bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Day at the Races and the Gestural Unity of Queen
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

One of the key themes in popular music historiography is the notion that artists should develop through their career. This chapter considers A Day at the Races, the album to emerge after the commercial success of A Night at the Opera, but critically considered a weak follow-up. It is argued that one of the features of A Day at the Races is gestural unity—the imitation of musical gestures among the band members. Drawing on two extended case studies, it suggests the 1976 album treads familiar ground to its predecessor but does so with comparatively unified arrangements and extended motivic development within the songs, an observation that can be understood as representing Queen’s evolution.
Legacy
Authors: Braae Nick
Published: September 2021

This chapter surveys the existence of Queen—as a band and a cultural product—since 1991. It is argued that the ongoing status of Queen is one of protecting and enshrining certain iconic elements of their musical identity: the extravagant and flamboyant performance style of Mercury; the sonic power of their idiolect; and their position in the canon of rock music. These observations are drawn from examination of the replacement vocalists, a major single release in 1997 (‘No One But You’), and the West End musical We Will Rock You. The chapter concludes by considering Queen’s influence on later artists, which is not as widespread as may be intimated from the praise lavished by their successors (such as Dave Grohl or Katy Perry). It is contended that the very nature of Queen’s idiolect meant that such influence is either difficult to discern musically or is limited to a small selection of textural patterns, such as vocal or guitar arrangements.
From Slave to Free
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

In early September of 1801, Sarah and Isaac’s British grandfather, George Gill, died and left his multiracial children, including Sarah and Isaac’s mother, the bulk of his estate and a house in which to live. Slave owners were notoriously mercurial, and whites rarely publicly recognized—let alone left legacies—to their mixed-race kin. Yet George Gill passed over his white relatives in favor of Sarah’s family. Sarah and Isaac’s mother—George’s “beloved Daughter”—along with most of their other multiracial kin were still enslaved by the Lopezes. Yet they had money and a house. By the time the family inherited that house, Sarah and Isaac were free. Their father, Abraham Rodrigues Brandon, bought his children from the Lopez family and paid their manumission fees. These two acts—freedom and inheritance—would change the fortunes not only of Sarah and Isaac but also of most of their extended kin.
Legacies
Authors: Leibman Laura Arnold
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with daguerreotypes of Sarah and Isaac’s surviving children and then traces the second generation’s successes and failures. Sarah and Isaac’s children led varied lives: several became Civil War heroes, one helped stage a briefly successful coup in Nicaragua, one was one of America’s most famous early Jewish doctors, and another became the parnas (president) of Congregation Shearith Israel. They were also charitable: the only surviving daughter helped start a school for the Jewish poor. Most, however, were merchants like their fathers, but in exotic locales like Mexico and Canton, China. Travels made Jewish marriages harder, but one son married into New York’s Jewish elite. Isaac’s son followed his heart and converted to Christianity to marry his bride, though he waited until Isaac died to make it official. He made up for it in riches: Isaac’s only grandchild lived in a luxurious McKim, Mead & White mansion on Lexington Avenue.
How Were Thralls Used?
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

Since we don’t have any contemporary written sources, and the Old Norse sagas and poetry must be considered problematic as to a valid description of slaves life in the Viking Age, we have difficulties in reconstructing how slaves were used in Viking-Age society. Therefore, comparative analyses with neighboring societies with written sources, and societies on a similar “stage” as Viking-Age Scandinavia, become important. We have a couple of very important Arabic sources from around AD 900, which empazise how Rūs (Scandinavians?) took concubines. The chapter also discusses the sexual exploit of young women within this Scandinavian slave society.
How Were Thralls Identified?
Authors: Brink Stefan
Published: September 2021

We have not so much in the sources that can highlight how slaves were branded and marked out as being slaves. A unique legal clause in a Danish law, together with some other indications, show us that there were certain ways of branding a slave by mutilating their face, such as cutting off the nose, or slit the nostrils, by cutting of the ears or cutting bits from the ears, and so on. Some evidence from other slaveing societies are discussed, where we have more information how slaves where branded.
Ambition
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

Ambition is a dominant force in human civilization, driving its greatest achievements and most horrific abuses. Our striving has brought art, airplanes, and antibiotics, as well as wars, genocide, and despotism. This mixed record raises obvious concerns about how we can channel ambition in the most productive directions. To that end, the book begins by exploring three central focuses of ambition: recognition, power, and money. It argues that an excessive preoccupation with these external markers for success can be self-defeating for individuals and toxic for society. Discussion then shifts to the obstacles to constructive ambition and the consequences when ambitions are skewed or blocked by inequality and identity-related characteristics such as gender, race, class, and national origin. Attention also centers on the ways that families, schools, and colleges might play a more effective role in developing positive ambition. The book concludes with an exploration of what sorts of ambitions contribute to sustained well-being. Contemporary research makes clear that even from a purely self-interested perspective, individuals would do well to strive for some goals that transcend the self. Pursuing objectives that have intrinsic value, such as building relationships and contributing to society, generally brings greater fulfillment than chasing extrinsic rewards such as wealth, power, and fame. And society benefits when ambitions for self-advancement do not crowd out efforts for the common good. The hope is to prompt readers to reconsider where their ambitions are leading and whether that destination reflects their deepest needs and highest aspirations.
Money
Authors: Rhode Deborah L.
Published: September 2021

Money is a key driver of ambition, not only for the financial wants that it satisfies but also for the power and status that it confers. This is particularly true in intensely materialistic societies such as that of the United States. When asked what single thing would be most likely to make them happier, a majority of Americans answer “more money.” A vast body of research suggests they are generally wrong, and this chapter explores why. Contrary to conventional wisdom, increases in wealth above a relatively modest standard of living do not bring corresponding increases in satisfaction. Luxury purchases may bring momentary pleasure but not meaning. And a preoccupation with accumulating and displaying wealth fuels corruption, cheating, inequality, and squandering of the world’s finite resources. The chapter also notes problems with “social ego” philanthropy, which is designed to serve donors’ interests better than the causes they aim to advance.
Integrating STEM with Music
Authors: Longo Shawna , Gates Zachary
Published: September 2021

This book explores how science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (or STEM) initiatives are becoming more common in our educational system while depicting what it means to teach not only the students of today, but the citizens of tomorrow. This resource will provide 15 fully-developed and classroom-vetted instructional plans with assessments that are aligned to articulate learning from kindergarten through grade 12. With these instructional lessons and adaptations for K-12 music and STEM classes, pre-service educators, in-service educators, and administrators can better understand and immediately use tools for planning, assessing, and the practical integrating of STEM with Music.
The arts, which includes music, visual art, dance, theater, and digital/media arts, bring creativity and innovation to the forefront in STEM learning. STEM learning can move teachers of the arts in a positive direction, but there are mixed messages about what that means and looks like. Many natural connections can be made between science, technology, engineering, math, and music. Twenty-first century learning skills and career-ready practices are framed so that the creativity and innovation necessary to succeed in STEM content areas and careers can be directly addressed by the educational community. The connection that is made between STEM content areas and music stimulates inquiry, dialogue, and critical thinking.
Instructional Plans: Grades 9–12
Authors: Longo Shawna
Published: September 2021

Instructional plans consist of planning necessities, standard alignment, alignment to philosophies approached in earlier chapters, as well as instructional procedures and assessments. Adaptations for other grade-level bands as well as potential extensions are available for each plan. This chapter includes the following instructional plans: Audio Engineering: Ratios in Recording, Designing a Chromatic PVC Instrument, Controlled Voltage: Composing, Performing, and Improvising with Subtractive Electronic Synthesis, and Sound Pollution and Its Effects on Local Bird Ecology. In Audio Engineering: Ratios in Recording, students will use a method of measuring and experimentation to maximize the sound quality of a given recording environment. In Designing a Chromatic PVC Instrument, students will design a one octave chromatic instrument using mathematical calculations and representations to create initial expressive statements and explain the relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in the PVC pipes. In Controlled Voltage: Composing, Performing, and Improvising with Subtractive Electronic Synthesis, students will interface with the subtractive architecture of electronic instruments, the concept of controlled voltage, and the function of an electronic sequencer. In Sound Pollution and Its Effects on Local Bird Ecology, students will learn about modern sound pollution and the effect it has on many different forms of ecology. Students will determine at the end of their own study whether or not there were any observed correlations between these datas captured, and if other data could be used to claim causation.
Moth Spit
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews how silk, the fabric of royalty, begins as threads of sticky secretions from a moth’s salivary glands—moth spit, in other words. But not just any moth, the domestic silkworm, the result of centuries of selective breeding of the ancestral wild silk moth. As the chapter explains, silk is produced today in much the same way as it was thousands of years ago when Chinese households formed a network of producers. It also shows how silk, although just one fabric with a long history, was for centuries reserved for royalty. Its beauty and appeal led to uses that ranged from robes created for emperors to serving as currency, literally worth its weight in gold and used to pay for both fealty and extortion. The story of silk is the story of humanity.
The Plague, One More Time
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers arthropod-borne diseases, which will affect nearly everyone in some way. Viruses transmitted by mosquitos include Zika virus and those causing West Nile, dengue, Rift Valley, and yellow fevers. Other diseases transmitted by insects include malaria, typhus, and plague. Some diseases, such as plague, are zoonotic—diseases that naturally occur in wildlife, but are transmitted to and kill humans. The chapter also reviews efforts to eliminate or reduce the incidence of plague epidemics, some of which generated large-scale projects, such as the Soviet Anti-Plague Institute, that sought unsuccessfully to eradicate rodents and their fleas over a broad area, while others tried to use plague as a bioweapon. The 20th-Century Japanese bioweapon program, called Unit 731, used insects as vectors to initiate epidemics of plague, cholera, and dysentery, killing hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
Yellow Fever in the United States
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on yellow fever, which inspired dread in the United States when epidemics occurred in the 1700s and 1800s. The 1878 epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee, triggered an exodus from the city of frightened people who often took the disease with them and resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people in the southern United States. As the chapter relates, the cause of the disease was unknown at the time, bringing fear and ineffective attempts to prevent or cure it. An early effort in biowarfare even attempted, unsuccessfully, to use clothing soiled by yellow fever victims to infect President Abraham Lincoln. The chapter goes on to describe how yellow fever, classified as a flavivirus, is transmitted by Aedes aegypti, both native to East Africa. Yellow fever arrived in the Americas because of a sequence of unlikely events that allowed the mosquito, virus, and susceptible victims to be transported to there on slave ships, a sequence traceable to the Silk Roads.
William Crawford Gorgas and the Panama Canal
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray
Published: September 2021

This chapter relates how yellow fever continued to cause casualties during the US occupation after the Spanish-American War ended and how Major William Crawford Gorgas created a successful strategy to eliminate the disease from Cuba by attacking mosquito breeding sites. It goes on to tell the story of the plan to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, proposed earlier that century, with the Panama Railroad transporting military goods and soldiers, plus those seeking gold in California. A canal was proposed, but the first, French effort to build it cost hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of workers’ lives lost before capitulating to yellow fever in 1889. Subsequent US construction, begun in 1904, was soon threatened by disease. When Colonel Gorgas brought his yellow fever control plan to Panama he faced criticism from his superiors but gained the support of President Theodore Roosevelt. The chapter relates how his plan, though seemingly improbable, worked, defeating yellow fever, saving countless lives, and allowing the completion of the canal.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas George
Published: September 2021

The Introduction reveals that all constitutional interpretation rests on unwritten ideas, and that debates about these unwritten ideas are the real source of our disputes about how to faithfully interpret the Constitution. Beginning with the most prominent Supreme Court justices who argue for textualism and originalism, the Introduction makes visible the unwritten ideas that frame their understanding of America’s written Constitution. It also reveals an important split between the political and judicial understanding and practice of interpretation based on the text and original meaning of the Constitution and the scholarly disquisition around originalism and textualism. While scholarly advocates of textualism and originalism recognize the importance of constructing constitutional meaning from sparse text, this move is denied by judges and political defenders of originalism.
Justifying Revolution
Authors: Steward Gary L.
Published: September 2021

This work explores the patriot clergymen’s arguments for the legitimacy of political resistance to the British in the early stages of the American Revolution. It reconstructs the historical and theological background of the colonial clergymen, showing the continued impact that Stuart absolutism and Reformed resistance theory had on their political theology. As a corrective to previous scholarship, this work argues that the American clergymen’s rationale for political resistance in the eighteenth century developed in general continuity with a broad strand of Protestant thought in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The arguments of Jonathan Mayhew and John Witherspoon are highlighted, along with a wide range of Whig clergyman on both sides of the Atlantic. The agreement that many British clergymen had with their colonial counterparts challenges the view that the American Revolution emerged from distinctly American modes of thought.
Oberkrainer Communism
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the Sixth Congress, Comintern, which was run by Soviet bigwigs and a few representative party leaders from the West that sat as its steering Political Secretariat. It highlights the Balkan Bureau that was headed by Bohumír Šmeral, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. It also mentions British science-fiction writer H. G. Wells, a socialist and communist sympathizer, who visited Moscow in the early 1920s as a guest of Vladimir Lenin and realized that even the highest-ranking officials' clothes were falling apart. The chapter recounts how tried to loosen up the revolutionary course by introducing the NEP, which was supposed to stimulate small farms on private plots to produce basic market supply. It demonstrates how the advance of fascism pushed more parties underground, leading them to become utterly dependent on organizational and material assistance from abroad.
Walter in the Communist Underground
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter mentions the special schools for military training of revolutionaries, which were opened in the last stages of the Russian Revolution and prepped up students in the Intelligence Department (RU RKKA) of the Red Army General Staff. Between 1927 and 1931, the Comintern's military schools were administered by Tuure Lehén, the son-in-law of the Finnish communist Otto Kuusinen. It discusses Marshal Tito's stay in the Soviet Union until he first disappeared from Moscow in November 1935 and then re-emerged in early September 1936. The chapter recounts Tito's rise in the party hierarchy, which had more to do with the events on the Iberian Peninsula than with those on the Balkan Peninsula. It also refers to survivors of the armed conflict in Spain who would become the backbone of Tito's Partisan army and his Mediterranean operative command.
The Revolutionaries From Boulevard Saint-Germain
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with Marshall Tito's reminiscences on his anti-faction campaign that ensued when he came to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) secretariat after Milan Gorkić's disappearance. It considers Tito's purging of various elements from the CPY as an attack on the strongest party organization in the country as most of the 200 communists served long-term prison terms in Sremska Mitrovica. It also recounts the twofold impact of the arrests of 1935 and 1936, which destroyed the CPY's field operatives and created an alternative organization behind bars. The chapter looks at the dispatch sent by Moscow in January 1938, which confirmed the replacement of Petko Miletić as the leader of the Mitrovica Prison Committee. It demonstrates how Tito capitalized on his investment in the network he had singlehandedly formed in accordance with Comintern's general instructions.
The Stalinists
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter details how Marshal Tito, with a forged passport in the name of John Alexander Karlsson, left Leningrad for Copenhagen and arrived in Paris on 27 January 1939. It discusses the publication of the illegal Paris-based party bulletin Proleter, which was dispatched to the Comintern by well-established channels. It also recounts the arrest of the entire “Dalmatian faction” of the incorrigible “Petkovites” in Graz after the Eighth Conference in 1928. The chapter mentions Filip Filipović, who was not mentioned in the Bohinjska Bistrica decision but was arrested in 1938 and shot with other demoted cadres. It talks about the end of the Bohinj anathema, the petty factionalists from Paris and Dalmatia, and the major sinners who were shot in Moscow as soon as Proleter reached its subscribers in the Comintern apparatus.
The Surrealist Revolutionaries
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with Marshal Tito's proclamation of being the commander-in-chief of the National-Liberation Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia (NOPOJ) as he was the general secretary of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). It looks at Tito's article “The Task of the National-Liberation Partisan Detachments,” in which he defines the formations and tactics that must be used. It also points out how detailed planning helped make communists successful when fighting on secret fronts or waging guerrilla warfare. The chapter describes Konstantin “Koča” Popović as Tito's military commander and the greatest general of the Second World War. It emphasizes how Koča was the single most important cadre among the tough people from the communist underground who was essential for the ensuing war.
The Long March
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the undertaking of Marshall Tito and his army of the “Long March” across Bosnia after being driven from Serbia. It cites Croatia and Slovenia as the places where the movement developed in an unwanted direction, which is considered a problem based on the prescribed national front-based organizations created by the autonomous communist parties of the two regions. It also mentions Ivan Ribar, a member of the Supreme Command and Politburo, and head of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia, who was tasked by Tito to rectify the wrong course. The chapter points out Tito's description of Slovenia and Croatia as non-liberated regions as they were not covered by his marching army. It discusses the “liberated territories” or uncontested territories that were created by guerrillas in the two western provinces of Yugoslavia, which were occupied by the inefficient Italian army.
The Purga Archipelago
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts the raid in Drvar, which was the final attempt to use military means to eliminate the Partisan movement and Marshall Tito's Supreme Command. It analyzes the supposed outcome of the Anglo-American units entering Yugoslavia in accordance with the plan for landings on Krk and in Rijeka, if the German paratroops succeeded in eliminating Tito. It also describes Tito's liberated territory on the island of Vis which offered a neutral ground and ideal conditions for special warfare. The chapter talks about intelligence operatives in the Balkans that were more important than Russian tank armies or a US strategic air force. It refers to Moscow-trained Yugoslav technocrats of the dictatorship of the proletariat and brigand captains that were disciplined and organized by Tito in order to carry out feats on a European scale.
Rome’s Stalinists Versus Milan’s Titoists
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter cites January 1944, which marked the beginning of the bitter fight for the hilltop abbey of Monte Cassino in the Apennines, a crucial German stronghold on the Gustav Line that held off the Allied advance for almost half a year. It details the formation of combative Partisan when Marshal Tito's delegate Vratuša arrived in Milan. It also refers to the team of Italians from Moscow, consisting of Teresa “Marushka” Mondini, Vincenzo “Bianco” Vittorio, and Andrea “Nicio Eritreo” Marabini, which established contact with the PCI headquarters led by the “insurgents' triumvirate.” The chapter discusses Georgi Dimitrov's personal archive containing documents indicating that Mondini was sent as a radio operator responsible for radio contacts with the main Soviet communication headquarters. It talks about how the leadership of the Italian party was confined to the Ventotene island in the Tyrrhenian Sea until the surrender of Italy in the summer of 1943.
Three Titoist Evangelists
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter details Marshal Tito's consolidation of his secret network in the Mediterranean that was based on the communist cadres from the Spanish Civil War. It mentions Ljubomir Ilić, who was the most prominent among the Yugoslavs who spearheaded the combat groups in the whole of southern France during the occupation. It also discusses how Ilić became commander of the French Zone South and was appointed commander-in-chief of the FTP-MOI (Francs-tireurs et partisans — main-d'oeuvre immigrée) in 1944. The chapter analyzes how the FTP-MOI grew to 100,000 combatants by late 1944, and was dominated by communists and commanded by Yugoslavs. It refers to the Gaullists that “nationalized” the French resistance, wherein the twenty-nine-year-old Brigadier Jean-Jacques Chaban-Delmas was sent to Paris to improvise an uprising.
Stalin’s Historic “Nyet”
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter refers to Geoffrey Arnold Wallinger, a British envoy to Hungary, who was the first to receive a report from Bucharest about a chill in the relations with the Yugoslavs that could be felt in Romania after Joseph Stalin's Moscow meeting with Edvard Kardelj and Milovan Đilas. It mentions Đilas's statement about Stalin on urging integration with Bulgaria when the “swallowing of Albania” had begun. It also examines the speculation that Marshal Tito and his apparatus would not survive if the Balkan Federation were to be realized under Stalin's auspices. The chapter talks about Moscow's control of Bulgaria and its army and the top brass of the Bulgarian Communist Party, which were imported to the country from Ufa in Dimitrov's convoy. It explores Stalin's perception about the union with Bulgaria as an unconditional requirement.
The Excommunication
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi and his Christian Democrats' clean victory at the Italian parliamentary elections held in April 1948. It mentions the electoral defeat that dramatically damaged Palmiro Togliatti as he promised certain victory in order to appease the “maximalists.” It also discusses the communist Red Flying Squads that took the Prefecture Building in Milan in 1947 and tried to keep communist Ettore Troilo as head of the Milan department of the Ministry of Interior. The chapter explores Italian Stalinist Palmiro Togliatti's fear of a division in the party as he might become isolated and lose his influence on the party members. It describes Togliatti as the Kremlin's commissioner in Italy transplanted from Ufa, who was still adhering to the national front policy that he helped concoct in Moscow's ideological laboratories.
Target Togliatti
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the developments in Italy that were something more than just a series of spontaneous strikes provoked by the workers' wrath, but rather a revolution that was spreading. It mentions Pietro Secchia's estimation that an uprising might be successful in three big cities: Genoa, Turin, and Venice. It also analyzes the scenario of what might have happened if Marshal Tito and his secret organization had not been officially ousted from the communist movement by the Cominform Resolution and what if Tito's cadres, organizers, and agents were not forced to hide their intentions and plans. The chapter mentions Antonio Pallante, a twenty-five year old Sicilian student, who admitted to the police that he had arrived in Rome to kill Palmiro Togliatti. It details how Pallante waited for Togliatti in front of the Chamber of Deputies building and fired four shots, gravely wounding Togliatti.
A New Mediterranean Offensive
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter refers to Marshal Tito's activation of a new subversive network by the time he received Nikita Khrushchev in Belgrade and his bases on the northern Mediterranean shore had been closed. It examines the Boléro–Paprika operation that was launched on 7 September 1950, in which émigré activists, guerrillas, and communists were forced out of Saint-Cyprien camp near Toulouse. It also looks at the career of communist Jesús Hernández, who said a lot about the influence Tito had maintained among Spanish cadres. The chapter recounts how the NKVD sent Hernández to Mexico in 1943 under the codename Pedro as head of the Soviet illegal residency after the military defeat in Spain. It cites Pavel Fitin's order to all Soviet operatives as head of the NKVD's Foreign Department to distance themselves from Hernández.
The Third World Capital in the Balkans
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter talks about the First Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-aligned Countries that took place in Belgrade in September 1961. It cites the Non-aligned Movement (NAM), which underlines an active and peaceful approach as something more than mere neutralism of the countries outside the global military and political blocs. It also mentions Michael Makarios III, the primate of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Cyprus, who attended the conference. The chapter explains how the United States was forced to make aggressive moves to compensate for a non-existent weakness that was imposed on the American public by Nikita Khrushchev, who was aware he was lagging behind in the armament race. It discusses the mutual intimidation that threatened the peaceful coexistence between Moscow and the United States, which was good for Tito as the eternal mediator balancing between the big powers.
Cuba Libre
Authors: Klinger William , Kuljiš Denis
Published: September 2021

This chapter details the arrival of Leonid Brezhnev, number two in the Moscow nomenklatura, as a distinguished guest in Yugoslavia in late September 1962. It analyzes Brezhnev's fiery speech to the workers of the Split shipyard, sharply criticizing the United States for its support of Cuban counterrevolutionaries. It also points out Nikita Khrushchev's acceptance of Marshal Tito's doctrine of exporting socialism to Third World countries. The chapter explores Tito's need for America as the national economy of his communist state depended on American assistance and the channels for transferring and smuggling strategic raw materials and technologies between the divided East and West. It confirms the nature of Brezhnev's mission and the message he brought to the Brijuni Islands.
Introduction
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

The Introduction explains the implications of a relational ontology for the conception of agency in Classical Chinese philosophy and how it differs from philosophy of action in contemporary analytical circles. It presents two approaches to relationality: the basic notion that everything exists in interrelation and a stronger account that implies interdependency and oneness. It introduces the notion of adapting in contrast with other models of agency. Adapting is a strategy of efficacious relational action precisely devised to acknowledge and take advantage of a strong account of relationality where acting necessarily is acting along with others or co-acting.
The New Hermeneutics
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the response to Vyāsatīrtha by Appayya Dīkṣita, one of India’s most influential intellectuals in the sixteenth century. In his Power of the Opening (Upakramaparākrama), Appayya Dīkṣita responds to Vyāsatīrtha’s case law argument by showing that each case Vyāsatīrtha presents as decided by the power of the closing is really decided by some other factor. He then proceeds to develop a new cognitive model of interpretation based on a set of hermeneutic (and sometimes psychological) needs, in which sequence plays hardly any part. While ostensibly defending the traditional position of Mīmāṃsā, Appayya Dīkṣita can be seen as undermining it, rendering the whole question of sequence moot. He also brings the debate back home to Vedānta interpretive cases. In doing so, he constructs for the first time a general defense of the entire body of existing Vedānta and Mīmāṃsā, leaving only the Dualists out in the cold.
Politics and Exile
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

April 1889 elections to the Cretan Assembly, to which Venizelos was elected, gave the liberals ('barefoot ones') a majority. A small group of conservatives objected, boycotted the Assembly, and demonstrated in favor of union with Greece, leading a number of politicians including Venizelos to leave Crete for Athens, fearing Ottoman sanctions. The premature 'revolution' was suppressed and the Halepa Pact concessions revoked. Venizelos used the months of exile partly to write a long essay analyzing the causes of the dismal Cretan situation. His diagnosis located the problems in Ottoman misgovernment and the immature state of Cretan politics; whereas Biliotti, the British consul general, saw the issue as one of crisis management, since the Ottomans needed the Christians' cooperation but would never have it. Venizelos identified the problems, but the premature uprising and Ottoman counter measures only postponed reform and recovery.
The Prince’s Regime and the First Clash
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

In this chapter the author sets out the character and constitutional responsibilities of Prince George and how he implemented them: successfully at first, but as time went on failing to make progress over union (enosis) and resorting to increasingly arbitrary behavior. Members of his council of advisers, including Venizelos as counsellor for Justice and Foreign Affairs, achieved much but were prevented from expressing their views on the 'national question' of union. The new constitution voted by the Cretan assembly in April 1899 was an enlightened document, entrenching equality, religious toleration, and permanence of tenure of public servants, but reflected a fudge, giving the prince virtually unlimited powers. His position as representative of both the Great Powers and the Glücksburg dynasty was anomalous. This incoherence seen led to a breach with Venizelos, over the lack of progress towards union with Greece. Venizelos was dismissed on 18 March 1901, for his forthright views on the national question, including the proposal that the governor of Crete should be elected rather than appointed. It should have been clear that the prince could not tolerate this. The dispute was fought out in the press and promised further trouble if and when the prince failed to realize his ambitions to achieve union. Though for the time being Venizelos was out of power, his arguments for a genuine autonomy would remain persuasive as long as the prince was unable to achieve union.
Dragoumis Holds the Reins
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

While Dragoumis as a competent transitional prime minister prepared the country for a return to more normal politics, Venizelos in Crete dealt with residual problems arising from the Muslim deputies' refusal to take the oath in the name of King George. He adjourned the assembly for four months and left for western Europe, meanwhile discussing his future with friends including Merkouris, Mayor of Athens, and developing a friendship with the cotton millionaire Emmanuel Benakis. Elections to the Greek revisionary national assembly were set for August 2010. Until the last-minute Venizelos hesitated over whether to stand, although his friends had put his name down in the list of candidates for Athens.
Venizelos at Work
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Though sharing some of the characteristic features of Greek politics, Venizelos was opposed to corruption and personally incorruptible. Descriptions of his parliamentary 'surgery' show how he dealt warmly with all manner of people. Stefanos Stefanou, his private secretary for some years, gave account of his working methods. A tireless worker, punctual, drafter of his own speeches, untidy (his desk and floor covered in books and papers). He prepared for meetings with ministers with mini-agendas and notes. These and cabinet meetings covered a vast range of issues. He insisted always on implementation of the laws and decisions made. The pace of work took a toll. He sometimes half wished for a more effective opposition.
Nationalism in the Balkans
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter deals with the period of military build-up and preparation for war against Turkey. An important factor was the outbreak of war between Italy and the Ottoman empire in autumn 1911, which weakened Turkey and was seen by the Balkan states as creating a new opportunity. Bulgaria and Serbia signed a treaty and military convention in March 1912. Venizelos, helped by Bourchier of The Times, proposed a similar treaty with Bulgaria, which following lengthy negotiations was signed in May 1912. The main issue to be resolved concerned the division of territory in the event of a successful war. Here Venizelos insisted that there should be no prior agreement on territory. In parallel with these developments the French continued the work of their military mission, and Venizelos and Metaxas had to resolve an awkward problem when the Crown Prince spoke disparagingly about the French mission. Naval procurements and ministerial appointments furthered the preparations for war.
Epilogue
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The great war posed existential problems for Greece and other smaller powers: stay neutral or join one of the belligerent blocs. Venizelos by now was well equipped to decide, but in aligning Greece with the entente powers faced formidable opposition from the king and general staff. How he dealt with this, and his subsequent career, will be dealt with in volume 2.
Making
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

This chapter, ‘Making’, analyses the genesis of Sudan’s 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement in order to answer the question, what does it mean to ‘make’ peace? Making necessitates having ends in mind, but not only ones that textbook theories propose. The chapter examines how in Sudan a messy and contingent multiplicity of divergent and conflicting foreign states and organizations jockeyed to shape the end of ‘peace’. The many ends of ‘peace’ pursued in actual practice have limited concern for non-violent civil politics. The chapter explains how the prevailing logic for making peace in Sudan was pragmatism and feasibility for achieving a ‘make-do’ outcome, for which the Western-backed regional IGAD peace initiative emerged as the most efficacious. The chapter then explores the means used to achieve make-do peacemaking ends: tools of design and compulsion. With these means, peacemakers productively work on structuring, compelling and coercing the civil war towards an end. Yet this making mindset tends to deny or debilitate war’s unruly political dimensions in ways that risk backfiring violently.
Lying
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

This chapter, ‘Lying’, examines how peacemakers respond to renewed violence during peace negotiations and the implications for recurrent war and non-violent politics. Specifically, it investigates how and why foreign peacemakers misrepresented the political dimensions of Darfur’s violence for a critical year when war broke out and escalated rapidly. A careful textual analysis of peacemakers’ public statements and internal institutional knowledge gives evidence to how they either stayed conspicuously silent despite mandates or accountabilities requiring them to speak out, or depoliticized the violence, thus distancing the conflict from the realm of Sudan’s ‘north-south’ peace negotiations. Further, the chapter argues that peacemakers actively turned a blind eye to the SPLM/A’s surrogate violence in Darfur and, for a time, also gave a green light to the government’s counter-insurgency. That peacemakers might lie per se is not of interest; lies are a feature of politics in the public realm. However, lying is prone to exacerbate violence when, coming from those claiming to make peace, it serves to deny a public realm for political justification or condemnation of violence.
Hollowing
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

This chapter, ‘Hollowing’, examines how means-end peacemaking may have withering effects on post-agreement political change. Examining politics in northern Sudan after the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the chapter explains the role of peacemaking in the institutionalization of authoritarian rule and the constraining of plural civil politics that in turn contributed to Sudan’s ‘unending wars’. Rejecting explanations of contingent events or poor implementation, the chapter argues that this failure may be written into the means of making peace. Foreign-led peacemaking initiatives can become a damaging site of ‘extroverted’ domestic politics that exert a pull on civil political actors yet rebuff them in favor of elite belligerent deals, leaving civil actors enfeebled and cynical right when they are expected to pluralize post-agreement politics. By paying attention to matters of constitutional review, security sector reform, civic space and the elections, this chapter unravels the manner in which the edifice for politics championed by Sudan’s CPA order proved to be a hollow façade.
Postscript
Authors: Srinivasan Sharath
Published: September 2021

The book’s Postscript considers the monumental events in Sudan in 2019, from the deposing of President al-Bashir under the pressure of a popular uprising to citizen demands for civilian rule, from the vantage point of the arguments of this book. The Postscript allows for the Arendtian approach to politics, which anchors the peacemaking critique in this book, to explore a more generative terrain. The chapter observes that political action by citizens ‘in concert’, as Arendt would say, was manifest in the neighborhood popular resistance committees, sit-ins and marches that sought to reclaim politics as of and for the Sudanese in their plurality. The Postscript argues that, in navigating the treacherous waters of revolutionary political change, it is sustained and multitudinous civil political action that might be the ultimate guarantor of Sudan’s revolution. This counterfactual from Sudan’s own political experience is a lodestar that both illuminates and grounds the book’s arguments on the tragic shortcomings of means-end peacemaking.
Origins
Authors: Coker Christopher
Published: September 2021

Human beings began hunting each other after dispatching the competition – the megafauna that once roamed the planet. From prey we became the Alpha predator. War has its origins in hunting, and the other criteria which distinguishes as a species – the use of language, the capacity for sacrifice and altruism; the use of tools and the ability to bind socially with small communities from clans to tribes which also encourages us of course to separate insiders from outsiders.  It owes much to the very human interplay of nature and nurture, and the way in which humans ha e gendered war from the very beginning. Above all, we are still lumbered with the brains of our Stone Age ancestors which is why evolutionary psychologists argue that we are so maladapted to the world in which we live
Community to Imagined Community, Social Sectarianism to Political Sectarianism
Authors: Bishara Azmi
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the transition from a community of religion qua community to the imagined sect, from social sectarianism to political sectarianism. This chapter lists four ways in which modern political sectarianism is distinct from the social solidarity of communities of confession or sect. Sectarianism, as this chapter demonstrates, does not generally proselytize, and when it does, it is usually a matter of cultivating political loyalty. Nor are sectarian wars for influence or territory the same as religious wars; although the two may sometimes overlap in some respects, the difference is essential. The chapter also elaborates on the conditions under which social structures, including tribal and sectarian ones, become political structures. When the state manages sectarian diversity, either by suppressing it or by providing it with representation in its various organs, it entrenches it.
Conclusion
Authors: Bishara Azmi
Published: September 2021

The book concludes by putting forward equal democratic citizenship as the solution to political sectarianism. Political sectarianism is not the product of democracy but of dictatorships’ failure to build states based on citizenship. A democratic transition following a revolution or a foreign led regime change, where no democratic culture exists among the political elites, is fertile ground for those who set themselves up as the voice of repressed social structures.
“You Acted in Ignorance”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers a close reading of certain texts of Paul and Luke-Acts which have been misread in Christian tradition. It is suggested, here, that the first Christian homily (meaning the first homily in Acts) sharply distinguishes between the killing of Jesus and the killing of the Christ. This distinction structures Peter’s homily in Acts 2, which begins with what his hearers know (that a man named Jesus had been crucified by Pilate on the insistence of Caiaphas), and it ends with what they do not know (that Jesus had been legitimated by his resurrection as the Christ). The logic of Peter’s homily is precisely that Jesus’ killers had killed the Christ; but it is no less precisely that Jesus’ killers had unknowingly killed the Christ. A crucial idea in the first Christian homily, then, is that there are no ‘Christ-killers’ (a venomous term of later centuries). Christian anti-Semitism not only reveals a deep vein of malice and bitterness, but a failure to comprehend the Christians’ canonical texts.
“There Are Two”
Authors: Dusenbury David Lloyd
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces a letter written in Rome in the 490s CE by an African pope, Gelasius I. This papal letter is addressed to a Roman augustus at the imperial court in Constantinople. And in this letter, there is a world-historical idea. Gelasius formulates a claim without which the political history of Rome—and thus, of Europe (and many of its former colonies)—cannot be reconstructed. And this form of words could not be simpler. For, this African pope merely writes in Latin: duo sunt. This means in English: “there are two”. If roughly a century of historiography can be trusted, the history of empire is altered by this late antique pope’s cool insistence that “there are two”. How could such a minimal claim ignite centuries of legal reflection and political contestation in Europe? This chapter begins to answer that question.