bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic surgical treatment delays: communication gaps between the surgical team and patients
Authors: Ifesanya AO
Published: October 2012

Background

Delay in surgical treatment is often a reason for poor outcome in patients. An understanding of the causes of treatment delays is important in improving services.

Objectives

We reviewed factors responsible for delay in carrying out planned operative orthopaedic procedures and disparities in perception between the surgical team and patients/relations on the causes of the delay.

Methods

A questionnaire was administered to all patients who underwent operative orthopaedic procedures at our hospital. Dates decisions to operate were taken, operation dates, diagnoses and reasons for delaying surgeries from the point of view of the operating team and the patient were documented.

Results

161 patients were recruited. There were 83 males, mean age was 34.2±19.2 years. One hundred and twenty-four were emergencies. Twenty-five had comorbidities. The delay before the operative procedures was 18.1±36.8 days (8.9±22.4 days for emergencies; 51.1±57.1 days for electives; t=-6.261; p=0.001). Fifty percent of emergencies were operated on within 72 h, 84% within the first week; the figures were 13% and 23% respectively for electives. Lack of theatre space was the commonest cause of delay followed by lack of funds for treatment. There was full concordance between doctors and patients in only 71% regarding the causes of the delay and this was lower in the emergency group. There is significant delay before operative orthopaedic treatments in our facility.

Significance

There is a need for better communication between doctors and patients/relatives about delays in surgical treatment. Theatre facilities should be expanded and efficiency of service delivery improved.
Effectiveness of trauma fast track in Hhon Kaen regional hospital
Authors: Impool T
Published: October 2012

Background

Trauma audit shown that delayed operative surgery was the most important problem for mortality rate in trauma patients.

Objectives

To compare timing from emergency room (ER) to operative room (OR) and mortality rate of injured patients with penetrated torso or active vascular injury with shock after trauma fast track (TFT) was established in our hospital.

Methods

Prospective, descriptive study, we enrolled the patients who had indication for TFT into study. Data was analysed from June 2010 to May 2012. The mortality rate and timing from ER to OR were compared to previous data for 2 years ago.

Results

35 injured patients were indicated for TFT. 17 injuries (48.57%) were transferred by referral system. Of these, 26 injuries (74.29%) were penetrated with shock, nine injuries (25.71%) had active vascular injury with shock. 13 injuries (37.14%) were dead, six injuries died at ER and seven injuries died at post-operative period. All of dead case had probability of survival (Ps) less than <0.75. 18 injuries (62.07%) of operative group were transfer from ER to OR within 30 min.

Significance

After we used the TFT, we found that injured patients had undergone surgery earlier and mortality rate was deceased. In the future, this system may be applied in blunt injured patients or other injuries with exactly indicated for surgery, especially the injured patients of road traffic injury that was major problem in Thailand.
An epidemiologic profile of trauma patients admitted to maputo central hospital, maputo-mozambique
Authors: Mahoque R , Cliff J , Lynch C , Wright D , Click L , Sasser S , Macleod J
Published: October 2012

Background

In Mozambique, the magnitude of trauma and violence has increased in recent years with traffic crashes as the leading cause of traumatic death.

Objective

Is to describe the epidemiological profile of trauma patients hospitalised in the Maputo Central Hospital (HCM), Mozambique.

Methods

Descriptive cross-sectional study of injured patients admitted to HCM in 35-day period of study.

Results

Injury was frequent in males (65%) 15–34 years old. Traffic accidents were the main cause of injury (39%) with pedestrians most affected, followed by falls (23%) and burns (20%). Majority of falls (64%) occurred over 45 years. Majority of burn victims were under 5 years caused by hot liquid. More than half patients arrived in the hospital in a private car and only 26% received first-aid in lower health facilities, prior to arrival at the hospital. The traffic injured patients required in average 5 days of hospitalisation, while burned required an average of 10 days.

Conclusions

Injured patients are primarily men aged 15–34. Road traffic injuries, falls and burns dominate the admitted injuries. Road traffic injured patients were primarily pedestrians. Burns have the highest average length of stay affecting mainly patients under five years of age.

Significance

To contribute for national health system strengthening plan and monitory.
Demonstrating the need for injury prevention services in an urban community
Authors: Shields W , Frattaroli S , McDonald E , Gielen A
Published: October 2012

Background

Injuries from burns, scalds and carbon monoxide (CO) remain serious hazards in urban environments internationally. In preparation for a community intervention, trial baseline data was collected from a sample of homes in 12 census tracts to establish comparability between communities.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To report on baseline knowledge and observed safety behaviours for fire, scald and CO in a large urban sample.

Methods

Pairs of data collectors visited a random sample of homes in 12 census tracts. Residents completed an interview administered survey. The survey consisted of demographic data, knowledge and observed safety behaviours. Following the survey, data collectors tested the temperature of the hot water and all CO and smoke alarms.

Results/Outcome

Data were collected from 603 homes between July and December 2009. A majority of respondents were African American (61%), female (70%), between the ages of 25 and 54 (66%), and had a high school education or less (51%). A majority of respondents (74%) reported a per capita income of US$25 000 or less and (52%) reported renting their home. Children (<18) lived in 40% of households. A minority of households (40%) had working smoke alarms on every level, or a working CO alarm (28%). A majority of households (57%) of the households had safe (<120 F) hot water temperatures. Knowledge scores were varied across topics areas.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The study demonstrate the need for continued efforts to promote live saving injury prevention counter measures such as smoke alarms and CO alarms as well as the need for testing hot water temperatures in our urban environment.
Partnering to prevent fire injury at the community level: triumphs and challenges from the front lines
Authors: Frattaroli S , McDonald E , Jones V , Shields W , Gielen A
Published: October 2012

Background

Community-based interventions are a recognised approach to fire prevention because such an approach aims to achieve population level changes and is not limited to high-risk groups or individuals. Community-based work involves partnerships, often with multiple partners—yet the literature offers little guidance about how to develop and maintain effective partnerships.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To describe individuals' experiences as part of a diverse research-practice partnership that was active over several years and oversaw a community trial of a home visit smoke alarm distribution programme. To identify lessons to inform future partnered research.

Methods

We conducted a series of semistructured key informant interviews with partners in the Johns Hopkins Home Safety Study (JHHSS).

Results/Outcomes

Between July 2011 and January 2012 we conducted 12 interviews with the JHHSS partners. We were unable to interview one individual who changed jobs at the end of the project. Interviewees attributed the importance of fire and concordance between the partnership's mission and their own organisational priorities as central to their participation. They also cited the strong administrative arm of the partnership as a factor in their continued participation, but emphasised that same infrastructure could have been more proactive in disseminating information among the partnership and engaging the community. Interviewees cited high staff turnover and selection of communities based on statistical, rather than neighbourhood criteria as reasons for some of these challenges.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Understanding how to develop and maintain diverse partnerships is a key component of effective community-based intervention work.
Identifying residences at increased risk of experiencing an unintentional house fire incident, death or injury
Authors: Turner SL , Rodgers SE , Lyons RA
Published: October 2012

Background

Although a large body of literature exists for individual-level risk factors associated with fire-related death and injury; few studies have explored household-level risk factors, or distinguished risk factors for different house fire outcomes.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To use anonymised routinely collected records, to identify distinguishing household-level risk factors for experiencing an accidental house fire incident, death or injury.

Methods

A household-level, matched case-control study. Case households were identified using Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) records, and matched to control households, on fire date and FRS region. The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank, which holds anonymised routinely collected demographic, health, education and environment records; will be used to identify household-level predictor variables. Logistic regression and classification and regression tree analysis will be used to identify risk factors.

Results/Outcomes

7027 case households were matched to 351 350 control households. Residents were identified using the Welsh Demographic Service; a dataset containing details of all individuals registered with a General Practice. Household level predictor variables to be investigated: household demographics, property characteristics, area level deprivation, number of residents who smoke, have mental health conditions, special education needs, special medical requirements and limited mobility. Subanalyses will explore risk factors associated with different house fire outcomes.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

This study is one of the first to use anonymised routinely collected records, on a large scale, to identify household-level risk factors for experiencing an unintentional house fire. These findings will help the FRS to target home fire safety interventions more effectively.
Analysis of child injury surveillance in Tongzhou district of Beijing from 2006 to 2010
Authors: Shao C , Jia W , Chang X
Published: October 2012

Background

Now, in China, injury has been become the leading cause of death of children aged 0–14 instead of malnutrition and infectious diseases. Each year, it is estimated that at least 10 million children have been harmed by the various injuries, 100 000 children death and 400 000 children disabled.

Objective

To study the status of child injure in Tongzhou district of Beijing for providing scientific basis on injury prevention and control.

Methods

Injury surveillance data of three hospitals in Tongzhou district from 2006 to 2010 were collected and analysed.

Results

A total of 4855 child injury cases were collected, including 3177 boys (65.42%) and 1679 girls (34.58%). The most frequent time of injury occurrence was June and July in 1 year, and at 10:00 in 1 day. The five main causes of injury were falls (37.72%), animal injury (29.26%), blunt injury (12.68%), non-motor vehicle accident (6.45%) and knife/sharp injury (6.22%). The majority of injuries happened in home (49.42%), schools (25.58%), roads (14.68%), public places (6.49%) and sport facilities (1.69%). Upper limbs (35.61%), lower limbs (32.33%) and heads (23.54%) were injured more frequently than other parts of the body. The most of the injuries are unintentional, minor injuries.

Significance

It is suggested to take intervention programmes against different child injuries and increase the publicity of injury in families and schools to improve the supervision of parents and the whole society.
Injuries among children in China: results from national injury surveillance system, 2010
Authors: Wang Y , Duan LL
Published: October 2012

Background

Injury is the first death cause of children aged 1–17 in China, and among the first 10 death causes in this population, there are five different types of injuries.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To describe the characteristics of injuries among children aged 0–18 in China.

Methods

Data collected from China National Injury Surveillance System that based on emergency and outpatient department of 127 sentinel hospitals around the whole country in 2010 were analysed. Mechanism, intent, nature, severity and outcome of injury, as well as local where injury occurred, activity while injury occurred, and primary body part affected were summarised.

Results/Outcomes

All 92% of the injuries were unintentional. The first three causes of injuries among children aged 0–18 were falling, road traffic injury (RTI) and blunt injury, which caused more than 75% of the injuries. More than half of the injuries happened at home or on the highway/street. All 65% of the injuries were happened during recreational activities. And 48% of the cases were bruises or abrasions. More than 86% of the injuries affected head, upper or lower trunk. All 98% of the injuries were mild or moderate, and 85% of the injuries were healed.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

It's necessary to have a good understanding of the characteristics of child injuries for child injury prevention, such as the determination of the emphasis, the arrangement of the resources, as well as the development of preventive policy and measurement.
Understanding road traffic injuries and prevention measures for children in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative study of community members' views
Authors: Baset MK , Towner E , Noor T , Rahman A , Chowdhury RA , Islam M , Rahman AKMF
Published: October 2012

Introduction

Road traffic injury (RTI) was the second leading cause of injury mortality and fourth leading of injury morbidity in Bangladesh. For both mortality and morbidity most the vulnerable age group was 5–9 years.

Objectives

To gain an in-depth understanding of people's perception of causes and their concepts of prevention of childhood RTIs in rural Bangladesh.

Method

Focus Group Discussions were conducted with seven groups: mothers and fathers of children aged 5–12 years; adolescents; students and non-school going children aged 6–12 years, teachers and local leaders. Out of 79 participants 40 were female. The study was conducted in Raiganj rural community in Bangladesh.

Results

Most respondents considered that children, aged 5–10 years are at risk of road traffic injuries in rural community, with school going boys being particularly vulnerable. Most of the RTIs were reported to occur on school journey particularly returning home. Key sources of risk identified by participants included: risk taking behaviour, poor supervision, lack of road skills, untrained drivers, unauthorised vehicles, and poorly implemented traffic law. Preventive interventions suggested included supervision, training in road skills, law enforcement by government, increase awareness in the community, and improvement of the road infrastructure.

Conclusions

Community people could identify the causes of childhood RTIs and suggest ways of preventing them; but knowledge is not translated into preventative actions. Appropriate community based intervention programmes need to be multi-facet and include practical road safety education for children.
A study on road safety features and awareness in selected schools in Vellore
Authors:   Road safety group, John O , John SM , Bose A
Published: October 2012

Background

Road traffic injuries are the commonest and second leading cause of death in the 15–19 and 5–14 years age group, respectively.

Aim

Road safety of school children is a poorly addressed issue in India. Safety features near schools and awareness among students were assessed in schools in Vellore.

Methodology

A school transport safety checklist was prepared based on robust recommendations. A questionnaire was administered to 146 Year nine students, aged 13–17 years. Six schools were selected by convenience sampling.

Results

None of the schools had speed breakers, traffic redistribution arrangements, pedestrian crossings or median islands. 66.67% had no school zone board or traffic lights at intersections near the school. Eighty-seven of 146 questionnaire respondents were boys. About 22–25% of students reported having either collided with, or been involved in a crash with a two-wheeler in the previous month. A total of 49% of the two-wheeler users rode motorised vehicles to school, despite being under-age for licence. None of the cyclists wore helmets. Only 16% students could not identify even one of four common road signs.

Significance

Findings revealed near non-existent safety features near schools and inadequate awareness regarding road safety among students. A phased school safety plan should be planned in consultation with civil authorities. These findings could represent the situation in other parts of India.
Using social media to get our child injury prevention messages out there
Authors: Carter W
Published: October 2012

Background

Safekids New Zealand uses our national series of ‘Safekids Campaign’ Workshops, our www.safekids.org.nz website, media releases/work with media, print advertising, resources and quarterly newsletterSafekids Newsto disseminate our unintentional child injury prevention messages PLUS we now use the social media: our YouTube channel, the www.MySafekids.org.nz video and audio website, Twitter—handle @Safekidsnz, and ourCoalition Updatee-newsletter.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

We strive to get our evidence-based unintentional child injury prevention messages out into a world full of contradictory information and advice. What does the social media revolution mean for unintentional child injury prevention? Web 2.0 applications and developments give us new opportunities to get our messages seen, heard and understood. The new keywords are: Social-Mobile-Location and Global.

Methods

This poster presentation will briefly describe some examples of how we currently work with social media.

Results/Outcomes

We believe in the idea that science(including injury prevention science)is not just for scientists—basing our work on reliable evidence is a reflection of the Enlightenment beliefs that: some data are better than other data, some theories are better than other theories and thatknowledge sets us free. The extremely dynamic and fast-changing world of social media helps us reach new audiences in new ways with this knowledge. What are the emerging challenges to us getting our injury prevention messages ‘out there’? What are the new opportunities for us to take advantage of? (Twitpic, Pinterest, ‘social discovery’ and other new apps?)
How well do children estimate the time it takes to cross a road? A risk factor for pedestrian injury
Authors: O'Neal E , Plumert J , Schwebel D
Published: October 2012

Background

Pedestrian injuries are the sixth leading cause of death in US children ages 6–9. Several developmental components contribute to pedestrian safety, including cognitive and perceptual skills which are needed to attend to traffic, process perceived information, and decide when to cross safely. One underexplored aspect of cognitive-perceptual skill is children's judgments of the time needed to traverse a street. Pedestrians must accurately estimate the time needed to cross the street in order to judge whether a traffic gap offers sufficient time for safe crossing.

Aims/Objective/Purpose

This study examined accuracy of children's crossing time estimates.

Methods

As part of a pedestrian safety study, 194 participants ages 6–9 completed two tasks. First, they walked a distance of 25 feet as if they were crossing a real street (four trials). Second, while next to a crosswalk adjacent to an elementary school, participants estimated the time it would take to cross the 32.5-foot street (five trials). Walking time was adjusted for the 32.5-foot distance, and trial averages were used for analyses.

Results/Outcomes

Children estimated they could cross the street faster (M=5.32 s, SD=3.14) than they actually walked (M=7.28, SD=1.37), t(192)=−8.28, p<.001. Age was not correlated to actual or estimated walking speeds (all rs<.10).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Results indicate that underestimation of the time needed to cross streets may contribute to child pedestrian injuries. Consideration of children's ability to judge the time required to cross streets accurately may be a valuable addition to the development of effective pedestrian safety training programmes.
Supervision and risk of unintentional injury in young children
Authors: Schnitzer P , Dowd M , Morrongiello B , Kruse R
Published: October 2012

Background

Despite advances in prevention, injuries remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Supervision is often cited as an important determinant of child safety.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

Assess the association between caregiver supervision and acute unintentional injury in young children.

Methods

We interviewed parents of children ≤age 4 whose injuries required Emergency Department (ED) treatment or admission to the hospital, to collect information on supervision (proximity, attention, continuity) at the time of injury and 1 h before the injury). Hospital admission was a proxy for injury severity. Case-crossover analyses were conducted.

Results/Outcomes

Interviews were completed by 222 participants; 50 (23%) were parents of children admitted to the hospital. For each dimension of supervision assessed, children admitted to the hospital were at higher risk of injury; proximity was associated with the highest risk. Compared to 1 h prior to injury, children were more likely to be beyond reach of their caregiver at the time of injury (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.7 to 48.8 for children admitted to the hospital; OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.9 for children treated in the ED). Injury risk was highest for children with the least supervision; the magnitude of this association was higher for children admitted to the hospital (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.7 to 48.8) than for children treated in the ED (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.0 to 6.0).

Significance/Contribution to the Field

Less vigilant supervision increases risk of serious injury in young children. Proximity may be the most important supervision dimension for assessing child injury risk.
Crossing busy city roads by pedistrian school-bound children: how vulnerable they remain for fatal RTAS in Bangladesh!
Authors: Kazi Selim Anwar , Hossain Mollah Abid , Kumar SenGupta Pradip , Reaz Monowar Syed , Ayesha Begum , Ali Molla Azaher , Nazmun Nahar
Published: October 2012

Background

Globally, Road-Traffic Accident (RTA)-induced injuries remain the second leading cause of death in 5–14 years old children. Contrary to safeguarding child's right, RTA constitutes a veritable epidemic among the pedestrian-children, two-third of which occurs in south-east-Asia. We report here the risky practices of reckless-road-crossing among school-children in Bangladesh, being vulnerable and resource constraint.

Purpose

To explore practices and compliances of road safety and traffic-rules/regulations by the pedestrian school-bound children while crossing busy city-roads.

Methods

Total 148 purposively selected school-bound children were studied cross-sectionally while crossing busy-roads adjacent to nine randomly-selected school-fringes in Dhaka city using a structured questionnaire.

Outcome

Of these school-bound children (mean age: 9.6±2.4 years), majority (87%) were found to run-off busy city-roads showing no difference in age-groups (p=0.122) or sex (p=0.164). School-girls were accompanied by mothers (75%) more than school-boys (25%) (p<0.03). Around 78% used to cross roads 2–3 times/day, recklessly, even knowing its dangerous-consequences. Alarmingly, no zebra-crossing/over-bridge existed in 56% and no traffic-police seen in ∼half of school-fringes surveyed. More shockingly, most of on-duty traffic-police (69%) showed reluctant-attitude to come forward to assist these children in crossing roads, safely. Nearly 24% of children who had RTA once or twice within the last 12 months, 10% sustained severe and 14% had minor injuries, as informed.

Significance/Contribution

This alarming scenario demands immediate intervention to save these children from fatal RTAs by concerned departments, instituting zebra-crossing/over-bridge, deploying ‘STOP’/lollipop-guides and enforcing low-speed of vehicle near school-fringes. Creating mass-awareness among these children/mothers through periodic education/practical-training on road-safety and traffic-regulations remains imperative.
Road use behaviour of urban primary school children in Ghana: case study of Ablekuma South Education Circuit of Metropolitan Accra
Authors: Yankson IK
Published: October 2012

Background

Approximately 300 children die through traffic injuries annually in Ghana and school children are the majority.

Objective

To observe the road use behaviour of urban public primary school pupils in the Ablekuma South Education Circuit of Metropolitan Accra.

Methods

This unobtrusive observational study targeted Primary 1–6 pupils. Five behaviours were graded: Walking while crossing the road; Stopping at the kerb; Looking left-right-left before crossing; Keep looking left-right-left while crossing and Facing traffic while walking along the road. Eight public primary schools were randomly selected from the Ablekuma South Circuit of Accra. Minimum of 100 pupils were observed from each school. All 882 pupils were observed while on their way to or from school.

Results/Outcome

A little over two in three children stopped at the kerb before crossing the road while almost three in four children looked for cars before stepping off the kerb. A little over three in four children walked while crossing as against less than one in four children who kept looking while crossing. Not looking for cars before crossing, not facing on-coming traffic and not keeping looking for cars while crossing the road, were more associated with boys than girls (p<0.001 in all cases). This suggests that girls behaved significantly more safely than boys. In stopping at the kerb, there was no difference in gender behaviour (p<0.135).

Child Road Safety Education in Schools and Communities is recommended.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The study will inform policy direction in helping to reduce childhood road traffic injuries in Ghana.
A population bases ED and office visits for paediatric concussion
Authors: MacPherson Alison
Published: October 2012

Background

Paediatric concussions are an important reason for children to seek care from their physician or in the Emergency Department (ED). Although studies are suggesting that paediatric concussions are increasing for sports-related diagnoses, there is a paucity of population-based information for all causes and including both office and emergency department visits. The objective of this study was to provide population-based estimates of paediatric concussions by age, sex, and external cause of injury.

Methods

The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) was used to report on children in Ontario, Canada who attended an ED with a discharge diagnosis of concussion (S06) from 2003 to 2006. Children whose physician billed an office visit for a concussion based on the Ontario Health Insurance Program were also included.

Results

There were over 80 000 children treated for concussions in Ontario over the seven study years. Fifty-two per cent were treated in physician's offices. Boys incurred 66% of all concussions, and the incidence was highest among 14-year-olds to 16-year-olds. The incidence of concussion is increasing, with an increase of 45% in physicians' offices, and an increase of 26% in EDs. Within the ED, 34% of all concussions were due to falls, and 18% were due to hockey or skating.

Conclusion

Concussions are an important cause of morbidity within the paediatric population in Ontario, and the incidence is increasing. It is important to capture both physician visits and ED visits when calculating incidence. Evidence-based strategies can be used to reduce the burden, with particular emphasis on falls and sports-related concussions.
Cluster randomised trial of an integrated, education, restraint subsidisation and fitting programme to increase child restraint use in 3-year-old to 5-year-old children
Authors: Keay L , Hunter K , Brown J , Simpson JM , Bilston LE , Elliott M , Stevenson M , Ivers RQ
Published: October 2012

Background

While age-appropriate restraints protect child passengers against injuries, best practice child restraint use has been difficult to achieve.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of an education and distribution programme in increasing age-appropriate and correct child restraint use.

Methods

We conducted a cluster randomised trial of a multifaceted education, restraint distribution and fitting programme during 2010 and 28 early childhood education services in low socio-economic areas of urban Sydney, Australia participated. The main outcome measure was optimal restraint use defined as age-appropriate restraints, installed into the vehicle correctly and used correctly.

Results/Outcome

One service from the intervention arm withdrew after randomisation, so data are presented for 689 child passengers, aged 3–5 years arriving by vehicle at 27 centres during September–December 2010. More children attending intervention centres were optimally restrained (43% vs 31%, p=0.01, allowing for clustering by centre). The largest difference was among 3-year-olds using forward-facing seats rather than booster seats and among 5-year-olds using booster seats instead of seat belts alone at intervention centres. Among families who spoke a language other than English at home, more children attending intervention centres (43%) were optimally restrained than at control centres (17%) (p=0.002, allowing for clustering by center).

Significance/Contributions to the Field

The programme increased the use of age-appropriate restraints and the correct use of restraints which translates to improved protection against crash injury. This research shows that multifaceted education, seat distribution and fitting enhances the effects of legislation, particularly in linguistically isolated groups.
Plunket car seat rentals, protecting New Zealand children for over 30 years
Authors: Campbell S , McLaren C
Published: October 2012

Background

In 1978 a nationwide roadside survey in New Zealand revealed that only 20% of children used any kind of restraint while travelling in a vehicle. Plunket identified this as a major well child issue and in 1981 a pilot car seat rental scheme was launched, targeted at getting all new babies into a safe car seat. This was a world-leading initiative. A total of 150 rental schemes rapidly appeared countrywide and these outlets quickly became the place to get a child restraint for your child. By 1983, 283 schemes were offering 5500 infant restraints and 6893 child restraints. The retail value was NZ$1.1 million.

Aims

The rental scheme aims to ensure children are secure in an appropriate restraint, installed correctly for every ride; to provide child restraints to New Zealand families at an affordable cost and to advocate for child passenger safety.

Method

A variety of child restraints are available for hire. Qualified child restraint technicians assist the hirer to choose an appropriate restraint for the child and ensure they can install it correctly. The scheme continuously adapts to market change and staff professional training requirements to provide an expert service.

Contribution to the Field

Over the last 30 years the Plunket car seat rental scheme has helped turn child restraint usage from a rare event to the norm on New Zealand roads. The Plunket car seat rental scheme remains the lead provider of restraints for hire throughout New Zealand.
Children's road traffic accidents in Republic of Bulgaria
Authors: Jeni Staykova , Galya Tsolova
Published: October 2012

Background and Objective

Children's Road Traffic Accidents (CRTA) is a question of present interest in several countries in the European Union, including in Bulgaria. The purpose of the present research is to make an analysis of children's and youths' involvement in road traffic accidents in the country, as well as to analyse the main reasons for their occurrence, with a view to the realisation of preventive activities in this direction.

Materials and Methods

The object of this research is all children up to the age of 17 who have suffered in road traffic accidents during the period 2008–2010.

Results and Conclusion

The results from the research show that for the analysed period 3 771 children have become victims in Road Traffic Accidents, 175 of them died, and 3596 of them were afflicted with different traumas with different localisation and varying degree of severity. Nearly half of the children were involved in a Road Traffic Accident as passengers (respectively 69.1% of the dead and 45.7% of the injured). In most cases, the drivers of the Road Vehicles were the parents themselves, which enforces the development and realisation of preventive activities for the children's road traffic accidents.
Helmets for Kidsprogramme increases helmet use among students
Authors: Brondum L , Truong TNT , Dinh KP
Published: October 2012

Background

Research reveals that child helmet use rates in Vietnam are very low, despite legislation mandating that children 6 years and above must wear helmets. With motorcycles comprising 95% of all vehicles on the road, and an estimated 4000 children killed in road traffic crashes in Vietnam every year, helmets are a cost-effective and proven intervention. AIP Foundation'sHelmet for Kids(HFK) programme provides free helmets and traffic safety education to primary school students and encourages them to wear their helmets every day.

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness ofHFKin increasing helmet use among elementary school children in Vietnam.

Methods

Helmet observations were conducted at 24 elementary schools in four provinces in Vietnam, prior to and again within 2 weeks after the helmet donation. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were used to evaluate parents and teachers' integration, perceptions, and contributions.

Results

On average, compliance rates increased from 25% in the pre-observation to 94% in the post-observation. Qualitative data reveals that teachers and parents, who play in important role in encouraging helmet use, appreciate the programme but that there is room for improvement with respect to parent mobilisation.

Significance

The success of HFK in Vietnam suggests it can function as a model to promote child helmet use. Moreover, the in-depth understanding gained through evaluation allows opportunities for improvement and for an effective adaption to different contexts.
Development, implementation and evaluation of low speed vehicle runover education intervention
Authors: Bron KA , Roy Include Susan Teerds
Published: October 2012

Background

LSVRO incidents are a significant cause of paediatric transport-related morbidity and mortality in Queensland—there are approximately three LSVRO incidents per week. Together with Kidsafe Queensland, an intervention (poster/sticker) was designed based on preliminary research findings of a retrospective analyses of 11 years of linked date on LSVRO incidents in QLD.

Aims

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of a population-level education intervention to increase awareness regarding LSVRO incidents, and also to identify relevant target groups with low knowledge or inadequate behaviour in relation to LSVRO incidents.

Method

Kidsafe Queensland coordinated the poster printing and distribution. The poster was sent to all early childhood education centres, kindergartens, maternal child health units, and Kidsafe House. Prior to the intervention implementation, a cross-sectional sample of the population was interviewed at a shopping centre (pre-intervention), and this was repeated 4-months post-intervention. Data collected included: Demographic characteristics; LSVRO Environmental Risk Factors; LSVRO Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour.

Results

Participants in the study had poor knowledge regarding LSVRO incidents, and poor safe driveway behaviour. The results highlight that there is no one group to target in relation to increasing awareness regarding LSVRO incidents, and prevention. There were limitations to this study, but the findings provide some evidence that the population-level intervention was successful in increasing awareness and improving behaviour regarding LSVRO incidents.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

This is the first survey known to the authors that has assessed knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to LSVRO incidents.
Differential diagnosis of childhood abusive injury from unintentional injury based on bodygraphical information of injury
Authors: Kitamura K , Nishida Y , Yamanaka T
Published: October 2012

Background/Purpose

Although it is important to distinguish abusive injury from accidental injury, there is no standard differential diagnosis methods based on the data. One of useful information is data on injured body parts. It is said that its trends are different, but there is no tools for judging the difference based on the data. The purpose of this study is to develop a system for supporting differential diagnosis based on the data on injured body parts.

Methods

We have developed a system for collecting data on injured body parts for preventing childhood unintentional injury. This system enables us to describe injured body parts by painting on the three-dimensional shape model of a child. By overlaying data of multiple cases, the system calculates frequency distribution of injury. So far we've collected more than 16 000 unintentional injury data. Based on these data, we developed a system that computes probability of injury due to accident by calculating similarity between injury suspected of abuse and unintentional injury.

Using data of 40 cases suspected of abuse, we verified the usefulness of developed system. The average of probability is 0.10 (SD=0.13). Since 40 cases are suspected of abuse, the result is reasonable and it indicates the usefulness of our system.

Conclusion

We developed the system for supporting differential diagnosis based on data about injured body part. The usefulness of developed system was verified. Now we are verifying the feasibility in cooperation with a child guidance centre and some kindergarten.
Population attributable risk of unintentional childhood poisoning in Karachi Pakistan
Authors: Bilal Ahmed , Zafar Fatmi , Amna R Siddiqui
Published: October 2012

Introduction

The percentage of unintentional childhood poisoning cases in a given population attributable to specific risk factors (ie, the population attributable risk) was calculated as they are necessary to focus on the prevention strategies.

Methods

We calculated population attributable risks (PARs), using 120 cases with unintentional poisoning and 360 controls in a hospital based matched case- control study. The risk factors were accessibility to hazardous chemicals and medicines due to unsafe storage, child behaviour reported as hyperactive, storage of kerosene and petroleum in soft drink bottles, low socioeconomic class, less education of the mother and the history of previous poisoning.

Results

The following attributed risks were observed: 12% (95% CI=8% to 16%) for both chemicals and medicines stored unsafe, 19% (15% to 23%) for child reported as hyperactive, 40% (38% to 42%) for storage of kerosene and petroleum in soft drink bottles, 48% (42% to 54%) for low socioeconomic status, 38% (32% to 42%) for no formal mothers education and 5.8% (2% to 10%) for history of previous poisoning. All 48% of cases for overall study population which could be attributed to at least one of the six risk factors. Among girls, this proportion was 23% and 43% among boys. About half of the unintentional childhood poisoning cases in this Pakistani population could be avoided.

Conclusion

Exposure to potentially modifiable risk indicators explained about half of the cases of unintentional poisoning among children under 5 years of age in this Pakistani population, indicating the theoretical scope for prevention of the disease.
The first-aid advice and safety training (fast) parent programme to prevent unintentional home injuries in preschool children
Authors: Mytton J , Stewart-Brown S , Hewison C , Potter B , Azuike V , Park P
Published: October 2012

Background

Parenting programmes that improve understanding of the relationship between injury risk, parent-child interaction, child behaviour and child development have the potential to reduce child injuries. Educational anticipatory guidance has been recommended, but no such programmes currently exist.

Aims/Objectives/Purpose

We aimed to develop a parenting programme that provided injury prevention education tailored to the stages of child development, for parents of preschool children who had sustained a medically attended injury in the last year.

Methods

Working with two voluntary sector organisations; Parenting UK and the Whoops! Child Safety Project, we developed a programme based on evidence-based components of existing parenting programmes where available and appropriate. The programme was evaluated against a validated parenting programme evaluation tool, against injury prevention criteria, and deliverability assessed through a feasibility cluster randomised trial.

Results/Outcome

An 8-week, group-based programme was developed where recommended parenting practices were illustrated with child injury risk scenarios, and included first aid advice as well as safety promotion. Four courses were delivered and feedback from parents and providers collected. The course was broadly welcomed by practitioners and acceptable to some parents. Recommendations for future use and development were given.

Significance/Contribution to the Field

The programme has the potential to be tested in a multicentre randomised controlled trial to determine effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in reducing injury occurrence. The potential stigma felt by parents of children who have been injured should not be underestimated and provides a major challenge for recruitment to such programmes.
Pilot study on home injury risk assessment in two low-income communities in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Uzma Rahim Khan , Aruna Chandran , Nukhba Zia , Cheng-Ming Huang , Sarah Stewart De Ramirez , Junaid Abdul Razzak , Adnan Ali Hyder
Published: October 2012

Background

Home is the most common place for non-fatal injuries in children less than 5 years of age. This is due to the time young children spend at home and their exposure to many potential home hazards. However, there are no locale-appropriate tools to assess injury hazards.

Objective

To pilot an in-home all injury hazard assessment tool and to identify potential injury hazards in a low-income setting.

Methods

Two neighbourhoods were mapped, and families with at least one child between the ages of 12 and 59 months were identified. Using existing available home injury risk information, an in-home injury risk assessment tool was drafted and tailored to the local setting. Home injury assessments were done in June and July 2010 after obtaining informed consent.

Results

Five hundred and three households were enrolled. Around 75.4% of mothers were educated through at least intermediate school (grade 12). The most common fall risk was stairs without a gate/barrier (50%). Uncovered pools of water presented a drowning risk in 22% of households. Stoves (56%) and matches (44%) were kept within reach of the child representing burns risk. Poisoning risks included cleaning supplies (34%), and medicines (15%) accessible to the child. First aid box with any one basic item was present in 70% of households.

Significance

This was the first time that an in home all injury risk assessment tool can be tailored and applied in the context of low-income developing country. Risks for childhood falls, drowning, burns, and poisoning are present in low-income housing communities in Pakistan.
Road traffic injuries in urban Pakistani children and adolescents age, gender and road user perspectives
Authors: Uzma Rahim Khan , Junaid Razzak , Rashid Jooma , Lucie Laflamme
Published: October 2012

Background

More than 9 in 10 children deaths in the road traffic environment occur in low and middle countries. Little is known about the demographic distribution of those deaths and the categories of road users at risk by age and gender. This study sheds light on those issues in one large urban setting of Pakistan.

Methods

This is register-based cross-sectional study in which we extracted all injuries sustained by children aged 1–19 years (n=32 814) from hospital based injury surveillance system (five participating hospitals) in the city during 2007–2010. The injury distributions by category of road users was examined considering age group (1–4, 5–9, 10–14 and 15–19 years), gender and injury outcome (discharge, admission and death). We considered both vulnerable road users (pedestrians, drivers and passengers of two wheelers, drivers) and protected one (passengers of three or more wheelers).

Results

Whereas RTIs among boys increased with age, they peaked among girls at age 5–9 years, for a global male to female ratio of 6 : 1. Children were most often injured as vulnerable road users. In early age groups, children were injured mostly as pillion riders (1–4 years) and as pedestrians (5–9 and 10–14 years) while in older age group (15–19 years), girls as motorcycle passengers and boys, as motorcycle drivers. Pedestrians' injuries had highest admissions (38%) and deaths (46%) in children.

Conclusion

At all ages, boys are more injured in road traffic crashes than girls. Both genders are at higher risk as vulnerable road users.
Cross-sectional study of injuries among school children in Ismailia governorate, Egypt.
Authors: Hesham El-Sayed , Fatma Hassan , Suzan Gad
Published: October 2012

Objectives

To determine the pattern and risk factors of injuries among school children in Ismailia city, Egypt.

Methodology

Cross-sectional school-based study of five randomly selected preparatory schools (Grades 6–8) in Ismailia governorate. Data were gathered by special form filled in by trained interviewers. It included questions about nature, cause and circumstances of injuries that needed medical care or caused activity restriction during the last 6 months.

Results

The study included 1303 students from the five selected schools. The mean age of the studied pupils was 12.6+1.1 years. The most common external causes of injuries sustained by the pupils were falls (26%), road traffic accidents (23%), and burns (14%). Intentional injuries represented 4.3% of all injuries. Gender played significant role in determining the nature of injury. Most of injured pupils were treated in the outpatient's clinics and discharged home, wile 19% of them were admitted to hospitals. Trauma caused transient disability for 40% of the injured pupils, while it caused permanent disability in 1% of them.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Injuries are important health problem among school children in Egypt. They were the cause of significant morbidity and disability, important cause of school absence, and has significant burden on health facilities in Egypt. Therefore, there is need to initiate national programme for identification and prioritisation of the common injuries and their risk factors that can help in the design of injury prevention and control programme. We recommend applying an educational programme targeted at injury prevention among school children in Egypt.