bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of nanostructured lanthanum fluoborate modified by oleylamine and evaluation of its tribological properties as a lubricating additive in synthetic ester
Authors: Jin Fengjie , Yang Guangbin , Song Shiyong , Zhang Shengmao , Yu Laigui , Zhang Pingyu
Published: April 2016

Lanthanum fluoborate modified by oleylamine [denoted as La(BF4)3‐OA] was synthesized as a potential lubricant additive by direct precipitation method with sodium tetrafluoroborate and lanthanum nitrate [La(NO3)3] as the staring materials and oleylamine (OA) as the surface‐modifying agent in distilled water‐ethanol mixed solvent. The effects of reaction temperature, OA to La(NO3)3 ratio, and surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide on the size and shape of as‐synthesized La(BF4)3‐OA were investigated. The crystalline structure and morphology of as‐obtained La(BF4)3‐OA were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, the tribological properties of La(BF4)3‐OA as an additive in dioctyl sebacate, a synthetic ester, were evaluated with a four‐ball machine, and the worn surfaces of the steel balls were analyzed with a field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer accessory. It was found that the as‐synthesized La(BF4)3‐OA exhibits disk‐like nanoflake shape and have a diameter of 10–45 nm, depending on varying synthetic conditions. As‐synthesized La(BF4)3‐OA as an additive in DIOS possesses excellent antiwear and friction‐reduction performance for the steel–steel pair, which is because the as‐synthesized additive simultaneously contain tribologically active elements La, B, and F that facilitate the formation of a boundary lubricating and protecting film on sliding steel surfaces thereby avoiding direct contact of the steel–steel pair and significantly reducing the friction and wear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical study on how expert knowledge affects bug reports
Authors: Rodeghero Paige , Huo Da , Ding Tao , McMillan Collin , Gethers Malcom
Published: April 2016

Bug reports are crucial software artifacts for both software maintenance researchers and practitioners. A typical use of bug reports by researchers is to evaluate automated software maintenance tools: a large repository of reports is used as input for a tool, and metrics are calculated from the tool's output. But this process is quite different from practitioners, who distinguish between reports written by experts, such as programmers, and reports written by non‐experts, such as users. Practitioners recognize that the content of a bug report depends on its author's expert knowledge. In this paper, we present an empirical study of the textual difference between bug reports written by experts and non‐experts. We find that a significant difference exists and that this difference has a significant impact on the results from a state‐of‐the‐art feature location tool. Through an additional study, we also found no evidence that these encountered differences were caused by the increased usage of terms from the source code in the expert bug reports. Our recommendation is that researchers evaluate maintenance tools using different sets of bug reports for experts and non‐experts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ermüdungsfestigkeit nach EN 1993‐1‐9
Authors: Ladinek Markus , Lang Robert , Lener Gerhard
Published: April 2016

Der Nachweis der Ermüdungsfestigkeit für Stahlbauteile ist im EN 1993 Teil 1–9 “Ermüdung” geregelt. Als Variante zum bekannten Nennspannungskonzept kann der Nachweis der Ermüdungsfestigkeit durch die Verwendung des Strukturspannungskonzeptes, gemäß Anhang B, geführt werden. Für eine Anwendung dieser Alternative stellt der Eurocode nur wenige Informationen zur Verfügung, wodurch der Anwender auf andere Normen und Regelwerke außerhalb des EC‐Normenpaketes zurückgreifen muss. Erst zusätzliche Informationen ermöglichen die praxisgerechte Anwendung dieser Nachweisvariante. Regelwerke wie die IIW‐Empfehlungen und zahlreiche andere Publikationen enthalten Hinweise und Angaben zur praxisgerechten Anwendung verschiedener Konzepte. Es ist zu hoffen, dass dieses Wissen bei der Überarbeitung des Anhangs B: “Ermüdungsfestigkeit bei Verwendung von Strukturspannungen” berücksichtigt wird. Kombiniert mit einer systematischen Aufbereitung könnte eine neue Auflage ein fortschrittliches und anwenderfreundliches Dokument zur Berechnung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit werden. In diesem Beitrag soll gezeigt werden, wie die Anwendung des Strukturspannungskonzeptes im Anhang B mit Hilfe von Angaben aus der IIW‐Richtlinie und anderen Publikationen in der Anwendung vereinfacht werden könnte.

Fatigue strength according to EN 1993‐1‐9 – Annex B: structural stresses ‐ Thoughts to the revised version. The calculation of fatigue strength of steel structures is regulated in the EN 1993‐1‐9, section “Fatigue”. As an alternative to the use of the nominal stress concept, the structural hot spot concept can be applied to certify the fatigue strength. However, the Eurocode provides too little information for a successful application. As a consequence, the user has to get the necessary information from other codes or guidelines outside the Eurocode framework. Other guidelines like the IIW Recommendations and many other publications provide hints and suggestions for a user‐friendly application of the different approaches for fatigue design. It would be desirable that these pieces of information and suggestions were taken into consideration in the next revision of the Annex B: “Fatigue resistance using the geometric (hot spot) stress method”. Through a systematic preparation of this information, section 9 of the Eurocode 1993, “Fatigue”, could become a progressive and user‐friendly code for fatigue design. The idea of this article is to show, with the help of data taken from the IIW Recommendations and other publications, that the application of the hot spot stress approach could become much simpler.
Thermal and crystalline properties of slowly digestible starch prepared from the starches physically modified by β‐cyclodextrins
Authors: Tian Yaoqi , Wang Shixiu , Tong Qunyi , Zhan Jinling
Published: April 2016

Slowly digestible starch (SDS) was prepared from rice starches physically modified by β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), maltosyl‐β‐CD, and hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD. Its thermal stability and crystalline properties were further explored, since such properties were important for SDS during heat processing. The results showed that the maximum percentage of remaining SDS was 78.2% for the starch physically modified by β‐CD and subjected to dry heating for 15 min, and 73.7% for the starch subjected to moisture heating for 15 min. The starches physically modified by β‐CD exhibited a higher peak melting temperature, conclusion temperature, and enthalpy change of melting than the control sample. The crystalline data indicated that the higher yield of SDS in the starch physically modified by β‐CD could be attributed to a greater difference of partial V‐type crystallites. More perfect crystallites and imperfect crystallites were formed, and designated as the major components of the SDS product. These findings suggest that the starch physically modified by β‐CD had higher thermal stability because of the formation of VII‐type crystallites, and was suitable for potential application during heat processing.
Visualizing biological data in museums: Visitor learning with an interactive tree of life exhibit
Authors: Horn Michael S. , Phillips Brenda C. , Evans Evelyn Margaret , Block Florian , Diamond Judy , Shen Chia
Published: April 2016

In this study, we investigate museum visitor learning and engagement at an interactive visualization of an evolutionary tree of life consisting of over 70,000 species. The study was conducted at two natural history museums where visitors collaboratively explored the tree of life using direct touch gestures on a multi‐touch tabletop display. In the study, 247 youth, aged 8–15 years, were randomly assigned in pairs to one of four conditions. In two of the conditions, pairs of youth interacted with different versions of the tree of life tabletop exhibit for a fixed duration of 10 minutes. In a third condition, pairs watched a 10 minute video on a similar topic. Individual responses on a 53‐item exit interview were then compared to responses from a fourth, baseline condition. Contrasting with the baseline condition, visitors who interacted with the tabletop exhibits were significantly more likely to reason correctly about core evolutionary concepts, particularly common descent and shared ancestry. They were also more likely to correctly interpret phylogenetic tree diagrams. To investigate the factors influencing these learning outcomes, we used linear mixed models to analyze measures of dyads’ verbal engagement and physical interaction with the exhibit. These models indicated that, while our verbal and physical measures were related, they accounted for significant portions of the variance on their own, independent of youth age, prior knowledge, and parental background. Our results provide evidence that multi‐touch interactive exhibits that enable visitors to explore large scientific datasets can provide engaging and effective learning opportunities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 53: 895–918, 2016
On Priest on Nonmonotonic and Inductive Logic
Authors: Restall Greg ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2016

Graham Priest defends the use of a nonmonotonic logic, LPm, in his analysis of reasoning in the face of true contradictions, such as those arising from the paradoxes of self-reference. In the course of defending this choice of logic in the face of the criticism that this logic is not truth preserving, Priest argued (2012) that requirement is too much to ask: since LPm is a nonmonotonic logic, it necessarily fails to preserve truth. In this article, I show that this assumption is incorrect, and I explain why nonmonotonic logics can nonetheless be truth preserving. Finally, I diagnose Priest’s error, to explain when nonmonotonic logics do indeed fail to preserve truth.
Epistemic Modals and Sensitivity to Contextually-Salient Partitions
Authors: Yu Andy Demfree ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2016

Expressivists and relativists about epistemic modals often motivate their view by arguing against contextualist treatments of certain cases. However, I argue that even expressivists and relativists should consider being a kind of contextualist. Specifically, data involving mixed disjunctions motivate taking epistemic modals to be sensitive to contextually-salient partitions, and thus context-sensitive.
Functional nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Mao Xinpei , Xu Jiadi , Cui Honggang
Published: April 2016

Nanoparticle‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have received much attention over the past decade. By virtue of a high payload of magnetic moieties, enhanced accumulation at disease sites, and a large surface area for additional modification with targeting ligands, nanoparticle‐based contrast agents offer promising new platforms to further enhance the high resolution and sensitivity of MRI for various biomedical applications. T
2* superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) first demonstrated superior improvement on MRI sensitivity. The prevailing SPION attracted growing interest in the development of refined nanoscale versions of MRI contrast agents. Afterwards, T
1‐based contrast agents were developed, and became the most studied subject in MRI due to the positive contrast they provide that avoids the susceptibility associated with MRI signal reduction. Recently, chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents have emerged and rapidly gained popularity. The unique aspect of CEST contrast agents is that their contrast can be selectively turned ‘on’ and ‘off’ by radiofrequency saturation. Their performance can be further enhanced by incorporating a large number of exchangeable protons into well‐defined nanostructures. Besides activatable CEST contrast agents, there is growing interest in developing nanoparticle‐based activatable MRI contrast agents responsive to stimuli (pH, enzyme, etc.), which improves sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we summarize the recent development of various types of nanoparticle‐based MRI contrast agents, and have focused our discussions on the key advantages of introducing nanoparticles in MRI. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:814–841. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1400

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Patient and Physician Perceptions of Changes in Surgical Care in Mongolia 9 Years After Roll‐out of a National Training Program for Laparoscopy
Authors: Wells K. M. , Shalabi H. , Sergelen O. , Wiessner P. , Zhang C. , deVries C. , Price R.
Published: April 2016

Introduction

In 2005, the general population of Mongolia was not aware of laparoscopic surgery and was skeptical about the safety of surgical care. A 9‐year initiative to expand laparoscopic surgery was initiated by Mongolian surgeons. This study examines the current barriers to and perceptions of surgical care following laparoscopic surgical expansion countrywide.

Materials and methods

In September 2013, interviews were conducted with 71 patients, and 39 physicians in Mongolia. Patients and physicians were interviewed using separate sets of interview questions. Questions were designed to gauge perceptions of surgical care in Mongolia evaluating for access, affordability, sustainability, barriers to care, quality, and knowledge of laparoscopy. Responses were fine coded for statistical analysis.

Results

79 % of patients felt surgical care was improving in Mongolia, and 76 % would choose laparoscopy if available. Physicians (100 %) felt laparoscopic surgery had improved surgical care in Mongolia. Barriers to care for patients were time to work up and diagnosis (37 %), and funding an operation (39 %). None of the 36 % of patients who stated funding an operation would be difficult identified government sources of funding (p < 0.001). Physicians identified insufficient equipment supply (69 %), insufficient training (41 %), and cost (38 %) as barriers for laparoscopy. 74 % of physicians felt that Mongolian physicians return or stay in Mongolia after training, defying the trend of migration in low‐resource settings.

Discussion

Improved local patient and physician perception of laparoscopy is propelling the expansion of laparoscopy in Mongolia.
Application of Correlated Time-to-Event Models to Ecological Momentary Assessment Data
Authors: Scherer Emily A. , Huang Lin , Shrier Lydia A.
Published: April 2016

Ecological momentary assessment data consist of in-the-moment sampling several times per day aimed at capturing phenomena that are highly variable. When research questions are focused on the association between a construct measured repeatedly and an event that occurs sporadically over time interspersed between repeated measures, the data consist of correlated observed or censored times to an event. In such a case, specialized time-to-event models that account for correlated observations are required to properly assess the relationships under study. In the current study, we apply two time-to-event analysis techniques, proportional hazards, and accelerated failure time modeling, to data from a study of affective states and sexual behavior in depressed adolescents and illustrate differing interpretations from the models.
Examining stress and coping as a mediator for internalizing symptomatology: A comparison between sexual minority and majority first‐year college students
Authors: Riley Tracey J. , Kirsch Alexandra C. , Shapiro Jenna B. , Conley Colleen S.
Published: April 2016

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents experience unique stressors and elevated internalizing symptoms. This study examines differences in coping styles between SGM and heterosexual adolescents and the potential mediating roles of stress and coping styles. Analyses indicated that SGM (N = 75) adolescents reported higher levels of internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, and distress), higher use of maladaptive coping styles (denial and blame), lesser use of adaptive coping styles (reframing and religion), and greater experiences of stress, compared to their heterosexual counterparts (N = 1702). Bootstrapping analyses revealed the relationship between sexual identity and internalizing symptoms measured approximately 3 months later was not mediated by stress and coping, adjusting for gender, age, and baseline symptomatology. Findings suggest that earlier adolescent differences in internalizing symptoms presage increasing symptomatology across the transition to college, and other mediators during the college transition explain the continued increases in internalizing symptoms.
Chondrogenic Effect of Intra‐articular Hypertonic‐Dextrose (Prolotherapy) in Severe Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Topol Gastón Andrés , Podesta Leandro Ariel , Reeves Kenneth Dean , Giraldo Marcia Mallma , Johnson Lanny L. , Grasso Raul , Jamín Alexis , Clark Tom , Rabago David
Published: April 2016

Background

Dextrose injection is reported to improve knee osteoarthritis (KOA)−related clinical outcomes, but its effect on articular cartilage is unknown. A chondrogenic effect of dextrose injection has been proposed.

Objective

To assess biological and clinical effects of intra‐articular hypertonic dextrose injections (prolotherapy) in painful KOA.

Design

Case series with blinded arthroscopic evaluation before and after treatment.

Setting

Physical medicine and day surgery practice.

Participants

Symptomatic KOA for at least 6 months, arthroscopy‐confirmed medial compartment exposed subchondral bone, and temporary pain relief with intra‐articular lidocaine injection.

Intervention

Four to 6 monthly 10‐mL intra‐articular injections with 12.5% dextrose.

Main Outcome Measures

Visual cartilage growth assessment of 9 standardized medial condyle zones in each of 6 participants by 3 arthroscopy readers masked to pre‐/postinjection status (total 54 zones evaluated per reader); biopsy of a cartilage growth area posttreatment, evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and Safranin‐O stains, quantitative polarized light microscopy, and immunohistologic cartilage typing; self‐reported knee specific quality of life using the Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC, 0‐100 points).

Results

Six participants (1 female and 5 male) with median age of 71 years, WOMAC composite score of 57.5 points, and a 9‐year pain duration received a median of 6 dextrose injections and follow‐up arthroscopy at 7.75 months (range 4.5‐9.5 months). In 19 of 54 zone comparisons, all 3 readers agreed that the posttreatment zone showed cartilage growth compared with the pretreatment zone. Biopsy specimens showed metabolically active cartilage with variable cellular organization, fiber parallelism, and cartilage typing patterns consistent with fibro‐ and hyaline‐like cartilage. Compared with baseline status, the median WOMAC score improved 13 points (P = .013). Self‐limited soreness after methylene blue instillation was noted.

Conclusions

Positive clinical and chondrogenic effects were seen after prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose injection in participants with symptomatic grade IV KOA, suggesting disease‐modifying effects and the need for confirmation in controlled studies. Minimally invasive arthroscopy (single‐compartment, single‐portal) enabled collection of robust intra‐articular data.

Level of Evidence

IV
Estudio de las unidades neurofuncionales del flexor carpi ulnaris y su utilidad en las transferencias tendinosas
Authors: Pérez M. , Español G.J. , Medina D. , Betancourt J.R. , Martí M.R.
Published: April 2016

Objetivos: Este trabajo pretende documentar la inervación intramuscular del flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), su vascularización, y su consecuente organización en unidades neurofuncionales. Así mismo, se discute la relevancia de dichas unidades en la realización de transferencias tendinosas de este músculo con su tendón dividido. Aunque en algunos centros ya se ha puesto en práctica la idea de dividir el tendón, hay pocos trabajos en la literatura que demuestren fotográficamente el sustrato anatómico subyacente.

Material y métodos: Se tiñeron según la técnica de Sihler 6 FCU extraídos de cadáveres humanos criopreservados. Para estudiar su vascularización, en 5 de ellos se inyectó el árbol arterial con látex negro.

Resultados: En todos los especímenes ambas cabezas del FCU se correspondían con dos unidades neurofuncionales que presentaban una inervación independiente (tipo iii de Taylor). Los 5 especímenes inyectados pertenecían a los tipos ii y iii de Mathes-Nahai.

Conclusiones: La divisibilidad del músculo en 2 unidades neurofuncionales independientes con vascularización e inervación propia permite obtener 2 tendones transferibles a 2 músculos diferentes, optimizándose la transferencia.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Mackridge Peter , Macrides Ruth
Published: April 2016

This issue of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies is special for two reasons: it celebrates forty years of our journal's publication, and it is the first issue to be produced by our new publisher, Cambridge University Press. The issue is dedicated to Anthony Bryer, who was appointed to teach Byzantine History at Birmingham in 1964. Bryer was one of the leading figures in the creation of the journal and has been a member of the editorial board ever since the first issue appeared in 1975; he also served as the Business Editor from 1984 to 1994.
A literary self-portrait of Nikolaos Mesarites
Authors: Daskas Beatrice
Published: April 2016

This contribution is based on a new interpretation of the well-known passage found in the Description of the church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople by Nikolaos Mesarites (XXVIII, 63.18–64.3 Heisenberg = 910b.[23] Downey), normally dated to the late twelfth century. It provides a reappraisal of the question regarding the Byzantine painter Eulalios and his alleged self-portrait in one of the scenes of the monument's decorative cycle.
The Effect of a Full Bladder on Proportions of Diagnostic Ultrasound Studies in Children with Suspected Appendicitis
Authors: Ross Marshall , Selby Sasha , Poonai Naveen , Liu Helena , Minoosepehr Shabnam , Boag Graham , Eccles Robin , Thompson Graham
Published: April 2016

Objectives

We examined the effect of a full bladder on proportions of diagnostic ultrasound (US) studies in children with suspected appendicitis. We also examined the effect of a full bladder on proportions of fully visualized ovaries on US in children with suspected appendicitis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective health record review of children aged 2-17 years presenting to a tertiary pediatric emergency department (ED) with suspected appendicitis who had an ultrasound performed. We compared proportions of diagnostic US studies in children with full and sub-optimally filled bladders. We also compared proportions of ovarian visualization in females with full and sub-optimally filled bladders.

Results

678 children were included in our final analysis. The proportion of diagnostic US studies did not vary significantly between groups with a full (132/283, 47%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 38%-56%) or sub-optimally filled bladder (205/395, 52%, 95% CI 47%-57%)(p=0.17). Rates of ovarian visualization were higher in females with a full bladder (196/205, 96%, 95% CI 93%-99%) compared to those with a sub-optimally filled bladder (180/223, 81%, 95% CI 76%-86%) (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Administrators and clinical decision makers should consider removing routine bladder filling practice from current pediatric appendicitis protocols in males and in pre-pubertal females where ovarian pathology is not suspected. Selective bladder filling prior to US should be performed in females when ovarian pathology is suspected.
Disaster Medicine: A Multi-Modality Curriculum Designed and Implemented for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Ngo Jessica , Schertzer Kimberly , Harter Phillip , Smith-Coggins Rebecca
Published: April 2016

Objective

Few established curricula are available for teaching disaster medicine. We describe a comprehensive, multi-modality approach focused on simulation to teach disaster medicine to emergency medicine residents in a 3-year curriculum.

Methods

Residents underwent a 3-year disaster medicine curriculum incorporating a variety of venues, personnel, and roles. The curriculum included classroom lectures, tabletop exercises, virtual reality simulation, high-fidelity simulation, hospital disaster drills, and journal club discussion. All aspects were supervised by specialty emergency medicine faculty and followed a structured debriefing. Residents rated the high-fidelity simulations by using a 10-point Likert scale.

Results

Three classes of emergency medicine residents participated in the 3-year training program. Residents found the exercise to be realistic, educational, and relevant to their practice. After participating in the program, residents felt better prepared for future disasters.

Conclusions

Given the large scope of impact that disasters potentiate, it is understandably difficult to teach these skills effectively. Training programs can utilize this simulation-based curriculum to better prepare the nation’s emergency medicine physicians for future disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:611–614)
‘Determination is negation’: The Adventures of a Doctrine from Spinoza to Hegel to the British Idealists
Authors: Stern Robert
Published: April 2016

This article is a discussion of Hegel’s conception of the principle ‘omnis determinatio est negatio’, which he attributes to Spinoza. It is argued, however, that Spinoza understood this principle in a very different way from Hegel, which then sets up an interpretative puzzle: if this is so, why did he credit Spinoza with formulating it? This puzzle is resolved by paying attention to the context in which those attributions are made, while it is also shown that the British Idealists (unlike many contemporary commentators) were aware of the complexities in the Spinoza–Hegel relation on this issue. The paper also addresses some of the philosophical debates raised by this question, and the light it sheds on Hegel’s critique of Spinoza as a monist.
Hegel on Judgements and Posits
Authors: Martin Christian
Published: April 2016

Hegel draws a distinction between ‘judgements’ (Urteile) and ‘posits’ (Sätze). Judgements serve to explicate a unified subject matter, while posits do not. Because different forms of judgement are marked by specific combinations of logical constants with certain types of predicates, statements combining logical constants with predicates not ‘suited’ for each other cannot express judgements, but only posits. Current accounts of Hegel’s concept of judgement tend either to ignore or reject his conception of posits. This article shows that Hegel’s exclusion of a vast variety of well-formed statements from the realm of judgements contains a valuable insight rather than a flaw. It demonstrates that certain statements, even if correct, cannot contribute to the explication of a non-arbitrarily unified subject matter. Doing justice to Hegel’s notion of posit thus serves to motivate his general conception of judgement as well as his classification of particular types of judgement.
Consistent nonlinear stochastic evolution equations for deep to shallow water wave shoaling
Authors: Vrecica Teodor , Toledo Yaron
Published: April 2016

Nonlinear interactions between sea waves and the sea bottom are a major mechanism for energy transfer between the different wave frequencies in the near-shore region. Nevertheless, it is difficult to account for this phenomenon in stochastic wave forecasting models due to its mathematical complexity, which mostly consists of computing either the bispectral evolution or non-local shoaling coefficients. In this work, quasi-two-dimensional stochastic energy evolution equations are derived for dispersive water waves up to quadratic nonlinearity. The bispectral evolution equations are formulated using stochastic closure. They are solved analytically and substituted into the energy evolution equations to construct a stochastic model with non-local shoaling coefficients, which includes nonlinear dissipative effects and slow time evolution. The nonlinear shoaling mechanism is investigated and shown to present two different behaviour types. The first consists of a rapidly oscillating behaviour transferring energy back and forth between wave harmonics in deep water. Owing to the contribution of bottom components for closing the class III Bragg resonance conditions, this behaviour includes mean energy transfer when waves reach intermediate water depths. The second behaviour relates to one-dimensional shoaling effects in shallow water depths. In contrast to the behaviour in intermediate water depths, it is shown that the nonlinear shoaling coefficients refrain from their oscillatory nature while presenting an exponential energy transfer. This is explained through the one-dimensional satisfaction of the Bragg resonance conditions by wave triads due to the non-dispersive propagation in this region even without depth changes. The energy evolution model is localized using a matching approach to account for both these behaviour types. The model is evaluated with respect to deterministic ensembles, field measurements and laboratory experiments while performing well in modelling monochromatic superharmonic self-interactions and infra-gravity wave generation from bichromatic waves and a realistic wave spectrum evolution. This lays physical and mathematical grounds for the validity of unexplained simplifications in former works and the capability to construct a formulation that consistently accounts for nonlinear energy transfers from deep to shallow water.
Exact coherent structures at extreme Reynolds number
Authors: Chini G. P.
Published: April 2016

Exact coherent structures (ECS), unstable three-dimensional solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations, play a fundamental role in transitional and turbulent wall flows. Dempsey et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 791, 2016, pp. 97–121) demonstrate that at large Reynolds number reduced equations can be derived that simplify the computation and facilitate mechanistic understanding of these solutions. Their analysis shows that ECS in plane Poiseuille flow can be sustained by a novel inner–outer interaction between oblique near-wall Tollmien–Schlichting waves and interior streamwise vortices.
Droplet–turbulence interaction in a confined polydispersed spray: effect of turbulence on droplet dispersion
Authors: Sahu S. , Hardalupas Y. , Taylor A. M. K. P.
Published: April 2016

The effect of entrained air turbulence on dispersion of droplets (with Stokes number based on the Kolmogorov time scale,$St_{{\it\eta}}$, of the order of 1) in a polydispersed spray is experimentally studied through simultaneous and planar measurements of droplet size, velocity and gas flow velocity (Hardalupaset al.,Exp. Fluids, vol. 49, 2010, pp. 417–434). The preferential accumulation of droplets at various measurement locations in the spray was examined by two independent methodsviz.counting droplets on images by dividing the image in to boxes of different sizes, and by estimating the radial distribution function (RDF). The dimension of droplet clusters (obtained by both approaches) was of the order of Kolmogorov’s length scale of the fluid flow, implying the significant influence of viscous scales of the fluid flow on cluster formation. The RDF of different size classes indicated an increase in cluster dimension for larger droplets (higher$St_{{\it\eta}}$). The length scales of droplet clusters increased towards the outer spray regions, where the gravitational influence on droplets is stronger compared to the central spray locations. The correlation between fluctuations of droplet concentration and droplet and gas velocities were estimated and found to be negative near the spray edge, while it was close to zero at other locations. The probability density function of slip between fluctuating droplet velocity and gas velocity ‘seen’ by the droplets signified presence of considerable instantaneous slip velocity, which is crucial for droplet–gas momentum exchange. In order to investigate different mechanisms of turbulence modulation of the carrier phase, the three correlation terms in the turbulent kinetic energy equation for particle-laden flows (Chen & Wood,Can. J. Chem. Engng, vol. 65, 1985, pp. 349–360) are evaluated conditional on droplet size classes. Based on the comparison of the correlation terms, it is recognized that although the interphase energy transfer due to fluctuations of droplet concentration is low compared to the energy exchange only due to droplet drag (the magnitude of which is controlled by average droplet mass loading), the former cannot be considered negligible, and should be accounted in two phase flow modelling.
A local analysis of the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes flow near a saddle point and no-slip flat boundary
Authors: Hsu P.-Y. , Notsu H. , Yoneda T.
Published: April 2016

Tornadoes are one type of violent flow phenomenon and occur in many places in the world. There are many research methods that aim to reduce the loss of human lives and material damage caused by tornadoes. One effective method is numerical simulation such as that in Ishiharaet al. (J. Wind Engng Ind. Aerodyn., vol. 99, 2011, pp. 239–248). The swirling structure of the Navier–Stokes flow is significant for both the mathematical analysis and numerical simulations of tornadoes. In this paper, we try to clarify the swirling structure. More precisely, we performed numerical computations on axisymmetric Navier–Stokes flows with a no-slip flat boundary. We compared a hyperbolic flow with swirl and one without swirl, and observed that the following phenomenon occurs only in the swirl case: the distance between the point with the maximum magnitude of velocity$|\boldsymbol{v}|$and the$z$-axis changed drastically at a specific time (which we call the turning point). Besides, an ‘increasing velocity phenomenon’ occurred near the boundary, and the maximum value of$|\boldsymbol{v}|$was obtained near the axis of symmetry and the boundary when the time was close to the turning point in the swirl case.
Size-Dependent Geometrically Nonlinear Forced Vibration Analysis of Functionally Graded First-Order Shear Deformable Microplates
Authors: Ansari R. , Gholami R. , Shahabodini A.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a non-classical plate model capturing the size effect is developed to study the forced vibration of functionally graded (FG) microplates subjected to a harmonic excitation transverse force. To this, the modified couple stress theory (MCST) is incorporated into the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDPT) to account for the size effect through one length scale parameter, only. Strong form of nonlinear governing equations and associated boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton's principle. The solution process is implemented on two domains. The generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is first employed to discretize the governing equations on the space domain. A Galerkin-based scheme is then applied to extract a reduced set of the nonlinear equations of Duffing-type. On the second domain, through a time differentiation matrix operator, the set of ordinary differential equations are transformed into the discrete form on time domain. Eventually, a system of the parameterized nonlinear equations is acquired and solved via the pseudo-arc length continuation method. The frequency response curve of the microplate is sketched and the effects of various material and geometrical parameters on it are evaluated.
Seasonal variations of glacier seismicity at the tongue of Rhonegletscher (Switzerland) with a focus on basal icequakes
Authors: DALBAN CANASSY PIERRE , RÖÖSLI CLAUDIA , WALTER FABIAN
Published: April 2016

Fractured systems developing at the base of temperate glaciers play a significant role in the transport of subglacial water. Their influence on dynamics and hydraulics of glaciers and the seasonal alterations they experience during the hydrological year, remain however, poorly understood, as they lay beyond the reach of most conventional glaciological techniques. In this work, we investigate the seasonal evolution of glacier seismicity in the ablation zone of Rhonegletscher (Switzerland) and focus on basal fracture processes. To do this, we use seismic measurements performed between June 2012 and July 2013 and complementary measurements of surface motion and changes in melt water input inferred from degree day modeling. Results of a spectrogram analysis highlight predominant seismic emissions until end of October 2012 and from mid April 2013 in line with measured surface velocities, and indicate a rapid adaptation of the basal drainage system at initiation and end of the winter period. The analysis of icequakes emitted from two active regions shows that the basal events, due to opening and closing of cracks within fracture networks, persist after winter initiation, and points out the year-long preservation of the associated sources. In this regard, we deduce that basal crack networks aseismically evolve during the winter period.
The control of an uncharted pinning point on the flow of an Antarctic ice shelf
Authors: BERGER SOPHIE , FAVIER LIONEL , DREWS REINHARD , DERWAEL JEAN-JACQUES , PATTYN FRANK
Published: April 2016

Antarctic ice shelves are buttressed by numerous pinning points attaching to the otherwise freely-floating ice from below. Some of these kilometric-scale grounded features are unresolved in Antarctic-wide datasets of ice thickness and bathymetry, hampering ice flow models to fully capture dynamics at the grounding line and upstream. We investigate the role of an 8.7 km2 pinning point at the front of the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. Using ERS interferometry and ALOS-PALSAR speckle tracking, we derive, on a 125 m grid spacing, surface velocities deviating by −5.2 ± 4.5 m a−1 from 37 on-site global navigation satellite systems-derived velocities. We find no evidence for ice flow changes on decadal time scales and we show that ice on the pinning point virtually stagnates, deviating the ice stream and causing enhanced horizontal shearing upstream. Using the BISICLES ice-flow model, we invert for basal friction and ice rigidity with three input scenarios of ice velocity and geometry. We show that inversion results are the most sensitive to the presence/absence of the pinning point in the bathymetry; surface velocities at the pinning point are of secondary importance. Undersampling of pinning points results in erroneous ice-shelf properties in models initialised by control methods. This may impact prognostic modelling for ice-sheet evolution in the case of unpinning.
Ordovician (middle Darriwilian-earliest Sandbian) conodonts from the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia, North China
Authors: Jing Xiuchun , Zhou Hongrui , Wang Xunlian
Published: April 2016

Forty-two conodont species belonging to 26 genera, which span the middle Darriwilian to the earliest Sandbian interval, are documented from the Wolonggang and Hatuke Creek sections in the Wuhai area of Inner Mongolia, North China. This conodont fauna is dominated by cosmopolitan and widespread species and accompanied by several endemic taxa. Four conodont zones, theDzikodus tablepointensis,Eoplacognathus suecicus,Pygodus serra, andP.anserinusZones, and three subzones, thePygodus lunnensis,P.anitae, andYangtzeplacognathus foliaceusSubzones, are recognized. Because of its slope habitat, the conodont fauna of Wuhai area differs from the coeval faunas on the North China Platform, which reflect a shallower and warmer water environment, but is similar to the contemporaneous faunas in Baltoscandia, South China, and Tarim. Moreover, the studied sections share several stratigraphically diagnostic taxa with the counterparts of the North China Platform and Western Newfoundland, which makes it an effective link for biostratigraphic correlations both regionally and internationally. The stratigraphically regular occurrences ofSpinodus spinatus, a good index of a deep-water environment, represent aSpinodusbiofacies that agrees with the Ordovician paleo-tectonic regimes of North China.
A novel oxidative stress marker in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: dynamic thiol–disulphide homeostasis
Authors: Gumusyayla Sadiye , Vural Gonul , Bektas Hesna , Deniz Orhan , Neselioglu Salim , Erel Ozcan
Published: April 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic thiol–disulphide homeostasis as an oxidative stress parameter, using a newly proposed method, in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Methods

In total, 97 participants were included in the study. Among them, 51 had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease, and the remaining 46 were healthy individuals. Total thiol (–SH+–S–S–) levels and native thiol (–SH) levels in serum of each participant were measured. The amount of dynamic disulphide bonds (–S–S–) and (–S–S–) ×100/(–SH), (–S–S–) ×100/(–SH+–S–S–), and –SH×100/(–SH+–S–S–) ratios were calculated from these values. The obtained data were used to compare Alzheimer’s disease patients with healthy individuals.

Results

The average total thiol and native thiol levels of patient with Alzheimer’s disease in the study were found to be significantly lower than those levels of healthy individuals. In addition, in the patient group, the –S–S–×100/–S–S+–SH ratio was found to be significantly higher, whereas the –SH×100/–S–S+–SH ratio was found to be significantly lower compared with healthy individuals. Total thiol and native thiol levels, dynamic disulphide bond amount, and –S–S–×100/–SH, –S–S–×100/–S–S+–SH, and –SH×100/–S–S+–SH ratios were not found to be correlated with mini mental state examination score or duration of disease.

Conclusion

Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress is the one of the molecular changes underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we have investigated the dynamic thiol–disulphide homeostasis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, using a novel method.
Excessive red and processed meat intake: relations with health and environment in Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Aline Martins de , Selem Soraya Sant’ana de Castro , Miranda Andreia Machado , Marchioni Dirce Maria
Published: April 2016

The aims of the present study were to verify the proportion of population that consumed more red and processed meat than the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) dietary recommendation, to estimate the environmental impact of beef intake and the possible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions if the dietary recommendation was followed. We used the largest, cross-sectional, population-based survey entitled the National Dietary Survey (34 003 participants aged 10–104 years). The usual meat intake was obtained by two food records completed on 2 non-consecutive days. The usual intake was estimated by the multiple source method. The environmental impact was analysed according to estimates of CO2 equivalent emissions from beef intake as a proxy for beef production in Brazil. The red and processed meat intake mean was 88 g/d. More than 80 % of the population consumed more red and processed meat than the WCRF recommendation. Beef was the type of meat most consumed, accounting to almost 50 %. Each person contributed 1005 kg of CO2 equivalents from beef intake in 2008, the same quantity of CO2 produced if a car travelled a distance between the extreme north and south of Brazil (5370 km). The entire Brazilian population contributed more than 191 million tons of CO2 equivalents, which could have been reduced to more than 131 million tons if the dietary recommendation was followed. The present study shows that the magnitude of the excessive red and processed meat intake in Brazil can impact on health and the environment, pointing to the urgency of promoting a sustainable diet.
Low and high dietary folic acid levels perturb postnatal cerebellar morphology in growing rats
Authors: Partearroyo Teresa , Pérez-Miguelsanz Juliana , Peña-Melián Ángel , Maestro-de-las-Casas Carmen , Úbeda Natalia , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio
Published: April 2016

The brain is particularly sensitive to folate metabolic disturbances, because methyl groups are critical for brain functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different dietary levels of folic acid (FA) on postnatal cerebellar morphology, including the architecture and organisation of the various layers. A total of forty male OFA rats (a Sprague–Dawley strain), 5 weeks old, were classified into the following four dietary groups: FA deficient (0 mg/kg FA); FA supplemented (8 mg/kg FA); FA supra-supplemented (40 mg/kg FA); and control (2 mg/kg FA) (alln10 per group). Rats were fedad libitumfor 30 d. The cerebellum was quickly removed and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Slides were immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (to label Bergmann glia), calbindin (to label Purkinje cells) and NeuN (to label post-mitotic neurons). Microscopic analysis revealed two types of defect: partial disappearance of fissures and/or neuronal ectopia, primarily in supra-supplemented animals (incidence of 80 %,P≤0·01), but also in deficient and supplemented groups (incidence of 40 %,P≤0·05), compared with control animals. The primary fissure was predominantly affected, sometimes accompanied by defects in the secondary fissure. Our findings show that growing rats fed an FA-modified diet, including both deficient and supplemented diets, have an increased risk of disturbances in cerebellar corticogenesis. Defects caused by these diets may have functional consequences in later life. The present study is the first to demonstrate that cerebellar morphological defects can arise from deficient, as well as high, FA levels in the diet.
Milk fat globule membrane coating of large lipid droplets in the diet of young mice prevents body fat accumulation in adulthood
Authors: Baars Annemarie , Oosting Annemarie , Engels Eefje , Kegler Diane , Kodde Andrea , Schipper Lidewij , Verkade Henkjan J. , van der Beek Eline M.
Published: April 2016

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of breast-feeding on childhood obesity. Differences between human milk and infant milk formula (IMF) in dietary lipid structure may contribute to this effect. In our mouse model, feeding a diet containing large lipid droplets coated with phospholipids (PL) (Nuturis®; PL of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction origin) in early life protected against excessive body fat accumulation following a diet challenge in adult life. We now set out to determine the relevance of increased droplet size and/or MFGM lipid droplet coating to the observed anti-obesogenic effects in adult life. From day 16 to 42, male mouse pups were exposed to diets with small (S) or large (L) lipid droplets (0·3 v. 2·9 µm average mode diameter, respectively), either without MFGM or with MFGM coating around the lipid droplet, resulting in four groups: S (control diet), L, Scoating and Lcoating (Nuturis® IMF diet). Mice were subsequently challenged with a Western-style diet until dissection at postnatal day 98. A non-challenged group served as reference (REF). We repeatedly determined body composition between postnatal day 42 and 98. At day 98 plasma and gene expression measurements were performed. Only the Nuturis® IMF diet (Lcoating) in early life containing MFGM-coated large lipid droplets reduced body fat mass to a level comparable with the REF group. These data support the notion that the structural aspects of lipids in human milk, for example, both lipid droplet size as well as the MFGM coating, may contribute to its reported protective effect against obesity in later life.