bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homochirality of β‐Peptides: A Significant Biomimetic Property of Unnatural Systems
Authors: Mándity István M. , Nekkaa Imane , Paragi Gábor , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: July 2017

Homochirality, an interesting phenomenon of life, is mainly an unresolved problem and was thought to be a property of living matter. Herein, we show that artificial β‐peptides have the tendency toward homochiral diastereoselective chain elongation. Chain‐length‐dependent stereochemical discrimination was investigated in the synthesis of foldamers with various side chains and secondary structures. It was found that there is a strong tendency toward the synthesis of homochiral oligomers. The size of the side chain drastically influenced the selectivity of the stereodiscriminative chain‐elongation reaction. It is noteworthy that water as the co‐solvent increases the selectivity. Such behavior is a novel fundamental biomimetic property of foldamers with a potential of future industrial application.
Vascular anomaly cases for the pediatric hematologist oncologists—An interdisciplinary review
Authors: Adams Denise M. , Brandão Leonardo R. , Peterman Caitlin M. , Gupta Anita , Patel Manish , Fishman Steven , Trenor Cameron C.
Published: July 2017

Vascular anomalies (VAs) are classified as tumors or malformations depending on their clinical characteristics, pathological diagnosis, and genomic information. Diagnosis can be challenging because of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation; thus, the best diagnosis and care are provided by an interdisciplinary team of specialists. Over the past 10 years, an increasing number of pediatric hematologist/oncologists are caring for patients with VAs secondary to new medical therapy options and clinical trials. This paper focuses on complicated VA issues often seen by the pediatric hematologist/oncologist. The paper reviews clinical pearls on diagnosis, histology, radiology, and treatment options.
How to differentiate congenital from noncongenital chronic neutropenia at the first medical examination? Proposal of score: A pilot study from the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia registry
Authors: Bejjani Naim , Beaupain Blandine , Bertrand Yves , Bellanne‐Chantelot Christine , Donadieu Jean
Published: July 2017

Objectives

We developed a diagnostic score to differentiate congenital from noncongenital neutropenia at the time of diagnosis using reliable data collected at the first visit of a patients with neutropenia.

Study design

In a pilot retrospective study, we included 120 patients diagnosed with chronic neutropenia; 61 had congenital and 59 had noncongenital neutropenia. We reviewed patient medical charts and collected the initial complete blood count (CBC) and other reliable data. We used logistic regression to determine the probability that the neutropenia was congenital.

Results

On the initial CBC, the degree of neutropenia had no predictive value; only monocytosis >1.5 × 109/l, hemoglobin <90 g/l, or mild thrombocytopenia <150 × 109/l suggested congenital neutropenia. The most predictive factors for congenital neutropenia were a medical history (consanguinity and patient history of neutropenia), severe infections, and oral stomatitis or gingivitis at the time of diagnosis. The age at diagnosis had limited predictive value.

Conclusion

A diagnosis of congenital neutropenia may be reliably suspected based only on information from the CBC, some basic information from patient and parent interviews, and a clinical examination. A pilot score with six factors that could be readily, reliably collected, should facilitate the diagnosis of congenital neutropenia.
Correlation between Z score, fetal fraction, and sequencing reads in non‐invasive prenatal testing
Authors: Balslev‐Harder Marie , Richter Stine R. , Kjærgaard Susanne , Johansen Peter
Published: July 2017

What's already known about this topic?

A reliable result from non‐invasive prenatal testing depends on sufficient amount of fetal DNA and sequencing reads.

A common fixed lower cutoff value of fetal fraction increases the incidence of test failures compared with study‐specific cutoff values.

It is not straightforward to define study‐specific lower cutoff values of fetal DNA and sequencing reads.

What does this study add?

The study examined the relationship between Z scores and fetal fractions and sequencing reads as well as the combination of cutoff values between Z score, fetal fraction, and sequencing reads in 35 women carrying a trisomy 21 fetus in order to define the optimal study‐specific cutoff values and possibly decrease the test failure rate.

This underscores the importance of evaluating the correlation between Z score and fetal fraction and optimal combination of cutoff values when assessing non‐invasive prenatal testing results, suggesting that each laboratory should define its own correlation and optimal combination of cutoff values, because those are study specific.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The course of fear of cancer recurrence: Different patterns by age in breast cancer survivors
Authors: Starreveld Daniëlle E.J. , Markovitz Sabine E. , van Breukelen Gerard , Peters Madelon L.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To examine the time course and predictors of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) in breast cancer survivors over a period of 18 months after initial surgery.

Methods

Breast cancer patients (n = 267) were followed until 18 months after primary breast surgery. Shortly after surgery, participants completed the Life Orientation Test‐Revised to measure optimism and the Concerns about Recurrence Scale to measure FCR. Mixed regression analysis was performed with age, optimism, marital status, education, type of surgery, with or without lymphectomy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or radiotherapy, time since surgery, and all interactions with time as predictors of FCR.

Results

The final model included a significant interaction between age and time since surgery and a main effect for optimism.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the course of FCR depends on the age of breast cancer survivors. Younger survivors showed an increase of fear during the first 1.5 years after breast surgery, whereas older survivors showed stable levels during the first 6 months after which it declined. Also, less optimistic survivors reported higher levels of FCR. Health care providers should pay (extra) attention to FCR in younger and less optimistic patients and offer psychological help when needed.
Men's information‐seeking behavior regarding cancer risk and screening: A meta‐narrative systematic review
Authors: Saab Mohamad M. , Reidy Mary , Hegarty Josephine , O'Mahony Mairin , Murphy Mike , Von Wagner Christian , Drummond Frances J.
Published: July 2017

Objective

Preventive strategies are known to reduce cancer risk and incidence and improve prognosis. Men seldom seek medical information about cancer prevention and risk reduction. The aim of this meta‐narrative systematic review was to critically appraise evidence from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed‐methods studies that explored men's information‐seeking behaviors in relation to cancer prevention and risk reduction.

Methods

MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Education Full Text, and ERIC were systematically searched for studies published in English between January 1, 2006 and May 30, 2016. A total of 4117 titles were identified; of which, 31 studies were included (21 qualitative studies, 9 quantitative studies, and 1 mixed‐methods study). The methodological quality of the studies was appraised by using different tools.

Results

Most studies focused on screening for prostate (n = 18) and colorectal cancer (n = 7). Most men were passive information‐gatherers rather than active information‐seekers. Key sources of information included the Internet for active information‐seekers and health care professionals for passive information‐gatherers. Barriers to information‐seeking included information overload, embarrassment, and fear. Low literacy and health literacy levels were addressed in 3 studies and were identified as impediments to active information‐seeking. Facilitators to information‐seeking included family support, media, celebrity endorsements, and targeted information.

Conclusions

Men's information‐seeking behavior regarding cancer risk reduction, prevention, and screening is influenced by several factors. This necessitates targeted interventions aimed at raising awareness of cancer prevention and screening, while accounting for men's informational needs, preferred learning strategies, and literacy levels.
Palaeoenvironmental Proxies for Permafrost Presence During the Younger Dryas, Central Poland
Authors: Petera‐Zganiacz Joanna , Dzieduszyńska Danuta A.
Published: July 2017

Involutions and small frost fissures have been recorded over a wide area of the lower terrace of the Warta River valley (central Poland). They developed at the lithological boundary between an organic‐rich deposit with a thin peat layer (unit b) and an underlying fluvial sandy deposit (unit a). Most of the involutions are products of a reversed density gradient and loading, or developed under the influence of cryohydrostatic pressure. Among them are drop‐like and flat‐bottomed structures, diapirs, flame‐like and fold structures and irregular involutions. Some frost fissures have also been recorded in the same stratigraphic position. The sedimentological properties and formative mechanism of the involutions, together with environmental data (lithology, groundwater conditions, snow cover and vegetation), reveal their origin as periglacial. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the structures formed during the Younger Dryas. Overall, the involutions and frost fissures indicate that permafrost re‐aggraded in this region of central Poland during the Younger Dryas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from Collaboratively Playing with Simulation Models in Policy Making: An Experimental Evaluation in Fisheries Management
Authors: Stouten Hendrik , Polet Hans , Heene Aimé , Gellynck Xavier
Published: July 2017

This article builds on earlier work that found that real‐world decision makers did not learn from playing with a high‐complexity simulation model designed as a learning laboratory for their decision‐making domain. The absence of clear learning effects was sought in the absence of collaboration with others during participants' interaction with the simulation model. Collaboration enables the participant to draw on their combined memory capacity and joint information processing abilities. The present study therefore investigates whether individual learning occurs if real‐world decision makers collaboratively play with high‐complex simulation models designed as learning laboratories for their decision‐making domain. No superior learning effects were found for collaborative play. As a result, this study provides additional support for collaborative learning not being more effective than individual learning in high‐complexity situations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and structural characterization of different amylose–flavor molecular inclusion complexes
Authors: Feng Tao , Wang Hui , Wang Ke , Liu Yi , Rong Zhiwei , Ye Ran , Zhuang Haining , Xu Zhimin , Sun Min
Published: July 2017

Flavor microencapsulation has been widely used in foods, medicines, cosmetics, and other fields. The use of amylose‐based complexes is receiving increasing attention because they are biodegradable, non‐toxic, and biocompatible, and these complexes provide a new way to develop and impart flavors. In this study, with the aim of investigating the properties of amylose–flavor complexes, linear aliphatic alcohols (C6–C9) and the aromatic alcohol naphthol were used to prepare inclusion complexes by the sealed heating method in yields ranging from 45 to 50%. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were utilized to investigate the structural characteristics of these inclusion complexes, and it was found that the amylose‐n‐heptanol inclusion complex was most stable. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that V‐type crystals existed in the amylose–flavor complexes. Moreover, TGA showed that all amylose–flavor inclusion complexes have excellent thermal stability. The encapsulation efficiency of the complexes increased with decreasing chain length, but the encapsulation efficiency of the complexes with the aromatic alcohol naphthol was lower than that of the complexes with some linear alcohols. This indicated that the stereoscopic confirmation of α‐naphthol may influence the complexes being formed.
The Usefulness of Patch Repair Using the Repermeabilized Umbilical Vein of the Round Ligament for Hepatobiliary Malignancies
Authors: Takahashi Michiro , Saiura Akio , Takahashi Yu
Published: July 2017

Background

Patients with tumors invading major veins may require combined resection and reconstruction. However, venous reconstruction often demands complex hepatobiliary and vascular surgical procedures. In this study, we report a simple patch repair technique for venous reconstruction using the repermeabilized umbilical vein of the round ligament.

Methods

We reviewed the outcomes of eleven patients who underwent venous wedge resection and patch repair using the repermeabilized umbilical vein of the round ligament at our institution.

Results

Procurement of the round ligament and method of making a patch is simple. The duration of anastomosis was approximately 15 min. Eight patients (73%) underwent hepatic resection followed by hepatic vein reconstruction; two (18%) pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by inferior vena cava (IVC) reconstruction; one (9%) hepatic resection followed by IVC reconstruction. Although one reconstructed vein became narrowed, the other ten veins were patent after surgery.

Conclusions

Patch repair using the repermeabilized umbilical vein of the round ligament is a simple and useful technique.
Younger Age is an Independent Factor for Graft Weight Overestimation: Analysis of the Clinical Impact on Recipient Outcomes in 340 Japanese Living Liver Donors
Authors: Kitajima Toshihiro , Kaido Toshimi , Tajima Tetsuya , Uemura Tadahiro , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Schenk Andrea , Uemoto Shinji
Published: July 2017

Background

Accurate preoperative estimation of graft weight is essential for improving outcomes in living donor liver transplantation.

Methods

This retrospective study sought to identify factors associated with graft weight overestimation. From April 2006 to August 2015, 340 living donors were assigned to no‐overestimate (n = 284) or overestimate (n = 56) groups. We defined graft weight overestimation as a discrepancy ≥15% between estimated graft volume and actual graft weight. Donor data were compared, and associated factors for graft weight overestimation were analyzed. Recipient outcomes were compared between the groups according to identified factors.

Results

Donors were significantly younger in the overestimate group than in the no‐overestimate group (35.0 vs. 46.0 years; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified donor age <45 years as an independent risk factor for graft weight overestimation (odds ratio 2.068; 95% confidence interval 1.114–3.839; p = 0.021). Among recipients with donors <45 years (n = 168), incidence of small‐for‐size dysfunction (SFSD) was significantly higher in the overestimate group than in the no‐overestimate group (7/37 patients vs. 7/131 patients; p = 0.016); no significant difference was observed among recipients with donors ≥45 years (n = 172). First‐year mortality was lower in SFSD recipients with donors <45 years (14.3 vs. 60.9%, p = 0.007). Among recipients with younger donors, graft survival was not significantly different between overestimate and no‐overestimate groups.

Conclusions

Younger donor age was an independent risk factor for graft weight overestimation leading to SFSD in recipients, but did not impair graft survival.
Aggregate Formation of Glycyrrhetic Acid 3‐O‐Glucuronide
Authors: Matsuoka Keisuke , Miyajima Ryusuke , Karasawa Seigo
Published: July 2017

The molecular structure of glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide consists of an aglycone and glucuronic acid as hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, respectively. In general, this amphiphile is obtained from glycyrrhizic acid (a major component of licorice root) by hydrolysis of the terminal glucuronic acid. Glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide is used as a substitute for glycyrrhizic acids, which are potent sweeteners. In this work, the surface and aggregation properties of glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide were studied using general surface chemistry techniques. The surface tension of a glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide solution (pH 7) gradually decreased with increasing concentration and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined to be 1.6 mmol L−1 (γCMC = 54 mN m−1). Similar values of CMC were further confirmed by the pyrene fluorescent probe method and light scattering measurements. According to the dynamic light scattering method, the average radius of aggregate was 200 nm over a concentration of 3 mmol L−1. Transmission electron microscopy showed that glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide forms large spherical aggregates. These results suggested that its potential for surface activity is almost equivalent to that of glycyrrhizic acid, even though the two amphiphiles have a different number of hydrophilic groups in them. The removal of one glucuronic acid group significantly influenced the shape of the aggregate formed by glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide. Furthermore, it was confirmed that glycyrrhetic acid 3‐O‐glucuronide can also be used as a plant‐derived surfactant, similar to glycyrrhetic acid.
Petrochemical and Petrotectonic Characterisation of Ophiolitic Volcanics from Great Nicobar Island Andaman-Sumatra Belt
Authors: Sachin R. , Verma Subodh , Pal Tapan
Published: July 2017

In Great Nicobar island ophiolite is restricted to the eastern coast of the island and occur as small isolated out crops in the terrain of Oligocene sediments. The ophiolitic rocks are represented by pillowed basalt, massive andesite and pyroclastic andesite. These volcanics represent dismembered members of the upper part of the ophiolite. Basalt is porphyritic in nature where phenocrysts of augite and plagioclase laths are set in a fine grained glassy to chloritic matrix. Andesites consists of phenocrysts of augite, altered feldspar and minor quartz which are set in ground mass of epidote-chlorite glass. Trace element and REE pattern suggests more fertile mantle source for andesite than that of basalt. Trace element characteristics indicate that the andesites and basalts were possibly derived from the same melt where andesite represents the more fractionated product.

In Andaman Islands dismembered ophiolite with complete ophiolite stratigraphy are found only within the Eocene sediments. But the field disposition suggests that in Great Nicobar emplacement of the ophiolite continued even after the Oligocene sedimentation. The characters of the ophiolitic rocks in Great Nicobar island are similar to that of the Sunda outer arc ridge.
The Effect of the Textural Characteristics on the Engineering Properties of the Basalts from Yozgat Region, Turkey
Authors: Kolay Ersin , Baser Tugce
Published: July 2017

Engineering properties of rocks vary as they are heterogeneous materials by nature because of mineralogical composition, texture, porosity, and alteration, etc. This study focuses on the investigation of the relationship between internal structure and engineering parameters of basalt samples by digitizing the textural properties. Thin sections studies of basalts were made into three groups: aphanitic, amygdaloidal, and vesicular on the basis of texture. Further, the textural properties were digitized in thin sections and the texture coefficient (TC) of each group was calculated. Uniaxial compressive strength, dry unit weight, point load strength index, Schmidt hammer rebound, and P-wave velocity of the samples were determined in the laboratory. Simple regression analyses were performed using the laboratory results incorporating first TC and engineering parameters and the second phase of the analysis focused on the relationship between uniaxial compressive strength and the rest of the parameters of samples with different texture coefficients. The highest texture coefficient was found to be 0.50 in aphanitic basalts while vesicular basalts have the lowest TC of 0.37. As the TC increases, rock strength increases. Strong-very strong correlations between uniaxial compressive strength and the rest of the engineering parameters of aphanitic and amygdaloidal-basalts with a TC of 0.50 and 0.45 are in agreement with the findings in the literature while there are no meaningful correlations between uniaxial strength and the aforementioned parameters except dry unit weight in vesicular basalts. These results indicate that the presence of empty pores in vesicular basalts reduced the uniaxial compressive strength and TC by increasing the heterogeneity.
Gendered Religiosity
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2017

This study uses measures of cognitive and expressive aspects of gender as a social identity from the General Social Survey to examine whether and how they relate to religiosity. I find that religiosity is clearly gendered, but in different ways for women and men. Consistent with the feminine-typing of religion in the Christian-majority context of the United States, gender expression is linked with more religiousness among women but not men. Consistent with religion being a sometimes patriarchal institution, those with more pride in being men are more religious. I conclude that religiosity is gendered, that degendering and secularization processes could go hand-in-hand, and that future research on gender differences in religiosity should further examine variation among women and among men.
Comparison of serum acetyl hydrolase (PAF‐AH) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) values between prostate cancer patients and a control group
Authors: Benli Erdal , Bayrak Ahmet , Cirakoglu Abdullah , Bayrak Tulin , Noyan Tevfik
Published: July 2017

The aim of the study was to measure platelet‐activating factor acetyl hydrolase (PAF‐AH) and paraoxonase (PON1) enzyme activity levels in patients with high Psa values to compare with healthy peers and also to determine the efficacy of these parameters in predicting pathologic results of patients with high Psa values. This study included 66 patients with Psa value > 4 ng/dl (Group 1) and 44 patients with Psa <4 ng/dl (Group 2) for a total of 110 patients. Parameters measured in serum of PON1, PAF‐AH, and MDA were compared between the groups. Additionally the same parameters were compared between patients with prostate biopsy performed due to high Psa and diagnosed with cancer and the control group with normal Psa values. The PAF‐AH activity in Group 1 was 125.17 ± 8.64 and in Group 2 was 120.08 ± 9.23 U/ml (p = 0.003). The PON1 activity was 63.12 ± 6.74 and 65.91 ± 7.77 U/ml in the groups, respectively (p = 0.04). Additionally, there were significant differences identified between the control group and PCa diagnosis group in terms of PAF‐AH and PON1 activities (p = 0.004 and p = 0.02, respectively). The enzyme activity of PAF‐AH and PON1 measured in serum of patients with high Psa value and patients with diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) were identified to have changed by a significant amount compared to healthy peers with normal Psa value. It was concluded that these parameters may be beneficial markers for use in assessment of patients with high Psa value.
Traumatic Neuropathy of the Trigeminal Nerve in a College Trumpet Player: A Case Report
Authors: Stanek Jeremy Lee , Komes Kevin Donserm
Published: July 2017

A 20‐year‐old college trumpet player presented with a 3‐month history of upper lip numbness and worsening playing ability after a marching band performance. Examination demonstrated anesthesia of the upper lip that followed the borders of the trumpet mouthpiece. While playing, the patient had poor range and an airy tone quality. A prescription of complete embouchure rest for 6 weeks and a tailored return to play regimen resulted in resolution of upper lip numbness and improved trumpet playing. Neuropathy of the lip in a brass player is uncommon but highlights the uniqueness of injuries that may be sustained by performing artists.

Level of Evidence

V
A systematic review of protocol studies on conceptual design cognition: Design as search and exploration
Authors: Hay Laura , Duffy Alex H. B. , McTeague Chris , Pidgeon Laura M. , Vuletic Tijana , Grealy Madeleine
Published: July 2017

This paper reports findings from the first systematic review of protocol studies focusing specifically on conceptual design cognition, aiming to answer the following research question: What is our current understanding of the cognitive processes involved in conceptual design tasks carried out by individual designers? We reviewed 47 studies on architectural design, engineering design and product design engineering. This paper reports 24 cognitive processes investigated in a subset of 33 studies aligning with two viewpoints on the nature of designing: (V1) design as search (10 processes, 41.7%); and (V2) design as exploration (14 processes, 58.3%). Studies on search focused on solution search and problem structuring, involving: long-term memory retrieval; working memory; operators and reasoning processes. Studies on exploration investigated: co-evolutionary design; visual reasoning; cognitive actions; and unexpected discovery and situated requirements invention. Overall, considerable conceptual and terminological differences were observed among the studies. Nonetheless, a common focus on memory, semantic, associative, visual perceptual and mental imagery processes was observed to an extent. We suggest three challenges for future research to advance the field: (i) developing general models/theories; (ii) testing protocol study findings using objective methods conducive to larger samples and (iii) developing a shared ontology of cognitive processes in design.
Dynamic reconstruction and data reconstruction for subsampled or irregularly sampled data
Authors: Krol Jakub , Wynn Andrew
Published: July 2017

The Nyquist–Shannon criterion indicates the sample rate necessary to identify information with particular frequency content from a dynamical system. However, in experimental applications such as the interrogation of a flow field using particle image velocimetry (PIV), it may be impracticable or expensive to obtain data at the desired temporal resolution. To address this problem, we propose a new approach to identify temporal information from undersampled data, using ideas from modal decomposition algorithms such as dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) and optimal mode decomposition (OMD). The novel method takes a vector-valued signal, such as an ensemble of PIV snapshots, sampled at random time instances (but at sub-Nyquist rate) and projects onto a low-order subspace. Subsequently, dynamical characteristics, such as frequencies and growth rates, are approximated by iteratively approximating the flow evolution by a low-order model and solving a certain convex optimisation problem. The methodology is demonstrated on three dynamical systems, a synthetic sinusoid, the cylinder wake at Reynolds number $Re=60$ and turbulent flow past the axisymmetric bullet-shaped body. In all cases the algorithm correctly identifies the characteristic frequencies and oscillatory structures present in the flow.
Vortical structures in the near wake of tabs with various geometries
Authors: Hamed A. M. , Pagan-Vazquez A. , Khovalyg D. , Zhang Z. , Chamorro L. P.
Published: July 2017

The vortical structures and turbulence statistics in the near wake of rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular and ellipsoidal tabs were experimentally studied in a refractive-index-matching channel. The tabs share the same bulk dimensions, including a 17 mm height, a 28 mm base width and a $24.5^{\circ }$ inclination angle. Measurements were performed at two Reynolds numbers based on the tab height, $Re_{h}\simeq 2000$ (laminar incoming flow) and 13 000 (turbulent incoming flow). Three-dimensional, three-component particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to study the mean flow distribution and dominant large-scale vortices, while complementary high-spatial-resolution planar PIV measurements were used to quantify high-order statistics. Instantaneous three-dimensional fields revealed the coexistence of a coherent counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) and hairpin structures. The CVP and hairpin vortices (the primary structures) exhibit distinctive characteristics and strength across $Re_{h}$ and tab geometries. The CVP is coherently present in the mean flow field and grows in strength over a significantly longer distance at the low $Re_{h}$ due to the lower turbulence levels and the delayed shedding of the hairpin vortices. These features at the low $Re_{h}$ are associated with the presence of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability that develops over three tab heights downstream of the trailing edge. Moreover, a secondary CVP with an opposite sense of rotation resides below the primary one for the four tabs at the low $Re_{h}$. The interaction between the hairpin structures and the primary CVP is experimentally measured in three dimensions and shows complex coexistence. Although the CVP undergoes deformation and splitting at times, it maintains its presence and leads to significant mean spanwise and wall-normal flows.
Vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder in planar shear flow
Authors: Gsell Simon , Bourguet Rémi , Braza Marianna
Published: July 2017

The system composed of a circular cylinder, either fixed or elastically mounted, and immersed in a current linearly sheared in the cross-flow direction, is investigated via numerical simulations. The impact of the shear and associated symmetry breaking are explored over wide ranges of values of the shear parameter (non-dimensional inflow velocity gradient, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in [0,0.4]$) and reduced velocity (inverse of the non-dimensional natural frequency of the oscillator, $U^{\ast }\in [2,14]$), at Reynolds number $Re=100$; $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$, $U^{\ast }$ and $Re$ are based on the inflow velocity at the centre of the body and on its diameter. In the absence of large-amplitude vibrations and in the fixed body case, three successive regimes are identified. Two unsteady flow regimes develop for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in [0,0.2]$ (regime L) and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in [0.2,0.3]$ (regime H). They differ by the relative influence of the shear, which is found to be limited in regime L. In contrast, the shear leads to a major reconfiguration of the wake (e.g. asymmetric pattern, lower vortex shedding frequency, synchronized oscillation of the saddle point) and a substantial alteration of the fluid forcing in regime H. A steady flow regime (S), characterized by a triangular wake pattern, is uncovered for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}>0.3$. Free vibrations of large amplitudes arise in a region of the parameter space that encompasses the entire range of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and a range of $U^{\ast }$ that widens as $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ increases; therefore vibrations appear beyond the limit of steady flow in the fixed body case ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=0.3$). Three distinct regimes of the flow–structure system are encountered in this region. In all regimes, body motion and flow unsteadiness are synchronized (lock-in condition). For $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in [0,0.2]$, in regime VL, the system behaviour remains close to that observed in uniform current. The main impact of the shear concerns the amplification of the in-line response and the transition from figure-eight to ellipsoidal orbits. For $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in [0.2,0.4]$, the system exhibits two well-defined regimes: VH1 and VH2 in the lower and higher ranges of $U^{\ast }$, respectively. Even if the wake patterns, close to the asymmetric pattern observed in regime H, are comparable in both regimes, the properties of the vibrations and fluid forces clearly depart. The responses differ by their spectral contents, i.e. sinusoidal versus multi-harmonic, and their amplitudes are much larger in regime VH1, where the in-line responses reach $2$ diameters ($0.03$ diameters in uniform flow) and the cross-flow responses $1.3$ diameters. Aperiodic, intermittent oscillations are found to occur in the transition region between regimes VH1 and VH2; it appears that wake–body synchronization persists in this case.
Nonlinear evolution of linear optimal perturbations of strongly stratified shear layers
Authors: Kaminski A. K. , Caulfield C. P. , Taylor J. R.
Published: July 2017

The Miles–Howard theorem states that a necessary condition for normal-mode instability in parallel, inviscid, steady stratified shear flows is that the minimum gradient Richardson number, $Ri_{g,min}$, is less than $1/4$ somewhere in the flow. However, the non-normality of the Navier–Stokes and buoyancy equations may allow for substantial perturbation energy growth at finite times. We calculate numerically the linear optimal perturbations which maximize the perturbation energy gain for a stably stratified shear layer consisting of a hyperbolic tangent velocity distribution with characteristic velocity $U_{0}^{\ast }$ and a uniform stratification with constant buoyancy frequency $N_{0}^{\ast }$. We vary the bulk Richardson number $Ri_{b}=N_{0}^{\ast 2}h^{\ast 2}/U_{0}^{\ast 2}$ (corresponding to $Ri_{g,min}$) between 0.20 and 0.50 and the Reynolds numbers $\mathit{Re}=U_{0}^{\ast }h^{\ast }/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}^{\ast }$ between 1000 and 8000, with the Prandtl number held fixed at $\mathit{Pr}=1$. We find the transient growth of non-normal perturbations may be sufficient to trigger strongly nonlinear effects and breakdown into small-scale structures, thereby leading to enhanced dissipation and non-trivial modification of the background flow even in flows where $Ri_{g,min}>1/4$. We show that the effects of nonlinearity are more significant for flows with higher $\mathit{Re}$, lower $Ri_{b}$ and higher initial perturbation amplitude $E_{0}$. Enhanced kinetic energy dissipation is observed for higher-$Re$ and lower-$Ri_{b}$ flows, and the mixing efficiency, quantified here by $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{p}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{p}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{k})$ where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{p}$ is the dissipation rate of density variance and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}_{k}$ is the dissipation rate of kinetic energy, is found to be approximately 0.35 for the most strongly nonlinear cases.
War and moral stupidity
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly
Published: July 2017

This article uses the example of Wittgenstein’s decision to go to war in 1914 to frame a contrast between two different ways of thinking about moral stupidity and moral intelligence in relation to war, those of Jeff McMahan and Jane Addams. The article clarifies how pathways for thinking about the morality of war are blocked and enabled not only by different accounts of justice but also by different understandings of war. It is argued that if we want to be morally intelligent in our judgments about the ethics of war we should follow the pathway marked out by Addams and think less about justice and more about war.
The intertidal wetlands of southern Jiangsu Province, China – globally important for Spoon-billed Sandpipers and other threatened waterbirds, but facing multiple serious threats
Authors: PENG HE-BO , ANDERSON GUY Q. A. , CHANG QING , CHOI CHI-YEUNG , CHOWDHURY SAYAM U. , CLARK NIGEL A. , GAN XIAOJING , HEARN RICHARD D. , LI JING , LAPPO ELENA G. , LIU WENLIANG , MA ZHIJUN , MELVILLE DAVID S. , PHILLIPS JAMES F. , SYROECHKOVSKIY EVGENY E. , TONG MENXIU , WANG SONGLING , ZHANG LIN , ZÖCKLER CHRISTOPH
Published: July 2017

The Yellow Sea region is of high global importance for waterbird populations, but recent systematic bird count data enabling identification of the most important sites are relatively sparse for some areas. Surveys of waterbirds at three sites on the coast of southern Jiangsu Province, China, in 2014 and 2015 produced peak counts of international importance for 24 species, including seven globally threatened and six Near Threatened species. The area is of particular global importance for the ‘Critically Endangered’ Spoon-billed Sandpiper Calidris pygmaea (peak count across all three study sites: 62 in spring [2015] and 225 in autumn [2014] and ‘Endangered’ Spotted Greenshank Tringa guttifer (peak count across all three study sites: 210 in spring [2014] and 1,110 in autumn [2015]). The southern Jiangsu coast is therefore currently the most important migratory stopover area in the world, in both spring and autumn, for both species. Several serious and acute threats to waterbirds were recorded at these study sites. Paramount is the threat of large-scale land claim which would completely destroy intertidal mudflats of critical importance to waterbirds. Degradation of intertidal mudflat habitats through the spread of invasive Spartina, and mortality of waterbirds by entrapment in nets or deliberate poisoning are also real and present serious threats here. Collisions with, and displacement by, wind turbines and other structures, and industrial chemical pollution may represent additional potential threats. We recommend the rapid establishment of effective protected areas for waterbirds in the study area, maintaining large areas of open intertidal mudflat, and the urgent removal of all serious threats currently faced by waterbirds here.
Home Environment as a Predictor of Long-Term Executive Functioning following Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Durish Christianne Laliberté , Yeates Keith Owen , Stancin Terry , Taylor H. Gerry , Walz Nicolay C. , Wade Shari L.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:This study examined the relationship of the home environment to long-term executive functioning (EF) following early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods:Participants (N=134) were drawn from a larger parent study of 3- to 6-year-old children hospitalized for severe TBI (n=16), complicated mild/moderate TBI (n=44), or orthopedic injury (OI;n=74), recruited prospectively at four tertiary care hospitals in the United States and followed for an average of 6.8 years post-injury. Quality of the home environment, caregiver psychological distress, and general family functioning were assessed shortly after injury (i.e., early home) and again at follow-up (i.e., late home). Participants completed several performance-based measures of EF at follow-up. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the early and late home environment measures as predictors of EF, both as main effects and as moderators of group differences.Results:The early and late home environment were inconsistent predictors of long-term EF across groups. Group differences in EF were significant for only the TEA-Ch Walk/Don’t Walk subtest, with poorer performance in the severe TBI group. However, several significant interactions suggested that the home environment moderated group differences in EF, particularly after complicated mild/moderate TBI.Conclusions:The home environment is not a consistent predictor of long-term EF in children with early TBI and OI, but may moderate the effects of TBI on EF. The findings suggest that interventions designed to improve the quality of stimulation in children’s home environments might reduce the long-term effects of early childhood TBI on EF. (JINS, 2018,24, 11–21)
What influences diet quality in older people? A qualitative study among community-dwelling older adults from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, UK
Authors: Bloom Ilse , Lawrence Wendy , Barker Mary , Baird Janis , Dennison Elaine , Sayer Avan Aihie , Cooper Cyrus , Robinson Sian
Published: July 2017

Objective

To explore influences on diet in a group of community-dwelling older adults in the UK.

Design

Data were collected through focus group discussions with older people; discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and transcripts analysed thematically.

Setting

Hertfordshire, UK.

Subjects

Participants were sampled purposively from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, focusing on those whose diets had been assessed at two time points: 1998–2001 and 2011.

Results

Ninety-two adults participated (47 % women; 74–83 years) and eleven focus groups were held. A number of age-related factors were identified that were linked to food choices, including lifelong food experiences, retirement, bereavement and medical conditions, as well as environmental factors (such as transport). There appeared to be variability in how individuals responded to these influences, indicating that other underlying factors may mediate the effects of age-related factors on diet. Discussions about ‘keeping going’, being motivated to ‘not give up’, not wanting to be perceived as ‘old’, as well as examples of resilience and coping strategies, suggest the importance of mediating psychological factors. In addition, discussion about social activities and isolation, community spirit and loneliness, indicated the importance of social engagement as an influence on diet.

Conclusions

Interventions to promote healthier diets in older age should take account of underlying psychological and social factors that influence diet, which may mediate the effects of age-related factors.
Inheriting a Tragic Ethos: Learning from Radhabinod Pal
Authors: Khan Adil Hasan
Published: July 2017

This terrible thing we’re witnessing now is

Not unique; you know it happened before

Or something like it.

We’re not at a loss how to think about it

We’re not without guidance…

Anne Carson, Antigonick (2012).

International law can, and times has, involved the performance of another way of living with, of accepting, uncertainty…

Anne Orford, The Destiny of International Law (2005).

We in the postcolony currently inhabit times constituted by the aftermaths of the catastrophic failures and tragic reversals of countless projects of global redemption and by the bereavement of their promised futures. As Simon Critchley observes, the experience of disorientation produced by such tragedies acutely raises the problem of action: “[E]xpressed in one bewildered and repeated question . . . what shall I do?” This essay takes this problem as its central concern by asking specifically how international lawyers should act in these “tragic times.”
Feminicidio: TWAIL in Action
Authors: Moral Paulina García-Del
Published: July 2017

Feminicidio is a Mexican adaptation of the radical feminist concept of femicide, usually defined as the misogynous murder of women by men because they are women. In this essay based on original fieldwork, I seek to contribute to Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarship by providing a brief analysis of the engagement of Mexican grassroots feminist activists with international human rights law in their struggle against the systematic abduction, murder, and sexual abuse of hundreds of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, and the widespread impunity enveloping these crimes. As a result of this grassroots activism, these murders became known as feminicidios. Feminicidio expanded the existing concept of femicide by exposing the complicity of the state in the killing of women by sustaining the institutionalization of gender inequality. Indeed, activists consistently claimed that the state’s tolerance for impunity perpetuates the notion that women are disposable, and violence against them is not serious. Moreover, they linked this notion to the patriarchal regime of neoliberal capitalism that supports the maquiladora industry in Ciudad Juárez. Activists further drew on international human rights law. They invoked the due diligence obligation to conceptualize the responsibility of the Mexican state for failing to effectively prevent, investigate, and punish the murder of women—despite evidence of a systematic pattern of gendered violence that could only be understood by taking into consideration the intersecting structural gender and class inequalities that feminicidio revealed.
Justifying Arguments About Selection Procedures for Judges at International Courts and Tribunals: A Response to Nienke Grossman
Authors: Rose Cecily
Published: July 2017

This contribution considers why states as well as international courts and tribunals should act to remedy the gender imbalance on international benches. In my view, the most appropriate question is not why they must, but why they should. Arguments that states are legally bound under the UN Charter to address this gender imbalance are weak, though human rights law does provide a basis for claims that states must take action. But arguments about legitimacy—both normative and sociological—could provide a more persuasive basis for arguing that states as well as courts and tribunals should act. In particular, the normative legitimacy of international courts and tribunals could benefit from selection procedures designed to help ensure that states nominate the most meritorious candidates for judgeships.
Why Fighting Structural Inequalities Requires Institutionalizing Difference: A Response to Nienke Grossman
Authors: Torbisco-Casals Neus
Published: July 2017

People ask me sometimes, when—when do you think it will be enough? When will there be enough women on the court? And my answer is when there are nine.

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, U.S. Supreme Court

Nienke Grossman offers a much needed overview of the statistical patterns behind the substantial underrepresentation of women in international courts benches. As her inquiry reveals, despite the growing proportion of female qualified lawyers, sex representativeness has hardly improved in recent years. On the contrary, in the absence of special requirements in courts’ statutes or judicial selection procedures, the percentage of women judges has actually stagnated or even declined in some cases. Such acute sex imbalance cannot be attributed to the (contingent) fact that not enough qualified women are available for such highly prestigious positions. Grossman persuasively contests the plausibility of this widespread assumption. Not only is the limited-pool argument fallacious, but, as her analysis suggests, part of the problem might actually be that judicial selection procedures lack transparency and arenotdriven by merit. Instead, nominations of international judges are often used “to reward political loyalty or to advance political agendas”; this practice seriously impinges on the chances of women to be appointed as international judges, as politics (both domestic and international) remains very much a male-dominated sphere.
Introduction to Symposium on the Many Lives and Legacies of Sykes-Picot
Authors: Anghie Antony T.
Published: July 2017

Although their motivations varied, many senior British officials who were expert in imperial and Middle-Eastern matters condemned the Sykes-Picot treaty as a mistake almost as soon as it was signed. T.E. Lawrence wanted the British government to repudiate it and was assured by Gilbert Clayton, the head of the Arab Bureau in Cairo, in a letter he wrote to Lawrence in 1917, that “‘It is in fact dead and, if we wait quietly, this fact will soon be realized’.” Lord Curzon denounced the treaty as “not only obsolete ‘but absolutely impracticable,’” and further declared that only “gross ignorance” could account for the boundary lines in the treaty. Sir Mark Sykes was said to be ashamed of his involvement in the Treaty that was to bear his name. Despite these efforts, so soon after its birth, to announce the demise and irrelevance of Sykes-Picot, its complex, variegated, and evolving legacy has survived and is still very much with us.