bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greater China, the challenges of global production networks and the dynamics of transformation
Authors: HENDERSON JEFFREY , NADVI KHALID
Published: June 2011

The rise of ‘greater’ China (which includes mainland China, the ‘special administrative regions’ of Hong Kong and Macao and – particularly for our purposes – Taiwan), marks a transformative process in terms of the global political economy. China is now the world's second biggest economy, and continues to post double‐digit growth despite the global downturn. More significant than the numeric size of China's economy per se, is the extraordinary scale at which it is combining labour with capital to transform raw materials into commodities and, as part of that process, embedding the potential for innovation within China's political economy and society. In the introductory article to this special issue, we highlight the implications arising from the dynamism of Greater China for the evolving structures of global production networks (GPNs). The GPN framework provides a powerful analytical tool with which to map the shifting nature of corporate power and capital in the global economy and their consequences for local producers and regions. The externalization of the Chinese political economy and, with it, the emergence of Chinese lead firms, suggests that Western‐centric views on GPNs are likely to be challenged. We outline the ways in which the contributions to this special issue throw light on this, and the implications that arise for analysis of GPNs within China as well as for other developing countries. We conclude by considering the consequences this transformative process has for the developmental project and how it might be theorized.
Playing against China: global value chains and labour standards in the international sports goods industry
Authors: NADVI KHALID , LUND‐THOMSEN PETER , XUE HONG , KHARA NAVJOTE
Published: June 2011

The rise of China as the global factory raises challenges for many developing countries and their producers. The football‐manufacturing sector is a case in which China has emerged as a global player. It is also a sector where compliance with international labour standards is considered critical. Leading international brands dominate the industry and control the global value chain for sports goods. In this article, we explore the relationship between the rise of China and international labour standards and consider how labour standards have affected the geography and organization of global football production. We draw on evidence from three of the main production locations – China, Pakistan and India. It appears that compliance with labour standards not only has different implications for the three production locations, but also that compliance alone is an insufficient basis for competing against China.
An early treatment with 17‐β‐estradiol is neuroprotective against the long‐term effects of neonatal ionizing radiation exposure
Authors: Caceres Lucila G. , Uran Soledad L. , Zorrilla Zubilete María A. , Romero Juan I. , Capani Francisco , Guelman Laura R.
Published: June 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 626–635.

Ionizing radiations can induce oxidative stress on target tissues, acting mainly through reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this work was to investigate if 17‐β‐estradiol (βE) was able to prevent hippocampal‐related behavioral and biochemical changes induced by neonatal ionizing radiation exposure and to elucidate a potential neuroprotective mechanism. Male Wistar rats were irradiated with 5 Gy of X‐rays between 24 and 48 h after birth. A subset of rats was subcutaneously administered with successive injections of βE or 17‐α‐estradiol (αE), prior and after irradiation. Rats were subjected to different behavioral tasks to evaluate habituation and associative memory as well as anxiety levels. Hippocampal ROS levels and protein kinase C (PKC) activity were also assessed. Results show that although βE was unable to prevent radiation‐induced hippocampal PKC activity changes, most behavioral abnormalities were reversed. Moreover, hippocampal ROS levels in βE‐treated irradiated rats approached control values. In addition, αE administered to irradiated animals was effective in preventing radiation‐induced alterations. In conclusion, βE was able to counteract behavioral and biochemical changes induced in irradiated animals, probably acting through an antioxidant mechanism.
St John’s wort greatly decreases the plasma concentrations of oral S‐ketamine
Authors: Peltoniemi Marko A. , Saari Teijo I. , Hagelberg Nora M. , Laine Kari , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Olkkola Klaus T.
Published: June 2011

Ketamine is an intravenous anaesthetic and analgesic agent but it can also be used orally as an adjuvant in the treatment of chronic pain. This study investigated the effect of the herbal antidepressant St John’s wort, an inducer of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral S‐ketamine. In a randomized cross‐over study with two phases, 12 healthy subjects were pretreated with oral St John’s wort or placebo for 14 days. On day 14, they were given an oral dose of 0.3 mg/kg of S‐ketamine. Plasma concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured for 24 h and pharmacodynamic variables for 12 h. St John’s wort decreased the mean area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) of ketamine by 58% (P < 0.001) and decreased the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ketamine by 66% (P < 0.001) when compared with placebo. Mean Cmax of norketamine (the major metabolite of ketamine) was decreased by 23% (P = 0.002) and mean AUC0–∞ of norketamine by 18% (P < 0.001) by St John’s wort. There was a statistically significant linear correlation between the self‐reported drug effect and Cmax of ketamine (r = 0.55; P < 0.01). St John’s wort greatly decreased the exposure to oral S‐ketamine in healthy volunteers. Although this decrease was not associated with significant changes in the analgesic or behavioural effects of ketamine in the present study, usual doses of S‐ketamine may become ineffective if used concomitantly with St John’s wort.
Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke‐induced lung epithelial cell injury
Authors: Guan Yan , Li Fen‐Fen , Hong Ling , Yan Xiao‐Feng , Tan Gong‐Li , He Jun‐Shan , Dong Xin‐Wei , Bao Meng‐Jing , Xie Qiang‐Min
Published: June 2011

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we hypothesized that liquiritin apioside (LA), a main flavonoid component from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, had antioxidant properties by inducing glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis via the inhibition of cytokines and protected lung epithelial cells against cigarette smoke‐mediated oxidative stress. A549 cells were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and/or LA. ICR mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for four days with increasing exposure time for up to 6 h per day to elicit epithelial cells injury. One hour before smoke exposure, mice were treated with LA by gavage; 18 h after the last CS exposure all examinations were performed. Treatment with LA concentration‐dependently prevented CSE‐induced cytotoxicity, increase of TGF‐β and TNF‐α mRNA expression, depletion of GSH and apoptosis in A549 cells. LA at doses 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg dose‐dependently inhibited pulmonary neutrophil and macrophage inflammation. Lung sections of the CS‐exposed LA treated mice showed an apparently reduced pulmonary inflammation and a significant inhibitory effect on mucus containing goblet cells in the large airways. Furthermore, the CS‐induced pulmonary release of TGF‐β, TNF‐α and myeloperoxidase activity was reduced, and superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced.These results indicate that protective roles of LA on CS‐induced the lung epithelial cell injury are mediated by inhibiting TGF‐β and TNF‐α expression and increasing anti‐oxidative levels of GSH, suggesting that LA might be effective as protective agent against epithelial injury in COPD.
IL‐15 preferentially enhances functional properties and antigen‐specific responses of CD4+CD28null compared to CD4+CD28+ T cells
Authors: Alonso‐Arias Rebeca , Moro‐García Marco A. , Vidal‐Castiñeira José R. , Solano‐Jaurrieta Juan J. , Suárez‐García Francisco M. , Coto Eliecer , López‐Larrea Carlos
Published: June 2011

One of the most prominent changes during T‐cell aging in humans is the accumulation of CD28null T cells, mainly CD8+ and also CD4+ T cells. Enhancing the functional properties of these cells may be important as they provide an antigen‐specific defense against chronic infections. Recent studies have shown that IL‐15 does in fact play an appreciable role in CD4 memory T cells under physiological conditions. We found that treatment with IL‐15 increased the frequency of elderly CD4+CD28null T cells by the preferential proliferation of these cells compared to CD4+CD28+ T cells. IL‐15 induced an activated phenotype in CD4+CD28null T cells. Although the surface expression of IL‐15R α‐chain was not increased, the transcription factor STAT‐5 was preferentially activated. IL‐15 augmented the cytotoxic properties of CD4+CD28null T cells by increasing both the mRNA transcription and storage of granzyme B and perforin for the cytolytic effector functions. Moreover, pretreatment of CD4+CD28null T cells with IL‐15 displayed a synergistic effect on the IFN‐γ production in CMV‐specific responses, which was not observed in CD4+CD28+ T cells. IL‐15 could play a role enhancing the effector response of CD4+CD28null T cells against their specific chronic antigens.
Effect of Constraint on the Fracture Behaviour of a Simulated Heat‐Affected Zone of an X‐70 Steel Used in Pipelines
Authors: Rivera S. , Lezcano R. , Rodríguez C. , Belzunce F. J. , Betegón C.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  The typical heat‐affected zone developed in an X‐70 steel, usually used in pipeline manufacture, has been simulated via thermal treatment. A non‐equilibrium microstructure consisting of bainite, with ferrite and some martensite, has been produced and mechanically characterised, resulting in much greater hardness and strength and a lower ductility and toughness than the corresponding base metal. This also has a lower ductility. Different single‐edge notched bending specimens with different crack lengths (a/W between 0.1 and 0.5) were experimentally tested to assess the fracture behaviour of this product under different degrees of constraint. The J–a resistance curves at room temperature were determined, and the obtained results were explained by the effect of constraint on ductile crack growth.
The Future of Inflation Targeting*
Authors: WALSH CARL E.
Published: June 2011

By the end of the Great Moderation, over two dozen central banks were formal inflation targeters, and others, such as the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank and the Swiss National Bank, behaved essentially as inflation targeters even though they were resistant to identifying themselves as such. However, the past 3 years have seen central banks faced with new challenges, and these have raised questions about the future of inflation targeting as a framework for the conduct of monetary policy. I consider three suggested modifications to this policy framework: incorporating additional goals among a central bank's objectives; raising the average target for inflation; and switching to price level targeting.
The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: RIEK BLAKE M. , MANIA ERIC W.
Published: June 2011

This article examines the antecedents and outcomes of forgiveness. The interpersonal forgiveness literature is qualitatively reviewed. Antecedents to forgiveness are classified by their proximity to forgiveness based on M. E. McCullough and colleagues, (1998) framework. From most distal to most proximal these antecedents are personality, relationship factors, offense‐specific factors, and social‐cognitive factors including empathy. The association of these antecedents and several consequences of forgiveness are quantitatively examined in meta‐analyses. All investigated variables were significantly related to forgiveness. Empathy was a stronger correlate of forgiveness than any other non‐social‐cognitive antecedent except for trait agreeableness. Methodological factors and the average age of subjects moderated the relationship between forgiveness and some of its correlates. Implications and future directions are considered.
Sex Matters: Evaluating Sex and Gender in Migraine and Headache Research
Authors: Peterlin B. Lee , Gupta Saurabh , Ward Thomas N. , MacGregor Anne
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:839‐842)

Significant sex differences exist in migraine and other headache disorders. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences, including fluctuations in sex hormones and receptor binding, genetic factors, differences in exposure to environmental stressors, as well as differences in response to stress and pain perception; but how valid are some of these findings and can we improve the quality of research in this field? It is notable that the preponderance of animal pain studies use male subjects to study a predominantly female disorder. Furthermore, with respect to headache and migraine sex differences, limited data have been derived from animal models. Additionally, although sex differences (based on the categorization of male vs female) may be more routinely evaluated in clinical headache research than in the basic science research, greater attention to potential differences across the life cycle of women (ie, premenopausal vs postmenopausal differences) and menstrual cycle is warranted. In this manuscript we define the differences between “sex” and “gender” and highlight the importance of their application and use in headache research. The enhanced recognition and implementation of attention to sex differences throughout the hormonal and life‐cycle phase in both human and animal research will only help to strengthen and further our understanding of migraine and may help guide the direction of future headache research.
Childhood Abuse and Migraine: Epidemiology, Sex Differences, and Potential Mechanisms
Authors: Tietjen Gretchen E. , Peterlin B. Lee
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:869‐879)

Migraine and maltreatment are both common conditions that are more prevalent in women. Epidemiological evidence supports an association between childhood abuse and headache, as well as pain in general, although some controversy exists based on methodological concerns of studying the influence of remote, traumatic, stigmatizing events in an often depressed population. There is a growing scientific body of knowledge regarding the neurobiological effects of abuse on brain function and structure that suggest a possible role of early life stress in the pathogenesis of migraine, and a differential impact based on sex. Advances in our understanding of the basic mechanisms by which an adverse environment interacts with and changes the genome, may suggest new treatment strategies.
A Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study of Sublingual Feverfew and Ginger (LipiGesicTMM) in the Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Cady Roger K. , Goldstein Jerome , Nett Robert , Mitchell Russell , Beach M.E. , Browning Rebecca
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:1078‐1086)

Background.— Therapeutic needs of migraineurs vary considerably from patient to patient and even attack to attack. Some attacks require high‐end therapy, while other attacks have treatment needs that are less immediate. While triptans are considered the “gold standard” of migraine therapy, they do have limitations and many patients are seeking other therapeutic alternatives. In 2005, an open‐label study of feverfew/ginger suggested efficacy for attacks of migraine treated early during the mild headache phase of the attack.

Methods/Materials.— In this multi‐center pilot study, 60 patients treated 221 attacks of migraine with sublingual feverfew/ginger or placebo. All subjects met International Headache Society criteria for migraine with or without aura, experiencing 2‐6 attacks of migraine per month within the previous 3 months. Subjects had <15 headache days per month and were not experiencing medication overuse headache. Inclusion required that subjects were able to identify a period of mild headache in at least 75% of attacks. Subjects were required to be able to distinguish migraine from non‐migraine headache. Subjects were randomized 3:1 to receive either sublingual feverfew/ginger or a matching placebo and were instructed but not required to treat with study medication at the earliest recognition of migraine.

Results.— Sixty subjects treated 208 evaluable attacks of migraine over a 1‐month period; 45 subjects treated 163 attacks with sublingual feverfew/ginger and 15 subjects treated 58 attacks with a sublingual placebo preparation. Evaluable diaries were completed for 151 attacks of migraine in the population using feverfew/ginger and 57 attacks for those attacks treated with placebo. At 2 hours, 32% of subjects receiving active medication and 16% of subjects receiving placebo were pain‐free (P = .02). At 2 hours, 63% of subjects receiving feverfew/ginger found pain relief (pain‐free or mild headache) vs 39% for placebo (P = .002). Pain level differences on a 4‐point pain scale for those receiving feverfew/ginger vs placebo were −0.24 vs −0.04 respectively (P = .006). Feverfew/ginger was generally well tolerated with oral numbness and nausea being the most frequently occurring adverse event.

Conclusion.— Sublingual feverfew/ginger appears safe and effective as a first‐line abortive treatment for a population of migraineurs who frequently experience mild headache prior to the onset of moderate to severe headache.
Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine: The Placebo Effect
Authors: Solomon Seymour
Published: June 2011

(Headache 2011;51:980‐984)

Botulinum toxin A used to treat headache evokes prominent placebo effects and it is likely that these effects are solely responsible for its apparent effectiveness.
The alveolar process of the edentulous maxilla in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis subjects
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Cecchinato Denis , Bressan Eriberto A. , Toia Marco , Araújo Mauricio G. , Liljenberg Birgitta
Published: June 2011

Background: Early implant failures may document that the bone tissue or the wound‐healing process following installation surgery was compromised. Subjects who have lost teeth for periodontal reasons exhibit more earlier implant failures than subjects who had experienced tooth loss for other reasons.

Aim: To describe the tissue of the fully healed extraction sites in subjects who had lost teeth as a result of periodontitis or for other reasons.

Material and methods: Thirty‐six otherwise healthy, partially dentate subjects with fully healed edentulous portions in the posterior maxilla were included. Nineteen of these subjects had lost teeth because of advanced periodontitis (group P) and 17 for other reasons (group NP). Using a trephine drill, a 4–6 mm long hard tissue specimen was harvested. The biopsies were decalcified, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained and examined.

Results: The edentulous posterior maxilla was comprised of 47.1 ± 11% lamellar bone, 8.1 ± 7.1% woven bone, 4.3 ± 3.1% osteoid and 16.5 ± 10.4% bone marrow. There were no significant differences in the tissue composition of post‐extraction sites of (i) P and NP subjects and (ii) premolar and molar sites.

Conclusion: More than 50% of the edentulous maxilla was comprised of mineralized bone (lamellar and woven bone). The bone trabeculae frequently appeared to have a random orientation. The direction of the trabeculae rather than the lack of mineralized bone tissue may explain the clinical impression that the bone in the posterior maxilla provides limited resistance to mechanical instrumentation.

To cite this article: Lindhe J, Cecchinato D, Bressan EA, Toia M, Araújo M, Liljenberg B. The alveolar process of the edentulous maxilla in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis subjects. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 5–11 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02205.x
Masseter muscle thickness, chewing efficiency and bite force in edentulous patients with fixed and removable implant‐supported prostheses: a cross‐sectional multicenter study
Authors: Müller Frauke , Hernandez Marta , Grütter Linda , Aracil‐Kessler Luis , Weingart Dieter , Schimmel Martin
Published: June 2011

Objectives: Edentulous patients may be restored with conventional dentures (C/C), implant‐supported overdentures (IOD) or implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (IFDP). Null‐hypotheses: chewing efficiency, maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) and masseter muscle thickness (MMT) are lower in patients with C/IOD compared with the patients with bimaxillary IFDPs. Both groups perform better than C/C and are inferior to fully dentate controls.

Material and methods: Ethical approval was obtained. For this multicenter cross‐sectional study, 80 patients were recruited. Four groups of different dental states comprised of either implant‐supported prostheses (C/IOD and IFDP/IFDP) or served as control‐groups (C/C and fully dentate D/D). Chewing efficiency was assessed with a two‐colour mixing ability test. MBF was measured bilaterally with a force gauge. Two dimensional ultrasonography was used to measure MMT bilaterally.

Results: Chewing efficiency in C/IOD and IFDP/IFDP (difference NS) was better than in C/C, but not as good as in D/D. MBF in C/IOD was lower than in IFDP/IFDP. Chewing efficiency and MBF were significantly lower in IFDP/IFDP, who had experienced chipping or fracture of the prosthetic superstructure. Median MMT of patients with implant‐supported prostheses was between those with C/C and fully dentate participants. There was no significant difference in MMT between C/IOD and IFDP/IFDP.

Conclusion: Supporting complete prostheses with oral implants seems to have positive effects on the thickness of the masseter muscle, maximum bite force as well as chewing efficiency. The type of implant‐supported prostheses may have an influence on the magnitude of the effect.

To cite this article: Müller F, Hernandez M, Grütter L, Aracil‐Kessler L, Weingart D, Schimmel M. Masseter muscle thickness, chewing efficiency and bite force in edentulous patients with fixed and removable implant‐supported prostheses: a cross‐sectional multicenter study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 144–150.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02213.x
Fracture strength of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study
Authors: Larsson Christel , Madhoun Sammah El , Wennerberg Ann , Vult von Steyern Per
Published: June 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different types and design of zirconia frameworks as well as the effect of different veneering ceramics on the fracture strength of crowns. The importance of different abutment materials was also evaluated.

Materials and methods: Eighty cores, 40 in a fully‐sintered zirconia material and 40 in a pre‐sintered zirconia material were made. Twenty cores of each material were made with a core of even thickness shape (ES) and 20 were made with a core with anatomical shape (AS). The cores were divided into subgroups and veneered with one of two different veneering ceramics: a porcelain and a glass–ceramic material. In total eight groups of 10 crowns were made. They were all cemented onto abutments made of resin. One extra group of 10 AS, pre‐sintered zirconia cores veneered with glass–ceramic were made and cemented onto titanium abutments. All crowns underwent thermocycling and mechanical pre‐load and were finally loaded until fracture.

Results: AS crowns withstood significantly higher loads than ES crowns (P‐value <0.001), and crowns with titanium abutments withstood significantly higher loads than crowns supported by abutments made of inlay pattern resin (P‐value <0.001). Three types of fracture were noted: minor and major fracture of the veneering ceramic, and complete fracture through core and veneer. ES crowns showed significantly more major fractures of the veneering ceramic than AS crowns.

Conclusions: This in vitro study indicates that the design of the core, as well as the abutment support, significantly influences fracture load and fracture mode of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns.

To cite this article: Larsson C, El Madhoun S, Wennerberg A, Vult von Steyern P. Fracture strength of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals crowns with different design: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 820–826. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02224.x
Short progression‐free survival predicts for poor overall survival in older patients with multiple myeloma treated upfront with novel agent‐based therapy
Authors: Migkou Magdalini , Kastritis Efstathios , Roussou Maria , Gkotzamanidou Maria , Gavriatopoulou Maria , Nikitas Nikitas , Mparmparoussi Despina , Matsouka Charis , Gika Dimitra , Terpos Evangelos , Dimopoulos Meletios A.
Published: June 2011

Objectives:  To assess the importance of the quality of response and of early relapse in unselected elderly patients with myeloma treated upfront with novel agents.

Methods:  We analyzed 135 unselected transplant‐ineligible patients older than 65 yr who were treated upfront with novel agent‐based regimens in a single center.

Results:  On intent to treat, 81% of patients achieved a response (28% sCR/CR, 23% VGPR, and 30% PR). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) for patients who achieved sCR/CR was 31 vs. 20 months for VGPR and 23 months for PR (P = 0.048). Median overall survival (OS) for patients with sCR/CR was 62 months, 53 months for VGPR and 38 months for patients with PR (P = 0.028). Early relapse (PFS < 12 months) was more common in patients with PR (39% vs. 21% for VGPR vs. 3% for sCR/CR). Patients who relapsed or progressed <12 months from initiation of treatment had a median OS of 15.4 months compared with 53 months (P < 0.001) for patients who had a PFS > 12 months despite the fact that after relapse or progression most patients were treated again with novel agents. In multivariate analysis, short PFS was the most significant adverse prognostic factor affecting OS, associated with a 7.25‐fold (P < 0.0001) increase in the risk of death.

Conclusion:  In newly diagnosed patients over 65 yr, treated upfront with novel agents achievement of CR and a PFS ≥12 months is associated with improved outcome. Patients who fail to respond or experience early relapse after primary therapy with novel agent‐based regimens should be encouraged to participate in clinical trials of novel agents and combinations.
The pathopysiology of heat stroke: an integrative view of the final common pathway
Authors: Epstein Y. , Roberts W. O.
Published: June 2011

Heat stroke is defined as a condition in which body temperature is elevated to such a level that it becomes a noxious agent causing body tissue dysfunction and damage with a characteristic multi‐organ clinical and pathological syndrome. Marked hyperthermia, usually above 40.5 °C and associated encephalopathy, occurs after thermoregulation is subordinated to circulatory and metabolic demands and to the associated systemic inflammatory reaction. Exertional heat stroke is a function of both intrinsic and extrinsic modulators. Intrinsic modulators like genetics, fitness, acclimatization, illness, medications, and sleep quality can alter individual risk and outcomes, while extrinsic modulators like exercise intensity and duration, clothing and equipment, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and solar radiation can affect the group risk and outcomes. This review integrates the current theoretical and accepted knowledge of physiological alterations into one model that depicts a common pathway from heat stress to heat stroke.
Infrapatellar fat pad size, but not patellar alignment, is associated with patellar tendinopathy
Authors: Culvenor A. G. , Cook J. L. , Warden S. J. , Crossley K. M.
Published: June 2011

Patellar tendinopathy (PT) is one of the most common overuse injuries of the knee. Recent reports indicate that increased body mass is frequently associated with tendinopathy, not only biomechanically but biochemically. Abnormalities of other structures within the knee extensor mechanism [patellofemoral joint (PFJ) alignment and patellar tendon length] that can directly influence the strain distribution of the patellar tendon are inconsistently implicated in PT. The aim of this study was to compare the infrapatellar fat pad volume, patellar tendon length and PFJ alignment in people with chronic PT and a group of age‐, gender‐, height‐, and activity‐matched controls with normal tendons. Axial magnetic resonance (MR) images, from 26 participants with PT and 28 control participants were obtained. Fat pad size, patellar tendon length and PFJ alignment were measured digitally from the MR images, using measurement software, and the results compared between the PT group and control group. People with PT had a significantly larger fat pad than healthy controls when controlled for height (P=0.04). Patellar tendon length was not significantly different between groups (P=0.16), nor were there between‐group differences for the measures of PFJ alignment (P=0.07–0.76). Thus, the infrapatellar fat pad may play an important role in PT.
Tongue position after deglutition in subjects with habitual open‐mouth posture under different functional conditions
Authors: Knösel M , Klein S , Bleckmann A , Engelke W
Published: June 2011

To cite this article:
 Knösel M, Klein S, Bleckmann A, Engelke W: Tongue position after deglutition in subjects with habitual open‐mouth posture under different functional conditions Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:181–188

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Knösel M, Klein S, Bleckmann A, Engelke W

Objective –  To test the null hypothesis of no significant differences in (1) the duration of the post‐deglutory, cranial tongue rest position (CTP) between different functional orofacial conditions and (2) the presence or absence of an oral screen (OS) in subjects with a habitual open‐mouth posture.

Subjects –  Twenty‐nine subjects (aged 6–16; mean: 9.69 years; 13/16 girls/boys) were selected according to the inclusion criterion of a habitual, daytime open‐mouth posture.

Methods –  Deglutition was screened at baseline during resting respiration using orofacial polysensography and simultaneous assessment of tongue‐to‐palate position and nasal airstream, during five functional intervals of 8 min each: F1 without instruction (RR); F2 the same, but including an oral screen (RROS); F3 with OS and the instruction to maintain a tongue‐to‐palate contact (IROS); F4 with OS and the instruction to perform tongue repositioning manoeuvres at the time of spontaneous swallowing (TRMOS); and F5 corresponds to F3 omitting OS (IR). Duration and frequency of deglutition were analysed descriptively as well as by anova and subsequent multiple comparisons, and the CTP was evaluated with chi‐square tests and paired comparisons at a significance level of 5%.

Results –  Of 542 identified swallowing acts, 75% were accompanied by a post‐deglutory CTP. Mean duration of CTP increased for functional conditions RR/1.01s > RROS/2.56s > IR/3.21s > IROS/6.53s > TRMOS/6.58s. The null hypothesis (1) was rejected in comparison of resting respiration (F1, F2) with IROS and TRMOS, whereas the use of an oral screen alone did not significantly prolong the duration of CTP.
Long‐term effects of earlier initiated continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants in Madagascar
Authors: Nagai Shuko , Yonemoto Naohiro , Rabesandratana Norotiana , Andrianarimanana Diavolana , Nakayama Takeo , Mori Rintaro
Published: June 2011

Aim:  To examine the long‐term effects of earlier initiated continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for relatively stable low‐birth‐weight (LBW) infants in a resource‐limited country.

Methods:  A randomized controlled trial with long‐term follow‐up was performed in LBW infants in Madagascar. Earlier continuous KMC (intervention group) was initiated as soon as possible within 24 h postbirth, and later continuous KMC (control group: conventional care) was initiated after complete stabilization. Outcome measures were mortality or readmission, nutritional indicators at 6–12 months postbirth and feeding condition at 6 months postbirth (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00531492).

Results:  A total of 72 infants were followed for mortality or readmission at 6–12 months postbirth. There was no difference between the two groups (7/36 vs. 7/36, Risk ratio (RR), 1.00; 95% CIs, 0.39–2.56; p = 1.00). The proportion of exclusive breast feeding (EBF) at 6 months postbirth was significantly higher with earlier KMC than later KMC (12/29 vs. 4/26; RR 2.69; 95% CIs, 1.00–7.31; p = 0.04). There were no differences in nutritional indicators between the two groups at 6–12 months postbirth.

Conclusion:  Earlier initiated continuous KMC results in a significantly higher proportion of EBF at 6 months postbirth. Further larger‐scale long‐term evaluations of earlier initiated continuous KMC for LBW infants are needed.
Celebrity Studies in the Long Eighteenth Century: An Interdisciplinary Overview
Authors: Wanko Cheryl
Published: June 2011

The work done to date on the development of celebrity culture in the long 18th century ranges across fields as diverse as theater and criminology, art and boxing, and music and oral culture, as scholars examine how celebrity operates within discrete segments of the public sphere as well as across them. Celebrity studies is more than a simple description of a star’s popularity. Instead, it examines how personal, social, media, political, and economic events create local conditions of popularity, how a celebrity’s popular images circulate within a culture, and what the celebrity means to a culture; it also traces how concepts of merit and fame change over time. Individual studies of celebrities and the fans, audiences, and readers who admire them are joined by interdisciplinary studies that best capture the breadth of celebrity’s foundations and effects.
Shakespearean Medievalism and the Limits of Periodization inCymbeline
Authors: Williams Deanne
Published: June 2011

The Renaissance developed the concept of a ‘middle age’ between the classical period and their own culture, while ‘medievalism’ is associated with the aesthetic nostalgia of the Pre‐Raphaelite Brotherhood. Although the idea of Shakespearean medievalism applies a Victorian category anachronistically to Shakespeare, it provides an opportunity to consider the coherence and significance of Shakespeare’s relationship to the Middle Ages, as well as the purpose and agenda behind his adaptations of medieval material. After the periodization debates of the 1990s, which sought to undermine many of the traditional disciplinary distinctions between the Middle Ages and Renaissance, scholars are now turning their attention to how the Renaissance invented the idea of the Middle Ages. This has produced a wide range of new perspectives on Shakespeare’s representation of the Middle Ages that includes the possibility that Shakespeare did not conceptualize history according to fixed periods, such as Medieval and Renaissance. This article argues that Chaucer’sFranklin’s Taleis a key source for Shakespeare’sCymbeline, and thatCymbeline’suse of theFranklin’s Taleprovides a key example of Shakespearean medievalism that resists the traditional borders and boundaries of periodization.
Stereoselectivity and conformational stability of haloalkane dehalogenase DbjA from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110: the effect of pH and temperature
Authors: Chaloupkova Radka , Prokop Zbynek , Sato Yukari , Nagata Yuji , Damborsky Jiri
Published: June 2011

The effect of pH and temperature on structure, stability, activity and enantioselectivity of haloalkane dehalogenase DbjA from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 was investigated in this study. Conformational changes have been assessed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, functional changes by kinetic analysis, while quaternary structure was studied by gel filtration chromatography. Our study shows that the DbjA enzyme is highly tolerant to pH changes. Its secondary and tertiary structure was not affected by pH in the ranges 5.3–10.3 and 6.2–10.1, respectively. Oligomerization of DbjA was strongly pH‐dependent: monomer, dimer, tetramer and a high molecular weight cluster of the enzyme were distinguished in solution at different pH conditions. Moreover, different oligomeric states of DbjA possessed different thermal stabilities. The highest melting temperature (Tm = 49.1 ± 0.2 °C) was observed at pH 6.5, at which the enzyme occurs in dimeric form. Maximal activity was detected at 50 °C and in the pH interval 7.7–10.4. While pH did not have any effect on enantiodiscriminination of DbjA, temperature significantly altered DbjA enantioselectivity. A decrease in temperature results in significantly enhanced enantioselectivity. The temperature dependence of DbjA enantioselectivity was analysed with 2‐bromobutane, 2‐bromopentane, methyl 2‐bromopropionate and ethyl 2‐bromobutyrate, and differential activation parameters and were determined. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the resolution of β‐bromoalkanes was driven by both enthalpic and entropic terms, while the resolution of α‐bromoesters was driven mainly by an enthalpic term. Unique catalytic activity and structural stability of DbjA in a broad pH range, combined with high enantioselectivity with particular substrates, make this enzyme a very versatile biocatalyst.

Enzyme

EC3.8.1.5 haloalkane dehalogenase.
Determinants of Self‐employment in China: Evidence from Cross‐regional Data
Authors: Li Kun , Zhao Changwen
Published: June 2011

This paper presents and tests a series of sources of regional variations in self‐employment rate in China in the 2000s, and illustrates that the stage of economic development is a major explanation for the variations of self‐employment rate across regions over the past decade. The negative relationship between the stage of economic development and self‐employment rate identified in the paper indicates that China has entered the process of fast industrialization, and self‐employment is playing a diminishing role in economic growth and employment. We also find a substitution effect between self‐employment and private enterprises. While both are important components of China's private sector, private enterprises are becoming an increasingly important source of China's economic growth and employment. Furthermore, our findings also imply that when job opportunities are limited, self‐employment in China is likely a forced choice of disadvantaged people who are not qualified for wage jobs.
China's Share of US Imports and Exchange Rate Pass‐through to US Import Prices
Authors: Zhou Jianhuan , Kim Donghun
Published: June 2011

The present paper investigates the effect of China's share of US imports on the aggregate‐level exchange rate pass‐through to US import prices over the period from January 1999 to December 2008. The paper also focuses on the post‐reform period, after 2005, allowing greater flexibility of the RMB to explore the change in the role of the Chinese import share in determining the trend in the US exchange rate pass‐through. Evidence reveals that China's share of US imports has a negative effect on the exchange rate pass‐through. However, this negative effect has been moderated to a negligible level since China's exchange rate reform. An important implication is that the exchange rate flexibility of the RMB has been raised to a significant level may no longer cause distortion in the US competitive environment and prevent the USA from adjusting current accounts.
Evaluation of Meat and Bone Meal as Replacement for Protein Concentrate in the Practical Diet for Sutchi Catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878), Reared under Pond Condition
Authors: Abdul Kader M. , Bulbul Mahbuba , Yokoyama Saichiro , Ishikawa Manabu , Koshio Shunsuke , Sakhawat Hossain M. , Ahmed Gias Uddin , Arshad Hossain M.
Published: June 2011

An 80‐d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate meat and bone meal (MBM) as replacement of protein concentrate (PC) in practical diets for sutchi catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. Triplicate groups of juvenile sutchi catfish (initial weight 4.80 g) were stocked at the rate of 20,000 fish/ha in 12 earthen ponds (30 m2 each). Four isocaloric diets (4.12 kcal/g) were formulated by replacing 0 (Diet 1, control), 33 (Diet 2), 67 (Diet 3), and 100% (Diet 4) PC protein with MBM. The growth parameters [final weight, % weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR)] of fish fed Diets 1, 2, and 3 were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other but were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in Diet 4. The protein content in fish fed Diet 4 was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the others. The total production of fish in different treatments ranged between 1917 and 2648 kg/ha/80 d. A simple economic analysis determined that the highest net profit (Tk. 52,965/ha) was obtained with Diet 2 and the lowest (Tk. 27,127/ha) with Diet 4 having 100% PC protein replacement. From the results of the study it is concluded that MBM can substitute up to 67% PC protein in catfish diet without hampering the growth and feed utilization.
Digestibility of Alternative Protein‐Rich Feedstuffs for Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Kitagima Renato Eiji , Fracalossi Débora Machado
Published: June 2011

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of amino acids, crude protein, gross energy, and dry matter of canola meal, corn gluten feed, fish offal meal, shrimp and fish offal meal, poultry by‐product meal, and hydrolyzed feather meal were determined for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Experimental diets contained 30% test ingredient, 69.5% casein‐based reference diet, and 0.5% chromic oxide. Groups of 20 fish (102.45 g) were fed the experimental diets twice a day at 3.5% body weight. Fecal samples were collected in triplicate daily at 0000 h and 0600 h after settlement into collection devices. Shrimp and fish offal meal and corn gluten feed presented significantly lower (P < 0.05) ADC for dry matter (59.5 and 39.3%) suggesting their low value as feedstuffs for catfish feeds. Although ADC values for crude protein were above 80% for all the test ingredients, amino acid digestibility varied significantly, except for histidine whose ADC remained constant regardless of the protein source. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in most of the test ingredients, except in fish offal meal and poultry by‐product meal. Among the protein sources tested, only fish offal meal and poultry by‐product meal met channel catfish amino acid requirements for a 28% digestible protein grow‐out diet.
Temporal and Spatial Variations of Ectoparasites on Cage‐reared Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Tamaulipas, Mexico
Authors: Rábago‐Castro Jaime , Sánchez‐Martínez Jesús Genaro , Loredo‐Osti Jorge , Gomez‐Flores Ricardo , Tamez‐Guerra Patricia , Ramírez‐Pfeiffer Carlos
Published: June 2011

Studies in cage‐cultured fish have reported spatial and temporal variations on parasite prevalence; however, most of these studies have been carried out in cold water and marine environments. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, is the main floating cages‐raised species used in intensive fish culture in Tamaulipas. In Mexico, there are no seasonal reports on fish parasites in this type of cage system. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasites of cage‐cultured channel catfish in a year. Fish were sampled bimonthly from six locations in Tamaulipas and measured and evaluated for ectoparasites. Results showed the presence of two gill‐dwelling metazoans, Ligictaluridus floridanus and Ergasilus cerastes and one skin‐dwelling protozoan, Trichodina sp.; a pattern characterized by peaks in prevalence in early autumn for L. floridanus and late autumn for E. cerastes was observed. In addition, geographic location had a significant effect on the prevalence of L. floridanus and E. cerastes. It was also observed that presence of these parasites was not associated with any fish mortality. To our knowledge, this is the first seasonal study on ectoparasite prevalence on channel catfish reared in cages in México.
Afterlife Conceptions in the Vedas
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: June 2011

Continuity and change in ancient Indian afterlife conceptions are discussed in a broad overview of the most relevant Vedic texts (the Rig Veda, the Krishna Yajur Veda, the Atharva Veda, the Shatapatha Brahmana, the Jaiminiya Brahmana and the Upanishads). Despite the introduction of (or re‐emphasis on) certain ideas, such as reincarnation and moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth), there is also continuity of a core set of conceptions from the earliest texts to the latest. Return‐from‐death narratives are also found in each textual strand, and are discussed separately.
Cyberpilgrimage: The (Virtual) Reality of Online Pilgrimage Experience
Authors: Hill‐Smith Connie
Published: June 2011

Cyberpilgrimage is the practice of undertaking pilgrimage on the internet. Such pilgrimages may be performed for a host of reasons, ranging from idle curiosity to the need to ready oneself, psychologically or informationally, for a ‘real’ (terrestrial) pilgrimage. For some web‐users, these experiences may amount to little more than interesting diversions, mildly intriguing ripples in a sea of information and possibility, to be paused upon and pondered briefly before surfing onward to other things. Depending on individual motivations and circumstances, however, they can be deeply charged, transformative, enlightening and profoundly fulfilling on both emotional and spiritual levels. As new as the internet is, cyberpilgrimage is newer; and it seems clear we are witnessing the birth of one of a number of largely uncharted ways by which people are beginning to experience themselves spiritually on the internet. Such experiences tend to be perceived as more self‐mediated and, thus, more individualised, liberated and radical than terrestrial experiences of a similar sort (though this is not necessarily the case). This article is intended to explain what cyberpilgrimage can entail, to survey the input to‐date of contemporary scholars to the study of cyberpilgrimage; and to offer insight into some of the major debates and questions it raises, in particular with regard to the authenticity of computer‐based ‘experience’.
Linking Speech Errors and Generative Phonological Theory
Authors: Goldrick Matthew
Published: June 2011

Speech errors are a critical source of data on the tacit knowledge that underlies our creative use of language. Studies of errors in spontaneous speech, in experimental paradigms such as tongue twisters, and those produced by aphasic individuals reveal the influence of linguistic principles on the production of speech. Linguistic representations from distinctive features and gestures to prosodic structure shape speech error distributions. Speech errors respect allophonic and allomorphic relationships between linguistic forms. Phonological well‐formedness – as measured by cross‐linguistic markedness and within‐language frequency – influences which structures are (mis)produced in errors. Recent advances in constraint‐based generative phonological theories (Optimality Theory, Harmonic Grammar, and Maximum Entropy Grammars) may provide insight into these patterns. Formal models of variation and computational models of constraint satisfaction may provide the means to quantitatively link phonological principles and speech error distributions.