bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curvularia Lunata as New Causal Pathogen of Tomato Early Blight Disease in Egypt
Authors: AbdElatah Heba-Alla S. , Sallam Nashwa M.A. , Mohamed Mohamed S. , Bagy Hadeel M. M. Khalil
Published: February 2021

Tomato plants displaying early blight symptoms were collected from different localities in the provinces of Assiut and Sohag, Egypt. The causal pathogens were isolated on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogenicity tests with 48 isolates were carried out under greenhouse conditions on tomato cultivar (CV 844). All tested isolates caused symptoms of early blight disease with different degrees. The highest disease severity on tomato plants was found after inoculation with isolate No. 6 followed by isolates No. 20 and No. 31. The most pathogenic isolates were identified by sequence analysis using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The analysis of the amplified sequences from fungal isolates No. 6, 20 and 31 displayed 99 - 100% nucleotide identity with Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata and A. alternata, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia lunata as one of the causal pathogens of early blight disease of tomato plants in Egypt.
FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system
Authors: Soundararajan Venky , Pawlowski Colin , Lenehan Patrick , Puranik Arjun , Agarwal Vineet , Venkatakrishnan AJ , Niesen Michiel , O'Horo John , Badley Andrew , Halamka John
Published: February 2021

Large Phase 3 clinical trials of the two FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), have demonstrated efficacies of 94.1% (n = 30,420, 95% CI: 89.3-96.8) and 95% (n = 43,448, 95% CI: 90.3-97.6) in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, respectively. Given the ongoing vaccine rollout to healthcare personnel and residents of long-term care facilities, here we provide a preliminary assessment of real-world vaccination efficacy in 62,598 individuals from the Mayo Clinic and associated health system (Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, Wisconsin) between December 1st 2020 and February 8th 2021. Our retrospective analysis contrasts 31,299 individuals receiving at least one dose of either vaccine with 31,299 unvaccinated individuals who are propensity-matched based on demographics, location (zip code), and number of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. Administration of two COVID-19 vaccine doses was 89.0% effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (95% CI: 69.1-97.2%) with onset at least 36 days after the first dose. Furthermore, vaccinated patients who were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 had significantly lower 14-day hospital admission rates than propensity-matched unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (3.7% vs. 9.2%; Relative Risk: 0.4; p-value: 0.007). Building upon the previous randomized trials of these vaccines, this study demonstrates their real-world effectiveness in reducing the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity among individuals at highest risk for infection.
Isotope Analysis Reveals Differential Impacts of Artificial and Natural Afforestation on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Abandoned Farmland
Authors: Di Dongrui , Huang GuangWei
Published: February 2021

Backgrounds A multitude of studies have applied different methods to study the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), but the differential impact of artificial and natural vegetation restoration on SOC dynamic are still poorly understood. Methods and aims We investigated the SOC dynamics following artificial and natural afforestation in Loess Plateau of China, characterizing soil structure and stoichiometry using stable isotope carbon and radiocarbon models. We aim to compare SOC dynamics under both natural and artificial afforestation and examine how soil aggregate size classes control SOC dynamics based on stoichiometry and soil respiration.Results Total top soil SOC stocks, C:N and C:P of differently sized soil aggregates significantly increased following vegetation restoration. 13C results and Radiocarbon models indicated that the SOC decomposition rate and new SOC input rate were lower under natural afforestation than artificial afforestation and revealed the highest SOC decomposition rate under natural afforestation compared to other two ecosystems. Conclusions Vegetation restorations can accumulate SOC in top soils. Soil aggregates alternately play a dominant role in SOC accumulation following vegetation restoration; SOC loss from soil respiration was derived from microaggregates during afforestation. Recovery time is a key factor for the accumulation of SOC following afforestation.
International Consensus on Clinical Severity Scale Use in Evaluating Niemann-pick Disease Type C in Paediatric and Adult Patients: Results From a Delphi Study
Authors: Evans William , Patterson Marc , Platt Frances , Guldberg Christina , Mathieson Toni , Pacey Jessica
Published: February 2021

Background: Several scales have been developed in the past two decades to evaluate Niemann-Pick disease Type C (NPC) severity in clinical practice and trials. However, a lack of clarity concerning which scale to use in each setting is preventing the use of standardised assessments across the world, resulting in incomparable data sets and clinical trial outcome measures. This study aimed to establish agreed approaches for the use of NPC severity scales in clinical practice and research. Methods: A Delphi method of consensus development was used, comprising three survey rounds. In Round 1, participants were asked nine multiple-choice and open-ended questions to gather opinions on the six severity scales and domains. In Rounds 2 and 3, questions aimed to gain consensus on the opinions revealed in Round 1 using a typical Likert scale.Results: Nineteen experts, active in NPC paediatric and adult research and treatment, participated in this study. Of these, 16/19 completed Rounds 1 and 2 and 19/19 completed Round 3. Consensus (defined as ≥70% agreement or neutrality) was achieved for 66.7% of the multiple-choice questions in Round 2 and 83% of the multiple-choice questions in Round 3. Consensus was almost reached (68%) on the use of the 5-domain NPCCSS scale as the first choice in clinical practice. Consensus was reached (74%) for the 17-domain NPCCSS scale as the first choice in clinical trial settings, but the domains measured in the 5-domain scale should be prioritised as the primary endpoints. Experts called for educational and training materials on how to apply the NPCCSS (17- and 5-domains) for clinicians working in NPC.Conclusions: In achieving a consensus on the use of the 17-domain NPCCSS scale as the first choice for assessing clinical severity of NPC in clinical trial settings, but prioritising the domains in the 5-domain NPCCSS scale for routine clinical practice, this study can help to inform future discussion around the use of the existing NPC clinical severity scales. For routine clinical practice, the study helps provide clarity on which scale is favoured by a significant proportion of a representative body of experts, in this case, the 5-domain NPCCSS scale.
Dynamic Mitigation of Tearing Mode Instability in Current Sheet in Collisionless Plasma
Authors: Gu Yan-Jun , Kawata Shigeo , Bulanov Sergei
Published: February 2021

Dynamic mitigation for the tearing mode instability in the current sheet in collisionless plasma is demonstrated by applying a wobbling electron current beam. The initial small amplitude modulations imposed on the current sheet induce the electric current filamentation and the reconnection of the magnetic field lines. When the wobbling or oscillation motion is added from the electron beam having a form of a thin layer moving along the current sheet, the perturbation phase is mixed and consequently the instability growth is saturated remarkably, like in the case of the feed-forward control.
Meta-analysis of Cellular Toxicity for Graphene via Data-Mining the Literature and Machine Learning
Authors: Ma Ying , Wang Jianli , Wu Jingying , Tong Chuxuan , Zhang Ting
Published: February 2021

Background: Due to graphene is currently incorporated into various consumer product and numerous new applications, determining the relationships between physicochemical properties of graphene and their toxicity is a prominent concern for environmental and health risk analysis. Data from the literatures suggested that graphene exposure may resulted in cytotoxicity, however, the toxicity data of graphene is still insufficient to point out its side because of the complexity and heterogeneity of available data on potential risks of graphene. Methods and Results: Here, we developed a meta-analysis approach for assembling published evidence on cytotoxicity based on 792 related publications, 986 cell survival rate samples, 762 IC50 samples, and 100 LDH release samples. In this study, among corresponding attributes, we proved that the cytotoxicity of graphene assessed in the form of cell viability, IC50 and LDH can be primarily predicted from exposure dose and detection method, diameter and surface modification, detection method and organ source, respectively. Furthermore, this paper provides guidance regarding three optional data sets for above-mentioned three endpoints that are chiefly related to cellular toxicity for future studies and cross-validation studies based on machine learning tools including Random Forests (RFs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), LASSO regression, and Elastic Net were conducted for result verification. Conclusions: In summary, our study indicates that following rigorous methodological experimental and extract approaches accompanied with suitable machine learning tools, in parallel to continuous addition to reliable data set developed using our meta-analysis approach, will offer higher predictive power and accuracy, and also help to provide effective information on designing safe graphene.
Highly Rearranged Mitochondrial Genome in Falcolipeurus lice (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Endangered Eagles
Authors: Nie Yu , Fu Yi-Tian , Zhang Yu , Deng Yuan-Ping , Tu Ya , Liu Guo-Hua
Published: February 2021

Background: Fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes and extensive mt gene rearrangements have been frequently reported from parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). However, relatively little is available about the mt genomes from the family Philopteridae that is the most species-rich family within the suborder Ischnocera. Methods: Herein, we use next-generation sequencing to decode the mt genome sequences of Falcolipeurus suturalis and compared it with the mt genome sequences of F. quadripustulatus. Phylogenetic relationship of the concatenated amino acid sequence data for 13 protein-coding genes of the two Falcolipeurus lice and selected members of the family Philopteridae was evaluated using Bayesian inference (BI).Results: The complete mt genome of F. suturalis is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of 16,659 bp, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, as well as three putative non-coding regions. The gene order in F. suturalis mt genome was rearranged compared with that of F. quadripustulatus, and they were radical different from other louse species and the ancestral insect. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the clear genetic distinctiveness between F. suturalis and F. quadripustulatus (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0), and the genus Falcolipeurus is more closely related to the genus Ibidoecus than to other genera (Bayesian posterior probabilities=1.0). Conclusions: These novel datasets will help to better understand the gene rearrangements and phylogenetic position of Falcolipeurus and provide useful genetic markers for systematics and phylogenetic studies of bird lice.
Exosomes from adipose mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing Stanniocalcin-1 promote reendothelialization after carotid endarterium mechanical injury
Authors: Liu Kun , Shi Huihua , Peng Zhiyou , Wu Xiaoyu , Li Weimin , Lu Xinwu
Published: February 2021

Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that participates in the regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis. We investigated the reendothelialization effect of exosomes from adipose stem cells (ADSC) overexpressing STC-1 on injured carotid endarterium. ADSCs were transfected with lentivirus vectors containing pre-STC-1. PHK-26 as molecular probe was used to track the exosomes engulfed by mice arterial endothelial cells (MAEC). The role of STC-1-ADSC-Exosome (S-ADSC-Exo) in MAECs was verified through scratch test and tube forming. Expressions of STC-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome were detected by western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Reendothelialization effect was inhibited by the antagonist of siRNA targeting STC-1. Carotid endarterium mechanical injury was induced by insertion with a guidewire into the common carotid artery lumen. Carotid arteries were harvested for histological examination, immunofluorescence staining, and Evan’s blue staining. Transfection of STC-1 significantly enhanced STC-1 levels in ADSCs, their exosomes, and MAECs. Compared with the control group and the ADSC-Exo group, STC-1 enriched exosomes markedly inhibited the expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β in MAECs, exhibited good lateral migration capacity, and promoted angiogenesis. Administration of siRNA targeting STC-1 completely abolished down-regulation of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β by STC-1 and inhibited effects of S-ADSC-Exo on lateral migration and angiogenesis. In vivo administration of S-ADSC-Exo had reendothelialization effect on post-injury carotid endarterium as evidenced by thinner arterial wall, low-expressed NLRP3 inflammasome, and more living endothelial cells. The reendothelialization effect of exosomes from ADSCs on post-injury carotid endarterium can be enhanced by genetic modification to contain elevated STC-1.
Construction and comprehensive analysis of a ceRNA network to reveal potential prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gao Lei , Zhang Ling
Published: February 2021

Background

More and more studies have proven that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in cancer development via sponging miRNAs. However, the expression pattern of competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains largely unclear. The current study explored functional roles and the regulatory mechanisms of circRNA as ceRNAs in LUAD and their potential impact on LUAD patient prognosis.
Methods

In this study, we systematically screened differential expression circRNAs (DEcircRNAs), miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and mRNAs (DEGs) associated with LUAD. Then, DEcircRNAs, DEmiRNAs and DEGs were selected to construct a circRNA–miRNA–mRNA prognosis-related regulatory network based on interaction information from the ENCORI database. Subsequently, the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed on the genes in the network to predict the potential underlying mechanisms and functions of circRNAs in LUAD. In addition, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed to evaluate clinical outcomes of LUAD patients, and drug sensitivity analysis was used to screen potential biomarkers for drug treatment of patients with LUAD.
Results

As a result, ten circRNAs were aberrantly expressed in LUAD tissues. The ceRNA network was built, which included 3 DEcircRNAs, 6 DEmiRNAs and 157 DEGs. The DEGs in the ceRNA network of hsa_circ_0049271 enriched in biological processes of cell proliferation and the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. We also detected 7 mRNAs in the ceRNA network of hsa_circ_0049271 that were significantly associated with the overall survival of LUAD patients (P < 0.05). Importantly, four genes (PDGFB, CCND2, CTF1, IL7R) identified were strongly associated with STAT3 activation and drugs sensitivity in GDSC.
Conclusions

In summary, a ceRNA network was successfully constructed, which including one circRNA, two miRNAs, and seven mRNAs. Seven mRNAs (PDGFB, TNFRSF19, CCND2, CTF1, IL11RA, IL7R and MAOA) were remarkably associated with the prognosis of LUAD patients. Among seven mRNA species, four genes (PDGFB, CCND2, CTF1, and IL7R) could be considered as drug targets in LUAD. Our research will provide new insights into the prognosis-related ceRNA network in LUAD.
Studying the Microbiome of Cyanobacterial Biocrusts From Drylands and Its Functional Influence on Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Miralles Isabel , Ortega Raúl , Montero-Calasanz Maria Carmen
Published: February 2021

Background: Drylands are areas under continuous degradation and desertification largely covered by cyanobacterial biocrusts. Several studies have already shown that soil microorganisms play a fundamental role in the correct soil functioning. Nevertheless, little is known about the relationship taxonomy-function in arid soils and, in particular, in cyanobacterial biocrusts. An in-depth study of the taxonomic composition and the functions carried out by soil microorganisms in biogeochemical cycles was here carried out by using a shotgun metagenomic approach. Results: Metagenomic analysis carried out in this study showed a high taxonomic and functional similarity in both incipient and mature cyanobacterial biocrusts types with a dominance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria. The predominant functional categories related to soil biogeochemical cycles were “carbon metabolism” followed by “phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, potassium and iron metabolism”. Reads involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and respiration were the most abundant functional classes. In the N cycle dominated “ammonia assimilation” and “Nitrate and nitrite ammonification”. The major taxonomic groups also seemed to drive phosphorus and potassium cycling by the production of organic acids and the presence of extracellular enzymes and specialised transporters. Sulfur assimilation was also predominantly led by actinobacteria via the acquisition of sulfur from organosulfonated compounds. The main strategy followed for iron uptake seemed to be the synthesis and release of siderophores, mostly derived from representatives of the genus Pseudomonas. Conclusions: The absence of significant differences between both type of biocrusts was suggested to be due to the identical habitat-specific characteristics, the inherent variability associated with metagenomic sampling and experimental design limitations. There is metabolic diversity of respiration processes over the photosynthesis, but a diverse group of microorganisms, predominantly Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were also involved in CO2 fixation metabolism. A preferential uptake of ammonium over nitrate as an economic strategy to avoid the high consumption of ATP was confirmed. Moreover, the functional redundancy presented by the microbial community was interpreted as a strategy to maintain the correct functioning of the soil biogeochemical cycles and therefore of the ecosystem in general. Evidence of sythrophic growth was nevertheless observed. Biotechnological potential as plant growth promoters was also identified.
Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster Infection in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-control Study
Authors: Wang Qiao , Ma Jiahui , Li Zhenxing , Li Zhi , Huang Dong , Huang Yuzhao , Zhou Haocheng
Published: February 2021

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the susceptibility to the infection of herpes zoster (HZ). Less is known about the risk factors of HZ in CKD patients.Methods and Participants: This is a case-control study. CKD patients diagnosed with HZ infection between January 2015 and October 2020 in a tertiary hospital were identified. One age- and gender- matched control was paired for each case, matched to the date of initial HZ diagnose. The uni- and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the risk factors for development of HZ in CKD patients.Results: Forty-six HZ patients and controls were identified. In general, about 80% (72 out of 92) patients were classified at end-stage renal disease (ESRD, CKD Ⅳ to Ⅴ). Multivariate analyses revealed that immunosuppressive agents (odds ratio: 12.50, 95% CI: 1.53-102.26, P=0.021) and dialysis (odds ratio: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.13-9.78, P=0.029) were independent risk factors of HZ in patient with CKD. Conclusion: Immunosuppressive medication and dialysis were associated with HZ infection in CKD. Further guideline may highlight the necessity of zoster vaccine for patients with CKD, who undertake immunosuppressive or dialysis treatment.
What is the Evidence Globally for Culturally Safe Therapies to Improving Breast Cancer Outcomes for Indigenous Women in High Income Countries? A Systematic Review
Authors: Christie Vita , Green Deb , Amin Janaki , Pyke Christopher , Littlejohn Karen , Skinner John , McCowen Deb , Gwynne Kylie
Published: February 2021

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer affecting Australian women, and the second largest cause of cancer death in Australian women. While the incidence of breast cancer is lower in Aboriginal women than non-Aboriginal women, the mortality rate for Aboriginal women is higher. There are a number of factors impacted by whether patient engagement and services are delivered in culturally safe manner that may contribute to this higher mortality rate.Objectives To systematically assess the evidence on whether cultural safety affects breast cancer outcomes with regards to screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow up care for Indigenous women in high income countries. Methods We conducted a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines of peer-reviewed articles in Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Proquest Sociology and Informit Rural health database and Indigenous collection databases. Key inclusion criteria were: adult female patients with breast cancer; high income country setting; outcome measure was uptake and level of satisfaction for women, including screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow up care. We developed a Community Engagement assessment tool in consultation with aboriginal researchers, based on the National Health and Medical Research Councils’ community engagement guidelines, against which studies were appraised. Thematic analysis of all 15 studies was also undertaken. ResultsA total of 15 were selected assessment of community engagement and the final 15 studies also underwent a thematic analysis. ConclusionThe literature provides evidence-based strategies that are likely to improve outcomes for Indigenous women with breast cancer in wealthy countries and clearly indicates that culture makes a positive difference. It is also clear that strong Indigenous community leadership and governance at all stages of the research including design is an imperative for feasibility. Prospero registration number: CRD42020193019
Regression QSAR Models for Predicting HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
Authors: Xuan Christopher Ha Heng , Kion Lee Nung , Rahman Taufiq , San Hwang Siaw , Yam Wai Keat , Chee Xavier Wezen
Published: February 2021

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic that has claimed 33 million lives to date. One of the most efficacious treatment for naïve or pre-treated HIV patients is with the HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). However, given that HIV treatment is lifelong, the emergence of HIV-1 strains resistant to INSTIs is an imminent challenge. In this work, we showed two best regression QSAR models that were constructed using a boosted Random Forest algorithm (r2 = 0.998, q210CV = 0.721, q2external_test = 0.754) and a boosted K* algorithm (r2 = 0.987, q210CV = 0.721, q2external_test = 0.758) to predict the pIC50 values of INSTIs. Subsequently, the regression QSAR models were deployed against the Drugbank database for drug repositioning. The top ranked compounds were further evaluated for their target engagement activity using molecular docking studies and their potential as INSTIs evaluated from our literature search. Our study offers the first example of a large-scale regression QSAR modelling effort for discovering highly active INSTIs to combat HIV infection.
Entrevista a Hugo Mujica en Copenhague, el 18 de agosto de 2018
Authors: Londoño Juan Esteban
Published: February 2021

Esta entrevista fue realizada en el marco de investigación para la disertación doctoral de Juan Esteban Londoño con el título La muerte de Jesús en tres poetas latinoamericanos: Hugo Mujica, Raúl Zurita y Pablo Montoya en la Facultad de Teología de la Universität Hamburg. Para realizar esta entrevista, se contó con el apoyo de la agencia Brot für die Welt y la Missionsakademie de la Universidad de Hamburgo. La tesis fue defendida y aprobada en mayo de 2020. El libro de su resultado está en proceso de publicación tanto en español como en alemán.
Construcción de paz y ciudadanía. Entre la indiferencia y la memoria
Authors: Cossio Sepúlveda Diego León , Hincapié García Alexander
Published: February 2021

Este artículo destaca el papel de la memoria en la formación ciudadana y la construcción de paz, para señalar su carácter formador. Su objetivo es demostrar que la indiferencia, como producto de la ausencia de memoria, es una forma de violencia; posible por condiciones históricas, culturales, simbólicas y materiales que configuran una subjetividad indiferente. Así, en primer lugar se realiza un acercamiento a los conceptos de violencia y conflicto para argumentar por qué la indiferencia es un tipo específico de violencia. En un segundo momento, se argumenta que la memoria edifica virtudes como la responsabilidad y la tolerancia, llamadas a ser la base de la formación de una ciudadanía para la paz. Finalmente, se establece el vínculo entre memoria y justicia, para sostener que sin justicia no hay paz.
MOUNTAIN GLACIERS OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH: CHANGES OVER THE PAST DECADES UNDER CLIMATE VARIATIONS
Authors:   Institute of Geography RAS, Ananicheva M.D. , Kononov Yu.M. ,   Institute of Geography RAS
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the paper is to review the changes in the mountain glaciers of the Russia North, in its continental part under changing climate, the reaction of glaciers onto fluctuations, primarily air temperature and precipitation over recent decades. The review covers the reaction of climatic systems of the Russian North (Russian Subarctic and North of Baikal region) to climate changes of the late 20th century and the last decades of the 21st century. These are systems located in mountainous countries: the Polar and Subpolar Urals, Byrranga, the Putorana Plateau, the Orulgan, Suntar-Khayata, Chersky ranges, and the highlands of Chukotka, Kolyma and Koryakia. Judging by the obtained trend maps of the main climatic characteristics important for glaciation, the temperature increase from S to N in 1966- 2019 and a decrease in precipitation in approximately this direction contribute to a reduction in the area and mass of glaciers in Russian North. Methods for assessing the size of glaciation and their dynamics were based on a comparison of data from the Catalog of Glaciers of the USSR and later catalog issues (these are the Chukotka and Kolyma glacial systems) with the results of decoding satellite images (Landsat, ASTER, Sentinel-2) and expeditionary information. Most of the studied glacial systems are represented by small forms of glaciation, which are defined. Since estimates of glacier reduction are given for different systems for different periods of time, it was not the task of the review to compile an accurate single picture. The glacier reaction of varying size, morphological type, bedding, aspect is not the same even for approximately similar climate conditions. For each region, variations in mean summer air temperature and cold season precipitation of key (nearest) weather stations for the period from the onset of a positive trend in summer temperatures are given. Under conditions of prolonged climate change towards warming, the climate factor has become the most importrant, which is confirmed by the data presented in this work.
NATURAL FIRES: OBSERVATIONAL DATA AND MODELLING
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Eliseev A.V. ,   A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Kazan Federal University, Vasileva A.V. ,   A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: February 2021

A review of the contemporary knowledge on natural fires (NF) and on contemporary approaches for their modelling is presented. The review is targeted to the implementation of NF models into the global Earth system models. In the last years, satellite retrievals are able to detect even small (with the size < 500 m) fires. Nonetheless, marked uncertainties of the estimates for the burned are and for the NF-associated release of different substances into the atmosphere still persist. For the most detailed satellite dataset GFED-4.1, the annual burned area is close to 5 mln km2 , including at least 2.9 Mkm2 due to NF themselves. This leads to the carbon release of ~2 PgC year into the atmosphere, mostly in the form of CO2.In the Russian territory, the annual burned area is close to 135 thnd km2 , and the annual carbon release into the atmosphere is equal to 0.12 PgC year. These estimates appear much larger the respective estimates reported in the Russian National Report for 1900-2015. NF Characteristics follow the interannual climate variability, including that in the El Niño years. Nevertheless, no significant trends are found at the global and subcontinental spatial scales based on the satellite data. Proxy data and modelling results exhibit a general increase of the NF activity during the preindustrial Holocene (including cold epochs) as well as an overall enhancement of this activity from cold stadials to warm interstadials in the Pleistocene. Currently the NF simulation modules are started to be implemented into the Earth system models. These modules take into account fire-affecting weather and/ or climate characteristics, the number of ignitions depending on lightning activity and population density (sometimes, depending on landuse type as well), fire suppression, amount and type of fuel for fires, and combustion completeness. A number of models is able to simulate even the simplified dynamics of individual fires. However, the limited contemporary knowledge on NF leads to the marked intermodel scatter even in the simulated climatology of the NF characteristics and in the simulated trend slopes of such characteristics. In particular, the intermodel differences in the 20th century variations in the simulated NF characteristics are mostly caused by the implemented assumptions on the landuse impact on NF dynamics. As a result, further development of the NF modules is needed.
SOLVENTES EUTÉTICOS NATURAIS PROFUNDOS (NADES) NO PREPARO DE AMOSTRAS DE ROCHA FOSFÁTICA E SUPLEMENTO MINERAL PARA DETERMINAÇÃO ELEMENTAR POR TÉCNICAS DE PLASMA
Authors: Santana Ana , Andrade Daniel , Guimarães Taciana , Amaral Clarice , Oliveira Andrea , Nogueira Ana , Gonzalez Mario
Published: February 2021

NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS (NADES) IN SAMPLE PREPARATION OF PHOSPHATE ROCK AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENT FOR ELEMENTARY DETERMINATION BY PLASMA-BASED TECHNIQUES. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on xylitol, citric acid, and malic acid were synthesized and used in ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and heating-bath extraction of phosphate rock and mineral supplement samples. Arsenic, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The results showed the NADES as promising solvents for extraction of inorganic matrices compared to reference values and concentrations obtained using microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD). Significant differences were observed for some elements, suggesting different chemical interactions between the synthesized NADES and each monitored element. For analytes extraction of phosphate rock, UAE presented the best results for As, Cr and P. Zinc was extracted with UAE and heating bath. Concerning mineral supplement, no significant differences were observed for Ca (UAE), Cd (UAE and heating bath), K (UAE and heating bath), Mn (UAE and heating bath), Na (UAE and heating bath), and P (UAE and heating bath). The NADES is a greener and a potentially alternative for the sample preparation compared to the official methods of analysis, can being used as selective extractor solvent in conventional sample preparation methods.
Swahili Terminology in the Context of the Development of the Versification Theory and “Dispute about Poetry”
Authors:   M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of Russian Academy of Sciences, Frolova Natalya S.
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the problem of the development of a scientific approach and Swahili terminology by national Swahili literary science in the context of the emergence of new Swahili poetry in the 1970s against the background of prevailing traditional genres, as well as the comprehension, interpretation and application of this terminology by scientists. Born at the end of the 19th century among European missionaries and scholars, the theory of Swahili versification continued to develop in European-language works until the 1950s when the first critical essay on Swahili versification by the traditional poet Amri Abedi appeared. The emergence of new Swahili poetry in the mid-1970s against the background of traditional genres not only produced the well-known mgogoro wa ushairi (dispute about poetry), but also required the comprehension of poetry itself and Swahili literature as a whole. An important role in this process was the priority of developing a unified scientific approach, as well as Swahili terminology. The emergence of a new Swahili-language poetry embodied in the works of Kezilahabi, Mulokozi, Kahigi and others, from the very beginning posed the task of naming this kind of poetry. The article focuses on the unsettled nature of certain Swahili poetry terms denoting new, modernist, Swahili poetry, a reflection of which is shown by the evident heterogeneity of their use in the studies of literary Swahili scholars of the 2000–2010s.
Chinese Historian Su Beihai’s Manuscript about the History of Kazakh People in Central Asia: Historical and Source Study Analysis
Authors:   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kaiyrken Tursynkhan Z. , Makhat Danagul A. ,   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kadyskyzy Aigul ,   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: February 2021

The article analyses the research work of Chinese scientist Su Beihai on Kazakh history, one of the oldest nationalities in Eurasia. This work has been preserved as a manuscript and its main merit is the study of Kazakh history from early times to the present. Moreover, it shows Chinese scientists’ attitude to Kazakh history. Su Beihai’s scientific analysis was written in the late 1980s in China. At that time, Kazakhstan was not yet an independent country. Su Beihai drew on various works, on his distant expedition materials and demonstrated with facts that Kazakh people living in their modern settlements have a 2,500-year history. Although the book was written in accordance with the principles of Chinese communist historiography, Chinese censorship prevented its publication. Today, Kazakh scientists are approaching the end of their study and translation of Su Beihai’s manuscript. Therefore, the article first analyses the most important and innovative aspects of this work for Kazakh history. It focuses on the stages of Kazakh history, traditions of statehood, economy, and culture. The Chinese scientist`s research on Kazakh history goes back to the ancient Saka period, to modern southern Kazakhstan, the emergence of the states of Dayuezhi and Wusuns in Zhetisu, Kangli state, the West Turkic Kaganate, the Turkic steppe, unification of Kara khan and Kara kidan (Western Liao), Genghis Khan’s invasion into Central Asia and the Kazakh steppes, Russian colonization, resettlement of Kazakhs in Russia and the Man Qin Empire, and others. In addition to Su Beihai’s positive research on the entire Kazakh history, the article provides critical reviews in the historiographical and source-study of several Chinese-centrist points of view.
Tourism Industry of Sudan: History and Peculiarities of its Development in the 20th and 21st Centuries
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Gerasimov Igor V. , Bogdanov Daniil Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: February 2021

The article considers the history of the tourism industry of one of the oldest states in the world — Sudan. The first attempts to organize sightseeing trips for Europeans to the Nile Valley were recorded after Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt in the early 19th century, but at that time Sudan was a little-known region. The military campaign of 1821 undertaken by the troops of Muhammad Ali resulted in the submission of Sudan and the establishment of the Egyptian-Turkish administration there. Since that time, the level of European intrusion into the country began to increase. The activities of travel companies only became notable in Sudan after the beginning of the colonial rule by England and Egypt in 1899. In the first decades of the twentieth century the first hotels were created, roads, including the railroad, were built, and cities were expanded as well as modernized. The hotel owners were predominantly foreigners. Tourism developed further after the country achieved independence in 1956. Since that time, national travel companies appeared, and travelers from Western countries and the Arab began to visit the country. Tourism has become an attractive sector for investment and capital raising, both local and international. At the same time, the economic and political problems observed in the period of 1980–2000 did not allow tourism to become a source of significant income for the state and prevented the sector from expanding. Currently, both high-level hotels and modest guesthouses, that mainly provide services for the domestic consumer, are built and operate in the capital of the country and in some cities of regional significance. The activity of travel companies remains at a low level and the number of foreign travelers is small. Local companies have attempted to cooperate with their Russian counterparts, but there are not enough prerequisites for initiating collaboration in this area. Sudanese researchers, economists, sociologists, historians, and marketing experts analyze the tourism sector and try to make recommendations for improving work in this area. This is reflected in a number of works in scientific journals that have been published in recent years.
An Interpolation Family in the Poetics
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Pozdnev Michael M.
Published: February 2021

The ms. tradition of the Poetics is a mine, quite unexpectedly, when it comes to composition on literary matters: four independent witnesses — Parisinus 1741 (A), Riccardianus 46 (B), and mediaeval translations into Latin by William of Moerbecke and Arabic by Abū-Bishr Mattā made with the help of a Syriac interlinear (not to mention the recentiores which still could prove of some stemmatic value, as for instance Par. gr. 2038, Vat. gr. 1400, Berol. Philipp. and Mon. 493) — allow in most cases for a safe reconstruction of an archetype. Common errors suggest that this text differed from the autograph in some twenty passages, largely interpolations, ranging from a couple of words to a number of phrases. Several intrusions prove to be typologically close. All of them correct what was deemed to be inaccurate or loose argumentation by inserting syntactic complements or references adding cohesion. As a result, both the style and context go largely neglected. The first paragraphs of ch. 6, central to the Poetics, suffered most. This text also came down to us in a Syriac translation having a heavily glossed uncial ms. as its source. Insertions in ch. 6 cause ‘harmonising’ additions to the following text of the treatise. The ‘family of interpolations’ under discussion is tentatively attributed to a professor of Aristotelianism of late antiquity (the most suitable candidate seems to be Themistius): a school-room copy diffused by his pupils became the common ancestor of both the extant Greek mss. of the Poetics and the reconstructed Greek sources of the mediaeval translations. A fresh collation of the Syriac text together with the evidence of variae lectiones in the oldest independent Greek mss. offer a glimpse into the workings of his mind.
The Development of εὑρίσκω ‘find’ as Evidence towards a Diachronic Solution of the Matching-Problem in Ancient Greek Complementation
Authors:   Ghent University, La Roi Ezra
Published: February 2021

This paper traces the semantic and constructional development of the complement-taking verb εὑρίσκω ‘find’ from Homeric Greek to Post-Classical Greek. First, the paper details the semantic development of εὑρίσκω using characteristics such as predicate type, semantic role of the subject and factivity. Subsequently, explanations are offered for the constructional development of εὑρίσκω, using insights from grammaticalization research such as reanalysis and analogy. In contrast to previous studies on Ancient Greek complementation which support the idea of a systematic Classical Greek opposition of factive participial versus non-factive infinitival complementation, this paper shows how bridging contexts of mental judgment εὑρίσκω with a participial complement do not follow this opposition as they are non-factive and changed their meaning (with reanalysis) before changing their complementation structure (through analogy). Also, by extending our view to the individual history of other cognitive predicates (ἐπίσταμαι, γιγνώσκω and οἶδα) the author showsthat other cognitive predicates undergo similar developments from factive+object to factive+ ACP to non-factive+ACI, although their individual histories are still in need of a systematic diachronic account. Thus, complementation patterns per period could be analysed in a more fine-grained way by analysing complementation patterns bottom-up from the semantic and constructional evolutions of individual predicates. Also, the findings from this paper provide evidence towards a diachronic solution of the so-called matching-problem: diachronically related semantic and constructional stages strongly motivate the choice of a specific complementation structure but absolute factivity oppositions in Classical Greek complementation are rather strong tendencies.
Two Latin Epigrams by Daniel Gotlieb Messerschmidt Dedicated to Iohannes Philipp Breyn (1680–1764)
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazansky Nikolai N. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: February 2021

The article presents a publication of two epigrams written by D. G. Messeschmidt and dedicated to I. Ph. Breyn; both are preserved in the latter’s archive. The first epigram is an inscription in verse to Breyn’s portrait and was probably sent to him from Saint Petersburg following Messerschmidt’s return from Siberia, i.e. between 1727 and 1735 (and not 1701–1800 as indicated on the site of Dresden Fotothek). It is very likely that the inscription was meant to accompany the engraving a copy of which is preserved at Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden (SKD, Kupferstich-Kabinett, Signatur/Inventar-Nr.: Anon 1, Singer 3769/9920) and may be seen on the website of Deutsche Fotothek Dresden (Archiv-Nr 169051). I. Ph. Breyn might have sent two portraits to Saint Petersburg, one of himself and one of his father, and Messerschmidt would have composed an inscription in verse for each. In 1739 an elegiac distich by Messerschmidt was published that was also incorporated in the frame of the portrait of Jakob Breyn, painted by the famous engraver P. G. Busch. S. S. Orekhov has suggested that P. G. Busch’s engraving might render the portrait drawn by the same unknown master (Deutsche Fotothek Dresden, Archiv-Nr 169050). Iohannes Philipp Breyn’s own portrait remained unpublished. The second poem is a dedication in an album that is preserved in I. Ph. Breyn’s museum in Gdansk (Forschungsbibliothek Gotha Chart. B 1002) and is dated November 1716. The poem is untitled (the fact that is also emphasized in the text), but introduced by an epigraph in Old Hebrew that has been extensively commented upon by Cyrill von Buettner (Bitner). The Latin poem that abounds in assonances and complex word play leaves the feeling of a certain emotional strain. Both poems, however, reflect Messerschmidt’s general erudition and character, as well as his enthusiastic admiration for I. Ph. Breyn as a senior colleague in scientific and medical studies.
Latin Satire vs. Georgij Dashkow by Theophanes Prokopovich (Publication of the Text and Commentary)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Budaragina Olga V.
Published: February 2021

The paper submits the first publication of the hexametrical Latin satire of Theophanes Pro­kopovich (1681–1736), which consists of 172 verses and is his longest poetic work written in Latin during his St. Petersburg period. The manuscript is part of Prokopovich’s collection of works, which is kept in the Manuscripts Department of the St. Petersburg Branch of the Rus­sian Academy of Sciences (Tec. Post. 142, f. 245–247 v.), and, as far as we know, it is the only surviving copy of the work. Although satire is untitled, it is very likely that the addressee of the attacks was Archbishop Georgyi (Dashkov) (d. 1739). In the satire, Dashkov is derived in an allegorical manner under the name of Grunnius and is depicted as a man who is viciously jealous of others and is unable to bear even the modest success of his fellow human beings. The article also touches upon two and a half lines from this satire that have been published to date, thanks to their quotation by Antioch Cantemir in the commentary on v. 41 of his third satire “On the Distinction of Human Passions. To the Archbishop of Novgorod”. In all Cantemir edi­tions, the Latin text, and therefore the Russian translation of this couplet contain errors that have been corrected, and it is suggested that the new variant of the text and translation is to be taken into account in the preparation of future editions.
Ekphrasis by Aleksandr Kushner and the Reception of Antiquity in the Russian Poetry of the 21st Century
Authors:   University of Łódź, Sadzińska Ewa , Sadziński Witold ,   University of Łódź
Published: February 2021

The article examines some of the features of A. Kushner’s reception of antiquity. The antique layer is an important component of the poetry of the St. Petersburg poet, starting with his very first poems of the 1960s. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the poem “Перед лучшей в мире конной статуей…” (“In front of the world’s best equestrian statue”, 2008) in connection with the problem of literary ekphrasis. The theoretical part of the article clarifies the meaning of “ekphrasis” and gives a brief overview of the most significant concepts that exist in modern science. The term appeared in antiquity, in the XIX century it was used in classical philology, and from the twentieth century it was applied to the analysis of the literature of modern times. The actualization of the term has significantly expanded the scope of the concept and its application. Modern authors use the possibilities of ekphrasis in different ways. In its most common form the emphasis is shifted from describing the work of art itself to describing a subjective impression (in poetry, works of art are usually mentioned more often than described in detail). The analytical part confirms the relevance of the ekphrastic principle in relation to different levels of the poem. The cultural-historical paradigm of the poetic image of an equestrian statue/statues that are present in Kushner’s poem in explicit or implicit form is reconstructed. The specificity and functions of antique intertexts are revealed. The article exposes not only obvious allusions correlated with the monument to Marcus Aurelius, but also implicit reminiscences referring to the philosophy of the Roman Stoics.