bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swine as an animal model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: LELOVAS (Π. ΛΕΛΟΒΑΣ) P. , MARINOU (Κ. ΜΑΡΙΝΟΥ) K. , XANTHOS (Θ. ΞΑΝΘΟΣ) Th. , PAPADIMITRIOU (Δ. ΠΑΠΑΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ) D. , PERREA (Δ. ΠΕΡΡΕΑ) D. , DONTAS (Ι. ΔΟΝΤΑ) I.
Published: February 2018

This paper reviews the advantages of swine in relation to other animal models of cardiopulmonary resuscitation referred to in the literature. The causes of cardiac arrest and the difficulties raised during research in humans are presented. All animal models used in this particular field are discussed and a detailed review is performed regarding the major anatomical and physiological similarities between swine and man, as well as the experimental studies published in the international literature.
Mycobacterial infections of fowl
Authors: FRANGIADAKI (Ε. Γ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E. , IKONOMOPOULOS (Ι. Α. ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) J. , BALASKAS (Χ. ΜΠΑΛΑΣΚΑΣ) C. , GAZOULI (Μ. ΓΑΖΟΥΛΗ) M.
Published: February 2018

The significance of mycobacterial infections of birds may have been decreased considerably by the broad application of modern farming practices, but their study continues to be important with reference to fowl, animal and public health protection. Mycobacterial infections of birds are mainly caused by members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). This is divided into 28 serotypes that are grouped into species: serotypes 1 to 6, 8 to 11 and serotype 21 consist the M. avium subsp. avium (MA), serotypes 4 and 8 are also referred to as M. avium subsp. hominisuis, whereas serotypes 7, 12 to 20 and 22 to 28 consist the Mycobacterium intracellulare. Serotypes 1 to 3 of MA are the only ones that cause systemic tuberculosis in chickens. M. intracellulare and the rest of the serotypes that consist MA usually cause only focal tuberculous lesions. Recendy, another member of the Mycobacterium species, namely Mycobacterium genavense, has been added to those that can infect fowl. Cases of fowl mycobacteriosis have been reported from practically every place on earth. The disease usually enters a farm by carrier animals that excrete mycobacteria in their feces. The bacteria usually gain entrance into the host through the oral route and rarely through the upper respiratory tract. Sporadic incidences of sudden death, loss of weight and drop of egg production consist evidence of fowl mycobacteriosis in a farm. Clinical symptoms can also result from infection of the intestine, bones, lung or the skin. Tuberculous lesions located in the viscera and more significandy the bone marrow, when revealed during post-mortem examination, consist pathognomonic findings. The diagnostic investigation of mycobacterial infections in the laboratory usually relies on serology, the microscopic examination of fecal smears and culture that continues to consist the method of reference. These are nowadays implemented by specific Molecular Biology methods, the most broadly applied of which is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cultivation of clinical material for the isolation of mycobacteria begins with the decontamination of the sample that aims to neutralize the bacteria that would over grow mycobacteria. The product is then inoculated onto selective media. Those that are commonly incorporated to the cultivation of MAC are Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7H11. Incubation is performed in 5-10% carbon dioxide atmosphere for no less than 4-6 weeks. Identification of colonies relies on biochemical tests or PCR that can decrease substantially the time required for a definite result. Identification of MAC by PCR is usually performed by targeting the following genomic regions: 16S rRNA, hsp65, IS 1245 and IS901. For M. genavense, that is genetically very closely related to MA, PCR is usually incorporated for the amplification of a region within the gene that codes 65kDa heat shock protein, proceeded by the digestion of the amplification product with the restriction endonuclease, SaR.
An endeavor to improve longevity of cryopreserved equine sperm
Authors: KCHALIFA TAA , WAHEED M. M. , LYMBEROPOULOS (Α.Γ. ΛΥΜΠΕΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) A. G.
Published: February 2018

Exposure of sperm cells to the oxidative stress pending hypothermic storage of semen has been suggested to be responsible, in part, for the decline of their motility and fertility. This study was conducted to evaluate the in-vitro effects of antioxidants (AOs) and / or caffeine on longevity of cryopreserved stallion spermatozoa. Aliquots from the gel-free fraction of semen ejaculates (n=12), collected from 5 Arabian stallions (9-18 years old) of unknown sperm freezability, were mixed 1:1 with a Tris-egg yolk extender (TEYE), centrifuged at 500 χ g for 5 min and sperm cells were frozen in the form of 0.25-ml concentrated pellets after 2-step addition of TEYE supplemented with or without AOs (0.50 mg /ml Na pyruvate, 1 mg / ml Na thiosulfate, 5 mg / ml bovine serum albumin, 0.15 mg / ml zinc chloride and 0.50 mg / ml ferulic acid). The final pre-freeze concentrations of glycerol and sperm cells were 5% and 562-924 χ IO6 / ml, respectively. Frozen pellets from non-AOs and AOs-treated sperm were thawed in a Tris-citric acidglucose solution (40°C) containing 0, 0.49, 0.97 or 1.94 mg / ml caffeine and incubated (140-230 χ IO6 sperm / ml) at 30°C for 3 h. Sperm progressive motility (%) was assessed after centrifugation, before freezing and after 0, 1, 2 and 3 h of thawing. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) effects of sperm treatments only on post-thaw motility. Neither AOs alone nor caffeine alone could significantly ameliorate the maintenance of sperm motility. AOs plus 0.97 or 1.94 mg / ml caffeine were the superior supplements in improving the longevity of stallion spermatozoa.
Epizootic rabbit enteropathy - Current data and control
Authors: XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E. , FRAGKIADAKIS (Μ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗΣ) M.
Published: February 2018

Epizootic Rabbit Enteropathy (ERE) is an important syndrome that occurred in European rabbit farms the last ten years and is linked to massive deaths, mainly during the fattening period. ERE was first observed in France, in 1997, and was quickly spread in all rabbit-breeding European countries, e.g. Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain and Greece. In Greece, ERE has been clinically identified since 2003 in several commercial rabbit farms, causing severe economic loss in country's rabbit farming sector. In other continents no ERE cases have been reported up to today. ERE is characterized by very high mortality, reaching up to 30-80%. The exact etiology of the syndrome is still unclarified, although in several cases, various known pathogens have been isolated, e.g. coccidia, E. coli, Clostridium spp., Enteroviruses, Rota, virus. Treatment is only symptomatic and is mainly based on the use of antibiotics. Prescribed antibiotics against ERE are thiamouline and tylozine. But, the antibiotic of choice is the water soluble bacitracin, which is exclusively permitted only for use in rabbit farms.
Contemporary aspects on the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of the epidermal basement membrane in the dog
Authors: PAPADOGIANNAKIS (E. Ι. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ) E. I.
Published: February 2018

Autoimmune diseases of the epidermal basement membrane are the result of the immune system self-activation against specific antigens of its essential structural elements. This group of skin diseases is characterized by the destruction of connecting bonds between the membrane zone and dermis, which eventually leads to the dermoepidermal separation and the formation of subepidermal vesicles and bullae. In this article, the immunopathogenesis and the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of each of these skin diseases are briefly reviewed. The autoimmune diseases of the canine epidermal basement membrane have been recently classified as bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, linear IgA dermatosis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Recent advances in immunopathological and molecular techniques have markedly facilitated the understanding of their pathogenesis, thus giving the opportunity for the development of new therapeutic strategies that may improve or eliminate the clinical signs.
Isolation, characterization and sequence determination of Noda virus from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labraxL.) reared in freshwater and marine facilities in Greece
Authors: XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E. , KOTZAMANIS (Ι. ΚΟΤΖΑΜΑΝΗΣ) J. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Φ.) F. , DONG L. , ARGYROKASTRITIS (ΑΛ. ΑΡΓΥΡΟΚΑΣΤΡΙΤΗΣ) A. , FRAGKIADAKI (ΕΙΡ. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E.
Published: February 2018

The present study aims το characterize Noda virus isolates from freshwater and marine fish, specifically from species Dicentrarchus labrax (sea bass). Previous works reported the detection of Noda virus only by using PCR, in cultured Dicentrarchus labrax showing clinical symptoms. Here we describe the isolation of Noda virus from symptomatic sea bass cultured in sea and freshwater facilities in Greece. The virus was isolated in the continuous cell line SSN -1, exhibiting characteristic cytopathic effect, vacuolation and degeneration of the monolayer. In parallel, in all cerebral tissue samples isolated from infected individuals, a 255 bp viral fragment has been detected, using Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR. Comparison of the amplified sequence was detected in diseased fish in European farms and in other piscine species revealed a high nucleotide homology.
The art of shampoos in canine and feline dermatology: Treatment and prevention strategies
Authors: CARLOTTI D. N. , GATTO H.
Published: February 2018

This paper reviews the current technology pertaining to veterinary shampoos used for dogs and cats. The criteria used to evaluate their efficacy are presented. The indications for the use of shampoos in keratoseborrhoeic disorders, parasitic diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases and allergic diseases are reviewed. In keratoseborrhoeic disorders both keratomodulating and antiseborrhoeic agents are used. Antiparasitic shampoos are not frequendy used in veterinary dermatology and their indications and limitations are discussed. Antibacterial, antifungal and antiseptic agents are included in shampoos designed to treat dermatoses resulting from microbiological agents. Their indications and efficacy are presented. Shampoos are used nowadays in conjunction with other forms of therapy to treat allergic skin diseases. The benefits of such adjunctive topical therapy are discussed. Lastly, the properties of moisturizers are presented and the value of their use in combination with therapeutic shampoos is emphasized.
Deep Pectoral Myopathy (DPM) in broiler chickens
Authors: GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) I. , BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ) P. , IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ) P. , LEKKAS (Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ) S.
Published: February 2018

Macroscopic lesions were observed in pectoralis supracoracoides in carcases of broilers 7-8 weeks-old from various regions of Greece. The broilers were descendants from breeders of different genealogie lines, their feeding was regular and their growth rate was very good. An important information in the history of all involved broiler flocks was that lesions were observed in the chickens which were led to slaughteries from 3 to 10 days after house's decongestion. Macroscopic lesions were found mainly in the middleportion of the muscles and were either petechial hemorrhages or focal necrosis from greenish to red-brownish coloration. The bacteriological examination was negative, while the histological examination showed ischaemic necrosis of the muscle fibres. As the supracoracoid muscle is responsible for wing movements, trigger ofthese lesions might be the voluntary severe wing movements. It issuggested that sufficient prevention of deep pectoral myopathy (DPM) in broiler flocks may be achieved, when careful handling is used for their selection and mainly by the shortly removal of the remaining chickens into the houses after their decongestion.
Behaviour and production of fattening rabbits in colony cages, with and without environmental enrichment
Authors: LUZI E. , MARTINO P. A. , VERGA M.
Published: February 2018

In intensive rabbit husbandry systems animals are usually housed in 2 place-cages without any kind of environmental enrichment. This system may induce stress due to boredom. To reduce stress, both colony cages and the presence of something to gnaw inside the cage may be useful. The aim of this research was to test the effect of environmental enrichment (presence of a piece of wood inside the cage) on performance and health of fattening rabbits, i.e. presence of body injuries. This trial has been carried out in a commercial farm, located in Northern of Italy (Piemonte region), during the summer of year 2002. The ventilation and the photoperiod were under natural conditions. Animals were housed in colony cages (12 cages, 8 animals per cage; cage size: 50x120x40 cm; density: 0.750 cm2 per animal) in semi plain-air conditions. Animals' behaviour was video-recorded during 72 hours (24 hours for 3 days) at 55, 70 and 83 days of age. The video recording covered 48 rabbits for each treatment: environmental enrichment and control group. Animals were weighted at 55, 70, 85 days; the carcass weight and yield were also analysed. Daily weight gain (49.6±2.7g vs 46.18±5.6g) and weight at slaughtering (2973.18±34.09g vs 2834.68±34.45g, P<0.01) were heavier in enriched cages than in control groups. The carcass yield was not different between the groups (62.2%); no injuries were detected on the carcass surface during the slaughter processing on both the environmental and control groups. In the first period (55 days of age) the enriched rabbits were more active than the control ones; in detail, the behaviours lying and lying stretched were significandy lower (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, the enriched rabbits showed a trend to a better feeding activity, maybe linked to a total higher activity. In the second (70 days of age) and third period (83 days of age) the enriched rabbits showed higher feeding behaviour and caecotrophy levels (P<0.05). In the present research, the results show that to give rabbits a hanging wood from the cage ceiling may improve their biological functioning and increase their growth rate without deteriorate their health status. As regards the behaviour of rabbit caged, the results showed that the environmental enrichment might affect their behaviour and increase their welfare.
Mycotoxicosis of swine. Metabolism and toxicokinetics of their causative mycotoxins
Authors: TASSIS (Π. Δ. ΤΑΣΣΗΣ) P. D. , ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) C. , KRITAS (Σ. Κ. ΚΡΗΤΑΣ) S. K. , TZIKA (Ε. Δ. ΤΖΗΚΑ) E. D. , SAOULIDIS (Κ. ΣΑΟΥΛΙΔΗΣ) K. , KYRIAKIS (ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ Σ.Κ.) S. C.
Published: February 2018

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of various genera, when they grow on agricultural products, especially grains which are mainly used as pig ratios' raw materials, before or after harvest or during transportation or storage. Mycotoxins affect up to 25% of the world's crop production causing extensive economical losses globally. The mycotoxins, which are of high significance for swine populations and are usually found in higher concentrations in swine feed raw materials (cereals, such as corn, barley etc.), are: aflatoxins and especially aflatoxin Bl 5 trichothecenes and principally deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxins and particularly ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins and mainly fumonisin Bj. The fate of a toxin after consumption via feed by pigs depends upon the extent and rate of its absorption, its distribution, its binding or localization in tissues, its biotransformation and its excretion processes, including transmission in swine-derived food products. The rate of each of these events, which contributed to both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the toxin, is determined by the chemical and physical properties of the compounds and by interaction with tissue responsible of metabolism or elimination. The aim of this review is to emphasize on the basic stages of the metabolism and the pathways of the toxicokinetics of certain mycotoxins. Moreover, the most frequent clinical signs seen in pigs, due to the most important mycotoxins occurring in swine farms, are pointed out.
Two cases of freemartinism in Lacaune ewes
Authors: MENEGATOS (Ι. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΤΟΣ) J. , XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E. , AJOUTANTI (Α. ΑΓΙΟΥΤΑΝΤΗ) A. , SABATAKOU (Ο. ΣΑΜΠΑΤΑΚΟΥ) O. , PARASKEVAKOU (Ε. ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑΚΟΥ) E. , VAINAS (Ε. ΒΑΪΝΑΣ) E.
Published: February 2018

In this study the anatomy of the genital system, the histology of gonads, the reproductive behavior and the chromosome examinations of two freemartin Lacaune ewes were described. The appearance of these ewes resembled that of a ram, but their external genitalia were female with an enlarged clitoris. The gonads were small testicles located subcutaneously in the prepubic region. In the case of the ewel the testicles were palpated with difficulty, while in ewe 2 they were almost atrophic. In both cases there were epididymides, but in ewe 2 the ends of vasa differentia were joined. In ewel there were vesicular and bulbo-urethral glands. In ewe 2 the vesicular glands were absent. The ewel had male sexual behavior, but the ewe 2 had a neutral one. The histological examination of the gonads of ewe 1 showed excessive development of the vassoconnective tissue, where a small number of seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells were also visible. The gonads of ewe 2 showed excessive fibrosis. The results of chromosome examination showed chimaerism (54,XX/XY) in both cases. The XY cells were 63% and 61% for the ewes 1 and 2, respectively. The rest cells 37% and 39% were respectively XX ones.
Oregano, thyme and sage, as natural additives to foods
Authors: SOLOMAKOS (Ν. ΣΟΛΩΜΑΚΟΣ) N. , GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

Herbs have been used as natural additives against chemical additives during the last few years, since the latter have been accused that can endanger consumers life. Oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp hirtum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and sage (Salvia officinalis) are three herbs that are found in Greece and their use as natural additives to foods have been investigated in recent years all over the world. Herbs are rich in phenols, which are principally characterized by a notable antimicrobial and antioxidative activity. The two main phenols of Oregano and thyme are carvacrol and thymol, which are in higher amounts than other compounds. The main phenolic compounds of sage are thusone and rosmanol. Other compounds found in lower amounts, like n-cymene (in Oregano and thyme) or a-terpineol (in sage) contribute in the antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of these herbs. Oregano, thyme and sage present an important antimicrobial activity against several pathogens of foods, such as Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni or Listeria monocytogenes. The present herbs present also an important antifungal activity against fungi that can grow in foods like Aspergillus spp. or Candida spp., which can endanger consumers life. The antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of these herbs was verified either in vitro experiments or in foods. The dietary supplementation of Oregano and thyme essential oil to chicken and turkeys resulted in the oxidative stability of their meat during refrigerated and frozen storage.
Translacteal infection of baby calves, feeder pigs and puppies during lactation
Authors: GEORGOULAKIS (Α.Ε. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΥΛΑΚΗΣ) A. E. , PAPAZACHARIADOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΔΟΥ) M. , GOLOMAZOU (E. ΓΚΟΛΟΜΑΖΟΥ) E. , THEODORIDIS (Ι. ΘΕΟΔΩΡΙΔΗΣ) Y.
Published: February 2018

The present study examines the probability of translacteal transmission via colostrum of gastrointestinal nematode infections in baby calves, feeder pigs and puppies. Colostrum samples from dairy cows, sows and bitches were examined for the presence of larvae. The results of the study are as follows: The colostrum of 12 cows out of 342 examined was infected (3,5%) and the larvae identified were Toxocara, vitulorum, Strongyloides sp. And Bunostomum sp. The colostrum of 2 sows out of 125 examined was infected with larvae of Strongyloides sp. (1,6%). The colostrum of 123 bitches out of 217 examined (56,7%) was shown to be positive for Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma sp. and Strongyloides sp.
Association of Malassezia pachydermatis with the otitic and the normal ear canal of the dogs
Authors: BOURTZI-HATZOPOULOU (Ε. ΜΠΟΥΡΤΖΗ-ΧΑΤΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) E. , PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ) E. , PSYHOYOS (B. ΨΥΧΟΓΙΟΣ) V.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of M. pachydermatis in otitic and healthy ear canals of the dogs and to test the sensitivity of this microorganism to antifungal agents. A total of 180 swabs, 98 from otitic and 82 from clinically healthy dogs, were collected during the years 1998-2000 in Thessaloniki area (Greece). From all the swabs, smears for direct microscopic examination and inoculation on selective media for bacteria and fungi isolation were made. From the 90 M. pachydermatis isolates, 68 (69,38%) were made from infected and 32 (39,02%) from clinically healthy dogs. M. pachydermatiswas the sole isolate in 20 (20,39%) infected and in 12 (14,63%) non infected dogs. In 48 otitic and in 20 clinically healthy dogs, M. pachydermatis was associated with bacteria as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Streptococcus spp. and fungi as Candida spp. ana Aspergillus spp.. S. intermediuswas isolated from 13 infected and 20 non infected animals. A mixed bacterial flora was grown from 6 infected and 22 clinically healthy animals, respectively, while no growth of microorganisms from 11 otitic and 8 healthy dogs was observed. All Malassezia tested strains (46) were found sensitive to ketoconazole, econazole, miconazole and clotrimazole. Nystatin was found effective to 38 isolates and noneffective to 8.
Case of unilateral hypoplasia and atresia of the right uterine horn of a gilt
Authors: XYLOURI-FRAGIADAKI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ-ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E. , MENEGATOS (Ι. ΜΕΝΕΓΑΤΟΣ) J. , SABATAKOU (Ο. ΣΑΜΠΑΤΑΚΟΥ) O.
Published: February 2018

A case of unilateral hypoplasia and atresia of the uterus horn was described in 19 months old gilt. After repeated returns and 9, in total, unsuccessful artificial inseminations, during and after the third oestrus, the gilt was slaughtered and the right horn of the uterus was found to be "blind" at the level of its borders with the uterus body. It contained 150ml of fluid and was about half the length of the left horn (110cm vs. 190cm). Diffused and welloutlined cysts were observed in both horns of the uterus. Histological examination revealed in the endometrium, edema with abundant loose cellular stroma that surrounded numerous hypoplastic glands and hyperaemic blood vessels with thick walls. It is suggested that the production of PGF2a by the hypoplastic and "blind" horn of the uterus interrupted the pregnancy in the left horn.
Ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Part I.
Authors: SCOUNTZOU (E. ΣΚΟΥΝΤΖΟΥ) E.
Published: February 2018

This is the first part of a review paper on the ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Ocular examination is an important aspect of the complete physical examination process; therefore, routine practice of an ophthalmic examination protocol enables the clinician to catalogue his findings and conclude to a diagnosis. Although the eye is a unique and highly complex organ in terms of structure and function, it should never be viewed and examined as an isolated organ, but rather than as a part of the whole, since a great number of systemic diseases reflect on to the eyes. A correct diagnosis in veterinary ophthalmology is often based on anatomical observations and the use of various simple additional ophthalmologic techniques. These may be easily learnt and applied in veterinary practice. The use of these techniques would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and developing a rational treatment. Thorough and systematic ophthalmic examination includes: (i) accurate case history evaluation (signalment and primary complaint), (ii) eye and annexa examination in a lighted room by means of initial observation and close-up inspection, palpation (consisting of exploring the boundaries of the orbit, digital tonometry, eyelid eversion and globe retro pulse) and neuroophthalmologic assessment (including menace response, papillary light reflexes, corneal, oculocephalic, and oculocardiac reflex),) (iii) detailed examination of the external (globe, eyelids and margins, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, sclera, lacrimal system) and internal (cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, lens, vitreous body, choroid and retina, optic nerve) ocular structures of both eyes, working from anterior to posterior, in a dark room, (iv) tear film production measurement (Schirmer Tear Test), (v) vital dyes use (fluorescein and Rose-Bengal stain), (vi) corneal and conjunctival scrapings (impression smears for exfoliative cytology), collection of specimens for microbiological examination, as well as of aspirates (aqueous humor from the anterior chamber or vitreous paracentesis from the posterior chamber), (vii) tonometry (digital, indentation or applanation), (viii) evaluation of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus, (ix) ophthalmoscopy (direct or indirect) and (x) vision testing (based on menace reaction, moving objects, obstacle course and visual field evaluation).
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol (CAP) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and its in vitro activities against important bacterial fish pathogens
Authors: TYRPENOU (Α.Ε. ΤΥΡΠΕΝΟΥ) A. E. , RIGOS (Γ. ΡΗΓΟΣ) G. , YAGNISI (Μ. ΓΙΑΓΝΙΣΗ) M. , NENGAS (Ι. ΝΕΓΚΑΣ) I. , ALEXIS (Μ. ΑΛΕΞΗΣ) M.
Published: February 2018

The pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol (CAP) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), a warm water farmed fish species and its in vitro efficacy against important bacterial diseases of Mediterranean mariculture were investigated in this study. After an intravascular injection (10 mg/kg/fish), the distribution half-life (tl/2a) and the elimination half-life (tl/2ß) of CAP were calculated to be 1.6 and 69 h, respectively. Tissue penetration of CAP was found to be moderate since both the apparent volume of distribution of the drug at steady-state (V<i(ss)) and the apparent volume of the central compartment (Vc) were calculated to be 1.13 and 0.90 L/kg. The total clearance (CLp) of the drug was slow (0.022 L/kg/h). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of CAP in distilled water supplemented with 2% NaCl against Vibrio anguillarum serotype lb, Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, V alginolyticus and V ßuvialis were determined to be 4.78 pg/mL, while it was 0.60 pg/mL for V. damsela. The addition of 10 mM Ca2+ and 55 mM Mg2+ in the medium revealed MIC values of 19.13 pg/mL for V alginolyticus and V ßuvialis, whereas showed no effect for V anguillarum P. damsela subsp. Piscicida and V damsela. The results indicate that CAP displayed a satisfactory kinetic profile and it is eliminated fast from gilthead sea bream muscle; however, its high MIC values stress show a possible inefficacy against important bacterial pathogens of Mediterranean mariculture.
Ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Part II.
Authors: SCOUNTZOU (E. ΣΚΟΥΝΤΖΟΥ) E.
Published: February 2018

This is the second part of a review paper on the ophthalmic examination in dogs and cats. Ocular examination is an important aspect of the complete physical examination process; therefore, routine practice of an ophthalmic examination protocol enables the clinician to catalogue his findings and conclude to a diagnosis. Although the eye is a unique and highly complex organ in terms of structure and function, it should never be viewed and examined as an isolated organ, but rather than as a part of the whole, since a great number of systemic diseases reflect on to the eyes. A correct diagnosis in veterinary ophthalmology is often based on anatomical observations and the use of various simple additional ophthalmologic techniques. These may be easily learnt and applied in veterinary practice. The use of these techniques would assist the clinician in establishing a diagnosis and developing a rational treatment. Thorough and systematic ophthalmic examination includes: (i) accurate case history evaluation (signalment and primary complaint), (ii) eye and annexa examination in a lighted room by means of initial observation and close-up inspection, palpation (consisting of exploring the boundaries of the orbit, digital tonometry, eyelid eversion and globe retro pulse) and neuroophthalmologic assessment (including menace response, papillary light reflexes, corneal, oculocephalic and oculocardiac reflex),) (iii) detailed examination of the external (globe, eyelids and margins, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, sclera, lacrimal system) and internal (cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil, lens, vitreous body, choroid and retina, optic nerve) ocular structures of both eyes, working from anterior to posterior, in a dark room, (iv) tear film production measurement (Schirmer Tear Test), (v) vital dyes use (fluorescein and Rose-Bengal stain), (vi) corneal and conjunctival scrapings (impression smears for exfoliative cytology), collection of specimens for microbiological examination, as well as of aspirates (aqueous humor from the anterior chamber or vitreous paracentesis from the posterior chamber), (vii) tonometry (digital, indentation or applanation), (viii) evaluation of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus, (ix) ophthalmoscopy (direct or indirect) and (x) vision testing (based on menace reaction, moving objects, obstacle course and visual field evaluation).
Survival of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in cultured butter during storage.
Authors: GOVARIS (Α. ΓΚΟΒΑΡΗΣ) A. , PAPAGEORGIOU (Δ.Κ. ΠΑΠΑΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΥ) D. K. , PAPATHEODOROU (Κ. ΠΑΠΑΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΥ) K.
Published: February 2018

The survival of E. coli 0157:H7 was examined in 3 types of butter: unsalted, salted with 0.46% and 0.93% salt. The butter samples were inoculated with a low (c.a. 3.14 log CFU/g) or high concentration (c.a. 4.80 log CFU/g) inoculum of the pathogen and were stored at 4°C and 12°C. The contaminated butter samples were stored for 2 months at 4°C and up to visible spoilage (20-26 days) at 12° C. By the end of the storage at 4°C, the tests with the high inoculum of the pathogen revealed that populations of E. coli 0157:H7 were decreased by 2.26 log CFU/g in the unsalted and in 0.46% salted types of butter, and by 2.74 log CFU/g in the 0.93% salted type of butter, while the tests with the low inoculum of the pathogen revealed that populations of E. coli Ol57:H7 decreased by 1.81 log CFU/g in the unsalted type of butter and were detectable in the other types of butter only after enrichment. By the end of the storage at 12°C, the tests with the high inoculum of the pathogen revealed that populations of E coli Ol57:H7 decreased by 2.71 and 3.17 log CFU/g in the unsalted and 0.46% salted types of butter, after 20 and 22 days, respectively and were detectable, in the 0.93% salted type of butter after 26 days, only after enrichment, while the tests with the low inoculum of the pathogen revealed that populations of E. coli O l 57:H7 were decreased by 1.88 log CFU/g in the unsalted type of butter after 20 days, and were detectable, in the 0.46% and 0.93% salted types of butter after 22 and 24 days, respectively, only after enrichment. The initial pH of all butter samples (5.18±0.01) decreased slightly (0.06-0.10) during storage at 4°C, and more (0.48 - 0.54) during storage at 12°C.
Some principles of canary breeds and rearing
Authors: FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ) P.
Published: February 2018

In this article, some data concerning canary breeds and rearing, are being presented. In particular, these birds' origin taxonomy and their external morphology are initially mentioned, followed (moreover) by an attempt to classify these breeds in three groups, according to the pattern of their song, the colour of their plumage and the size and shape of their body. The article concludes with information on canary reproduction and nutrition (nutrient requirements and modes of feeding).
Microbiological hazards at several stages of production and distribution of cooked sausages
Authors: SERGELIDIS (Δ. ΣΕΡΓΚΕΛΙΔΗΣ) D. , ABRAHIM (Α. AMIN) A. , SARIMVEI (Α. ΣΑΡΗΜΒΕΗ) A. , GENIGEORGIS (Κ. ΓΕΝΗΠΩΡΓΗΣ) C.
Published: February 2018

Fifty one (51) samples of several types of cooked sausage paste, prepared by two meat factories in N. Greece were examined. TPC of these samples ranged between 5,3-6,3 Log10CFU/g. Coliforms were regularly present reaching populations of 93->2.400 MPN/g and lactic acid bacteria ranged between 5-6,3 Log10CFU/g. L. monocytogenes was detected in 56 and 38,4% of the samples collected in each factory. E. coli was detected in 20 and 16,6%, and Salmonella spp in 12 and 16,6% respectively. Neither pathogens nor coliforms were detected in 51 samples of cooked sausages originated from the same pastes examined before. No recovery of any injured cells of the pathogenic bacteria and coliforms was observed after their storage at 4°C for 20 days. TPC of the cooked sausage samples, after thermal treatment, ranged between 3-4,7 Log10CFU/g and consisted mainly of lactic acid bacteria (range <2-4,5 Log10CFU/g) and sporeformers (range 3-4,5 Log10CFU/g). After 20 days storage at 4°C the TPC and lactid acid bacteria counts of the cooked sausages, increased by <1 Log. We also examined 16 surface and center samples of cooked sausages and meat products without casings, consisting of big meat pieces (bacon, smoked ham,etc). Surface TPC ranged between 5-5,3 Log10CFU/g and from the center of the meats they ranged between 2-3,5 Log1 0CFU/g. Coliforms, E. coli, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp were not detected. Lactic acid bacteria were the main flora. Furthermore we examined surface samples of cooked meat products, without casings, during several stages following thermal treatment and up to storage for 24 h at 4° C, without any protective package. TPC immediately after thermal treatment were <2 Log^CFU/g, after cooling with water increased they increased at 3 Log10CFU/g and remained the same during the following 24 h storage at 4°C. Coliforms were detected in the stored products. Their populations exceeded 2.400 MPN/g on the surface of the samples after storage for a few days at 4°C. It is assumed that the flora on the surface of these products originated from the environment and the cooling water. Finally we examined 69 samples from surfaces of the slicing and packaging equipment of cooked meat products in 3 meat factories and 28 samples from 12 super markets. L. monocytogenes was detected in 6 and 14,2% of the samples that originated from the slicing blades in the factories and super markets respectively. The results of this study underline the importance of GMP for the prevention of contamination of cooked sausages with pathogens and the control of the growth of the spoilage bacteria population which minimize the self life of these products. This is especially true after thermal treatment during peeling and slicing.
Effect of Genex, a feed additive containing organic acids and herb extracts, on the performance of broiler chickens
Authors: SPAIS (A.B. ΣΠΑΗΣ) A. B. , GIANNENAS (Η.Α.ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ) I. A. , FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ) P. , CHRISTAKI (Ε ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ) E. , BOTSOGLOU (Ν.Α. ΜΠΟΤΣΟΓΛΟΥ) N. A.
Published: February 2018

In this experimental study, the performance of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with Genex, a feed additive containing organic acids and their ammonium salts, essential oils and plant extracts, was evaluated. A total of 17,340 one day-old Cobb chicks randomly divided into three groups and housed in floor pens of a commercial farm, were used in a feeding trial that lasted 40 days. One group was fed on a basal commercial diet, the second group on the same diet supplemented with 8 g flavomycin /ton of feed, while the third group was given the basal diet supplemented with Genex at 3 kg/ton till 21 days of age and 4 kg/ton thereafter. In this trial the buffering capacity of the tested diets and their ingredients was also measured. Results based on the body weight growth, the feed conversion ratios, the mortality rate and the productivity index suggested that supplementation of the feed with Genex exerted a growth-promoting effect comparable to that of flavomycin.
The importance of clinical examination and reproductive evaluation of rams.
Authors: GOULETSOU (Π. ΓΚΟΥΛΕΤΣΟΥ) P. , LAINAS (Θ. ΛΑΪΝΑΣ) T. , FTHENAKIS (Γ. Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ) G. C.
Published: February 2018

In this review paper the importance of the clinical examination of rams for fertility evaluation is reviewed. Initially, the procedure of the examination is presented in detail; subsequently, the various pathological findings that may be detected, are described and their consequences for the reproductive soundness of rams are discussed.
Serotypic diversity and sequence variation of the ompA gene among Mannheimia haemofytica isolates from domestic ruminants
Authors: VOUGIDOU (Χ. ΒΟΥΓΙΔΟΥ) C. , SANDALAKIS (Β. ΣΑΝΤΑΛΑΚΗΣ) V. , PSAROULAKI (Α. ΨΑΡΟΥΛΑΚΗ) A. , PETRIDOU (Ε.Ι. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ) E. , DONACHIE W. , EKATERINIADOU (Λ.ΑΙΚΑΤΕΡΙΝΙΑΔΟΥ) L.
Published: February 2018

Pneumonia caused by Mannheìmia haemolytica is an important disease of ruminants. Because of its economic significance, several methods have been used to study the pathogenicity and epidemiology of M. haemolytica. The objectives of this study were to provide data about the prevalence of the different serotypes of the bacterium and to investigate the genetic diversity of a significant virulence factor, the ompA gene. Two methods, DNA sequencing analysis and DGGli, were used to study the polymorphisms of the ompA gene. Ninety-four isolates from pneumonic lungs were investigated. Capsular scrotyping showed that serotype Λ2 was the predominant serotype among ovine strains and the only serotype found in caprine strains. This is the first reported analysis of the ompA gene of M haemolytica strains isolated from goats. Analysis of the gene revealed five DGGli patterns and nine genotypic groups. The ovine isolates, which belonged to four DC G li patterns, showed a much greater diversity than the caprine strains, which belonged to just two DGGF patterns, Sequence analysis was used to verify the DGGE results and revealed eight genotypic groups among the ovine isolates and three among the caprine ones. Furthermore, the correlation of these results showed a great diversity of the ompA gene among serotype A2 isolates.
A case of Trixacarus caviae mange in a guinea pig (Caviaporcellus)
Authors: PERRAKI (Μ. ΠΕΡΡΑΚΗ) M. , SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. , KOUTINAS (X. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) C. , KOUTINAS (Α. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. , PAPAZACHARIADOU (Μ. ΠΑΠΑΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΔΟΥ) M.
Published: February 2018

A male, peruvian, 1.5-years old, guinea pig {Cavia porcellus) was admitted to the Clinic of Companion Animal Medicine with a history of intensively pruritic skin lesions lasting for the past two months. Physical examination disclosed hypotrichosis, erythema, hyperpigmentation, scales, crusts, ulcers and papules in a focal to diffuse pattern on both the dorsal and ventral aspects of the body trunk. Whenever the handling of the animal was attempted, it started vocalizing, cycling and rolling in a frenzy manner. Pruritic papules were also observed on some parts of the glabrous skin of the owner. The diagnosis of Trixacarus caviae mange was based on the observation of the parasite in superficial skin scrapings. The subcutaneous administration of three weekly ivermectin injections, at the dose of 0.4 mg/Kg BW, resulted in the disappearance of the lesions and pruritus within a six-week period.
Applications of ultrasonography in ruminants (II): Female reproductive system - A review
Authors: LAZARIDIS (Λ.Ι. ΛΑΖΑΡΙΔΗΣ) L. J. , BROZOS (Χ.Ν. ΜΠΡΟΖΟΣ) C. N. , KISSIS (E.A. ΚΙΟΣΗΣ) E. A.
Published: February 2018

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging method used for assessing pathological and physiological situations, successfully applied in the imaging of the reproductive tract of ruminants. The contribution of this diagnostic method has been essential in understanding the function of the reproductive system and especially that of the ovarian cycle. For the examination of the reproductive system of female ruminants the most frequently applied equipment is that of type B-mode real time, with linear probe and frequencies of 3.0? 5.0 and 7.5 MHz. In cattle, the examination is conducted primarily through the rectal, while in small ruminants it can also be performed transabdominal.In non-pregnant animals the ultrasound scanning aims at the examination of the cervix, the uterus and the ovaries allowing the determination of the stage of the estrus cycle, or the diagnosis of certain abnormalities of the reproductive system (ovarian cyst, anoestrus, etc). During gestation, ultrasonography finds numerous applications in ruminants, such as early pregnancy diagnosis* determination of the number and the sex of the fetuses, assessment of the stage of gestation, control of fetal vitality, etc. Ultrasonography has also been used for the selection of animals for reproduction contributing in the improvement of reproductive performance. Biotechnology is another area where ultrasound scanning is extensively used (ovum pick-up, embryo transfer, etc). Today the use of ultrasonography is widely spread in ruminants aiming at real time and dynamic assessment of the reproductive system. The cost of equipment has been reduced over the past years, enabling the veterinarians to benefit of its potentials.
Urine sediment evaluation in the dog and cat
Authors: ALATZAS (Δ.Γ. ΑΛΑΤΖΑΣ) D. G. , MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F.
Published: February 2018

Microscopic examination of the urine sediment is an integral part of urinalysis and a useful, cost-effective diagnostic tool in the everyday practice. Diagnostic investigation of urinary diseases and several systemic metabolic diseases make the microscopic evaluation of urine sediment a priority along with the physical and biochemical examination of urine. The different methods of urine collection (midstream voiding, catheterization or percutaneous cystocentesis) have advantages and disadvantages and the clinician has to decide on the best fitted method of urine collection, according to the medical background of the animal and the case-specific objectives of urinalysis. Proper handling and timely analysis of urine sample are essential for a valid microscopic evaluation. The microscopic examination of urinary sediment is usually conducted in stained or unstained “wet-mounted” preparations; occasionally, air-dried Giemsa-stained sediment smears are examined.Normal urine is sterile and may contain small numbers of cells (white and red blood cells, epithelial cells), few crystals, occasional casts, fat droplets and spermatozoa (male animals). In contrast, large numbers of cells or casts, presence of unusual types of crystals, neoplastic cells, parasites and microorganisms comprise abnormal findings, necessitating a more specialized diagnostic approach. This review focuses on the technical aspects pertaining to the proper sediment microscopic examination, the normally expected elements of sediment and the clinically relevant interpretation of abnormal findings.
Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of two tylosin formulations in chickens after oral administration
Authors: ABU-BASHA EHAB A , AL-SHUNNAQ AHMAD F. , GEHRING RONETTE
Published: February 2018

The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of two tylosin formulations was carried out in broiler chickens according to a single dose, randomized, parallel design. The two formulations of tylosin (Tylosina® and Tylan®) were given orally at a dose level of 25 mg/kg b.w. after an overnight fasting (n=15 chicken/group). To calculate tylosin bioavailability, fifteen more chickens was assigned as group 3 and was given a single intravenous dose of tylosin (25 mg/kg b.w.). Serial blood samples were collected at different time points up to 24 hour post-drug  administration. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used for the determination of tylosin concentrations in chicken plasma. The pharmacokinetics analysis of the data was performed using non-compartmental analysis based on statistical moment theory with the help of commercially available software (WinNonlin®, Pharsight Corporation, Cary, NC, USA). There were no significant differences in the Cmax (3.05±0.63, 2.63±0.74 μg/ml), tmax (2.36±0.42, 2.30±0.38 h), t1/2β (1.99±0.38, 2.67±0.60 h), AUC0-12h (6.11±0.97, 5.37±1.16 μg.h/ml), AUC0-∞ (6.38±0.94, 5.57±1.15 μg.h/ml), MRT (3.53±0.24, 3.67±0.32 h), ClB/F (90.59±13.81,  169.38±54.44 ml/min/kg) and Vdz/F (16.85±4.74, 43.96±18.24 l/kg) between Tylosina® and Tylan®, respectively. The calculated oral bioavailability (F) for Tylosina® and Tylan® were 40.56 and 35.41%, respectively. Moreover, the relative bioavailability of  Tylosina® was 113.9% when compared to Tylan®. In conclusion, Tylosina® is comparable to Tylan® and both formulations can be used for treatment of susceptible microorganisms in veterinary medicine practice at a dose level of 25 mg/kg b.w.
Flank sucking in a Doberman pincher
Authors: GIANNOULOPOULOS (Γ.Δ. ΓΙΑΝΝΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. D. , SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ.Δ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. N.
Published: February 2018

Flank sucking is a behavioural abnormality of compulsive nature that occurs almost exclusively in Doberman pinchers and is frequently accompanied by other abnormal behaviours, such as aerai lick dermatitis, blanket sucking and pica. A 2.5-year old, intact male, Doberman pinscher was presented because of a two-month long history of persistent right flank sucking. The dog was up-to-date with vaccinations and lived exclusively outdoors with his mother. The onset of the problem coincided with a period of crate restraining, where a short chain was used to avoid copulation with his mother, when she was in oestrus. Since then, the abnormal behaviour occurred on a daily basis and was not associated with neurological signs. In addition, the dog presented blanket sucking and pica that had first appeared during puppy hood. No clinical abnormalities were detected and the dog did not show signs of anxiety, aggression or fear during physical examination and blood sampling. Later-on and while remaining calm in the waiting room of the Clinic, the dog started chasing, chewing and sucking his right flank for over three minutes, but stopped immediately after his owner's verbal intervention. Primary diagnosis was compulsive flank sucking; differential diagnosis included Trichuris vulpis infestation, allergic dermatitis and psychomotor seizures. Results of haematological and serum biochemical examinations were unremarkable, whereas serological examination for Leishmania and faecal parasitological examination did not reveal significant results. Suggested treatment included administration of an anthelminthic combination (praziquantel, pyrantel and febantel), orally, for 4 consecutive days and clomipramine, at the dose of 1 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours, orally, for a long period of time, along with instructions to avoid the causative and triggering factors. Two months later, the owner reported that, although clomipramine had not been administered, the abnormal behaviour disappeared when the dog had been relocated to a new environment with no other animals and was free to roam. However, flank sucking reappeared after the dog had been moved back to the initial environment and chained.