrhage (≥1000 ml) and adverse effects profile.

Results  Women in the carbetocin group (13.5%) and in the syntometrine group (16.8%) had postpartum haemorrhage requiring additional uterotonics (P = 0.384). 1.6% of women in each group had postpartum haemorrhage (P = 1.0) and the estimated blood loss during the third stage of labour was similar between the two groups (P = 0.294). Women who had syntometrine were four times more likely to experience nausea (RR = 4.2; 95% CI 2.2–7.8) and vomiting (RR = 4.3; 95% CI 1.9–9.5) compared with women who had carbetocin. Tremor, sweating, retching and uterine pain were also more likely in the syntometrine group compared with the carbetocin group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions  Carbetocin has an efficacy similar to syntometrine for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage, but is associated with less adverse effects.