bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Made Entirely from By-Products
Authors: Do Tan Manh , Kim Young Sang , Kang Gyeong O , Dang My Quoc , Tran Thien Quoc
Published: July 2018

Various by-products generated from thermal power plants and chemical industries have considerably economic and environmental impacts in South Korea. This study focuses on evaluating thermal conductivity of controlled low strength material (CLSM) made entirely from by-products (e.g., coal ash, gypsum, red mud). In the experimental program, pond ash is used as a full replacement of natural sand whereas fly ash activated by a little lime, red mud, and gypsum is the main binder in the production of CLSM. Various laboratory tests including flowability, bleeding, initial setting time, and unconfined compressive strength were performed on the prepared CLSM mixtures to determine its general characteristics. Thermal conductivity is then measured subjected to saturated curing condition (SC) and room temperature curing condition (RTC). As a result, all general characteristics meet the specification of CLSM reported in ACI 229R by controlling the ratio of gypsum to red mud. In particular, the good flowability of higher than 20 cm is observed as the G/Rm ratio of smaller than 1.33. The bleeding values, ranging from 0.30% to 2.70%, fall into the bleeding requirement of CLSM of less than 5%. Moreover, the initial setting time and strength results are also in the acceptable specification of general CLSM in ACI 229R. Eventually, the thermal conductivity of the proposed CLSM was in the range of 0.84–0.87 (W/mK) and these values were considerably affected by the saturation states and curing conditions rather than binder proportion.
Research on the Durability of Reinforced Concrete under the Seawater Environment
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Zi Jian , Wang Jian Lin
Published: July 2018

Engineering in seawater face materials corrosion such as concrete and steel bars attacked. Corrosion ions such as chlorides and sulphates exist in seawater with high concentration leading to the durability of engineering made by reinforced concrete degradation. The paper analyzed the mechanisms of steel and concrete in seawater corroded by sulphates and chlorides. According to the conditions of seawater environment the suggestions and measures to develop the durability of the reinforced concrete are proposed from the aspects of structure styles, construction requirements and materials etc.
Research on Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete Lining Segments
Authors: Sun Bing , Xu Wei , Li Han
Published: July 2018

Numerous cases on tunnel fires emphasized the importance of fire protection of tunnel lining and indicated that fire may cause severe damages to tunnel lining in term of concrete spalling, reduction of physical-mechanical characteristics and load bearing capacity. Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HFRC) as a new type of composite building materials has excellent physical and mechanical properties. Compared with ordinary concrete, HFRC’s tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, impact resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, toughness and cracking resistance, antiknock properties can be increased. Due to the problems existed in the traditional shield tunnel concrete lining segment, the research of new kind of lining segment becomes an important field of the shield tunneling research. The research of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete segment is lacking in application example in China, still in starting stage. The probability for the application of the fiber reinforced concrete segment and some other related questions are discussed in the paper, and it will promote the research and the application of new lining segment in our country.
Investigation of Flammability, Thermal and Toxic Hazards of Liquid Materials in Vehicles
Authors: Mao Ya Qi , Hu Yue , Zhou Xiao Dong , Cui Jie , Yang Li Zhong
Published: July 2018

In case of vehicle fires, oil leakage fires along with the emissions of heat and smoke represent significant fire risk for the combustion of whole vehicles and ambient environment. In present study, the bench-scale cone calorimeter apparatus was employed to conduct fire hazards analysis. Three typical flammable oils, namely OAT, ATF and GLF were used as experimental materials. The heating radiation levels were set from 15 kW/m2 to 40 kW/m2 in steps of 5 kW/m2. Specific parameters, such as ignition time (TII), heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and CO concentration, have been studied to provide a comprehensive fire behavior assessment of the oils. The ignition times have a liner relationship with external heat fluxes. And the critical heat fluxes (CHF) of ATF and GLF are 6.0 kW/m2 and 3.8 kW/m2, respectively. The derived HRP, FPI and FGI values of ATF remarkably indicate that this oil can contribute more thermal hazard while OAT has the lowest. However, FED values reveal highest toxic hazards of GLF. OAT is the safest materials in terms of three typical oils.
Impact of Plastic Labelling, Coloring and Printing on Material Value Conservation in the Products of Secondary Recycling
Authors: Gabriel Djoko Sihono , Maulana Jimmy
Published: July 2018

Flexible plastic packaging which rejected or with low acceptance as raw materials for secondary recycling need relevant evidence and explanation of its cause, and then, need a systemic solution on how to increase the acceptance level. Coloring and printing on flexible plastic packaging were predicted as the significant source of impurity that reduces the value of plastic material at the end of packaging life cycle. Otherwise, optimum use of label or sticker as printing media for informational and promotional purpose on the packaging proposed as a key solution in material value conservation. The existing practices which focused on how to manage abundant plastic waste generation, replaced by a new paradigm which focused on how avoid waste generation by conserving the material value systematically. This research revealed that flexible plastic packaging materials with no color pigment and no printing ink were suitable for secondary recycling to produce high quality of recycled plastic pellets and leverage the selling price. Therefore, labelling on the surface of packaging that protect purity of the material can be considered as one of methods in the implementation of material value conservation on flexible plastic packaging. Another benefits of the implementation of material value conservation are to improve the utilization of virgin plastic and its recycled plastic pellets as raw materials with better quality.
Preparation and Electrical Properties of Activated Carbon Grafted with Polyaniline Nanofiber
Authors: Sottiudom Sirinya , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: July 2018

Activated carbon (AC) grafted with polyaniline (PANi) was prepared. Firstly, surface modifications of AC were carried out using sulfuric acid/nitric acid and followed by sodium hydrosulfite/ammonia, resulting in nitro group functionalized AC and free amine group functionalized AC, respectively. Functionalized groups were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Then, PANi was deposited onto modified AC surface through oxidation polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as an initiator. After that, AC-NO2/PANi composites (1:0.25 and 1:0.5) and AC-NH2-g-PANi (1:0.25 and 1:0.5) were prepared. SEM images revealed that PANi was successfully deposited onto modified AC surface due to polar-polar interaction (in case of AC-NO2) and grafting reaction (in case of AC-NH2). Interestingly, at low aniline concentration, PANi nanofiber was produced, resulting in PANi having the highest surface area. As a result, the PANi nanofiber on porous activated carbon electrode exhibited high EDL capacitance value of 242 F/g. In contrast, PANi granular form exhibited significantly decreased in EDL capacitance value.
Role of human capital in the promotion of technological progress, economic growth and development in Africa: A case study of Kenya
Authors: Alani Jimmy
Published: July 2018

Background: This article evaluates the role of human capital in the promotion of technological progress, economic growth and development in Africa by focusing on the case of Kenya.Objectives: The overall objective of this article was to evaluate the effects of human capital on technological progress, economic growth and development in Kenya over the period between 1971 and 2014.Method: In this article, human capital was measured by human capital index defined as the ratio of current level of human capital in the national economy to the level of human capital 2 years ago. In particular, human capital in the broad sense was estimated by computing the ratio between 2 years of the hypotenuse of capital and labour vectors, and this measure outperformed all the other measures of human capital by yielding very good regression results by way of the generalised least squares technique.Results: Based on the econometric and statistical analyses, human capital in Kenya was found to have had a positive influence on economic growth in the long run. Human capital was also found to have had a positive influence on labour in the long run.Conclusion: Both human capital formation and technological progress should be given priority in the promotion of economic growth and development in Kenya rather than merely increasing the productivity of either capital or labour. Capital accumulation and labour generation should also be encouraged because increase in the two variables always under normal circumstances results in economic growth and development.
8th AfrEA International Conference edition editorial
Authors: Abrahams Mark , Etta Florence E. , Tarsilla Michele , Wotela Kambidima
Published: July 2018

No abstract available.
The association between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students at the University of the Free State
Authors: Colby Lauren , Mareka Moliehi , Pillay She'neze , Sallie Fatima , Van Staden Christine , Du Plessis Edwin D. , Joubert Gina
Published: July 2018

Background: Society invests huge financial resources in training medical students. However, the academic and personal demands placed on these students can be taxing and may be detrimental to students’ quality of life leading to high levels of burnout and academic dropout rates.Aim: To determine the association between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students at the University of the Free State (UFS).Setting: School of Medicine, UFS, Bloemfontein.Methods: All fourth-year medical students in their first semester of the clinical phase were included. Data were collected using anonymous self-report measures. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) measured the levels of burnout according to three subscales (emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal achievement), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL-BREF) measured the quality of life.Results: Of the 121 enrolled fourth-year medical students, 91 (75.2%) completed the questionnaires. The MBI personal achievement subscale had the highest number of participants (n = 53; 58.2%) with high levels of reported burnout. Significant associations were found between the psychological health subscale of the WHOQOL-BREF and all three subscales of the MBI, in particular emotional exhaustion.Conclusion: An association exists between the levels of burnout and quality of life among fourth-year medical students. This information could be of value to medical schools as they are in a position to implement interventions that promote students’ well-being.
Affine embeddings of Cantor sets on the line
Authors: Algom Amir
Published: July 2018

Let

s \in (0,1)

, and let

F \subset \mathbb R

be a self similar set such that

0 < \mathrm {dim}_H F \leq s

. We prove that there exists

\delta = \delta (s) > 0

such that if

F

admits an affine embedding into a homogeneous self similar set

E

and

0 \leq \mathrm {dim}_H E – \leq \mathrm {dim}_H F < \delta

then (under some mild conditions on

E

and

F

) the contraction ratios of

E

and

F

are logarithmically commensurable. This provides more evidence for Conjecture 1.2 of Feng, Huang, and Rao [7], that states that these contraction ratios are logarithmically commensurable whenever

F

admits an affine embedding into

E

(under some mild conditions). Our method is a combination of an argument based on the approach of Feng, Huang, and Rao in [7] with a new result by Hochman [10], which is related to the increase of entropy of measures under convolutions.
Degenerate limits for one-parameter families of non-fixed-point diffusions on fractals
Authors: Hambly Ben , Yang Weiye
Published: July 2018

The Sierpinski gasket is known to support an exotic stochastic process called the asymptotically one-dimensional diffusion. This process displays local anisotropy, as there is a preferred direction of motion which dominates at the microscale, but on the macroscale we see global isotropy in that the process will behave like the canonical Brownian motion on the fractal. In this paper we analyse the microscale behaviour of such processes, which we call non-fixed point diffusions, for a class of fractals and show that there is a natural limit diffusion associated with the small scale asymptotics. This limit process no longer lives on the original fractal but is supported by another fractal, which is the Gromov–Hausdorff limit of the original set after a shorting operation is performed on the dominant microscale direction of motion. We establish the weak convergence of the rescaled diffusions in a general setting and use this to answer a question raised in [14] about the ultraviolet limit of the asymptotically one-dimensional diffusion process on the Sierpinski gasket.
Frequency dependence of Hölder continuity for quasiperiodic Schrödinger operators
Authors: Munger Paul E.
Published: July 2018

We study the Hölder exponent of the density of states measure for discrete Schrödinger operators with potential of the form

V(n) = \lambda(\lfloor (n+1)\beta \rfloor - \lfloor n\beta \rfloor)

, with

\lambda

large, and conclude that for almost all values of

\beta

, the density of states measure is not Hölder continuous.
Irreducibility of quantum representations of mapping class groups with boundary
Authors: Koberda Thomas , Santharoubane Ramanujan
Published: July 2018

We prove that theWitten–Reshetikhin–Turaev SU(2) quantum representations of mapping class groups are always irreducible in the case of surfaces equipped with colored banded points, provided that at least one banded point is colored by 1. We thus generalize a well-known result due to J. Roberts.
Гиперквазимногочлены для тэта-функции
Authors: Illarionov Andrei Anatol'evich , Romanov Mark Anatol'evich
Published: July 2018

Пусть $g$ - линейная комбинация сдвигов тэта-функции Якоби и еe производных по аргументу с квазимногочленами в качестве коэффициентов. Мы описываем все целые функции $f\colon\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}$, удовлетворяющие вместе с некоторым $r\in\mathbb{N}$ и некоторыми $\alpha_j,\beta_j\colon\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}$ разложению
$f(x+y)g(x-y)=\alpha_1(x)\beta_1(y)+\cdots+\alpha_r(x)\beta_r(y)$.
Коммутирующие дифференциальные операторы ранга 2 с рациональными коэффициентами
Authors: Oganesyan Vardan Spartakovich
Published: July 2018

В статье найдены новые самосопряженные коммутирующие дифференциальные операторы ранга 2 с рациональными коэффициентами и доказано, что любая кривая, записанная как гиперэллиптическая кривая, является спектральной кривой коммутирующих дифференциальных операторов с рациональными коэффициентами. Также рассмотрен случай, когда кривые рода 3 являются спектральными кривыми коммутирующих дифференциальных операторов ранга 2 с рациональными коэффициентами.
Более симметричное описание $KK$-бифунктора Каспарова
Authors: Manuilov Vladimir Markovich
Published: July 2018

Пусть $A$ и $B$ - две $C^*$-алгебры. Мы обобщаем понятие квазигомоморфизма из $A$ в $B$ по Кунцу, рассматривая квазигомоморфизмы из $C$ в $B$, где $C$ - произвольная $C^*$-алгебра, сюръективно отображающаяся на $A$, и пары отображений, составляющих квазигомоморфизм, совпадают на ядре этой сюръекции. При некотором дополнительном условии группа гомотопических классов таких обобщенных квазигомоморфизмов совпадает с $KK(A,B)$, что делает определение $KK$-бифунктора Каспарова несколько более симметричным и облегчает конструкцию элементов $KK$-групп. Обобщенные квазигомоморфизмы можно рассматривать также как пары отображений непосредственно из $A$ (вместо различных $C$), но такие отображения не обязаны быть $*$-гомоморфизмами.
Операционное исчисление для преобразования Фурье на группе $\operatorname{GL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ и задача о действии надалгебры
в планшерелевском разложении
Authors: Neretin Yurii Aleksandrovich
Published: July 2018

Рассматривается преобразование Фурье на группе $\operatorname{GL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ вещественных матриц порядка $2$. Мы показываем, что Фурье-образы дифференциальных операторов с полиномиальными коэффициентами на $\operatorname{GL}2,\mathbb{R})$ являются дифференциально-разностными операторами с коэффициентами, мероморфными по параметрам представлений. Выражения для операторов содержат сдвиги в мнимом направлении по отношению к контуру интегрирования в формуле Планшереля. Мы приводим явные формулы для образов частных дифференцирований и умножений на координаты.
Абсолют конечно порожденных групп: II. Лапласова и вырожденная части
Authors: Vershik Anatolii Moiseevich , Malyutin Andrei Valer'evich
Published: July 2018

Настоящая работа продолжает цикл статей об абсолюте конечно порожденных групп. Абсолют группы с фиксированной системой образующих определяется как множество эргодических марковских мер, у которых система копереходных вероятностей такая же, как у простого (правого) случайного блуждания, порожденного равномерным распределением на образующих.
Абсолют есть новая граница группы, порожденная случайными блужданиями на группе.
Мы разделяем абсолют на лапласову и вырожденную части и описываем связь между абсолютом, однородными марковскими процессами и оператором Лапласа; доказываем сохранение лапласовой части при некоторых центральных расширениях групп; сводим вычисление лапласовой части абсолюта нильпотентной группы к ее абелизации; рассматриваем ряд фундаментальных примеров (свободная группа, коммутативные группы, группа Гейзенберга).
Новые аспекты теории сложности трехмерных многообразий
Authors: Vesnin Andrei Yurievich , Matveev Sergei Vladimirovich , Fominykh Evgeny Anatol'evich
Published: July 2018

Обсуждаются новые аспекты теории сложности трехмерных многообразий, касающиеся результатов и методов последнего десятилетия. Приведены бесконечные семейства замкнутых ориентируемых многообразий и гиперболических многообразий с вполне геодезическим краем, для которых найдены точные значения сложности Матвеева. Описаны методы, основанные на вычислении инвариантов Тураева-Виро и гиперболических объемов трехмерных многообразий, приводящие к вычислению сложности.
Библиография: 89 названий.
Исчисление для схем рефлексии и спектры консервативности
Authors: Beklemishev Lev Dmitrievich
Published: July 2018

Строго позитивные логики в последнее время привлекают внимание специалистов благодаря их сочетанию эффективности и приемлемой выразительности. Язык исчисления рефлексий $\mathrm{RC}$ состоит из импликаций между формулами, составленными из пропозициональных переменных и константы "истина" лишь с помощью связки конъюнкции и модальностей, интерпретируемых в арифметике Пеано как ограниченные равномерные схемы рефлексии. Мы расширяем язык $\mathrm{RC}$ дополнительным семейством модальностей, соответствующих операторам, которые сопоставляют данной арифметической теории $T$ еe фрагмент, аксиоматизированный всеми теоремами $T$ арифметической сложности $\Pi^0_n$ для каждого $n>0$. Мы показываем, что эти операторы, в некотором точном смысле, не представимы в полном языке модальной логики. Мы формулируем модальную систему $\mathrm{RC}^\nabla$, расширяющую $\mathrm{RC}$, которая корректна и, по нашей гипотезе, полна относительно указанной интерпретации. Показано, что в этой системе выразимы итерации схем рефлексии вплоть до любого ординала $<\varepsilon_0$. Далее, мы предлагаем нормальную форму для формул фрагмента $\mathrm{RC}^\nabla$ без переменных. На основе нормальных форм показывается алгоритмическая разрешимость данного фрагмента и его полнота относительно арифметической семантики. В заключительной части работы рассматриваются несколько естественных характеризаций алгебры Линденбаума-Тарского для замкнутого фрагмента $\mathrm{RC}^\nabla$ и для еe двойственной шкалы Крипке. Элементы этой алгебры находятся в естественном соответствии с последовательностями теоретико-доказательственных $\Pi^0_{n+1}$-ординалов для ограниченных фрагментов арифметики Пеано, так называемых спектров консервативности, а также с точками известной модели Крипке, введeнной К. Н. Игнатьевым.
Библиография: 46 названий.
Introductory Article on Global Burden and Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Radhakrishnan Amruta , Als Daina , Mintz Eric D. , Crump John A. , Stanaway Jefferey , Breiman Robert F. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: July 2018

This article is the introduction to a 12-paper supplement on global trends in typhoid fever. The Tackling Typhoid (T2) project was initiated in 2015 to synthesize the existing body of literature on typhoidal salmonellae and study national and regional typhoid fever trends. In addition to a global systematic review, eight case studies were undertaken to examine typhoid and paratyphoid fever trends in endemic countries alongside changes in relevant contextual factors. Incidence variations exist both within and between regions with large subnational differences as well, suggesting that public health changes impacting typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in one setting may not have similar impacts in another. This supplement also brings to light the lack of national typhoid fever surveillance systems, inconsistencies in diagnostics, and the lack of typhoid fever associated morbidity and mortality data in many countries, making it difficult to accurately quantify and track burden of disease. To better understand typhoid fever there is a need for more high-quality data from resource-poor settings. The implementation of typhoid surveillance systems alongside the transition to blood-culture confirmation of cases, where possible, would aid in the improvement of data quality in low-income settings. The following supplement includes the results of our global systematic review, eight-country case study articles, a qualitative article informed by semistructured interviews, and a conclusion article on potential ways forward for typhoid control.
Typhoid Fever in Chile 1969–2012: Analysis of an Epidemic and Its Control
Authors: Marco Claudia , Delgado Iris , Vargas Claudio , Muñoz Ximena , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. , Ferreccio Catterina
Published: July 2018

From 1975 to 1983, a large epidemic of typhoid fever (TF) affected the metropolitan region (MR) of Chile (incidence rate [IR] of 219.6 per 105 in 1983). In 1983–1984, interventions were implemented focusing on person-to-person transmission (vaccination, food handlers’ control, and mass communication) and regulations to control irrigation waters containing fecal contaminates. In 1991, a second intervention was quickly implemented to avoid the cholera epidemic affecting neighboring countries (total prohibition of growing or selling crops in the MR). We explored the potential impact of these interventions on the epidemic. We created a yearly database of the MR TF cases, population, and contextual factors of TF from 1969 to 2012. We first analyzed the epidemic (Joinpoint regression), identified predictors of TF (Poisson multiple regression), and then analyzed the effect of the interventions (interrupted time series model). The main predictor of the TF epidemic was the rate of unemployment. In relation to the 1983–1984 person-to-person interventions, TF came down by 51% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.2–65.0%) and continued to decrease at a rate of 10.4% (95% CI: 5.8–15.6%) per year until 1991. In 1991, with the strong environmental control of the sewage-irrigated crops, TF further decreased by 77% (95% CI: 69.0–83.1%) and continued decreasing thereafter at 13% (95% CI: 11.3–15.6%) per year until the end of the study period. Today, 40 years after the epidemic, TF is a rare disease in the MR of Chile.
Trends, Associations, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in Pakistan
Authors: Das Jai K. , Hasan Rumina , Zafar Afia , Ahmed Imran , Ikram Aamer , Nizamuddin Summiya , Fatima Saleel , Akbar Nauman , Sultan Faisal , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: July 2018

Typhoid remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. This review analyzed typhoid burden changes in Pakistan and its association with contextual factors. A retrospective cohort study on blood culture–positive typhoid and antibiotic resistance was conducted from three tertiary hospitals and contextual factor data obtained from primary household surveys. Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi positivity rates were estimated and trend analysis was carried out using positive cases out of total number of blood cultures performed. Contextual factors’ associations were determined through bivariate correlation analysis, using STATA (SataCorp, College Station, TX). We report a total of 17,387 S. Typhi–positive and 8,286 S. Paratyphi A and B–positive specimens from 798,137 blood cultures performed. The results suggest an overall decline in typhoid incidence as S. Typhi positivity rates declined from 6.42% in 1992 to 1.32% in 2015 and S. Paratyphi (A and B) from 1.29% to 0.39%. Subgroup analysis suggests higher S. Typhi prevalence in adults older than 18 years, whereas S. Paratyphi is greater in children aged 5–18 years. The relative contribution of S. Paratyphi to overall confirmed cases increased from 16.8% in 1992 to 23% in 2015. The analysis suggests high burden of fluoroquinolone resistance and multidrug-resistant S. Typhi strains. Statistically significant associations of water, sanitation indicators, and literacy rates were observed with typhoid positivity. Despite some progress, typhoid remains endemic and a strong political will is required for targeted typhoid control strategies. A multipronged approach of improving water, sanitation and hygiene in combination with large-scale immunization in endemic settings of Pakistan could help reduce burden and prevent epidemics.
Globalization and Modernity in Asia
Authors: Hudson Chris , Barendregt Bart , Carver Terrell , Latrell Craig , Eckersall Peter , Schmidt Leonie , Huat Chua Beng , Lewis Tania , Peterson William , Kloet Jeroen
Published: July 2018

Much has been said regarding the global flows of information that are characteristic of modernity; it has been frequently stressed that these conduits are so deeply embedded that local or national environments may be imagined as having a global span. Thus, while we are now well aware that the imagination is integral to global cultural processes, questions still arise about how the imagination of life with a global span is made possible at the level of everyday social practices. This book examines performative interventions that can generate a re-imagining of local publics — both spatially grounded and mediatized — and help to renegotiate the connection between the local and the global. After the ‘performative turn’ of the 1960s, it has been understood that shared experience of performance as event or spectacle can transform interpretations of the global and the local and create new meanings, and this book continues in the direction of this important tradition, while also fully expanding on its consequences.
A Multicultural Act for Australia
Authors: Lim Ly Ly
Published: July 2018

Multiculturalism as a public policy framework depends on states identifying cultural differences among their citizens as salient for resource allocation, political participation and human rights. The adoption of multiculturalism as a term and a framework signifies the recognition of a politics of difference within a liberal democratic framework of identities and aspirations. Yet the national government in Australia unlike any other country with espoused policies of multiculturalism has chosen to have neither human rights nor multicultural, legislation. This paper argues that multicultural societies require either or both sets of legislation to ensure both symbolic affirmation and practical implementation. Taking inspirations from international, Australian State and Territory based multicultural and diversity legislations, and modelling on the Australian Workplace Gender Equality Act of 2012, this paper explores what should be included in a national multicultural legislation and how it could pragmatically operationalise in Australia to express multiculturalism’s emancipatory agenda.
Building SMARTER Communities of Resistance and Solidarity
Authors: Oboler Andre , Connelly Karen
Published: July 2018

The Cyber-Racism and Community Resilience (CRaCR) project included an examination into features of online communities of resistance and solidarity. This work formed a key part of the project’s focus on resilience and produced a deeper understanding of a range of types of actors working in this space and how they might individually contribute effectively to creating resilience. The need for new synergies between different types of stakeholders and approaches was highlighted as an area of future work. This paper explores a design for that future work that builds and supports online communities of resistance and solidarity by drawing on the lessons from the earlier research and extending them.

This new work both presents a model for cooperation and explains how different stakeholders can positively engage under the model in a smarter way. That is, through a system which facilitates Solidarity in Moving Against Racism Together while Enabling Resilience. This new approach draws on the strengths of individuals actors, but also seeks to turn points of weakness for one actor into opportunities for cooperation that strengthen the system as a whole.
An important mechanism of regional O3 transport for summer smog over the Yangtze River Delta in East China
Authors: Hu Jun , Li Yichen , Zhao Tianliang , Liu Jane , Hu Xiao-Ming , Liu Duanyang , Jiang Yongcheng , Xu Jianming , Chang Luyu
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Severe ozone (O3) pollution episodes plague a few regions in Eastern China at times, e.g., the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The formation mechanisms including contributing meteorological factors of these severe pollution events remain elusive. A severe summer smog stretched over the YRD region from August 22 to 25, 2016 with hourly surface O3 concentrations exceeding 300 µg m−3 on August 25 in Nanjing, located in the western YRD. The weather pattern of this episode was characterized by near-surface prevailing easterly wind and continuous high air temperature. The formation mechanism of this O3 episode over the YRD area, particularly the extreme values over western YRD, was investigated using observation data and simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). The O3 pollution episode was generally well simulated by the WRF-Chem air quality model. On August 24, the high O3 levels with the peak values of 250 µg m−3 occurred in the daytime mixing layer over the eastern YRD area. During nighttime, a shallow stable boundary layer formed near the surface, which decoupled the residual layer (RL) above it from the surface. O3 in the decoupled RL remained nearly constant, resulting an O3-rich reservoir, due to lack of NO titration and absence of dry deposition. The prevailing easterly wind in the lower troposphere transported the O3-rich air mass in the nocturnal RL from the eastern to western YRD. Consequently, the O3 concentrations in the RL over the western YRD area increased to 170 µg m−3 in the wee hours of August 25, 2016. Due to the growth of the convective boundary layer after the sunrise, entrainment of O3-rich RL air and boundary layer mixing contributed considerably to the rapid increase of surface O3. Process analysis indicated vertical mixing contributed ~ 40 µg m−3 h−1 of O3 accumulation over Nanjing in the morning of August 25, 2016, which played an important role in contributing to the severe daytime O3 pollution in the western YRD area. The mechanism of regional O3 transport through the nocturnal RL has a great implication for understanding O3 pollution in air quality change.
Chemical characteristics of brown carbon in atmospheric particles at a suburban site near Guangzhou, China
Authors: Qin Yi Ming , Tan Hao Bo , Li Yong Jie , Li Zhu Jie , Schurman Misha I. , Liu Li , Wu Cheng , Chan Chak Keung
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Light-absorbing organic carbon (or brown carbon, BrC) in atmospheric particles has received much attention for its potential role in global radiative forcing. While a number of field measurement campaigns have differentiated light absorption by black carbon (BC) and BrC, the chemical characteristics of BrC are not well understood. In this study, we present co-located real-time light absorption and chemical composition measurements of atmospheric particles to explore the relationship between the chemical and optical characteristics of BrC at a suburban site downwind of Guangzhou, China from November to December 2014. BrC and BC contributions to light absorption were estimated using measurements from a seven-wavelength aethalometer, while the chemical composition of non-refractory PM1 was measured with a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Using the Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE) method, we estimated that BrC contributed 23.6 % to the total aerosol absorption at 370 nm, 18.1 % at 470 nm, 10.7 % at 520 nm, 10.7 % at 590 nm, and 10.5 % at 660 nm. Biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) has the highest mass absorption coefficient among sources of organic aerosols. Its contribution to total brown carbon absorption coefficient decreased but that of low-volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LVOOA) increased with increasing wavelength, suggesting the need for wavelength-dependent light absorption analysis for BrC in association with its chemical makeup. Clear correlations of N-containing ion fragments with absorption coefficient were observed. These correlations also depended on their degrees of unsaturation/cyclization and oxygenation. While the current study relates light absorption by BrC to ion fragments, more detailed chemical characterization is warranted to constrain this relationship.
Physical state of 2-methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetraol in pure and internally mixed aerosols
Authors: Lessmeier Jörn , Dette Hans Peter , Godt Adelheid , Koop Thomas
Published: July 2018

Abstract. 2-Methylbutane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (hereafter named tetraol) is an important oxidation product of isoprene and can be considered as a marker compound for isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Little is known about this compound’s physical phase state, although some field observations indicate that isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols in the tropics tend to be in a liquid rather than a solid state. To gain more knowledge about the possible phase states of tetraol and of tetraol-containing SOA particles, we synthesized tetraol as racemates as well as enantiomerically enriched materials. Subsequently the obtained highly viscous dry liquids were investigated calorimetrically by differential scanning calorimetry revealing subambient glass transitions temperatures Tg. We also show that only the diastereomeric isomers differ in their Tg values, albeit only by a few kelvin. We derive the phase diagram of water/tetraol mixtures over the whole tropospheric temperature and humidity range from determining glass transition temperatures and ice melting temperatures of aqueous tetraol mixtures. We also investigated how water diffuses into a sample of dry tetraol. We show that upon water uptake two homogeneous liquid domains form that are separated by a sharp, locally constrained concentration gradient. Finally, we measured the glass transition temperatures of mixtures of tetraol and an important oxidation product of α-pinene-derived SOA: 3-methylbutane-1,2,3-tricaboxylic acid (3 MBTCA). Overall, our results imply a liquid-like state of isoprene-derived SOA particle in the lower troposphere at moderate to high relative humidity, but presumably a semisolid or even glassy state at upper tropospheric conditions, particularly at low relative humidity, thus providing experimental support for recent modelling calculations.
Primary emissions versus secondary formation of fine particulate matter in the top polluted city, Shijiazhuang, in North China
Authors: Huang Ru-Jin , Wang Yichen , Cao Junji , Lin Chunshui , Duan Jing , Chen Qi , Li Yongjie , Gu Yifang , Yan Jin , Xu Wei , Fröhlich Roman , Canonaco Francesco , Bozzetti Carlo , Ovadnevaite Jurgita , Ceburnis Darius , Canagaratna Manjula R. , Jayne John , Worsnop Douglas R. , El-Haddad Imad , Prévôt André S. H. , O'Dowd Colin D.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a severe environmental problem in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in North China. PM studies have been conducted extensively in Beijing, but the chemical composition, sources, and atmospheric processes of PM are still relatively less known in the nearby Tianjin and Hebei. In this study, fine PM in urban Shijiazhuang (the capital of Hebei province) was characterized using an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol chemical speciation monitor (Q-ACSM) from 11 January to 18 February in 2014. The average mass concentration of non-refractory submicron PM (diameter  90 % hinted on insufficient oxidation. These results suggested that in wintertime Shijiazhuang fine PM was mostly from primary emissions without sufficient atmospheric aging, indicating opportunities for air quality improvement by mitigating direct emissions. In addition, secondary inorganic and organic (OOA) species dominated in pollution events with high RH conditions, most likely due to enhanced aqueous-phase chemistry, while primary organic aerosol (POA) dominated in pollution events with low RH and stagnant conditions. These results also highlighted the importance of meteorological conditions for PM pollution in this highly polluted city in North China.
Rainfall retrieval with commercial microwave links in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Rios Gaona Manuel F. , Overeem Aart , Raupach Timothy H. , Leijnse Hidde , Uijlenhoet Remko
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In the last decade there has been a growing interest from the
hydrometeorological community regarding rainfall estimation from commercial
microwave link (CML) networks. Path-averaged rainfall intensities can be
retrieved from the signal attenuation between cell phone towers. Although
this technique is still in development, it offers great opportunities for the
retrieval of rainfall rates at high spatiotemporal resolutions very close to
the Earth's surface. Rainfall measurements at high spatiotemporal resolutions
are highly valued in urban hydrology, for instance, given the large impact
that flash floods exert on society. Flash floods are triggered by intense
rainfall events that develop over short time scales. Here, we present one of the first evaluations of this measurement technique
for a humid subtropical climate. Rainfall estimation for subtropical climates
is highly relevant, as many countries with few surface rainfall
observations are located in such areas. The test bed of the current study is
the Brazilian city of São Paulo. The open-source algorithm RAINLINK was
applied to retrieve rainfall intensities from (power) attenuation
measurements. The performance of RAINLINK estimates was evaluated for 145
of the 213 CMLs in the São Paulo metropolitan area for which we
received data, for 81 days between October 2014 and January 2015. We
evaluated the retrieved rainfall intensities and accumulations from CMLs
against those from a dense automatic gauge network. Results were found to be
promising and encouraging when it comes to capturing the city-average
rainfall dynamics. Mixed results were obtained for individual CML estimates,
which may be related to erroneous metadata.
A cloud identification algorithm over the Arctic for use with AATSR/SLSTR measurements
Authors: Jafariserajehlou Soheila , Mei Linlu , Vountas Marco , Rozanov Vladimir , Philip Burrows John , Hollmann Rainer
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The accurate identification of the presence of cloud in the ground scenes observed by remote sensing satellites is an end in itself. Our lack of knowledge of cloud at high latitudes increases the error and uncertainty in the evaluation and assessment of the changing impact of aerosol and cloud in a warming climate. A prerequisite for the accurate retrieval of Aerosol Optical Thickness, AOT, is the knowledge of the presence of cloud in a ground scene. In this study observations of the up welling radiance in the visible (VIS), near infrared (NIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR), and the thermal infrared (TIR) are used to determine the reflectance. We have developed a new cloud identification algorithm for application to the observations of Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) on European Space Agency (ESA)-Envisat and Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) on-board the ESA Copernicus Sentinel-3A and -3B. The AATSR/SLSTR Cloud Identification Algorithm (ASCIA) developed addresses the requirements for the study AOT at high latitudes and utilizes time-series measurements. It is assumed that cloud free surfaces have unchanged or little changed patterns for a given sampling period, whereas cloudy or partly cloudy scenes show much higher variability in space and time. In this method, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) parameter is used to measure the stability of the atmosphere-surface system observed by satellites. The cloud free surface is classified by analyzing the PCC values at the block scale 25 × 25 km2. Subsequently, the reflection of 3.7 μm is used for accurate cloud identification at the scene level either 1 × 1 km2 or 0.5 × 0.5 km2. The ASCIA data product has been validated by comparison with independent observations e,g. Surface synoptic observations (SYNOP), AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) and the following satellite-products from i) ESA standard cloud product from AATSR L2 nadir cloud flag, ii) one method based on clear-snow spectral shape developed at IUP Bremen (Istomina et al., 2010), which we call, ISTO, iii) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In comparison to ground based SYNOP measurements, we achieved a promising agreement better than 95 % and 83 % within ±2 and ±1 okta respectively. In general, ASCIA shows an improved performance in comparison to other algorithms applied to AATSR measurements for cloud identification at high latitudes.
Case study of the winter 2013/2014 extreme wave events off the west coast of Ireland
Authors: Janjić Jelena , Gallagher Sarah , Dias Frédéric
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Using the third generation WAVEWATCH III wave model in an unstructured formulation, and driven by HARMONIE-AROME mesoscale model hourly winds with a 2.5 km horizontal resolution, we reproduce the winter storms of 2013/2014 and analyse their effect on the western coastline of Ireland. WAVEWATCH III was forced at its ocean boundaries by directional wave spectra obtained from the ECMWF ERA-Interim re-analysis dataset. The wave model has a high resolution grid (up to 225 m resolution in the nearshore) with around 20 000 nodes, producing an abundance of important wave parameters outputted hourly, enabling a high quality, high-resolution analysis of the winter storms of 2013/2014.
Environmental drivers of soil phosphorus composition in natural ecosystems
Authors: Deiss Leonardo , de Moraes Anibal , Maire Vincent
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Soil organic and inorganic phosphorus (P) compounds can be influenced by
distinctive environmental properties. This study aims to analyze soil P
composition in natural ecosystems, relating organic (inositol
hexakisphosphate, DNA and phosphonates) and inorganic (orthophosphate,
polyphosphate and pyrophosphate) compounds with major temporal (weathering),
edaphic and climatic characteristics. A dataset including 88 sites was
assembled from published papers that determined soil P composition using
one-dimensional liquid state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
of NaOH-EDTA extracts of soils. Bivariate and multivariate regression models
were used to better understand the environmental properties influencing soil
P. In bivariate relationships, trends for soil P compounds were similar for
mineral and organic layers but with different slopes. Independent and
combined effects of weathering, edaphic and climatic properties of ecosystems
explained up to 78 % (inositol hexakisphosphates) and 89 %
(orthophosphate) of variations in organic and inorganic P compounds across
the ecosystems, likely deriving from parent material differences. Soil
properties, particularly pH, total carbon, and carbon-to-phosphorus ratios,
over climate and weathering mainly explained the P variation. We conclude
that edaphic and climatic drivers regulate key ecological processes that
determine the soil P composition in natural ecosystems. These processes are
related to the source of P inputs, primarily determined by the parent
material and soil forming factors, plant and microbe P cycling, the
bio-physico-chemical properties governing soil phosphatase activity, soil
solid surface specific reactivity, and P losses through leaching, and finally
the P persistence induced by the increasing complexity of organic and
inorganic P compounds as the pedogenesis evolves. Soil organic and inorganic
P compounds respond differently to combinations of environmental drivers,
which likely indicates that each P compound has specific factors governing
its presence in natural ecosystems.
Ammonia emission measurements of an intensively grazed pasture
Authors: Voglmeier Karl , Jocher Markus , Häni Christoph , Ammann Christof
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is still a
challenge and the corresponding emission factor for grazed pastures is
uncertain. This study presents NH3 emission measurements of two
pasture systems in western Switzerland over the entire grazing season 2016.
During the measurement campaign, each pasture system was grazed by 12 dairy
cows in an intensive rotational management. The cow herds on the two
pastures differed in the energy to protein balance of the diet. NH3
concentrations were measured upwind and downwind of a grazed subplot with
line-integrating open path instruments that were able to retrieve small
horizontal concentration differences
(< 0.2 µg NH3 m−3). The NH3
emission fluxes were calculated by applying a backward Lagrangian stochastic
(bLS) dispersion model to the difference of paired concentration measurements
and ranged from 0 to 2.5 µg N–NH3 m−2 s−1.
The fluxes increased steadily during a grazing interval from previous
non-significant values to reach maximum emissions at the end of the grazing
interval. Afterwards they decreased exponentially to near zero-values within
3–5 days. A default emission curve was calculated for each of the two
systems and adopted to each rotation in order to account for missing data
values and to estimate inflow disturbances due to grazing on upwind paddocks.
Dung and cow location were monitored to account for the non-negligible
inhomogeneity of cow excreta on the pasture. The average emission (± SD
of individual rotation values) per grazing hour was calculated as 0.64±0.11 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the N-balanced diet (system M) and 1.07±0.06 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the protein-rich grass-only diet (system G). Surveys of feed intake, body weight and milk
yield of the cow herds were used to estimate the nitrogen (N) excretion by
an animal N budget model. Based on that, mean relative emission factors of
6.4±2.0 % and 8.7±2.7 % of the applied urine N were found
for the systems M and G, respectively. The results can be used to validate
the Swiss national emission inventory and demonstrate the positive effect of
an N-balanced diet on pasture NH3 emissions.