bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tom Angier’s Natural Law vs. the Natural Law Formula
Authors: Riofrio Juan Carlos
Published: October 2023

This article presents a comprehensive overview and analysis of Tom Angier’s latest book, “Natural Law Theory”, published in 2021 by Cambridge University Press, and also compares its main conclusions with another study that analyses how natural law scholars have argued over the last century. To achieve this goal, the article initially outlines the core ideas of Angier’s book, which seeks to elucidate and assess the most significant theories of natural law throughout history, with an emphasis on the traditional approach rooted in Aristotle and the Stoics. Angier introduces the innovative “via negativa” method for identifying natural law principles within this framework. Following the exposition of the book’s content, the article draws parallels between Angier’s conclusions and the findings of another research project about the “Natural Law Formula” (or methods) currently used by natural law experts in legal literature. Both Angier and this research observe that contemporary authors face challenges in grounding the principles of natural law in the physical and spiritual human nature. Lastly, the article evaluates the “via positiva” and “via negativa” methodologies, highlighting their potential contradictions and concordances, while suggesting avenues for further refining Angier’s arguments.
Legal Responses to Domestic Violence in Marriages and Their Implication for Marriage Sustainability in Nigeria
Authors: Bukola Ojibara Hameenat
Published: October 2023

Domestic violence is a phenomenon which has caused so much concern in society and generated intense debates among policymakers, civil society activists and scholars. It is, therefore, no surprise that it is attracting so much scholarly attention lately. Despite the wide interest it has generated, an appropriate response grounded in law to tackle the scourge has defied logic. The situation even gets more complicated when other societal values such as marriage are present between the parties. So many (legal) mechanisms have been put in place in response to domestic violence. These responses are primarily grounded in law, mainly involving the criminal justice or legal system. Specifically, the typical response has been the use of the law and criminal justice approach. Despite the many advantages of the common approach, questions arise regarding its suitability for married partners. Indeed, recent concerns have arisen, especially in family law jurisprudence, regarding the need to preserve the institution of marriages, especially for domestic violence cases which are ‘resolvable’. This is because, in many cases, the common approach mainly results in the breakdown of marriages. Thus, the partial decriminalisation approach has begun to gain wide attention, especially in domestic violence cases between married partners. The objective of this paper is to analyse the various responses to domestic violence and their implication for the sustainability of marriages.
What Natural Law Is Not: Distinguishing Natural Law from Other, Related Normativities
Authors: Legarre Santiago
Published: October 2023

Custodial congestion still persists as one of the biggest challenges to Nigeria’s Criminal Justice System. This is attributed to the operation ineptitudes of the Nigerian police force which employs means such as holding charges. This paper examines the practice of holding charges in Nigeria as a major contributor to the congestion of correctional facilities in Nigeria. This paper contends that the practice of holding charges is unconstitutional; in violation of the principles of fair hearing; and presumption of innocence and merely a means of administrative expediency. This paper concludes that the practice of holding charge in Nigeria undermines the rights of accused persons and calls for urgent reforms to the Nigerian criminal justice system to ensure that the protection of human rights is in tandem with the basic international human rights laws which mandate States to respect and ensure everybody’s right to personal liberty and security, and therefore, proffer some policy recommendations.
Family, Property and Inheritance: Institutions for Civilization and their Enemies
Authors: Stornaiolo Ugo
Published: October 2023

In the history of ideas, few institutions are as important or are as closely related as Family, Property, and Inheritance, for the establishment and function of an ordered society. About them, many perspectives have been taken by legal and political thinkers and philosophers on both the traditional Catholic and libertarian schools and their contemporary variants, which coincidentally agree that all of them are products of a perennial order, in most cases of a spontaneous origin that manifests itself within Natural Law, and as such, must be protected by positive legislation, although its relation is always understood as one of logic and not one of institutions. On the other hand, an opposing and hostile perspective on Family, Property, and Inheritance is promoted by revolutionary Marxism, revealing that, at least on its negation, there is a universal outlook on the mutual need of these three institutions to subsist as part of the social order, and particularly, as legal institutions, which uses, and formal aspects are protected by legislation to be applied in a particular community. By exploring these stances, as well as the proper definitions of Civilization, and order, one may understand the meaning of family, private property, and inheritance, as well as their legal conceptions in the history of ideas, and the way they are universally opposed by the Marxist schools of thought, based on their own revolutionary ends.
Relevance of the Doctrines of Natural Law, Human Rights and International Law to the Principle of Self-Determination
Authors: Ayobami Joshua Samson
Published: October 2023

In recent times, worldwide, agitations for self-determination, whether internal or external (secession), are becoming common.  Also, in Nigeria, the agitation for self-determination has become intense. Historically, multiple independent nationalities were cobbled together by the British to form the nation called “Nigeria” without first seeking and obtaining their consent. Invariably, Nigeria is often under threats of instability due to separatist agitations from her diverse ethnic groups. Although, self-determination is expressed to be a “right’’ in different international legal instruments like the United Nations Charter and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) and even the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has declared it to be of erga omnes in nature, the nature of this “right’ is still controversial. For instance, it is argued that the right to self-determination originated from natural law. Separatists in Nigeria, agitating for self-determination anchor their arguments on this contention. This paper examine the agitations for self-determination in Nigeria from the standpoints of natural law, the doctrine of human rights and the principles of international law. The objectives are to know if self-determination originated from natural law, and to see the nexus between self-determination and the doctrine of human rights. Also, to identify the status of self-determination as a right under international law; and how all these apply to the Nigerian situation. The paper adopted doctrinal research methodology, using both primary and secondary sources. The paper concluded that the tripartite doctrines of natural law, human rights and international law apply to the Nigerian situation.
Embracing the Innovative Entrepreneurship Culture by Omani SMEs: The Primary Barriers
Authors: Alhattali Khalid Suraid Salim , Omar Rosmini , Alrumaidhi Sulaiyam Aziz , Mohammadi Parisa
Published: October 2023

Many countries increasingly recognise innovative entrepreneurship as a key component that stimulates innovation, creates job opportunities, and improves long-term societal welfare. However, it faces numerous challenges in different countries, including the Sultanate of Oman, which may hinder its development or slow down its pace. Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to identify the primary barriers preventing innovative entrepreneurship culture among Omani SMEs. The results introduced six primary barriers: Bureaucracy and inefficiency of government officers, COVID-19 pandemic, Negative mind-set and frustration with the market, Poor financial management, Financial burden, and No additional benefits or supports. The empirical findings of this study have both academic and practical contributions to the body of knowledge; they elaborate on the long-term performance of innovative entrepreneurship and economic growth in Oman.
Folik Asit ve Konjenital Kalp Hastalıkları Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Koç Ferda , Çalışkan Hatice Aybüke , Küçükkasap Cömert Tuğba
Published: October 2023

Konjenital kalp hastalıkları (KKH), doğum öncesi, doğumda veya yaşamın ilerleyen dönemlerinde saptanabilen yapısal kalp kusurları olarak tanımlanmaktadır. KKH etiyolojisinin karmaşık olduğu, muhtemelen çevresel etmenler ve kalıtsal faktörlerin etkileşimi ile ortaya çıktığı kabul edilmektedir. Maternal mikro besin ögesi durumu, bebeklerde KKH riski ile ilişkili olarak gözlenmektedir. Folik asit (FA), folatın sentetik şeklidir. Literatürü incelediğimizde, yapılan çalışmalarda gebelerde FA desteğinin bebeklerde doğumsal hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasında koruyucu bir etken olduğu görülmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalara göre gebelerde ve yenidoğanlardaki FA takviyesinin KKH insidansı üzerine de faydası olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Amaç: Bu derlemede folik asit takviyesinin gebelik öncesi ve gebelik sürecinde alımının yenidoğandaki konjenital kalp hastalıkları görülme riski ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel çalışmaları bildirmek amaçlanmaktadır. Sonuç: Gebelik öncesinden itibaren ve gebelik süresince alınan folik asit takviyesinin yenidoğanda konjenital kalp hastalıkları riskini önemli derecede azalttığı, bunun yanısıra etkinlik düzeyi de birçok bilimsel çalışmayla bildirilmiş olup, kesinliği üzerinde daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Utilization of Non-verbal Communication in the Engine Room Training – Basic Research on Hand Signals among Monocultural Crew on Board
Authors:   Japan Agency of Maritime Education and Training for Seafarers, Matsushima Nagisa , Shimada Asami
Published: October 2023

Accidents are likely to occur in an environment where work is done with teamwork by multiple crew members due to lack of communication, especially in a multicultural environment. Therefore, if there are internationally common maritime hand signals, it would contribute to reduction of human error among multicultural crews on board. As basic research on utilization of hand signals among multicultural crew on board, we invented several common hand signals. Furthermore, as a first step in an experiment to verify the effectiveness of hand signals during teamwork operation in engine room, we conducted the experiment in a mono-cultural environment through onboard training on a training ship. Our target task was practical onboard training for main engine start-up procedure in engine room because it required a lot of multitasking and teamwork. We studied the effectiveness and improvement of use of hand signals through questionnaires and interviews conducted with cadets and onboard instructors.
Education Process for Students and Marine Engineers of an Experimental Unit for Cavitation Flow in Water-Piping System
Authors:   Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Popov Dimitar
Published: October 2023

The main objective of this report is to give basic instruction to trainees about the operation and capabilities of an experimental unit for cavitation research. The equipment is designed and fabricated for the needs of students from the Faculty of Engineering. Cavitation is a complex process that can be observed at various locations in piping systems, both in the suction and discharge lines. Uncontrolled cavitation in pumps, valves, pipes cause failure. By knowing and managing the process, cavitation can be controlled and transformed from undesirable to desirable with a positive outcome.
Online and Remote Training Experience in the Engine Room Simulator Training Courses using the IMO Model Course 2.07 Exercises
Authors:   Istanbul Technical University, Cicek Ismail , Cavusoglu Burak ,   GDS Engineering R&D, Berk Guler Cagri , Yapici Murat
Published: October 2023

In the age of technology, changes are experienced in many areas such as globalization, information society, new basic technology, the spread of the Internet, and the realization of competition on a global scale. New methods used in education and training have been developed and kept up with technological developments. With the widespread use of the Internet, online and remote training has become more possible than ever. Technology was ready for online education and training for the past decades, yet the COVID-19 pandemic caused the traditional training to be disrupted and training institutions had to carry out studies for traditional training to be conducted online and remotely. This caused a paradigm change in the training methods. Online or remote education, even in training using the engine room simulator (ERS), has become more popular as an alternative to traditional classroom teachings, even though the pandemic is disappearing. Additionally, the progress in autonomous ships and recent regulatory studies indicates the importance of a better understanding of the engineering data in remote or autonomous ship operations. The authors have been offering Engine Room Simulator (ERS) training courses using online methods since the first semester of 2020, totaling six semesters of online training so far. This paper presents the online training process used in courses including the technological setup and method of teaching and assessment. Experiences and lessons learned by the lecturers in providing operational and management level ERS courses and feedback from students are examined and presented. The use of IMO Model Course 2017 Edition became helpful as it describes exercises for each training objective in accordance with IMO STCW 2010. An Engine Room Simulator (ERS) called Ship ERS or SERS™ was utilized as the remote training tool in the pilot implementation of these courses that were spread over two semesters. The advantages and disadvantages of online ERS training was presented and discussed. A particular and interesting observation has been that the students could have longer duration of exercise opportunities when using SERS™ in the remote training than in traditional ones.
Modelling of Maritime Cyber Security Education and Training
Authors:   Istanbul Technical University, Kayisoglu Gizem , Bolat Pelin , Duzenli Emre
Published: October 2023

The existence of sophisticated and integrated cyberspace aboard ships with information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) makes cybersecurity a crucial concern for the maritime sector. The marine sector has benefited greatly from information and communication technologies, but they have also made ship systems and maritime infrastructure more susceptible to cyberattacks. Cyberattacks on ships have the potential to result in fatalities, severe financial losses, environmental damage, and other negative effects. A model course or specification for maritime cyber security education and training through the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 1978 has not yet been published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), despite the fact that MSC.428 mandates cyber security risk management in the safety management system on ships to combat cyber-attacks and improve cyber resistance in maritime environments. The Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) technique is used in this work to offer a model for a curriculum for cyber security in the Maritime Education and Training (MET) system. It is possible to identify each competency’s priority in the MET system’s cyber security curriculum by comparing the relative weights assigned to each one. The results of the research provide the Met Institutions with the ability to be proactive and include cyber security knowledge and abilities into proposed curricula.
Enhancing the Globalmet Training Record Book with the Infusion of the Book of Knowledge
Authors:   Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific, Tze Bayotas Mao
Published: October 2023

The Training Record Book (TRB) is an essential document cadets use during their shipboard training. The TRB guides the student and the shipboard training officer, ensuring cadets attain the necessary competencies under the STCW Tables A-III/1 and II/1. The limitation of the TRB is that it is dominated by the psychomotor domain of learning. At a forum of the International Association of Maritime Universities (IAMU) in 2020, the most in-demand skill by 2050 is soft skills, followed by technological skills. This entails the development of not only psychomotor, but also cognitive and affective domains. In addition, the skills and competencies needed will go beyond the technical competencies stated in the STCW. The methodology utilized a qualitative design with an exploratory concept wherein the Book of Knowledge (BoK) was incorporated in the cross-referencing of the learning outcomes, and the TRB tasks develop a more holistic, comprehensive, and future-proof shipboard training.
Introducing the Use of Case Studies Methodology in Training for Soft Skills in Maritime Universities. The Isol-Met Program
Authors:   University of the Aegean, Lekakou Maria , Iakovaki Helen , Vintzilaios Dimitris , Gota Markella , Georgoulis Giorgos , Vintzilaiou Thalia
Published: October 2023

Maritime academies, maritime universities and Departments of Business Administration which specialize in the Shipping Sector face several challenges when preparing students to meet workplace demands in an increasingly complex, knowledge and technology-focused environment. Students usually latter lack generic skills requested by employers such as: critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, communication and teamwork. The present paper presents the innovative aspects of the ISOL-MET (Innovative Soft Skills to Maritime Education and Training) project, meant to bridge the well-known gap in these specific skillsets. The innovative aspects in question cover but are not limited to the content of the courses, their design, as well as the teaching methodology deployed. More specifically, the case study methodology, not so common in the shipping industry, was employed in the Innovative Soft Skills to Maritime Education and Training framework. It involved the development of cases of real incidents occurring both ashore and on-board, recorded through the participation of stakeholders and validated as to content by Panels of Experts and Associate Partners to guarantee their correspondence to the industry’s needs. Concerning the teaching methodology, a blend of problem solving and competency-based learning processes were put to use, so that the attitude of the professors as well as the mentality of students would be creatively challenged. The paper describes in detail the methodologies employed and features evaluative feedback from the Intensive Study Program which took place in Greece.
Social Commerce and Its Role in Women’s Empowerment and Innovation in Crises
Authors: Al-Omoush Khaled Saleh , Al-Qirem Raed M.
Published: October 2023

This study examines the determinants of social commerce adoption among women during crises, focusing on the potential impact of hedonic and utilitarian motivations, self-efficacy, and social support. It also examines the impact of social commerce adoption on women’s empowerment and innovation. To achieve these aims, an online questionnaire was used to gather data from women who use social media platforms to produce and/or sell goods, services, and information to make a profit. Smart PLS, version 3, was used to estimate the research model and test hypotheses. The results confirmed that women’s hedonic motivations, utilitarian motivations, self-efficacy, and social support significantly impact social commerce adoption among women. The findings also reveal that social commerce business has a significant role in women’s empowerment and innovation during crises. This study provides novel contributions to the literature on social commerce, women’s empowerment, and women’s innovation in a crisis setting. Furthermore, it enhances the knowledge of policymakers and women business sponsoring organizations, and other organizations support women about the role of social commerce in women’s empowerment and innovation.
Novel Therapies in Cancer: Summit on Cancer Health Disparities, Keynote and Panel Discussion
Authors: Dandwani Mehndi , Pegram Mark , Radich Jerry , Schapira Lidia , Patel Manali , Hari Parameswaran , Osborne Sydney , Armstrong Linda
Published: October 2023

Molecularly-targeted therapeutics play a pivotal role in the therapeutic arena in cancer medicine, in many cases prolonging overall survival. However, despite decades since their foray into the cancer therapy armamentarium, many targeted therapies are beyond the reach of cancer patients due to high, sometimes exorbitant cost. Moreover, in some cases failure of uptake of targeted therapies is due to the lack of use of sophisticated molecular diagnostic tests (many of which are also extremely expensive), and therefore patients are deprived of potentially life-saving treatment options. In this article, we will discuss the main points of Dr. Jerry Radich’s lecture at the Binaytara Foundation 2023 summit on cancer health disparities held in Seattle, WA from April 28 to April 30. Dr. Radich’s keynote address was followed by a panel discussion led by experts including Dr. Parameswaran Hari, Dr. Lidia Schapira, Dr. Manali Patel, Sydney Osborne, and Dr. Linda Armstrong. Dr. Mark Pegram moderated the session, which focused not only on the disparities in cancer treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), but also highlighted great disparities here in the U.S. The session explored collaborative efforts at uprooting these disparities across various branches of cancer care.
Digital Learning Hubs as a Component of the Information and Digital Learning Environment
Authors: Muliarevych Oleksandr , Saienko Volodymyr , Hurbanska Antonina , Nowak Barbara , Marushchak Oleksandr
Published: October 2023

The article aims to analyse digital education in terms of modern information and the digital learning environment. Based on the use of such theoretical pedagogical research methods as system analysis, concretisation comparativistic approach the study is investigated. The results demonstrate the functioning of educational hubs as a sociocultural phenomenon in modern educational policy, the modern experience of using digital hubs in education, particularly, the experience of CISCO and other influential players, the possibility of forming digital learning hubs based on libraries of higher education institutions. It is shown that important directions for further research are the coverage of the development of technologies and the impact of this process on the evolution of educational environments in the future. In conclusion, it was noted that the use of educational digital hubs contributes to the decentralisation of the educational system. The effectiveness of the use of regular test competitions are noted, which contributes to the formation of a competitive environment.
Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. seed extract ameliorates scopolamine-induced amnesia through increase in antioxidant defense mechanisms and cholinergic neurotransmission
Authors: Ishola Ismail O. , Olubodun-Obadun Taiwo Grace , Akinwande Abisola Sekinat , Adeyemi Olufunmilayo Olaide
Published: October 2023

Decline in cholinergic function and oxidative/nitrosative stress play a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous quantitative HPLC profiling analysis has revealed the presence of Pinostrobin, formononetin, vitexin and other neuroprotective flavonoids in Cajanus cajan seed extract. This study was designed to investigate the protective action of Cajanus cajan ethanol seed extract (CC) on learning and memory functions using scopolamine mouse model of amnesia. Materials and methods: Adult mice were pretreated with CC (50, 100, or 200mg/kg, p.o) or vehicle (10ml/kg, p.o) for 16 days consecutively. Scopolamine, a competitive muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist (1mg/kg, i.p.) was given an hour after CC pretreatment from days 3 to 16.  The mice were subjected to behavioural tests from day 11 (open field test (OFT)/ Y-maze test (YMT) and Morris water maze task (MWM) from days 12-16. Animals were euthanized 1h after behavioral test on day 16 and discrete brain regions isolated for markers of oxidative stress and cholinergic signaling. Molecular docking analysis was undertaken to predict the possible mechanism(s) of CC-induced anti-amnesic action.  pre-administration of CC significantly reversed working memory and learning deficits caused by scopolamine in YMT and MWM tests, respectively. Moreover, CC prevented scopolamine-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress radicals in the hippocampus evidenced in significant increase in glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities with a marked decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) production, as well as significant inhibition of hippocampal scopolamine-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity by CC. The molecular docking analysis showed that out of the 19 compounds, the following had the highest binding affinity; Pinostrobin (-8.7 Kcal/mol), friedeline (-7.5kCal/mol), and lupeol (-8.2 Kcal/mol), respectively, to neuronal muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptor, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and amyloid beta peptide binding pockets, which further supports the ability of CC to enhance neuronal cholinergic signaling and possible inhibition of amyloid beta aggregation. This study showed that Cajanus cajan seeds extract improved working memory and learning through enhancement of cholinergic signaling, antioxidant capacity and reduction in amyloidogenesis.
Antioxidant activity enhancement and oxidative damage inhibition by Lagenaria breviflora fruit and Xanthosoma sagittifolium corm in hypertensive Wistar rats
Authors: Oridupa Olayinka , Omobowale Temidayo Olutayo , Oyagbemi Ademola Adetokunbo , Danjuma Naomi Oghenefega , Obisesan Ayobami Deborah , Olakojo Tolulope Ademola , Saba Adebowale Bernard
Published: October 2023

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality in the world today with hypertension being the major clinical presentation of these diseases. This study assessed the anti-hypertensive effects of Lagenaria breviflora whole fruit and Xanthsoma  sagittifolium corms in experimentally inudced hypertensive Wistar rats. The ability of the plants to ameliorate oxidative damage accompanying hypertension was evaluated using changes in oxidative stress markers as well as monitoring of cardiovascular parameters. Hypertension was induced by intraperitoneal injection of DOCA salt twice weekly and daily inclusion of NaCl (1%) in drinking water. Methanol extracts of L.breviflora or X. sagittifolium was administered to hypertensive rats for 35 days and the outcome was compared to hypertensive rats administred with lisinopril or hydrochlorothiazide and a group of normotensive rats (control). Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were determined on day 34 and blood sample collected on day 35. The rats were thereafter humanely sacrificed, and organs were harvested. This study showed that the extracts lowered blood pressure, free protein thiols but increased toal protein, gluthathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, catalase and nitric oxide in the heart, kidney and liver compared to untreated hypertensive rats. However, malondialdehyde levels and hydrogen peroxide activities were reduced. L. breviflora fruit and X. sagittifloium corm exhibited antihypertensive properties and ameliorate oxidative damage associated with hypertension by enhancing the antioxidant defense sysyem and inhibiting generation of free radicals.
Serum Human Placental Lactogen Assays in Ultrasound Evaluated Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: A Marker of Placental Function in Pregnancy
Authors: Efanga Samuel , Akintomide O.A. , Udofia A.T. , Okon O.A. , Okpara H.C.
Published: October 2023

Human placental lactogen (HPL) is a pregnancy-related hormone produced by the placenta. The overall functions of serum HPL impacts the developing fetus and placenta. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal serum concentration of HPL and sonographic fetal growth parameters in pregnancy induced hypertension as a marker of placental function. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a 9-month period in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria that involved 100 women with pregnancy induced hypertension. An obstetric ultrasound scan was done on all the subjects and their blood was collected for HPL evaluation using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Maternal serum HPL had a significant positive correlation with PLA (P=0.000), estimated gestational age (P=0.000), estimated fetal weight (P=0.000) and amniotic fluid index AFI (P=0.000) and a significant negative correlation with proteinuria (P=0.047), fetal heart rate (P=0.032) and HC/AC (P=0.000). It is concluded that maternal serum HPL concentration increases as pregnancy advances and causes a significant increase in placental thickness, fetal weight and amniotic fluid volume, however, its reduction is significantly associated with the onset of pre-eclampsia, fetal distress and asymmetrical intra-uterine growth restriction. Thus, the evaluation of maternal serum HPL concentration is a reliable marker of placental function in the second half of pregnancy
Influence of pregnancy and lactation on vitamin D serum levels and antioxidant status in randomized women in Zaria
Authors: Avidime Ohunene , Avidime S , Randawa A.J. , Kawu M.U. , Mohammed A. , Oweh O.T.
Published: October 2023

Pregnancy and lactation are normal physiological conditions that tend to influence numerous biological processes. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of pregnancy and lactation on serum vitamin D level and antioxidant status in some women in Zaria, Nigeria. A cross‑sectional descriptive study conducted at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria for a period of three (3) months. Blood samples were collected, serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation and vitamin D, were determined using standard methods. Data were presented as mean ± SD, analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Values were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) serum malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione peroxidase activity during the various trimesters of pregnancy and lactating group. However, the levels of these markers were highest in the lactating group. Furthermore, serum level of vitamin D and catalase activity was highest in the 2nd trimester and lowest in the control and lactating group respectively.  Pregnancy and lactation altered serum level of Vitamin D, CAT, SOD, MDA and GPx suggesting a variation in oxidative stress at different trimester of pregnancy and lactation.
Key words: Pregnancy, lactation, oxidative stress, vitamin D
Calculated Nutritional Indices in Symptomatic Hospitalized Nigerian Covid-19 Patients
Authors: Akinwumi J.A. , Edem Victor F , Arinola Olatunbosun  Ganiyu
Published: October 2023

Multifaceted approaches are needed to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, therefore assessing the patients’ nutritional status is desirable to justify the suggestion of biochemical nutritional markers or nutritional indices in the prognosis of COVID-19. This longitudinal study determined biochemical nutritional markers (albumin, prealbumin and total cholesterol) and nutritional indices [Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI)] in symptomatic hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared with control. These parameters were related to age, sex and days of admission of the patients. Plasma obtained were analyzed for biochemical nutritional markers and indices calculated. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., USA) version 20.0. The mean prealbumin (PAB) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients compared to control (P<0.05). PNI classified 90% of COVID-19 patients as well-nourished while CONUT score classified 75.6% of COVID-19 patients as mildly malnourished. In COVID-19 patients at discharge, the mean level of TC was significantly increased compared with COVID-19 patients at admission. The mean albumin level in patients with ≤10days of admission was significantly lower when compared to those with those having >10days of admission. There were no significant differences in the PNI and CONUT scores of the participants in relation to age, gender and days of admission. This study concluded that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SAR-COV 2) infection affects certain biochemical nutritional biomarkers and that PNI and CONUT could be use as cheap, reliable and affordable nutritional prognostic tools in the management of COVID-19 patients
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Histopathological Diagnosis of Breast Tumours in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Udonkang Mfoniso , Umoh Nse , Ogba Ofonime , Bebia Glory , Onwineng David , ANKU BLESSING , Ernest Naomi
Published: October 2023

The Coronavirus-19 transmitted through physical contact, droplets, and fomites caused severe respiratory disease resulting in high mortality worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic caused innumerable hardships, panic, and restrictions of movement which negatively affected the assessment of healthcare services like breast cancer diagnosis in many countries. The results from the histopathological diagnosis of breast tumours have been routinely employed for the treatment and management of these diseases. This study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the histopathological diagnosis of breast tumours in Calabar. A retrospective study of the newly diagnosed breast tumours recorded in the Histopathology Laboratory register during the COVID-19 and the post-COVID-19 recovery from January 2020-February 2021 was compared with cases diagnosed before the pandemic from January 2018 to February 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) were used for data analysis. New breast tumours diagnosed based on month showed low rates of 2.4% and 1.2% during the first and second waves of the pandemic respectively. The diagnosed cases increased to 11.8% and 8.2% after the first and second waves of the virus respectively. There was a significantly strong negative correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures with breast tumour diagnosis (r=-0.919, p=0.001). More benign tumours of 56(58.3%) cases with a mean age of 25.3±11.1 years were recorded before the pandemic and were statistically significant (F=64.260, p=0.004). More malignant cases of 48(57.1%) with a mean age of 47.5±11.7 years were recorded during the pandemic. The diagnosis of malignant tumours was statistically significant between both periods (F=183.550, p=0.001). The ANN model predicted a 25% reduction in breast tumour diagnosis during the pandemic. There was a 100% impact of the pandemic on tumour type, the nature of specimen, and mean age of subjects. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the assessment of healthcare services as a smaller number of women were diagnosed with breast tumours during the period. This may have caused delays and late presentation leading to the diagnosis of more malignant tumours. There is a need to put adequate measures to encourage the assessment of diagnostic services during pandemics as delays may lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality
Comparative Therapeutic Effect of Single/Combined Administration of Saxagliptin, Metformin and Intranasal Insulin on Dexamethasone Induced Insulin Resistance in Albino Wistar Rat Model
Authors: Oche Jephtah , Olorundare Olufunke , Afolabi Saheed , Ologe Mary , Njan Anoka , Akanbi Olatunde
Published: October 2023

Glucocorticoids have therapeutic benefits in the management of several inflammatory and immunological disorders. Despite these medicinal effects, they have the drawback of causing metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance etc., which is known to be a key indicator of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a major predisposing factor to type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiomyopathy. This study was designed to compare and evaluate the effects of saxagliptin, metformin and intranasal insulin (when used singly or in combination) on dexamethasone induced insulin resistance. Fifty-six female rats were randomly assigned into eight groups. Group 1 represented the control; Group 2 was administered with dexamethasone (1mg/kg) (untreated); Group 3 received dexamethasone + intranasal insulin (2IU); Group 4 received dexamethasone + intranasal insulin + metformin (40mg/kg); Group 5; received dexamethasone + intranasal + saxagliptin (8mg/kg); Group 6 received dexamethasone + metformin (40mg/kg); Group 7 received dexamethasone + saxagliptin (8mg/kg); Group 8 received dexamethasone + saxagliptin(8mg/kg) + metformin(40mg/kg). Treatments were given for one week. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays and pancreas excised for histological examination. Dexamethasone (1mg/kg) induced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance and disrupted the structural integrity of the pancreas. Treatment with saxagliptin, metformin and their combination significantly decreased blood glucose level, decreased LDL Level and improved glucose tolerance. The selected hypoglycemic agents used in present study ameliorate the dexamethasone induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance of which the combination of metformin with saxagliptin showed greater efficacy.
Importance of Corneal Topography for Refractive Surgery with Emphasis on Schwind Peramis in Diagnostics and Treatment of Complex cases
Authors: Biscevic Alma , Bejdic Nita , Pandurevic Bojana , Ziga Nina , Pjano Melisa
Published: October 2023

Background: In the context of laser keratorefractive surgery, performing corneal topography as part of the preoperative evaluation is of utmost importance. This procedure helps to evaluate the cornea’s shape, determine the curvature’s radii, and assess corneal thickness. Identifying any abnormal corneal topography is critical since it is the most significant risk factor for corneal ectasia. Objective: The primary objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages of corneal topography, with a particular focus on the Schwind Peramis system. Methods: This article was based on a literature review and Internet search through scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Results: Corneal topographers are medical devices that measure the corneal curvature. They have evolved from the Placido disc method to the Galilei®, Sirius®, and Peramis®, which are sophisticated systems that synergize the strengths of topographers and tomographers. The Schwind Peramis device accurately identifies ocular wavefront aberrations by integrating a high-resolution topography and an aberrometer. It also features a pupillography function that captures dynamic and static pupil diameter and an integrated densitometry image function that assesses potential cataracts and opacities. Corneal imaging devices are a valuable tool for ophthalmologists specializing in keratoconus screening. Conclusion: Advanced corneal imaging is critical for refractive surgery success. Schwind Peramis is precise in measuring complicated cases and analyzing data. It allows surgeons to create individualized treatment plans for better visual outcomes and patient satisfaction.
Microbiology and clinical outcomes of central venous catheter-related blood stream infections in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Pillai Subhash , Jacob Aneeta , Prathapan Sandhya , Joy Sneha , Kurian Jithu , Balakrishnan Satheesh , Padmaraj Sunil , Thomas Reena
Published: October 2023

Central venous catheter-related blood stream infection (CRBSI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The objective of the study was to assess the microbiology and clinical outcomes of CRBSI in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. This was a retrospective observational study of all the patients with Stage 5 chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis at Pushpagiri Medical College Hospital who developed CRBSI between 1st January 2019 and 31st December 2020. Out of the 105 CRBSI patients included in the study, 75% had diabetes mellitus while 95% had hypertension. The median time gap between central venous catheter (CVC) placement and CRBSI was found to be 22 days with a range of 3 days to 150 days. Fever was the most common clinical presentation of CRBSI while a few patients presented with encephalopathy and septic shock. The most commonly used empirical antibiotic was intravenous Cephalosporins. The most common micro-organism grown in culture was non-fermenting gram-negative rods (22.84%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus species. The success rate which was defined as resolution of symptoms without the need of modifying the antibiotic or change of CVC was 34.28%. 31% of patients required modification of antibiotic while 56.18% required change of CVC. Complications developed in 10.47% of patients, the most common being encephalopathy followed by septic shock. 5(4.7%) patients succumbed to complications while all others recovered completely. While treatment of CRBSI with empirical intravenous antibiotics alone was successful in only about one-third of the patients, culture-guided modification of antibiotic regimen with or without change of CVC, led to clinical improvement in the majority of cases.
Nerve conduction study: A reliable approach to assess the effect of electromagnetic waves on median nerve
Authors: Rattan Yamini , Jhamb Shikha , Kumar Avnish
Published: October 2023

Background: Mobile phones and other touchscreen devices emit dangerous electromagnetic radiation that negatively affect nerve function, with the median nerve being the most vulnerable because it is mostly utilized for mobile phone typing. Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) can be used to successfully diagnose this change in nerve function NCS.

Aims and Objectives: The goal of the study was to ascertain the impact of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones on the median nerve’s nerve conduction velocity (NCV).

Materials and Methods: 150 young, healthy medical students participated in a cross-sectional (observational) study, and they were split into two groups based on how long they used their mobile phones: Group 1 (<30 min usage) and Group 2 (>30 min usage). The median nerves in both upper limbs were measured for their NCV, and the results were statistically analyzed using the student “t” test for equal variance for various parameters.

Results: The research found that Group 1 participants, who use cell phones more frequently and for longer periods of time, had significantly reduced (impaired) sensory NCV of the median nerve.

Conclusion: Smartphones and other touchscreen gadgets, depending on time of exposure and usage frequency, can negatively impact nerve function, resulting in a decrease in the median nerve’s conduction velocity, and this can be very efficiently diagnosed with the use of NCSs.
Item analysis of multiple-choice questions in pharmacology among medical undergraduates
Authors: Srinivas Mangala , Netharakere Chandralekha , Udaykumar Padmaja , Pereira Nicole
Published: October 2023

Background: Assessment plays an essential role in the evaluation of learning, and multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are one of the components of examinations. Item analysis enables identifying good MCQs based on difficulty index (DIF I), discrimination index (DI), and distractor effectiveness (DE). The assessment of learning will be more meaningful with routine item analysis.

Aims and Objectives: The item analysis helps us to assess the validity and reliability of MCQs and to generate a valid MCQ question bank for future use.

Materials and Methods: A set of 30 single best response type MCQs or items was used for assessment in 155 phase II MBBS students at a medical college in Mangalore. Each item was pre-validated before and later analyzed for its DIF I, DI, and DE.

Results: In the study, the means of DIF I were 55.91 ± 18.48%, DI, was 0.35 ± 0.16%, and distractor efficiency was 72.19 ± 29.15%. Out of 30 items, 22 had a “good to acceptable” level of DIF I, and 18 items had “good to excellent” discrimination power. 81% were functional distractors among 120 distractors. A correlation r = 0.1968 indicates a positive correlation between DIF I and DI.

Conclusion: The majority of the MCQs in this study fell within the acceptable range when measured against the three factors analyzed. This suggests that the key to developing valid and reliable MCQs is possible only when regular item analysis is done for all MCQ-based tests.
Prevalence of obesity among undergraduate medical students at the tertiary care center of North India
Authors: Sharma Shruti , Nuzhat Qudsia , Kumar Sunil
Published: October 2023

Background: Obesity can negatively impact the overall quality of life and reduce life expectancy. It is often associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus Type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, cancers, osteoarthritis, and psychological issues. The prevalence of obesity is rising among medical students. Since obesity and its related complications are emerging as a major global health concern, we designed to study the prevalence of obesity in medical students. This study might promote positive health awareness among medical students.

Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the prevalence of obesity among undergraduate medical students at the tertiary care center of North India.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and observational study of 399 undergraduate medical (MBBS) students at Shri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly. The medical students were informed about the study, and written consent was taken from all the students. Both body mass index (BMI) and body fat composition were measured. The collected data were assessed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20.

Results: Our study had 261 (65%) males and 138 (35%) females. BMI results showed overweight in 75 students (18.79%) and obesity in 156 students (39.09%). Out of 261 male students, 102 (39%) had a waist circumference >90 cm and among 138 female students, 75 (54%) had a waist circumference >80 cm. Among 261 male students, 182 (70%) had high total body fat measurements. Out of 138 female students, 88 (63.7%) had high total body fat composition.

Conclusion: Obesity can result from a combination of genetic, environmental, social, behavioral, and metabolic factors. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising among medical students. This study showed the prevalence of obesity in medical students at our center.
This might promote positive health awareness among medical students.