bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific report on the Belgian expedition to The Great Barrier Reef in 1967. Nematodes VI. Morphological observations on a new genus Quadricomoides of marine Desmoscolecida
Authors: Decraemer W
Published: November 2005

Quadricomoides, gen. nov., is an unusual genus of nematodes in several important morphological
characters including the presence of a triradially symmetric head end and the structure of the
oesophagus with a terminal symmetric bulb.
The genus is represented by four new species: Q. coomansi, sp. nov., is characterized by the
rectangular shape of its head, by fine spines which line the buccal cavity and interlock like a zip
fastener, and by the shape of the spicules and the complex gubernaculum accompanied by a
strongly developed muscular system; Q. alleni, sp, nov., is distinguished by its dome-shaped
triradially symmetric head end and by the presence of a tubular structure at each Side of the vas
deferens at the level of concretion rings 22-25; Q. pedunculata, sp. nov., is close to Q. coomansi
in its comparable head shape but is different in several aspects including the presence of long
peduncles to the somatic setae and the position of the connection between the internal differentiation
and the outer wall of the oesophageal bulb (i.e. halfway along and sublateral instead of terminal and
subventral). A female specimen from the Bahamas, identified by Timm (1970) as Quadricoma
loricata Filipjev, 1922, is placed in the new genus and considered as a new species. Quadricoma
angulocephala Freudenhammer, 1975, and Quadricoma magna Timm, 1970, are transferred to
Quadricomoides.
Ecology of Botany Bay. I. Growth of Posidonia australis (Brown) Hook. f. in Botany Bay and other bays of the Sydney basin
Authors: Larkum AWD
Published: November 2005

The distribution, biomass and density of various beds of P. australis have been determined for Botany Bay (N.S.W.). Comparisons have been made with sites at Broken Bay, Port Hacking and Jervis Bay and these include observations of other seagrass beds (Zostera capricorni, Heterozostera tasmanica, Halophila ovalis and Halophila decipiens). The P. australis plants observed were all of the broad-leaved (1.0-1.2 cm) variety. The length of leaves appears to be correlated with depth and with degree of exposure to wave action. The distribution of P. australis in Botany Bay is almost entirely restricted to the southern side and is limited to a maximum depth of - 3 m compared with -7 to -9 m at other sites. The growth of plants in well-established beds seems to be as vigorous in Botany Bay as elsewhere but flowering is poor and infrequent and the overgrowth of epiphytes is very great at certain seasons. Clearing experiments in Botany Bay indicate that recolonization by surrounding plants or seedlings is extremely slow. Transplant experiments indicate that mature plants will survive transplanting to cleared sites on both the northern and southern sides of the Bay. Evidence for a much more extensive distribution of P. australis in Botany Bay in times past and the possible effects of pollution are discussed.
Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and chromium to the marine fishes, yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichette forsteri C. & V.) and small-mouthed hardyhead (Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley)
Authors: Negilski DS
Published: November 2005

In static tests with juvenile mullet, the acute incipient lethal level for zinc was 9 mg/l, the 168-h LC50 value for cadmium was 16 mg/l, and the 96-h LC50 values for tri- and hexavalent chromium were 53 and 24 mg/l respectively; in similar tests with pre-adult hardyhead, the acute incipient lethal level for zinc was 33 mg/l and the 168-h LC50 value for cadmium was 21 mg/l. In continuous-flow tests with mullet the acute incipient lethal level for zinc was 12 mg/l, but incipient lethal levels were not attained for cadmium or chromium; however, the 120-h LC50 value for cadmium and the 96-h LC50 value for hexavalent chromium were 14 and 31 mg/l respectively. In similar tests with hardyhead, incipient lethal levels for zinc and chromium were 37 and 36 mg/l respectively. An acute incipient lethal level for cadmium was not attained, but the 168-h LC50 value was 15 mg/l.
Generally, mullet and hardyhead were more sensitive to the acute effects of cadmium, chromium and zinc than other marine and estuarine fishes for which toxicological information is available. Increased temperature also appeared to increase the sensitivity of mullet to the lethal effects of zinc.
Nutrient economics and trophic status of Lakes Sorell and Crescent, Tasmania
Authors: Cheng DMH , Tyler PA
Published: November 2005

Effects of various nutrients on short-term photosynthetic carbon uptake and longer-term yield of algae were assayed for two similar, connected lakes (Lake Sorell flowing into Lake Crescent) with contrasting plankton populations. Phosphorus (P) and phosphorus plus nitrogen (P+N) were the only nutrients to stimulate 14C uptake, and more for Lake Crescent than for Lake Sorell, over 3-h incubations, and P+N was only marginally more effective than P alone. Added SiO2 was inhibitory in short-term but not in long-term incubations. During 3-day incubations, P, N and P+N increased 14C uptake for Lake Sorell but usually not for Lake Crescent. Micronutrients and chelators also accelerated 14C incorporation for Lake Sorell but not for Lake Crescent. No nutrient tested singly increased the ultimate yield of algae, but P+N, Na2CO3 and SiO2 added incrementally produced marked, incremental increases in yield, and more so in Lake Sorell than in Lake Crescent. Addition of micronutrients had no further stimulatory effect. Removal of tripton from lake samples seriously impaired yields, even in P+N-enriched cultures. Incremental replacement of tripton produced incremental restoration of yields. Volume for volume, Lake Crescent water contained more tripton and a more organic tripton than Lake Sorell water. Weight for weight, Lake Crescent tripton stimulated faster growth than Lake Sorell tripton but ultimate yields were the same. Micronutrients and chelators together could substitute for native tripton, the role of which seems to be the maintenance of micronutrients in solution in the oxidizing milieu of the polymictic lakes. The greater productivity and greater phytoplankton biomass of Lake Crescent rests on its greater tripton load, derived from greater scouring of sediments, its flow through from Lake Sorell and an abundant fringing marshland. It is likely that the distinctive floras of the two lakes are adapted to the different nutrient conditions, so that flow-through inocula of Lake Sorell algae cannot become established in Lake Crescent. As Lakes Sorell and Crescent are already mesotrophic and eutrophic respectively, and since additions of P and P+N considerably increase productivity and yield, management plans for this recreational area should seek to limit nutrient inputs.
Acute toxicity of cadmium and zinc to seven invertebrate species from Western Port, Victoria
Authors: Ahsanullah M
Published: November 2005

The acute toxicity of cadmium and zinc to seven species of invertebrate animals from Western Port was determined using both static and continuous-flow bioassays. In the static bioassays, the species most sensitive to cadmium was Allovchestes compressa, followed by Mytilus edulis planulatus, Palaemon sp., Neanthes vaali, and Paragrapsus quadridentatus, and the LC50 values ranged from 0.2 to 16.7 mg/l. The species most sensitive to zinc was A. compressa, then, in descending order of sensitivity, M. e. planulatus, Neanthes vaali, Palaemon sp., and Paragrapsus quadridentatus, and the LC50 values ranged from 0.58 to 13.1 mg/l. Results for two other species, Patiriella exigua and Neotrigonia margaritacea, were inconclusive because of the difficulty in determining the point of death. Continuous-flow bioassays were carried out on Palaemon sp., Paragrapsus quadridentatus, and M. e. planulatus, and in general the LC50 values were higher than those in the static bioassays.
Ecological role of Zelandopsyche ingens (Trichoptera: Oeconesidae) in a beech forest system ecosystem
Authors: Winterbourn MJ , Davis SF
Published: November 2005

An ecological study of the trichopteran Z. ingens was made in a small stream flowing through mountain beech forest in the South Island of New Zealand. Larvae were present throughout the year, many being in early instars in summer and early autumn whereas the final instar was predominant from May to January inclusive. Pupation and emergence occurred in summer. The size of the larval population in a 93-m section of stream was estimated on three occasions using mesh colonization trays. Densities ranged from 61 to 97 larvae/m2. Over 1500 larvae belonging to the final three instars, or about 25% of the estimated population in the section, were trapped drifting out of the section in an 8-month period. Larvae fed mainly on dead beech leaves which were assimilated with an efficiency of 8-24 %. Results of [14C]glucose labelling experiments indicated that much of the microflora present on dead leaves was assimilated by larvae. Fine particle production rates (approximately equal to egestion rates) were measured in laboratory feeding experiments at three temperatures and combined with field data on the life history and population size to estimate annual litter breakdown. It was estimated that approximately 11 % of the beech leaves and twigs entering the experimental stream section were broken down by Z. ingens.
Delimitation of subtidal macrobenthos associations at the mouth of the Brisbane River
Authors: Hailstone TS
Published: November 2005

One hundred and fifty dredge samples of macrobenthic animals from the mouth of the Brisbane River were analysed by zonation analysis, Petersen-type community analysis, and hierarchical classificatory analysis. The methods were compared in terms of the faunal distribution patterns that they yielded. Hierarchical analysis gave the most acceptable results. Although the normal dendro- gram could be interpreted meaningfully to at least 16 sample groups, it has been interpreted to six groups here in preparation for subsequent, more detailed analyses. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns have been recognized and the consideration of the sample groupings as faunal states has been emphasized.
Postembryonic growth and development of Caridina nilotica aruensis Roux (Decapoda: Atyidae) reared in the laboratory
Authors: Glaister JP
Published: November 2005

The larval growth and development of C. n. aruensis reared in the laboratory is described and illustrated.
Four zoeal and one post-zoeal stages were found to occur with an approximate time between
hatching and metamorphosis of 14 days. The mean egg size was 0.64 by 0.40 mm with standard
deviations of 0.042 and 0.028 respectively, whilst the mean number of eggs per egg mass was 74
(s.d. 15.2). The large egg size of C. n. aruensis is correlated with an abbreviated larval life and is a
feature of many freshwater shrimps. Zoeal locomotion was thoracic whilst that of the post-zoea
was abdominal. The growth rate of C. n. aruensis is described.
The bathythermograph as a tool in gathering synoptic thermohaline data
Authors: Andrews JC
Published: November 2005

A method for converting synoptic bathythermal data to density data by inferring salinity is discussed. In the depth interval covered by the bathythermograph, the salinity is obtained from mean temperature -salinity curves; these may be calculated either from historical data or from reference hydrographic stations occupied during relevant cruises. Further, on the basis of analysis of oceanographic data previously gathered in an area, the regression of the mean density field at depths below those covered by a bathythermograph on functions based on data from the bathythermograph may be obtained. These methods are exemplified for the south-east Indian Ocean but should be generally applicable in other mid-latitude regions. The aim of this paper is to provide a means for obtaining synoptic data from rapid physical oceanographic surveys.
Wind-induced water level oscillations in shallow lagoons
Authors: Noye BJ , Walsh PJ
Published: November 2005

Use is made of the concept of the frequency response function to analyse long-wave oscillations of the surface of a closed lake which is subject to forcing by tangential wind stresses. By comparison of a response function calculated from data taken from the North Coorong-an almost land-locked lagoon south-east of Adelaide, South Australia-with the theoretical, one-dimensional response calculated for a rectangular, constant-depth lake with dimensions equivalent to the average dimensions of this body of water, an estimate is made of the damping parameter for the lagoon. Predictions of wind-induced water level changes using the response function method agree well with recorded values.
Numerical analysis of primary production and associated data from waters off the east coast of Australia
Authors: Carpenter DJ , Carpenter SM
Published: November 2005

Primary production by phytoplankton and 10 associated parameters were measured at a sampling station off Sydney on the east coast of Australia during September and October 1971. Numerical analysis of the data gave results consistent with local enrichment of the surface waters by vertical mixing of intruded continental slope water with the overlying coastal water, leading to periodic phytoplankton blooms. Simple linear combinations of the parameters were found adequate to describe the variations in the primary production data, and the bloom conditions could be characterized by three separable properties of the sample station.
Some chemical features of two Papuan fresh waters (Papua New Guinea)
Authors: Petr T
Published: November 2005

The Purari River in Papua (Papua New Guinea) is a tropical river with ionic dominance similar to that of the world average river water, i.e. Ca > Mg > Na > K, and HCO3 > (SO4?) > Cl. As the sulphate concentration was not determined, the anionic trend still needs to be further investigated. The Na:Ca as well as the Ca + Mg:Na + K ionic ratios suggest that chemical weathering in the highlands is the dominant source of dissolved solids, and that it determines the chemistry of the lower course of the Purari River. Among the waters investigated, the Purari River, in its lower course, has a total salinity higher than that of the Sirinumu impoundment, and lower than that of the Sepik River. The low concentration of solutes in the Sirinumu impoundment near Port Moresby indicates that oligotrophication can be expected in reservoirs built on Papuan rivers.
Some uses of multifactorial response surface analysis in temperature tolerance studies
Authors: Wallis RL
Published: November 2005

A simple multifactorial model using response surface analysis is developed and described for thermal studies related directly to power station cooling systems. The model incorporates the factors of intake salinity and temperature, temperature shock, exposure time, and mortality responses. In addition sublethal effects such as delayed mortality and incapacitation can be included along with mechanical damage effects. The model is regarded as being flexible enough to apply to the main areas of interest in power station cooling systems: lethal and sublethal effects on entrained species and species in the receiving waters. Experimental results from these areas are presented using the model and are related directly to the field situation.
The amount and distribution of calcium in the exoskeleton of intermoult crayfish of the genera Engaeus and Geocharax
Authors: Mills BJ , Suter P , Lake PS
Published: November 2005

Total calcium concentration and calcium distribution have been studied in the exoskeletons of the crayfish Engaeus fossor, E. leptorhynchus, Engaeus sp, and Geocharax falcata. In all species the total exoskeleton calcium concentration is low in comparison with most other crustaceans, especially the decapod Crustacea. Furthermore the results suggest that the total exoskeletal calcium concentrations of two of the species (E. fossor and Engaeus sp.) decreases with increased crayfish size whilst one other species studied (G. falcata) maintains a constant concentration of calcium with increased crayfish size. It is suggested that reduction in (relative) calcification is an adaptation to the low calcium concentrations in the waters inhabited by the crayfish. The distribution of exoskeletal calcium in the crayfish species studied was dissimilar. The significance of these differences in calcium distribution is discussed in relation to the habitat requirements of each species.
Associations of Entomostraca with weedbed habitats in a billabong of the Goulburn River, Victoria
Authors: Shiel RJ
Published: November 2005

General physical, chemical and biological information is given for a seasonally inundated billabong (Ox-bow Lake) of the Goulburn River near Alexandra. The microcrustacean fauna (Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda) was rich in species, with 59 species in 44 genera being recorded over 1 year. Statistical analyses showed a significantly clumped distribution, and these apparent habitat preferences are interpreted with reference to the functional morphology of the animals and to weedbed characteristics.
Observations on interactions between indigenous Galaxiidae and introduced Salmonidae in the Lake Eucumbene catchment, New South Wales
Authors: Tilzey RDJ
Published: November 2005

The fish fauna of all major streams within the Lake Eucumbene catchment in south-eastern New South Wales was sampled by electrofishing or poisoning with rotenone. Galaxias coxii was found in only four, and G. olidus in only one other of the 27 streams sampled whereas the introduced salmonids (Salmo trutta or S. gairdneri, or both) occurred in all but the stream containing G. olidus. Values for galaxiid biomass were low in comparison with those for trout where both occurred together. Sampling in 1971 and 1974 in the one stream observed in 1971 to contain only G. olidus spanned an invasion by S. gairdneri and by 1974 the galaxiid species had completely disappeared below a natural barrier to trout, but above this barrier the biomass and population structure of G. olidus had not changed greatly compared to the 1971 values. This indicated that the presence of S. gairdneri was the sole environmental factor causing galaxiid disappearance below the barrier. Historical data for the catchment area suggested that the introduction and subsequent success of
trout are primarily responsible for the present, much fragmented galaxiid distribution.
Patterns in equilibrium tide and the observed tide
Authors: Webb DJ
Published: November 2005

This paper illustrates some of the patterns which arise in the diurnal and semi-diurnal equilibrium tides. It discusses how these patterns are produced by the motions of the moon and sun relative to the earth and it also discusses how the patterns are distorted by the oceans to give the observed tides.
Nearshore wave-power dissipation and the coastal energy regime of the Sydney-Jervis Bay region, New South Wales: a comparison
Authors: Wright LD
Published: November 2005

Analyses were performed on wave data obtained over a period of 2 years from the Botany Bay offshore wave rider to estimate the role of shallow water modification and frictional dissipation on the coastal wave regime of the region from Sydney to Jervis Bay, N.S.W. Owing to the steep nearshore profile which characterizes this region, the seaward limit of wave-induced sediment motion is less than 1 km offshore for 50% of the time and exceeds 3.5 km only 1 % of the time. Correspondingly, the narrowness of the active nearshore zone minimizes the amount of wave power expended by nearshore bed friction: on the average only 3.4% of the incident wave power is dissipated before reaching the inshore zone. By contrast, friction-induced power expenditures over the low-gradient nearshore profiles fronting the coasts of Sergipe (Brazil), Santa Rosa Island (Florida, U.S.A.), Cape Henry to Cape Hatteras (U.S.A.), and Georgia (U.S.A.) average 29, 48, 58 and 84% respectively.
Fishes of the family Prototroctidae (Salmoniformes)
Authors: McDowall RM
Published: November 2005

The family Prototroctidae, the genus Prototroctes, and the two contained species-P. oxyrhynchus Gunther, 1870 (New Zealand) and P. maraena Gunther 1864 (south-eastern Australia and Tasmania) are described. P. oxyvhynchus is distinguished from P. maraena by much higher counts of lateral scale rows, vertebrae and gill rakers. What is known of the natural history of Prototroctes is reviewed. P. oxyvhynchus is extinct and P. maraena now rare; reasons for the decline of these species are discussed.
Observations on some massive fish kills in Lake Eyre
Authors: Ruello NV
Published: November 2005

Large numbers of dead hairback herring Nematalosa erebi (Gunther) and hardyhead Craterocephalus eyresii (Steinachner) were found along the shores of Lake Eyre (Central Australia) in July 1975.
The distribution and estimated abundance of dead fishes and the possible causes of the fish mortalities are discussed.
Simplified circulation and mixing models of Moreton Bay, Queensland
Authors: Milford SN , Church JA
Published: November 2005

An investigation of water motions in Moreton Bay has employed existing data on tide heights and salinity to establish and check a quasi-two-dimensional mathematical model of the Bay. Agreement between model and prototype tide levels is good, and the predicted circulation patterns are generally similar to the clockwise circulation inferred by earlier workers. Because of the uncontrolled numerical dispersion in the model, the predicted salinity distributions show only fair agreement with the measured values. Overall, the study identifies the following needs for further modelling: adequate treatment of multiple ocean entrances, detailed sensitivity tests, more extensive field data and more sophisticated models.
Ecology of juvenile King George whiting Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) (Pisces: Perciformes) in Western Port, Victoria
Authors: Robertson AI
Published: November 2005

The growth rates, feeding and habitat preferences of juvenile S. punctatus over seagrass flats (Zostera muelleri and Heterozostera tasmanica) in Western Port, Victoria, were studied between June 1974 and January 1976. 0+ and 1 + age group fish were always present in the study area, whilst 2+ age group fish were present in small numbers from June 1974 to February 1975. Two equations describing the increase in weight of fish less than and greater than 7 months of age are given. The initial diet of the 0+ age group fish is harpacticoid copepods and amphipods, and the ghost prawn, Callianassa australiensis, is the major prey item of the older fish. Young 0+ age group fish were found to inhabit heavily grassed areas of the seagrass flats, whilst older fish preferred lightly grassed or bare, muddy areas. Adults of S. punctatus spawn in winter (May to July), probably in localized, shallow, subtidal areas of the bay. Post-larvae were first captured in the seagrass beds in September. The importance of these areas as nursery grounds for juveniles of S. punctatus is stressed.
Growth and food intake of Octopus tetricus (Mollusca : Cephalopoda) in aquaria
Authors: Joll LM
Published: November 2005

The growth and food intake of 14 octopuses fed to excess on live crabs was followed over periods of 2-30 weeks. Five octopuses were later changed to a less-than-excess food supply and four additional octopuses were kept on a less-than-excess food supply from the commencement of observations. The majority of octopuses with excess food supply showed rapid, positive growth in weight but old males and a brooding female showed weight loss. The growth prior to senescence or egg-laying was used to determine a general equation for growth in weight of octopuses fed to excess. The daily feeding rate of octopuses with excess food supply was found to be a function of weight and temperature. There was an approximately linear relationship between growth of octopuses on the excess and less-than-excess food supplies and daily feeding rate but there was no significant relationship between growth and temperature in the temperature range experienced (16.5-24.2�C). Variation in the maintenance requirement and the efficiency of food conversion were considered to be responsible for the lack of relationship between growth and temperature.
Long-term variability of oceanographic data at the Port Hacking 50-metre station
Authors: Hahn SD , Rochford DJ , Godfrey JS
Published: November 2005

Measurements of water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and inorganic phosphate have been made at the Port Hacking 50-m station which is about 30 km south of Sydney and 5 km offshore. This paper reports an analysis of the data obtained between 1942 and 1972. Mean seasonal cycles of each of these variables have been evaluated for the time interval, as well as the annual means for each year. Shorter period fluctuations are studied by cross correlating the monthly anomalies of the various oceanographic variables.
The fate of storm water and stormwater pollution in the Parramatta estuary, Sydney
Authors: Wolanski E
Published: November 2005

The small drainage area of the Parramatta River and the erratic rainfall pattern over Sydney are responsible for strong stratification phenomena in the upper Parramatta River estuary following rainfalls. A simple model is proposed for the fate of storm water and its effects on the water quality of the esturary.
The biology of two species of Engaeus (Decapoda : Parastacidae) in Tasmania. III. Habitat, food, associated fauna and distribution
Authors: Suter PJ , Richardson AMM
Published: November 2005

The habitats of two apparently sympatric freshwater crayfish, Engaeus cisternarius and E. fossor, in north-western Tasmania were compared. At two study sites data on rainfall, temperature, water table level, dissolved oxygen and pH were collected. E. fossor occupies regions below the water table, whilst E. cisternarius occupies drier areas above the water table. The burrow structure, burrow fauna, ectofauna and food were compared. The geographical distribution of each species is discussed.
Age determination and growth of the freshwater catfish, Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, in the Gwydir River, Australia
Authors: Davis TLO
Published: November 2005

Dorsal spines of T. tandanus from the Gwydir River were used for age determination. Annuli were formed in winter (June-July). The validity of age determination and accuracy of lengths back- calculated from spine radius measurements were supported by tagging data and examination of known age fish. No differences in growth rates were detected between males and females. The variation in growth from season to season was not great. The von Bertalanffy and Gompertz growth equations were used to describe growth in length and weight respectively. The maximum size of catfish in the Gwydir River predicted by these equations was 596 mm and 2605 g.
Reproductive biology of the freshwater catfish, Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, in the Gwydir River, Australia. II. Gonadal cycle and fecundity
Authors: Davis TLO
Published: November 2005

All male and female T. tandanus in the Gwydir River were mature at age V and at a weight of 1200 g, although some females matured at an earlier age and lower weight than males. The seasonal gonadal cycle as indicated by gonad weight, egg size and maturity stages revealed that the spawning period in the Gwydir River extended from January to the beginning of March. Egg diameter increased linearly with fish length and weight. Ripe eggs ranged from 2.28 to 3.05 mm while fish weight ranged from 675 to 2275 g. Fecundity increased linearly with fish weight and exponentially with fish length. Egg numbers per female ranged from 2000 to 20 600 eggs while fish weight ranged from 675 to 2275 g. Egg size also increased with increasing fecundity. Temperature in excess of 24�C appeared to be the primary factor stimulating spawning. Flooding was not required as a stimulus for spawning.
Australian Octocorallia (Coelenterata).
Authors: Verseveldt J
Published: November 2005

This paper presents a taxonomic treatment of four Australian collections of octocorals belonging
to the orders Stolonifera, Telestacea, and Alcyonacea. The four collections are located in the
Australian Museum, Sydney, the Department of Fisheries, Adelaide, the National Museum of
Victoria, Melbourne, and the Fisheries Laboratory, Queensland Fisheries Service, Mourilyan Harbour, Queensland. The material contains 67 species, 20 being found in Australian waters for the first time. Forty-five are known species, but nine of these are more or less completely redescribed.
Twenty-two species are new, including eight new species of Capnella. A key to the species of this
genus is given.
Some Octocorallia (Coelenterata) from Australia
Authors: d'Hondt MJ
Published: November 2005

Two new species of octocorals, Morchellana tixierae, sp. nov., and Solenocaulon grandis, sp. nov., are described. The species were amongst specimens collected from Bowling Green Bay, near Townsville, Queensland. Eight previously described species were also identified among the collected specimens.
Chemical dynamics in Tasmanian river
Authors: Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

Chemical changes in the Derwent River, Tasmania, during 1972-73 are described. Logarithmic equations for describing the relations between flow rate and ion concentrations are found to be inadequate as predictive models. Estimates of major ion discharges for one year are presented, and the relative contributions of thg catchment and the atmosphere to dissolved material are calculated.
Heavy metals, selenium and arsenic in nine species of Australian commercial fish
Authors: Bebbington GN , Mackay NJ , Chvojka R , Williams RJ , Dunn A , Auty EH
Published: November 2005

Results of a survey of metal levels in nine species of important commercial fish from New South Wales waters are reported. Muscle samples from 20-30 individuals of each species were analysed for mercury, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. Eight to 12 individuals of each species were analysed for selenium and arsenic. Of the 232 fish analysed, 231 had concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc below the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) standards for these elements in foodstuffs. Several specimens of bream, snapper, mulloway, kingfish, Australian salmon and yellowfin tuna had total mercury concentrations in excess of the NHMRC standard of 0.5 ppm. These fish accounted for approximately 7% of the total number sampled. None of the sea mullet, flathead and tailor sampled exceeded the standard for mercury. The mercury in all species sampled occurred almost entirely as methyl mercury. Of the 95 fish analysed for arsenic and selenium, 20 fish (21 %) had arsenic concentrations equal to or greater than the NHMRC standard for selenium. The health risks associated with the presence of mercury and arsenic in these species are discussed.
Reproductive cycles in the eastern subspecies of the Australian salmon, Arripis trutta marginata (Cuvier & Valenciennes)
Authors: Stanley CA , Malcolm WB
Published: November 2005

To complement similar work carried out on the western subspecies of the Australian salmon
(Arripis trutta esper), the known data on the reproductive cycle of the eastern subspecies
(A. t. marginata) are summarized.
The data (collected between 1961 and 1963) consisted of ovary and testis welghts, fish lengths,
oocyte diameters from preserved ovaries, and information from histological material.
The gonad weight data were analysed to show increases in ovary and testls weights, which were
indicative of sexual activity. Supporting information was extracted from changes in maximum
oocyte diameters, and from examination of histological sections.
The onset of sexual maturity for juvenile fish in Tasmanian waters occurred at a length of
approximately 39 cm (equivalent to the end of the fourth year of life). The corresponding length
for the western subspecies is 54 cm (at approximately the same age), and 52-54 cm for New
Zealand fish. There was no evidence of spawning activity in Tasmanian waters.
Cycles of sexual activity were observed in fish from the Lakes Entrance area of Victoria and the
Eden and Bermagul areas of southern New South Wales.
Spawning activity was deduced to occur between December and January in the Lakes
Entrance area, between January and February in the Eden area, and between November and
February in the Bermagui area. Sexual maturation may commence in males at a slightly younger
age than in females.
The embyonic and laval development of the turbellarian Notoplana australis (Schmarda, 1859) (Polycladida : Leptoplanidae)
Authors: Anderson DT
Published: November 2005

N. australis spawns throughout the year, with a peak of spawning activity in spring and early summer (September-December). The egg mass is a coiled, gelatinous string of individually encapsulated eggs 120-125 �m in diameter. Embryonic development includes spiral cleavage, epibolic gastrulation and the specialization of macromeres as yolk reserves in the usual leptoplanid manner. The larva which hatches at 12-14 days, however, is a four-lobed ciliated larva resembling Gotte's larva. The larva is planktonic lecithotrophic for 1 week and demersal lecithotrophic for 2 weeks, with gradual metamorphosis to a juvenile flatworm. The unexpected finding of a four-lobed ciliated larva in a schematommatan polyclad is discussed.
Fine-scale surface currents in the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland, Australia : effect of tide and topography
Authors: Hammer WM , Hauri IR
Published: November 2005

No data are available on surface currents of the central or northern Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Here we describe the fine-scale surface currents for Cid Harbour, Whitsunday Island group, Queensland, Australia, from 170 drogue releases and extensive aerial photographs. The current regimen is dominated by the strong tidal race to the south through the Whitsunday Passage toward Broad Sound, which experiences an 8-m fall during spring tides. Although the tidal cycle in Whitsunday Passage is symmetrically semi-diurnal, currents in adjacent Cid Harbour are asymmetric, with approximately 8-h southerly floods and 4-h northerly ebbs. This asymmetry is caused by topographic peculiarities of the Whitsunday Archipelago. Headlands and embayments within the harbour generate sharp shear zones, gyres, eddy systems, edge effects, convergences and divergences, and these dominate the fine-scale surface current patterns. In turn these local surface phenomena, particularly shear zones, affect the microdistribution of zooplankton. The flood tide in Cid Harbour is responsible for the depositional pattern of sediments and controls the morphology of coral islands within the habour. Cid Harbour is in the lee of Whitsunday Island and wind does not greatly affect surface currents. The importance of fine-scale current patterns has been underestimated, particularly by planktologists and reef morphologists.
Population dynamics and production of a brine shrimp, Parartemia zietziana Sayce (Crustacea : Anostraca), in two salt lakes in westren Victoria, Australia
Authors: Marchant R , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Quantitative samples of P. zietziana were taken monthly for two years from Pink Lake and Lake Cundare. Shrimps were usually contagiously distributed. To reduce error, samples were stratified resulting in confidence limits of 40-50% for the mean population density. Despite this variability, stable trends emerged, and variation was not so great as to mask significant differences. Length-frequency analyses distinguished cohorts; a regression was established between length and dry weight, enabling growth to be estimated from samples. By combining growth with population densities in Allen curves, production was computed. In Pink Lake and Lake Cundare mean pro- duction was 11.3 and 1.0 g dry weight m-2 year-1 respectively. Generally there were two or three generations per year, but time and extent of recruitment were not predictable. Each generation suffered continuous mortality, the death of young shrimps accounting for most of the production. This mortality remains unexplained; there are no significant predators and salinity and temperature stress would occur only during summer.
Studies on the ecology of some temporary freshwater pools in Victoria with special reference to microcrustaceans
Authors: Morton DW , Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

Fifty-three temporary freshwater pools (mean depth 23 cm) located mainly in eastern Victoria were studied from February to September 1973. Chemical parameters determined were pH (range 5.7-8.2, mean 6.9), conductivity (K18, range 55-5500, mean 340 �S/cm), dissolved oxygen (range 23-170, mean 72% saturation) and turbidity (range 2-310, mean 50 Formazin turbidity units). A total of 60 microcrustacean species was recorded.
The Australasian endemic cladoceran, Saycia cooki (King), was of common occurrence from June through to August. The fact that it tends to reach peak numbers early in the life of a pool is probably related to the production of large numbers of ephippial eggs. In contrast, cladocera which produce only one or two ephippial eggs, such as Chydorus, Moina and Simocephalus, tend to appear later in succession. Simocephalus expinosus (benthic) and Daphnia carinata, s.l. (planktonic) had mutually exclusive distributions and are apparently unable to coexist in shallow waters. Endemic cyclopoid copepods encountered included three new species of Microcyclops, M. arnaudi (Sars), Acanthocyclops australis Sars, and Acanthocyclops, sp. nov. Like Saycia, Microcyclops varicans and Acanthocyclops bisetosus exhibited maximal numbers early in succession. Several new combinations of coexisting calanoid copepod species belonging to the genera Boeckella and Hemiboeckella are reported. Computer analysis showed that the following four groups of species had a high probability of co-occurrence: (1) Cypretta sp., Attheyella australica, Ilyodromus sp., Saycia cooki; (2) Cyprinotus leanus, Acanthocyclops bisetosus, Moina tenuicornis; (3) Boeckella major, B. pseudochelae, Cypris sp., Daphnia carinata, s.l. ; (4) Simocephalus exspinosus, Microcyclops varicans.
Food habits of the freshwater catfish, Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, in the Gwydir River, Australia, and effects associated with inpoundment of this river by the Copeton Dam
Authors: Davis TLO
Published: November 2005

The composition of the diet of T. tandanus was investigated in the Gwydir River before and during inundation of the river by the Copeton Dam. Decapods (Macrobrachiurn australiense and Chevax neopunctatus) were the most important component of the diet by weight, followed by chironomids, fish (Hypseleotris klunzingeri) and miscellaneous aquatic invertebrates. Although fish have not previously been recorded in the diet, they were found to be very important in the diet of small catfish (40% by weight). Ontogenetic changes in the diet were pronounced with a general progression: Entomostraca-Diptera-fish-Decapoda. There was a tendency for larger fish to prefer larger prey. A direct and significant relationship was observed between the size of catfish and the size of M. australiense and C. neopunctatus eaten. Investigation of the seasonal variation in the composition of the diet revealed that M. australiense was the most important food item in summer and chironomids were most abundant in winter. During the filling phase of the dam a high proportion of terrestrial organisms (up to 52%) were included in the diet. Successional blooms of species, not observed in the diet previously, accompanied stabilization of the water level; these included pulmonate snails and dipterans associated with a massive build-up of floating hydrophytes.
Attenuation of light in natural waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

A general account, aimed at the practising limnologist, is given of the attenuation of light in natural
waters. The most relevant characteristics of the incident light field-its intensity, spectral composition
and angular distribution are outlined. The inherent optical properties of the water absorption
coefficient, scattering coefficient and volume scattering function are defined, and the
contributions of different components of the aquatic system to these are discussed. Taking the
properties of the light field and the properties of the water together, the diminution of intensity and
the change in spectral quality of the light with increasing depth, in different types of water, are
considered. Finally, the characteristic pattern of attenuation of total photosynthetically active
radiation, as measured with a quanta meter, in inland and coastal waters is discussed.
Reproduction in Tasmanian populations of Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Echinodermata : Echinometridae)
Authors: Dix TG
Published: November 2005

H. erythrogramma sampled during 1974 and 1975 in eastern and south-eastern Tasmania showed asynchronous summer spawning. Most spent urchins were found during the early autumn. Recovering spent gonads, with abundant eosinophilic nutritive cells, were common during the winter and active regeneration was seen in late winter and spring. A clear cyclical pattern of gonad indices was not evident. The smallest specimen in which sex could be determined by histological examination of gonads was 2.3 cm in test diameter although the urchin probably first spawns when 4-5 cm in diameter. Gonad colours ranged from yellow to black and this did not relate clearly to gametogenic stage; lighter-coloured gonads were, however, usually larger than those of darker colour.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. I. Introduction—The study and the study area
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

The papers which follow are the final reports on a seasonal survey of the eastern Indian Ocean in
1962-63. They deal with the hydrology of the area, zooplankton biomass and numbers; and species
of copepods, euphausiids, amphipods and pteropods. This introductory paper describes the main
features of the study and some of the more important results to date.
Chemistry of the Castlereagh River, New South Wales
Authors: Johnson WD , Muir GL
Published: November 2005

Preliminary studies of the chemical characteristics of the Castlereagh River were made in 1973. The concentrations of the major ions vary considerably with distance from the head of the river and this variation shows a marked correlation with the geology of the catchment area. The order of dominance for ions within the system was found to be Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3- > Cl- > SO42- for the main river, and creeks in the eastern catchment gave Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ and Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-. The relative amounts of the dominant chemical species are discussed and suggestions are made for the possible origins of specific components.
Water flow and the distribution and abundance of echinoids (genus Echinometra) on an Hawaiian Reef
Authors: Russo AR
Published: November 2005

Echinometra oblonga and E. mathaei, two rock-burrowing sedentary echinoids, live in positive association on an Hawaiian algal reef. E. oblonga dominates in rough water, E. mathaei in calmer water. The distribution and abundance of these two species of echinoids is significantly correlated with water flow over the reef and with detrital algae being deposited in their burrows. The mean size of each species increased with increase in water flow. E. mathaei and E. oblonga show no significant difference in the rate in which biomass increases with test diameter.
Effects of salinty and temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the estuarine crab Paragrapsus gaimardii (Milne Edwards)
Authors: Sullivan JK
Published: November 2005

In static acute toxicity tests on the crab P. gaimardii the cadmium chloride concentrations fatal to 50% of the test animals over 96 h were determined for temperatures of 5 and 19�C and salinities of 8.6,17.5,26.3 and 34.6‰. The LC50 values ranged from 15.7 to 101.9 mg Cd2+/1. The mortality was greater at the higher temperature but at both temperatures a decrease in salinity caused an increase in the lethality of cadmium for the crabs.
Effects of a total solar eclipse on invertebrate drift in Snobs Creek, Victoria
Authors: Cadwallader PL , Eden AK
Published: November 2005

The effect of the total solar eclipse of 23 October 1976 on invertebrate drift in Snobs Creek, Victoria, was investigated by taking hourly drift samples in two drift nets between 1300 and 2000 h (Eastern Standard Time) on 22, 23 and 24 October. Paramoera fontana (Amphipoda) and terrestrial arthropods exhibited no pattern in their occurrences in the drift. Nymphs of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) and Trinotoperla (Plecoptera) were rarely found in the drift except after sunset, but exhibited no increase related to the eclipse. Four taxa, namely helodid (Coleoptera) larvae, the larvae of two species of Leptoceridae and one species of Conoesucus (Trichoptera), were more abundant in the drift after sunset and also exhibited an eclipse-related increase in abundance in the drift. Cricotopus (Diptera) larvae were less abundant in the drift after sunset and also exhibited an eclipse-related decrease in abundance in the drift. The results suggest that light intensity has an effect on the occurrence in the drift not only of dark-active invertebrates but also of some light-active invertebrates.
Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, and zinc to Larvae of the Crab Paragrapus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and Implications for Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Ahsanullah M , Arnott GH
Published: November 2005

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the larvae of P. quadridentatus and 96-h LC50 values of 0.17, 0.49, and 1.23 mg/l were determined for copper, cadmium, and zinc respectively. Potency ratios of the three metals were as follows: Cu/Cd 3.1, Cu/Zn 7.2, and Cd/Zn 2.4. Larvae were found to be nine times more sensitive to zinc and at least 29 times more sensitive to cadmium than were adults. The larval 96-h LC50 values multiplied by an application factor of 0.01 (as recommended in Victorian water quality criteria) results in derived 'safe' concentrations, which in the case of copper and zinc are below the stated 'minimal risk concentrations' of 10 and 20 �g/I respectively. In view of the known greater sensitivity of larvae of many taxa to heavy metal toxicity, the validity of using the same application factor for both adult and larval stages is questioned.
Characteristics of the Microplankton and Nanoplankton Communities of an Australian Coastal Plain Estuary
Authors: Revelante N , Gilmartin M
Published: November 2005

The relative importance of micro- and nanoplankton was evaluated in the Parramatta Estuary and Sydney Harbour, a culturally eutrophicated southern hemisphere estuarial complex, during a non- upwelling period following an extended drought. Nanoplankton : microplankton production ratios increased to 4.2 in the inner estuary, where the nanoplankton were dominant under conditions of increased nutrient supply. Primary production rates and chlorophyll a standing crops increased about 40-fold into the estuary, reaching 175 mg C m-3 h-1 and 19 mg chl a m-3 respectively. Outer, middle, and inner estuarial regions were distinct, and clearly defined by phytoplankton community characteristics and species distribution. All dominants and co-dominants were neritic temperate species ubiquitous in the estuary, but less abundant microplankton species of tropical origin were the most useful as indicator species of the extent of oceanic influence.
Phytoplankton Distribution and Light Attenuation in Port Hacking Estuary
Authors: Scott BD
Published: November 2005

The distribution of phytoplankton in a marine dominated estuary is described in terms of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence, phytoplankton photosynthesis rates at constant irradiance, and the attenuation of solar irradiance by the water column. The phytoplankton distribution was consistent with the physiography and water circulation in the estuary. A method is described for estimating the proportions of suspended sediments, introduced with runoff from the land, which are removed from the estuary by tidal exchange or by sinking. Estimates of the proportions of phytoplankton and detritus in the water column are derived from the relationship of chlorophyll concentration to the extinction coefficient.