bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Frischmasse sowie die Konzentration an DNA, RNA und Protein in verschiedenen Geweben von Schweinen unterschiedlichen Alters
Authors: Marx D. , Kolb E. , Salomon F.V.
Published: May 2010

The Wet Weight and the Concentration of DNA, RNA and Protein in Different Tissues of Pigs of Various Age

Female pigs aged between one day (body weight 1.39 ± 0.20 kg) and 1123 days (b. w. 233 ± 32 kg) were allotted to 10 groups of various age and analyses of the concentration of DNA, RNA and protein in 9 different tissues were performed. The wet weight: DNA‐, the protein: DNA‐ and the RNA: DNA‐ratio were determined. With the exception of the liver the content in DNA, RNA and protein increased to the age of 1123 days. The highest fresh weight: DNA ratio of 2041 was reached on the 1123rd day in the M. longissimus; the smallest (111) existed at this time in the spleen. In the liver the highest content in fresh weight, in DNA and RNA was found on the 180th day. The smallest increases in the content of DNA and RNA in the mentioned period were in the brain, the highest in the spleen, the liver and the M. longissimus dorsi. The values can be used as a basis for studies on the influence of feeding and of diseases (infections) on growth.

Bei weiblichen Schweinen im Alter von einem Tag (KM: 1,39 ± 0,20 kg) bis zu einem solchen von 1123 Tagen (KM: 233 ± 32 kg) wurden in 10 Gruppen verschiedenen Alters Analysen der Konzentration an DNA, RNA und Protein in 9 verschiedenen Geweben durchgeführt. Die Frischmasse: DNA‐, die Protein: DNA‐ und die RNA: DNA‐Quotienten wurden ermittelt. Der Gehalt der meisten Gewebe — mit Ausnahme der Leber — an DNA, RNA und Protein nahm bis zum 1123. Tag zu. Der größte FM: DNA‐Quotient von 2041 wurde am 1123. Tag im M. longissimus erreicht; der kleinste (111) lag zu diesem Zeitpunkt in der Milz vor. In der Leber wurde der höchste Gehalt an Frischmasse, an DNA und RNA am 180. Tag ermittelt. Die niedrigsten Zunahmen im Gehalt an DNA und RNA im genannten Zeitraum lagen im Gehirn, die höchsten in der Milz, in der Leber und im M. longissimus dorsi vor. Die Werte können als Basis für Analysen über den Einfluß unterschiedlicher Fütterung und von Erkrankungen (Infektionen) auf das Wachstum verwendet werden.
Comparison of Staple and Suture Techniques for Partial Typhlectomy in the Cow: A Prospective Clinical Study of 40 Cases
Authors: Steiner A. , Braun U. , Waldvogel A.
Published: May 2010

Two techniques for partial typhlectony were evaluated on 20 cows each suffering from dilatation/torsion of the cecum. In a preliminary study on two cows the suitability of a stainless steel staple pattern using two TA 90 cartridges of 4.8 mm and 3.5 mm staples respectively was examined and the technique standardized. In the main clinical study the stapling pattern (group I) was compared with a simple continuous full thickness appositional suture oversewn with a continuous Cushing suture (group II).

The cartridges with the 4.8 mm staples were used in 7 clinical cases, with intestinal wall edema and the 3.5 mm staples were used in 13 cases. Arterial bleeding from the cecal stump occurred in 20 out of 22 cases (including the results of the preliminary study). The number of arteries that had to be ligated was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) with the 4.8mm staples than with the 3.5mm staples. The additional ligation of bleeding vessels prolonged the surgical procedure. Seventeen out of 20 cows (85%) of each group were discharged from the clinic. The duration of the hospital stay was 6 days for both groups. Fourteen cows (70%) of each group were still alive upon inquiry. One cow of the stapling group was slaughtered because of a severe fibrinous peritonitis at the resection site. In the other 11 cows there was no evidence of a connection between the surgery and the slaughtering.
Haemodynamic Responses Following Meperidine and Promazine Induced Neuroleptanalgesia in Calves
Authors: Dass L.L. , Sahay P.N.
Published: May 2010

Induction of neuroleptanalgesia in 6 calves by i/v administration of a combination of meperidine (@ 12 mg/kg body weight) and promazine (@ 3 mg/kg body weight) elicited various haemodynamic responses. The MAP and CVP exhibited significant (p < 0.01) overall variations with fluctuating fall and rise at different observation periods. A significant (p < 0.01) rise could be observed in HR which manifested a maximum and an abrupt rise (104.31%) at 5 minutes postinjection. Cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, stroke index and total peripheral resistance exhibited significant (p < 0.01) overall variations with an initial fall in their values as compared to the respective base values. The cardiac output and cardiac index showed an alternate fall and rise from the preceeding value while the stroke volume, stroke index and total peripheral resistance manifested decreased values throughout the observation period as compared to base value. The values of all parameters measured, except heart rate, stroke volume, stroke index and total peripheral resistance, nearly returned to preinjection level by 120 minutes.
A Possible Role of Endotoxins in Spontaneous Paretic Cows Around Parturition
Authors: Aiumlamai S. , Fredriksson G. , Kindahl H. , Edqvist L.‐E.
Published: May 2010

Six late pregnant old cows which had a history of parturient paresis were studied with respect to clinical and blood biochemical changes during two weeks before and after parturition. The levels of serum endotoxin were evaluated during two days before and after parturition. Three out of six animals showed signs of paresis and two animals needed treatment. The clinical and general changes of all parameters supported the idea that during parturient paresis and parturition, there is absorption of endotoxins from the gastro‐intestinal tract. Most of the studied parameters changed similarly to what has been described in experimentally induced endotoxaemia. The animals showed signs of ruminal stasis, had an increase in body temperature, prostaglandin metabolite and endotoxin as well as a decrease in serum calcium, zinc, iron and bile acids levels. The changes of these parameters were also closely related to each other. Furthermore, the changes were more pronounced in paretic cows. Endotoxins absorbed from the gastro‐intestinal tract can be involved in paresis and make the outcome of this disease more severe.
Synovial Sarcoma in a Dog
Authors: Karayannopoulou M. , Kaldrimidou E. , Dessiris A.
Published: May 2010

Synovial sarcoma is an uncommon malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin, occurring mainly in the vicinity of a joint. Subsequent invasion of the joint and adjacent bones may occur. Less frequently the tumour may be localized in soft tissues remote from joints.

Synovial sarcoma usually affects male middle‐aged dogs of large breeds. The rate of tumour growth can vary from very slow to very rapid. The tumour is usually poorly defined and infiltrates the deeper structures. Metastasis and recurrence are common. Wide‐field surgical excision of the tumour or amputation of the affected limb are the most frequently used forms of treatment.

In the present case the dog, a 7‐year‐old male Alsatian, had a slowly growing tumour in the vicinity of the hip joint, bilaterally. There was no involvement of the bones surrounding the tumour. Surgical resection was performed and one year later the dog was reported to be normal.
Über den Einfluß einer unterschiedlichen Energieversorgung wachsender Doggen auf Körpermasse und Skelettentwicklung
Authors: Meyer H. , Zentek J.
Published: May 2010

Influence of various levels of energy intake on development of body weight and skeleton in growing Great Danes 1. Growth rate and energy requirement

27 Great Danes (from 3 litters) were fed ad lib. (n = 9) or with an energy intake (n = 18) restricted to 80 and 70% of the paired ad lib. group, respectively, and a nearly equalized protein and nutrient supply meeting the current recommendations (8 dogs of the restricted groups were bearing weight loaded [15% of own BW] belts in the scapular region).

Dogs were weighed weekly, shoulder height, approximate length of the forearm and foot were recorded in certain intervalls. In plasma protein, urea, Ca, P, Cu, Zn, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Intake of digestible energy (according to the results of digestive trials) was recorded daily.

27 Doggen (aus 3 Würfen) wurden ad lib. (n = 9) oder restriktiv (n = 18) aufgezogen (Energieaufnahme 80 bzw. 70% der ad lib. gefütterten Gruppe) bei annähernd gleich hoher, bedarfsgerechter Eiweiß‐ und Nährstoffzufuhr in beiden Gruppen (die Hälfte der restriktiv gefütterten Tiere mit Gewichtsbelastung; 15% der KM).

Die Hunde wurden regelmäßig gewogen, gemessen (Widerristhöhe, Unterarm‐ und Fußlänge) und zu Blutanalysen herangezogen (Plasmaeiweiß, Harnstoff, Ca, P, Cu, Zn, alkalische Phosphatase). Die Aufnahme an verd. Energie (bestimmt durch Verdauungsversuche) wurde täglich registriert.
Hereditary Peromelia in Mohair Goats
Authors: Nielsen J.S. , Arnbjerg J.
Published: May 2010

The occurrence of a new congenital defect of the appendicular skeleton in Mohair goats is described. The malformation is peromelia and occurs in a familiar pattern. The defect seems to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance with variation in the expressivity of the genotype. The pathological abnormalities were described in 8 cases, all characterized by agenesia of the phalanges and parts of the metacarpus or metatarsus affecting one or more limbs. In some cases additional skeletal defects were found. Furthermore, 5 cases were reported by the owners with a description of the limb affected and 1 case was examined clinically. Predisposition for pelvic limbs to be affected was observed. The defect, which does not seem to have been described in goats previously, is phenotypically similar to and possibly also genetically homologous to a defect described in sheep.
Gross and Histopathological Observations on the Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound in Experimental Acute Chemical Arthritis in Calves
Authors: Bhatia R. , Sobti V.K. , Roy K.S.
Published: May 2010

Acute chemical arthritis was induced in right radiocarpal joints of eight cow calves by intraarticular injections of turpentine oil. They were randomly divided into two groups A and B of four calves each. Group A served as control. Group B was given therapeutic ultrasound @2.0W/cm2for 7 minutes daily for 7 days starting on day 5. On day 19, all the calves of both the groups were slaughtered. Grossly as well as microscopically, joint tissues of group A calves showed severe inflammatory and degenerative changes. Joint capsule of group B calves showed regeneration of synovial membrane and articular cartilage was normal grossly as well as microscopically.
Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Draught Horses before and after Short Term Draught Work Pulling Loads
Authors: Pérez R. , Recabarren S. E. , Mora G. , Jara C. , Quijada G. , Hetz E.
Published: May 2010

In order to establish the relationship between draught force and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), arterial and venous blood gases, pH, hemoglobin concentration and temperature were measured in five draught horses during rest, immediately after exercise and 30 min post‐exercise under field conditions. A wagon equipped with an odometer and a hydraulic dynamometer was used for measuring distance and draught force. The wagon was loaded with 946 kg for the low load, 1, 979 kg for the medium load and 2,994 kg for the high load, and drawn for a distance of 1,500 m. Draught force and load weight were linearly related. The response of the draught horse to low and medium load exercise was characterized by a moderate increase in HR, RR and temperature with no significant changes in arterial blood gases and pH. An increase in HR, RR and temperature was observed, whereas no changes in arterial PO2and increases in venous PO2were noticed after high load exercise. Slight increase in venous lactic acid concentration as a result of high load exercise was observed, suggesting that some anaerobic work was performed. However this was insufficient to produce changes in blood pH. The increase in metabolic requirements during the three levels of draught exercise was associated with increases in arterial hemoglobin concentration and oxygen content of blood.
Registrierung des Freßverhaltens beim frei beweglichen Tier am Beispiel der freitauchenden Weddellrobbe* (Leptonychotes Weddellii)
Authors: Bornemann H. , Mohr E. , Plötz J.
Published: May 2010

Monitoring the feeding behaviour on freely diving Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii)

During the antarctic summer 1990, the pattern of food intake in comparison to diving‐activity was investigated on adult Weddell seals. Diving depths were recorded by a time‐depth recorder (TDR). The TDR is a free programmable electronic datalogger, which can store data on up to 5 channels. It was fixed on the fur of the seal, ensuring that no longer lasting irritation of the animal was caused.

The pattern of food‐intake was monitored by measuring the jaw‐movements, using strain gauges for recording the deformation of the muscles by mastication. After electronic amplification and filtering, the frequency of jaw‐activity within a measuring period was recorded one channel of the TDR. By simultaneously observing the diving depths, these data may lead to conclusions about chewing patterns of the seal in water depths where they catch prey.

The graph of these data and the mathematical evaluation by Fourier analysis and Plexogramme show a close correlation between diving depth and jaw‐activity.

Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes des AWI sollte das Freßverhalten der Weddellrobbe untersucht werden. Hierzu wurde ein elektronischer Datenspeicher (TDR) benutzt, der frei programmierbar auf bis zu 5 Kanälen Meßwerte speichern kann. Dieses Gerät wird extracorporal so befestigt, deß eine anhaltende Beeinträchtigung für das Tier ausgeschlossen wird. Zur Registrierung der Freßaktivität wurde eine Methode entwickelt, bei der die Verformung der Kaumuskulatur mit Hilfe von Dehnungsmeßstreifen (DMS) registriert wird. Nach elektronischer Verstärkung und Filterung kann so die Häufigkeit der Kieferbewegungen innerhalb eines Meßintervalles registriert werden. Simultan dazu wurde auf einem weiteren Kanal die Tauchtiefe registriert. Sowohl die grafische Darstellung der Meßwerte als auch eine mathematische Auswertung mit Hilfe der Fourier‐Analyse und des Plexogramms zeigen einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen Tauchtiefe und Kieferaktivität.
Atlanto‐occipital Fusion in two Polled Hereford Calves
Authors: Engelken T.J. , Leipold H.W. , Spire M.F. , Cash W.C.
Published: May 2010

Two cases of atlanto‐occipital fusion were diagnosed in Polled Hereford calves. The cause, genetic or environmental, of this abnormality could not be determined. Since relatively minor traumatic forces during birth can cause severe injury in the head region, atlanto‐occipital fusion should be ruled out in calves dying acutely after assisted parturition.
The Effects of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Ethinylestradiol on Hemogram, Prostate, Testes, and Semen Quality in Normal Dogs
Authors: Bamberg‐Thalén Birgitta , Linde‐Forsberg Catharina
Published: May 2010

Three dogs were treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and three were treated with ethinylestradiol. The results indicate that at a dosage of 3–4.8 mg/kg b. w. MPA does not have any detrimental effects on hemogram, testicles or semen quality, whereas ethinylestradiol (2 μg/kg b. w. / day) can negatively affect both testes and semen quality. Both drugs can cause a decrease in prostatic size in clinically healthy dogs. Measurements of peripheral serum testosterone levels indicate that at the dosages used, testosterone levels are depressed considerably more by ethinylestradiol than by MPA.
Electron Microscopy of the Endometrium of Camels in Normal and some Diseased Conditions
Authors: Fetaih H. , Pospischil A. , Waldvogel A.
Published: May 2010

Ultrastructure of the camel's endometrium in normal and diseased conditions, was studied using the electron microscope. The samples were obtained from 6 normal uteri and 10 uteri with inflammatory lesions. Three ovaries of the latter 10 uteri showed ovarian cysts. All the animals were non‐pregnant. No cyclic changes were taken in consideration because the camel is an induced ovulator animal.

The surface and the glandular epithelium of the normal uteri consisted of one layer of tall columnar cells, resting on an undulating membrane. The free borders of cells showed microvilli, motile cilia and zeiotic blebs. Desmosomes and gap junctions were seen as means of connections between the neighboring cells. The nuclei were large, oval and situated in the lower half of the cells. Two types of mitochondria were seen. One type was small, rounded and dilated, and the other was large and elongated. Many lipid droplets and scanty glycogen granules were common findings in the normal cells. Granulated bodies similar to those described in the epithelium of the human uterus and containing acid phosphatase were found. Many other cytoplasmic organelles and granules were seen. The endometrial stroma consisted mainly of stromal cells of irregular shape, and collagen fibres. The collagen fibres were present in amounts larger than many other species.

In the diseased uteri, the changes in the epithelium consisted mainly of hyperplasia of the cells and marked increase of all cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles. There was also marked increase in the number of the crossing lymphocytes through the epithelial layer. The collagen fibres of the stroma increased in amount and the stromal cells became similar in shape to the fibroblasts. A large number of mast cells as well as other types of inflammatory cells infiltrated the stroma. Non‐specific bacterial infections were detected on bacteriological examination of the inflammed uteri. Neither bacteria nor other microbial agents could be seen ultrastructurally. In an uterus associated with ovarian cysts, the microvilli of its epithelium showed marked changes in their shape and length.
Histologische Untersuchungen einer zungenförmigen Zubildung am Sulcus intertubercularis im Schultergelenk des Hundes
Authors: Rapp E. , Lechleitner E. , Plenk H.
Published: May 2010

Histological investigation of a tongue‐shaped bone formation at the intertubercular groove of the canine shoulder joint

Radiologically apparent unilateral changes at the intertubercular groove of the humerus were investigated histologically in three dogs and compared with the findings in an unaltered shoulder joint of a dog. Polymethylmethacrylate embedded, undecalcified sections were cut through the sulcus area at the head of humerus and through the biceps tendon, its synovial sheet and the transverse ligament, and were evaluated by light microscopy.

While the tendon and soft tissue features were for the most part typical for a normal “gliding” tendon, the respective groove exhibited an again groove‐like, 10–12 mm wide and up to 2 mm high exostosis consisting mainly of lamellar bone, filled with hemopoetic and fatty marrow. The normal fibrocartilaginous lining of the groove showed degenerative arthrotic changes in the altered grooves, pointing to mechanical overloading. The possible mechanisms of these ossifications are discussed.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die radiologisch erkennbaren einseitigen Veränderungen am Sulcus intertubercularis der Bizepssehne von drei Hunden histologisch untersucht und mit den Ergebnissen einer unveränderten Schulter eines Hundes verglichen. Dafür wurden in Polymethyl‐methacrylat eingebettete unentkalkte Dünnschnitte durch den Humeruskopf in Höhe des Sulcus intertubercularis sowie von Bizepssehne, Sehnenscheide und Ligamentum transversum angefertigt und lichtmikroskopisch ausgewertet.

An den Weichteilen wurden vorwiegend physiologische Befunde im Sinne einer Gleitsehne erhoben. Im veränderten Sulcusbereich aller drei Hunde wurde ein zungenförmiger, 10–12 mm breiter bis 2 mm hoher, knöcherner Zubau aus großteils lamellärem Knochen mit hämatopoetischem Knochenmark und Fettmark gefunden. Die üblicherweise mit Faserknorpel ausgekleidete Gleitfurche zeigte bei den betroffenen Gelenken degenerative arthrotische Veränderungen, die auf mechanische Überbelastung hinweisen. Mögliche Entstehungsmechanismen für den Knochenzubau werden diskutiert.
Inhibition of Food Intake and Reticulo‐Rumen Motility of Sheep by the Alpha‐2 Adrenoreceptor Agonist Clonidine
Authors: Nicholson T. , Osman T.E.A.
Published: May 2010

The investigation of the effect of intravenous clonidine, an alpha‐2 adrenoreceptor agonist, was carried out in sheep with recording of forestomach motility for 3 h and intake of chopped hay for 8 h after drug administration. Motility and food intake were inhibited by clonidine at 2 μg · kg−1and at 5 μg · kg−1. The effects of the lower dose were prevented by idazoxan, an alpha‐2 antagonist, at 0.1 mg · kg−1but not by prazosin, an alpha‐1 antagonist, at 0.1 mg · kg−1. Minor effects of the antagonists alone were noted. Blood glucose concentration was measured in all the experiments and the possibility discussed that changes in concentration, not absolute values, may have contributed to inhibitory effects. Vagal stimulation in anaesthetised sheep indicated that inhibition of motility was a central neural effect, not an effect on forestomach muscle.
Histochemical and Morphometric Studies of Peripheral Muscle in Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy of Brown Swiss Cattle
Authors: Oyster R. , Leipold H. W. , Troyer D. , Cash W. , Johnson D.
Published: May 2010

Histochemical and morphometric analysis of selected skeletal muscles was performed on 14 pure bred, Brown Swiss cattle. Nine cattle were clinically affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) while five served as controls. Statistically significant trend differences were not observed for the parameters of mean cross sectional area, and mean fiber type percentages for types, I, IIA, and IIB fibers between affected and control test groups. In general, patterns of hypertrophy or atrophy, fiber type grouping, fiber type predominance, or fiber cross sectional profile alteration were not observed in the muscles examined from affected cattle. The findings suggest that BPDME, or weaver syndrome, ist not a muscular dystrophy and that muscle pathology is not a primary part of the syndrome nor would muscle pathology be expected to contribute significantly to the clinical signs of the disease.
Untersuchungen zur Häufigkeit von Neoplasien bei sezierten Hunden in Berlin (West)
Authors: Walter J.H. , Schwegler K.
Published: May 2010

Occurrence of neoplasms in dogs in Berlin (West) — a post mortem survey

A retrospective study of relative frequencies and relative risks of cancer of 7,169 dogs which were necropsied between 1981 and 1990 at the Institute of Veterinary Pathology of the FU Berlin was performed. In the sample cancer as cause of death accounted for 24.08% of all necropsied dogs. The mean age of dogs with cancer was 10.2 years while dogs without cancer died at a mean age of 5.3 years. Relative risks of cancer were 1.16 for females and 0.86 for males. Cancer was found in 41.9% of all necropsied boxers, which showed the highest relative risk (1.81) of all breeds. Lymphatic and hematopoetic organs and mammary glands were the most frequent site for tumors. Altogether it could be shown that the most frequent tumors were of epithelial origin (43.91%).

Retrospektiv wurden Prävalenzen und relative Risiken für Neoplasien von 7169 am Institut für Veterinär‐Pathologie der FU Berlin in den Jahren 1981–1990 sezierten Hunden untersucht. Bei 24,08% aller sezierten Hunde waren Geschwülste die Todesursache. Das durchschnittliche Alter von Hunden mit Geschwülsten lag mit 10,2 Jahren deutlich über dem von Hunden ohne Neoplasien mit 5,3 Jahren. Das relative Risiko eine Geschwulst zu entwickeln liegt für weibliche Tiere mit 1,16 höher als das für Rüden mit 0,86. 41,9% aller sezierten Boxer zeigten Geschwulstwachstum und hatten mit 1,81 das höchste relative Risiko für Neoplasien. Neben Organen des lymphatischen und hämatopoetischen Systems war die Mamma das am häufigsten betroffene Organ. Insgesamt waren mit 43,91% epitheliale Geschwülste am häufigsten zu beobachten.
Preliminary Experience with the Diagnostic Value of the Canine Corticosteroid‐Induced Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzyme in Hypercorticism and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Jensen A.L. , Poulsen J.S.D.
Published: May 2010

The present study communicates the interim experience with the diagnostic value of the canine corticosteroid‐induced alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme (CIAP), qualitatively assessed by agarosegel electrophoresis, for the diagnosis of Hypercorticism (prolonged exposure to increased concentrations of exogenous or endogenous corticosteroids) and Diabetes mellitus. A total of 106 canine serum samples with a total alkaline phosphatase activity greater than 2.90 μkat/l were included. CIAP was identified in 28 out of 29 cases of Hypercorticism, in 7 out of 9 cases of Diabetes mellitus, and in 33 out of 68 cases of various other diseases. Sensitivity and specificity with respect to Hypercorticism were 0.97 and 0.48, respectively, while for Diabetes mellitus sensitivity and specificity were 0.78 and 0.37. From this, the positive and the negative predictive values were calculated using standard formulas. The main conclusion may be summarized as follows: In the dog, only the negative finding of CIAP seems to be of diagnostic value in ruling out Hypercorticism as a cause for an increased total alkaline phosphatase activity.
The Effect of Regional Nerve Blocks on the Lameness Caused by Collagenase Induced Tendonitis in the Midmetacarpal Region of the Horse: A Study Using Gait Analysis, and Ultrasonography to Determine Tendon Healing
Authors: Keg P.R. , van den Belt A.J.M. , Merkens H.W. , Barneveld A. , Dik K.J.
Published: May 2010

The influence of regional nerve blocks on lameness resulting from tendon injury was studied in six horses. Tendonitis was induced in the midmetacarpal region of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon (SDF), Deep Digital Flexor Tendon (DDF) and the Suspensory Ligament (SL) through collagenase injections. The results were evaluated through sequential clinical examinations, ultrasonographic imaging and kinetic gait analysis (force plate) during a period of 144 days post injury and subsequently compared with gross and microscopic findings. The lameness corresponding to the SDF and DDF tendon lesions was completely abolished by a high palmar nerve block. The SL desmitis was partly abolished by high palmar nerve block and completely blocked with an additional ulnar nerve block. The ultrasonic evaluations showed the lesions, expanding until approximately 30 days post injection (p.i.) and subsequently decreasing. The texture of the lesion also improved markedly after 30 days p.i.

The post‐mortem macro‐ and microscopic evaluation revealed still considerable abnormalities at 145 days p.i. At that time the tendon lesions were no longer detectable ultrasonographically.
Testicular Ultrastructure of Zebu Bulls in Costa Rica
Authors: Müller E. , Rodriguez‐Martinez H. , Braden S. , Edqvist L.‐E.
Published: May 2010

The testicular ultrastructure of sexually mature Zebu (Bos indicus) bulls from Costa Rica was studied in relation to their classification based on andrological examinations undertaken in the field. Based on the testicular consistency at palpation, each bull was assigned to one of three groups, ranging from normal (Group A) to markedly reduced testicular consistency (Group C). The ultrastructure of the clinically normal testicle (Group A) in the Zebu bull resembled that of Bos taurus. In testicles with a slight to moderate reduction of testicular consistency (Group B) degenerated primary spermatocytes and spermatids were common at all stages of the seminiferous cycle. Abnormalities in the condensation of the chromatin, acrosomal defects, and the presence of degenerated cells and cellular debris were the most common of disturbances found. In testicles from bulls with a marked reduction of testicular consistency (Group C) the seminiferous epithelium of most tubules showed degenerative changes, thereby making it impossible to classify the stage of the cycle. The changes were mainly restricted to spermatocytes and spermatids, whose relative numbers were reduced. The number of cells undergoing meiotic divisions was also greatly reduced. Changes in the spermatids were also found including the appearance of severe acrosomal defects, such as acrosomal pouches, the failure of nuclear elongation and clear defects in chromatin condensation. The present ultrastructural findings in Bos indicus do not differ from the picture of normal testicular structure and of testicular degeneration usually found in Bos taurus bulls.
Obstructive Hydrocephalus Produced by Parasitic Granulomas in a Dog
Authors: Pumarola M. , Niel Marijke H.F. van
Published: May 2010

We present a case of a young dog exhibiting internal hydrocephalus, associated with parasitic granulomas within the ventricular system, inflammatory changes in the periventricular brain tissue and stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct. Reference is made to possible causes of these lesions in animals and man.
Electrocardiographic Findings in Calves with Experimentally Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Authors: Rakhorst G. , Huisman G. H. , Voorhout G.
Published: May 2010

Surface electrocardiograms (ECG) from 20 clinically healthy calves and 3 calves with experimentally induced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were studied to assess the influence of RVH on the configuration of the bovine ECG. In the calves with RVH decreased cardiac axes and increased voltages of QRS complexes in leads I and aVL (extremity leads) and in bv1 and bv5 (precordial leads) were found. Using generally accepted human electrocardiographc theories, these findings could be explained from geometrical differences between the hearts of normal calves and the hearts of calves with RVH.
Farrowing Disorders in the Sow: A Field Study
Authors: Madec F. , Leon E.
Published: May 2010

A prospective study was carried out in three intensive farms. 150 sows were individually followed from 20 days prior to farrowing to 5 days after farrowing. During the five post farrowing days, the prevalences of fever (rectal temperature ≥ 39.8 °C), anorexia, vulval discharges and mammary gland disorders were 15.3%, 20%, 64.5% and 3.3% respectively. Parturition duration (piglet delivery) was 197 minutes on average. Farrowing lasted over 300 minutes for 10% of the sows. The 5 parameters were combined to build a score on farrowing disorders. The sows getting the highest rate of disorders tended to show specific physical features prior to farrowing. The oldest sows, the heaviest, those showing urinary infections or locomotor disorders were more predisposed to problems. Moreover affected sows gave birth to larger litters for a given parity.
Opioid Inhibitory Control of the Ruminant Stomach Motility: Functional Importance of the Hypothalamus
Authors: Kania B. F.
Published: May 2010

In conscious sheep, Leu‐enkephalin (10 and 20 μg·kg−1) administered into the third cerebral ventricle caused a psychosedative action and a significant inhibition of the frequency of rumen contractions. The amplitude of the first rumen contractions, following immediately after the end of the Leu‐enkephalin's infusion (at a dose of 20 μg) and the average amplitude of primary rumen contractions were also significantly inhibited.

The hypothalamic isolation prevented both the inhibitory effect of Leu‐enkephalin on the rumen motility and the drug induced psychosedative action. In contrast, Leu‐enkephalin (20 μg·kg−1), significantly enhanced phasic contractions of the rumen after hypothalamic isolation. However the hypothalamic isolation did not prevent Leu‐enkephalin induced inhibition of the mean amplitude of rumen contractions, but this inhibition was not significant (NS). The character of the histopathological changes induced by the isolation of the hypothalamus showed descending degenerative changes of the neuronal pathways connecting the hypothalamus to the pons and lower to the medulla. These results do suggest that the isolation of the hypothalamus causes the degeneration of the descending inhibitory opioid pathways connecting the hypothalamus to the gastric centers of the medulla and point act out the functional importance of descending tonic opioid inhibitory control of ruminant forestomach motility.
Ectopic Mammary Tissue in the Vulva of Goats
Authors: Gameel A. A. , Ramadan R. O. , Dafalla E. A.
Published: May 2010

Ectopic mammary tissue was described in ten goats belonging to the Nubian and Syrian breeds. This consisted of multiple cavitations containing white milky fluid, which greatly resembled milk in colour, odour and composition. Histologically, the tissue was composed of alveoli lined by cuboidal epithelium and contained pinkish staining secretion. Surgical removal of the tissue was achieved without complications.
Immunocytochemical Identification of a Bovine Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Authors: Pizarro M. , Brandau C. , Sanchez M. A. , Flores J. M.
Published: May 2010

Peritoneal mesotheliomas are uncommon among cows although there has been an increase in the frequency of diagnosis of this neoplasia in the past few years.

The case of a 2 year old cow is described. On post‐mortem examination, several nodules of variable size were found in the peritoneal cavity. These nodules fused together, but they did not go deep into the organs. Histologically, such nodules were formed by a population of fusiform cells of malignant morphological character and sarcomatous appearance. Immunocytochemical study, using P.A.P. techniques, showed a highly positive reaction towards vimentin and a negative reaction towards wide‐spectrum cytokeratins, hence suggesting a mesenchymal origin of the neoplasia.

According to the histopathological study, a multifocal peritoneal mesothelioma of sarcomatous appearance was identified.
Demonstration of Immunoglobulins and Complement in Canine and Feline Autoimmune and Non‐Autoimmune Skin Diseases with the Direct Immunofluorescence and Indirect Immunoperoxidase Method
Authors: Zipfel W. , Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Trautwein G.
Published: May 2010

Skin sections from 71 dogs and 10 cats with bullous autoimmune skin diseases and various non‐autoimmune dermatopathies were studied for the presence of immunoglobulins (canine IgG, IgM, IgA; feline IgG) and complement (canine C3) using the direct immunofluorescence method (DIF) and the indirect immunoperoxidase method (IIP). In cases of autoimmune skin diseases (9 dogs, 3 cats) both methods were of comparable sensitivity for the detection of epidermal deposits. In canine cases with non‐autoimmune dermatopathies, epidermal immunoreactivity was found in 16.1 % of cases with the DIF method, and in 29.0 % of cases with the IIP method. With both methods, epidermal deposits were most frequently seen in skin sections of dogs with bacterial diseases. Furthermore, positive reactions were found in canine cases with hypersensitivity disorders, endocrine dermatosis, dermatomycosis, parasitic disease, cutaneous Leishmaniasis and in cases with non‐specific dermatopathies of uncertain aetiology. In the majority of canine cases intercellular deposits of IgG were found. Immunohistological results should always be interpreted in conjunction with clinical and histomorphological findings in order to establish a diagnosis of autoimmune skin disease and to prevent misdiagnoses.
Studies on Abnormal Moulting in the Farm‐Raised Blue Fox (Alopex lagopus)
Authors: Rasmussen P.V. , Damgaard B.M.
Published: May 2010

In a farm‐raised, adult female blue fox (Alopex lagopus) it was observed that apparently the winter coat was shed abnormally. Furthermore, the individual was never recorded as being on heat. Comparative histological and clinical‐chemical examinations showed that the winter coat cycle was postponed approximately 6 months, and that the hair growth therefore took place in the spring. At first a kind of biological summer coat was produced, and then a biological mature winter coat. This was compared with and partly documented by changes in plasma estradiol and cortisol profiles. It could be concluded that the hair growth cycle and the plasma estradiol profile showed an abnormal seasonal variation in the abnormal fox. The two variables seemed, however, to be correlated as in a normal animal.
Untersuchungen an Kühen über den Einfluß der Energieaufnahme auf den Pansenstoffwechsel mittels der Allantoinausscheidung in der Milch*
Authors: Rosskopf Regina , Giesecke D.
Published: May 2010

Investigations in cows on the influence of energy intake on rumen metabolism by means of allantoin excretion in the milk

With two groups of dairy cows (A: 12 German Black and White‐ and 6 German Simmental Cows; B: 16 German Black and White‐ and 11 German Simmental Cows) allantoin concentrations of blood plasma (A) and milk (A and B) were analysed by HPLC. There exists a close correlation (r = 0.758) between allantoin concentration in blood plasma (370.6 ± 79.1 μmol/l) and milk (474.1 ± 78.9μmol/l). The relation between milk yield and allantoin excretion with milk seems to be non‐linear (r = 0.936). On the other hand there is a close correlation between energy intake with feed and allantoin excretion via milk (r = 0.885).

In a further experiment the allantoin concentrations in blood plasma of 5 Angler steers were monitored for 24 h every second hour with feeding twice daily. There were remarkable fluctuations in the allantoin concentration from nearly 156 to 129 μmol/l. After that the rumen of the steers was emptied, while plasma concentrations were still monitored the same way as before. Concentrations of allantoin declined for about 55% to 65 μmol/l.

An zwei Gruppen von Milchkühen (A: 12 DSB‐ und 6 DFV‐Kühe; B: 16 DSB‐ und 11 DFV‐Kühe) wurden die Allantoinkonzentrationen in Blutplasma (A) und Milch (A und B) mittels HPLC‐Analysen untersucht. Zwischen den Allantoinkonzentrationen im Blutplasma (370,6 ± 79,1 μmol/l) und in der Milch (474,1 ± 78,9 μmol/l) besteht eine enge Korrelation (r = 0,758). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Milchleistung und Allantoinausscheidung über die Milch erscheint als nicht‐lineare Beziehung (r = 0,936). Die Energieaufnahme über das Futter und die Allantoinausscheidung über die Milch sind eng korreliert (r = 0,885).

In einem weiteren Versuch wurden bei 5 Angler‐Ochsen die Allantoinkonzentrationen im Blutplasma bei zweimaliger Fütterung pro Tag im 2stündigem Rhythmus über 24 Stunden aufgezeichnet. Dabei traten nennenswerte Schwankungen von erwa 156 bis 129 μmol/l auf. Anschließend wurde der Panseninhalt entfernt und die Allantoinkonzentration weiter verfolgt. Das Konzentrationsniveau sank um etwa 55 % auf etwa 65 μmol/l ab.
Effects of Adrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin, and Different Cholinergic Agents on Smooth Muscle Preparations from the Ansa Proximalis Coli in Cattle: Studiesin vitro*
Authors: Steiner A. , Denac M. , Ballinari U.
Published: May 2010

The effects of adrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and different cholinergic agents on isolated muscle strips from the ansa proximalis coli in cattle were studied. Adrenaline (5 · 10−5mol/l) evoked a relaxing effect (p < 0.05) on longitudinal and circular muscle strips, mediated via beta‐ and alpha1‐receptors respectively. High concentration of dopamine (5 · 10−4mol/l) caused a non‐significant inhibitory effect on longitudinal smooth muscles, which was probably mediated by beta‐ and not by dopamine‐receptors. Serotonin (5 · 10−5mol/l) and cisapride (75 · 10−6mol/l) had no effect. Carbachol (2 or 10 · 10−6mol/l) and bethanechol (5 or 10 · 10−5mol/l) caused a dose‐dependent (p < 0.05) contraction of both smooth muscle types. This excitatory effect was inhibited (p < 0.05) by metoclopramide (1 · 10−4mol/l), as well as the muscarinic agents RS‐86 (5 · 10−5mol/l) and CGP‐37,218 (37.5 or 75 · 10−6mol/l).
Hepatic Encephalopathy Associated with Acquired Portosystemic Shunts in a Dog
Authors: Shimada A. , Kuwamura M. , Awakura T. , Umemura T. , Enomoto H. , Yamane Y.
Published: May 2010

An 8‐month‐old dog with a history of gastrointestinal disturbances and neurological signs was presented with hyperammonemia. Necropsy revealed ascites, portosystemic collaterals, and an irregularly surfaced small liver. Histologically, there were diffuse neuronal necrosis and focal spongiform changes in the brain, and marked fibrosis in the liver. Hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed.
Effect of Endothelin 1 on Plasma Glucose and Lipid Levels in Pygmy Goats
Authors: Rossi R. , Scharrer E.
Published: May 2010

The effect of endothelin 1, a recently discovered vasoconstrictor hormone, on levels of plasma glucose and lipids was investigated in pygmy goats. Endothelin 1 was injected intraperitoneally (1.72 μg/kg BW) and blood samples were taken by puncturing the jugular vein immediately before and 60, 150 and 240 min post injection. Endothelin 1 in comparison to vehicle significantly increased plasma glucose and FFA levels, whereas plasma triglycerides were significantly reduced. Thus, beside its vasoconstrictive action, endothelin 1 also has metabolic effects. Whether these effects are directly caused by endothelin 1 or whether they are due to a release of a metbolic hormone, e.g. epinephrine, remains to be investigated.
Renal Lesions in Norwegian Slaughter Pigs. Macroscopic and Light Microscopic Studies
Authors: Jansen J. H. , Nordstoga K.
Published: May 2010

Six hundred and sixty‐eight consecutive carcasses of slaughtered swine were examined for renal lesions at meat inspection. The macroscopic lesions were divided into 7 categories: D1 = depressions of the external surface and partial persistence of fetal lobation; D2 = focal leukolymphocytic nephritis (acute focal tubulo‐interstitial nephritis); D3 = cysts; D4 = interstitial fibrosis; D5 = infarct‐like lesions; D6 = fatty degeneration, and D7 = hydronephrosis. 396 (59.3 %) of the examined carcasses were diagnosed as having one or more of these renal lesions. Two hundred and seventy‐two (40.7%) of the carcasses were macroscopically judged as having normal kidneys. A selected material of 250 kidneys representative for each group of lesions based on macroscopic examination and 50 normal kidneys were prepared for histological examination. In the group of kidneys with the macroscopic diagnosis interstitial fibrosis (D4), an accompanying histological finding was proliferative glomerular changes with fatty degeneration of the proximal tubules. Cortical infarct‐like lesions (D5) were observed in the absence of thrombo‐embolic disease and were considered to have developed in association with local arterial alterations similar to polyarteritis nodosa.
Influence of Medicinal Herbs on Phagocytosis by Bovine Neutrophils
Authors: Hu Songhua , Cai Weiming , Ye Junan , Qian Zhijian , Sun Zhiming
Published: May 2010

Twenty‐six herbal preparations made from 24 medicinal herbs, categorized as antipyretics in Chinese materia medica, were testedin vitroto determine their effects upon phagocytosis of32P‐labelledStaphylococcus aureusby neutrophils isolated from bovine blood and milk. The percentage of phagocytosis was determined after incubating (1 hour at 37 °C) 1.25 times 107neutrophils, 1 times 10832P‐labelledS. aureusand 10% skimmed milk with herbal solutions. Concentrations of herbal preparations tested were 100%, 10% and 1% (v/v). When compared with PBSS (0.01 M phosphate buffered saline solution) controls, most of the herbs at high concentrations inhibited phagocytosis while at lower concentrations phagocytosis was increased. All 26 herbal preparations significantly increased blood neutrophil activity at their proper concentrations. The most active herbs in promoting blood neutrophil phagocytosis were observed forHerba verbenae, Flos chrysanthemi, Flos lonicerae, Radix sophorae flavescentis, Herba houttuyniae, Radix isatidis, Herba patriniae, Berberini sulfatisat the lowest concentration and forFolium hibisciat the high concentration with the increased percentage of more than 40.0% in comparison with PBSS control. Of the 19 herbal preparations tested with milk neutrophils, 18 herbs greatly increased phagocytosis at suitable concentrations. The most active preparations in stimulating milk neutrophil functions includedFolium hibisci, Flos chrysanthemi, Radix bupleuri, Radix stellariae, Herba houttuyniae, Herba senecionis scandentis, Caulis loniceraeandFlos loniceraewhich increased phagocytosis by over 35.0%.
Electron Microscopic Studies of Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy in Brown Swiss Cattle
Authors: Oyster R. , Leipold H. W. , Troyer D. , Cash W.
Published: May 2010

Selected peripheral nerves from animals affected with Bovine Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Changes in axons were both degenerative and reactive in nature and included axonal swelling in conjunction with accumulation of altered organelles and various forms of vesicles. Affected axoplasm was often vacuolated and shrunken, with loss of microtubules and microfilaments and separation of the axoplasmic membrane from the myelin sheath. Segmental disorganization of the normal lamellar pattern of myelin sheaths was observed. Affected myelin sheaths exhibited intramyelinic vacuoles or myelin bubbles often in association with concurrent axonal changes. Schwann cells occasionally contained swellen and vacuolated mitochondria and membrane‐bound vesicles. Axonal and myelin changes were considered similar, if not identical, to those described in the central nervous system of affected animals reported in the literature. Collectively, the changes described in the axons and myelin sheaths of the peripheral nerves studied were considered to be compatible with the “dying back” process described in various distal axonopathies. A metabolic defect in the enzyme systems associated with axonal transport was postulated to explain these peripheral nerve lesions.
Adenocarcinoma of the Ethmoid Olfactory Mucosa: A Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study with Evidence of Virus‐Like Particles
Authors: Gazquez A. , Roncero V. , Redondo E. , Duran E. , Masot J. , Gomez L.
Published: May 2010

A histopathological, morphometric and ultrastructural study was made of enzootic nasal neoplasia in a group of 25 Verata goats. A nasal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. The neoplasm contained two clearly defined zones, one cystic and the other compact. The tumour stroma was composed of abundant loose connective tissue, in which mononuclear infiltrate was clearly identifiable.

The observed viral particles were morphologically similar to Visna‐Maedi. These particles had an eccentrically located electrodense core. The diameter of the virus was about 90 nm and it showed envelope numerous spikes on the surface. The virus is assumed to be the causative primary agent of the tumour.
Urinary Tamm‐Horsfall Glycoprotein Concentrations in Normal and Urolithiasis‐Affected Male Cats Determined by an ELISA
Authors: Rhodes D.C.J. , Hinsman E.J. , Rhodes J.A. , Hawkins E.C.
Published: May 2010

A precise and reproducible enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which measures urinary cat Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein (cTHP) was developed in order to investigate the possible role of cTHP in the pathogenesis of feline urolithiasis. Reproducible quantification required that the cTHP be disaggregated with 2M urea and 0.05% Tween 20. It was necessary to standardize rigidly the handling of the samples prior to analysis, since the apparent cTHP concentration varied depending on the preanalysis protocols. Using the sample handling protocol of freezing urine at −70 °C before dialysis, urinary cTHP was quantified in male cats with no history of urolithiasis (“normal” cats) and in male cats with a history of urolith formation (“urolithiasis” cats). The mean cTHP concentration in adult, male “normal” cats of 49.2 ± 35.5 μg/ml (N = 23) was significantly lower than the mean cTHP concentration of 95.4 ± 34.1 μg/ml (N = 9) in “urolithiasis” cats (p <0.01, Students' T‐test). These findings indicate a correlation between urolithiasis and high urine cTHP concentrations in male cats which warrants further investigation.